,,! ,,practice ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,draw+ ,,by ,,h>old ,,spe$ ,associ de la ,socit ,nationale des ,beaux-,arts1 ,p>is2 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,portrait ,pa9t]s1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) #ic ,illu/rations ,diagrams 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aiac 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,same ,,mono*rome ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,illu/rat+ ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,mass ,,draw+ ,,) ,,! ,,bru% 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,p]mit me 9 ! fir/ place to anticipate ! disappo9tm5t ( any /ud5t :o op5s ?is book ) ! idea ( f9d+ wr9kles on h[ to draw faces1 trees1 cl\ds1 or :at n1 %ort cuts to excell5ce 9 draw+1 or any ( ! tricks s popul> ) ! draw+ ma/]s ( our gr&mo!rs & /ill de>ly lov$ by a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,no good c come ( su* me?ods1 = !re are no %ort cuts to excell5ce4 ,b help ( a v practical k9d x is ! aim ( ! foll[+ pages to give2 al?\gh x may be necess>y to make a great] call ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! /ud5t ?an ^! ,victorian me?ods attempt$4 ,x 0 n until "s "t aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! c\rse ( tra9+ 9 two ( our *ief s*ools ( art t ! au?or got any idea ( :at draw+ really meant4 ,:at 0 taught 0 ! fai?ful copy+ ( a s]ies ( objects1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/ =ms1 su* z cubes1 cones1 cyl9d]s1 c4 7an excell5t sy/em to beg9 ) at pres5t 9 dang] ( "s neglect71 aft] :i* m complicat$ objects 9 pla/] ( ,p>is 7 attempt$1 & f9ally copies ( ! human head & figure pos$ 9 susp5d$ animation & support$ by blocks1 c4 ,9 s f> z ?is 0 accurately done1 all ?is me*anical tra9+ ( eye & h& 0 excell5t2 b x 0 n en\gh4 ,& :5 ) an eye tra9$ to ! close/ me*anical accuracy ! au?or visit$ ! gall]ies ( ! ,cont95t & /udi$ ! draw+s ( ! old ma/]s1 x soon became app>5t t ei!r 8 or _! ideas ( draw+ 7 all wrong4 ,v few draw+s c\ld be f\nd suffici5tly l ! model to obta9 ! prize at ei!r ( ! great s*ools he _h att5d$4 ,luckily !re 0 j en\gh mode/y left = him to realise t possibly !y 7 9 "s my/]i\s way "r & 8 own tra9+ 9 "s way lack+4 ,& s he set to "w to try & climb ! long uphill road t sep>ates me*anically accurate draw+ f arti/ically accurate draw+4 ,n[ ?is j\rney %\ld h be5 comm5c$ mu* e>li]1 & p]haps x 0 due to 8 own /upidity t x 0 n2 b x 0 ) a vague idea ( sav+ "s /ud5ts f su* wrong-head$ness1 & possibly /raight5+ out "s ( ! pa?1 t he accept$ ! invitation to write ?is book4 ,9 writ+ ^u any matt] ( exp]i5ce1 su* z art1 ! possibilities ( misund]/&+ are enorm\s1 & "o %udd]s to ?9k ( ! ?+s t may be put d[n to "o's cr$it1 ow+ to su* misund]/&+s4 ,x is l writ+ ab\t ! ta/e ( sug>1 y are only likely to be und]/ood by ^? :o h already exp]i5c$ ! flav\r2 by ^? :o h n1 ! wilde/ int]pretation w be put ^u y\r words4 ,! writt5 ^w is necess>ily conf9$ to ! ?+s ( ! und]/&+ because only ! und]/&+ has writt5 language2 :]eas art deals ) ideas ( a diff]5t m5tal texture1 :i* words c only vaguely sugge/4 ,h[ev]1 !re are a l>ge numb] ( p :o1 al?\gh !y _c be said to h exp]i5c$ 9 a full s5se any works ( art1 h und\bt$ly ! impell+ desire :i* a little direction may lead on to a full] appreciation4 ,& x is to su* t books on art are useful4 ,s t al?\gh ?is book is prim>ily address$ to work+ /ud5ts1 x is hop$ t x may be ( int]e/ to t increas+ numb] ( p :o1 tir$ ) ! ru% & /ruggle ( mod]n exi/5ce1 seek refre%m5t 9 arti/ic ?+s4 ,to _m su* 9 ?is c\ntry mod]n art is /ill a clos$ book2 its po9t ( view is s diff]5t f t ( ! art !y h be5 br\ght up )1 t !y refuse to h any?+ to d ) x4 ,:]eas1 if !y only took ! tr\ble to f9d out some?+ ( ! po9t ( view ( ! mod]n arti/1 !y w\ld discov] new beauties !y little suspect$4 ,if anybody looks at a picture by ,claude ,monet f ! po9t ( view ( a ,raphael1 he w see no?+ b a mean+less j>gon ( wild pa9t-/rokes4 ,& if anybody looks at a ,raphael f ! po9t ( view ( a ,claude ,monet1 he w1 no d\bt1 only see h>d1 t9ny figures 9 a sett+ devoid ( any ( ! lovely atmosph]e t always envelops =m se5 9 nature4 ,s wide ap>t are "s ( ! po9ts ( view 9 pa9t+4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( =m ^! diff]5ces 9 po9t ( view make = enorm\s v>iety 9 ! "w4 ,s t no apology ne$ be made = ! l>ge am\nt ( space occupi$ 9 ! foll[+ pages by :at is usually dismiss$ z m]e !ory2 b :at is 9 reality ! fir/ ess5tial ( any good practice 9 draw+4 ,to h a cle> idea ( :at x is y wi% to d1 is ! fir/ necessity ( any successful p]=mance4 ,b our exhibitions are full ( works t %[ h[ seldom ?is is ! case 9 art4 ,works %[+ mu* +5uity & ability1 b no arti/ic bra9s2 pictures t are little m ?an s*ool /udies1 ex]cises 9 ! repres5tation ( c>efully or c>elessly arrang$ objects1 b cold to any arti/ic int5tion4 ,at ?is "t p>ticul>ly "s pr9ciples1 & a cle> intellectual und]/&+ ( :at x is y are try+ to d1 are ne$$4 ,we h no set traditions to guide u4 ,! times :5 ! /ud5t accept$ ! /yle & traditions ( 8 ma/] & bl9dly foll[$ !m until he f\nd himself1 are gone4 ,su* conditions belong$ to an age :5 int]communication 0 difficult1 & :5 ! arti/ic horizon 0 re/rict$ to a s+le t[n or prov9ce4 ,sci5ce has alt]$ all t1 & we may regret ! loss ( local col\r & s+l5ess ( aim ?is gr[? ( art 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts produc$2 b x is unlikely t su* conditions w occur aga94 ,quick means ( transit & *eap me?ods ( reproduction h br\ght ! art ( ! :ole _w to our doors4 ,:]e =m]ly ! arti/ic food at ! disposal ( ! /ud5t 0 re/rict$ to ! few pictures 9 8 vic9ity & "s pr9ts ( o!rs1 n[ !re is sc>cely a picture ( note 9 ! _w t is n kn[n to ! av]age /ud5t1 ei!r f p]sonal inspection at our museums & loan exhibitions1 or f excell5t photographic reproductions4 ,n only ,european art1 b ! art ( ! ,ea/1 ,*9a & ,japan1 is "p ( ! =mative influ5ce by :i* he is surr\nd$2 n to m5tion ! mod]n sci5ce ( light & col\r t has _h su* an influ5ce on te*nique4 ,x is no wond] t a p]iod ( arti/ic indige/ion is ^u u4 ,h5ce ! /ud5t has ne$ ( s\nd pr9ciples & a cle> und]/&+ ( ! sci5ce ( 8 art1 if he w\ld select f ?is mass ( mat]ial ^? ?+s :i* answ] to 8 own inn] ne$ = arti/ic expression4 ,! position ( art to-day is l t ( a riv] :]e _m tribut>ies meet+ at "o po9t1 sudd5ly turn ! /eady fl[ to turbul5ce1 ! _m /reams jo/l+ ea* o!r & ! diff]5t curr5ts pull+ hi!r & ?i!r4 ,aft] a "t ^! newly-met =ces w adju/ !mselves to ! alt]$ condition1 & a l>g]1 f9] /ream be ! result4 ,some?+ analog\s to ?is w\ld seem to be happ5+ 9 art at ! pres5t "t1 :5 all nations & all s*ools are act+ & react+ ^u ea* o!r1 & art is los+ its national *>act]i/ics4 ,! hope ( ! future is t a l>g] & deep] art1 answ]+ to ! alt]$ conditions ( humanity1 w result4 ,!re are ^? :o w\ld leave ?is sc5e ( /ruggl+ influ5ces & away up on "s b>e primitive m\nta9-top />t a new /ream1 beg9 all ov] aga94 ,b h[ev] necess>y x may be to give ! primitive m\nta9 wat]s t 7 ! />t ( all ! /reams a m prom95t place 9 ! new fl[ onw>ds1 x is unlikely t mu* c come ( any attempt to leave ! turbul5t wat]s1 g backw>ds1 & />t aga92 !y c only fl[ onw>ds4 ,to speak m pla9ly1 ! complexity ( mod]n art influ5ces may make x necess>y to call att5tion to ! primitive pr9ciples ( expression t %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 any "w1 b h>dly ju/ifies ! attitude ( ^? an>*i/s 9 art :o w\ld fl\t ! h]itage ( culture we possess & attempt a new />t4 ,su* attempts h[ev] :5 s9c]e are int]e/+ & may be productive ( "s new vitality1 add+ to ! weight ( ! ma9 /ream4 ,b x mu/ be along ! ma9 /ream1 along l9es 9 h>mony ) tradition t ! *ief advance mu/ be look$ =4 ,al?\gh x has be5 felt necess>y to devote mu* space to an attempt to f9d pr9ciples t may be said to be at ! basis ( ! art ( all nations1 ! executive side ( ! "q has n be5 neglect$4 ,& x is hop$ t ! logical me?od = ! /udy ( draw+ f ! two opposite po9ts ( view ( l9e & mass "h advocat$ may be useful1 & help /ud5ts to avoid "s ( ! confusion t results f attempt+ simultane\sly ! /udy ( ^! diff]5t qualities ( =m expression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introduction ,,ii4 ,,draw+ ,,iii4 ,,vision ,,iv4 ,,l9e ,,draw+ ,v4 ,,mass ,,draw+ ,,vi4 ,,! ,,academic ,,& ,,conv5tional ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,draw+ ,,viii4 ,,l9e ,,draw+3 ,,practical ,,ix4 ,,mass ,,draw+3 ,,practical ,x4 ,,rhy?m ,,xi4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,l9e ,,xii4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,unity ,,( ,,l9e ,,xiii4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,mass ,,xiv4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,unity ,,( ,,mass ,,xv4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,balance ,,xvi4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,proportion ,,xvii4 ,,portrait ,,draw+ ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,visual ,,memory ,,xix4 ,,proc$ure ,,xx4 ,,mat]ials ,,xxi4 ,,conclusion ,,app5dix ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,i4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,ii4 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,,iii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,april ,,iv4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,boreas ,v4 ,,f ,a ,,/udy ,,by ,,botticelli ,,vi4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,/eph5s ,,vii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,apollo ,,viii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,a ,,picture ,,ix4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,watteau ,x4 ,,example ,,( ,,xv? ,,c5tury ,,*9ese ,,"w ,,xi4 ,,las ,,m59as4 ,,by ,,vel,,zquez ,,xii4 ,,/udy ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,xiii4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,degas ,,xiv4 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,cole ,,xv4 ,,f ,a ,,p5cil ,,draw+ ,,by ,,+res ,,xvi4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,rub5s ,,xvii4 ,a ,,demon/ration ,,draw+ ,,at ,,! ,,goldsmi?s' ,,college ,,xviii4 ,,/udy ,,illu/rat+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,,xix4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,curv$ ,,l9es ,,xx4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,love ,,xxi4 ,,/udy ,,illu/rat+ ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,hair ,,xxii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,decoration ,,at ,,ami5s ,,xxiii4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,f ,a ,,ca/ 7#a7 ,,xxiii4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,f ,a ,,ca/ 7#b7 ,,xxiv4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,f ,a ,,ca/ 7#c7 ,,xxiv4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,f ,a ,,ca/ 7#d7 ,,xxv4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,typical ,,bru% ,,/rokes ,,xxvi4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy 7#a7 ,,xxvii4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy 7#b7 ,,xxviii4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy 7#c7 ,,xxix4 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy 7#d7 ,,xxx4 ,a ,,/udy ,,= ,a ,,picture ,,( ,,rosal9d ,,& ,,orl&o ,,xxxi4 ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,blake',s ,,job 7,,plates ,i41 ,v41 ,x41 ,,xxi47 ,,xxxii4 ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,blake',s ,,job 7,,plates ,,ii41 ,,xi41 ,,xviii41 ,,xiv47 ,,xxxiii4 ,f,,te ,,*amp,,tre ,,xxxiv4 ,,bac*us ,,& ,,ariadne ,,xxxv4 ,,love ,,& ,,dea? ,,xxxvi4 ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,br$a ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,v5us ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,europa ,,xxxix4 ,,battle ,,( ,s4 ,,egidio ,,xl4 ,,! ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,xli4 ,,! ,,baptism ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,xlii4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,daught] ,,xliii4 ,,monte ,,sol>o1 ,,capri ,,xliv4 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,br$a ,,xlv4 ,,v5us1 ,,m]cury1 ,,& ,,cupid ,,xlvi4 ,,olympia ,,xlvii4 ,l',,emb>quem5t ,,p\r ,,cy?,,re ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,ansidei ,,madonna ,,xlix4 ,,f9d+ ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>k ,l4 ,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,holbe9 ,,li4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,dilke ,,lii4 ,,john ,,r$mond1 ,m4,p4 ,,liii4 ,,! ,,lady ,,audley ,,liv4 ,,/udy ,,on ,,br[n ,,pap] ,,lv4 ,,f ,a ,,silv] ,,po9t ,,draw+ ,,lvi4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,tree ,,9 ,,! ,,bo> ,,hunt ,,li/ ,,( ,,diagrams ,i4 ,,types ,,( ,,fir/ ,,draw+s ,,by ,,*ildr5 ,,ii4 ,,%[+ ,,:]e ,,squ>5esses ,,may ,,be ,,look$ ,,= ,,iii4 ,a ,,device ,,= ,,enabl+ ,,/ud5ts ,,to ,,obs]ve ,,appe>ances ,,z ,a ,,flat ,,subject ,,iv4 ,,%[+ ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,us$ ,,9 ,,obs]v+ ,,masses1 ,,curves1 ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,po9ts ,v4 ,,plan ,,( ,,cone ,,illu/rat+ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,vi4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,eyes ,,vii4 ,,egg ,,& ,,d>t ,,m\ld+ ,,viii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,symmetry ,,ix4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,symmetry ,x4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,horizontal ,,l9es ,,xi4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,v]tical ,,l9es ,,xii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,angle ,,xiii4 ,,love ,,& ,,dea? ,,xiv4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,curv$ ,,l9es ,,xv4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,v5us ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,europa ,,xvii4 ,,battle ,,( ,s4 ,,egidio ,,xviii4 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,l9es ,,unrelat$ ,,c ,,be ,,br\ght ,,into ,,h>mony ,,xix4 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,l9es ,,unrelat$ ,,c ,,be ,,br\ght ,,into ,,h>mony ,,xx4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,daught] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,ways ,,( ,,do+ ,,! ,,hair ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,ways ,,( ,,do+ ,,! ,,hair ,,xxiii4 ,,examples ,,( ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,trees ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,mass ,,or ,,tone ,,rhy?m ,,xxv4 ,,mass ,,or ,,tone ,,rhy?m ,,9 ,,ulysses ,,d]id+ ,,polyphemus ,,xxvi4 ,,example ,,( ,,corot',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,mass ,,rhy?m ,,xxvii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,h[ ,,int]e/ ,,may ,,balance ,,mass ,,xxviii4 ,,proportion 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,practice ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,draw+ ,i ,,introduction ,! be/ ?+s 9 an arti/'s "w are s mu* a matt] ( intuition1 t !re is mu* to be said = ! po9t ( view t w\ld altoge!r disc\rage intellectual inquiry into arti/ic ph5om5a on ! "p ( ! arti/4 ,intuitions are %y ?+s & apt to disappe> if look$ into too closely4 ,& !re is und\bt$ly a dang] t too mu* k & tra9+ may supplant ! natural intuitive feel+ ( a /ud5t1 leav+ only a cold k ( ! means ( expression 9 its place4 ,= ! arti/1 if he has ! "r /uff 9 him1 has a consci\sness1 9 do+ 8 be/ "w1 ( some?+1 z ,rusk9 has said1 n 9 him b ?r\gh him4 ,he has be51 z x 71 b ! ag5t ?r\gh :i* x has f\nd expression4 ,tal5t c be describ$ z t :i* we h1 & ,g5ius z t :i* has u4 ,n[1 al?\gh we may h little control ov] ?is p[] t has u1 & al?\gh x may be z well to ab&on oneself unres]v$ly to its influ5ce1 !re c be little d\bt z to its be+ ! bus9ess ( ! arti/ to see to x t 8 tal5t be s develop$1 t he may prove a fit in/rum5t = ! expression ( :atev] x may be giv5 him to express2 :ile x mu/ be left to 8 individual temp]am5t to decide h[ f> x is advisable to pursue any intellectual analysis ( ! elusive ?+s t are ! true matt] ( art4 ,provid$ ! /ud5t realises ?is1 & t art tra9+ c only deal ) ! p]fect+ ( a means ( expression & t ! real matt] ( art lies above ?is & is beyond ! scope ( tea*+1 he _c h too mu* ( x4 ,= al?\gh he mu/ ev] be a *ild be=e ! influ5ce t moves him1 if x is n ) ! k ( ! gr[n man t he takes (f 8 coat & approa*es ! craft ( pa9t+ or draw+1 he w be poorly equipp$ to make !m a means ( convey+ to o!rs 9 adequate =m ! ?+s he may wi% to express4 ,great ?+s are only done 9 art :5 ! creative in/9ct ( ! arti/ has a well-organis$ executive faculty at its disposal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! two divisions into :i* ! te*nical /udy ( pa9t+ c be divid$1 namely ,=m & ,col\r1 we are conc]n$ 9 ?is book ) ,=m alone4 ,b be=e proce$+ to our imm$iate subject some?+ %\ld be said z to ! nature ( art g5]ally1 n ) ! ambition ( arriv+ at any f9al result 9 a %ort *apt]1 b m]ely 9 ord] to give an idea ( ! po9t ( view f :i* ! foll[+ pages are writt51 s t misund]/&+s may be avoid$4 ,! v>iety ( def9itions t exi/ ju/ifies "s inquiry4 ,! foll[+ are a few t come to m9d3 ,art is nature express$ ?r\gh a p]sonality4 ,b :at ( ar*itecture8 ,or music8 ,!n !re is ,morris's ,art is ! expression ( pleasure 9 "w4 ,b ?is does n apply to music & poetry4 ,&rew ,lang's ,ev]y?+ :i* we di/+ui% f nature seems too broad to cat* hold (1 :ile ,tol/oy's ,an action by means ( :i* "o man1 hav+ exp]i5c$ a feel+1 int5tionally transmits x to o!rs is ne>] ! tru?1 & cov]s all ! arts1 b seems1 f its omitt+ any m5tion ( rhy?m1 v inadequate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ ! facts ( life are convey$ by our s5ses to ! consci\sness )9 u1 & /imulate ! _w ( ?\ght & feel+ t con/itutes our real life4 ,?\ght & feel+ are v intimately connect$1 few ( our m5tal p]ceptions1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y fir/ dawn ^u u1 be+ unaccompani$ by "s feel+4 ,b !re is ?is g5]al division to be made1 on "o extreme ( :i* is :at we call pure intellect1 & on ! o!r pure feel+ or emotion4 ,! arts1 ,i take x1 are a means ( giv+ expression to ! emotional side ( ?is m5tal activity1 intimately relat$ z x (t5 is to ! m purely intellectual side4 ,! m s5sual side ( ?is feel+ is p]haps its l[e/1 :ile ! feel+s associat$ ) ! intellig5ce1 ! little s5sitiv5esses ( p]ception t escape pure intellect1 are possibly its noble/ exp]i5ces4 ,pure intellect seeks to con/ruct f ! facts br\ght to our consci\sness by ! s5ses1 an accurately measur$ _w ( ph5om5a1 uncol\r$ by ! human equation 9 ea* ( u4 ,x seeks to create a po9t ( view outside ! human /&po9t1 "o m /able & accurate1 unaffect$ by ! ev]-*ang+ curr5t ( human life4 ,x !re=e inv5ts me*anical in/rum5ts to d ! measur+ ( our s5se p]ceptions1 z _! records are m accurate ?an human obs]vation unaid$4 ,b :ile 9 sci5ce obs]vation is made mu* m effective by ! use ( me*anical in/rum5ts 9 regi/]+ facts1 ! facts ) :i* art deals1 be+ ^? ( feel+1 c only be record$ by ! feel+ in/rum5t--man1 & are entirely miss$ by any me*anically devis$ sub/itutes4 ,! arti/ic intellig5ce is n int]e/$ 9 ?+s f ?is /&po9t ( me*anical accuracy1 b 9 ! effect ( obs]vation on ! liv+ consci\sness--! s5ti5t individual 9 ea* ( u4 ,! same fact accurately portray$ by a numb] ( arti/ic intellig5ces %\ld be diff]5t 9 ea* case1 :]eas ! same fact accurately express$ by a numb] ( sci5tific intellig5ces %\ld be ! same4 ,b besides ! feel+s connect$ ) a wide range ( exp]i5ce1 ea* art has c]ta9 emotions belong+ to ! p>ticul> s5se p]ceptions connect$ ) x4 ,t is to say1 !re are "s t only music c convey3 ^? connect$ ) s\nd2 o!rs t only pa9t+1 sculpture1 or ar*itecture c convey3 ^? connect$ ) ! =m & col\r t !y sev]ally deal )4 ,9 ab/ract =m & col\r--t is1 =m & col\r unconnect$ ) natural appe>ances--!re is an emotional p[]1 su* z !re is 9 music1 ! s\nds ( :i* h no direct connection ) any?+ 9 nature1 b only ) t my/]i\s s5se we h1 ! s5se ( ,h>mony1 ,beauty1 or ,rhy?m 7all ?ree b diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+74 ,?is inn] s5se is a v rem>kable fact1 & w be f\nd to "s ext5t 9 all1 c]ta9ly all civilis$1 races4 ,& :5 ! art ( a remote p l ! ,*9ese & ,japanese is und]/ood1 our s5ses ( h>mony are f\nd to be wond]fully 9 agreem5t4 ,despite ! fact t _! art has develop$ on l9es widely diff]5t f our own1 none ! less1 :5 ! surprise at its newness has worn (f & we beg9 to und]/& x1 we f9d x con=ms to v mu* ! same s5se ( h>mony4 ,b ap>t f ! feel+s connect$ directly ) ! means ( expression1 !re appe>s to be mu* 9 common betwe5 all ! arts 9 _! mo/ pr(\nd expression2 !re seems to be a common c5tre 9 our inn] life t !y all appeal to4 ,possibly at ?is c5tre are ! great primitive emotions common to all m54 ,! religi\s gr\p1 ! deep awe & rev]5ce m5 feel :5 contemplat+ ! great my/]y ( ! ,univ]se & _! own littl5ess 9 ! face ( its va/ness--! desire to correspond & develop relation%ip ) ! some?+ outside !mselves t is felt to be beh9d & ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,!n !re are ^? connect$ ) ! joy ( life1 ! ?robb+ ( ! great life _s1 ! gladness ( be+1 ! desire ( ! sexes2 & also ^? connect$ ) ! sadness & my/]y ( dea? & decay1 c4 ,! te*nical side ( an art is1 h[ev]1 n conc]n$ ) ^! deep] motives b ) ! ?+s ( s5se ?r\gh :i* !y f9d expression2 9 ! case ( pa9t+1 ! visible univ]se4 ,! arti/ is capable ( be+ /imulat$ to arti/ic expression by all ?+s se51 no matt] :at2 to him no?+ comes amiss4 ,great pictures h be5 made ( beautiful p 9 beautiful clo!s & ( squalid p 9 ugly clo!s1 ( beautiful ar*itectural build+s & ! ugly hovels ( ! poor4 ,& ! same pa9t] :o pa9t$ ! ,alps pa9t$ ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,! visible _w is to ! arti/1 z x 71 a wond]ful g>m5t1 at times reveal+ to him ! ,beyond1 ! ,inn] ,tru? !re is 9 all ?+s4 ,he has a consci\sness ( "s correspond5ce ) some?+ ! o!r side ( visible ?+s & dimly felt ?r\gh !m1 a /ill1 small voice :i* he is impell$ to int]pret to man4 ,x is ! expression ( ?is all-p]vad+ inn] significance t ,i ?9k we recognise z beauty1 & t prompt$ ,keats to say3 ,beauty is tru?1 tru? beauty4 ,& h5ce x is t ! love ( tru? & ! love ( beauty c exi/ toge!r 9 ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,! se>* = ?is inn] tru? is ! se>* = beauty4 ,p ^: vision does n p5etrate beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ! commonplace1 & to :om a cabbage is b a vulg> vegetable1 are surpris$ if !y see a beautiful picture pa9t$ ( "o1 & say t ! arti/ has idealis$ x1 mean+ t he has consci\sly alt]$ its appe>ance on "s ideali/ic =mula2 :]eas he has probably only hone/ly giv5 expression to a tru]1 deep] vision ?an !y _h be5 aw>e (4 ,! commonplace is n ! true1 b only ! %all[1 view ( ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,,f ,,! ,,royal ,,collection ,,at ,,w9dsor ,copyright photo1 ,braun ,co4 ,from5t9's ,art is ! expression ( ! invisible by means ( ! visible expresses ! same idea1 & x is ?is t gives to art its high place among ! works ( man4 ,beautiful ?+s seem to put u 9 correspond5ce ) a _w ! h>monies ( :i* are m p]fect1 & br+ a deep] peace ?an ?is imp]fect life seems capable ( yield+ ( itself4 ,our mom5ts ( peace are1 ,i ?9k1 always associat$ ) "s =m ( beauty1 ( ?is sp>k ( h>mony )9 correspond+ ) "s inf9ite s\rce )\t4 ,l a m>9]'s compass1 we are re/less until we f9d repose 9 ?is "o direction4 ,9 mom5ts ( beauty 7= beauty is1 /rictly speak+1 a /ate ( m9d r ?an an attribute ( c]ta9 objects1 al?\gh c]ta9 ?+s h ! p[] ( induc+ x m ?an o!rs7 we seem to get a glimpse ( ?is deep] tru? beh9d ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,& :o c say b t ?is s5se1 dull en\gh 9 mo/ ( u1 is n an e*o ( a great] h>mony exi/+ some:]e ! o!r side ( ?+s1 t we dimly feel ?r\gh !m1 evasive ?\gh x is4 ,b we mu/ tread lightly 9 ^! r>efi$ regions & get on to m practical conc]ns4 ,by f9d+ & emphasis+ 9 8 "w ^? elem5ts 9 visual appe>ances t express ^! pr(\nd] ?+s1 ! pa9t] is enabl$ to /imulate ! p]ception ( !m 9 o!rs4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( a f9e m\nta91 = in/ance1 !re are1 besides all its rhy?mic beauty ( =m & col\r1 associations t\*+ deep] *ords 9 our natures--associations connect$ ) its size1 age1 & p]man5ce1 c42 at any rate we h m feel+s ?an =m & col\r ( !mselves are capable ( ar\s+4 ,& ^! ?+s mu/ be felt by ! pa9t]1 & 8 picture pa9t$ "u ! influ5ce ( ^! feel+s1 if he is in/9ctively to select ^? elem5ts ( =m & col\r t convey !m4 ,su* deep] feel+s are f> too intimately associat$ ev5 ) ! f9] beauties ( m]e =m & col\r = ! pa9t] to be able to neglect !m2 no am\nt ( te*nical k w take ! place ( feel+1 or direct ! pa9t] s surely 9 8 selection ( :at is f9e4 ,!re are ^? :o w\ld say1 ,?is is all v well1 b ! pa9t]'s conc]n is ) =m & col\r & pa9t1 & no?+ else4 ,if he pa9ts ! m\nta9 fai?fully f t po9t ( view1 x w sugge/ all ^! o!r associations to ^? :o want !m4 ,& o!rs :o w\ld say t ! =m & col\r ( appe>ances are only to be us$ z a language to give expression to ! feel+s common to all m54 ,art = art's sake & ,art = subject's sake4 ,!re are ^! two extreme positions to consid]1 & x w dep5d on ! individual on :i* side 8 "w lies4 ,8 int]e/ w be m on ! ae/hetic side1 9 ! feel+s directly conc]n$ ) =m & col\r2 or on ! side ( ! m5tal associations connect$ ) appe>ances1 accord+ to 8 temp]am5t4 ,b nei!r position c neglect ! o!r )\t fatal loss4 ,! picture ( =m & col\r w nev] be able to escape ! associations connect$ ) visual ?+s1 nei!r w ! picture all = subject be able to get away f its =m & col\r4 ,& x is wrong to say ,if he pa9ts ! m\nta9 fai?fully f ! =m & col\r po9t ( view x w sugge/ all ^? o!r associations to ^? :o want !m1 unless1 z is possible ) a simple-m9d$ pa9t]1 he be unconsci\sly mov$ by deep] feel+s1 & impell$ to select ! significant ?+s :ile only consci\s ( 8 pa9t4 ,b ! *ances are t 8 picture w convey ! ?+s he 0 ?9k+ ab\t1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 in/ead ( impress+ u ) ! gr&eur ( ! m\nta91 w say some?+ v l ,see :at a clev] pa9t] ,i am6 ,unless ! arti/ has pa9t$ 8 picture "u ! influ5ce ( ! deep] feel+s ! sc5e 0 capable ( produc+1 x is n likely anybody w be s impress$ :5 !y look at 8 "w4 ,& ! pa9t] deeply mov$ ) high ideals z to subject matt]1 :o neglects ! =m & col\r ?r\gh :i* he is express+ !m1 w f9d t 8 "w has fail$ to be conv9c+4 ,! immat]ial c only be express$ ?r\gh ! mat]ial 9 art1 & ! pa9t$ symbols ( ! picture mu/ be v p]fect if subtle & elusive mean+s are to be convey$4 ,if he _c pa9t ! commonplace aspect ( our m\nta91 h[ c he expect to pa9t any expression ( ! deep] ?+s 9 x8 ,! fact is1 bo? positions are incomplete4 ,9 all good art ! matt] express$ & ! mann] ( its expression are s intimate z to h become "o4 ,! deep] associations connect$ ) ! m\nta9 are only matt]s = art 9 s f> z !y affect its appe>ance & take %ape z =m & col\r 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/1 in=m+ ! :ole process ( ! pa9t+1 ev5 to ! bru% /rokes4 ,z 9 a good poem1 x is impossible to consid] ! poetic idea ap>t f ! words t express x3 !y are fir$ toge!r at its creation4 ,n[ an expression by means ( "o ( our diff]5t s5se p]ceptions does n con/itute art1 or ! boy %\t+ at ! top ( 8 voice1 giv+ expression to 8 delight 9 life b mak+ a horrible noise1 w\ld be an arti/4 ,if 8 expression is to be adequate to convey 8 feel+ to o!rs1 !re mu/ be "s arrangem5t4 ,! expression mu/ be ord]$1 rhy?mic1 or :atev] ^w mo/ fitly conveys ! idea ( ^? p[]s1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 t select & arrange ! s5su\s mat]ial ( art1 s z to make ! mo/ tell+ impression1 by br++ x into relation ) our innate s5se ( h>mony4 ,if we c f9d a r\gh def9ition t w include all ! arts1 x w help u to see 9 :at direction lie ^? ?+s 9 pa9t+ t make x an art4 ,! n uncommon idea1 t pa9t+ is ! production by means ( col\rs ( m or less p]fect repres5tations ( natural objects w n d4 ,& x is dev\tly to be hop$ t sci5ce w p]fect a me?od ( col\r photography f9ally to dispel ?is illusion4 ,:at1 !n1 w s]ve z a work+ def9ition8 ,!re mu/ be some?+ ab\t feel+1 ! expression ( t individuality ! secret ( :i* ev]yone c>ries 9 himself2 ! expression ( t ego t p]ceives & is mov$ by ! ph5om5a ( life ar\nd u4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 some?+ ab\t ! ord]+ ( its expression4 ,b :o kn[s ( words t c convey a j idea ( su* subtle matt]8 ,if "o says ,art is ! rhy?mic expression ( ,life1 or emotional consci\sness1 or feel+1 all are inadequate4 ,p]haps ! rhy?mic expression ( life w\ld be ! m p]fect def9ition4 ,b ! ^w life is s mu* m associat$ ) eat+ & dr9k+ 9 ! popul> m9d1 ?an ) ! _s or =ce or :atev] y c>e to call x1 t exi/s beh9d consci\sness & is ! animat+ factor ( our :ole be+1 t x w h>dly s]ve a useful purpose4 ,s t1 p]haps1 = a r\gh1 practical def9ition t w at lea/ po9t away f ! me*anical p]=mances t s (t5 pass = art1 ! ,rhy?mic expression ( ,feel+ w d3 = by ,rhy?m is meant t ord]+ ( ! mat]ials ( art 7=m & col\r1 9 ! case ( pa9t+7 s z to br+ !m into relation%ip ) our innate s5se ( h>mony :i* gives !m _! expressive p[]4 ,)\t ?is relation%ip we h no direct means ( mak+ ! s5su\s mat]ial ( art awak5 an answ]+ e*o 9 o!rs4 ,! boy %\t+ at ! top ( 8 voice1 mak+ a horrible noise1 0 n an arti/ because 8 expression 0 inadequate--0 n relat$ to ! und]ly+ s5se ( h>mony t w\ld h giv5 x expressive p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,april ,9 r$ *alk on ton$ pap]4 ,let u te/ ?is def9ition ) "s simple cases4 ,"h is a savage1 %\t+ & fl++ 8 arms & legs ab\t 9 wild delight2 he is n an arti/1 al?\gh he may be mov$ by life & feel+4 ,b let ?is %\t+ be done on "s ord]$ plan1 to a rhy?m expressive ( joy & delight1 & 8 leg & arm movem5ts gov]n$ by x also1 & he has become an arti/1 & s++ & danc+ 7possibly ! olde/ ( ! arts7 w result4 ,or take ! case ( "o :o has be5 deeply mov$ by some?+ he has se51 say a man kill$ by a wild bea/1 :i* he wi%es to tell 8 fri5ds4 ,if he j expla9s ! facts z he saw !m1 mak+ no ef=t to ord] 8 words s z to make ! mo/ tell+ impression ^u 8 he>]s & convey to !m some?+ ( ! feel+s t are /irr+ 9 him1 if he m]ely does ?is1 he is n an arti/1 al?\gh ! recital ( su* a t]rible incid5t may be mov+4 ,b ! mom5t he arranges 8 words s z to convey 9 a tell+ mann] n only ! pla9 facts1 b ! horrible feel+s he exp]i5c$ at ! sight1 he has become an arti/4 ,& if he fur!r ord]s 8 words to a rhy?mic beat1 a beat 9 sympa?y ) 8 subject1 he has become /ill m arti/ic1 & a primitive =m ( poetry w result4 ,or 9 build+ a hut1 s long z a man is int]e/$ solely 9 ! utilit>ian side ( ! matt]1 z are s _m build]s to-day1 & j puts up walls z he ne$s protection f wild bea/s1 & a ro( to keep out ! ra91 he is n yet an arti/4 ,b ! mom5t he beg9s to consid] 8 "w ) "s feel+1 & arranges ! relative sizes ( 8 walls & ro( s t !y answ] to "s s5se he has = beautiful proportion1 he has become an arti/1 & 8 hut has "s ar*itectural pret5sions4 ,n[ if 8 hut is ( wood1 & he pa9ts x to protect x f ! elem5ts1 no?+ necess>ily arti/ic has be5 done4 ,b if he selects col\rs t give him pleasure 9 _! arrangem5t1 & if ! =ms 8 col\r masses assume are design$ ) "s p]sonal feel+1 he has inv5t$ a primitive =m ( decoration4 ,& likewise ! savage :o1 wi%+ to illu/rate 8 description ( a /range animal he has se51 takes a piece ( burnt wood & draws on ! wall 8 idea ( :at x look$ l1 a sort ( catalogue ( its appe>ance 9 its details1 he is n necess>ily an arti/4 ,x is only :5 he draws "u ! influ5ce ( "s feel+1 ( "s pleasure he felt 9 ! appe>ance ( ! animal1 t he becomes an arti/4 ,( c\rse 9 ea* case x is assum$ t ! m5 h ! p[] to be mov$ by ^! ?+s1 & :e!r !y are good or poor arti/s w dep5d on ! quality ( _! feel+ & ! fitness ( its expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,/udy ,,on ,,tissue-,,pap] ,,9 ,,r$ ,,*alk ,,= ,,figure ,,( ,,boreas ,! pure/ =m ( ?is rhy?mic expression ( feel+ is music4 ,& z ,walt] ,pat] %[s u 9 8 essay on ,! ,s*ool ( ,giorgione1 music is ! type ( art4 ,! o!rs are m arti/ic z !y approa* its conditions4 ,poetry1 ! mo/ musical =m ( lit]ature1 is its mo/ arti/ic =m4 ,& 9 ! greate/ pictures =m1 col\r1 & idea are unit$ to ?rill u ) h>monies analog\s to music4 ,! pa9t] expresses 8 feel+s ?r\gh ! repres5tation ( ! visible _w ( ,nature1 & ?r\gh ! repres5tation ( ^? comb9ations ( =m & col\r inspir$ 9 8 imag9ation1 t 7 all orig9ally d]iv$ f visible nature4 ,if he fails f lack ( skill to make 8 repres5tation conv9c+ to reasonable p1 no matt] h[ sublime has be5 8 arti/ic int5tion1 he w probably h l&$ 9 ! ridicul\s4 ,& yet1 s great is ! p[] ( direction ex]cis$ by ! emotions on ! arti/ t x is seldom 8 "w fails to convey some?+1 :5 g5u9e feel+ has be5 ! motive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pa9t] ) no arti/ic impulse :o makes a labori\sly commonplace picture ( "s ord9>y or pret5ti\s subject1 has equally fail$ z an arti/1 h[ev] mu* ! skilfulness ( 8 repres5tations may ga9 him reputation ) ! un?9k+4 ,! /udy1 !re=e1 ( ! repres5tation ( visible nature & ( ! p[]s ( expression possess$ by =m & col\r is ! object ( ! pa9t]'s tra9+4 ,& a comm& ov] ?is p[] ( repres5tation & expression is absolutely necess>y if he is to be capable ( do+ any?+ wor?y ( 8 art4 ,?is is all 9 art t "o c attempt to tea*4 ,! emotional side is beyond ! scope ( tea*+4 ,y _c tea* p h[ to feel4 ,all y c d is to surr\nd !m ) ! conditions calculat$ to /imulate any natural feel+ !y may possess4 ,& ?is is done by famili>is+ /ud5ts ) ! be/ works ( art & nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is surpris+ h[ few art /ud5ts h any idea ( :at x is t con/itutes art4 ,!y are impell$1 x is to be assum$1 by a natural desire to express !mselves by pa9t+1 &1 if _! intuitive ability is /rong en\gh1 x p]haps matt]s little :e!r !y "k or n4 ,b to ! l>g] numb] :o are n s viol5tly impell$1 x is highly ess5tial t !y h "s bett] idea ( art ?an t x consi/s 9 sett+ d[n y\r canvas be=e nature & copy+ x4 ,inadequate z ?is imp]fect treatm5t ( a pr(\ndly int]e/+ subject is1 x may s]ve to give "s idea ( ! po9t ( view f :i* ! foll[+ pages are writt51 & if x also s]ves to di/urb ! copy+ !ory 9 ! m9ds ( any /ud5ts & enc\rages !m to make fur!r inquiry1 x w h s]v$ a useful purpose4 ,,ii ,,draw+ ,by draw+ is "h meant ! expression ( =m ^u a plane surface4 ,art probably owes m to =m = its range ( expression ?an to col\r4 ,_m ( ! noble/ ?+s x is capable ( convey+ are express$ by =m m directly ?an by any?+ else4 ,& x is int]e/+ to notice h[ "s ( ! _w's greate/ arti/s h be5 v re/rict$ 9 _! use ( col\r1 pref]r+ to dep5d on =m = _! *ief appeal4 ,x is report$ t ,apelles only us$ ?ree col\rs1 black1 r$1 & yell[1 & ,rembr&t us$ little else4 ,draw+1 al?\gh ! fir/1 is also ! la/1 ?+ ! pa9t] usually /udies4 ,!re is m 9 x t c be taught & t repays con/ant application & ef=t4 ,col\r w\ld seem to dep5d mu* m on a natural s5se & to be less am5able to tea*+4 ,a well-tra9$ eye = ! appreciation ( =m is :at e /ud5t %\ld set himself to acquire ) all ! might ( :i* he is capable4 ,x is n en\gh 9 arti/ic draw+ to portray accurately & 9 cold blood ! appe>ance ( objects4 ,to express =m "o mu/ fir/ be mov$ by x4 ,!re is 9 ! appe>ance ( all objects1 animate & inanimate1 :at has be5 call$ an emotional significance1 a hidd5 rhy?m t is n caught by ! accurate1 pa9/ak+1 b cold arti/4 ,! =m significance ( :i* we speak is nev] f\nd 9 a me*anical reproduction l a photograph4 ,y are nev] mov$ to say :5 look+ at "o1 ,:at f9e =m4 ,x is difficult to say 9 :at ?is quality consi/s4 ,! emphasis & selection t is unconsci\sly giv5 9 a draw+ done directly "u ! guidance ( /rong feel+1 are too subtle to be tabulat$2 !y escape analysis4 ,b x is ?is selection ( ! significant & suppression ( ! non-ess5tial t (t5 gives to a few l9es drawn quickly1 & hav+ a some:at remote relation to ! complex appe>ance ( ! real object1 m vitality & tru? ?an are to be f\nd 9 a highly-wr\ght & pa9/ak+ draw+1 dur+ ! process ( :i* ! ess5tial & vital ?+s h be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! lab\r ( ! "w2 & ! non-ess5tial1 :i* is usually m obvi\s1 is all[$ to creep 9 & obscure ! orig9al impression4 ,( c\rse1 _h ! f9i%$ draw+ be5 done ) ! m9d c5tr$ ^u ! p>ticul> =m significance aim$ at1 & e t\* & detail add$ 9 tune to ?is idea1 ! comp>ison might h be5 diff]5t4 ,b x is r>ely t good draw+s are done ?is way4 ,f9e ?+s seem only to be se5 9 fla%es1 & ! nature t c c>ry ov] ! impression ( "o ( ^! mom5ts dur+ ! lab\r ( a highly-wr\ght draw+ is v r>e1 & belongs to ! few great ones ( ! craft alone4 ,x is difficult to "k :y "o %\ld be mov$ by ! expression ( =m2 b x appe>s to h "s physical influ5ce ov] u4 ,9 look+ at a f9e draw+1 say ( a /rong man1 we seem to id5tify ourselves ) x & feel a ?rill ( its /r5g? 9 our own bodies1 prompt+ u to set our tee?1 /iff5 our frame1 & exclaim ,t's f9e4 ,or1 :5 look+ at ! draw+ ( a beautiful woman1 we are s(t5$ by its *>m & feel 9 ourselves some?+ ( its sweetness z we exclaim1 ,h[ beautiful4 ,! measure ( ! feel+ 9 ei!r case w be ! ext5t to :i* ! arti/ has id5tifi$ himself ) ! subject :5 mak+ ! draw+1 & has be5 impell$ to select ! expressive elem5ts 9 ! =ms4 ,art ?us enables u to exp]i5ce life at second h&4 ,! small man may enjoy some:at ( ! wid] exp]i5ce ( ! bigg] man1 & be educat$ to appreciate 9 "t a wid] exp]i5ce = himself4 ,?is is ! true ju/ification = public picture gall]ies4 ,n s mu* = ! moral influ5ce !y ex]t1 ( :i* we h he>d s mu*1 b t p may be l$ ?r\gh ! vision ( ! arti/ to enl>ge _! exp]i5ce ( life4 ,?is enl>g+ ( ! exp]i5ce is true education1 & a v diff]5t ?+ f ! memoris+ ( facts t s (t5 passes z su*4 ,9 a way ?is may be said to be a moral influ5ce1 z a l>g] m9d is less likely to h>b\r small meannesses4 ,b ?is is n ! k9d ( moral influ5ce usually look$ = by ! _m1 :o r dem& a moral /ory told by ! picture2 a ?+ n always suitable to arti/ic expression4 ,"o is always pr(\ndly impress$ by ! expression ( a s5se ( bulk1 va/ness1 or mass 9 =m4 ,!re is a feel+ ( be+ lift$ out ( "o's puny self to some?+ bigg] & m /able4 ,x is ?is spl5did feel+ ( bigness 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's figures t is s satisfy+4 ,"o _c come away f ! contemplation ( t wond]ful ceil+ ( 8 9 ! ,vatican )\t ! s5se ( hav+ exp]i5c$ some?+ ( a l>g] life ?an "o _h kn[n be=e4 ,nev] has ! dignity ( man rea*$ s high an expression 9 pa9t1 a height t has be5 ! despair ( all :o h s9ce tri$ to foll[ t lonely ma/]4 ,9 l&scape also ?is expression ( l>g5ess is f9e3 "o likes to feel ! weight & mass ( ! gr\nd1 ! va/ness ( ! sky & sea1 ! bulk ( a m\nta94 ,on ! o!r h& "o is *>m$ also by ! expression ( lightness4 ,?is may be not$ 9 mu* ( ! "w ( ,botticelli & ! ,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,botticelli's figures seldom h any weight2 !y drift ab\t z if walk+ on air1 giv+ a delightful feel+ ( o!rworldl9ess4 ,! h&s ( ! ,madonna t hold ! ,*ild might be hold+ fl[]s = any s5se ( support !y express4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 on ?is s5se ( lightness t a great deal ( ! exquisite *>m ( ,botticelli's draw+ dep5ds4 ,! fea!ry lightness ( cl\ds & ( drap]ies bl[n by ! w9d is always pleas+1 & ,botticelli ne>ly always has a light w9d pass+ ?r\gh 8 drap]ies to give !m ?is s5se4 ,z w be expla9$ lat]1 9 connection ) academic draw+1 x is em95tly necess>y = ! /ud5t to tra9 8 eye accurately to obs]ve ! =ms ( ?+s by ! mo/ pa9/ak+ ( draw+s4 ,9 ^! s*ool /udies feel+ ne$ n be consid]$1 b only a cold accuracy4 ,9 ! same way a s+] tra9s himself to s+ scales1 giv+ e note exactly ! same weight & pres]v+ a mo/ me*anical "t ?r\gh\t1 s t e note ( 8 voice may be accurately "u 8 control & be equal to ! subtle/ v>iations he may aft]w>ds want to infuse into x at ! dictates ( feel+4 ,= h[ c ! draughtsman1 :o does n "k h[ to draw accurately ! cold1 commonplace view ( an object1 hope to give expression to ! subtle diff]5ces pres5t$ by ! same ?+ se5 "u ! excitem5t ( /rong feel+8 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,,f ,a ,,/udy ,,by ,,botticelli ,9 ! ,pr9t ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! academic draw+s1 too1 %\ld be z highly f9i%$ z h>d application c make !m1 s t ! habit ( m9ute visual expression may be acquir$4 ,x w be ne$$ lat]1 :5 draw+ ( a f9] k9d is attempt$1 & :5 9 ! heat ( an emotional /imulus ! arti/ has no "t to consid] ! small] subtleties ( draw+1 :i* by !n %\ld h become almo/ in/9ctive ) him1 leav+ 8 m9d free to dwell on ! bigg] qualities4 ,draw+1 !n1 to be wor?y ( ! "n1 mu/ be m ?an :at is call$ accurate4 ,x mu/ pres5t ! =m ( ?+s 9 a m vivid mann] ?an we ord9>ily see !m 9 nature4 ,e new draughtsman 9 ! hi/ory ( art has discov]$ a new significance 9 ! =m ( common ?+s1 & giv5 ! _w a new exp]i5ce4 ,he has repres5t$ ^! qualities "u ! /imulus ( ! feel+ !y inspir$ 9 him1 hot & und]l9$1 z x 71 add+ to ! great book ( sight ! _w possesses 9 its art1 a book by no means complet$ yet4 ,s t to say ( a draw+1 z is s (t5 said1 t x is n true because x does n pres5t ! commonplace appe>ance ( an object accurately1 may be fooli%4 ,its accuracy dep5ds on ! complet5ess ) :i* x conveys ! p>ticul> emotional significance t is ! object ( ! draw+4 ,:at ?is significance is w v>y enorm\sly ) ! individual arti/1 b x is only by ?is /&>d t ! accuracy ( ! draw+ c be judg$4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 sci5tific accuracy & arti/ic accuracy t puzzles s _m p4 ,sci5ce dem&s t ph5om5a be obs]v$ ) ! unemotional accuracy ( a weigh+ ma*9e1 :ile arti/ic accuracy dem&s t ?+s be obs]v$ by a s5ti5t individual record+ ! s5sations produc$ 9 him by ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,& p ) ! sci5tific habit t is n[ s common among u1 see+ a picture or draw+ 9 :i* :at are call$ facts h be5 express$ emotionally1 are puzzl$1 if !y are mode/1 or laugh at :at !y consid] a gl>+ mi/ake 9 draw+ if !y are n1 :5 all ! "t x may be _! mi/ak5 po9t ( view t is at fault4 ,b :ile !re is no absolute arti/ic /&>d by :i* accuracy ( draw+ c be judg$1 z su* /&>d mu/ necess>ily v>y ) ! arti/ic int5tion ( ea* individual arti/1 ?is fact mu/ n be tak5 z an excuse = any obvi\sly faulty draw+ t incompet5ce may produce1 z is (t5 done by /ud5ts :o :5 correct$ say t !y saw x s4 ,= !re und\bt$ly exi/s a r\gh physical /&>d ( rightness 9 draw+1 any viol5t deviations f :i*1 ev5 at ! dictates ( emotional expression1 is productive ( ! grotesque4 ,?is physical /&>d ( accuracy 9 8 "w x is ! bus9ess ( ! /ud5t to acquire 9 8 academic tra9+2 & e aid t sci5ce c give by su* /udies z ,p]spective1 ,anatomy1 &1 9 ! case ( ,l&scape1 ev5 ,geology & ,botany1 %\ld be us$ to increase ! accuracy ( 8 repres5tations4 ,= ! /r5g? ( appeal 9 arti/ic "w w dep5d mu* on ! p[] ! arti/ possesses ( express+ himself ?r\gh repres5tations t arre/ ev]yone by _! tru? & naturalness4 ,& al?\gh1 :5 tru? & naturalness exi/ )\t any arti/ic expression1 ! result is ( little acc\nt z art1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 truly arti/ic expression is clo!d 9 repres5tations t (f5d our ideas ( physical tru?1 x is only ! few :o c =give ! (f5ce = ! sake ( ! g5u9e feel+ !y p]ceive beh9d x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,/udy ,,9 ,,natural ,,r$ ,,*alk ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,/eph5s ,f ! collection ( ,*>les ,ricketts & ,*>les ,%annon ,h[ f> ! necessities ( expression may be all[$ to ov]ride ! dictates ( tru? to physical /ructure 9 ! appe>ance ( objects w always be a mu* debat$ po9t4 ,9 ! be/ draw+ ! dep>tures f me*anical accuracy are s subtle t ,i h no d\bt _m w d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ altoge!r4 ,good arti/s ( /rong natural inspiration & simple m9ds are (t5 q unconsci\s ( do+ any?+ :5 pa9t+1 b are all ! same z me*anically accurate z possible4 ,yet h[ev] mu* x may be advisable to let y\rself g 9 arti/ic "w1 dur+ y\r academic tra9+ let y\r aim be a se>*+ accuracy4 ,,iii ,,vision ,x is necess>y to say some?+ ab\t ,vision 9 ! fir/ place1 if we are to h any grasp ( ! idea ( =m4 ,an act ( vision is n s simple a matt] z ! /ud5t :o ask$ h] ma/] if %e %\ld pa9t nature z %e saw nature w\ld seem to h ?\ght4 ,& 8 answ]1 ,yes1 madam1 provid$ y don't see nature z y pa9t nature1 express$ ! fir/ difficulty ! /ud5t ( pa9t+ has to face3 ! difficulty ( le>n+ to see4 ,let u r\ghly exam9e :at we "k ( vision4 ,sci5ce tells u t all objects are made visible to u by means ( light2 & t :ite light1 by :i* we see ?+s 9 :at may be call$ _! normal aspect1 is compos$ ( all ! col\rs ( ! sol> spectrum1 z may be se5 9 a ra9b[2 a ph5om5on caus$1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 by ! sun's rays be+ split up into _! compon5t p>ts4 ,?is light travels 9 /raight l9es &1 /rik+ objects be=e u1 is reflect$ 9 all directions4 ,"s ( ^! rays pass+ ?r\gh a po9t situat$ beh9d ! l5ses ( ! eye1 /rike ! ret9a4 ,! multiplication ( ^! rays on ! ret9a produces a picture ( :atev] is be=e ! eye1 su* z c be se5 on ! gr\nd glass at ! back ( a photograph]'s cam]a1 or on ! table ( a cam]a obscura1 bo? ( :i* in/rum5ts are con/ruct$ r\ghly on ! same pr9ciple z ! human eye4 ,^! rays ( light :5 reflect$ f an object1 & aga9 :5 pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 und]go c]ta9 modifications4 ,%\ld ! object be a r$ "o1 ! yell[1 gre51 & blue rays1 all1 9 fact1 except ! r$ rays1 are absorb$ by ! object1 :ile ! r$ is all[$ to escape4 ,^! r$ rays /rik+ ! ret9a produce c]ta9 effects :i* convey to our consci\sness ! s5sation ( r$1 & we say ,t is a r$ object4 ,b !re may be p>ticles ( moi/ure or du/ 9 ! air t w modify ! r$ rays s t by ! "t !y rea* ! eye !y may be some:at diff]5t4 ,?is modification is naturally mo/ effective :5 a l>ge am\nt ( atmosph]e has to be pass$ ?r\gh1 & 9 ?+s v di/ant ! col\r ( ! natural object is (t5 entirely lo/1 to be replac$ by atmosph]ic col\rs1 z we see 9 di/ant m\nta9s :5 ! air is n p]fectly cle>4 ,b we mu/ n /ray into ! fasc9at+ prov9ce ( col\r4 ,:at *iefly conc]ns u "h is ! fact t ! pictures on our ret9as are flat1 ( two dim5sions1 ! same z ! canvas on :i* we pa9t4 ,if y exam9e ^! visual pictures )\t any prejudice1 z "o may ) a cam]a obscura1 y w see t !y are compos$ ( masses ( col\r 9 inf9ite v>iety & complexity1 ( diff]5t %apes & gradations1 & ) _m v>ieties ( edges2 giv+ to ! eye ! illusion ( nature ) actual dep?s & di/ances1 al?\gh "o kn[s all ! "t t x is a flat table on :i* "o is look+4 ,see+ !n t our eyes h only flat pictures conta9+ two-dim5sion in=mation ab\t ! objective _w1 f :5ce is ?is k ( di/ance & ! solidity ( ?+s8 ,h[ d we see ! ?ird dim5sion1 ! dep? & ?ickness1 by means ( flat pictures ( two dim5sions8 ,! p[] to judge di/ance is due pr9cipally to our possess+ two eyes situat$ 9 slightly diff]5t positions1 f :i* we get two views ( objects1 & also to ! p[] possess$ by ! eyes ( focuss+ at diff]5t di/ances1 o!rs be+ out ( focus = ! "t be+4 ,9 a picture ! eyes c only focus at "o di/ance 7! di/ance ! eye is f ! plane ( ! picture :5 y are look+ at x71 & ?is is "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! p]5nial difficulty 9 pa9t+ backgr\nds4 ,9 nature !y are out ( focus :5 "o is look+ at an object1 b 9 a pa9t+ ! backgr\nd is necess>ily on ! same focal plane z ! object4 ,num]\s are ! devices resort$ to by pa9t]s to ov]come ?is difficulty1 b !y d n conc]n u "h4 ,! fact t we h two flat pictures on our two ret9as to help u1 & t we c focus at diff]5t planes1 w\ld n suffice to acc\nt = our k ( ! solidity & %ape ( ! objective _w1 7 ^! s5ses n associat$ ) ano!r s5se all important 9 ideas ( =m1 ! s5se ( t\*4 ,?is s5se is v highly develop$ 9 u1 & ! e>li] p]iod ( our exi/5ce is l>gely giv5 ov] to feel+ = ! objective _w outside ourselves4 ,:o has n wat*$ ! little baby h&s feel+ = ev]y?