file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #adbah-;h4htm or #adbah-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/d_ /b_/a_/adbah_/adbah-;h_/#adbah-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/d_ /b_/a_/adbah_/adbah-;h4zip7 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,al*emy ,,& ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,*emi/ry by ,m4 ,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,m4,a4 ,fell[ & ,=m]ly ,prlector 9 ,*emi/ry ( ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge ,) ,eighte5 ,illu/rations ,new & ,enl>g$ ,edition ,hodd] & ,/\ghton ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,al*emical ,,laboratory ,x is nei!r religi\s nor wise to judge t ( :i* y "k no?+4 ,a ,brief ,guide to ! ,cele/ial ,ruby1 by ,,philale!s 7#ag? c5tury7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,useful ,,k ,,s]ies ,clo?1 ,"o ,%ill+ net ea* ,li/ ( ! fir/ ?irty-f\r volumes issu$ 9 ! new /yle ) ,pictorial ,wrapp]s3-- ,,wireless ,,telegraphy4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,t4 ,,/ory4 ,a ,,piece ,,( ,,coal4 ,by ,k4,a4 ,,m>t91 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,by ,p4,l4 ,,wat]h\se4 ,,! ,,cotton ,,plant4 ,by ,f4 ,,wilk9son1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,plant ,,life4 ,by ,,grant ,,all54 ,,wild ,,fl[]s4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,,h5sl[1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,by ,g4,f4 ,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,eclipses4 ,by ,g4,f4 ,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,by ,g4,f4,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,by ,g4,f4 ,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,animal ,,life4 ,by ,b4 ,,l9dsay4 ,,geographical ,,discov]y4 ,by ,,joseph ,,jacobs4 ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,by ,,d\glas ,,ar*ibald1 ,m4,a4 ,,alp9e ,,climb+4 ,by ,,francis ,,gribble ,,=e/ ,,& ,,/ream4 ,by ,,james ,,rodway1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,fi% ,,life4 ,by ,w4,p4 ,,pycraft1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,bird ,,life4 ,by ,w4,p4 ,,pycraft1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,primitive ,,man4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,clodd4 ,,anci5t ,,egypt4 ,by ,,rob9son ,,s\tt>1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,/ory ,,( ,,locomotion4 ,by ,,beckles ,,willson4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,9 ,,pa/ ,,ages4 ,by ,h4,g4 ,,seeley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,empire4 ,by ,e4 ,,salmon4 ,,k+ ,,alfr$4 ,by ,,sir ,,walt] ,,besant4 ,,lo/ ,,engl&4 ,by ,,beckles ,,willson4 ,,al*emy1 ,,or ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,m4,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,elem5ts4 ,by ,m4,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,w&]+s ,,( ,,atoms4 ,by ,m4,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,m4,a4 ,,g]m ,,life3 ,,bact]ia4 ,by ,h4,w4 ,,conn4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,seas4 ,by ,,sidney ,j4 ,,hickson ,f4,r4,s4 ,,life',s ,,me*anism4 ,by ,h4,w4 ,,conn4 ,,reptile ,,life4 ,by ,w4,p4 ,,pycraft1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,! ,,gra9 ,,( ,,:eat4 ,by ,,william ,c4 ,,edg>4 ,,! ,,pott]4 ,by ,c4,f4 ,,b9ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,! ,/ory ( ,al*emy & ! ,beg9n+s ( ,*emi/ry is v int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,x is also a pregnant example ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! sci5tific & ! emotional me?ods ( reg>d+ nature2 & x admirably illu/rates ! diff]5ces betwe5 well-gr\nd$1 sugge/ive1 hypo!ses1 & baseless speculations4 ,i h tri$ to tell ! /ory s t x may be intelligible to ! ord9>y read]4 ,m4,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir4 ,,cambridge1 ,novemb] #aijb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,to ,,new ,,edition4 ,a few small *anges h be5 made4 ,! la/ *apt] has be5 re-writt5 & consid]ably enl>g$4 ,m4,m4,p4,m4 ,,f>nham1 ,septemb] #aiac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,explanation ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,*anges ,,giv5 ,,by ,,greek ,,?9k]s ,,ii4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,al*emical ,,!ory ,,iii4 ,,! ,,al*emical ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,unity ,,& ,,simplicity ,,( ,,nature ,,iv4 ,,! ,,al*emical ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,pr9ciples ,v4 ,,! ,,al*emical ,,ess5ce ,,vi4 ,,al*emy ,,z ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,art ,,vii4 ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,al*emy ,,viii4 ,,! ,,deg5]acy ,,( ,,al*emy ,,ix4 ,,p>acelsus1 ,,& ,,"s ,,o!r ,,al*emi/s ,x4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,al*emical ,,doctr9e--,,! ,,replacem5t ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,al*emi/s ,,by ,,! ,,s+le ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,phlogi/on ,,xi4 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,combu/ion ,,xii4 ,,! ,,recognition ,,( ,,*emical ,,*anges ,,z ,,! ,,int]actions ,,( ,,def9ite ,,sub/ances ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,elem5ts ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,! ,,al*emical ,,pr9ciples ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,al*emical ,,que/ ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,?+ ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,an ,,al*emical ,,laboratory 7,frontispiece7 #a4 ,,! ,,mortification ,,( ,,metals ,,pres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,image ,,( ,a ,,k+ ,,dev\r+ ,,8 ,,son #b & #c4 ,,! ,,mortification ,,( ,,metals ,,pres5t$ ,,by ,,images ,,( ,,dea? ,,& ,,burial #d & #e4 ,,two ,,mu/ ,,be ,,conjo9$ ,,to ,,produce ,,"o #f4 ,,h]metically ,,seal+ ,,! ,,neck ,,( ,a ,,glass ,,vessel #g4 ,,seal+ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,m]cury ,,trap #h4 ,,an ,,al*emical ,,common ,,cold ,,/ill #i4 ,a ,,balneum ,,m>i #aj4 ,,al*emical ,,di/ill+ ,,app>atus #aa4 ,a ,,pelican #ab4 ,,an ,,al*emi/ ,,) ,a ,,retort #ac4 ,,an ,,al*emi/ ,,prep>+ ,,oil ,,( ,,vitriol #ad4 ,,al*emical ,,app>atus ,,= ,,rectify+ ,,spirits #ae4 ,,purify+ ,,gold ,,pres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,image ,,( ,a ,,salam&] ,,9 ,,! ,,fire #af4 ,,prie/ley',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,work+ ,,) ,,gases #ag4 ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,by ,,lavoisi] ,,9 ,,8 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,burn+ ,,m]cury ,,9 ,,air ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,explanation ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,*anges ,,giv5 ,,by ,,! ,,greek ,,?9k]s4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e m5 _h any accurate & exact k ( ! *anges ( mat]ial ?+s1 !y _h ?\ght ab\t ^! *anges1 reg>d$ !m z revelations ( spiritual tru?s1 built on !m !ories ( ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? 7& a good _m ?+s 9 nei!r71 & us$ !m 9 manufactures1 arts1 & h&icrafts1 especially 9 "o v curi\s manufacture :]e9 n ! ?\s&? fragm5t ( a gra9 ( ! f9i%$ article 0 ev] produc$4 ,! accurate & sy/ematic /udy ( ! *anges :i* mat]ial ?+s und]go is call$ *emi/ry2 we may1 p]haps1 describe al*emy z ! sup]ficial1 & :at may be call$ subjective1 exam9ation ( ^! *anges1 & ! speculative sy/ems1 & imag9>y arts & manufactures1 f\nd$ on t exam9ation4 ,we are assur$ by _m old writ]s t ,adam 0 ! fir/ al*emi/1 & we are told by "o ( ! initiat$ t ,adam 0 creat$ on ! six? day1 be+ ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 ( ! fir/ ye> ( ! _w2 c]ta9ly al*emy _h a long life1 = *emi/ry did n beg9 until ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,no bran* ( sci5ce has _h s long a p]iod ( incubation z *emi/ry4 ,!re mu/ be "s extraord9>y difficulty 9 ! way ( dis5tangl+ ! /eps ( ^? *anges :]e9 sub/ances ( "o k9d are produc$ f sub/ances totally unlike !m4 ,to inquire h[ ^? ( acute intellects & mu* le>n+ reg>d$ su* occurr5ces 9 ! times :5 man's outlook on ! _w 0 v diff]5t f :at x is n[1 ought to be int]e/+1 & ! results ( t inquiry mu/ surely be in/ructive4 ,if ! read] turns to a mod]n book on *emi/ry 7= in/ance1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts1 9 ?is s]ies71 he w f9d1 at fir/1 sup]ficial descriptions ( special in/ances ( ^? occurr5ces :i* are ! subject ( ! *emi/'s /udy2 he w le>n t only c]ta9 p>ts ( su* ev5ts are dealt ) 9 *emi/ry2 m accurate descriptions w !n be giv5 ( *anges :i* occur 9 nature1 or c be produc$ by alt]+ ! ord9>y conditions1 & ! read] w be taught to see c]ta9 po9ts ( lik5ess betwe5 ^! *anges2 he w be %[n h[ to dis5tangle *emical occurr5ces1 to f9d _! simil>ities & diff]5ces2 &1 gradually1 he w feel 8 way to g5]al /atem5ts1 :i* are m or less rigor\s & accurate expressions ( :at holds good 9 a l>ge numb] ( *emical processes2 f9ally1 he w discov] t "s g5]alisations h be5 made :i* are exact & completely accurate descriptions applicable to e case ( *emical *ange4 ,b if we turn to ! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s1 we are 9 a diff]5t _w4 ,!re is no?+ ev5 remotely resembl+ :at "o f9ds 9 a mod]n book on *emi/ry4 ,"h are a few quotations f al*emical writ+s #a3 #a ,mo/ ( ! quotations f al*emical writ+s1 9 ?is book1 are tak5 f a s]ies ( translations1 publi%$ 9 #ahic-id1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr ,a4,e4 ,waite4 ,x is necess>y to deprive matt] ( its qualities 9 ord] to draw out its s\l4444 ,copp] is l a man2 x has a s\l & a body 444 ! s\l is ! mo/ subtile "p 444 t is to say1 ! t9ctorial _s4 ,! body is ! pond]able1 mat]ial1 t]re/rial ?+1 end[$ ) a %ad[4444 ,aft] a s]ies ( suitable treatm5ts copp] becomes )\t %ad[ & bett] ?an gold4444 ,! elem5ts gr[ & are transmut$1 because x is _! qualities1 n _! sub/ances :i* are contr>y4 7,/ephanus ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t #fbj ,a4,d47 ,if we w\ld elicit our ,m$ec9e f ! preci\s metals1 we mu/ de/roy ! p>ticul> metalic =m1 )\t impair+ its specific prop]ties4 ,! specific prop]ties ( ! metal h _! abode 9 its spiritual "p1 :i* resides 9 homog5e\s wat]4 ,?us we mu/ de/roy ! p>ticul> =m ( gold1 & *ange x into its g5]ic homog5e\s wat]1 9 :i* ! _s ( gold is pres]v$2 ?is _s aft]w>ds re/ores ! consi/5cy ( its wat]1 & br+s =? a new =m 7aft] ! necess>y putrefaction7 a ?\s& times m p]fect ?an ! =m ( gold :i* x lo/ by be+ re9crudat$4 7,philale!s1 #ag? c5tury47 ,! bodily nature ( ?+s is a conceal+ outw>d ve/ure4 7,mi*ael ,s5divogius1 #ag? c5tury47 ,no?+ ( true value is locat$ 9 ! body ( a sub/ance1 b 9 ! virtue 444 ! less !re is ( body1 ! m 9 proportion is ! virtue4 7,p>acelsus1 #af? c5tury47 ,!re are f\r elem5ts1 & ea* has at its c5tre ano!r elem5t :i* makes x :at x is4 ,^! are ! f\r pill>s ( ! _w4444 ,x is _! contr>y action :i* keeps up ! h>mony & equilibrium ( ! mundane ma*9]y4 7,mi*ael ,s5divogius47 ,nature _c "w till x has be5 suppli$ ) a mat]ial3 ! fir/ matt] is furni%$ by ,god1 ! second matt] by ! sage4 7,mi*ael ,s5divogius47 ,:5 corruptible elem5ts are unit$ 9 a c]ta9 sub/ance1 _! /rife mu/ soon] or lat] br+ ab\t its decomposition1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 foll[$ by putrefaction2 9 putrefaction1 ! impure is sep>at$ f ! pure2 & if ! pure elem5ts are !n once m jo9$ toge!r by ! action ( natural heat1 a mu* nobl] & high] =m ( life is produc$4444 ,if ! hidd5 c5tral fire1 :i* dur+ life 0 9 a /ate ( passivity1 obta9 ! ma/]y1 x attracts to itself all ! pure elem5ts1 :i* are ?us sep>at$ f ! impure1 & =m ! nucleus ( a f> pur] =m ( life4 7,mi*ael ,s5divogius47 ,cause t :i* is above to be bel[2 t :i* is visible to be invisible2 t :i* is palpable to become impalpable4 ,aga9 let t :i* is bel[ become t :i* is above2 let ! invisible become visible1 & ! impalpable become palpable4 ,"h y see ! p]fection ( our ,art1 )\t any defect or dim9ution4 7,basil ,val5t9e1 #ae? c5tury47 ,?9k mo/ dilig5tly ab\t ?is2 (t5 be> 9 m9d1 obs]ve & compreh5d1 t all m9]als & metals toge!r1 9 ! same "t1 & aft] ! same fa%ion1 & ( "o & ! same pr9cipal matt]1 are produc$ & g5]at$4 ,t matt] is no o!r ?an a m]e vap\r1 :i* is extract$ f ! elem5t>y e>? by ! sup]ior />s1 or by a sid]eal di/illation ( ! macrocosm2 :i* sid]eal hot infusion1 ) an airy sulphur\s prop]ty1 desc5d+ ^u inf]iors1 s acts & op]ates z t !re is implant$1 spiritually & invisibly1 a c]ta9 p[] & virtue 9 ^? metals & m9]als2 :i* fume1 moreov]1 resolves 9 ! e>? into a c]ta9 wat]1 :]efrom all metals are !nce=? g5]at$ & rip5$ to _! p]fection1 & !nce proce$s ?is or t metal or m9]al1 accord+ z "o ( ! ?ree pr9ciples acquires dom9ion1 & !y h mu* or little ( sulphur & salt1 or an unequal mixture ( ^!2 :5ce "s metals are fix$--t is1 con/ant or /able2 & "s are volatile & easily *angeable1 z is se5 9 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 iron1 t91 & lead4 7,basil ,val5t9e47 ,to grasp ! invisible elem5ts1 to attract !m by _! mat]ial correspond5ces1 to control1 purify1 & trans=m !m by ! liv+ p[] ( ! ,_s--?is is true ,al*emy4 7,p>acelsus47 ,de/ruction p]fects t :i* is good2 = ! good _c appe> on acc\nt ( t :i* conceals x4444 ,ea* "o ( ! visible metals is a concealm5t ( ! o!r six metals4 7,p>acelsus47 ,^! say+s read l s5t5ces 9 a =gott5 tongue4 ,humboldt tells ( a p>rot :i* _h liv$ ) a tribe ( ,am]ican ,indians1 & le>nt scraps ( _! language2 ! tribe totally disappe>$2 ! p>rot alone rema9$1 & babbl$ words 9 ! language :i* no liv+ human be+ c\ld und]/&4 ,are ! words ,i h quot$ un9telligible1 l ! p>rot's prat+8 ,p]haps ! language may be recon/ruct$2 p]haps x may be f\nd to embody some?+ wor? a he>+4 ,success is mo/ likely to come by consid]+ ! gr[? ( al*emy2 by try+ to f9d ! ideas :i* 7 express$ 9 ! /range tongue2 by endeav\r+ to look at our surr\nd+s z ! al*emi/s look$ at !irs4 ,d :at we w1 we always1 m or less1 con/ruct our own univ]se4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce may be describ$ z ! hi/ory ( ! attempts1 & ! failures1 ( m5 to see ?+s z !y are4 ,no?+ is h>d]1 said ! ,lat9 poet ,lucretius1 ?an to sep>ate manife/ facts f d\btful1 :at /raightway ! m9d adds on ( itself4 ,obs]vations ( ! *anges :i* are con/antly happ5+ 9 ! sky1 & on ! e>?1 mu/ h prompt$ m5 long ago to ask :e!r !re are any limits to ! *anges ( ?+s ar\nd !m4 ,& ?is "q mu/ h become m urg5t z work+ 9 metals1 mak+ col\rs & dyes1 prep>+ new k9ds ( food & dr9k1 produc+ sub/ances ) smells & ta/es unlike ^? ( famili> objects1 & o!r pursuits l ^!1 made m5 acqua9t$ ) trans=mations :i* seem$ to p5etrate to ! v f\ndations ( ?+s4 ,c "o ?+ be *ang$ into any o!r ?+2 or1 are !re classes ( ?+s )9 ea* ( :i* *ange is possible1 :ile ! passage f "o class to ano!r is n possible8 ,are all ! v>i$ sub/ances se51 ta/$1 h&l$1 smelt1 compos$ ( a limit$ numb] ( ess5tially diff]5t ?+s2 or1 is ea* fundam5tally diff]5t f e o!r sub/ance8 ,su* que/ions z ^! mu/ h press$ = answ]s long ago4 ,"s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s :o liv$ f\r or five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/ =m$ a !ory ( ! trans=mations ( matt]1 :i* is ess5tially ! !ory held by naturali/s to-day4 ,^! philosoph]s taught t to und]/& nature we mu/ get b5ea? ! sup]ficial qualities ( ?+s4 ,accord+ to conv5tion1 said ,democritus 7born #dfj ,b4,c471 !re are a sweet & a bitt]1 a hot & a cold1 & accord+ to conv5tion !re is col\r4 ,9 tru? !re are atoms & a void4 ,^? inve/igators attempt$ to connect all ! diff]5ces :i* are obs]v$ betwe5 ! qualities ( ?+s ) diff]5ces ( size1 %ape1 position1 & movem5t ( atoms4 ,!y said t all ?+s are =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( c]ta9 un*angeable1 inde/ructible1 & imp5etrable p>ticles :i* !y nam$ atoms2 ! total numb] ( atoms is con/ant2 n "o ( !m c be de/roy$1 nor c "o be creat$2 :5 a sub/ance ceases to exi/ & ano!r is =m$1 ! process is n a de/ruction ( matt]1 x is a re-arrangem5t ( atoms4 ,only fragm5ts ( ! writ+s ( ! f\nd]s ( ! atomic !ory h come to u4 ,! views ( ^! philosoph]s are pres]v$1 & d\btless amplifi$ & modifi$1 9 a ,lat9 poem1 ,conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ,?+s1 writt5 by ,lucretius1 :o 0 born a c5tury be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,let u consid] ! picture giv5 9 t poem ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 & ! me?od :]eby ! picture 0 produc$4#b #b ,! quotations f ,lucretius are tak5 f ,munro's translation 7#d? ,edition1 #ahhf74 ,all k1 said ,lucretius1 is bas$ on ! aspect & ! law ( nature4 ,true k c be obta9$ only by ! use ( ! s5ses2 !re is no o!r me?od4 ,f ! s5ses fir/ has proce$$ ! k ( ! true1 & ! s5ses _c be refut$4 ,%all reason1 f\nd$ on false s5se1 be able to contradict ! s5ses1 :olly f\nd$ z x is on ! s5ses8 ,& if !y are n true1 !n all reason z well is r5d]$ false4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple 9 nature is ass]t$ by ,lucretius to be t ,no?+ is ev] gott5 out ( no?+4 ,a ?+ nev] returns to no?+1 b all ?+s aft] disruption g back to ! fir/ bodies ( matt]4 ,if !re 7 n imp]i%able se$s ( ?+s1 atoms1 fir/-beg9n+s ( solid s+l5ess1 !n1 ,lucretius urges1 inf9ite "t gone by & lapse ( days mu/ h eat5 up all ?+s t are ( mortal body4 ,! fir/-beg9n+s1 or atoms1 ( ?+s 7 ?\ght ( by ,lucretius z always mov+2 !re is no l[e/ po9t 9 ! sum ( ! univ]se :]e !y c re/2 !y meet1 cla%1 reb\nd1 or sometimes jo9 toge!r into gr\ps ( atoms :i* move ab\t z :oles4 ,*ange1 gr[?1 decay1 =mation1 disruption--^! are ! m>ks ( all ?+s4 ,! w> ( fir/-beg9n+s wag$ f et]nity is c>ri$ on ) dubi\s issue3 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 ! life-br++ elem5ts ( ?+s get ! ma/]y1 & are o'erma/]$ 9 turn2 ) ! fun]al wail bl5ds ! cry :i* babies raise :5 !y ent] ! bord]s ( light2 & no night ev] foll[$ day1 nor morn+ night1 t he>d n1 m+l+ ) ! sickly infant's cries1 ! att5dants' wail+s on dea? & black fun]al4 ,lucretius pictur$ ! atoms ( ?+s z l ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses2 he said t atoms ( diff]5t k9ds h diff]5t %apes1 b ! numb] ( %apes is f9ite1 because !re is a limit to ! numb] ( diff]5t ?+s we see1 smell1 ta/e1 & h&le2 he implies1 al?\gh ,i d n ?9k he def9itely ass]ts1 t all atoms ( "o k9d are id5tical 9 e respect4 ,we n[ "k t _m comp\nds exi/ :i* are =m$ by ! union ( ! same quantities by weight ( ! same elem5ts1 &1 nev]!less1 diff] 9 prop]ties2 mod]n *emi/ry expla9s ?is fact by say+ t ! prop]ties ( a sub/ance dep5d1 n only on ! k9d ( atoms :i* compose ! m9ute p>ticles ( a comp\nd1 & ! numb] ( atoms ( ea* k9d1 b also on ! mode ( arrangem5t ( ! atoms4#c ,! same doctr9e 0 taught by ,lucretius1 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x (t5 makes a great diff]5ce1 he said1 ) :at ?+s1 & 9 :at positions ! same fir/-beg9n+s are held 9 union1 & :at motions !y mutually imp>t & receive4 ,= in/ance1 c]ta9 atoms may be s arrang$ at "o "t z to produce fire1 &1 at ano!r "t1 ! arrangem5t ( ! same atoms may be su* t ! result is a fir-tree4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! col\rs ( ?+s are said by ,lucretius to be due to diff]5ces 9 ! arrangem5ts & motions ( atoms4 ,z ! col\r ( ! sea :5 w9d la%es x into foam is diff]5t f ! col\r :5 ! wat]s are at re/1 s d ! col\rs ( ?+s *ange :5 ! atoms :]e( ! ?+s are compos$ *ange f "o arrangem5t to ano!r1 or f sluggi% movem5ts to rapid & tumultu\s motions4 #c ,see ! *apt] ,molecul> ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,/ory ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts4 ,lucretius pictur$ a solid sub/ance z a va/ numb] ( atoms squeez$ closely toge!r1 a liquid z compos$ ( n s _m atoms less tightly pack$1 & a gas z a comp>atively small numb] ( atoms ) consid]able fre$om ( motion4 ,ess5tially ! same picture is pres5t$ by ! molecul> !ory ( to-day4 ,to meet ! objection t atoms are invisible1 & !re=e _c exi/1 ,lucretius enum]ates _m ?+s we _c see al?\gh we "k !y exi/4 ,no "o d\bts ! exi/5ce ( w9ds1 heat1 cold & smells2 yet no "o has se5 ! w9d1 or heat1 or cold1 or a smell4 ,clo!s become moi/ :5 hung ne> ! sea1 & dry :5 spread 9 ! sun%9e2 b no "o has se5 ! moi/ure ent]+ or leav+ ! clo!s4 ,a pavem5t trodd5 by _m feet is worn away2 b ! m9ute p>ticles are remov$ )\t our eyes be+ able to see !m4 ,ano!r objector urges--,y say ! atoms are always mov+1 yet ! ?+s we look at1 :i* y ass]t to be va/ numb]s ( mov+ atoms1 are (t5 motionless4 ,him ,lucretius answ]s by an analogy4 ,& h]e9 y ne$ n wond] at ?is1 t ?\gh ! fir/-beg9n+s ( ?+s are all 9 motion1 yet ! sum is se5 to re/ 9 supreme repose1 unless :5 a ?+ exhibits motions ) its individual body4 ,= all ! nature ( fir/ ?+s lies f> away f our s5ses1 b5ea? _! k52 &1 !re=e1 s9ce !y are !mselves beyond :at y c see1 !y mu/ )draw f sight _! motion z well2 & ! m s1 t ! ?+s :i* we c see d yet (t5 conceal _! motions :5 a great di/ance (f4 ,?us1 (t51 ! woolly flocks z !y crop ! glad pa/ures on a hill1 creep on :i!r ! grass1 jewell$ ) fre% dew1 summons or invites ea*1 & ! lambs1 f$ to ! full1 gambol & playfully butt2 all :i* objects appe> to u f a di/ance to be bl5d$ toge!r1 & to re/ l a :ite spot on a gre5 hill4 ,aga91 :5 mighty legions fill ) _! movem5ts all p>ts ( ! pla9s1 wag+ ! mimicry ( w>1 ! glitt] lifts itself up to ! sky1 & ! :ole e>? r\nd gleams ) brass1 & b5ea? a noise is rais$ by ! mighty trampl+s ( m51 & ! m\nta9s1 /rick5 by ! %\t+1 e*o ! voices to ! />s ( heav51 & horsem5 fly ab\t1 & sudd5ly :eel+1 sc\r across ! middle ( ! pla9s1 %ak+ !m ) ! vehem5ce ( _! *>ge4 ,& yet !re is "s spot on ! high hills1 se5 f :i* !y appe> to /& /ill & to re/ on ! pla9s z a bright spot4 ,! atomic !ory ( ! ,greek ?9k]s 0 con/ruct$ by reason+ on natural ph5om5a4 ,lucretius con/antly appeals to obs]v$ facts = confirmation ( 8 !oretical tea*+s1 or refutation ( op9ions he ?\ght errone\s4 ,besides giv+ a g5]al m5tal pres5tation ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 ! !ory 0 appli$ to _m specific transmutations2 b m9ute descriptions ( :at are n[ call$ *emical *anges c\ld n be giv5 9 t]ms ( ! !ory1 because no se>*+ exam9ation ( s mu* z "o su* *ange _h be5 made1 nor1 ,i ?9k1 "o may say1 c\ld be made "u ! conditions ( ,greek life4 ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s pass$ be=e inve/igators began to make accurate measurem5ts ( ! quantities ( ! sub/ances :i* take "p 9 ^? *anges :]e9 c]ta9 ?+s seem to be de/roy$ & o!r totally diff]5t ?+s to be produc$2 until accurate k _h be5 obta9$ ( ! quantities ( ! def9ite sub/ances :i* int]act 9 ! trans=mations ( matt]1 ! atomic !ory c\ld n d m ?an draw ! outl9es ( a picture ( mat]ial *anges4 ,a sci5tific !ory has be5 describ$ z ! lik5+ ( our imag9+s to :at we actually obs]ve4 ,s long z we obs]ve only 9 ! r\gh1 only 9 a broad & g5]al way1 our imag9+s mu/ also be r\gh1 broad1 & g5]al4 ,x 0 ! great glory ( ! ,greek ?9k]s ab\t natural ev5ts t _! obs]vations 7 accurate1 on ! :ole1 & z f> z !y w5t1 & ! !ory !y =m$ 0 bas$ on no trivial or accid5tal features ( ! facts1 b on :at has prov$ to be ! v ess5ce ( ! ph5om5a !y s\ght to br+ into "o po9t ( view2 = all ! advances made 9 our own times 9 cle> k ( ! trans=mations ( matt] h be5 made by us+1 z a guide to exp]im5tal inquiries1 ! conception t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! qualities ( sub/ances are connect$ ) diff]5ces 9 ! weights & movem5ts ( m9ute p>ticles2 & ?is 0 ! c5tral idea ( ! atomic !ory ( ! ,greek philosoph]s4 ,! atomic !ory 0 us$ by ! great physici/s ( ! lat] ,r5aissance1 by ,galileo1 ,gass5di1 ,newton & o!rs4 ,our own c\ntryman1 ,john ,dalton1 :ile try+ 79 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury7 to =m a m5tal pres5tation ( ! atmosph]e 9 t]ms ( ! !ory ( atoms1 r$iscov]$ ! possibility ( diff]5ces betwe5 ! sizes ( atoms1 appli$ ?is idea to ! facts conc]n+ ! quantitative compositions ( comp\nds :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by o!rs1 develop$ a me?od = det]m9+ ! relative weights ( atoms ( diff]5t k9ds1 & />t$ *emi/ry on ! c\rse :i* x has foll[$ s successfully4 ,in/ead ( blam+ ! ,greek philosoph]s = lack ( quantitatively accurate exp]im5tal inquiry1 we %\ld r be full ( admir+ wond] at ! extraord9>y acut5ess ( _! m5tal vision1 & ! s\ndness ( _! sci5tific _s4 ,! anci5t atomi/s di/+ui%$ ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ?+s f _! accid5tal features4 ,! =m] _c be remov$1 ,lucretius said1 )\t utt] de/ruction accompany+ ! sev]ance2 ! latt] may be alt]$ :ile ! nature ( ! ?+ rema9s unh>m$4 ,z examples ( ess5tial prop]ties1 ,lucretius m5tions ! weight ( a /one1 ! heat ( fire1 ! fluidity ( wat]4 ,su* ?+s z lib]ty1 w>1 slav]y1 ri*es1 pov]ty1 & ! l1 7 acc\nt$ accid5ts4 ,"t also 0 said to be an accid5t3 x exi/s n by itself2 b simply f ! ?+s :i* happ51 ! s5se appreh5ds :at has be5 done 9 "t pa/1 z well z :at is pres5t1 & :at is to foll[ aft]4 ,z our /ory proce$s1 we %all see t ! *emi/s ( ! middle ages1 ! al*emi/s1 f\nd$ _! !ory ( mat]ial *anges on ! diff]5ce betwe5 a suppos$ ess5tial sub/ratum ( ?+s1 & _! qualities :i* c\ld be tak5 (f1 !y said1 & put on1 z clo!s are remov$ & replac$4 ,h[ diff]5t f ! cle>1 h>moni\s1 ord]ly1 ,greek s*eme1 is any picture we c =m1 f su* quotations z ,i h giv5 f _! writ+s1 ( ! al*emi/s' conception ( ! _w4 ,! ,greeks lik5$ _! imag9+s ( nature to ! natural facts !y obs]v$2 ! al*emi/s creat$ an imag9>y _w aft] _! own lik5ess4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity 0 sup]s$+ ! old religions1 & ! !ological sy/em ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 replac+ ! cosmogonies ( ! hea!n1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! p[] ( evil & ! p[] ( good 0 m fully realis$ ?an 9 ! days ( ! ,greeks2 a %>p] division 0 drawn betwe5 ?is _w & ano!r _w1 & t o!r _w 0 divid$ into two irreconcilable & absolutely opposite p>ts4 ,man came to be reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( a trem5d\s & nev]-ceas+ battle1 urg$ betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & ! p[]s ( evil4 ,! sights & s\nds ( nature 7 reg>d$ z ! ve/m5ts1 or ! voices1 ( ! unse5 combatants4 ,life 0 at once v real & ! m]e %ad[ ( a dream4 ,! conditions 7 fav\rable to ! gr[? ( magic2 = man 0 reg>d$ z ! measure ( ! univ]se1 ! c5tral figure 9 an awful trag$y4 ,magic is an attempt1 by ?9k+ & speculat+ ab\t :at we consid] mu/ be ! ord] ( nature1 to discov] "s means ( p5etrat+ into ! secret life ( natural ?+s1 ( realis+ ! hidd5 p[]s & virtues ( ?+s1 grasp+ ! conceal$ ?read ( unity :i* is suppos$ to run ?r\gh all ph5om5a h[ev] seem+ly div]se1 ent]+ into sympa?y ) ! suppos$ inn] on5ess ( life1 dea?1 ! pres5t1 pa/1 & future4 ,magic gr[s1 & ga!rs /r5g?1 :5 m5 are sure _! !ory ( ! univ]se mu/ be ! "o true !ory1 & !y see only ?r\gh ! glasses :i* _! !ory supplies4 ,he :o kn[s himself ?or\ghly kn[s ,god & all ! my/]ies ( ,8 nature1 says a mod]n writ] on magic4 ,t say+ expresses ! fundam5tal hypo!sis1 & ! me?od1 ( all sy/ems ( magic & my/icism4 ,( su* sy/ems1 al*emy 0 "o4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,al*emical ,,!ory4 ,! sy/em :i* began to be call$ al*emy 9 ! #f? & #g? c5turies ( our era _h no special "n be=e t "t1 b 0 kn[n z ! sacr$ art1 ! div9e sci5ce1 ! occult sci5ce1 ! art ( ,h]mes4 ,a comm5tator on ,ari/otle1 writ+ 9 ! #d? c5tury ,a4,d41 calls c]ta9 in/rum5ts us$ = fusion & calc9ation *uika organa1 t is1 in/rum5ts = melt+ & p\r+4 ,h5ce1 probably1 came ! adjective *yic or *ymic1 &1 at a some:at lat] "t1 ! ^w *emia z ! "n ( t art :i* deals ) calc9ations1 fusions1 melt+s1 & ! l4 ,! writ] ( a treatise on a/rology1 9 ! #e? c5tury1 speak+ ( ! influ5ces ( ! />s on ! dispositions ( man1 says3 ,if a man is born "u ,m]cury he w give himself to a/ronomy2 if ,m>s1 he w foll[ ! pr(ession ( arms2 if ,saturn1 he w devote himself to ! sci5ce ( al*emy 7,sci5tia al*emiae74 ,! ^w al*emia :i* appe>s 9 ?is treatise1 0 =m$ by prefix+ ! ,arabic al 7mean+ !7 to *emia1 a ^w1 z we h se51 ( ,greek orig94 ,x is ! gr[?1 developm5t1 & trans=mation into *emi/ry1 ( ?is al*emia :i* we h to consid]4 ,al*emy1 t is1 ! art ( melt+1 p\r+1 & trans=m+1 mu/ necess>ily pay mu* att5tion to work+ ) crucibles1 furnaces1 alembics1 & o!r vessels :]e9 ?+s are fus$1 di/ill$1 calc9$1 & dissolv$4 ,! old draw+s ( al*emical op]ations %[ u m5 busy calc9+1 cohobat+1 di/ill+1 dissolv+1 dige/+1 & p]=m+ o!r processes ( l "* to ^!4 ,! al*emi/s c\ld n be accus$ ( laz9ess or av]sion to "w 9 _! laboratories4 ,p>acelsus 7#af? c5tury7 says ( !m3 ,!y are n giv5 to idl5ess1 nor g 9 a pr\d habit1 or plu% & velvet g>m5ts1 (t5 %[+ _! r+s on _! f+]s1 or we>+ swords ) silv] hilts by _! sides1 or f9e & gay gloves on _! h&s2 b dilig5tly foll[ _! lab\rs1 sweat+ :ole days & nights by _! furnaces4 ,!y d n sp5d _! "t abroad = recreation1 b take delight 9 _! laboratories4 ,!y put _! f+]s among coals1 into clay & fil?1 n into gold r+s4 ,!y are sooty & black1 l smi?s & m9]s1 & d n pride !mselves ^u clean & beautiful faces4 ,9 ^! respects ! *emi/ ( to-day fai?fully foll[s ! practice ( ! al*emi/s :o 7 8 pr$ecessors4 ,y c nose a *emi/ 9 a cr[d by ! smell ( ! laboratory :i* hangs ab\t him2 y c pick him out by ! /a9s on 8 h&s & clo!s4 ,he also takes delight 9 8 laboratory2 he does n always pride himself on a clean & beautiful face2 he sweats :ole days & nights by 8 furnace4 ,:y does ! *emi/ toil s eag]ly8 ,:y did ! al*emi/s s untir+ly pursue _! que/8 ,i ?9k x is n unfair to say3 ! *emi/ exp]im5ts 9 ord] t he may lik5 8 imag9+s to ! facts :i* he obs]ves2 ! al*emi/ toil$ t he might lik5 ! facts :i* he obs]v$ to 8 imag9+s4 ,! diff]5ce may be put 9 ano!r way by say+3 ! *emi/'s object is to discov] h[ *anges happ5 9 comb9ations ( ! un*ang+2 ! al*emi/'s endeav\r 0 to prove ! tru? ( 8 fundam5tal ass]tion1 t e sub/ance conta9s undevelop$ res\rces & pot5tialities1 & c be br\ght outw>d & =w>d into p]fection4 ,look+ ar\nd him1 & obs]v+ ! *anges ( ?+s1 ! al*emi/ 0 deeply impress$ by ! gr[? & modification ( plants & animals2 he argu$ t m9]als & metals also gr[1 *ange1 develop4 ,he said 9 effect3 ,nature is "o1 !re mu/ be unity 9 all ! div]sity ,i see4 ,:5 a gra9 ( corn falls into ! e>? x dies1 b ?is dy+ is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a new life2 ! dead se$ is *ang$ into ! liv+ plant4 ,s x mu/ be ) all o!r ?+s 9 nature3 ! m9]al1 or ! metal1 seems dead :5 x is buri$ 9 ! e>?1 b1 9 reality1 x is gr[+1 *ang+1 & becom+ m p]fect4 ,! p]fection ( ! se$ is ! plant4 ,:at is ! p]fection ( ! common metals8 ,evid5tly1 ! al*emi/ repli$1 ! p]fect metal is gold2 ! common metals are try+ to become gold4 ,gold is ! int5tion ( ,nature 9 reg>d to all metals1 said an al*emical writ]4 ,plants are pres]v$ by ! pres]vation ( _! se$4 ,9 l mann]1 ! al*emi/'s argum5t proce$$1 !re mu/ be a se$ 9 metals :i* is _! ess5ce2 if ,i c sep>ate ! se$ & br+ x "u ! prop] conditions1 ,i c cause x to gr[ into ! p]fect metal4 ,animal life1 & human life also1 we may suppose ! al*emi/ say+1 are cont9u$ by ! same me?od z t :]eby ! life ( plants is cont9u$2 all life spr+s f se$2 ! se$ is fructifi$ by ! union ( ! male & ! female2 9 metals also !re mu/ be ! two *>act]s2 ! union ( ^! is ne$$ = ! production ( new metals2 ! conjo9+ ( metals mu/ g be=e ! bir? ( ! p]fect metal4 ,n[1 we may suppose ! argum5t to proce$1 n[1 ! passage f ! imp]fect to ! m p]fect is n easy4 ,x is h>d] to practise virtue ?an to acquiesce 9 vice2 virtue comes n naturally to man2 t he may ga9 ! high] life1 he mu/ be help$ by grace4 ,!re=e1 ! task ( exalt+ ! pur] metals into ! p]fect gold1 ( develop+ ! l[] ord] into ! high]1 is n easy4 ,if ,nature does ?is1 %e does x sl[ly & pa9fully2 if ! exaltation ( ! common metals to a high] plane is to be effect$ rapidly1 x c be done only by ! help ( man4 ,s f> z ,i c judge f _! writ+s1 ! argum5t ( ! al*emi/s may be r5d]$ by "s su* =m z ! =ego+4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! al*emical argum5t %[s t x re/s on a 7suppos$7 intimate k ( nature's plan ( work+1 & ! c]ta9ty t simplicity is ! ess5tial m>k ( t plan4 ,t ! al*emi/s 7 satisfi$ ( ! great simplicity ( nature1 & _! own k ( ! ways ( nature's "w1 is app>5t f _! writ+s4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,new ,*emical ,light 7#ag? c5tury7 says3 ,simplicity is ! seal ( tru?4444 ,nature is wond]fully simple1 & ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( a *ildlike simplicity is /amp$ ^u all t is true & noble 9 ,nature4 ,9 ano!r place ! same au?or says3 ,nature is "o1 true1 simple1 self-conta9$1 creat$ ( ,god1 & in=m$ ) a c]ta9 univ]sal _s4 ,! same au?or1 ,mi*ael ,s5divogius1 rem>ks3 ,x may be ask$ h[ ,i come to h ?is k ab\t heav5ly ?