,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dhc ,,new ,,york1 ,,april #d1 #ahhe ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #dhc4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,metallurgy4--,! ,det]m9ation ( ,graphite 9 ,m9]als4--,by ,j4,b4 ,,mack9to%4 ,sulphocyanide ( ,potassium4 ,sug> ,nitro-glyc]9e4 ,on ,remelt+ ( ,ca/ ,iron4 ,! ,h>dness ( ,metals4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,etc4--,! ,jet ,v5tilator4 #d figures4 ,fe$+ ,boil]s at ! ,bottom4 #b figures4 ,! ,honigmann ,fireless ,eng9e4--,! fireless work+ ( /eam eng9es by means ( a solution ( hydrate ( soda4--,) sev]al figures & diagrams4 ,simple ,me?ods ( ,calculat+ ,/ress 9 ,gird]s4--,by ,,*4 ,,lean4--,) full page ( illu/rations4 ,a ,spr+ ,motor4 ,/eam ,ya*ts4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,f\cault's ,app>atus = ,manufactur+ ,illum9at+ ,gas & ,hydrog54 #b figures4 ,! ,circle ,divid]4 ,soluble ,glass4--,process ( manufacture4--,use4 ,iron ,pr9t+ & ,microscopic ,photography4--,=mulas = pr9t+ solutions4--,comp\nd negatives4 ,practical ,directions = ,mak+ ,lant]n ,transp>5cies4--,by ,t4,n4 ,,arm/rong4 ,ca/+ ,*ill$ ,c> ,:eels4 #f figures4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,electricity & ,pre/idigitation4 #b figures4 ,portable ,electric ,safety ,lamp4 #f figures4 ,! ,electric ,dis*>ge & ,sp>k ,photograph$ ,directly )\t an ,objective4 #f engrav+s4 ,v4 ,,physics1 ,,etc4--,! ,true ,con/ant ( ,gravity4 ,orig9 ( ,?und] ,/orms4 ,physics )\t ,app>atus4--,manufacture ( illum9at+ gas4--,ela/icity ( bodies4 #b figures4 ,sci5tific ,amusem5ts4--,dance ( electrifi$ puppets4--,silh\ette portraits4 #b figures4 ,a ,sun%9e ,record]4 #b figures4 ,,vi4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,hygi5e1 ,,etc4--,h[ ,*ol]a is ,spread4 ,sulphur\s ,acid & ,sulphide ( ,c>bon z ,dis9fect+ ,ag5ts4--,me?ods ( burn+ ! same4 ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,improvis$ ,toys4--,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,! olian ,h>p4--,kir*]'s h>p1 made 9 #aeeh4--;,fro/ & ,ka/n]'s h>p4--,mann] ( mak+ ! h>ps4 #d figures4 ,h[ to ,break a ,cord ) ! ,h&s4 #a figure4 ,an ,aquatic ,velocip$e = ,duck ,hunt+4 #b engrav+s4 ,skeleton ( a ,be> ,f\nd 9 a ,cave 9 ,/yria1 ,au/ria4 ,,viii4 ,,biography4--,!odor ,billro?1 ,pr(1 ( ,surg]y at ,vi5na4--,) portrait4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! illu/rations & descriptions we give ?is week1 entitl$ ,h[ to ,break a ,cord1 ,pre/idigitation1 ,circle ,divid]1 ,sulphur\s ,acid1 ,production ( ,gas1 ,aquatic ,velocip$e1 ,sev]al ,toys1 ,sci5tific ,amusem5ts1 are f our excell5t contempor>y ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!odor ,,billro?1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,surg]y ,,at ,,vi5na4 ,! well kn[n surgeon1 ,!odor ,billro?1 0 born on ! isl& ( ,rg5 9 #ahbi4 ,he %[$ great tal5t & lik+ = music1 & x 0 ! wi% ( 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a m9i/]1 t he %\ld cultivate ?is ta/e & become an arti/2 b ! great ma/]s ( m$ic9e1 ,johannes ,muell]1 ,meckel v4 ,hemsba*1 ,r4 ,wagn]1 ,traube1 & ,s*nle91 :o 7 ,billro?'s in/ructors at ,greifswald1 ,gtt+51 & ,b]l91 discov]$ 8 great tal5t = surg]y & m$ic9e1 & induc$ him to adopt ?is pr(ession4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly ! late ,pr(4 ,baum :o influ5c$ ,billro? to make surg]y a special /udy1 & he 0 ,billro?'s fir/ special in/ructor4 ,9 #aheb ,billro? receiv$ 8 degree z doctor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,aft] travel+ = "o ye>1 & sp5d+ "p ( 8 "t 9 ,vi5na & ,p>is1 he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant 9 ! cl9ique ( ,b4 von ,lang5beck1 ,b]l94 ,at ?is "t he publi%$ 8 works on pa?ological hi/ology 7,microscopic ,/udies on ! ,/ructure ( ,diseas$ ,human ,tissues7 :i* made him s well kn[n t he 0 appo9t$ a pr(essor ( pa?ology at ,greifswald 9 #aheh4 ,mr4 ,billro? did n accept t call1 & 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( surg]y at ,zuri* 9 #ahfj1 & dur+ t "t 8 wond]ful op]ations gave him a _w-wide reputation4 ,9 #ahfg ! m$ical faculty ( ! ,vi5na ,univ]sity conclud$ to appo9t ,billro? z successor to ,pr(4 ,s*uh1 :i* position he /ill fills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!odor ,,billro?4 ,billro? is a ma/] ( surgical te*nique1 & 8 c\rage & composure increase ) ! difficulty ( ! op]ation4 ,he always makes use ( ! mo/ simple app>atus & in/rum5ts1 & foll[s a !oretically sci5tific c\rse :i* he has nev] left s9ce he adopt$ surg]y z a pr(ession1 & by :i* he has direct$ surg]y into entirely new *annels4 ,he has giv5 special att5tion to ! /udy ( ! heal+ ( w\nds1 ! developm5t ( swell+s & tumors1 & ! treatm5t ( w\nds 9 relation to decomposition & ! =mation ( pr\d flo%4 ,he has _h wond]ful success 9 p]=m+ pla/ic op]ations on ! face1 su* z ! =mation ( new noses1 lips1 etc41 f fle% tak5 f o!r p>ts ( ! body or f ! face4 ,al?\gh ,billro? devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to ! solution ( !oretical problems1 he has also be5 v successful z an op]ator4 ,he has remov$ diseas$ l>ynxes1 p]=m$ dang]\s goit] op]ations1 & successfully remov$ p>ts ( ! oesophagus1 /oma*1 & inte/9es4 ,billro? has be5 v c>eful 9 ! selection ( 8 s*ol>s1 & _m ( !m are n[ pr(essors ( surg]y & m$ic9e 9 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,au/ria4 ,!y all honor & admire him1 8 c\rage1 8 "*1 8 humane treatm5t ( ! sick & suff]+1 arid 8 amiability4 ,! accompany+ portrait is f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,*ol]a ,,is ,,spread4 ,,dr4 ,,john ,c4 ,,pet]s1 ( ?is city1 9 a rec5t contribution to ! ,m$ical ,record1 gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s3 ,i h read _m brilliant essays ( late on ^! topics1 b n ) unalloy$ pleasure1 = ,i believe t _m writ]s h fall5 into errors :i* x is important to correct4 ,no really well in=m$ p]son has believ$ = a long "t t c>bolic alcohol w de/roy ! *ol]a poison2 b _m fully & correctly believe t real g]micides w4 ,x has be5 kn[n s9ce #ahgb t microbes1 bacilli1 & bact]ia c\ld live 9 v /rong solutions ( c>bolic alcohol1 & t ! dilute m9]al acids1 tann91 *loride1 corrosive sublimate1 & o!rs w\ld