+ )9 rea*1 & )\t its rea*1 = ! matt] ( t2 = ! infant has no k yet ( :at is & :at is n )9 its rea*4 ,:o has n (f]$ "s bright object to a "y *ild & wat*$ its clumsy attempts to feel = x1 almo/ z clumsy at fir/ z if x 7 bl9d1 z x has n yet le>n$ to focus di/ances4 ,& :5 he has at la/ got hold ( x1 h[ eag]ly he feels x all ov]1 look+ int5tly at x all ! "t2 ?us le>n+ e>ly to associate ! feel ( an object ) its appe>ance4 ,9 ?is way by degrees he acquires ^? ideas ( r\ghness & smoo?ness1 h>dness & s(tness1 solidity1 c41 :i* lat] on he w be able to di/+ui% by vision alone1 & )\t t\*+ ! object4 ,our survival dep5ds s mu* on ?is s5se ( t\*1 t x is ( ! fir/ importance to u4 ,we mu/ "k :e!r ! gr\nd is h>d en\gh = u to walk on1 or :e!r !re is a hole 9 front ( u2 & masses ( col\r rays /rik+ ! ret9a1 :i* is :at vision am\nts to1 w n ( !mselves tell u4 ,b associat$ ) ! k accumulat$ 9 our e>ly ye>s1 by connect+ t\* ) sight1 we d "k :5 c]ta9 comb9ations ( col\r rays /rike ! eye t !re is a road = u to walk on1 & t :5 c]ta9 o!r comb9ations occur !re is a hole 9 front ( u1 or ! edge ( a precipice4 ,& likewise ) h>dness & s(tness1 ! *ild :o /rikes 8 head aga9/ ! b$-po/ is =cibly rem9d$ by nature t su* ?+s are to be avoid$1 & feel+ t x is h>d & t h>dness has a c]ta9 look1 x avoids t k9d ( ?+ 9 ! future4 ,& :5 x /rikes its head aga9/ ! pill[1 x le>ns ! nature ( s(tness1 & associat+ ?is s5sation ) ! appe>ance ( ! pill[1 kn[s 9 future t :5 s(tness is obs]v$ x ne$ n be avoid$ z h>dness mu/ be4 ,sight is !re=e n a matt] ( ! eye alone4 ,a :ole tra9 ( associations connect$ ) ! objective _w is set go+ 9 ! m9d :5 rays ( light /rike ! ret9a refract$ f objects4 ,& ^! associations v>y enorm\sly 9 quantity & value ) diff]5t individuals2 b ! "o we are "h *iefly conc]n$ ) is ?is univ]sal "o ( t\*4 ,ev]ybody sees ! %ape ( an object1 & sees :e!r x looks h>d or s(t1 c4 ,sees1 9 o!r words1 ! feel ( x4 ,if y are ask$ to ?9k ( an object1 say a cone1 x w n1 ,i ?9k1 be ! visual aspect t w occur to mo/ p4 ,!y w ?9k ( a circul> base f :i* a cont9u\s side slopes up to a po9t situat$ above its c5tre1 z "o w\ld feel x4 ,! fact t 9 almo/ e visual aspect ! base l9e is t ( an ellipse1 n a circle1 comes z a surprise to p unaccu/om$ to draw+4 ,b above ^! crud] in/ances1 :at a weal? ( associations cr[d 9 ^u ! m9d1 :5 a sight t moves "o is obs]v$4 ,put two m5 be=e a sc5e1 "o an ord9>y p]son & ! o!r a great poet1 & ask !m to describe :at !y see4 ,assum+ !m bo? to be possess$ ( a reasonable p[] hone/ly to express !mselves1 :at a diff]5ce w\ld !re be 9 ! value ( _! descriptions4 ,or take two pa9t]s bo? equally gift$ 9 ! p[] ( express+ _! visual p]ceptions1 & put !m be=e ! sc5e to pa9t x4 ,& assum+ "o to be a commonplace man & ! o!r a great arti/1 :at a diff]5ce w !re be 9 _! "w4 ,! commonplace pa9t] w pa9t a commonplace picture1 :ile ! =m & col\r w be ! means ( /irr+ deep associations & feel+s 9 ! m9d ( ! o!r1 & w move him to pa9t ! sc5e s t ! same spl5d\r ( associations may be convey$ to ! behold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,apollo ,,9 ,,! ,,picture ,,apollo ,,& ,,daphne ,9 natural r$ *alk rubb$ ) f+]2 ! high lights are pick$ out ) rubb]4 ,b to return to our infant m9d4 ,:ile ! developm5t ( ! p]ception ( ?+s has be5 go+ on1 ! purely visual side ( ! "q1 ! obs]vation ( ! picture on ! ret9a = :at x is z =m & col\r1 has be5 neglect$--neglect$ to su* an ext5t t :5 ! *ild comes to attempt draw+1 sight is n ! s5se he consults4 ,! m5tal idea ( ! objective _w t has gr[n up 9 8 m9d is n[ associat$ m directly ) t\* ?an ) sight1 ) ! felt %ape r ?an ! visual appe>ance4 ,s t if he is ask$ to draw a head1 he ?9ks ( x fir/ z an object hav+ a cont9u\s b\nd>y 9 space4 ,?is 8 m9d in/9ctively conceives z a l9e4 ,!n1 hair he expresses by a r[ ( little l9es com+ out f ! b\nd>y1 all r\nd ! top4 ,he ?9ks ( eyes z two po9ts or circles1 or z po9ts 9 circles1 & ! nose ei!r z a triangle or an ,l-%ap$ l9e4 ,if y feel ! nose y w see ! reason ( ?is4 ,d[n ! front y h ! ,l l9e1 & if y feel r\nd x y w f9d ! two sides meet+ at ! top & a base jo9+ !m1 sugge/+ ! triangle4 ,! m\? simil>ly is an op5+ ) a r[ ( tee?1 :i* are g5]ally %[n al?\gh s seldom se51 b always app>5t if ! m\? is felt 7see diagram ,a74 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a fair type ( ! fir/ draw+ ! ord9>y *ild makes--& judg+ by "s anci5t scribbl+ ( ! same ord] ,i rememb] notic+ scrat*$ on a wall at ,pompeii1 & by savage draw+ g5]ally1 x appe>s to be a fairly univ]sal type4 ,x is a v rem>kable ?+ :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 has n yet be5 po9t$ out1 t 9 ^! fir/ attempts at draw+ ! vision %\ld n be consult$4 ,a bl9d man w\ld n draw diff]5tly1 c\ld he b see to draw4 ,7 vision ! fir/ s5se consult$1 & 7 ! simple/ visual appe>ance s\ght aft]1 "o might expect some?+ l diagram ,b1 ! %ad[s "u eyes1 nose1 m\?1 & *91 ) ! d>k] mass ( ! hair be+ ! simple/ ?+ ! visual appe>ance c be r$uc$ to4 ,b despite ?is be+ q z easy to d1 x does n appeal to ! ord9>y *ild z ! o!r type does1 because x does n satisfy ! s5se ( t\* t =ms s l>ge a "p ( ! idea ( an object 9 ! m9d4 ,all ar*itectural elevations & geometrical projections g5]ally appeal to ?is m5tal idea ( =m4 ,!y consi/ ( views ( a build+ or object t c\ld nev] possibly be se5 by anybody1 assum+ z !y d t ! eye ( ! spectator is exactly 9 front ( e "p ( ! build+ at ! same "t1 a physical impossibility4 ,& yet s remov$ f ! actual visual appe>ance is our m5tal idea ( objects t su* draw+s d convey a v accurate idea ( a build+ or object4 ,& ( c\rse !y h great advantage z work+ draw+s 9 t !y c be scal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,i4 ,a4 ,,type ,,( ,,fir/ ,,draw+ ,,made ,,by ,,*ildr51 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,vision ,,has ,,n ,,be5 ,,consult$ ,b4 ,,type ,,( ,,:at ,,might ,,h ,,be5 ,,expect$ ,,if ,,crude/ ,,expression ,,( ,,visual ,,appe>ance ,,_h ,,be5 ,,attempt$ ,if s e>ly ! s5se ( vision is neglect$ & relegat$ to be ! h&maid5 ( o!r s5ses1 x is no wond] t 9 ! av]age adult x is 9 su* a %ock+ /ate ( neglect4 ,i feel conv9c$ t ) ! great majority ( p vision is seldom if ev] consult$ = itself1 b only to m9i/] to "s o!r s5se4 ,!y look at ! sky to see if x is go+ to be f9e2 at ! fields to see if !y are dry en\gh to walk on1 or :e!r !re w be a good crop ( hay2 at ! /ream n to obs]ve ! beauty ( ! reflections f ! blue sky or gre5 fields danc+ ^u its surface or ! ri* col\r+ ( its %ad[$ dep?s1 b to calculate h[ deep x is or h[ mu* p[] x w\ld supply to "w a mill1 h[ _m fi% x conta9s1 or "s o!r association ali5 to its visual aspect4 ,if "o looks up at a f9e mass ( cumulus cl\ds above a ,london /reet1 ! ord9>y pass]-by :o foll[s "o's gaze expects to see a balloon or a fly+-ma*9e at lea/1 & :5 he sees x is only cl\ds he is apt to wond] :at "o is gaz+ at4 ,! beautiful =m & col\r ( ! cl\d seem to be unobs]v$4 ,cl\ds mean no?+ to him b an accumulation ( wat] du/ t may br+ ra94 ,?is acc\nts 9 "s way = ! numb] ( good pa9t+s t are incompreh5sible to ! majority ( p4 ,x is only ^? pictures t pursue ! visual aspect ( objects to a suffici5t completion to conta9 ! sugge/ion ( ^! o!r associations1 t !y und]/& at all4 ,o!r pictures1 !y say1 are n f9i%$ en\gh4 ,& x is s seldom t a picture c h ?is petty realisation & at ! same "t be an expression ( ^? l>g] emotional qualities t con/itute good pa9t+4 ,! e>ly pa9t+s ( ! ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood appe> to be a /rik+ exception to ?is4 ,b 9 _! "w ! excessive realisation ( all details 0 "p ( ! expression & gave emphasis to ! poetic idea at ! basis ( _! pictures1 & 0 !re=e "p ( ! arti/ic int5tion4 ,9 ^! pa9t+s ! fi]y int5sity ) :i* e little detail 0 pa9t$ made _! picture a ready m$ium = ! expression ( poetic ?\ght1 a sort ( pa9t$ poetry1 e detail be+ select$ on acc\nt ( "s symbolic mean+ x _h1 be>+ on ! poetic idea t 0 ! object ( ! picture4 ,b to ^? pa9t]s :o d n attempt pa9t$ poetry1 b seek 9 pa9t+ a poetry ( its own1 a visual poetry1 ?is excessive f9i% 7z x is call$7 is irksome1 z x m>s ! expression ( ^? qualities 9 vision !y wi% to express4 ,f9i% 9 art has no connection ) ! am\nt ( detail 9 a picture1 b has ref]5ce only to ! complet5ess ) :i* ! emotional idea ! pa9t] set out to express has be5 realis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,a ,,picture ,9 r$ cont *alk & :ite pa/el rubb$ on ton$ pap]4 ,! visual bl9dness ( ! majority ( p is greatly to be deplor$1 z nature is ev] (f]+ !m on _! ret9a1 ev5 9 ! meane/ slum1 a music ( col\r & =m t is a con/ant s\rce ( pleasure to ^? :o c see x4 ,b s _m are cont5t to use ?is wond]ful faculty ( vision = utilit>ian purposes only4 ,x is ! privilege ( ! arti/ to %[ h[ wond]ful & beautiful is all ?is music ( col\r & =m1 s t p1 hav+ be5 mov$ by x 9 8 "w1 may be enc\rag$ to see ! same beauty 9 ! ?+s ar\nd !m4 ,?is is ! be/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( mak+ art a subject ( g5]al education3 t x %\ld tea* p to see4 ,ev]ybody does n ne$ to draw & pa9t1 b if ev]ybody c\ld get ! faculty ( appreciat+ ! =m & col\r on _! ret9as z =m & col\r1 :at a weal? w\ld always be at _! disposal = enjoym5t6 ,! ,japanese habit ( look+ at a l&scape upside d[n betwe5 _! legs is a way ( see+ )\t ! dead5+ influ5ce ( t\* associations4 ,?us look+1 "o is surpris$ into see+ = once ! col\r & =m ( ?+s ) ! association ( t\* = ! mom5t =gott51 & is puzzl$ at ! beauty4 ,! odd ?+ is t al?\gh ?us we see ?+s upside d[n1 ! pictures on our ret9as are = once ! "r way up2 = ord9>ily ! visual picture is inv]t$ on ! ret9a1 l t on ! gr\nd glass at ! back ( a photographic cam]a4 ,to sum up ?is some:at rambl+ *apt]1 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t !re are two aspects f :i* ! objective _w c be appreh5d$4 ,!re is ! purely m5tal p]ception f\nd$ *iefly on k d]iv$ f our s5se ( t\* associat$ ) vision1 ^: primitive in/9ct is to put an outl9e r\nd objects z repres5t+ _! b\nd>ies 9 space4 ,& secondly1 !re is ! visual p]ception1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! visual aspects ( objects z !y appe> on ! ret9a2 an arrangem5t ( col\r %apes1 a sort ( mosaic ( col\r4 ,& ^! two aspects give u two diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* ! repres5tation ( visible ?+s c be approa*$4 ,:5 ! repres5tation f ei!r po9t ( view is c>ri$ f> en\gh1 ! result is v simil>4 ,"w built up on outl9e draw+ to :i* has be5 add$ light & %ade1 col\r1 a]ial p]spective1 c41 may ev5tually approximate to ! p]fect visual appe>ance4 ,& inv]sely1 repres5tations approa*$ f ! po9t ( view ( pure vision1 ! mosaic ( col\r on ! ret9a1 if pu%$ f> en\gh1 may satisfy ! m5tal p]ception ( =m ) its t\* associations4 ,& ( c\rse ! two po9ts ( view are intimately connect$4 ,y _c put an accurate outl9e r\nd an object )\t obs]v+ ! %ape x occupies 9 ! field ( vision4 ,& x is difficult to consid] ! mosaic ( col\r =ms )\t be+ v consci\s ( ! objective significance ( ! col\r masses portray$4 ,b !y pres5t two entirely diff]5t & opposite po9ts ( view f :i* ! repres5tation ( objects c be approa*$4 ,9 consid]+ ! subject ( draw+ ,i ?9k x necess>y to make ?is division ( ! subject1 & bo? me?ods ( =m expression %\ld be /udi$ by ! /ud5t4 ,let u call ! fir/ me?od ,l9e ,draw+ & ! second ,mass ,draw+4 ,mo/ mod]n draw+ is a mixture ( bo? ^! po9ts ( view1 b !y %\ld be /udi$ sep>ately if confusion is to be avoid$4 ,if ! /ud5t neglects l9e draw+1 8 "w w lack ! expressive significance ( =m t only a feel+ = l9es seems to h ! secret ( convey+2 :ile1 if he neglects mass draw+1 he w be poorly equipp$ :5 he comes to express =m ) a bru% full ( pa9t to "w )4 ,,iv ,,l9e ,,draw+ ,mo/ ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( draw+ kn[n to u 9 hi/ory1 l ^? ( ! *ild we 7 discuss+ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 are l>gely 9 ! nature ( outl9e draw+s4 ,?is is a rem>kable fact consid]+ ! some:at remote relation l9es h to ! complete ph5om5a ( vision4 ,outl9es c only be said to exi/ 9 appe>ances z ! b\nd>ies ( masses4 ,b ev5 "h a l9e seems a poor ?+ f ! visual po9t ( view2 z ! b\nd>ies are n always cle>ly def9$1 b are cont9ually m]g+ into ! surr\nd+ mass & los+ !mselves to be caught up aga9 lat] on & def9$ once m4 ,its relation%ip ) visual appe>ances is n suffici5t to ju/ify ! in/9ct = l9e draw+4 ,x comes1 ,i ?9k1 z has already be5 said1 f ! s5se ( t\*4 ,:5 an object is felt !re is no m]g+ 9 ! surr\nd+ mass1 b a firm def9ition ( its b\nd>y1 :i* ! m9d in/9ctively conceives z a l9e4 ,!re is a m direct appeal to ! imag9ation 9 l9e draw+ ?an 9 possibly any?+ else 9 pictorial art4 ,! emotional /imulus giv5 by f9e design is due l>gely to l9e "w4 ,! p[] a l9e possesses ( in/9ctively direct+ ! eye along its c\rse is ( ! utmo/ value also1 enabl+ ! arti/ to conc5trate ! att5tion ( ! behold] :]e he wi%es4 ,!n !re is a h>monic s5se 9 l9es & _! relation%ips1 a music ( l9e t is f\nd at ! basis ( all good art4 ,b ?is subject w be treat$ lat] on :5 talk+ ( l9e rhy?m4 ,mo/ arti/s ^: "w makes a l>ge appeal to ! imag9ation are /rong on ! value ( l9e4 ,blake1 ^: visual k 0 su* a negligible quantity1 b ^: m5tal p]ceptions 7 s magnific5t1 0 always insi/+ on its value4 ,& 8 designs are spl5did examples ( its p[]ful appeal to ! imag9ation4 ,on ?is basis ( l9e draw+ ! developm5t ( art proce$$4 ,! e>ly ,egyptian wall pa9t+s 7 outl9es t9t$1 & ! e>lie/ wall sculpture 0 an incis$ outl9e4 ,aft] ^! incis$ l9es "s man ( g5ius ?\ght ( cutt+ away ! surface ( ! wall betwe5 ! outl9es & modell+ x 9 l[ relief4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is may h sugge/$ to ! man pa9t+ 8 outl9e on ! wall ! idea ( %ad+ betwe5 8 outl9es4 ,at any rate ! next developm5t 0 ! introduction ( a little %ad+ to relieve ! flatness ( ! l9e-"w & sugge/ modell+4 ,& ?is 0 z f> z ?+s _h gone 9 ! direction ( ! repres5tation ( =m1 until well on 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,botticelli us$ no?+ else ?an an outl9e lightly %ad$ to indicate =m4 ,light & %ade 7 n s]i\sly p]ceiv$ until ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,& a wond]ful discov]y x 0 ?\ght to be1 & 01 inde$1 al?\gh x seems difficult to und]/& :]e m5's eyes _h be5 = s long ) ! ph5om5a ( light & %ade be=e !m all ! "t4 ,b ?is is only ano!r pro( ( :at _c be too (t5 insi/$ on1 namely t ! eye only sees :at x is on ! look-out =1 & x may ev5 be !re are ?+s j z wond]ful yet to be discov]$ 9 vision4 ,b x 0 /ill ! t\* association ( an object t 0 ! dom9ant "o2 x 0 )9 ! outl9e dem&$ by ?is s5se t ! light & %ade 7 to be introduc$ z some?+ z x 7 put on ! object4 ,x 0 ! solids 9 space idea t art 0 /ill appeal+ to4 ,! fir/ object ( a pa9t] is to make a simple flat surface appe> l a relievo1 & "s ( its p>ts deta*$ f ! gr\nd2 he :o excels all o!rs 9 t "p ( ! art des]ves ! greate/ praise1#a wrote ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ! insi/5ce on ?is /&+ out quality1 ) its appeal to ! t\* s5se z some?+ great 9 art1 s\nds v /range 9 ^! days4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! means ( creat+ ?is illusion 7 new to all & greatly wond]$ at4 ,footnote #a3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 p>agraph #agh4 ,& aga91 9 p>agraph #agf ( 8 treatise1 ,leon>do writes3 ,! k ( ! outl9e is ( mo/ consequ5ce1 & yet may be acquir$ to great c]ta9ty by d9t ( /udy2 z ! outl9es ( ! human figure1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* d n b5d1 are inv>iably ! same4 ,b ! k ( ! situation1 quality & quantity ( %ad[s1 be+ inf9ite1 requires ! mo/ ext5sive /udy4 ,! outl9es ( ! human figure are inv>iably ! same8 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,f ! visual po9t ( view we "k t ! space occupi$ by figures 9 ! field ( our vision is by no means inv>iably ! same1 b ( great v>iety4 ,s x _c be ! visual appe>ance he is speak+ ab\t4 ,x c only ref] to ! m5tal idea ( ! %ape ( ! memb]s ( ! human figure4 ,! rem>k p>ticul>ly ^? t d n b5d %[s ?is also1 = :5 ! body is b5t up ev5 ! m5tal idea ( its =m mu/ be alt]$4 ,!re is no h9t yet ( vision be+ exploit$ = itself1 b only 9 s f> z x yield$ mat]ial to /imulate ?is m5tal idea ( ! ext]ior _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,watteau ,f an orig9al draw+ 9 ! collection ( ,*>les ,ricketts & ,*>les ,%annon4 ,all ?r\gh ! "w ( ! m5 :o us$ ?is light & %ade 7or *i>oscuro1 z x 0 call$7 ! outl9e basis rema9$4 ,leon>do1 ,raphael1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,titian1 & ! ,v5etians 7 all fai?ful to x z ! means ( hold+ _! pictures toge!r2 al?\gh ! ,v5etians1 by fus+ ! edges ( _! outl9e masses1 got v ne> ! visual me?od to be introduc$ lat] by ,velzquez4 ,9 ?is way1 little by little1 />t+ f a basis ( simple outl9e =ms1 art grew up1 ea* new detail ( visual appe>ance discov]$ add+1 z x 71 ano!r in/rum5t to ! or*e/ra at ! disposal ( ! arti/1 enabl+ him to add to ! some:at crude directness & simplicity ( ! e>ly "w ! graces & ref9em5ts ( ! m complex "w1 mak+ ! problem ( composition m difficult b increas+ ! range ( its expression4 ,b ^! additions to ! visual =mula us$ by arti/s 0 n all ga92 ! simplicity ( ! means at ! disposal ( a ,botticelli gives an innoc5ce & imag9ative appeal to 8 "w t x is difficult to ?9k ( pres]v+ ) ! m complete visual realisation ( lat] s*ools4 ,:5 ! realisation ( actual appe>ance is mo/ complete1 ! m9d is liable to be l$ away by side issues connect$ ) ! ?+s repres5t$1 in/ead ( see+ ! emotional int5tions ( ! arti/ express$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! m9d is apt to leave ! picture & look+1 z x 71 n at x b ?r\gh x1 to pursue a tra9 ( ?\ght associat$ ) ! objects repres5t$ z real objects1 b ali5 to ! arti/ic int5tion ( ! picture4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! e>ly =mulae to di/urb ! contemplation ( ! emotional appeal ( pure =m & col\r4 ,to ^? :o approa* a picture ) ! idea t ! repres5tation ( nature1 ! mak+ x look l ! real ?+1 is ! sole object ( pa9t+1 h[ /range mu/ be ! appe>ance ( su* pictures z ,botticelli's4 ,! accumulation ( ! details ( visual obs]vation 9 art is liable ev5tually to obscure ! ma9 idea & di/urb ! l>ge s5se ( design on :i* s mu* ( ! imag9ative appeal ( a "w ( art dep5ds4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( new visual k t ! naturali/ic movem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght to light is p>ticul>ly liable at ?is "t to obscure ! simpl] & m primitive qualities on :i* all good art is built4 ,at ! height ( t movem5t l9e draw+ w5t out ( fa%ion1 & *>coal1 & an awful ?+ call$ a /ump1 took ! place ( ! po9t 9 ! s*ools4 ,*>coal is a beautiful m$ium 9 a dext]\s h&1 b is m adaptable to mass ?an to l9e draw+4 ,! less said ab\t ! /ump ! bett]1 al?\gh ,i believe x /ill l+]s on 9 "s s*ools4 ,l9e draw+ is happily reviv+1 & no?+ is s calculat$ to put new life & /r5g? into ! vag>ies ( naturali/ic pa9t+ & get back into art a f9e s5se ( design4 ,?is obscur+ ( ! direct appeal ( art by ! accumulation ( too mu* naturali/ic detail1 & ! loss ( p[] x entails1 is ! cause ( arti/s hav+ occasionally gone back to a m primitive conv5tion4 ,!re 0 ! ,ar*ai/ic movem5t 9 ,greece1 & m5 l ,rossetti & ,burne-,jones f\nd a bett] means ( express+ ! ?+s t mov$ !m 9 ! te*nique ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,& x 0 no d\bt a feel+ ( ! weak5+ influ5ce on art1 z an expressive =ce1 ( ! elaborate realisations ( ! mod]n s*ool1 t prompt$ ,puvis de ,*avannes to inv5t = himself 8 l>ge primitive mann]4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ^! in/ances x is *iefly ! insi/5ce ^u outl9e t di/+ui%es ^! arti/s f _! contempor>ies4 ,art1 l life1 is apt to langui% if x gets too f> away f primitive conditions4 ,b1 l life also1 x is a poor ?+ & a v unc\? affair if x has no?+ b primitive conditions to recomm5d x4 ,because !re is a decad5t art ab\t1 "o ne$ n make a h]o ( ! pavem5t arti/4 ,b )\t go+ to ! extreme ( fl\t+ ! c5turies ( culture t art inh]its1 z x is n[ fa%ionable 9 _m places to d1 /ud5ts w d well to /udy at fir/ ! e>ly r ?an ! late "w ( ! diff]5t s*ools1 s z to get 9 t\* ) ! simple conditions ( design on :i* good "w is built4 ,x is easi] to /udy ^! ess5tial qualities :5 !y are n ov]laid by s mu* k ( visual realisation4 ,! skeleton ( ! picture is m app>5t 9 ! e>li] ?an ! lat] "w ( any s*ool4 ,! f9e/ example ( ! union ( ! primitive ) ! mo/ ref9$ & cultur$ art ! _w has ev] se5 is probably ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 a build+ t has be5 ! wond] ( ! arti/ic _w = ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,n only are ! fragm5ts ( its sculptures 9 ! ,briti% ,museum amaz+1 b ! beauty & proportions ( its ar*itecture are ( a ref9em5t t is1 ,i ?9k1 nev] ev5 attempt$ 9 ^! days4 ,:at ar*itect n[ ?9ks ( correct+ ! poorness ( h>d1 /raight l9es by v slightly curv+ !m8 ,or ( slightly slop+ inw>ds ! columns ( 8 facade to add to ! /r5g? ( its appe>ance8 ,! am\nt ( ^! v>iations is ( ! v slighte/ & be>s witness to ! pit* ( ref9em5t attempt$4 ,& yet1 ) x all1 h[ simple6 ,!re is some?+ ( ! primitive /r5g? ( ,/oneh5ge 9 t solemn r[ ( columns ris+ firmly f ! /eps )\t any base4 ,) all its magnific5ce1 x /ill reta9s ! simplicity ( ! hut f :i* x 0 evolv$4 ,some?+ ( ! same comb9ation ( primitive gr&eur & /r5g? ) exquisite ref9em5t ( visualisation is se5 9 ! art ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,8 foll[]s adopt$ ! big1 muscul> type ( _! ma/]1 b lo/ ! primitive /r5g? he express$2 & :5 ?is primitive =ce 0 lo/ sight (1 :at a decad5ce set 96 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* art rea*es its highe/ m>k3 :5 to ! primitive /r5g? & simplicity ( e>ly art are add$ ! inf9ite ref9em5ts & graces ( culture )\t de/roy+ or weak5+ ! sublimity ( ! expression4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! ref9em5t & graces ( culture take ! =m ( an increas+ tru? to natural appe>ances1 add$ bit by bit to ! primitive baldness ( e>ly "w2 until ! po9t is rea*$1 z x 0 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 app>5tly ! :ole facts ( visual nature are incorporat$4 ,f ?is weal? ( visual mat]ial1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! k we n[ h ( ! arts ( ! ,ea/1 ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,india1 ! mod]n arti/ has to select ^? ?+s t appeal to him2 has to select ^? elem5ts t answ] to 8 inmo/ ne$ ( express+ himself z an arti/4 ,no wond] a p]iod ( arti/ic dyspepsia is ^u u1 no wond] our exhibitions1 p>ticul>ly ^? on ! ,cont95t1 are full ( /range1 weird ?+s4 ,! problem be=e ! arti/ 0 nev] s complex1 b also nev] s int]e/+4 ,new =ms1 new comb9ations1 new simplifications are to be f\nd4 ,b ! /eady+ influ5ce & discipl9e ( l9e "w 7 nev] m necess>y to ! /ud5t4 ,! primitive =ce we are 9 dang] ( los+ dep5ds mu* on l9e1 & no "w t aims at a sublime impression c disp5se ) ! basis ( a c>efully wr\ght & simple l9e s*eme4 ,! /udy1 !re=e1 ( pure l9e draw+ is ( great importance to ! pa9t]1 & ! num]\s draw+s t exi/ by ! great ma/]s 9 ?is me?od %[ h[ mu* !y und]/ood its value4 ,& ! revival ( l9e draw+1 & ! desire !re is to f9d a simpl] conv5tion f\nd$ on ?is basis1 are among ! mo/ hopeful signs 9 ! art ( ! mom5t4 ,v ,,mass ,,draw+ ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x has1 ,i hope1 be5 %[n t outl9e draw+ is an in/9ct ) ,we/]n arti/s & has be5 s f ! e>lie/ times2 t ?is in/9ct is due to ! fact t ! fir/ m5tal idea ( an object is ! s5se ( its =m z a felt ?+1 n a ?+ se52 & t an outl9e draw+ satisfies & appeals directly to ?is m5tal idea ( objects4 ,b !re is ano!r basis ( expression directly relat$ to visual appe>ances t 9 ! fulness ( "t 0 evolv$1 & has _h a v great influ5ce on mod]n art4 ,?is =m ( draw+ is bas$ on ! consid]ation ( ! flat appe>ances on ! ret9a1 ) ! k ( ! felt %apes ( objects = ! "t be+ =gott54 ,9 opposition to l9e draw+1 we may call ?is ,mass ,draw+4 ,! sci5tific tru? ( ?is po9t ( view is obvi\s4 ,if only ! accurate copy+ ( ! appe>ances ( nature 7 ! sole object ( art 7an idea to be met ) among /ud5ts7 ! problem ( pa9t+ w\ld be simpl] ?an x is1 & w\ld be likely ere long to be solv$ by ! photographic cam]a4 ,?is =m ( draw+ is ! natural means ( expression :5 a bru% full ( pa9t is 9 y\r h&s4 ,! r$uc+ ( a complicat$ appe>ance to a few simple masses is ! fir/ necessity ( ! pa9t]4 ,b ?is w be fully expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt] treat+ m practically ( ! practice ( mass draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,example ,,( ,,fifte5?-,,c5tury ,,*9ese ,,"w ,,by ,,lui ,,liang 7,,briti% ,,museum7 ,%[+ h[ e>ly ,*9ese ma/]s _h develop$ ! mass-draw+ po9t ( view4 ,! art ( ,*9a & ,japan appe>s to h be5 m influ5c$ by ?is view ( natural appe>ances ?an t ( ! ,we/ has be51 until q lately4 ,! ,ea/]n m9d does n seem to be s obsess$ by ! objectivity ( ?+s z is ! ,we/]n m9d4 ,) u ! practical s5se ( t\* is all p[]ful4 ,i "k t is s1 because ,i felt x ) my h&s w\ld be a *>act]i/ic expression ) u4 ,:]eas ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be an expression ! ,ea/]n m9d w\ld use4 ,) !m ! spiritual ess5ce ( ! ?+ se5 appe>s to be ! m real1 judg+ f _! art4 ,& :o is to say !y may n be "r8 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! impression "o gets f _! beautiful pa9t+1 ) its lightness ( texture & avoidance ( solidity4 ,x is f\nd$ on nature reg>d$ z a flat vision1 in/ead ( a collection ( solids 9 space4 ,_! use ( l9e is also mu* m re/ra9$ ?an ) u1 & x is seldom us$ to acc5tuate ! solidity ( ?+s1 b *iefly to support ! b\nd>ies ( masses & sugge/ detail4 ,light & %ade1 :i* sugge/ solidity1 are nev] us$1 a wide light :]e !re is no %ad[ p]vades ev]y?+1 _! draw+ be+ done ) ! bru% 9 masses4 ,:51 z 9 ! "t ( ,titian1 ! art ( ! ,we/ _h discov]$ light & %ade1 l9e> p]spective1 a]ial p]spective1 c41 & _h begun by fus+ ! edges ( ! masses to suspect ! necessity ( pa9t+ to a widely diffus$ focus1 !y _h got v ne> consid]+ appe>ances z a visual :ole4 ,b x 0 n until ,velzquez t a picture 0 pa9t$ t 0 f\nd$ entirely on visual appe>ances1 9 :i* a basis ( objective outl9es 0 disc>d$ & replac$ by a /ructure ( tone masses4 ,:5 he took 8 own pa9t+ room ) ! little ,infanta & h] maids z a subject1 ,velzquez seems to h consid]$ x entirely z "o flat visual impression4 ,! focal att5tion is c5tr$ on ! ,infanta1 ) ! figures on ei!r side m or less out ( focus1 ^? on ! extreme "r be+ q blurr$4 ,! reproduction "h giv5 un=tunately does n %[ ^! subtleties1 & flatt5s ! g5]al appe>ance v mu*4 ,! focus is n[h]e %>p1 z ?is w\ld di/urb ! contemplation ( ! l>ge visual impression4 ,& !re1 ,i ?9k1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! :ole gamut ( natural vision1 tone1 col\r1 =m1 light & %ade1 atmosph]e1 focus1 c41 consid]$ z "o impression1 7 put on canvas4 ,all s5se ( design is lo/4 ,! picture has no surface2 x is all atmosph]e betwe5 ! f\r edges ( ! frame1 & ! objects are )94 ,plac$ z x is 9 ! ,prado1 ) ! light com+ f ! "r z 9 ! picture1 !re is no break betwe5 ! real p be=e x & ! figures )91 except ! slight yell[ veil due to age4 ,b wond]ful z ?is picture is1 z a t\r de =ce1 l 8 ,v5us ( ! same p]iod 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 x is a pa9t]'s picture1 & makes b a cold impression on ^? n int]e/$ 9 ! te*nique ( pa9t+4 ,) ! cutt+ away ( ! primitive support ( f9e outl9e design & ! abs5ce ( ^? acc5ts convey+ a f9e =m /imulus to ! m9d1 art has lo/ mu* ( its emotional significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,las ,,m59as4 ,,by ,,vel,,zquez 7,,prado7 ,probably ! fir/ picture ev] pa9t$ entirely f ! visual or impressioni/ /&po9t4 ,photo ,&]son ,sid5ote3 ,! ,impressioni/ ,po9t ( ,view4 ,b art has ga9$ a new po9t ( view4 ,) ?is subjective way ( consid]+ appe>ances--?is impressioni/ vision1 z x has be5 call$--_m ?+s t 7 too ugly1 ei!r f %ape or association1 to yield mat]ial = ! pa9t]1 7 yet f\nd1 :5 view$ z "p ( a s*eme ( col\r s5sations on ! ret9a :i* ! arti/ consid]s emotionally & rhy?mically1 to l5d !mselves to new & beautiful h>monies & ensembles1 undreamt ( by ! e>li] =mulae4 ,& fur!r1 _m effects ( light t 7 too hopelessly complicat$ = pa9t+1 consid]$ on ! old light & %ade pr9ciples 7= in/ance1 sunlight ?r\gh trees 9 a wood71 7 f\nd to be q pa9table1 consid]$ z an impression ( v>i\s col\r masses4 ,! e>ly =mula c\ld nev] free itself f ! object z a solid ?+1 & _h consequ5tly to conf9e its att5tion to beautiful ones4 ,b f ! new po9t ( view1 =m consi/s ( ! %ape & qualities ( masses ( col\r on ! ret9a2 & :at objects happ5 to be ! outside cause ( ^! %apes matt]s little to ! impressioni/4 ,no?+ is ugly :5 se5 9 a beautiful aspect ( light1 & aspect is ) !m ev]y?+4 ,?is consid]ation ( ! visual appe>ance 9 ! fir/ place necessitat$ an increas$ dep5d5ce on ! model4 ,z he does n n[ draw f 8 m5tal p]ceptions ! arti/ has no?+ to select ! mat]ial ( 8 picture f until x has exi/$ z a se5 ?+ be=e him3 until he has a visual impression ( x 9 8 m9d4 ,) ! old] po9t ( view 7! repres5tation by a pictorial description1 z x 71 bas$ on ! m5tal idea ( an object71 ! model 0 n s necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,impressioni/ ! m5tal p]ception is arriv$ at f ! visual impression1 & 9 ! old] po9t ( view ! visual impression is ! result ( ! m5tal p]ception4 ,?us x happ5s t ! ,impressioni/ movem5t has produc$ *iefly pictures inspir$ by ! actual _w ( visual ph5om5a ar\nd u1 ! old] po9t ( view produc+ mo/ ( ! pictures d]iv+ _! inspiration f ! glories ( ! imag9ation1 ! m5tal _w 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,& al?\gh int]e/+ attempts are be+ made to produce imag9ative works f\nd$ on ! impressioni/ po9t ( view ( light & air1 ! loss ( imag9ative appeal consequ5t ^u ! de/ruction ( cont\rs by sc9tillation1 atmosph]e1 c41 & ! loss ( l9e rhy?m x entails1 h s f> prev5t$ ! production ( any v satisfactory results4 ,b und\bt$ly !re is mu* new mat]ial br\ght to light by ?is movem5t wait+ to be us$ imag9atively2 & x (f]s a new field = ! selection ( expressive qualities4 ,?is po9t ( view1 al?\gh cont9u+ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,spani% s*ool1 did n come into g5]al recognition until ! la/ c5tury 9 ,france4 ,! mo/ extreme expon5ts ( x are ! body ( arti/s :o gr\p$ !mselves r\nd ,claude ,monet4 ,?is impressioni/ movem5t1 z ! critics h labell$ x1 0 ! result ( a fi]ce det]m9ation to consid] nature solely f ! visual po9t ( view1 mak+ no concessions to any o!r associations connect$ ) sight4 ,! result 0 an entirely new vision ( nature1 />tl+ & repulsive to eyes unaccu/om$ to obs]vation f a purely visual po9t ( view & us$ only to see+ ! feel ( ?+s1 z x 74 ,! fir/ results 7 naturally r crude4 ,b a great am\nt ( new visual facts 7 br\ght to light1 p>ticul>ly ^? connect$ ) ! pa9t+ ( sunlight & half light effects4 ,inde$ ! :ole pa9t+ ( /rong light has be5 p]man5tly affect$ by ! "w ( ?is gr\p ( pa9t]s4 ,emancipat$ f ! objective _w1 !y no long] dissect$ ! object to see :at 0 inside x1 b /udi$ r ! anatomy ( ! light refract$ f x to _! eyes4 ,f9d+ ?is to be compos$ ( all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ z se5 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & t all ! effects nature produc$ are done ) diff]5t proportions ( ^! col\rs1 !y took !m1 or ! ne>e/ pigm5ts !y c\ld get to !m1 = _! palette1 elim9at+ ! e>? col\rs & black4 ,& fur!r1 f9d+ t nature's col\rs 7! rays ( col\r$ light7 :5 mix$ produc$ diff]5t results ?an _! correspond+ pigm5ts mix$ toge!r1 !y det]m9$ to use _! pa9ts z pure z possible1 plac+ !m "o aga9/ ! o!r to be mix$ z !y came to ! eye1 ! mixture be+ "o ( pure col\r rays1 n pigm5ts1 by ?is means4 ,b we are "h only conc]n$ ) ! movem5t z x affect$ =m1 & mu/ avoid ! fasc9at+ prov9ce ( col\r4 ,^? :o _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! old s*ool ( outl9e =m said !re 0 no draw+ 9 ^! impressioni/ pictures1 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! m5tal idea ( =m discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re 0 inde$ little1 al?\gh1 _h ! impression be5 realis$ to a suffici5tly def9ite focus1 ! s5se ( t\* & solidity w\ld probably h be5 satisfi$4 ,b ! p>ticul> field ( ?is new po9t ( view1 ! beauty ( tone & col\r relations consid]$ z an impression ap>t f objectivity1 did n tempt !m to c>ry _! "w s f> z ?is1 or ! insi/5ce on ^! p>ticul> qualities w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,b int]e/+ & allur+ z is ! new _w ( visual music op5$ up by ?is po9t ( view1 x is beg9n+ to be realis$ t x has fail$ someh[ to satisfy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! impli$ assumption t "o sees ) ! eye alone is wrong3 ,9 e object !re is inexhau/ible mean+2 ! eye sees 9 x :at ! eye br+s means ( see+1#b ,footnote #b3 ,goe!1 quot$ 9 ,c>lyle's ,fr5* ,revolution1 *ap4 i4 & x is ! m9d beh9d ! eye t supplies ?is means ( p]ception3 "o sees ) ! m9d4 ,! ultimate effect ( any picture1 be x impressioni/1 po/1 anti1 or o!rwise--is its p[] to /imulate ^! m5tal p]ceptions )9 ! m9d4 ,b ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( ! true visual p]ception 7if !re is su* a ?+7 t mod]n art has he>d s mu* talk (1 ! copy+ ( ! ret9a picture is n s great a success4 ,! impression c>ri$ away f a sc5e t has mov$ u is n its complete visual aspect4 ,only ^? ?+s t are significant to ! felt impression h be5 reta9$ by ! m9d2 & if ! picture is to be a true repres5tation ( ?is1 ! significant facts mu/ be sort$ out f ! mass ( irrelevant matt] & pres5t$ 9 a lively mann]4 ,! impressioni/'s habit ( pa9t+ be=e nature entirely is n calculat$ to d ?is4 ,go+ "t aft] "t to ! same place1 ev5 if simil> wea!r conditions are wait$ =1 al?\gh well en\gh = /udies1 is aga9/ ! production ( a f9e picture4 ,e "t ! arti/ goes to ! select$ spot he receives a diff]5t impression1 s t he mu/ ei!r pa9t all ov] 8 picture ea* "t1 9 :i* case 8 "w mu/ be conf9$ to a small scale & w be hurri$ 9 execution1 or he mu/ pa9t a bit ( today's impression alongside ( ye/]day's1 9 :i* case 8 "w w be dull & lack+ 9 on5ess ( conception4 ,& fur!r1 9 decompos+ ! col\r rays t come to ! eye & pa9t+ 9 pure col\r1 :ile great addition 0 made to ! p[] ( express+ light1 yet by de/roy+ ! def9itions & envelop+ ev]y?+ 9 a sc9tillat+ atmosph]e1 ! p[] to design 9 a l>ge mann] 0 lo/ ) ! weal? ( significance t ! music ( l9e c convey4 ,b impressionism has op5$ up a view f :i* mu* int]e/+ matt] = art is to be glean$4 ,& ev]y:]e pa9t]s are select+ f ?is1 & graft+ x on to "s ( ! m traditional s*ools ( design4 ,our conc]n "h is ) ! influ5ce ?is po9t ( view has _h ^u draughtsman%ip4 ,! influ5ce has be5 consid]able1 p>ticul>ly ) ^? draughtsm5 ^: "w deals ) ! r5d]+ ( mod]n life4 ,x consi/s 9 draw+ f ! obs]vation ( ! silh\ette occupi$ by objects 9 ! field ( vision1 obs]v+ ! flat appe>ance ( ?+s z !y are on ! ret9a4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! only accurate way 9 :i* to obs]ve visual %apes4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! old] po9t ( view is its insi/5ce on ! obs]vation ( ! flat visual impression to ! exclusion ( ! tactile or t\* s5se t by ! association ( ideas we h come to expect 9 ?+s se54 ,an increas$ tru? to ! "* ( appe>ances has be5 ! result1 ) a correspond+ loss ( pla/ic =m expression4 ,on pages #ff & #fg a reproduction ( a draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 attribut$ to ,mi*ael ,angelo1 is contra/$ ) "o 9 ! ,l\vre by ,degas4 ,! "o is drawn f ! l9e po9t ( view & ! o!r f ! mass4 ,!y bo? conta9 l9es1 b 9 ! "o case ! l9es are ! cont\rs ( felt =ms & 9 ! o!r ! b\nd>ies ( visual masses4 ,9 ! ,mi*ael ,angelo ! silh\ette is only ! result ( ! ov]lapp+ ( ri* =ms consid]$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,e muscle & bone has be5 m5tally realis$ z a concrete ?+ & ! draw+ made z an expression ( ?is idea4 ,note ! l9e rhy?m also2 ! s5se ( en]gy & movem5t convey$ by ! sw++ curves2 & comp>e ) :at is said lat] 7page #afb ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,sid5ote ,curv$ ,l9es7 ab\t ! rhy?mic significance ( sw++ curves4 ,!n comp>e x ) ! ,degas & obs]ve ! totally diff]5t attitude ( m9d 9 :i* ?is draw+ has be5 approa*$4 ,in/ead ( ! outl9es be+ ! result ( =ms felt z concrete ?+s1 ! silh\ette is ev]y:]e consid]$ fir/1 ! pla/ic s5se 7n[h]e s great z 9 ! o!r7 be+ arriv$ at f ! accurate consid]ation ( ! mass %apes4 ,notice also ! increas$ att5tion to individual "* 9 ! ,degas1 obs]ve ! pa?os ( ^? und]f$ little arms1 & ! h& hold+ ! tir$ ankle--h[ individual x all is4 ,:at a diff]5t tale ?is little figure tells f t giv5 be=e ! footlights6 ,see ) :at sympa?y ! cont\rs h be5 se>*$ = ^? acc5ts expressive ( all ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,,/udy ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,mi*ael ,,angelo 7,,briti% ,,museum7 ,note ! desire to express =m z a felt solid ?+1 ! cont\rs result+ f ! ov]lapp+ =ms4 ,! visual appe>ance is arriv$ at z a result ( giv+ expression to ! m5tal idea ( a solid object4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,degas 7,,luxemb\rg7 ,9 contra/ ) ,mi*ael ,angelo's draw+1 note ! preoccupation ) ! silh\ette ! spaces occupi$ by ! diff]5t masses 9 ! field ( vision2 h[ ! appe>ance solid =ms is ! result ( accurately portray+ ?is visual appe>ance4 ,photo ,levi ,h[ remote f individual "* is ! ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 contra/ ) ?is6 ,in/ead ( an individual he gives u ! expression ( a gl[+ m5tal conception ( man z a type ( physical /r5g? & p[]4 ,! rhy?m is diff]5t also1 9 ! "o case be+ a l9e rhy?m1 & 9 ! o!r a consid]ation ( ! flat patt]n ( %apes or masses ) a play ( lo/-&-f\ndness on ! edges 7see lat]1 pages #aib ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,sid5ote ,v>iety ( ,edges4 et seq41 v>iety ( edges74 ,x is ?is feel+ = rhy?m & ! sympa!tic se>*+ = & emphasis ( ^? po9ts expressive ( "*1 t keep ?is draw+ f be+ ! me*anical p]=mance :i* s mu* conc]n ) sci5tific visual accuracy might well h made x1 & :i* has made me*anical _m ( ! draw+s ( ,degas's foll[]s :o un9tellig5tly copy 8 me?od4 ,,vi ,,! ,,academic ,,& ,,conv5tional ,! t]ms ,academic & ,conv5tional are mu* us$ 9 criticism & greatly fe>$ by ! criticis$1 (t5 )\t ei!r p>ty appe>+ to h mu* idea ( :at is meant4 ,new s-call$ s*ools ( pa9t+ seem to arrive annually ) ! spr+ fa%ions1 & soon] or lat] ! "o ( la/ ye> gets call$ out ( date1 if n conv5tional & academic4 ,& z /ud5ts1 = fe> ( hav+ _! "w call$ by "o or o!r ( ^! dread t]ms1 are incl9$ to ru% into any new extravagance t comes along1 "s inquiry z to _! mean+ w n be out ( place be=e we pass into ! *apt]s deal+ ) academic /udy4 ,x has be5 ! cry = "s "t t ,s*ools ( ,art turn$ out only academic /ud5ts4 ,& "o c]ta9ly associates a dead level ( respectable m$iocrity ) mu* s*ool "w4 ,we c call to m9d a lot ( dull1 lifeless1 highly-f9i%$ "w1 imp]fectly p]fect1 t has won ! prize 9 _m a s*ool competition4 ,flaub]t says a =m dead5s1 & x does seem z if ! necess>y =mality ( a s*ool c\rse _h "s dead5+ influ5ce on /ud5ts2 & t !re 0 "s important "p ( ! arti/'s developm5t :i* x has fail$ to recognise & enc\rage4 ,! fre] sy/em ( ! ,fr5* s*ools has be5 9 _m cases m successful4 ,b ea* s*ool 0 presid$ ov] by an arti/ ( di/9ction1 & ?is put ! /ud5ts 9 t\* ) real "w & ?us introduc$ vitality4 ,9 ,engl&1 until q lately1 arti/s 7 seldom employ$ 9 tea*+1 :i* 0 left to m5 set aside = ! purpose1 )\t any "t to c>ry on orig9al "w ( _! own4 ,! ,royal ,academy ,s*ools are an exception to ?is4 ,!re ! /ud5ts h ! advantage ( tea*+ f "s di/+ui%$ memb] or associate :o has *>ge ( ! upp] s*ool = a mon? at a "t4 ,b z ! visitor is con/antly *ang$1 ! less exp]i5c$ /ud5ts are puzzl$ by ! diff]5t me?ods advocat$1 & fl\nd] hopelessly = want ( a def9ite sy/em to "w on2 al?\gh = a /ud5t already 9 possession ( a good gr\nd+ !re is mu* to be said = ! sy/em1 z contact ) ! diff]5t ma/]s wid5s _! outlook4 ,b p]haps ! *ief mi/ake 9 ,art ,s*ools has be5 t !y h too l>gely conf9$ !mselves to tra9+ /ud5ts me*anically to obs]ve & portray ! ?+ set be=e !m to copy1 an antique figure1 a /ill-life gr\p1 a liv+ model sitt+ z /ill & lifeless z he c4 ,n[ ?is is all v well z f> z x goes1 b ! real matt] ( art is n necess>ily 9 all ?is4 ,& if ! real matt] ( art is neglect$ too long ! /ud5t may f9d x difficult to get 9 t\* ) x aga94 ,^! accurate1 pa9/ak+ s*ool /udies are v necess>y inde$ z a tra9+ = ! eye 9 obs]v+ accurately1 & ! h& 9 reproduc+ ! appe>ances ( ?+s1 because x is ?r\gh ! reproduction ( natural appe>ances & ! k ( =m & col\r d]iv$ f su* /udy t ! /ud5t w aft]w>ds f9d ! means ( giv+ expression to 8 feel+s4 ,b :5 valuable prizes & s*ol>%ips are giv5 = !m1 & n = really arti/ic "w1 !y d t5d to become ! end in/ead ( ! means4 ,x is ( c\rse improbable t ev5 s*ool /udies done ) ! sole idea ( accuracy by a "y arti/ w 9 all cases be devoid ( arti/ic feel+2 x w creep 91 if he has ! arti/ic in/9ct4 ,b x is n en\gh enc\rag$1 & ! prize is g5]ally giv5 to ! draw+ t is mo/ complete & l ! model 9 a commonplace way4 ,if a /ud5t1 mov$ by a /rong feel+ = =m1 lets himself g & does a f9e ?+1 probably only remotely l ! model to ! av]age eye1 ! au?orities are puzzl$ & don't usually "k :at to make ( x4 ,!re are s*ools :]e ! mo/ arti/ic qualities are enc\rag$1 b !y g5]ally neglect ! academic side2 & ! /ud5t leaves !m poorly equipp$ = f9e "w4 ,surely x w\ld be possible to make a di/9ction1 giv+ prizes = academic draw+s :i* %\ld be z ?or\ghly accurate 9 a me*anical way z indu/ry & application c make !m1 & also = arti/ic draw+s1 9 :i* ! /ud5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to foll[ 8 b5t1 /riv+ = ! expression ( any qualities t delight him1 & tr\bl+ less ab\t me*anical accuracy4 ,! use ( draw+ z an expression ( some?+ felt is s (t5 left until aft] ! s*ool tra9+ is done t _m /ud5ts fail to a*ieve x altoge!r4 ,& r[s ( lifeless pictures1 made up ( models copi$ 9 diff]5t attitudes1 ) /udio prop]ties ar\nd !m1 are ! result1 & pass = art 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,su* pictures (t5 display consid]able ability1 = z ,burne-,jones says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 ,x is v difficult to pa9t ev5 a bad picture4 ,b _h ! ability be5 diff]5tly direct$1 ! pictures might h be5 good4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,,draw+ ,,9 ,,r$ ,,*alk ,,by ,,erne/ ,,cole ,example ( unacademic draw+ made 9 ! au?or's class at ! ,goldsmi?s ,college ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,x is difficult to expla9 :at is wrong ) an academic draw+1 & :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & f9e draw+4 ,b p]haps ?is diff]5ce c be br\ght home a little m cle>ly if y w p>don a r fanciful simile4 ,i am told t if y con/ruct a p]fectly fitt$ eng9e--! pi/on fitt+ ! cyl9d] ) absolute accuracy & ! axles _! sockets ) no space betwe51 c4--x w n "w1 b be a lifeless mass ( iron4 ,!re mu/ be en\gh play betwe5 ! vital p>ts to all[ ( "s movem5t2 di!r is1 ,i believe1 ! ,scot* ^w = x4 ,! pi/on mu/ be all[$ "s play 9 ! op5+ ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh :i* x passes1 or x w n be able to move & %[ any life4 ,& ! axles ( ! :eels 9 _! sockets1 &1 9 fact1 all p>ts ( ! ma*9e :]e life & movem5t are to occur1 mu/ h ?is play1 ?is di!r4 ,x has always seem$ to me t ! accurately fitt+ eng9e 0 l a good academic draw+1 9 a way a p]fect piece ( workman%ip1 b lifeless4 ,imp]fectly p]fect1 because !re 0 no room left = ! play ( life4 ,& to c>ry ! simile fur!r1 if y all[ too great a play betwe5 ! p>ts1 s t !y fit "o ov] ! o!r too loosely1 ! eng9e w lose p[] & become a poor rickety ?+4 ,!re mu/ be ! smalle/ am\nt ( play t w all[ ( its work+4 ,& ! m p]fectly made ! eng9e1 ! less w ! am\nt ( ?is di!r be4 ,! ^w di!r w be a useful "n to give t elusive quality1 t play on me*anical accuracy1 exi/+ 9 all vital art4 ,x is ?is vital quality t has n yet receiv$ mu* att5tion 9 art tra9+4 ,x is "h t ! photograph fails1 x c only at be/ give me*anical accuracy1 :]eas art gives ! impression ( a live1 individual consci\sness4 ,:]e ! record+ in/rum5t is a live individual1 !re is no me*anical /&>d ( accuracy possible1 z e record+ in/rum5t is a diff]5t p]sonality4 ,& x is ! subtle diff]5ces 9 ! individual r5d]+s ( nature t are ! life-blood ( art4 ,! photograph1 on acc\nt ( its be+ *a9$ to me*anical accuracy1 has none ( ?is play ( life to give x *>m4 ,x only approa*es arti/ic conditions :5 x is blurr$1 vague1 & indef9ite1 z 9 s-call$ arti/ic photography1 = !n only c "s am\nt ( ?is vitalis+ play1 ?is di!r be imag9$ to exi/4 ,x is ?is p]fect accuracy1 ?is lack ( play1 ( v>iety1 t makes ! ma*9e-made article s lifeless4 ,:]ev] !re is life !re is v>iety1 & ! sub/itution ( ! ma*9e-made = ! h&-made article has impov]i%$ ! _w to a great] ext5t ?an we are probably yet aw>e (4 ,:]eas =m]ly1 be=e ! adv5t ( ma*9]y1 ! commone/ article y c\ld pick up _h a life & w>m? :i* gave x individual int]e/1 n[ ev]y?+ is turn$ out to su* a p]fection ( deadness t "o is driv5 to pick up & collect1 9 %e] desp]ation1 ! commone/ rubbi% /ill surviv+ f ! e>li] p]iod4 ,b to return to our draw+s4 ,if ! v>iations f /rict accuracy made "u ! influ5ce ( feel+ are too great1 ! result w be a c>icature4 ,! v>iations 9 a beautiful draw+ are s subtle z (t5 to defy detection4 ,! /udies ( ,+res are an in/ance ( :at ,i mean4 ,h[ true & in/9ct ) life are 8 l9es1 & h[ easily "o might assume t !y 7 m]ely accurate4 ,b no m]ely accurate "w w\ld h ! impell+ quality ^! draw+s possess4 ,if ! writ] may v5ture an op9ion on s great an arti/1 ! subtle diff]5ce we are talk+ ab\t 0 sometimes miss$ by ev5 ,+res himself1 :5 he transf]r$ 8 draw+s to ! canvas2 & ! pictures h 9 "s cases become academic & lifeless4 ,)\t ! /imulus ( nature be=e him x 0 difficult to pres]ve ! di!r 9 ! draw+1 & ! life has escap$4 ,?is is ! great difficulty ( work+ f /udies2 x is s easy to lose ^? little po9ts 9 y\r draw+ t make = vitality ( expression1 9 ! process ( copy+ 9 cold blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4 ,,f ,a ,,p5cil ,,draw+ ,,by ,,+res ,photo ,bulloz ,! fact is3 x is only ! academic t c be taught4 ,& x is no small ?+ if ?is is well done 9 a s*ool4 ,! qualities t give vitality & di/9ction to draw+ mu/ be appreciat$ by ! /ud5t himself1 & may (t5 ass]t !mselves 9 8 draw+ )\t 8 be+ aw>e t he is do+ aught b hone/ly copy+4 ,& if he has tra9$ himself ?or\ghly he w n f9d mu* difficulty :5 he is mov$ to vital expression4 ,all ! ma/] c d is to /& by & enc\rage :5ev] he sees evid5ce ( ! real ?+4 ,b !re is und\bt$ly ?is dang] ( ! s*ool /udies becom+ ! end in/ead ( ! means4 ,a draw+ is n necess>ily academic because x is ?or\gh1 b only because x is dead4 ,nei!r is a draw+ necess>ily academic because x is done 9 :at is call$ a conv5tional /yle1 any m ?an x is good because x is done 9 an unconv5tional /yle4 ,! te/ is :e!r x has life & conveys g5u9e feel+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is mu* fooli% talk ab\t conv5tional art1 z if art c\ld ev] get away f conv5tions1 if x w\ld4 ,! conv5tion w be m natural or m ab/ract accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+ to be convey$ & ! m$ium employ$ to express x4 ,b naturalism is j z mu* a conv5tion z any ( ! o!r isms t art has lately be5 s assail$ )4 ,= a really unconv5tional art !re is ,madame ,tussaud's ,waxworks4 ,!re1 ev5 ! conv5tion ( a frame & flat surface are done away )1 besides ! pa9t$ symbols to repres5t ?+s4 ,!y h real natural *airs1 tables1 & floors1 real clo!s1 & ev5 real hair4 ,realism ev]y:]e1 b no life4 ,& we all "k ! result4 ,!re is m expression ( life 9 a few l9es scribbl$ on pap] by a good arti/ ?an 9 all ! reality ( ! popul> %[4 ,x w\ld seem t1 aft] a c]ta9 po9t1 ! ne>] y\r picture approa*es ! actual illusion ( natural appe>ance1 ! fur!r y are f ! expression ( life4 ,"o c nev] hope to surpass ! illusion>y appe>ance ( a tableau vivant4 ,!re y h real1 liv+ p4 ,b :at an awful dea?like /illness is felt :5 ! curta9 is drawn aside4 ,! ne>] y approa* ! actual 9 all its complet5ess1 ! m evid5t is ! lack ( t movem5t :i* always accompanies life4 ,y _c express life by copy+ labori\sly natural appe>ances4 ,^? ?