,note3 ,the ,table of ,contents and the list of illustrations were added by the transcriber4 file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #adcbg-;h4htm or #adcbg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/#a_/d_/c_/ b_/adcbg_/adcbg-;h_/#adcbg-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/#a_/d_/c_/ b_/adcbg_/adcbg-;h4zip7 ,,lippincott',s ,,magazine ,,of ,,popular ,,literature ,,and ,,science ,january1 #ahgc ,volume ,,xi1 ,no4 #bb ,,contents4 ,,iron ,,bridges1 ,,and ,,their ,,construction by ,,edward ,,rowland4 ,,searching ,,for ,,the ,,quinine-,,plant ,,in ,,peru4 ,,probationer ,,leonhard2 ,,or1 ,,three ,,nights ,,in ,,the ,,happy ,,valley by ,,caroline ,,chesebro'4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,our ,,hero4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,in ,,the ,,happy ,,valley4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,high ,,art4 ,,the ,,irish ,,capital by ,,reginald ,,wynford4 ,,the ,,maestro',s ,,confession 7,,andrea ,,dal ,,castagno--#adfj47 by ,,margaret ,j4 ,,preston4 ,,monsieur ,,fournier',s ,,experiment by ,,cornelius ,,dewees4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,aurora 7,,from ,,the ,,german ,,of ,,theodore ,,kirschoff47 by ,,elizabeth ,,sill4 ,,gray ,,eyes by ,,ella ,,williams ,,thompson4 ,,reminiscences ,,of ,,florence by ,,marie ,,howland4 ,,the ,,southern ,,planter by ,,will ,,wallace ,,harney4 ,,babes ,,in ,,the ,,wood by ,,edgar ,,fawcett4 ,,my ,,charge ,,on ,,the ,,life-,,guards by ,,charles ,l4 ,,norton4 ,,painting ,,and ,a ,,painter4 ,,our ,,monthly ,,gossip4 ,,wilhelmine ,,von ,,hillern4 ,,his ,,name8 by ,m4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,unpublished ,,letter ,,from ,,lord ,,nelson ,,to ,,lady ,,hamilton4 ,,white-,,hat ,,day by ,k4 ,h4 ,,mr4 ,,sothern ,,as ,,garrick by ,m4 ,m4 ,,notes4 ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,forster1 ,john--,the ,life of ,charles ,dickens1 ,vol4 ,,ii ,gautier1 ,thophile--maux et ,cames ,alcott1 ,a4 ,bronson--,concord ,days ,hanum1 ,melek--,thirty ,years in the ,harem ,gale1 ,ethel ,c4--,hints on ,dress ,sketch ,map of the ,nile ,sources and ,lake ,region of ,central ,africa1 showing ,dr4 ,livingstone's ,discoveries and ,mr4 ,stanley's ,route ,books ,received ,,illustrations ,,wilhelmine ,,von ,,hillern1 ,author of ,only a ,girl1 ,by ,his ,own ,might1 etc4 ,see ,our ,monthly ,gossip4 ,,assembling ,,bridge ,,under ,,shed4 ,,the ,,lyman ,,viaduct4 ,,blast-,,furnaces4 ,,dumping ,,ore ,,and ,,coal ,,into ,,blast-,,furnaces4 ,,elevator4 ,,the ,,engine-,,room4 ,,running ,,metal ,,into ,,pigs4 ,,carrying ,,the ,,iron ,,balls4 ,,rotary ,,squeezer4 ,,boiling-,,furnace4 ,,the ,,rolls4 ,,cold ,,saw4 ,,hot ,,saw4 ,,riveting ,a ,,column4 ,,furnace ,,and ,,hydraulic ,,die4 ,,view ,,of ,,machine-,,shop ,,new ,,river ,,bridge ,,on ,,its ,,staging4 ,,bridge ,,at ,,albany4 ,,la ,,salle ,,bridge4 ,,bridge ,,at ,,augusta1 ,,maine4 ,,saco ,,bridge4 ,,phoenix ,,works4 ,,the ,,first ,,ford ,,of ,,the ,,cconi ,,was ,,passed ,,just ,,outside ,,the ,,town4 ,,gentlemen1 ,i ,,am ,,juan ,,the ,,nephew ,,of ,,aragon4 ,,the ,,straw ,,sheds ,,and ,,grassy ,,plaza ,,of ,,chile-,,chile4 ,,chaupichaca ,,was ,,marked ,,with ,a ,,square ,,terminal ,,pillar4 ,,the ,,mamabamba ,,was ,,crossed ,,by ,,an ,,extemporized ,,bridge4 ,,the ,,examinador ,,and ,,the ,,colonel ,,hopped ,,valiantly ,,over ,,the ,,mendoza4 ,,the ,,reputed ,,gold-,,bearing ,,river ,,or ,,ouitubamba ,,rolled ,,from ,,its ,,tunnel4 ,illustration3 ,,wilhelmine ,,von ,,hillern1 ,author of ,only a ,girl1 ,by ,his ,own ,might1 etc4 7,see ,our ,monthly ,gossip47 ,,iron ,,bridges1 ,,and ,,their ,,construction4 ,illustration3 ,,assembling ,,bridge ,,under ,,shed4 ,in a graveyard in ,watertown1 a village near ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 there is a tombstone commemorating the claims of the departed worthy who lies below to the eternal gratitude of posterity4 ,the inscription is dated in the early part of this century 7about #ahaj71 but the name of him who was thus immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my memory1 while the deed for which he was distinguished1 and which was recorded upon his tombstone1 remains clear4 ,he built the famous bridge over the ,charles ,river in this town1 says the record4 ,the ,charles ,river is here a small stream1 about twenty to thirty feet wide1 and the bridge was a simple wooden structure4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lyman ,,viaduct4 ,doubtless in its day this structure was considered an engineering feat worthy of such posthumous immortality as is gained by an epitaph1 and afforded such convenience for transportation as was needed by the commercial activity of that era4 ,from that time1 however1 to this1 the changes which have occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are so fully indicated by the changes of our manner and method of bridge-building that it will not be a loss of time to investigate the present condition of our abilities in this most useful branch of engineering skill4 ,in the usual archaeological classification of eras the ,stone ,age precedes that of ,iron1 and in the history of bridge-building the same sequence has been preserved4 ,though the knowledge of working iron was acquired by many nations at a pre-historic period1 yet in quite modern times--within this century1 even--the invention of new processes and the experience gained of new methods have so completely revolutionized this branch of industry1 and given us such a mastery over this material1 enabling us to apply it to such new uses1 that for the future the real ,age of ,iron will date from the present century4 ,the knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with stone or brick--both of them materials aptly fitted for resistance under pressure1 but of comparatively no tensile strength--enabled the ,romans to surpass all nations that had preceded them in the course of history in building bridges4 ,the bridge across the ,danube1 erected by ,apollodorus1 the architect of ,trajan's ,column1 was the largest bridge built by the ,romans4 ,it was more than three hundred feet in height1 composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers1 and was about eight hundred feet in length4 ,it was after a few years destroyed by the emperor ,adrian1 lest it should afford a means of passage to the barbarians1 and its ruins are still to be seen in ,lower ,hungary4 ,with the advent of railroads bridge-building became even a greater necessity than it had ever been before1 and the use of iron has enabled engineers to grapple with and overcome difficulties which only fifty years ago would have been considered hopelessly insurmountable4 ,in this modern use of iron advantage is taken of its great tensile strength1 and many iron bridges1 over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars pass hourly1 look as though they were spun from gossamer threads1 and yet are stronger than any structure of wood or stone would be4 ,illustration3 ,,blast-,,furnaces4 ,another great advantage of an iron bridge over one constructed of wood or stone is the greater ease with which it can1 in every part of it1 be constantly observed1 and every failing part replaced4 ,whatever material may be used1 every edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating influence of time and the elements4 ,in every such edifice as a bridge1 use is a process of constant weakening1 which1 if not as constantly guarded against1 must inevitably1 in time1 lead to its destruction4 ,illustration3 ,,dumping ,,ore ,,and ,,coal ,,into ,,blast-,,furnaces4 ,in a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a stone weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the inspection of even the most vigilant observer until1 when the process has gone far enough1 the bridge suddenly gives way under a not unusual strain1 and death and disaster shock the community into a sense of the inherent defects of these materials for such structures4 ,the introduction of the railroad has brought about also another change in the bridge-building of modern times1 compared with that of all the ages which have preceded this nineteenth century4 ,the chief bridges of ancient times were built as great public conveniences upon thoroughways over which there was a large amount of travel1 and consequently were near the cities or commercial centres which attracted such travel1 and were therefore placed where they were seen by great numbers4 ,now1 however1 the connection between the chief commercial centres is made by the railroads1 and these penetrate immense distances1 through comparatively unsettled districts1 in order to bring about the needed distribution2 and in consequence many of the great railroad bridges are built in the most unfrequented spots1 and are unseen by the numerous passengers who traverse them1 unconscious that they are thus easily passing over specimens of engineering skill which surpass1 as objects of intelligent interest1 many of the sights they may be traveling to see4 ,illustration3 ,,elevator4 ,the various processes by which the iron is prepared to be used in bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use of this material for this purpose1 and it will not be amiss to spend a few moments in examining them before presenting to our readers illustrations of some of the most remarkable structures of this kind4 ,taking a train by the ,reading ,railroad from ,philadelphia1 we arrive1 in about an hour1 at ,phoenixville1 in the ,schuylkill ,valley1 where the ,phoenix ,iron-and ,bridge-works are situated4 ,in this establishment we can follow the iron from its original condition of ore to a finished bridge1 and it is the only establishment in this country1 and most probably in the world1 where this can be seen4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,engine-,,room4 ,these works were established in #agij4 ,in #ahbg they came into the possession of the late ,david ,reeves1 who by his energy and enterprise increased their capacity to meet the growing demands of the time1 until they reached their present extent1 employing constantly over fifteen hundred hands4 ,illustration3 ,,running ,,metal ,,into ,,pigs4 ,the first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace4 ,here the ore1 with coal and a flux of limestone1 is piled in and subjected to the heat of the fires1 driven by a hot blast and kept burning night and day4 ,the iron1 as it becomes melted1 flows to the bottom of the furnace1 and is drawn off below in a glowing stream4 ,into the top of the blast-furnaces the ore and coal are dumped1 having been raised to the top by an elevator worked by a blast of air4 ,it is curious to notice how slowly the experience was gathered from which has re suited the ability to work iron as it is done here4 ,though even at the first settlement of this country the forests of ,england had been so much thinned by their consumption in the form of charcoal in her iron industry as to make a demand for timber from this country a flourishing trade for the new settlers1 yet it was not until #afab that a patent was granted to ,simon ,sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous coal4 ,another patent for the same invention was granted to ,john ,ravenson the next year1 and in #afai another to ,lord ,dudley2 yet the process did not come into general use until nearly a hundred years later4 ,illustration3 ,,carrying ,,the ,,iron ,,balls4 ,the blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines1 each of three hundred horse-power4 ,the blast used here is1 as we have said1 a hot one1 the air being heated by the consumption of the gases evolved from the material itself4 ,the gradual steps by which these successive modifications were introduced is an evidence of how slowly industrial processes have been perfected by the collective experience of generations1 and shows us how much we of the present day owe to our predecessors4 ,from the earliest times1 as among the native smiths of ,africa to-day1 the blast of a bellows has been used in working iron to increase the heat of the combustion by a more plentiful supply of oxygen4 ,the blast-furnace is supposed to have been first used in ,belgium1 and to have been introduced into ,england in #aeeh4 ,next came the use of bituminous coal1 urged with a blast of cold air4 ,but it was not until #ahbi that ,neilson1 an ,englishman1 conceived the idea of heating the air of the blast1 and carried it out at the ,muirkirk furnaces4 ,in that year he obtained a patent for this process1 and found that he could from the same quantity of fuel make three times as much iron4 ,his patent made him very rich3 in one single case of infringement he received a cheque for damages for one hundred and fifty thousand pounds4 ,in his method1 however1 he used an extra fire for heating the air of his blast4 ,in #ahcg the idea of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated in the process was first practically introduced by ,m4 ,faber ,dufour at ,wasseralfingen in the kingdom of ,wrtemberg4 ,in this country1 charcoal was at first used universally for smelting iron1 anthracite coal being considered unfit for the purpose4 ,in #ahbj an unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at ,mauch ,chunk4 ,in #ahcc1 ,frederick ,w4 ,geisenhainer of ,schuylkill obtained a patent for the use of the hot blast with anthracite1 and in #ahce produced the first iron made with this process4 ,in #ahda1 ,c4,e4 ,detmold adapted the consumption of the gases produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite2 and since then it has become quite general1 and has caused an almost incalculable saving to the community in the price of iron4 ,the view of the engines which pump the blast will give an idea of the immense power which the ,phoenix company has at command4 ,twice every day the furnace is tapped1 and the stream of liquid iron flows out into moulds formed in the sand1 making the iron into pigs--so called from a fancied resemblance to the form of these animals4 ,this makes the first process1 and in many smelting-establishments this is all that is done1 the iron in this form being sold and entering into the general consumption4 ,the next process is boiling1 which is a modification of puddling1 and is generally used in the best iron-works in this country4 ,the process of puddling was invented by ,henry ,cort1 an ,englishman1 and patented by him in #aghc and #aghd as a new process for shingling1 welding and manufacturing iron and steel into bars1 plates and rods of purer quality and in larger quantity than heretofore1 by a more effectual application of fire and machinery4 ,for this invention ,cort has been called the father of the iron-trade of the ,british nation1 and it is estimated that his invention has1 during this century1 given employment to six millions of persons1 and increased the wealth of ,great ,britain by three thousand millions of dollars4 ,in his experiments for perfecting his process ,mr4 ,cort spent his fortune1 and though it proved so valuable1 he died poor1 having been involved by the government in a lawsuit concerning his patent which beggared him4 ,six years before his death1 the government1 as an acknowledgment of their wrong1 granted him a yearly pension of a thousand dollars1 and at his death this miserly recompense was reduced to his widow to six hundred and twenty-five dollars4 ,illustration3 ,,rotary ,,squeezer4 ,illustration3 ,,boiling-,,furnace4 ,when iron is simply melted and run into any mould1 its texture is granular1 and it is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength4 ,the process of puddling consisted in stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle1 and had the effect of so changing its atomic arrangement as to render the process of rolling it more efficacious4 ,the process of boiling is considered an improvement upon this4 ,the boiling-furnace is an oven heated to an intense heat by a fire urged with a blast4 ,the cast-iron sides are double1 and a constant circulation of water is kept passing through the chamber thus made1 in order to preserve the structure from fusion by the heat4 ,the inside is lined with fire-brick covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom and sides1 and then1 the oven being charged with the pigs of iron1 the heat is let on4 ,the pigs melt1 and the oven is filled with molten iron4 ,the puddler constantly stirs this mass with a bar let through a hole in the door1 until the iron boils up1 or ferments1 as it is called4 ,this fermentation is caused by the combustion of a portion of the carbon in the iron1 and as soon as the excess of this is consumed1 the cinders and slag sink to the bottom of the oven1 leaving the semi-fluid mass on the top4 ,stirring this about1 the puddler forms it into balls of such a size as he can conveniently handle1 which are taken out and carried on little cars1 made to receive them1 to the squeezer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,rolls4 ,to carry on this process properly requires great skill and judgment in the puddler4 ,the heat necessarily generated by the operation is so great that very few persons have the physical endurance to stand it4 ,so great is it that the clothes upon the person frequently catch fire4 ,such a strain upon the physical powers naturally leads those subjected to it to indulge in excesses4 ,the perspiration which flows from the puddlers in streams while engaged in their work is caused by the natural effort of their bodies to preserve themselves from injury by keeping their normal temperature4 ,such a consumption of the fluids of the body causes great thirst1 and the exhaustion of the labor1 both bodily and mental1 leads often to the excessive use of stimulants4 ,in fact1 the work is too laborious4 ,its conditions are such that no one should be subjected to them4 ,the necessity1 however1 for judgment1 experience and skill on the part of the operator has up to this time prevented the introduction of machinery to take the place of human labor in this process4 ,the successful substitution in modern times of machines for performing various operations which formerly seemed to require the intelligence and dexterity of a living being for their execution1 justifies the expectation that the study now being given to the organization of industry will lead to the invention of machines which will obviate the necessity for human suffering in the process of puddling4 ,such a consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned4 ,the attempts which have been made in this direction have not as yet proved entirely successful4 ,in the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is placed1 and forced with a rotary motion through a spiral passage1 the diameter of which is constantly diminishing4 ,the effect of this operation is to squeeze all the slag and cinder out of the ball1 and force the iron to assume the shape of a short thick cylinder1 called a bloom4 ,this process was formerly performed by striking the ball of iron repeatedly with a tilt-hammer4 ,illustration3 ,,cold ,,saw4 ,the bloom is now re-heated and subjected to the process of rolling4 ,the rolls are heavy cylinders of cast iron placed almost in contact1 and revolving rapidly by steam-power4 ,the bloom is caught between these rollers1 and passed backward and forward until it is pressed into a flat bar1 averaging from four to six inches in width1 and about an inch and a half thick4 ,these bars are then cut into short lengths1 piled1 heated again in a furnace1 and re-rolled4 ,after going through this process they form the bar iron of commerce4 ,from the iron reduced into this form the various parts used in the construction of iron bridges are made by being rolled into shape1 the rolls through which the various parts pass having grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces4 ,illustration3 ,,hot ,,saw4 ,illustration3 ,,riveting ,a ,,column4 ,these rolls1 when they are driven by steam1 obtain this generally from a boiler placed over the heating-or puddling-furnace1 and heated by the waste gases from the furnace4 ,this arrangement was first made by ,john ,griffin1 the superintendent of the ,phoenix ,iron-works1 under whose direction the first rolled iron beams over nine inches thick that were ever made were produced at these works4 ,the process of rolling toughens the iron1 seeming to draw out its fibres2 and iron that has been twice rolled is considered fit for ordinary uses4 ,for the various parts of a bridge1 however1 where great toughness and tensile strength are necessary1 as well as uniformity of texture1 the iron is rolled a third time4 ,the bars are therefore cut again into pieces1 piled1 re-heated and rolled again4 ,a bar of iron which has been rolled twice is formed from a pile of fourteen separate pieces of iron that have been rolled only once1 or muck bar1 as it is called2 while the thrice-rolled bar is made from a pile of eight separate pieces of double-rolled iron4 ,if1 therefore1 one of the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect1 it will form only a hundred and twelfth part of the thrice-rolled bar4 ,the uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which have been thrice rolled are so great that they may be twisted1 cold1 into a knot without showing any signs of fracture4 ,the bars of iron1 whether hot or cold1 are sawn to the various required lengths by the hot or cold saws shown in the illustrations1 which revolve with great rapidity4 ,illustration3 ,,furnace ,,and ,,hydraulic ,,die4 ,for the columns intended to sustain the compressive thrust of heavy weights a form is used in this establishment of their own design1 and to which the name of the ,phoenix column has been given4 ,they are tubes made from four or from eight sections rolled in the usual way and riveted together at their flanges4 ,when necessary1 such columns are joined together by cast-iron joint-blocks1 with circular tenons which fit into the hollows of each tube4 ,to join two bars to resist a strain of tension1 links or eye-bars are used from three to six inches wide1 and as long as may be needed4 ,at each end is an enlargement with a hole to receive a pin4 ,in this way any number of bars can be joined together1 and the result of numerous experiments made at this establishment has shown that under sufficient strain they will part as often in the body of the bar as at the joint4 ,the heads upon these bars are made by a process known as die-forging4 ,the bar is heated to a white heat1 and under a die worked by hydraulic pressure the head is shaped and the hole struck at one operation4 ,this method of joining by pins is much more reliable than welding4 ,the pins are made of cold-rolled shafting1 and fit to a nicety4 ,the general view of the machine-shop1 which covers more than an acre of ground1 shows the various machines and tools by which iron is planed1 turned1 drilled and handled as though it were one of the softest of materials4 ,such a machine-shop is one of the wonders of this century4 ,most of the operations performed there1 and all of the tools with which they are done1 are due entirely to modern invention1 many of them within the last ten years4 ,by means of this application of machines great accuracy of work is obtained1 and each part of an iron bridge can be exactly duplicated if necessary4 ,this method of construction is entirely ,american1 the ,english still building their iron bridges mostly with hand-labor4 ,in consequence also of this method of working1 ,american iron bridges1 despite the higher price of our iron1 can successfully compete in ,canada with bridges of ,english or ,belgian construction4 ,the ,american iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations1 but their absolute strength is as great1 since the weight which is saved is all dead weight1 and not necessary to the solidity of the structure4 ,the same difference is displayed here that is seen in our carriages with their slender wheels1 compared with the lumbering1 heavy wagons of ,european construction4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,of ,,machine-,,shop4 ,before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge is begun the data and specifications are made1 and a plan of the structure is drawn1 whether it is for a railroad or for ordinary travel1 whether for a double or single track1 whether the train is to pass on top or below1 and so on4 ,the calculations and plans are then made for the use of such dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the structure shall not exceed a certain maximum1 usually fixed at ten thousand pounds to the square inch4 ,as the weight of the iron is known1 and its tensile strength is estimated at sixty thousand pounds per square inch1 this estimate1 which is technically called a factor of safety of six1 is a very safe one4 ,in other words1 the bridge is planned and so constructed that in supporting its own weight1 together with any load of locomotives or cars which can be placed upon it1 it shall not be subjected to a strain over one-sixth of its estimated strength4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,river ,,bridge ,,on ,,its ,,staging4 ,after the plan is made1 working drawings are prepared and the process of manufacture commences4 ,the eye-bars1 when made1 are tested in a testing-machine at double the strain which by any possibility they can be put to in the bridge itself4 ,the elasticity of the iron is such that after being submitted to a tension of about thirty thousand pounds to the square inch it will return to its original dimensions2 while it is so tough that the bars1 as large as two inches in diameter1 can be bent double1 when cold1 without showing any signs of fracture4 ,having stood these tests1 the parts of the bridge are considered fit to be used4 ,illustration3 ,,bridge ,,at ,,albany4 ,when completed the parts are put together--or assembled1 as the technical phrase is--in order to see that they are right in length1 etc4 ,then they are marked with letters or numbers1 according to the working plan1 and shipped to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently erected4 ,before the erection can be begun1 however1 a staging or scaffolding of wood1 strong enough to support the iron structure until it is finished1 has to be raised on the spot4 ,when the bridge is a large one this staging is of necessity an important and costly structure4 ,an illustration on another page shows the staging erected for the support of the ,new ,river bridge in ,west ,virginia1 on the line of the ,chesapeake and ,ohio ,railway1 near a romantic spot known as ,hawksnest4 ,about two hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall1 and while the staging was still in use for its construction1 the river1 which is very treacherous1 suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few hours1 and became a roaring torrent4 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,salle ,,bridge4 ,the method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit exactly1 and securing the ties by pins1 is peculiarly ,american4 ,the plan still followed in ,europe is that of using rivets1 which makes the erection of a bridge take much more time1 and cost1 consequently1 much more4 ,a riveted lattice bridge one hundred and sixty feet in span would require ten or twelve days for its erection1 while one of the ,phoenixville bridges of this size has been erected in eight and a half hours4 ,the view of the ,albany bridge will show the style which is technically called a through bridge1 having the track at the level of the lower chords4 ,this view of the bridge is taken from the west side of the ,hudson1 near the ,delavan ,house in ,albany4 ,the curved portion crosses the ,albany basin1 or outlet of the ,erie ,canal1 and consists of seven spans of seventy-three feet each1 one of sixty-three1 and one of one hundred and ten4 ,that part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each1 and a draw two hundred and seventy-four feet wide4 ,the iron-work in this bridge cost about three hundred and twenty thousand dollars4 ,the bridge over the ,illinois ,river at ,la ,salle1 on the ,illinois ,central ,railroad1 shows the style of bridge technically called a deck bridge1 in which the train is on the top4 ,this bridge consists of eighteen spans of one hundred and sixty feet each1 and cost one hundred and eighty thousand dollars4 ,the bridge over the ,kennebec ,river1 on the line of the ,maine ,central ,railroad1 at ,augusta1 ,maine1 is another instance of a through bridge4 ,it cost seventy-five thousand dollars1 has five spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each1 and was built to replace a wooden deck bridge which was carried away by a freshet4 ,illustration3 ,,bridge ,,at ,,augusta1 ,,maine4 ,the bridge on the ,portland and ,ogdensburg ,railroad which crosses the ,saco ,river is a very general type of a through railway bridge4 ,it consists of two spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each1 and cost twenty thousand dollars4 ,the ,new ,river bridge in ,west ,virginia consists of two spans of two hundred and fifty feet each1 and two others of seventy-five feet each4 ,its cost was about seventy thousand dollars4 ,the ,lyman ,viaduct1 on the ,connecticut ,air-line ,railway1 at ,east ,hampton1 ,connecticut1 is one hundred and thirty-five feet high and eleven thousand feet long4 ,these specimens will show the general character of the iron bridges erected in this country4 ,when iron was first used in constructions of this kind1 cast iron was employed1 but its brittleness and unreliability have led to its rejection for the main portions of bridges4 ,experience has also led the best iron bridge-builders of ,america to quite generally employ girders with parallel top and bottom members1 vertical posts 7except at the ends1 where they are made inclined toward the centre of the span71 and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees4 ,this form takes the least material for the required strength4 ,illustration3 ,,saco ,,bridge4 ,the safety of a bridge depends quite as much upon the design and proportions of its details and connections as upon its general shape4 ,the strain which will compress or extend the ties1 chords and other parts can be calculated with mathematical exactness4 ,but the strains coming upon the connections are very often indeterminate1 and no mathematical formula has yet been found for them4 ,they are like the strains which come upon the wheels1 axles and moving parts of carriages1 cars and machinery4 ,yet experience and judgment have led the best builders to a singular uniformity in their treatment of these parts4 ,each bridge has been an experiment1 the lessons of which have been studied and turned to the best effect4 ,illustration3 ,,phoenix ,,works4 ,there is no doubt that iron bridges can be made perfectly safe4 ,their margin is greater than that of the boiler1 the axles or the rail4 ,to make them safe1 ,european governments depend upon rigid rules1 and careful inspection to see that they are carried out4 ,in this country government inspection is not relied on with such certainty1 and the spirit of our institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of self-interest and the inherent trustworthiness of mankind when indulged with freedom of action4 ,though at times this confidence may seem vain1 and rings in industrial pursuits1 as in politics1 appear to corrupt the honesty which forms the very foundation of freedom1 yet their influence is but temporary1 and as soon as the best public sentiment becomes convinced of the need for their removal their influence is destroyed4 ,such evils are necessary incidents of our transitional movement toward an industrial1 social and political organization in which the best intelligence and the most trustworthy honesty shall control these interests for the best advantage of society at large4 ,in the mean time1 the best security for the safety of iron bridges is to be found in the self-interest of the railway corporations1 who certainly do not desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to damages from the breaking of their bridges1 and who consequently will employ for such constructions those whose reputation has been fairly earned1 and whose character is such that reliance can be placed in the honesty of their work4 ,experience has given the world the knowledge needed to build bridges of iron which shall in all possible contingencies be safe1 and there is no excuse for a penny-wise and pound-foolish policy when it leads to disaster4 ,,edward ,,rowland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,searching ,,for ,,the ,,quinine-,,plant ,,in ,,peru4 ,,second ,,paper4 ,the crystal peaks of the ,andes were behind our explorers3 before1 were their eastward-stretching spurs and their eastward-falling rivers4 ,on the mountain-flanks1 as the last landmark of ,christian civilization1 nestled the village of ,marcapata1 whose square1 thatched belfry faded gradually from sight1 reminding the travelers of the ghostly ministrations of the padre and the secular protection of the gobernador4 ,neither priest nor edile would they encounter until their return to the same church-tower4 ,their patron1 ,don ,juan ,sanz de ,santo ,domingo1 was already picking his way along the snowy defiles of the mountains to attain again his luxurious home in ,cuzco4 ,behind the adventurers lay companionship and society--represented by the dubious orgies of the ,house of ,austria--and the security of civil government--represented by the mortal ennui of a ,peruvian city4 ,before them lay difficulties and perhaps dangers1 but also at least variety1 novelty and possible wealth4 ,colonel ,perez1 ,marcoy and the examinador retained their horses1 and a couple of the mozos their mules1 the remainder of the beasts being kept at livery in ,marcapata1 and the muleteers volunteering to accompany the troupe as far as ,chile-,chile3 at this point the bridle-path came to an end1 and the gentlemen would have to dismount1 accompanying thenceforth their peons on a literal footing of equality4 ,two torrents which fall in perpendicular cataracts from the mountains1 the ,kellunu 7yellow water7 and the ,cca-chi 7salt71 run together at the distance of a league from their place of precipitation4 ,they enclose in their approach the hill on which ,marcapata is perched1 and they form by their confluence the considerable river which our travelers were about to trace1 and which is called by the ,indians ,cconi 7warm71 but on the ,spanish maps is termed the river of ,marcapata4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,ford ,,of ,,the ,,cconi ,,was ,,passed ,,just ,,outside ,,the ,,town4 ,the first ford of the ,cconi was passed just outside the town1 at a point where the right bank of the river1 growing steeper and steeper1 became impracticable1 and necessitated a crossing to the left4 ,the ford allowed the peons to stagger through at mid-leg on the uneven pavement afforded by the large pebbles of the bed4 ,at this point the valley of the ,cconi was seen stretching indefinitely outward toward the east1 enclosed in two chains of conical peaks3 their regular forms1 running into each other at the middle of their height1 clothed with interminable forests and bathed with light1 melted regularly away into the perspective4 ,indian huts buried in gardens of the white lily which had seemed so beautiful in the chapel of ,lauramarca1 hedges of aloe menacing the intruder with their millions of steely-looking swords1 slender bamboos daintily rocking themselves over the water1 and enormous curtains of creepers hanging from the hillsides and waving to the wind in vast breadths of green1 were the decorations of this ,peruvian paradise4 ,the pretty lilies gradually disappeared1 and the thatched cabins became more and more sparse1 when from one of the latter1 at a hundred paces from the caravan1 issued a human figure4 ,the man struck an attitude in the pathway of the travelers1 his carbine on his shoulder1 his fist on his hip and his nose saucily turned up in the air4 ,neither his ,metamora-like posture nor his dress inspired confidence4 ,he is evidently waiting for us1 remarked ,colonel ,perez1 an heroic yet prudent personage3 fortunately1 it is broad day4 ,i would not grant an interview to such a salteador 7brigand7 alone at night and in a desert4 ,the salteador wore a low broad felt1 on whose ample brim the rain and sun had sketched a variety of vague designs4 ,a gray sack buttoned to the throat and confined by a leathern belt1 and trowsers of the same stuffed into his long coarse woolen stockings1 completed his costume4 ,he was shod1 like an ,indian1 in ojotas1 or sandals cut out of raw leather and laced to his legs with thongs4 ,two ox-horns hanging at his side contained his ammunition1 and a light haversack was slung over his back4 ,this mozo1 who at a distance would have passed for a man of forty1 appeared on examination to be under twenty-two years of age4 ,it was likewise observable on a nearer view that his skin was brown and clear like a chestnut1 and that his lively eye1 perfect teeth and air of decision were calculated to please an ,indian girl of his vicinity4 ,to complete his rehabilitation in the eyes of the party1 his introductory address was delivered with the grace of a ,spanish cavalier4 ,the gentlemen1 said he1 gracefully getting rid of his superabundant hat1 will voluntarily excuse me for having waited so long with my respects and offers of service4 ,i should have gone to meet them at ,marcapata1 but my uncle the gobernador forbade me to do so for fear of displeasing the priest4 ,gentlemen1 ,i am ,juan the nephew of ,aragon4 ,it is by the advice of my uncle that ,i have come to place myself in your way1 and ask if you will admit me to your company as mozo-assistant and interpreter4 ,the colonel1 whose antipathy to the salteador did not yield on a closer acquaintance1 roughly asked the youth what he meant by his assurance4 ,mr4 ,marcoy1 however1 was disposed to temporize4 ,if you are ,juan the nephew of ,aragon1 said he1 you must have already learned from your uncle that we have engaged an interpreter1 ,pepe ,garcia of ,chile-,chile4 ,precisely what he told me1 seor1 replied the young man2 but1 for my part1 ,i thought that if one interpreter would be useful to these gentlemen on their journey1 two interpreters would be a good deal better1 on account of the fact that we walk better with two legs than with one3 that is the reason ,i have intercepted you1 gentlemen4 ,this opinion made everybody laugh1 and as ,juan considered it his privilege to laugh five times louder than any one1 a quasi engagement resulted from this sudden harmony of temper4 ,colonel ,perez shrugged his shoulders3 ,marcoy1 as literary man1 took down the name of the new-comer4 ,the nephew of ,aragon was so delighted that he gave vent to a little cry of pleasure1 at the same time cutting a pirouette4 ,this harmless caper allowed the party to detect2 tied to his haversack1 the local banjo1 or charango1 an instrument which the ,paganinis of the country make for themselves out of half a calabash and the unfeeling bowels of the cat4 ,illustration3 ,,gentlemen1 ,i ,,am ,,juan ,,the ,,nephew ,,of ,,aragon4 ,the priest1 who had recommended ,pepe ,garcia1 had made mention of that person's fine voice1 with which the church of ,marcapata was edified every ,sunday4 ,the gobernador1 while putting in a word for his nephew1 and particularizing the beauty of his execution on the guitar1 had insinuated doubts of the baritone favored by the padre4 ,happy land1 whose disputes are like the disputes of an opera company1 and where people are recommended for business on the strength of their musical execution6 ,aragon quickly understood that his friend in the expedition was not ,colonel ,perez1 who had insultingly dubbed him the ,second ,fiddle 7or ,charango74 ,he attached himself therefore with the fidelity of a spaniel to ,mr4 ,marcoy1 walking alongside and resting his arm on the pommel of his saddle4 ,after an hour's traverse of a comparatively desert plateau called the ,pedregal1 covered with rocks and smelling of the patchouli-scented flowers of the mimosa1 ,aragon pointed out the straw sheds and grassy plaza of ,chile-,chile4 ,this rustic metropolis is not indicated on many maps1 but for the travelers it had a special importance1 bearing upon the inca history and etymological roots of ,peru1 for it was the residence of their interpreter-in-chief1 ,pepe ,garcia4 ,introduced by the latter1 our explorers made a kind of triumphal entry into the village4 ,the old ,indian women dropped their spinning1 the naked children ceased to play with the pigs and began to play with the garments and equipage of the visitors1 and a couple of blind men1 who were leading each other1 remarked that they were glad to see them4 ,garcia the polyglot1 radiant with importance1 lost no time in dragging his guests toward his own residence1 a large straw thatch surmounting walls of open-work1 which took the fancy of the travelers from the singular trophy attached above the door4 ,this trophy was composed of the heads of bucks and rams1 with those of the fox and the ounce1 where the shrunken skin displayed the pointed sierra of the teeth1 while the horns of oxen and goats1 set end to end around the borders1 formed dark and rigid festoons3 all vacancies were filled up with the forms of bats1 spread-eagled and nailed fast1 from the smallest variety to the large1 man-attacking vespertilio4 ,as a contrast to this exterior decoration1 the inside was severely simple3 it was even a little bare4 ,a partition of bamboo divided the hut into kitchen and bed-room1 and that was all4 ,into the latter of these apartments ,pepe ,garcia dragged the saddles of his guests1 and in the former his two twin-daughters1 melancholy little half-breeds in ragged petticoats1 assisted their father to prepare for the wanderers a hunter's supper4 ,every moment1 in a dark corner or behind the backs of the company1 ,garcia was observed caressing these little girls in secret4 ,being rallied on his tenderness1 he observed that the twins were the double pledge of a union longer happy than was usual1 and the only survivors of fifteen darlings whom he had given to the world in the various countries whither his wandering fortunes had led him4 ,still explaining and multiplying his caresses1 the man of family went on with his exertions as cook1 and in due time announced the meal4 ,this festival consisted of sweet potatoes baked in the ashes1 and steaks of bear broiled over the coals4 ,the latter viand was repulsed with horror by the colonel1 who in the effeminacy of a city life at ,cuzeo had never tasted anything more outlandish than monkey4 ,seeing his companions eating without scruple1 however1 the valiant warrior extended his tin plate with a silent gesture of application4 ,the first mouthful appeared hard to swallow1 but at the second1 looking round at his fellow-travelers with surprise and joy1 he gave up his prejudices1 and marked off the remainder of his steak with wonderful swiftness4 ,standing behind his boarders1 ,pepe ,garcia had been watching the play of jaws and expressions of face with some uneasiness1 but when the colonel gave in his adhesion his doubts were removed1 and he smiled agreeably1 flattered in his double quality of hunter and cook4 ,the beds of the gentlemen-travelers were spread side by side in the adjoining room1 and ,garcia gravely assured them that they would sleep like the ,three ,wise ,men of the ,east4 ,unable to see any personal analogy between themselves and the ancient ,gaspar1 ,melchior and ,balthazar1 the tired cavaliers turned in without remarking on the subject4 ,they paused a moment1 however1 before taking up their candle1 to set forth to ,garcia in full the circumstances and nature of ,juan of ,aragon's engagement4 ,this explanation1 which the close quarters of the troop had made impossible during the journey1 was received in excellent part by the interpreter-in-chief4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,straw ,,sheds ,,and ,,grassy ,,plaza ,,of ,,chile-,,chile4 ,oh1 ,i am not at all jealous of ,aragon1 said he1 and the gentlemen have done very well in taking him along4 ,he will be of great use4 ,he is a bright1 capable mozo1 who would walk twenty miles on his hands to gain a piastre4 ,as an interpreter1 ,i think he is almost as good as ,i am4 ,having thus smoothed away all grounds of rivalry1 the colonel1 the examinador and ,marcoy took possession of their sleeping-room4 ,here1 long after their light was put out1 they watched the scene going on in the apartment they had just left1 whose interior1 illuminated by a candle and a lingering fire1 was perfectly visible through the partition of bamboo4 ,the dark-skinned girls1 on their knees in a corner1 were gathering together the shirts and stockings destined for the parental traveling-bag4 ,garcia1 for his part1 was occupied in cleaning with a bit of rag a portentous1 long-barreled carbine1 apparently dating back to the time of ,pizarro1 which he had been exhibiting during the day as his hunting rifle1 and which he intended to carry along with him4 ,the sleep under the thatched roof of ,pepe ,garcia1 though somewhat less sound than that of the ,three ,magi in their tomb at ,cologne1 lasted until a ray of the morning sun had penetrated the open-work walls of the hut4 ,the colonel rapidly dressed himself1 and aroused the others4 ,a disquieting silence reigned around the modest mansions of ,chile-,chile4 ,the interpreter was away1 ,juan of ,aragon was away1 the muleteers had returned1 according to instructions received over-night1 to ,marcapata with the animals1 and the peons were found dead-drunk behind the mud wall of the last house in the village4 ,after three hours of impatient waiting there appeared--not ,garcia and ,aragon1 whose absence was inexplicable1 but--the faithful ,bolivian bark-hunters in a body4 ,not caring to stupefy themselves with the peons1 they had gone out for a reconnoissance in the environs4 ,contemplating the nodding forms of their comrades1 they now let out the discouraging fact that these tame ,indians1 madly afraid of their wild brothers the ,chunchos1 had been fortifying themselves steadily with brandy and chicha all the way from ,marcapata4 ,disgusted and helpless1 ,perez and the examinador betook themselves to reading tattered newspapers issued at ,lima a month before1 and ,marcoy to his note-book4 ,suddenly a ferocious wild-beast cry was heard coming from the woods1 and while the ,indian porters tried to run away1 and the white men looked at each other with apprehension1 ,pepe ,garcia and ,aragon appeared in the distance4 ,their arms were interlaced in a brother-like manner1 they were poising themselves with much care on their legs1 and they were drunk4 ,well had the elder interpreter said that he was not jealous of ,aragon4 ,they rolled forward toward the party1 repeating their outrageous duet1 whose reception by the staring peons appeared to gratify them immensely4 ,the mozo1 feeling his secondary position1 had enervated himself slightly--the superior was magisterially tipsy4 ,he wore a remarkable hat entirely without a brim1 and patched all over the top with a lid of leather4 ,his face1 marked up to the eyes with the blue stubble of that beard which filled him with pride as a sign of ,european extraction1 was swollen and hideous with drunkenness4 ,he carried1 besides the fearful blunder-buss of the night before1 a belt full of pistols and hatchets4 ,a short infantry-sword was banging away at his calves1 and two long ox-horns rattled at his waist4 ,the interpreters had been partaking of a little complimentary breakfast with the muleteers in whose care the animals had gone off to ,marcapata4 ,illustration3 ,,chaupichaca ,,was ,,marked ,,with ,a ,,square ,,terminal ,,pillar4 ,a concentration of energy on the part of the chiefs of the expedition was required to set in movement this unpromising assemblage4 ,the examinador undertook the peons3 he rapped them smartly and repeatedly about the head and shoulders1 until they staggered to their feet and declared that they were a match for whole hordes of ,indians3 this courage1 borrowed from the flask1 gave strong assurance that at the first alarm from genuine ,chunchos they would take to their heels4 ,mr4 ,marcoy1 feeling unable to do justice to the case of the nephew1 turned him over to ,perez1 whose undisguised dislike made the work of correction at once grateful and thorough4 ,marcoy himself confronted the stolid and sullen ,pepe ,garcia1 insisting upon the example he owed to the ,indian porters and the responsibility of his ,caucasian blood4 ,the half-breed listened for a minute1 his eyes fixed upon the ground3 he then shook himself1 looked an instant at his employer1 and planted himself firmly on his legs4 ,then1 determined to prove by a supreme effort that he was clear-headed and master of his motions1 he suddenly drew his sword1 hustled the ,indians in a line by two and two1 pointed out to ,aragon his position as rear-guard1 and cried with a voice of thunder1 ,adelante6 ,the porters and peons staggered forward1 knocking against each other's elbows and tottering on their stout legs4 ,the three white men1 burdenless1 but regretting their horses1 walked as they pleased1 keeping the train in sight4 ,and ,john the nephew of ,aragon's guitar1 dangling at his back1 brought up the rear1 with its suggestions of harmony and the amenities of life4 ,the first trait of aboriginal character 7after this parenthetical alacrity at drunkenness7 was shown after some hours of marching and the passage of a dozen streams4 ,the porters1 weakened by their drink and the extreme heat1 squatted down on the side of a hill by their own consent and with a single impulse4 ,with that lamb-like placidity and that mule-like obstinacy which characterize the antique race of ,quechuas1 they observed to the chief interpreter that they were weary of falling on their backs or their stomachs at every other step1 and that they were resolved to go no farther4 ,pepe ,garcia caused the remark to be repeated once more1 as if he had not understood it3 then1 convinced that an incipient rebellion was brewing1 he sprang upon the fellow who happened to be nearest1 haled him up from the ground by the ears1 and1 shaking him vigorously1 proceeded to do as much for the rest of the band4 ,in the flash of an eye1 much to their astonishment1 they found themselves on their feet4 ,a judicious if not very discriminating award of blows from the sabre then followed1 causing the ,indians to change their resolve of remaining in that particular spot1 and to show a lively determination to get away from it as quickly as possible4 ,each porter1 forgetting his fatigue1 and seeming never to have felt any1 began to trot along1 no longer languidly as before1 but with a precision of step and a firmness in his round calves which surprised and charmed the travelers4 ,pepe ,garcia1 much refreshed by this exercise of discipline1 and perspiring away his intoxication as he marched1 began to give grounds for confidence from his steady and authoritative manner4 ,by nightfall the whole troop was in harmony1 and the strangers retired with hopeful hearts to the privacy of the hammocks which ,juan of ,aragon slung amongst the trees on the side of ,mount ,morayaca4 ,no effect could seem finer1 to wanderers from another latitude1 than this first night-bivouac in the absolute wilderness4 ,the moon1 seeming to race through the clouds1 and the camp-fire flashing in the wind1 appeared to give movement and animation to the landscape4 ,the ,indians1 grouped around the flame1 seemed like swarthy imps tending the furnace of some fantastic pandemonium4 ,meanwhile1 amidst the constant murmurs of the trees1 the nephew of ,aragon was heard drawing the