,note3 ,the scans which were used to    
create this issue were incomplete4      
,where we were unable to fully read a   
word it has been marked        with a   
note to that effect4          ,images of
 the original pages are available in the
 ,making of        ,america ,collection 
of ,cornell ,university ,library4 ,see  
http3_/_/cdl4library4cornell4edu_/moa_/b
rowse4journals_/intr4html               
,,the ,,international ,,miscellany      
,of ,literature1 ,art1 and ,science4    
,vol4 #a4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,october #a1   
#ahej4 ,no4 #c4                         
,illustration3  ,,henry ,,brougham1     
,,lord ,,brougham ,,and ,,vaux4  ,,from 
,a ,,sketch ,,by ,,alfred ,,crowquill1  
,,made ,,in ,,july1 #ahej4      ,,lord  
,,brougham4    ,it is generally         
understood that this most illustrious   
,englishman now  living1 will1 in the   
course of the present year1 visit the   
,united ,states4  ,whatever may be the  
verdict of the future upon his qualities
 or his  conduct as a statesman1 it is  

scarcely to be doubted that for the     
variety  and splendor of his abilities1 
the extent1 diversity and usefulness of 
his labors1 and that restless1 impatient
 and feverish activity which has  kept  
him so long and so eminently conspicuous
 in affairs1 he will be  regarded by the
 next ages as one of the most remarkable
 personages in the  age now closing--the
 second golden age of ,england4 ,lord   
,brougham is of a  ,cumberland family1  
but was born in ,edinburgh 7where his   
father had  married a niece of the      
historian ,robertson71 on the #aith of  
,september1  #aggi4 ,he was educated at 
the ,university of his native city1 and 
we first  hear of him as a member of a  
celebrated debating society1 where he   
trained himself to the use of logic4 ,he
 was not yet sixteen years of age  when 
he communicated a paper on ,light to the
 ,royal ,society of ,london1  which was 
printed in their transactions2 and      
before he was twenty he had  written    
discussions of the higher geometry1     

which1 appearing  in the same           
repository of the best learning1        
attracted the general attention of      
,european scholars4 ,in #ahjb1 with his 
friends ,jeffrey1 ,francis ,homer1 and  
,sidney ,smith1 he established the      
,edinburgh ,review4 ,in #ahjf he        
published  his celebrated ,inquiry into 
the ,colonial ,policy of the ,european  
,powers1  and soon after was called to  
the ,english bar1 and settled in        
,london1  where he rapidly rose to the  
highest eminence as a counselor and an  
advocate4 ,on the #afth of ,march1      
#ahjh1 he appeared in behalf of the     
merchants of ,london1 ,liverpool1       
,manchester1 c41 before the ,house of   
,commons1 in the matter of the ,orders  
in ,council restricting trade with      
,america1 and greatly increased his fame
 by one of the most masterly  arguments 
he ever delivered4 ,in #ahaj he became a
 member of ,parliament1  and he soon    
distinguished himself here by his       
speeches on the slave trade  and against

 the ,orders in ,council1 which1 mainly 
through his means1 were  rescinded4     
,venturing1 at the general election of  
#ahab1 to contest the  seat for         
,liverpool with ,mr4 ,canning1 he was   
defeated1 and for four years  he devoted
 himself chiefly to his profession4 ,in 
this period he made many  of his most   
famous law arguments1 and acquired the  
enmity of the ,prince  ,regent by his   
defense of ,leigh ,hunt1 and his        
brother1 in the case of  their famous   
libel in ,the ,examiner4 ,in #ahaf he   
commenced those  powerful and           
indefatigable efforts in behalf of      
education1 by which he is  perhaps best 
entitled to the gratitude of mankind4   
,as chairman of the  educational        
committee of forty1 he drew up the two  
voluminous and  masterly reports which  
disclosed the exact condition of        
,british  civilization1 and induced such
 action on the part of government as    
advanced it in ten years more than it   
had been previously advanced in a       

century4 ,in #ahbj he displayed in their
 perfection those amazing powers of     
knowledge1 reason1 invective1 sarcasm1  
and elocution1 on the trial of  ,queen  
,caroline1 which more than anything else
 have made  that trial so memorable     
among legal and forensic conflicts4 ,in 
#ahbb he  made his unparalleled speech  
in the case of the ,dean and ,chapter of
  ,durham against ,williams1 and in the 
following year was elected ,lord        
,rector of the ,university of ,glasgow4 
,on the downfall of the ,wellington     
administration1 in #ahcj1 and the       
consequent general election1 he was     
returned to ,parliament as one of the   
members for ,yorkshire1 and a few  weeks
 afterward was made ,lord ,high4        
,chancellor1 and elevated to the        
peerage under the title of ,lord        
,brougham and ,vaux4 ,he continued in   
the  office of ,lord ,chancellor until  
the dissolution of the ,melbourne       
cabinet1  in #ahcd4 ,in #ahbc he wrote  
his ,practical ,observations on the     

,education of  the ,people1 and was     
engaged with ,dr4 ,birkbeck in the      
formation of the  first ,mechanics'     
,institution4 ,in #ahbg he was one of   
the originators of  the ,london         
,university1 and in the same year he    
founded the ,society for  the ,diffusion
 of ,useful ,knowledge1 of which he was 
the first president1  and for which he  
wrote its first publication1 the        
admirable ,treatise on  the ,objects1   
,pleasures1 and ,advantages of ,science4
 ,in #ahcj he was  elected a member of  
the ,institute of ,france1 and about the
 time of his  resignation of the        
chancellorship he published his         
,discourse on ,natural  ,theology4 ,in  
#ahdj he published his ,historical      
,sketches of the ,statesmen  who        
flourished in the ,time of ,george the  
,third2 in #ahde-f1 ,lives of ,men  of  
,letters and ,science who flourished in 
the ,time of ,george the ,third2  and he
 has since given to the world works on  
,the ,french ,revolution1 on  ,instinct1

 ,demosthenes' ,oration on the ,crown1  
c41 c4 ,collections  of  his ,speeches  
and ,forensic ,arguments1 and of his    
,critical ,essays1 as well  as the other
 works above referred to1 have been     
republished in  ,philadelphia1 by ,lea  
and ,blanchard4    ,in the language of  
the ,editor of his ,opinions1 ,lord     
,brougham is  remarkable for uniting1 in
 a high degree of perfection1 three     
things  which are not often found to be 
compatible4 ,his learning is all but    
universal3 his reason is cultivated to  
the perfection of the  argumentative    
powers2 and he possesses in a rare and  
eminent degree the  gift of eloquence4  
,of his learning it may be said that    
there is scarcely a subject1 on which   
ingenuity or intellect has been         
exercised1 that he has not probed to its
  principles1 or entered into with the  
spirit of a philosopher4 ,that he is  a 
classical scholar of a high order1 is   
shown by his criticisms on the  internal
 peculiarities of the works of the      

ancients and their styles of            
composition4 ,they evince an intimate   
acquaintance with the great master      
pieces of antiquity4 ,the book-worms of 
,universities--those scholastic  giants 
who are great on small questions of     
quantity and etymology1--who  buckle on 
the ponderous armor of the commentators 
in the contest with  more subtle wits1  
on the interesting doubt of a wrong     
reading2 such men1  in the spirit of    
pedantry1 have refused to ,lord         
,brougham the merit of  profundity1     
while they allow that he possesses a    
sort of superficial  knowledge of the   
classics2 they say that he can          
gracefully skim the  surface of the     
stream1 but that its depths would       
overwhelm him4 ,now1  while this may be 
true as regards the fact1 we dissent    
from it as regards  the inference4 ,it  
is a question to be decided between the 
learned drones  of a by-gone school and 
the quicker intellects of a ripening    
age1 which  is the better               

thing1--criticism on words--on          
accidental peculiarities of  style--or a
 just and sympathizing conception of the
 feelings of the poet  or the wisdom of 
the philosopher4 ,men are beginning to  
disregard the  former1 while they set a 
high value upon the latter3 so much     
laboriously-earned learning is at a     
discount1 and allowance should be  made 
for the petty spite1 the depreciating   
superciliousness1 of  disappointment4   
,lord ,brougham's classical knowledge   
partakes more of that  intimate regard  
and appreciation which we accord to the 
great writers1  than of this pedantry of
 the schools4 ,hence the cry of want of 
depth1  that has been raised against    
him4 ,like many other great men of his  
age1  he has read the authors of ,greece
 and ,rome in a spirit that has         
identified him with their thoughts and  
feelings1 by taking into account  the   
circumstances of their times2 and the   
result has been1 that he has  exchanged 
the formalities and critical            

sharp-sightedness of acquaintance  for  
the intimacy of friendship4    ,in point
 of general political knowledge1 and    
particularly of that branch  called     
political  economy1 ,lord ,brougham     
stands prominently among his            
contemporaries4 ,in his speeches and    
writings will be found the first        
principles of every new view of these   
subjects that has been taken by the     
moderns4 ,of not a few he has himself   
been the originator4 ,in the party      
history of the last century he is well  
versed1 as many of his speeches  show2  
and no public man of the present day is 
so well acquainted with the  theory and 
practice of the constitution1 whether as
 regards the broad  principles of       
liberty on which it is based1 or its    
gradual formation  during the different 
periods of our history4 ,it may not be  
amiss here to  observe1 that            
notwithstanding his long connection with
 the movement  party1 and the           
countenance he has from time to time    

given to measures of  a decidedly       
liberal cast1 he never was1 and is still
 as far from being1 a  ,democrat4       
,throughout his career he has been a    
consistent ,liberal3 always  advocating 
such measures of reform as were         
calculated to remove abuses1  while they
 in no way affected the stability and   
integrity of the  institutions of the   
country4 ,while1 on the one hand1 he has
 declared his  most unequivocal         
opposition to the ballot and universal  
suffrage1 on the  other he has advocated
 popular education1 as the ultimate     
panacea for all  the evils to be feared 
from the extension of popular influence4
    ,the legal knowledge of ,lord       
,brougham has been questioned by the    
members  of the profession whose abuses 
he desired to reform4 ,it was even said1
  that while his elevation to the       
,chancellorship was the unjustifiable   
act  of a party to serve party purposes1
 it was at the same time desirable to   
,mr4 ,brougham in a pecuniary point of  

view1 from a falling off in his         
professional practice1 caused by his    
hostility to those abuses4 ,now1        
although this is a question really of   
more interest to lawyers1 than to  the  
public in general1 and one which might1 
therefore1 be left to their  decision1  
yet there was an animus at the time     
among this class of men1  that rendered 
them not disinterested judges4 ,their   
opinion therefore must  be taken with a 
qualification1 as well on the score of  
particular  immediate drawbacks1 as on  
the score of their general professional 
prejudices4 ,lord ,brougham respected   
too much the principles of justice1  and
 he too little regarded the             
technicalities of law1 to be agreeable  
to  that body4 ,he had a faculty too1   
for giving speedy judgments1 and a      
determination to prevent unnecessary    
expenses1 that were particularly        
disagreeable to men imbued with a       
conscientious desire that justice       
should not be prejudiced by an          

unprecedented and informal haste in its 
dispensation1 or by a reduction of the  
number of its advocates4 ,the new  ,lord
 ,chancellor1 too1 thought that when one
 or two intelligent barristers  had been
 engaged at a large expense1 and had    
well stated the case of  their client1  
it was quite unnecessary that the same  
ground should be  again gone over by    
juniors1 whose arguments marred more    
than they helped  the interests of their
 employers4 ,when1 therefore1 he either 
put them  down1 or was droned into a    
short nap1 while the industrious        
advocate was  earning his unnecessary   
fee1 it was a specimen of the arrogance 
of an  upstart wholly unacquainted with 
,chancery ,law1 or of an eccentricity   
bordering on insanity1 and wholly       
unfitting its exhibitor for the high    
and responsible situation he held4      
,posterity will do justice to ,lord     
,brougham in this respect4 ,it will be  
felt to have been impossible that a  man
 of such vast acquirements1 who had been

 so successful in his  profession1 and  
who had1 in all other branches of       
knowledge1 evinced such  clearness of   
intellect1 could have been the          
inefficient lawyer his  detractors have 
represented him to be4    ,there is     
another great department in which he has
 proved his  excellence--that of        
physical science4 ,with the principles  
of all the  sciences1 his works show him
 to be familiar4 ,his treatise on the   
,objects1 ,pleasures1 and ,advantages of
 ,science is admirable1 as a  bird's-eye
 view of the subject1 while at the same 
time it is an enticing  stimulant to    
study4 ,the work on ,natural ,theology  
necessarily touches  upon the physical  
sciences1 and their connection with the 
great mechanism  of nature4 ,the        
geometrical and optical papers1         
published in the  ,philosophical        
,transactions of the ,royal ,society1   
when he was only fifteen  years of age1 
show at least a firm groundwork of      
scientific knowledge4  ,and if it be    

said that ,lord ,brougham's attainments 
are superficial only1  we say that      
knowledge of detail does not of itself  
make a man competent4  ,the principles  
of all sciences are a sine qua non4     
,lord ,brougham is eminently            
clear-headed2 and he is distinguished   
for his  argumentative powers4 ,he has  
peculiarly the faculty of analysis2 that
 of  keeping in his own mind a          
comprehensive view of the whole bearings
 of a  question1 even while running at  
large into the minutest details2 no man 
detects the fallacy  of an opponent's   
argument more easily2 nor can any  man  
be more skillful in concocting a fallacy
 to suit a temporary purpose4    ,lord  
,brougham's eloquence most distinguishes
 him from his contemporaries4  ,learning
 may be acquired2 the habit of reasoning
 may be induced by  constant dialectic  
contest2 but eloquence is far more than 
these the gift  of nature4 ,lord        
,brougham's eloquence savors of the     
peculiar constitution  of his mind4 ,it 

is eminently adapted for educated men4  
,he was never  intended for a demagogue2
 for he never condescends to the art of 
pandering to the populace4 ,his speeches
 are specimens of argumentative         
eloquence2 and their only defect arises 
from his fertility of  illustration4    
,the extraordinary information he       
possesses has induced the  habit of     
drawing too largely upon it2 and he is  
apt to be led aside from  the straight  
road of his argument1 to elucidate some 
minor disputed  point4 ,but the         
argumentative style of which we speak is
 almost peculiar  to himself4 ,there is 
a ripeness1 a fruitfulness1 in his mind1
 that places  him above the fetters of  
ordinary speakers4 ,such men1 from the  
difficulty  of clearing their heads for 
the contest1 too often present a mere   
fleshless skeleton1 as it were1 very    
convincing to the judgment1 but         
powerless over the feelings2 so that no 
lasting impression is produced4  ,but   
,lord ,brougham1 from being a master in 

argument1 is free to pursue his  bent in
 illustration1 and thus conjures up a   
whole picture that dwells on  the mind1 
and is remembered for its effect on the 
feelings or the  imagination1 even by   
men whose levity or dullness precluded  
their being  fixed by the argument4 ,the
 very structure of his sentences is more
  adapted for this kind of speaking than
 any other4 ,they sometimes appear      
involved1 to an ordinary mind1 from     
their length1 and the abundance of      
illustration and explanation which they 
embrace2 but the extraordinary  vigor   
with which the delivery is kept up1 and 
the liveliness of fancy or  of humor    
that flashes at every turn of the       
thought1 soon dispel the  temporary     
cloud4    ,in irony and in sarcasm1     
,lord ,brougham is unrivaled among the  
public men  of the day4 ,that his       
exuberant power of ridicule led him     
while ,lord  ,chancellor1 into some     
excess of its use1 cannot be denied1    
although a  ready excuse can be found in

 the circumstances of his situation4 ,he
 might  be held to be the representative
 of liberal principles in a place where 
almost the name of ,liberal had1 till   
then1 been proscribed2 and the          
animosity toward  the new ,chancellor1  
evinced by many peers1 was  calculated  
to induce reprisals4 ,the               
eccentricities1 too1 of men of genius   
are of such value that they may well be 
said to atone for themselves4    ,a     
quality of ,lord ,brougham's mind1 that 
is almost as extraordinary as his       
extent of information1 is its singular  
activity4 ,his energies never seem  to  
flag--even for an instant2 he does not  
seem to know what it is to be  fatigued1
 or jaded4 ,some such quality as this1  
indeed1 the vastness and  universality  
of his acquirements called for1 in order
 to make the weight  endurable to       
himself1 and to bear him up during his  
long career of  political excitement4   
,take the routine of a day for instance4
 ,in his  early life he has been known  

to attend1 in his place in court1 on    
circuit1 at an early hour in the        
morning4 ,after having successfully     
pleaded the cause of his client1 he     
drives off to the hustings2 and         
delivers1 at different places1 eloquent 
speeches to the electors4 ,he then  sits
 in the retirement of his closet to pen 
an address to the ,glasgow  students1   
perhaps1 or an elaborate article in the 
,edinburgh ,review4 ,the  active labors 
of the day are closed with preparation  
for the court  business of the following
 morning2 and then instead of retiring  
to rest1  as ordinary men would1 after  
such exertions1 he spends the night in  
abstruse study1 or in social            
intercourse4 ,yet he would be seen as   
early  as eight next morning1 actively  
engaged in the ,court1 in defense of    
some  unfortunate object of government  
persecution2 astonishing the auditory1  
and his fellow lawyers no less1 with the
 freshness and power of his  eloquence4 
,a fair contrast with this history of a 

day1 in early life1 would be that  of   
one at a more advanced period2 say in   
#ahcb4 ,a watchful observer might  see  
the ,lord ,chancellor in the ,court over
 which he presided1 from an  early hour 
in the morning until the afternoon1     
listening to the arguments  of counsel1 
and mastering the points of cases with a
 grasp that enabled  him to give those  
speedy and unembarrassed judgments that 
have so injured  him with the           
profession4 ,if he followed his course1 
he would see him1  soon after the       
opening of the ,house of ,lords1        
addressing their ,lordships  on some    
intricate question of ,law1 with an     
acuteness that drew  approbation even   
from his opponents1 or1 on some         
all-engrossing political  topic1 casting
 firebrands into the camp of the enemy1 
and awakening them  from the complacent 
repose of conviction to the hot contest 
with more  active and inquiring         
intellects4 ,then1 in an hour or so1 he 
might follow  him to the ,mechanics'    

,institution1 and hear an able and      
stimulating  discourse on education1    
admirably adapted to the peculiar       
capacity of  his auditors2 and1 toward  
ten perhaps1 at a ,literary and         
,scientific  ,institution in            
,marylebone1 the same ,proteus-like     
intellect might be found  expounding the
 intricacies of physical science with a 
never tiring and  elastic power4 ,yet1  
during all these multitudinous          
exertions1 time would  be found for the 
composition of a discourse on ,natural  
,theology1  that bears no marks of haste
 or excitement of mind1 but presents as 
calm  a face as though it had been the  
laborious production of a contemplative 
philosopher4    ,it would be a great    
mistake that would suppose the man who  
has thus  multiplied the objects of his 
exertion to be of necessity superficial2
  superficial1 that is1 in the sense of 
shallowness or ignorance4 ,ordinary     
minds are bound by fetters1 no doubt4   
,custom has rendered the pursuit of     

more than one idea all but impossible to
 them1 and the vulgar adage of  ,jack of
 all trades1 master of none1 applies to 
them in full force4 ,but  it must be    
remembered that a public man like ,lord 
,brougham1 who has  chosen his peculiar 
sphere of action1 and who prefers being 
of general  utility to the scholar-like 
pursuit of any one branch of science    
exclusively1 is not bound to present    
credentials of full and perfect         
mastership1 such as are required from a 
professor of a university4 ,his  pursuit
 of facts must of necessity be for the  
purpose of illustrating  general        
principles in political or moral        
science2 and where more than a  certain 
amount of knowledge is not laid claim   
to1 the absence of more is  no          
imputation4    ,lord ,brougham is       
thoroughly individualized as regards his
 talents and all  that constitutes      
idiosyncratic difference1 even while he 
is identified  with the political and   
moral advancement of the people4 ,during

 all the  agitations of a period almost 
unparalleled1 he has remained untainted 
by  the influence of party spirit4 ,that
 he has entered1 and hotly too1 into    
almost every question of any moment that
 has come before the ,legislature       
during many years is true2 but he has   
never appeared in the character of  a   
partisan2 he has always been the        
consistent supporter of liberal         
measures per se1 and not because they   
were the means adopted by a party  to   
gain political power4 ,with his         
political steadfastness he has          
preserved his intellectual integrity    
from profanation4 ,for although1 had  he
 early devoted his powers to the study  
of abstract or practical  science1 as a 
leading and not a subsidiary pursuit1   
the acuteness of his  mind was such1    
that he must have risen to eminence upon
 the basis of  discovery1 yet it is no  
slight proof how little the struggles of
 the  world affect superior intellects1 
that he has all along turned aside1     

with a never cloying  avidity1 to the   
pursuits of mind--to science1 to        
literature1 and to philosophy4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,white ,,lady4    ,the readers of
 ,the ,international may have seen some 
account of an  apparition said to have  
been seen recently in the royal palace  
at ,berlin1  and known under the name of
 the ,white ,lady4 ,m4 ,minutoli1 lately
 chief  of the ,police at ,berlin1 has  
been amusing himself by looking up the  
history of this visitant from the       
unknown world1 and has published a      
variety of curious particulars          
respecting her1 drawn in a measure from 
documents preserved in the royal        
archives1 as well as from old-time      
chronicles and dissertations1 ,latin and
 ,german middle age doggerel1 and  the  
records of jurists1 historians and      
theologists4 ,several persons are       
designated in the early history of the  
family of ,hohenzollern as that  unquiet
 soul who for some three hundred years  

has performed the functions  of         
palace-ghost4 ,many writers agree that  
she was a ,countess named  ,orlamnde1   
,beatrice1 or ,cunigunde1 and that she  
was desperately in love  with ,count    
,albert of ,nuremberg1 and was led by   
her passion to a crime  which is the    
cause of her subsequent ghostly         
disquiet4 ,mr4 ,minutoli  proves that   
this lady cannot be the same that alarms
 the palace with her  untimely          
visitations4 ,the accounts of the ,white
 ,lady ascend to #adhf1 and  she was    
first seen at ,baireuth4 ,subsequently  
two ghosts were heard of1  one white and
 one black4 ,they were several times    
boldly interrogated and  interesting    
discoveries arrived at4 ,in #aedj1      
,count ,albert the ,warrior  laid in    
wait for the apparition1 seized it with 
his powerful arm and  flung it head over
 heels down into the castle court-yard4 
,the next  morning the chancellor1      
,christopher ,hass1 was found there with
 his neck  broken1 and upon his person a

 dagger and a letter proving him to have
 had  treasonable designs4              
,notwithstanding the spirit has several 
times been  thus compromised1 it has    
maintained itself to the present day4   
,it was  first seen in ,berlin ,january 
#a1 #aeih1 eight days before the death  
of the  ,prince ,royal ,john ,george4   
,when the ,french invasion took place1  
it  returned to ,baireuth and was       
patriotic enough to take up its abode in
 the  new chateau which had never been  
occupied before the arrival of the      
,french officer4 ,even ,napoleon called 
the place ce maudit chateau1 on  account
 of its mysterious inhabitant1 and had  
to give up his lodgings  to the ghost4  
,he stopped in the chateau on his way to
 ,russia but when he  returned next year
 he avoided passing the night there4    
,with regard to the  last appearance at 
the palace at ,berlin just before the   
late attempt on  the life of the king1  
and which has been described as a       
fearful  apparition of a ,white ,lady   

dressed in thin and flowing garments1   
moving  slowly and silently around and  
around the fountain to the terror of a  
corporal standing near the entrance to  
the silver chamber1 ,m4 ,minutoli       
proves it to have been an old woman once
 a cook at the chateau who has  since   
lived there and is known1 by the        
nickname of ,black ,minna4           99 
99       99       99       99           
,illustration3 ,,mrs4 ,,fanny ,,kemble  
,,reading ,,shakspeare ,,at ,,the ,,st4 
,,james'  ,,theater4      ,,mrs4 ,,fanny
 ,,kemble',s ,,readings ,,in ,,london4  
,,mrs4 ,,kemble has been giving a series
 of dramatic readings in ,london1 and   
her success in the scene of her early   
triumphs appears to have been as        
decided as it was in ,new ,york4 ,she   
was never in a situation more  agreeable
 to her temper and ambition than that   
represented in the above  engraving1    
which we have copied from one in ,the   
,illustrated ,news4 ,she  is triumphant1
 and alone in her glory4    ,mrs4       

,kemble is now about forty years of age4
 ,gentleness is acquired in  three      
generations2 she is removed but two from
 the most vulgar condition2  and by the 
mother's side but one4 ,the ,kembles of 
the last age were  extraordinary        
persons4 ,john ,philip ,kemble and ,mrs4
 ,siddons had both  remarkable genius1  
and ,charles ,kemble has been an actor  
of consummate  talent4 ,whatever        
intellect remains in the family is in   
his children2 one  of whom is a man of  
learning and refinement1 another a woman
 of some  cleverness in musical art1 and
 ,frances ,anne1 of whom we write more  
particularly4    ,the first appearance  
of ,miss ,kemble on the stage was on the
 evening of  the #eth ,october1 #ahbi1  
at ,covent ,garden1 and was hazarded    
with the view  of redeeming the fortunes
 of the theater4 ,the play was ,romeo   
and  ,juliet1 and the heroine was       
sustained by the debutante with         
unexpected  power4 ,her ,siddonian      
countenance and expressive eyes were the

 general  theme of admiration2 while the
 tenderness and ardor of her action went
 to  the soul of the spectator1 and her 
well-instructed elocution satisfied  the
 most critical ear4 ,it was then1 also1 
that her father took the part  of       
,mercutio1 for the first time4 ,it is   
recorded that he earned by it  thirteen 
rounds of applause4 ,nor was its merit  
overrated4 ,it was then1  and continued 
to be1 a wonderful impersonation of the 
poetic-comic ideal4  ,on the #bast of   
the same month of ,october1 the         
performers of ,covent ,garden  presented
 to ,miss ,kemble a gold bracelet as a  
testimony of the services  which she had
 rendered to the company by her         
performance of ,juliet4 ,it  was not    
until the #ith of ,december that she had
 to change her role4 ,she  then         
performed ,belvidera in ,venice         
,preserved1 and achieved another        
triumph4 ,for some time the part was    
alternated with that of ,juliet4 ,the   
latter1 during the season1 was performed

 thirty-six times2 the former1          
twenty-three4 ,the ,grecian ,daughter1  
and ,mrs4 ,beverley1 ,portia in ,the    
,merchant of ,venice1 ,isabella1 and    
,lady ,townley1 followed1 and in all    
she was eminently successful4 ,her      
season finished on the twenty-eighth  of
 ,may1 and in it she performed          
altogether1 one hundred and two times4  
,her reputation1 however1 proved to be  
greater in the metropolis than in  the  
provinces4 ,nevertheless1 on her return 
to ,london1 she was greeted  with an    
enthusiastic reception4 ,the next season
 was celebrated by the  failure of the  
,jew of ,aragon1 and the affair with    
,mr4 ,westmacott2  however1 ,miss       
,kemble added to her rpertoire the      
characters of ,mrs4  ,haller1 ,beatrice1
 ,lady ,constance1 and ,bianca in       
,fazio4    ,in #ahcb she came with her  
father to the ,united ,states1 where she
 played  with unprecedented success in  
the principal cities1 confirming the    
reputation she had acquired1 of being   

the greatest ,british actress of the    
age4 ,while here she published her      
dramas1 ,the ,star of ,seville and      
,francis the ,first1 and at this period 
she was a frequent contributor  to the  
literary journals1--many of her best    
fugitive poems having  appeared in the  
old ,new ,york ,mirror4    ,in #ahcd she
 retired from the stage1 and was married
 to ,mr4 ,pierce ,butler  of            
,philadelphia1 a gentleman of fortune1  
accomplishments1 and an  honorable      
character4 ,the history of this union is
 sufficiently notorious4  ,on both sides
 there was ambition3 it was a           
distinction to be accepted by  a woman  
of so much genius2 it was a great       
happiness to change the  dominion of a  
spendthrift and sometimes tyrannical    
father for that of a  rich and indulgent
 husband4 ,but a woman accustomed to the
 applause of the  theater never yet was 
content with the repose of domestic     
life1 and she  was of all her sex the   
most ill-fitted by nature for such an   

existence4  ,her second resort to the   
stage in #ahdg1 her fortunes at         
,manchester and in  ,london1 her return 
to ,america1 her public readings of     
,shakspeare here1  her divorce1 and the 
very curious and unexplained            
circumstance of her  translation of a   
profligate ,french play1 and disposal of
 it as a piece of  her own original     
composition1 are all matters of too late
 occurrence to  need recapitulation4    
,she is a woman of masculine abilities1 
tastes1 and energies2 fitted  better for
 the camp than for the drawing-room1 and
 often evincing a  degree of discontent 
that she is not a man4 ,she always acts1
 and has  seldom1 except when on the    
stage1 the tact or ability even to seem 
natural4 ,her equestrian exhibitions in 
,boston and ,new ,york1 during her  more
 recent visits1 illustrated the quality 
of her aspirations4 ,every  day1 at a   
particular hour1 so that a crowd might  
assemble to look upon  the performance1 
her horse was brought to the front of   

her hotel1 and  when mounted1 with      
affected difficulty1 made to rear and   
pitch as if he  never before had felt   
the saddle or bit1 and then to dash off 
as if upon  a race-course or to escape  
an avalanche4 ,the letters to her       
husband1 with  much tact but without any
 necessity displayed to the public1 in  
her  answer to his process for divorce1 
were admirable as compositions1 and     
seemed to have been written in the very 
phrensy of passion2 but their  effect   
upon the reader was changed somewhat    
when he reflected that she  had been    
sufficiently self-possessed meanwhile to
 make careful copies  before sending    
them1 to be exhibited1 as specimens of  
her genius1 to a  mob of the pit1 which 
never fails to recognize a point4       
,indeed1 in  petticoats or in           
pantaloons1 making a show of her heart  
in the  publication of these letters to 
a gentleman whom she had treated with   
every species of contempt1 obloquy1 and 
insult1 until she had made his  home    

insupportable1 or courting the wondering
 admiration of country  bumpkins by     
unsexing herself for feats of           
horsemanship1 or for other  athletic    
diversions1 she is always anxious to    
produce a sensation1  anxious to stir up
 the gentle public to a roar4    ,still1
 with all her infirmities of taste and  
temper1 ,mrs4 ,kemble is a  woman of    
unquestionable and very decided genius2 
a genius frequently  displayed in       
literature1 where its growth may be     
traced1 in prose1 from  her foolish     
,journal in ,america to her more        
artistic ,year of  ,consolation2 and in 
poetry1 where its development is seen   
from its  budding in ,frances the ,first
 to its most perfect blossoming in the  
recent collection of her ,poems4 ,as an 
actress1 her powers and  qualifications 
are probably greater than those of any  
other tragedienne  now on the ,english  
stage2 and her characteristics and      
supremacy are  likely to be far more    
profitably as well as distinctly evinced

 in her  ,shakspeare ,readings than in  
any appearance before the footlights4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,literature ,,in ,,africa4    ,the     
,bible has been translated into the     
principal language of eastern  ,africa1 
and the ,american ,bible ,society has   
lately received a copy of  ,,evangelio  
za avioondika ,,lucas4 ,the ,gospel     
according to ,st4 ,luke1  translated    
into ,kinika1 by the ,rev4 ,,john       
,,lewis ,,krapf1 ,phil4 ,dr42 ,bombay   
,american ,mission ,press3 ,t4 ,graham1 
printer2 #ahdh4 ,the ,kinika language   
is spoken by the tribes living south of 
,abyssinia1 toward ,zanzibar4 ,dr4      
,krapf is a ,german missionary1 in the  
service of the ,church ,missionary      
,society4 ,he is now in ,germany for the
 recovery of his health4 ,the  language 
resembles in some particulars the       
dialects used in ,western  ,africa4 ,the
 ,independent copies1 as a philological 
curiosity1 the ,lord's  ,prayer in      
,kinika3    ,babawehu urie mbinguni1    

,rizuke zinaro4 ,uzumbeo uze4 ,malondogo
 gabondeke  hahikahi ya zi1 za          
gafiohendeka mbinguni4 ,mukahewehu      
utosao1 hu-ve suisui  ziku kua ziku4    
,hu-ussire suisui maigehu2 hakika suisui
 kahiri  huna-mu-ussira kulla mutu akos 
saye zuluyehu4 ,si-hu-bumire suisui     
magesoni1 ela hu-lafie suisui wiini4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,illustration3 ,,sir ,,david ,,brewster1
 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,british       
,,association4    ,,the ,,advancement   
,,of ,,learning4      ,the ,british     
,association for the ,advancement of    
,science assembled this  year at        
,edinburgh1 and its first general       
meeting was held on ,wednesday1  the    
#cast of ,july1 when ,sir ,,david       
,,brewster1 upon taking the chair1      
delivered a very interesting address    
upon the history of the ,association1   
and the progress of the ,sciences4 ,on  
,thursday1 business began in all the    
sections1 and in the evening ,prof4     
,bennett delivered a lecture on the     

passage of the blood through the minute 
vesicles of animals1 in  connection with
 nutrition4 ,on ,friday1 a party of     
about seventy started  under the        
direction of ,mr4 ,r4 ,chambers1 to     
examine into the groovings on  the      
western face of ,corstophine ,hill1 and 
the stri on the sandstone  near         
,ravelstone4 ,they afterward visited    
,arthur's ,seat and ,st4 ,margaret's1   
where they examined the striated rocks  
and stones4 ,in the evening there  was a
 conversazione and promenade4 ,saturday 
was devoted to excursions4 ,on  ,monday 
afternoon upward of two hundred members 
dined together1 ,sir ,david  ,brewster  
presiding4 ,in the evening1 ,dr4        
,mantell delivered a lecture on  the    
extinct birds of ,new ,zealand4 ,on     
,tuesday evening there was a  full-dress
 promenade and soire4 ,on ,wednesday1   
the general committee  assembled to     
sanction the grants that had passed the 
,committee of  ,recommendations3 and in 
the afternoon of the same day the       

concluding  general meeting of the      
,association1 for the accustomed        
ceremonial  proceedings1 was held4 ,the 
next annual meeting is to take place at 
,ipswich1 and ,mr4 ,airy1 the           
,astronomer ,royal1 will preside4 ,the  
meeting1  altogether1 was one of unusual
 interest2 among the persons present    
were  the chief lights of science1 in   
the empire and from the continent1 and  
our own country was represented by      
,prof4 ,hitchcock and several other     
scholars4 ,the papers read in the       
various sections were numerous1 and some
  of them are described as of very      
remarkable freshness and value4 ,they   
will soon be accessible in the published
 ,transactions1 which will this  year be
 more voluminous than ever4    ,the     
retiring ,president1 ,dr4 ,robinson1 at 
the opening meeting1  congratulated     
himself on being able to surrender his  
dominion to his  successor in a more    
prosperous condition than he had        
received it1 and  spoke in glowing terms

 of the character and scientific        
achievements of  that successor1 of     
whose labors he gave a brief but glowing
 history4 ,sir  ,david ,brewster1 who   
was one of the founders of the          
,association1 is a  native of ,jedburgh1
 in ,roxburgshire2 where he was born    
,december #aa1 #agha4  ,he was educated 
for the ,church of ,scotland1 of which  
he became a  licentiate2 and in #ahjj he
 received the honorary degree of ,m4 ,a4
 from the  ,university of ,edinburgh4   
,while studying here he enjoyed the     
friendship  of ,robison1 who then filled
 the ,chair of ,natural ,philosophy2    
,playfair1 of  ,mathematics2 and ,dugald
 ,stewart that of ,moral ,philosophy4   
,in #ahjh1 he  undertook the editorship 
of the ,edinburgh ,encyclopaedia1 which 
was only  finished in #ahcj4 ,in #ahjg  
he received the honorary degree of ,,ll4
 ,d4 from  the ,university of ,aberdeen2
 and in #ahjh was elected a ,fellow of  
the ,royal  ,society of ,edinburgh4     
,between #ahja and #ahab he devoted his 

attention  greatly to the study of      
,optics2 and the results were published 
in a  ,treatise on ,new ,philosophical  
,instruments1 in #ahac4 ,in #ahae he    
received  the ,copley ,medal of the     
,royal ,society for one of his          
discoveries in  optical science2 and    
soon after was admitted a ,fellow of    
that body4 ,in  #ahaf1 the ,institute of
 ,france adjudged to him half of the    
physical prize  of #cjjj francs1 awarded
 for two of the most important          
discoveries made in  ,europe1 in any    
branch of science1 during the two       
preceding years2 and in  #ahai1 ,dr4    
,brewster received from the ,royal      
,society the ,rumford gold and  silver  
medals1 for his discoveries on the      
,polarization of ,light4 ,in #ahaf  he  
invented the ,kaleidoscope1 the         
patent-right of which was evaded1 so    
that the inventor gained little beyond  
fame1 though the large sale of the      
instrument must have produced           
considerable profit4 ,in #ahai1 in      

conjunction with ,dr4 ,jameson1 he      
established the ,edinburgh              
,philosophical ,journal2 and            
subsequently he commenced the ,edinburgh
  ,journal of ,science1 of which sixteen
 volumes appeared4 ,in #ahbe1 the       
,institute of ,france elected him a     
,corresponding ,member2 and he has      
received the same honor from the ,royal 
,academies of ,russia1 ,prussia1        
,sweden1 and ,denmark4 ,in #ahca1 he    
received the ,decoration of the         
,hanoverian ,guelphic ,order2 and in the
 following year1 the honor of           
,knighthood from ,william the ,fourth4  
,sir ,david ,brewster has edited and    
written various works1 besides          
contributing largely to the ,edinburgh  
,review1 the ,transactions of the       
,british ,association1 and other        
scientific societies1 and the ,north    
,british ,review4 ,among his more       
popular works are ,a ,treatise on the   
,kaleidoscope2 an original ,treatise on 
,optics for the ,cabinet  ,cyclopaedia2 

and ,letters on ,natural ,magic and a   
,life of ,sir ,isaac ,newton  for the   
,family ,library4 ,the latter work has  
been translated into  ,german4    ,sir  
,david ,brewster is likewise one of the 
editors of the ,london and  ,edinburgh  
,philosophical ,magazine4    ,the       
discoveries of ,sir ,david ,brewster    
range from the kaleidoscope to the  law 
of the angle of polarization1 the       
physical laws of metallic  reflection1  
and the optical properties of crystals2 
and the venerable  philosopher is the   
author of an immense number of facts and
 practical  applications in every branch
 of optics4          99       99        
99       99       99    ,the ,,american 
,,scientific ,,association assembled    
this year at ,new ,haven1 and  ,was     
presided over by ,alex4 ,d4 ,bache1     
,,ll4 ,d4 of the ,coast ,survey4 ,it was
  attended by many of the most eminent  
men of science in this country1  among  
whom were ,president ,woolsey1          
,professor ,denison ,olmsted1 the elder 

and the younger ,silliman1 ,e4 ,c4      
,herrick1 and ,e4 ,loomis1 of ,yale     
,college2  ,professors ,louis ,agassiz1 
,e4 ,n4 ,hosford and ,benjamin ,pierce  
of ,harvard  ,university2 ,lieutenant   
,charles ,h4 ,davis1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n42       
,professor ,o4 ,m4  ,mitchell1          
,superintendent of the ,cincinnati      
,observatory2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,elwyn  of   
,philadelphia2 ,professor ,walter ,r4   
,johnson of ,washington2 ,professor     
,joseph ,henry1 ,secretary of the       
,smithsonian ,institution2 ,william ,c4 
,redfield of ,new ,york2 and an unusual 
number of amateur scholars from  various
 parts of the ,union4 ,there were       
several papers of remarkable  value1    
among which that of ,mr4 ,squier1 our   
,charge d',affaires for ,central        
,america1 was perhaps at this period of 
the most general interest4 ,others  were
 puerile1 and as unfit in subject as in 
ability for presentation in  such an    
assembly4 ,it is to be regretted that   
the ,association does not  adopt the    

only protection against such            
discreditable annoyances1 by  insisting 
upon the submission of everything       
offered for its consideration  to a     
competent private committee4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,great ,,national ,,society ,,for   
,,the ,,advancement ,,of ,,learning1 is 
said to have  been discussed recently at
 the meetings of inferior societies1 and
 we  have read a circular upon the      
subject1 which contemplates a convention
 of  scholars and men of letters1 at    
,washington1 some time in the coming    
winter4 ,the ,american ,philosophical   
,society1 founded by ,franklin1 and made
  respectable by the labors of many     
eminent men1 is no longer in authority1 
and its proceedings command little      
attention4 ,the various societies for   
the cultivation of the natural sciences1
 in ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 and  ,new   
,york1 are undoubtedly accomplishing    
much good1 but the spheres and  degrees 
of their influence would be greatly     

enlarged under a central  organization4 
,in such a design1 the initiative should
 be taken by men of  nerve as well as   
men of abilities1 so that the dead      
weights of mediocrity  so constantly    
obtruding into and making ridiculous the
 present societies1  should be          
altogether excluded4    ,hitherto1 in   
this city1 the most reputable and       
dignified association  connected with   
the advancement of learning1 has been   
the ,ethnological  ,society4 ,it is to  
be feared that with the death of ,mr4   
,gallatin1 its  president1 and the      
dispersion of so many of its active     
members in the  diplomatic service1 its 
action hereafter will deserve less      
consideration  than has thus far been   
awarded to it4      ,,lamartine',s      
,,apology ,,for ,,his ,,confidences4    
,lamartine has just commenced the       
publication of a second part of his     
,confidences1 in the feuilleton of ,la  
,presse1 and precedes it by the         
following letter to the editor of that  

paper1 which we translate for ,the      
,international from ,la ,presse of ,july
 #cj4 ,it relates to the way in  which  
he came to publish the work1 and gives a
 deeply interesting account  of the     
pecuniary embarrassments under which he 
had for some time been  laboring1 and   
then eloquently defends the publication 
of what is real1  and glowing in private
 life and experience4    ,to ,m4 de     
,girardin3    ,in addressing to you1 my 
dear ,girardin1 this third volume of    
private  notes1 to which the public have
 given the name of ,confidences1 ,i     
cannot  repress an emotion of pain4     
,what ,i foresaw but too well has       
happened4 ,i  have opened my life1 and  
it has evaporated4 ,this journal of my  
impressions has found grace1 indulgence1
 interest even1 with some  readers1 if  
,i may judge from the anonymous friends 
who have written me4  ,but the unsparing
 critics1 men who mingle even our tears 
with their ink1  in order to give more  
bitterness to their sarcasms1 have not  

pardoned  those outbursts of a soul of  
twenty4 ,they have believed1 or have    
pretended to believe1 that ,i was       
seeking a miserable celebrity in the    
ashes of my own heart3 they have said1  
that by an anticipation of vanity1  ,i  
desired to gather and enjoy in advance1 
while yet living1 the sad  ,flowers     
which might one day grow after me upon  
my tomb4 ,they have cried  out at the   
profanation of the inner feeling2 at the
 effrontery of a soul  shown naked2 at  
the scandal of recollections made       
public2 at the venality  of sacred      
things2 at the simony of the poet       
selling his own fibers to  save the roof
 and the tree that overshadowed his     
cradle4 ,i have read and  heard in      
silence all their malign interpretations
 of an act1 the true  nature of which   
had been revealed to you long before it 
was to the  public4 ,i have answered    
nothing4 ,what could ,i say8 ,the       
appearances were  against me4 ,you alone
 knew that these notes had long existed1

 shut up in  my casket of rosewood1     
along with the ten volumes of the notes 
of my  mother2 that they were intended  
never to be taken thence2 that ,i       
rejected  the first suggestion of       
publishing them1 with all possible      
warmth of  resolution2 that ,i refused  
the ransom of a king for those leaves of
 no  real value2 and that finally1 one  
day--a day for which ,i reproach        
myself-constrained fatally to choose    
between the necessity of selling my     
poor ,charmettes--,charmettes1 as dear  
and more holy than the  ,charmettes of  
the ,confessions--and the necessity of  
publishing these  pages1 ,i preferred   
myself to suffer rather than cause      
suffering to good  old servants1 by     
selling their roofs and their vines to  
strangers4 ,with  one hand ,i received  
the price of the ,confidences1 and with 
the other ,i  gave it to others in order
 to purchase time4    ,behold here all  
the crime that ,i am expiating4    ,and 
let the critics rejoice till their      

vengeance is satiated4 ,this  sacrifice 
was in vain4 ,it is in vain that ,i have
 cast upon the wind these  leaves1 torn 
from the book of my most pious memories4
 ,the time that their  price procured   
has not proved sufficient to conduct me 
to the threshold  of that abode where we
 cease to regret anything4 ,my          
,charmettes have  been sold4 ,let them  
be content4 ,i have had the shame of    
publishing these  ,confidences1 but not 
the joy of having saved my garden4      
,steps of  strangers will efface there  
the steps of my father and mother4 ,god 
is  ,god1 and sometimes he commands the 
wind to uproot the oak of a hundred     
years1 and man to uproot his own heart4 
,the oak and the heart are his1 we  must
 yield them to him1 and yield him       
therewith justice1 glory1 and           
benedictions6    ,and now that my       
acceptance of these critics is complete1
 and that ,i  confess myself guilty1 and
 still more1 afflicted--am ,i as guilty 
as they  say1 and is there no excuse1   

which1 in the eyes of indulgent and     
impartial readers1 can extenuate my     
crime8    ,in order to judge as to this1
 ,i have but one question to ask you1   
and the  public1 which deigns with      
distracted finger to turn these pages4  
,my  question is this3    ,is it to     
myself1 or to others1 that the published
 pages of these  ,confidences can have  
done injury in the view of those who    
have read  them8 ,is there a single man 
now living1 is there a single memory of 
one  of the dead1 on whom these         
recollections have cast an odious or    
even  unfavorable light1 whether on his 
name1 his family1 his life1 or his      
grave8 ,have they brought sadness to the
 soul of our mother in the heaven  where
 she resides8 ,has the manly face of our
 father been lessened in the  respect of
 his descendants8 ,has ,graziella1 that 
precocious and withered  flower of my   
early manhood1 received aught beyond a  
few tears of young  girls shed on a tomb
 at ,portici8 ,has ,julia1 the worship  

of my young  enthusiasm1 lost in the    
imagination of those who know the name1 
that  purity which she has preserved in 
my heart8 ,and my masters1 those pious  
,jesuits1 whose name ,i love not1 but   
whose virtue ,i venerate2 my friends1   
dearest and first harvested1 ,virieu    
,vignet1 the ,abbe ,dumont1 could they  
complain1 returning here below1 that ,i 
have disfigured their beautiful         
natures1 discolored their noble images1 
or soiled one place in their  lives8 ,i 
appeal to all who have read4 ,would a   
single shade command me to  efface a    
single line8 ,many of whom ,i have      
spoken are still living1 or  their      
sisters1 or their sons1 or their        
friends3 have ,i humiliated them8  ,they
 would have told me4    ,no6 ,i have    
embalmed only pure recollections4 ,my   
shroud was poor1 but it  was spotless4  
,the modest name ,i have wrapped there  
for myself will  neither be adorned nor 
dishonored by it4 ,no tenderness will   
reproach me2  no family will accuse me  

of profanation in naming it4 ,a         
remembrance is an  inviolable thing     
because it is voiceless1 and must be    
approached with  piety4 ,i could never  
console myself if ,i had allowed to fall
 from this  life into that other life1  
whence no one can answer1 one word which
 could  wound those absent immortals    
whom we call the dead4 ,i desire that   
not a  single word1 thoughtfully        
uttered1 should remain after me against 
one of  the men who will one day be my  
survivors4 ,posterity is not the sewer  
of  our passions--it is the urn of our  
memories1 and should preserve nothing   
but perfumes4    ,these ,confidences    
have then done injury or caused pain to 
no one1 among  the living or among the  
dead4 ,i mistake1 they have done injury 
to me1 but  to me alone4 ,i have        
depicted myself such as ,i was3 one of  
those natures1  alas6 so common among   
the children of women1 wrought not of   
one clay  only1 not of that purified and
 exceptional substance which forms      

heroes1  saints1 and sages1 but moulded 
of every earth which enters into the    
formation of the weak and passionate    
man2 of lofty aspirations1 and  narrow  
wings2 of great desires1 and short hands
 to reach whither they are  extended2   
sublime in ideal1 vulgar in reality2    
with fire in the heart1  illusion in the
 mind1 and tears in the eyes2 human     
statues1 which attest  by the diversity 
of the elements that compose them1 the  
mysterious  failings of our poor nature2
 in which1 as in the metal of ,corinth1 
we  find after the fire the traces of   
all the melted metals which were        
mingled and confounded in it1 a little  
gold and much lead4 ,but1 ,i repeat1    
whom have ,i injured but myself8    ,but
 they say1 these unvailed exposures of  
sentiments and of life offend  that     
virginal modesty of soul1 of which      
outward modesty is but an  imperfect    
emblem8 ,you show ourself unvailed1 and 
you do not blush6 ,who  then are you8   
,alas6 ,i am what you see1 a poor       

writer2 a writer1 that is to say1 a     
thinker1 in public4 ,i am1 less their   
genius and virtue1 what were ,st4       
,augustine1 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau1   
,chateaubriand1 ,montaigne1 all those   
men  ,who have silently interrogated    
their souls and replied aloud1 so that  
their dialogue with themselves might    
also be a useful conversation with  the 
century in which they lived1 or with the
 future4 ,the human heart is  an        
instrument  which has neither the same  
number nor quality of chords in  every  
bosom1 and on which new notes may       
eternally be discovered and added  to   
the infinite scale of sentiments and    
melodies in the universe4 ,this is  our 
part1 poets and writers in spite of     
ourselves1 rhapsodists of the  endless  
poem that nature chants to men and ,god6
 ,why accuse me1 if you  excuse         
yourselves8 ,are we not of the same     
family of the ,homeridae1 who  from door
 to door recount histories1 of which    
they are by turns the  historians and   

the heroes8 ,is it1 then1 in the nature 
of thought to  become a crime in        
becoming public8 ,a thought1 vulgar1    
critical1  skeptical1 dogmatic1 may1    
according to you1 be unvailed           
innocently3  a sentiment1 commonplace1  
cold1 not intimate1 awaking no          
palpitation  within you1 no response in 
others1 may be revealed without         
violation of  modesty2 but a thought    
that is pious1 ardent1 lighted at the   
fire of the  heart or of heaven1 a      
sentiment burning1 cast forth by an     
explosion of  the volcano of the soul2 a
 cry of the inmost nature1 awaking by   
its  accent of truth young and          
sympathetic voices in the present age or
 the  future3 and above all1 a tear6 a  
tear not painted like those which flow  
upon your shrouds of parade1 a tear of  
water and salt1 falling from the  eyes1 
instead of a drop of ink1 falling from  
the pen6 ,this is crime6 this  is shame6
 this is immodesty1 for you6 ,that is to
 say1 that whatever is  cold and        

artificial is innocent in the artist1   
but what is warm and  natural is        
unpardonable in the man4 ,that is to    
say1 modesty in a writer  consists in   
exposing what is false1 immodesty in    
setting forth what is  true4 ,if you    
have talent1 show it1 but not your soul1
 carrying mine away6  ,oh1 shame6 ,what 
logic6    ,but after all1 you are right 
at bottom1 only you do not know how to  
express it4 ,it is perfectly true that  
there are mysteries1 nudities1  parts of
 the soul not shameful but sensitive1   
depths1 personalities1 last  foldings of
 thought and feeling1 which would cost  
horribly to uncover1  and which an      
honorable and natural scruple would     
never permit us to lay  bare1 without   
the remorse of violated modesty4 ,there 
is1 ,i agree with  you1 such a thing as 
indiscretion of heart4 ,i felt this     
cruelly myself1  the first time when1   
having written certain poetic dreams of 
my soul  certain too real utterances of 
my sentiments1 ,i read them to my most  

intimate friends4 ,my face was covered  
with blushes1 and ,i could not  finish4 
,i said to them3 ,no1 ,i cannot go      
farther2 you shall read it4  ,and how is
 it1 answered my friends1 that you      
cannot read to us what  you are about to
 give to all ,europe to read8 ,no1 ,i   
said1 ,i cannot  tell why1 but ,i feel  
no shame in letting the public read it1 
though ,i  experience an invincible     
repugnance to reading it myself1 face to
 face to  only two or three of my       
friends4    ,they did not understand    
me--,i did not understand myself4 ,we   
together  exclaimed at the inconsistency
 of the human heart4 ,since then ,i have
 felt  the same instinctive repugnance  
at reading to a single person what cost 
me not a single effort of violated      
modesty to give to the public3 and      
after having long reflected on it1 ,i   
find that this apparent  inconsistency  
is at bottom only the perfect logic of  
our nature4    ,and why is this8 ,the   
reason is1 that a friend is somebody and

 the public  nobody2 a friend has a     
face1 the public has not2 a friend is a 
being1  present1 hearing1 looking1 a    
real being--the public is an invisible  
being1 a being of the reason1 an        
abstraction2 a friend has a name1 and   
the public is anonymous2 a friend is a  
confidant1 and the public is a  fiction4
 ,i blush before the one1 because he is 
a man2 ,i do not blush  before the      
other1 because it is an idea4 ,when ,i  
write or speak before the  public1 ,i   
feel myself as free1 as exempt from the 
susceptibilities of one  man to another1
 as if ,i were speaking or writing      
before ,god and in the  desert2 the     
crowd is a solitude2 you see it1 you    
know that it exists1 but  you know it   
only as a mass4 ,as an individual it    
does not exist4 ,now this  modesty of   
which you speak1 being the respect of   
one's self before some  other person1   
when there is no person distinct on     
account of the  multitude1 becomes      
without a motive4 ,psyche blushed under 

a lamp because  the hand of a single god
 passed over her1 but when the sun gazed
 at her  with his thousand rays from the
 height of ,olympus1 that               
personification  of the modest soul did 
not blush before the whole heaven4 ,here
 is the  exact image of the modesty of a
 writer before a single auditor1 and of 
the freedom of his utterance before all 
the world4 ,do you accuse me of         
violating mysteries before you8 ,you    
have not the right3 ,i do not know  you1
 ,i have confided nothing to you        
personally4 ,you are guilty of          
impropriety in reading what is not      
addressed to you4 ,you are somebody1    
you are not the public4 ,what do you    
want with me8 ,i have not spoken to     
you3 you have nothing to say to me1 and 
,i nothing to reply4    ,so thought ,st4
 ,augustine1 ,plato1 ,socrates1 ,cicero1
 ,csar1 ,bernardin de  ,st4 ,pierre1    
,montaigne1 ,alfieri1 ,chateaubriand1   
and all other men who have  confided to 
the world the genuine palpitations of   

their own hearts4 ,true  gladiators they
 are in the human ,colosseum1 not       
playing miserable  comedies of sentiment
 and style to distract an academy1 but  
struggling  and dying in earnest on the 
stage of the world1 and writing on the  
sand1  with the blood of their own      
veins1 the heroism1 the failings1 or the
  agonies of the human heart4    ,having
 said this1 ,i resume these notes where 
,i left them1 blushing for  one thing   
only before these critics1 that is1 for 
not having either the  soul of ,st4     
,augustine or the genius of ,jean       
,jacques ,rousseau1 in order to  merit1 
by indiscretions as sacred and touching1
 the pardon of tender  hearts and the   
condemnation of narrow minds1 that take 
every movement of  the soul for an      
obscenity1 and hide their faces whenever
 they are shown a  heart4           99  
99       99       99       99           
,,balzac4      ,we have news from ,paris
 of the death of ,honore ,de ,balzac1   
one of the most  eminent ,french writers

 of the nineteenth century4 ,eighteen   
months ago1  says a ,paris letter1      
already attacked by dropsy1 he quitted  
,france to  contract a marriage with a  
,russian lady1 to whom he was devotedly 
attached4 ,to her he had dedicated      
',seraphitus1' and he had accumulated in
  his hotel of the ,beaujoin quarters   
all the luxuries which could  contribute
 to her pleasure4 ,he returned to       
,france three months ago1 in a  state of
 extreme danger4 ,last week he underwent
 an operation for abscess  in his legs3 
mortification ensued4 ,on the morning of
 the #ahth he became  speechless1 and at
 midnight he expired4 ,his sister1      
,madame de ,surville1  visited his      
deathbed1 and the pressure of her hand  
was the last sign he  gave of           
intelligence4 ,we must defer for another
 occasion what we have  to say of the   
great novelist-the idol of women1 even  
at seventy-the  ,voltaire of our age1 as
 he was accustomed to style himself in  
private--the historian of               

society--,french society--as it is4 ,the
 author  of ,le ,peau de ,chagrin1 ,le  
,physiologie du ,marriage1 ,le ,dernier 
,chauan1  ,eugene ,grandet1 and the     
,scenes de la ,vie ,parisienne1 and     
,scenes de la  ,vie de ,province1 was   
one of the marks of the era1 and being  
dead1 we  will speculate upon him4 ,at  
present we can only translate for the   
,international the following funeral    
oration by ,victor ,hugo1 pronounced  at
 his grave3    ,,gentlemen--,the man who
 has just descended into this tomb is   
one of those  whom the public sorrow    
follows to the last abode4 ,in the times
 where we  are all fictions have        
disappeared4 ,henceforth our eyes are   
fixed not on  the heads that reign but  
on the heads that think1 and the whole  
country  is affected when one of them   
disappears4 ,at this day1 the people put
 on  mourning for the man of talent1 the
 nation for the man of genius4          
,gentlemen1 the name of ,balzac will be 
mingled in the luminous trace that  our 

epoch will leave in the future4    ,m4  
de ,balzac belonged to that potent      
generation of writers of the  nineteenth
 century who came after ,napoleon1 just 
as the illustrious  pleiades of the     
seventeenth century came after          
,richelieu1 and in the  development of  
civilization a law caused the domination
 of thought to  succeed the domination  
of the sword4    ,m4 de ,balzac was one 
of the first among the greatest1 one of 
the highest  among the best4 ,this is   
not the place to say all or that        
splendid and  sovereign intelligence4   
,all his books form only one hook1      
living1  luminous1 profound1 in which we
 see moving all our contemporaneous     
civilization1 mingled with ,i know not  
what of strange and terrible2 a         
marvelous book1 that the poet has       
entitled comedy1 and which he might     
have called history2 which assumes all  
forms and all styles3 which goes  beyond
 ,tacitus and reaches ,suetonius1 which 
crosses ,beaumarchais and  reaches      

,rabelais2 a book which is observation  
itself1 and imagination  itself2 which  
is prodigal of the true1 the passionate1
 the common1 the  trivial1 the material1
 and which at moments throws athwart    
realities1  suddenly and broadly torn   
open1 the gleam of the most somber and  
tragic  ideal4    ,without knowing it1  
whether he will or not1 whether he      
consents or not1  the author of this    
strange and immense work is of the      
mighty race of  revolutionary writers4  
,balzac goes directly to his object4 ,he
 assails  modern society face to face4  
,from all he forces something3 from some
  illusions1 from others hope1 from     
these a cry of pain1 from those a mask4 
,he unvails vice and dissects passion4  
,he penetrates and sounds the heart1    
the soul1 the sentiments1 the brain1 the
 abyss that each man has within  him4   
,and by a gift of his free and vigorous 
nature1 by a privilege of the           
intelligences of our times1--who1 having
 seen revolutions nearly and with  their

 own eyes1 perceive better the end of   
humanity and comprehend better  the     
course of ,providence1--,balzac came    
forth serene and smiling from  those    
redoubtable studies which produced      
melancholy in ,moliere and  misanthropy 
in ,rousseau4    ,this is what he has   
accomplished among us4 ,such is the work
 he has left  us1 lofty and solid1 a    
pile of granite1 a monumental edifice1  
from whose  summit his renown will      
henceforth shine4 ,great men make their 
own  pedestals3 the future charges      
itself with their statues4    ,his death
 has struck ,paris with stupor4 ,but a  
few months since he  returned to        
,france4 ,feeling that he was about to  
die1 he desired to see  his country1    
like one who on the eve of a long voyage
 comes to embrace  his mother4    ,his  
life was brief1 but crowded2 fuller of  
labors than of days4    ,alas1 the      
powerful and indefatigable laborer1 the 
philosopher1 the  thinker1 the poet1 the
 man of genius1 lived among us the life 

of storms1  of struggles1 of quarrels1  
of combats1 common in all times to all  
great  men4 ,today1 behold him here at  
peace4 ,he leaves collisions and        
hostilities4 ,the same day he enters on 
glory and the tomb4 ,henceforth  he will
 shine above all the clouds over our    
heads1 among the stars of our  country4 
,and you all who are here1 are you not  
tempted to envy him8    ,gentlemen1     
whatever be our sorrow in the presence  
of such a loss1 let us  resign ourselves
 to these catastrophes4 ,let us accept  
them in their  poignancy and severity4  
,it is good perhaps1 and necessary1 in  
an epoch  like ours1 that from time to  
time a great death should communicate a 
religious book to minds devoured by     
doubt and skepticism4 ,providence  knows
 what it does when it thus puts a whole 
people face to face with the  supreme   
mystery1 and gives it ,death to meditate
 upon1 which is at once  the great      
equality and the great liberty4         
,providence knows what it does1 for here

 is the highest of instructions4  ,there
 can be in all hearts only austere and  
serious thoughts when a  sublime spirit 
majestically makes its entrance upon the
 other life2 when  one of those beings  
whom the visible wings of genius have   
long sustained  above the crowd1        
suddenly puts forth those other wings   
that we cannot  see1 and disappears in  
the unknown6    ,no1 it is not the      
unknown6 ,no1 ,i have already said it on
 another mournful  occasion1 and ,i     
shall not weary in repeating it1 it is  
not darkness1 it  is light6 ,it is not  
the end1 it is the beginning6 ,it is not
 nothing1 it  is eternity6 ,is not this 
true1 ,i ask all that hear me8 ,such    
graves as  this are proofs of           
immortality4 ,in the presence of the    
illustrious dead  we feel more          
distinctly the divine destinies of this 
intelligence called  man1 which         
traverses the earth to suffer and to be 
purified2 and we know  that those who   
have shone with genius during life1 must

 be living souls  after death4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,dr4 ,,gutzlaff1 ,,the ,,missionary4   
,,charles ,,gutzlaff the famous         
missionary in ,china is described in the
  ,grenzboten by a writer who lately    
heard him preach at ,vienna1 as a       
short1 stout man1 with a deep red face1 
a large mouth1 sleepy eyes1  pointed    
inward and downward like those of a     
,china man1 vehement  gesticulations1   
and a voice more loud than melodious4   
,he has acquired  in his features and   
expression something like the expression
 of the  people among whom he lives4    
,his whole manners also1 as well as his 
face1 indicate the genuine son of ,jao  
and ,chun1 so that the ,chinese when    
they encounter him in the street salute 
him as their countryman4 ,we  translate 
for ,the ,international the following   
sketch of his life and  labors3         
,charles ,gutzlaff was born in #ahjc1 at
 ,pyritz1 a village of ,pomerania4 ,his 
zeal as an apostle was first manifested 

some fifteen years ago4 ,he  married an 
,english woman1 who was animated with   
the same aspiration as  himself and who 
accompanied him on his voyages as a     
missionary4 ,his  extensive acquaintance
 with the ,chinese and kindred languages
 even then  made deep impression on     
,robert ,morrison1 the founder of the   
,evangelical  ,mission in ,china1 whom  
he joined in #ahca at ,macao1 and caused
 his  ,acquaintance to be much sought by
 the merchants4 ,in #ahcb and #ahcc he  
was  employed as an interpreter on board
 ships engaged in smuggling opium1 but  
turned this occupation1 which in itself 
was not of a very saintly  character1 to
 his religious ends1 by the             
dissemination of tracts and  ,bibles4 ,a
 missionary journey to ,japan which he  
undertook in #ahcg was  without  any    
result4 ,after ,morrison's death        
,gutzlaff was appointed  ,chinese       
,secretary to the ,british ,consulate at
 ,canton1 and in #ahdj founded  a       
,christian ,union of ,chinese for the   

propagation of the ,gospel among  their 
countrymen4 ,his present journey through
 ,europe has a similar  purpose1 the    
foundation of ,missionary ,societies for
 the spread of  ,christianity in ,china4
    ,his literary labors have had an    
almost incredible extent and variety4   
,he  ,himself gives the following       
enumeration of his writings3 ,in ,dutch 
,i have  written3 a ,history of our     
,mission and of distinguished           
,missionaries1 and  an appeal for       
support of the ,missionary ,work2 in    
,german3 ,sketches of the  ,minor       
,prophets2 in ,latin3 ,the ,life of our 
,savior2 in ,english3 ,sketches of      
,chinese ,history2 ,china ,opened2 ,life
 of ,kanghe1 together with a great      
number of articles on the ,religion1    
,history1 ,philosophy1 ,literature and  
,laws of the ,chinese2 in ,siamese3 a   
,translation of the ,new ,testament1    
with  the ,psalms1 and an               
,english-,siamese ,dictionary1          
,english-,cambodian  ,dictionary and    

,english-,laos ,dictionary4 ,these works
 ,i left to my  successors to finish1   
but with the exception of the ,siamese  
,dictionary  they have added nothing to 
them4 ,in ,cochin-,chinese3 a ,complete 
,dictionary  ,cochin-,chinese-,english  
and ,english-,cochin-,chinese2 this work
 is not yet  printed4 ,in ,chinese3     
,forty ,tracts1 along with three        
editions of the ,life  of our ,savior2 a
 ,translation of the ,new ,testament1   
the third edition of  which ,i have     
carried through the press4 ,of the      
,translations of the ,old  ,testament   
the ,prophets and the two first books of
 ,moses are completed4 ,in  this        
language ,i have also written ,the      
,chinese ,scientific ,monthly ,review1  
a ,history of ,england1 a ,history of   
the ,jews1 a ,universal ,history and    
,geography1 on ,commerce1 a short       
,account of the ,british ,empire and its
  ,inhabitants1 as well as a number of  
smaller articles4 ,in ,japanese3 a      
,translation of the ,new ,testament1 and

 of the first book of ,moses1 two       
tracts1 and several scientific          
pamphlets4 ,the only paper to which ,i  
now  send communications is the ,hong   
,kong ,gazette1 the whole ,chinese      
department of which ,i have undertaken4 
,till the year #ahdb ,i wrote for  the  
,chinese ,archives4    ,the writer in   
the ,grenzboten goes on to say that so  
vast a surface as  these writings cover1
 requires a surprising facility of mind 
and an  indefatigable perseverance4     
,when you see the man engaged in his    
missionary toils you understand the     
whole at once4 ,he arrives in a city    
and hastens to the church which is      
prepared for his reception4 ,after      
preaching for an hour with the greatest 
energy he takes up his  collection and  
is gone4 ,he speaks with such rapidity  
that it is  hardly  possible to follow  
him4 ,such rapidity is not favorable to 
excellence  in the work4 ,of all his    
writings1 only one work is known to me1 
that  published in  ,munich1 in #ahdg1  

under the title of ',gutzlaffs ,history 
of  the ,chinese ,empire from the       
earnest times to the ,peace of ,nankin'4
 ,in our  imperfect acquaintance with   
,chinese history this compendium is not 
without value1 but it displays no       
critical power1 and is a mere external  
compilation and poorly written4 ,from it
 we learn as good as nothing of  the    
peculiar customs and state of mental    
culture of the country4 ,the  whole     
resembles a ,christian ,history of the  
,world written in the  eighteenth       
century1 ,beginning with ,adam and ,eve1
 and leaving the ,greeks  and ,romans   
out altogether because they were without
 a divine revelation4    ,mr4           
,gutzlaff's family were recently for    
several months in the ,united  ,states1 
and the proceedings of the great        
missionary--second in eminence  only to 
our own ,judson--have always been       
regarded with much interest by  the     
,american churches4      ,,authors ,,and
 ,,books    ,the ,asiatic ,society at   

,paris has just held its twenty-eighth  
yearly  session4 ,according to the      
report of its ,secretary and ,financial 
,committee1 this society has suffered   
little from the disastrous times  which 
have fallen on literature generally4 ,in
 #ahdh1 being uncertain as to  the      
future1 it stopped receiving            
subscriptions to works with a view to   
their publication1 and arrested the     
printing of those which were already    
commenced1 with the single exception of 
the ,asiatic ,journal1 which the        
members determined not to alter in any  
case4 ,the series of this journal  is of
 great value1 containing already        
fifty-five volumes1 to which two  new   
ones are added every year4 ,for many    
years it has contained only  original   
articles1 though formerly it admitted   
translations from other  ,european      
languages4 ,of course1 in so voluminous 
a periodical work1 the  contents vary in
 character1 but the whole is of the     
greatest importance  to ,history1       

,belles ,lettres1 and ,philology1 and   
should not be wanting in  any public    
library4 ,the society has now resumed   
the suspended  publications1 beginning  
with the ,chronicles of ,cashmir1 by the
 ,austrian  ,orientalist ,captain       
,troyer1 two volumes of which were      
issued some time  since4 ,troyer is a   
remarkable man4 ,as an ,austrian        
artillery and staff  officer he served  
in all the wars1 from the breaking out  
of the ,french  ,revolution to the      
,peace of ,paris4 ,while in ,italy1 he  
passed some time at  the head-quarters  
of ,lord ,william ,bentinck1 as an      
,austrian ,commissioner1  and so gained 
his esteem and confidence that he was   
invited to go with  ,lord ,william to   
,madras as his military secretary4 ,when
 ,lord ,william  resigned the government
 of ,madras1 ,troyer remained for some  
time as  ,director of the ,east ,india  
,company's ,school for ,artillery and   
,engineers1  till finally he resigned   
and came to ,paris4 ,in #ahbi1 ,lord    

,william went  again to ,india as       
,governor-,general1 and persuaded       
,troyer to go with him4  ,while in      
,india at this time1 among other offices
 ,troyer filled that of  ,secretary of  
the ,hindoo ,college4 ,in #ahcd1 when   
,bentinck again left ,india1  ,troyer   
once more resigned his functions1 and   
has since been in ,paris1  devoting an  
active and honorable old age to constant
 labors upon ,persian  and ,indian      
literature4         99       99       99
       99       99    ,the ,,french     
,,academy held its annual public session
 on the #hth of ,august1  in the        
presence of a large audience1 including 
almost all the literary  celebrities of 
the metropolis1 both masculine and      
feminine4 ,the prizes of  victory were  
given to ,napoleon ,hurney1 who had     
saved the lives of  fourteen persons1   
and to ,marguerite ,briand1 for having  
supported and  taken care for forty-five
 years of her mistress1 who had fallen  
from  wealth into the extremest poverty4

 ,m4 de ,salvandy1 who bestowed these   
prizes1 delivered the usual eulogy on   
virtue in general1 winding up with      
praise of ,louis ,philippe and his      
reign1 a thing more creditable perhaps  
to the fidelity and consistency of the  
speaker1 who has never renounced  his   
allegiance to the ,orleans family1 than 
proper to the occasion4    ,the literary
 prizes were distributed by ,m4         
,villemain4 ,the grand prize of  ten    
thousand francs for the best work on the
 history of ,france1 was given  to      
,augustin ,thierry4 ,emile ,angier      
received a prize of seven thousand      
francs for his comedy of ,gabrielle1 and
 ,m4 ,antran one of three thousand  for 
his ,daughter of sehylus4 ,three ladies 
got prizes worth two  thousand francs   
each for works of a popular nature on   
moral subjects2 ,m4  ,a4 ,garnier got   
one of one thousand for his ,morale     
,sociale2 ,m4 ,martin  the same for his 
,philosophie ,spiritualiste de la       
,nature1 and ,m4 ,kastus  the same for  

his ,psycologie d',aristote4 ,the crown 
for the best  specimen of eloquence was 
awarded to ,m4 ,baudrillast for his     
,eulogy on  ,madame de ,stael1 in which 
the literary history and character of   
the  subject were served up in the most 
florid style4 ,the same writer once     
before won the same prize by a eulogy on
 ,turgot4 ,his productions are more     
elaborate and showy than substantial and
 permanent in their character4    ,it   
must be said that this ,academy is      
rather a respectable and slow-moving    
institutution4 ,the most illustrious    
names of ,france are not always         
included in the list of its members4    
,neither ,beranger nor ,lamenais belong 
to it4 ,a writer in the ,paris ,national
 says that after three hours at  its    
meeting everybody he met in the street  
seemed to belong to the time  of ,louis 
,,xi4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,,edward ,,everett has   
been many years engaged in the          
collection and  arrangement of materials

 for a systematic ,treatise on the      
,modern ,law of  ,nations2 more         
especially in reference to those        
questions which nave been  discussed    
between the governments of the ,united  
,states and ,europe since  the ,peace of
 #aghc4 ,this will be ,mr4 ,everett's   
life poem4 ,hitherto he  has written    
nothing very long except the ,defense of
 the ,christian  ,religion1 published   
when he was about twenty-one years of   
age4 ,we have  just received from       
,little  ,brown their edition of the    
,orations and  ,speeches of ,mr4        
,everett1 in two very large and         
richly-printed volumes1  which we shall 
hereafter notice more largely4 ,these   
are to be followed1  at the author's    
leisure1 by his ,political ,reports and 
,speeches and  ,official ,papers1 in two
 large volumes1 and his contributions to
 the  ,north ,american ,review1 which1  
if all included1 we think will make four
  others3 so that his works1 beside the 
new treatise above mentioned1 will  be  

completed in not less than eight        
volumes4 ,we are gratified at the       
prospect of such a collection of these  
masterpieces of rhetoric1 so full  of   
learning and wisdom1 and infused by so  
genial a spirit4 ,we wish some          
publisher would give us in the same     
style all the writings of ,alexander    
,everett4    ,,charles ,,mackay has     
lately published in ,london1 a work upon
 which he had  long been engaged1 under 
the title of ,progress of the           
,intellect4 ,we  suspect1 from the      
reviewals of it which appear in the     
journals1 that it  is of the ,german    
free thinking class of philosophical    
histories4 ,it  embraces dissertations  
on ,intellectual ,religion1 ,ancient    
,cosmogony1 the  ,metaphysical ,idea of 
,god1 the ,moral ,notion of ,god1 the   
,theory of  ,mediation1 ,hebrew ,theory 
of ,retribution and ,immortality1 the   
,messianic  ,theory prevailing in the   
days of ,jesus1 ,christian ,forms and   
,reforms1 and  ,speculative             

,christianity4 ,and these dissertations 
are written with an  eloquence and power
 unexampled in a work of so much        
learning4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,m4 ,,and ,,mad4  
,,de ,,lamartine having returned from   
the ,east1 are at present  ,staying at  
the ,villa du ,prado1 a branch of the   
,hotel des ,empereurs1 a  pleasant house
 on the banks of the ,huveaune1 in the  
midst of the most  beautiful landscape4 
,it was in a country box1 upon the      
,avenue du ,prado1  that ,lamartine     
wrote1 in #ahdg1 his ,histoire des      
,girondins4 ,lamartine is  pleased with 
his ,smyrna estate2 he was received     
there by his vassals en  grand seigneur1
 but he found that he would be obliged  
to expend a good  deal of money before  
the estate would be profitable4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,theodore ,,parker',s ,massachusetts   
,quarterly ,review1 is dead1 and--,god  
be  ,praised that ,new ,england refused 
to support it any longer4 ,mr4 ,parker  

says in the farewell to his readers1    
that the work has never become what  its
 projector designed that it should be2  
and expresses a hope that  some new     
journal will presently be started1 in a 
more popular form1  which will promote  
the great ideas of our times1 by giving 
them an  expression in literature1 and  
so help them to a permanent organization
 in  the life of mankind4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,,capt4
 ,,sir ,,edward ,,belcher1 ,r4,n41 known
 in the literary and scientific  world  
by his extensive voyages of survey and  
discovery1 is now on a visit  to ,new   
,york1 whence he will shortly proceed to
 ,texas4 ,sir ,edward ,belcher  is a    
gentleman of remarkable energy of       
character1 and of eminent  abilities4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,letter from ,m4 ,guizot1 assigning 
the motives of his refusal to appear  as
 a candidate of the ,institute for a    
seat in the ,superior ,council of       
,public ,instruction1 is published by   

the ,esprance of ,nancy4 ,the           
,principles avowed by ,m4 ,guizot lead  
directly to a separation of ,church  and
 ,state4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,,john ,g4 ,,saxe will   
soon publish a new poem which he        
delivered recently at  the commencement 
of ,middlebury ,college1 with the       
applause which crowns  all his efforts  
in this way4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,a ,,re-,,issue 
of the ,complete ,works of ,eliza ,cook 
will be shortly commenced  in her       
,journal1 and continued weekly until    
completed4           99       99        
99       99        99    ,,the          
,,institute ,,of ,,goethe has just been 
founded by the government of ,saxe      
,weimar4 ,it consists simply of a prize 
of twenty thousand francs offered  to   
the competition of the literary and     
artistic world4 ,the first year it  will
 be given to the best among the poems1  
romances1 and dramatic works  submitted2
 the second year to the best picture2   

the third year to the  best piece of    
statuary2 the fourth year to the best   
piece of music1  whether sacred or      
profane1 opera or oratorio4 ,this circle
 having been  completed1 the prize will 
next be given as at the first year2 and 
so on  in regular succession4 ,the      
successful competitor is to remain      
proprietor  of his work1 as are all the 
others4 ,the prize will he allotted by  
two  committees1 one at ,weimar the     
other at ,berlin4 ,the establishment of 
the  fund was celebrated at ,weimar on  
the #bc;d of ,august4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,,gifford1 some five-and-twenty years   
ago1 declared that all the fools of  the
 country had taken to write plays2 and  
it would appear that all the  dull      
,englishmen of our day have taken to    
write pamphlets on the  slave-trade4    
,the ,london ,times is very severe upon 
a book just issued by  ,mr4 ,w4 ,gore   
,ouseley1 who was several years ,british
 ,charge d',affaires at  ,rio1 as such  

conducted a voluminous correspondence on
 the subject with  the government of    
,brazil1 and might have been expected to
 have there  learned something on the   
slave-trade worth telling4 ,according to
 his  reviewer he appears1 however1 to  
be one of that class of persons         
described by ,sterne1 who1 traveling    
from ,dan to ,beersheba1 found all to   
be barren2 and no amount of observation 
can in any human being supply  defective
 reasoning faculties4 ,so1 says the     
,times1 he has little or  nothing to say
 about the ,brazilian slave-trade that  
has not been better  said a thousand    
times before2 and when he does venture  
on a special  statement of his own1 it  
topples down the whole superstructure of
 his  argument4    ,a work of rather    
more interest is ,seven ,years' ,service
 on the ,slave  ,coast of ,africa1 by   
,sir ,henry ,huntley1 who1 when a       
lieutenant in the navy  in #ahca1 was   
ordered to the scene of his             
observations4 ,shortly after his        

arrival1 he was appointed to the        
independent command of a small vessel1  
in which he visited stations1 looked out
 for slavers1 chased them when he  saw  
them1 and captured them when he could4  
,a few years subsequently he  was       
nominated ,governor of the settlements  
on the ,gambia4 ,his two volumes        
contain his adventures during the whole 
or nearly the whole of his seven  years'
 service upon the station2 the last     
closing abruptly in the middle  of      
preparations for a congress of black    
kings4 ,the public is already  familiar 
with many of the topics1 from the       
occasional narratives of  voyages and   
adventures along the coast4 ,visits to  
the commandants of the  so-called       
castles2 a description of the ,european 
and native mode of life  at the         
settlements2 accounts of the            
slave-stations1 the slave-dealers1  the 
slaves1 and the slave-trade1 together   
with sketches of more  legitimate       
commerce1 and occasional trips to the   

islands lying off the  coast1 for change
 of air and fresh supplies1 are frequent
 features4 ,sir  ,henry ,huntley's      
duties sometimes brought him in contact 
with native  chiefs1 and continually    
with slavers1 in the search1 the        
capture1 and the  pursuit4 ,during the  
latter part of his career1 the office of
 ,governor  gave great variety and      
largeness to his subjects2 consisting of
 public  business1 palavers with native 
potentates1 and matters connected with  
home policy4 ,in point of literary      
character this work very nearly         
resembles the author's ,peregrine       
,scramble4 ,indeed1 the ,seven ,years'  
,service is a sort of continuation of   
that book1 without the form of  fiction4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,m4 ,,jules ,,lechevalier1 
known in this country chiefly as one of 
the foreign  ,correspondents of ,the    
,tribune1 but in ,europe as an able     
writer on the  ,social ,sciences1 has   
recently delivered in ,paris and        

,berlin1 and in  ,london1 7where he is  
residing as a political exile17 a series
 of  lectures1 which will soon be given 
to the world in a volume1 upon the      
subject of his favorite studies4 ,m4    
,lechevalier's system1 which he         
denominates ,new ,political ,economy1 is
 based upon the principle of            
association1 in opposition to that of   
competition and laissez-faire1  which   
constitute the groundwork of the school 
of the present political  economists4   
,in the course of his series he pointed 
out the gradual  tendency of the        
competitive principle to produce        
extremes of riches and  poverty1 and    
ultimately revolutions1 and maintained1 
that by the adoption  of the associative
 principle alone1 society can be        
preserved from  confusion and           
destruction4 ,he contends that the new  
political economy1  or ,socialism1 is   
essentially ,conservative1 while the    
present system of  unlimited            
competition1 or buying cheap and selling

 dear1 is destructive1  ,m4 ,lechevalier
 pretends to base his system on the     
moral principles of  ,christ1 and       
maintains that ,christianity cannot be  
practically carried out  in any other   
way4 ,his lectures abound in examples of
 the working of the  two opposing       
systems4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,the ,doctrinal ,tract   
and ,book ,society1 ,boston1 are going  
forward in the  work of re-publishing   
the old standard works of the           
,new-,england theology4  ,they have     
issued a fine edition of ,bellamy and   
have procured an edition  of ,edwards   
the younger4 ,they are now about        
commencing the stereotyping of          
,catlin's ,compendium1 and the whole    
works of ,dr4 ,hopkins4 ,we wish they   
would go back a century further1 and    
give us the best works of ,mather and   
his contemporaries4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,there 
is a political novel by ,,otto ,,muller1
 of ,manheim1 announced1 under  the     

title ,georg ,volker3 ein ,vreiheits    
,roman1 which is said to give a         
faithful picture of the ,baden          
revolution1 and to open with the rise of
  the peasantry in the ,ottenwald4      
99       99       99       99      99   
,,the ,,duc ,,de ,,la ,,rouchefoucauld's
 celebrated ,moral ,reflections1        
,sentences1  and ,maxims1 have just     
appeared in a new and very much improved
  translation1 and with notes1 pointing 
out similarities of sentiments in       
ancient and modern authors1 and         
sometimes proving that ,rochefoucauld's 
good things have been made use of       
without sufficient acknowledgment1 by   
moderns4 ,there is also an introduction1
 which dissertates well on the  purpose 
and quality of the reflections4 ,such   
books were once very  popular2 but in   
this country they have not been much    
read4 ,we have indeed  had numerous     
editions of ,lacon1 and ,dr4 ,bettner's 
,acton has found a  thousand purchasers2
 but the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hooker's ,maxims1  

which1 in our  opinion1 are as good as  
anything of their kind in the ,english  
language1  we believe have not attracted
 attention1 and ,mr4 ,simms's ,egeria   
has  been printed only in the columns of
 a newspaper4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,a new theory   
has just been propounded at ,paris in a 
book called  ,armanase1 7a ,sanscrit    
word1 meaning the ,reign of ,capacity74 
,the author  asserts the present forms  
of administrative government are        
injurious  instead of useful to society1
 and ought to be replaced by            
institutions of  a new and different    
order4 ,his principle is1 that the      
sovereignty of the  individual ought to 
be instituted for that of governments1  
and that great  associations of mutual  
assurance may be advantageously         
substituted for  the existing system of 
management by office-holders4 ,the      
author shows  also that the progress of 
the natural and mechanical sciences will
  deliver man from the pressure of the  

more painful sorts of labor2 and  that  
wealth1 freed from the barriers which   
now hinder its circulation1  would be   
distributed freely throughout society4  
,intellectual property  would be        
seriously guaranteed1 and would enrich  
the men of genius1 whose  inventions and
 discoveries are now profitable1 not to 
the authors1 but to  the capitalists who
 take advantage of them4 ,by this means 
an important  element of revolutions    
will be removed4 ,the author proposes1  
that in  order to prevent all suffering1
 a civil list shall be set apart for the
  people1 who will be the king4 ,this   
civil list is to be composed of a tax   
of one per cent41 levied on all who have
 property in favor of those who  have   
nothing4 ,but1 says he1 let no one      
imagine that all would be  dissolution  
and ruin in this system1 without law or 
government4 ,crimes  and offenses will  
be tried by juries1 that is to say1 by a
 living code4  ,property will no longer 
be seizable for debt1 and the courts    

will become  useless4 ,everybody shall  
have the absolute right to buy land by  
paying  its possessor ten per cent1 on  
its value3 this is to give a chance for 
carrying on all sorts of grand public   
enterprises without trouble from  the   
proprietors of little pieces of land4   
,it may perhaps be doubted1  whether the
 ,reign of ,capacity has exhibited any  
astonishing endowments  in that respect4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,,thackeray1 in ,pendennis1
 has given offense1 it appears1 to some 
of the  gensd'armes of the ,press1 by   
his satirical sketches of the literary  
profession4 ,those whose withers are    
unwrung will admit the truth of many    
pages and laugh at the caricature in the
 rest4 ,in the last number of the       
,north ,british ,review is a clever     
article upon the subject1 written with  
good temper and good sense4 ,hitherto   
publishers have been ridiculed and      
declaimed against as tyrants and        
tradesmen1--made to bear the onus of    

poetical improvidence1 and to sustain   
the weight of a crime which no  author  
can pardon--the rejection of            
manuscripts4 ,the authors have  painted 
the portraits of publishers2 but an     
ancient fable suggests that  if the lion
 had painted a certain picture1 it would
 not have been a  lion we should see    
biting the dust4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,m4 ,,de        
,,luynes is now engaged at ,paris in    
publishing a work on the  antiquities of
 ,cyprus4 ,he has discovered a number of
 inscriptions  in ancient ,cyprian      
writing1 and is having them engraved on 
copper4 ,the  writing is that which     
preceded the introduction of the        
,phoenician  character upon the island1 
and seems to have no affinity either    
with that  or with the ,assyrian1 which 
is discovered to have been once used    
there4  ,the work of ,m4 de ,luynes will
 open a new problem for the             
philologists4 ,it  will be difficult to 
decipher the inscriptions and language1 

unless there  can be found somewhere an 
ancient ,cyprian inscription1 with a    
translation  in some known tongue2 but  
in a time which has read the riddles of 
the  pyramids1 nothing of this sort is  
to be despaired of4 ,m4 de ,luynes is   
the  last of the great ,french nobles   
who makes a worthy use of his riches4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,sir ,,robert ,,peel left full and     
specific directions in his will for the 
early publication of his political      
memoirs2 and ordered that the profits   
arising from the publication shall be   
given to some public institution  for   
the education of the working-classes4   
,he believed his manuscripts and        
correspondence to be of great value1 as 
showing the characters of the  great men
 of his age2 and directed that his      
correspondence with the ,queen  and     
,prince ,albert shall not be published  
during their lives without their        
express consent4 ,he confided the task  
of preparing these memoirs to ,lord     

,mahon and ,mr4 ,cardwell4 ,their duty  
will1 however1 be comparatively light1  
though delicate1 from the admirable and 
orderly state in which he left  his     
papers4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,,mr4 ,,john ,p4 ,,brown1
 author of ,the ,turkish ,nights        
,entertainments1  recently published by 
,putnam1 is now on a visit to this      
country as the  ,secretary of the       
,commissioner of the ,sublime ,porte1   
,captain ,ammin ,bey4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,,eugene ,,sue',s new romance ,the      
,mysteries of the ,people1 has been     
prohibited in ,prussia4           99    
99       99       99      99    ,m4     
,,burnet ,,de ,,pesle has just published
 the first part of his ,examen          
,critique de la ,succession des         
,dynasties ,egyptiennes1 a work to which
  competent critics assign a high value4
 ,he follows the method of              
,champollion1 rejecting hypotheses and  
admitting only the testimony of the     

historians and monuments4 ,at the same  
time he treats his subject with         
independence and originality1 though he 
advances nothing for the sake of        
novelty4 ,the second part of the work   
will be devoted to the discussion of    
the ancient inscriptions1 dynasty by    
dynasty1 and reign by reign4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,washington ,,irving is claimed by the 
,english as by both birth and spirit  a 
,british author4 ,in the question of    
copyright lately before the ,vice       
,chancellor1 the case rested in part    
upon a plea that ,mr4 ,irving's father  
was from the ,orkneys and his mother    
from ,falmouth1 so that1 though he was  
born in ,new ,york1 he was not an alien4
 ,still1 our ,diedrich  ,knickerbocker  
was ,colonel ,irving once1 and served in
 this capacity  against the king1 and it
 will not he safe for him to establish  
the  position assumed by his publisher4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,m4 ,,arago1 having completed his       

love-labor in honor of ,condorcet1 is   
again  abstracting from scientific      
pursuits a portion of his time1 to      
prepare a  memoir upon the acts and     
doings of the ,provisional ,government  
of #ahdh of  which he was a member4 ,it 
is said to be a curious work which will 
enlighten much that is yet dark in the  
history of that period1 throwing        
additional obloquy upon some members1   
and relieving others of a portion  of   
that which they have hitherto borne4 ,m4
 ,chemiega is also engaged upon  his own
 account in similar historical labors4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,dr4 ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes1 on   
the #ith of ,september1 delivered a     
poem1  described by a correspondent of  
the ,commercial ,advertiser as one of   
his  finest compositions1 before a large
 audience1 assembled to dedicate a      
rural cemetery at ,pittsfield1 ,mass4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,m4 ,,duganne1 some of whose songs and  
dramatic pieces have the ring of true   

metal1 has just completed a satire      
entitled ,parnassus in ,pillory1 and    
with the motto1 ,lend me your ears4 ,we 
have seen some advance sheets of  it1   
which are full of wit and spirit4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,south ,,carolina has always been      
prolific of epics4 ,those of ,mr4       
,simmons1  ,dr4 ,marks of ,barhamville1 
and some others1 have been tried1       
and-the  court of criticism has now     
before it from the same quarter ,america
  ,discovered1 in ,twelve ,books4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,john ,,neal has given notice of his   
intention to write a history of         
,american ,literature in two large      
octavo volumes1 and he invites authors  
who are not afraid to show their books1 
to send them to him at ,portland        
without delay4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,,germania1     
,,its ,,courts1 ,,camps ,,and ,,people1 
is the title of a brace of  volumes by  
the ,baroness ,blaize de ,bury4 ,and    

who1 pray1 is the  ,baroness ,blaize de 
,bury8 ,a writer in ,the ,leader answers
 after this  wise3    ,why1 sir1 she is 
somewhat of a myth1 making her avatars  
in literature  with all the caprice and 
variety of ,vishnou or ,brougham2 her   
maiden name  of ,rose ,stewart has not1 
that we can discover1 been stained with 
printer's ink1 but we trace her as      
',arthur ,dudley' in the ,revue des     
,deux ,mondes writing upon ,bulwer and  
,dickens1 we next find her as  ',maurice
 ,flassan' in ,les ,franais ,aeints par 
eux-mmes4 ,rumor further  whispereth    
that she had a finger in ',albert       
,lunel1' one of the  eccentricities of  
an eccentric law-lord1 which was        
hurriedly suppressed1  one knows not    
why2 in the ,edinburgh ,review she wrote
 a paper on  ,molire1 and for ,charles  
,knight's ,weekly ,volume a pleasant    
little book  about ,racine1 on the      
title-page of which she is styled       
',madame ,blaize  ,bury2' since that    
time you observe she has blossomed into 

a ,baroness de  ,bury6 ,let us add that 
she is the wife of ,henri ,blaze1 known 
as agreeable  critic and the translator 
of ,faust1 that she is said to be a     
great  favorite with the author of      
',albert ,lunel1' and that she has the  
two  novels ',mildred ,vernon' and      
',leonie ,vermont' placed to her        
account3 how  many other shapes she may 
have assumed we know not2 are these not 
enough8  ,whether1 after all1 a         
flesh-and-blood ,madame de ,bury exists 
is more than  ,we can decide4 ,une      
supposition6 what if1 after all1 she    
should turn out  to be ,lord ,brougham  
himself8 ,the restless energy of that   
,scottish  ,phenomenon renders          
everything possible4 ,he does not agree 
with ,pliny's  witty friend1 that it is 
better to be idle than to do            
nothing--satius  est otiosum esse quam  
nihil agere4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,,rev4 ,,charles
 ,,elliot1 ,d4,d4 of ,cincinnati1 has   
published1 through the  ,methodist      

printing house of that city1 an         
important work on ,slavery1 in  two     
duodecimo volumes4 ,dr4 ,ellliot has    
declined the acceptance of the          
,biblical ,professorship in ,mc,kendree 
,college1 on the ground that he is      
busily engaged in preparing works for   
the press1 including a thorough         
investigation of the ,biblical argument 
in defense of slavery4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,a     
,,new edition of a ,lexicon of the      
,dakota language 7of an ,indian tribe   
near ,lake ,superior17 has just been    
completed by the missionaries4 ,it      
contains upward of fifteen thousand     
words4 ,near thirteen years or more of  
labor have been expended upon it4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,judge ,,sydney ,,breese1 late ,u4,s4  
,senator1 at the commencement of ,knox  
,college1 delivered a discourse before  
the ,literary ,societies on the  ,early 
,history of ,illinois4 ,it is said to be
 part of a volume he is  preparing1 and 

had reference to the first ninety years 
of ,illinois  history4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,,mr4  
,,layard1 in excavating beneath the     
great pyramid at ,nimroud1 had          
penetrated a mass of masonry1 within    
which he had discovered the tomb and    
statue of ,sardanapalus1 with full      
annals of that monarch's reign engraved 
on the walls4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,,mr4 ,h4 ,h4   
,,wilson1 ,f4,r4,s41 has published in   
,london1 a collection of  ,ancient      
,hindu ,hymns1 constituting the ,first  
,ashtaka1 or ,book1 of the  ,rig-,veda1 
the oldest ,authority for the religious 
and social institutions  of the ,hindus4
 ,the translation of the                
,rig-,veda-,sonhita is valuable for  the
 scholar who wishes to study the most   
ancient belief1 opinions1 and  modes of 
the ,hindus1 so far as they can be      
gathered from hymns addressed  to the   
deities4 ,at the same time1 their       
mystery or obscurity1 increased  by     

remoteness of years1 is perhaps so      
considerable1 that it will require      
peculiar learning to profit by the      
materials this most ancient and         
important of the ,vedas contains4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,dr4 ,,shelton ,,mackenzie1 author of  
,mornings at ,matlock1 has been         
appointed1 through the influence of     
,lord ,brougham1 to the office of       
official assignee to the ,court of      
,bankruptcy1 in ,manchester4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,fine ,arts4    ,,the ,,fine ,,arts
 ,,in ,,america are not in a state of   
remarkable perfection1 if  we may credit
 a writer in the ,augsburg ,allgemeine  
,zeitung4 ,this critic  is evidently    
honest and impartial1 but not perfectly 
well informed4 ,he  supposes that the   
majority of the artists as well as of   
the scholars in  the country are        
emigrants from ,europe2 and affirms that
 artists of great  talent1 who have been
 esteemed and encouraged in ,europe1    

have been  reduced to misery in         
,america1 and compelled to resort to    
common labor for  their living4         
,latterly1 however1 fashion has brought 
pictures into  market2 and we may now   
hear1 in more refined circles1 here and 
there a  misapplied artistic term1 which
 shows that art is somewhat thought  of4
 ,it is characteristic that an ,american
 will often bargain for pictures  by the
 square foot4 ,the ,new ,york ,art      
,union has done a good deal of good  in 
the culture of taste for art1 and from  
the ,philadelphia ,art ,union much  may 
also be expected4 ,the daguerreotypes   
taken here may be compared with  the    
best of ,voightlnder of ,vienna and     
,williams of ,liverpool4 ,the           
talbotypes of this country are better   
than all others4 ,lithographing is  done
 mostly by ,french and ,germans2        
wood-cutting and steel-engraving by     
,englishmen and ,americans4 ,the        
products of the latter two resemble     
perfectly those of the same arts in     

,england4 ,dramatic and musical art  are
 in a feeble condition4 ,the theaters in
 the great cities have been  visited by 
the writer1 and nothing admirable found 
in them4 ,they are all  private         
enterprises1 and no great things are to 
be expected in that line  without the   
aid of a government4 ,the theaters are  
built and furnished in  the most elegant
 and even luxurious style4 ,the ,italian
 ,opera in ,new ,york  is supplied by   
,european artists whose best days are   
over4 ,the actors  never rise to any    
commendable excellence1 and the pieces  
they perform are  well adapted to their 
talents4 ,hardly ever is anything       
classical produced  upon the stage4     
,the ,german drama in the ,united       
,states is spoken of as being in a      
condition of even more desperate        
degradation4 ,the writer's remarks on   
that subject will not specially interest
 our readers2 but we trust that  what we
 have given above from his strictures   
will be edifying to all whom  it may    

concern4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,,from ,,rome we hear of 
an extensive undertaking about to be    
commenced in  the way of ,catholic ,art4
 ,the plan is this3 ,overbeck1 whose    
designs from  ,scripture history are    
familiar to all lovers of ,art who have 
not  overlooked one of the most         
remarkable geniuses of the times1 is now
  employed upon fourteen compositions   
representing the fourteen ,stations or  
pauses of the ,lord on his way to the   
cross4 ,part of them are already  done1 
and to judge from them the series will  
surpass all previous works  of this     
great master4 ,these designs are to be  
multiplied to the greatest  extent and  
put within the means of churches1       
convents and even the  poorest classes  
of the people4 ,they will appear of the 
size of the  original in colored        
lithography1 which will probably be     
executed in  ,germany4 ,engravings of   
half size on copper are to be executed  
by the  eminent engraver ,bartoccini1   

who is familiar with ,overbeck's manner1
 and  who has worked under him in       
,germany4 ,indeed ,bartoccini is already
 best  known from the engravings of     
,overbeck's designs to the ,new         
,testament1 the  best of which were from
 his burin4 ,in addition there are to be
 editions  of these compositions in     
middling and small sizes as well as in  
wood  engravings4 ,the object is to     
provide something which has real        
artistic  merit in place of the wretched
 pictures which are offered for the     
devotion of the faithful in so many     
churches and in ,catholic  prayer-books4
 ,the ,pope himself1 to whom the first  
colored drawings have  been shown1 takes
 a lively interest in the enterprise1   
and will probably  recommend it in a    
special circular to all the bishops4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,charles ,,muller1 a ,german sculptor1 
whose group1 ,the ,singer's ,curse1     
,received the second prize at the       
,exposition of #ahdi1 at ,paris1 has    

arrived in this country1 where he       
proposes to take up his residence4 ,the 
,tribune states that ,the ,singer's     
,curse will soon be exhibited to the    
public in this city4 ,it was suggested  
by one of the finest of ,uhland's       
works4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,the city of ,paris is   
about to erect along the grand avenue of
 the ,champs  ,elyses three hundred     
statues1 in marble1 of ,parisians       
distinguished in  the administration of 
the city1 in letters1 in science1 the   
fine arts or  commerce4 ,the statues    
will alternate with beautiful little    
fountains1 and  will form rows on each  
side of the avenue4           99        
99       99       99       99           
,,power',s ,,statue ,,of ,,eve is       
now-having been rescued from the waters 
off the  coast of ,spain--on the way to 
,new ,york1 and it will soon be here4   
,the  ,prince ,demidoff has purchased   
the figure of the ,greek ,slave1        
originally  commenced for ,mr4 ,robb of 

,new ,orleans1 for #gjj1 being #ajj more
 than ,mr4  ,robb was to have given for 
it4 ,the ,prince has placed it in a room
 by  itself1 in his palace at ,st4      
,donato1 near ,florence4 ,he is one of  
the  finest critics of art now living1  
and his collection of masterpieces      
constitutes to the man of taste one of  
the chief attractions of ,italy4  ,from 
a letter of ,powers now before us1 we   
learn that the model of his  ,america   
was finished1 and on the first of       
,august the marble was about  to be     
commenced1 in the same size4 ,this the  
sculptor and his friends  think will be 
his greatest work4 ,we are happy in     
being able to mention a  fact eminently 
honorable to a distinguished ,american  
gentleman1 in this  connection4 ,when   
the statue of ,eve was lost1 ,powers    
wrote to the  underwriters to pay the   
insurance 7#fjjj7 to ,mr4 ,j4,s4        
,preston of ,south  ,carolina1 upon whom
 the loss was to fall2 but ,mr4 ,preston
 instantly upon  hearing the            

circumstance directed that every cent of
 the money should  be sent to the       
artist1 expressing only a regret that   
the country suffered  the loss of a     
performance so admirable4 ,mr4 ,powers  
had not at this time  heard of the loss 
of the statue of ,mr4 ,calhoun4 ,this   
great work has not  yet been recovered1 
but ,mr4 ,kellogg has still hopes of its
 being rescued  in perfect safety4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,venice ,statuto of the #acth      
,august announces that ,venice and      
,italy  have experienced an irreparable 
loss4 ,the celebrated ,barbarigo        
,gallery1  known for ages1 comprised    
amongst other masterpieces seventeen    
paintings  of ,titian1 the ,magdalen1   
,venus1 ,st4 ,sebastian2 the famous     
portraits of  the ,doge ,barbarigo1 of  
,philip ,,xiv41 c4 ,after the extinction
 of the  ,barbarigo family1 ,count      
,nicholas ,giustiniani1 the brothers    
,barbaco1 and  the merchants ,benetti1  
who became proprietors of the           

collection1  presented it to the        
,government4 ,the ,viceroy ,raniere     
offered it for sale  in #ahdg to the    
,austrian ,government1 which refused to 
buy it4 ,it has been  lately purchased  
by the ,court of ,russia for five       
hundred and sixty  thousand francs4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,painting ,,and ,,sculptures of the    
early northern artists from the eighth  
to  the sixteenth century have just been
 discovered in great numbers in         
,gothland1 by ,dr4 ,marilignis1 of the  
,stockholm ,royal ,academy of ,fine     
,arts4  ,he was sent to search for them 
by the ,academy1 and has spent eighteen 
months in his mission4 ,a large         
proportion of the pictures were found in
  chapels built during the eleventh and 
twelfth centuries1 and were covered     
with thick coats of plaster1 which had  
to be removed with great care4 ,the     
results of ,dr4 ,marilignis'            
investigations will be published by the 
,swedish ,government4           99      