+s :i* are f> remov$ beyond human k54 ,my answ] is t ! sages h be5 taught by ,god t ?is natural _w is only an image & mat]ial copy ( a heav5ly & spiritual patt]n2 t ! v exi/5ce ( ?is _w is bas$ ^u ! reality ( its heav5ly ar*etype4444 ,?us ! sage sees heav5 reflect$ 9 ,nature z 9 a mirror1 & he pursues ?is ,art1 n = ! sake ( gold or silv]1 b = ! love ( ! k :i* x reveals4 ,! ,only ,true ,way advises all :o wi% to become true al*emi/s to leave ! circuit\s pa?s ( pret5d$ philosoph]s1 & to foll[ nature1 :i* is simple2 ! complicat$ processes describ$ 9 books are said to be ! traps laid by ! cunn+ sophi/s to cat* ! unw>y4 ,9 ,a ,cate*ism ( ,al*emy1 ,p>acelsus asks3 ,:at road %\ld ! philosoph] foll[8 ,he answ]s1 ,t exactly :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,"o might suppose x w\ld be easi]1 & p]haps m pr(itable1 to exam9e1 obs]ve1 & exp]im5t1 ?an to turn "o's eyes inw>ds ) ! hope ( discov]+ exactly ! road foll[$ by ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,b ! al*emical me?od f\nd x easi] to beg9 by introspection4 ,! al*emi/ spun 8 univ]se f 8 own ideas ( ord]1 symmetry1 & simplicity1 z ! spid] sp9s h] web f h] own sub/ance4 ,a fav\rite say+ ( ! al*emi/s 01 ,:at is above is z :at is bel[4 ,9 "o ( its aspects ?is say+ meant1 processes happ5 )9 ! e>? l ^? :i* occur on ! e>?2 m9]als & metals live1 z animals & plants live2 all pass ?r\gh corruption t[>ds p]fection4 ,9 ano!r aspect ! say+ meant ! human be+ is ! _w 9 m9iature2 z is ! microcosm1 s is ! macrocosm2 to "k oneself is to "k all ! _w4 ,e man kn[s he ought to try to rise to bett] ?+s1 & _m m5 endeav\r to d :at !y "k !y ought to d2 !re=e1 he :o feels sure t all nature is fa%ion$ aft] ! image ( man1 projects 8 own ideas ( progress1 developm5t1 virtue1 matt] & _s1 on to nature outside himself2 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ?is k9d ( naturali/ uses ! same language :5 he is speak+ ( ! *anges ( mat]ial ?+s z he employs to express ! *anges ( 8 m5tal /ates1 8 hopes1 fe>s1 aspirations1 & /ruggles4 ,! language ( ! al*emi/s 01 !re=e1 ri* 9 su* expressions z ^!2 ! elem5ts are to be s conjo9$ t ! nobl] & full] life may be produc$2 our arcanum is gold exalt$ to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection to :i* ! comb9$ action ( nature & art c develop x4 ,su* comm+l+ ( e?ical & physical ideas1 su* application ( moral conceptions to mat]ial ph5om5a1 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! al*emical me?od ( reg>d+ nature4 ,! necess>y results 72 great confusion ( ?\ght1 mu* my/ification ( ideas1 & a sup]abundance ( views ab\t natural ev5ts4 ,:5 ! au?or ( ,! ,metamorphosis ( ,metals 0 seek+ = an argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 view1 t wat] is ! s\rce & primal elem5t ( all ?+s1 he f\nd :at he s\ght 9 ! ,biblical text3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,simil>ly1 ! au?or ( ,! ,sodic ,hydroli? cl5*es 8 argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 by ! quotation3 ,!re=e1 ?us sai? ! ,"l2 behold ,i lay 9 ,zion = a f\ndation a ,/one1 a tri$ ,/one1 a preci\s corn] ,/one1 a sure f\ndation4 ,he t has x %all n be conf\nd$4 ,?is au?or works out 9 detail an analogy betwe5 ! functions & virtues ( ! ,/one1 & ! /ory ( man's fall & r$emption1 z set =? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,! same au?or speaks ( ,satan1 t grim pseudo-al*emi/4 ,t ! attribution1 by ! al*emi/s1 ( moral virtues & vices to natural ?+s 0 9 keep+ ) "s deep-seat$ t5d5cy ( human nature1 is %[n by ! p]si/5ce ( "s ( _! me?ods ( /at+ ! prop]ties ( sub/ances3 we /ill speak ( p]fect & imp]fect gases1 noble & base metals1 good & bad conductors ( electricity1 & laws gov]n+ natural ph5om5a4 ,conv9c$ ( ! simplicity ( nature1 c]ta9 t all natural ev5ts foll[ "o c\rse1 sure t ?is c\rse 0 kn[n to !m & 0 repres5t$ by ! gr[? ( plants & animals1 ! al*emi/s set !mselves ! task1 fir/ly1 ( prov+ by obs]vations & exp]im5ts t _! view ( natural occurr5ces 0 correct2 &1 secondly1 ( discov]+ & ga9+ possession ( ! in/rum5t :]eby nature effects h] transmutations & p]fects h] op]ations4 ,! ma/]y ( ?is in/rum5t w\ld give !m p[] to *ange any metal into gold1 ! cure ( all diseases1 & ! happ9ess :i* mu/ come f ! practical k ( ! supreme secret ( nature4 ,! c5tral que/ ( al*emy 0 ! que/ ( an undef9$ & undef9able some?+ :]e9 0 suppos$ to be conta9$ all ! p[]s & pot5cies ( life1 & :atev] makes life wor? liv+4 ,! names giv5 to ?is my/ical some?+ 7 z _m z ! prop]ties :i* 7 assign$ to x4 ,x 0 call$ ! "o ?+1 ! ess5ce1 ! philosoph]'s /one1 ! /one ( wisdom1 ! heav5ly balm1 ! div9e wat]1 ! virg9 wat]1 ! c>buncle ( ! sun1 ! old dragon1 ! lion1 ! basilisk1 ! pho5ix2 & _m o!r names 7 giv5 to x4 ,we may come ne> to express+ ! al*emi/'s view ( ! ess5tial "* ( ! object ( _! se>* by nam+ x ! s\l ( all ?+s4 ,al*emy1 a mod]n writ] says1 is ! sci5ce ( ! s\l ( all ?+s4 ,! ess5ce 0 suppos$ to h a mat]ial =m1 an e!real or middle nature1 & an immat]ial or spiritual life4 ,no "o might hope to make ?is ess5ce f any "o sub/ance1 because1 z "o ( ! al*emi/s says1 ,x is ! attribute ( ,god alone to make "o out ( "o2 y mu/ produce "o ?+ out ( two by natural g5]ation4 ,! al*emi/s did n pret5d to create gold1 b only to produce x f o!r ?+s4 ,! au?or ( ,a ,brief ,guide to ! ,cele/ial ,ruby says3 ,we d n1 z is sometimes said1 pr(ess to create gold & silv]1 b only to f9d an ag5t :i* 444 is capable ( ent]+ into an intimate & matur+ union ) ! ,m]cury ( ! base metals4 ,& aga93 ,our ,art 444 only arrogates to itself ! p[] ( develop+1 ?r\gh ! removal ( all defects & sup]fluities1 ! gold5 nature :i* ! bas] metals possess4 ,bonus1 9 8 tract on ,! ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price 7#af? c5tury71 says3 ,! ,art ( ,al*emy 444 does n create metals1 or ev5 develop !m out ( ! metallic fir/-sub/ance2 x only takes up ! unf9i%$ h&icraft ( ,nature & completes x4444 ,nature has only left a comp>atively small ?+ = ! arti/ to d--! completion ( t :i* %e has already begun4 ,if ! ess5ce 7 ev] atta9$1 x w\ld be by foll[+ ! c\rse :i* nature foll[s 9 produc+ ! p]fect plant f ! imp]fect se$1 by discov]+ & sep>at+ ! se$ ( metals1 & br++ t se$ "u ! conditions :i* alone are suitable = its gr[?4 ,metals mu/ h se$1 ! al*emi/s said1 = x w\ld be absurd to suppose !y h none4 ,:at pr]ogative h vegetables above metals1 exclaims "o ( !m1 t ,god %\ld give se$ to ! "o & )hold x f ! o!r8 ,are n metals z mu* 9 ,8 sight z trees8 ,z metals1 !n1 possess se$1 x is evid5t h[ ?is se$ is to be made active2 ! se$ ( a plant is quick5$ by desc5d+ into ! e>?1 !re=e ! se$ ( metals mu/ be de/roy$ be=e x becomes life-produc+4 ,! processes ( our art mu/ beg9 ) dissolution ( gold2 !y mu/ t]m9ate 9 a re/oration ( ! ess5tial quality ( gold4 ,gold does n easily give up its nature1 & w fight = its life2 b our ag5t is /rong en\gh to ov]come & kill x1 & !n x also has p[] to re/ore x to life1 & to *ange ! lifeless rema9s into a new & pure body4 ,! application ( ! doctr9e ( ! exi/5ce ( se$ 9 metals l$ to ! p]=mance ( _m exp]im5ts1 &1 h5ce1 to ! accumulation ( a consid]able body ( facts e/abli%$ by exp]im5tal inquiries4 ,! belief ( ! al*emi/s t all natural ev5ts are connect$ by a hidd5 ?read1 t ev]y?+ has an influ5ce on o!r ?+s1 t :at is above is z :at is bel[1 con/ra9$ !m to place /ress on ! suppos$ connexion betwe5 ! planets & ! metals1 & to fur!r _! metallic trans=mations by p]=m+ !m at times :5 c]ta9 planets 7 9 conjunction4 ,! sev5 pr9cipal planets & ! sev5 pr9cipal metals 7 call$ by ! same names3 ,sol 7gold71 ,luna 7silv]71 ,saturn 7lead71 ,jupit] 7t971 ,m>s 7iron71 ,v5us 7copp]71 & ,m]cury 7m]cury74 ,! au?or ( ,! ,new ,*emical ,light taught t "o metal c\ld be propagat$ f ano!r only 9 ! ord] ( sup]iority ( ! planets4 ,he plac$ ! sev5 planets 9 ! foll[+ desc5d+ ord]3 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,sol1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 ,luna4 ,! virtues ( ! planets desc5d1 he said1 b d n asc5d2 x is easy to *ange ,m>s 7iron7 into ,v5us 7copp]71 = in/ance1 b ,v5us _c be trans=m$ into ,m>s4 ,al?\gh ! al*emi/s reg>d$ ev]y?+ z influ5c+1 & influ5c$ by1 o!r ?+s1 !y 7 p]suad$ t ! greate/ effects are produc$ on a sub/ance by sub/ances ( l nature ) itself4 ,h5ce1 mo/ ( !m taught t ! se$ ( metals w be obta9$ by op]ations ) metals1 n by ! action on metals ( ?+s ( animal or vegetable orig94 ,ea* class ( sub/ances1 !y said1 has a life1 or _s 7an ess5tial "*1 we might say7 ( its own4 ,! life ( sulphur1 ,p>acelsus said1 is a combu/ible1 ill-smell+1 fatness4444 ,! life ( gems & corals is m]e col\r4444 ,! life ( wat] is its fl[+4444 ,! life ( fire is air4 ,grant an attraction ( l to l1 & ! reason becomes app>5t = su* directions z ^!3 ,no?+ het]og5e\s mu/ be introduc$ into our magi/]y2 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be made to act on t :i* is l x1 & !n ,nature w p]=m h] duty4 ,al?\gh ea* class ( sub/ances 0 said by ! al*emi/s to h its own p>ticul> "*1 or life1 nev]!less !y taught t !re is a deep-seat$ lik5ess betwe5 all ?+s1 inasmu* z ! p[] ( ! ess5ce1 or ! "o ?+1 is s great t "u its influ5ce diff]5t ?+s are produc$ f ! same orig91 & diff]5t ?+s are caus$ to pass into & become ! same ?+4 ,9 ,! ,new ,*emical ,light x is said3 ,:ile ! se$ ( all ?+s is "o1 x is made to g5]ate a great v>iety ( ?+s4 ,x is n easy n[--x c\ld n h be5 easy at any "t--to give cle> & exact mean+s to ! doctr9es ( ! al*emi/s1 or ! directions !y gave = p]=m+ ! op]ations necess>y = ! production ( ! object ( _! se>*4 ,& ! difficulty is mu* increas$ :5 we are told t ,! ,sage jeal\sly conceals 8 k f ! s9n] & ! scornful1 le/ ! my/]ies ( heav5 %\ld be laid b>e to ! vulg> gaze4 ,we almo/ despair :5 an al*emical writ] assures u t ! ,sages ,set p5 to pap] = ! express purpose ( conceal+ _! mean+4 ,! s5se ( a :ole passage is (t5 hopelessly obscur$ by ! addition or omission ( "o little ^w1 = in/ance ! addition ( ! ^w n 9 ! wrong place4 ,ano!r writ] says3 ,! ,sages are 9 ! habit ( us+ words :i* may convey ei!r a true or a false impression2 ! =m] to _! own disciples & *ildr51 ! latt] to ! ignorant1 ! fooli%1 & ! unwor?y4 ,sometimes1 aft] descriptions ( processes c\*$ 9 /range & my/ical language1 ! writ] w add1 ,if y _c p]ceive :at y ought to und]/& h]e91 y %\ld n devote y\rself to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,philale!s1 9 8 ,brief ,guide to ! ,cele/ial ,ruby1 seems to feel "s pity = 8 read]s2 aft] describ+ :at he calls ! g5]ic homog5e\s wat] ( gold1 he says3 ,if y wi% = a m p>ticul> description ( our wat]1 ,i am impell$ by motives ( *>ity to tell y t x is liv+1 flexible1 cle>1 nitid1 :ite z sn[1 hot1 humid1 airy1 vapor\s1 & dige/ive4 ,al*emy began by ass]t+ t nature mu/ be simple2 x assum$ t a k ( ! plan & me?od ( natural occurr5ces is to be obta9$ by ?9k+2 & x us$ analogy z ! guide 9 apply+ ?is k ( nature's design to p>ticul> ev5ts1 especially ! analogy1 assum$ by al*emy to exi/1 betwe5 mat]ial ph5om5a & human emotions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,al*emical ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,unity ,,& ,,simplicity ,,( ,,nature4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i h ref]r$ to ! frequ5t use made by ! al*emi/s ( _! supposition t nature foll[s ! same plan1 or at any rate a v simil> plan1 9 all h] processes4 ,if ?is supposition is accept$1 ! prim>y bus9ess ( an inve/igator ( nature is to trace lik5esses & analogies betwe5 :at seem on ! surface to be dissimil> & unconnect$ ev5ts4 ,z ?is idea1 & ?is practice1 7 ! f\ndations :]eon ! sup]/ructure ( al*emy 0 rais$1 ,i ?9k x is important to amplify !m m fully ?an ,i h done already4 ,m5tion is made 9 _m al*emical writ+s ( a my?ical p]sonage nam$ ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 :o is said to h liv$ a little lat] ?an ! "t ( ,moses4 ,repres5tations ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us are f\nd on anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,we are told t ,alex&] ! ,great f\nd 8 tomb ne> ,hebron2 & t ! tomb conta9$ a slab ( em]ald :]eon ?irte5 s5t5ces 7 writt54 ,! eigh? s5t5ce is r5d]$ 9 _m al*emical books z foll[s3 ,asc5d ) ! greate/ sagacity f ! e>? to heav51 & !n aga9 desc5d to ! e>?1 & unite toge!r ! p[]s ( ?+s sup]ior & ?+s inf]ior4 ,?us y w obta9 ! glory ( ! :ole _w1 & obscurity w fly away f y4 ,?is s5t5ce evid5tly tea*es ! unity ( ?+s 9 heav5 & ?+s on e>?1 & ass]ts ! possibility ( ga9+1 n m]ely a !oretical1 b also a practical1 k ( ! ess5tial *>act]s ( all ?+s4 ,moreov]1 ! s5t5ce implies t ?is fruitful k is to be obta9$ by exam9+ nature1 us+ z guide ! fundam5tal simil>ity suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ?+s above & ?+s b5ea?4 ,! al*emical writ]s con/antly h>p on ?is !me3 foll[ nature2 provid$ y nev] lose ! clue1 :i* is simplicity & simil>ity4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,only ,way 7#afgg7 besee*es 8 read]s to enli/ "u ! /&>d ( t me?od :i* proce$s 9 /rict ob$i5ce to ! tea*+ ( nature 444 9 %ort1 ! me?od :i* nature h]self pursues 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! al*emi/s tell u n to expect mu* help f books & writt5 directions4 ,:5 "o ( !m has said all he c say1 he adds--,! "q is :e!r ev5 ?is book w convey any in=mation to "o be=e :om ! writ+s ( ! ,sages & ! op5 book ( ,nature are exhibit$ 9 va94 ,ano!r tells 8 read]s ! only ?+ = !m is to besee* ,god to give y ! real philosophical temp]1 & to op5 y\r eyes to ! facts ( nature2 ?us alone w y rea* ! covet$ goal4 ,foll[ nature is s\nd advice4 ,b1 nature 0 to be foll[$ ) eyes clos$ save to "o vision1 & ! vision 0 to be se5 be=e ! foll[+ began4 ,! al*emi/s' g5]al conception ( nature l$ !m to assign to e sub/ance a condition or /ate natural to x1 & :]e9 alone x c\ld be said to be z x 0 design$ to be4 ,ea* sub/ance1 !y taught1 c\ld be caus$ to leave its natural /ate only by viol5t1 or non-natural1 means1 & any sub/ance :i* _h be5 driv5 f its natural condition by viol5ce 0 ready1 & ev5 eag]1 to return to ! condition consonant ) its nature4 ,?us ,norton1 9 8 ,ord9al ( ,al*emy1 says3 ,metals are g5]at$ 9 ! e>?1 = above gr\nd !y are subject to ru/2 h5ce above gr\nd is ! place ( corruption ( metals1 & ( _! gradual de/ruction4 ,! cause :i* we assign to ?is fact is t above gr\nd !y are n 9 _! prop] elem5t1 & an unnatural position is de/ructive to natural objects1 z we see1 = in/ance1 t fi%es die :5 !y are tak5 out ( ! wat]2 & z x is natural = m51 bea/s1 & birds to live 9 ! air1 s /ones & metals are naturally g5]at$ "u ! e>?4 ,9 8 ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price 7#af? c5tury71 ,bonus says3--,! object ( ,nature 9 all ?+s is to introduce into ea* sub/ance ! =m :i* prop]ly belongs to x2 & ?is is also ! design ( our ,art4 ,?is view assum$ ! k ( ! natural conditions ( ! sub/ances :]e) exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$4 ,x suppos$ t man c\ld act z a guide1 to br+ back to its natural condition a sub/ance :i* _h be5 remov$ f t condition1 ei!r by viol5t processes ( nature1 or by man's device4 ,! al*emi/ reg>d$ himself z an arbit] 9 que/ions conc]n+ ! natural condition ( ea* sub/ance he dealt )4 ,he ?\ght he c\ld say1 ?is sub/ance ought to be ?us1 or ?us1 t sub/ance is con/ra9$1 ?w>t$1 h9d]$ f becom+ :at nature meant x to be4 ,9 ,b5 ,jonson's play call$ ,! ,al*emi/1 ,subtle 7:o is ! al*emi/ ( ! play7 says1 444 metals w\ld be gold if !y _h "t4 ,! al*emi/ n only attribut$ e?ical qualities to mat]ial ?+s1 he also became ! gu>dian & guide ( ! moral practices ( ^! ?+s4 ,he ?\ght himself able to recall ! err+ metal to ! pa? ( metall9e virtue1 to lead ! extravagant m9]al back to ! moral home-life f :i* x _h be5 s$uc$1 to %[ ! d\bt+ & vacillat+ salt :at x 0 ignorantly seek+1 & to help x to f9d ! unrealis$ object ( its se>*4 ,! al*emi/ act$ z a sort ( consci5ce to ! metals1 m9]als1 salts1 & o!r sub/ances he submitt$ to ! processes ( 8 laboratory4 ,he treat$ !m z a wise physician might treat an ignorant & some:at refractory pati5t4 ,i "k :at y want bett] ?an y d1 he seems (t5 to be say+ to ! metals he is calc9+1 sep>at+1 jo9+ & sublim+4 ,b ! ignorant al*emi/ 0 n always ?ank$ = 8 treatm5t4 ,sometimes ! pati5t rebell$4 ,= in/ance1 ,mi*ael ,s5divogius1 9 8 tract1 ,! ,new ,*emical ,light drawn f ! ,f\nta9 ( ,nature & ( ,manual ,exp]i5ce 7#ag? c5tury71 rec\nts a dialogue betwe5 ,m]cury1 ! ,al*emi/1 & ,nature4 ,on a c]ta9 bright morn+ a numb] ( ,al*emi/s met toge!r 9 a mead[1 & consult$ z to ! be/ way ( prep>+ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4444 ,mo/ ( !m agre$ t ,m]cury 0 ! fir/ sub/ance4 ,o!rs said1 no1 x 0 sulphur1 or some?+ else4444 ,j z ! dispute began to run high1 !re arose a viol5t w9d1 :i* disp]s$ ! ,al*emi/s into all ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w2 & z !y _h arriv$ at no conclusion1 ea* "o w5t on seek+ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 9 8 own old way1 ?is "o expect+ to f9d x 9 "o sub/ance1 & t 9 ano!r1 s t ! se>* has cont9u$ )\t int]mission ev5 unto ?is day4 ,"o ( !m1 h[ev]1 _h at lea/ got ! idea into 8 head t ,m]cury 0 ! sub/ance ( ! ,/one1 & det]m9$ to conc5trate all 8 ef=ts on ! *emical prep>ation ( ,m]cury4444 ,he took common ,m]cury & began to "w ) x4 ,he plac$ x 9 a glass vessel ov] ! fire1 :5 x1 ( c\rse1 evaporat$4 ,s 9 8 ignorance he /ruck 8 wife1 & said3 ',no "o b y has ent]$ my laboratory2 y mu/ h tak5 my ,m]cury out ( ! vessel4' ,! woman1 ) te>s1 prote/$ h] innoc5ce4 ,! ,al*emi/ put "s m ,m]cury into ! vessel4444 ,! ,m]cury rose to ! top ( ! vessel 9 vapor\s /eam4 ,!n ! ,al*emi/ 0 full ( joy1 because he rememb]$ t ! fir/ sub/ance ( ! ,/one is describ$ by ! ,sages z volatile2 & he ?\ght t n[ at la/ he mu/ be on ! "r track4 ,he n[ began to subject ! ,m]cury to all sorts ( *emical processes1 to sublime x1 & to calc9e x ) all mann] ( ?+s1 ) salts1 sulphur1 metals1 m9]als1 blood1 hair1 aqua =tis1 h]bs1 ur9e1 & v9eg>4444 ,ev]y?+ he c\ld ?9k ( 0 tri$2 b )\t produc+ ! desir$ effect4 ,! ,al*emi/ !n despair$2 aft] a dream1 :]e9 an old man came & talk$ ) him ab\t ! ,m]cury ( ! ,sages1 ! ,al*emi/ ?\ght he w\ld *>m ! ,m]cury1 & s he us$ a =m ( incantation4 ,! ,m]cury sudd5ly began to speak1 & ask$ ! ,al*emi/ :y he _h tr\bl$ him s mu*1 & s on4 ,! ,al*emi/ repli$1 & que/ion$ ! ,m]cury4 ,! ,m]cury makes fun ( ! philosoph]4 ,!n ! ,al*emi/ aga9 torm5ts ! ,m]cury by heat+ him ) all mann] ( horrible ?+s4 ,at la/ ,m]cury calls 9 ! aid ( ,nature1 :o s\ndly rates ! philosoph]1 tells him he is grossly ignorant1 & ends by say+3 ,! be/ ?+ y c d is to give y\rself up to ! k+'s (fic]s1 :o w quickly put an end to y & y\r philosophy4 ,z long z m5 7 fully p]suad$ t !y knew ! plan :]eon ! _w 0 fram$1 t x 0 possible = !m to foll[ exactly ! road :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! creation ( ! _w1 a real k ( natural ev5ts 0 impossible2 = e attempt to p5etrate nature's secrets presuppos$ a k ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( t :i* 0 to be inve/igat$4 ,b g5u9e k beg9s :5 ! inve/igator admits t he mu/ le>n ( nature1 n nature ( him4 ,x might be truly said ( "o :o held ! al*emical conception ( nature t 8 foible 0 omnisci5ce2 & omnisci5ce negatives ! atta9m5t ( k4 ,! al*emical notion ( a natural /ate z prop] to ea* sub/ance 0 vigor\sly combat$ by ! ,hon\rable ,rob]t ,boyle 7born #afbf1 di$ #afia71 a man ( s+ul>ly cle> & p5etrative intellect4 ,9 ,a ,p>adox ( ! ,natural & ,sup]natural ,/ates ( ,bodies1 ,especially ( ! ,air1 ,boyle says3--,i "k t n only 9 liv+1 b ev5 9 inanimate1 bodies1 ( :i* alone ,i "h disc\rse1 m5 h univ]sally admitt$ ! fam\s di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & pret]natural1 or viol5t /ate ( bodies1 & d daily1 )\t ! lea/ scruple1 f\nd ^u x hypo!ses & ratioc9ations1 z if x 7 mo/ c]ta9 t :at !y call nature _h purposely =m$ bodies 9 su* a det]m9ate /ate1 & 7 always wat*ful t !y %\ld n by any ext]nal viol5ce be put out ( x4 ,b not)/&+ s g5]al a cons5t ( m5 9 ?is po9t1 ,i confess1 ,i _c yet be satisfi$ ab\t x 9 ! s5se :]e9 x is wont to be tak54 ,x is n1 t ,i believe1 t !re is no s5se 9 :i*1 or 9 ! acc\nt ^u :i*1 a body may he said to be 9 its natural /ate2 b t ,i ?9k ! common di/9ction ( a natural & viol5t /ate ( bodies has n be5 cle>ly expla9$ & consid]ately settl$1 & bo? is n well gr\nd$1 & is (t5times ill appli$4 ,= :5 ,i consid] t :atev] /ate a body be put into1 or kept 91 x obta9s or reta9s t /ate1 ass5t+ to ! ca?olic laws ( nature1 ,i _c ?9k x fit to d5y t 9 ?is s5se ! body propos$ is 9 a natural /ate2 b !n1 ^u ! same gr\nd1 x w he h>d to d5y b t ^? bodies :i* are said to be 9 a viol5t /ate may also be 9 a natural "o1 s9ce ! viol5ce !y are presum$ to suff] f outw>d ag5ts is likewise ex]cis$ no o!rwise ?an accord+ to ! e/abli%$ laws ( univ]sal nature4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ v fasc9at+ & com=t+ 9 ! al*emical view ( nature1 z a h>mony con/ruct$ on "o simple plan1 :i* c be grasp$ z a :ole1 & also 9 its details1 by ! introspective processes ( ! human intellect2 = t conception prevails to-day among ^? :o h n inve/igat$ natural occurr5ces = !mselves4 ,! al*emical view ( nature /ill =ms ! f\ndation ( sy/ems ( e?ics1 ( philosophy1 ( art4 ,x appeals to ! innate desire ( man to make himself ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,x is s easy1 s au?oritative1 app>5tly s satisfactory4 ,no am\nt ( ?9k+ & reason+ w ev] demon/rate its falsity4 ,x c be conqu]$ only by a pati5t1 unbiass$1 se>*+ exam9ation ( "s limit$ portion ( natural ev5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,al*emical ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,pr9ciples4 ,! al*emi/s 7 sure t ! int5tion ( nature reg>d+ metals 0 t !y %\ld become gold1 = gold 0 consid]$ to be ! mo/ p]fect metal1 & nature1 !y said1 evid5tly /ra9s aft] p]fection4 ,! al*emi/ f\nd t metals 7 worn away1 eat5 ?r\gh1 brok51 & f9ally caus$ to disappe>1 by _m acid & acrid liquids :i* he prep>$ f m9]al sub/ances4 ,b gold resi/$ ! attacks ( ^! liquids2 x 0 n *ang$ by heat1 nor 0 x affect$ by sulphur1 a sub/ance :i* *ang$ limpid1 runn+ m]cury into an in]t1 black solid4 ,h5ce1 gold 0 m p]fect 9 ! al*emical scale ?an any o!r metal4 ,s9ce gold 0 consid]$ to be ! mo/ p]fect metal1 x 0 self-evid5t to ! al*emical m9d t nature mu/ =m gold sl[ly 9 ! e>?1 mu/ transmute gradually ! inf]ior metals into gold4 ,! only ?+ t di/+ui%es "o metal f ano!r1 writes an al*emi/ :o w5t "u ! "n ( ,philale!s1 is its degree ( maturity1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 greate/ 9 ! mo/ preci\s metals2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 gold & lead is n "o ( sub/ance1 b ( dige/ion2 9 ! bas] metal ! coction has n be5 su* z to purge out its metallic impurities4 ,if by any means ?is sup]flu\s impure matt] c\ld be organically remov$ f ! bas] metals1 !y w\ld become gold & silv]4 ,s m9]s tell u t lead has 9 _m cases develop$ into silv] 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & we cont5d t ! same effect is produc$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t by means ( our ,art4 ,/ories 7 told ab\t ! f9d+ ( gold 9 des]t$ m9es :i* _h be5 work$ out long be=e2 ^! /ories 7 suppos$ to prove t gold 0 br$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! facts t pieces ( silv] 7 f\nd 9 t9 & lead m9es1 & gold 0 f\nd 9 silv] m9es1 7 adduc$ z pro(s t1 z ! au?or ( ,! ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price says1 ,nature is cont9ually at "w *ang+ o!r metals into gold1 because1 ?\gh 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are complete 9 !mselves1 !y h n yet rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection ( :i* !y are capable1 & to :i* nature has de/9$ !m4 ,:at nature did 9 ! e>? man c\ld accompli% 9 ! work%op4 ,= is n man ! cr[n ( ! _w1 ! ma/]piece ( nature1 ! fl[] ( ! univ]se2 0 he n giv5 dom9ion ov] all ?+s :5 ! _w 0 creat$8 ,9 ass]t+ t ! bas] metals c\ld be transmut$ into gold1 & 9 attempt+ to effect ?is transmutation1 ! al*emi/ 0 n act+ on a vague2 haphaz>d surmise2 he 0 pursu+ a policy dictat$ by 8 conception ( ! ord] ( nature2 he 0 foll[+ ! me?od :i* he conceiv$ to be t us$ by nature h]self4 ,! transmutation ( metals 0 "p & p>cel ( a sy/em ( natural philosophy4 ,if ?is transmutation 7 impossible1 ! al*emical s*eme ( ?+s w\ld be de/roy$1 ! believ] 9 ! transmutation w\ld be left )\t a s5se ( ord] 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! al*emi/'s conception ( an ord]ly mat]ial univ]se 0 s intimately connect$ ) 8 ideas ( morality & religion1 t to disprove ! possibility ( ! great transmutation w\ld be to remove n only ! basis ( 8 sy/em ( mat]ial ?+s1 b ! f\ndations ( 8 sy/em ( e?ics also4 ,to take away 8 belief 9 ! possibility ( *ang+ o!r metals into gold w\ld be to conv]t ! al*emi/ into an a!i/4 ,h[1 !n1 0 ! transmutation to be accompli%$8 ,evid5tly by ! me?od :]eby nature br+s to p]fection o!r liv+ ?+s2 = ! al*emi/'s belief 9 ! simplicity & unity ( nature compell$ him to reg>d metals z liv+ ?+s4 ,plants are improv$ by appropriate culture1 by digg+ & enri*+ ! soil1 by judici\s selection ( se$2 animals are improv$ by c>eful bre$+4 ,by simil> processes metals w be enc\rag$ & help$ t[>ds p]fection4 ,! p]fect /ate ( gold w n be rea*$ at a b\nd2 x w be ga9$ gradually4 ,_m p>tial purifications w be ne$$4 ,z ,subtle says 9 ,! ,al*emi/-- 'tw]e absurd ,to ?9k t nature 9 ! e>? br$ gold ,p]fect 9 ! in/ant2 some?+ w5t be=e1 ,!re mu/ be remote matt]4444 ,nature do? fir/ beget ! imp]fect1 !n ,proce$s %e to ! p]fect4 ,at ?is /age ! al*emical argum5t becomes v ultra-physical4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be r5d]$ some:at z foll[s3-- ,man is ! mo/ p]fect ( animals2 9 man !re is a union ( ?ree p>ts1 ^! are body1 s\l1 & _s4 ,metals also may be said to h a body1 a s\l1 & a _s2 !re is a specific bodily1 or mat]ial1 =m belong+ to ea* metal2 !re is a metall9e s\l *>act]i/ic ( ?is or t class ( metals2 !re is a _s1 or inn] immat]ial pot5cy1 :i* is ! v ess5ce ( all metals4 ,! s\l & _s ( man are clogg$ by 8 body4 ,if ! spiritual nature is to become ! dom9at+ p>tn]1 ! body mu/ be mortifi$3 ! al*emi/s1 ( c\rse1 us$ ?is k9d ( imag]y1 & x 0 v real to !m4 ,9 l mann] ! _s ( metals w be laid b>e & enabl$ to ex]cise its trans=m+ influ5ces1 only :5 ! mat]ial =m ( ! individual metal has be5 de/roy$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d1 !n1 is to /rip (f & ca/ aside ^? prop]ties ( metals :i* appeal to ! s5ses4 ,x is necess>y to deprive matt] ( its qualities 9 ord] to draw out its s\l1 said ,/ephanus ( ,alex&ria 9 ! #g? c5tury2 & 9 ! #ag? c5tury ,p>acelsus said1 ,no?+ ( true value is locat$ 9 ! body ( a sub/ance1 b 9 ! virtue 444 ! less !re is ( body ! m 9 proportion is ! virtue4 ,b ! possession ( ! s\l ( metals is n ! f9al /age3 ma/]y ( ! s\l may mean ! p[] ( transmut+ a metal into ano!r l itself2 x w n suffice = ! great transmutation1 = 9 t process a metal becomes gold1 ! "o & only p]fect metal4 ,h5ce ! s\l also mu/ be remov$1 9 ord] t ! _s1 ! ess5ce1 ! k]nel1 may be obta9$4 ,& z x is ) metals1 s1 ! al*emi/s argu$1 x is ) all ?+s4 ,!re are a few ,pr9ciples :i* may be ?\ght ( z condition+ ! specific bodily & mat]ial =ms ( ?+s2 b5ea? ^!1 !re are c]ta9 ,elem5ts :i* are common to _m ?+s ^: pr9ciples are n ! same2 &1 hidd5 by ! wrapp+s ( elem5ts & pr9ciples1 !re is ! "o ,ess5ce1 ! _s1 ! my/ic unit+ bond1 ! f9al goal ( ! philosoph]4 ,i propose 9 ?is *apt] to try to analyse ! al*emical conceptions ( ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples1 & 9 ! next *apt] to attempt "s k9d ( description ( ! ,ess5ce4 ,9 8 ,tract ,conc]n+ ! ,great ,/one ( ! ,anci5t ,sages1 ,basil ,val5t9e speaks ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples1 salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury1 ! s\rce ( :i* is ! ,elem5ts4 ,!re are f\r ,elem5ts1 & ea* has at its c5tre ano!r elem5t :i* makes x :at x is4 ,^! are ! f\r pill>s ( ! e>?4 ,( ! elem5t ,e>?1 he says3--,9 ?is elem5t ! o!r ?ree1 especially fire1 are lat5t4444 ,x is gross & por\s1 specifically heavy1 b naturally light4444 ,x receives all t ! o!r ?ree project into x1 consci5ti\sly conceals :at x %\ld hide1 & br+s to light t :i* x %\ld manife/4444 ,outw>dly x is visible & fix$1 inw>dly x is invisible & volatile4 ,( ! elem5t ,wat]1 ,basil ,val5t9e says3--,outw>dly x is volatile1 inw>dly x is fix$1 cold1 & humid4444 ,x is ! solv5t ( ! _w1 & exi/s 9 ?ree degrees ( excell5ce3 ! pure1 ! pur]1 & ! pure/4 ,( its pure/ sub/ance ! heav5s 7 creat$2 ( t :i* is less pure ! atmosph]ic air 0 =m$2 t :i* is simply pure rema9s 9 its prop] sph]e :]e 444 x is gu>dian ( all subtle sub/ances "h bel[4 ,conc]n+ ! elem5t ,air1 he writes3--,! mo/ noble ,elem5t ( ,air 444 is volatile1 b may be fix$1 & :5 fix$ r5d]s all bodies p5etrable4444 ,x is nobl] ?an ,e>? or ,wat]4444 ,x n\ri%es1 impregnates1 cons]ves ! o!r elem5ts4 ,f9ally1 ( ! elem5t ,fire3--,fire is ! pure/ & noble/ ( all ,elem5ts1 full ( adhesive unctu\s corrosiv5ess1 p5etrant1 dige/ive1 inw>dly fix$1 hot & dry1 outw>dly visible1 & temp]$ by ! e>?4444 ,?is ,elem5t is ! mo/ passive ( all1 & resembles a *>iot2 :5 x is drawn1 x moves2 :5 x is n drawn1 x /&s /ill4 ,basil ,val5t9e !n tells 8 read]s t ,adam 0 comp\nd$ ( ! f\r pure ,elem5ts1 b aft] 8 expulsion f ,p>adise he became subject to ! v>i\s impurities ( ! animal creation4 ,! pure ,elem5ts ( 8 creation 7 gradually m+l$ & infect$ ) ! corruptible elem5ts ( ! out] _w1 & ?us 8 body became m & m gross1 & liable1 ?r\gh its grossness1 to natural decay & dea?4 ,! process ( deg5]ation 0 sl[ at fir/1 b z "t w5t on1 ! se$ out ( :i* m5 7 g5]at$ became m & m infect$ ) p]i%able elem5ts4 ,! cont9u$ use ( corruptible food r5d]$ _! bodies m & m gross2 & human life 0 soon r$uc$ to a v brief span4 ,basil ,val5t9e !n deals ) ! =mation ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples ( ?+s1 by ! mutual action ( ! f\r ,elem5ts4 ,fire act+ on ,air produc$ ,sulphur2 ,air act+ on ,wat] produc$ ,m]cury2 ,wat] act+ on ,e>? produc$ ,salt4 ,e>? hav+ no?+ to act on produc$ no?+1 b became ! nurse ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples4 ,! ?ree ,pr9ciples1 he says1 are necess>y because !y are ! imm$iate sub/ance ( metals4 ,! remot] sub/ance ( metals is ! f\r elem5ts1 b no "o c produce any?+ out ( !m b ,god2 & ev5 ,god makes no?+ ( !m b ^! ?ree ,pr9ciples4 ,to endeav\r to obta9 ! f\r pure ,elem5ts is a hopeless task4 ,b ! ,sage has ! ?ree ,pr9ciples at h&4 ,! arti/ %\ld det]m9e :i* ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples he is seek+1 & %\ld assi/ x s t x may ov]come its contr>y4 ,! art consi/s 9 an ev5 m+l+ ( ! virtues ( ! ,elem5ts2 9 ! natural equilibrium ( ! hot1 ! dry1 ! cold1 & ! moi/4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,elem5ts giv5 by ,philale!s diff]s f t ( ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,philale!s enum]ates ?ree ,elem5ts only3 ,air1 ,wat]1 & ,e>?4 ,?+s are n =m$ by ! mixture ( ^! ,elem5ts1 = dissimil> ?+s c nev] really unite4 ,by analys+ ! prop]ties ( ! ?ree ,elem5ts1 ,philale!s r$uc$ !m f9ally to "o1 namely1 ,wat]4 ,wat]1 he says1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s4 ,e>? is ! fundam5tal ,elem5t 9 :i* all bodies gr[ & are pres]v$4 ,air is ! m$ium into :i* !y gr[1 & by means ( :i* ! cele/ial virtues are communicat$ to !m4 ,accord+ to ,philale!s1 ,m]cury is ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples4 ,al?\gh gold is =m$ by ! aid ( ,m]cury1 x is only :5 ,m]cury has be5 matur$1 develop$1 & p]fect$1 t x is able to transmute inf]ior metals into gold4 ,! ess5tial ?+ to d is1 !re=e1 to f9d an ag5t :i* w br+ ab\t ! matur+ & p]fect+ ( ,m]cury4 ,?is ag5t1 ,philale!s calls ,our div9e ,arcanum4 ,al?\gh x appe>s to me impossible to translate ! say+s ( ! al*emi/s conc]n+ ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples into expressions :i* %all h def9ite & exact mean+s = u to-day1 /ill we may1 p]haps1 get an inkl+ ( ! mean+ ( su* s5t5ces z ^? ,i h quot$ f ,basil ,val5t9e & ,philale!s4 ,take ! t]ms ,fire & ,wat]4 ,9 =m] times all liquid sub/ances 7 suppos$ to be liquid because !y possess$ some?+ 9 common2 ?is hypo!tical some?