+s 9 ! appe>ance t convey vital expression & are capable ( be+ translat$ into ! m$ium he is work+ )1 h to be s\ght by ! arti/1 & ! pa9t$ symbols ( 8 picture made accord+ly4 ,?is lack ( ! movem5t ( life is nev] notic$ 9 a good picture1 on ! o!r h& ! figures are (t5 felt to move4 ,pictures are blam$ = be+ conv5tional :5 x is lack ( vitality t is ! tr\ble4 ,if ! conv5tion adopt$ has n be5 vitalis$ by ! emotion t is ! reason ( ! pa9t+1 x w1 ( c\rse1 be a lifeless affair4 ,b h[ev] ab/ract & unnaturali/ic ! mann] adopt$1 if x has be5 truly felt by ! arti/ z ! "r means ( express+ 8 emotional idea1 x w h life & %\ld n be call$ conv5tional 9 ! commonly accept$ (f5sive use ( ! t]m4 ,x is only :5 a pa9t] consci\sly *ooses a mann] n 8 own1 :i* he does n compreh5d & is incapable ( fir+ ) 8 own p]sonality1 t 8 picture is ridicul\s & conv5tional 9 ! dead s5se4 ,b e age diff]s 9 its temp]am5t1 & ! arti/ic conv5tions ( "o age seldom fit ano!r4 ,! arti/ has to discov] a conv5tion = himself1 "o t fits 8 p>ticul> individuality4 ,b ?is is done simply & naturally--n by />t+ out ) ! int5tion ( fl\t+ all traditional conv5tions on pr9ciple2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 by accept+ !m all on pr9ciple1 b by simply foll[+ 8 own b5t & select+ :at appeals to him 9 any?+ & ev]y?+ t comes )9 ! range ( 8 vision4 ,! result is likely to be some?+ v diff]5t f ! viol5t exploits 9 peculi>ity t h be5 masqu]ad+ z orig9ality lately4 ,orig9ality is m conc]n$ ) s9c]ity ?an ) peculi>ity4 ,! /ruggl+ & frett+ aft] orig9ality t "o sees 9 mod]n art is c]ta9ly an evid5ce ( vitality1 b "o is incl9$ to d\bt :e!r any?+ really orig9al 0 ev] done 9 s =c$ a way4 ,! old] ma/]s1 x seems1 7 cont5t s9c]ely to try & d ! be/ !y 7 capable ( do+4 ,& ?is cont9ual /riv+ to d bett] l$ !m almo/ unconsci\sly to new & orig9al results4 ,orig9ality is a quality ov] :i* an arti/ has z little influ5ce z ov] ! %ape & di/9ction ( 8 features4 ,all he c d is to be s9c]e & try & f9d out ! ?+s t really move him & t he really likes4 ,if he has a /rong & orig9al "*1 he w h no difficulty 9 ?is1 & 8 "w w be orig9al 9 ! true s5se4 ,& if he has n1 x is a matt] ( op9ion :e!r he is n bett] employ$ 9 work+ along ! l9es ( "s well-tri$ mann] t w at any rate keep him f do+ any?+ really bad1 ?an 9 /ruggl+ to cloak 8 own commonplac5ess "u viol5t essays 9 peculi>ity & ! avoidance ( ! obvi\s at all co/s4 ,b :ile speak+ aga9/ frett+ aft] ecc5tricity1 don't let x be assum$ t any disc\ragem5t is be+ giv5 to g5u9e new po9ts ( view4 ,9 art1 :5 a ?+ has once be5 well done & has f\nd embodim5t 9 "s complete "w ( art1 x has be5 done once = all4 ,! circum/ances t produc$ x are nev] likely to occur aga94 ,t is :y ^? pa9t]s :o cont9ue to reproduce a picture ( !irs 7we d n mean lit]ally7 t _h be5 a success 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 nev] aft]w>ds obta9 ! success ( ! orig9al p]=mance4 ,e beautiful "w ( art is a new creation1 ! result ( p>ticul> circum/ances 9 ! life ( ! arti/ & ! "t ( its production1 t h nev] exi/$ be=e & w nev] recur aga94 ,7 any ( ! great ma/]s ( ! pa/ alive n[1 !y w\ld d v diff]5t "w f :at !y did !n1 ! circum/ances be+ s entirely diff]5t4 ,s t %\ld anybody seek to pa9t l ,titian n[1 by try+ to pa9t l ,titian did 9 8 "t1 he c\ld n attempt any?+ m unlike ! _s ( t ma/]2 :i* 9 its day1 l ! _s ( all ma/]s1 0 mo/ advanc$4 ,b x is only by a scrupul\sly s9c]e & tru?ful attitude ( m9d t ! new & orig9al circum/ances 9 :i* we f9d ourselves c be tak5 advantage ( = ! production ( orig9al "w4 ,& self-consci\s seek+ aft] peculi>ity only /ops ! natural evolution & produces abortions4 ,b d n be fright5$ by conv5tions1 ! diff]5t mat]ials 9 :i* ! arti/ works impose _! conv5tions4 ,& z x is ?r\gh ^! mat]ials t he has to f9d expression1 :at expressive qualities !y possess mu/ be /udi$1 & ^? facts 9 nature select$ t are 9 h>mony ) !m4 ,! treatm5t ( hair by sculptors is an extreme in/ance ( ?is4 ,:at are ^? qualities ( hair t are am5able to expression 9 /one8 ,obvi\sly !y are few1 & conf9$ *iefly to ! mass =ms 9 :i* ! hair arranges itself4 ,! f9e/ sculptors h nev] attempt$ m ?an ?is1 h nev] lo/ sight ( ! fact t x 0 /one !y 7 work+ )1 & nev] made any attempt to create an illusion ( real hair4 ,& 9 ! same way1 :5 work+ 9 bronze1 ! f9e arti/ nev] loses sight ( ! fact t x is bronze ) :i* he is work+4 ,h[ sadly ! di/+ui%$ pa9t] to :om a misguid$ adm9i/ration entru/$ ! "w ( modell+ ! ,briti% emblem ov]look$ ?is1 may be se5 any day 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 ! lions !re possess+ none ( ! spl5d\r ( bronze b look+ z if !y 7 modell$ 9 d\gh1 & possess+ 9 consequ5ce none ( ! vital qualities ( ! lion4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e !m ) ! little lion ,alfr$ ,/ev5s modell$ = ! rail+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & to speculate on :at a ?rill we might h receiv$ e "t we pass$ ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 _h he be5 entru/$ ) ! "w1 z he might h be54 ,& 9 pa9t+1 ! great pa9t]s nev] lose sight ( ! fact t x is pa9t ) :i* !y are express+ !mselves4 ,& al?\gh pa9t is capable ( approa*+ mu* ne>] an actual illusory appe>ance ( nature ?an /one or bronze1 !y nev] pu% ?is to ! po9t :]e y =get t x is pa9t4 ,?is has be5 left = "s ( ! small] m54 ,& :5 x comes to draw+1 ! great arti/s h always conf9$ !mselves to ! qualities 9 nature t ! tool !y 7 draw+ ) 0 capable ( express+1 & no o!rs4 ,:e!r work+ ) p51 p5cil1 *alk1 or *>coal1 !y always creat$ a conv5tion )9 :i* unlimit$ expression has be5 possible4 ,to sum up1 academic draw+ is all t c be really taught1 & is z necess>y to ! pa9t] z ! practis+ ( ex]cises is to ! musician1 t 8 p[]s ( obs]vation & execution may be tra9$4 ,b ! vital matt] ( art is n 9 all ?is necess>y tra9+4 ,& ?is fact ! /ud5t %\ld always keep 9 m9d1 & be ev] ready to give re9 to ^? natural en?usiasms :i*1 if he is an arti/1 he w f9d well+ up )9 him4 ,! dang] is t ! absorb+ int]e/ 9 8 academic /udies may take up 8 :ole att5tion1 to ! neglect ( ! in/9ctive qualities t he %\ld possess ! possession ( :i* alone w entitle him to be an arti/4 ,,vii ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,draw+ ,we h se5 t !re are two extreme po9ts ( view f :i* ! repres5tation ( =m c be approa*$1 t ( outl9e directly relat$ to ! m5tal idea ( =m ) its t\* association on ! "o h&1 & t ( mass connect$ directly ) ! visual picture on ! ret9a on ! o!r4 ,n[1 betwe5 ^! two extreme po9ts ( view !re are an inf9ite v>iety ( /yles comb9+ !m bo? & lean+ m to ! "o side or ! o!r1 z ! case may be4 ,b x is advisable = ! /ud5t to /udy bo? sep>ately1 = !re are diff]5t ?+s to be le>nt & diff]5t expressive qualities 9 nature to be /udi$ 9 bo?4 ,f ! /udy ( outl9e draw+ ! eye is tra9$ to accurate obs]vation & le>ns ! expressive value ( a l9e4 ,& ! h& is also tra9$ to def9ite /atem5t1 ! /ud5t be+ l$ on by degrees f simple outl9es to approa* ! full realisation ( =m 9 all ! complexity ( light & %ade4 ,b at ! same "t he %\ld /udy mass draw+ ) pa9t f ! purely visual po9t ( view1 9 ord] to be introduc$ to ! important /udy ( tone values & ! expression ( =m by means ( planes4 ,& s by degrees he w le>n accurately to obs]ve & portray ! tone masses 7_! %apes & values7 to :i* all visual appe>ances c be r$uc$2 & he w gradually arrive at ! full realisation ( =m--a realisation t w br+ him to a po9t some:at simil> to t arriv$ at f ! opposite po9t ( view ( an outl9e to :i* has be5 add$ light & %ade1 c4 ,b unless bo? po9ts ( view are /udi$1 ! /ud5t's "w w be incomplete4 ,if =m be /udi$ only f ! outl9e po9t ( view1 & :at h be5 call$ sculptor's draw+s alone attempt$1 ! /ud5t w lack k ( ! tone & atmosph]e t always envelop =m 9 nature4 ,& also he w be poorly equipp$ :5 he comes to ex*ange ! p5cil = a bru% & endeav\rs to express himself 9 pa9t4 ,& if 8 /udies be only f ! mass po9t ( view1 ! tra9+ ( 8 eye to ! accurate obs]vation ( all ! subtleties ( cont\rs & ! con/ruction ( =m w be neglect$4 ,& he w n und]/& ! m5tal =m /imulus t ! direction & sw+ ( a bru% /roke c give4 ,^! & _m ?+s connect$ ) expression c be/ be /udi$ 9 l9e "w4 ,let ! /ud5t !re=e beg9 on ! pr9ciples adopt$ 9 mo/ s*ools1 ) outl9e /udies ( simple ca/s or models1 & gradually add light & %ade4 ,:5 he has acquir$ m pr(ici5cy he may approa* draw+ f ! life4 ,?is is suffici5tly well done 9 ! num]\s s*ools ( art t n[ exi/ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,b1 at ! same "t 7& ?is1 z f> z ,i "k1 is n done any:]e71 ! /ud5t %\ld beg9 "s simple =m ( mass draw+ 9 pa9t1 simple ex]cises1 z is expla9$ lat] 9 ! *apt] on ,mass ,draw+1 ,practical1 be+ at fir/ attempt$ & criticis$ solely f ! po9t ( view ( tone values4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,ii4 ,,%[+ ,,:]e ,,squ>5esses ,,may ,,be ,,look$ ,,= ,,9 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,on ,,! ,,opposite ,,page ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,,/udy ,,by ,,rub5s ,,f ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,*>les ,,ricketts ,,& ,,*>les ,,%annon ,a spl5did example ( ,rub5s' love ( ri*1 full =ms4 ,comp>e ) ! diagram opposite1 & note ! flatnesses t give /r5g? to ! =ms4 ,f lack ( ?is elem5t>y tone /udy1 ! /ud5t1 :5 he approa*es pa9t+ = ! fir/ "t1 ) only 8 outl9e & light & %ade k1 is entirely at sea4 ,) bru%es & pa9t he is pres5t$ ) a problem ( =m expressions entirely new4 ,& he usually beg9s to fl\nd] ab\t1 us+ 8 pa9t z mu* l *alk on pap] z possible4 ,& timid ( los+ 8 outl9es1 he fe>s to put d[n a mass1 z he has no k ( r$uc+ appe>ances to a /ructure ( tone masses or planes4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 !re=e1 t ! /ud5t %\ld /udy simultane\sly f ^! two po9ts ( view1 beg9n+ ) _! mo/ extreme positions1 t is1 b>e outl9e on ! "o side & on ! o!r side tone masses criticis$ = _! accuracy ( values only 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,z he advances1 ! "o /udy w help ! o!r4 ,! l9e "w w help ! accuracy ) :i* he obs]ves ! %apes ( masses1 & :5 he comes to light & %ade 8 k ( tone values w help him "h4 ,unit$ at la/1 :5 complete light & %ade has be5 add$ to 8 outl9e draw+s & to 8 mass draw+ an intimate k ( =m1 ! results w approximate & ! two pa?s w meet4 ,b if ! qualities app]ta9+ to ei!r po9t ( view are n /udi$ sep>ately1 ! result is confusion & ! muddl+ ?r\gh me?od s common 9 our s*ools ( art4 ,,viii ,,l9e ,,draw+3 ,,practical ,see+ t ! fir/ condition ( y\r draw+ is t x has to be made on a flat surface1 no matt] :e!r x is to be 9 l9e or mass y int5d to draw1 x is obvi\s t appe>ances mu/ be r$uc$ to t]ms ( a flat surface be=e !y c be express$ on pap]4 ,& ?is is ! fir/ difficulty t confronts ! /ud5t 9 attempt+ to draw a solid object4 ,he has s acquir$ ! habit ( p]ceiv+ ! solidity ( ?+s1 z 0 expla9$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 t no little difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 accurately see+ !m z a flat picture4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]v+ ,solids z a ,flat copy4 ,z x is only f "o po9t ( view t ?+s c be drawn1 & z we h two eyes1 !re=e two po9ts ( view1 ! clos+ ( "o eye w be helpful at fir/4 ,! simple/ & mo/ me*anical way ( obs]v+ ?+s z a flat subject is to h a piece ( c>dbo>d ) a rectangul> hole cut out ( ! middle1 & also pieces ( cotton ?read$ ?r\gh x 9 su* a mann] t !y make a patt]n ( squ>es across ! op5+1 z 9 ! accompany+ sket*4 ,to make su* a frame1 get a piece ( /iff c>dbo>d1 ab\t #ab in*es by #i in*es1 & cut a rectangul> hole 9 ! c5tre1 #g in*es by #e in*es1 z 9 ,diagram ,,iii4 ,n[ m>k (f ! in*es on all sides ( ! op5+1 & tak+ "s black ?read1 pass x ?r\gh ! po9t ,a ) a ne$le 7fix+ ! end at ?is po9t ) seal+-wax71 & across ! op5+ to ! correspond+ po9t on ! opposite side4 ,take x along to ! next po9t1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 & pass x ?r\gh & across ! op5+ aga91 & s on1 until ,b is rea*$1 :5 ! ?read %\ld be held by "s seal+-wax q taut ev]y:]e4 ,d ! same = ! o!r side4 ,?is frame %\ld be held betwe5 ! eye & ! object to be drawn 7"o eye be+ clos$7 9 a p]fectly v]tical position1 & ) ! rectangul> sides ( ! op5+ v]tical & horizontal4 ,! object c !n be obs]v$ z a flat copy4 ,! trellis ( cotton w greatly help ! /ud5t 9 see+ ! subject to be drawn 9 two dim5sions1 & ?is is ! fir/ te*nical difficulty ! "y draughtsman has to ov]come4 ,x is useful also 9 tra9+ ! eye to see ! proportions ( diff]5t p>ts "o to ano!r1 ! squ>es ( equal size giv+ "o a unit ( measurem5t by :i* all p>ts c be scal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iii4 ,a ,,device ,,= ,,enabl+ ,,/ud5ts ,,to ,,obs]ve ,,appe>ances ,,z ,a ,,flat ,,subject ,sid5ote3 ,fix+ ,positions ( ,sali5t ,po9ts ,v]tical & horizontal l9es are also ( ! utmo/ importance 9 t fir/ consid]ation = sett+ out a draw+1 namely ! fix+ ( sali5t po9ts1 & gett+ _! relative ,positions4 ,fig4 ,z1 on page #hg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,iv1 w illu/rate :at is meant4 ,let ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e be assum$ to be po9ts ( "s importance 9 an object y wi% to draw4 ,unaid$1 ! plac+ ( ^! po9ts w\ld be a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,b if y assume a v]tical l9e drawn f ,a1 ! positions ( ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e c be obs]v$ 9 relation to x by not+ ! height & l5g? ( horizontal l9es drawn f !m to ?is v]tical l9e4 ,?is v]tical c be drawn by hold+ a plumb l9e at arm's l5g? 7clos+ "o eye1 ( c\rse7 & br++ x to a position :]e x w cov] ! po9t ,a on y\r subject4 ,! position ( ! o!r po9ts on ei!r side ( ?is v]tical l9e c !n be obs]v$4 ,or a knitt+-ne$le c be held v]tically be=e y at arm's l5g?1 giv+ y a l9e pass+ ?r\gh po9t ,a4 ,! advantage ( ! ne$le is t comp>ative measurem5ts c be tak5 ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,iv4 ,,%[+ ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,us$ ,,9 ,,obs]v+ ,,fig4 ,x1 ,,masses2 ,,fig4 ,y1 ,,curves2 ,,fig4 ,z1 ,,position ,,( ,,po9ts ,9 measur+ comp>ative di/ances ! ne$le %\ld always be held at arm's l5g? & ! eye kept 9 "o position dur+ ! op]ation2 &1 :e!r held v]tically or horizontally1 always kept 9 a v]tical plane1 t is1 ei!r /raight up & d[n1 or across at "r angles to ! l9e ( y\r vision4 ,if ^! ?+s are n c>efully obs]v$1 y\r comp>isons w n be true4 ,! me?od employ$ is to run ! ?umb-nail up ! ne$le until ! di/ance f ! po9t s rea*$ to ! top exactly corresponds ) ! di/ance on ! object y wi% to measure4 ,hav+ ?is c>efully not$ on y\r ne$le1 )\t mov+ ! position ( y\r eye1 y c move y\r out/ret*$ arm & comp>e x ) o!r di/ances on ! object4 ,x is nev] advisable to comp>e o!r ?an v]tical & horizontal measurem5ts4 ,9 our diagram ! po9ts 7 drawn at r&om & d n come 9 any obvi\s ma!matical relation%ip1 & ?is is ! usual circum/ance 9 nature4 ,b po9t ,c w be f\nd to be a little above ! half1 & po9t ,d a little less ?an a ?ird ( ! way up ! v]tical l9e4 ,h[ mu* above ! half & less ?an ! ?ird w h to be obs]v$ by eye & a correspond+ am\nt all[$ 9 sett+ out y\r draw+4 ,9 ! horizontal di/ances1 ,b w be f\nd to be "o-f\r? ! di/ance f ,x to ! height ( ,c on ! "r ( our v]tical l9e1 & ,c a little m ?an ?is di/ance to ! left1 :ile ! di/ance on ! "r ( ,d is a little less ?an "o-fif? ( ! :ole height4 ,! height ( ,b is s ne> ! top z to be be/ judg$ by eye1 & its di/ance to ! "r is ! same z ,b4 ,^! measurem5ts are nev] to be tak5 z absolutely accurate1 b are a great help to beg9n]s 9 tra9+ ! eye1 & are at times useful 9 e arti/'s "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,,demon/ration ,,draw+ ,,made ,,be=e ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,! ,,goldsmi?s ,,college ,,s*ool ,,( ,,art ,illu/rat+ h[ diff]5t directions ( l9es c help expression ( =m4 ,x is useful if "o c e/abli% a unit ( measurem5t1 "s conspicu\s di/ance t does n v>y 9 ! object 7if a liv+ model a great _m di/ances w be con/antly v>y+71 & ) :i* all di/ances c be comp>$4 ,9 sett+ out a draw+1 ?is fix+ ( c]ta9 sali5t po9ts is ! fir/ ?+ = ! /ud5t to d4 ,! draw+ reproduc$ on page #ij ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xviii has be5 made to illu/rate ! me?od ( proc$ure x is advisable to adopt 9 tra9+ ! eye to accurate obs]vation4 ,x 0 felt t a v]tical l9e drawn ?r\gh ! pit ( ! arm w\ld be ! mo/ useful = tak+ measurem5ts on1 & ?is 0 fir/ drawn & its l5g? decid$ ^u4 ,tra9 y\rself to draw betwe5 limits decid$ ^u at ! />t4 ,?is p[] w be ( great use to y :5 y wi% to place a figure 9 an exact position 9 a picture4 ,! next ?+ to d is to get ! relative heights ( diff]5t po9ts m>k$ ^u ?is l9e4 ,! fold at ! pit ( ! /oma* 0 f\nd to be exactly 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is 0 a useful />t1 & x is g5]ally advisable to note :]e ! half comes fir/1 & v useful if x comes 9 "s obvi\s place4 ,o!r measurem5ts 7 tak5 9 ! same way z our po9ts ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e 9 ! diagram on page #hg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,iv1 & horizontal l9es drawn across1 & ! transv]se di/ances measur$ 9 relation to ! heights4 ,i h left ^! l9es on ! draw+1 & also diff]5t p>ts ( x unf9i%$1 s z to %[ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! "w4 ,^! guide l9es are done m5tally lat] on1 :5 ! /ud5t is m advanc$1 & ) m accuracy ?an ! clumsy knitt+-ne$le4 ,b be=e ! habit ( hav+ con/antly 9 m9d a v]tical & horizontal l9e ) :i* to comp>e positions is acquir$1 !y %\ld be put 9 ) z mu* accuracy z measur+ c give4 ,sid5ote3 ,block+ 9 y\r ,draw+4 ,! next ?+ to d is to block out ! spaces correspond+ to ^? occupi$ by ! model 9 ! field ( y\r vision4 ,! me?od employ$ to d ?is is some:at simil> to t adopt$ by a surveyor 9 draw+ ! plan ( a field4 ,assum+ he _h an irregul> %ap$ "o1 su* z is drawn 9 ,fig4 ,x1 page #hg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,iv1 he w\ld proce$ to inve/ x ) /raight l9es1 tak+ advantage ( any /raightness 9 ! b\nd>y1 not+ ! l5g? & ! angles at :i* ^! /raight l9es cut ea* o!r1 & !n reproduc+ !m to scale on 8 plan4 ,once hav+ got ?is scaffold+ accurately plac$1 he c draw ! irregul>ities ( ! %ape 9 relation to ^! l9es ) "s c]ta9ty ( gett+ !m "r4 ,y %\ld proce$ 9 v mu* ! same way to block out ! spaces t ! =ms ( y\r draw+ are to occupy4 ,i h produc$ ^! block+-out l9es beyond :at 0 necess>y 9 ! accompany+ draw+ 7page #hg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,iv71 9 ord] to %[ !m m cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to obs]ve ! ,%ape ( ,curves4 ,!re is yet ano!r me?od ( con/ruction useful 9 not+ accurately ! %ape ( a curv$ l9e1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 ,y1 page #hg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,iv4 ,fir/ ( all1 fix ! positions ( ! extremities ( ! l9e by means ( ! v]tical & horizontal4 ,& also1 z ?is is a d\ble curve1 ! po9t at :i* ! curvature *anges f "o direction to ! o!r3 po9t ,c4 ,by draw+ l9es ,,ca1 ,,cb & not+ ! di/ances y\r curves travel f ^! /raight l9es1 & p>ticul>ly ! relative position ( ! f>!/ po9ts rea*$1 _! curvature c be accurately obs]v$ & copi$4 ,9 not+ ! v>y+ curvature ( =ms1 ?is con/ruction %\ld always be 9 y\r m9d to enable y to obs]ve !m accurately4 ,fir/ note ! po9ts at :i* ! curvature beg9s & ends1 & !n ! di/ances x travels f a l9e jo9+ ^! two po9ts1 hold+ up a p5cil or knitt+-ne$le aga9/ ! model if ne$ be4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,,/udy ,,illu/rat+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,note ! diff]5t /ages4 #a/4 ,c5tre l9e & transv]se l9es = settl+ position ( sali5t po9ts4 #bnd4 ,block+ 91 z %[n 9 fur!r leg4 #crd4 ,draw+ 9 ! =ms & %ad+1 z %[n 9 front leg4 #d?4 ,rubb+ ) f+]s 7giv+ a fa9t middle tone ov] ! :ole71 & pick+ out high lights ) bread1 z %[n on back & arms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,draw+ prop]4 ,a draw+ be+ block$ out 9 su* a /ate z ! fur!r leg & foot ( our demon/ration draw+ 7page #ij ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xviii71 x is "t to beg9 ! draw+ prop]4 ,s f> y h only be5 pegg+ out ! gr\nd x is go+ to occupy4 ,?is initial scaffold+1 s necess>y to tra9 ! eye1 %\ld be done z accurately z possible1 b don't let x int]f]e ) y\r fre$om 9 express+ ! =ms aft]w>ds4 ,! "w up to ?is po9t has be5 me*anical1 b x is "t to consid] ! subject ) "s feel+ = =m4 ,"h k ( ! /ructure ( bones & muscles t und]lie ! sk9 w help y to seize on ^? ?+s t are significant & express ! =m ( ! figure4 ,& ! /ud5t _c d bett] ?an /udy ! excell5t book by ,sir ,alfr$ ,d4 ,fripp on ?is subject1 entitl$ ,human ,anatomy = ,art ,/ud5ts4 ,notice p>ticul>ly ! sw+ ( ! action1 su* ?+s z ! pull occasion$ by ! arm re/+ on ! f>!r ?igh1 & ! prom95ce giv5 to ! =ms by ! /ra9+ ( ! sk9 at ! %\ld]4 ,also ! firm l9es ( ! b5t back & ! crumpl$ =ms ( ! front ( ! body4 ,notice ! ov]lapp+ ( ! cont\rs1 & :]e !y are acc5tuat$ & :]e m lo/1 c41 draw+ ) z mu* feel+ & conviction z y are capable (4 ,y w h = "s "t to "w t5tatively1 feel+ = ! true %apes t y d n yet rightly see1 b z soon z y feel any confid5ce1 rememb] x %\ld be y\r aim to express y\rself freely & swiftly4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 "s qu>t]s to disc\rage ?is block+ 9 ( ! =ms 9 /raight l9es1 & c]ta9ly x has be5 h>mful to ! fre$om ( expression 9 ! "w ( "s /ud5ts4 ,!y n only beg9 ! draw+ ) ?is me*anical block+ 91 b cont9ue x 9 ! same me*anical fa%ion1 cutt+ up almo/ all _! curves into flatnesses1 & nev] once break+ free f ?is scaffold+ to indulge 9 ! enjoym5t ( free l9e expression4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is bad1 & yet ! "* ( a curv$ l9e is h>dly to be accurately /udi$ 9 any o!r way ?an by obs]v+ its relation to /raight l9es4 ,! incl9ation & l5g? ( /raight l9es c be obs]v$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,b a curve has n ?is def9it5ess1 & is a v un/able ?+ to set ab\t copy+ unaid$4 ,:o b ! highly skill$ draughtsman c\ld attempt to copy our r&om %ape at ,fig4 ,x1 page #hg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,iv1 )\t any guid+ /raight l9es8 ,& ev5 ! highly skill$ draughtsman w\ld draw su* /raight l9es m5tally4 ,s t "s block+ out ( ! curv$ =ms1 ei!r done practically or 9 imag9ation1 mu/ be adopt$ to rightly obs]ve any %apes4 ,b d n =get t ?is is only a scaffold+1 & %\ld always be reg>d$ z su* & kick$ away z soon z real =m expression ) any feel+ beg9s4 ,b x w be "s ye>s be=e ! beg9n] has got 8 eye tra9$ to su* accuracy ( obs]vation t he c disp5se ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ,block+-9 obs]ve ,%ape ( ! ,backgr\nd z mu* z ! ,object4 ,9 ! case ( =e%ort5+s1 ! eye1 unaid$ by ?is block+ out1 is always apt to be l$ a/ray4 ,& "h ! obs]vation ( ! %ape ( ! backgr\nd aga9/ ! object w be ( great assi/ance4 ,! appe>ance ( ! =e%ort5$ object is s unlike :at y "k x to be z a solid ?+1 t mu* z x is z well to conc5trate ! att5tion on ! backgr\nd r ?an on ! =m 9 ?is block+-out process4 ,& 9 fact1 9 block+ out any object1 :e!r =e%ort5$ or n1 ! %ape ( ! backgr\nd %\ld be obs]v$ z c>efully z any o!r %ape4 ,b 9 mak+ ! draw+ prop]1 ! =ms mu/ be obs]v$ 9 _! inn] relations4 ,t is to say1 ! l9es b\nd+ "o side ( a =m mu/ be obs]v$ 9 relation to ! l9es b\nd+ ! o!r side2 z ! true expression ( =m1 :i* is ! object ( draw+1 dep5ds on ! true relation%ip ( ^! b\nd>ies4 ,! draw+ ( ! two sides %\ld be c>ri$ on simultane\sly1 s t "o may con/antly comp>e !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,b\nd>ies a s]ies ( ,ov]lapp+s4 ,! b\nd>ies ( =ms ) any complexity1 su* z ! human figure1 are n cont9u\s l9es4 ,"o =m ov]laps ano!r1 l ! l9es ( a range ( hills4 ,& ?is ov]lapp+ %\ld be s\ght = & c>efully express$1 ! outl9es be+ made up ( a s]ies ( ov]lapp+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ad+4 ,9 ,l9e ,draw+ %ad+ %\ld only be us$ to aid ! expression ( =m4 ,x is n advisable to aim at repres5t+ ! true tone values4 ,9 direct light x w be obs]v$ t a solid object has "s portion ( its surface 9 light1 :ile o!r portions1 ^? turn$ away f ! light1 are 9 %ad[4 ,%ad[s are also ca/ on ! gr\nd & surr\nd+ objects1 call$ ca/ %ad[s4 ,! p>ts ( an object reflect+ ! mo/ direct light are call$ ! high lights4 ,if ! object h a %9y surface ^! lights are cle> & di/9ct2 if a dull surface1 s(t & diffus$4 ,9 ! case ( a v %9y surface1 su* z a glaz$ pot1 ! light may be reflect$ s completely t a picture ( ! s\rce ( light1 usually a w9d[1 w be se54 ,9 ! diagram on page #ie ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,v1 let ,a repres5t ! plan ( a cone1 ,b ,c ! op5+ ( a w9d[1 & ,d ! eye ( ! spectator1 & ,e ,f ,g ! wall ( a room4 ,light travels 9 /raight l9es f ! w9d[1 /rikes ! surface ( ! cone1 & is reflect$ to ! eye1 mak+ ! angle ( incid5ce equal to ! angle ( reflection1 ! angle ( incid5ce be+ t made by ! light /rik+ an object1 & ! angle ( reflection t made by ! light 9 leav+ ! surface4 ,x w be se5 t ! l9es ,b#a;,d1 ,c#b;,d are ! limits ( ! direct rays ( light t come to ! eye f ! cone1 & t !re=e betwe5 po9ts #a & #b w be se5 ! highe/ light4 ,if ! cone h a p]fect reflect+ surface1 su* z a look+-glass has1 ?is w\ld be all ! direct light t w\ld be reflect$ f ! cone to ! eye4 ,b assum+ x to h :at is call$ a dull surface1 light w\ld be reflect$ f o!r p>ts also1 al?\gh n 9 s great a quantity4 ,if :at is call$ a dull surface is look$ at "u a microscope x w be f\nd to be q r\gh1 i4e4 made up ( _m facets :i* cat* light at diff]5t angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,v4 ,,plan ,,( ,,cone ,a1 ,,lit ,,by ,,w9d[ ,,bc2 ,,position ,,( ,,eye ,d4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,l9es ,b#d1 ,c#c repres5t ! extreme limits ( light t c be receiv$ by ! cone1 & !re=e at po9ts #c & #d ! %ad[ w comm5ce4 ,! fact t light is reflect$ to ! eye "r up to ! po9t #c does n upset ! !ory t x c only be reflect$ f po9ts :]e ! angle ( incid5ce c equal ! angle ( reflection1 z x w\ld seem to d1 because ! surface be+ r\gh pres5ts facets at diff]5t angles1 f "s ( :i* x c be reflect$ to ! eye "r up to po9t #c4 ,! numb] ( ^! facets t c s reflect is naturally greate/ ne> ! high lights1 & gets gradually less z ! surface turns m away2 until ! po9t is rea*$ :]e ! %ad[s beg91 at :i* po9t ! surface positively turns away f ! light & ! reflection ( direct light ceases altoge!r4 ,aft] po9t #c !re w\ld be no light com+ to ! eye f ! object1 7 x n t x receives reflect$ light4 ,n[1 ! greate/ am\nt ( reflect$ light w come f ! direction opposite to t ( ! direct light1 z all objects 9 ?is direction are /rongly lit4 ,! surface ( ! wall betwe5 po9ts ,e & ,h1 be+ directly opposite ! light1 w give mo/ reflection4 ,& betwe5 po9ts #e & #f ?is light w be reflect$ by ! cone to ! eye 9 its greate/ int5sity1 s9ce at ^! po9ts ! angles ( incid5ce equal ! angles ( reflection4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! %ad[ w receive a c]ta9 am\nt ( reflect$ light1 less5+ 9 am\nt on ei!r side ( ^! po9ts4 ,we h n[ rays ( light com+ to ! eye f ! cone betwe5 ! extreme po9ts #g & #h4 ,f #g to #c we h ! light1 includ+ ! half tones4 ,betwe5 #a & #b ! high light4 ,betwe5 #c & #h ! %ad[s1 ) ! greate/ am\nt ( reflect$ light betwe5 #e & #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,curv$ ,,l9ks ,,sugge/+ ,,fullness ,,& ,,=e%ort5+ ,i %\ld n h tr\bl$ ! read] ) ?is t$i\s diagram 7 x n t c]ta9 facts ab\t light & %ade c be le>n$ f x4 ,! fir/ is t ! high lights come mu* m )9 ! edge ( ! object ?an y w\ld h expect$4 ,) ! light directly opposite po9t #g1 "o might h ?\ght ! highe/ light w\ld h come !re1 & t is :]e _m /ud5ts put x1 until ! loss ( r\ndness 9 ! appe>ance ( _! "w makes !m look m c>efully = its position4 ,s rememb] always to look out = high lights )9 ! cont\rs ( =ms1 n on ! edges4 ,! next ?+ to notice is t ! d>ke/ "p ( ! %ad[ w come ne>e/ ! lights betwe5 po9ts #c & #e4 ,?is is ! "p turn$ mo/ away f ! direction ( ! greate/ am\nt ( reflect$ light1 & !re=e receiv+ lea/4 ,! lighte/ "p ( ! %ad[ w be 9 ! middle1 r t[>ds ! side away f ! light1 g5]ally speak+4 ,! %ad[ ca/ on ! gr\nd w be d>k1 l ! d>ke/ "p ( ! %ad[ on ! cone1 z its surface is also turn$ away f ! *ief s\rce ( reflect$ light4 ,al?\gh ! arti/ w v seldom be call$ ^u to draw a cone1 ! same pr9ciples ( light & %ade t are s cle>ly se5 9 su* a simple figure obta9 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature4 ,?is is :y ! mu* abus$ draw+ & %ad+ f :it5$ blocks & pots is s useful4 ,no?+ s cle>ly impresses ! g5]al laws ( light & %ade z ?is s-call$ dull /udy4 ,?is light5+ ( %ad[s 9 ! middle by reflect$ light & d>k5+ t[>ds _! edges is a v important ?+ to rememb]1 ! heavy1 smoky look /ud5ts' e>ly "w is s prone to1 be+ almo/ entirely due to _! neglect ?r\gh ignorance ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,no?+ is m awful ?an %ad[s d>k] 9 ! middle & gradually light] t[>ds _! edges4 ,( c\rse1 :]e !re is a deep holl[ 9 ! %ad[ p>ts1 z at ! armpit & ! fold at ! navel 9 ! draw+ on page #ij ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xviii1 y w get a d>k] tone4 ,b ?is does n contradict ! pr9ciple t g5]ally %ad[s are light] 9 ! middle & d>k] t[>ds ! edges4 ,note ! lum9\s quality ! obs]vation ( ?is pr9ciple gives ! %ad[ on ! body ( our demon/ration draw+4 ,?is is a crude /atem5t ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( light & %ade on a simple r\nd object4 ,9 "o ) complex surfaces ! v>ieties ( light & %ade are inf9ite4 ,b ! same pr9ciples hold good4 ,! surfaces turn$ m to ! s\rce ( light receive ! greate/ am\nt1 & are ! lighte/4 ,& f ^! p>ts ! am\nt ( light less5s ?r\gh :at are call$ ! half tones z ! surface turns m away1 until a po9t is rea*$ :]e no m direct light is receiv$1 & ! %ad[s beg94 ,& 9 ! %ad[s ! same law applies3 ^? surfaces turn$ mo/ t[>ds ! s\rce ( reflect$ light w receive ! mo/1 & ! am\nt receiv$ w gradually less5 z ! surface turns away1 until at ! po9t imm$iately be=e :]e ! half tones beg9 ! am\nt ( reflect$ light w be v little1 & 9 consequ5ce ! d>ke/ "p ( ! %ad[s may be look$ =4 ,!re may1 ( c\rse1 be o!r s\rces ( direct light on ! %ad[ side t w entirely alt] & complicate ! effect4 ,or "o may draw 9 a wide1 diffus$ light1 su* z is f\nd 9 ! op5 air on a grey day2 9 :i* case !re w be little or no %ad[1 ! modell+ dep5d+ entirely on degrees ( light & half tone4 ,9 /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( simple light & %ade x is advisable to draw f objects ( "o local col\r1 su* z :ite ca/s4 ,9 p>ti-col\r$ objects ! problem is complicat$ by ! diff]5t tones ( ! local col\r4 ,9 l9e draw+ x is z well to take z little notice z possible ( ^! v>iations :i* di/urb ! contemplation ( pure =m & d n belong to ! p>ticul> prov9ce ( =m expression ) :i* draw+ is conc]n$4 ,al?\gh "o has select$ a /rong half light & half %ade effect to illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciples ( light & %ade1 x is n advisable 9 mak+ l9e draw+s to select su* a position4 ,a po9t ( view ) a fairly wide light at y\r back is ! be/4 ,9 ?is position little %ad[ w be se51 mo/ ( ! =ms be+ express$ by ! play ( light & half tone4 ,! cont\rs1 z !y are turn$ away f ! light1 w naturally be d>k]1 & aga9/ a light backgr\nd y\r subject has an appe>ance ) d>k edges t is easily express$ by a l9e draw+4 ,/rong light & %ade effects %\ld be left = mass draw+4 ,y seldom see any %ad[s 9 ,holbe9's draw+s2 he seems to h put 8 sitt]s ne> a wide w9d[1 close aga9/ :i* he work$4 ,select also a backgr\nd z ne> ! tone ( ! highe/ light on ! object to be drawn z possible4 ,?is w %[ up cle>ly ! cont\r4 ,9 ! case ( a portrait draw+1 a newspap] hung beh9d ! head answ]s v well & is always easily obta9$4 ,! tone ( x c be v>i$ by ! di/ance at :i* x is plac$ f ! head1 & by ! angle at :i* x is turn$ away f or t[>ds ! light4 ,don't burd5 a l9e draw+ ) heavy half tones & %ad[s2 keep !m light4 ,! beauty t is ! p>ticul> prov9ce ( l9e draw+ is ! beauty ( cont\rs1 & ?is is m>r$ by heavy light & %ade4 ,great draughtsm5 use only j en\gh to express ! =m1 b nev] to attempt ! expression ( tone4 ,?9k ( ! half tones z "p ( ! lights & n z "p ( ! %ad[s4 ,!re are _m diff]5t me?ods ( draw+ 9 l9e1 & a /ud5t ( any orig9ality w f9d "o t suits 8 temp]am5t4 ,b ,i w try & illu/rate "o t is at any rate logical1 & t may s]ve z a fair type ( l9e draw+ g5]ally4 ,! appe>ance ( an object is fir/ consid]$ z a s]ies ( cont\rs1 "s =m+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! =m aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 & o!rs ! b\nd>ies ( ! subord9ate =ms )9 ^! b\nd+ l9es4 ,! light & %ade & diff]5ces ( local col\r 7l ! lips1 eyebr[s1 & eyes 9 a head7 are consid]$ toge!r z tones ( v>y+ degrees ( lightness & d>kness1 & sugge/$ by means ( l9es drawn p>allel across ! draw+ f left to "r1 & f bel[ upw>ds1 or vice v]sa1 d>k] & clos] toge!r :5 dep? is want$1 & fa9t] & fur!r ap>t :]e delicacy is dem&$1 & v>y+ 9 ?ickness :5 gradation is ne$$4 ,?is rule ( p>allel %ad+ is brok5 only :5 /rongly m>k$ =ms1 su* z ! sw+ l9es ( hair1 a prom95t bone or /ra9+ muscles1 c41 dem& x4 ,?is p>allel %ad+ gives a great beauty ( surface & fle%9ess to a draw+4 ,! l9es foll[+1 z x 71 ! direction ( ! light across ! object r ?an ! =m1 give a unity t has a great *>m4 ,x is m suit$ to draw+s :]e extreme delicacy ( =m is desir$1 & is usually us$ 9 silv] po9t "w1 a m$ium capable ( ! utmo/ ref9em5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,love ,,9 ,,! ,,picture ,,love ,,leav+ ,,psy*e ,,illu/rat+ ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,! l9es ( %ad+ foll[+ a conv5i5t p>allel direction unless prom95t =ms dem& o!rwise4 ,9 ?is me?od ! l9es ( %ad+ n be+ mu* v>i$ 9 direction or curv$ at all1 a m9imum am\nt ( t =m /imulus is convey$4 ,! curv+ ( ! l9es 9 %ad+ adds consid]ably to ! =ce ( ! relief1 & sugge/s mu* /rong] modell+4 ,9 ! case ( =e%ort5$ effects1 :]e ! =ms are se5 at _! fulle/1 ar*+ "o ov] ! o!r1 "s curvature 9 ! l9es ( %ad+ is ( consid]able advantage 9 add+ to ! =e%ort5$ look4 ,l9es drawn d[n ! =ms give an appe>ance ( great /r5g? & t\ghness1 a t5se look4 ,& ?is quality is v useful 9 sugge/+ su* ?+s z jo9ts & s9ews1 rocks1 h>d gr\nd1 or gn>l$ tree-trunks1 c4 ,9 figure draw+ x is an int]e/+ quality to use sp>+ly1 ) ! %ad+ done on ! across-!-=m pr9ciple2 & to sugge/ a diff]5ce ( texture or a /ra9+ ( ! =m4 ,l9es ( %ad+ drawn 9 e direction1 cross+ ea* o!r & resolv+ !mselves into tone effects1 sugge/ atmosph]e & ! abs5ce ( surface =m4 ,?is is m (t5 us$ 9 ! backgr\nds ( p5 & ink "w & is seldom necess>y 9 p5cil or *alk draw+1 z !y are m conc]n$ ) =m ?an atmosph]e4 ,p5 & ink is m (t5 us$ = elaborate pictorial effects 9 illu/ration "w1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* x c be reproduc$ & pr9t$2 & x is "h t "o m (t5 f9ds ?is muddl$ quality ( l9e spots be+ us$ to fill up int]/ices & make ! tone ev54 ,speak+ g5]ally1 l9es ( %ad+ drawn across ! =ms sugge/ s(tness1 l9es drawn 9 curves fulness ( =m1 l9es drawn d[n ! =ms h>dness1 & l9es cross+ 9 all directions s t only a my/]y ( tone results1 atmosph]e4 ,& if ^! f\r qualities ( l9e be us$ judici\sly1 a great deal ( expressive p[] is add$ to y\r %ad+4 ,&1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]1 some:at ! same pr9ciple applies to ! direction ( ! sw+ ( ! bru% 9 pa9t+4 ,%ad+ l9es %\ld nev] be drawn backw>ds & =w>ds f left to "r 7scribbl$71 except possibly :]e a my/]y ( %ad[ is want$ & ! l9es are be+ cross$ 9 e direction2 b nev] :5 l9es are be+ us$ to express =m4 ,!y are n suffici5tly "u control1 & also ! little extra ?ickness t occurs at ! turn is a nuisance4 ,! cross+ ( l9es 9 %ad+ gives a m opaque look4 ,?is is useful to sugge/ ! opaque appe>ance ( ! d>k] passage t occurs 9 t "p ( a %ad[ ne>e/ ! lights2 & x is sometimes us$ 9 ! half tones also4 ,draughtsm5 v>y v mu* 9 _! treatm5t ( hair1 & diff]5t qualities ( hair require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! p>ticul> beauty ( x t belongs to po9t draw+ is ! sw+ & fl[ ( its l9es4 ,^! are especially app>5t 9 ! lights4 ,9 ! %ad[s ! fl[ ( l9e (t5 /ops1 to be replac$ by a my/]y ( %ad[4 ,s t a play ( sw++ l9es alt]nat+ ) %ad[ passages1 drawn l all ! o!r %ad[s ) p>allel l9es n foll[+ ! =m1 is (t5 effective1 & sugge/s ! quality ( hair 9 nature4 ,! sw++ l9es %\ld v>y 9 ?ickness along _! c\rse1 gett+ d>k] z !y pass c]ta9 p>ts1 & gradat+ into light] l9es at o!r p>ts accord+ to ! effect desir$4 7,see illu/ration1 page #ajb ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxi47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,,/udy ,,9 ,,r$ ,,*alk ,illu/rat+ a treatm5t ( hair 9 l9e-"w4 ,to sum up1 9 ! me?od ( l9e draw+ we are try+ to expla9 7! me?od employ$ = mo/ ( ! draw+s by ! au?or 9 ?is book7 ! l9es ( %ad+ are made p>allel 9 a direction t comes easy to ! h&1 unless "s quality 9 ! =m sugge/s _! foll[+ o!r directions4 ,s t :5 y are 9 d\bt z to :at direction !y %\ld foll[1 draw !m on ! p>allel pr9ciple4 ,?is pres]ves a unity 9 y\r "w1 & all[s ! l9es drawn 9 o!r directions = special reasons to tell expressively4 ,z has already be5 expla9$1 x is n suffici5t 9 draw+ to conc5trate ! att5tion on copy+ accurately ! visual appe>ance ( any?+1 important z ! faculty ( accurate obs]vation is4 ,=m to be express$ mu/ fir/ be appreciat$4 ,& "h ! sci5ce ( tea*+ fails4 ,y c take a horse to ! f\nta91 b y _c make him dr9k1 & 9 art y c take ! /ud5t to ! po9t ( view f :i* ?+s are to be appreciat$1 b y _c make him see4 ,h[1 !n1 is ?is appreciation ( =m to be develop$8 ,simply by fe$+4 ,famili>ise y\rself ) all ! be/ examples ( draw+ y c f9d1 try+ to see 9 nature ! same qualities4 ,/udy ! spl5did draw+ by ,puvis de ,*avannes reproduc$ on page #ajd ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,note ! way ! cont\rs h be5 se>*$ = expressive qualities4 ,look h[ ! expressive l9e ( ! back ( ! seat$ figure has be5 felt1 ! p[]ful expression ( ! uprais$ arm ) its "r angle 7see lat] page #aee ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xii1 *apt] on l9e rhy?m74 ,& !n obs]ve ! diff]5t types ( ! two /&+ figures2 ! practical vig\r ( ! "o & ! s(t grace ( ! o!r1 & h[ _! cont\rs h be5 /udi$ to express ?is feel+1 c4 ,!re is a m9e ( k to be une>!d 9 ?is draw+4 ,!re nev] 0 an age :5 su* an am\nt ( arti/ic food 0 at ! disposal ( /ud5ts4 ,*eap means ( reproduction h br\ght ! treasures ( ! _w's gall]ies & collections to our v doors 9 conv5i5t =ms = a few p5ce4 ,! dang] is n f />vation1 b indige/ion4 ,/ud5ts are s surfeit$ ) good ?+s t !y (t5 fail to dige/ any ( !m2 b ru% on f "o example to ano!r1 tak+ b snap%ot views ( :at is (f]$1 until _! natural p[]s ( appreciation are 9 a p]fect :irlw9d ( confus$ ideas4 ,:at !n is to be done8 ,y _c avoid ! good ?+s t are hurl$ at y 9 ^! days1 b :5 y come across any?+ t /rikes y z be+ a p>ticul>ly f9e ?+1 fe$ deeply on x4 ,hang x up :]e y w see x con/antly2 9 y\r b$room1 = in/ance1 :]e x w ent]ta9 y\r sleepless h\rs1 if y are un=tunate en\gh to h any4 ,y w probably l v indiff]5t draw+s at fir/1 ! pretty1 ! picturesque & ! tricky w possibly attract be=e ! sublimity ( f9] ?+s4 ,b be q hone/ & fe$ on ! be/ t y g5u9ely l1 & :5 y h ?or\ghly dige/$ & compreh5d$ t1 y w we>y ( x & long = some?+ bett]1 & s1 gradually1 be l$ on to appreciate ! be/ y are capable ( appreciat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,,/udy ,,= ,,decoration ,,at ,,ami5s ,,repose ,,by ,,peuvis ,,de ,,*avannes ,note h[ ! cont\rs are se>*$ = expressive =ms1 ! p[] giv5 to ! seat$ figure by ! "r angle ( ! rais$ arm1 & ! contra/ betwe5 ! upright vig\r ( ! "r-h& figure ) ! s(t] l9es ( ! middle "o4 ,photo ,neurde9 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] !re are "o or two po9ts connect$ ) ! draw+ ( a head t might be m5tion$1 z /ud5ts are n always suffici5tly on ! look out = !m4 ,9 our diagram on page #ajg ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,vi1 let ,fig4 #a repres5t a normal eye4 ,at ,fig4 #b we h remov$ ! sk9 & muscles & expos$ ! two ma9 /ructural features 9 ! =m ( ! eye1 namely ! bony r+ ( ! socket & ! globe conta9+ ! l5ses & ret9a4 ,exam9+ ?is op5+1 we f9d f ,a to ,b t x runs smoo?ly into ! bony prom95ce at ! top ( ! nose1 & t ! re/ ( ! edge is %>p1 & f po9t ,c to ,e q free4 ,x is at po9t ,a1 />t+ f a little hole1 t ! %>p edge beg9s2 & ne> ?is po9t ! corn] ( ! eye is situat$3 ,a1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,f po9ts ,a to ,f ! bony edge ( ! op5+ is v ne> ! surface & %\ld be look$ =4 ,! next ?+ to note is ! fact t ! eyebr[ at fir/ foll[s ! upp] edge ( ! bony op5+ f ,b to ,c1 b t f po9t ,c x crosses ! free ar* betwe5 ,c & ,d & soon ends4 ,s t consid]+ ! "u side ( ! eyebr[1 :]eas f po9t ,c t[>ds ,b !re is usually a cav]n\s holl[1 f ,c t[>ds ,d !re is a prom95ce4 ,! "* ( eyes v>ies greatly1 & ?is effect is (t5 modifi$ by ! fle%y fulness t fills 9 ! space betwe5 ! eyelid & ! br[1 b "s indication ( a *ange is almo/ always to be obs]v$ at a po9t some:]e ab\t ,c1 & %\ld be look$ out =4 ,any bony prom95ce f ?is po9t t[>ds ,d %\ld be c>efully con/ruct$4 ,look out = ! bone1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! po9ts ,,cd & ,,af4 ,nev] =get :5 pa9t+ an eye t :at we call ! :ite ( ! eye is "p ( a sph]e & w !re=e h ! light & %ade ( a sph]e4 ,x w seldom be ! same tone all ov]2 if ! light is com+ f ! "r1 x w be 9 %ade t[>ds ! left & vice v]sa4 ,also ! eyelids are b&s ( fle% plac$ on ?is sph]ical surface4 ,!y w !re=e p>take ( ! modell+ ( ! sph]e & n be ! same tone all across4 ,note p>ticul>ly ! sudd5 *ange ( plane usually m>k$ by a fold1 :]e ! "u eyelid meets ! surface com+ f ! *eek bone4 ,! neglect to con/ruct ^! planes ( ! "u eyelid is a v common fault 9 poorly pa9t$ eyes4 ,note also :]e ! upp] eyelid comes aga9/ ! fle% "u ! eyebr[ 7usually a /rongly m>k$ fold7 & ! diff]5ces ( planes t occur at ?is juncture4 ,9 "s eyes1 :5 !re is little loose fle% above ! eyelid1 !re is a deep holl[ "h1 ! eyelid runn+ up "u ! bony prom95ce1 ,c ,d4 ,?is is an important /ructural l9e1 m>k+ z x does ! limit ( ! sph]ical surface ( ! eyeball1 on :i* surface ! eyelids are plac$4 ,fig4 #d is a r\gh diagram ( ! direction x is usual = ! hairs =m+ ! eyebr[ to take4 ,f ,a a few scant hairs />t radiat+ above ! nose & q sudd5ly rea* _! ?icke/ & /ronge/ gr[? betwe5 ,b & ,e4 ,!y cont9ue1 /ill foll[+ a slightly radiat+ c\rse until ,d4 ,^! hairs are n[ met by ano!r lot1 />t+ f above d[nw>ds1 & gr[+ f4 ,b to ,c4 ,an eyebr[ is consid]$ by ! draughtsman z a tone ( a c]ta9 %ape & qualities ( edge4 ,& :at int]e/s u "h is to note ! effect ( ?is ord] ( gr[? ^u its appe>ance z tone4 ,! meet+ ( ! /rong gr[? ( hair upw>ds ) ! d[nw>d gr[? betwe5 po9ts ,b & ,e creates :at is usually ! d>ke/ "p ( ! eyebr[ at ?is po9t4 ,& ! com+ toge!r ( ! hairs t[>ds ,d (t5 makes ano!r d>k "p 9 ?is direction4 ,! edge f ,c to ,b is ne>ly always a s(t "o1 ! tone melt+ into ! fle%1 & ?is %\ld be look$ out =1 giv+ z x does a pretty v>iety to ! run ( ! l9e4 ,ano!r ?+ t t5ds to make ?is edge s(t is ! fact t a bony prom95ce is situat$ "h & has usually a high light ^u x t crosses ! eyebr[4 ,f ,c to ,d y usually f9d a %>p] edge1 ! hairs runn+ p>allel to ! l9e ( ! eyebr[1 :ile f ,d to ,b & ,a to ,b a s(t] b\nd>y c be look$ =4 ,! *ief acc5t w g5]ally be f\nd at ,b1 :]e a d>k mass (t5 comes %>ply aga9/ ! tone ( ! =ehead4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,vi4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,eyes ,,n ,,always ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,draw+ ,a ,,head ,! eyela%es d n c\nt = mu* 9 draw+ a head1 except 9 s f> z !y affect ! tone impression4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y %ade ! :ite ( ! eye :5 ! light is above1 z is usually ! case4 ,!y are mu* ?ick] on ! out] ?an on ! inn] side ( ! eyelids1 & h a t5d5cy to gr[ 9 an outw>d direction1 s t :5 ! light comes f ! left1 z is %[n by arr[1 ,fig4 #e1 ! :ite ( ! eye at ,a#a w n be mu* %ad$1 & ! light tone w run ne>ly up to ! top4 ,b at ,b#d1 :i* %\ld be ! light side ( ?is eye1 ! ?ick crop ( eyela%es w %ade x some:at & ! light w n run f> up 9 consequ5ce1 :ile ,b#c1 ,a#b w be 9 ! %ade f ! turn+ away f ! direction ( ! light ( ! sph]ical surface ( ! :ites ( ! eyes4 ,^! may seem small po9ts to m5tion1 b ! obs]vance ( su* small po9ts makes a great diff]5ce to ! con/ruction ( a head4 ,fig4 #f gives a s]ies ( blocks all exactly alike 9 outl9e1 ) l9es %[+ h[ ! diff]5t actions ( ! head affect ! guide l9es on :i* ! features hang2 & h[ ^! actions c be sugge/$ ev5 :5 ! cont\rs are n v>i$4 ,^! ar*+s ov] %\ld be c>efully look$ out = :5 ! head is 9 any b a simple full face position4 ,,ix ,,mass ,,draw+3 ,,practical ,?is is ! =m ( draw+ ) :i* pa9t+ 9 ! oil m$ium is prop]ly conc]n$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 draw+ & pa9t+ t is sometimes made is a wrong "o 9 s f> z x conveys any idea ( pa9t+ be+ di/9ct f draw+4 ,pa9t+ is draw+ 7i4e4 ! expression ( =m7 ) ! add$ complication ( col\r & tone4 ,& ) a bru% full ( pa9t z y\r tool1 "s =m ( mass draw+ mu/ be adopt$1 s t at ! same "t t ! /ud5t is progress+ ) l9e draw+1 he %\ld beg9 to accu/om1 himself to ?is o!r me?od ( see+1 by attempt+ v simple ex]cises 9 draw+ ) ! bru%4 ,mo/ objects c be r$uc$ broadly into ?ree tone masses1 ! lights 7includ+ ! high lights71 ! half tones1 & ! %ad[s4 ,& ! habit ( r$uc+ ?+s into a simple equation ( ?ree tones z a f\ndation on :i* to build complex appe>ances %\ld e>ly be s\ght =4 ,sid5ote3 ,ex]cise 9 ,mass ,draw+4 ,"h is a simple ex]cise 9 mass draw+ ) ! bru% t is1 z f> z ,i "k1 nev] (f]$ to ! "y /ud5t4 ,select a simple object3 "s ( ^? ca/s ( fruit hang+ up t are common 9 art s*ools w d4 ,place x 9 a /rong light & %ade1 pref]ably by artificial light1 z x is n s subtle1 & !re=e easi]2 ! light com+ f ei!r ! "r or left h&1 b n f 9 front4 ,try & arrange x s t ! tone ( ! gr\nd ( y\r ca/ comes ab\t equal to ! half tones 9 ! relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,pa9t+ ,,f ,a ,,ca/ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,no4 #a4 ,block+ out ! %ape ( spaces to be occupi$ by masses4 ,no4 #b4 ,a middle tone hav+ be5 scumbl$ ov] ! :ole1 ! lights are n[ pa9t$4 ,_! %apes & ! play ( lo/-&-f\ndness on _! edges be+ obs]v$4 ,gradations are got by ?9n] pa9t1 :i* is mix$ ) ! wet middle tone ( ! gr\nd1 & is d>k5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,pa9t+ ,,f ,a ,,ca/ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,no4 #c4 ,! same z ! la/1 ) ! addition ( ! d>ks2 v>iety be+ got 9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( ! lights1 only "h ! ?9n] "p is light]1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! lights x 0 d>k]4 ,no4 #d4 ,! f9i%$ "w1 ref9em5ts be+ add$ & mi/akes correct$4 ,fir/ draw 9 ! outl9es ( ! masses /rongly 9 *>coal1 not+ ! %apes ( ! %ad[s c>efully1 tak+ great c>e t y get _! %apes block$ out 9 squ>e l9es 9 true proportion relative to ea* o!r1 & tr\bl+ ab\t little else4 ,let ?is be a sett+ out ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* y w aft]w>ds express ! =m1 r ?an a draw+--! same scaffold+1 9 fact1 t y 7 advis$ to d 9 ! case ( a l9e draw+1 only1 9 t case1 ! draw+ prop] 0 to be done ) a po9t1 & 9 ?is case ! draw+ prop] is to be done ) a bru% full ( pa9t4 ,fix ! *>coal well ) a spray diffus] & ! usual solution ( :ite %ellac 9 spirits ( w9e4 ,tak+ raw umb] & :ite 7oil pa9t71 mix up a tone t y ?9k equal to ! half tones ( ! ca/ be=e y4 ,extreme c>e %\ld be tak5 9 mat*+ ?is tone4 ,n[ scumble ?is ) a big bru% equally ov] ! :ole canvas 7or :atev] y are mak+ y\r /udy on74 ,don't use mu* m$ium1 b if x is too /iff to g on ?9ly en\gh1 put a little oil ) x1 b no turp5t9e4 ,by scumbl+ is meant rubb+ ! col\r into ! canvas1 work+ ! bru% f side to side rapidly1 & lay+ j ! ?9ne/ solid tone t w cov] ! surface4 ,if ?is is prop]ly done1 & y\r draw+ 0 well fix$1 y w j be able to see x ?r\gh ! pa9t4 ,n[ mix up a tone equal to ! highe/ lights on ! ca/1 & map out simply ! %apes ( ! light masses on y\r /udy1 leav+ ! scumbl$ tone = ! half tones4 ,note c>efully :]e ! light masses come %>ply aga9/ ! half tones & :]e !y m]ge s(tly into !m4 ,y w f9d t ! scumbl$ tone ( y\r gr\nd w mix ) ! tone ( ! lights ) :i* y are pa9t+1 & d>k5 x some:at4 ,?is w enable y to get ! am\nt ( v>iety y want 9 ! tone ( ! lights4 ,! ?ick] y pa9t ! light] w be ! tone1 :ile ! ?9n] pa9t w be m affect$ by ! orig9al half tone1 & w consequ5tly be d>k]4 ,:5 ?is is done1 mix up a tone equal to ! d>ke/ %ad[1 & proce$ to map out ! %ad[s 9 ! same way z y did ! lights2 not+ c>efully :]e !y come %>ply aga9/ ! half tone & :]e !y are lo/4 ,9 ! case ( ! %ad[s ! ?ick] y pa9t ! d>k] w be ! tone2 & ! ?9n]1 ! light]4 ,:5 ! lights & %ad[s h be5 mapp$ out1 if ?is has be5 done ) any accuracy1 y\r "w %\ld be well advanc$4 ,& x n[ rema9s to correct & ref9e x "h & !re1 z y feel x wants x4 ,place y\r "w alongside ! ca/1 & walk back to correct x4 ,faults t are n app>5t :5 close1 are easily se5 at a little di/ance4 ,i don't sugge/ t ?is is ! "r or only way ( pa9t+1 b ,i d sugge/ t ex]cises ( ?is description w tea* ! /ud5t _m ( ! rudim5t>y ess5tials ( pa9t+1 su* elem5t>y ?