99       99       99       99    ,,the  
,,inauguration ,,of ,,the ,,statue ,,of 
,,larrey1 the famous surgeon of the     
,imperial army1 at the ,val-de-,grace1  
took place in ,paris lately4 ,among the 
assistants at this solemnity not the    
least interesting portion was a  corps  
of one hundred invalids upon whom       
,larrey had operated4 ,the hero of  the 
day was ,dupin1 who walked in to the    
flourish of drums and trumpets at  the  
head of the commission of the monument4 
,the statue of bronze1 by  ,david1 of   
,angers1 was unvailed amid the clang of 
sonorous metal blowing  martial sounds4 
,old ,dupin1 in a fit of happy          
inspiration1 jumped up on  the chair    
from which he presided1 and delivered   
perhaps the best speech  he ever made4  
,he drew1 in lively touches1 the mission
 of the man whose  hospital is the      
battle-field1 of his intrepid coolness  
and humane  devotion4 ,larrey was       
wounded1 while binding the wounds of    
others1 in  ,egypt and at ,waterloo1 in 

the days of glory and of disaster4 ,the 
,president of the ,assembly spoke with  
much feeling1 and when he came down     
from his chair a general rush was made  
by his friends to embrace him4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,standish ,,gallery ,,of         
,,pictures in the ,louvre was decreed by
 the ,french  courts1 a few days before 
his death1 to be the private property of
 the  late ,louis ,philippe4 ,it was    
left to the king by ,mr4 ,frank ,hall   
,standish1  in #ahch4 ,the library of   
this collection is very valuable4 ,it   
contains  among other rare books the    
,bible of ,cardinal ,ximenes1 valued    
alone at  #ejjj4 ,one of the last acts  
of ,louis ,philippe was to present it to
 the  ,french people4 ,he was desirous  
only of vindicating his rights in the   
courts4 ,the gallery therefore will not 
be removed4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,the ,,annual  
,,exhibition ,,of ,,pictures by         
,dsseldorf artists was opened in  that  

city about the middle of ,july4         
,landscapes are rather predominant4 ,in 
their line the works of ,alexander      
,michelis1 ,august ,kossler1 ,weba and  
,fischer are the best4 ,ten pictures of 
peasant life in ,norway by ,adolf       
,tidemond1 a ,norwegian artist1 are said
 to display very remarkable merit4      
,they were retained in the exhibition   
only a few days1 being destined for  the
 royal chateau of ,oskarshall4 ,of      
historical pictures there is nothing    
worth mentioning4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,the ,brussells 
,herald states that the artistic value  
of the works of art  contained in the   
churches of ,antwerp1 eleven in number1 
is by the late  financial report of the 
province estimated at #di1gfc1jjj       
francs-nearly  ten millions of dollars4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,leutze',s ,,picture of ,washington    
,crossing the ,delaware is nearly       
finished  at ,dsseldorf1 and is much    
praised by several letter-writers who   

have  seen it4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,,mr4 ,,powell1 
at ,paris1 expects to finish his picture
 for the ,capitol about  the first of   
,february4             99       99      
99       99       99      ,,edgar       
,,allen ,,poe4    ,by ,r4,w4 ,,griswold4
      ,the family of ,,edgar ,a4 ,,poe  
was one of the oldest and most          
reputable in ,baltimore4 ,david ,poe1   
his paternal grandfather1 was a         
,quartermaster-,general in the ,maryland
 line during the ,revolution1 and the   
intimate friend of ,lafayette1 who1     
during his last visit to the ,united    
,states1 called personally upon the     
,general's widow1 and tendered her      
acknowledgments for the services        
rendered to him by her husband4 ,his    
great-grandfather1 ,john ,poe1 married  
in ,england1 ,jane1 a daughter of       
,admiral ,james ,mc,bride1 noted in     
,british naval history1 and claiming    
,kindred with some of the most          
illustrious ,english families4 ,his     

father1  ,david ,poe1 jr41 the fourth   
son of the ,quartermaster-,general1 was 
several  years a law student in         
,baltimore1 but becoming enamored of an 
,english  actress1 named ,elizabeth     
,arnold1 whose prettiness and vivacity  
more than  her genius for the stage made
 her a favorite1 he eloped with her1 and
  after a short period1 having married  
her1 became himself an actor4 ,they     
continued six or seven years in the     
theaters of the principal cities1 and   
finally died1 within a few weeks of each
 other1 in ,richmond1 leaving  three    
children1 ,henry1 ,edgar1 and ,rosalie1 
in utter destitution4    ,edgar ,poe1   
who was born in ,baltimore1 in ,january1
 #ahaa1 was at this  period of          
remarkable beauty1 and precocious wit4  
,mr4 ,john ,allan1 a  merchant of large 
fortune and liberal disposition1 who had
 been intimate  with his parents1 having
 no children of his own1 adopted him1   
and it was  generally understood among  
his acquaintances that he intended to   

make him  the heir of his estate4 ,the  
proud1 nervous irritability of the boy's
  nature was fostered by his guardian's 
well-meant but ill-judged  indulgence4  
,nothing was permitted which could break
 his spirit4 ,he must  be the master of 
his masters1 or not have any4 ,an       
eminent and most  estimable gentleman of
 ,richmond has written to me1 that when 
,poe was only  six or seven years of    
age1 he went to a school kept by a widow
 of  excellent character1 to whom was   
committed the instruction of the        
children of some of the principal       
families in the city4 ,a portion of  the
 grounds was used for the cultivation of
 vegetables1 and its invasion  by her   
pupils strictly forbidden4 ,a           
trespasser1 if discovered1 was  commonly
 made to wear1 during school hours1 a   
turnip or carrot1 or  something1 of this
 sort1 attached to his neck as a sign of
 disgrace4 ,on  one occasion ,poe1      
having violated the rules1 was decorated
 with the  promised badge1 which he wore

 in sullenness until the dismissal of   
the  boys1 when1 that the full extent of
 his wrong might be understood by his   
patron1 of whose sympathy he was        
confident1 he eluded the notice of the  
schoolmistress1 who would have relieved 
him of his esculent1 and made the  best 
of his way home1 with it dangling at his
 neck4 ,mr4 ,allan's anger was  aroused1
 and he proceeded instantly to the      
school-room1 and after  lecturing the   
astonished dame upon the enormity of    
such an insult to his  son and to       
himself1 demanded his account1          
determined that the child  should not   
again be subject to such tyranny4 ,who  
can estimate the effect  of this puerile
 triumph upon the growth of that morbid 
self-esteem which  characterized the    
author in after life8    ,in #ahaf1 he  
accompanied ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,allan to    
,great ,britain1 visited the  most      
interesting portions of the country1 and
 afterward passed four or  five years in
 a school kept at ,stoke ,newington1    

near ,london1 by the ,rev4  ,dr4        
,bransby4 ,in his tale1 entitled        
,william ,wilson1 he has introduced a   
striking description of this school and 
of his life here4 ,he says3        ,my  
earliest recollections of a school life 
are connected with a    large1 rambling 
,elizabethan house1 in a misty-looking  
village of    ,england1 where were a    
vast number of gigantic and gnarled     
trees1 and    where all the houses were 
excessively ancient4 ,in truth1 it was a
    dream-like and spirit-soothing      
place1 that venerable old town4 ,at this
    moment1 in fancy1 ,i feel the       
refreshing chilliness of its            
deeply-shadowed avenues1 inhale the     
fragrance of its thousand               
shrubberies1 and thrill anew with       
undefinable delight1 at the deep        
hollow note of the church-bell1         
breaking1 each1 hour1 with sullen and   
sudden roar1 upon the stillness of the  
dusky atmosphere in which the    fretted
 ,gothic steeple lay embedded and       

asleep4 ,it gives me1 perhaps1    as    
much of pleasure1 as ,i can now in any  
manner experience to dwell    upon      
minute recollections of the school and  
its concerns4 ,steeped in    misery as  
,i am--misery1 alas6 only too real--,i  
shall be pardoned for    seeking relief1
 however slight and temporary1 in the   
weakness of a few    rambling details4  
,these1 moreover1 utterly trivial1 and  
even    ridiculous in themselves1       
assume1 to my fancy1 adventitious       
importance1 as connected with a period  
and a locality when and where ,i        
recognize the first ambiguous monitions 
of the destiny which afterward    so    
fully overshadowed me4 ,let me then     
remember4 ,the house4 ,i have    said1  
was old and irregular4 ,the grounds were
 extensive1 and a high    and solid     
brick wall1 topped with a bed of mortar 
and broken glass1    encompassed the    
whole4 ,the prison-like rampart formed  
the limit of our    domain2 beyond it we
 saw but thrice a week--once every      

,saturday    afternoon1 when1 attended  
by two ushers1 we were permitted to take
    brief walks in a body through some  
of the neighboring fields--and    twice 
during ,sunday1 when we were paraded in 
the same formal manner to    the morning
 and evening service in the one church  
of the village4 ,of    this church the  
principal of our school was pastor4     
,with how deep a    spirit of wonder and
 perplexity was ,i wont to regard him   
from our    remote pew in the gallery1  
as1 with step solemn and slow1 he       
ascended    the pulpit6 ,this reverend  
man with countenance so demurely benign1
    with robes so glossy1 and so        
clerically flowing1 with wig so minutely
    powdered1 so rigid and so           
vast1--could this be he who1 of late1   
with    sour visage1 and in snuffy      
habiliments1 administered1 ferule in    
hand1    the ,draconian ,laws of the    
academy8 ,oh1 gigantic paradox1 too     
utterly    monstrous for solution6 ,at  
an angle of the ponderous wall frowned a

    more ponderous gate4 ,it was riveted
 and studded with iron bolts1 and       
surmounted with jagged iron spikes4     
,what impressions of deep awe did    it 
inspire6 ,it was never opened save for  
the three periodical    egressions and  
ingressions already mentioned2 then1 in 
every creak of    its mighty hinges1 we 
found a plenitude of mystery--a world of
 matter    for solemn remark1 or for    
more solemn meditation4 ,the extensive  
inclosure was irregular in form1 having 
many capacious recesses4 ,of    these1  
three or four of the largest constituted
 the play-ground4 ,it    was level1 and 
covered with fine hard gravel4 ,i well  
remember it had    no trees1 nor        
benches1 nor anything similar within it4
 ,of course it    was in the rear of the
 house4 ,in front lay a small parterre1 
planted    with box and other shrubs2   
but through this sacred division we     
passed    only upon rare occasions      
indeed--such as a first advent to school
 or    final departure thence1 or       

perhaps1 when a parent or friend having 
called for us1 we joyfully took our way 
home for the ,christmas or    ,midsummer
 holidays4 ,but the house6--how quaint  
an old building was    this6--to me how 
veritably a palace of enchantment6      
,there was really    no end to its      
windings--to its incomprehensible       
subdivisions4 ,it was    difficult1 at  
any given time1 to say with certainty   
upon which of its    two stories one    
happened to be4 ,from each room to every
 other there    were sure to be found   
three or four steps either in ascent or 
descent4    ,then the lateral branches  
were innumerable--inconceivable--and so 
returning in upon themselves1 that our  
most exact ideas in regard to    the    
whole mansion were not very far         
different from those with which we      
pondered upon infinity4 ,during the five
 years of my residence here1 ,i    was  
never able to ascertain with precision1 
in what remote locality    lay the      
little sleeping apartment assigned to   

myself and some eighteen    or twenty   
other scholars4 ,the school-room was the
 largest in the    house--,i could not  
help thinking1 in the world4 ,it was    
very long1    narrow1 and dismally low1 
with pointed ,gothic windows and a      
ceiling of    oak4 ,in a remote and     
terror-inspiring angle was a square     
inclosure of    eight or ten feet1      
comprising the sanctum1 'during hours1' 
of our    principal1 the ,reverend ,dr4 
,bransby4 ,it was a solid structure1    
with    massy door1 sooner than open    
which in the absence of the ',dominie1' 
we    would all have willingly perished 
by the peine forte et dure4 ,in    other
 angles were two other similar boxes1   
far less reverenced1    indeed1 but     
still greatly matters of awe4 ,one of   
these was the pulpit    of the          
'classical' usher1 one of the ',english 
and mathematical4'    ,interspersed     
about the room1 crossing and recrossing 
in endless    irregularity1 were        
innumerable benches and desks1 black1   

ancient and    time-worn1 piled         
desperately with much-bethumbed books1  
and so    beseamed with initial letters1
 names at full length1 grotesque        
figures1 and other multiplied efforts of
 the knife1 as to have    entirely lost 
what little of original form might have 
been their    portion in days long      
departed4 ,a huge bucket with water     
stood at one    extremity of the room1  
and a clock of stupendous dimensions at 
the    other4      ,encompassed by the  
massy walls of this venerable academy1  
,i passed1    yet not in tedium or      
disgust1 the years of the third lustrum 
of my    life4 ,the teeming brain of    
childhood requires no external world of 
incident to occupy or amuse it2 and the 
apparently dismal monotony of    a      
school was replete with more intense    
excitement than my riper youth    has   
derived from luxury1 or my full manhood 
from crime4 ,yet ,i must    believe that
 my first mental development had in it  
much of the    uncommon--even much of   

the outre4 ,upon mankind at large the   
events    of very early existence rarely
 leave in mature age any definite       
impression4 ,all is gray shadow--a weak 
and irregular remembrance--an           
indistinct regathering of feeble        
pleasures and phantasmagoric pains4     
,with me this is not so4 ,in childhood  
,i must have felt with the energy    of 
a man what ,i now find stamped upon     
memory in lines as vivid1 as    deep2   
and as durable as the exergues of the   
,carthaginian medals4 ,yet    the       
fact--in the fact of the world's        
view-how little was there to            
remember4 ,the morning's awakening1 the 
nightly summons to bed2 the    connings1
 the recitations2 the periodical        
half-holidays and    perambulations2 the
 playground1 with its broils1 its       
pastimes1 its    intrigues2 these1 by a 
mental sorcery long forgotten1 were made
 to    involve a wilderness of          
sensation1 a world of rich incident1 an 
universe of varied emotion1 of          

excitement the most passionate and      
spirit-stirring4 ',oh1 le bon temps1 que
 se siecle de fer6'    ,in #ahbb1 he    
returned to the ,united ,states1 and    
after passing a few  months at an       
academy in ,richmond1 he entered the    
,university at  ,charlottesville1 where 
he led a very dissipated life2 the      
manners which  then prevailed there were
 extremely dissolute1 and he was known  
as the  wildest and most reckless       
student of his class2 but his unusual   
opportunities1 and the remarkable ease  
with which he mastered the most         
difficult studies1 kept him all the     
while in the first rank for             
scholarship1 and he would have graduated
 with the highest honors1 had  not his  
gambling1 intemperance1 and other vices1
 induced his expulsion  from the        
university4    ,at this period he was   
noted for feats of hardihood1 strength1 
and  activity2 and on one occasion1 in a
 hot day of ,june1 he swam from         
,richmond to ,warwick1 seven miles and a

 half1 against a tide running  probably 
from two to three miles an hour4,a ,he  
was expert at fence1 had  some skill in 
drawing1 and was a ready and eloquent   
conversationist and  declaimer4         
,footnote ,a3 ,this statement was first 
printed during ,mr4 ,poe's lifetime1    
and its truth being questioned in some  
of the journals1 the following          
certificate was published by a          
distinguished gentleman of ,virginia3   
,i was one of several who witnessed this
 swimming feat4 ,we accompanied  ,mr4   
,poe in boats4 ,messrs4 ,robert         
,stannard1 ,john ,lyle1 7since dead7    
,robert  ,saunders1 ,john ,munford1 ,i  
think1 and one or two others1 were also 
of the  party4 ,mr4 ,p4 did not seem at 
all fatigued1 and walked back to        
,richmond  immediately after the        
feat--which was undertaken for a wager4 
,,robert ,g4 ,,cabell4      ,his        
allowance of money while at             
,charlottesville had been liberal1 but  
he  quitted the place very much in debt2

 and when ,mr4 ,allan refused to accept 
some of the drafts with which he had    
paid losses in gaming1 he wrote to  him 
an abusive letter1 quitted his house1   
and soon after left the country  with   
the quixotic intention of joining the   
,greeks1 then in the midst of  their    
struggle with the ,turks4 ,he never     
reached his destination1 and we  know   
but little of his adventures in ,europe 
for nearly a year4 ,by the end  of this 
time he had made his way to ,st4        
,petersburg1 and our ,minister in  that 
capital1 the late ,mr4 ,henry           
,middleton1 of ,south ,carolina1 was    
ummoned one morning to save him from    
penalties incurred in a drunken         
debauch4 ,through ,mr4 ,middleton's     
kindness he was set at liberty and      
enabled to return to this country4      
,his meeting with ,mr4 ,allan was not   
very cordial1 but that gentleman        
declared himself willing to serve him in
 any way that should seem  judicious2   
and when ,poe expressed some anxiety to 

enter the ,military  ,academy1 he       
induced ,chief ,justice ,marshall1      
,andrew ,stevenson1 ,general  ,scott1   
and other eminent persons1 to sign an   
application which secured  his          
appointment to a scholarship in that    
institution4    ,mrs4 ,allan1 whom ,poe 
appears to have regarded with much      
affection1 and  who had more influence  
over him than any one else at this      
period1 died on  the #bgth of ,february1
 #ahbi1 which ,i believe was just before
 ,poe left  ,richmond for ,west ,point4 
,it has been erroneously stated by all  
,poe's  biographers1 that ,mr4 ,allan   
was now sixty-five years of age1 and    
that  ,miss ,paterson1 to whom he was   
married afterward1 was young enough to  
be  his granddaughter4 ,mr4 ,allan was  
in his forty-eighth year1 and the       
difference between his age and that of  
his second wife was not so great  as    
justly to attract any observation4      
,for a few weeks the cadet applied      
himself with much assiduity to his      

studies1 and he became at once a        
favorite with his mess and with the     
officers and professors of the ,academy2
 but his habits of dissipation  were    
renewed2 he neglected his duties and    
disobeyed orders2 and in ten  months    
from his matriculation he was cashiered4
    ,he went again to ,richmond1 and was
 received into the family of ,mr4       
,allan1  who was disposed still to be   
his friend1 and in the event of his good
  behavior to treat him like a son2 but 
it soon became necessary to close  his  
doors against him forever4 ,according to
 ,poe's own statement he  ridiculed the 
marriage of his patron with ,miss       
,paterson1 and had a  quarrel with her2 
but a different story1,b scarcely       
suitable for  repetition here1 was told 
by the friends of the other party4      
,whatever the  circumstances1 they      
parted in anger1 and ,mr4 ,allan from   
that time  declined to see or in any way
 to assist him4 ,mr4 ,allan died in the 
spring  of #ahcd1 in the fifty-fourth   

year of his age1 leaving three children 
to  share his property1 of which not a  
mill was bequeathed to ,poe4            
,footnote ,b3 ,the writer of an eulogium
 upon the life and genius of ,mr4  ,poe1
 in the ,southern ,literary ,messenger1 
for ,march1 #ahej1 thus refers  to this 
point in his history3      ,the story of
 the other side is different3 and if    
true1 throws a dark  shade upon the     
quarrel1 and a very ugly light upon     
,poe's character4 ,we  shall not insert 
it1 because it is one of those          
relations1 which we  think1 with ,sir   
,thomas ,browne1 should never be        
recorded1--being  'verities whose truth 
we fear and heartily wish there were no 
truth  therein 444 whose relations      
honest minds do deprecate4 ,for of sins 
heteroclital1 and such as want name or  
precedent1 there is ofttimes a sin  even
 in their history4 ,we do desire no     
record of enormities3 sins should  he   
accounted new4 ,they omit of their      
monstrosity as they fall from their     

rarity2 for men count it venial to err  
with their forefathers1 and  foolishly  
conceive they divide a sin in its       
society4444 ,in things of this  nature1 
silence commendeth history3 'tis the    
veniable part of things  lost2 wherein  
there must never arise a ,pancirollus1  
nor remain any  register but that of    
hell4'    ,soon after he left ,west     
,point ,poe had printed at ,baltimore a 
small volume  of verses1 7,al ,aaraaf1  
of about four hundred lines1 ,tamerlane1
 of  about three hundred lines1 with    
smaller pieces17 and the favorable      
manner  in which it was commonly        
referred to confirmed his belief that he
 might  succeed in the profession of    
literature4 ,the contents of the book   
appear  to have been written when he was
 between sixteen and nineteen years of  
age2 but though they illustrated the    
character of his abilities and          
justified his anticipations of success1 
they do not seem to me to evince1  all  
things considered1 a very remarkable    

precocity4 ,the late ,madame  d',ossoli 
refers to some of them as the           
productions of a boy of eight or  ten   
years1 but ,i believe there is no       
evidence that anything of his which  has
 been published was written before he   
left the university4 ,certainly1  it was
 his habit so constantly to labor upon  
what he had produced--he was  at all    
times so anxious and industrious in     
revision--that his works1  whenever     
first composed1 displayed the perfection
 of his powers at the  time when they   
were given to the press4    ,his        
contributions to the journals attracted 
little attention1 and his  hopes of     
gaining a living in this way being      
disappointed1 he enlisted  in the army  
as a private soldier4 ,how long he      
remained in the service ,i  have not    
been able to ascertain4 ,he was         
recognized by officers who had  known   
him at ,west ,point and efforts were    
made1 privately1 but with  prospects of 
success1 to obtain for him a commission1

 when it was  discovered by his friends 
that he had deserted4    ,he had        
probably found relief from the monotony 
of a soldier's life in  literary        
composition4 ,his mind was never in     
repose1 and without some such  resort   
the dull routine of camp or barracks    
would have been  insupportable4 ,when he
 next appears1 he has a volume of ,,ms4 
stories1  which he desires to print     
under the title of ,tales of the ,folio 
,club4  ,an offer by the proprietor of  
the ,baltimore ,saturday ,visitor1 of   
two  prizes1 one for the best tale and  
one for the best poem1 induced him to   
submit the pieces entitled ,,ms4 ,found 
in a ,bottle1 ,lionizing1 ,the          
,visionary1 and three others1 with ,the 
,coliseum1 a poem1 to the  committee1   
which consisted of ,mr4 ,john ,p4       
,kennedy1 the author of  ,horse-,shoe   
,robinson2 ,mr4 ,j4,h4,b4 ,latrobe1 and 
,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,miller4 ,such  matters 
are usually disposed of in a very       
off-hand way3 ,committees to  award     

literary prizes drink to the payer's    
health in good wines1 over  unexamined  
,,mss41 which they submit to the        
discretion of publishers1 with          
permission to use their names in such a 
way as to promote the publishers'       
advantage4 ,so perhaps it would have    
been in this case1 but that one of  the 
committee1 taking up a little book      
remarkably beautiful and distinct  in   
caligraphy1 was tempted to read several 
pages2 and becoming  interested1 he     
summoned the attention of the company to
 the half-dozen  compositions it        
contained4 ,it was unanimously decided  
that the prizes  should be paid to the  
first of geniuses who had written       
legibly4 ,not  another ,,ms4 was        
unfolded4 ,immediately the confidential 
envelope was  opened1 and the successful
 competitor was found to bear the       
scarcely-known name of ,poe4 ,the       
committee indeed awarded to him the     
premiums for both the tale and the poem1
 but subsequently altered their         

decision1 so as to exclude him from the 
second premium1 in consideration  of his
 having obtained the higher one4 ,the   
prize tale was the ,,ms4 found  in a    
,bottle4 ,this award was published on   
the twelfth of ,october1 #ahcc4  ,the   
next day the publisher called to see    
,mr4 ,kennedy1 and gave him an  account 
of the author1 which excited his        
curiosity and sympathy1 and  caused him 
to request that he should be brought to 
his office4  ,accordingly he was        
introduced4 ,the prize-money had not yet
 been paid1 and  he was in the costume  
in which he had answered the            
advertisement of his  good fortune4     
,thin1 and pale even to ghastliness1 his
 whole appearance  indicated sickness   
and the utmost destitution4 ,a well-worn
 frock-coat  concealed the absence of a 
shirt1 and imperfect boots disclosed the
 want  of hose4 ,but the eyes of the    
young man were luminous with            
intelligence  and feeling1 and his voice
 and conversation and manner1 all won   

upon the  lawyer's regard4 ,poe told his
 history1 and his ambition1 and it was  
determined that he should not want means
 for a suitable appearance in  society1 
nor opportunities for just display of   
his abilities in  literature4 ,mr4      
,kennedy accompanied him to a           
clothing-store1 and  purchased for him a
 respectable suit1 with changes of      
linen1 and sent him  to a bath1 from    
which he returned with the suddenly     
regained style of a  gentleman4    ,his 
new friends were very kind to him1 and  
availed themselves of every             
,opportunity to serve him4 ,near the    
close of the year #ahcd the late ,mr4   
,t4,w4 ,white established in ,richmond  
the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4 ,he 
was a man of much simplicity1 purity1   
and energy of character1 but not a      
writer1 and he frequently solicited his 
acquaintances' literary  assistance4 ,on
 receiving from him an application for  
an article1 early in  #ahce1 ,mr4       
,kennedy1 who was busy with the duties  

of his profession1  advised ,poe to send
 one1 and in a few weeks he had occasion
 to inclose  the following answer to a  
letter from ,mr4 ,white3    ,,baltimore1
 ,april #ac1 #ahce4    ,dear ,sir3 ,poe 
did right in referring to me4 ,he is    
very clever with his  pen--classical and
 scholarlike4 ,he wants experience and  
direction1 but ,i  have no doubt he can 
be made very useful to you4 ,and1 poor  
fellow6 he is  very poor4 ,i told him to
 write something for every number of    
your  magazine1 and that you might find 
it to your advantage to give him some   
permanent employ4 ,he has a volume of   
very bizarre tales in the hands of      
----1 in ,philadelphia1 who for a year  
past has been promising to publish      
them4 ,this young fellow is highly      
imaginative1 and a little given to the  
terrific4 ,he is at work upon a tragedy1
 but ,i have turned him to  drudging    
upon whatever may make money1 and ,i    
have no doubt you and he  will find your
 account in each other4    ,in the next 

number of the ,messenger ,mr4 ,white    
announced that ,poe was  its editor1 or 
in other words1 that he had made        
arrangements with a  gentleman of       
approved literary taste and attainments 
to whose especial  management the       
editorial department would be confided1 
and it was  declared that this gentleman
 would devote his exclusive attention to
  the work4 ,poe continued1 however1 to 
reside in ,baltimore1 and it is         
probable that he was engaged only as a  
general contributor and a writer  of    
critical notices of books4 ,in a letter 
to ,mr4 ,white1 under the date of  the  
thirtieth of ,may1 he says3    ,in      
regard to my critique of ,mr4 ,kennedy's
 novel1 ,i seriously feel  ashamed of   
what ,i have written4 ,i fully intended 
to give the work a  thorough review1 and
 examine it in detail4 ,ill health alone
 prevented me  from so doing4 ,at the   
time ,i made the hasty sketch ,i sent   
you1 ,i was so  ill as to be hardly able
 to see the paper on which ,i wrote1 and

 ,i  finished it in a state of complete 
exhaustion4 ,i have not1 therefore1     
done anything like justice to the book1 
and ,i am vexed about the matter1  for  
,mr4 ,kennedy has proved himself a kind 
friend to me in every respect1  and ,i  
am sincerely grateful to him for many   
acts of generosity and  attention4 ,you 
ask me if ,i am perfectly1 satisfied    
with your course4 ,i  reply that ,i     
am--entirely4 ,my poor services are not 
worth what you give  me for them4       
,about a month afterward he wrote3      
,you ask me if ,i would be willing to   
come on to ,richmond if you should  have
 occasion1 for my services during the   
coming winter4 ,i reply that  nothing   
would give me greater pleasure4 ,i have 
been desirous for some  time past of    
paying a visit to ,richmond1 and would  
be glad of an  reasonable excuse for so 
doing4 ,indeed ,i am anxious to settle  
myself in  that city1 and if1 by any    
chance1 you hear of a situation likely  
to suit  me1 ,i would gladly accept it1 

were the salary even the merest trifle4 
,i  should1 indeed1 feel myself greatly 
indebted to you if through your means   
,i could accomplish this object4 ,what  
you say in the conclusion of your       
letter1 in relation to the supervision  
of proof-sheets1 gives me reason  to    
hope that possibly you might find       
something for me to do in your  office4 
,if so ,i should be very glad--for at   
present only a very small  portion of my
 time is employed4    ,he continued in  
,baltimore till ,september4 ,in this    
period he wrote several  long reviews1  
which for the most part were rather     
abstracts of works than  critical       
discussions1 and published1 with others1
 ,hans ,phall1 a story  in some respects
 very similar to ,mr4 ,locke's          
celebrated account of  ,herschel's      
,discoveries in the ,moon4 ,at first he 
appears to have been ill  satisfied with
 ,richmond1 or with his duties1 for in  
two or three weeks  after his removal to
 that city we find ,mr4 ,kennedy writing

 to him3    ,i am sorry to see you in   
such plight as your letter shows you in4
 ,it is  strange that just at this time1
 when everybody is praising you1 and    
when  fortune is beginning to smile upon
 your hitherto wretched circumstances1  
you should be invaded by those blue     
devils4 ,it belongs1 however1 to your   
age and temper to be thus buffeted--but 
be assured1 it only wants a  little     
resolution to master the adversary      
forever4 ,you will doubtless do  well   
henceforth in literature1 and add to    
your comforts as well as to  your       
reputation1 which it gives me great     
pleasure to assure you is  everywhere   
rising in popular esteem4    ,but he    
could not bear his good fortune4 ,on    
receiving a month's salary he  gave     
himself up to habits which only         
necessity had restrained at  ,baltimore4
 ,for a week he was in a condition of   
brutish drunkenness1 and  ,mr4 ,white   
dismissed him4 ,when he became sober1   
however1 he had no  recourse but in     

reconciliation1 and he wrote letters and
 induced  acquaintances to call upon    
,mr4 ,white with professions of         
repentance and  promises of reformation4
 ,with his usual considerate and        
judicious  kindness that gentleman      
answered him3    ,my dear ,edgar3 ,i    
cannot address you in such language as  
this occasion  and my feelings demand3  
,i must be content to speak to you in my
 plain  way4 ,that you are sincere in   
all your promises ,i firmly believe4    
,but when  you once again tread these   
streets1 ,i have my fears that your     
resolutions  will fail1 and that you    
will again drink till your senses are   
lost4 ,if  you rely on your strength you
 are gone4 ,unless you look to your     
,maker for  help you will not be safe4  
,how much ,i regretted parting from you 
is known  to ,him only and myself4 ,i   
had become attached to you2 ,i am still2
 and ,i  would willingly say return1 did
 not a knowledge of your past life make 
me  dread a speedy renewal of our       

separation4 ,if you would make yourself 
contented with quarters in my house1 or 
with any other private family1  where   
liquor is not used1 ,i should think     
there was some hope for you4  ,but1 if  
you go to a tavern1 or to any place     
where it is used at table1  you are not 
safe4 ,you have fine talents1 ,edgar1   
and you ought to have  them respected1  
as well as yourself4 ,learn to respect  
yourself1 and you  will soon find that  
you are respected4 ,separate yourself   
from the bottle1  and from bottle       
companions1 forever4 ,tell me if you can
 and will do so4  ,if you again become  
an assistant in my office1 it must be   
understood that  all engagements on my  
part cease the moment you get drunk4 ,i 
am your true  friend1 ,t4 ,w4 ,w4    ,a 
new contract was arranged1 but ,poe's   
irregularities frequently  interrupted  
the kindness and finally exhausted the  
patience of his  generous though        
methodical employer1 and in the number  
of the ,messenger  for ,january1 #ahcg  

he thus took leave of its readers3      
,mr4 ,poe's attention being called in   
another direction1 he will decline1     
with the present number1 the editorial  
duties of the ,messenger4 ,his          
,critical ,notices for this month end   
with ,professor ,anthon's ,cicero-what  
follows is from another hand4 ,with the 
best wishes to the magazine1 and  to its
 few foes as well as many friends1 he is
 now desirous of bidding  all parties a 
peaceful farewell4    ,while in         
,richmond1 with an income of but five   
hundred dollars a year1 he  had married 
his cousin1 ,virginia ,clemm1 a very    
amiable and lovely girl1  who was as    
poor as himself1 and little fitted1     
except by her gentle  temper1 to be tho 
wife of such a person4 ,he went from    
,richmond to  ,baltimore2 and after a   
short time1 to ,philadelphia1 and to    
,new ,york4 ,a  slight acquaintance with
 ,dr4 ,hawks had led that acute and     
powerful writer  to invite his          
contributions to the ,new ,york ,review1

 and he had  furnished for the second   
number of it 7for ,october1 #ahcg7 an   
elaborate  but not very remarkable      
article upon ,stephens's then recently  
published  ,incidents of ,travel in     
,egypt1 ,arabia ,petrea1 and the ,holy  
,land4 ,his  abilities were not of the  
kind demanded for such work1 and he     
never wrote  another paper for this or  
for any other ,review of the same class4
 ,he had  commenced in the ,literary    
,messenger1 a story of the sea under the
 title  of ,arthur ,gordon ,pym,a1 and  
upon the recommendation of ,mr4         
,paulding  and others1 it was printed by
 the ,harpers4 ,it is his longest work1 
and is  not without some sort of merit1 
but it received little attention4 ,the  
publishers sent one hundred copies to   
,england1 and being mistaken at  first  
for a narrative of real experiences it  
was advertised to be  reprinted1 but a  
discovery of its character1 ,i believe1 
prevented such a  result4 ,an attempt is
 made in it1 by simplicity of style1    

minuteness of  nautical descriptions1   
and circumstantiality of narration1 to  
give it  that air of truth which        
constitutes the principal attraction of 
,sir  ,edward ,seaward's narrative1 and 
,robinson ,cursoe2 but it has none of   
the  pleasing interest of these tales2  
it is as full of wonders as ,munchausen1
  has as many atrocities as the ,book of
 ,pirates1 and as liberal an array of   
paining and revolting horrors as ever   
was invented by ,anne ,radcliffe or     
,george ,walker4 ,thus far a tendency to
 extravagance had been the most         
striking infirmity of his genius4 ,he   
had been more anxious to be intense     
than to be natural2 and some of his     
bizarrries had been mistaken for        
satire1 and admired for that quality4   
,afterward he was more judicious1  and  
if his outlines were incredible it was  
commonly forgotten in the  simplicity of
 his details and their cohesive         
cumulation4      ,footnote ,a3 ,,the    
,,narrative ,,of ,,arthur ,,gordon      

,,pym1 ,,of ,,nantucket2 comprising  the
 ,details of a ,mutiny and ,atrocious   
,butchery on board the ,american ,brig  
,grampus1 on her way to the ,south      
,seas--with an account of the           
,re-capture  of the ,vessel by the      
,survivors2 their ,shipwreck1 and       
subsequent ,horrible  ,sufferings from  
,famine2 their ,deliverance by means of 
the ,british  schooner ,jane ,gray2 the 
brief ,cruise of this latter ,vessel in 
the  ,antarctic ocean2 her ,capture1 and
 the ,massacre of the ,crew among a     
,group  of ,islands in the #hdth        
parallel of southern latitude2 together 
with the  incredible ,adventures and    
,discoveries still further ,south1 to   
which that  distressing calamity gave   
rise4--,i vol4 #abmo4 pp4 #aih          
,new-,york1 ,harper   ,brothers1 #ahch4 
,near the end of the year #ahch he      
settled in ,philadelphia4 ,he had no    
very  ,definite purposes1 but trusted   
for support to the chances of success as
 a  magazinist and newspaper            

correspondent4 ,mr4 ,burton1 the        
comedian1 had  recently established the 
,gentleman's ,magazine1 and of this he  
became a  contributor1 and in ,may1     
#ahci1 the chief editor1 devoting to it1
 for ten  dollars a week1 two hours     
every day1 which left him abundant time 
for  more important labors4 ,in the same
 month he agreed to furnish such        
reviewals as he had written for the     
,literary ,messenger1 for the  ,literary
 ,examiner1 a new magazine at           
,pittsburgh4 ,but his more congenial    
pursuit was tale-writing1 and he        
produced about this period some of his  
most remarkable and characteristic works
 in a department of imaginative         
composition in which he was henceforth  
alone and unapproachable4 ,the ,fall  of
 the ,house of ,usher and ,legeia1 are  
the most interesting  illustrations of  
his mental organization--his            
masterpieces in a peculiar  vein of     
romantic creation4 ,they have           
theunquestionable stamp of genius4  ,the

 analyses of the growth of madness in   
one1 and the thrilling  revelations of  
the existence of a first wife in the    
person of a second1  in the other1 are  
made with consummate skill2 and the     
strange and solemn  and fascinating     
beauty which informs the style and      
invests the  circumstances of both1     
drugs the mind1 and makes us forget the 
improbabilities of their general design4
    ,an awakened ambition and the       
healthful influence of a conviction that
 his  works were appreciated1 and that  
his fame was increasing1 led him for a  
while to cheerful views of life1 and to 
regular habits of conduct4 ,he  wrote to
 a friend1 the author of ,edge ,hill1 in
 ,richmond1 that he had  quite overcome 
the seductive and dangerous besetment by
 which he had so  often been prostrated1
 and to another friend that1 incredible 
as it might  seem1 he had become a model
 of temperance1 and of other virtues1   
which it had sometimes been difficult   
for him to practice4 ,before the  close 

of the summer1 however1 he relapsed into
 his former courses1 and  for weeks was 
regardless of everything but a morbid   
and insatiable  appetite for the means  
of intoxication4    ,in the autumn he   
published all the prose stories he had  
then written1 in  two volumes1 under the
 title of ,tales of the ,grotesque and  
the  ,arabesque4 ,the work was not      
salable1 perhaps because its contents   
were  too familiar from recent separate 
publication in magazines2 and it was    
not so warmly praised1 generally1 as ,i 
think it should have been1 though  in   
point of style the pieces which it      
embraced are much less perfect than     
they were made subsequently4    ,he was 
with ,mr4 ,burton until ,june1          
#ahdj--more than a year4 ,mr4 ,burton   
,appreciated his abilities and would    
have gladly continued the connection2   
but ,poe was so unsteady of purpose and 
so unreliable that the actor was  never 
sure when he left the city that his     
business would be cared for4 ,on  one   

occasion1 returning after the regular   
day of publication1 he found  the number
 unfinished1 and ,poe incapable of duty4
 ,he prepared the  necessary copy       
himself1 published the magazine1 and was
 proceeding with  arrangements with for 
another month1 when he received a letter
 from his  assistant1 of which the tone 
may be inferred from this answer3    ,i 
am sorry you have thought it necessary  
to send me such a letter4 ,your         
troubles have given a morbid tone to    
your feelings which it is your duty  to 
discourage4 ,i myself have been as      
severely handled by the world as you    
can possibly have been1 but my          
sufferings have not tinged my mind with 
melancholy1 nor jaundiced my views of   
society4 ,you must rouse your  energies1
 and if care assail you1 conquer it4 ,i 
will gladly overlook the  past4 ,i hope 
you will as easily fulfill your pledges 
for the future4 ,we  shall agree very   
well1 thought ,i cannot permit the      
magazine to be made a  vehicle for that 

sort of severity which you think is so  
'successful with  the mob4' ,i am truly 
much less anxious about making a monthly
 'sensation'  than ,i am upon the point 
of fairness4 ,you must1 my dear sir1 get
 rid of  your avowed ill-feelings toward
 your brother authors4 ,you see ,i speak
  plainly2 ,i cannot do otherwise upon  
such a subject4 ,you say the people     
love havoc4 ,i think they love justice4 
,i think you yourself would not  have   
written the article on ,dawes1 in a more
 healthy state of mind4 ,i am  not      
trammeled by any vulgar consideration of
 expediency2 ,i would rather  lose money
 than by such undue severity wound the  
feelings of a  kind-hearted and         
honorable man4 ,and ,i am satisfied that
 ,dawes has  something the true fire in 
him4 ,i regretted your word-catching    
spirit4  ,but ,i wander from my design4 
,i accept your proposition to recommence
 your  interrupted avocations upon the  
,maga4 ,let us meet as if we had not    
exchanged letters4 ,use more exercise1  

write when feelings prompt1 and be      
assured of my friendship4 ,you will soon
 regain a healthy activity of  mind1 and
 laugh at your past vagaries4    ,this  
letter was kind and judicious4 ,it gives
 us a glimpse of ,poe's theory  of      
criticism1 and displays the temper and  
principles of the literary  comedian in 
an honorable light4 ,two or three months
 afterward ,burton went  out of town to 
fulfill a professional engagement1      
leaving material and  directions for    
completing the next number of the       
magazine in four days4  ,he was absent  
nearly a fortnight1 and on returning he 
found that his  printers in the         
meanwhile had not received a line of    
copy2 but that ,poe  had prepared the   
prospectus of a new monthly1 and        
obtained transcripts of  his            
subscription and account books1 to be   
used in a scheme for  supplanting him4  
,he encountered his associate late in   
the evening at one  of his accustomed   
haunts1 and said1 ,mr4 ,poe1 ,i am      

astonished3 ,give me my  manuscripts so 
that ,i can attend to the duties you    
have so shamefully  neglected1 and when 
you are sober we will settle4 ,poe      
interrupted him  with ,who are you that 
presume to address me in this manner8   
,burton1 ,i  am--the editor--of the     
,penn4--,magazine--and you              
are--hiccup--a fool4  ,of course this   
ended his relations with the            
,gentleman's4    ,in ,november1 #ahdj1  
,burton's miscellany was merged in ,the 
,casket1 owned  by ,mr4 ,george ,r4     
,graham1 and the new series received the
 name of its  proprietor1 who encouraged
 ,poe in its editorship4 ,his connection
 with  ,graham's ,magazine lasted about 
a year and a half1 and this was one of  
the most active and brilliant periods of
 his literary life4 ,he wrote in  it    
several of his finest tales and most    
trenchant criticisms1 and  challenged   
attention by his papers entitled        
,autography1 and those on  cryptology   
and ciphers4 ,in the first1 adopting a  

suggestion of ,lavater1  he attempted   
the illustration of character from      
handwriting2 and in the  second1 he     
assumed that human ingenuity could      
construct no secret writing  which human
 ingenuity could not resolve2 a not very
 dangerous  proposition1 since it       
implied no capacity in himself to       
discover every  riddle of this kind that
 should be invented4 ,he however        
succeeded with  several difficult       
cryptographs that were sent to him1 and 
the direction  of his mind to the       
subject led to the composition of some  
of the tales of  ratiocination which so 
largely increased his reputation4 ,the  
infirmities  which induced his          
separation from ,mr4 ,white and ,mr4    
,burton at length  compelled ,mr4       
,graham to seek for another editor2 but 
,poe still remained  in ,philadelphia1  
engaged from time to time in various    
literary  occupations1 and in the vain  
effort to establish a journal of his own
 to  be called ,the ,stylus4 ,although  

it requires considerable capital to     
carry on a monthly of the description he
 proposed1 ,i think it would not  have  
been difficult1 with his well-earned    
fame as a magazinist1 for him  to have  
found a competent and suitable          
publisher1 but for the unfortunate      
notoriety of his habits1 and the failure
 in succession of three persons  who had
 admired him for his genius and pitied  
him for his misfortunes1 by  every means
 that tact or friendship could suggest1 
to induce the  consistency and          
steadiness of application indispensable 
to success in  such pursuits4 ,it was in
 the spring of #ahdh--more than a year  
after his  dissociation from            
,graham--that he wrote the story of ,the
 ,gold ,bug1 for  which he was paid a   
prize of one hundred dollars4 ,it has   
relation to  ,captain ,kyd's treasure1  
and is one of the most remarkable       
illustrations  of his ingenuity of      
construction and apparent subtlety of   
reasoning4 ,the  interest depends upon  

the solution of an intricate cypher4 ,in
 the autumn  of #ahdd ,poe removed to   
,new ,york4    ,it was while he resided 
in ,philadelphia that ,i became         
acquainted with  him4 ,his manner1      
except during his fits of intoxication1 
was very quiet  and gentlemanly2 he was 
usually dressed with simplicity and     
elegance2 and  when once he sent for me 
to visit him1 during a period of illness
 caused  by protracted and anxious      
watching at the side of his sick wife1  
,i was  impressed by the singular       
neatness and the air of refinement in   
his home4  ,it was in a small house1 in 
one of the pleasant and silent          
neighborhoods  far from the center of   
the town1 and though slightly and       
cheaply  furnished1 everything in it was
 so tasteful and so fitly disposed that 
it  seemed altogether suitable for a man
 of genius4 ,for this and for most of   
the comforts he enjoyed in his brightest
 as in his darkest years1 he was        
chiefly indebted to his mother-in-law1  

who loved him with more than  maternal  
devotion and constancy4    ,he had now  
written his most acute criticisms and   
his most admirable  tales4 ,of tales1   
beside those to which ,i have referred1 
he had produced  ,the ,descent into the 
,maelstrm1 ,the ,premature ,burial1 ,the
 ,purloined  ,letter1 ,the ,murders of  
the ,rue ,morgue1 and its sequel1 ,the  
,mystery of  ,marie ,roget4 ,the scenes 
of the last three are in ,paris1 where  
the  author's friend1 the ,chevalier    
,auguste ,dupin1 is supposed to reveal  
to  him the curiosities of his          
experience and observation in matters of
  police4 ,the ,mystery of ,marie ,roget
 was first published in the autumn of   
#ahdb1 before an extraordinary          
excitement1 occasioned by the murder of 
a  young girl named ,mary ,rogers1 in   
the vicinity of ,new ,york1 had quite   
subsided1 though several months after   
the tragedy4 ,under the pretense of     
relating the fate of a ,parisian        
grisette1 ,mr4 ,poe followed in minute  

detail the essential while merely       
paralleling the inessential facts of    
the real murder4 ,his object appears to 
have been to reinvestigate the  case and
 to settle his own conclusions as to the
 probable culprit4 ,there  is a great   
deal of hair-splitting in the incidental
 discussions by ,dupin1  throughout all 
these stories1 but it is made effective4
 ,much of their  popularity1 as well as 
that of other tales of ratiocination by 
,poe1 arose  from their being in a new  
key4 ,i do not mean to say that they are
 not  ingenious2 but they have been     
thought more ingenious than they are1 on
  account of their method and air of    
method4 ,in ,the ,murders of the ,rue   
,morgue1 for instance1 what ingenuity is
 displayed in unraveling a web  which   
has been woven for the express purpose  
of unraveling8 ,the reader is  made to  
confound the ingenuity of the           
supposititious ,dupin with that of  the 
writer of the story4 ,these works       
brought the name of ,poe himself        

somewhat conspicuously before the law   
courts of ,paris4 ,the journal1 ,la     
,commerce1 gave a feuilleton in which   
,the ,murders of the ,rue ,morgue       
appeared in translation4 ,afterward a   
writer for ,la ,quotidienne served  it  
for that paper under the title of       
,l',orang-,otang4 ,a third party        
accused ,la ,quotidienne of plagiary    
from ,la ,commerce1 and in the  course  
of the legal investigation which ensued1
 the feuilletoniste of  ,la ,commerce   
proved to the satisfaction of the       
tribunal that he had  stolen the tale   
entirely from ,mr4 ,poe1,a whose merits 
were soon after  canvassed in the ,revue
 des ,deux ,mondes1 and whose best tales
 were  upon this impulse translated by  
,mme4 ,isabelle ,meunier for the        
,democratic  ,pacifique and other       
,french gazettes4      ,footnote ,a3    
,the controversy is wittily described in
 the following  extract from a ,parisian
 journal1 ,l',entr99ficte1 of the #bjth 
of ,october1  #ahdf3    ,un grand       

journal accusait l'autre jour ,m4       
,old-,nick d'avoir vol un  orang-outang4
 ,cet intressant animal flnait dans le  
feuilleton de la  ,quotidienne1 lorsque 
,m4 ,old-,nick le vit1 le trouv  son got
 et s'en  empara4 ,notre confrre avait  
sans doute besoin d'un groom4 ,on sait  
que  les ,anglais ont depuis long-temps 
colonis les orangs-outangs1 et les ont  
instruits dans ,part de porter bottes4  
,il paraitrait1 toujours suivant le     
meme grand journal1 que ,m4 ,old-,nick1 
aprs avoir derob cet orang-outang   la  
,quotidienne1 l'aurait ensuite cd au    
,commerce1 comme proprit   lui          
appartenant4 ,je sais que ,m4 ,old-,nick
 est un garon plein d'esprit  et plein  
d'honneur1 assez riche de son propre    
fond pour ne pas  s'approprier les      
orangs-outangs des autres2 cette        
accusation me surprit4  ,aprs tout1 me  
dis-je1 il y a u des monomanies plus    
extraodinaires que  celle-l2 le grand   
,bacon ne pouvait voir un bton de cire  
cacheter sans  se l'approprier3 dans une

 confrence avec ,m4 de ,metternich aux  
,tuileries1  l',empereur s'aperut que le
 diplomate autrichien glissait des pains
 a  cacheter dans sa poche4 ,m4         
,old-,nick a une autre manic1 il fait   
les  orangs-outangs4 ,je m'attendais    
toujours  ce que la ,quotidienne jet    
feu et flammes et demandat a grads cris 
son homme des bois4 ,il faut vous  dire 
ques j'avas la son histoire dans le     
,commerce1 elle tait  charmante d'esprit
 et de style1 pleine de rapidit et de   
desinvolture2  la ,quotidienne l'avait  
galement publie1 mais en trois          
feuilletons4  ,l'orang-outang du        
,commerce n'avait que neuf colonnes4 ,il
 s'agissait  done d'un autre quadrumane 
litteraire4 ,ma foi non6 c'etait le mme2
  seulement il n'appartenait ni  la     
,quotidienne1 ni au ,commerce4 ,m4      
,old-,nick l'avait emprunt a un         
romancier ,amrican qu'il est en train   
d'inventer dans la ,revue des           
,deux-,mondes4 ,ce romancier s'appelle  
,po2  je ne dis pas contraire4 ,voil    

done un crivain qui use du droit lgitime
  d'arranger les nouvelles d'un         
romancier ,amrican qu'il a invent1 et on
  l'accuse de plagiat1 de vol au        
feuilleton2 on alarme ses amis en leu   
faisant croire que set ecrivain est     
possd de la monomaine des               
orangs-outangs4 ,par la ,courchamps6    
voil qui me parait lger4 ,m4 ,old ,nick 
a crit au journal en question une rponse
 pour rtablir sa moralit1  attaque      
l'endroit des orangs-outangs4 ,cet      
orang-outang a mis1 ces  jours derniers1
 toute la littrature en moi2 personne   
n'a cru un seul  instant  l'accusation  
qu'on a essay1 de faire peser sur ,m4   
,old ,nick1  d'autant plus qu'il avait  
pris soin d'indiquer luimme la cage ou  
il  avait pris son orang-outang4 ,ceci  
va fournir de nouvelles armes  la  secte
 qui ereit aux romanciers ,amricans4 ,le
 prjug de l'existence de  ,cooper en    
prendra des nouvelles forces4 ,en       
attendant que la vrit se  decouvre1 nous
 sommes forcs de convenir que ce ,po est

 un gaillard bien  fin1 bien spirituel1 
quand il est arr par ,m4 ,old-,nick4    
,in ,new ,york ,poe entered upon a new  
sort of life4 ,heretofore1 from the     
,commencement of his literary career1 he
 had resided in provincial  towns4 ,now 
he was in a metropolis1 and with a      
reputation which might have  served as a
 passport to any society he might       
desire4 ,for the first time  he was     
received into circles capable of both   
the appreciation and the  production of 
literature4 ,he added to his fame soon  
after he came to the  city by the       
publication of that remarkable          
composition ,the ,raven1 of  which ,mr4 
,willis has observed that in his opinion
 it is the most  effective single       
example of fugitive poetry ever         
published in this  country1 and is      
unsurpassed in ,english poetry for      
subtle conception1  masterly ingenuity  
of versification1 and consistent        
sustaining of  imaginative lift2 and by 
that of one of the most extraordinary   

instances of the naturalness of         
detail---the verisimilitude of minute   
narrative--for which lie was            
preeminently distinguished1 his         
,mesmeric  ,revelation1 purporting to be
 the last conversation of a somnambule1 
held  with his magnetizer just before   
his death1 which was followed by the yet
  more striking exhibition of abilities 
in the same way1 entitled ,the  ,facts  
in the case of ,m4 ,vaklemar1 in which  
the subject is represented as  having   
been mesmerized in articulo mortis4     
,these pieces were reprinted  throughout
 the literary and philosophical world1  
in nearly all languages1  everywhere    
causing sharp and curious speculation1  
and where readers could  be persuaded   
that they were fables1 challenging a    
reluctant but genuine  admiration4      
,he had not been long in ,new ,york     
before he was engaged by ,mr4 ,willis   
and  ,general ,morris as a critic and   
assistant editor of ,the ,mirror4 ,he   
remained in this situation about six    

months1 when he became associated  with 
,mr4 ,briggs in the conduct of ,the     
,broadway ,journal1 which1 in  ,october 
#ahde1 passed entirely into his         
possession4 ,he had now the long  sought
 but never before enjoyed absolute      
control of a literary gazette1  and1    
with much friendly assistance1 he       
maintained it long enough to show1  that
 whatever his genius1 he had not the    
kind or degree of talent  necessary to  
such a position4 ,his chief critical    
writing in ,the ,broadway  ,journal1    
were a paper on ,miss ,barrett's ,poems1
 and a long discussion of  the subject  
of plagiarism1 with especial reference  
to ,mr4 ,longfellow4 ,in  ,march1 #ahde1
 he had given a lecture at the ,society 
,library upon the  ,american poets1     
composed1 for the most part1 of         
fragments of his  previously published  
reviewals2 and in the autumn he accepted
 an  invitation to read a poem before   
the ,boston ,lyceum4 ,a week after the  
event1 he printed in ,the ,broadway     

,journal the following account of it1   
in reply to a paragraph in one of the   
city papers1 founded upon a  statement  
in the ,boston ,transcript4    ,our     
excellent friend1 ,major ,noah1 has     
suffered himself to be cajoled by  that 
most beguiling of all beguiling little  
divinities1 ,miss ,walter1 of  ,the     
,transcript4 ,we have been looking all  
over her article with the aid  of a     
taper1 to see if we could discover a    
single syllable of truth in  it--and    
really blush to acknowledge that we     
cannot4 ,the adorable creature  has been
 telling a parcel of fibs about us1 by  
way of revenge for  something that we   
did to ,mr4 ,longfellow 7who admires her
 very much7 and  for calling her 'a     
pretty little witch' into the bargain4  
,the facts of  the case seem to be      
these3 ,we were invited 'deliver'7stand 
and deliver7  a poem before the ,boston 
,lyceum4 ,as a matter of course1 we     
accepted the  invitation4 ,the audience 
was 'large and distinguished4' ,mr      

,cushing,b  preceded us with a very     
capital discourse4 ,he was much         
applauded4 ,on  arising we were most    
cordially received4 ,we occupied some   
fifteen minutes  with an apology for not
 'delivering1' as is usual in such      
cases1 a  didactic poem3 a didactic     
poem1 in our opinion1 being precisely no
 poem  at all4 ,after some farther      
words--still of apology--for the        
'indefiniteness' and 'general           
imbecility' of what we had to offer--all
  so unworthy a ,bostonian audience--we 
commenced1 and with many  interruptions 
of applause1 concluded4 ,upon the whole1
 the approbation was  considerably more 
7the more the pity too7 than that       
bestowed upon ,mr4  ,cushing4 ,when we  
had made an end the audience of course  
arose to depart2  and about one-tenth of
 them1 probably1 had really departed1   
when ,mr4  ,coffin1 one of the managing 
committee1 arrested those who remained1 
by  the announcement that we had been   
requested to deliver ',the ,raven4' ,we 

delivered ',the ,raven'                 
forthwith--7without taking a            
receipt7--were very  cordially applauded
 again--and this was the end of it--with
 the exception  of the sad tale invented
 to suit her own purposes1 by that      
amiable little  enemy of ours1 ,miss    
,walter4 ,we shall never call a woman 'a
 pretty little  witch' again as long as 
we live4      ,footnote ,b3 ,hon4 ,caleb
 ,cushing1 then recently returned from  
his mission  to ,china4      ,we like   
,boston4 ,we were born there--and       
perhaps it is just as well not  to      
mention that we are heartily ashamed of 
the fact4 ,the ,bostonians are  very    
well in their way4 ,their hotels are    
bad4 ,their pumpkin pies are  delicious4
 ,their poetry is not so good4 ,their   
common is no common  thing--and the     
duck-pond might answer-if its answer    
could be heard for  the frogs4 ,but with
 all these good qualities1 the          
,bostonians have no  soul4 ,they have   
always evinced toward us1 individually1 

the basest  ingratitude for the services
 we rendered them in enlightening them  
about  the originality of ,mr4          
,longfellow4 ,when we accepted1         
therefore1 an  invitation to 'deliver' a
 poem in ,boston1 we accepted it simply 
and  solely1 because we had a curiosity 
to know how it felt to be publicly      
hissed--and because we wished to see    
what effect we could produce by a  neat 
little impromptu speech in reply4       
,perhaps1 however1 we overrated  our own
 importance1 or the ,bostonian want of  
common civility--which is  not quite so 
manifest as one or two of their editors 
would wish the  public to believe4 ,we  
assure ,major ,noah that he is wrong4   
,the ,bostonians  are well-bred--as very
 dull persons very generally are4       
,still1 with  their vile ingratitude    
staring us in the eyes1 it could        
scarcely be  supposed that we would put 
ourselves to the trouble of composing   
for the  ,bostonians anything in the    
shape of an original poem4 ,we did not4 

,we  had a poem1 of about #ejj lines1   
lying by us--one quite as good as       
new--one1 at all events1 that we        
considered would answer sufficiently    
well for an audience of                 
,transcendentalists4 ,that we gave      
them--it was  the best that we had--for 
the price--and it did answer remarkably 
well4 ,its name was not ',the           
,messenger-,star'--who but ,miss ,walter
 would  ever think of so delicious a    
little bit of invention as that8 ,we had
 no  name for it at all4 ,the poem is   
what is occasionally called a 'juvenile 
poem1' but the fact is it is anything   
but juvenile now1 for we wrote it1      
printed it1 and published it1 in book   
form1 before we had completed our  tenth
 year4 ,we read it verbatim1 from a copy
 now in our possession1 and  which we   
shall be happy to show at any moment to 
any of our inquisitive  friends4 ,we do 
not1 ourselves1 think the poem a        
remarkably good one3 it  is not         
sufficiently transcendental4 ,still it  

did well enough for the  ,boston        
audience--who evinced characteristic    
discrimination in  understanding1 and   
especially applauding all those knotty  
passages which  we ourselves have not   
yet been able to understand4    ,as     
regards the auger of ,the ,boston       
,times1 and one or two other            
absurdities--as regards1 we say the     
wrath of ,achilles--we incurred it-or   
rather its manifestation--by letting    
some of our cat out of the bag a few    
hours sooner than we had intended4 ,over
 a bottle of champagne1 that  night1 we 
confessed to ,messrs4 ,cushing1         
,whipple1 ,hudson1 ,fields1 and a  few  
other natives who swear not altogether  
by the frog-pond-we  confessed1 we say1 
the soft impeachment of the hoax4 ,et   
hine ille ir4  ,we should have waited a 
couple of days4    ,it is scarcely      
necessary to suggest that this must have
 been written  before he had quite      
recovered from the long intoxication    
which maddened  him at the time to which

 it refers--that he was not born in     
,boston-that  the poem was not published
 in his tenth year1 and that the hoax   
was all  an after-thought4 ,two weeks   
later he renewed the discussion of the  
subject in ,the ,broadway ,journal1     
commenting as follows upon allusions  to
 it by other parties3    ,were the      
question demanded of us--',what is the  
most exquisite of  sublunary pleasures8'
 we should reply1 without hesitation1   
the making a  fuss1 or in the classical 
words of a western friend1 the 'kicking 
up a  bobbery4' ,never was a 'bobbery'  
more delightful than that which we have 
just succeeded in 'kicking up' all      
around about ,boston ,common4 ,we never 
saw the ,frogpondians so lively in our  
lives4 ,they seem absolutely to be  upon
 the point of waking up4 ,in about nine 
days the puppies may get open  their    
eyes4 ,that is to say1 they may get open
 their eyes to certain facts  which have
 long been obvious to all the world     
except themselves-the  facts that there 

exist other cities than ,boston--other  
men of letters  than ,professor         
,longfellow--other vehicles of literary 
information than  the ,down-,east       
,review4'    ,we had tact enough not to 
be 'taken in and done for' by the       
,bostonians4 ,timeo ,danaos et dona     
ferentes--7for timeo substitute         
contemno or turn-up-your-nose-o47 ,we   
knew very well that among a  certain    
clique of the ,frogpondians1 there      
existed a predetermination to  abuse us 
under any circumstances4 ,we knew1 that 
write what we would1  they would swear  
it to be worthless4 ,we knew1 that were 
we to compose for  them a ',paradise    
,lost1' they would pronounce it an      
indifferent poem4 ,it  would have been  
very weak in us1 then1 to put ourselves 
to the trouble of  attempting to please 
these people4 ,we preferred pleasing    
ourselves4 ,we  read before them a      
'juvenile'--a very 'juvenile' poem--and 
thus the  ,frogpondians were had--were  
delivered up to the enemy bound hand and

  foot4 ,never were a set of people more
 completely demolished4 ,they have      
blustered and flustered--but what have  
they done or said that has not  made    
them more thoroughly ridiculous8 ,what1 
in the name of ,momus1 is it  possible  
for them to do or say8 ,we 'delivered'  
them the 'juvenile  poem1' and they     
received it with applause4 ,this is     
accounted for by the  fact1 that the    
clique 7contemptible in numbers as in   
everything else7  were overruled by the 
rest of the assembly4 ,these malignants 
did not  dare to interrupt by their     
preconcerted hisses1 the respectful and 
profound attention of the majority4 ,we 
have been told1 indeed1 that as  many as
 three or four of the personal friends  
of the little old lady  entitled ,miss  
,walter1 did actually leave the hall    
during the  recitation--but1 upon the   
whole1 this was the very best thing they
 could  do4 ,we have been told this1 we 
say--we did not see them take their     
departure3--the fact is1 they belong to 

a class of people that we make it  a    
point never to see4 ,the poem being thus
 well received1 in spite of  this       
ridiculous little cabal--the next thing 
to be done was to abuse it  in the      
papers4 ,here1 they imagined1 they were 
sure of their game4 ,but  what have they
 accomplished8 ,the poem1 they say1 is  
bad4 ,we admit it4 ,we  insisted upon   
this fact in our prefatory remarks1 and 
we insist upon it  now1 over and over   
again4 ,it is bad--it is wretched--and  
what then8 ,we  wrote it at ten years of
 age--had it been worth even a          
pumpkin-pie1  undoubtedly we should not 
have 'delivered' it to them4 ,to        
demonstrate  its utter worthlessness1   
,the ,boston ,star has copied the poem  
in full1  with two or three columns of  
criticism 7we suppose71 by way of       
explaining  that we should have been    
hanged for its perpetration4 ,there is  
no doubt  of it whatever--we should4    
,the ,star1 however1 7a dull luminary17 
has  done us more honor than it         

intended2 it has copied our third       
edition of  the poem1 revised and       
improved4 ,we considered this too good  
for the  occasion by one-half1 and so   
'delivered' our first edition with all  
its  imperfections on its head4 ,it is  
the first--the original edition--the    
delivered edition--which we now         
republish in our collection of ,poems4  
,when he accepted the invitation of the 
,lyceum he intended to write an         
original poem1 upon a subject which he  
said had haunted his imagination  for   
years2 but cares1 anxieties1 and        
feebleness of will1 prevented2 and a    
week before the appointed night he wrote
 to a friend imploring  assistance4 ,you
 compose with such astonishing facility1
 he urged in his  letter1 that you can  
easily furnish me1 quite soon enough1 a 
poem that  shall be equal to my         
reputation4 ,for the love of ,god ,i    
beseech you to  help me in this         
extremity4 ,the lady wrote him kindly1  
advising him  judiciously1 but promising

 to attempt the fulfillment of his      
wishes  ,she was1 however1 an invalid1  
and so failed4,c ,at last1 instead of   
pleading illness himself1 as he had     
previously done on a similar  occasion1 
he determined to read his poem of ,al   
,aaraaf1 the original  publication of   
which1 in #ahbi1 has already been       
stated4    ,the last number of the      
,broadway ,journal was published on the 
third of  ,january1#ahdf1 and ,poe soon 
after commenced the series of papers    
entitled  ,the ,literati of ,new-,york  
,city1 which was published in ,the      
,lady's ,book  in six numbers1 from ,may
 to ,october4 ,their spirit1 boldness1  
and  occasional causticity caused them  
to be much talked about1 and three      
editions were necessary to supply the   
demand for some numbers of the  magazine
 containing them4 ,they however led to a
 disgraceful quarrel1 and  this to a    
premature conclusion4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,dunn
 ,english1 who had at one  time         
sustained the most intimate relations   

with ,poe1 chose to evince his          
resentment of the critic's unfairness by
 the publication of a card in  which he 
painted strongly the infirmities of     
,poe's life and character1  and alleged 
that he had on several occasions        
inflicted upon him personal             
chastisement4 ,this was not a wise      
confession1 for a gentleman never       
appeals to his physical abilities except
 for defense4 ,but the entire           
publication1 even if every word of it   
were true1 was unworthy of ,dr4         
,english1 unnecessary1 and not called   
for by ,poe's article1 though that1  as 
every one acquainted with the parties   
might have seen1 was entirely  false in 
what purported to be its facts4 ,the    
statement of ,dr4 ,english  appeared in 
the ,new ,york ,mirror of the           
twenty-third of ,june1 and on the       
twenty-seventh ,mr4 ,poe sent to ,mr4   
,godey for publication in the ,lady's   
,book his rejoinder1 which would have   
made about five of the large pages  of  

that miscellany4 ,mr4 ,godey very       
properly declined to print it1 and      
observed1 in the communication of his   
decision1 that the tone of the  article 
was regarded as unsuitable for his work 
and as altogether wrong4  ,in compliance
 with the author's wishes1 however1 he  
had caused its  appearance in a daily   
paper4 ,poe then wrote to him3    ,the  
man or men who told you that there was  
anything wrong in the tone  of my reply1
 were either my enemies1 or your        
enemies1 or asses4 ,when you  see them1 
tell them so1 from me4 ,i have never    
written an article upon  which ,i more  
confidently depend for literary         
reputation than that  ,reply4 ,its merit
 lay in its being precisely adapted to  
its purpose4 ,in  this city ,i have had 
upon it the favorable judgments of the  
best men4 ,all  the error about it was  
yours4 ,you should have done as ,i      
requested--published it in the ,book4   
,it is of no use to conceive a plan  if 
you have to depend upon another for its 

execution4    ,nevertheless1 ,i agree   
with ,mr4 ,godey4 ,poe's article was as 
bad as that of  ,english4 ,yet a part of
 one of its paragraphs is interesting1  
and it is  here transcribed3    --,let  
me not permit any profundity of disgust 
to induce1 even for an  instant1 a      
violation of the dignity of truth4 ,what
 is not false1 amid  the scurrility of  
this man's statements1 it is not in my  
nature to brand  as false1 although     
oozing from the filthy lips of which a  
lie is the  only natural language4 ,the 
errors and frailties which ,i deplore1  
it  cannot at least be asserted that ,i 
have been the coward to deny4 ,never1   
even1 have ,i made attempt at           
extenuating a weakness which is 7or1 by 
the blessing of ,god1 was7 a calamity1  
although those who did not know me      
intimately had little reason to regard  
it otherwise than a crime4 ,for1        
indeed1 had my pride1 or that of my     
family permitted1 there was  much--very 
much--there was everything to be offered

 in extenuation4  ,perhaps1 even1 there 
was an epoch at which it might not have 
been wrong  in me to hint--what by the  
testimony of ,dr4 ,francis and other    
medical  men ,i might have demonstrated1
 had the public1 indeed1 cared for the  
demonstration--that the irregularities  
so profoundly lamented were the  effect 
of a terrible evil rather than its      
cause4--,and now let me thank  ,god that
 in redemption from the physical ill ,i 
have forever got rid of  the moral4     
,dr4 ,francis never gave any such       
testimony4 ,on one occasion ,poe        
borrowed  fifty dollars from a          
distinguished literary woman of ,south  
,carolina1  promising to return it in a 
few days1 and when he failed to do so1  
and  was asked for a written            
acknowledgment of the debt that might be
  exhibited to the husband of the friend
 who had thus served him1 he denied  all
 knowledge of it1 and threatened to     
exhibit a correspondence which he  said 
would make the woman infamous1 if she   

said any more on the subject4  ,of      
course there had never been any such    
correspondence1 but when ,poe  heard    
that a brother of the slandered party   
was in quest of him for the  purpose of 
taking the satisfaction supposed to be  
due in such cases1 he  sent for ,dr4    
,francis and induced him to carry to the
 gentleman his  retraction and apology1 
with a statement which seemed true      
enough for the  moment1 that ,poe was   
out of his head4 ,it is an ungracious   
duty to  describe such conduct in a     
person of ,poe's unquestionable genius  
and  capacities of greatness1 but those 
who are familiar with the career of     
this extraordinary creature can recall  
but too many similar anecdotes2  and as 
to his intemperance1 they perfectly well
 understand that its  pathology was like
 that of ninety-nine of every hundred   
cases of the  disease4      ,footnote   
,c3 ,this lady was the late ,mrs4       
,osgood1 and a fragment of what  she    
wrote under these circumstances may be  

found in the last edition of  her works 
under the title of ,lullin1 or the      
,diamond ,fay4      ,as the autumn of   
#ahdf wore on1 ,poe's habits of frequent
 intoxication and  his inattention to   
the means of support reduced him to much
 more than  common destitution4 ,he was 
now living at ,fordham1 several miles   
from the  city1 so that his necessities 
were not generally known even among his 
acquaintances2 but when the dangerous   
illness of his wife was added to  his   
misfortunes1 and his dissipation and    
accumulated causes of anxiety  had      
prostrated all his own energies1 the    
subject was introduced into the         
journals4 ,the ,express said3    ,we    
regret to learn that ,edgar ,a4 ,poe and
 his wife are both dangerously  ill with
 the consumption1 and that the hand of  
misfortune lies heavy  upon their       
temporal affairs4 ,we are sorry to      
mention the fact that they  are so far  
reduced as to be barely able to obtain  
the necessaries of  life4 ,this is      

indeed a hard lot1 and we hope that the 
friends and  admirers of ,mr4 ,poe will 
come promptly to his assistance in his  
bitterest  hour of need4    ,mr4        
,willis1 in an article in the ,home     
,journal suggesting a hospital for      
disabled laborers with the brain1 said--
    ,the feeling we have long           
entertained on this subject1 has been   
freshened  by a recent paragraph in the 
,express1 announcing that ,mr4 ,edgar   
,a4 ,poe  and his wife were both        
dangerously ill1 and suffering for want 
of the  common necessaries of life4     
,here is one of the finest scholars1 one
 of  the most original men of genius1   
and one of the most industrious of the  
literary profession of our country1     
whose temporary suspension of labor1    
from bodily illness1 drops him          
immediately to a level with the common  
objects of public charity4 ,there was no
 intermediate stopping-place-no         
respectful shelter where1 with the      
delicacy due to genius and culture1 he  

might secure aid1 unadvertised1 till1   
with returning health1 he could  resume 
his labors and his unmortified sense of 
independence4 ,he must  either apply to 
individual friends--7a resource to which
 death is  sometimes almost             
preferable7--or suffer down to the level
 where ,charity  receives claimants1 but
 where ,rags and ,humiliation are the   
only  recognized ,ushers to her         
presence4 ,is this right8 ,should there 
not be1 in  all highly civilized        
communities1 an ,institution designed   
expressly for  educated and refined     
objects of charity--a hospital1 a       
retreat1 a home of  seclusion and       
comfort1 the sufficient claims to which 
would be such  susceptibilities as are  
violated by the above mentioned appeal  
in a daily  newspaper4    ,the entire   
article from which this paragraph is    
taken1 was an ingenious  apology for    
,mr4 ,poe's infirmities2 but it was     
conceived and executed in a  generous   
spirit1 and it had a quick effect in    

various contributions1  which relieved  
the poet from pecuniary embarrassments4 
,the next week he  published the        
following letter3    ,my ,dear          
,willis3--,the paragraph which has been 
put in circulation  respecting my wife's
 illness1 my own1 my poverty1 etc41 is  
now lying  before me2 together with the 
beautiful lines by ,mrs4 ,locke and     
those by  ,mrs4 ----1 to which the      
paragraph has given rise1 as well as    
your kind  and manly comments in ,the   
,home ,journal4 ,the motive of the      
paragraph ,i  leave to the conscience of
 him or her who wrote it or suggested   
it4 ,since  the thing is done1 however1 
and since the concerns of my family are 
thus  pitilessly thrust before the      
public1 ,i perceive no mode of escape   
from a  public statement of what is true
 and what erroneous in the report       
alluded  to4 ,that my wife is ill1 then1
 is true2 and you may imagine with what 
feelings ,i add that this illness1      
hopeless from the first1 has been       

heightened and precipitated by her      
reception at two different periods1 of  
anonymous letters1--one inclosing the   
paragraph now in question2 the  other1  
those published calumnies of ,messrs4   
----1 for which ,i yet hope to  find    
redress in a court of justice4    ,of   
the facts1 that ,i myself have been long
 and dangerously ill1 and that  my      
illness has been a well-understood thing
 among my brethren of the  press1 the   
best evidence is afforded by the        
innumerable paragraphs of  personal and 
literary abuse with which ,i have been  
latterly assailed4  ,this matter1       
however1 will remedy itself4 ,at the    
very first blush of my  new prosperity1 
the gentlemen who toadied me in the old1
 will recollect  themselves and toady me
 again4 ,you1 who know me1 will         
comprehend that ,i  speak of these      
things only as having served1 in a      
measure1 to lighten the  gloom of       
unhappiness1 by a gentle and not        
unpleasant sentiment of mingled  pity1  

merriment and contempt4 ,that1 as the   
inevitable consequence of so  long an   
illness1 ,i have been in want of money1 
it would be folly in me to  deny--but   
that ,i have ever materially suffered   
from privation1 beyond the  extent of my
 capacity for suffering1 is not         
altogether true4 ,that ,i am  'without  
friends' is a gross calumny1 which ,i am
 sure you never could  have believed1   
and which a thousand noble-hearted men  
would have good  right never to forgive 
me for permitting to pass unnoticed and 
undenied4  ,even in the city of ,new    
,york ,i could have no difficulty in    
naming a  hundred persons1 to each of   
whom--when the hour for speaking had    
arrived--,i could and would have applied
 for aid with unbounded  confidence1 and
 with absolutely no sense of            
humiliation4 ,i do not  think1 my dear  
,willis1 that there is any need of my   
saying more4 ,i am  getting better1 and 
may add--if it be any comfort to my     
enemies--that ,i  have little fear of   

getting worse4 ,the truth is1 ,i have a 
great deal to  do2 and ,i have made up  
my mind not to die till it is done4     
,sincerely  yours1    ,december #cjth1  
#ahdf4 ,,edgar ,a4 ,,poe4    ,this was  
written for effect4 ,he had not been ill
 a great while1 nor  dangerously at all2
 there was no literary or personal abuse
 of him in the  journals2 and his       
friends in town had been applied to for 
money until  their patience was nearly  
exhausted4 ,his wife1 however1 was very 
sick1  and in a few weeks she died4 ,in 
a letter to a lady in ,massachusetts1   
who1  upon the appearance of the        
newspaper articles above quoted1 had    
sent him  money and expressions of      
sympathy1 he wrote1 under date of ,march
 #aj1  #ahdg3    ,in answering your kind
 letter permit me in the first place to 
absolve  myself from a suspicion which1 
under the circumstances1 you could      
scarcely have failed to entertain--a    
suspicion of discourtesy toward         
yourself1 in not having more promptly   

replied to you4444 ,i could not help    
feeling that should you see my letter to
 ,mr4 ,willis--in which a natural       
pride1 which ,i feel you could not      
blame1 impelled me to shrink from       
public charity1 even at the cost of     
truth1 in denying those necessities     
which were but too real--,i could not   
help fearing that1 should you see  this 
letter1 you would yourself feel pained  
at having caused me pain-at  having been
 the means of giving further publicity  
to an unfounded  report--at all events  
to the report of a wretchedness which ,i
 had thought  it prudent 7since the     
world regards wretchedness as a crime7  
so publicly  to disavow4 ,in a word1    
venturing to judge your noble nature by 
my own1 ,i  felt grieved lest my        
published denial might cause you to     
regret what you  had done2 and my first 
impulse was to write you1 and assure    
you1 even at  the risk of doing so too  
warmly1 of the sweet emotion1 made up of
 respect  and gratitude alone1 with     

which my heart was filled to            
overflowing4 ,while  ,i was hesitating1 
however1 in regard to the propriety of  
this step1 ,i was  overwhelmed by a     
sorrow so poignant as to deprive me for 
several weeks of  all power of thought  
or action4 ,your letter1 now lying      
before me1 tells  me that ,i had not    
been mistaken in your nature1 and that  
,i should not  have hesitated to address
 you2 but believe me1 my dear ,mrs4     
,l----1 that ,i  am already ceasing to  
regard those difficulties or misfortunes
 which have  led me to even this partial
 correspondence with yourself4    ,for  
nearly a year ,mr4 ,poe was not often   
before the public1 but he was as        
industrious1 perhaps1 as he had been at 
any time1 and early in #ahdh            
advertisement was made of his intention 
to deliver several lectures1 with  a    
view to obtain an amount of money       
sufficient to establish his             
so-long-contemplated monthly magazine4  
,his first lecture--and only one at     

this period--was given at the ,society  
,library1 in ,new ,york1 on the ninth   
of ,february1 and was upon the cosmogony
 of the ,universe3 it was attended  by  
an eminently intellectual auditory1 and 
the reading of it occupied  about two   
hours and a half2 it was what he        
afterward published under the  title of 
,eureka1 a ,prose ,poem4    ,to the     
composition of this work he brought his 
subtlest and highest  capacities1 in    
their most perfect development4 ,denying
 that the arcana of  the universe can be
 explored by induction1 but informing   
his imagination  with the various       
results of science1 he entered with     
unhesitating  boldness1 though with no  
guide but the divinest instinct1--that  
sense of  beauty1 in which our great    
,edwards recognizes the flowering of all
  truth--into the sea of speculation1   
and there built up of according laws    
and their phenomena1 as under the       
influence of a scientific inspiration1  
his theory of ,nature4 ,i will not      

attempt the difficult task of condensing
  his propositions2 to be apprehended   
they must be studied in his own terse   
and simple language2 but in this we have
 a summary of that which he  regards as 
fundamental3 ,the law which we call     
,gravity1 he says1  exists on account of
 matter having been radiated1 at its    
origin1  atomically1 into a limited     
sphere of space1 from one1 individual1  
unconditional irrelative1 and absolute  
,particle ,proper1  by the sole process 
in which it was possible to satisfy1 at 
the same  time1 the two conditions1     
radiation and equable distribution      
throughout  the sphere--that is to say1 
by a force varying in direct proportion 
with the squares of the distances       
between the radiated atoms1             
respectively1 and the particular center 
of radiation4    ,poe was thoroughly    
persuaded that he had discovered the    
great secret3  that the propositions of 
,eureka were true2 and he was wont to   
talk of  the subject with a sublime and 

electrical enthusiasm which they cannot 
have forgotten who were familiar with   
him at the period of its  publication4  
,he felt that an author known solely by 
his adventures in the  lighter          
literature1 throwing down the gauntlet  
to professors of science1  could not    
expect absolute fairness1 and he had no 
hope but in discussions  led by wisdom  
and candor4 ,meeting me1 he said1 ,have 
you read ',eureka8'  ,i answered1 ,not  
yet3 ,i have just glanced at the notice 
of it by ,willis1  who thinks it        
contains no more fact than fantasy1 and 
,i am sorry to  see--sorry if it be     
true--suggests that it corresponds in   
tone with that  gathering of sham and   
obsolete hypotheses addressed to        
fanciful tyros1  the ',vestiges of      
,creation2' and our good and really wise
 friend ,bush1  whom you will admit to  
be of all the professors1 in temper one 
of the  most habitually just1 thinks    
that while you may have guessed very    
shrewdly1 it would not be difficult to  

suggest many difficulties in the  way of
 your doctrine4 ,it is by no means      
ingenuous1 he replied1 to  hint that    
there are such difficulties1 and yet to 
leave them unsuggested4  ,i challenge   
the investigation of every point in the 
book4 ,i deny that  there are any       
difficulties which ,i have not met and  
overthrown4 ,injustice  is done me by   
the application of this word 'guess3' ,i
 have assumed  nothing and proved all4  
,in his preface he wrote3 ,to the few   
who  love me and whom ,i love2 to those 
who feel rather than to those who       
think2 to the dreamers and those who put
 faith in dreams as in the only         
realities--,i offer this book of truths1
 not in the character of                
,truth-,teller1 but for the beauty that 
abounds in its truth3 constituting  it  
true4 ,to these ,i present the          
composition as an ,art-,product         
alone3---let us say as a ,romance2 or1  
if it be not urging too lofty a  claim1 
as a ,poem4 ,what ,i here propound is   

true3 therefore it cannot die3  or it by
 any means it be now trodden down so    
that it die1 it will rise  again to the 
life everlasting4    ,when ,i read      
,eureka ,i could not help but think it  
immeasurably superior  as an            
illustration of genius to the ,vestiges 
of ,creation2 and as ,i  admired the    
poem1 7except the miserable attempt at  
humor in what purports  to be a letter  
found in a bottle floating on the ,mare 
tenebrarum17 so ,i  regretted its       
pantheism1 which is not necessary to its
 main design4 ,to  some of the          
objections to his work be made this     
answer in a letter to ,mr4  ,c4,f4      
,hoffman1 then editor of the ,literary  
,world3    ,dear ,sir3--,in your paper  
of ,july #bi1 ,i find some comments on  
',eureka1'  a late book of my own2 and  
,i know you too well to suppose for a   
moment1  that you will refuse me the    
privilege of a few words in reply4 ,i   
feel1  even1 that ,i might safely claim1
 from ,mr4 ,hoffman1 the right1 which   

every  author has1 of replying to his   
critic tone for tone--that is to say1 of
  answering your correspondent1         
flippancy by flippancy and sneer by     
sneer--but in the first place1 ,i do not
 wish to disgrace the ,world2  and1 in  
the second1 ,i feel that ,i never should
 be done sneering1 in the  present      
instance1 were ,i once to begin4        
,lamartine blames ,voltaire for the  use
 which he made of 7ruse7                
misrepresentation1 in his attacks on the
  priesthood2 but our young students of 
,theology do not seem to be aware  that 
in defense or what they fancy to be     
defense1 of ,christianity1 there  is    
anything wrong in such gentlemanly      
peccadillos as the deliberate           
perversion of an author's text--to say  
nothing of the minor indecora of        
reviewing a book without reading it and 
without having the faintest  suspicion  
of what it is about4    ,you will       
understand that it is merely the        
misrepresentations of the  critique in  

question to which ,i claim the privilege
 of reply3--the mere  opinions of the   
writer can be of no consequence to      
me--and ,i should  imagine of very      
little to himself--that is to say if he 
knows himself1  personally1 as well as  
,i have the honor of knowing him4 ,the  
first  misrepresentation is contained in
 this sentence3--',this letter is a keen
  burlesque on the ,aristotelian or     
,baconian methods of ascertaining       
,truth1  both of which the writer       
ridicules and despises1 and pours forth 
his  rhapsodical ecstasies in a         
glorification of the third mode--the    
noble art  of guessing4' ,what ,i really
 say is this3--,that there is no        
absolute  certainty either in the       
,aristotelian or ,baconian              
process--that1 for  this reason1 neither
 ,philosophy is so profound as it       
fancies itself--and  that neither has a 
right to sneer at that seemingly        
imaginative process  called ,intuition  
7by which the great ,kepler attained his

 laws72 since  ',intuition1' after all1 
'is but the conviction arising from     
those  inductions or deductions of which
 the processes are so shadowy as to     
escape our consciousness1 elude our     
reason or defy our capacity of          
expression4' ,the second                
misrepresentation runs thus3--',the     
developments  of electricity and the    
formation of stars and suns1 luminous   
and  nonluminous1 moons and planets1    
with their rings1 c41 is deduced1 very  
much according to the nebular theory of 
,laplace1 from the principle  propounded
 above4' ,now the impression intended to
 be made here upon the  reader's mind1  
by the ',student of ,theology1' is      
evidently1 that my theory  may all be   
very well in its way1 but that it is    
nothing but ,laplace over  again1 with  
some modifications that he 7the ,student
 of ,theology7 cannot  regard as at all 
important4 ,i have only to say that no  
gentleman can  accuse me of the         
disengenuousness here implied2 inasmuch 

as1 having  proceeded with my theory up 
to that point at which ,laplace's theory
  meets it1 ,i then give ,laplace's     
theory in full1 with the expression  of 
my firm conviction of its absolute truth
 at all points4 ,the ground  covered by 
the great ,french astronomer compares   
with that covered by my  theory1 as a   
bubble compares with the ocean on which 
it floats2 nor has  he the slightest    
allusion to the 'principle propounded   
above1' the  principle of ,unity being  
the source of all things--the principle 
of  ,gravity being merely the ,reaction 
of the ,divine ,act which irradiated all
  things from ,unity4 ,in fact no point 
of my theory has been even  so much as  
alluded to by ,laplace4 ,i have not     
considered it necessary1  here to speak 
of the astronomical knowledge displayed 
in the 'stars and  suns' of the ,student
 of ,theology1 nor to hint that it would
 be better to  say that 'development and
 formation are1 than that development   
and  formation is4 ,the third           

misrepresentation lies in a foot-note1  
where  the critic says3--',further than 
this1 ,mr4 ,poe's claim that he can     
account  for the existence of all       
organized beings--man included--merely  
from  those principles on which the     
origin and present appearance of suns   
and  worlds are explained1 must be set  
down as mere bald assertion1 without a  
particle of evidence4 ,in other words we
 should term it arrant fudge4'  ,the    
perversion at this point is involved in 
a willful misapplication of  the word   
'principles4' ,i say 'wilful' because1  
at page #fc1 ,i am  particularly careful
 to distinguish between the principles  
proper1  ,attraction and ,repulsion1 and
 those merely resultant sub-principles  
which control the universe in detail4   
,to these sub-principles1 swayed by  the
 immediate spiritual influence of       
,deity4 ,i leave1 without examination1  
all that which the ,student of ,theology
 so roundly asserts ,i account for  on  
the principles which account for the    

constitution of suns1 c4    ,in the     
third column of his 'review' the critic 
says3--',he asserts that  each soul is  
its own ,god--its own ,creator4' ,what  
,i do assert is1 that  'each soul is1 in
 part1 its own ,god--its own ,creator4' 
,just below1 the  critic says3--',after 
all these contradictory propoundings    
concerning ,god  we would remind him of 
what he lays down on page #bc--'of this 
,godhead in  itself he alone is not     
imbecile--he alone is not impious who   
propounds  nothing4 ,a man who thus     
conclusively convicts himself of        
imbecility and  impiety needs no further
 refutation4' ,now the sentence1 as ,i  
wrote it1  and as ,i find it printed on 
that very page which the critic refers  
to  and which must have been lying      
before him while he quoted my words1    
runs thus3--',of this ,godhead1 in      
itself1 he alone is not imbecile1 c41   
who propounds nothing4' ,by the italics1
 as the critic well knew1 ,i design  to 
distinguish between the two             

possibilities--that of a knowledge of   
,god  through his works and that of a   
knowledge of ,him in his essential      
nature4 ,the ,godhead1 in itself1 is    
distinguished from the ,godhead         
observed in its effects4 ,but our critic
 is zealous4 ,moreover1 being a  divine1
 he is honest--ingenuous4 ,it is his    
duty to pervert my meaning  by omitting 
my italics--just as1 in the sentence    
previously quoted1 it  was his          
,christian duty to falsify my argument  
by leaving out the two  words1 'in      
part1' upon which turns the whole       
force--indeed the whole  intelligibility
 of my proposition4    ,were these      
'misrepresentations' 7is that the name  
for them87 made for  any less serious a 
purpose than that of branding my book as
 'impious'  and myself as a 'pantheist1'
 a 'polytheist1' a ,pagan1 or a ,god    
knows what  7and indeed ,i care very    
little so it be not a ',student of      
,theology'71  ,i would have permitted   
their dishonesty to pass unnoticed1     

through pure  contempt of the           
boyishness--for the                     
turn-down-shirt-collar-ness of  their   
tone3--but1 as it is1 you will pardon   
me1 ,mr4 ,editor1 that ,i have  been    
compelled to expose a 'critic' who      
courageously preserving his own         
anonymosity1 takes advantage of my      
absence from the city to  misrepresent1 
and thus vilify me1 by name4    ,,edgar 
,a4 ,,poe4    ,fordham1 ,september #bj1 
#ahdh4    ,from this time ,poe did not  
write much2 he had quarreled with the   
conductors of the chief magazines for   
which he had previously written1  and   
they no longer sought his assistance4   
,in a letter to a friend1 he  laments   
the improbabilities of an income from   
literary labor1 saying3    ,i have      
represented ---- to you as merely an    
ambitious simpleton1 anxious  to get    
into society with the reputation of     
conducting a magazine which  somebody   
behind the curtain always prevents him  
from quite damning with  his stupidity2 

he is a knave and a beast4 ,i cannot    
write any more for the  ,milliner's     
,book1 where ,t----n prints his feeble  
and very quietly made  ,dilutions of    
other people's reviews2 and you know    
that ---- can afford to  pay but little1
 though ,i am glad to do anything for a 
good fellow like  ----4 ,in this        
emergency ,i sell articles to the vulgar
 and trashy ----1  for #e a piece4 ,i   
inclose my last1 cut out1 lest you      
should see by my  sending the paper in  
what company ,i am forced to appear4    
,his name was now frequently associated 
with that of one of the most  brilliant 
women of ,new ,england1 and it was      
publicly announced that they  were to be
 married4 ,he had first seen her on his 
way from ,boston1 when he  visited that 
city to deliver a poem before the       
,lyceum there4 ,restless1  near the     
midnight1 he wandered from1 his hotel   
near where she lived1  until he saw her 
walking in a garden4 ,he related the    
incident afterward  in one of his most  

exquisite poems1 worthy of himself1 of  
her1 and of the  most exalted passion4  
,i saw thee--once only--years ago2    ,i
 must not say how many--but not many4   
,it was a ,july midnight2 and from out  
,a full-orbed moon1 that1 like thine own
 soul1 soaring1    ,sought a precipitate
 pathway up through heaven1    ,there   
fell a silvery-silken vail of light1    
,with quietude1 and sultriness and      
slumber1    ,upon the upturn'd faces of 
a thousand    ,roses that grew in an    
enchanted garden1    ,where no wind     
dared to stir1 unless on tiptoe--       
,fell on upturn'd faces of these roses  
,that gave out1 in return for the       
love-light1    ,their odorous souls in  
an estatic death--    ,fell on upturn'd 
faces of these roses    ,that smiled and
 died in this parterre1 enchanted    ,by
 thee1 and by the poetry of thy         
presence4      ,clad all in white1 upon 
a violet bank    ,i saw thee half       
reclining2 while the moon    ,fell on   
upturn'd faces of these roses1    ,and  

on thine own1 upturn'd--alas1 in sorrow6
      ,was it not ,fate1 that1 on this  
,july midnight--    ,was it not ,fate1  
7whose name is also ,sorrow17    ,that  
bade me pause before the garden-gate1   
,to breathe the incense of those        
,slumbering roses8    ,no footstep      
stirred2 the hated world all slept1     
,save only thee and me4 7,oh1           
,heaven6--oh1 ,god6    ,how my heart    
beats in coupling those two words67     
,save only thee and me4 ,i paused--,i   
looked--    ,and in an instant all      
things disappeared4    7,ah1 bear in    
mind this garden was enchanted67    ,the
 pearly luster of the moon went out3    
,the mossy banks and the meandering     
paths1    ,the happy flowers and the    
repining trees1    ,were seen no more3  
the very roses' odors    ,died in the   
arms of the adoring airs1    ,all--all  
expired save thee--save less than thou3 
,save only the divine light in thine    
eyes--    ,save but the soul in thine   
uplifted eyes4    ,i saw but them--they 

were the world to me4    ,i saw but     
them--saw only them for hours--    ,saw 
only them until the moon went down4     
,what wild heart histories seemed to lie
 enwritten    ,upon those crystalline   
celestial spheres6    ,how dark a woe6  
yet how sublime a hope6    ,how silently
 serene a sea of pride6    ,how daring  
an ambition6 ,yet how deep--    ,how    
fathomless a capacity for love6         
,but now1 at length1 dear ,dian sank    
from sight    ,into a western couch of  
thunder-cloud2    ,and thou1 a ghost1   
amid the entombing trees    ,didst glide
 away4 ,only thine eyes remained4       
,they would not go--they never yet have 
gone4    ,lighting my lonely pathway    
home that night1    ,they have not left 
me 7as my hopes have7 since4    ,they   
follow me--they lead me through the     
years    ,they are my ministers--yet ,i 
their slave4    ,their office is to     
illumine and enkindle--    ,my duty1 to 
be saved by their bright light1    ,and 
purified in their electric fire1    ,and

 sanctified in their elysian fire4      
,they fill my soul with ,beauty 7which  
is ,hope17    ,and are far up in        
,heaven--the stars ,i kneel to    ,in   
the sad1 silent watches of my night2    
,while even in the meridian glare of day
    ,i see them still--two sweetly      
scintillant    ,venuses1 unextinguished 
by the sun6    ,they were not married1  
and the breaking of the engagement      
affords a  striking illustration of his 
character4 ,he said to an acquaintance  
in ,new ,york1 who congratulated with   
him upon the prospect of his union  with
 a person of so much genius and so many 
virtues--,it is a mistake3 ,i  am not   
going to be married4 ,why1 ,mr4 ,poe1 ,i
 understand that the bans  have been    
published4 ,i cannot help what you have 
heard1 my dear ,madam3  but mark me1 ,i 
shall not marry her4 ,he left town the  
same evening1 and  the next day was     
reeling through the streets of the city 
which was the  lady's home1 and in the  
evening--that should have been the      

evening before  the bridal--in his      
drunkenness he committed at her house   
such outrages as  made necessary a      
summons of the police4 ,here was no     
insanity leading to  indulgence3 he went
 from ,new ,york with a determination   
thus to induce an  ending of the        
engagement2 and he succeeded4           
,sometime in ,august1 #ahdi1 ,mr4 ,poe  
left ,new ,york for ,virginia4 ,in      
,philadelphia he encountered persons who
 had been his associates in             
dissipations while he lived there1 and  
for several days he abandoned  himself  
entirely to the control of his worst    
appetites4 ,when his money  was all     
spent1 and the disorder of his dress    
evinced the extremity of his  recent    
intoxication1 he asked in charity means 
for the prosecution of his  journey to  
,richmond4 ,there1 after a few days1 he 
joined a temperance  society1 and his   
conduct showed the earnestness of his   
determination to  reform his life4 ,he  
delivered in some of the principal towns

 of ,virginia  two lectures1 which were 
well attended1 and renewing his         
acquaintance  with a lady whom he had   
known in his youth1 he was engaged to   
marry her1  and wrote to his friends    
that he should pass the remainder of his
 days  among the scenes endeared by all 
his pleasantest recollections of youth4 
,on ,thursday1 the #dth of ,october1 he 
set out for ,new ,york1 to fulfill a    
literary engagement1 and to prepare for 
his marriage4 ,arriving in  ,baltimore  
he gave his trunk to a porter1 with     
directions to convey it to  the cars    
which were to leave in an hour or two   
for ,philadelphia1 and went  into a     
tavern to obtain some refreshment4 ,here
 he met acquaintances who  invited him  
to drink2 all his resolutions and duties
 were soon forgotten2  in a few hours he
 was in such a state as is commonly     
induced only by  long-continued         
intoxication2 after a night of insanity 
and exposure1 he  was carried to a      
hospital2 and there1 on the evening of  

,sunday1 the #gth  of ,october1 #ahdi1  
he died1 at the age of thirty-eight     
years4    ,it is a melancholy history4  
,no author of as much genius had ever in
 this  country as much unhappiness2 but 
,poe's unhappiness was in an unusual    
degree the result of infirmities of     
nature1 or of voluntary faults in       
conduct4 ,a writer who evidently knew   
him well1 and who comes before us in    
the ,southern ,literary ,messenger as   
his defender1 is compelled to admit     
that the blemishes in his life were     
effects of character rather than of     
circumstances4,a ,how this character    
might have been modified by a  judicious
 education of all his faculties ,i leave
 for the decision of  others1 but it    
will be evident to those who read this  
biography that the  unchecked freedom of
 his earlier years was as unwise as its 
results were  unfortunate4              
,footnote ,a3 ,southern ,literary       
,messenger1 ,march1 #ahej1 p4 #agi4     
,it is contended that the higher        

intelligences1 in the scrutiny to which 
they appeal1 are not to be judged by the
 common laws2 but ,i apprehend  that    
this doctrine1 as it is likely to be    
understood1 is entirely wrong4  ,all men
 are amenable to the same principles1 to
 the extent of the  parallelism of these
 principles with their experience2 and  
the line of  duty becomes only more     
severe as it extends into the clearer   
atmosphere  of truth and beauty which is
 the life of genius4 ,de mortuis nil    
nisi  bonum is a common and an honorable
 sentiment1 but its proper application  
would lead to the suppression of the    
histories of half of the most           
conspicuous of mankind2 in this case it 
is impossible on account of the         
notoriety of ,mr4 ,poe's faults2 and it 
would be unjust to the living  against  
whom his hands were always raided and   
who had no resort but in  his outlawry  
from their sympathies4 ,moreover1 his   
career is full of  instruction and      
warning1 and it has always been made a  

portion of the  penalty of wrong that   
its anatomy should be displayed for the 
common  study and advantage4    ,the    
character of ,mr4 ,poe's genius has been
 so recently and so admirably  discussed
 by ,mr4 ,lowell1 with whose opinions on
 the subject ,i for the most  part      
agree1 that ,i shall say but little of  
it here1 having already  extended this  
notice beyond the limits at first       
designed4 ,there is a  singular harmony 
between his personal and his literary   
qualities4 ,st4  ,pierre1 who seemed to 
be without any nobility in his own      
nature1 in his  writings appeared to be 
moved only by the finest and highest    
impulses4  ,poe exhibits scarcely any   
virtue in either his life or his        
writings4  ,probably there is not       
another instance in the literature of   
our language  in which so much has been 
accomplished without a recognition or a 
manifestation of conscience4 ,seated    
behind the intelligence1 and  directing 
it1 according to its capacities1        

,conscience is the parent of  whatever  
is absolutely and unquestionably        
beautiful in art as well as in  conduct4
 ,it touches the creations of the mind  
and they have life2 without  it they    
have never1 in the range of its just    
action1 the truth and  naturalness which
 are approved by universal taste or in  
enduring  reputation4 ,in ,poe's works  
there is constantly displayed the most  
touching melancholy1 the most extreme   
and terrible despair1 but never         
reverence or remorse4    ,his genius was
 peculiar1 and not1 as he himself       
thought1 various4 ,he  remarks in one of
 his letters3    ,there is one          
particular in which ,i have had wrong   
done me1 and it may  not be indecorous  
in me to call your attention to it4 ,the
 last selection  of my tales was made   
from about seventy by one of our great  
little  cliquists and claquers1 ,wiley  
,putnam's reader1 ,duyckinck4 ,he has   
what he  thinks a taste for             
ratiocination1 and has accordingly made 

up the book  mostly of analytic stories4
 ,but this is not representing my mind  
in its  various phases--it is not giving
 me fair play4 ,in writing these tales  
one  by one1 at long intervals4 ,i have 
kept the book unity always in           
mind--that is1 each has been composed   
with reference to its effect as  part of
 a whole4 ,in this view1 one of my chief
 aims has been the widest  diversity of 
subject1 thought1 and especially tone   
and manner of  handling4 ,were all my   
tales now before me in a large volume1  
and as the  composition of another1 the 
merit which would principally arrest my 
attention would be their wide diversity 
and variety4 ,you will be  surprised to 
hear me say that1 7omitting one or two  
of my first efforts17  ,i do not        
consider any one of my stories better   
than another4 ,there is a  vast variety 
of kinds1 and1 in degree of value1 these
 kinds vary-but  each tale is equally   
good of its kind4 ,the loftiest kind is 
that of the  highest imagination--and   

for this reason only ',ligeia' may be   
called my  best tale4    ,but it seems  
to me that this selection of his tales  
was altogether  judicious4 ,had it been 
submitted to me ,i might indeed have    
changed  it in one or two instances1 but
 ,i should not have replaced any tale by
  one of a different tone4 ,one of the  
qualities upon which ,poe prides        
himself was his humor1 and he has left  
us a large number of compositions  in   
this department1 but except a few       
paragraphs in his ,marginalia1  scarcely
 anything which it would not have been  
injurious to his  reputation to         
republish4 ,his realm was on the shadowy
 confines of human  experience1 among   
the abodes of crime1 gloom1 and horror1 
and there he  delighted to surround     
himself with images of beauty and of    
terror1 to  raise his solemn palaces and
 towers and spires in a night upon which
  should rise no sun4 ,his minuteness of
 detail1 refinement of reasoning1  and  
propriety and power of language--the    

perfect keeping 7to borrow a  phrase    
from another domain of art7 and apparent
 good faith with which he  managed the  
evocation and exhibition of his strange 
and spectral and  revolting             
creations--gave him an astonishing      
mastery over his readers1 so  that his  
books were closed as one would lay aside
 the nightmare or the  spells of opium4 
,the analytical subtlety evinced in his 
works has  frequently been              
overestimated1 as ,i have before        
observed1 because it has  not been      
sufficiently considered that his        
mysteries were composed with  the       
express design of being dissolved4 ,when
 ,poe attempted the  illustration of the
 profounder operations of the mind1 as  
displayed in  written reason or in real 
action1 he frequently failed entirely4  
,in poetry1 as in prose1 he was         
eminently successful in the metaphysical
  treatment of the passions4 ,hia poems 
are constructed with wonderful          
ingenuity1 and finished with consummate 

art4 ,they display a somber and  weird  
imagination1 and a taste almost         
faultless in the apprehension of  that  
sort of beauty which was most agreeable 
to his temper4 ,but they  evince little 
genuine feeling1 and less of that       
spontaneous ecstasy which  gives its    
freedom1 smoothness and naturalness to  
immortal verse4 ,his own  account of the
 composition of ,the ,raven1 discloses  
his methods--the  absence of all        
impulse1 and the absolute control of    
calculation and  mechanism4 ,that       
curious analysis of the processes by    
which he wrought  would be incredible if
 from another hand4    ,he was not      
remarkably original in invention4       
,indeed some of his  plagiarisms are    
scarcely paralleled for their audacity  
in all literary  history3 ,for instance1
 in his tale of ,the ,pit and the       
,pendulum1 the  complicate machinery    
upon which the interest depends is      
borrowed from a  story entitled         
,vivenzio1 or ,italian ,vengeance1 by   

the author of ,the  ,first and ,last    
,dinner1 in ,blackwood's ,magazine4 ,and
 ,i remember having  been shown by ,mr4 
,longfellow1 several years ago1 a series
 of papers which  constitute a          
demonstration that ,mr4 ,poe was        
indebted to him for the idea  of ,the   
,haunted ,palace1 one of the most       
admirable of his poems1 which he  so    
pertinaciously asserted had been used by
 ,mr4 ,longfellow in the  production of 
his ,beleaguered ,city4 ,mr4            
,longfellow's poem was written  two or  
three years before the first publication
 of that by ,poe1 and it  was during a  
portion of this time in ,poe's          
possession2 but it was not  printed1 ,i 
believe1 until a few weeks after the    
appearance of ,the  ,haunted ,palace4   
,it would be absurd1 as ,poe himself    
said many times1  to believe the        
similarity of these pieces entirely     
accidental4 ,this was  the first cause  
of all that malignant criticism which   
for so many years  he carried on against

 ,mr4 ,longfellow4 ,in his ,marginalia  
he borrowed  largely1 especially from   
,coleridge1 and ,i have omitted in the  
republication of these papers1 numerous 
paragraphs which were rather  compiled  
than borrowed from one of the           
profoundest and wisest of our own       
scholars4,d      ,footnote ,d3 ,i have  
neither space1 time1 nor inclination for
 a  continuation of this subject1 and ,i
 add but one other instance1 in the     
words of the ,philadelphia ,saturday    
,evening ,post1 published while ,mr4    
,poe was living3    ,one of the most    
remarkable plagiarisms was perpetrated  
by ,mr4 ,poe1 late  of the ,broadway    
,journal1 whose harshness as a critic   
and assumption of  peculiar originality 
make the fault in his case more glaring4
 ,this  gentleman1 a few years ago1 in  
,philadelphia1 published a work on      
,conchology as original1 when in reality
 it was a copy1 near verbatim1 of  ',the
 ,text-book of ,conchology1 by ,captain 
,thomas ,brown1' printed in  ,glasgow in

 #ahcc1 a duplicate of which we have in 
our library1 ,mr4 ,poe  actually took   
out a copyright for the ,american       
edition of ,captain ,brown's  work1 and1
 omitting all mention of the ,english   
original pretended1 in the  preface1 to 
have been under great obligations to    
several scientific  gentlemen of this   
city4 ,it is but justice to add1 that in
 the second  edition of this book1      
published lately in ,philadelphia1 the  
name of ,mr4  ,poe is withdrawn from the
 titlepage1 and his initials only       
affixed to the  preface4 ,but the affair
 is one of the most curious on record4  
,in criticism1 as ,mr4 ,lowell justly   
remarks1 ,mr4 ,poe had a scientific     
precision and coherence of logic2 he had
 remarkable dexterity in the  dissection
 of sentences2 but he rarely ascended   
from the particular to  the general1    
from subjects to principles2 he was     
familiar with the  microscope but never 
looked through the telescope4 ,his      
criticisms are of  value to the degree  

in which they are demonstrative1 but his
 unsupported  assertions and opinions   
were so apt to be influenced by         
friendship or  enmity1 by the desire to 
please or the fear to offend1 or by his 
constant  ambition to surprise1 or      
produce a sensation1 that they should be
  received in all cases with distrust of
 their fairness4 ,a volume might be     
filled with literary judgments by him as
 antagonistical and inconsistent  as the
 sharpest antitheses4 ,for example1 when
 ,mr4 ,laughton ,osborn's  romance1 ,the
 ,confessions of a ,poet1 came out1 he  
reviewed it in ,the  ,southern ,literary
 ,messenger1 saying3    ,there is       
nothing of the vates about the author4  
,he is no poet-and  most positively he  
is no prophet4 ,he avers upon his word  
of honor that  in commencing this work  
he loads a pistol and places it upon the
 table4  ,he further states that1 upon  
coming to a conclusion1 it is his       
intention  to blow out what he supposes 
to be his brains4 ,now this is          

excellent4  ,but1 even with so rapid a  
writer as the poet must undoubtedly be1 
there  would be some little difficulty  
in completing the book under thirty days
  or thereabouts4 ,the best of powder is
 apt to sustain injury by lying so  long
 'in the load4' ,we sincerely hope the  
gentleman took the precaution  to       
examine his priming before attempting   
the rash act4 ,a flash in the  pan--and 
in such a case--were a thing to be      
lamented4 ,indeed there would  be no    
answering for the consequences4 ,we     
might even have a second series  of the 
',confessions4'--,southern ,literary    
,messenger1 i4 #dei4    ,this review was
 attacked1 particularly in the ,richmond
 ,compiler1 and  ,mr4 ,poe felt himself 
called upon to vindicate it to the      
proprietor of the  magazine1 to whom he 
wrote3    ,there is no necessity of     
giving the ',compiler' a reply4 ,the    
book is  silly enough of itself1 without
 the aid of any controversy concerning  
it4 ,i have read it1 from beginning to  

end1 and was very much amused at  it4   
,my opinion of it is pretty nearly the  
opinion of the press at large4  ,i have 
heard no person offer one serious word  
in its defense4--,letter  to ,t4,w4     
,white4    ,afterward ,mr4 ,poe became  
personally acquainted with the author1  
and he  then wrote1 in his account of   
,the ,literati of ,new-,york ,city1 as  
follows3    ,the ,confessions of a ,poet
 made much noise in the literary world1 
and no  little curiosity was excited in 
regard to its author1 who was generally 
supposed to be ,john ,neal4444 ,the     
',confessions1' however1 far surpassed  
any production of ,mr4 ,neal's4444 ,he  
has done nothing which1 as a whole1  is 
even respectable1 and ',the             
,confessions' are quite remarkable for  
their artistic unity and perfection4    
,but on higher regards they are to be   
commended4 ,i do not think1 indeed1 that
 a better book of its kind has  been    
written in ,america4444,its scenes of   
passion are intensely wrought1  its     

incidents are striking and original1 its
 sentiments audacious and  suggestive at
 least1 if not at all times tenable4 ,in
 a word1 it is that  rare thing1 a      
fiction of power without rudeness4    ,i
 will adduce another example of the same
 kind4 ,in a notice of the  ,democratic 
,review1 for ,september1 #ahde1 ,mr4    
,poe remarks of ,mr4 ,william  ,a4      
,jones's paper on ,american ,humor3     
,there is only one really bad article in
 the number1 and that is  insufferable3 
nor do we think it the less a nuisance  
because it inflicts  upon ourselves     
individually a passage of maudlin       
compliment about our  bring a most      
'ingenious critic' 'and prose poet1'    
with some other things  of a similar    
kind4 ,we thank for his good word no man
 who gives palpable  evidence1 in other 
cases than our own1 of his incapacity to
 distinguish  the false from the        
true--the right from the wrong4 ,if we  
are an  ingenious critic1 or a prose    
poet1 it is not because ,mr4 ,william   