kill !m4 ,9 #ahhc *ol]a did n arise alone 9 ,egypt f fil?1 b f importation4 ,x did n comm5ce at ,alex&ria1 b at ,damietta1 :i* is ! ne>e/ ,nile port to ,port ,said1 :i* is ! outlet ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,!re 7 #cg1ejj dea?s f *ol]a 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy 9 #ahhc4 ,bombay m]*ants came bo? to ,port ,said & ,damietta to att5d a great fair !re1 to :i* at lea/ #ae1jjj p congregat$1 9 addition to ! #ce1jjj inhabitants4 ,! b>b]s :o %ave & prep>e ! dead are ! fir/ regi/r>s ( vital /ati/ics 9 _m ,egyptian t[ns1 & ! pr9cipal b>b] ( ,damietta 0 among ! fir/ to die ( *ol]a2 h5ce all ! e>lie/ records ( dea?s 7 lo/1 & ! m fatal & infective di>rhoeal cases 7 nev] record$4 ,next ! pr9cipal ,european physician ( ,damietta _h 8 att5tion call$ to ! rumors ( num]\s dea?s1 & inve/igat$ ! matt]1 to f9d t cases ( *ol]a _h occurr$ 9 ,may1 :]eas none _h be5 report$ publicly until ,june #ba4 ,a zadig1 or canal1 runs ?r\gh ,damietta f "o bran* ( ! ,nile to ano!r1 & ?is is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! wat] supply4 ,mosques & _m h\ses are on ! banks ( ?is canal1 & _! dra9age goes into x4 ,e mosque has a public privy1 & also a tank = ! ablution1 :i* all good ,mohamm$ans mu/ use be=e ent]+ a holy place4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 great *ol]aic wat] contam9ation1 & a sudd5 outbur/ ( *ol]a took place4 ,! #ae1jjj p :o came to ! fair 7 /amp$$ out ( ,damietta1 toge!r ) ab\t #aj1jjj ( ! inhabitants1 :o c>ri$ ! disease ) !m back into ,egypt4 ,!n only 0 a rigid qu>ant9e e/abli%$1 & a cordon put r\nd ,damietta to keep ev]ybody 91 & let no "o g out1 nei!r food1 m$ic9es1 doctors1 nor supplies ( any k9d4 ,su* is ne>ly ! hi/ory ( e t[n attack$ 9 ,egypt 9 #ahhc4 ,:5 ! pe/il5ce _h be5 let out en masse1 sev]e measures 7 tak5 to keep x 9 ,cairo1 = up ! ,nile 0 attack$ long be=e ,alex&ria suff]$4 ,?is *ol]a broke out1 z x almo/ always does 9 ,egypt1 :5 ! riv] ,nile is l[ & ! wat] unusually bad4 ,x disappe>$ l magic1 z x always does 9 ,egypt1 :5 ! ,nile rises & wa%es all impurities away4 ,!re _h be5 little or no *ol]a 9 ,egypt s9ce #ahfe1 & !re _h (t5 be5 z mu* fil? z 9 #ahhc4 ,x has nev] become endemic !re1 z x is a ra9less c\ntry & g5]ally too dry = ! *ol]a g]m to ?rive4 ,m>seilles _h a small outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ! fall ( #ahhc1 probably d]iv$ f ,egypt1 :i* %e c>efully conceal$4 ,9 addition1 *ol]a 0 also br\ght to ,t\lon f ,tonqu9 by ! ,s>! & o!r vessels4 ,t\lon conceal$ h] *ol]a = at lea/ sev5te5 days1 & did n confess x until x _h got su* headway t x c\ld no long] be conceal$4 ,at lea/ tw5ty ?