+ 0 call$ ! ,elem5t1 ,wat]4 ,simil>ly1 ! view prevail$ until comp>atively rec5t times1 t burn+ sub/ances burn because ( ! pres5ce 9 !m ( a hypo!tical impond]able fluid1 call$ ,caloric2 ! al*emi/s pref]r$ to call ?is indef9able some?+ an ,elem5t1 & to "n x ,fire4 ,we are accu/om$ to-day to use ! words fire & wat] ) diff]5t mean+s1 accord+ to ! ideas we wi% to express4 ,:5 we say d n t\* ! fire1 or put y\r h& into ! wat]1 we are reg>d+ fire & wat] z mat]ial ?+s2 :5 we say ! h\se is on fire1 or speak ( a diamond ( ! fir/ wat]1 we are ?9k+ ( ! condition or /ate ( a burn+ body1 or ( a sub/ance z transp>5t z wat]4 ,:5 we say put out ! fire1 or 8 he>t became z wat]1 we are ref]r+ to ! act ( burn+1 or are us+ an image :i* lik5s ! ?+ spok5 ( to a sub/ance 9 ! act ( liquefy+4 ,z we d to-day1 s ! al*emi/s did be=e u2 !y us$ ! words fire & wat] to express diff]5t ideas4 ,su* t]ms z h>dness1 s(tness1 coldness1 t\ghness1 & ! l1 are employ$ = ! purpose ( br++ toge!r into "o po9t ( view diff]5t ?+s :i* are alike 91 at lea/1 "o respect4 ,h>d ?+s may diff] 9 size1 weight1 %ape1 col\r1 texture1 c4 ,a s(t ?+ may weigh ! same z a h>d ?+2 bo? may h ! same col\r or ! same size1 or be at ! same temp]ature1 & s on4 ,by class+ toge!r v>i\s ?+s z h>d or s(t1 or smoo? or r\gh1 we elim9ate 7= ! "t7 all ! prop]ties :]e9 ! ?+s diff]1 & reg>d !m only z hav+ "o prop]ty 9 common4 ,! words h>dness1 s(tness1 c41 are useful class-m>ks4 ,simil>ly ! al*emical ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples 7 useful class-m>ks4 ,we mu/ n suppose t :5 ! al*emi/s spoke ( c]ta9 ?+s z =m$ f1 or by ! union (1 ! same ,elem5ts or ! same ,pr9ciples1 !y meant t ^! ?+s conta9$ a common sub/ance4 ,_! ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples 7 n ?\ght ( z sub/ances1 at lea/ n 9 ! mod]n mean+ ( ! expression1 a sub/ance2 !y 7 qualities only4 ,if we ?9k ( ! al*emical elem5ts e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]1 z g5]al expressions ( :at seem$ to ! al*emi/s ! mo/ important prop]ties ( all sub/ances1 we may be able to atta* "s k9d ( mean+ to ! say+s ( ,basil ,val5t9e1 :i* ,i h quot$4 ,= in/ance1 :5 t al*emi/ tells u1 ,fire is ! mo/ passive ( all elem5ts1 & resembles a *>iot2 :5 x is drawn1 x moves2 :5 x is n drawn1 x /&s /ill--we may suppose he meant to express ! fact t a va/ numb] ( sub/ances c be burnt1 & t combu/ion does n beg9 ( itself1 b requires an ext]nal ag5cy to />t x4 ,un=tunately1 mo/ ( ! t]ms :i* ! al*emi/s us$ to designate _! ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples are t]ms :i* are n[ employ$ to designate specific sub/ances4 ,! ^w fire is /ill employ$ r z a quality ( _m ?+s "u special conditions1 ?an z a specific sub/ance2 b e>?1 wat]1 air1 salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury1 are to-day ! names appli$ to c]ta9 gr\ps ( prop]ties1 ea* ( :i* is diff]5t f all o!r gr\ps ( prop]ties1 & is1 !re=e1 call$1 9 ord9>y spee*1 a def9ite k9d ( matt]4 ,z k became m accurate & m conc5trat$1 ! words sulphur1 salt1 m]cury1 c41 began to be appli$ to di/9ct sub/ances1 & z ^! t]ms 7 /ill employ$ 9 _! al*emical s5se z comp5di\s expressions = c]ta9 qualities common to great classes ( sub/ances1 mu* confusion arose4 ,kunckel1 ! discov]] ( phosphorus1 :o liv$ betwe5 #afcj & #agjb1 compla9$ ( ! al*emi/s' habit ( giv+ diff]5t names to ! same sub/ance1 & ! same "n to diff]5t sub/ances4 ,! sulphur ( "o1 he says1 is n ! sulphur ( ano!r1 to ! great injury ( sci5ce4 ,to t "o replies t ev]yone is p]fectly free to baptise 8 infant z he pleases4 ,grant$4 ,y may if y l call an ass an ox1 b y w nev] make anyone believe t y\r ox is an ass4 ,boyle is v sev]e on ! vague & loose use ( words practis$ by s _m writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,9 ,! ,sceptical ,*ymi/ 7publi%$ #afgh-i7 he says3 ,if judici\s m51 skill$ 9 *ymical affairs1 %all once agree to write cle>ly & pla9ly ( !m1 & !reby keep m5 f be+ /unn$1 z x 71 or impos$ ^u by d>k & empty words2 x is to be hop$ t ^! o!r m5 f9d+1 t !y c no long] write imp]t95tly & absurdly1 )\t be+ laugh$ at = do+ s1 w be r$uc$ ei!r to write no?+1 or books t may tea* u some?+1 & n rob m51 z =m]ly1 ( invaluable "t2 & s ceas+ to tr\ble ! _w ) riddles or imp]t95ces1 we %all ei!r by _! books receive an advantage1 or by _! sil5ce escape an inconv5i5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! al*emi/s taught t ! elem5ts produc$ :at !y call$ se$1 by _! mutual reactions1 & ! pr9ciples matur$ ?is se$ & br\ght x to p]fection4 ,!y suppos$ t ea* class1 or k9d1 ( ?+s _h its own se$1 & t to obta9 ! se$ 0 to h ! p[] ( produc+ ! ?+s :i* sprung f t se$4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 ass]t$ t all ?+s come f a common se$1 & t ! nature ( ! products ( ?is se$ is condition$ by ! circum/ances "u :i* x is caus$ to develop4 ,?us ,mi*ael ,s5divogius writes z foll[s 9 ,! ,new ,*emical ,light1 drawn f ! f\nta9 ( ,nature & ( ,manual ,exp]i5ce 7#ag? c5tury73-- ,:]ev] !re is se$1 ,nature w "w ?r\gh x1 :e!r x be good or bad4 ,! f\r ,elem5ts1 by _! cont9u$ action1 project a con/ant supply ( se$ to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :]e x is dige/$1 & :5ce x proce$s aga9 9 g5]ative motions4 ,n[ ! c5tre ( ! e>? is a c]ta9 void place :]e no?+ is at re/1 & ^u ! m>g9 or circumf]5ce ( ?is c5tre ! f\r ,elem5ts project _! qualities4444 ,! magnetic =ce ( our e>?-c5tre attracts to itself z mu* z is ne$$ ( ! cognate sem9al sub/ance1 :ile t :i* _c be us$ = vital g5]ation is ?ru/ =? 9 ! %ape ( /ones & o!r rubbi%4 ,?is is ! f\nta9-head ( all ?+s t]re/rial4 ,let u illu/rate ! matt] by suppos+ a glass ( wat] to be set 9 ! middle ( a table1 r\nd ! m>g9 ( :i* are plac$ little heaps ( salt1 & ( p[d]s ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,if ! wat] be p\r$ out1 x w run all ov] ! table 9 div]g5t rivulets1 & w become salt :]e x t\*es ! salt1 r$ :]e x t\*es ! r$ p[d]1 & s on4 ,! wat] does n *ange ! 'places1' b ! sev]al 'places' diff]5tiate ! wat]4#d ,9 ! same way1 ! se$ :i* is ! product ( ! f\r ,elem5ts is project$ 9 all directions f ! e>?-c5tre1 & produces diff]5t ?+s1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! diff]5t places4 ,?us1 :ile ! se$ ( all ?+s is "o1 x is made to g5]ate a great v>iety ( ?+s4444 ,s long z ,nature's se$ rema9s 9 ! c5tre x c indiff]5tly produce a tree or a metal1 a h]b or a /one1 & 9 l mann]1 accord+ to ! purity ( ! place1 x w produce :at is less or m pure4 #d ,! au?or ,i am quot+ _h said--,nature is divid$ into f\r 'places' 9 :i* %e br+s =? all ?+s t appe> & t are 9 ! %ade2 & accord+ to ! good or bad quality ( ! 'place1' %e br+s =? good or bad ?+s4444 ,x is mo/ important = u to "k h] 'places' 444 9 ord] t we may jo9 ?+s toge!r accord+ to ,nature4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,al*emical ,,ess5ce4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i tri$ to describe ! al*emical view ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,tak+ = grant$ ! trip>tite nature ( man1 ! co-exi/5ce 9 him ( body1 s\l1 & _s 7no "o ( :i* 0 def9$71 ! al*emi/s conclud$ t all ?+s are =m$ z man is =m$2 t 9 ev]y?+ !re is a specific bodily =m1 "s portion ( s\l1 & a da% ( _s4 ,i consid]$ ! t]m s\l to be ! al*emical "n = ! prop]ties common to a class ( sub/ances1 & ! t]m _s to mean ! prop]ty :i* 0 ?\ght by ! al*emi/s to be common to all ?+s4 ,! al*emi/s consid]$ x possible to arrange all sub/ances 9 f\r g5]al classes1 ! m>ks :]e( 7 express$ by ! t]ms hot1 cold1 moi/1 & dry2 !y ?\ght ( ^! prop]ties z typifi$ by :at !y call$ ! f\r ,elem5ts--fire1 air1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,ev]y?+1 !y taught1 0 produc$ f ! f\r ,elem5ts1 n imm$iately1 b ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples--m]cury1 sulphur1 & salt4 ,^! ,pr9ciples 7 reg>d$ z ! tools put into ! h&s ( him :o desir$ to effect ! transmutation ( "o sub/ance into ano!r4 ,! ,pr9ciples 7 n ?\ght ( z def9ite sub/ances1 nor z prop]ties ( ?is or t specifi$ sub/ance2 !y 7 consid]$ to be ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( l>ge classes ( sub/ances4 ,! *emi/ ( to-day places _m comp\nds 9 ! same class because all are acids1 because all react simil>ly "u simil> conditions4 ,x us$ to be said t e acid possesses m or less ( ! pr9ciple ( acidity4 ,lavoisi] *ang$ ! language :]eby c]ta9 facts conc]n+ acids 7 express$4 ,he ?\ght t exp]im5ts prov$ all acids to be comp\nds ( ! elem5t oxyg52 & = _m ye>s aft] ,lavoisi]1 ! al*emical expression ! pr9ciple ( acidity 0 sup]s$$ by ! ^w oxyg54 ,al?\gh ,lavoisi] recognis$ t n e comp\nd ( oxyg5 is an acid1 he taught t e acid is a comp\nd ( oxyg54 ,we "k n[ t _m acids are n comp\nds ( oxyg51 b we h n yet suffici5t k to frame a complete def9ition ( ! t]m acid4 ,nev]!less x is conv5i5t1 inde$ x is necess>y1 to place toge!r _m comp\nds :i* react simil>ly "u c]ta9 def9$ conditions1 & to give a common "n to !m all4 ,! al*emi/s also classifi$ sub/ances1 b _! classification 0 necess>ily m vague ?an ours2 & !y necess>ily express$ _! reasons = putt+ diff]5t sub/ances 9 ! same class 9 a language :i* arose out ( ! g5]al conceptions ( natural ph5om5a :i* prevail$ 9 _! "t4 ,! prim>y classification ( sub/ances made by ! al*emi/s 0 express$ by say+2 ^! sub/ances are ri* 9 ! pr9ciple sulphur1 ^? conta9 mu* ( ! pr9ciple m]cury1 & ?is class is m>k$ by ! prepond]ance ( ! pr9ciple salt4 ,! second>y classification ( ! al*emi/s 0 express$ by say+2 ?is class is *>act]is$ by dryness1 t by moi/ure1 ano!r by coldness1 & a f\r? by hotness2 ! dry sub/ances conta9 mu* ( ! elem5t ,e>?1 ! moi/ sub/ances are ri* 9 ! elem5t ,wat]1 9 ! cold sub/ances ! elem5t ,air prepond]ates1 & ! hot sub/ances conta9 m ( ! elem5t ,fire ?an ( ! o!r elem5ts4 ,! al*emi/s w5t a /ep fur!r 9 _! classification ( ?+s4 ,!y ass]t$ t !re is ,"o ,?+ pres5t 9 all ?+s2 t ev]y?+ is a vehicle = ! m or less p]fect exhibition ( ! prop]ties ( ! ,"o ,?+2 t !re is a ,primal ,elem5t common to all sub/ances4 ,! f9al aim ( al*emy 0 to obta9 ! ,"o ,?+1 ! ,primal ,elem5t1 ! ,s\l ( all ,?+s1 s purifi$1 n only f all specific sub/ances1 b also f all admixture ( ! f\r ,elem5ts & ! ?ree ,pr9ciples1 z to make possible ! accompli%m5t ( any transmutation by ! use ( x4 ,if a p]son ignorant ( its p[]s 7 to obta9 ! ,ess5ce1 he might "w va/ havoc & cause enorm\s confusion2 x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to "k ! conditions "u :i* ! pot5cies ( ! ,ess5ce became active4 ,h5ce !re 0 ne$ ( prolong$ /udy ( ! mutual actions ( ! mo/ seem+ly div]se sub/ances1 & ( m9ute & pati5t exam9ation ( ! conditions "u :i* nature p]=ms h] m>vell\s transmutations4 ,! que/ ( ! ,"o ,?+ 0 fraught ) p]il1 & 0 to be attempt$ only by ^? :o _h s]v$ a long & labori\s appr5tice%ip4 ,9 ,! ,*emical ,treatise ( ,?omas ,norton1 ! ,engli%man1 call$ ,believe-me1 or ! ,ord9al ( ,al*emy 7#ae? c5tury71 ! adept is w>n$ n to disclose 8 secrets to ord9>y p4 ,y %\ld c>efully te/ & exam9e ! life1 "*1 & m5tal aptitudes ( any p]son :o w\ld be initiat$ 9 ?is ,art1 & !n y %\ld b9d him1 by a sacr$ oa?1 n to let our ,magi/]y be commonly or vulg>ly kn[n4 ,only :5 he beg9s to gr[ old & feeble1 he may reveal x to "o p]son1 b n to m1 & t "o man mu/ be virtu\s4444 ,if any wick$ man %\ld le>n to practise ! ,art1 ! ev5t w\ld be fraught ) great dang] to ,*ri/5dom4 ,= su* a man w\ld ov]/ep all b\nds ( mod]ation1 & w\ld remove f _! h]$it>y ?rones ^? legitimate pr9ces :o rule ov] ! peoples ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5tal exam9ation ( ! compositions & prop]ties ( sub/ances1 made s9ce ! "t ( ! al*emi/s1 h l$ to ! mod]n conception ( ! *emical elem5t1 & ! isolation ( ab\t sev5ty or eighty diff]5t elem5ts4 ,no sub/ance n[ call$ an elem5t has be5 produc$ 9 ! laboratory by unit+ two1 or m1 di/9ct sub/ances1 nor has any be5 sep>at$ into two1 or m1 unlike portions4 ,! only decid$ *ange :i* a *emical elem5t has be5 caus$ to und]go is ! comb9ation ( x ) "s o!r elem5t or elem5ts1 or ) a comp\nd or comp\nds4 ,b x is possible t all ! *emical elem5ts may be comb9ations ( diff]5t quantities ( "o primal elem5t4 ,c]ta9 facts make ?is supposition t5able2 & "s *emi/s expect t ! supposition w be prov$ to be correct4 ,if ! hypo!tical primal elem5t %\ld be isolat$1 we %\ld h fulfill$ ! aim ( al*emy1 & ga9$ ! ,"o ,?+2 b ! fulfilm5t w\ld n be t :]e( ! al*emi/s dream$4 ,inasmu* z ! al*emical ,ess5ce 0 ?\ght ( z ! ,univ]sal ,_s to ^: pres5ce is due :atev] degree ( p]fection any specific sub/ance exhibits1 x foll[$ t ! m p]fect a sub/ance ! great] is ! quantity ( ! ,ess5ce 9 x4 ,b ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect sub/ance f\nd 9 nature--:i* sub/ance1 ! al*emi/s said1 is gold--! ,ess5ce is hidd5 by wrapp+s ( specific prop]ties :i* prev5t ! ord9>y man f recognis+ x4 ,remove ^! wrapp+s f "s special sub/ance1 & y h ! p]fect =m ( t ?+2 y h "s portion ( ! ,univ]sal ,_s jo9$ to ! "o g5]al prop]ty ( ! class ( ?+s :]e( ! p>ticul> sub/ance is a memb]4 ,!n remove ! class-prop]ty1 (t5 spok5 ( by ! al*emi/s z ! life1 ( ! sub/ance1 & y h ! ,ess5ce itself4 ,! al*emi/s ?\ght t to e ?+1 or at any rate to e class ( ?+s1 !re corresponds a m p]fect =m ?an t :i* we see & h&le2 !y spoke ( gold1 & ! gold ( ! ,sages2 m]cury1 & ! m]cury ( ! ,philosoph]s2 sulphur1 & ! heav5ly sulphur ( him ^: eyes are op5$4 ,to remove ! out] wrapp+s ( ord9>y prop]ties :i* pres5t !mselves to ! untra9$ s5ses1 0 reg>d$ by ! al*emi/s to be a difficult task2 to te> away ! s\l 7! class-prop]ty7 ( a sub/ance1 & yet reta9 ! ,ess5ce :i* made t sub/ance its dwell+ place1 0 possible only aft] va/ lab\r1 & by ! use ( ! prop] ag5t work+ "u ! prop] conditions4 ,an exce$+ly p[]ful1 delicate1 & ref9$ ag5t 0 ne$$2 & ! ma/]y ( ! ag5t 0 to be acquir$ by bitt] exp]i5ce1 &1 probably1 aft] _m disappo9tm5ts4 ,gold1 an al*emi/ tells u1 does n easily give up its nature1 & w fight = its life2 b our ag5t is /rong en\gh to ov]come & kill x1 & !n x also has ! p[] to re/ore x to life1 & to *ange ! lifeless rema9s into a new & pure body4 ,?omas ,norton1 ! au?or ( ,! ,ord9al ( ,al*emy1 writ+ 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 says ! work] 9 transmutations is (t5 tempt$ to be 9 a hurry1 or to despair1 & he is (t5 deceiv$4 ,8 s]vants w be ei!r /upid & fai?ful1 or quick-witt$ & false4 ,he may be robb$ ( ev]y?+ :5 8 "w is almo/ f9i%$4 ,! only rem$ies are inf9ite pati5ce1 a s5se ( virtue1 & s\nd reason4 ,9 ! pursuit ( our ,art1 he says1 y %\ld take c>e1 f "t to "t1 to unb5d y\r m9d f its /]n] employm5ts ) "s conv5i5t recreation4 ,! *oice ( workm5 to aid 9 ! me*anical p>ts ( ! que/ 0 a great tr\ble to ! al*emi/s4 ,on ?is subject ,norton says--,if y w\ld be free f all fe> ov] ! gross "w1 foll[ my c\nsel1 & nev] engage m>ri$ m52 = !y soon give 9 & pret5d !y are tir$ out4444 ,hire y\r workm5 = c]ta9 /ipulat$ wages1 & n = long] p]iods ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs at a "t4 ,give !m high] wages ?an !y w\ld receive else:]e1 & be prompt & ready 9 y\r paym5ts4 ,_m acc\nts are giv5 by al*emical writ]s ( ! ag5t1 & _m names are be/[$ on x4 ,! au?or ( ,a ,brief ,guide to ! ,cele/ial ,ruby speaks ?us ( ! ag5t--,x is our doorkeep]1 our balm1 our honey1 oil1 ur9e1 maydew1 "m1 egg1 secret furnace1 ov51 true fire1 v5om\s dragon1 ,!riac1 ard5t w9e1 ,gre5 ,lion1 ,bird ( ,h]mes1 ,goose ( ,h]mog5es1 two-edg$ sword 9 ! h& ( ! ,*]ub t gu>ds ! ,tree ( ,life4444 ,x is our true secret vessel1 & ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,sages 9 :i* our sun rises & sets4 ,x is our ,royal ,m9]al1 our triumphant vegetable ,saturnia1 & ! magic rod ( ,h]mes1 by means ( :i* he assumes any %ape he likes4 ,sometimes we are told t ! ag5t is m]cury1 sometimes t x is gold1 b n common m]cury or common gold4 ,supplem5t y\r common m]cury ) ! inw>d fire :i* x ne$s1 & y w soon get rid ( all sup]flu\s dross4 ,! ag5t is gold1 z highly matur$ z natural & artificial dige/ion c make x1 & a ?\s& times m p]fect ?an ! common metal ( t "n4 ,gold1 ?us exalt$1 radically p5etrates1 t+es1 & fixes metals4 ,! al*emi/s g5]ally lik5$ ! "w to be p]=m$ by _! ag5t to ! kill+ ( a liv+ ?+4 ,!y con/antly use ! allegory ( dea?1 foll[$ by resurrection1 9 describ+ ! /eps :]eby ! ,ess5ce 0 to be obta9$1 & ! processes :]eby ! bas] metals 7 to be p>tially purifi$4 ,!y speak ( ! mortification ( metals1 ! dissolution & putrefaction ( sub/ances1 z prelim9>ies to ! appe>ance ( ! true life ( ! ?+s ^: outw>d prop]ties h be5 de/roy$4 ,= in/ance1 ,p>acelsus says3 ,de/ruction p]fects t :i* is good2 = ! good _c appe> on acc\nt ( t :i* conceals x4 ,! same al*emi/ speaks ( ru/+ z ! mortification ( metals2 he says3 ,! mortification ( metals is ! removal ( _! bodily /ructure4444 ,! mortification ( woods is _! be+ turn$ into *>coal or a%es4 ,p>acelsus di/+ui%es natural f artificial mortification1 ,:atev] nature consumes1 he says1 man _c re/ore4 ,b :atev] man de/roys man c re/ore1 & break aga9 :5 re/or$4 ,?+s :i* _h be5 mortifi$ by man's device 7 consid]$ by ,p>acelsus n to be really dead4 ,he gives ?is extraord9>y illu/ration ( 8 mean+3 ,y see ?is is ! case ) lions1 :i* are all born dead1 & are fir/ vitalis$ by ! horrible noise ( _! p>5ts1 j z a sleep+ p]son is awak5$ by a %\t4 ,! mortification ( metals is repres5t$ 9 al*emical books by v>i\s images & allegories4 ,fig4 ,i4 is r$uc$ f a cut 9 a #af? c5tury "w1 ,! ,book ( ,lambspr+1 a noble anci5t ,philosoph]1 conc]n+ ! ,philosophical ,/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h ! fa!r dev\rs ! son2 ,! s\l & _s fl[ =? f ! body4 ,,fig4 ,i4 ,! image us$ to set =? ! mortification ( metals is a k+ swall[+ 8 son4 ,figs4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 are r$uc$ f ,basil ,val5t9e's ,twelve ,keys4 ,bo? ( ^! figures repres5t ! process ( mortification by images connect$ ) dea? & burial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 ,9 8 explanation 787 ( ^! figures1 ,basil ,val5t9e says3-- ,nei!r human nor animal bodies c be multipli$ or propagat$ )\t decomposition2 ! gra9 & all vegetable se$1 :5 ca/ into ! gr\nd1 mu/ decay be=e x c spr+ up aga92 moreov]1 putrefaction imp>ts life to _m worms & o!r animalcul4444 ,if bread is plac$ 9 honey1 & suff]$ to decay1 ants are g5]at$ 444 maggots are also develop$ by ! decay ( nuts1 apples1 & pe>s4 ,! same ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to vegetable life4 ,nettles & o!r we$s spr+ up :]e no su* se$ has ev] be5 s[n4 ,?is occurs only by putrefaction4 ,! reason is t ! soil 9 su* places is s dispos$1 &1 z x 71 impregnat$1 t x produces ^! fruits2 :i* is a result ( ! prop]ties ( sid]eal influ5ces2 consequ5tly ! se$ is spiritually produc$ 9 ! e>?1 & putrefies 9 ! e>?1 & by ! op]ation ( ! elem5ts g5]ates corporeal matt] accord+ to ! species ( nature4 ,?us ! />s & ! elem5ts may g5]ate new spiritual1 & ultimately1 new vegetable se$1 by means ( putrefaction4444 ,"k t1 9 l mann]1 no metallic se$ c develop1 or multiply1 unless ! said se$1 by itself alone1 & )\t ! introduction ( any =eign sub/ance1 be r$uc$ to a p]fect putrefaction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4 ,! action ( ! m9]al ag5t 9 p]fect+ sub/ances is (t5 lik5$ by ! al*emi/s to ! conjo9+ ( ! male & ! female1 foll[$ by ! production ( (fspr+4 ,!y insi/ on ! ne$ ( a union ( two ?+s1 9 ord] to produce some?+ m p]fect ?an ei!r4 ,! ag5t1 !y say1 mu/ "w ^u some?+2 alone x is no?+4 ,! me?ods :]eby ! ag5t is itself p]fect$1 & ! processes :]e9 ! ag5t effects ! p]fect+ ( ! less p]fect ?+s1 7 divid$ into /ages by ! al*emi/s4 ,!y g5]ally spoke ( ^! /ages z ,gates1 & enum]at$ t5 or sometimes twelve ( !m4 ,z examples ( ! al*emical description ( ^! gates1 ,i give "s extracts f ,a ,brief ,guide to ! ,cele/ial ,ruby4 ,! fir/ gate is ,calc9ation1 :i* is ! dry+ up ( ! hum\rs2 by ?is process ! sub/ance is concoct$ into a black p[d] :i* is yet unctu\s1 & reta9s its radical hum\r4 ,:5 gold passes ?r\gh ?is gate1 ,we obs]ve 9 x two natures1 ! fix$ & ! volatile1 :i* we lik5 to two s]p5ts4 ,! fix$ nature is lik5$ to a s]p5t )\t w+s2 ! volatile1 to a s]p5t ) w+s3 calc9ation unites ^! two into "o4 ,! second gate1 ,dissolution1 is lik5$ to dea? & burial2 b ! true ,ess5ce w appe> glori\s & beautiful :5 ?is gate is pass$4 ,! work] is told n to be disc\rag$ by ?is app>5t dea?4 ,! m]cury ( ! sages is spok5 ( by ?is au?or z ! que51 & gold z ! k+4 ,! k+ dies = love ( ! que51 b he is reviv$ by 8 sp\se1 :o is made fruitful by him & br+s =? a mo/ royal son4 ,figs4 ,,iv4 & ,v4 are r$uc$ f ,! ,book ( ,lambspr+2 !y express ! ne$ ( ! conjunction ( two to produce "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h y behold a great m>vel-- ,two ,lions are jo9$ into "o4 ,! _s & s\l mu/ be unit$ 9 _! body4 ,,fig4 ,,iv4 ,aft] dissolution came ,conjunction1 :]e9 ! sep>at$ elem5ts 7 comb9$4 ,!n foll[$ ,putrefaction1 necess>y = ! g]m9ation ( ! se$ :i* _h be5 produc$ by calc9ation1 dissolution1 & conjunction4 ,putrefaction 0 foll[$ by ,congelation & ,citation4 ,! passage ?r\gh ! next gate1 call$ ,sublimation1 caus$ ! body to become spiritual1 & ! spiritual to be made corporal4 ,f]m5tation foll[$1 :]eby ! sub/ance became s(t & fl[$ l wax4 ,f9ally1 by ,exaltation1 ! ,/one 0 p]fect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h are two birds1 great & /rong--! body & _s2 "o dev\rs ! o!r4 ,let ! body be plac$ 9 horse-dung1 or a w>m ba?1 ! _s hav+ be5 extract$ f x4 ,! body has become :ite by ! process1 ! _s r$ by our art4 ,all t exi/s t5ds t[>ds p]fection1 & ?us is ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one prep>$4 ,,fig4 ,v4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,op5 ,entrance speaks ( ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! p]fect+ ( ! ag5t z regim5s4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! heat+ ( gold ) m]cury is lik5$ to ! k+ /ripp+ (f 8 gold5 g>m5ts & desc5d+ into ! f\nta92 ?is is ! regim5 ( ,m]cury4 ,z ! heat+ is cont9u$1 all becomes black2 ?is is ! regim5 ( ,saturn4 ,!n is notic$ a play ( _m col\rs2 ?is is ! regim5 ( ,jupit]3 if ! heat is n regulat$ prop]ly1 ! "y ones ( ! cr[ w g back to ! ne/4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? mon? y w see ! sign ( ! wax+ moon1 & all becomes :ite2 ?is is ! regim5 ( ! ,moon4 ,! :ite col\r gives place to purple & gre52 y are n[ 9 ! regim5 ( ,v5us4 ,aft] t1 appe> all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 or ( a peacock's tail2 ?is is ! regim5 ( ,m>s4 ,f9ally ! col\r becomes orange & gold52 ?is is ! regim5 ( ! ,sun4 ,! read] may wi% to h "s description ( ! ,ess5ce4 ,! al*emi/s c\ld describe x only 9 contr>ies4 ,x _h a bodily =m1 b its me?od ( work+ 0 spiritual4 ,9 ,! ,sodic ,hydroli?1 or ,wat] ,/one ( ! ,wise we are told3-- ,! /one is conceiv$ bel[ ! e>?1 born 9 ! e>?1 quick5$ 9 heav51 dies 9 "t1 & obta9s et]nal glory4444 ,x is blui%-grey & gre54444 ,x fl[s l wat]1 yet x makes no wet2 x is ( great weight1 & is small4 ,philale!s says1 9 ,a ,brief ,guide to ! ,cele/ial ,ruby3 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,/one is a c]ta9 heav5ly1 spiritual1 p5etrative1 & fix$ sub/ance1 :i* br+s all metals to ! p]fection ( gold or silv] 7accord+ to ! quality ( ! ,m$ic9e71 & t by natural me?ods1 :i* yet 9 _! effects transc5d ,nature4444 ,"k !n t x is call$ a /one1 n because x is l a /one1 b only because1 by virtue ( its fix$ nature1 x resi/s ! action ( fire z successfully z any /one4 ,9 species x is gold1 m pure ?an ! pure/2 x is fix$ & incombu/ible l a /one1 b its appe>ance is t ( v f9e p[d]1 impalpable to ! t\*1 sweet to ! ta/e1 fragrant to ! smell1 9 pot5cy a mo/ p5etrative _s1 app>5tly dry & yet unctu\s1 & easily capable ( t++ a plate ( metal4444 ,if we say t its nature is spiritual1 x w\ld be no m ?an ! tru?2 if we describ$ x z corporeal1 ! expression w\ld be equally correct4 ,! same au?or says3 ,!re is a sub/ance ( a metall9e species :i* looks s cl\dy t ! univ]se w h no?+ to d ) x4 ,its visible =m is vile2 x defiles metall9e bodies1 & no "o c readily imag9e t ! pe>ly dr9k ( bright ,phoebus %\ld spr+ f !nce4 ,its compon5ts are a mo/ pure & t5d] m]cury1 a dry inc>c]ate sulphur1 :i* b9ds x & re/ra9s fluxation4444 ,"k ?is subject1 x is ! sure basis ( all our secrets4444 ,to deal pla9ly1 x is ! *ild ( ,saturn1 ( mean price & great v5om4444 ,x is n malleable1 ?\gh metall9e4 ,its col\r is sable1 ) int]mix$ arg5t :i* m>k ! sable fields ) ve9s ( glitt]+ arg5t4 ,9 try+ to atta* def9ite mean+s to ! al*emical acc\nts ( ,pr9ciples1 ,elem5ts1 & ! ,"o ,?+1 & ! directions :i* ! al*emi/s give = *ang+ "o sub/ance into o!rs1 we are v apt to be misl$ by ! use ( su* an expression z ! transmutation ( ! elem5ts4 ,to a *emi/ t phrase means ! *ange ( an elem5t into ano!r elem5t1 an elem5t be+ a def9ite sub/ance1 :i* no "o has be5 able to produce by ! comb9ation ( two or m sub/ances unlike itself1 or to sep>ate into two or m sub/ances unlike itself4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! al*emical mean+ ( ! ^w elem5t1 x 0 c]ta9ly n t giv5 to ! same ^w to-day4 ,nor did ! ^w transmutation mean to ! al*emi/ :at x means to ! *emi/4 ,! facts :i* are kn[n at pres5t conc]n+ ! elem5ts make un?9kable su* a *ange z t ( lead into silv]2 b new facts may be discov]$ :i* w make possible ! sep>ation ( lead into ?+s unlike itself1 & ! production ( silv] by ! comb9ation ( "s ( ^! con/itu5ts ( lead4 ,! al*emi/ suppos$ he knew su* facts z enabl$ him n only to =m a m5tal picture ( ! *ange ( lead into silv]1 or t9 into gold1 b also to ass]t t su* *anges mu/ necess>ily happ51 & to accompli% !m4 ,al?\gh we are q sure t ! al*emi/'s facts 7 only imag9+s1 we ought n to blame him = 8 reason+ on :at he took to be facts4 ,e metal is n[ said to be an elem5t1 9 ! mod]n mean+ ( t ^w3 ! al*emi/ reg>d$ ! metals z composite sub/ances2 b he also ?\ght ( !m z m simple ?an _m o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce1 if he 0 able to transmute "o metal into ano!r1 he w\ld h /rong evid5ce 9 support ( 8 g5]al conception ( ! unity ( all ?+s4 ,&1 z transmutation meant1 to ! al*emi/1 ! br++ ( a sub/ance to ! condition ( greate/ p]fection possible = t sub/ance1 8 view ( ! unity ( nature might be said to be prov$ if he succe$$ 9 *ang+ "o ( ! metals1 "o ( ^! comp>atively simple sub/ances1 into ! mo/ p]fect ( all metals1 t is1 into gold4 ,! transmutation ( ! bas] metals into gold ?us came to be ! practical te/ ( ! ju/ness ( ! al*emical s*eme ( ?+s4 ,"s al*emi/s ass]t !y _h !mselves p]=m$ ! great transmutation2 o!rs tell ( p :o _h accompli%$ ! "w4 ,! foll[+ /ory is an example ( ! acc\nts giv5 ( ! mak+ ( gold4 ,x is tak5 f ,john ,fr$]ick ,helvetius' ,gold5 ,calf1 :i* ! _w wor%ips & adores 7#ag? c5tury73-- ,on ! #bg? ,decemb] #afff1 9 ! =5oon1 !re came to my h\se a c]ta9 man1 :o 0 a complete /rang] to me1 b ( an hone/ grave c\nt5ance1 & an au?oritative mi51 clo!d 9 a simple g>b4444 ,he 0 ( middle height1 8 face 0 long & slightly pock-m>k$1 8 hair 0 black & /raight1 8 *9 close-%av51 8 age ab\t =ty-?ree or =ty-f\r1 & 8 native prov9ce1 z f> z ,i c\ld make out1 ,nor? ,holl&4 ,aft] we _h ex*ang$ salutations1 he ask$ me :e!r he might h "s conv]sation ) me4 ,he wi%$ to say some?+ to me ab\t ! ,pyrote*nic ,art1 z he _h read "o ( my tracts 7direct$ aga9/ ! ,sympa!tic ,p[d] ( ,dr ,digby71 9 :i* ,i h9t$ a suspicion :e!r ! ,gr& ,arcanum ( ! ,sages 0 n aft] all a gigantic hoax4 ,he1 !re=e1 took t opportunity ( ask+ me :e!r ,i c\ld n believe t su* a gr& my/]y might exi/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 by means ( :i* a physician c\ld re/ore any pati5t ^: vitals 7 n irrep>ably de/roy$4 ,i answ]$1 ',su* a m$ic9e w\ld be a mo/ desirable acquisition = any physician2 nor c any man tell h[ _m secrets !re may be hidd5 9 ,nature2 yet1 ?\gh ,i h read mu* ab\t ! tru? ( ?is art1 x has nev] be5 my good =tune to meet ) a real ma/] ( ! al*emical sci5ce4' 444 ,aft] "s fur!r conv]sation1 ! ,arti/ ,elias 7= x 0 he7 ?us address$ me3 ',s9ce y h read s mu* 9 ! works ( ! al*emi/s ab\t ?is /one1 its sub/ance1 its col\r & its wond]ful effects1 may ,i be all[$ ! "q1 :e!r y h n prep>$ x y\rself8' ,on my answ]+ 8 "q 9 ! negative1 he took out ( 8 bag a cunn+ly-work$ ivory box1 9 :i* 7 ?ree l>ge pieces ( sub/ance resembl+ glass1 or pale sulphur1 & in=m$ me t "h 0 en\gh ( ! t9cture = ! production ( tw5ty tons ( gold4 ,:5 ,i _h held ! preci\s treasure 9 my h& = a qu>t] ( an h\r 7dur+ :i* "t ,i li/5$ to a recital ( its wond]ful curative prop]ties71 ,i 0 compell$ to re/ore x to its own]1 :i* ,i c\ld n help do+ ) a c]ta9 degree ( reluctance4444 ,my reque/ t he w\ld give me a piece ( 8 /one 7?\gh x 7 no l>g] ?an a cori&] se$71 he some:at brusquely refus$1 add+1 9 a mild] tone1 t he c\ld n give x me = all ! weal? ,i possess$1 & t n on acc\nt ( its great preci\sness1 b = "s o!r reason :i* x 0 n lawful = him to divulge4444 ,!n he inquir$ :e!r ,i c\ld n %[ him into a room at ! back ( ! h\se1 :]e we %\ld be less liable to ! obs]vation ( pass]s-by4 ,on my conduct+ him into ! /ate p>l\r 7:i* he ent]$ )\t wip+ 8 dirty boots71 he dem&$ ( me a gold co91 & :ile ,i 0 look+ = x1 he produc$ f 8 brea/ pocket a gre5 silk h&k]*ief1 9 :i* 7 fold$ up five m$als1 ! gold ( :i* 0 inf9itely sup]ior to t ( my gold piece4 ,"h foll[s ! inscriptions on ! m$als4 ,i 0 fill$ ) admiration1 & ask$ my visitor :5ce he _h obta9$ t wond]ful k ( ! :ole _w4 ,he repli$ t x 0 a gift freely be/[$ on him by a fri5d :o _h /ay$ a few days at 8 h\se4 ,"h foll[s ! /rang]'s acc\nt ( ?is fri5d's exp]im5ts4 ,:5 my /range visitor _h conclud$ 8 n>rative1 ,i bes\ght him to give me a pro( ( 8 ass]tion1 by p]=m+ ! transmutatory op]ation on "s metals 9 my pres5ce4 ,he answ]$ evasively1 t he c\ld n d s !n1 b t he w\ld return 9 ?ree weeks1 & t1 if he 0 !n at lib]ty to d s1 he w\ld %[ me some?+ t w\ld make me op5 my eyes4 ,he appe>$ punctually to ! promis$ day1 & invit$ me to take a walk ) him1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* we disc\rs$ pr(\ndly on ! secrets ( ,nature 9 fire1 ?\gh ,i notic$ t my companion 0 v *>y 9 imp>t+ in=mation ab\t ! ,gr& ,arcanum4444 ,at la/ ,i ask$ him po9t blank to %[ me ! transmutation ( metals4 ,i bes\ght him to come & d9e ) me1 & to sp5d ! night at my h\se2 ,i entreat$2 ,i expo/ulat$2 b 9 va94 ,he rema9$ firm4 ,i rem9d$ him ( 8 promise4 ,he retort$ t 8 promise _h be5 conditional ^u 8 be+ p]mitt$ to reveal ! secret to me4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ,i prevail$ ^u him to give me a piece ( 8 preci\s /one--a piece no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( rape se$4444 ,he bid me take half an ounce ( lead 444 & melt x 9 ! crucible2 = ! ,m$ic9e w\ld c]ta9ly n t+e m ( ! base metal ?an x 0 suffici5t =4444 ,he promis$ to return at n9e o'clock ! next morn+4444 ,b at ! /at$ h\r on ! foll[+ day he did n make 8 appe>ance2 9 8 /ead1 h[ev]1 !re came1 a few h\rs lat]1 a /rang]1 :o told me t 8 fri5d ! arti/ 0 unavoidably deta9$1 b t he w\ld call at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! aft]noon came2 ,i wait$ = him till half-pa/ sev5 o'clock4 ,he did n appe>4 ,!reupon my wife came & tempt$ me to try ! transmutation myself4 ,i det]m9$ h[ev] to wait till ! morr[4 ,on ! morr[ 444 ,i ask$ my wife to put ! t9cture 9 wax1 & ,i myself 444 prep>$ six dra*ms ( lead2 ,i !n ca/ ! t9cture1 envelop$ z x 0 9 wax1 on ! lead2 z soon z x 0 melt$1 !re 0 a hiss+ s\nd & a slight eff]vesc5ce1 & aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r ,i f\nd t ! :ole mass ( lead _h be5 turn$ into ! f9e/ gold4444 ,we imm$iately took x to ! goldsmi?1 :o at once decl>$ x ! f9e/ gold he _h ev] se51 & (f]$ to pay fifty flor9s an ounce = x4 ,he !n describes v>i\s te/s :i* 7 made to prove ! purity ( ! gold4 ,?us ,i h unfold$ to y ! :ole /ory f beg9n+ to end4 ,! gold ,i /ill reta9 9 my possession1 b ,i _c tell y :at has become ( ! ,arti/ ,elias4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,al*emy ,,z ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,art4 ,a mod]n writ]1 ,mr ,a4,e4 ,waite1 9 8 ,lives ( ! ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s1 says3 ,! physical !ory ( transmutation is bas$ on ! composite "* ( ! metals1 on _! g5]ation 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & on ! exi/5ce 9 nature ( a pure & p5etrat+ matt] :i* appli$ to any sub/ance exalts & p]fects x aft] its own k9d4 ,x mu/ he admitt$ t ! al*emi/s c\ld cite _m in/ances ( transmutations :i* seem$ to lead to ! conclusion1 t !re is no diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 ! metals & o!r sub/ances su* z wat]1 acids1 oils1 res9s1 & wood4 ,we are able to-day to effect a va/ numb] ( trans=mations :]e9 "o sub/ance is ex*ang$ = ano!r1 or made to take ! place ( ano!r4 ,we c give fairly satisfactory descriptions ( ^! *anges2 &1 by comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r1 we are able to express _! ess5tial features 9 g5]al t]ms :i* c be appli$ to ea* p>ticul> in/ance4 ,! al*emi/s _h no se>*+ k ( :at may be call$ ! me*anism ( su* *anges2 !y gave an explanation ( !m :i* we mu/ call incorrect1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,b1 z ,hoef] says 9 8 ,hi/oire de la ,*imie1 to je] at ! al*emical !ory is to commit at once an ana*ronism & an inju/ice4444 ,unless ! _w %\ld f9i% to-morr[1 no "o c h ! pret5sion to suppose t our contempor>ies h said ! la/ ^w ( sci5ce1 & no?+ w rema9 = our desc5dants to discov]1 no errors = !m to correct1 no !ories = !m to set /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,vi4 ,see p4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,vii4 ,see p4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,viii4 ,see p4 #ia4 ,:at k9d ( exp]im5tal evid5ce c\ld an al*emi/ furni% 9 support ( 8 !ory ( transmutation8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 ,i _c d bett] ?an give a cond5s$ r5d]+ ( c]ta9 pages 9 ,hoef]'s ,hi/oire de la ,*imie4 ,! read] is suppos$ to be pres5t at exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! laboratory ( a ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,art 9 ! #e? or #f? c5tury4 ,exp]im5t4--,ord9>y wat] is boil$ 9 an op5 vessel2 ! wat] is *ang$ to a vap\r :i* disappe>s1 & a :ite p[d]y e>? rema9s 9 ! vessel4 ,conclusion4--,wat] is *ang$ into air & e>?4 ,did we n "k t ord9>y wat] holds c]ta9 sub/ances 9 solution1 & t boil+ wat] acts on ! vessel :]e9 x is boil$1 we %\ld h no objection to urge aga9/ ?is conclusion4 ,x only rema9$ to transmute fire t ! transmutation ( ! f\r elem5ts might be complet$4 ,exp]im5t4--,a piece ( r$-hot iron is plac$ 9 a bell-j>1 fill$ ) wat]1 held ov] a bas9 conta9+ wat]2 ! volume ( ! wat] decreases1 & ! air 9 ! bell-j> takes fire :5 a light$ tap] is br\ght into x4 ,conclusion4--,wat] is *ang$ into fire4 ,t int]pretation 0 p]fectly reasonable at a "t :5 ! fact 0 unkn[n t wat] is compos$ ( two gase\s sub/ances2 t "o ( ^! 7oxyg57 is absorb$ by ! iron1 & ! o!r 7hydrog57 collects 9 ! bell-j>1 & ignites :5 br\ght into contact ) a flame4 ,exp]im5t4--,lead1 or any o!r metal except gold or silv]1 is calc9$ 9 ! air2 ! metal loses its *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & is *ang$ into a p[d]y sub/ance1 a k9d ( c9d] or calx4 ,:5 ?is c9d]1 :i* 0 said to be ! result ( ! dea? ( ! metal1 is heat$ 9 a crucible ) "s gra9s ( :eat1 "o sees ! metal revive1 & resume its orig9al =m & prop]ties4 ,conclusion4--,! metal :i* _h be5 de/roy$ is revivifi$ by ! gra9s ( :eat & ! action ( fire4 ,is ?is n to p]=m ! miracle ( ! resurrection8 ,no objection c he rais$ to ?is int]pretation1 z long z we are ignorant ( ! ph5om5a ( oxidation1 & ! r$uction ( oxides by means ( c>bon1 or organic sub/ances ri* 9 c>bon1 su* z sug>1 fl\r1 se$s1 etc4 ,gra9s ( :eat 7 ! symbol ( life1 &1 by ext5sion1 ( ! resurrection & et]nal life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,ix4 ,see p4 #ia4 ,exp]im5t4--,ord9>y lead is calc9$ 9 a cupel made ( c9d]s or p[d]$ bones2 ! lead is *ang$ to a c9d] :i* disappe>s into ! cupel1 & a button ( silv] rema9s4 ,conclusion4--,! lead has vani%$2 :at m natural ?an ! conclusion t x has be5 trans=m$ into silv]8 ,x 0 n kn[n !n t all specim5s ( lead conta9 m or less silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,x4 ,see p4 #ib4 ,exp]im5t4-,! vap\r ( ars5ic blea*es copp]4 ,?is fact gave rise to _m allegories & enigmas conc]n+ ! means ( trans=m+ copp] into silv]4 ,sulphur1 :i* acts on metals & *anges _m ( !m into black sub/ances1 0 look$ on z a v my/]i\s ?+4 ,x 0 ) sulphur t ! coagulation 7solidification7 ( m]cury 0 effect$4 ,exp]im5t4--,m]cury is all[$ to fall1 9 a f9e ra91 on to melt$ sulphur2 a black sub/ance is produc$2 ?is black sub/ance is heat$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 x is volatilis$ & trans=m$ into a beautiful r$ solid4 ,"o c\ld sc>cely suppose t ! black & ! r$ sub/ances are id5tical1 if "o did n "k t !y are compos$ ( ! same quantities ( ! same elem5ts1 sulphur & m]cury4 ,h[ greatly mu/ ?is ph5om5on h affect$ ! imag9ation ( ! *emi/s ( anci5t times1 always s ready to be affect$ by ev]y?+ t seem$ sup]natural6 ,black & r$ 7 ! symbols ( d>kness & light1 ( ! evil & ! good pr9ciple2 & ! union ( ^! two pr9ciples repres5t$ ! moral ord]4 ,at a lat] "t ! idea help$ to e/abli% ! al*emical doctr9e t sulphur & m]cury are ! ,pr9ciples ( all ?+s4 ,exp]im5t4--,v>i\s organic sub/ances are analys$ by heat+ 9 a di/illation-app>atus2 ! products are1 9 ea* case1 a solid residue1 liquids :i* di/il (f1 & c]ta9 spirits :i* are dis5gag$4 ,! results support$ ! anci5t !ory :i* ass]t$ t e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire are ! f\r ,elem5ts ( ! _w4 ,! solid residue repres5t$ e>?2 ! liquid products ( ! di/illation1 wat]2 & ! spiritu\s sub/ances1 air4 ,fire 0 reg>d$ sometimes z ! means ( purification1 sometimes z ! s\l1 or invisible "p1 ( all sub/ances4 ,exp]im5t4-,a /rong acid is p\r$ on to copp]4 ,! metal is attack$1 & at la/ disappe>s1 giv+ place to a gre5 liquid1 z transp>5t z wat]4 ,a ?9 %eet ( iron is plung$ into ! liquid2 ! copp] re-appe>s1 & ! iron vani%es4 ,:at m simple ?an to conclude t ! iron has be5 trans=m$ into copp]8 ,_h lead1 silv]1 or gold be5 us$ 9 place ( copp]1 "o w\ld h said t ! iron 0 trans=m$ into lead1 silv]1 or gold4 ,9 _! se>* = ! pure & p5etrat+ matt] :i* appli$ to any sub/ance exalts & p]fects x aft] its own k9d1 ! al*emi/s necess>ily made _m inv5tions1 laid ! f\ndation ( _m arts & manufactures1 & discov]$ _m facts ( importance 9 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,! practition]s ( ! ,sacr$ ,art ( ,egypt mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) _m op]ations :i* we n[ class z belong+ to appli$ *emi/ry2 witness1 _! jewell]y1 pott]y1 dyes & pigm5ts1 blea*+1 glass-mak+1 work+ 9 metals & alloys1 & _! use ( spices1 ess5tial oils1 & soda 9 embalm+1 & = o!r purposes4 ,dur+ ! c5turies :5 al*emy fl\ri%$1 gunp[d] 0 inv5t$1 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 e/abli%$1 ! compass 0 br\ght into use1 ! art ( pa9t+ & /a9+ glass 0 begun & c>ri$ to p]fection1 pap] 0 made f rags1 practical metallurgy advanc$ by leaps & b\nds1 _m new alloys ( metals came into use1 glass mirrors 7 manufactur$1 & consid]able advances 7 made 9 practical m$ic9e & sanitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,xi4 ,see p4 #ib4 ,basil ,val5t9e1 :o 0 "o ( ! greate/ al*emi/s ( ! #af? c5tury1 discov]$ _m ( ! prop]ties ( ! metal antimony1 & prep>$ & exam9$ _m comp\nds ( t metal2 he made gre5 vitriol f pyrites1 br&y f f]m5t$ grape-juice1 fulm9at+ gold1 sulphide ( pota%1 & spirits ( salt2 he made & us$ ba?s ( artificial m9]al wat]s1 & he prep>$ v>i\s metals by :at are n[ call$ wet me?ods1 = in/ance1 copp]1 by imm]s+ plates ( iron 9 solutions ( blue/one4 ,he exam9$ ! air ( m9es1 & sugge/$ practical me?ods = det]m9+ :e!r ! air 9 a m9e 0 respirable4 ,hoef] draws att5tion to a rem>kable obs]vation record$ by ?is al*emi/4 ,speak+ ( ! _s ( m]cury1 ,basil ,val5t9e says x is ! orig9 ( all ! metals2 t _s is no?+ else ?an an air fly+ "h & !re )\t w+s2 x is a mov+ w9d1 :i*1 aft] x has be5 *as$ f its home ( ,vulcan 7t is1 fire71 returns to ! *aos2 !n x exp&s & passes into ! region ( ! air f :5ce x _h come4 ,z ,hoef] rem>ks1 ?is is p]haps "o ( ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( ! gas discov]$ by ,prie/ley & /udi$ by ,lavoisi]1 ! gas we n[ call oxyg51 & recognise z ( p>am\nt importance 9 *emical reactions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,xii4 ,see p4 #ib4 ,besides discov]+ & record+ _m facts :i* h become "p & p>cel ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 ! al*emi/s inv5t$ & us$ v>i\s pieces ( app>atus1 & conduct$ _m op]ations1 :i* are /ill employ$ 9 *emical laboratories4 ,i %all reproduce illu/rations ( "s ( ^! processes & pieces ( app>atus1 & quote a few ( ! directions1 giv5 9 a book1 publi%$ 9 #affd1 call$ ,! ,art ( ,di/illation1 by ,john ,fr5*1 ,dr4 9 ,physick4 ,! me?od recomm5d$ by ,fr5* = h]metically seal+ ! neck ( a glass vessel is %[n 9 ,fig4 ,,vi4 p4 #hj4 ,! neck ( ! vessel is surr\nd$ by a tray conta9+ burn+ coals2 :5 ! glass melts x is cut (f by %e>s1 & !n clos$ by tongs1 :i* are made hot be=e use4 ,fig4 ,,vii4 p4 #ha1 repres5ts a me?od = cov]+ an op5 vessel1 air-tight1 ) a receptacle into :i* a sub/ance may be sublim$ f ! l[] vessel4 ,! lett]+ expla9s ! me?od ( us+ ! app>atus4 ,fr5* gives v practical directions & mu* s\nd advice = conduct+ di/illations ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! foll[+ are specim5s ( 8 directions & advice3-- ,:5 y put wat] into a see?+ ,balneum :]e9 !re are glasses let x be hot1 or else ?\ wilt endang] ! break+ ( ! glasses4 ,:5 ?\ take/ any e>!n1 or glass vessel f ! fire1 expose x n to ! cold aire too sudd5ly = fe> x %\ld break4 ,9 all y\r op]ations dilig5tly obs]ve ! processes :i* y read1 & v>y n a little f !m1 = sometimes a small mi/ake or neglect spoils ! :ole op]ation1 & fru/rates y\r expectations4 ,try n at fir/ exp]im5ts ( great co/1 or great difficulty2 = x w be a great disc\ragem5t to !e1 & ?\ wilt be v apt to mi/ake4 ,if any "o w\ld ent] ^u ! practices ( ,*ymi/ry1 let him apply himself to "s exp]t arti/ = to be in/ruct$ 9 ! manual op]ation ( ?+s2 = by ?is means he w le>n m 9 two mon?s1 ?an he c by 8 practice & /udy 9 sev5 ye>s1 z also avoid mu* pa9s & co/1 & r$eem mu* "t :i* else ( necessity he w lose4 ,fig4 ,,viii4 p4 #hb1 repres5ts a common cold /ill1 & ,fig4 ,,ix4 p4 #hd1 is a sket* ( an app>atus = di/ill+ by ! aid ( boil+ wat]4 ,! ba? :]e9 ! vessels are plac$ 9 ,fig4 ,,ix4 0 call$ by ! al*emi/s balneum ,m>iae1 f ,m>y ! ,jewess1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! old] al*emical writ+s1 & is suppos$ to h inv5t$ an app>atus ( ?is "*4 ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n ( ,m>y ! ,jewess4 ,a writ] ( ! #g? c5tury says %e 0 initiat$ 9 ! sacr$ art 9 ! temple ( ,memphis2 a leg5d prevail$ among "s ( ! al*emi/s t %e 0 ! si/] ( ,moses4 ,fig4 ,x4 p4 #he1 repres5ts me?ods ( di/ill+ ) an app>atus = cool+ ! volatile products2 ! l[] vessel is an alembic1 ) a long neck1 ! upp] "p ( :i* passes ?r\gh a vessel conta9+ cold wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig ,,xiii4 ,see p4 #id4 ,fig4 ,,xi4 p4 #hh1 %[s a pelican1 t is a vessel :]e9 a liquid might be heat$ = a long "t1 & ! volatile products be con/antly return$ to ! orig9al vessel4 ,fig4 ,,xii4 p4 #hi1 repres5ts a retort ) a receiv]4 ,"s ( ! pieces ( app>atus = di/ill+1 :i* are describ$ by ,fr5*1 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ figures4 ,besides describ+ app>atus = di/ill+1 sublim+1 & o!r processes 9 ! laboratory1 ,fr5* gives directions = mak+ t9ctures1 ess5ces1 ess5tial oils1 spirits ( salt1 & pure saltpetre1 oil ( vitriol1 butt] ( antimony1 calces 7or z we n[ say1 oxides7 ( metals1 & _m o!r sub/ances4 ,he describes processes = mak+ fre% wat] f salt1 artificial m9]al wat]1 m$icat$ hot ba?s = invalids 7"o ( ! figures repres5ts an app>atus v l ^? adv]tis$ to-day z ,turki% ba?s at home71 & artificial preci\s /ones2 he tells h[ to te/ m9]als1 & make alloys1 & describes ! prep>ation ( _m sub/ances made f gold & silv]4 ,he also gives _m curi\s receipts2 = in/ance1 ,to make ,firre-trees appe> 9 ,turp5t9e1 ,to make a ,plant gr[ 9 two or ?ree h\rs1 ,to make ! repres5tation ( ! :ole _w 9 a ,glass1 ,to extract a :ite ,milkie sub/ance f ! raies ( ! ,moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,xiv4 ,see p4 #id4 ,! process ( mak+ oil ( vitriol1 by burn+ sulphur "u a hood fitt$ ) a side tube = ! outfl[ ( ! oil ( vitriol1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 ,,xiii4 p4 #ib4 ,fig4 ,,xiv4 p4 #ic1 is int]e/+2 x is an app>atus = rectify+ spirits1 by di/ill+1 & liquefy+ only ! mo/ volatile portions ( ! di/illate4 ,! spiritu\s liquor 0 heat$1 & ! vap\rs caus$ to trav]se a long zigzag tube1 :]e9 ! less volatile portions cond5s$ to liquid1 :i* fl[$ back into ! vessel2 ! vap\r !n pass$ into ano!r vessel1 & !n ?r\gh a second zigzag tube1 & 0 f9ally cool$ by wat]1 & ! cond5s$ liquid collect$4 ,?is app>atus 0 ! =]unn] ( t us$ to-day1 = effect+ ! sep>ation ( liquids :i* boil at diff]5t temp]atures1 by ! process call$ fractional di/illation4 ,we %\ld nev] =get t ! al*emi/s 7 pati5t & labori\s work]s1 _! !ories 7 vitally connect$ ) _! practice1 & !re 0 a con/ant action & reaction betwe5 _! g5]al s*eme ( ?+s & _m bran*es ( :at we n[ call *emical manufactures4 ,we may laugh at _m ( _! !ories1 & regret t mu* useless mat]ial 0 accumulat$ by !m2 we may agree ) ,boyle 7end ( #ag? c5tury7 :5 he lik5s ! h]metick philosoph]s1 9 _! se>* = tru?1 to ! navigators ( ,solomon's ,t>%i% fleet1 :o br\ght home f _! long & t$i\s voyages1 n only gold1 & silv]1 & ivory1 b apes & peacocks too2 = s ! writ+s ( sev]al ( y\r h]metick philosoph]s pres5t u1 toge!r ) div]s sub/antial & noble exp]im5ts1 !ories1 :i* ei!r l peacocks' fea!rs make a great %[ b are nei!r solid nor useful2 or else l apes1 if !y h "s appe>ance ( be+ rational1 are blemi%$ ) "s absurdity or o!r1 t1 :5 !y are att5tively consid]$ make !m appe> ridicul\s4 ,b h[ev] we may condemn _! me?od1 because x re/$ on _! own conception ( :at ! ord] ( nature mu/ be1 we _c b praise _! assiduity 9 conduct+ exp]im5ts & ga!r+ facts4 ,z ,bacon says1 9 ,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um3 ,al*emy may be comp>$ to ! man :o told 8 sons t he _h left !m gold buri$ some:]e 9 8 v9ey>d2 :]e !y by digg+ f\nd no gold1 b by turn+ up ! m\ld ab\t ! roots ( ! v9es1 procur$ a pl5tiful v9tage4 ,s ! se>* & endeav\rs to make gold h br\ght _m useful inv5tions & in/ructive exp]im5ts to light4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,al*emy ,! vagu5ess ( ! g5]al conceptions ( al*emy1 & ! attribution ( e?ical qualities to mat]ial ?+s by ! al*emi/s1 necess>ily l$ to ! employm5t ( a language :i* is inexact1 undescriptive1 & unsugge/ive to mod]n e>s4 ,! same "n 0 giv5 to diff]5t ?+s1 & ! same ?+ w5t "u _m names4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,i endeav\r$ to analyse two t]ms :i* 7 con/antly us$ by ! al*emi/s to convey ideas ( great importance1 ! t]ms ,elem5t & ,pr9ciple4 ,t attempt suffic$1 at any rate1 to %[ ! vagu5ess ( ! ideas :i* ^! t]ms 7 int5d$ to express1 & to make evid5t ! inconsi/5cies betwe5 ! mean+s giv5 to ! words by diff]5t al*emical writ]s4 ,! /ory quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 f ,mi*ael ,s5divogius1 illu/rates ! difficulty :i* ! al*emi/s !mselves _h 9 und]/&+ :at !y meant by ! t]m ,m]cury2 yet !re is p]haps no ^w m (t5 us$ by !m ?an t4 ,"s ( !m evid5tly took x to mean ! sub/ance !n1 & n[1 call$ m]cury2 ! results ( ?is lit]al int]pretation 7 disa/r\s2 o!rs ?\ght ( m]cury z a sub/ance :i* c\ld be obta9$1 or1 at any rate1 might be obta9$1 by repeat$ly di/ill+ ord9>y m]cury1 bo? alone & :5 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances2 o!rs us$ ! ^w to mean a hypo!tical some?+ :i* 0 liquid b did n wet ?+s1 limpid yet capable ( becom+ solid1 volatile yet able to prev5t ! volatilisation ( o!r ?+s1 & :ite1 yet ready to cause o!r :ite ?+s to *ange _! col\r2 !y ?\ght ( ?is some?+1 ?is s\l ( m]cury1 z hav+ prop]ties )\t itself be+ tangible1 z at once a sub/ance & n a sub/ance1 at once a bodily _s & a spiritual body4 ,x 0 impossible to express ! al*emical ideas 9 any language save t ( f>-fet*$ allegory4 ,! al*emical writ+s ab\nd 9 su* allegories4 ,"h are two ( !m4 ,! fir/ allegory is tak5 f ,! ,twelve ,keys1 ( ,basilius ,val5t9us1 ! ,b5$ict9e3-- ,! elev5? key to ! k ( ! augm5tation ( our ,/one ,i w put be=e y 9 ! =m ( a p>able4 ,!re liv$ 9 ! ,ea/ a gild$ knight1 nam$ ,orpheus1 :o 0 possess$ ( imm5se weal?1 & _h ev]y?+ t he>t c wi%4 ,he _h tak5 to wife 8 own si/]1 ,euridice1 :o did n1 h[ev]1 be> him any *ildr54 ,?is he reg>d$ z ! puni%m5t ( 8 s9 9 hav+ w$d$ 8 own si/]1 & 0 in/ant 9 pray] to ,god bo? by day & by night1 t ! curse might be tak5 f him4 ,"o night :5 he 0 buri$ 9 a deep sleep1 !re came to him a c]ta9 w+$ mess5g]1 nam$ ,phoebus1 :o t\*$ 8 feet1 :i* 7 v hot1 & said3 ',?\ noble knight1 s9ce ?\ ha/ w&]$ ?r\gh _m cities & k+doms & suff]$ _m ?+s at sea1 9 battle1 & 9 ! li/s1 ! heav5ly ,fa!r has bidd5 me make kn[n to !e ! foll[+ means ( obta9+ ?y pray]3 ,take blood f ?y "r side1 & f ! left side ( ?y sp\se4 ,= ?is blood is ! he>t's blood ( y\r p>5ts1 & ?\gh x may seem to be ( two k9ds1 yet1 9 reality1 x is only "o4 ,mix ! two k9ds ( blood1 & keep ! mixture tightly enclos$ 9 ! globe ( ! sev5 wise ,ma/]s4 ,!n t :i* is g5]at$ w be n\ri%$ ) its own fle% & blood1 & w complete its c\rse ( developm5t :5 ! ,moon has *ang$ = ! eigh? "t4 ,if ?\ repeat ?is process aga9 & aga91 ?\ %alt see *ildr5's *ildr51 & ! (fspr+ ( ?y body %all fill ! _w4' ,:5 ,phoebus _h ?us spok51 he w+$ 8 flight heav5w>d4 ,9 ! morn+ ! knight arose & did ! bidd+ ( ! cele/ial mess5g]1 & ,god gave to him & to 8 wife _m *ildr51 :o inh]it$ _! fa!r's glory1 weal?1 & knightly hon\rs f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 ! ,d$icatory ,epi/le to 8 ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony1 ,basil ,val5t9e addresses 8 bro!r al*emi/s z foll[s3-- ,m]cury appe>$ to me 9 a dream1 & br\ght me back f my devi\s c\rses to ! "o way4 ',behold me clad n 9 ! g>b ( ! vulg>1 b 9 ! philosoph]'s mantle4' ,s he said1 & /raightway began to leap along ! road 9 headlong b\nds4 ,!n1 :5 he 0 tir$1 he sat d[n1 &1 turn+ to me1 :o _h foll[$ him 9 ! _s1 bade me m>k t he no long] possess$ t y\?ful vig\r ) :i* he w\ld at ! fir/ h ov]come e ob/acle1 if he _h n be5 all[$ a free c\rse4 ,enc\rag$ by 8 fri5dly salutation1 ,i address$ him 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ',m]cury1 eloqu5t scion ( ,atlas1 & fa!r ( all ,al*emi/s1 s9ce ?\ ha/ guid$ me hi!rto1 %ew me1 ,i pray !e1 ! way to ^? ,bless$ ,isles1 :i* ?\ ha/ promis$ to reveal to all ?9e elect *ildr54 ',do/ ?\ rememb]1' he repli$1 t :5 ,i quitt$ ?y laboratory1 ,i left beh9d me a g>m5t s ?or\ghly saturat$ ) my own blood1 t nei!r ! w9d c\ld efface x1 nor all-dev\r+ "t de/roy its indelible ess5ce8 ,fet* x hi!r to me1 t ,i may n cat* a *ill f ! /ate ( p]spiration 9 :i* ,i n[ am2 b let me clo! myself w>mly 9 x1 & be closely incit$ !reto1 s t ,i may safely rea* my bride1 :o is sick ) love4 ,%e has meekly borne _m wrongs1 be+ driv5 ?r\gh wat] & fire1 & compell$ to asc5d & desc5d times )\t numb]--yet has %e be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh x all by ! hope ( ent]+ ) me ! bridal *amb]1 :]e9 we expect to beget a son adorn$ f 8 bir? ) ! royal cr[n :i* he may n %>e ) o!rs4 ,yet may he br+ 8 fri5ds to ! palace1 :]e sits en?ron$ ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 :o communicates 8 dignity readily & lib]ally to all t approa* him4' ,i br\ght him ! g>m5t1 & x fitt$ him s closely1 t x look$ l an iron sk9 secur+ him aga9/ all ! assaults ( ,vulcan4 ',let u proce$1' he !n said1 & /raightway sp$ across ! op5 field1 :ile ,i boldly /rove to keep up ) my guide4 ,?us we rea*$ 8 bride1 ^: virtue & con/ancy 7 equal to 8 own4 ,!re ,i beheld _! m>vell\s conjugal union & nuptial consummation1 :5ce 0 born ! son cr[n$ ) ! royal diadem4 ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t to salute him z ,k+ ( ,k+s & ,"l ( ,lords1 my ,g5ius /ood by me & w>n$ me n to be deceiv$1 s9ce ?is 0 only ! ,k+'s =]unn]1 b n ! ,k+ himself :om ,i s\ght4 ,:5 ,i he>d ! admonition1 ,i did n "k :e!r to be sad or joyful4 ',dep>t1' !n said ,m]cury1 ') ?is bridal gift1 & :5 y come to ^? disciples :o h se5 ! ,"l himself1 %[ !m ?is sign4' ,& !re) he gave me a gold r+ f 8 son's f+]4 ',!y "k ! gold5 bran* :i* mu/ be consecrat$ to ,pros]p9a be=e y c ent] ! palace ( ,pluto4 ,:5 he sees ?is r+1 p]haps "o w op5 to y ) a ^w ! door ( t *amb]1 :]e sits en?ron$ 9 8 magnific5ce ! ,desire ( all ,nations1 :o is kn[n only to ! ,sages4' ,:5 he _h ?us spok51 ! vision vani%$1 b ! bridal gift :i* ,i /ill held 9 my h& %ew$ me t x _h n be5 a m]e dream4 ,x 0 ( gold1 b to me m preci\s ?an ! mo/ priz$ ( all metals4 ,unto y ,i w %ew x :5 ,i am p]mitt$ to see y\r faces1 & to conv]se ) y freely4 ,till t e>ne/ly wi%$-= "t1 ,i bid y f>ewell4 ,"o result ( ! al*emical modes ( expression 01 t he :o tri$ to foll[ ! directions giv5 9 al*emical books got into dire confusion4 ,he did n "k :at sub/ances to use 9 8 op]ations2 = :5 he 0 told to employ ! homog5e\s wat] ( gold1 = example1 ! expression might mean any?+1 & 9 despair he di/ill$1 & calc9$1 & cohobat$1 & tri$ to decompose ev]y?+ he c\ld lay h&s on4 ,^? :o pret5d$ to "k abus$ & vilifi$ ^? :o diff]$ f !m4 ,9 ,a ,demon/ration ( ,nature1 by ,john ,a4 ,mehung 7#ag? c5tury71 ,nature addresses ! al*emical work] 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,y break vials1 & consume coals1 only to s(t5 y\r bra9s /ill m ) ! vap\rs4 ,y also dige/ alum1 salt1 orpim5t1 & altram5t2 y melt metals1 build small & l>ge furnaces1 & use _m vessels2 nev]!less ,i am sick ( y\r folly1 & y suffocate me ) y\r sulphur\s smoke4444 ,y w\ld d bett] to m9d y\r own bus9ess1 ?an to dissolve & di/il s _m absurd sub/ances1 & !n to pass !m ?r\gh alembics1 cucurbits1 /ills1 & pelicans4 ,h5ry ,mada?anas1 writ+ 9 #afbb1 says3-- ,!n ,i und]/ood t _! purgations1 sublimations1 cem5tations1 di/illations1 rectifications1 circulations1 putrefactions1 conjunctions1 calc9ations1 inc9]ations1 mortifications1 revivifications1 z also _! tripods1 a?anors1 rev]b]atory alembics1 excrem5ts ( horses1 a%es1 s&1 /ills1 pelican-viols1 retorts1 fixations1 etc41 are m]e plausible impo/ures & frauds4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,only ,way 7#afgg7 says3 ,surely e true ,arti/ mu/ look on ?is elaborate tissue ( baseless op]ations z ! m]e/ folly1 & c only wond] t ! eyes ( ^? silly dupes are n at la/ op5$1 t !y may see some?+ besides su* absurd sophisms1 & read some?+ besides ^? /upid & deceitful books4444 ,i c speak f bitt] exp]i5ce1 = ,i1 too1 toil$ = _m ye>s 444 & endeav\r$ to rea* ! covet$ goal by sublimation1 di/illation1 calc9ation1 circulation1 & s =?1 & to fa%ion ! ,/one out ( sub/ances su* z ur9e1 salt1 atram5t1 alum1 etc4 ,i h tri$ h>d to evolve x out ( hairs1 w9e1 eggs1 bones1 & all mann] ( h]bs2 out ( ars5ic1 m]cury1 & sulphur1 & all ! m9]als & metals4444 ,i h sp5t nights & days 9 dissolv+1 coagulat+1 amalgamat+1 & precipitat+4 ,yet f all ^! ?+s ,i d]iv$ nei!r pr(it nor joy4 ,ano!r writ] speaks ( _m w\ld-be al*emi/s z fl\nd]+ ab\t 9 a sea ( speci\s book-le>n+4 ,if al*emi/s c\ld speak ( _! own processes & mat]ials z ^? au?ors spoke :om ,i h quot$1 we mu/ expect t ! al*emical language w\ld appe> m]e j>gon to ! un9itiat$4 ,9 ,b5 ,jonson's play ,! ,al*emi/1 ,surley1 :o is ! sceptic ( ! piece1 says to ,subtle1 :o is ! al*emi/-- 444 ,al*emy is a pretty k9d ( game1 ,some:at l tricks o' ! c>ds1 to *eat a man ,) *>m+ 444 ,:at else are all y\r t]ms1 ,:]eon no "o ( y\r writ]s 'grees ) o!r8 ,( y\r elixir1 y\r lac virg9is1 ,y\r /one1 y\r m$'c9e1 & y\r *rysosp]me1 ,y\r sal1 y\r sulphur1 & y\r m]cury1 ,y\r oil ( height1 y\r tree ( life1 y\r blood1 ,y\r m>*esite1 y\r tutie1 y\r magnesia1 ,y\r toad1 y\r cr[1 y\r dragon1 & y\r pan!r2 ,y\r sun1 y\r moon1 y\r firmam5t1 y\r adrop1 ,y\r lato1 azo*1 z]ni*1 *ibrit1 heut>it1 ,& !n y\r r$ man1 & y\r :ite woman1 ,) all y\r bro?s1 y\r m5/rues1 & mat]ials1 ,( lye & egg-%ells1 wom5's t]ms1 man's blood1 ,hair o' ! head1 burnt cl\t1 *alk1 m]ds1 & clay1 ,p[d] ( bones1 scal+s ( iron1 glass1 ,& m\lds ( o!r /range +r$i5ts1 ,w\ld bur/ a man to "n8 ,to :i* ,subtle answ]s1 ,& all ^! nam$ ,int5d+ b "o ?+2 :i* art our writ]s ,us$ to obscure _! art4 ,0 n all ! k ,( ! ,egyptians writ 9 my/ic symbols8 ,speak n ! ,scriptures (t 9 p>ables8 ,are n ! *oice/ fables ( ! poets1 ,t 7 ! f\nta9s & fir/ spr+s ( wisdom1 ,wrapp'd 9 p]plex$ allegories8 ,! al*emi/s 7 v fond ( us+ ! names ( animals z symbols ( c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances1 & ( repres5t+ op]ations 9 ! laboratory by :at may be call$ animal allegories4 ,! yell[ lion 0 ! al*emical symbol ( yell[ sulphides1 ! r$ lion 0 synonym\s ) c9nab>1 & ! gre5 lion meant salts ( iron & ( copp]4 ,black sulphides 7 call$ eagles1 & sometimes cr[s4 ,:5 black sulphide ( m]cury is /rongly heat$1 a r$ sublimate is obta9$1 :i* has ! same composition z ! black comp\nd2 if ! temp]ature is n kept v high1 b little ( ! r$ sulphide is produc$2 ! al*emi/s direct$ to urge ! fire1 else ! black cr[s w g back to ! ne/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a salam&] lives 9 ! fire1 :i* imp>ts to x a mo/ glori\s hue4 ,?is is ! reit]ation1 gradation1 & amelioration ( ! ,t9cture1 or ,philosoph]'s ,/one2 & ! :ole is call$ its ,augm5tation4 ,,fig4 ,,xv4 ,! salam&] 0 call$ ! k+ ( animals1 because x 0 suppos$ t he liv$ & delight$ 9 fire2 keep+ a /rong fire alight "u a salam&] 0 sometimes comp>$ to ! purification ( gold by heat+ x4 ,fig4 ,,xv41 r$uc$ f ,! ,book ( ,lambspr+ repres5ts ?is process4 ,! al*emi/s employ$ _m signs1 or %or?& expressions1 9 place ( writ+ ! names ( sub/ances4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! signs :i* 7 us$ frequ5tly4 ,symbol3 ,saturn ,saturn1 also lead2 ,symbol3 ,jupit] ,jupit]1 also t92 ,symbol3 ,m>s-#a & ,symbol3 ,m>s-#b ,m>s1 also iron2 ,symbol3 ,sun ,sol1 also gold2 ,symbol3 ,v5us ,v5us1 also copp]2 ,symbol3 ,m]cury-#a1 ,symbol3 ,m]cury-#b & ,symbol3 ,m]cury-#c ,m]cury2 ,symbol3 ,moon ,luna1 also silv]2 ,symbol3 ,sulphur ,sulphur2 ,symbol3 ,vitriol ,vitriol2 ,symbol3 ,fire fire2 ,symbol3 ,air air2 ,symbol3 ,wat] & ,symbol3 ,aqu>ius wat]2 ,symbol3 ,e>? e>?2 ,symbol3 ,aqua ,=tis aqua =tis2 ,symbol3 ,aqua ,regis aqua regis2 ,symbol3 ,aqua ,vit aqua vit2 ,symbol3 ,day day2 ,symbol3 ,night night2 ,symbol3 ,amalgam ,amalgam2 ,symbol3 ,alembic ,alembic4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,deg5]acy ,,( ,,al*emy4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t al*emy aim$ at giv+ exp]im5tal pro( ( a c]ta9 !ory ( ! :ole sy/em ( nature1 includ+ humanity4 ,! practical culm9ation ( ! al*emical que/ pres5t$ a ?reefold aspect2 ! al*emi/s s\ght ! /one ( wisdom1 = by ga9+ t !y ga9$ ! control ( weal?2 !y s\ght ! univ]sal panacea1 = t w\ld give !m ! p[] ( enjoy+ weal? & life2 !y s\ght ! s\l ( ! _w1 = !reby !y c\ld hold communion ) spiritual exi/5ces1 & enjoy ! fruition ( spiritual life4 ,! object ( _! se>* 0 to satisfy _! mat]ial ne$s1 _! intellectual capacities1 & _! spiritual ye>n+s4 ,! al*emi/s ( ! nobl] sort always made ! fir/ ( ^! objects subsidi>y to ! o!r two2 !y gave z _! reason = desir+ to make gold1 ! hope t gold might become s common t x w\ld cease to be s\ght aft] by mank9d4 ,! au?or ( ,an ,op5 ,sub/ance says3 ,w\ld to ,god 444 all m5 might become adepts 9 our art1 = !n gold1 ! common idol ( mank9d1 w\ld lose its value1 & we %\ld prize x only = its sci5tific tea*+4 ,b ! desire to make gold mu/ always h be5 a v p[]ful inc5tive 9 det]m9+ m5 to attempt ! labori\s discipl9e ( al*emy2 & ) !m1 z ) all m51 ! love ( money 0 ! root ( mu* evil4 ,:5 a man became a /ud5t ( al*emy m]ely = ! purpose ( mak+ gold1 & fail$ to make x--z he always did--x 0 v easy = him to pret5d he _h succe$$ 9 ord] t he might really make gold by *eat+ o!r p4 ,su* a man rapidly deg5]at$ into a *>latan2 he us$ ! language ( al*emy to cov] 8 frauds1 & ) ! hope ( delud+ 8 dupes by high-s\nd+ phrases4 ,&1 x mu/ be admitt$1 al*emy l5t itself admirably to impo/ure4 ,x promis$ unlimit$ weal?2 x enc\rag$ ! wilde/ dreams ( ! seek] aft] pleasure2 & ov] ^! dreams x ca/ ! glam\r ( great ideas1 ! idea ( ! unity ( nature1 & ! idea ( communion ) o!r sph]es ( life1 ( call+ 9 ! help ( 'inh]itors ( unfulfill$ r5[n1' & s x seem$ to t\* to f9e issues ! sordidness ( unblu%+ av>ice4 ,moreov]1 ! work+ ) /range +r$i5ts & odd-fa%ion$ in/rum5ts1 & ! employm5t ( m\?-fill+ phrases1 & scraps ( occult le>n+ :i* seem$ to imply unutt]able ?+s1 gave j t pleas+ da% ( w\ld-be wick$ness to ! process ( consult+ ! al*emi/ :i* acts z a fasc9ation to _m p4 ,! e>ne/ p]son felt t by us+ ! skill & k ( ! al*emi/s1 = :at he deem$ a good purpose1 he 0 compell+ ! p[]s ( evil to "w = him & 8 objects4 ,x 0 impossible t su* a sy/em z al*emy %\ld appe> to ! pla9 man ( ! middle ages1 :5 ! :ole s*eme ( life & ! univ]se re/$ on a magical basis1 to be m ?an a k9d ( magic :i* hov]$ betwe5 ! black magic ( ! ,sorc]] & ! :ite magic ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nor is x to be wond]$ at t a sy/em :i* l5ds itself to impo/ure s easily z al*emy did1 %\ld be ?\ght ( by ! pla9 man ( mod]n times z hav+ be5 no?+ b a ma*9]y ( fraud4 ,x is evid5t f ! ,canon's ,yeoman's ,tale 9 ,*auc]1 t _m ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to turn ! base metals into gold 7 held 9 bad repute z e>ly z ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! false *an\n p]suad$ ! prie/1 :o 0 8 dupe1 to s5d 8 s]vant = quicksilv]1 :i* he promis$ to make into z good silv] & z fyn1 ,z !r is any 9 y\re purse or myn2 he !n gave ! prie/ a crosselet1 & bid him put x on ! fire1 & bl[ ! coals4 ,:ile ! prie/ 0 busy ) ! fire1 ,?is false *an\n--! f\l fe5d hym fec*e6-- ,out ( 8 bosom took a be*5 cole1 ,9 :i* ful subtilly 0 maad an hole1 ,& !r9ne put 0 ( silv] lemaille ,an ounce1 & /oppd 0 )\t5 faille ,! hole ) wex1 to kepe ! lemaille 94 ,! false *an\n pret5d$ to be sorry = ! prie/1 :o 0 s busily bl[+ ! fire3-- ,ye be5 "r hoot1 ,i se wel h[ ye swete2 ,h he] a cloo?1 & wipe awey ! we't4 ,& :yls t ! pree/ wipd 8 face1 ,?is *an\n took 8 cole ) h>d grace1 ,& leyde x above1 ^u ! middw>d ,( ! crosselet1 & blew wel aft]w>d4 ,til t ! cols gonn fa/ br5ne4 ,z ! coal burn$ ! silv] fell into ! crosselet4 ,!n ! canon said !y w\ld bo? g toge!r & fet* *alk1 & a pail ( wat]1 = he w\ld p\r out ! silv] he _h made 9 ! =m ( an +ot4 ,!y lock$ ! door1 & took ! key ) !m4 ,on return+1 ! canon =m$ ! *alk into a m\ld1 & p\r$ ! cont5ts ( ! crucible into x4 ,!n he bade ! prie/1 ,look :at !r is1 put 9 ?9 h& & grope1 ,?[ fynd %alt !r silv]1 z ,i hope4 ,:at1 devel ( hell6 ,%olde x ellis be8 ,%avyng ( silv] silv] is1 p>de6 ,he putte 8 h& 91 & took up a teyne ,( silv] fyn1 & glad 9 e veyne ,0 ?is pree/1 :5 he saugh t x 0 s4 ,! conclusion ( ! ,canon's ,yeoman's ,tale %[s t1 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 !re 0 a g5]al belief 9 ! possibility ( f9d+ ! philosoph]'s /one1 & effect+ ! transmutation1 al?\gh ! common practition]s ( ! art 7 reg>d$ z deceiv]s4 ,a disciple ( ,plato is suppos$ to ask 8 ma/] to tell him ! nam ( ! privee /oon4 ,plato gives him c]ta9 directions1 & tells him he mu/ use magnasia2 ! disciple asks-- ',:at is ,magnasia1 good sire1 ,i y[ preye8' ',x is a wat] t is maad1 ,i seye1 ,( elem5ts f\r1' quod ,plato4 ',telle me ! root1 good sire1' quod he ?o1 ,( t wat]1 if x be y\r wille4' ',nay1 nay1' quod ,plato1 'c]te9 t ,i nylle2 ,! philosophres sworn 7 ev]y*oon ,t !y %old5 discov]s x unto noon1 ,ne 9 no book x write 9 no man]e1 ,= unto ,cri/ x is s lief & de]e1 ,t he wol nat t x discov]$ bee1 ,b :]e x like? to 8 deitee ,man = t5spire1 & eek = to deff5de ,:om t hym like?2 lo1 ?is is ! ende4' ,! belief 9 ! possibility ( al*emy seems to h be5 g5]al sometime be=e ,*auc] wrote2 b t belief 0 accompani$ by ! conviction t al*emy 0 an impi\s pursuit1 because ! transmutation ( bas] metals into gold 0 reg>d$ z tr5*+ on ! pr]ogative ( ! ,creator1 to :om alone ?is p[] rightfully belong$4 ,9 8 ,inf]no 7:i* 0 probably writt5 ab\t ! ye> #acjj71 ,dante places ! al*emi/s 9 ! eigh? circle ( hell1 n app>5tly because !y 7 fraudul5t impo/ors1 b because1 z "o ( !m says1 ,i ap$ creative nature by my subtle art4 ,9 lat] times1 "s ( ^? :o pret5d$ to h ! secret & to p]=m great wond]s by ! use ( x1 became ri* & celebrat$1 & 7 mu* s\ght aft]4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! pseudo-al*emi/s 0 he :o pass$ "u ! "n ( ,caglio/ro4 ,8 life be>s witness to ! eag]ness ( human be+s to be deceiv$4 ,joseph ,balsamo 0 born 9 #agdc at ,pal]mo1 :]e 8 p>5ts 7 tradespeople 9 a good way ( bus9ess4#e ,9 ! memoir ( himself1 :i* he wrote 9 prison1 ,balsamo seeks to surr\nd 8 bir? & p>5tage ) my/]y2 he says1 ,i am ignorant1 n only ( my bir?place1 b ev5 ( ! p>5ts :o bore me4444 ,my e>lie/ infancy 0 pass$ 9 ! t[n ( ,m$9a1 9 ,arabia1 :]e ,i 0 br\ght up "u ! "n ( ,a*>at4 #e ,! acc\nt ( ! life ( ,caglio/ro is mu* cond5s$ f ,mr ,a4,e4 ,waite's ,lives ( ! ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s4 ,:5 he 0 ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 ,balsamo's p>5ts det]m9$ he %\ld be tra9$ = ! prie/hood1 b he ran away f 8 s*ool4 ,he 0 !n conf9$ 9 a ,b5$ict9e mona/]y4 ,he %[$ a rem>kable ta/e = natural hi/ory1 & acquir$ consid]able k ( ! use ( drugs2 b he soon tir$ ( ! discipl9e & escap$4 ,= "s ye>s he w&]$ ab\t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy1 liv+ by 8 wits & by *eat+4 ,a goldsmi? consult$ him ab\t a hidd5 treasure2 he pret5d$ to invoke ! aid ( spirits1 fright5$ ! goldsmi?1 got sixty ounces ( gold f him to c>ry on 8 incantations1 left him 9 ! lur*1 & fl$ to ,mess9a4 ,9 t t[n he discov]$ an ag$ aunt :o 0 sick2 ! aunt di$1 & left h] money to ! ,*ur*4 ,balsamo assum$ h] family "n1 add$ a title ( nobility1 & 0 kn[n h5ce=w>d z ! ,c\nt ,aless&ro ,caglio/ro4 ,9 ,mess9a he met a my/]i\s p]son :om he calls ,altotas1 & f :om1 he says 9 8 ,memoir1 he le>nt mu*4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! meet+ ( ,balsamo & ! /rang] is tak5 f ,waite's book3 ,z he 0 prom5ad+ "o day ne> ! jetty at ! extremity ( ! port he enc\nt]$ an individual s+ul>ly habit$ & possess$ ( a mo/ rem>kable c\nt5ance4 ,?is p]son1 ag$ app>5tly ab\t fifty ye>s1 seem$ to be an ,arm5ian1 ?\gh1 accord+ to o!r acc\nts1 he 0 a ,spani>d or ,greek4 ,he wore a species ( caftan1 a silk bonnet1 & ! extremities ( 8 bree*es 7 conceal$ 9 a pair ( wide boots4 ,9 8 left h& he held a p>asol1 & 9 8 "r ! end ( a cord1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a graceful ,albanian greyh\nd4444 ,caglio/ro salut$ ?is grotesque be+1 :o b[$ slightly1 b ) satisfi$ dignity4 ',y d n reside 9 ,mess9a1 signor8' he said 9 ,sicilian1 b ) a m>k$ =eign acc5t4 ,caglio/ro repli$ t he 0 t>ry+ = a few days1 & !y began to conv]se on ! beauty ( ! t[n & on its advantage\s situation1 a k9d ( ,ori5tal imag]y individualis+ ! eloqu5ce ( ! /rang]1 ^: rem>ks 71 moreov]1 adroitly adorn$ ) a few appropriate complim5ts4 ,al?\gh ! /rang] said he receiv$ no "o at 8 h\se he all[$ ,caglio/ro to visit him4 ,aft] v>i\s my/]i\s do+s ! two w5t (f to ,egypt1 & aft]w>ds to ,malta1 :]e !y p]=m$ _m wond]ful de$s be=e ! ,gr& ,ma/]1 :o 0 mu* impress$4 ,at ,malta ,altotas di$1 or1 at anyrate1 vani%$4 ,caglio/ro !n travell$ = "s "t1 & 0 well receiv$ by noblem51 ambassadors1 & o!rs 9 high position4 ,at ,rome he fell 9 love ) a "y & beautiful lady1 ,lor5za ,feliciani1 & m>ri$ h]4 ,caglio/ro us$ 8 "y wife z a decoy to attract ri* & fooli% m54 ,he & 8 wife ?riv$ = a "t1 & accumulat$ money & jewels2 b a conf$]ate betray$ !m1 & !y fl$ to ,v5ice1 & !n w&]$ = sev]al ye>s 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,!y seem to h made a liv+ by ! sale ( lotions = ! sk91 & by practis+ skilful deceptions4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aggj ,caglio/ro began to pose z an al*emi/4 ,aft] ano!r p]iod ( w&]+ he paid a second visit to ,london & f\nd$ a secret society1 bas$ on 7suppos$7 ,egyptian rites1 m+l$ ) ^? ( freemasonry4 ,! sugge/ion ( ?is society is said to h come f a curi\s book he pick$ up on a second-h& /all 9 ,london4 ,! society attract$ p by ! /rang5ess ( its initiatory rites1 & ! promises ( happ9ess & wellbe+ made by its f\nd] to ^? :o jo9$ x4 ,lodges 7 e/abli%$ 9 _m c\ntries1 _m disciples 7 obta9$1 great ri*es 7 amass$1 & ,caglio/ro fl\ri%$ exce$+ly4 ,9 8 ,hi/oire du ,m]veilleux dans les ,temps mod]nes1 ,figui]1 speak+ ( ,caglio/ro ab\t ?is p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 says3 ,he proclaim$ himself ! be>] ( ! my/]ies ( ,isis & ,anubis f ! f> ,ea/4444 ,he obta9$ num]\s & di/+ui%$ foll[]s1 :o on "o occasion assembl$ 9 great =ce to he> ,joseph ,balsamo exp\nd to !m ! doctr9es ( ,egyptian freemasonry4 ,at ?is solemn conv5tion he is said to h spok5 ) ov]p[]+ eloqu5ce2444 8 audi5ce dep>t$ 9 amazem5t & completely conv]t$ to ! reg5]at$ & purifi$ masonry4 ,none d\bt$ t he 0 an initiate ( ! arcana ( nature1 z pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,apis at ! era :5 ,cambyses belab\r$ t caprici\s div9ity4 ,f ?is mom5t ! initiations into ! new masonry 7 num]\s1 albeit !y 7 limit$ to ! ari/ocracy ( society4 ,!re are reasons to believe t ! gr&ees :o 7 deem$ wor?y ( admission paid exce$+ly extravagantly = ! hon\r4 ,caglio/ro pos$ z a physician1 & claim$ ! p[] ( cur+ diseases simply by ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,he w5t s f> z to ass]t he _h re/or$ to life ! dead *ild ( a nobleman 9 ,p>is2 ! discov]y t ! miracle 0 effect$ by sub/itut+ a liv+ *ild = ! dead "o caus$ him to flee1 lad5 ) spoil1 to ,w>saw1 & !n to ,/rassburg4 ,caglio/ro ent]$ ,/rassburg 9 /ate1 amid an admir+ cr[d1 :o reg>d$ him z m ?an human4 ,rum\r said he _h amass$ va/ ri*es by ! transmutation ( base metals into gold4 ,"s p 9 ! cr[d said he 0 ! w&]+ ,jew1 o!rs t he _h be5 pres5t at ! m>riage fea/ ( ,cana1 "s ass]t$ he 0 born be=e ! deluge1 & "o suppos$ he might be ! devil4 ,! goldsmi? :om he _h *eat$ ( sixty ounces ( gold _m ye>s be=e 0 9 ! cr[d1 &1 recognis+ him1 tri$ to /op ! c>riage1 %\t+3 ,joseph ,balsamo6 ,x is ,joseph6 ,rogue1 :]e are my sixty ounces ( gold8 ,caglio/ro sc>cely deign$ to glance at ! furi\s goldsmi?2 b 9 ! middle ( ! pr(\nd sil5ce :i* ! incid5t occasion$ among ! cr[d1 a voice1 app>5tly 9 ! cl\ds1 utt]$ ) great di/9ctness ! foll[+ words3 ',remove ?is lunatic1 :o is possess$ by inf]nal spirits4' ,"s ( ! spectators fell on _! knees1 o!rs seiz$ ! un=tunate goldsmi?1 & ! brilliant cortege pass$ on 7,waite74 ,f ,/rassburg ,caglio/ro99 w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he liv$ 9 great spl5d\r1 cur+ diseases1 mak+ gold & diamonds1 my/ify+ & dup+ p ( all ranks by ! spl5did ritual & gorge\s fea/+ ( 8 secret society1 & amass+ ri*es4 ,he got entangl$ 9 ! affair ( ! ,diamond ,necklace1 & left ,p>is4 ,try+ to advance 8 society 9 ,italy he 0 arre/$ by ! ag5ts ( ! ,inquisition1 & imprison$1 !n tri$1 & condemn$ to dea?4 ,! s5t5ce 0 commut$ to p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,aft] two ye>s 9 ! prison ( ,san ,angelo he di$ at ! age ( fifty4 99,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,orig9al ,caglio/o4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,p>acelsus ,,& ,,"s ,,o!r ,,al*emi/s4 ,! acc\nts :i* h come to u ( ! m5 :o foll[$ ! pursuit ( ! ,"o ,?+ are vague1 scrappy1 & confus+4 ,al*emical books ab\nd 9 quotations f ! writ+s ( ,geb]4 ,five hundr$ treatises 7 attribut$ to ?is man dur+ ! middle ages1 yet we h no c]ta9 k ( 8 "n1 or ( ! "t or place ( 8 bir?4 ,hoef] says he probably liv$ 9 ! middle ( ! #h? c5tury1 0 a native ( ,mesopotamia1 & 0 nam$ ,djab> ,al-,konfi4 ,waite calls him ,ab\ ,m\ssah ,djaf> al-,s(i4 ,"s ( ! m$ival adepts spoke ( him z ! ,k+ ( ,india1 o!rs call$ him a ,pr9ce ( ,p]sia4 ,mo/ ( ! ,arabian writ]s on al*emy & m$ic9e1 aft] ! #i? c5tury1 ref] to ,geb] z _! ma/]4 ,all ! ,,mss4 ( writ+s attribut$ to ,geb] :i* h be5 exam9$ are 9 ,lat91 b ! libr>y ( ,leyd5 is said to possess "s works by him writt5 9 ,arabic4 ,^! ,,mss4 conta9 directions = prep>+ _m metals1 salts1 acids1 oils1 etc41 & = p]=m+ su* op]ations z di/illation1 cupellation1 dissolution1 calc9ation1 & ! l4 ,( ! o!r ,arabian al*emi/s1 ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! middle ages 7 ,rhasis1 ,alf>abi1 & ,avic5na1 :o are suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! #i? & #aj? c5turies4 ,! foll[+ /ory ( ,alf>abi's p[]s is tak5 f ,waite's ,lives ( ! ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s3-- ,alf>abi 0 return+ f a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :51 pass+ ?r\gh ,syria1 he /opp$ at ! ,c\rt ( ! ,sultan1 & ent]$ 8 pres5ce1 :ile he 0 surr\nd$ by num]\s sage p]sons1 :o 7 disc\rs+ ) ! mon>* on ! sci5ces4 ,alf>abi 444 pres5t$ himself 9 8 travell+ attire1 & :5 ! ,sultan desir$ he %\ld be seat$1 ) a/oni%+ philosophical fre$om he plant$ himself at ! end ( ! royal s(a4 ,! ,pr9ce1 agha/ at 8 boldness1 call$ "o ( 8 (fic]s1 & 9 a tongue g5]ally unkn[n comm&$ him to eject ! intrud]4 ,! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 promptly made answ] 9 ! same tongue3 ',oh1 ,"l1 he :o acts ha/ily is liable to ha/y rep5tance4' ,! ,pr9ce 0 equally a/\nd$ to f9d himself und]/ood by ! /rang] z by ! mann] 9 :i* ! reply 0 giv54 ,anxi\s to "k m ( 8 gue/ he began to "q him1 & soon discov]$ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) sev5ty languages4 ,problems = discussion 7 !n prop\nd$ to ! philosoph]s1 :o _h witness$ ! disc\rte\s intrusion ) consid]able indignation & disgu/1 b ,alf>abi disput$ ) s mu* eloqu5ce & vivacity t he r$uc$ all ! doctors to sil5ce1 & !y began writ+ d[n 8 disc\rse4 ,! ,sultan !n ord]$ 8 musicians to p]=m = ! div]sion ( ! company4 ,:5 !y /ruck up1 ! philosoph] accompani$ !m on a lute ) su* inf9ite grace & t5d]ness t he elicit$ ! unmeasur$ admiration ( ! :ole di/+ui%$ assembly4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,sultan he produc$ a piece ( 8 own compos+1 sang x1 & accompani$ x ) great =ce & _s to ! delight ( all 8 he>]s4 ,! air 0 s sprightly t ev5 ! grave/ philosoph] c\ld n resi/ danc+1 b by ano!r tune he z easily melt$ !m to te>s1 & !n by a s(t unobtrusive melody he lull$ ! :ole company to sleep4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! al*emi/s 0 he :o is g5]ally kn[n z ,p>acelsus4 ,he 0 born ab\t #adic1 & di$ ab\t #aedj4 ,x is probable t ! place ( 8 bir? 0 ,e9si$eln1 ne> ,zuri*4 ,he claim$ relation%ip ) ! noble family ( ,bomba/ von ,hoh5heim2 b "s ( 8 biograph]s d\bt :e!r he really 0 connect$ ) t family4 ,8 "n1 or at any rate ! "n by :i* he 0 kn[n1 0 ,aureolus ,philippus ,!ophra/us ,bomba/ von ,hoh5heim4 ,8 fa!r 9 al*emy1 ,trime?ius1 ,abbot ( ,spannheim & !n ( ,wurzburg1 :o 0 a !ologian1 a poet1 an a/ronom]1 & a necromanc]1 nam$ him ,p>acelsus2 ?is "n is tak5 by "s to be a k9d ( ,grco-,lat9 p>aphrase ( von ,hoh5heim 7( high l9eage71 & to mean belong+ to a l(ty place2 o!rs say x signifies great] ?an ,celsus1 :o 0 a celebrat$ ,lat9 writ] on m$ic9e ( ! #a/ c5tury4 ,p>acelsus /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle2 b1 gett+ into tr\ble ) ! au?orities1 he left ! univ]sity1 & = "s ye>s w&]$ ov] ,europe1 support+ himself1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 by psalm-s++1 a/rological productions1 *iromantic soo?say+1 &1 x has be5 said1 by necromantic practices4 ,he may h got z f> z ,con/ant9ople2 z a rum\r float$ ab\t t he receiv$ ! ,/one ( ,wisdom f an adept 9 t city4 ,he return$ to ,basle1 & 9 #aebg deliv]$ lectures ) ! sanction ( ! ,rector ( ! univ]sity4 ,he made enemies ( ! physicians by abus+ _! cu/om ( seek+ k only f anci5t writ]s & n f nature2 he annoy$ ! apo!c>ies by call+ _! t9ctures1 decoctions1 & extracts1 m]e s\p-messes2 & he r\s$ ! ire ( all le>n$ p by deliv]+ 8 lectures 9 ,g]man4 ,he 0 attack$ publicly & also anonym\sly4 ,( ! pamphlets publi%$ aga9/ him he said1 ,^! vile ribaldries w\ld raise ! ire ( a turtle-dove4 ,& ,p>acelsus 0 no turtle-dove4 ,! foll[+ extract f 7a translation (7 ! preface to ,! ,book conc]n+ ! ,t9ctures ( ! ,philosoph]s writt5 aga9/ ^? ,sophi/s born s9ce ! ,deluge1 %ews t 8 /yle ( writ+ 0 abusive1 & 8 op9ion ( himself1 to say ! lea/1 n v humble3-- ,f ! middle ( ?is age ! ,mon>*y ( all ! ,arts has be5 at l5g? d]iv$ & conf]r$ on me1 ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 ,pr9ce ( ,philosophy & ,m$ic9e4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h be5 *os5 by ,god to ext+ui% & blot out all ! phantasies ( elaborate & false works1 ( delusive & presumptu\s words1 be !y ! words ( ,ari/otle1 ,gal51 ,avic5na1 ,mesva1 or ! dogmas ( any among _! foll[]s4 ,my !ory1 proce$+ z x does f ! light ( ,nature1 c nev]1 ?r\gh its consi/5cy1 pass away or be *ang$2 b 9 ! fifty-eigh? ye> aft] its mill5nium & a half x w !n beg9 to fl\ri%4 ,! practice at ! same "t foll[+ ^u ! !ory w be prov$ by wond]ful & incr$ible signs1 s z to be op5 to me*anics & common p1 & !y w ?or\ghly und]/& h[ firm & immovable is t ,p>acelsic ,art aga9/ ! trifl+s ( ! ,sophi/s2 ?\gh mean:ile t sophi/ical sci5ce has to h its ineptitude propp$ up & =tifi$ by papal & imp]ial privileges4444 ,s !n1 y wormy & l\sy ,sophi/1 s9ce y deem ! mon>* ( ,arcana a m]e ignorant1 fatu\s1 & prodigal quack1 n[1 9 ?is mid age1 ,i det]m9e 9 my pres5t treatise to disclose ! hon\rable c\rse ( proc$ure 9 ^! matt]s1 ! virtues & prep>ation ( ! celebrat$ ,t9cture ( ! ,philosoph]s = ! use & hon\r ( all :o love ! tru?1 & 9 ord] t all :o despise ! true arts may be r$uc$ to pov]ty4 ,! turbul5t & re/less _s ( ,p>acelsus br\ght him into op5 conflict ) ! au?orities ( ,basle4 ,he fl$ f t t[n 9 #aebh1 & aft] _m w&]+s1 he f\nd re/ at ,salzburg1 "u ! protection ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,he di$ at ,salzburg 9 #aeda1 9 8 =ty-eigh? ye>4 ,! "* & abilities ( ,p>acelsus h be5 va/ly prais$ by "s1 & inord9ately abus$ by o!rs4 ,"o au?or says ( him3 ,he liv$ l a pig1 look$ l a drov]1 f\nd 8 greate/ enjoym5t 9 ! company ( ! mo/ dissolute & l[e/ rabble1 & ?r\gh\t 8 glori\s life he 0 g5]ally drunk4 ,ano!r au?or says3 ,probably no physician has grasp$ 8 life's task ) a pur] en?usiasm1 or devot$ himself m fai?fully to x1 or m fully ma9ta9$ ! moral wor?9ess ( 8 call+ ?an did ! re=m] ( ,e9si$eln4 ,he c]ta9ly seems to h be5 lov$ & respect$ by 8 pupils & foll[]s1 = he is ref]r$ to by !m z ! noble & belov$ mon>*1 ! ,g]man ,hemes1 & our de> ,preceptor & ,k+ ( ,arts4 ,!re seems no d\bt t ,p>acelsus discov]$ _m facts :i* became ( great importance 9 *emi/ry3 he prep>$ ! inflammable gas we n[ call hydrog51 by ! reaction betwe5 iron fil+s & oil ( vitriol2 he di/+ui%$ metals f sub/ances :i* _h be5 class$ ) metals b lack$ ! ess5tial metall9e "* ( ductility2 he made m$ic9al prep>ations ( m]cury1 lead & iron1 & introduc$ _m new & p[]ful drugs1 notably laudanum4 ,p>acelsus insi/$ t m$ic9e is a bran* ( *emi/ry1 & t ! re/oration ( ! body ( a pati5t to a condition ( *emical equilibrium is ! re/oration to heal?4 ,p>acelsus tru/$ 9 8 me?od2 he 0 endeav\r+ to sub/itute direct appeal to nature = appeal to ! au?ority ( writ]s ab\t nature4 ,aft] me1 he cries1 y ,avic5na1 ,gal51 ,rhasis1 ,montagnana & ! o!rs4 ,y aft] me1 n ,i aft] y4 ,y ( ,p>is1 y ( ,montpelli]1 y ( ,swabia1 ( ,meiss5 & ,vi5na2 y :o come f ! c\ntries along ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e2 & y1 too1 f ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ocean4 ,foll[ me4 ,x is n = me to foll[ y1 = m9e is ! mon>*y4 ,b ! "w 0 too ardu\s1 ! /ruggle too unequal4 ,) few appliances1 ) no accurate k1 ) no help f ! "w ( o!rs1 )\t poli%$ & %>p5$ weapons1 & )\t ! skill t comes f long h&l+ ( in/rum5ts ( precision1 :at c\ld ,p>acelsus effect 9 8 /ruggle to wre/ h] secrets f nature8 ,( necessity1 he grew we>y ( ! task1 & tri$ to con/ruct a univ]se :i* %\ld be simpl] ?an t mo/ complex ord] :i* refus$ to yield to 8 analysis4 ,& s he came back to ! univ]se :i* man con/ructs = himself1 & exclaim$-- ,ea* man has 444 all ! wisdom & p[] ( ! _w 9 himself2 he possesses "o k9d ( k z mu* z ano!r1 & he :o does n f9d t :i* is 9 him _c truly say t he does n possess x1 b only t he 0 n capable ( successfully seek+ = x4 ,we leave a great g5ius1 ) 8 own words 9 our e>s3 ,h no c>e ( my mis]y1 read]2 let me be> my burd5 myself4 ,i h two fail+s3 my pov]ty & my piety4 ,my pov]ty 0 ?r[n 9 my face by a ,burgoma/] :o _h p]haps only se5 doctors attir$ 9 silk5 robes1 nev] bask+ 9 tatt]$ rags 9 ! sun%9e4 ,s x 0 decre$ ,i 0 n a doctor4 ,= my piety ,i am arraign$ by ! p>sons1 = 444 ,i d n at all love ^? :o tea* :at !y d n !mselves practise4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,al*emical ,,doctr9e4--,,! ,,replacem5t ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,al*emi/s ,,by ,,! ,,s+le ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,phlogi/on4 ,! ,sacr$ ,art1 :i* _h its orig9 & home 9 ,egypt1 0 v def9itely associat$ ) ! religi\s rites1 & ! !ological tea*+1 recognis$ by ! /ate4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s 7 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! div9e art3 & z ! initiat$ claim$ to imitate ! "w ( ! deity1 ! prie/ 0 reg>d$ by ! ord9>y p z some?+ m ?an a repres5tative1 z a mirror1 ( ! div9ity4 ,! sacr$ art ( ,egypt 0 transmut$ into al*emy by contact ) ,european ?\ght & h&icrafts1 & ! t5ets & my/icism ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 & ! conception ( nature1 :i* 0 ! result ( ?is bl5d+1 prevail$ f ab\t ! #i? until t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,l its pr$ecessor1 al*emy po/ulat$ an ord]ly univ]se2 b al*emy 0 ri*] 9 fanta/ic details1 m picturesquely embroid]$1 m prodigal ( /range fancies1 ?an ! sacr$ art ( ,egypt4 ,! al*emi/ con/ruct$ 8 ord]$ s*eme ( nature on ! basis ( ! suppos$ univ]sality ( life4 ,= him1 ev]y?+ liv$1 & ! life ( ?+s 0 ?reefold4 ,! al*emi/ ?\ght he recognis$ ! manife/ation ( life 9 ! =m1 or body1 ( a ?+1 9 its s\l1 & 9 its _s4 ,?+s might diff] mu* 9 appe>ance1 9 size1 ta/e1 smell1 & o!r outw>d prop]ties1 & yet be intimately relat$1 because1 accord+ to ! al*emi/1 !y 7 produc$ f ! same pr9ciples1 !y 7 animat$ by ! same s\l4 ,?+s might resemble "o ano!r closely 9 _! outw>d prop]ties & yet diff] widely 9 ess5tial features1 because1 accord+ to ! al*emi/1 !y 7 =m$ f diff]5t elem5ts1 9 _! spiritual prop]ties !y 7 unlike4 ,! al*emi/s taught t ! true trans=mation1 9 al*emical language ! transmutation1 ( "o ?+ into ano!r c\ld be effect$ only by spiritual means act+ on ! _s ( ! ?+1 because ! transmutation consi/$ ess5tially 9 rais+ ! sub/ance to ! highe/ p]fection :]e( x 0 capable2 ! result ( ?is spiritual action might become app>5t 9 ! mat]ial =m ( ! sub/ance4 ,9 attempt+ to apply su* vague conceptions z ^!1 al*emy 0 oblig$ to use ! language :i* _h be5 develop$ = ! expression ( human emotions & desires1 n only = ! explanation ( ! facts x obs]v$1 b also = ! b>e recital ( ^! facts4 ,! outlook ( al*emy on ! _w outside human be+s 0 ess5tially an?ropomorphic4 ,9 ! image ( man1 ! al*emi/ creat$ 8 univ]se4 ,9 ! times :5 al*emy 0 dom9ant1 ! div9e s*eme ( creation1 & ! place giv5 to man 9 t s*eme1 7 suppos$ to be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,ev]y?+ _h its place1 design$ = x f ! beg9n+1 & 9 t place x rema9$ unless x 7 =c$ f x by viol5t means4 ,a great "p ( ! bus9ess ( exp]im5tal al*emy 0 to discov] ! natural position1 or condition1 ( ea* sub/ance2 & ! discov]y 0 to be made by int]pret+ ! facts br\ght to light by obs]vation & exp]im5t by ! aid ( hypo!ses d$uc$ f ! g5]al s*eme ( ?+s :i* _h be5 =m$ indep5d5tly ( obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,al*emy 0 a "p ( magic2 = magic int]prets & corrects ! k ga9$ by ! s5ses by ! t\*/one ( g5]alisations :i* h be5 suppli$1 p>tly by ! emotions1 & p>tly by extra-human au?ority1 & accept$ z necess>ily true4 ,! conception ( natural ord] :i* regulates ! life ( ! savage is closely relat$ to t :i* guid$ ! al*emi/s4 ,! ess5tial features ( bo? are ! notion t ev]y?+ is alive1 & ! p]suasion t ?+s c be radically act$ on only by us+ life z a factor4 ,!re is also an intimate connexion betwe5 al*emy & wit*craft4 ,wit*es 7 p :o 7 suppos$ to make an unlawful use ( ! p[]s ( life2 al*emi/s 7 (t5 ?\ght to pass beyond :at is p]mitt$ to ! creature1 & to encroa* on ! pr]ogative ( ! ,creator4 ,! long duration ( al*emy %[s t x appeal$ to "s deep-seat$ want ( human be+s4 ,0 n t want ! necessity = ! realisation ( ord] 9 ! univ]se8 ,m5 7 unwill+ to wait until pati5t exam9ation ( ! facts ( _! own nature1 & ! facts ( nature outside !mselves1 might lead !m to ! realisation ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( all ?+s4 ,!y f\nd x easi] to evolve a s*eme ( ?+s f a sup]ficial glance at !mselves & _! surr\nd+s2 naturally !y adopt$ ! easi] plan4 ,al*emy 0 a "p ( ! plan ( nature produc$ by ?is me?od4 ,! extraord9>y dom9ancy ( su* a s*eme is te/ifi$ to by ! cont9u$ belief 9 al*emy1 al?\gh ! "o exp]im5t1 :i* seems to u to be ! crucial exp]im5t ( ! sy/em1 0 nev] accompli%$4 ,b x is also to be rememb]$ t ! al*emi/s 7 acqua9t$ )1 & practis$1 _m processes :i* we %\ld n[ describe z op]ations ( manufactur+ & te*nical *emi/ry2 & ! practical usefulness ( ^! processes bore te/imony1 ( ! k9d :i* conv9ces ! pla9 man1 to ! ju/ness ( _! !ories4 ,i h always reg>d$ two facts z mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive3 t ! doctr9e ( ! ess5tial unity ( all ?+s1 & ! simplicity ( natural ord]1 0 accept$ = c5turies by _m1 ,i ?9k "o may say1 by mo/ m51 z und\bt$ly a true pres5tation ( ! div9e s*eme ( ?+s2 &1 secondly1 t 9 m rec5t times p 7 q z c]ta9 ( ! necess>y tru? ( ! doctr9e1 ! exact opposite ( ! al*emical1 t ! ,creator _h divid$ 8 creation into portions ea* ( :i* 0 indep5d5t ( all ! o!rs4 ,bo? ( ^! s*emes 7 =m$ by ! same me?od1 by introspection prec$+ obs]vation2 bo? 7 ov]?r[n by ! same me?od1 by obs]vation & exp]im5t proce$+ h& 9 h& ) reason+4 ,9 ea* case1 ! humility ( sci5ce vanqui%$ ! conceit ( ignorance4 ,! *ange f al*emy to *emi/ry is an admirable example ( ! *ange f a !ory =m$ by look+ inw>ds1 & !n project$ on to ext]nal facts1 to a !ory =m$ by /udy+ facts1 & !n ?9k+ ab\t !m4 ,?is *ange proce$$ sl[ly2 x is n possible to "n a "t :5 x may be said1 "h al*emy f9i%es & *emi/ry beg9s4 ,to adapt a say+ ( "o ( ! al*emi/s1 quot$ 9 a =m] *apt]2 al*emy w\ld n easily give up its nature1 & f\ght = its life2 b an ag5t 0 f\nd /rong en\gh to ov]come & kill x1 & !n t ag5t also _h ! p[] to *ange ! lifeless rema9s into a new & pure body4 ,! ag5t 0 ! accurate & imag9ative inve/igation ( facts4 ,! fir/ great /ep tak5 9 ! pa? :i* l$ f al*emy to *emi/ry 0 ! sub/itution ( "o ,pr9ciple1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,phlogi/on1 = ! ?ree ,pr9ciples ( salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 by conc5trat+ att5tion & inve/igation1 by replac+ ! sup]ficial exam9ation ( _m div]se ph5om5a by ! m se>*+ /udy ( "o class ( occurr5ces4 ,t ! field ( /udy %\ld be wid5$1 x 0 necess>y t x %\ld fir/ be n>r[$4 ,lead1 t91 iron1 or copp] is calc9$4 ,! prom95t & /rik+ feature ( ^! ev5ts is ! disappe>ance ( ! metal1 & ! =mation ( some?+ v unlike x4 ,b ! orig9al metal is re/or$ by a second process1 :i* is l ! fir/ because x also is a calc9ation1 b seems to diff] f ! fir/ op]ation 9 t ! burnt metal is calc9$ ) ano!r sub/ance1 ) gra9s ( :eat or p[d]$ *>coal4 ,l$ !reto by _! !ory t de/ruction mu/ prec$e re-vivification1 dea? mu/ come be=e resurrection1 ! al*emi/s conf9$ _! att5tion to "o feature common to all calc9ations ( metals1 & gave a sup]ficial description ( ^! occurr5ces by class+ !m toge!r z processes ( mortification4 ,sulphur1 wood1 wax1 oil1 & _m o!r ?+s are easily burn$3 ! al*emi/s said1 ^! ?+s also und]go mortification1 !y too are kill$2 b1 z man c re/ore t :i* man has de/roy$1 x mu/ be possible to re/ore to life ! ?+ :i* has be5 mortifi$4 ,! burnt sulphur1 wood1 wax1 or oil1 is n really dead1 ! al*emi/s argu$2 to use ! allegory ( ,p>acelsus1 !y are l "y lions :i* are born dead1 & are br\ght to life by ! ro>+ ( _! p>5ts3 if we make a suffici5tly l\d noise1 if we use ! prop] means1 we %all br+ life into :at seems to be dead mat]ial4 ,z x is ! ro>+ ( ! p>5ts ( ! "y lions :i* alone c cause ! /ill-born cubs to live1 s x is only by ! spiritual ag5cy ( life1 proce$$ ! al*emical argum5t1 t life c be br\ght into ! mortifi$ sulphur1 wood1 wax1 & oil4 ,! al*emical explanation 0 sup]ficial1 !oretical1 9 ! wrong mean+ ( t ^w1 & unworkable4 ,x 0 sup]ficial because x ov]look$ ! fact t ! prim>y calc9ation1 ! mortification1 ( ! metals1 & ! o!r sub/ances1 0 effect$ 9 ! air1 t is to say1 9 contact ) some?+ diff]5t f ! ?+ :i* 0 calc9$2 ! explanation 0 ( ! k9d :i* p call !oretical1 :5 !y wi% to condemn an explanation & put x out ( c\rt1 because x 0 m]ely a re-/atem5t ( ! facts 9 ! language ( a !ory :i* _h n be5 d$uc$ f ! facts !mselves1 or f facts l ^? to be expla9$1 b f :at 7 suppos$ to be facts )\t prop] inve/igation1 &1 if facts1 7 ( a totally diff]5t k9d f ^? to :i* ! explanation appli$2 & la/ly1 ! explanation 0 unworkable1 because x sugge/$ no me?od :]eby its accuracy c\ld be te/$1 no def9ite l9e ( inve/igation :i* might be pursu$4 ,t great naturali/1 ! ,hon\rable ,rob]t ,boyle 7born 9 #afbf1 di$ 9 #afia71 v p]sev]+ly bes\ght ^? :o exam9$ processes ( calc9ation to pay he$ to ! action ( ev]y?+ :i* might take "p 9 ! processes4 ,he 0 especially desir\s !y %\ld consid] :at "p ! air might play 9 calc9ations2 he spoke ( ! air z a m5/ruum or additam5t1 & said t1 9 su* op]ations z calc9ation1 ,we may well take ! fre$om to exam9e 444 :e!r !re int]v5e n a coalition ( ! p>ts ( ! body wr\ght ^u ) ^? ( ! m5/ruum1 :]eby ! produc$ concrete may be judg$ to result f ! union ( bo?4 ,x 0 by exam9+ ! "p play$ by ! air 9 processes ( calc9ation & burn+ t m5 at la/ became able to give approximately complete descriptions ( ^! processes4 ,boyle recognis$ t ! air is n a simple or elem5t>y sub/ance2 he spoke ( x z a confus$ aggregate ( effluviums f su* diff]+ bodies1 t1 ?\gh !y all agree 9 con/itut+ by _! m9ut5ess & v>i\s motions "o great mass ( fluid matt]1 yet p]haps !re is sc>ce a m het]og5e\s body 9 ! _w4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria :o liv$ 9 ! end ( ! #bnd1 & ! e>ly "p ( ! #crd1 c5tury ,a4,d41 seems to h reg>d$ ! air z play+ a v important "p 9 combu/ions2 he said--,airs are divid$ into two categories2 an air = ! div9e flame1 :i* is ! s\l2 & a mat]ial air :i* is ! n\ri%] ( s5sible fire1 & ! basis ( combu/ible matt]4 ,s5t5ces l t ,i h j quot$ are f\nd "h & !re 9 ! writ+s ( ! e>li] & lat] al*emi/s2 n[ & aga9 we also f9d /atem5ts :i* may be int]pret$1 9 ! light ( ! full] k we n[ h1 z indicat+ at lea/ suspicions t ! atmosph]e is a mixture ( diff]5t k9ds ( air1 & t only "s ( ^! take "p 9 calc9+ & burn+ op]ations4 ,^? suspicions 7 confirm$ by exp]im5ts on ! calc9ation ( metals & o!r sub/ances1 conduct$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury by ,jean ,rey a ,fr5* physician1 & by ,john ,may[ ( ,ox=d4 ,b ^! obs]vations & ! conclusions f\nd$ on !m1 did n be> mu* fruit until ! "t ( ,lavoisi]1 t is1 t[>ds ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,!y 7 ov]%ad[$ & put aside by ! "w ( ,/ahl 7#affj-agbd74 ,"s ( ! al*emi/s ( ! #ad?1 #ae? & #af? c5turies taught t combu/ion & calc9ation are processes :]e9 ! igne\s pr9ciple is de/roy$1 us+ ! ^w de/roy$ 9 its al*emical mean+4 ,?is description ( processes ( burn+ 0 mu* m 9 keep+ ) ! ideas ( ! "t ?an t giv5 by ,boyle1 ,rey & ,may[4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ,/ahl1 & made ! basis ( a g5]al !ory ( ^? *anges :]e9 "o sub/ance disappe>s & ano!r1 or o!rs1 v unlike x1 are produc$4 ,t he might br+ into "o po9t ( view1 & comp>e ! v>i\s *anges effect$ by ! ag5cy ( fire1 ,/ahl inv5t$ a new ,pr9ciple1 :i* he nam$ ,phlogi/on1 & con/ruct$ an hypo!sis :i* is g5]ally kn[n z ! phlogi/ic !ory4 ,he expla9$1 & appli$1 ?is hypo!sis 9 v>i\s books1 especially 9 "o publi%$ at ,halle 9 #agag4 ,/ahl obs]v$ t _m sub/ances :i* diff]$ mu* f "o ano!r 9 v>i\s respects 7 alike 9 "o respect2 !y 7 all combu/ible4 ,all ! combu/ible sub/ances1 he argu$1 mu/ conta9 a common pr9ciple2 he nam$ ?is suppos$ pr9ciple1 phlogi/on 7f ! ,greek ^w phlogi/os burnt1 or set on fire74 ,/ahl said t ! phlogi/on ( a combu/ible ?+ escapes z ! sub/ance burns1 &1 becom+ app>5t to ! s5ses1 is nam$ fire or flame4 ,! phlogi/on 9 a combu/ible sub/ance 0 suppos$ to be s intimately associat$ ) some?+ else t our s5ses _c p]ceive x2 nev]!less1 ! !ory said1 x is !re2 we c see only ! escap+ phlogi/on1 we c p]ceive only ! phlogi/on :i* is set free f its comb9ation ) o!r ?+s4 ,! !ory ?\ght ( phlogi/on z imprison$ 9 ! ?+ :i* c be burnt1 & z itself =m+ "p ( ! prison2 t ! prison] %\ld be set free1 ! walls ( ! prison _h to be remov$2 ! free+ ( ! prison] de/roy$ ! prison4 ,z escap+1 or free1 phlogi/on 0 call$ fire1 or flame1 s ! phlogi/on 9 a combu/ible sub/ance 0 sometimes call$ comb9$ fire1 or flame 9 ! /ate ( comb9ation4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! /range ?+ call$ phlogi/on 0 t x pref]r$ to be conceal$ 9 some?+1 hidd51 imprison$1 comb9$2 free phlogi/on99 0 suppos$ to be always ready to become comb9$ phlogi/on4 99,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,orig9al phlog/ion4 ,! phlogi/ic !ory said t :at rema9s :5 a sub/ance has be5 burnt is ! orig9al sub/ance depriv$ ( phlogi/on2 &1 !re=e1 to re/ore ! phlogi/on to ! product ( burn+ is to re-=m ! combu/ible sub/ance4 ,b h[ is su* a re/oration ( phlogi/on to be accompli%$8 ,evid5tly by heat+ ! burnt ?+ ) some?+ :i* is v ready to burn4 ,because1 accord+ to ! !ory1 ev]y?+ :i* c be burnt conta9s phlogi/on1 ! m ready a sub/ance is to burn ! ri*] x is 9 phlogi/on2 burn+ is ! outru% ( phlogi/on1 phlogi/on pref]s to be comb9$ ) some?+2 !re=e1 if y mix :at rema9s aft] burn+1 ) some?+ :i* is v combu/ible1 & heat ! mixture1 y are br++ ! burnt matt] "u conditions :i* are v fav\rable = ! reception ( phlogi/on by x1 = y are br++ x into intimate contact ) some?+ f :i* fre$om-hat+ phlogi/on is be+ =c$ to escape4 ,*>coal1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 oils & fats are easily burnt2 ^! sub/ances 71 !re=e1 *os5 = ! purpose ( *ang+ ?+s :i* _h be5 burnt into ?+s :i* c\ld aga9 be burnt2 ^!1 & a few o!r sub/ances l ^!1 7 class$ toge!r1 & call$ phlogi/icat+ ag5ts4 ,v _m ( ! sub/ances :i* 7 dealt ) by ! exp]im5t]s ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ag?1 & ! fir/ half ( ! #ah?1 c5tury1 7 ei!r sub/ances :i* c\ld be burn$1 or ^? :i* _h be5 produc$ by burn+2 h5ce ! phlogi/ic !ory br\ght into "o po9t ( view1 comp>$1 & emphasis$ ! simil>ities betwe51 a great _m ?+s :i* _h n be5 ?\ght ( z connect$ be=e t !ory 0 promulgat$4 ,moreov]1 ! !ory ass]t$ t all combu/ible1 or inc9]able1 ?+s are compos$ ( phlogi/on1 & ano!r pr9ciple1 or1 z 0 (t5 said1 ano!r elem5t1 :i* is diff]5t 9 diff]5t k9ds ( combu/ible sub/ances4 ,! metals1 = in/ance1 7 said to be compos$ ( phlogi/on & an e>?y pr9ciple or elem5t1 :i* 0 some:at diff]5t 9 diff]5t metals4 ,! phlogi/eans taught t ! e>?y pr9ciple ( a metal rema9s 9 ! =m ( a%1 c9d]s1 or calx1 :5 ! metal is calc9$1 or1 z !y express$ x1 :5 ! metal is depriv$ ( its phlogi/on4 ,! phlogi/ic !ory sav\r$ ( al*emy2 x po/ulat$ an undef9$1 undef9able1 intangible ,pr9ciple2 x said t all combu/ible sub/ances are =m$ by ! union ( ?is ,pr9ciple ) ano!r1 :i* is sometimes ( an e>?y "*1 sometimes ( a fatty nature1 sometimes highly volatile 9 habit4 ,nev]!less1 ! !ory ( ,/ahl 0 a /ep away f purely al*emical conceptions t[>ds ! accurate description ( a v important class ( *anges4 ,! pr9ciple ( phlogi/on c\ld be recognis$ by ! s5ses z x 0 9 ! act ( escap+ f a sub/ance2 & ! o!r pr9ciple ( combu/ible ?+s 0 sc>cely a ,pr9ciple 9 ! al*emical s5se1 =1 9 ! case ( metals at any rate1 x rema9$ :5 ! ?+s :i* _h conta9$ x 7 burnt1 & c\ld be se51 h&l$1 & weigh$4 ,to say t metals are compos$ ( phlogi/on & an e>?y sub/ance1 0 to express facts 9 su* a language t ! expression might be made ! basis ( exp]im5tal inquiry2 x 0 v diff]5t f ! ass]tion t metals are produc$ by ! spiritual actions ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples1 salt1 m]cury & sulphur1 ! fir/ ( :i* is n salt1 ! second is n m]cury1 & ! ?ird is n sulphur4 ,! foll[]s ( ,/ahl (t5 spoke ( metals z compos$ ( phlogi/on & an elem5t ( an e>?y "*2 ?is expression also 0 an advance1 f ! hazy notion ( ,elem5t 9 purely al*emical writ+s1 t[>ds accuracy & fulness ( description4 ,an elem5t 0 n[ some?+ :i* c\ld he se5 & exp]im5t$ )2 x 0 no long] a semi-spiritual exi/5ce :i* c\ld n be grasp$ by ! s5ses4 ,! phlogi/ic !ory reg>d$ ! calc9ation ( a metal z ! sep>ation ( x into two ?+s1 unlike ! metal1 & unlike ea* o!r2 "o ( ^! ?+s 0 phlogi/on1 ! o!r 0 an e>?-l residue4 ,! !ory ?\ght ( ! re-=mation ( a metal f its calx1 t is1 ! e>?y sub/ance :i* rema9s aft] combu/ion1 z ! comb9ation ( two ?+s to produce "o1 app>5tly homog5e\s1 sub/ance4 ,metals appe>$ to ! phlogi/eans1 z !y appe>$ to ! al*emi/s1 to be composite sub/ances4 ,processes ( burn+ 7 reg>d$ by al*emi/s & phlogi/eans alike1 z processes ( simplification4 ,! fact _h be5 notic$ & record$1 dur+ ! middle ages1 t ! e>?