,jones  says so4 ,the truth is that this
 essay on ',american ,humor' is         
,contemptible both in a moral and       
literary sense--is the composition of an
  imitator and a quack--and disgraces   
the magazine in which it makes its      
appearance4--,broadway ,journal1 ,vol4  
ii4 ,no4 #aa4    ,in the following week 
he reconsidered this matter1 opening his
 paper for  a defense of ,mr4 ,jones2   
but at the close of it said--    ,if we 
have done ,mr4 ,jones injustice1 we beg 
his pardon3 but we do not  think we     
have4    ,yet in a subsequent article in
 ,graham's ,magazine1 on ,critics and   
,criticism1 he says of ,mr4 ,jones1     
referring only to writings of his that  
had been for years before the public    
when he printed the above  paragraphs3  
,our most analytic1 if not altogether   
our best critic1 7,mr4 ,whipple1        
perhaps1 excepted17 is ,mr4 ,william ,a4
 ,jones1 author of ',the ,analyst4'     
,how he would write elaborate criticisms
 ,i cannot say2 but his summary         

judgments of authors are1 in general1   
discriminative and profound4 ,in  fact1 
his papers on ,emerson and on ,macaulay1
 published in ',arcturus4'  are better  
than merely 'profound1' if we take the  
word in its now  desecrated sense2 for  
they are at once pointed1 lucid1 and    
just3--as  summaries leaving nothing to 
be desired4    ,i will not continue the 
display of these inconsistencies4 ,as ,i
 have  ,already intimated1 a volume     
might be filled with passages to show   
that  his criticisms were guided by no  
sense of duty1 and that his opinions    
were so variable and so liable to be    
influenced by unworthy  considerations  
as to be really of no value whatever4   
,it was among his remarkable habits that
 he preserved with scrupulous care      
everything that was published respecting
 himself or his works1 and  everything  
that was written to him in letters that 
could be used in any  way for the       
establishment or extension of his       
reputation4 ,in  ,philadelphia1 in      

#ahdc1 he prepared with his own hands a 
sketch of his  life for a paper called  
,the ,museum4 ,many parts of it are     
untrue1 but ,i  refer to it for the     
purpose of quoting a characteristic     
instance of  perversion in the          
reproduction of compliments3    ,of     
',william ,wilson1' ,mr4 ,washington    
,irving says3 ',it is managed in a      
highly picturesque style1 and its       
singular and mysterious interest is     
ably sustained throughout4 ,in point of 
mere style1 it is1 perhaps1 even        
superior to ',the ,house of ,usher4' ,it
 is simpler4 ,in the latter             
composition1 he seems to have been      
distrustful of his effects1 or1  rather1
 too solicitous of bringing them forth  
fully to the eye1 and thus1  perhaps1   
has laid on too much coloring4 ,he has  
erred1 however1 on the  safe side1 that 
of exuberance1 and the evil might easily
 be remedied1 by  relieving the style of
 some of its epithets2' since done4     
',there would  be no fear of injuring   

the graphic effect1 which is powerful4' 
,the  italics are ,mr4 ,irving's own4   
,now ,mr4 ,irving had said in a private 
letter that he thought the ,house of    
,usher ,was clever1 and that a volume of
 similar stories would be well  received
 by the public4 ,poe sent him a magazine
 containing ,william  ,wilson1 asking   
his opinion of it1 and ,mr4 ,irving1    
expressly declining to  publish a word  
upon the subject1 remarked in the same  
manner1 that the  singular and          
mysterious interest is well sustained1  
and that in point of  style the tale was
 much better than the ,house of ,usher1 
which1 he  says1 might be improved by   
relieving the style from some of the    
epithets3 there is no danger of         
destroying the graphic effect1 which  is
 powerful4 ,there is not a word in      
italics in ,mr4 ,irving's letter1  the  
meaning of which is quite changed by    
,mr4 ,poe's alterations4 ,and this      
letter was not only published in the    
face of an implied prohibition1 but     

made to seem like a                     
deliberately-expressed judgment in a    
public reviewal4  ,in the same way ,mr4 
,poe published the following sentence as
 an extract  from a letter by ,miss     
,barrett3    ,our great poet1 ,mr4      
,browning1 the author of ',paracelsus1' 
etc41 is  enthusiastic in his admiration
 of the rhythm4    ,but on turning to   
,miss ,barrett's letter1 ,i find that   
she wrote3    ,our great poet1 ,mr4     
,browning1 author of ',paracelsus1' and 
',bells and  ,pomegranates1' was struck 
much by the rhythm of that poem4    ,the
 piece alluded to is ,the ,raven4    ,it
 is not true1 as has been frequently    
alleged since ,mr4 ,poe's death1  that  
his writings were above the popular     
taste1 and therefore without a  suitable
 market in this country4 ,his poems were
 worth as much to  magazines as those of
 ,bryant or ,longfellow1 7though none of
 the  publishers paid him half as large 
a price for them17 and his tales were   
as popular as those of ,willis1 who has 

been commonly regarded as the best      
magazinist of his time4 ,he ceased to   
write for ,the ,lady's  ,book in        
consequence of a quarrel induced by ,mr4
 ,godey's justifiable refusal to  print 
in that miscellany his ,reply to ,dr4   
,english1 and though in the  poor       
fustian published under the signature of
 ,george ,r4 ,graham1 in  answer to some
 remarks upon ,poe's character in ,the  
,tribune1 that  individual is made to   
assume a passionate friendship for the  
deceased  author that would have become 
a ,pythias1 it is known that the        
personal  ill-will on both sides was    
such that for some four or five years   
not a  line by ,poe was purchased for   
,graham's ,magazine4 ,to quote again the
  ,defense of ,mr4 ,poe in the ,southern
 ,literary ,messenger3    ,his          
changeable humors1 his irregularities1  
his caprices1 his total  disregard of   
everything and body1 save the fancy in  
his head1 prevented  him from doing well
 in the world4 ,the evils and sufferings

 that poverty  brought upon him1 soured 
his nature1 and deprived him of faith in
 human  beings4 ,this was evident to the
 eye--he believed in nobody1 and cared  
for  nobody4 ,such a mental condition of
 course drove away all those who would  
otherwise have stood by him in his hours
 of trial4 ,he became1 and was1 an      
,ishmaelite4    ,after having1 in no    
ungenerous spirit1 presented the chief  
facts in ,mr4  ,poe's history1 not      
designedly exaggerating his genius1     
which none held in  higher admiration1  
not bringing into bolder relief than was
 just and  necessary his infirmities4 ,i
 am glad to offer a portraiture of some 
of  his social qualities1 equally       
beautiful1 and--so changeable and       
inconsistent was the man--as far as it  
goes1 truthful4 ,speaking of him  one   
day soon after his death1 with the late 
,mrs4 ,osgood1 the beauty of  whose     
character had made upon ,poe's mind that
 impression which it never  failed to   
produce upon minds capable of the       

apprehension of the finest  traits in   
human nature1 she said she did not doubt
 that my view of ,mr4  ,poe1 which she  
knew indeed to be the common view1 was  
perfectly just1 as  it regarded him in  
his relations with men2 but to women he 
was different1  and she would write for 
me some recollections of him1 to be     
placed beside  my harsher judgments in  
any notice of his life that the         
acceptance of the  appointment to be his
 literary executor might render it      
necessary for me  to give to the world4 
,she was an invalid--dying of that      
consumption by  which in a few weeks she
 was removed to heaven1 and calling for 
pillows  to support her while she wrote1
 she drew this sketch3    ,you ask me1  
my friend1 to write for you my          
reminiscences of ,edgar ,poe4  ,for you1
 who knew and understood my affectionate
 interest in him1 and my  frank         
acknowledgment of that interest to all  
who had a claim upon my  confidence1 for
 you1 ,i will willingly do so4 ,i think 

no one could know  him--no one has known
 him personally--certainly no           
woman-without  feeling the same         
interest4 ,i can sincerely say1 that    
although ,i have  frequently heard of   
aberrations on his part from the        
'straight and  narrow path1' ,i have    
never seen him otherwise than gentle1   
generous1  well-bred1 and fastidiously  
refined4 ,to a sensitive and            
delicately-nurtured woman1 there was a  
peculiar and irresistible charm in  the 
chivalric1 graceful1 and almost tender  
reverence with which he  invariably     
approached all women who won his        
respect4 ,it was this which  first      
commanded and always retained my regard 
for him4    ,i have been told1 that when
 his sorrows and pecuniary              
embarrassments had  driven him to the   
use of stimulants1 which a less delicate
 organization  might have borne without 
injury1 he was in the habit of speaking 
disrespectfully of the ladies of his    
acquaintance4 ,it is difficult for me   

to believe this2 for to me1 to whom he  
came during the year of our             
acquaintance for counsel and kindness in
 all his many anxieties and  griefs1 he 
never spoke irreverently of any woman   
save one1 and then only  in my defense2 
and though ,i rebuked him for his       
momentary  forgetfulness of the respect 
due to himself and to me1 ,i could not  
but  forgive the offense for the sake of
 the generous impulse which prompted    
it4 ,yet even were these sad rumors true
 of him1 the wise and  well-informed    
knew how to regard1 as they would the   
impetuous anger of a  spoiled infant1   
balked of its capricious will1 the      
equally harmless and  unmeaning phrensy 
of that stray child of ,poetry and      
,passion4 ,for the few  unwomanly and   
slander-loving gossips who have injured 
him and  themselves only by repeating   
his ravings1 when in such moods they    
have accepted his society4 ,i have only 
to vouchsafe my wonder and my  pity4    
,they cannot surely harm the true and   

pure1 who1 reverencing his  genius1 and 
pitying his misfortunes and his errors1 
endeavored1 by their  timely kindness   
and sympathy1 to soothe his sad career4 
,it was in his own simple yet poetical  
home1 that to me the character of       
,edgar ,poe appeared in its most        
beautiful light4 ,playful1 affectionate1
  witty1 alternately docile and wayward 
as a petted child-for his young1        
gentle1 and idolized wife1 and for all  
who came1 he had1 even in the  midst of 
his most harassing literary duties1 a   
kind word1 a pleasant  smile1 a graceful
 and courteous attention4 ,at his desk1 
beneath the  romantic picture of his    
loved and lost ,lenore1 he would sit1   
hour after  hour1 patient1 assiduous1   
and uncomplaining1 tracing1 in an       
exquisitely  clear chirography1 and with
 almost superhuman swiftness1 the       
lightning  thoughts--the 'rare and      
radiant' fancies as they flashed through
 his  wonderful and ever-wakeful brain4 
,i recollect1 one morning1 toward the   

close of his residence in this city1    
when he seemed unusually gay and        
light-hearted4 ,virginia1 his sweet     
wife1 had written me a pressing         
invitation to come to them2 and ,i1 who 
never could resist her  affectionate    
summons1 and who enjoyed his society far
 more in his own  home than elsewhere1  
hastened to ,amity-street4 ,i found him 
just  completing his series of papers   
entitled ',the ,literati of ,new ,york4'
  ',see1' said he1 displaying1 in       
laughing triumph1 several little rolls  
of  narrow paper1 7he always wrote thus 
for the press17 ',i am going to show    
you1 by the difference of length in     
these1 the different degrees of         
estimation in which ,i hold all you     
literary people4 ,in each of these1 one 
of you is rolled up and fully discussed4
 ,come1 ,virginia1 help me6' ,and  one  
by one they unfolded them4 ,at last they
 came to one which seemed  interminable4
 ,virginia laughingly ran to one corner 
of the room with one  end1 and her      

husband to the opposite with the other4 
',and whose  lengthened sweetness long  
drawn out is that8' said ,i4 ',hear     
her6' he  cried1 'just as if her little 
vain heart didn't tell her it's         
herself6'    ,my first meeting with the 
poet was at the ,astor ,house4 ,a few   
days  previous4 ,mr4 ,willis had handed 
me1 at the table d'hote1 that strange   
and thrilling poem entitled ',the       
,raven1' saying that the author wanted  
my  opinion of it4 ,its effect upon me  
was so singular1 so like that of 'weird 
unearthly music1' that it was with a    
feeling almost of dread1 ,i heard he    
desired an introduction4 ,yet ,i could  
not refuse without seeming  ungrateful1 
because ,i had just heard of his        
enthusiastic and partial  eulogy of my  
writings1 in his lecture on ,american   
,literature4 ,i shall  never forget the 
morning when ,i was summoned to the     
drawing-room by ,mr4  ,willis to receive
 him4 ,with his proud and beautiful head
 erect1 his dark  eyes flashing with the

 elective light of feeling and of       
thought1 a  peculiar1 an inimitable     
blending of sweetness and hauteur in his
  expression and manner1 he greeted me1 
calmly1 gravely1 almost coldly2 yet     
with so marked an earnestness that ,i   
could not help being deeply  impressed  
by it4 ,from that moment until his death
 we were friends2  although we met only 
during the first year of our            
acquaintance4 ,and in  his last words1  
ere reason had forever left her imperial
 throne in that  overtasked brain1 ,i   
have a touching memento of his undying  
faith and  friendship4    ,during that  
year1 while traveling for my health1 ,i 
maintained a  correspondence with ,mr4  
,poe1 in accordance with the earnest    
entreaties of  his wife1 who imagined   
that my influence over him had a        
restraining and  beneficial effect4 ,it 
had1 as far as this--that having        
solemnly  promised me to give up the use
 of stimulants1 he so firmly respected  
his  promise and me1 as never once1     

during our whole acquaintance1 to appear
  in my presence when in the slightest  
degree affected by them4 ,of the        
charming love and confidence that       
existed between his wife and himself1   
always delightfully apparent to me1 in  
spite of the many little poetical       
episodes1 in which the impassioned      
romance of his temperament impelled  him
 to indulge2 of this ,i cannot speak too
 earnestly--too warmly4 ,i  believe she 
was the only woman whom he ever truly   
loved2 and this is  evinced by the      
exquisite pathos of the little poem     
lately written1 called  ,annabel ,lee1  
of which she was the subject1 and which 
is by far the most  natural1 simple1    
tender and touchingly beautiful of all  
his songs4 ,i have  heard it said that  
it was intended to illustrate a late    
love affair of  the author2 but they who
 believe this1 have in their dullness   
evidently  misunderstood or missed the  
beautiful meaning latent in the most    
lovely  of all its verses--where he     

says1      ',a wind blew out of a cloud1
 chilling     ,my beautiful ,annabel    
,lee1    ,so that her high-born kinsmen 
came1     ,and bore her away from me4'  
,there seems a strange and almost       
profane disregard of the sacred purity  
and spiritual tenderness of this        
delicious ballad1 in thus overlooking   
the allusion to the kindred angels and  
the heavenly ,father of the  lost and   
loved and unforgotten wife4    ,but it  
was in his conversations and his        
letters1 far more than in his  published
 poetry and prose writings1 that the    
genius of ,poe was most  gloriously     
revealed4 ,his letters were divinely    
beautiful1 and for hours ,i  have       
listened to him1 entranced by strains of
 such pure and almost  celestial        
eloquence as ,i have never read or heard
 elsewhere4 ,alas6 in the  thrilling    
words of ,stoddard1      ',he might have
 soared in the morning light1    ,but he
 built his nest with the birds of night2
    ,but he lie in dust1 and the stone  

is rolled    ,over the sepulcher dim and
 cold2    ,he has canceled the ill he   
has done or said1    ,and gone to the   
dear and holy dead4    ,let us forget   
the path he trod1    ,and leave him now 
to his ,maker1 ,god4'    ,the influence 
of ,mr4 ,poe's aims and vicissitudes    
upon his literature1 was  more          
conspicuous in his later than in his    
earlier writings4 ,nearly all  that he  
wrote in the last two or three          
years--including much of his best       
poetry1--was in some sense biographical3
 in draperies of his imagination1  those
 who take the trouble to trace his      
steps1 will perceive1 but  slightly     
concealed1 the figure of himself4 ,the  
lineaments here disclosed1  ,i think1   
are not different from those displayed  
in his biography1 which  is but a       
filling up of the picture4 ,thus far the
 few criticisms of his  life or works   
that ,i have ventured have been         
suggested by the immediate  examination 
of the points to which they referred4 ,i

 add but a few words  of more general   
description4    ,in person he was below 
the middle height1 slenderly but        
compactly formed1  and in his better    
moments he had in an eminent degree that
 air of  gentlemanliness which men of a 
lower order seldom succeed in acquiring4
    ,his conversation was at times      
almost supramortal in its eloquence4    
,his  voice was modulated with          
astonishing skill1 and his large and    
variably  expressive eyes looked repose 
or shot fiery tumult into theirs who    
listened1 while his own face glowed1 or 
was changeless in pallor1 as his        
imagination quickened his blood or drew 
it back frozen to his heart4 ,his       
imagery was from the worlds which no    
mortals can see but with the vision  of 
genius4 ,suddenly starting from a       
proposition1 exactly and sharply        
defined1 in terms of utmost simplicity  
and clearness1 he rejected the  forms of
 customary logic1 and by a crystalline  
process of accretion1  built up his     

ocular demonstrations in forms of       
gloomiest and ghastliest  grandeur1 or  
in those of the most airy and delicious 
beauty--so minutely  and distinctly1 yet
 so rapidly1 that the attention which   
was yielded to  him was chained till it 
stood among his wonderful               
creations--till he  himself dissolved   
the spell1 and brought his hearers back 
to common and  base existence1 by vulgar
 fancies or exhibitions of the ignoblest
  passion4    ,he was at all times a    
dreamer--dwelling in ideal realms--in   
heaven or  hell--peopled with the       
creatures and the accidents of his      
brain4 ,he  walked the streets1 in      
madness or melancholy1 with lips moving 
in  indistinct curses1 or with eyes     
upturned in passionate prayer1 7never   
for  himself1 for he felt1 or professed 
to feel1 that he was already damned1    
but7 for their happiness who at the     
moment were objects of his              
idolatry2--or1 with his glances         
introverted to a heart gnawed with      

anguish1 and with a face shrouded in    
gloom1 he would brave the wildest       
storms2 and all night1 with drenched    
garments and arms beating the winds  and
 rains1 would speak as if to spirits    
that at such times only could be  evoked
 by him from the ,aidenn1 close by whose
 portals his disturbed soul  sought to  
forget the ills to which his            
constitution subjected him--close  by   
the ,aidenn which were those he         
loved--the ,aidenn which he might never 
see1 but in fitful glimpses1 as its     
gates opened to receive the less  fiery 
and more happy natures whose destiny to 
sin did not involve the  doom of death4 
,he seemed1 except when some fitful     
pursuit subjugated his  will and        
engrossed his faculties1 always to bear 
the memory of some  controlling sorrow4 
,the remarkable poem of ,the ,raven was 
probably much  more nearly than has been
 supposed1 even by those who were very  
intimate  with him1 a reflection and an 
echo of his own history4 ,he was that   

bird's      ----unhappy master whom     
unmerciful ,disaster    ,followed fast  
and followed faster till his songs one  
burden    bore--    ,till the dirges of 
his ,hope that melancholy burden bore   
,of ',never--never more4'    ,every     
genuine author1 in a greater or less    
degree1 leaves in his works1  whatever  
their design1 traces of his personal    
character2 elements of his  immortal    
being1 in which the individual survives 
the person4 ,while we  read the pages of
 the ,fall of the ,house of ,usher1 or  
of ,mesmeric  ,revelations1 we see in   
the solemn and stately gloom which      
invests one1  and in the subtle         
metaphysical analysis of both1          
indications of the  idiosyncracies--of  
what was most remarkable and            
peculiar--in the author's  intellectual 
nature4 ,but we see here only the better
 phases of his  nature1 only the symbols
 of his juster action1 for his harsh    
experience  had deprived him of all     
faith1 in man or woman4 ,he had made up 

his mind  upon the numberless           
complexities of the social world1 and   
the whole  system with him was an       
imposture4 ,this conviction gave a      
direction to his  shrewd and naturally  
unamiable character4 ,still1 though he  
regarded  society as composed altogether
 of villains1 the sharpness of his      
intellect was not of that kind which    
enabled him to cope with villany1  while
 it continually caused him by overshots 
to fail of the success of  honesty4 ,he 
was in many respects like ,francis      
,vivian1 in ,bulwer's novel  of ,the    
,caxtons4 ,passion1 in him1 comprehended
 many of the worst  emotions which      
militate against human happiness4 ,you  
could not contradict  him1 but you      
raised quick choler2 you could not speak
 of wealth1 but his  cheek paled with   
gnawing envy4 ,the astonishing natural  
advantages of this  poor boy--his       
beauty1 his readiness1 the daring spirit
 that breathed  around him like a fiery 
atmosphere--had raised his              

constitutional  self-confidence into an 
arrogance that turned his very claims to
  admiration into prejudices against    
him4 ,irascible1 envious--bad enough1   
but not the worst1 for these salient    
angles were all varnished over with  a  
cold repellant cynicism1 his passions   
vented themselves in sneers4  ,there    
seemed to him no moral susceptibility2  
and1 what was more  remarkable in a     
proud nature1 little or nothing of the  
true point of  honor4 ,he had1 to a     
morbid excess1 that desire to rise which
 is  vulgarly called ambition1 but no   
wish for the esteem or the love of his  
species2 only the hard wish to          
succeed--not shine1 not serve--succeed1 
that he might have the right to despise 
a world which galled his  self-conceit4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,laugh ,,and ,,get ,,fat6    ,,by      
,,john ,,kenyon    ,lack we motives to  
laugh8 ,are not all things1 anything1   
everything1 to be  laughed at8 ,and if  
nothing were to be seen1 felt1 heard1 or

 understood1  we would laugh at it too6 
,merry ,beggars4      ,i4    ,there's   
nothing here on earth deserves          
,half of the thought we waste about it1 
,and thinking but destroys the nerves1  
,when we could do so well without it3   
,if folks would let the world go round1 
,and pay their tithes1 and eat their    
dinners1    ,such doleful looks would   
not be found1      ,to frighten us poor 
laughing sinners4    ,never sigh when   
you can sing1    ,but laugh1 like me1 at
 everything6      ,,ii4      ,one       
plagues himself about the sun1      ,and
 puzzles on1 through every weather1     
,what time he'll rise1--how long he'll  
run1--      ,and when he'll leave us    
altogether2    ,now matters it a        
pebble-stone1      ,whether he shines at
 six or seven8    ,if they don't leave  
the sun alone1      ,at last they'll    
plague him out of heaven6    ,never sigh
 when you can sing    ,but laugh1 like  
me1 at everything6      ,,iii4          
,another spins from out his brains      

,fine cobweb1 to amuse his neighbors1   
,and gets1 for all his toils and pains1 
,reviewed1 and laughed at for his       
labors3    ,fame is his star6 and fame  
is sweet2      ,and praise is pleasanter
 than honey1--    ,i write at just so   
much a sheet1      ,and ,messrs ,longman
 pay the money6    ,never sigh when you 
can sing1    ,but laugh1 like me1 at    
everything6      ,,iv4      ,my brother 
gave his heart away      ,to            
,mercandests99illegible1 when he met    
her1    ,she married ,mr4 ,ball one     
day--      ,he's gone to ,sweden to     
forget her    ,i had a charmer1 too--and
 sighed1      ,and raved all day and    
night about her2    ,she caught a cold1 
poor thing6 and died1      ,and ,i--am  
just as fat without her    ,never sigh  
when you can sing1    ,but laugh1 like  
me1 at everything6      ,v4      ,for   
tears are vastly pretty things1         
,but make one very thin and taper2      
,and sighs are music's sweetest strings1
      ,but sound most beautiful--on     

paper6    ,thought is the ,sage's       
brightest star1      ,her gems alone are
 worth his finding2    ,but as ,i'm not 
particular1      ,please ,god6 ,i'll    
keep on never minding4    ,never sigh   
when you can sing1    ,but laugh1 like  
me1 at everything6      ,,vi4      ,oh6 
in this troubled world of ours1      ,a 
laughter-mine's a glorious treasure2    
,and separating thorns from flowers1    
,is half a pain and half a pleasure3    
,and why be grave instead of gay8       
,why feel a-thirst while folks are      
quaffing8--    ,oh6 trust me1 whatsoe'er
 they say1      ,there's nothing half so
 good as laughing6    ,never sigh when  
you can sing1    ,but laugh1 like me1 at
 everything6           99       99      
99       99       99      ,,from ,,the  
,,german ,,of ,,lenau4      ,over that  
ancient story grass has grown2          
,myself1 ,i scarce recall my own        
transgression2    ,yet1 when at twilight
 hour1 ,i stray alone1      ,at times ,i
 feel as ,i could make confession4      

,but turning from the ,past as all      
unknown4      ,i harbor in the ,present6
 ,such opression    ,of futile sad      
remorse by me be flown6      ,why summon
 bootless woes to ,memory's session8    
,when ,death1 that scythesman stern1 thy
 frame destroyeth1      ,he'll lop the  
grass1 too1 which thing actions covers4 
,and that forgotten deed shall cling    
about thee6    ,back to the ,past6 ,not 
vainly ,care employeth    ,labor and    
pain to pierce where ,darkness hovers2  
,till sin is slain within1 it cannot die
 without thee6    ,,the ,,leader4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,ebba3  ,,or ,,the ,,emigrants ,,in    
,,sweden4    ,,translation ,,for ,,the  
,,international1 ,,from ,,the ,,french  
,,of ,x4 ,,marmier4    ,,by ,,fayette   
,,robinson4    ,toward the end of       
,november1 in the year #ahca1 one of    
those rude sleighs1  met with in winter 
on all the roads of ,sweden1 passed     
rapidly along the  shores of the ,gulf  
of ,bothnia4 ,for several hours the pale

 winter sun had  been like a lamp       
extinguished beneath the horizon4 ,the  
skies1 however1  had that transparent   
clearness which is one of the charms of 
the nights  of the north4 ,myriads of   
stars covered its surface with a network
 of  gold1 and glittered again on the   
snow which covered the surface of the   
earth4 ,the wind was calm3 space was    
silent4 ,nothing was heard but the      
sounds of the hoofs of two horses       
attached to a light vehicle1 and        
occasionally the voice of the ,swedish  
postillion1 who from time to time  urged
 them on by a word of affectionate      
reproach1 or a joyous eulogium4 ,a      
traveler sat in the sleigh1 wrapped up  
in heavy furs1 and from time to  time   
cast aside the folds of the cloak which 
covered him1 to take a  thoughtful      
glance around him4 ,a stranger in       
,sweden1 he was traveling  through it1  
and during the last month had           
experienced a multitude of  emotions1   
altogether unexpected1 and which seemed 

to increase as he drew  near the north4 
,after having crossed the southern      
provinces of that  kingdom bounded by   
the ,baltic1 and those on the vast      
silver basin of ,lake  ,milar1 seen     
,stockholm in all its pride1 ,upsal1 the
 city of the ancient  gods1 and ,gbel1  
the active and industrious1 he found    
himself amid a  region entirely silent1 
inanimate1 and wrapped in a snowy pall4 
,soon he  penetrated the bosom of a long
 pine forest1 the shafts of which       
seemed1  as it were1 giants wrapped in  
cloaks of white4 ,now he ascended steep 
hills1 then rapidly hurried to the      
,gulf1 the shores of which the waves    
had made to look like point-lace1 and   
looked up at the immense rocks on  which
 the waters broke4    ,everywhere the   
same silence existed4 ,far in the       
distance a light was seen  to shine1    
either the glitter of a woodman's fire1 
or the midnight torch  kindled by some  
invalid4 ,this light1 fixed like a point
 in space1 was but  another evidence of 

the isolation of man in these regions4  
,in this inanimateness of nature1 in    
this sad uniformity of plains of  snow1 
in this desert of fields and woods1 such
 sadness1 such distress was  evident1   
that the heart of the traveler1 who     
however was young and brave1  was filled
 with a kind of mysterious fear4 ,before
 him1 among all the  other stars1 shone 
that of the pole1 that faithful light   
which is nightly  kindled like a pharos1
 and in the seasons of storm1 smiles on 
the pilgrim  who has gone astray1 and   
guides the navigator's steps4 ,the      
stranger1 for  a few instants1 kept his 
eyes fixed on this benevolent light1 as 
if to  find some relief to the          
impressions he had received from the    
melancholy  appearance of the earth4 ,he
 then tapped the postillion on the      
shoulder1  and said to him1 with the    
laconism compulsory on him from his     
knowledge  of the ,swedish tongue1      
,aland8 ,this was the name of the       
halting-place4  ,intet tu1 7not yet17   

replied the postillion1 as he took his  
arm from  the sheepskin which surrounded
 his shoulders4 ,at the same time he    
cracked  his whip1 as if to show how    
impatient he was to reach his           
halting-place4  ,the animals1 thus      
excited1 set forth at a long gallop     
across that portion  of the ,gulf where 
the frequent passage of the fishermen   
had to a degree  leveled the snow1 and  
ascended with much difficulty a hill    
covered by  trees at least a hundred    
years old4 ,at the extremity of this    
forest1 the  postillion turned toward   
the traveler1 and with his finger       
pointed out to  him a spot so distant   
that it could be distinguished with     
difficulty4  ,aland6 said he2 and with  
his voice and gestures he encouraged his
  horses1 who doubled their ardor1 as if
 they comprehended that this was  the   
last effort which would be required of  
them before they reached their          
destination4    ,the sleigh soon halted 
at the foot of a vast wooden house4     

,when the  driver cracked his whip1 when
 the sound of the bells was heard1 the  
door  opened1 and the stranger1 it was  
evident to see1 was expected4 ,a servant
  advanced to meet him1 with a lantern  
in his hand1 and led him through a  long
 corridor1 introducing him into a room  
where a man with gray hair sat  in an   
arm-chair4    ,my uncle6 said the       
traveler1 rushing toward him4           
,ireneus1 my dear child6 said the old   
man4 ,they stood in silence1  clasped in
 each other's arms1 until the old man1  
taking the young one by  the hand1 led  
him to a table on which two lights were 
burning1 looked at  him with            
complaisance1 and said1 ,it is indeed   
yourself--it is the  likeness of my poor
 brother3 the same eyes1 the same proud 
and resolute  air4 ,you look as he did  
thirty years ago1 when he was about to  
cast  himself amid the dangers of war2  
when1 unfortunately1 he embraced me for 
the last time4    ,my dear uncle1 said  
,ireneus1 instead of the brother you    

have lost1 a  son comes to you4 ,in my  
early youth1 my mother taught me to love
 you4  ,that duty ,i shall be glad to   
discharge4    ,the very sound of his    
voice6 continued the old man1 who still 
looked at  him2 the very sparkle of his 
eye6 ,no painter could have made a more 
exact portrait4 ,may you1 however1 have 
a far different destiny4 ,fatality      
weighs on the family of ,vermondans4    
,may you1 the only vigorous offshoot  of
 that old race of soldiers1 already     
stricken by misfortune1 already an      
exile from your country1 never learn1 as
 your father and ,i did1 how  bitter is 
the bread of the stranger--how difficult
 it is to go up and  down the stranger's
 staircase4 ,but what do ,i say8 ,you   
are in another  father's house4 ,you    
come to it like a long-expected child1  
and you meet  with two sisters4 ,then   
going toward the door of another room1  
he said1  ,ebba1 ,alete1 come to welcome
 your cousin4    ,two young girls       
entered immediately4 ,one of them was   

lively and active1  with black eyes and 
a ruddy complexion2 the other pale1     
fair1 and  delicate4 ,the first gave her
 hand gaily to ,ireneus1 and kissed him 
on  both cheeks2 the other advanced     
timidly1 and with downcast eyes1 leaning
  her brow forward to be kissed4    ,my 
dear cousins1 said ,ireneus1 my mother  
would have been delighted1 as  ,i am1 to
 have seen you2 but being unable to make
 this long journey in  ,sweden1 has sent
 you at least a token of her affection4 
,as he spoke1 he  took from his pocket a
 little morocco box1 which the agile    
,alete took and  opened with eagerness4 
,what pretty ear-rings6 said she2 what a
 charming ring6 ,see that little  blue  
cross1 and the bracelet set with        
emeralds4 ,such jewels are made only  in
 ,paris4 ,come look at them1 ,ebba6     
,during all this time1 ,ebba stood aside
 motionless and silent4 ,she then       
approached the table on which her sister
 had displayed the jewels1 and  looked  
at them without speaking4    ,is not    

this pretty8 said ,alete4 ,we must      
divide them2 and as ,i have a  lover who
 will make it a point of honor to give  
me as many ornaments as  my whim        
dictates and his fortune will permit1 ,i
 wish you to take the  larger part4     
,no1 said ,ebba1 with a voice soft as   
that of a child1 as you are about  to be
 married you should have all as a       
wedding present4 ,if you will  however  
let me keep this little cross1 ,i shall 
be very grateful4    ,alete1 who under  
the mask of frivolity concealed a tender
 and delicate  heart1 sought in vain to 
overcome the modesty of her sister2 and 
finally1  with much reluctance1 received
 three-quarters of the jewel-case4      
,now1 young ladies1 said their father1  
who had been an observer of this        
contest of generosity1 remember that    
your cousin has made a long  journey4   
,see if his room is in order and if     
supper is ready2 for when one  has      
passed the whole day in crossing our    
snow-plains1 some comfort is  required4 

,they are good and affectionate         
children1 continued the father1 when    
they had gone out4 ,the eldest is a     
gipsy who delights me with her  gayety2 
the youngest often moves me even to     
tears4 ,her mother died in  giving birth
 to her4 ,the poor girl seems constantly
 under the influence  of the misfortune 
which presided over her birth4    ,none 
of the things in which girls of her age 
delight1 please or excite  her4 ,her    
silent and retiring life1 seems one long
 act of resignation4  ,she finds        
interest in story and books alone4 ,she 
has learned three or  four languages1   
and read all the books either here or at
 the parsonage4  ,when1 however1 she is 
in society1 one would fancy her a very  
ignorant  person1 so little does she say
 and so anxious does she appear to      
conceal  her information4 ,her modesty  
is disturbed by no vanity1 and the      
placidity  of her meditations is        
interrupted by no vulgar commotion4 ,one
 might  almost fancy her a stranger to  

this world1 indifferent to its          
calculations1 lost to its joys1 and     
submitting without effort to its        
sorrows4 ,i have never seen her smile1  
but ,i have never heard her  complain4  
,delicate and weak1 the paleness of her 
face1 the languor of her  appearance1   
betray a physical suffering she herself 
denies4    ,as soon as she perceives    
that ,i remark any indisposition in her1
 her  countenance becomes illuminated by
 a gentle light1 her lips are gilded    
with a sweet smile1 as if she begged me 
to excuse the uneasiness she had        
inspired me with4    ,forgive me1 dear  
,ireneus1 for this unscrupulous         
thrusting on you of my  paternal        
egotism4 ,i should first have inquired  
after you and your hopes  which were    
crushed so soon4 ,ebba1 however1 is ever
 a cause of anxiety to  me4    ,ireneus 
replied to this confidence by cordially 
clasping his hand4 ,just  at that moment
 it was announced that the table was    
served4    ,come1 said the old man1 you 

will not find here the gastronomical    
niceties of ,paris4 ,like plain country 
people1 we live on the produce of  the  
soil4 ,a good bottle of old beer1       
however1 has some merit1 and  varieties 
of game are found in our forests1 for   
which the gourmets of  ,paris would     
willingly exchange their hares and      
partridges4    ,ireneus sat between his 
two cousins1 and his youthful appetite1 
sharpened  by the journey he had made1  
delighted the old man4 ,as he ate large 
slices  of the haunch of a reindeer1 and
 drank cup after cup of a savory beer1  
prepared with particular care by ,alete1
 he contrived to look at the young      
girls on each side of him4    ,the      
eldest1 always in motion1 waited on her 
cousin and her father1 went  to the     
kitchen1 sat again at the table1 and    
when she laughed disclosed  two rows of 
pearl between her rose-colored lips4    
,she was indeed a  charming girl1 round 
and dimpled as a child1 fresh and gay as
 a bird1  with every gesture graceful1  

though she was a little espiegle and    
coquettish4 ,her coquetry1 however1 was 
naive and chaste1 of a kind which  in   
many women is but the amiable           
manifestation of a sentiment of         
benevolence1 and an innocent desire to  
be agreeable4    ,ireneus took pleasure 
in looking at her1 and as she           
immediately acquired  self-possession1  
she conferred the same privilege on     
others4 ,she already  jested with him as
 if he had been an old friend1 and he   
felt himself  as unconstrained as if he 
had passed his whole life with her4     
,when1  however1 he looked at ,ebba1 it 
was with strange emotion4 ,nothing in   
his  whole life had ever touched him so4
 ,the countenance of the young girl  had
 a cold marble whiteness1 making it     
assume the appearance of a statue1      
wrought in the most artistic manner4    
,two long tresses of yellow hair fell   
over her cheeks1 and disclosed a  brow  
of ideal serenity4 ,her pale face was   
lit up with eyes clear as  crystal1 and 

blue and deep as lakes reflecting the   
skies4 ,any one who had  once looked    
into her eyes could not forget them4    
,often they drooped  beneath the lids1  
like a heart overcome with grief        
sheltering itself  beneath a cloud4     
,when they were lifted up no earthly    
desire animated  them1 and in their     
vague radiation they seemed to look into
 the infinite4    ,there are plants     
which the dew and sun do not completely 
develop4 ,there  are beings like weak   
plants1 attached to earth by but feeble 
roots1 and  who from their very birth   
seem predestined to misfortune1 and who1
 by  a kind of second-sight1 made aware 
of the fate which awaits them1 attach   
themselves with fear and trembling to a 
world in which they anticipate  only an 
ephemeral existence and cruel deception4
 ,their sadness is  reflected on those  
who approach them4 ,there is as it were 
a fatal circle  around them1 in which   
all feel themselves seized with         
indescribable fear1  and with the       

evidences of sympathy entertained for   
them is mingled a kind  of              
commiseration4    ,ireneus experienced  
at the appearance of ,ebba this         
sentiment of  uneasiness and melancholy 
sympathy4 ,when after supper he bade    
adieu to  his uncle and cousins1 when he
 was alone in his room1 he smiled when  
he  remembered the amiable gayety of    
,alete1 but became sad and pensive when 
he recalled the dreamy look of her young
 sister1 the sad melancholy  glance     
which shone over her face like the      
twilight of an autumn day4    ,ireneus  
was not however one of those sentimental
 beings belonging to the  ,byronic or   
,german school4 ,his mind was rather    
energetic than tender2 it  was rather   
ardent than despairing4 ,the son of a   
brave country gentleman  who had devoted
 fortune and life to the cause of       
legitimacy1 and after  having followed  
the princes in their various            
emigrations1 had died for  them in the  
wilderness of la ,vende4 ,ireneus had   

been the inheritor of  that obstinate   
will which never deviates from the end  
it proposes to  itself1 and of a        
chivalric worship of the ,royal family1 
which to him  seemed by a law divine to 
be invested with the imprescriptible    
right to  govern ,france4 ,of the large 
fortune which formerly belonged to his  
family1 the revolution had left him but 
a dilapidated castle1 a few  fields and 
forests1 the revenue of which scarcely  
sufficed to support his  mother in      
comfort4    ,the condition of his       
fortune did not permit him to lead an   
idle life4 ,his  birth made his         
profession certain4 ,he entered         
,saint-,cyr1 and left it with  the best 
possible recommendations4 ,he could also
 appeal to the traditions  of his       
fathers services4 ,through the union of 
these two claims he was so  rapidly     
advanced that at twenty-eight he was    
already ,captain of the  ,lancers of the
 ,guard1 with an honorable name1 a      
handsome person1 some  intelligence and 

that elegance of manners inherent in the
 class to which  he belonged1 and which 
to us is known as the aristocracy1 the  
young  nobleman might without           
presumption anticipate a brilliant      
future4 ,his  mother amid the silence of
 her provincial castle followed him step
 by  step1 with pride1 and her solitary 
dreams saw him the husband of a rich    
heiress1 ,colonel and aide-de-camp of a 
prince1 deputy and peer of ,france4     
,who can tell how vague were the hopes  
entertained in relation to that  child  
in whom all her hopes were centered6    
,his mother was lost in this study and  
observation of castles in the air1  when
 the revolutions of ,july burst forth   
like a thunderbolt1 and at one  blow    
overturned all her aerial edifices4     
,ireneus was at ,paris when this        
terrible contest1 the result of which   
was  the overturning of a monarchy1     
began with the crushing of a throne4 ,he
  fought with the ardor inspired at once
 by his love of legitimacy and his      

innate horror of the revolutionary flag4
 ,on the first day he had the  honor of 
resisting with his company a numerous   
body of insurgents1 and  succeeded in   
protecting the post which had been      
confided to him4 ,on the  second day1   
after a desperate contest1 the danger of
 which served only to  magnify his      
courage1 he fell from his horse with a  
ball through his  chest4 ,his soldiers  
who were devoted to him bore him to a   
house where he  was kindly treated4 ,a  
few hours after1 a ,general who had seen
 him in the  battle1 sent him the brevet
 of ,major4 ,it was an empty honor1 for 
the hand  which signed this promotion   
soon renounced all human grandeur and   
all  command4    ,the wound of ,ireneus 
was severe4 ,the kind attentions however
 which  surrounded1 protected him from  
danger of death4 ,as soon as he was     
beginning to grow well1 he went to his  
mother's house1 where his cure  was     
completed4 ,there he heard of the new   
exile of those for whom his  father had 

shed his blood and of the establishment 
of the new monarchy4  ,many of his      
friends were soon induced to connect    
themselves with the new  monarchy which 
retained them in service1 and even      
conferred special  compliments on them1 
and they wrote to induce him to follow  
their  example4 ,such a thought never   
entered his mind4 ,without partaking of 
the  exaggerated hatred of many of the  
,legitimists against the new monarchy1  
he had stated that he would never serve 
it4 ,he was not a man to violate a      
promise4 ,but he was subject to the     
danger of inactivity1 the greatest      
torment of active and strong minds4 ,as 
an ambitious man examines with  great   
uneasiness the path which leads him to  
power1 as the speculator  contemplates  
the capricious whims of fortune1 as the 
young officer  waiting orders looks in  
every direction for action1 did         
,ireneus4 ,more  than once he resolved  
to join his fortunes with those of the  
exiled  princes in the arena of public  

opinion4 ,they however had submitted to 
their fate1 and no longer appealed to   
their faithful servants4 ,the time  of  
,royal crusades had gone by4 ,sovereigns
 made uneasy by the  effervescence of   
revolutions1 which like a contagion     
spread over ,europe1  had enough to do  
to secure their own thrones1 and had no 
disposition to  ruin themselves in      
lifting up that of a neighbor4          
,madame de ,vermondans1 after striving  
in vain to amuse her son1 induced  him  
to visit his uncle in ,sweden1 hoping   
that travel would restore quiet  to his 
mind4 ,it was one of those healthful    
remedies which often escape  the        
observation of science1 and are         
suggested only by the ingenuity of      
tenderness4 ,nothing in certain moral   
diseases is more efficacious than       
travel4 ,he who after having enjoyed all
 the emotions of active life1  finds    
himself at once condemned to the        
sterility of idleness1 suffers  under a 
perpetual fever4 ,within him there is as

 it were an ever-acting  spring he      
strives with a constant effort to       
repress4    ,his intellectual and       
physical faculties1 his imagination1 his
 senses seek  to resume their old power4
 ,if the forces with which he is        
endowed1 if the  abundant grasp of his  
mind are paralyzed in their motion1     
these forces  weigh on him like a       
useless burden4 ,soon in consequence of 
the internal  contest he has undergone1 
the constant desires he has given vent  
to1 from  the very exuberance of life1  
which finding no outlet1 recoils on     
itself1  he becomes a victim of the     
demon of satiety4 ,to escape from its   
rude  grasp1 air and space are required4
 ,the victim must be borne from the     
narrow circle within which he is riveted
 as by a chain1 which clasps his  frame4
 ,he must shake from himself every      
chimera1 and to enable him to  forget   
himself1 the aspect of strange lands1 of
 scenes and pictures  which one after   
the other exhibit themselves before him1

 all that  forcibly attracts the        
attention1 all that occupies the mind in
 a new  land1 material cares1 unexpected
 incidents1 the surprises of travel1 and
  yet more the magical influence of     
nature1 are required to restore tone to 
the sick soul4    ,ireneus had really   
experienced the effect of this moral    
remedy4 ,in his  journey across ,germany
 and the ,north1 he had not recovered   
his early  impetus1 his natural ardor1  
but he at least felt himself master of  
himself4 ,he reached his uncle's house  
in the happiest possible  disposition of
 mind4    ,when he arose on the next    
day1 he took occasion to remark the     
delicate  ,precaution taken to render   
his sojourn pleasant as possible4 ,the  
furniture of maple or birch was plain1  
but wonderfully neat2 the bed  linen was
 of snowy whiteness and purity2 and     
perfumed by aromatic plants  with which 
in the drawers it had been strewed4     
,here and there were a few  choice      
engravings1 and on the floor was a      

carpet woven by his two  cousins4    ,at
 the very dawn of day a servant came to 
open the earthen stove1 which  stood on 
the hearth like a vast column1 and      
placed in it an armfull of  the pitch   
pine1 which sent out jets of flame and a
 perfume which filled  the whole room4  
,double windows protected this room also
 against the  severity of the weather4  
,between them was a bed of flocks of    
wool on  which the young girls had      
placed artificial flowers1 as if to     
preserve in  the nudity of winter the   
smiling image of spring4 ,here windows  
looked out  on a landscape which in the 
summer time must have presented a       
charming  aspect4 ,the house of ,m4     
,vermondans stood on a hill1 on the brow
 of which  was a breast of pines4 ,in   
front of the principal faade was a      
garden with  a proclivity toward the    
lake1 which was surrounded and sheltered
 by a  belt of trees4 ,in the distance  
the peasants' houses were seen1 the tall
  clock spire of ,aland1 and far in the 

distance the chimneys of the furnace    
belonging to ,m4 de ,vermondans4 ,at    
this moment1 the plain1 the             
snow-covered woods1 the frozen lake     
presented one uniform color4 ,any one1  
however1 might see they would present   
beautiful landscapes1 when the sun      
called forth the field-flowers1 made the
 forests lifeful1 and gilded the  water4
    ,ireneus went to his uncle's room4  
,he found the old man rested in an arm  
chair1 with his legs crossed and a long 
pipe in his mouth4    ,m4 de ,vermondans
 was not one of those persons who       
willingly distress  themselves about    
what the poets call the miseries of     
human life4 ,he took  things as they    
came1 and enjoyed prosperity without    
imagining future  troubles4    ,while   
young1 he had fought with his brothers  
the battles of legitimacy4  ,like his   
brother1 he entertained a mortal hatred 
for revolutionary  rabble3 gradually1   
like many others1 he had begun to reason
 on the  matter1 and become so tolerant 

that his doctrines reached the point    
almost of carelessness4 ,just as her sic
 nephew came in1 he was  reflecting and 
quasi confirmed in the wisdom of his    
principles4 ,yes1  said he1 as if he    
continued a conversation already begun1 
yes1 my  friend1 ,i am as much opposed  
as you are to a stormy revolution4 ,i   
left my  father's house1 ,i abandoned my
 patrimony to accompany our princes into
  exile4 ,i have fought for them1 in    
their holy cause ,i received a sabre cut
  on the arm1 which every now and then1 
by a very disagreeable sensation1       
recalls my youthful patriotism to me4   
,soon1 however1 the idle pretensions  of
 my comrades1 the disputes of our       
chiefs1 repressed my ardor4 ,i left  one
 of the cohorts in which reason was     
treated as treachery1 and where         
boasting alone was listened to with     
complacency4 ,there firmness and        
complaisance were paralyzed now by      
erroneous movements and next by         
contradictory orders4 ,a faithful       

servant contrived to save a portion of  
my estate1 and at the peril of his own  
life brought me twenty thousand  francs 
in gold4 ,with this sum ,i came to      
,sweden1 knowing that here  everything  
was cheap1 and determined to buy a small
 estate on which ,i  might live1 until  
,i could find an opportunity of serving 
to some purpose  that cause to which my 
heart was devoted1 and which ,i had     
never yet  entirely abandoned4    ,at   
,stockholm one of those strange         
rencontres which we attribute to        
chance1 but which the pious with more   
propriety think originate in            
,providence1 made me acquainted with a  
land-holder in ,angermania1 named       
,guldberg1 as good a man as ever lived4 
,i am indebted to him for all my        
prosperity1 and ,i bless his memory4 ,m4
 ,guldberg had discovered a rich        
mineral deposit on his estate1 was      
anxious to establish a furnace1 and     
sought for some one to aid him in his   
enterprise4 ,in the course of my        

studies ,i had acquired some ideas of   
hydraulics and mechanics1 trifling      
enough it is true1 but one day          
conversation having been directed to    
these  matters1 ,guldberg1 who knew even
 less than ,i did1 appeared delighted   
with  my explanations1 and asked me to  
aid him in his projected enterprise4    
,without reflecting more than he did    
when he made the offer1 ,i consented4   
,i came hither with him3 ,i             
superintended the construction and the  
first  labor of the furnace you see     
glowing there4 ,i was not unlike the    
ignorant  teacher who  studies in the   
morning the lesson he teaches in the    
afternoon4 ,i made more than one        
unfortunate experiment4 ,i committed    
more  than one error1 but at last ,i got
 our establishment under way4 ,guldberg 
had suffered patiently1 and never       
complained of the mistakes ,i had made1 
and now appeared most grateful for my   
success4 ,he very generously offered  me
 a share of the profits of an enterprise

 which from the very  commencement      
promised the most favorable results4    
,from this time  commences a series of  
derogations ,i now look on as so many   
wise  resolutions1 but which many would 
look on as acts of apostasy4 ,here ,i   
am1  a ,french noble1 with ,i know not  
how many illustrious quarters1          
compromising my escatcheon in an        
industrial occupation4 ,this was the    
first derogation4 ,guldberg had an only 
daughter1 very interesting1 and  who    
pleased me4 ,she had the kindness to    
show that ,i was not disagreeable2  she 
however had not a drop of noble blood1  
not even a single quartering4  ,i       
married her1 much to your father's      
discontent4 ,that was my second         
derogation4 ,this woman during her life 
was the very impersonation of  virtue1  
but was a protestant1 and asked me as a 
favor that if our  children were female1
 they might be educated in her faith4   
,my two  daughters believe as their     
mother did4 ,that is the third          

derogation4    ,an honest young fellow  
has courted the eldest of these girls4  
,he is the  son of a priest1 and will go
 into orders himself if he does not     
become  professor of a college4 ,i saw  
my dear ,alete had confidence in him4 ,i
  consented that she should marry a     
plebeian and a heretic4 ,in this was    
comprised the fourth and fifth          
derogation4 ,i suffered the             
revolutionary  crisis of ,france to pass
 without exciting me3 ,i have learned   
through the  papers that our dear       
country1 the most intelligent in the    
world1 has  successively adulated and   
cursed the bloody tyranny of            
,robespiere1 the  gallantry of ,barras1 
the ,consulate1 ,empire and the         
,revolution4    ,when the lilies        
replaced the tricolor1 and the amiable  
people of ,paris  cast themselves before
 the troops of the white-horse of       
,monsieur1 with  the same enthusiasm    
they had a few years before manifested  
at the  appearance of the proud charger 

of the conqueror of ,wagram and ,jena1  
,i  remained here and never changed my  
colors3 ,i never cried 'down with the   
,corsican ,ogre4' ,smoking my pipe in   
peace1 ,i watched my furnace1 smiled on 
my children and my harvests1 in the     
sunlight of ,sweden1 which would be so  
delightful if it were a little less     
rare4 ,this was another and a terrible  
derogation4    ,gradually1 however1 dear
 ,ireneus1 ,i built up a faith to suit  
myself1  found1 ,i think1 in the works  
of no philosopher 7,i read but little71 
but  which yet seems to me a very good  
rule of conduct1 inasmuch as it leaves  
the conscience at ease and makes me as  
happy as any one can be in this  valley 
of tears4 ,i therefore think1 dear      
,ireneus1 that in our benevolence  we   
make monsters of certain ideas which we 
imbibe when we are children1  and to    
which1 without examination1 we always   
submit ourselves4 ,i think  that without
 violating any true principle of        
morality1 without ceasing to  be1 in any

 respect1 a moral man1 we may break some
 links of that network  of traditions   
spun for us by our teachers at so much  
an hour1 and which  throws a hood over  
us as it is thrown over a falcon1 to    
keep it from  flying in the infinitude  
of space4 ,i respect every sincere      
belief1 even  hat which ,i look on as a 
prejudice1 and ,i insist that my own be 
respected4 ,as a conclusion of my       
profession of faith1 ,i am willing to   
admit that even a republican convinced  
of the justness of his opinions  appears
 as reasonable to me as a monarchist1   
and that a quaker or  ,calvinist is as  
near heaven as the devout ,catholic4    
,when my mind lifts itself up toward    
,god1 ,i imagine him the  representative
 and originater of all good1 and ,i am  
convinced that the  surest way to       
approach him1 to merit his favor and win
 his blessing1 is1  in the circle in    
which we are1 whether large or small1 to
 do as much good  as possible4 ,i say1  
that the workingman1 who toils for a    

short time to  assist his invalid       
neighbor1 acquires more merit than the  
rich man1 who  with an icy hand casts   
his coin into the lap of the indigent4  
,i have the  audacity to think that a   
king1 who in the splendor of his court  
is  forgetful of the suffering of his   
people2 that a noble1 who abandons      
himself to all the enjoyments of his    
fortune1 forgetful of misery            
languishing at his castle gate1 are     
great criminals2 and that ,god will     
punish their misdeeds1 either on them1  
or1 as the ,bible says1 'on their       
children even until the fourth and fifth
 generation4'    ,ireneus1 who had      
listened in silence to this long        
profession of faith1  asked himself if  
it was worth while to contradict it4    
,the words of his  uncle were           
contradictory of one of those doctrines1
 which are the more  difficult to shake1
 as they have their hold in the         
philosophy of the  heart1 and are fenced
 around with many noble sentiments4 ,his

 loyalty1  however1 seemed to require   
some reply1 and he spoke as follows3    
,i understand well enough1 my dear      
uncle1 the chain of circumstances  which
 has led you almost to lay aside the    
principles which now seem  prejudices to
 you4 ,i myself willingly immolate on   
the altar of new ideas  that pride of   
nobility which delights in the study of 
old parchments1 and  makes a kind of    
fetish of scutcheons carved on the walls
 of an ancient  castle4 ,i condemn as a 
foolish error1 the airs of superiority  
affected by  old nobles in respect to   
merit sprung from the people2 and if1 in
 the  opinion of my father1 your        
marriage with the daughter of your      
friend1  seemed a degradation1 forgive  
him4 ,remember that he died at an epoch 
of  strife and convulsion in which every
 noble defended1 with the greatest      
possible ardor1 the prerogatives of his 
rank1 which he saw were attacked  by the
 maddest passion1 and were in danger of 
being lost4 ,since then we  have made   

much progress4 ,the barriers which      
formerly divided society into  two      
classes have been destroyed1 space has  
been opened for every one to  carve his 
own way1 and the people participate in  
governments1 and in the  royal councils4
    ,the majority of the ministers of   
the ,restoration were chosen from among 
the people4 ,in relation to this1 ,i    
admit all the reasonings of the         
philosophers of the eighteenth century1 
and of the liberals of our own  times4  
,in them ,i find expansion of heart1    
intelligence1 and ,i care not  for      
genealogy4 ,the qualities of mind1 grace
 and beauty seem to me signs  of        
distinction marked by the finger of     
,god1 who is wiser far than             
,d',hozier4,a ,i cannot1 however1 forget
 that this race of nobles1 so  cruelly  
persecuted thirty years ago1 so often   
trampled on in our own  times1 was the  
glory and the power of ,france4 ,i was  
forced with pain to  see with what      
incessant malignity this race1 though   

stripped of its  ancient power1 was     
attacked4 ,i have often said that in    
sapping the  foundations of the         
aristocratic edifice1 that in crushing  
the legitimacy  of the nobles1 an attack
 was made on the legitimacy of monarchy4
 ,the  revolution just over has but too 
well justified my apprehensions4 ,this  
revolution which by a species of        
criminal conversion1 selects one of the 
old royal blood to occupy the throne of 
the exile1 which selects the one        
nearest the throne1 is perhaps but the  
first of a series of convulsions1  in   
which will be engulfed1 by ambition and 
pride1 the wisdom and  experience of the
 past4      ,footnote ,a3 ,a genealogist
 of great repute in ,france1 twenty     
years  since4      ,this conversation   
between the uncle and nephew was        
interrupted by the  sound of a horse's  
hoofs1 dragging a sleigh rapidly toward 
the door of  the house4    ,that is     
beyond doubt my future son-in-law1 said 
,m4 de ,vermondans1  another            

philosopher1 who1 like yourself1 does   
not in every respect agree  with you4   
,he is1 however1 a good fellow1 who     
under a by no means  aristocratic       
exterior conceals the noblest qualities4
    ,when she heard the sleigh1 ,alete  
ran to the door sill2 and ,ebba followed
  him4 ,at the appearance of the two    
sisters1 like a rose and a lily1 the    
young man hastened to divest himself of 
the thick fur which enwrapped  him1     
sprang from the sleigh1 and hastened to 
his betrothed4 ,he had not1  however1   
remembered the caprice of ,alete1 who1  
instead of giving him her  hand as      
usual1 looked sternly at him1 and said3 
,sir1 you are incorrigible4 ,how comes  
that waistcoat to be buttoned  wrong8   
,and why has that cravat wings1 like    
those of a crow8 ,why does your         
shirt-collar come up to your ears8 ,is  
this the fruit of the lessons on  the   
toilette1 which ,i have so often given  
you8 ,did ,i not also order you  to     
attend to your hair1 and not let it fall

 on your shoulder1 like two  bundles of 
flax1 in disorder8 ,you do not know that
 we have here a cousin  from ,paris1 who
 will take you for a ,goth1 or the ,lord
 knows what4    ,the poor young man1    
stupefied at this reception1 looked down
  mechanically1 with his hand on his    
waistcoat and his cravat1 and did not   
dare to approach his rigorous mistress4 
,alete1 ,alete1 said ,ebba1 with a voice
 of supplication1 how can you be  so    
cruel6    ,alete1 satisfied beyond doubt
 by the respectful submission with which
 her  ,reproaches had been received1    
sprang to the neck of her betrothed1 and
  said1    ,but ,i love my dear ,eric   
truly4 ,if ,i sometimes play the        
magnificent with  him1 it is to make him
 think that he has himself1 in a noble  
epistle1  called me his sovereign4 ,is  
not this so1 ,eric8 added she1 leaning  
toward  him like a petted child4 ,do you
 not weary of my little wickednesses8   
,at  present1 you see1 ,i use the       
remnant of my liberty3 when we are      

married1  however1 ,i shall be a model  
of obedience4    ,the face of ,eric had 
already become lighted up1 and he kissed
 with  pleasure the little hand placed  
in his4    ,alete seemed to fear nothing
 so much as these sentimental           
manifestations1  and took him into the  
room where the uncle and nephew had     
their political  contest1 and pausing   
before ,ireneus1 said1    ,cousin1      
permit me to introduce to you ,m4 ,eric 
,goldberg1 ,doctor of the  ,university  
of ,upsal1 and a learned ,grecian1 who  
never in his life read a  single line of
 the ,journal des ,modes1 and cannot    
conceive of the  difference between a   
good and bad tailor2 who would not know 
how to hold  a fan2 or to perform a     
contradance1 but who1 in spite of all   
that1 is one  of the best fellows in the
 world1 and is devoted to your cousin4  
,after this singular introduction1 a    
faint blush spread over the face of  the
 young doctor4 ,a clasp of the hand1 and
 an affectionate word1 however1  from   

,ireneus1 put an end to all             
embarrassment4    ,a strange girl1 said 
,m4 de ,vermondans1 following ,alete    
with his eye as  she hurried to the     
kitchen to take charge of the           
preparations for dinner4  ,is not that  
an odd introduction of her husband and  
lover8 ,she never does  things1 however1
 like other people4 ,be seated1 dear    
,eric1 though1 and  tell me why we have 
not seen you for three days4 ,we had    
began to be  uneasy about you1 and      
,alete often looked toward the window4  
,had you not  come to-day1 ,i should    
have sent to ask the reason4    ,my     
father has been a little unwell1 replied
  ,eric2 as he placed his  hands1 made  
red by the cold1 near the stove4 ,i had 
to remain to assist  him in some of his 
duties1 and to amuse him by reading to  
him4 ,this  morning1 as ,i learned that 
,monsieur--,monsieur--    ,say at once  
your cousin1 said ,ireneus1 frankly4    
,that my cousin resumed the timid ,eric1
 with more confidence1 had  arrived1 ,i 

was unwilling to remain longer away1 and
 my father was kind  enough not to wish 
to retain me4    ,as the ,upsal student 
pronounced these few simple words1      
,ireneus observed  him1 and discovered  
in his face such an expression of       
kindness1 and in  his clear blue eyes   
such intelligence that he felt a real   
sympathy for  him4    ,i thank you1 said
 he1 for thinking of me before you knew 
me4 ,i hope  that when we shall be      
acquainted you will grant me a portion  
of the love  you have conferred on my   
family4 ,i am already disposed to love  
you as a  cousin4    ,ah6 cried ,eric1  
springing up1 and glancing at ,ireneus  
with an  expression of radiant joy1 how 
happy ,i am at what you say6 ,i was     
afraid4  ,i will confess1 that ,i might 
find in you one of those careless men of
 the  world1 as we hear most of the     
,parisians are4 ,i see1 however1 you are
 a  worthy nephew of him ,i shall soon  
call uncle4    ,gentlemen1 said ,alete1 
who from the door had1 with a pleasant  

smile on  her face1 heard this amicable 
exchange of sentiments1 will you be     
pleased to come to dinner8    ,have they
 any caviar8 asked ,m4 de ,vermondans4  
,certainly1 and as good as possible4    
,then we can give this ,parisian a      
complete specimen of the gastronomical  
refinements of our out-kitchen4    ,you 
must know1 ,ireneus1 said he1 as he led 
his nephew to a little table  placed in 
the corner of the dining-room1 that we  
do not commerce our  meal as the rest of
 the world does4 ,our good ancestors    
certainly  discovered1 that the walls of
 the stomach being contracted by cold1  
needed to be refreshed by something     
spirituous1 and from time to time  this 
estimable precaution has been           
perpetuated in the country4 ,we will    
therefore first take a glass of this    
brandy1 and then a cake of this  caviar1
 a few anchovies1 and a slice or two of 
ham1 after which we will  really sit at 
the festal board1 where the soup1 to    
which you assign the  first rank1       

appears only as a secondary entree1     
after many culinary  preparations4      
,this was done to the great amusement of
 ,ireneus1 who really would have  taken 
for the dinner itself the prelude to it4
    ,when they had sat down1 ,alete     
undertook to put him through a course of
  national gastronomy4    ,what do you  
think1 asked she1 of the fish to which  
my father has just  helped you8    ,they
 are very good1 replied ,ireneus1 and   
resemble smelts4    ,what do you mean by
 smelts8 ,they are doubtless some       
tasteless product of  your warm rivers4 
,know1 ,monsieur1 that these are        
stroemlings1 the finest  and most       
delicate fish in the icy waters of the  
north4 ,this other fish1  which glows   
like a piece of gold in its porcelain   
plate1 you would find  it difficult to  
call by the correct name4 ,it is a      
salmon1 caught by a  skillful hand1 and 
smoked with particular care4 ,near you  
is the tongue of  a reindeer1 prepared  
by a ,laplander1 unrivaled in this      

useful art4 ,this  bird1 which yet looks
 fixedly at you with open eyes1 though  
it died two  days ago1 you might fancy a
 barn-door fowl1 fattened up by the     
cook4 ,not  so3 it is the briar-cock1   
the honor of our forests4 ,the two fowls
 in that  dish are not a pair of vulgar 
pullets1 but succulent grouse4 ,i will  
not  mention that haunch of sanglier1   
which1 however1 is worthy of a royal    
table2 nor of those vegetables1 which   
strangers say are nowhere as finely     
flavored as they are in our loved       
,sweden2 nor of those berries1 gathered 
last fall on the sides of our hills4    
,pay some attention1 however1 to that   
bread which you break so carelesely with
 your fingers4 ,it is not coarse  and   
heavy1 like that of other countries4 ,it
 is our kneach-brad1  delicate and light
 as a sheet of paper1 and white as the  
purest flour4    ,have you done8 said   
,m4 de ,vermondans2 and can you not1 as 
an  accompaniment to so many exquisite  
things1 bring us a bottle of claret8    

,wrong again4 said ,alete2 as if this   
beer1 prepared from the best  barley1   
the most perfumed hops1 yellow as the   
,baltic1 amber and pure as              
spring-water1 was not more valuable than
 the coarse red fluid you send to  such 
a distance for4    ,i agree with you1   
said ,ireneus1 who in his turn wished to
 laugh at the  young girl4 ,it seems to 
me1 that when seated in front of the    
riches of  the north1 it would be a     
profanation to pour out a libation in a 
foreign  beverage4 ,this beer has       
besides so excellent a flavor1 that were
 there  anything like it in ,france1 it 
is probable that the owners of the ,clos
 de  ,vaugeot and ,medoc would root out 
their vines to make room for hops and   
barley4    ,you are laughing at me1 dear
 cousin1 said ,alete2 take care1        
however4    ,peste6 said ,m4 de         
,vermondans1 any one who knows you would
 be rash  indeed to excite your         
ceaseless babble4 ,i do not think that  
,ireneus1 who  has more than once proved

 his courage1 is bold enough for that4  
,two royal officers contending against a
 poor country-girl1 said ,alete4  ,we   
are not fairly matched1 and ,i will go  
for the claret4    ,it was wrong for    
,alete to leave just then1 for the      
conversation1 which  hitherto had been  
gaily sustained1 immediately began to   
languish1 and  assumed a direction which
 compelled her to silence4    ,ireneus  
complained of the inroad of democratic  
ideas1 of the trembling  and fall of    
aristocratic institutions1 of the       
authority of right divine1  which in his
 chivalric enthusiasm he looked on as   
the basis of society4    ,ah1 replied   
,eric1 with a tone of voice which seemed
 aroused by a  feeling of affection1    
this holy authority will lift itself up 
from the  level of the popular waves    
which threaten to overwhelm it4 ,it will
 appear  clear and brilliant as our     
polar star1 above the clouds which now  
surround it4 ,it would subsist in all   
its power1 if it were exercised by  men 

who comprehended the holy duties it     
imposed on them4 ,everything  connected 
with this primitive law1 with this noble
 image of patriarchal  government1 would
 yet exist1 if each member of the great 
social family  would contemplate from a 
just point of view his own condition1   
and carry  out the consequences in a    
,christian-like manner4    ,charity1    
that is to say love and compassion1 the 
two expressions in  which are summed up 
all the joys and miseries of human life1
 are two  virtues1 ennobling and        
consoling man4 ,let the rich man be     
charitable to  the servant he has       
subjected to his will1 toward the poor  
man who begs of  him4 ,let him say every
 day1 as he awakes1 every night as he   
prepares  himself for repose1 that the  
more powerful he has been made by       
,providence1 the greater is the         
obligation he is under to aid and       
protect  those around him4 ,in his turn1
 let the poor man be charitable to the  
rich2 let him know that no rock of      

marble1 no gilded platform can rescue   
the prince from mortal anxiety1 and that
 human grief is found beneath the       
imperial purple as well as wrapped in   
rags1 and that often the noble1         
surrounded by riches and at the festal  
board1 is forced to envy the  humble hut
 and obscure repose of the coal-burner4 
,if ever1 pursued ,eric1 with an accent 
of enthusiasm1 ,i shall be called  to   
expound the word of ,god1 this          
especially shall be the text of my      
sermons3 ,charity6 ,charity6 ,by charity
 ,i do not mean the habit of  extending 
the hand1 which by a kind of instinctive
 motion1 lets alms fall  in the blind   
man's basket1 nor the graceful action of
 a lady who at  certain hours leaves the
 saloon to visit the garret4 ,true      
charity  consists not so much in        
material aid as in the gifts of the     
heart2 and  every individual1 humble as 
he may be1 may perform a precious act of
  charity4 ,to pay correct esteem to a  
poor man who has been calumniated2  to  

revive hope in a mind overpowered by    
misfortune and tortured by doubt2  to   
console by kind words a soul mistaken   
and suffering from errors2 each  of     
these is a charity4 ,to be mild and kind
 to all who approach you1 to be         
indulgent to those blinded by the       
glitter of prosperity1 to be kind and   
affectionate even when an effort is     
required to be so1 to open a            
sympathizing heart to all complainings1 
to all diseases1 to all human  errors1  
is the way to gain daily the choicest   
opportunities of charity4  ,to be       
charitable is to be good4 ,one of your  
illustrious writers1  ,bernardin de     
,saint ,pierre1 said1 ',were every one  
to regulate his own  house1 order would 
be the law of nature4' ,we may also say1
 were each one  to do good1 universal   
happiness would be certain4    ,dear1   
dear ,eric1 said ,alete1 clasping his   
hand4 ,then as if she  reproached       
herself for this emotion1 she suddenly  
withdrew it and said1  ,you need not get

 into the pulpit to preach a very       
edifying sermon4 ,you  treat us already 
as your future parishioners1 and honor  
my cousin in the  same manner4 ,since   
you have begun1 will you not complete   
his education8  ,that beautiful ,france1
 the wit and learning of which is so    
much extolled1  exhibits a haughty      
disdain of the science of other lands4  
,i am sure my  cousin knows very little 
of the history of ,sweden1--that        
magnificent  chronicle which in its     
royal genealogies dates from the deluge4
 ,you can  teach him4 ,my learned sister
 ,ebba will also teach him ,swedish1 the
 most  beautiful and harmonious tongue  
in the world1 and certainly the oldest1 
since savans have proven that ,adam and 
,eve spoke it in ,paradise4 ,i also     
wish to do my duty1 and will guide my   
cousin in the study of natural  history 
of grouse and briar-cock1 and the       
aromatic plants which grow on  our      
hillsides4    ,you jest1 said ,ireneus1 
but ,i seriously adopt your proposition4

    ,bah6 bah6 cried ,m4 de ,vermondans4
 ,he would be a pretty ,captain of      
,lancers if he were to subject himself  
to pedagogues1 like a school-boy1  and  
study themes and versions like a college
 lad4    ,excuse me1 my dear uncle1 the 
most unpleasant thing in the world to me
  is to be idle4 ,since circumstances   
condemn me to inactivity1 ,i would1 if  
possible1 employ my time usefully4 ,i   
shall be very grateful to ,eric and  my 
cousins1 if they will give me the       
instruction ,i need so much4 ,i shall   
be delighted to study the history of    
,sweden1 a language spoken by persons   
,i love better than any in the world1   
and the products of the soil of  ,which 
,alete is the amiable ,buffon4    ,so be
 it1 said ,m4 de ,vermondans1 who1 in   
spite of his eclecticism in  politics1  
had1 with a strange mental              
contradiction1 preserved in relation  to
 certain things very deeply rooted      
ideas1 ,so be it4 ,in my time people    
took up no such fancies--more than one  

emigre passed ten years of his  life in 
a foreign country1 and never learned to 
speak its language4 ,the  young men of  
our times are not like those of to-day4 
,the world1 which  when ,i knew it was  
so gay and careless1 which from its very
 recklessness  and its choleric daring  
was so interesting1 now looks to me like
 a vast  school4 ,its atmosphere1       
formerly impregnated with perfumes1 is  
now  saturated with the atmosphere of   
dusty tomes and damp newspapers4 ,we    
meet  with no one but persons anxious   
either to teach or learn4 ,what will    
become of us if we give way to this     
pedantic pride8 ,if we surrender to     
this anxiety to analyze everything8 ,if 
we go on so1 to suit us1 ,god will  be  
compelled to make a new world1 to give  
occupation to the lofty fancies  of     
naturalists and physical philosophers1  
who seem to me to have weighed  and     
examined this thoroughly4    ,bah6 bah6 
,mademoiselle the philosopher1 said ,m4 
de ,vermondans1 as he  saw ,ebba smile1 

,i am not ignorant that just now ,i talk
 very much like a  heretic4 ,you have   
delighted in reading a multitude of     
books4 ,i excuse  you1 however1 because 
you never boast of your acquisitions4   
,you do not belong to those             
blue-stockings1 and ,i have met many    
such1  who1 as soon as you approach     
them1 throw at your head the name of a  
poet  like a bomb-shell1 and exhibit the
 wealth of their arsenal by firing a    
philosophical cannon1 or algebraic chain
 shot4    ,may ,god almighty keep me    
from those women who forget in this     
manner the  natural graces of their sex4
 ,let him protect me from those         
,laureates who  can see no natural      
phenomenon without crying out with      
stupid  satisfaction1 ',i know the      
reason4'    ,imagine how delighted ,i   
should be1 if when enjoying the         
delicious luxury  of sunset1 some       
bachelor of arts should say--           
',monsieur1 will you suffer me to       
explain how various clouds assume the   

colors which so vividly impress you1 and
 with what rapidity light comes  to the 
eye8'    ,for heaven's sake let me enjoy
 in peace all the gifts of ,providence1 
admire its works in the innocence of my 
heart1 and discover by what  geometrical
 process ,god has regulated the form of 
the globe1 and to what  pallet1 to use  
the painter's phrase1 he has ground his 
colors4    ,there you express a pious   
and respectable sentiment1 which1       
however1  permit me to say1 cannot be   
admitted without some qualification4 ,we
 must  not forget that the greatest gift
 with which ,god has endowed man is     
intelligence1 and that one of our first 
duties is to attempt to develop  that   
intelligence by means of every faculty  
and all the means of  application with  
which he has endowed us4    ,good4 ,if  
you were sure that you would not lose   
yourself amid temptation1  or1 if like  
,tobias1 you had an angel to guide you  
in the stormy voyage  you undertake4    
,into what derangement of pride has not 

man fallen1 from  the fabulous          
,prometheus1 who sought to snatch fire  
from heaven1 to the  ,philosophers of   
the eighteenth century1 who extinguished
 fire in the  lights of their reason4   
,prove to me that what you call human   
reason has  in any manner purified or   
ennobled the moral sentiment1 and ,i    
will bow  myself before your logicians  
and rhetoricians4 ,to what direction    
soever ,i  turn ,i see only vain        
puerilities1 useless labor1 doubtful    
hypotheses1  presumption and falsehood4 
,i admit that you may count amid the    
multitude  of books lumbering the       
shelves of your libraries many innocent 
and  instructive works4 ,those books1   
however1 prove your impotence4    ,act  
as you please1 and you will never be    
able to develop equally the  various    
mental powers4 ,to expand one it is     
necessary to repress the  others4 ,by   
giving your reason the rude aliment of  
scholastic argument1  you neglect your  
imagination4 ,by illuminating your mind 

you overshadow  your heart4 ,you        
congratulate yourself at the discovery  
of a problem1 the  solution of which you
 have long sought for4 ,scientific      
journals become  filled with numerous   
dissertations about it1 academies decree
 crowns and  medals to the author of the
 precious discovery4 ,no one remembers1 
that  each of these solutions breaks one
 of the wonderful chains of charming    
symbols1 of naive ideas which once      
animated and vivified the people4 ,that 
it strips it of poetry1 of the emotions 
of the heart1 and the delightful  and   
fairy-like creations of the imagination4
    ,the ancients were not so learned as
 we1 yet they were wiser4 ,they did  not
 explain the phenomena of nature1 but   
described with a graceful and  imposing 
imagery4 ,the rainbow1 reduced in our   
colleges to a mere  conformation of     
matter1 was the scarf of ,iris2 the     
light-footed hours  preceded the car of 
night1 and the rosy-fingered ,aurora    
opened the  horizon to permit the car of

 ,jove to pass4 ,when the thunder       
rolled1  ,jupiter spoke to attentive    
mortals4 ,when volcanic mountains       
trembled1 the  old ,titans sought to    
throw off the mass of rocks which       
weighed on them as  an eternal          
punishment of crime4 ,the middle age1   
yet more nave and  poetical1 peopled the
 air1 fields1 woods1 and waters with a  
crowd of  mysterious beings who spoke to
 the senses and thought1 and awakened in
  the human mind a mild sentiment of    
faith or healthful fear4    ,now1 thanks
 to your haughty reason1 we have        
banished1 like idle fancies1  all these 
creations of our forefathers4 ,now we   
know that the air has no  other voice   
than that of the wind and tempest2 that 
the wood has no  animals other than     
those the structure of whom has been    
minutely  described2 that there are no  
fairies in the green fields1 and no     
invisible spirits watching over the     
hearth and fireside4 ,man1 relying on   
his reason1 would be ashamed to suffer  

himself to be excited by tales of       
ghosts4 ,he has cast aside all          
supernatural apprehensions2 and ,i see  
the  coming of the time when even ,saint
 ,nicholas will not impose on children4 
,what have we gained by thus shaking off
 the network of smiling and  serious    
fancies1 which both enlivened and       
restrained our fancy8 ,are we  happier1 
stronger1 or better8 ,alas6 for my own  
part1 even were ,i to pass  for a mind  
behind the times1 ,i would confess that 
,i regret those days of  candid         
credulity in which each dark forest had 
its legend1 every chapel  its history4  
,one of the reasons why ,i love the     
,swedes1 amid whom ,i found  a peaceful 
home1 is1 that they have not yet        
sacrificed to the teachings  of modern  
times their old poetry2 and that in the 
majority of their  woodland homes are a 
multitude of popular songs1 of          
traditional faiths1  of domestic        
customs1 which recall the poetic days of
 the middle age4 ,is  not this true1    

,ebba8 ,you know something of this      
matter1 for you  participate in my      
predilections in relation to them2 and  
more than once  ,i have seen you listen 
anxiously to the stories of the old     
women of  ,aland4    ,yes1 father1 said 
,ebba2 who had listened with eager      
sympathy to the  long dissertation of   
the old man1 while ,eric and ,ireneus   
listened  modestly to all he had said4  
,when you give me a lesson in ,swedish1 
said ,ireneus1 will you be kind  enough 
to add to it some of those histories1   
which1 ,i assure you1  interest me in no
 small degree8    ,if you wish it1 said 
,ebba1 ,i will4 ,whenever she spoke she 
seemed with  difficulty to surmount her 
timidity4    ,well1 my dear nephew1 said
 ,m4 de ,vermondans1 with ,eric on one  
side1  ,ebba on the other1 and the      
practical knowledge of ,alete1 it seems 
to me  you can employ your time very    
profitably2 for my own part ,i can only 
induct you into the mysteries of        
bear-hunting1 and the chase of the stag 

and reindeer4 ,it is so rude that ,i    
shall not be able to keep up with you4  
,among my people1 however1 ,i shall be  
able to find a guide1 who finds game    
like a blood-hound1 and follows it like 
a lion4    ,that will do wonderfully    
well1 uncle2 with so attractive an      
offer1 ,i  fear only that amid my       
amusements ,i shall forget my country   
and my  regiment1 and become faithless  
to my king4        ,,part ,,ii4    ,even
 if ,ireneus had not willingly accepted 
the plan worked out for the  ,employment
 of his leisure in study1 the rigorous  
climate of ,sweden would1  in some      
manner1 have made it compulsory for him 
to do so4 ,to the cold and  dry days1   
which1 during the winter1 enlightened   
and animated the people  of the north1  
succeeded storms and hurricanes4        
,tempests of snow floated  in the air1  
covered the paths1 and blocked up the   
doors of the houses4 ,a  cloudy horizon 
and black sky seemed to close around    
every house1 like a  girdle of iron4 ,at

 a little distance not even a hill could
 be  distinguished from a forest2 all   
was1 as it were1 drowned and overwhelmed
  in a misty ocean1 in movable columns  
of snow1 which were impetuous1 and      
irresistible as the sand-whirlpools of  
the desert4 ,about midday a light       
purple tint1 like a dying twilight1     
glittered in somber space3 a ray  thrown
 by the sun across the clouds1 gave an  
uncertain light4 ,all1  however1 soon   
became dark again4 ,one might have      
fancied that the god of  day had retired
 over-wearied from regions he had in    
vain attempted to  subdue4 ,nowhere does
 the symbolical dogma of the contests of
 darkness  and light manifest itself in 
more characteristic traits than in the  
,scandinavian mythology2 and nowhere    
does it appear physically under a  more 
positive image than in the regions which
 have been for centuries  devoted to    
this mythology4 ,during the summer at   
the north1 the sun reigns  like an      
absolute sovereign over nature1 and     

ceaselessly lights it with  his crown of
 fire2 he ever watches it1 like a       
jealous lover4 ,if he  inclines toward  
the horizon1 if his burning disk        
disappears behind the  purple mountain  
brows1 he leaves for only a moment those
 polar regions1  and leaves even then a 
clearness behind like the dawn4 ,he soon
 reappears  in his spotless splendor4   
,in the winter1 however1 he yields to   
night1 which1 with her dark cortege1    
occupies the northern world4 ,she       
envelops space with her black wings1 and
  casts the ice and snow from her bosom4
 ,sometimes1 for weeks1 the storms  are 
so violent1 that one cannot1 without    
danger1 venture into the fields2  and   
cruel necessity alone induces the       
peasant to take the road1 either to     
offer something for sale in the nearest 
market1 or to gain a few  shillings as a
 guide to some adventurous traveler4    
,sometimes1 even the  peasants of this  
country are afraid to cast their nets in
 the river1 and  gulf1 which in the     

greatest degree contribute to their     
subsistence4  ,during the greater       
portion of the time1 the poor people of 
the north1  secluded in their homes by  
masses of snow1 isolated from their     
neighbors1  pass whole winters by the   
fireside4 ,the men occupy themselves in 
repairing the harness of their horses1  
in mending the iron work of their       
carriages--for in that country the homes
 of people are so far from each  other1 
that each family is forced to provide   
for its daily wants1 and  every peasant 
is at once saddler1 wagon-maker1 and    
carpenter4 ,women are  busy in weaving  
and spinning4 ,in many provinces1       
especially in that in  which the uncle  
of ,ireneus had established himself1    
there was in  existence an industry1    
which1 during the last twenty years1 has
 been  much developed4 ,every peasant's 
house is a perfect workshop1 for the    
manufacture of linen4 ,woofs1 white and 
fine as those of ,holland1 and  quite as
 good1 are there produced4 ,this variety

 of work commences after  harvest4 ,in  
the autumn evenings1 women1 young girls1
 c41 assemble at  different houses1 with
 their distaff or bundle of flax1 which 
they place  before the hearth4 ,it is   
pleasant1 indeed1 to see this collection
 of  industrious women1 busied in the   
performance of the task prescribed to   
them1 laughing1 talking1 without        
sometimes taking time even to listen to 
the young lovers who hover around them4 
,often a respectable grandmother1 the   
fingers of whom were wrinkled by  age1  
and which neither weave nor spin1 would 
bid the wild troop be  silent1 as she   
told one of the mad  histories of old   
times4 ,then1 one of  the work-women    
would merrily ring out the peasant      
songs1 the chorus of  which her         
companions would re-echo4 ,after a few  
hours of toil1 a young  man would arise1
 and give a pleasant signal4 ,all chairs
 and benches would  at once be removed2 
the work-shop would be changed into a   
ball-room4 ,to  supply the deficiency of

 an orchestra1 one of the spectators    
defined the  modulations of a dance by  
some old traditionary song4 ,young men  
and women  took each other by the hand1 
and formed together one of those country
  groups which are the elements of the  
chorographic art4 ,they then parted1    
making a rendezvous for the next day1   
for another hearth-side1 but for        
similar amusements4 ,all the work-women1
 returned to their own houses1  where   
they gaily retailed all the episodes of 
the evening's events1 some  recording   
merely a silent glance1 which met their 
own1 or a furtive clasp  of the hand    
which had aroused a blush4 ,more than   
one happy acquaintance  originates in   
one of those northern evenings--and more
 than one girl1  who1 in the autumn1 has
 a heart free as air1 in the spring     
wears on her  finger the ring of a      
promised bride4    ,when the weather was
 good1 ,ebba went out sometimes alone1  
to be present  at these re-unions4 ,all 
rose to welcome her with a sentiment of 

respect  and attention1 for she was kind
 to the poor4    ,the young people      
silently withdrew1 and the matron of the
 house gave her  the most pleasant seat 
by the hearth-side4 ,the children1      
however1 to whom  she brought every day 
fruits and presents1 leaped and danced  
around her4  ,the old village           
story-tellers were also glad when she   
came1 for no one  ,questioned them with 
more kindness1 or listened with more    
attention to  their popular tales4 ,her 
delicate tournure1 her graceful form1   
her pale  and melancholy look1 were in  
striking contrast with those around her4
 ,to  see her motionless and mute amid  
the merry girls and the robust young    
persons1 would have induced a belief    
that she was one of those  supernatural 
beings1 one of those fairy inhabitants  
of woods and  waters--strange legends   
about whom she so much delighted in4    
,she entered  and retired silently1 and 
her light feet seemed scarcely to touch 
the  ground4 ,she flitted away like an  

aerial being1 leaving with all those    
whom she visited an indefinable         
impression1 and arousing in some the    
vague remembrance of a superstitious    
being4    ,one evening1 when she was    
about to leave1 a woman1 who had looked 
,attentively at her1 said1 ,dear young  
lady2 how feeble and ill she  seems6    
,yes1 said a timid voice1 one might     
almost think she had joined in the      
elfin dance4    ,what is the elfin      
dance8 asked a young man2 ,i have seen  
many1 but  never that4    ,god grant you
 never may1 said the one to whom he     
spoke2 the elves are  wonderful beings1 
who come we know not whence2 and live1  
we know not how1  in the mountain gorges
 and woods4 ,probably they are the      
descendants of  some race accursed of   
,god1 and sentenced to live on earth1   
deprived of  every joy and hope4 ,they  
never enter towns2 do not associate with
 us2 but  when they see a solitary      
wanderer1 they seek to win him to them1 
and  exercise a most unhappy influence  

over him4    ,you sometimes have seen   
large circles of grass in the meadows   
trampled  down4 ,they are traced by the 
elves1 as they dance in the summer night
  when the moon is shining4 ,wo to the  
wanderer1 wo to the young girl1 who  at 
that time passes near them4 ,the elves  
invite them to join in the  dance1 and  
sometimes drag them by force away4 ,into
 the veins of any one  who comes within 
their circle1 a secret poison is        
infused1 which makes  him languish and  
die4 ,i tell you1 ,i fear that ,ebba1   
good and charitable  as she is1 has been
 surprised by those accursed beings2 for
 she has the  pale face and languid air 
of those who suffer from philtre of the 
elves4    ,sitting one morning in the   
room of her father1 ,ebba was           
discharging the  task she had proposed  
to herself in jest4 ,she was teaching   
,ireneus the  elements of the beautiful 
,swedish language1 of the ,islandic from
 which it  is derived1 and which has its
 ulterior origin in the old tongues of  

,india1 the cradle of the great ,gothic 
races4 ,it is pleasant1 says  ,byron1 to
 learn a foreign tongue from the eyes   
and lips of a woman4  ,ireneus enjoyed  
all the luxury of such a system of      
instruction4    ,without having what is 
called a poetical nature1 he was not a  
little  under the influence of the      
poetry of his situation1 of the         
beautiful girl  who taught him1 of her  
sweet smile1 and the affectionate voice 
which  stimulated his zeal or reproved  
his mistakes4 ,any accidental question1 
any quotation1 a single word often would
 hurry the young girl's mind to  her    
favorite theme1 the mythology of the    
north4    ,in her early youth1 she had  
studied the curious dogmas of the old   
,scandinavians1 a singular assemblage of
 terrible symbols and smiling  images   
borrowed from the flowery regions of the
 east1 and of dark  conceptions produced
 in the cloudy north4    ,not only did  
she know all the tales1 but in some sort
 she lived in the  memory of the heroic 

and religious traditions sung in the    
solemn  dithyrambics of the ,edda1 and  
met with in every page of the ,islandic 
sagas4 ,though her heart was always     
,christian1 she was amazed1 from time   
to time1 at hearing herself speak1 like 
a pagan1 of the beneficent  ,baldus1 of 
,loki1 the spirit of evil1 and of       
,freya1 the golden tears of  whom formed
 the ,baltic amber4 ,to her1 the world  
was yet peopled by the  mythological    
beings1 created by the nave faith of the
 north1 and to them  she had learned to 
adapt the phenomena of nature4 ,when she
 heard the  thunder1 she thought of     
,thor1 and his mighty hammer1 driving   
across the  heavens in his iron car4 ,if
 the sky was clear1 she thought the     
luminous  ,alfis lighted up the horizon4
    ,in the pantheism of ,scandinavian  
mythology1 which1 though less seductive1
  is less comprehensive than that of the
 ,greeks1 all that she heard assumed  a 
mysterious existence4 ,plants were      
watered by the foam the horse of  night 

shakes on the earth1 as he tosses his   
mane and champs his bit4    ,crows had a
 prophetic power4 ,the eagle sailing    
through the air1 recalled   to her that 
deathless bird which sits on the boughs 
of ,ygdrasil1 the  tree of the world4 ,a
 secret spring1 hidden amid the woods1  
seemed to her  the emblem of that deep  
spring in which the ,nornas spin and cut
 the  thread of life4 ,to these         
traditions1 far older than              
,christianity1 she  united the popular  
legends of the middle age4 ,if night1   
the whistling of  the wind1 the rattling
 of the rain1 the murmur of the trees1  
made a  confused murmur in her ears1 she
 fancied that she heard the barking of  
dogs1 the sound of horns1 and the cry of
 the wild huntsman sentenced to  wander 
forever from vale to vale1 from mountain
 to mountain1 because he  had violated a
 ,sabbath or saints' day4 ,if1 on some  
calm day1 she looked  at the golden and 
purple surface of the lake1 she fancied 
that she saw1  in the depth of the      

water1 the spires and roofs of the      
houses of some  city which ,god had     
punished for impiety1 by burying it     
beneath the waves4    ,if she stood on  
the banks of a rapid stream1 at the foot
 of a cascade1  she said that the sounds
 she heard came from ,stromkarl4 ,the   
,stromkarl has  a silver harp1 on which 
he plays wild melodies4 ,if his favor be
 gained1  by any present1 he teaches the
 listener his songs4 ,wo1 however1 to   
the  man who hears him for the ninth    
time4 ,he cannot shake off the          
supernatural charm1 and becomes a victim
 to his imprudent temerity4    ,one     
evening all the family was collected    
around the earthen stove4 ,eric  was    
there4 ,suddenly the sky1 which in the  
morning had been dark and  cloudy1 was  
lit up as if by the blaze of a immense  
conflagration4 ,the  aurora-borealis1   
that wonderful phenomenon of the north1 
glittered in the  horizon1 and gradually
 extended its evolutions from the east  
to the west4  ,sometimes all the colors 

of the rainbow were visible1 and again  
it  glittered like a mass of fusees1 or 
transformed itself into a vast white    
cloud1 sparkling like the milky-way4    
,again it would assume the most         
splendid blaze1 and appear like a mantle
 of purple and gold4 ,for one  moment   
the rays would be alligned1 and         
gradually disappear in the  distance2   
then they would cross each other like   
network4 ,again they would  arrange     
themselves in bows1 dart out with       
arrowing points1 shoot into  towers and 
form crowns4 ,it might have been fancied
 the creation of a  kaleidescope1 into  
which the hand of a magician had cast   
jets of life1  oscillating and floating 
under every form4 ,at the same time1    
there was  heard in the air a sound like
 that accompanying the discharge of     
fireworks4    ,eric1 who had been asked 
to give an explanation of this          
phenomenon1  analyzed the various       
theories of philosophers on the subject4
 ,he  especially referred to those of   

the ,society of ,copenhagen4 ,he said   
this  was one of the phenomena which no 
philosopher had as yet explained2 that  
of all the hypotheses on the matter1 the
 most specious was that which  ascribes 
the aurora-borealis to the reflection of
 the northern ices4    ,my wise         
daughter1 what do you think of it8 said 
,m4 ,vermondans1 speaking  to ,ebba1    
who1 with her hands crossed over her    
chest with religious  silence1 sat      
looking at a phenomenon she had         
witnessed every winter1  and which on   
every occasion awakened a new emotion4  
,ebba said1 ,i do not know the          
dissertations of academies1 like ,eric4 
,since1 however1 they do not explain the
 cause and motion of the aurora         
borealis1 ,i had rather rely on the     
simple and religious traditions of an   
ignorant people1 to that of the         
,greenlanders1 who say that the rays of 
the aurora come from the glare of souls 
which wander over the skies4    ,on my  
soul1 said ,m4 ,vermondans1 that idea   

pleases me4 ,like the  problems of the  
natural philosophers1 it does not       
explain the problem of  the             
aurora-borealis1 but it is much more    
poetical4 ,this tradition  contributes  
to the assistance of an idea ,i advanced
 the other day1 on the  vanity of       
scientific speculations1 especially when
 we compare them with  the delicious    
conceptions of the ignorant4    ,true1  
replied ,eric1 in the infancy of        
nations1 as in the childhood of  the    
individual1 there is a graceful poetry1 
an ideal and intellectual  understanding
 of nature1 which does not resist grave 
impressions or the  reason of mature    
age4 ,thus1 amid the wild nations of    
,north ,america1 the  poor mother who   
has lost a child1 fancies that she      
scents the perfume of  its breath in the
 flowers1 and hears its sigh in the     
voices of the birds4  ,thus is it that  
our ,lapland neighbors attach a touching
 faith to many  physical incidents4     
,when one of them becomes ill1 they say 

that his soul has been called to  a     
better world by the loving beings he has
 lost2 and that his soul is  about to   
depart to yield to their prayers1 and   
seek its final home with  them4 ,then   
they send for a sorcerer1 who casts     
himself on his face on the  ground1 and 
in mysterious words beseeches the       
wandering soul to return4  ,if it yields
 to the supplications1 if it returns to 
the tabernacle it has  inhabited1 the   
invalid recovers breath and strength2 if
 not1 he dies4  ,such1 and a variety of 
other examples1 we find in every        
direction1 in the  wonderful tales of   
the east1 in the popular traditions of  
the north1 and  they prove clearly      
enough that there are flowers of poetry 
and  spring-like perfumes full of       
inimitable grace in all primitive       
societies1  even where gross ignorance  
and coarse usages distress us4    ,think
 you though that science also is without
 poetry8 ,if you understand  by poetry1 
what ,i think you do1 every ennobling of

 thought1 every  exaltation of mind1 do 
you think there is no lofty and grand   
poetry in  that geology which searches  
into the bowels of the earth1 and       
exhibits to  you the different layers of
 which it is composed1 and the          
revolutions it  has undergone2 in the   
researches of the naturalist1 who       
exhibits the  creations of an           
antediluvian world2 in the observations 
of the  astronomer1 who explains the    
configuration and harmonious movements  
of  those luminous orbs removed millions
 of miles from that on which we  dwell8 
,do you think there is no poetry in the 
material development of  civilized      
societies1 in the industrious activity  
which digs canals1  pierces mountains1  
subdues the elements1 and moves all to  
man's will8    ,ah1 certainly ,i        
experience a very agreeable emotion1    
when in an old  custom ,i find the      
traces of the religious spirit of our   
fathers1 and  listen to their legends   
and songs4 ,this emotion1 however1 does 

not  prevent me from thinking of that   
which should be created by the imposing 
spectacle of the progress of            
civilization1 more than the pleasure ,i 
would  enjoy if ,i reposed by the side  
of a fresh spring1 mysteriously         
concealed  amid a forest1 would prevent 
me from loving to look on a majestic    
river1  down which floated the canvas of
 some ship1 or the boilers of a steamer4
  ,the perfection of matters would be to
 kindle our soul with the lights of     
science1 and at the same time preserve  
the innocent candor of our hearts4      
,thus will we obey the ,bible-text which
 says1 ',you shall not enter the        
,kingdom of heaven1 unless you be as    
little children4' ,to be a child in     
simple-heartedness1 a man in toil and   
labor1 is the end we should propose  to 
ourselves4    ,yes1 said ,m4 de         
,vermondans1 that is a truly noble      
object4 ,we cannot  however expect to   
attain it4 ,pride unnoticed1 is created 
by the very  labor of our minds1 and    

when that poison has inoculated our     
hearts1  farewell to innocence4 ,i will 
agree with you as to the indisputable   
benefits of science4 ,confess1 however1 
that all the learning of your           
philosophers and mathematicians can ,i  
never confer on any people the  precious
 customs of the days of old4 ,when we   
look back on what has been  done by the 
would-be wise men of antiquity to       
ennoble the moral state  of man1 ,i will
 not speak of the mad ceremonial of the 
burlesque festivals  invented by the    
revolutionists of #agic4 ,they were but 
scenes of disorder  and frenzy4         
,imagine1 however1 the purest and most  
solemn of the  discoveries of science1  
and compare it with the ,christmas      
festival which  the ,swedish peasant    
will celebrate in a few days1 and tell  
me which  contributes to true emotion1  
to the moral good4 ,alete1 give me my   
pipe4    ,the last words were the usual 
signal given by the good old man when he
  felt the length of the conversation   

fatiguing1 or felt his favorite ideas   
paradoxical1 though they sometimes were 
pressed on by arguments the tenor  of   
which he found it difficult to resist4  
,alete went to get the long pipe1 with  
its stem of maple-root1 and filled  it  
with tobacco with her own pretty        
fingers4 ,a sweet smile and a           
deferential look from ,eric recompensed 
her4 ,when he saw ,m4 de ,vermondans    
seated in his chair1 and inhaling the   
aroma of tobacco through the amber      
mouthpiece1 he said1    ,since you      
remember our ,christmas festival1 you   
will not forget that we  expect you1    
,ebba1 ,alete1 and ,ireneus to keep it  
at our house4    ,yes1 ,eric1 said ,m4  
de ,vermondans1 ,i like your father1 and
 shall be  happy to pass a day with him4
    ,yes1 dear ,eric1 said ,alete1 ,i   
love your father4 ,pay however some     
attention to old ,marguerite's          
preparations4 ,i wish to be received    
like a  princess1 and if all the plate  
is not produced to do me honor1 if the  

table be not covered with the finest    
linen and loaded with delicacies1 if    
the furniture does not glitter like     
glass1 and the passage-hall and         
corridor are not bright as if for a     
wedding1 ,i will turn all the house     
upside down4    ,well well1 said ,eric1 
there you are a queen4 ,my father will  
turn over  all power to you1 and you may
 make as many reforms as you please4    
,part ,,iii4    ,a few days after the   
visit of ,eric1 the groom of ,m4 de     
,vermondans took  from the              
carriage-house two sleighs1 trimmed with
 wolf and bear-skins1  and harnessed to 
each of them a spirited horse1 the      
activity of which  seemed enhanced by   
the cold morning air4 ,in the first     
sleigh sat ,m4 de  ,vermondans and      
,alete2 and ,ireneus and ,ebba entered  
the second4    ,are we ready8 said the  
old man1 as he took the reins in one    
hand1 and  the whip in the other4       
,yes1 said ,ireneus1 after he had       
wrapped up the delicate frame confided  

to him in a large ,astracan-skin4       
,well1 let us start4 ,the horses1 as    
soon as the reins were loosed1 left  the
 house at a gallop4    ,i am glad1 said 
,ebba to ,ireneus1 that you are in      
,sweden at this  season1 which to us is 
so solemn4    ,do you then celebrate    
,christmas with so much pomp8    ,i do  
not think it is celebrated in any       
country of the world with so much  joy  
and unanimity1 from the northern        
extremity of the realm to the  southern 
boundary1 in town and country1 in palace
 and peasant's hut4    ,i am sure that  
in this festival there are touching     
usages1 with which  you are thoroughly  
acquainted4 ,i shall be delighted if you
 will explain  them to me4 ,all you have
 told me of your popular legends and    
superstitions1 opens to me1 as it were1 
a new world1 in which1 ,i assure  you1  
,i am glad to wander4    ,were ,i not   
afraid that ,i would appear pedantic to 
you4 said ,ebba1 ,i  would tell you what
 ,eric has told me about our ,christmas 

festival4 ,it  appears to date back to a
 remote day before the ,christian era4  
,at this  season our pagan ancestors    
celebrated the winter solstice1 just as 
on the  #beth of ,june they did that of 
summer4 ,the early name of this         
festival1  which we yet preserve1       
indicates an astronomical idea4 ,it was 
called  ,julfest4 7the feast of the     
wheel17 certainly because the sun1 the  
evolutions of which are on the #beth    
,december marked by the shortest day1   
and ,june #beth by the longest4         
,whatever may have been1 the primitive  
nature of this festival1 ,christianity  
gave it an august character4 ,to us  it 
is not a material symbol1 but tho       
commemoration of the day on which  the  
,savior of earth was born in a stable4  
,that day seems to announce glad        
tidings to the ,swedish peasant1 as it  
did to the shepherds of ,bethlehem1  for
 each seem to rejoice4 ,the courts and  
schools have recess1 parents and        
friends visit each other1 not to        

discharge the common duty of politeness1
  to leave a card with the porter1 but  
to pass whole hours in gayety and  frank
 intercourse4    ,on all the high and   
cross-roads1 you see sleighs filled with
 travelers4  ,one will contain a        
daughter married at a distance from     
home1 who at this  time of universal    
enjoyment wishes to visit the old       
hearth-side1 ,the  other contains a son1
 who comes from the ,university1 or from
 the city  where he is employed1 to kiss
 his mother4 ,the soldier who all the   
year  has borne in patience the severity
 of garrison duty1 is satisfied with    
his profession1 if he can at that season
 obtain a leave of absence for a  few   
weeks4 ,the sailor returned from a      
distant voyage1 looks anxiously at  the 
sea and sky1 and increases his zeal and 
activity1 to be enabled to  reach       
,sweden by ,christmas4 ,the houses      
everywhere are open1 and the table  is  
always spread4 ,all is made scrupulously
 clean1 for at this season1  every      

housewife loves to display her order and
 carefulness4 ,the rich  display damask 
and rich hangings4 ,the poor strew pine 
branches on the  floor1 and white       
curtains newly bleached1 deck the       
windows4 ,you reach the  family-hearth4 
,one of the servants takes your horse to
 the stable1  another hangs your valise 
before the fire to dry it4 ,the mistress
 of the  house1 while dinner is being   
prepared1 offers you a glass of brandy1 
or  of beer prepared expressly for      
,christmas1 and called ,,jul,l4 ,the    
young  women bring you cakes prepared by
 themselves4 ,your hands are shaken     
cordially1 presents are made1 it matters
 not whether trifling or rich1  they are
 ,christmas remembrances and a pledge of
 love4    ,in many of the peasants'     
houses1 all the shoes of the family are1
 as a  sign of this union1 placed side  
by side of each other4 ,in many also    
before and after meals1 a hymn is sung4 
,then when dinner is over1 old  men1    
women and children dance together4      