notes of some kind of amorous despair from the hollow of his melodious calabash4 ,the examinador and ,colonel ,perez lulled themselves to sleep with a conversation about the beauties and beatitudes of their wives1 now playing the part of ,penelopes in their absence4 ,to hear the eulogies of the examinador1 an angel fallen perpendicularly from heaven could hardly have realized the physical and moral qualities of the spouse he had left in ,sorata4 ,the ,castilian tongue lent wonderful pomp and magnificence to this portrait1 and as the metaphors thickened and the superb phrases lost themselves in hyperbole1 one would have thought the lady in question was about to fly back to her native stars on a pair of resplendent wings4 ,colonel ,perez furnished an equally elaborate delineation of his own fair helpmate4 ,as for the wife of ,lorenzo1 nobody knew what she was like1 and the panegyric from the lips of her faithful lord rolled on in safety and success4 ,but the personage called by ,perez his ,theresa was a female whom anybody who had passed through the small shopkeeping quarters of ,cuzco might have seen every day1 as well as heard designated by her common nickname 7given no one knows why7 of ,malignant ,quinsy2 and1 arguing in algebraic fashion from the known to the unknown1 it was not difficult to be convinced that the poetic flights of the examinador were equally the work of fond flattery4 ,surprised by a midnight storm1 the camp was broken up before the early daylight1 and our explorers' caravan moved on without breakfast4 ,this necessary stop-gap was arranged for at the first pleasant spot on the route4 ,an old clearing soon appeared1 provided with the welcome accommodation of an ajoupa1 or shed built upon four posts4 ,at the command of ,alto alli6--,halt there6--uttered by ,perez in the tone he had formerly used in governing his troops1 the whole band stopped as one person2 the porters dumped their bales with a significant ugh6 the ,bolivian bark-hunters laid down their axes2 and the gentlemen arranged themselves around the parallelogram of the hut1 attending the commissariat developments of ,colonel ,perez4 ,the site which hazard had so conveniently offered was named ,chaupichaca4 ,it was the scene of an ancient wood-cutting1 around which the trunks of the antique forests showed themselves in a warm soft light1 like the columns of a temple or the shafts of a mosque4 ,a detail which struck the travelers in arriving was very characteristic of these lands1 filled so full of old traditions and inca customs4 ,chaupichaca was marked with a square terminal pillar1 one of those boundaries of mud and stones1 called apachectas1 which ,peruvian masonry lavishes over the country of ,manco ,capac4 ,a rude cross of sticks surmounted this stone altar1 on which some pious hand had laid a nosegay1 now dried--signifying1 in the language of flowers proper to masons and stone-cutters1 that the work was finished and left4 ,a little water and spirits spared from the travelers' meal gave a slight air of restoration to these mysterious offerings1 and a couple of splendid butterflies1 whether attracted by the flowers or the alcoholic perfume1 commenced to waltz around the bouquet2 but the corollas contained no honey for their diminutive trunks1 and after a slight examination they danced contemptuously away4 ,at seven or eight miles' distance another streamlet was reached1 named the ,mamabamba4 ,it is a slender affluent of the ,cconi1 to be called a rivulet in any country but ,south ,america1 but here named a river with the same proud effrontery which designates as a city any collection of a dozen huts thrown into the ravine of a mountain4 ,the ,mamabamba was crossed by an extemporized bridge1 constructed on the spot by the ingenuity of ,garcia and his men4 ,strange and incalculable was the engineering of ,pepe ,garcia4 ,sometimes1 across one of these continually-occurring streams1 he would throw a hastily-felled tree1 over which1 glazed as it was by a night's rain or by the humidity of the forest1 he would invite the travelers to pass4 ,sometimes1 to a couple of logs rotting on the banks he would nail cross-strips like the rungs of a ladder1 and1 while the torrent boiled at a distance below1 pass jauntily with his ,indians1 more sure-footed than goats4 ,the wider the abyss the more insecure the causeway2 and the terrible rope-bridges of ,south ,america1 or the still more conjectural throw of a line of woven roots1 would meet the travelers wherever the cleft was so wide as to render timbering an inconvenient trouble4 ,occasionally1 on one of these damp and moss-grown ladders1 a peon's foot would slip1 and down he would go1 the load strapped on his back catching him as he was passing through the aperture3 then1 using his hands to hold on by1 he would compose1 on the spur of the moment1 a new and original language or telegraphy of the legs1 kicking for assistance with all his might4 ,juan of ,aragon was usually the hero to extricate these poor estrays from the false step they had taken1 the other peons regarding the scene with their tranquil stolidity4 ,a glass of brandy to the unfortunate would always compose his nerves again1 and make him hope for a few more accidents of a like nature and bringing a like consolation4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,mamabamba ,,was ,,crossed ,,by ,,an ,,extemporized ,,bridge4 ,the bridge of the ,mamabamba conducted the party to a site of the same name1 through an interval of forest where might be counted most of the varieties of tree proper to the equatorial highlands4 ,up to this point the vegetation everywhere abounding had not indicated the presence1 or even the vicinage1 of the cinchona4 ,the only circumstance which brought it to the notice of the inexperienced leaders of the expedition would be a halt made from time to time by the ,bolivian bark-hunters4 ,the examinador and his cascarilleros1 touching one tree or another with their hatchets1 would exchange remarks full of meaning and mysteriousness2 but when the colonel or ,mr4 ,marcoy came to ask the significance of so many hints and signals1 they got the invariable answer of ,sister ,anna to the wife of ,bluebeard3 ,i see nothing but the forest turning green and the sun turning red4 ,the most practical reminder of the quest of cinchona which the travelers found was an occasional ajoupa alone in the wilderness1 with a broken pot and a rusted knife or axe beneath it--witness that some eager searcher had traveled the road before themselves4 ,the cascarilleros are very avaricious and very brave1 going out alone1 setting up a hut in a probable-looking spot1 and diverging from their head-quarters in every direction4 ,if by any accident they get lost or their provisions are destroyed1 they die of hunger4 ,doctor ,weddell1 on one occasion in ,bolivia1 landed on the beach of a river well shaded with trees4 ,here he found the cabin of a cascarillero1 and near it a man stretched out upon the ground in the agonies of death4 ,he was nearly naked1 and covered with myriads of insects1 whose stings had hastened his end4 ,on the leaves which formed the roof of the hut were the remains of the unfortunate man's clothes1 a straw hat and some rags1 with a knife1 an earthen pot containing the remains of his last meal1 a little maize and two or three chuus4 ,such is the end to which their hazardous occupation exposes the bark-collectors--death in the midst of the forests1 far from home2 a death without help and without consolation4 ,it was not until after passing the elevated site of ,san ,pedro1 and clambering up the slippery shoulders of the hill called ,huaynapata--the crossing of half a dozen intervening streamlets going for nothing--that the explorers were rewarded with a sight of their ,canaan1 the bark-producing region4 ,to attain this summit of ,huaynapata1 however1 the little tributary of ,mendoza had to be first got over4 ,this affluent of the ,cconi1 flowing in from the south-south-west1 was very sluggish as far as it could be seen4 ,its banks1 interrupted by large rocks clothed with moss1 offered now and then promontories surrounded at the base with a bluish shade4 ,at the end of the vista1 a not very extensive one1 a quantity of blocks of sandstone piled together resembled a crumbling wall4 ,other blocks were sprinkled over the bed of the stream2 and by their aid the examinador and the colonel hopped valiantly over the ,mendoza1 leaving the peons1 who were less afraid of rheumatism and more in danger of slipping1 to ford the current at the depth of their suspender-buttons4 ,it was on the top of ,huaynapata1 while the interpreters built a fire and prepared for supper a peccary killed upon the road1 that ,marcoy observed the examinador holding with his ,bolivians a conversation in the ,aymara dialect1 in which could be detected such words as anaranjada and morada4 ,these were the well-known commercial names of two species of cinchona4 ,the historiographer interrupted their conversation to ask if anything had yet been discovered4 ,nothing yet1 replied the examinador2 and this valley of the ,cconi must be bewitched1 for with the course that we have taken we should long ago have discovered what we are after4 ,but this place looks more favorable than any we have met4 ,i shall beat up the woods to-morrow with my men1 and may my patron1 ,saint ,lorenzo1 return again to his gridiron if we do not date our first success in quinine-hunting from this very hillock of ,huaynapata6 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,examinador ,,and ,,the ,,colonel ,,hopped ,,valiantly ,,over ,,the ,,mendoza4 ,the above style of threatening the saints is thought very efficacious in all ,spanish countries4 ,whether or not ,saint ,lawrence really dreaded another experience of broiling1 at the end of certain hours the ,bolivians reappeared1 and their chief deposited in the hands of the colonel a few green and tender branches4 ,at the joyful shout of ,perez1 the man of letters1 who had been occupied in making a sketch1 came running up4 ,two different species of cinchona were the trophy brought back by ,lorenzo1 like the olive-leaves in the beak of ,noah's dove4 ,one of these specimens was a variety of the ,carua-carua1 with large leaves heavily veined3 the other was an individual resembling those quinquinas which the botanists ,ruiz and ,pavon have discriminated from the cinchonas1 to make a separate family called the ,quinquina cosmibuena4 ,after all1 the discovery was rather an indication than a conquest of value4 ,the examinador admitted as much1 but observed that the presence of these baser species always argued the neighborhood of genuine quinine-yielding plants near by4 ,in the presence of this first success on the part of the exploration set on foot by ,don ,juan ,sanz de ,santo ,domingo1 we may insert a few words on the nature of the wonderful plant toward which its researches were directed4 ,it is doubtful whether the aboriginal inhabitants of ,peru1 ,bolivia and ,ecuador were acquainted with the virtues of the cinchona plant as a febrifuge4 ,it seems probable1 nevertheless1 that the ,indians of ,loxa1 two hundred and thirty miles south of ,peru1 were aware of the qualities of the bark1 for there its use was first made known to ,europeans4 ,it was forty years after the pacification of ,peru however1 before any communication of the remedial secret was made to the ,spaniards4 ,joseph de ,jussieu reports that in #afjj a ,jesuit1 who had a fever at ,malacotas1 was cured by ,peruvian bark4 ,in #afch the countess ,ana of ,chinchon was suffering from tertian fever and ague at ,lima1 whither she had accompanied the viceroy1 her husband4 ,the corregidor of ,loxa1 ,don ,juan ,lopez de ,canizares1 sent a parcel of powdered quinquina bark to her physician1 ,juan de ,vega1 assuring him that it was a sovereign and infallible remedy for tertiana4 ,it was administered to the countess1 who was sixty-two years of age1 and effected a complete cure4 ,this countess1 returning with her husband to ,spain in #afdj1 brought with her a quantity of the healing bark4 ,hence it was sometimes called countess's bark and countess's powder4 ,her famous cure induced ,linnaeus1 long after1 to name the whole genus of quinine-bearing trees1 in her honor1 ,cinchona4 ,by modern writers the first h has usually been dropped1 and the word is now almost invariably spelled in that way1 instead of the more etymological ,chinchona4 ,the ,jesuits afterward made great and effective use of it in their missionary expeditions1 and it was a ludicrous result of their patronage that its use should have been for a long time opposed by ,protestants and favored by ,catholics4 ,in #afgi1 ,louis ,,xiv4 bought the secret of preparing quinquina from ,sir ,robert ,talbor1 an ,english doctor1 for two thousand louis-d'or1 a large pension and a title4 ,under the ,grand ,monarch it was used at dessert1 mingled with ,spanish wine4 ,the delay of its discovery until the seventeenth century has probably lost to the world numbers of valuable lives4 ,had ,alexander the ,great1 who died of the common remittent fever of ,babylon1 been acquainted with cinchona bark1 his death would have been averted and the partition of the ,macedonian empire indefinitely postponed4 ,oliver ,cromwell was carried off by an ague1 which the administration of quinine would easily have cured4 ,the bigotry of medical science1 even after its efficacy was known and proved1 for a long time retarded its dissemination4 ,in #agbf1 ,la ,fontaine1 at the instance of a lady who owed her life to it1 the countess of ,bouillon1 composed a poem in two cantos to celebrate its virtues2 but the remarkable beauty of the leaves of the cinchona and the delicious fragrance of its flowers1 with allusions to which he might have adorned his verses1 were still unknown in ,europe4 ,the cinchonas under favorable circumstances become large trees3 at present1 however1 in any of the explored and exploited regions of their growth1 the shoots or suckers of the plants are all that remain4 ,wherever they abound they form the handsomest foliage of the forest4 ,the leaves are lanceolate1 glossy and vividly green1 traversed by rich crimson veins3 the flowers hang in clustering pellicles1 like lilacs1 of deep rose-color1 and fill the vicinity with rich perfume4 ,nineteen varieties of cinchonae have been established by ,doctor ,weddell4 ,the cascarilleros of ,south ,america divide the species into a category of colors1 according to the tinge of the bark3 there are yellow1 red1 orange1 violet1 gray and white cinchonas4 ,the yellow1 among which figure the ,cinchona calisaya1 lancifolia1 condaminea1 micrantha1 pubescens1 etc41 are placed in the first rank3 the red1 orange and gray are less esteemed4 ,this arrangement is in proportion to the abundance of the alkaloid quinine1 now used in medicine instead of the bark itself4 ,the specimens found by the examinador were carefully wrapped in blankets1 and the march was resumed4 ,after a slippery descent of the side of ,huaynapata and the passage of a considerable number of babbling streams--each of which gave new occasion for the colonel to show his ingenuity in getting over dry shod1 and so sparing his threatening rheumatism--the cry of ,sausipata6 was uttered by ,pepe ,garcia4 ,two neat mud cabins1 each provided with a door furnished with the unusual luxury of a wooden latch1 marked the plantation of ,sausipata4 ,the situation was level1 and within the enclosing walls of the forest could be seen a plantation of bananas1 a field of sugar-cane1 with groves of coffee1 orange-orchards and gardens of sweet potato and pineapple4 ,the white visitors could not refrain from an exclamation of surprise at the neatness and civilization of such an ,eden in the desert4 ,at this point1 ,juan of ,aragon1 who had been going on ahead1 turned around with an air of splendid welcome1 and explained that the farm belonged to his uncle1 the gobernador of ,marcapata1 who prayed them to make themselves at home4 ,introducing his guests into the largest of the houses1 ,juan presented them with some fine ripe fruit which he culled from the garden4 ,colonel ,perez1 who never lost occasion to give a sly stab to the mozo1 asked1 as he peeled a banana1 if he was duly authorized to dispose so readily of the property of his uncle3 the youth1 without losing a particle of his magnificent adolescent courtesy1 replied that as nephew and direct heir of the governor of ,marcapata it was a right which he exercised in anticipation of inheritance2 and that just as ,pepe ,garcia1 the interpreter-in-chief1 had regaled the party in his residence1 he1 ,juan of ,aragon1 proposed to do in the family grange of ,sausipata4 ,meantime1 the examinador1 who had pushed forward with his men1 returned with a couple more specimens of quinquina1 which they had discovered close by in clambering amongst the forest4 ,neither had flowers1 but the one was recognizable by its flat leaf as the species called by the ,indians ichu-cascarilla1 from the grain ichu amongst which it is usually found at the base of the ,cordilleras2 and the other1 from its fruit-capsules two inches in length1 as the ,cinchona acutifolia of ,ruiz and ,pavon4 ,to moderate the pleasures of this discovery1 the examinador came up leaning upon the shoulder of his principal assistant1 ,eusebio1 complaining of a frightful headache1 and a weakness so extreme that he could not put one foot before the other4 ,the sudden illness of their botanist-in-chief cast a gloom upon the party1 and utterly spoiled the festive intentions of young ,aragon4 ,lorenzo was put to bed1 from which retreat1 at midnight1 his fearful groans summoned the colonel to his side4 ,the latter found him tossing and murmuring1 but incapable of uttering a word4 ,his faithful ,eusebio1 at the head of the bed1 answered for him4 ,the honest fellow feared lest his master might have caught again a touch of the old fever which had formerly attacked him in searching for cascarillas in the environs of ,tipoani in ,bolivia4 ,these symptoms1 recurring in the lower valleys of the ,cconi1 would make it impossible for the brave explorer safely to continue with the party4 ,as the mestizo propounded this inconvenient theory1 a new burst of groans from the examinador seemed to confirm it4 ,the grave news brought all the party to the sick bed4 ,colonel ,perez1 whom the touching comparison of wives made in the hammocks of ,morayaca had sensibly attached to ,lorenzo1 endeavored to feel his pulse2 but the patient1 drawing in his hand by a peevish movement1 only rolled himself more tightly in his blanket1 and increased his groans to roars4 ,presently1 exhausted by so much agony1 he fell into a slumber4 ,in the morning the examinador1 in a dolorous voice1 announced that he should be obliged to return to ,cuzco4 ,this resolution might have seemed the obstinate delirium of the fever but for the mournful and pathetic calmness of the victim4 ,eusebio1 he said1 should return with him as far as ,chile-,chile1 where a conveyance could be had2 and he himself would give such explicit instructions to the cascarilleros that nothing would be lost by his absence to the purposes of the expedition4 ,yielding to pity and friendship1 the colonel gave in his adhesion to the plan1 and even proposed his own hammock as a sort of palanquin1 and the loan of a pair of the peons for bearers4 ,they could return with ,eusebio to ,sausipata1 where the party would be obliged to wait for the three4 ,after sketching out his plan1 ,colonel ,perez looked for approval to ,mr4 ,marcoy1 and received an affirmative nod4 ,the proposition seemed so agreeable to the sick man that already an alleviation of his misery appeared to be superinduced4 ,he even smiled intelligently as he rolled into the hammock4 ,in a very short time he made a sort of theatrical exit1 borne in the hammock like an invalid princess1 and fanned with a palm branch out of the garden by the faithful ,eusebio4 ,poor devil6 said ,perez as the mournful procession departed3 who knows if he will ever see his dear wife at ,sorata1 or if he will even live to reach ,chile-,chile8 ,do you really think him in any such danger8 asked the more suspicious ,marcoy4 ,danger6 ,did you not see his miserable appearance as he left us8 ,i saw an appearance far from miserable1 and therefore ,i am convinced that the man is no more sick than you or ,i4 ,on hearing such a heartless heresy the colonel stepped back from his comrade with a shocked expression1 and asked what had given him such an idea4 ,a number of things1 of which ,i need only mention the principal4 ,in the first place1 the man's sickness falling on him like a thunder-clap2 next1 his haste in catching back his hand when you tried to feel his pulse2 and then his smile1 at once happy and mischievous1 when you offered him the peons and he found his stratagem succeeding beyond his hopes4 ,why1 now1 to think of it6 said the colonel sadly2 but what could have been his motive8 ,this gentleman is too delicate to sustain our kind of life1 suggested ,marcoy4 ,he is tired of skinning his hands and legs in our service1 and eating peccary1 monkey and snails as we do4 ,his ,bolivians are perhaps quite as useful for our service1 and while he is rioting at ,cuzco we may be enriching ourselves with cinchonas4 ,in effect1 on the return of the peons ten days after1 the examinador was reported to have got quit of his fever shortly after leaving ,sausipata1 and to have borne the journey to ,chile-,chile remarkably well4 ,he charged his men to take back his compliments and the regrets he felt1 at not being able to keep with the company4 ,nothing detained the band longer at ,sausipata4 ,the ten days of hunting1 botanizing1 butterfly-catching and sketching had been an agreeable relief1 and young ,aragon had assumed1 with sufficient grace1 the task of attentive host and first player on the charango4 ,the returning porters had scarcely enjoyed two hours of repose when the caravan took up its march once more4 ,as usual1 the interpreters assumed the head of the command3 the ,indians followed pellmell4 ,observing that some of them lingered behind1 ,mr4 ,marcoy had the curiosity to return on his steps4 ,what was his surprise to find these honest fellows running furiously through the farm1 and devastating with all their might those plantations which were the pride and the hope of the nephew of ,aragon6 ,they had already laid low several cocoa groves1 torn up the sugar-canes1 broken down the bananas1 and sliced off the green pineapples4 ,indignant at such vandalism1 ,marcoy caught the first offender by the plaited tails at the back of the neck4 ,what are you doing8 he cried4 ,i am neither crazy nor drunk1 ,taytachay 7dear little father71 calmly explained the peon with his placid smile4 ,but my fellows and ,i don't want to be sent any more to work at ,sausipata4 ,as the white man regarded him with stupefaction1 ,thou art strange here1 pursued the ,indian1 and canst know nothing about us4 ,promise not to tell ,aragon1 and ,i will make thee wise4 ,why ,aragon more than anybody else8 asked ,marcoy4 ,because ,senor ,aragon is nephew to ,don ,rebollido1 the governor1 and ,sausipata belongs to ,rebollido2 and if he were to learn what we have done1 we should be flogged and sent to prison to rot4 ,the explanation1 drawn out with many threats when the ,indians had been driven from their work of ruin and placed once more in line of march1 was curious4 ,the able gobernador of ,marcapata had had the sagacious idea of making the local penitentiary out of his farm of ,sausipata6 ,it was cultivated entirely by the labor of his culprits4 ,when culprits were scarce1 the chicha-drinkers1 the corner-loungers1 became criminals and disturbers of the peace1 for whom a sojourn at ,sausipata was the obvious cure4 ,aragon1 the nephew1 shared his uncle's ability1 and visited the plantation month by month4 ,but the life in this paradise was not relished by the convicts4 ,the regimen was strict1 the food everywhere abounding1 was not for them1 and the vicinity of the wild ,chunchos was not reassuring4 ,often a peon would appear in the market-place of ,marcapata wrapped merely in a banana leaf1 which1 cracking in the sun1 reduced all pretence of decent covering to an irony4 ,this evidence of the spoliation of a ,chuncho would be received in the worst possible part by the gobernador1 who would beat the complainant back to his servitude1 remarking with ingenuity that ,providence was more responsible for the acts of the savages than he was4 ,this strange history1 told with profound earnestness1 was enough to make any one laugh1 but ,marcoy could not be blind to its side of oppression and tyranny4 ,this was the way1 then1 that the humble and primitive gobernador1 who had presented himself to the travelers barefoot1 was enriching himself by the knaveries of office6 ,marcoy could not take heart to inform ,juan of ,aragon of the devastation behind him1 but on the other hand he resolved to correct the abuse on his return by appeal1 if necessary1 to the prefect of ,cuzco4 ,a frightful night in a deserted hut on a site called ,jimiro--where ,marcoy had for mattress the legs of one of the porters1 and for pillow the back of a bark-hunter--followed the exodus from ,sausipata4 ,the ,guarapascana1 the ,saniaca1 the ,chuntapunco1 flowing into the ,cconi on opposite sides1 were successively left behind our adventurers1 and they bowed for an instant before the tomb of a stranger1 a ,german from ,germany1 as ,pepe ,garcia said1 who pretended to know the language of the ,chunchos1 and who interpreted for himself1 but who starved in the wilderness near the heap of stones you see4 ,leaving this resting-place of an interpreter who had interpreted so little1 the party attained a stream of rather unusual importance4 ,the reputed gold-bearing river of ,ouitubamba rolled from its tunnel before them1 exciting the most visionary schemes in the mind of ,colonel ,perez1 to whom its auriferous reputation was familiar4 ,nothing would do but that the ,california process of panning must be carried out in these ,peruvian waters1 and the peons1 multum reluctantes1 were summoned to the task1 with all the crow-bars and shovels possessed by the expedition1 supplemented by certain sauce-pans and dishes hypothecated from the culinary department4 ,the issue of the stream from under a crown of indigenous growths was the site of this financial speculation4 ,pepe ,garcia was placed at the head of the enterprise4 ,a long ditch was dug1 revealing milky quartz1 ochres and clay4 ,the deceptive hue of the yellow earth made the search a long and tantalizing one4 ,at the moment when the colonel1 attracted by something glistening in the large frying-pan which he was agitating at the edge of the stream1 uttered an exclamation which drew all heads into the cavity of his receptacle1 an answering sound from the heavens caused everybody suddenly to look up4 ,an equatorial storm had gathered unnoticed over their heads4 ,in a few minutes a solid sheet of warm rain1 accompanied by a furious tornado sweeping through the valley1 caused whites and ,indians to scatter as if for their lives4 ,the golden dream of ,colonel ,perez and the similar vision entertained by ,pepe ,garcia were dissipated promptly by this answer of the elements4 ,on attaining the neighboring sheds of ,maniri the gold--seekers abandoned their implements without remark to the services of the cooks1 and betook themselves to wringing out their stockings as if they had never dreamed of walking in silver slippers through the streets of ,cuzco4 ,they made no further attempt to wring gold from the mouth of the ,ouitubamba4 ,as for ,maniri1 it was the last site or human resting-place of any1 the very most trivial1 kind before the opening of the utter wilderness which proceeded to accompany the course of the ,cconi ,river4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,reputed ,,gold-,,bearing ,,river ,,or ,,ouitubamba ,,rolled ,,from ,,its ,,tunnel4 ,the ,bolivians imagined an exploration of a little stream on the left bank1 the ,chuntapunco1 which they thought might issue from a quinine-bearing region4 ,they built a little raft1 and departed with provisions for three or four days4 ,they returned1 in fact1 after a week's absence1 with seven varieties of cinchona--the hirsuta1 lanceolata1 purpurea and ovata of ,ruiz and ,pavon1 and three more of little value and unknown names4 ,during the absence of the cascarilleros a flat calm reigned in the ajoupa of ,maniri4 ,garcia and the colonel1 the day after their unproductive gold-hunt1 betook themselves into the forest1 ostensibly for game1 but in reality to review their hopeful labors by the banks of the ,ouitubamba4 ,aragon was detailed by ,mr4 ,marcoy to accompany him in his botanical and entomological tours4 ,on these excursions the acquaintance between the mozo and the seor was considerably developed4 ,the youth had naturally a gay and confident disposition1 and added not a little to the liveliness of the trips4 ,marcoy profited by their stricter connection to converse with him about the cultivation of the farm at ,sausipata1 making use of a venial deception to let him think that the plan of operations had been communicated by the governor himself4 ,aragon modestly replied that the plantation in question was only the first of a series of similar clearings contemplated by his uncle at various points in the valley4 ,arrangements made for this purpose with the governors of ,ocongata and ,asaroma1 who were pledged with their support in return for heavy presents1 would enable him soon to cultivate coffee and sugar and cocoa at once in a number of haciendas4 ,the enterprise was a splendid one2 and if ,god--,aragon pronounced the name without a particle of diffidence--deigned to bless it1 the day was coming when the fortune of his uncle1 solidly established1 would make him the pride and the joy of the region4 ,it may as well be mentioned here that the subsequent career of the chest-nut-colored interpreter is not entirely unknown4 ,in #ahfj1 ,mr4 ,clement ,markham1 collecting quinine-plants for the ,british government1 came upon a splendid hacienda thirty miles from the village of ,ayapata1 in a valley of the ,andes near the scene of this exploration4 ,here1 on the sugar-cane estate named ,san ,jos de ,bellavista1 he discovered an intelligent and enterprising ,peruvian named ,aragon1 who appears to have been none other than our interpreter escaped from the chrysalis4 ,his establishment was very large1 and protected from the savages by two rivers1 ,aragon had made a mule-road of thirty miles to the village4 ,he found the manufacture of spirits for the sugar-cane more profitable than digging for gold in the ,ouitubamba or hunting for cascarillas along the ,cconi4 ,in #ahfj he sent an expedition into the forest after wild cocoa-plants4 ,an india-rubber manufactory had only failed for want of government assistance4 ,he contemplated the establishment of a line of steamers on the neighboring rivers to carry off the commerce of his plantations4 ,any scheme for developing the resources of the country is sure to receive his advocacy1 says ,mr4 ,markham3 it would be well for ,peru if she contained many such men4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,probationer ,,leonhard2 ,,or1 ,,three ,,nights ,,in ,,the ,,happy ,,valley4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,our ,,hero4 ,young ,mr4 ,leonhard ,marten walked out on the promenade at the usual hour one afternoon1 after a good deal of hesitation1 for there was quite as little doubt in his mind as there is in mine that the thing to do was to remain within-doors and answer the letters--or rather the letter--lying on his table4 ,the brief epistle which conveyed to him the regrets of the new female college building committee1 that his plans were too elaborate and costly1 and must therefore be declined1 really demanded no reply1 and would probably never have one4 ,it was the hurried scrawl from his friend ,wilberforce which claimed of his sense of honor an answer by the next mail4 ,the letter from ,wilberforce was dated ,philadelphia1 and ran thus3 ,,dear ,,lenny3 ,please deposit five thousand for me in some good bank of ,pennsylvania or ,new ,york4 ,i shall want it1 maybe1 within a week or so4 ,i am talking hard about going abroad4 ,why can't you go along8 ,say we sail on the first of next month4 ,richards is going1 and ,i shall make enough out of the trip to pay expenses for all hands4 ,you'll never know anything about your business1 ,mart1 till you have studied in one of those old towns4 ,answer4 ,thine1 ,,wil4 ,when ,i say that ,leonhard had1 or had had1 ten thousand dollars of ,wilberforce's money1 and that he was now about as unprepared to meet the demand recorded as he would have been if he had never seen a cent of the sum mentioned1 the assertion1 ,i think1 is justified that his place was at his office-table1 and not on the promenade4 ,what if the town-clock had struck four8 what if at this hour ,miss ,ayres usually rounded the corner of ,granby street on her way home8 ,but1 poor fellow6 he had tried to think his way through the difficulty4 ,every day for a week he had exercised himself in letter--writing3 he had practiced every style1 from the jocular to the gravely interrogative1 and had succeeded pretty well as a stylist1 but the point1 the point1 the bank deposit1 remained still insurmountable and unapproachable4 ,once or twice he had thought that probably the best thing to do was to go off on a long journey1 and by and by1 when things had righted themselves somehow1 find out where ,wilberforce was and acknowledge his letter with regrets and explanations4 ,he was considering this course when he destroyed his last effort1 and went out on the promenade to get rid of his thoughts and himself and to meet ,miss ,ayres4 ,the present contained ,miss ,ayres2 as to the future1 it was dark as midnight2 for the past1 it was not in the least pleasant to think of it1 and how it had come to pass that ,wilberforce trusted him4 ,the days when he and ,wilberforce were lads1 poor1 sad-hearted1 all but homeless1 returned upon him with their shadows4 ,it was in those days that his friend formed so lofty an estimate of his exactness in figures and his skill in saving1 and thus it had happened that when the engine constructed by ,wilberforce began to pay him so past belief1 he was really in the perplexity concerning places of deposit which he had expressed to ,marten4 ,leonhard chanced to be with this young ,croesus--who had begun life by dipping water for invalids at the springs--when the ten thousand dollars alluded to were paid him by a dealer2 and the instant transfer of the money to his hands was one of those off-hand performances which1 apparently trivial1 in the end search a man to the foundations4 ,what had become of the money8 ,seven thousand dollars were swallowed up in a gulf which never gives back its treasure4 ,and oh on the verge of that same gulf how the siren had sung6 ,a chance of clearing five thousand dollars by investing that amount presented itself to ,leonhard3 it was one of those investments which will double a man's money for him within three months1 or six months at latest4 ,the best men of ,a---- were in the enterprise1 and by going into it ,leonhard would reap every sort of advantage4 ,he might give up teaching music1 and confine himself to the studies which as an architect he ought to pursue2 and to be known among the ,a--- landers as a young gentleman who had money to invest would secure to him that social position which the music-lessons he gave did no doubt in some quarters embarrass4 ,it was while buoyed up by his great expectations1 and flattered by the attentions which strangely enough began to be extended toward him by some of the best men--who also were stockholders in the new sugar-refining process--that ,leonhard took a room at the ,granby ,house1 and began to manifest a waning interest in his work as a music-master4 ,this display of himself1 modest though it was1 cost money4 ,before the letter quoted was written ,leonhard had begun to feel a little troubled3 he had been obliged to add two thousand dollars to his original investment1 and the thought that possibly there might be a demand for a yet further sum--for some unforeseen difficulty had arisen in the matter of machinery--had fixed in his mind a misgiving to which at odd moments he returned with a flutter of spirits amounting almost to panic4 ,on the promenade he met ,miss ,ayres4 ,she stood before the window of a music-dealer's shop1 looking at the photograph of some celebrity--a tall and not too slightly-formed young lady1 attired in a buff suit with brown trimmings1 and a brown hat from which a pretty brown feather depended4 ,on her round cheeks was a healthy glow1 deepened perhaps by exercise on that warm afternoon1 and a trifle in addition1 it may be1 by the sound of footsteps advancing4 ,yet as ,leonhard approached1 she1 chancing to look around1 did not seem surprised that he was so near4 ,not that she expected him6 ,what reason had she for supposing that from his office-window he would see her the instant she turned the corner of ,granby street and walked down the avenue fronting the parade-ground8 ,no reason of course2 but this had happened so many times that the meeting of the two somewhere in this vicinity was daily predicted by the wise prophets of the street4 ,a rumor was going about ,a---- in those days which occasioned the mother of our young lady a little uneasiness4 ,when ,leonhard came to ,a---- it was to live by his profession--music4 ,he was an enthusiast in the science1 and the best people patronized him4 ,he might have all the pupils he pleased now1 and at his own prices1 thought ,mrs4 ,washington ,ayres1 who had herself taught music3 why doesn't he stick to his business8 ,but then1 she reminded herself1 they say he has money2 and he is so bewitched about architecture that he can't let it alone4 ,too many irons in the fire to please me6 ,perhaps1 though1 if he has money1 it makes not so much difference4 ,but ,i don't like to see a young man dabbling in too many things3 it looks as if he would never do anything to speak of4 ,it is the only thing ,i ever heard of against him2 but if he can't make up his mind1 ,i don't know as there could be anything much worse to tell of a man4 ,she was not far wrong in her thinking1 and she had seen the great fault in the character of young ,mr4 ,marten4 ,it was his nature to take up and embrace cordially1 as if for life1 the objects that pleased him4 ,perhaps the tendency conduced to his popularity and reputation as a music-master1 for his acquaintance with the works of composers was really vast2 but the effect of it was not so hopeful when it set him to studying a difficult art almost without instruction1 in the confidence that he should soon by his works take rank with ,angelo1 ,wren and other great masters4 ,at the music-dealer's window ,mr4 ,leonhard stood for a moment beside ,miss ,marion1 and then said with a queer smile1 ,how cool it looks over yonder among the trees6 ,i wish somebody would like to walk there with an escort4 ,anybody might1 ,i should think1 answered the young lady4 ,i have waded through hot dust1 red-hot dust1 all the afternoon4 ,besides1 ,i want to ask you1 ,mr4 ,marten1 what it means4 ,everybody is coming to me for lessons4 ,are you refusing instruction1 or are you growing so unpopular of late8 ,i have vexed myself trying to answer the question4 ,they all come to you1 do they8 ,yes1 ,i think ,i am growing unpopular4 ,and ,i am rather glad of it1 on the whole1 answered ,leonhard1 not quite clear as to her meaning1 but not at all disturbed by it4 ,i know they must all have gone to you first1 she said4 ,of course they all went to you first1 and you wouldn't have them4 ,leonhard smiled on4 ,her odd talk was pleasant to him1 and to look at her bright face was to forget every disagreeable thing in the world4 ,you know ,i have been thinking that ,i would give up instruction altogether1 said he2 but ,i suppose that unless ,i actually go away to get rid of my pupils1 ,i shall have a few devoted followers to the last4 ,the more you take off my hands the better ,i shall like it4 ,but how should everybody know that you think of giving up instruction8 ,miss ,marion inquired4 ,oh1 ,i dare say ,i have told everybody1 he answered carelessly4 ,ah6 said she2 and two or three thoughts passed through the mind of the young lady quite worthy the brain of her mother4 ,i am half sorry1 she continued4 ,but at least you cannot forget what you know4 ,that is a comfort4 ,and ,i am sure you love music too well to let me go on committing barbarisms with my hands or voice without telling me4 ,leonhard hesitated4 ,how far might he take this dear girl into his secrets8 ,my friend ,wilberforce is always saying that ,i ought to study abroad in the old ,european towns before ,i launch out in earnest1 said he finally4 ,as architect or musician8 asked the dear girl4 ,as architect1 of course1 he answered1 without manifesting surprise at the question4 ,he is going himself now1 and he wants me to go with him4 ,why don't you go8 ,the quick look with which he followed this question made ,miss ,marion add3 ,it would be the best thing in the world for--for a student1 ,i should think4 ,you said once that your indecision was the bane of your life4 ,i beg your pardon for remembering it4 ,when you have heard the best music and seen the best architecture1 you can put an end to this 'thirty years' war1' and come back and settle down4 ,all very well1 said he1 but please to tell me where ,i shall find you when ,i come home4 ,oh1 ,i shall be jogging along somewhere1 depend4 ,with your mind made up concerning every event five years before it happens8 ,if you had my choice to make1 you think1 ,i suppose1 that you would decide in a minute which road to fame and fortune you would choose4 ,mr4 ,leonhard used his cane as vehemently while he spoke as if he were a conductor swinging his baton through the most exciting movement4 ,i don't understand your perplexity1 that is the fact1 said she with wonderful candor2 but then ,i have been trained to do one thing from the time ,i could wink4 ,it was expected of me that ,i should rival the greatest performers1 said ,leonhard with a half-sad smile4 ,if ,i go abroad now1 as you advise-- ,advise8 ,i advise6 ,did you not8 ,not the least creature moving4 ,never6 ,if you did you would say1 ',keep to music4' ,i should say1 ',keep to architecture4' ,then--don't you see8--,i should have all your pupils4 ,that would matter little3 you have long had all that ,i could give you worth the giving1 ,miss ,ayres4 ,were these words intent on having utterance1 and seeking their opportunity8 ,in the midst of her lightness and seeming unconcern the young lady found herself challenged1 as it were1 by the stern voice of a sentinel on guard4 ,but she answered on the instant3 ,the most delicious music ,i have ever heard1 for which ,i owe you endless thanks4 ,i have said architecture2 but ,i never advise1 you know4 ,she has not understood me1 thought ,leonhard1 but instead of taking advantage of that conclusion and retiring from the ground1 he said1 ,perhaps ,i must speak more clearly4 ,i don't care what ,i do or where ,i go1 ,miss ,marion1 if you are indifferent4 ,i love you4 ,what did he read in the face which his dark eyes scanned as they turned full upon it8 ,was it ,i love you8 ,was it ,alas68 ,he could not tell4 ,you are pledged to love 'the ,true and the ,beautiful1' said she quite gayly1 and so ,i am not surprised4 ,leonhard looked mortified and angry4 ,a man of twenty-two declaring love for the first time to a woman had a right to expect better treatment4 ,i have offended you1 she said instantly4 ,i only followed out your own train of thought4 ,you may have half a dozen professions1 and-- ,i am at least clear that ,i love only you1 he said4 ,i hoped you would feel that4 ,it is certain1 ,i think1 that ,i shall confine myself to the studies of an architect hereafter4 ,i will give no more lessons4 ,and shall you care to know whether ,i go or stay8 ,miss ,ayres answered--almost as if in spite of herself and that good judgment for which she had been sufficiently praised during her eighteen years of existence--,yes1 ,i shall care a vast deal4 ,that is the reason why ,i say1 ',go1 if it seems best to you'--',stay1 if you think it more wise4' ,i have the confidence in you that sees you can conduct your own affairs4 ,if ,i go1 he cried in a happy voice1 in strong contrast with his words1 it will be to leave everything behind me that can make life sweet4 ,but if you go it will be to gain everything that can make life honorable4 ,i did not understand that you thought of going for pleasure4 ,ah1 how almost tender now her look and tone6 ,say but once to me what ,i have said to you1 said ,leonhard joyfully1 confident now that he had won the great prize4 ,now8 ,no3 don't talk about it4 ,wait a while1 and we will see if there is anything in it4 ,what queer lover's mood was this8 ,miss ,marion looked as if she had passed her fortieth birthday when she spoke in this wise4 ,oh for a soft sweet breeze from the north-east to temper such cruel blasts6 exclaimed ,leonhard4 ,was ever man so treated as ,i am by this strong-minded young woman8 ,everybody on the grounds is looking1 and wondering how she will get home with the intemperate young gentleman she is escorting4 ,did you say you were going to talk with your friend ,mr4 ,wilberforce about going abroad with him for a year or two8 ,i said no such thing1 but perhaps ,i may4 ,i was going to write1 but it may be as easy to run down to ,philadelphia4 ,easier1 ,i should say4 ,so they talked1 and when they parted ,leonhard said3 ,if you do not see me to-morrow evening1 you will know that ,i have gone to ,philadelphia4 ,i shall not write to let you know4 ,you might feel that an answer was expected of you4 ,i have never been taught the arts of a correspondent1 and it is quite too late to learn them1 she answered4 ,miss ,marion will probably never again feel as old as she does this afternoon1 when she has half snubbed1 half flattered and half accepted the man she admires and loves1 but whose one fault she clearly perceives and is seriously afraid of4 ,the next day ,leonhard sat staring at ,wilberforce's letter with a face as wrinkled as a young ape's in a cold morning fog4 ,after one long serious effort he sprang from his seat1 and ,i am afraid swore that he would go down to ,philadelphia that very afternoon4 ,therefore 7and because he clung to the determination all day7 at six o'clock behold him passing with his satchel from the steps of the ,granby ,house to the ,grand ,division ,dpt4 ,he was always going to and fro1 so his departure occasioned no remark4 ,he supposed1 for his own part1 that he was going to talk with his friend ,wilberforce1 and his ticket ensured his passage to ,philadelphia2 and yet at eight o'clock he found himself standing on the steps of the ,spenersberg ,station1 and saw the train move on4 ,at the moment when his will seemed to him to be completely demoralized the engine-whistle sounded and the engine stopped4 ,utterly unnerved by his doubts1 he slunk from the car like an escaping convict1 and looked toward the narrow moonlit valley which was as a gate leading into this unknown ,spenersberg4 ,the path looked obscure and inviting1 and so1 without exchanging a word with any one1 he walked forward1 a more pitiable object than is pleasant to consider1 for he was no coward and no fool4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,in ,,the ,,happy ,,valley4 ,about the time that ,leonhard ,marten was paying for his ticket in the dpt at ,a----1 how many events were taking place elsewhere6 ,multitudes1 multitudes going up and down the earth perplexed1 tempted1 discouraged4 ,what were you doing at that hour8 ,i wonder4 ,even here1 at this ,spenersberg1 was ,frederick ,loretz--with reason deemed one of the most fortunate of the men gathered in the happy valley--asking himself1 as he walked homeward from the factory1 ,what is the use8 ,when he spied his wife on the piazza he seemed to doubt for a second whether he should go backward or forward4 ,into that second of vacillation1 however1 the voice of the woman penetrated3 ,husband1 so early8 ,welcome home6 ,the voice decided him1 and so he opened his gate1 passed along the graveled walk to the piazza steps1 ascended1 wiping the perspiration from his bald head1 dropped his handkerchief into his hat and his hat upon the floor1 and sat down in one of the great wide-armed wooden chairs which visitors always found awaiting them on the piazza4 ,his wife1 having bestowed upon him one brief glance1 quickly arose and went into the house3 the next moment she came again1 bringing with her a pitcher of iced water and a goblet1 which she placed before him on a small rustic table4 ,but a second glance showed her that he was suffering from something besides the heat and fatigue4 ,there was a look on his broad honest face that told as distinctly as color and expression could tell of anguish1 consternation1 remorse4 ,he drank from the goblet she had filled for him1 and said1 without looking at his wife1 ,i have brought you the worst news1 ,anna1 that ever you heard4 ,she must have guessed what it was instantly1 but she made neither sign nor gesture4 ,she could have enumerated there and then all the sorrows of her life2 but for a moment it was not possible even for her to say that this impending affliction was1 in view of all she had endured1 a light one1 easy to be borne4 ,it has gone against us1 said ,mr4 ,loretz1 picking up his red silk handkerchief and passing it from one hand to another1 and finally hiding his face within its ample dimensions for a moment4 ,do you mean the lot8 ,her voice wavered a little4 ,though she asked or refrained from asking1 something had taken place which must be made known speedily4 ,wherefore1 then1 delay the evil knowledge8 ,he signified by a nod that it was so4 ,and that is in store for our poor child6 said the mother4 ,mr4 ,loretz was now quite broken down4 ,he passed his handkerchief across his face again1 and this time made no answer4 ,then the mother1 with lips firmly compressed1 and eyes bent steadily upon the floor1 and forehead crumpled somewhat1 sat and held her peace4 ,at last the father said1 in a low tone that gave to his strong voice an awful pathos1 ,how can the child bear it1 ,anna8 for she loves ,spener well--and to love him well6 ,oh1 father1 said the wife1 who had by this time sounded the depth of this tribulation1 and was already ascending1 how did we bear it when we had to give up ,gabriel1 and ,jacob1 and dear little ,carl8 ,for me1 said the man1 rising and looking over the piazza rail into the gay little flower-garden beneath--for me all that was nothing to this4 ,o my boys6 the mother cried4 ,we know that they went home to a heavenly ,parent1 and to more delight and honor than all the earth could give them1 the father said4 ,it rent the heart1 ,frederick1 but into the gaping wound the balm of ,gilead was poured4 ,there is no man alive to be compared with ,albert ,spener4 ,i know of one--but one4 ,not one1 he said with an emphasis which sternly rebuked the ill-timed1 and1 as he deemed1 untruthful flattery4 ,there is not his like1 go where you will4 ,ah1 how you have exalted him above all that is to be worshiped6 sighed the good woman1 putting her hands together1 and really as troubled and sympathetic1 and cool and calculating1 as she seemed to be4 ,i tell you ,i have never seen his equal6 ,look at this place here--hasn't he called it up out of the dust8 ,yes1 yes1 he did4 ,he made it all1 she said4 ,it must be conceded that ,albert ,spener is a great man--in ,spenersberg4 ,how1 then1 can ,i keep back from him the best ,i have when he asks for it --asks for it