,,rudolf ,,euck5 ,a ,philosophy ( ,life by ,,abel ,j4 ,,jones1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,ph4,d4 ,=m]ly ,memb] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 ,s*ol> ( ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,assi/ant ,lectur] at ! ,univ]sity ,college1 ,c>diff ,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,jack #fg ,long ,acre1 ,w4,c41 & ,ed9burgh ,new ,york3 ,dodge ,publi%+ ,co4 ,illu/ration ,,preface ,! "n ( ,euck5 has become a famili> "o 9 philosophical & religi\s circles4 ,until rec5t ye>s ! read+ ( 8 books 0 conf9$ to ^? possess+ a k ( ,g]man1 b ( late sev]al h be5 translat$ into ! ,engli% language1 & n[ ! /ud5ts ( philosophy & religion are agog ) acc\nts ( a new philosoph] :o is at once a great e?ical tea*] & an optimi/ic prophet4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,euck5 has a great message1 & ^? :o _c f9d "t to make a ?or\gh /udy ( 8 works %\ld n fail to "k some?+ ( ! man & 8 tea*+s4 ,! aim ( ?is volume is to give a brief & cle> acc\nt ( 8 philosophical ideas1 & to inspire ! read] to /udy = himself ,euck5's great works4 ,pr(essor ,rudolf ,euck5 0 born 9 #ahdf1 at ,auri* 9 ,frisia4 ,he att5d$ s*ool 9 8 native t[n1 & !n proce$$ to /udy at ! ,univ]sities ( ,gtt+5 & ,b]l94 ,9 #ahgd he 0 invit$ to ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 & "h he has lab\r$ = ?irty-eight ye>s2 dur+ ?is p]iod he has be5 li/5$ to & admir$ by _m ( ! m advanc$ /ud5ts ( philosophy ( all c\ntries & cont95ts4 ,8 e>lie/ writ+s 7 hi/orical 9 "*1 & consi/$ ma9ly ( le>n$ essays ^u ! classical & ,g]man philosoph]s4 ,foll[+ ^u ^! appe>$ valuable /udies 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 :i* br\ght out1 too1 to "s ext5t1 ,euck5's own philosophical ideas4 ,8 late/ works h be5 m def9itely con/ructive4 ,9 ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideal1 & ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 he gives respectively a full acc\nt ( 8 philosophical sy/em1 & ( 8 ideas conc]n+ religion4 ,sev]al small] works conta9 8 ideas 9 brief] & m popul> =m4 ,z a lectur] he is *>m+ & inspir+4 ,he is n always easy to und]/&2 8 s5t5ces are (t5 long1 florid1 & complex4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 he is q beyond ! compreh5sion ( 8 /ud5ts--b :5 !y d n und]/&1 !y admire1 & feel !y are 9 ! pres5ce ( greatness4 ,8 writ+s conta9 _m ( ! faults ( 8 lectures4 ,!y are (t5 lab\r$ & obscure1 diffuse & v]bose4 ,b ^! faults are m9or 9 "*1 comp>$ ) ! greatness ( 8 "w4 ,!re is no d\bt t 8 is "o ( ! noble/ attempts ev] made to solve ! great "q ( life4 ,nev] 0 a philosophy m imbu$ ) ! _s ( battle aga9/ ! evil & sordid1 & ) ! desire to f9d 9 life ! highe/ & greate/ t c be f\nd 9 x4 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(essor ,euck5 = ! inspiration ( 8 lectures & books1 v>i\s writ]s1 translators1 & fri5ds = sugge/ions1 & especially my wife1 ^: help 9 v>i\s ways has be5 invaluable4 ,passages are quot$ f sev]al ( ! works m5tion$ 9 ! ,bibliography1 especially f ,euck5's ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,williams ,norgate--! publi%]s4 ,,abel ,j4 ,,jones4 ,,c>diff4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,life ,,ii4 ,,has ,,! ,,problem ,,be5 ,,solv$8 ,,iii4 ,,ano!r ,,se>* ,,= ,,tru? ,,iv4 ,,! ,,pa/1 ,,pres5t1 ,,& ,,! ,,et]nal ,v4 ,,! ,,high ,,& ,,! ,,l[ ,,vi4 ,,! ,,asc5t ,,to ,,fre$om ,,& ,,p]sonality ,,vii4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,viii4 ,,religion3 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,absolute ,,ix4 ,,conclusion3 ,,criticism ,,& ,,appreciation ,,bibliography ,,index ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,life ,be=e we proce$ to outl9e ,euck5's philosophical position1 x w be well if we c fir/ be cle> z to ! special problem ) :i* he conc]ns himself4 ,philosoph]s h at "s "t or o!r consid]$ all ! problems ( heav5 & e>? to be )9 _! prov9ce1 especially ! difficult problems = :i* a simple solution is impossible4 ,h5ce x is1 p]haps1 t philosophy has be5 9 disrepute1 especially 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 ! /udy ( ! subject has be5 v l>gely limit$ to a small class ( /ud5ts1 & ! philosoph] has be5 reg>d$ z a dreamy1 !oris+1 & unpractical individual4 ,_m p1 :5 !y he> ( ,euck51 w put him out ( m9d z an ord9>y memb] ( a body ( cranks4 ,f ,euck5's po9t ( view ?is is ! mo/ un=tunate ?+ t c happ51 = 8 message is n direct$ to a limit$ numb] ( advanc$ /ud5ts ( philosophy1 b is meant = all ?9k+ memb]s ( ! human race4 ,! problem he endeav\rs to solve is f> f be+ "o ( m]e !oretical int]e/2 on ! contr>y x has to d ) matt]s ( imm$iate practical conc]n to ! life ( ! individual & ( ! community4 ,to ignore him w be to fail to take acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ r\s+ philosophies ( mod]n times4 ,! apa?y t exi/s 9 reg>d to ! subject ( philosophy is n easy to expla94 ,x is n t philosophis+ is only possible to ! greate/ intellects2 x is inde$ natural = ! normal m9d to d s4 ,9 a quiet h\r1 :5 ! _w ) its ru% & d9 leaves u to ourselves & ! univ]se1 we beg9 to ask ourselves ,:y & ,h[1 & !n almo/ unconsci\sly we philosophise4 ,no?+ is m natural to ! human m9d ?an to wond]1 & to wond] is to beg9 to philosophise4 ,p]haps philosoph]s h be5 l>gely to blame = ! indiff]5ce %[n2 _! t]ms h (t5 be5 ne$lessly difficult1 _! language obscure1 & _! ideas ab/ruse4 ,too (t51 too1 _! ab/ract speculations h caus$ !m to ignore or =get ! actual exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,^? :o h qu>rell$ ) philosophy = ^! or o!r reasons w d well to lay _! prejudices aside :5 !y />t a /udy ( ,euck51 = ?\gh he has "s ( ! faults ( 8 class1 he has _m /rik+ & exceptional excell5ces4 ,philosoph]s 9 g5]al set out to solve ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,!y diff] 9 _! /atem5t ( ! problem1 9 ! purpose ( ! attempt1 & 9 _! me?ods ( attempt+ ! solution4 ,"s w wond] h[ ?is m>vell\s univ]se ev] came into exi/5ce1 & w consid] ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s to be ! problem ( philosophy4 ,o!rs 9 obs]v+ ! div]sity ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se wond] :at is beh9d x all2 !y seek to g beyond m]e appe>ances1 & to inve/igate ! nature ( t beh9d ! appe>ances1 :i* !y call ! reality4 ,9 _! attempts to solve "o or bo? ( ^! problems1 ?9k]s are l$ to m>vel h[ x is t we get to "k ?+s at all2 !y are tempt$ to inve/igate ! possibility ( k1 & are 9 ?is way side-track$ f ! ma9 problem4 ,o!rs 9 _! inve/igations are /ruck ) amazem5t at ! intricate organisation ( ! human m9d2 !y leave ! riddle ( ! univ]se to /udy ! processes ( human ?\ght1 & exam9e z f> z !y are able ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 ,!n ?\ght itself claims ! att5tion ( o!r philosoph]s2 !y seek to f9d :at are ! laws ( valid ?\ght1 :at rules mu/ be foll[$ 9 ord] t ?r\gh reason+ we may arrive at correct conclusions4 ,o!rs become attract$ to an inve/igation ( ! good 9 ! univ]se1 & _! "q *anges f ,:at is8 to ,:at ought to be8 ,o!rs int]e/ !mselves 9 ! problem ( ! beautiful1 & endeav\r to det]m9e ! ess5ce ( ! beautiful & ( its appreciation4 ,9 ?is way ! subject ( philosophy sep>ates out into a numb] ( bran*es4 ,! /udy ( ! beautiful is call$ /hetics2 ( ! good1 ,e?ics2 ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 ,logic2 ( ! m9d processes1 ,psy*ology2 ( ! possibility ( k1 ! ,!ory ( k2 :ile ! deep] problems ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ( reality & unity 9 ! univ]se1 are g5]ally includ$ "u ,metaphysics4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t all ^! bran*es are v closely relat$1 & t a discussion ( any "o ( !m involves to "s ext5t a ref]5ce to ! o!rs4 ,"o _c1 = example1 attempt to solve ! great "q ( reality )\t t\*+ ^u ! possibility ( k1 )\t "s ref]5ce to ! processes ( ! human m9d1 & ! /&>ds ( ! validity ( ?\ght1 ( ! good1 & ( ! beautiful4 ,x is h[ev] ess5tial1 if "o is to appreciate a philosoph]1 to und]/& cle>ly :at 8 ma9 problem is4 ,!re9 lies frequ5tly ! diff]5ces among philosoph]s--t is1 9 ! special emphasis laid on "o problem1 & ! att5tion to1 or neglect ( o!r aspects4 ,to fail to be cle> on ?is matt] frequ5tly means to misund]/& a philosoph]4 ,& x w\ld seem t _m critics h fail$ to appreciate ! "w ( ,euck5 to ! ext5t !y %\ld1 because !y h expect$ him to deal 9 detail ) problems :i* x is n 8 int5tion to discuss1 & h fail$ to appreciate :at special problem x is t he attempts to solve4 ,euck5's special problem is t ( ! reality 9 ! univ]se1 ( ! unity !re exi/s 9 ! div]sity ( ?+s4 ,9 s f> z he makes ?is 8 problem1 he is at "o ) o!r philosoph]s 9 inve/igat+ :at may p]haps be consid]$ to be ! mo/ pr(\nd problem t ! human m9d has ev] conceiv$4 ,! fact t di/+ui%es ,euck5 f a l>ge numb] ( o!r ?9k]s is t he />ts :]e !y leave (f4 ,at a rule1 philosoph]s beg9 _! inve/igation ) a consid]ation ( matt]1 & proce$ by sl[ degrees to attempt to expla9 ! reality at ! basis ( x4 ,"s nev] get fur!r1 & disp5se ) ! "q ( human life & ?\ght z m]e aspects or manife/ations ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,b ! problem ( life is = ,euck5 ! "o problem--he seeks to f9d ! reality b5ea? ! sup]ficialities ( human exi/5ce1 & he has little to say conc]n+ ! _w ( matt]4 ,&1 aft] all1 x is ! problem ( life t urg5tly calls = solution1 = ^u ! solution t is accept$1 ! life ( ! individual is to a l>ge ext5t bas$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 v int]e/+ to m$itate & speculate ^u ! mat]ial _w1 its orig9 & evolution1 b ! "q is v l>gely "o ( m]e !oretical int]e/--a k9d ( game or puzzle = /udi\s m9ds4 ,x is ! "q ( life itself t is ultimately ( practical int]e/ to e human s\l4 ,& ?is is ! problem t ,euck5 w\ld solve4 ,h5ce ^? :o expect to f9d a closely reason$ philosophy on matt] & its manife/ations mu/ look else:]e1 = ,euck5 has little = !m4 ,euck5's philosophy is a philosophy ( life1 & he only t\*es incid5tally ^? aspects ( philosophy t are n imm$iately conc]n$ ) 8 special problem4 ,he refuses to be allur$ f ! ma9 problem by subsidi>y inve/igations1 & p]haps rightly s1 = "o problem ( su* magnitude w\ld seem to be en\gh = "o human m9d to attempt4 ,euck5 is a philosoph] :o lays f\ndations & deals ) broad outl9es & pr9ciples2 x mu/ be left to 8 _m disciples to fill 9 any gaps t exi/ on ?is acc\nt1 by attempt+ to solve ! subsidi>y problems ) :i* ,euck5 _c = ! pres5t conc]n himself4 ,if ,euck5's problem diff]s fundam5tally f t ( mo/ o!r philosoph]s1 p]haps ! purpose ( 8 inve/igations is /ill a m /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,he is anxi\s to solve ! riddle ( ! univ]se 9 ord] t !re may be drawn f ! solution an inspiration :i* %all help ! human race to conc5trate its en]gies ^u ! highe/ ideals ( life4 ,! desire to f9d a mean+ :i* w expla91 & at ! same "t infuse ze/ & gladness into e dep>tm5t ( life has become a passion ) him1 & 9 f9d+ t mean+1 8 great endeav\r is to prove ! tru? ( human fre$om & p]sonality4 ,he wi%es to solve ! riddle 9 ord] t man may become a bett] man1 ! _w a bett] _w4 ,8 aim is def9itely an e?ical aim1 & 8 purpose a practical "o ( ! noble/ ord]1 & n "o ( m]e intellectual int]e/4 ,!re is mu*1 too1 t is orig9al 9 8 me?ods--?is w become evid5t 9 ! *apt]s t foll[4 ,he beg9s ) an inquiry into ! solutions t h be5 (f]$4 ,aft] c>eful inve/igation he f9ds !y all fail to satisfy ! conditions :i* a solution %\ld satisfy4 ,8 discussions ( ^! !ories are mo/ illum9at+1 & ^? :o d n agree ) 8 conclusions _c fail to admire 8 ma/]ly treatm5t4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 he se>*es ! /ory ( ! pa/1 /udies ! conditions ( ! pres5t1 & gazes into ! maze ( ! future1 & f9ds reveal$ 9 !m all an et]nal some?+1 unaffect$ by "t1 :i* 01 is1 & ev] %all be--! et]nal1 univ]sal1 spiritual 81 :i* !n mu/ be ! great reality4 ,^u ?is basis he builds a sy/em ( philosophy1 :i* he consid]s to be m satisfactory ?an ! solutions already (f]$2 ) :i* cont5tion1 !re is little d\bt1 ! majority ( 8 read]s w be incl9$ to agree4 ,aft] ! brief /atem5t ( ,euck5's special problem1 ( ! purpose & me?ods ( 8 inve/igation1 we c proce$ to outl9e 8 !ories 9 great] detail1 beg9n+ 9 ! next *apt] ) 8 discussion ( ! solutions t h 9 ! pa/ be5 (f]$ & accept$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,has ,,! ,,problem ,,be5 ,,solv$8 ,:at is ! mean+1 ! value1 & purpose ( life1 & :at is ! highe/ & ! et]nal 9 life--! great reality8 ,?is is ! "q t ,euck5 w\ld solve4 ,be=e attempt+ a solution ( 8 own1 he exam9es ^? t h already be5 (f]$4 ,8 discussion ( ^! !ories is rem>kable = ! fairness1 bread? ( view1 sympa?y1 insight1 & accurate k t is %[n4 ,!re is no sup]ficial criticism1 nei!r does he conc]n himself ) ! iness5tial details ( ! !ories4 ,je/-books tell u ( a def5dant aga9/ :om a claim = comp5sation 0 made by a compla9ant :o alleg$ t ! =m]'s dog _h bitt5 him4 ,! def5ce 01 fir/1 t ! dog 0 lame1 bl9d1 & too?less2 second1 t x _h di$ a week be=e2 & ?ird1 t ! def5dant nev] possess$ a dog4 ,a s5sible judge w\ld wi% to be satisfi$ 9 reg>d to ! ?ird /atem5t be=e wa/+ "t discuss+ ! o!rs2 if x prov$ to be true1 !n ! case w\ld be at an end4 ,! def5ces ( philosophical sy/ems are (t5 simil>1 & ! critic is tempt$ to wa/e "t discuss+ details :5 he %\ld g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,euck5 does n fall into ?is error4 ,8 special me?od is to seek ! idea or ideas :i* lie at ! root ( ! propos$ solution2 if ^! are unsatisfactory1 !n he does n consid] x necess>y to discuss !m fur!r4 ,h5ce 8 "w is free f ! flippant & sup]ficial argum5t s common to-day2 he makes a fair & s]i\s endeav\r to f9d out ! tru? 7if any7 t is at ! basis ( ! propos$ solutions1 & does n hesitate to give !m _! due me$ ( praise ev5 ?\gh he consid]s !m to be ultimately unsatisfactory4 ,be=e a solution c be reg>d$ z a satisfactory "o1 ,euck5 holds t x %\ld satisfy c]ta9 conditions4 ,x %\ld (f] an explanation = life :i* c be a firm basis = life1 x mu/ admit ( ! possibility ( human fre$om1 & mu/ release ! human be+ f sordid motives--unless x satisfy ^! conditions1 !n x _c be accept$ z f9al4 ,! solutions ( ! problem ( life t h be5 (f]$ he consid]s to be five--,religion & ,imman5tal ,idealism1 ,naturalism1 ,socialism & ,individualism1 ! fir/ two reg>d+ ! invisible _w z ! reality 9 life1 ! o!rs lay+ emphasis on man's life 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,! read] w p]haps wond] h[ 8 *oice has fall5 ^u ^! sy/ems ( ?\ght & ^! alone4 ,! explanation is a simple "o3 he consid]s x necess>y to deal only ) ^? !ories :i* c =m1 & h =m$1 bases = a :ole sy/em ( life4 ,m]e !oretical ideas ( life1 especially negative ideas su* z ^? ( agno/icism & scepticism1 d n =m su* a basis1 b ! five *os5 = discussion c1 & h to "s ext5t1 pos$ z complete !ories ( life1 ^u :i* a sy/em ( life c be built4 ,has ,religion solv$ ! "q8 ,if x has1 !n x mu/ h done s 9 t :i* mu/ be consid]$ its highe/ =m--9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity has attempt$ ! solution by plac+ /ress ^u a high] invisible _w1 a _w 9 %>p contra/ ) ! m]e _w ( s5se1 & f> sup]ior to x4 ,x unites life to a sup]natural _w1 & raises mank9d above ! level ( ! natural _w4 ,x has br\ght out ) great cle>ness ! contra/ betwe5 ! high] _w & ! _w ( s91 & has %[n ! ne$ = a break ) ! evil 9 ! _w4 ,x has giv5 to man a belief 9 fre$om1 & 9 ! necessity = a complete *ange ( he>t4 ,x has prov$ a s\rce ( deliv]ance f ! feel+1 ( guilt1 & a com=t 9 suff]+4 ,inde$1 consid]+ all ! facts1 !re seems to be no d\bt t1 ( all ! solutions (f]$1 religion has be5 ! mo/ p[]ful factor 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,its influ5ce w\ld cont9ue = ! pres5t & future1 7 x n t d\bt has be5 ca/ ^u its v f\ndations1 & _h n circum/ances aris5 to take m5's m9ds away f ?\ghts ( a high] & invisible _w1 & to conc5trate !m to a great] ext5t ?an =m]ly ^u ! _w ( s5se4 ,! progress ( ! natural sci5ces has done mu* to br+ ab\t ! *ange4 ,*ri/ianity made man ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 = :om all ?+s exi/$1 b ! sci5ces h insi/$ ^u a broad] view ( ! univ]se1 & h depos$ man f 8 ?rone1 & giv5 him a mu* humbl] position4 ,!n z ! conception ( law became m prom95t1 & sci5ti/s became m & m incl9$ to expla9 all ?+s z ! result ( natural laws1 ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god 9 con/ant communion )1 & sup]vision ov] mank9d1 fell into disfav\r4 ,& ! /udy ( hi/ory has caus$ que/ions to be rais$4 ,"s hi/orians h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! idea ( an ov]world is m]ely ! *>act]i/ic ( a c]ta9 /age 9 ! evolution ( mank9d1 & t ! ideas ( religion are1 aft] all1 little m ?an ! m5tal con/ruction ( a ,god ^u ! image ( man's own self4 ,hi/ory has attack$ ! doctr9al =m ( religion1 & has endeav\r$ to %[ t religions h be5 v l>gely col\r$ & influ5c$ by ! prevail+ ideas ( ! "t2 & ! "q naturally arises z to :e!r !re is any?+ m 9 religion ?an ^! tempor>y elem5ts4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,9 ! pres5t age ! curr5t ( human activity is /rong4 ,man is beg9n+ to accompli% ?