,servants and masters mingle  together1 
and even the mendicant is kindly        
received4 ,on that day the  ,god of     
mercy descended to save indiscriminately
 the rich and the poor1  and to teach   
the proud and the humble the brotherhood
 of the ,gospel4 ,at  this season of    
universal sympathy1 even the animals are
 not forgotten1  a larger ration of     
grain and hay is carried to the stable1 
and barley is  strewn on the snow for   
the birds1 who are then unable to glean 
in the  fields1 and who1 delighted by   
this unexpected provender1 in their     
cries  seem to warble forth a ,christmas
 hymn4 ,in some villages the little     
tomtegubbar or invisible genii1         
protecting the household1 are yet       
remembered1 and vases of milk are placed
 on the floor for them4 ,other          
superstitions are also joined to this   
religious festival4 ,thus in many       
peasant houses1 a straw-bed is made on  
the floor1 and on it the children  and  
servants sleep during the night4 ,on the

 next day1 this bed is taken  to the    
court-yard1 or barn1 and it is thought  
to preserve the fowls from  birds of    
prey1 and the cattle from disease4 ,this
 straw is also strewn on  the fields    
around fruit trees1 which it is thought 
to make healthy4 ,at  evening1 two      
torches are lit to burn all night2 if   
one of them becomes  extinguished or is 
burned out before day1 it is a sign of  
trouble1 that  during the course of the 
year there will be a death in the house4
 ,all  fancy that in ,christmas a       
revelation of the future is found4 ,to  
read this  prophecy however1 it is      
necessary to rise before dawn1 to go    
fasting and  in silence into the wood1  
without speaking or looking around4 ,if 
too at  sunrise1 the church is reached  
before the crowing of the cock1 the     
coffins of those who will die during the
 year will be seen1 and by  turning the 
head around1 it may be learned if the   
harvest will be good or  bad1 or whether
 there will be a conflagration in the   

village4    ,while ,ebba was describing 
these usages and superstitions of       
,sweden1 the  sleighs passed rapidly    
along the snow plains1 which had been   
previously  leveled by other vehicles4  
,the spire of the church in which the   
father  of ,eric for thirty years had   
officiated as ,,prost with honor and    
dignity  was seen4 ,about fifty houses  
were arranged in a circle around the    
ascent  of a hill4 ,there was one among 
them of comparatively large dimensions1 
of  two stories1 and built of stone1 a  
rare thing in ,sweden1 whose country    
houses usually have but one story and an
 attic1 and are built of wood4  ,one    
side of this house adjoined a large and 
beautiful church1 and the  other on an  
inclosure4 ,two rows of windows in the  
principal faade looked  out on the gulf1
 and before the principal door was a    
terrace commanding a  most extensive    
view4 ,at this moment the sun lit up the
 polished windows1  and the plain1      
covered with an immense sheet of snow1  

shone brilliantly4  ,the sea with a     
fringe of ice close to the shore1 rolled
 in the distance  its free and azure    
waves1 and the forests which appeared   
here and there  in their somber verdure 
and mute majesty1 the vast and silent   
space1 the  little village1 the motion  
of the population of which was already  
visible1 presented to ,ireneus a picture
 which differed so much from all  he had
 seen1 that it filled him with wonder   
and surprise4    ,the house1 said ,ebba1
 which ,i see has attracted your        
attention1 is  that of ,eric's father1 a
 good and venerable old man1 the whole  
of the  life of whom has been an example
 of prudence and usefulness4 ,he does   
much good around him1 by means of his   
religious exhortations and  agricultural
 industry4 ,in ,sweden1 many of the     
clergy act in this double  capacity4    
,the greater portion of the revenue of  
many livings consists  entirely of the  
revenue of the lands with which they are
 endowed4 ,if the  priest does not take 

pleasure in rural occupations1 he farms 
out the  lands1 and quietly receives the
 rent4 ,they render important services  
to  the districts amid which they live4 
,they are teachers of labor1 and often  
introduce systems of agricultural       
improvement revealed to them by science 
or a new machine4    ,the father of     
,eric is one of those farmer priests2   
for more than twenty  years without     
neglecting any of his sacerdotal duties1
 he has cultivated  a large farm        
attached to the presbytery4 ,he has     
given lessons in  agriculture to the    
peasants1 and enforced them by success1 
for no fields  are more productive than 
his own1 and no yard has seen fine      
cattle4 ,how  great is his activity6    
,how often have his people seen him     
brave1 with a vigor they could not  but 
admire1 the summer's heat and winter's  
ice4 ,at present the  infirmities of age
 render this rude toil impossible4 ,he1 
however1 does  not cease to correspond  
with many agricultural societies1 and   

encourage  those who have recourse to   
his counsels4 ,he is one of those rare  
men  gifted with meditative faculties1  
and with great practical capacity4      
,how pleasant is it4 said ,ireneus1 to  
suffer my mind to repose in the  asylum 
you have opened for it4 ,since my coming
 hither ,i have met with  none but pure 
hearts1 and have beheld only the mild   
pictures of a pure  and peaceable       
existence4 ,how different is it from the
 agitation of all  parties in my own    
land6 ,yet1 however1 even amid the calm 
and repose ,i  here enjoy1 how ,i regret
 it4 ,i saw it so great and prosperous1 
and  thought its destiny so certain6    
,console yourself1 cousin1 said ,ebba1  
you will see that country again1  which 
it is both a necessity and a duty for   
you to love4 ,you will see it  in that  
normal condition from which it has by a 
great crisis been thrown4  ,moral       
diseases1 like physical ones1 sometimes 
attack men1 and ,god1 to  punish the    
errors of a people1 to abase its pride1 

strikes it with one of  these mental    
contagions1 yields it up to the         
effervescence of its bad  thoughts1     
until the people humiliates and corrects
 itself1 bending before  the arm of the 
,avenger in penitence1 and returns to   
the path from which  it has wandered4   
,ireneus was amazed to hear her speak   
thus4 ,the timid young girl seemed  like
 a prophetess animated with a mighty    
inspiration4 ,a flush was on her  pale  
face1 and in her glance was the light of
 enthusiasm4    ,you are a noble        
creature1 said ,ireneus1 taking her by  
the hand4 ,the  hand of ,ebba lay       
motionless and pale in his1 her blush   
passed away1 and  the dark shadows of   
her habitual melancholy returned4       
,just then the sleigh of ,m4 de         
,vermondans arrived at its destination4 
,eric  was waiting for them at the      
threshold1 clasped the hand of his      
father-in-law1 and helped ,alete out1 as
 ,ireneus did as much for ,ebba4 ,the   
servants took care of the foaming       

horses4    ,the little party1 as soon as
 they entered the house1 could see that 
the  faithful ,eric had sought to avoid 
the reproaches of his betrothed4 ,the   
entrance of the corridor was so         
completely washed and dried that one    
might fancy the joiner had just finished
 the floor4 ,through the open  kitchen  
door a large brazier was seen in a glow1
 and the ringing of  plates and dishes  
was heard4 ,the antechamber was covered 
with a woolen  carpet1 and the          
,christmas pine brought on the day      
before from the  neighboring forest1    
decked with garland and moss1 rose      
proudly from a  large box1 as if it knew
 how proud a part it played in the      
festival4    ,as she passed from the    
antechamber to the drawing-room1 ,alete 
paused to  look at the arrangement of   
the table4 ,seeing a false plait in one 
of the  napkins1 she was probably about 
to give vent to her epigrams4 ,the door 
of  the other room however was opened1  
and a handsome old man dressed in a     

long frock appeared4 ,his head was      
covered with a cap of black velvet1     
from beneath which his white hair       
escaped4 ,this was ,eric's father1 and  
,alete paid much respect to him4        
,come1 my daughter1 said the pastor1 as 
with much kind dignity he kissed  her   
forehead4 ,you too1 my friend1 and my   
gentle ,ebba 7speaking to ,m4 de        
,vermondans and his other daughter71 are
 welcome4 ,you too1 ,monsieur1 said  he1
 turning to ,ireneus1 though ,i have not
 before had the honor to see  you1 ,i   
welcome as a friend4 ,you are all       
welcome to the hearthside of the  poor  
priest1 and may the festival of to-day  
be to us a commemoration of  the past1  
and a happier tie for the future4       
,the old man took his guests into his   
own room1 in which there was an         
,inconsiderable library1 a few models of
 utensils for agricultural  purposes1   
testifying to both his taste and his    
occupation4 ,he sat on a  sofa1 which   
debility in his limbs made necessary to 

him1 and placed his  guests beside him4 
,alete1 who could not sit quiet long1   
soon arose and  took ,eric to the       
window4 ,while1 as was the custom with  
her1 she tested  the patient character  
of her husband that was to be1 the old  
man  conversed with ,ireneus1 who from  
the very first had been attracted by his
  venerable and pleasing face4    ,from 
these instruments of labor collected    
around you1 ,i see1 said  ,ireneus1 that
 you have contrived a sure method of    
making your solitude  active4 ,ebba has 
already told me how usefully you employ 
your time4    ,usefully1 replied ,m4    
,guldberg1 with sincere modesty4 ,alas6 
let us act  usefully as we may1 how much
 weakness is there in our will1 and     
forgetfulness in our best resolutions4  
,if by the grace of ,god we  accomplish 
any good1 what is that in comparison    
with what we should do4 ,i  love toil1  
but ,i can make no merit of it4 ,in my  
youth it was a necessity4  ,the son of a
 laborer1 who earned with his own hands 

the money which  supported me at school1
 ,i was compelled1 at every risk1 to    
repay him for  his paternal tenderness  
by my success4 ,gradually labor became a
 habit1  and then a quasi dogma of      
religion4 ,i thought it my duty1 as soon
 as  possible1 to release him from the  
necessity of sacrifice4 ,i feel myself  
attracted by a brotherly sympathy to all
 who toil4 ,i look with respect on  the 
sweaty brow and toil-stained hand4 ,god 
himself prescribed labor to us  as a    
law1 and his infinite goodness unites   
with obedience to it the  enjoyment of  
much happiness4 ,certainly no person    
with a heart can repress  sympathy at   
the sight of the poor laborer1 who is   
busy from morning to  night to earn his 
moderate wages1 who braves every weather
 to sow and  harvest his crop4 ,this    
laborer1 however1 is often happier than 
the  majority of the rich1 who1 as they 
pass1 look on him with pity4 ,he has    
done his duty4 ,when his task is done he
 sits contented at his humble  hearth4  

,the sparkling wood1 the bread on his   
table1 he has earned  himself4 ,he      
educates his child by his own exertions1
 and as he seeks his  bed1 may say he   
has done his duty4 ,he is ignorant of   
the troubles which  fill the hearts of  
the opulent4 ,ceaseless toil to him is a
 cuirass  warding off stormy passions4  
,the door of his soul is shut to dark   
chimeras1 to the mad fancies which      
people the area of the palace1 and on   
his rude pillow he enjoys a peaceful    
repose1 which the lord of his  village  
often asks for in vain4 ,when ,i thus   
praise the efficaciousness of  toil1 ,i 
do not speak only of manual labor4 ,the 
labor of thought is often  most painful1
 and its fruits infinitely more         
valuable4    ,take care1 said ,ireneus1 
you touch a sensitive string of my      
uncle's  breast4    ,yes1 said the old  
man1 ,eric has told me of your          
discussions on this  subject4 ,i however
 know my friend ,m4 de ,vermondans1 and 
whatever disdain  of science he may     

affect1 ,i believe he would be          
distressed if he did not  know all that 
he has turned to so good a purpose in   
life4 ,in attacking in  your            
conversations books and writers1 he did 
not tell you how much he had  borrowed  
from them1 and how earnestly he had read
 them4    ,what books8 asked ,m4 de     
,vermondans2 a few incomplete histories1
 and  some odd volumes of philosophy4   
,one must examine closely the reveries  
of  human pride to be able to judge of  
them4    ,traitor6 said ,m4 ,guldberg1  
shaking his finger affectionately at his
  friend1 you not only persist in       
hypocrisy1 but you attack the character 
of my library4 ,a few incomplete        
histories6 a few odd volumes6 ,must ,i  
then  recall to you the admiration with 
which you looked at my books1 and       
studied all that ,i had collected8 ,some
 incomplete histories6 a few odd        
volumes6 ,must ,i recall to you the     
delight with which you often have       
studied my collection8 ,must ,i defend  

it against you8 ,know1 that to attack   
my books is to make war against myself4 
,i passed forty years of my life  in    
collecting them1 and to each one is     
attached some pleasant  remembrance4    
,from some ,i date my student life1 and 
my entry into the  priesthood4 ,from    
some ,i fix the epoch of my marriage1   
and the various  phases of my existence2
 some ,i found in a country cabin1 where
 they were  forgotten2 some ,i brought  
from ,stockholm1 where ,i had been to   
see my  bishop and an old friend4 ,all  
therefore recall to me kind teachers1   
skillful guides1 and are the memorials  
of different events1 which are the      
great items of my life4 ,gradually ,i   
have collected around me those books    
which interest me the most4 ,when ,i am 
here in my woodland home they are       
company to me1 and the most instructive 
friends man can meet with4 ,here  ,i    
have the philosophers1 who aid me in the
 examination of the mysteries  of the   
soul2 the historians1 who record the    

revolutions of nations2 the  geologists 
and natural philosophers1 who expound to
 me the organic laws  of nature2 the    
poets1 who sing the joyous or sad       
emotions of the heart4  ,whatever may be
 my moral disposition1 ,i need only to  
reach my hand toward  one of them to    
seize on some brilliant intellect1 to   
enlighten1  strengthen1 and console me4 
,how that delights me6 said ,ebba1 in a 
low tone4    ,listen1 said ,m4 de       
,vermondans1 with emphasis1 and with an 
intonation of  grief entirely           
contradicted by his face1 see1 this     
woman has been  bewitched3 the poison of
 your pernicious doctrines has reached  
the very  interior of my house4 ,i      
fancied ,i would be able to educate my  
daughter in  the love of good           
principles1 but ,i have warmed a very   
serpent at my  heart4 ,luckily1 ,i see  
my faithful ,alete attending only to the
 positive  and who now says that dinner 
is ready or ,christmas-day4 ,christmas  
comes  but once a year4    ,the dinner  

was in truth solemn and splendid1 the   
whole table being loaded  with enormous 
dishes4    ,what a luxuriance of        
richness6 said ,m4 de ,vermondans4      
,thank ,god1 a  love of books does not  
make us forget material things4         
,ireneus said1 ,this is in truth a      
banquet1 with which1 in ,france1 a      
candidate for the ,chamber might win    
over many electors4    ,luckily1 said   
the old priest1 we have no electors here
 to lead astray4  ,when1 though1 we     
leave the table1 my farmer-boys will    
make merry over  what we have not eaten1
 and with them many poor people who on  
,christmas  are in the habit of coming  
to the parsonage4 ,you do not to-day    
dine with  me1 but with my people4 ,on  
,christmas1 in ,sweden1 we make presents
 to each  other as in ,france is done on
 ,new-,year's day4 ,this game1 these    
fish1 have  been brought to me by the   
huntsmen and fishermen of my people4 ,a 
peasant  gave me a quarter of veal1     
another gave me cream1 a third the      

butter4  ,even one woman has brought me 
an egg or two1 saying that they should  
be  boiled only for myself4 ,before long
 the house will be filled with a  crowd1
 and many strange stories will be told  
around the firesides4 ,whole  pitchers  
of beer will be emptied to the health of
 the old pastor and his  friends4       
,they will dance8 asked ,alete4    ,no1 
mademoiselle1 you will not have that    
profane amusement4 ,but ,nils the       
schoolmaster has a very fine voice4     
,olaf the fisherman1 and his brother    
,christian1 will be there also1 and your
 cousin will be able to hear some  of   
the popular songs4 ,he never heard      
anything like them in ,paris4    ,so be 
it1 said ,alete2 one or two rounds with 
those merry figures would  however have 
been amusing enough4 ,hark6 it seems to 
me ,i hear hurras at  ,nils's arrival4  
,if the two others are come1 may ,i     
bring him8    ,do so1 my child1 said the
 pastor4    ,yes1 go1 ,alete1 said      
,ebba1 gaily4    ,alete went out1 and   

came in shortly with three young men1   
who modestly  looked down1 and twirled  
their hats between their fingers4       
,good morning1 friends1 said the pastor4
 ,alete has told you ,i had a  favor to 
ask4 ,i have a friend here who does not 
know our old ,swedish  songs1 and ,i    
rely on you to give him a good idea4    
,the three young men looked toward      
,ireneus and then toward each other4    
,then1 being encouraged by signs from   
,ebba1 and having drunken a glass of    
wine which was offered them1 they sang a
 song which was designated4    ,they    
sang1 one after the other1 the romance  
of ,agnete1 who was surprised  on the   
shore and borne beneath the water by the
 amorous ,neck4 ,that of  fair ,carine1 
the victim of her virtue1 the soul of   
whom flew to heaven in  the shape of a  
white dove1 where it was again          
transformed into a joyous  harp1 the    
sweet sounds of which won the crown of  
queen4 ,much to his  regret1 ,ireneus   
could not understand the sense of these 

songs1 which are1  so to say1 idyls and 
charming dramas4 ,he however listened   
with  undefinable emotion to those      
simple and artless melodies1 which1 in  
their  expression of grief and joy1 were
 so pure that they seemed to spring from
  the very heart of the people4 ,he     
begged ,ebba to say to the singers how  
delighted he was1 and they then went to 
the kitchen to tell how pleased  the    
,parisian had been4    ,after dinner    
,alete and ,ebba went into the          
drawing-room1 and having  carefully shut
 the door1 might have been heard going  
and coming1 and  giving orders1 while   
the pastor entertained his guests4      
,alete seemed very  busy4 ,she called   
the servants--had the position of the   
furniture  changed--sometimes talked    
loudly1 and then whispered4 ,some       
mysterious  scene occupying the thoughts
 of ,ireneus was taking place there4    
,toward evening the mystery was         
explained4 ,alete came to take the arm  
of  the pastor in triumph1 and he1 ,m4  

de ,vermondans1 and ,ireneus1 went      
toward  the room4 ,drapery of many      
colors covered the wall1 and bouquets of
 moss  and artificial flowers1          
candelabras reflected from the mirrors1 
boughs of  trees1 all made the light    
soft as that which penetrates the       
forest4 ,on a  large table was the      
,christmas tree1 full of lights1 and    
adorned with bows  of ribbon4 ,the      
pastor had asked ,alete to arrange      
everything as she chose1  and to place  
in the best possible light the presents 
intended for his  friends4 ,with them   
,alete and ,ebba had placed those they  
intended to make1  and all had been     
arranged most tastefully4 ,of the pine  
branch she had  made a tree1            
miraculously bearing silk dresses1      
portfolios1 slippers1  embroidered      
collars1 gold ear-rings1 c4 ,the        
branches bent beneath the  weight4      
,m4 de ,vermondans gathered a meerschaum
 mounted with silver3 ,ireneus  several 
pieces of silk worked by his cousins1   

and a wooden cup1 very  beautifully     
carved by an ,angermanian peasant4      
,exclamations were made as  the         
different objects were detached from the
 mystic tree1 for ,alete had  taken care
 to wrap each article with a double and 
triple envelope1 in  order to prolong   
the expectation of the spectators1 and  
to enjoy their  surprise4 ,afterward the
 servants came in1 and also the farmer's
 boys1  none of whom were forgotten1 and
 who kissed the hands of the old priest4
  ,the ,christmas tree was stripped of  
its treasures1 and all deserted it1 as  
barren and useless4 ,alas1 for human    
ingratitude6    ,the pastor1 taking     
advantage of a moment when none were    
looking1 went to  the solitary tree1 and
 took from it a letter with a red seal4 
,then  calling his future               
daughter-in-law1 he said1 ,since when1  
dear ,alete1  have you become so        
careless of the good things of this     
world1 or so  negligent1 as to abandon  
the ,christmas tree1 without            

ascertaining all  that hangs from it8   
,i do not know that ,i can get anything 
from it1 except a few pieces of  ribbon 
and half-burnt lights4    ,you think so1
 do you8 ,well1 look here4    ,what8    
said ,alete2 a letter1 with ,eric's name
 on it4 ,this is a surprise  for him4   
,what is it8 ,that puzzles me4 ,look1   
,eric--one day ,i shall have a  right to
 open your letters1 but now be quick and
 open this yourself4    ,eric unsealed  
the letter2 and scarcely had he read it1
 then casting  himself at the feet of   
the old priest1 he said--,ah1 father1   
how ,i thank  you6 ,then turning to     
,alete1 he said--    ,it is an          
appointment by the ,bishop of ,hernos   
and of myself as vicar of  this parish4 
,we waited only for that to be able to  
marry4 ,now there is no  obstacle to our
 happiness4 ,we will live here with my  
father1 near your  own family4 ,may ,god
 grant that our hearts may not be       
disunited4 ,may ,god  grant us new      
pleasures without robbing us of those of

 the past4 ,now1 when  shall we be      
married--tell me8    ,how you go on6    
said ,alete4 ,must ,i1 because it has   
seemed fit to our  venerable prelate to 
make you a vicar--7after all it is a    
sensible  appointment7--put on my       
wedding dress and go to the altar8 ,do  
you know ,i  expect a letter from       
,hernosand or ,stockholm6 ,do you       
know------    ,the artless girl1        
however1 sought in vain to conceal1     
beneath pretended  laughter1 her deep   
emotion4 ,she was unable to finish her  
sentence4 ,she  threw herself in her    
father's arms1 then into the old        
priest's1 and gave  her hand with       
dignity to ,eric4 ,she said3            
,whenever you please1 dear ,eric1 though
 ,i am much amazed4 ,i trust you  will  
never have occasion to repent having    
given me your love and honor4    ,this  
episcopal letter the pastor had received
 on the previous evening1  and he had   
been courageous enough to keep the      
secret until ,christmas  night1 in order

 to give it more solemnity4 ,it was now 
the sole subject of  conversation1 and  
they talked only of preparations for the
 marriage1 and  of the day on which it  
was to be celebrated4 ,at the instance  
of ,alete he  consented to prolong the  
delay1 and the wedding was postponed for
 a  fortnight4    ,confess1 said ,alete 
to ,ireneus1 that you were fortunate in 
arriving  here in the middle of winter1 
when you could witness our dark         
tempests1  our ,christmas festivals1 and
 be present at a ,swedish wedding4 ,you 
will  then have only to behold our      
delicious summer nights2 and then1 when 
you  return to ,france1 you will be able
 to speak more learnedly of ,sweden than
  other travelers1 who wrote long       
volumes about it4    ,i owe to this     
country some of the pleasantest hours of
 my life4 ,i owe to  it a calmness which
 ,i cannot any longer find in ,france4  
,i am indebted to  it for good and      
healthful emotions4 ,i owe to it1 exile 
as ,i am1 a tender  asylum1 a family2   

and ,i shall feel your wedding-day one  
of the happiest  of my life4    ,on the 
very next day all the house of ,m4 de   
,vermondans was occupied with           
preparations for the approaching        
marriage4 ,dressmakers were busy1 and   
cabinet-makers were preparing furniture1
 platforms1 c41 for the  wedding-day4   
,alete had enough to do to watch over   
the different works4 ,smiling and  merry
 as she used to be1 a change had come   
over her1 and she seemed  already       
dignified and matronly4    ,ebba        
assisted her with great devotion1 and   
ceased to give ,ireneus lessons  in     
,swedish4    ,m4 de ,vermondans smoked  
his pipe with an air of thought1 and    
sometimes of  sorrow1 for the idea of   
separation from his daughter weighed    
heavily on  him1 much as he desired that
 she should marry so near him4    ,for  
the first time since he had reached his 
uncle's house1 ,ireneus was  alone4 ,a  
few days before the merry chat of       
,alete1 the philosophical  conversation 

of the old gentleman1 the dreamy poetry 
of ,ebba1 and the  activity and motion  
of all the household had diverted the   
young officer's  attention from himself4
 ,now his thoughts involuntarily        
returned1 in  consequence of news he had
 received from his country4 ,his mother1
 who  shared all his secrets1 sought to 
encourage him1 and to unfold a new      
horizon4 ,in spite of this1 however1    
every letter increased his  unhappiness4
 ,some of his friends also wrote to him2
 and this  correspondence surprised him 
painfully4 ,he heard1 in this manner1 of
  political defections which he1 in his 
chivalric exaggeration looked on as     
felony1 and at which he was most        
indignant4    ,villains6 said he1 one   
day1 as he read to his uncle a letter   
which he  had just received4 ,now1 this 
man owed everything to the kindness of  
,charles ,x41 yet for the sake of office
 he has cast himself at the foot of  a  
new master4 ,here is one who1 on the    
#bhth of ,july1 applauded the           

ordinances1 and swore that the hydra of 
liberalism should he destroyed3  and    
said that he would pour out the last    
drop of his blood in defense of         
legitimacy4 ,he is now a partisan of the
 revolution4 ,we live in a  scandalous  
age4 ,all principles of honor and       
religion are forgotten4  ,office has    
great value1 indeed1 when honor and     
conscience are sacrificed  to it4    ,as
 he spoke thus1 ,ireneus strode up and  
down the room1 and crushed the  letter  
in his hands4    ,my boy1 said ,m4 de   
,vermondans1 with his kind philosophy1  
your feeling  springs from a sentiment  
which does you honor4 ,unfortunately1   
however1 it  can but injure you without 
benefiting those for whom you have so   
much  sympathy4 ,to-day is not the first
 time that man has violated his oath1   
and made a traffic of obligation2 one   
need only open a history1 and read  on  
every page amid some noble actions1     
countless base intrigues and  unworthy  
cowardice4 ,the ,roman senate erected   

statues to monsters it had  dignified   
with the imperial purple4 ,the middle   
age1 which we are pleased  to look on as
 an epoch of faith and chivalric        
devotion1 is everywhere  sullied by acts
 of felony and the consequences of mad  
ambition4  ,civilization1 while it      
corrected the gross errors of rude      
nations1 also  restrained their virtues4
 ,love of prosperity1 the sensations of 
luxury1  bear to the wall the energetic 
principles of self-denial4 ,some        
individuals1 who1 by their elevated     
position1 attract attention to          
themselves2 here and there break a link 
of the moral chain2 others  imitate     
them1 and by fracture after fracture the
 whole series of austere  ideas is      
interrupted and dislocated4 ,a few of   
the faithful may attempt to  preserve   
the remnants1 but others look on them   
with pity1 and treat this  religious    
faith as an anachronism4 ,the worship of
 the great is destroyed1  and replaced  
by that of sensual enjoyments4 ,we do   

not ask ,god to give us  the heavenly   
manna4 ,we have made another ,god from  
which no prophet  can win us4 ,we       
prostrate ourselves before the calf of  
gold4 ,this1 dear  ,ireneus1 must be a  
sad prospect for a heart like yours4    
,that all the  respect for the past1 for
 religion and misfortune1 which exists  
in your  heart1 should rise at the      
prospect of what you have read to me1 ,i
 can  well enough understand4 ,can you  
however1 repress the wrong which offends
  you8 ,can the evils of which you      
complain be prevented8 ,no1 do what you 
will1 there must ever be men1 over whom 
the passion for power will  exercise    
vast influence1 and this feeling will   
always induce them to turn  from the    
sinking to the rising star4 ,even if you
 go to the depth of a  desert1 to the   
jungles of an ,indian archipelago1 to   
the woods at  ,caffraria1 to the desert 
plains of ,north ,america1 or to the    
,cordilleras1  you will not escape from 
the miserable spectacles of human       

hypocrisy4 ,the  ,turks have a proverb  
which says1 ',cure the hand you cannot  
spare4' ,now we  can add to this maxim1 
',cure the hand which can serve you1    
satisfy your  pride1 avarice and        
egotism4' ,young and happy when you     
first entered on  life1 dear ,ireneus1  
you have seen much4 ,a sudden revolution
 has covered  your eyes with a cloud1   
and unexpected treachery has pierced    
your heart4  ,time will show you many   
others1 and if you do not give yourself 
up to  useless misanthropy1 the most    
foolish and idle of all maladies1 you   
will  learn to resign yourself to       
chagrins you cannot avoid4 ,in your time
 of  distress you will draw near to     
those who do not deceive your esteem4   
,you  will1 without hatred and anger1 be
 able to look at those whom base        
calculation or cowardice has led astray1
 and if you congratulate yourself  that 
you have not followed their example1 you
 will be glad that heaven  has endowed  
you with more firmness and a loftier    

ambition4    ,the wisdom of these       
reasonings touched the heart of         
,ireneus1 but could  not subdue it4 ,the
 ardent young man continued to curse    
those whom he had  seen in the ranks of 
legitimacy1 and who now had linked      
themselves with  the revolution4 ,often1
 to avoid the remonstrances of his      
uncle1 or not to  annoy him by          
recrimination1 he wandered alone across 
the desert plains1  calling all the     
deserters of the cause he loved by name1
 and sometimes he  even resolved1 like a
 true knight-errant1 to set out and     
demand an  account of their crime4 ,when
 he returned from these solitary walks1 
his  uncle1 thinking that all argument  
would at such times be useless1 said    
nothing4 ,ebba however looked at him    
with eager sympathy4        ,,part ,,iv4
      ,the marriage of ,alete1 for a    
while1 however1 diverted him from his   
moody  thoughts4 ,the pastor and ,m4 de 
,vermondans wished the marriage to be   
contracted according to the custom of   

the country4 ,invitations had  already  
been given to many in the neighborhood1 
to the friends of the  pastor and of the
 two families4 ,at the appointed time1 a
 great number of  carriages had         
collected at the house of ,m4 de        
,vermondans4 ,beds had been  made in    
every room4 ,the house was full of      
guests1 the stable of horses1  not to   
remain a few hours1 for a wedding in    
,sweden lasts a whole week4 ,m4  de     
,vermondans1 assisted by ,eric and      
,ireneus1 did the honors of the house4  
,ebba dressed her sister1 and this alone
 was not a trifling task1 for in        
,sweden brides are richly decked1 and   
the daughter of the humblest peasant    
borrows or hires jewels to dress her    
like a lady4    ,the toilet1 according  
to the old usage of the country1 was at 
last  finished1 under the inspection of 
the matrons of the village4 ,alete      
entered the drawing-room in a dress of  
rose-colored silk1 covered with         
flounces1 rosettes1 a mass of ribbons1  

etc41 and with a girdle1 suspended  to  
which were many ornaments of different  
devices1 all of silver1 and  which1 as  
she walked1 rang like bells4 ,nothing   
can be more ungraceful  than such a     
dress1 which1 however1 ,alete wore with 
grace4 ,when she  appeared1 a cry of    
admiration escaped from every mouth1 and
 the  spectators' eyes turned           
involuntarily to ,eric to congratulate  
him4    ,alete took her father's arm to 
walk to the church1 and the guests      
followed her4 ,at the head of the       
procession were musicians1 playing the  
flute and violin2 next came about thirty
 young girls1 two by two1 in  their     
richest dresses2 then the guests and the
 women and children of the  village4    
,after the ceremony1 the young girls    
stood on each side of the altar2 the    
bridegroom advanced to the altar2 then  
the bride was led thither by her        
father1 who handed her to ,eric1 and    
withdrew a few paces1 as if he thus     
transferred to another all his own      

rights4 ,the old pastor then1 with an   
earnest voice and with tears in his     
eyes1 pronounced the nuptial            
benediction1 and gave his children a    
touching exhortation4 ,a religious      
chant terminated the ceremonies1 and the
 couple left the church amid the  sound 
of horns and the firing of guns4 ,on    
their return home1 ,m4 de  ,vermondans1 
after an old custom1 handed each a glass
 of beer1 which they  drank at the same 
time1 as if to show that thenceforth all
 was common  between them4    ,dinner   
was soon served4 ,the newly-married     
people sat side by side under a  canopy1
 prepared as if to shelter their        
happiness4 ,at the end of the  repast a 
carpet was spread representing the      
nuptial bed4 ,the two knelt  together1  
and the company sang a hymn4 ,then the  
priest1 speaking to the  company1       
invoked every blessing on the couple    
about to enter a new walk  of life1 and 
bespoke the kind wishes of all their    
friends4 ,he asked every  guest to give 

them some token of sympathy1 and no one 
sought to avoid  this invitation4 ,each 
one paid tribute3 relations gave the    
married couple  a sum of money2 their   
friends gave them furniture1 stuffs1 and
 jewels4 ,in  similar cases1 at peasants
 houses1 corn1 wool1 etc41 utensils of  
household use1 are presented1 so that   
often the house of the  newly-married   
couple is provided for a long time with 
provisions in this  manner4 ,it is      
however true1 that they are dearly      
purchased by the  hospitality they have 
to extend for a long time to many       
guests4    ,from the house of ,m4 de    
,vermondans the guests went to that of  
the ,pastor1  where similar festivals   
were gone through with4 ,alete remained 
there1 and  ,m4 de ,vermondans returned 
with ,ebba and ,ireneus4 ,as he placed  
his foot on  the threshold of the door  
where he had hitherto always been       
welcomed by  his smiling daughter1 he   
was attacked by a sadness which he could
 not  overcome1 and went to his room to 

weep4    ,ebba also was sad1 for though 
her character was very different from   
,alete's1 she loved her sister dearly1  
and was most unhappy at the idea of  a  
separation4    ,ireneus sought to       
console her4    ,i thank you1 said the  
young girl1 for your kind expressions4  
,i am not  unhappy only on my own       
account at this separation4 ,my father  
will never  be able to use himself to   
it4 ,alete was always happy4 ,joy left  
our  household with her4 ,i wish ,i     
could replace her4 ,do however what ,i  
may1 ,i  never shall succeed4 ,you and  
all who know me1 are aware that my      
nature is  of altogether a different    
character4 ,i am melancholy4    ,gentle1
 ,ebba1 gentle1 said ,ireneus4          
,gentle perhaps1 and surely inoffensive1
 but ,i repeat melancholy4 ,why  does   
this sadness continue8 ,alas1 it is the 
law of ,god4 ,do not look at  me1 ,i beg
 you1 as on one of those women whom ,i  
have seen and of whom ,i  have read1 who
 create imaginary misfortunes for       

themselves1 and deck  themselves with   
ideal suffering and melancholy4 ,i have 
neither sorrow nor  passionate regrets  
and ,i do not know the meaning of       
deception4    ,my life has passed       
without storms1 but without noise1 like 
the spring  which bubbles from the hill4
 ,father and mother have sought to make 
me  happy1 and no untimely event has    
interrupted the course of my life4      
,melancholy1 however1 ,i was born1 and  
will die4 ,that is all4    ,listen to   
me1 added she1 fixing on ,ireneus a look
 impressed with  strange grief and      
affection4 ,heaven which denied me a    
brother seemed to  supply its neglect in
 yourself4 ,the attachment you evince   
toward me  appeals to my heart1 and ,i  
will make you a confession4    ,when ,i 
say nothing has troubled my thoughts1 ,i
 do not say all4 ,there is  one         
impression which to me has been an      
event1 a circumstance1 the  influence of
 which ,i cannot speak of4 ,i wish1     
however1 to ask you1 if you  believe in 

presentiments8    ,what a question6     
replied ,ireneus1 no one ever addressed 
me thus  before1 and ,i do not know what
 to say4    ,you do not--said ,ebba1    
with as much evidence of surprise1 as if
 she had  said you do not believe in the
 sun or moon4 ,i do1 and ,i think this  
matter plain and evident as the         
existence of ,god1 to whom we are       
indebted  for all our faculties4 ,god   
endows us with that intuition of secret 
events1 that species of devotion1       
sometimes as an act of mercy to prepare 
us for a misfortune which will overtake 
us1 sometimes in mercy to point  out to 
us the consequences of the concealed    
peril in which we are  engaged4    ,even
 you1 who seem not to believe in        
presentiments1 have more than once  been
 seized with an involuntary             
apprehension4 ,this dread1 this sadness1
  is the antecedent of the tempest4 ,it 
announces regret1 accident1 and         
unforeseen distress4 ,nay1 ,i think we  
thus are informed of dangers which      

menace one we love4 ,i think there is a 
real link between souls which love  each
 other1 a mysterious tie1 an invisible  
union1 so powerful however1  that how   
great soever the distance may be1 one   
cannot suffer without the  other being  
unhappy2 ,i will even say1 that ,i think
 these bonds exist  between the living  
and the dead1 that the chilly grave does
 not crush all  love1 that the dead are 
touched by the tears we shed for them1  
and by the  fidelity of our affections  
to them4 ,i will not in this connection 
repeat  to you stories of apparitions1  
ghost stories1 etc4 ,if you do not      
believe  what ,i say1 you will also     
doubt all popular anecdotes4 ,there are 
sentiments which cannot be demonstrated1
 inductions and revelations which       
austere reason rejects1 and casts amid  
the empire of dreams1 which exert  a    
great influence over the heart4 ,i saw  
one night my mother standing at  the    
foot of my bed4 ,she died when ,i was   
born4 ,she leaned over me and  kissed my

 forehead4 ,her lips seemed cold as ice1
 yet her kiss burned me4  ,she looked at
 me for a moment in silence1 and her    
large blue eyes were  filled with tears4
 ,she then slowly withdrew1 and as she  
did so1 opened  her arms to call me to  
her4 ,once again1 as ,i opened a door ,i
 saw myself1  pale as my father used to 
describe my mother to me1 and clad in a 
long1 white robe1 which fell about me   
like a shroud4 ,old people will tell    
you there is no more certain sign of    
death1 and ,i am sure ,i shall not  live
 long4 ,for that reason ,i do not attach
 myself to this world1 nor  indulge as  
others do in reveries about the future4 
,this conviction of ,ebba was evidently 
deeply rooted that ,ireneus knew not    
how reply to it4 ,he1 however1 sought to
 represent to ,ebba that these          
impressions should not be taken too     
seriously to heart1 and that at her     
age1 and with her qualities1 she should 
not anticipate a sacrifice of           
existence1 nor give up the joys and     

hopes of life4    ,ebba said nothing4   
,she1 however1 looked long and moodily  
at him1 clasped  his hand and left him4 
,ireneus was yet more desolate than he  
had been during the days preceding      
,alete's marriage4 ,a letter from one of
 his friends greatly excited him4  ,this
 friend informed him that the legitimist
 party was about to attempt  the        
reconquest of the realm4 ,the ,duchess  
de ,berry had left ,scotland1 for       
,massa1 thence she had opened a         
correspondence with many provinces4 ,la 
,vende and the south opened their arms  
to her1 and crowds of devoted  servants 
had pledged themselves to her4    ,all  
announced an approaching conflict1 and  
all seemed to promise success4  ,will   
you not1 said his enthusiastic          
correspondent1 join in our  enterprise1 
and share in our glory8 ,i have always  
known you faithful to  your principles1 
and determined to defend them4 ,you will
 not suffer  yourself to be led astray  
by a repose which is unworthy of you1   

and  slumber in peasant life4 ,shall ,i 
write to you some day as the valliant   
,beornere did1 go hang yourself1        
,crellon1 for there was a battle at     
,arques1 and you were away8--,no1 the   
color under which you first fought  is  
about to be flung to the wind1 and your 
friends will not expect you in  vain4   
,when he heard this news1 when he heard 
the trumpet call1 ,ireneus felt all  his
 military ardor revived4 ,often in the  
peaceable days he passed in his  uncle's
 house1 he reproached himself with a    
happiness to which he did not  think    
himself entitled4 ,now he could not     
absent himself from the arena1  in which
 his friends were about to enter2 he    
could not desert them4 ,in  the ardor of
 his monarchical sentiments he forgot   
that this enterprise  was civil war1 in 
which brothers would be arrayed against 
each other1 and  the soil of ,france    
steeped in the blood of its own         
children4 ,he only  thought of his oath 
of allegiance and his banner4 ,his first

 idea was to  go4 ,when1 however1 he    
reflected more calmly1 he thought it his
 duty to  inform his uncle of his plans1
 and1 under the pretext of hunting1     
wandered over the fields with his gun on
 his shoulder1 forming his  schemes and 
dreaming of the glory that awaited him4 
,an accident delayed the execution of   
his plans1 and at the same time gave    
him an additional excuse for leaving    
,sweden4 ,m4 de ,vermondans1 who saw    
him come home every night with an empty 
game bag1 said to him3    ,i must1 dear 
,ireneus1 recompense you for your       
useless wanderings2 and ,i  will procure
 you the pleasure of a bear-hunt4 ,there
 are two young men in  the village1 who 
will take you to a good place2 and1 in  
case of accident1  will assist you with 
a sure aim4 ,shall ,i send for them8    
,ireneus1 who was anxious to be actively
 engaged during the few days he         
expected to pass in ,sweden1 accepted   
the proposition with eagerness4 ,the    
two huntsmen1 having been sent for1 said

 that they knew the lair of an  old bear
 they had hunted during the last winter4
 ,it was arranged1 that on  the next    
morning1 they should come for ,ireneus4 
,ebba had heard this conversation with  
evident uneasiness2 but had said        
nothing4 ,when the huntsmen left1 she   
said1 with an emotion which was  evident
 in every glance1 tone and gesture4     
,cousin1 bear-hunting here is a very    
serious affair1 and none but the        
boldest of the villagers undertake it4  
,when one of these ferocious  animals is
 killed1 it is borne home in triumph1   
and the victory is  celebrated with     
shouts of joy and traditional           
ceremonies4 ,he who kills  one of these 
old northern forest-kings1 drives a     
brass nail in the stock  of his gun4    
,our peasants have various superstitions
 about the bear4 ,they  will not        
pronounce his name aloud for fear of    
offending him1 but style  him the 'old  
man' and the 'grandfather4' ,when they  
have killed one1 they  ask forgiveness1 

and speak kindly to him1 and beg him to 
come with them1  where he will he gladly
 welcomed4 ,all these customs1 and many 
others1  which it would be too long to  
relate1 evince the idea of danger       
attached  to the pursuit of the bear4 ,i
 do not wish to divert you from a plan1 
the  very danger of which1 perhaps1     
pleases you4 ,be prudent1 however1 my   
dear  ,ireneus1 and take care of        
yourself4 ,i beg you4    ,these words   
were uttered with an accent1 the        
tenderness of which the  young officer  
had not previously remarked4 ,he looked 
at ,ebba and saw that  she was troubled4
 ,a loud laugh1 an exclamation of ,m4 de
 ,vermondans1  dissipated the vague     
impression which ,ireneus had received4 
,pardon1 said the old man1 women are    
strange things4 ,if one yielded to      
their terrors1 the front-door would     
never be passed1 and a gun would be     
useless4 ,because our peasants will not 
call a bear1 should a brave young       
fellow hang up his gun1 and never       

venture to pursue the animal8 ,i trust1 
,ireneus1 that you will refute the      
dreams of this girl by success1 and     
bring me home tomorrow a fine skin1 to  
make a new hearth-rug of4    ,ireneus   
said1 ,i have listened to my cousin1 but
 having a sure foot and a  quick eye1 ,i
 shall be rash enough to wait until the 
bear reaches the  muzzle of my gun1 or  
,i shall seek him out in his lair4      
,before dawn1 on the next day1 the young
 officer1 being well armed and          
equipped1 took the field with his two   
companions4 ,a servant had arisen to    
give him breakfast4 ,every one else in  
the house slept4 ,as1 however1 he  was  
about to leave the house1 ,ireneus heard
 a faint noise on the first  story4 ,he 
looked up and saw a window4 ,a white    
figure advanced to the  glass1 and then 
withdrew1 as if afraid of being seen4   
,doubtless this was  ,ebba4 ,under other
 circumstances1 ,ireneus would have     
called to bid her  adieu4 ,since the    
conversation  of the evening before1    

however1 ,ireneus  felt annoyed1 when he
 thought of her1 and left without       
seeming to have  seen her4    ,his      
guides led him across hills and ravines 
to a forest some leagues from  the      
village4 ,when they had reached it1     
there was an eager discussion  between  
them4    ,thenceforth they differed     
about the course to be followed4 ,one   
wished to  go directly forward1 and the 
other insisted that a detour should be  
made4  ,after a long discussion1 they   
resolved to place ,ireneus between them1
 and  advance in three lines1 keeping1  
however1 near enough together to be able
  to unite against the enemy4 ,they made
 ,ireneus understand them by signs1  and
 he assented to their plan4 ,one of them
 took a bottle of brandy from  his      
pouch1 and offered it to the young      
officer1 who1 par complaisance1  placed 
it to his lips1 and handed it to his    
companion2 he gave it an  embrace1 and  
passed it on to the third1 from whom it 
received equal  attention4 ,ireneus1 who

 also had brought some provisions1 drank
 a glass  of generous wine to their     
health4    ,the three huntsmen then     
entered the forest4 ,the boughs of the  
pines were  sufficiently far apart not  
to impede their passage4 ,the ground1   
however1  was covered with underwood1   
and trunks of trees covered with snow on
  which his foot slipped every minute4  
,after a short time the peasants        
slackened their pace1 and sought for the
 tracks of the bear4 ,ireneus went  on1 
without observing that he was in        
advance4 ,he soon found that he was  far
 ahead1 and halted for them4 ,as he     
looked round for them1 he saw  something
 at the foot of a tree4    ,it was the  
bear1 and an immense one4 ,his paws were
 bent under his body1  his head was     
concealed in the snow1 and he seemed    
asleep4    ,ireneus rejoiced at this    
discovery1 and recalling what ,ebba had 
said1  smiled at the idea of acquiring1 
in the first attempt1 the honor so much 
desired in the country1 of having a     

brass nail in the stock of his gun4     
,to make his shot surer1 he ascended a  
little eminence still nearer the        
animal4 ,he cocked his gun1 and advanced
 carefully4 ,the eminence1 however1  was
 formed only of a mass of leaves and    
twigs1 the interstices being  concealed 
by the snow4 ,as he put his foot on it1 
it gave way1 he fell1  and his gun was  
discharged4    ,before he could rise the
 animal was awake1 and rushed on him4   
,it placed  its two paws on the         
shoulder1 and having him thus in its    
power1 with its  eye sparkling with     
rage1 joked at its victim4 ,unable to   
move1 ,ireneus  closed his eyes1 and    
commended his soul to the mercy of ,god4
    ,the claws of the animal had already
 pierced his flesh1 when he heard the   
report of a gun both on his right and   
left4 ,each had reached the animal's    
head1 which fell dead on the meditated  
victim1 covering him with blood1  and   
lacerating ,ireneus's breast and chest  
in its convulsive agony4    ,at the same

 moment1 with a cry of triumph1 the two 
peasants ran to him4  ,they found him   
paralyzed by the weight of the animal1  
and bathed in  blood4 ,they lifted him  
up1 rubbed his temples with brandy1 and 
holding  him by the belt1 made him take 
a step or two1 to see if he could walk4 
,he  could do so4    ,it was necessary  
to take him out of the forest1 where no 
assistance could  be had4 ,with great   
care1 and frequent pauses1 they at last 
reached the  open country4 ,there the   
strength of ,ireneus completely gave    
way1 his  wounds bleeding1 and his limbs
 failing him4 ,one of his companions    
took  off his vest1 laid it on the      
ground1 and assisted ,ireneus to stretch
  himself on it1 with touching kindness 
of heart and solicitude4 ,the other  ran
 toward the high-road1 and seeing a car 
loaded with hay1 induced the  driver by 
tears1 threats and promises to come to  
,ireneus's aid4 ,they  placed him in it1
 and thus went to the village4    ,when 
there1 one of the hunters sent for his  

wife1 and said3    ,go1 fast as you can1
 to ,m4 de ,vermondans1 and say that his
 nephew is  ll1 but in no danger1 and   
hurry back to prepare the table4 ,we    
have made a  famous hunt4 ,to-morrow we 
will have the bear-feast4    ,the old   
gentleman1 when he heard the news1      
hurried to his nephew4 ,then  ,looking  
into the huntsman's face1 he passed his 
hand over ,ireneus's body4    ,nothing  
serious1 that is good4    ,soon after   
came ,ebba1 pale and trembling1 who1    
when she saw her cousin's  blood1 fell  
half dead in her father's arms4    ,the 
physician said that the wounds of the   
young officer were trifling4  ,he1      
however1 enjoined a few days of rest and
 repose4    ,immediately1 on hearing of 
the accident1 ,eric and ,alete hurried  
to see  ,ireneus1 evincing  the         
tenderest sympathy for him4 ,m4 de      
,vermondans1 by  his assiduous care1    
proved how he loved his nephew4 ,he also
 gave the two  preservers a munificent  
reward4    ,ebba seemed completely      

crushed4 ,her sister found her seated in
 a chair1  with her eye fixed1 her lips 
motionless1 and her face pale4          
,completely  wrapped in thought1 the    
young girl did not rouse1 except at the 
sound of  ,ireneus's name1 and when she 
heard the various reports of the        
physician4  ,often1 during the day1 she 
went to the invalid's chamber1 passing  
timidly  up the steps1 and placing her  
ear to the door4 ,she would then to her 
father1 and sink again into her morbid  
sadness4    ,one night1 when the nurse  
who sat with him had seen him sink to   
sleep and  retired1 the young officer   
awoke under the impression that a       
delicate  hand was passed lightly over  
his forehead4 ,he opened his eyes1 and  
saw  the shadow of a woman flit behind  
the curtains4 ,it was ,ebba1 who1 unable
  even to sleep at night1 had furtively 
come1 when she thought no one would  be 
aware of it1 to be certain that his     
medicine was prepared1 and to look  into
 his position4    ,through the care of  

the physician and the affectionate      
friends who  surrounded him1 ,ireneus   
regained his strength4    ,the day he   
returned to the table was a very        
festival4 ,m4 de ,vermondans  had       
invited  his daughter1 son-in-law1 the  
doctor1 and the two huntsmen  to dine   
with him4 ,the latter brought the skin  
of the bear they had  killed1 and which 
they wished to present to their less    
fortunate  companion4    ,they then told
 gaily all the incidents of that        
memorable day2 and when1  during the    
course of conversation1 they heard how  
lightly ,ireneus had  considered the    
bear-hunt1 one of them said3    ,ah1 ,i 
am not surprised at what has happened4  
,one should not trifle with  a bear4 ,he
 is cunning and proud1 and understands  
everything said of him4  ,if he is not  
treated with respect1 he takes a cruel  
revenge4 ,i would not  be surprised if1 
having heard what ,monsieur said1 he    
laid at the foot of  the tree expressly 
to teach him a lesson4    ,ireneus1 to  

whom ,ebba translated this1 laughed at  
the superstition4 ,the  huntsmen1 seeing
 him laugh1 shook their heads1 as if to 
say1 ,there is an  imprudent fellow1 who
 will not profit by experience4    ,as  
he regained strength1 ,ireneus again    
felt the necessity of action4 ,the  last
 letters he received informed him that  
the legitimist movement had  become more
 serious1 the ,duchess de ,berry        
preparing to leave ,massa4 ,he  also    
heard that she had gone successively to 
the south1 and had unfurled  the white  
flag in ,la ,vende4 ,ireneus resolved to
 go4 ,when he saw the  conduct of ,ebba1
 her deep distress when he was sick and 
the joy which  had burst forth when he  
recovered1 he could not conceal from    
himself that  she entertained sentiments
 toward him which he did not            
reciprocate4 ,he  loved the young girl1 
and experienced much pleasure from the  
contemplation of her delicate grace and 
melancholy beauty4 ,he loved the  sound 
of her melodious voice4 ,more than once 

since the discovery he had  made1 he    
asked himself if he should not look on  
what had happened as a  signal          
interposition of ,heaven in his favor4  
,a quiet life1 a comfortable  home1 the 
love of friends and of a pretty woman1  
certainly deserved some  thanks4 ,he    
however was soon hurried from this      
idyllic existence by the  ardor of his  
youth1 and the prospect of an           
adventurous career4 ,to some  men a     
peaceable life does not seem existence4 
,they are like certain  birds1 which    
show themselves only in the tempest4    
,ireneus was of this character4 ,when he
 carefully scrutinized his heart1  he   
saw that but a portion of it could      
belong to ,ebba3 that with her he  would
 constantly be persecuted  by repinings 
at fate1 and would long for  the        
excitement of battle and camp4 ,should  
he then accept a pure heart  from the   
young girl8 ,should he deceive her8     
,honor required him to leave  her4      
,m4 de ,vermondans was painfully        

surprised when he heard of this         
determination4 ,he had grown to look on 
,ireneus as a son1 and perhaps1 in  the 
fondness of his heart1 had made a happy 
dream for the future career  of ,ebba   
and himself4 ,he attempted to persuade  
him to lay aside the plan1  but in vain4
    ,take care1 dear ,ireneus1 that you 
do not become dazzled by the prestige   
of a sentiment1 generous and noble it is
 true1 but which may result in          
misfortune to yourself1 without         
benefiting others4 ,how many men thus   
neglect their advantages1 and attribute 
the blame to ,providence1 which  places 
happiness within their grasp1 but which 
they do not see1 so  dazzled are they by
 some imaginary attraction4 ,if this    
attraction fades  away1 they tell how   
they looked behind2 they regret what    
they have lost  when it is too late4    
,fortune has granted what they wished   
but neglected  to others4    ,but duty1 
uncle6 duty6    ,god forbid that ,i     
cease to respect that word4 ,suffer me  

only to observe1  that in the ardor of  
youth one easily mistakes that          
obligation4 ,there are  circumstances in
 which duty appears so clearly and      
distinctly1 and speaks  so loudly1 that 
it must be obeyed at all risks4 ,our    
force must be devoted  to it--our soul1 
our life4 ,ordinarily1 however1 we are  
forced to decide  between conflicting   
duties1 and the one which seems the best
 is  ordinarily the least praiseworthy4 
,the man who devotes himself to daily   
toil has family affections1 and diffuses
 good around him4 ,does not he          
discharge his duty8 ,does not he occupy 
an honorable place in the social        
system8 ,does virtue exist only in      
extraordinary actions8 ,is there no     
crown to be gathered except in          
adventurous enterprises or in the battle
  field8 ,and is not he a good citizen1 
who toils usefully1 and properly        
educates his children8    ,ireneus did  
justice to his uncle's arguments1 and   
was moved by the  touching kindness he  

evinced4 ,his mind was however made up1 
and nothing  could divert him4          
,alete1 her husband1 and the old pastor1
 sought to retain him4 ,when ,ebba      
heard he was about to leave1 she said   
nothing3 her head sunk on her  bosom1   
and tears stole into her eyelids4       
,ireneus left not without effort and    
distress4 ,at sunset the rays of the    
sun have singular beauty1 and life is   
never so attractive as to the dying     
man4 ,just at the moment of separation a
 strange reaction also takes  place4 ,in
 an instant we see a kind of dazzling   
light1 unfolding to us  what we love and
 what we abandon4 ,we regret in         
anticipation what we are  about to      
leave4 ,the door is not yet passed1 the 
farewell is not spoken4  ,we pause and  
hesitate4 ,we may return1 and joyfully  
cast ourselves into  arms still open to 
us4 ,this is the last contest of the    
heart1 perhaps the  last remonstrance of
 a good genius4 ,passion however        
conquers1 and the  bark is launched upon

 a sea without a port1 beneath a sky    
without a star4  ,may ,god guide it6    
,thus ,ireneus departed1 deserting      
domestic peace1 leaving a family in     
distress1 and crushing a young heart4   
,he was himself unhappy1 but was        
sustained by the idea that he hearkened 
to the voice of honor1 and that  the    
sacrifice was noble in proportion as it 
was painful4    ,it was the beginning of
 summer4 ,the earth had become green1   
and the woods  ,were filled with the    
sound of birds4 ,a pure sky1 silvery    
lakes1 all the  varied beauty of the    
north1 seemed revived as if by magic at 
the first  breath of spring4 ,had       
anything been able to retain him1 nature
 would4    ,thanks to the clearness of  
the nights which permitted him to       
travel1 he  soon reached ,stockholm1    
where he embarked on the ,lubeck        
steamer1 went to  see his mother1 and   
hurried to ,la ,vende1 where he joined  
the flag he had  come so far to stand   
beneath4    ,during his voyage1 he wrote

 more than once to his uncle4 ,three    
weeks1  however1 rolled by and they     
received no news4 ,m4 de ,vermondans    
complained  of his silence--,alete      
sought to excuse him4 ,ebba suffered in 
silence4  ,after the departure of her   
cousin1 the delicate young girl had     
sunken  into a state of sadness which   
daily assumed a more dangerous          
character4  ,she loved to sit alone1    
looking toward the south1 as if there   
lay her  last hope4 ,she sometimes tried
 to read1 but from her very look it was 
plain that her mind was unoccupied4 ,if 
she saw her father1 she sought to  smile
 and appear gay to soothe him2 as soon1 
however1 as he left1 she  became        
prostrate again4 ,her cheeks grew thin  
and flushed1 she was ill1  and the      
physicians were sent for--one said she  
had a slow fever1 another  that she was 
consumptive4 ,ebba carefully followed   
their advice1 and did  all that her     
father and sister recommended4 ,when    
alone1 she shook her  head as if she    

thought all remedies in vain4    ,two   
weeks passed without a word from        
,ireneus4 ,what was he about8 ,it was   
,known that he had passed through       
,paris1 and should be in ,la ,vende4    
,could  he not correspond with his      
friends8 ,could his letters have been   
intercepted8 ,might he not already have 
fallen a victim to his chivalric  ardor1
 and be wounded1 a prisoner1 perhaps    
dead6    ,the post was looked for with  
anxiety4 ,the newspapers were read      
anxiously4  ,vain hope6 those of ,sweden
 gave very meager details of the        
legitimist  movement4    ,at last ,m4 de
 ,vermondans became angry and humiliated
 at suffering his  impatience to become 
manifest1 and forbade ,ireneus or ,la   
,vende to be  mentioned4 ,he could not1 
however1 stifle thought in his own mind 
or in  ,ebba's4    ,one morning the     
young girl arose in great distress1 and 
with a feverish  agitation which made   
her look better4 ,she dressed hastily1  
and went to  her father's room4 ,she    

said she wanted to see her sister4      
,really1 said the old man1 deceived by  
this deceitful animation1 and  quivering
 with joy at the idea of her recovery4  
,do you wish to go8 ,i  will go with    
you4    ,he hurried to the stable1 had  
his horse harnessed1 and in a few       
minutes1  seated in his cabriolet1 was  
crossing the fields4 ,on her way1 ,ebba1
 with  peculiar tenderness1 pointed out 
various scenes of her childhood and     
youth1 the home of old servants1 spots  
where she had been with ,alete1 and     
made memorable by various little        
incidents4    ,suddenly she ceased to   
speak--looked at the scenery with deep  
interest  glancing at the sea and the   
sky1 and seemed absorbed in a melancholy
  reminiscence4    ,her father had      
listened to her with pleasure1 and      
turned to ask why she  was silent4 ,he  
was filled with delight4 ,had he been   
able1 however1 to  look into her mind1  
he would have seen a deep sentiment of  
sadness and  resignation1 united with   

resignation and hopelessness4    ,in the
 silent meditation of the poor invalid  
there might be read a last  adieu to the
 blue wave1 the green wood1 the distant 
prospects which so  often had occupied  
her reverie4 ,the warm summer breeze1   
which played in  her hair1 the clear    
sky1 the whole tapestry of nature she   
was about to  leave1 instinct as it was 
with poetic fancy4 ,by her half open    
lips1 by  her wondering eye1 she bade   
adieu to the scenes amid which she had  
lived1  to the flowers which smiled on  
her as a sister1 and where birds sang   
their matin lays as if she had been one 
of their kindred4    ,when he reached   
the parsonage1 her father stopped to    
chat with the old  pastor4 ,ebba took   
,alete by the hand1 and hurried her into
 the chamber4    ,dear sister1 said she1
 ,i wished to see you again4    ,again1 
,ebba--,i hope you will1 and for many a 
year4    ,yes--yes--but not here1 in    
another world4 ,she grew pale as she    
spoke4    ,what an idea6 said ,alete4 ,i

 was so agreeably surprised by your     
visit4  ,have you come to distress me8  
,as she spoke1 ,alete covered her face1 
now suffused with tears1 with her       
hands4    ,excuse me1 ,alete4 ,i was    
wrong to give way so4 ,let us talk of   
something  else4    ,yes1 yes1 said     
,alete1 smiling amid her tears4 ,has    
anything been heard  of ,ireneus8       
,ireneus is--dead6 said ,ebba sadly4    
,dead6 exclaimed ,alete2 how so8    ,i  
know he is4 ,i saw him last night4      
,ah1 ,i have sometimes dreamed of a     
person's death1 whom on the next        
morning ,i met perfectly well4    ,i    
tell you ,i saw him struck by a ball in 
the breast1 the blood running  from the 
wound1 looking staringly around1 and    
smiling in the agonies of  death4       
,madness6 my dear ,ebba1 said ,alete1   
with a burst of strange unnatural       
laughter1 for in spite of herself she   
was impressed by the words of her       
sister4 ,come1 ,eric and his father     
expect us4 ,let us pass our evening     

happily together1 and shake off all     
these presentiments1 which ,i pray to   
,god may never be realized4    ,yes1    
come1 and attempting to look gay1 she   
said1 ,madness6 we will  see4    ,during
 the next week1 a letter from the mother
 of ,ireneus informed them  that the    
young officer had died on the very day  
of ,ebba's dream1 of a  wound received  
at the siege of the ,castle of          
,penissiere4    ,ebba soon died1        
pronouncing the names of her father and 
sister1 who wept  at her bedside4 ,her  
last breath uttered one other name1 that
 of ,ireneus4           99       99     
99       99       99      ,,poems ,,by  
,,the ,,author ,,of ,,lillian4    ,the  
following pieces by ,,winthrop          
,,mackworth ,,praed1 have never before1 
we  believe1 been printed in this       
country4    ,,the ,,legend ,,of ,,the   
,,teufel-,,haus4      ,the way was lone1
 and the hour was late1    ,and ,sir    
,rudolph was far from his castle gate4  
,the night came down1 by slow degrees1  

,on the river stream1 and the           
forest-trees2    ,and by the heat of the
 heavy air1    ,and by the lightning's  
distant glare1    ,and by the rustling  
of the woods1    ,and by the roaring of 
the floods1    ,in half an hour1 a man  
might say1    ,the ,spirit of ,storm    
would ride that way4    ,but little he  
cared1 that stripling pale1    ,for the 
sinking sun1 or the rising gale2    ,for
 he1 as he rode1 was dreaming now1      
,poor youth1 of a woman's broken vow1   
,of the cup dashed down1 ere the wine   
was tasted1    ,of eloquent speeches    
sadly wasted1    ,of a gallant heart all
 burnt to ashes4    ,and the ,baron of  
,katzberg's long mustaches1    ,so the  
earth below1 and the heaven above1      
,he saw them not2--those dreams of love1
    ,as some have found1 and some will  
find1    ,make men extremely deaf and   
blind4    ,at last he opened his great  
blue eyes1    ,and looking about in vast
 surprise1    ,found that his hunter had
 turned his back1    ,an hour ago on the

 beaten track1    ,and now was threading
 a forest hoar1    ,where steed had     
never stepped before4      ,by ,caesar's
 head1 ,sir ,rudolph said1        ,it   
were a sorry joke4    ,if ,i to-night   
should make my bed        ,on the turf1 
beneath an oak6    ,poor ,roland reeks  
from head to hoof2--        ,now1 for   
thy sake1 good roan1    ,i would we were
 beneath a roof1        ,were it the    
foul fiend's own6      ,ere the tongue  
could rest1 ere the lips could close    
,the sound of a listener's laughter     
rose4    ,it was not the scream of a    
merry boy    ,when harlequin waves his  
wand of joy2    ,nor the shout from a   
serious curate1 won    ,by a bending    
bishop's annual pun2    ,nor the roar of
 a ,yorkshire clown2--oh1 no6    ,it was
 a gentle laugh1 and low2    ,half      
uttered1 perhaps1 perhaps1 and stifled  
half1    ,a good old-gentlemanly laugh2 
,such as my uncle ,peter's are1    ,when
 he tells you his tales of ,dr4 ,parr4  
,the rider looked to the left and the   

right1    ,with something of marvel1 and
 more of fright3    ,but brighter       
gleamed his anxious eye1    ,when a     
light shone out from a hill hard by4    
,thither be spurred1 as gay and glad    
,as ,mrs4 ,maquill's delighted lad1     
,when he turns away from the ,pleas of  
the ,crown1    ,or flings1 with a yawn1 
old ,saunders down1    ,and flies1 at   
last1 from all the mysteries    ,of     
,plaintiffs' and ,defendants' histories1
    ,to make himself sublimely neat1    
,for ,mrs4 ,camac's in ,mansfield       
,street4      ,at a lofty gate ,sir     
,rudolph halted2    ,down from his seat 
,sir ,rudolph vaulted3    ,and he blew a
 blast with might and main1    ,on the  
bugle that hung by an iron chain4       
,the sound called up a score of         
sounds2--    ,the screeching of owls1   
and the baying of hounds1    ,the hollow
 toll of the turret bell1    ,the call  
of the watchful sentinel4    ,and a     
groan at last1 like a peal of thunder1  
,as the huge old portals rolled asunder1

    ,and gravely from the castle hall   
,paced forth the white-robed seneschal4 
,he stayed not to ask of what degree    
,so fair and famished a knight might be2
    ,but knowing that all untimely      
question    ,ruffles the temper1 and    
mars the digestion1    ,he laid his hand
 upon the crupper4    ,and              
said1--,you're just in time for supper4 
,they led him to the smoking board4     
,and placed him next to the castle's    
lord4    ,he looked around with a       
hurried glance3    ,you may ride from   
the border to fair ,penzance1    ,and   
nowhere1 but at ,epsom ,races1    ,find 
such a group of ruffian faces1    ,as   
thronged that chamber2 some were talking
    ,of feats of hunting and of hawking1
    ,and some were drunk1 and some were 
dreaming1    ,and some found pleasure in
 blaspheming4    ,he thought1 as he     
gazed on the fearful crew1    ,that the 
lamps that burned on the walls burned   
blue4    ,they brought him a pasty of   
mighty size1    ,to cheer his heart1 and

 to charm his eyes2    ,they brought the
 wine1 so rich and old1    ,and filled  
to the brim the cup of gold2    ,the    
knight looked down1 and the knight      
looked up1    ,but he carved not the    
meat1 and he drained not the cup4       
,ho ho1 said his host with angry brow1  
,i wot our guest is fine2    ,our fare  
is far too coarse1 ,i trow1        ,for 
such nice taste as thine3    ,yet trust 
me ,i have cooked the food1        ,and 
,i have filled the can1    ,since ,i    
have lived in this old wood1        ,for
 many nobler man4--    ,the savory buck 
and the ancient cask        ,to a weary 
man are sweet2    ,but ere he taste1 it 
is fit he ask        ,for a blessing on 
bowl and meat4    ,let me but pray for a
 minute's space1        ,and bid me     
pledge ye then2    ,i swear to ye1 by   
our ,lady's grace1        ,i shall eat  
and drink like ten6      ,the lord of   
the castle in wrath arose1        ,he   
frowned like a fiery dragon2            
,indignantly he blew his nose1          

,and overturned the flagon4    ,and1    
,away1 quoth he1 with the canting       
priest4    ,who comes uncalled to a     
midnight feast1    ,and breathes through
 a helmet his holy benison1    ,to sour 
my hock1 and spoil my venison6          
,that moment all the lights went out2   
,and they dragged him forth1 that rabble
 rout1    ,with oath1 and threat1 and   
foul scurrility1    ,and every sort of  
incivility4    ,they barred the gates3  
and the peal of laughter1    ,sudden and
 shrill that followed after1    ,died   
off into a dismal tone1    ,like a      
parting spirit's painful moan4    ,i    
wish1 said ,rudolph1 as he stood    ,on 
foot in the deep and silent wood2    ,i 
wish1 good ,roland1 rack and stable     
,may be kinder to-night than their      
master's table6      ,by this the storm 
had fleeted by2      ,and the moon with 
a quiet smile looked out    ,from the   
glowing arch of a cloudless sky1        
,flinging her silvery beams about    ,on
 rock1 tree1 wave1 and gladdening all   

,with just as miscellaneous bounty1     
,as ,isabel's1 whose sweet smiles fall  
,in half an hour on half the county4    
,less wild ,sir ,rudolph's pathway      
seemed1      ,as he fumed from that     
discourteous tower2    ,small spots of  
verdure gaily gleamed      ,on either   
side2 and many a flower1    ,lily1 and  
violet1 and heart's-ease1      ,grew by 
the way1 a fragrant border2    ,and the 
tangled boughs of the hoary trees       
,were twined in picturesque disorder3   
,and there came from the grove1 and     
there came from         the hill1       
,the loveliest sounds he had ever heard1
    ,the cheerful voice of the dancing  
rill1      ,and the sad1 sad song of the
 lonely bird4    ,and at last he stared 
with wondering eyes1      ,as well he   
might1 on a huge pavilion3    ',twas    
clothed with stuffs of a hundred dyes1  
,blue1 purple1 orange1 pink1 vermilion2 
,and there were quaint devices traced   
,all round in the ,saracenic manner2    
,and the top1 which gleamed like gold1  

was graced      ,with the drooping folds
 of a silken banner2    ,and on the     
poles1 in silent pride1      ,there sat 
small doves of white enamel2    ,and the
 vail from the entrance was drawn aside1
      ,and flung on the humps of a      
silver camel4    ,in short it was the   
sweetest thing      ,for a weary youth  
in a wood to light on3    ,and finer far
 than what a king      ,built up1 to    
prove his taste1 at ,brighton4      ,the
 gilded gate was all unbarred2    ,and1 
close beside it1 for a guard1    ,there 
lay two dwarfs with monstrous noses1    
,both fast asleep upon some roses4      
,sir ,rudolph entered2 rich and bright  
,was all that met his ravished sight2   
,soft tapestries from far countries     
brought1    ,rare cabinets with gems    
inwrought1    ,white vases of the finest
 mould1    ,and mirrors set in burnished
 gold4    ,upon a couch a grayhound     
slumbered2    ,and a small table was    
encumber'd    ,with paintings1 and an   
ivory lute1    ,and sweetmeats1 and     

delicious fruit4    ,sir ,rudolph lost  
not time in praising2    ,for he1 ,i    
should have said was gazing1    ,in     
attitude extremely tragic1    ,upon a   
sight of stranger magic2    ,a sight1   
which1 seen at such a season1    ,might 
well astonish ,mistress ,reason1    ,and
 scare ,dame ,wisdom from her fences    
,of rules and maxims1 moods and tenses4 
,beneath a crimson canopy      ,a lady1 
passing fair1 was lying2    ,deep sleep 
was on her gentle eye1      ,and in her 
slumber she was sighing    ,bewitching  
sighs1 such sighs as say      ,beneath  
the moonlight1 to a lover1    ,things   
which the coward tongue by day          
,would not1 for all the world1 discover3
    ,she lay like a shape of sculptured 
stone1    ,so pale1 so tranquil3--she   
had thrown1      ,for the warm evening's
 sultriness1    ,the broidered coverlet 
aside    ,and nothing was there to deck 
or hide      ,the glory of her          
loveliness1    ,but a scarf of gauze1 so
 light and thin    ,you might see       

beneath the dazzling skin1    ,and watch
 the purple streamlets go    ,through   
the valleys of white and stainless snow1
    ,or here and there a wayward tress  
,which wandered out with vast assurance 
,from the pearls that kept the rest in  
durance1    ,and fluttered about1 as if 
'twould try    ,to lure a zephyr from   
the sky4    ,bertha6--large drops of    
anguish came    ,on ,rudolph's brow1 as 
he breathed that name1--    ,oh fair and
 false one1 wake1 and fear2    ,i1 the  
betrayed1 the scorned1 am here4    ,the 
eye moved not from its dull eclipse1    
,the voice came not from the fast-shut  
lips2    ,no matter6 well that gazer    
knew    ,the tone of bliss1 and the eyes
 of blue4      ,sir ,rudolph hid his    
burning face    ,with both his hands for
 a minute's space1    ,and all his frame
 in awful fashion    ,was shaken by some
 sudden passion4    ,what guilty fancies
 o'er him ran8--      ,oh1 pity will be 
slow to guess them2    ,and never1 save 
the holy man1      ,did good ,sir       

,rudolph e'er confess them    ,but soon 
his spirit you might deem    ,came forth
 from the shade1 of the fearful dream2  
,his cheek1 though pale1 was calm again4
    ,and he spoke in peace1 though he   
spoke in pain      ,not mine6 not mine6 
now1 ,mary mother4    ,aid me the sinful
 hope to smother6    ,not mine1 not     
mine6--,i have loved thee long    ,thou 
hast quitted me with grief and wrong4   
,but pure the heart of a knight should  
be1--    ,sleep on1 sleep on1 thou art  
safe for me4    ,yet shalt thou know1 by
 a certain sign1    ,whose lips have    
been so near to thine1    ,whose eyes   
have looked upon thy sleep1    ,and     
turned away1 and longed to weep1        
,whole heart1--mourn1--madden as it     
will1--    ,has spared thee1 and adored 
thee1 still6      ,his purple mantle1   
rich and wide1    ,from his neck the    
trembling youth untied1    ,and flung it
 o'er those dangerous charms1    ,the   
swelling neck1 and the rounded arms4    
,once more he looked1 once more he      

sighed2    ,and away1 away1 from the    
perilous tent1      ,swift as the rush  
of an eagle's wing1      ,or the flight 
of a shaft from ,tartar string1    ,into
 the wood ,sir ,rudolph went3    ,not   
with more joy the school-boys run    ,to
 the gay green fields1 when their task  
is done2    ,not with more haste the    
members fly1    ,when ,hume has caught  
the ,speaker's eye4      ,at last the   
daylight came2 and then    ,a score or  
two of serving men1    ,supposing that  
some sad disaster    ,had happened to   
their lord and master1    ,went out into
 the wood1 and found him1    ,unhorsed1 
and with no mantle round him4    ,ere he
 could tell his tale romantic1    ,the  
leech pronounced him clearly frantic1   
,so ordered him at once to bed1    ,and 
clapped a blister on his head4          
,within the sound of the castle-clock   
,there stands a huge and rugged rock1   
,and ,i have heard the peasants say1    
,that the grieving groom at noon that   
day    ,found gallant ,roland1 cold and 

stiff1    ,at the base of the black and 
beetling cliff4      ,beside the rock   
there is an oak1    ,tall1 blasted by   
the thunder-stroke1    ,and ,i have     
heard the peasants say1    ,that there  
,sir ,rudolph's mantle lay1    ,and     
coiled in many a deadly wreath    ,a    
venomous serpent slept beneath4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,stanzas1  ,,written ,,under ,a        
,,drawing ,,of ,,king',s ,,college      
,,chapel1 ,,cambridge4    ,,extracted   
,,from ,,an ,,album ,,in ,,devonshire4  
,most beautiful6--,i gaze and gaze      
,in silence on the glorious pile2       
,and the glad thoughts of other days    
,come thronging back the while4    ,to  
me dim ,memory makes more dear     ,the 
perfect grandeur of the shrine2    ,but 
if i stood a stranger here1     ,the    
ground were still divine4      ,some awe
 the good and wise have felt1     ,as   
reverently their feet have trod    ,on  
any spot where man hath knelt1     ,to  
commune with his ,god2    ,by haunted   

spring1 or fairy well1     ,beneath the 
ruined convent's gloom1    ,beside the  
feeble hermit's cell1     ,or the false 
prophet's tomb4      ,but when was high 
devotion graced     ,with lovelier      
dwelling1 loftier throne1    ,than thus 
the limner's art hath traced     ,from  
the time-honored stone8    ,the spirit  
here of worship seems     ,to hold the  
heart in wondrous thrall1    ,and       
heavenward hopes and holy dreams1       
,came at her voiceless call2--      ,at 
midnight1 when the lonely moon          
,looks from a vapor's silvery fold2     
,or morning1 when the sun of ,june      
,crests the high towers with gold2      
,for every change of hour and form      
,makes that fair scene more deeply fair2
    ,and dusk and day-break1 calm and   
storm1     ,are all religion there4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,fragment ,,of ,a ,,ballad3         
,,teaching ,,how ,,poetry ,,is ,,best   
,,paid ,,for4      ,non voglio cento    
scudi4--,song4        ,oh say not that  

the minstrel's art1      ,the pleasant  
gift of verse1    ,though his hopes     
decay1 though his friends depart1       
,can ever be a curse2--    ,though      
sorrow reign within his heart1      ,and
 ,penury hold his purse4      ,say not  
his toil is profitless2--      ,though  
he charm no rich relation1    ,the      
,fairies all his labors bless      ,with
 such remuneration1    ,as ,mr4 ,hume   
would soon confess      ,beyond his     
calculation4      ,annuities1 and three 
per cents1      ,little cares he about  
them2    ,and ,india bonds1 and tithes1 
and rents1      ,he rambles on without  
them3    ,but love1 and noble           
sentiments1--      ,oh1 never bid him   
doubt them6           99       99       
99       99       99      ,young        
,florice rose from his humble bed1      
,and prayed as a good youth should2     
,and forth he sped1 with a lightsome    
tread1      ,into the neighboring wood2 
,he knew where the berries were ripe and
 red1      ,and where the old oak stood4

      ,and as he lay1 at the noon of    
day1      ,beneath the ancient tree1    
,a grayhaired pilgrim passed that way2  
,a holy man was he1    ,and he was      
wending forth to pray      ,at a shrine 
in a far countrie4      ,oh1 his was a  
weary wandering1      ,and a song or two
 might cheer him4    ,the pious youth   
began to sing1      ,as the ancient man 
drew near him2    ,the lark was mute as 
he touched the string1      ,and the    
thrush said1 ,hear him1 hear him6       
,he sand high tales of the martyred     
brave2      ,of the good1 and pure1 and 
just2    ,who have gone into the silent 
grave1      ,in such deep faith and     
trust1    ,that the hopes and thoughts  
which sain and save      ,spring from   
their buried dust4      ,the fair of    
face1 and the stout of limb1      ,meek 
maids1 and grandsires hoary2    ,who    
have sung on the cross their rapturous  
hymn1      ,as they passed to their doom
 of glory2--    ,their radiant fame is  
never dim1      ,nor their names erased 

from story4      ,time spares the stone 
where sleep the dead      ,with angels  
watching round them2    ,the mourner's  
grief is comforted1       ,as he looks  
on the chains that bound them2    ,and  
peace is shed on the murderer's head1   
,and he kisses the thorns that crowned  
them4      ,such tales he told2 and the 
pilgrim heard      ,in a trance of      
voiceless pleasure2    ,for the depths  
of his inmost soul were stirred1        
,by the sad and solemn measure3    ,i   
give thee my blessing1--was his word2   
,it is all ,i have of treasure6         
99       99       99       99       99  
,a little child came bounding by2       
,and he1 in a fragrant bower1    ,had   
found a gorgeous butterfly1      ,rare  
spoil for a nursery dower1    ,which1   
with fierce step1 and eager eye1        
,he chased from flower to flower4       
,come hither1 come hither1 'gan ,florice
 call2      ,and the urchin left his    
fun2    ,so from the hall of poor ,sir  
,paul       ,retreats the baffled dun2  

,so ,ellen parts from the village ball1 
,where she leaves a heart half won      
,then ,florice did the child caress1    
,and sang his sweetest songs3    ,their 
theme was of the gentleness1      ,which
 to the soul belongs1    ,ere yet it    
knows the name or dress      ,of human  
rights and wrongs4      ,and of the     
wants which make agree      ,all parts  
of this vast plan2    ,how life is in   
whate'er we see1      ,and only life in 
man3--    ,what matter where the less   
may be1      ,and where the longer span8
    ,an  d how the heart grows hard     
without      ,soft ,pity's freshing     
dews2    ,and how when any life goes out
      ,some little pang ensues2--       
,facts which great soldiers often doubt1
      ,and wits who write reviews4      
,oh1 ,song hath power o'er ,nature's    
springs      ,though deep the ,nymph has
 laid them6    ,the child gazed1 gazed1 
on the gilded wings1      ,as the next  
light breeze displayed them2    ,but he 
felt the while that the meanest things  

,are dear to him that made them6        
99       99       99       99       99  
,the sun went down behind the hill1     
,the breeze was growing colder    ,but  
there the minstrel lingered still2      
,and amazed the chance beholder1        
,musing beside a rippling rill1         
,with a harp upon his shoulder4         
,and soon1 on a graceful steed and tame1
      ,a sleek ,arabian mare1    ,the   
,lady ,juliana came1      ,riding to    
take the air1    ,with ,lords of fame1  
at whose proud name      ,a radical     
would swear4      ,the minstrel touched 
his lute again4--      ,it was more than
 a ,sultan's crown1    ,when the lady   
checked her bridle rein1      ,and lit  
from her palfrey down3--    ,what would 
you give for such a strain1      ,rees1 
,longman1 ,orme1 and ,brown8      ,he   
sang of ,beauty's dazzling eyes1        
,of ,beauty's melting tone2    ,and how 
her praise is a richer prize      ,then 
the gems of ,persia's throne3    ,and   
her love a bliss which the coldly wise  

,have never1 never1 known4    ,he told  
how the valiant scoff at fear1          
,when the sob of her grief is heard2    
,how they couch the spear for a smile or
 tear      ,how they die for a single   
word2--    ,things which1 ,i own1 to me 
appear      ,exceedingly absurd4        
,the ,lady soon had heard enough3       
,she turned to hear ,sir ,denys         
,discourse1 in language vastly gruff1   
,about his skill at ,tennis--    ,while 
smooth ,sir ,guy described the stuff    
,his mistress wore at ,venice4      ,the
 ,lady smiled one radiant smile1        
,and the ,lady rode away4--    ,there is
 not a lady in all our ,isle1      ,i   
have heard a ,poet say1    ,who can     
listen more than a little while      ,to
 a poet's sweetest lay4           99    
99       99       99       99      ,his 
mother's voice was fierce and shrill1   
,as she set the milk and fruit3    ,out 
on thine unrewarded skill1      ,and on 
thy vagrant lute2    ,let the strings be
 broken an they will1      ,and the     

beggar lips be mute6      ,peace1       
peace6--the ,pilgrim as he went         
,forgot the minstrel's song2    ,but the
 blessing that his wan lips sent        
,will guard the minstrel long2    ,and  
keep his spirit innocent1      ,and turn
 his hand from wrong4      ,belike the  
child had little thought      ,of the   
moral the minstrel drew2    ,but the    
dream of a deed of kindness wrought--   
,brings it not peace to you8    ,and    
doth not a lesson of virture taught     
,teach him that reaches too8      ,and  
if the ,lady sighed no sigh      ,for   
the minstrel or his hymn2--    ,but when
 he shall lie 'neath the moonlit sky1   
,or lip the goblet's brim1    ,what a   
star in the mist of memory      ,her    
smile will be to him6           99      
99       99       99       99      ,,the
 ,,covenanter',s ,,lament ,,for         
,,bothwell ,,brigg4        ,the men of  
sin prevail6      ,once more the prince 
of this world lifts his horn3    ,judah 
is scattered1 as the chaff is borne     

,before the stormy gale4        ,where  
are our brethren8 where    ,the good and
 true1 the terrible and fleet8    ,they 
whom we loved1 with whom we sat at meat1
      ,with whom we kneeled in prayer8  
,mangled and marred they lie1    ,upon  
the bloody pillow of their rest3        
,stern ,dalzell smiles1 and ,clavers    
with a jest      ,spurs his fierce      
charger by4        ,so let our foes     
rejoice2--    ,we to the ,lord1 who     
hears their impious boasts4    ,will    
call for comfort3 to the ,god of ,hosts 
,we will lift up our voice4        ,give
 ear unto our song2    ,for we are      
wandering o'er our native land1    ,as  
sheep that have no shepherd3 and the    
hand      ,of wicked men is strong4     
,only to thee we bow4    ,our lips have 
drained the fury of thy cup2    ,and the
 deep murmurs of our hearts go up       
,to heaven for vengeance now4           
,avenge--oh1 not our years    ,of pain  
and wrong2 the blood of martyrs shed2   
,the ashes heaped upon the hoary head2  

,the maiden's silent tears2        ,the 
babe's bread torn away'    ,the harvest 
blasted by the war-steed's hoof2    ,the
 red flame wreathing o'er the cottage   
roof2      ,judge not for those to-day6 
,is not thine own dread rod    ,mocked  
by the proud1 thy holy book disdained1  
,thy name blasphemed1 thy temple's      
courts profaned8      ,avenge thyself1  
,o ,god6        ,break ,pharoah's iron  
crown2    ,bind with new chains their   
nobles and their kings2    ,wash from   
thy house the blood of unclean things2  
,and hurl their ,dagon down6            
,come in thine own good time6    ,we    
will abide3 we have not turned from     
thee2    ,though in a world of grief our
 portion be1      ,of bitter grief1 and 
crime4        ,be thou our guard and    
guide6    ,forth from the spoiler's     
synagogue we go4    ,that we may worship
 where the torrents flow1      ,and     
where the whirlwinds ride4        ,from 
lonely rocks and caves    ,we will pour 
forth our sacrifice of prayer4--    ,on1

 brethren1 to the mountains6 ,seek we   
there      ,safe temples1 quiet graves6 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,hope ,,and ,,love4        ,one day1   
through fancy's telescope1      ,which  
is my richest treasure1    ,i saw1 dear 
,susan1 ,love and ,hope      ,set out in
 search of ,pleasure3    ,all mirth and 
smiles ,i saw them go2      ,each was   
the other's banker2    ,for ,hope took  
up her brother's bow1      ,and ,love1  
his sister's anchor4      ,they rambled 
on o'er vale and hill1      ,they passed
 by cot and tower2    ,through summer's 
glow and winter's chill1      ,through  
sunshine and through shower1    ,but    
what did those fond playmates care      
,for climate1 or for weather8    ,all   
scenes to them were bright and fair1    
,on which they gazed together4          
,sometimes they turned aside to bless   
,some ,muse and her wild numbers1    ,or
 breathe a dream of holiness      ,on   
,beauty's quiet slumbers2    ,fly on1   
said ,wisdom1 with cold sneers3      ,i 

teach my friends to doubt you2    ,come 
back1 said ,age1 with bitter tears1     
,my heart is cold without you4          
,when ,poverty beset their path1        
,and threatened to divide them1    ,they
 coaxed away the beldame's wrath1       
,ere she had breath to chide them1      
,by vowing all her rags were silk1      
,and all her bitters1 honey1    ,and    
showing taste for bread and milk1       
,and utter scorn of money4      ,they   
met stern ,danger in their way1         
,upon a ruin seated2    ,before him     
kings had quaked that day1      ,and    
armies had retreated3    ,but he was    
robed in such a cloud1      ,as ,love   
and ,hope came near him1    ,that though
 he thundered long and loud1      ,they 
did not see or hear him4      ,a        
gray-beard joined them1 ,time by name2  
,and ,love was nearly crazy1    ,to find
 that he was very lame1      ,and also  
very lazy3    ,hope1 as he listened to  
her tale1      ,tied wings upon his     
jacket2    ,and then they far outran the

 mail1      ,and far outsailed the      
packet4      ,and so1 when they had     
safely passed      ,o'er many a land and
 billow1    ,before a grave they stopped
 at last1      ,beneath a weeping       
willow3    ,the moon upon the humble    
mound      ,her softest light was       
flinging2  ,sad nightingales were       
singing4      ,i leave you here1 quoth  
,father ,time1      ,as hoarse as any   
raven2    ,and ,love kneeled down to    
spell the rhyme      ,upon the rude     
stone graven3    ,but ,hope looked      
onward1 calmly brave2      ,and         
whispered1 ,dearest brother1    ,we're  
parted on this side the grave1--        
,we'll meet upon the other4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,,private ,,theatricals4    ,,lady      
,,arabella ,,fustian ,,to ,,lord        
,,clarence ,,fustian4      --,sweet1    
when ,actors first appear    ,the loud  
collision of applauding gloves6         
,,moultrie4        ,your labors1 my     
talented brother1      ,are happily over

 at last2    ,they tell me that1 some   
how or other1      ,the bill is         
rejected1--or past3    ,and now you'll  
be coming1 ,i'm certain1      ,as fast  
as four posters can crawl1    ,to help  
us draw up our curtain1      ,as usual1 
at ,fustian ,hall4      ,arrangements1  
are nearly completed2      ,but still   
we've a lover or two1    ,whom ,lady    
,albina entreated1      ,we'd keep1 at  
all hazards1 for you3    ,sir ,arthur   
makes horrible faces1--      ,lord ,john
 is a trifle too tall1--    ,and yours  
are the safest embraces      ,to faint  
in1 at ,fustian ,hall4      ,come1      
,clarence2--it's really enchanting      
,to listen and look at the rout2        
,we're all of us puffing1 and panting1  
,and raving1 and running about2    ,here
 ,kitty and ,adelaide bustle2           
,there ,andrew and ,anthony bawl2       
,flutes murmur1 chains rattle1 robes    
rustle1      ,in chorus1 at ,fustian    
,hall4      ,by the bye1 there are two  
or three matters      ,we want you to   

bring us from town2    ,the ,inca's     
white plumes from the hatter's1      ,a 
nose and a hump for the ,clown3    ,we  
want a few harps for our banquet1       
,we want a few masks for our ball2      
,and steal from your wise friend        
,bosanquet      ,his white wig1 for     
,fustian ,hall4      ,huncamunca must   
have a huge saber1      ,friar ,tuck has
 forgotten his cowl2    ,and we're quite
 at a stand-still with ,weber1      ,for
 want of a lizard and owl3    ,and then1
 for our funeral procession1      ,pray 
get us a love of a pall2    ,or how     
shall we make an impression      ,on    
feelings1 at ,fustian ,hall8      ,and1 
,clarence1 you'll really delight us1    
,if you'll do your endeavor to bring    
,from the ,club a young person to write 
us     ,our prologue1 and that sort of  
thing2    ,poor ,crotchet1 who did them 
supremely1      ,is gone1 for a ,judge1 
to ,bengal2    ,i fear we shall miss him
 extremely1      ,this season1 at       
,fustian ,hall4      ,come1             

,clarence2--your idol ,albina      ,will
 make a sensation1 ,i feel2    ,we all  
think there never was seen a            
,performer1 so like the ,o',neill4      
,at rehearsals1 her exquisite fancy     
,has deeply affected us all2    ,for one
 tear that trickles at ,drury1          
,there'll be twenty at ,fustian ,hall4  
,dread objects are scattered before her1
      ,on purpose to harrow her soul2   
,she stares1 till a deep spell comes    
o'er her1      ,at a knife1 or a cross1 
or a bowl4    ,the sword never seems to 
alarm her1      ,that hangs on a peg to 
the wall1    ,and she doats on thy rusty
 old armor      ,lord ,fustian1 of      
,fustian ,hall4      ,she stabbed a     
bright mirror this morning1--      ,poor
 ,kitty was quite out of breath1--      
,and trampled1 in anger and scorning1   
,a bonnet and feathers to death4    ,but
 hark1--,i've a part in the ,stranger1--
      ,there's the ,prompter's          
detestable call3    ,come1              
,clarence1--our ,romeo and ,ranger1     

,we want you at ,fustian ,hall4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,alexander ,,and ,,diogenes            
,diogenes ,alexandro roganti ut diccret1
 ,si quid opus caset1 nunc quidem       
paullulum1 inquit1 a sole4--,cicero     
,tusc4 ,disp4        ,slowly the monarch
 turned aside2    ,but when his glance  
of youthful pride    ,rested upon the   
warriors gray    ,who bore his lance and
 shield that day1    ,and the long line 
of spears that came    ,through the far 
grove like waves of flame1    ,his      
forehead burned1 his pulse beat high1   
,more darkly flashed his shifting eye1  
,and visions of the battle-plain        
,came bursting on his soul again4       
,the old man drew his gaze away         
,right gladly from that long array1     
,as if their presence were a blight     
,of pain and sickness to his sight2     
,and slowly folding o'er his breast     
,the fragments of his tattered vest1    
,as was his wont1 unasked1 unsought     
,gave to the winds his muttered thought1

    ,naming no name of friend or foe1   
,and reckless if they heard or no4      
,ay1 go thy way1 thou painted thing1    
,puppet1 which mortals call a king1     
,adorning thee with idle gems1    ,with 
drapery and diadems1    ,and scarcely   
guessing1 that beneath    ,the purple   
robe and laurel wreath1    ,there's     
nothing but the common slime    ,of     
human clay and human crime3--    ,my    
rags are not so rich1--but they    ,will
 serve as well to cloak decay4      ,and
 ever round thy jeweled brow    ,false  
slaves and falser friends will bow2     
,and ,flattery1--as varnish flings    ,a
 baseness on the brightest things1--    
,will make the monarch's deeds appear   
,all worthless to the monarch's ear1    
,till thou wilt turn and think that     
,fame1    ,so vilely drest1 is worse    
than shame6--    ,the gods be thanked   
for all their mercies1    ,diogenes     
hears naught but curses6      ,and thou 
wilt banquet6--air and sea    ,will     
render up their hoards for thee2    ,and

 golden cups for thee will hold    ,rich
 nectar1 richer than the gold4    ,the  
cunning caterer still must share    ,the
 dainties which his toils prepare2      
,the page's lip must taste the wine     
,before he fills the cup for thine6--   
,wilt feast with me on ,hecate's cheer8 
,i dread no royal hemlock here6         
,and night will come2 and thou wilt lie 
,beneath a purple canopy1    ,with lutes
 to lull thee1 flowers to shed    ,their
 feverish fragrance round thy bed1    ,a
 princess to unclasp thy crest1    ,a   
,spartan spear to guard thy rest4--     
,dream1 happy one6--thy dreams will be  
,of danger and of perfidy2--    ,the    
,persian lance1--the ,carian club6--    
,i shall sleep sounder in my tub6       
,and thou wilt pass away1 and have    ,a
 marble mountain o'er thy grave1        
,with pillars tall1 and chambers vast1  
,fit palace for the worm's repast6--    
,i too shall perish6--let them call     
,the vulture to my funeral2    ,the     
,cynic's staff1 the ,cynic's den1       

,are all he leaves his fellow men1--    
,heedless how this corruption fares1--  
,yea1 heedless though it mix with       
theirs6              99       99        
99         99    ,from ,household       
,words4    ,,the ,,last ,,of ,a ,,long  
,,line4    ,,chapter ,i4      ,sir      
,roger ,rockville of ,rockville was the 
last of a very long line4 ,it  ,extended
 from the ,norman ,conquest to the      
present century4 ,his first known       
ancestor came over with ,william1 and   
must have been a man of some mark1      
either of bone and sinew1 or of brain1  
for he obtained what the ,americans     
would call a prime location4 ,as his    
name does not occur in the ,roll of     
,battle ,abbey1 he was1 of course1 not  
of a very high ,norman extraction2  but 
he had done enough1 it seems1 in the way
 of knocking down ,saxons1 to  place    
himself on a considerable eminence in   
this kingdom4 ,the center of  his       
domains was conspicuous far over the    
country1 through a high range of  rock  

overhanging one of the sweetest rivers  
in ,england4 ,on one hand lay a  vast   
tract of rich marsh land1 capable1 as   
society advanced1 of being  converted   
into meadows2 and on the other1 as      
extensive moorlands1 finely  undulating1
 and abounding with woods and deer4     
,here the original ,sir ,roger built his
 castle on the summit of the range  of  
rock1 with huts for his followers2 and  
became known directly all over  the     
country as ,sir ,roger de ,rockville1 or
 ,sir ,roger of the hamlet on the       
,rock4 ,sir ,roger1 no doubt1 was a     
mighty hunter before the lord of the    
feudal district3 it is certain that his 
descendants were4 ,for generations  they
 led a jolly life at ,rockville1 and    
were always ready to exchange the       
excitement of the chase for a bit of    
civil war4 ,without that the country    
would have grown dull1 and ale and      
venison lost their flavor4 ,there was   
no gay ,london in those days1 and a good
 brisk skirmish with their  neighbors in

 helm and hauberk was the way of        
spending their season4 ,it  was their   
parliamentary debate1 and was necessary 
to thin their woods4  ,protection and   
,free ,trade were as much the great     
topics of interest as  they are now1    
only they did not trouble themselves so 
much about ,corn  bills4 ,their bills   
were of good steel1 and their protective
 measures were  arrows a cloth-yard     
long4 ,protection meant a good suit of  
mail2 and a  castle with its duly       
prescribed moats1 bastions1             
portcullises1 and donjon  keep4 ,free   
,trade was a lively inroad into the     
neighboring baron's lands1  and the     
iportation thence of goodly herds and   
flocks4 ,foreign cattle for  home       
consumption was as sticking an article  
in their markets as in  ours1 only the  
blows were expended on one another's    
heads1 instead of the  heads of foreign 
bullocks--that is1 bullocks from over   
the ,welch or  ,scotch marches1 as from 
beyond the next brook4    ,thus lived   

the ,rockvilles for ages4 ,in all the   
iron combats of those iron  times they  
took care to have their quota4 ,whether 
it were ,stephen against  ,matilda1 or  
,richard against his father1 or ,john   
against the barons2  whether it were    
,york or ,lancaster1 or ,tudor or       
,stuart1 the ,rockvilles  were to be    
found in the mle1 and winning power and 
lands4 ,so long as  it required only    
stalwart frames and stout blows1 no     
family cut a more  conspicuous figure4  
,the ,rockvilles were at ,bosworth      
,field4 ,the ,rockvilles  fought in     
,ireland under ,elizabeth4 ,the         
,rockvilles were staunch defenders  of  
the cause in the war of ,charles ,i4    
with his ,parliament4 ,the ,rockvilles  
even fought for ,james ,,ii4 at the     
,boyne1 when three-fourths of the most  
loyal of the ,english nobility and      
gentry had deserted him in disgust and  
indignation4 ,but from that hour they   
had been less conspicuous4    ,the      
opposition to the successful party1 that

 of ,william of ,orange1 of  course     
brought them into disgrace3 and though  
they were never molested on  that       
account1 they retired to their estate1  
and found it convenient to be  as       
unobtrusive as possible4 ,thenceforward 
you heard no more of the  ,rockvilles in
 the national annals4 ,they became only 
of consequence in  their own district4  
,they acted as magistrates4 ,they served
 as high  sheriffs4 ,they were a        
substantial county family1 and nothing  
more4  ,education and civilization      
advanced2 a wider and very different    
field of  action and ambition opened    
upon the aristocracy of ,england4 ,our  
fleets  and armies abroad1 our          
legislature at home1 law and the church1
 presented  brilliant paths to the      
ambition of those thirsting for         
distinction1 and  the good things that  
follow it4 ,but somehow the ,rockvilles 
did not expand  with this expansion4 ,so
 long as it required only a figure of   
six feet  high1 broad shoulders1 and a  

strong arm1 they were a great and       
conspicuous race4 ,but when the head    
became the member most in request1  they
 ceased to go a-head4 ,younger sons1 it 
is true1 served in army and in  navy1   
and filled the family pulpit1 but they  
produced no generals1 no  admirals1 no  
archbishops4 ,the ,rockvilles of        
,rockville were very  conservative1 very
 exclusive1 and very stereotype4 ,other 
families grew  poor1 and enriched       
themselves again by marrying plebeian   
heiresses4 ,new  families grew up out of
 plebeian blood into greatness1 and     
intermingled  the vigor of their fresh  
earth with the attenuated aristocratic  
soil4 ,men  of family became great      
lawyers1 great statesmen1 great prelates
 and even  great poets and philosophers4
 ,the ,rockvilles remained high1 proud1 
bigoted1 and born4    ,the ,rockvilles  
married ,rockvilles1 or their first     
cousins1 the  ,cesgvilles1 simply to    
prevent property going out of the       
family4 ,they kept  the property        

together4 ,they did not lose an acre1   
and they were a fine1  tall1 solemn     
race--and nothing more4 ,what ailed     
them8    ,if you saw ,sir ,roger        
,rockville1--for there was an eternal   
,sir ,roger  filling his office of high 
sheriff1--he had a very fine carriage1  
and a  very fine retinue in the most    
approved and splendid antique costumes2 
if  you saw him sitting on the bench at 
quarter sessions1 he was a tall1        
stately1 and solemn man4 ,if you saw    
,lady ,rockville shopping1 in her       
handsome carriage1 with very handsomely 
attired servants2 saw her at the  county
 ball1 or on the race-stand1 she was a  
tall1 aristocratic1 and  stately lady4  
,that was in the last generation--the   
present could boast of  no ,lady        
,rockville4    ,great outward respect   
was shown to the ,rockvilles on account 
of the  length of their descent1 and the
 breadth of their acres4 ,they were     
always1 when any stranger asked about   
them1 declared1 with a serious and      

important air1 to be a very ancient1    
honorable1 and substantial family4  ,oh6
 a great family are the ,rockvilles1 a  
very great family4    ,but if you came  
to close quarters with the members of   
this great and  highly distinguished    
family1 you soon found yourself         
fundamentally  astonished3 you had a    
sensation come over you1 as if you were 
trying1  like ,moses1 to draw water from
 a rock1 without his delegated power4   
,there  was a goodly outside of things  
before you1 but nothing came of it4 ,you
  talked1 hoping to get talking in      
return1 but you got little more than    
noes and yeses1 and oh6 indeeds6 and    
reallys1 and sometimes not  even that1  
but a certain look of aristocratic      
dignity or dignification1  that was     
meant to serve for all answers4 ,there  
was a sort of resting on  aristocratic  
oars or sculls1 that were not to be too 
vulgarly handled4  ,there was a feeling 
impressed on you1 that eight-hundred    
years of descent  and ten thousand      

a-year in landed income did not trouble 
themselves with  the trifling things    
that gave distinction to lesser         
people--such as  literature1 fine arts1 
politics1 and general knowledge4 ,these 
were very  well for those who had       
nothing else to pride themselves on1 but
 for the  ,rockvilles--oh6 certainly    
they were by no means requisite4    ,in 
fact1 you found yourself1 with a little 
variation1 in the predicament  of       
,cowper's people1                       
--who spent their lives    ,in dropping 
buckets into empty wells1    ,and       
growing tired of drawing nothing up4    
,who hasn't often come across these dry 
wells of society2 solemn gulfs  out of  
which you can pump nothing up8 ,you know
 them2 they are at your  elbow every day
 in large and brilliant companies1 and  
defy the best  sucking-buckets ever     
invented to extract anything from them4 
,but the  ,rockvilles were each and all 
of this adust description4 ,it was a    
family  feature1 and they seemed1 if    

either1 rather proud of it4 ,they must  
be so2  for proud they were1 amazingly  
proud2 and they had nothing besides to  
be  proud of1 except  their acres1 and  
their ancestors4    ,but the fact was1  
they could not help it4 ,it was become  
organic4 ,they had  acted the justice of
 peace1 maintained the constitution     
against upstarts  and manufacturers1    
signed warrants1 supported the church   
and the house of  correction1 committed 
poachers1 and then rested on the dignity
 of their  ancestors for so many        
generations1 that their skulls1 brains1 
constitutions1 and nervous systems1 were
 all so completely moulded into  that   
shape and baked into that mould1 that a 
,rockville would be a  ,rockville to the
 end of time1 if ,god and ,nature would 
have allowed it4  ,but such things wear 
out4 ,the ,american ,indians and the    
,australian nations  wear out2 they are 
not progressive1 and as ,nature abhors a
 vacuum1 she  does not forget the vacuum
 wherever it may be1 whether in a hot   

desert1  or in a cold and stately       
,rockville2--a very ancient1 honorable1 
and  substantial family that lies fallow
 till the thinking faculty literally    
dies out4    ,for several generations   
there had been symptoms of decay about  
the  ,rockville family4 ,not in its     
property1 that was as large as ever2 not
 in  their personal stature and physical
 aspect4 ,the ,rockvilles continued1 as 
they always had been1 a tall and not    
bad-looking family4 ,but they grew      
gradually less prolific4 ,for a hundred 
and fifty years past there had  seldom  
been more than two1 or at most three1   
children4 ,there had  generally been an 
heir to the estate1 and another to the  
family pulpit1  and sometimes a daughter
 married to some neighboring squire4    
,but ,sir  ,roger's father had been an  
only child1 and ,sir ,roger himself was 
an only  child4 ,the danger of          
extinction to the family1 apparent as it
 was1 had  never induced ,sir ,roger to 
marry4 ,at the time that we are turning 

our  attention upon him1 he had reached 
the mature age of sixty4 ,nobody        
believed that ,sir ,roger now would     
marry2 he was the last1 and likely to   
be1 of his line4    ,it is worth while  
here to take a glance at ,sir ,roger and
 his estate4 ,they  wore a strange      
contrast4 ,the one bore all the signs of
 progress1 the  other of a stereotyped  
feudality4 ,the estate1 which in the    
days of the  first ,sir ,roger de       
,rockville had been half morass and half
 wilderness1  was now cultivated to the 
pitch of ,british agricultural science4 
,the  marshlands beyond the river were  
one splendid expanse of richest meadows1
  yielding a rental of four solid pounds
 per acre4 ,over hill and dale on  this 
side for miles1 where formerly ran wild 
deer1 and grew wild  woodlands of       
furze-bushes1 now lay excellent farms   
and hamlets1 and along  the ridge of the
 ancient cliffs rose the most           
magnificent woods4 ,woods1  too1 clothed
 the steep hillsides1 and swept down to 

the noble river1  their very boughs     
hanging far out over its clear and rapid
 waters4 ,in the  midst of these fine   
woods stood ,rockville ,hall1 the family
 seat of the  ,rockvilles4 ,it reared   
its old brick walls above the towering  
mass of  elms1 and travelers at a       
distance recognized it for what it was1 
the  mansion of an ancient and wealthy  
family4    ,the progress of ,england in 
arts1 science1 commerce1 and            
manufacture1 had  carried ,sir ,roger's 
estate along with it4 ,it was full of   
active and  moneyed farmers1 and        
flourished under modern influences4 ,how
 lucky it  would have been for the      
,rockville family had it done the same6 
,but amid this estate there was ,sir    
,roger solitary1 and the last of the    
line4 ,he had grown well enough--there  
was nothing stunted about him1 so  far  
as you could see on the surface4 ,in    
stature1 he exceeded six feet4  ,his    
colossal elms could not boast of a      
properer relative growth4 ,he was  as   

large a landlord1 and as tall a justice 
of the peace1 as you could  desire3 but1
 unfortunately1 he was1 after all1 only 
the shell of a man4  ,like many of his  
veteran elms1 there was a very fine     
stem1 only it was  hollow4 ,there was a 
man1 just with the rather awkward       
deficiency of a  soul4    ,and it were  
no difficult task to explain1 either1   
how this had come  about4 ,the          
,rockvilles saw plainly enough the      
necessity of manuring their  lands1 but 
they scorned the very idea of manuring  
their family4 ,what6  that most ancient1
 honorable1 and substantial family1     
suffer any of the  common earth of      
humanity to gather about its roots6 ,the
 ,rockvilles were  so careful of their  
good blood1 that they never allied it to
 any but  blood as pure and inane as    
their own4 ,their elms flourished in the
 rotten  earth of plebeian              
accumulations1 and their acres produced 
large crops of  corn from the sewage of 
towns and fat sinks1 but the ,rockvilles

  themselves took especial care that no 
vulgar vigor from the real heap  of     
ordinary human nature should infuse a   
new force of intellect into  their race4
 ,the ,rockvilles needed nothing2 they  
had all that an ancient1  honorable1 and
 substantial family could need4 ,the    
,rockvilles had no need  to study at    
school--why should they8 ,they did not  
want to get on4 ,the  ,rockvilles did   
not aspire to distinction for talent in 
the world--why  should they8 ,they had a
 large estate4 ,so the ,rockville soul1 
unused from  generation to generation1  
grew--        ,fine by degrees1 and     
spiritually less1      till it tapered  
off into nothing4    ,look at the last  
of a long fine in the midst of his fine 
estate4 ,tall he  was1 with a stoop in  
his shoulders1 and a bowing of his head 
on one side1  as if he had been         
accustomed to stand under the low boughs
 of his woods1  and peer after          
intruders4 ,and that was precisely the  
fact4 ,his features  were thin and      

sharp2 his nose prominent and keen in   
its character2 his  eyes small1 black1  
and peering like a mole's1 or a hungry  
swine's4 ,sir  ,roger was still oracular
 on the bench1 and after consulting his 
clerk1 a  good lawyer1--and looked up to
 by the neighboring squires in election 
matters1 for he was an unswerving tory4 
,you never heard of a rational  thing   
that he had said in the whole course of 
his life2 but that mattered  little1 he 
was a gentleman of solemn aspect1 of    
stately gait1 and of a  very ancient    
family4    ,with ten thousand a-year1   
and his rental rising1 he was still1    
however1 a  man of overwhelming cares4  
,what mattered a fine estate if all the 
world  was against him8 ,and ,sir ,roger
 firmly believed that he stood in that  
predicament4 ,he had grown up to regard 
the world as full of little  besides    
upstarts1 radicals1 manufacturers1 and  
poachers4 ,all were banded1  in his     
belief1 against the landed interest4 ,it
 demanded all the energy of  his very   

small faculties to defend himself and   
the world against them4                 
,unfortunately for his peace1 a large   
manufacturing town had sprung up  within
 a couple of miles of him4 ,he could see
 its red-brick walls1 and  its red-tiled
 roofs1 and its tall smoke-vomiting     
chimneys1 growing and  extending over   
the slopes beyond the river4 ,it was to 
him the most  irritating sight in the   
world2 for what were all those swarming 
weavers  and spinners but arrant        
radicals1 upstarts1 sworn foes of       
ancient  institutions and the landed    
interests of ,england8 ,sir ,roger had  
passed  through many a desperate        
conflict with them for the return of    
members to  parliament4 ,they brought   
forward men that were utter wormwood to 
all his  feelings1 and they paid no more
 respect to him and his friends on such 
occasions than they did to the meanest  
creature living4 ,reverence for  ancient
 blood did not exist in that plebeian   
and rapidly multiplying  tribe4 ,there  

were master manufacturers there actually
 that looked and  talked as big as      
himself1 and entre nous1 a vast deal    
more cleverly4  ,the people talked of   
rights and franchises1 and freedom of   
speech and of  conscience1 in a way that
 was really frightful4 ,then they were  
given most  inveterately to running out 
in whole and everlasting crowds on      
,sundays  and holidays into the fields  
and woods2 and as there was no part of  
the  neighborhood half so pleasant as   
the groves and river banks of           
,rockville1  they came swarming up there
 in crowds that were enough to drive any
 man  of acres frantic4    ,unluckily1  
there were roads all about ,rockville2  
foot roads1 and high  roads and bridle  
roads4 ,there was a road up the river   
side1 all the way  to ,rockville woods1 
and when it reached them1 it divided    
like a fork1 and  one pony or foot-path 
led straight up a magnificent grove of a
 mile long1  ending close to the hall2  
and another ran all along the river     

side1 under  the hills and branches of  
the wood4    ,oh1 delicious were these  
woods6 ,in the river there were islands1
 which  were covered in summer with the 
greenest grass1 and the freshest of     
willows1 and the clear waters rushed    
around them in the most inviting  manner
 imaginable4 ,and there were numbers of 
people extremely ready to  accept this  
delectable invitation of these waters4  
,there they came in  fine weather1 and  
as these islands were only separated    
from the main-land  by a little and very
 shallow stream1 it was delightful for  
lovers to get  across--with laughter1   
and treading on stepping-stones1 and    
slipping off  the stepping-stones up to 
the ankles into the cool brook1 and     
pretty  screams1 and fresh laughter1 and
 then landing on those sunny1 and to    
them  really enchanted islands4 ,and    
then came fishermen2 solitary fishermen1
  and fishermen in rows2 fishermen lying
 in the flowery grass1 with  fragrant   
meadow-sweet and honey-breathing clover 

all about their ears2  and fishermen    
standing in file1 as if they were       
determined to clear all  the river of   
fish in one day4 ,and there were other  
lovers1 and troops of  loiterers1 and   
shouting roysterers1 going along under  
the boughs of the  wood1 and following  
the turns of that most companionable of 
rivers4 ,and  there were boats going up 
and down2 boats full of young people1   
all  holiday finery and mirth1 and boats
 with duck-hunters1 and other1 to ,sir  
,roger1 detestable marauders1 with guns 
and dogs1 and great bottles of  beer4   
,in the fine grove1 on summer days1     
there might be found hundreds  of       
people4 ,there were picnic parties1     
fathers and mothers with whole  families
 of children1 and a great promenade of  
the delighted artisans and  their wives 
or sweethearts4    ,in the times prior  
to the sudden growth of the neighboring 
town1 ,great  ,stockington1 and to the  
simultaneous development of the         
love-of-nature  principle in the        