\s& ,italians fl$ f ,t\lon & ,m>seilles1 & o!rs 7 br\ght away 9 transports by ! ,italian gov]nm5t4 ,rome refus$ to receive any fugitives2 ,g5oa & ,naples welcom$ !m4 ,!re 7 at lea/ ?ree l>ge importations into ,naples4 ,! outbreak 9 ,g5oa 0 connect$ ) wa%+ soil$ *ol]a clo!s 9 "o ( ! pr9cipal wat] supplies ( ! city1 & ,naples has _m privy pits & surface wells4 ,^! privies1 or pozzis1 9 ! poor] p>ts ( _m ,italian t[ns1 are 9 ! y>ds or cell>s1 & are s arrang$ t :5 !y ov]fl[1 ! surplusage is c>ri$ ?r\gh dra9s or gutt]s into ! /reets4 ,9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ,t\lon !re 7 no privies at all1 & ! p empti$ _! *amb]pots into ! /reets e morn+4 ,?is fl[$ d[n t[>d ! h>bor1 :i* is almo/ tideless4 ,t\lon always has mu* typhoid fev] f ?is cause2 b no *ol]a unless x is import$4 ,! great outbreaks ( *ol]a 9 ,p>is 9 #ahcb1 #ahdh1 #ahed1 & #ahfe h be5 expla9$ at la/ by ,dr4 ,m>cy4 ,! canal de l',ourcq is "o ( ! pr9cipal wat] s\rces ( ,p>is4 ,! m>ket boats or vessels ^u x & at ,la ,villette are s num]\s t ,m>seilles & ,havre alone outrank x 9 %ipp+4 ,! p>ts ( ,p>is :i* are always mo/ sev]ely attack$ ) *ol]a1 & :]e ! mo/ typhoid fev] prevails1 are suppli$ ) ?is wat]1 into :i* n only all ! fil? ( ! boats goes1 b _m sew]s empty4 ,i agree ) all t is g5]ally said ab\t civic fil? favor+ ! spread ( *ol]a1 b x does n g5]ate1 b only supplies ! pabulum = ! g]ms4 ,i believe z long z ! ,croton wat] is kept pure !re c be no g5]al outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ,new ,york1 only isolat$ cases1 or at mo/ a few 9 ea* h\se1 & ^? only into :i* di>rhoeal cases come1 or soil$ clo!s are br\ght2 t x w n spread ev5 to ! next h\se1 & t !re are no p&emic waves ( *ol]a4 ,i ?9k x impossible to pump ,new ,york dock wat] into ! sew]s1 & t x w\ld be v injuri\s if x c\ld be done4 ,almo/ all our sew]s empty into ! docks1 & ! wat] !re is ( ! f\le/ k9d4 ,i d n believe 9 a long qu>ant9e1 & ?9k t ( ! ,dut* is ! be/4 ,!y only deta9$ ! sick1 b took ! addresses ( all :o 7 let ?r\gh1 or kept back all _! soil$ clo?+1 :i* !y _h wa%$1 dis9fect$1 & s5t aft] _! own]s 9 ?ree days4 ,/4 ,l\is /ill has #bj1jjj privy pits & z _m surface wells4 ,! importation ( *ol]a into ,/4 ,l\is is well prov$ = #ahcb1 #ahdh1 #ahdi1 #ahed1 #ahff1 & #ahgc4 ,^? :o us$ surface well wat] suff]$ mu* m ?an ^? :o drank ,mississippi wat]1 h[ev] f\l t may h be54 ,! hi/ory ( *ol]a 9 ,/4 ,l\is has be5 bett] & m accurately writt5 up q lately by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,moore1 civil eng9e]1 ?an t ( any city 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he has k9dly giv5 me maps ( ! city1 ) e case m>k$ d[n1 ) /reet & numb]1 = all ! epidemic4 ,hypod]mic injections ( atrop9e & morph9e h fail$ sadly 9 _m cases4 ,subcutane\s injections ( l>ge quantities ( salt & wat]1 ) "s soda1 & l>ge rectal injections ( tann9 & laudanum h be5 v successful 9 ,italy4 ,if !re is pl5ty ( acid ga/ric juice 9 ! /oma*1 ! *ol]a poison & microbes may be swall[$ ) impunity4 ,! wor/ cases ( *ol]a are produc$ by dr9k+ l>ge quantities ( *ol]a contam9at$ wat]1 :5 ! /oma* is empty & alkal9e4 ,i ?9k x probable t l>ge quantities1 z mu* z ! ?ir/ requires1 ( a weak acid wat] w prove v b5eficial 9 *ol]a4 ,wat] slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric1 nitric1 or muriatic acid w probably be ! be/1 b x is hop$ t phosphoric1 acetic1 & lactic acids w prove equally good4 ,lemon juice & v9eg> are m]ely acetates & citrates ( pota%1 & are n z