+s 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & is becom+ anxi\s to accompli% m4 ,8 railways cov] ! l&s1 8 %ips sail ! seas1 & 8 a]oplanes fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,he has acquir$ a ta/e = ?is _w1 a ze/ = ! conque/ & ! utilis+ = 8 own pleasure & b5efit ( ! _w ( nature4 ,& :5 ?is occurs1 ! ov]world s9ks into ! backgr\nd--he is satisfi$ ) ! pres5t1 & feels no ne$1 except "u special circum/ances1 ( a high] _w4 ,! s5se _w at pres5t makes a /rong appeal--& ! /rong] x becomes1 ! less he li/5s to ! call ( an ov]world4 ,! sci5ces1 hi/ory1 & ! special phases ( human activity h drawn att5tion f a high]1 invisible _w1 & h ca/ d\bts ^u its v exi/5ce4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ,religion 79 ! traditional =m71 despite all x has effect$1 is = ! man ( to-day a "q r ?an an answ]4 ,x is itself too mu* ( a problem to int]pret to u ! mean+ ( our life1 & make u feel t x is wor? ! liv+4 ,9 ^! words ,euck5 /ates 8 conviction t ,*ri/ianity 9 its or?odox =ms _c solve ! problem ( ! pres5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all he has to say conc]n+ religion4 ,he is1 9 tru?1 a great believ] 9 religion1 & z w be se51 he believes t lat] x w aga9 /ep =? 9 a *ang$ =m z ! fact ( facts to wield a p[] p]haps great] ?an ev] be=e4 ,z 9 ! case ( religion1 ,imman5t ,idealism is a !ory t gives life an invisible basis1 b ! invisible has be5 reg>d$ z t :i* lies at ! root ( ! pres5t _w1 & n z a sep>ate high] _w outside our own4 ,! ,div9e x consid]s n z a p]sonal be+ ap>t f ! _w1 b z a p[] exi/+ 9 & p]meat+ x1 t inde$ :i* gives to ! _w its tru? & dep?4 ,man belongs to ! visible _w1 b inw>dly he is alive to ! pres5ce ( a deep] reality1 & 8 ambition mu/ be to become himself a "p ( ?is deep] :ole4 ,if by turn+ f 8 sup]ficial life he c set himself 9 ! dep?s ( reality1 !n a magnific5t life1 ) ! wide/ prospects1 op5s out be=e him4 ,he may w9 ! :ole ( inf9ity = 8 own1 & set himself free f ! triviality ( ! m]ely human )\t los+ himself 9 an ali5 _w4 ,& if he does s1 he is l$ to place great] emphasis ^u ! high ideals ( life ?an ^u mat]ial progress4 ,he le>ns to value ! beautiful f> above ! m]ely useful2 ! inn] life above m]e exi/5ce1 a g5u9e spiritual culture above ! m]e p]fect+ ( natural & social conditions4 ,!re is br\ght into view a new & deep] life 9 :i* ! emphasis is plac$ ^u ! good1 ! beautiful1 & ! true4 ,9 ?is way idealism has inspir$ _m m5 to put =? _! en]gies = ! highe/ aims1 has lift$ ! individual above ! n>r[ness ( a life devot$ to himself alone1 & has produc$ *>act]s ( exceptional beauty & /r5g?4 ,x claims1 inde$1 to be able to %ape ! _w ( man m satisfactorily ?an religion c1 = x has no ne$ = doctr9es ( ! ,div9e1 ! ,div9e be+ imm$iately pres5t 9 ! _w4 ,b despite its great influ5ce 9 ! pa/1 its p[] has ( late be5 consid]ably weak5$4 ,! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( a deep] invisible reality 9 ! _w has become z problematic z ! doctr9es ( religion4 ,to be a :ole-he>t$ believ] 9 ! old] =ms ( idealism x is necess>y t ! univ]se be reg>d$ z ultimately reasonable & h>moni\s1 & !re mu/ be a belief 9 ! possibilities ( great developm5t on ! "p ( ! human be+4 ,b a s]i\s /udy ( ?+s reveals to u ! fact t ! univ]se is n entirely reasonable & h>moni\s4 ,if x 71 !n man's ef=t t[>ds ! ideal w\ld be help$ by ! :ole univ]se1 b t is f> f be+ ! case2 progress means fight1 & difficult fight2 !re is def9ite opposition to ! ef=ts ( man to raise himself4 ,moreov]1 !re is evil 9 ! _w1 let pan!i/s & o!rs say :at !y w4 ,euck5 refuses to close 8 eyes to1 or to expla9 away1 opposition1 pa91 & evil--! _w is f> f be+ :olly reasonable & h>moni\s1 & ideali/s mu/ ackn[l$ge ?is fact4 ,! natural sci5ces1 too1 by emphasis+ ! reign ( law1 t5d to limit m & m ! possibilities ( ! human be+1 ultimately robb+ him ( all fre$om--h5ce ( all possibility ( creation4 ,& h[ c "o be an en?usia/ic devotee ( idealism if he is l$ to d\bt man's p[] to aim at1 fight t[>ds1 or ev5 *oose ! highe/8 ,idealism 0 at its height 9 ^? r$-lett] days :5 a high /ate ( culture _h be5 atta9$1 & great p]sonalities produc$ ma/]pieces 9 art1 music1 & lit]ature4 ,! progress ( ! sci5ces & ( man's natural activity has direct$ ! _s ( ! age t[>ds mat]ial progress2 ! ideals ( mank9d t5d to become ext]nal & sup]ficial1 & ! int]e/ 9 ! invisible _w falls to a m9imum4 ,to "s ext5t1 too1 idealism brea!s ( ari/ocracy--a mo/ unpopul> *>act]i/ic 9 a democratic age4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t man is rais$ above himself only 9 r>e cases1 & t ! great ?+s 9 ! realms ( art1 music1 & lit]ature are v l>gely ! monopoly ( ! few1 & ^! ma9ly ( ! leisur$ classes4 ,h5ce ! appeal ( idealism to c]ta9 types ( m5 & wom5 mu/ necess>ily be a feeble "o4 ,!n1 aga91 !re is ! g5]al indiff]5ce ( mank9d to l(ty aims2 ?is militates aga9/ ! p[] ( idealism ev5 m ?an 9 ! case ( religion1 = :ile 9 ! latt] !re is ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god :o is pleas$ or displeas$ urg+ m5 to r5ew$ ef=t1 ! tea*+s ( idealism may appe> to be m]e ab/ractions1 & c1 z su*1 possess little driv+-p[] = ! ord9>y m9d4 ,idealism1 too1 seems to be a m]e compromise betwe5 religion & a life devot$ to s5se exp]i5ce1 & l mo/ compromises x lacks ! en?us+ p[] ( ! orig9al ideas4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole !ory leaves u 9 unc]ta9ty--t :i* 0 int5d$ to give a firm support1 & to po9t out a cle> c\rse to our life1 has itself become a difficult problem4 ,b ,euck5 has m to say conc]n+ idealism1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t =m f ! !ories ( ! pa/4 ,inde$1 8 philosophy is g5]ally class$ among/ ! idealisms4 ,euck5 makes a great endeav\r1 h[ev]1 to avoid ! difficulties & objections to ! ideali/ic position2 lat] we %all see t a great measure ( success has cr[n$ 8 ef=ts4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! two solutions t place special /ress on ! invisible _w1 he proce$s to deal ) ! !ories :i* emphasise ! relation ( ! life ( man to ! mat]ial _w4 ,he fir/ treats ( ,naturalism1 t solution ( ! problem t makes ! s5se exp]i5ce ( surr\nd+ nature ! basis ( life1 subord9at+ ev5 ! life ( ! s\l to ! level ( ! natural1 mat]ial _w4 ,nature 9 ! e>ly ages _h be5 sup]ficially expla9$1 (t5 9 ! light ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,man gave to nature a v>iety ( explanations & ( col\r+1 dep5d+ l>gely ^u 8 ideas ( ! place ( nature 9 relation to himself & to ! invisible _w4 ,b su* an?ropomorphic explanations c\ld n long survive ! progress ( ! sci5ces1 = a sci5tific compreh5sion ( nature c\ld only be atta9$ by gett+ rid ( all human col\r+1 & by inve/igat+ nature entirely by itself1 out ( all relation to ! human s\l4 ,man !n inve/igat$ nature m & m z an object ap>t f himself4 ,! fir/ result ( ^! inve/igations 0 to impress ^u him ! reality ( nature z some?+ indep5d5t1 & to increase on a v l>ge scale 8 k (1 & control ov] nature4 ,:5 man began to =mulate & und]/& nature1 he began1 too1 to inv5t ma*9es to pr(it f ! k he ga9$4 ,h5ce foll[$ a m>vell\sly fruitful p]iod ( human activity1 an activity :i* at fir/ /r5g!n$ man 9 8 own s\l1 & gave him increas$ consci\sness ( indep5d5ce & p[]4 ,:ile he 0 compell$ to admit ! greatness ( ! natural _w1 he became m & m conv9c$ t he himself 0 f> great]1 = c\ld he n put ! laws ( nature to 8 own use & pr(it8 ,h5ce ! ga9 to man at ?is /age ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces 0 v great1 = he _h come to appreciate m ?an be=e ! sup]iority ( ! human s\l ov] ! mat]ial _w4 ,h5ce result$ a m robu/ type ( life1 a life en]getic1 mascul9e1 press+ =w>d unceas+ly4 ,matt]s1 h[ev]1 7 n de/9$ to rema9 long at ?is /age4 ,z man's k ( ! processes ( nature increas$ fur!r1 a tw(old result foll[$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! s5se _w ( nature became increas+ly absorb+ 9 int]e/2 on ! o!r h&1 laws 7 =mulat$ & nature 0 conceiv$ ( z be+ a *a9 ( cause & effect1 a comb9ation ( me*anical elem5ts ^: int]actions 7 accord+ to law1 & c\ld be =etold ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,^! two factors work$ 9 ! same direction1 namely1 t ( r5d]+ less necess>y ! conception ( a spiritual _w4 ,! int]e/ ( mank9d became s conc5trat$ ^u mat]ial ?+s t ! int]e/ 9 ! invisible decreas$1 :ile ! me*anical1 s\lless elem5ts ) _! ceaseless actions & reactions 9 def9ite ord]1 & accord+ to inviolable law1 7 held suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! keynote 0 relation to environm5t2 a con/antly *ang+ environm5t1 *ang+ accord+ to law1 call$ = ceaseless readju/m5t1 & ! adaptation to environm5t 0 held to be ! /imulus to all activity 9 ! natural _w4 ,! lat] developm5t ( biology1 & ! doctr9e ( ! evolution ( species1 gradually ext5d$ ?is conception ( nature to include man himself4 ,:at he _h reg>d$ z 8 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics 7 held to be b ! product ( natural factors1 & 8 life 0 reg>d$1 too1 z "u ! doma9 ( rigid1 inviolable law4 ,!re 0 no room =1 & no ne$ (1 ! conception ( free1 orig9ative ?\ght4 ,?\ght 0 simply an answ] to ! dem& t ! s5se _w 0 mak+1 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! ext]nal /imulus1 j z any o!r activity 0 entirely dep5d5t on an ext]nal /imulus4 ,s ?\ght came to be reg>d$ z result+ f m]e s5se impression1 :i* latt] correspond$ to ! ext]nal /imulus4 ,x is obvi\s t ! idea ( ! fre$om ( ! human s\l1 & ( human p]sonality z previ\sly und]/ood1 _h to g4 ,man 0 simply ! result ( ! int]action ( num]\s causes--& l ! re/ ( nature1 involv$ no indep5d5t spiritual elem5t4 ,ev]y?+ t 0 previ\sly reg>d$ z spiritual 0 int]pret$ z a m]e adjunct to1 or a %ad[ (1 ! s5se _w4 ,su* a conception acc\nt$ = ! :ole ( nature & ( man1 & s became an explanation ( ! univ]se1 a philosophy4 ,9 su* a !ory self-pres]vation becomes ! aim ( life1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! driv+-p[]1 & adaptation to environm5t ! means to ! desir$ end4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t only "o /&>d ( value rema9s1 t ( usefulness1 = t alone c be reg>d$ z valuable :i* proves to be useful t[>ds ! pres]vation & enjoym5t ( ! natural life4 ,! ideas ( ! good1 ! beautiful1 & ! true1 lose ! glory ( _! orig9al mean+1 & become comp>atively b>r5 conceptions4 ,h5ce at a /roke ! spiritual _w is wip$ away1 ! s\l ( man is degrad$ f its high position1 ! great tru?s ( religion are ca/ aside z m]e illusions4 ,! naturali/ic explanation possesses ! app>5t advantage ( be+ a v simple "o1 & h5ce attracts ! human m9d ) great =ce 9 ! e>ly /ages ( m5tal culture4 ,all ! difficulties ( ! conception ( a high] _w are abs5t1 = ! naturali/ic position does n admit ( its exi/5ce4 ,x gives1 too1 "s purpose to life1 ev5 ?\gh t purpose is n an ideal "o4 ,euck5 is n reluctant to give ! !ory all ! cr$it x des]ves1 & he is prep>$ to admit t x fulfils to "s ext5t ! conditions :i* he holds a satisfactory solution %\ld fulfil4 ,he goes1 h[ev]1 imm$iately to ! root ( ! matt]1 & f9ds t ! v exi/5ce ( ! !ory ( naturalism 9 itself is an eloqu5t dispro( ( ! !ory4 ,! exi/5ce ( a compreh5sive sci5tific conception involves an activity :i* is f> sup]ior to nature itself1 = x c make nature ! object ( sy/ematic /udy4 ,an intellect :i* is no?+ m ?an a mirror ( s5se impressions c get little beyond su* s5se impressions1 :]eas ! highly develop$ sci5tific conception ( nature t obta9s to-day is f> beyond a m]e collection ( s5se impressions4 ,nature1 inde$1 is subdu$ & ma/]$ by man2 :y !n degrade man to ! level ( a univ]se he has ma/]$8 ,to produce f ! ph5om5a ( nature a sci5tific conception ( nature dem&s ! activity ( an indep5d5t1 orig9ative p[] ( ?\ght1 :i*1 ?\gh x may be condition$ by1 & mu/ be relat$ to1 s5se impressions1 is f> above m]e s5se impressions4 ,naturalism1 9 direct+ att5tion to ! ?+s t are exp]i5c$1 fails to take prop] acc\nt ( ! m9d t exp]i5ces !m2 x po/ulates nature )\t m9d1 :5 only by ! m9d processes c man become aw>e ( nature1 & con/ruct a naturali/ic s*eme ( life4 ,to a ?or\gh-go+ naturalism1 naturalism itself is logically impossible4 ,h5ce ! impossibility ( ! naturali/ic !ory z an explanation ( life4 ,!n x fails to provide a high ideal = life1 & to release man f sordid motives4 ,x gives no place = love1 = "w = its own sake1 = altrui/ic conduct1 or = devotion to ! high ideals ( life4 ,! aim ( life is limit$ to ?is _w--man has b to aim at ! enjoym5t & pres]vation ( 8 own life4 ,! me*anical explanation ( life1 too1 does away ) ! possibility ( human fre$om & p]sonality1 & x is futile to urge man to great] ef=ts :5 success is impossible4 ,x is a !ory :i* does ju/ice m]ely to a life ( pleasure & pa91 its psy*ology has no s\l1 & its political economy bases ! community ^u selfi%ness4 ,9 ?is way ,euck5 disproves ! claim ( naturalism2 9 do+ s he po9ts out t a satisfactory solution mu/ take acc\nt ( ! life ( nature 9 a way :i* religion & idealism h fail$ to d4 ,( late ye>s ,socialism & ,individualism h come into prom95ce z !ories ( life4 ,euck5 attributes ! movem5ts 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! rec$+ into ! backgr\nd ( ! idea ( an ov]world :i* gave mean+ & value to life4 ,:5 d\bt 0 ?r[n ^u religion & idealism1 :5 confid5ce 9 ano!r _w 0 %ak51 man lo/ to an ext5t 8 moral support4 ,:]e c\ld he turn n[ = a firm basis to life8 ,he might1 ( c\rse1 turn f ! invisible _w to ! _w ( s5se1 to nature4 ,b ! fir/ result ( ?is is to make man realise t he is sep>ate f nature1 & aga9 he fails to f9d support4 ,he is an ali5 9 ! _w ( nature1 & disbelieves ! exi/5ce ( a high] _w4 ,:5 bo? are d5i$ him he turns naturally to 8 fell[-m5--"h at lea/ he c f9d community ( int]e/--"h at lea/ he is among be+s ( 8 own type4 ,h5ce he conf9es 8 att5tion to ! life ( humanity1 & 9 ?is1 ! univ]se ( mank9d1 he hopes to f9d an explanation ( 8 own life1 & a value = x4 ,! progress ( humanity1 !n1 mu/ become ! aim ( life--all our /r5g? & ef=t mu/ be focuss$ ^u human nature itself4 ,b an imm$iate difficulty arises4 ,:]e are we to f9d ,man8 ,is x 9 ! social community :]e individual =ces are firmly weld$ toge!r to =m a common life1 or among individuals z !y exi/ = !mselves 9 all _! exhau/less div]sity8 ,if we put ! community fir/1 !n ! social :ole mu/ be firmly root$ 9 itself & be indep5d5t ( ! caprice ( its memb]s4 ,! duty ( ! individual is to subord9ate himself to ! community--?is means socialism4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great aim is to develop ! individual & to give him ! maximum ( opportunity to unfold 8 special *>act]i/ics1 we arrive at an oppos+ !ory--t ( individualism4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( society we f9d an age ( sociali/ic ideas foll[$ by "o ( individuali/ic ideas1 & vice v]sa1 & !re is mu* t is valuable 9 ea*1 9 t x t5ds to modify & disprove ! o!r's extreme position4 ,! pres5t wave 9 ! direction ( socialism arises1 to an ext5t1 9 reaction f ! extremely individuali/ic position ( previ\s ages4 ,man is n[ realis+ t ! social relations ( life are ( importance z well z ! "* ( 8 own life4 ,he realises ! int]dep5d5ce ( memb]s ( a community1 & ! conception ( ! ,/ate z a :ole1 a unit1 in/ead ( a m]e sum ( individuals1 gr[s up4 ,! mod]n indu/rial developm5t & ! organisation ( lab\r h1 too1 emphasis$ ! fact t ! value ( ! individual dep5ds l>gely ^u 8 be+ a "p ( society4 ,8 "w mu/ be 9 co-op]ation ) ! "w ( o!rs to produce ! be/ effect2 = 9 su* co-op]ation x produces effects :i* rea* f> beyond 8 own individual capacity4 ,h5ce 8 life appe>s to receive value f ! social relations1 & ! social ideal is conceiv$4 ,! developm5t ( ! individual no long] becomes ! aim b r ! developm5t ( ! community4 ,9 sett+ out ! developm5t ( society z 8 aim1 ! individual makes consid]able sacrifices4 ,all t is di/9ctly individual mu/ g1 9 "*1 9 "w1 9 sci5ce1 & art1 & t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! common ne$ ( society mu/ receive att5tion4 ,?is means und\bt$ly a limitation ( ! life ( ! individual1 & (t5 entails a consid]able sacrifice2 b ! sacrifice is made because ( ! und]ly+ belief t 9 ! sum ( individual judgm5ts !re is reason1 & t 9 ! op9ion ( ! majority !re is tru?4 ,?is sociali/ic culture f9ds 9 ! pres5t condition ( society1 pl5ty ( problems to h&1 & 9 its treatm5t ( ^! problems a vigor\s sociali/ic type ( life is develop$4 ,! mo/ press+ problem is conc]n$ ) ! di/ribution ( mat]ial & spiritual goods4 ,mat]ial goods & ! opportunity = spiritual culture t g ) !m h be5 l>gely a monopoly ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,n[ arises a dem& = a m equal di/ribution1 & ?is is felt to be a "r dem&1 n only f ! po9t ( view ( ju/ice1 b also = ! sake ( spiritual culture itself4 ,s x is t ! movem5t = ! social amelioration ( ! masses />ts4 ,! welf>e ( humanity is its aim1 & all ?+s1 religion1 sci5ce1 & art1 mu/ "w t[>ds ?is end1 & are only ( value 9 s f> z !y contribute t[>ds x4 ,n[ x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( a logical sociali/ic sy/em t tru? mu/ be f\nd 9 ! op9ions ( ! masses1 & ! av]age op9ion ( mank9d mu/ be ! f9al arbit] ( good & evil4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! masses z su* is to consid] mat]ial advancem5t ! mo/ *]i%$ good4 ,h5ce1 inevitably1 a ?or\gh-go+ socialism mu/ become mat]iali/ic1 ev5 ?\gh at an e>li] /age x 0 actuat$ by ! desire = opportunities ( spiritual culture4 ,a g5u9ely sociali/ic culture1 too1 makes ! individual ( value only z a memb] ( society4 ,?is1 ,euck5 affirms1 is only true 9 ! mo/ primitive societies4 ,z civilisation progresses1 man becomes consci\s ( himself1 & an inn] life1 :i* 9 its int]e/s is indep5d5t (1 & (t5 oppos$ to society1 develops4 ,8 own ?\ght becomes important to man1 & z 8 life deep5s1 religion1 sci5ce1 art1 "w c41 become m & m a p]sonal matt]4 ,all su* deep5+ ( culture1 & ( creative spiritual activity1 is a p]sonal matt]4 ,f ?is deep5+ & enri*+ ( ! inn] life ( ! individual proce$s creative spiritual activity1 :i* attempts spiritual tasks z an end 9 !mselves1 & :i* gradually builds up a k+dom ( tru? & spiritual int]e/ :i* immeasurably transc5ds m]e human /&>ds4 ,all ^! are hi/orical facts ( exp]i5ce2 ! sociali/ic sy/em f9ds no place & no explanation = !m1 & consequ5tly x _c be reg>d$ z a suffici5tly compreh5sive explanation ( ! problem4 ,to a man :o has once realis$ ^! individual exp]i5ces1 ! m]ely human1 sociali/ic sy/em becomes intol]able4 ,aga91 if consid]ations ( social utility limit creative activity1 ! creations ( su* activity mu/ be meagre 9 nature4 ,spiritual creativ5ess is mo/ fruitful :5 x is conc]n$ ) tasks t are attempt$ = _! intr9sic value1 & is n fett]$ by ! ?