,stockingtonians1 nothing had been      
thought of all these  roads4 ,the roads 
were well enough till they led to these 
inroads4 ,then  ,sir ,roger aroused     
himself4 ,this must be changed4 ,the    
roads must be  stopped4 ,nothing was    
easier to his fancy4 ,his               
fellow-justices1 ,sir  ,benjamin        
,bullockshed and ,squire ,sheepshank1   
had asked his aid to stop the  like     
nuisances1 and it had been done at once4
 ,so ,sir ,roger put up notices  all    
about1 that the roads were to be stopped
 by an ,order of ,sessions1 and  these  
notices were signed1 as required by law1
 by their worships of  ,bullockshed and 
,sheepshank4 ,but ,sir ,roger soon found
 that it was one  thing to stop a road  
leading from ,oneman-,town to           
,lonely-,lodge1 and  another to attempt 
to stop those from ,great-,stockington  
to ,rockville4    ,on the very first    
,sunday after the exhibition of those   
notice-boards1  there was a ferment in  
the grove of ,rockville1 as if all the  

bees in the  county were swarming there1
 with all the wasps and hornets to boot4
 ,great  crowds were collected before   
each of these obnoxious placards1 and   
the  amount of curses vomited against   
them was really shocking for any day1   
but more especially for a ,sunday4      
,presently there was a rush at them2    
they were torn down1 and simultaneously 
pitched into the river4 ,there  were    
great crowds swarming all about         
,rockville all that day1 and with  looks
 so defiant that ,sir ,roger more than  
once contemplated sending off  for the  
,yeoman ,cavalry to defend his house1   
which he seriously thought in  danger4  
,but so far from being intimidated from 
proceeding1 this demonstration  only    
made ,sir ,roger the more determined4   
,to have so desperate and  irreverent a 
population coming about his house and   
woods now presented  itself in a much   
more formidable aspect than ever4 ,so1  
next day1 not only  were the placards   
once more hoisted1 but rewards offered  

for the  discovery of the offenders1    
attended with all the maledictions of   
the  insulted majesty of the law4 ,no   
notice was taken of this1 but the whole 
of ,great ,stockington was in a buzz and
 an agitation4 ,there were posters      
plastered all over the walls of the     
town1 four times as large as ,sir       
,roger's notices1 in this style3--      
,englishmen6 your dearest rights are    
menaced6 ,the ,woods of ,rockville1     
your ancient1 rightful1 and enchanting  
resorts1 are to be closed to you4       
,stockingtonians6 ,the eyes of the world
 are upon you4 ',awake6 arise6 or be    
forever fallen6' ,england expects every 
man to do his duty6 ,and your duty  is  
to resist and defy the grasping         
soil-lords1 to seize on your ancient    
,patrimony6    ,patrimony6 ,ancient and 
rightful resort of ,rockville6 ,sir     
,roger was  astounded at the audacity of
 this upstart1 plebeian race4 ,what6    
,they  actually claimed ,rockville1 the 
heritage of a hundred successive        

,rockvilles1 as their own4 ,sir ,roger  
determined to carry it to the           
,sessions2 and at the ,sessions was a   
magnificent muster of all his  friends4 
,there was ,sir ,roger himself in the   
chair2 and on either hand1 a  prodigious
 row of county squirearchy4 ,there was  
,sir ,benjamin ,bullockshed1  and ,sir  
,thomas ,tenterhook1 and all the        
squires1--,sheepshank1 ,ramsbottom1     
,turnbull1 ,otterbrook1 and ,swagsides4 
,the ,clerk of ,sessions read the       
notice for the closing of all the       
footpaths through the woods of          
,rockville1 and declared that this      
notice had been duly1 and for the       
required period publicly1 posted4 ,the  
,stockingtonians protested by their     
able lawyer ,daredeville1 against any   
order for the closing of these  ancient 
woods--the inestimable property of the  
public4    ,property of the public6     
exclaimed ,sir ,roger4 ,property of the 
public6  echoed the multitudinous voices
 of indignant ,bullocksheds1            

,tenterhooks1  and ,ramsbottoms4 ,why1  
sir1 do you dispute the right of ,sir   
,roger  ,rockville to his own estate8   
,by no means2 replied the undaunted     
,daredeville2 the estate of  ,rockville 
is unquestionably the property of the   
honorable baronet1 ,sir  ,roger         
,rockville2 but the roads through it are
 the as unquestionable  ,property of the
 public4    ,the whole bench looked at  
itself2 that is1 at each other1 in      
wrathful  astonishment4 ,the swelling in
 the diaphragms of the squires          
,otterbrook1  ,turnbull1 and ,swagsides1
 and all the rest of the worshipful row1
 was too  big to admit of utterance4    
,only ,sir ,roger himself burst forth   
with an  abrupt--    ,impudent fellows6 
,but ,i'll see them ---- first6         
,grant the order6 said ,sir ,benjamin   
,bullockshed2 and the whole bench       
nodded assent4 ,the able lawyer         
,daredeville retired with a pleasant    
smile4  ,he saw an agreeable prospect of
 plenty of grist to his mill4 ,sir      

,roger  was rich1 and so was ,great     
,stockington4 ,he rubbed his hands1 not 
in the  least like a man defeated1 and  
thought to himself1 ,let them go at     
it--all right4    ,the next day the     
placards on the ,rockville estate were  
changed for others  ,bearing ,,stopped  
,,by ,,order ,,of ,,sessions6 and       
alongside of them were huge  carefully  
painted boards1 denouncing on all       
trespassers prosecutions  according to  
law4 ,the same evening came a prodigious
 invasion of  ,stockingtonians--tore all
 the boards and placards down1 and      
carried them  on their shoulders to     
,great ,stockington1 singing as they    
went1 ,see1 the  ,conquering ,heroes    
come6 ,they set them up in the center of
 ,stockington  market-place1 and burnt  
them1 along with an effigy of ,sir      
,roger  ,rockville4    ,that was grist  
at once to the mill of the able lawyer  
,daredeville4 ,he  looked on1 and rubbed
 his hands4 ,warrants were speedily     
issued by the  baronets of ,bullockshed 

and ,tenterhook1 for the apprehension of
 the  individuals who had been seen     
carrying off the notice-boards1 for     
larceny1 and against a number of others 
for trespass4 ,there was plenty  of work
 for ,daredeville and his brethren of   
the robe2 but it all ended1  after the  
flying about of sundry mandamuses and   
assize trials1 in ,sir  ,roger finding  
that though ,rockville was his1 the     
roads through it were  the public's4    
,as ,sir ,roger drove homeward from the 
assize1 which finally settled the       
question of these footpaths1 he heard   
the bells in all the steeples of  ,great
 ,stockington burst forth with a grand  
peal of triumph4 ,he closed  first the  
windows of his fine old carriage1 and   
sunk into a corner2 but  he could not   
drown the intolerable sound4 ,but1 said 
he1 ,i'll stop  their picnic-ing4 ,i'll 
stop their fishing4 ,i'll have hold of  
them for  trespassing and poaching6     
,there was war henceforth between       
,rockville and  ,great ,stockington4    

,on the very next ,sunday there came    
literally thousands of the jubilant     
,stockingtonians to ,rockville4 ,they   
had brought baskets1 and were for       
dining1 and drinking success to all     
footpaths4 ,but in the great grove      
there were keepers1 and watchers1 who   
warned them to keep the path1 that      
narrow well-worn line up the middle of  
the grove4 ,what6 were they not to  sit 
on the grass8--,no6--,what6 were they   
not to picnic8--,no6 not  there6    ,the
 ,stockingtonians felt a sudden damp on 
their spirits4 ,but the river  bank6    
,the cry was ,to the river bank6 ,there 
they would picnic4 ,the  crowd rushed   
away down the wood1 but on the river    
bank they found a whole  regiment of    
watchers1 who pointed again to the      
narrow line of footpath1  and told them 
not to trespass beyond it4 ,but the     
islands6 they went over  to the islands4
 ,but there too were ,sir ,roger's      
forces1 who warned them  back6 ,there   
was no road there--all found there would

 be trespassers1 and  be duly punished4 
,the ,stockingtonians discovered that   
their triumph was not quite so  complete
 as they had flattered themselves4 ,the 
footpaths were theirs1 but  that was    
all4 ,their ancient license was at an   
end4 ,if they came there1  there was no 
more fishing2 if they came in crowds1   
there was no more  picnic-ing2 if they  
walked through the woods in numbers1    
they must keep  to ,indian file1 or they
 were summoned before the county        
magistrates for  trespass1 and were     
soundly fined2 and not even the able    
,daredeville would  undertake to defend 
them4    ,the ,stockingtonians were     
chopfallen1 but they were angry and     
dogged2 and  ,they thronged up to the   
village and the front of the hall4 ,they
 filled  the little inn in the          
hamlet-they went by scores1 and roving  
all over the  churchyard1 read epitaphs 
,that teach the rustic moralists to die1
    but don't teach them to give up     
their old indulgences very              

good-humoredly4 ,they went and sat in   
rows on the old churchyard wall1        
opposite to the very windows of the     
irate ,sir ,roger4 ,they felt themselves
  beaten1 and ,sir ,roger felt himself  
beaten4 ,true1 he could coerce them to  
the keeping of the footpaths--but1 then1
 they had the footpaths6 ,true1  thought
 the ,stockingtonians1 we have the      
footpaths1 but then the  picnic-ing1 and
 the fishing1 and the islands6 ,the     
,stockingtonians were  full of sullen   
wrath1 and ,sir ,roger was--oh1 most    
expressive old ,saxon                   
phrase--,,hairsore6 ,yes1 he was one    
universal round of vexation and         
jealousy of his rights4 ,every hair in  
his body was like a pin sticking  into  
him4 ,come within a dozen yards of him2 
nay1 at the most1 blow on  him1 and he  
was excruciated--you rubbed his         
sensitive hairs at a  furlong's         
distance4    ,the next ,sunday the      
people found the churchyard locked up1  
except during  service1 when beadles    

walked there1 and desired them not to   
loiter and  disturb the congregation1   
closing the gates1 and showing them out 
like  a flock of sheep the moment the   
service was over4 ,this was fuel to the 
already boiling blood of ,stockington4  
,the week following1 what was their     
astonishment to find a much frequented  
ruin gone6 it was actually gone6  not a 
trace of it2 but the spot where it had  
stood for ages1 turfed1  planted with   
young spruce trees1 and fenced off with 
post and rail6 ,the  exasperated people 
now launched forth an immensity of      
fulminations  against the churl ,sir    
,roger1 and a certain number of them    
resolved to  come and seat themselves in
 the street of the hamlet and there     
dine2 but  a terrific thunderstorm1     
which seemed in league with ,sir ,roger1
 soon  routed them1 drenched them       
through1 and on attempting to seek      
shelter in  the cottages1 the poor      
people said they were very sorry1 but it
 was as  much as their holdings were    

worth1 and they dare not admit them4    
,sir ,roger had triumphed6 ,it was all  
over with the old delightful days at    
,rockville4 ,there was an end of        
picnic-ing1 of fishing1 and of roving in
  the islands4 ,one sturdy disciple  of 
,izaak ,walton1 indeed1 dared to fling  
a line from the banks of ,rockville     
grove1 but ,sir ,roger came upon him and
  endeavored to seize him4 ,the man     
coolly walked into the middle of the    
river1 and1 without a word1 continued   
his fishing4    ,get out there6         
exclaimed ,sir ,roger1 that is still on 
my property4 ,the  man walked through   
the river to the other bank1 where he   
knew that the  land was rented by a     
farmer4 ,give over1 shouted ,sir ,roger1
 ,i tell you  the water is mine4        
,then1 said the fellow1 bottle it up1   
and be hanged to you6 ,don't you  see it
 is running away to ,stockington8       
,there was bad blood between ,rockville 
and ,stockington-green4 ,stockington    
was incensed1 and ,sir ,roger was       

hairsore4    ,a new nuisance sprung up4 
,the people of ,stockington looked on   
the  cottagers of ,rockville as sunk in 
deepest darkeness under such a man as   
,sir ,roger and his cousin the vicar4   
,they could not picnic1 but they        
thought they could hold a camp-meeting2 
they could not fish for roach1  but they
 thought they might for souls4          
,accordingly there assembled crowds  of 
,stockingtonians on the green of        
,rockville1 with a chair and a table1   
and a preacher with his head bound in a 
red handkerchief2 and soon there  was a 
sound of hymns1 and a zealous call to   
come out of the darkness of  the        
spiritual ,babylon4 ,but this was more  
than ,sir ,roger could bear2 he  rushed 
forth with all his servants1 keepers1   
and cottagers1 overthrew  the table1 and
 routing the assembly1 chased them to   
the boundary of his  estate4    ,the    
discomfited ,stockingtonians now        
fulminated awful judgments on the       
unhappy ,sir ,roger1 as a persecutor and

 a malignant4 ,they dared not enter     
again on his park1 but they came to the 
very verge of it1 and held weekly       
meetings on the highway1 in which they  
sang and declaimed as loudly as         
possible1 that the winds might bear     
their voices to ,sir ,roger's ears4     
,to such a position was now reduced the 
last of the long line of  ,rockville4   
,the spirit of a policeman had taken    
possession of him4 ,he had  keepers and 
watchers out on all sides1 but they did 
not satisfy him4 ,he  was perpetually   
haunted with the idea that poachers were
 after his game1  that trespassers were 
in his woods4 ,his whole life was now   
spent in  stealing to and fro in his    
fields and plantations1 and prowling    
along his  river side4 ,he looked under 
hedges1 and watched for long hours under
 the  forest trees4 ,if any one had a   
curiosity to see ,sir ,roger1 they had  
only  to enter his fields by the wood   
side1 and wander a few yards from the   
path1 and he was almost sure to spring  

out over the hedge1 and in angry  tones 
demand their name and address4 ,the     
descendant of the chivalrous and        
steelclad ,de ,rockvilles was sunk into 
a restless spy on his own ample         
property4 ,there was but one idea in his
 mind--encroachment4 ,it was  destitute 
of all other furniture but the musty    
technicalities of warrants  and         
commitments4 ,there was a stealthy and  
skulking manner in everything  that he  
did4 ,he went to church on ,sundays1 but
 it was no longer by the  grand iron    
gate opposite to his house1 that stood  
generally with a large  spider's web    
woven over the lock1 and several others 
in different corners  of the fine iron  
tracery1 bearing evidence of the long   
period since it  had been opened4 ,how  
different to the time when the ,sir     
,roger and the  ,lady of ,rockville had 
had these gates thrown wide on a ,sunday
 morning1  and with all their train of  
household servants after their back1    
with  true antique dignity1 marched with

 much proud humility into the house of  
,god4 ,now1 ,sir ,roger--the solitary1  
suspicious1 undignified ,sir ,roger1 the
  keeper and policeman of his own       
property--stole in at a little side gate
  from his paddock1 and back the same   
way1 wondering all the time whether     
there was not somebody in his pheasant  
preserves1 or ,sunday trespassers  in   
his grove4    ,if you entered his house 
it gave you as cheerless a feeling as   
its owner4  ,there was the conservatory1
 so splendid with rich plants and       
flowers in  his mothers time--now a     
dusty receptacle of hampers1 broken     
hand-glasses1  and garden tools4 ,these 
tools could never be used1 for the      
gardens were  grown wild4 ,tall grass   
grew in the walks1 and the huge unpruned
 shrubs  disputed the passage with you4 
,in the wood above the gardens1 reached 
by  several flights of fine1 but now    
moss-grown1 steps1 there stood a        
pavilion1 once clearly very beautiful4  
,it was now damp and ruinous-its  walls 

covered with greenness and crawling     
insects4 ,it was a great  lurking-place 
of ,sir ,roger when on the watch for    
poachers4    ,the line of the           
,rockvilles was evidently running fast  
out4 ,it had reached  the extremity of  
imbecility and contempt--it must soon   
reach its close4    ,sir ,roger used to 
make his regular annual visit to town2  
but of late1  when there1 he had        
wandered restlessly about the streets1  
peeping into  the shop-windows2 and if  
it rained1 standing under entries for   
hours  after1 till it was gone over4    
,the habit of lurking and peering about 
was  upon him2 and his feet bore him    
instinctively into those narrow and     
crowded alleys where swarm the poachers 
of the city--the trespassers and        
anglers in the game preserves and       
streams of humanity4 ,he had lost all   
pleasure in his club2 the most exciting 
themes of political life retained  no   
piquancy for him4 ,his old friends      
ceased to find any pleasure in him4  ,he

 was become the driest of all dry wells4
 ,poachers1 and anglers1 and            
,methodists1 haunted the wretched       
purlieus of his fast fading-out mind1   
and he resolved to go to town no more4  
,his whole nature was centered in  his  
woods4 ,he was forever on the watch2 and
 when at ,rockville again1 if  he heard 
a door clap when in bed1 he thought it a
 gun in his woods1 and  started up1 and 
was out with his keepers4    ,of what   
value was that magnificent estate to    
him8--those superb woods2  those        
finely-hanging cliffs2 that clear and   
riant river coming  traveling on1 and   
taking a noble sweep below his          
windows--that glorious  expanse of neat 
verdant meadows1 stretching almost to   
,stockington1 and  enlivened by numerous
 herds of the most beautiful            
cattle--those old farms  and shady lanes
 overhung with hazel and wild rose2 the 
glittering brook1  and the songs of     
woodland birds--what were they to that  
worn-out old man1  that victim of the   

delusive doctrine of blood1 of the      
man-trap of an  hereditary name8        
,there the poet could come1 and feel the
 presence of divinity in that  noble    
scene1 and hear sublime whispers in the 
trees1 and create new  heavens and      
earths from the glorious chaos of nature
 around him1 and in  one short hour live
 an empyrean of celestial life and love4
 ,there could  come the very humblest   
children of the plebeian town1 and feel 
a throb of  exquisite delight pervade   
their bosoms at the sight of the very   
flowers  on the sod1 and see heaven in  
the infinite blue above them4 ,and poor 
,sir  ,roger1 the holder1 but not the   
possessor of all1 walked only in a      
region  of sterility1 with no sublimer  
ideas than poachers and trespassers-no  
more rational enjoyment than the brute  
indulgence of hunting like a  ferret1   
and seizing his fellow-men like a       
bulldog4 ,he was a specimen of  human   
nature degenerated1 retrograded from the
 divine to the bestial1  through the    

long operating influences of false      
notions and institutions1  continued    
beyond their time4 ,he had only the soul
 of a keeper4 ,had he  been only a      
keeper1 he had been a much happier man4 
,his time was at hand4 ,the severity    
which he had long dealt out toward all  
sorts of offenders made him the object  
of the deepest vengeance4 ,in a  lonely 
hollow of his woods1 watching at        
midnight with two of his men1  there    
came a sturdy knot of poachers4 ,an     
affray ensued4 ,the men perceived  that 
their old enemy1 ,sir ,roger1 was there3
 and the blow of a hedge-stake          
stretched him on the earth4 ,his keepers
 fled--and thus ignominiously           
terminated the long line of the         
,rockvilles4 ,sir ,roger was the last of
 his  line1 but not of his class4 ,there
 is a feudal art of sinking1 which      
requires no study2 and the ,rockvilles  
are but one family among thousands  who 
have perished in its practice4          
,,chapter ,,ii4      ,in ,great         

,stockington there lived a race of      
paupers4 ,from the year of the  #db;d of
 ,elizabeth1 or #afja1 down to the      
present generation1 this race           
maintained an uninterrupted descent4    
,they were a steady and unbroken line   
of paupers1 as the parish books testify4
 ,from generation to generation  their  
demands on the parish funds stand       
recorded4 ,there were no lacun  in their
 career2 there never failed an heir to  
these families2 fed on the  bread of    
idleness and legal provision1 these     
people flourished1 increased  and       
multiplied4 ,sometimes compelled to work
 for the weekly dole which  they        
received1 they never acquired a taste   
for labor1 or lost the taste  for the   
bread for which they did not labor4     
,these paupers regarded this            
maintenance by no means as a disgrace4  
,they claimed it as a right1--as  their 
patrimony4 ,they contended that         
one-third of the property of the        
,church had been given by benevolent    

individuals for the support of the      
poor1 and that what the ,reformation    
wrongfully deprived them of1 the  great 
enactment of ,elizabeth rightfully--and 
only rightfully--restored4    ,those who
 imagine that all paupers merely claimed
 parish relief because  the law ordained
 it1 commit a great error4 ,there were  
numbers who were  hereditary paupers1   
and that on a tradition carefully handed
 down1 that  they were only manfully    
claiming their own4 ,they traced their  
claims from  the most ancient feudal    
times1 when the lord was as much bound  
to  maintain his villein in gross1 as   
the villein was to work for the lord4   
,these paupers were1 in fact1 or claimed
 to be1 the original adscripti  gleb1   
and to have as much a claim to parish   
support as the landed  proprietor had to
 his land4 ,for this reason1 in the old 
,catholic times1  after they had escaped
 from villenage by running away and     
remaining  absent from their hundred for
 a year and a day1 dwelling for that    

period  in a walled town1 these people  
were amongst the most diligent          
attendants  at the ,abbey doors1 and    
when the ,abbeys were dissolved1 were1  
no doubt1  amongst the most daring of   
these thieves1 vagabonds1 and sturdy    
rogues1  who1 after the ,robin ,hood    
fashion1 beset the highways and solitary
 farms  of ,england1 and claimed their  
black mail in a very unceremonious      
style4  ,it was out of this class that  
,henry ,,viii4 hanged his seventy-two   
thousand  during his reign1 and1 as it  
is said1 without appearing materially to
  diminish their number4    ,that they  
continued to increase1 multiply1 and    
replenish the earth1  overflowing all   
bounds1 overpowering by mere            
populousness all the severe  laws       
against them of whipping1 burning in the
 hand1 in the forehead or in  the       
breast1 and hanging1 and filling the    
whole country with alarm1 is  evident by
 the very act itself of ,elizabeth4     
,amongst these hereditary paupers who1  

as we have said1 were found in          
,stockington1 there was a family of the 
name of ,deg4 ,this family had never    
failed to demand and enjoy what it held 
to be its share of its ancient          
inheritance4 ,it appeared from the      
parish records1 that they had practiced 
in different periods the crafts of      
shoemaking1 tailoring1 and              
chimney-sweeping2 but since the         
invention of the stocking-frame1 they   
had1 one and all of them1 followed the  
profession of stocking weavers1 or  as  
they were there called1 stockingers4    
,this was a trade which required  no    
extreme exertion of the physical or     
intellectual powers4 ,to sit in a       
frame1 and throw the arms to and fro1   
was a thing that might either be        
carried to a degree of extreme          
diligence1 or be let down into a mere   
apology for idleness4 ,an idle          
stockinger was there no very uncommon   
phrase1 and the ,degs were always       
classed under that head4 ,nothing could 

be more admirably adapted than this     
trade for building a plan of parish     
relief upon4 ,the ,degs did not pretend 
to be absolutely without work1 or  the  
parish authorities would soon have set  
them to some real labor1--a  thing that 
they particularly recoiled from1 having 
a very old adage in  the family1 that   
hard work was enough to kill a man4 ,the
 ,degs were  seldom1 therefore out of   
work1 but they did not get enough to    
meet and  tie4 ,they had but little work
 if the times were bad1 and if they were
  good1 they had large families1 and    
sickly wives or children4 ,be times     
what they would1 therefore1 the ,degs   
were due and successful attendants  at  
the parish pay-table4 ,nay1 so much was 
this a matter of course1 that  they came
 at length not even trouble themselves  
to receive their pay1 but  sent their   
young children for it2 and it was duly  
paid4 ,did any parish  officer1 indeed1 
turn restive1 and decline to pay a ,deg1
 he soon found  himself summoned before 

a magistrate1 and such pleas of         
sickness1 want  of work1 and poor       
earnings brought up1 that he most likely
 got a sharp  rebuke from the benevolent
 but uninquiring magistrate1 and        
acquired a  character for               
hard-heartedness that stuck to him4     
,so parish overseers learnt to let the  
,degs alone2 and their children         
regularly brought up to receive the     
parish money for their parents1 were    
impatient as they grew up to receive it 
for themselves4 ,marriages in the  ,deg 
family were consequently very early1 and
 there were plenty of  instances of     
married ,degs claiming parish relief    
under the age of twenty1  on the plea of
 being the parent of two children4 ,one 
such precocious  individual being asked 
by a rather verdant officer why he had  
married  before he was able to maintain 
a family1 replied1 in much astonishment1
  that he had married in order to       
maintain himself by parish assistance4  
,that he never had been able to maintain

 himself by his labor1 nor ever         
expected to do it2 his only hope1       
therefore1 lay in marrying1 and         
becoming the father of two children1 to 
which patriarchal rank he had now       
attained1 and demanded his pay4    ,thus
 had lived and flourished the ,degs on  
their ancient patrimony1 the  parish1   
for upward of two hundred years4 ,nay1  
we have no doubt whatever  that1 if it  
could have been traced1 they had enjoyed
 an ancestry of  paupers as long as the 
pedigree of ,sir ,roger ,rockville      
himself4 ,in the  days of the most      
perfect villenage1 they had1 doubtless1 
eaten the bread  of idleness1 and       
claimed it as a right4 ,they were       
numerous1 improvident1  ragged in dress1
 and fond of an alehouse and of gossip4 
,like the blood of  ,sir ,roger1 their  
blood had become peculiar through a long
 persistence of  the same circumstances4
 ,it was become pure pauper blood4 ,the 
,degs  married1 if not entirely among   
,degs1 yet amongst the same class4 ,none

 but  a pauper would dream of marrying a
 ,deg4 ,the ,degs1 therefore1 were in   
constitution1 in mind1 in habit1 and in 
inclination1 paupers4 ,but a pure  and  
unmixed class of this kind does not die 
out like an aristocratic  stereotype4   
,it increases and multiplies4 ,the lower
 the grade1 the more  prolific1 as is   
sometimes seen on a large and even      
national scale4 ,the  ,degs threatened1 
therefore1 to become a most formidable  
clan in the lower  purlieus of          
,stockington1 but luckily there is so   
much virtue even in  evils1 that one1   
not rarely1 cures another4 ,war1 the    
great evil1 cleared  the town of ,degs4 
,fond of idleness1 of indulgence1 of    
money easily got1 and as easily  spent1 
the ,degs were rapidly drained off by   
recruiting parties during the  last war4
 ,the young men enlisted1 and were      
marched away2 the young women  married  
soldiers that were quartered in the town
 from time to time1 and  marched away   
with them4 ,there were1 eventually1 none

 of the once numerous  ,degs left except
 a few old people1 whom death was sure  
to draft off at  no distant period with 
his regiment of the line which has no   
end4 ,parish  overseers1 magistrates1   
and master manufacturers1 felicitated   
themselves  at this unhoped-for         
deliverance from the ancient family of  
the ,degs4    ,but one cold1 clear1     
winter evening1 the east wind piping its
 sharp  sibilant ditty in the bare shorn
 hedges1 and poking its sharp fingers   
into the sides of well broad-clothed men
 by the way of passing jest1 ,mr4       
,spires1 a great manufacturer of        
,stockington1 driving in his gig some   
seven miles from the town1 passed a poor
 woman with a stout child on  her back4 
,the large ruddy-looking man in the     
prime of life1 and in the  great coat   
and thick worsted gloves of a wealthy   
traveler1 cast a glance  at the wretched
 creature trudging heavily on1 expecting
 a pitiful appeal  to his sensibilities1
 and thinking it a bore to have to pull 

off a glove  and dive into his pocket   
for a copper2 but to his surprise there 
was no  demand1 only a low courtesy1 and
 the glimpse of a face of singular      
honesty of expression1 and of excessive 
weariness4    ,spires was a man of warm 
feelings2 he looked earnestly at the    
woman1 and  ,thought he had never seen  
such a picture of fatigue in his life4  
,he  pulled up and said1    ,you seem   
very tired1 my good woman4    ,awfully  
tired1 sir4    ,and are you going far   
to-night8    ,to ,great ,stockington1   
sir1 if ,god give me strength4    ,to   
,stockington6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,spires4   
,why1 you seem ready to drop4  ,you'll  
never reach it4 ,you'd better stop at   
the next village4    ,ay1 sir1 it's easy
 stopping1 for those that have money4   
,and you've none1 eh8    ,as ,god lives1
 sir1 ,i've a sixpence1 and that's all4 
,mr4 ,spires put his hand in his pocket1
 and held out to her1 the next  instant1
 half-a-crown4    ,there stop1 poor     
thing--make yourself comfortable--it's  

quite out of the  question to reach     
,stockington4 ,but stay--are your       
friends living in  ,stockington--what   
are you8    ,a poor soldier's widow1    
sir4 ,and may ,god ,almighty bless you6 
said the  poor woman1 taking the money1 
the tears standing in her large brown   
eyes  as she courtesied very low4    ,a 
soldier's widow6 said ,mr4 ,spires4 ,she
 had touched the softest place  in the  
manufacturer's heart1 for he was a very 
loyal man1 and vehement  champion of his
 country's honor in the war4 ,so young1 
said he1 how did  you lose your husband8
    ,he fell1 sir1 said the poor woman2 
but she could get no further2 she       
suddenly caught up the corner of her    
gray cloak1 covered her face with  it1  
and burst into an excess of grief4      
,the manufacturer felt as if he had hit 
the woman a blow by his careless        
question2 he sat watching her for a     
moment in silence1 and then said1       
,come1 get into the gig1 my poor woman2 
come1 ,i must see you to  ,stockington4 

,the poor woman dried her tears1 and    
heavily climbed into the gig1           
expressing her gratitude in a very      
touching and modest manner4 ,spires     
buttoned the apron over her1 and taking 
a look at the child1 said in a  cheerful
 tone to comfort her1 ,bless me1 but    
that is a fine thumping  fellow1 though4
 ,i don't wonder that you are tired1    
carrying such a load4    ,the poor woman
 pressed the stout child1 apparently two
 years old1 to her  breast1 as if she   
felt it a great blessing and no load3   
the gig drove  rapidly on4    ,presently
 ,mr4 ,spires resumed his conversation4 
,so you are from ,stockington8    ,no1  
sir1 my husband was4    ,so3 what was   
his name8    ,john ,deg1 sir4    ,deg8  
said ,mr4 ,spires4 ,deg1 did you say8   
,yes1 sir4    ,the manufacturer seemed  
to hitch himself off toward his own side
 of the  gig1 gave another look at her1 
and was silent4 ,the poor woman was     
somewhat astonished at his look and     
movement1 and was silent too4    ,after 

awhile ,mr4 ,spires said again1 ,and do 
you hope to find friends in             
,stockington8 ,had you none where you   
came from8    ,none1 sir1 none in the   
world6 said the poor woman1 and again   
her  feelings seemed too strong for her4
 ,at length she added1 ,i was in        
service1 sir1 at ,poole1 in             
,dorsetshire1 when ,i married2 my mother
 only  was living1 and while ,i was away
 with my husband1 she died4 ,when-when  
the news came from abroad--that when ,i 
was a widow1 sir1 ,i went back to  my   
native place1 and the parish officers   
said ,i must go to my husband's  parish 
lest ,i and my child should become      
troublesome4    ,you asked relief of    
them8    ,never2 ,oh1 ,god knows1 no1   
never6 ,my family have never asked a    
penny of a  parish4 ,they would die     
first1 and so would ,i1 sir2 but they   
said ,i might  do it1 and ,i had better 
go to my husband's parish at once--and  
they  offered me money to go4    ,and   
you took it1 of course8    ,no1 sir2 ,i 

had a little money1 which ,i had earned 
by washing and  laundering1 and ,i sold 
most of my things1 as ,i could not carry
 them1 and  came off4 ,i felt hurt1 sir2
 my heart rose against the treatment of 
the  parish1 and ,i thought ,i should be
 better amongst my friends--and my child
  would1 if anything happened to me2 ,i 
had no friends of my own4    ,mr4       
,spires looked at the woman in silence4 
,did your husband tell you  anything of 
his friends8 ,what sort of a man was he8
    ,oh1 he was a gay young fellow1     
rather1 sir2 but not bad to me4 ,he     
always  said his friends were well off  
in ,stockington4    ,he did6 said the   
manufacturer1 with a great stare1 and as
 if bolting  the words from his heart in
 a large gust of wonder4    ,the poor   
woman again looked at him with a strange
 look4 ,the manufacturer  ,whistled to  
himself1 and giving his horse a smart   
cut with the whip1  drove on faster than
 ever4 ,the night was fast settling     
down2 it was  numbing cold2 a gray fog  

rose from the river as they thundered   
over the  old bridge2 and tall engine   
chimneys1 and black smoky houses loomed 
through the dusk before them4 ,they were
 at ,stockington4    ,as they slackened 
their pace up a hill at the entrance of 
the town1 ,mr4  ,spires again opened his
 mouth4    ,i should be sorry to hurt   
your feelings1 ,mrs4 ,deg1 he said1 but 
,i have  my fears that you are coming to
 this place with false expectations4 ,i 
fear your husband did not give you the  
truest possible account of his  family  
here4    ,oh1 sir6 what--what is it8    
exclaimed the poor woman2 in ,god's     
name1  tell me6    ,why1 nothing more   
than this1 said the manufacturer1 that  
there are  very few of the ,degs left   
here4 ,they are old1 and on the parish1 
and can  do nothing for you4    ,the    
poor woman gave a deep sigh1 and was    
silent4    ,but don't be cast down1 said
 ,mr4 ,spires4 ,he would not tell her   
what a  pauper family really was1 for he
 saw that she was a very feeling woman1 

and he thought she would learn that soon
 enough4 ,he felt that her husband  had 
from vanity given her a false account of
 his connections2 and he was  really    
sorry for her4    ,don't be cast down1  
he went on2 you can wash and iron1 you  
say2 you  are young and strong3 those   
are your friends4 ,depend on them1 and  
they'll  be better friends to you than  
any other4    ,the poor woman was       
silent1 leaning her head down on her    
slumbering child1  and crying to        
herself2 and thus they drove on1 through
 many long and  narrow streets1 with gas
 flaring from the shops1 but with few   
people in  the streets1 and these       
hurrying shivering along the pavement1  
so intense  was the cold4 ,anon they    
stopped at a large pair of gates2 the   
manufacturer rung a bell1 which he could
 reach from his gig1 and the  gates     
presently were flung open1 and they     
drove into a spacious yard1  with a     
large handsome house1 having a bright   
lamp burning before it1 on  one side of 

the yard1 and tall warehouses on the    
other4    ,show this poor woman and her 
child to ,mrs4 ,craddock's1 ,james1 said
 ,mr4  ,spires1 and tell ,mrs4 ,craddock
 to make them very comfortable2 and if  
you  will come to my warehouse          
to-morrow1 added he1 addressing the poor
  woman1 perhaps ,i can be of some use  
to you4    ,the poor woman poured out   
her heartfelt thanks1 and following the 
old  man-servant1 soon disappeared1     
hobbling over the pebbly pavement with  
her  living load1 stiffened almost to   
stone by her fatigue and her cold ride4 
,we must not pursue too minutely our    
narrative ,mrs4 ,deg was engaged to do  
the washing and getting up of ,mr4      
,spires' linen1 and the manner in which 
she executed her task insured her       
recommendations to all their friends4   
,mrs4 ,deg was at once in full employ4  
,she occupied a neat house in a yard    
near the meadows below the town1 and in 
those meadows she might be seen         
spreading out her clothes to whiten on  

the grass1 attended by her stout  little
 boy4 ,in the same yard lived a         
shoemaker1 who had two or three         
children of about the same age as ,mrs4 
,deg's child4 ,the children1 as time    
went on1 became playfellows4 ,little    
,simon might be said to have the free   
run of the shoemaker's house1 and he was
 the more attracted thither by  the     
shoemaker's birds1 and by his flute1 on 
which he often played after  his work   
was done4    ,mrs4 ,deg took a great    
friendship for this shoemaker2 and he   
and his wife1  a quiet1 kind-hearted    
woman1 were almost all the acquaintances
 that she  cultivated4 ,she had found   
out her husband's parents1 but they were
 not of  a description that at all      
pleased her4 ,they were old and infirm1 
but they  were of the true pauper breed1
 a sort of person whom ,mrs4 ,deg had   
been  taught to avoid and to despise4   
,they looked on her as a sort of second 
parish1 and insisted that she should    
come and live with them1 and help to    

maintain them out of her earnings4 ,but 
,mrs4 ,deg would rather her little  boy 
had died than have been familiarized    
with the spirit and habits of  those old
 people4 ,despise them she struggled    
hard not to do1 and she  agreed to allow
 them sufficient to maintain them on    
condition that they  desisted from any  
further application to the parish4 ,it  
would be a long  and disgusting story to
 recount all the troubles1 annoyance1   
and  querulous complaints1 and even     
bitter accusations that she received    
from  these connections1 whom she could 
never satisfy2 but she considered it    
one of the crosses in her life1 and     
patiently bore it1 seeing that they     
suffered no real want1 so long as they  
lived1 which was for years2 but  she    
would never allow her little ,simon to  
be with them alone4    ,the shoemaker   
neighbor was a stout protection to her  
against the greedy  demands of these old
 people1 and of others of the old ,degs1
 and also  against another class of     

inconvenient visitors1 namely1 suitors1 
who saw  in ,mrs4 ,deg a neat and comely
 young woman1 with a flourishing        
business  and a neat and soon           
well-furnished house1 a very desirable  
acquisition4  ,but ,mrs4 ,deg had       
resolved never again to marry1 but to   
live for her boy1  and she kept her     
resolve in firmness and gentleness4     
,the shoemaker often took walks in the  
extensive town meadows1 to gather       
groundsell and plantain for his canaries
 and gorse-linnets1 and little  ,simon  
,deg delighted to accompany him with his
 own children4 ,there ,william  ,watson1
 the shoemaker1 used to point out to the
 children the beauty of  the flowers1   
the insects1 and other objects of       
nature2 and while he sat  on a style and
 read in a little old book of poetry1 as
 he often used to  do1 the children sat 
on the summer grass1 and enjoyed        
themselves in a  variety of plays4      
,the effect of these walks and the      
shoemaker's conversation on little      

,simon ,deg was such as never wore out  
of him through his whole life1 and  soon
 led him to astonish the shoemaker by   
his extraordinary conduct4 ,he          
manifested the utmost uneasiness at     
their treading on the flowers in the    
grass2 he would burst with tears if they
 persisted in it2 and when asked  why1  
he said they were so beautiful1 that    
they must enjoy the sunshine1  and be   
very unhappy to die4 ,the shoemaker was 
amazed1 but indulged the  lad's fancy4  
,one day he thought to give him a great 
treat1 and when they  were out in the   
meadows1 he drew from under his coat a  
bow and arrow1 and  shot the arrow high 
up in the air4 ,he expected to see him  
in an ecstasy  of delight3 his own      
children clapped their hands in         
transport1 but ,simon  stood silent1 and
 as if awe-struck4    ,shall ,i send up 
another8 asked the shoemaker4    ,no1   
no1 exclaimed the child1 imploringly4   
,you say ,god lives up there1  and he   
mayn't like it4    ,the shoemaker       

laughed1 but presently he said1 as if to
 himself1 ,there is  too much           
imagination there4 ,there will be a     
poet1 if we don't take care4    ,the    
shoemaker offered to teach ,simon to    
read1 and to solidify his mind1  as he  
termed it1 by arithmetic1 and then to   
teach him to work at his  trade4 ,his   
mother was very glad1 and thought       
shoemaking would be a good  trade for   
the boy2 and that with ,mr4 ,watson she 
should have him always  near her4 ,he   
was growing now a great lad1 and was    
especially strong1 and  of a frank and  
daring habit4 ,he was especially        
indignant at any act of  oppression of  
the weak by the strong1 and not seldom  
got into trouble by  his championship of
 the injured in such cases among the    
boys of the  neighborhood4    ,he was   
now about twelve years of age2 when1    
going one day with a basket  of clothes 
on his head to ,mr4 ,spires's for his   
mother1 he was noticed by  ,mr4 ,spires 
himself from his counting-house window4 

,the great war was  raging2 there was   
much distress among the manufacturers2  
and the people  were suffering and      
exasperated against their masters4 ,mr4 
,spires1 as a  staunch tory1 and        
supporter of the war1 was particularly  
obnoxious to the  workpeople1 who       
uttered violent threats against him4    
,for this reason his  premises were     
strictly guarded1 and at the entrance of
 his yard1 just  within the gates1 was  
chained a huge and fierce mastiff1 his  
chain  allowing him to approach near    
enough to intimidate any stranger1      
though  not to reach him4 ,the dog knew 
the people who came regularly about1 and
  seemed not to notice them1 but on the 
entrance of a stranger1 he rose up1     
barked fiercely1 and came to the length 
of his chain4 ,this always drew  the    
attention of the porter1 if he were away
 from his box1 and few  persons dared to
 pass till he came4    ,simon ,deg was  
advancing with the basket of clean linen
 on his head1 when  the dog rushed out1 

and barking loudly1 came exactly        
opposite to him1  within a few feet4    
,the boy1 a good deal startled at first1
 reared himself  with his back against  
the wall1 but at a glance perceiving    
that the dog  was at the length of his  
tether1 he seemed to enjoy his          
situation1 and  stood smiling at the    
furious animal1 and lifting his basket  
with both  hands above his head1 nodded 
to him1 as if to say1 ,well1 old boy1   
you'd  like to eat me1 wouldn't you8    
,mr4 ,spires1 who sat near his          
counting-house window at his books1 was 
struck with the bold and handsome       
bearing of the boy1 and said to a       
clerk3    ,what boy is that8    ,it is  
,jenny ,deg's1 was the answer4    ,ha6  
that boy6 ,zounds6 how boys do grow6    
,why that's the child that ,jenny  ,deg 
was carrying when she came to           
,stockington3 and what a strong1        
handsome1 bright-looking fellow he is   
now6    ,as the boy was returning1 ,mr4 
,spires called him to the counting-house

  door1 and put some questions to him as
 to what he was doing and learning1  and
 so on4    ,simon1 taking off his cap   
with much respect1 answered in such a   
clear and  ,modest way1 and with a voice
 that had so much feeling and natural   
music  in it1 that the worthy           
manufacturer was greatly taken with him4
    ,that's no ,deg1 said he1 when he   
again entered the counting-house1 not  a
 bit of it4 ,he's all ,goodrick1 or     
whatever his mother's name was1 every   
inch of him4    ,the consequence of that
 interview was1 that ,simon ,deg was    
very soon after  ,perched on a stool in 
,mr4 ,spires's counting-house1 where he 
continued  till he was twenty-two4 ,mr4 
,spires had no son1 only a single       
daughter2  and such were ,simon ,deg's  
talents1 attention to business1 and     
genial  disposition1 that at that age   
,mr4 ,spires gave him a share in the    
concern4  ,he was himself now getting   
less fond of exertion than he had been1 
and  placed the most implicit reliance  

on ,simon's judgment and general        
management4 ,yet no two men could be    
more unlike in their opinions beyond    
the circle of trade4 ,mr4 ,spires was a 
staunch tory of the staunch old  school4
 ,he was for ,church and ,king1 and for 
things remaining forever as  they had   
been4 ,simon1 on the other hand1 had    
liberal and reforming  notions4 ,he was 
for the improvement of the people1 and  
their admission to  many privileges4    
,mr4 ,spires was therefore liked by the 
leading men of the  place1 and disliked 
by the people4 ,simon's estimation was  
precisely in  the opposite direction4   
,but this did not disturb their         
friendship2 it  required another        
disturbing cause--and that came4        
,simon ,deg and the daughter of ,mr4    
,spires grew attached to each other2 and
  as the father had thought ,simon      
worthy of becoming a partner in the     
business1 neither of the young people   
deemed that he would object to a        
partnership of a more domestic          

description4 ,but here they made a      
tremendous mistake4 ,no sooner was such 
a proposal hinted at1 than ,mr4  ,spires
 burst forth with the fury of all the   
winds from the bag of  ,ulysses4        
,what6 a ,deg aspire to the hand of the 
sole heiress of the enormously  opulent 
,spires8    ,the very thought almost cut
 the proud manufacturer off with an     
apoplexy4  ,the hosts of a thousand     
paupers rose up before him1 and he was  
black in  the face4 ,it was only by a   
prompt and bold application of leeches  
and  lancet that the life of the great  
man was saved4 ,but there was an end of 
all further friendship between himself  
and the expectant ,simon4 ,he  insisted 
that he should withdraw from the        
concern1 and it was done4  ,simon1 who  
felt his own dignity deeply wounded too1
 for dignity he had1  though the last of
 a long line of paupers--his own        
dignity1 not his  ancestors'--took      
silently1 yet not unrespectfully1 his   
share--a good1  round sum1 and entered  

another house of business4    ,for      
several years there appeared to be a    
feud and a bitterness between  the      
former friends2 yet it showed itself in 
no other manner than by a  careful      
avoidance of each other4 ,the           
continental war came to an end2 the     
manufacturing distress increased        
exceedingly4 ,there came troublous      
times1  and a fierce warfare of         
politics4 ,great ,stockington was torn  
asunder by  rival parties4 ,on one side 
stood preeminent1 ,mr4 ,spires2 on the  
other  towered conspicuously1 ,simon    
,deg4 ,simon was grown rich1 and        
extremely  popular4 ,he was on all      
occasions the advocate of the people4   
,he said that  he had sprung from1 and  
was one of them4 ,he had bought a large 
tract of  land on one side of the town2 
and intensely fond of the country and   
flowers himself1 he had divided this    
into gardens1 built little              
summer-houses in them1 and let them to  
the artisans4 ,in his factory he  had   

introduced order1 cleanliness1 and      
ventilation4 ,he had set up a  school   
for the children in the evenings1 with a
 reading-room and  conversation-room for
 the work-people1 and encouraged them to
 bring their  families there1 and enjoy 
music1 books1 and lectures4             
,accordingly1 he was  the idol of the   
people1 and the horror of the old school
 of  manufacturers4    ,a pretty upstart
 and demagogue ,i've nurtured1 said ,mr4
 ,spires often1 to  his wife and        
daughter1 who only sighed1 and were     
silent4    ,then came a furious         
election4 ,the town1 for a fortnight1   
more resembled  the worst corner  of    
,tartarus than a ,christian borough4    
,drunkenness1  riot1 pumping on one     
another1 spencering one another1 all    
sorts of  violence and abuse ruled and  
raged till the blood of all ,stockington
 was  at boiling heat4 ,in the midst of 
the tempest were everywhere seen1 ranged
  on the opposite sides1 ,mr4 ,spires1  
now old and immensely corpulent1 and    

,simon ,deg1 active1 buoyant1 zealous1  
and popular beyond measure4 ,but        
popular though he was1 the other and old
 tory side still triumphed4 ,the  people
 were exasperated to madness2 and when  
the chairing of the  successful         
candidate commenced1 there was a        
terrific attack made on the  procession 
by the defeated party4 ,down went the   
chair1 and the new  member1 glad to     
escape into an inn1 saw his friends     
mercilessly assailed  by the populace4  
,there was a tremendous tempest of      
sticks1 brickbats1  paving-stones1 and  
rotten eggs4 ,in the midst of all this1 
,simon ,deg and a  number of his        
friends1 standing at the upper window of
 an hotel1 saw ,mr4  ,spires knocked    
down and trampled on by the crowd4 ,in  
an instant1 and  before his friends had 
missed him from amongst them1 ,simon    
,deg was seen  darting through the      
raging mass1 cleaving his way with a    
surprising  vigor1 and gesticulating1   
and no doubt shouting vehemently to the 

rioters1 though his voice was lost in   
the din4 ,in the next moment his hat    
was knocked off1 and himself appeared in
 imminent danger3 but1 another  moment1 
and there was a pause1 and a group of   
people were bearing  somebody from the  
frantic mob into a neighboring shop4 ,it
 was ,simon ,deg1  assisting in the     
rescue of his old friend and benefactor1
 ,mr4 ,spires4    ,mr4 ,spires was a    
good deal bruised1 and wonderfully      
confounded and  bewildered by his fall4 
,his clothes were one mass of mud1 and  
his face  was bleeding copiously2 but   
when he had had a good draught of water1
  and his face washed1 and had time to  
recover himself1 it was found that  he  
had received no serious injury4    ,they
 had like to have done for me1 though1  
said he4    ,yes1 and who saved you8    
asked a gentleman4    ,ay1 who was it8  
who was it8 asked the really            
warm-hearted manufacturer2  let me know8
 ,i owe him my life4    ,there he is6   
said several gentlemen1 at the same     

instant1 pushing  forward ,simon ,deg4  
,what1 ,simon6 said ,mr4 ,spires1       
starting to his feet4 ,was it thee1 my  
boy8 ,he did more1 he stretched out his 
hand2 the young man clasped it  eagerly1
 and the two stood silent1 and with a   
heart-felt emotion1 which  blended all  
the past into forgetfulness1 and the    
future into a union more  sacred than   
esteem4    ,a week hence1 and ,simon    
,deg was the son-in-law of ,mr4 ,spires4
 ,though ,mr4  ,spires had misunderstood
 ,simon1 and ,simon had borne the aspect
 of  opposition to his old friend1 in   
defense of conscientious principle1  the
 wife and daughter of the manufacturer  
had always understood him1 and  secretly
 looked forward to some day of          
recognition and reunion4    ,simon ,deg 
was now the richest man in ,stockington4
 ,his mother was still  living to enjoy 
his elevation4 ,she had been his        
excellent and wise  housekeeper1 and she
 continued to occupy that post still4   
,twenty-five years afterward1 when the  

worthy old ,spires was dead1 and  ,simon
 ,deg had himself two sons attained to  
manhood2 when he had five  times been   
mayor of ,stockington1 and had been     
knighted on the  presentation of a loyal
 address2 still his mother was living to
 see it2  and ,william ,watson1 the     
shoemaker1 was acting as a sort of      
orderly at ,sir  ,simon's chief         
manufactory4 ,he occupied the lodge1 and
 walked about1 and  saw that all was    
safe1 and moving on as it should do4    
,it was amazing how the most plebeian   
name of ,simon ,deg had slid1 under  the
 hands of the heralds1 into the really  
aristocratical one of ,sir ,simon       
,degge4 ,they had traced him up a       
collateral kinship1 spite of his own    
consciousness1 to a baronet of the same 
name of the county of ,stafford1  and   
had given him a coat of arms that was   
really astonishing4    ,it was some     
years before this1 that ,sir ,roger     
,rockville had breathed his  last4 ,his 
title and estate had fallen into        

litigation4 ,owing to two  generations  
having passed without any issue of the  
,rockville family  except the one son   
and heir1 the claims1 though numerous1  
were so mingled  with obscuring         
circumstance1 and so equally balanced1  
that the lawyers  raised quibbles and   
difficulties enough to keep the property
 in ,chancery1  till they had not only  
consumed all the ready money and rental1
 but had  made frightful inroads into   
the estate itself4 ,to save the remnant1
 the  contending parties came to a      
compromise4 ,a neighboring squire1 whose
  grandfather had married a ,rockville1 
was allowed to secure the title1 on     
condition that the rest carried off the 
residuum of the estate4 ,the woods  and 
lands of ,rockville were announced for  
sale6    ,it was at this juncture that  
old ,william ,watson reminded ,sir      
,simon ,degge  of a conversation in the 
great grove of ,rockville1 which they   
had held at  the time that ,sir ,roger  
was endeavoring to drive the people     

thence4    ,what a divine pleasure might
 this man enjoy1 said ,simon ,deg to his
  humble friend1 if he had a heart      
capable of letting others enjoy         
themselves4    ,but we talk without the 
estate1 said ,william ,watson2 what     
might we do  if we were tried with it8  
,sir ,simon was silent for a moment2    
then observed that there was sound      
philosophy in ,william ,watson's remark4
 ,he said no more1 but went away2  and  
the next day announced to the astonished
 old man that he had  purchased the     
groves and the whole ancient estate of  
,rockville6    ,sir ,simon ,degge1 the  
last of a long line of paupers1 was     
become the  possessor of the noble      
estate of ,sir ,roger ,rockville1 of    
,rockville1  the last of a long line of 
aristocrats6    ,the following summer1  
when the hay was lying in fragrant cocks
 in the  great meadows of ,rockville1   
and on the little islands in the river1 
,sir  ,simon ,degge1 ,baronet1 of       
,rockville--for such was now his        

title-through  the suggestion of a great
 lawyer1 formerly ,recorder of the      
,borough of  ,stockington1 to the       
crown--held a grand fte on the occasion 
of his  coming to reside at ,rockville  
,hall1 henceforth the family seat of the
  ,degges4 ,his house and gardens had   
all been restored to the most           
consummate order4 ,for years ,sir ,simon
 had been a great purchaser of works  of
 art and literature1 paintings1         
statuary1 books1 and articles of        
antiquity1 including rich armor and     
precious works in ivory and gold4       
,first and foremost he gave a great     
banquet to his wealthy friends1 and no  
man with a million and a half is without
 them--and in abundance4 ,in the  second
 place1 he gave a substantial dinner to 
all his tenantry1 from the  wealthy     
farmer of five hundred acres to the     
tenant of a cottage4 ,on this  occasion 
he said1 ,game is a subject of great    
heart-burning and of great  injustice to
 the country4 ,it was the bane of my    

predecessors3 let us take  care it is   
not ours4 ,let every man kill the game  
on the land that he  rents--then he will
 not destroy it utterly1 nor allow it to
 grow into a  nuisance4 ,i am fond of a 
gun myself1 but ,i trust to find enough 
for my  propensity to the chase in my   
own fields and woods--if ,i occasionally
  extend my pursuit across the lands of 
my tenants1 it shall not be to  carry   
off the first fruits of their feeding1  
and ,i shall still hold the  enjoyment  
as a favor4    ,we need not say that    
this speech was applauded most          
vociferously4  ,thirdly1 and lastly1 he 
gave a grand entertainment to all his   
work  people1 both of the town and the  
country4 ,his house and gardens were    
thrown open to the inspection of the    
whole assembled company4 ,the  delighted
 crowd admired immensely the pictures   
and the pleasant gardens4  ,on the lawn1
 lying between the great grove and the  
hall1 an enormous tent  was pitched1 or 
rather a vast canvas canopy erected1    

open on all sides1  in which was laid a 
charming banquet2 a military band from  
,stockington  barracks playing during   
the time4 ,here ,sir ,simon made a      
speech as  rapturously received as that 
to the farmers4 ,it was to the effect1  
that  all the old privileges of         
wandering in the grove1 and angling1 and
  boating  on the river were restored4  
,the inn was already rebuilt in a       
handsome ,elizabethan style1 larger than
 before1 and to prevent it ever         
becoming a fane of intemperance1 he had 
there posted as landlord1 he  hoped for 
many years to come1 his old friend and  
benefactor1 ,william  ,watson4 ,william 
,watson should protect the inn from     
riot1 and they  themselves the groves   
and river banks from injury4    ,long   
and loud were the applauses which this  
announcement occasioned4 ,the  young    
people turned out upon the green for a  
dance1 and in the evening1  after an    
excellent tea1 the whole company        
descended the river to  ,stockington in 

boats and barges decorated with boughs  
and flowers1 and  singing a song made by
 ,william ,watson for the occasion1     
called ,the  ,health of ,sir ,simon1    
last and first of his ,line6    ,years  
have rolled on4 ,the groves and river   
banks and islands of ,rockville  are    
still greatly frequented1 but are never 
known to be injured3 poachers  are never
 known there1 for four reasons4 ,first1 
nobody would like to  annoy the good    
,sir ,simon2 secondly1 game is not very 
numerous there2  thirdly1 there is no   
fun in killing it1 where there is no    
resistance2 and  fourthly1 it is vastly 
more abundant in other proprietors'     
demesnes1 and  it is fun to kill it     
there1 where it is jealously watched1   
and there is a  chance of a good spree  
with the keepers4    ,and with what     
different feelings does the good ,sir   
,simon look down from  his lofty eyrie1 
over the princely expanse of meadows1   
and over the  glittering river1 and over
 the stately woods to where ,great      

,stockington  still stretches farther   
and farther its red brick walls1 its    
red-tiled  roofs1 and its tall          
smoke-vomiting chimneys4 ,there he sees 
no haunts of  crowded enemies to himself
 or any man4 ,no upstarts1 nor envious  
opponents1 but a past family of human   
beings1 all toiling for the good of     
their families and their country4 ,all  
advancing1 some faster1 some  slower1 to
 a better education1 a better social    
condition1 a better  conception of the  
principles of art and commerce1 and a   
clearer  recognition of their rights and
 duties1 and a more cheering faith  in  
the upward tendency of humanity4        
,looking on this interesting scene from 
his distant and quiet home1 ,sir  ,simon
 sees what blessings flow--and how      
deeply he feels them in his own         
case--from a free circulation1 not only 
of trade1 but of human relations4  ,how 
this corrects the mischiefs1 moral and  
physical1 of false systems and  rusty   
prejudices2--and  he ponders on schemes 

of no ordinary beauty and  beneficence  
yet to reach his beloved town through   
them4 ,he sees lecture  halls and       
academies1 means of sanitary            
purification1 and delicious  recreation1
 in which baths1 wash-houses1 and airy  
homes figure largely2  while public     
walks extend all round the great        
industrial hive1 including  wood1 hills1
 meadow and river in their circuit of   
many miles4 ,there he  lived and        
labored2 there live and labor his sons2 
and there he trusts his  family will    
continue to live and labor to all future
 generations3 never  retiring to the    
fatal indolence of wealth1 but aiding   
onward its active  and ever-expanding   
beneficence4    ,long may the good ,sir 
,simon live and labor to realize these  
views4 ,but  already in a green corner  
of the pleasant churchyard of ,rockville
 may be  read this inscription on a     
marble headstone3--,sacred to the memory
 of  ,jane ,deg1 the mother of ,sir     
,simon ,degge1 ,bart41 of ,rockville4   

,this stone  is erected in honor of the 
best of ,mothers by the most grateful of
 sons4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,from ,fraser's          
,magazine4    ,,the ,,spotted           
,,bower-,,bird4    ,,from ,,leaves      
,,from ,,the ,,note-,,book ,,of ,a      
,,naturalist4      ,elegant and         
ingenious as are the structures and     
collections of the satin  bower-bird1   
the species of the allied genus         
,chlamydera display still  greater      
architectural abilities1 and more       
extensive1 collective1 and  decorative  
powers4    ,the spotted bower-bird,a is 
an inhabitant of the interior4 ,its     
probable  range1 in ,mr4 ,gould's       
opinion1 is widely extended over the    
central  portions of the ,australian    
continent2 but the only parts in which  
he  observed it1 or from which he       
procured specimens1 were the districts  
immediately to the north of the colony  
of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,during his      
journey into the interior he saw it in  

tolerable abundance at ,brezi1 on  the  
river ,mokai1 to the northward of the   
,liverpool plains2 and it was  also     
equally numerous in all the low scrubby 
ranges in the neighborhood  of the      
,namoi1 as well as in the open brushes  
that intersect the plains on  its       
borders4 ,mr4 ,gould is gifted with the 
eye of an observer2 but from  the       
extreme shyness of its disposition1 it  
generally escapes the  attention of     
ordinary travelers1 and it seldom allows
 itself to be  approached near enough   
for the spectator to discern its colors4
 ,its  'harsh1 grating1 scolding note1' 
betrays its haunts to the intruder2 but1
  when disturbed1 it seeks the tops of  
the highest trees1 and1 generally1      
flies off to another locality4          
,footnote ,a3 ,chlamydera               
maculala4--,,gould4      ,mr4 ,gould    
obtained his specimens most readily by  
watching at the  water-holes where they 
come to drink2 and on one occasion1 near
 the  termination of a long drought1 he 

was guided by a native to a deep basin  
in a rock where water1 the produce of   
many antecedent months1 still  remained4
 ,numbers of the spotted bower-birds1   
honeysuckers1 and parrots1  sought this 
welcome reservoir1 which had seldom1 if 
ever before1  reflected a white face4   
,mr4 ,gould's presence was regarded with
 suspicion  by the winged frequenters of
 this attractive spot2 but while he     
remained  lying on the ground perfectly 
motionless1 though close to the water1  
their wants overpowered their           
misgivings1 and they would dash down    
past  him and eagerly take their fill1  
although an enormous black snake was    
lying coiled upon a piece of wood near  
the edge of the pool4 ,at this          
interesting post ,mr4 ,gould remained   
for three days4 ,the spotted            
bower-birds were the most numerous of   
the thirsty assemblage there            
congregated1 and the most shy1 and yet  
he had the satisfaction of  frequently  
seeing six or eight of them displaying  

their beautiful necks  as they were     
perched within a few feet of him4 ,he   
states that the scanty  supply of water 
remaining in the cavity must soon have  
been exhausted by  the thousands of     
birds that daily resorted to it1 if the 
rains which had  so long been suspended 
had not descended in torrents4    ,mr4  
,gould discovered several of the bowers 
of this species during his  journey to  
the interior1 the tiniest of which1 now 
in the ,national  ,museum1 he brought to
 ,england4 ,he found the situations of  
these runs or  bowers to be much varied4
 ,sometimes he discovered them on the   
plains  studded with ,myalls 7,acacia   
pendula17 and sometimes in the brushes  
with  which the lower hills were        
clothed4 ,he describes them as          
considerably  longer1 and more          
avenue-like1 than those of the satin    
bower-bird1  extending in many instances
 to three feet in length4 ,outwardly    
they were  built with twigs1 and        
beautifully lined with tall grasses1 so 

disposed  that their upper ends nearly  
met4 ,the decorations were very profuse1
  consisting of bivalve shells1 skulls  
of small animals1 and other bones4      
,evident and beautiful indications of   
design 7continues ,mr4 ,gould7 are      
manifest throughout the whole of the    
bower and decorations formed by this    
species1 particularly in the manner in  
which the stones are placed within  the 
bower1 apparently to keep the grasses   
with which it is lined fixed  firmly in 
their places1 these stones diverge from 
the mouth of the run on  each side so as
 to form little paths1 while the immense
 collection of  decorative materials1   
bones1 shells1 c41 are placed in a heap 
before the  entrance of the avenue1 this
 arrangement being the same at both     
ends4 ,in  some of the larger bowers1   
which had evidently been resorted to for
 many  years1 ,i have seen nearly half a
 bushel of bones1 shells1 c41 at each of
  the entrances4 ,in some instances1    
small bowers1 composed almost entirely  

of grasses1 apparently the commencement 
of a new place of rendezvous1  were     
observable4 ,i frequently found these   
structures at a considerable  distance  
from the rivers1 from the borders of    
which they could alone have  procured   
the shells1 and small1 round pebbly     
stones2 their collection and            
transportation must1 therefore1 be a    
task of great labor and difficulty4  ,as
 these birds feed almost entirely upon  
seeds and fruits1 the shells and  bones 
cannot have been collected  for any     
other purpose than ornament2  besides1  
it is only those which have been        
bleached perfectly white in the  sun1 or
 such as have been roasted by the       
natives1 and by this means  whitened1   
that attract their attention4 ,i fully  
ascertained that these  runs1 like those
 of the satin bower-bird1 formed the    
rendezvous of many  individuals2 for1   
after secreting myself for a short space
 of time near  one of them1 ,i killed   
two males which ,i had previously seen  

running  through the avenue4    ,the    
plumage of this species is remarkable4  
,a rich brown pervades the  crown of the
 head1 the ear-coverts and the throat1  
each feather being  bordered by a narrow
 black line2 and1 on the crown1 the     
feathers are  small and tipped with     
silver gray4 ,the back of the neck is   
crossed by a  beautiful1 broad1 light1  
rosy pink band of elongated feathers1 so
 as to  form a sort of occipital crest4 
,the wings1 tail1 and upper surface1 are
  deep brown1 every feather of the back1
 rump1 scapularies1 and  secondaries1   
having a large round spot of full buff  
at the tip4 ,primaries  slightly tipped 
with white4 ,all the tail-feathers with 
buffy white  terminations4 ,under parts 
grayish white4 ,flank-feathers zigzagged
 with  faint transverse light brown     
lines4 ,bill and feet dusky brown4 ,at  
the  corner of the mouth the bare1      
thick1 fleshy1 prominent skin1 is of a  
pinky flesh colour1 and the irides are  
dark brown4    ,the rosy frill adorns   

the adults of both sexes3 but the young 
male and  female of the years have it   
not4    ,another species1 the great     
bower-bird1,b was probably the architect
 of  the bowers found by ,captain ,grey 
during his ,australian rambles1 and     
which  interested him greatly in        
consequence of the doubts entertained by
 him  whether they were the works of a  
bird or of a quadruped1--the inclination
  of his mind being that their          
construction was due to the four-footed 
animal4 ,they were formed of dead grass 
and parts of bushes1 sunk a slight      
depth into two parallel furrows1 in     
sandy soil1 and were nicely arched      
above2 they were always full of broken  
sea-shells1 large heaps of which  also  
protruded from the extremity of the     
bower4 ,in one of these bowers1  the    
most remote from the sea of those       
discovered by ,captain ,grey1 was a     
heap of the stones of some fruit that   
evidently had been rolled therein4  ,he 
never saw any animal in or near these   

bowers2 but the abundant  droppings of a
 small species of kangaroo close to     
them1 induced him to  suppose them to be
 the work of some quadruped4            
,footnote ,b3 ,chlamydora nuchalis4     
,here1 then1 we have a race of birds    
whose ingenuity is not merely  directed 
to the usual2 ends of existence1        
self-preservation1 and the  continuation
 of the species1 but to the elegancies  
and amusements of  life4 ,their bowers  
are their ball and assembly rooms2 and  
we are very  much mistaken if they are  
not1 like places of meeting1      ,for  
whispering lovers made4    ,the male    
satin bower-bird1 in the garden at the  
,regent's ,park1 is  indefatigable in   
his assiduity toward the female2 and his
 winning  ways to coax her into the     
bower conjure up the notion that the    
soul of  some ,damon in the course of   
his transmigration1 has found its way   
into  his elegant form4 ,he picks up a  
brilliant feather1 flits about with it  
before her1 and when he has caught her  

eye adds it to the decorations4         
,haste1 my ,nanette1 my lovely maid1    
,haste to the bower thy swain has made4 
,no enchanted prince could act the      
deferential lover with more delicate or 
graceful attention4 ,poor fellow1 the   
pert1 intruding sparrows plague him     
abominably2 and really it becomes almost
 an affair of police that some  measures
 should be adopted for their exclusion4 
,he is subject to fits1  too1 and       
suddenly1 without the least apparent    
warning1 falls senseless1  like an      
epileptic patient2 but presently        
recovers1 and busies himself  about the 
bower4 ,when he has induced the female  
to enter it1 he seems  greatly pleased2 
alters the disposition of a feather or a
 shell1 as if  hoping that the change   
may meet her approbation2 and looks at  
her as she  sits coyly under the        
overarching twigs1 and then at the      
little  arrangement which he has made1  
and then at her again1 till one could   
almost fancy that one hears him breathe 

a sigh4 ,he is still in his  transition 
dress1 and has not yet donned his full  
,venetian suit of black4    ,in their   
natural state1 the satin bower-birds    
associate in autumn in  small parties2  
and ,mr4 ,gould states that they may    
then often be seen on  the ground near  
the sides of rivers1 particularly where 
the brush  feathers the descending bank 
down to the water's edge4 ,the male has 
a  loud liquid call2 and both sexes     
frequently utter a harsh1 gutteral note1
  expressive of surprise and            
displeasure4    ,geffrey ,chaucer1 in   
his argument to ,the ,assemblie of      
,foules1 relates  that1 ,all foules are 
gathered before ,nature on ,st4         
,valentine's day1 to  chose their makes4
 ,a formell egle beyng beloved of three 
tercels1  requireth a yeeres respite to 
make her choise3 upon this triall1 ,qui 
bien aime tard oublie-',he that loveth  
well is slow to forget4' ,the  female   
satin-bower bird in the ,regent's ,park 
seems to have taken a leaf  out of the  

'formell egle's' book3 for ,i cannot    
discover that her humble  and most      
obsequious swain has been rewarded for  
his attentions though  they have been   
continued through so many weary months2 
but we shall never  be able entirely to 
solve these mysteries till we become    
possessed of the  rare ring sent to the 
,king of ,sarra by the ,king of ,arable1
 'by the vertue  whereof' his daughter  
understood 'the language of all foules1'
 unless we  can        ,call up him that
 left untold    ,the story of ,cambuscan
 bold1    ,of ,camball and of           
,algersife1    ,and who had ,canace to  
wife1    ,that own'd the virtuous ring  
and glass1    ,and of the wondrous horse
 of brass1    ,on which the ,tartar king
 did ride4    ,edmund ,spenser1 with due
 reverence for       ,dan ,chauser 7well
 of ,english undefiled71    has indeed  
done his best to supply the defect1,c   
and has told us that      ,cambello's   
sister was fair ,canacee1    ,that was  
the learnedst lady in her days1    ,well

 seem in every science that mote be1    
,and every secret work of nature's ways1
    ,in witty riddles1 and in wise      
soothsays1    ,in power of herbs and    
tunes of beasts and birds3    but we    
learn from him no more of the ring than 
',dan ,chaucer' tells us3--      ,the   
vertue of this ring1 if ye woll here1   
,is this1 that if she list it for to    
were    ,upon her thombe1 or in her     
purse it bere1    ,there is no foule    
that fleeth under heven    ,that she no 
shall understand his steven1,d    ,and  
know his meaning openly and plaine1     
,and answer him in his language againe3 
as ,canace does in her conversation with
 the falcon in ,the ,squires ,tale4     
,nor is the 'vertue' of the ring        
confined to bird-intelligence1 for the  
knight who came on the 'steed of        
brasse1' adds1--      ,and every grasse 
that groweth upon root    ,she shall    
well know to whom it will do boot1      
,and be his wounds never so deep and    
wide4    ,but we must return from these 

realms of fancy to a country hardly less
  wonderful2 for ,australia presents1 in
 the realities of its quadrupedal       
forms1 a scene that might well pass for 
one of enchantment4      ,footnote ,c3  
,fairy ,queen1 book iv4 cant4 #b1 et    
seq4    ,footnote ,d3 ,sound4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,french ,society of ,geography have
 just given their grand gold medal to   
two brothers1 ,antoine and ,arnaud      
d',abadie1 for the progress which       
geography has received from their       
travels in ,abyssinia1 which were begun 
in #ahcg and finished in #ahdh4 ,this   
period they spent in exploring          
together1 not only ,abyssinia1 but the  
whole eastern part of ,africa4 ,their   
enterprise was wholly at their own      
expense1 and was undertaken from the    
love of science and adventure4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,french ,government are now        
publishing at ,algiers the ,history of  
the  ,berbers1 by ,ibn ,chaldun1 the    

greatest of ,arabian historians4 ,it is 
printed in quarto form1 with the types  
of the ,national ,printing              
,establishment1 sent from ,paris for the
 purpose4 ,the ,french translation  will
 appear as soon as the second volume of 
the original1 which is now  in press1 is
 completed4             99       99     
99       99       99        ,from       
,fraser's ,magazine4    ,,madame ,,de   
,,pompadour4    ,in the gallery of the  
,louvre at ,paris there is1 or was some 
few years  ago1 a crayon drawing by ,la 
,tour1 which represents ,madame de      
,pompadour in  all the pride and luster 
of her early beauty4 ,the marchioness is
 seated  near a table covered with books
 and papers1 among which may be         
distinguished ,montesquieu's ,spirit of 
,laws and the ,encyclopdia1 two  of the 
remarkable works which appeared during  
her reign of favor4 ,an open  album     
shows an engraving of ,gay1 chiseling   
some portrait of ,louis ,,xv41 or  his  
mistress4 ,the marchioness is           

represented with her hair slightly      
powdered2 she is clad in an open1       
flowered brocade robe1 and wears        
red-heeled shoes1 of a delicacy1 as     
regards size1 worthy of an ,oriental    
foot4 ,in this portrait there is much to
 admire3 the neck1 which is  slender and
 well-shaped1 springs most gracefully   
from the shoulders2 the  head1 which is 
also admirably proportioned1 is a model 
of feminine  beauty2 the brow is lofty  
and severe2 the lips1 slightly          
compressed1  express at the same time   
decision and irony2 the eyes are of a   
most vivid  brilliancy1 and the nose is 
perfection itself3 in short1 there      
reigns  throughout every lineament of   
this most striking countenance an air of
  nobility1 and even of dignity1 which  
qualifies in some measure the  accounts 
left us by history of the share she bore
 in the petits soupers  of ,versailles1 
the masked balls of the ,htel de ,ville1
 and the thousand  other orgies got up  
for the entertainment of the most       

dissolute monarch  of 7at that period7  
one of the most dissolute courts of     
,europe4    ,the history of ,madame de  
,pompadour is not generally known in all
 its  particulars1 though much has been 
written of her by persons of every      
shade of opinion4 ,some have exalted her
 virtues1 while others have  multiplied 
her crimes4 ,both parties are right1 and
 both wrong4 ,a  courtier1 and a man    
seeking to be revenged1 are not         
historians when they  write4 ,with a    
little patience1 and by a careful study 
of the writers of  the eighteenth       
century1 we are enabled to seize here   
and there a faithful  trait of this     
extraordinary1 yet most fascinating     
woman1 and by  diligently sifting       
conflicting opinions arrive at something
 approaching  the truth4 ,that ,madame  
de ,pompadour was a woman endowed with  
great  talents1 many virtues1 and as    
many vices1 is not to be denied2 that   
she  employed those talents in general  
for her country's good we think is      

equally true1 though many writers have  
unjustly contended that all the  defeats
 and reverses of ,france are to be      
traced to the influence  exercised by   
her over the mind of ,louis ,,xv4       
,beyond a doubt the ruling  passion of  
her heart was ambition1 and yet even    
this passion1 which  according to many  
writers of her day was boundless1 she   
kept so  skillfully concealed from all  
her intimates1 that not one of the many 
courtiers1 philosophers1 and men of     
letters1 who thronged her               
antechambers--with the exception1       
perhaps1 of the ,abb de ,bernis1 of whom
  more anon--was ever enabled to        
discover the secrets of that heart1     
which1  in the words of a writer of the 
time1 she ever kept closely hidden      
beneath an eternal smile4    ,madame de 
,pompadour was born in ,paris in the    
year #agbj4 ,she herself  always said1  
in #agbb4 ,we are told that ,poisson1   
her father1 at least her  mother's      
husband1 was employed in the            

commissariat department of the  ,french 
army3 some historians affirm that her   
father was a butcher of the  ,invalides1
 who was condemned to be hung2 according
 to ,voltaire she was  the daughter of a
 farmer of the ,fert-sous-,jouarre4 ,but
 this is of slight  consequence1 as her 
true father was the ,fermier-gnral1     
,lenorman de  ,tourneheim4 ,this        
individual having taken a fancy to      
,poisson's daughter  when she was quite 
an infant1 took her to his house1 and   
brought her up  as his own child4       
,having from her earliest years         
displayed quite passion  for music and  
drawing1 the first masters of the day   
were engaged by  ,lenorman de           
,tourneheim for his adopted child4      
,under a diligent course of  study the  
little ,jeanne ,antoinette made rapid   
strides toward perfection  in the arts  
she loved1 and her intellectual         
acquirements were vaunted by  all who   
knew her4 ,fontenelle1 ,voltaire1       
,duclos1 and ,crebillon1 who1 in  their 

character of beaux esprits1 had the     
entre of the house1 spread  everywhere  
abroad throughout the fashionable world 
the praises of her  beauty1 her grace1  
and her talents4    ,madame de          
,pompadour offered in her person the    
model of a woman1 at the  same time     
beautiful in the strict acceptation of  
the word1 and simply  pretty4 ,the lines
 of her features possessed all the      
purity of one of  ,raphael's creations1 
but there it must be said the           
resemblance ceased2  the spirit which   
animated these features was of the      
world1 worldly3 in  short1 it was the   
true spirit of a ,parisian woman4 ,all  
that gives  brilliancy1 charm1 and play 
to the physiognomy she possessed in the 
happiest degree4 ,not a single court    
lady could at that period boast an  air 
at the same time so noble and yet so    
coquettish1 features so imposing  and   
yet so delicate and playful1 or a figure
 at once so elegant and yet  so supple  
and undulating3 her mother used always  

to say that a king alone  was worthy of 
her daughter4 ,jeanne1 it is said1 had  
at in early age what  might be called   
the presentiment of the throne1 at first
 on account of  this                    
frequently-expressed opinion of her     
mother's1 and afterward because  she    
fancied she loved the king4 ,she owned  
to me1 says ,voltaire1 in his  ,memoirs1
 that she had a s99illegible            
presentiment that she would be  loved by
 99illegible king1 and that she had     
herself a violent  inclination for him4 
,there are certain 99illegible in life  
in which  destiny permits itself for a  
moment1 as it were1 to be divined4  99  
illegible those who have succeeded in   
climbing 99illegible rugged  mountain of
 human vanities 99illegible  that from  
their earliest youth  certain visions   
and presentiments have ever warned them 
of their future  glory4    ,but how was 
she to attain to this throne of ,france1
 the object of her  ambition8 ,this was 
a difficult question to solve4 ,in the  

meanwhile she  familiarized herself with
 what might be considered the life of a 
queen1 a  part which1 it must be        
allowed1 she could play to admiration4  
,beautiful1  witty1 intellectual1 ever  
admired and ever listened to1 she soon  
beheld  at her feet all the courtiers of
 her father's fortune2 she gathered     
around her1 consequently1 a brilliant   
crowd of poets1 artists1 and            
philosophers1 over whom she reigned with
 all the dignity of majesty4    ,the    
,fermier-gnral had a nephew named       
,lenorman d',etioles1 a young man of    
,amiable character1 and with the        
feelings and habits of a gentleman4     
,this  was the reputed heir of the      
immense wealth of the old               
,fermier-gnral1  according to the       
established laws1 though ,jeanne had on 
her side also  some claims to a share of
 the property4 ,a very simple means was 
however  devised to prevent all after   
litigation1 namely1 by arranging a      
marriage  between the two young people4 

,jeanne1 as we have already seen1 loved 
the  king1 and she married d',etioles   
without her feelings in this respect    
undergoing any change4 ,versailles was  
her horizon1 the goal to which she      
aspired4 ,d',etioles1 it is said1 became
 deeply enamored of his young  bride2   
but this passion1 which amounted almost 
to fanaticism1 never  touched her heart4
 ,to use her own words1 she accepted him
 with  resignation1 as a misfortune     
which was not to last long4    ,the htel
 of the new-married couple was organized
 upon a lordly footing2  the best       
society in ,paris was there to be found1
 for all those whose  company was worth 
having deserted the salons of the       
fashionable world  for those of ,madame 
d',etioles4 ,never until then had such a
 lavish display  of luxury been seen4   
,the young bride hoped by these means to
 make a noise  at court1 and thus pique 
the curiosity of the king4 ,the days    
passed in  ftes and entertainments of   
every kind4 ,the celebrated comedians of

 the  day1 the popular poets1 artists1  
foreigners of distinction1 all had ready
  access to the splendid mansion of     
,lenorman d',etioles1 of which the      
mistress was the life and ornament2     
every one visited there1 in short1      
except the king4    ,ever since the     
celebrated runions of the ,htel de      
,rambouillet1 there  have always been in
 ,france a succession of circles of     
beaux esprits1  presided over by some   
queen of fashion4 ,louis ,,xiv4 hated   
these  runions1 saying that the court   
was spread abroad into all 99illegible  
htels of ,paris4 ,in fact1 for many1 the
 99illegible  of the ,duchesse de  ,main
 or of the 99illegible ise de ,lambert1 
of ,madame de ,tencin  99illegible      
,madame ,goffrin1 possessed far greater 
99illegible ons than  the already       
superannuated 99illegible  of           
,versailles4 ,the ,french  ,revolution  
99illegible  its rise in these very     
circles1 for in them they  laughed a    
little at the great powers of the earth1

 and there philosophy  and liberty were 
allowed elbow-room4 ,thus1 at ,madame   
d',etioles' might be  seen old          
,fontenelle1 who believed in nothing1   
not even in his own heart2  ,voltaire1  
still young1 and armed with the keen    
weapons of his ready wit1  prepared to  
make war upon those whose reign was of  
this world1 above all  upon the         
,jesuits2 ,montesquieu and ,maupertuis1 
born skeptics and mockers2  along with  
many others of a kindred spirit who had 
beheld the decline of  royalty and      
religion1 when ,louis ,,xiv41 in the    
latter years of his reign1  had         
permitted ,scarron's widow to make      
religion fashionable1 by cloaking       
,france with the mask of hypocritical   
piety--a mask soon1 however1 to be  torn
 aside by ,philippe of ,orleans in the  
wild saturnalia of the ,regency4  ,the  
,abb de ,bernis was also a constant     
visitor at the house of ,madame         
d',etioles2 he was1 in the parlance of  
the time1 the ,abb de la  ,maison--it is

 true he had no other benefice--but     
little thought then1  either the abb of 
the house or the mistress of the house1 
that within  ten years from that time   
they would reign over ,france as        
absolute  ministers4 ,there was one     
other individual of this brilliant      
circle worthy  of a passing notice1 and 
this was an amiable and simple-minded   
poet1 of  good appearance and the best  
temper in the world1 named ,gentil      
,bernard4,a ,madame d',etioles used to  
pet him like a spoiled child4 ,some     
said he was her lover4 ,however that may
 be1 ,madame de ,pompadour1 who1        
whether she had or had not a secret     
penchant for the poet1 never forgot  her
 old friends1 procured for him1 as soon 
as she came into power1 the  appointment
 of librarian to the king at the chteau 
de ,choisy1 where she  built him1 at her
 own expense1 a little cottage orne1    
named by the  poets of the time1 the    
,parnassus of the ,french ,anacreon4    
,this appointment  was a complete       

sinecure1 for we know that the king     
never opened a book1  and we are equally
 assured that ,bernard never put his    
foot inside the  library4      ,footnote
 ,a3 ,pierre ,bernard1 nicknamed ,gentil
 ,bernard by ,voltaire#a was  born at   
,grenoble about the same time as ,louis 
,,xv4 ,it is strange1 said  ,madame de  
,pompadour later1 that two lovers should
 be born for me during  the same        
season--a king and a poet4 ,bernard ever
 refused all favors1 and  was singularly
 devoid of ambition4 ,what can ,i do for
 you1 my dear poet8  ,madame de         
,pompadour is reported to have said on  
her coming into ,power4  ,bernard       
contented himself with kissing the hand 
of the marchioness4 ,go  to1 returned   
she1 you will never get on in the world4
      ,footnote #a3 ,this nickname was  
given in a poetical invitation to    a  
supper-party at ,madame ,duchatelet's1  
sent by ,voltaire to the poet3          
,au nom du ,pinde et de ,cythre         
,gentil ,bernard est averti1        ,que

 l',art d',aimer doit ,samedi           
,venir souper chez l',art de ,plaire4   
,we have already named the ,abb1        
afterward ,cardinal1 de ,bernis2 and as 
he  was the only individual who ever    
succeeded in being admitted into the    
entire confidence of the royal favorite1
 a brief notice of his birth1 and  rise 
and fall at court1 may not be altogether
 out of place1 so closely  linked for   
many years were his fortunes with those 
of ,madame de  ,pompadour4      ,joachim
 de ,pierres1 abb de ,bernis1 was born  
at ,saint-,marcel1 near  ,narbonne1 in  
the month of ,may1 #agae4 ,his family1  
which was of the most  ancient noblesse1
 was allied to the king through the     
house of ,rohan2 a  circumstance1       
however1 which did not prevent it being 
one of the poorest  in the kingdom4 ,as 
his relatives had nothing to give       
,joachim1 they made  him an abb4 ,like  
,bernard1 he came when very young to    
,paris1 confiding in  his lucky planet1 
smiling on every one1 and reaping a     

plentiful harvest  of smiles in return4 
,he was then a handsome young man1 with 
a bright eye  and an animated mouth4 ,in
 figure he was herculean1 and here we   
find1 in  contradiction of ,buffon's    
saying1 that the style was not the man1 
no  more than it was with ,bernard1 who 
was also of large stature4    ,joachim  
passed the winter at ,saint-,sulpice1   
but1 like ,boufflers a little  later1   
far from singing the ,canticles1 he     
employed his time in the more  mundane  
occupation of scribbling love-songs4 ,at
 the end of the winter he  was appointed
 vicar in a little town of his native   
department4 ,vicar6  said ,joachim2     
,i'll not disturb myself for such a     
trifle4 ,shortly  afterward he was      
nominated ,abb de ,bernis2 but not a    
step would he budge  from the capital4  
,in ,paris then he remained1 penniless  
it is true1 but  without a care or      
thought for the future1 and full of     
confidence in his  lucky planet--a      
confidence which1 it must be said1 was  

not misplaced4 ,his  acquaintance with  
,madame d',etioles began through an     
intrigue which he had  with a certain   
marchande des modes1 who worked for the 
future favorite4  ,having perceived the 
young girl one night at the theater in  
company with  her lover1 ,madame        
d',etioles summoned her the following   
morning to her  house1 and in the course
 of conversation inquired if that       
handsome young  man she had with her at 
the theater was her cousin4    ,no1     
madame1 replied the milliner2 he is my  
lover4    ,ah1 indeed6 he is your lover 
is he8 ,and what does he do8    ,no     
great things1 madame2 he makes verses4  
,a maker of verses6 said ,madame        
d',etioles2 that is amusing4 ,do not    
forget my cap1 and tell your young poet 
to come and see me4    ,in consequence  
of this invitation ,bernis called on    
,madame d',etioles1 who  ,received him  
with all the graces in the world1 and   
from that hour  commenced a friendship  
which lasted for many years1 and was the

 origin of  ,de ,bernis' future         
advancement in the world4    ,despite   
his great acquaintances1 our abb was    
none the richer2 but he  laughed gaily  
at his poverty1 and waited for better   
times4 ,according to  all accounts the  
garret which he inhabited was in a      
wretchedly  dilapidated condition2 his  
furniture consisted of a bad bed covered
 with  some mules' saddle-cloths1 which 
,m4 de ,ferriol had brought from        
,constantinople1 a rickety table covered
 with books and papers and faded        
bouquets1 and an old worm-eaten         
arm-chair4 ,our abb's purse was no      
better garnished than his lodgings2 and 
so well-known was this fact in  the     
world1 that ,senac de ,meilhan tells us1
 that when the ,abb de ,bernis  supped  
out some one of the party always gave   
him a crown to pay his  coach-hire4 ,at 
first this gift had been invented as a  
pleasantry1 on the  abb invariably      
refusing to stay to supper1 alleging as 
an excuse that he  had no carriage2 but 

it was a pleasantry which continued for 
some time4    ,in society1 however1 ,de 
,bernis was a general favorite1 and was 
everywhere  ,welcomed with open arms4   
,they doated on ,bernard1 and they      
doated also on  on ,bernis4 ,voltaire   
wrote in verse to both1 ,duclos spoke of
 their wit1  ,helvetius gave them       
suppers1 and the women did their best to
 spoil them4    ,from ,cardinal de      
,fleury1 however1 our abb received a    
rebuff4 ,having1 in  order to humor his 
relative the ,princess de ,rohan1 who   
had lately taken  him by the hand1      
applied to the minster for a convent1   
the latter sternly  replied1--          
,monsieur l',abb1 your debaucheries     
render you unworthy of the favors of    
the church4 ,as long as ,i remain in    
power you shall obtain nothing4         
,well1 ,monseigneur1 replied ,de        
,bernis1 ,i'll wait4    ,this repartee  
was an event2 it was repeated and       
applauded everywhere  until it reached  
the ears of royalty itself4    ,on      

,madame de ,pompadour coming to power1  
the ,princess de ,rohan deigned to      
write to her in behalf of her dear abb4 
,madame la ,marquis1 she wrote1  you    
have not forgotten ,m4 l',abb de        
,bernis2 you will deign1 ,i trust1 to   
do something for him1 he is worthy of   
your favors4 ,apropos of this  letter1  
,madame de ,pompadour wrote the         
following to some minister of the  day3 
,i forgot1 my dear ,nigaud1 to ask you  
what you have done for the  ,abb de     
,bernis2 write me word1 ,i beg of you1  
as ,i shall see him on  ,sunday4 ,like  
,voltaire1 ,madame de ,pompadour had the
 mania of nicknaming  her friends and   
acquaintances2 even the king himself    
figured more than  once in her grotesque
 vocabulary4,b      ,footnote ,b3 ,she  
always called ,de ,bernis her pigeon    
pattu  7splay-footedpigeon--on account  
of his large feet and his love-songs74  
,voltaire had previously nicknamed him  
,babet le bouquetire1 at first  because 
the abb always introduced flowers into  

his poetry2 afterward1 on  account of   
the resemblance he bore to a flower girl
 who used to sell  bouquets at the doors
 of the ,opera4      ,madame de         
,pompadour presented her dear poet to   
the king1 with a smile  which so charmed
 ,louis ,,xv4 that he offered ,de       
,bernis1 in the first  instance1 an     
apartment in the ,tuileries1 and a      
pension of #aejj livres a  year2 and so 
cleverly did the future cardinal play   
his cards1 by  insinuating himself into 
the good graces of both the king and his
  mistress1 that1 after a sojourn of two
 years at the chteau1 he was  appointed 
ambassador from the court of ,france at 
,venice4    ,but it would appear that   
the ,queen of the ,adriatic did not suit
 the  inclinations of our abb2 he sighed
 for ,versailles1 and the petits        
soupers of ,louis ,,xv4 ,after a very   
short sojourn in ,venice he demanded    
his recall from ,madame de ,pompadour1  
and on his return composed an  epistle  
to his fair protectress1 the opening    

lines of which we give as a  fair       
specimen of his powers of               
versification3--      ,on avait dit que 
l'enfant do ,cythre    ,prs du ,lignon  
avait perdu le jour2    ,mais je l'ai vu
 dans le bois solitaire    ,o va rever  
la jeune ,pompadour4    ,il etait seul2 
le flambeau qui l'clair    ,ne brillait 
plus2 mais les prs d'alentour           
,l'onde1 les bois1 tout annonait        
l'amour4    ,for the space of ten years 
the ,abb de ,bernis was the shadow of   
,madame de  ,pompadour2 he followed her 
everywhere1 sometimes even too far4     
,louis ,,xv4  would meet him in all     
parts of the palace1 in the private as  
well as the  state apartments1 which    
would make him say sometimes1--,where   
are you  going1 ,monsieur l',abb8 ,our  
abb would bow and smile1 but say        
nothing4  ,true to his character of abb1
 he would listen at all the doors1      
saying  that the chateau of the         
,tuileries was for him but one huge     
confessional4  ,he ended1 however1 by   

knowing all things1 and by sitting in   
council with  the king and his mistress2
 and a precious trio it must be owned   
they  made4    ,but evil times were     
coming on our abb4 ,in the ministry he  
was assailed  by showers of chansons and
 epigrams4 ,the ,count de ,tressan1     
above all1  overwhelmed him with a      
violent satire4 ,he could no longer hold
 his  ground4 ,every one began to grow  
tired of him1 even the fair president of
  the council2 this was the coup de     
grace4 ,the ,duc de ,choiseul1 after    
replacing him in the good graces of     
,madame de ,pompadour1 succeeded also   
to his portfolio as minister4 ,as some  
compensation1 however1 they gave  him   
the cardinal's hat2 a circumstance which
 elicited from some wit of  the day the 
following couplet3--      ,on dirait que
 ,son ,eminence    ,n'eut le chapeau de 
cardinal    ,que pour tirer sa rvrence4 
,shortly afterward he was appointed     
,archbishop of ,alby2 but1 according to 
custom1 he never appeared in his        

diocese4 ,in #agfi he departed for      
,rome1  being nominated ambassador at   
the conclave for the nomination of      
,clement  ,,xiv41 that priest so gay1 so
 gentle1 and so witty1 who has written  
that  sad people are like shrubs which  
never flower4 ,pope and cardinal        
understood each other admirably well4   
,our cardinal never returned to         
,france2 he had found in ,rome a second 
fatherland1 as sweet to his old ago  as 
,france had been to his youth4 ,he      
inhabited a magnificent palace1 which   
was for a length of time the hospitable 
refuge for all ,french travelers4  ,all 
had ready welcome1 from the humble      
priest and poor artist to the  ,princes 
and princesses of the blood royal4 ,to  
use his own words1--,he  kept an auberge
 of ,france in a square of ,europe4 ,he 
died in #agid1  faithful to his ,god and
 to his king1 and bitterly denouncing   
the ,french  ,revolution1 which had     
despoiled him of his half million of    
francs per  annum1 and had swept        

disdainfully away all the pretty        
artificial flowers  of his most         
artificial poetry4 ,he died solitary and
 poor1--a strong  contrast to the style 
in which he had lived4 ,but to return4  
,madame d',etioles passed in the eyes of
 the world as a perfect model of a      
virtuous wife4 ,she swore eternal       
fidelity to her husband1 unless ,louis  
,,xv4 should fall in love with her1--a  
reservation her husband was the  first  
to laugh at4 ,at first this strange     
condition was spoken of as an  excellent
 joke in the house2 from thence it      
spread abroad1 and finally  reached     
,versailles4 ,but the king1 wishing to  
joke in return1 contented  himself by   
saving1--,i should like very much to see
 this husband4    ,m4 d',etioles        
possessed an abandoned chteau in the    
forest of ,senart2  ,madame d',etioles  
having learned that the king frequently 
hunted in the  forest1 persuaded her    
husband to have the chateau newly       
furnished1 and  put into a habitable    

state1 alleging that the physicians had 
recommended  a change of air for her    
vapors4 ,the husband1 suspecting        
nothing1 had the  chteau re-furnished an
 decorated in the most superb style4    
,once  installed in her new abode1      
,madame d',etioles gave orders for the  
building  of three or four carriages of 
a most fairy-like lightness and elegance
 of  form1 in which she might drive away
 her vapors4 ,according to her          
expectations1 she frequently met the    
king in the forest2 at first ,louis     
,,xv4 passed her by without bestowing   
the slightest attention1 either on  her 
or her equipage3 afterward he remarked  
her or her equipage2 afterward  he      
remarked her horses1--,what a pretty    
phaeton6 said he1 on meeting her  for   
the third time4 ,at length he remarked  
the lady herself1 but it was  merely to 
bestow a passing remark upon her beauty4
    ,madame d',etioles1 however1 was not
 to be repelled2 she continued to pass  
before the eyes of the royal sportsman3 

sometimes as a goddess from  ,olympus1  
sometimes as an earthly queen2 at one   
time she would appear in  an azure robe 
seated in a rose-colored phaeton1 at    
another in a robe of  rose color in a   
phaeton of pale blue4,c      ,footnote  
,c3 ,soulavie1 ,mmoires ,historiques de 
la ,cour de ,france pendant  le faveur  
de ,madame de ,pompadour4      ,in after
 days1 ,madame de ,pompadour recalling  
to mind all these  follies--serious     
though for her--said to the ,prince de  
,soubise--,i can  imagine myself reading
 a strange book2 my life is an          
impossible romance1  ,i cannot believe  
in it4    ,at ,etioles1 private         
theatricals were the fashion2 ,madame   
d',etioles was  the ,clairon1 the       
,camargo1 and the ,dangeville of the    
troop1 which counted  among its members 
some of the most illustrious personages 
of the day4  ,marshal de ,richelieu1 who
 was to be found wherever gallantry     
flourished1  was an assiduous and       
constant spectator at these runions4    

,madame  d',etioles1 it is said1        
endeavored on more than one occasion to 
entice the  king behind the scenes2 but 
,louis1 kept constantly in view by      
,madame de  ,chateauroux1 never once    
left the royal box4    ,two summers thus
 passed away without ,madame d',etioles 
obtaining aught  from the king save a   
cold and distant glance1 or a passing   
word or two2  and this1 for a woman of  
her ambition1 was not sufficient4 ,she  
returned  to ,paris at the close of the 
summer season1 determined to change once
  more her plan of attack4 ,a good      
opening was now before her1 for ,madame 
de  ,chateauroux was dead1 the throne of
 the favorite vacant2 not an hour was   
to be lost1 for1 with ,louis ,,xv4 who  
could tell how soon a successor might   
be appointed8    ,the wished-for        
opportunity at length presented itself4 
,in the month of  ,december1 #agdd1 a   
series of magnificent ftes were given at
 the ,htel  de ,ville2 the women were   
masqued4 ,in the course of the evening  

,madame  d',etioles succeeded in        
approaching the king1--    ,sire1 she   
said1 you must explain to me1 if you    
please1 a strange  dream4 ,i dreamt that
 ,i was seated on a throne for an entire
 day2 ,i do not  affirm that this throne
 was the throne of ,france1 yet ,i dare 
assert that  it was a throne of purple1 
of gold1 and of diamonds3 this dream    
torments  me--it is at once the joy and 
torment of my life4 ,sire1 for mercy's  
sake1  interpret it for me4    ,the     
interpretation is very simple1 replied  
the king2 but1 in the first  place it is
 absolutely necessary that that velvet  
masque should fall4    ,you have seen   
me4    ,where8    ,in the forest of     
,senart4    ,then1 said the king1 you   
can divine that we should like to see   
you  again4    ,about a month or two    
after this interview1 according to some 
biographers1  ,madame d',etioles1 being 
determined by a coup de main to attain  
her  grand object1 namely1 the securing 
a permanent footing at ,versailles1     

arrived one morning at the palace in a  
state of violent agitation1 and         
demanded an audience of the king4 ,one  
of the gentleman ushers1 a certain  ,m4 
de ,bridge1 who had been a guest at     
,etioles during the festivities of  the 
preceding season1 conducted her into the
 presence of ,louis ,,xv4    ,sire1 she 
exclaimed1 ,i am lost2 my husband knows 
my glory and my  misfortune4 ,i come to 
demand a refuge at your hands4 ,if you  
shelter me  not from his anger he will  
kill me4    ,from that hour she took up 
her residence at ,versailles to quit it 
no  more4    ,we know that ,louis ,,xv4 
passed his life in a state of constant  
lassitude  and ennui1 from which it was 
almost impossible to arouse him2        
indolence1 indeed1 may be said to have  
been the predominant trait in his       
character3 he hated politics and        
political matters1 and all allusions to 
state affairs were most irksome to him4 
,your people suffer1 sire1 said the     
,duke de ,choiseul to him one day1      

after a long political harangue4    ,je 
m'ennuie6 replied the king4    ,by      
skillfully and constantly varying the   
amusements of her royal lover1  with    
hunting-parties1 promenades1 ftes1      
spectacles1 and petits  soupers1 ,madame
 d',etioles was enabled to strengthen   
her empire over the  heart of ,louis    
,,xv41 by making him feel how necessary 
she had become to  his happiness4 ,one  
striking advantage she had over her     
predecessors1 and  this was1 the art she
 possessed of being able to metamorphose
 herself at  all hours of the day4 ,no  
one could better vary the play of her   
physiognomy than ,madame de ,pompadour4 
,at one time she would appear           
languishing and sentimental as a        
madonna2 at another1 lively1 gay1 and   
coquettish1 as a ,spanish peasant girl4 
,she possessed also1 in a marvelous     
degree1 the gift of tears3 none knew    
better than she did when to weep1 or    
how many tears it was necessary to shed4
 ,as a poet of the time has said1  ,she 

wept with so much art that she was      
enabled to give to her tears the  value 
of pearls4 ,those who had seen her in   
the morning1 superb1  imperious1 a queen
 in all the splendor of power1 would    
find her in the  evening1 gay1          
whimsical1 capricious1 presiding over   
one of these petits  soupers with all   
the exuberant and madcap gayety of an   
actress after the  theater4 ,the ,abb   
,soulavie1 who saw her often1 has left  
us a well-studied  portrait of the      
favorite2--    ,in addition to the      
charms of a beautiful and animated      
countenance1  ,madame de ,pompadour     
possessed also1 in an eminent degree1   
the art of  transforming her features2  
and each new combination1 equally       
beautiful1  was another result of the   
deep study she had made of the affinity 
between  her mind and her physiognomy4  
,without in the least altering her      
position1  her countenance would become 
a perfect ,proteus4    ,with intuitive  
tact1 ,madame de ,pompadour very quickly

 perceived1 that in  order to amuse a   
king who took neither interest nor      
pleasure in arts and  letters1 other and
 more material enjoyments were          
necessary4 ,she  commenced1 then1 by    
transforming herself into an actress4   
,the king was  there like a wearied     
spectator of life2 she felt1 that in    
order to  interest and enliven him1 it  
was necessary to diversify frequently   
her  character1 and the spirit of her   
character4 ,twenty times a day would she
  change her dress1 her appearance1 and 
even her manner of walking and          
speaking2 passing from gayety to        
gravity1 from songs and smiles to love  
and sentiment4 ,with syren-like voice1  
and a heart as light as the bird of  the
 air1 she would invent a thousand       
graceful blandishments for the          
amusement of her royal lover4 ,her      
beauty1 which was marvelous1 served her 
well in all these metamorphoses4 ,she   
dressed1 too1 with exquisite art4       
,among the many costumes which she has  

invented1 we may cite one which  made   
quite a furore in its day1 and this was 
the neglig a la  ,pompadour2 a robe in  
the form of a ,turkish vest1 which      
designed with  peculiar grace the       
contour of the figure4 ,she would       
frequently pass  entire mornings at her 
toilet in company with ,louis ,,xv41 who
 would stand  by giving his opinion and 
advice respecting the different costumes
 she  adopted4 ,the king1 however1 grew 
tired at length of having but one       
comedian4 ,in vain would she disguise   
herself sometimes as a farm-girl1       
sometimes as a shepherdess2 at one time 
as a peasant-girl1 at another as  a nun1
 in order to surprise him1 or rather1 to
 allow herself to be  surprised by him  
in some one or other of the many        
turnings and windings  of the park of   
,versailles4 ,the king had at first been
 charmed by the  novelty of the         
amusement1 but by degrees he discovered 
that it was always  one and the same    
woman under a thousand different        

disguises4    ,perceiving that the king 
began to grow tired of this species of  
comedy1  she had a theater constructed  
in the medal-room of the palace1 she    
herself nominating the actors and       
actresses whom she considered worthy of 
performing with her on a stage which was
 to have but the king and a few         
favorite courtiers for audience4 ,the   
,duc de ,vallire was appointed          
stage-manager and director2 for prompter
 they took an abb1 most probably  the   
,abb de ,bernis2 the company consisted  
of the ,duc d',orleans1 the ,duc        
d',agen1 the ,duc de ,nivernais1 the    
,duc de ,duras1 the ,comte de           
,maillebois1  the ,duc de ,coigny1 the  
,marquis d',entraigues1 the ,duchesse de
 ,brancas1 the  ,comtesse d',estrade1   
and ,madame d',angevilliers4 ,the       
theater opened with a  pice de          
circonstance1 by ,dufresny the poet1    
entitled ,le ,mariage fait  et rompu1 in
 allusion to the marriage of ,madame de 
,pompadour with ,m4  d',etioles4 ,the   

little troupe commenced with comedy1 but
 soon descended to  opera and ballet4   
,in song and dance1 as well as in the   
representation of  the passions1 ,madame
 de ,pompadour was the only actress of  
real talent4 ,in  the characters of     
peasant-girls she was unsurpassed2 but  
her chef  d'oeuvre was the part of      
,collette in ,rousseau's ,devin de      
,village1  which she played with a navet
 and tenderness that won all hearts4    
,nothing was more difficult than to gain
 admission to this theater of  dukes and
 duchesses1 the tickets of admission for
 which were given by the  king alone2   
and it must be said that ,louis showed  
himself a much more  rigorous janitor of
 his theater than he was of his palace3 
consequently  it was no slight favor for
 ,voltaire1 who had for a length of time
 aspired  to the pleasures of           
,versailles1 to see his ,enfant         
,prodigue played on  the boards of the  
court theater4 ,voltaire had1 like all  
men the weakness  of wishing to govern  

the state2 intoxicated with literary    
successes1 he  now aspired to political 
honors4 ,he hoped to become minister or 
ambassador through the favor of ,madame 
de ,pompadour2 and with a little  more  
tact he might have become ambassador1   
minister1 or even cardinal1  had he     
wished it1 but at the very moment when  
he fancied he had attained  the object  
of his ambition1 he lost it forever by  
writing the famous  lines1 commencing1--
      ,pompadour1 vous embellisez    ,la
 cour1 le ,parnasse1 et ,cythre4        
,these verses1 as we know1 provoked a   
little remonstrance from the queen  and 
her daughters3 all was lost for         
,voltaire1 despite the goodwill of      
,madame de ,pompadour1 who1 for the     
rest1 seeing that the cause was a bad   
one1 cared not to risk her own favor by 
imprudent attempts4 ,voltaire  never    
pardoned the marchioness her lukewarm   
intercession2 and like a true  poet1    
revenged himself by a succession of     
madrigals1 chansons1 and  rhymes1       

without number1--all leveled1 though in 
a playful way1 at the  head of the      
favorite4    ,duclos and ,rousseau were 
more severe4 ,duclos1 fully impressed   
with the  idea that he was a great      
historian1 as impartial as he was       
passionless1  judged her harshly4 ,he   
feared passing for a courtier1 and he   
was unjust1  ,she bad attempted to      
attach ,rousseau to herself2 but the    
proud ,genevese  ,republican wrote her a
 letter which cut short all further     
negotiations4,d ,she always esteemed    
him1 however1 in a high degree4 ,one    
day1 when ,marshal de ,mirepoix1 in the 
course of conversation1 advised her  not
 to trouble her head about that owl1 she
 replied1--    ,it is an owl1 certainly1
 but it is ,minerva's owl4              
,footnote ,d3 ,madame1--,i had fancied  
for a moment that it was through  error 
that your messenger had remitted me one 
hundred louis for copies  which are     
charged but twelve francs4 ,he has      
undeceived me4 ,permit me to  undeceive 

you in my turn4 ,my savings enable me at
 present to enjoy a  revenue of about   
#edj livres1 all deductions made4 ,my   
work brings me in  annually a sum almost
 equal to this amount2 ,i have then a   
considerable  superfluity2 ,i employ it 
to the best of my power1 though ,i      
scarcely give  any alms4 ,if1 contrary  
to all appearances1 age or infirmities  
should some  day incapacitate me from   
following my usual occupations1 ,i have 
a friend4                               
,j4 ,j4 ,,rousseau  ,,paris1 ,august    
#ah1 #agfb4      ,madame de ,pompadour1 
with the design of still further        
strengthening her  power at court1      
conceived the idea of calling in the    
powers of the ,church  to her aid4 ,the 
,prince de ,soubise1 who was one of her 
most devoted  courtiers1 took upon      
himself the task of procuring an        
indulgent ,jesuit1  who would consent to
 confess and absolve her from all the   
sins she had  committed at court4 ,pre  
de ,sacy1 the priest alluded to1 had1   

though a  ,jesuit1 preserved in some    
sort the habits and feelings of a man of
 the  world2 he could1 when it suited   
his purpose1 be of his century1 and     
would  occasionally laugh a little at   
the severities of his order4 ,to him1   
then1  the ,prince do ,soubise          
proceeded4 ,at first he showed himself  
rather  restive4    ,recollect1 said the
 prince to him1 from the confessional of
 the  marchioness to the confessional of
 the king there is but a step4    ,pre  
de ,sacy could not resist the temptation
 of such an attractive  position2 he    
went to the marchioness4 ,madame de     
,pompadour1 proud of  having for a      
confessor a man who had been appointed  
,procureur-gnral of  the ,missions1     
received him most graciously4 ,she had  
other reasons also  for seeking to      
conciliate the ,jesuit--her principal   
one was this3--,up  to this time the    
,jesuitical party that had risen against
 her at  ,versailles1 the queen1 the    
dauphin1 ,pre ,griffet1 ,cardinal de    