as if ,i were a king to refuse him what he wanted if ,i pleased8 ,i would give him my life6 ,ah1 ,frederick1 you have6 ,it isn't you that denies now--think of that6 ,remind him of it4 ,who spoke by the lot8 ,where are you going1 husband8 ,mr4 ,loretz had turned away from the piazza rail and picked up his hat4 ,his wife's question arrested him4 ,i--,i thought ,i would speak with ,brother ,wenck1 said he1 somewhat confused by the question1 and looking almost as if his sole purpose had been to go beyond the sound of his wife's remonstrating voice4 ,husband1 about this8 ,yes1 ,anna4 ,don't go4 ,what will he think8 ,nobody knows about it yet1 except ,wenck1 unless he spoke to ,brother ,thorn4 ,oh1 ,frederick1 what are you thinking8 ,i am thinking--he paused and looked fixedly at his wife--,i am thinking that ,i have been beside myself1 ,anna--crazy1 out and out1 and this thing can't stand4 ,husband1 it was our wish to learn the will of ,god concerning this marriage1 and we have learned it4 ,the ,lord---- ,i will go back to the factory1 said ,mr4 ,loretz1 turning quickly away from his wife4 ,i must see if everything is right there before it gets darker4 ,he had caught sight of the tall figure of a woman at the gate when he snatched up his hat so suddenly and interrupted his wife4 ,then he turned to her again3 ,is ,elise within8 ,no1 husband3 she went to the garden for twigs this afternoon4 ,she had not heard8 ,no4 ,it is ,sister ,benigna that is coming4 ,must you go back8 ,she poured another glass of water for her husband1 and walked down the steps with him2 and coming so1 out from the shade into the sunlight1 ,sister ,benigna was startled by their faces as though she had seen two ghosts4 ,two hours later1 ,mr4 ,loretz again turned his steps homeward1 and ,mr4 ,wenck1 the minister1 walked with him as far as the gate4 ,they had met accidentally upon the sidewalk1 and ,mr4 ,loretz must of necessity make some allusion to the letter he had received from the minister that day acquainting him with the allotment which had made of him so hopeless a mourner4 ,the good man hesitated a moment before making response3 then he took both the hands of ,loretz in his1 and said in a deep1 tender voice1 ,brother1 the wound smarts4 ,i cannot bear it6 cried ,loretz4 ,it is all my doing1 and ,i must have been crazy4 ,when in devout faith you sought to know ,god's will concerning your dear child8 ,i cannot talk about it1 was the impatient response4 ,and you cannot understand it1 he continued1 turning quickly upon his companion4 ,you have never had a daughter1 and you don't understand ,albert ,spener4 ,i think1 said the minister patiently--,i think ,i know him well enough to see what the consequence will be if he should suspect that ,brother ,loretz is like 'a wave of the sea1 driven with the wind and tossed4' ,yet as the minister said this his head drooped1 his voice softened1 and he laid his hand on the shoulder of ,mr4 ,loretz1 as if he would fain speak on and in a different strain4 ,it was evident that the distressed man did not understand him1 and reproof or counsel was more than he could now bear4 ,he walked on a little faster1 and as he approached his gate voices from within were heard4 ,they were singing a duet from ,the ,messiah4 ,come in1 said ,loretz1 his face suddenly lighting up with almost hope4 ,mr4 ,wenck seemed disposed to accept the invitation3 then1 as he was about to pass through the gate1 he was stayed by a recollection apparently1 for he turned back1 saying1 ,not to-night1 ,brother ,loretz4 ,they will need all the time for practice4 ,let me tell you1 ,i admire your daughter ,elise beyond expression4 ,i wish that ,mr4 ,spener could hear that voice now3 it is perfectly triumphant4 ,you are happy1 sir1 in having such a daughter4 ,as ,mr4 ,wenck turned from the gate1 ,leonhard--our ,leonhard ,marten--approached swiftly from the opposite side of the street4 ,he had been sitting under the trees half an hour listening to the singing1 and1 full of enthusiasm1 now presented himself before ,mr4 ,loretz1 exclaiming1 ,do tell me1 sir1 what singers are these8 ,mr4 ,loretz knew every man in ,spenersberg4 ,he looked at the stranger1 and answered dryly1 ,very tolerable singers4 ,i should think so6 ,i never heard anything so glorious4 ,i am a stranger here1 sir4 ,can you direct me to a public-house8 ,to answer was easy4 ,there was but the one inn1 called the ,brethren's ,house1 the sixth below the one before which they were standing4 ,it was a long house1 painted white1 with a deep wide porch1 where half a dozen young men probably sat smoking at this moment4 ,instead of giving this direction1 however1 ,loretz said1 after a brief consultation with himself1 ,i don't know as there's another house in ,spenersberg that ought to be as open as mine4 ,i live here1 sir4 ,how long have you been listening8 ,not long enough1 said ,leonhard2 and he passed through the gate1 which had been opened for the minister1 and now was opened as widely for him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,high ,,art4 ,the room into which ,mr4 ,loretz conducted ,leonhard seemed to our young friend1 as he glanced around it1 fit for the court of ,apollo4 ,its proportions had obviously been assigned by some music-loving soul4 ,it occupied two-thirds of the lower floor of the house1 and its high ceiling was a noticeable feature4 ,the furniture had all been made at the factory2 the floor-mats were woven there2 and one gazing around him might well have wondered to what useful or ornamental purpose the green willows growing everywhere in ,spenersberg ,valley might not be applied4 ,the very pictures hanging on the wall--engraved likenesses of the great masters ,mozart and ,beethoven--had their frames of well-woven willow twigs2 and the rack which held the books and sheets of music was ornamented on each side with raised wreaths of flowers wrought by deft hands from the same pliant material4 ,at the piano1 in the centre of the room1 sat ,sister ,benigna--by her side1 ,elise ,loretz4 ,it seemed1 when ,elise's father entered with the stranger1 as if there might be a suspension of the performance1 but ,loretz said1 ,two listeners don't signify3 we promise to make no noise4 ,sit down1 sir3 give me your bag2 and taking ,leonhard's satchel1 he retired with it to a corner1 where he sat down1 and with his elbows on his knees1 his head between his hands1 prepared himself to listen4 ,sister ,benigna said to her companion1 ,it is time we practiced before an audience perhaps2 and they went on as if nothing had happened4 ,and sitting in that cool room on the eve of a scorching and distracted day1 is it any wonder that ,leonhard composed himself to accept any marvel that might present itself8 ,once across the threshold of the ,every-day1 and there is nothing indeed for which one should not be prepared4 ,if in mood somewhat less enthusiastic than that of our traveler we look in upon that little company1 what shall we see8 ,in the first place1 inevitably1 ,sister ,benigna4 ,but describe a picture1 will you1 or the mountains1 or the sea8 ,it must have been something for the ,spenersberg folk to know that such a woman dwelt among them1 yet probably two-thirds of her influence was unconsciously put forth and as unconsciously received4 ,they knew that in musical matters she inspired them and exacted of them to the uttermost1 but they did not and could not know how much her life was worth to all of them1 and that they lived on a higher plane because of those half dozen wonderful notes of hers1 and the unflagging enthusiasm which needed but the name of love-feast or festival to bring a light into her lovely eyes that seemed to spread up and around her white forehead and beautiful hair like a supernatural lustre4 ,there was a fire that animated her which nobody who saw its glow or felt its warmth could question4 ,without that altar of music--,but why speculate on what she might have been if she had not been what she was8 ,that would be to consider not ,benigna1 but somebody else4 ,she was accompanying ,elise through ,handel's ,pastoral ,symphony4 ,elise began3 ,he is the righteous ,saviour1 and ,he shall speak peace unto the heathen4 ,at the first notes ,leonhard looked hastily toward the window1 and if it had been a door he would have passed out on to the piazza1 that he might there have heard1 unseeing1 unseen4 ,while he sat still and looked and listened it seemed to him as if he had been engaged in foolish games with children all his life4 ,he sat as it were in the dust1 scorning his own insignificance4 ,the young girl who now sat1 now stood beside her1 must have been the child of her training4 ,for six years1 indeed1 they have lived together under one roof1 sharing one apartment4 ,within the hour just passed1 that has been said by them toward which all the talk and all the action of the six years has tended1 and the heart of the girl lies in the hand of the woman1 and what will the woman do with it8 ,perhaps all that ,benigna can do for ,elise has to-day been accomplished4 ,it may be that to grow beside her now will be to grow in the shade when shade is needed no longer1 and when the effect will be to weaken life and to deepen the spirit of dependence4 ,possibly sunlight though scorching1 winds though wild1 would be better for ,elise now than the protecting shadow of her friend4 ,looking at ,elise1 ,leonhard feels more assured1 more at home4 ,she has a kindly face1 a lovely face1 he decides1 and what a deliciously rich1 smooth voice6 ,she is rather after the willowy order in her slender person1 and when she begins to sing ,rejoice greatly1 he looks at her astonished1 doubting whether the sound can really have proceeded from her slender throat4 ,he is again reminded of ,marion1 but by nothing he hears or sees3 poor ,marion has her not small reputation as a singer in ,a----1 yet her voice1 compared with this1 is as wire--gold wire indeed--wire with a color of richness at least2 while ,elise's is as honey itself--honey with the flavor of the sweetest flowers in it1 and1 too1 the suggestion of the bee's swift1 strong wing4 ,into the room comes at last ,mrs4 ,loretz4 ,it is just as ,elise takes up the final air of the symphony that she appears4 ,she would look upon her daughter while she sings1 ,come unto ,him1 all ye that labor and are heavy laden1 and ,he shall give you rest4 ,take ,his yoke upon you1 and learn of ,him1 etc4 ,chiefly to look upon her child she comes--to listen with her loving1 confident eyes4 ,but on the threshold of the music-room she pauses half a second1 perceiving the stranger by the window3 then she nods pleasantly to him1 which motion sets the short silvery hair on her forehead waving1 as curls would have waved there had she only let them4 ,she wears a cap trimmed with a blue ribbon tied beneath her chin1 and such is the order of her comely gown and apron that it commands attention always1 like a true work of art4 ,she sits down beside her husband1 and presently1 as by the flash of a single glance indeed1 has taken the weight and measure of the gentleman opposite4 ,she likes his appearance1 admires his fine dark face and his fine dark eyes1 wonders where he came from1 what he wants1 and--will he stay to tea8 ,gazing at her daughter1 she looks a little sad3 then she smooths her dress1 straightens herself1 shakes her head1 and is absorbed in the music1 beating time with tiny foot and hand1 and following every strain with an intentness which draws her brows together into a slight frown4 ,elise almost smiles as she glances toward her mother3 she knows where to find enthusiasm at a white heat when it is wanted4 ,with the final repetition1 ,ye shall find rest to your souls1 the dame rises quickly1 and hastening to her daughter embraces her2 then passing to the next room1 she pauses1 perhaps long enough to wipe her eyes2 then the jingle of a bell is heard4 ,at the ringing of this bell1 ,sister ,benigna rose instantly1 saying1 ,welcome sound6 ,loretz also came forth from his corner4 ,he was about to speak to ,leonhard1 when ,benigna took up the trombone which was lying on the piano1 and said1 ,i am curious to know how many rehearsals you have had1 sir4 ,it is time1 ,elise1 that our trombonist reported4 ,loretz1 casting an eye toward his daughter1 said1 ,never mind ,sister ,benigna4 ,our quartette will be all right4 ,then he turned to ,leonhard3 it was not now that he felt for the first time the relief of the stranger's presence4 ,we are going to take food1 said he3 will you give me your name and come with us8 ,leonhard gave his name1 and moreover his opinion that he had trespassed too long already on the hospitality of the house4 ,to this remark ,loretz paid no attention4 ,wife1 he called out1 isn't that name down in the birthday book--,leonhard ,marten8 ,i am sure of it4 ,he was a ,herrnhuter4 ,very likely1 husband1 was the answer from the other room4 ,will you come1 good people8 ,the good people who heard that voice understood just what its tone meant1 and there was an instant response4 ,come in1 sir1 said ,loretz2 and the invitation admitted no argument1 for he went forward at once with a show of alacrity sufficient to satisfy his wife4 ,this young man here was looking for a public-house4 ,they are full at the ,brethren's1 ,i hear4 ,i thought he could not do better than take luck with us1 he said to her by way of explanation4 ,he is welcome1 said the wife in a prompt1 business-like tone1 which was evidently her way4 ,daughter6 ,she looked at ,elise1 and ,elise brought a plate1 knife and fork for this young man1 and placed them where her mother indicated--that is1 next herself4 ,between the mother and daughter ,leonhard therefore took refuge1 as it were1 from the rather too majestic presence opposite known as ,sister ,benigna4 ,he should have felt at ease in the little circle1 for not one of them but felt the addition to their party to be a diversion and a relief4 ,as to ,dame ,anna ,loretz1 thoughts were passing through her mind which might pass through the minds of others also in the course of time should ,leonhard prove to be a good ,moravian and decide to remain among them4 ,they were thoughts which would have sent a dubious smile around the board1 however1 could they have been made known just now to ,elise and her father and ,sister ,benigna2 and what would our young friend--from the city evidently--have looked or said could they have been communicated to him8 ,already the mind and heart of the mother of ,elise1 disconcerted and distracted for the moment by that untoward casting of the lot1 had risen to a calm survey of the situation of things2 and now she was endeavoring to reconcile herself to the prospect which imagination presented to the eye of faith1 ,if she had perceived in the unannounced appearing of the young gentleman who sat near her devouring with keen appetite the good fare before him1 and apologizing for his hunger with a grace which ensured him constant renewal of vanishing dishes1--if she had perceived in it a manifestation of the will of ,providence1 she could not have smiled on ,leonhard more kindly1 or more successfully have exerted herself to make him feel at home4 ,and might not ,mr4 ,leonhard have congratulated himself8 ,if there was a great house in ,spenersberg1 this was that mansion2 and if there were great people there1 these certainly were they4 ,and to think of finding in this vale cultivators of high art1 intelligent1 simple-hearted1 earnest1 beautiful6 ,,caroline ,,chesebro'4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,irish ,,capital4 ,the metropolis of ,ireland about the middle of the last century was the fourth in ,europe in point of size4 ,since then it has made little progress in comparison with many others4 ,yet it is a large place1 covering a great area1 and holding a population which numbers some three hundred thousand souls4 ,it may further be said that notwithstanding the withdrawal1 consequent on the ,union1 of the aristocratic classes from ,dublin1 the city has improved more in the last fifty years than at any previous period4 ,dublin1 at the ,union1 and for some time after1 was a very dirty place indeed4 ,to-day1 although1 from that antipathy to paint common to the whole ,irish nation--which can apparently never realize the ,dutch proverb1 that paint costs nothing1 or the ,english one1 that a stitch in time saves nine--much of the town looks dingy1 it is1 as a whole1 cleaner than almost any capital in ,europe1 so far as drainage and the sanitary state of the dwellings are concerned4 ,and here we speak from experience1 having last year1 in company with detective officers1 visited all its lowest and poorest haunts4 ,the cause of this sanitary excellence is that matters of this kind are placed entirely in the hands of the police1 who rigorously carry out the orders given to them on such points4 ,it is devoutly to be hoped that a similar system will ere long be in vogue in the towns of our own country4 ,the noblesse have now quite deserted the ,irish capital4 ,besides the lord-chancellor1 there is probably not a single peer occupying a house there to-day4 ,houses are excellent and very cheap4 ,an immense mansion in the best situation can be had for a thousand dollars a year4 ,the markets are capitally supplied1 and the prices are generally about one-third of those of ,new ,york4 ,not a single item of living is dear4 ,but1 notwithstanding these and many other advantages1 the place has lost popularity1 has a deadly-lively air about it1 and1 it must be admitted1 is in many respects wondrously dull1 especially to those who have been used to the brisk life of a great commercial or pleasure-loving capital4 ,cornelius ,o',dowd paid a visit to ,dublin in #ahga after a long absence1 and said some very pretty things about it4 ,never was the company or claret better4 ,well1 the fact was1 that while the great and lamented ,cornelius was there he was fted and made much of4 ,lord ,spencer gave him a dinner1 so did other magnates1 and his sjour was one prolonged feasting2 but nevertheless the every-day life of the ,irish capital is awfully and wonderfully dull1 as those who know it best1 and have the cream of such society as it offers1 would in strict confidence admit4 ,from ,january to ,may there is an attempt at a season1 during the earlier part of which the viceroy gives a great many entertainments4 ,these are remarkably well done1 and the smaller parties are very agreeable4 ,but politics intervene here1 as in everything else in ,ireland1 to mar considerably the brilliancy of the vice-regal court4 ,when the ,whigs are in the ,tory aristocracy hold off from the ,castle1 and vice vers4 ,dublin is generally much more brilliant under a ,tory viceroy1 inasmuch as nine-tenths of the ,irish peerage and landed gentry support that side of politics4 ,the vice-reign of the duke of ,abercorn1 the last lord-lieutenant1 will long be remembered as a period of exceptional splendor in the annals of ,dublin4 ,he maintained the dignity of the office in a style which had not been known for half a century1 and in this respect proved particularly acceptable to people of all classes4 ,besides1 he is a man of magnificent presence1 and has a fitting helpmate 7sister of ,earl ,russell7 and beautiful daughters2 and it was universally admitted that the round people had got into the round holes1 so far as the duke and duchess were concerned4 ,the lord-lieutenant's levees and drawing-rooms take place at night1 and are therefore much more cheerful than similar ceremonials at ,buckingham ,palace4 ,his ,excellency kisses all the ladies presented to him4 ,the vice-regal salary is one hundred thousand dollars1 with allowances1 but most viceroys spend a great deal more4 ,there are in such a poor country1 where people have no sort of qualms about asking1 innumerable claims upon their purses4 ,the office of viceroy of ,ireland is one which prime ministers find it no easy task to fill4 ,just that kind of person is wanted for the office who has no wish to hold it4 ,a great peer with half a million of dollars' income doesn't care about accepting troublesome and occasionally anxious duties1 from which he1 at all events1 has nothing to gain4 ,for some time ,lord ,derby was in a quandary to get any one who would do to take it1 and it may be doubted whether the marquis of ,abercorn would have sacrificed himself if the glittering prospect of a coronet all strawberry leaves 7for he was created a duke while in office7 had not been held before his eyes4 ,the vice-regal lodge is a plain1 unpretending building4 ,it is charmingly situated in the ,phoenix ,park 7#agfj acres71 and commands delightful views over the ,wicklow ,mountains4 ,within1 it is comfortable and commodious4 ,the viceroy resides there eight months in the year4 ,he goes to the ,castle from ,december to ,april4 ,the ,castle is no great thing4 ,it is situated in the heart of ,dublin4 ,around it are the various government offices4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,hall is a fine apartment1 but certainly does not deserve the name of magnificent1 and is a very poor affair compared with the reception-saloons of third-rate continental princes4 ,the ,dublin season culminates1 so far at least as the vice-regal entertainments go1 in the ball given here on ,st4 ,patrick's ,day 7,march #ag74 ,on such occasions it is de rigueur to wear a court-dress4 ,even those who venture to appear in the regulation trowsers admissible at a levee at ,st4 ,james's are seriously cautioned not to do it again4 ,though ,dublin is now deserted by the aristocracy1 most of the grand-seigneur mansions are still standing4 ,leinster ,house1 built about #agfj1 and said to have served as a model for the ,white ,house1 was in #ahae sold by the duke to the ,royal ,dublin ,society4 ,up to #ahfh the duke of ,leinster#a was ,ireland's only duke1 and the house is certainly a stately and appropriate ducal residence4 ,it must1 however1 be confessed that there is something decidedly triste and severe about this big mansion4 ,a celebrated whilom tenant of it1 ,lord ,edward ,fitzgerald1 appeared to think so1 for in #agia he writes to his mother1 after his return from the bright and sunny atmosphere of ,america3 ,i confess ,leinster ,house does not inspire the brightest ideas4 ,by the by1 what a melancholy house it is6 ,you can't conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from ,kildare4 ,a country housemaid ,i brought with me cried for two days1 and said she thought that she was in a prison4 ,it was at ,leinster ,house that ,lord ,edward--he is to this day always thus known by the people of ,ireland1 who never think it needful to add his surname--after having joined the ,united ,irishmen1 had interviews with the informer ,reynolds1 who1 it is believed1 afterward betrayed him4 ,lady ,sarah ,napier1 mother of ,sir ,william ,napier1 the well-known historian of the ,peninsular ,war1 and other eminent sons1 was aunt to ,lord ,edward1 being sister of his mother4 ,these ladies were daughters of the duke of ,richmond1 and ,lady ,sarah was remarkable as being a lady to whom ,george ,,iii4 was passionately attached1 and whom1 but for the vehement opposition of his mother and her entourage1 he would have married4 ,in a journal of this lady's ,i find the following interesting account of the search for her nephew3 ,the separate warrant went by a messenger1 attended by the sheriff and a party of soldiers1 into ,leinster ,house4 ,the servants ran to ,lady ,edward1 who was ill1 and told her4 ,she said directly1 ',there is no help3 send them up4' ,they asked very civilly for her papers and for ,edward's1 and she gave them all4 ,her apparent distress moved ,major ,o',kelly to tears1 and their whole conduct was proper4 ,lady ,edward ,fitzgerald 7whose husband had served under ,lord ,moira in ,america7 was at ,moira ,house on the evening of her husband's arrest4 ,writing from ,castletown1 county ,kildare1 two days after that event1 ,lady ,louisa ,connolly1 ,lord ,edward's aunt1 says3 ,as soon as ,edward's wound was dressed he desired the private secretary at the ,castle to write for him to ,lady ,edward and tell her what had happened4 ,the secretary carried the note himself4 ,lady ,e4 was at ,moira ,house1 and a servant of ,lady ,mountcashel's came soon after to forbid ,lady ,edward's servants saying anything to her that night4 ,she continued1 after ,lord ,e4's death1 to reside at ,moira ,house till obliged by an order of the privy council to retire to ,england1 where she became the guest of her husband's uncle1 the duke of ,richmond4#b ,lady ,moira1 who so kindly befriended ,lady ,edward1 was unquestionably a very remarkable woman1 and had considerable influence1 politically and socially1 in the ,dublin of her day4 ,although an ,englishwoman1 she became in some respects ipsis ,hibernis ,hibernior1 and for a very long period prior to her death never quitted the soil of ,ireland4 ,had the ,irish aristocracy generally been of the complexion of those who assembled in the more intimate reunions at ,moira ,house1 the history of that country during the past century would have been a widely different one4 ,the members of that brilliant circle were thorough anti-,unionists1 and ,lord ,moira and his sons-in-law1 the earls of ,granard and ,mountcashel1 proved that they were not to be conciliated by bribes1 either in money or honors1 by entering their formal protest against that measure on the books of the ,irish ,house of ,lords4 ,when the delegates on behalf of ,catholic claims came to ,london in #agib1 it was this enlightened ,irish nobleman who received them1 and who1 in the event of the minister declining to admit them1 intended as a peer to have claimed an audience of the king4 ,lord ,moira both in the ,english and ,irish ,houses of ,peers denounced the oppressive measures of the government1 and his opposition gave so much offence that the ,english general ,lake was reported to hayer declared that if a town in the ,north was to be burnt1 they had best begin with ,lord ,moira's1 causing him so much apprehension that he removed his collection1 which was of extraordinary value1 from his seat1 ,moira ,hall1 in the county ,down1 to ,england4 ,the celebrated ,john ,wesley visited ,lady ,moira at ,moira ,house in #agge1 and was surprised to observe1 though not a more grand1 a far more elegant room than he had ever seen in ,england4 ,it was an octagon1 about twenty feet square1 and fifteen or sixteen high1 having one window 7the sides of it inlaid throughout with mother-of-pearl7 reaching from the top of the room to the bottom3 the ceiling1 sides and furniture of the room were equally elegant4 ,it was here that two of the greatest members of their respective legislatures--,charles ,fox and ,henry ,grattan--first met in #aggg1 and ,moira ,house continued to be the scene of splendid entertainments up to the death of the first ,lord ,moira1 in #agic4 ,wesley concludes his letter about ,moira ,house by asking1 ,must this too pass away like a dream8 ,whether like a dream or no1 it certainly has been signally the fate of this whilom proud mansion to pass from the highest to the very humblest almost at a bound4 ,for some years after ,lady ,moira's death 7in #ahjh7 the house was kept up by the family1 but in #ahbf it was let to an anti-mendicity society4 ,the upper story was removed1 the mansion was stripped throughout of its splendid decorations--some of the furniture is now at ,castle ,forbes1 the seat of the earl of ,granard1 ,lady ,moira's great-grandson1 a worthy descendant--and the saloons which were wont to be thronged with the most brilliant and splendid society of the ,irish metropolis in its heyday are now the abode of perhaps the very poorest outcasts who are to be found in the whole wide world4 ,the district in which ,moira ,house stands has long ceased to be fashionable4 ,the mansion stands close to the ,liffey1 a few yards back from the road4 ,an elderly man who has charge of the mendicity institution for whose purposes the house is at present used1 told me that he remembered it when kept up by the family1 although its members were not actually residing there4 ,what is now a fearfully dreary courtyard1 where the outcasts of ,dublin disport themselves1 was then1 he said1 a fine garden with splendid mulberry trees1 which he1 being a favorite with the gardener1 was permitted to climb--a circumstance which had naturally impressed itself on his childish memory4 ,i told him that ,i had heard that long after the difficulties of the first marquis--who lent one hundred thousand pounds to ,george the ,magnificent when that glorious prince was at the last gasp for s4 d4--had compelled him to part with his large estates2 in the county ,down1 he had retained possession of this mansion1 and that it had even descended to the last marquis1 whose wild career concluded when he was only six-and-twenty2 but the old man thought it had passed from them long before4 ,he remembered1 he said1 the last peer 7with whom the title became extinct7 coming to ,dublin1 because he had an interview with him about some furniture for his yacht1 my informant being at that time in business1 and he thought he should have heard if the property had been still retained4 ,i asked if the marquis had exhibited any interest as to the old historical mansion of his family4 ,not the slightest1 he replied4 ,hardy1 in his well-known life of ,lord ,charlemont1 says3 ,his 7,lord ,moira's7 house will be long1 very long1 remembered3 it was for many years the seat of refined hospitality1 of good nature and of good conversation4 ,in doing the honors of it1 ,lord ,moira had certainly one advantage above most men1 for he had every assistance that true magnificence1 the nobleness of manners peculiar to exalted birth1 and talents for society the most cultivated1 could give him in his illustrious countess4 ,powerscourt ,house1 a really noble mansion in ,st4 ,andrew street1 is now used by a great wholesale firm1 but is so little altered that it could be fitted for a private residence again in a very brief time4 ,the staircase is grand in proportion1 and the steps and balustrades are of polished mahogany1 the last being richly carved4 ,tyrone ,house is now the ,education ,office1 and ,mornington ,house1 where ,wellington's father resided1 and where or at ,dangan--for it is a doubtful point--the duke was born1 is also used for government purposes4 ,the great squares of ,dublin are ,st4 ,stephen's ,green1 ,rutland1 ,mountjoy1 ,merrion and ,fitzwilliam ,squares4 ,the first of these dates from the latter half of the seventeenth century1 and is probably in a far more prosperous condition now than it ever was before4 ,if we are to judge by ,whitelaw's history1 it presented in #ahai an aspect such as no public square out of ,dublin--the enclosure of ,leicester ,square1 ,london1 excepted--could present4 ,of that kind of architectural beauty1 he says1 which arises from symmetry and regularity1 here are no traces4 ,some houses were on a level with the streets1 others were approached by a grand perron4 ,the proprietors were of all degrees3 here was the great house of a lord1 there a miserable dramshop4 ,the enclosure consisted of no less than thirteen acres1 making ,stephen's ,green the largest public square in ,europe4 ,it was simply a great treeless field1 with an equestrian statue of ,george ,,ii4 stuck in the middle of it4 ,the principal entrance to the ground is described as decorated with four piers of black stone crowned with globes of mountain granite1 once respectable1 but exhibiting shameful symptoms of neglect and decay4 ,there had been a gravel walk called the ,beaux' ,walk1 from its having been a fashionable resort1 but1 says ,whitelaw1 the ditch which bounds it is now usually filled with stagnant water1 which seems to be the appropriate receptacle of animal bodies in a disgusting state of putrefaction4 ,at night this charming recreation-ground was illumined by twenty-six lamps1 at a distance of one hundred and seventy feet from each other1 stuck on wooden poles4 ,such an account of the grand square of ,dublin does not make one surprised to learn that the main approach to it from the heart of the city was of a very miserable description4 ,in reading ,whitelaw's history of ,dublin it is impossible not to be struck with the fact that it records a degree of neglect and indifference on the part of the people and the local authorities to beauty1 decency and order such as could scarcely be found in another country4 ,in the centre of ,merrion ,square was a fountain of very ambitious expense and design1 erected to the honor of the duke and duchess of ,rutland1 a lord and lady lieutenant4 ,the fountain was only finished in #agia1 but from a fault in the foundation1 or some shameful negligence in the construction1 is already cracked and bulged in several places2 and though intended as a monument to perpetuate the memory of an illustrious nobleman and his heroic father 7the famous ,lord ,granby71 is1 after an existence of only sixteen years1 tottering to its fall4 ,mr4 ,whitelaw continues3 ,unhappily1 a savage barbarism that seems hostile to every idea of order or decency1 of beauty and elegance1 prevails among but too many of the lower orders2 and hence the decorations of almost every public fountain have been destroyed or disfigured3 the figure1 shamefully mutilated1 of the water-nymph in this fountain has been reduced to a disgusting trunk1 and the alto relievo over it shows equal symptoms of decay1 arising partly from violence1 and partly1 perhaps1 from the perishable nature of the materials4 ,truly a forcible picture of art and the appreciation thereof in ,ireland6 ,during the last century some ,italians came to ,dublin1 who left their mark upon the interior decorations of rich men's houses4 ,many of the old houses retain the beautiful mantelpieces designed and executed by these accomplished artists4 ,a leading house-fitter of ,dublin has1 however1 bought up a good many1 and they are finding their way to ,london1 where it is to be hoped they may produce a revolution in taste1 for ,london mantelpieces are1 as a rule1 hideous4 ,some of these specimens of art have been bought by wealthy ,irishmen and transferred to their country-houses4 ,one nobleman1 ,lord ,langford1 whose ancestral home was wrecked in the rebellion of #agih1 has lately been restoring it1 and bought up many of the ,dublin mantelpieces4 ,the ornamentation of ,belvedere ,house1 in ,gardener ,row1 is particularly elaborate and in wonderfully good repair4 ,irish family history contains few sadder stories than that of the first countess of ,belvedere4 ,lord ,belvedere was a man of fashion who much frequented ,st4 ,james's1 and indeed owed his elevation1 first to a barony and then to an earldom1 to the favor of that highly uninteresting monarch1 ,george ,,ii4 ,leaving his wife sometimes for long periods at ,gaulston1 a vast and dreary residence 7since pulled down7 in ,westmeath1 he betook himself to ,london1 and ,lady ,belvedere at such times lived much with her husband's brother1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,rochfort1 and his family4 ,it is said that some woman with whom ,lord ,belvedere had long been connected was determined to make mischief between him and his wife4 ,eight years after their marriage1 ,lady ,belvedere was accused of adultery with ,mr4 ,rochfort3 in an action of crim4 con4 damages to the extent of twenty thousand pounds were given1 and the defendant was obliged to fly the country4 ,for many years he lived abroad1 but at length ventured to return1 when his brother caused him to be arrested1 and he died in confinement1 protesting to the last1 as did ,lady ,belvedere1 his innocence4 ,for ,lady ,belvedere a terrible punishment for her alleged misdeeds was in store4 ,her husband quitted ,gaulston for a cheerful retreat in another part of the county1 and henceforth that gloomy mansion became the prison-house of the unhappy countess4 ,when her imprisonment commenced ,lady ,belvedere was twenty-five4 ,for eighteen years she remained a prisoner4 ,her husband often visited ,gaulston1 but uniformly avoided all personal communication with her4 ,once she succeeded in speaking to him1 but her entreaties were in vain1 and thenceforward1 whenever he was about the grounds at ,gaulston1 the attendant accompanying ,lady ,belvedere in her walks was instructed to ring a bell to give warning of her approach4 ,at length1 after twelve years of captivity1 ,lady ,belvedere contrived to escape1 but ,lord ,belvedere1 who had been apprised of the fact1 reached her father's house in ,dublin before her1 and she found that his representations had weighed so strongly with ,lord ,molesworth--who had married a second time--that orders had been given that she was not to be admitted4 ,she then took a very unfortunate step by repairing to the house of her friends1 the wife and family of the brother-in-law with whom she had been accused of being guilty of misconduct1 ,mr4 ,rochfort himself being in exile4 ,she was presently seized and reconveyed to ,gaulston1 where a much more rigorous treatment was henceforth pursued toward her4 ,at length her husband's death set her free4 ,lady ,belvedere passed the rest of her days in peace and comfort at the house of her daughter and son-in-law1 ,lord and ,lady ,lanesborough4 ,she did not long survive her husband1 and on her deathbed1 after partaking of the holy communion1 affirmed with a most solemn oath her perfect innocence of the crime for which she had suffered so much4 ,but perhaps in many respects ,charlemont ,house has the most interesting recollections connected with it of all the grand-seigneur mansions of the ,irish metropolis4 ,it was here that the first earl of ,charlemont1 the best specimen of a nobleman that ,ireland has to boast of1 passed the greater portion of his later life4 ,lord ,charlemont's name is to be found in all the memoirs of eminent political and literary men of his time4 ,he was the friend of ,burke and ,johnson1 a popular member of the club1 and a munificent patron of literature and art4 ,but more than all this1 he stuck bravely to his country1 and to no man in ,ireland did the ,stopford motto1 ,patri infelici fidelis1 more correctly apply4 ,had more of his order been like him1 what a different country might ,ireland have been6 ,i found ,charlemont ,house full of painters and glaziers4 ,the mansion1 which was retained in statu quo by the late earl1 although1 for fifty years no member of the family had slept there1 has now been sold to the government1 and is being prepared for the accommodation of the survey department4 ,the mouldings of the beautiful ceilings are still extant in some of the rooms1 although what once was gilt is now white-wash4 ,the library is much as it was1 minus the very valuable collection of books1 which were sold some time since by the present earl1 and fetched a large sum1 albeit many of the most valuable were destroyed in a fire which broke out at the auctioneer's where they were deposited in ,london4#c ,with his friend ,edmund ,burke1 ,lord ,charlemont maintained a close correspondence4 ,one of ,burke's published letters relates to an ,american gentleman1 ,mr4 ,shippen1 whom he was introducing to the hospitalities of ,charlemont ,house1 and whom he describes as very agreeable1 sensible and accomplished4 ,america and we1 he concludes1 are not under the same crown1 but if we are united by mutual good-will and reciprocal good offices1 perhaps it may do almost as well4 ,mr4 ,shippen will give you no unfavorable specimen of the ,new ,world4 ,from the middle of the last century ,henrietta street1#d on the north bank of the ,liffey1 was the residence of many of the leading members of the aristocracy4 ,the street is a cul-de-sac1 with the ,king's ,inn 7the ,temple and ,lincoln's ,inn of ,dublin7 at the farther end4 ,the houses are extremely spacious and richly ornamented2 in fact1 far finer in point of proportion and design than ordinary ,london houses of the first class4 ,through the politeness of a gentleman who possesses half the street1 ,i went over some of the houses1 which are extremely spacious1 and contain beautifully-proportioned rooms richly ornamented with carving and moulding4 ,in what was formerly ,mountjoy ,house ,i found a dining-room whose cornices and ceilings were of the most elegant design and execution4 ,this house had seen many curious scenes4 ,it was formerly the town-house of the earl of ,blessington--whose second title was ,viscount ,mountjoy--to whom the whole street belonged4 ,the founder of this family1 ,luke ,gardiner1 rose from a humble origin by energy and intrigue1 and his son married the heiress of the ,mountjoys4 ,it was occupied up to #ahcj by the last earl of ,blessington1 husband of the celebrated literary star4 ,soon after their marriage ,lady ,blessington accompanied her husband to ,ireland1 and he invited some of his friends who were ignorant of the event to dine at his house in ,henrietta street4 ,these latter were somewhat startled when he entered the room with a beautiful woman leaning on his arm whom he introduced as his wife4 ,among the guests was a gentleman who had been in that room only four years before1 when the walls were hung with black1 and in the centre1 on an elevated platform1 was placed a coffin with a gorgeous velvet pall1 with the remains in it of a woman once scarcely surpassed in loveliness by the lady then present in bridal costume4 ,this was the first ,lady ,blessington4 ,the last of the ,irish noblesse in this street was ,lady ,harriet1 widow of the ,right ,hon4 ,denis ,bowes-,daly1 on whom ,grattan passed such warm eulogies1 and who was the original of ,lever's happiest creation1 ,the ,knight of ,gwynne4 ,it has been a frequent subject of conjecture why the ,phoenix ,park was so called4 ,the best explanation seems to be that on a site within its boundaries there formerly stood1 close to a remarkable spring of water1 an ancient manor-house4 ,the manor was called ,fionn-uisge1 pronounced finnisk1 which signifies clear or fair water1 and this term easily became corrupted into ,phoenix4 ,the land became ,crown property in #aeei1 and was made into a park in #affb4 ,it was immensely improved and put into its present shape by the earl of ,chesterfield1 author of the ,letters--one of the best viceroys ,ireland ever had--about #agdc4 ,the area is seventeen hundred and sixty acres4 ,with the exception of ,windsor and our own ,fairmount1 no public park in the world can compare with it4 ,the ground undulates charmingly1 the views are extensive and beautiful4 ,grouped around the ,phoenix ,park are many beautiful seats3 the finest is ,woodlands4 ,this belonged formerly to the ,luttrells1 a notorious family1 the head of which was raised to the ,irish peerage as earl of ,carhampton4 ,it was with a ,lord ,carhampton that his son declined to fight a duel1 not at all because he was his father1 but because he did not consider him a gentleman4 ,early in the century1 ,woodlands1 then known as ,luttrellstown1 became the property of ,luke ,white1 one of the most remarkable men that ,ireland has produced4 ,in #aggh1 ,luke ,white was in the habit of buying cheap odds and ends of literature from a bookseller1 named ,warren1 in ,belfast to peddle about the country4 ,in #agih he loaned the ,irish government1 then in great difficulty1 a million of pounds6 ,mr4 ,warren1 who found him very punctual and exact1 used to permit him to leave his pack behind his counter and call for it in the morning4 ,no one would then have dreamed that the greasy bag was to lead to such results4 ,by degrees1 ,white scraped together some means4 ,he used to take odd volumes to a binder in ,belfast and employ him to get the vol4 at the beginning and end of an odd volume erased1 so as to pass it off among the unwary as a perfect book1 and generally furbish it up4 ,then he used to sell his literary wares by auction in the streets of ,belfast4 ,the knowledge he thus acquired of public sales procured him a clerkship with a ,dublin auctioneer4 ,he opened first a book-stall1 and then a regular book-shop1 in ,dawson street1 a leading thoroughfare of ,dublin4 ,there he became eminent4 ,he sold lottery-tickets1 speculated in the funds and contracted for government loans4 ,in #agih1 when the rebellion broke out1 the ,irish government was desperately in need of funds4 ,they came into the ,dublin market for a loan of a million1 and the best terms they could get were from ,luke ,white1 who offered to take it at sixty-five pounds per one hundred pound share at five per cent4--not unremunerative terms4 ,at the time of his death1 in #ahbd1 he had long been ,m4,p4 for ,leitrim1 and his son was member for the county of ,dublin4 ,he left property worth a hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars a year4 ,eventually almost the whole of it devolved on his fourth son1 who some years ago was created a peer of the ,united ,kingdom as ,lord ,annaly4 ,the family has probably spent more than a million and a half of dollars on elections4 ,it has always been on the ,liberal side4 ,the present peer has property in about a dozen counties1 and is lord-lieutenant of ,langford1 whilst his younger son holds the same high office in ,clare4 ,the ,university of ,dublin consists of a single college--,trinity4 ,this edifice forms a prominent feature in the ,irish metropolis4 ,it stands in ,college ,green1 almost opposite to the ,bank of ,ireland1 the former legislative chambers4 ,since the ,union1 ,trinity ,college has been but little resorted to by men of the upper ranks of ,irish society1 although it has certainly contributed some very eminent men to the public service--notably1 the late unfortunate governor-general1 ,lord ,mayo1 and ,lord ,cairns1 ex-lord-chancellor of ,england4 ,trinity is one of the largest owners of real estate in the country4 ,the fellowships are far better than those of the ,english universities4 ,the provost1 who occupies a large and stately mansion1 has a separate estate worth some fifteen thousand dollars a year1 which he manages himself4 ,trinity has a very fine library4 ,it is one of the five which by an act of ,parliament has a right to demand from the publisher a copy of every work published4 ,the origin of the library is quite unique4 ,it dates from a benefaction by the victorious ,english army after its defeat of the ,spaniards at ,kinsale in #afjc1 when they devoted one thousand eight hundred pounds--a sum equivalent to five times that money at present rates--to establish a library in the university1 being1 it may be presumed1 instigated by some eminent personage1 who suggested that such a course would be acceptable to the queen1 who had founded the university4 ,dr4 ,chaloner and ,mr4 7afterward ,archbishop7 ,ussher were appointed trustees of this donation2 and1 says ,dr4 ,parr1 it is somewhat remarkable that at this time1 when the said persons were in ,london about laying out this money in books1 they there met ,sir ,thomas ,bodley1 then buying books for his newly-erected library in ,oxford2 so that there began a correspondence between them upon this occasion1 helping each other to procure the choicest and best books on moral subjects that could be gotten2 so that the famous ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford and that of ,dublin began together4 ,the private collection of ,ussher himself1 consisting of ten thousand volumes1 was the first considerable donation which the library received1 and for this also1 curiously enough1 it was again indebted to the ,english army4 ,in #afdj1 ,ussher left ,ireland4 ,the insurgents soon after destroyed all his effects with the exception of his books1 which were secured and sent to ,london4 ,in #afdb--when the troubles between ,king and ,parliament had broken out--,ussher was nominated one of the ,westminster ,assembly of ,divines1 but having offended the parliamentary authorities by refusing to attend1 his library was confiscated as that of a delinquent by order of the ,house of ,commons4 ,however1 his friend1 the celebrated ,john ,selden1 got leave to buy the books1 as though for himself1 but really to restore them to ,ussher4 ,narrow circumstances subsequently caused him to leave the library to his daughter1 instead of to ,trinity4 ,cardinal ,mazarin and the king of ,denmark made offers for it1 but ,cromwell interfered to prevent their acceptance4 ,soon after1 the officers and1 soldiers of ,cromwell's army then in ,ireland1 wishing to emulate those of ,elizabeth1 purchased the whole library1 together with all the archbishop's very valuable manuscripts and a choice collection of coins1 for the purpose of presenting them to the college4 ,but when these articles were brought over to ,ireland1 ,cromwell refused to permit the intentions of the donors to be carried into effect1 alleging that he intended to found a new college1 in which the collection might more conveniently be preserved separate from all other books4 ,the library was therefore deposited in ,dublin ,castle1 and so neglected that a great number of valuable books and manuscripts were stolen or destroyed4 ,at the ,restoration1 ,charles ,,ii4 ordered that what remained of the primate's library should be given to the university1 as originally intended4 ,one of the most extraordinary persons who ever occupied the position of provost1 or indeed any position1 was ,john ,hely ,hutchinson4 ,he was a man of great ability1 and perfectly determined to succeed1 without being troubled with any very tiresome qualms as to the means he employed in the process4 ,such an officeholder as this man the world probably never saw4 ,he was at the same time reversionary principal secretary of state for ,ireland1 a privy councilor1 ,m4,p4 for ,cork1 provost of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 major of the fourth regiment of horse1 and searcher of the port of ,strangford4 ,when he was appointed provost--a situation always filled since the foundation by a bachelor--there was great indignation amongst the fellows1 and to appease them he ultimately procured a decree permitting them to marry--a privilege which they1 unlike their brethren at ,oxford and ,cambridge1 enjoy to this day4 ,his position as provost did not prevent his righting a duel with a ,mr4 ,doyle1 but neither was hurt4 ,mr4 ,hutchinson had a great dislike to a ,mr4 ,shrewbridge1 one of the junior fellows1 who had shown opposition to him4 ,mr4 ,shrewbridge died1 and the under--graduates attributed his death to the provost's having refused him permission to go away for change of air4 ,a thoroughly ,hiber-man meute was the consequence4 ,the provost ordered that the great bell1 which usually tolls for a fellow1 should not toll1 and that the body should be privately buried at six ,a4,m4 in the fellows' burial-ground4 ,the students immediately posted up placards that the great bell should toll1 and that the funeral should be by torchlight4 ,they carried the point4 ,almost all the students attended the corpse to the grave in scarfs and hatbands at their own expense1 and when the funeral oration was pronounced they flew in wild excitement to the provost's house1 burst open his doors and smashed the furniture to pieces4 ,the provost had a hint given him1 and with his family had retreated to his house near ,dublin4 ,it was subsequently stated on good authority that ,mr4 ,shrewbridge could not in any case have recovered4 ,any one who takes an interest in the most original writer--not to say1 man--of the eighteenth century will not fail to find his way to the ,liberties1 as that queer district is called which surrounds ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral4 ,some years ago the present writer made his way into the great deserted deanery--the then dean resided in another part of the city--got the old woman in charge of the house to open the shutters of the dining-room1 and gazed at the original portrait of ,jonathan ,swift1 which