\ght ( _! usefulness to society4 ,x is1 too1 a dang]\s ?+ to look = tru? 9 ! op9ion ( ! majority1 = ?is is su* a *ang+ ph5om5on t only a "p1 at mo/1 c be p]man5t tru?4 ,! c\rse ( hi/ory has taught u1 too1 t great ideas h come to individuals & h be5 reject$ by ! masses = long p]iods ( "t4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! failure ( socialism is ! enc\ragem5t ( individualism1 = inde$ "s ( ! argum5ts aga9/ ! =m] are argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,individualism op5s up a new life1 a life :i* is free1 joy\s1 & unconv5tional4 ,b c individualism give a mean+ & value to life z a :ole8 ,man _c f 8 own res\rces produce a high ideal :i* compels him to fight = high] developm5t1 & x is n possible = him f an individuali/ic /&po9t to reg>d himself z a manife/ation ( a l>g] life4 ,8 :ole life mu/ be sp5t 9 ! improvem5t ( 8 own condition4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( /rongly m>k$ p]sonalities1 !y c nev] get beyond !mselves & _! own subjective /ates1 = !y mu/ always live ^u !mselves1 & et]nally reflect ^u _! own do+s4 ,b su* a view ( life _c satisfy man2 he is a contemplative be+1 & he mu/ f9d "s all-inclusive :ole1 ( :i* he is a "p4 ,if he fails to f9d x1 life = him mu/ become a blank1 & he mu/ fall a prey to bor$om & satiety4 ,man's life is n to be conf9$ to 8 own p>ticul> sph]e1 8 life mu/ ext5d f> beyond t--he mu/ conc]n himself ) ! inf9ite 9 ! univ]se2 ,he mu/ view life--nay1 m1 he mu/ live x--9 ! light ( ?is l>g] :ole4 ,a life bas$ ^u individualism !n1 w seem1 ev5 9 ! case ( /rong p]sonalities1 to be extremely n>r[4 ,h[ mu* m s w ?is be true ( ! ord9>y man1 :o takes little int]e/ 9 8 own individuality1 or pleasure 9 its developm5t8 ,?us x is t bo? =ms ( humani/ic culture--socialism & individualism--fail to give a real mean+ to life4 ,sociali/ic culture directs itself *iefly to ! outw>d conditions ( life1 b 9 c>e = ^! x neglects life itself4 ,individuali/ic culture1 on ! o!r h&1 endeav\rs to deal ) life itself1 b fails to see life z a :ole1 or z possess+ any real inw>dness4 ,bo? types ( culture are apt to deceive !mselves 9 reg>d to _! own empt9ess1 because1 unconsci\sly1 !y make m out ( man ?an is consi/5t ) _! assumptions4 ,!y presuppose a spiritual atmosph]e z a sett+ = our human life & ef=t4 ,9 ! "o case1 ?is cem5t+ ( a union betwe5 individuals appe>s to set free ! spr+s ( love & tru?2 9 ! o!r1 ea* s+le unit seems to h beh9d x ! backgr\nd ( a spiritual _w ^: developm5t is fo/]$ by means ( its individual lab\r4 ,9 ?is way life acquires 9 bo? cases a mean+1 b x does s only by dep>t+ f bo? positions1 & tak+ up :at is1 at lea/ p>tly1 an ideali/ic position4 ,! !ories1 too1 c only be made really plausible by idealis+ man to an unw>rantable ext5t4 ,! sociali/ assumes t a *ange ( mat]ial surr\nd+s w be imm$iately foll[$ by a *ange 9 ! "* ( man1 & t m5 w "w happily toge!r = ! sake ( ! community4 ,! individuali/ asks u to believe t man is naturally noble & highm9d$1 & c>es only = ! high] & bett] ?+s4 ,b exp]i5ce1 says ,euck51 does n ju/ify u 9 plac+ s mu* fai? 9 humanity4 ,d we n see ! great masses ( our population possess$ by a passion t sweeps all be=e x1 a reckless _s ( aggressiv5ess1 a disposition to l[] all culture to ! level ( _! int]e/s & compreh5sion--ev9c+ ! :ile a defiant self-ass]tion8 ,& on ! side ( individualism1 :at d we see8 ,paltry meanness 9 abundance1 embroid]$ selfi%ness1 idle self-absorption1 ! crav+ to be conspicu\s at all co/s1 repulsive hypocrisy1 lack ( c\rage despite all boa/ful talk1 a lukew>m attitude t[>ds all spiritual tasks1 b ! busie/ indu/ry :5 p]sonal advantage is conc]n$4 ,! !ories ( socialism & individualism c nev] be adequate explanations ( ! great problem ( life1 = life _c h a real mean+ if man _c /rive t[>ds "s l(ty aim f> high] ?an himself1 & su* a goal ! two humani/ic !ories d n provide = him4 ,religion1 ,idealism1 ,naturalism1 ,socialism1 ,individualism1 :ile call+ att5tion to important facts 9 life1 all fail 9 !mselves to =m adequate !ories to expla9 life4 ,we h giv5 ! ma9 outl9es ( ,euck5's argum5ts1 b su* a brief summ>y _c d ju/ice to 8 excell5t evaluations ( ^! !ories--^! ! read] may f9d 9 8 own works4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,ano!r ,,se>* ,,= ,,tru? ,! result ( ! inquiry into ! solutions ( ! problem (f]$ 9 ! pa/ is to %[ t !y are all inadequate to expla9 & to give an ideal to ! :ole ( life4 ,p]plex$ z to ! tru? ( ! exi/5ce ( a high] _w1 man look$ to ! natural _w = a firm basis to life4 ,"h he fail$ to f9d re/--r1 inde$1 he f\nd less security ?an he _h previ\sly felt1 = did n naturalism make ( him a m]e unconsci\s me*anism1 & d5y ! v exi/5ce ( 8 s\l8 ,!n he turn$ to humanity1 & ! oppos+ t5d5cies ( socialism & individualism came into evid5ce4 ,ea* h9d]$ ! o!r1 ea* %ook 8 traditional beliefs1 & ea* fail$ to give him a satisfactory goal = life4 ,socialism conc]n$ itself ) ext]nal social relations1 b x gave life no s\l4 ,!n individualism conf9$ man to 8 own res\rces1 & !re result$ an inn] holl[ness :i* became pa9fully evid5t4 ,socialism & individualism fail to provide a sure foot+4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ c]ta9ty1 man has fall5 into a /ill deep] /ate ( p]plexity4 ,:at %all he d8 ,mu/ he once aga9 leave ! reali/ic sy/ems ( ,naturalism1 ,socialism1 & ,individualism1 & return to ! old] sy/ems ( ,religion & ,idealism8 ,0 he n wrong 9 giv+ up ! ?\ght ( a high] invisible _w8 ,has n ! re/riction ( life to ! visible _w robb$ life ( its greatness & dignity8 ,?is x c]ta9ly has done1 & !re is little wond] t ! s\l ( mank9d is already revolt+1 & %[s a t5d5cy once aga9 to look t[>ds religion & idealism = a solution ( life4 ,b ! educat$ m9d c nev] aga9 take up exactly ! same position z x once did 9 reg>d to religion & idealism4 ,! great reali/ic !ories h made too great a *ange 9 ! /&>d ( life1 & 9 man himself1 to make x possible = him to rev]t simply to ! old conditions1 & ! old] or?odox doctr9es ( religion c nev] aga9 be accept$ z a m]e matt] ( c\rse4 ,b ! great "q has aga9 come to ! =efront--is !re a high] _w1 or is ! fundam5tal tru? ( religion a m]e illusion8 ,?is is ! "q t calls = answ] to-day1 an answ] :i* mu/ be diff]5t1 z man is diff]5t1 f ! answ]s t 7 giv5 9 ! pa/4 ,a satisfactory answ] is impossible )\t und]/&+ cle>ly ! relation betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new1 & )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ! great1 if p>tial1 tru?s t ! reali/ic s*emes ( life h taught mank9d4 ,to accept unres]v$ly ,naturalism1 ,socialism1 & ,individualism is impossible1 = ^! rob life ( its deep] mean+4 ,to return to ! old] doctr9es )\t res]ve is equally impossible4 ,%all we ignore ! "q8 ,?is w\ld be a fatal mi/ake4 ,"s ?r[ !mselves into ! ru% ( "w1 & endeav\r to =get ! deep] problems ( life--b ! result is a life all fro? & %imm]1 lack+ inw>d s9c]ity1 a life t c nev] 9 itself satisfy !m1 b only keep up ! appe>ance ( do+ s4 ,!re mu/ be "s decision2 = is n society be+ m & m brok5 up into small sections1 possess+ ! mo/ v>iable /&>ds ( life1 & evaluat+ ?+s 9 a div]sity ( ways8 ,su* an inw>d s*ism mu/ weak5 any ef=t on ! "p ( humanity to comb9e = ideal ends4 ,p]haps he ( n>r[ vision1 :o sees no?+ 9 life b s5su\s pleasure1 is happy--b x is ! happ9ess ( ! l[] _w4 ,p]haps1 too1 he ( ! sup]ficial m9d is happy1 :o sees no deep contradictions 9 ! solutions (f]$1 & is prep>$ to accept "o to-day & ano!r tomorr[--b 8 happ9ess is t ( ! feeble m9d4 ,:at !n c be done8 ,%all we despair8 ,nev]6 ,! "q is f> too urg5t4 ,to despair is to accept a policy t spells disa/] to ! human race4 ,! imm$iate environm5t is p[]less to give life any real mean+4 ,we mu/ probe deep] into ! et]nal--& x is f su* inve/igations t ,euck5 outl9es a new !ory ( life4 ,b be=e we proce$ to deal ) ,euck5's contribution to ! problem1 x w be pr(itable to /ay a:ile to consid] h[ x is t we c obta9 tru? at all1 & :at are ! te/s t we c apply to tru? :5 we ?9k we h atta9$ x4 ,x is ! problem ( ! possibility ( k1 really1 t we h to discuss 9 brief4 ,euck5 himself does n pay mu* direct att5tion to ?is difficult "q1 =1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 he refuses to be drawn f 8 ma9 problem4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to appreciate ,euck5 )\t und]/&+ cle>ly ! position he takes up 9 ?is matt]4 ,:at is tru?8 ,h[ c we "k8--^! are entranc+ problems = ! pr(\nd ?9k]1 & h be5 writt5 ^u frequ5tly & at great l5g?4 ,b we c d little m at pres5t ?an give ! b>e/ outl9e ( ! positions t h be5 tak5 up4 ,e se>* = tru? mu/ assume a c]ta9 position 9 ?is matt]2 9 /udy+ ,euck5's philosophy x is ( ! fir/ importance--m s p]haps ?an 9 ! case ( mo/ o!r philosoph]s--to keep 9 m9d cle>ly f ! outset ! position he implicitly assumes4 ,! simple/ !ory ( k is t ( ,empiricism1 :i* holds t all k mu/ be ga9$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce ( ! outside _w1 & ( our m5tal /ates4 ,we see a blue wall1 we obta9 ?r\gh our eyes an impression ( blu5ess1 & are able to make a /atem5t3 ,?is wall is blue4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is "o ( ! simple/ ass]tions t c be made1 & consi/s m]ely 9 assign+ a t]m--blue--! mean+ ( :i* has already be5 agre$ ^u1 to a col\r t we appe> to see on a wall4 ,! te/ ( ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion is a simple "o--x is true if x corresponds ) fact4 ,if ! same ass]tion is made 9 reg>d to a r$ wall1 !n x is obvi\sly untrue4 ,our s5se impressions give rise to a great v>iety ( su* expressions4 ,we /ate ! wall is blue z a result ( an impression obta9$ ?r\gh ! organs ( sight2 !n we speak ( a pung5t smell1 a sweet ta/e1 a h>% s\nd1 or a r\gh /one1 on acc\nt ( impressions receiv$ respectively ?r\gh ! organs ( smell1 ta/e1 he>+1 & t\*4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 all su* ass]tions are sup]ficial 9 "*--!re is little m 9 !m ?an ! application ( a conv5tional t]m to an obs]v$ ph5om5on1 !y avail u little 9 solv+ ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is is = ! empirici/ ! limit ( possible k1 b he w\ld be a poor inve/igator :o w\ld be cont5t ) ?is & no m4 ,! empirici/ tries to g a di/9ct /ep 9 advance ( ?is4 ,! sci5ti/ obs]v+ ! pa? ( a planet travell+ r\nd ! sun1 f9ds t its c\rse is t ( an ellipse4 ,he /udies ! pa? ( a second planet1 & f9ds t ?is also travels along an elliptical orbit4 ,lat] he f9ds t all planets he is able to obs]ve travel 9 ! same k9d ( pa?--!n he haz>ds a g5]al /atem5t1 & says1 ,all planets travel r\nd _! suns 9 elliptical orbits4 ,b n[ he has left ! realm ( c]ta9ty = t ( unc]ta9ty4 ,!re may be innum]able planets :i* he _c obs]ve t take a diff]5t c\rse4 ,he haz>ds ! g5]al /atem5t1 because he assumes 7sometimes )\t kn[+ t he does s7 t nature is uni=m & con/ant1 t x w d to-day z x did ye/]day1 & does 9 inf9ite space z x does 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,! k t is possible to ! empirici/1 !n1 is m]ely t :i* is d]iv$ f direct exp]i5ce1 & simple summations or g5]alisations into a s+le ass]tion ( a numb] ( simil> ass]tions1 all ( :i* 7 individually d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! position sci5ti/s z su*1 & believ]s 9 ! !ory ( naturalism1 take up z to ! possibility ( ! k ( tru? to ! human m9d4 ,!y are entirely consi/5t1 !re=e1 :5 !y arrive ultimately at ! agno/ic position1 & cont5d t our k mu/ necess>ily be conf9$ to ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 & t no?+ c be kn[n ( ! _w beyond4 ,b !y are fundam5tally wrong 9 ov]e/imat+ ! place ( ! s5se organs1 & =gett+ t :ile ^! h a "p to play 9 life1 !y d n con/itute ! :ole ( life4 ,a f> m satisfactory !ory is t ( ,rationalism4 ,x is a !ory t admits t ! human m9d has "s capacity = work+ ^u ! data pres5t$ to x by ! s5se organs4 ,man is no long] q s helpless a creature z empiricism w\ld make him4 ,he is able to weigh & consid] ! facts t are pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,! me?od rationalism uses to arrive at tru? is t ( logical d$uction1 & ! te/ ( tru? is t ! /eps 9 ! process are logically s\nd4 ,we may />t f ! data ,all dogs are animals & ,c>lo is a dog1 & arrive v simply at ! conclusion ,c>lo is an animal4 ,! conclusion is correct because we h reason$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( logic1 ) ! laws ( valid ?\ght4 ,all logical reason+ is1 ( c\rse1 n s simple z ! example giv51 b x may be /at$ g5]ally t :5 !re is no logical fallacy1 a correct conclusion may be arriv$ at1 provid$1 too--& h]e9 lies ! difficulty--provid$ t ! premises are also true4 ,^! premises may be 9 !mselves g5]al /atem5ts--h[ is _! tru? e/abli%$8 ,!y may be1 & (t5 are1 ! g5]alisations ( ! empirical sci5ces1 & mu/ !n possess ! same degree ( unc]ta9ty t ^! g5]alisations possess4 ,"s philosoph]s h cont5d$ t c]ta9 g5]al ideas are innate1 b few w\ld be f\nd n[adays to accept su* a cont5tion4 ,at o!r times m]e def9itions ( t]ms may s]ve z premises4 ,"o might /ate z a premise ! def9ition ,a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 & ! fur!r /atem5t t ,,ab is a /raight l9e betwe5 ,a & ,b1 & conclude t ! l9e ,,ab repres5ts ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts ,a & ,b4 ,9 a mann] simil> to ?is ,euclid built 8 :ole ma!matical sy/em ^u ! basis ( def9itions & po/ulates1 a sy/em ! complexity & ?or\ghness ( :i* has caus$ all /ud5ts ( ma!matics at "o "t or ano!r to m>vel & admire4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 a def9ition is little m ?an assign+ a def9ite t]m to a def9ite ?+4 ,x is :5 we beg9 to consid] ! premises t are necess>y = arriv+ at ! pr(\nd tru?s ( ! univ]se t we f9d ! weakness ( rationalism4 ,h[ are we go+ to be provid$ ) premises = ?is end8 ,%all we beg9 by say+ ,!re is a ,god or ,!re is no ,god8 ,h[ is ! pure reason+ faculty to decide ^u ! premises 9 ! matt] ( ! great ,beyond8 ,we may weigh ! argum5ts = & aga9/ a c]ta9 position1 & we may ?9k t ! probability lies 9 a c]ta9 direction1 b to decide f9ally & ) c]ta9ty by m]e cold logical reason+ is impossible4 ,we may br+ out into prom95ce ?r\gh logical reason+ tru?s t 7 previ\sly only implicit1 b to arrive at absolute tru? ) reg>d to ! invisible _w1 ?r\gh intellect alone1 has long be5 admitt$ to be an impossibility4 ,! illusion ( ^? :o w\ld believe t tru? :i* 0 n already impli$ 9 ! premises c\ld ev] be obta9$ by m]e intellectual reason+ has long s9ce be5 dispell$4 ,p]haps x comes z a %ock to ! read] :o has always insi/$ ^u a cle> intellectual und]/&+ & a rigid reason+ ^u all ?+s1 to f9d )9 :at n>r[ limits1 aft] all1 ! intellect itself has to "w--x c d little m ?an make m or less c]ta9 g5]alisations conc]n+ ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 & !n to argue f ^!1 or f def9itions t x itself has fram$4 ,( c\rse "s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s did try ?r\gh a c\rse ( rigid reason+ to solve ! great problems1 & = a long "t x 0 cu/om>y to expect t all philosoph]s %\ld proce$ 9 ! same way4 ,mod]n philosoph]s1 ( :om ,william ,james1 ,b]gson1 & ,euck5 are conspicu\s examples1 h appreciat$ ! futility ( su* a task1 & h s\ght o!r means ( solv+ ! problem4 ,! mi/ake 9 ! pa/ has be5 to =get t ! intellig5ce is b "o aspect ( human life1 & t ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d is f> m complicat$ a matt] ?an t ( m]e intellect1 & n to be solv$ by intellect alone4 ,intellect has to play a def9ite "p 9 human life1 b x does n con/itute ! :ole ( life4 ,life itself is f> great] ?an intellect1 & to live is a f> m important ?+ ?an to "k4 ,! great ?+s are life & action2 k is ultimately useful 9 s f> z x contributes to ! developm5t ( life & ! p]fection ( action4 ,philosoph]s h = too long a p]iod made k an aim 9 itself1 & h neglect$ to take prop] acc\nt ( ! exp]i5ces ( mank9d4 ,_! intellectual ab/ractions h t5d$ to leave actual life m & m out ( consid]ation1 ) ! result t !y h be5 baffl$ at e turn4 ,! m we ?9k ab\t x1 ! m we become conv9c$ t ! my/]i\s univ]se 9 :i* we live w only divulge j en\gh ( its secrets to enable u to act1 & ?is x gives u ) comp>atively little tr\ble on our "p4 ,if we consid] an ord9>y piece ( wood1 we f9d x is h>d & (f]s a c]ta9 resi/ance1 & our k ( ^! elem5t>y facts enables u to put x to use1 b we %all nev] really solve ! my/]ies ( its =mation & gr[?4 ,^! lead ( c\rse to v int]e/+ speculations1 b _! solution seems to be z f> (f z ev]4 ,we c "k little b t :i* we require = life4 ,! mak+ ( life & action ! basis ( tru? r ?an tru/+ to ! intellect alone1 is ! great new dep>ture 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,"o ( ! !ories ( k t spr+s f lay+ emphasis ^u life & action is t ( ,pragmatism1 ( :i* ! late ,pr(essor ,william ,james 0 "o ( ! greate/ expon5ts4 ,pragmati/s cont5d t ! te/ ( tru? is its value = life--if ! fact obta9$ is ! mo/ useful & helpful = life1 !n x is ! true "o4 ,suppose we are endeav\r+ to solve ! great "q1 ,is !re a ,god8 ,we weigh ! argum5ts = & aga9/1 b f9d x difficult to arrive at a def9ite conclusion1 because ! argum5ts on bo? sides seem equally plausible4 ,h[ are we to decide8 ,we _c po/pone ! decision indef9itely--we are =c$ to make a *oice1 = ^u our decision dep5ds our aim & ideals 9 life4 ,we are fac$ ) a =c$ option1 & mu/ *oose "o or ! o!r4 ,we ask ourselves ! "q1 ,:i* w be ( ! greate/ help to our lives--to believe t !re is1 or t !re is n a ,god8 & we decide or w to believe ! option t w help life mo/4 ,x is a /rik+ !ory1 b space =bids our discuss+ x 9 detail4 ,! position ,euck5 adopts is t ( ,activism4 ,9 common ) pragmatism x makes tru? a matt] ( life & action r ?an ( m]e intellect1 & consid]s fruitfulness = action a *>act]i/ic ( tru?4 ,he diff]s f ! pragmatic position 9 t he cont5ds t tru? is some?