-l matt] :i* rema9s :5 a metal is calc9$ is heavi] ?an ! metal itself4 ,f ?is fact1 mod]n inve/igators ( natural ph5om5a w\ld draw ! conclusion1 t calc9ation ( a metal is an addition ( some?+ to ! metal1 n a sep>ation ( ! metal into diff]5t ?+s4 ,x seems impossible to u t a sub/ance %\ld be sep>at$ into portions1 & "o ( ^! p>ts %\ld weigh z mu* z1 or m ?an1 ! :ole4 ,! exact inve/igation ( mat]ial *anges call$ *emi/ry re/s on ! /atem5t t mass1 & mass is practically measur$ by weight1 is ! "o prop]ty ( :at we call matt]1 ! det]m9ation :]e( enables u to decide :e!r a *ange is a comb9ation1 or coalesc5ce1 ( diff]5t ?+s1 or a sep>ation ( "o ?+ into p>ts4 ,t any "p ( a mat]ial sy/em c be remov$ )\t ! weight ( ! portion :i* rema9s be+ less ?an ! orig9al weight ( ! :ole sy/em1 is un?9kable1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( mat]ial *anges4 ,b 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 & ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! #ah?1 only a few ( ^? :o exam9$ *anges 9 ! prop]ties ( sub/ances paid he$ to *anges ( weight2 !y _h n realis$ ! importance ( ! prop]ty ( mass1 z measur$ by weight4 ,! conv9c$ uphold] ( ! phlogi/ic !ory _h two answ]s to ! argum5t1 t1 because ! e>?-l product ( ! calc9ation ( a metal weighs m ?an ! metal itself1 !re=e ! metal _c h lo/ some?+ 9 ! process2 =1 if "o portion ( :at is tak5 away weighs m ?an ! metal f :i* x has be5 sep>at$1 x is evid5t t ! weight ( ! two portions into :i* ! metal is said to h be5 divid$ mu/ be consid]ably great] ?an ! weight ( ! undivid$ metal4 ,! uphold]s ( ! !ory sometimes met ! argum5t by say+1 ,( c\rse ! calx weighs m ?an ! metal1 because phlogi/on t5ds to light5 a body :i* conta9s x2 & !re=e ! body weighs m aft] x has lo/ phlogi/on ?an x did :5 ! phlogi/on =m$ "p ( x2 sometimes1 & m (t51 _! answ] 0--loss or ga9 ( weight is an accid5t1 ! ess5tial ?+ is *ange ( qualities4 ,if ! argum5t aga9/ ! sep>ation ( a metal into two con/itu5ts1 by calc9ation1 7 answ]$ to-day z x 0 answ]$ by ! uphold]s ( ! phlogi/ic !ory1 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! answ]s w\ld ju/ly be consid]$ inconsequ5t & ridicul\s4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! /atem5ts 7 ei!r f>-fet*$ or absurd at ! "t !y 7 made4 ,!y 7 express$ 9 ! phraseology ( ! "t2 a phraseology1 x is true1 sadly lack+ 9 consi/5cy1 cle>ness1 & appropriat5ess1 b ! only language !n available = ! description ( su* *anges z ^? :i* happ5 :5 metals are calc9$4 ,"o might suppose t x mu/ always h s\nd$ ridicul\s to say t ! weight ( a ?+ c be decreas$ by add+ some?+ to x1 t "p ( a ?+ weighs m ?an ! :ole ( x4 ,b ! absurdity disappe>s if x c be admitt$ t mass1 :i* is measur$ by weight1 may be a prop]ty l col\r1 or ta/e1 or smell2 = ! col\r1 ta/e1 or smell ( a ?+ may c]ta9ly be made less by add+ some?+ else1 & ! col\r1 ta/e1 or smell ( a ?+ may also be increas$ by add+ some?+ else4 ,if we did n "k t :at we call quantity ( sub/ance is measur$ by ! prop]ty nam$ mass1 we might v well accept ! proposition t ! entrance ( phlogi/on into a sub/ance decreases ! quantity1 h5ce ! mass1 &1 !re=e1 ! weight1 ( ! sub/ance4 ,al?\gh ,/ahl & 8 foll[]s 7 em]g+ f ! trammels ( al*emy1 !y 7 /ill b\nd by _m ( ! conceptions ( t s*eme ( nature4 ,we h le>n$1 9 previ\s *apt]s1 t ! c5tral idea ( al*emy 0 express$ 9 ! say+3 ,matt] mu/ be depriv$ ( its prop]ties 9 ord] to draw out its s\l4 ,! prop]ties ( sub/ances are ev]y?+ to ! mod]n *emi/--inde$1 su* words z iron1 copp]1 wat]1 & gold are to him m]ely conv5i5t expressions = c]ta9 def9able gr\ps ( prop]ties--b ! phlogi/eans reg>d$ ! prop]ties ( ?+s1 includ+ mass1 z ( second>y importance2 !y 7 /ill try+ to get b5ea? ! prop]ties ( a ?+1 to its hypo!tical ess5ce1 or sub/ance4 ,look+ back1 we _c ?9k ( phlogi/on z a sub/ance1 or z a ?+1 9 ! mod]n mean+s ( ^! t]ms z !y are us$ 9 natural sci5ce4 ,n[adays we ?9k1 we are oblig$ to ?9k1 ( ! sum ( ! quantities ( all ! ?+s 9 ! univ]se z un*ang+1 & un*angeable by any ag5cy :]e( we h def9ite k4 ,! mean+ we give to ! ^w ?+ re/s ^u ! acceptance ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,b ! t]ms sub/ance1 ?+1 prop]ties 7 us$ v vaguely a c\ple ( c5turies ago2 & x w\ld be truly absurd to c>ry back to t "t ! mean+s :i* we give to ^! t]ms to-day1 & !n to br& z ridicul\s ! attempts ( ! m5 :o /udi$1 !n1 ! same problems :i* we /udy n[1 to express ! results ( _! /udy 9 g5]alisations :i* employ$ ! t]ms 9 "q1 9 :at seems to u a loose1 vague1 & inexact mann]4 ,by ass]t+1 & to "s ext5t exp]im5tally prov+1 ! exi/5ce ( "o pr9ciple 9 _m app>5tly v diff]5t sub/ances 7or1 z w\ld be said to-day1 "o prop]ty common to _m sub/ances71 ! phlogi/ic !ory act$ z a v useful means = collect+1 & plac+ 9 a fav\rable position = clos] inspection1 _m sub/ances :i* w\ld probably h rema9$ scatt]$ & deta*$ f "o ano!r _h ?is !ory n be5 con/ruct$4 ,a s+le assumption 0 made1 t all combu/ible sub/ances are alike 9 "o respect1 namely1 9 conta9+ comb9$ fire1 or phlogi/on2 by ! help ( ?is assumption1 ! !ory ( phlogi/on emphasis$ ! fundam5tal simil>ity betwe5 all processes ( combu/ion4 ,! !ory ( phlogi/on 0 extraord9>ily simple1 comp>$ ) ! al*emical vag>ies :i* prec$$ x4 ,hoef] says1 9 8 ,hi/oire de la ,*imie1 ,if x is true t simplicity is ! di/9ctive "* ( v]ity1 nev] 0 a !ory s true z t ( ,/ahl4 ,! phlogi/ic !ory did m ?an s]ve z a means = br++ toge!r _m app>5tly disconnect$ facts4 ,by conc5trat+ ! att5tion ( ! /ud5ts ( mat]ial *anges on "o class ( ev5ts1 & giv+ descriptions ( ^! ev5ts )\t us+ ei!r ( ! f\r al*emical ,elem5ts1 or ! ?ree ,pr9ciples1 ,/ahl1 & ^? :o foll[$ him1 did an imm5se s]vice to ! advancem5t ( cle> ?9k+ ab\t natural occurr5ces4 ,! pr9ciple ( phlogi/on 0 m tangible1 & m readily us$1 ?an ! ,salt1 ,sulphur1 & ,m]cury ( ! al*emi/s2 & to accu/om p to speak ( ! mat]ial sub/ance :i* rema9$ :5 a metal1 or o!r combu/ible sub/ance1 0 calc9$ or burnt1 z "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! ?+ :i* _h be5 *ang$1 prep>$ ! way = ! *emical conception ( an elem5t z a def9ite sub/ance ) c]ta9 def9ite prop]ties4 ,9 addition to ^! advantages1 ! phlogi/ic !ory 0 bas$ on exp]im5ts1 & l$ to exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* prov$ t ! capacity to und]go combu/ion might be convey$ to an incombu/ible sub/ance1 by caus+ x to react ) "s o!r sub/ance1 itself combu/ible1 "u def9ite conditions4 ,! !ory ?us prep>$ ! way = ! repres5tation ( a *emical *ange z an int]action betwe5 def9ite k9ds ( sub/ances1 m>k$ by precise alt]ations bo? ( prop]ties & composition4 ,! great fault ( ! !ory ( phlogi/on1 consid]$ z a g5]al conception :i* br+s _m facts into "o po9t ( view1 & leads ! way to new & exact k1 0 its loos5ess1 its flexibility4 ,x 0 v easy to make use ( ! !ory 9 a broad & g5]al way2 by /ret*+ x "h1 & modify+ x !re1 x seem$ to cov] all ! facts conc]n+ combu/ion & calc9ation :i* 7 discov]$ dur+ two g5]ations aft] ! publication ( ,/ahl's books4 ,b _m ( ! subsidi>y hypo!ses :i* 7 requir$ to make ! !ory cov] ! new facts 7 contradictory1 or at any rate seem$ to be contradictory1 ( ! prim>y assumptions ( ! !ory4 ,! addition ( ?is ancill>y ma*9]y burd5$ ! me*anism ( ! !ory1 ?rew x out ( ord]1 & f9ally made x unworkable4 ,! phlogi/ic !ory 0 de/roy$ by its own cumb]som5ess4 ,a sci5tific !ory nev] la/s long if its fundam5tal assumptions are /at$ s loosely t !y may be easily modifi$1 exp&$1 contract$1 & adju/$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( newly discov]$ facts4 ,x is true t ! !ories :i* h be5 ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 sci5ce1 z summ>ies ( ! relations betwe5 e/abli%$ facts1 & sugge/ions ( l9es ( inve/igation1 h be5 /at$ 9 t]ms ^: full mean+ has gradually unfold$ itself4 ,b ! f\ndations ( ^! !ories h be5 at once s rigidly def9$ & cle>ly /at$ z to be incapable ( ess5tial modification1 & s full ( mean+ & widely applicable z to cov] l>ge classes ( facts :i* 7 unkn[n :5 ! !ories 7 con/ruct$4 ,( ! f\nd]s ( ! la/+ & expansible !ories ( natural sci5ce1 x may be said1 t ?\ghts beyond _! ?\ghts to ^? high b>ds 7 giv54 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,combu/ion4 ,! al*emi/s ?\ght t ! mo/ effectual me?od ( sep>at+ a complex sub/ance into m simple sub/ances 0 to subject x to ! action ( heat4 ,!y 7 con/antly di/ill+1 inc9]at+1 sublim+1 heat+1 9 ord] t ! _s1 or inn] k]nel ( ?+s1 might be obta9$4 ,!y took = grant$ t ! action ( fire 0 to simplify1 & t simplification proce$$ :atev] might be ! nature ( ! sub/ance :i* 0 subject$ to ?is action4 ,boyle insi/$ t ! effect ( heat+ "o sub/ance may be1 & (t5 is1 ess5tially diff]5t f ! effect ( heat+ ano!r sub/ance2 & t ! behavi\r ( ! same sub/ance :5 heat$1 sometimes v>ies :5 ! conditions are *ang$4 ,he takes ! example ( heat+ sulphur or brim/one3 ,expos$ to a mod]ate fire 9 sublim+ pots1 x rises all into dry1 & almo/ ta/eless1 fl[]s2 :]eas be+ expos$ to a nak$ fire1 x af=ds /ore ( a sal9e & frett+ liquor4 ,boyle ?\ght t ! action ( fire 0 n necess>ily to sep>ate a ?+ into its pr9ciples or elem5ts1 b1 9 mo/ cases1 0 ei!r to re>range ! p>ts ( ! ?+1 s t new1 & x might be1 m complex ?+s1 7 produc$1 or to =m less simple ?+s by ! union ( ! sub/ance ) :at he call$1 ! matt] ( fire4 ,:5 ! product ( heat+ a sub/ance1 = example1 t9 or lead1 weigh$ m ?an ! sub/ance itself1 ,boyle suppos$ t ! ga9 9 weight 0 (t5 caus$ by ! matt] ( fire add+ itself to ! sub/ance :i* 0 heat$4 ,he comm5d$ to ! inve/igation ( philosoph]s ?is subtil fluid1 :i* is able to pi]ce into ! compact & solid bodies ( metals1 & add some?+ to !m t has no despicable weight ^u ! balance1 & is able = a consid]able "t to cont9ue fix$ 9 ! fire4 ,boyle also drew att5tion to ! possibility ( action tak+ place betwe5 a sub/ance :i* is heat$ & "s o!r sub/ance1 :]e) ! orig9al ?+ may h be5 mix$4 ,9 a ^w1 ,boyle %[$ t ! al*emical assumption--fire simplifies--0 too simple2 & he taught1 by precept & example1 t ! only way ( discov]+ :at ! action ( fire is1 on ?is sub/ance or on t1 is to make accurate exp]im5ts4 ,i consid]1 he says1 t1 g5]ally speak+1 to r5d] a reason ( an effect or ph5om5on1 is to d$uce x f some?+ else 9 nature m kn[n ?an itself2 & t consequ5tly !re may be div]s k9ds ( degrees ( explication ( ! same ?+4 ,boyle publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts & op9ions conc]n+ ! action ( fire on diff]5t sub/ances 9 ! sev5ties ( ! #ag? c5tury2 ,/ahl's books1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ! phlogi/ic !ory1 & confirm$ ! al*emical op9ion t ! action ( fire is ess5tially a simplify+ action1 7 publi%$ ab\t =ty ye>s lat]4 ,b fifty ye>s be=e ,boyle1 a ,fr5* physician1 nam$ ,jean ,rey1 _h notic$ t ! calc9ation ( a metal is ! production ( a m complex1 f a less complex sub/ance2 & _h assign$ ! increase 9 weight :i* accompanies t op]ation to ! atta*m5t ( p>ticles ( ! air to ! metal4 ,a few ye>s be=e ! publication ( ,boyle's "w1 f :i* ,i h quot$1 ,john ,may[1 /ud5t ( ,ox=d1 rec\nt$ exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ! conclusion t ! air conta9s two sub/ances1 "o ( :i* supports combu/ion & ! brea?+ ( animals1 :ile ! o!r ext+ui%es fire4 ,may[ call$ ! active compon5t ( ! atmosph]e fi]y air2 b he 0 unable to say def9itely :at becomes ( ?is fi]y air :5 a sub/ance is burnt1 al?\gh he ?\ght t1 9 "s cases1 x probably atta*es itself to ! burn+ sub/ances1 by :i*1 !re=e1 x may be said to be fix$4 ,may[ prov$ t ! air :]e9 a sub/ance is burnt1 or an animal brea!s1 dim9i%es 9 volume dur+ ! burn+1 or ! brea?+4 ,he tri$1 )\t mu* success1 to re/ore to air t "p ( x :i* disappe>s :5 combu/ion1 or respiration1 proce$s 9 x4 ,:at happ5s :5 a sub/ance is burnt 9 ! air8 ,! al*emi/s answ]$ ?is "q by ass]t+ t ! sub/ance is sep>at$ or analys$ into ?+s simpl] ?an itself4 ,boyle said3 ! process is n necess>ily a simplification2 x may be1 & c]ta9ly sometimes is1 ! =mation ( some?+ m complicat$ ?an ! orig9al sub/ance1 & :5 ?is happ5s1 ! process (t5 consi/s 9 ! fixation ( ! matt] ( fire by ! burn+ sub/ance4 ,rey said3 calc9ation1 ( a metal at anyrate1 probably consi/s 9 ! fixation ( p>ticles ( air by ! sub/ance :i* is calc9$4 ,may[ answ]$ ! "q by ass]t+1 on ! gr\nd ( ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t ! sub/ance :i* is be+ calc9$ lays hold ( a p>ticul> con/itu5t ( ! air1 n ! air z a :ole4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t if ,may['s answ] 0 a true description ( ! process ( calc9ation1 or combu/ion1 x %\ld be possible to sep>ate ! calc9$ sub/ance into two diff]5t ?+s1 "o ( :i* w\ld be ! ?+ :i* 0 calc9$1 & ! o!r w\ld be t con/itu5t ( ! air :i* _h unit$ ) ! burn+1 or calc9+1 sub/ance4 ,x seems cle> to u t ! "o me?od ( prov+ ! accuracy ( ,may['s supposition mu/ be1 to weigh a def9ite1 combu/ible1 sub/ance--say1 a metal2 to calc9e ?is 9 a measur$ quantity ( air2 to weigh ! product1 & to measure ! quantity ( air :i* rema9s2 to sep>ate ! product ( calc9ation into ! orig9al metal1 & a k9d ( air or gas2 to prove t ! metal ?us obta9$ is ! same1 & has ! same weight1 z ! metal :i* 0 calc9$2 & to prove t ! air or gas obta9$ f ! calc9$ metal is ! same1 bo? 9 quality & quantity1 z ! air :i* disappe>$ 9 ! process ( calc9ation4 ,?is pro( 0 n =?com+ until ab\t a c5tury aft] ! publication ( ,may['s "w4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* furni%$ ! pro( 7 r5d]$ possible by a notable discov]y made on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #aggd1 by ! celebrat$ ,joseph ,prie/ley4 ,prie/ley prep>$ _m airs ( diff]5t k9ds3 by ! actions ( acids on metals1 by all[+ vegetables to decay1 by heat+ beef1 mutton1 & o!r animal sub/ances1 & by o!r me?ods4 ,he says3 ,hav+ procur$ a l5s ( twelve in*es diamet] & tw5ty in*es focal di/ance1 ,i proce$$ ) great alacrity to exam9e1 by ! help ( x1 :at k9d ( air a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 natural & factiti\s1 w\ld yield4444 ,) ?is app>atus1 aft] a v>iety ( o!r exp]im5ts4444 on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #aggd1 ,i endeav\r$ to extract air f m]curius calc9atus p] se2 & ,i pres5tly f\nd t1 by means ( ?is l5s1 air 0 expell$ f x v readily4 ,hav+ got ab\t ?ree or f\r times z mu* z ! bulk ( my mat]ials1 ,i admitt$ wat] to x1 & f\nd t x 0 n imbib$ by x4 ,b :at surpris$ me m ?an ,i c well express 01 t a c&le burn$ 9 ?is air ) a rem>kably vigor\s flame4444 ,i 0 utt]ly at a loss h[ to acc\nt = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,xvi4 ,! app>atus us$ by ,prie/ley1 9 8 exp]im5ts on diff]5t k9ds ( air1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 ,,xvi41 :i* is r$uc$ f an illu/ration 9 ,prie/ley's book on ,airs4 ,prie/ley _h made a discov]y :i* 0 de/9$ to *ange ,al*emy into ,*emi/ry4 ,b he did n "k :at 8 discov]y meant4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! greate/ ( all *emi/s1 ,anto9e ,lavoisi]1 to use ! fact /umbl$ on by ,prie/ley4 ,aft] "s mon?s ,prie/ley began to ?9k x possible t ! new air he _h obta9$ f calc9$ m]cury might be fit = respiration4 ,to 8 surprise he f\nd t a m\se liv$ 9 ?is air mu* long] ?an 9 common air2 ! new air 0 evid5tly bett]1 or pur]1 ?an ord9>y air4 ,prie/ley measur$ :at he call$ ! goodness ( ! new air1 by a process ( 8 own devis+1 & conclud$ t x 0 betwe5 f\r & five times z good z common air4 ,prie/ley 0 a ?or\gh-go+ phlogi/ean4 ,he seems to h be5 able to describe ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts only 9 ! language ( ! phlogi/ic !ory2 j z ! results ( mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts made to-day on ! *anges ( comp\nds ( ! elem5t c>bon _c be describ$ by *emi/s except by mak+ use ( ! conceptions & ! language ( ! atomic & molecul> !ory4#f #f ,i h giv5 num]\s illu/rations ( ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t 9 ! book1 9 ?is s]ies1 entitl$ ,! ,/ory ( ! ,w&]+s ( ,atoms4 ,! uphold] ( ! phlogi/ic !ory c\ld n ?9k ( burn+ z possible unless !re 0 a suitable receptacle = ! phlogi/on ( ! burn+ sub/ance3 :5 burn+ occurr$ 9 ! air1 ! "p play$ by ! air1 accord+ to ! phlogi/ic *emi/1 0 to receive ! expell$ phlogi/on2 9 ?is s5se ! air act$ z ! pabulum1 or n\ri%m5t1 ( ! burn+ sub/ance4 ,inasmu* z sub/ances burn$ m vigor\sly & brilliantly 9 ! new air ?an 9 common air1 ,prie/ley argu$ t ! new air 0 m ready1 m eag]1 ?an ord9>y air1 to receive phlogi/on2 &1 !re=e1 t ! new air conta9$ less phlogi/on ?an ord9>y air1 or1 p]haps1 no phlogi/on4 ,argu+ ?us1 ,prie/ley1 ( c\rse1 nam$ ! new a]i=m sub/ance dephlogi/icat$ air1 & ?\ght ( x z ord9>y air depriv$ ( "s1 or x might be all1 ( its phlogi/on4 ,! brea?+ ( animals & ! burn+ ( sub/ances 7 suppos$ to load ! atmosph]e ) phlogi/on4 ,prie/ley spoke ( ! atmosph]e z be+ con/antly vitiat$1 r5d]$ noxi\s1 deprav$1 or corrupt$ by processes ( respiration & combu/ion2 he call$ ^? processes :]eby ! atmosph]e is re/or$ to its orig9al condition 7or depurat$1 z he said71 dephlogi/icat+ processes4 ,z he _h obta9$ 8 dephlogi/icat$ air by heat+ ! calx ( m]cury1 t is ! p[d] produc$ by calc9+ m]cury 9 ! air1 ,prie/ley 0 =c$ to suppose t ! calc9ation ( m]cury 9 ! air mu/ be a m complex occurr5ce ?an m]ely ! expulsion ( phlogi/on f ! m]cury3 =1 if ! process consi/$ only 9 ! expulsion ( phlogi/on1 h[ c\ld heat+ :at rema9$ produce exce$+ly pure ord9>y air8 ,x seem$ necess>y to suppose t n only 0 phlogi/on expell$ f m]cury dur+ calc9ation1 b t ! m]cury also imbib$ "s portion1 & t ! pure/ portion1 ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,prie/ley did n1 h[ev]1 g s f> z ?is2 he 0 cont5t to suppose t 9 "s way1 :i* he did n expla91 ! process ( calc9ation result$ 9 ! loss ( phlogi/on by ! m]cury1 & ! ga91 by ! dephlogi/icat$ m]cury1 ( ! prop]ty ( yield+ exce$+ly pure or dephlogi/icat$ air :5 x 0 heat$ v /rongly4 ,prie/ley ?\ght ( prop]ties 9 mu* ! same way z ! al*emi/s ?\ght ( !m1 z wrapp+s1 or cov]+s ( an ess5tial some?+1 f :i* !y c be remov$ & ar\nd :i* !y c aga9 be plac$4 ,! protean pr9ciple ( phlogi/on 0 always at h&1 &1 by skilful managem5t1 0 ready to adapt itself to any facts4 ,be=e ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion c\ld be describ$ accurately1 x 0 necess>y to d two ?+s2 to ignore ! !ory ( phlogi/on1 & to weigh & measure all ! sub/ances :i* take "p 9 "s select$ processes ( burn+4 ,look+ back at ! attempts made 9 ! pa/ to describe natural ev5ts1 we are (t5 incl9$ to exclaim1 ,:y did inve/igators b9d !mselves ) ! cords ( absurd !ories2 :y did !y always we> bl9k]s2 :y did !y look at nature ?r\gh ! di/ort+ mi/s ris+ f _! own imag9ations8 ,we are too ready to =get ! trem5d\s difficulties :i* beset ! pa? ( him :o is seek+ accurate k4 ,to climb /eep hills requires sl[ pace at fir/4 ,=gett+ t ! /atem5ts :]e9 ! m5 ( sci5ce ( our own "t describe ! relations betwe5 natural ev5ts are1 & mu/ be1 express$ 9 t]ms ( "s g5]al conception1 "s !ory1 ( ^! relations2 =gett+ t ! simple/ natural occurr5ce is s complicat$ t our p[]s ( description are incapable ( express+ x completely & accurately2 =gett+ ! uselessness ( disconnect$ facts2 we are incl9$ to ov]e/imate ! importance ( our own views ( nature's ways1 & to und]e/imate ! usefulness ( ! views ( our pr$ecessors4 ,moreov]1 z naturali/s h n be5 oblig$1 9 rec5t times1 to make a complete r5unciation ( any compreh5sive !ory :]e9 !y _h liv$ & mov$ = _m ye>s1 we =get ! difficulties ( break+ loose f a way ( look+ at natural ev5ts :i* has become almo/ z real z ! ev5ts !mselves1 ( ab&on+ a language :i* has express$ ! mo/ vividly realis$ conceptions ( g5]ations ( inve/igators1 ( =m+ a completely new m5tal picture ( natural occurr5ces1 & develop+ a completely new language = ! expression ( ^? conceptions & ^! occurr5ces4 ,! y\ng] /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce ( to-day are beg9n+ to =get :at _! fa!rs told !m ( ! fi]ce battle :i* _h to be f\ght1 be=e ! uphold]s ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ! orig9 ( species 7 able to conv9ce ^? = :om ! old] view1 t species are1 & always h be51 absolutely di/9ct1 _h become a matt] ( supreme sci5tific1 & ev5 e?ical1 importance4 ,a !ory :i* has prevail$ = g5]ations 9 natural sci5ce1 & has be5 accept$ & us$ by ev]yone1 c be replac$ by a m accurate description ( ! relations betwe5 natural facts1 only by ! det]m9ation1 lab\r1 & g5ius ( a man ( supreme p[]4 ,su* a s]vice to sci5ce1 & humanity1 0 r5d]$ by ,d>w92 a l s]vice 0 done1 m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury be=e ,d>w91 by ,lavoisi]4 ,anto9e ,laur5t ,lavoisi] 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 #agdc4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 a m]*ant 9 a good position1 gave 8 son ! be/ education :i* 0 !n possible1 9 physical1 a/ronomical1 botanical1 & *emical sci5ce4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ,lavoisi] ga9$ ! prize (f]$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = devis+ an effective & economical me?od ( light+ ! public /reets4 ,f t "t until1 on ! #h? ( ,may #agid1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,revolution decl>$1 ,! ,republic has no ne$ ( m5 ( sci5ce1 & ! guillot9e end$ 8 life1 ,lavoisi] cont9u$ 8 rese>*es 9 *emi/ry1 geology1 physics1 & o!r bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 & 8 inve/igations into ! mo/ suitable me?ods ( us+ ! k ga9$ by naturali/s = advanc+ ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 ,i said t :5 an al*emi/ boil$ wat] 9 an op5 vessel1 & obta9$ a :ite e>?y solid1 9 place ( ! wat] :i* disappe>$1 he 0 produc+ "s sort ( exp]im5tal pro( ( ! ju/ness ( 8 ass]tion t wat] c be *ang$ into e>?4 ,lavoisi] began 8 "w on ! trans=mations ( matt] by demon/rat+ t ?is alleg$ transmutation does n happ52 & he did ?is by weigh+ ! wat]1 ! vessel1 & ! e>?y solid4 ,lavoisi] _h con/ruct$ = him a pelican ( :ite glass 7see ,fig4 ,,xi41 p4 #hh71 ) a /opp] ( glass4 ,he clean$1 dri$1 & weigh$ ?is vessel2 !n he put into x ra9-wat] :i* he _h di/ill$ eight times2 he heat$ ! vessel1 remov+ ! /opp] f "t to "t to all[ ! exp&+ air to escape1 !n put 9 ! /opp]1 all[$ ! vessel to cool1 & weigh$ v c>efully4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! second & ! fir/ weigh+ 0 ! weight ( wat] 9 ! vessel4 ,he !n fa/5$ ! /opp] securely ) cem5t1 & kept ! app>atus at a temp]ature ab\t #cj or #dj bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 = a hundr$ & "o days4 ,at ! end ( t "t a f9e :ite solid _h collect$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,lavoisi] remov$ ! cem5t f ! /opp]1 & weigh$ ! app>atus2 ! weight 0 ! same z x _h be5 be=e ! heat+ began4 ,he remov$ ! /opp]2 air ru%$ 91 ) a hiss+ noise4 ,lavoisi] conclud$ t air _h n p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! app>atus dur+ ! process ( heat+4 ,he !n p\r$ out ! wat]1 & ! solid :i* _h =m$ 9 ! vessel1 set !m aside1 dri$1 & weigh$ ! pelican2 x _h lo/ #ag-d_/aj gra9s4 ,lavoisi] conclud$ t ! solid :i* _h =m$ 9 ! wat] 0 produc$ by ! solv5t action ( ! wat] on ! glass vessel4 ,he argu$ t if ?is conclusion 0 correct1 ! weight ( ! solid mu/ be equal to ! loss ( weight suff]$ by ! vessel2 he !re=e sep>at$ ! solid f ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 susp5d$1 dri$1 & weigh$ x4 ,! solid weigh$ #d-i_/aj gra9s4 ,lavoisi]'s conclusion seem$ to be incorrect2 ! weight ( ! solid1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be produc$ by ! action ( ! wat] on ! vessel1 0 #ab-a_/b gra9s less ?an ! weight ( ! mat]ial remov$ f ! vessel4 ,b "s ( ! mat]ial :i* 0 remov$ f ! vessel might h rema9$ dissolv$ 9 ! wat]3 ,lavoisi] di/ill$ ! wat]1 :i* he _h sep>at$ f ! solid1 9 a glass vessel1 until only a v little rema9$ 9 ! di/ill+ app>atus2 he p\r$ ?is small quantity into a glass bas91 & boil$ until ! :ole ( ! wat] _h disappe>$ z /eam4 ,!re rema9$ a :ite1 e>?y solid1 ! weight ( :i* 0 #ae-a_/b gra9s4 ,lavoisi] _h obta9$ #d-i_/aj #ae-a_/b #bj-b_/e gra9s ( solid2 ! pelican _h lo/ #ag-b_/e gra9s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! weights1 namely1 #c gra9s1 0 acc\nt$ = by ,lavoisi] z due to ! solv5t action ( ! wat] on ! glass app>atus :]e9 x _h be5 di/ill$1 & on ! glass bas9 :]e9 x _h be5 evaporat$ to dryness4 ,lavoisi]'s exp]im5ts prov$ t :5 di/ill$ wat] is heat$ 9 a glass vessel1 x dissolves "s ( ! mat]ial ( ! vessel1 & ! :ite1 e>?y solid :i* is obta9$ by boil+ d[n ! wat] is m]ely ! mat]ial :i* has be5 remov$ f ! glass vessel4 ,8 exp]im5ts also prov$ t ! wat] does n und]go any *ange dur+ ! process2 t at ! end ( ! op]ation x is :at x 0 at ! beg9n+--wat]1 & no?+ b wat]4 ,by ?is inve/igation ,lavoisi] de/roy$ "p ( ! exp]im5tal basis ( al*emy1 & e/abli%$ ! "o & only me?od by :i* *emical *anges c be inve/igat$2 ! me?od :]e9 con/ant use is made ( ! balance4 ,lavoisi] n[ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! calc9ation ( metals1 & p>ticul>ly ! calc9ation ( t94 ,boyle suppos$ t ! increase 9 weight :i* accompanies ! calc9ation ( a metal is due to ! fixation ( matt] ( fire by ! calc9+ metal2 ,rey reg>d$ ! increase 9 weight z ! result ( ! comb9ation ( ! air ) ! metal2 ,may[ ?\ght t ! atmosph]e conta9s two diff]5t k9ds ( airs1 & "o ( ^! unites ) ! heat$ metal4 ,lavoisi] propos$ to te/ ^! suppositions by calc9+ a weigh$ quantity ( t9 9 a clos$ glass vessel1 :i* _h be5 weigh$ be=e1 & %\ld be weigh$ aft]1 ! calc9ation4 ,if ,boyle's view 0 correct1 ! weight ( ! vessel & ! t9 w\ld be great] at ! end ?an x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation2 = matt] ( fire w\ld pass ?r\gh ! vessel & unite ) ! metal4 ,if !re 0 no *ange 9 ! total weight ( ! app>atus & its cont5ts1 & if air ru%$ 9 :5 ! vessel 0 op5$ aft] ! calc9ation1 & ! total weight 0 !n great] ?an at ! beg9n+ ( ! process1 x w\ld be necess>y to adopt ei!r ! supposition ( ,rey or t ( ,may[4 ,lavoisi] made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,! results 7 ^!3 !re 0 no *ange 9 ! total weight ( ! app>atus & its cont5ts2 :5 ! vessel 0 op5$ aft] ! calc9ation 0 f9i%$1 air ru%$ 91 & ! :ole app>atus n[ weigh$ m ?an x did be=e ! vessel 0 op5$2 ! weight ( ! air :i* ru%$ 9 0 exactly equal to ! increase 9 ! weight ( ! t9 produc$ by ! calc9ation1 9 o!r words1 ! weight ( ! inru%+ air 0 exactly equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weights ( ! t9 & ! calx =m$ by calc9+ ! t94 ,lavoisi] conclud$ t to calc9e t9 is to cause x to comb9e ) a portion ( ! air :]e9 x is calc9$4 ,! weigh+s he made %[$ t ab\t "o-fif? ( ! :ole weight ( air 9 ! clos$ flask :]e9 he calc9$ t9 _h disappe>$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,o!r exp]im5ts l$ ,lavoisi] to suspect t ! portion ( ! air :i* _h unit$ ) ! t9 0 diff]5t f ! portion :i* _h n comb9$ ) t metal4 ,he1 !re=e1 set himself to discov] :e!r !re are diff]5t k9ds ( airs 9 ! atmosph]e1 &1 if !re is m ?an "o k9d ( air1 :at is ! nature ( t air :i* comb9es ) a metal 9 ! process ( calc9ation4 ,he propos$ to cause a metallic calx 7t is1 ! sub/ance =m$ by calc9+ a metal 9 ! air7 to give up ! air :i* _h be5 absorb$ 9 its =mation1 & to comp>e ?is air ) atmosph]ic air4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,prie/ley visit$ ,p>is1 saw ,lavoisi]1 & told him ( ! new air he _h obta9$ by heat+ calc9$ m]cury4 ,lavoisi] saw ! great importance ( ,prie/ley's discov]y2 he repeat$ ,prie/ley's exp]im5t1 & conclud$ t ! air1 or gas1 :i* he ref]s to 9 8 ,laboratory ,j\rnal z l'air dephlogi/ique de ,m4 ,prie/ley 0 no?+ else ?an ! pure/ portion ( ! air we brea!4 ,he prep>$ ?is air & burn$ v>i\s sub/ances 9 x4 ,f9d+ t v _m ( ! products ( ^! combu/ions _h ! prop]ties ( acids1 he gave to ! new air ! "n oxyg51 :i* means ! acid-produc]4 ,at a lat] "t1 ,lavoisi] devis$ & conduct$ an exp]im5t :i* laid b>e ! *ange ( composition t happ5s :5 m]cury is calc9$ 9 ! air4 ,he calc9$ a weigh$ quantity ( m]cury = _m days 9 a measur$ volume ( air1 9 an app>atus arrang$ s t he 0 able to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! air disappe>$ dur+ ! process2 he collect$ & weigh$ ! r$ solid :i* =m$ on ! surface ( ! heat$ m]cury2 f9ally he heat$ ?is r$ solid to a high temp]ature1 collect$ & measur$ ! gas :i* 0 giv5 (f1 & weigh$ ! m]cury :i* 0 produc$4 ,! sum ( ! weights ( ! m]cury & ! gas :i* 7 produc$ by heat+ ! calc9$ m]cury 0 equal to ! weight ( ! calc9$ m]cury2 & ! weight ( ! gas produc$ by heat+ ! calc9$ m]cury 0 equal to ! weight ( ! portion ( ! air :i* _h disappe>$ dur+ ! =mation ( ! calc9$ m]cury4 ,?is exp]im5t prov$ t ! calc9ation ( m]cury 9 ! air consi/s 9 ! comb9ation ( a con/itu5t ( ! air ) ! m]cury4 ,fig4 ,,xvii4 7r$uc$ f an illu/ration 9 ,lavoisi]'s ,memoir7 repres5ts ! app>atus us$ by ,lavoisi]4 ,may['s supposition 0 confirm$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,xvii4 ,lavoisi] made _m m exp]im5ts on combu/ion1 & prov$ t 9 e case ! compon5t ( ! atmosph]e :i* he _h nam$ oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! sub/ance1 or ) "s "p ( ! sub/ance1 :i* 0 burn$4 ,by ^! exp]im5ts ! !ory ( ,phlogi/on 0 de/roy$2 & ) its de/ruction1 ! :ole al*emical app>atus ( ,pr9ciples & ,elem5ts1 ,ess5ces & ,qualities1 ,s\ls & ,spirits1 disappe>$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,recognition ,,( ,,*emical ,,*anges ,,z ,,! ,,int]actions ,,( ,,def9ite ,,sub/ances4 ,! exp]im5tal /udy ( combu/ion made by ,lavoisi] prov$ ! correctness ( t "p ( ,/ahl's phlogi/ic !ory :i* ass]t$ t all processes ( combu/ion are v simil>1 b also prov$ t ?is lik5ess consi/s 9 ! comb9ation ( a di/9ct gase\s sub/ance ) ! mat]ial und]go+ combu/ion1 & n 9 ! escape !refrom ( ! ,pr9ciple ( fire1 z ass]t$ by ! !ory ( ,/ahl4 ,aft] ab\t ! ye> #agij1 x 0 necess>y to ?9k ( combu/ions 9 ! air z comb9ations ( a p>ticul> gas1 or air1 ) ! burn+ sub/ances1 or "s portions ( !m4 ,?is description ( processes ( burn+ necess>ily l$ to a comp>ison ( ! gase\s con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ^! processes1 ) ! sub/ances :i* 7 burn$2 x l$ to ! exam9ation ( ! compositions ( _m sub/ances1 & made x necess>y to devise a language :]eby ^! compositions c\ld be /at$ cle>ly & consi/5tly4 ,we h se51 9 =m] *apt]s1 ! extreme haz9ess ( ! al*emical views ( composition1 & ! connexions betwe5 composition & prop]ties4 ,al?\gh ,boyle#g _h /at$ v lucidly :at he meant by ! composition ( a def9ite sub/ance1 ab\t a c5tury be=e ,lavoisi]'s "w on combu/ion1 nev]!less ! views ( *emi/s conc]n+ composition rema9$ v vague & incapable ( def9ite expression1 until ! exp]im5tal inve/igations ( ,lavoisi] enabl$ him to =m a cle> m5tal picture ( *emical *anges z int]actions betwe5 def9ite quantities ( di/9ct sub/ances4 #g ,boyle said1 9 #afhi1 ,i mean by elem5ts 444 c]ta9 primitive & simple1 or p]fectly unmix$ bodies2 :i* n be+ made ( any o!r bodies1 or ( "o ano!r1 are ! +r$i5ts ( :i* all ^? call$ p]fectly mixt bodies are imm$iately comp\nd$1 & into :i* !y are ultimately resolv$4 ,let u consid] "s ( ! "w ( ,lavoisi] 9 ?is direction4 ,i select 8 exp]im5tal exam9ation ( ! int]actions ( metals & acids4 ,_m exp]im5t]s _h notic$ t gases 7or airs1 z !y 7 call$ up till ne> ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury7 are g5]ally produc$ :5 metals are dissolv+ 9 acids4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o notic$ ?is said t ! gases came f ! dissolv+ metals2 ,lavoisi] said !y 7 produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! acids4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! int]action ( nitric acid & m]cury1 ,lavoisi] caus$ a weigh$ quantity ( ! metal to react ) a weigh$ quantity ( ! acid1 & collect$ ! gas :i* 0 produc$2 :5 all ! metal _h dissolv$1 he evaporat$ ! liquid until a :ite solid 0 obta9$2 he heat$ ?is solid until x 0 *ang$ to ! r$ sub/ance call$1 at t "t1 r$ precipitate1 & collect$ ! gas produc$4 ,f9ally1 ,lavoisi] /rongly heat$ ! r$ precipitate2 x *ang$ to a gas1 :i* he collect$1 & m]cury1 :i* he weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! m]cury obta9$ by ,lavoisi] at ! end ( ?is s]ies ( *anges 0 ! same1 less a few gra9s1 z ! weight ( ! m]cury :i* he _h caus$ to react ) ! nitric acid4 ,! gas obta9$ dur+ ! solution ( ! metal 9 ! acid1 & dur+ ! decomposition ( ! :ite solid by heat1 0 ! same z a gas :i* _h be5 prep>$ by ,prie/ley & call$ by him nitr\s air2 & ! gas obta9$ by heat+ ! r$ precipitate 0 f\nd to be oxyg54 ,lavoisi] !n mix$ measur$ volumes ( oxyg5 & nitr\s air1 /&+ ov] wat]2 a r$ gas 0 =m$1 & dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 & ,lavoisi] prov$ t ! wat] n[ conta9$ nitric acid4 ,! conclusions reg>d+ ! composition ( nitric acid drawn by ,lavoisi] f ^! exp]im5ts 01 t nitric acid is no?