,luynes1  the ,bishop of ,verdun1 and   
,m4 de ,nicolai1 had hoped to drive her 
from  court as a miscreant4 ,now1 once  
declared worthy of heaven by a ,jesuit  
of  such high standing as ,pre de ,sacy1
 would she not become in some sort      
inviolable and sacred8 ,with these      
designs1 then1 she put in force all her 
arts of seduction against her confessor2
 never did she display more  grace1 wit1
 or beauty4 ,pre de ,sacy1 who allowed  
himself to be taken  captive            
unresistingly by the battery of charms  
thus brought to bear upon  him1 visited 
her seven or eight times to speak of    
confession1 without1  however1 coming to
 any conclusion upon the subject4 ,as   
the good city of  ,paris had not at the 
moment any matter of graver importance  
wherewith to  occupy its attention1 it  
began to grow witty on the subject of   
this  confession2 a thousand chansons   
were composed upon the father confessor 
and his fair penitent4 ,piron arrived   
one evening at the ,caf ,procope1       

exclaiming that he had news from        
,versailles4    ,well1 inquired some    
one1 has the marchioness confessed8     
,no1 replied ,piron2 ,madame de         
,pompadour cannot agree with ,pre de    
,sacy  as to the style of confession4   
,the following day there was a great    
uproar among the ,jesuits2 the          
procureur-gnral of the missions was     
summoned before their ,council of  ,ten1
 and was obliged to confess himself4 ,he
 received a severe  reprimand from the  
superior of the order1 and1 as the price
 of his  absolution1 was commanded to   
refuse his counsels to the marchioness1 
and  to excuse himself in the best      
manner he could for his previous delay4 
,pre de ,sacy accordingly presented     
himself for the last time before        
,madame de ,pompadour1 and the following
 conversation took place3--    ,we      
cannot grant you1 madame1 began the holy
 father1 the absolution you  desire2    
your sojourn at court far from your     
husband1 the public scandal  relative to

 the favor which it is alleged the king 
accords you1 does not  permit of your   
approaching the holy table4 ,the priest 
who would sanction  such a proceeding1  
in place of absolving you1 would        
pronounce a double  condemnation--yours 
and his own2 whilst the public1         
accustomed to judge  harshly the conduct
 of the great1 would confirm the        
sentence beyond  appeal4 ,you have      
testified to me1 madame1 that you are   
desirous of  fulfilling the duties of a 
good ,christian2 but example is the     
first of  these duties1 and in order to 
obtain and merit absolution1 your first 
proceeding must be to return to ,m4     
d',etioles1 or at least quit the court  
and seek1 by penitence and charity1 to  
repair the sins you have committed      
against that society whose laws you have
 outraged1 and which1 declares  itself  
scandalized at your separation1 from    
your husband4    ,madame de ,pompadour  
heard these words with the calmness and 
immobility of  a statue2 but as soon as 

the priest had terminated she burst     
forth1--    ,pre de ,sacy1 she          
exclaimed1 violently1 you are a fool1 an
 impostor1 a  true ,jesuit4 ,do you     
understand me8 ,you have sought to enjoy
 a triumph  over me by witnessing the   
state of embarrassment in which you     
imagined ,i  was placed2 you would      
gladly1 you and yours1 see me far from  
the king3  but1 poor short-sighted      
mortals that you are6 ,know that ,i am  
here as  powerful as you imagine me weak
 and tottering2 and in spite of you1 in 
spite of all the ,jesuits in the world1 
,i shall remain at court1 whilst  you   
and your pack will not only be banished 
from court1 but driven  ignominiously   
out of the kingdom4    ,from that hour  
the fall of the ,jesuits was decreed4   
,the holy fathers  imagined that the    
marchioness1 like ,madame de            
,chateauroux1 was but the  queen of a   
day2 but they were mistaken4 ,to do them
 justice1 it must be  allowed they      
believed that nothing was to be feared  

from such an enemy2  for it is very     
certain that had they seen the power of 
this woman1 who  had all the firmness   
and decision of character of a man1 or  
rather of a  revengeful woman1 they     
would1 beyond a doubt1 have permitted   
her to  approach the holy table1 or even
 have canonized her had she been        
desirous  of the honor4    ,madame de   
,pompadour was born with noble          
instincts2 her bitterest enemies  have  
never denied that she possessed the most
 refined taste in all  matters connected
 with the arts or letters4 ,she sought  
to make of ,louis  ,,xv4 an artist-king2
 and it must be said to her praise that 
she ever  strove to rouse him from his  
habitual indolence and lassitude by     
leading  his inclinations into healthy  
channels4 ,but1 unfortunately1 ,louis   
,,xv41  unlike his predecessor1 could   
never understand that great monuments   
often  make the glory of kings4    ,the 
petits soupers of ,versailles would     
occasionally shed a ray of  sunshine1 or

 rather lamp light1 over ,louis the     
,fifteenth's habitual  ennui4 ,after    
supper1 chansons1 sallies1 and repartee1
 would be the order  of the night4      
,occasionally at these supper-parties   
some brilliant things  would be said4   
,one evening1 when some one sang a      
complaint upon the  misfortunes of our  
first father ,adam1 the king improvised 
the following  couplet worthy of the    
best chansons of ,coll3--      ,il n'eut
 qu'une femme avec lui1      ,encor     
c'etait la sienne2    ,ici je vois      
celles d'autrui1      ,et ne vois pas la
 mienne4    ,louis ,,xv4 had1 as we see1
 his moments of poetical inspiration4   
,anacreon  could not have sung better   
than this4    ,madame de ,pompadour1    
born in the ranks of the people1 and    
seating herself  unceremoniously on the 
throne of ,blanche of ,castille--,madame
 de  ,pompadour1 protecting philosophers
 and suppressing ,jesuits1 treating the 
great powers of the earth with the same 
sans faon as she did artists  and men of

 letters1--was one of the thousand      
causes1 petty and1 trifling  in         
themselves1 which eventually accelerated
 the great ,french ,revolution4  ,madame
 ,dubarry but imitated her predecessor  
when she called a noble duke  a sapajou 
7ape74 ,the mot is pretty well known3   
,annoncez le sapajou  de ,madame la     
,comtesse ,dubarry1 said a great lord of
 the court of ,louis  ,,xv4 one day4 ,it
 would be a curious and most amusing    
task to enrich the  ,french peerage with
 all the sobriquets bestowed by the     
mistresses of  ,louis ,,xv4 as titles of
 nobility upon the courtiers of         
,versailles4 ,more  than one illustrious
 name1 which has been cited by ,france  
with pride1 has  lost its luster in the 
tainted atmosphere of ,versailles4      
,not only1 said ,madame de ,pompadour2  
one day to the ,abb de  ,bernis1--not   
only have ,i all the nobility at my     
feet1 but even my  lap-dog is weary of  
their fawnings4 ,in short1 ,madame de   
,pompadour  reigned so imperiously1 that

 once at ,versailles1 about the         
conclusion of  dinner1 an old man       
approached the king1 and begged him to  
have the  goodness to recommend him to  
,madame de ,pompadour4 ,all present     
laughed  heartily at this conceit2      
except1 however1 the marchioness4       
,madame de ,maintenon had not more      
difficulty in amusing ,louis ,,xiv4 when
  grown old and devout1 than had ,madame
 de ,pompadour in diverting his         
successor1 who1 though still young1     
seemed like a man who had exhausted  all
 the pleasures and enjoyments of life4  
,about the time when the  marchioness   
used to transform herself into milkmaids
 and peasant girls1  she commenced      
building a very romantic hermitage in   
the park of  ,versailles1 on the        
outskirts of the wood near the ,saint   
,germain's road3  viewed from without it
 seemed a true hermitage1 worthy in all 
points of  an anchorite's abode2 but    
within it was a dwelling more suited to 
some  old rou of the ,regency4 ,vanloo1 

,boucher1 and ,latour had covered the   
walls and ceilings with all the images  
of pagan art4 ,the garden was a  chef   
d'oeuvre2 it was a grove rather than a  
garden2 a grove peopled  with statues1  
intersected by a multitude of winding   
paths and alleys1 and  abounding with a 
number of arbors1 recesses1 and shady   
blest retreats4  ,in the middle of the  
garden there was a farm--a true         
model-farm--with its  cattle1 goats1 and
 sheep1 and all the paraphernalia of    
husbandry4 ,the  marchioness presided   
daily at the construction of this       
hermitage4    ,where are you going1     
marchioness8 ,louis ,,xv4 would say on  
seeing her  going out so frequently4    
,sire1 she would reply1 ,i am building  
myself a hermitage for my old  age4 ,you
 know ,i am rather devout3 ,i shall end 
my days in solitude4    ,yes1 replied   
the king1 like all those who have loved 
deeply1 or who  have been loved deeply4 
,about the time when spring gives place 
to the first advances of summer2  when  

the trees were in leaf1 and the plants  
in flower2 when the bright  greensward1 
enameled with its countless flowrets1   
carpeted the alleys of  the park1       
,madame de ,pompadour one morning begged
 ,louis ,,xv4 to come and  breakfast    
with her at the hermitage4    ,the king 
was conducted thither by his valet4 ,his
 surprise was great4 ,at  first1 before 
entering1 at the sight of the humble    
thatched roof1 he  imagined that he was 
about to breakfast like a true          
anchorite1 and began  to fear seriously 
that the marchioness had not displayed  
much taste in  the adornment of her     
retreat4 ,he entered the court and      
proceeded straight  to the door of the  
hermitage4 ,at this instant a young     
peasant girl  advanced to meet him2 as  
she was well made1 delicate1 and pretty 
looking1  the king began to find the    
hermitage more to his taste4 ,with deep 
reverence his guide begged of him to    
follow her to the farm4    ,as he       
approached the farm1 another peasant    

girl1 more delicate still than  the     
former1 advanced to meet him1 and1 with 
a thousand reverences1  presented him   
with a bowl of milk4 ,at the sight of   
this pretty milkmaid1  with her little  
straw hat coquettishly disposed on one  
side of her head1  her white corset and 
blue petticoat1 the king was charmed4   
,before taking  the milk from her hands1
 he gazed at her a second time from head
 to foot4  ,her arms1 which were        
uncovered1 were white as lilies2 she    
wore suspended  from her neck a little  
gold cross1 which seemed to lose itself 
in a  magnificent bouquet of flowers    
which she wore in her bosom2 but what   
above all astonished the king were two  
little stockingless feet incased  in a  
pair of the most rustic sabots4 ,with a 
motion of innocent  coquetry1 the pretty
 milkmaid drew one of her feet out of   
its wooden  prison and placed it on the 
sabot4 ,all at once the king recognized 
the  marchioness1 and avowed to her that
 for the first time in his life he had  

felt the desire of kissing a pretty     
foot4 ,madame de ,pompadour returned    
with her royal lover to the hermitage1  
where he could not sufficiently  admire 
the refined taste which had been        
displayed by the fair architect  in the 
planning and arrangement of the building
 and grounds4 ,this was the  origin of  
what was afterward known as the         
notorious ,parc-aux-cerfs4    ,it would 
be a difficult matter to study the      
political system of ,madame de          
,pompadour1 if1 indeed1 she can be said 
to have acted on a system4 ,it  cannot  
be denied that she possessed ideas1 but 
more frequently her mind  was a perfect 
chaos of caprices4 ,it is well known1   
however1 that the ,duc  de ,choiseul1   
who united in his own person the        
portfolios of three  departments of the 
ministry1 and who disposed of all power1
 followed to  the letter the policy of  
,madame de ,pompadour2 namely1 in       
reversing the  system of ,louis ,,xiv41 
in allying himself to ,austria1 and in  

forming a  league1 or rather a family   
pact1 between the ,bourbons of ,france1 
,italy1  and ,spain4 ,the policy of     
,madame de ,pompadour it was which      
annexed ,corsica  to ,france1 and1      
consequently1 ,bonaparte1 who was born  
at the decease of  the marchioness1 owed
 to her his title of ,french citizen4   
,women look not to the future2 their    
reign is from day to day2 women of      
genius1 who have at various epochs      
sought to govern the world1 have never  
contemplated the clouds which might be  
gathering in the distance2 they  have   
been able to see clearly enough within a
 narrow circle traced around  them1 but 
have never succeeded in piercing the    
shadows of futurity4  ,aprs moi le      
dluge1 was ,madame de ,pompadour's      
motto4    ,the eighteenth century was a 
century of striking contrasts4 ,the     
prime  minister after ,cardinal de      
,fleury was ,madame de ,pompadour4 ,with
 the  cardinal a blind religion         
protected the throne against the        

parliament2  with the rise of the       
marchioness's power we perceive the     
first dawnings  of philosophy1          
tormenting in turns both the clergy and 
the parliament4  ,under ,madame de      
,pompadour's direction the king1 had he 
been only as bold  and determined as his
 mistress1 would have become a greater  
king than  ever4 ,the cardinal was      
miserly and avaricious1 the marchioness 
liberal to  prodigality2 she always     
said1 and justly too1 that money ought  
to flow  freely from the throne like a  
generous stream1 fertilizing and        
humanizing  the entire ,state4 ,the     
cardinal had been hostile to ,austria1  
and favorable  to ,prussia2 the         
marchioness made war with ,frederick to 
humor  ,marie-,thrse4 ,the battle of    
,rosbach certainly belied her policy1   
but1 to  use her own words1 ,had she the
 privilege of making heroes8    ,and    
after all1 is the historian justified in
 accusing this woman of all  the        
dishonors and defeats of the reign of   

,louis ,,xv48 ,she attained to  power   
just as the old legitimate royalty--the 
royalty1 as the ,french  would call it1 
par la grace de ,dieu--was fast giving  
way before the  royalty of opinion4     
,there was nothing left to be done at   
,versailles1  simply because in ,paris  
the power was already in the hands of   
,voltaire1  ,montesquieu1 ,rousseau1 and
 ,diderot4 ,and so well did ,madame de  
,pompadour  comprehend this future      
royalty1 that far from seeking to arrest
 its  progress1 she1 on the contrary1   
sought to meet it half way4 ,for we do  
not  find her openly protecting and     
encouraging the philosophers of the day2
  those very men who1 by the mere force 
of ideas1 were destined to  overthrow   
that throne on which she herself was    
seated6 ,thus we find also  the various 
painters of the time1 in their several  
portraits of the  favorite1 never       
failing to represent her surrounded with
 all the more  celebrated revolutionary 
books of the day1 such as the           

,encyclopaedia1  the ,philosophical     
,dictionary1 the ,spirit of ,laws1 and  
the ,social  ,contract4    ,madame de   
,pompadour1 woman-like1 loved revenge2  
and this1 it must be  said1 was her     
worst vice4 ,for a word she sent ,latude
 to the ,bastille2 for  a couplet she   
exiled the minister ,maurepas4          
,frederick of ,prussia took it  into his
 head one day1 in a moment of gayety1 to
 call her ,cotillon ,,ii41  instead of  
,madame la ,marquise de ,pompadour1 and 
styled her reign of favor  le rgne de   
,cotillon2 a witticism which so incensed
 her1 that1  according to some writers1 
we may trace to this petty cause the    
origin of  the disastrous seven years'  
war4    ,the position of ,madame de     
,pompadour at court as first favorite   
was1 by  all accounts1 far from being an
 enviable one2 as years rolled on she   
found herself necessitated to stoop to  
all kinds of meannesses1 and to  endure 
all sorts of humiliations1 to preserve  
her already tottering  empire4 ,in order

 to make friends for herself in the     
parliament1 she  suppressed the         
,jesuits2 and she afterward exiled the  
parliament in order  to conciliate the  
clergy4 ,again1 to prevent her royal1   
but most fickle  minded lover1 from     
choosing another mistress out of the    
ranks of the  court ladies1 she         
contrived that seraglio1 the notorious  
,parc-aux-cerfs1  the pillow of ,louis  
the ,fifteenth's debaucheries1 as       
,chateaubriand  called it2 at the last1 
hated and despised by all ,france1      
,madame de  ,pompadour said to ,louis   
,,xv41 ,for mercy's sake1 keep me near  
you3 ,i  protect you2 ,i take upon      
myself all the hatred of ,france2 evil  
times are  come for kings2 so soon as ,i
 am gone1 all the insults which are now 
leveled at ,madame de ,pompadour will be
 addressed to the king4    ,among the   
many desperate attempts which were made 
from time to time to  dethrone her1 the 
following is the most curious3--    ,m4 
d',argenson and ,madame d',estrade had  

resolved upon raising to the  throne of 
the favorite the young and beautiful    
,madame de ,choiseul1 wife  of the court
 usher4 ,the intrigue was conducted with
 so much art that the  king granted an  
interview4 ,at the hour fixed upon for  
the meeting a great  agitation reigned  
in the cabinet of the minister4 ,m4     
d',argenson and  ,madame d',estrade     
awaited the event with anxiety2         
,quesnai1 physician to  the king and to 
the favorite1 was also present4 ,all at 
once ,madame de  ,choiseul rushed into  
the room2 ,madame d',estrade ran to meet
 her with open  arms4    ,well6 she     
exclaimed4    ,yes1 replied ,madame de  
,choiseul2 ,i am loved2 she is going to 
be  dismissed4 ,he has given me his     
royal word on it4    ,a burst of joy    
resounded through the cabinet4 ,quesnai 
was1 as we know1  the friend of ,madame 
de ,pompadour2 but he was at the same   
time the friend  of ,madame d',estrade4 
,m4 d',argenson imagined that in this   
revolution he  would remain neuter at   

least1 but he was mistaken4    ,doctor1 
said he1 nothing changes for you2 we    
trust that you will  remain with us4    
,monsieur le ,comte1 coldly replied     
,quesnai1 rising from his seat1 ,i  have
 been attached to ,madame de ,pompadour 
in her prosperity1 and ,i shall  remain 
so in her disgrace2 and so saying he    
left the room4    ,this ,quesnai1 of    
whom we have just made mention1 was a   
man of uncouth and  rustic manners1 a   
true ,danubian peasant4 ,he inhabited a 
little entresol  above the apartments of
 ,madame de ,pompadour at ,versailles1  
where he would  pass the whole of his   
time absorbed in schemes of political   
economy4  ,quesnai1 however1 did not    
want for friends1 as he could boast of  
the  esteem of all the most illustrious 
philosophers of the day4 ,for those     
persons who did not go to court would   
come once a month to dine with the      
court physician4 ,marmontel1 in his     
,memoirs1 relates that he has dined     
there in company with ,diderot1         

,d',alembert1 ,duclos1 ,helvetius1      
,turgot1 and  ,buffon1--a goodly array  
of intellect4 ,thus on the ground floor 
they  deliberated on peace and war1 on  
the choice of ministers1 the suppression
  of the ,jesuits1 the exile of the     
parliament1 and the future destinies of 
,france2 while above stairs those who   
had not power1 but who possessed  ideas1
 labored unwittingly at the future      
destinies of the world4 ,what was       
concocted in the rez-de-chausse was     
demolished in the entresol4 ,it  would  
frequently happen1 too1 that ,madame de 
,pompadour who could not  receive the   
guests of ,quesnai in her own           
apartments1 would ascend to  those of   
her physician to see and chat with them4
    ,every ,sunday morning ,madame de   
,pompadour received at her toilet all   
the  artists1 literary men1 and great   
personages of the court1 who had the    
entre of her apartments4 ,marmontel     
relates that on the arrival of  ,duclos 
and ,de ,bernis1 who never missed a     

single ,sunday1 she would say to  the   
first1 with a light air1 ,bon jour1     
,duclos2 to the second1 with an  air and
 voice more amiable1 ,bon jour1 abb3    
accompanying her words  occasionally    
with a little tap on his cheek4 ,artists
 and men of letters  were invariably    
better received than the titled         
courtiers of ,france2  while many of the
 nobility were truly lords-in-waiting1  
the two ,vanloos1  ,de la ,tour1        
,boucher1 and ,cochin1 had never to     
remain in the antechamber4  ,the account
 of her first and only interview with   
,crebillon is  interesting4 ,some one   
had informed her that the old tragic    
poet was  living in the ,marais1        
surrounded by his cats and dogs1 in a   
state of  poverty and neglect4 ,what say
 you6 she exclaimed2 in poverty and     
neglect8 ,she ran to seek the king1 and 
asked for a pension for the poet  of one
 hundred louis a-year from her privy    
purse4 ,when ,crebillon came to         
,versailles to thank her1 she was in    

bed4 ,let him come in1 she  exclaimed1  
that ,i may see the gray-headed genius4 
,at the sight of  the fine old          
man--,crebillon was then eighty years of
 age--so poor and yet  so proud1 she was
 affected to tears4 ,she received him   
with so touching a  grace that the old  
poet was deeply moved4 ,as he leaned    
over the bed to  kiss her hand1 the king
 appeared4 ,ah1 madame1 exclaimed       
,crebillon1 the  king has surprised us6 
,i am lost6 ,this sally amused ,louis   
,,xv4 vastly2  ,crebillon's success was 
decided4    ,madame de ,pompadour passed
 her last days in a state of deep       
dejection4 ,as  she was now in the      
decline both of her favor and of her    
reign1 she no  longer had friends2 even 
the king himself1 though still          
submitting to her  guidance1 loved her  
no more4 ,the ,jesuits1 too1 whom she   
had driven from  court1 overwhelmed her 
with letters1 in which they strove to   
depict to  her the terrors of           
everlasting punishment4,e ,every hour   

that struck  seemed to toll for her the 
death-knell of all her hopes and joys4  
,on her  first appearance at court1     
proud of her youth1 her beauty1 and her 
brilliant complexion1 she had proscribed
 rouge and patches1 saying that  life   
was not a masked ball4 ,she had now     
reached that sad period of life  when   
she would be compelled to choose between
 rouge or the first wrinkles  of        
incipient old age4 ,i shall never       
survive it1 she used to say1            
mournfully1      ,footnote ,e3 ,the fear
 of losing her power1 and of becoming   
once more a  bourgeoise of ,paris1      
perpetually tormented her4 ,after she   
had succeeded  in suppressing the       
,jesuits1 she fancied she beheld in each
 monk of the  order as assassin and a   
poisoner4--,mmoires historiques de la   
,cour de  ,france4      ,one night1     
during the year #agfj1 she was seized   
with a violent trembling1  and sitting  
up in bed1 called ,madame du ,hausset4  
,i am sure1 she said1 ,i am going to    

die4 ,madame de ,vintimille and  ,madame
 de ,chateauroux both died as young as  
myself3 it is a species of  fatality    
which strikes all those who have loved  
the king4 ,what ,i regret  least is     
life1--,i am weary of flatteries and    
insults1 of friendships and  hatreds2   
but ,i own to you that ,i am terrified  
at the idea of being cast  into some    
ditch or other1 whether it be by the    
clergy1 by ,monseigneur the  ,dauphin1  
or by the people of ,paris4    ,madame  
du ,hausset took her hands within her   
own1 and assured her that if  ,france   
had the misfortune to lose her1 the king
 would not fail to give  her a burial   
worthy of her rank and station4         
,alas6 rejoined ,madame de ,pompadour1 a
 burial worthy of me6--when we          
recollect that ,madame de ,mailly1      
repenting of having been his first      
mistress1 desired to be interred in the 
cemetery of the ,innocents2 and  not    
only that1 but even under the common    
water-pipe4    ,she passed the night in 

tears4 ,on the following morning1       
however1 she  resumed a little courage1 
and hastened to call to her aid all the 
resources of art to conceal the first   
ravages of time2 but in vain did  she   
seek to recover that adorable smile     
which twenty years before had  made     
,louis ,,xv4 forget that he was ,king of
 ,france4    ,from this time forth she  
showed herself in ,paris no more2 and at
 court  she would only appear by        
candle-light1 and then in the apparel of
 a ,queen  of ,golconda1 crowned with   
diamonds1 her arms covered with         
bracelets1 and  wearing a magnificent   
,indian robe1 embroidered with gold and 
silver4 ,she  was always the beautiful  
,marchioness de ,pompadour1 but a closer
  inspection would show that the lovely 
face of former days was now but a       
made-up face1 still charming1 but like a
 restored painting1 showing  evident    
symptoms of having been here and there  
effaced and retouched4  ,it was in the  
mouth that she first lost her beauty4   

,she had in early life  acquired the    
habit of biting her lips to conceal her 
emotions1 and at  thirty years of age   
her mouth had lost all its vivid        
brilliancy of color4    ,some persons   
have stated that ,madame de ,pompadour  
died from the effects  of poison1       
administered either by the ,jesuits1 who
 never ceased  persecuting her with     
anonymous letters1 or by her enemies at 
,versailles2  but this story is not     
deserving of credit4 ,most persons are  
agreed that  ,madame de ,pompadour died 
simply because she was five and forty   
years of  age2 and owing as she did all 
her power but to the charm of her       
beauty1  its loss she was unable to     
survive4 ,she suffered for a length of  
time in  silence1 hiding ever under a   
pallid smile the death she already felt 
in  her heart4 ,at length she took to   
her bed--that bed from which she was    
fated to rise no more4 ,she was then at 
the ,chateau of ,choisy2 neither the    
king nor his courtiers imagined that her

 disease was serious1 but she  herself  
well knew that her hour was come4 ,she  
entreated the king to have  her removed 
to ,versailles2 she wished to die upon  
the throne of her  glory--to die as a   
queen in the royal palace1 still issuing
 her orders to  the troop of servile    
courtiers who were accustomed to wait   
humbly at her  footstool4    ,like      
,diana de ,poitiers1 ,gabrielle         
d',estres1 and ,madame de ,maintenon1   
she  died in ,april4 ,the cur of the    
,madeleine was present during her last  
moments4 ,as the old man was preparing  
to retire1 after giving her the         
benediction1 she rallied for a moment1  
for she was then almost dead1 and  said 
to him1 ,wait a bit1 ,monsieur le ,cur1 
we will go together4 ,these  were her   
last words4    ,up to this time the king
 had testified at least the semblance of
  friendship and gratitude toward       
,madame de ,pompadour1 but no sooner had
  she breathed her last than he began to
 consider how he could1 in the          

speediest manner possible1 get rid of   
her mortal remains4 ,he gave  immediate 
orders for the removal of the body to   
her house in ,paris4 ,as  the conveyance
 was about to start1 the king1 who was  
standing at one of  the windows of the  
,chateau1 seeing a violent hailstorm    
breaking over  ,versailles1 said1 with a
 smile1 half sad1 half ironical1 ,the   
marchioness  will have bad weather for  
her journey6    ,that same day ,madame  
de ,pompadour's will was opened in his  
presence4  ,although she had long since 
been far from his heart1 he could not   
restrain a tear at the reading of the   
document4    ,the marchioness1 in her   
will1 had forgotten none of her friends1
 nor any  of her servants2 the king     
himself was named4 ,i entreat the king1 
she  wrote1 to accept the gift ,i make  
him of my htel in ,paris1 in order that 
it may become the palace of one of his  
children3 it is my desire that it  may  
become the residence of ,monseigneur le 
,comte de ,provence4 ,this hotel  of    

,madame de ,pompadour has since then    
been inhabited by illustrious  hosts1   
for it is better known at the present   
day under the designation of  the ,elyse
 ,bourbon1 or rather the ,elyse         
,national4    ,madame de ,pompadour had 
several residences3 she had received    
from the  king an htel at ,paris and one
 at ,fontainebleau2 the estate of       
,crecy1 the  chteau of ,aulnay1         
,brimborion sur ,bellevue1 the          
seigniories of ,marigny  and of         
,saint-,rmy2 an hotel at ,compiegne1 and
 one at ,versailles2 without  counting  
the millions of francs in money bestowed
 at various times in  addition to her   
regular income1 for they never counted  
francs at  ,verseilles then4,f ,for all 
this1 we find ,louis ,,xv4 giving the   
,marquis de  ,marigny1 her brother1 an  
order for two hundred and thirty        
thousand  francs1 to assist him in      
paying the debts of the marchioness4    
7,journal  of ,louis ,,xv41 published at
 the trial of ,louis ,,xvi47            

,footnote ,f3 ,except ,louis ,,xv41 who1
 it is said1 used to amuse himself by   
making a private treasury4 ,when he lost
 at play1 he used always to pay  out of 
the royal treasury4      ,the           
marchioness was interred in a vault of  
the church of the ,capuchins2  by dint  
of interest and money her family had    
obtained the privilege of  having a     
funeral oration pronounced over her     
mortal remains4 ,this oration  was a    
chef d'oeuvre1 which ought most         
certainly to have been preserved  for   
the honor of the ,church4               
,unfortunately1 this curious and most   
remarkable piece of eloquence was never 
printed1 and history has  inscribed but 
a few lines in its annals4 ,when the    
priest approached the  bier1 he         
sprinkled the holy water1 made the sign 
of the cross1 and  commenced his        
discourse in the following terms3--,i   
receive the body of  the most high and  
powerful lady1 ,madame le ,marquise de  
,pompadour1 maid of  honour to the      

queen4 ,she was in the school of all    
virtues1 c4 ,the  remainder of this most
 edifying discourse is lost in oblivion1
 but surely  the force of humbug could  
no further go4    ,montesquieu's        
prediction concerning two remarkable    
personages of the  eighteenth century   
7,voltaire and ,madame de ,pompadour7 is
  curious1--curious alike for its truth1
 and for the knowledge of the world     
displayed by it4    ,one day1 while on a
 visit to ,ferney1 ,montesquieu being   
alone in  ,voltaire's magnificent       
saloon1 which opened on the ,lake of    
,geneva1 was  surprised by ,marshal     
,richelieu 7who had come over from      
,lyons to see how  ,voltaire would play 
in the ,orphan of ,china7 standing in   
deep thought  before a pair of portraits
 which hung upon the wall4    ,well1    
,monsieur le ,president1 said he1 you   
are studying1 ,i perceive1  ,wit and    
,beauty4    ,wit and ,beauty1 ,marshal6 
replied ,montesquieu2 you see before you
 the  portraits of a man and a woman who

 will be the representatives of our     
century4    ,and has not this prediction
 of ,montesquieu's been in some sort    
fulfilled8--,historians have styled the 
seventeenth century the century of      
,louis ,,xiv4 ,could not the eighteenth 
be with more justice designated the     
century of ,voltaire and ,madame de     
,pompadour8 ,for if these two characters
  be carefully studied1 the entire      
spirit of the age will in them be found 
faithfully depicted4    ,but1 ,o vanity 
of vanities6 ,madame de ,pompadour1 with
 all her wit1 and  grace1 and beauty1   
after having strutted and fretted her   
little hour on  life's fitful stage1 has
 vanished from the theater of the world 
into  utter oblivion1 leaving1 literally
 speaking1 scarcely a trace behind4 ,in 
the words of ,diderot we may ask1 ,what 
now remains of this woman1 the          
dispenser of millions1 who overthrew the
 entire political system of  ,europe1   
and left her country dishonored1        
powerless1 and impoverished1  both in   

mind and resources8 ,the ,treaty of     
,versailles1 which will last as  long as
 it can2 a statue by ,bouchardon1 which 
will be always admired2 a  few stones   
engraved by ,gay1 which will astonish a 
future generation of  antiquarians2 a   
pretty little picture by ,vanloo2 and a 
handful of ashes4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,from ,eliza    
,cook's ,journal4    ,,the ,,church ,,of
 ,,the ,,vasa ,d',,agua4      ,one very 
hot evening1 in the year #ahae1 the     
curate of ,san ,pedro1 a  village       
distant but a few leagues from ,seville1
 returned very much  fatigued to his    
poor home2 his worthy housekeeper1      
,senora ,margarita1  about seventy years
 of age1 awaited him4 ,however much any 
one might have  been accustomed to      
distress and privation among the        
,spanish peasantry1 it  was impossible  
not to be struck with the evidence of   
poverty in the house  of the good       
priest4 ,the nakedness of the walls1 and
 scantiness of the  furniture1 were the 

more apparent1 from a certain air about 
them of  better days4 ,senora ,margarita
 had just prepared for her master's     
supper  an olla podrida1 which          
notwithstanding the sauce1 and high     
sounding name1  was nothing more than   
the remains of his dinner1 which she had
 disguised  with the greatest skill4    
,the curate1 gratified at the odor of   
this savory  dish1 exclaimed1--         
,thank ,god1 ,margarita1 for this dainty
 dish4 ,by ,san ,pedro1 friend1 you  may
 well bless your stars to find such a   
supper in the house of your  host4      
,at the word host1 ,margarita raised her
 eyes1 and beheld a stranger who        
,accompanied her master4 ,the face of   
the old dame assumed suddenly an        
expression of wrath and disappointment2 
her angry glances fell on the new       
comer1 and again on her master1 who     
looked down1 and said with the  timidity
 of a child who dreads the remonstrance 
of his parent3--    ,peace1 ,margarita1 
where there is enough1 for two1 there is

 always enough  for three1 and you would
 not have wished me to leave a          
,christian to  starve8 he has not eaten 
for three days4    ,santa ,maria6 he a  
,christian1 he looks more like a robber1
 and muttering  to herself1 the         
housekeeper left the room4 ,during this 
parley1 the  stranger remained          
motionless at the threshold of the door2
 he was tall1  with long black hair1 and
 flashing eyes1 his clothes were in     
tatters1 and  the long rifle which he   
carried excited distrust rather than    
favor4    ,must ,i go away8 he inquired4
    ,the curate replied1 with an        
emphatic gesture1 never shall he1 whom  
,i  shelter1 be driven away1 or made    
unwelcome3 but sit down1 put aside your 
gun1 let us say grace1 and to our       
repast4    ,i never quit my weapon2 as  
the proverb says1 two friends are one1  
my  rifle is my best friend2 ,i shall   
keep it between my knees4 ,though you   
may  not send me from your house till it
 suits me1 there are others who would   

make me leave theirs against my will1   
and perhaps head-foremost4 ,now to  your
 health1 let us eat4 ,the curate        
himself1 although a man of good         
appetite1 was amazed at the voracity of 
the stranger1 who seemed to bolt  rather
 than eat almost the whole of the dish1 
besides drinking the whole  flask of    
wine1 and leaving none for his host1 or 
scarcely a morsel of the  enormous loaf 
which occupied a corner of the table4   
,whilst he was eating  so voraciously1  
he started at the slightest noise2 if a 
gust of wind  suddenly closed the door1 
he sprang up and leveling his rifle1    
seemed  determined to repel intrusion2  
having recovered from his alarm1 he     
again  sat down1 and went on with his   
repast4 ,now1 said he1 speaking with his
  mouth full1 ,i must tax your kindness 
to the utmost4 ,i am wounded in the     
thigh1 and eight days have passed       
without its being dressed4 ,give me a   
few bits of linen1 then you shall be rid
 of me4    ,i do not wish to rid myself 

of you1 replied the curate1 interested  
in  his guest in spite of his           
threatening demeanor1 by his strange    
exciting  conversation4 ,i am somewhat  
of a doctor2 you will not have the      
awkwardness of a country barber1 or     
dirty bandages to complain of1 you      
shall see4 so speaking1 he drew forth1  
from a closet a bundle containing  all  
things needed1 and turning up his       
sleeves1 prepared himself to  discharge 
the duty of a surgeon4    ,the wound was
 deep1 a ball had passed through the    
stranger's thigh1 who1  to be able to   
walk1 must have exerted a strength and  
courage more than  human4 ,you will not 
be able to proceed on your journey      
to-day1 said the  curate1 probing the   
wound with the satisfaction of an       
amateur artist4  ,you must remain here  
to-night2 good rest will restore your   
health and  abate the inflammation1 and 
the swelling will go down4    ,i must   
depart to-day1 at this very hour1       
replied the stranger1 with a  mournful  

sigh4 ,there are some who wait for me1  
others who seek me1 he  added with a    
ferocious smile4 ,come1 let us see1 have
 you done your  dressing8 ,good3 here am
 ,i light and easy1 as if ,i never had  
been wounded4  ,give me a loaf--take    
this piece of gold in payment for your  
hospitality1  and farewell4 ,the curate 
refused the tendered gold with emphasis4
 ,as  you please1 pardon me--farewell4  
,so saying1 the stranger departed1      
taking with him the loaf which          
,margarita had so unwillingly brought at
  her master's order4 ,soon his tall    
figure disappeared in the foliage of    
the wood about the village4    ,an hour 
later1 the report of fire-arms was      
heard4 ,the stranger  reappeared1       
bleeding1 and wounded in the breast4 ,he
 was ghastly1 as if  dying4    ,here1   
said he1 presenting to the old priest   
some pieces of gold4 ,my  children--in  
the ravine--in the wood--near the little
 brook4    ,he fell1 just as half a     
dozen soldiers rushed in1 arms in hand2 

they met  with no resistance from the   
wounded man1 whom they closely bound1   
and1  after some time1 allowed the      
priest to dress his wound2 but in spite 
of  all his remarks on the danger of    
moving a man so severely wounded1 they  
placed him on a cart4    ,basta1 said   
they1 he can but die4 ,he is the great  
robber1 ,don ,jos  della ,ribera4 ,jos  
thanked the good priest1 by a motion of 
his head1  then asked for a glass of    
water1 and as the priest stooped to put 
it to  his lips1 he faintly said1 ,you  
remember4    ,the curate replied with a 
nod1 and when the troop had departed1 in
 spite  of the remonstrances of         
,margarita1 who represented to him the  
danger of  going out in the night1 and  
the inutility of such a step1 he quickly
  crossed the wood toward the ravine1   
and there found the dead body of a      
woman1 killed1 no doubt1 by some stray  
shot from the guards4 ,a baby lay  at   
her breast1 by her side a little boy of 
about four years old1 who was           

endeavoring to wake her1 pulling her by 
the sleeve1 thinking she had  fallen    
asleep1 and calling her mamma4 ,one may 
judge of ,margarita's  surprise when the
 curate returned with two children on   
his arms4    ,santa ,madre6 ,what can   
this mean6 ,what will you do in the     
night8 ,we have  not even sufficient    
food for ourselves1 and yet you bring   
two children4 ,i  must go and beg from  
door to door1 for them and ourselves4   
,and who are  these children8 ,the sons 
of a bandit--a gipsy2 and worse1        
perhaps4 ,have  they ever been baptized8
    ,at this moment1 the infant uttered 
a plaintive cry3 ,what will you do to   
feed this baby8 we cannot afford a      
nurse2 we must use the bottle1 and you  
have no idea of the wretched nights we  
shall have with him4    ,you will sleep 
in spite of all1 replied the good       
curate4    ,o6 santa ,maria1 he cannot  
be more than six months old6 ,happily ,i
 have a  little milk here1 ,i must warm 
it1 and forgetting her anger1 ,margarita

  took the infant from the priest1      
kissed it1 and soothed it to rest4 ,she 
knelt before the fire1 stirred the      
embers to heat the milk quicker1 and    
when this little one had had enough1 she
 put him to sleep1 and the other  had   
his turn4 ,whilst ,margarita gave him   
some supper1 undressed him1 and  made   
him a bed for the night1 of the priest's
 cloak1 the good old man  related to her
 how he had found the children2 in what 
manner they had  been bequeathed to him4
    ,o6 that is fine and good1 said     
,margarita1 but how can they and we be  
fed8    ,the curate took the ,bible1 and
 read aloud--    ,whosoever shall give1 
even a cup of cold water1 to one of the 
least1  being a disciple2 verily ,i say 
unto you1 he shall not lose his reward4 
,amen1 responded the housekeeper4       
,the next day1 the good father ordered  
the burial of the poor woman1 and  he   
himself read the service over her grave4
    ,twelve years from this time1 the   
curate of ,san-,pedro1 then seventy     

years  of age1 was warming himself in   
the sun1 in front of his house4 ,it was 
winter1 and there had been no sunshine  
for two days4    ,beside him stood a    
boy1 ten or twelve years old1 reading   
aloud the daily  prayers1 and from time 
to time casting a look of envy on a     
youth of about  sixteen1 tall1 handsome1
 and muscular1 who labored in the garden
  adjoining that of the priest4         
,margarita1 being now blind1 was        
listening  attentively1 when the        
youngest boy exclaimed1 ,o6 what a      
beautiful  coach1 as a splendid equipage
 drove up near the door4    ,a domestic1
 richly dressed1 dismounted1 and asked  
the old priest to give  him a glass of  
water for his master4    ,carlos1 said  
the priest to the younger boy1 give this
 nobleman a glass  of water1 and add to 
it a glass of wine1 if he will accept   
it4 ,be quick6    ,the gentleman        
alighted from the coach4 ,he seemed     
about fifty4    ,are the children your  
nephews8 inquired he4    ,much better1  

said the priest1 they are mine by       
adoption1 be it  understood4    ,how so8
    ,i shall tell you1 for ,i can refuse
 nothing to such a gentleman2 for poor  
and inexperienced in the world as ,i am1
 ,i need good advice1 how best to       
provide for these two boys4    ,make    
ensigns of them in the king's guards1   
and in order to keep up a  suitable     
appearance1 he must allow them a pension
 of six thousand  ducats4    ,i ask your
 advice1 my lord1 not mockery4    ,then 
you must have your church rebuilt1 and  
by the side of it1 a pretty  parsonage  
house1 with handsome iron railings to   
inclose the whole4 ,when  this work will
 be complete1 it shall be called the    
church of the ,vasa  d',agua1 7,glass of
 ,water47 ,here is the plan of it1 will 
it suit you8    ,what can this mean8    
,what vague remembrance is mine2 these  
features--this voice mean that ,i  am   
,don ,jos della ,ribera4 ,twelve years  
ago1 ,i was the brigand ,jos4 ,i        
escaped from prison1 and the times have 

changed2 from the chief of  robbers1 ,i 
have become the chief of a party4 ,you  
befriended me4 ,you have  been a father 
to my children4 ,let them come to       
embrace me--let them  come1 and he      
opened his arms to receive them4 ,they  
fell on his bosom4    ,when he had long 
pressed them1 and kissed them by turns1 
with tears1 and  half-uttered           
expressions of gratitude1 he held out   
his hand to the old  priest--    ,well1 
my father1 will you not accept the      
church8    ,the curate1 greatly moved1  
turned to ,margarita1 and said3         
,whosoever  shall give even a cup of    
cold water unto one of the least1 being 
my  disciple2 verily ,i say to you1 he  
shall not lose his reward4    ,amen1    
responded the old dame1 who wept for joy
 at the happiness of her  master1 and   
his children by adoption1 at whose      
departure she also  grieved4    ,twelve 
months afterward1 ,don ,jos della       
,ribera and his two sons attended  at   
the consecration of the church of ,san  

,pedro1 one of the prettiest  churches  
in the environs of ,seville4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,song--,,by ,,miss ,,jewsbury4         
,there once was a brave cavalier1       
,commanded by ,cupid to bow2    ,and his
 mistress1 though lovely1 ,i hear       
,had a very ,sultana-like brow2    ,in  
battles and sieges he fought      ,with 
many a ,saracen ,nero1    ,till back to 
his mistress he brought      ,the fame  
and the heart of a hero3    ,but when he
 presumed to demand      ,the hero's    
reward in all story1    ,his mistress1  
in accents most bland--      ,desired   
him to gather more glory                
,poor ,camille6      ,so back went the  
young cavalier1      7,where dwells such
 obedience now87    ,and he wove amid   
pennant and spear1      ,a wreath for   
that fair cruel brow2    ,how crimson   
the roses he sent1      ,but not with   
the summer sun's glow2    ',twas the    
crimson of battle--and lent      ,by a  
brave heart forever laid low6    ,now if

 such a lover ,i knew1      ,and if ,i  
might be his adviser1    ,i would bid   
him be tender and true1      ,but       
certainly bid him be wiser4             
,poor ,camille6           99       99   
99       99       99    ,,from          
,,petrarch4      ,weeping for all my    
long lost years1 ,i go1      ,and for   
that love which to this world confined  
,a spirit whose strong flight1 for      
heaven designed1    ,no mean example    
might one man bestow4    ,thou1 who     
didst view my wonderings and my woe1    
,great ,king of heaven6 unseen1 immortal
 mind6      ,succor this weary being1   
frail and blind2    ,and may thy grace  
o'er all my failings flow6    ,then1    
though my life through warring tempests 
passed2      ,my death may tranquilly   
and slowly come2    ,and my calm soul   
may flee in peace at last3      ,while  
o'er that space which shuts me from the 
tomb1    ,and on my death-bed1 be thy   
blessing cast--      ,from ,thee1 in    
trembling hope1 ,i wait my doom4        

99       99       99       99       99  
,from ,bentley's ,miscellany    ,,the   
,,female ,,wrecker2 ,,and ,,the ,,house 
,,of ,,mystery4    ,a ,,brace ,,of      
,,ghost ,,stories4    ,,by ,,the        
,,author ,,of ,,the ,,experiences ,,of  
,a ,,gaol ,,chaplain4    ,it was a      
glorious summer's evening in ,july4 ,the
 sun1 robed in a thousand  hues of      
gorgeous brilliancy1 was setting behind 
the noble hill which  towers over the   
little hamlet of ,shaldon2 light        
pleasure-skiffs1 with  tiny sail1 were  
dotted over the bay2,a the ebb tide was 
gently laving  the hissing strand2 and  
at intervals1 wafted by the breeze1 came
 from  some merry party afloat1 a       
ringing1 joyous laugh1 or some slight   
snatch  of song4 ,it was an evening     
which breathed serenity and repose4     
,footnote ,a3 ,teignmouth1 ,devon4      
,seated on one of the benches which     
skirt that pleasant promenade,b were    
two feeble-looking men1 with whom the   
summer of life had apparently  passed4  

,they conversed slowly and at intervals4
 ,that the theme interested  both was   
clear from the earnest tone of the one1 
and the attention  rendered by the      
other4 ,it was connected too in some way
 with the sea3  for1 from time to time1 
the speaker paused and eyed wistfully   
the  slumbering monster at his feet2 and
 more than once the ejaculation was     
audible--the secret is buried there6    
,footnote ,b3 ,the ,denne4      ,and you
 believe this8 said the listener1 half  
incredulously1 half  respectfully1 when 
his elderly companion ceased4    ,i     
do--firmly4    ,the other smiled1 and   
then continued in a lower tone--    ,all
 delusion6 the result of a heated       
fancy--all delusion from beginning  to  
end6    ,what is delusion8 said a tall  
military-looking figure1 striding up and
  joining the group4 ,we all have1 at   
one period or other of our lives1 to    
battle with delusion and succumb to it4 
,now4 sir1 turning to the elder         
gentleman 7his name was ,ancelt7 and    

making a courteous bow--pray favor  me  
with your case and symptoms4    ,the    
party addressed looked nettled1 and     
replied--    ,mine was no delusion2 it  
was a stern and solemn reality4         
,well1 give it what name you please1    
returned his companion1 only let  ,major
 ,newburgh hear the tale as you narrated
 it to me4    ,to be again discredited8 
,excuse me1 ,trevor1 no4    ,oh6 but1   
interposed the major1 ,i'm of a very    
confiding disposition4 ,i  believe      
everything and every body4 ,the more    
extraordinary the narrative1  the more  
faith am ,i inclined to place in it4    
,trevor1 there1 as we all  know1 added  
he1 laughingly1 has a twist4 ,he's a    
'total abstinence'  man--a homeopathic  
man--a ,benthamite1 and secretly favors 
,mesmerism4 ,with  such abounding faith 
upon some points1 we will allow him to  
be somewhat  skeptical upon others4     
,come1 your narrative4    ,at the sober 
age of two-and-forty1 a period when the 
season of delusion  is pretty well over1

 said ,mr4 ,ancelt1 pointedly1 ,i found 
myself in  charge of a notorious        
fishing-village on the coast of         
,lincolnshire4 ,it  was famous1 or      
rather infamous1 for the smuggling      
carried on in its  creeks1 and for the  
vigilant and relentless wreckers which  
it numbered in  its hovels4 ',rough     
materials6' said the bishop1 ,dr4       
,prettyman1 when ,i  waited upon him to 
be licensed to the curacy--rough        
materials to work  upon2 but by care and
 diligence1 ,mr4 ,ancelt1 wondrous      
changes may be  effected4 ,your         
predecessor1 a feeble-minded man1 gave  
but a sorry account  of your flock2 but 
under your auspices1 ,i hope they will  
become a  church-going and a            
church-loving people6 ,make them        
churchmen--you  understand me8 ,make    
them churchmen6'444 ,heaven help me6    
,they needed first  to be made honest   
and temperate--to be humanized and      
,christianized6  ',church-loving and    
church-going6' ,the chaplaincy of       

,newgate is not1  perhaps1 a sinecure2  
that of the ,model ,prison at           
,pentonville has1  probably1 its hours  
of toil2 and that attached to           
,horsemonger ,lane is not  entirely a   
bed of roses2 but if you wish to wear a 
man's heart and soul  out2 to depress   
his spirits and prostrate his           
energies--if you would make  him long to
 exchange his lot with the day-laborer  
who whistles at the  plow1--station him 
as a curate1 far apart from his fellows1
 in a village  made up of               
prize-fighters1 smugglers1 and wreckers6
 ,to my lonely cure1  with a heavy      
heart1 ,i went2 and by a most reckless  
and rebellious crew ,i  speedily found  
myself surrounded--a crew which defied  
control4  ,intoxicating liquors of all  
kinds abounded4 ,the meanest hovel smelt
 of  spirits4 ,nor was there any want of
 contraband tobacco4 ,foreign luxuries1 
in a word1 were rife among them4 ,and   
yet they were always in want--always    
craving from their clergyman temporal   

aid--in his spiritual capacity they     
were slow to trouble him2 had ever on   
their lips the entreaty  'give'--'give2'
 and always protested that they 'were   
come to their  furthest1 and had not a  
shilling in the world to help themselves
 withal4'    ,for recklessness1         
drunkenness1 and midnight brawls1 all   
,england could  not match that parish4  
,to the general and prevailing aspect of
 poverty1 there was one1 and that  a    
marked exception4 ,it presented itself  
in the person of ,abigail  ,lassiter--a 
widow--who was reputed to be wealthy1   
and with whose means1  unscrupulously   
acquired1 a tale of murder was strangely
 blended4  ,abigail's husband had been a
 smuggler1 and she herself was a daring 
and  keen-eyed wrecker4 ,for a season   
both throve4 ,he had escaped detection  
in  many a heavy run of contraband      
goods2 and she had come in for many a   
valuable 'waif and stray' which the     
receding waters left upon the slimy     
strand4 ,it was1 however1 her last      

venture1 which1 in her neighbors'       
language1 had made her4 ,made her1      
indeed1 independent of her fellows1  but
 a murderer before her ,god6444 ,about  
day-break in a thick misty  morning in  
,april1 a vessel1 heavily laden1 was    
seen to ground on ',the  ,jibber ,sand2'
 and after striking heavily for some    
hours1 suddenly to part  asunder4 ,the  
sea was so rough1 and the wind so high1 
that no help could  be rendered from the
 shore4 ,midday drew on--came--passed1  
and the  villagers assembled on the     
heights 7their eyes fixed the while on  
the  devoted vessel like vultures       
watching for their prey7 had at length  
the  satisfaction of seeing the laboring
 bark yield to the war of the  elements1
 and her timbers float1 piecemeal1 over 
the waters4    ,but nothing of any      
consequence came ashore4 ,a stray spar  
or two1  a hen-coop1 two or three empty 
barrels1 a child's light straw hat1 and 
a  sailor's cap--these were all4    ,the
 gale held3 the wind blew off shore1 and

 at nightfall the  wrecking-party1      
hungry1 weary1 and out of humor1 retired
 to their cabins4  ,about an hour after 
midnight heavy rain fell2 the wind      
shifted1 and blew  inshore4 ,with the   
first appearance of dawn1 ,abigail's    
cottage door was  seen slowly to        
unclose1 and she herself to emerge from 
it1 and stealthily  creep down to the   
shore4 ,once there1 a steep             
sea-wall--thrown up to  protect the     
adjoining lowlands from                 
inundation--screened her from           
observation4 ,she was absent about an   
hour1 returned apparently  empty-handed1
 reentered her cottage1 nor passed its  
threshold again  during the remainder of
 the day4    ,but that was a memorable  
day for the industrious4 ,my villagers  
were  early astir4 ,their muddy shore   
was strewed with fragments of the wreck2
  and when the tide went down1 and the  
gale moderated1 half imbedded in the    
,jibber ,sand was found 'goodly spoil4' 
,packages of costly shawls1 hampers  of 

,dutch liqueurs1 bales of linen1 several
 kegs of brandy1 and two small          
canvas-bags containing bullion1 were a  
few of the 'waifs and strays'  which    
keen eyes speedily detected1 and        
stalwart arms as speedily  appropriated4
    ,later on in the afternoon a very   
bustling personage made his appearance1 
much blown and overheated1 who announced
 himself as 'acting under  authority    
from ,lloyd's1' and 'representing the   
under-writers4' ,at his  heels1 uttering
 volleys of threats1 and menacing every 
soul he met with  hideous 'penalties    
according to act of parliament1'        
followed a very  lady-like young        
gentleman1 with a thin reedy voice1 and 
light down upon  his chin1 'charged with
 protecting the public revenue4' ,well  
for him in a  dark night if he could    
protect himself6    ,worthy souls6 ,they
 might as well have spared their        
well-fed nags1 and  have remained at    
home snugly housed in their             
chimney-corner4 '',tis the  early bird  

that gets the worm4' ,they had missed it
 by hours4 ,the spoil  was housed4 ,it  
was buried in cottage gardens1 and      
cabbages planted over  it4 ,it was      
secreted among the thatch1 where even   
the best trained  bird-nesting urchin   
would have missed it4 ,it was stored    
away under more  than one hollow        
hearth-stone1 on which a cheerful       
wood-fire was crackling  and blazing4   
,when were the 'womenkind' in a         
wrecker's village at a loss  for        
expedients8    ,but a discovery was made
 that afternoon1 which1 for the moment1 
made the  boisterous gentleman from     
,lloyd's falter in his denunciations1   
and hushed  the menaces of the indignant
 and well-dressed personage who         
protected the  revenue1 and saddened the
 few hearts amongst us not entirely     
devoid of  feeling4    ,on a little     
knoll--called in memory of an           
unfortunate suicide1 ',the ,mad         
,maiden's ,knoll1'--was found the body  
of a lady1 youthful and fair1 and by    

her side that of a little infant1 a few 
weeks old4 ,the babe1 carefully  swathed
 in countless warm wrappers1 was lying  
in a rude cradle of  wicker-work2 this  
was firmly fastened to the lady's waist1
 who1 on her  part1 had been securely   
lashed to a spar4 ',twas a piteous      
sight6 ,but  one's sympathies were      
called into still more painful exercise 
when it was  found that the unfortunate 
lady's corpse had been rifled by some   
unprincipled marauder2 that both ears   
had been torn1 and two of her  fingers  
had been crushed and broken in the      
attempt to plunder them of the  rings   
with which they had been laden4 ,nor was
 this all4 ,every part of her  dress had
 been carefully examined4 ,her stays had
 been ripped open1 and a  packet1       
assumed to be of value1 had apparently  
been taken thence4 ,what  strengthened  
this surmise was the fact that a        
fragment of a purple  morocco note-case 
still adhered to her dress4 ,this       
fragment bore the  words in gilt        

letters1 ',bank ,notes2' below were the 
initials ',f4,h4,b4' ,the  sight drew   
forth general expressions of pity3 but  
pity gave place to  indignation when the
 district surgeon joined the group1 and 
after a  careful examination of the     
body1 said slowly1 ',i suspect--,i more 
than  suspect--,i am almost positive1   
that this lady reached the shore alive4 
,the winds and waves have not destroyed 
her4 ,she has perished by the hand  of  
another4 ,look here1' and he pointed to 
a small dark rim round the  neck1 'this 
is the effect of strangulation2 and my  
belief is that the  corpse before us is 
that of a murdered woman4'    ,the      
coroner of the district was summoned1 a 
jury empanneled1 and the  simple facts  
relative to the discovery of the bodies 
of the woman and  infant were briefly   
placed on record4 ,few cared to speak   
openly4 ,all  had an interest in saying 
as little as possible4 ',return an open 
verdict1  gentlemen2 return an open     
verdict by all means1' suggested the    

wary  official2 'that is the shortest   
course you can adopt2 safe and perfectly
  legal2 it decides nothing1 contradicts
 nothing1 concludes nothing4' ,no       
advice could be more palatable to the   
parties he addressed4 ',found dead1'    
was the ready response2 'but by what    
means1 drowning or otherwise2 there  is 
no evidence to show4'    ,the coroner   
was delighted4    ',precisely so2 quite 
sufficient4 ,my gig1 and a glass of     
brandy and  water4'           99        
99       99       99       99    ,no one
 claimed the bodies4 ,early interment   
was necessary2 and a few  hours after   
the inquest was concluded1 mother and   
child were consigned to  their parent   
earth4    ,six weeks afterward1 an      
elderly man1 with a most imperious      
manner and a  foreign accent1 came down 
to the village and asked countless      
questions  relative to the shipwreck4   
,the unhappy lady1 he said1 was his     
niece2 and  earnest were the inquiries  
he made touching a large sum of money1  

which1  to his certain knowledge1 she   
had about her when she went on          
shipboard4  ,of this money1 as a matter 
of course1 no satisfactory tidings were 
forthcoming4 ,he then became violent2   
called the village a nest of  pirates2  
cursed the inhabitants without mercy2   
hoped that heaven's  lightnings would   
speedily fall1 and raze the hamlet to   
the ground2 and  indulged in a variety  
of comments1 some just1 some foolish1   
and all  angry4    ,but with all his    
anxiety about his niece1 and all his    
burning  indignation against her        
plunderers1 he never visited the unhappy
 lady's  grave2 never directed a stone  
to be placed over her2 never deplored   
her  fate2 never uttered a remark about 
her infant1 save and except an avowal   
of his unbounded satisfaction that it   
had perished with the mother-his        
ever-recurring subject of regret was1   
not that he had lost his niece1 but     
that he had lost her money6    ,oh      
world6 how base are thy calculations1   

how sordid thy conclusions6 ,the  young1
 the fair1 the helpless1 the innocent   
may perish1 it matters not4  ,loss of   
relatives1 of children1 of country1 of  
character1 all may be  borne with       
complacency but--loss of money6         
,meanwhile the party who was suspected  
to have benefited most largely by  the  
shipwreck1 went about her daily         
occupations with her usual subdued  and 
poverty-stricken air4 ,there was nothing
 in ,abigail ,lassiter's dress  or      
manner to indicate the slightest        
improvement in her worldly              
circumstances4 ,she toiled as earnestly1
 dressed as simply1 and lived as        
sparingly as ever4 ,but quietly and     
almost imperceptibly a vast change was  
wrought in the aspect of her dwelling4  
,it was carefully repaired and          
considerably enlarged1 a small piece of 
pasture land was bought1 and then  a    
handsome ,alderney cow made her         
appearance4 ,a garden of some extent1 at
  the rear of the cottage1 was next laid

 out1 and stocked1 and last of all  a   
commodious spring cart and clever cob   
were seen on the little  homestead4 ,but
 comfort there was none4 ,an invisible  
hand fought against  its inmates4 ,their
 career of success was closed4 ,a curse 
and not a  blessing was henceforth to   
track them4 ,on a sudden the husband1   
,mark  ,lassiter1 was betrayed in one of
 his smuggling expeditions1 encountered 
the coast-guard where he least expected 
them1 was fired at1 captured1 and  died 
in jail of his wounds4 ,the eldest      
son--',black ,ben1' the                 
pugilist--killed his man1 was accused of
 foul play1 and compelled to fly  the   
country4 ,robin1 second mate of a       
merchant vessel then lying in ,hull     
,docks1 still remained to her1 and him  
she hastily summoned home for  counsel4 
,vain precaution6 ,a final separation   
had already taken place  between them4  
,while wondering at his tardy movements1
 a brief unfeeling  letter apprised her 
that1 'returning to his ship at midnight

 decidedly  the worse for liquor1'      
,robin ,lassiter had missed his footing 
on the  narrow plank connecting the     
vessel with the shore1 fallen into deep 
water1 and had sunk to rise no more4    
,these successive bereavements paralyzed
 her4 ,for the first time the idea      
seems to have presented itself1 that it 
was possible adversity might  overwhelm 
her4 ,she confined herself rigidly to   
her home2 said that the  moan of the sea
 wearied and worried her1 and blocked up
 every window  which looked upon the    
ocean6 ,for hours she would sit1        
abstractedly1 in  silence4 ,then1       
wringing her hands1 would wake up with a
 wistful cry1 and  repeat--',wrong never
 comes right6 ,wrong never comes right6'
    ,much as ,i knew she hated religion1
 its ministers1 its sanctuary1 and      
every object which1 by possibility1     
could remind her that there was a       
coming future1 ,i yet felt it my duty to
 make another and a third attempt  at an
 interview4 ,she received me            

ungraciously enough1 but not insolently4
  ,her fair1 soft1 feminine features    
betrayed evident annoyance at my visit1 
but still there was an absence of that  
air of menace and hatred which          
characterized her in former days4       
',you visit me8' was her inquiry2 'why8'
    ',to condole with you on the ravages
 which death has made in your  family4' 
,her reply was instant and firmly       
uttered4    ',yes2 two are gone4 ,their 
part is played and over4 ,i presume they
 are at  rest4'    ,a passing remark    
followed1 in which a hope was expressed 
that ,i should  see her at church4      
',never1 until ,i'm brought there4 ,i   
shouldn't know myself in such a  place1 
nor would those who assemble there know 
me4'    ,while framing my reply she     
continued--    ',your visit1 sir1 is    
wholly unexpected2 ,i have never        
troubled the  clergy1 and ,i hope they  
will not trouble me2 ,i have my sorrows1
 and ,i  keep them to myself4'    ',they
 will overwhelm you unless aid be       

granted--'    ,she interrupted me4      
',i seek it not1 and therefore have no  
right to expect it4 ,but why should  ,i 
detain you sir1' said she1 rising from  
her seat2 'there are others who  may    
prize your presence more than ,i do4'   
,one of ,wilson's little volumes was in 
my hand4 ,i proffered it with the       
remark--',you will perhaps read this in 
my absence8'    ,she declined it with a 
gesture of impatience4    ',no6 no6 ,i  
seldom read1 and my hourly endeavor now 
is not to think6  ,this way lies your   
road1 sir4 ,farewell4'    ,a more       
thoroughly unsatisfactory interview it  
is scarcely possible to  imagine4       
,two years had rolled away1 when1 one   
morning1 a message reached me that      
',dame ,lassiter was ill1' and wished ,i
 would 'call in the course of the  day4'
 ,within the hour came another summons3 
',dame ,lassiter was much  worse1' and  
begged to 'see me without delay4'       
,before midday ,i was at the  cottage4  
,her sole attendant1--a bold1 saucy1    

harsh looking girl of                   
eighteen1--awaited me at the threshold4 
',right glad am ,i you're come1' was her
 greeting2 'the mistress1 sir1 has  been
 asking for you ever since day-break4'  
',she is worse then8'    ,she lowered   
her voice to a whisper1 and continued3--
    ',she's going6 ,she'll not hold it  
long4 ,the doctors have given her up1   
and there's no more medicine to be gone 
for4 ,this last is a sure sign4'    ',is
 she sensible8'    ,the girl hesitated4 
',in times she be1' was her reply1      
rather doubtfully given6 'in times  she 
be2 but there's something about her ,i  
don't quite fancy2 the plain  fact is1  
she's rather quair1 and ,i shall go up  
to the village4 ,you'll  not mind being 
alone1 ,i dare say8'    ,and without    
waiting for a reply this careful and    
considerate attendant  hurriedly opened 
the door2 went out2 and then locked it  
briskly and  firmly on the outside4 ,i  
was a prisoner1 and my companion a dying
 woman6  ,for the moment ,i felt        

startled2 but a hollow moan of anguish1 
sadly and  painfully reiterated in the  
chamber above1 at once recalled me to my
  duties1 and bade me seek the sufferer4
 ,in a room of fair dimensions lay1     
stricken and emaciated1 the once active 
and dauntless ,abigail4 ,on  entering ,i
 could with difficulty disguise my      
surprise at the variety  of articles    
which it contained1 and at the          
costliness and splendor of  many of     
them4 ,the curtains of the sick woman's 
bed were of figured silk  damask2 and   
though here and there a dark spot was   
visible where  sea-water1 or some other 
destructive agency1 had penetrated1     
enough still  remained to vindicate the 
richness of the fabric and the          
brilliancy of  the color4 ,the linen on 
the bed was of the finest texture1      
apparently the  production of a ,dutch  
loom1 while the vessel which held her   
night-drink  was an antique goblet1     
indisputably of foreign                 
workmanship1--its  materials silver and 

mother-of-pearl4 ,under the window1     
which commanded  her flower garden1     
stood a small work-table of birds'-eye  
maple1 which  methought had once stood  
in the lady's cabin of some splendidly  
appointed  steamer4 ,her wash-stand was 
of mahogany richly carved3 on the shelf 
above  it stood an ebony writing-desk1  
inlaid with silver2 below was a lady's  
dressing case--ivory--and elaborately   
carved4 ,two cases of foreign birds  of 
exquisite plumage completed the         
decoration of the apartment4 ,it is     
true necessitous sailors and carousing  
smugglers might have contributed  some  
of the costly articles ,i saw around me2
 but as ,i gazed on them the  thought   
recurred1 are not these the wages of    
iniquity8 ,have they not been  rifled   
from the grasp of the helpless1 the     
drowning1 and the dying8    ,i spoke4   
,she was in full possession of her      
faculties2 but manifestly  near her end4
 ,i expressed my sorrow at finding her  
so feeble2 told her  that ,i had readily

 obeyed her summons2 and asked her      
whether ,i should  read to her4         
',neither read to me1' was her distinct 
reply3 'nor pray with me2 but  listen to
 me4 ,they tell me ,i have not many     
hours to live4 ,if so1 ,i have          
something to disclose2 and some money   
which ,i should wish--,i should         
wish'--she hesitated and became         
silent--'the point is1 am ,i beyond     
recovery8 ,if so ,i should desire that  
this money--'    ',under any            
circumstances1' was my reply1 'confess  
all2 restore all'    ,she looked up     
quickly and said sharply2 ',why         
restore8'    ',to prove the sincerity of
 your regrets4'    ',ah1 well6' said    
she1 thoughtfully1 'if ,i could only    
satisfy myself that  recovery was       
impossible4 ,i have much to leave behind
 me2 and there are  some                
circumstances--'    ,she hesitated and  
was silent4 ,a minute or two elapsed and
 ,i urged--    ',be candid and be       
just1--make reparation while you possess

 the power4'    ',you advise well1' said
 she1 faintly4 ',i would fain relieve my
 mind4 ,it  is sorely oppressed1 for    
with regard to my property--my--my      
savings--'    ,as she spoke there arose1
 close to us1 clear and painfully       
audible1 a  low1 mocking laugh4 ,it was 
not akin to mirth4 ,there was no        
gladness in  its tone4 ,it betokened    
enmity1 triumph1 scorn4 ,the dying woman
 heard it1  and cowered beneath its     
influence4 ,an expression of agonizing  
fear passed  over her countenance4 ,some
 minutes elapsed before she could       
sufficiently  command herself to speak  
or even listen4    ',carry out          
forthwith1' said ,i1 in a tone of       
resolution ,i could with  difficulty    
command1 'carry out your present        
determination4 ,make  restitution to the
 utmost of your power4 ,restore all2    
confess all4'    ',i will do so and     
now1' was her reply4    ,again that     
bitter1 scornful1 chilling laugh2 and   
closer to us6 ,to no  ebullition of any 

earthly emotion can ,i compare it4 ,it  
resembled none4 ,it  conveyed scorn1    
exultation1 defiance1 hatred4 ,it seemed
 an uncontrollable  burst of triumph    
over a parting and ruined soul4 ,again1 
,i gazed  steadfastly on the dying      
woman4 ,a spasm convulsed her           
countenance4 ,she  pointed feebly to    
some unseen object--unseen at least by  
me--and  clasped her hands with an      
imploring gesture4 ,another spasm came  
on-a  second-a third--and all was       
silence4 ,i was alone with the dead4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,and you are persuaded that these sounds
 were real and not fanciful1 that       
imagination had nothing to do with the  
scene8 said the younger of the  three   
when the aged speaker had concluded4    
,the reply was immediate4    ,i state   
simply what ,i heard2 that1 and no more4
 ,no opportunity for trick  existed4    
,the cottage had one door1 and but one4 
,the dying woman and  myself were the   
only parties within its walls4 ,we were 

locked in from  without3 until the      
attendant returned and unclosed the door
 there was no  possibility of either    
entering or quitting the dwelling4 ,i   
was alone with  the dead for upward of  
an hour--no enviable vigil--when it     
pleased her  unfeeling and gossiping    
retainer to return and release me4      
,believe it1  say you8 ,i do believe    
it--and most firmly--as fact and not    
fancy4    ,and what say you1 ,major8    
pursued the questioner1 turning to his  
military companion4    ,i believe it    
also1 and the more readily from         
recollecting what once  occurred to     
myself4 ,soon after my awkward hit at   
,vittoria1 where ,i  received a bullet1 
which ,i carry about with me to this    
hour1 ,i was  ordered home on sick      
leave4 ,landing at ,falmouth from a     
filthy transport1  feeble1 feverish1    
solitary and wretched1 ,i was recognized
 by a former  intimate1 who followed me 
to my inn and insisted upon taking me   
down with  him into ----shire4 ,rest and

 country air1 he was sure1 would recruit
 me4  ,in vain ,i explained the wretched
 cripple ,i was4 ,in vain ,i submitted  
that  the 'hospital mates1' one and all1
 entertained the worst opinion of my    
injury4 ,he would take no denial4 ,it   
was a case1 he contended1 not for the   
knife or the doctor2 but for beef-steaks
 and ,barclay's stout4 ,and this        
opinion he would make good1 in my       
instance1 against the whole hospital    
staff at home and abroad4 ,too weak to  
contest the point1 ,i gave in2 and      
promised that1 if living1 that day week 
should find me at ---- ,house4 ,the     
first part of my journey ,i made out    
with comparatively little suffering4    
,the latter part1 where ,i was obliged  
to have recourse to a hack chaise1      
neither wind nor weather tight--ill     
hung1 and badly driven1 was torture4    
,at length1 unable to endure longer     
agony1 ,i got out2 and bidding the      
postboy drive with my luggage to ----   
,house1 limped along across the  fields 

under the pilotage of an old laborer--it
 was a work of time--to my  destination4
    ,my gray-haired guide1 who          
commiserated my situation1 was very     
inquisitive about 'the war and ,lord    
,wellington2' asked whether all the     
,spaniards lived on 'mules' flesh fried 
with onions1' as he 'had been told  for 
truth2' inquired what 'our side' thought
 of ',boney's covenant with  the devil1'
 a covenant1 7according to his reading17
 to this effect1 that  'the devil had   
given ,boney a lease of luck for        
threescore and three  years1 and that   
when it was up he was to be shot by a   
,spanish maiden with  a silver bullet4' 
,many folks1 he said1 believed all this 
to be true and  sartain2 but that he1   
for his part1 'did not hold with it3    
what did ,i  think8' ,but however       
talkative about the war1 my venerable   
pilot was  reserved about ---- ,house4  
,i asked him if he knew it4 ',these     
fifty years  and more1' was his answer4 
',the ,house of ,mystery2 good people   

live there  now1--yes1 good people1 kind
 people1--a blessed change for all about
 and  around the ,house of ,mystery4    
,more he would not utter4 ,at length ,i 
reached  the winning post1 hobbled in1  
received a cordial welcome1 and retired 
early to bed4    ,none but those who    
have lain for weeks in a crowded        
military hospital1  who have battled day
 by day with death1 now flushed with    
fever1 now  racked with agonizing       
spasmodic action in every nerve1 can    
conceive the  effect of the quiet1 the  
pure air1 the bracing freshness of the  
country4  ,the stillness which reigned  
around1--the peaceful landscape beneath 
my  window1--the balmy fragrance of the 
flowers1--the hush of woods reposing  in
 all the stillness of a summer's        
twilight1--the faint tinkling of the    
distant sheep-bell1--the musical murmur 
of the rill which gurgled gaily  and    
gladly from beneath the base of the     
sun-dial1--the deer dotted over  the    
park1 and grazing lazily in groups      

beneath the branching oaks1 made  up a  
picture which soothed and calmed me4 ,i 
went to bed satisfied that ,i  should   
sleep4 ,i did so without a single twinge
 till after midnight4 ,then  ,i was     
roused by a grating sound at a distance4
 ,it drew nearer1 became  more and more 
distinct1 and presently at a pelting    
pace1 up drove a  carriage and four4 ,i 
say four1 because a man used to horses  
all his life1  can1 by their tramp1     
judge1 though blindfold1 pretty         
accurately as to  their numbers4 ,i     
heard the easy roll of the carriage1 the
 grating of the  wheels on the gravel1  
the sharp pull-up at the main entrance1 
the  impatient pawing of the animals on 
the hard and well-rolled road4 ,all     
this ,i caught most distinctly4 ,but    
though ,i listened keenly ,i heard no   
bell ring1 no door unclose1 no servant  
hasten to these new arrivals4 ,i        
thought it odd4 ,i struck my repeater4  
',a quarter to one4 ,strange hour1      
surely1 for visitors to arrive6         

,however1 no business of mine4 ,i have  
not1  happily1 to rise and do the       
honors4' ,and1 after a yawn or two1 and 
a  hurried1 though ,i trust grateful    
acknowledgment for the comparative ease 
,i was enjoying1 ,i turned upon my side 
and dozed off4 ,i had slept about  two  
hours when a similar noise again aroused
 me4 ,up came another carriage  at the  
same slapping pace4 ,pat1 pat1 pat1 went
 the hoofs upon the hard  avenue4 ,the  
wheels rattled2 the gravel grated on the
 ear2 there was the  same quick1 sharp1 
knowing pull-up at the main door1 and   
the same  impatient stamp of high-fed   
steeds anxious to be off1 and eager for 
the  rest and feed of the stable4 ,i    
became irritated and angry4 ',a pretty  
house1' said ,i1 'for an invalid6       
,guests arriving at all hours6          
,moreover1  a precious lot of fresh     
faces shall ,i have to encounter at the 
breakfast  table4 ,a nice figure ,i am6 
,my walk particularly straight and      
lively6 ,i  shall be the observed of all

 observers with a vengeance4 ,i wish    
with  all my soul ,i had remained at    
,exeter4 ,i had there my hospitable     
friends1  the ,greens1 in the           
,barn-field1 to keep an eye to me1 while
 here1  carriages are driving up at a   
splitting pace from midnight to         
cock-crowing4' ,and fuming and fretting1
 chafed and annoyed1 ,i lay  feverish   
and discontented till daybreak4    ,the 
next morning1 having taken peculiar     
pains with my toilet1 and having        
arrived at the inevitable conclusion    
that ,i hobbled worse than ever1 and    
was as infirm as an old gentleman of    
eighty1 ,i presented myself in the      
breakfast room4    ,i expected to find  
it lined with fresh faces4 ,i was       
mistaken4 ,the party  assembled was the 
same1 without diminution or addition1   
which ,i had  quitted the preceding     
evening4 ,after an interchange of       
civilities ,i  hazarded an inquiry3--   
',where are the new arrivals8'          
',there are no new arrivals1' said my   

hostess2 ',i hope you are not tired  of 
us already8'    ',you allude to an utter
 impossibility1' was my rejoinder2 'but 
beyond  all doubt two carriages drove up
 to the main entrance early this        
morning4'    ',you are our only guest1' 
observed my hostess with an air of      
peculiar  gravity1 and even perceptible 
annoyance in her manner4    ',you see us
 as we are1 a quiet family party1 ,mr4  
,newburgh1' observed the  youngest      
daughter hastily1 and then adroitly     
changed the conversation4    ',oh1'     
thought ,i1 ',i'm on unsafe ground4     
,some disagreeable people1              
self-invited1 and dismissed at all      
hazards4 ,very well4 ,moi c'est gal6    
,what concern have ,i with the family   
arrangements of another8'    ,the second
 night of my visit drew on4 ,i slept    
well and soundly till  about three in   
the morning1 when my slumbers were      
suddenly broken by a  rapid rush of     
horsemen across the lawn1 directly under
 my dressing-room  window4 ',hunting at 

three in the morning is a rank          
absurdity1' was my  comment2 'but if ,i 
ever heard the sound of horses and      
horsemen ,i did  then4 ,the park gates  
must have been left open1 and the farm  
horses have  broken loose4 ,utter       
destruction to the lawn1 and to the     
flower beds1 and  the glorious          
rhododendrons6 ,what negligent menials4'
 ,and while murmuring  my abhorrence of 
such atrocious carelessness1 and my deep
 regret at its  results1 my eyes closed4
 ,the next morning ,i peeped with       
apprehension from  my window1 on what ,i
 presumed would prove a scene of        
devastation4 ,all was  fair and smiling1
 gaze where ,i would4 ,here was the trim
 and smoothly  shaven lawn--there the   
blooming parterre--beyond the early     
flowering  shrubs not a twig1 not a leaf
 injured4 ,i left my room in amazement4 
,below1 the papers had arrived4 ,they   
gave the details of another and         
decisive battle4 ,that1 and an          
expedition during the morning to a      

neighboring ,roman encampment1 banished 
the horsemen of the preceding  night1   
nor did they recur till ,i found myself 
in my room1 exhausted and  bent down    
with pain1 at eleven4 ,the fact was ,i  
had played the fool and  overwalked     
myself1 and my avenger1 the bullet1     
began to remind me of his  presence in  
my system4 ,for three mortal hours no   
poor wretch1 save in his  death         
struggle1 endured greater agony than ,i 
did4 ,at last1 a 'compassion  that never
 faileth1' bestowed on me an interval of
 ease1 and ,i slept4  ,heavily1 ,i      
imagine1 since for some time a strange  
booming noise droned  continuously in my
 ears before it waked me4 ,at last ,i   
was roused4 ,i  listened4 ,the sound was
 like nothing ,i had ever heard before4 
,it seemed  as if a heavy-sledge hammer1
 or huge wooden mallet1 carefully       
muffled in  wadding1 was at work in the 
room below me4 ,the stable clock struck 
four4 ',no mason1' thought ,i1 'no mason
 would commence his day's work at  four 

in the morning4 ,burglars1 perhaps1' and
 ,i resolved to give alarm4  ,the noise 
suddenly ceased1 and some three minutes 
afterward as suddenly  recommenced in   
the children's play-room immediately    
above me4 ',be they  whom they may they 
shall be disturbed4' ,and ,i began to   
dress in the dark  with all possible    
expedition4 ,some partial progress was  
made when the  noise ceased in the upper
 room and descended forthwith to my own4
 ,an  instant afterward it seemed to    
proceed from the library4 ,in about     
twenty  minutes it ceased altogether4   
',no mason1 no burglar1' was my         
conclusion4 ',this noise has nothing in 
common with either the one or the other4
 ,did my old guide speak  accurately    
when he called this ,the ,house of      
,mystery8 ,whether it be such  or no1 it
 is not the house for me4 ,i can't sleep
 in it4 ,i must flit2 and  ,i will do so
 with the morning's light4'    ,but with
 the morning's light came bright and    
cheerful faces1 kindly  inquiries1 and  

renewed hospitality1 and with them an   
abandonment of my  menaced departure4   
,during the day an opportunity presented
 itself of  mentioning to my young host 
the harassing disturbances of the night1
 and  asking for an explanation4    ',i 
can give none1' was his reply3 'after   
many years residence in the  house1 and 
ceaseless endeavors to ascertain the    
cause of these  annoyances1 you are as  
much au fait of their origin as myself4'
    ',is their99sic no motive1 adequate 
or inadequate1' ,i continued1 'which    
can be assigned for these nightly       
visitations8'    ',none beyond the      
tradition--apparently authentic--that an
 ancestor of  ours1 a man whose         
character will not bear investigation1  
met his death1  unfairly1 in an old     
house on the site of which this is      
built4 ,he was a  miser1 and presumed to
 be extremely wealthy4 ,he lived        
secluded from  society2 his factotum and
 agent being an ,italian valet1 who was 
perfectly  aware of the ample means of  

his master4 ,on a sudden my vicious     
kinsman  disappeared1 and shortly       
afterward the valet4 ,but the story     
runs--tradition it must still be        
called--that the former was robbed1     
brutally beaten1 and finally walled up  
in some recess by his desperate         
retainer4 ,so immured he died of actual 
starvation2 but according to the        
legend1 much of the miser's wealth      
continued hidden about the mansion      
which the ,italian's fears prevented his
 carrying off1 and which still  remains1
 snug and safe1 in some dusty           
repository1 ready to reward a  fortunate
 speculator4 ,i only wish1' continued he
 merrily1 ',i could light  upon the     
hoard6 ,give me a clew1 dear ,newburgh1 
and ,i'll buy you a troop4'    ',at any 
rate1' said ,i1 'from the mirth with    
which you treat it1 the  visitation is  
not unpleasant4'    ',you are in error1'
 said my entertainer2 'the subject is   
unquestionably  annoying1 and one which 
my mother and the family studiously     

avoid4 ,as for  your bed-room--the      
porch-room--,i am aware that parties    
occupying it have  occasionally heard   
the strangest noises on the gravel-walk 
immediately  below them4 ,your hostess  
was most averse to those quarters being 
assigned  you2 but ,i thought that the  
room being large and lofty1 and the     
steps to  it few1 you would occupy it   
with comfort4 ,i am grieved that my     
arrangement has proved disagreeable4'   
,and then1 finishing off with a  hearty 
laugh1 in which1 for the life of me ,i  
couldn't join1 my host  added1 'if he be
 walled up1 ,i am sure you will say1    
,newburgh1 that he's  a persevering old 
gentleman1 and makes the most laudable  
efforts to get  out of his cell4'       
,the levity of some persons1 was the    
major's grave aside1 how  inconceivable1
 how indescribable6    ,my visit1       
continued he1 lasted about a fortnight1 
during the whole of  which period1 at   
intervals1 the rapping was audible in   
different parts of  the house4 ,it      

appeared to me however--,i watched      
attentively--to come with  the greatest 
frequency from the hall4 ,thence it     
sounded as if an immense  mallet1       
muffled in feathers or cotton1 was      
striking heavily on the floor4  ,the    
noise was generally heard between twelve
 and two4 ,the blows sometimes  followed
 each other with great rapidity2 at     
other times more slowly and  leisurely4 
,one singularity of the visitation was  
this--that in whatever  part of the     
house you might be listening1 the noise 
seemed to come from a  remote direction4
 ,if you heard the blows in the         
drawing-room1 they  appeared to be given
 in the library4 ,and if you heard them 
in the  library1 they seemed to be      
falling in the nursery4 ,the invisible  
workman  was busy always at a distance4 
,another feature was its locomotive     
powers4 ,it moved with the most         
extraordinary rapidity4 ,nothing that ,i
  could think of--mice1 rats1 drains1   
currents of air1 dropping of            

water--would explain it4 ,if the noise  
had been caused by the agency of  any   
one of these causes1 it would have been 
heard in the day time4 ,it  never was4  
,night was the season1 and the only     
season in which the  ponderous1 but     
invisible1 mallet was wielded4 ,nothing 
could exceed the  kindness with which ,i
 was treated4 ,no words can do justice  
to the  thoughtful and delicate         
hospitality which ,i received4 ,but ,i  
declare to  you this mysterious         
visitation was too much for me4 ,it was 
impossible to  listen to it at night    
without depression4 ,perhaps my nerves  
were  unstrung4 ,the tone of my system  
might be enfeebled4 ,the fault1 ,i dare 
say1 was in myself4 ,but to lie awake1  
as ,i often did1 during long hours  from
 pain1 and to hear this muffled1 hollow1
 droning1 mysterious noise  passing from
 room to room about the house--to listen
 to it now above me1  now below me1 now 
quite close to my chamber door1 and in a
 couple of  seconds rising up from the  

very center of the hall1 and to be all  
the  while utterly unable to account for
 it1 fevered me4 ,i curtailed my visit2 
but the nursing and kindness ,i received
 are graven in my memory4 ,bearing  all 
these matters in remembrance1 said the  
major firmly2 recollecting  my own      
strange experience1 how can ,i discredit
 ,mr4 ,ancelt's narrative8  ,i firmly   
believe it4 ,we are surrounded by       
mysteries4 ,the invisible  world        
enshrouds us4 ,spirits have their       
regards intently fixed on us1 and  a    
very slight vail divides us4 ,spurn the 
vulgar error1 said the old  veteran     
stoutly1 that a soldier must be a       
scoffer4 ,i remember the holy  record1  
and its thrilling declaration2 ',we are 
a spectacle unto angels  and unto men4' 
,a pause ensued1 which neither of the   
listeners cared to  terminate4 ,at      
length he spoke again4 ,the dews are    
falling4 ,the last  pleasure-boat has   
landed its fair freight upon the ,denne4
 ,the breeze from  the sea blows keenly1

 and warns us elderlies to think of our 
night-possets and our pillows4 ,trevor1 
give me your arm4 ,happy dog6 ,you  have
 no bullet in your back6 ,may you never 
know the agony of existence  when even  
to move some dozen yards is torture6    
99       99       99       99       99  
,we should do our utmost to encourage   
the ,beautiful1 for the ,useful         
encourages itself4--,goethe4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,from the ,ladies' ,companion4    ,,the 
,,lady ,,lucy',s ,,secret4    ,,by      
,,mrs4 ,,newton ,,crosland4      ,with  
clamourous demands of debt1 broken      
bonds1     ,and the detention of long   
due debts1     ,against my              
honor4--,,timon ,,of ,,athens      ,how 
in the turmoil of life can love stand1  
,where there is not one heart1 and one  
mouth1 and one hand8     ,,longfellow   
,in a charming morning-room of a        
charming ,london house1 neighboring     
,hyde-,park1 there lounged over the     
breakfast-table a wedded pair1--the     

rich merchant ,farrars1 and his young   
wife1 the ,lady ,lucy4 ,five years of   
married life had1 in most respects1 more
 than realized the brightest  hopes     
which had been born and cherished in the
 dreaming days of  courtship4 ,till the 
age of forty1 the active mind of ,walter
 ,ferrars had  been chiefly occupied by 
business1--not in mean shuffling1       
speculative  dealings1 but on the broad 
basis of large transactions and an      
almost  chivalrous system of integrity4 
,then1 when a secured position and the  
privileges of wealth had introduced  him
 to that inner circle of ,english       
society which not wealth alone can      
penetrate1 but where wealth in some due 
proportion is an element  necessary to  
hold fast a place1 it was thought most  
natural and proper  that he should      
choose a wife from the class which seems
 set apart from  the rest of womankind  
like the choice flowers of a            
conservatory1 on whom  no rude breath   
must blow4 ,the youthful1 but nearly    

portionless1 daughter  of a poor ,earl  
seemed the very bride decreed by some   
good angel for the  merchant-prince4    
,but though the nuptials fulfilled      
nearly all the requirements of a        
mariage de convenance1 there was in     
reality very much more of the           
ingredients in their hearts which       
amalgamate into very genuine love1  than
 always meet at the altar2 though of    
course the ,world resolutely  refused to
 believe anything of the sort--the      
,world1 which is capable of  so much    
kindness1 and goodness1 and justice1    
among its individuals1 taken  separately
 and singly1 and yet is such a false1   
malignant1 many-headed  monster in its  
corporate body6 ,walter ,ferrars had a  
warm heart1 that  yearned for affection1
 as well as a clear head2 and1          
fascinated as he had  been by the       
youthful grace and beauty1 the high-bred
 repose of manner and  cultivated       
talents of the ,lady ,lucy1 he set      
himself resolutely to win and  keep her 

girlish heart1 not expecting that the   
man of forty was to obtain  it without  
an effort4 ,thus1 when he assumed a     
husband's name1 he did not  drop the    
lover4 ,his was still the watchful care1
 made up of the  thousand little        
thoughtful kindnesses of daily life1    
neither relaxed in a  tte--tte1 nor     
increased in public4 ,he was the pleased
 and ready  escort for every occasion1  
save only when some imperative business 
claimed his time and presence2 and these
 calls now were rare1 for he had  long  
since arrived at the position when      
efficient servants and assistants  carry
 out the plans a superior has organized4
    ,is there wonder that the wife was  
grateful8 ,few--few women indeed are    
insensible to the power of continued    
kindness2 they may have a heart of      
stone for the impetuous impulsive lover1
 but habitual tenderness-that  seems so 
unselfish--touches the finest chords of 
their nature1 and  awakens affection    
that might have lain dormant through a  

long life1 but  for this one sweet      
influence4 ,thus it was that the wife of
 five years  loved her husband with an  
almost adoring worship4 ,she had felt   
her own  mind expand in the intimate    
communion with his fine intellect2 she  
had  felt her own weaknesses grow less1 
as if she had absorbed some of his      
strength of character2 and she had      
recognised the very dawn of principles  
and opinions which had been unknown to  
her in the days of her  thoughtless1    
ignorant1 inexperienced girlhood4 ,and  
yet with all her love1  with all her    
matured intelligence1 she had never lost
 a certain awe of  her husband1 which   
his seniority had perhaps first         
implanted1 and alas6  one fatal         
circumstance had gone far to render     
morbid4    ,they sat at breakfast4 ,it  
was early spring1 and though the        
sunshine  streamed through the windows1 
and from one of them there crept the    
odors  of the conservatory1 a bright    
fire gleamed and crackled in the grate2 

and  shed a charm of cheerfulness       
through the room4 ,mr4 ,ferrars had a   
newspaper in his hand1 but not yet had  
he perused a line1 for his son and      
heir1 a brave boy of three years old1 a 
very model of patrician beauty1  was    
climbing his large chair1 playing antics
 of many sorts1 and even  affecting to  
pull his father's still rich and curling
 hair1 so little awe  had the young     
,walter of the head of the house--while 
,mr4 ,farrars'  parental glee was like a
 deep bass to the child's crowing laugh4
 ,lady  ,lucy smiled too1 but she shook 
her head1 and said more than once1      
,naughty papa is spoiling ,watty4 ,it   
was a pretty scene2 the room was        
redolent of elegance1 and the young     
mother1 in her exquisitely simple but   
tasteful morning dress1 was one of its  
chief ornaments4 ,who would think  that 
beneath all this sweetness of life there
 was still a serpent6    ,a post was    
just in1 and a servant entered with     
several letters2 among  those delivered 

to ,lady ,lucy were two or three large  
unsightly1  ill-shaped epistles1 that   
seemed strange company for the others4  
,an  observing stranger might have      
noticed that ,lady ,lucy's cheek paled1 
and  then flushed2 that she crushed up  
her letters together1 without           
immediately opening them1 and that      
presently she slid the ugly ones into   
the pocket of her satin apron4 ,mr4     
,ferrars read his almost with a         
glance--for they were masculine letters1
 laconic1 and to the point1  conveying  
necessary information1 in three lines   
and a half--and he  smiled1 as after a  
while he observed his wife apparently   
intent on a  truly feminine             
epistle--four sides of delicate paper   
closely crossed--and  exclaimed gaily3  
,my dear ,lucy1 there's an hour's       
reading for you1 at least2 so ,i shall  
ring and send ,watty to the nursery1 and
 settle steadily to the ,times4    ,but 
though ,lady ,lucy really perused the   
letter1 her mind refused to  retain the 

pleasant chit-chat gossip it contained4 
,her thoughst99sic  were far away1 and  
had she narrowly examined her motives   
she would have  known that she bent over
 the friendly sheet chiefly as an excuse
 for  silence1 and to conceal her       
passing emotions4 ,meanwhile the        
newspaper  crackled in her husband's    
hand as he moved its broad leaves4      
,presently ,mr4 ,ferrars started with an
 exclamation of grief and  astonishment 
that completely roused his absent wife4 
,my dear ,walter1 what has happened8 she
 asked1 with great anxiety4    ,a man a 
bankrupt1 whom ,i thought as safe as the
 ,bank of ,england4 ,though  it is true 
people talked about him months          
ago--spoke suspiciously of his  personal
 extravagance1 and1 above all1 said that
 his wife was ruining  him4    ,his     
wife6    ,yes2--but ,i cannot understand
 that sort of thing4 ,a few hundreds a  
year  more or less could be of little   
moment to a man like ,beaufort1 and ,i  
don't suppose she spent more than you   

do1 my darling4 ,at any rate she was    
never better dressed4 ,yet ,i believe   
the truth was1 that she got  frightfully
 into debt unknown to him2 and debt is a
 sort of thing that  multiplies itself  
in a most astonishing manner1 and sows  
by the wayside  the seeds of all sorts  
of misery4 ,then people say that when   
pay-day came  at last1 bickerings       
ensued1 their domestic happiness was    
broken up4  ,beaufort grew reckless1 and
 plunged into the excitement of the     
maddest  speculations4    ,how dreadful6
 murmured ,lady ,lucy4    ,dreadful1    
indeed6 ,i don't know what ,i should do 
with such a wife4    ,would not you     
forgive her if you loved her very much8 
asked ,lady ,lucy1  and she spoke in the
 singularly calm tone of suppressed     
emotion4    ,once1 perhaps1 once2 and if
 her fault were the fault of youthful   
inexperience1--but so much falseness1   
mean deception1 and mental              
deterioration must have accompanied such
 transactions1 that--in short1 ,i  thank

 ,heaven that ,i have never been put to 
the trial4    ,as he spoke1 the eyes of 
,mr4 ,farrars were fixed on the leading 
article of  the ,times1 not on his wife4
 ,presently ,lady ,lucy glided from the 
room1  without her absence being at the 
moment observed4 ,once in her           
dressing-room she turned the key1 and   
sinking into a low chair1 gave vent  to 
her grief in some of the bitterest tears
 she had ever shed4 ,she1 too1  was in  
debt2 frightfully1 her husband had used 
the right word2  hopelessly1 so far as  
satisfying her creditors even out of the
 large  allowance ,mr4 ,farrars made    
her2 and still she had not the courage  
voluntarily to tell the truth1 which yet
 she knew must burst upon him ere  long4
 ,from what small beginnings had this   
,upas shadow come upon her6 ,and  what  
falseness1 mean deception1 and mental   
deterioration had truly been  hers6     
,even the fancied relief of weeping was 
a luxury denied to her1 for she  feared 
to show the evidence of tears2 thus     

after a little while she  strove to     
drive them back1 and by bathing her face
 before the glass1 and  drawing the     
braids of her soft hair a little nearer 
her eyes1 she was  tolerably successful 
in hiding their trace4 ,never1 when     
dressing for  court or gala1 had she    
consulted her mirror so closely2 and    
now1 though  the tears were dried2 she  
was shocked at the lines of             
anguish--those  delvers of the wrinkles 
of age--which marked her countenance4   
,she sat  before her looking-glass1 one 
hand supporting her head1 the other     
clutching the hidden letters which she  
had not yet the courage to open4  ,there
 was a light tap at the door4    ,who is
 there8 inquired ,lady ,lucy4    ,it is 
,i1 my lady1 replied ,harris1 her       
faithful maid4 ,madame ,dalmas is  here4
    ,lady ,lucy unlocked her door and   
gave orders that the visitor should be  
shown up4 ,with the name had come a     
flush of hope that some trifling        
temporary help would be hers4 ,madame   

,dalmas called herself a  ,french-woman1
 and signed herself ,antoinette1 but she
 was really an  ,english ,jewess of low 
extraction1 whose true name was ,sarah  
,solomons4  ,her profession was to      
purchase--and sell--the cast-off apparel
 of  ladies of fashion2 and few of the  
sisterhood have carried the art of      
double cheating to so great a           
proficiency4 ,with always a roll of bank
  notes in her old leathern pocket-book1
 and always a dirty canvas bag full  of 
bright sovereigns in her pocket1 she had
 ever the subtle temptation  for her    
victims ready4    ,madame ,dalmas--for  
she must be called according to the name
 engraved on  her card--was a little    
meanly-dressed woman of about forty1    
with bright  eyes and a hooked nose1 a  
restless shuffling manner1 and an       
ill-pitched  voice4 ,her jargon was a   
mixture of bad ,french and worse        
,english4    ,bon jour1 miladi ,lucy1   
she exclaimed1 as she entered ,lady     
,lucy's  sanctum1 need not inquire of   

health1 you look si charmante4 ,oh1 si  
belle6--that make you wear old clothes  
so longer dan oder ladies1 and  have so 
leetel for me to buy4 ,milady ,lucy     
,ferrars know she look well in          
anything1 but yet she should not wear   
old clothes3 no right--for  example--for
 de trade1 and de hoosband always like  
de wife well  dressed--ha--ha6    ,poor 
,lady ,lucy6 ,too sick at heart to have 
any relish for ,madame ,dalmas'         
nauseous compliments1 and more than half
 aware of her cheats and  falsehoods1   
she yet tolerated the creature from her 
own dire necessities4    ,sit down1     
,madame ,dalmas1 she said1 ,i am        
dreadfully in want of money2  but ,i    
really don't know what ,i have for you4 
,de green velvet1 which you not let me  
have before ,easter1 ,i still give  you 
four pounds for it1 though perhaps you  
worn it very much since then4    ,only  
twice--only seven times in all--and it  
cost me twenty guineas1  sighed ,lady   
,lucy4    ,ah1 but so old-fashioned--,i 

do believe ,i not see my money for it4  
,voyez-vous1 de ,lady ,lucy is one      
petite lady--si jolie mais trs petite4  
,if she were de tall grand lady1 you see
 de great dresses could fit small  lady1
 but de leetle dresses fit but ver few4 
,if ,i sell the green velvet ,i must    
have another next winter1 murmured      
,lady ,lucy4    ,ah6 vous avez          
raison--when de season nouveauts come   
in4 ,i tell you  what--you let me have  
also de white lace robe you show me     
once1 the same  time ,i bought from you 
one little old pearl brooch4    ,my     
wedding-dress8 ,oh no1 ,i cannot sell my
 wedding-dress6 exclaimed poor  ,lady   
,lucy1 pressing her hands convulsively  
together4    ,what for not8--you not    
want to marry over again--,i give you   
twenty-two  pounds for it4              
,twenty-two pounds6--why it is ,brussels
 point1 and cost a hundred and  twenty4 
,ah1 ,i know--but you forget ,i perhaps 
keep it ten years and not sell--and     
besides you buy dear2 great lady often  

buy ver dear6 and ,madame ,dalmas  shook
 her head with the solemnity of a sage4 
,no1 no2 ,i cannot sell my              
wedding-dress1 again murmured the wife4 
,and be  it recorded1 the temptress1 for
 once1 was baffled2 but at the          
expiration  of an hour1 ,madame ,dalmas 
left the house1 with a huge bundle under
 her  arm1 and a quiet satisfaction     
revealed in her countenance1 had any one
  thought it worth while to study the   
expression of her disagreeable face4    
,again ,lady ,lucy locked her door2 and 
placing a bank-note and some  sovereigns
 on the table1 she sank into a low      
chair1 and while a few large  silent    
tears flowed down her cheeks1 she at    
last found courage to open  the three   
letters which had hitherto remained     
unread in her apron pocket4  ,the       
first--the second1 seemed to contain    
nothing to surprise her1 however  much  
there might be to annoy--but it was     
different with that last3 here  was a   
gross overcharge1 and perhaps it was not

 with quite a disagreeable  feeling that
 ,lady ,lucy found something of which   
she could justly  complain4 ,she rose   
hurriedly and unlocked a small          
writing-desk1 which had  long been used 
as a receptacle for old letters and     
accounts4    ,to tell the truth1 the    
interior of the desk did not present a  
very  orderly arrangement4 ,cards of    
address1 bills paid and unpaid1 copies  
of  verses1 and papers of many          
descriptions1 were huddled together1 and
 it  was not by any means surprising    
that ,lady ,lucy failed in her search   
for  the original account1 by which to  
rectify the error in her shoemaker's    
bill4 ,in the hurry and nervous         
trepidation which had latterly become   
almost a constitutional ailment with    
her1 she turned out the contents of  the
 writing-desk into an easy chair1 and   
then kneeling before it1 she set        
herself to the task of carefully        
examining the papers4 ,soon she came to 
one letter which had been little        

expected in that place1 and which still 
bore the marks of a rose1 whose withered
 leaves also remained1 that had  been   
put away in its folds4 ,the rose ,walter
 ,ferrars had given her on the  eve of  
their marriage1 and the letter was in   
his handwriting1 and bore  but a few    
days earlier date4 ,with quickened      
pulses she opened the  envelope2 and    
though a mist rose before her eyes1 it  
seemed to form into  a mirror in which  
she saw the by-gone hours4 ,and so she  
read--and read4    ,it is the fashion to
 laugh at love-letters1 perhaps because 
only the  silly ones come to light4     
,with the noblest of both sexes such    
effusions  are sacred1 and would be     
profaned by the perusal of a third      
person3 but  when a warm and true heart 
is joined to a manly intellect2 when    
reason  sanctions and constancy         
maintains the choice which has been     
made1 there  is little doubt but much of
 simple1 truthful1 touching eloquence is
 often  to be found in a lover's letter4

 ,that which the wife now perused with  
strange and mingled feelings was        
evidently a reply to some girlish       
depreciation of herself1 and contained  
these words3--    ,you tell me that in  
the scanty years of your past life1 you 
already look  back on a hundred follies1
 and that you have unnumbered faults of 
character at which ,i do not even guess4
 ,making some allowance for a           
figurative expression1 ,i will answer   
'it may be so4' ,what then8 ,i have     
never called you an angel1 and never    
desired you to be perfect4 ,the         
weaknesses which cling1 tendril-like1 to
 a fine nature1 not unfrequently  bind  
us to it by ties we do not seek to      
sever4 ,i know you for a  true-hearted  
girl1 but with the bitter lessons of    
life still unlearned2  let it be my part
 to shield you from their sad           
knowledge1--yet whatever  sorrow or evil
 falls upon you1 ,i must or ought to    
share4 ,let us have no  secrets2 and    
while the ,truth which gives its purest 

luster to your eye1  and its richest    
rose to your cheek1 still reigns in your
 soul1 ,i cannot  dream of a fault grave
 enough to deserve harsher rebuke than  
the kiss of  forgiveness4    ,what lines
 to read at such a moment6 ,no wonder   
their meaning reached her  mind far     
differently than it had done when they  
were first received4 ,then  she could   
have little heeded it2 witness how      
carelessly the letter had  been put     
away--how forgotten had been its        
contents4    ,her tears had flowed in   
torrents1 but ,lucy ,ferrars no longer  
strove to  check them4 ,and yet there   
gleamed through them a brighter smile   
than had  visited her countenance for   
many a month4 ,a resolve approved by all
 her  better nature was growing firm    
within her heart2 and that which an hour
  before would have seemed too dreadful 
to contemplate was losing half its      
terrors4 ,how often an ascent1 which    
looks in the distance a bare  precipice1
 shows us1 when we approach its face1   

the notches by which we  may climb6--and
 not a few of the difficulties of life  
yield to our will  when we bravely      
encounter them4    ,why did ,i fear him 
so much8 murmured ,lady ,lucy to        
herself4 ,i ought not  to have needed   
such an assurance as this to throw      
myself at his feet1 and  bear even scorn
 and rebuke1 rather than prolong the    
reign of falsehood  and deceit4         
,yes--yes1 and gathering a heap of      
papers in her hand with  the love-letter
 beneath1 she descended the stairs4     
,there is no denying that ,lady ,lucy   
paused at the library door--no denying  
that her heart beat quickly1 and her    
breath seemed well-nigh spent2 but  she 
was right to act on the good impulse1   
and not wait until the new-born  courage
 should sink4    ,mr4 ,ferrars had      
finished the newspaper1 and was writing 
an unimportant  note2 his back was to   
the door1 and hearing the rustle of his 
wife's  dress1 and knowing her step1 he 
did not turn his head sufficiently to   

observe her countenance1 but he said1   
good-humoredly1    ,at last6 ,what have 
you been about8 ,i thought we were to go
 out before  luncheon to look at the    
bracelet ,i mentioned to you4    ,no1   
,walter--no bracelet--you must never    
give me any jewels again2 and  as ,lady 
,lucy spoke she leaned against a chair  
for support4 ,at such words  her husband
 turned quickly round1 started up1 and  
exclaimed4    ,lucy1 my love6--in       
tears--what has happened8 and1 finding  
that even  when he wound his arm around 
her she was still mute1 he continued1   
,speak--this silence breaks my          
heart--what have ,i done to lose your   
confidence8    ,not you--,i-- gasped the
 wife4 ,your words at breakfast--this   
letter--have rolled the stone from my   
heart--,i must confess--the  truth--,i  
am like ,mrs4 ,beaufort--in             
debt--frightfully in debt4 ,and with a  
gesture1 as if she would crush herself  
into the earth1 she slipped from  his   
arms and sank literally on the floor4   