+ deep] ?an m]e human decision1 t tru? is tru?1 n m]ely because x is useful1 t reality is indep5d5t ( our exp]i5ce ( x1 & t tru? is ga9$ intuitively ?r\gh a life ( action4 ,! riddle ( ! univ]se is solv$ = ,euck5 ?r\gh life & action4 ,:ile cont9ual contemplation & ?\ght is apt to p>alyse u1 action is ! be/ def5sive weapon aga9/ ! dang]s & trials ( human exi/5ce4 ,d\bt is n cur$ by m$itation1 b by action4 ,he believes t we c atta9 c]ta9ty ?r\gh action ( mu* t _c be ju/ifi$ on rational gr\nds4 ,if we wi% to und]/& ! vital tru?s ( life we mu/ conc5trate our s\ls on a good purpose--! activity t foll[s w br+ its revelation4 ,! problems ( life are solv$ by ! life process itself4 ,by act+ 9 a c]ta9 way1 man comes into intimate relation%ip ) ! great reality ( life1 & !n he comes to "k1 n s mu* ab\t reality1 z )9 reality4 ,! ant 9 :om su* complex in/9cts are develop$1 kn[s probably no?+ at all ab\t its little _w1 b kn[s ev]y?+ necess>y )9 its little _w4 ,x does n err1 x does ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t1 & t because x is 9 tune ) its univ]se1 h5ce acts f pure in/9ct 9 ! "r way4 ,if intellect 7 to ent] into ! case1 its actions might become less reliable1 & x w\ld blund] f> (t5]4 ,9 ! case ( man1 8 ?9k+ capacity (t5 militates aga9/ successful in/9ctive & habitual actions--! mom5t we />t to consid]1 we hesitate & are lo/4 ,9 ! same way1 if ! s\l ( man is br\ght into tune ) ! great reality1 x has b to act1 & ?\gh x may nev] "k all ab\t reality & be able to frame ab/ract !ories ( ! univ]se1 /ill x may "k ) or )9 reality1 & be ?us enabl$ to act 9 ! be/ way "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,?is is ! !ory ( activism2 x lays great /ress ^u action1 & ^u intuition ?r\gh action1 & :ile x does n ignore ! intellect1 x holds t :5 ! intellect fails !re is a possibility ( ! practical problem ( life be+ solv$ ?r\gh a life ( action1 :5 life is direct$ t[>ds ! highe/ ideals4 ,! dang] ( an activi/ic position1 ( c\rse1 is to und]value ! reason+ p[]s ( man4 ,"s critics hold t ,euck5 does ?is2 ! read] mu/ judge = himself1 b 9 do+ s x w be well to rememb] t be=e tru/+ to intuitive revelation1 ,euck5 dem&s ! sett+ ( "o's face t[>ds ! highe/ & be/4 ,9 ! next *apt] we c foll[ ,euck5 9 8 se>* = ! great reality 9 life4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,pa/1 ,,pres5t1 ,,& ,,! ,,et]nal ,9 inve/igat+ ! problem ( human life1 ,euck5 lays great /ress ^u ! hi/ory ( man 9 pa/ ages--?is is "o ( ! special aspects ( 8 philosophy4 ,! fact is1 ( c\rse1 n surpris+2 he :o w\ld expla9 ! life ( man w\ld be unwise to ignore ! records ( ! pa/ life ( ! human race4 ,! ?9k] :o exam9es ! pres5t only1 is apt to be n>r[ 9 8 ideas1 to fail to look ^u ev5ts 9 _! prop] p]spective1 & to be unduly affect$ by ! _s ( ! age 9 :i* he lives--! /ud5t ( hi/ory avoids ^! pitfalls4 ,moreov]1 man does n become aw>e ( ! dep? ( 8 own s\l1 until he has liv$ into ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,?is is :at ! pr(\nd inve/igator ( hi/ory does2 he lives aga9 ! life ( ! h]o1 he feels ) him z he felt ^u special occasions1 & 9 ?is way !re is reveal$ to him a pr(undity & greatness ( human exp]i5ce1 ( :i* he w\ld h be5 l>gely unaw>e if he _h tru/$ to 8 own exp]i5ce alone1 & to ! sup]ficial exam9ation he is able to make ( ! exp]i5ces ( ^? liv+ m5 ) :om he comes into contact4 ,9 ?is way he is able 9 a s5se to appropriate ! exp]i5ce ( ! greate/ p]sonalities unto himself1 & enri* consid]ably ! cont5ts ( 8 own s\l4 ,?r\gh a /udy ( hi/ory1 too1 we become aw>e ( ! intimate connection t exi/s betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,! pres5t mom5t is a v transi5t ?+2 its roots are 9 ! pa/1 its hopes 9 ! future4 ,if all dep5ds on ! sl5d] ?read ( ! fleet+ mom5t ( ! pres5t1 :i* illum9es & endures m]ely = a tw9kl+ ( an eye1 b to s9k into ! abyss ( no?+ness1 !n all life w\ld mean a m]e exit into dea?4444 ,)\t connection !re is no cont5t ( life4 ,we are apt to look on ! pa/ z some?+ dead1 b x exi/s 9 liv+ evid5ce 9 our s\ls to-day4 ,x oppresses u or /imulates u to action1 x tyrannises ov] u or inspires u to high] ?+s4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to look ^u ! pa/ z irrevocable4 ,rec5t writ]s1 ( :om ,maet]l9ck & ,euck5 are /rik+ in/ances1 h endeav\r$ to %[ h[ ! pa/ c be rem\ld$ & *ang$4 ,! pa/ dep5ds ^u :at we make ( x to-day2 if we despise our evil conduct 9 =m] days1 !n ! pa/ itself is *ang$ & conqu]$4 ,! mi/ake t is made is to reg>d ! pa/ z a ?+ complete 9 itself2 :at appe>s to be f9i%$ is really only complet+ itself1 & we mu/ take a view ( ! :ole ( a ?+1 & n m]ely ! p>ts t h already manife/$ !mselves4 ,?r\gh su* consid]ations we become m & m aw>e ( ! ultimate connection betwe5 ! pa/ & pres5t1 & ( ! "p ! pres5t c play 9 ! remak+ ( ! pa/4 ,our inve/igations ( hi/ory leads u1 too1 to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! tempor>y & ! et]nal 9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,we f9d at a c]ta9 p]iod ( hi/ory a tr5d ( ?\ght t c l>gely be acc\nt$ = by ! special conditions ( life at ! "t1 & :i* disappe>s at a lat] age4 ,b 9 addition to ?is we become aw>e ( tru?s t h f\nd a place 9 ! ?\ghts ( v>i\s ages & c\ntries1 & we are l$ to reg>d ^! z ! et]nal tru?s--expressions ( an et]nal ev]-pres5t reality4 ,?is et]nal pres5t we f9d to be some?+ indep5d5t ( "t1 some?+ t breaks ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,?\ght1 says ,euck51 does n drift along ) "t2 z c]ta9ly z x /rives to atta9 tru? x mu/ rise above "t1 & its treatm5t mu/ be timeless4 ,! beliefs ( any age are too mu* col\r$ by ! special circum/ances ( t age to express ! :ole ( tru?1 yet b5ea? ! beliefs ( ! ages !re is (t5 an und]ly+ tru?1 & ?is und]ly+ tru? is ! et]nal tru?1 :i* is n affect$ by "t1 & at ! basis ( :i* is ! et]nal reality4 ,?is et]nal tru? p]si/+ ?r\gh a v>iety ( tempor>y & m or less correct expressions ( x is to be obs]v$ 9 a m>k$ mann] 9 ! moral ideas ( mank9d4 ,:at a v>iety ( e?ical doctr9es h be5 exp\nd$ & believ$1 yet h[ /rik+ ! simil>ity t becomes app>5t :5 !y are fur!r exam9$6 ,9 practice1 ! /&>d ( morality has (t5 be5 bas$ on m]e utility1 b x has tak5 a high] & m absolute basis 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,ideas conc]n+ morality h g5]ally be5 nobl] ?an c be acc\nt$ = by environm5t1 & by ! subjective life ( ! individual4 ,:y ?is ultimate consi/5cy 9 ! moral aspirations ( ! ages1 :y a categorical imp]ative1 & :y does consci5ce exi/ 9 ! human be+8--^! facts _c be acc\nt$ = if !re is no deep] basis = life ?an ! life ( humanity at any def9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,! un*angeable laws ( logic1 too1 are in/ances ( ! et]nal tru?4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! validity ( ?\ght are entirely indep5d5t ( individuals1 ( ! passage ( "t1 & ( ! environm5t ( man4 ,our ?\ght _c advance 9 ! def9ite "w ( build+ up sci5ce )\t produc+ & employ+ a def9ite logical /ructure1 ) fix$ pr9ciples2 ^! pr9ciples are imman5t 9 ! "w ( ?\ght1 !y are above all ! caprice & all ! diff]5ces ( ! individuals4 ,:5ce aga9 ?is consi/5cy 9 a *angeable & subjective _w8 ,! m>vell\s influ5ce t ideas h ex]t$ ^u man aga9 po9ts to ! p]si/5ce & p[] ( ! et]nal4 ,is x n /range h[ x is t man (t5 s]ves b z a m]e in/rum5t = ! realisation ( an idea1 & h[ he is (t5 c>ri$ away by an idea to d ?+s :i* are aga9/ 8 own p]sonal int]e/s & desires8 ,& :5 he & 8 g5]ation h pass$ beyond human sight1 we (t5 f9d a new g5]ation direct _! endeav\rs 9 ! same way1 & we wond] :at is beh9d su* a cont9uity 9 ! /ruggles ( mank9d4 ,! hi/ory ( great p]sonalities 9 ! realms ( lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce %[ 9 a rem>kable way h[ m5 h ris5 above ! influ5ces ( _! "t1 & beyond ! cramp+ tir$ness ( ! m]e fle%4 ,c\ld a great ?9k] l ,ari/otle be entirely condition$ by fle% & environm5t8 ,& :at ( ! great arti/s & poets :o h conqu]$ ! *a9s ( mortal f9itude & brea!d ( high] worlds8 ,e "o ( !m is a conv9c+ te/imony ( ! possibility ( mank9d transc5d+ ! mat]ial1 & tak+ unto itself ( ! res\rces ( a deep] _w4 ,!n ! dissatisfaction ( ! ages ) _! limit$ k ( tru? _c b tell ( a great et]nal some?+ t /irs at ! basis ( ! human s\l4 ,! p ( to-day f9d ! v>i\s sy/ems ( ! day inadequate2 !y se>* = some?+ high]1 & ! m]e fact t !y se>* beyond matt] & ! m]e subjective human qualities is 9 itself a te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( a _w high] ?an ! mat]ial & subjective4 ,:at is x t makes x possible = "o human be+ to live into ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs :o liv$ long ago1 & = ! pres5t to conqu] & alt] ! pa/8 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ! et]nal trait 9 ?\ght1 = ! un*ang+ laws ( logic1 = ! consi/5cy ( moral ideals1 & _! transc5d5ce ov] fle% & imm$iate circum/ances8 ,:at is ! =ce beh9d ! idea1 & h[ c we acc\nt = ! cont9u\s /ruggle ( mank9d 9 c]ta9 directions8 ,&1 f9ally1 :at is x t makes x possible = m5 to rise beyond !mselves1 to %ake away ! %ackles ( matt] & vic9ity1 & to delve deep into ! pr(\nd] _w8 ,if we c f9d :at x is t makes all ?is possible1 !n surely we h f\nd ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! _w--! reality4 ,& ,euck5's answ] is cle> & def9ite4 ,x mu/ be some?+ t p]si/s1 is et]nal & indep5d5t ( "t1 & x mu/ ext5d beyond ! individual to a univ]sal :ole4 ,?is mu/ be ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life1 :i*1 ?\gh et]nal1 reveals itself 9 "t1 & ?\gh univ]sal1 reveals itself 9 ! individual man1 & =ms ! s\rce f :i* ! spiritual 9 man draws its p[] & cr$5tials4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! result ( ,euck5's se>* = reality--he has f\nd x to exi/ 9 a ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life4 ,( c\rse he has n arriv$ at 8 conclusion by a sy/em ( rigid pro(2 x has already be5 po9t$ out h[ impossible x is to arrive at ! great] tru?s ( life 9 su* a mann]4 ,he has done1 h[ev]1 t :i* c be reasonably expect$ 9 su* cases4 ,to beg9 )1 he has giv5 u a /rik+ analysis ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( human life1 & he has f\nd !re a ye>n+ & a void4 ,he has giv5 u a ma/]ly discussion ( et]nal tru? z contra/$ ) ! tempor>y expressions ( x4 ,he has taught u h[ ! pres5t c ov]come ! pa/1 & h[ man c asc5d beyond ! subjective & mat]ial4 ,& he has l$ u to feel t reality mu/ lie 9 ! et]nal t appe>s to be at ! basis ( ! highe/ & greate/ 9 man4 ,moreov]1 he has giv5 a fair & ?or\gh treatm5t ( ! solutions t h be5 (f]$ 9 ! pa/4 ,he has %[n h[ inadequate !y are to expla9 life4 ,he has %[n h[ ! mod]n solutions _c p]=m _! own tasks )\t draw+ incessantly ^u ano!r k9d ( reality1 "o ri*] & m sub/antial4 ,?is 9 itself %[s beyond possibility ( refutation t !y d n fill ! :ole ( life4 ,he has demon/rat$ h[ ! acceptance ( ^! sy/ems dep5ds ^u an implicit acceptance ( a high] life4 ,! naturali/ic ?9k] ascribes unp]ceiv$ to nature1 :i* to him c be only a coexi/5ce ( s\lless elem5ts1 an inn] connection & a liv+ s\l4 ,only ?us c he rev]e x z a high] p[]1 z a k9d ( div9ity2 only ?us c he pass f ! fact ( dep5d5ce to a devotional surr5d] ( 8 feel+s4 ,! sociali/ bases human society1 ) its motives mix$ ) triviality & passion1 on an invisible community1 an ideal humanity4444 ,! individuali/ 9 8 conception exalts ! individual to a height f> m l(ty ?an is ju/ifi$ by ! individual z he is f\nd 9 exp]i5ce4 ,all ^! assume m or less unconsci\sly ! exi/5ce ( t some?+ high] :i* !y attempt to d5y4 ,s f>1 !n1 we h se5 h[ ,euck5 proves ! inadequacy ( ! reali/ic conceptions ( life1 & h[ !y really dep5d = _! acceptance ^u ! assumption ( a ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life4 ,we h /ill to see h[ he attempts to prove t bas+ human life ^u an et]nal spiritual life satisfies ! conditions he himself has laid d[n = a satisfactory solution ( ! problem4 ,he has to %[ t ! !ory gives a satisfactory explanation ( human life1 t x gives a firm basis = life1 t x releases man f be+ gov]n$ by l[ motives1 & admits ( ! possibility ( human p]sonality1 fre$om1 & creation4 ,we %all see 9 ! *apt]s t foll[ t he makes a conv9c+ case = accept+ ! belief 9 ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life z ! basis ( human life & endeav\r4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,high ,,& ,,! ,,l[ ,euck5 makes ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life ! />t+-po9t ( 8 con/ructive "w4 ,he takes up a position :i* he calls ! nological position4 ,_m !ories take up a mat]iali/ic position2 !y ass]t ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w1 & endeav\r to expla9 ! _w ( matt] z some?+ indep5d5t ( ! human m9d4 ,o!r !ories ass]t ! sup]iority ( m9d ov] matt]1 & endeav\r to exam9e ! m9d z ?\gh x 7 indep5d5t ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,^! two types ( !ories h be5 9 cont9ual conflict2 ! "o has attempt$ to prove t ?\ght is entirely condition$ by s5se impressions receiv$ f ! mat]ial _w1 ! o!r reg>ds ! ph5om5a ( nature z really no?+ o!r ?an processes ( ! m9d4 ,euck5 f9ds reality exi/+ 9 ! spiritual life1 :i* :ile nei!r mat]ial nor m]ely m5tal1 is sup]ior to bo?1 admits ! exi/5ce 79 a c]ta9 s5se7 ( bo?1 & does away ) ! opposition betwe5 ! rival types ( !ories4 ,euck5 does n m9imise or ignore ! exi/5ce ( ! natural _w4 ,! "q = him is n ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! worlds ( nature & m9d--?is he admits2 he is conc]n$ r ) ! sup]iority ( ! spiritual life ov] ! m]ely mat]ial & m5tal4 ,! natural life ( man has be5 v>i\sly view$ 9 diff]5t ages4 ,! writ] ( ! ,p5tateu* describ$ man z made 9 ! image ( ,god1 & ! natural man 0 exalt$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,"s ( ! old ,greek philosoph]s1 too1 f\nd mu* 9 nature t 0 div9e4 ,*ri/ianity took a diff]5t view ( ! matt]--x exalt$ ! _s1 & emphasis$ ! bas5ess ( ! mat]ial4 ,! gr[? ( ! sci5ces made man aga9 a m]e tool ( laws & me?ods1 b x consid]$ matt] z sup]ior to m9d1 m9d be+ entirely dep5d5t ^u impressions receiv$ f matt]4 ,! "q cont9ually recurs--:i* is ! high1 :i* is ! l[8 ,%all nature triumph ov] _s1 or _s ov] nature8 ,pan!ism replies to ! "q by d5y+ t !re is any?+ high z di/+ui%$ f ! l[4 ,!re is b "o2 & t "o--! :ole univ]se--is ,god4 ,!re is no evil 9 ! _w1 says pan!ism1 ev]y?+ is good--if we c\ld und]/& ?+s z !y really are we %\ld f9d no oppositions 9 ! univ]se1 & no contradictions 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! _w z x is1 is ! be/ ( all possible worlds--!re is p]fect h>mony1 ?\gh we fail to appreciate x4 ,o!r optimi/ic !ories1 too1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil & pa91 & try to expla9 our ideas ( s9 to be m]e po9ts ( view4 ,if we c\ld see ! :ole1 !y tell u1 we %\ld see h[ ! p>ts h>monise1 b n[ we only see "s ( ! p>ts & fail to appreciate ! h>mony4 ,9 ?is way !y try to expla9 away z unreal ! ph5om5a ( evil & pa94 ,b ,euck5 has no pati5ce ) su* !ories4 ,= him ! oppositions & contradictions ( life are too real & p]si/5t4 ,! antagonisms /ir u ) disgu/ & indignation4 ,evil _c be consid]$ trivial1 & mu/ n be gloss$ ov]2 x is 9 ! _w1 & ! m deeply we appreciate ! fact ! bett] x w be = ! human s\l4 ,man 9 8 l[] /ages ( developm5t is j a *ild ( nature1 & 8 /&>ds ( life are ^? ( ! l[] _w4 ,he seeks ^? ?+s t satisfy ! s5ses1 he attempts ! satiation ( ! l[] crav+s4 ,9 ! realm ( morals 8 /&>d is utility--t is good :i* helps him to obta9 m pleasure & to avoid pa94 ,9 social life 8 conduct is dictat$ by cu/om--?is is ! highe/ appeal4 ,! developm5t ( man along ! l9es ( nature ends at ?is po9t--& if no?+ m is to happ51 !n he mu/ rema9 at a l[ level ( developm5t4 ,matt] & m9d _c take him beyond--! m9d z su* only helps t[>ds ! fur!r satisfaction ( ! l[] dem&s ( man4 ,b !re is some?+ f> great] 9 highly develop$ manhood ?an ! petty & selfi%4 ,man is capable ( conceiv+ & adopt+ high] /&>ds ( morality ?an ^? ( utility & pleasure1 & x is ! spiritual life t enables him to d ?is4 ,x is ! spiritual t frees ! individual f ! slav]y ( ! s5se _w--f 8 selfi%ness & sup]ficial int]e/s--t tea*es him to c>e less = ! ?