+s z h[ to lay a tone1 h[ to manage a bru%1 h[ to resolve appe>ances into a simple /ructure ( tones1 & h[ to manipulate y\r pa9t s z to express ! desir$ %ape4 ,?is elem5t>y pa9t draw+ is1 z f> z ,i "k1 nev] giv5 z an ex]cise1 ! /udy ( draw+ at pres5t be+ conf9$ to pap] & *>coal or *alk m$iums4 ,draw+ 9 *>coal is ! ne>e/ ?+ to ?is pa9t draw+1 x be+ a sort ( mix$ me?od1 half l9e & half mass draw+4 ,b al?\gh alli$ to pa9t+1 x is a v diff]5t ?+ f express+ =m ) pa9t1 & no sub/itute = "s elem5t>y ex]cise ) ! bru%4 ,! use ( *>coal to ! neglect ( l9e draw+ (t5 gets ! /ud5t into a sloppy mann] ( "w1 & is n s good a tra9+ to ! eye & h& 9 cle>1 def9ite /atem5t4 ,its popul>ity is no d\bt due to ! fact t y c get mu* effect ) little k4 ,al?\gh ?is pa9t+ into a middle tone is n by any means ! only me?od ( pa9t+1 ,i d feel t x is ! be/ me?od = /udy+ =m expression ) ! bru%4 ,b1 :5 y come to col\r1 ! fact ( ! opaque middle tone 7or half tone7 be+ fir/ pa9t$ ov] ! :ole w spoil ! cle>ness & transp>5cy ( y\r %ad[s1 & may also int]f]e ) ! brilliancy ( ! col\r 9 ! lights4 ,:5 col\r comes to be consid]$ x may be necess>y to adopt _m exp$i5ts t x is z well n to tr\ble too mu* ab\t until a fur!r /age is rea*$4 ,b !re is no necessity = ! half tone to be pa9t$ ov] ! %ad[s4 ,9 work+ 9 col\r ! half tone or middle tone ( ! lights c be made1 & a middle tone ( ! %ad[s1 & ^! two fir/ pa9t$ sep>ately1 ! edges :]e !y come toge!r be+ c>efully /udi$ & f9i%$4 ,aft]w>ds ! v>iety ( tone 9 ! lights & ! %ad[s c be add$4 ,by ?is means ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! col\r betwe5 lights & %ad[s is pres]v$4 ,?is is an important consid]ation1 z !re is g5]ally a /rong contra/ betwe5 !m1 ! %ad[s usually be+ w>m if ! lights are cool & vice v]sa2 & su* contra/s greatly affect ! vitality ( col\r+4 ,try always to d z mu* z possible ) "o /roke ( ! bru%2 pa9t has a vitality :5 ! t\*es are deft1 t mu* h&l+ & cont9ual t\*+ kills4 ,look c>efully at ! %ape & v>iety ( ! tone y wi% to express1 & try & manipulate ! sw+ ( y\r bru% 9 su* a way z to get 9 "o t\* z ne> ! quality ( %ape & gradation y want4 ,rememb] t ! lighte/ "p ( y\r t\* w be :]e ! bru% fir/ t\*es ! canvas :5 y are pa9t+ lights into a middle tone2 & t z ! am\nt ( pa9t 9 ! bru% gets less1 s ! tone w be m affect$ by :at y are pa9t+ into1 & get d>k]4 ,& 9 pa9t+ ! %ad[s1 ! d>ke/ "p ( y\r /roke w be :]e ! bru% fir/ t\*es ! canvas2 & x w gradually light5 z ! pa9t 9 y\r bru% gets less & !re=e m affect$ by ! tone y are pa9t+ into4 ,if y\r bru% is v full x w n be influ5c$ ne>ly s mu*4 ,& if "o wants a t\* t %all be di/9ct1 z w\ld be ! case 9 pa9t+ ! %9y light on a glaz$ pot1 a v full bru% w\ld be us$4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 get y\r effects ) z little pa9t z possible4 ,?9n] pa9t is easi] to ref9e & manipulate4 ,!re w be no fe> ( its n be+ solid if y are pa9t+ into a solidly scumbl$ middle tone4 ,_m *>m+ ?+s are to be done ) a mixture ( solid & transp>5t pa9t1 b x is well at fir/ n to complicate ! problem too mu*1 & !re=e to leave ?is until lat] on1 :5 y are compet5t to attack problems ( col\r4 ,keep y\r e>ly "w bo? 9 mono*rome & col\r q solid1 b z ?9 z y c1 res]v+ ?ick] pa9t = ^? occasions :5 y wi% to put a t\* t %all n be influ5c$ by :at y are pa9t+ into4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,typical ,,bru% ,,/rokes ,,made ,,) ,,f\r ,,classes ,,( ,,bru% ,class ,a1 r\nd2 ,class ,b1 flat2 ,class ,c1 full flat bru% ) r\nd$ corn]s2 ,class ,d1 filb]t %ape4 ,x w p]haps be z well to illu/rate a few ( ! diff]5t bru% /rokes1 & say some?+ ab\t ! diff]5t qualities ( ea*4 ,^! are only giv5 z typical examples ( ! innum]able ways a bru% may be us$ z an aid to v elem5t>y /ud5ts2 e arti/ w1 ( c\rse1 develop ways ( 8 own4 ,! t\* w ( necessity dep5d 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u ! %ape ( ! bru%1 & ^! %apes are innum]able4 ,b !re are two classes into :i* !y c r\ghly be divid$1 flat & r\nd4 ,! r\nd bru%es usually sold1 :i* we w call ,class ,a1 h r a %>p po9t1 & ?is1 al?\gh helpful 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 is aga9/ _! g5]al usefulness4 ,b a r\nd bru% ) a r\nd po9t is also made1 & ?is is mu* m conv5i5t = mass draw+4 ,:]e !re is a %>p po9t ! c5tral hairs are mu* long]1 & consequ5tly :5 ! bru% is drawn along & press$ s t all ! hairs are t\*+ ! canvas1 ! pressure 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! long hairs are situat$1 is diff]5t f t at ! sides4 ,?is has ! effect ( giv+ a t\* t is n equal 9 quality all across1 & ! v>iety ?us giv5 is difficult to manipulate4 ,i %\ld !re=e advise ! /ud5t to try ! blunt-end$ r\nd bru%es fir/1 z !y give a mu* m ev5 t\*1 & "o mu* m suit$ to pa9t+ 9 planes ( tone4 ,! mo/ extreme flat bru%es 7,class ,b7 are ?9 & r %ort1 ) %>p squ>e ends1 & h be5 v popul> ) /ud5ts4 ,!y c be reli$ ^u to give a p]fectly flat1 ev5 tone1 b ) a r h>d %>p edge at ! sides1 & also at ! comm5cem5t ( ! t\*4 ,9 fact1 !y make t\*es l little squ>e bricks4 ,b z ! v>iety t c be got out ( !m is limit$1 & ! am\nt ( pa9t !y c c>ry s small t only %ort /rokes c be made1 !y are n ! be/ bru% = g5]al use4 ,!y are at times1 :5 great ref9em5t & delicacy are want$1 v useful1 b are1 on ! :ole1 poor tools = ! draughtsman 9 pa9t4 ,"s v>iety c be got by us+ "o or o!r ( _! %>p corn]s1 by :i* means ! smalle/ possible t\* c be made to beg9 )1 :i* c be increas$ 9 size z m pressure is br\ght to be>1 until ! :ole surface ( ! bru% is br\ght into play4 ,!y are also (t5 us$ to pa9t across ! =m1 a mann] illu/rat$ 9 ! second t\*1 columns #a & #b ( ! illu/ration on page #aad ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,a m useful bru% 7,class ,c7 p>takes ( ! qualities ( bo? flat & r\nd4 ,x is made ) mu* m hair ?an ! la/1 is long]1 & has a squ>e top ) r\nd$ corn]s4 ,?is bru% c>ries pl5ty ( pa9t1 w lay an ev5 tone1 &1 f ! fact t ! corn]s are r\nd$ & ! pressure consequ5tly less5$ at ! sides1 does n leave s h>d an edge on ei!r side ( y\r /roke4 ,ano!r bru% t has rec5tly come into fa%ion is call$ a filb]t %ape 7,class ,d7 by ! mak]s4 ,x is a f9e bru% to draw )1 z be+ flat x pa9ts 9 planes1 & hav+ a r\nd$ top is capable ( gett+ 9 & out ( a v>iety ( cont\rs4 ,!y v>y 9 %ape1 "s be+ m po9t$ ?an o!rs4 ,! blunt-end$ =m is ! be/ = g5]al use4 ,ei!r ?is class ( bru% or ,class ,c are p]haps ! be/ = ! ex]cises 9 mass draw+ we h be5 describ+4 ,b ,class ,a %\ld also be tri$1 & ev5 ,class ,b1 to f9d out :i* suits ! p>ticul> individuality ( ! /ud5t4 ,on page #aad ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxvi a v>iety ( t\*es h be5 made 9 turn by ^! diff]5t %ap$ bru%es4 ,9 all ! /rokes illu/rat$ x is assum$ t ! bru% is mod]ately full ( pa9t ( a consi/5cy a little ?9n] ?an t usually put up by col\rm54 ,to ?9 x1 mix a little turp5t9e & l9se$ oil 9 equal p>ts ) x2 & get x into easy work+ consi/5cy be=e beg9n+ y\r "w1 s z n to ne$ any m$ium4 ,9 ! fir/ column 7,no4 #a71 a t\* firmly pa9t$ ) an equal pressure all along its c\rse is giv54 ,?is gives y a plane ( tone ) firm edges ! wid? ( y\r bru%1 gett+ gradually d>k] or light] z y\r bru% empties1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! /roke & to :e!r y are pa9t+ into a light] or d>k] gr\nd4 ,9 column ,no4 #b a drag t\* is illu/rat$4 ,?is is a v useful "o4 ,! bru% is plac$ firmly on ! canvas & !n dragg$ f ! po9t lightly away1 leav+ a gradat$ tone4 ,a great deal ( ! modell+ 9 r\nd objects is to be express$ by ?is v>iety ( h&l+4 ,! dang] is t its use is apt to lead to a too dext]\s mann] ( pa9t+2 a dext]ity m conc]n$ ) ! clev] mann] 9 :i* a ?+ is pa9t$ ?an ) ! tru? express$4 ,column ,no4 #c4 ,?is is a /roke lightly & quickly pa9t$1 :]e ! bru% j grazes ! surface ( ! canvas4 ,! pa9t is put on 9 a mann] t is v brilliant1 & at ! same "t ( a s(t quality4 ,if ! bru% is only mod]ately full1 su* t\*es w n h any h>d edges1 b be ( a light1 fea!ry nature4 ,x is a mo/ useful mann] ( putt+ on pa9t :5 fre%ness ( col\r is want$1 z x prev5ts "o tone be+ *urn$ up ) ano!r & los+ its purity4 ,& 9 ! pa9t+ ( hair1 :]e ! tones ne$ to be kept v sep>ate1 & at ! same "t n h>d1 x is v useful4 ,b 9 mono*rome pa9t+ f ! ca/ x is ( v little s]vice4 ,ano!r me?od ( us+ a bru% is hat*+1 ! draw+ ( r[s ( p>allel l9es 9 ei!r equal or v>y+ ?icknesses4 ,?is me?od w light5 or d>k5 a tone 9 v>y+ degree1 accord+ to :e!r ! l9es are ?ick1 ?91 or gradat$--some:at 9 ! same way t l9es ( %ad+ are drawn 9 l9e "w4 ,9 cases :]e ! correction ( intricate modell+ is desir$ & :]e x w\ld be v difficult to alt] a "p accurately by a deft /roke ( ! bru%1 ?is me?od is useful to employ4 ,a dry bru% c be drawn across ! l9es to unite !m ) ! re/ ( ! "w aft]w>ds4 ,?is me?od ( pa9t+ has lately be5 mu* us$ by ^? arti/s :o h attempt$ pa9t+ 9 sep>ate1 pure col\rs1 aft] ! s-call$ mann] ( ,claude ,monet1 al?\gh s me*anical a me?od is seldom us$ by t ma/]4 ,z y\r p[] ( draw+ increases 7f ! l9e draw+ y h be5 do+71 ca/s ( h&s & heads %\ld be attempt$ 9 ! same mann] z has be5 describ$4 ,illu/rations are giv5 ( ex]cises ( ?is description on pages #aaj & #abb4 ,un=tunately ! photographs1 :i* 7 tak5 f ! same /udy at diff]5t /ages dur+ ! pa9t+1 are n all alike1 ! fir/ pa9t+ ( ! lights be+ too d>kly pr9t$ 9 "s cases4 ,b !y %[ h[ mu* c be express$ ) ! "o tone1 :5 v>iety is got by us+ ! middle tone to pa9t into4 ,! two tones us$ are not$ 9 ! "r-h& l[] corn]4 ,try to tra9 y\rself to d ^! /udies at "o sitt+4 ,b if y f9d y _c manage ?is1 use sl[] dry+ col\rs1 say bone br[n & z9c :ite1 :i* w keep wet until ! next day4 ,:5 y beg9 /udy+ f ! life1 proce$ 9 ! same way ) mono*rome /udies pa9t$ into a middle tone4 ,& :at are y to d if y f9d1 :5 y h f9i%$1 t x is all wrong8 ,i %\ld advise y to let x dry1 & !n scumble a middle tone "r ov] ! :ole ?+1 z y did at fir/1 :i* w %[ ! old "w ?r\gh1 & y c !n correct y\r draw+ & proce$ to pa9t ! lights & %ad[s z be=e4 ,& if only a "p ( x is wrong1 :5 x is q dry rub a little1 poppy oil ?9n$ ) turp5t9e ov] ! "w1 z little z w s]ve to cov] ! surface4 ,if x is f\nd difficult to get x to cov]1 brea! on ! canvas1 ! slighte/ moi/ure w help x to bite4 ,:5 ?is is done1 wipe x (f ) ! palm ( y\r h& or an old piece ( clean l954 ,n[ pa9t a middle tone "r ov] ! "p y wi% to ret\*1 be+ c>eful ab\t jo9+ x up to ! surr\nd+ "w1 & proce$ z be=e1 draw+ 9 ! light & %ad[ masses4 ,?is =m ( draw+ y w probably f9d m difficult at fir/4 ,= ! reason already expla9$ x seems natural to obs]ve objects z made up ( outl9es1 n masses4 ,! frame ) cottons across x %\ld be us$ to flatt5 ! appe>ance1 z 9 mak+ outl9e draw+s4 ,& besides ?is a black glass %\ld be us$4 ,?is c easily be made by gett+ a small piece ( glass--a photographic negative w d--& /ick+ "s black pap] on ! back2 turn+ x ov] ! front to keep ! raw edges ( ! glass f cutt+ ! f+]s4 ,or ! glass c be pa9t$ on ! back ) black pa9t4 ,/&+ ) y\r back to ! object & y\r pa9t+1 hold ?is glass close 9 front ( "o ( y\r eyes 7! o!r be+ clos$71 s t y c see bo? y\r pa9t+ & ! object4 ,see+ ! tones ?us r$uc$ & simplifi$1 y w be enabl$ m easily to correct y\r "w4 ,i %\ld l to emphasise ! importance ( ! sett+-out "w necess>y = bru%-draw+4 ,:ile x is n necess>y to put expressive "w into ?is prep>atory "w1 ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to ensure its accuracy z f> z x goes4 ,x is a great nuisance if1 aft] y h put up "s ( y\r fair /ructure1 y f9d ! f\ndations are 9 ! wrong place & ! :ole ?+ has to be torn d[n & %ift$4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ necessity to h ! proportions & ! ma9 masses settl$ at ?is e>ly /age1 & e device ( block+ out ) squ>e l9es & measur+ ) y\r knitt+-ne$le1 c41 %\ld be adopt$ to ensure ! accuracy ( ^! l>ge proportions4 ,! v>iations & emphases t feel+ may dictate c be done 9 ! pa9t+ /age4 ,?is initial /age is n really a draw+ at all1 b a species ( mapp+ out1 & z su* x %\ld be reg>d$4 ,! only excuse = mak+ ! elaborate prep>atory draw+s on canvas /ud5ts sometimes d1 is t x enables !m to le>n ! subject1 s t :5 !y come to pa9t x1 !y already "k some?+ ab\t x4 ,b ! dang] ( mak+ ^! prep>atory draw+s int]e/+ is t ! /ud5t fe>s to cov] !m up & lose an outl9e s c>efully & lov+ly wr\ght2 & ?is always results 9 a poor pa9t+4 ,:5 y take up a bru% to express y\rself1 x mu/ be ) no fe> ( hurt+ a c>eful draw+4 ,y\r draw+ is go+ to be done ) ! bru%1 & only ! g5]al sett+ out ( ! masses w be ( any use to y 9 ! "w ( ?is initial /age4 ,nev] pa9t ) ! poor _s ( ! /ud5t :o fe>s to lose 8 draw+1 or y w nev] d any f9e ?+s 9 pa9t+4 ,draw+ 7express+ =m7 is ! ?+ y %\ld be do+ all ! "t4 ,& 9 art1 he t w\ld save 8 "w mu/ (t5 lose x1 if y w excuse ! p>aphrase ( a pr(\nd say+ :i*1 l mo/ pr(\nd say+s1 is applicable to _m ?+s 9 life besides :at x orig9ally ref]r$ to4 ,x is (t5 necess>y :5 a pa9t+ is ne>ly "r to de/roy ! :ole ?+ 9 ord] to accompli% ! app>5tly little t /ill divides x f :at y conceive x %\ld be4 ,x is l a man ru%+ a hill t is j beyond ! p[] ( 8 motor-c> to climb1 he mu/ take a long run at x4 ,& if ! fir/ attempt l&s him ne>ly up at ! top b n q1 he has to g back & take ! long run all ov] aga91 to give him ! impetus t %all c>ry him "r ?r\gh4 ,ano!r me?od ( judg+ tone draw+ is our old me?od ( half clos+ ! eyes4 ,?is1 by l[]+ ! tone & wid5+ ! focus1 enables y to correct ! "w m easily4 ,9 tone draw+ !re is n only ! %ape ( ! masses to be consid]$1 b _! values--t is1 _! position 9 an imag9$ scale f d>k to light4 ,! relation ( ! diff]5t tones 9 ?is way--! values1 z x is call$--is an extremely important matt] 9 pa9t+4 ,b x m prop]ly belongs to ! o!r dep>tm5t ( ! subject1 namely ,col\r1 & ?is ne$s a volume to itself4 ,b some?+ m w be said on ?is subject :5 treat+ ( ,rhy?m4 ,we saw1 9 speak+ ( l9e draw+1 h[ ! "* ( a l9e 0 f\nd by obs]v+ its flatnesses & its relation to /raight l9es4 ,9 ! same way ! "* ( modell+ is f\nd by obs]v+ its planes4 ,s t 9 build+ up a complicat$ piece ( =m1 l a head or figure1 ! planes 7or flat tones7 %\ld be s\ght = ev]y:]e4 ,z a c>v] 9 /one blocks out 8 "w 9 squ>e surfaces1 ! modell+ ( a figure or any complex surface t is be+ /udi$ %\ld be set out 9 planes ( tone1 pa9t+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! l>g] ones1 & !n1 to ^!1 add+ ! small]2 :5 x w be se5 t ! r\ndnesses h1 ) a little fus+ ( edges "h & !re1 be5 arriv$ at4 ,good modell+ is full ( ^! planes subtly fus$ toge!r4 ,no?+ is s *>act]i/ic ( bad modell+ z gross r\ndnesses4 ,! surface ( a sph]e is ! surface ) ! lea/ "*1 l ! curve ( a circle1 & ! "o mo/ to be avoid$ 9 good modell+4 ,9 ! se>* = =m ! k ( anatomy1 & p>ticul>ly ! bony /ructures1 is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,dur+ ! rage = realism & naturalism _m h>d ?+s 7 said ab\t ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,& c]ta9ly1 7 x to be us$ to ov]/ep ! mode/y ( nature 9 ^! respects & to be p>ad$ to ! exclusion ( ! *>m & "* ( life1 x w\ld be z well left alone4 ,b if we are to make a draw+ t %all express some?+ concrete1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( its /ructure1 :atev] x is4 ,9 ! case ( ! human figure x is impossible prop]ly to und]/& its action & draw x 9 a way t %all give a p[]ful impression )\t a k ( ! me*anics ( its con/ruction4 ,b ,i h>dly ?9k ! case = anatomy ne$s mu* /at+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,nev] let anatomical k tempt y into exagg]at$ /atem5ts ( int]nal /ructure1 unless su* exagg]ation helps ! p>ticul> ?+ y wi% to express4 ,9 draw+ a figure 9 viol5t action x might1 = in/ance1 be ess5tial to ! draw+1 :]eas 9 draw+ a figure at re/ or a portrait1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be out ( place4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,no4 #a4 ,block+ out ! spaces occupi$ by diff]5t masses 9 *>coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,no4 #b4 ,a middle tone hav+ be5 scumbl$ ov] ! :ole1 ! lights are pa9t$ into x2 v>iety be+ got by v>y+ ! ?ickness ( ! pa9t4 ,! d>ks are due to ! *>coal l9es ( initial draw+ %[+ ?r\gh middle tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,no4 #c4 ,! same z ! la/1 b ) ! %ad[s add$2 v>iety be+ got by v>y+ ?ickness ( pa9t z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,photographs ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,/udy ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,/ages ,no4 #d4 ,! complet$ head4 ,9 ! *apt] on l9e "w x 0 /at$ t3 ,l9es ( %ad+ drawn across ! =ms sugge/ s(tness1 l9es drawn 9 curves fulness ( =m1 l9es drawn d[n ! =ms h>dness1 & l9es cross+ 9 e direction atmosph]e1 & ^! rules apply equally well to ! direction ( ! bru% /rokes 7! bru% "w7 9 a pa9t+4 ,! bru% sw++ r\nd ! =ms sugge/s =e-%ort5+1 & fulness ( =m g5]ally1 & across ! =ms s(tness1 :ile ! bru% foll[+ d[n ! =ms sugge/s t\ghness & h>dness1 & cross+ 9 e direction atmosph]e4 ,a great deal ( add$ =ce c be giv5 to =m expression 9 ?is way4 ,9 ! =e%ort5$ figure on ! gr\nd at ! left ( ,t9toretto's ,f9d+ ( ! ,body ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ! =e%ort5$ effect help$ by ! bru% "w sw++ r\nd c be se5 7see illu/ration1 page #bcf ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xlix74 ,! "w ( ,h5n] 9 ,france is an extreme in/ance ( ! quality ( s(tness & fle%9ess got by pa9t+ across ! =m4 ,! look ( t\ghness & h>dness giv5 by ! bru% "w foll[+ d[n ! =ms is well illu/rat$ 9 mu* ( ! "w ( ,james ,w>d1 ! animal pa9t]4 ,9 8 picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,h>le* ,ca/le1 ,no4 #aaeh1 ?is c be se5 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! tree-trunks1 c4 ,! cross+ ( ! bru% "w 9 e direction1 giv+ a look ( atmosph]e1 is naturally (t5 us$ 9 pa9t+ backgr\nds & also su* ?+s z ! plane surfaces ( sky & mi/1 c4 ,x is (t5 inconv5i5t to pa9t across ! =m :5 s(tness is want$4 ,x is only possible to h "o col\r 9 y\r bru% sweep1 & ! col\r *anges across1 mu* m ?an d[n ! =m z a rule4 ,= ! %ad[s1 half tones & lights1 besides v>y+ 9 tone1 v>y also 9 col\r2 s t x is n always possible to sweep across !m ) "o col\r4 ,x is usually m conv5i5t to pa9t d[n :]e ! col\rs c be laid 9 ov]lapp+ b&s ( %ad[1 half tone & light1 c4 ,nev]!less1 if ?is p>ticul> look ( s(tness & fle%9ess is desir$1 ei!r ! pa9t+ mu/ be s ?9 or ! tones s fus$ toge!r t no bru% /rokes %[1 or a dry flat bru% mu/ aft]w>ds be drawn lightly across :5 ! pa9t+ is done1 to de/roy ! d[nw>d bru% /rokes & sub/itute o!rs go+ across1 great c>e be+ tak5 to drag only f light to d>k1 & to wipe ! bru% c>efully aft] ea* t\*2 & also nev] to g ov] ! same place twice1 or ! pa9t w lose vitality4 ,?is is a me?od mu* employ$ by arti/s :o delight 9 ?is p>ticul> quality4 ,b :5 a /rong1 t\gh look is desir$1 su* z "o sees :5 a muscle is 9 viol5t action1 or 9 ! t5don above ! wri/ or above ! heel 9 ! leg1 or g5]ally :]e a bone comes to ! surface1 9 all ^! cases ! bru% "w %\ld foll[ d[n ! =ms4 ,x is n necess>y & is (t5 inadvisable = ! bru% "w to %[ at all1 9 :i* case ^! pr9ciples w be ( little acc\nt4 ,b :5 9 vigor\sly pa9t$ "w !y d1 ,i ?9k x w g5]ally be f\nd to create ! effects nam$4 ,draw+ on ton$ pap] ) :ite *alk or ,*9ese :ite & black or r$ *alk is ano!r =m ( mass draw+4 ,& = /udies x is int5d$ to pa9t f1 ?is is a quick & excell5t mann]4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! facts ( an appe>ance c be not$ makes x above all o!rs ! me?od = drap]y /udies4 ,! lights are drawn ) :ite1 ! ton$ pap] be+ all[$ to %[ ?r\gh :]e a d>k] tone is ne$$1 ! :ite 7ei!r *alk or ,*9ese :ite7 be+ put on ?ickly :5 a bright light is want$ & ?9ly :]e a quiet] light is ne$$4 ,s ) ! %ad[s1 ! *alk is put on heavily 9 ! d>ks & less heavily 9 ! light] %ad[s4 ,s9ce ! days ( ! e>ly ,italians ?is has be5 a fav\rite me?od ( draw+ drap]y /udies 7see illu/rations1 page #bfj ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,liv74 ,"s arti/s h %ad$ _! lights ) gold & silv] pa9t4 ,! late ,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones 0 v fond ( ?is1 & draw+s ) mu* decorative *>m h be5 done ?is way4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same z 9 draw+ ) :ite *alk1 ! half tone be+ giv5 by ! pap]4 ,keep ! lights sep>ate f ! %ad[s1 let ! half tone pap] always come z a buff] /ate betwe5 !m4 ,get z mu* in=mation into ! draw+ ( y\r lights & %ad[s z possible2 don't be satisfi$ ) a smudge effect4 ,use ! side ( y\r :ite *alk :5 y want a mass1 or "w 9 p>allel l9es 7hat*+7 on ! pr9ciple describ$ 9 ! *apt] on l9e draw+4 ,x ,,rhy?m ,! subject ( ,rhy?m 9 :at are call$ ! ,f9e ,arts is s vague1 & has receiv$ s little att5tion1 t "s c\rage1 or p]haps foolh>d9ess1 is ne$$ to attack x4 ,& 9 (f]+ ! foll[+ fragm5t>y ideas t h be5 /umbl$ on 9 my own limit$ practice1 ,i want !m to be accept$ only = :at !y are wor?1 z ,i d n "k ( any prop] au?ority = !m4 ,b !y may s]ve z a /imulus1 & (f] "s l9es on :i* ! /ud5t c pursue ! subject = himself4 ,! ^w rhy?m is "h us$ to signify ! p[] possess$ by l9es1 tones1 & col\rs1 by _! ord]+ & arrangem5t1 to affect u1 some:at z diff]5t notes & comb9ations ( s\nd d 9 music4 ,& j z 9 music1 :]e s\nds affect u )\t hav+ any direct relation ) nature1 b appeal directly to our own inn] life2 s 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture !re is a music t appeals directly to u ap>t f any significance t may be associat$ ) ! repres5tation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,!re is1 z x 71 an ab/ract music ( l9e1 tone1 & col\r4 ,! dang] ( ! naturali/ic movem5t 9 pa9t+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 t x has turn$ our att5tion away f ?is fundam5tal fact ( art to ! contemplation ( int]e/+ realisations ( appe>ances--realisations (t5 full ( poetic sugge/iv5ess due to associations connect$ ) ! objects pa9t$ z concrete ?+s1 b n always made directly significant z arti/ic expression2 :]eas x is ! bus9ess ( ! arti/ to relate ! =m1 col\r1 & tone ( natural appe>ances to ?is ab/ract musical quality1 ) :i* he %\ld nev] lose t\* ev5 9 ! mo/ highly realis$ detail ( 8 "w4 ,= only ?us1 :5 relat$ to rhy?m1 d ! =m1 tone1 & col\r ( appe>ances obta9 _! full expressive p[] & become a means ( vitally convey+ ! feel+ ( ! arti/4 ,inquiry z to ! orig9 ( ?is p[] & ( rhy?m g5]ally is a pr(\ndly int]e/+ subject2 & n[ t rec5t advances 9 sci5ce t5d to %[ t s\nd1 heat1 light1 & possibly electricity & ev5 n]ve =ce are b diff]5t rhy?mic =ms ( en]gy1 & t matt] itself may possibly be resolv$ ev5tually into diff]5t rhy?mic motions1 x does look z if rhy?m may yet be f\nd to conta9 ev5 ! secret ( life itself4 ,at any rate x is v intimately associat$ ) life2 & primitive man e>ly began to give expression 9 "s =m ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 or pa9t+ to ! deep] feel+s t 7 mov+ him2 f\nd "s correspond5ce betwe5 ! l9es & col\rs ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ & ! emotional life t 0 awak5+ )9 him4 ,?us1 look+ back at ! rema9s ( _! "w t h come d[n to u1 we are enabl$ to judge ( ! nature ( ! p f ! expression we f9d 9 hewn /one & on pa9t$ walls4 ,x is 9 primitive art g5]ally t we see m cle>ly ! direct emotional significance ( l9e & =m4 ,art appe>s to h develop$ f its mo/ ab/ract position1 to :i* bit by bit h be5 add$ ! tru?s & graces ( natural appe>ance1 until z mu* ( ?is naturali/ic tru? has be5 add$ z ! ab/ract significance at ! base ( ! expression c\ld /& )\t loss ( p[]4 ,at ?is po9t1 z has already be5 expla9$1 a s*ool is at ! height ( its developm5t4 ,! "w aft] ?is usually %[s an increas$ conc]n ) naturali/ic tru?1 :i* is always v popul>1 to ! gradual exclusion ( ! backbone ( ab/ract l9e & =m significance t dom9at$ ! e>li] "w4 ,& :5 ^! primitive conditions are lo/ t\* )1 a decad5ce sets 94 ,at lea/1 ?is is r\ghly ! !ory to :i* a /udy ( ! two great art developm5ts ( ! pa/1 9 ,greece & ,italy1 w\ld seem to po9t4 ,& ?is !ory is ! excuse = all ! attempts at primitivism ( :i* we h lately se5 s mu*4 ,art hav+ lo/ t\* ) its primitive base ow+ to ! ov]-doses ( naturalism x has _h1 we mu/1 ^! new apo/les say1 f9d a new primitive base on :i* to build ! new /ructure ( art4 ,! !ory has its attractions1 b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! primitive ar*aic ,greek or e>ly ,italian & ! mod]n primitive2 ! e>ly m5 rev]5tly clo!d ! ab/ract idea !y />t$ ) 9 ! mo/ natural & beautiful =m )9 _! k1 ev] seek+ to discov] new tru?s & graces f nature to enri* _! "w2 :ile ! mod]n arti/1 ) ! art treasures ( all p]iods ( ! _w be=e him1 c nev] be 9 ! position ( ^! simple-m9d$ m54 ,x is !re=e unlikely t ! future developm5t ( art w be on l9es simil> to t ( ! pa/4 ,! same conditions ( simple ignorance are nev] likely to occur aga94 ,means ( communication & prolific reproduction make x v unlikely t ! art ( ! _w w aga9 be lo/ = a season1 z 0 ,greek art 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,int]e/+ intellectually z is ! !ory t ! impressioni/ po9t ( view 7! accept+ ( ! flat ret9a picture z a patt]n ( col\r s5sations7 (f]s a new field f :i* to select mat]ial = a new basis ( arti/ic expression1 s f> ! evid5ce ( results has n %[n any?+ likely s]i\sly to ?reat5 ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( traditional design4 ,& any?+ m diff]5t 9 _s f ! g5u9e primitive ?an ! irrev]5t an>*y & fl\t+ ( all ref9em5t 9 ! "w ( "s ( ^! new primitives1 x w\ld be difficult to imag9e4 ,b mu* ( ! "w ( ! movem5t has und\bt$ arti/ic vitality1 & 9 its insi/5ce on design & selection %\ld d mu* to kill realism & ! copy+ nature !ory ( a few ye>s back4 ,al?\gh x is p]fectly true t ! feel+s & ideas t impel ! arti/ may soon] or lat] f9d _! own expression1 !re are a great _m pr9ciples connect$ ) ! arrang+ ( l9es1 tones1 & col\rs 9 8 picture t x is difficult to transgress )\t calamity4 ,at any rate ! k ( "s ( !m w aid ! arti/ 9 ga9+ exp]i5ce1 & possibly save him "s ne$less fumbl+4 ,b don't = "o mom5t ?9k t any?+ 9 ! nature ( rules is go+ to take ! place ( ! initial arti/ic impulse :i* mu/ come f )94 ,?is is n a matt] = tea*+1 art tra9+ be+ only conc]n$ ) p]fect+ ! means ( its expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,a ,,/udy ,,= ,a ,,picture ,,( ,,rosal9d ,,& ,,orl&o ,ros4 ,he calls u back2 my pride fell ) my =tunes4 ,x is propos$ to treat ! subject f ! mat]ial side ( l9e & tone only1 )\t any ref]5ce to subject matt]1 ) ! idea ( try+ to f9d out some?+ ab\t ! expressive qualities l9e & tone are capable ( yield+ unassociat$ ) visual ?+s4 ,:at use c be made ( any su* k to give expression to ! emotional life ( ! arti/ is n our conc]n1 & is obvi\sly a matt] = ! individual to decide = himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is at ! basis ( e picture a /ructure ( l9es & masses4 ,!y may n be v obvi\s1 & may be hidd5 "u ! mo/ brok5 ( te*niques1 b !y w always be f\nd und]ly+ ! plann+ ( any pa9t+4 ,"s may say t ! l9es are only ! b\nd>ies ( ! masses1 & o!rs t ! masses are only ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es4 ,b :i*ev] way y c>e to look at x1 !re are p>ticul> emotional qualities analog\s to music t affect u 9 l9es & l9e arrangem5ts & also 9 tone or mass arrangem5ts4 ,& any p[] a picture may h to move u w be l>gely due to ! rhy?mic significance ( ?is orig9al plann+4 ,^! qualities1 z has already be5 /at$1 affect u q ap>t f any association !y may h ) natural ?+s3 arrangem5ts ( m]e geometrical l9es are suffici5t to sugge/ !m4 ,b ( c\rse o!r associations connect$ ) ! objects repres5t$ w l>gely augm5t ! impression1 :5 ! l9e & tone arrangem5ts & ! s5tim5t ( ! object are 9 sympa?y4 ,& if !y are n1 x may happ5 t associations connect$ ) ! repres5tation w cut 9 & obscure or entirely de/roy ?is l9e & tone music4 ,t is to say1 if ! l9e & tone arrangem5t 9 ! ab/ract is expressive ( ! sublime1 & ! objects ^: repres5tation !y support some?+ ridicul\s1 say a donkey bray+1 ! associations ar\s$ by s ridicul\s an appe>ance w ov]ride ^? connect$ ) ! l9e & tone arrangem5t4 ,b x is rem>kable h[ seldom ?is occurs 9 nature1 ! s5tim5t ( ! l9e & tone arrangem5ts ?+s pres5t be+ usually 9 h>mony ) ! s5tim5t ( ! object itself4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! l9e effect ( a donkey 9 repose is mu* m sublime ?an :5 he is bray+4 ,sid5ote3 ,unity & ,v>iety4 ,!re are two qualities t may be all[$ to divide ! consid]ation ( ?is subject1 two po9ts ( view f :i* ! subject c be approa*$3 ,unity & ,v>iety1 qualities some:at oppos$ to ea* o!r1 z are h>mony & contra/ 9 ! realm ( col\r4 ,unity is conc]n$ ) ! relation%ip ( all ! p>ts to t on5ess ( conception t %\ld control e detail ( a "w ( art4 ,all ! m pr(\nd qualities1 ! deep] emotional notes1 are on ?is side ( ! subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v>iety holds ! secrets ( *>m1 vitality1 & ! picturesque1 x is ! di!r1 ! play betwe5 ! l>g] p>ts1 t makes = life & "*4 ,)\t v>iety !re c be no life4 ,9 any conception ( a p]fect unity1 l ! p]fect$ life ( ! ,buddhi/1 ,nirvana or ,nibbana 7lit]ally dy+ out or ext9ction z ( an expir+ fire71 !re is no room = v>iety1 = ! play ( life2 all su* fretfulness ceases1 to be replac$ by an all-p]vad+ calm1 beautiful1 if y l1 b lifeless4 ,!re is ?is deadness ab\t any conception ( p]fection t w always make x an unatta9able ideal 9 life4 ,^? :o1 l ! ,indian fakir or ! h]mits ( ! ,middle ,ages1 h /ak$ _! all on ?is ideal ( p]fection1 h f\nd x necess>y to suppress life 9 e way possible1 ! fakirs (t5 rema9+ motionless = long p]iods at a "t1 & "o ( ! m$iaeval sa9ts go+ s f> z to live on ! top ( a high column :]e life & movem5t 7 well-nigh impossible4 ,& 9 art x is ! same2 all ^? :o h aim$ at an absolute p]fection h usually end$ 9 a deadness4 ,! ,greeks knew bett] ?an _m ( _! imitators ?is vital necessity 9 art4 ,9 _! mo/ ideal "w !re is always t v>iety t gives "* & life4 ,no =mula or canon ( proportions or o!r me*anical device = ! atta9m5t ( p]fection 0 all[$ by ?is vital p entirely to subdue _! love ( life & v>iety4 ,& h[ev] ne> !y might g t[>ds a p]fect type 9 _! ideal heads & figures1 !y nev] w5t s f> z to kill ! individual 9 ! type4 ,x is ! lack ( ?is subtle di/9ction t1 ,i ?9k1 has be5 ! cause ( ! failure ( s mu* art f\nd$ on s-call$ ,greek ideals4 ,mu* ,roman sculpture1 if y except _! portrait bu/s1 illu/rates ?is4 ,comp>$ ) ,greek "w x lacks t subtle v>iety 9 ! modell+ t gives vitality4 ,! diff]5ce c be felt in/9ctively 9 ! m]e/ fragm5t ( a brok5 figure4 ,x is n difficult to tell ,greek f ,roman fragm5ts1 !y pulsate ) a life t x is impossible to describe b t "o in/9ctively feels4 ,& ?is vitality dep5ds1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd1 on ! great] am\nt ( life-giv+ v>iety 9 ! surfaces ( ! modell+4 ,9 _! ar*itectural m\ld+s1 ! diff]5ce ( :i* we are speak+ c be m easily trac$4 ,! vivacity & brilliancy ( a ,greek m\ld+ makes a ,roman "w look heavy & dull4 ,& x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! ,romans us$ ! curve ( ! circle 9 ! sections ( _! m\ld+s1 a curve possess+ ! lea/ am\nt ( v>iety1 z is expla9$ lat]1 :]e ! ,greeks us$ ! l9es ( conic sections1 curves possess$ ( ! greate/ am\nt ( v>iety4 ,b :ile unity mu/ nev] exi/ )\t ?is life-giv+ v>iety1 v>iety mu/ always be "u ! moral control ( unity1 or x w get out ( h& & become extravagant4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ p]fect "w1 l ! mo/ p]fect eng9e ( :i* we spoke 9 a =m] *apt]1 has ! lea/ am\nt ( v>iety1 z ! eng9e has ! lea/ am\nt ( di!r1 t is compatible ) life4 ,"o does n he> s mu* talk 9 ^! days ab\t a p]fect type z 0 ! fa%ion at "o "t2 & c]ta9ly ! pursuit ( ?is ideal by a process ( select+ ! be/ features f _m models & con/ruct+ a figure out ( !m z an ideal type1 0 productive ( v dead & lifeless "w4 ,no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! v>iety f a common type necess>y 9 ! mo/ p]fect "w1 if life & individual int]e/ are n to be lo/1 & ! ?+ is n to become a dead ab/raction4 ,b ! dang] is r ! o!r way at ! mom5t4 ,arti/s revel 9 ! odde/ ( individual =ms1 & ! type idea is fl\t$ on all h&s4 ,an an>*y ( individualism is ^u u1 & ! vitality ( disord]$ v>iety is m fa%ionable ?an ! calm beauty ( an ord]$ unity4 ,excess ( v>iations f a common type is :at ,i ?9k we recognise z ugl9ess 9 ! objective _w1 :]eas beauty is on ! side ( unity & con=mity to type4 ,beauty possesses bo? v>iety & unity1 & is nev] extreme1 err+ r on ! side ( unity4 ,burke 9 8 essay on ,! ,sublime & ! ,beautiful w\ld seem to use ! ^w beautiful :]e we %\ld use ! ^w pretty1 plac+ x at ! opposite pole f ! sublime1 :]eas ,i ?9k beauty always has "s elem5ts ( ! sublime 9 x1 :ile ! m]ely pretty has n4 ,m]e prett9ess is a little difficult to place1 x does n come betwe5 ei!r ( our extremes1 possess+ little "* or type1 v>iety or unity4 ,x is p]haps *>m )\t ei!r ( ^! /r5g!n+ associates1 & 9 consequ5ce is always feeble1 & ! fav\rite diet ( weak arti/ic dige/ions4 ,! sculpture ( anci5t ,egypt is an in/ance ( great unity 9 conception1 & ! suppression ( v>iety to a po9t at :i* life sc>cely exi/s4 ,! l9es ( ! ,egyptian figures are simple & long1 ! surfaces smoo? & unv>i$1 no action is all[$ to give v>iety to ! pose1 ! plac+ ( "o foot a little 9 front ( ! o!r be+ alone p]mitt$ 9 ! /&+ figures2 ! arms1 :5 n hang+ /raight d[n ! sides1 are flex$ /iffly at ! elb[ at "r angles2 ! heads />e /raight be=e !m4 ,! expression ( sublimity is complete1 & ?is 01 ( c\rse1 :at 0 aim$ at4 ,b h[ cold & t]rible is ! lack ( t play & v>iety t alone %[ life4 ,:at a relief x is1 at ! ,briti% ,museum1 to g into ! ,elg9 ,m>ble room & be w>m$ by ! noble life pulsat+ 9 ! ,greek "w1 aft] visit+ ! cold ,egyptian rooms4 ,9 :at we call a p]fect face x is n s mu* ! p]fect regul>ity ( %ape & balance 9 ! features t *>ms u1 n ! ?+s t belong to an ideal type1 b r ! subtle v>iations f ?is type t are individual to ! p>ticul> head we are admir+4 ,a p]fect type ( head1 if su* c\ld exi/1 might excite our wond]1 b w\ld leave u cold4 ,b x c nev] exi/ 9 life2 ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! features1 :i* mu/ always accompany life & expression1 w m> x4 ,& ! influ5ce ( ^! habitual movem5ts on ! =m ( ! features !mselves w inv>iably m\ld !m into individual %apes away f ! s-call$ p]fect type1 :atev] may h be5 nature's int5tion 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,if we call ^! v>iations f a common type 9 ! features imp]fections1 z x is usual to d1 x w\ld seem to be ! imp]fections ( p]fection t *>m & /ir u2 & t p]fection )\t ^! s-call$ imp]fections is a cold1 dead ab/raction1 devoid ( life3 t unity )\t v>iety is lifeless & incapable ( t\*+ u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v>iety )\t unity to gov]n x is a riot\s exub]ance ( life1 lack+ all p[] & re/ra9t & wa/+ itself 9 a madness ( excess4 ,s t 9 art a balance has to be /ruck betwe5 ^! two oppos+ qualities4 ,9 good "w unity is ! dom9at+ quality1 all ! v>iety be+ done 9 con=mity to "s l>ge idea ( ! :ole1 :i* is nev] lo/ sight (1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ detail ( ! "w4 ,good /yle 9 art has be5 def9$ z v>iety 9 unity1 & ,hog>?'s def9ition ( composition z ! art ( v>y+ well is simil>4 ,& ,i am n sure t contra/s 9 h>mony w\ld n be a sugge/ive def9ition ( good col\r4 ,let u consid] fir/ v>iety & unity z !y are relat$ to l9e draw+1 & aft]w>ds to mass draw+4 ,,xi ,,rhy?m3 ,,v>iety ,,( ,,l9e ,l9e rhy?m or music dep5ds on ! %ape ( y\r l9es1 _! relation to ea* o!r & _! relation to ! b\nd>ies ( y\r panel4 ,9 all good "w ?is music ( l9e is 9 h>mony ) ! subject 7! arti/ic int5tion7 ( y\r picture or draw+4 ,! two l9es ) ! lea/ v>iation are a p]fectly /raight l9e & a circle4 ,a p]fectly /raight l9e has obvi\sly no v>iety at all1 :ile a circle1 by curv+ at exactly ! same ratio all along1 has no v>iation ( curvature1 x is ( all curves ! "o ) ! lea/ possible v>iety4 ,^! two l9es are1 !re=e1 two ( ! dulle/1 & are seldom us$ 9 pictures except to enhance ! beauty & v>iety ( o!rs4 ,& ev5 !n1 subtle v>iations1 "s am\nt ( play1 is introduc$ to relieve _! baldness4 ,b us$ 9 ?is way1 v]tical & horizontal l9es are ( ! utmo/ value 9 rectangul> pictures1 unit+ ! composition to its b\nd+ l9es by _! p>allel relation%ip ) !m4 ,& fur!r1 z a contra/ to ! ri*ness & beauty ( curves !y are ( great value1 & are con/antly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! gr\p ( m\ld+s cutt+ aga9/ ! head 9 a portrait1 or ! l9es ( a column us$ to acc5tuate ! curv$ =ms ( a face or figure1 are well-kn[n in/ances2 & ! portrait pa9t] is always on ! look out = an object 9 8 backgr\nd t w give him su* /raight l9es4 ,y may notice1 too1 h[ ! l9es drawn across a /udy 9 ord] to copy x 7squ>+ x out1 z x is call$7 improve ! look ( a draw+1 giv+ a great] beauty to ! v>iety ( ! curves by contra/ ) ! v>iety lack+ 9 /raight l9es4 ,! p]fect curve ( ! circle %\ld always be avoid$ 9 ! draw+ ( natural objects 7ev5 a full moon71 & 9 vital draw+s ( any sort "s v>iety %\ld always be look$ =4 ,nei!r %\ld ! modell+ ( ! sph]e ev] occur 9 y\r "w1 ! dulle/ ( all curv$ surfaces4 ,al?\gh ! curve ( ! p]fect circle is dull f its lack ( v>iety1 x is n )\t beauty1 & ?is is due to its p]fect unity4 ,x is ( all curves ! mo/ p]fect example ( /atic unity4 ,)\t ! excitem5t ( ! slighte/ v>iation x goes on & on = ev]4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! reason :y x 0 e>ly *os5 z a symbol ( ,et]nity1 & c]ta9ly no m p]fect symbol c\ld be f\nd4 ,! circle se5 9 p]spective assumes ! m beautiful curve ( ! ellipse1 a curve hav+ mu* v>iety2 b z its f\r qu>t]s are alike1 n s mu* z a symmetrical figure c h4 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful symmetrically curv$ figure ( all is ! s-call$ egg ( ! well-kn[n m\ld+ f su* a temple z ! ,ere*!um1 call$ ! egg & d>t m\ld+4 ,"h we h a p]fect balance betwe5 v>iety & unity4 ,! curvature is v>i$ to an inf9ite degree1 at no po9t is its curv+ at ! same ratio z at any o!r po9t2 p]haps ! maximum am\nt ( v>iety t c be got 9 a symmetrical figure1 pres]v+1 z x does1 its almo/ p]fect cont9uity1 = x approa*es ! circle 9 ! ev5 fl[ ( its curvature4 ,?is is1 r\ghly1 ! l9e ( ! cont\r ( a face1 & y may note h[ mu* pa9t]s :o h excell$ 9 grace h insi/$ on x 9 _! portraits4 ,ga9sbor\gh & ,v&yke are /rik+1 in/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,vii4 ,,egg ,,& ,,d>t ,,m\ld+ ,,f ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,c>yatides ,,f ,,! ,,ere*!um ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,! l9e ( a pr(ile is (t5 "o ( great beauty1 only "h ! v>iety is apt to ov]balance ! unity or run ( ! l9e4 ,! mo/ beautiful pr(iles are usually ^? 9 :i* v>iety is subord9at$ to ! unity ( ! cont\r4 ,i fancy ! ,greeks felt ?is :5 !y did away ) ! holl[ above ! nose1 mak+ ! l9e ( ! =ehead run1 ) b little int]ruption1 to ! tip ( ! nose4 ,! unity ( l9e is increas$1 & ! v>iety made m int]e/+4 ,! idea t ?is 0 ! common ,greek type is1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 untrue1 = _! portrait /atues d n %[ x4 ,x does occur 9 nature at r>e int]vals1 & 9 mo/ ,we/]n nationalities1 b ,i d n ?9k !re is mu* evid5ce ( its ev] hav+ be5 a common type any:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,viii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,symmetry ,note h[ ! holl[s m>k$ ,a are oppos$ by fullnesses m>k$ ,b4 ,9 draw+ or pa9t+ a pr(ile ?is run or unity ( ! l9e is ! ?+ to feel1 if y w\ld express its p>ticul> beauty4 ,?is is be/ done 9 ! case ( a pa9t+ by f9ally draw+ x ) ! bru% f ! backgr\nd side1 aft] hav+ pa9t$ all ! v>iety !re is ( tone & col\r on ! face side ( ! l9e4 ,z ! backgr\nd usually v>ies little1 ! sw+ ( ! bru% is n hamp]$ on ?is side z x is on ! o!r4 ,i h se5 /ud5ts worri$ to di/raction try+ to pa9t ! pr(ile l9e f ! face side1 fe>+ to lose ! draw+ by go+ ov] ! edge4 ,) ! edge blurr$ out f ! face side1 x is easy to come ) a bru% full ( ! col\r ! backgr\nd is imm$iately aga9/ ! face 7a diff]5t col\r usually f :at x is fur!r away71 & draw x ) "s decision & conviction1 c>e be+ tak5 to note all ! v>iations on ! edge1 :]e ! %>pnesses come & :]e ! edge is m lo/1 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety 9 ,symmetry4 ,! cont\rs ( ! limbs illu/rate ano!r =m ( l9e v>iety--:at may be call$ ,v>iety 9 ,symmetry4 ,:ile r\ghly speak+ ! limbs are symmetrical1 ea* side n only has v>iety 9 itself1 b !re is usually v>iety ( opposition4 ,suppos+ !re is a convex curve on ! "o side1 y w (t5 h a concave =m on ! o!r4 ,always look out = ?is 9 draw+ limbs1 & x w (t5 improve a poorly drawn "p if m ( ?is v>iation on symmetry is discov]$4 ,! :ole body1 y may say1 is symmetrical1 b ev5 "h natural conditions make = v>iety4 ,! body is seldom1 except 9 soldi]+1 held 9 a symmetrical position4 ,! slighte/ action produces ! v>iety we are speak+ ab\t4 ,! accompany+ sket*es w indicate :at is meant4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,ix4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,symmetry ,note h[ ! holl[s m>k$ ,a are oppos$ by ! fullnesses m>k$ ,b4 ,( c\rse ! /ud5t1 if he has any natural ability1 in/9ctively looks out = all ^! v>iations t give ! play ( life to 8 draw+4 ,x is n = him 9 ! full vig\r ( inspiration t books su* z ?is are writt54 ,b !re may come a "t :5 ?+s won't come1 & x is !n t x is useful to "k :]e to look = possible weak spots 9 y\r "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety ( ,?ickness & ,acc5t4 ,a l9e ( equal ?ickness is a v dead & inexpressive ?+ comp>$ ) "o v>i$ & /ress$ at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,if y obs]ve any ( ! b\nd>ies 9 nature we use a l9e to express1 y w notice "s po9ts are acc5tuat$1 attract ! att5tion1 m ?an o!rs4 ,! only means y h to express ?is 9 a l9e draw+ is by d>k5+ & %>p5+ ! l9e4 ,at o!r po9ts1 :]e ! cont\r is almo/ lo/1 ! l9e c be s(t & blurr$4 ,x is impossible to write ( ! inf9ite qualities ( v>iety t a f9e draughtsman w get into 8 l9e "w2 !y mu/ be /udi$ fir/ h&4 ,b on ?is play ( ?ickness & quality ( l9e mu* ( ! vitality ( y\r draw+ w dep5d4 ,,xii ,,rhy?m3 ,,unity ,,( ,,l9e ,unity ( l9e is a bigg] quality ?an v>iety1 & z x requires a l>g] m5tal grasp1 is m r>ely met )4 ,! bigg] ?+s 9 draw+ & design come "u its consid]ation1 includ+1 z x does1 ! relation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,its prop] consid]ation w\ld take u into ! :ole field ( ,composition1 a subject ne$+ f> m consid]ation ?an x c be giv5 9 ?is book4 ,9 almo/ all compositions a rhy?mic fl[ ( l9es c be trac$4 ,n necess>ily a fl[ ( actual l9es 7al?\gh ^! (t5 exi/72 !y may be only imag9>y l9es l9k+ up or mass+ c]ta9 p>ts1 & br++ !m into con=mity ) ! rhy?mic conception ( ! :ole4 ,or aga91 only a c]ta9 /ress & fl[ 9 ! =ms1 sugge/+ l9e movem5ts4 ,b ^! l9e movem5ts fl[+ ?r\gh y\r panel are ( ! utmo/ importance2 !y are l ! melodies & subjects ( a musical symphony1 weav+ ?r\gh & l9k+ up ! :ole composition4 ,(t51 ! l9e ( a cont\r at "o "p ( a picture is pick$ up aga9 by ! cont\r ( "s object at ano!r "p ( ! composition1 & al?\gh no actual l9e connects !m1 a unity is ?us set up betwe5 !m4 7,see diagrams1 pages #aff & #afh1 illu/rat+ l9e compositions ( pictures by ,botticelli & ,paolo ,v]onese74 ,?is imag9>y foll[+ ?r\gh ( cont\rs across spaces 9 a composition %\ld always be look$ out = & s\ght aft]1 z no?+ s]ves to unite a picture l ?is relation%ip ( remote p>ts4 ,! fl[ ( ^! l9es w dep5d on ! nature ( ! subject3 !y w be m graci\s & easy1 or m vigor\s & p[]ful1 accord+ to ! dem&s ( y\r subject4 ,?is l9k+ up ( ! cont\rs applies equally well to ! draw+ ( a s+le figure or ev5 a head or h&1 & ! /ud5t %\ld always be on ! look out = ?is unit+ quality4 ,x is a quality ( great importance 9 giv+ unity to a composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>allelism ,:5 gr\ps ( l9es 9 a picture occur p>allel to ea* o!r !y produce an acc5tuation ( ! p>ticul> quality ! l9e may conta91 a sort ( su/a9$ effect1 l a su/a9$ *ord on an organ1 ! effect ( :i* is mu* bigg] ?an t ( ! same *ord /ruck /accato4 ,?is su/a9$ quality has a wond]ful influ5ce 9 /eady+ & unit+ y\r "w4 ,?is p>allelism c only be us$ successfully ) ! simple/ l9es1 su* z a /raight l9e or a simple curve2 x is nev] advisable except 9 decorative patt]ns to be us$ ) complicat$ %apes4 ,blake is v fond ( ! su/a9$ effect p>allelism gives1 & uses ! repetition ( curv$ & /raight l9es v (t5 9 8 compositions4 ,note 9 ,plate ,i ( ! ,job s]ies1 page #adf ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ! use made ( ?is su/a9+ quality 9 ! p>allelism ( ! %eep's backs 9 ! backgr\nd & ! p>allel upw>d fl[ ( ! l9es ( ! figures4 ,9 ,plate ,,ii y see x us$ 9 ! curv$ l9es ( ! figures on ei!r side ( ! ?rone above1 & 9 ! two angels ) ! scroll at ! left-h& corn]4 ,beh9d ^! two figures y aga9 h its use acc5tuat+ by repetition ! peaceful l9e ( ! hacks ( ! %eep4 ,! same ?+ c be se5 9 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,b1 :]e ! p>allelism ( ! back l9es ( ! %eep & ! legs ( ! seat$ figures gives a look ( peace contra/+ ) ! viol5ce ( ! mess5g] come to tell ( ! de/ruction ( ,job's sons4 ,! emphasis t p>allelism gives to ! music ( p>ticul> l9es is well illu/rat$ 9 all ,blake's "w4 ,he is a m9e ( in=mation on ! subject ( l9e rhy?m4 ,comp>e ,a ) ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,c2 note h[ ! emotional quality is dep5d5t 9 bo? cases on ! p>allelism ( ! upw>d fl[ ( ! l9es4 ,h[ also 9 ,plate ,i he has c>ri$ ! v]tical feel+ ev5 into ! %eep 9 ! front1 introduc+ little b&s ( v]tical %ad+ to c>ry ?r\gh ! v]tical l9es made by ! kneel+ figures4 ,& 9 ! la/ plate1 ,s ! ,"l bless$ ! latt] end ( ,job m ?an ! beg9n+1 note h[ ! great] complet5ess ) :i* ! p>allelism has be5 c>ri$ out has giv5 a mu* great] emphasis to ! effect1 express+ a great] exaltation & peace ?an 9 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,a4 ,notice 9 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,d1 :]e ,! j1 upright man is laugh$ to scorn1 h[ ?is p[] ( emphasis is us$ to increase ! look ( scorn hurl$ at ,job by ! po9t+ f+]s ( 8 ?ree fri5ds4 ,( ! use ( ?is pr9ciple 9 curv$ =ms1 ! repetition ( ! l9e ( ! back 9 /oop+ figures is a fav\rite device ) ,blake4 ,!re w be f\nd in/ances ( ?is 9 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,e & ,g4 7,fur!r in/ances w be f\nd on ref]5ce to ,plates ,,vii1 ,,viii1 ,,xiii1 & ,,xvii1 9 ,blake's ,job47 ,9 ! la/ in/ance x is int]e/+ to note h[ he has balanc$ ! composition1 :i* has ?ree figures kneel+ on ! "r & only "o on ! left4 ,by los+ ! outl9e ( ! ?ird figure on ! "r & gett+ a d\ble l9e out ( ! s+le figure on ! left by means ( ! outl9e ( ! mass ( hair1 & also by %ad+ ?is s+le figure m /rongly1 he has contriv$ to keep a p]fect balance4 ,! head ( ,job is also turn$ to ! left1 :ile he /&s slightly on t side1 /ill fur!r balanc+ ! ?ree figures on ! "r4 7,?is does n %[ s well 9 ! illu/ration "h reproduc$ z 9 ! orig9al pr9t47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,?us did ,job cont9ually4 7,plate ,i1 ,blake's ,job7 ,& ,i only am escap$ alone to tell !e4 7,plate ,,iv1 ,blake's ,job7 ,s ! ,"l bless$ ! latt] end ( ,job m ?an ! beg9n+4 7,plate ,,xxi1 ,blake's ,job7 ,! j upright man is laugh$ to scorn4 7,plate ,x1 ,blake's ,job7 ,"s rude ?