hangs there an heirloom to his successors4 ,of the precincts of his cathedral he writes to ,pope3 ,i am lord-mayor of one hundred and twenty houses1#e ,i am absolute lord of the greatest cathedral in the kingdom1 and am at peace with the neighboring princes--i4e41 the lord-mayor of the city and the archbishop of ,dublin--but the latter sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions1 as old ,lewis did in ,lorraine4 ,again1 he writes to ,dr4 ,sheridan3 ,no soul has broken his neck or is hanged or married2 only ,cancerina is dead4#f ,i let her go to her grave without a coffin and without fees4 ,st4 ,patrick's1 which was1 in a deplorable state during ,swift's deanship1 and indeed for a century after1 is now restored to its original magnificence4 ,indeed1 it may be doubted whether it is not in a condition superior to what it ever was4 ,this superb work has been effected entirely by the princely munificence of the ,guinness family1 the great stout brewers of ,dublin2 and ,mr4 ,roe1 a wealthy distiller1 is now engaged in the work of restoring ,christ ,church1 the other ,protestant cathedral4 ,i paid a visit to the ,bank of ,ireland1 the edifice on which the hopes of so many patriotic ,irishmen have been centred1 insomuch as it is the old ,parliament-house4 ,the elderly official who conducted us over the building took us first through the bank-note manufacturing rooms1 where we espied in a corner a queer wooden figure draped in a queerer uniform4 ,demanding its history1 he said that the clothes had belonged to an old servant of the establishment1 and were discovered after his decease a few years ago4 ,formerly the ,bank of ,ireland was guarded by a special corps of its own1 and the ancient retainer1 who had been a member of this very commercial regiment1 was proud of it1 and had kept his dress as a cherished memorial4 ,when ,george ,,iv4 came to ,ireland1 on his celebrated popularity-hunt1 in #ahba--previous to which no ,english monarch had visited ,ireland since ,william ,,iii4--he graciously condescended to give the bank a military guard1 which has since been continued4 ,on the day ,i went ,i found a number of soldiers of the ,scots ,fusileer ,guards occupying the guard-room4 ,the officer on duty receives an allowance of two dollars and a half for his dinner4 ,at the ,bank of ,england he gets instead a dinner for himself and a friend1 and a couple of bottles of wine4 ,the interior of the ,parliament-house is almost the same as when ,ireland had her own separate legislature4 ,the ,house of ,lords is in precisely the condition in which it was left in #ahja4 ,it is a large oak-paneled1 oblong chamber of no particular beauty1 and might very well pass for the dining-hall of a ,london guild4 ,there is a handsome fireplace1 and the walls are in great part covered with two fine pieces of tapestry representing the battle of the ,boyne and the siege of ,derry1 ,king ,william1 of glorious1 pious and immortal1 etc41 being of course the most conspicuous object in the foreground4 ,the attendant stated that a special clause in the lease of the buildings1 to the ,bank of ,ireland ,company stipulated that the ,house of ,lords was to remain in statu quo4 ,perhaps it may return some of these days to its former use4 ,the ,house of ,commons1 a large stone hall of stately dimensions1 is now the cash-office of the bank4 ,there seemed nothing about it architecturally to call for special notice4 ,i mooted the probability of the ,parliament being restored1 but found1 rather to my surprise1 that the attendant was by no means disposed to regard such a step with unqualified approval4 ,it would be a blessing if the country was fit to govern itself1 he said1 or words to that effect1 but looking at the religious dissension and political bitterness existing in the country1 he feared that it wouldn't do yet a while2 and ,i suspect he's right4 ,ireland is a house divided against itself3 fifty years hence it may resemble ,scotland4 ,meanwhile1 there is no doubt whatever that a measure giving both ,ireland and ,scotland something in the nature of ,state legislatures would find favor with many ,english ,m4,p4s1 who greatly grudge having the valuable time of the imperial legislature wasted over a gas-bill in ,tipperary or a water-works scheme for ,dundee4 ,the bank seemed to me to be guarded with extraordinary care4 ,i went all over the roof1 on which a guard is mounted at night4 ,at coigns of vantage there is a bullet-proof palisading1 with peepholes through which a volley of musketry might be poured4 ,i should fancy that extra precautions have probably been taken since the ,fenian meutes of the last ten years4 ,dublin swarms with soldiers1 constabulary and police4 ,the metropolitan police is divided into six divisions1 each two hundred strong4 ,its men are1 ,i believe1 beyond a doubt the very finest in the world in point of physique4 ,numbers of them are six feet two or three inches high1 and they are broad and athletic in proportion4 ,indeed1 the magnificence of some of them who are detached for duty at certain great confluences of human existence is such that you see strangers standing and gaping at the giants in sheer amazement4 ,the metropolitan police is quite distinct from the constabulary1 and under a different chief4 ,outside the bank1 in ,college ,green1 is the celebrated statue of ,william ,,iii4 ,its location has been more than once changed1 and it is now placed where the officer on guard at the bank can keep an eye upon it4 ,this fearful object1 which would make a ,pradier or ,chantrey shudder1 is painted and gilt annually4 ,it has long served as a bone of contention between ,protestant and ,papist1 and has come off very badly several times at the hands of the latter--a circumstance which probably accounts for one of the horse's legs being about a foot longer than the rest--half of that limb having been renewed after it had been lost in one of the many free fights in which this remarkable quadruped has seen service4 ,the greatest proprietor of real estate in ,dublin is the young earl of ,pembroke1 son of the late ,right ,hon4 ,sidney ,herbert1 so well known in connection with the ,crimean war1 who was created1 shortly before his death1 ,lord ,herbert of ,lea4 ,his estate1 which is the most valuable in ,ireland1 comprises ,merrion ,square and all the most fashionable part of the ,irish metropolis1 and extends for several miles along the railway line running from ,kingstown1 the landing-place from ,england1 to the capital4 ,the property also includes ,mount ,merrion1 a neglected seat about four miles from the city4 ,this mansion1 which might easily be made delightful1 commands a charming view over the lovely bay1 and is surrounded by a small but picturesque park containing deer4 ,it was1 with the rest of ,lord ,pembroke's estate1 formerly the property of ,viscount ,fitzwilliam1 who founded the ,fitzwilliam ,museum in the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,lord ,fitzwilliam was a somewhat eccentric person4 ,his nearest relation had displeased him by some very trivial offence1 such as coming down late for dinner1 so he determined to leave his estate to his distant cousin1 ,lord ,pembroke4 ,falling ill1 ,lord ,fitzwilliam1 desired that ,lord ,pembroke might be summoned from ,london4 ,word came back that it was unfortunately impossible for him to leave ,england immediately4 ,presently news arrived from ,dublin that ,lord ,fitzwilliam was dead1 and had bequeathed all--the property is now three hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year--to ,lord ,pembroke1 with remainder to his second son4 ,by the death of the late ,lord ,pembroke the ,english and ,irish properties have become united1 and are to-day worth not less than six hundred thousand dollars a year6 ,it is this young nobleman who has lately written ,the ,earl and ,the ,doctor4 ,,reginald ,,wynford4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,the ,fitzgeralds1 of which family the duke of ,leinster is chief1 became ,protestant in #afaa1 when ,george1 sixteenth earl of ,kildare1 coming to the title and estates when eight years old1 was given in ward1 according to the custom of the time1 to the duke of ,lenox 7then lord privy seal71 who bred him a ,protestant4 ,footnote #b3 ,in ,june1 #agih1 the corpse of ,lord ,edward ,fitzgerald was conveyed from the jail of ,newgate and entombed in ,st4 ,werburgh's church1 ,dublin1 until the times would admit of their being removed to the family vault at ,kildare4 ,a guard1 says his brother1 was to have attended at ,newgate the night of my poor brother's burial1 in order to provide against all interruption from the different guards and patrols in the streets3 it never arrived1 which caused the funeral to be several times stopped on its way1 so that the funeral did not take place until nearly two in the morning1 and the people attending were obliged to stay in church until a pass could be procured to permit them to go out4 ,footnote #c3 ,lord ,charlemont had a seat called ,marino1 beautifully situated within a few miles of ,dublin4 ,there is within the grounds an exquisite building erected from designs of ,sir ,william ,chambers4 ,it is a small villa1 in its arrangements suggesting a maison de joie4 ,the furniture is just as it was1 and although sadly out of repair1 the visitor can easily judge how exquisite the place must once have been4 ,there is a superb mantelpiece1 richly mounted in bronze and inlaid with lapis lazuli4 ,footnote #d3 ,the occupants of ,henrietta street in #aghd included--the primate 7,lord ,rokeby72 the earl of ,shannon2 ,hon4 ,dr4 ,maxwell1 bishop of ,meath2 the bishop of ,kilmore2 the bishop of ,clogher2 ,right ,hon4 ,luke ,gardiner1 ,m4,p42 ,viscount ,kingsborough2 ,right ,hon4 ,d4 ,bowes-,daly1 ,m4,p42 ,sir ,e4 ,crofton1 ,bart4 ,twenty years later1 ,dublin was nearly deserted by the aristocracy on account of the ,union4 ,up to that time nearly all the peers1 except those really ,english1 seem to have had residences in ,dublin4 ,in #ahdd1 ,lords ,longford1 ,de ,vesci and ,monck were the only peers who had houses there4 ,footnote #e3 ,the precincts1 including a portion of the ,liberties1 were then entirely under the jurisdiction of the dean of ,st4 ,patrick's4 ,footnote #f3 ,it was a part of the grim and ghastly humor of this extraordinary man1 ,who left what little wealth he had ,to found a home for fools or mad1 ,and prove by one satiric touch ,no nation wanted it so much1 to give nicknames1 of which ,cancerina was one1 to the poor old wretches he met in his walks1 to whom he gave charity4 ,amongst ,cancerina's sisters in misery were ,stompanympha1 ,pullagowna1 ,friterilla1 ,stumphantha4 ,,the ,,maestro',s ,,confession4 7,,andrea ,,dal ,,castagno--#adfj47 ,i4 ,threescore and ten6 ,i wish it were all to live again4 ,doesn't the ,scripture somewhere say1 ,by reason of strength men oft-times may ,even reach fourscore8 ,alack6 who knows8 ,ten sweet1 long years of life6 ,i would paint ,our ,lady and many and many a saint1 ,and thereby win my soul's repose4 ,yet1 ,fra ,bernardo1 you shake your head3 ,has the leech once said ,i must die8 ,but he ,is only a fallible man1 you see3 ,now1 if it had been our father the pope1 ,i should know there was then no hope4 ,were only ,i sure of a few kind years ,more to be merry in1 then my fears ,i'd slip for a while1 and turn and smile ,at their hated reckonings3 whence the need ,of squaring accounts for word and deed ,till the lease is up8444 ,how8 hear ,i right8 ,no1 no6 ,you could not have said1 ,to-night6 ,,ii4 ,ah1 well6 ah1 well6 ,confess--you tell me--and be forgiven4 ,is there no easier path to heaven8 ,santa ,maria6 how can ,i tell ,what1 now for a score of years and more1 ,i've buried away in my heart so deep ,that1 howso tired ,i've been1 ,i've kept ,eyes waking when near me another slept1 ,lest ,i might mutter it in my sleep8 ,and now at the last to blab it clear6 ,how the women will shrink from my pictures6 ,and worse ,will the men do--spit on my name1 and curse2 ,but then up in heaven ,i shall not hear4 ,i faint6 ,i faint6 ,quick1 ,fra ,bernardo6 ,the figure stands ,there in the niche--my patron saint3 ,put it within my trembling hands ,till they are steadier4 ,so6 ,my brain ,whirled and grew dizzy with sudden pain1 ,trying to span that gulf of years1 ,fronting again those long laid fears4 ,confess8 ,why1 yes1 if ,i must1 ,i must4 ,now good ,sant' ,andrea be my trust6 ,but fill me first1 from that crystal flask1 ,strong wine to strengthen me for my task4 7,that thing is a gem of craftsmanship3 ,just mark how its curvings fit the lip47 ,ah1 you1 in your dreamy1 tranquil life1 ,how can you fathom the rage and strife1 ,the blinding envy1 the burning smart1 ,that1 worm-like1 gnaws the ,maestro's heart ,when he sees another snatch the prize ,out from under his very eyes1 ,for which he would barter his soul8 ,you see ,i taught him his art from first to last3 ,whatever he was he owed to me4 ,and then to be browbeat1 overpassed1 ,stealthily jeered behind the hand6 ,why that was more than a saint could stand2 ,and ,i was no saint4 ,and if my soul1 ,with a pride like ,lucifer's1 mocked control1 ,and goaded me on to madness1 till ,i lost all measure of good or ill1 ,whose gift was it1 pray8 ,oh1 many a day ,i've cursed it1 yet whose is the blame1 ,i say8 ,his name8 ,how strange that you question so1 ,when ,i'm sure ,i have told it o'er and o'er1 ,and why should you care to hear it more8 ,,iii4 ,well1 as ,i was saying1 ,domenico ,was wont of my skill to make such light1 ,that1 seeing him go on a certain night ,out with his lute1 ,i followed4 ,hot ,from a war of words1 ,i heeded not ,whither ,i went1 till ,i heard him twang ,a madrigal under the lattice where ,only the night before ,i sang4 --,a double robbery6 and ,i swear ',twas overmuch for the flesh to bear4 ,don't ask me4 ,i knew not what ,i did1 ,but ,i hastened home with my rapier hid ,under my cloak1 and the blade was wet4 ,just open that cabinet there and see ,the strange red rustiness on it yet4 ,a calm that was dead as dead could be ,numbed me3 ,i seized my chalks to trace-- ,what think you8--,judas ,iscariot's face6 ,i just had finished the scowl1 no more1 ,when the shuffle of feet drew near my door 7,we lived together1 you know ,i said73 ,then wide they flung it1 and on the floor ,laid down ,domenico--dead6 ,back swam my senses3 a sickening pain ,tingled like lightning through my brain1 ,and ere the spasm of fear was broke1 ,the men who had borne him homeward spoke ,soothingly3 ,some assassin's knife ,had taken the innocent artist's life-- ,wherefore1 'twere hard to say3 all men ,were prone to have troubles now and then ,the world knew naught of4 ,toward his friend ,florence stood waiting to extend ,tenderest dole4 ,then came my tears1 ,and ,i've been sorry these twenty years4 ,now1 ,fra ,bernardo1 you have my sin3 ,do you think ,saint ,peter will let me in8 ,,margaret ,j4 ,,preston4 ,,monsieur ,,fournier',s ,,experiment4 ,la transfusion parait avoir eu quelque succes dans ces derniers temps4 ,a dejected man1 ,m4 le docteur ,maurice ,fournier locked the door of his physiological laboratory in the ,place de l'cole de ,mdecine1 and walked away toward his rooms in the rue ,rossini4 ,at two-and-thirty1 rich1 brilliant1 an ambitious graduate of l'cole de ,mdecine1 an enthusiastic pupil of ,claude ,bernard's1 a devoted lover of science1 and above all of physiology1 yesterday he was without a care save to make his name great among the great names of science--to win for himself a place in the foremost rank of the followers of that mistress whom only he loved and worshiped4 ,to-day a word had swept away all his fondest hopes4 ,trousseau1 the keenest observer in all ,paris1 formerly his father's friend1 now no less his own1 had kindly but firmly called his attention to himself1 and to the malady that had so imperceptibly and insidiously fastened itself upon him that until the moment he never dreamed of its approach4 ,he had been too full of his work to think of himself4 ,in any other case he would scarcely have dared to dispute the opinion of the highest medical authority in ,europe2 nevertheless in his own he began to argue the matter3 ,but1 my dear doctor1 ,i am well4 ,no1 my friend1 you are not4 ,you are thin and pale1 and ,i noticed the other night1 when you came late to the meeting of the ,institute1 that your breathing was quick and labored1 and that the reading of your excellent paper was frequently interrupted by a short cough4 ,that was nothing4 ,i was hurried and excited1 and ,i have been keeping myself too closely to my work4 ,a run to ,dunkerque1 a week of rest and sea-air1 will make all right again4 ,but the great man shook his head gravely3 ,not weeks1 but years1 of a different life are needed4 ,you must give up the laboratory altogether if you want to live4 ,remember your mother's fate and your father's early death--think of the deadly blight that fell so soon upon the rare beauty of your sister4 ,some day you will realize your danger3 realize it now1 in time4 ,close your laboratory1 lock up your library1 say adieu to ,paris1 and lead the life of a traveler1 an ,arab1 a ,tartar4 ,for the present cease to dream of the future3 strength is better than a professorship in the ,college of ,france1 and health more than the cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,fournier was at first surprised and incredulous3 he became convinced1 then alarmed4 ,after some thought he was horribly dejected4 ,at such a time an ,englishman becomes stolid1 a ,german gives up utterly1 an ,american begins to live fast1 since he may not live long2 but he1 being a ,frenchman and a ,parisian1 had alternations--first1 the idea of suicide1 which means sleep2 second1 reaction1 which is hopefulness4 ,he chose to react1 and did it promptly4 ,a little time1 and the rooms in the ,place de l'cole de ,mdecine1 opposite the bookseller's1 displayed a card stuck on the entrance-door with red wafers1 louer1 the hammer of the auctioneer knocked down the comfortable furniture of the apartments in the rue ,rossini1 while that of the carpenter nailed up the well-beloved books in stout boxes1 and the places that had known ,m4 le docteur knew him no more4 ,none but those who have experienced the pleasures of a life devoted to scientific research can understand how hard all this was to him4 ,the fulfillment of long-cherished desires1 the completion of elaborate systematic investigations1 the realization of pet theories1 the establishment of new principles1--all1 all abandoned after so much toil and care4 ,to struggle painfully through a desert toward some beautiful height1 which1 at first dimly seen1 has grown clearer and clearer and always more splendid as he advances1 and now at its very foot to be turned back by a gloomy stream in whose depths lurks death itself2 to reach out his hand to the golden truth1 fruit of much winnowing of human knowledge1 and as he grasps the precious grains to be borne back by a grim spectre whose very breath is horrible with the noisome odors of the tomb2 to choose an arduous life1 and learn to love it because it has high aims1 and then to give it up at once and utterly6--alas1 poor ,fournier6 ,nevertheless1 he said as he turned his back on ,paris1 even idle wanderings are better than dying of consumption4 ,behold the student of science a wanderer--sailing his yacht among the islands of the ,mediterranean2 making long journeys through the wild mountain-regions and lovely valleys of untraveled ,spain2 stemming the historic current of the ,nile2 among the nomad tribes1 in ,arab costume riding an ,arabian mare1 as wild an ,arab as the wildest of them2 killing tigers in ,india1 tending stock in ,australia1 chasing buffaloes in ,western ,america1--everywhere avoiding civilization and courting ,nature and the company of men who either by birth or adoption were the children of ,nature4 ,by day the winds of heaven kissed his cheeks and the sun bronzed them3 at night he often fell asleep wondering at the star-worlds that gemmed the only canopy over his welcome blanket-couch4 ,his treatment of consumption was certainly a rational one1 and perhaps the only one that is ever wholly successful4 ,but1 alas6 few can take so costly a prescription4 ,how often had his studies led him to dissect the bodies of animals that had died in their dens in the ,jardin des ,plantes6 ,often in the first generation of cage-life1 almost always in the second1 invariably in the third1 they grow dull1 listless1 the fire goes out of their eyes1 the litheness out of their limbs3 they forget to eat1 they cough1 and soon they die4 ,of what8 ,consumption4 ,once our fathers were wild and lived in the open air3 they scarcely ever died1 as we do1 of consumption4 ,crowded cities1 bad drainage1 overwork1 want of healthful exercise1 stimulating food1 dissipation1--these are human cage-life4 ,if a man is threatened with consumption1 let him go back to the plains and forests before it is too late4 ,certainly the treatment benefited ,fournier4 ,by and by it did more--it cured him4 ,the cough was forgotten1 the cheeks filled out1 the muscles became hard as bundles of steel wire1 his strength was prodigious3 he ate his food with a relish unknown in ,paris1 and slept like a child4 ,nevertheless1 his mind1 trained to habits of thought and observation1 was not idle4 ,when a city was his home he had been a physiologist and had studied man3 he made the world his dwelling-place1 and wandering among the nations he became an ethnologist and began to study men4 ,a distinguished professor1 writing of the influence of climate upon man1 for the sake of illustration supposes the case of a human being whose life should be prolonged through many ages1 and who should pass that life in journeying slowly from the arctic regions southward through the varying climates of the earth to the eternal winter of the antarctic zone4 ,always preserving his personal identity1 this traveler would undergo remarkable changes in form1 feature and complexion1 in habits and modes of life1 and in mental and moral attributes4 ,though he might have been perfectly white at first1 his skin would pass through every degree of darkness until he reached the equator1 when it would be black4 ,proceeding onward1 he would gradually become fairer1 and on reaching the end of his journey he would again be pale4 ,his intellectual powers would vary also1 and with them the shape of his skull4 ,his forehead1 low and retreating1 would by degrees assume a nobler form as he advanced to more genial climes1 the facial angle reaching its maximum in the temperate zone1 only to gradually diminish as he journeyed toward the torrid1 and to again exhibit under the equator its original base development4 ,as he continued his journey toward the south pole he would undergo a second time this series of progressing and retrograding changes1 until at length1 as he laid his weary bones to rest in some icy cave in the drear antarctics1 ,multum ille et terris jactatus et alto1 he would be in every respect1 save in age and a ripe experience1 the same as at the outset of his wanderings4 ,extravagant as this illustration may appear1 the professor goes on to say1 philosophically1 on the doctrine of the unity of the human race1 it is not so2 for what else than such an imaginary prolonged individual life is the life of the race8 ,and what greater changes have occurred to our imaginary traveler than have actually befallen the human family8 ,the facts are patent4 ,under the equator is found the negro1 in the temperate zones the ,indo-,european1 and toward the pole the ,lapp and ,esquimaux4 ,they are as different as the climates in which they dwell2 nevertheless1 history1 philology1 the common traditions of the race1 revelation1 point to their brotherhood4 ,how is it that climate can bring about such modifications in man8 ,is it possible that the sun1 shining upon his face and his children's faces for ages1 can make their skin dark1 and their hair crisp and curly1 and their foreheads low8 ,or that sunshine and shadow1 spring-time and autumn1 summer's showers beating upon him and winter's snows falling about his path1 can make him fair and free8 ,or that the dreary night and cheerless day of many changeless arctic years can make him short and fat and stolid as a seal8 ,surely not4 ,these avail much2 but other influences1 indirect and obscure in their workings1 but not the less essentially climatic1 are required4 ,food1 raiment1 shelter1 occupation1 amusement1 influences that tell upon the very citadel and stronghold of life--and all in their very nature climatic1 since they are controlled and modified by climate--are the means by which such changes are effected4 ,the savage living in the open air1 not trammeled with much clothing1 anointing his skin with oil1 eating uncooked food1 delighting in the chase and in battle1 and living thus because his surroundings indicate it1 becomes swart and athletic1 fierce1 cunning and cruel--takes ethnologically the lowest place4 ,of literature1 science1 art1 he knows nothing3 for him will is justice1 fear law1 some miserable fetich ,god4 ,still1 in his nature lie dormant all the capabilities of the noblest manhood1 awaiting only favorable surroundings to call them into glorious being4 ,it might shock the salt of the earth to reflect that some centuries of life among them and their fair descendants would make him like them4 ,the arctic savage clad in furs and eating blubber does not differ essentially from his brother of the tropics4 ,so much of his food is necessarily converted into heat that he cannot afford to lead so active a life2 but he also1 like him of the tropics1 partakes with his surroundings in color4 ,the one1 living amid snowclad scenery1 where the sparse vegetation is gray and grayish-green1 and the birds and animals almost as white as the snow over which they wander1 is pale1 etiolated4 ,the other1 under a vertical sun1 surrounded by a lush and lusty growth1 whose flowers for variety and intensity of color are beyond description1 and in which birds of brightest plumage and black and tawny beasts make their home1 has the most marked supply of pigment--is dark-hued1 black1 in short a negro4 ,between these two extremes is the typical man1 fair of face1 with expanded brow and wavy hair1 well fed1 well clad1 well housed1 wresting from ,nature her hidden things and making her mightiest forces the workers of his will2 heaping together knowledge1 cherishing art1 reverencing justice1 worshiping ,god4 ,how startling the contrast between brothers6 ,such changes do not take place in a few generations4 ,for their completion hundreds1 perhaps thousands1 of years must elapse4 ,the descendants of the blacks who were carried from ,africa to ,america as slaves two centuries and a half ago1 save where their color has been modified by a mixed parentage1 are still black4 ,already the influence of new climatic surroundings and of association has wrought great changes upon them3 they are no longer savages4 ,but their complexion is as dark as that of their kidnapped forefathers4 ,their original physical condition remains almost unaltered1 and with it many mental characteristics3 their love of display and of bright colors1 their fondness for tune and the power of music to move them1 their weird and fantastic belief in ghosts and spirits1 in signs1 omens and charms1 and many other traits1 still bear witness to their savage origin4 ,but even these are fading away1 and these men are slowly but not the less surely becoming civilized and white4 ,the point of departure for every structural change in a living organism lies in the apparatus by which nutrition is maintained2 and this in the higher classes is the blood4 ,most complex and wonderful of fluids1 it contains in unexplained and inscrutable combination salts of iron1 lime1 soda and potassa1 with water1 oil1 albumen1 paraglobulin and fibrinogen1 which united form fibrine--in fact1 at times1 some part of everything we eat and all that goes to form our bodies1 which it everywhere permeates1 vitalizes and sustains4 ,borne in countless numbers in its ever-ebbing and returning streams are little disks1 flattened1 bi-concave1 not larger in man than one-three-thousandth of an inch in diameter1 called red corpuscles1 whose part it is to carry from the lungs to the tissues pure oxygen1 without which the fire called life cannot be sustained1 and back from the tissues to the lungs carbonic acid1 one of the products of that fire2 and larger1 yet marvelously small1 bodies called leucocytes or white corpuscles1 whose precise origin and use to this day1 in spite of all the labor that has been spent upon their study1 remain unknown4 ,but that which makes the blood wonderful above all other fluids is its vitality4 ,our common expression1 life's blood1 is no idle phrase4 ,the blood is indeed the very throne of life4 ,if its springs are pure and bountiful1 if its currents flow strong and free1 muscle1 bone and brain grow in symmetry and power1 and there is cunning to devise and the strong right arm to execute4 ,but if it be thin and poor1 and its circulation feeble and uncertain1 the will flags1 the mind is weak and vacillating1 the muscles grow puny1 and the man becomes an unresisting prey to disease and circumstance4 ,if it escape through a wound1 strength ebbs with it1 until at length life itself flows out with the unchecked crimson stream4 ,thus1 then1 by acting upon the blood1 climate has wrought and is working such changes upon man4 ,but why are constantly-acting causes so slow in producing their effects8 ,how is it that countless generations must pass away before purely climatic causes1 potent as they are1 begin to manifest themselves in physical changes in the races of men exposed to them8 ,fournier1 physiologist1 as ,i have said1 by the education of the schools1 but by the broader education of his travels sociologist and ethnologist1 devoted himself again to science1 and framed this hypothesis3 ,climatic influences1 acting upon man1 bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly1 because they are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation4 ,this habit pertains either to the blood or the tissues1 possibly to both1 probably to the blood alone4 ,to establish an hypothesis experiment is necessary4 ,physiology is a science of experiment4 ,hence the frequent uncertainty of its results1 since no two observers conduct an experiment in exactly the same manner--certainly no two ever institute it under precisely the same conditions4 ,nevertheless1 let us not decry science4 ,out of much searching after truth comes the finding of truth--after long groping in darkness one comes upon a ray of light4 ,an experiment was necessary4 ,to the ingenious mind of ,fournier an elaborate one occurred4 ,if he could perform it1 not only would his hypothesis be established and confirmed beyond all cavil1 but a1 field of scientific research also be opened such as was yet undreamed of4 ,however1 for this experiment subjects were needed4 ,brutes1 beasts of the field8 ,not so3 that were easy to achieve4 ,human beings1 two living1 healthy men1 one white1 one black1 were the requirements4 ,impossible6 ,the experiment could never be performed3 its requirements were unattainable4 ,o tempora6 ,o mores6 ,alas1 for the degeneracy of the age6 ,in the days of the ,roman emperors men were fed1 literally fed1 to wild beasts in the arena--,gauls1 ,scythians1 ,nubians1 even ,roman freedmen when barbarians were scarce4 ,this to amuse the populace alone4 ,frightful waste of life6 ,in ,india1 a thousand lives thrown away in a day under the wheels of ,juggernaut2 in ,europe1 tens of thousands to gratify the imperious wills of grasping monarchs2 in ,america1 hundreds to sate the greed of railroad corporations4 ,and now not two men to be had for an experiment of untold value to science1 that would scarcely endanger life in one of them1 and in the other would necessitate only the merest scratch6 ,to what are we coming8 ,no one complains that tattooed heads are going out of fashion--that the king of the ,cannibal ,isles no longer flatters a ship's master by inquiring which head of all his subjects is ornamented most to his fancy1 and the next day sending him that head as a souvenir of his visit to the anthropophagic shores4 ,it is well that the custom is dead4 ,but is there not danger of drifting too far even toward the shore of compassion8 ,may it not be that there is something wrong with the bowels of mercy when criminals are executed barbarously1 while science needs their lives1 or at least an insight into the method of their dying2 when precise examination of the manner of nerve and blood supply to the organs of a superannuated horse is heavily finable2 when charitable but perchance too enthusiastic societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals push their earnestness even to interference with scientific researches1 because1 forsooth6 they jeopardize the lives of rabbits1 guinea-pigs and dogs8 ,the legend ,cave canem bears a deeper meaning now than it did in the inlaid pavements of ,pompeian vestibules4 ,we dare not trample it under foot4 ,five years passed1 and with restored health back came the old desires in redoubled force4 ,fournier longed to return to civilization and to work4 ,the life that had been so delightful while it did him good became utterly unbearable when he had reaped its full benefit4 ,i am tempted to quote a line about ,europe and ,cathay1 but refrain3 it will recur to the reader4 ,he burned to renew the labors he had abandoned1 to take up again the work he had laid down to do battle with disease1 now that disease was vanquished4 ,thus the year #ahfc found him in the city of ,charleston1 homeward bound in his journey around the world4 ,while still in the wilds west of the ,mississippi he could have shaped his course northward and readily proceeded directly by steamer from ,new ,york to ,europe4 ,but a determined purpose led him to choose a different course1 though he was well aware that it would involve indefinite delay in reaching ,paris1 and great personal risk4 ,the life he had been leading made him think lightly of danger1 and years would be well spent if he could accomplish the plans that induced him to go into the disorganized country of the ,south4 ,he straightway connected himself with the army as surgeon1 and solicited a place at the front4 ,he wanted active service4 ,in this he was disappointed4 ,charleston1 blockaded and beseiged1 was in a state of military inaction4 ,save the occasional exchange of shot and shell at long range between the works on shore and those which the ,unionists had erected and held upon the neighboring islands and marshes1 nothing was done1 and for nearly a year ,fournier experienced the irksomeness of routine duty in a wretchedly arranged and appointed military hospital4 ,nevertheless1 the time was not wholly wasted4 ,from a planter fleeing from the anarchy of civil war he procured a native ,african slave1 one of the shipload brought over a few years before in the ,wanderer1 the last slave-ship that put into an ,american harbor4 ,this man he made his body-servant and kept always near him1 partly to study him1 but chiefly to secure his complete mental and moral thraldom4 ,an almost unqualified savage1 ,fournier avoided systematiclly everything that would tend to civilize him4 ,he taught him many things that were convenient in his higher mode of life1 and taught him well1 but of the great principles of civilization he strove to keep him in ignorance2 and more1 he so confused and distorted the few gleams of light that had reached that darkened soul that they made its gloom only the more hideous and profound4 ,he wanted a man altogether savage1 mentally1 morally and physically4 ,instead of teaching him ,english or ,french1 he learned from him many words of his own rude native tongue1 and communicated with him as much as possible in that alone1 aided by gesture1 in which1 like all ,frenchmen1 he possessed marvelous facility of expression4 ,in the unexplored back-country of ,africa the negro had been a prince1 and ,fournier bade him look forward to the time when he would return and rule4 ,he always addressed him by his ,african name and title in his own tongue4 ,he took him into the wards of his hospital1 and taught him to be useful at surgical operations and to care for the instruments1 that he might become familiar with them and with the sight of blood1 which at first maddened him4 ,once he gave him a drug that made his head throb1 and then bled him1 with almost instant relief4 ,he affected an interest in the amulets which hung at his neck1 and besought him to give him one to wear4 ,he committed to his care1 with expressions of the greatest solicitude1 a strong box1 brass bound and carefully locked1 which he told him contained his god1 a most potent and cruel deity1 who would1 however1 when it pleased him1 give back the life of a dead man for blood4 ,this box contained a silver cup1 with a thermometer fixed in its side2 a glass syringe holding about a third of a pint2 a large curved needle perforated in its length like a tube1 sharp at one end1 at the other expanded to fit accurately the nozzle of the syringe2 a little strainer also fitting the syringe2 and last1 a small bundle of wires with a handle like an egg-beater4 ,for the rest1 this savage was crooked1 ill-shapen and hideous4 ,his skin was as black as night2 his head small1 the face immensely disproportionate to the cranium2 his jaws massive and armed with glittering white teeth filed to points2 his cheeks full1 his nose flat1 his eyes little1 deep-set1 restless1 wicked4 ,the usage he received from his new master was so different from his former experience with white men1 and so in accord with his own undisciplined nature1 that it called forth all the sympathies of his character4 ,he soon loved the ,frenchman with an intensity of affection almost incomprehensible4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that he would have willingly laid down his life to gratify his master's slightest wish4 ,the latter's knowledge was to him so comprehensive1 his power so boundless and his will so imperious and inflexible1 that he feared and worshiped him as a god4 ,fournier looked upon his monster with satisfaction1 and longed for a battle4 ,his wish was at last gratified4 ,on the ,fourth of ,july1 #ahfd1 an engagement took place three miles north-west of ,legarville1 near the ,north ,edisto ,river4 ,a force of ,union soldiery had been assembled from the ,sea ,islands and from ,florida1 massed on ,seabrook ,island1 and pushed thence up into ,south ,carolina4 ,the object of this expedition was unknown2 indeed1 as nothing whatever was accomplished1 the strategy of it remains to this day unexplained4 ,however1 forewarned is forearmed4 ,every movement was watched and reported by the rebel scouts2 all the troops that could be spared from ,charleston were sent out to oppose the invaders2 roads were obstructed2 bridges were destroyed1 batteries erected in strong positions1 everything prepared to impede their progress4 ,our story needs not that we should dwell upon the sufferings of the ,union soldiers on that futile expedition1 from the narrow1 dusty roads1 the frequent scarcity of water1 the intense heat4 ,with infinite fatigue and peril they advanced only five or six miles in a day's march4 ,many died of sunstroke1 and many fell by the way utterly exhausted4 ,there was occasional skirmishing2 but one actual battle4 ,to that the troops gave the name of the battle of ,bloody ,bridge4 ,picture a slightly undulating country covered with thick low forest2 a narrow road that by an open plank bridge crosses a wide1 sluggish stream with marshy banks1 and curves beyond abruptly to the right to avoid a low1 steep hill facing the bridge2 crowning this hill an earth-work1 rude to be sure1 but steep1 sodded1 almost impregnable to men without artillery to play upon it2 within1 two cannon1 for which there is plenty of ammunition1 and six hundred ,confederate soldiers1 fresh1 eager1 determined2 on the road in front of the battery1 but just out of range of its guns1 the ,union forces halting under arms1 the leaders anxious and discouraged1 the men exhausted1 careworn1 wondering what is to be done next1 heartily sick of it all1 yet willing to do their best2 in the thicket on both sides the road1 not sheltered1 only covered1 within pistol-shot of the enemy1 six hundred ,united ,states soldiers1 a ,massachusetts colored regiment1 one of the first recruited1 without cannon1 over-marched1 overheated1 a forlorn hope1 sent forward to take the battery6 ,these men1 stealthily assembling there among the trees and bushes1 are ready4 ,not one of them carries a pound of superfluous weight4 ,their rifles with fixed bayonets1 a handful of cartridges1 a canteen of water1 are enough4 ,they wear flannel shirts and blue trowsers2 numbers are bareheaded1 some have cut off the sleeves of their shirts3 they know there is work before them4 ,many kneel in prayer2 comrades exchange messages to loved ones at home1 and give each other little keepsakes--the rings they wore or brier pipes carved over with the names of coast battles2 others--perhaps they have no loved ones--look to the locks of their pieces and await impatiently the signal to advance4 ,the officers--white men1 most of them ,boston society fellows1 old ,harvard boys who once thought a six-mile pull or a long innings at cricket on a hot day hard work1 and knew no more of military tactics than the ,lancers--move about among them1 speaking to this one and to that one1 calling each by name1 jesting quietly with one1 encouraging another1 praising a third1 endeavoring to inspire in all a hope which they dare not feel themselves4 ,but hark6 ,the signal to move4 ,quickly they form in the road1 and with a shout advance at a run1 their dusky faces glistening in that summer sun and their manly hearts beating bravely in the very jaws of death4 ,now the bridge trembles beneath their steady tread3 the foremost are at the hill1 yet no sign of life in the battery4 ,only the smooth green bank1 the wretched flag in the distance1 and those guns charged with death looking grimly down upon them and waiting4 ,on they come1 nearer and nearer1 and now some are on the hill and begin to climb the steep that forms the defence1 slowly and with difficulty1 using at times their rifles as aids like alpenstocks4 ,not a word is spoken4 ,it is hard to understand how so many men can move with so little noise4 ,the silence is that which precedes all dreadful noises4 ,it is ominous1 terrible4 ,scarcely twenty feet more1 and the foremost will reach the rampart4 ,haste6 haste6 ,the day is won6 ,suddenly a figure in gray leaps upon the breastwork3 he waves his sword1 utters a short quick word of command1 and disappears4 ,it is enough4 ,the sleeping battery awakes4 ,the silence becomes hideous uproar4 ,the smooth green line of the sod against the sky is lined with marksmen1 and in an instant fringed with fire4 ,then the cannon bellow and the breezeless air is dense with smoke4 ,the attacking column hesitates1 trembles1 makes a useless effort to advance1 and then falls back beyond the bridge4 ,the officers endeavor to rally their men and renew the attack at once1 but in vain3 flesh and blood cannot stand in such a storm4 ,nevertheless1 the brave fellows--,god bless their memory6--halt at length1 and form and charge once more4 ,and so again and again and again2 every time in vain and with new losses1 until at last they cannot rally1 but retreat1 broken and bleeding1 to the main body of the expedition1 carrying with them such of the wounded and dead as they can snatch from under the fire of the rebel riflemen4 ,such was the battle of ,bloody ,bridge1 and well was it named4 ,five times that gallant regiment charged the battery1 and when the smoke of battle cleared away the sun shone down upon a piteous sight--blood dyeing the green of that sodded escarp--blood in great clots upon the rocks and stumps of the rugged hill below--blood poured plenteously upon the dusty road1 making it horrible with purple mire--blood staining the bridge and gathering in little pools upon the planks1 and dripping slowly down through the cracks between them into the sluggish stream1 where it floated with the water in great red clouds1 toward which creatures dwelling in slimy depths below came up lazily1 but when they tasted it became furious and fought among themselves like demons--blood drying in hideous networks and arabesques upon the railing of the bridge--blood upon the fences1 blood upon the trembling leaves of the bushes by the wayside--blood everywhere6 ,and everywhere the upturned faces and torn bodies of men who had dared to do their duty and to die3 side by side the white1 who led and the black who followed--all set and motionless1 but all wearing the same expression of brave but hopeless determination4 ,that was a brave charge at ,balaklava1 but1 trust me1 there have been ,balaklavas that are yet unsung4 ,so the expedition went back1 and its brigades were redistributed to the ,sea ,islands and to ,florida2 but why it was ever sent out1 and why that regiment was sent forward to take the battery without artillery and without reinforcements1 ,god1 who knoweth all things1 only knows4 ,and ,god alone knows why there must be wars and rumors of wars1 and why men made in his image must tear each other like maddened beasts4 ,in this battle1 heavy as the losses were1 the ,confederates took but one prisoner4 ,at the third charge a tall1 broad-shouldered captain1 who seemed1 like another son of ,thetis1 almost invulnerable1 darted impetuously ahead of his men and reached the summit of the defence4 ,useless bravery6 ,in an instant a volley point blank swept away the charging men behind him1 and a gunner's sabrethrust bore him to the ground within the works1 where he lay stunned and bleeding beside the gun he had striven so hard to take4 ,the man who had captured him1 wild with excitement and maddened with the powder that blackened him and the hot blood which jetted upon him1 sprang down1 spat upon him1 spurned him with his foot1 and would have dashed out his brains with the heavy hilt of his clubbed sword had not a strong hand grasped his uplifted wrist4 ,it was ,fournier1 who had watched the battle with an interest as intense as that of the most ardent ,southerner in the battery1 though widely different in character4 ,his interest was that of the naturalist who stands by eager and curious to see a rustic entrap some rara avis that he desires to study1 to use for his experiment4 ,better for the bird3 it can suffer and die4 ,afterward what matter whether it stand neatly stuffed and mounted1 a voiceless worshiper1 in some glass mausoleum1 or slowly moulder in a fence corner until its feathers are wafted far and wide1 and only a little tuft of greener grass remains to its memory8 ,as our naturalist's game was nobler and destined for more important study1 so it was capable of lifelong suffering more subtle and intense4 ,perhaps ,fournier had not fully considered1 in his eagerness to prove his hypothesis1 the dangers to the subjects of his experiment4 ,perhaps his mind was so intent upon the physical aspect of the questions that he had overlooked some of the intellectual and moral elements involved in the problem1 and did not realize the enormities that would result should he succeed4 ,on the other hand1 perhaps he saw them1 realized them fully1 and was the more deeply fascinated with the research because of its leading into such gloomy and mysterious regions of speculation4 ,let us do him justice4 ,science was his god1 and this idolater was willing to endure any labor and privation and to assume any responsibility in her service4 ,would that more who worship a greater ,god were as devoted6 ,he was a physiologist1 and was simply engaged in an experimental investigation1 yet in its progress he had already uncivilized a man whose eyes were beginning dimly to see the truth1 had poisoned his mind with lies1 and had hurled him into depths of ,plutonian ignorance inconceivably more profound than his original estate2 and now he was about to debase another fellow-creature of his own race1 to tamper with his manhood1 to confuse his identity1 to render him among his own kindred and people perhaps tabooed1 ostracised1 despised--perhaps an object of pity4 ,if he should succeed8 ,surely he had not come thus near success to suffer his splendid ,yankee captain to be brained there before his eyes4 ,like a hawk he had watched every incident of the fight1 and was on the alert to act the part of surgeon toward any who might be either wounded in the battery or taken prisoner4 ,he had even resolved1 in case of the capture of the place1 to represent his peculiar position to the ,united ,states officer in command1 and to beg of him permission to make his experiment upon a wounded rebel4 ,the gunner turned fiercely upon him1 but dropped his arm and sheathed his sabre at his question1 and then walked back to his gun abashed1 for he was1 after all1 a brave and chivalrous man4 ,fournier simply asked3 ,do ,confederate soldiers murder prisoners of war8 ,and added1 ,he is a wounded man--leave him to me4 ,then he knelt down beside him and examined his wound1 and though he strove to be calm he trembled with excitement as he tore open the blue blouse and felt the warm blood welling over his fingers4 ,it was a simple wound through the fleshy part of the shoulder3 a strand of saddler's silk and a few strips of sticking-plaster would have sufficed to dress it1 but the ,frenchman smiled when he wiped away the clots and saw the blood spurting from two or three small divided arteries4 ,then he called his ,african1 and they carried the wounded man back to a tent1 and laid him on a bed of moss and cypress boughs1 and left him there to bleed1 while he went out into the air1 and walked about1 and tossed his hat and shouted with excitement like a madman4 ,but the battle raged1 and the gunners charged their guns and fired1 and charged and fired again1 and the men along the breastwork grew furious with the slaughter and the fiery draughts they took from their canteens through lips blackened with powder and defiled with grease and shreds of cartridge-paper2 and no one noticed the doctor's mad conduct nor the savage standing guard before the tent2 nor did any other save those two in the whole battery--no1 not even the gunner who had captured him--give a thought to the prisoner who lay bleeding there1 until the battle was over4 ,and this prisoner1 what of him8 ,any one1 looking upon him as he lay upon the cypress boughs1 would have known him to be thoroughbred4 ,everything about him proclaimed it4 ,his face1 manly but gentle1 his figure1 great in stature and strength1 yet graceful in outline like a ,grecian god1 the very dress and accoutrements he wore1 which were neat1 strong1 expensive1 but without ornament1 showed him to be a gentleman4 ,and ,robert ,shirley was a gentleman4 ,probably no man in all the ,states could have been found who would have presented a greater contrast to the man standing guard outside the tent than this man who lay within it2 and for that reason none who would have been so welcome to ,fournier4 ,as the one was a pure savage1 the other was the realization of the most illustrious enlightenment2 the one fierce1 cunning1 undisciplined1 the other gentle1 frank1 considerate2 as the one was hideous1 ill-formed and black as night1 so the other was radiant with manly beauty and fair as the morning4 ,each among his own people sprang from noble stock2 the one a prince1 the other the descendant of the purest ,puritan race1 which knew among its own divines and judges brave captains1 and farther back a governor of the colony4 ,but the guard and his people were at the foot of the scale1 the guarded at the