+s ( ! fle%1 & f> m = ! beautiful1 ! good1 & ! true1 & t enables him to pursue high aims reg>dless ( ! fact t !y may entail suff]+ & loss 9 o!r directions4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! ,high 9 ! _w2 ! natural life is ! ,l[4 ,b :at is ! relation ( ! natural to ! spiritual life8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! spiritual _c be d]iv$ f ! natural1 inasmu* z ! =m] is imm5sely sup]ior to ! latt]1 & t n m]ely 9 degree1 b 9 its v ess5ce4 ,! spiritual is entirely on a high] plane ( reality1 & !re _c be transition f ! natural to ! spiritual _w4 ,! natural has its limitations1 & beyond ^! _c g4 ,s f> z ! natural _w is conc]n$ man c nev] rise above seek+ = pleasure1 & mak+ exp$i5cy & social approbation ! /&>ds ( life1 h5ce !re is little wond] t ^? e?ical tea*]s :o make nature _! basis1 d5y ! possibility ( action t is unselfi% & free4 ,! ,spiritual ,life1 h[ev]1 z ,euck5 says1 has an indep5d5t orig91 & evolves new p[]s & /&>ds4 ,nei!r d ! two aspects run toge!r 9 life 9 p>allel l9es4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! spiritual life _c manife/ itself at all until a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t is rea*$ 9 nature4 ,x w\ld seem impossible to conceive ( ! animal ris+ above its animal in/9cts & t5d5cies2 its :ole life is condition$ by its animal nature & its environm5t4 ,man /&s at ! junction ( ! /ages betwe5 ! purely natural & ! purely spiritual4 ,on ! "o h&1 he is a memb] ( ! animal _w1 he has its in/9cts1 its desires & its limitations2 on ! o!r h&1 he has )9 him ! g]m ( spirituality4 ,he belongs to bo? worlds1 ! natural & ! spiritual4 ,he _c %ake (f ! natural & rema9 a man--to sep>ate ! two means dea? to man z we "k him4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 8 position 9 ! natural _w & 8 position 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,he seems to be ! la/ ^w 9 ! _w ( nature1 he has rea*$ heights f> beyond ^? rea*$ by any o!r fle% & blood4 ,he is1 s f> z we "k1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( natural evolution--! f9al possibility 9 ! natural _w4 ,b ! /age ( nature only repres5ts ! fir/ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is an inf9itely high] /age ( life1 ! spiritual life4 ,& if man is ! f9al po9t ( progress 9 ! _w ( nature1 he is1 9 8 primitive /ate1 only at ! ?re%old ( ! spiritual _w4 ,b he is n an entire /rang] to ! spiritual--! g]m is 9 him1 & ! spiritual is consequ5tly n an ali5 _w = him4 ,if ! spiritual 7 some?+ entirely =eign x w\ld be va9 to expect mu* progress ?r\gh m]e impulses f )\t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! spiritual t makes man really great1 & is ! mo/ fundam5tal "p ( 8 nature4 ,! two /ages ( life1 !n1 are pres5t 9 man--! natural & ! spiritual2 ! =m] highly develop$1 ! latt]1 at fir/1 9 an undevelop$ /ate4 ,n[ ! great aim ( ! univ]se is to pass gradually f ! natural to ! spiritual plane ( life4 ,?is does n mean t ! latt] is ! product ( ! =m] /age1 = ?is is n ! case4 ,x means t ! deep] reality 9 life is ! spiritual1 & t ! spiritual develops ?r\gh ! natural 9 its own p>ticul> way4 ,& ?is p>ticul> way is n a m]e developm5t b a self-developm5t4 ,! aim ( ! spiritual is to develop its own self ?r\gh ! human be+4 ,9 ?is way man is giv5 ! possibility ( develop+ a self--a p]sonality 9 a v real s5se4 ,?us we arrive at "s idea ( ! relation !re exi/s betwe5 ! spiritual & ! natural1 & ( ! place ( ! spiritual & ! natural 9 man4 ,! spiritual is nei!r ! product nor an attribute ( ! natural4 ,man is ! bord] creature ( ! two worlds2 he repres5ts ! ultimate possibility ( ! "o1 & possesses pot5tialities 9 reg>d to ! o!r4 ,! great object ( 8 life mu/ be to develop1 ?r\gh mak+ use ( & conqu]+ ! life ( nature1 8 high] self into a free1 spiritual1 & immortal p]sonality4 ,! progressive /ages 9 ?is direction mu/ be dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,asc5t ,,to ,,fre$om ,,& ,,p]sonality ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we f\nd t man 9 8 primitive /age is l>gely a creature ( ! l[] _w4 ,8 desires are ^? ( ! animal k+dom1 8 ideal is utility1 & social approbation 8 ,god4 ,at ?is /age he is a m]e no?+1 no bett] ?an a slave to 8 passions & to ! op9ions ( 8 fell[-be+s4 ,he possesses nei!r fre$om nor p]sonality--= he is b a tool 9 ! h&s ( o!r impulses & =ces4 ,!re is no controll+ self--he is n a "l 9 8 own k+dom4 ,"s m5 d n get beyond ?is v l[ level1 b = ev] rema9 m]e %uttlecocks driv5 hi!r & ?i!r by m or less contradictory impulses4 ,! g]m ( ! high] _w t resides )9 him may sometimes make itself felt1 b s long z !re is a confus$ welt] ( high] & l[] impulses1 444 s long is !re an abs5ce ( any?+ ess5tially new & l(ty4 ,man's aspirations = ?+s t are high]1 are at ! outset v sluggi% & vague1 = a be+ t is s mu* dom9at$ by ! natural _w is apt to conc5trate its att5tion ^u x & to rema9 cont5t$ ) x4 ,b !re comes a "t 9 ! lives ( p]haps mo/ m5 :5 a di/9ct feel+ ( dissatisfaction is felt ) ! life ( natural impulse & ( conv5tion4 ,! man feels--p]haps 9 a vague way at fir/--t !re is some?+ too m]ely animal 9 ! s5se _w1 or t !re is an intol]able empt9ess & hypocrisy 9 a life ( slavi% devotion to ! op9ions ( society4 ,p]haps he feels t 8 passions gov]n him1 & n he 8 passions4 ,! high] life /irs )9 him1 & he beg9s to "q ! rightness ( ?+s4 ,he le>ns to appreciate = ! fir/ "t t ! natural impulses may n be ! noble/1 & t cu/om may n be an ideal guide4 ,8 s\l is a/ir ) ! problem ( life--! result v l>gely dep5ds ^u ! solutions t are pres5t$ to him4 ,p]haps ! naturali/ic solution is made to appeal to him1 & he is taught to tru/ nature & x w lead him aright4 ,or maybe ! pan!i/ic !ory is accept$ by him1 & he is l$ to believe t ! _w z x is is entirely good1 & t he has b to live 8 life f day to day1 & n worry himself ab\t ! ultimate end & purpose ( ?+s4 ,or o!r optimi/ic !ories ( life t d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil may influ5ce him4 ,all ^! solutions may give him tempor>y peace ( m9d1 & p]haps inde$ =m effici5t /umbl+-blocks to any fur!r spiritual progress4 ,b ! spiritual beg9n+s )9 u (t5 %[ rem>kable vitality4 ,!y may "u c]ta9 conditions lead u to appreciate ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ct opposition 9 ! _w--! opposition betwe5 ! l[] _w & ! high] self4 ,man f9ds t ! natural is (t5 l[1 evil1 & sordid1 & at ?is /age ! high] spiritual _w makes a /rong appeal to him4 ,by degrees he comes to feel ! dem&s ( ! l[] _w to be a p]sonal insult to him4 ,:at is ! l[] mat]ial _w t x %\ld gov]n him1 & he a man8 ,! claims ( pleasure & utility to be /&>ds ( conduct /rike him z arrogant1 & he revolts aga9/ ! assumption t high] aims c h no *>m = him4 ,8 previ\s acceptance )\t consid]ation ( ! moral /&>d ( ! community he n[ looks ^u z a sign ( weakness on 8 "p--= is he n himself1 a p]son ) ! p[] ( indep5d5t judgm5t & evaluation8 ,x is ! fir/ great awak5+ ( ! spiritual life 9 man1 :5 8 :ole s\l is 9 revolt aga9/ ! l[1 sordid1 & conv5tional4 ,:at %all he d8 ,!re is only "o c\rse t is wor?y ( 8 ass]t+ p]sonality--he mu/ break ) ! _w4 ,h5ce=? he sees two worlds 9 opposition--! _w ( ! fle% on ! "o h&1 ! _w ( ! _s on ! o!r1 & he arrays himself on ! side ( ! high] 9 opposition to ! l[]4 ,:5 he does ?is ! spiritual life 9 him makes ! fir/ sub/antial movem5t 9 its onw>d progress--?is movem5t ,euck5 calls ! negative movem5t4 ,x does n mean t ! man mu/ leave ! _w ( "w & retire into ! seclusion ( a mona/]y--t means %irk+ ! fight1 & is a policy ( c[>dice4 ,nei!r does x mean a wild impati5ce ) ! pres5t condition ( ! _w--x means r t man is appreciat+ 9 a pr(\nd way ! oppositions t exi/1 & is ca/+ 8 lot on ! side ( "r4 ,he r5\nces ev]y?+ t h9d]s him f fight+ successfully1 !n goes =? into ! ?ick ( ! battle4 ,! break mu/ be a def9ite "o & made 9 a det]m9$ mann]4 ,)\t e>ne/ness ( r5unciation ! new life s9ks back to ! old 444 & loses its p[] to /imulate to new endeav\r4 ,z human be+s are1 ?is negation mu/ always be a %>p "o4 ,! negative movem5t1 !n1 is ! fir/ sub/antial /ep 9 ! progress ( ! spiritual life4 ,! man's self breaks out into discont5t ) nature1 & ?is is ! fir/ /ep to ! union ( self to ! high] reality 9 life4 ,! break ) ! _w is 9 itself ( c\rse b a negative process4 ,?is mu/ atta9 a positive significance4 ,if ! self breaks away f "o aspect ( life1 x mu/ id5tify itself m intimately ) ano!r4 ,?is occurs :5 ! individual sets out def9itely on a c\rse ( life 9 antagonism to ! evil 9 ! _w4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 !re arises )9 him a new imm$iacy ( exp]i5ce4 ,hi!rto ! ?+s t 7 8 greate/ conc]n1 & t appeal$ to him mo/1 7 ! pleasures ( ! natural _w4 ,b ^! ?+s appeal to him no long] z urg5t & imm$iate--b z be+ ( a di/9ctly second>y "*4 ,a new imm$iacy has aris52 x is ! facts ( ! spiritual _w t n[ appeal to him z urg5t & imm$iate4 ,all t has hi!rto be5 consid]$ mo/ imm$iate1 z ! _w ( s5se1 or ev5 ! _w ( society1 n[ takes a second place1 & has to make good its claim be=e ?is spiritual tribune4444 ,t :i* curr5t conceptions treat z a ,beyond 444 is n[ ! only _w :i* exi/s 9 its own "r1 ! only true & g5u9e _w :i* nei!r asks nor cons5ts to be d]iv$ f any outside s\rce4 ,?is new imm$iacy is ! deepe/ possible imm$iacy1 x is an imm$iacy ( exp]i5ce :]e ! self comes into contact ) its own vital pr9ciple--! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life--& br+s ab\t a fundam5tal *ange 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,! inn] life is no long] gov]n$ by s5se impressions & impulses1 b ! outw>d life is liv$ & view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! inw>d life4 ,b a new imm$iacy is n all t foll[s 9 ! tra9 ( ! negative movem5t--on ! contr>y1 ! highe/ possible rew>ds are ga9$1 = fre$om1 p]sonality1 & immortality are all br\ght )9 ! range ( possibility4 ,once a human be+ decides = ! highe/ he is on ! highroad to complete fre$om4 ,! fre$om is n go+ to be won 9 a mom5t1 b mu/ be f\ght = by ! individual ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life4 ,8 body is always ) him1 & w at times attempt to ma/] him--he mu/ fight cont9ually to ensure conque/4 ,difficulties w arise f v>i\s qu>t]s1 b he is n go+ to dep5d only ^u 8 own res\rces4 ,all 8 activity involves 9 ! fir/ place ! recognition ( ! spiritual _w1 b m ?an ?is1 he appropriates unto himself ( ! spiritual _w--?is 9 itself is an act ( decision4 ,& ! m we appropriate unto ourselves ( ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life1 ! m we decide = ! high] _w1 ! fre] we become4 ,inde$1 x is ?is appropriation 444 ( ! spiritual life t fir/ awak5s )9 ! s\l an inw>d c]titude1 & makes possible t p]fect fre$om 444 s indisp5sable = e great creative "w4 ,by cont9ually *oos+ & fight+ = ! progress ( ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life1 x comes to be our own 9 virtue ( our de$ & decision4 ,h5ce man has atta9$ fre$om--! l[] _w no long] makes successful appeal4 ,he has become a "p ( ! spiritual _w1 & 8 actions are no long] dictat$ by any?+ ext]nal1 b are ! direct outcome ( 8 own self4 ,he has freely *os5 ! highe/1 & cont9ually reaffirms 8 *oice--?is is p]fect fre$om4 ,man ga9s = himself1 too1 a p]sonality 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m4 ,euck5 does n mean by p]sonality m]e self-ass]tion on ! "p ( an individual 9 opposition to o!rs4 ,he means some?+ f> deep] ?an ?is4 ,a g5u9e self1 says ,euck51 is con/itut$ only by ! com+ to life ( ! inf9ite spiritual _w 9 an indep5d5t conc5tration 9 ! individual4 ,foll[+ a life ( endeav\r 9 ! highe/ cause1 & cont9ual appropriation ( ! spiritual life1 he arrives at a /ate ( at-"o-ness ) ! univ]sal life4 ,man does n m]ely ent] into "s k9d ( relation ) ! spiritual life1 b f9ds 8 own be+ 9 x4 ,! human be+ is elevat$ to a self-life ( a univ]sal k9d1 & ?is frees him f ! ties & appeals ( ! _w ( s5se & selfi%ness4 ,x is a glori\s conception ( human p]sonality1 inf9itely high] ?an ! undignifi$ conceptions ( naturalism & det]m9ism4 ,& if man w9s a glori\s p]sonality1 he may ga9 immortality too4 ,un=tunately1 ,euck5 has n yet dealt fully ) ?is "q1 b he is evid5tly ( ! op9ion t ! spiritual p]sonalities are immortal4 ,z conc5tration po9ts or foci ( ! spiritual life1 he believes t ! develop$ p]sonalities are at pres5t & 9 prospect possessors ( a spiritual realm4 ,b !re w be no ess5tial or sudd5 *ange at dea?4 ,t :i* is immortal is involv$ 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,^? :o h develop$ into spiritual p]sonalities1 :o h work$ 9 fell[%ip ) ! great ,univ]sal ,life1 & become c5tre-po9ts ( spirituality1 h ?us ris5 supreme ov] "t & pass to _! inh]itance4 ,^? :o h n done s1 b h liv$ _! lives on ! plane ( nature1 w h no?+ t c p]si/4 ,h5ce x is t ! negative movem5t leads to fre$om1 p]sonality1 & immortality2 ! neglect to make ! movem5t consigns ! individual to slav]y1 makes a real self impossible1 & at dea? he has n\ght t a spiritual realm c claim4 ,! *oice is an all-important "o2 =1 z a rec5t writ] puts x1 ,9 ?is *oice1 ! p]sonality *ooses or rejects itself1 takes itself = its life-task1 or dies ( inanition & in]tia4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sal ,9 ! la/ *apt] ! asc5t ( ! human be+ f s]fdom to fre$om & p]sonality 0 trac$4 ,9 do+ s x 0 necess>y to make frequ5t ref]5ce to ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life4 ,:5 we turn to consid] ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life1 _m problems pres5t !mselves4 ,h[ c we reconcile fre$om & p]sonality ) ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute8 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is ,absolute1 & 9 :at way is ! human relat$ to x8 ,:at place %\ld religion play 9 ! life ( ! spiritual p]sonality8 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 "s ( ! greate/ & mo/ difficult problems t ev] p]plex$ ! m9d ( man1 & we c only deal briefly ) ,euck5's contribution to _! solution4 ,c a man *oose ! highe/8 ,?is is ! =m 9 :i* ,euck5 w\ld /ate ! problem ( fre$om4 ,8 answ]1 z already se51 is an affirmative "o4 ,! p]sonality *ooses ! spiritual life1 & cont9ually reaffirms ! decision4 ,?is be+ s1 x is n[ no long] possible to consid] ! human & ! div9e to be entirely 9 opposition4 ,& ! m ! spiritual p]sonality develops1 s mu* ! less does ! opposition obta91 until a /ate ( spirituality is arriv$ at :5 all opposition ( w ceases--!n we atta9 p]fect fre$om4 ,we are mo/ free1 :5 we are mo/ deeply pl$g$--pl$g$ irrevocably to ! spiritual pres5ce1 ) :i* our own be+ is s radically & s f9ally implicat$4 ,?us fre$om is obta9$ 9 a s5se ?r\gh self-surr5d]1 b x is ?r\gh ?is same self-surr5d] t we realise spiritual absolut5ess4 ,h5ce x is t p]fect fre$om c>ries ) x ! /ronge/ consci\sness ( dep5d5ce1 & human fre$om is only made possible ?r\gh ! absolut5ess ( ! spiritual life 9 :om x f9ds its be+4 ,engli% philosoph]s h dealt at l5g? ) ! "q ( ! possibility ( reconcil+ ! indep5d5ce ( p]sonality & ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute4 ,f ,euck5's po9t ( view ! difficulty is n s s]i\s4 ,:5 he speaks ( p]sonality he does n mean ! m]e subjective individual 9 all 8 selfi%ness4 ,euck5 has no sympa?y ) ! emphasis t is (t5 plac$ on ! individual 9 ! l[ subjective s5se1 & is av]se f ! glorification ( ! individual ( :i* "s writ]s are fond4 ,inde$1 he w\ld pref] a naturali/ic explanation ( man r ?an "o fram$ z a result ( man's individuali/ic egoism4 ,! =m] explanation admits t man is entirely a ?+ ( nature2 ! latt]1 f a selfi% & pr\d /&po9t1 claims = man a place 9 a high] _w4 ,!re is no?+ t is wor?y & high 9 ! l[ desires ( ,mr4 ,smi?--! m]e subjective ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,b if ?r\gh ! m9d & body ( ,mr4 ,smi? ! ,absolute ,_s is realis+ itself 9 p]sonality--!n !re is some?+ ( et]nal wor?--!re is spiritual p]sonality4 ,!re w be opposition betwe5 ! sordidness ( ! m]e individual w & ! div9e w1 b t is because ! spiritual life has n be5 ga9$4 ,:5 ! highe/ /ate ( spiritual p]sonality has be5 rea*$1 !n man is an expression--a p]sonal realisation ( ! ,absolute1 is 9 entire accord ) ! absolute1 inde$ becomes himself div9e4 ,?is does n rob ! t]m p]sonality ( its mean+1 = ea* p]sonality does1 9 "s way1 aft] all1 exi/ = itself4 ,ea* individual consci\sness has a sanctity ( its own4 ,b ! be+-=-self develops m & m by com+ into direct contact ) ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life4 ,"h1 !n1 we arrive at some?+ t appe>s to be a p>adox4 ,we h ! ph5om5on ( a be+ t is free & exi/+ = itself1 yet 9 "s way dep5d5t ^u an absolute spiritual life4 ,we h1 too1 ! ph5om5on ( a human be+ becom+ div9e4 ,h[ is x really possible t self-activity c arise out ( dep5d5ce8 ,euck5 does n attempt to expla91 b cont5ds t an explanation _c be arriv$ at ?r\gh reason+4 ,we are =c$ to ! conclusion1 we realise ?r\gh our life & action t ?is is ! real /ate ( affairs1 & 9 ?is case ! reality proves ! possibility4 ,?is primal ph5om5on1 he says1 ov]fl[s all explanation4 ,x has1 z ! fundam5tal condition ( all spiritual life1 a univ]sal axiomatic "*4 ,aga9 he says1 ,! wond] ( wond]s is ! human made div9e1 ?r\gh ,god's sup]ior p[]4 ,! problem surpasses ! capacity ( ! human reason4 ,= tak+ up ?is position1 ,euck5 is %>ply criticis$ by "s writ]s4 ,:5 we approa* ! problem ( ! nature ( ! ,absolute 9 itself1 ! ma9 difficulty t arises is :e!r ,god is a p]sonal be+4 ,god1 says ,euck51 is an ,absolute ,spiritual ,life 9 all its gr&eur1 above all ! limitations ( man & ! _w ( exp]i5ce--a ,spiritual ,life t has atta9$ to a complete subsi/5ce 9 itself1 & at ! same "t to an encompass+ ( all reality4 ,! div9e is = ,euck5 ! ultimate spirituality t inspires ! "w ( all spiritual p]sonalities4 ,:5 9 our life ( fight & action we ne$ inspiration1 we f9d 9 ! v dep?s ( our own nature a reawak5+1 :i* is n a m]e product ( our activity1 b a salvation /raight f ,god4 ,god1 !n1 is ! ultimate spirituality :i* inspires ! /ruggl+ p]sonality1 & gives to x a s5se ( unity & confid5ce4 ,euck5 does n admit t ,god is a p]sonality 9 ! s5se t we are1 & deprecates all an?ropomorphic conceptions ( ,god z a p]sonal be+4 ,inde$1 to avoid ! t5d5cy to su* conceptions he w\ld pref] ! t]m ,godhead to ,god4 ,fur!r consid]ations ( ! nature ( ,god c only lead to intellectual speculations4 ,= an activi/ic philosophy1 su* z ,euck5's philosophy is1 x w\ld seem suffici5t = life & action to "k t all attempts at ! ideal 9 life1 orig9ate 91 & are inspir$ by1 ! ,absolute ,spiritual ,life1 t is by ,god4 ,we _c discuss fully ! relation ( human & div9e )\t1 too1 deal+ ) ! ev] urg5t problem ( religion4 ,?is is a problem 9 :i* ,euck5 is deeply int]e/$1 & conc]n+ :i* he has writt5 "o ( 8 greate/ works--,! ,tru? ( ,religion--a "w t has be5 describ$ z "o ( ! greate/ apologies = religion ev] writt54 ,:at is religion8 ,mo/ p p]haps w\ld apply ! t]m to a sy/em ( belief conc]n+ ! ,et]nal1 usually re/+ ^u a hi/orical or traditional basis4 ,o!rs w\ld include 9 ! t]m ! rev]5ce felt = ! ,absolute by ! contemplative m9d1 ev5 ?