+s 7 said above ab\t ! /raight l9e & ! circle1 on acc\nt ( _! lack ( v>iety1 & x is true t a ma!matically /raight l9e1 or a ma!matically p]fect circle1 are nev] f\nd 9 good arti/ic draw+4 ,= )\t v>iety is no *>m or life4 ,b ^! l9es possess o!r qualities1 due to _! maximum am\nt ( unity1 t give !m great p[] 9 a composition2 & :]e ! expression ( sublimity or any ( ! deep] & m pr(\nd s5tim5ts are 9 evid5ce1 !y are (t5 to be f\nd4 ,! r[s ( columns 9 a ,greek temple1 ! clu/]s ( v]tical l9es 9 a ,go?ic ca!dral int]ior1 are in/ances ( ! sublimity & p[] !y possess4 ,! necess>y play t makes = vitality--! di!r z we call$ ?is quality 9 a =m] *apt]--is giv5 9 ! case ( ! ,greek temple by ! subtle curv+ ( ! l9es ( columns & /eps1 & by ! ri* v>iety ( ! sculpture1 & 9 ! case ( ! ,go?ic ca!dral by a r\gh] cutt+ ( ! /one blocks & ! v>iety 9 ! col\r ( ! /one4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture ?is p>ticul> quality ( di!r or ! play ( life 9 all ! p>ts is conspicu\s1 ! balance be+ on ! side ( v>iety r ?an unity4 ,! individual workman 0 giv5 a l>ge am\nt ( fre$om & all[$ to ex]cise 8 p]sonal fancy4 ,! capitals ( columns1 ! cusp+ ( w9d[s1 & ! ornam5ts 7 seldom repeat$1 b v>i$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! craftsman4 ,v high f9i% 0 seldom attempt$1 ! m>ks ( ! *isel (t5 be+ left %[+ 9 ! /onework4 ,all ?is gave a w>m? & exub]ance ( life to a f9e ,go?ic build+ t makes a classical build+ look cold by comp>ison4 ,! fre$om ) :i* new p>ts 7 built on to a ,go?ic build+ is ano!r pro( ( ! fact t x is n 9 ! conception ( ! unity ( ! :ole t _! *ief *>m consi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a f9e classic build+ is ! result ( "o l>ge conception to :i* e "p has rigor\sly to con=m4 ,any addition to ?is 9 aft] ye>s is usually disa/r\s4 ,a high f9i% is always attempt$1 no tool m>ks nor any individuality ( ! craftsman is all[$ to m> ! p]fect symmetry ( ! :ole4 ,x may be cold]1 b h[ p]fect 9 sublimity6 ,! balance "h is on ! side ( unity r ?an v>iety4 ,! /r5g? & sublimity ( ,norman ar*itecture is due to ! use ( circul> curves 9 ! ar*es1 comb9$ ) /raight l9es & ! use ( squ>e =ms 9 ! ornam5ts--l9es possess$ ( lea/ v>iety4 ,all objects ) :i* "o associates ! look ( /r5g? w be f\nd to h /raight l9es 9 _! composition4 ,! look ( /r5g? 9 a /rong man is due to ! squ>e l9es ( ! cont\rs1 s diff]5t f ! r\nd$ =ms ( a fat man4 ,& ev]yone kn[s ! look ( m5tal p[] a squ>e =ehead gives to a head & ! look ( physical p[] express$ by a squ>e jaw4 ,! look ( p[] 9 a rocky l&scape or range ( hills is due to ! same cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,:5 ! ,almighty 0 yet ) me1 :5 my *ildr5 7 ab\t me4 7,plate ,,ii1 ,blake's ,job7 ,) dreams ^u my b$ ,?\ sc>e/ me1 & affrighte/ me ) visions4 7,plate ,,xi1 ,blake's ,job7 ,pr9t$ ! wrong way up 9 ord] to %[ t ! look ( horror is n solely dep5d5t on ! ?+s repres5t$ b belongs to ! rhy?m1 ! patt]n ( ! composition4 ,& my s]vant ,job %all pray = y4 7,plate ,,xviii1 ,blake's ,job7 ,:5 ! morn+-/>s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 7,plate ,,xiv1 ,blake's ,job7 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,horizontal & ! ,v]tical ,! horizontal & ! v]tical are two v important l9es1 ! horizontal be+ associat$ ) calm & contemplation & ! v]tical ) a feel+ ( elevation4 ,z 0 said above1 _! relation to ! sides ( ! composition to :i* !y are p>allel 9 rectangul> pictures is ( great importance 9 unit+ ! subject to its b\nd+ l9es & giv+ x a well-knit look1 convey+ a feel+ ( great /ability to a picture4 ,h[ impressive & sugge/ive ( contemplation is ! long l9e ( ! horizon on a calm day at sea1 or ! long1 horizontal l9e ( a des]t pla96 ,! lack ( v>iety1 ) all ! en]gy & vitality t accompany x1 gives "o a s5se ( peace & re/1 a t\* ( inf9ity t no o!r l9es c convey4 ,! horizontal l9es :i* ! breeze makes on /ill wat]1 & :i* ! sky (t5 assumes at sunset1 affect u f ! same h>monic cause4 ,! /one p9e & ! cypress are typical in/ances ( ! sublime associat$ ) ! v]tical 9 nature4 ,ev5 a factory *imney ris+ above a di/ant t[n1 9 spite ( its unpleasant associations1 is impressive1 n to speak ( ! beautiful spires ( "s ( our ,go?ic ca!drals1 po9t+ upw>ds4 ,h[ well ,con/able has us$ ! v]tical sublimity ( ! spire ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral c be se5 9 8 picture1 at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :]e he has contra/$ x ) ! gay trac]y ( an ar* ( elm trees4 ,go?ic ca!drals g5]ally dep5d mu* on ?is v]tical feel+ ( l9e = _! impressiv5ess4 ,! ,romans knew ! expressive p[] ( ! v]tical :5 !y set up a lonely column z a monum5t to "s great de$ or p]son4 ,& a s5se ( ?is sublimity may be an unconsci\s explanation ( ! craze = putt+ t[]s & obelisks on high places t "o comes across 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 usually call$ someone's folly4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagrams1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 pages #aeb ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,x & #aec ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xi1 are examples ( ! influ5ce to be associat$ ) ! horizontal & v]tical l9es4 ,a is no?+ b six /raight l9es drawn across a rectangul> %ape1 & yet ,i ?9k !y convey some?+ ( ! contemplative & peaceful s5se giv5 by a sunset ov] ! sea on a calm ev5+4 ,& ?is is entirely due to ! expressive p[] /raight l9es possess1 & ! feel+s !y h ! p[] to call up 9 ! m9d4 ,9 ,b a little m incid5t & v>iety has be5 introduc$1 & al?\gh !re is a c]ta9 loss ( calm1 x is n yet en\gh to de/roy ! impression4 ,! l9e sugge/+ a figure is v]tical & s plays up to ! same calm feel+ z ! horizontal l9es4 ,! circul> disc ( ! sun has ! same /atic quality1 be+ ! curve mo/ devoid ( v>iety4 ,x is ! l9es ( ! cl\ds t give "s excitem5t1 b !y are only en\gh to sugge/ ! dy+ en]gy ( dep>t+ day4 ,n[ let u b b5d ! figure 9 a slight curve1 z at ,c1 & de/roy its v]tical direction1 p>tly cov] ! disc ( ! sun s z to de/roy ! complete circle1 & all ?is is imm$iately alt]$1 our calm ev5+ has become a w9dy "o1 our l9es n[ be+ expressive ( "s en]gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,f,,te ,,*amp,,tre4 ,,giorgioni 7,,l\vre7 ,note ! /raight l9e introduc$ 9 seat$ female figure ) flute to c\nt]act ri* =ms4 ,to take a simil> in/ance ) v]tical l9es4 ,let ,d repres5t a r[ ( p9e trees 9 a wide pla94 ,su* l9es convey a s5se ( exaltation & inf9ite calm4 ,n[ if "s foliage is introduc$1 z at ,e1 giv+ a sw++ l9e1 & if ?is sw++ l9e is c>ri$ on by a correspond+ "o 9 ! sky1 we h introduc$ "s life & v>iety4 ,if we entirely de/roy ! v]tical feel+ & b5d our trees1 z at ,f1 ! expression ( mu* en]gy w be ! result1 & a feel+ ( ! /ress & /ruggle ( ! elem5ts introduc$ :]e !re 0 p]fect calm4 ,x is ! alo(ness ( /raight l9es f all ! fuss & flurry ( v>iety t gives !m ?is calm1 inf9ite expression4 ,& _! value z a /eady+ influ5ce among ! m exub]ant =ms ( a composition is v great4 ,! ,v5etians knew ?is & made great use ( /raight l9es among ! ri*] =ms !y s delight$ 94 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ,giorgione 9 8 ,fte ,*amptre ( ! ,l\vre 7see illu/ration1 page #aea ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxiii71 w5t out ( 8 way to get a /raight l9e to /eady 8 picture & contra/ ) ! curves4 ,n want+ x 9 ! l&scape1 he has boldly made ! cont\r ( ! seat$ female con=m to a rigid /raight l9e1 acc5tuat$ /ill fur!r by ! flute 9 h] h&4 ,if x 7 n = ?is & o!r /raight l9es 9 ! picture1 & a c]ta9 squ>5ess ( draw+ 9 ! drap]ies1 ! ri*ness ( ! trees 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! full =ms ( ! fle% & drap]y w\ld be too mu*1 & ! effect become sickly1 if n positively sweet4 ,van ,dyck1 also1 us$ to g out ( 8 way to introduce a h>d /raight l9e ne> ! head 9 8 portraits = ! same reason1 (t5 end+ abruptly1 )\t any app>5t reason1 a d>k backgr\nd 9 a h>d l9e1 & %[+ a di/ant l&scape beyond 9 ord] to get a light mass to acc5tuate ! /raight l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,x4 ,,illu/rat+1 ,a1 ,,calm ,,rhy?mic ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,horizontal ,,l9es ,,su* ,,z ,a ,,sunset ,,ov] ,,! ,,sea ,,might ,,give2 ,b1 ,,introduction ,,( ,,l9es ,,convey+ ,,"s ,,en]gy2 ,c1 ,,%[+ ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,repose ,,by ,,fur!r ,,curv+ ,,( ,,l9es4 ,,! ,,calm ,,ev5+ ,,has ,,become ,a ,,w9dy ,,"o4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xi4 ,,illu/rat+1 ,d1 ,,rhy?mic ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,v]tical ,,l9es2 ,e1 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,"s ,,v>iety2 ,f1 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,v]tical ,,& ,,consequ5t ,,loss ,,( ,,repose4 ,! ri* modell+ & sw++ l9es ( ! ,bac*us & ,ariadne ( ,titian 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 "h reproduc$1 page #aed ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 w\ld be too gross1 7 x n = ! /eady+ influ5ce ( ! horizontal l9es 9 ! sky & ! v]tical l9es ( ! tree-trunks4 ,:ile speak+ ( ?is picture1 x might n be out ( place to m5tion an idea t occurr$ to me z to ! reason = ! some:at aggressive /&+ leg ( ! female figure ) ! cymbals lead+ ! procession ( revell]s4 ,i w n attempt any analysis ( ?is composition1 :i* is ably gone into 9 ano!r book ( ?is s]ies4 ,b ! /&+ leg ( ?is figure1 giv5 su* prom95ce 9 ! composition1 has always r puzzl$ me4 ,i knew ,titian w\ld n h giv5 x t vigor\s /& )\t a good reason4 ,x c]ta9ly does n help ! run ( ! composition1 al?\gh x may be useful 9 /eady+ x1 & x is n a p>ticul>ly beautiful ?+ 9 itself1 z ! position is "o bett] suit$ to a man's leg ?an to a woman's4 ,b if y cov] x ov] ) y\r f+] & look at ! composition )\t x1 ,i ?9k ! reason ( its prom95ce becomes pla9]4 ,titian evid5tly _h "s tr\ble1 z well he might h1 ) ! =w>d leg ( ! ,bac*us4 ,he wi%$ to give ! look ( 8 /epp+ f ! c> lightly tread+ ! air1 z gods may be p]mitt$ to d4 ,b ! :eel ( ! c> t comes beh9d ! foot made x difficult to evade ! idea t he 0 /epp+ on x1 :i* w\ld be ! way an ord9>y mortal w\ld alight4 ,i ?9k ! duty ( ! aggressive /&+ leg ( ! lead+ ,bac*ante1 ) its great look ( weight1 is to give a look ( lightness to ?is =w>d leg ( ,bac*us1 by contra/--:i* x c]ta9ly does4 ,on exam9+ ! picture closely 9 a good light1 y w see t he has _h ! foot ( ,bac*us 9 sev]al positions be=e he got x "r4 ,ano!r foot c di/9ctly be se5 ab\t a c\ple ( in*es or s above ! pres5t "o4 ,! g5]al v]tical direction ( ?is leg is also aga9/ its look ( lightness & motion1 t5d+ r to give x a /ation>y1 /atic look4 ,i c\ld n at fir/ see :y he did n br+ ! foot fur!r to ! "r1 :i* w\ld h aid$ ! lightness ( ! figure & increas$ its movem5t4 ,b y w obs]ve t ?is w\ld h hurl$ ! :ole weight ( ! mass ( figures on ! "r1 =w>d on to ! s+le figure ( ,ariadne1 & upset ! balance2 z y c see by cov]+ ?is leg ) y\r f+] & imag9+ x sw++ to ! "r4 ,s t ,titian1 hav+ to reta9 ! v]tical position = ,bac*us' =w>d leg1 us$ ! aggressive /&+ leg ( ! cymbal lady to acc5tuate its spr+ & lightness4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,,bac*us ,,& ,,ariadne4 ,,titian ,photo ,hanf/a5gl ,a feel+ ( /raight-up-ness 9 a figure or ( ! horizontal plane 9 any?+ w produce ! same effect z a v]tical or horizontal l9e )\t any actual l9e be+ visible4 ,blake's ,morn+ ,/>s ,s++ ,toge!r is an in/ance ( ! v]tical *ord1 al?\gh !re is no actual upright l9e 9 ! figures4 ,b !y all h a vigor\s /raight-up-ness t gives !m ! feel+ ( peace & elevation c\pl$ ) a flame-l l9e runn+ ?r\gh !m t gives !m _! joy\s en]gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xii4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c ,sid5ote3 ,! ,"r ,angle ,! comb9ation ( ! v]tical ) ! horizontal produces "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ arre/+ *ords t y c make1 & x w be f\nd to exi/ 9 mo/ pictures & draw+s :]e !re is ! expression ( dramatic p[]4 ,! cross is ! typical example ( ?is4 ,x is a comb9ation ( l9es t in/antly rivets ! att5tion1 & has probably a m p[]ful effect ^u ! m9d--q ap>t f any?+ symbolis$ by x--?an any o!r simple comb9ations t c\ld h be5 devis$4 ,h[ p[]ful is ! effect ( a v]tical figure1 or ev5 a po/1 se5 cutt+ ! long horizontal l9e ( ! horizon on ! sea-%ore4 ,or a telegraph po/ by ! side ( ! road1 se5 aga9/ ! long horizontal l9e ( a hill at sunset4 ,! look ( p[] giv5 by ! v]tical l9es ( a contract$ br[ is due to ! same cause4 ,! v]tical furr[s ( ! br[ cont9u+ ! l9es ( ! nose1 make a cont9u\s v]tical :i* ! horizontal l9es ( ! br[ cross 7see ,fig4 ,a 9 ! illu/ration74 ,! same cause gives ! pr(ile a p[]ful look :5 ! eyebr[s make a horizontal l9e contra/+ ) ! v]tical l9e ( ! =ehead 7,fig4 ,b74 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! look ( p[] associat$ ) a squ>e br[3 x is n t ! squ>e =ehead gives ! look ( a l>g] bra9 capacity1 = if ! =ehead protrudes 9 a curv$ l9e1 z at ,c1 ! look ( p[] is lo/1 al?\gh !re is obvi\sly m room = bra9s4 ,?is p[] ( ! "r angle is well exemplifi$ 9 ,watts' ,love & ,dea?1 "h reproduc$1 page #aeh ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,9 ?is noble composition1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion "o ( ! mo/ sublime expressions produc$ by n9ete5?-c5tury art1 ! irresi/ible p[] & maje/y ( ! sl[ly advanc+ figure ( ,dea? is l>gely due to ! "r angle felt ?r\gh ! pose4 ,n gett+ x 9 ! cont\r1 ,watts has boldly introduc$ x by means ( %ad+ ! f>!r arm & insi/+ on ! light upp] edge ( ! out/ret*$ arm & h&1 :ile los+ some:at !1 outl9e ( ! head beyond4 ,note also ! look ( p[] ! insi/5ce on squ>e =ms 9 ! drap]y gives ?is figure4 ,! expression is /ill fur!r emphasis$ by ! h>d squ>e =ms ( ! /eps1 & p>ticul>ly by ! /rong horizontal l9e ( ! fir/ /ep s insi/$ on1 at "r angles to ! v]tical /& ( ! figure2 & also ! upright l9es ( ! doorway above4 ,9 contra/ ) ! awful sublimity ( ?is figure ( ,dea?1 h[ t\*+ is ! expression ( ! little figure ( ,love1 try+ va9ly to /op ! inevitable advance4 ,& ?is expression is due to ! curv$ l9es on :i* ! action ( ! figure is hung1 & ! s(t undulat+ =ms ( its modell+4 ,:]eas ! figure ( ,dea? is all squ>e l9es & flat crisp planes1 ! :ole hang+ on a dramatic "r angle2 ?is figure is all subtle fullness bo? ( cont\r & modell+ melt+ "o into ! o!r1 ! :ole hung ^u a ri* full curve />t+ at ! /&+ foot ( ! advanc+ figure4 ,& :]eas ! expression ( ,dea? is support$ & emphasis$ by ! h>d1 squ>e =ms & texture ( ! /one /eps1 ! expression ( ,love is support$ & emphasis$ by ! r\nd$ =ms & s(t texture ( ! clu/]+ roses4 ,on ?is contra/ ( l9e & =m1 s 9 sympa?y ) ! pr(\nd s5tim5t to :i* ?is picture owes its orig91 ! expressive p[] ( ?is composition w be f\nd to dep5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xiii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,l9es ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,rhy?mic ,,p[] ,,( ,,?is ,,picture ,,dep5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,,love ,,& ,,dea?4 ,,by ,g4,f4 ,,watts ,a noble composition1 f\nd$ on ! p[] ( ! "r angle 9 ! figure ( ,dea?1 9 contra/ ) ! curv$ l9es 9 ! figure ( ,love4 7,see diagram opposite47 ,photo ,holly] ,9 ! diagram accompany+ ! reproduction ( ?is picture ,i h tri$ to indicate 9 diagrammatical =m "s ( ! *ief l9es ( its anatomy4 ,9 ^! diagrams ( ! anatomy ( compositions ! l9es select$ are n always v obvi\s 9 ! orig9als & are ju/ly mu* brok5 into by tru?s ( natural appe>ance4 ,b an emotional significance dep5d+ on "s arrangem5t ( ab/ract l9es is to be f\nd und]ly+ ! expression 9 e good picture1 c>efully hidd5 z x is by all great arti/s4 ,& al?\gh "s apology is p]haps necess>y = ! ugl9ess ( ^! diagrams1 x is an ugl9ess t att5ds all anatomy draw+s4 ,if ! /ud5t w trace !m & put 8 trac+ ov] ! reproductions ( ! orig9als1 !y w help him to see on :at ?+s 9 ! arrangem5t ! rhy?mic =ce ( ! picture dep5ds4 ,o!r l9es1 z important z ^? select$1 may h be5 ov]look$1 b ! ones *os5 w suffice to %[ ! g5]al "* ( !m all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is "o condition 9 a composition1 t is laid d[n be=e y beg91 & t is ! %ape ( y\r panel or canvas4 ,?is is usually a rectangul> =m1 & all ! l9es ( y\r design w h to be consid]$ 9 relation to ?is %ape4 ,v]tical & horizontal l9es be+ p>allel to ! b\nd>ies ( rectangul> pictures1 are always "r & imm$iately set up a relation%ip1 z we h se54 ,! arre/+ p[] ( ! "r angle exi/s at ea* corn] ( a rectangul> picture1 :]e ! v]tical sides meet ! horizontal base1 & ?is pres5ts a difficulty1 because y d n wi% ! spectator's att5tion drawn to ! corn]s1 & ?is dramatic comb9ation ( l9es always attracts ! eye4 ,a fav\rite way ( gett+ rid ( ?is is to fill !m ) "s d>k mass1 or ) l9es sw++ r\nd & c>ry+ ! eye pa/ !m1 s t ! att5tion is cont9ually swung to ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,= l9es h a p[] ( direct+ ! att5tion1 ! eye in/9ctively runn+ ) !m1 & ?is p[] is ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 direct+ ! spectator to ! pr9cipal int]e/4 ,x is ?is tr\ble ) ! corn]s t makes ! problem ( fill+ a squ>e s exact+4 ,9 an ord9>y rectangul> panel y h a c]ta9 am\nt ( free space 9 ! middle1 & ! difficulty ( fill+ ! corn]s com=tably does n pres5t itself until ?is space is arrang$ =4 ,b 9 a squ>e1 ! mom5t y leave ! c5tre y are 9 "o or o!r ( ! corn]s1 & ! fill+ ( !m gov]ns ! problem mu* m ?an 9 ! case ( o!r %apes4 ,x is a good ex]cise = /ud5ts to give !mselves a squ>e to fill1 9 ord] to und]/& ?is difficulty & le>n to ov]come x4 ,o!r l9es t possess a direct relation to a rectangul> %ape are ! diagonals4 ,_m compositions t d n hang on a v]tical or horizontal basis are built on ?is l9e1 & are ?us relat$ to ! b\nd+ %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,br$a ,,vel,,zquez 7,,prado7 ,photo ,&]son ,:5 v]tical1 horizontal1 or diagonal l9es are ref]r$ to1 x mu/ n be assum$ t "o means 9 all cases nak$ l9es4 ,!re is no pure v]tical l9e 9 a /one p9e or cypress tree1 nor pure horizontal l9e 9 a /ret* ( c\ntry1 b ! :ole sw+ ( _! l9es is v]tical or horizontal4 ,& 9 ! same way1 :5 "o speaks ( a composition be+ hung ^u a diagonal1 x is seldom t a nak$ diagonal l9e exi/s 9 ! composition1 b ! g5]al sw+ is across ! panel 9 h>mony ) "o or o!r diagonal4 ,& :5 ?is is s1 !re is a unity set up betwe5 ! design & its b\nd>ies4 ,a good in/ance ( v]tical1 horizontal1 & diagonal l9es to unite a picture is ,velzquez's ,! ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 "h reproduc$4 ,note ! v]tical *ord 9 ! spe>s on ! left1 cont9u$ 9 ! leg ( ! horse & front leg ( ! figure receiv+ ! key1 & ! horizontal l9e made by ! d>k mass ( di/ant city1 to be cont9u$ by ! gun c>ri$ ov] ! %\ld] ( ! figure ) ! sl\* hat beh9d ! pr9cipal gr\p4 ,velzquez has gone out ( 8 way to get ?is l9e1 z x c\ld h>dly h be5 ! fa%ion to c>ry a gun 9 ?is position1 po9t+ /raight at ! head ( ! man beh9d4 ,horizontal l9es also occur 9 ! sky & di/ant l&scape1 "o runn+ "r ?r\gh ! gr\p ( spe>s4 ,! use ( ! diagonal is ano!r rem>kable ?+ 9 ! l9es ( ?is picture4 ,if y place a rul] on ! slant+ l9e ( ! flag beh9d ! horse's head to ! "r1 y f9d x is exactly p>allel to a diagonal drawn f ! top "r-h& corn] to ! l[] left-h& corn]4 ,ano!r l9e practically p>allel to ?is diagonal is ! l9e ( ! sword belong+ to ! figure (f]+ ! key1 ! feel+ ( :i* is cont9u$ 9 ! h& & key ( ?is same figure4 ,x may be not$ also t ! back "r leg ( ! horse 9 ! front is p>allel to ! o!r diagonal1 ! "u side ( x be+ actually on ! diagonal & ?us br\ght into relation ) ! b\nd+ l9es ( ! picture4 ,& all ^! l9es1 )\t ! artifice be+ too app>5t1 give t well-knit1 dignifi$ look s 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,curv$ ,l9es ,curv$ l9es h n ! moral integrity ( /raight l9es4 ,!irs is n s mu* to m9i/] to ! expression ( ! sublime z to woo u to ! beaute\s joys ( ! s5ses4 ,!y hold ! secrets ( *>m4 ,b )\t ! /eady+ p[] ( /raight l9es & flatnesses1 curves get out ( h& & lose _! p[]4 ,9 ar*itecture ! rococo /yle is an example ( ?is excess4 ,:ile all expressions ( exub]ant life & en]gy1 ( *>m & grace dep5d on curv$ l9es = _! effect1 yet 9 _! mo/ ref9$ & beautiful expression !y err on ! side ( ! squ>e =ms r ?an ! circle4 ,:5 ! uncontroll$ use ( curves approa*+ ! circle & volute are indulg$ 91 unre/ra9$ by ! /eady+ influ5ce ( any /raight l9es1 ! effect is gross4 ,! f9e/ curves are full ( re/ra9t1 & excessive curvature is a ?+ to be avoid$ 9 good draw+4 ,we recognise ?is integrity ( /raight l9es :5 we say anybody is an upright man or is q /raight1 wi%+ to convey ! impression ( moral wor?4 ,rub5s 0 a pa9t] :o glori$ 9 ! unre/ra9$ expression ( ! zeal to live & dr9k deeply ( life1 & glori\s z mu* ( 8 "w is1 & wond]ful z x all is1 ! excessive use ( curves & r\nd$ =ms 9 8 lat] "w robs x ( mu* ( its p[] & (f5ds u by its grossness4 ,8 be/ "w is full ( squ>] draw+ & planes4 ,always be on ! look out = /raightnesses 9 curv$ =ms & = planes 9 y\r modell+4 ,let u take our simple/ =m ( composition aga91 a /ret* ( sea & sky1 & apply curv$ l9es :]e we =m]ly _h /raight l9es4 ,y w see h[ ! l9es at ,a1 page #afd ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xiv1 al?\gh b slightly curv$1 express "s en]gy1 :]e ! /raight l9es ( our =m] diagram express$ repose1 & !n h[ 9 ,b & ,c ! increas+ curvature ( ! l9es increases ! en]gy express$1 until 9 ,d1 :]e ! l9es sweep r\nd 9 "o vigor\s swirl1 a p]fect hurricane is express$4 ,?is la/1 is r\ghly ! rhy?mic basis ( ,turn]'s ,hannibal ,cross+ ! ,alps 9 ! ,turn] ,gall]y4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ graceful =ms ! ty+ l9es ( a composition may take is a cont9u\s fl[1 "o l9e evolv+ out ( ano!r 9 graceful sequ5ce1 ?us lead+ ! eye on f "o "p to ano!r & c>ry+ ! att5tion to ! pr9cipal int]e/s4 ,two good in/ances ( ?is arrangem5t are ,botticelli's ,bir? ( ,v5us & ! ,rape ( ,europa1 by ,paolo ,v]onese1 reproduc$ on pages #aff ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xv1 ,plate ,,xxxvii & #afh ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xvi1 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,v5etian picture does n dep5d s mu* on ! cl>ity ( its l9e basis z ! ,flor5t9e4 ,& x is int]e/+ to note h[ mu* ne>] to ! curves ( ! circle ! l9es ( ,europa approa* ?an d ^? ( ! ,v5us picture4 ,7 ! same primitive treatm5t appli$ to ! lat] "w pa9t$ 9 ! oil m$ium z has be5 us$ by ,botticelli 9 8 temp]a picture1 ! robu/ness ( ! curves w\ld h (f5d$ & be5 too gross = ! simple =mula2 :]eas ov]laid & hidd5 "u su* a ri* abundance ( natural tru? z x is 9 ?is gorge\s picture1 we are too mu* di/ract$ & ent]ta9$ by su* weal? to h "t to dwell on ! purity ( ! l9e arrangem5t at its base4 ,& ! ri* fullness ( l9e arrangem5t1 al?\gh r excessive1 se5 deta*$1 is 9 keep+ ) ! sumptu\s luxuriance ! ,v5etian lov$ s well to express4 ,b = pure l9e beauty ! great] re/ra9t ( ! curves 9 ,botticelli's picture is inf9itely m satisfy+1 ?\gh "h we h n any?+ l ! same weal? & ri*ness ( natural appe>ance to engage our att5tion1 & ! innoc5t simplicity ( ! te*nique leaves mu* m expos$ ! /ructure ( l9es1 :i* 9 consequ5ce play a great] "p 9 ! effect ( ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xiv4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,curv$ ,,l9es ,,to ,,convey ,,en]gy4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xv4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,fl[ ,,( ,,l9es ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,rhy?mic ,,unity ,,( ,,?is ,,picture ,,dep5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,v5us4 ,,botticelli 7,,flor5ce7 ,a beautiful example ( ,botticelli's ref9$ l9e rhy?m4 7,see diagram on opposite page = analysis47 ,photo ,&]son ,9 bo? cases note ! way ! l9es lead up to ! pr9cipal subject1 & ! /eady+ p[] introduc$ by means ( horizontal1 v]tical1 & o!r /raight l9es4 ,v]onese has cont5t$ himself ) keep+ a c]ta9 horizontal feel+ 9 ! sky1 culm9at+ 9 ! /raight l9es ( ! horizon & ( ! sea edge4 ,& he has also introduc$ two pyramids1 giv+ /raight l9es 9 among ! trees1 ! mo/ pron\nc$ ( :i* leads ! eye /raight on to ! pr9cipal head4 ,botticelli has fir/ ! long l9e ( ! horizon e*o$ 9 ! gr\nd at ! "r-h& l[] corn]4 ,& !n he has made a det]m9$ /& aga9/ ! fl[ ( l9es c>ry+ y out ( ! picture on ! "r1 by putt+ /raight1 upright trees & insi/+ ^u _! /raightness4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xvi4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,l9es ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,rhy?mic ,,unity ,,( ,,?is ,,picture ,,dep5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,europa4 ,,by ,,paolo ,,v]onese 7,,v5ice7 ,a composition ( ri* full =ms & ri* full col\r4 7,see ! diagram on opposite page = analysis ( l9e rhy?m47 ,photo ,&]son ,ano!r rhy?mic =m ! l9es at ! basis ( a composition may take is a flame-l fl[ ( l9es2 curv$ l9es meet+ & p>t+ & meet+ aga91 or ev5 cross+ 9 "o cont9ual movem5t onw>ds4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! use ( ?is quality is ! "w ( ! rem>kable ,spani% pa9t] usually call$ ,el ,greco1 two ( ^: works are "h %[n 7page #agb ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xl74 ,:atev] may be said by ! academically m9d$ z to ! incorrectness ( 8 draw+1 !re c be no two op9ions z to ! rem>kable rhy?mic vitality ( 8 "w4 ,! upw>d fl[ ( 8 l9es & ! flame-l flick] ( 8 light masses ?rills "o 9 mu* ! same way z wat*+ a fl>+ fire4 ,!re is some?+ exalt+ & /imulat+ 9 x1 al?\gh1 us$ to excess z he sometimes uses x1 x is apt to suff] f lack ( repose4 ,two examples ( 8 pictures are reproduc$ "h1 & illu/rate 8 use ( ?is =m ( movem5t 9 ! l9es & masses ( 8 compositions4 ,n[h]e does he let ! eye re/1 b keeps ! same flick]+ movem5t go+ ?r\gh\t all 8 masses & edges4 ,! extraord9>y ?+ ab\t ?is rem>kable pa9t] is t :ile ?is re/less1 unre/ra9$ =m ( composition makes 8 "w ak9 to ! rococo "w ( a lat] p]iod1 !re is a fi]y e>ne/ness & s9c]ity 9 all he does1 only to be mat*$ among ! primitive pa9t]s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & v diff]5t f ! false s5tim5t ( ! lat] s*ool4 ,blake 0 also fond ( ?is flame l9e1 b usually us$ x 9 comb9ation ) m /raight l9es ?an ! en]getic ,spani>d all[$ himself4 ,plates ,,iii & ,v 9 ! ,job s]ies are good examples ( 8 use ( ?is =m4 ,9 bo? cases x w be se5 t he uses x 9 comb9ation ) ! /eady+ influ5ce ( /raight l9es1 :i* help to keep ! balance & repose necess>y 9 ! treatm5t ( ev5 ! mo/ viol5t subjects 9 art4 ,a cont9ual int]ruption 9 ! fl[ ( l9es1 & a h>% j>r+ ( "o aga9/ ano!r 9 an angul>1 jagg$ fa%ion1 produces a feel+ ( t]ror & horror4 ,a /reak ( =k lightn+ is a natural example ( ?is4 ,! plate ( ,blake's ,no4 ,,xi1 p4 #adh ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxii1 reproduc$ "h1 is also a good example4 ,i h _h x put sideways on s t y may see t ! look ( horror is n only 9 ! subject b belongs to ! p>ticul> music ( l9e 9 ! picture4 ,! effect ( ! h>% contra/s 9 ! l9es is fur!r add$ to by ! h>% contra/s ( tone3 ev]y:]e h>d lights are br\ght up aga9/ h>d d>ks4 ,h>% contra/s ( tone produce mu* ! same look ( t]ror z h>% contra/s ( l9e4 ,battle pictures are usually1 :5 good1 full ( ^! cla%es ( l9e & tone1 & ?rill+ dramatic effects 9 :i* a t\* ( horror ent]s are usually f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,9 ! picture by ,paolo ,uccello 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 reproduc$ on page #agj ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxix1 a mild] edition ( ?is effect is se54 ,! arti/ has be5 m int]e/$ 9 ! pageantry ( w> & a desire to %[ (f 8 newly-acquir$ k ( p]spective1 ?an any?+ v t]rible4 ,! contra/s ( l9e are "h b conf9$ to ! small] p>ts1 & !re are no contra/s ( light & %ade1 *i>oscuro n be+ yet inv5t$4 ,h[ev]1 x w be se5 by ! accompany+ diagram h[ consi/5tly ! h>% contra/s ( l9e 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! plann+ ( ?is picture4 ,notice ! unconsci\s hum\r ( ! =e%ort5$ spe>s & figure c>efully arrang$ on ! gr\nd to vani% to ! rec5tly discov]$ vani%+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xvii4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,cla% ,,( ,,l9es ,,9 ,,sympa?y ,,) ,,! ,,m>tial ,,nature ,,( ,,?is ,,subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxix4 ,,battle ,,( ,,/4 ,,egidio4 ,,paolo ,,uccello 7,,national ,,gall]y7 ,illu/rat+ ! effect ( j>r+ l9es 9 composition4 7,see diagram on opposite page47 ,photo ,morelli 99 99 99 99 99 ,l9es radiat+ 9 smoo? curves f a common c5tre are ano!r =m employ$ to give unity 9 pictorial design4 ,! po9t f :i* !y radiate ne$ n necess>ily be )9 ! picture1 & is (t5 consid]ably outside x4 ,b ! feel+ t !y w\ld meet if produc$ gives !m a unity t br+s !m into h>moni\s relation%ip4 ,!re is also ano!r po9t ab\t radiat+ l9es1 & t is _! p[] ( sett+ up a relation%ip betwe5 l9es o!rwise unrelat$4 ,let u try & expla9 ?is4 ,9 ,panel ,a1 page #agd ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xviii1 are drawn "s l9es at r&om1 ) ! idea ( _! be+ z little relat$ to ea* o!r z possible4 ,9 ,b1 by ! introduction ( radiat+ l9es 9 sympa?y ) !m1 !y h be5 br\ght into "s sort ( relation%ip4 ,! l9e #a-b has be5 select$ z ! dom9at+ l9e1 & an assortm5t ( radiat+ ones drawn ab\t x4 ,n[1 by draw+ #g-h1 we h set up a relation%ip betwe5 l9es #c-d1 #e-f1 & #a-b1 = ?is l9e radiates ) all ( !m4 ,l9e #i-aj acc5tuates ?is relation%ip ) #a-b4 ,! o!rs e*o ! same ?+4 ,x is ?is e*o+ ( l9es ?r\gh a composition t unites ! diff]5t p>ts & gives unity to ! :ole4 ,! cross+ ( l9es at angles approa*+ ! "r angle is always h>% & some:at discordant1 useful :5 y want to draw att5tion dramatically to a p>ticul> spot1 b to be avoid$ or cov]$ up at o!r times4 ,!re is an ugly cla% ( cross+ l9es 9 our orig9al scribble1 & at ,c we h introduc$ a mass to cov] ?is up1 & also ! angles made by l9e #c-d z x crosses ! radiat+ l9es above #a-b4 ,) a small mass at #aa to make ! balance "r1 y h a basis = a composition1 ,diagram ,c1 n at all unpleas+ 9 arrangem5t1 al?\gh bas$ on a gr\p ( discordant l9es drawn at r&om1 b br\ght into h>mony by means ( sympa!tic radiation4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xl4 ,,! ,,asc5sion ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,,by ,,dom9ico ,,!otocopuli ,,call$ ,,el ,,greco4 ,note ! flame-l =m & fl[ ( ! light masses1 & ! exalt$ feel+ ?is conveys4 ,photo ,&]son ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xli4 ,,! ,,baptism ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,,by ,,dom9ico ,,!otocopuli ,,call$ ,,el ,,greco ,ano!r example ( 8 re/less1 flame-l composition4 ,photo ,&]son ,9 ,panel ,d ! same gr\p is tak51 b ?is "t l9e #c-d is us$ z ! dom9ant "o4 ,l9e #g-h introduces #c-d to #a-b1 z x is relat$ to bo?4 ,l9es #i-aj & #aa-ab introduce #c-d to #e-f1 z !y are relat$ to bo?1 & ! o!rs foll[ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,by introduc+ "s masses cov]+ up ! cross+s1 a rhy?mic basis = a composition 7,diagram ,e7 entirely diff]5t f ,c is obta9$1 bas$ on ! same r&om gr\p4 ,9 ,panel ,f1 #a-b has be5 tak5 z ! dom9ant l9e1 & sympa!tic l9es drawn on ! same pr9ciple z be=e4 ,by aga9 cov]+ ! cross+s & introduc+ balanc+ masses we obta9 yet ano!r arrangem5t f ! same r&om scribble4 ,i w\ld sugge/ ?is z a new game to /ud5ts1 "o giv+ ano!r two or ?ree l9es drawn 9 a panel at r&om1 ! problem be+ to make h>moni\s arrangem5ts by ! introduction ( o!rs radiat+ 9 sympa?y4 ,(t5 9 a picture c]ta9 conditions are laid d[n to />t )2 some?+ z ugly z our orig9al gr\p ( l9es drawn at r&om has to be treat$ pictorially1 & x is by means su* z "h sugge/$ t its discordancy c be subdu$ & ! :ole br\ght into h>mony ) ! %ape ( y\r panel4 ,! same pr9ciples apply 9 col\r1 discordant notes c be br\ght into h>mony by ! introduction ( o!rs relat$ to bo? ! orig9al col\rs1 ?us lead+ ! eye f "o to ! o!r by easy /ages & de/roy+ ! %ock4 ,some:at 9 ! way a musician w take y f "o key into ano!r v remote by means ( a few *ords lead+ f ! "o to ! o!r2 :]eas1 _h he tak5 y /raight !re1 ! %ock w\ld h be5 t]rible4 ,z x is1 ^! transitions f "o key into ano!r please & surprise "o1 & are v effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xviii4 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,l9es ,,unrelat$ ,,c ,,be ,,br\ght ,,into ,,h>mony ,,by ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,o!rs ,,9 ,,sympa?y ,,) ,,!m4 ,a4 ,,l9es ,,drawn ,,at ,,r&om4 ,b4 ,,tak+ ,,l9e #a-b ,,z ,,dom9ant ,,l9e4 ,c4 ,,z ,,at ,b ,,b ,,) ,,addition ,,( ,,masses ,,to ,,cov] ,,l9es ,,cross+ ,,& ,,re/ore ,,balance ,d4 ,,tak+ ,,l9e #c-d ,,z ,,dom9ant ,,l9e ,e4 ,,z ,,at ,d ,,b ,,) ,,addition ,,( ,,masses ,,to ,,cov] ,,l9es ,,cross+ ,,& ,,give ,,balance ,f4 ,,tak+ ,,l9e #e-f ,,z ,,dom9ant ,,l9e ,g4 ,,z ,,at ,f ,,b ,,) ,,masses ,,to ,,cov] ,,l9es ,,cross+ ,,to ,,give ,,balance ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xix4 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,l9es ,,unrelat$ ,,c ,,be ,,br\ght ,,into ,,h>mony ,,by ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,o!rs ,,9 ,,sympa?y ,,) ,,!m4 ,h4 ,,l9es ,,drawn ,,at ,,r&om4 ,i4 ,,l9es ,,drawn ,,at ,,r&om4 ,j4 ,,additional ,,l9es ,,drawn ,,to ,,relate ,,orig9al ,,l9es ,,& ,,br+ ,,! ,,:ole ,,into ,,h>mony ,,tak+ ,,l9e #a-b1 ,,z ,,dom9ant4 ,k4 ,,additional ,,l9es ,,drawn ,,to ,,relate ,,orig9al ,,l9es ,,tak+ #a-b ,,z ,,dom9ant4 ,l4 ,,! ,,same ,,z ,j ,,) ,,addition ,,( ,,masses ,,to ,,cov] ,,cross+ ,,( ,,l9es4 ,m4 ,,! ,,same ,,z ,,at ,k ,,) ,,addition ,,( ,,masses ,,to ,,cov] ,,cross+ ,,l9es4 ,9 ,h1 ,i h introduc$ a /raight l9e into our initial scribble1 & ?is some:at increases ! difficulties ( relat+ !m4 ,b by draw+ #g-h & #i-aj radiat+ f #a-b1 we h introduc$ ?is /raight l9e to #e-f4 ,= al?\gh #e-f & #i-aj d n radiate f ! same po9t1 !y are obvi\sly 9 sympa?y4 ,x is only a %ort "p ( ! l9e at ! end m>k$ #e t is out ( sympa?y1 & _h #e-f tak5 ! c\rse ( ! dott$ l9e1 x w\ld h radiat$ f ! same po9t z #i-aj4 ,we /ill h l9e #c-d to acc\nt =4 ,b by draw+ #aa-ab we br+ x into relation%ip ) #e-f1 & s by /ages ?r\gh #i-aj & #g-h to ! orig9al /raight l9e #a-b4 ,l9e #ac-ad1 by be+ relat$ to #c-d1 #aa-ab1 & also #e-f1 /ill fur!r h>monises ! gr\p1 & ! rema9d] e*o #e-f & increase ! dom9ant sw+4 ,at ,l masses h be5 introduc$1 cov]+ cross+ l9es1 & we h a basis = a composition4 ,9 ,diagram ,i l9es h be5 drawn z be=e1 at r&om1 b two ( !m are /raight & at "r angles1 ! long] be+ across !-c5tre ( ! panel4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to trick ! eye out ( kn[+ t ?is l9e is 9 ! c5tre by draw+ o!rs p>allel to x1 lead+ ! eye d[nw>ds to l9e #i-aj1 :i* is n[ mu* m important ?an #a-b & 9 bett] proportion ) ! height ( ! panel4 ,! v]tical l9e #c-d is r />k & lonely1 & s we' introduce two m v]ticals at #aa-ab & #ac-ad1 :i* modify ?is1 & ) ano!r two l9es 9 sympa?y ) #e-f & lead+ ! eye back to ! horizontal top ( ! panel1 "s sort ( unity is set up1 ! introduction ( "s masses complet+ ! s*eme at ,m4 ,!re is a quality ( sympa?y set up by c]ta9 l9e relation%ips ab\t :i* x is important to say some?+4 ,ladies :o h ! in/9ct = *oos+ a hat or do+ _! hair to suit _! face in/9ctively "k some?+ ( ?is2 "k t c]ta9 ?+s 9 _! face are emphasis$ by c]ta9 =ms 9 _! hats or hair1 & ! c>e t has to be tak5 to see t ! ?+s ?us drawn att5tion to are _! be/ & n _! wor/ po9ts4 ,! pr9ciple is m g5]ally und]/ood 9 relation to col\r2 ev]ybody kn[s h[ ! blu5ess ( blue eyes is emphasis$ by a sympa!tic blue dress or t\* ( blue on a hat1 c4 ,b ! same pr9ciple applies to l9es4 ,! qualities ( l9e 9 beautiful eyes & eyebr[s are emphasis$ by ! long sympa!tic curve ( a picture hat1 & ! becom+ effect ( a necklace is p>tly due to ! same cause1 ! l9es be+ 9 sympa?y ) ! eyes or ! oval ( ! face1 accord+ to h[ l[ or high !y hang4 ,! influ5ce ( long l9es is ?us to pick out f among ! l9es ( a face ^? ) :i* !y are 9 sympa?y1 & ?us to acc5tuate !m4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 on page #agh ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xlii is reproduc$ ,! ,portrait ( ! ,arti/'s ,daught]1 by ,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones4 ,! two ?+s t are br\ght out by ! l9e arrangem5t 9 ?is portrait are ! beauty ( ! eyes & ! %ape ( ! face4 ,in/ead ( ! picture hat y h ! mirror1 ! wid5+ circles ( :i* sw+ r\nd 9 sympa?y ) ! eyes & conc5trate ! att5tion on !m4 ,t on ! left 7look+ at ! picture7 be+ ne>e/ ! c5tre1 has ! greate/ att5tion conc5trat$ ^u x1 ! l9es ( ! mirror be+ m 9 sympa?y ) ?is ?an ! o!r eye1 z x is ne>] ! c5tre4 ,if y c>e to take ! tr\ble1 cut a hole 9 a piece ( opaque pap] ! size ( ! head & plac+ x ov] ! illu/ration look at ! face )\t ! influ5ce ( ^! outside l9es2 & note h[ mu* m equally divid$ ! att5tion is betwe5 ! two eyes )\t ! emphasis giv5 to ! "o by ! mirror4 ,?is helps ! unity ( impression1 :i* ) bo? eyes realis$ to s int5se a focus might h suff]$4 ,?is mirror =ms a sort ( e*o ( ! pupil ( ! eye ) its reflection ( ! w9d[ 9 ! left-h& corn] correspond+ to ! high light1 greatly help+ ! spell ^! eyes hold4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xx4 ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,sympa!tic ,,fl[ ,,( ,,l9es ,,t ,,give ,,unity ,,to ,,?is ,,composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,daught] ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,burne-,,jones1 ,,b>t4 ,an example ( sympa!tic rhy?m4 7,see diagram on opposite page47 ,photo ,holly] ,! o!r =m acc5tuat$ by ! l9e arrangem5t is ! oval ( ! face4 ,!re is ! necklace ! l9es ( :i* lead on to ^? on ! "r 9 ! reflection4 ,x is no m]e accid5t t ?is *a9 is s 9 sympa?y ) ! l9e ( ! face3 x w\ld h>dly h rema9$ :]e x is = long1 & mu/ h be5 put 9 ?is position by ! arti/ ) ! int5tion 7consci\s or in/9ctive7 ( acc5tuat+ ! face l9e4 ,! l9e ( ! reflection on ! left & ! l9es ( ! mirror are also sympa!tic4 ,o!rs 9 ! folds ( ! dress1 & ^? =m+ ! mass ( ! h&s & arms1 e*o /ill fur!r ?is l9e ( ! face & br+ ! :ole canvas into int5se sympa!tic unity ( expression4 ,! influ5ce t diff]5t ways ( do+ ! hair may h on a face is illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ scribbles4 ,! two pr(iles are exactly alike--,i took great tr\ble to make !m s4 ,x is q rem>kable ! diff]5ce ! two ways ( do+ ! hair make to ! look ( ! faces4 ,! upw>d sw+ ( ! l9es 9 ,a sympa?ise ) ! l9e ( ! nose & ! %>p] projections ( ! face g5]ally 7see dott$ l9es71 :ile ! full d[nw>d curves ( ,b sympa?ise ) ! full] curves ( ! face & p>ticul>ly emphasise ! fullness "u ! *9 s dread$ by beauty pa/ its fir/ y\? 7see dott$ l9es74 ,x is only a v %>ply-cut face t c /& ?is l[ knot at ! back ( ! head1 9 :i* case x is "o ( ! simple/ & mo/ beautiful ways ( do+ ! hair4 ,! hair dragg$ up high at ! back %>p5s ! l9es ( ! pr(ile z ! l[ knot blunts !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxi4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,effect ,,on ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,putt+ ,,! ,,hair ,,up ,,at ,,! ,,back4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,upw>d ,,fl[ ,,( ,,l9es ,,acc5tuates ,,! ,,%>pnesses ,,( ,,! ,,features4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,effect ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,face ,,z ,,diagram ,,xxi1 ,,( ,,putt+ ,,! ,,hair ,,l[ ,,at ,,! ,,back4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,full] ,,l9es ,,?us ,,giv5 ,,acc5tuate ,,! ,,fullnesses ,,( ,,! ,,features4 ,! illu/rations to ?is *apt] h be5 drawn 9 diagrammatical =m 9 ord] to try & %[ t ! musical quality ( l9es & ! emotions !y are capable ( call+ up are n dep5d5t ^u tru? to natural =ms b are inh]5t 9 ab/ract arrangem5ts !mselves4 ,t is to say1 :5ev] y get c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( l9es1 no matt] :at ! objects 9 nature may be t yield !m1 y w always get ! p>ticul> emotional /imulus belong+ to su* arrangem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 :5ev] y get long un9t]rupt$ horizontal l9es runn+ ?r\gh a picture n oppos$ by any viol5t contra/1 y w always get an impression ( int5se quiet & repose2 no matt] :e!r ! natural objects yield+ ^! l9es are a wide /ret* ( c\ntry ) long horizontal cl\ds 9 ! sky1 a pool ) a g5tle breeze mak+ horizontal b>s on its surface1 or a pile ( wood 9 a timb] y>d4 ,& :5ev] y get long v]tical l9es 9 a composition1 no matt] :e!r x be a ca!dral int]ior1 a p9e =e/1 or a r[ ( scaffold poles1 y w always h ! p>ticul> feel+ associat$ ) r[s ( v]tical l9es 9 ! ab/ract4 ,& fur!r1 :5ev] y get ! sw++ l9es ( ! volute1 an impression ( en]gy w be convey$1 no matt] :e!r x be a break+ wave1 roll+ cl\ds1 :irl+ du/1 or only a mass ( tangl$ hoop iron 9 a :eelwright's y>d4 ,z 0 said above1 ^! effects may be greatly increas$1 modifi$1 or ev5 de/roy$ by associations connect$ ) ! ?+s repres5t$4 ,if 9 pa9t+ ! timb] y>d ! arti/ is ?9k+ m ab\t mak+ x look l a /ack ( real wood ) its comm]cial associations & less ab\t us+ ! arti/ic mat]ial its appe>ance pres5ts = ! mak+ ( a picture1 he may miss ! h>monic impression ! long l9es ( ! /acks ( wood pres5t4 ,if real wood is ! fir/ ?+ y are l$ to ?9k ( 9 look+ at 8 "w1 he w obvi\sly h miss$ ! expression ( any arti/ic feel+ ! subject 0 capable ( produc+4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! scaffold poles or ! hoop iron 9 ! :eelwright's y>d4 ,?is /ructure ( ab/ract l9es at ! basis ( a picture w be m or less ov]laid ) ! tru?s ( nature1 & all ! ri* v>iety ( natural =ms1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! subject4 ,?us1 9 l>ge decorative "w1 :]e ! pa9t+ has to take its place z "p ( an ar*itectural s*eme1 ! sev]ity ( ?is skeleton w be necess>y to unite ! "w to ! ar*itectural =ms ar\nd x1 ( :i* x has to =m a "p2 & v little indulg5ce 9 ! realisation ( natural tru? %\ld be p]mitt$ to obscure x4 ,b 9 ! pa9t+ ( a small cab9et picture t exi/s = close inspection1 ! support+ p[] ( ?is l9e basis is n ne>ly s ess5tial1 & a full indulg5ce 9 all ! ri* v>iety ( natural detail is p]missible4 ,& ?is is h[ x happ5s t pa9t]s :o h glori$ 9 ri* details h always pa9t$ small pictures1 & pa9t]s :o h pref]r$ l>g] tru?s pictures ( bigg] dim5sions4 ,x s\nds r p>adoxical to say ! small] ! picture ! m detail x %\ld conta91 & ! l>g] ! less1 b x is nev]!less true4 ,= al?\gh a l>ge picture has n ( necessity got to be "p ( an ar*itectural s*eme1 x has to be look$ at f a di/ance at :i* small detail c\ld n be se51 & :]e su* detail w\ld greatly weak5 its expressive p[]4 ,& fur!r1 ! small picture easily comes )9 ! field ( vision1 & ! :ole impression c be readily grasp$ )\t ! ma9 l9es be+1 z x 71 und]l9$4 ,b 9 a big picture "o ( ! greate/ difficulties is to get x to read simply1 to /rike ! eye z "o impression4 ,its size mak+ x difficult = x to be got com=tably )9 ! field ( vision1 e artifice has to be us$ to give x bread? ( treatm5t1 z x is call$1 & no?+ int]f]es ) ?is l detail4 ,,xiii ,,v>iety ,,( ,,mass ,! masses t g to make up a picture h v>iety 9 _! %ape1 _! tone values1 _! edges1 9 texture or quality1 & 9 gradation4 ,q a =midable li/1 b ea* ( ^! p>ticul>s has "s rhy?mic quality ( its own ab\t :i* x w be necess>y to say a ^w4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety ( ,%ape4 ,z to v>iety ( %ape1 _m ?+s t 7 said ab\t l9es apply equally to ! spaces enclos$ by !m4 ,x is impossible to write ( ! rhy?mic possibilities t ! inf9ite v>iety ( %apes possess$ by natural objects conta91 except to po9t out h[ necess>y ! /udy ( nature is = ?is4 ,v>iety ( %ape is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s to inv5t1 & "o ( ! commone/ ?+s 9 nature4 ,h[ev] imag9ative y\r conception1 & no matt] h[ f> y may c>ry y\r design1 work+ f imag9ation1 !re w come a "t :5 /udies f nature w be necess>y if y\r "w is to h ! v>iety t w give life & int]e/4 ,try & draw f imag9ation a r[ ( elm trees ( ab\t ! same height & di/ance ap>t1 & get ! v>iety ( nature into !m2 & y w see h[ difficult x is to inv5t4 ,on exam9+ y\r "w y w probably discov] two or ?ree pet =ms repeat$1 or !re may be only "o4 ,or try & draw "s cumulus cl\ds f imag9ation1 sev]al gr\ps ( !m across a sky1 & y w f9d h[ (t5 aga9 y h repeat$ unconsci\sly ! same =ms4 ,h[ tir$ "o gets ( ! pet cl\d or tree ( a pa9t] :o does n (t5 consult nature 9 8 pictures4 ,nature is ! great /oreh\se ( v>iety2 ev5 a piece ( coal w sugge/ m int]e/+ rock-=ms ?an y c inv5t4 ,& x is fasc9at+ to wat* ! inf9ite v>iety ( graceful =ms assum$ by ! curl+ smoke f a cig>ette1 full ( sugge/ions = beautiful l9e arrangem5ts4 ,if ?is v>iety ( =m 9 y\r "w is all[$ to become excessive x w ov]p[] ! unity ( y\r conception4 ,x is 9 ! l>g] unity ( y\r composition t ! imag9ative faculty w be want$1 & v>iety 9 y\r =ms %\ld always be subord9at$ to ?is idea4 ,nature does n s readily sugge/ a s*eme ( unity1 = ! simple reason t ! fir/ condition ( y\r picture1 ! f\r b\nd+ l9es1 does n exi/ 9 nature4 ,y may get inf9ite sugge/ions = arrangem5ts1 & %\ld always be on ! look out = !m1 b y\r imag9ation w h to relate !m to ! rigor\s conditions ( y\r f\r b\nd+ l9es1 & nature does n help y mu* "h4 ,b :5 v>iety 9 ! =ms is want$1 %e is pre-em95t1 & x is nev] advisable to wa/e inv5tive p[] :]e x is s unnecess>y4 ,b al?\gh nature does n readily sugge/ a design fitt+ ! conditions ( a panel h] t5d5cy is always t[>ds unity ( arrangem5t4 ,if y take a bun* ( fl[]s or leaves & haphaz>d /uff !m into a vase ( wat]1 y w probably get a v *aotic arrangem5t4 ,b if y leave x = "s "t & let nature h a *ance y w f9d t ! leaves & fl[]s h arrang$ !mselves mu* m h>moni\sly4 ,& if y cut d[n "o ( a gr\p ( trees1 :at a h>% discordant gap is usually left2 b 9 "t nature w1 by ?r[+ a b\gh "h & fill+ up a gap !re1 z f> z possible rectify matt]s & br+ all into unity aga94 ,i am prep>$ to be told ?is has no?