good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems t ! (f5sive smells notic$ 9 ! ,engli% ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t la/ session h be5 trac$ to _! s\rce4 ,x is f\nd t ! ma9 sew] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons is v l>ge & out ( all proportion to ! requirem5ts1 is ( two diff]5t levels1 & dis*>ges into ! /reet sew] )9 eighte5 in*es ( ! bottom ( ! latt] dra94 ,!re is ?us a con/ant backfl[ ( sewage4 ,ano!r revelation is t ! dra9 connect$ ) ! op5 furnace 9 ! ,clock ,t[]1 = ! purpose ( v5tilation1 is h]metically clos$ at its opposite end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sulphur\s ,,acid ,,& ,,sulphide ,,( ,,c>bon4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 paid 9 rec5t times to dis9fect+ ag5ts1 & among ^! sulphur\s acid & sulphide ( c>bon mu/ be plac$ 9 ! li/ ( ! mo/ effici5t4 ,mr4 ,alf4 ,ri*e has rec5tly summ$ up 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie ! /ate ( ! "q z reg>ds ^! two ag5ts1 & we 9 turn %all furni% a few data on ! subject 9 tak+ ! above nam$ sci5ti/ z a guide4 ,mr4 ,duj>d9 ,beaumetz "s "t ago ask$ ,messrs4 ,pa/eur & ,r\x's aid 9 mak+ "s new exp]im5ts on ! "q1 & has made kn[n ! result ( ^! to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e4 ,at ! ,co*9 ,hospital he select$ two rooms ( #c1ecj cubic feet capacity locat$ 9 wood5 %$s4 ,! walls ( ^! rooms1 :i* 7 =m$ ( bo>ds1 all[$ ! air to ent] ?r\gh num]\s *9ks1 al?\gh c>e _h be5 tak5 to close ! l>ge/ ( ^! ) pap]4 ,9 ea* ( ! rooms 7 plac$ a b$1 diff]5t pieces ( furniture1 & fabrics ( v>i\s colors4 ,brom9e1 *lor9e & sulphate ( nitrosyle 7 successively reject$4 ,?ree s\rces ( sulphur\s acid 7 !n exp]im5t$ )1 viz41 ! burn+ ( sulphur1 liquefi$ sulphur\s acid1 & ! burn+ ( sulphide ( c>bon4 ,! rooms 7 clos$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & tubes conta9+ diff]5t proto-organisms1 & p>ticul>ly ! comma bacillus made kn[n by ,ko*1 7 plac$ !re91 along ) o!r tubes conta9+ vacc9e lymph4 ,aft] ea* exp]im5t ^! tubes 7 c>ri$ to ,mr4 ,pa/eur's laboratory & comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,burn] ,,= ,,sulphur4 ,! process by combu/ion ( sulphur is ! simple/ & *eape/4 ,to effect su* combu/ion1 x suffices to place a piece ( iron plate ^u ! floor ( ! room1 & on ?is to place bricks connect$ ) s&1 or1 :at is bett]1 to use a small refractory clay furnace 7z advis$ by ,mr4 ,pa/eur71 ( oblong =m1 #h in*es 9 wid? by #aj 9 l5g?1 & hav+ small ap]tures 9 ! sides 9 ord] to quick5 combu/ion4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a complete combu/ion ( ! fl[]s ( sulphur1 x is necess>y to see to x t ! burn+ is effect$ equally ov] its entire surface1 ?is be+ easily br\ght ab\t by moi/5+ ! sulphur ) alcohol & !n sett+ fire to ! latt]4 ,?r\gh ! use ( ?is process a complete & absolute combu/ion has be5 obta9$ ( mu* z f #ah to #bj gra9s ( sulphur p] cubic foot4 ,9 ! proportion ( #h gra9s to ! cubic foot1 all ! diff]5t culture bro?s "u exp]im5t 7 /]iliz$ save ! "o conta9+ ! bact]ia ( *>bon4 ,z = ! vacc9e virus1 its prop]ties 7 de/roy$4 ,?is economical process