top4 ,the blood flowing out upon the cypress bed was the best blood of ,america4 ,it was blue blood and brave blood4 ,generation after generation it had flowed in the veins of fair women and noble men1 and had never known dishonor4 ,yet ,fournier let it flow4 ,more1 he was delighted that it continued to flow4 ,presently1 however1 he sobered down1 and began to prepare for his work4 ,he placed a large caldron of water over a fire2 he brought basins1 towels and his case of surgical instruments1 and placed them in the1 tent1 and with them the case which he had taught the ,african to believe contained his god4 ,while thus busied he did not neglect the subject of his experiment4 ,his watchful eye noted everything--the mass1 of clots growing like a great crimson fungus under the wounded shoulder1 the deadly pallor1 the dark circles forming around the sunken eyes1 the blanched lips1 the transparent nostrils1 the slow1 deep respiration4 ,from time to time he felt the wounded man's pulse and counted it carefully4 ,ninety--he went out again into the open air2 one hundred--,the loss of blood tells1 he muttered1 and began to rearrange his appliances and busy himself uneasily with them2 one hundred and thirty beats to the minute --,he is failing too fast3 ,i must stop this bleeding said the experimenter4 ,then he cleansed the wound1 and tied the arteries1 and bound it up4 ,but the loss of blood had been so great that the heart fluttered wildly and feebly in its efforts to contract upon its diminished contents1 and ,fournier1 anxious1 and pale himself almost as his victim1 trembled when his finger felt in vain for the bleeding artery and caught only a faint tremulous thrill1 so feeble that he scarcely knew whether the heart was beating at all or not4 ,in terror he threw the ends of the little tent and fanned him1 and moistened his lips1 and gave him brandy1 and hastened to begin the experiment for which he had waited so long and for which both subjects were at last ready4 ,he told his savage that the ,yankee was dying1 but that he had communed with his god1 who would let him live if blood was given in return4 ,then he reminded him of the time when he lost blood1 and that it had done him no harm4 ,the ,african1 trained for this duty with so much care1 did not fail him1 but bared his arm and gave the blood4 ,the god was brought forth and caught it1 and the sacrifice began4 ,as the silver1 bowl floated in a basin of water so warm that the thermometer in its side marked ninety-eight degrees of ,fahrenheit1 ,fournier stirred the blood flowing into it quickly with the bundle of wires1 to collect the fibrine and prevent the formation of clots2 he then drew it into the syringe through the strainer1 and forced it through the perforated needle1 which he had previously thrust into a large vein in ,shirley's arm1 carefully avoiding the introduction of the slightest bubble of air4 ,time after time he filled his syringe and emptied it into the veins of the wounded man1 until at length he saw signs of reaction4 ,the color came1 the breathing became more natural1 the pulse became slower1 fuller1 regular4 ,by and by he moved1 sighed1 opened his eyes and spoke4 ,he asked a question3 ,what has happened8 ,while he had been lying there much had happened4 ,life and death had battled over him1 and life had triumphed4 ,when he recovered from the effects of his fall and found himself bleeding1 he tried to rise and stanch the flow1 but1 already exhausted1 he fell back almost fainting from the effort4 ,he called repeatedly for help1 but his only reply was the hideous face of his guard1 silently leering at him for a moment1 then disappearing without a word1 ,at last it occurred to him that he had been left there to die1 and he roused all his energies to his aid4 ,how we strive for our lives6 ,but ,shirley accomplished nothing1 he could not even raise his hand to the bleeding shoulder1 with every effort the blood flowed more copiously4 ,his mind was rapidly becoming benumbed like his body1 which shivered as though it were mid winter4 ,darkness came over his eyes1 and as he listened to the din of the battle he fell into a dreamy state that soon passed into seeming unconsciousness again4 ,nevertheless1 while the doctor came and went and did his work1 and the savage scowled at him1 yet gave his life's blood to save him1 though he lay like a dead man and saw them not1 nor heard them1 nor even felt the needle in his flesh1 his mind was not idle4 ,strange doubts and fears1 wild longings and regrets1 sweet thoughts of long-forgotten happiness1 and fair visions of the future1 busied his brain4 ,memory unrolled her scroll and breathed upon the letters of his story that lapse of time and press of circumstance had made dim1 till they grew clear1 and with himself he lived his life again1 and nothing was lost out of it or forgotten4 ,there was his mother's face again1 with the old1 old loving smile upon her lips and the tender mother-love in the depths of her beautiful blue eyes--lips that had so oven kissed away his childish tears1 and had taught him to say at evening1 ,our ,father and ,now ,i lay me down to sleep1 eyes that had never looked upon him without something of the heavenly light of which they were now so full4 ,there before him1 bright and clear as ever1 were the scenes of his boyhood--the school-forms defaced with many a rude cutting of names and dates1 the master knitting his shaggy brows and tapping meaningly with his ruler upon the awful desk while some white haired urchin floundered through an ill-learned task and his classmates tittered at his blunders4 ,dear old classmates6 ,how their faces shone and gladdened as they chased the bounding football6 ,how merrily they flushed and glowed when the clear frosty air of the ,northern winter quivered with the ring of their skates upon the hard ice6 ,how soberly side by side they solved problems and looked up sesquipedalia verba in big lexicons6 ,and how happily the late evening hours wore away as they read ,ivanhoe and the ,leather ,stocking ,tales by the fireside with shellbarks and pippins6 ,then the college days flew by with all their romance and delight4 ,again there were bells ringing to morning prayers1 recitations and lectures1 examinations and prizes1 speeches and medals1 and the glorious friendships1 pure1 earnest1 almost holy4 ,would there were more such friendships in the outer1 wider world6 ,commencement with its pomp and circumstance1 its tedious ceremony and scholarly display1 its friends from home--mothers1 sisters1 sweethearts1 all bright eyes and fond hearts1 its music and flowers1 its caps1 gowns1 dress-coats and spreads1 and1 last and worst of all1 its sorrowful good-byes1 some of them1 alas6 for ever6 ,once more he trembled as he rose to make his commencement speech1 but slowly1 as he went on1 his voice grew steady and his manner calmer1 for1 lad as he was1 and tyro at orations1 he was in earnest4 ,may my light hand forget its cunning1 ,o my brother6 may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth1 ,o ye oppressed6 if ever there comes to me an opportunity to help you win your way to freedom and ,i fail you6 ,he1 the aristocrat of his class1 had chosen to speak ,against ,caste1 and though he spoke with the enthusiasm of an untried man1 it was with devoted honesty of purpose1 of which his earnestness was witness1 and of which his future was to give ample proof4 ,again in vision he stood before that assembly and spoke for the lowly and oppressed4 ,let every man have place and honor as he proves himself worthy4 ,make the way clear for all4 ,through the bewilderment of applause that greeted him as he finished he saw only the glad1 smiling face of ,alice ,wentworth nodding approval of the rest1 hundreds though they were1 he saw nothing4 ,her congratulation was enough4 ,then came tenderer scenes1 and ,alice ,wentworth was to be his wife4 ,another change1 and he is in the midst of ruder scenes4 ,there is war1 civil war1 and he is a soldier1 once more he seems to be in ,virginia1 and there are marches and counter-marches1 camps and barracks1 battles and retreats1 and all the great and little miseries of long campaigns4 ,the silver leaflets of a major are exchanged for the golden eagles of a colonel1 and all the time1 amid sterner duties1 he finds time to write to ,alice ,wentworth1 and never a mail comes into camp but he is sure of letters dated ',home' and full of words that make him hopeful and brave1 ',home6' ,yes hers and mine too1 if home's where the heart is6' he thinks1 and he loves her more dearly every day4 ,negro troops are raised1 and1 true to his principles and to himself1 he resigns his commission to take a lower rank in a colored regiment4 ,now the scenes grow dim1 confused sounds far off disturb him1 low music1 familiar yet strange1 now distant1 now at his very ear1 attracts him1 a weird1 shadowy mist encloses him1 concealing even the things which were visible to the mind's eye1 and memory and thought have almost ceased4 ,yet while all else fades away1 clear and beautiful before him are two faces that cannot be forgotten--his mother's face1 and that other1 which he loves1 if that can be1 even more4 ,thus1 with the ',our ,father' not on his lips1 but fixed in his mind1 he feels himself drifting away--drifting away like a boat that has broken its moorings and drifts out with the ebbing tide--whither8 ,but the rich1 warm1 lusty blood of the ,african quickly does its work4 ,the heart1 which had almost ceased to beat1 because there was not blood enough for it to contract upon1 reacted to the stimulus1 and as it revived and sent the new life pulsating through all the body the whole man revived1 and again3 ,the fever called living burned in his brain4 ,fournier1 under one pretext or another1 but really by the force of his relentless will1 kept his victim by him for years after their escape from the ,south4 ,he noted from time to time certain curious changes that took place in his physical nature1 and recorded his observations with scientific precision in a book kept for the purpose1 for the renewal of life had entailed results of an extraordinary character1 as the reader may have already anticipated4 ,at length he wrote ',my hypothesis is verified1 it has become a theory4 ,my theory is proved1 it is a physiological law4 ,climatic influences1 acting upon man1 bring about physical changes exceedingly slowly1 because they are resisted by an inveterate habit of assimilation which pertains to the blood4' ,that day ,shirley was free4 ,his rescuer had finished his experiment4 ,alice ,wentworth had never believed that her lover was dead4 ,she had heard all with a troubled heart1 but while his distant kinsmen1 who were heirs-at-law1 put on the deepest mourning and grew impatient of the law's delay1 she simply said1 ,i will wait until there is some proof before ,i give him up6 ,proof6 proof6 ,shall ,i be quicker than the law to give up every hope8 ,and in her heart she said1 ,he is not dead4 ,even when years had passed and the war was over1 and her agent had searched everywhere and found no trace of him1 she did not cease to hope that he would yet appear4 ,so1 when at length a letter came1 it was welcome and expected4 ,not surprise but joy made her start and tremble as the old familiar superscription met her eyes4 ,such a letter6--filled with the spirit of his love1 breathing in every word the tender1 passionate devotion of an earlier day1 and yet so sad4 ,tears dropped down through her smiles of joy and blurred the lines she read at first1 but smiles and tears alike ceased as she read on4 ,he had written many1 many times1 but he knew she had not got his letters4 ,he had been a prisoner--not only prisoner of war1 but afterward prisoner to a man whose will was iron4 ,it could hardly be explained4 ,this man had not only saved his life1 but he had also rescued him from the horrors of a ,southern prison--would ,god he had let him die6--and they had been living together in a ranch in a far off ,mexican valley4 ,then the letter went on3 ,in my heart ,i am unchanged2 my love for you is ever the same2 yet ,i am no longer the ,robert ,shirley whom you knew4 ,that has come upon me which will separate me from you for ever3 ,i cannot ask you now to be my wife4 ,you are free4 ,it is through no fault of mine4 ,it is my burden1 the price of life1 and ,i must bear it4 ,god bless you and give you all happiness6 ,,robert ,,shirley3 ,when she had read it all she bowed her head and wept again1 and the face that had grown more and more beautiful with the years of waiting was radiant4 ,who can fathom the depths of a woman's love8 ,who can follow the subtle workings of a woman's thought8 ,who can comprehend a woman's boundless faith8 ,her course was clear4 ,if misfortune had befallen him1 if he were maimed1 disfigured1 crazed1 even if he were loathsome to her eyes1 she loved him1 and she must see him3 she would see him and speak to him1 and love him still1 even if she could not be his wife4 ,what would she have done if she could have guessed the truth8 ,as it was1 she wrote upon her card1 ,if you love me1 come to me1 and sent it to him4 ,and in answer to the summons he stood before her--not disfigured1 not maimed1 not crazed1 not loathsome in any way1 yet irrevocably separated from her for ,dr4 ,fournier's experiment had succeeded1 and ,robert ,shirley was a mulatto6 ,,cornelius ,,dewees4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,aurora4 7,,from ,,the ,,german ,,of ,,theodore ,,kirschoff47 ,on the ,oregon and ,california ,railroad1 twenty-eight miles south of the city of ,portland in ,oregon1 lies the ,german colony of ,aurora1 a communist settlement under the direction of ,doctor ,william ,keil4 ,in ,september1 #ahga1 ,i made a second journey from ,san ,francisco to ,oregon1 on which occasion ,i found both time and opportunity to carry out a long-cherished desire to visit this colony1 already famous throughout all ,oregon1 and to make the acquaintance of the still more famous doctor1 the so-called king of ,aurora4 ,during the years in which ,i had formerly resided in ,oregon1 and especially on this last journey thither1 ,i had frequently heard this settlement and its autocrat spoken of1 and had been told the strangest stories as to the government of its self-made potentate4 ,all reports agreed in stating that ,dutchtown1 the generic appellation of ,german colonies among ,americans1 was an example to all settlements1 and was distinguished above any other place in ,oregon for order and prosperity4 ,the hotel of ,dutchtown1 which stands on the old ,overland stage-route1 and is now a station on the ,oregon and ,california ,railroad1 has attained an enviable reputation1 and is regarded by all travelers as the best in the ,state2 and as to the colony itself1 ,i heard nothing but praise4 ,on the other hand1 with regard to ,doctor ,keil the strangest reports were in circulation4 ,he had been described to me in ,portland as a most inaccessible person1 showing himself extremely reserved toward strangers1 and declining to give them the slightest satisfaction as to the interior management of the prosperous community over which he reigned a sovereign prince4 ,the initiated maintained that this important personage had formerly been a tailor in ,germany4 ,he was at once the spiritual and secular head of the community3 he solemnized marriages 7much against his will1 for1 according to the rules of the society1 he was obliged to provide a house for every newly-married couple72 he was physician and preacher1 judge1 law-giver1 secretary of state1 administrator1 and unlimited and irresponsible minister of finance to the colony2 and held all the very valuable landed property of the settlement1 with the consent of the colonists1 in his own name2 and while he certainly provided for his voluntarily obedient subjects an excellent maintenance for life1 he reserved to himself the entire profits of the labor of all and the value of the joint property1 notwithstanding that the colony was established on the broadest principles as a communist association4 ,i had a great desire to see this original man--a kindred spirit of the renowned ,mormon leader1 ,brigham ,young--with my own eyes1 and1 so to speak1 to visit the lion in his den4 ,from ,portland1 where ,i was staying1 the colony was easily accessible by rail1 and before leaving ,i made the acquaintance of a4 ,german life-insurance agent of a ,chicago company--,krner by name--who1 like myself1 wished to visit ,aurora1 and in whom ,i found a very agreeable traveling companion4 ,he had procured in ,portland letters of introduction to ,doctor ,keil1 and had conceived the bold plan of doing a stroke of business in life insurance with him2 indeed1 his main object in going to ,aurora was to induce the doctor to insure the lives of the entire colony--that is to say1 of all his voluntary subjects--in the ,chicago company1 pay1 as irresponsible treasurer of the association1 the legal premiums1 and upon the occurrence of a death pocket the amount of the policy4 ,my fellow-traveler had great hopes of making the doctor see this project in the light of an advantageous speculation1 and accordingly provided himself amply with the necessary tables of mortality and other statistics4 ,it had been carefully impressed upon us in ,portland always to address the ci-devant tailor1 now king of ,aurora1 as ,doctor1 of which title he was extremely vain1 and to treat him with all the reverence which as sovereign republicans we could muster2 otherwise he would probably turn his back on us without ceremony4 ,on a pleasant ,september morning the steam ferry-boat conveyed us from ,portland across the ,willamette ,river to the dpt of the ,oregon and ,california ,railroad1 and soon afterward we were rushing southward in the train along the right shore of that stream--here as broad as the ,rhine--the rival of the mighty ,columbia4 ,after a pleasant and interesting journey through giant forests and over fertile prairies1 some large1 some small1 embellished here and there with farms1 villages and orchards1 we reached ,oregon ,city1 which lies in a romantic region close to the ,willamette3 then leaving the river1 we thundered on some miles farther through the majestic primitive forest1 and soon entered upon a broad1 wood-skirted prairie1 over which here and there pretty farm-houses and groves are scattered2 and presently beheld1 peeping out from swelling hills and standing in the middle of a prosperous settlement embowered in verdure1 the slender white church-tower of ,aurora1 and were at the end of our journey4 ,our first course after we left the cars was to the tavern1 standing close to the railroad on a little hill1 whither the passengers hurried for lunch4 ,this so-called hotel1 the best known and most famous1 as has already been said1 in all ,oregon1 ,i might compare to an old-fashioned inn4 ,the long table with its spotless table-cloth was lavishly spread with genuine ,german dishes1 excellently cooked1 and we were waited on by comely and neatly-dressed ,german girls2 and though the dinner would not perhaps compare with the same meal at the club-house of the ,san ,francisco ,i must confess that it was incomparably the best ,i ever tasted in ,oregon1 in which region neither the cooks nor the bills of fare are usually of the highest order4 ,dinner being over1 we made inquiry for ,doctor ,keil1 to whom we were now ready to pay our respects4 ,our host pointed out to us the doctor's dwelling-house1 which looked1 in the distance1 like the premises of a well-to-do ,low-,dutch farmer2 and after passing over a long stretch of plank-road1 we turned in the direction of the royal residence4 ,on the way we met several laborers just coming from the field1 who looked as if life went well with them--girls in short frocks with rake in hand1 and boys comfortably smoking their clay pipes--and received from all an honest ,german greeting4 ,everything here had a ,german aspect--the houses pleasantly shaded by foliage1 the barns1 stables and well-cultivated fields1 the flower and kitchen-gardens1 the white church-steeple rising from a green hill3 nothing but the fences which enclose the fields reminded us that we were in ,america4 ,the doctor's residence was surrounded by a high white picket-fence3 stately1 widespreading live-oaks shaded it1 and the spacious courtyard had a neat and carefully-kept aspect4 ,crowing cocks1 and hens each with her brood1 were scratching and picking about1 the geese cackled1 and several well-trained dogs gave us a noisy welcome4 ,upon our asking for the doctor1 a friendly ,german matron directed us to the orchard1 whither we immediately turned our steps4 ,a really magnificent sight met our eyes--thousands of trees1 whose branches1 covered with the finest fruit1 were so loaded that it had been necessary to place props under many of them1 lest they should break beneath the weight of their luscious burden4 ,here we soon discovered the renowned doctor1 in a toilette the very opposite of regal1 zealously engaged in gathering his apples4 ,he was standing on a high ladder1 in his shirt sleeves1 a cotton apron1 a straw hat1 picking the rosy-cheeked fruit in a hand-basket4 ,several laborers were busy under the trees assorting the gathered apples1 and carefully packing in boxes the choicest of them--really splendid specimens of this fruit1 which attains its utmost perfection in ,oregon4 ,as soon as the doctor perceived us he came down from the ladder1 and asked somewhat sharply what our business there might be4 ,my companion handed him the letters of introduction he had brought with him1 which the doctor read attentively through3 he then introduced my humble self as a literary man and assistant editor of a well-known magazine1 who had come to ,oregon for the special purpose of visiting ,dr4 ,keil1 and of inspecting his colony1 of which such favorable reports had reached us4 ,without waiting for the doctor's reply1 ,i asked him whether he were not a relative of ,k----1 the principal editor of the magazine to which ,i was attached4 ,i could scarcely1 as it appeared1 have hit upon a more opportune question1 for the doctor was evidently flattered1 and became at once extremely affable toward us4 ,the relationship to which ,i had alluded he was obliged unwillingly to disclaim4 ,i learned from him that his name was ,william ,keil1 and that he was born at ,bleicherode in ,prussian ,saxony4 ,he now left the apple-gathering to his men1 and offered to show us whatever was interesting about the colony3 as to the life-insurance project1 he said he would take some more convenient opportunity to speak with ,mr4 ,krner about it4 ,the doctor1 who after this showed himself somewhat loquacious1 was a man of agreeable appearance1 perhaps of about sixty years of age1 with white hair1 a broad high forehead and an intelligent countenance4 ,sound as a nut1 powerfully built1 of vigorous constitution and with an air of authority1 he gave the idea of a man born to rule4 ,he seemed to wish to make a good impression on us1 and ,i remarked several times in him a searching side-glance1 as though he were trying to read our thoughts4 ,he sustained the entire conversation himself1 and it was somewhat difficult to follow his meaning3 he spoke in an unctuous1 oratorical tone1 with extreme suavity1 in very general terms1 and evaded all direct questions4 ,when ,i had listened to him for ten minutes ,i was not one whit wiser than before4 ,his language was not remarkably choice1 and he used liberally a mixture of words half ,english1 half ,german1 as uneducated ,german-,americans are apt to do4 ,while we wandered through the orchard1 the beauty and practical utility of which astonished me1 the doctor1 gave us a lecture on colonization1 agriculture1 gardening1 horticulture1 etc41 which he flavored here and there with pious reflections4 ,he pointed out with pride that all this was his own work1 and described how he had transformed the wilderness into a garden4 ,in the year #ahef he came with forty followers to ,oregon1 as a delegate from the parent association of ,bethel in ,missouri1 in order to found in the far ,west1 then so little known1 a branch colony4 ,at present the doctor is president both of ,aurora and of the original settlement at ,bethel3 the latter consists of about four hundred members1 the former of four hundred and ten4 ,when he first came into this region he found the whole district now owned by his flourishing colony covered with marsh and forest4 ,instead1 however1 of establishing himself on the prairies lying farther south1 in the midst of foreign settlers1 he preferred a home shared only with his ,german brethren in the primitive woods2 and here1 having at that time very small means1 he obtained from the government1 gratis1 land enough to provide homes for his colonists1 and found in the timber a source of capital1 which he at once made productive4 ,he next proceeded to build a block-house as a defence against the ,indians1 who at that time were hostile in ,oregon3 then he erected a saw-mill and cleared off the timber1 part of which he used to build houses for his colonists1 and with part opened an advantageous trade with his ,american neighbors1 who1 living on the prairie1 were soon entirely dependent on him for all their timber4 ,the land1 once cleared1 was soon cultivated and planted1 with orchards3 the finer varieties of fruit he shipped for sale to ,portland and ,san ,francisco1 and from the sour apples he either made vinegar or sold them to the older settlers1 who very soon made themselves sick on them4 ,he then attended them in the character of physician1 and cured them of their ailments at a good round charge4 ,this joke the good doctor related with especial satisfaction4 ,by degrees1 the doctor continued to say1 the number of colonists increased2 and his means and strength being thus enlarged1 he established a tannery1 a factory1 looms1 flouring-mills1 built more houses for his colonists1 cleared more land and drained the marshes1 increased his orchards1 laid out new farms1 gave some attention to adornment1 erected a church and school-houses1 and purchased from the ,american settlers in the neighborhood their best lands for a song4 ,he did everything systematically4 ,he always assigned his colonists the sort of labor that they appeared to him best fitted for1 and each one found the place best suited to his capabilities4 ,if any one objected to doing his will and obeying his orders1 he was driven out of the colony1 for he would endure no opposition4 ,he made the best leather1 the best hams and gathered the best crops in all ,oregon4 ,the possessions of the colony1 which he added to as he was able1 extended already over twenty sections 7a section contains six hundred and forty acres1 or an ,english square mile71 and the most perfect order and industry existed everywhere4 ,thus the doctor2 and amid this and the like conversation we walked over an orchard covering forty acres4 ,the eight thousand trees it contained yielded annually five thousand bushels of choice apples and eight thousand of the finest pears1 and the crop increased yearly4 ,the doctor pointed out repeatedly the excellence of his culture in contrast with the ,american mode1 which leaves the weeds to grow undisturbed among the trees1 and disregards entirely all regularity and beauty4 ,he1 on the contrary1 insisted no less on embellishment than on neatness and order2 and this was no vain boast4 ,carefully-kept walks led through the grounds2 verdant turf1 flowerbeds and charming shady arbors met us at every turn2 there were long beds planted with flourishing currant1 raspberry and blackberry bushes1 and large tracts set with rows of bearing vines1 on which luscious grapes hung invitingly4 ,order also reigned among the fruit trees3 here were several acres of nothing but apples1 again a plantation of pears or apricots1 beneath which not a weed was to be seen3 the hoe and the rake had done their work thoroughly4 ,everything was in the most perfect order3 the courtgardener of a ,german prince might have been proud of it4 ,we seated ourselves in a shady arbor1 where the doctor entertained us further with an account of his religious belief4 ,he had1 he said1 no fixed creed and no established religion3 there were in the colony ,protestants1 ,catholics1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 indeed ,christians of every name1 and even ,jews4 ,every one was at liberty to hold what faith he pleased3 he preached only natural religion1 and whoever shaped his life according to that would be happy4 ,after this he enlarged on the prosperity of the colony1 which was founded on the principles of natural religion1 and prosed about humility1 love to our neighbor1 kindness and carrying religion into everything2 and then back he came to ,nature and himself1 until my head was perfectly bewildered4 ,i had given up long before this1 in despair1 any questions as to the interior organization of the colony1 for the doctor either gave me evasive answers or none at all4 ,his colonists1 he asserted1 loved him as a father1 and he cared for them accordingly3 both these assertions were undoubtedly true4 ,the deep respect with which those whom we occasionally met lifted their hats to the doctor--a form of greeting by no means universal in ,america--bore witness to their unbounded esteem for him4 ,toward us also they demeaned themselves with great respect1 as to noble strangers whom the doctor deigned to honor with his society4 ,as to his care for them1 no one who witnessed it could deny the exceedingly flourishing condition of the settlement4 ,whether1 however1 in all this the doctor had not a keen eye to his own interest was an afterthought which involuntarily presented itself4 ,as we left the orchard1 the doctor pointed out to us several wheat-fields in the neighborhood1 cultivated with true ,german love for neatness1 which formed1 with the pleasant dwellings adjoining1 separate farms4 ,the average yield per acre1 he observed1 was from twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat1 and from forty to fifty of oats4 ,he then took us into a neighboring grove1 to a place where the pic-nics and holiday feasts of the colony are held3 here we paused near a grassy knoll shaded by a sort of awning and surrounded by a moat4 ,this1 which bears the name of ,the ,temple ,hill1 forms the centre of a number of straight roads1 which branch out from it into the woods in the shape of a fan4 ,not far from it ,i noticed a dancing ground covered by a circular open roof1 and a pavilion for the music4 ,at our public feasts1 said the doctor1 ,i have all these branching roads lighted with colored lanterns1 and illuminate the temple1 which1 with its brilliant lamps1 makes quite an imposing spectacle4 ,when we celebrate our ,may-day festival it looks1 after dark1 like a scene out of the ,arabian ,nights2 and when1 added to this1 we have beautiful music and fine singing1 and the young folks are enjoying the dance1 it is really very pleasant4 ,but none are permitted to set foot on the ,temple ,hill1 nor can they do it very easily if they would4 ,do you know the reason1 gentlemen8 ,krner opined that it might be on account of the ditch1 which would be difficult to pass1 in which view ,i agreed4 ,exactly so1 remarked the doctor4 ,this ,temple ,hill has an especial significance3 it represents the sovereign ruler of the people1 on whose head no one may tread3 on that account the ditch is there4 ,after a walk of several hours we returned to the doctor's house1 where he invited us to take a glass of homemade wine4 ,as we had been informed that the sale and use of wine and spirits were strictly forbidden in the colony1 this invitation was certainly an unprecedented exception4 ,the wine1 of which two kinds were placed before us--one made of wild grapes1 and the other of currants--was very good1 and was partaken of in the doctor's office4 ,here ,mr4 ,krner again brought forward his life-insurance project3 the doctor gave him hopes that he would go into it1 but he wished to give the matter due consideration1 and to subject the advantages and disadvantages of the speculation to a strict investigation1 before giving a definite answer2 and with this ended our visit to the king of ,aurora4 ,before leaving the colony we obtained considerable information from the members as to their interior organization and government1 the results of which1 as well as what ,i further learned respecting ,doctor ,keil1 ,i will state briefly4 ,should any one wish to become a member of the colony1 he must1 in the first place1 put all his ready money into the hands of ,doctor ,keil3 he will then be taken on trial4 ,if the candidate satisfies the doctor1 he can remain and become one of the community3 should this1 however1 not be the case1 he receives again the capital he paid in1 but without interest4 ,how long he must remain on probation in the colony1 and work there1 depends entirely on the doctor's pleasure4 ,if a member leaves the community voluntarily--a thing almost unheard of--he receives back his capital without interest1 together with a pro rata share of the earnings of the community during his membership1 as appraised by the doctor4 ,all the ordinary necessaries of life are supplied gratuitously to the members of the community4 ,the doctor holds the common purse1 out of which all purchases are paid for1 and into which go the profits from the agricultural and industrial products of the colony4 ,if any member needs a coat or other article of clothing1 flour1 sugar or tobacco1 he can get whatever he wants1 without paying for it1 at the store3 in the same way he procures meat from the butcher and bread from the baker3 spirits are forbidden except in case of sickness4 ,the doctor also appoints the occupation of each member1 so as to contribute to the best welfare of the colony--whether he shall be a farmer1 a mechanic1 a common laborer1 or whatever he can be most usefully employed in2 and the time and talents of each are regarded as belonging to the whole community1 subject only to the doctor's judgment4 ,if a member marries1 a separate dwelling-house and a certain amount of land are assigned him1 so that the families of the settlement are scattered about on farms4 ,the elders of the colony support the doctor in the duties of his office by counsel and assistance4 ,the lands of the colony are collectively recorded in ,doctor ,keil's name1 in order1 as he says1 to avoid intricate and complicated law-papers4 ,it would1 however1 be for the interest of the colonists to make1 a speedy change in this respect1 so that the members of the community1 in case of the doctor's death1 might obtain each his share of the lands without litigation4 ,should the doctor's decease occur soon1 before this alteration is made1 his natural heirs could claim the whole property of the colony1 and the members would be left in the lurch4 ,he does not appear1 however1 to be in great haste to effect this change1 though it ought to have been done long ago4 ,it is always said among the colonists1 naturally enough1 that all the ground is the common property of the community4 ,whether the doctor fully subscribes to this opinion in his secret heart might be a question4 ,doctor ,keil is at the same time the religious head and the unlimited secular ruler of the colony of ,aurora1 and can ordain1 with the consent of the elders 7who very naturally uphold his authority71 what he pleases4 ,a life free from care and responsibility1 such as the members of the community 7who1 for the most part1 belong to the lower and uncultivated class7 lead--a life in regard to which no one but the doctor has the trouble of thinking--is the main ground of the undisturbed continuance of the colony4 ,the pre-eminent talent for organization1 combined with the unlimited powers of command1 which the doctor--justly named king of ,aurora--possesses1 together with the inborn industry peculiar to ,germans1 is the cause of the prosperity of the settlement1 which calls itself communistic1 but is certainly nothing more than a vast farm belonging to its talented founder4 ,it has its schools1 its churches1 newspapers and books--the selection and tendency of which the doctor sees to--and no lack of social pleasures1 music and singing4 ,taken together with an easily-procured livelihood1 all this satisfies the desires of the colonists entirely1 and the good doctor takes care of everything else4 ,,elizabeth ,,sill4 ,,gray ,,eyes4 ,i have always counted it among the larger blessings of ,providence that a woman can bear up year after year under a weight of dullness which would drive a man of the same mental calibre to desperation in a month4 ,i had no idea what a heavy burden mine had been until one day my brother asked me to go to sea with him on his next voyage4 ,he and his wife were at the farm on their wedding-tour1 and only the happiness of a bridegroom could have led him to hold out to me this way of escape4 ,christian's heart when he dropped his pack was not lighter than mine4 ,butter and cheese are good things in their way--the world would miss them if all the farmers' daughters went suddenly down to the sea in ships--but it is possible to have too much of a good thing1 and such had been my feeling for some years4 ,so suddenly and completely did my threadbare endurance give way that if ,frank had revoked his words the next minute1 ,i must have gone away at once to some crowded place and drawn a few deep breaths of excitement before ,i could have joined again the broken ends of my patience4 ,no bride-elect poor in this world's goods ever went about the preparations for her wedding with more delicious awe than ,i felt in turning one old gown upside down1 and another inside out1 for seafaring use4 ,there was excitement enough in the departure1 the inevitable sea-changes1 and finally the memory of it all1 to keep my mind busy for a few weeks1 but when we settled into the grooves of a tropical voyage1 wafted along as easily by the trade winds as if some gigantic hand1 unseen and steady1 had us in its grasp1 my life was wholly changed1 and yet it bore an odd family resemblance to the days at the farm4 ,it was a pleasant dullness1 because1 in the nature of things1 it must soon have an end4 ,i went on deck to look at a passing ship about as often as ,i used to run to the window at the sound of carriagewheels4 ,one can't take a very intimate interest in whales and the other seamonsters unless one is scientific4 ,time died with me a slow but by no means a painful death4 ,i used to fold my hands and look at them by the hour1 internally rollicking over the idea that there was no milk to skim or dishes to wash1 or any earthly wheel in motion that required my shoulder to turn it4 ,i spent much time in a half-awake state in the long warm days1 out of sheer delight in wasting time after saving it all my life4 ,so it came about that ,i slept lightly o' nights4 ,every morning the steward came into the cabin with the first dawn of day to scour his floors before the captain should appear4 ,he had a habit of talking to himself over this early labor1 and one morning1 more awake than usual1 ,i found that he was praying4 ,o ,lord1 be good to me6 ,i wasn't to blame4 ,i would have helped her if ,i could4 ,o ,lord1 be good to me6 and other homely entreaties were repeated again and again4 ,he was a meek1 bowed old negro1 with snowy hair1 and so many wrinkles that all expression was shrunk out of his face4 ,he was an excellent cook1 but he waited on table with a manner so utterly despairing that it took away one's appetite to look at him4 ,for many mornings after this ,i listened to his prayers1 which grew more and more earnest and importunate4 ,i could not think he had done any harm with his own will4 ,he must have been more sinned against than sinning4 ,he brought me a shawl one cool evening as if it were my death-warrant1 and ,i said1 in the sepulchral tone that wins confidence1 ,pedro1 do you always say your prayers when you are alone8 ,yes1 miss1 'board this ship4 ,what's the matter with1 this ship8 ,i s'pose you don't have no faith in ghosts8 ,not much4 ,white folks mostly don't1 said ,pedro with aggravating meekness1 and turned into his pantry4 ,i followed him to the door1 and stood in it so that he had no escape3 ,what has that to do with your prayers8 ,this cabin has got a ghost in it4 ,i looked over my shoulder into the dusk1 and shivered a little1 which was not lost on ,pedro4 ,he grew more solemn if possible than before3 ,i see her 'most every morning1 and if my back is to the door1 ,i see her all the same4 ,she don't never touch me1 but ,i keep at the prayers for fear she will4 ,do you never see her except in the morning8 ,once or twice she has just put her head out of the door of the middle state-room when ,i was waitin' on table4 ,in broad daylight8 ,sartin4 ,them as sees ghosts sees 'em any time4 ,every morning1 just at peep o' day1 she comes out of that door and makes a dive for the stairs4 ,she just gives me one look1 and holds up her hand1 and ,i don't see no more of her till next time4 ,how does she look8 ,i almost hoped he would not tell1 but he did4 ,she's got hair as black as a coal1 kind o' pushed back1 as if she'd been runnin' her hands through it2 she has big shiny eyes1 swelled up as she'd been cryin' a great while2 and she's always got on a gray dress1 silvery-like1 with a tear in one sleeve4 ,there ain't nothin' more1 only a handkerchief tied round her wrist1 as if it had been hurt4 ,is she handsome8 ,mebbe white folks'd think so4 ,why does she show herself to you and no one else1 do you suppose8 ,didn't ,i tell you the reason before8 ,of course you didn't4 ,well1 you see1 she looked just so the last time ,i seen her alive4 ,i must go and put in the biscuit now1 miss4 ,i submitted1 knowing that white folks may be hurried1 but black ones never2 and ,i could not but admire the natural talent which ,pedro shared with the authors of continued stories1 of always dropping the thread at the most thrilling moment4 ,who was she8 said ,i1 lying in wait for him on his return4 ,she was cap'n's wife1 miss--a young woman1 and the cap'n was old1 with a blazing kind of temper4 ,he was dreffle sweet on her for about a month1 and mebbe she was happy1 mebbe she wa'n't3 how should ,i know about white folks' feelin's8 ,all of a suddent he said she was sick and couldn't go out of the middle state-room4 ,the old man took in plenty of stuff to eat1 but he never let me go near her4 ,we was on just such a v'y'ge as this1 only hotter4 ,the cap'n would come out of that room lookin' black as thunder1 and everybody scudded out of his sight when he put his head out of the gangway4 ,he was always bad enough1 but he got wuss and wuss1 and nothin' couldn't please him4 ,sometimes ,i'd hear the poor thing a-moaning to herself like a baby that's beat out with loud cryin' and hain't got no noise left4 ,she was always cryin' in them days4 ,once the supercargo 7he was a cool hand1 any way7 give me a bit of paper very private to give to her1 and ,i slipped it under the door1 but the old man had nailed somethin' down inside1 an' he found it afore she did4 ,then there was a regular knockdown fight1 and the supercargo was put in irons4 ,the old man was in the middle room a long time that day1 talkin' in a hissin' kind of a way1 and the missus got a blow4 ,just after that a sort of a white squall struck the ship1 and the old man give just the wrong orders4 ,you see1 he was clean out of his head4 ,he got so worked up at last that he fell down in a fit1 and they bundled him into his state-room and left him1 'cause nobody cared whether he was dead or alive4 ,the mate took the irons off the supercargo first thing1 and broke open the middle room4 ,the supercargo went in there and stayed a long time1 whispering to the missus1 and she cried more'n ever1 only it sounded different4 ,toward night the old man come to1 and begun to ask questions--as ugly as ever1 only as weak as a baby4 ',bout midnight ,i was comin' out of his room1 and ,i seen the missus in a gray dress1 with her eyes shinin' like coals of fire1 dive out of her room and up the stairs1 and nobody never seen her afterward4 ,the next morning the supercargo was gone too1 and ,i think they just drownded themselves1 'cause they couldn't bear to live any more without each other4 ,mebbe the mate knew somethin' about it1 but he never let on1 and ,i dunno no more about it2 only the old man had another fit when he heard it1 and died without no mourners4 ,it might be she was saved1 after all1 ,i said1 with true ,yankee skepticism4 ,then why should ,i see her ghost1 if she ain't dead-drownded8 ,did you never find anything in the state-room that would explain8 ,well1 ,i did find some bits of paper1 but ,i couldn't read writin'4 ,oh1 what did you do with them8 ,i insisted1 quivering with excitement4 ,you won't tell the cap'n8 ,no1 never4 ,you'll give 'em back to me8 ,yes1 yes--of course4 ,here they be1 he said1 opening his shirt1 and showing a little bag hung round his neck like an amulet4 ,he took out a little wad of brown paper1 and gave it jealously into my hand4 ,i will give it back to you to-night1 ,i said with the solemnity of an oath1 and carried it to my room4 ,it proved to be a short and fragmentary account of the sufferings which the missus had endured in the middle room1 written in pencil on coarse wrapping-paper1 and bearing marks of trembling hands and frequent tears4 ,i thought ,i might copy the papers without breaking faith with ,pedro4 ,the outside paper bore these words3 ,whoever finds this is besought for pity's sake1 by its most unhappy writer1 to send it as soon as possible to ,mrs4 ,jane ,atwood of ,davidsville1 ,connecticut1 ,united ,states of ,america4 ,then followed a letter to her mother3 ,dearest ,mother3 ,if ,i never see your blessed face again1 ,i know you will not believe me guilty of what my husband accuses me of4 ,i married ,captain ,eliot for your sake1 believing1 since ,herbert had proved faithless1 that no comfort was left to me except in pleasing others4 ,i meant to be a good wife to ,captain ,eliot1 and ,i believe ,i should have kept my vow all my days if the most unfortunate thing had not wakened his jealousy4 ,since then he has been almost or quite crazed4 ,i knew we had a supercargo of whom ,captain ,eliot spoke highly4 ,he kept his room for a month from sea-sickness1 and when he came out it was ,herbert4 ,of course ,i knew him1 every line of his face had been so long written on my heart4 ,i strove to treat him as if ,i had never seen him before1 but the old familiar looks and tones were very hard to bear4 ,if ,herbert could only have submitted patiently to our fate6 ,but it was not in him to be patient under anything1 and one evening1 when ,i was sitting alone on deck1 he must needs pour out his soul in one great burst1 trying to prove that he had never deserted me1 but only circumstances had been cruel4 ,i longed to believe him1 but ,i could only keep repeating that it was too late4 ,when ,i went down1 ,captain ,eliot dragged me into the middle state-room1 and gave vent to his jealous feelings4 ,he must have listened to all that ,herbert had said4 ,his last words were that ,i should never leave that room alive4 ,i had a wretched night1 and the first time ,i fell into an uneasy sleep ,i started suddenly up to find my husband flashing the light of a lantern across my eyes4 ,handsome and wicked1 he muttered--they always go together4 ,i begged him to listen to the story of my engagement to ,herbert1 and he did listen1 but it did not soften his heart4 ,if he ever loved me1 his jealousy has swallowed it up4 ,i have been in this room just a week4 ,my husband does not starve or beat me1 but his taunts and threats are fearful1 and his eyes when he looks at me grow wild1 as if he had the longing of a beast to tear me in pieces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #aj4 ,i placed a copy of the paper that is pinned to this letter in a little bottle that had escaped my husband's search1 and threw it out of my window4 ,i am ,waitstill ,atwood ,eliot1 wife of ,captain ,eliot of the ship ,sapphire4 ,i have been kept in solitary confinement and threatened with death for four weeks1 for no just cause4 ,i believe him to be insane1 as he constantly threatens to burn or sink the ship4 ,i pray that this paper may be picked up by some one who will board this ship and bring me help4 ,of course it is a most forlorn hope1 but it keeps me from utter despair4 #bj4 ,herbert tried to communicate with me by slipping a paper under the door1 but ,i did not get it1 and he has been put in irons4 ,captain ,eliot boasts of it4 ,i wish he would bind us together and let us drown in one another's arms1 as they did in the ,huguenot persecution4 #bh4 ,a little paper tied to a string hung in front of my bull's-eye window to-day3 ,i took it in4 ,the first officer had lowered it down3 ,captain ,eliot says you are ill1 but ,i don't believe it4 ,if he tries violence1 scream1 and ,i will break open the door4 ,i am always on the watch4 ,keep your heart up4 ,this is a drop of comfort in my black cup1 but my little window was screwed down within an hour after ,i had read the paper4 ,june #aj4 ,my spirit is worn out3 ,i can endure no more4 ,i have begged my husband to kill me and end my misery4 ,i don't know why he hesitated4 ,he means to do it some time1 but perhaps he cannot think of torture exquisite enough for his purpose4 #aa4 ,my husband came in about four in the afternoon1 looking so vindictive that my heart stood still4 ,he gradually worked himself into a frenzy1 and aimed a blow at my head3 instinct1 rather than the love of life1 made me parry it1 and ,i got the stroke on my wrist4 ,i screamed1 and at the same moment there was a tumult on deck1 and the ship quivered as if she too had been violently struck4 ,captain ,eliot rushed on deck1 and began to give hurried orders4 ,i could hear the first officer contradict them1 and then there was a heavy fall1 and two or three men stumbled down the cabin stairs1 carrying some weight between them4 ,later4 ,my husband is helpless1 and ,herbert has been with me1 urging me passionately to trust myself to him in a little boat at midnight4 ,he says there are several ships in sight1 and one of them will be almost sure to pick us up4 ,he swears that he will leave me1 and never see me again 7if ,i say so71 so soon as he has placed me in safety1 but he will save me1 by force if need be1 from the brute into whose hands ,i fell so innocently4 ,if the ship does not see us1 it is but dying1 after all4 ,good-bye1 mother6 ,i pray that this paper will reach you before ,captain ,eliot can send you his own account1 but if it does not1 you will believe me innocent all the same4 ,this was the last1 and ,i folded up the papers as they had come to me4 ,that night ,i read them all to ,pedro4 ,they was drownded--,i knew it1 said ,pedro2 and nothing could remove that opinion4 ,a ghost is more convincing than logic4 ,our voyage wore on1 with one day just like another3 my brother looked at the sun every day1 and put down a few cabalistic figures on a slate1 but his steady business was reading novels to his wife and drinking weak claret and water4 ,the sea was always the same1 smiling and smooth1 and the man at the wheel seemed to be always holding us back by main strength from the place where we wanted to go4 ,i had a growing belief that we should sail for ever on this rippling mirror and never touch the frame of it4 ,it struck me with a sense of intense surprise when a dark line loomed far ahead1 and they told me quietly that that line meant ,bombay4 ,it seemed a matter of course to my brother that the desired port should heave in sight just when he expected it1 but to me the efforts that he had made to accomplish this tremendous result were ridiculously small4 ,i have done more work in a week1 and had nothing to show for