+ to d ) beauty b is only ! result ( nature's attempts to seek = light & air4 ,b :atev] be ! physical cause1 ! fact is ! same1 t nature's laws t5d to pictorial unity ( arrangem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety ( ,tone ,values ,x w be z well to try & expla9 :at is meant by tone values4 ,all ! masses or tones 7= ! t]ms are (t5 us$ int]*angeably7 t g to ! mak+ ( a visual impression c be consid]$ 9 relation to an imag9$ scale f :ite1 to repres5t ! lighte/1 to black1 to repres5t ! d>ke/ tones4 ,?is scale ( values does n ref] to light & %ade only1 b light & %ade1 col\r1 & ! :ole visual impression are consid]$ z "o mosaic ( masses ( diff]5t degrees ( d>kness or lightness4 ,a d>k object 9 /rong light may be light] ?an a :ite object 9 %ad[1 or ! rev]se3 x w dep5d on ! am\nt ( reflect$ light4 ,col\r only matt]s 9 s f> z x affects ! position ( ! mass 9 ?is imag9$ scale ( black & :ite4 ,! correct obs]vation ( ^! tone values is a mo/ important matt]1 & "o ( no little difficulty4 ,! ^w tone is us$ 9 two s5ses1 9 ! fir/ place :5 ref]r+ to ! individual masses z to _! relations 9 ! scale ( tone values2 & secondly :5 ref]r+ to ! musical relation%ip ( ^! values to a on5ess ( tone idea gov]n+ ! :ole impression4 ,9 v mu* ! same way y might ref] to a s+le note 9 music z a tone1 & also to ! tone ( ! :ole or*e/ra4 ,! ^w values always ref]s to ! relation%ip ( ! individual masses or tones 9 our imag9$ scale f black to :ite4 ,we say a picture is out ( value or out ( tone :5 "s ( ! values are d>k] or light] ?an our s5se ( h>mony feels !y %\ld be1 9 ! same way z we %\ld say an in/rum5t 9 an or*e/ra 0 out ( tone or tune :5 x 0 high] or l[] ?an our s5se ( h>mony all[$4 ,tone is s intimately associat$ ) ! col\r ( a picture t x is a little difficult to treat ( x ap>t1 & x is (t5 us$ 9 a s5se to include col\r 9 speak+ ( ! g5]al tone4 ,we say x has a w>m tone or a cold tone4 ,!re is a p>ticul> rhy?mic beauty ab\t a well-ord]$ arrangem5t ( tone values t is a v important "p ( pictorial design4 ,?is music ( tone has be5 pres5t 9 art 9 a rudim5t>y way s9ce ! e>lie/ "t1 b has rec5tly receiv$ a mu* great] am\nt ( att5tion1 & mu* new light on ! subject has be5 giv5 by ! impressioni/ movem5t & ! /udy ( ! art ( ,*9a & ,japan1 :i* is ne>ly always v beautiful 9 ?is respect4 ,?is quality ( tone music is mo/ dom9ant :5 ! masses are l>ge & simple1 :5 ! contemplation ( !m is n di/urb$ by mu* v>iety1 & !y h little v>iation ( texture & gradation4 ,a slight mi/ w (t5 improve ! tone ( a l&scape = ?is reason4 ,x simplifies ! tones1 masses !m toge!r1 oblit]at+ _m small] v>ieties4 ,i h ev5 he>d ( ! tone ( a picture be+ improv$ by su* a mi/ scrambl$ or glaz$ ov] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,,monte ,,sol>o ,,capri ,/udy on br[n pap] 9 *>coal & :ite *alk4 ,! p[d] on a lady's face1 :5 n ov]-done1 is an improvem5t = ! same reason4 ,x simplifies ! tones by de/roy+ ! di/ress+ %9+ lights t 7 cutt+ up ! masses2 & x also de/roys a l>ge am\nt ( half tone1 broad5+ ! lights almo/ up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! %ad[s4 ,tone relation%ips are mo/ sympa!tic :5 ! middle values ( y\r scale only are us$1 t is to say1 :5 ! lights are l[ 9 tone & ! d>ks high4 ,!y are mo/ dramatic & int5se :5 ! contra/s are great & ! jumps f d>k to light sudd54 ,! sympa!tic *>m ( half-light effects is due l>gely to ! tones be+ ( ?is middle range only2 :]eas ! /rik+ dramatic effect ( a /orm cle>+1 9 :i* y may get a l&scape brilliantly lit by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! sun1 se5 aga9/ ! d>k cl\ds ( ! retreat+ /orm1 owes mu* ( its dramatic quality to contra/4 ,! /rong contra/s ( tone values c\pl$ ) ! /rong col\r contra/ betwe5 ! w>m sunlit l& & ! cold angry blue ( ! /orm1 gives su* a sc5e mu* dramatic effect & p[]4 ,! subject ( values w be fur!r treat$ 9 deal+ ) unity ( tone4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety 9 ,quality & ,texture ,v>iety 9 quality & nature is almo/ too subtle to write ab\t ) any prospect ( be+ und]/ood4 ,! play ( diff]5t qualities & textures 9 ! masses t g to =m a picture mu/ be appreciat$ at fir/ h&1 & little c be writt5 ab\t x4 ,oil pa9t is capable ( almo/ unlimit$ v>iety 9 ?is way4 ,b x is bett] to leave ! /udy ( su* qualities until y h ma/]$ ! m$ium 9 its m simple aspects4 ,! p>ticul> tone music ( :i* we 7 speak+ is n help$ by any great use ( ?is v>iety4 ,a on5ess ( quality ?r\gh\t ! "w is be/ suit$ to exhibit x4 ,ma/]s ( tone1 l ,:i/l]1 pres]ve ?is on5ess ( quality v c>efully 9 _! "w1 rely+ *iefly on ! gra9 ( a r\gh canvas to give ! necess>y v>iety & prev5t a deadness 9 ! quality ( ! tones4 ,b :5 m =ce & brilliancy are want$1 "s use ( y\r pa9t 9 a crumbl+1 brok5 mann] is necess>y1 z x cat*es m light1 ?us increas+ ! =ce ( ! impression4 ,claude ,monet & 8 foll[]s 9 _! se>* = brilliancy us$ ?is quality ?r\gh\t _m ( _! pa9t+s1 ) new & /rik+ results4 ,b x is at ! sacrifice ( _m beautiful qualities ( =m1 z ?is r\ghness ( surface does n l5d itself readily to any f9esse ( modell+4 ,9 ! case ( ,claude ,monet's "w1 h[ev]1 ?is does n matt]1 z =m ) all its subtleties is n a ?+ he made any attempt at exploit+4 ,nature is suffici5tly va/ = beautiful "w to be done 9 sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( vision1 al?\gh "o _c place su* "w on ! same plane ) successful pictures ( wid] scope4 ,& ! p>ticul> visual beauty ( sp>kl+ light & atmosph]e1 ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to make a sep>ate /udy1 c\ld h>dly exi/ 9 a "w t aim$ also at ! significance ( beautiful =m1 ! appeal ( =m1 z 0 expla9$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 n be+ entirely due to a visual b to a m5tal p]ception1 into :i* ! s5se ( t\* ent]s by association4 ,! sc9tillation & glitt] ( light de/roys ?is t\* idea1 :i* is bett] pres]v$ 9 quiet] light+s4 ,!re is ano!r po9t 9 connection ) ! use ( ?ick pa9t1 t ,i don't ?9k is suffici5tly well kn[n1 & t is1 its great] read9ess to be discol\r$ by ! oil 9 its composition com+ to ! surface4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago ,i did :at x w\ld be advisable = e /ud5t to d z soon z possible1 namely1 make a *>t ( ! col\rs he is likely to use4 ,get a good :ite canvas1 & set ^u x 9 columns ! diff]5t col\rs1 v mu* z y w\ld d on y\r palette1 writ+ ! names 9 ink beside !m4 ,!n take a palette-knife1 an ivory "o by pref]5ce1 & drag x f ! individual masses ( pa9t s z to get a gradation ( diff]5t ?icknesses1 f ! ?9ne/ possible lay] :]e y\r knife ends to ! ?ick mass :]e x 0 squeez$ out ( ! tube4 ,x is also advisable to h previ\sly rul$ "s p5cil l9es ) a h>d po9t d[n ! canvas 9 su* a mann] t ! /rips ( pa9t w cross ! l9es4 ,?is *>t w be ( ! greate/ value to y 9 not+ ! effect ( "t on pa9t4 ,to make x m complete1 ! col\rs ( sev]al mak]s %\ld be put d[n1 & at any rate ! :ites ( sev]al diff]5t makes %\ld be on x4 ,z :ite ent]s s l>gely into y\r pa9t+ x is highly necess>y to use "o t does n *ange4 ,! two ?+s t ,i h notic$ are t ! ?9 ends ( ! /rips ( :ite h inv>iably kept :it] ?an ! ?ick end1 & t all ! pa9ts h become a little m transp>5t ) "t4 ,! p5cil l9es "h come 9 useful1 z !y c be se5 ?r\gh ! ?9n] portion1 & %[ to :at ext5t ?is transp>5cy has occurr$4 ,b ! po9t ,i wi% to emphasise is t at ! ?ick end ! l>g] body ( oil 9 ! pa9t1 :i* always comes to ! surface z x dries1 has d>k5$ & yell[$ ! surface greatly2 :ile ! small am\nt ( oil at ! ?9 end has n d>k5$ x to any ext5t4 ,claude ,monet evid5tly knew ?is1 & got ov] ! difficulty by pa9t+ on an absorb5t canvas1 :i* sucks ! surplus oil out f bel[ & ?us prev5ts its com+ to ! surface & discol\r+ ! "w 9 "t4 ,:5 ?is ?ick mann] ( pa9t+ is adopt$1 an absorb5t canvas %\ld always be us$4 ,x also has ! advantage ( giv+ a dull dry surface ( m brilliancy ?an a %9y "o4 ,al?\gh n s mu* z ) pa9t+1 v>ieties ( texture ent] into draw+s done ) any ( ! m$iums t l5d !mselves to mass draw+2 *>coal1 cont crayon1 li?ographic *alk1 & ev5 r$ *alk & lead p5cil are capable ( giv+ a v>iety ( textures1 gov]n$ l>gely by ! surface ( ! pap] us$4 ,b ?is is m ! prov9ce ( pa9t+ ?an ( draw+ prop]1 & *>coal1 :i* is m pa9t+ ?an draw+1 is ! only m$ium 9 :i* x c be us$ ) mu* effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety ( ,edges4 ,!re is a v beautiful rhy?mic quality 9 ! play f s(tness to %>pness on ! edges ( masses4 ,a monoton\s %>pness ( edge is h>d1 /]n1 & unsympa!tic4 ,?is is a useful quality at times1 p>ticul>ly 9 decorative "w1 :]e ! m intimate sympa!tic qualities are n s mu* want$1 & :]e ! h>d] =ms g bett] ) ! ar*itectural surr\nd+s ( :i* y\r pa9t$ decoration %\ld =m a "p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a monoton\s s(tness ( edge is v weak & feeble-look+1 & too entirely lack+ 9 p[] to be desirable4 ,if y f9d any successful "w done ) ?is quality ( edge unreliev$ by any %>pnesses1 x w dep5d on col\r1 & n =m1 = any qualities x may possess4 ,"s am\nt ( s(tness makes = *>m1 & is extremely popul>3 ,i d l t because x's s nice & s(t is a regul> %[-day rem>k 9 ! /udio1 & is always meant z a great complim5t1 b is seldom tak5 z su* by ! suff]+ pa9t]4 ,b a balance ( ^! two qualities play+ ab\t y\r cont\rs produces ! mo/ delightful results1 & ! arti/ is always on ! look out = su* v>iations4 ,he seldom lets a %>pness ( edge run f> )\t los+ x occasionally4 ,x may be necess>y = ! hang ( ! composition t "s lead+ edges %\ld be mu* insi/$ on4 ,b ev5 "h a monoton\s %>pness is too dead a ?+1 & al?\gh a firmness ( run w be all[$ to be felt1 subtle v>iations w be introduc$ to prev5t deadness4 ,! ,v5etians f ,giorgione's "t 7 great ma/]s ( ?is music ( edges4 ,! /ructure ( l9es surr\nd+ ! masses on :i* _! compositions are built 7 fus$ 9 ! mo/ my/]i\s & delightful way4 ,b al?\gh melt+ into ! surr\nd+ mass1 !y are always firm & nev] s(t & feeble4 ,/udy ! edge 9 su* a good example ( ! ,v5etian mann] z ! ,bac*us & ,ariadne at ! ,national ,gall]y1 & note :]e !y are h>d & :]e lo/4 ,!re is "o r rem>kable fact to be obs]v$ 9 ?is picture & _m ,v5etian works1 & ?is is t ! mo/ acc5t$ edges are res]v$ = uness5tial p>ts1 l ! piece ( :ite drap]y on ! l[] arm ( ! girl ) ! cymbals1 & ! little :ite fl[] on ! boy's head 9 front4 ,! edges on ! fle% are ev]y:]e fus$ & s(t1 ! drap]ies be+ mu* %>p]4 ,y may notice ! same ?+ 9 _m pictures ( ! lat] ,v5etian s*ools4 ,! greate/ acc5ts on ! edges are r>ely 9 ! head1 except x may be occasionally 9 ! eyes4 ,b !y love to get "s /rongly-acc5t$ feature1 su* z a crisply-pa9t$ %irt com+ aga9/ ! s(t modell+ ( ! neck1 to balance ! fus$ edges 9 ! fle%4 ,9 ! head ( ,philip ,,iv 9 our ,national ,gall]y ! only place :]e ,velzquez has all[$ himself any?+ l a %>p edge is 9 ! high lights on ! *a9 hang+ r\nd ! neck4 ,! s(t] edges ( ! pr9cipal features 9 ^! compositions l5d a l>g5ess & my/]y to ^! p>ts1 & to re/ore ! balance1 %>pnesses are introduc$ 9 non-ess5tial accessories4 ,9 ! figure ) ! :ite tunic f ,velzquez's ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 "h reproduc$1 note ! wond]ful v>iety on ! edges ( ! :ite masses ( ! coat & ! horse's nose1 & also t ! %>pe/ acc5ts are res]v$ = su* non-ess5tials z ! b[s on ! tunic & ! loose hair on ! horse's =ehead4 ,velzquez's edges are wond]ful1 & _c be too c>efully /udi$4 ,he work$ l>gely 9 flat tones or planes2 b ?is ri*ness & v>iety ( 8 edges keeps 8 "w f look+ flat & dull1 l t ( "s ( 8 foll[]s4 ,i am sorry to say ?is v>iety does n come out s well 9 ! reproduction on page #aid ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xliv z ,i c\ld h wi%$1 ! half-tone process hav+ a t5d5cy to %>p5 edges r monoton\sly4 ,?is quality is ev]y:]e to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,if y reg>d any sc5e pictorially1 look+ at x z a :ole & n lett+ y\r eye focus on individual objects w&]+ f "o to ano!r :ile be+ b dimly consci\s ( ! :ole1 b reg>d+ x z a beautiful ensemble2 y w f9d t ! b\nd>ies ( ! masses are n h>d cont9u\s edges b play cont9ually along _! c\rse1 "h melt+ imp]ceptibly into ! surr\nd+ mass1 & !re acc5tuat$ m %>ply4 ,ev5 a long cont9u\s l9e1 l ! horizon at sea1 has "s am\nt ( ?is play1 :i* y %\ld always be on ! look out =4 ,b :5 ! p>ts only ( nature are reg>d$ & ea* is sep>ately focuss$1 h>d edges w be f\nd to exi/ almo/ ev]y:]e1 unless !re is a positive mi/ envelop+ ! objects4 ,& ?is is ! usual way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,b a picture t is a catalogue ( _m little p>ts sep>ately focuss$ w n hang toge!r z "o visual impression4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,br$a4 ,,by ,,vel,,zquez ,note ! v>i$ quantity ( ! edge 9 :ite mass ( tunic4 7,! reproduction does n un=tunately %[ ?is z well z ! orig9al47 ,photo ,&]son ,9 naturali/ic "w ! necessity = pa9t+ to "o focal impression is z great z ! necessity ( pa9t+ 9 true p]spective4 ,:at p]spective has done = draw+1 ! impressioni/ sy/em ( pa9t+ to "o all-embrac+ focus has done = tone4 ,be=e p]spective 0 introduc$1 ea* individual object 9 a picture 0 drawn ) a sep>ate c5tre ( vision fix$ on ea* object 9 turn4 ,:at p]spective did 0 to insi/ t all objects 9 a picture %\ld be drawn 9 relation to "o fix$ c5tre ( vision4 ,& :]eas =m]ly ea* object 0 pa9t$ to a h>d focus1 :e!r x 0 9 ! =egr\nd or ! di/ance1 impressionism tea*es t y _c h ! focus 9 a picture at ! same "t on ! =egr\nd & ! di/ance4 ,( c\rse !re are _m mann]s ( pa9t+ ) m primitive conv5tions 9 :i* ! consid]ation ( focus does n ent]4 ,b 9 all pa9t+ t aims at reproduc+ ! impressions directly produc$ 9 u by natural appe>ances1 ?is "q ( focus & its influ5ce on ! quality ( y\r edges is ( great importance4 ,some?+ %\ld be said ab\t ! s]rat$ edges ( masses1 l ^? ( trees se5 aga9/ ! sky4 ,^! are v difficult to treat1 & almo/ e l&scape pa9t] has a diff]5t =mula4 ,! h>d1 fussy1 cut-out1 photographic appe>ance ( trees misses all _! beauty & sublimity4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal types ( treatm5t t may s]ve z examples4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are ! trees ( ! e>ly ,italian pa9t]s1 ?ree examples ( :i* are illu/rat$ on page #aig ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xxiii4 ,a ?9 tree is always select$1 & a rhy?mic patt]n ( leaves aga9/ ! sky pa9t$4 ,?is treatm5t ( a d>k patt]n on a light gr\nd is v useful z a contra/ to ! s(t] tones ( fle%4 ,b ! treatm5t is m (t5 appli$ n[adays to a spray ( foliage 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! patt]n ( :i* gives a v ri* effect4 ,! popl> trees 9 ,millais' ,vale ( ,re/ are pa9t$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z t employ$ by ! ,italians1 & are exceptional among mod]n tree pa9t+s1 ! trees be+ treat$ z a patt]n ( leaves aga9/ ! sky4 ,millais has also got a rais$ quality ( pa9t 9 8 d>ks v simil> to t ( ,bell9i & _m e>ly pa9t]s4 ,giorgione add$ ano!r tree to l&scape art3 ! ri*1 full1 solidly-mass$ =ms t occur 9 8 ,conc]t ,*amptre ( ! ,l\vre1 reproduc$ on page #aea ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,9 ?is picture y may see bo? types ( treatm5t4 ,!re are ! patt]ns ( leaves v>iety on ! left & ! solidly-mass$ treatm5t on ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxiii4 ,,examples ,,( ,,e>ly ,,italian ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,trees ,a4 ,f pictures 9 ,oratorio di ,s4 ,ansano4 ,il trionfo dell' ,amore1 attribut$ to ,botticelli4 ,b4 ,f ,l',annunziazione1 by ,botticelli1 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 ,c4 ,f ,la ,v]g9e1 by ,giovanni ,bell9i 9 ! ,accademia1 ,v5ice4 ,corot 9 8 lat] "w develop$ a treatm5t t has be5 l>gely foll[$ s9ce4 ,look+ at trees ) a v wide focus1 he ignor$ individual leaves1 & resolv$ !m into masses ( tone1 "h lo/ & "h f\nd m %>ply aga9/ ! sky4 ,! subord9ate masses ( foliage )9 ^! ma9 b\nd>ies are treat$ 9 ! same way1 resolv$ into masses ( inf9itely v>y+ edges4 ,?is play1 ?is lo/-&-f\ndness at 8 edges is "o ( ! great di/+ui%+ *>ms ( ,corot's trees4 ,:5 !y h be5 pa9t$ f ?is mass po9t ( view1 a sugge/ion ( a few leaves "h & a b\gh !re may be indicat$1 com+ %>ply aga9/ ! sky1 b y w f9d ?is basis ( tone music1 ?is cresc5do & dim9u5do ?r\gh\t all 8 lat] "w 7see illu/ration1 page #bae ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xxvi74 ,^! are ?ree ( ! m extreme types ( trees to be met ) 9 art1 b ! v>iations on ^! types are v num]\s4 ,:atev] treatm5t y adopt1 ! tree mu/ be consid]$ z a :ole1 & "s rhy?mic =m relat$ to ?is l>ge impression select$4 ,& ?is applies to all =ms ) s]rat$ edges3 "s l>ge ord] mu/ be f\nd to :i* ! fuss9ess ( ! edges mu/ con=m4 ,! subject ( edges g5]ally is a v important "o1 & "o mu* m worri$ ov] by a ma/] ?an by ! av]age /ud5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ all ! great pa9t]s h begun ) a h>d mann]1 ) edges ( little v>iety1 f :i* !y h gradually develop$ a loos] mann]1 le>n+ to ma/] ! difficulties ( design t h>d cont\rs insi/ on y\r fac+1 & only :5 ?is is ?or\ghly ma/]$ lett+ !mselves develop freely ?is play on ! edges1 ?is loos] h&l+4 ,= "u ! free/ pa9t+1 if x be good1 !re w be f\nd a b$-rock /ructure ( well-con/ruct$ masses & l9es4 ,!y may nev] be insi/$ on1 b _! /eady+ influ5ce w always be felt4 ,s err 9 y\r /ud5t "w on ! side ( h>dness r ?an loos5ess1 if y w\ld discipl9e y\rself to design y\r "w well4 ,occasionally only let y\rself g at a loos] h&l+4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iety ( ,gradiation4 ,v>iety ( gradation w naturally be gov]n$ l>gely by ! =m & light & %ade ( ! objects 9 y\r composition4 ,b :ile /udy+ ! gradations ( tone t express =m & give ! modell+1 y %\ld nev] neglect to keep ! m9d fix$ ^u ! relation ! "p y are pa9t+ be>s to ! :ole picture4 ,& no?+ %\ld be done t is out ( h>mony ) ?is l>ge conception4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s to decide ! am\nt ( v>iety & emphasis all[able = ! small] p>ts ( a picture1 s z to br+ all 9 h>mony ) t on5ess ( impression t %\ld dom9ate ! :ole2 h[ mu* ( y\r scale ( values x is p]missible to use = ! modell+ ( ea* individual "p4 ,9 ! be/ "w ! greate/ economy is ex]cis$ 9 ?is respect1 s t z mu* p[] may be kept 9 res]ve z possible4 ,y h only ! "o scale f black to :ite to "w )1 only "o octave )9 ! limits ( :i* to compose y\r tone symphonies4 ,!re are no high] & l[] octaves z 9 music to ext5d y\r effect4 ,s be v sp>+ ) y\r tone values :5 modell+ ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,,xiv ,,unity ,,( ,,mass ,:at has be5 said ab\t unity ( l9e applies obvi\sly to ! outl9es b\nd+ ! masses1 s t we ne$ n say any?+ fur!r on t subject4 ,! p>ticul> quality ( :i* some?+ %\ld be said1 is ! unity t is giv5 to a picture by means ( a well-arrang$ & rhy?mically consid]$ s*eme ( tone values4 ,! modifications 9 ! relative tone values ( objects se5 "u diff]5t aspects ( light & atmosph]e are inf9ite & ev] v>y+2 & ?is is q a special /udy 9 itself4 ,nature is ! great tea*] "h1 h] tone arrangem5ts always possess+ unity4 ,h[ k9d to ! eye is h] attempt to cov] ! ugl9ess ( our great t[ns 9 an envelope ( atmosph]e1 giv+ ! mo/ wond]ful tone symphonies2 ?us us+ man's desecration ( h] air by smoke to cov] up 8 o!r desecration ( h] c\ntry-side1 a manufactur+ t[n4 ,?is /udy ( values is a di/+ui%+ feature ( mod]n art4 ,b s*emes tak5 f nature are n ! only h>moni\s ones4 ,! old] ma/]s 7 cont5t ) "o or two well-tri$ arrangem5ts ( tone 9 _! pictures1 :i* 7 (t5 n at all true to natural appe>ances b nev]!less h>moni\s4 ,! *ief in/ance ( ?is is ! l[-ton$ sky4 ,! pa9t+ ( fle% high] 9 tone ?an ! sky 0 almo/ univ]sal at _m p]iods ( art1 & 9 portraits is /ill (t5 se54 ,yet x is only 9 /rong sunlight t ?is is ev] s 9 nature1 z y c easily see by hold+ y\r h& up aga9/ a sky backgr\nd4 ,! possible exception to ?is rule is a d>k /orm-cl\d1 9 :i* case y\r h& w\ld h to be /rongly lit by "s bright light 9 ano!r "p ( ! sky to appe> light aga9/ x4 ,?is high tone ( ! sky is a consid]able difficulty :5 "o wi%es ! int]e/ c5tr$ on ! figures4 ,! eye in/9ctively goes to ! light masses 9 a picture1 & if ^! masses are sky1 ! figures lose "s importance4 ,! fa%ion ( l[]+ its tone has mu* to be said = x on ! score ( ! add$ int]e/ x gives to ! figures4 ,b x is apt to br+ a heavy /uffy look into ! atmosph]e1 & is only really admissible 9 frankly conv5tional treatm5t1 9 :i* "o has n be5 l$ to expect implicit tru? to natural effect4 ,if tru? to natural appe>ances is c>ri$ f> 9 ! figures1 ! same tru? w be expect$ 9 ! backgr\nd2 b if only c]ta9 tru?s are select$ 9 ! figures1 & ! treatm5t does n approa* ! naturali/ic1 mu* m lib]ty c be tak5 ) ! backgr\nd )\t loss ( v]isimilitude4 ,b !re is a unity ab\t nature's tone arrangem5ts t x is v difficult to improve ^u2 & x is usually advisable1 if y c1 to base ! s*eme ( tone 9 y\r picture on a good /udy ( values f nature4 ,su* effects z twilight1 moonlight1 or ev5 sunlight 7 seldom attempt$ by ! old] pa9t]s1 at any rate 9 _! figure subjects4 ,all ! lovely tone arrangem5ts t nature pres5ts 9 ^! m unusual aspects are a new /udy1 & (f] unlimit$ new mat]ial to ! arti/4 ,_m arti/s are cont5t to use ?is simply = itself1 ! beauty ( a r>e tone effect be+ suffici5t ) ! simple/ accessories to make a picture4 ,b 9 figure composition1 :at new & wond]ful ?+s c be imag9$ 9 :i* "s r>e aspect ( nature's tone-music is comb9$ ) a f9e figure design4 ,^! values are n easily p]ceiv$ ) accuracy1 al?\gh _! influ5ce may be felt by _m4 ,a true eye = ! accurate p]ception ( subtle tone arrangem5ts is a ?+ y %\ld /udy v dilig5tly to acquire4 ,h[ !n is ?is to be done8 ,x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to tea* anybody to see4 ,little m c be said ?an has already be5 writt5 ab\t ?is subject 9 ! *apt] on v>iety 9 mass4 ,e mass has to be consid]$ 9 relation to an imag9$ tone scale1 tak+ black = y\r d>ke/ & :ite = y\r highe/ light z we h se54 ,a black glass1 by r$uc+ ! light1 enables y to obs]ve ^! relation%ips m accurately2 ! dazzl+ quality ( /rong light mak+ x difficult to judge !m4 ,b ?is %\ld only be us$ to correct "o's eye1 & ! comp>ison %\ld be made betwe5 nature se5 9 ! glass & y\r "w se5 also 9 ! glass4 ,to look 9 a black glass & !n comp>e :at y saw ) y\r "w look$ at direct is n a fair comp>ison1 & w result 9 l[-ton$ "w ) little brilliancy4 ,n[1 to repres5t ?is scale ( tones 9 pa9t+ we h :ite pa9t z our highe/ & black pa9t z our l[e/ notes4 ,x is nev] advisable to play ei!r ( ^! extremes1 al?\gh y may g v ne> to !m4 ,t is to say1 !re %\ld nev] be pure :ite or pure black masses 9 a picture4 ,!re is a k9d ( scream9ess set up :5 "o goes ! :ole gamut ( tone1 t gives a look ( unre/ra9t & weakness2 some:at l ! feel+ exp]i5c$ :5 a vocali/ s+s 8 or h] v highe/ or v l[e/ note4 ,9 a good s+] "o always feels he c\ld h gone /ill high] or /ill l[]1 z ! case may be1 & ?is gives an add$ p[] to ! impression ( 8 s++4 ,& 9 art1 likewise1 x is always advisable to keep some?+ ( ?is res]ve p[]4 ,also1 ! highe/ lights 9 nature are nev] )\t col\r1 & ?is w l[] ! tone2 nei!r are ! deepe/ d>ks col\rless1 & ?is w raise _! tone4 ,b p]haps ?is is dogmatis+1 & x may be t beautiful "w is to be done ) all ! extremes y c clap on1 ?\gh ,i ?9k x v unlikely4 ,9 all ! quiet] aspects ( light+ ?is range f black to :ite pa9t is suffici5t4 ,b :]e /rong1 brilliantly lit effects are want$1 some?+ has to be sacrific$1 if ?is look ( brilliancy is to be made tell+4 ,9 ord] to increase ! relation%ip betwe5 "s ( ! tones o!rs mu/ be sacrific$4 ,!re are two ways ( do+ ?is4 ,! fir/1 :i* 0 ! me?od e>lie/ adopt$1 is to beg9 f ! light end ( ! scale1 &1 tak+ some?+ v ne> pure :ite z y\r highe/ light1 to get ! relation%ips betwe5 ?is & ! next mo/ brilliant tone1 & to proce$ ?us1 tone by tone1 f ! lighte/ to ! d>ke/4 ,b work+ 9 ?is way y w f9d t y arrive at ! greate/ d>k y c make 9 pa9t be=e y h complet$ ! scale ( relation%ips z 9 nature1 if ! subject happ5s to be brilliantly lit4 ,ano!r me?od is to put d[n ! highe/ light & ! d>ke/ d>k1 & !n "w y\r scale ( tone relatively betwe5 !m4 ,b x w be f\nd t work+ 9 ?is way1 unless ! subject 9 nature is v quietly lit1 y w n get any?+ l ! =ceful impression ( tone t nature gives4 ,! ?ird way1 & ?is is ! m mod]n1 is to beg9 f ! d>k end ( ! scale1 gett+ ! true relation%ip felt betwe5 ! greate/ d>k & ! next d>ke/ tone to x1 & s on1 proce$+ t[>ds ! light4 ,by ?is me?od y w arrive at y\r highe/ light 9 pa9t be=e ! highe/ light 9 nature has be5 rea*$4 ,all v>iety ( tone at ! light end ( ! scale w h to be modifi$ 9 ?is case1 in/ead ( at ! d>k end z 9 ! o!r case4 ,9 ! pa9t+ ( sunlight ! latt] me?od is mu* ! m effective1 a look ( great brilliancy & light be+ produc$1 :]eas 9 ! e>li] me?od1 ! scale be+ comm5c$ f ! light end1 s mu* ( ! picture 0 d>k t ! impression ( light & air 0 lo/ & a d>k gloomy l& took its place1 a gloom acc5tuat$ r ?an dispell$ by ! /reaks ( lurid light :]e ! sun /ruck4 ,rembr&t is an example ( beg9n+ ! tone relation%ips f ! light side ( ! scale1 & a l>ge "p ( 8 canvas is 9 consequ5ce always d>k4 ,ba/i5 ,lepage is an example ( ! second me?od1 t ( fix+ ^u two extremes & work+-relatively betwe5 !m4 ,& x w be notic$ t he conf9$ himself *iefly to quiet grey day effects ( light+1 ! r5d]+ ( :i* 0 well )9 ! range ( 8 palette4 ,! me?od ( beg9n+ f ! d>k side1 gett+ ! true relations ( tones on ?is side ( ! scale1 & lett+ ! lights take c>e ( !mselves1 0 p]haps fir/ us$ by ,turn]4 ,b x is l>gely us$ n[ :5ev] a /rong impression ( light is desir$4 ,! light masses in/ead ( ! d>k masses dom9ate ! pictures1 :i* h great brilliancy4 ,^! tone values are only to be p]ceiv$ 9 _! true relation%ip by ! eye contemplat+ a wide field ( vision4 ,) ! ord9>y habit ( look+ only at individual p>ts ( nature1 ! g5]al impression be+ b dimly felt1 !y are n obs]v$4 ,! arti/ has to acquire ! habit ( g5]alis+ 8 visual att5tion ov] a wide field if he w\ld p]ceive ! true relation ( ! p>ts to ?is scale ( values4 ,half clos+ ! eyes1 :i* is ! usual me?od ( do+ ?is1 de/roys ! p]ception ( a great deal ( col\r4 ,ano!r me?od ( ?r[+ ! eyes out ( focus & enabl+ "o to judge ( l>ge relation%ips1 is to dilate !m widely4 ,?is r increases ?an dim9i%es ! col\r1 b is n s safe a me?od ( judg+ subtle tone relation%ips4 ,x is easi] 9 approa*+ ?is /udy out ( doors to beg9 ) quiet effects ( light4 ,"s ( ^? s(t grey days 9 ?is c\ntry are v beautiful 9 tone1 & *ange s little t c>eful /udies c be made4 ,& ) indoor "w1 place y\r subject r away f ! direct light & avoid mu* light & %ade2 let ! light come f beh9d y4 ,if v /rong light effects1 su* z sunlight1 or a d>k int]ior lit by "o brilliant w9d[1 are attempt$1 ! values w be f\nd to be mu* simpl] & m h>%1 (t5 resolv+ !mselves into two masses1 a brilliant light contra/$ ) a d>k %ad[4 ,?is tone arrangem5t ( /rong light 9 contra/ ) d>k %ad[ 0 a fav\rite =mula ) _m s*ools ( ! pa/1 s9ce ,leon>do da ,v9ci fir/ us$ x4 ,great bread? & spl5d\r is giv5 by x to design1 & x is "o ( ! mo/ impressive ( tone arrangem5ts4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,our ,lady ( ! ,rocks1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 is an e>ly example ( ?is treatm5t4 ,& ,correggio's ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ,cupid1 "h reproduc$1 is ano!r p>ticul>ly f9e example4 ,reynolds & _m ( ! eighte5?-c5tury m5 us$ ?is s*eme 9 _! "w almo/ entirely4 ,?is /rong light & %ade1 by elim9at+ to a l>ge ext5t ! half tones1 helps to pres]ve 9 highly complete "w a simplicity & directness ( /atem5t t is v p[]ful4 ,= c]ta9 impressions x probably w nev] be bett]$1 b x is a v well-worn conv5tion4 ,manet among ! mod]ns has giv5 new life to ?is =mula1 al?\gh he did n d]ive 8 inspiration directly f ,correggio b ?r\gh ! ,spani% s*ool4 ,by work+ 9 a /rong1 r gl>+1 direct light1 he elim9at$ /ill fur!r ! half tones1 & got rid to a great ext5t ( light & %ade4 ,com+ at a "t :5 ! reali/ic & pla9 air movem5ts 7 de/roy+ simple directness1 8 "w 0 ( great value1 br++ back1 z x did ) its insi/5ce on l>ge1 simple masses1 a s5se ( frank design4 ,8 influ5ce has be5 v great 9 rec5t ye>s1 z arti/s h felt t x (f]$ a new =mula = design & col\r4 ,light & %ade & half tone are ! great enemies ( col\r1 sully+1 z !y d1 its purity2 & to "s ext5t to design also1 de/roy+1 z !y d1 ! flatness ( ! picture4 ,b ) ! /rong direct light1 ! masses are cut out z simply z possible1 & _! col\r is little sulli$ by light & %ade4 ,! picture ( ,manet's reproduc$ is a typical example ( 8 mann]4 ,! aggressive %ape ( ! patt]n made by ! light mass aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd is typical ( 8 revolution>y attitude t[>ds all accept$ canons ( beauty4 ,b ev5 "h x is int]e/+ to note t _m pr9ciples ( composition are con=m$ to4 ,! design is unit$ to its b\nd>ies by ! horizontal l9e ( ! c\* & ! v]tical l9e ( ! scre5 at ! back1 :ile ! :ole sw+ hangs on ! diagonal f top left-h& corn] to "r2 l[] corn]1 to :i* ! /rongly m>k$ edge ( ! b$-clo!s & pill[ at ! bottom ( ! picture is p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,,correggio4 ,,v5us4 ,,m]cury1 ,,& ,,cupid 7,,national ,,gall]y7 ,a f9e example ( "o ( ! mo/ effective tone arrangem5ts2 a brilliantly-lit1 ri*ly-modell$ light mass on a d>k backgr\nd4 ,photo ,hanf/a5gl ,l>ge flat tones give a p[] & simplicity to a design1 & a l>g5ess & bread? ( expression t are v valuable1 besides %[+ up e little v>iety 9 ! values us$ = y\r modell+2 & ?us enabl+ y to model ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( tones4 ,:atev] ri*ness ( v>iation y may ultimately desire to add to y\r values1 see to x t 9 plann+ y\r picture y get a good basic /ructure ( simply design$1 & z f> z possible flat1 tones4 ,9 speak+ ( v>iety 9 mass we saw h[ ! ne>] ^! tones are 9 ! scale ( values1 ! m res]v$ & quiet ! impression creat$1 & ! fur!r ap>t or great] ! contra/1 ! m dramatic & int5se ! effect4 ,& ! s5tim5t ( tone 9 a picture1 l ! s5tim5t ( l9e & col\r1 %\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! nature ( y\r subject4 ,g5]ally speak+ m v>iety ( tone & %ape 9 ! masses ( y\r composition is p]missible :5 a small] range ( values is us$ ?an :5 y\r subject dem&s /rong contra/s4 ,:5 /rong contra/s ( tone or :at are call$ black & :ite effects are desir$1 ! masses mu/ be v simply design$4 ,7 ?is n s1 & 7 ! composition patt]n$ all ov] ) small] masses 9 /rong contra/1 ! bread? & unity ( ! effect w\ld be lo/4 ,:ile :5 ! diff]5ce ( relative values betwe5 "o tone & ano!r is slight1 ! on5ess ( effect is n s mu* int]f]$ ) by !re be+ a l>ge numb] ( !m4 ,effects ( /rong contra/s are !re=e f> ! mo/ difficult to manage1 z x is n easy to r$uce a composition ( any complexity to a simple expressive patt]n ( l>ge masses4 ,?is pr9ciple applies also 9 ! matt] ( col\r4 ,great] contra/s & v>iety ( col\r may be indulg$ 9 :]e ! middle range only ( tones is us$1 & :]e !re is little tone contra/1 ?an :]e !re is great contra/4 ,9 o!r words1 y _c ) mu* hope ( success h /rong contra/s ( col\r & /rong contra/s ( tone 9 ! same picture3 x is too viol5t4 ,if y h /rong contra/s ( col\r1 ! contra/s ( tone betwe5 !m mu/ be small4 ,! ,japanese & ,*9ese (t5 make ! mo/ successful use ( viol5t contra/s ( col\r by be+ c>eful t !y %all be ( ! same tone value4 ,& aga91 :]e y h /rong contra/s ( tone1 su* z ,rembr&t 0 fond (1 y _c successfully h /rong contra/s ( col\r z well4 ,reynolds1 :o 0 fond bo? ( col\r & /rong tone contra/1 _h to compromise1 z he tells u 9 8 lectures1 by mak+ ! %ad[s all ! same br[n col\r1 to keep a h>mony 9 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,,olympia4 ,,manet 7,l\vre7 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! composition =mula illu/rat$ by ,correggio's ,v5us4 ,add$ =ce is giv5 by light+ ) l[ direct light elim9ation half-tones4 ,photo ,neurde9 ,!re is "s analogy betwe5 /raight l9es & flat tones1 & curv$ l9es & gradat$ tones4 ,& a great deal t 0 said ab\t ! rhy?mic significance ( ^! l9es w apply equally well "h4 ,:at 0 said ab\t long v]tical & horizontal l9es convey+ a look ( repose & t\*+ ! s]i\s emotional notes1 c be said ( l>ge flat tones4 ,! feel+ ( inf9ity sugge/$ by a wide blue sky )\t a cl\d1 se5 above a wide b>e pla91 is an obvi\s in/ance ( ?is4 ,& = ! same h>monic cause1 a calm ev5+ has s peaceful & inf9ite an expression4 ,! wan+ light d>k5s ! l& & increases ! contra/ betwe5 x & ! sky1 ) ! result t all ! l&scape t[>ds ! we/ is r$uc$ to practically "o d>k tone1 cutt+ %>ply aga9/ ! wide light ( ! sky4 ,& ! graceful *>m ( curv$ l9es sw++ 9 h>moni\s rhy?m ?r\gh a composition has its analogy 9 gradat$ tones4 ,watteau & ,ga9sbor\gh1 ^? ma/]s ( *>m1 knew ?is1 & 9 _! mo/ allur+ compositions ! tone-music is f\nd$ on a pr9ciple ( tone-gradations1 sw++ & int]lac+ ) ea* o!r 9 h>moni\s rhy?m ?r\gh\t ! composition4 ,l>ge1 flat tones1 ) _! m ?\ghtful associations are out ( place "h1 & are seldom if ev] us$4 ,9 _! "w we see a _w :]e ! sadd5+ influ5ces ( pr(\nd ?\ght & its expression are f> away4 ,no deep] notes are all[$ to m> ! gaiety ( ?is holiday _w4 ,watteau creat$ a dream c\ntry ( 8 own1 9 :i* a tir$ humanity has delight$ ev] s9ce1 9 :i* all s]i\s ?\ghts are f> away & ! m9d takes refre%m5t 9 ! contemplation ( delightful ?+s4 ,& a great deal ( ?is *>m is due to ! pretty play f a cresc5do to a dim9u5do 9 ! tone values on :i* 8 compositions are bas$--s f> remov$ f ! simple /ructure ( flat masses to :i* m primitive & au/]e art owes its p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxiv4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,mass ,,or ,,tone ,,rhy?m ,,( ,,! ,,composition ,,reproduc$ ,,on ,,! ,,opposite ,,page ,,is ,,arrang$ ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,l',,emb>quem5t ,,p\r ,,cy?,,re4 ,,watteau 7,,l\vre7 ,a typical example ( composition f\nd$ on gradat$ tones4 7,see analysis on opposite page47 ,photo ,hanf/a5gl ,b ,watteau's great accompli%m5t 0 9 do+ ?is )\t deg5]at+ into feeble prett9ess1 & ?is he did by an insi/5ce on "* 9 8 figures1 p>ticul>ly 8 m54 ,8 drap]ies also are always beautifully drawn & full ( v>iety1 nev] feeble & *>act]less4 ,! l&scape backgr\nds are mu* m lack+ 9 ?is respect1 no?+ ev] happ5$ !re1 no /orms h ev] b5t 8 graceful tree-trunks1 & ! incessant gradations might easily become we>isome4 ,b possibly ! *>m 9 :i* we delight w\ld be lo/1 did ! l&scape possess m "*4 ,at any rate !re is en\gh 9 ! figures to prev5t any sickly prett9ess1 al?\gh ,i ?9k if y remov$ ! figures ! l&scape w\ld n be tol]able4 ,b ! foll[]s ( ,watteau seiz$ ^u ! prett9ess & gradually got out ( t\* ) ! "*1 & if y comp>e ,b\*]'s heads1 p>ticul>ly 8 m5's heads1 ) ,watteau's y may see h[ mu* has be5 lo/4 ,! foll[+ are ?ree examples ( ?is gradat$ tone composition 7see pages #baj ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xxiv1 #bac ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xxv1 #bae ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,diagram ,,xxvi73 ,watteau3 ,emb>quem5t p\r ,l'le de ,cy?re4 ,?is is a typical ,watteau composition1 f\nd$ on a rhy?mic play ( gradat$ tones & gradat$ edges4 ,flat tones & h>d edges are avoid$4 ,beg9n+ at ! c5tre ( ! top ) a /rongly acc5t$ note ( contra/1 ! d>k tone ( ! mass ( trees gradates into ! gr\nd & on pa/ ! l[] "r-h& corn] across ! front ( ! picture1 until1 :5 ne>+ ! l[] left-h& corn]1 x rev]ses ! process & f d>k to light beg9s gradat+ light to d>k1 end+ some:at %>ply aga9/ ! sky 9 ! rock =m to ! left4 ,! ri* play ( tone t is introduc$ 9 ! trees & gr\nd1 c41 bl9ds "o at fir/ to ! p]ception ( ?is l>g] tone motive1 b )\t x ! ri* v>iety w\ld n hold toge!r4 ,r\ghly speak+ ! :ole ( ?is d>k frame ( tones f ! acc5t$ po9t ( ! trees at ! top to ! mass ( ! rock on ! left1 may be said to gradate away into ! di/ance2 cut into by ! w$ge-%ap$ middle tone ( ! hills lead+ to ! horizon4 ,break+ across ?is is a graceful l9e ( figures1 beg9n+ on ! left :]e ! mass ( rock is brok5 by ! little flight ( cupids1 & cont9u+ across ! picture until x is br\ght up %>ply by ! light figure "u ! trees on ! "r4 ,note ! pretty clatt] ( spots ?is l9e ( figures br+s across ! picture1 introduc+ light spots into ! d>k] masses1 end+ up ) ! /rongly acc5t$ light spot ( ! figure on ! "r2 & d>k spots into ! light] masses1 end+ up ) ! figures ( ! cupids d>k aga9/ ! sky4 ,/eady+ influ5ces 9 all ?is flux ( tone are introduc$ by ! v]tical acc5t ( ! tree-/em & /atue 9 ! d>k mass on ! "r1 by ! horizontal l9e ( ! di/ance on ! left1 ! outl9e ( ! gr\nd 9 ! front1 & ! /raight /affs held by "s ( ! figures4 ,9 ! *>coal scribble illu/rat+ ?is composition ,i h tri$ c>efully to avoid any draw+ 9 ! figures or trees to %[ h[ ! tone-music dep5ds n s mu* on tru? to natural appe>ances z on ! ab/ract arrangem5t ( tone values & _! rhy?mic play4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxv4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,mass ,,or ,,tone ,,rhy?m ,,is ,,arrang$ ,,9 ,,turn]',s ,,picture ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,,gall]y ,,( ,,briti% ,,art1 ,,ulysses ,,d]id+ ,,polyphemus ,( c\rse nature conta9s e conceivable v>iety ( tone-music1 b x is n to be f\nd by un9tellig5t copy+ except 9 r>e accid5ts4 ,em]son says1 ,al?\gh y se>* ! :ole _w = ! beautiful y'll n f9d x unless y take x ) y1 & ?is is true to a great] ext5t ( rhy?mic tone arrangem5ts4 ,turn]3 ,ulysses d]id+ ,polyphemus4 ,turn] 0 v fond ( ^! gradat$ tone compositions1 & c>ri$ !m to a lyrical height to :i* !y _h nev] be=e atta9$4 ,8 ,ulysses d]id+ ,polyphemus1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,briti% ,art1 is a spl5did example ( 8 use ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,a great unity ( expression is giv5 by br++ ! greate/ d>k & light toge!r 9 %>p contra/1 z is done 9 ?is picture by ! d>k rocks & %ips' pr[s com+ aga9/ ! ris+ sun4 ,f ?is po9t ! d>k & light masses gradate 9 diff]5t directions until !y m]ge above ! %ips' sails4 ,^! sails cut %>ply into ! d>k mass z ! rocks & %ip on ! extreme "r cut %>ply into ! light mass4 ,note also ! edges :]e !y are acc5t$ & come %>ply aga9/ ! neighb\r+ mass1 & :]e !y are lo/1 & ! pleas+ quality ?is play ( edges gives4 ,/ability is giv5 by ! l9e ( ! horizon & waves 9 front1 & ! ma/s ( ! %ips1 ! o>s1 &1 9 ! orig9al picture1 a feel+ ( radiat+ l9es f ! ris+ sun4 ,)\t ^! /eady+ influ5ces ^! compositions ( gradat$ masses w\ld be sickly & weak4 ,corot3 #bdgj ,collection ,*au*>d1 ,l\vre4 ,?is is a typical example ( ,corot's tone s*eme1 & little ne$ be add$ to ! description already giv54 ,inf9ite play is got ) ! simple/ means4 ,a d>k silh\ett$ mass is se5 aga9/ a light sky1 ! p]fect balance ( ! %apes & ! inf9ite play ( lo/-&-f\ndness 9 ! edges giv+ to ?is simple /ructure a ri*ness & beauty effect t is v satisfy+4 ,note h[ ,corot1 l ,turn]1 br+s 8 greate/ light & d>k toge!r 9 %>p contra/ :]e ! rock on ! "r cuts ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxvi4 ,,typical ,,example ,,( ,,corot',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,mass ,,rhy?m1 ,,aft] ,,! ,,picture ,,9 ,,! ,,l\vre1 ,,p>is ,/ability is giv5 by ! v]tical feel+ 9 ! c5tral gr\p ( trees & ! sugge/ion ( horizontal di/ance beh9d ! figure4 ,x is n only 9 ! l>g] disposition ( ! masses 9 a composition t ?is pr9ciple ( gradat$ masses & lo/ & f\nd edges c be us$4 ,:]ev] grace & *>m are y\r motive !y %\ld be look$ = 9 ! work+ out ( ! smalle/ details4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] ,i mu/ aga9 insi/ t k ( ^! matt]s w n make y compose a good picture4 ,a composition may be p]fect z f> z any rules or pr9ciples ( composition g1 & yet be ( no acc\nt :atev]4 ,! life-giv+ quality 9 art always defies analysis & refuses to be tabulat$ 9 any =mula4 ,?is vital quality 9 draw+ & composition mu/ come f ! individual arti/ himself1 & nobody c help him mu* "h4 ,he mu/ ev] be on ! look out = ^? visions 8 imag9ation /irs )9 him1 & endeav\r1 h[ev] halt+ly at fir/1 to give !m "s s9c]e expression4 ,try always :5 y\r m9d is fill$ ) "s pictorial idea to get some?+ put d[n1 a m]e fumbl$ expression possibly1 b x may conta9 ! g]m4 ,lat] on ! same idea may occur to y aga91 only x w be less vague ?is "t1 & a process ( developm5t w h tak5 place4 ,x may be ye>s be=e x takes suffici5tly def9ite %ape to ju/ify a picture2 ! process ( g]m9ation 9 ! m9d is a sl[ "o4 ,b try & acquire ! habit ( mak+ "s record ( :at pictorial ideas pass 9 ! m9d1 & don't wait until y c draw & pa9t well to beg94 ,qualities ( draw+ & pa9t+ don't matt] a bit "h1 x is ! s5sation1 ! feel+ = ! picture1 t is ev]y?+4 ,if k ( ! rhy?mic prop]ties ( l9es & masses w n enable y to compose a f9e picture1 y may well ask :at is _! use8 ,!re may be ^? to :om !y are ( no use4 ,_! arti/ic in/9cts are suffici5tly /rong to ne$ no direction4 ,b su* natures are r>e1 & x is d\btful if !y ev] g f>1 :ile _m a pa9t] might be sav$ a lot ( worry ov] some?+ 9 8 picture t won't come did he b "k m ( ! pr9ciple ( pictorial design 8 "w is transgress+4 ,i feel c]ta9 t ! old pa9t]s1 l ! ,v5etians1 7 f> m sy/ematic & _h f> m h>d & fa/ pr9ciples ( design ?an ourselves4 ,!y knew ! sci5ce ( _! craft s well t !y did n s (t5 h to call ^u _! arti/ic in/9ct to get !m out ( difficulties4 ,_! arti/ic in/9ct 0 free to att5d to high] ?+s1 _! k ( ! sci5ce ( picture-mak+ keep+ !m f _m petty mi/akes t a mod]n arti/ falls into4 ,! desire ( s _m arti/s 9 ^! days to cut loose f tradition & />t all ov] aga9 puts a v sev]e /ra9 ^u _! intuitive faculties1 & keeps !m occupi$ correct+ ?+s t m k ( "s ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples t don't really alt] & t are ! same 9 all s*ools w\ld h sav$ !m4 ,k 9 art is l a railway built beh9d ! pione]s :o h gone be=e2 x (f]s a po9t ( dep>ture = ^? :o come aft]1 fur!r on into ! unkn[n c\ntry ( nature's secrets--a help n lightly to be disc>d$4 ,b all artifice 9 art mu/ be conceal$1 a picture obvi\sly compos$ is badly compos$4 ,9 a good composition x is z ?\gh ! p>ts _h be5 c>efully plac$ 9 rhy?mic relation & !n ! picture j>r$ a little1 s t ev]y?+ is slightly %ift$ out ( place1 ?us introduc+ our di!r or play ( life betwe5 ! p>ts4 ,( c\rse no me*anical jogg+ w introduce ! vital quality ref]r$ to1 :i* mu/ come f ! vitality ( ! arti/'s intuition2 al?\gh ,i h he>d ( photograph]s jogg+ ! cam]a 9 an endeav\r to introduce "s arti/ic play 9 its me*anical r5d]+s4 ,b "o mu/ say some?+ to %[ h[ 9 all good composition ! me*anical pr9ciples at ! basis ( ! matt] are subord9ate to a vital pr9ciple on :i* ! life 9 ! "w dep5ds4 ,?is concealm5t ( all artifice1 ?is artlessness & spontaneity ( appe>ance1 is "o ( ! greate/ qualities 9 a composition1 any analysis ( :i* is futile4 ,x is :at occasionally gives to ! "w ( ! unlett]$ g5ius s great a *>m4 ,b ! arti/ 9 :om ! true sp>k has n be5 qu5*$ by worldly success or o!r en]vat+ influ5ce1 keeps ! secret ( ?is fre%ness "r on1 ! culture ( 8 /ud5t days be+ us$ only to give x spl5d\r ( expression1 b nev] to /ifle or suppress its native *>m4 ,,xv ,,balance ,!re seems to be a /rife betwe5 oppos+ =ces at ! basis ( all ?+s1 a /rife 9 :i* a p]fect balance is nev] atta9$1 or life w\ld cease4 ,! worlds are kept on _! c\rses by su* oppos+ =ces1 ! p]fect equilibrium nev] be+ f\nd1 & s ! vitalis+ movem5t is kept up4 ,/ates are held toge!r on ! same pr9ciple1 no ,/ate seem+ able to pres]ve a balance = long2 new =ces arise1 ! balance is upset1 & ! ,/ate tott]s until a new equilibrium has be5 f\nd4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 to be ! aim ( life to /rive aft] balance1 any viol5t deviation f :i* is accompani$ by calamity4 ,& 9 art we h ! same play ( oppos+ factors1 /raight l9es & curves1 light & d>k1 w>m & cold col\r oppose ea* o!r4 ,7 ! balance betwe5 !m p]fect1 ! result w\ld be dull & dead4 ,b if ! balance is v mu* out1 ! eye is di/urb$ & ! effect too disquiet+4 ,x w naturally be 9 pictures t aim at repose t ?is balance w be mo/ p]fect4 ,9 m excit+ subjects less w be necess>y1 b "s am\nt %\ld exi/ 9 e picture1 no matt] h[ turbul5t its motive2 z 9 good trag$y ! horror ( ! situation is nev] all[$ to ov]balance ! beauty ( ! treatm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 ,/raight ,l9es & ,curves ,let u consid] 9 ! fir/ place ! balance betwe5 /raight l9es & curves4 ,! ri*] & full] ! curves1 ! m sev]e %\ld be ! /raight l9es t balance !m1 if p]fect repose is desir$4 ,b if ! subject dem&s excess ( movem5t & life1 ( c\rse !re w be less necessity = ! balanc+ influ5ce ( /raight l9es4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 if ! subject dem&s an excess ( repose & contemplation1 ! bias w be on ! side ( /raight l9es4 ,b a picture compos$ entirely ( ri*1 roll+ curves is too disquiet+ a ?+ to contemplate1 & w\ld become v irritat+4 ,( ! two extremes1 "o compos$ entirely ( /raight l9es w\ld be pref]able to "o ) no squ>5ess to relieve ! ri*ness ( ! curves4 ,= /raight l9es are significant ( ! deep] & m p]man5t ?+s ( life1 ( ! p[]s t gov]n & re/ra91 & ( inf9ity2 :ile ! ri* curves 7t is1 curves ! f>!/ remov$ f ! /raight l9e7 seem to be expressive ( uncontroll$ en]gy & ! m exub]ant joys ( life4 ,vice may be excess 9 any direction1 b asceticism has g5]ally be5 accept$ z a nobl] vice ?an voluptu\sness4 ,! rococo art ( ! eighte5? c5tury is an in/ance ( ! excessive use ( curv$ =ms1 &1 l all excesses 9 ! joys ( life1 x is vici\s & is ! fav\rite /yle ( decoration 9 vulg> places ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! excessive use ( /raight l9es & squ>e =ms may be se5 9 "s anci5t ,egyptian ar*itecture1 b ?is sev]ity 0 orig9ally1 no d\bt1 s(t5$ by ! use ( col\r1 & 9 any case x is nobl] & f9] ?an ! vici\s clev]ness ( rococo art4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,greeks balanc$ ! /raight l9es ( _! ar*itectural =ms ) ! ri* l9es ( ! sculpture :i* !y us$ s lavi%ly on _! temples4 ,b ! balance 0 always kept on ! side ( ! squ>e =ms & nev] on ! side ( undue r\ndness4 ,& x is on ?is side t ! balance w\ld seem to be 9 ! f9e/ art4 ,ev5 ! f9e/ curves are ^? t approa* ! /raight l9e r ?an ! circle1 t err on ! side ( flatnesses r ?an r\ndnesses4 ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 ,flat & ,gradat$ ,tones ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! balance ( /raight l9es & curves applies equally well to tones1 if = /raight l9es y sub/itute flat tones1 & = curv$ l9es gradat$ tones4 ,! deep]1 m p]man5t ?+s f9d expression 9 ! wid]1 flatt] tones1 :ile an excess ( gradations makes = prett9ess1 if n = ! gross r\ndnesses ( vici\s modell+4 ,(t5 :5 a picture is hopelessly out ( ge> & muck$ up1 z !y say 9 ! /udio1 x c be got on ! "r road aga9 by r$uc+ x to a basis ( flat tones1 go+ ov] x & pa9t+ out ! gradations1 gett+ x back to a simpl] equation f :i* ! "r road to completion c be m readily se54 ,ov]mu* conc]n ) ! gradations ( ! small] modell+ is a v common reason ( pictures & draw+s gett+ out ( ge>4 ,! less exp5diture ( tone values y c express y\r modell+ )1 ! bett]1 z a g5]al rule4 ,! balance 9 ! f9e/ "w is usually on ! side ( flat tones r ?an on ! side ( gradat$ tones4 ,"w t errs on ! side ( gradations1 l t ( ,greuze1 h[ev] popul> its appeal1 is mu* poor] /uff ?an "w t errs on ! side ( flatness 9 tone1 l ,giotto & ! ,italian primitives1 or ,puvis de ,*avannes among ! mod]ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 ,light & ,d>k ,tones4 ,!re is a balance ( tone set up also betwe5 light & d>k1 betwe5 black & :ite 9 ! scale ( tone4 ,pictures t d n g f> 9 ! direction ( light1 />t+ f a middle tone1 %\ld n g f> 9 ! direction ( d>k ei!r4 ,9 ?is respect note ! pictures ( ,:i/l]1 a great ma/] 9 matt]s ( tone2 8 lights seldom approa* any:]e ne> :ite1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 8 d>ks nev] approa* black 9 tone4 ,:5 ! highe/ lights are l[ 9 tone1 ! d>ke/ d>ks %\ld be high 9 tone4 ,pa9t]s l ,rembr&t1 ^: pictures :5 fre% mu/ h approa*$ v ne> :ite 9 ! high lights1 also approa* black 9 ! d>ks1 & ne>] our own "t1 ,frank ,holl =c$ ! :ites ( 8 pictures v high & correspond+ly ! d>ks 7 v heavy4 ,& :5 ?is balance is kept !re is a rightness ab\t x t is in/9ctively felt4 ,we d n mean t ! am\nt ( light tones 9 a picture %\ld be balanc$ by ! am\nt ( d>k tones1 b t !re %\ld be "s balance betwe5 ! extremes ( light & d>k us$ 9 ! tone s*eme ( a picture4 ,! old rule 01 ,i believe1 t a picture %\ld be two-?irds light & "o-?ird d>k4 ,b ,i d n ?9k !re is any rule to be obs]v$ "h3 !re are too _m exceptions1 & no m5tion is made ( half tones4 ,l all s-call$ laws 9 art1 ?is rule is capable ( _m app>5t exceptions4 ,!re is ! :ite picture 9 :i* all ! tones are high4 ,b 9 "s ( ! mo/ successful ( ^! y w g5]ally f9d spots ( int5sely d>k pigm5t4 ,turn] 0 fond ( ^! light pictures 9 8 lat] mann]1 b he usually put 9 "s d>k spot1 su* z ! black gondolas 9 "s ( 8 ,v5etian pictures1 t illu/rate ! law ( balance we are speak+ (1 & are usually put 9 excessively d>k 9 proportion z ! re/ ( ! picture is excessively light4 ,! successful "o-tone pictures are g5]ally pa9t$ 9 ! middle tones1 & ?us d n 9 any way contradict our pr9ciple ( balance4 ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 ,w>m & ,cold ,col\rs4 ,"o is tempt$ at ?is po9t to w&] a little into ! prov9ce ( col\r1 :]e ! pr9ciple ( balance ( :i* we are speak+ is mu* felt1 ! scale "h be+ betwe5 w>m & cold col\rs4 ,if y divide ! sol> spectrum r\ghly into half1 y w h ! r$s1 oranges1 & yell[s on "o side1 & ! purples1 blues1 & gre5s on ! o!r1 ! =m] be+ r\ghly ! w>m & ! latt] ! cold col\rs4 ,! clev] manipulation ( ! opposition betwe5 ^! w>m & cold col\rs is "o ( ! *ief means us$ 9 giv+ vitality to col\r+4 ,b ! po9t to notice "h is t ! fur!r y\r col\r+ goes 9 ! direction ( w>m?1 ! fur!r x w be necess>y to g 9 ! opposite direction1 to "r ! balance4 ,t is h[ x comes ab\t t pa9t]s l ,titian1 :o lov$ a w>m1 gl[+1 gold5 col\r+1 s (t5 _h to put a mass ( ! colde/ blue 9 _! pictures4 ,ga9sbor\gh's ,blue ,boy1 al?\gh done 9 defiance ( ,reynolds' pr9ciple1 is no contradiction ( our rule1 = al?\gh ! boy has a blue dress all ! re/ ( ! picture is w>m br[n & s ! balance is kept4 ,x is ! failure to obs]ve ?is balance t makes s _m ( ! r$-coat$ huntsm5 & soldi]s' portraits 9 our exhibitions s objectionable4 ,!y are too (t5 pa9t$ on a d>k1 hot1 burnt si5na & black backgr\nd1 ) no?