+ else ?an nitr\s air1 comb9$ ) almo/ its own volume ( ! pure/ "p ( atmosph]ic air1 & a consid]able quantity ( wat]4 ,lavoisi] suppos$ t ! /ages 9 ! complete reaction betwe5 m]cury & nitric acid 7 ^!3 ! )drawal ( oxyg5 f ! acid by ! m]cury1 & ! union ( ! comp\nd ( m]cury & oxyg5 ?us =m$ ) ! con/itu5ts ( ! acid :i* rema9$ :5 "p ( its oxyg5 0 tak5 away4 ,! removal ( oxyg5 f nitric acid by ! m]cury produc$ nitr\s air2 :5 ! product ( ! union ( ! oxide ( m]cury & ! nitric acid depriv$ ( "p ( its oxyg5 0 heat$1 m nitr\s air 0 giv5 (f1 & oxide ( m]cury rema9$1 & 0 decompos$1 at a high] temp]ature1 into m]cury & oxyg54 ,lavoisi] ?\ght ( ^! reactions z ! te>+ asund]1 by m]cury1 ( nitric acid into def9ite quantities ( its ?ree compon5ts1 !mselves di/9ct sub/ances1 nitr\s air1 wat]1 & oxyg52 & ! comb9ation ( ! m]cury ) a c]ta9 measurable quantity ( "o ( ^! compon5ts1 namely1 oxyg51 foll[$ by ! union ( ?is comp\nd ( m]cury & oxyg5 ) :at rema9$ ( ! compon5ts ( nitric acid4 ,lavoisi] _h =m$ a cle>1 consi/5t1 & sugge/ive m5tal picture ( *emical *anges4 ,he ?\ght ( a *emical reaction z always ! same "u ! same conditions1 z an action betwe5 a fix$ & measurable quantity ( "o sub/ance1 hav+ def9ite & def9able prop]ties1 ) fix$ & measurable quantities ( o!r sub/ances1 ! prop]ties ( ea* ( :i* 7 def9ite & def9able4 ,lavoisi] also recognis$ t c]ta9 def9ite sub/ances c\ld be divid$ into ?+s simpl] ?an !mselves1 b t o!r sub/ances refus$ to und]go simplification by division into two or m unlike portions4 ,he spoke ( ! object ( *emi/ry z foll[s3--#h ,9 submitt+ to exp]im5ts ! diff]5t sub/ances f\nd 9 nature1 *emi/ry seeks to decompose ^! sub/ances1 & to get !m into su* conditions t _! v>i\s compon5ts may be exam9$ sep>ately4 ,*emi/ry advances to its end by divid+1 sub-divid+1 & aga9 sub-divid+1 & we d n "k :at w be ! limits ( su* op]ations4 ,we _c be c]ta9 t :at we reg>d z simple to-day is inde$ simple2 all we c say is1 t su* a sub/ance is ! actual t]m :]eat *emical analysis has arriv$1 & t ) our pres5t k we _c sub-divide x4 #h ,i h giv5 a free r5d]+ ( ,lavoisi]'s words4 ,9 ^! words ,lavoisi] def9es ! *emical conception ( elem5ts2 s9ce 8 "t an elem5t is ! actual t]m :]eat *emical analysis has arriv$1 x is t :i* ) our pres5t k we _c sub-divide2 &1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 ! notion ( elem5t has no wid] mean+ ?an ?is4 ,i h already quot$ ,boyle's /atem5t t by elem5ts he meant c]ta9 primitive & simple bodies 444 n made ( any o!r bodies1 or ( "o ano!r4 ,boyle 0 /ill slightly re/ra9$ by ! al*emical atmosph]e ar\nd him2 he 0 /ill incl9$ to say1 ?is mu/ be ! way nature works1 %e mu/ beg9 ) c]ta9 sub/ances :i* are absolutely simple4 ,lavoisi] _h ?r[n (f all ! trammels :i* h9d]$ ! al*emi/s f mak+ rigor\s exp]im5tal inve/igations4 ,if "o may judge f 8 writ+s1 he _h n /ruggl$ to free himself f ^! trammels1 he _h n sl[ly em]g$ f ! quagmires ( al*emy1 & pa9fully ga9$ firm] gr\nd2 ! extraord9>y cle>ness & directness ( 8 m5tal vision _h l$ him /raight to ! v he>t ( ! problems ( *emi/ry1 & enabl$ him n only calmly to ignore all ! ma*9]y ( ,elem5ts1 ,pr9ciples1 ,ess5ces1 & ! l1 :i* ! al*emi/s _h con/ruct$ s labori\sly1 b also to con/ruct1 9 place ( t me*anism :i* h9d]$ inquiry1 g5u9e sci5tific hypo!ses :i* direct$ inquiry1 & 7 !mselves alt]$ by ! results ( ! exp]im5ts !y _h sugge/$4 ,lavoisi] made ^! great advances by apply+ himself to ! m9ute & exhau/ive exam9ation ( a few cases ( *emical *ange1 & endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ev]y?+ :i* took "p 9 ! processes he /udi$1 by weigh+ or measur+ ea* di/9ct sub/ance :i* 0 pres5t :5 ! *ange began1 & ea* :i* 0 pres5t :5 ! *ange 0 f9i%$4 ,he did n make haphaz>d exp]im5ts2 he _h a me?od1 a sy/em2 he us$ hypo!ses1 & he us$ !m rightly4 ,sy/ems 9 physics1 ,lavoisi] writes1 are b ! prop] in/rum5ts = help+ ! feebl5ess ( our s5ses4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !y are me?ods ( approximation :i* put u on ! track ( solv+ problems2 !y are ! hypo!ses :i*1 successively modifi$1 correct$1 & *ang$1 by exp]i5ce1 ought to conduct u1 "s day1 by ! me?od ( exclusions & elim9ations1 to ! k ( ! true laws ( nature4 ,9 a memoir :]e9 he is consid]+ ! production ( c>bonic acid & alcohol by ! f]m5tation ( fruit-juice1 ,lavoisi] says1 ,x is evid5t t we mu/ "k ! nature & composition ( ! sub/ances :i* c be f]m5t$ & ! products ( f]m5tation2 = no?+ is creat$1 ei!r 9 ! op]ations ( art or 9 ^? ( nature2 & x may be laid d[n t ! quantity ( mat]ial pres5t at ! beg9n+ ( e op]ation is ! same z ! quantity pres5t at ! end1 t ! quality & quantity ( ! pr9ciples#i are ! same1 & t no?+ happ5s save c]ta9 *anges1 c]ta9 modifications4 ,on ?is pr9ciple is bas$ ! :ole art ( exp]im5t+ 9 *emi/ry2 9 all *emical exp]im5ts we mu/ suppose t !re is a true equality betwe5 ! pr9ciples#aj ( ! sub/ances :i* are exam9$ & ^? :i* are obta9$ f !m by analysis4 #i1 #aj ,lavoisi] uses ! ^w pr9ciple1 "h & else:]e1 to mean a def9ite homog5e\s sub/ance2 he uses x z synonym\s ) ! m mod]n t]ms elem5t & comp\nd4 ,if ,lavoisi]'s memoirs are exam9$ closely1 x is se5 t at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 *emical inquiries he assum$ ! accuracy1 & ! univ]sal application1 ( ! g5]alisation no?+ is creat$1 ei!r 9 ! op]ations ( art or 9 ^? ( nature4 ,naturali/s _h be5 feel+ _! way = c5turies t[>ds su* a g5]alisation z ?is2 x _h be5 9 ! air = _m g5]ations2 sometimes x 0 almo/ realis$ by ?is or t inve/igator1 !n x escap$ = long p]iods4 ,lavoisi] seems to h realis$1 by :at we call intuition1 t h[ev] great & a/oni%+ may be ! *anges 9 ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ances :i* mutually react1 !re is no *ange 9 ! total quantity ( mat]ial4 ,n only did ,lavoisi] realise & act on ?is pr9ciple1 he also measur$ quantities ( sub/ances by ! "o practical me?od1 namely1 by weigh+2 & by do+ ?is he %[$ *emi/s ! only road along :i* !y c\ld advance t[>ds a g5u9e k ( mat]ial *anges4 ,! g5]alisation express$ by ,lavoisi] 9 ! words ,i h quot$ is n[ kn[n z ! law ( ! cons]vation ( mass2 x is g5]ally /at$ 9 "s su* =m z ?is3--! sum ( ! masses ( all ! homog5e\s sub/ances :i* take "p 9 a *emical 7or physical7 *ange does n itself *ange4 ,! sci5ce ( *emi/ry re/s on ?is law2 e quantitative analysis assumes ! accuracy1 & is a pro( ( ! validity1 ( x4#aa #aa ,i h consid]$ ! law ( ! cons]vation ( mass 9 "s detail 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ( ,! ,/ory ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts4 ,by accept+ ! accuracy ( ?is g5]alisation1 & us+ x 9 e exp]im5t1 ,lavoisi] 0 able to =m a cle> m5tal picture ( a *emical *ange z ! sep>ation & comb9ation ( homog5e\s sub/ances2 =1 by us+ ! balance1 he 0 able to foll[ ea* sub/ance ?r\gh ! maze ( *anges1 to det]m9e :5 x unit$ ) o!r sub/ances1 & :5 x sep>at$ into sub/ances simpl] ?an itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,elem5ts ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,! ,,al*emical ,,pr9ciples4 ,x 0 kn[n to _m obs]v]s 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! #ag? c5tury t ! product ( ! calc9ation ( a metal weighs m ?an ! metal2 b x 0 /ill possible1 at t "t1 to ass]t t ?is fact is ( no importance to "o :o is seek+ to give an accurate description ( ! process ( calc9ation4 ,weight1 :i* measures mass or quantity ( sub/ance1 0 ?\ght (1 9 ^! days1 z a prop]ty l col\r1 ta/e1 or smell1 a prop]ty :i* 0 sometimes decreas$1 & sometimes increas$1 by add+ "o sub/ance to ano!r4 ,/ud5ts ( natural occurr5ces 71 h[ev]1 feel+ _! way t[>ds ! recognition ( "s prop]ty ( sub/ances :i* did n *ange 9 ! haphaz>d way :]e9 mo/ prop]ties seem$ to alt]4 ,lavoisi] rea*$ ?is prop]ty at "o b\nd4 ,by 8 exp]im5tal inve/igations1 he taught t1 h[ev] greatly ! prop]ties ( "o sub/ance may be mask$1 or alt]$1 by add+ ano!r sub/ance to x1 yet ! prop]ty we call mass1 & measure by weight1 is n affect$ by ^! *anges2 = ,lavoisi] %[$1 t ! mass ( ! product ( ! union ( two sub/ances is always exactly ! sum ( ! masses ( ^! two sub/ances1 & ! sum ( ! masses ( ! sub/ances :]e9to "o sub/ance is divid$ is always exactly equal to t mass ( ! sub/ance :i* is divid$4 ,= ! undef9$1 ev]-*ang+1 protean ess5ce1 or s\l1 ( a ?+ :i* ! al*emi/s ?\ght ( z hidd5 by wrapp+s ( prop]ties1 ! exact inve/igations ( ,lavoisi]1 & ^? ( o!rs :o work$ on ! same l9es z he1 sub/itut$ ?is def9ite1 fix$1 unmodifiable prop]ty ( mass4 ,lavoisi]1 & ^? :o foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 also did away ) ! al*emical notion ( ! exi/5ce ( an ess5tial sub/ratum1 indep5d5t ( *anges 9 ^? prop]ties ( a sub/ance :i* c be obs]v$ by ! s5ses4 ,= ! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ^! m5 oblig$ naturali/s to recognise1 t a *ange 9 ! prop]ties ( a def9ite1 homog5e\s sub/ance1 su* z pure wat]1 pure *alk1 or pure sulphur1 is accompani$ 7or1 z we g5]ally say1 is caus$7 by ! =mation ( a new sub/ance or sub/ances2 & ?is =mation1 ?is app>5t creation1 ( new mat]ial1 is effect$1 ei!r by ! addition ( some?+ to ! orig9al sub/ance1 or by ! sep>ation ( x into portions :i* are unlike x1 & unlike "o ano!r4 ,if ! *ange is a comb9ation1 or coalesc5ce1 ( two ?+s into "o1 !n ! mass1 & h5ce ! weight1 ( ! product is equal to ! sum ( ^? masses1 & h5ce ^? weights1 ( ! ?+s :i* h unit$ to =m x2 if ! *ange is a sep>ation ( "o di/9ct sub/ance into sev]al sub/ances1 !n ! sum ( ! masses1 & h5ce ! weights1 ( ! products is equal to t mass1 & h5ce t weight1 ( ! sub/ance :i* has be5 sep>at$4 ,consid] ! ^w wat]1 & ! sub/ance repres5t$ by ?is ^w4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 ,i gave illu/rations ( ! diff]5t mean+s :i* h be5 giv5 to ?is ^w2 x is sometimes us$ to repres5t a mat]ial sub/ance1 sometimes a quality m or less *>act]i/ic ( t sub/ance1 & sometimes a process to :i* t sub/ance1 & _m o!rs l x1 may be subject$4 ,b :5 ! ^w wat] is us$ ) a def9ite & exact mean+1 x is a succ9ct expression = a c]ta9 gr\p1 or collocation1 ( measurable prop]ties :i* are always f\nd toge!r1 & is1 !re=e1 ?\ght ( z a di/9ct sub/ance4 ,?is sub/ance c be sep>at$ into two o!r sub/ances v unlike x1 & c be =m$ by caus+ ^! to unite4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts1 by weight1 ( pure wat] are always =m$ by ! union ( #aa4aa p>ts ( hydrog51 & #hh4hi p>ts ( oxyg51 & c be sep>at$ into ^! quantities ( ^? sub/ances4 ,:5 wat] is =m$ by ! union ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 ! ratio ( #aa4aa p>ts by weight ( ! =m] to #hh4hi ( ! latt]1 ! prop]ties ( ! two sub/ances :i* coalesce to =m x disappe>1 except _! masses4 ,x is cu/om>y to say t wat] conta9s hydrog5 & oxyg52 b ?is expression is sc>cely an accurate description ( ! facts4 ,:at we call sub/ances are kn[n to u only by _! prop]ties1 t is1 ! ways :]e9 !y act on our s5ses4 ,hydrog5 has c]ta9 def9ite prop]ties1 oxyg5 has o!r def9ite prop]ties1 & ! prop]ties ( wat] are p]fectly di/9ct f ^? ( ei!r ( ! sub/ances :i* x is said to conta94 ,x is1 !re=e1 some:at mislead+ to say t wat] conta9s sub/ances ! prop]ties :]e(1 except _! masses1 disappe>$ at ! mom5t :5 !y unit$ & wat] 0 produc$4 ,nev]!less we are =c$ to ?9k ( wat] z1 9 a s5se1 conta9+ hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,=1 "o ( ! prop]ties ( hydrog5 is its p[] to coalesce1 or comb9e1 ) oxyg5 to =m wat]1 & "o ( ! prop]ties ( oxyg5 is its ability to unite ) hydrog5 to =m wat]2 & ^! prop]ties ( ^? sub/ances _c be recognis$1 or ev5 suspect$1 unless c]ta9 def9ite quantities ( ! two sub/ances are br\ght toge!r "u c]ta9 def9ite conditions4 ,! prop]ties :i* *>act]ise hydrog51 & ^? :i* *>act]ise oxyg51 :5 ^! ?+s are sep>at$ f all o!r sub/ances1 c be det]m9$ & measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! simil> prop]ties ( "s o!r sub/ance tak5 z a /&>d4 ,^! two di/9ct sub/ances disappe> :5 !y are br\ght into contact1 "u ! prop] conditions1 & some?+ 7wat]7 is obta9$ ^: prop]ties are v unlike ^? ( hydrog5 or oxyg52 ?is new ?+ c be caus$ to disappe>1 & hydrog5 & oxyg5 are aga9 produc$4 ,?is cycle ( *anges c be repeat$ z (t5 z we please2 ! quantities ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 :i* are obta9$ :5 we *oose to /op ! process are exactly ! same z ! quantities ( ^? sub/ances :i* disappe>$ 9 ! fir/ op]ation :]eby wat] 0 produc$4 ,h5ce1 wat] is an intimate union ( hydrog5 & oxyg52 &1 9 ?is s5se1 wat] may be said to conta9 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,! al*emi/ w\ld h said1 ! prop]ties ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 are de/roy$ :5 ^! ?+s unite to =m wat]1 b ! ess5ce1 or sub/ratum1 ( ea* rema9s4 ,! *emi/ says1 y _c discov] all ! prop]ties ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 by exam9+ ^! sub/ances ap>t f "o ano!r1 = "o ( ! mo/ important prop]ties ( ei!r is manife/$ only :5 ! two mutually react3 ! =mation ( wat] is n ! de/ruction ( ! prop]ties ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 & ! revelation ( _! ess5tial sub/rata1 x is r ! manife/ation ( a prop]ty ( ea* :i* _c be discov]$ except by caus+ ! union ( bo?4 ,!re 01 !n1 a c]ta9 degree ( accuracy 9 ! al*emical description ( ! processes we n[ call *emical *anges1 z be+ ! removal ( ! out] prop]ties ( ! ?+s :i* react1 & ! manife/ation ( _! ess5tial sub/ance4 ,b !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is description & ! *emical pres5tm5t ( ^! processes z reactions betwe5 def9ite & measurable quantities ( elem5ts1 or comp\nds1 or bo?1 result+ 9 ! re-di/ribution1 ( ! elem5ts1 or ! sep>ation ( ! comp\nds into _! elem5ts1 & ! =mation ( new comp\nds by ! re-comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts4 ,let u contra/ ! two descriptions some:at m fully4 ,! al*emi/ wi%$ to effect ! transmutation ( "o sub/ance into ano!r2 he despair$ ( ! possibility ( sep>at+ ! ,elem5ts :]e( ! sub/ance might be =m$1 b he ?\ght he c\ld manipulate :at he call$ ! virtues ( ! ,elem5ts by a judici\s use ( "s or all ( ! ?ree ,pr9ciples1 :i* he nam$ ,sulphur1 ,salt1 & ,m]cury4 ,he c\ld n /ate 9 def9ite language :at he meant by ^! ,pr9ciples2 !y 7 /ates1 conditions1 or qualities1 ( classes ( sub/ances1 :i* c\ld n be def9$4 ,! directions ! al*emi/ 0 able to give to ^? :o s\ght to effect ! *ange ( "o ?+ into ano!r 7 ^!4 ,fir/ly1 to remove ^? prop]ties :i* *>act]is$ ! ?+ to be *ang$1 & leave only ! prop]ties :i* x %>$ ) o!r ?+s l x2 secondly1 to de/roy ! prop]ties :i* ! ?+ to be *ang$ possess$ 9 common ) c]ta9 o!r ?+s2 ?irdly1 to comm+le ! ,ess5ce ( ! ?+ ) ! ,ess5ce ( some?+ else1 9 due proportion & "u prop] conditions2 &1 f9ally1 to hope = ! be/1 keep a cle> head1 & ma9ta9 a s5se ( virtue4 ,if he :o 0 ab\t to attempt ! transmutation inquir$ h[ he 0 to de/roy ! specific prop]ties1 & ! class prop]ties1 ( ! ?+ he propos$ to *ange1 & by :at me?ods he 0 to obta9 its ,ess5ce1 & cause t ,ess5ce to produce ! new ?+1 he w\ld be told to travel along ! road :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,& if he dem&$ m detail$ directions1 he w\ld be in=m$ t ! sub/ance :]e) 8 exp]im5ts began mu/ fir/ be mortifi$1 !n dissolv$1 !n conjo9$1 !n putrefi$1 !n congeal$1 !n cibat$1 !n sublim$1 & f]m5t$1 &1 f9ally1 exalt$4 ,he w\ld1 moreov]1 be w>n$ t 9 all ^! op]ations he mu/ use1 n ?+s :i* he c\ld t\*1 h&le1 & weigh1 b ! virtues1 ! lives1 ! s\ls1 ( su* ?+s4 ,:5 ! /ud5t ( *emi/ry desires to effect ! trans=mation ( "o def9ite sub/ance into ano!r1 he is told to det]m9e1 by quantitative exp]im5ts1 :at are ! elem5ts1 & :at ! quantities ( ^! elem5ts1 :i* compose ! comp\nd :i* he proposes to *ange1 & ! comp\nd into :i* he proposes to *ange x2 & he is giv5 work+ def9itions ( ! words elem5t & comp\nd4 ,if ! comp\nd he desires to produce is f\nd to be compos$ ( elem5ts diff]5t f ^? :i* =m ! comp\nd :]e) 8 op]ations beg91 he is direct$ to br+ ab\t a reaction1 or a s]ies ( reactions1 betwe5 ! comp\nd :i* is to be *ang$1 & "s o!r collocation ( elem5ts ! composition ( :i* is kn[n to be su* t x c supply ! new elem5ts :i* are ne$$ = ! production ( ! new comp\nd4 ,s9ce ,lavoisi] realis$1 = himself1 & ^? :o 7 to come aft] him1 ! mean+ ( ! t]ms elem5t & comp\nd1 we may say t *emi/s h be5 able to =m a m5tal picture ( ! *ange f "o def9ite sub/ance to ano!r1 :i* is cle>1 sugge/ive1 & consi/5t1 because x is an approximately accurate description ( ! facts discov]$ by c>eful & p5etrative inve/igations4 ,?is pres5tm5t ( ! *ange has be5 sub/itut$ = ! al*emical conception1 :i* 0 an attempt to express :at introspection & reason+ on ! results ( sup]ficial inve/igations1 guid$ by speci\s analogies1 sugge/$ ought to be ! facts4 ,lavoisi] 0 ! man :o made possible ! m accurate1 & m f>-rea*+1 description ( ! *anges :i* result 9 ! production ( sub/ances v unlike ^? :i* are *ang$2 & he did ?is by exp]im5tally analys+ ! conceptions ( ! elem5t & ! comp\nd1 giv+ def9ite & workable mean+s to ^! conceptions1 & e/abli%+1 on an exp]im5tal f\ndation1 ! g5]alisation t ! sum ( ! quantities ( ! sub/ances :i* take "p 9 any *ange is itself un*ang$4 ,a *emical elem5t 0 ?\ght ( by ,lavoisi] z ! actual t]m :]eat analysis has arriv$1 a def9ite sub/ance :i* we _c subdivide ) our pres5t k1 b n necess>ily a sub/ance :i* w nev] be divid$4 ,a comp\nd 0 ?\ght ( by him z a def9ite sub/ance :i* is always produc$ by ! union ( ! same quantities ( ! same elem5ts1 & c be sep>at$ into ! same quantities ( ! same elem5ts4 ,^! conceptions 7 amplifi$ & made m full ( mean+ by ! "w ( _m :o came aft] ,lavoisi]1 notably by ,john ,dalton1 :o 0 born 9 #agff & di$ 9 #ahdd4 ,9 ,*apt] ,i41 ,i gave a sket* ( ! atomic !ory ( ! ,greek ?9k]s4 ,! f\nd] ( t !ory1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 said t e sub/ance is a collocation ( a va/ numb] ( m9ute p>ticles1 :i* are un*angeable1 inde/ructible1 & imp5etrable1 & are !re=e prop]ly call$ atoms2 t ! diff]5ces :i* are obs]v$ betwe5 ! qualities ( ?+s are due to diff]5ces 9 ! numb]s1 sizes1 %apes1 positions1 & movem5ts ( atoms1 & t ! process :i* occurs :5 "o sub/ance is app>5tly de/roy$ & ano!r is produc$ 9 its place1 is no?+ m ?an a re>rangem5t ( atoms4 ,! supposition t *anges 9 ! prop]ties ( sub/ances are connect$ ) *anges 9 ! numb]s1 movem5ts1 & arrangem5ts ( diff]5t k9ds ( m9ute p>ticles1 0 us$ 9 a g5]al way by _m naturali/s ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies2 b ,dalton 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ! data obta9$ by ! analyses ( comp\nds make x possible to det]m9e ! relative weights ( ! atoms ( ! elem5ts4 ,dalton us$ ! ^w atom to d5ote ! smalle/ p>ticle ( an elem5t1 or a comp\nd1 :i* exhibits ! prop]ties *>act]i/ic ( t elem5t or comp\nd4 ,he suppos$ t ! atoms ( an elem5t are nev] divid$ 9 any ( ! reactions ( t elem5t1 b ! atoms ( a comp\nd are (t5 sep>at$ into ! atoms ( ! elem5ts :]e( ! comp\nd is compos$4 ,app>5tly )\t kn[+ t ! supposition _h be5 made m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e 8 "t1 ,dalton 0 l$ by 8 /udy ( ! composition & prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e to assume t ! atoms ( diff]5t sub/ances1 :e!r elem5ts or comp\nds1 are ( diff]5t sizes & h diff]5t weights4 ,he assum$ t :5 two elem5ts unite to =m only "o comp\nd1 ! atom ( t comp\nd has ! simple/ possible composition1 is =m$ by ! union ( a s+le atom ( ea* elem5t4 ,dalton knew only "o comp\nd ( hydrog5 & nitrog51 namely1 ammonia4 ,analyses ( ?is comp\nd %[ t x is compos$ ( "o "p by weight ( hydrog5 & #d4ff p>ts by weight ( nitrog54 ,dalton said "o atom ( hydrog5 comb9es ) "o atom ( nitrog5 to =m an atom ( ammonia2 h5ce an atom ( nitrog5 is #d4ff times heavi] ?an an atom ( hydrog52 9 o!r words1 if ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 is tak5 z unity1 ! atomic weight ( nitrog5 is express$ by ! numb] #d4ff4 ,dalton ref]r$ ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts to ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 z unity1 because hydrog5 is light] ?an any o!r sub/ance2 h5ce ! numb]s :i* tell h[ mu* heavi] ! atoms ( ! elem5ts are ?an an atom ( hydrog5 are always great] ?an "o1 are always positive numb]s4 ,:5 two elem5ts unite 9 diff]5t proportions1 by weight1 to =m m ?an "o comp\nd1 ,dalton suppos$ t 79 mo/ cases at any rate7 "o ( ! comp\nds is =m$ by ! union ( a s+le atom ( ea* elem5t2 ! next comp\nd is =m$ by ! union ( "o atom ( ! elem5t :i* is pres5t 9 small] quantity ) two1 ?ree1 or m1 atoms ( ! o!r elem5t1 & ! next comp\nd is =m$ by ! union ( "o atom ( ! fir/ elem5t ) a l>g] numb] 7always1 necess>ily1 a :ole numb]7 ( atoms ( ! o!r elem5t ?an is conta9$ 9 ! second comp\nd2 & s on4 ,f ?is assumption1 & ! ,daltonian conception ( ! atom1 x foll[s t ! quantities by weight ( "o elem5t :i* are f\nd to unite ) "o & ! same weight ( ano!r elem5t mu/ always be expressible z :ole multiples ( "o numb]4 ,= if two elem5ts1 ,a & ,b1 =m a comp\nd1 t comp\nd is =m$1 by supposition1 ( "o atom ( ,a & "o atom ( ,b2 if m ( ,b is add$1 at lea/ "o atom ( ,b mu/ be add$2 h[ev] mu* ( ,b is add$ ! quantity mu/ be a :ole numb] ( atoms2 & z e atom ( ,b is ! same 9 all respects z e o!r atom ( ,b1 ! weights ( ,b add$ to a con/ant weight ( ,a mu/ be :ole multiples ( ! atomic weight ( ,b4 ,! facts :i* 7 available 9 ,dalton's "t confirm$ ?is d$uction f ! atomic !ory )9 ! limits ( exp]im5tal errors2 & ! facts :i* h be5 e/abli%$ s9ce ,dalton's "t are completely 9 keep+ ) ! d$uction4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ?ree comp\nds ( ! elem5ts nitrog5 & oxyg54 ,t "o ( ! ?ree :i* conta9s lea/ oxyg5 is compos$ ( #fc4fd p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & #cf4cf p] c5t4 ( oxyg52 if ! atomic weight ( nitrog5 is tak5 to be #d4ff1 :i* is ! weight ( nitrog5 t comb9es ) "o "p by weight ( hydrog51 !n ! weight ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) #d4ff ( nitrog5 is #b4ff 7#fc4fd3cf4cf #d4ff3b4ff74 ,! weights ( oxyg5 :i* comb9e ) #d4ff p>ts by weight ( nitrog5 to =m ! second & ?ird comp\nds1 respectively1 mu/ be :ole multiples ( #b4ff2 ^! weights are #e4cb & #aj4fd4 ,n[ #e4cb #b4ff x #b1 & #aj4fd #b4ff x #d4 ,h5ce1 ! quantities by weight ( oxyg5 :i* comb9e ) "o & ! same weight ( nitrog5 are su* t two ( ^! quantities are :ole multiples ( ! ?ird quantity4 ,dalton's application ( ! ,greek atomic !ory to ! facts e/abli%$ by ! analyses ( comp\nds enabl$ him to atta* to ea* elem5t a numb] :i* he call$ ! atomic weight ( ! elem5t1 & to summ>ise all ! facts conc]n+ ! compositions ( comp\nds 9 ! /atem5t1 t ! elem5ts comb9e 9 ! ratios ( _! atomic weights1 or 9 ! ratios ( :ole multiples ( _! atomic weights4 ,all ! inve/igations :i* h be5 made into ! compositions ( comp\nds1 s9ce ,dalton's "t1 h confirm$ ! g5]alisation :i* foll[$ f ,dalton's application ( ! atomic !ory4 ,ev5 if ! !ory ( atoms 7 ab&on$1 ! g5]alisation w\ld rema91 z an accurate & exact /atem5t ( facts :i* hold good 9 e *emical *ange1 t a numb] c be atta*$ to ea* elem5t1 & ! weights ( ! elem5ts :i* comb9e are 9 ! ratios ( ^! numb]s1 or :ole multiples ( ^! numb]s4 ,s9ce *emi/s realis$ ! mean+ ( ,dalton's book1 publi%$ 9 #ahjh1 & entitl$1 ,a ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 elem5ts h be5 reg>d$ z di/9ct & def9ite sub/ances1 :i* h n be5 divid$ into p>ts diff]5t f !mselves1 & unite ) ea* o!r 9 def9ite quantities by weight :i* c be accurately express$ z :ole multiples ( c]ta9 fix$ quantities2 & comp\nds h be5 reg>d$ z di/9ct & def9ite sub/ances :i* are =m$ by ! union (1 & c be sep>at$ into1 quantities ( v>i\s elem5ts :i* are expressible by c]ta9 fix$ numb]s or :ole multiples !re(4 ,^! descriptions ( elem5ts & comp\nds are expressions ( actual facts4 ,!y enable *emi/s to /ate ! compositions ( all ! comp\nds :i* are1 or c be1 =m$ by ! union ( any elem5ts4 ,= example1 let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d repres5t f\r elem5ts1 & also c]ta9 def9ite weights ( ^! elem5ts1 !n ! compositions ( all ! comp\nds :i* c be =m$ by ! union ( ^! elem5ts are express$ by ! s*eme ,an ,bm ,cp ,dq1 :]e m n p & q are :ole numb]s4 ,^! descriptions ( elem5ts & comp\nds also enable *emi/s to =m a cle> picture to !mselves ( any *emical *ange4 ,!y ?9k ( a *emical *ange z be+2 7#a7 a union ( ^? weights ( two1 or m1 elem5ts :i* are express$ by ! numb]s atta*$ to ^! elem5ts1 or by :ole multiples ( ^! numb]s2 or 7#b7 a union ( su* weights ( two1 or m1 comp\nds z c be express$ by c]ta9 numb]s or by :ole multiples ( ^! numb]s2 or 7#c7 a reaction betwe5 elem5ts & comp\nds1 or betwe5 comp\nds & comp\nds1 result+ 9 ! r$i/ribution ( ! elem5ts conc]n$1 9 su* a way t ! complete *ange ( composition c be express$ by us+ ! numb]s1 or :ole multiples ( ! numb]s1 atta*$ to ! elem5ts4 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is conception ( a *ange :]e9 sub/ances are =m$1 entirely unlike ^? ?+s :i* react to =m !m1 f ! al*emical pres5tm5t ( su* a process6 ,! al*emi/ spoke ( /ripp+ (f ! out] prop]ties ( ! ?+ to be *ang$1 &1 by op]at+ spiritually on ! s\l :i* 0 ?us laid b>e1 induc+ ! ess5tial virtue ( ! sub/ance to exhibit its p[]s ( transmutation4 ,b he 0 unable to give def9ite mean+s to ! expressions :i* he us$1 he 0 unable to ?9k cle>ly ab\t ! trans=mations :i* he tri$ to accompli%4 ,! *emi/ disc>ds ! ma*9]y ( virtues1 s\ls1 & p[]s4 ,x is true t he sub/itutes a ma*9]y ( m9ute p>ticles2 b ?is ma*9]y is m]ely a means ( ?9k+ cle>ly & consi/5tly ab\t ! *anges :i* he /udies4 ,! al*emi/ ?\ght1 vaguely1 ( sub/ance z some?+ und]ly+1 & indep5d5t (1 prop]ties2 ! *emi/ uses ! expression1 ?is or t sub/ance1 z a conv5i5t way ( pres5t+ & reason+ ab\t c]ta9 gr\ps ( prop]ties4 ,x seems to me t if we ?9k ( matt] z some?+ m ?an prop]ties recognis$ by ! s5ses1 we are go+ back on ! road :i* leads to ! confusion ( ! al*emical times4 ,! al*emi/s express$ _! conceptions 9 :at seems to u a crude1 inconsi/5t1 & v undescriptive language4 ,*emi/s use a language :i* is c]ta9ly symbolical1 b also intelligible1 & on ! :ole fairly descriptive ( ! facts4 ,a "n is giv5 to ea* elem5t>y sub/ance1 t is1 ea* sub/ance :i* has n be5 decompos$2 ! "n g5]ally expresses "s *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! sub/ance1 or tells some?+ ab\t its orig9 or ! place ( its discov]y4 ,! names ( comp\nds are =m$ by putt+ toge!r ! names ( ! elem5ts :i* comb9e to produce !m2 & ! relative quantities ( ^! elem5ts are indicat$ ei!r by ! use ( ,lat9 or ,greek prefixes1 or by v>iations 9 ! t]m9al syllables ( ! names ( ! elem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,al*emical ,,que/ ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,?+4 ,! /udy ( ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts %[s t ^! sub/ances fall into gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( ea* ( :i* are l "o ano!r1 & =m comp\nds :i* are simil>4 ,! exam9ation ( ! prop]ties & compositions ( comp\nds has %[n t simil>ity ( prop]ties is always accompani$ by simil>ity ( composition4 ,h5ce1 ! fact t c]ta9 elem5ts are v closely alli$ 9 _! prop]ties sugge/s t ^! elem5ts may also be alli$ 9 _! composition4 ,n[1 to speak ( ! composition ( an elem5t is to ?9k ( ! elem5t z =m$ by ! union ( at lea/ two diff]5t sub/ances2 x implies ! supposition t "s elem5ts at any rate are really comp\nds4 ,! fact t !re is a v def9ite connexion betwe5 ! values ( ! atomic weights1 & ! prop]ties1 ( ! elem5ts1 l5ds "s support to ! hypo!sis t ! sub/ances we call1 & are oblig$ at pres5t to call1 elem5ts1 may h be5 =m$ f "o1 or a few1 di/9ct sub/ances1 by "s process ( progressive *ange4 ,if ! elem5ts are consid]$ 9 ! ord] ( increas+ atomic weights1 f hydrog51 ^: atomic weight is tak5 z unity because x is ! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n1 to uranium1 an atom ( :i* is #bdj times heavi] ?an an atom ( hydrog51 x is f\nd t ! elem5ts fall into p]iods1 & ! prop]ties ( ^? 9 "o p]iod v>y f elem5t to elem5t1 9 a way :i* is1 broadly & on ! :ole1 l ! v>iation ( ! prop]ties ( ^? 9 o!r p]iods4 ,?is fact sugge/s ! supposition--x might be m accurate to say ! speculation--t ! elem5ts m>k ! /able po9ts 9 a process ( *ange1 :i* has n proce$$ cont9u\sly f a v simple sub/ance to a v complex "o1 b has repeat$ itself1 ) c]ta9 v>iations1 aga9 & aga94 ,if su* a process has occurr$1 we might reasonably expect to f9d sub/ances exhibit+ only m9ute diff]5ces 9 _! prop]ties1 diff]5ces s slight z to make x impossible to assign ! sub/ances1 def9itely & c]ta9ly1 ei!r to ! class ( elem5ts or to t ( comp\nds4 ,we f9d exactly su* sub/ances among :at are call$ ! r>e e>?s4 ,!re are e>?-l sub/ances :i* exhibit no diff]5ces ( *emical prop]ties1 & yet %[ m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]s ( ! light :i* !y emit :5 !y are rais$ to a v high temp]ature4 ,! results ( analysis by ! spectroscope ( ! light emitt$ by c]ta9 elem5ts at diff]5t temp]atures may be reasonably int]pret$ by suppos+ t ^! elem5ts are sep>at$ into simpl] sub/ances by ! action on !m ( v l>ge quantities ( !rmal en]gy4 ,! spectrum ( ! light emitt$ by gl[+ iron heat$ by a ,buns5 flame 7say1 at #abjj ,c4 ab\t #bbjj ,f47 %[s a few l9es & flut+s2 :5 iron is heat$ 9 an electric arc 7say1 to #cejj ,c4 ab\t #fcjj ,f47 ! spectrum %[s "s two ?