,whatever pang ,mr4 ,ferrars felt at the
 knowledge of her fault1 it seemed      
,overpowered by the sense of her present
 anguish--an anguish that proved  how   
bitter had been the expiation2 and he   
lifted his wife to the sofa1  bent over 
her with fondness1 called her by all the
 dear pet names to  which her ear was   
accustomed1 and nearer twenty times than
 once gave her  the kiss of forgiveness4
    ,and it is of you ,i have been      
frightened6 cried ,lady ,lucy1 clinging 
to  his hand4 ,you who ,i thought would 
never make any excuses for faults you   
yourself could not have committed6    ,i
 have never been tempted4    ,have ,i8  
,i dare not say so4    ,tell me how it  
all came about1 said ,mr4 ,farrars1     
drawing her to him2  tell me from the   
beginning4    ,but his gentleness       
unnerved her--she felt choking--loosened
 the collar of  her dress for breathing 
space-and gave him the knowledge he     
asked in  broken exclamations4          
,before ,i was married--it--began4 ,they

 persuaded me so many--oh1 so           
many--unnecessary things--were--needed4 
,then they would not send the           
bills--and ,i--for a long time--never   
knew--what ,i owed--and then--and       
then--,i thought ,i should have the     
power--but--    ,your allowance was not 
sufficient8 asked ,mr4 ,ferrars1        
pressing her hand  as he spoke4    ,oh1 
yes1 yes1 yes6 most generous1 and yet it
 was always forestalled to  pay old     
bills3 and then--and then my wants were 
so many4 ,i was so weak4  ,madame       
,dalmas has had dresses ,i could have   
worn when ,i had new ones on  credit    
instead1 and--and ,harris has had double
 wages to compensate for  what a lady's 
maid thinks her perquisites2 even       
articles ,i might have  given to poor   
gentlewomen ,i have been mean enough to 
sell4 ,oh1 ,walter6 ,i  have been very  
wrong2 but ,i have been miserable for at
 least three years4  ,i felt as if an   
iron cage were rising around me1--from  
which you only  could free me--and yet1 

till to-day1 ,i think ,i could have died
 rather  than confess to you4    ,my    
poor girl6 ,why should you have feared  
me8 ,have ,i ever been harsh8    ,oh1   
no6--no--but you are so just--so strict 
in all these things--    ,i hope ,i am2 
and yet not the less do ,i understand   
how all this has come  about4 ,now1     
,lucy1--now that you have ceased to fear
 me--tell me the  amount4    ,she strove
 to speak1 but could not4    ,three     
figures or four8 tell me4    ,i am      
afraid--yes1 ,i am afraid four1 murmured
 ,lady ,lucy1 and hiding her  face from 
his view2 yes1 four figures1 and my     
quarter received last week  gone every  
penny4    ,lucy1 every bill shall be    
paid this day2 but you must reward me by
 being  happy4    ,generous6 dearest6   
,but1 ,walter1 if you had been a poor   
man1 what then8    ,ah1 ,lucy1 that     
would have been a very different and an 
infinitely sadder  story4 ,instead of   
the relinquishment of some indulgence   
hardly to be  missed1 there might have  

been ruin1 and poverty1 and disgrace4   
,you have  one excuse1--at least you    
knew that ,i could pay at last4    ,ah1 
but at what a price6 ,the price of your 
love and confidence4    ,no1 ,lucy--for 
your confession has been voluntary2 and 
,i will not ask  myself what ,i should  
have felt had the knowledge come from   
another4 ,after  all1 you have fallen to
 a temptation which besets the wives of 
the rich  far more than those of poor or
 struggling gentlemen4 ,tradespeople are
  shrewd enough in one respect--they do 
not press their commodities and  long   
credit in quarters where ultimate       
payment seems doubtful--though--        
,they care not what domestic misery they
 create among the rich4    ,stay3 there 
are faults on both sides1 not the least 
of them being that  girls in your       
station are too rarely taught the value 
of money1 or that  integrity in money   
matters should be to them a point of    
honor second only  to one other4 ,now   
listen1 my darling1 before we dismiss   

this painful  subject forever4 ,you have
 the greatest confidence in your maid1  
and  entre nous she must be a good deal 
in the secret4 ,we shall bribe her to   
discretion1 however1 by dismissing      
,madame ,dalmas at once and forever4 ,as
  soon as you can spare ,harris1 ,i will
 send her to change a check at          
,coutts'1 and then1 for expedition and  
security1 she shall take on the         
brougham and make a round to these      
tradespeople4 ,meanwhile1 ,i will drive 
you in the phaeton to look at the       
bracelet4    ,oh1 no-no1 dear ,walter1  
not the bracelet4    ,yes--yes--,i say  
yes4 ,though not a quarrel1 this is a   
sorrow which has  come between us1 and  
there must be a peace-offering4 ,besides
 ,i would not  have you think that you  
had reached the limits of my will1 and  
of my  means to gratify you4    ,to     
think that ,i could have doubted--that  
,i could have feared you6  sobbed ,lady 
,lucy1 as tears of joy coursed down her 
cheeks4 ,but1 ,walter1  it is not every 

husband who would have shown such       
generosity4    ,i think there are few   
husbands1 ,lucy1 who do not estimate    
truth and  candor as among the chief of 
conjugal virtues3--ah1 had you confided 
in  me when first you felt the bondage  
of debt1 how much anguish would have    
been spared you6           99       99  
99       99       99    ,,jones ,,on    
,,chantrey4,a      ,footnote ,a3 ,sir   
,francis ,chantrey1 ,r4 ,a42            
,recollections of his ,life1  ,practice 
and ,opinions4 ,by ,george ,jones1 ,r4  
,a4 ,london1 ,moxon1 #ahdi4      ,the   
criticisms of ,literature in the ,london
 ,times are as clever in their  way as  
the other articles of that famous       
journal4 ,it keeps a critic of  the ,poe
 school for pretenders1 and the         
following review of a recent life  of   
,chantrey the sculptor is in his vein4  
,it embodies a just estimate of  the    
artist4    ,a good life of ,chantrey    
would be a welcome and a serviceable    
contribution  to the general store4     

,chantrey was a national sculptor in the
 sense that  ,burns was a national poet4
 ,his genius1 of the highest order1     
indicated  throughout his career the    
nature of the soil in which it had been 
cherished4 ,as man and artist he was    
essentially ,british4 ,by his own       
unassisted strength he rose from the    
ranks1 and achieved the highest         
eminence by the simplest and most       
legitimate means4 ,his triumph is at    
once a proof of his power1 and an answer
 to all who1 instead of putting         
shoulder to the wheel1 console their    
mediocrity by railing against the  cold 
exclusiveness of aristocratic           
institutions4    ,chantrey began life in
 a workshop4 ,a friend1 toward the close
 of the  artist's life1 passing through 
his studio1 was struck by a head of     
,milton's ,satan lying in a corner4     
,that head1 said ,chantrey to his       
visitor1 was the very first thing that  
,i did after ,i came to ,london4  ,i    
worked at it in a garret1 with a paper  

cap on my head1 and1 as ,i could  then  
afford only one candle1 ,i stuck that   
one in my cap that it might  move along 
with me1 and give me light whichever way
 ,i turned4 ,a still  severer school of 
discipline had1 previously to his       
appearance in the  ,london garret1 given
 his mind the practical turn chiefly    
characteristic  of his life and works4  
,he was born in #aghb1 at ,norton1 in   
,derbyshire1 and  when eight years old  
lost his father4 ,his mother married    
again1 and in  #agih proposed to        
apprentice him to a solicitor in        
,sheffield4 ,whilst  walking through    
that town the boy saw some wood carving 
in a shop window4  ,his good angel was  
with him at the moment1 and stood his   
friend4 ,chantrey  begged to be made a  
carver1 and he was accordingly          
apprenticed to a ,mr4  ,ramsay1 a wood  
carver in ,sheffield4    ,at the house  
of his master the apprentice often met  
,mr4 ,raphael ,smith1  known for his    
admirable crayon drawings4 ,the         

acquaintance led to a more  refined     
appreciation of art1 and excited in the 
youth so strong a desire  to cultivate  
it in a higher sphere1 that at the age  
of #ba he gave to his  master the whole 
of his wealth1 amounting to #ej1 to     
cancel his  indentures4 ,had he waited  
patiently for six months longer1 his    
liberty  would have been his own1       
unbought4 ,leaving the carver's shop    
,chantrey  began to study in earnest4   
,he painted a few portraits1 which      
brought him  in a little money1 and1    
with a little more borrowed from his    
friends1 he  started for ,london4 ,here1
 guided by common sense1 he sought      
employment as  an assistant carver4 ,he 
might have starved had he started as a  
professional painter4    ,whilst        
laboring for subsistence ,chantrey still
 used his brush1 and also  laid the     
foundation of his coming success by     
making models in clay of the  human     
figure4 ,he would hang1 says his present
 biographer1 pieces of  drapery on these

 models1 that he might get a perfect    
knowledge of the  way1 and the best way1
 that it should be represented4 ,in this
 manner he  was accustomed to work1 and 
when he had completed one figure or mass
 of  drapery he pulled it down and began
 to model another from drapery          
differently arranged2 for at that time  
he never did anything without  nature or
 the material being before him4 ,in     
#ahjh ,chantrey's first  imaginative    
work was exhibited4 ,we have already    
mentioned it4 ,it was the  head of      
,satan produced in the garret4    ,for  
eight years1 according to ,chantrey     
himself1 he did not gain #e by his      
modeling4 ,a fortunate commission1      
however--the bust of ,horne             
,tooke--finally obtained for him other  
commissions1 amounting altogether  ,to  
#ab1jjj4 ,in #ahaa he married his cousin
 ,miss ,wale2 with this lady he         
received #aj1jjj2 this money enabled him
 to pay off some debts he had           
contracted1 to purchase a house and     

ground1 on which he built two houses1  a
 studio and offices1 and also to buy    
marble to proceed in the career he  had 
begun4 ,in #ahab he executed for the    
city of ,london a statue in marble  of  
,george ,,iii41 placed in the           
council-chamber of ,guildhall1 and in   
#ahag  he produced the exquisite        
monument--not to be surpassed for       
tenderness of  sentiment and poetic     
beauty--of the two children whose death 
this piece  of sculpture now            
commemorates in ,lichfield cathedral4   
,with this  achievement the race was    
won4 ,in #ahah he was elected an        
associate of the  ,royal ,academy1 and  
as soon after as the practice of the    
,academy admitted  he was elevated to   
the rank of ,academican4    ,from this  
period until his death1 in #ahda1 the   
career of the sculptor was  a series of 
noble and well rewarded efforts4 ,he    
amassed a fortune1 which  at his death  
he bequeathed to the ,royal ,academy for
 the promotion of  ,british art4 ,he was

 a favored subject of three successive  
,sovereigns1 and  the friend and        
companion of the most illustrious among 
his  contemporaries4 ,his death was     
somewhat singular4 ,for two years he had
  been in a declining state of health1  
but his condition had given his  friends
 no immediate alarm4 ,on the #bb;d of   
,november he wrote to ,sir  ,charles    
,clarke1 from ,norwich1 expressing his  
intention to go to town on  the         
following day1 and announcing an        
invitation to ,audley-end1 which he  had
 accepted for the #hth of the following 
month4 ,on ,thursday1 the #beth of      
,november1 a friend called at his house 
in ,london1 between #e and #f  o'clock1 
and was pressed to dine4 ,as he could   
not do so1 ,chantrey  accompanied his   
visitor on his way home as far as       
,buckingham ,palace1  complaining on the
 way of a slight pain in the stomach1   
but at the same  time receiving his     
friend's condolences with jokes and     
laughter4 ,the  clock struck #g when the

 friends shook hands and parted4 ,at #i 
,chantrey was  dead4    ,let us regard  
,chantrey from what point we may1 the   
features that present  themselves to the
 observer bear the same unmistakable    
stamp4 ,as sculptor  and as man1 at home
 or abroad1 in his serious recreations  
or pleasurable  pursuits1 in his temper 
and social bearing1 ,francis ,chantrey  
was a  thorough ,englishman4 ,heaven    
endowed him with genius1 and his sound  
sense  enabled him to take the precious 
gift as a blessing4 ,sheffield1 that    
reared him1 had no cause to be uneasy on
 his account2 the prudence and          
shrewdness of the ,north were admirably 
mingled with the aesthetic  qualities of
 the ,south4 ,in the pocketbook which   
accompanied the sculptor  on his        
,italian tour1 notes were found         
referring to the objects of art  visited
 on the way1 and in the same tablet were
 accurate accounts of  expenditure and  
the current prices of marble4 ,avoiding 
as much as  possible the treatment of   

purely poetical subjects1 ,chantrey by  
the  force of simplicity idealized the  
most ordinary topics4 ,he shrank from   
allegory by a natural instinct1 yet his 
plain unadorned forms have the          
elevation and charm of a figurative     
discourse4 ,chantrey1 says ,mr4  ,jones4
    ,cast aside every extrinsic         
recommendation1 and depended entirely on
 form  and effect4 ,he took the greatest
 care that his shadows should tell      
boldly  and in masses4 ,he was cautious 
in introducing them1 and always reduced 
them as much as might be compatible with
 the complete development of the        
figure4 ,he never introduced a fold that
 could be dispensed with1 rarely        
deviated from long lines1 and avoided   
abrupt foldings4 ,his dislike to        
ornament in sculpture was extreme4      
,in architecture he liked it no better4 
,superfluous embellishment in this      
branch of art he held to be either      
concealment of inability or a           
development of puerile taste4 ,fine     

buildings1 he asserted1 must still be   
fine1 if divested of every ornament and 
left altogether bare4 ,apparent         
artlessness is the consummation of art4 
,the busts of ,chantrey bear  immortal  
testimony to the fact4    ,the manly and
 courageous view which ,chantrey took of
 his duties as an  artist sustained  him
 in every attempt he made to impress    
that view upon  his works4 ,he is       
described as shrinking from no          
difficulty1 as being  deterred by no    
embarrassment that labor1 assiduity1 and
 good sense could  surmount4 ,his       
independence was as great as his energy1
 and both smacked  of the ,saxon blood  
in his veins4 ,the manner of the        
sculptor was rough and  unceremonious1  
but he exhibited as little coarseness in
 his demeanor as  in the massive figures
 of his chisel1 which might offend some 
by their  heaviness1 but which gratified
 all by their undoubted grandeur and    
dignity4 ,the quiet yet splendid        
generosity of ,chantrey was equally     

characteristic of his country4 ,he      
assisted the needy largely and          
unobtrusively4 ,instances of his bounty 
are on record which would do honor  to  
the wealthiest patron of art4 ,how much 
more luster do they shed upon  the      
indefatigable day-laborer8 ,if we follow
 the sculptor from his studio  to the   
open fields1 he is still national to the
 backbone4 ,he escapes from  ,london to 
pass days with his rod at the river     
side1 or to walk with his  gun on his   
arm from #aj o'clock until half-past #d 
without feeling the  least fatigue4     
,yesterday he killed two salmon in the  
,conway1 at  ,llanrwst1 and to-day he   
kills #bh hares1 #h pheasants1 #d       
partridges--total1 #dj head1 all from my
 own gun4 ,visit him at home and  e is  
the prince of hospitality4 ,his dinners 
are of the best1 and he is  never       
happier than when presiding at them4    
,like an ,englishman1 he was  proud of  
the illustrious society his success     
enabled him to summon around  him1 and1 

like an ,englishman too1 he had greater 
pride still in dwelling  upon the       
humbleness of his origin1 and in        
recounting the history of his  difficult
 journey from struggling obscurity to   
worldwide renown4    ,now1 what we      
contend for is--without presuming       
ourselves to attempt  anything like a   
worthy portraiture of ,francis          
,chantrey--that here1  ready-made to the
 hand of any man competent to the task  
of illustrating a  life full of         
instruction for the rising brotherhood  
of art1 is a subject  which it behooved 
the ,royal institution that has so      
largely profited by  ,chantrey's        
liberality and fame1 not to neglect1    
much less throw away4 ,the  book which  
we have taken for the foundation of this
 notice1 written by a  ,royal           
,academician1 is a disgrace to the      
,royal ,academy4 ,is then1 we ask1  no  
single member of that gifted body       
competent to say a word or two in  plain
 ,english for the departed sculptor1    

that such a melancholy  exhibition of   
helplessness must needs be sent forth as
 a tribute from  excellence to          
excellence8 ,the life of ,chantrey      
properly written could not  but prove of
 the utmost value to ,englishmen1 and   
simply because it is the  career of a   
man attaining the highest distinction by
 means thoroughly  understood by his    
countrymen1 and by the exercise of an   
intellect at all  times under the       
salutary influence of a wholesale       
national bias4 ,jones on  ,chantrey is  
,jenkins on ,milton2 the poet of ,moses 
and ,son upon the  ,inferno of          
,dante--the ridiculous limping after the
 sublime4    ,the great aim of ,mr4     
,george ,jones1 ,r4,a41 in his present  
undertaking1  seems to have been to     
exhibit his own vast erudition and his  
great  command of the hard words of his 
native tongue4 ,indeed1 he quotes so    
much  ,greek and ,latin1 and talks so   
finely1 that it is only to be regretted 
that he does not now and then come down 

from his stilts in order to  gratify    
himself with a little intelligible      
,english and his readers with  some     
homely grammar4 ,it will be our painful 
duty to submit to the  reader's notice a
 specimen or two of ,mr4 ,jones'        
peculiar style1 which1  together with   
the profound simplicity of his original 
remarks1 make up as  curious a          
production as it has ever fallen to our 
lot to read and to  criticise4    ,when 
our old friend1 ,m4 ,soyer1 declared his
 conviction that to die is a  religious 
duty which every human being owes to his
 ,creator1 and that  when the parents of
 a family are suddenly cut off1 the     
unfortunate event  not only affects the 
children personally1 but their future   
generations1  by destroying all the     
social comfort which generally exists in
 such  families1 and probably would     
cause misery to exist instead of        
happiness1  it occurred to us that      
sterner truisms in more naked guise it  
would be  difficult to produce4 ,we had 

not then read ,jones4 ,his self-evident 
propositions are perfectly astounding4  
,here are a few of them4    ,chantrey   
believed that the mind and morals are   
improved by the  contemplation of       
beautiful objects4 ,who could have      
supposed it8  ,chantrey was convinced   
that variety in building1 if under the  
guidance  of good sense and propriety1  
tends much to the beauty of a country4  
,is  it possible8 ,chantrey believed    
that all which has been done may be     
exceeded when genius and ability are    
equal to the task1 for as ,raphael  has 
surpassed the lay-figure art of most of 
his predecessors1 so no  reason exists  
why ,raphael should not be surpassed4   
,had he never spoken  again1 this idea  
would have procured him a niche next to 
,francis ,bacon4  ,the sculptor actually
 believed that even the glories of the  
past may be  outdone when there are     
genius and ability enough in the world  
to surpass  them6 ,will ,mr4 ,jones     
favor us with the day and precise moment

 at which  this wonderful conception    
entered the great sculptor's mind8 ,we  
should  like to record it4 ,chantrey    
felt that the blind adoration of right  
and  wrong was likely to mislead the    
public4 ,we really think we have heard  
the remark before4 ,chantrey referred   
every object to the ,creator of all1    
and admired without limit the works of  
the ,great ,artificer1 from the         
smallest leaf to the noblest production1
 and in his mundane calling  aimed at an
 imitation of that excellence of beauty 
which nature has  displayed4 ,there is  
nothing like getting at the             
idiosyncrasies of the  famous4 ,since   
,chantrey1 according to ,jones1 has set 
the example of  referring creation to a 
creator1 and of studying nature when be 
wished to  imitate her1 we can only     
trust that the practice may henceforward
 be  universally adopted4 ,chantrey was 
of opinion--no1 we mistake1 this is     
,jones' own--,jones is of opinion that  
although the literary education of      

artists ought to be as extensive as     
possible1 yet they may sometimes        
require the assistance of those whose   
opportunities and abilities have        
enabled them to make a deeper research4 
,finely said4 ,jones is a case in       
point4 ,we do not know the extent of his
 literary education1 but whatever  it   
be1 the assistance of ,lindley ,murray  
would1 we are certain1 be of  infinite  
service to him at this moment4    ,we   
forget how many thousands of pounds1    
poor ,chantrey left to the ,royal       
,academy4 ,jones never tires of lauding 
the ,academy by referring to the        
munificent bequests2 yet this1 we       
repeat1 is the return made by that      
favored institution1 in the person of   
one of its chief members1 to the no     
less distinguished and generous donor4  
,the life of ,chantrey would not  have  
been difficult in the hands of a        
moderately informed artist4 ,dear       
,jones1 we wanted a man of taste 7d--n  
taste71 we mean judgment1 and your      

professed regard for your friend should 
not have rested content until it  had   
found one4           99       99        
99       99       99      ,,song4       
,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,stoddard4      ,i've left
 my native home afar1      ,beyond the  
dark blue main2    ,and many a mouth may
 come and go      ,ere ,i return again3 
,but months and years must come and go  
,as rolling waves depart1    ,ere ,i    
forget to give you all      ,a home     
within my heart6      ,i come to you as 
swallows come1      ,across the stormy  
foam2    ,my chief delight in alien     
lands1      ,to sing my songs of home3  
,nor will ,i once regret my home        
,and all the sea that parts1    ,if you 
will only give me now      ,a home      
within your hearts6           99        
99       99       99       99      ,from
 the ,athenaeum4    ,,virginia ,,two    
,,hundred ,,years ,,ago4,a              
,footnote ,a3 ,the ,historie of         
,travaile into ,virginia ,britannia2    
expressing the ,cosmographie and        

,comodities of the ,country1 togither   
with  the ,manners and ,customes of the 
,people4 ,gathered and observed as well 
by  those who went first thither as     
collected by ,william ,strachey1 ,gent1 
the  first ,secretary of the ,colony4   
,now first edited from the original     
,manuscript1 in the ,british ,museum1 by
 ,r4 ,h4 ,major1 ,esq41 of the ,british 
,museum4 ,printed for the ,hakluyt      
,society4      ,this is a suggestive    
book1 with its prophetic motto1--its    
dedication to  ,lord ,bacon1 the fit    
patron of discoverers1--and its curious 
map1  described by ,captayn ,john       
,smith1 adorned with ships1 and huge    
whales1  and all the land so closely    
dotted over with tall trees and         
molehill-sized mountains1 and here and  
there the mark of an ,indian  settlement
 just visible4 ,worthy ,william         
,strachey1 ,gent41 what would be  his   
surprise to look over a map of ,virginia
 ,britannia1-that ample tract  of land  
with sufficient space and ground enough 

to satisfie the most  covetous1--in the 
year #ahej2 and to mark the teeming and 
busy  population1 the steamboats that   
navigate the five faire and delightfull 
navigable rivers within the ,chesapeake 
,bay1 the railroads that intersect  the 
whole country and the vast human tide   
still pouring westward8  ,this shall be 
written for the generation to come1 is  
his motto2 and  interesting it is to the
 reader to follow him in his narrative  
of the  toils and privations of the good
 company to which he was secretary1 and 
in his full and minute account of the   
produce of the country1 and its  strange
 inhabitants4 ,who ,william ,strachey   
was1 ,mr4 ,major1 notwithstanding  all  
his diligence1 has not been able to     
ascertain4 ,in his dedication to  ,lord 
,bacon1 he describes himself as having  
been one of the ,graies-,inne  ,societe1
 and his narrative affords ample proof  
of his being a man of  learning and     
worth3 but of his family1 the date of   
his birth or of his  death1 we have no  

record4    ,the earlier attempts to     
colonize ,north ,america were numerous1 
but all  unfavorable4 ,divers voyages   
were made thither from the year #aegh to
 the  close of the reign of ,elizabeth1 
but without success2 nor were the first 
adventurers in the reign of her         
successor more fortunate4    ,at the    
time of the death of ,queen ,elizabeth1 
one hundred and eleven  years subsequent
 to the great discovery of the ,western 
,world by ,columbus1  the ,spaniards1 on
 whose behalf his discovery had been    
made1 were the sole  permanent settlers 
in this wide and wealthy continent4 ,in 
#afjf1 the  ,french began to make       
settlements in ,canada and ,acadie1 now 
,nova ,scotia1  but it was not till     
#afjg that the enterprise1 which was    
finally destined  to lay the foundation 
of ,british occupancy of ,american soil1
 was  undertaken4 ,twenty-three years   
had expired since the patent has been   
granted to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh to     
discover and take possession1 with      

little less than royal privileges1 of   
remote heathen and barbarous lands1     
hitherto not actually possessed by any  
,christian prince2 and yet not an  acre 
of ,american soil had hitherto become   
the property of the  ,english44444 ,it  
was shortly after this period1 viz41 ,a 
#afje-f1 that  ,richard ,hakluyt1 the   
'presidium et dulce decus' of our       
,society1 to  whom1 as ,robertson justly
 remarks1 ',england is more indebted for
 its  ,american possessions than to any 
man of that age1' used influential      
arguments with various gentlemen of     
condition1 to induce them to present  a 
petition to ,king ,james to grant them  
patents for the settlement of two       
plantations on the coast of ,north      
,america4 ,this petition issued in the  
concession of a charter1 bearing date   
the #ajth of ,april #afjf1 by which  the
 tract of country lying between the     
thirty-forth and forty-fifth  degrees of
 latitude was to be divided into nearly 
equal portions1 between  two companies2 

that occupying the southern portion to  
be called the first  colony             
7subsequently named the ,london         
,company71 and that occupying the       
northern1 to be called the second colony
 7subsequently named the ,plymouth      
,company74 ,the patent also vested in   
each colony a right of property over    
fifty miles of the land1 extending along
 the coast each side of the point  of   
first occupation1 and a hundred miles   
inland4 ,the chief adventurers  in the  
,london or ,south ,virginian ,company1  
with which as the first  settlement we  
now have principally to do1 were ,sir   
,thomas ,gates1 ,sir  ,george ,somers1  
,richard ,hakluyt1 and ,edward ,maria   
,wingfield4 ,the command  of the        
expedition was committed to ,captain    
,newport4    ,by a strange caprice of   
the king1 these instructions were sent  
carefully  sealed up and inclosed in a  
box1 not to be opened till their arrival
 in  ,virginia4 ,thus1 destitute of a   
leader at the time when they most needed

  one1 they chose the gallant ,captain  
,john ,smith1 so well known from the    
romantic tale of his own life and       
,englishmen's lives1 for his sake1 being
  saved once and again1 by the personal 
devotion of the generous but            
ill-requited ,pocahontas4 ,under him the
 first permanent settlement of the      
,english in ,america was effected1 and  
,james ,town built4 ,in #afji the       
expedition under ,lord ,delaware set    
out2 and under his enlightened and      
beneficent auspices the colony soon     
assumed a wholesome and active          
appearance4 ,ill health1 however1       
compelled him within two years to       
return to ,england3 but ,sir ,thomas    
,dale arriving soon after1 with a fresh 
supply of emigrants1 the colony         
continued prosperous1 its affairs       
subsequently retrograded2 and ,lord     
,delawarr again went out in the year    
#afah1--;but unfortunately only to die1 
near the bay which still bears his      
name4    ,finally it was not till #afbj1

 after so many abortive efforts had been
  made both by ,government and powerful 
bodies to form an establishment in      
,north ,virginia1 that at length it     
received1 under unexpected              
circumstances1 an influx of settlers    
which soon rendered it by far the  most 
prosperous of all colonies in ,north    
,america4 ,this was the emigration  of a
 large band of ,puritans1 who suffering 
under the intolerance of the  ,english  
,government1 on account of              
non-conformity1 first passed into       
,holland1 and afterward found an asylum 
in ,america4    ,the ,historie very     
properly begins with a description of   
the land4-the  fruitfulness of which is 
dwelt on2 and a hint is given of the    
probability  that even gold may be      
discovered1--and sure it is that some   
mineralls  have ben there found4 ,the   
temperature of the country doth well    
agree  with the ,english constitutions2 
and moreover1 not only all needful      
fruits and vegetables which we transport

 from hence and plant there  thrive and 
prosper well1 but vines and tobacco and 
oranges1 and probably  sugar-canes1 will
 grow there1--for the soil is           
aromaticall1 and  moreover abounds with 
medicinal plants and drugs4 ,all this is
 the  favorable side of the             
picture2--but then1 the savages and men 
of ,ind  whose strange appearance and   
barbarous usages had excited so much    
fearful  curiosity at home6--,why1 says 
,master ,strachey4 let me truly saie1   
how  they never killed man of ours1 but 
by our men's owne folly and             
indiscretion1 suffering themselves to be
 beguiled and enticed up into  their    
howses without their armes2 for fierce  
and cunning as they are1  still they    
stand in great awe of us4 ,among them   
the ,sasquesahanougs  came to the       
discoverers with skynns1 bowes1 arrowes1
 and tobacco  pipes--doubtless the      
calumet of peace for presents4 ,but the 
chief  object of interest is1 the great 
,king ,powhatan4--already well known by 

the name as the father of the           
interesting ,indian girl1 ,pocahontas2  
the  greatnes and boundes of whose      
empire1 by reason of his powerfulnes and
  ambition in his youth1 hath larger    
lymitts than ever had any of his        
predicessors4    ,the great ,king was   
not deficient in that important mark of 
royalty-and  which doubtless            
corroborated the opinion1 then widely   
prevailing1 that  these ,indians were of
 eastern origin--a goodly number of     
wives4 ,indeed1  he is supposed to have 
many more than one hundred1 all of which
 he doth  not keepe1 yet as the ,turk1  
in one seraglia or howse1 but hath an   
appointed number1 which reside still in 
every their severall places1  amongst   
whome1 when he lyeth on his bedd1 one   
sittith at his head and  another at his 
feet2 but when he sitteth at meat1 or in
 presenting  himself to any straungers1 
one sittetn on his right hand1 and      
another on  his leaft4 ,and here we have
 the picture of the great ,powhatan1    

sitting  pipe in hand1 the very moral1  
feather-head-dress and all1 of the      
protecting genius of the tobacconist's  
shop1 with a rather pretty-looking  wife
 on each side and twenty more1          
laughingly huddled round a huge fire1   
at his feet4 ,his family was rather     
patriarchal2 consisting at this time  of
 twenty sons and ten daughters1 besides 
a young one1 a great darling1  and      
,pocahontas1 now married to a private   
captain4 ,some of his  weroances1 or    
under governors1 took somewhat of kingly
 state on them1  and so did their       
favorite wives4 ,one1 a very handsome   
savadge woman1  took on her a shewe of  
greatnes in this manner4--    ,i was    
once early at her howse 7yt being sommer
 tyme71 when she was layed  without     
dores1 under the shadowe of a           
broad-leaved tree1 upon a pallet of     
osiers1 spred over with four or five    
fyne gray matts1 herself covered  with a
 fare white drest deare skynne or two2  
and when she rose1 she had a  mayd who  

fetcht her a frontall of white currall1 
and pendants of great  but imperfect    
couloured and worse drilled pearles1    
which she put into her  eares1 and a    
chayne1 with long lyncks of copper1     
which they call  ,tapoantaminais1 and   
which came twice or thrice about her    
neck1 and they  accompt a jolly         
ornament2 and sure thus attired1 with   
some variety of  feathers and flowers   
stuck in their haires1 they seeme as    
debonaire  quaynt1 and well pleased as  
7,i wis7 a daughter of the howse of     
,austria  behune decked with all her    
jewells2 likewise her mayd fetcht her a 
mantell1 which1 they call puttawus1     
which is like a side cloak1 made of     
blew feathers1 so arteficyally and thick
 sewed togither1 that it seemed  like a 
deepe purple satten1 and is very smooth 
and sleeke2 and after she  brought her  
water for her hands1 and then a braunch 
or twoo of fresh  greene asshen leaves1 
as for a towell to dry them4 ,i offend  
in this  digression the willinger1 since

 these were ceremonyes which ,i did     
little  looke for1 carrying so much     
presentetnent of civility4    ,the      
description of the ,indian dress does   
not differ from the modern  accounts2   
the style of the ear-rings1 however1    
seems to have interested  ,strachey     
greatly1--especially the wild beast's   
claws stuck in1 and1  above all1 a small
 greene and yellow-colored live snake1  
neere half a  yard in length1 crawling  
and lapping himself about his neck4     
,truly1 we  can scarcely be surprised   
that the early settlers looked with     
suspicion  on men who wore such         
unchristian-like ornaments1 and that    
they more than  suspected them to be in 
league with the old serpent4 ,a full    
description  is given of their modes of 
hunting and fishing2 and also of their  
amusements1--especially their dances1   
which resemble those of frantique  and  
disquieted bachanalls4 ,the writer was  
not able to obtain much  information as 
to their religion4 ,from some scattered 

hints1 it seems to  have resembled the  
,mexican1 both in the human sacrifices  
and in the  secrecy attending them4     
,they also used a sort of embalming for 
their  kings1 whose bodies were kept in 
one of their temples4    ,their         
principal temple is at ,vtamussack1     
proper to ,powhatan1 upon the  top of   
certaine red sandy hills2 and it is     
accompanied by two others  sixty feet in
 length1 filled with images of their    
kings and deviles1 and  tombes of the   
predecessors4 ,this place they count so 
holy as that none  but the priests and  
kings dare come therein4 ,they are not  
observed to  keep any specific days of  
devotion2 but from time to time the     
whole  population assemble to make a    
great fier in the house or fields1 and  
all  to sing and daunce about yt1 in a  
ring like so many fayries1 with rattles 
and showtes4 ,this points to an eastern 
source3 so does the following3    ,they 
have also divers conjurations3 one they 
made at what tyme they had  taken       

,captain ,smyth prisoner1 to know1 as   
they reported1 if any more of  his      
countrymen would arrive there1 and what 
they intended2 the manner of  yt        
,captain ,smyth observed to be as       
followeth3 first1 soe sone as daie was  
shut in1 they kindled a faire great fier
 in a lone howse1 about which  assembled
 seven priests1 takinge ,captain ,smyth 
by the hand1 and  appointing him his    
seat2 about the fier they made a kynd of
 enchanted  circle of meale2 that done1 
the chiefest priest1 attyred as is      
expressed1  gravely began to sing and   
shake his rattle1 solemly rownding and  
marching  about the fier1 the rest      
followed him silently untill his song   
was done1  which they all shutt up with 
a groane4 ,at the end of the first song 
the  chief priest layd downe certaine   
graines of wheat1 and so continuyed     
howling and invoking their okeus to     
stand firme and powerful to them in     
divers varieties of songs1 still        
counting the songs by their graynes1    

untill they had circled the fier three  
tymes1 then they devided the  graynes by
 certaine number with little sticks1 all
 the while muttering  some ympious thing
 unto themselves1 oftentymes looking    
upon ,captain  ,smyth4 ,in this manner  
they contynued ten or twelve howers     
without any  other ceremonies or        
intermission1 with such violent         
stretching of their  armes1 and various 
passions1 jestures1 and simptoms1 as    
might well seeme  stang to him before   
whom they so conjured1 and who every    
hower expected  to be the hoast and one 
of their sacrifice4 ,not any meat did   
they eat  untill yt was very late1 and  
the night far spent4 ,about the rising  
of the  morning starr they seemed to    
have finished their work of darknes1 and
  then drew forth such provision as was 
in the said howse1 and feasted          
themselves and him with much mirth4     
,some part of this narrative reminds us 
of the conjurations of the              
,scandinavian prophetess--before she    

poured forth the ,runic rhyme1 as       
related by ,bartolinus2 we wish the     
writer had mentioned whether they  moved
 eastward or westward4 ,the prophetess  
we have just alluded to1  grasped her   
staff carved with ,runic characters1 all
 the time1 and singing  a low monotonous
 chant1 she proceeded1 contrary to the  
course of the  sun1 round and round the 
charmed fire4 ,the coincidence is1      
however1  striking4    ,the first book  
ends with a high eulogy on the          
capabilities of the  country2 the       
probability of its containing great     
mineral wealth1 as well  as the         
certainty of its yielding abundant      
produce1 for yt hath 7even  beside      
necessary helpes1 and commodities for   
life7 apparent proufs of  many naturall 
riches4 ,the second book gives a very   
interesting account  of the various     
attempts to colonize this portion of    
,america1 from the  time of the         
discovery to the expedition of ,lord    
,delawarr1--of which ,mr4  ,major has   

given an excellent epitome in his       
introduction4    ,looking at the period 
when this work was probably written1 and
 especially  at the arguments used by   
the earnest writer1 we cannot but think 
it  likely that it may have aided the   
,pilgrim ,fathers in their determination
  to seek on the farther shores of the  
,atlantic that freedom which was  denied
 them here4 ,although in manuscript1 it 
may have been well known2  for we have  
several instances of copies being made  
of works not intended  for the press4   
,in this instance1 two copies are still 
extant2 and the  circumstance of that in
 the ,ashmolean ,collection being       
dedicated to ,sir  ,allen ,apsley1 ,lucy
 ,hutchinson's father1 affords strong   
probability that  it would soon become  
known to the ,puritans1 since the wife  
of ,sir  ,allen1--as we learn from her  
daughter's delightful memoir1--was a    
warm  adherent to their cause4 ,the     
incidental benefits which ,strachey     
anticipates for the natives by their    

intercourse with civilized and          
,christian people were strongly dwelt on
 by the exiles at ,amsterdam2 and  the  
very motto on the title-page of the work
 before us--,this shall be  written for 
the generation to come3 and the people  
which shall be created  shall praise the
 ,lord--was so often used by them1 that 
in the record of  their settlement at   
,plymouth it might almost have been     
taken for their  motto4 ,if such were   
the case1 if the book before us gave1   
indeed1 the  impulse to that devoted    
band of settlers1 how mighty was its    
influence3--for seldom have greater     
destinies been enshrined in a frail     
bark than those that freighted the      
,may-flower6--,mr4 ,major merits much   
commendation for his careful editorship 
and his illustrative notes3 nor  should 
the excellent etchings by his lady be   
overlooked1 inasmuch as they  give      
additional interest to a very           
interesting volume4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,from  

the ,times4    ,,the ,,great ,,lord     
,,mansfield4      ,lord ,campbell has   
learned to take a broad and manly view  
of the  ,profession which his own       
erudition adorns4 ,in his temporary     
retirement he  paid homage to           
literature2 and literature1 as is her   
wont1 rewards her  worshiper by         
extending his vision and emancipating   
his mind4 ,a more  intimate acquaintance
 with the transactions and passions of  
the past1 a  disinterested and unbiased 
survey of the lives and triumphs of his 
illustrious predecessors1 has prepared  
our present ,chief ,justice for his     
eminence by teaching him1 above all     
things1 that judicial fame does not     
arise from a dull though perfect        
knowledge of the technicalities of law1 
and that there is all the difference in 
the world between a splendid  ambition  
and the groveling prosecution of an     
ignoble trade4    ,it is certainly not  
extraordinary that the life of the great
 ,earl of  ,mansfield has been          

contemplated by his biographer until a  
sense of  humility has been engendered1 
and eloquent admiration for transcendent
  intelligence evoked4 ,from among a    
host this luminary stands forth4        
,faultless he was not1 as we shall      
presently see2 but his failings1        
whatever they may have been1 in no way  
obscured the luster of a genius  that   
gave sublimity to the most prosaic of   
pursuits1 and1 in the teeth of          
prejudice1 vindicated law against the   
toils of the narrow-minded and the      
opprobrium of ages4 ,what ,bacon proved 
to philosophy ,mansfield in his day     
became1 in a measure1 to his own        
cherished science2 and1 as ,coke        
affected  commiseration for the author  
of the ,novum ,organum1 so the fettered 
slaves of forms and rules in later times
 pitied and reproached ,lord  ,mansfield
 for his declared unconquerable         
preference for the spirit of  justice to
 the unilluminated letter of the law4   
,nature and education prepared ,william 

,murray for the very highest  forensic  
distinction1 and his career is chiefly  
remarkable for the  certain1 though     
gradual steps1 by which he reached it4  
,his success was  the legitimate and    
logical result of the means sedulously  
taken to obtain  it4 ,had ,william      
,murray failed to win his race1 it would
 have been because  he had dropped down 
dead on the course1 or violent hands had
 forbidden  his progress4 ,the          
conditions of victory were secured at   
starting1 in his  own person1 let the   
competitors be whom they might4 ,the    
spirit of the boy  was as ambitious of  
worldly glory as the spirit of the man  
looked for  undying fame2 from first to 
last1 from the beginning of the century 
until  the close of it1 the same        
application1 the same aptitude1 the same
  self-devotion1 and the same clear1    
unruffled1 penetrating judgment1 were   
visible in ,mansfield's useful and      
protracted life4    ,the younger son of 
a poor ,scotch lord1 whose family       

favored the ,stuart  cause1 ,william    
,murray quitted his school at ,perth on 
the #aeth of ,march1  #agah1 being then 
thirteen years of age1 and started on   
the back of a pony  for the city of     
,london4 ,his destination was the house 
of an apothecary1  who1 emigrating from 
,perth1 had settled in ,london1 and was 
now  commissioned to see the son of his 
former patron safely deposited at       
,westminster ,school1 where it was hoped
 the young student would win1 in  due   
time1 his ,oxford scholarship4 ,upon the
 #hth of ,may1 just two months  after   
the journey was commenced1 the pony     
completed his task1 and the  rider      
resolutely began his own4 ,he soon      
distinguished himself by his  classical 
attainments1 and1 according to ,mr4     
,welsby1 his superiority was  more      
manifest in the declamations than in any
 of the other exercises  prescribed by  
the regulations of the school4 ,in ,may1
 #agbc1 after a  severe examination1    
,william ,murray took his place as first

 on the list  of ,king's scholars who   
were to proceed to ,christ ,church4     
,at ,oxford the student determined to go
 to the bar1 and through the  generosity
 of the first ,lord ,foley1 who supplied
 him with funds1 he was  enabled to     
follow a profession for which1 as he    
himself said1 he felt a  calling4 ,he   
had not been at ,oxford a year before he
 became a member of  the ,hon4 ,society 
of ,lincoln's inn1 although he did not  
begin to keep his  terms there until he 
had taken his bachelor's degree4 ,at    
college ,william  ,murray was as        
diligent as he had been at school1 and1 
intent upon renown1  he took care to    
make all study subservient to the one   
great object of his  life4 ,he read     
whatever had been written on the subject
 of  oratory1--translated into ,english 
every oration of ,cicero1 and           
retranslated it into ,latin1 until every
 thought and expression of the          
illustrious example was familiar to his 
mind4 ,he applied himself  vigorously to

 original composition1 and strengthened 
his intellect by the  perusal of works  
which do not ordinarily fall within the 
college course4  ,he was still at       
,oxford in #agbg1 the year of ,george   
the ,first's death1 and  became the     
successful competitor for a prize when  
the students of the  ,university were   
called upon1 in the name of the ,muses1 
to mourn over the  urn of the departed  
,csar1--of that ,csar1 as ,mr4 ,macaulay
 has it1 who  could not read a line of  
,pope1 and who loved nothing but punch  
and fat  women4 ,a rival poet upon this 
occasion was a lad from ,eton4          
,disappointment and vexation at defeat1 
it is said1 rankled in this boy's       
bosom1 and opened a wound which closed  
only with life4 ,be this as it may1  the
 classic rivalry begun at school between
 ,pitt and ,murray became fiery  strife 
between ,chatham and ,mansfield1 fit for
 a civilized world to  witness and to   
profit by4    ,from ,christ ,church to  
,lincoln's-inn was a transfer of abode1 

scarcely a  change of habits or of life4
 ,murray was four years nearer to his   
goal1  but that goal had still to be    
reached1 and could only be won by       
untiring1  patient1 and ceaseless       
endeavor4 ,at ,oxford he had attended   
lectures on  the ,pandects of           
,justinian1 which gave him a permanent  
taste for that  noble system of         
jurisprudence4 ,in his chambers he made 
himself  thoroughly acquainted with     
ancient and modern history1 applied     
himself  diligently to ethics1 to the   
study of ,roman civil law1 the          
foundation of  jurisprudence1 of        
international law1 and of ,english      
municipal law4 ,no  drudgery was too    
laborious1 no toil too dull4 ,expecting1
 from his  northern connections1 to be  
employed in appeals from ,scotland1 he  
made  himself master of the law of that 
country1 and when he was not engaged in 
these and similar pursuits1 or at the   
,courts of ,westminster listening to    
judgments1 he would take his chief of   

all delights in the company of the      
juridical writers of ,france1 that he   
might see how the ,roman and feudal     
laws had been blended in the different  
provinces of that kingdom4 ,not a       
moment was lost in making preparations  
for the victory which it was the        
purpose of his life to win4             
,technical knowledge1 however1 came to  
enlighten and inform1 not to burden  and
 oppress4 ,the mind of ,murray rejoiced 
in freedom and exercised itself  in     
light4 ,text-books were his handmaidens1
 he was not their slave4 ,the  exclusive
 labors of the great masters of his     
craft occupied his hours1  but he still 
found time for other more interesting   
lore common to  mankind4 ,craig1        
,bracton1 ,littleton1 and ,coke1 all in 
their turns were  trusty counselors and 
dear companions1 but as welcome as any  
to his  studious hearth was the living  
presence of ,alexander ,pope4 ,murray1  
while  at ,westminster1 had been        
introduced to the great poet1 and had   

been  charmed by his exquisite powers of
 conversation4 ,pope was no less struck 
by the accomplished genius of the young 
,scot1 the silvery tones of whose       
voice1 it is said1 fell like a charm    
upon every ear4 ,pope1 anxious for  the 
success of the youth1 visited him at his
 chambers1 in order to teach  him       
elocution4 ,once1 says ,lord ,campbell1 
the young lawyer was surprised  by a gay
 ,templar in the act of practicing the  
graces of a speaker at a  glass1 whilst 
,pope sat by in the character of        
preceptor4 ,teacher and  pupil would    
spend hours together thus occupied4 ,mr4
 ,pope1 writes ,bishop  ,warburton1 had 
all the warmth of affection for the     
great lawyer1 and  indeed no man ever   
more deserved to have a poet for his    
friend4    ,in #agcj ,murray paid a     
short visit to the continent1 and on the
 #bc;d of  ,november in that year he was
 called to the bar in ,lincoln's-inn    
hall4  ,never was lawyer better armed   
for the battle of life4 ,how he had     

qualified himself for the practice of   
his profession we have attempted in  our
 narrow space to show4 ,with a rooted   
attachment to that profession1  with a  
lofty ambition and noble desire to serve
 his country1 and a  consciousness of   
strength equal to the bravest           
undertaking2 with a mind  thoroughly    
imbued with the literature of ,greece   
and ,rome1 as well as of  his own       
country2 with a perfect understanding of
 the codes of every  civilized nation1  
ancient and modern2 with an intimate    
knowledge and an  accurate appreciation 
of the peculiarities of our mixed       
constitution2  with a natural dignity of
 manner that commanded instant respect2 
with a  clear persuasive power of       
oratory that never failed to win the    
sympathy  of all to whom it was         
addressed2 with a voice that in earlier 
days had  been compared to the note of  
the nightingale2 with almost every      
intellectual and physical gift which    
nature could confer1 and with every     

gift gratefully received and assiduously
 improved1 ,william ,murray stood  at   
the threshold of his career and waited  
calmly for his opportunity4 ,it  is     
sufficient to say that the opportunity  
came4 ,twelve years after ,murray  was  
called to the bar1 he was appointed     
,solicitor-,general by the  ,government 
which had risen upon the downfall of    
,sir ,robert ,walpole1 and  which knew  
how to estimate the value of so rare an 
acquisition4    ,the success of ,murray 
in the ,house of ,commons justified the 
reputation  which the new               
,solicitor-,general had already attained
 at the bar4 ,his  first speech1 as     
member for ,boroughbridge1 fixed his    
position4 ,he  maintained it for        
fourteen years1 when he quitted the     
lower house upon  his elevation to the  
bench4 ,when ,murray accepted office    
under the  ,pelhams1 another much more  
ardent and unscrupulous politician      
already in  the ,house of ,commons was  
writhing under the vexation of neglect4 

,the  ,solicitor-,general had met the   
ambitious youth before1 and the         
recollection of their last parting was  
hardly likely to insure a cordial  or a 
friendly recognition4 ,murray's first   
task in ,parliament was to  defend the  
employment of ,hanoverian troops1       
#af1jjj of whom had recently  been taken
 into ,british pay4 ,pitt1 at the head  
of the ,boys1 as ,walpole  called the   
burning patriots whose services he had  
himself respectfully  declined1 and     
hounded on by the ,jacobites and        
,tories1 denounced the steps  as        
illegal1 unconstitutional1 a sacrifice  
of ,british to electoral  interests1 and
 a prelude to the introduction of       
despotism into this  country4 ,pitt was 
created to denounce1 ,murray to defend4 
,overwhelming  as the torrent of        
declamation and invective might be which
 ,pitt knew so  well how and when to    
pour forth1 the barrier set up against  
it by the  calm dignity1 the perfect    
reasoning1 the marvelous                

self-government1 the  exquisite tones1  
and conciliatory manner of ,murray1 was 
more than  sufficient to protect him    
against submersion4 ,a division taking  
place  upon the ,hanoverian question1   
,government found themselves in a large 
majority4 ,murray was pronounced to be a
 match for his rival1 and ,george  ,,ii4
 became suddenly as attached to the one 
as he had long hated and  feared the    
other4    ,on the #c;d of ,march1 #aged1
 ,mr4 ,pelham1 the ,prime ,minister1    
died1 and1 had  ,murray's ambition      
soared in that direction1 he might at   
once have stepped  into the vacant      
office4 ,he had long been the prop of   
the ,ministry in the  ,house of         
,commons1 and was by far the most       
sagacious member of the  ,government4   
,throughout his ,parliamentary career1  
what has happily been  called his clear1
 placid1 mellow splendor had suffered no
 tarnish1 and  had not been obscured by 
a single cloud4 ,always ready1 well     
informed1  lucid in argument1 and       

convincing in manner1 he had virtually  
assumed the  leadership in the ,house of
 ,commons1 and his elevation would in no
 way  have altered the aspect or        
proceedings of that assembly4 ,the      
nation  respected him1 and the monarch  
regarded him with more than common      
favor4  ,murray1 however1 coveted not   
the prize4 ,mr4 ,macaulay1 referring to 
this  period in one of his masterly     
essays1 attributes the conduct of the   
,solicitor-,general to moral infirmity4 
,the object of ,murray's wishes1 he     
says1 was the judicial bench4 ,the      
situation of ,chief ,justice might not  
be so splendid as that of ,first ,lord  
of the ,treasury1 but it was  dignified1
 it was quiet1 it was secure2 and       
therefore it was the favorite  situation
 of ,murray4 ,lord ,campbell states the 
case more creditably1 and1  as we think1
 more fairly to ,lord ,mansfield4 ,from 
a high feeling1 says  the biographer1   
that his destiny called him to reform   
the jurisprudence  of his country1 he   

sincerely and ardently desired to be    
placed on the  bench1 and the especial  
object of his ambition was to be ,chief 
,justice of  ,england4 ,we remember     
that1 whilst a lad1 and destined by his 
parents for  the church4 ,murray1 of his
 own motion1 dedicated himself to the   
study of  the law1 feeling a calling for
 that profession4 ,why ,lord ,mansfield 
had  resisted every temptation in order 
to secure the eminence for which1 it  is
 not too much to say1 he was in all     
respects better fitted than any who     
have won it1 became evident enough      
within a year of his appointment to  the
 bench4 ,moral courage he lacked2       
something nobler than its want led  him 
to renounce the ,premiership4    ,what  
,murray rejected the less capable and   
not over nice ,duke of ,newcastle       
,greedily seized4 ,the                  
,attorney-,general1 ,sir ,dudley ,ryder1
 was elevated to  the bench1 and        
,murray1 gaining a step in professional 
rank1 was by so  much nearer to the     

consummation of his hopes4 ,never was   
,ministry so  thoroughly weak and so    
wretchedly unfortunate4 ,the whole      
burden of  defending it rested in the   
,house of ,commons upon the shoulders of
 the  ,attorney-,general1 and the       
feebleness of the ,government was all   
the more  painful from the manifest     
strength of the great master of sarcasm 
and  invective1 their unflinching       
opponent1 growing in favor throughout   
the  country1 merciless in his attack at
 all times1 but terrific in his         
onslaughts upon a foe worthy of his     
hatred1 and capable of defense4         
,imagination cannot linger upon a finer 
picture than is presented in the        
persons of these mighty combatants2 nor 
is the effect diminished by the  fact   
that of their great achievements little 
remains beyond the bare  tradition4 ,we 
know that by a word1 a gesture1 a glance
 of his eagle eye1  ,pitt awed the      
,house of ,commons1 and chilled it into 
death-like silence4  ,we have heard how 

like a torrent his unpremeditated and   
impassioned  oratory rushed into the    
hearts of men1 expelling rooted         
convictions1 and  whatever else         
possessed them at the moment2 how       
readily he spoke on all  emergencies1   
how daring were his strange digressions1
 how apposite his  illustrations1 how   
magnificent and chivalric the form and  
structure of  his thoughts--how madly   
spirit-stirring his high and stern      
appeals4 ,we  have read of the proud    
bearing of the austere yet gentle       
commoner1 to  whom it was a matter of   
sublime indifference whether in a debate
 he rose  late or early1 first or last1 
and who ever contented himself with     
simply  following the current1 and      
obeying the fine instinct of his own    
rapt  mind1 regardless of the speakers  
who had gone before1 or were about to   
follow him4 ,we have pictured to        
ourselves the commanding countenance1   
the  characteristic action1 the         
patrician manner that belonged to       

,william ,pitt  as exclusively as his   
own wild and wayward genius2 but records
 are  wanting to establish all that we  
feel and know4 ,fragments of ,pitt's    
oratory only have reached us1 and of    
these but few can be pronounced  wholly 
authentic4 ,what that oratory must have 
been we learn from its  effects4 ,more  
is not vouchsafed us4 ,what remains to  
us of ,murray's  speeches in ,parliament
 is equally meager and unsatisfactory1  
but we may  judge of his power by       
reflecting upon the character of the    
assailant with  whom he successfully    
wrestled4 ,there must surely have been  
wonderful  capability of argument1 vast 
knowledge1 a faculty of persuasion      
irresistible in its winning grace1 all  
combined in the man able1 by the  mere  
force of quiet intellectual skill1 to   
bear the brunt of an assault  which     
threatened demolition in its furious    
advance1 and to turn aside  blows       
intended for annihilation4 ,lord        
,chesterfield addressing his son1       

points to ,pitt and ,murray as to two   
great models for imitation4             
,contemporary history assigns to them   
the highest place among their  fellows4 
,in #agef ,sir ,dudley ,ryder died1 and 
,murray immediately claimed the vacant  
,chief ,justiceship4 ,the ,duke of      
,newcastle was panic-stricken by the    
announcement4 ,it has it said that from 
the beginning the ,attorney-,general    
had been the mainstay of the            
,government2 but at this particular     
crisis  his adherence was essential to  
its life4 ,the nation was discontented  
and  sullen1 as well it might be4 ,war1 
carried on in almost every part of the  
world1 had resulted in lasting disgrace 
to ,england4 ,minorca had been lost  to 
her through the folly or cowardice of an
 ,english admiral1 and  elsewhere       
ignominious defeat had attended her     
arms4 ,addresses from the  ,throne      
poured in1 intimations of stopping the  
supplies were thrown out1  and          
unmistakable references made to the     

conduct of the chiefs of the            
,government4 ,fox1 the only capable     
,minister1 resigned his office in fear  
and disgust1 and1 at the very moment    
when ,newcastle turned to ,murray as  to
 his last hope and refuge in the coming 
storm1 that cautious and  resolute      
official respectfully demanded the      
promotion to which he had a  right4     
,alarmed for his place and his head1 the
 ,duke promised the  ,attorney-,general 
enough to make the fortunes of six if he
 would but  forego his purpose4 ,he     
should have the ,duchy of ,lancaster for
 life1  tellerships and reversions      
without end for himself and his nephew1 
,lord  ,stormont2 if he would only stay 
in the ,house of ,commons until the     
address  was carried he should have a   
pension of #f1jjjl4 a-year2 offers rose 
as  ,murray showed himself more firm4   
,temptation came in vain4 ,murray       
averred  that he would on no terms agree
 to remain in the ,house of ,commons for
  one session longer1 or one month1 or  

one day1 even to support the  address2  
he never again would enter that         
assembly4 ,if he could not be  ,chief   
,justice he would not be                
,attorney-,general4 ,that peremptory    
avowal  was enough4 ,to keep ,murray    
from opposition1 ,newcastle conferred   
upon the  country the only great boon he
 ever bestowed upon it1 and made the    
,attorney-,general ,chief ,justice of   
the ,king's ,bench4 ,the poor ,duke     
gained  little by the move4 ,forced in  
his naked helplessness to resign1 he was
  succeeded by the ,duke of ,devonshire1
 who took care to appoint ,pitt         
,secretary of ,state1 and to give him   
the lead in the ,house of ,commons4     
,upon the #hth day of ,november1 #agef1 
,murray was sworn in before ,lord       
,chancellor ,hardwicke1 and created a   
peer by the title of ,baron ,mansfield1 
of ,mansfield1 in the county of         
,nottingham1 and three days afterward he
  sat for the first time in the ,court  
of ,king's ,bench4 ,over that great     

court1 says ,lord ,brougham1 he presided
 for thirty years1 and his              
administration of its functions during  
that long period shed a luster  alike   
upon the tribunal and the judge4 ,during
 that period1 too1 but two  cases       
occurred in which his opinion was not   
unanimously adopted by his  brethren2   
and of the many thousand judgments which
 he pronounced but two  were reversed4  
,in all his time no bill of exceptions  
was ever tendered to  his direction1 and
 all suitors sanguine in their belief of
 being  entitled to succeed were eager  
to bring their causes to be tried before
  him4 ,there were drawbacks to         
,murray's complete success in the ,house
 of  ,commons2 there were qualities     
which he lacked whilst practicing at the
  bar4 ,mansfield wanted nothing to make
 up the perfect portrait of a  ,british 
judge4 ,in the ,legislature he was      
helpless in attack2 and both in  the    
,house of ,commons and in the ,house of 
,lords he exhibited on more than  one   

occasion a want of moral courage as     
humiliating to his friends as it  proved
 profitable to his foes2 at the bar1    
learned and able though he  always was1 
yet wary circumspection even there      
cramped his powers and  deprived him of 
the transcendent reputation which other 
advocates have  earned4 ,on the bench   
there was neither fear nor hesitation1  
neither undue  caution nor lack of      
energy1 to impede his great             
intelligence4 ,there he  sat1 as above  
the common passions of humanity1        
surveying its doings with  a mind       
unobscured by prejudice1 as wide in its 
grasp as it was masculine  it           
capability4 ,his clearness of           
apprehension1 his perspicuity of        
statement1 his perfect self-command1 his
 vast knowledge of every kind1  were    
amongst the least of his qualifications 
for his high station4 ,more             
preeminently than all was his heroic and
 almost chivalric devotion to the       
judicial office2 his stern and          

unflinching love of justice1 as         
distinguished from the puny             
technicalities of an obscure walk2 his  
superiority to the favors of the great  
or to the clamors of the many1 and  his 
unquestioned spotless integrity4 ,during
 a portion of his lengthened  judicial  
career ,lord ,mansfield held a seat in  
the ,cabinet1 but nobody  thought of    
questioning the purity of his judgments 
on that account4  ,toward the close of  
his judicial life ,lord ,george ,gordon 
was tried for  ,inciting the rioters who
 set fire to ,lord ,mansfield's house   
and destroyed  his property4 ,lord      
,mansfield was the presiding judge on   
that memorable  occasion1 and it was    
upon his exposition of the law of high  
treason to  the jury1 and after his     
summing up1 that ,lord ,george ,gordon  
was  acquitted4    ,the benefits        
conferred by this accomplished judge    
upon the ,court and  upon its suitors1  
says one of his biographers1--    ,were 
manifold and substantial4 ,he began by  

at once so regulating the  distribution 
of the business1 as to remove all       
uncertainty of the matters  which should
 be taken up each day1 and to diminish  
both the expense1 and  the delay1 and   
the confusion of former times4 ,he      
restored to the whole  bar the privilege
 of moving in turn1 instead of confining
 this to the  last day of the term4 ,he 
almost abolished the tedious and costly 
practice  of having the same case argued
 several times over1 restricting such   
rehearings to questions of real         
difficulty and adequate importance4 ,the
  benefits conferred upon the country   
were far greater4 ,burke1 once quoting  
an argument of ,solicitor-,general1     
,murray1 said that the ideas of ,murray 
go to the growing melioration of the law
 by making its liberality keep  pace    
with the demands of justice and the     
actual concerns of the  world--not      
restricting the infinitely diversified  
occasions of men and  the rules of      
natural justice within artificial       

circumscriptions1 but  conforming our   
jurisprudence to the growth of our      
commerce and our  empire4    ,the       
statement is just1 and a finer panegyric
 it were impossible to write4  ,our     
limits1 unfortunately1 enable us only to
 indicate the achievements of  ,chief   
,justice ,mansfield2 but such           
indications must be given1 however      
briefly4 ,he found the common law of    
,england a reproach1 and1 according to  
,professor ,story1 he put ,england1     
,america1 and the whole civilized world 
under the deepest obligations by the    
permanent improvement which he  effected
 in the system4 ,during the reign of    
,george ,,ii4 ,england had become  the  
greatest manufacturing and commercial   
country in the world1 but her           
jurisprudence had1 in the meanwhile1    
made no provision whatever for the      
regulation of commercial dealings4 ,when
 questions arose affecting  purchases   
and sales1 the affreightment of ships1  
marine insurances1 bills  of exchange1  

and promissory notes1 it was impossible 
to decide them2  there were no cases to 
refer to1 no treatises to consult4 ,lord
 ,mansfield  grappled with the          
difficulty and overcame it4 ,his        
judicial decisions  supplied the        
deficiencies of law and became          
themselves law4 ,his mode  of procedure 
was as philosophical as it was bold4    
,from every case that  came before him  
he extracted a general principle of     
universal  application1 and availed     
himself of it not only to rule the      
particular  case under consideration1   
but to serve as a guide in all similar  
cases  hereafter2 and he would enlarge  
upon the principle thus brought out     
until1 as his contemporaries declare1   
all listeners were lost in  admiration  
at the strength and stretch of his      
understanding4 ,lord  ,campbell tells us
 that the common law of ,england which  
,lord ,mansfield had  to administer upon
 his elevation to the bench1 was a      
system admirably  adapted to the        

condition of ,england in the ,norman and
 early ,plantagenet  reigns1 whence it  
sprang up4 ,as high an authority in     
,america declares  that    ,wherever    
commerce shall extend its social        
influences1 wherever justice  shall be  
administered by enlightened and liberal 
rules1 wherever  contracts shall be     
expounded upon the eternal principles of
 right and  wrong1 wherever moral       
delicacy and judicial refinement shall  
be infused  into the municipal code1 at 
once to persuade men to be honest and to
 keep  them so2 wherever the intercourse
 of mankind shall aim at something more 
elevating than that groveling spirit of 
barter in which meanness1 and  avarice1 
and fraud strive for the mastery over   
ignorance1 credulity1 and  folly1 the   
name of ,lord ,mansfield will be        
reverenced1 not only for  adapting the  
inefficient system which he found to the
 exigencies of his  own age in his own  
country1 but for furnishing forever the 
great laws  founded upon everlasting    

truth and justice to the whole family of
 man4    ,in #agfj ,george ,,iii4       
ascended the throne1 and ,mansfield     
became a member of  the ,cabinet1 of    
which ,bute was at the head4 ,ten years 
afterward the ,chief  ,justice prudently
 withdrew from the intimate connection  
with the  ,government1 into which he    
ought never to have entered1 and seven  
years  ,before his retirement the brief1
 though magnificent authority of ,bute1 
had been shattered to pieces1 and the   
,minister himself disgraced4 ,but1      
although ,cabinet ,councils were        
henceforward held without the ,chief    
,justice1 ,lord ,mansfield in his place 
in ,parliament stood by the             
,government1 and vigorously defended    
them against a virulent ,opposition4    
,pitt1 blasting his character1 according
 to ,horace ,walpole1 for the  sake of a
 paltry annuity and a long-necked       
peeress1 had followed his  ancient rival
 into the ,house of ,lords1 and by this 
suicidal act given  ,mansfield an       

immense advantage4 ,chatham1 eager      
enough to tie his victim  to the stake1 
was doomed to bitter disappointment in  
an arena utterly  unfitted for the      
exercise of his peculiar powers4 ,the   
atmosphere of the  ,house of ,peers1    
admirably suited to the calm dignity and
 sublime  moderation of ,mansfield1     
proved too often nipping frost to the   
burning  declamation of the man whose   
very look could rouse a more popular    
assembly1 and whose words oftener than  
once had inspired it with the  noblest  
sentiments4 ,it was not in the ,house of
 ,lords that at this period  of his     
history ,lord ,mansfield found his most 
dangerous opponent4 ,a secret  enemy had
 arisen in the outside world amongst the
 people1 one even more  unscrupulous    
than ,chatham in his animosity3 one who 
reveled in his  questionable privilege  
of striking in the dark1 and who        
justified abuse  that knew no mercy1 and
 acknowledged no law1 by reiterated and 
fervid  appeals to ,god and his country4

 ,the moral courage of ,murray had once 
given way in the ,house of ,commons1    
when ,pitt1 speaking daggers to him1    
and suddenly exclaiming1 ,judge ,festus 
trembles1 he shall hear me another  day1
 quietly sat down4 ,but his sufferings  
were nothing compared with the  torture 
his weakness underwent beneath the      
repeated inflictions of the  unsparing  
,junius4    ,toward the close of the    
year #agfi ,junius sent forth his       
celebrated letter  to the ,king1 for the
 publication of which criminal          
informations were laid  against         
,woodfall1 as well as against ,almon and
 ,miller1 who immediately  reprinted the
 libel4 ,rex v4 ,almon was the first    
case brought to trial1  and the jury    
found a general verdict of guilty4 ,the 
defense set up in the  trial against    
,woodfall was1 that the letter was not  
libellous4 ,the part  which ,lord       
,mansfield took is well known4 ,he      
contended that    ,all the jury had to  
consider was1 whether the defendant had 

published  the letter set out in the    
information1 and whether the inuendos1  
imputing  a particular meaning to       
particular words1 as that 'the ,k----'  
meant ,his  ,majesty ,king ,george      
,,iii41 but that they were not to       
consider whether the  publication was   
'false and malicious1' these being mere 
formal words1 and  that whether the     
letter was libellous or innocent was a  
pure question of  law1 upon which the   
opinion of the court might be taken by a
 demurrer1 or  a motion in arrest of    
judgment4    ,the jury retired1 and     
after some hours deliberation returned a
 verdict of  ,guilty of the printing and
 publishing only4 ,the attempt of ,lord 
,mansfield to withdraw the cognizance of
 the question of libel from the  jury to
 vest it in the court1 contrary1 as it  
unquestionably was1 both to  liberty and
 law1 had high authorities for its      
justification1 and was  supported by the
 unanimous opinion of the judges who sat
 at his side4  ,posterity will acquit   

the otherwise upright judge of the moral
 obliquity  of which his living enemies1
 with regard to this proceeding1        
pronounced  him guilty1 and for which   
,junius would have crushed the ,chief   
,justice1  had his ability been equal to
 his will4    ,it behooves the present  
generation to approach the lucubrations 
of the  redoubted ,junius in a spirit of
 enlightened discrimination4 ,we must   
bear  in mind that the poisoned arrows  
of the unseen combatant were discharged 
at a period peculiarly favorable for the
 exercise of his destructive  skill2    
when startling invective was in fashion2
 when the mercenary acts  of the        
foremost public man excused1 if they did
 not justify1 wholesale  and            
unreflecting chastisement2 when the     
public press was in its earliest        
infancy1 and public writers had not yet 
educated the audience whose good  sense 
now holds the libertinism of even the   
public censor in check1 and  provides   
its own best remedy against the crimes  

or follies of the pen4  ,junius but     
imitated the example of his betters when
 he fastened upon a  foe1 guilty or     
innocent1 and heaped upon his head every
 opprobrious term  a heated imagination 
could supply4 ,a statesman's policy had 
but to be  inconvenient to his adversary
 in order to prove the ,minister        
hateful1  execrable1 abominable1 wicked1
 a traitor to his country1 and a        
conspirator against the liberties of the
 people4 ,pitt honored ,walpole  with   
such vituperation1 and when ,walpole    
went out1 and ,carteret came in  without
 ,pitt1 the same expressive language was
 transferred by the  illustrious        
commoner from ,minister to ,minister1 as
 though no virtue  could possibly be    
found in any ,government without his    
presence4 ,when  ,junius affected to    
regard ,lord ,mansfield as the          
incarnation of all that  is odious in   
humanity1 his praise of ,lord ,chatham  
knew no bounds2 yet it  is well known   
that under another disguise ,junius     

dealt far severer blows  against the    
patriot than he ever inflicted upon a   
man born1 as he says1  to abet despotism
 in its hateful attempts to trample upon
 the people's  rights4 ,nothing can be  
more inconsistent than the accusations  
brought by  ,junius against ,lord       
,mansfield4 ,in one and the same breath 
he charges him  with assuming an        
arbitrary power of doing right2 so that 
if he does wrong  it lies only between  
him and his conscience2 and with        
condescending to  evasive1 indirect     
courses1 in the temper of a quibbler4   
,now the ,chief  ,justice is something  
more than a lawyer1 now considerably    
less4 ,at one  moment he is setting     
common law at defiance1 at another he is
 twisting  the law to the purposes of   
corruption1 and taking refuge behind the
 forms  which he is expressly charged   
with heroically setting at defiance4    
,had  ,lord ,mansfield been less        
timorous1 ,junius might have been less  
daring4 ,at  the close of one of his    

letters the reckless assailant writes   
,beware how  you indulge the first      
emotions of your resentment4 ,this paper
 is  delivered to the world1 and cannot 
be recalled4 ,the prosecution of an     
innocent printer cannot alter facts nor 
refute arguments4 ,do not furnish  me   
with further materials against yourself4
 ,another venomous diatribe  ends with a
 similar threat4 ,dare to represent this
 charge as a contempt  of the authority 
of the ,house of ,peers1 and move their 
,lordships to  censure the publisher of 
this paper1 and ,i affirm that you      
support  injustice by violence2 that you
 are guilty of a heinous aggravation1 of
  your offense2 and that you contribute 
your utmost influence to promote1  on   
the part of the highest court of        
judicature1 a positive denial of        
justice to the nation6 ,junius traded up
 on the invincible infirmity of a       
judge1 who might have been destroyed by 
his weakness had he not been  upheld by 
his unsullied purity and fame4    ,the  

attacks of ,junius were not without     
effect on ,parliament4 ,a motion was    
made in the ,house of ,commons for a    
committee to inquire into the           
proceedings of the judges in            
,westminster ,hall1 particularly in     
cases  relating to the liberty of the   
press4 ,in the ,house of ,lords ,lord   
,chatham  and ,lord ,camden re-echoed   
the charges of the ,house of ,commons1  
and while  the latter warned noble lords
 how they received the opinions in that 
,house of the most experienced lawyers  
upon questions of law1 the  former1 in  
his accustomed style1 threatened to ring
 again and again the  alarm-bell of     
liberty1 until he could rouse the people
 to a proper  sense of their injuries4  
,stung by persecution ,lord ,mansfield  
suffered  himself to be betrayed into   
unaccountable error4 ,intimating one day
 that  he had something of importance to
 bring to the notice of the ,house1 he  
moved that their ,lordships should be   
summoned to receive the  communication4 

,the appointed day arrived1 and the     
attendance of peers was  unusually      
large4 ,lord ,mansfield rose amidst     
profound and anxious silence4  ,lord    
,chatham and ,lord ,camden had          
calumniated the judges1 and they were   
now no doubt to be the objects of a vote
 of censure4 ,nothing of the kind4      
,lord ,mansfield simply informed the    
,house that he had left a paper with    
the clerk assistant containing the      
judgment of the ,court of ,king's ,bench
  in the case of the ,king against      
,woodfall1 and then1 to the astonishment
  of every one1 resumed his seat4 ,lord 
,camden rose and inquired whether the   
noble lord intended hereafter to found  
any motion on his paper8 ,lord          
,mansfield answered ,no1 and the ,house 
proceeded to other business4 ,the  very 
next day ,lord ,camden resumed the      
subject4 ,he regarded the conduct of    
the ,chief ,justice as a challenge      
against himself1 and he at once accepted
  it4 ,in direct contradiction to ,lord 

,mansfield he maintained that his       
doctrine was not the law of ,england4   
,he had considered the noble lord's     
paper1 and had not found it very        
intelligible4 ,he begged to propose     
four questions to the noble and learned 
lord1 to which he required  categorical 
answers1 that their lordships might know
 precisely the points  they had to      
discuss4 ,the questions were submitted1 
and ,lord ,mansfield1  instead of       
meeting them1 with most abject          
soothings1 as ,horace ,walpole          
gleefully says1 paid the highest        
compliments to ,lord ,camden4 ,he had   
the  highest esteem for the noble and   
learned lord who thus attacked him1 and 
had ever courted his esteem in return4  
,he had not expected this treatment     
from his candor4 ,it was unfair2 he     
would not answer interrogatories4 ,the  
reply was a signal for relentless       
torment4 ,not a peer interposed on his  
behalf4 ,distressed by his misery1 ,lord
 ,mansfield sat down1 remained  still1  

and in sheer pity for their prey the    
dogs were called off4    ,in #aggh ,lord
 ,chatham died1 and from the departure  
of the great commoner  until his own    
decease ,lord ,mansfield occupied a more
 conspicuous place as  a judge than as a
 politician in the public eye4 ,he      
continued to display  upon the bench1 as
 heretofore1 the keenest perception1 a  
resolute  obedience to the dictates of  
justice1 high incorruptibility1 great   
learning1 and thorough self-devotion to 
his beloved and chosen  occupation4 ,he 
has been largely accused of favoring1 in
 his early  manhood1 the designs of the 
,pretender1 yet1 from the beginning to  
the  close of his public life1 his      
fidelity to the reigning family could   
not  be called in question4 ,he has been
 charged with gratifying prerogative at 
the expense of law1 yet the liberty of  
the law was never more perfect1  the    
rights of the subject  were never more  
secure1 than during his long  tenure of 
the judicial office4 ,he has been       

stigmatized by ,junius as an  oppressor 
of men's consciences1 yet no man of his 
time regulated his  conduct with a      
stricter regard to the humanizing       
principle of religious  toleration4 ,had
 ,lord ,mansfield been faithless to the 
people his death  would never have been 
regarded as an irreparable loss by the  
whole  country2 had he been a bigot1 the
 world would never have lost the        
treasures which it is said were consumed
 in the house burnt to the ground  by   
zealous ,protestants eager to take the  
life as well as to destroy the  goods of
 ,lord ,mansfield1 for no other reason  
than that he chose to hold  the scales  
of justice fairly and steadily between  
,protestant and  ,catholic4    ,in his  
#hb;d year1 having been absent scarcely 
a day from court1 ,lord  ,mansfield     
retired to ,tunbridge ,wells for the    
benefit of his health4 ,the  year       
following he resigned his office4 ,for  
six years longer he lived in  dignified 
retirement1 occupying himself in his    

garden1 or refreshing his  mind with the
 works that had charmed and instructed  
his youth4 ,to the  last he retained his
 memory1 and1 dying without a pain at   
the close of  the century1 the man who  
had spent his happiest evenings with    
,pope was  destined to listen to all the
 horrors of the ,french ,revolution1 in 
common  with thousands living at the    
present hour4 ,lord ,mansfield's death  
was  mourned as a national calamity2 his
 remains were deposited in ,westminster 
,abbey1 and they lie close to those of  
the ,earl of ,chatham4 ,after the       
stormy conflict of a glorious life1 the 
two schoolboy rivals lie side by  side  
in silent and everlasting repose4    ,we
 have freely stated the one great       
deformity of ,lord ,mansfield's         
character2 his quailing before ,lord    
,camden is but a solitary instance of   
the fault that tarnished his otherwise  
brilliant career4 ,when we have  said   
that the ,chief ,justice acted          
unconstitutionally in continuing in the 

,cabinet whilst he held the ,judicial   
office1 and that1 admitted to the       
friendship and confidence of his        
sovereign1 he did not scruple to        
exercise power without official         
responsibility1 we have confessed to the
  most serious offenses with which he is
 chargeable4 ,it is not1 however1 to    
dwell upon these blemishes of true      
greatness1 or to indulge in idle        
panegyric1 that we have occupied so     
large a portion of valuable space1  and 
intermixed with the living doings of    
today one striking record of the  buried
 past4 ,the life of ,lord ,mansfield is 
nothing to us if it yields no           
profitable instruction and contains no  
element of usefulness for the           
generation to whom our labors are       
addressed4 ,is it wholly unnecessary to 
place at this moment before the bar of  
,england so noble a model for  imitation
 so sublime an ideal for serious        
contemplation as that offered  in the   
person of the ,earl of ,mansfield8 ,is  

it impertinent to warn our  lawyers1    
that1 without confirmed habits of       
industry1 temperance1  self-subjugation1
 unsullied honor1 vast knowledge1       
enlightened and lofty  views of their   
difficult yet fascinating profession1   
and a love of the  eternal principles of
 truth and justice1 incompatible with   
meanness and  degrading practice1 true  
eminence is impossible1 and imperishable
 renown  not to be obtained8 ,never1 at 
any other period of our history1 has it 
been so necessary to urge upon the      
students of the law the example of      
their worthiest predecessors4 ,the      
tendency of the age is to lower1 not to 
elevate1 the standard set up by our     
ancestors for the attainment of         
preeminence4 ,that our giants may not be
 stunted in their growth--that the      
legal stock may not hopelessly          
degenerate--,chief ,justice ,campbell   
does  well to impress upon his brethren 
the patient and laborious course--the   
high and admirable qualities--by which  

,chief ,justice ,mansfield secured  his 
greatness and his fame4             99  
99       99       99       99      ,from
 ,blackwood's ,magazine4    ,,my        
,,novel2  ,,or1 ,,varieties ,,in        
,,english ,,life4    ,,by ,,pisistratus 
,,caxton4      ,,book #a4--;,,initial   
,,chapter2 ,,showing ,,how ,,my ,,novel 
,,came ,,to ,,be ,,written4    ,,scene1 
,the ,hall in ,uncle ,roland's ,tower4  
,,time1,night--,,season1  ,winter4      
,mr4 ,caxton is seated before a great   
geographical globe1 which he is  turning
 round leisurely1 and for his own       
recreation1 as1 according to  ,sir      
,thomas ,browne1 a philosopher should   
turn round the orb1 of which that  globe
 professes to be the representation and 
effigies4 ,my mother having  just       
adorned a very small frock with a very  
smart braid1 is holding it  out at arm's
 length1 the more to admire the effect4 
,blanche1 though  leaning both hands on 
my mother's shoulder1 is not regarding  
the frock1  but glances toward          

,pisistratus1 who1 seated near the fire 
leaning back  in his chair1 and his head
 bent over his breast1 seems in a very  
bad  humor4 ,uncle ,roland1 who has     
become a great novel reader1 is deep in 
the  mysteries of some fascinating      
,third ,volume4 ,mr4 ,squills has       
brought ,the  ,times in his pocket for  
his own especial profit and delectation1
 and is  now bending his brows over the 
state of the money market1 in great     
doubt whether railway shares can        
possibly fall lower4 ,for ,mr4 ,squills1
  happy man6 has large savings1 and does
 not know what to do with his  money2   
or1 to use his own phrase1 how to buy in
 at the cheapest1 in  order to sell out 
at the dearest4    ,mr4 ,caxton1        
musingly4--,it must have been a         
monstrous long journey4 ,it  would be   
somewhere hereabouts ,i take it1 that   
they would split off4    ,my ,mother1   
mechanically1 and in order to show      
,austin that she paid1 him  the         
compliment of attending to his          

remarks--,who split off1 my dear8       
,bless me1 ,kitty1 said my father1 in   
great admiration1 you ask just the      
question which it is most difficult to  
answer4 ,an ingenious speculator on     
races contends that the ,danes1 whose   
descendants make the chief part of  our 
northern population1 7and indeed if his 
hypothesis could be correct1  we must   
suppose all the ancient worshipers of   
,odin17 are of the same  origin as the  
,etrurians4 ,and why1 ,kitty1 ,i just   
ask you1 why8    ,my mother shook her   
head thoughtfully1 and turned the frock 
to the other  side of the light4        
,because1 forsooth1 cried my father1    
exploding--because the ,etrurians       
called their gods 'the sar1' and the    
,scandinavians called  theirs 'the  sir1
 or ,aser6 ,and where do you think he   
puts their cradle8    ,cradle6 said my  
mother1 dreamingly--it  must be in the  
nursery4    ,mr4 ,caxton4--,exactly--in 
the nursery of the human race--just     
here1  and my father pointed to the     

globe2 bounded1 you see1 by the ,river  
,halys1 and in that region which1 taking
 its name from ,ees or ,as1 7a word     
designating light or fire7 has been     
immemorially called ,asia4 ,now1        
,kitty1 from ,ees or ,as our            
ethnological speculator would derive not
 only  ,asia1 the land1 but sar or      
,aser1 its primitive inhabitants4 ,hence
 he  supposes the origin of the         
,etrurians and the ,scandinavians4 ,but1
 if we  give him so much1 we must give  
him more1 and deduce from the same      
origin  the ,es of the ,celt1 and the   
,ized of the ,persian1 and--what will be
 of  more use to him1 ,i dare say1 poor 
man1 than all the rest put              
together--the s of the ,romans1 that is1
 the ,god of ,copper-,money--a very     
powerful household god he is to this    
day6    ,my mother looked musingly at   
her frock1 as if she were taking my     
father's  ,proposition into serious     
consideration4    ,so1 perhaps1 resumed 
my father1 and not unconformably with   

sacred  records1 from one great parent  
horde came all these various tribes1    
carrying with them the name of their    
beloved ,asia2 and whether they         
wandered north1 south1 or west1 exalting
 their own emphatic designation  of     
',children of the ,land of ,light' into 
the title of gods4 ,and to think1       
7added ,mr4 ,caxton pathetically1 gazing
 upon that speck in the globe on  which 
his forefinger rested17--to think how   
little they changed for the  better when
 they got to the ,don1 or entangled     
their rafts amidst the  icebergs of the 
,baltic--so comfortably off as they were
 here1 if they  could but have stayed   
quiet6    ,and why the deuce could not  
they8 asked ,mr4 ,squills4    ,pressure 
of population1 and not enough to live   
upon1 ,i suppose1 said my  father4      
,pisistratus1 sulkily4--,more probably  
they did away with the ,corn ,laws1     
sir4    ,pap6 quoth my father1 that     
throws a new light on the subject4      
,pisistratus1 full of his grievances1   

and not caring three straws about  the  
origin of the ,scandinavians4--,i know  
that if we are to lose #ejj  every year 
on a farm which we hold rent free1 and  
which the best judges  allow to be a    
perfect model for the whole country1 we 
had better make  haste and turn sar or  
,aser1 or whatever you call them1 and   
fix a  settlement on the property of    
other nations1 otherwise ,i suspect our 
probable settlement will be on the      
parish4    ,mr4 ,squills1 who1 it must  
be remembered1 is an enthusiastic       
,free-trader4--,you have only got to put
 more capital on the land4              
,pisistratus4--,well1 ,mr4 ,squills1 as 
you think so well of that  investment1  
put your capital on it4 ,i promise that 
you shall have every  shilling of       
profit4    ,mr4 ,squills1 hastily       
retreating behind ,the ,times4--,i don't
 think the  ,great ,western can fall any
 lower2 though it is hazardous--,i can  
but  venture a few hundreds--           
,pisistratus4--,on our land1 ,squills8  

,thank you4    ,mr4 ,squills4--,no1     
no--anything but that-on the ,great     
,western4    ,pisistratus relapses into 
gloom4 ,blanche steals up coaxingly1 and
 gets  snubbed for her pains4 ,a pause4 
,mr4 ,caxton--,there are two golden     
rules of life2 one relates to the  mind1
 and the other to the pockets4 ,the     
first is--,if our thoughts get  into a  
low1 nervous1 aguish condition1 we      
should make them change the  air2 the   
second is comprised in the proverb1 'it 
is good to have two  strings to one's   
bow4' ,therefore1 ,pisistratus1 ,i tell 
you what you must  do--,write a ,book6  
,pisistratus4--,write a ,book6--,against
 the abolition of the ,corn ,laws8      
,faith1 sir1 the mischief's done4 ,it   
takes a much better pen than mine to    
write down an ,act of ,parliament4      
,mr4 ,caxton4--,i only said1 ',write a  
,book4' ,all the rest is the addition   
of your own headlong imagination4       
,pisistratus1 with the recollection of  
,the ,great ,book rising before         

him4--,indeed1 sir ,i should think that 
would just finish us6    ,mr4 ,caxton1  
not seeming to heed the                 
interruption4--,a book that will  sell6 
,a book that will prop up the fall of   
prices6 ,a book that will  distract your
 mind from its dismal apprehensions1 and
 restore your  affection to your        
species1 and your hopes in the ultimate 
triumph of  sound principles--by the    
sight of a favorable balance at the end 
of the  yearly accounts4 ,it is         
astonishing what a difference that      
little  circumstance makes in our views 
of things in general4 ,i remember when  
the  bank in which ,squills had         
incautiously left #ajjj broke1 one      
remarkably  healthy year1 that he became
 a great alarmist1 and said that the    
country  was on the verge of ruin2      
whereas1 you see now1 when1 thanks to a 
long  succession of sickly seasons1 he  
has a surplus capital to risk in the    
,great ,western--he is firmly persuaded 
that ,england was never in so           

,prosperous a condition4    ,mr4        
,squills1 rather sullenly4--,pooh1 pooh4
    ,mr4 ,caxton4--,write a book1 my    
son--write a book4 ,need ,i tell you    
that  ,money or ,moneta1 according to   
,hyginus1 was the mother of the ,muses8 
,write  a book4    ,blanche and my      
,mother1 in full chorus4--,oh yes1      
,sisty--a book-a  book6 you must write a
 book4    ,i am sure1 quoth my ,uncle   
,roland1 slamming down the volume he had
 just  concluded1 he could write a      
devilish deal better book than this2 and
 how  ,i come to read such trash1 night 
after night1 is more than ,i could      
,possibly explain to the satisfaction of
 any intelligent jury1 if ,i were  put  
into a witness-box1 and examined in the 
mildest manner by my own  counsel4      
,mr4 ,caxton4--,you see that ,roland    
tells us exactly what sort of a book  it
 shall be4    ,pisistratus4--,trash1    
sir8    ,mr4 ,caxton4--,no--that is not 
necessarily trash--but a book of that   
class which1 whether trash or not1      

people can't help reading4 ,novels have 
become the necessity of the age4 ,you   
must write a novel4    ,pisistratus1    
flattered1 but dubious4--,a novel6 ,but 
every subject on  which novels can be   
written is preoccupied4 ,there are      
novels on low life1  novels of high     
life1 military novels1 naval novels1    
novels philosophical1  novels religious1
 novels historical1 novels descriptive  
of ,india1 the  ,colonies1 ,ancient     
,rome1 and the ,egyptian ,pyramids4     
,from what bird1 wild  eagle1 or        
barn-door fowl1 can ,i      ',pluck one 
unwearied plume from ,fancy's wing6'    
,mr4 ,caxton1 after a little            
thought4--,you remember the story which 
,trevanion 7,i beg his pardon1 ,lord    
,ulswater7 told us the other night4     
,that  gives you something of the       
romance of real life for your plot--puts
 you  chiefly among scenes with which   
you are familiar1 and furnishes you with
  characters which have been sparingly  
dealt with since the time of  ,fielding4

 ,you can give us the country squire1 as
 you remember him in your  youth3 it is 
a specimen of a race worth              
preserving--the old  idiosyncrasies of  
which are rapidly dying off1 as the     
railways bring  ,norfolk and ,yorkshire 
within easy reach of the manners of     
,london4 ,you can  give us the          
old-fashioned parson1 as in all         
essentials he may yet be  found--but    
before you had to drag him out of the   
great ,puseyite sectarian  bog2 and1 for
 the rest1 ,i really think that while1  
as ,i am told1 many  popular writers are
 doing their best1 especially in        
,france1 and perhaps a  little in       
,england1 to set class against class1   
and pick up every stone in  the kennel  
to shy at a gentleman with a good coat  
on his back1 something  useful might be 
done by a few good-humored sketches of  
those innocent  criminals a little      
better off than their neighbors1 whom1  
however we  dislike them1 ,i take it for
 granted we shall have to endure1 in one

 shape  or another1 as long as          
civilization exists2 and they seem1 on  
the whole1  as good in their present    
shape as we are likely to get1 shake the
 dice  box of society how we will4      
,pisistratus4--,very well said1 sir2 but
 this rural country gentleman  life is  
not so new as you think4 ,there's       
,washington ,irving--    ,mr4           
,caxton4--,charming--but rather the     
manners of the last century than  this4 
,you may as well cite ,addison and ,sir 
,roger de ,coverley4                    
,pisistratus4--,tremaine and ,de ,vere4 
,mr4 ,caxton4--,nothing can be more     
graceful1 nor more unlike what ,i  mean4
 ,the ,pales and ,terminus ,i wish you  
to put up in the fields are  familiar   
images1 that you may cut out of an oak  
tree--not beautiful  marble statues on  
porphyry pedestals twenty feet high4    
,pisistratus4--,miss ,austin2 ,mrs4     
,gore in her masterpiece of ,mrs4       
,armytage2 ,mrs4 ,marsh1 too2 and then  
7for ,scottish manners7 ,miss  ,ferrier6

    ,mr4 ,caxton1 growing cross4--,oh1  
if you cannot treat on bucolics but     
what you must hear some ,virgil or other
 cry ',stop thief1' you deserve to  be  
tossed by one of your own               
'short-horns4'--7,still more            
contemptuously7--,i am sure ,i don't    
know why we spend so much money on      
sending our sons to school to learn     
,latin1 when that ,anchronism of yours1 
,mrs4 ,caxton1 can't even construe a    
line and a half of ,phdrus4 ,phdrus1    
,mrs4 ,caxton--a book which is in ,latin
 what ,goody ,two ,shoes is in the      
vernacular6    ,mrs4 ,caxton1 alarmed   
and indignant4--,fie1 ,austin6 ,i am    
sure you can  construe ,phdrus1 dear6   
,pisistratus prudently preserves        
silence4    ,mr4 ,caxton4--,i'll try    
him--      ',sua cuique quum sit animi  
cogitatio    ,colorque proprius4'       
,what does that mean8    ,pisistratus1  
smiling4--,that every man has some      
coloring matter within  him1 to give his
 own tinge to--    ,his own novel1      

interrupted my father6 ,contentus       
peragis4    ,during the latter part of  
this dialogue1 ,blanche had sewn        
together three  quires of the best ,bath
 paper1 and she now placed them on a    
little table  before me1 with her own   
inkstand and steel pen4    ,my mother   
put her finger to her lip1 and said1    
,hush6 my father returned  to the cradle
 of the sar2 ,captain ,roland leant his 
cheek on his hand1  and gazed           
abstractedly on the fire2 ,mr4 ,squills 
felt into a placid doze2  and1 after    
three sighs that would have melted a    
heart of stone1 ,i rushed  into--,,my   
,,novel4           99       99       99 
99       99      ,,chapter ,,ii4        
,there has never been occasion to use   
them since ,i have been in the  ,parish1
 said ,parson ,dale4    ,what does that 
prove8 quoth the ,squire sharply1 and   
looking the ,parson  full in the face4  
,prove6 repeated ,mr4 ,dale--with a     
smile of benign1 yet too conscious      
superiority--,what does experience      

prove8    ,that your forefathers were   
great blockheads1 and that their        
descendant  is not a whit the wiser4    
,squire1 replied the ,parson1 although  
that is a melancholy conclusion1  yet if
 you mean it to apply universally1 and  
not to the family of the  ,dales in     
particular1 it is not one which my      
candor as a reasoner1 and my  ,humility 
as a mortal1 will permit me to          
challenge4    ,i defy you1 said ,mr4    
,hazledean triumphantly4 ,but to stick  
to the  subject1 which it is monstrous  
hard to do when one talks with a parson1
 ,i  only just ask you to look yonder1  
and tell me on your conscience--,i don't
  even say as a parson1 but as a        
parishioner--whether you ever saw a more
  disreputable spectacle8    ,while he  
spoke1 the ,squire1 leaning heavily on  
the ,parson's left  shoulder1 extended  
his cane in a line parallel with the    
right of that  disputatious             
ecclesiastic1 so that he might guide the
 organ of sight to  the object he had   

thus flatteringly described4    ,i      
confess1 said the ,parson1 that1        
regarded by the eye of the senses1  it  
is a thing that in its best day had     
small pretensions to beauty1 and  is not
 elevated into the ,picturesque even by 
neglect and decay4 ,but1 my  friend1    
regarded by the eye of the inner man--of
 the rural philosopher  and parochial   
legislator--,i say it is by neglect and 
decay that it is  rendered a very       
pleasing feature in what ,i may call    
'the moral topography  of a parish4'    
,the ,squire looked at the ,parson as if
 be could have beaten him2 and  indeed1 
regarding the object in dispute not only
 with the eye of the  outer man1 but the
 eye of law and order1 the eye of a     
country gentleman  and a justice of the 
peace1 the spectacle was scandalously   
disreputable4 ,it was moss-grown2 it was
 worm-eaten2 it was broken right  in the
 middle2 through its four socketless    
eyes1 neighbored by the  nettle1 peered 
the thistle3--the thistle6--a forest of 

thistles6--and1 to  complete the        
degradation of the whole1 those thistles
 had attracted the  donkey of an        
itinerant tinker2 and the irreverent    
animal was in the very  act of taking   
his luncheon out of the eyes and jaws   
of--,,the ,,parish  ,,stocks4    ,the   
,squire looked as if he could have      
beaten the ,parson2 but as he was  not  
without some slight command of temper1  
and a substitute was luckily  at hand1  
he gulped down1 his resentment and made 
a rush--at the donkey6    ,now the      
donkey was hampered by a rope to its    
fore feet1 to the which was  attached a 
billet of wood called technically a     
clog1 so that it had no  fair chance of 
escape from the assault its sacrilegious
 luncheon had  justly provoked4 ,but1   
the ass turned round with unusual       
nimbleness at the  first stroke of the  
cane1 the ,squire caught his foot in the
 rope1 and  went head over heels among  
the thistles4 ,the donkey gravely bent  
down1  and thrice smelt or sniffed its  

prostrate foe2 then1 having convinced   
itself that it had nothing farther to   
apprehend for the present1 and very     
willing to make the best of the         
reprieve1 according to the poetical     
admonition1 ,gather your rosebuds while 
you may1 it cropped a thistle in  full  
bloom1 close to the ear of the ,squire2 
so close indeed1 that the  ,parson      
thought the ear was gone2 and with the  
more probability1 inasmuch  as the      
,squire1 feeling the warm breath of the 
creature1 bellowed out with  all the    
force of lungs accustomed to give a     
view-hallo6    ,bless me1 is it gone8   
said the ,parson1 thrusting his person  
between the  ass and the ,squire4       
,zounds and the devil6 cried the        
,squire1 rubbing himself as be rose to  
his feet4    ,hush6 said the ,parson    
gently4 ,what a horrible oath6          
,horrible oath6 ,if you had my nankeens 
on1 said the ,squire1 still rubbing     
himself1 and had fallen into a thicket  
of thistles with a donkey's teeth       

within an inch of your ear6    ,it is   
not gone--then8 interrupted the ,parson4
    ,no--that is1 ,i think not1         
interrupted the ,squire dubiously2 and  
he  clapped his hand to the organ in    
question4 ,no1 it is not gone4    ,thank
 heaven6 said the good clergyman kindly4
    ,hum1 growled the ,squire1 who was  
now once more engaged in rubbing        
himself4 ,thank heaven indeed1 when ,i  
am as full of thorns as a  porcupine6 ,i
 should just like to know what use      
thistles are in the  world4    ,for     
donkeys to eat1 if you will let them1   
,squire1 answered the ,parson4    ,ugh1 
you beast6 cried ,mr4 ,hazeldean1 all   
his wrath reawakened1  whether by the   
reference to the donkey species1 or his 
inability to  reply to the ,parson1 or  
perhaps by some sudden prick too sharp  
for  humanity--especially humanity in   
nankeens--to endure without kicking2    
,ugh1 you beast6 he exclaimed1 shaking  
his cane at the donkey1 who1 at  the    
interposition of the ,parson1 had       

respectfully recoiled a few paces1  and 
now stood switching his thin tail1 and  
trying vainly to lift one of  its fore  
legs--for the flies teased it4    ,poor 
thing6 said the ,parson pityingly4 ,see1
 it has a raw place on the  shoulder1   
and the flies have found out the sore4  
,i am devilish glad to hear it1 said the
 ,squire vindictively4    ,fie1 fie6    
,it is very well to say ',fie1 fie4' ,it
 was not you who fell among the         
thistles4 ,what's the man about now1 ,i 
wonder8    ,the ,parson had walked      
toward a chestnut tree that stood on the
 village  green--he broke off a         
bough--returned to the donkey1 whisked  
off the  flies1 and then tenderly placed
 the broad leaves over the sore1 as a   
protection from the swarms4 ,the donkey 
turned round its head1 and looked  at   
him with mild wonder4    ,i would bet a 
shilling1 said the ,parson1 softly1 that
 this is the  first act of kindness thou
 hast met with this many a day4 ,and    
slight  enough it is1 ,heaven knows4    

,with that the ,parson put his hand into
 his pocket1 and drew out an apple4  ,it
 was a fine large rose-cheeked apple3   
one of the last winter's store1  from   
the celebrated tree in the parsonage    
garden1 and he was taking it as  a      
present to a little boy in the village  
who had notably distinguished  himself  
in the ,sunday-school4 ,nay1 in common  
justice1 ,lenny ,fairfield  should have 
the preference1 muttered the ,parson4   
,the ass pricked up one  of his ears1   
and advanced its head timidly4 ,but     
,lenny ,fairfield would be  as much     
pleased with twopence3 and what could   
twopence do to thee8 ,the  ass's nose   
now touched the apple4 ,take it in the  
flame of charity1  quoth the ,parson1   
,justice is accustomed to be served     
last3 ,and the ass  took the apple4 ,how
 had you the heart8 said the ,parson1   
pointing to the  ,squire's cane4    ,the
 ass stopped munching1 and looked askant
 at the ,squire4    ,pooh6 eat on2 he'll
 not beat thee now6    ,no1 said the    

,squire apologetically4 ,but1 after all1
 he is not an ass  of the parish2 he is 
a vagrant1 and he ought to be pounded4  
,but the pound  is in as bad a state as 
the stocks1 thanks to your new-fashioned
  doctrines4    ,new-fashioned6 cried   
the ,parson almost indignantly1 for he  
had a great  disdain of new fashions4   
,they are as old as ,christianity2 nay1 
as old as  ,paradise1 which you will    
observe is derived from a ,greek1 or    
rather a  ,persian word1 and means      
something more than a 'garden1'         
corresponding  7pursued the ,parson     
rather pedantically7 with the ,latin    
vivarium--viz4  grove or park full of   
innocent dumb creatures4 ,depend on it1 
donkeys were  allowed to eat thistles   
there4    ,very possibly1 said the      
,squire drily4 ,but ,hazeldean1 though a
 very  pretty village1 is not ,paradise4
 ,the stocks shall be mended to-morrow  
day1 and the pound too--and the next    
donkey found trespassing shall go  into 
it1 as sure as my name is ,hazeldean4   

,then1 said the ,parson gravely1 ,i can 
only hope that the next parish  may not 
follow your example2 or that you and ,i 
may never be caught  straying6          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chapter ,,iii4      ,parson ,dale and 
,squire ,hazeldean parted company2 the  
latter to inspect  his sheep1 the former
 to visit some of his parishioners1     
including ,lenny  ,fairfield1 whom the  
donkey had defrauded of his apple4      
,lenny ,fairfield was sure to be in the 
way1 for his mother rented a few  acres 
of grass land from the ,squire1 and it  
was now hay-time4 ,and  ,leonard1       
commonly called ,lenny1 was an only son1
 and his mother a widow4  ,the cottage  
stood apart1 and somewhat remote1 in one
 of the many nooks of  the long green   
village lane4 ,and a thoroughly ,english
 cottage it  was--three centuries old at
 least2 with walls of rubble let into   
oak  frames1 and duly whitewashed every 
summer1 a thatched roof1 small panes  of
 glass1 and an old doorway raised from  

the ground by two steps4 ,there  was    
about this little dwelling all the      
homely rustic elegance which  peasant   
life admits of3 a honeysuckle was       
trained over the door2 a few            
flower-pots were placed on the          
window-sills2 the small plot of ground  
in  front of the house was kept with    
great neatness1 and even taste2 some    
large rough stones on either side the   
little path having been formed into  a  
sort of rock-work1 with creepers that   
were now in flower2 and the  potatoe    
ground was screened from the eye by     
sweet peas and lupine4 ,simple  elegance
 all this1 it is true2 but how well it  
speaks for peasant and  landlord1 when  
you see that the peasant is fond of his 
home1 and has some  spare time and heart
 to bestow upon mere embellishment4     
,such a peasant is  sure to be a bad    
customer to the ale-house1 and a safe   
neighbor to the  ,squire's preserves4   
,all honor and praise to him1 except a  
small tax upon  both1 which is due to   

the landlord6    ,such sights were as   
pleasant to the ,parson as the most     
beautiful  landscapes of ,italy can be  
to the dilettante4 ,he paused a moment  
at the  wicket to look around him1 and  
distended his nostrils voluptuously to  
inhale the smell of the sweet peas1     
mixed with that of the new-mown hay  in 
the fields behind1 which a slight breeze
 bore to him4 ,he then moved  on1       
carefully scraped his shoes1 clean and  
well polished as they  were--for ,mr4   
,dale was rather a beau in his own      
clerical way--on the  scraper without   
the door1 and lifted the latch4    ,your
 virtuoso looks with artistical delight 
on the figure of some nymph  painted on 
an ,etruscan vase1 engaged in pouring   
out the juice of the  grape from her    
classic urn4 ,and the ,parson felt as   
harmless1 if not as  elegant a pleasure 
in contemplating ,widow ,fairfield      
brimming high a  glittering can1 which  
she designed for the refreshment of the 
thirsty  hay-makers4    ,mrs4 ,fairfield

 was a middle-aged tidy woman1 with that
 alert precision of  movement which     
seems to come from an active orderly    
mind2 and as she now  turned her head   
briskly at the sound of the ,parson's   
footsteps1 she  showed a countenance    
prepossessing1 though not handsome1--a  
countenance  from which a pleasant      
hearty smile1 breaking forth at that    
moment1  effaced some lines that1 in    
repose1 spoke of sorrows1 but of sorrows
  past2 and her cheek1 paler than is    
common to the complexions even of the   
fair sex1 when born and bred amidst a   
rural population1 might have  favored   
the guess that the earlier part of her  
life had been spent in the  languid air 
and within doors occupation of a town4  
,never mind me1 said the ,parson1 as    
,mrs4 ,fairfield dropped her quick      
courtesy1 and smoothed her apron2 if you
 are going into the hayfield1 ,i  will  
go with you2 ,i have something to say to
 ,lenny--an excellent boy4              
,widow4--,well1 sir1 and you are kind to

 say it--but so he is4    ,parson4-,he  
reads uncommonly well1 he writes        
tolerably2 he is the best  lad in the   
whole school at his catechism and in the
 ,bible lessons2 and ,i  assure you1    
when ,i see his face at church1 looking 
up so attentively1 ,i  fancy that ,i    
shall read my sermon all the better for 
such a listener6    ,widow1 wiping her  
eyes with the corner of her             
apron4--,deed1 sir1 when  my poor ,mark 
died1 ,i never thought ,i could have    
lived on as ,i have done4  ,but that boy
 is so kind and good1 that when ,i look 
at him sitting there  in dear ,mark's   
chair1 and remember how ,mark loved him1
 and all he used to  say to me about    
him1 ,i feel somehow or other as if my  
goodman smiled on  me1 and would rather 
,i was not with him yet1 till the lad   
had grown up1  and did not want me any  
more4    ,parson1 looking away1 and     
after a pause4--,you never hear anything
 of  the old folks at ,lansmere8        
',deed1 sir1 sin' poor ,mark died1 they 

han't noticed me1 nor the boy2  but1    
added the widow1 with all a peasant's   
pride1 it isn't that ,i wants  their    
money2 only it's hard to feel strange   
like to one's own father and  mother6   
,parson4--,you must excuse them4 ,your  
father1 ,mr4 ,avenel1 was never  quite  
the same man after that sad event1--but 
you are weeping1 my friend1  pardon     
me3--your mother is a little proud2 but 
so are you1 though in  another way4     
,widow4--,i proud6 ,lord love ye1 sir1  
,i have not a bit of pride in me6  and  
that's the reason they always looked    
down on me4    ,parson4--,your parents  
must be well off2 and ,i shall apply to 
them in a  year or two in behalf of     
,lenny1 for they promised me to provide 
for him  when he grew up1 as they ought4
    ,widow1 with flashing eyes4--,i am  
sure1 sir1 ,i hope you will do no such  
thing2 for ,i would not have ,lenny     
beholden to them as has never given him 
a kind word sin' he was born6    ,the   
,parson smiled gravely and shook his    

head at poor ,mrs4 ,fairfield's  hasty  
confutation of her own self-acquittal   
from the charge of pride2 but  he saw   
that it was not the time or moment for  
effectual peace-making in  the most     
irritable of all rancors1 viz41 that    
nourished against one's  nearest        
relations4 ,he therefore dropped the    
subject1 and said1--,well1  time enough 
to think of ,lenny's future prospects2  
meanwhile we are  forgetting the        
haymakers4 ,come4    ,the widow opened  
the back door1 which led across a little
 apple orchard  into the fields4        
,parson4--,you have a pleasant place    
here2 and ,i see that my friend  ,lenny 
should be in no want of apples4 ,i had  
brought him one1 but ,i have  given it  
away on the road4    ,widow4--,oh1 sir1 
it is not the deed--it is the will2 as  
,i felt when  the ,squire1 ,god bless   
him6 took two pounds off the rent the   
year he-that  is1 ,mark--died4          
,parson4--,if ,lenny continues to be    
such a help to you1 it will not be  long

 before the ,squire may put the two     
pounds on again4    ,yes1 sir1 said the 
widow simply2 ,i hope he will4    ,silly
 woman6 muttered the ,parson4 ,that's   
not exactly what the  schoolmistress    
would have said4 ,you don't read nor    
write1 ,mrs4 ,fairfield2  yet you       
express yourself with great propriety4  
,you know ,mark was a schollard1 sir1   
like my poor1 poor1 sister2 and  though 
,i was a sad stupid girl afore ,i       
married1 ,i tried to take after him     
when we came together4           99     
99       99       99       99           
,,chapter ,,iv4    ,they were now in the
 hayfield1 and a boy of about sixteen1  
but1 like most  country lads1 to        
appearance much younger than he was1    
looked up from his  rake1 with lively   
blue eyes1 beaming forth under a        
profusion of brown  curly hair4         
,leonard ,fairfield was indeed a very   
handsome boy--not so stout nor so  ruddy
 as one would choose for the ideal of   
rustic beauty2 nor yet so  delicate in  

limb and keen in expression as are those
 children of cities1  in whom the mind  
is cultivated at the expense of the     
body2 but still he  had the health of   
the country in his cheeks1 and was not  
without the  grace of the city in his   
compact figure and easy movements4      
,there was in  his physiognomy something
 interesting from its peculiar character
 of  innocence and simplicity4 ,you     
could see that he had been brought up by
 a  woman1 and much apart from familiar 
contact with other children2 and such   
intelligence as was yet developed in    
him1 was not ripened by the jokes  and  
cuffs of his coevals1 but fostered by   
decorous lecturings from his  elders1   
and good little boy maxims in good      
little boy books4    ,parson4--,come    
hither1 ,lenny4 ,you know the benefit of
 school1 ,i see3 it  can teach you      
nothing better than to be a support to  
your mother4    ,lenny1 looking down    
sheepishly1 and with a heightened glow  
over his  face4--,please1 sir1 that may 

come one of these days4                 
,parson4--,that's right1 ,lenny4 ,let me
 see6 why you must be nearly a  man4    
,how old are you8    ,lenny looks up    
inquiringly at his mother4              
,parson4--,you ought to know1 ,lenny1   
speak for yourself4 ,hold your  tongue1 
,mrs4 ,fairfield4    ,lenny1 twirling   
his hat1 and in great                   
perplexity4--,well1 and there is  ,flop1
 neighbor ,dutton's old sheep-dog4 ,he  
be very old now4    ,parson4--,i am not 
asking ,flop's age1 but your own4       
,lenny4-',deed1 sir1 ,i have heard say  
as how ,flop and ,i were pups  together4
 ,that is1 ,i--,i--    ,for the ,parson 
is laughing1 and so is ,mrs4 ,fairfield2
 and the haymakers  who have stood still
 to listen1 are laughing too4 ,and poor 
,lenny has  quite lost his head1 and    
looks as if he would like to cry4       
,parson1 patting the curly locks1       
encouragingly4--,never mind2 it is not  
so badly answered after all4 ,and how   
old is ,flop8    ,lenny4--,why1 he must 

be fifteen year and more4               
,parson4--,how old1 then1 are you8      
,lenny1 looking up with a beam of       
intelligence4--,fifteen year and  more6 
,widow sighs and nods her head4         
,that's what we call putting two and two
 together1 said the ,parson4 ,or1  in   
other words1 and here be raised his eyes
 majestically toward the  haymakers--in 
other words--thanks to his love for his 
book--simple as he  stands here1 ,lenny 
,fairfield has shown himself capable of 
,,inductive  ,,ratiocination4    ,at    
those words1 delivered ore rotundo1 the 
haymakers ceased laughing4  ,for even in
 lay matters they held the ,parson to be
 an oracle1 and words  so long must have
 a great deal in them4    ,lenny drew   
tip his head proudly4    ,you are very  
fond of ,flop1 ,i suppose8    ',deed he 
is1 said the ,widow1 and of all poor    
dumb creatures4    ,very good4 ,suppose1
 my lad1 that you had a fine apple1 and 
you met a  friend who wanted it more    
than you2 what would you do with it8    