+ b w>m col\rs 9 ! fle%1 c41 ) ! result t ! scream+ heat is intol]able4 ,) a hot mass ( r$ l a huntsman's coat 9 y\r picture1 ! coole/ col\r %\ld be look$ = ev]y:]e else4 ,se5 9 a ,novemb] l&scape1 h[ well a huntsman's coat looks1 b !n1 h[ cold & grey is ! col\r+ ( ! l&scape4 ,! "r ?+ to d is to support y\r r$ ) z _m cool & neutral tones z possible & avoid hot %ad[s4 ,) s /rong a r$1 blue might be too mu* ( a contra/1 unless y\r canvas 0 l>ge en\gh to admit ( its be+ introduc$ at "s di/ance f ! r$4 ,mo/ pa9t]s1 ( c\rse1 are cont5t to keep to middle c\rses1 nev] go+ v f> 9 ! w>m or cold directions4 ,&1 und\bt$ly1 mu* m fre$om ( action is possible "h1 al?\gh ! results may n be s p[]ful4 ,b :5 beauty & ref9em5t ( s5tim5t r ?an =ce are desir$1 ! middle range ( col\r+ 7t is to say1 all col\rs p>tly neutralis$ by admixture ) _! opposites7 is mu* saf]4 ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 ,int]e/ & ,mass4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( balance t mu/ be al?\gh x is connect$ m ) ! subject matt] ( art1 z x conc]ns ! m5tal significance ( objects r ?an rhy?mic qualities possess$ by l9es & masses2 ,i ref] to ! balance !re is betwe5 int]e/ & mass4 ,! all-absorb+ int]e/ ( ! human figure makes x (t5 :5 q m9ute 9 scale balance ! weight & int]e/ ( a great mass4 ,diagram ,,xxvii is a r\gh in/ance ( :at is meant4 ,)\t ! little figure ! composition w\ld be out ( balance4 ,b ! weight ( int]e/ c5tr$ ^u t lonely little p]son is en\gh to "r ! balance occasion$ by ! great mass ( trees on ! left4 ,figures are l>gely us$ by l&scape pa9t]s 9 ?is way1 & are ( great use 9 re/or+ balance 9 a picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxvii4 ,,illu/rat+ ,,h[ ,,int]e/ ,,may ,,balance ,,mass ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 ,v>iety & ,unity4 ,& la/ly1 !re mu/ be a balance /ruck betwe5 v>iety & unity4 ,a great deal has already be5 said ab\t ?is1 & x w only be necess>y to recapitulate "h t to v>iety is due all ! expression or ! picturesque1 ( ! joy\s en]gy ( life1 & all t makes ! _w su* a delightful place1 b t to unity belongs ! relat+ ( ?is v>iety to ! und]ly+ b$-rock pr9ciples t support x 9 nature & 9 all good art4 ,x w dep5d on ! nature ( ! arti/ & on ! nature ( 8 !me h[ f> ?is und]ly+ unity w dom9ate ! expression 9 8 "w2 & h[ f> x w be ov]laid & hidd5 beh9d a ri* g>m5t ( v>iety4 ,b bo? ideas mu/ be consid]$ 9 8 "w4 ,if ! unity ( 8 conception is all[$ to exclude v>iety entirely1 x w result 9 a dead ab/raction1 & if ! v>iety is to be all[$ none ( ! re/ra9+ influ5ces ( unity1 x w develop into a riot\s extravagance4 ,,xvi ,,rhy?m3 ,,proportion ,rules & canons ( proportion design$ to r$uce to a ma!matical =mula ! ?+s t move u 9 beautiful objects1 h n be5 a great success2 ! beautiful w always defy su* clumsy analysis4 ,b h[ev] true x is t beauty ( proportion mu/ ev] be ! result ( ! f9] s5ses ( ! arti/1 x is possible t canons ( proportion1 su* z ^? ( ! human body1 may be ( s]vice to ! arti/ by (f]+ "s /&>d f :i* he c dep>t at ! dictates ( 8 arti/ic in/9ct4 ,!re appe>s to be no d\bt t ! anci5t sculptors us$ "s su* sy/em4 ,& _m ( ! r5aissance pa9t]s 7 int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci hav+ mu* to say ab\t x 9 8 book4 ,l all sci5tific k 9 art1 x fails to trap ! elusive some?+ t is ! vital ess5ce ( ! :ole matt]1 b su* sci5tific k does help to br+ "o's "w up to a high po9t ( me*anical p]fection1 f :i* "o's arti/ic in/9ct c so> ) a bett] *ance ( success ?an if no sci5tific scaffold+ _h be5 us$ 9 ! initial build+ up4 ,yet1 h[ev] p]fect y\r sy/em1 don't =get t ! life1 ! di!r1 w /ill h to be acc\nt$ =1 & no sci5ce w help y "h4 ,! idea t c]ta9 ma!matical proportions or relation%ips und]lie ! ph5om5a we call beauty is v anci5t1 & too ab/ruse to tr\ble u "h4 ,b und\bt$ly proportion1 ! quantitative relation ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 =ms a v important "p 9 ! impression works ( art & objects give u1 & %\ld be a subject ( ! greate/ consid]ation 9 plann+ y\r "w4 ,! ma!matical relation%ip ( ^! quantities is a subject t has always fasc9at$ s*ol>s1 :o h measur$ ! antique /atues accurately & pa9/ak+ly to f9d ! secret ( _! *>m4 ,sci5ce1 by %[+ t diff]5t s\nds & diff]5t col\rs are produc$ by waves ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & t !re=e diff]5t col\rs & s\nds c be express$ 9 t]ms ( numb]s1 has c]ta9ly op5$ ! door to a new consid]ation ( ?is subject ( beauty 9 relation to ma!matics4 ,& ! result ( su* an inquiry1 if x is be+ or has be5 c>ri$ on1 w be ( mu* int]e/4 ,b !re is some?+ *ill+ to ! arti/ 9 an array ( dead figures1 = he has a consci\sness t ! life ( ! :ole matt] w nev] be captur$ by su* me*anical means4 ,! "q we are int]e/$ to ask "h is3 are !re p>ticul> s5tim5ts connect$ ) ! diff]5t relations ( quantities1 _! proportions1 z we f\nd !re 7 9 connection ) diff]5t arrangem5ts ( l9es & masses8 ,h ab/ract proportions any significance 9 art1 z we f\nd ab/ract l9e & mass arrangem5ts _h8 ,x is a difficult ?+ to be def9ite ab\t1 & ,i c only give my own feel+ on ! matt]2 b ,i ?9k 9 "s degree !y h4 ,proportion c be consid]$ f our two po9ts ( view ( unity & v>iety4 ,9 s f> z ! proportions ( any picture or object resolve !mselves into a simple1 easily grasp$ unity ( relation%ip1 a s5se ( repose & sublimity is produc$4 ,9 s f> z ! v>iety ( proportion 9 ! diff]5t p>ts is ass]tive & prev5ts ! eye grasp+ ! arrangem5t z a simple :ole1 a s5se ( ! lively re/lessness ( life & activity is produc$4 ,9 o!r words1 z we f\nd 9 l9e arrangem5ts1 unity makes = sublimity1 :ile v>iety makes = ! expression ( life4 ,( c\rse ! scale ( ! object w h some?+ to d ) ?is4 ,t is to say1 ! mo/ sublimely proportion$ dog-k5nel c\ld nev] give u ! impression ( sublimity produc$ by a great temple4 ,9 pictures ! scale ( ! "w is n ( s great importance1 a pa9t+ or draw+ hav+ ! p[] ( giv+ ! impression ( great size on a small scale4 ,! proportion t is mo/ easily grasp$ is ! half--two equal p>ts4 ,?is is ! mo/ devoid ( v>iety1 & !re=e ( life1 & is only us$ :5 an effect ( great repose & alo(ness f life is want$2 & ev5 !n1 nev] )\t "s v>iety 9 ! m9or p>ts to give vitality4 ,! ?ird & ! qu>t]1 & 9 fact any equal proportions1 are o!rs t are easily grasp$ & p>take 9 a less] degree ( ! same qualities z ! half4 ,s t equality ( proportion %\ld be avoid$ except on ^? r>e occasions :5 effects remote f nature & life are desir$4 ,nature seems to abhor equalities1 nev] mak+ two ?+s alike or ! same proportion if %e c help x4 ,all sy/ems f\nd$ on equalities1 z are s _m mod]n sy/ems ( social re=m1 are man's "w1 ! products ( a ma*9e-made age4 ,= ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 nature & ! ma*9e3 nature nev] produces two ?+s alike1 ! ma*9e nev] produces two ?+s diff]5t4 ,man c\ld solve ! social problem to-morr[ if y c\ld produce him equal units4 ,b if all m5 7 alike & equal1 :]e w\ld be ! life & fun ( exi/5ce8 x w\ld dep>t ) ! v>iety4 ,& 9 proportion1 z 9 life1 v>iety is ! secret ( vitality1 only to be suppress$ :]e a /atic effect is want$4 ,9 ar*itecture equality ( proportion is m (t5 met )1 z ! /atic qualities ( repose are ( m importance "h ?an 9 pa9t+4 ,"o meets x on all f9e build+s 9 su* ?+s z r[s ( columns & w9d[s ( equal size & di/ances ap>t1 or ! cont9ual repetition ( ! same =ms 9 m\ld+s1 c4 ,b ev5 "h1 9 ! be/ "w1 "s v>iety is all[$ to keep ! effect f be+ q dead1 ! columns on ! outside ( a ,greek p$im5t be+ ne>] toge!r & lean+ slightly inw>ds1 & ! repeat$ =ms ( w9d[s1 columns1 & m\ld+s be+ inf9itely v>i$ 9 !mselves4 ,b al?\gh y (t5 f9d repetitions ( ! same =ms equidi/ant 9 ar*itecture1 x is seldom t equality ( proportion is obs]vable 9 ! ma9 di/ribution ( ! l>ge masses4 ,let u take our simple type ( composition1 & 9 ,diagram ,,xxviii1 ,a1 put ! horizon across ! c5tre & an upright po/ cutt+ x 9 ! middle ( ! picture4 ,& let u introduce two spots t may indicate ! position ( birds 9 ! upp] spaces on ei!r side ( ?is4 ,"h we h a maximum ( equality & ! deade/ & mo/ /atic ( results4 ,to see ^! diagrams prop]ly x is necess>y to cov] ov] ) "s pieces ( notepap] all b ! "o be+ consid]$1 z !y affect ea* o!r :5 se5 toge!r1 & ! quality ( _! proportion is n s readily obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,ansidei ,,madonna4 ,,by ,,raphael 7,,national ,,gall]y7 ,a typical example ( /atic balance 9 composition4 ,photo ,hanf/a5gl ,9 _m pictures ( ! ,madonna1 :5 a hu% & rev]5ce are desir$ r ?an exub]ant life1 ! figure is put 9 ! c5tre ( ! canvas1 equality ( proportion exi/+ betwe5 ! spaces on ei!r side ( h]4 ,b hav+ got ! repose ?is c5tralisation gives1 ev]y?+ is done to conceal ?is equality1 & v>iety 9 ! cont\rs on ei!r side1 & 9 any figures !re may be1 is c>efully s\ght4 ,raphael's ,ansidei ,madonna1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 is an in/ance ( ?is 7p4 #bcj74 ,y h fir/ ! c5tralisation ( ! figure ( ! ,madonna ) ! ?rone on :i* %e sits1 exactly 9 ! middle ( ! picture4 ,n only is ! ?rone 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 b its wid? is exactly t ( ! spaces on ei!r side ( x1 giv+ u ?ree equal proportions across ! picture4 ,!n y h ! circul> l9es ( ! ar*es beh9d1 curves possess$ ( ! lea/ possible am\nt ( v>iety & !re=e ! calme/ & mo/ reposeful2 :ile ! horizontal l9es ( ! /eps & ! v]tical l9es ( ! ?rone & ar*itecture1 & also ! r[s ( hang+ beads give fur!r emphasis to ?is inf9ity ( calm4 ,b :5 we come to ! figures ?is symmetry has be5 v>i$ ev]y:]e4 ,all ! heads sw+ t[>ds ! "r1 :ile ! l9es ( ! drap]ies sw+ freely 9 _m directions4 ,! sw+ ( ! heads t[>ds ! "r is balanc$ & ! eye br\ght back to equilibrium by ! /rongly-insi/$-^u /aff ( ,/4 ,ni*olas on ! "r4 ,! /aff ( ,/4 ,john necess>y to balance ?is l9e some:at1 is v slightly insi/$ on1 be+ repres5t$ transp>5t z if made ( glass1 s z n to increase ! sw+ to ! "r occasion$ by ! heads4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! fruit introduc$ at ! la/ mom5t 9 ! "r-h& l[] corn]1 dragg$ 91 z x 71 to re/ore ! balance occasion$ by ! figure ( ! ,*ri/ be+ on ! left4 ,9 ! writ]'s humble op9ion ! extremely obvi\s artifice ) :i* ! l9es h be5 balanc$1 & ! sev]ity ( ! conv5tion ( ?is composition g5]ally1 are out ( h>mony ) ! am\nt ( naturali/ic detail & p>ticul>ly ( solidity all[$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! figures & accessories4 ,! small am\nt ( tru? to visual nature 9 ! "w ( e>li] m5 w5t bett] ) ! =mality ( su* compositions4 ,) s little ( ! v>iety ( life 9 _! treatm5t ( natural appe>ances1 "o 0 n l$ to dem& s mu* ( ! v>iety ( life 9 ! arrangem5t4 ,x is ! simplicity & remot5ess f ! full effect ( natural appe>ances 9 ! "w ( ! e>ly ,italian s*ools t made _! pa9t+ su* a ready m$ium = ! expression ( religi\s subjects4 ,?is atmosph]e ( o!r-worldl9ess :]e ! music ( l9e & col\r 0 un9t]rupt$ by any aggressive look ( real ?+s is a bett] conv5tion = ! expression ( su* ideas & emotions4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxviii7#a74 ,a1 ,d1 ,g ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxviii7#b74 ,b1 ,e1 ,h ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ,,xxviii7#c74 ,c1 ,f1 ,i ,9 ,b & ,c ! proportions ( ! ?ird & ! qu>t] are %[n1 produc+ ! same /atic effect z ! half1 al?\gh n s completely4 ,at ,d1 ,e1 ,f ! same numb] ( l9es & spots z we h at ,a1 ,b1 ,c h be5 us$1 b v>i$ z to size & position1 s t !y h no obvi\s me*anical relation%ip4 ,! result is an expression ( mu* m life & "*4 ,at ,g1 ,h1 ,i m l9es & spots h be5 add$4 ,at ,g !y are equidi/ant & dead f lack ( v>iety1 :ile at ,h & ,i !y are v>i$ to a degree t prev5ts ! eye grasp+ any obvi\s relation%ip betwe5 !m4 ,!y h consequ5tly a look ( livel9ess & life v diff]5t f ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 or ,g4 ,x w be obs]v$ t z ! am\nt ( v>iety increases s does ! life & livel9ess ( ! impression4 ,9 ^! diagrams a c]ta9 /atic effect is kept up ?r\gh\t1 on acc\nt ( our l9es be+ v]tical & horizontal only1 :i* l9es1 z we saw 9 an e>li] *apt]1 are ! calme/ we h4 ,b despite ?is1 ,i ?9k ! add$ life due to ! v>iety 9 ! proportions is suffici5tly app>5t 9 ! diagrams to prove ! po9t we wi% to make4 ,z a contra/ to ! inf9ite calm ( ,raphael's ,madonna1 we h reproduc$ ,t9toretto's ,f9d+ ( ! ,body ( ,/4 ,m>k1 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan4 ,"h all is life & movem5t4 ,! proportions are inf9itely v>i$1 n[h]e does ! eye grasp any obvi\s ma!matical relation%ip4 ,we h ! same semi-circul> ar*es z 9 ! ,raphael1 b n symmetrically plac$1 & _! l9es ev]y:]e v>i$1 & _! calm effect de/roy$ by ! flick]+ lights play+ ab\t !m4 ,note ! great emphasis giv5 to ! out/ret*$ h& ( ! p[]ful figure ( ! ,apo/le on ! left by ! l9es ( ! ar*itecture & ! l9e ( arm ( ! kneel+ figure 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture conv]g+ on ?is h& & lead+ ! eye imm$iately to x4 ,!re is "h no /atic symmetry1 all is en]gy & =ce4 ,/>t+ ) ?is arre/+ arm1 ! eye is l$ d[n ! maje/ic figure ( ,/4 ,m>k1 pa/ ! recumb5t figure1 & across ! picture by means ( ! b& ( light on ! gr\nd1 to ! important gr\p ( fright5$ figures on ! "r4 ,& f !m on to ! figures engag$ 9 l[]+ a corpse f its tomb4 ,or1 foll[+ ! direction ( ! out/ret*$ arm ( ,/4 ,m>k1 we are l$ by ! l9es ( ! ar*itecture to ?is gr\p /raight away1 & back aga9 by means ( ! gr\p on ! "r & ! b& ( light on ! gr\nd4 ,! quantities are n plac$ 9 reposeful symmetry ab\t ! canvas1 z 0 ! case 9 ! ,raphael1 b are ?r[n (f app>5tly haphaz>d f l9es lead+ ! eye r\nd ! picture4 ,note also ! dramatic int5sity giv5 by ! /rongly contra/$ light & %ade1 & h[ ,t9toretto has enjoy$ ! weird effect ( ! two figures look+ into a tomb ) a light1 _! %ad[s be+ ?r[n on ! lid !y hold op51 at ! f> end ( ! room4 ,?is mu/ h be5 an amaz+ly new piece ( realism at ! "t1 & is wond]fully us$1 to give an e]ie effect to ! d>k5$ end ( ! room4 ,) 8 b\ndless en]gy & full enjoym5t ( life1 ,t9toretto's "w naturally %[s a /rong lean+ t[>ds v>iety1 & 8 amaz+ compositions are a lib]al education 9 ! innum]able & unexpect$ ways 9 :i* a panel c be fill$1 & %\ld be c>efully /udi$ by /ud5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,f9d+ ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>k ,,t9toretto 7,,br$a1 ,,milan7 ,comp>e ) ,raphael's ,ansidei ,madonna1 & note h[ en]gy & movem5t take ! place ( /atic calm 9 ! balance ( ?is composition4 ,photo ,&]son ,a pleas+ proportion t (t5 occurs 9 nature & art is "o t may be r\ghly /at$ 9 figures z t betwe5 #e & #h4 ,9 su* a proportion ! eye sees no ma!matical relation%ip4 ,7 x less ?an #e1 x w\ld be too ne> ! proportion ( #d to #h 7or "o-?ird ! total l5g?71 a dull proportion2 or 7 x m1 x w\ld be approa*+ too ne> equality ( proportion to be q satisfactory4 ,i h se5 a proportional compass1 import$ f ,g]many1 giv+ a relation%ip simil> to ?is & said to conta9 ! secret ( good proportion4 ,!re is c]ta9ly some?+ rem>kable ab\t x1 & 9 ! ,app5dix1 page #bhi ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,,app5dix1 y w f9d "s fur!r int]e/+ facts ab\t ?is4 ,! v>iety ( proportions 9 a build+1 a picture1 or a piece ( sculpture %\ld always be "u ! control ( a few simple1 dom9ant quantities t simplify ! appe>ance & give x a unity :i* is readily grasp$ except :]e viol5ce & lack ( repose are want$4 ,! simpl] ! proportion is1 ! m sublime w be ! impression1 & ! m complicat$1 ! liveli] & m vivaci\s ! effect4 ,f a few well-*os5 l>ge proportions ! eye may be l$ on to enjoy ! small] v>ieties4 ,b 9 good proportion ! less] p>ts are n all[$ to obtrude1 b are kept 9 subord9ation to ! ma9 dispositions on :i* ! unity ( ! effect dep5ds4 ,,xvii ,,portrait ,,draw+ ,!re is some?+ 9 e individual t is likely = a long "t to defy ! analysis ( sci5ce4 ,:5 y h summ$ up ! total ( atoms or electrons or :atev] x is t goes to ! mak+ ( ! tissues & also ! innum]able complex functions p]=m$ by ! diff]5t p>ts1 y h n yet got on ! track ( ! individual t gov]ns ! :ole p]=mance4 ,! effect ( ?is p]sonality on ! outw>d =m1 & ! influ5ce x has 9 modify+ ! aspect ( body & features1 are ! ?+s t conc]n ! portrait draughtsman3 ! seiz+ on & express+ =cefully ! individual "* ( ! sitt]1 z express$ by 8 outw>d appe>ance4 ,?is "* expression 9 =m has be5 ?\ght to be some:at antagoni/ic to beauty1 & _m sitt]s are %y ( ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( _! own features4 ,! fa%ionable photograph]1 kn[+ ?is1 c>efully /ipples out ( 8 negative any /rik+ *>act]i/ics 9 ! =m ( 8 sitt] ! negative may %[4 ,b judg+ by ! result1 x is d\btful :e!r any beauty has be5 ga9$1 & c]ta9 t int]e/ & vitality h be5 lo/ 9 ! process4 ,:atev] may be ! nature ( beauty1 x is obvi\s t :at makes "o object m beautiful ?an ano!r is some?+ t is *>act]i/ic ( ! appe>ance ( ! "o & n ( ! o!r3 s t "s close /udy ( individual *>act]i/ics mu/ be ! aim ( ! arti/ :o w\ld seek to express beauty1 z well z ! arti/ :o seeks ! expression ( "* & pr(esses no int]e/ 9 beauty4 ,cat*+ ! lik5ess1 z x is call$1 is simply seiz+ on ! ess5tial ?+s t belong only to a p>ticul> individual & diff]5tiate t individual f o!rs1 & express+ !m 9 a =ceful mann]4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s t are common to ! :ole species1 lik5ess to a common type2 ! individual lik5ess is n 9 ?is direction b at ! opposite pole to x4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s connect$ ) ! amaz+ subtlety ( appreciation possess$ by ! human eye1 t ( ! millions ( heads 9 ! _w1 & probably ( all t h ev] exi/$ 9 ! _w1 no two look exactly alike4 ,:5 "o consid]s h[ alike !y are1 & h[ v re/rict$ is ! range ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 is x n rem>kable h[ quickly ! eye recognises "o p]son f ano!r8 ,x is m rem>kable /ill h[ "o sometimes recognises a fri5d n se5 = _m ye>s1 & ^: appe>ance has *ang$ consid]ably 9 ! meantime4 ,& ?is lik5ess t we recognise is n s mu* z is g5]ally ?\ght a matt] ( ! individual features4 ,if "o sees ! eye alone1 ! rema9d] ( ! face be+ cov]$1 x is almo/ impossible to recognise ev5 a well-kn[n fri5d1 or tell :e!r ! expression is t ( laugh+ or cry+4 ,& aga91 h[ difficult x is to recognise anybody :5 ! eyes are mask$ & only ! l[] "p ( ! face visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,l4 ,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,9 ,,r$ ,,*alk ,,by ,,holbe9 ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,,pr9t ,,room ,note h[ e bit ( v>iety is s\ght =1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! eyes & on ei!r side ( ! m\?1 etc4 ,if y try & recall a well-kn[n head x w n be ! %ape ( ! features t w be recollect$ s mu* z an impression1 ! result ( all ^! comb9$1 a sort ( *ord ( :i* ! features w be b ! compon5t elem5ts4 ,x is ! relation ( ! diff]5t p>ts to ?is *ord1 ?is impression ( ! p]sonality ( a head1 t is ! all-important ?+ 9 :at is popul>ly call$ cat*+ ! lik5ess4 ,9 draw+ a portrait ! m9d mu/ be c5tr$ on ?is1 & all ! individual p>ts drawn 9 relation to x4 ,! mom5t ! eye gets int]e/$ solely 9 "s individual "p & =gets ! consid]ation ( its relation%ip to ?is :ole impression1 ! lik5ess suff]s4 ,:]e !re is s mu* t is simil> 9 heads1 x is obvi\s t :at diff]5ces !re are mu/ be se>*$ out & seiz$ ^u =cefully1 if ! individuality ( ! head is to be made tell+4 ,! draw+ ( portraits %\ld !re=e be approa*$ f ! direction ( ^! diff]5ces2 t is to say1 ! ?+s 9 g5]al disposition & proportion 9 :i* y\r subject diff]s f a common type1 %\ld be fir/ s\ght =1 ! ?+s common to all heads be+ left to take c>e ( !mselves = a bit4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! eye1 :5 fre%1 sees ^! diff]5ces mu* m readily ?an aft] x has be5 work+ = "s "t4 ,! t5d5cy ( a tir$ eye is to see less diff]5tiation1 & to h>k back to a dull uni=mity2 s get 9 t\* at once ) ! vital diff]5ces :ile y\r eye is fre% & y\r vision ke54 ,look out fir/ = ! "* ( ! disposition ( ! features1 note ! proportions d[n an imag9$ c5tre l9e1 ( ! br[s1 ! base ( ! nose1 ! m\? & *91 & get ! "* ( ! %ape ( ! enclos+ l9e ( ! face block$ out 9 squ>e l9es4 ,! great importance ( gett+ ^! proportions "r e>ly _c be ov]-emphasis$1 z any mi/ake may lat] on necessitate completely %ift+ a c>efully drawn feature4 ,& ! importance ( ?is may be judg$ f ! fact t y recognise a head a long way (f1 be=e any?+ b ! g5]al disposition ( ! masses surr\nd+ ! features c be se54 ,! %ape ( ! skull1 too1 is ano!r ?+ ( :i* to get an e>ly idea1 & its relation to ! face %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,b x is impossible to lay d[n h>d & fa/ rules = ^! ?+s4 ,"s arti/s beg9 9 po9t draw+ ) ! eyes1 & "s leave ! eyes until ! v la/4 ,"s draughtsm5 are nev] happy until !y h an eye to adju/ ! head r\nd1 treat+ x z ! c5tre ( int]e/ & draw+ ! p>ts relatively to x4 ,:ile o!rs say1 ) "s tru?1 t !re is a mesm]ic effect produc$ :5 ! eye is drawn t bl9ds "o to ! cold-blood$ te*nical consid]ation ( a head z l9e & tone 9 c]ta9 relation%ips2 t x is z well to po/pone until ! la/ t mom5t :5 ! %apes & tones t repres5t =m 9 y\r draw+ %all be lit up by ! introduction ( ! eye to ! look ( a live p]son4 ,"o is fre] to consid] ! accuracy ( "o's =m be=e ?is di/urb+ influ5ce is introduc$4 ,& !re is a good deal to be said = ?is4 ,al?\gh 9 po9t draw+ y c1 )\t s]i\s effect1 beg9 at any "p t int]e/s y1 9 sett+ out a pa9t+ ,i ?9k !re c be no two op9ions z to ! "r way to g ab\t x4 ,! "* ( ! g5]al disposition ( ! masses mu/ be fir/ con/ruct$4 ,& if ?is g5]al block+ 9 has be5 well done1 ! "* ( ! sitt] w be app>5t f ! fir/ ev5 9 ?is e>ly /age2 & y w be able to judge ( ! accuracy ( y\r block+ out by :e!r or n x does sugge/ ! orig9al4 ,if x does n1 correct x be=e go+ any fur!r1 work+1 z x 71 f ! g5]al impression ( ! masses ( ! head z se5 a long way (f1 add+ m & m detail1 & gradually br++ ! impression ne>]1 until ! complet$ head is arriv$ at1 ?us gett+ 9 t\* f ! v fir/ ) ! lik5ess :i* %\ld dom9ate ! "w all along4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,li4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,dilke1 ,,b>t4 ,f ! draw+ 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,rob]t ,essex1 ,m4,p41 9 r$ cont *alk rubb$1 ! high lights be+ pick$ out ) rubb]4 ,!re are _m po9ts ( view f :i* a portrait c be drawn--,i mean1 m5tal po9ts ( view4 ,&1 z 9 a biography1 ! value ( ! "w w dep5d on ! insight & di/9ction ( ! au?or or arti/4 ,! valet ( a great man might write a biography ( 8 ma/] t c\ld be q true to 8 po9t ( view2 b1 assum+ him to be an av]age valet1 x w\ld n be a great "w4 ,i believe ! g>d5] ( ,d>w9 :5 ask$ h[ 8 ma/] 01 said1 ,n at all well4 ,y see1 he moons ab\t all day4 ,i've se5 him />+ at a fl[] = five or t5 m9utes at a "t4 ,n[1 if he _h "s "w to d1 he w\ld be mu* bett]4 ,a really great biography _c be writt5 except by a man :o c compreh5d 8 subject & take a wide view ( 8 position among m51 sort+ :at is trivial f :at is ess5tial1 :at is common to all m5 f :at is p>ticul> to ! subject ( 8 "w4 ,& x is v mu* ! same 9 portraiture4 ,x is only ! pa9t] :o possesses ! intuitive faculty = seiz+ on ! significant ?+s 9 ! =m expression ( 8 subject1 ( dis5tangl+ :at is trivial f :at is important2 & :o c convey ?is =cibly to ! behold] on 8 canvas1 m =cibly ?an a casual sight ( ! real p]son c\ld d--x is only ?is pa9t] :o c hope to pa9t a really f9e portrait4 ,x is true1 ! hone/ & s9c]e expression ( any pa9t] w be ( "s int]e/1 j z ! biography writt5 by ,d>w9's g>d5] might be2 b !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is po9t ( view & t ( ! man :o ?or\ghly compreh5ds 8 subject4 ,n t x is necess>y = ! arti/ to grasp ! m9d ( 8 sitt]1 al?\gh t is no disadvantage4 ,b ?is is n 8 po9t ( view1 8 bus9ess is ) ! effect ( ?is inn] man on 8 outw>d appe>ance4 ,& x is necess>y = him to h t intuitive p[] t seizes in/9ctively on ^? v>iations ( =m t are expressive ( ?is inn] man4 ,! habitual ca/ ( ?\ght 9 any individual affects ! %ape & m\lds ! =m ( ! features1 &1 to ! disc]n+1 ! head is expressive ( ! p]son2 bo? ! bigg] & ! small] p]son1 bo? ! l>g] & ! petty *>act]i/ics ev]ybody possesses4 ,& ! f9e portrait w express ! l>g] & subord9ate ! petty individualities1 w give y :at is ( value1 & subord9ate :at is trivial 9 a p]son's appe>ance4 ,! pose ( ! head is a *>act]i/ic feature ab\t p t is n always giv5 en\gh att5tion 9 portraits4 ,! habitual ca/ ( ?\ght affects its c>riage to a v l>ge degree4 ,! two extreme types ( :at we mean are ! /rongly emotional man :o c>ries 8 head high1 dr9k+ 9 impressions z he goes ?r\gh ! _w2 & ! man ( deep ?\ght :o c>ries 8 head b5t =w>d1 8 back b5t 9 sympa?y ) x4 ,ev]ybody has "s *>act]i/ic action 9 ! way t %\ld be look$ out = & t is usually abs5t :5 a sitt] fir/ appe>s be=e a pa9t] on ! /udio ?rone4 ,a little diplomacy & conv]sational hum\r+ is necess>y to produce t unconsci\sness t w betray ! man 9 8 appe>ance4 ,h[ ! p[] to discov] ^! ?+s c be acquir$1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to tea*4 ,all ! /ud5t c d is to famili>ise himself ) ! be/ examples ( portraiture1 9 ! hope t he may be /imulat$ by ?is means to obs]ve f9] qualities 9 nature & develop ! be/ t is 9 him4 ,b he mu/ nev] be ins9c]e 9 8 "w4 ,if he does n appreciate f9e ?+s 9 ! "w ( recognis$ ma/]s1 let him /ick to ! hone/ portrayal ( :at he does see 9 nature4 ,! only di/9ction ( :i* he is capable lies 9 ?is direction4 ,x is n until he awak5s to ! sight 9 nature ( qualities he may h admir$ 9 o!rs' "w t he is 9 a position hone/ly to introduce !m into 8 own p]=mances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably ! mo/ popul> po9t ( view 9 portraiture at pres5t is ! "o t c be describ$ z a /rik+ pres5tm5t ( ! live p]son4 ,?is is ! portrait t arre/s ! cr[d 9 an exhibition4 ,y _c ignore x1 vitality bur/s f x1 & ev]y?+ seems sacrific$ to ?is quality ( /rik+ lifelik5ess4 ,& "s v wond]ful mod]n portraits h be5 pa9t$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,b h we n sacrific$ too mu* to ?is quality ( vitality8 ,"h is a lady hurri$ly gett+ up f a c\*1 !re a g5tleman /epp+ out ( ! frame to greet y1 viol5ce & vitality ev]y:]e4 ,b :at ( repose1 h>mony ( col\r & =m1 & ! wise ord]+ & select+ ( ! mat]ials ( vision t "o has be5 us$ to 9 ! great portraiture ( ! pa/8 ,:ile ! craftsman 9 "o is /agg]$ & amaz$ at ! brilliant virtuosity ( ! ?+1 ! arti/ 9 "o res5ts ! sacrifice ( s mu* = :at is1 aft] all1 b a %ort-liv$ excitem5t4 ,age may1 no d\bt1 improve "s ( ! portraits ( ?is class by quiet+ !m 9 col\r & tone4 ,& ^? t are good 9 design & arrangem5t w /& ?is )\t loss ( di/9ction1 b ^? 9 :i* ev]y?+ has be5 sacrific$ to ?is /rik+ lifelike quality w suff] consid]ably4 ,?is p>ticul> quality dep5ds s mu* on ! fre%ness ( ! pa9t t :5 ?is is mell[$ & its vividness is lo/1 no?+ w rema9 ( value1 if ! quiet] qualities ( design & arrangem5t h be5 sacrific$ = x4 ,frans ,hals is ! only old ma/] ,i c ?9k ( ) :om ?is =m ( portrait c be comp>$4 ,b x w be notic$ t besides design+ 8 canvases c>efully1 he usually balanc$ ! vig\r & vitality ( 8 =m ) a great sobriety ( col\r4 ,9 fact1 9 "s ( 8 lat] "w1 :]e ?is re/less vitality is mo/ 9 evid5ce1 ! col\r is little m ?an black & :ite1 ) a little yell[ o*re & ,v5etian r$4 ,x is ?is extreme reposefulness ( col\r t opposes ! unre/ 9 ! =m & helps to re/ore ! balance & necess>y repose 9 ! picture4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! re/less v>iety ( ! edges 9 ,frans ,hal's "w1 h[ he nev]1 if he c help x1 lets an edge run smoo?ly1 b keeps x con/antly on ! move1 (t5 leav+ x q jagg$1 & to comp>e ?is ) :at 0 said ab\t vitality dep5d+ on v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lii4 ,,john ,,r$mond1 ,m4,p4 ,f ! draw+ 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,rob]t ,essex1 ,m4,p41 9 r$ cont *alk rubb$1 ! high lights be+ pick$ out ) rubb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r po9t ( view is t ( ! arti/ :o seeks to give a significant & calm view ( ! ext]ior =ms ( ! sitt]1 an expressive map ( ! individuality ( ^? =ms1 leav+ y to =m y\r own intellectual judgm5ts4 ,a simple1 r =mal1 attitude is usually *os51 & ! sitt] is drawn ) se>*+ hone/y4 ,!re is a great deal to be said = ?is po9t ( view 9 ! h&s ( a pa9t] ) a l>ge appreciation ( =m & design4 ,b )\t ^! m inspir+ qualities x is apt to h ! dulness t att5ds mo/ lit]al transcriptions4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( ?is po9t ( view among e>ly portrait pa9t]s1 "o ( ! be/ ( :i* is ! "w ( ,holbe94 ,b !n1 to a v di/+ui%$ appreciation ( ! subtleties ( =m *>act]isation he add$ a f9e s5se ( design & col\r arrangem5t1 qualities by no means always at ! comm& ( "s ( ! less] m5 ( ?is s*ool4 ,e portrait draughtsman %\ld make a pilgrimage to ,w9dsor1 arm$ ) ! necess>y p]mission to view ! wond]ful s]ies ( portrait draw+s by ?is ma/] 9 ! libr>y ( ! ca/le4 ,!y are a lib]al education 9 portrait draw+4 ,x is necess>y to see ! orig9als1 = x is only aft] hav+ se5 !m t "o c prop]ly und]/& ! num]\s & well-kn[n reproductions4 ,a /udy ( ^! draw+s w1 ,i ?9k1 reveal ! fact t !y are n s lit]al z is usually ?\ght4 ,unfl9*+ly & unaffect$ly hone/ !y are1 b hone/ n to a cold1 me*anically accurate record ( ! sitt]'s appe>ance1 b hone/ & accurate to ! vital impression ( ! live sitt] made on ! m9d ( ! live arti/4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce we 7 try+ to expla9 t exi/s betwe5 ! academic & ! vital draw+1 & x is a v subtle & elusive quality1 l all arti/ic qualities1 to talk ab\t4 ,! record ( a vital impression done ) unfl9*+ accuracy1 b "u ! guidance ( int5se m5tal activity1 is a v diff]5t ?+ f a draw+ done ) ! cold1 me*anical accuracy ( a ma*9e4 ,! "o w in/antly grip ! att5tion & give "o a vivid s5sation 9 a way t no me*anically accurate draw+ c\ld d1 & 9 a way t possibly ! sight ( ! real p]son w\ld n always d4 ,we see numb]s ( faces dur+ a day1 b only a few ) ! vividness ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,h[ _m faces 9 a cr[d are pass$ indiff]5tly--!re is no vitality 9 ! impression !y make on our m9d2 b sudd5ly a face w rivet our att5tion1 & al?\gh x is gone 9 a fla%1 ! memory ( ! impression w rema9 = "s "t4 ,! be/ ( ,holbe9's portrait draw+s give "o ! impression ( hav+ be5 se5 9 "o ( ^! fla%es & rivet ! att5tion 9 consequ5ce4 ,draw+s done "u ?is m5tal /imulus pres5t subtle diff]5ces f draw+s done ) cold accuracy4 ,! draw+ ( ! ,lady ,audley1 "h reproduc$1 be>s evid5ce ( "s ( ?is subtle v>iation on :at are call$ ! facts1 9 ! left eye ( ! sitt]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! pupil ( ?is eye is l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,n[ ,i d n suppose t z a matt] ( me*anical accuracy ?is 0 s1 b ! impression ( ! eyes se5 z "p ( a vivid impression ( ! head is seldom t !y are ! same size4 ,holbe9 _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ?is v c>efully wr\ght draw+ made !m s1 b :5 at ! la/ he 0 vitalis+ ! impression1 pull+ x toge!r z arti/s say1 he has delib]ately put a l9e outside ! orig9al "o1 mak+ ?is pupil l>g]4 ,?is is n at all cle>ly se5 9 ! reproduction1 b is di/9ctly visible 9 ! orig9al4 ,& to my ?9k+ x 0 done at ! dictates ( ! vivid m5tal impression he wi%$ 8 draw+ to convey4 ,few c fail to be /ruck 9 turn+ ov] ?is wond]ful s]ies ( draw+s by ! vividness ( _! portraiture1 & ! vividness is due to _! be+ sev]ely accurate to ! vital impression on ! m9d ( ,holbe91 n m]ely to ! facts coldly obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,,! ,,lady ,,audley4 ,,holbe9 7,,w9dsor7 ,note ! diff]5t sizes ( pupils 9 ! eyes1 & see lett]press on ! opposite page4 ,copyright photo ,braun ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r po9t ( view is t ( seek+ 9 ! face a symbol ( ! p]son )91 & select+ ^? ?+s ab\t a head t express ?is4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! habitual attitude ( m9d has 9 ! c\rse ( "t a m>k$ influ5ce on ! =m ( ! face1 & 9 fact ( ! :ole body1 s t--to ^? :o c see--! man or woman is a visible symbol ( !mselves4 ,b ?is is by no means app>5t to all4 ,! /rik+ example ( ?is class is ! spl5did s]ies ( portraits by ! late ,g4,f4 ,watts4 ,look+ at ^! heads "o is made consci\s ( ! p 9 a full]1 deep] s5se ?an if !y 7 be=e "o 9 ! fle%4 ,= ,watts s\ght to discov] ! p]son 9 _! appe>ance & to pa9t a picture t %\ld be a liv+ symbol ( !m4 ,he took pa9s to f9d out all he c\ld ab\t ! m9d ( 8 sitt]s be=e he pa9t$ !m1 & s\ght 9 ! appe>ance ! expression ( ?is inn] man4 ,s t :]eas ) ,holbe9 x 0 ! vivid pres5tation ( ! impression z "o might see a head t /ruck "o 9 a cr[d1 ) ,watts x is ! _s "o is fir/ consci\s (4 ,! ?und]s ( w> appe> 9 ! p[]ful head ( ,"l ,lawr5ce1 ! music ( poetry 9 ! head ( ,sw9burne1 & ! dry atmosph]e ( ! high] regions ( ?\ght 9 ! ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 c4 ,9 ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y !re are two pa9t+s ( ! poet ,rob]t ,br[n+1 "o by ,rudolph ,lehmann & "o by ,watts4 ,n[ ! =m] portrait is probably mu* m l ! poet z ! p :o met him casually saw him4 ,b ,watts's portrait is l ! man :o wrote ! poetry1 & ,lehmann's is n4 ,br[n+ 0 a p>ticul>ly difficult subject 9 ?is respect1 9 t to a casual obs]v] !re 0 mu* m ab\t 8 ext]nal appe>ance to sugge/ a prosp]\s man ( bus9ess1 ?an ! fi]y zeal ( ! poet4 ,^! portraits by ,watts w repay ! close/ /udy by ! /ud5t ( portraiture4 ,!y are full ( t wise selection by a great m9d t lifts su* "w above ! triviality ( ! commonplace to ! level ( great imag9ative pa9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r po9t ( view is t ( treat+ ! sitt] z "p ( a symphony ( =m & col\r1 & subord9at+ ev]y?+ to ?is arti/ic consid]ation4 ,?is is v fa%ionable at ! pres5t "t1 & mu* beautiful "w is be+ done ) ?is motive4 ,& ) _m ladies :o w\ld n1 ,i hope1 object to "o's say+ t _! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic 0 ! *>m ( _! appe>ance1 ?is po9t ( view (f]s1 p]haps1 "o ( ! be/ opportunities ( a successful pa9t+4 ,a pose is select$ t makes a good design ( l9e & col\r--a good patt]n--& ! "* ( ! sitt] is n all[$ to obtrude or m> ! symmetry ( ! :ole consid]$ z a beautiful panel4 ,! portraits ( ,j4 ,mc,neill ,:i/l] are examples ( ?is treatm5t1 a po9t ( view t has v l>gely influ5c$ mod]n portrait pa9t+ 9 ,engl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!n !re is ! (ficial portrait 9 :i* ! dignity ( an (fice held by ! sitt]1 ( :i* occasion ! portrait is a memorial1 has to be consid]$4 ,! m intimate int]e/ 9 ! p]sonal "* ( ! sitt] is "h subord9at$ to ! int]e/ ( 8 public "* & attitude ( m9d t[>ds 8 (fice4 ,?us x happ5s t mu* m decorative pageantry symbolic ( ^! ?+s is p]missible 9 ?is k9d ( portraiture ?an 9 t ( pla9 ,mr4 ,smi?2 a great] /atel9ess ( design z befitt+ (ficial occasions4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ?is =ms any?+ l a complete li/ ( ! num]\s aspects f :i* a portrait c be consid]$1 b !y are "s ( ! m extreme ( ^? preval5t at ! pres5t "t4 ,nei!r is x cont5d$ t !y are incompatible ) ea* o!r3 ! qualities ( two or m ( ^! po9ts ( view are (t5 f\nd 9 ! same "w4 ,& x is n inconceivable t a s+le portrait might conta9 all & be a /rik+ lifelike pres5tm5t1 a fai?ful catalogue ( all ! features1 a symbol ( ! p]son & a symphony ( =m & col\r4 ,b ! *ances are aga9/ su* a composite affair be+ a success4 ,"o or o!r quality w dom9ate 9 a successful "w2 & x is n advisable to try & comb9e too _m diff]5t po9ts ( view z1 9 ! confusion ( ideas1 directness ( expression is lo/4 ,b no good portrait is )\t "s ( ! qualities ( all ^! po9ts ( view1 :i*ev] may dom9ate ! arti/'s int5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,expression4 ,! cam]a1 & m p>ticul>ly ! in/antane\s cam]a1 has habituat$ p to expect 9 a portrait a mom5t>y expression1 & ( ^! mom5t>y expressions ! fa9t smile1 z we all "k1 is an easy fir/ 9 ! matt] ( popul>ity4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ = ! pa9t] to be ask$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( 8 "w :5 he is go+ to put 9 ! smile1 x nev] be+ que/ion$ t ?is is ! arti/'s aim 9 ! matt] ( expression4 ,! giv+ ( lifelike expression to a pa9t+ is n s simple a matt] z x might appe> to be4 ,c\ld "o set ! real p]son beh9d ! frame & sudd5ly fix !m = ev] ) "o ( ^? pass+ expressions on _! faces1 h[ev] natural x might h be5 at ! mom5t1 fix$ = ev] x is t]rible1 & mo/ unlifelike4 ,z we h already said1 a few l9es scribbl$ on a piece ( pap] by a consummate arti/ w\ld give a great] s5se ( life ?an ?is fix$ actuality4 ,x is n ultimately by ! pursuit ( ! actual realisation t expression & life are convey$ 9 a portrait4 ,e face has expression ( a f> m int]e/+ & endur+ k9d ?an ^! mom5t>y di/urbances ( its =m occasion$ by laught] or "s pass+ ?\ght1 c4 ,& x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t a portrait is a panel pa9t$ to rema9 = c5turies )\t movem5t4 ,s t a l>ge am\nt ( ! quality ( repose mu/ ent] into its composition4 ,portraits 9 :i* ?is has n be5 borne 9 m9d1 h[ev] ent]ta9+ at a picture exhibition1 :5 !y are se5 = a few mom5ts only1 pall on "o if con/antly se51 & are f9ally v irritat+4 ,b ! real expression 9 a head is some?+ m endur+ ?an ^! pass+ movem5ts3 "o t belongs to ! =ms ( a head1 & ! m>ks left on t =m by ! life & "* ( ! p]son4 ,?is is ( f> m int]e/ ?an ^? pass+ expressions1 ! results ( ! contraction ( c]ta9 muscles "u ! sk91 ! effect ( :i* is v simil> 9 mo/ p4 ,x is = ! portrait pa9t] to f9d ?is m endur+ expression & give x noble expression 9 8 "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,treatm5t ( ,clo!s4 ,x is a common idea among sitt]s t if !y are pa9t$ 9 mod]n clo!s ! picture w look old-fa%ion$ 9 a few ye>s4 ,if ! sitt]'s appe>ance 7 fix$ ^u ! canvas exactly z !y /ood be=e ! arti/ 9 8 /udio1 )\t any selection on ! "p ( ! pa9t]1 ?is might be ! result1 & is ! result 9 ! case ( pa9t]s :o h no high] aim ?an ?is4 ,b !re are qualities 9 dress t d n belong exclusively to ! p>ticul> p]iod ( _! fa%ion4 ,qualities t are ! same 9 all ages4 ,& :5 ^! are insi/$ ^u1 & ! frivolities ( ! mom5t 9 dress n tr\bl$ ab\t s mu*1 ! portrait has a p]man5t quality1 & w nev] 9 consequ5ce look old-fa%ion$ 9 ! (f5sive way t is usually meant4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! drap]y & /uffs ( :i* clo!s are made foll[ laws 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y fold & drape ov] ! figure1 t are ! same 9 all times4 ,if ! expression ( ! figure ?r\gh ! drap]ies is s\ght by ! pa9t]1 a p]man5t quality w be giv5 9 8 "w1 :atev] fanta/ic %apes ! cut ( ! g>m5ts may assume4 ,& fur!r1 ! arti/ does n take :atev] comes to h& 9 ! appe>ance ( 8 sitt]1 b works to a ?\ght-out arrangem5t ( col\r & =m1 to a design4 ,?is he selects f ! mov+ & v>i$ appe>ance ( 8 sitt]1 try+ "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 until he sees a sugge/ive arrangem5t1 f ! impression ( :i* he makes 8 design4 ,x is true t ! extremes ( fa%ion d n always l5d !mselves s readily z m reasonable modes to ! mak+ ( a good pictorial patt]n4 ,b ?is is n always s1 "s extreme fa%ions giv+ opportunities ( v piquant & int]e/+ portrait designs4 ,s t1 h[ev] extreme ! fa%ion1 if ! arti/ is able to select "s aspect ( x t w result 9 a good arrangem5t = 8 portrait1 ! "w w nev] h ! (f5sive old-fa%ion$ look4 ,! pr9ciples gov]n+ good designs are ! same 9 all times2 & if mat]ial = su* arrangem5t has be5 discov]$ 9 ! mo/ modi% ( fa%ions1 x has be5 lift$ into a sph]e :]e no?+ is ev] out ( date4 ,x is only :5 ! pa9t] is conc]n$ ) ! trivial details ( fa%ion = _! own sake1 = ! mak+ 8 picture look l ! real ?+1 & has n be5 conc]n$ ) transmut+ ! appe>ance ( fa%ionable clo!s by selection into ! p]man5t realms ( =m & col\r design1 t 8 "w w ju/ify "o 9 say+ t x w look /ale 9 a few ye>s4 ,! fa%ion ( dress+ sitt]s 9 mean+less1 s-call$ classical drap]ies is a feeble "o1 & usually argues a lack ( capacity = select+ a good arrangem5t f ! clo!s ( ! p]iod 9 ! arti/ :o adopts x4 ,mod]n wom5's clo!s are full ( sugge/ions = new arrangem5ts & designs q z good z any?+ t has be5 done 9 ! pa/4 ,! range ( subtle col\rs & v>ieties ( texture 9 mat]ials is amaz+1 & ! subtlety ( inv5tion display$ 9 "s ( ! designs = co/umes leads "o to wond] :e!r !re is n some?+ 9 ! rem>k attribut$ to an em95t sculptor t design+ ladies' fa%ions is "o ( ! few arts t is ?or\ghly vital to-day4 ,,xviii ,,! ,,visual ,,memory ,! memory is ! great /oreh\se ( arti/ic mat]ial1 ! treasures ( :i* ! arti/ may "k little ab\t until a *ance association lights up "s ( its d>k recesses4 ,f e>ly ye>s ! m9d ( ! "y arti/ has be5 /or+ up impressions 9 ^! my/]i\s *amb]s1 collect$ f nature's aspects1 works ( art1 & any?+ t comes )9 ! field ( vision4 ,x is f ?is /ore t ! imag9ation draws its mat]ial1 h[ev] fanta/ic & remote f natural appe>ances ! =ms x may assume4 ,h[ mu* our memory ( pictures col\rs ! impressions ( nature we receive is probably n suspect$ by u1 b :o c\ld say h[ a sc5e w\ld appe> to him1 _h he nev] look$ at a picture8 ,s s5sitive is ! vision to ! influ5ce ( memory t1 aft] see+ ! pictures ( "s pa9t] ^: "w has deeply impress$ u1 we are apt1 :ile ! memory ( x is /ill fre% 9 our m9ds1 to see ?+s z he w\ld pa9t !m4 ,on diff]5t occasions aft] leav+ ! ,national ,gall]y ,i c rememb] hav+ se5 ,trafalg> ,squ>e z ,paolo ,v]onese1 ,turn]1 or :atev] pa9t] may h impress$ me 9 ! ,gall]y1 w\ld h pa9t$ x1 ! memory ( _! "w col\r+ ! impression ! sc5e produc$4 ,b1 putt+ aside ! memory ( pictures1 let u consid] ! place ( direct visual memory f nature 9 our "w1 pictures be+ indirect or second-h& impressions4 ,we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt] h[ c]ta9 pa9t]s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 feel+ h[ v second-h& & f> remov$ f nature pa9t+ _h become1 />t$ a movem5t to disc>d /udio traditions & /udy nature ) a s+le eye1 tak+ _! pictures out ( doors1 & endeav\r+ to wre/ nature's secrets f h] on ! spot4 ,! ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t 9 ,engl& & ! ,impressioni/ movem5t 9 ,france 7 ! results ( ?is impulse4 ,& x is int]e/+1 by ! way1 to contra/ ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ?is desire = m tru? to nature affect$ ! ,fr5* & ,engli% temp]am5ts4 ,! int5se individualism ( ! ,engli% s\ght out e detail1 e leaf & fl[] = itself1 pa9t+ !m ) a passion & int5sity t made _! pa9t+ a vivid m$ium = ! expression ( poetic ideas2 :ile ! m syn!tic m9d ( ! ,fr5*man approa*$ ?is se>* = visual tru? f ! opposite po9t ( view ( ! :ole effect1 f9d+ 9 ! l>ge1 g5]alis$ impression a new _w ( beauty4 ,& 8 m logical m9d l$ him to inquire into ! nature ( light1 & s to inv5t a te*nique f\nd$ on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,b n[ ! fir/ blu% ( fre%ness has worn (f ! new movem5t1 pa9t]s h begun to see t if any?+ b v ord9>y effects are to be attempt$1 ?is pa9t+ on ! spot mu/ give place to m reliance on ! memory4 ,memory has ?is great advantage ov] direct vision3 x reta9s m vividly ! ess5tial ?+s1 & has a habit ( los+ :at is uness5tial to ! pictorial impression4 ,b :at is ! ess5tial 9 a pa9t+8 ,:at is x makes "o want to pa9t at all8 ,ah6 ,"h we approa* v debatable & %ad[y gr\nd1 & we c d little b ask que/ions1 ! answ] to :i* w v>y ) ea* individual temp]am5t4 ,:at is x t ^! rays ( light /rik+ our ret9a convey to our bra91 & f our bra9 to :atev] is ourselves1 9 ! seat ( consci\sness above ?is8 ,:at is ?is my/]i\s correspond5ce set up betwe5 some?+ )9 & some?+ )\t1 t at times s5ds su* a clam\r ( h>mony ?r\gh our :ole be+8 ,:y d c]ta9 comb9ations ( s\nd 9 music & ( =m & col\r 9 art affect u s pr(\ndly8 ,:at are ! laws gov]n+ h>mony 9 ! univ]se1 & :5ce d !y come8 ,x is h>dly trees & sky1 e>?1 or fle% & blood1 z su*1 t int]e/ ! arti/2 b r t ?r\gh ^! ?+s 9 memorable mom5ts he is p]mitt$ a consci\sness ( deep] ?+s1 & impell$ to seek utt]ance = :at is mov+ him4 ,x is ! record ( ^! r>e mom5ts 9 :i* "o appreh5ds tru? 9 ?+s se5 t ! arti/ wi%es to convey to o!rs4 ,b ^! mom5ts1 ^! fla%es ( inspiration :i* are at ! inception ( e vital picture1 occur b seldom4 ,:at ! pa9t] has to d is to fix !m vividly 9 8 memory1 to snap%ot !m1 z x 71 s t !y may /& by him dur+ ! toilsome proc$ure ( ! pa9t+1 & guide ! "w4 ,?is initial inspiration1 ?is initial fla% 9 ! m9d1 ne$ n be ! result ( a sc5e 9 nature1 b may ( c\rse be purely ! "w ( ! imag9ation2 a composition1 ! s5se ( :i* fla%es across ! m9d4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! difficulty is to pres]ve vividly ! s5sation ( ?is orig9al arti/ic impulse4 ,& 9 ! case ( its hav+ be5 d]iv$ f nature direct1 z is s (t5 ! case 9 mod]n art1 ! sy/em ( pa9t+ cont9ually on ! spot is apt to lose t\* ) x v soon4 ,= 9 ! cont9ual obs]vation ( any?+ y h set y\r easel be=e day aft] day1 comes a s]ies ( impressions1 m & m commonplace1 z ! eye becomes m & m famili> ) ! details ( ! subject4 ,& ere long ! orig9al emotion t 0 ! reason ( ! :ole "w is lo/ sight (1 & "o ( ^? pictures or draw+s giv+ a catalogue ( tir$ objects m or less +5i\sly arrang$ 7t we all "k s well7 is ! result--"w utt]ly lack+ 9 ! fre%ness & *>m ( true inspiration4 ,= h[ev] commonplace ! subject se5 by ! arti/ 9 "o ( 8 fla%es1 x is clo!d 9 a newness & surprise t *>m u1 be x only an orange on a plate4 ,n[ a picture is a ?+ ( pa9t ^u a flat surface1 & a draw+ is a matt] ( c]ta9 m>ks ^u a pap]1 & h[ to translate ! intricacies ( a visual or imag9$ impression to ! prosaic t]ms ( masses ( col\r$ pigm5t or l9es & tones is ! bus9ess ) :i* our te*nique is conc]n$4 ,! ease1 !re=e1 ) :i* a pa9t] w be able to rememb] an impression 9 a =m f :i* he c "w1 w dep5d ^u 8 p[] to analyse vision 9 ?is te*nical s5se4 ,! m "o kn[s ab\t :at may be call$ ! anatomy ( picture-mak+--h[ c]ta9 =ms produce c]ta9 effects1 c]ta9 col\rs or arrangem5ts o!r effects1 c4--! easi] w x be = him to c>ry away a visual memory ( 8 subject t w /& by him dur+ ! long h\rs ( 8 lab\rs at ! picture4 ,! m he kn[s ( ! expressive p[]s ( l9es & tones1 ! m easily w he be able to obs]ve ! vital ?+s 9 nature t convey ! impression he wi%es to memorise4 ,x is n en\gh to dr9k 9 & rememb] ! emotional side ( ! matt]1 al?\gh ?is mu/ be done fully1 b if a memory ( ! subject is to be c>ri$ away t w be ( s]vice te*nically1 ! sc5e mu/ be committ$ to memory 9 t]ms ( :atev] m$ium y int5d to employ = reproduc+ x--9 ! case ( a draw+1 l9es & tones4 ,& ! impression w h to be analys$ into ^! t]ms z if y 7 actually draw+ ! sc5e on "s imag9$ piece ( pap] 9 y\r m9d4 ,! faculty ( do+ ?is is n to be acquir$ all at once1 b x is amaz+ ( h[ mu* developm5t x is capable4 ,j z ! faculty ( committ+ to memory long poems or plays c be develop$1 s c ! faculty ( rememb]+ visual ?+s4 ,?is subject has receiv$ little att5tion 9 art s*ools until j rec5tly4 ,b x is n yet s sy/ematically done z x might be4 ,monsieur ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran 9 ,france exp]im5t$ ) pupils 9 ?is memory tra9+1 beg9n+ ) v simple ?+s l ! outl9e ( a nose1 & go+ on to m complex subjects by easy /ages1 ) ! mo/ surpris+ results4 ,& !re is no d\bt t a great deal m c & %\ld be done 9 ?is direction ?an is at pres5t attempt$4 ,:at /ud5ts %\ld d is to =m a habit ( mak+ e day 9 _! sket*-book a draw+ ( some?+ !y h se5 t has int]e/$ !m1 & t !y h made "s attempt at memoris+4 ,don't be disc\rag$ if ! results are poor & disappo9t+ at fir/--y w f9d t by p]sev]+ y\r p[] ( memory w develop & be ( ! greate/ s]vice to y 9 y\r aft] "w4 ,try p>ticul>ly to rememb] ! _s ( ! subject1 & 9 ?is memory-draw+ "s scribbl+ & fumbl+ w necess>ily h to be done4 ,y _c expect to be able to draw def9itely & cle>ly f memory1 at lea/ at fir/1 al?