it at last1 said ,i1 than you have seemed to do in all this voyage4 ,poor sister6 don't you wish you were a man8 ,certainly1 all women do who have any sense4 ,i hold with that ancient ,father of the ,church who maintained that all women are changed into men on the judgment-day4 ,the council said it was heresy1 but that don't alter my faith4 ,i shouldn't like you half as well if you had been born a boy1 said ,frank4 ,but ,i should like myself vastly better1 said ,i1 clinging to the last word4 ,bombay is a city by itself3 there is none like it on earth1 whatever there may be in the heaven above or in the waters under it4 ,from ,sir ,jamsetjee ,jeejeebhoy's hospital for sick animals to the ,olympian conceit of the ,english residents1 there are infinite variations of people and things that ,i am persuaded can be matched nowhere else4 ,i felt myself living in a series of pictures1 a sort of supernumerary in a theatre1 where they changed the play every night4 ,one of the first who boarded our ship was ,mr4 ,rayne1 an old friend of ,frank's4 ,he insisted on our going to his house for a few days in a warm-hearted way that was irresistible4 ,are you quite sure you want me8 ,i said dubiously4 ,young married people make a kind of heaven for themselves1 and do not want old maids looking over the wall4 ,but you must go with us1 said ,frank1 man-like1 never seeing anything but the uppermost surface of a question4 ,not at all4 ,i'm quite strong-minded enough to stay on board ship2 or1 if that would not do in this heathen place1 the missionaries are always ready to entertain strangers4 ,a week in the missionhouse would make me for ever a shining light in the sewing circle at home4 ,a woman of so many resources would be welcome anywhere4 ,for my part1 an old maid is a perfect ,godsend4 ,the genus is unknown here1 and the loss to society immense1 said ,mr4 ,rayne4 ,but what shall ,i do when ,mrs4 ,rayne and my sister-in-law are comparing notes about the perfections of their husbands8 ,walk on the verandah with me and convert me to woman suffrage4 ,mr4 ,rayne had his barouche waiting on shore1 and drove us first to the bandstand1 where1 in the coolness of sunset1 all the ,bombay world meet to see and to be seen4 ,when the band paused1 people drove slowly round the circle1 seeking acquaintance4 ,among them one equipage was perfect--a small basket-phaeton1 and two black ponies groomed within an inch of their lives4 ,my eyes fell on the ponies first1 but ,i saw them no more when the lady who drove them turned her face toward me4 ,she wore a close-fitting black velvet habit and a little round hat with long black feather4 ,her hair might have been black velvet1 too1 as it fell low on her forehead1 and was fastened somehow behind in a heavy coil4 ,black brows and lashes shaded clear gray eyes--the softest gray1 without the least tint of green in them--such eyes as ,quaker maidens ought to have under their gray bonnets4 ,little rose colored flushes kept coming and going in her cheeks as she talked4 ,all at once ,i thought of ,queen ,guinevere1 ,as she fled fast thro' sun and shade1 ,with jingling bridle-reins4 ,mr4 ,rayne1 do you see that lady in black1 with the ponies8 ,plainly4 ,if ,i were a man1 that woman would be my ,fate4 ,i thought women never admired each other's beauty4 ,you are mistaken4 ,heretofore ,i have met beautiful women only in poetry4 ,do you remember four lines about ,queen ,guinevere8--no1 six lines1 ,i mean3 ,she looked so lovely as she swayed ,the rein with dainty finger-tips1 ,a man had given all other bliss1 ,and all his worldly worth for this1 ,to waste his whole heart in one kiss ,upon her perfect lips4 ,i always thought them overstrained till now4 ,i perfectly agree with you1 said ,mr4 ,rayne3 ,i knew we were congenial spirits4 ,then he said a word or two in a diabolical language to his groom1 who ran to the carriage which ,i had been watching and repeated it to the lady3 she bowed and smiled to ,mr4 ,rayne1 and soon drew up her ponies beside us4 ,my wife1 said ,mr4 ,rayne with laughter in his eyes4 ,mrs4 ,rayne talked much like other people1 and her beauty ceased to dazzle me after a few minutes2 not that it grew less on near view1 but1 being a woman1 ,i could not fall in love with her in the nature of things4 ,when the music stopped we drove to ,mr4 ,rayne's house1 his wife keeping easily beside us4 ,when she was occupied with the others ,mr4 ,rayne whispered1 ,her praises were so sweet in my ears that ,i would not own myself ,sir ,lancelot at once4 ,if you are ,sir ,lancelot1 ,i said1 where is ,king ,arthur8 ,forty fathoms deep1 ,i hope1 said ,mr4 ,rayne with a sudden change in his voice and a darkening face4 ,i had raised a ghost for him without knowing it1 and he spoke no more till we reached the house4 ,it was a long1 low1 spreading structure with a thatched roof1 and a verandah round it4 ,a wilderness of tropical plants hemmed it in4 ,but all appearance of simplicity vanished on our entrance4 ,in the matted hall stood a tree to receive the light coverings we had worn2 not a hat tree1 as we say at home by poetic license1 but the counterfeit presentment of a real tree1 carved in branches and delicate foliage out of black wood4 ,the drawing-room was eight-sided1 and would have held1 with some margin1 the gambrel-roofed house1 chimneys and all1 in which ,i had spent my life4 ,two sides were open into other rooms1 with ,corinthian pillars reaching to the roof4 ,carved screens a little higher than our heads filled the space between the pillars1 and separated the drawing-room from ,mrs4 ,rayne's boudoir on the side and the dining-room on the other4 ,the furniture of these rooms was like so many verses of a poem4 ,every chair and table had been designed by ,mrs4 ,rayne1 and then realized in black wood by the patient hands of natives4 ,another side opened by three glass doors on a verandah1 and only a few rods below the house the sea dashed against a beach4 ,after dinner ,i sat on the verandah drinking coffee and the sea-breeze by turns4 ,the gentlemen walked up and down smoking the pipe of peace1 while ,mrs4 ,rayne sat within1 talking with ,rhoda in the candlelight4 ,opposite me1 as ,i looked in at the open door1 hung two ,madonnas1 the ,sistine and the ,virgin of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,in front of each stood a tall flower-stand carved to imitate the leaves and blossoms of the calla lily4 ,these black flowers held great bunches of the ,annunciation lily1 sacred to the ,virgin through all the ages4 ,mrs4 ,rayne had taken off the close-buttoned jacket1 and her dress was now open at the throat1 with some rich old lace clinging about it and fastened with a pearl daisy4 ,have you forgiven me the minute's deception ,i put upon you8 said ,mr4 ,rayne1 pausing beside me4 ,if ,i had not read admiration in your face1 ,i would have told you the truth at once4 ,how could one help admiring her8 ,i don't know1 ,i'm sure3 ,i never could4 ,she has the serenest face1 like still1 shaded water4 ,i wonder how she would look in trouble8 ,it is not becoming to her4 ,are you sure8 ,quite4 ,your way of life here seems so perfect6 ,no hurry nor worry--nothing to make wrinkles4 ,you like this smooth ,indian living1 then8 ,like it6 ,i hope you won't think me wholly given over to love of things that perish in the using1 but if ,i could live this sort of life with the one ,i liked best1 heaven would be a superfluity4 ,it is heaven indeed when ,i think of the purgatory from which we came into it1 said ,mr4 ,rayne1 throwing away his cigar and carrying off my coffee-cup4 ,do you know anything of ,mrs4 ,rayne's history before her marriage8 ,i said to ,frank as ,i joined him in his walk4 ,nothing to speak of--only she was a widow4 ,oh6 said ,i1 feeling that a spot or two had suddenly appeared on the face of the sun4 ,that's nothing against her1 is it8 ,no1 but ,i have no patience with second marriages4 ,nor first ones1 either1 said ,frank wickedly4 ,but seriously1 ,frank--would you like to have a wife so beautiful as ,mrs4 ,rayne8 ,yes1 if she had ,rhoda's soul inside of her1 said ,frank stoutly4 ,i shouldn't4 ,why not8 ,because all sorts of eyes gloat on her beauty and drink it in1 and in one way appropriate it to themselves4 ,mr4 ,rayne is as proud of the admiration given to his wife as if it were a personal tribute to his own taste in selecting her4 ,a beautiful woman never really and truly belongs to her husband unless he can keep a veil over her face1 as the ,turks do4 ,i knew you had 'views1' said ,mr4 ,rayne behind me1 but ,i had no idea they were so heathenish4 ,what is ,new ,england coming to under the new rule8 ,are the plain women going to shut up all the handsome ones8 ,i was only supposing a case4 ,suppositions are dangerous4 ,you first endure1 then dally with them1 and finally embrace them as established facts4 ,i was only saying that if ,i am a man when ,i come into the world next time 7as the ,hindoos say71 ,i shall marry a plain woman with a charming disposition1 and so1 as it were1 have my diamond all to myself by reason of its dull cover4 ,jealousy1 thy name is woman6 said ,mr4 ,rayne4 ,when the ,woman's ,republic is set up1 how ,i shall pity the handsome ones6 ,they will all be banished to some desert island1 said ,frank4 ,and draw all men after them1 as the ',pied ,piper of ,hamelin' did the rats1 said ,mr4 ,rayne4 ,what are you talking about8 said ,mrs4 ,rayne1 joining us at this point4 ,the pity of it1 said her husband1 that beauty is only skin deep4 ,that is deep enough1 said ,mrs4 ,rayne4 ,yes1 if age and sickness and trouble did not make one shed it so soon1 said ,i ungratefully4 ,don't mention it1 said ,mrs4 ,rayne--'tis bad enough when it comes4 ,do you remember that ,greek woman in ,lothair1 whose father was so fearfully rich that she seemed to be all crusted with precious stones8 ,perfectly4 ,to dance and sing was all she lived for1 and ,lothair must needs bring in the skeleton1 as you did1 by reminding her of the dolorous time when she would neither dance nor sing4 ,you think she is crushed1 to be sure1 only ,disraeli's characters never are crushed1 any more than himself4 ',oh then1' she says1 'we will be part of the audience1 and other people will dance and sing for us4' ,so beauty is always with us1 though one person loses it4 ,she gave a little shrug of her shoulders1 which made her pearls and velvet shimmer in the moonlight4 ,she looked so white and cool and perfect1 so apart from common clay1 that all at once ,queen ,guinevere ceased to be my type of her1 and ,i thought of ,lilith1 first wife of ,adam1 as we see her in ,rossetti's fanciful poem3 ,not a drop of her blood was human1 ,but she was made like a soft1 sweet woman4 ,we all went to our rooms after this1 and in each of ours hung a full-length swinging mirror2 ,i had never seen one before1 except in a picture-shop or in a hotel4 ,truly this is 'richness'6 ,i said1 walking up and down and sideways from one to the other4 ,i had no idea you had so much vanity1 said ,frank1 laughing at me1 as he has done ever since he was born4 ,vanity6 not a spark4 ,i am only seeing myself as others see me1 for the first time4 ,i always had a glass like that in my room at home1 said my sister-in-law1 with the least morsel of disdain in her tone4 ,had you8 ,then you have lost a great deal by growing up to such things4 ,a first sensation at my age is delightful4 ,next day ,rhoda and ,i were sitting with ,mrs4 ,rayne in her dressing-room1 with a great fan swinging overhead4 ,we all had books in our hands1 but ,i found more charming reading in my hostess1 whose fascinations hourly grew upon me4 ,she wore a long loose wrapper1 clear blue in color1 with little silver stars on it4 ,i don't know how much of my admiration sprang from her perfect taste in dress4 ,raiment has an extraordinary effect on the whole machinery of life4 ,most people think too lightly of it4 ,somebody says if ,cleopatra's nose had been a quarter of an inch shorter1 the history of the world would have been utterly changed2 but ,antony might equally have been proof against a robe with high neck and tight sleeves4 ,mrs4 ,rayne's face always seemed to crown her costume like a rose out of green leaves1 yet ,i cannot but think that if ,i had seen her first in a calico gown and sitting on a three-legged stool milking a cow1 ,i should still have thought her a queen among women4 ,while ,i sat like a lotos-eater1 forgetful of home and butter-making1 a servant brought in a parcel and a note4 ,mrs4 ,rayne tossed the note to me while she unfolded a roll of gray silk4 ,dear ,guinevere3 ,i send with this a bit of silk that old ,fut'ali insisted on giving to me this morning4 ,it is that horrid gray color which we both detest4 ,i know you will never wear it1 and you had better give it to ,miss ,blake to make a toga for her first appearance in the women's ,senate4 ,,lancelot4 ,with all my heart6 said ,mrs4 ,rayne as ,i gave back the note4 ,you will please us both far more than you can please yourself by wearing the dress with a thought of us4 ,i wonder why ,mr4 ,rayne calls me ',guinevere'8 ,but he has a new name for me every day1 because he does not like my own4 ,what is it8 ,waitstill4 ,did you ever hear it8 ,never but once1 ,i said with a sudden tightness in my throat4 ,i could scarcely speak my thanks for the dress4 ,i should never wear it1 said ,mrs4 ,rayne3 the color is associated with a very painful part of my life4 ,do you suppose water would spot it8 asked ,rhoda1 who is of a practical turn of mind4 ,take a bit and try it4 ,water spots some grays said ,mrs4 ,rayne with a strange sort of smile as ,rhoda went out1 especially salt water4 ,i spent one night at sea in an open boat1 with a gray dress clinging wet and salt to my limbs4 ,when ,i tore it off in rags ,i seemed to shed all the misery ,i had ever known4 ,all my life since then has been bright as you see it now4 ,it would be a bad omen to put on a gray gown again4 ,then you have made a sea-voyage1 ,mrs4 ,rayne8 ,yes1 such a long voyage6--worse than the ',ancient ,mariner's4' ,no words can tell how ,i hate the sea4 ,she sighed deeply1 with a sudden darkening of her gray eyes till they were almost black1 and grasped one wrist hard with the other hand4 ,a sudden trembling seized me4 ,i was almost as much agitated as ,mrs4 ,rayne4 ,i felt that ,i must clinch the matter somehow1 but ,i took refuge in a platitude to gain time3 ,there is such a difference in ships1 almost as much as in houses1 and the comfort of the voyage depends greatly on that4 ,it may be so1 she said wearily4 ,my brother's ship is old1 but it has been refitted lately to something like comfort4 ,it's old name was the ,sapphire4 ,this was my shot1 and it hit hard4 ,the ,sapphire6 the ,sapphire6 she whispered with dilated eyes4 ,did you ever hear--did you ever find--,but what nonsense6 ,you must think me the absurdest of women4 ,the color came back to her face1 and she laughed quite naturally4 ,the fact is1 ,miss ,blake1 ,i was very ill and miserable when ,i was on shipboard1 and to this day any sudden reminder of it gives me a shock4--,did water spot it8 she said to ,rhoda1 who came in at this point4 ,i thought over all the threads of the circumstance that had come into my hand1 and like ,mr4 ,browning's lover ,i found a thing to do4 ,the next morning ,i made an excuse to go down to the ship with my brother1 and there1 by dint of pressure1 ,i got those stained and dingy papers into my possession again4 ,i had only that day before me1 for we were going to a hotel the same evening1 and the ,raynes were to set out next day for their summer place among the hills1 a long way back of ,bombay4 ,our stay had already delayed their departure4 ,this was my plot3 ,mrs4 ,rayne had been reading a book that ,i had bought for the home-voyage1 and was to finish it before evening4 ,i selected the duplicate of the paper which ,waitstill ,atwood ,eliot had put in a bottle and cast adrift when her case had been desperate1 and laid it in the book a page or two beyond ,mrs4 ,rayne's mark4 ,it seemed impossible that she could miss it3 ,i watched her as a chemist watches his first experiment4 ,twice she took up the book1 and was interrupted before she could open it3 the third time she sat down so close to me that the folds of her dress touched mine4 ,one page1 two pages3 in another instant she would have turned the leaf1 and ,i held my breath1 when a servant brought in a note4 ,her most intimate friend had been thrown from her carriage1 and had sent for her4 ,it was a matter of life and death1 and brooked no delay4 ,in ten minutes she had bidden us a cordial good-bye1 and dropped out of my life for all time4 ,she never finished my book1 nor ,i hers4 ,i had had it in my heart1 in return for her warm hospitality1 to cast a great stone out of her past life into the still waters of her present1 and her good angel had turned it aside just before it reached her4 ,i might have asked ,mr4 ,rayne in so many words if his wife's name had been ,waitstill ,atwood ,eliot when he married her1 but that would have savored of treachery to her1 and ,i refrained4 ,often in the long calm days of the home-voyage1 and oftener still in the night-watches1 ,i pondered in my heart the items of ,mrs4 ,rayne's history1 and pieced them together like bits of mosaic--the gray eyes and the gray dress1 the identity of name1 the indefinite terrors of her sea-voyage1 the little touch concerning ,lancelot and ,guinevere1 her emotion when ,i mentioned the ,sapphire4 ,if circumstantial evidence can be trusted1 ,i feel certain that ,pedro's ghost appeared to me in the flesh4 ,,ella ,,williams ,,thompson4 ,,reminiscences ,,of ,,florence4 ,i had six months more to stay on the ,continent1 and ,i began for the first time to be discontented in ,paris4 ,there was no soul in that great city whom ,i had ever seen before1 but this alone would hot have been sufficient to make me long for a change1 except for an accident which unluckily surrounded me with my own countrymen4 ,these ,i did not go abroad to see2 and having lived almost entirely in the society of the ,french for over two years1 it was with dismay that ,i saw my sanctum invaded daily by twos and threes of the aimless ,american nonentities who presume that their presence must be agreeable to any of their countrymen1 and especially to any countrywoman1 after a chance introduction on the boulevard or an hour spent together in a caf4 ,seeing these things1 ,i determined to leave ,paris1 and the third day after found me traveling through picturesque ,savoy toward ,mont ,cenis4 ,all the afternoon the rugged hills had been growing higher and whiter with snow1 and now1 just before sunset1 we reached the railway terminus1 ,st4 ,michel1 and were under the shadow of the ,alps themselves4 ,the previous night in the cars ,i had found myself the only woman among some half dozen ,french military officers1 who paid me the most polite attention4 ,they were charmed that ,i made no objection to their cigarettes1 talked with me on various topics1 criticised ,mc,clellan as a general1 and were enthusiastic on the subject of our country generally4 ,about midnight they prepared a grand repast from their traveling-bags1 to which they gave me a cordial invitation4 ,i begged to contribute my mesquin supply of grapes and brioches1 and the supper was a considerable event4 ,their canteens were filled with red wines1 and one cup served the whole company4 ,they drank my health and that of the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,afterward we had vocal music1 two of the officers being good singers4 ,they sang ,beranger's songs and the charming serenade from ,lalla ,rookh4 ,i finally expressed a desire to hear the ,marseillaise4 ,this seemed to take them by surprise1 but one of the singers1 declaring that he had rien refuser madame boldly struck up1 ,allons1 enfants de la patrie1 ,le jour de gloire est arriv2 but his companions checked him before he had finished the first stanza4 ,the law forbade1 they said1 the production of the ,marseillaise in society4 ,we were a society3 the guard would hear us and might report it4 ,vous voyez1 madame1 said the singer1 n'il n'est pas dfendu d'tre voleur1 mais c'est dfendu d'tre attrap 7,it is not against the law to be a thief1 but to be caught47 ,my traveling--companions reached their destination early in the morning1 and1 very gallantly expressing regrets that they were not going over the ,alps1 so as to bear mer company1 bade me farewell4 ,from the rear of the ,st4 ,michel hotel1 called the ,lion d',or1 ,i watched the preparations for crossing ,mont ,cenis4 ,three diligences were being crazily loaded with our baggage4 ,the men who loaded them seemed imitating the ,alpine structure4 ,they piled trunk on trunk to the height of thirty feet1 ,i verily believe2 and if some one should nudge my elbow and say fifty1 ,i should write it down so without manifesting the least surprise4 ,when the preparations were finished the setting sun was shining clearly on the white summits above1 and we commenced slowly winding up the noble zigzag road4 ,rude mountain children kept up with our diligences1 asked for sous and wished us bon voyage in the name of the ,virgin4 ,the grandeur1 but especially the extent and number1 of the ,alpine peaks impressed me with a vague1 undefinable sense1 which was not1 ,i think1 the anticipated sensation2 and indeed if ,i had been in a poetic mood1 it would have been quickly dissipated by the mock raptures of a young ,englishman with a poodly moustache and an eye-glass4 ,he called our attention to every chasm1 gorge and waterfall1 as if we had been wholly incapable of seeing or appreciating anything without his aid4 ,as for me1 ,i did not feel like disputing his susceptibility4 ,i was suffering an uneasy apprehension of an avalanche--not of snow1 but of trunks and boxes from the topheavy diligences ahead of us4 ,however1 we reached the top of ,mont ,cenis safely by means of thirteen mules to each coach1 attached tandem1 and we stopped at the queer relay-house there some thirty minutes4 ,here some women in the garb of nuns served me some soup with grated cheese1 a compound which suggested a dishcloth in flavor1 yet it was very good4 ,i will not attempt to reconcile the two statements4 ,after the soup ,i went out to see the ,alps4 ,the ecstatic ,briton was still eating and drinking1 and ,i could enjoy the scene unmolested4 ,i crossed a little bridge near the inn4 ,the night was cold and bright4 ,hundreds of snowy peaks above1 below and in every direction1 some of their hoary heads lost in the clouds1 were glistening in the light of a clear ,september moon1 and the stillness was only broken by a wild stream tumbling down the precipices which ,i looked up to as ,i crossed the bridge4 ,it was indeed an impressive scene--cold1 desolate1 awful4 ,i walked so near the freezing cataract that the icicles touched my face1 and thinking that ,dante1 when he wrote his description of hell1 might have been inspired by this very scene1 ,i wrapped my cloak closer about me and went back to the inn4 ,the diligences were ready1 and we commenced a descent which ,i cannot even now think of without a shudder4 ,to each of those heavily-laden stages were attached two horses only1 and we bounded down the mountain-side like a huge loosened boulder4 ,imagine the sensation as you looked out of the windows and saw yourself whirling over yawning chasms and along the brinks of dizzy precipices1 fully convinced that the driver was drunk and the horses goaded to madness by ,alpine demons6 ,i have been on the ocean in a storm sufficiently severe to make ,jew and ,christian pray amicably together2 ,i have been set on fire by a fluid lamp1 and have been dragged under the water by a drowning friend1 but ,i think ,i never had such an alarming sense of coming destruction as in that diligence4 ,i think of those sure-footed horses even now with gratitude4 ,we arrived at ,susa a long time before daylight4 ,at first1 ,i decided to stay and see this town1 which was founded by a ,roman colony in the time of ,augustus4 ,the arch built in his honor about eight years before ,christ seemed a thing worth going to see2 but a remark from my companion with the eye-glass made me determine to go on4 ,he said he was going to do the arch1 and ,i knew ,i should not be equal to witnessing any more of his ecstasies4 ,my first astonishment in ,italy was that hardly any of the railroad officials spoke ,french4 ,i had always been told that with that language at your command you could travel all over the ,continent4 ,this is a grave error3 even in ,florence1 although ,ici on parle franais is conspicuous in many shop-windows1 ,i found ,i had to speak ,italian or go unserved4 ,i had a mortal dread of murdering the beautiful ,italian language2 so ,i wanted to speak it well before ,i commenced1 like the ,irishman who never could get his boots on until he had worn them a week4 ,i stopped at ,turin1 then the capital of ,italy1 only a short time1 and hurried on to ,florence1 for that was to be my home for the winter4 ,it was delightful to come down from the ,alpine snows and find myself face to face with roses and orange trees bearing fruit and blossom4 ,here ,i wandered through the olive-gardens alone1 and gave way to the rapturous sense of simply being in the land of art and romance1 the land of love and song2 for there was no ecstatic person with me armed with ,murray and prepared to admire anything recommended therein4 ,besides1 ,i could enjoy ,italy for days and months1 and therefore was not obliged to do 7detestable tourist slang67 anything in a given time4 ,i was free as a bird4 ,i knew no ,americans in ,florence1 and determined to studiously avoid making acquaintances except among ,italians1 for ,i wished to learn the language as ,i had learned ,french1 by constantly speaking it and no other4 ,the day following my arrival in ,florence ,i went out to look for lodgings1 which ,i had the good fortune to find immediately4 ,i secured the first ,i looked at4 ,they were in the ,borgo ,,ss4 ,apostoli1 in close proximity to the ,piazza del ,granduca1 now ,delia ,signoria4 ,i was passing this square1 thinking of my good luck in finding my niche for the winter1 when1 much to my surprise1 some one accosted me in ,english4 ,think of my dismay at seeing one of the irrepressible ,paris bores ,i had fled from6 ,he was in ,florence before me1 having come by a different route2 and neither of us had known anything about the other's intention to quit ,paris4 ,he asked me at once where ,i was stopping1 and ,i told him at the ,hotel a la ,fontana1 not deeming it necessary to add that ,i was then on my way there to pack up my traveling-bag and pay my bill4 ,as he was doing ,florence in about three days1 he never found me out4 ,the next ,i heard of him he was doing ,rome4 ,this ,american prided himself on his knowledge of ,italian2 and one day in a restaurant1 wishing for cauliflower 7cavolo fiore71 he astonished the waiter by calling for horse4 ,cavallo6 he roared--,portz me cavallo6 ,cavallo6 repeated the waiter1 with the characteristic ,italian shrug4 ,non simangia in ,italia1 signore 7,it is not eaten in ,italy1 signore74 ,then followed more execrable ,italian1 and the waiter brought him something which elicited ,non volo6 non volo6 7,i don't fly6 ,i don't fly67 from the ,american1 and ,lo credo1 signore from the baffled waiter1 much to the amusement of people at the adjacent tables4 ,i liked my new quarters very much4 ,they consisted of two goodly-sized rooms1 carpeted with thick braided rag carpets1 and decently furnished1 olive oil provided for the quaint old classic-shaped lamp1 and the rooms kept in order1 for the astounding price of thirty francs a month4 ,wood ,i had to pay extra for when ,i needed a fire1 and that indeed was expensive2 for a bundle only sufficient to make a fire cost a franc4 ,there were few days1 however1 even in that exceptional winter1 which rendered a fire necessary4 ,the scaldino for the feet was generally sufficient1 and this1 replenished three times a day1 was included in the rent4 ,one of my windows looked out on olive-gardens and on the old church ,san ,miniato1 on the hill of the same name4 ,mr4 ,hart1 the sculptor1 told me that those rooms were very familiar to him4 ,buchanan ,read1 ,i think he said1 had occupied them1 and the walls in many places bore traces of artist vagaries4 ,there were several nice caricatures penciled among the cheap frescoes of the walls4 ,all the walls are frescoed in ,florence4 ,think of having your ceiling and walls painted in a manner that constantly suggests ,michael ,angelo6 ,after some weeks spent in looking at the art-wonders in ,florence1 ,i visited many of the studios of our artists4 ,that of ,mr4 ,hart1 on the ,piazza ,independenza1 was one of the most interesting4 ,he had two very admirable busts of ,henry ,clay1 and all his visitors1 encouraged by his frank manner1 criticised his works freely4 ,most people boldly pass judgment on any work of art1 and understand ,mrs4 ,browning when she says the ,venus de' ,medici thunders white silence4 ,i do not4 ,i am sure ,i never can understand what a thundering silence means1 whatever may be its color4 ,these appreciators talked of the word-painting of ,mrs4 ,browning4 ,they sit on their thrones in a purple sublimity1 ,and grind down men's bones to a pale unanimity4 ,i suppose this is word-painting4 ,i can see the picture also--some kings1 and possibly queens1 seated on gorgeous thrones1 engaged in the festive occupation of grinding bones6 ,oh1 ,i degrade the subject1 do ,i8 ,nonsense6 ,the term is a stilted affectation1 perhaps never better applied than to ,mrs4 ,browning's descriptive spasms4 ,still1 she was undoubtedly a poet4 ,she wrote many beautiful subjective poems1 but she wrote much that was not poetry1 and which suggests only a deranged nervous system4 ,i have a friend who maintains from her writings that she never loved1 that she did not know what passion meant4 ,however this may be1 the author of the sonnet commencing-- ,go from me6 ,yet ,i feel that ,i shall stand ,henceforward in thy shadow1 deserves immortality4 ,but to return to ,mr4 ,hart's studio4 ,one of the most remarkable things ,i saw in ,florence was this artist's invention to reduce certain details of sculpture to a mechanical process4 ,this machine at first sight struck me as a queer kind of ancient armor4 ,in brief1 the subject is placed in position1 when the front part of this armor1 set on some kind1 of hinge1 swings round before him1 and the sculptor makes measurements by means of numberless long metal needles1 which are so arranged as to run in and touch the subject3 ,a stationary mark is placed where the needle touches1 and then ,i think it is pulled back4 ,so the artist goes on1 until some hundreds of measurements are made1 if necessary1 when the process is finished and the subject is released4 ,how these measurements are made to serve the artist in modeling the statue ,i cannot very well describe1 but ,i understood that by their aid ,mr4 ,hart had modeled a bust from life in the incredible space of two days6 ,i further understood that ,mr4 ,hart's portrait-busts are remarkable for their correct likeness1 which of course they must be if they are mathematically correct in their proportions4 ,many of the artists in ,florence have the bad taste to make sport of this machine2 but if ,mr4 ,hart's portrait-busts are what they have the reputation of being1 this sport is only a mask for jealousy4 ,mr4 ,hart was extremely sensitive to the light manner ,mr4 ,powers and others have of speaking of this invention4 ,one day he was much annoyed when a visitor1 after examining the machine very attentively for some time1 exclaimed1 ,mr4 ,hart1 what if you should have a man shut in there among those points1 and he should happen to sneeze8 ,the ,pitti ,palace was one of my favorite haunts1 and ,i often spent whole hours there in a single salon4 ,there ,i almost always saw ,mr4 ,g----1 a ,german-,american1 copying from the masters2 and he could copy too6 ,what an indefatigable worker he was6 ,slight and delicate of frame1 he seemed absolutely incapable of growing weary4 ,he often toiled there all day long1 his hands red and swollen with the cold1 for the winter1 as ,i have before remarked1 was unusually severe4 ,for many days ,i saw him working on a ,descent from the ,cross by ,tintoretto--a bold attempt1 for ,tintoretto's colors are as baffling as those of the great ,venetian master himself4 ,this copy had received very general praise1 and one day ,i took a ,lucca friend1 a dilettante1 to see it4 ,mr4 ,g---- brought the canvas out in the hall1 that we might see it outside of the ocean of color which surrounded it in the gallery4 ,when we reached the hall1 ,mr4 ,g---- turned the picture full to the light4 ,the effect was astounding4 ,it was so brilliant that you could hardly look at it4 ,it seemed a mass of molten gold reflecting the sun4 ,good ,god6 exclaimed ,g----1 did ,i do that8 and an expression of bitter disappointment passed over his face4 ,i ventured to suggest that as everybody had found it good while it was in the gallery1 this brilliant effect must be from the cold gray marble of the hall4 ,g---- could not pardon the picture1 and nothing that the ,italian or ,i could say had the least effect4 ,he would hear no excuse for it1 and1 evidently quite mortified at the dbut of his ,tintoretto1 he hurried the canvas back to the easel4 ,the sister of the czar of ,russia was greatly pleased with this copy1 and proposed to buy it1 but whether she did or not ,i forgot to ascertain4 ,alone as ,i was in ,florence1 cultivating only the acquaintance of ,italians1 yet was ,i never troubled with ennui4 ,i read much at ,vieussieux's1 and when ,i grew tired of that and of music1 ,i made long sables on the ,lung ,arno to the ,cascine1 through the charming ,boboli gardens1 or out to ,fiesole4 ,fiesole is some two miles from ,florence1 and once on my way there ,i stopped at the ,protestant burying-ground and pilfered a little wildflower from ,theodore ,parker's grave to send home to one of his romantic admirers4 ,fiesole must be a very ancient town1 for there is a ruined amphitheatre there1 and the remains of walls so old that they are called ,pelasgic in their origin2 which is1 ,i take it1 sufficiently vague4 ,the high hill is composed of the most solid marble2 so the guidebooks say1 at least4 ,this is five hundred and seventy-five feet above the sea1 and on its summit stands the cathedral1 very old indeed1 and built in the form of a basilica1 like that of ,san ,miniato4 ,from this hill you look down upon the plain beneath1 with the ,arno winding through it1 and upon ,florence and the ,apennine chain1 above which rise the high mountains of ,carrara4 ,here1 on the highest available point of the rock1 ,i used to sit reading1 and looking upon the panorama beneath1 until the sinking sun warned me that ,i had only time to reach the city before its setting4 ,i used to love to look also at works of art in this way1 for by so doing ,i fixed them in my mind for future reference4 ,i never passed the ,piazza della ,signoria without standing some minutes before the ,loggia dei ,lanzi and the old ducal palace with its marvelous tower4 ,before this palace1 exposed to the weather for three hundred and fifty years1 stands ,michael ,angelo's ,david2 to the left1 the fountain on the spot where ,savonarola was burnt alive by the order of ,alexander ,,vi42 and immediately facing this is the post-office4 ,i never could pass the post-office without thinking of the poet ,shelley1 who was there brutally felled to the earth by an ,englishman1 who accused him of being an infidel1 struck his blow and escaped4 ,i made many visits to the ,nuova ,sacrista to see the tombs of the two ,medici by ,michael ,angelo4 ,the one at the right on entering is that of ,giuliano1 duke of ,nemours1 brother of ,leo ,x4 ,the two allegorical figures reclining beneath are ,morning and ,night4 ,the tomb of ,lorenzo de' ,medici1 duke of ,urfrino1 stands on the other side of the chapel1 facing that of the duke de ,nemours4 ,the statue of ,lorenzo1 for grace of attitude and beauty of expression1 has1 in my opinion1 never been equaled4 ,the allegorical figures at the feet of this ,medici are more beautiful and more easily understood than most of ,michael ,angelo's allegorical figures4 ,nevertheless1 ,i used sometimes1 when looking at these four figures1 to think that they had been created merely as architectural auxiliaries1 and that their expression was an accident or a freak of the artist's fancy1 rather than the expression of some particular thought3 at other times ,i saw as much in them as most enthusiasts do--enough1 ,i have no doubt1 to astonish their great author himself4 ,i believe that very few people really experience rapturous sensations when they look at works of art4 ,people are generally much more moved by the sight of the two canes preserved in ,casa ,buonarotti1 upon which the great master in his latter days supported his tottering frame1 than they are by the noblest achievements of his genius4 ,the ,carnival in ,florence was a meagre affair compared with the same fte in ,rome4 ,during the afternoon1 however1 there was goodly procession of masks in carriages on the ,lung' ,arno1 and in the evening there was a feeble moccoletti display4 ,the grand masked ball at the ,casino about this time presents an irresistible attraction to the floating population in ,florence4 ,i was foolish enough to go4 ,all were obliged to be dressed in character or in full ball-costume3 no dominoes allowed4 ,the ,casino1 ,i was told1 is the largest club-house in the world2 and salon after salon of that immense building was so crowded that locomotion was nearly impossible4 ,the floral decorations were magnificent1 the music was excellent1 and some of the ten thousand people present tried to dance1 but the sets formed were soon squeezed into a ball4 ,then they gave up in despair1 while the men swore under their breath1 and the women repaired to the dressing-rooms to sew on flounces or other skirt-trimmings4 ,masks wriggled about1 and spoke to each other in the ridiculously squeaky voice generally adopted on such occasions4 ,most of their conversation was ,english1 and of this very exciting order3 ,you don't know me8 ,yes ,i do4 ,no you don't4 ,i know what you did yesterday1 etc41 etc41 ad nauseam4 ,how fine masked balls are in sensational novels6 how absolutely flat and unsatisfactory in fact6 ,there was on this occasion a vast display of dress and jewelry1 and among the babel of languages spoken the most prominent was the beautiful ,london dialect sometimes irreverently called ,cockney4 ,i lost my cavalier at one time1 and while ,i waited for him to find me ,i retired to a corner and challenged a mask to a game of chess4 ,he proved to be a ,russian who spoke neither ,french nor ,italian4 ,we got along famously1 however4 ,he said something very polite in ,russian1 ,i responded irrelevantly in ,french1 and then we looked at each other and grinned4 ,he subsequently1 thinking he had made an impression1 ventured to press my hand2 ,i drew it away and told him he was an idiot1 at which he was greatly flattered2 and then we grinned at each other again4 ,it was very exciting indeed4 ,i won the game easily1 because he knew nothing of chess1 and then he said something in his mother-tongue1 placing his hand upon his heart4 ,i could have sworn that it meant1 ,of course ,i would not be so rude as to win when playing with a lady4 ,i thought so1 principally because he was a man1 for ,i never knew a man under such circumstances who did not immediately betray his self-conceit by making that gallant declaration4 ,feeling sure that the ,russian had done so1 when we placed the pieces on the board again ,i offered him my queen4 ,he seemed astounded and hurt2 and then for the first time ,i thought that if this ,russian were an exception to his sex1 and ,i had not understood his remark1 then it was a rudeness to offer him my queen4 ,i was fortunately relieved from my perplexing situation by the approach of my cavalier1 and as he led me away ,i gave my other hand to my antagonist in the most impressive manner1 by way of atonement in case there had been anything wrong in my conduct toward him4 ,one day during the latter part of my stay in ,florence ,i went the second time to the splendid studio of ,mr4 ,powers4 ,he talked very eloquently upon art4 ,he said that some of the classic statues had become famous1 and deservedly so1 although they were sometimes false in proportion and disposed in attitudes quite impossible in nature4 ,he illustrated this by a fine plaster cast of the ,venus of ,milo1 before which we were standing4 ,he showed that the spinal cord in the neck could never1 from the position of the head1 have joined that of the body1 that there was a radical fault in the termination of the spinal column1 and that the navel was located falsely with respect to height4 ,as he proceeded he convinced me that he was correct2 and in defence of this1 my most cherished idol after the ,apollo ,belvedere1 ,i only asked the iconoclast whether these defects might not have been intentional1 in order to make the statue appear more natural when looked at in its elevated position from below4 ,i subsequently repeated ,mr4 ,powers's criticism of the ,venus of ,milo in the studio of another of our distinguished sculptors1 and he treated it with great levity1 especially when ,i told him my authority4 ,there is a spirit of rivalry among sculptors which does not always manifest itself in that courteous and well-bred manner which distinguishes the medical faculty1 for instance1 in their dealings with each other4 ,this courtesy is well illustrated by an anecdote ,i have recently heard4 ,a gentleman fell down in a fit1 and a physician entering saw a man kneeling over the patient and grasping him firmly by the throat2 whereupon the physician exclaimed1 ,why1 sir1 you are stopping the circulation in the jugular vein6 ,sir1 replied the other1 ,i am a doctor of medicine4 ,to which the first ,m4,d4 remarked1 ,ah6 ,i beg your pardon1 and stood by very composedly until the patient was comfortably dead4 ,while ,mr4 ,powers was conversing with me about the ,venus of ,milo1 there entered two ,englishwomen dressed very richly in brocades and velvets4 ,they seemed very anxious to see everything in the studio1 talked in loud tones of the various objects of art1 passed us1 and occupied themselves for some time before the statue called ,california4 ,i heard one of them say1 ,i wonder if there's anybody 'ere that talks ,hinglish8 and in the same breath she called out to ,mr4 ,powers1 ,come 'ere6 ,he was at work that day1 and wore his studio costume4 ,i was somewhat surprised to see him immediately obey the rude command1 and the following conversation occurred3 ,do you speak ,hinglish8 ,yes1 ma'am4 ,what is this statue8 ,it is called ,california1 madam4 ,what has she got in 'er 'and8 ,thorns1 madam1 in the hand held behind the back2 in the other she presents the quartz containing the tempting metal4 ,oh6 ,we next entered a room where there was another work of the sculptor in process of formation4 ,mr4 ,powers and myself were engaged in an animated and1 to me1 very agreeable conversation1 which was constantly interrupted by these ill-bred women1 who kept all the time mistaking the plaster for the marble1 and asked the artist the most pestering questions on the modus operandi of sculpturing4 ,i was astonished at the marvelous temper of ,mr4 ,powers1 who politely and patiently answered all their queries4 ,by some lucky chance these women got out of the way during our slow progress back to the outer rooms1 and ,i enjoyed ,mr4 ,powers's conversation uninterruptedly4 ,he showed me the beautiful baby hand in marble1 a copy of his daughter's hand when an infant1 and had just returned it to its shrine when the two women reappeared1 and we all proceeded together4 ,in the outer room there were several admirable busts1 upon which these women passed comment freely4 ,one of these busts was that of a lady1 and they attacked it spitefully4 ,what an ugly face6 ,what a mean expression about the mouth6 ,isn't it 'orrible8 ,who is it8 asked one of them1 addressing ,mr4 ,powers4 ,that is a portrait of my wife1 said the artist modestly4 ,your wife6 repeated one of the women1 and then1 nothing abashed1 added1 ,who are you8 ,my name is ,powers1 madam1 he answered very politely4 ,this discovery evidently disconcerted the impudence even of these visitors1 and they immediately left the studio4 ,as the day approached for my departure ,i visited all my old haunts1 and dwelt fondly upon scenes which ,i might never see again4 ,my dear old music-master cried when ,i bade him farewell4 ,povero maestro6 ,he used to think me so good that ,i was always ashamed of not being a veritable angel4 ,i left ,florence when ,all the land in flowery squares1 ,beneath a broad and equal-blowing wind1 ,smelt of the coming summer4 ,my last visit was with the maestro to the ,cascine1 where he gathered me a bunch of wild violets--cherished souvenir of a city ,i love1 and of a friend whose like ,i ne'er may look upon again4 ,,marie ,,howland4 ,,the ,,southern ,,planter4 ,while ,philadelphia hibernates in the ice and snow of ,february1 the spring season opens in the ,southern woods and pastures4 ,the fragrant yellow jessamine clusters in golden bugles over shrubs and trees1 and the sward is enameled with the white1 yellow and blue violet4 ,the crocus and cowslip1 low anemone and colts-foot begin to show1 and the land brightens with waxy flowers of the huckleberry1 set in delicate gamboge edging4 ,yards1 greeneries1 conservatories breathe a ,june like fragrance1 and aviaries are vocal with songsters1 mocked outside by the ,american mocking-bird1 who chants all night under the full moon1 as if day was too short for his medley4 ,new ,orleans burgeons with the season4 ,the broad fair avenues1 the wide boulevards1 famed ,canal street1 are luxuriant with spring life and drapery4 ,dashing equipages glance down the ,shell ,road with merry driving-and picnic-parties4 ,there is boating on the lake1 and delicious ,french collations at pleasant resorts1 spread by neat-handed mulatto waiters speaking a patois of ,french1 ,english and negro4 ,there spring meats and sauces and light ,french wines allure to enjoyments less sensual than the coarser ,northern climate affords4 ,the unrivaled ,french opera is in season1 the forcing house of that bright garden of exotics4 ,other and ,northern cities boast of such entertainments1 but ,i apprehend they resemble the ,simon-,pure much as an ,englishman's ,french resembles the native tongue4 ,in ,new ,orleans it is the natural1 full-flavored article1 lively with ,french taste and talent1 and for a people instinct with a truer ,gallic spirit1 perhaps1 than that of ,paris itself4 ,it is antique and colonial1 but age and the sea-voyage have preserved more distinctly the native bouquet of the wine after all grosser flavors have wasted away4 ,the spectacle within the theatre on a fine night is brilliant1 recherch and ,french4 ,from side-scene to dome1 and from gallery after gallery to the gay parquette1 glitters the bright1 shining audience4 ,there are loungers1 ,american and ,french1 blas and rou1 who in the intervals drink brandy and whisky1 or anisette1 maraschino1 curoa or some other fiery ,french cordial4 ,the ,french loungers are gesticulatory1 and shoulders1 arms1 fingers1 eyes and eyebrows help out the tongue's rapid utterance2 but they are never rude or boisterous4 ,there are belles1 pretty ,french belles1 with just a tint of deceitless rouge for fashion's sake1 and tinkling1 crisp1 low ,french voices modulated to chime with the music and not disharmonize it2 nay1 rather add to the sweetness of its concord4 ,and there is the ,creole dandy1 the small master of the revels4 ,there is nothing perfumed in the latest box of bonbons from ,paris so exquisite1 sparkling1 racy1 ,french and happy in its own sweet conceit as he is4 ,he has hands and feet a ,kentucky girl might envy for their shapely delicacy and dainty size1 cased in the neatest kid and prunella4 ,his hair is negligent in the elegantest grace of the perruquier's art1 his dress fashioned to the very line of fastidious elegance and simplicity1 yet a simplicity his ,creole taste makes unique and attractive4 ,he has the true ,french persiflage1 founded on happy content1 not the blank indifference of the ,englishman's disregard4 ,it becomes graceful self-forgetfulness1 and yet his vanity is ,french and victorious4 ,in the atmosphere of breathing music and faint perfume he looks around the glancing boxes1 and knows he has but to throw his sultanic handkerchief to have the handsomest ,circassian in the glowing circle of female beauty4 ,but he does not throw it1 for all that4 ,his manner plainly says3 ,beautiful dames1 it would do me much of pleasure if ,i could elope with you all on the road of iron1 but the bte noir1 the ,moral1 will not permit4 ,behold for which1 as an opened box of ,louvin's perfumeries1 ,i dispense my fragrant affection to you all3 breathe it and be happy6 ,such homage he receives with graceful acquiescence1 believing his recognition of it a sweet fruition to the fair adorers4 ,he accepts it as he does the ices1 wines and delicate ,french dishes familiar to his palate4 ,life is a fountain of eau sucre1 where everything is sweet to him1 and he tries to make it so to you1 for he is a kindly-natured1 true-hearted1 valiant little ,french gentleman4 ,his loves1 his innocent dissipations1 his grand passions1 his rapier duels1 would fill the volumes of a ,le ,sage or a ,cervantes4 ,in the gay circles of ,new ,orleans he floats with lambent wings and irresistible fine eyes1 its serenest butterfly1 admired and spoiled alike by the ,french and ,american element4 ,at this early spring season a new atom of the latter enters the charmed circle1 breaking its merry round into other sparkles of foam4 ,a well-formed1 stately1 rather florid gentleman alights at the ,st4 ,charles1 and is ushered into the hospitalities of that elegant caravansary4 ,there is something impressive about him1 or there would be farther ,north4 ,he is ,american1 from the strong1 careless ,anglo-,saxon face1 through all the stalwart bones and full figure1 to the strong1 firm1 light step4 ,he will crush through the lepidoptera of this half-,french society like a silver knife through ,tourtereaux souffls la crme4 ,he brings letters to this and that citizen1 or he is well known already1 and coloneled familiarly by stamp-expectant waiters and the courteous master of ceremonies at the clerk's desk4 ,he calls1 on his bankers1 and is received with gracious familiarity in the pleasant bank-parlor4 ,correspondence has made them acquainted with ,colonel ,beverage in the way of business3 they are glad to see him in person1 and will be happy to wait on him4 ,he makes them happy in that way1 for they do wait upon him satisfactorily4 ,there is a little pleasant interchange of news and city gossip1 and of something else4 ,there is a crinkling of a certain crispy1 green foliage1 and the colonel withdraws in the midst of civilities4 ,he next appears on ,canal street1 by and beyond the ,clay ,monument1 with occasional pauses at clothiers'1 and buys his shirts at ,moody's1 as he has probably often sworn not to do1 because of its annoyingly frequent posters everywhere4 ,he enters jewelers' shops and examines trinkets--serpents with ruby eyes curled in gold on beds of golden leaves with emerald dews upon them2 pearls1 pear-shaped and tearlike1 brought up by swart1 glittering divers1 seven fathom deep1 at ,tuticorin or in the ,persian ,gulf2 rubies and sapphires mined in ,burmese ,ava1 and diamonds from ,borneo and ,brazil4 ,is he choosing a bridal present8 ,it looks