,please you1 sir1 ,i would give him half
 of it4    ,the ,parson's face          
fell4--,not the whole1 ,lenny8    ,lenny
 considered4--,if he was a friend1 sir1 
he would not like me to give  him all6  
,upon my word1 ,master ,leonard1 you    
speak so well1 that ,i must e'en tell   
the truth4 ,i brought you an apple1 as a
 prize for good conduct in school4  ,but
 ,i met by the way a poor donkey1 and   
some one beat him for eating a  thistle2
 so ,i thought ,i would make it up by   
giving him the apple4 ,ought ,i  only to
 have given him the half8    ,lenny's   
innocent face became all smile2 his     
interest was aroused4 ,and  did the     
donkey like the apple8    ,very much1   
said the ,parson1 fumbling in his       
pocket1 but thinking of  ,leonard       
,fairield's years and understanding2 and
 moreover1 observing1 in  the pride of  
his heart1 that here were many          
spectators to his deed1 he  thought the 
meditated twopence not sufficient1 and  
he generously produced  a silver        

sixpence4    ,there1 my man1 that will  
pay for the half apple which you would  
have  kept for yourself4 ,the ,parson   
again patted the curly locks1 and1 after
 a  hearty word or two with the other   
haymakers1 and a friendly ,good day to  
,mrs4 ,fairfield1 struck into a path    
that led toward his own glebe4    ,he   
had just crossed the stile1 when1 he    
heard hasty but timorous feet  behind   
him4 ,he turned and saw his friend      
,lenny4    ,lenny1 half crying and      
holding out the sixpence4--,indeed1 sir1
 ,i would  rather not4 ,i would have    
given all to the ,neddy4                
,parson4--,why1 then1 my man1 you have a
 still greater right to the  sixpence4  
,lenny4--,no1 sir2 'cause you only gave 
it to make up for the half  apple4 ,and 
if ,i had given the whole1 as ,i ought  
to have done1 why1 ,i  should have had  
no right to the sixpence4 ,please1 sir1 
don't be offended2  do take it back1    
will you8    ,the ,parson hesitated4    
,and the boy thrust the sixpence into   

his hand1 as  the ass had poked his nose
 there before in quest of the apple4    
,i see1 said ,parson ,dale1             
soliloquizing1 that if one don't give   
,justice  the first place at the table1 
all the other ,virtues eat up her share4
    ,indeed1 the case was perplexing4   
,charity1 like a forward impudent       
baggage  as she is1 always thrusting    
herself in the way1 and taking other    
people's  apples to make her own little 
pie1 had defrauded ,lenny of his due2   
and  now ,susceptibility1 who looks like
 a shy1 blush-faced1 awkward ,virtue in 
her teens--but who1 nevertheless1 is    
always engaged in picking the  pockets  
of her sisters1 tried to filch from him 
his lawful recompense4  ,the case was   
perplexing2 for the ,parson held        
,susceptibility in great  honor1 despite
 her hypocritical tricks1 and did not   
like to give her a  slap in the face1   
which might frighten her away forever4  
,so ,mr4 ,dale  stood irresolute1       
glancing from the sixpence to ,lenny1   

and from ,lenny to  the sixpence4       
,buon giorno--good day to you1 said a   
voice behind1 in an accent  slightly but
 unmistakably foreign1 and a            
strange-looking figure presented  itself
 at the stile4    ,imagine a tall and   
exceedingly meager man1 dressed in a    
rusty suit of  black--the pantaloons    
tight at the calf and ancle1 and there  
forming a  loose gaiter over thick shoes
 buckled high at the instep2 an old     
cloak1  lined with red1 was thrown over 
one shoulder1 though the day was sultry2
  a quaint1 red1 outlandish umbrella1   
with a carved brass handle1 was  thrust 
under one arm1 though the sky was       
cloudless2 a profusion of raven  hair1  
in waving curls that seemed as fine as  
silk1 escaped from the sides  of a      
straw-hat of prodigious brim2 a         
complexion sallow and swarthy1 and      
features which1 though not without      
considerable beauty to the eye of the   
artist1 were not only unlike what we    
fair1 well-fed1 neat-faced  ,englishmen 

are wont to consider comely1 but        
exceedingly like what we are  disposed  
to regard as awful and ,satanic--to wit1
 a long hooked nose1  sunken cheeks1    
black eyes1 whose piercing brilliancy   
took something  wizard-like and mystical
 from the large spectacles through which
 they  shone2 a mouth round which played
 an ironical smile1 and in which a      
physiognomist would have remarked       
singular shrewdness and some closeness1 
complete the picture3 ,imagine this     
figure1 grotesque1 peregrinate2 and to  
the eye of a peasant certainly          
diabolical1 then perch it on the stile  
in  the midst of those green ,english   
fields1 and in sight of that primitive  
,english village2 there let it sit      
straddling1 its long legs dangling      
down1 a short ,german pipe emitting     
clouds from one corner of those         
sardonic lips1 its dark eyes glaring    
through the spectacles full upon the    
,parson1 yet askant upon ,lenny         
,fairfield4 ,lenny ,fairfield looked    

exceedingly frightened4    ,upon my     
word1 ,dr4 ,riccabocca4 said ,mr4 ,dale1
 smiling1 you come in good  time to     
solve a very nice question in casuistry2
 and herewith the ,parson  explained the
 case1 and put the question--,ought     
,lenny ,fairfield to have  the sixpence1
 or ought he not8    ,cospetto6 said the
 ,doctor4 ,if the hen would but hold her
 tongue1  nobody would know that she had
 laid an egg4             99       99   
99       99       99      ,,chapter ,v4 
,granted1 said the ,parson2 but what    
follows8 ,the saying is good1 but ,i    
don't see the application4    ,a        
thousand pardons6 replied ,dr4          
,riccabocca1 with all the urbanity of an
  ,italian2 but it seems to me1 that if 
you had given the sixpence to the       
fanciullo--that is1 to this good little 
boy--without telling him the  story     
about the donkey1 you would never have  
put him and yourself into  this awkward 
dilemma4    ,but1 my dear sir1 whispered
 the ,parson1 mildly1 as he inclined his

 lips  to the ,doctors ear1 ,i should   
then have lost the opportunity of       
inculcating a moral lesson--you         
understand4    ,dr4 ,riccabocca shrugged
 his shoulders1 restored his pipe to his
 mouth1  and took a long whiff4 ,it was 
a whiff eloquent1 though cynical--a     
whiff  peculiar to your philosophical   
smoker--a whiff that implied the most   
absolute but the most placid incredulity
 as to the effect of the ,parson's      
moral lesson4    ,still you have not    
given us your decision1 said the        
,parson1 after a  pause4    ,the ,doctor
 withdrew the pipe4 ,cospetto6 said he4 
,he who scrubs the  head of an ass      
wastes his soap4    ,if you scrubbed    
mine fifty times over with those        
enigmatical proverbs of  yours1 said the
 ,parson testily1 you would not make it 
any the wiser4    ,my good sir1 said the
 ,doctor1 bowing low from his perch on  
the stile1  ,i never presumed to say    
that there were more asses than in the  
story2  but ,i thought ,i could not     

better explain my meaning1 which is     
simply  this--you scrubbed the ass's    
head1 and therefore you must lose the   
soap4  ,let the fanciullo have the      
sixpence2 and a great sum it is1 too1   
for a  little boy1 who may spend it all 
upon pocket-money6    ,there1           
,lenny--you hear8 said the ,parson1     
stretching out the sixpence4  ,but      
,lenny retreated1 and cast on the umpire
 a look of great aversion and  disgust4 
,please1 ,master ,dale1 said he1        
obstinately1 ,i'd rather not4    ,it is 
a matter of feeling1 you see1 said the  
,parson1 turning to the  umpire2 and ,i 
believe the boy is right4    ,if it is a
 matter of feeling1 replied ,dr4        
,riccabocca1 there is no more  to be    
said on it4 ,when ,feeling comes in at  
the door1 ,reason has nothing  to do but
 to jump out of the window4    ,go1 my  
good boy1 said the ,parson1 pocketing   
the coin2 but stop6 ,give  me your hand 
first4 ,there--,i understand            
you--good-by6    ,lenny's eyes glistened

 as the ,parson shook him by the hand1  
and1 not  trusting himself to speak1 he 
walked off sturdily4 ,the ,parson wiped 
his  forehead1 and sat himself down on  
the stile beside the ,italian4 ,the view
  before them was lovely1 and both      
enjoyed it 7though not equally7 enough  
to be silent for some moments4 ,on the  
other side the lane1 seen between  gaps 
in the old oaks and chestnuts that hung 
over the moss-grown pales of  ,hazeldean
 ,park1 rose gentle verdant slopes1     
dotted with sheep and herds  of deer2 a 
stately avenue stretched far away to the
 left1 and ended at  the right hand1    
within a few yards of a ha-ha that      
divided the park from  a level sward of 
table-land gay with shrubs and          
flower-pots1 relieved by  the shade of  
two mighty cedars4 ,and on this         
platform1 only seen in part1  stood the 
,squire's old-fashioned house1 red      
brick1 with stone mullions1  gable-ends1
 and quaint chimney-pots4 ,on this side 
the road1 immediately  facing the two   

gentlemen1 cottage after cottage whitely
 emerged from the  curves in the lane1  
while1 beyond1 the ground declining gave
 an extensive  prospect of woods and    
cornfields1 spires and farms4 ,behind1  
from a belt  of lilacs and evergreens1  
you caught a peep of the                
parsonage-house1  backed by woodlands1  
and a little noisy rill running in      
front4 ,the birds  were still in the    
hedgerows1 only1 as if from the very    
heart of the most  distant woods1 there 
came now and then the mellow note of the
 cuckoo4    ,verily1 said ,mr4 ,dale    
softly1 my lot has fallen on a goodly   
heritage4    ,the ,italian twitched his 
cloak over him1 and sighed almost       
inaudibly4  ,perhaps he thought of his  
own ,summer ,land1 and felt that amidst 
all that  fresh verdure of the ,north1  
there was no heritage for the stranger4 
,however1 before the ,parson could      
notice the sigh or conjecture the cause1
  ,dr4 ,riccabocca's thin lips took an  
expression almost malignant4    ,per    

,bacco6 said he2 in every country ,i    
find that the rooks settle  where the   
trees are the finest4 ,i am sure that1  
when ,noah first landed on  ,ararat1 he 
must have found some gentleman in black 
already settled in the  pleasantest part
 of the mountain1 and waiting for his   
tenth of the cattle  as they came out of
 the ,ark4    ,the ,parson turned his   
meek eyes to the philosopher1 and there 
was in them  something so deprecating   
rather than reproachful1 that ,dr4      
,riccabocca  turned away his face and   
refilled his pipe4 ,dr4 ,riccabocca     
abhorred  priests2 but though ,parson   
,dale was emphatically a parson1 he     
seemed at  that moment so little of what
 ,dr4 ,riccabocca understood by a       
priest1 that  the ,italian's heart smote
 him for his irreverent jest on the     
cloth4  ,luckily at this moment there   
was a diversion to that untoward        
commencement of conversation1 in the    
appearance of no less a personage  than 
the donkey himself--,i mean the donkey  

who ate the apple4           99       99
       99       99       99             
,chapter ,,vi4      ,the ,tinker was a  
stout swarthy fellow1 jovial and musical
 withal1 for he  was singing a stave as 
he flourished his staff1 and at the end 
of each  refrain down came the staff on 
the quarters of the donkey4 ,the ,tinker
  went behind and sung1 the donkey went 
before and was thwacked4    ,yours is a 
droll country1 quoth ,dr4 ,riccabocca2  
in mine it is not the  ass that walks   
first in the procession1 who gets the   
blows4    ,the ,parson jumped from the  
stile1 and1 looking over the hedge that 
divided the field from the road-,gently1
 gently1 said he2 the sound of  the     
stick spoils the singing6 ,o ,mr4       
,sprott1 ,mr4 ,sprott6 a good man is    
merciful to his beast4    ,the donkey   
seemed to recognize the voice of its    
friend1 for it stopped  short1 pricked  
one ear wistfully1 and looked up4       
,the ,tinker touched his hat1 and looked
 up too4 ,lord bless your  reverence6 he

 does not mind it1 he likes it4 ,i would
 not hurt thee2 would  ,i1 ,neddy8      
,the donkey shook his head and shivered2
 perhaps a fly had settled on the  sore1
 which the chestnut leaves no longer    
protected4    ,i am sure you did not    
mean to hurt him1 ,sprott1 said the     
,parson1 more  politely ,i fear than    
honestly--for he had seen enough of that
  cross-grained thing called the human  
heart1 even in the little world of a    
country parish1 to know that it requires
 management1 and coaxing1 and           
flattering1 to interfere successfully   
between a man and his own  donkey--,i am
 sure you did not mean to hurt him2 but 
he has already got a  sore on his       
shoulder as big as my hand1 poor thing6 
,lord love 'un6 yes2 that vas done a    
playing with the manger1 the day ,i     
gave 'un oats6 said the ,tinker4    ,dr4
 ,riccabocca adjusted his spectacles1   
and surveyed the ass4 ,the ass  pricked 
up his other ear1 and surveyed ,dr4     
,riccabocca4 ,in that mutual  survey of 

physical qualifications1 each being     
regarded according to the  average      
symmetry of its species1 it may be      
doubted whether the advantage  was on   
the side of the philosopher4    ,the    
,parson had a great notion of the wisdom
 of his friend1 in all matters  not     
immediately ecclesiastical4    ,say a   
good word for the donkey6 whispered he4 
,sir1 said the ,doctor1 addressing ,mr4 
,sprott1 with a respectful  salutation1 
there's a great kettle at my house--the 
,casino--which wants  soldering3 can you
 recommend me a tinker8    ,why1 that's 
all in my line1 said ,sprott1 and there 
ben't a tinker in  the country that ,i  
would recommend like myself1 thof ,i say
 it4    ,you jest1 good sir4 said the   
,doctor1 smiling pleasantly4 ,a man who 
can't mend a hole in his own donkey1 can
 never demean himself by patching  up my
 great kettle4    ,lord1 sir1 said the  
,tinker1 archly1 if ,i had known that   
poor ,neddy had  two sitch friends in   
court1 ,i'd have seen he was a          

gintleman1 and treated  him as sitch4   
,corpo di ,bacco6 quoth the ,doctor1    
though that jest's not new1 ,i  think   
the ,tinker comes very well out of it4  
,true2 but the donkey6 said the ,parson1
 ,i've a great mind to buy it4          
,permit me to tell you an anecdote in   
point1 said ,dr4 ,riccabocca4    ,well6 
said the ,parson1 interrogatively4      
,once in a time1 pursued ,riccabocca1   
the ,emperor ,adrian1 going to the      
public baths1 saw an old soldier1 who   
had served under him1 rubbing his  back 
against the marble wall4 ,the ,emperor1 
who was a wise1 and therefore  a        
curious1 inquisitive man1 sent for the  
soldier1 and asked him why he  resorted 
to that kind of friction4 ',because1'   
answered the veteran1 ',i am  too poor  
to have slaves to rub me down4' ,the    
,emperor was touched1 and  gave him     
slaves and money4 ,the next day1 when   
,adrian went to the oaths1  all the old 
men in the city were to be seen rubbing 
themselves against  the marble as hard  

as they could4 ,the ,emperor sent for   
them1 and asked  them the same question 
which he had put to the soldier2 the    
cunning old  rogues1 of course1 made the
 same answer4 ',friends1' said ,adrian1 
'since  there are so many of you1 you   
will just rub one another6' ,mr4 ,dale1 
if  you don't want to have all the      
donkeys in the county with holes in     
their  shoulders1 you had better not buy
 the ,tinker's6    ,it is the hardest   
thing in the world to do the least bit  
of good1  groaned the ,parson1 as he    
broke a twig off the hedge nervously1   
snapped  it in two1 and flung the       
fragments on the road-one of them hit   
the donkey  on the nose4 ,if the ass    
could have spoken ,latin1 he would have 
said1 ,et  tu1 ,brute6 ,as it was1 he   
hung down his ears1 and walked on4      
,gee hup1 said the ,tinker1 and he      
followed the ass4 ,then stopping1 he    
looked over his shoulder1 and seeing    
that the ,parson's eyes were gazing     
mournfully on his protg1 ,never fear1   

your reverence1 cried the  ,tinker      
kindly2 ,i'll not spite 'un4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chapter ,,vii4      ,four o'clock1    
cried the ,parson1 looking at his watch2
 half-an-hour  after dinnertime1 and    
,mrs4 ,dale particularly begged me to be
 punctual1  because of the fine trout   
the ,squire sent us4 ,will you venture  
on what  our homely language calls 'pot 
luck1' ,doctor8    ,now ,riccabocca1    
like most wise men1 especially if       
,italians1 was by no  means inclined to 
the credulous view of human nature4     
,indeed1 he was in  the habit of        
detecting self-interest in the simplest 
actions of his  fellow-creatures4 ,and  
when the ,parson thus invited him to pot
 luck1 he  smiled with a kind of lofty  
complacency2 for ,mrs4 ,dale enjoyed the
  reputation of having what her friends 
styled her little tempers4 ,and1  as    
well-bred ladies rarely indulge in      
little tempers in the presence of  a    
third person1 not of the family1 so ,dr4

 ,riccabocca instantly concluded  that  
he was invited to stand between the pot 
and the luck6  ,nevertheless--as he was 
fond of trout1 and a much more          
good-natured man  than he ought to have 
been according to his principles-he     
accepted the  hospitality2 but he did so
 with a sly look from over his          
spectacles1  which brought a blush into 
the guilty cheeks of the ,parson4       
,certainly  ,riccabocca had for once    
guessed right in his estimate of human  
motives4    ,the two walked on1 crossed 
a little bridge that spanned the rill1  
and  entered the parsonage lawn4 ,two   
dogs1 that seemed to have sat on watch  
for their master1 sprang toward him     
barking2 and the sound drew the  notice 
of ,mrs4 ,dale1 who1 with parasol in    
hand1 sallied out from the sash  window 
which opened on the lawn4 ,now1 ,o      
reader6 ,i know that in thy secret      
heart1 thou art chuckling over the want 
of knowledge in the sacred arcana  of   
the domestic hearth1 betrayed by the    

author2 thou art saying to  thyself1 ,a 
pretty way to conciliate little tempers1
 indeed1 to add to  the offense of      
spoiling the fish1 the crime of bringing
 an unexpected  friend to eat it4 ,pot  
luck1 quotha1 when the pot's boiled over
 this half  hour6    ,but1 to thy utter 
shame and confusion1 ,o reader1 learn   
that both the  author and ,parson ,dale 
knew very well what they were about4    
,dr4 ,riccabocca was the special        
favorite of ,mrs4 ,dale1 and the only   
person  in the whole county who never   
put her out by dropping in4 ,in fact1   
strange though it may seem at first     
glance1 ,dr4 ,riccabocca had that       
mysterious something about him which we 
of his own sex can so little            
comprehend1 but which always propitiates
 the other4 ,he owed this1 in  part1 to 
his own profound but hypocritical       
policy2 for he looked upon  woman as the
 natural enemy to man--against whom it  
was necessary to be  always on the      
guard3 whom it was prudent to disarm by 

every species of  fawning1 servility1   
and abject complaisance4 ,he owed it    
also1 in part1 to  the compassionate and
 heavenly nature of the angels whom his 
thoughts  thus villanously traduced--for
 women like one whom they can pity      
without  despising2 and there was       
something in ,signer ,riccabocca's      
poverty1 in his  loneliness1 in his     
exile1 whether voluntary or compelled1  
that excited  pity2 while1 despite the  
threadbare coat1 the red umbrella1 and  
the wild  hair1 he had1 especially when 
addressing ladies1 that air of gentleman
  and cavalier1 which is or was more    
innate in an educated ,italian1 of      
whatever rank1 than perhaps in the      
highest aristocracy of any other        
country in ,europe4 ,for1 though ,i     
grant that nothing is more exquisite    
than the politeness of your ,french     
marquis of the old rgime--nothing  more 
frankly gracious than the cordial       
address of a high-bred ,english         
gentleman--nothing more kindly          

prepossessing than the genial           
good-nature  of some patriarchal        
,german1 who will condescend to forget  
his sixteen  quarterings in the pleasure
 of doing you a favor--yet these        
specimens of  the suavity of their      
several nations are rare2 whereas       
blandness and  polish are common        
attributes with your ,italian4 ,they    
seem to have been  immemorially handed  
down to him from ancestors emulating the
 urbanity of  ,caesar1 and refined by   
the grace of ,horace4    ,dr4           
,riccabocca consents to dine with us1   
cried the ,parson hastily4    ,if       
,madame permit6 said the ,italian1      
bowing over the hand extended to  him1  
which however he forebore to take1      
seeing it was already full of the       
watch4    ,i am only sorry that the     
trout must be quite spoiled1 began ,mrs4
 ,dale1  plaintively4    ,it is not the 
trout one thinks of when one dines with 
,mrs4 ,dale1 said  the infamous         
dissimulator4    ,but ,i see ,james     

coming to say that dinner is ready8     
observed the  ,parson4    ,he said that 
three-quarters of an hour ago1 ,charles 
dear1 retorted  ,mrs4 ,dale1 taking the 
arm of ,dr4 ,riccabocca4                
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chapter ,,viii4      ,while the       
,parson and his wife are entertaining   
their guest1 ,i propose to  regale the  
reader with a small treatise apropos of 
that ,charles dear1  murmured by ,mrs4  
,dale2--a treatise expressly written for
 the benefit  of ,,the ,,domestic       
,,circle4    ,it is an old jest that    
there is not a word in the language that
 conveys  so little endearment as the   
word dear4 ,but though the saying       
itself1  like most truths1 be trite and 
hackneyed1 no little novelty remains to 
the search of the inquirer into the     
varieties of inimical import            
comprehended in that malign             
monosyllable4 ,for instance1 ,i submit  
to the  experienced that the degree of  
hostility it betrays is in much         

proportioned to its collocation in the  
sentence4 ,when1 gliding indirectly     
through the rest of the period1 it takes
 its stand at the close1 as in  that    
,charles dear of ,mrs4 ,dale--it has    
spilt so much of ,its natural           
bitterness by the way that it assumes   
even a smile1 amara lento temperet      
risu4 ,sometimes the smile is plaintive1
 sometimes arch4 ,ex4 gr4               
7,plaintive47    ,i know very well that 
whatever ,i do is wrong1 ,charles dear4 
,nay1 ,i am only glad you amused        
yourself so much without me1 ,charles   
dear4    ,not quite so loud6 ,if you had
 but my poor head1 ,charles dear1 c4    
,arch4    ,if you could spill the ink   
anywhere but on the best table-cloth1   
,charles dear6    ,but though you must  
always have your own way1 you are not   
quite  faultless1 own1 ,charles dear1 c4
    ,in this collocation occur many     
dears1 parental as well as conjugal2    
as--,hold up your head1 and don't look  
quite so cross1 dear4    ,be a good boy 

for once in your life--that's a dear1 c4
    ,when the enemy stops in the middle 
of a sentence1 its venom is naturally   
less exhausted4 ,ex4 gr4    ,really ,i  
must say1 ,charles dear1 that you are   
the most fidgety person1  c4    ,and if 
the house bills were so high last week1 
,charles dear1 ,i should  just like to  
know whose fault it was--that's all4    
,do you think1 ,charles dear1 that you  
could put your feet anywhere but on  the
 chintz sofa8    ,but you know1 ,charles
 dear1 that you care no more for me and 
the  children than1 c4    ,but if the   
fatal word spring up1 in its primitive  
freshness1 at the head  of the sentence1
 bow your head to the storm4 ,it then   
assumes the majesty  of my before it2 is
 generally more than simple             
objurgation--it prefaces  a sermon4 ,my 
candor obliges me to confess that this  
is the mode in which  the hateful       
monosyllable is more usually employed by
 the marital part of  the one flesh2 and
 has something about it of the odious   

assumption of the  ,petruchian pater    
familias--the head of the               
family--boding1 not perhaps  peace1 and 
love1 and quiet life1 but certainly     
awful rule and right  supremacy4 ,ex4   
gr4    ,my dear ,jane--,i wish you would
 just put by that everlasting           
tent-stitch1  and listen to me for a few
 moments1 c4    ,my dear ,jane--,i wish 
you would understand me for once--don't 
think ,i am  angry-no1 but ,i am hurt4  
,you must consider1 c4    ,my dear      
,jane--,i don't know if it is your      
intention to ruin me2 but ,i  only wish 
you would do as all other women do who  
care three straws for  their husbands'  
property1 c4    ,my dear ,jane--,i wish 
you to understand that ,i am the last   
person in the  world to be jealous2 but 
,i'll be d----d if that puppy1 ,capt4   
,prettyman1  c4    ,now1 if that same   
dear could be thoroughly raked and hoed 
out of the  connubial garden1 ,i don't  
think that the remaining nettles would  
signify  a button4 ,but even as it was1 

,parson ,dale1 good man1 would have     
prized  his garden beyond all the bowers
 which ,spenser and ,tasso have sung so 
musically1 though there had not been a  
single specimen of dear1 whether  the   
dear humilis1 or the dear superba2 the  
dear pallida1 rubra1 or  nigra2 the dear
 umbrosa1 florens1 spicata2 the dear    
savis1 or the  dear horrida2--no1 not a 
single dear in the whole horticulture of
  matrimony which ,mrs4 ,dale had not   
brought to perfection4 ,but this1       
fortunately1 was far from being the     
case--the dears of ,mrs4 ,dale were     
only wild flowers after all6            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,chapter ,,ix4      ,in the cool of the
 evening ,dr4 ,riccabocca walked home   
across the fields4  ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,dale
 had accompanied him half way2 and as   
they now turned  back to the parsonage1 
they looked behind1 to catch a glimpse  
of the  tall1 outlandish figure1 winding
 slowly through the path amidst the     
waves  of the green corn4    ,poor man6 

said ,mrs4 ,dale1 feelingly2 and the    
button was off his  wristband6 ,what a  
pity he has nobody to take care of him6 
,he seems very  domestic4 ,don't you    
think1 ,charles1 it would be a great    
blessing if we  could get him a good    
wife8    ,um1 said the ,parson2 ,i doubt
 if he values the married state as he   
ought4    ,what do you mean1 ,charles8  
,i never saw a man more polite to ladies
 in my  life4    ,yes1 but--    ,but    
what8 ,you are always so mysterious1    
,charles dear4    ,mysterious6 ,no1     
,carry2 but if you could hear what the  
,doctor says of the  ladies sometimes4  
,ay1 when you men get together1 my dear1
 ,i know what that means-pretty  things 
you say of us4 ,but you are all alike2  
you know you are1 love6    ,i am sure1  
said the ,parson1 simply1 that ,i have  
good cause to speak  well of the        
sex--when ,i think of you1 and my poor  
mother4    ,mrs4 ,dale1 who1 with all   
her tempers1 was an excellent woman1 and
 loved  her husband with the whole of   

her quick little heart1 was touched4    
,she  pressed his hand1 and did not call
 him dear all the way home4             
,meanwhile the ,italian passed the      
fields1 and came upon the high-road     
about two miles from ,hazeldean4 ,on one
 side stood an old-fashioned  solitary  
inn1 such as ,english inns used to be   
before they became railway              
hotels--square1 solid1 old-fashioned1   
looking so hospitable and  comfortable1 
with their great signs swinging from    
some elm tree in front1  and the long   
row of stables standing a little back1  
with a chaise or two  in the yard1 and  
the jolly landlord talking of the crops 
to some stout  farmer1 who has stopped  
his rough pony at the well-known door4  
,opposite  this inn1 on the other side  
the road1 stood the habitation of ,dr4  
,riccabocca4    ,a few years before the 
date of these annals1 the stage coach1  
on its way  to ,london from a seaport   
town1 stopped at the inn1 as was its    
wont1 for a  good hour1 that its        

passengers might dine like ,christian   
,englishmen--not  gulp down a basin of  
scalding soup1 like everlasting heathen 
,yankees1  with that cursed railway     
whistle shrieking like a fiend in their 
ears6 ,it  was the best dining-place on 
the whole road1 for the trout in the    
neighboring rill were famous1 and so was
 the mutton which came from  ,hazeldean 
,park4    ,from the outside of the coach
 had descended two passengers who1 alone
  insensible to the attractions of      
mutton and trout1 refused to dine--two  
melancholy-looking foreigners1 of whom  
one was ,signor ,riccabocca1 much  the  
same as we see him now1 only that the   
black suit was less threadbare1  the    
tall form less meager1 and he did not   
then wear spectacles2 and the  other was
 his servant4 ,they would walk about    
while the coach stopped4  ,now the      
,italian's eye had been caught by a     
mouldering dismantled house on  the     
other side of the road1 which           
nevertheless was well situated2         

half-way up a green hill1 with its      
aspect due south1 a little cascade      
falling down artificial rock-work1 and a
 terrace with a balustrade1 and a  few  
broken urns and statues before its      
,ionic portico2 while on the  roadside  
stood a board1 with characters already  
half effaced1 implying  that the house  
was to be ,let unfurnished1 with or     
without land4    ,the abode that looked 
so cheerless1 and which had so evidently
 hung long  on hand1 was the property of
 ,squire ,hazeldean4 ,it had been built 
by his  grandfather on the female       
side--a country gentleman who had       
actually been  in ,italy 7a journey rare
 enough to boast of in those days71 and 
who1 on  his return home1 had attempted 
a miniature imitation of an ,italian    
villa4  ,he left an only daughter and   
sole heiress1 who married ,squire       
,hazeldean's  father3 and since that    
time1 the house1 abandoned by its       
proprietors for  the larger residence of
 the ,hazeldeans1 had been uninhabited  

and  neglected4 ,several tenants1       
indeed1 had offered themselves2 but your
  squire is slow in admitting upon his  
own property a rival neighbor4 ,some    
wanted shooting4 ,that1 said the        
,hazeldeans1 who were great sportsmen   
and strict preservers1 was quite out of 
the question4 ,others were fine  folks  
from ,london4 ,london servants1 said the
 ,hazeldeans1 who were moral  and       
prudent people1 would corrupt their own1
 and bring ,london prices4  ,others1    
again1 were retired manufacturers1 at   
whom the ,hazeldeans turned  up their   
agricultural noses4 ,in short1 some were
 too grand1 and others  too vulgar4     
,some were refused because they were    
known so well3 ,friends  are best at a  
distance1 said the ,hazeldeans4 ,others 
because they were  not known at all3 ,no
 good comes of strangers1 said the      
,hazeldeans4 ,and  finally1 as the house
 fell more and more into decay1 no one  
would take it  unless it was put into   
thorough repair3 ,as if one was made of 

money6  said the ,hazeldeans4 ,in short1
 there stood the house unoccupied and   
ruinous2 and there1 on its terrace1     
stood the two forlorn ,italians1        
surveying it with a smile at each other1
 as1 for the first time since  they set 
foot in ,england1 they recognized1 in   
dilapidated pilasters and  broken       
statues1 in a weed-grown terrace and the
 remains of an orangery1  something that
 reminded them of the land they had left
 behind4    ,on returning to the inn1   
,dr4 ,riccabocca took the occasion of   
learning  from the innkeeper 7who was   
indeed a tenant of the ,squire's7 such  
particulars as he could collect2 and a  
few days afterward ,mr4 ,hazeldean      
received a letter from a solicitor of   
repute in ,london1 stating that a  very 
respectable foreign gentleman had       
commissioned him to treat for  ,clump   
,lodge1 otherwise called the ,casino2   
that the said gentleman did  not        
shoot--lived in great seclusion--and1   
having no family1 did not care  about   

the repairs of the place1 provided only 
it were made  weather-proof--if the     
omission of more expensive reparations  
could render  the rent suitable to his  
finances1 which were very limited4 ,the 
offer  came at a fortunate moment--when 
the steward had just been representing  
to the ,squire the necessity of doing   
something to keep the ,casino from      
falling into positive ruin1 and the     
,squire was cursing the fates which  had
 put the ,casino into an entail--so that
 he could not pull it down for  the     
building materials4 ,mr4 ,hazeldean     
therefore1 caught at the proposal  even 
as a fair lady1 who has refused the best
 offers in the kingdom1  catches at last
 at some battered old ,captain on       
half-pay1 and replied  that1 as for     
rent1 if the solicitors client was a    
quiet respectable man1  he did not care 
for that4 ,but that the gentleman might 
have it for the  first year rent free1  
on condition of paying the taxes and    
putting the  place a little in order4   

,if they suited each other1 they could  
then come  to terms4 ,ten days          
subsequently to this gracious reply1    
,signer ,riccabocca  and his servant    
arrived2 and1 before the years end1 the 
,squire was so  contented with his      
tenant that he gave him a running lease 
of seven1  fourteen1 or twenty-one      
years1 at a rent nearly nominal1 on     
condition  that ,signer ,riccabocca     
would put and maintain the place in     
repair1  barring the roof and fences1   
which the ,squire generously renewed at 
his  own expense4 ,it was astonishing1  
by little and little1 what a pretty     
place the ,italian had made of it1 and  
what is more astonishing1 how  little it
 had cost him4 ,he had indeed painted   
the walls of the hall1  staircase1 and  
the rooms appropriated to himself1 with 
his own hands4 ,his  servant had done   
the greater part of the upholstery4 ,the
 two between them  had got the garden   
into order4 ,the ,italians seemed to    
have taken a joint  love to the place1  

and to deck it as they would have done  
some favorite  chapel to their ,madonna4
    ,it was long before the natives     
reconciled themselves to the odd ways of
  the foreign settlers4 ,the first thing
 that offended them was the  exceeding  
smallness of the household bills4 ,three
 days out of the seven1  indeed1 both   
man and master dined on nothing else but
 the vegetables in  the garden1 and the 
fishes in the neighboring rill2 when no 
trout could  be caught they fried the   
minnows1 7and certainly1 even in the    
best  streams1 minnows are more         
frequently caught than trouts47 ,the    
next thing  which angered the natives   
quite as much1 especially the female    
part of  the neighborhood1 was the very 
sparing employment the two he creatures 
gave to the sex usually deemed so       
indispensable in household matters4 ,at 
first indeed1 they had no woman servant 
at all4 ,but this created such  horror  
that ,parson ,dale ventured a hint upon 
the matter1 which ,riccabocca  took in  

very good part1 and an old woman was    
forthwith engaged1 after  some          
bargaining--at three shillings a        
week--to wash and scrub as much as  she 
liked during the daytime4 ,she always   
returned to her own cottage to  sleep4  
,the man servant1 who was styled in the 
neighborhood ,jackeymo1  did all else   
for his master--smoothed his room1      
dusted his papers1  prepared his coffee1
 cooked his dinner1 brushed his clothes1
 and cleaned  his pipes1 of which       
,riccabocca had a large collection4 ,but
 however close  a man's character1 it   
generally creeps out in driblets2 and on
 many  little occasions the ,italian had
 shown acts of kindness1 and1 on some   
more rare occasions1 even of generosity1
 which had served to silence his        
calumniators1 and by degrees he had     
established a very fair                 
reputation--suspected1 it is true1 of   
being a little inclined to the  ,black  
,art1 and of a strange inclination to   
starve ,jackeymo and  himself1--in other

 respects harmless enough4    ,signor   
,riccabocca had become very intimate1 as
 we have seen1 at the  ,parsonage4 ,but 
not so at the ,hall4 ,for though the    
,squire was inclined to  be very        
friendly to all his neighbors--he was1  
like most country  gentlemen1 rather    
easily huffed4 ,riccabocca had1 if with 
great  politeness1 still with great     
obstinacy1 refused ,mr4 ,hazeldean's    
earlier  invitations to dinner2 and when
 the ,squire found that the ,italian    
rarely  declined to dine at the         
,parsonage1 he was offended in one of   
his weak  points--viz41 his regard for  
the honor of the hospitality of         
,hazeldean  ,hall--and he ceased        
altogether invitations so churlishly    
rejected4  ,nevertheless1 as it was     
impossible for the ,squire1 however     
huffed1 to  bear malice1 he now and then
 reminded ,riccabocca of his existence  
by  presents of game1 and would have    
called on him more often than he did1   
but that ,riccabocca received him with  

such excessive politeness that the      
blunt country gentleman felt shy and put
 out1 and used to say1 that to  call on 
,riccabocca was as bad as going to      
court4    ,but ,i left ,dr4 ,riccabocca 
on the high-road4 ,by this time he has  
ascended  a narrow path that winds by   
the side of the cascade1 he has passed a
  trellis-work covered with vines1 from 
the which ,jacheymo has positively      
succeeded in making what he calls       
wine--a liquid1 indeed1 that1 if the    
cholera had been popularly known in     
those days1 would have soured the       
mildest member of the ,board of ,health2
 for ,squire ,hazeldean1 though a       
robust man1 who daily carried off his   
bottle of port with impunity1  having   
once rashly tasted it1 did not recover  
the effect till he had had  a bill from 
the apothecary as long as his own arm4  
,passing this trellis1  ,dr4 ,riccabocca
 entered upon the terrace1 with its     
stone pavement smoothed  and trim as    
hands could make it4 ,here1 on neat     

stands1 all his favorite  flowers were  
arranged4  ,here four orange-trees were 
in full blossom2 here  a kind of        
summer-house or ,belvidere1 built by    
,jackeymo and himself1 made  his chosen 
morning-room from ,may till ,october2   
and from this ,belvidere  there was as  
beautiful an expanse of prospect as if  
our ,english ,nature  had hospitably    
spread on her green board all that she  
had to offer as a  banquet to the exile4
    ,a man without his coat1 which was  
thrown over the balustrade1 was         
employed in watering the flowers3 a man 
with movements so  mechanical--with a   
face so rigidly grave in its tawny      
hues--that he  seemed like an automaton 
made out of mahogany4    ,giacomo1 said 
,dr4 ,riccabocca1 softly4    ,the       
automaton stopped its hand1 and turned  
its head4    ,put by the watering-pot1  
and come here1 continued ,riccabocca in 
,italian2 and moving toward the         
balustrade1 he leaned over it4 ,mr4     
,mitford1 the historian1 calls ,jean    

,jacques ,john ,james4 ,following that  
illustrious example1 ,giacomo shall be  
,anglified into ,jackeymo4  ,jackeymo   
came to the balustrade also1 and stood a
 little behind his  master4    ,friend1 
said ,riccabocca1 enterprises have not  
always succeeded with  us4 ,don't you   
think1 after all1 it is tempting our    
evil star to rent  those fields from the
 landlord8 ,jackeymo crossed himself1   
and made some  strange movement with a  
little coral charm which he wore set in 
a ring on  his finger4    ,if the       
,madonna send us luck1 and we could hire
 a lad cheap8 said  ,jackeymo1          
doubtfully4    ,piu vale un presente che
 due futuri1 said ,riccabocca--,a bird  
in the  hand is worth two in the bush4  
,chi non fa quondo pu1 non pu fare      
quondo vuole--7,he who will not  when he
 may1 when he will it shall have        
nay7--answered ,jackeymo1 as            
sententiously as his master4 ,and the   
,padrone should think in time that  he  
must lay by for the dower of the poor   

signorina--7young lady47    ,riccabocca 
sighed1 and made no reply4    ,she must 
be that high now6 said ,jackeymo1       
putting his band on some  imaginary line
 a little above the balustrade4         
,riccabocca's eyes1 raised  over the    
spectacles1 followed the hand4    ,if   
the ,padrone could but see her here--   
,i thought ,i did6 muttered the         
,italian4    ,he would never let her go 
from his side till she went to a        
husband's1  continued ,jackeymo4    ,but
 this climate--she could never stand it1
 said ,riccabocca1 drawing  his cloak   
round him1 as a north wind took him in  
the rear4    ,the orange-trees blossom  
even here with care1 said ,jackeymo1    
turning  back to draw down an awning    
where the orange-trees faced the north4 
,see6 he added1 as he returned with a   
sprig in fall bud4    ,dr4 ,riccabocca  
bent over the blossom1 and then placed  
it in his bosom4    ,the other one      
should be there too4 said ,jackeymo4    
,to die--as this does already6 answered 

,riccabocca4 ,say no more4    ,jackeymo 
shrugged his shoulders2 and then1       
glancing at his master1 threw  his hand 
over his eyes4    ,there was a pause4   
,jackeymo was the first to break it4    
,but1 whether here or there1 beauty     
without  money is the orange-tree       
without shelter4 ,if a lad could be got 
cheap1 ,i would hire the land1 and      
trust for the crop to the ,madonna4     
,i think ,i know of such a lad1 said    
,riccabocca1 recovering himself1 and    
with his sardonic smile once more       
lurking about the corner of his         
mouth--a lad made for us6    ,diavolo6  
,no1 not the ,diavolo6 ,friend1 ,i have 
this day seen a boy who-refused         
sixpence6    ,cosa                      
stupenda6--7,stupendous thing67         
exclaimed ,jackeymo1 opening his  eyes1 
and letting fall the watering-pot4      
,it is true1 my friend4    ,take him1   
,padrone1 in ,heaven's name1 and the    
fields will grow gold4    ,i will think 
of it1 for it must require management to

 catch such a boy1  said ,riccabocca4   
,meanwhile1 light a candle in the       
parlor1 and bring from  my bedroom--that
 great folio of ,machiavelli4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,,recent ,,deaths4    ,,louis           
,,philippe1 ,,ex-,,king ,,of ,,the      
,,french4      ,the vicissitudes of     
kings form an impressive chapter in the 
history of  ,europe2 and one of the most
 striking episodes in the narrative is  
the  checkered life of the last king of 
,france--one week among the mightiest   
monarchs on the loftiest pinnacle of    
ambition1 he was1 the next1 an exile  in
 a foreign land--his past supremacy     
almost forgotten4    ,louis ,philippe   
died on the morning of the #bfth of     
,august1 at ,claremont1  in the presence
 of the ,queen and several members of   
his family4 ,he had  been made aware of 
his approaching dissolution early the   
previous day1  and receiving with       
calmness the melancholy intimation1     
prepared for the  final arrangements he 

wished to make4 ,after a conversion with
 the ,queen1  he dictated1 with         
remarkable clearness1 the concluding    
portion of his  ,memoirs1 and then1     
having caused to be assembled his       
chaplain1 the ,abb  ,gaelle1 and all his
 children and grandchildren who were at 
,claremont1 he  received1 with          
resignation and firmness1 the last rites
 of the ,catholic  ,church4 ,toward     
seven in the evening the debility that  
had oppressed him  appeared to pass off1
 and fever came on1 which continued     
during the night  with much violence1   
but without disturbing his composure of 
mind4  ,at eight o'clock in the morning 
he expired1 in the presence of his wife1
  and of the ,duchess of ,orleans1 the  
,count of ,paris1 the ,duke de          
,chartres1  the ,duke and ,duchess de   
,nemours1 the ,prince and ,princess de  
,joinville1  the ,duke and ,duchess     
d',aureale1 and the ,duchess ,augusta of
 ,saxe-,coburg4  ,thus ended the closing
 scene of the life of ,louis ,philippe  

of  ,orleans1--the wise and judicious   
sovereign of a great people1 the soldier
  of one revolution1 the conqueror of a 
second1 and the victim of a third4      
,louis ,philippe was born in ,paris1    
#fth ,october1 #aggc1 the eldest son of 
,philippe ,joseph1 ,duke of ,orleans 7so
 well-known under the revolutionary     
soubriquet of ,egalit71 by ,marie       
,louise ,adelaide de ,bourbon his wife1 
daughter and heir of the wealthy ,duke  
de ,penthievre4 ,at his birth he bore   
the title of ,valois2 but after the     
death of his grandfather1 in #aghe1 was 
styled ,duke of ,chartres4 ,the care of 
the young ,prince's education was       
assigned to ,madame de ,genlis1 who ably
 and admirably performed her  important 
duties4 ,from her guidance ,louis       
,philippe passed at once to the  arena  
of active life4 ,in #agia1 the ,prince1 
then ,duke of ,chartres1 having         
previously received the appointment of  
,colonel in the #adth ,dragoons1        
assumed the command of that regiment1   

and shortly after1 quitting the         
garrison of ,vendme1 proceeded to       
,valenciennes1 where he continued to    
pursue his military avocations4 ,in the 
,april of the following year1 war  being
 declared against ,austria1 the ,duke   
made his first campaign1  fighting with 
gallantry under ,kellerman at ,valmy1   
and with ,dumouriez at  ,jemappes4 ,but 
the horrors of the ,revolution were     
progressing with giant  strides2 the    
unfortunate ,louis ,,xvi4 was carried to
 the scaffold1 and  within a few months 
after1 the ,duke of ,orleans was seized 
on a plea of  conspiracy against the    
,french nation1 and after a mock trial1 
consigned  to the executioner4 ,a short 
time previously to the death of his     
father1  the ,duke de ,chartres had     
effected his escape through ,belgium    
into  ,switzerland1 and there was joined
 by his sister ,adelaide and ,madame de 
,genlis4 ,our confined space precludes  
the possibility of our dwelling on  the 
romantic events of this period of ,louis

 ,philippe's life1 and permits  us to   
glance only at his wanderings through   
,switzerland1 ,denmark1  ,lapland1      
,finland1 ,america1 and ,england4 ,for  
one year he held the  ,appointment of   
,professor in the ,college of           
,reichenau1 at a salary of  fifty-eight 
pounds2 and for that sum undertook to   
teach history1  mathematics1 and        
,english4 ,he bore the name of          
,chabaud-,latour1 and none  but the     
superiors of the institution were aware 
of his rank4 ,the news of  his father's 
execution reached him while quietly     
instructing the youth of  ,reichenau1   
and he instantly threw up his           
,professorship1 and after a  protracted 
journey through northern ,europe1       
succeeded1 by the kind  instrumentality 
of ,mr4 ,gouverneur ,morris1 the        
,american ,ambassador at  ,paris1 in    
reaching the ,united ,states4 ,he landed
 at ,philadelphia on the  #bdth         
,october1 #agif1 and was soon after     
joined by his brothers1  ,montpensier   

and ,beaujolais4 ,the three brothers    
passed the winter in that  city1 and    
afterward made a journey through the    
,western ,states1 and  visited ,general 
,washington at ,mount ,vernon4 ,their   
residence in this  country was not      
however of very long duration4 ,after an
 inhospitable  reception by the ,spanish
 authorities in ,cuba1 the royal exiles 
made their  way to ,england1 in         
,february1 #ahjj1 and thence immediately
 proceeded to  ,barcelona1 in the hope  
of meeting their mother4 ,but this      
object failing1  they returned to       
,england1 and took up their abode at    
,twickenham1 on the  banks of the       
,thames4 ,in ,great ,britain they were  
treated with respect and  consideration1
 and were furnished with ample          
opportunities for repose  after their   
exciting adventures4 ,within a few      
years1 however1 the ,duke of            
,montpensier and the ,count ,beaujolais 
both died--the former in ,england1  the 
latter at ,malta4 ,louis ,philippe had  

accompanied his last surviving  brother 
to that island1 and after his interment 
sailed for ,sicily1 on the  invitation  
of the ,king of ,naples4 ,there he      
gained the affections of the  ,princess 
,amelia1 and their marriage took place  
in ,november1 #ahji4 ,no  event of      
material importance marks the subsequent
 life of the ,duke1 until  the year     
#ahad1 when1 on the abdication of       
,napoleon1 he returned to ,paris1  and  
for a short period was in full enjoyment
 of his honors4 ,in #ahae1  ,napoleon's 
escape from ,elba again called the ,duke
 of ,orleans into active  employment1   
and he proceeded1 in obedience to the   
desire of ,louis ,,xviii41  to take the 
command of the ,army of the ,north4 ,in 
this situation he  remained until the   
#bdth of ,march1 hen he surrendered his 
command to the  ,duke de ,treviso1 and  
retired to ,twickenham4 ,after the      
,hundred ,days1 the  ,duke of ,orleans  
obeyed the ordinance authorizing the    
,princes of the blood  to take their    

seats in the ,chamber of ,peers2 but    
subsequently incurring  the jealousy and
 displeasure of the ,court1 he resought 
his old residence  on the ,thames1 and  
dwelt there in seclusion until #ahag1   
when he went back  to ,france1 and      
devoted himself to the education of his 
children1 until  the ,revolution of     
#ahcj broke out1 resulting in his       
elevation to the  throne4 ,the          
subsequent events of his reign1 and the 
memorable outbreak  of #ahdh1 that      
finally overthrew the dynasty that the  
monarch had strained  every nerve to    
establish1 are too fresh on the public  
mind to require  recapitulation here4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,john ,,inman4    ,john ,inman1 a son  
of ,william ,inman1 was born in ,utica  
in #ahje4 ,he had two  brothers1        
,william1 a commander in the ,navy1 and 
,henry1 so well known as  one of the    
finest artists of this country4 ,john   
,inman was educated pretty  much by     
chance2 he had the usual country        

schooling2 but whatever valuable        
cultivation he had was in after-life    
when he was alone in the world1  seeking
 his fortune4 ,in #ahbc he went to      
,north ,carolina where he taught  school
 for two years4 ,in the spring of #ahbf1
 with the profits of his                
schoolmastership1 he went to ,europe1   
and traveled there a little more  than a
 year4 ,on his return1 being admitted to
 the bar1 he practiced law  about two   
years1 when1 in #ahbi1 he became one of 
the editors of ,the  ,standard          
newspaper1 which he left in #ahcj to    
conduct the ,mirror4 ,in  #ahcc he was  
married to ,miss ,fisher1 a sister of   
the popular and estimable  actress1     
,clara ,fisher1 and about this time he  
devoted the leisure left  from the      
duties of the ,mirror office to a paper 
owned by his  brother-in-law and        
himself1 called ,the ,spirit of the     
,times4 ,in #ahcc he  accepted an offer 
from the late ,colonel ,stone to become 
one of the  editors of the ,commercial  

,advertiser1 of which he became the     
editor in  chief upon the death of that 
gentleman1 in #ahdd4 ,he continued in   
this  post until his failing health last
 spring compelled him entirely to       
relinquish the use of the pen2 and      
gradually declining1 he died on the     
#cjth of ,august4    ,mr4 ,inman had    
edited several books1 and for two or    
three years he  conducted the ,columbian
 ,magazine4 ,he was for a long time the 
critical  reader of the great house of  
,harper  ,brothers1 who learned by a    
happy  experience to confide            
unhesitatingly in his judgment of books4
 ,he wrote  many tales and sketches for 
the annuals and other publications1 and 
a  few poems1 of which ,byron1 a        
,fragment1 was the longest4 ,of the     
,columbian ,magazine1 he wrote with his 
own hand the whole of one  number1      
partly from an ambition to achieve what 
seemed an impossible  feat1 and partly  
from his habit of close and unremitting 
labor4 ,he also  wrote several literary 

papers for the ,new ,york ,review4  ,he 
was a gentleman of the most honorable   
nature1 and of the finest taste  and    
most refined habits4  ,perhaps there was
 not connected with the press  in this  
city a writer of purer ,english1 and    
very few of our literary men  have had a
 more thorough knowledge of ,french and 
,english literature4           99       
99       99       99       99           
,,adoniram ,,judson1 ,d4,d4    ,the     
death of this widely-known and eminently
 devoted missionary is  announced in an 
article of ,the ,tribune1 to have taken 
place on the #abth  of ,april1 on board 
of the ,french brig ,ariotide1 bound to 
the ,isle of  ,bourbon1 in which he had 
taken passage for the benefit of his    
health4 ,his  remains were committed to 
the deep on the evening of his death4   
,for some  time past the health of ,dr4 
,judson1 which had been seriously       
impaired for  several years1 has been   
known to be in an alarming state1 and   
the news of  his decease accordingly    

will not come as an unlooked-for blow   
upon his  wide circle of friends4 ,dr4  
,judson was the son of ,rev4 ,adoniram  
,judson1 a  ,congregational clergyman in
 ,plymouth county1 ,mass4 ,he received  
his  collegiate education at ,brown     
,university1 with the original intention
 of  pursuing the profession of the law1
 but experiencing a great change in  his
 religious views soon after his         
graduation1 he entered the ,theological 
,seminary at ,andover4 ,during his      
residence at this institution1 a        
profound  interest in ,foreign ,missions
 was awakened among the students which  
resulted in his determination to devote 
his life to the missionary  service4    
,leaving his native land1 among the     
first missionaries sent forth  by the   
,american ,board1 in company with       
,samuel ,nevill1 ,luther ,rice1 and     
,samuel ,nott1 he arrived in ,calcutta1 
in #ahab4 ,in consequence of studies    
during the voyage1 he was led to change 
his opinions on the subject of  baptism1

 and a short time after his landing1    
received the rite of  immersion from the
 hands of one of the ,english           
missionaries resident in  ,calcutta4    
,his sermon on that occasion1 which     
produced a deep impression  on the      
religious world1 is a masterpiece of    
logical argument1 ,scriptural  research 
and grave eloquence4 ,after connecting  
himself with the ,baptist  denomination1
 he selected the ,burman empire as the  
seat of his future  labors--at which    
post he has remained1 with scarcely an  
interval of  relaxation1 for nearly     
forty years4 ,his efforts and sufferings
 in the  prosecution of his mission are 
well known4 ,he was a man of high and   
resolute courage1 of remarkable         
self-reliance1 of more than common      
mental  ability and of devotion to the  
performance of his duty1 almost without 
a  parallel in modern times4 ,he had all
 the elements of a hero in his          
composition1 and whoever would look for 
a rare specimen of a life  consecrated  

to noble1 ideal aims1 inspired with an  
elevated and almost  romantic           
self-devotion1 and daily exercising a   
valiant energy more  difficult of       
attainment than that which animates the 
soldier amid the  smoke of battle1 must 
contemplate the strange and beautiful   
history of  the lion-hearted missionary 
of ,burmah4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,henry ,,white1
 ,d4,d4    ,the ,,rev4 ,,henry ,,white1 
,d4,d41 ,professor of ,theology in the  
,union  ,theological ,seminary1 died in 
this city on ,sunday1 ,august #beth1 in 
the fifty-first year of his age4 ,we    
obtain the following biographical  facts
 from ,the ,independent3 ,professor     
,white was born in ,durham1  ,greene    
county1 in this state4 ,he had nearly   
reached the age of manhood  before      
commencing a liberal course of          
education2 was graduated at ,union      
,college in #ahbd2 studied theology at  
,princeton1 ,n4,j41 and after being     
licensed to preach the ,gospel1 was     

employed as an agent of the ,american   
,bible ,society in ,georgia and the     
,carolinas4 ,in this service he remained
  during parts of the years #ahbf and   
#ahbg4 ,in #ahbg-bh he was engaged as an
  agent of the same society in ,new     
,york and the vicinity2 and during that 
period he supplied for some time the    
pulpit of the second ,presbyterian      
church in ,newark1 ,n4,j4 ,in ,march1   
#ahbi1 he became pastor of the          
,allen-street ,presbyterian church in   
this city1 in which office he  remained 
until after his appointment to the      
,professorship of ,theology in  the     
,union ,theological ,seminary1 then     
newly formed in this city4 ,he was      
dismissed from his pastoral charge in   
,march1 #ahcg4 ,the labors of his       
professorship were begun and carried on 
for some years in discouragement4  ,the 
pecuniary basis on which the ,seminary  
rested was inadequate1 and  there were  
arrearages in the salaries4 ,in #ahdc   
,professor ,w4 was invited  to ,auburn1 

and great anxiety was felt lest he      
should accept the  invitation4 ,but his 
own attachment to the ,seminary and the 
entreaties of  his friends1 and an      
effort which was made to endow his      
,professorship with  a sufficient       
permanent fund1 induced him to remain1  
and he held the  office as long as he   
lived4             99       99       99 
99       99      ,,sir ,,martin ,,archer
 ,,shee1 ,p4,r4,a4      ,,sir ,,martin  
,,archer ,,shee1 long known in art and  
letters1 and for some years  the oldest 
member as well as the ,president of the 
,royal ,society1 died at  ,brighton1 on 
the #acth of ,august1 in the            
eighty-first year of his age4 ,he  was  
descended lineally from one of the      
,kings of ,munster1 in the third        
century1 and his family in more recent  
times has been honorably  distinguished4
 ,he was born in ,dublin1 on the #bc;d  
of ,december1 #aggj4 ,he  evinced       
extraordinary precocity in his art1 and 
when but twelve years old  obtained of  

the ,irish ,academy medals for figures1 
landscapes and flowers4  ,the author of 
,wine and ,walnuts1 as quoted in the    
,london ,athenaeum1  gives the following
 account of his first appearance in the 
,great  ,metropolis3    ,i well remember
 this gentleman on his first arrival    
from ,ireland to the  ,british          
metropolis2 he was introduced to the    
notice of ,sir ,joshua  ,reynolds1 and  
to some other distinguished persons by  
his illustrious  ,friend and countryman 
,mr4 ,edmund ,burke4 ,i was at that time
 making a  drawing in the ,plaster      
,academy in ,somerset ,house1 and       
perfectly recollect  the first evening  
,mr4 ,shee joining the students there4  
,he selected the  figure of the         
,discobolus for his probationary        
exercises to procure a  permanent       
student's ticket4 ,i need not say that  
he obtained it1--for it  was            
acknowledged to be one of the best      
copies that had yet been seen of  that  
fine figure4 ,i further remarked that   

,mr4 ,wilton1 the then keeper of  the   
,royal ,academy1 was so pleased with the
 performance that he expressed  a wish  
to retain it1 after ,mr4 ,shee had      
received his ticket2 and ,mr4  ,shee1   
with that politeness which marked his   
early career1 presented it  to the      
worthy old gentleman4    ,mr4 ,shee     
became an exhibitor at the ,royal       
,academy for the first time in  #aghi4  
,he abstained from exhibiting in the    
following year1 wisely  husbanding his  
strength--worked hard at his art--gave  
his nights and days  to ,sir ,joshua2   
and in #agia took handsome apartments1  
and sent four  portraits to the         
,exhibition4 ,in #agib he removed to yet
 better rooms1 and  sent in all seven   
works to the ,exhibition4 ,in the same  
year he walked as  one of the students  
of the ,royal ,academy at the funeral of
 ,sir ,joshua  ,reynolds4 ,in #agic he  
reached what is now the full ,academical
 number of  eight portraits4 ,the       
,exhibition of the following year       

contained his as  yet most ambitious    
efforts3--a portrait of a young lady as 
,miranda in  ,the ,tempest1 and         
,jephtha's ,daughter from the ,book of  
,judges4 ,in #agie  he exhibited a      
portrait of himself1--and a portrait of 
,mr4 ,addington1  afterward ,lord       
,sidmouth4 ,in #agig he exhibited in all
 ten works2 including  portraits of     
,pope and ,fawcett the actors4 ,he      
continued equally  industrious for many 
successive years2 and was in such favor 
with his  fellow artists that he was    
elected an ,associate of the ,royal     
,academy in  #agih1 immediately after   
the election of ,flaxman into the same  
honorary  rank4 ,the same year1 on      
,romney's withdrawal from ,london1 he   
removed to  the house which that artist 
had built for himself in ,cavendish     
,square2  and in this he continued as   
,romney's successor to reside until age 
and  growing infirmities compelled him  
to withdraw to ,brighton1 and abandon   
his pencil4 ,in #ahjj1 he was elected a 

full ,royal ,academician3--and of his   
thirty-nine brethren by whom he was     
chosen he was the last survivor4    ,mr4
 ,shee continued to produce for years   
with amazing readiness of hand  and     
fertility in posture4 ,people of all    
ranks in life went to ,cavendish        
,square1 and for a time ,shee was in    
greater request than either ,beechey  or
 ,hoppner1 though not so much so as     
,lawrence1 or even as ,owen or          
,phillips somewhat later4 ,lord ,spencer
 was the first nobleman who sat to  him2
 and his example was followed by the    
,duke of ,clarence1 the ,duke of        
,leinster1 the ,marquis of ,exeter1 and 
others4 ,the ladies flocked less        
readily around him2 for ,lawrence had   
then1 as he continued to have1 the      
entire artist monopoly of the beauty of 
,great ,britain4    ,much to the        
surprise of his friends1 and to the     
infinite wonder of some  of his brethren
 in the ,academy1 ,mr4 ,shee made his   
appearance as a poet by  the            

publication1 in #ahje1 of his ,rhymes on
 ,art1 or the ,remonstrance of a        
,painter2 in two parts1 with ,notes and 
a ,preface1 including ,strictures on    
the ,state of the ,arts1 ,criticism1    
,patronage1 and ,public ,taste3 and the 
wonder had not ceased with ,nollekins   
and ,northcote1 when1 in #ahji1 he      
published a second poem1 in six cantos1 
entitled ,elements of ,art4 ,it is  to  
these poems that ,byron alludes in his  
,english ,bards and ,scotch  ,reviewers3
      ,and here let ,shee and ,genius   
find a place1    ,whose pen and pencil  
yield an equal grace2    ,to guide whose
 hand the sister-arts combine1    ,and  
trace the poet's or painter's line2     
,whose magic touch can bid the canvas   
glow1    ,or pour the easy rhyme's      
harmonious flow2    ,while honors1      
doubly merited1 attend    ,the poet's   
rival1 but the painter's friend4    ,the
 ,quarterly was complimentary1 but less 
kind to the painter than the  noble     
lord4    ,mr4 ,shee appears to have     

always evinced taste for the theater2   
and when  his gravity of years and his  
position as a popular portrait-painter  
forbade his any longer entertaining a   
wish to appear there1 he began to  woo  
the dramatic ,muse1 and commenced a     
tragedy called ,alasco1 of which  the   
scene was laid in ,poland4 ,the play was
 accepted at ,covent ,garden1 but       
excluded1 it was said1 from the stage by
 ,colman1 who was then licenser4  ,this 
is not strictly true4 ,colman objected  
to about eighty-five lines1  which ,shee
 refused to alter4 ,colman was equally  
obstinate2 and ,shee in  #ahbd printed  
his play1 and appealed to the public    
against the licenser in  a lengthy and  
angry preface4 ,alasco1 notwithstanding1
 is still on the  list of the unacted   
drama4    ,on the death of ,lawrence in 
#ahcj1 ,shee was elected ,president of  
the ,royal  ,academy1 and immediately   
knighted4 ,his election was by a large  
majority1  though ,wilkie was a         
candidate2 the members being governed in

 their votes  rather1 it is said1 by the
 necessities of their annual dinner than
 by  their sense of the merits of ,shee 
as a painter4 ,he excelled in short1    
well-timed and well-delivered speeches4 
,he was seldom at a loss2 and so  highly
 was his eloquence appreciated within   
the walls of the ,academy1  that it had 
been common with more than one ,royal   
,academician to remark  whenever a great
 speaker was mentioned--,did you ever   
hear the  ,president--you should hear   
the ,president1--as if ,canning and     
,stanley had  been united in ,sir       
,martin ,archer ,shee4    ,he has but   
little claim to be remembered as a poet4
 ,his verse wants  vigor1 and his       
examples are deficient in novelty of    
illustration4 ,the  notes to both his   
poems are1 however1 valuable1 and his   
poetry is perhaps  more frequently read 
for its prose illustrations than for the
 beauty of  its versification or the    
value of the truths which it seeks to   
inculcate4  ,as a portrait-painter he   

was eclipsed by several or his          
contemporaries1--by ,lawrence and by    
,hoppner1--by ,phillips1 ,jackson1 and  
,raeburn4 ,he had a fine eye for color2 
while his leading want was1  proportion1
 more especially in his heads4 ,compare 
his head of ,chantrey  with the         
portraits of ,chantrey by ,jackson and  
,raeburn1 and the defect is  at once    
obvious2 or compare his head of ,mr4    
,hallam with the head of ,mr4  ,hallam  
by ,phillips1 or with the living        
head--since happily ,mr4 ,hallam is     
still among us4 ,how1 then1 it will be  
asked1 is ,sir ,martin to be            
remembered3 by his poems or by his      
portraits8--by his speeches or by his   
annual addresses to the students8 ,the  
question is not difficult of  solution4 
,his pictures in the ,vernon ,gallery   
will not preserve his name1  nor will   
his portraits viewed as works of ,art4  
,his name will scend in the  ,history of
 ,painting as a clever artist with      
greater accomplishments than  have      

commonly fallen to the class to which he
 belongs1--and as the  painter who has  
preserved to us the faces and figures of
 ,sir ,thomas  ,munro1 ,sir ,thomas     
,picton1 ,sir ,eyre ,coote1 ,sir ,james 
,scarlett1 and ,sir  ,henry ,halford4   
,there was merit1 we may add1 in his    
portrait of the poet  ,moore4           
,principally1 however1 he will be       
remembered as one of the  ,presidents of
 the ,royal ,academy4             99    
99       99       99       99           
,,gerard ,,troost1 ,m4,d4    ,dr4       
,,gerard ,,troost1 for a long period one
 of the most eminent naturalists  of the
 ,united ,states1 died on the #adth of  
,august at ,nashville1 where he  had    
been for twenty years ,professor of     
,chemistry and ,natural ,history in  the
 ,university of ,tennessee4 ,a native of
 ,holland1 and educated in one of  her  
universities1 he devoted himself to the 
natural sciences4 ,for the  sake of     
improvement he visited ,paris1 and for  
several years was a pupil  of the       

celebrated ,hauy4 ,he removed to the    
,united ,states about forty years  ago1 
and in due time became an ,american     
citizen4 ,in #ahbd and #ahbe he was     
with ,robert ,owen at ,new ,harmony1 and
 he appears always to have been         
distinguished for eccentricities of     
opinion and conduct1 but to have        
commanded in every situation respect and
 affection4 ,his entire life was        
consecrated to geology and the kindred  
sciences1 with what ability and         
success1 his published writings and his 
well-earned reputation at home  and     
abroad may eloquently testify4 ,among   
the subjects upon which he wrote  are1  
amber of ,cape ,sable1 ,maryland2 the   
minerals of ,missouri2 five  reports on 
the geology of ,tennessee2 meteoric iron
 from ,tennessee and  ,alabama2 a shower
 of red matter in ,tennessee2           
meteorites1 c41 c4             99       
99       99       99       99           
,,perceval ,w4 ,,banks4    ,this        
gentleman--better known as ,morgan      

,rattler of ,fraser's  ,magazine--died  
in ,london on the #acth of ,august4 ,mr4
 ,banks1 though only  in his forty-fifth
 year1 was the last of the race of      
writers1 who1 with  ,dr4 ,maginn1 ,mr4  
,churchill1 and others1 gave a sting and
 pungency 7of a  vicious and unwholesome
 kind however71 to the early numbers of 
that  journal4 ,he seldom did justice to
 his own talents1 for he wrote too often
  in haste1 always at the last moment1  
and too rarely with good taste4 ,he  was
 by profession a barrister4 ,the world  
at large1 who admired the  sportive     
fancy1 classical eloquence1 and kind yet
 firm criticism of poor  ,morgan        
,rattler1 in his later years1 will      
regret the early decease of  one so     
gifted4             99       99       99
       99       99      ,,robert ,,hunt4
    ,mr4 ,,robert ,,hunt1 the eldest    
brother of ,mr4 ,leigh ,hunt1 often     
mentioned in  the ,autobiography1 is    
dead4 ,he was lately nominated by the   
,queen to the  brotherhood of the       

,charter house1 but has not lived very  
long to enjoy  the royal bounty4 ,he was
 seventy-six years old when he died4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,john ,,comly4    ,,john ,,comly1 an   
eminent minister of the ,society of     
,friends1 died on the  #agth of ,august 
at ,byberry in ,pennsylvania1 in the    
seventy-seventh year of  his age4       
,comly's ,spelling-,book1 and ,comly's  
,grammar1 have to  thousands now living 
made his name familiar as household     
words4           99       99       99   
99       99      ,,bishop ,,bascomb4    
,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,bascomb1 long      
eminent for various abilities1 and most 
of all  for a brilliant and effective   
elocution1 died at ,louisville1 ,ky41 on
 the  #ith of ,august4 ,he was editor of
 the ,southern ,methodist ,quarterly    
,review1  and one of the ,bishops of the
 ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,count ,,pire4    ,,general ,,count    
,,pire1 one of the most distinguished   

officers of the ,french  ,empire1 died  
recently4 ,he fought as a private       
soldier of the ,national  ,guard of     
,paris1 on the barricades1 against the  
insurgents of ,june1 #ahdh4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,,gleanings ,,from ,,the ,,journals4    
,the ,athenum is incredulous upon the   
subject of the falling of ,table  ,rock1
 at ,niagara1 and in reprinting the     
account of the event1 thought it        
necessary to offer a few remarks upon   
the credibility of ,american            
intelligence3--,our readers1 says the   
,athenum1 know that we have  great fears
 of the ,american penny-a-liner1 and are
 carefully on our guard  against his    
feats4 ,our own specimens of the class  
are commonplace artists  compared with  
their ,american brethren4 ,the season is
 at hand when we are  looking out for   
the performances at the former1--but we 
expect little  from beyond the old      
routine4 ,in their sluggish             
imaginations1 the annual  pike is       

doubtless already growing up to his     
great dimensions1 which1 on  failure of 
the accustomed springs of intelligence1 
we are soon to find  floating in the    
newspaper shallows1--and the            
preposterous cucumber is  probably      
having an inch added to its stature1    
which will shortly shoot  rankly up     
where the parliamentary harvest has been
 cut down4 ,the most  daring thing that 
we can expect from these geniuses is1 a 
trick or two  perhaps with the ,nelson  
,column4 ,but the ,american             
penny-a-liner1 our  readers know1 does  
the thing on the vast scale of his      
country4 ,he takes  down ,niagara at his
 pleasure1--and puts it up again in its 
place1 or  anywhere else that he will4  
,he transports the great ,falls about   
the soil  of his country at halt a crown
 an adventure1--and for five shillings  
would probably set them playing in the  
moon4            99     99     99     99
    ,a ,,masonic ,,sword ,,for ,,the    
,,emperor ,,of ,,hayti4--,a magnificent 

sword1  intended to be presented to the 
,emperor ,soulouque on his installation 
to  the mysteries of the ,grand ,masonic
 ,order of ,hayti1 has been made at     
,birmingham1 thirty-two inches in       
length4 ,the blade is richly ornamented 
along its whole length with devices in  
blue and gold1 bearing the  inscription 
in ,french on the one side1 ,to the     
illustrious ,f4 ,faustin  ,soulouque1   
,emperor of ,hayti1 and on the other1   
,homage of the ,grand  ,order of ,hayti4
 ,the hilt is surmounted by an imperial 
crown1 and adorned  with various masonic
 emblems4 ,on the shield are richly     
chased the arms of  ,hayti1 with the    
motto1 ,god6 my ,country1 and my ,sword1
 ,liberty and  ,independence4 ,we       
perceive1 also1 from the ,french papers1
 that a  celebrated goldsmith at ,paris1
 has forwarded to ,hayti a crown1 a     
scepter1  a wand of justice1 and a sword
 of state1 manufactured expressly for   
his  sable ,majesty1 at a cost of       
#bj1jjj sterling4 ,the latter has       

moreover1  commanded1 for his           
coronation1 a sky-blue velvet mantle1   
embroidered with  bees and richly bound 
with gold lace1 and a ,court dress of   
scarlet  velvet1 lined with white satin1
 and trimmed with the most expensive    
point  lace1 with most valuable         
ornaments to match4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,,time 
,,works ,,wonders4--,a correspondent ,of
 the ,melbourne ,daily ,news  remarks   
that in ,june1 #ahdg1 he met ,prince    
,louis ,napoleon and his cousin  ,jerome
 ,napoleon at ,lady ,blessington's4 ,the
 president was then living in  a very   
modest house in ,king-street1 ,st4      
,james's-square1 and his very           
unaffected demeanor led me to form an   
intimate acquaintance with him4 ,he     
appeared to me a person more fond of the
 ordinary amusements of the  metropolis1
 frequenting the theaters1 casinos1 and 
other similar places1  than an ambitious
 adventurer4 ,on the following ,may as  
,i was entering the  chambers of my     

solicitor1 in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1  
an old gentleman with  an umbrella under
 his arm passed me as ,i opened the     
swing doors1 and  politely removed his  
hat as ,i made way for him4 ,it was     
,louis ,philippe4 ,it  is scarce three  
weeks ago ,i was ordering a waistcoat of
 my tailor1 when  two gentlemen entered 
the shop1 and one of them in broken     
,english gave an  order for a paletot2  
,i looked up1 ,it was ,ledru ,rollin and
 ,etienne ,arago2  when they had gone1  
the worthy tradesman1 knowing ,i had    
lived much in  ,paris1 asked me if ,i   
knew his customer 7,m4 ,arago17 and if  
he could safely  give him credit6       
99     99     99     99    ,,american   
,,mummies4--,a letter from ,ratisbon    
states1 that the ,museum of the         
,zoological and ,mineralogical ,society 
of that town has made a curious         
acquisition1--that of two mummies found 
in the sands of the desert of  ,atacama 
in ,upper ,peru1 by ,dr4 ,ried1 a       
,bavarian physician resident at         

,valparaiso4 ,these mummies1 male and   
female1 both of ,american race1 are     
natural mummies1--that is to say1 dried 
without embalming or any other  species 
of preparation4 ,the man is in a        
stooping posture1 his head  sustained on
 his hands1 and his elbows renting on   
his knees4 ,the face has  an expression 
of pain which seems to indicate a1      
violent death4 ,the woman  is stretched 
at length1 with arms crossed on her     
breast4 ,both heads are  covered with   
long hair1 dark and silky1 and divided  
into an infinity of  small plaits4 ,when
 ,dr4 ,reid discovered these mummies    
both had their teeth  complete2 but     
during their transport to ,europe many  
of these have fallen  out1 and were     
found at the bottom of the cases        
containing these curious  relics of     
,american antiquity4           99     99
     99     99    ,,the ,,common        
,,slanders ,,against ,,daniel ,,webster 
are noted in the ,english  ,journals in 
connection with his acceptance of the   

,secretaryship of ,state4  ,these       
scandals1 observes the ,spectator1      
cannot1 however1 hide from  us the fact1
 that of all public men in ,america1    
perhaps with one  exception1 ,mr4       
,webster is he who has evinced the      
greatest knowledge of  public affairs1  
the greatest acumen in administration1  
and the greatest  common sense in       
emergency4 ,high intelligence is        
probably the best of all  substitutes   
for high honor--if1 indeed1 it does not 
necessarily include  that nobler        
quality4             99       99        
99       99       99    ,,coffins ,,of  
,,baked ,,clay ,,of ,,the               
,,chaldeans4--,mr4 ,kennet ,loftus1 the 
first  ,european who has visited the    
ancient ruins of ,warka in ,mesopotamia1
 and  who is attached to the surveying  
staff of ,colonel ,williams1 appointed  
to  settle the question of the boundary 
line between ,turkey and ,persia1       
writes thus3--,warka is no doubt the    
,erech of ,scripture1 the second city   

of ,nimrod1 and it is the ,orchoe of the
 ,chaldees4 ,the mounds within the      
walls afford subjects of high interest  
to the historian and antiquarian2  they 
are filled1 nay1 ,i may say1 they are   
literally composed of coffins1  piled   
upon each other to the height of        
forty-five feet4 ,it has1  evidently1   
been the great burial-place of          
generations of ,chaldeans1 as  ,meshad  
,ali and ,kerbella at the present day   
are of the ,persians4 ,the  coffins are 
very strange affairs2 they are in       
general form like a  slipper-bath1 but  
more depressed and symmetrical1 with a  
large oval  aperture to admit the body1 
which is closed with a lid of           
earthenware4  ,the coffins themselves   
are also of baked clay1 covered with    
green glaze1  and embossed with figures 
of warriors1 with strange and enormous  
coiffures1 dressed in a short tunic and 
long under garments1 a sword by  the    
side1 the arms resting on the hips1 the 
legs apart4 ,great quantities  of       

pottery and also clay figures1 some most
 delicately modeled1 are found  around  
them2 and ornaments of gold1 silver1    
iron1 copper1 glass1 c41                
within4--,art-,journal4           99    
99       99       99       99           
,,ancient ,,price ,,of ,,labor4--,in the
 year #aceb1 #beth ,edward ,,iii41 wages
 paid  to haymakers  were #a;d4 a day4  
,a mower of meadows1 #c;d4 a day1 or    
#e;d an  acre4 ,reapers of corn in the  
first week of ,august1 #b;d42 in the    
second1  #c;d4 a day1 and so on till the
 end of ,august1 without meat1 drink1 or
  other allowance1 finding their own    
tools4 ,for threshing a quarter of      
wheat or rye1 #ba_/b;d42  a quarter of  
barley1 beans1 peas1 and oats #aa_/b;d4 
,a  master carpenter1 #c;d4 a day1 other
 carpenters1 #b;d4 ,a master mason1     
#d;d4 a  day1 other masons1 #c;d41 and  
their servants1 #aa_/b;d4 ,tilers1      
#c;d41 and their  knaves1 #aa_/b;d4     
,thatchers1 #c;d a day1 and their       
knaves1 #aa_/b4 ,plasterers1  and other 

workers of mud walls1 and their knaves1 
in like manner1 without  meat or drink2 
and this from ,easter to ,michaelmas2   
and from that time  less1 according to  
the direction of the justices4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,quarterly ,,review suggests that
 ,if an additional postage of one  penny
 per letter were to be charged to every 
person who prefers making  the postman1 
or rather the public1 wait until his    
servant shall think  proper to open the 
door to receive a handful of prepaid    
letters1 which  could rapidly be        
dropped1 exactly as they were posted1   
through a  receiving slit into a        
tortuous receptacle1 from which it would
 be  impossible for any but the right   
person to extract them1 the delivery  of
 the correspondence of the country would
 be perfect4           99       99      
99       99       99  ,,some ,,liberals 
in ,france have been carrying on a kind 
of duel by libel1  the libel being      
enforced apparently by its strict truth4

 ,some of ,m4  ,thiers's political      
antagonists1 seeking to annoy him1      
volunteered to  circulate in the form of
 a card the following advertisement for 
a lady  who appears to be related to ,m4
 ,thiers1 and also to carry on an honest
  avocation3--    ,,madame ,l4 ,,ripert1
  ,sister of ,m4 ,a4 ,,thiers1          
,ex-,president of the ,council of       
,ministers1 c4 c4  keeps an excellent   
table mridionale at #c;fr4 a-head1 wine 
included4  ,breakfast at all hours1 at  
#c;fr4 #be;c4  #dd1 ,rue                
,basse-du-,rempart1 ,paris4    ,the     
retaliation was a counter-card3--       
,mdlle4 ----1 brvete de la police1 et   
,m4 ----1 liberated convict1 the  sister
 and cousin-germain of ,m4 ---- a       
thorough-bred ,montagnard1 continue  to 
carry on their business1 ,rue de la     
,lune4 ,on va en ville4    ,these       
attacks are very mean1 and paltry1 but  
it is clear that their  castigation is  
beyond the effective handling of the    
law4 ,yet society  exercises no         

effective jurisdiction in the matter2 it
 shields offenders  against decency and 
generosity so long as the offense is    
committed in  subserviency to party4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,languages ,,of ,,africa4--,at a       
religious meeting in ,london1 the ,rev4 
,john  ,clark1 formerly missionary in   
,jamaica1 and afterward in ,fernando    
,po1 in  ,africa1 said that at          
,fernandina there were persons belonging
 to fifty  ,different tribes1 who       
understood ,english so well as to be of 
help to a  translator of the ,bible into
 their respective languages4 ,he thought
 the  ,word of ,god would have to be    
translated into two hundred languages   
before  all the tribes of ,africa will  
be able to read it in their own tongue4 
,the  ,mohammedans1 who are spread      
through the length of the continent1    
have  many who can read the ,koran in   
the ,arabic characters4 ,if1 therefore1 
the  ,word of ,god were translated into 
their tongues and printed in that       

character1 many1 not only of the ,hovas 
and the ,arabs of the desert1 but  also 
of the ,foolahs1 ,mandingoes1 and       
,housah1 who professed ,mahommedanism1  
would be able to read concerning ,jesus 
,christ4           99       99       99 
99       99      ,,letters ,,from ,,mr4 
,,richardson1 the ,african explorer1    
have been received in  ,london1 dated at
 ,mourzouk1 ,june #bb;d4 ,mr4 ,r4 and   
his companions were  detained six weeks 
waiting for the promised escort of the  
,touarick chiefs  for ,soudan by the way
 of ,ghat4 ,they expect to meet the many
 caravans  coming down from the interior
 to ,ghat4 ,the actual arrival of the   
chiefs  was greatly to the astonishment 
of the ,moors and ,turks of ,mourzouk1  
who  could never believe that the hardy 
bandits of the ,sahara would obey the   
summons of a ,christian1 and escort     
,english travelers through the          
unexplored regions of ,central ,africa4 
,the ,turks had on previous occasions   
repeatedly invited the ,touaricks to    

visit the town of ,mourzouk1 but they   
never would do so4      99       99     
99       99       99      ,,the ,,peace 
,,congress of ,frankfort closed its     
session on the #bb;d of ,august4        
,however commendable its apparent       
object1 it cannot be concealed that this
  and the preceding congress of the same
 kind have been little more than        
processes for the elevation of          
insignificant people into a transient   
notoriety4 ,this year the usual         
philanthropic resolutions were passed4  
,victor ,hugo1 of ,france1 excused      
himself from attendance on the score of 
ill-health2 but the country was         
represented by ,emile de ,girardin4 ,the
  congress is to meet next year         
simultaneously with the great ,world's  
,exposition at ,london4 ,the most       
piquant incidents of the session were   
the  speech of ,george ,copway1 a       
veritable ,american ,indian ,chief1 and 
the  presence1 in one of the visitors'  
tribunes1 of the famous ,general        

,haynau1  whose victories and cruelties 
last year1 in prosecuting the ,hungarian
  war1 were the theme in the congress of
 much fine eloquence and  indignation4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,project is on foot for opening a   
spacious ,zoological and ,botanical     
,garden in the north part of the island 
of ,new ,york1 immediately on the       
,hudson4 ,a plan of an association for  
the purpose has been drawn up by ,mr4   
,audubon1 a son of the eminent          
ornithologist--the same who lately made 
an  overland journey to ,california4    
,his courage and perseverance in that   
expedition have given the public a      
sufficient pledge of the energy and     
constancy of his character1 and his     
scientific knowledge1 educated as he    
has been from his early childhood to be 
a naturalist1 qualifies him as  few are 
qualified1 for the superintendence of   
such an establishment4 ,the  spot chosen
 for the garden is the property of the  
,audubon family1  adjoining the ,trinity

 ,cemetery1 and contains about twenty   
acres1 which  is about a third larger   
than the ,london ,zoological ,gardens4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,london ,standard having asserted  
that ,mr4 ,d',israeli is not nor ever   
was a ,jew1 a correspondent of the      
,morning ,chronicle testifies that the  
,member from ,buckinghamshire was at one
 time a ,jew2 at least that he  became a
 ,jew outwardly1 according to the       
customary and prescriptive  rites of    
that ancient persuasion2 for a most     
respectable gentleman  7connected with  
literature7 now deceased1 has been heard
 to boast a  hundred times that he was  
present at the entertainment given in   
honor of  the ceremony4             99  
99       99       99       99      ,dr4 
,,gross1 who has lately been appointed  
to the professorship of surgery  in the 
medical department of the ,new ,york    
,university1 is a gentleman of  very    
eminent abilities1 who has long been    
conspicuous as a teacher and            

practitioner at ,louisville4 ,he is a   
native of ,berks county in              
,pennsylvania1 is descended from one of 
the old ,dutch families there1 and  was 
twelve or fourteen years of age before  
he knew a word of ,english4 ,in  his    
specialite he is of the first rank in   
,america4             99       99       
99       99       99      ,,another     
,,festival ,,in ,,germany4--,near the   
close of ,august1 musical and  ,dramatic
 ceremonies in inauguration of the      
statue of ,herder took place at         
,weimar4 ,on the #bdth was represented  
at the theater the ,prometheus          
,unbound1 with overture and choruses by 
,m4 ,liszt4 ,on the #beth1 after the    
inauguration of the statue1 ,handel's   
,messiah was performed in the           
,cathedral1 where ,herder used to       
preach1 and where he lies buried4 ,on   
the  #bhth1 was given at the theater the
 first representation of ,lohengrin1    
anew opera1 by ,herr ,wagner1 with a    
prologue written for the occasion by    

,herr ,dingelstedt4             99      
99       99       99       99      ,,the
 ,,wordsworth ,,monument4--,in a former 
number of this journal we noticed  the  
organization of a very influential      
committee1 for raising  subscriptions1  
in order that suitable monuments might  
be erected to the  memory of the late   
poet1 both in ,westminster ,abbey and in
 the locality  which was his chosen     
residence1 and so often his chosen      
theme4 ,we  perceive1 with more regret  
than surprise1 that the amounts         
advertised are  mean in the extreme4 ,we
 fear that ten times the sums would have
 been more  readily collected1 to do    
honor to a dancer or a singer4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,revolutionary ,,stamps4--,the         
,secretary of the ,new ,jersey          
,historical  ,society1 ,w4 ,a4          
,whitehead1 ,esq41 has received through 
the ,hon4 ,w4 ,b4  ,kinney1 ,charg      
d',affaires to ,sardinia1 several of the
 identical stamps  that were made for   

use in the ,colonies1 and which were the
 immediate  cause of the ,american      
,revolution4 ,a box of them was recently
 found in the  ,colonial ,office in     
,london1 where our ,minister procured   
them4             99       99       99  
99       99      ,there are no lineal   
descendants of ,warren ,hastings in     
existence4 ,the  estates of ,mr4        
,hastings passed into the sister's      
family1 and are held at  present by ,sir
 ,c4 ,imhoff1 who resides at ,daglesford
 ,house1 near  ,stow-on-the-,wold4 ,the 
house has much interest attached to it4 
,the whole  furniture of one room is    
composed of solid ivory4             99 
99       99       99       99      ,,in 
,,the ,,late ,,meeting ,,of ,,the       
,,academy ,,of ,,sciences1 of ,paris1 it
 was  announced that the ,academy had   
received from ,mr4 ,pennington of       
,baltimore1  ,united ,states of         
,america1 a manuscript and a printed    
prospectus  ,concerning a project of a  
steam balloon1 upon which he wished the 

,academy  to decide4             99     
99       99       99       99      ,the 
holder of the appointment of ,examiner  
of ,plays1 in ,england1 enjoys a  salary
 of #bjjj per annum1 beside a tax upon  
every play1 interlude1  farce1 or song1 
licensed for representation upon the    
stage4 ,this  appointment is in the gift
 of the ,lord ,chamberlain4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,,george ,,catlin1 the ,indian traveler1
 is soon to sail to ,texas from         
,liverpool1 with a large body of        
emigrants2 they will settle on the lands
  of the ,emigration ,colonization      
,society4             99       99       
99       99       99    ,,ages ,,of     
,,public ,,men4--,the ,duke of          
,wellington is aged #ha3 ,lord          
,lyndhurst1  #gh2 ,lord ,dunfermline1   
#gd2 ,mr4 ,joseph ,hume1 #gc2 ,lord     
,brougham1 #gb2 ,lord  ,heytesbury1 #ga2
 ,lord ,denman1 #ga2 ,lord ,campbell1   
#ga2 ,lord ,gough1 #ga2 ,earl  of       
,haddington1 #gj2 ,marquis of           

,landsdowne1 #gj2 ,lord ,cottenham1 #fi2
 ,earl of  ,ripon1 #fh2 ,earl of ,minto1
 #fh2 ,earl of ,aberdeen1 #ff2 ,viscount
 ,palmerston1  #ff2 ,right ,hon4 ,h4    
,goulburn1 #ff2 ,viscount ,hardinge1    
#fe2 ,sir ,robert ,inglis1  #fd2 ,sir   
,john ,cam ,hobhouse1 #fd2 ,duke of     
,sutherland1 #fd2 ,sir ,george ,clerk1  
#fc2 ,duke of ,richmond1 #ei2 ,mr4      
,andrew ,rutherford1 #ei2 ,sir ,james   
,graham1  #eh2 ,lord ,john ,russell1    
#eh2 ,right ,hon4 ,c4 ,lefevre1 ,speaker
 of the ,house of  ,commons1 #ef2 ,right
 ,hon4 ,richard ,l4 ,shiel1 #ef2 ,sir   
,frederick ,thesiger1 #ef2  ,sir        
,francis ,baring1 ,first ,lord of the   
,admiralty1 #ed2 ,sir ,fitzroy ,kelly1  
#ed2 ,marquis of ,normanby1 #ec2 ,right 
,hon4 ,h4 ,labouchere1 #eb2 ,lord       
,stanley1  #ea2 ,sir ,george ,grey1 #ea2
 ,right ,hon4 ,t4,b4 ,macaulay1 #ea2    
,earl of ,clarendon1  #ej2 ,sir ,charles
 ,wood1 #ej2 ,mr4 ,fox ,maule1 #di2     
,lord ,ashley1 #di2 ,mr4 ,j4,a4         
,roebuck1 #di2 ,earl of ,carlisle1 #dh2 

,marquis of ,clanricarde1 #dh2 ,earl    
,grey1  #dh2 ,sir ,john ,jervis1 #dh2   
,mr4 ,cobden1 #dg2 ,mr4 ,benjamin       
,d',israeli1 #de2  ,right ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 
,gladstone1 #da2 ,right ,hon4 ,sydney   
,herbert1 #dj2 ,earl of  ,lincoln1 #ci2 
,mr4 ,john ,bright1 #ci2 ,hon4 ,george  
,a4 ,smythe1 #cb2 ,lord ,john  ,manners1
 #cb4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,,ancient ,,discovery    
,,of ,,california4--,in the popular and 
unique work1 ,notes  ,and ,queries1 we  
find the following paragraph1 from a    
correspondent who  probably gleaned it  
from the last years ,proceedings of the 
,new-,york  ,historical ,society4 ,in   
the ,voyage ,round the ,world1 by       
,captain ,george  ,shelvocke1 begun     
,february #agai1 he says of ,california1
 7,harris's  ,collection1 vol4 i41 p4   
#bcc37--',the soil about ,puerto1       
,seguro1 and very  likely in most of the
 valleys1 is a rich black mould1 which1 
as you turn  it up fresh to the sun1    
appears as if intermingled with gold    

dust1 some  of which we endeavored to   
purify and wash from the dirt4 ,but1    
though we  were a little prejudiced     
against the thoughts that it could be   
possible  that this metal should be so  
promiscuously and universally mingled   
with  common earth1 yet we endeavored to
 cleanse and wash the earth from some   
of it2 and the more we did the more it  
appeared like gold4 ,in order to be     
further satisfied1 ,i brought away some 
of it1 which we lost in our  confusion  
in ,china4' ,how an accident prevented  
the discovery1 more than  a century     
back1 of the golden harvest now         
gathering in ,california6           99  
99       99       99       99    ,,the  
,,president ,,of ,,peru has issued a    
decree1 appointing the ,minister of the 
,home ,department1 ,don ,lucas ,fonceas1
 ,don ,nicolas ,pierola1 and ,don       
,nicolas  ,rodrigo1 a commission to     
select and take charge of articles      
intended to  be sent to ,england for    
exhibition next year4           99      

99       99       99       99    ,,mr4  
,,gliddon',s ,,mummy4--,we find in the  
,boston ,transcript a long letter  from 
,mr4 ,gliddon1 telling the whole story1 
which the latest and complete           
examinations of papyrus1 straps1        
bandages1 c4 have unfolded about his    
mummy early this summer in ,boston4 ,it 
seems the said mummy was all right1  in 
the right coffin duly embalmed2 the body
 being that of a priest who  died about 
,b4 ,c4 #ijj4 ,the ,theban undertakers1 
in this particular case1  were honest2  
and all suspicion of fraud on their part
 is unnecessary and  unfair4 ,mr4       
,gliddon made a slight mistake1 before  
the opening of the  coffin1 in reading  
the fragments of the inscription2 and so
 got the  notion that the contents were 
a female body4 ,the frank1 manly1       
good-natured1 and generous manner in    
which ,mr4 ,g4 explains the whole       
affair and owns his error1 should now   
stop the laugh1 and satisfy  everybody4 
99       99       99       99       99  

,,rachel is making a lucrative          
professional tour in ,germany4 ,the last
  accounts leave her in ,berlin4 ,she   
has lately had built in ,paris1 not far 
in the rear of the ,madelaine1 a hotel  
for her private residence4 ,it is  not  
large1 but is a perfect gem of taste1   
7as the ,french understand it7  and     
luxury4 ,she receives there a choice    
circle of gentlemen of all  professions4
 ,the ladies who frequent her salons are
 rarer1 if not more  select4 ,of course 
none but ladies of the same profession1 
or of equivocal  reputation1 would enjoy
 the elegant hospitality of the         
illustrious  tragdienne4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,,india
 ,,rubber is now so cheap and common1   
that the following reference to  it in  
the ,new ,monthly ,review for ,february1
 #aggb1 sent to ,notes and  ,queries by 
a correspondent1 may cause a smile3 ,i  
have seen1 says ,dr4  ,priestly1 a      
substance1 excellently adapted to the   
purpose of wiping from  paper the marks 

of a black lead pencil4 ,it must1       
therefore1 be of  singular use to those 
who practice drawing4 ,it is sold by    
,mr4 ,nairne1  mathematical             
instrument-maker1 opposite the ,royal   
,exchange4 ,he sells a  cubical piece1  
of about half an inch1 for three        
shillings2 and1 he  says1 it will last  
several years4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,,convenient    
,,umbrella4-,a gentleman residing at    
,taunton has constructed an  umbrella on
 a novel principle1 the main feature of 
which is that it can  be carried in the 
pocket with ease4 ,he intends sending it
 to the great  ,exhibition of next year4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,,the ,,correspondent ,,of 
,,the ,,daily ,,news at ,constantinople2
 writing on the  #beth ult41 says3      
,yesterday1 the #aeth of ,ramazan1      
witnessed a famous  ceremony1 which     
consists in adoring the shirt of the    
prophet1 preserved  in an apartment of  
the old ,seraglio at ,topkapon          

7,cannon-gate74 ,the  ,sultan1          
ministers1 and high dignitaries1 were   
admitted to kiss this  sacred relic1    
which will remain exposed during some   
days for the  veneration of the         
faithful4    99       99       99       
99       99    ,,the ,,continued        
,,emigration ,,of ,,the ,,irish is one  
of the most remarkable  points of       
contemporary history4 ,subsequent to1 or
 in consequence of1 the  great failure  
of the potato crop in #ahdf--that       
calamity which  revolutionized          
,ireland--not less than a million of    
people must have left  its shores to try
 their fortunes this side the ,atlantic4
 ,between  emigration and the ravages of
 famine and pestilence1 we may calculate
  that the population of ,ireland has   
diminished by at least a million and a  
half or two millions since the autumn of
 #ahdf4 ,how long the emigration  will  
continue1 it is1 of course1 impossible  
to predict1 as every new  settler in    
,america who prospers1 is the agent by  

which a fresh demand is  made upon the  
old country4 ,it is one of the best     
features in the ,irish  character1 that1
 in the new land to which they flock1   
they do not forget  the friends or      
relatives that they have left behind    
them1 and that every  packet carries    
money from ,america for the relief of   
people in ,ireland1 or  to pay their    
passage out to the forests or prairies  
of a world where  there is elbow-room   
for all1 and where a willing heart and a
 stout pair  of hands are the surest    
passports to independence and a         
competency4             99       99     
99       99       99      ,,dwarkanth   
,,tagore was a marvelously intelligent  
man1 greatly in advance of  his         
countrymen--a man who could discern the 
value of ,european  civilization1 and   
who devoted his energies and his means  
to the duty of  grafting them on ,hindu 
society4 ,his riches were1 like all     
merchants'1 in  supposition4 ,he had    
argosies1 and lands1 and merchandise2   

but what with  land rats and water rats1
 and mortgages1 glutted markets1 and    
competitions of all kinds1 that which   
had an untellable value to-day1 was  at 
a discount to-morrow4 ,his influence in 
the southern provinces of ,india        
maintained the credit of his house while
 he lived2 he died bequeathing no  atom 
of his commanding spirit and exquisite  
tact1 and the house which he  had       
created1 together with the ,bank he had 
sustained1 fell in the general          
commercial wreck which afflicted all    
,calcutta three years ago4 ,thus much   
of admirable ,dwarkanth ,tagore4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,madame ,,boulanger--the ,mrs4 ,glover 
of the ,paris ,opra ,comique1 has a     
,conspicuous place in the recent foreign
 obituaries4 ,the ,french1 in their     
musical comedies1 cherish dramatis      
person of a maturity not known on  any  
other musical stage1 save among the     
background figures4 ,so often as  we    
think of the good lady in question1 with

 hardly a note of voice left1  but      
overflowing with quaint humor1 and      
willingly turning her years and  ill    
looks to the utmost account1 with a     
readiness to be absurd1 if the  part    
needed1 which even a ,lablache could not
 outdo1--so often as we  recollect her  
,madame ,barnek1 in ',l',ambassadrice1' 
and her ,la  ,bocchetta in              
',polichinelle1 some of our most comic  
operatic impressions  will be revived4  
,madame ,boulanger was buried in the    
church of ,notre  ,dame4             99 
99       99       99       99           
,,traveling1 in ,france1 like everything
 else there1 has been reduced to        
science1 or rather to art4 ,companies   
are now formed at ,paris which convey   
passengers to ,london and back at an    
expense of only thirty francs--about    
six dollars4 ,they will pay all your    
expenses for this sum1 and give you     
four days in ,london to see all the     
lions4 ,it took more time and more      
money a few years ago to journey from   

,paris to ,rouen1 which is only a  few  
miles off4 ,these pleasure trains1 as   
they are called1 quit ,paris on         
,saturday1 cross the channel in a good  
steamer on ,sunday1 reaching ,london  in
 the afternoon1 give the voyagers       
,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday and       
,thursday in the city1 leaving in time  
to get back to ,paris by ,friday  night4
             99       99       99       
99       99      ,,four courses of      
lectures will be delivered the coming   
season before the  ,lowell ,institute1  
,boston4 ,one is to be on ,political    
,economy1 by ,prof4  ,bowen1 of         
,cambridge2 another course on ,natural  
,religion1 by ,rev4 ,dr4  ,blagden1 of  
,boston2 another by ,prof4 ,agassiz1    
subject not known2 and the  fourth1 on  
the ,comparative ,physical ,geography of
 the ,united ,states1 and  the race that
 will shortly inhabit these ,states1 by 
,prof4 ,guyot4             99       99  
99       99       99      ,the ,gazette 
des ,tribunaux announces that ,m4 ,libri

 has ceased to be a  member of the      
,legion of ,honor1 in virtue of the     
sentence of the ,assize  ,court of      
,paris1 pronounced on the demand of the 
,grand ,chancellor of the  order4 ,since
 his flight to ,england1 some two years 
and a half since1 he  has married there4
 ,madame ,libri is now in ,paris1       
attempting to recover  possession of the
 furniture1 and other personal effects1 
which ,m4 ,libri  was compelled to leave
 behind him in his flight4              
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,opinion ,publique has the         
following3--,is it known who at this    
moment inhabits the small house at      
,brompton1 occupied some few months     
since by ,m4 ,guizof8 ,it is ,m4        
,ledru-,rollin4 ,thus1 ,m4              
,ledru-,rollin1 an  exile1 succeeds at  
,brompton in his house of exile1 ,m4    
,guizot1 whom he  succeeded at ,paris in
 the ,government4             99        
99       99       99       99      ,the 
,committee of the ,associate            

,institution for ,improving and         
,enforcing  the ,laws for the           
,protection of ,women1 intends to offer 
a prize of #ajj  guineas for the best   
,essay on the ,laws for the ,protection 
of ,women4             99       99      
99       99       99      ,,dr4 ,t4     
,,southwood ,,smith1 who was the medical
 member of the ,general ,board  of      
,health during the period of the ,orders
 in ,council1 has been appointed  the   
second member of the ,board provided by 
the ,english ,metropolitan  ,interment  
,act4             99       99       99  
99       99      ,the ,gazette of ,rome1
 of the #ith1 contains the nomination of
 the ,abb  ,talbot1 son of ,lord ,talbot
 of ,malahide1 and lately priest of ,st4
  ,george's1 ,westminster-bridge-road1  
to the office of camereire secreto4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,illustration3 ,,jenny ,,lind ,,at ,,the
 ,,castle ,,amphitheater4    ,the       
arrival of ,,jenny ,,lind is the most   
memorable event thus far in our  musical

 history4 ,the note of preparation had  
been sounding for half a  year2 her     
name1 through all the country1 had      
become a household word2  and every     
incident in her life1 and every judgment
 of her capacities1 had  been made      
familiar1 by the admirable tactician who
 had hazarded so much  of his fortune in
 her engagement4 ,the general interest  
was increased by  the accounts in the   
chief foreign journals of her triumphal 
progress  through ,england1 and when at 
length she reached ,new-,york1 her      
reception  resembled the ovations that  
are offered to heroes4 ,her first       
concert was  given at the ,castle       
,amphitheater1 on the #aath ,september1 
to the largest  audience ever assembled 
for any such occasion in ,america4      
,there was an  apprehension among the   
more judicious that the performances    
would fall  below the common            
expectations2 but the most sanguine were
 surprised by  the completeness of her  
triumph4 ,she surpassed all that they   

had ever  heard1 or dreamed1 or         
imagined4 ,it was1 as the ,christian    
,inquirer  happily observes1 as if all  
the birds of ,eden had melted their     
voices  into one1 to rise in gushing    
song upon the streaming light to salute 
the  sun4 ,her later concerts have      
increased rather than diminished the    
enthusiasm produced by her first        
appearance4 ,mlle4 ,lind is accompanied 
by ,m4 ,benedict1 the well known        
composer1 and by ,signer ,belletti1     
whose  voice is the finest baritone     
probably ever heard in ,new ,york1 and  
whose  style is described by the ,albion
 as near perfection4 ,the orchestral    
arrangements for her concerts have never
 been surpassed here4 ,many were        
deterred from being present at her first
 appearance by a fear of crowds  and    
tumults1 but so perfect were ,mr4       
,barnum's appointments that all the     
vast assemblies at the ,castle have been
 as orderly as the most quiet  evening  
parties in private houses4    ,the      

personal interest in ,mlle4 ,lind is    
almost as great as the interest in  the 
singer4 ,her charities in ,new ,york    
have already reached more than  #ae1jjj4
 and it is understood that all the      
profits of her engagement in  ,america1 
not thus dispensed here1 are            
appropriated by her for the             
establishment of free schools in        
,sweden4    ,mlle4 ,lind has given to   
the ,fire ,department ,fund1 #c1jjj2    
,musical ,fund  ,society1 #b1jjj2 ,home 
for the ,friendless1 ,society for the   
,relief of  ,indigent ,females1         
,dramatic ,fund ,association1 ,home for 
,colored and ,aged  ,persons1 ,colored  
and ,orphan ,association1 ,lying-in     
,asylum for ,destitute  ,females1 ,new  
,york ,orphan ,asylum1 ,protestant      
,half-,orphan ,asylum1 ,roman  ,catholic
 ,half-,orphan ,asylum1 and ,old ,ladies
 ,asylum1 each #ejj4 ,total1  #aj1jjj4  
,the lives of ,mr4 ,barnum1 ,jenny      
,lind1 ,m4 ,benedict1 and ,signor       
,belletti1 with all the details of the  

concerts1 have been issued in a         
pamphlet displaying the usual           
tyographical richness and elegance of   
,van  ,norden  ,leslie1 ,fulton-street4