\gh y\r aim %\ld always be to draw z frankly & cle>ly z y c4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,,/udy ,,on ,,br[n ,,pap] ,,9 ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,cont ,,*alk ,illu/rat+ a simple me?od ( /udy+ drap]y =ms4 ,let u assume t y h f\nd a subject t moves y & t1 be+ too fleet+ to draw on ! spot1 y wi% to commit to memory4 ,dr9k a full enjoym5t ( x1 let x soak 91 = ! recollection ( ?is w be ( ! utmo/ use to y aft]w>ds 9 guid+ y\r memory-draw+4 ,?is m5tal impression is n difficult to recall2 x is ! visual impression 9 t]ms ( l9e & tone t is difficult to rememb]4 ,hav+ exp]i5c$ y\r full enjoym5t ( ! arti/ic matt] 9 ! subject1 y mu/ next consid] x f ! mat]ial side1 z a flat1 visual impression1 z ?is is ! only =m 9 :i* x c be express$ on a flat %eet ( pap]4 ,note ! proportions ( ! ma9 l9es1 _! %apes & disposition1 z if y 7 draw+ x1 9 fact d ! :ole draw+ 9 y\r m9d1 memoris+ ! =ms & proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 & fix x 9 y\r memory to ! smalle/ detail4 ,if only ! emotional side ( ! matt] has be5 rememb]$1 :5 y come to draw x y w be hopelessly at sea1 z x is rem>kable h[ little ! memory reta9s ( ! appe>ance ( ?+s con/antly se51 if no attempt has be5 made to memorise _! visual appe>ance4 ,! true arti/1 ev5 :5 work+ f nature1 works f memory v l>gely4 ,t is to say1 he works to a s*eme 9 tune to "s emotional en?usiasm ) :i* ! subject has inspir$ him 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,nature is always *ang+1 b he does n *ange ! int5tion ( 8 picture4 ,he always keeps be=e him ! initial impression he sets out to pa9t1 & only selects f nature ^? ?+s t play up to x4 ,he is a feeble arti/1 :o copies individually ! p>ts ( a sc5e ) :atev] effect !y may h at ! mom5t he is do+ !m1 & !n expects ! sum total to make a picture4 ,if circum/ances p]mit1 x is always z well to make 9 ! fir/ in/ance a rapid sket* t %all1 :atev] x may lack1 at lea/ conta9 ! ma9 disposition ( ! masses & l9es ( y\r composition se5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! en?usiasm t has inspir$ ! "w4 ,?is w be ( great value aft]w>ds 9 fre%5+ y\r memory :5 9 ! lab\r ( ! "w ! orig9al impulse gets dull$4 ,x is seldom t ! vitality ( ?is fir/ sket* is surpass$ by ! complet$ "w1 & (t51 alas6 x is f> f equall$4 ,9 portrait pa9t+ & draw+ ! memory mu/ be us$ also4 ,a sitt] v>ies v mu* 9 ! impression he gives on diff]5t days1 & ! arti/ mu/ 9 ! e>ly sitt+s1 :5 8 m9d is fre%1 select ! aspect he means to pa9t & aft]w>ds "w l>gely to ! memory ( ?is4 ,always "w to a s*eme on :i* y h decid$1 & d n fl\nd] on 9 ! hope ( some?+ turn+ up z y g along4 ,y\r faculties are nev] s active & prone to see some?+ int]e/+ & f9e z :5 ! subject is fir/ pres5t$ to !m4 ,?is is ! "t to decide y\r s*eme2 ?is is ! "t to take y\r fill ( ! impression y mean to convey4 ,?is is ! "t to le>n y\r subject ?or\ghly & decide on :at y wi% ! picture to be4 ,& hav+ decid$ ?is1 "w /raight on1 us+ nature to support y\r orig9al impression1 b don't be l$ (f by a fre% s*eme because o!rs /rike y z y g along4 ,new s*emes w d s1 ( c\rse1 & e new "o has a knack ( look+ bett] ?an y\r orig9al "o4 ,b x is n (t5 t ?is is s2 ! fact t !y are new makes !m appe> to great] advantage ?an ! orig9al s*eme to :i* y h got accu/om$4 ,s t x is n only 9 work+ away f nature t ! memory is ( use1 b actually :5 work+ directly 9 front ( nature4 ,to sum up1 !re are two aspects ( a subject1 ! "o luxuriat+ 9 ! s5su\s pleasure ( x1 ) all ( spiritual significance x may consci\sly or unconsci\sly convey1 & ! o!r conc]n$ ) ! l9es1 tones1 %apes1 c41 & _! rhy?mic ord]+1 by means ( :i* x is to be express$--! matt] & mann]1 z !y may be call$4 ,&1 if ! arti/'s memory is to be ( use to him 9 8 "w1 bo? ^! aspects mu/ be memoris$1 & ( ! two ! second w ne$ ! mo/ att5tion4 ,b al?\gh !re are ^! two aspects ( ! subject1 & ea* mu/ receive sep>ate att5tion :5 memoris+ x1 !y are 9 reality only two aspects ( ! same ?+1 :i* 9 ! act ( pa9t+ or draw+ mu/ be unit$ if a "w ( art is to result4 ,:5 a subject fir/ fla%es ^u an arti/ he delights 9 x z a pa9t$ or drawn ?+1 & feels in/9ctively ! treatm5t x w require4 ,9 good draughtsman%ip ! ?+ felt w guide & gov]n ev]y?+1 e t\* w be in/9ct ) ! ?rill ( t fir/ impression4 ,! craftsman m9d1 s labori\sly built up1 %\ld by n[ h become an in/9ct1 a second nature1 at ! direction ( a high] consci\sness4 ,at su* times ! "r /rokes1 ! "r tones come naturally & g on ! "r place1 ! arti/ be+ only consci\s ( a fi]ce joy & a feel+ t ?+s are 9 tune & go+ well = once4 ,x is ! ?ir/ = ?is glori\s en?usiasm1 ?is fus+ ( matt] & mann]1 ?is act ( giv+ ! _s )9 outw>d =m1 t spurs ! arti/ on at all times1 & x is ?is t is ! wond]ful ?+ ab\t art4 ,,xix ,,proc$ure ,9 comm5c+ a draw+1 don't1 z s _m /ud5ts d1 />t c>elessly fl\nd]+ ab\t ) y\r *alk or *>coal 9 ! hope t some?+ w turn up4 ,x is seldom if ev] t an arti/ puts on pap] any?+ bett] ?an he has 9 8 m9d be=e he />ts1 & usually x is n ne>ly s good4 ,don't spoil ! beauty ( a clean %eet ( pap] by a lot ( scribble4 ,try & see 9 y\r m9d's eye ! draw+ y mean to d1 & !n try & make y\r h& realise x1 mak+ ! pap] m beautiful by e t\* y give in/ead ( spoil+ x by a slov5ly mann] ( proc$ure4 ,to "k :at y want to d & !n to d x is ! secret ( good /yle & te*nique4 ,?is s\nds v commonplace1 b x is surpris+ h[ few /ud5ts make x _! aim4 ,y may (t5 obs]ve !m come 91 p9 a piece ( pap] on _! bo>d1 draw a l9e d[n ! middle1 make a few measurem5ts1 & />t block+ 9 ! draw+ )\t hav+ giv5 ! subject to be drawn a ?\ght1 z if x 7 all !re done be=e !m1 & only ne$$ copy+1 z a cl]k w\ld copy a lett] already draft$ = him4 ,n[1 no?+ is be+ said aga9/ ! practice ( draw+ guide l9es & tak+ measurem5ts & block+ 9 y\r "w4 ,?is is v necess>y 9 academic "w1 if r fett]+ to expressive draw+2 b ev5 9 ! mo/ academic draw+ ! arti/ic intellig5ce mu/ be us$1 al?\gh t is n ! k9d ( draw+ ?is *apt] is p>ticul>ly ref]r+ to4 ,look well at ! model fir/2 try & be mov$ by some?+ 9 ! =m t y feel is f9e or int]e/+1 & try & see 9 y\r m9d's eye :at sort ( draw+ y mean to d be=e t\*+ y\r pap]4 ,9 s*ool /udies be always unfl9*+ly hone/ to ! impression ! model gives y1 b dismiss ! cam]a idea ( tru? f y\r m9d4 ,in/ead ( conv]t+ y\rself into a me*anical in/rum5t = ! copy+ ( :at is be=e y1 let y\r draw+ be an expression ( tru? p]ceiv$ intellig5tly4 ,be extremely c>eful ab\t ! fir/ few /rokes y put on y\r pap]3 ! quality ( y\r draw+ is (t5 decid$ 9 ^! e>ly /ages4 ,if !y are vital & expressive1 y h />t$ along l9es y c develop1 & h "s hope ( do+ a good draw+4 ,if !y are feeble & poor1 ! *ances are greatly aga9/ y\r gett+ any?+ good built ^u !m4 ,if y\r />t has be5 bad1 pull y\rself toge!r1 turn y\r pap] ov] & />t afre%1 try+ to seize ^u ! big1 significant l9es & sw+s 9 y\r subject at once4 ,rememb] x is mu* easi] to put d[n a /atem5t correctly ?an to correct a wrong "o2 s out ) ! :ole "p if y are conv9c$ x is wrong4 ,tra9 y\rself to make direct1 accurate /atem5ts 9 y\r draw+s1 & don't wa/e "t try+ to manoeuvre a bad draw+ into a good "o4 ,/op z soon z y feel y h gone wrong & correct ! "w 9 its e>ly /ages1 in/ead ( ru%+ on ^u a wrong f\ndation 9 ! vague hope t x w all come "r 9 ! end4 ,:5 out walk+1 if y f9d y h tak5 a wrong road y d n1 if y are wise1 g on 9 ! hope t ! wrong way w lead to ! "r "o1 b y turn r\nd & g back to ! po9t at :i* y left ! "r road4 ,x is v mu* ! same 9 draw+ & pa9t+4 ,z soon z y become aw>e t y h got ^u ! wrong track1 /op & rub out y\r "w until an e>li] /age t 0 "r is rea*$1 & />t along aga9 f ?is po9t4 ,z y\r eye gets tra9$ y w m quickly p]ceive :5 y h done a wrong /roke1 & be able to correct x be=e hav+ gone v f> along ! wrong road4 ,d n "w too long )\t giv+ y\r eye a little re/2 a few mom5ts w be q suffici5t4 ,if ?+s won't come1 /op a m9ute2 ! eye (t5 gets fatigu$ v quickly & refuses to see truly1 b soon revives if re/$ a m9ute or two4 ,d n g lab\r+ at a draw+ :5 y\r m9d is n work+2 y are n do+ any good1 & probably are spoil+ any good y h already done4 ,pull y\rself toge!r1 & ask :at x is y are try+ to express1 & hav+ got ?is idea firmly fix$ 9 y\r m9d1 g = y\r draw+ ) ! det]m9ation t x %all express x4 ,all ?is w s\nd v trite to /ud5ts ( any mettle1 b !re are l>ge numb]s :o wa/e no end ( "t work+ 9 a purely me*anical1 lifeless way1 & ) _! m9ds any:]e b conc5trat$ ^u ! "w be=e !m4 ,& if ! m9d is n work+1 ! "w ( ! h& w be ( no acc\nt4 ,my own exp]i5ce is t "o has con/antly to be mak+ fre% ef=t dur+ ! proc$ure ( ! "w4 ,! m9d is apt to tire & ne$s r\s+ cont9ually1 o!rwise ! "w w lack ! impulse t %all make x vital4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is s 9 ! f9al /ages ( a draw+ or pa9t+1 :51 9 add+ details & small ref9em5ts1 x is d\bly necess>y = ! m9d to be on fire ) ! initial impulse1 or ! ma9 qualities w be obscur$ & ! result enfeebl$ by ^! small] matt]s4 ,d n rub out1 if y c possibly help x1 9 draw+s t aim at arti/ic expression4 ,9 academic "w1 :]e arti/ic feel+ is less important ?an ! discipl9e ( y\r faculties1 y may1 ( c\rse1 d s1 b ev5 "h z little z possible4 ,9 beautiful draw+ ( any facility x has a weak5+ effect1 some:at simil> to t produc$ by a p]son /opp+ 9 ! middle ( a witty or brilliant rem>k to correct a ^w4 ,if a wrong l9e is made1 x is left 9 by ! side ( ! "r "o 9 ! draw+ ( _m ( ! ma/]s4 ,b ! great aim ( ! draughtsman %\ld be to tra9 himself to draw cleanly & fe>lessly1 h& & eye go+ toge!r4 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s _c be expect$ = "s "t4 ,let pa9/ak+ accuracy be y\r aim = a long "t4 ,:5 y\r eye & h& h acquir$ ! p[] ( see+ & express+ on pap] ) "s degree ( accuracy :at y see1 y w f9d facility & quickness ( execution w come ( _! own accord4 ,9 draw+ ( any expressive p[] ?is quickness & facility ( execution are absolutely ess5tial4 ,! waves ( emotion1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! eye really sees 9 any arti/ic s5se1 d n la/ long en\gh to all[ ( a sl[1 pa9/ak+ mann] ( execution4 ,!re mu/ be no hit* 9 ! ma*9]y ( expression :5 ! consci\sness is alive to ! realisation ( some?+ f9e4 ,flu5cy ( h& & accuracy ( eye are ! ?+s y\r academic /udies %\ld h taught y1 & ^! p[]s w be ne$$ if y are to cat* ! expression ( any ( ! f9] ?+s 9 =m t con/itute good draw+4 ,try & express y\rself 9 z simple1 n z complicat$ a mann] z possible4 ,let e t\* mean some?+1 & if y don't see :at to d next1 don't fill 9 ! "t by mean+less %ad+ & scribbl+ until y d4 ,wait a:ile1 re/ y\r eye by look+ away1 & !n see if y _c f9d some?+ "r t ne$s do+4 ,be=e beg9n+ a draw+1 x is n a bad idea to /udy c>efully ! "w ( "s ma/] draughtsman :om ! subject to be drawn may sugge/4 ,if y d ?is c>efully & ?\ghtfully1 & take 9 a full enjoym5t1 y\r eye w unconsci\sly be l$ to see 9 nature "s ( ! qualities ( ! ma/]'s "w4 ,& y w see ! subject to be drawn z a mu* f9] ?+ ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h y come to x ) y\r eye unprep>$ 9 any way4 ,reproductions are n[ s good & *eap t ! be/ draw+s 9 ! _w c be _h = a few p5ce1 & e /ud5t %\ld beg9 collect+ reproductions ( ! ?+s t int]e/ him4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss que/ions ( heal?1 b p]haps x w n be ?\ght gr&mo!rly to m5tion ! extreme importance ( n]v\s vitality 9 a f9e draughtsman1 & h[ 8 life %\ld be ord]$ on su* heal?y l9es t he has at 8 comm& ! maximum in/ead ( ! m9imum ( ?is faculty4 ,aft] a c]ta9 po9t1 x is a "q ( vitality h[ f> an arti/ is likely to g 9 art4 ,giv5 two m5 ( equal ability1 ! "o lead+ a c>eless life & ! o!r a heal?y "o1 z f> z a heal?y "o is possible to su* a sup]s5sitive creature z an arti/1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! result4 ,x is because !re is /ill a l+]+ idea 9 ! m9ds ( _m t an arti/ mu/ lead a dissipat$ life or he is n really an arti/1 t "o feels x necess>y to m5tion ! subject4 ,?is idea has evid5tly aris5 f ! inability ( ! av]age p]son to associate an unconv5tional mode ( life ) any?+ b riot\s dissipation4 ,a conv5tional life is n ! only :olesome =m ( exi/5ce1 & is c]ta9ly a mo/ un:olesome & dead5+ =m to ! arti/2 & nei!r is a dissipat$ life ! only unconv5tional "o op5 to him4 ,x is z well t ! "y /ud5t %\ld "k ?is1 & be l$ e>ly to take great c>e ( t mo/ valuable ( /udio prop]ties1 vigor\s heal?4 ,,xx ,,mat]ials ,! mat]ials 9 :i* ! arti/ works are ( ! greate/ importance 9 det]m9+ :at qualities 9 ! inf9ite complexity ( nature he selects = expression4 ,& ! good draughtsman w f9d out ! p>ticul> ones t belong to :atev] m$ium he selects = 8 draw+1 & be c>eful nev] to attempt m ?an x is capable ( do+4 ,e mat]ial he works ) possesses c]ta9 vital qualities peculi> to itself1 & x is 8 bus9ess to f9d out :at ^! are & use !m to ! advantage ( 8 draw+4 ,:5 "o is work+ )1 say1 p5 & ink1 ! necessity = select+ only c]ta9 ?+s is obvi\s en\gh4 ,b :5 a m$ium ) ! va/ capacity ( oil pa9t is be+ us$1 ! pr9ciple ( its gov]n+ ! nature ( ! "w is m (t5 lo/ sight (4 ,s ne> c oil pa9t approa* an actual illusion ( natural appe>ances1 t mu* misdirect$ ef=t has be5 wa/$ on ?is object1 all enjoym5t ( ! m$ium be+ subord9at$ to a m]etrici\s attempt to deceive ! eye4 ,& ,i believe a popul> idea ( ! art ( pa9t+ is t x exi/s *iefly to produce ?is deception4 ,no vital expression ( nature c be a*iev$ )\t ! aid ( ! p>ticul> vitality possess$ by ! m$ium ) :i* "o is work+4 ,if ?is is lo/ sight ( & ! eye is trick$ into ?9k+ t x is look+ at real nature1 x is n a f9e picture4 ,art is n a sub/itute = nature1 b an expression ( feel+ produc$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! arti/1 & intimately associat$ ) ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* x is express$ 9 8 "w--inspir$1 x may be1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by some?+ se51 & express$ by him 9 pa9t$ symbols z true to nature z he c make !m :ile keep+ 9 tune to ! emotional idea t prompt$ ! "w2 b nev] reg>d$ by ! f9e arti/ z any?+ b pa9t$ symbols nev]!less4 ,nev] = "o mom5t does he int5d y to =get t x is a pa9t$ picture y are look+ at1 h[ev] naturali/ic ! treatm5t 8 !me may dem&4 ,9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( art x 0 n s necess>y to insi/ on ! limitations impos$ by diff]5t m$iums4 ,) _! m limit$ k ( ! ph5om5a ( vision1 ! e>ly ma/]s _h n ! same opportunities ( go+ a/ray 9 ?is respect4 ,b n[ t ! :ole field ( vision has be5 discov]$1 & t ! subtle/ effects ( light & atmosph]e are capable ( be+ repres5t$1 x has become necess>y to decide h[ f> complete accuracy ( repres5tation w help ! p>ticul> impression y may int5d y\r picture or draw+ to create4 ,! dang] is t 9 produc+ a complete illusion ( repres5tation1 ! p>ticul> vitality ( y\r m$ium1 ) all ! expressive p[] x is capable ( yield+1 may be lo/4 ,p]haps ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! great ma/]s ( ! pa/ & _m mod]n pa9t]s is ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y repres5t$ nature 9 t]ms ( :atev] m$ium !y work$ 91 & nev] ov]/epp$ ?is limitation4 ,mod]n arti/s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 (t5 attempt$ to copy nature1 ! m$ium be+ subord9at$ to ! attempt to make x look l ! real ?+4 ,9 ! same way1 ! draw+s ( ! great ma/]s 7 draw+s4 ,!y did n attempt any?+ ) a po9t t a po9t 0 n capable ( express+4 ,! draw+s ( _m mod]n arti/s are full ( attempts to express tone & col\r effects1 ?+s entirely outside ! true prov9ce ( draw+4 ,! small b inf9itely important "p ( nature t pure draw+ is capable ( convey+ has be5 neglect$1 & l9e "w1 until rec5tly1 w5t out ( fa%ion 9 our s*ools4 ,!re is some?+ t makes = p[] 9 ! limitations y\r mat]ials impose4 ,_m arti/s ^: "w 9 "s ( ! m limit$ m$iums is f9e1 are utt]ly feeble :5 !y attempt "o ) s few re/rictions z oil pa9t4 ,if /ud5ts c\ld only be induc$ to impose m re/ra9t ^u !mselves :5 !y attempt s difficult a m$ium z pa9t1 x w\ld be greatly to ! advantage ( _! "w4 ,beg9n+ fir/ ) mono*rome 9 ?ree tones1 z expla9$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 !y might !n take = figure "w ivory black & ,v5etian r$4 ,x is surpris+ :at an am\nt ( col\r effect c be got ) ?is simple means1 & h[ mu* c be le>n$ ab\t ! relative positions ( ! w>m & cold col\rs4 ,d n attempt ! full range ( tone at fir/1 b keep ! d>ks r light] & ! lights d>k] ?an nature4 ,attempt ! full scale ( tone only :5 y h acquir$ suffici5t exp]i5ce ) ! simpl] range1 & gradually add m col\rs z y le>n to ma/] a few4 ,b re/ra9ts are n s fa%ionable j n[ z unbridl$ lic5ce4 ,art /ud5ts />t 9 ) a palette full ( ! mo/ amaz+ col\rs1 produc+ results t x 7 bett] n to discuss4 ,x is a wise man :o c discov] 8 limitations & select a m$ium ! capacities ( :i* j tally ) 8 own4 ,to discov] ?is1 x is advisable to try _m1 & bel[ is a %ort description ( ! *ief ones us$ by ! draughtsman4 ,b v little c be said ab\t !m1 & v little idea ( _! capacities giv5 9 a writt5 description2 !y mu/ be h&l$ by ! /ud5t1 & are no d\bt capable ( _m m qualities ?an h yet be5 got out ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,lead ,p5cil ,?is well-kn[n m$ium is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful = pure l9e "w1 & its use is an excell5t tra9+ to ! eye & h& 9 precision ( obs]vation4 ,p]haps ?is is :y x has n be5 s popul> 9 our art s*ools lately1 :5 ! *>ms ( sev]e discipl9e are n s mu* 9 fav\r z !y %\ld be4 ,x is ! fir/ m$ium we are giv5 to draw )1 & z ! h&ie/ & mo/ conv5i5t is unrivall$ = sket*-book use4 ,x is made 9 a l>ge v>iety ( degrees1 f ! h>de/ & greye/ to ! s(te/ & blacke/1 & is too well kn[n to ne$ mu* description4 ,x does n ne$ fix+4 ,= pure l9e draw+ no?+ equals x1 except silv] po9t1 & great draughtsm51 l ,+res1 h always lov$ x4 ,x does n l5d itself s readily to any =m ( mass draw+4 ,al?\gh x is sometimes us$ = ?is purpose1 ! (f5sive %9e t occurs if d>k masses are introduc$ is aga9/ its use 9 any b v lightly %ad$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lv4 ,,f ,a ,,silv]-,,po9t ,,draw+ ,its *>m is ! extreme delicacy ( its grey-black l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,silv] & ,gold ,po9t4 ,simil> to lead p5cil1 & ( ev5 great] delicacy1 is silv]-po9t draw+4 ,a m anci5t me?od1 x consi/s 9 draw+ ) a silv] po9t on pap] ! surface ( :i* has be5 treat$ ) a fa9t wa% ( ,*9ese :ite4 ,)\t ?is wa% ! po9t w n make a m>k4 ,= extreme delicacy & purity ( l9e no m$ium c surpass ?is me?od4 ,& = ! expression ( a beautiful l9e1 su* z a pr(ile1 no?+ c\ld be m suitable ?an a silv] po9t4 ,z a tra9+ to ! eye & h& also1 x is ( great value1 z no rubb+ out ( any sort is possible1 & eye & h& mu/ "w toge!r ) great exactness4 ,! discipl9e ( silv]-po9t draw+ is to be recomm5d$ z a corrective to ! picturesque vag>ies ( *>coal "w4 ,a gold po9t1 giv+ a w>m] l9e1 c also be us$ 9 ! same way z a silv] po9t1 ! pap] fir/ hav+ be5 treat$ ) ,*9ese :ite4 ,sid5ote3 ,*>coal4 ,two extreme po9ts ( view f :i* ! r5d]+ ( =m c be approa*$ h be5 expla9$1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t /ud5ts %\ld /udy !m bo? sep>ately 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z !y ea* h diff]5t ?+s to tea*4 ,( ! m$iums t are be/ suit$ to a draw+ comb9+ bo? po9ts ( view1 ! fir/ & mo/ popul> is *>coal4 ,*>coal is made 9 _m diff]5t degrees ( h>dness & s(tness1 ! h>d] v>ieties be+ capable ( q a f9e po9t4 ,a *isel-%ap$ po9t is ! mo/ conv5i5t1 z x does n we> away s quickly4 ,& if ! broad side ( ! *isel po9t is us$ :5 a d>k mass is want$1 ! edge c con/antly be kept %>p4 ,) ?is edge a v f9e l9e c be drawn4 ,*>coal works ) great fre$om1 & answ]s readily :5 =ceful expression is want$4 ,x is mu* m l pa9t+ ?an any o!r =m ( draw+1 a wide piece ( *>coal mak+ a wide m>k simil> to a bru%4 ,! delicacy & lightness ) :i* x has to be h&l$ is also mu* m l ! h&l+ ( a bru% ?an any o!r po9t draw+4 ,:5 rubb$ ) ! f+]1 x %$s a s(t grey tone ov] ! :ole "w4 ,) a piece ( bread press$ by ?umb & f+] into a pellet1 high lights c be tak5 out ) ! precision ( :ite *alk2 or rubb] c be us$4 ,bread is1 p]haps1 ! be/1 z x does n smudge ! *>coal b lifts x readily (f4 ,:5 rubb$ ) ! f+]1 ! d>ks1 ( c\rse1 are light5$ 9 tone4 ,x is !re=e useful to draw 9 ! g5]al proportions r\ghly & rub d[n 9 ?is way4 ,y !n h a middle tone ov] ! "w1 ) ! r\gh draw+ %[+ ?r\gh4 ,n[ proce$ c>efully to draw y\r lights ) bread or rubb]1 & y\r %ad[s ) *>coal1 9 mu* ! same mann] z y did 9 ! mono*rome ex]cises already describ$4 ,all prelim9>y sett+ out ( y\r "w on canvas is usually done ) *>coal1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse be fix$ ) a spray diffus]4 ,= l>ge "w1 su* z a full-l5g? portrait1 /icks ( *>coal ne>ly an in* 9 diamet] are made1 & a long sw++ l9e c be done )\t _! break+4 ,= draw+s t are int5d$ z ?+s ( beauty 9 !mselves1 & are n m]ely done z a prep>atory /udy = a pa9t+1 *>coal is p]haps n s ref9$ a m$ium z a great _m o!rs4 ,x is too mu* l pa9t+ to h ! p>ticul> beauties ( a draw+1 & too mu* l draw+ to h ! qualities ( a pa9t+4 ,h[ev]1 "s beautiful ?+s h be5 done ) x4 ,x is useful 9 do+ /udies :]e mu* f9i% is desir$1 to fix ! "w slightly :5 drawn 9 & c>ri$ "s way on4 ,y c "w ov] ?is aga9 )\t cont9ually rubb+ out ) y\r h& :at y h already drawn4 ,if necess>y y c rub out ) a h>d piece ( rubb] any p>ts t h already be5 fix$1 or ev5 scrape ) a p5-knife4 ,b ?is is n advisable = any?+ b an academic /udy1 or work+ draw+s1 z x spoils ! beauty & fre%ness ( *>coal "w4 ,/udies done 9 ?is m$ium c also be f9i%$ ) ,cont *alk4 ,!re is also an artificial *>coal put up 9 /icks1 t is v good = ref9$ "w4 ,x has "s advantages ov] natural *>coal1 9 t !re are no knots & x works mu* m ev5ly4 ,! be/ natural *>coal ,i h us$ is ! ,fr5* make kn[n z ,fusa9 ,r\get4 ,x is made 9 ?ree degrees1 ,no4 #c be+ ! s(te/1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! blacke/4 ,b "s ( ! ord9>y ,v5etian & v9e *>coals sold are good4 ,b don't get ! *eap] v>ieties3 a bad piece ( *>coal is worse ?an useless4 ,*>coal is fix$ by means ( a solution ( :ite %ellac dissolv$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 bl[n on ) a spray diffus]4 ,?is is sold by ! arti/s' col\rm51 or c be easily made by ! /ud5t4 ,x lightly deposits a ?9 film ( %ellac ov] ! "w1 act+ z a v>ni% & prev5t+ its rubb+ (f4 ,*>coal is n on ! :ole ! m$ium an arti/ ) a pure love ( =m selects1 b r t ( ! pa9t]1 :o uses x :5 8 bru%es & pa9ts are n h&y4 ,sid5ote3 ,r$ ,*alk 7,sangu9e74 ,a delightful m$ium t c be us$ = ei!r pure l9e "w or a mix$ me?od ( draw+1 is r$ *alk4 ,?is natural r$ e>? is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t mat]ials = draw+4 ,x is a lovely ,v5etian r$ 9 col\r1 & works well 9 ! natural /ate1 if y get a good piece4 ,x is sold by ! ounce1 & x is advisable to try ! pieces z !y v>y v mu*1 "s be+ h>d & gritty & "s m s(t & smoo?4 ,x is also made by ,messrs4 ,cont ( ,p>is 9 /icks artificially prep>$4 ,^! "w well & are nev] gritty1 b are n s h>d z ! natural *alk1 & consequ5tly we> away quickly & d n make f9e l9es z well4 ,r$ *alk :5 rubb$ ) ! f+] or a rag spreads ev5ly on pap]1 & produces a middle tone on :i* lights c be drawn ) rubb] or bread4 ,/icks ( h>d1 po9t$ rubb] are ev]y:]e sold1 :i*1 cut 9 a *isel %ape1 "w beautifully on r$ *alk draw+s4 ,bread is also excell5t :5 a s(t] light is want$4 ,y c cont9ually correct & r$raw 9 ?is m$ium by rubb+ x ) ! f+] or a rag1 ?us de/roy+ ! lights & %ad[s to a l>ge ext5t1 & enabl+ y to draw !m aga9 m c>efully4 ,= ?is reason r$ *alk is greatly to be recomm5d$ = mak+ draw+s = a picture :]e mu* fumbl+ may be necess>y be=e y f9d :at y want4 ,unlike *>coal1 x h>dly ne$s fix+1 & mu* m intimate /udy ( ! =ms c be got into x4 ,mo/ ( ! draw+s by ! au?or reproduc$ 9 ?is book are done 9 ?is m$ium4 ,= draw+s int5d$ to h a sep>ate exi/5ce x is "o ( ! prettie/ m$iums4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! dang] to ! /ud5t :ile /udy+3 y\r draw+ looks s mu* at its be/ t y are apt to be satisfi$ too soon4 ,b = portrait draw+s !re is no m$ium to equal x4 ,additional quality ( d>k is occasionally got by mix+ a little ( ?is r$ *alk 9 a p[d]$ /ate ) wat] & a v little gum-arabic4 ,?is c be appli$ ) a sable bru% z 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+1 & makes a ri* velvety d>k4 ,x is necess>y to select y\r pap] ) "s c>e4 ,! ord9>y pap] has too mu* size on x4 ,?is is pick$ up by ! *alk1 & w prev5t its m>k+4 ,a pap] ) little size is be/1 or old pap] :]e ! size has p]i%$4 ,i f9d an ,o4,w4 pap]1 made = pr9t+ et*+s1 z good z any = ord9>y "w4 ,x is n p]fect1 b works v well4 ,:at "o wants is ! smoo!/ pap] )\t a fac$ & hot-press$ surface1 & x is difficult to f9d4 ,occasionally black *alk is us$ ) ! r$ to add /r5g? to x4 ,& "s draughtsm5 use x ) ! r$ 9 su* a mann] z to produce almo/ a full col\r effect4 ,holbe91 :o us$ ?is m$ium l>gely1 t9t$ ! pap] 9 mo/ ( 8 portrait draw+s1 v>y+ ! t9t v mu*1 & sometimes us+ z9c :ite z a wa%1 :i* enabl$ him to supplem5t 8 "w ) a silv]-po9t l9e "h & !re1 & also got ov] any difficulty ! size 9 ! pap] might cause4 ,8 aim seems to h be5 to select ! few ess5tial ?+s 9 a head & draw !m ) great f9ality & exactness4 ,9 _m ( ! draw+s ! e>li] "w has be5 done ) r$ or black *alk & !n rubb$ d[n & ! draw+ r$one ) ei!r a bru% & "s ( ! *alk rubb$ up ) wat] & gum or a silv]-po9t l9e ( great purity1 :ile 9 o!rs he has t9t$ ! pap] ) wat]-col\r & rubb$ ?is away to ! :ite pap] :]e he want$ a light1 or ,*9ese :ite has be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,sid5ote3 ,black ,cont & ,c>bon ,p5cil4 ,black ,cont is a h>d black *alk made 9 small /icks ( diff]5t degrees4 ,x is also put up 9 c$> p5cils4 ,r m gritty ?an r$ *alk or *>coal1 x is a fav\rite m$ium ) "s1 & c be us$ ) advantage to supplem5t *>coal :5 m precision & def9ition are want$4 ,x has v mu* ! same quality ( l9e & s does n %[ z a diff]5t m$ium4 ,x c be rubb$ l *>coal & r$ *alk & w spread a tone ov] ! pap] 9 v mu* ! same way4 ,c>bon p5cils are simil> to ,cont1 b smoo!r 9 work+ & d n rub4 ,sid5ote3 ,:ite *alk4 ,:ite *alk is sometimes us$ on ton$ pap] to draw ! lights1 ! pap] s]v+ z a half tone :ile ! %ad[s & outl9es are drawn 9 black or r$4 ,9 ?is k9d ( draw+ ! *alk %\ld nev] be all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! black or r$ *alk ( ! %ad[s1 ! half tone ( ! pap] %\ld always be betwe5 !m4 ,= rubb$ "w :ite pa/el is bett] ?an ! ord9>y :ite *alk sold = draw+1 z x is n s h>d4 ,a draw+ done 9 ?is me?od ) :ite pa/el & r$ *alk is reproduc$ on page #df ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,iv1 & "o ) ! h>d :ite *alk1 on page #bfj ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,?is is ! me?od commonly us$ = mak+ /udies ( drap]y1 ! extreme rapidity ) :i* ! position ( ! lights & %ad[s c be express$ be+ ( great importance :5 s un/able a subject z an arrangem5t ( drap]y is be+ drawn4 ,sid5ote3 ,li?ography4 ,li?ography z a means ( arti/ic reproduction has suff]$ mu* 9 public e/eem by be+ put to all mann] ( in>ti/ic trade uses4 ,x is really "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful means ( reproduc+ an arti/'s actual "w1 ! result be+1 9 mo/ cases1 s id5tical ) ! orig9al t1 se5 toge!r1 if ! orig9al draw+ has be5 done on pap]1 x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% any diff]5ce4 ,& ( c\rse1 z 9 et*+1 x is ! pr9ts t are really ! orig9als4 ,! initial "w is only done z a means ( produc+ ^!4 ,a draw+ is made on a li?ographic /one1 t is1 a piece ( lime/one t has be5 prep>$ ) an almo/ p]fectly smoo? surface4 ,! *alk us$ is a special k9d ( a greasy nature1 & is made 9 sev]al degrees ( h>dness & s(tness4 ,no rubb+ out is possible1 b l9es c be scrat*$ out ) a knife1 or p>ts made light] by :ite l9es be+ drawn by a knife ov] !m4 ,a great range ( fre$om & v>iety is possible 9 ^! initial draw+s on /one4 ,! *alk c be rubb$ up ) a little wat]1 l a cake ( wat]-col\r1 & appli$ ) a bru%4 ,& e v>iety ( tone c be made ) ! side ( ! *alk4 ,"s c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let ! w>m f+] t\* ! /one1 or x may make a greasy m>k t w pr9t4 ,:5 ?is initial draw+ is done to ! arti/'s satisfaction1 ! mo/ usual me?od is to treat ! /one ) a solution ( gum-arabic & a little nitric acid4 ,aft] ?is is dry1 ! gum is wa%$ (f z f> z may be ) wat]2 "s ( ! gum is left 9 ! por\s /one1 b x is reject$ :]e ! greasy l9es & tones ( ! draw+ come4 ,pr9ts may n[ be obta9$ by roll+ up ! /one ) an ink$ roll]4 ,! ink is compos$ ( a v>ni% ( boil$ l9se$ oil & any ( ! li?ographic col\rs to be comm]cially obta9$4 ,! ink does n take on ! damp gumm$ /one1 b only :]e ! li?ographic *alk has made a greasy m>k1 s t a p]fect facsimile ( ! draw+ on /one is obta9$1 :5 a %eet ( pap] is plac$ on ! /one & ! :ole put ?r\gh ! press4 ,! m$ium des]ves to be mu* m popul> ) draughtsm5 ?an x is1 z no m p]fect means ( reproduction c\ld be devis$4 ,! li?ographic /one is r a cumb]some ?+ to h&le1 b ! initial draw+ c be done on pap] & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! /one4 ,9 ! case ( l9e "w ! result is practically id5tical1 b :]e mu* tone & play+ ab\t ) ! *alk is indulg$ 91 ! /one is mu* bett]4 ,li?ographic pap]s ( diff]5t textures are made = ?is purpose1 b almo/ any pap] w d1 provid$ ! draw+ is done ) ! special li?ographic *alk4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5 & ,ink4 ,p5 & ink 0 a fav\rite means ( mak+ /udies ) _m old ma/]s1 notably ,rembr&t4 ,(t5 height5+ ! effect ) a wa%1 he convey$ m>vell\s sugge/ions ) ! simple/ scribbles4 ,b x is a difficult m$ium = ! "y /ud5t to hope to d mu* ) 9 8 /udies1 al?\gh = tra9+ ! eye & h& to quick def9ite /atem5t ( impressions1 !re is mu* to be said = x4 ,no hugg+ ( half tones is possible1 ?+s mu/ be r$uc$ to a /atem5t ( cle> d>ks--:i* w\ld be a useful corrective to ! t5d5cy s _m /ud5ts h ( see+ *iefly ! half tones 9 _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lvi4 ,,/udy ,,9 ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,& ,,wa% ,,= ,,tree ,,9 ,,! ,,bo> ,,hunt ,,rub5s 7,,l\vre7 ,photo ,giraudon ,! k9d ( p5 us$ w dep5d on ! k9d ( draw+ y wi% to make4 ,9 /eel p5s !re are innum]able v>ieties1 f ! f9e cr[-quills to ! ?ick ,j nibs4 ,! natural cr[-quill is a mu* m sympa!tic tool ?an a /eel p51 al?\gh n q s c]ta9 9 its l9e4 ,b m play & v>iety is to be got out ( x1 & :5 a free p5 draw+ is want$ x is pref]able4 ,re$ p5s are also made1 & are useful :5 ?ick l9es are want$4 ,!y sometimes h a /eel spr+ und]nea? to hold ! ink some:at 9 ! same mann] z "s f\nta9 p5s4 ,!re is ev5 a glass p51 consi/+ ( a %>p-po9t$ cone ( glass ) grooves runn+ d[n to ! po9t4 ,! ink is held 9 ^! grooves1 & runs d[n & is deposit$ freely z ! p5 is us$4 ,a l9e ( only "o ?ickness c be drawn ) x1 b ?is c be drawn 9 any direction1 an advantage ov] mo/ o!r %apes4 ,sid5ote3 ,et*+4 ,et*+ is a process ( reproduction t consi/s 9 draw+ ) a /eel po9t on a wax$ plate ( copp] or z9c1 & !n putt+ x 9 a ba? ( dilut$ nitric acid to bite 9 ! l9es4 ,! long] ! plate rema9s 9 ! ba? ! deep] & d>k] ! l9es become1 s t v>iety 9 ?ickness is got by /opp+ out ) a v>ni% ! light l9es :5 !y are suffici5tly /rong1 & lett+ ! d>k] ones h a long] exposure to ! acid4 ,_m wond]ful & beautiful ?+s h be5 done ) ?is simple means4 ,! pr9t+ consi/s 9 ink+ ! plate all ov] & wip+ (f until only ! l9es reta9 any ink1 :5 ! plate is put 9 a press & an impression tak54 ,or "s slight am\nt ( ink may be left on ! plate 9 c]ta9 places :]e a t9t is want$1 & a little may be smudg$ out ( ! l9es !mselves to give !m a s(t] quality4 ,9 fact !re are no end ( tricks a clev] et*+ pr9t] w adopt to give quality to 8 pr9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,pap]4 ,! v>ieties ( pap] on ! m>ket at ! s]vice ( ! arti/ are innum]able1 & no?+ ne$ be said "h except t ! texture ( y\r pap] w h a consid]able influ5ce on y\r draw+4 ,b try e sort ( pap] s z to f9d :at suits ! p>ticul> ?+s y want to express4 ,i make a po9t ( buy+ e new pap] ,i see1 & a new pap] is (t5 a /imulant to "s new quality 9 draw+4 ,avoid ! wood-pulp pap]s1 z !y turn d>k aft] a "t4 ,l95 rag is ! only safe sub/ance = good pap]s1 & arti/s n[ h 9 ! ,o4,w4 pap]s a l>ge s]ies t !y c rely on be+ made ( l95 only4 ,x is sometimes advisable1 :5 y are n draw+ a subject t dem&s a cle> h>d l9e1 b :]e m sympa!tic qualities are want$1 to h a wad ( sev]al %eets ( pap] "u ! "o y are work+ on1 p9n$ on ! draw+-bo>d4 ,?is gives y a m sympa!tic surface to "w ^u & improves ! quality ( y\r "w4 ,9 r$raw+ a /udy ) :i* y are n q satisfi$1 x is a good plan to use a ?9 pap]1 p9n+ x ov] ! fir/ /udy s t x c be se5 ?r\gh4 ,"o c by ?is means />t z x 7 f ! po9t :]e "o left (f4 ,good pap]s ( ?is description are n[ on ! m>ket4 ,i fancy !y are call$ bank-note pap]s4 ,,xxi ,,conclusion ,me*anical inv5tion1 me*anical k1 & ev5 a me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se1 h s influ5c$ ! av]age mod]n m9d1 t x has be5 ?\ght necess>y 9 ! =ego+ pages to speak out /rongly aga9/ ! idea ( a me*anical /&>d ( accuracy 9 arti/ic draw+4 ,if !re 7 su* a /&>d1 ! photographic cam]a w\ld s]ve our purpose well en\gh4 ,&1 consid]+ h[ l>gely ?is idea is held1 "o ne$ n be surpris$ t "s pa9t]s use ! cam]a2 inde$1 ! wond] is t !y d n use x m1 z x gives 9 "s p]fection ! me*anical accuracy :i* is all !y seem to aim at 9 _! "w4 ,!re may be times :5 ! cam]a c be ( use to arti/s1 b only to ^? :o are ?or\ghly compet5t to d )\t x--to ^? :o c look1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! photograph & draw f x ) ! same fre$om & spontaneity ) :i* !y w\ld draw f nature1 ?us avoid+ its dead me*anical accuracy1 :i* is a v difficult ?+ to d4 ,b ! cam]a is a conv5i5ce to be avoid$ by ! /ud5t4 ,n[1 al?\gh x has be5 necess>y to insi/ /rongly on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ph5om5a me*anically record$ & ! records ( a liv+ individual consci\sness1 ,i %\ld be v sorry if any?+ said %\ld lead /ud5ts to assume t a loose & c>eless mann] ( /udy 0 9 any way advocat$4 ,! tra9+ ( 8 eye & h& to ! mo/ pa9/ak+ accuracy ( obs]vation & record mu/ be ! /ud5t's aim = _m ye>s4 ,! v>iations on me*anical accuracy 9 ! "w ( a f9e draughtsman ne$ n be1 & seldom are1 consci\s v>iations4 ,me*anical accuracy is a mu* easi] ?+ to accompli% ?an accuracy to ! subtle p]ceptions ( ! arti/4 ,& he :o _c draw ) great precision ! ord9>y cold aspect ( ?+s _c hope to cat* ! fleet+ aspect ( 8 f9] vision4 ,^? arti/s :o c only draw 9 "s weird fa%ion remote f nature may produce "w ( "s int]e/2 b !y are too mu* at ! m]cy ( a natural trick ( h& to hope to be m ?an int]e/+ curiosities 9 art4 ,! object ( y\r tra9+ 9 draw+ %\ld be to develop to ! utt]mo/ ! obs]vation ( =m & all t x signifies1 & y\r p[]s ( accurately portray+ ?is on pap]4 ,unfl9*+ hone/y mu/ be obs]v$ 9 all y\r /udies4 ,x is only !n t ! y 9 y w ev5tually f9d expression 9 y\r "w4 ,& x is ?is p]sonal quality1 ?is record+ ( ! impressions ( life z felt by a consci\s individual t is ! v ess5ce ( di/9ction 9 art4 ,! seek+ aft] orig9ality s mu* advocat$ w\ld be bett] put seek+ = s9c]ity4 ,seek+ = orig9ality usually resolves itself into runn+ aft] any peculi>ity 9 mann] t ! *ang+ fa%ions ( a re/less age may ?r[ up4 ,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al m5 :o ev] liv$ did n tr\ble to inv5t ! plots ( m ?an ?ree or f\r ( 8 plays1 b 0 cont5t to take ! hackney$ "w ( 8 "t z ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* to p\r ! ri* treasures ( 8 vision ( life4 ,& wrote3 ,:at cu/om wills 9 all ?+s d y d x4 ,individual /yle w come to y naturally z y become m consci\s ( :at x is y wi% to express4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ins9c]ity 9 /yle1 ! employm5t ( a ready-made conv5tional mann] t is n und]/ood & t does n fit ! matt]2 & ! runn+ aft] & labori\sly seek+ an orig9al mann] :5 no orig9al matt] exi/s4 ,good /yle dep5ds on a cle> idea ( :at x is y wi% to d2 x is ! %orte/ means to ! end aim$ at1 ! mo/ apt mann] ( convey+ t p]sonal some?+ t is 9 all good "w4 ,! /yle is ! man1 z ,flaub]t says4 ,! spl5d\r & value ( y\r /yle w dep5d on ! spl5d\r & value ( ! m5tal vision inspir$ 9 y1 t y seek to convey2 on ! quality ( ! man1 9 o!r words4 ,& ?is is n a matt] :]e direct tea*+ c help y1 b re/s betwe5 y\r own consci\sness & ^? high] p[]s t move x4 ,,app5dix ,if y add a l9e ( #e in*es to "o ( #h in*es y produce "o #ac in*es long1 & if y proce$ by always add+ ! la/ two y arrive at a s]ies ( l5g?s1 #e1 #h1 #ac1 #ba1 #cd1 #ee in*es1 c4 ,mr4 ,william ,s*ool+ tells me t any two ( ^! l9es adjo9+ "o ano!r are practically 9 ! same proportion to ea* o!r2 t is to say1 "o #h in*es is #a4fjj times ! size ( "o #e in*es1 & ! #ac-;in* l9e is #a4fbe ! size ( ! #h-;in*1 & ! #ba-;in* l9e be+ #a4fae times ! #ac-;in* l9e1 & s on4 ,) ! ma!matician's love ( accuracy1 ,mr4 ,s*ool+ has work$ out ! exact proportion t %\ld exi/ betwe5 a s]ies ( quantities = !m to be 9 ! same proportion to _! neighb\rs1 & 9 :i* any two add$ toge!r w\ld produce ! next4 ,!re is only "o proportion t w d ?is1 & al?\gh v =midable1 /at$ exactly1 = practical purposes1 x is t betwe5 #e & a fraction ov] #h4 ,/at$ accurately to elev5 places ( decimals x is 7#a sqrt7#e77_/b #a4fahjccihhge 7ne>ly74 ,we h evid5tly "h a v unique proportion4 ,mr4 ,s*ool+ has call$ ?is ! ,phi proportion1 & x w be conv5i5t to ref] to x by ?is "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,phi ,,proportion ,,ec is #a4fahjcc1 c41 times size ( ,,ab1 ,,cd ,,bc1 ,,de ,,cd1 c41 ,,ac,,cd ,,bd,,de1 c4 ,te/+ ?is proportion on ! reproductions ( pictures 9 ?is book 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>+1 we f9d ! foll[+ rem>kable results3 ,las ,m59as1 ,velzquez1 page #fj ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,ix4--,! "r-h& side ( light op5+ ( door at ! end ( ! room is exactly ,phi proportion ) ! two sides ( picture2 & fur!r1 ! bottom ( ?is op5+ is exactly ,phi proportion ) ! top & bottom ( canvas4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is is a v important po9t 9 ! plac+ ( ! composition4 ,fte ,*amptre1 ,giorgione1 page #aea ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4--,l[] end ( flute held by seat$ female figure exactly ,phi proportion ) sides ( picture1 & l[] side ( h& hold+ x 7a po9t slightly above ! end ( flute7 exactly ,phi proportion ) top & bottom ( canvas4 ,?is is also an important c5tre 9 ! con/ruction ( ! composition4 ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 ,titian1 page #aed ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4--,! proportion 9 ?is picture bo? ) top & bottom & sides ( canvas comes 9 ! %ad[ "u *9 ( ,bac*us2 ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! composition be+ ! plac+ ( ?is head4 ,love & ,dea?1 by ,watts1 page #aeh ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxv4--,po9t f :i* drap]y radiates on figure ( ,dea? exactly ,phi proportion ) top & bottom ( picture4 ,po9t :]e "r-h& side ( "r leg ( ,love cuts d>k edge ( /eps exactly ,phi proportion ) sides ( picture4 ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 by ,velzquez1 page #afa ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4--,fir/ spe> 9 upright r[ on ! "r top ( picture1 exactly ,phi proportion ) sides ( canvas4 ,height ( gun c>ri$ horizontally by man 9 middle di/ance above c5tral gr\p1 exactly ,phi proportion ) top & bottom ( picture4 ,?is l9e gives height ( gr\p ( figures on left1 & is ! mo/ important horizontal l9e 9 ! picture4 ,bir? ( ,v5us1 ,botticelli1 page #aff ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4--,height ( horizon l9e ,phi proportion ) top & bottom ( picture4 ,height ( %ell on :i* ,v5us /&s ,phi proportion ) top & bottom ( picture1 ! small] quantity be+ bel[ ?is "t4 ,lat]ally ! extreme edge ( d>k drap]y held by figure on "r t bl[s t[>ds ,v5us is ,phi proportion ) sides ( picture4 ,! ,rape ( ,europa1 by ,paolo ,v]onese1 page #afh ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,plate ,,xxxviii4--,top ( head ( ,europa exactly ,phi proportion ) top & bottom ( picture4 ,"r-h& side ( same head slightly to left ( ,phi proportion ) sides ( picture 7unless 9 ! reproduction a "p ( ! picture on ! left has be5 trimm$ away1 z is likely1 9 :i* case x w\ld be exactly ,phi proportion74 ,i h tak5 ! fir/ sev5 pictures reproduc$ 9 ?is book t 7 n select$ ) any idea ( illu/rat+ ?is po9t1 & ,i ?9k y w admit t 9 ea* "s v important quantity has be5 plac$ 9 ?is proportion4 ,"o c\ld g on ?r\gh all ! illu/rations 7 x n = ! fe> ( becom+ we>isome2 & also1 "o c\ld g on ?r\gh "s ( ! m9or relation%ips1 & po9t out h[ (t5 ?is proportion turns up 9 compositions4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! eye evid5tly takes "s especial pleasure 9 x1 :atev] may ev5tually be f\nd to be ! physiological reason und]ly+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,absorb5t canvas ,academic draw+ ,academic & conv5tional ,academic /ud5ts ,accuracy1 sci5tific & arti/ic ,anatomy1 /udy (1 its importance ,ansidei ,madonna1 ,raphael's ,apelles & 8 col\rs ,ar*itecture1 proportion 9 ,art1 "s def9itions ( ,arti/1 ! ,atmosph]e indicat$ by %ad+ ,atmosph]ic col\rs ,audley1 ,lady1 ,holbe9's portrait ( ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 ,titian's ,backgr\nds ,balance ,balance betwe5 /raight l9es & curves ,balance betwe5 flat & gradat$ tones ,balance betwe5 light & d>k tones ,balance betwe5 w>m & cold col\rs ,balance betwe5 int]e/ & mass ,balance betwe5 v>iety & unity ,bank-note pap]s ,ba/i5 ,lepage ,ba? = et*+ ,beauty1 def9ition ( ,beauty & prett9ess ,beauty & tru? ,bir? ( ,v5us1 !1 ,botticelli's ,black *alk ,black ,cont ,black glass1 ! use ( a ,blake1 example ( p>allelism ,blake's designs ,blake's use ( ! v]tical ,block+ 9 ! draw+ ,block+ out ) squ>e l9es ,blue ,boy1 ,ga9sbor\gh's ,botany1 ! /udy ( ,botticelli's "w ,b\*]'s heads comp>$ ) ,watteau's ,b\nd>ies ( =ms ,b\nd>ies ( masses 9 ,nature ,bread1 use (1 9 *>coal draw+ ,br[n+1 ,r41 portraits ( ,bru%1 manipulation ( ! ,bru% /rokes ,bru%es1 v>i\s k9ds ( ,burke on ,! ,sublime & ! ,beautiful ,burne-,jones ,cam]a1 use ( ! ,c>bon p5cils ,c>lyle ,circle1 p]fect curve (1 to be avoid$ ,*alks1 draw+ 9 ,*>coal draw+2 fix+ solution ,*avannes1 ,peuvis de ,*i>oscuro ,*9ese art ,*9a & ,japan1 ! art ( ,col\r1 contra/s ( ,col\rs = figure "w ,col\rs1 a useful *>t ( ,classic ar*itecture ,claude ,monet ,clo!s1 ! treatm5t ( ,composition ( a picture1 ! ,con/able ,cont crayon ,contra/s 9 ,h>mony ,conv5tional art ,conv5tional life1 deadness ( ! ,corn]s ( ! panel or canvas1 ! ,corot1 8 masses ( foliage ,correggio ,cr[-quill p51 ! ,curves1 h[ to obs]ve ! %ape ( ,curves & /raight l9es ,d>w91 anecdote ( ,deadness1 to avoid ,decorative "w ,degas ,di!r ,diagonal l9es ,discord & h>mony ,discordant l9es ,drap]ies ( ,watteau1 ! ,drap]y /udies 9 *alks ,drap]y 9 portrait-draw+ ,draughtsman%ip & impressionism ,draw+1 academic ,draw+1 def9ition ( ,ea/1 arts ( ! ,edges1 v>iety ( ,edges1 ! importance ( ! subject ( ,egg & d>t m\ld+ ,egyptian sculpture ,egyptian wall pa9t+s ,el ,greco ,elg9 ,m>bles1 ! ,ellipse1 ! ,emb>quem5t p\r l'le de ,cy?re1 ,watteau's ,em]son on ! beautiful ,emotional p[] ( ! arts ,emotional significance ( objects ,ere*!um1 m\ld+ f ! ,et*+ ,ex]cises 9 mass draw+ ,exhibitions ,expression 9 portrait-draw+ ,eye1 anatomy ( ! ,eye1 !1 9 portrait-draw+ ,eyebr[1 ! ,eyela%es1 ! ,eyelids1 ! ,fte ,*amptre1 ,giorgioni's ,figure "w1 col\rs = ,f9d+ ( ! ,body ( ,/4 ,m>k ,fix+ positions ( sali5t po9ts ,flaub]t ,foliage1 treatm5t ( ,=e%ort5+s ,=m & col\r ,=m1 ! influ5ce ( ,=m1 ! /udy ( ,frans ,hals ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,c>lyle's ,fr5* s*ools ,fripp1 ,sir ,alfr$ ,from5t9's def9ition ( art ,fulness ( =m indicat$ by %ad+ ,ga9sbor\gh1 ! *>m ( ,g5ius & tal5t ,geology1 ! /udy ( ,giorgioni ,giorgioni1 ,! ,s*ool (1 ,walt] ,pat]'s ,giotto ,glass p5s ,goe! ,gold po9t ,gold & silv] pa9t = %ad+ ,go?ic ar*itecture ,gradation1 v>iety ( ,greek ar*itecture ,greek art 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,greek art1 v>iety 9 ,greek vivacity ( m\ld+ ,greek & ,go?ic sculpture ,greek type ( pr(ile ,greuze ,hair1 ! treatm5t ( ,hair1 effect ( /yle ^u ! face ,half tones ,hannibal cross+ ! ,alps1 ,turn]'s ,h>dness indicat$ by %ad+ ,h>% contra/s1 effect ( ,hat*+ ,heal?1 que/ions ( ,h5n]1 ! "w ( ,high lights ,hog>?'s def9ition ,holbe9's draw+s ,holl1 ,frank ,horizontal1 calm & repose ( ! ,horizontal & v]tical1 ! ,human ,anatomy = ,art ,/ud5ts ,human figure1 ! outl9e ( ! ,impressionism ,impressioni/ vision ,+res1 /udies ( ,ink us$ 9 li?ography ,intellect & feel+ ,intuitions ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! ,italian "w 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,japanese art ,japanese me?od1 a ,japanese & ,*9ese use ( contra/s ( col\r ,keats' def9ition ( beauty ,l&scapes ( ,watteau1 ! ,lang1 ,&rew1 8 def9ition ( art ,lawr5ce1 ,"l1 portrait ( ,lead p5cil ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran1 ,m4 ,lehmann1 ,r41 portraits by ,leon>do da ,v9ci ,light ,light & %ade1 pr9ciples ( ,light+ & light effects ,lik5ess1 cat*+ ! ,l9e & ! circle1 ! ,l9e draw+ & mass draw+ ,l9es express+ repose or en]gy ,l9e1 ! p[] ( ! ,l9es1 value (1 9 portrait-pa9t+ ,l9es ( %ad+1 diff]5t ,li?ographic *alk ,li?ography ,love & ,dea?1 ,watts' ,manet ,mass draw+ ,ma/]s1 pa/ & mod]n ,mat]ials ,ma!matical proportions ,measur+ comp>ative di/ances ,measurem5ts1 v]tical & horizontal ,m$ium1 ! use ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! figures ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,degas ,millais ,mi/1 effect ( a1 on ! tone ( a picture ,model1 ! ,monet1 ,claude ,morris's def9ition ( art ,nature1 v>iety ( =ms 9 ,nature's t5d5cy to pictorial unity ( arrangem5t ,newspap] z a backgr\nd ,norman ar*itecture ,oil1 surplus 9 pa9t ,orig9ality ,our ,lady ( ! ,rocks1 ,l4 da ,v9ci's ,outl9e draw+ ,outl9e /udies & models ,pa9t1 ! vitality ( ,pa9t1 ! consi/5cy ( ,pa9t1 effect ( oil 9 ?ick ,pa9t$ ,poetry ,pa9t]'s tra9+1 ! object ( ! ,pa9t+ & draw+ ,panel or canvas1 ! ,paolo ,uccello ,paolo ,v]onese ,pap] = draw+ ,p>allel %ad+ ,p>allelism ( l9es ,p>!non1 ! ,pat]1 ,walt] ,p5-&-ink draw+ ,p5s = p5-&-ink draw+ ,p]spective1 ! /udy ( ,philip ,,iv1 ,velzquez' portrait ( ,photograph1 failure ( ! ,picture gall]ies1 ! influ5ce ( ,pictures1 small & l>ge1 treatm5t ( ,planes ( tone1 pa9t+ 9 ! ,pre-,raphaelite pa9t+s ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t1 ! ,prep>atory draw+s1 disadvantage ( ,primitive art ,primitive emotions ,proc$ure1 9 comm5c+ a draw+ ,pr(iles1 beauty ( ,proportions ,poppy oil & turp5t9e1 ! use ( ,portrait-draw+ ,portrait ( ! ,arti/'s ,daught]1 ,sir ,e4 ,burne-,jones's ,pose1 ! ,peuvis de ,*avannes ,quality & texture1 v>iety 9 ,radiat+ l9es ,rape ( ,europa1 ,!1 ,paul ,v]onese's ,raphael ,r$ rays ,re$ p5s ,rembr&t & 8 col\rs ,reproduction1 advantages ( up-to-date ,ret9a1 effect ( light on ! ,reynolds' contra/s ( col\r ,rhy?m1 def9ition ( ,"r angle1 p[] ( ! ,roman sculpture1 lack ( vitality 9 ,rossetti ,royal ,academy ,s*ools ,rub5s ,rusk9 ,s*ools ( ,art ,sci5tific & arti/ic accuracy ,sci5tific /udy1 necessity = ,scumbl+ ,%ad+ ,%ape1 v>iety ( ,silh\ette1 ! ,silv]-po9t ,silv]-po9t "w1 %ad+ 9 ,sitt]1 ! ,s(tness indicat$ by %ad+ ,sol> spectrum1 ! ,solids z flat copy ,spani% s*ool1 ! ,/raight l9es indicative ( /r5g? ,/raight l9es & flat tones1 analogy betwe5 ,/rong light 9 contra/ ) d>k %ad[ ,/udy ( draw+1 ! ,/ump1 ! ,/yle ,sublime & ! ,beautiful1 ,!1 ,burke's ,surr5d] ( ,br$a1 ,!1 ,velzquez' ,sympa!tic l9es ,tal5t & g5ius ,tea*]s 9 ,art ,s*ools ,te*nical side ( an art1 ! ,?ickness & acc5t1 v>iety ( ,t9toretto ,titian ,tol/oy's def9ition ( art ,tone1 mean+ ( ! ^w ,tone values1 v>iety ( ,ton$ pap]1 draw+ on ,tones1 l>ge flat1 ! effect ( ,t\*1 ! s5se ( ,trafalg> ,squ>e lions1 ! ,trees1 ! masses ( ,turn] ,types1 lifelessness ( ,ulysses d]id+ ,polyphemus1 ,turn]'s ,unity & v>iety ,unity ( l9e ,vale ( ,be/1 ,millais' ,value1 mean+ ( ! ^w z appli$ to a picture ,values ( tone draw+1 ! ,van ,dyck1 8 use ( ! /raight l9e ,v>iety 9 symmetry ,v>iety 9 ,unity ,v>y+ well ,velzquez ,v5etian pa9t]s1 & ! music ( edges ,v5etians1 !1 _! use ( /raight l9es ,v5etians1 sy/em & pr9ciples ( design ( ! ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ,cupid1 ,correggio's ,v]tical1 !1 associat$ ) ! sublime ,v]tical l9es1 feel+ associat$ ) ,vision ,visual bl9dness ,visual memory1 ! ,w>d1 ! animal pa9t] ,w>m col\rs ,watteau1 ! *>m ( ,watts1 ,g4,f41 portraits by ,watts' use ( ! "r angle ,w9dsor1 ,holbe9's portraits at ,:i/l]1 a ma/] ( tone ,:ite ca/s1 draw+ f ,:ite *alk ,:ite pa9t ,:ite pa/el