\gh t m9d did n believe 9 any ( ! traditional sy/ems4 ,"s w\ld emphasise ! fact t religion %\ld conc]n itself ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a relation%ip betwe5 ! human & ! ,div9e4 ,b ,euck5 does n f9d religion to consi/ 9 belief1 nor 9 a m]e attitude t[>ds ! my/]ies ( an ov]world4 ,9 keep+ ) ! activi/ic tone ( 8 :ole philosophy he f9ds religion to be root$ 9 life1 & w\ld def9e religion z an action by :i* ! human be+ appropriates ! spiritual life4 ,! fir/ great conc]n ( religion mu/ be ! cons]vation--n ( man1 z m]e man1 b ( ! spiritual life 9 ! human be+1 & x means a mighty conc5tration ( ! spiritual life 9 man4 ,! ess5tial basis t makes religion possible is ! pres5ce ( a ,div9e life 9 man--x unfolds itself ?r\gh ! seizure ( ?is life z "o's own nature4 ,religion mu/ be a =m ( activity1 :i* br+s ab\t ! conc5tration ( ! spiritual life 9 ! human s\l1 & sets =? ?is spiritual life z a %ield aga9/ unwor?y elem5ts t attempt to ent] & to gov]n man4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( religion mu/ be ! dem& = a new _w4 ,religion is n a communication ( ov]world secrets1 b ! inauguration ( an ov]world life4 ,religion mu/ dep5d ^u ! contradiction & opposition t exi/s 9 human life1 & ^u ! cle> recognition ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! high & ! l[ 9 life4 ,x mu/ po9t to a means ( atta9+ fre$om & r$emption f ! old _w ( s9 & s5se1 & to ! possibility ( be+ elevat$ into a new & high] _w4 ,x mu/1 too1 fight aga9/ ! extremes ( optimism & pessimism1 = :ile x w ackn[l$ge ! pres5ce ( wrong1 x w call att5tion to ! possibility ( deliv]ance4 ,x mu/ br+ ab\t a *ange ( life1 )\t d5y+ ! d>k side ( life2 x mu/ %[ ! ,div9e 9 ! ?+s ne>e/ at h&1 )\t idealis+ falsely ! ord9>y situation ( life4 ,! great practical effect ( religion1 !n1 mu/ be to create a dem& = a new & high] _w 9 opposition to ! _w ( nature4 ,= ?is new life religion mu/ provide an ultimate /&>d4 ,religion mu/ at all times ass]t its "r to prove & to w9n[1 = x is religion--! p[] :i* draws ^u ! deepe/ s\rce ( life--:i* takes to itself ! :ole ( man1 & (f]s a fix$ /&>d = all 8 und]tak+s4 ,religion mu/ provide a /&>d = ! :ole ( life1 = x places all human life "u ! et]nity4 ,x is n ! function ( religion to set up a special prov9ce ov] aga9/ ! o!r aspects ( 8 life--x mu/ trans=m life 9 its entirety1 & affect all ! subsidi>y aspects4 ,b religion is n ga9$1 any m ?an human fre$om1 once = all "t--x mu/ be ga9$ cont9ually afre%1 & s\ght ev] anew4 ,?us ! fact ( religion becomes a p]petual task1 & leads to ! highe/ activity4 ,euck5 speaks ( two types ( religion--,univ]sal & ,*>act]i/ic ,religion4 ,! l9e ( division betwe5 !m is n easy to draw1 b ! di/9ction gives an opportunity = emphasis+ aga9 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( true religion4 ,univ]sal ,religion is a m or less vague appreciation ( ! ,spiritual1 :i* results 9 a diffus$1 indef9ite spiritual life4 ,! p]sonality has appreciat$ to "s ext5t ! opposition betwe5 ! natural & ! spiritual1 & has *os5 ! spiritual4 ,he adopts a new attitude or mood1 t[>ds ! _w 9 consequ5ce1 & t is an attitude ( fight aga9/ ! _w ( nature4 ,b ev]y?+ is vague2 ! individual has n yet appreciat$ ! spiritual _w z 8 own1 & feels t he is a /rang] 9 ! high] _w1 r ?an an ord9>y fully privileg$ citiz54 ,he has n yet associat$ himself closely en\gh ) ! ,univ]sal ,_s1 ev]y?+ is sup]ficial1 !re is hung] & ?ir/ = ! high] ?+s 9 life1 b ^! h n yet be5 satiat$4 ,"s p nev] get beyond ?is vague appreciation ( ! spiritual until p]haps "s great trial or temptation1 a long illness or sad b]eavem5t falls to _! lot4 ,!n !y feel ! ne$ = a religion t is m satisfy+ ?an ! ,univ]sal ,religion ) :i* !y h 9 ! pa/ be5 cont5t4 ,!y want to get ne>] to ,god2 !y feel ! ne$ ( a p]sonal ,god :o is int]e/$ 9 _! trials & tr\bles4 ,!y are no long] satisfi$ ) ! conception ( a ,god t is f> away1 !y ?ir/ = ,8 pres5ce4 ,?is feel+ leads ! individual to se>* = a m def9ite =m ( religion1 9 :i* ! ,god is reg>d$ z supremely real1 & reigns on ! ?rone ( love4 ,! p]sonality ent]s into ! great] dep?s ( religion1 & x becomes a mu* m real & p[]ful influ5ce 9 8 life4 ,he has no long] a m]e indef9ite conception ( a ,deity1 b he ?9ks ( ,god z real & p]sonal4 ,in/ead ( adopt+ a *ang$ attitude t[>ds ! _w ( nature1 he comes to dem& a new _w4 ,he is n[ a d5iz5 ( ! spiritual _w1 & !re results a life ( pure inw>dness1 :i* draws its p[] & inspiration f ! inf9ite res\rces ( ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life 9 :i* he f9ds 8 be+4 ,?is type ( religion ,euck5 calls ,*>act]i/ic ,religion4 ,! hi/orical religions w\ld seem to repres5t1 to "s ext5t1 ! attempts ( humank9d to arrive at a religion ( ?is k9d4 ,a fur!r di/9ction arises betwe5 ! hi/orical =ms ( religion1 ( :i* "o at mo/1 if any1 c express ! f9al tru?1 & ! ,absolute =m ( religion1 :i* if n yet conceiv$1 mu/ ultimately express ! tru? 9 ! matt] ( religion4 ,euck5 is nev] m brilliant ?an he is 9 ! exam9ation he makes ( ! hi/orical =ms ( religion1 = ! purpose ( =mulat+ ! ,absolute & f9al =m2 "s acc\nt ( ?is mu/ be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,religion3 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,absolute ,9 exam9+ ! v>i\s hi/orical =ms ( religion1 ,euck51 z we %\ld expect1 is gov]n$ by ! conclusions he has arriv$ at conc]n+ ! solution ( ! great problem ( life1 & especially ( ! place ( religion 9 life4 ,a religion :i* emphasis$ ! ne$ = a break ) ! _w1 & ( fight & action = spiritual progress1 ! possibility ( a new high] life ( fre$om & ( p]sonality1 & ! sup]iority ( ! spiritual ov] ! mat]ial1 & :i* pres5t$ ,god z ! ultimate spiritual life1 9 :i* ! human p]sonality f\nd its real self1 w\ld ?us meet ) highe/ fav\r1 :ile a =m ( religion t fail$ to d s w\ld necess>ily fail to satisfy ! te/s t he w\ld apply4 ,he does n sp5d "t discuss+ v>i\s religions 9 detail1 b deals ) !m briefly 9 g5]al1 9 ord] to %[ t ! ,*ri/ian religion is f> sup]ior to all o!r religions1 !n he makes a critical & v able exam9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian position4 ,he consid]s x necess>y to discuss 9 detail only t =m ( religion t is und\bt$ly ! highe/4 ,! hi/orical religions he f9ds to be ( two types--religions ( law & religions ( r$emption4 ,! religions ( law portray ,god z a be+ outside ! _w1 & di/9ct f man1 ,"o :o rules ! _w by law1 & :o decrees t man %all obey c]ta9 laws ( conduct t ,he lays d[n4 ,failure to obey ^! laws br+s its puni%m5t 9 ! pres5t or 9 a future life1 :ile implicit ob$i5ce br+s ! highe/ rew>ds4 ,to su* a ,god is (t5 attribut$ all ! weaknesses ( ! human be+1 sometimes 9 a mu* exagg]at$ =m--h5ce ,8 reign becomes "o ( fe> to ,8 subjects4 ,a religion ( law assumes t man is capable ( himself ( obey+ ! law1 & is responsible = 8 mode ( life2 x assumes t man is capable ?r\gh 8 own en]gy ( conqu]+ ! _w ( s91 & ( lead+ ! high] life4 ,religions ( ?is type possess ( c\rse ! m]it ( simplicity1 transp>5cy1 & f9ality4 ,! decrees1 ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds are giv5 ) "s cle>ness & are easily und]/ood2 !re is no appeal & little equivocation4 ,!y s]v$ a useful purpose 9 ! e>li] ages ( civilisation1 b _c solve ! problem = ! complex civilisation & advanc$ culture ( ! pres5t age4 ,!y place ,god too f> f man1 & attribute to man p[]s :i* he _c ( himself possess4 ,! conceptions ( ! ,deity involv$ 9 !m are too an?ropomorphic 9 "*--too mu* col\r$ by human frailties4 ,! religions ( law h _h to give place to ^? ( a sup]ior type--! religions ( r$emption4 ,^! religions appreciate ! difficulty !re exi/s = humank9d ( itself to transc5d ! _w ( s91 & are ( two types--"o type express+ a m]ely negative elem5t1 ! o!r a negative & positive elem5t4 ,! typical negative r$emptive religion is t ( ,buddhism4 ,buddhism tea*es u t ! _w is a %am & an evil2 & ! duty ( man is to appreciate ?is fact1 & to d5y ! _w1 b "h ! matt] ends--x ends ) _w-r5unciation & self-r5unciation4 ,!re is only a negative elem5t 9 su* a religion1 no inspiration to live & fight = ga9+ a high] _w4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 _c provide a satisfactory solution to ! problem1 = no new life ) new values is pres5t$ to u4 ,x is a religion devoid ( hope1 = x does n po9t to a high] life4 ,a wisdom ( _w-d5ial1 a calm composure ( ! nature1 an entire s]5ity 9 ! mid/ ( ! *ang+ sc5es ( life1 con/itute ! summit ( life4 ,*ri/ianity tea*es u t ! _w is full ( mis]y & suff]+1 b ! _w 9 itself is really a p]fect "w ( ,div9e wisdom & goodness4 ,! root ( evil is n 9 ! nature ( ! _w1 b 9 moral wrong--9 a des]tion f ,god4 ,s9 & wick$ness arise f ! misuse & p]v]sion ( ?+s :i* are n 9 !mselves evil4 ,*ri/ianity calls = a break f ! wick$ness ( ! _w4 ,x calls ^u man to give up 8 s91 to d5y1 or break )1 ! evil ( :i* he is guilty4 ,b x does n expect man to d ?is 9 8 own /r5g? alone--,god ,himself comes to 8 rescue4 ,unlike ,buddhism1 x does n /ay at ! d5ial ( ! _w1 b calls ^u man to become a citiz5 ( a high] _w4 ,?is gives a new impetus to ! high] life2 man f9ds a great task--he has to build a k+dom ( ,god ^u ! e>?4 ,?is dem&s ! highe/ ef=ts--he mu/ fight to ga9 ! new _w1 & mu/ keep up ! /ruggle to reta9 :at he has ga9$4 ,! inf]iority ( ,buddhism z contra/$ ) ,*ri/ianity is well describ$ by ,euck5 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,9 ! =m] an emancipation f semblance becomes necess>y2 9 ! latt] an ov]com+ ( evil is ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,9 ! =m] ! v basis ( ! _w seems evil2 9 ! latt] x is ! p]v]sion ( ?is basis :i* seems evil4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! impulses ( life are to be entirely eradicat$2 9 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 !y are to be ennobl$1 or r to be trans=m$4 ,9 ! =m]1 no high] _w ( a positive k9d dawns on man1 s t life f9ally rea*es a seem+ly valid po9t ( re/1 :il/ ^u ,*ri/ian gr\nd life ev] anew asc5ds beyond itself4 ,f su* consid]ations z ^!1 ,euck5 comes to ! conclusion t ( ! r$emptive religions1 :i* are !mselves ! highe/ type1 ,*ri/ianity is ! highe/ & noble/ =m1 h5ce 8 ma9 criticism is conc]n$ ) ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,?is does n mean t he f9ds nei!r value nor tru? 9 any o!r =m ( religion4 ,8 g5]al conclusion ) reg>d to ! hi/orical religions is t !y conta9 too mu* t is m]ely human to be valu$ z a pure "w ( ,god1 & yet too mu* t is spiritual & div9e to be consid]$ z a m]e product ( man4 ,he f9ds 9 !m all "s k]nel ( tru?1 or at lea/ a pa?way to "s "p ( tru?1 b cont5ds t no religion conta9s ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,z c]ta9ly1 he says1 z !re is only "o sole tru?1 !re c be only "o absolute religion1 & ?is religion co9cides entirely 9 no way ) any "o ( ! hi/orical religions4 ,euck5's great endeav\r 9 8 discussion ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is to br+ out ! di/9ction betwe5 ! et]nal sub/ance t resides 9 x & ! human additions t h be5 made to x 9 diff]5t ages1 betwe5 ! elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity t are ess5tially div9e & ^? ess5tially human4 ,dive/$ ( its human col\r+s & accretions1 ,*ri/ianity pres5ts a basis ( ,div9e & et]nal tru?1 & ?is reg>d$ 9 itself1 c well claim to be ! f9al & absolute religion4 ,! conclusion he has come to ) reg>d to ! et]nal tru? z contra/$ ) ! tempor>y col\r+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) ! ess5tial z contra/$ ) ! iness5tial1 c be/ be outl9$ by tak+ 9 turn "s ( ! ma9 t5ets & *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,euck5's conception ( ! negative movem5t is v mu* ak9 to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( conv]sion4 ,! fir/ /age is m]ely a movem5t away f ! _w1 b aft] a "t1 9 ! cont9u\s process ( negation1 ! negative movem5t atta9s a positive significance2 :5 ?is /age is arriv$ at ,euck5 w\ld apply ! t]m conv]sion4 ,he w\ld n limit ! negative movem5t to "o act or to "o po9t 9 "t2 ! movem5t t[>ds a high] _w mu/ be ma9ta9$--! su/a9+ ( ! negative movem5t be+ a te/ ( ! reality ( conv]sion4 ,! process ( conv]sion is n a process to be passively und]gone1 or to orig9ate f )\t1 b is a movem5t />t+ 9 ! dep?s ( "o's own be+4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ,euck5 believes 9 r$emption4 ,! pa/ is capable ( re9t]pretation & trans=mation1 because we c view our pa/ actions 9 a new light & s *ange ! :ole1 s9ce ! pa/ is n a clos$ ?+1 def9ite 9 itself1 b a "p ( an incomplete :ole4 ,he consid]s1 h[ev]1 t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption makes x too mu* a matt] ( ,god's m]cy1 in/ead ( plac+ /ress ^u ! "p t man himself mu/ play4 ,! possibility ( r$emption 9 8 view foll[s f ! pres5ce & movem5t ( ! spiritual life 9 man1 n m]ely f an act ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 & he av]s t :ile traditional ,*ri/ianity emphasises ! ne$ = r$emption f evil1 x does n emphasise suffici5tly ! necess>y elevation to ! good life t mu/ result4 ,closely b\nd up ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( r$emption is t ( m$iation4 ,euck5 believes t ! ,*ri/ian conception ( m$iation result$ f ! feel+ ( wor?lessness & impot5ce ( man1 & ! aspirations :i* yet burn$ )9 him aft] union ) ! ,div9e4 ,! idea ( m$iation bridges ! gulf1 a mid-l9k is =g$ betwe5 ! ,div9e & ! human1 & half ( x belongs to ea* side2 bo? sides are br\ght into a def9ite connection :i* c\ld be f\nd 9 no o!r way4 ,euck5 ackn[l$ges t su* a m$iation seems to make access to ! ,div9e easi]1 gives intimacy to ! idea ( r$emption1 & (f]s support = human frailty4 ,b he po9ts out t !re is an intol]able an?ropomorphism involv$ 9 ! idea1 t x removes ! ,div9e f>!r away f man1 & t ! union ( ,div9e & human is held to obta9 9 "o special case only--t ( ,*ri/4 ,he urges t 9 a religion ( m$iation1 "o or o!r1 ,god or ,*ri/1 mu/ be *os5 z ! c5tre4 ,conc]n+ ! decision !re _c be ! lea/ d\bt2 ! fact is cle> 9 ! s\l-/ruggles ( ! great religi\s p]sonalities1 t 9 a decisive act ( ! s\l ! doctr9al idea ( m$iation rec$es into ! backgr\nd1 & a direct relation%ip ) ,god becomes a fact ( imm$iacy & intimacy4 ,s ,euck5 w h no?+ to d ) ! idea ( m$iation 9 its doctr9al significance--po9t+ out t ! idea ( m$iation glides easily into a fur!r m$iation4 ,has n ! figure ( ,*ri/ rec$$ 9 ,ca?olicism1 & does n ! figure ( ,m>y con/itute ! c5tre ( ! religi\s emotional life8 ,he does1 h[ev]1 lay great /ore by ! help t a man may be to o!r m5 9 _! upw>d pa?3 ,! human1 p]sonality :o fir/ & =emo/ br\ght et]nal tru? to ! plane ( "t1 & ?r\gh ?is inaugurat$ a new epo*1 rema9s p]man5tly pres5t 9 ! picture ( ! spiritual _w1 & is able p]man5tly to ex]cise a mighty p[] ^u ! s\l 444 b all ?is is f> remov$ f any idea ( m$iation4 ,euck5 believes 9 revelation1 b ?r\gh action1 & n ?r\gh contemplation4 ,to ! p]sonality /ruggl+ upw>d1 ) its aims set t[>ds ! highe/ 9 life1 ! spiritual life reveals itself4 ,he does n conf9e revelation to c]ta9 p]iods 9 "t1 & believes t su* revelation comes to all spiritual p]sonalities4 ,he holds1 too1 t ! spiritual p]sonalities are !mselves revelations ( ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life1 & t ! ,spiritual ,life does reveal itself mo/ cle>ly 9 p]sonalities4 ,h[ ! revelation comes he does n discuss 9 any detail1 b he is v c]ta9 t x comes ?r\gh action & fight = ! highe/4 ,x is p]haps l>gely due to 8 activi/ic /&po9t t ,euck5 does n deal ) pray]4 ,9 ! ,tru? ( ,religion1 :i* deals v fully ) mo/ aspects ( religion1 & purports to be a complete discussion ( religion1 no treatm5t ( pray] is giv54 ,he speaks ( ! develop+ p]sonality z draw+ ^u ! res\rces ( ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life1 b ?is appe>s to be 9 action1 & n 9 pray] or communion4 ,he is ev] suspici\s ( intellectual contemplation1 & ?is leads him to attribute less importance ?an p]haps he %\ld to my/icism1 to pray]1 adoration1 & wor%ip4 ,he admits t my/icism conta9s a tru? t is vital to religion1 b compla9s t x becomes = _m ! :ole ( religion4 ,its prop] function is to lib]ate ! human m9d f ! n>r[ly human1 & to emphasise a total-life1 ! great ,:ole4 ,x fails1 h[ev]1 because x turns ?is necess>y portion ( religion into ! sole cont5t4 ,to x1 religion is no?+ o!r ?an an absorption into ! inf9ite & et]nal ,be+--an ext+ui%+ ( all p>ticul>ity1 & ! ga9+ ( a complete calm ?r\gh ! susp5sion ( all ! we> & te> ( life4 ,euck5's discussion ( fai? & d\bt is v illum9at+4 ,he prote/s aga9/ ! conception ( fai? :i* conc]ns itself m]ely ) ! intellectual acceptance ( ?is or t doctr9e4 ,?is n>r[s & weak5s its p[]1 conf9+ x to "o dep>tm5t ( life2 :]eas fai? is conc]n$ ) ! :ole ( life4 ,fai? is = ,euck5 a conviction ( an axiomatic "*1 :i* refuses to be analys$ into reasons1 & :i*1 inde$1 prec$es all reasons 444 ! recognition ( ! inn] pres5ce ( an inf9ite en]gy4 ,if fai? conc]ns itself )1 & proce$s f ! :ole ( life1 x w !n take acc\nt ( ! "w ( ?\ght1 & w n set itself 9 opposition to reason4 ,b x w lead :]e reason fails4 ,x is n limit$ by intellectual limitations1 ?