\s& l9es2 at ! high] temp]ature produc$ by ! electric sp>k-dis*>ge1 ! spectrum %[s only a few l9es4 ,z a guide to fur!r inve/igation1 we may provisionally inf] f ^! facts t iron is *ang$ at v high temp]atures into sub/ances simpl] ?an itself4 ,sir ,norman ,locky]'s /udy ( ! spectra ( ! light f />s has %[n t ! light f ^? />s :i* are presumably ! hotte/1 judg+ by ! g5]al "* ( _! spectra1 reveals ! pres5ce ( a v small numb] ( *emical elem5ts2 & t ! numb] ( spectral l9es1 &1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( elem5ts1 increases z we pass f ! hotte/ to cool] />s4 ,at ea* /age ( ! *ange f ! hotte/ to cool] />s c]ta9 sub/ances disappe> & c]ta9 o!r sub/ances take _! places4 ,x may be suppos$1 z a sugge/ive hypo!sis1 t ! l[]+ ( /ell> temp]ature is accompani$ by ! =mation1 f simpl] =ms ( matt]1 ( su* elem5ts z iron1 calcium1 manganese1 & o!r metals4 ,9 ! ye> #ahif1 ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,becqu]el discov]$ ! fact t salts ( ! metal uranium1 ! atomic weight ( :i* is #bdj1 & is great] ?an t ( any o!r elem5t1 emit rays :i* cause electrifi$ bodies to lose _! electric *>ges1 & act on photographic plates t are wrapp$ 9 %eets ( black pap]1 or 9 ?9 %eets ( o!r sub/ances :i* /op rays ( light4 ,! radio-activity ( salts ( uranium 0 prov$ n to be increas$ or dim9i%$ :5 ^! salts _h be5 %ield$ = five ye>s f ! action ( light by keep+ !m 9 lead5 boxes4 ,%ortly aft] ,becqu]el's discov]y1 exp]im5ts prov$ t salts ( ! r>e metal ?orium are radio-active4 ,?is discov]y 0 foll[$ by ,madame ,curie's demon/ration ( ! fact t c]ta9 specim5s ( pit*bl5de1 a m9]al :i* conta9s comp\nds ( uranium & ( _m o!r metals1 are extremely radio-active1 & by ! sep>ation f pit*bl5de1 by ,monsieur & ,madame ,curie1 ( new sub/ances mu* m radio-active ?an comp\nds ( uranium or ( ?orium4 ,! new sub/ances 7 prov$ to be comp\nds *emically v simil> to salts ( b>ium4 ,_! compositions 7 det]m9$ on ! supposition t !y 7 salts ( an unkn[n metal closely alli$ to b>ium4 ,because ( ! great radio-activity ( ! comp\nds1 ! hypo!tical metal ( !m 0 nam$ ,radium4 ,at a lat] "t1 radium 0 isolat$ by ,madame ,curie4 ,x is describ$ by h] z a :ite1 h>d1 metal-l solid1 :i* reacts ) wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 z b>ium does4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( radium comp\nds1 _m radio-active sub/ances h be5 isolat$4 ,only exce$+ly m9ute quantities ( any ( !m h be5 obta9$4 ,! quantities ( sub/ances us$ 9 exp]im5ts on radio-activity are s small t !y escape ! ord9>y me?ods ( measurem5t1 & are sc>cely am5able to ! ord9>y processes ( ! *emical laboratory4 ,=tunately1 radio-activity c be detect$ & measur$ by electrical me?ods ( extraord9>y f95ess1 me?ods ! delicacy ( :i* v mu* m exce$s t ( spectroscopic me?ods ?an ! s5sitiv5ess ( ^! surpasses t ( ord9>y *emical analysis4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( radio-activity1 ab\t sev5ty-five sub/ances 7 call$ elem5ts2 9 o!r words1 ab\t sev5ty-five diff]5t sub/ances 7 kn[n to *emi/s1 none ( :i* _h be5 sep>at$ into unlike p>ts1 none ( :i* _h be5 made by ! coalesc5ce ( unlike sub/ances4 ,comp\nds ( only two ( ^! sub/ances1 uranium & ?orium1 are radio-active4 ,radio-activity is a v rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,s f> z we "k at pres5t1 radio-activity is n a prop]ty ( ! sub/ances :i* =m almo/ ! :ole ( ! rocks1 ! wat]s1 & ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?2 x is n a prop]ty ( ! mat]ials :i* con/itute liv+ organisms4 ,x is a prop]ty ( "s ?irty sub/ances--( c\rse1 ! numb] may be increas$--a few ( :i* are f\nd widely di/ribut$ 9 rocks & wat]s1 b none ( :i* is f\nd any:]e except 9 extraord9>ily m9ute quantity4 ,radium is ! mo/ abundant ( ^! sub/ances2 b only a v few gra9s ( radium *loride c be obta9$ f a c\ple ( tons ( pit*bl5de4 ,9 ,*apt] ,x4 ( ,! ,/ory ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts ,i h giv5 a %ort acc\nt ( ! out/&+ ph5om5a ( radio-activity2 = ! pres5t purpose x w suffice to /ate a few facts ( fundam5tal importance4 ,radio-active sub/ances are /ores ( en]gy1 "s ( :i* is con/antly escap+ f !m2 !y are con/antly *ang+ )\t ext]nal compulsion1 & are con/antly radiat+ en]gy3 all explosives are /oreh\ses ( en]gy :i*1 or "p ( :i*1 c be obta9$ f !m2 b ! lib]ation ( _! en]gy mu/ be />t$ by "s k9d ( ext]nal %ock4 ,:5 an explosive sub/ance has explod$1 its exi/5ce z an explosive is f9i%$2 ! products ( ! explosion are sub/ances f :i* en]gy _c be obta9$3 :5 a radio-active sub/ance has explod$1 x explodes aga91 & aga91 & aga92 a "t comes1 soon] or lat]1 :5 x has *ang$ into sub/ances t are useless z s\rces ( en]gy4 ,! dis9tegration ( an explosive1 />t$ by an ext]nal =ce1 is g5]ally complet$ 9 a fraction ( a second2 *ange ( condition *anges ! rate ( explosion3 ! half-life p]iod ( ea* radio-active sub/ance is a con/ant *>act]i/ic ( x2 if a gram ( radium 7 kept = ab\t #ahjj ye>s1 half ( x w\ld h *ang$ into radio-inactive sub/ances4 ,conditions may be arrang$ s t an explosive rema9s un*ang$--wet gun-cotton is n explod$ by a %ock :i* w\ld />t ! explosion ( dry gun-cotton--9 o!r words1 ! explosion ( an explosive c be regulat$3 ! explosive *anges ( a radio-active sub/ance1 :i* are accompani$ by ! radiation ( en]gy1 _c be regulat$2 !y proce$ spontane\sly 9 a regul> & def9able mann] :i* is n influ5c$ by any ext]nal conditions--su* z great *ange ( temp]ature1 pres5ce or abs5ce ( o!r sub/ances--s f> z ^! conditions h be5 made ! subject ( exp]im5t3 ! am\nt ( activity ( a radio-active sub/ance has n be5 increas$ or dim9i%$ by any process to :i* ! sub/ance has be5 subject$4 ,explosives are manufactur$ articles2 explosiv5ess is a prop]ty ( c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( c]ta9 quantities ( c]ta9 elem5ts3 s f> z exp]im5ts h gone1 x has n be5 f\nd possible to add ! prop]ty ( radio-activity to an inactive sub/ance1 or to remove ! prop]ty ( radio-activity f an active sub/ance2 ! cessation ( ! radio-activity ( an active sub/ance is accompani$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! sub/ance1 & ! production ( inactive bodies altoge!r unlike ! orig9al active body4 ,radio-active sub/ances are con/antly giv+ (f en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat1 s5d+ =? rays :i* h def9ite & rem>kable prop]ties1 & produc+ gase\s emanations :i* are v un/able1 & *ange1 "s v rapidly1 "s less rapidly1 into o!r sub/ances1 & emit rays :i* are g5]ally ! same z ! rays emitt$ by ! p>5t sub/ance4 ,9 briefly consid]+ ^! ?ree ph5om5a1 ,i %all *oose radium comp\nds z repres5tative ( ! class ( radio-active sub/ances4 ,radium comp\nds spontane\sly give (f en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,a quantity ( radium *loride :i* conta9s #a gram ( radium cont9u\sly gives out1 p] h\r1 a quantity ( heat suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature ( #a gram ( wat] ?r\gh #ajj ,c41 or #ajj grams ( wat] ?r\gh #a ,c4 ,! heat giv5 out by #a gram ( radium dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( #bdjj grams ( wat] ?r\gh #a ,c42 9 "o ye> ! temp]ature ( #hgf1jjj grams ( wat] w\ld be rais$ ?r\gh #a ,c42 & 9 #ahjj ye>s1 :i* is approximately ! half-life p]iod ( radium1 ! temp]ature ( #a1egf1hjj kilograms ( wat] w\ld be rais$ ?r\gh #a ,c4 ,^! results may be express$ by say+ t if #a gram 7ab\t #ae gra9s7 ( radium 7 kept until half ( x _h *ang$ into inactive sub/ances1 & if ! heat spontane\sly produc$ dur+ ! *anges :i* occurr$ 7 caus$ to act on wat]1 t quantity ( heat w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( ab\t #ae tons ( wat] f its freez+- to its boil+-po9t4 ,radium comp\nds s5d =? ?ree k9ds ( rays1 di/+ui%$ z alpha1 beta1 & gamma rays4 ,exp]im5ts h made x extremely probable t ! alpha-rays are /reams ( v m9ute p>ticles1 some:at heavi] ?an atoms ( hydrog51 mov+ at ! rate ( ab\t #ah1jjj miles p] second2 & t ! beta-rays are /reams ( mu* m m9ute p>ticles1 ! mass ( ea* ( :i* is ab\t "o "o-?\s&? ( ! mass ( an atom ( hydrog51 mov+ ab\t t5 times m rapidly ?an ! alpha-p>ticles1 t is1 mov+ at ! rate ( ab\t #ahj1jjj miles p] second4 ,! gamma-rays are probably pulsations ( ! e!r1 ! m$ium suppos$ to fill space4 ,! emission ( alpha-rays by radium is accompani$ by ! production ( ! in]t elem5t>y gas1 helium2 !re=e1 ! alpha-rays are1 or quickly *ange into1 rapidly mov+ p>ticles ( helium4 ,! p>ticles :i* con/itute ! beta-rays c>ry electric *>ges2 ^! electrifi$ p>ticles1 ea* approximately a ?\s& times light] ?an an atom ( hydrog51 mov+ ne>ly z rapidly z ! pulsations ( ! e!r :i* we call light1 are nam$ electrons4 ,! rays f radium comp\nds dis*>ge electrifi$ bodies1 ionise gases1 t is1 cause !m to conduct electricity1 act on photographic plates1 & produce pr(\nd *anges 9 liv+ organisms4 ,! radium emanation is a gas ab\t #aaa times heavi] ?an hydrog52 to ?is gas ,sir ,william ,ramsay has giv5 ! "n niton4 ,! gas has be5 cond5s$ to a col\rless liquid1 & froz5 to an opaque solid :i* gl[s l a m9ute arc-light4 ,radium emanation gives (f alpha-p>ticles1 t is1 v rapidly mov+ atoms ( helium1 & deposits exce$+ly m9ute quantities ( a solid1 radio-active sub/ance kn[n z radium ,a4 ,! *ange ( ! emanation into helium & radium ,a proce$s fairly rapidly3 ! half-life p]iod ( ! emanation is a little less ?an f\r days4 ,?is *ange is att5d$ by ! lib]ation ( mu* en]gy4 ,! only satisfactory m5tal picture :i* ! facts all[ u to =m1 at pres5t1 ( ! emission ( beta-rays f radium comp\nds is t :i* repres5ts ^! rays z /reams ( electrons1 t is1 p>ticles1 ea* ab\t a ?\s& times light] ?an an atom ( hydrog51 ea* c>ry+ an electric *>ge1 & mov+ at ! rate ( ab\t #ahj1jjj miles p] second1 t is1 ne>ly z rapidly z light4 ,:5 an electric dis*>ge is pass$ f a plate ( metal1 arrang$ z ! ka?ode1 to a metallic wire arrang$ z ! anode1 bo? seal$ ?r\gh ! walls ( a glass tube or bulb f :i* almo/ ! :ole ( ! air has be5 extract$1 rays proce$ f ! ka?ode1 9 a direction at "r angles !reto1 &1 /rik+ ! glass 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! anode1 produce a gre5 phosphoresc5ce4 ,facts h be5 gradually accumulat$ :i* =ce u to ?9k ( ^! ka?ode rays z /reams ( v rapidly mov+ electrons1 t is1 z /reams ( extraord9>ily m9ute electrically *>g$ p>ticles id5tical ) ! p>ticles :i* =m ! beta-rays emitt$ by comp\nds ( radium4 ,! ph5om5a ( radio-activity1 & also ! ph5om5a ( ! ka?ode rays1 h oblig$ u to ref9e our ma*9]y ( m9ute p>ticles by includ+ !re9 p>ticles at lea/ a ?\s& times light] ?an atoms ( hydrog54 ,! t]m electron 0 sugge/$1 a good _m ye>s ago1 by ,dr ,john/one ,/oney1 = ! unit *>ge ( electricity :i* is c>ri$ by an atom ( hydrog5 :5 hydrog5 atoms move 9 a liquid or gas "u ! direct+ influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t4 ,"s *emi/s speak ( ! electrons1 :i* are ! beta-rays f radium1 & ! ka?ode rays produc$ 9 almo/ vacu\s tubes1 z non-mat]ial p>ticles ( electricity4 ,non-mat]ial means devoid ( mass4 ,! me?od by :i* approximate det]m9ations h be5 made ( ! *>ges on electrons consi/s 9 measur+ ! ratio betwe5 ! *>ges & ! masses ( ^! p>ticles4 ,if ! results ( ! det]m9ations are accept$1 electrons are n devoid ( mass4 ,electrons mu/ be ?\ght ( z mat]ial p>ticles diff]+ f o!r m9ute mat]ial p>ticles 9 ! extraord9>y smallness ( _! masses1 9 ! id5tity ( _! prop]ties1 includ+ _! mass1 9 _! always c>ry+ electric *>ges1 & 9 ! va/ velocity ( _! motion4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( an electron ei!r z a unit *>ge ( electricity "o prop]ty ( :i* is its m9ute mass1 or z a mat]ial p>ticle hav+ an extremely small mass & c>ry+ a unit *>ge ( electricity3 ! two m5tal pictures are almo/1 if n q1 id5tical4 ,electrons are produc$ by s5d+ an electric dis*>ge ?r\gh a glass bulb conta9+ a m9ute quantity ( air or o!r gas1 us+ metallic plates or wires z ka?ode & anode4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ! electrons are id5tical 9 all _! prop]ties1 :atev] metal is us$ to =m ! ka?ode & anode1 & ( :atev] gas !re is a m9ute quantity 9 ! bulb4 ,! conclusion mu/ be drawn t id5tical electrons are con/itu5ts (1 or are produc$ f1 v diff]5t k9ds ( *emical elem5ts4 ,z ! facts ab\t ka?ode rays1 & ! facts ( radio-activity are 7at pres5t7 inexplicable except on ! supposition t ^! ph5om5a are exhibit$ by p>ticles ( extraord9>y m9ut5ess1 & z ! smalle/ p>ticles ) :i* *emi/s are conc]n$ 9 _! ev]yday "w are ! atoms ( ! elem5ts1 we seem oblig$ to ?9k ( _m k9ds ( atoms z /ructures1 n z homog5e\s bodies4 ,we seem oblig$ to ?9k ( atoms z v m9ute mat]ial p>ticles1 :i* ei!r normally are1 or "u def9ite conditions may be1 associat$ ) electrically *>g$ p>ticles v mu* light] ?an !mselves1 all ( :i* are id5tical1 :atev] be ! atoms ) :i* !y are associat$ or f :i* !y are produc$4 ,9 _! /udy ( diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 *emi/s h f\nd x v helpful to place 9 "o class ^? sub/ances :i* !y h n be5 able to sep>ate into unlike p>ts4 ,!y h di/+ui%$ ?is class ( sub/ances f o!r sub/ances1 & h nam$ !m elem5ts4 ,! expression *emical elem5ts is m]ely a summ>y ( c]ta9 obs]v$ facts4 ,= _m c5turies *emi/s h work$ ) a conceptual ma*9]y bas$ on ! notion t matt] has a gra9$ /ructure4 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s !y h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( atoms z ! ultimate p>ticles ) :i* !y h _h to deal4 ,work+ ) ?is ord]-produc+ in/rum5t1 !y h reg>d$ ! prop]ties ( elem5ts z prop]ties ( ! atoms1 or ( gr\ps ( a few ( ! atoms1 ( ^! sub/ances4 ,t !y might ?9k cle>ly & sugge/ively ab\t ! prop]ties ( elem5ts1 & connect ^! ) o!r *emical facts1 !y h translat$ ! language ( s5se-p]ceptions into ! language ( ?\ght1 &1 = prop]ties ( ^? sub/ances :i* h n be5 decompos$1 h us$ ! m f]tile expression atomic prop]ties4 ,:5 a *emi/ ?9ks ( an atom1 he ?9ks ( ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( "o ( ! sub/ances :i* h ! class-m>k h-n-be5-decompos$1 & ! class-"n elem5t4 ,! *emi/ does n call ^! sub/ances elem5ts because he has be5 =c$ to reg>d ! m9ute p>ticles ( !m z undivid$1 mu* less because he ?9ks ( ^! p>ticles z indivisible2 8 m5tal picture ( _! /ructure z an atomic /ructure =m$ itself f ! fact t !y _h n be5 decompos$4 ,! =mation ( ! class elem5t foll[$ necess>ily f obs]v$ facts1 & has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! usefulness ( x z an in/rum5t = =w>d+ accurate k4 ,! conception ( ! elem5t>y atom z a p>ticle :i* _h n be5 decompos$ foll[$ f _m obs]v$ facts besides ^? conc]n+ elem5ts1 & has be5 ju/ifi$ by ! usefulness ( x z an in/rum5t = =w>d+ accurate k4 ,inve/igations prov$ radio-activity to be a prop]ty ( ! v m9ute p>ticles ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 & ea* radio-active sub/ance to h *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 among :i* 7 c]ta9 ( ^? t belong to elem5ts1 & to "s ext5t are *>act]i/ic ( elem5ts4 ,evid5tly1 ! simple/ way = a *emi/ to ?9k ab\t radio-activity 0 to ?9k ( x z an atomic prop]ty2 h5ce1 z atomic prop]ties _h always be5 reg>d$1 9 ! la/ analysis1 z prop]ties ( elem5ts1 x 0 natural to place ! radio-active sub/ances 9 ! class elem5ts1 provid$ t "o =got = ! "t t ^! sub/ances h n ! class-m>k h-n-be5-decompos$4 ,z ! facts ( radio-activity l$ to ! conclusion t "s ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( radio-active sub/ances are con/antly dis9tegrat+1 & z ^! sub/ances _h be5 labell$ elem5ts1 x seem$ probable1 or at lea/ possible1 t ! o!r bodies :i* *emi/s h long call$ elem5ts are n true elem5ts1 b are m]ely m /able collocations ( p>ticles ?an ! sub/ances :i* are class$ z comp\nds4 ,z comp\nds c be *ang$ into c]ta9 o!r comp\nds1 al?\gh n into any o!r comp\nds1 a way seem$ to be op5+ :i* might lead to ! trans=mation ( "s elem5ts into "s o!r elem5ts4 ,! probability t "o elem5t might be *ang$ into ano!r 0 increas$ by ! demon/ration ( ! connexions betwe5 uranium & radium4 ,! metal uranium has be5 class$ ) ! elem5ts s9ce x 0 isolat$ 9 #ahdj4 ,9 #ahif1 ,becqu]el f\nd t comp\nds ( uranium1 & also ! metal itself1 are radio-active4 ,9 ! light ( :at is n[ kn[n ab\t radio-activity1 x is necess>y to suppose t "s ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( uranium emit p>ticles light] ?an !mselves1 & *ange into "s sub/ance1 or sub/ances1 diff]5t f uranium2 9 o!r words1 x is necess>y to suppose t "s p>ticles ( uranium are spontane\sly dis9tegrat+4 ,?is supposition is confirm$ by ! fact1 exp]im5tally prov$1 t uranium emits alpha-rays1 t is1 atoms ( helium1 & produces a sub/ance kn[n z uranium ,x4 ,uranium ,x is itself radio-active2 x emits beta-rays1 t is1 x gives (f electrons4 ,inasmu* z all m9]als :i* conta9 comp\nds ( uranium conta9 comp\nds ( radium also1 x is probable t radium is "o ( ! dis9tegration-products ( uranium4 ,! rate ( decay ( radium may be r\ghly express$ by say+ t1 if a quantity ( radium 7 kept = t5 ?\s& ye>s1 only ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al quantity w\ld !n rema9 un*ang$4 ,ev5 if x 7 assum$ t at a remote "t ! e>?'s cru/ conta9$ consid]able quantities ( radium comp\nds1 x is c]ta9 t !y w\ld h completely disappe>$ long ago1 _h n comp\nds ( radium be5 reproduc$ f o!r mat]ials4 ,aga91 ! mo/ likely hypo!sis is t comp\nds ( radium are be+ produc$ f comp\nds ( uranium4 ,uranium is a sub/ance :i*1 aft] be+ rightly class$ ) ! elem5ts = m ?an half a c5tury1 because x _h n be5 sep>at$ into unlike p>ts1 mu/ n[ be class$ ) ! radium-l sub/ances :i* dis9tegrate spontane\sly1 al?\gh x diff]s f o!r radio-active sub/ances 9 t its rate ( *ange is almo/ inf9itively sl[] ?an t ( any ( !m1 except ?orium4#ab ,?orium1 a v r>e metal1 is ! second ( ! sev5ty-five or eighty elem5ts kn[n :5 radio-activity 0 discov]$1 :i* has be5 f\nd to und]go spontane\s dis9tegration ) ! emission ( rays4 ,! rate ( *ange ( ?orium is consid]ably sl[] ?an t ( uranium4#ac ,none ( ! o!r sub/ances plac$ 9 ! class ( elem5ts is radio-active4 #ab ,! life-p]iod ( uranium is probably ab\t eight ?\s& million ye>s4 #ac ,! life-p]iod ( ?orium is possibly ab\t =ty ?\s& million ye>s4 ,on p4 #aib ,i said1 t :5 ! radio-active sub/ances _h be5 labell$ elem5ts1 ! facts ( radio-activity l$ "s *emi/s to ! conclusion t ! o!r bodies :i* _h = long be5 call$ by ?is class-"n1 or at any rate "s ( ^! bodies1 are p]haps n true elem5ts1 b are m]ely m /able collocations ( p>ticles ?an ! sub/ances call$ comp\nds4 ,x seems to me t ?is reason+ re/s on an unsci5tific use ( ! t]m elem5t2 x re/s on giv+ to t class-"n ! mean+1 sub/ances ass]t$ to be undecomposable4 ,a l9e ( dem>cation is drawn betwe5 elem5ts1 mean+ !reby =ms ( matt] said to be undecomposable b probably capable ( sep>ation into unlike p>ts1 & true elem5ts1 mean+ !reby gr\ps ( id5tical undecomposable p>ticles4 ,if "o names ! radio-active sub/ances elem5ts1 "o is plac+ 9 ?is class sub/ances :i* are specially *>act]is$ by a prop]ty ! direct opposite ( t ! possession ( :i* by o!r sub/ances 0 ! reason = ! =mation ( ! class4 ,to d ?is may be +5i\s2 x is c]ta9ly n sci5tific4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,lavoisi]1 s9ce ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 c>eful *emi/s h meant by an elem5t a sub/ance :i* has n be5 sep>at$ into unlike p>ts1 & !y h n meant m ?an t4 ,! t]m elem5t has be5 us$ by accurate ?9k]s z a useful class-m>k :i* connotes a prop]ty--! prop]ty ( n hav+ be5 decompos$--common to all sub/ances plac$ 9 ! class1 & diff]5tiat+ !m f all o!r sub/ances4 ,:5ev] *emi/s h ?\ght ( elem5ts z ! ultimate k9ds ( matt] ) :i* ! physical _w is con/ruct$--& !y h occasionally s ?\ght & writt5--!y h fall5 into quagmires ( confusion4 ,( c\rse1 ! elem5ts may1 "s day1 be sep>at$ into unlike p>ts4 ,! facts ( radio-activity c]ta9ly sugge/ "s k9d ( inorganic evolution4 ,:e!r ! elem5ts are decompos$ is to be det]m9$ by exp]im5tal inquiry1 rememb]+ always t no numb] ( failures to simplify !m w ju/ify ! ass]tion t !y _c be simplifi$4 ,*emi/ry nei!r ass]ts or d5ies ! decomposability ( ! elem5ts4 ,at pres5t1 we h to recognise ! exi/5ce ( extremely small quantities1 widely di/ribut$ 9 rocks & wat]s1 ( "s ?irty sub/ances1 ! m9ute p>ticles ( :i* are con/antly emitt+ /reams ( m m9ute1 id5tical p>ticles t c>ry ) !m v l>ge quantities ( en]gy1 all ( :i* ?irty sub/ances are *>act]is$1 & are diff]5tiat$ f all o!r classes ( sub/ances :]e) *emi/ry is conc]n$1 by _! spontane\s mutability1 & ea* is *>act]is$ by its special rate ( *ange & by ! nature ( ! products ( its mutations4 ,we h n[ to ?9k ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( two ( ! sev5ty-five or eighty sub/ances :i* until ! o!r day _h n be5 decompos$1 & 7 !re=e ju/ly call$ elem5ts1 z v sl[ly emitt+ /reams ( m9ut] p>ticles & produc+ *>act]i/ic products ( _! dis9tegration4 ,& we h to ?9k ( "s eighty sub/ances z p>ticul> k9ds ( matt]1 at pres5t prop]ly call$ elem5ts1 because !y are *>act]is$1 & diff]5tiat$ f all o!r sub/ances1 by ! fact t none ( !m has be5 sep>at$ into unlike p>ts4 ,! /udy ( radio-activity has introduc$ into *emi/ry & physics a new ord] ( m9ute p>ticles4 ,dalton made ! atom a beacon-light :i* reveal$ to *emi/s pa?s t l$ !m to wid] & m accurate k4 ,avogadro illum9at$ *emical1 & also physical1 ways by 8 conception ( ! molecule z a /able1 al?\gh sep>able1 gr\p ( atoms ) p>ticul> prop]ties diff]5t f ^? ( ! atoms :i* con/itut$ x4 ,! "w ( _m inve/igators has made ! old pa?s cle>]1 & has %[n to *emi/s & physici/s ways !y _h n se5 be=e1 by =c+ !m to ?9k (1 & to make use (1 a ?ird k9d ( mat]ial p>ticles t are end[$ ) ! extraord9>y prop]ty ( radio-activity4 ,dalton (t5 said3 ,?\ kn[e/ ?\ can/ n cut an atom2 b ! fact t he appli$ ! t]m atom to ! small p>ticles ( comp\nds proves t he _h escap$ ! dang] ( logically def9+ ! atom1 ! dang] ( ?9k+ ( x z a p>ticle :i* nev] c be cut4 ,! molecule ( ,avogadro has always be5 a decomposable p>ticle4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! new k9d ( p>ticles1 ! p>ticles ( radio-active bodies1 is1 n t !y c be sep>at$ into unlike p>ts by ! action ( ext]nal =ces1 b t !y are con/antly sep>at+ ( _! own accord into unlike p>ts1 & t _! spontane\s dis9tegration is accompani$ by ! production ( en]gy1 ! quantity ( :i* is enorm\s 9 comp>ison ) ! m9ut5ess ( ! mat]ial specks :i* are ! c>ri]s ( x4 ,! cont9u$ /udy ( ! prop]ties ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( radio-active sub/ances--a new "n is ne$$ = ^? mo/ mutable ( mat]ial gra9s--mu/ lead to discov]ies ( great mom5t = *emi/ry & physics4 ,t /udy has already ?r[n mu* light on ! ph5om5a ( electric conductivity2 x has giv5 u ! electron1 a p>ticle at lea/ a ?\s& times light] ?an an atom ( hydrog52 x has %[n u t id5tical electrons are giv5 (f by1 or are sep>at$ f1 diff]5t k9ds ( elem5t>y atoms1 "u def9able conditions2 x has reveal$ unlook$-= s\rces ( en]gy2 x has op5$1 & begun ! elucidation (1 a new dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce2 x has sugge/$ a new way ( attack+ ! old problem ( ! al*emi/s1 ! problem ( ! transmutation ( ! elem5ts4 ,! m9ute p>ticles ( two ( ! sub/ances = _m ye>s class$ z elem5ts give (f electrons2 uranium & ?orium are radio-active4 ,electrons are produc$ by s5d+ an electric dis*>ge ?r\gh v small traces ( diff]5t gases1 us+ electrodes ( diff]5t metals4 ,electrons are also produc$ by expos+ v>i\s metals to ! action ( ultra-violet light1 & by rais+ ! temp]ature ( v>i\s metals to inc&esc5ce4 ,electrons are always id5tical1 :atev] be _! s\rce4 ,?ree que/ions sugge/ !mselves4 ,c ! atoms ( all ! elem5ts be caus$ to give (f electrons8 ,are electrons normal con/itu5ts ( all elem5t>y atoms8 ,are elem5t>y atoms collocations ( electrons8 ,^! que/ions are includ$ 9 ! dem&--,is x possible to imag9e a model :i* has 9 x ! pot5tiality ( expla9+ radio-activity & o!r alli$ ph5om5a1 z well z all o!r *emical & physical prop]ties ( elem5ts & comp\nds8 ,^! que/ions are answ]able by exp]im5tal inve/igation1 & only by exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,if exp]im5tal inquiry leads to affirmative answ]s to ! que/ions1 we %all h to ?9k ( atoms z /ructures ( p>ticles mu* light] ?an !mselves2 we %all h to ?9k ( ! atoms ( all k9ds ( sub/ances1 h[ev] mu* ! sub/ances diff] *emically & physically1 z collocations ( id5tical p>ticles2 we %all h to ?9k ( ! prop]ties ( atoms z condition$1 9 our f9al analysis1 by ! numb] & ! arrangem5t ( _! con/itutive electrons4 ,n[1 if a l>ge probability 7 e/abli%$ 9 fav\r ( ! view t diff]5t atoms are collocations ( diff]5t numb]s ( id5tical p>ticles1 or ( equal numb]s ( diff]5tly arrang$ id5tical p>ticles1 we %\ld h a guide :i* might lead to me?ods :]eby "o collocation ( p>ticles c\ld be =m$ f ano!r collocation ( ! same p>ticles1 a guide :i* might lead to me?ods :]eby "o elem5t c\ld be trans=m$ into ano!r elem5t4 ,to attempt to imag9e a model :i* has 9 x ! pot5tiality ( expla9+ radio-activity1 ! production ( ka?ode rays1 & ! o!r *emical & physical prop]ties ( elem5ts & comp\nds1 might inde$ seem to be a hopeless und]tak+4 ,a beg9n+ has be5 made 9 ! m5tal con/ruction ( su* a model by ,pr(essor ,sir ,j4,j4 ,?omson4 ,to attempt a description ( 8 reason+ & 8 results is beyond ! scope ( ?is book4#ad #ad ,! subject is discuss$ 9 ,sir ,j4,j4 ,?omson's ,electricity & ,matt]4 ,! facts t ! emanation f radium comp\nds spontane\sly gives (f v l>ge quantities ( en]gy1 & t ! emanation c easily be br\ght into contact ) sub/ances on :i* x is desir$ to d "w1 sugge/$ to ,sir ,william ,ramsay t ! trans=mation ( comp\nds ( "o elem5t into comp\nds ( ano!r elem5t might possibly be effect$ by enclos+ a solution ( a comp\nd along ) radium emanation 9 a seal$ tube1 & leav+ ! arrangem5t to itself4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! molecules ( ! comp\nd w\ld be con/antly bomb>d$ by a va/ numb] ( electrons %ot =? at enorm\s velocities f ! emanation4 ,! notion 0 t ! molecules ( ! comp\nd w\ld break d[n "u ! bomb>dm5t1 & t ! atoms s produc$ might be knock$ into simpl] gr\ps ( p>ticles--9 o!r words1 *ang$ into o!r atoms--by ! t]rific1 sil5t %ocks ( ! electrons fir$ at !m incessantly by ! dis9tegrat+ emanation4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay reg>ds 8 exp]im5tal results z e/abli%+ a l>ge probability 9 fav\r ( ! ass]tion t comp\nds ( copp] 7 trans=m$ into comp\nds ( li?ium & sodium1 & comp\nds ( ?orium1 ( c]ium1 & ( c]ta9 o!r r>e metals1 into comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,! exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is /atem5t has n be5 accept$ by *emi/s z conclusive4 ,a way has1 h[ev]1 be5 op5$ :i* may lead to discov]ies ( great mom5t4 ,let u suppose t ! trans=mation ( "o elem5t into ano!r elem5t or into o!r elem5ts has be5 accompli%$4 ,let u suppose t ! conception ( elem5t>y atoms z v /able arrangem5ts ( _m id5tical p>ticles1 f ab\t a ?\s& to ab\t a qu>t] ( a million times light] ?an ! atoms1 has be5 ju/ifi$ by crucial exp]im5ts4 ,let u suppose t ! conception ( ! m9ute gra9s ( radio-active sub/ances z p>ticul> b con/antly *ang+ arrangem5ts ( ! same id5tical p>ticles1 /able gr\ps ( :i* are ! atoms ( ! elem5ts1 has be5 firmly e/abli%$4 ,"o result ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! electronic conception ( atomic /ructure w\ld be an increase ( our wond] at ! complexity ( nature's ways1 & an increase ( our wond] t x %\ld be possible to sub/itute a simple1 almo/ rigid1 me*anical ma*9]y = ! ev]-*ang+ fl[ ( exp]i5ce1 &1 by ! use ( t m5tal me*anism1 n only to expla9 v _m ph5om5a ( va/ complexity1 b also to pr$ict occurr5ces ( simil> entanglem5t & to v]ify ^! pr$ictions4 ,! results :i* h be5 obta9$ 9 ! exam9ation ( radio-activity1 ( ka?ode rays1 ( spectra at diff]5t temp]atures1 & ( ph5om5a alli$ to ^!1 br+ aga9 into prom95ce ! anci5t problem ( ! /ructure ( :at we call matt]4 ,is matt] fundam5tally homog5e\s or het]og5e\s8 ,*emi/ry /udies ! relations betwe5 ! *anges ( composition & ! *anges ( prop]ties :i* happ5 simultane\sly 9 mat]ial sy/ems4 ,! burn+ fire ( wood1 coal1 or gas2 ! prep>ation ( food to excite & to satisfy ! appetite2 ! *ange ( m9]als into ! iron1 /eel1 copp]1 brass1 lead1 t91 light+ burn+ & lubricat+ oils1 dye-/uffs & drugs ( comm]ce2 ! *ange ( ! sk9s1 wool1 & hair ( animals1 & ( ! se$s & fibres ( plants1 into clo?+ = human be+s2 ! manufacture f rags1 grass1 or wood ( a mat]ial fitt$ to receive & to pres]ve ! symbols ( human hopes1 fe>s1 aspirations1 love & hate1 pity & av]sion2 ! /range & mo/ delicate processes :i*1 happ5+ )\t cessation1 9 plants & animals & m51 ma9ta9 t balanc$ equilibrium :i* we call life2 &1 :5 ! silv] cord is be+ loos$ & ! b[l brok5 at ! ci/]n1 ! awful *anges :i* h]ald ! approa* ( dea?2 n only ! gr[+ grass 9 midsumm] mead[s1 n only ! com+ ( autumn 9 dy$ g>m5ts1 travell+ 9 ! glory ( 8 app>el1 b also ! op5+ buds1 ! pleasant sc5ts1 ! t5d] col\rs :i* /ir our he>ts 9 ! spr+ "t1 ! only pretty r+ "t1 :5 birds d s+1 d+-a--dong-d+3 ^!1 & a ?\s& o!r *anges h all _! aspects :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! *emi/ to inve/igate4 ,confront$ ) s va/ a multitude ( nev]-ceas+ *anges1 & bidd5 to f9d ord] !re1 if he c--bidd51 r compell$ by t imp]i\s comm& :i* =ces ! human m9d to seek unity 9 v>iety1 &1 if ne$ be1 to create a cosmos f a *aos2 no wond] t ! e>ly *emi/s jump$ at ! notion t !re mu/ be1 t !re is1 "s ,"o ,?+1 "s ,univ]sal ,ess5ce1 :i* b9ds into an ord]ly :ole ! p]plex+ ph5om5a ( nature1 "s ,wat] ( ,p>adise :i* is = ! heal+ ( all disord]1 "s ,well at ! ,_w's ,end1 a draught :]e( %all br+ peace & calm security4 ,! al*emi/s set =? on ! que/4 ,_! que/ 0 b>r54 ,!y made ! great mi/ake ( fa%ion+ ,! ,"o ,?+1 ,! ,ess5ce1 ,! ,wat] ( ,p>adise1 f _! own imag9+s ( :at nature ought to be4 ,9 _! own lik5ess !y creat$ _! goal1 & ! road to x4 ,if we are to und]/& nature1 !y cri$1 h] ways mu/ be simple2 !re=e1 h] ways are simple4 ,*emi/s are p ( a humbl] he>t4 ,_! rew>d has be5 great] ?an ! al*emi/s dream$4 ,by select+ a few in/ances ( mat]ial *anges1 & /udy+ ^! ) pa9ful c>e1 !y h gradually elaborat$ a g5]al conception ( all ^? trans=mations :]e9 sub/ances are produc$ unlike ^? by ! int]action ( :i* !y are =m$4 ,t g5]al conception is n[ bo? wid5+ & becom+ m def9ite4 ,to-day1 *emi/s see a way op5+ be=e !m :i* !y reasonably hope w lead !m to a f9]1 a m f>-rea*+1 a m sugge/ive1 at once a m complex & a simpl] conception ( mat]ial *anges ?an any ( ^? :i* h guid$ !m 9 ! pa/4 ,,index ,air1 anci5t views reg>d+1 #abi4 ---- views ( ,may[ & ,rey reg>d+1 #abi4 ,al*emical acc\nt ( *anges contra/$ ) *emical acc\nt1 #afi4 ---- ag5t1 !1 #fd4 ---- allegories1 examples (1 #da1 #ig4 ---- classification1 #ei4 ---- doctr9e ( body1 s\l1 & _s ( ?+s1 #dh4 ---- doctr9e ( transmutation1 #dg1 #gd1 #abc1 #agj4 ---- language1 #cf1 #if1 #aja1 #ajb4 ---- que/ ( ! ,"o ,?+1 mod]n =m (1 #agi4 ---- signs1 #aje4 ---- !ory1 g5]al sket* (1 #bf4 ,al*emi/s1 "* (1 accord+ to ,p>acelsus1 #be4 ---- made _m discov]ies1 #hg4 ---- sket*es ( lives ( "s1 #aae4 ---- _! use ( fanciful analogies1 #ca4 ,al*emy1 beg9n+s (1 #bc4 ---- *ange (1 to *emi/ry1 #abf4 ---- contra/$ ) *emi/ry1 #bjb4 ---- g5]al rem>ks on1 #abc4 ---- l5t itself to impo/ure1 #ajf4 ---- object (1 #i1 #bf1 #cb1 #aje4 ---- probable orig9 ( ^w1 #be4 ---- quotations to illu/rate aims & me?ods (1 #aa-ad4 ,alembic1 #ib4 ,app>atus & op]ations ( al*emi/s1 #ij4 ,art1 ! sacr$1 #abb4 ,atom1 mean+ giv5 to ^w by ,dalton1 #agc4 ,atomic !ory ( ,greeks1 #af4 ---- additions made to1 by ,dalton1 #ba4 ---- z describ$ by ,lucretius1 #ai4 ,atomic weight1 #agd4 ,atoms & electrons1 #aij1 #aih4 ,bacon's rem>ks on al*emy1 #ie4 ,balsamo1 ,joseph1 #aaj4 ,basil ,val5t9e1 8 description ( ! ?ree pr9ciples1 #ea4 ---- 8 description ( ! f\r elem5ts1 #di4 ---- "s ( 8 discov]ies1 #hh4 ,becqu]el1 8 discov]y ( radiation ( uranium1 #aha4 ,body1 s\l1 & _s ( ?+s1 al*emical doctr9e (1 #dh4 ,boyle1 on calc9ation1 #abh4 ---- on combu/ion1 #ada4 ---- on elem5ts1 #afa4 ---- on ! h]metick philosoph]s1 #ie4 ---- on ! language ( ! al*emi/s1 #ee4 ---- on ! natural /ate ( bodies1 #dc4 ,caglio/ro1 #aaj4 ,calc9ation1 #abi1 #acb1 #ace1 #adj1 #adb1 #aea1 #aee4 ,*auc]'s ,canon's ,yeoman's ,tale1 #ajg4 ,*emical conception ( mat]ial *anges1 #agg4 ,*emi/ry1 aim (1 #i1 #bf1 #afj4 ---- *ange f al*emy to1 #abf4 ---- me?ods (1 #aj4 ---- probable orig9 ( ^w1 #bd4 ,classification1 al*emical me?ods (1 #ei4 ,col\rs1 ,lucretius' explanation ( diff]5ces betwe51 #ah4 ,combu/ion1 #ada4 ,comp\nds1 *emical conception (1 #aga4 ,cons]vation ( mass1 #afd4 ,curie1 h] discov]y ( radium1 #ahb4 ,dalton's additions to ! ,greek atomic !ory1 #ba1 #agb4 ,democritus1 8 say+ ab\t atoms1 #ae4 ,dephlogi/icat$ air1 #adg4 ,de/ruction1 ?\ght by al*emi/s to prec$e re/oration1 #fe1 #abg4 ,electrons1 #ahg-ahi1 #aig1 #aih4 ,elem5ts1 al*emical1 contra/$ ) *emical1 #afe2 radio-active sub/ances contra/$ )1 #aij-aib4 ---- ! al*emical1 #di1 #ed1 #fj4 ---- ! *emical1 #fa1 #fb1 #afa4 ---- use ( ^w1 by phlogi/eans1 #acc4 ,ess5ce1 ! al*emical1 #cb1 #ce1 #di1 #eh1 #gb4 ,fire1 diff]5t mean+s ( ! ^w1 #ec4 ,gates1 ! al*emical1 #fi4 ,gold1 consid]$ by al*emi/s to be ! mo/ p]fect metal1 #dj1 #de4 ,greek ?9k]s1 _! atomic !ory1 #ae4 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 #cg4 ,ka?ode rays1 #ahh4 ,language ( al*emy1 #if4 ---- purposely made mislead+1 #cf4 ,lavoisi] on calc9ation1 #aec1 #aee4 ---- 8 use ( ^w elem5t1 #aid4 ---- 8 use ( ^w pr9ciple1 #afc1 note4 ---- on object ( *emi/ry1 #afj4 ---- on oxyg51 #aee4 ---- on sy/ems 9 sci5ce1 #afc4 ---- on ! pr9ciple ( acidity1 #ei1 #aee4 ---- on ! reactions ( metals ) acids1 #aeh4 ---- on ! transmutation ( wat] to e>?1 #aeb4 ,locky]1 on spectra ( elem5ts1 #aha4 ,lucretius1 8 !ory ( nature1 #af4 ,magic1 *>act]i/ics (1 #bc1 #bd4 ,mat]ial *anges1 ,greek !ory (1 #ae4 ,metals1 al*emical connexion betwe51 & plants1 #cd4 ---- comp>$ by al*emi/s ) vegetables1 #cc4 ---- mortification (1 #fe4 ---- se$ (1 #cd4 ---- _! desire to become gold1 #dj4 ---- transmutation (1 #cc1 #ci1 #df4 ,natural /ate ( bodies1 #ci1 #dc4 ,oxyg51 #add1 #ade4 ,p>acelsus1 8 description ( al*emi/s1 #be4 ---- 8 di/9ction betwe5 natural & artificial mortification1 #fe4 ---- sket* ( life (1 #aag4 ,pelican1 #ib4 ,p]fection1 al*emical tea*+ reg>d+1 #bg1 #dj4 ,phlogi/ic !ory1 #acc1 #aci4 ,phlogi/on1 #abf1 #acj1 #acg4 ,prie/ley1 8 discov]y ( oxyg51 #add4 ,pr9ciples1 ! al*emical1 #di1 #ea1 #ed1 #fj1 #acc4 ---- ,lavoisi]'s use ( ! ^w1 #afc1 note4 ,radio-active sub/ances1 are !y elem5ts8 #aia1 #aid1 #aie2 prop]ties (1 #ahe-ahg4 ,radio-activity1 *>act]i/ics (1 #ahc1 #ahd2 ( radium1 #ahf2 ( ?orium1 #aic2 ( uranium1 #aic4 ,radium1 emanation (1 #ahg2 heat f1 #ahf2 rays f1 #ahf4 ,ramsay1 on transmutation ( elem5ts1 #aii4 ,regim5s1 ! al*emical1 #gb4 ,sacr$ art1 !1 #abb4 ,sci5tific !ories1 g5]al *>act]s (1 #ba1 #aej4 ,se$1 al*emical doctr9e (1 #ef4 ,se$s ( metals1 #cd4 ,simplicity1 ass]t$ by al*emi/s to be ! m>k ( nature1 #bh1 #ch4 ---- is n necess>ily ! m>k ( v]ity1 #ach4 ,solids1 liquids1 & gases1 atomic explanation (1 #ai4 ,/ahl1 8 phlogi/ic !ory1 #acj4 ,/one1 ! philosoph]'s1 #cb1 #ce1 #di1 #eh1 #gb4 ,?orium1 radio-activity (1 #ahc1 #aic4 ,transmutation1 al*emical doctr9e (1 #dg1 #gd1 #abc4 ---- "* ( him :o w\ld attempt1 #fc4 ---- ( metals1 #cc1 #ci1 #df1 #gd4 ---- ( metals into gold1 al*emical acc\nt (1 #ge4 ---- ( wat] to e>?1 #aea4 ,transmutations1 app>5t examples (1 #hb4 ,uranium1 radio-activity (1 #ahc1 #aib2 relation (1 to radium1 #aib1 #aic4 ,vegetables comp>$ ) metals by al*emi/s1 #cc4 ,wat] conta9s hydrog5 & oxyg51 exam9ation ( ?is phrase1 #afg4 ,wat]1 diff]5t mean+s ( ! ^w1 #ec1 #afg4