so2 but no1 he selects a splendid1 brilliant solitaire1 for which he pays eight hundred dollars out of a plethoric purse1 and also a finger-ring1 diamond too1 for two hundred and fifty dollars4 ,the jewelers are polite1 as the bankers were4 ,he must be a large cotton-planter1 one of a class with whom a fondness for jewels serves as a means of dozing away life in a kind of crystallization4 ,he otherwise adorns his stately person1 till he has a ,sublime ,porte indeed1 the very vizier of a fairy tale glittering in barbaric gems and gold4 ,his taste1 to speak it mildly1 is expressed rather than subdued--not to be compared with the quiet elegance of your husband or lover1 madam or miss1 but not unsuited to his showy style1 for all that4 ,as the crimson-purple1 plume-like prince's feather has its own royal charm in ,southern gardens beside the pale and placidlily1 so these luxuriant adornments1 do not misbecome his full and not too fleshy person4 ,there is a certain harmony in the ,oriental sumptuousness of his attire1 like radiant sunsets1 appropriate to certain styles of man and woman4 ,let us humble creatures be content to have our portraits done in crayon1 but the colonel calls for the color-box4 ,so adorned and radiant1 this variety of the ,american aloe floats into the charmed circle of ,new ,orleans society--that lively1 sparkling epitome and relic of the old rgime4 ,he has good letters and a fair name1 and mingles in the ,mystick ,krewe1 that curious club1 possible nowhere else1 that has raised mummery into the sphere of aesthetics4 ,perhaps he has worn the gray1 perhaps the blue4 ,it is only in the very arcana of exclusive passion it makes much difference4 ,but gray or blue1 or ,north or ,south in birth1 he is in every essential a ,southerner1 as many1 like ,s4,s4 ,prentiss1 curiously independent of nativity1 are4 ,he is well received and courteously entreated4 ,he has his little suppers at ,moreau's1 and knows the ways of the place and names of the waiters4 ,he has his promenades1 his drives1 his club visits1 is seen everywhere--a brilliant convolvulus now1 twining the espaliers of that ,saracenic fabric of society2 to speak architecturally1 its very summer-house4 ,he visits the opera and gives it his frank approval1 but confesses a preference for the old plantation-melodies4 ,he crushes through the meshes of the ,creole dandies1 not offensively1 but as the law of his volume and momentum dictates1 and they yield the pas to his superior weight and metal4 ,they are civil1 and he is civil1 but they do not like one another1 for all that4 ,that ,zodiac passed1 they continue their own summery orbit of charm and conquest4 ,he tends toward the aureal spheres and the green and pleasant banks of issue4 ,the colonel is not here for pleasure1 though he takes a little pleasure1 as is his way1 seasonably2 but he means business1 and that several thirsty1 eager cotton-houses of repute know4 ,of course they know4 ,it came in his letters and distills in the aroma of his talk4 ,it may even have slipped into the personals of the ,pic and ,times that ,colonel ,beverage has taken ,millefleur and ,rottenbottom plantations on ,red ,river1 and is going extensively into the cultivation of the staple4 ,the colonel is modest over this3 not extensively1 no1 but to the extent of his limited means4 ,in the mean while he looks out for some sound1 well-recommended cotton-house4 ,this means business4 ,in the ,north the farmer raises his crop on his own capital1 and turns it over unencumbered to the merchant for the public4 ,the credit system prevails in the agriculture of the ,south1 and brings another precarious element into the already hazardous occupation of cotton-growing4 ,a new party appears in the cotton-merchant4 ,he is not merely the broker1 yielding the proceeds1 less a commission1 to the planter4 ,either1 by hypothecation on advances made during the year1 he secures a legal pre-emption in the crop1 or1 by initiatory contract1 he becomes an actual partner of limited liability in the crop itself4 ,he agrees to furnish so much cash capital at periods for the cultivation and securing of the crop1 which is husbanded by the planter4 ,the money for these advances he obtains from the banks2 and hence it is that in every cotton-crop raised ,south there are three or more principals actually interested--the banker1 the merchant and the planter4 ,this condition of planting is almost invariable4 ,even the small farmer1 whose crop is a few bags1 is ground into it4 ,in his case the country-side grocer and dealer is banker and merchant1 and his advances the bare necessaries4 ,in this blending of interests the curious partnership rises1 thrives1 labors and sometimes falls--the planter1 as a rule1 undermost in that accident4 ,the ,millefleur and ,rottenbottom plantations are famous1 and a hand well over the crops raised under such shrewd1 experienced management as that of ,colonel ,beverage is a stroke of policy4 ,therefore1 as the bankers and jewelers have been polite1 so now the cotton-merchants are civil2 but the colonel is shy--an old bird and a game bird4 ,shy1 but not suspicious4 ,he chooses his own time1 and at an early day walks into the business-house of ,negocier ,duthem4 ,they are pleased to see the colonel in the way of business1 as they have been in society1 and the pleasure is mutual4 ,as he expounds his plans they are more and more convinced that he is a plumy bird of much waste feather4 ,he has taken ,rottenbottom and ,millefleur1 and is going pretty well into cotton4 ,he thinks he understands it3 he ought to4 ,then he has his own capital--an advantage1 certainly4 ,some of his friends1 ,so-and-so--running over commercial and bankable names easily--have suggested the usual co-operation with some reputable house1 and an extension1 but he believes ,he will stay within limits4 ,he has five thousand dollars in cash he wishes to deposit with some good firm for the year's supplies4 ,he believes that will be sufficient1 and he has called to hear their terms4 ,all this comes not at once1 but here and there in the business-conversation4 ,the reader will perceive one strong bait carelessly thrown out by the auriferous or folliferous colonel--the five thousand dollars cash in hand4 ,the immediate use of that is a strong incentive to the house4 ,they covet the colonel's business3 they think well of the proposed extension4 ,cotton is sure to be up1 and under practical1 experienced cultivation must yield a handsome fortune4 ,the result is foreseen4 ,the cotton-house and the colonel enter into the usual agreement of such transactions4 ,the colonel leaves his five thousand dollars1 and draws on that1 and for as much more as may be necessary in securing the crop4 ,the commercial reader ,north who has had no dealings ,south will smile at the credulous merchant who entrusts his credit to such a full-blown1 thirsty tropical pitcher-plant as the colonel1 who carries childish extravagances in his very dress2 but he will judge hastily4 ,we have seen this gaudy efflorescence pass over the curiously-wrought enameled gold-work1 opals1 pearls and rubies1 and adorn himself with solid diamonds4 ,the careful economist ,north puts his superfluous thousands in government bonds1 or gambles them away in ,erie stocks1 because he likes the increase of ,jacob's speckled sheep4 ,the ,southerner invests his in diamonds because he likes show1 and diamonds have a pretty steady market value4 ,there is method1 too1 in the colonel's associations1 and all his acquaintance is gilt-edged and bankable4 ,his business is now done1 and he does not tarry1 but wings his way to ,millefleur and ,rottenbottom1 where he moults all his fine feathers4 ,he goes into fertilizers1 beginning with crushed cotton-seed and barnyard manure1 if possible1 before ,february is over4 ,he follows the shovel-plough with a slick-jack1 and plants1 and then the labor begins to fail him4 ,he talks about importing ,chinese1 and writes about it in the local paper4 ,he is sure it will do1 as he is positive in all his opinions4 ,he is true pluck1 and tries to make new machinery make up for deficient labor4 ,he buys bull-tongues1 cotton-shovels1 fifteen-inch sweeps1 twenty-inch sweeps1 team-ploughs with seven-inch twisters1 and a finishing sweep of twenty-six inches4 ,he hears of other inventions1 and orders them4 ,the ,south is flooded with a thousand quack contrivances now1 about as applicable to cotton-raising as a pair of nut-crackers2 but the colonel buys them4 ,he is going to dispense with the hoe4 ,that is the plan2 and by that plan of furnishing a large plantation with new tools before ,lent is over the five thousand dollars are gone4 ,but he writes cheerfully4 ,it is his nature to be sanguine1 and to hope loudly1 vaingloriously2 and he writes it honestly enough to his merchant--and draws4 ,the labor gets worse and worse4 ,in the indolent summer days the negro1 careless1 thriftless1 ignorant1 works only at intervals4 ,perhaps the ,june rise catches him1 and there is a heavy expense in ditching and damming to save the ,rottenbottom crop4 ,maybe the merchant hears of the army-worm and is alarmed1 but the colonel writes back assuring letters that it is only the grasshopper1 and the grasshopper has helped more than hurt--and draws4 ,then possibly the army-worm comes sure enough1 and cripples him4 ,but he keeps up his courage--and draws4 ,the five thousand dollars appear to have been employed in digging or building a sluice through which a constant current of currency flows from the city to ,rottenbottom and ,millefleur4 ,the merchant has gone into bank1 and the tide flows on4 ,at last the planter writes3 ,the most magnificent crop ever raised on ,red ,river1 just waiting for the necessary hands to gather it in6 ,of course the necessary sums are supplied1 and at last the crop gets to market4 ,it finds the market low1 and declining steadily week by week4 ,the banks begin to press3 money is tight1 as it is now while ,i write4 ,the crop is sacrificed1 for the merchant cannot wait1 and some fine morning the house of ,negocier ,duthem is closed1 and ,colonel ,beverage is bankrupt4 ,and both are ruined8 ,no4 ,we will suppose the business-house is old and reputable3 the banks are obliging and creditors prudently liberal1 and by and by the firm resumes its old career4 ,as for the colonel1 the reader sees that to ruin him would be an absolute contradiction of nature4 ,his friends or relations give him assistance1 or he sells his diamonds1 and soon you meet him at the ,st4 ,charles1 as blooming1 sanguine and splendiferous as ever4 ,no1 he cannot be ruined1 but his is not an infrequent episode in the life of a ,southern ,planter4 ,,will ,,wallace ,,harney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,babes ,,in ,,the ,,wood4 ,i had two little babes1 a boy and girl-- ,two little babes that are not with me now3 ,on one bright brow full golden fell the curl-- ,the curl fell chestnut-brown on one bright brow4 ,i like to dream of them that some soft day1 ,whilst wandering from home1 their fitful feet ,went heedlessly through some still woodland way ,where light and shade harmoniously meet2 ,and that they wandered deeper and more deep ,into the forest's fragrant heart and fair1 ,till just at evenfall they dropped asleep1 ,and ever since they have been resting there4 ,after their willful wandering that day ,each is so tired it does not wake at all1 ,whilst over them the boughs that sigh and sway ,conspire to make perpetual evenfall4 ,and ,i1 that must not join them1 still am blest1 ,passionately1 though this poor heart grieves2 ,for memories1 like birds1 at my behest1 ,have covered them with tender thoughts1 like leaves4 ,,edgar ,,fawcett4 ,,my ,,charge ,,on ,,the ,,life-,,guards4 ,now that our little international troubles about consequential damages and the like are happily settled1 and there is no danger that my revelations will augment them in any degree1 ,i think ,i may venture to give the particulars of an affair of honor which ,i once had with a gigantic member of ,her ,britannic ,majesty's household troops4 ,my guardian had a special veneration for ,england in general and for ,oxford in particular1 and ,i was brought up and sent to ,yale with the full understanding that ,st4 ,bridget's1 ,oxon41 was the place where ,i was to be finished4 ,i left ,yale at the end of ,junior year and crossed the ocean in the crack steamer of the then famous ,collins line4 ,i do not believe any young ,american ever had a more favorable introduction to ,england than ,i had1 and the wonder is that1 considering the philo-,anglican atmosphere in which ,i was educated1 ,i did not become a thorough-paced renegade4 ,i was1 however1 blessed with a tolerably independent spirit1 and kept my nationality intact throughout my university course4 ,like ,tom ,brown1 ,i felt myself drawn to the sporting set1 and1 as ,i was always an adept at athletics1 soon won repute as an oarsman1 and was well satisfied to be looked upon as the ,yankee champion sundry amateur rowing-and boxing-matches1 as well as in the lecture-room4 ,of course1 ,i was the mark for no end of good-natured chaff about my nationality1 but was nearly always able1 ,i believe1 to sustain the honor of the ,american name1 and so at length graduated in the firsts as to scholarship1 and enjoyed the distinguished honor of pulling number four in the ',varsity eight in our annual match with ,cambridge on the ,thames4 ,moreover1 ,i stood six feet in my stockings1 had the muscle of a gladiator1 and was physically the equal of any man at ,oxford4 ,after the race was over my special cronies hung about ,london for a few days1 usually making that classical cave of ,evans's a rendezvous in the evening4 ,two or three young officers of the ,guards were often with us1 and one night1 when the talk had turned1 as it often did1 on personal prowess1 the superb average physique of their regiment was duly lauded by our soldier companions4 ,at length one of them remarked1 in that aggravatingly superior tone which some ,englishmen assume1 that any man in his troop could handle any two of the then present company4 ,this provoked a general laugh of incredulity1 and two or three of our college set turned to me with--,what do you say to that1 ,jonathan8 ,nonsense6 said ,i4 ,i'll put on the gloves with the biggest fellow among them1 any day4 ,this somewhat democratic readiness to spar with a private soldier led to remarks which ,i chose to consider insular1 if not insolent1 and ,i replied1 supporting the principle of ,yankee equality1 until1 losing my temper at something which one of the ensigns said1 ,i delivered myself in some such fashion as this3 ,well1 gentlemen1 ,i'm only one ,yankee among many ,englishmen1 but ,i will bet a hundred guineas1 and put up the money1 that ,i will tumble one of those mighty warriors out of his saddle in front of the ,horse ,guards1 and ride off on his horse before the guard can turn out and stop me4 ,of course my bet was instantly taken by the officers1 but my friends were so astounded at my rashness that ,i found no backers4 ,however1 my blood was up1 and1 possibly because ,evans's bitter beer was buzzing slightly in my head1 ,i booked several more bets at large odds in my own favor4 ,as the hour was late1 we separated with an agreement to meet and arrange details on the following day1 keeping the whole affair strictly secret meanwhile4 ,i confess that my feelings were not of the pleasantest as ,i sat at my late ,london breakfast somewhere about noon the next day1 and ,i was fain to admit to my special friend that ,i had put myself in an awkward1 if not an unenviable1 position4 ,however1 ,i was in for it1 and being naturally of an elastic temperament1 began to cast about for a cheerful view of my undertaking4 ,in the course of the day preliminaries were arranged and reduced to writing with all the care which ,englishmen practice in such affairs of honor4 ,i only stipulated that ,i should be allowed to use a stout walking-stick in my encounter2 that ,i should be kept informed as to the detail for guard2 that ,i should be freely allowed to see the regiment at drill and in quarters2 and that ,i should select my time of attack within a fortnight1 giving a few hours' notice to all parties concerned1 so as to ensure their presence as witnesses4 ,every one who has ever visited ,london has seen and admired the gigantic horsemen who sit on mighty black steeds1 one on either side of the archway facing ,whitehall1 and who are presumed at once to guard the commander-in-chief's head-quarters and to serve as specimen bricks of the finest cavalry corps in the world4 ,splendid fellows they are6 ,none of them are under six feet high1 and many of them are considerably above that mark4 ,they wear polished steel corselets and helmets1 white buck-skin trowsers1 high jack-boots1 and at the time of which ,i write their arms consisted of a brace of heavy1 single-barreled pistols in holsters1 a carbine and a sabre4 ,the firearms were1 under ordinary circumstances1 not loaded1 and the sabre was held at a carry in the right hand4 ,this last was the weapon against which ,i must guard1 and ,i accordingly placed a traveling cap and a coat in the hands of a discreet tailor1 who sewed steel bands into the crown of one and into the shoulders of the other1 in such a way as afforded very efficient protection against a possible downward cut4 ,besides attending to these defensive preparations1 ,i at once looked about for a competent horseman with military experience who could give me some practical hints as to encounters between infantry and cavalry1 and1 singularly enough1 was thrown in with that gallant young officer who rode into immortality in front of the ,light ,brigade at ,balaklava a few years afterward4 ,i learned that he was a superb horseman1 was down upon the ,english system of cavalry training1 and was using pen and tongue to bring about a change4 ,a sudden inspiration led me to take him into my confidence1 as the terms of our agreement permitted me to do4 ,he caught the idea with enthusiasm4 ,what an argument it would be in favor of his new system if a mere civilian unhorsed a ,guardsman trained after the old fashion6 ,for a week he drilled me more or less every day in getting him off his horse in various ways1 and ,i speedily became a proficient in the art1 he meanwhile gaining some new ideas on the subject1 which were duly printed in his well-known book4 ,well1 to make my story short1 ,i gave notice to interested parties on the tenth day1 put on my steel-ribbed cap and my armor-plated coat1 and with stick in hand walked over to a hairdresser's with whom ,i had previously communicated1 had my complexion darkened to a ,spanish olive1 put on a false beard1 and was ready for service4 ,i had arranged with this tonsorial artist1 whose shop was in the ,strand near ,northumberland ,house1 that he should be prepared to remove these traces of disguise as speedily as he had put them on1 and that ,i should leave a stylish coat and hat in his charge1 to be donned in haste should occasion require4 ,i next engaged two boys to stand opposite ,northumberland ,house1 and be ready to hold a horse4 ,these boys ,i partially paid beforehand1 and promised more liberal largess if they did their duty4 ,preliminaries having been thus arranged1 ,i strolled down ,whitehall1 feeling very much as ,i did years afterward when ,i found myself going into action for the first time in ,dixie4 ,it was early afternoon on a lovely spring day4 ,the ,strand was a roaring stream of omnibuses and drays1 carriages were beginning to roll along the drives leading to ,rotten ,row1 and all ,london was in the streets4 ,i was assured that at this hour ,i should find a big but father clumsy giant on post2 and there he was1 sure enough1 sitting like a colossal statue on his coal-black charger1 the crest of his helmet almost touching the keystone of the arch under which he sat1 his accoutrements shining like jewels1 and he looking every inch a ,british cavalryman4 ,i walked past on the opposite side of ,whitehall1 meeting1 without being recognized1 all my aiders and abettors in this most heinous attack on ,her ,majesty's ,guards4 ,i then crossed the street and took a good look at my man4 ,he and his companion-sentry under the other arch were aware of officers in mufti on the opposite sidewalk1 and kept their eyes immovably to the front4 ,evidently nothing much short of an earthquake could cause either to relax a muscle4 ,the little circle of admiring beholders which is always on hand inspecting these splendid horsemen was present1 of course1 with varying elements1 and ,i had to wait a few minutes until a small number of innocuous spectators coincided with the aphelion of the periodical policeman4 ,it was not a pleasant thing to contemplate that tower of polished leather1 brass and steel1 with a man inside of it some forty pounds heavier than ,i1 and think that in a minute or so we two should be engaged in a close grapple1 whose termination involved considerable risk for me physically as well as pecuniarily4 ,however1 there was1 in addition to the feeling of apprehension1 a touch of elation at the thought that ,i1 a lone ,yankee1 was about to beard the ,british lion in his most formidable shape1 almost under the walls of ,buckingham ,palace4 ,i looked my antagonist carefully over1 deciding several minor points in my mind1 and then at a favorable moment stepped quietly within striking distance1 and delivered a sharp blow with my stick on his left instep1 as far forward as ,i could without hitting the stirrup4 ,the man seemed to be in a sort of military trance1 for he never winced4 ,quick as thought1 ,i repeated the blow1 and this time the fellow fairly yelled with rage1 astonishment and pain4 ,i have since made up my mind that his nerve-fibre must have been of that inert sort which transmits waves of sensation but slowly1 so that the perception of the first blow reached the interior of his helmet just about as the second descended4 ,at all events1 he jerked back his foot1 and somehow1 between the involuntary contraction of his flexor muscles from pain and the glancing of my stick1 his foot slipped from the stirrup4 ,this1 as ,i had learned from my instructor1 was a great point gained1 and in an instant ,i had him by the ankle and by the top of his jack-boot1 doubling his leg1 at the same time heaving mightily upward4 ,as ,i gave my whole strength to the effort ,i was dimly aware of screams and panic among the nursery--maids and children who were but a moment before my fellow-spectators4 ,at the same time ,i caught the flash of the ,guardsman's sabre as he cut down at me after the fashion prescribed in the broadsword exercise4 ,fortune1 however1 did not desert me4 ,my antagonist had not enough elbow-room1 and his sword-point was shivered against the stone arch overhead1 the blade descending flatways and harmlessly upon my well-protected shoulder just as1 with a final effort1 ,i tumbled him out his saddle4 ,the recollection of the ludicrous figure which that ,guardsman cut haunts me still4 ,his pipeclayed gloves clutched wildly at holster and cantle as he went over4 ,down came the gleaming helmet crashing upon the pavement1 and with a calamitous rattle and bang the whole complicated structure of corselet1 scabbard1 carbine1 cross-belts1 spurs and boots went into the inside corner of the archway1 a helpless heap4 ,that started the horse4 ,the noble animal had stood my assault as steadily as if he had been cast in bronze1 but precisely such an emergency as this had never been contemplated in his training1 as it had not in that of his master1 and he now started forward rather wildly4 ,i had my hand on the bridle before he had moved a foot1 and swung myself half over his back as he dashed across the sidewalk and up ,whitehall4 ,the ,guards' saddles are very easy when once you are in them1 and ,i had reason1 temporarily at least1 to approve the ,english style of riding with short stirrups1 for ,i readily found my seat1 and ascertained that ,i could touch bottom with my toes4 ,as ,i left the scene of my victory behind me ,i heard the guards turning out1 and caught a glimpse as of all ,london running in my direction1 but by the time that ,i had secured the control of my horse ,i had distanced the crowd1 and as we entered the ,strand we attracted comparatively little notice4 ,in driving1 the ,english turn out to the left instead of to the right1 as is the custom here1 and ,i was obliged to cross the westward-bound line of vehicles before ,i could fall in with that which would bring me to my boys4 ,i decided to make a carom of it1 and nearly took the heads off a pair of horses1 and the pole off the omnibus to which they were attached1 as ,i dashed through4 ,turning to the right1 ,i soon lost the torrent of invective hurled after me by the driver and conductor of the discomfited 'bus1 and in less than two minutes--which seemed to me an age1 for the pursuit was drawing near--,i reached my boys1 dropped them a half sov4 apiece1 which ,i had ready in my hand1 and bolted for my hairdresser's1 the boys leading the horse in the opposite direction1 as previously ordered4 ,it was none too soon1 for as ,i ran up stairs ,i saw three or four policemen running toward the horse1 and there was a gleam of dancing plumes and shining helmets toward ,whitehall4 ,my false beard and complexion were changed with marvelous rapidity1 and1 assuming my promenade costume1 ,i sauntered down stairs and out upon the sidewalk in time to see the whole street jammed with a crowd of excited ,britons1 while the recaptured horse was turned over to the ,guardsmen1 and the two boys were marched off to ,bow street for examination before a magistrate4 ,a private room and an elaborate dinner at the ,united ,service ,club closed the day2 and ,i must admit that my military friends swallowed their evident chagrin with a very good grace4 ,of course ,i was told that ,i could not do it again1 which ,i readily admitted2 and that there was not another man in the troop whom ,i could have unhorsed--an assertion which ,i as persistently combated4 ,the affair was officially hushed up1 and probably not more than a few thousand people ever heard of it outside military circles4 ,how ,i escaped arrest and punishment to the extent of the law ,i did not know for many years1 for the duke of ,wellington1 who was then commander-in-chief1 had only to order the officers concerned under arrest1 and ,i should have been in honor bound to come forward with a voluntary confession4 ,my giant was sent for to the old duke's private room the day after his overthrow1 and questioned sharply by the adjutant1 who1 with pardonable incredulity1 suspected that bribery alone could have brought about so direful a catastrophe4 ,the duke was from the first convinced of the soldier's1 honesty and bravery1 and presently broke in upon the adjutant's examination with--,well1 well6 speak to me now4 ,what have you to say for yourself8 ,may it please yer ludship1 said the undismayed soldier1 ,i've never fought a civilian sence ,i 'listed1 an' yer ludship will bear me witness that there's nothing in the cavalry drill about resisting a charge of foot when a mon's on post at the ,horse ,guards4 ,this speech was delivered with the most perfect sincerity and sobriety1 and although it reflected upon the efficiency of the army under the hero of ,waterloo1 the ,iron ,duke was so much impressed by the affair that he sent word to ,lieutenant-,colonel ,varian1 commanding the regiment1 not to order the man any punishment whatever1 but to see that his command was thereafter trained in view of possible attacks1 even when posted in front of army head-quarters4 ,,charles ,l4 ,,norton4 ,,painting ,,and ,a ,,painter4 ,charles ,v4 once said1 ,titian should be served by ,caesar2 and ,michael ,angelo1 we read1 was treated by ,lorenzo de' ,medici as a son2 ,raphael1 his contemporary1 was great enough to revere him1 and thank ,god he had lived at the same time4 ,in ,england1 in ,france1 in ,germany1 in ,italy1 in ,spain at this day1 the poet and the painter stand hedged about by the divinity of their gifts1 and the people are proud to recognize their kingship4 ,has ,reverence1 that angel of the world1 as ,shakespeare beautifully says1 forgot to visit ,america8 ,or must we consider ourselves less capable yet of delicate appreciation1 such as older nations possess8 ,or are we over-occupied in gaining possession of material comforts and luxuries1 and so forget to revere our poets and painters till it is too late1 and the curtain has fallen upon their unobtrusive and often struggling earthly career8 ,what a millennium will have arrived when we learn to be as faithful to our love as we are sincere6 ,questions like these have been asked also in times preceding ours4 ,alfred de ,musset wrote upon this subject in #ahcc1 in ,paris3 ,there are people who tell you our age is preoccupied1 that men no longer read anything or care for anything4 ,napoleon was occupied1 ,i think1 at ,beresina3 he1 however1 had his ,ossian with him4 ,when did ,thought lose the power of being able to leap into the saddle behind ,action8 ,when did man forget to rush like ,tyrtaeus to the combat1 a sword in one hand1 the lyre in the other8 ,since the world still has a body1 it has a soul4 ,monsieur ,charles ,blanc writes3 ,in order to have an idea of the importance of the arts1 it is enough to fancy what the great nations of the world would be if the monuments they have erected to their faiths1 and the works whereon they have left the mark of their genius1 were suppressed from history4 ,it is with people as with men--after death only the emanations of their mind remain2 that is to say1 literature and art1 written poems1 and poems inscribed on stone1 in marble or in color4 ,the same writer1 in his admirable book1 ,grammaire des arts du dessin1 from which we are tempted to quote again and again1 says3 ,the artist who limits himself simply to the imitation of ,nature reaches only individuality3 he is a slave4 ,he who interprets ,nature sees in her happy qualities2 he evolves character from her2 he is master4 ,the artist who idealizes her discovers in her or imprints upon her the image of beauty3 this last is a great master4444 ,placed between ,nature and the ideal1 between what is and what must be1 the artist has a vast career before him in order to pass from the reality he sees to the beauty he divines4 ,if we follow him in this career1 we see his model transform itself successively before his eyes4444 ,but the artist must give to these creations of his soul the imprint of life1 and he can only find this imprint in the individuals ,nature has created4 ,the two are inseparable--the type1 which is a product of thought1 and the individual1 which is a child of life4 ,with this excellent analysis before us1 we will recall one by one some of the best-known and most interesting works of ,w4,m4 ,hunt1 a painter who now holds a prominent place among the artists of ,america4 ,we will try to discover by careful observation if the high gifts of ,verity and ,imagination1 the sign and seal of the true artist1 really belong to him3 if so1 where these qualities are expressed1 and what value we should set upon them4 ,first1 perhaps1 for those readers remote from ,new ,england who may never have seen any pictures by this artist1 a few words should be said by way of describing some characteristics of his work and the limitations of it2 which limitations are rather loudly dwelt upon by connoisseurs and lovers of the popular modern ,french school4 ,artists discern these limitations of course more keenly even than others1 but their tribute to verity and ideal beauty as represented by this painter is too sincere to allow caviling to find expression4 ,this limitation to which we refer causes ,mr4 ,hunt to allow ideal suggestions1 rather than pictures1 to pass from his studio1 and makes him cowardly before his own work4 ,it recalls in a contrary sense that saying of the sculptor ,puget3 ,the marble trembles before me4 ,mr4 ,hunt trembles before his new-born idea4 ,his swift nature has allowed him in the first hour of work to put into his picture the tenderness or rapture1 the unconscious grace or tempestuous force1 which he despaired at first of ever being able to express4 ,in the flush of success he stops3 he has it1 the idea2 the chief interest of the subject is portrayed before him2 the delicate presence 7and what can be more delicate than the thoughts he has delineated87 is there1 and may vanish if touched in a less fortunate moment4 ,but is this lack of fulfillment in the artist entirely without precedent or parallel8 ,had not ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds a studio full of young artists who finished off his pictures8 ,were not the very faces themselves painted with such rapidity and want of proper method as to drop off1 on occasion1 entirely from the canvas1 as in case of the boy's head1 in being carried through the street8 ,hunt is of our own age1 and would scorn the suggestion of having a hand or a foot painted for him1 as if it were a matter of small importance what individual expression a hand or a foot should wear2 but who can tell for what future age he has painted the wise1 abrupt1 kind1 persistent1 simple1 strong old ,judge in his ,yankee coat2 or the genial1 resolute1 hopeful1 self-sacrificing governor of ,massachusetts2 and the ,master of the boys1 with his keen1 loving1 uncompromising face8 ,these are pictures that1 when children say1 ,tell us about the ,governor who helped ,massachusetts bring her men first into the field during our war1 we may lead them up before and reply1 ,he was this man6 ,so also with the portraits of the ,judge1 of the ,master of the boys1 of the old man with clear eyes and firm mouth1 and that sweet ,american girl standing1 unconscious of observation1 plucking at the daisy in her hat and guessing at her fate4 ,hurry1 impatience and a worship of crude thought are characteristics of our present ,american life4 ,hunt is one of us4 ,if these faults mark and mar his work1 they show him also to be a child of the time4 ,his quick sympathies are caught by the wayside and somewhat frayed out among his fellows2 but nevertheless one essential of a great painter1 that of ,verity1 will be accorded to him after an examination of the pictures we have mentioned4 ,but truth1 character1 skill1 the many gifts and great labor which must unite to lead an artist to the foot of his shadowy1 sun-crowned mountain1 can then carry him no step farther unless ideal ,beauty join him1 and he comprehend her nature and follow to her height4 ,again we quote from ,charles ,blanc--for why should we rewrite what he says so ably8--,all the germs of beauty are in ,nature1 but it belongs to the spirit of man alone to disengage them4 ,when ,nature is beautiful1 the painter knows that she is beautiful1 but ,nature knows nothing of it4 ,thus beauty exists only on the condition of being understood--that is to say1 of receiving a second life in the human thought4 ,art has something else to do than to copy ,nature exactly3 it must penetrate into the spirit of things1 it must evoke the soul of its hero4 ,it can then not only rival ,nature1 but surpass her4 ,what is indeed the superiority of ,nature8 ,it is the life which animates all her forms4 ,but man possesses a treasure which ,nature does not possess--thought4 ,now thought is more than life1 for it is life at its highest power1 life in its glory4 ,man can then contest with ,nature by manifesting thought in the forms of art1 as ,nature manifests life in her forms4 ,in this sense the philosopher ,hegel was able to say that the creations of art were truer than the phenomena of the physical world and the realities of history4 ,now1 thought in the soul of the true artist for ever labors to evolve the beautiful4 ,this is what the thought of a picture means to him--how to express beauty1 which he finds underlying even the imperfect individual of ,nature's decaying birth4 ,to the high insight this is always discernible4 ,none are so fallen that some ray of ,god's light may not touch them1 and this possibility1 the faith in light for ever1 radiates from the spirit of the artist1 and renders him a messenger of joy4 ,no immortal works have bloomed in despondency3 they may have taken root in the slime of the earth1 but they have blossomed into lilies4 ,we call this divine power to discern beauty in every manifestation of the ,deity1 imagination4 ,as it expresses itself in painting1 it is so closely allied with what is highest and holiest in our natures that painting has come to be esteemed a ,christian art1 as contrasted in its development subsequent to the ,christian era with the less human works of sculpture4 ,christianity came1 and instead of physical beauty substituted moral beauty1 infinitely preferring the expression of the soul to the perfection of the body4 ,every man was great in its eyes1 not by his perishable members1 but by his immortal soul4 ,with this religion begins the reign of painting1 which is a more subtle art1 more immaterial1 than the others--more expressive1 and also more individual4 ,we will give some proofs of it4 ,instead of acting1 like architecture and sculpture1 upon the three dimensions of heavy matter1 painting acts only upon one surface1 and produces its effects with an imponderable thing1 which is color--that is to say1 light4 ,hegel has said with admirable wisdom3 ',in sculpture and architecture forms are rendered visible by exterior light4 ,in painting1 on the contrary1 matter1 obscure in itself1 has within itself its internal element1 its ideal--light3 it draws from itself both clearness and obscurity4 ,now1 unity1 the combination of light and dark1 is color4' ,the painter1 then1 proposes to himself to represent1 not bodies with their real thickness1 but simply their appearance1 their image2 but by this means it is the mind which he addresses4 ,visible but impalpable1 and in some sense immaterial1 his work does not meet the touch1 which is the sight of the body3 it only meets the eye1 which is the touch of the soul4 ,painting is then1 from this point of view1 the essential art of ,christianity4444 ,if the painter1 like ,phidias or ,lysippus1 had only to portray the types of humanity1 the majesty of ,jupiter1 the strength of ,hercules1 he might do without the riches of color1 and paint in one tone1 modified only by light and shade2 but the most heroic man among ,christians is not a demigod3 he is a being profoundly individual1 tormented1 combating1 suffering1 and who throughout his real life shares with environing ,nature1 and receives from every side the reflection of her colors4 ,sculpture1 generalizing1 raises itself to the dignity of allegory--painting1 individualizing1 descends to the familiarity of portraiture4 ,let us now return to consider ,william ,hunt's pictures from this second point of view4 ,the gift of ,verity having been already assumed1 can we also discern that higher power of ,imagination whose crown and seal is the ,beautiful4 ,to decide this question we have1 unhappily1 to consider his work as lyrical1 rather than dramatic1 and for this reason we must study his power under disadvantage4 ,that he possesses dramatic power will hardly be denied by those who know his ,hamlet1 ,the ,drummer-,boy1 and ,the ,boy and the ,butterfly2 but the exigencies of life appear to prevent him from occupying himself with compositions such as filled years in the existence of the old painters4 ,portraiture being the highest and most difficult labor to which an artist can aspire1 to this branch of art ,hunt has chiefly confined himself1 and from this point of view he must be studied4 ,we do not forget1 in saying this1 his angel with the flaming torch1 strong and beautiful and of unearthly presence1 nor the shadowy1 half-portrayed figures which dart and flit across his easel2 but as we may understand the power of ,titian from his portraits1 yet never revel in it fully until we look upon ,the ,presentation or ,the ,assumption--never comprehend the painter's joy or his divine rest in endeavor until the achievement lies before us--we must speak of ,hunt only from the work to which he has devoted himself1 and not do him the injustice to predict dramas he has never yet composed4 ,first1 pre-eminently appears that worship for moral beauty which suffers him to fear no ugliness4 ,this power allies him with keen sympathy to every living thing4 ,he sees kinship and the immortal spark in each breathing being4 ,the soul of love goes out and paints the dark or the suffering or the repellant faithfully1 bringing it in to the light where ,god's sunshine may fall upon it1 and men and women1 seeing for the first time1 may help to wipe away the stain4 ,this tendency he shares with the great ,french painter ,millet1 whom he loves to call ,master1 and with ,dore1 whose terrible picture of ,the ,mountebanks should call men and women from their homes to penetrate the fastnesses of vice and strive to heal the sorrows of their kind4 ,this love of moral beauty1 which forces painters to paint such pictures1 was never in any age more evident4 ,hunt in his beggar-man1 in his forlorn children1 and other pictures of the same class1 unfolds a beauty that men should be thankful for4 ,on the other hand1 his love of beauty and his power of expressing it should be studied in its direct influence4 ,the beauty of flesh and blood1 even the loveliness of children1 seems to have slight hold upon him1 compared with the significance of character and the lustre with which his imagination endows everything4 ,this lustre is a distinguishing power with him4 ,the depth to which he sees and feels causes him to give higher lights and deeper shadows than other men4 ,white flowers are not only white to him--they shine like stars4 ,his pictures give a sense of splendor4 ,in his sketch of the poor mother cuddling her child1 it is the feeling of rest1 the mother's sleeping joy1 the relaxed limbs1 the folding embrace1 which he has given us to enjoy4 ,these are the beauty of the picture--not rounded flesh1 nor graceful curves1 nor fair complexion2 and so with the singing-girls3 they are not beautiful girls1 but they are simple--they love to sing1 they are full of tenderness and music4 ,we might go over all his pictures to weariness in this way4 ,the young girl plucking at the daisy as she stands in an open field must1 however1 not be omitted4 ,the natural elegance of this portrait renders it peculiarly1 we should say1 such a one as any woman would be proud to see of herself4 ,doubtless this young girl1 like others1 may have worn ear-rings and chains and pins and rings1 but the artist knew her better than she knew herself1 and has portrayed that exquisite crown of simplicity with which1 it should seem1 ,nature only endows beggars and her royal favorites4 ,in all the ages since ,hamlet was created there appears never to have been an era in which his character has excited such strong and universal interest as in ,america at this time4 ,william ,hunt has thrown upon the canvas a figure of ,hamlet beautiful and living4 ,there is no suggestion of any actor in it4 ,hamlet walks new-born from the painter's brain4 ,his cursed spite bends the youthful shoulders1 and the figure marches past unmindful of terrestrial presences4 ,one other picture will illustrate more clearly1 perhaps1 than everything which has gone before1 this gift of imagination4 ,in ,the ,boy and the ,butterfly1 now on the walls of the ,century ,club-house1 the loveliness of the child1 the power of action1 the subtle management of color and light1 are all subordinated to the ideas of defeat and endeavor4 ,energy1 the irrepressible strength of the spirit upheld by a divine light of indestructible youth1 shines out from the canvas4 ,the boy who cannot catch the butterfly is transmuted as we stand into the ,soul of ,beauty reaching out in vain for satisfaction1 and ready to follow its aspiration to another sphere4 ,,our ,,monthly ,,gossip4 ,,wilhelmine ,,von ,,hillern4 ,german literature1 despite its extraordinary productiveness and its possession of a few great masterpieces1 is far from being rich in the department of belles-lettres1 especially in works of fiction4 ,it has no list of novelists like those which include such names as ,fielding1 ,scott and ,thackeray1 ,balzac1 ,hugo and ,sand4 ,in fact1 there is scarcely an instance of a male writer in ,germany who has devoted himself exclusively to this branch of literature1 and has won high distinction in it4 ,it has been cultivated with success chiefly by a few writers of the other sex1 whose delineations have gained a popularity in ,america only less than that which they enjoy at home--in part because the life which they depict has closer internal analogies to our own than to that of ,england or of ,france1 still more perhaps because the pictures themselves1 whatever their intrinsic fidelity1 are suffused with a romantic glow which has long since faded from those of the thoroughly realistic art now dominant in the two latter countries4 ,in none of them is this characteristic more apparent than in the works of ,wilhelmine von ,hillern1 which bear also in a marked degree the stamp of a mind at once vigorous and sympathetic1 and are thus calculated to awaken the interest of readers in regard to the author's personal history4 ,her father1 ,doctor ,christian ,birch1 a ,dane by birth and originally a diplomatist by profession1 held for many years the post of secretary of legation at ,london and ,paris4 ,he withdrew from this career on the occasion of his marriage with a ,german lady connected with the stage in the triple capacity of author1 manager and actress4 ,madame ,birch-,pfeiffer1 as she is commonly called1 was one of the celebrities of her time1 and her dramatic productions still keep possession of the stage4 ,soon after the birth of her daughter1 which took place at ,munich1 she was invited to assume the direction of the theatre of ,zurich4 ,here ,wilhelmine passed several years of her childhood1 separated from her father1 whose engagements as a political writer retained him in ,germany1 and scarcely less divided from her mother1 whose duties at this period did not permit her to give much attention to domestic cares4 ,without companions of her own age1 and left almost wholly to the charge of an invalid aunt1 she led a monotonous existence1 which left an impression on her mind all the more deep from its contrast with the life which opened upon her in her eighth year1 when ,madame ,birch-,pfeiffer was summoned to ,berlin to hold an appointment at the court theatre4 ,in the ,prussian capital the family was again united1 and became the centre of a social circle embracing many persons connected with dramatic art and literature4 ,devrient1 ,dawison and ,jenny ,lind were among the visitors whose conversation was greedily listened to by the little girl while supposed to be immersed in her lessons or her plays4 ,under such influences it would have been strange if even a less active brain had not been fired with aspirations1 which took the form of an irresistible impulse when1 at thirteen1 ,wilhelmine was allowed for the first time to visit the theatre and witness the acting of ,dawison in ,hamlet and other parts4 ,henceforth all opposition had to give way1 and in her seventeenth year she made her dbut as ,juliet at the ducal theatre of ,coburg4 ,two qualities1 we are told1 distinguished her acting3 a strong conception worked out in the minutest details1 and an intensity of passion which knew no restraint1 and at its culminating point overpowered even hostile criticism4 ,subsequently careful training under ,edward ,devrient and ,madame ,glossbrenner enabled her to bring her emotions under better control1 repressing all tendency to extravagance2 and1 greeted with the assurance that she was destined to become the ,german ,rachel1 she entered upon her career with a round of performances at the principal theatres of ,germany1 including those of ,frankfort1 ,hamburg and ,berlin4 ,these triumphs were followed by the acceptance of a permanent engagement at ,mannheim1 which1 however1 had hardly been concluded when it gave place to one of a different kind1 followed by her marriage and sudden relinquishment of the vocation embraced with such ardor and pursued for a short period with such brilliant promise4 ,dawison is said to have remarked that by her retirement the ,german stage had lost its last genuine tragic actress4 ,since her marriage ,madame von ,hillern has resided at ,freiburg1 in the grand duchy of ,baden1 where her husband holds a legal position analogous to that of the judge of a superior court4 ,her social life is one of great activity1 though much of her time is given to superintending the education of her two daughters4 ,but the abounding energy of her nature made it inevitable that her artistic instincts1 repressed in one direction1 should seek their full development in another4 ,literature was naturally her choice4 ,her first work1 ,doppelleben1 appeared in #ahfe1 and though defective in construction1 owing to a change of plan in the process of composition1 served to give assurance of her powers and to inspire her with the requisite confidence4 ,three years later ,ein ,arzt der ,seele1 of which a translation under the title of ,only a ,girl has been widely circulated in ,america1 established her claim to a high place among the writers of her class4 ,her third work1 ,aus eigener ,kraft 7,by his own ,might71 met with equal success1 securing for its author a large circle of readers on both sides of the ,atlantic ready to welcome the future productions of her pen4 ,the qualities which distinguish her writings are vigor of conception1 sharpness of characterization1 a moral earnestness pervading the judgments and reflections1 and an ardor1 sometimes too exuberant1 which gives intensity to the delineation even while exciting doubts of its fidelity4 ,similar qualities had characterized her acting1 and they spring from a nature which a close observer has described as clear in perception yet swayed by fantasy2 strong of will yet impulsive as quicksilver2 finding enjoyment now in animated discussion1 now in impetuous riding1 now in absolute repose2 full of maternal tenderness1 yet fond of splendor and the excitements of society2 a nature1 in short1 abounding in contrasts1 but substantially that of a true1 noble and lovable woman4 ,,his ,,name8 7,an incident of the ,boston fire47 ,i4 --,oh the billows of fire6 ,with malstrom-like swirl1 ,their surges they hurl ,over roof--over spire1 ,mad--masterless--higher1-- ,till with rumble--crack--crash1 ,down boom with a flash1 ,whole columns of granite and marble2--see6 see6 ,sucked in as a weed on the ocean might be1 ,or engulfed as a sail ,in the hurricane riot and wreak of the gale6 ,,ii4 ,ha6 yonder they rush where the death-dealing stream1 ,over-pent1 waits their gleam1 ,to shiver the city with earthquake6--,who1 who ,will adventure1 mid-flame1 and unfasten the screw1-- ,set the fiend loose1 and save us so8--,fireman1 you1 ,you willing8--,would ,god you might hazard it6-- ,nay1 ,the red tongues are licking the faucets now3 ,stay6 --,too late1--'tis too late6 ,if ruin comes1 wait ,its coming3 ,to go1 is to perish3--,hold6 ,hold6 ,you are young1--,i am old1-- ,you've a wife1 too--and children8--,o ,god6 he is gone ,straight into destruction6 ,the pipes1 men6 ,on1 on1 ,play the water-stream on him1--full--faster--the whole6 ,and now--,christ save his soul6 ,,iii4 --,i stifle--,i choke2 ,and he1--,heaven grant that he smother in smoke ,ere the fearful explosion comes4 ,hark6 ,what's the shout8 --,is he saved8--,is he out8 --,did he compass his purpose1--the ,hero8--7,one name ,to-night we shall write on the records of fame1-- ,the perilous deed was so noble67 ,why here ,on my cheek is a tear1 ,which not a whole