\gh x does n und]rate or neglect ! a*ievem5ts ( ! intellect4 ,fai? enables life to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ a ho/ile or indiff]5t _w2 444 x holds itself fa/ to invisible facts aga9/ ! h>d opposition ( visible exi/5ce4 ,! vital importance ( su* fai? to religion is cle>ly evid5t2 & b\nd up ) ?is is ! significance ( d\bt4 ,d\bt1 too1 becomes n[1 n an intellectual matt]1 b a matt] = ! :ole ( life4 ,if fai? c>ries )9 itself s mu* movem5t & /ruggle1 x is n surpris+ 444 if fai? & d\bt set !mselves aga9/ ea* o!r1 & if ! s\l is set 9 a pa9ful dilemma4 ,euck5 consid]s x to be an inevitable1 & inde$ a necess>y accompanim5t ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 & 8 own words on ! po9t are =cible & cle>4 ,d\bt 444 does n appe> z some?+ mon/r\s & atroci\s1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> s if a p]fect circle ( ideas pres5t$ itself to man & dem&$ 8 ass5t z a b\nd5 duty4 ,= :]e x is necess>y to lay hold on a new life1 & to br+ to consummation an inw>d trans=mation1 !n a p]sonal exp]i5ce & te/+ are ne$$4 ,b no pro( is def9ite :i* cl+s f ! beg9n+ to ! f9al result1 & places on "o side all possibility ( an anti!sis4 ,! opposite possibility mu/ be ?\ght out & liv$ ?r\gh if ! ,yea is to possess full en]gy & g5u95ess4 ,?us d\bt becomes a necess>y1 if also an uncom=table1 companion ( religion2 x is indisp5sable = ! cons]vation ( ! full fre%ness & orig9ality ( religion--= ! free+ ( religion f conv5tional =ms & phrases4 ,euck5's views on immortality h already be5 dealt )4 ,he does n accept ! ,*ri/ian conception ( x1 = he seems to limit ! possibility to ^? 9 :om spiritual p]sonalities h be5 develop$1 & he evid5tly does n believe t ! natural individuality ) all its egoism & limitations is go+ to p]si/4 ,9 discuss+ ! "q ( miracle1 ,euck5 weighs ! fact t a conviction ( ! possibility ( miracle has be5 held by millions 9 v>i\s religions1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,he consid]s t ! "q ( miracle is ( m importance 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion ?an 9 any o!r1 "o miracle--! ,resurrection--hav+ be5 tak5 "r into ! he>t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,he f9ds1 h[ev]1 t ! miracle is entirely inconsi/5t ) an exact sci5tific conception ( nature1 & means an ov]?r[ ( ! total ord] ( nature z ?is has be5 set =? ?r\gh ! fundam5tal "w ( mod]n inve/igation4 ,he does n consid] su* a position c be held )\t ov]:elm+ evid5ce1 & does n feel ! traditional fact to h ?is degree ( c]ta9ty1 or to be inexplicable 9 ano!r way4 ,he consid]s t ! explanation ( ! miracle probably lies 9 ! psy*ic /ate ( ! witnesses4 ,euck5 %[s 9 g5]al extreme reluctance to make a hi/orical ev5t a f\ndation ( belief1 & ?is no d\bt acc\nts to "s ext5t = 8 attitude ) reg>d to miracles4 ,he po9ts out t ! f\nd]s ( religion h !mselves prote/$ aga9/ a crav+ aft] s5su\s signs1 & t ?is prote/ is no o!r ?an ! sign ( spiritual p[] & ( a ,div9e message & greatness4 ,he consid]s t ! belief 91 & crav+ =1 s5su\s miracle is an outcome ( a mid-level ( religion1 :]e belief is wan+ & spirituality decl9+4 ,:ile1 ?us1 he does n believe 9 s5su\s miracle1 he ackn[l$ges & lays ! greate/ /ress on "o miracle--! pres5ce ( ! ,spiritual ,life 9 man4 ,x is1 inde$1 ?is miracle t r5d]s o!rs unnecess>y4 ,9 discuss+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 ,euck5 attempts to get at ! inn] mean+--! tru? :i* ! doctr9e endeav\rs to express1 & he f9ds ?is to consi/ 9 ! fact ( ! ultimate union ( ! human & ,div9e1 & ?is tru? is "o t we d>e n r5\nce4 ,he criticises ! attempt t is made 9 ,*ri/ianity to %[ t su* union only obta9$ once 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,inc>nation is n "o hi/orical ev5t1 b a spiritual process2 n an article ( belief1 b a liv+ exp]i5ce ( ea* spiritual p]sonality4 ,he consid]s z injuri\s to religion 9 g5]al ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,he believes t ! idea t is to be express$ is t ( ! ne>ness ( ,god to man 9 guilt & 9 suff]+4 ,9 endeav\r+ to express ?is close intimacy ! idea ( suff]+ 0 transf]r$ to ,god himself4 ,! an?ropomorphic idea ( reconciliation & sub/itution ?us arose1 & ?is ,euck5 consid]s to h done h>m4 ,! notion t ,god does n help u ?r\gh ,8 own w & p[]1 b requires fir/ ( all ,8 own feel+ ( pity to be r\s$1 is an outrage on ,god & a d>k5+ ( ! f\ndation ( religion4 ,s ,euck5 objects to ! attempt to =mulate ! my/]y into dogma4 ,all dogmatic =mulation ( su* fundam5tal tru?s ( religion becomes inevitably a rationalism & a treatm5t ( ! problem by means ( human relation%ips1 & accord+ to human /&>ds4 ,x is suffici5t = ! religi\s conviction to exp]i5ce ! ne>ness ( ,god 9 human suff]+1 & ,8 help 9 ! rais+ ( life out ( suff]+ into a new life beyond all ! insuffici5cy ( reason4 ,inde$1 ! m intuitively ?is necess>y tru? is grasp$1 ! less does x comb9e into a dogmatic speculation & ! pur] & m en]getically is x able to "w4 ,! conception ( ! ,tr9ity is aga9 an attempt to express ! union ( ,div9e & human1 ! inauguration ( ! ,div9e ,nature )9 human life4 ,! dogma1 h[ev]1 involves ideas ( a p>ticul> g5]ation1 & s ?reat5s to become1 & has inde$ become1 burd5some to a lat] age :i* no long] holds ^! ideas4 ,fur!r1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity has mix$ up a fundam5tal tru? ( religion ) ab/ruse philosophical speculations1 & ?is has provid$ a /umbl+-block r ?an a help4 ,at ! same "t1 ,euck5 lays ! greate/ /ress on ! p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,he consid]s ! p]sonality ( ,jesus to be ( m importance to ,*ri/ianity ?an is ! p]sonality ( its f\nd] to any o!r religion4 ,su* a p]sonality z ,jesus is n ! m]e be>] ( doctr9es1 or ( a special frame ( m9d1 b is a conv9c+ fact1 & pro( ( ! ,div9e life1 a pro( at :i* new life c be k9dl$ ov] anew4 ,& aga93 ,x is f ?is s\rce t a great ye>n+ has be5 implant$ )9 ! human brea/ 444 a long+ = a new life ( love & peace1 ( purity & simplicity4 ,su* a life1 ) its incomp>able nature & its my/]i\s dep?s1 does n exhau/ itself ?r\gh hi/orical effects1 b humanity c f h5ce ev] return afre% to its inmo/ ess5ce1 & c /r5g!n itself ev] anew ?r\gh ! c]ta9ty ( a new1 pure1 & spiritual _w ov] aga9/ ! mean+less aspects ( nature & ov] aga9/ ! vulg> me*anism ( a culture m]ely human4 ,b :ile he w\ld appreciate ! dep? & ri*ness ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 he prote/s aga9/ ! wor%ip ( ,jesus z div9e1 & ! mak+ ( ,him ! c5tre ( religion4 ,! greatness ( ,*ri/ is conf9$ to ! realm ( humanity1 & !re is 9 all m5 a possibility ( atta9+ simil> heights4 ,*ri/ianity is1 9 ,euck5's view1 mu* m closely b\nd up ) hi/orical ev5ts ?an any o!r religion1 & x ?us suff]s m sev]e treatm5t at ! h&s ( hi/orical criticism ?an any o!r religion4 ,euck5 consid]s su* hi/orical criticism to be ( great value4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity z 9 o!r religions we f9d ! et]nal n 9 its pure =m1 b mix$ ) ! temporal & v>iable1 & hi/orical criticism w help 9 ! sep>ation ( ! temporal f ! et]nal elem5ts4 ,9 s do+ x does an imm5se s]vice1 = x frees religion f fixation to "o special po9t ( "t1 & enables u to reg>d x z ev] develop+ & progress+ to great] dep?s4 ,euck5 emphasises t ! hi/orical basis ( ,*ri/ianity is n ,*ri/ianity itself1 is n ess5tially religi\s2 & he quotes ,less+1 ,kant1 & ,fi*te to support him 9 8 cont5tion t a belief 9 su* a hi/orical basis is n necess>y to religion1 & may ev5 prove h>mful to x4 ,! hi/orical basis is1 ( c\rse1 useful z br++ out into cle> relief ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 & ! o!r great spiritual p]sonalities associat$ 9 ,8 "w1 & ,euck5 lays /ress ^u ! use t hi/ory c be to ,*ri/ianity 9 giv+ records ( ! exp]i5ces ( great spiritual p]sonalities 9 all ages1 b x is important t ! hi/ory is "h a means to an end1 & n an end 9 itself1 & t ! importance lies 9 ! spiritual exp]i5ce & n 9 ! hi/orical facts4 ,:5 "o consid]s h[ little ,euck5 has to say conc]n+ wor%ip1 & h[ little emphasis he places ^u hi/orical & doctr9al =ms 9 religion1 "o wond]s h[ x is he atta*es s mu* importance to ! functions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he po9ts out t a ,*ur* is necess>y to religion1 t x seems to be ! only way ( mak+ religion real & effective = man4 ,! ,*ur* seems indisp5sable 9 ord] to introduce & to hold at h& ! new _w & ! new life to man 9 ! mid/ ( 8 ord9>y exi/5ce2 x is indisp5sable 9 ord] to =tify ! conviction & to /r5g!n ! en]gy 9 ! mid/ ( all ! opposite collisions2 x is indisp5sable 9 ord] to uphold an et]nal tru? & a univ]sal problem 9 ! mid/ ( ! fleet+ness ( ! mom5t4 ,9 ! pa/1 h[ev]1 mu* h>m has be5 done to religion by ! ,*ur*4 ,?is has aris5 f sev]al reasons4 ,to beg9 )1 x t5ds to n>r[ religion1 :i* is conc]n$ ) life1 to ! realm ( ideas1 & to tie d[n religion by connect+ x ) a ?\ght-sy/em ( a p>ticul> age4 ,fur!r1 ! necess>y me*anical r\t9e1 & ! appo9tm5t ( special p]sons to c>ry out ?is r\t9e1 t5ds to elevate ! r\t9e & ^! special p]sons to a f> high] place ?an !y %\ld occupy4 ,aga91 spiritual ?+s h be5 dragg$ into ! s]vice ( p]sonal ambition1 & b\nd up ) human int]e/s4 ,! mo/ s]i\s dang]1 h[ev]1 is t religion1 f be+ an inw>d matt]1 t5ds to become ext]nalis$4 ,despite ?is1 an organis$ ,*ur* _c be disp5s$ )1 & ,euck5 po9ts out :at *anges are necess>y to make ! ,*ur* effective4 ,"o important po9t he makes cle>1 namely1 t z ! ,*ur* mu/ speak to all1 & e day1 & n only to spiritually di/+ui%$ s\ls1 & 9 mom5ts ( elevat$ feel+1 !n ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* w always lag beh9d religion itself1 & mu/ be consid]$ z an inadequate expression ( x4 ,x is necess>y t !re %\ld be no co]cion ) reg>d to m5's attitude t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 & m5 %\ld be free to jo9 ?is or t ,*ur*1 or no ,*ur* at all4 ,!n !re mu/ be m fre$om1 movem5t1 & individuality )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,:at ! ,*ur* holds z a f9al result ( ! exp]i5ce ( life _c be expect$ z ! confession ( all1 especially ( ! "y4 ,h[ c e man & e *ild feel :at su* a mightily contra/$ nature z ,lu!r's ) all its convulsive exp]i5ces felt8 ,!n ! ,*ur* mu/ n s mu* tea* ?is or t doctr9e z po9t to ! ,spiritual ,life1 set =? ! conditions ( its developm5t1 & be ! repres5tative ( ! high] _w4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 ,euck5 ?9ks t ! ,*ur* c fulfil its prop] function1 & avoid be+ a dang] to religion4 ,euck5's appreciation ( ,*ri/ianity is s9c]e4 ,view+ x f ! /&po9t ( ! ,spiritual ,life1 he f9ds t x fulfils ! conditions t religion %\ld fulfil4 ,x is bas$ on fre$om1 & on ! pres5ce ( ! ,div9e 9 humanity1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( a complete union betwe5 !m4 ,! ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian life is a p]sonal life ( pure inw>dness1 & ( an e?ical "*4 ,he speaks ( ! fl[ ( inn] life by means ( :i* ,*ri/ianity f> surpasses all o!r religions1 & ( ! unfa?omable dep? & immeasurable hope :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ! life ( ,*ri/ has a value transc5d+ all "t1 & is a /&>d by :i* to judge all o!r lives4 ,!re is1 too1 9 ,*ri/ianity a complete trans=mation or break1 :i* mu/ take place be=e any progress or developm5t c take place4 ,!re is no ne$ ( a brea* ) ,*ri/ianity2 x c be to u :at a hi/orical religion pre-em95tly is meant to be--a sure pa?way to tru?1 an awak5] ( imm$iate & intimate life1 a vivid repres5tation & realisation ( an ,et]nal ,ord] :i* all ! *anges ( "t _c possess or de/roy4 ,at ! same "t1 !re are *anges necess>y 9 ! =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 if x is to answ] to ! dem&s ( ! age1 & be ! ,absolute ,religion4 ,x mu/ be %orn ( tempor>y accretions1 & mu/ ca/ aside ! ideas ( any "o p>ticul> age :i* h n[ be5 sup]s$$4 ,no long] c x reta9 ! primitive view ( nature & ! _w :i* =m]ly obta9$1 no long] mu/ x take up a some:at negative & passive attitude1 b1 realis+ t religion is a matt] ( ! :ole life1 mu/ en]getically "w itself out ?r\gh all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,x mu/ rem$y wrong1 n m]ely endure x4 ,x mu/ proce$ f a n>r[ & subjective po9t ( view to a cosmic "o1 )\t at ! same "t los+ sight ( ! fact t religion is an inw>d & p]sonal matt]4 ,x mu/ take acc\nt to ! full ( ! value ( man z man1 & ( ! possibilities lat5t 9 him1 & take acc\nt ( 8 own activity 9 8 salvation4 ,! ,*ri/ian ideal ( life mu/ be a m joy\s "o1 ( great] spiritual p[]1 & ! idea ( r$emption mu/ n /op %ort at r$emption f evil1 b mu/ progress to a re/oration to free & self-det]m9+ activity4 ,s9ce an absolute religion is bas$ on ! spiritual life1 ! =m 9 :i* x is clo!d mu/ n be too rigid--life _c be b\nd )9 a rigid cre$4 ,) its =m modifi$ 9 ?is way1 ,euck5 consid]s t ,*ri/ianity may well be ! ,absolute ,religion1 & t n only we c be1 b we mu/ be ,*ri/ians if life is to h = u ! highe/ mean+ & value4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusion3 ,,criticism ,,& ,,appreciation ,we h attempt$ to enunciate ! special problem ) :i* ,euck5 deals1 & to foll[ him 9 8 ma/]ly criticisms ( ! solutions t h be5 (f]$1 9 8 fur!r se>* = ! reality 9 life1 9 8 argum5ts & /atem5t ( ! philosophy ( ! spiritual life1 & f9ally 9 8 pr(\nd & able inve/igation into ! et]nal tru? t is to be f\nd 9 religion4 ,9 do+ s1 we h only be5 able 9 a few cases to sugge/ po9ts ( criticism1 & sometimes to emphasise ! special m]its ( ! "w4 ,x 0 necess>y to *oose betwe5 mak+ a critical exam9ation ( a few po9ts1 & sett+ =? 9 outl9e 8 philosophy z a :ole4 ,x 0 felt t x w\ld be m pr(itable = ! av]age read] if ! latt] c\rse 7 adopt$4 ,?\s&s :o h he>d ! "n ( ,euck5 & h read frequ5t ref]5ces to him are ask+1 ,:at has ,euck5 really to say8 & we h attempt$ to give a sy/ematic1 if brief1 answ] to ! "q4 ,hav+ done ?is x w be well to m5tion "s ( ! ma9 po9ts ( criticism t h be5 made1 & to call att5tion aga9 to "s ( ! rem>kable aspects ( ! contributions he has made to philosophy & religion4 ,sev]al critics compla9 ( ! obscurity ( 8 writ+s1 ( 8 loose use ( t]ms1 & ( 8 t5d5cy to use freely su* indef9ite & ab/ruse t]ms z ,! ,:ole1 ,! ,all1 c41 & ( 8 t5d5cy to repeat himself4 ,( c\rse1 if he is guilty ( ^! faults1 & he c]ta9ly is to "s ext5t1 !y are m]ely faults ( /yle1 & d n necess>ily affect ! tru? or o!rwise ( 8 op9ions4 ,9 ! matt] ( cl>ity he is v v>iable2 occasional s5t5ces are brilliantly cle>1 o!rs pres5t consid]able difficulty to ! practis$ /ud5t4 ,8 m popul> works1 h[ev]1 are mu* cle>] & easi] to und]/& ?an ! two /&>d treatises on ,! ,tru? ( ,religion & ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideal4 ,8 t5d5cy to repetition is by no means an unmix$ evil1 = ev5 :5 he appe>s to be repeat+ himself1 he is v (t5 9 reality express+ new %ades ( mean+1 :i* help t[>ds ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! fir/ /atem5ts4 ,! slight loos5ess 9 ! use ( t]ms1 & a c]ta9 inexactness ( expression t is sometimes app>5t1 mu/ ( c\rse n be exagg]at$2 x is by no means s]i\s en\gh to invalidate 8 ma9 argum5t4 ,x gives an opportunity = a great deal ( sup]ficial criticism on ! "p ( unsympa!tic writ]s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c d little h>m to ,euck5's position4 ,"o has to rememb] t x is difficult to comb9e ! f]v\r ( a prophet ) p$antic exactness1 & t an inspir$ & pr(\nd philosoph] _c be expect$ to sp5d mu* "t ov] v]bal niceties4 ,( c\rse "o w\ld pref] absolute cl>ity & exactness1 b we mu/ gu>d aga9/ all[+ ! abs5ce ( ^! ?+s to prejudice u aga9/ ! pr(\nd tru?s ( a philosophical position1 :i* are n vitally affect$ by t abs5ce4 ,frequ5t criticism is direct$ t[>ds ! incomplet5ess ( ,euck5's philosophy4 ,he does n introduce 8 philosophy ) a sy/ematic discussion ( ! great epi/emological & ontological problems4 ,philosoph]s h (t5 introduc$ _! "w 9 ?is way1 & x has be5 cu/om>y to expect an introduction ( ! k9d4 ,to d s1 h[ev]1 w\ld be q out ( keep+ ) ,euck5's activi/ic position1 z x w\ld necess>ily involve mu* intellectual speculation1 & he does n believe t ! problem ( life c be solv$ by su* speculation4 ,x is un=tunate t he has s little to say conc]n+ ! _w ( matt]4 ,beyond insi/+ ^u ! sup]iority ( ! spiritual life1 :i* he calls ! sub/antial1 ov] matt]1 :i* he calls ! m]ely exi/5tial1 he tells u v little ab\t ! mat]ial _w4 ,rightly or wrongly1 ?9k]s are deeply int]e/$ 9 ! m]ely exi/5tial1 9 ! p]iph]y ( life1 9 ! mat]ial _w1 b = ! solution ( ?is problem ,euck5 contributes little or no?+4 ,8 sole conc]n is ! spiritual _w1 & al?\gh we %\ld l an elaboration ( 8 views on ! m]e p]iph]y ( life1 we mu/ n let ! fact t he does n give x1 lead u to und]value 8 real contributions4 ,ano!r s]i\s incomplet5ess lies 9 ! fact t he pays little att5tion to ! psy*ological implications ( 8 !ories4 ,until he does ?is1 8 philosophy _c be reg>d$ z complete4 ,euck51 h[ev]1 w\ld be ! la/ to claim t 8 solution is a f9i%$ or f9al "o2 he is cont5t if 8 "w is a sub/antial contribution to ! f9al solution4 ,objection has be5 tak5 to ! fact t he />ts ^u 8 task ) a def9ite bias 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,he c&idly admits f ! outset t 8 aim is to f9d a mean+ = life1 & 9 do+ ?is he ( c\rse tacitly assumes t life has a deep & pr(\nd mean+4 ,/rict sci5ti/s av] t ! inve/igator mu/ set out )\t prejudice1 to exam9e ! ph5om5a he obs]ves2 & ,euck5's initial bias may =m a fatal /umbl+-block to ! acceptance ( 8 philosophy by ^!1 or inde$1 by any :o are n dispos$ to accept ?is fundam5tal position4 ,if we d5y t life has a mean+1 !n ,euck5 has little = u2 b if we are m]ely d\btful on ! matt]1 ! read+ ( ,euck5 w probably br+ conviction4 ,_m critics po9t to ! f>-rea*+ assumptions he makes4 ,he assumes z axiomatic c]ta9ties & insoluble my/]ies ! exi/5ce ( ! spiritual life 9 man1 ! union ( ! human & div9e1 & ! fre$om ( ! spiritual p]sonalities1 ?\gh 9 a s5se dep5d5t ^u ! ,univ]sal ,spiritual ,life4 ,?is ( c\rse does n mean t he is 9 ! habit ( mak+ unju/ifiable assumptions4 ,?is is f> f be+ ! case2 on ! contr>y1 he takes ! greate/ c>e 9 ! matt] ( 8 speculative bases4 ,!re are "s fundam5tal facts ( life1 h[ev]1 :i* accord+ to ,euck5 are prov$ to u by life itself2 we feel !y mu/ be true1 b !y are n tru?s t c be reason$ ab\t1 nor prov$ by ! intellect alone4 ,^! are ! ?ree great facts m5tion$ above1 :i*1 :ile n admitt+ ( pro(1 mu/ be reg>d$ z c]ta9ties4 ,8 cont5tion t !y _c be reason$ ab\t has l$ to ! fur!r *>ge ( irrationalism4 ,! "q t has to be decid$ is1 :e!r ,euck5 9 emphasis+ ! fact t great tru?s mu/ be solv$ by life & action1 is und]e/imat+ ! "p t intellect mu/ play 9 life4 ,! decision mu/ be l>gely "o ( individual op9ion4 ,_m critics are ( ! op9ion t he does lay too little /ress ^u ! intellectual factor 9 life4 ,9 actual fact1 h[ev]1 ! fault is m app>5t ?an real1 = ,euck5 does 9 fact reason & argue closely conc]n+ ! facts ( life4 ,! *>ge1 too1 is to "s ext5t due to ! fact t he cont9ually attacks ! ov]-emphasis on ! intellectual t ! p ( 8 own race--! ,g]mans--are apt to place4 ,) ! glorification ( ! intellect he has no sympa?y1 = he feels !re is some?+ high] & m valuable 9 life ?an ?\ght--& t is action4 ,^! are ! ma9 po9ts ( criticism t h be5 rais$--! read] mu/ judge = himself h[ s]i\sly !y %\ld be reg>d$4 ,b be=e arriv+ at a f9al op9ion he mu/ ?9k aga9 ( ! contributions ,euck5 has indubitably made to philosophy & religion1 ( :i* we %all aga9 9 brief rem9d him4 ,he has giv5 u a /rik+ exam9ation ( ! v>i\s !ories ( life1 & has ably demon/rat$ _! inadequacy4 ,he has display$ great s*ol>%ip 9 8 se>* = ! ultimate reality4 ,he has f\nd ?is reality 9 ! univ]sal life1 & has urg$ ! ne$ = a break ) ! natural _w 9 ord] to ent] ^u a high] life4 ,he has trac$ ! progress ( ! spiritual life1 & has giv5 u ultimately a bold v9dication ( human p]sonality & ( ! fre$om ( ! spiritual be+4 ,he has rais$ philosophy f be+ m]e discussions conc]n+ ab/ract !ories to a discussion ( life itself4 ,9 ?is way philosophy becomes n m]ely a !ory conc]n+ ! univ]se1 nor m]ely a !ory ( life1 b a real factor 9 life itself--inde$ x becomes itself a life4 ,?us has he giv5 to philosophy a high] ideal1 a new urg5cy--by 8 cont9u$ emphasis ^u ! spiritual he has giv5 to philosophy a nobl] & a high] mission4 ,he has plac$ ! emphasis 9 g5]al ^u life1 & has po9t$ out ! inability ( ! intellect to solve all life's problems4 ,he has giv5 to ideali/ic philosophies a possible rally+-po9t1 :]e !ories diff]+ 9 detail c meet on common gr\nd4 ,z "o em95t writ] says3 ,! dep? & inclusiv5ess ( ,euck5's philosophy1 ! compreh5siv5ess ( its sub/ructure & its /imulat+ p]sonal quality1 m>k x out z ! "r rally+-po9t = ! ideali/ic endeav\r ( to-day4 ,& :at does he give to religion8 ,_m w reply t he has giv5 u no?+ t is n already 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!re9 lies ! value & /r5g? ( ,euck5's contributions4 ,he has giv5 a /rik+ v9dication ( ! spiritual cont5t ( ,*ri/ianity z aga9/ ! effects ( "t *anges4 ,he has attempt$ to br+ out ! contra/ betwe5 :at is really vital1 & :at are m]ely tempor>y col\r+s & accretions4 ,he makes _m ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity acceptable )\t ! ne$ ( a hi/orical basis or pro(4 ,n only does he pres5t ! ,*ri/ian position z a reasonable view ( ! problem ( life1 b z ! only solution t c really solve ! f9al problem4 ,he has cle>$ ! decks ( all sup]flu\s baggage1 & has laid b>e a firm basis = a practical1 con/ructive endeav\r4 ,he has giv5 u 9 himself a pr(\nd believ] 9 ! inw>d & high] nature ( man1 & 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! spiritual life4 ,z "o critic says3 ,! e>ne/ness1 dep? & gr&eur1 humility & consci\s *oice ( high ideals1 h rais$ 8 "w f> above m]e intellectual acut5ess & m9ut5ess4 ,9 ,euck5 we h "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s ( ! age--"s w\ld say ! greate/--sett+ 8 life ^u emphasis+ ! spiritual at a "t :5 ! t5d5cy is /rongly 9 mat]iali/ic directions4 ,he has ga!r$ ar\nd him a numb] ( able & :ole-he>t$ disciples 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & future ages may f9d 9 ,euck5 ! greate/ =ce 9 ! revulsion ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 7t is already mak+ itself felt7 f ! extreme mat]iali/ic position1 to take religion up aga91 & p>ticul>ly ! ,*ri/ian religion1 z ! only satisfy+ solution ( humanity's mo/ urg5t problem4 ,,bibliography ,! ,engli% read] %\ld fir/ read3 ,! ,mean+ & ,value ( ,life 7,a4 ,c4 ,black71 :i* is a good introduction to ,euck5's philosophy2 & ,! ,life ( ! ,_s 7,williams ,norgate74 ,he c !n proce$ to /udy ,euck5's ?ree compreh5sive & important works3 ,life's ,basis & ,life's ,ideal1 9 :i* he gives a detail$ pres5tation ( 8 philosophy 7,a4 ,c4 ,black74 ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 9 :i* he gives 8 ideas on religion 7,williams ,norgate74 ,! ,problem ( ,human ,life1 9 :i* he makes a se>*+ analysis ( ! philosophies ( ! pa/ 7,fi%] ,unw974 ,! /ud5t w be mu* help$ 9 8 /udy by ! foll[+ books3 ,euck5 & ,b]gson1 by ,e4 ,h]mann 7,james ,cl>k ,co474 ,rudolf ,euck5's ,philosophy ( ,life1 by ,pr(essor ,w4,r4 ,boyce ,gibson 7,a4 ,c4 ,black74 ,:5 he has /udi$ ^! he w probably be anxi\s to read o!r works ( ,euck5's1 ( :i* translations h already appe>$1 or are soon to appe>4 ,,index ,absolute1 !1 #fc ---- ,fre$om & !1 #fa1 #fb ---- ,p]sonality & !1 #fb1 #fc ---- & hi/orical religion1 *ap4 viii4 ---- religion1 ,*ri/ianity z !1 #gb ,activism1 #da1 #db ,atonem5t1 !1 #gi ,b]gson1 #ci ,buddhism1 #gj1 #ga ,*>act]i/ic ,religion1 #ff1 #fg ,*>act]i/ics ( a satisfactory solution ( life1 #af ,*ri/1 z m$iator1 #gd ---- ,p]sonality (1 #hj ---- ,value ( life (1 #hc ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #ha1 #hb ,*ri/ianity1 & hi/orical bases1 #hj1 #ha ---- ,appreciation (1 #hc ---- z absolute religion1 #gb ---- highe/ =m ( religion1 #ga1 #gb ,conv]sion1 #eg1 #gc ,d\bt1 #gf ,empiricism1 #cf1 #cg ,et]nal & transi5t 9 religion & ,*ri/ianity1 #gb1 #gc ---- tru? contra/$ ) its tempor>y expression1 #dd1 #de ,euck51 assumptions made by1 #hh ---- bias1 #hg ---- *>ge ( irrationalism1 #hh1 #hi ---- contributions to philosophy & religion1 #ij1 #ia ---- faults ( /yle1 #hf ---- ,incomplet5ess ( philosophy (1 #hg ---- ,special excell5ces ( philosophy (1 #hi ,evil1 #ea ,fai?1 #gf ,fre$om1 asc5t to1 #ei ---- & ! absolute1 #fa1 #fb ---- & naturalism1 #bf ,god1 is ,god a p]son8 #fc1 #fd ---- ,nature (1 #fc1 #fd ,hi/orical & absolute religion1 *ap4 viii4 ---- bases ( ,*ri/ianity1 #hj1 #ha ,hi/ory & philosophy1 #dc-di ---- & religion1 #ag1 #ah ,ideali/ic presuppositions ( socialism & individualism1 #ca1 #dh ,ideas1 p[] (1 #df ,imman5t idealism z a solution ( ! problem ( life1 #ai-bb ,imm$iacy1 ! new1 #eh ,immortality1 #fj1 #gg ,inc>nation1 #gh ,indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual life1 #eb1 #ec ,individualism1 & p]sonality1 #ei1 #fb ---- z a solution ( ! problem ( life1 #bf-cb ---- ideali/ic presuppositions (1 #ca1 #dh ,irrationalism1 *>ge (1 #hh1 #hi ,james1 ,william1 #ci1 #dj ,law1 religions (1 #fi1 #gj ,life1 indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual1 #eb ---- spiritual1 relation (1 to natural life1 #eb-ed ---- ---- sup]iority ov] natural life1 #eb-ed ---- ,! spiritual1 #ad ---- ,! univ]sal spiritual1 #dd1 #di1 *aps4 v41 vi41 vii4 7vii4 especially74 ,maet]l9ck1 #dd ,man1 natural & spiritual1 #ec1 #ed ---- transc5d+ ! mat]ial1 #df ,m$iation1 #gd ,m$iator1 ,*ri/ z1 #gd ,me?ods ( ,euck51 #ad1 #ae ,m9d1 limits (1 #eb ,miracle1 #gg ,my/icism1 #ge ,naturalism & fre$om1 #bf ---- z a solution ( ! problem ( life1 #bb-bf ---- its own dispro(1 #be ,natural life1 relation to spiritual life1 #eb-ed ---- ---- ,sup]iority ( spiritual ov]1 #eb-ed ---- man & spiritual man1 #ec1 #ed ,nature1 limits (1 #eb ---- ( ,god1 #fc1 #fd ,negative movem5t1 !1 #eg1 #gc ,new imm$iacy1 !1 #eh ,nological position1 !1 #ej ,pan!ism1 #bj1 #ea1 #ef ,pa/1 !1 n irrevocable1 #dd1 #gc ,p]sonality & individualism1 #ei1 #fb ---- & ! absolute1 #fb1 #fc ---- ga9+ (1 #ed1 #ei ---- ( ,*ri/1 #hj ---- ( ,god1 #fc1 #fd ,philosophy & hi/ory1 #dc-di ---- ( life1 #ac ---- problems (1 #aj1 #aa ,pragmatism1 #dj1 #da ,pray]1 #ge ,problem1 ,euck5's special1 #ab-ad ,problems ( philosophy1 #aj1 #aa ,purpose ( ,euck5's inve/igation1 #ac ---- ( religion1 #fe1 #ff ,rationalism1 #cg-ci ,r$emption1 #gc ,religion & hi/ory1 #ag1 #ah ---- & human activity1 #ah ---- & sci5ce1 #ai ---- z solution ( problem ( life1 #af1 #ai ---- ,*>act]i/ic1 #ff1 #fg ---- ,*ri/ianity z highe/ =m (1 #ga1 #gb ---- ,*ri/ianity z ! absolute1 #gb ---- ,ess5tial *>act]i/ics (1 #fe1 #ff ---- ,et]nal & transi5t 91 #gb1 #gc ---- ,euck5's contributions to1 #ij1 #ia ---- ,hi/orical & absolute1 *ap4 viii4 ---- ( law1 #fi1 #gj ---- ( r$emption1 #fi1 #gj ---- ,purpose (1 #fe1 #ff ---- ,univ]sal1 #ff ---- :at is x8 #fd1 #fe ,resurrection1 !1 #gg ,revelation1 #ge ,sci5ce1 & religion1 #ag ,socialism1 z a solution ( ! problem ( life1 #bf-cb ---- ideali/ic presuppositions (1 #ca1 #dh ,spiritual life1 #ad ---- ---- ,indep5d5ce ( !1 #eb ---- ---- ,relation (1 to natural life1 #eb-ed ---- ---- ,sup]iority (1 ov] mat]ial & m5tal1 #eb-ed ---- ---- ,! univ]sal1 #dg-di1 & *aps4 v41 vi41 & vii4 7vii4 especially7 ,spiritual man & natural man1 #ec1 #ed ,tr9ity1 !1 #gi ,tru?1 #dd1 #de ---- ano!r se>* =1 *ap4 iii4 ,univ]sal ,religion1 #ff ---- spiritual life1 #dg-di1 & *aps1 v41 vi41 & vii4 7vii4 especially7 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london ,,! ,,p',s ,,books ,,! ,,fir/ ,,hundr$ ,,volumes ,! volumes issu$ 7,spr+ #aiac7 are m>k$ ) an a/]isk ,,sci5ce ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- 99#a4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce ,by ,w4,c4,d4 ,:e?am1 ,f4,r4,s4 99#b4 ,embryology--,! ,beg9n+s ( ,life ,by ,pr(4 ,g]ald ,leighton1 ,m4,d4 #c4 ,biology--,! ,sci5ce ( ,life ,by ,pr(4 ,w4,d4 ,h5d]son1 ,m4,a4 99#d4 ,zoology3 ,! ,/udy ( ,animal ,life ,by ,pr(4 ,e4,w4 ,mac,bride1 ,f4,r4,s4 99#e4 ,botany2 ,! ,mod]n ,/udy ( ,plants ,by ,m4,c4 ,/opes1 ,d4 ,sc41 ,ph4 ,d4 #f4 ,bact]iology ,by ,w4,e4 ,c>negie ,dickson1 ,m4,d4 99#g4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,e>? ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4,g4 ,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s4 99#h4 ,evolution ,by ,e4,s4 ,goodri*1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #i4 ,d>w9 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g>/ang1 ,m4,a41 ,d4 ,sc4 99#aj4 ,h]$ity ,by ,j4,a4,s4 ,watson1 ,b4 ,sc4 99#aa4 ,inorganic ,*emi/ry ,by ,pr(4 ,e4,c4,c4 ,baly1 ,f4,r4,s4 99#ab4 ,organic ,*emi/ry ,by ,pr(4 ,j4,b4 ,coh51 ,b4 ,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 99#ac4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,electricity ,by ,norman ,r4 ,campbell1 ,m4,a4 99#ad4 ,radiation ,by ,p4 ,phillips1 ,d4 ,sc4 99#ae4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ! ,/>s ,by ,e4,w4 ,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #af4 ,light1 accord+ to ,mod]n ,sci5ce ,by ,p4 ,phillips4 ,d4 ,sc4 99#ag4 ,wea!r-,sci5ce ,by ,r4,g4,k4 ,lempf]t1 ,m4,a4 99#ah4 ,hypnotism ,by ,alice ,hut*ison1 ,m4,d4 99#ai4 ,! ,baby3 ,a ,"m's ,book ,by a ,univ]sity ,woman4 #bj4 ,y\? & ,sex--,dang]s & ,by ,m>y ,s*>lieb1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,s41 ,safegu>ds = ,boys & ,girls & ,g4,e4,c4 ,prit*>d1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 99#ba4 ,mo!rhood--,a ,wife's ,h&book ,by ,h4,s4 ,davidson1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4,e4 99#bb4 ,"l ,kelv9 ,by ,a4 ,russell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4 ,sc4 99#bc4 ,huxley ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,leighton1 ,m4,d4 #bd4 ,sir ,w4 ,hugg9s & ,spectroscopic ,by ,e4,w4 ,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ( ,a/ronomy ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 99#fb4 ,practical ,a/ronomy ,by ,h4 ,macph]son1 ,jr41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 99#fc4 ,aviation ,by ,sydney ,f4 ,walk]1 ,r4,n41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 99#fd4 ,navigation ,by ,w4 ,hall1 ,r4,n41 ,b4,a4 99#fe4 ,pond ,life ,by ,e4,c4 ,a%1 ,m4,r4,a4,c4 99#ff4 ,dietetics ,by ,alex4 ,bryce1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h4 99#id4 ,! ,nature ( ,ma!matics ,by ,p4,g4,b4 ,j\rda91 ,m4,a4 #ie4 ,applications ( ,electricity ,by ,alex4 ,ogilvie1 ,b4 ,sc4 #if4 ,! ,small ,g>d5 ,by ,a4 ,cecil ,b>tlett4 #ig4 ,! ,c>e ( ! ,tee? ,by ,j4,a4 ,"y1 ,l4,d4,s4 99#ih4 ,atlas ( ! ,_w ,by ,j4 ,b>?olomew1 ,f4,r4,g4,s ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religion #be4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,philosophy ,by ,t4 ,lov$ay1 ,m4,a4 99#bf4 ,h5ri ,b]gson ,by ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r4 99#bg4 ,psy*ology ,by ,h4,j4 ,watt1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4 ,d4 #bh4 ,e?ics ,by ,canon ,ra%dall1 ,d4 ,litt41 ,f4,b4,a4 #bi4 ,kant's ,philosophy ,by ,a4,d4 ,l9dsay1 ,m4,a4 #cj4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,plato ,by ,a4,d4 ,l9dsay1 ,m4,a4 99#fg4 ,ari/otle ,by ,pr(4 ,a4,e4 ,taylor1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a4 99#fh4 ,nietzs*e ,by ,m4,a4 ,mgge1 ,ph4 ,d4 99#fi4 ,euck5 ,by ,a4,j4 ,jones1 ,m4,a41 ,b4 ,sc41 ,ph4 ,d4 #gj4 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology ,by ,c4,w4 ,val5t9e1 ,b4,a4 ( ,beauty #ga4 ,! ,problem ( ,tru? ,by ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r4 #ii4 ,george ,b]keley3 ! ,philosophy ,by ,g ,dawes ,hicks2 ,litt4,d4 ( ,idealism #ca4 ,buddhism ,by ,pr(4 ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,f4,b4,a4 99#cb4 ,roman ,ca?olicism ,by ,h4,b4 ,coxon4 #cc4 ,! ,ox=d ,movem5t ,by ,wilfrid ,p4 ,w>d4 99#cd4 ,! ,bible 9 ! ,light ,by ,rev4 ,w4,f4 ,ad5ey1 ,m4,a41 & ( ! ,high] ,criticism ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,b5nett1 ,litt4,d4 #ce4 ,c>d9al ,newman ,by ,wilfrid ,meynell4 99#gb4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,by ,rev4 ,canon ,ma/]man4 #gc4 ,anglo-,ca?olicism ,by ,a4,e4 ,mann+ ,fo/]4 99#gd4 ,! ,free ,*ur*es ,by ,rev4 ,edw>d ,%illito1 ,m4,a4 #ge4 ,judaism ,by ,ephraim ,lev9e1 ,b4,a4 99#gf4 ,!osophy ,by ,annie ,besant4 ,,hi/ory 99#cf4 ,! ,gr[? ( ,fre$om ,by ,h4,w4 ,nev9son4 #cg4 ,bism>ck ,by ,pr(4 ,f4,m4 ,p[icke1 ,m4,a4 99#ch4 ,oliv] ,cromwell ,by ,hilda ,john/one1 ,m4,a4 99#ci4 ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots ,by ,e4 ,o',neill1 ,m4,a4 99#dj4 ,cecil ,rhodes ,by ,ian ,colv94 99#da4 ,julius ,cs> ,by ,hil>y ,h>d+e4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&-- #db4 ,engl& 9 ! ,mak+ ,by ,pr(4 ,f4,j4,c4 ,he>n%aw1 ,,ll4,d4 99#dc4 ,engl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,by ,e4 ,o',neill1 ,m4,a4 #dd4 ,! ,mon>*y & ! ,p ,by ,w4,t4 ,waugh1 ,m4,a4 #de4 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution ,by ,a4 ,jones1 ,m4,a4 #df4 ,empire & ,democracy ,by ,g4,s4 ,veit*1 ,m4,a4 99#fa4 ,home ,rule ,by ,l4,g4 ,r$mond ,h[>d4 #gg4 ,nelson ,by ,h4,w4 ,wilson4 99#gh4 ,well+ton & ,wat]loo ,by ,major ,g4,w4 ,r$way4 #ajj4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greece ,by ,e4 ,fe>5side1 ,b4,a4 #aja4 ,lu!r & ! ,re=mation ,by ,l4,d4 ,agate1 ,m4,a4 #ajb4 ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w ,by ,f4,b4 ,kirkman1 ,b4,a4 99#ajc4 ,turkey & ! ,ea/]n ,"q ,by ,john ,macdonald4 #ajd4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture ,by ,mrs4 ,ar?ur ,bell4 ,,social ,,& ,,economic 99#dg4 ,wom5's ,suffrage ,by ,m4,g4 ,fawcett1 ,,ll4,d4 #dh4 ,! ,work+ ( ! ,briti% ,sy/em ,by ,pr(4 ,ramsay ,muir1 ,m4,a4 ( ,gov]nm5t to-day #di4 ,an ,introduction to ,economic ,by ,pr(4 ,h4,o4 ,m]$i?1 ,m4,a4 ,sci5ce #ej4 ,socialism ,by ,f4,b4 ,kirkman1 ,b4,a4 #gi4 ,sociali/ ,!ories 9 ! ,by ,rev4 ,b4 ,j>rett1 ,o4,p41 ,m4,a4 ,middle ,ages 99#hj4 ,syndicalism ,by ,j4,h4 ,h>ley1 ,m4,a4 #ha4 ,lab\r & ,wages ,by ,h4,m4 ,hallswor?1 ,m4,a41 ,b4 ,sc4 99#hb4 ,co-op]ation ,by ,joseph ,clayton4 99#hc4 ,insurance z ,inve/m5t ,by ,w4,a4 ,rob]tson1 ,f4,f4,a4 99#ib4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,*ild ,by ,g4 ,spill]4 #aje4 ,trade ,unions ,by ,joseph ,clayton4 99#ajf4 ,ev]yday ,law ,by ,j4,j4 ,adams4 ,,lett]s 99#ea4 ,%akespe>e ,by ,pr(4 ,c4,h4 ,h]=d1 ,litt4,d4 99#eb4 ,wordswor? ,by ,rosal9e ,masson4 99#ec4 ,pure ,gold--,a ,*oice ( ,lyrics ,by ,h4,c4 ,o',neill4 & ,sonnets 99#ed4 ,francis ,bacon ,by ,pr(4 ,a4,r4 ,skemp1 ,m4,a4 99#ee4 ,! ,bronts ,by ,flora ,masson4 99#ef4 ,c>lyle ,by ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,mac,lean ,watt4 99#eg4 ,dante ,by ,a4,g4 ,f]r]s ,h[ell4 #eh4 ,rusk9 ,by ,a4 ,bly? ,web/]1 ,m4,a4 #ei4 ,common ,faults 9 ,writ+ ,engli% ,by ,pr(4 ,a4,r4 ,skemp1 ,m4,a4 99#fj4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,synonyms ,by ,au/9 ,k4 ,gray1 ,b4,a4 #hd4 ,classical ,diction>y ,by ,a4,e4 ,/irl+4 99#he4 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature ,by ,a4 ,compton-,rickett4 #hf4 ,br[n+ ,by ,pr(4 ,a4,r4 ,skemp1 ,m4,a4 #hg4 ,*>les ,lamb ,by ,flora ,masson4 #hh4 ,goe! ,by ,pr(4 ,c4,h4 ,h]=d1 ,litt4,d4 #hi4 ,balzac ,by ,frank ,h>ris4 #ij4 ,r\sseau ,by ,h4 ,sa*]4 #ia4 ,ibs5 ,by ,hil>y ,h>d+e4 99#ic4 ,t5nyson ,by ,a>on ,watson4 #ajg4 ,r4,l4 ,/ev5son ,by ,rosal9e ,masson4 #ajh4 ,%elley ,by ,sydney ,wat]l[4 #aji4 ,william ,morris ,by ,a4 ,bly? ,web/]1 ,m4,a4