city in ashes could claim6 --,his name1 now3 ,can nobody tell me his name8 ,m4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,unpublished ,,letter ,,from ,,lord ,,nelson ,,to ,,lady ,,hamilton4 ,it has been a matter of congratulation that the destruction by the ,boston fire was confined to buildings and other property representing simply the wealth of the city1 and did not extend to its monuments or its artistic and literary treasures4 ,the exceptions are1 in fact1 comparatively small in amount1 yet they are such as must excite a general regret4 ,the contents of the studios in ,summer street1 and the collection of armor1 unique in this country1 bequeathed by the late ,colonel ,bigelow ,lawrence to the ,boston ,athenaeum1 and temporarily deposited at #hb ,milk street1 could not perish without awaking other feelings besides that of sympathy with their past or prospective possessors4 ,a similar loss was that of many of the books and manuscripts amassed by the historian ,prescott1 and comprising the collections pertaining to the ,histories of the ,conquest of ,mexico and ,peru and of ,philip ,,ii4 ,the manuscripts were comprised in some thirty or forty folio volumes1 and consisted of copies or abstracts of documents in the public archives and libraries of ,europe1 in the family archives of several ,spanish noblemen1 and in private collections like that at ,middle ,hill4 ,the printed books1 of which there were perhaps a thousand1 included many of great value and not a few of extreme rarity4 ,a large mass of private correspondence was also consumed4 ,we are not yet informed whether the same fate has befallen a small but very choice collection of autographs1 embracing letters written or signed by ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 ,charles ,v41 ,pope ,clement ,,vii41 ,prospero ,colonna1 the ,great ,captain1 and other sovereigns and eminent personages of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,very few modern autographs were included in this collection1 the only examples1 we believe1 being notes written by ,queen ,victoria1 ,prince ,albert and the duke of ,wellington1 and a longer letter addressed by ,lord ,nelson to ,lady ,hamilton4 ,this last1 which we are permitted to print from a copy made some time ago1 is not exactly a model of composition1 but it is very characteristic1 and shows the strength of that enthrallment which led him1 despite his natural kindness of heart1 to risk the lives of his men in order to communicate with the object of his passion4 ,,sunday ,,night1 ,feb4 #ae1 #i o'clock #ahja4 ,,my ,,dear ,,amiable ,,friend3 ,could you have seen the boat leave the ship1 ,i am sure your heart would have sunk within you4 ,i would not have given sixpence for the lives of the men3 a tremendous wave broke and missed upsetting the boat by a miracle4 ,o ,god1 how my heart thumped to see them safe6 ,then they got safe on shore1 and ,i had given a two-pound note to cheer up the poor fellows when they landed2 but ,i was so anxious to send a letter for you4 ,i knew it was impossible for any boat to come off to us since ,friday noon1 when the boat carried your letters enclosed for ,napean1 and she still remains on shore4 ,only rest assured ,i always write1 and never doubt your old and dear friend1 who never yet deserved it4 ,the gale abates very little1 if anything1 and it is truly fortunate that our fleet is not in port1 or some accident would most probably happen2 but both ,st4 ,george and this ship have new cables1 which is all we have to trust to2 but if my friend is true ,i have no fear4 ,i can take all the care which human foresight can1 and then we must trust to ,providence1 who keeps a lookout for poor ,jack4 ,i cannot1 my dear friend1 afford to buy the three pictures of the ,battle of the ,nile1 or ,i should like very much to have them1 and ,mr4 ,boyden cannot afford to trust me one year4 ,if he could1 perhaps ,i could manage it4 ,i have desired my brother to examine the four numbers of the tickets ,i bought with ,gibbs4 ,i hope he has told you4 ,i dare say in the office here is the numbers of the tickets my agents have bought for the ensuing lottery4 ,i hope we shall be successful4 ,i hope you always kiss my godchild for me3 pray do1 and ,i will repay you ten times when we meet1 which ,i hope will be very soon4 ,monday morning4 ,it is a little more moderate1 and we are going to send a boat1 but at present none can get to us1 and1 therefore1 ,i send this letter ,no4 7#a7 to say we are in being4 ,i hope in the afternoon to be able to get letters1 and1 if possible1 to answer them4 ,kiss my godchild for me1 bless it1 and ,believe me ever yours1 ,,nelson ,,and ,,bronte4 ,,white-,,hat ,,day4 ,on one of the last days in ,september we were the astonished recipients of a singular and mysterious invitation from a member of the ,new ,york ,board of ,brokers4 ,the note contained words like these3 ,come to the ,exchange on ,monday1 ,september #cjth3 white hats are declared confiscated on that day4 ,it would have puzzled ,oedipus or a ,philadelphia lawyer to trace the connection between white hats and stocks1 to tell what ,hecuba was to them or they to ,hecuba1 and why they should be more interfered with by the ,new ,york ,stock ,exchange on the #cjth of ,september than upon any other day4 ,it is true that during the last summer some slight political bias was supposed to be hidden beneath that popular headpiece irreverently styled a ,greeley plug1 but then stocks are not politics1 nor would any but a punster trace an intimate connection between hats and polls4 ,a story has gone through the papers1 to be sure1 about an unfortunate deacon who found it impossible to collect the coppers of the congregation in a ,greeley hat1 but then slight excuses have been made available on charitable occasions before the present election1 and we decline to accept the sentiment of that congregation as unmixed devotion to the ,republican candidates4 ,they did not wish to ,grant their money1 that was all4 ,and then1 again1 unlike the miller of the old conundrum1 men generally wear white hats to keep their heads cool2 with which laudable endeavor why should the ,stock ,exchange wish to interfere8 ,one never hears of a corner in hats4 ,and then1 too1 was it the bulls or the bears who objected to them8 ,bulls1 we all know1 have an aversion to scarlet drapery1 but ,darwin1 in his studies of the feeling for color among animals1 has omitted any references to a horror of white hats even among the most accomplished of the anthropoid apes4 ,pondering all these problems1 and many more1 our puzzled trio went to the ,stock ,exchange on the last day of ,september4 ,we were conducted into the safe seclusion of the ,visitors' ,gallery1 from which coign of vantage we could look down unharmed upon the frantic multitude below4 ,the room is large and very lofty1 its prevailing tint a warm brown1 relieved by bright decorations of the ,byzantine order4 ,across one end runs a small gallery for visitors1 without seats1 and some twenty feet above the floor1 and opposite the gallery is a raised platform1 with a long table and majestic arm-chairs for the president and other officers of the ,board4 ,high on the wall above these elevated dignitaries glitters in large gold letters the mystic legend1 ,new ,york ,stock ,exchange4 ,on the left of the platform stands a large blackboard1 whereon the fluctuations in stocks are recorded1 and around the sides of the room are displayed various signs bearing the names of different stocks 7like the banners of the knights in royal chapels71 beneath which eager groups collect4 ,at the lower end of the room1 under the ,visitors' ,gallery1 are seats whereon weary brokers may repose after the brunt of battle4 ,in the centre of the upper end of the vast apartment is a long oval cock-pit--if it may be so called--of two or three degrees1 with a table in the lowest circle4 ,it is so arranged as to give the brokers1 standing upon the graded steps1 full opportunity to see and to be seen4 ,on the table1 in singular contrast with the spirit of the place1 was a large and beautiful basket of flowers4 ,anything more painfully incongruous it would be difficult to imagine4 ,the poor flowers seemed to wear an air of patient suffering as they wasted their sweetness on that 7literally7 howling wilderness4 ,it was just after ten1 and the doors had been open but a few moments when we entered the gallery1 already quite full of ladies and gentlemen--generally very young gentlemen1 anxious to learn from the glorious example of their elders4 ,the floor below us was fast being strewn with torn bits of paper1 which have to be swept up several times a day4 ,eager groups were gathered under the various signs upon the walls and pillars1 apparently playing the ,italian game of morra1 to judge by the quick gestures of their restless fingers4 ,some were scribbling cabalistic signs on little bits of paper1 and almost all were howling like maniacs or wild beasts half starved4 ,the only place ,i was ever in at all to be compared with it in volume and variety of noise is the parrot-room in the ,london ,zoological ,gardens4 ,bedlam and ,pandemonium ,i have not visited--as yet--and consequently cannot speak from personal experience4 ,but the parrots in that awful house in ,regent's ,park are capable of making more hideous noises in a given moment than any other wild beasts in the world1 except brokers4 ,here the human animal comes out triumphantly supreme4 ,to add to the refreshing variety of the din1 long1 lanky youths in gray sauntered about like the keepers of the carnivora1 and bawled incessantly till they were red in the face4 ,these1 we were told1 were the pages1 who reported the state of the market and delivered orders and commissions4 ,to the uninitiated they were a fraud and a delusion1 but so was the whole thing4 ,a crowd of men1 walking about or standing in groups1 note-book in hand1 talking eagerly or yelling unintelligible nonsense at the top of their voices1 and gesticulating with the fury of madmen1 while in and around the crowd strolled those extraordinary pages1 calmly shouting full in the brokers' faces1--this1 we were told1 was business6 ,this is the mysterious occupation to which our friends1 countrymen and lovers devote so large a portion of their time and thoughts4 ,at this strange diversion millions of dollars change hands in a few hours1 and bulls and bears in this little nest agree to make things generally uncomfortable and uncertain for the outside world4 ,but where were the white hats1 and what of their daring wearers8 ,as the crowd thickened1 they began to shine out upon the general blackness in obvious distinction4 ,at first1 the howling multitude1 eager for filthy lucre1 took no particular notice of them beyond an occasional hurried poke or pat1 but this delusive mildness did not long continue4 ,after the first fifteen or twenty minutes1 during which the favorite stocks had been danced up and down a few times1 like so many crying babies1 the appetite of the hundred-headed hydra abated a little1 and the general attention to business relaxed4 ,suddenly--no one knew whence or wherefore--up rose a white hat in the air1 high above the heads of the people1 and a bareheaded individual was seen struggling wildly in the arms of the mob1 who set up ironical cheers at his unavailing efforts to regain his flying headpiece4 ,it rose and fell faster and farther than any fancy stock of them all1 now soaring to the vaulted roof1 now being kicked along the dusty floor4 ,press where ye see my white hat shine amidst the ranks of war1 seemed to be the sentiment of the occasion1 as the unruly mob swayed and struggled about the dilapidated victim of their sport4 ,in one corner stood a quiet1 dignified gentleman1 talking sedately to a little knot of friends4 ,he wore a tall white stove-pipe of the most obnoxious kind4 ,in a twinkling it was seized and sent flying toward the roof with its softer predecessor4 ,its owner gave one glance over his shoulder1 and smiled a sickly smile1 while it was very evident that ,the subsequent proceedings interested him no more4 ,the fun grew fast and furious1 the air was literally darkened with flying hats of every shape and size1 but all white4 ,the stout tall beavers were converted into footballs till their crowns were kicked out and their brims torn off1 when they were seized upon as instruments for further torture4 ,some innocent member of the large fraternity1 now1 to use a nautical phrase1 scudding under bare polls1 was pounced upon1 and over his unfortunate head the crownless hat was drawn till the ragged remnant of its brim rested upon his shoulders4 ,one poor creature was thus bonneted with at least three tiers of hats1 and was last seen on the edge of the cockpit struggling with imminent suffocation4 ,at the height of the howling1 scuffling1 kicking and fighting a short diversion was effected4 ,a tall and portly broker appeared upon the scene in an entire suit of new broadcloth4 ,it was unmistakably new1 its brilliancy quite undimmed4 ,instantly a rush was made for him by the fickle crowd4 ,they swept him1 as by some mighty wave1 into the centre of the room3 they turned him round and round like a pivoted statue1 and examined him and patted him approvingly on every side4 ,then they made a large ring round him and gave him three cheers4 ,not content with this1 with one sudden impulse they rushed at him again1 and tried to lift him upon the table1 that they might see him better4 ,but this the portly broker resisted3 he fought like a good fellow1 and the crowd1 tired of struggling with a man of so much weight1 gave one final cheer and went back to the chase of the white hats4 ,we stayed about half an hour to watch these elegant and refined diversions3 at the end of that time our patience and the white hats were giving out together4 ,the din was deafening and the dust was rapidly rising4 ,the floor was strewn with scraps of papers and the mangled remains of felt and beaver4 ,brimless hats and hatless brims1 linings1 bands1 rent and tattered crowns1 and ragged fragments of the fray1 were all over the place4 ,a writhing victim in gray1 masked by a crownless hat1 was struggling upon the table to the evident danger of those unhappy flowers2 the president was calling across the tumult in stentorian tones2 but the tumult refused to fall1 and the imperturbable pages were bawling upon the skirts of the crowd with stolid pertinacity4 ,the noise was terrific1 the confusion indescribable4 ,we are often told that women are unfitted for business pursuits4 ,if this was business1 ,i should say decidedly they were4 ,my acquaintance with women has been large and varied1 but ,i have yet to see the woman whom ,i consider qualified to be a member of the ,new ,york ,board of ,brokers4 ,i have been present at many gatherings composed entirely of women1 from the ,woman's ,parliament to country sewing-societies1 but never1 even in that much-abused body1 the ,new ,york ,sorosis1 have ,i seen a crowd of women1 however excited1 however frolicsome1 however full of fun1 capable of playing football with each other's bonnets even upon ,april ,fools' ,day4 ,i am convinced that not even ,miss ,anthony or ,mrs4 ,stanton would have hesitated to admit1 had she been present on the auspicious occasion above recorded1 that there are limits even to woman's sphere4 ,let her preach and practice1 and sail ships1 and make horse-shoes1 and command armies1 if she will1 let her vote for all sorts of disreputable characters to be set over her1 if she choose1 but let her recognize the fact that between her and the gentle amenities of the ,new ,york ,stock ,exchange there is a great gulf fixed1 which only the superior being man1 with his lordly intellect1 his keen morality and his exquisite and unvarying courtesy1 can bridge over4 ,k4,h4 ,,mr4 ,,sothern ,,as ,,garrick4 ,one hundred and thirty-five years ago two young men came up to ,london to try their fortune3 half riding1 half walking1 the young fellows made their journey4 ,one was thick-set1 heavy and uncouth1 and years afterward became known to men and fame as ,samuel ,johnson3 the other was bright1 slender1 active1 and was called ,david ,garrick4 ,some ten years later1 just before the battle of ,culloden1 a ,dutch vessel1 having crossed the ,channel1 landed at ,harwich4 ,there was on board an apparent page1 in reality a young ,viennese girl disguised in male attire1 who journeyed up to ,london too1 where she soon made her appearance as a dancer at the ,hay-market ,theatre3 there she achieved great success1 and became talked about as ,la ,violette4 ,she was under the patronage of the earl and countess of ,burlington1 and finally became ,mrs4 ,garrick4 ,it is said that she was the daughter of a respectable citizen of ,vienna--that she had been engaged to dance at the palace with the children of the empress ,maria ,teresa1 but that1 her charms proving too attractive to the emperor1 the empress had packed her off to ,london with letters of recommendation to persons of quality there4 ,it seems more probable1 however1 that she was am actress at ,vienna1 and simply crossed the sea to try her fortune in ,england4 ,becoming fascinated with ,garrick's acting1 she married him after refusing several more brilliant offers1 and in spite of the opposition of her kind patroness1 ,lady ,burlington1 who wished her to marry so as to secure higher social position4 ,this match gave rise to much romantic gossip4 ,it was said that a wealthy young lady had fallen in love with the great actor one night in ,romeo--that he had been induced by her father to come to the house and break the charm by feigning intoxication3 some versions had it that he came disguised as a physician4 ,a popular ,german comedy was written upon it1 and still later ,mr4 ,robertson dramatized it for the ,english stage1 and produced a play in which we have lately had an opportunity of witnessing the fine acting of ,mr4 ,sothern4 ,garrick was certainly fortunate among actors3 he not only achieved high professional fame1 but he accumulated a large private fortune and lived a happy domestic life in a splendid home filled with choice works of art4 ,the traveler abroad who is favored with an invitation to the ,garrick ,club1 may there see the picture of the great actor in his habit as he lived1 looking down nightly on a collection of the most renowned wits and authors of the metropolis2 and to crown all1 when ,mr4 ,sothern acts--were it not for his moustache--we might suppose we saw the man himself alive before us4 ,concerning ,mr4 ,sothern's acting1 it affords a fine example of that quality--so very difficult of attainment1 it would seem--perfect repose2 and by repose we do not mean torpidity or sluggishness or inattention1 as opposed to clamorous ranting1 but we mean the complete subordination of subordinate parts2 so that1 if we may use the illustration1 the gaudiness of the frame is not allowed to over-power and destroy the effect of the picture4 ,everything is clear1 distinct and well marked3 the forcible passages come with double effect in contrast with preceding serenity4 ,the actor's manner is not confined behind the footlights3 it diffuses itself1 as it were1 among his audience until it seems as if they too were acting with him4 ,this arises from the perfection of the picture he presents1 and that perfection is the result of careful avoidance of everything that is unnatural4 ,there is no unnecessary exertion put forth1 no palpable straining after effect3 he strives to hold the mirror up to ,nature1 not ,art1 and in ,nature there is much repose between the tempests4 ,old players say that the most difficult thing to teach a tyro is to stand still1 and some actors never learn it4 ,careful attention to costume is another trait exhibited by ,mr4 ,sothern4 ,he might easily make his first appearance as ,david ,garrick in the wealthy merchant's house in ordinary walking-dress1 which could be readily retained when he returns to the dinner-party to which he causes himself to be invited4 ,instead of that1 he appears in the full riding-dress of the period--boots1 spurs1 whip1 overcoat and all4 ,this is rapidly changed in time for the dinner-scene for a full-dress suit1 complete in every point--powdered hair1 white silk stockings1 and a little brette1 or walking rapier1 peeping out from under the coat skirt1 not slung in a belt as heavier swords1 but supported by light steel chains fastened to a chatelaine1 which slips behind the waistband and can be taken off in a moment4 ,in the last scene1 where he goes out to fight the duel1 his dress is changed again1 and dark silk stockings are donned as more appropriate4 ,the last point we shall mention here about ,mr4 ,sothern is his scrupulous attention to the minor business of the stage3 when he is not speaking himself1 his looks act4 ,it is said of ,macready that he began to be ,cardinal ,richelieu at three o'clock in the afternoon1 and that it was dangerous to speak to him after that time4 ,when ,mr4 ,sothern plays ,lord ,dundreary1 if he is addressed on any subject during the progress of the play1 he answers in his ,dundreary drawl1 so as not to lose his personality for a minute4 ,the letter from his brother ,tham he has written out and reads2 not that he does not know every word by heart1 for he must have read it a hundred times1 but because he wants to turn over at the proper place4 ,we all know what he has made of that part4 ,a play in which there is absolutely nothing of a plot1 which would fall dead from the hands of an inferior actor1 becomes with ,mr4 ,sothern as popular as ,rip van ,winkle is with ,jefferson to play the sleepy hero4 ,it is to be observed that the three essentials for good acting just mentioned--repose of manner1 strict attention to dress1 and strict attention to minor details of stage-business--may be acquired by any actor of average intellect who will devote proper time and study to the task3 they are not1 like a fine figure1 a handsome face or a sonorous voice1 adventitious gifts of ,fortune which may be bestowed on one mortal and denied to another4 ,mr4 ,sothern owes his success1 evidently1 to long and careful preparation of his parts4 ,in ,david ,garrick he leaves but two points at which criticism can carp3 his pathos somehow lacks sufficient tenderness1 his love-making seems too devoid of passion4 ,when young ,garrick won the heart of ,la ,violette1 he put more fire into his speech and manner than ,mr4 ,sothern exhibits at the close of the last act4 ,he is represented as always loving ,ida ,ingot1 but at first conceals and suppresses his love3 when the avowal comes at last1 it should be like the bursting forth of a volcano1 hot1 fiery and irresistible4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,notes4 ,sir ,richard ,wallace evidently aims to make himself1 in a small way1 the ,peabody of ,paris4 ,a cynic might maintain that his gifts were a trifle sensational1 and shaped with a view to procure the greatest amount of notoriety at the price2 but that they are frequent1 and that they show a hearty love for ,paris on the ,englishman's part1 none can deny4 ,it was ,sir ,richard who not long ago gave about five thousand dollars to the use of the ,paris poor2 it was he who1 in the late hunting-season1 is said to have proposed to supply the city hospitals with fresh game--whether of his own shooting or of that of his compatriots does not appear2 it is he1 in fine1 who has furnished to ,paris eighty street-fountains1 costing in the factory six hundred and seventy-five francs each1 or a total of fifty-four thousand francs 7say ten thousand eight hundred dollars71 the expense of setting them up being undertaken by the city4 ,these drinking-jets are in the main like those so familiar in ,american cities1 and are provided1 of course1 with tin cups attached by iron chains-- la mode ,anglaise add the ,french papers in an explanatory way4 ,now1 the extraordinary fact concerning these fountains is1 that no sooner had the first installment of nine been put up than all the tin cups1 or goblets1 as the ,parisians call them1 were stolen4 ,they were renewed1 and again disappeared in a trice4 ,in short1 within fifteen days no less than forty-seven of these goblets were made way with1 despite their strong fastenings--that is1 an average of over five cups to each fountain4 ,what the sum-total of plunder has been since the first fortnight1 or whether the fountains are still as useless as spiked cannon or tongueless bells1 we have yet to learn4 ,now comes a contrast4 ,the countrymen of ,sir ,richard claim that in ,london from time immemorial not a single cup was ever stolen from the public fountains4 ,so tempting a theme for generalization could not be resisted by the ,paris newspaper philosophers1 who have deduced from this theft of the cups a broad distinction between the ,british loafer and the ,french loafer1 declaring that the former respects any collective property which he partly shares1 while the latter does not even draw this distinction1 but grabs whatever he can lay his hands on4 ,the luck of the ,wallace fountains1 cries one moralizer1 shows how hard it is to reform the ,paris gamin so long as the law contents itself with its present measures4 ,if the state does not speedily educate children found straying in the street1 it is all up with the present generation4 ,thereupon follows a disquisition on the part which ,paris children played in the ,commune4 ,now1 the child1 adds our newspaper ,wordsworth1 is the man viewed through the big end of the opera-glass2 and he points his moral1 therefore1 with the need of compulsory education4 ,one of the first duties incumbent on the ,chamber at the next session will be the solution of this question4 ,let it take as a perpetual goad the fate of the ,wallace goblets4 ,you begin by stealing a cup of tin--you end by firing the ,tuileries or plundering the ,htel ,thiers4 ,there is a droll mingling of ,isaac ,watts and ,victor ,hugo in this dnoment1 and despite its practical good sense one is amused at the evolution of a grave discourse from so trivial a text as the ,wallace drinking-cups4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to people of a statistical rather than a sentimental turn1 the mathematics of marriage in different countries may prove an attractive theme of meditation4 ,it is found that young men from fifteen to twenty years of age marry young women averaging two or three years older than themselves1 but if they delay marriage until they are twenty to twenty-five years old1 their spouses average a year younger than themselves2 and thenceforward this difference steadily increases1 till in extreme old age on the bridegroom's part it is apt to be enormous4 ,the inclination of octogenarians to wed misses in their teens is an every-day occurrence1 but it is amusing to find in the love-matches of boys that the statistics bear out the satires of ,thackeray and ,balzac4 ,again1 the husbands of young women aged twenty and under average a little above twenty-five years1 and the inequality of age diminishes thenceforward1 till for women who have reached thirty the respective ages are equal3 after thirty-five years1 women1 like men1 marry those younger than themselves1 the disproportion increasing with age1 till at fifty-five it averages nine years4 ,the greatest number of marriages for men take place between the ages of twenty and twenty-five in ,england1 between twenty five and thirty in ,france1 and between twenty-five and thirty-five in ,italy and ,belgium4 ,finally1 in ,hungary the number of individuals who marry is seventy-two in a thousand each year2 in ,england it is #fd2 in ,denmark1 #ei2 in ,france1 #eg1 the city of ,paris showing #ec2 in the ,netherlands1 #eb2 in ,belgium1 #dc2 in ,norway1 #cf4 ,widowers indulge in second marriages three or four times as often as widows4 ,for example1 in ,england 7land of ,mrs4 ,bardell7 there are #ff marriages of widowers against #ba of widows2 in ,belgium there are #dh to #af2 in ,france1 #dj to #ab4 ,old ,mr4 ,weller's paternal advice1 to beware of the widows1 ought surely to be supplemented by a maxim to beware of widowers4 ,,shakespeare1 in one of his most famous madrigals1 draws a vivid contrast between youth and age1 which1 he declares1 cannot live together3 ,youth like summer morn1 ,age like winter weather1 ,youth like summer brave1 ,age like winter bare3 ,youth is hot and bold1 ,age is weak and cold4 ,science1 which ruthlessly destroys so much poetry by its mattock and spade1 its scales1 foot-rules and gauges1 must now1 we should judge1 take grave exception to the preceding bit of poesy and to the thousand repetitions of its sentiment by the bards of all ages4 ,by means of a thermometer lately constructed to register with exactitude the degree of heat in the human body1 it is found1 after numerous experiments under varying circumstances1 that the instrument marks #cg4jh of heat on an average for persons between twenty-one and thirty years of age1 while it marks #cg4df for people aged eighty4 ,in face of this fact what becomes of the fervors of youth and the chills of age8 ,the highest average temperatures in the human body1 as indicated by this gauge1 are those which exist from birth to puberty--that is to say1 #cg4ee and #cg4fc4 ,from the latter epoch the heat gradually lowers1 to rise again with the first approach of old age4 ,thus childhood shows the highest temperature1 old age the next1 and middle life the lowest4 ,we may add that the greatest variations in the temperature of the body between health and sickness are only a few tenths of a degree1 according to this measurement2 for1 the normal condition being #cg4b or #cg4c1 an increase to #ch would mark a burning fever1 and a decrease to #cf would note the icy approach of death4 ,hereafter1 though we may graciously excuse to poetic license the assertion that ,crabbed ,age and ,youth ,cannot live together1 we must yet sternly protest that the reason assigned--namely1 that youth is hot and age is cold--is contradicted by the facts of science4 ,,literature ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,the ,life of ,charles ,dickens4 ,by ,john ,forster4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 ,beginning with ,dickens's return from ,america in #ahdb1 this volume covers a period of less than ten years1 the most productive1 and apparently the happiest1 of his life4 ,it brings out in even stronger relief than the preceding volume his strong individuality1 a trait which1 whether it attracts or repels--and on most persons we think it produces alternately each of these effects--is full of interest1 worthy of study and fruitful of suggestions4 ,its superabundant energy seemed to create demands in order that it might expend itself in satisfying them4 ,its persistence was toughened by failure as much as by success4 ,its vivacity1 verging upon boisterousness1 was incapable of being chilled4 ,its strenuousness knew no lassitude1 and needed no repose4 ,in play as in work1 in physical exercise as in mental labor1 in all his projects1 purposes and performances1 ,dickens seems to have been in a perpetual state of tension that allowed of no reaction4 ,his was a mind not morbidly self-conscious1 but ever aglow with the consciousness of power and the ardor of its achievement1 in-sensible of waste and undisturbed by critical introspection4 ,the excitement into which he was thrown by the composition of his books exceeds anything of the kind recorded in literary history1 and stands in strong contrast with the self-contained tranquillity with which ,scott performed an equal or greater amount of labor4 ,yet it does not1 like similar ebullitions in other men1 suggest any notion of weakness or of a talent strained beyond its capacity4 ,it was coupled with an enormous facility of execution and the ability to pass with undiminished freshness from one field of action to another4 ,it sprang from the intensity with which every idea was conceived1 and which belonged equally to his smallest with his greatest undertakings4 ,the book1 he writes of the ,chimes1 has made my face white in a foreign land4 ,my cheeks1 which were beginning to fill out1 have sunk again2 my eyes have grown immensely large2 my hair is very lank1 and the head inside the hair is hot and giddy4 ,read the scene at the end of the third part twice4 ,i wouldn't write it twice for something4444 ,since ,i conceived1 at the beginning of the second part1 what must happen in the third1 ,i have undergone as much sorrow and agitation as if the thing were real1 and have wakened up with it at night4 ,i was obliged to lock myself in when ,i finished it yesterday1 for my face was swollen for the time to twice its proper size1 and was hugely ridiculous4 ,the little book was written at ,genoa2 and having finished it1 he must make a winter journey to ,london1 because1 as he writes to ,forster1 of that unspeakable restless something which would render it almost as impossible for me to remain here1 and not see the thing complete1 as it would be for a full balloon1 left to itself1 not to go up4 ,a further reason was to try the effect of the story upon a circle of listeners1 to be assembled for the purpose3 ,carlyle1 indispensable1 and ,i should like his wife of all things2 her judgment would be invaluable4 ,you will ask ,mac1 and why not his sister8 ,stanny and ,jerrold ,i should particularly wish4 ,edwin ,landseer1 ,blanchard perhaps ,harness2 and what say you to ,fonblanque and ,fox8 ,after this it is amusing to read that the book was not one of his greatest successes1 and it raised him up some objectors2 but the reading was the germ of those which afterward brought him into such close relations with his public4 ,of another ,christmas story he writes1 ,i dreamed all last week that the ,battle of ,life was a series of chambers1 impossible to be got to rights or got out of1 through which ,i wandered drearily all night4 ,on ,saturday night ,i don't think ,i slept an hour4 ,i was perpetually roaming through the story1 and endeavoring to dovetail the revolution here into the plot4 ,the mental distress quite horrible4 ,here we have1 perhaps1 a clear case of the effects of overwork4 ,but in general the details of his plots1 the names of the characters1 above all1 the titles of the stories1 were evolved with an amount of thought and discussion that might have sufficed for the plan and the preparations for a battle4 ,martin ,chuzzlewit is not a name suggestive of long and serious deliberation3 one might rather suppose that it had turned up accidentally and been accepted simply as being as good as another4 ,yet it was not adopted till after many others had been discussed and rejected4 ,martin was the prefix to all1 but the surname varied from its first form of ,sweezleden1 ,sweezleback and ,sweeztewag1 to those of ,chuzzletoe1 ,chuzzleboy1 ,chubblewig and ,chuzzlewig4 ,david ,copperfield was preceded by a still longer list of abortions1 and ,household ,words1 as a mere title1 was the result of a parturition far exceeding in length and severity any throes of travail known to natural history4 ,all this was unaccompanied by any of the doubts and misgivings1 the fits of depression and intervals of lassitude1 which are the ordinary tortures of authorship4 ,nor had it any connection with the weaknesses of the craft1 its small vanities and jealousies4 ,it was1 as ,mr4 ,forster well remarks1 part of the intense individuality by which he effected so much to set the high value which in general he did upon what he was striving to accomplish4 ,hence1 too1 no half-formed and then abandoned projects were among the stepping-stones of his career4 ,a plan or an idea1 once conceived1 was certain to be shaped1 developed and matured2 and whatever the result1 it left up disheartening effect1 no feeling of distrust1 to cripple a subsequent undertaking4 ,nor was ,dickens so absorbed in his work as to leave it reluctantly1 or to find no fullness of satisfaction in occupations or enjoyments of a different kind4 ,on the contrary1 no man ever threw himself so heartily and entirely into the business of the hour1 or more eagerly sought diversion and change4 ,dinners1 private and public1 excursions in chosen companionship1 amateur theatricals1 schemes of charity or benevolence1 occupied a large portion of his time1 and were entered into with an ardor which never flagged or needed to be stimulated4 ,his correspondence--an unfailing barometer to indicate the state of the mental atmosphere--is always full of life1 overflowing1 for the most part1 with animal spirits1 often vivid in description both of places and people1 turning discomforts and embarrassments into subjects of lively narrative or indignant protest4 ,the letters from ,genoa and ,lausanne are especially copious and entertaining1 and form1 we think1 the most interesting portion of the book4 ,the later chapters1 giving the final year of his residence in ,devonshire ,terrace1 are less satisfactory4 ,we would fain have had a picture of that circle of which ,dickens was one of the most prominent figures2 but though his own personality is revealed in the fullest light1 the group in the background is left indistinct1 most of its members being barely visible1 and none of them adequately portrayed4 99 99 99 99 99 maux et ,cames4 ,par ,thophile ,gautier4 ,nombre dfinitif4 ,paris3 ,charpentier2 ,new ,york3 ,f4,w4 ,christern4 ,gautier was polishing and adding to his literary jewelry almost to the day of his death1 and the final edition which he published among the last of his works about doubles the number of poems first issued4 ,these verses are like nothing we have in ,english4 ,their imagery is strongly sophisticated1 tortured1 brought from vast distances1 and then chilled into form4 ,yet they are the most sincere utterances of a soul fed perpetually among cabinets and picture-galleries1 to whom their compact method of utterance is1 so to speak1 secondarily natural4 ,that they are precious and beauteous no one can deny4 ,how sparkling are the successive descriptions of women--blonde1 brune1 ,spanish1 contralto-voiced1 coquettish1 etc4--whom the poet1 like some capricious artist1 invites into his atelier1 drapes hastily with old ,moorish or ,venetian or diaphanous costumes1 and then reflects in a diminishing mirror1 changing the model into a fine statuette of ivory and enamel6 ,more virile and thoughtful images are intermixed3 such are the figures of the old ,invalides seen at the ,column ,vendme in a ,december fog1 and for whom he pleads3 ,mock not those men whom the street urchin follows1 laughing3 they were the ,day of which we are the twilight--maybe the night6 ,not less fresh are the two ,homesick ,obelisks--that in the ,place de la ,concorde1 wearying its stony heart out for ,egypt1 and that at ,luxor1 equally tired1 and longing to be planted at ,paris1 among a living crowd4 ,but ,gautier is a colorist1 an artist with words1 and he is at his best when he works without much outline1 celebrating draperies1 bouquets and laces1 to all of which he can give a meaning quite other than the milliner's1 as where he asserts that the plaits of a rose-colored dress are the lips of my unappeased desires1 or describes ,march as a barber1 powdering the wigs of the blossoming almond trees1 and a valet1 lacing up the rosebuds in their corsets of green velvet4 ,whatever he touches he leaves artificial1 enameled1 yet charming4 ,the verses added in the present edition are more pensive1 even sombre4 ,a life given to art wholly1 without patriotism or religion or philosophy1 does not prepare the greenest old age4 ,there is a long and beautiful poem1 ,le ,chteau du ,souvenir1 which he fills1 not exactly with ,charles ,lamb's old familiar faces1 but with portraits of his mistresses and of his old self4 ,there is the ,last ,vow--to a woman he has pursued for eighteen years1 and whom he still accosts1 though the white graveyard lilacs have blossomed about my temples1 and ,i shall soon have them tufting and shading all my forehead4 ,there is also the accent of his irresponsible courtiership1 the facile and unashamed flattery he paid to such a woman as ,princess ,mathilde4 ,this personage was1 or is1 an artist2 and we may not be mistaken in believing that we have seen1 cast aside in the vast storerooms of ,haseltine's galleries in this city--an example and gnomon of disenchanted glory--her water-color sketch called the ,fellah ,woman1 and the very one of which ,gautier sang3 ,caprice of a fantastic brush and of an imperial leisure6444 ,those eyes1 a whole poem of languor and pleasure1 resolve the riddle and say1 ',be thou ,love--,i am ,beauty4' ,the late poems1 however1 as well as the old1 are filled with felicities4 ,they contain many a lesson of the word-master1 who1 though he did not attain the ,academy1 left the ,french language gold1 which he found marble4 ,the ornaments1 exquisite licenses1 foreign graces and wide researches which ,gautier conferred upon his mother-tongue have enriched it for future time1 and they are best seen in this volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,concord ,days4 ,by ,a4 ,bronson ,alcott4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,in these loose leaves we have the ,st4 ,martin's summer of a life4 ,mr4 ,alcott1 from his quiet home in ,concord1 and from the edifice of his seventy-three years1 picks out those mental growths and moral treasures which have kept their color through all the changes of the seasons4 ,they bear the mark of selection1 of choice1 from out a vast abundance of material3 to us readers the scissors have probably been a kinder implement than the pen4 ,be that as it may1 the selections given are all worth saving1 and the fragmentary resurrection is just about as much as our age has time to attend to of the growths that were formed when ,new ,england thought was young4 ,that was the day when ,mrs4 ,hominy fastened the cameo to her frontal bone and went to the sermon of ,dr4 ,channing1 when young ,hawthorne chopped straw for the odious oxen at ,brook ,farm1 and when a budding ,booddha1 called by his neighbors ,thoreau1 left mankind and proceeded to introvert himself by the borders of ,walden ,pond4 ,mr4 ,alcott's little diary gives us some of the best skimmings of that time of yeast4 ,there is ,emerson-worship1 ,channing-worship1 ,margaret ,fuller-worship and the pale cast of ,the ,dial4 ,there is1 besides1 in another stratum that runs through the collection1 a vein of very welcome investigation amongst old authors--,plutarch's charming letter of consolation to his wife on the death of their child2 ,crashaw's ,verses on a ,prayer-,book2 ,evelyn's letter on the origin of his ,sylva2 and many a jewel five-words-long filched from the authors whom modern taste votes slow and insupportable4 ,we mention these to give some idea of the spirit in which this work of marquetry is executed--a work too fragmentary and incoherent to be easily describable except by its specimens4 ,and while culling fragments1 we cannot forbear mentioning the curious records of ,mr4 ,alcott's ,conversations1 held now with ,frederika ,bremer1 now with a band of large-browed ,concord children1 held forty years ago1 and turning perpetually upon the deeper questions of metaphysics and religion2 we will even indulge ourselves with a short extract from one of the ,conversations with ,children1 reported verbatim by an apparently concealed auditress1 and eliciting many a cunning bit of infantine wisdom1 besides the following finer rhapsody1 which ,mr4 ,alcott succeeded in charming out of the lips of a boy six years of age3 ,mr4 ,alcott6 you know ,mrs4 ,barbauld says in her hymns1 everything is prayer2 every action is prayer2 all nature prays2 the bird prays in singing2 the tree prays in growing2 men pray--men can pray more2 we feel2 we have more1 more than ,nature2 we can know1 and do right3 ,conscience prays2 all our powers pray2 action prays4 ,once we said1 here1 that there was a ,christ in the bottom of our spirits1 when we try to be good4 ,then we pray in ,christ2 and that is the whole6 ,to think that the lips of this ingenuous and golden-mouthed lad may be now pouring out patriotism in ,congress is rather sad2 but the author's own career tells us that there are some of the ,chrysostoms of #ahcj who have had the courage to keep quiet1 and sweeten their own lives for family use4 ,mr4 ,alcott betrays in every line the kindest1 sanest and humanest spirit2 and we wish he could feel how grateful some of us are for his example of a thinker who can keep quiet1 and a writer who can show the power of reticence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,thirty ,years in the ,harem2 or1 ,the ,autobiography of ,melek-,hanum1 wife of ,h4,h4 ,kibrizli-,mehemet-,pasha4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,we have had many revelations from the interior1 but nothing quite like this4 ,most histories are valuable in proportion to the truthfulness of the narrator1 but ,mrs4 ,melek's story owes a large show of its interest to her obvious tension of the long-bow4 ,it is1 in fact1 a self-revelation--the vain and audacious betrayal by an ,oriental woman of the narrowness1 the shallowness1 the dishonesty which ages of false education have fastened upon her race4 ,the lady in question is--and evidently knows herself to be--an exception among her countrywomen for ability and acumen3 an extreme self-satisfaction and vanity are revealed in the recital of her most disreputable tricks4 ,she passes for a white blackbird1 a woman of intellect caught in the harem2 and it needs but little ingenuity to guess the torment she must have been to her protectors--first to the excellent ,dr4 ,millingen1 with whom she formed a love-match1 and whom she abuses--and then to her second husband1 ,kibrizli1 ambassador in #ahdh to the court of ,england1 upon whom she attempted to palm off an heir by the ruse practiced by our own revered ,mrs4 ,cunningham4 ,whatever the clever ,melek does1 or whatever treatment she receives1 it is always she who is in the right1 and her eternal enemies who are unjust1 barbarous and stingy4 ,the ferocious blackmailing of natives in the ,holy ,land which she practiced when her husband represented the sultan there1 is represented as cleverness2 but her divorce after the infamous false accouchement is a piece of persecution4 ,the marriage and adventures of her daughter form a tangled romance through which we hear of a great deal more oppression and cruelty2 and the escape into ,europe1 where the old enchantress appears to be now prowling in poverty and degradation1 concludes the curious story4 ,the narrative bears marks of having passed through a ,french translation and then a ,british version4 ,to disentangle the thread of actuality that probably runs through it would be too troublesome and futile2 but the truths that the wily ,melek cannot help telling--the facts of the harem and of ,eastern life that involuntarily sprinkle it all like a flavoring of strange spices--these are what give it the odd dash of interest which keeps it in our hands long after we had meant to toss it aside4 ,here is a screaming sister of the ,east--an odalisque who was not going to be oppressed and degraded like the other women1 but who meant to be capable and cultivated and smart1 just like the ,christian ladies2 and this bundle of lies and crimes and hates is what she arrives at4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hints on ,dress2 or1 ,what to ,wear1 ,when to ,wear it1 and ,how to ,buy it4 ,by ,ethel ,c4 ,gale1 7,putnam's ,handy-,book ,series47 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam ,sons4 ,this little book will certainly elicit commendation from all who consider the subject of dress within the pale of aesthetic treatment2 and1 what is still more fortunate1 it will probably serve to elevate1 in some degree1 the standard of taste among that large class of persons for whom handy volumes are chiefly compiled4 ,its statements and deductions are accurate1 sensible1 comprehensive and practical1 and the style in which they are presented is simple and attractive4 ,the color1 form and suitability of dress1 as well as the best methods of economy in its purchase and manufacture1 are intelligently treated4 ,we have only to regret the want of a chapter devoted to the hygiene of dress1 which is a subject deserving the earnest attention of every friend of physical development4 ,ten or a dozen pages given to this topic might have done a service to hundreds who are willing enough to gather knowledge in passing1 but who are repelled from the separate consideration of any subject which seems to call for the exercise of serious thought4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,sketch ,map of the ,nile ,sources and ,lake ,region of ,central ,africa1 showing ,dr4 ,livingstone's ,discoveries and ,mr4 ,stanley's ,route4 ,folio1 folded4 ,philadelphia3 ,t4 ,elwood ,zell4 ,a clear1 well-executed polychrome map1 evidently copied from the one recently published in ,england1 if not actually printed there4 ,it exhibits not only the route of ,dr4 ,livingstone during the period included between the years #ahff and #ahgb1 and that taken by ,mr4 ,stanley in his recent search1 but also the course which the former proposes to follow in the prosecution of his discoveries4 ,the boundaries of lakes and the courses of rivers1 where definitely known1 are indicated by unbroken lines--where still supposititious1 by dotted ones4 ,the map1 which is printed on heavy paper1 is thirteen inches wide by eighteen inches long1 and being folded within a stiff duodecimo cover1 can be easily preserved and readily consulted4 ,books ,received4 ,papers relating to the ,transit of ,venus in #ahgd4 ,prepared under the ,direction of the ,commissioners authorized by ,congress4 ,washington1 ,d4,c43 ,government ,printing-office4 ,reports on ,observations of ,encke's ,comet during its ,return in #ahga4 ,by ,asaph ,hall and ,wm4 ,harkness4 ,washington1 ,d4,c43 ,government ,printing-,office4 ,harry ,delaware2 or1 ,an ,american in ,germany4 ,by ,mathilde ,estvan4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam ,sons4 ,california for ,health1 ,pleasure and ,residence4 ,by ,charles ,nordhoff4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,the ,lives of ,general ,u4,s4 ,grant and ,henry ,wilson4 ,philadelphia3 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 ,the ,romance of ,american ,history4 ,by ,m4 ,schele de ,vere4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam ,sons4 ,book of ,ballads1 ,tales and ,stories4 ,by ,benjamin ,g4 ,herre4 ,lancaster1 ,pa43 ,wylie ,griest4 ,the ,poet at the ,breakfast ,table4 ,by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 ,the ,lawrence ,speaker4 ,by ,philip ,lawrence4 ,philadelphia3 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 ,memoir of a ,huguenot ,family4 ,by ,ann ,maury4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam ,sons4 ,within the ,maze4 ,by ,mrs4 ,henry ,wood4 ,philadelphia3 ,t4,b4 ,peterson ,brothers4 ,sermons4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4,d4,n4 ,campbell1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 ,outlines of ,history4 ,by ,ed4 ,a4 ,freeman1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams4 ,the ,end of the ,world4 ,by ,edward ,eggleston4 ,new ,york3 ,orange ,judd ,co4 ,sermons4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4,r4 ,haweis1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,williams4 ,kaloolah4 ,by ,w4,s4 ,mayo1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam ,sons4 ,nast's ,illustrated ,almanac for #ahgc4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,a ,summer ,romance4 ,by ,mary ,healy4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,song ,life4 ,by ,philip ,phillips4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,gavroche4 ,by ,m4,c4 ,pyle4 ,philadelphia3 ,porter ,coates4