pres5ts b two inconv5i5ces1 viz41 ! possibility ( fire :5 ! furnace is badly con/ruct$1 & ! alt]ation ( su* metallic objects z may be 9 ! room4 ,9 fact1 ! combu/ion ( sulphur is att5d$ ) ! projection ( a few p>ticles ( ! sub/ance1 :i* =m a lay] ( metallic sulphide ^u copp] or iron objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,cki&i ,,bey',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,burn+ ,,c>bon ,,sulphide4 ,! use ( liquid sulphur\s acid 9 siphons does n (f] ! same inconv5i5ces4 ,^! siphons conta9 ab\t "o & a half p\nds ( sulphur\s acid4 ,! proportion necess>y to effect ! /]ilization ( ! culture bro?s is "o siphon p] #gjf cubic feet4 ,9 su* a case ! modus op]&i is z foll[s3 ,9 ! middle ( ! room is plac$ a vessel1 :i* is connect$ ) ! ext]ior by means a rubb] tube t passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! door4 ,aft] ! door has be5 clos$1 x is only necess>y to place ! nozzle ( ! siphon 9 ! rubb] tube1 & to press ^u ! lev] ( ! siphon valve1 to cause ! liquid to pass f ! siphon to ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,! evaporation ( ! liquid sulphur\s acid proce$s v rapidly 9 ! free air4 ,?is process is an exce$+ly conv5i5t "o2 x does away ) dang] f fire1 & x leaves ! gild+s & metallic objects t *ance to be 9 ! room absolutely intact4 ,f9ally1 ! acid's p[] ( p5etration appe>s to be /ill great] ?an t :i* is obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( sulphur4 ,x has b "o drawback1 & t is its high price4 ,ea* siphon is sold to ! public at ! price ( "o doll>4 ,to municipalities us+ sulphur\s acid 9 ?is =m ! price w\ld be r$uc$ to j "o-half t figure4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t = a room ( #c1ecj cubic feet capacity ! co/ w\ld be #e4jj or #b4ej4 ,! combu/ion ( sulphide ( c>bon furni%es an abundance ( sulphur\s acid1 b has hi!rto be5 att5d$ ) dang]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has rec5tly be5 ov]come by ! inv5tion ( a new burn] by ,mr4 ,cki&i ,bey4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ?is new app>atus is %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,mr4 ,cki&i's burn] consi/s ( an ext]nal vessel1 ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ( t9n$ copp]1 conta9+ a vessel1 ,i ,h ,e ,f1 to ! sides ( :i* are fix$ ?ree siphons1 ,r1 ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,section ,,( ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,to op]ate ! burn]1 we place ! cyl9drical tube1 ,k ,l ,m ,n1 9 ! inn] vessel1 & p\r sulphide ( c>bon into x up to ! level aa4 ,?is done1 we fill ! ext]nal vessel ) wat] up to ! level bb4 ,?anks to ! siphons1 ! wat] ent]s ! inn] vessel1 presses ! sulphide ( c>bon1 :i* is ! heavi]1 & causes x to rise 9 ! tube up to ! level a'a'1 :]e x saturates a cotton wick1 :i* is !n light$4 ,! upp] end ( ! tube is surm\nt$ ) a *imney1 ,,pq4 :i* quick5s ! draught4 ,! combu/ion may be ret>d$ or quick5$ at w by caus+ ! level bb ( ! wat] to rise or l[]4 ,! burn] is plac$ 9 ! room to be dis9fect$1 :i*1 aft] ! wick has be5 light$1 is clos$ h]metically4 ,:5 all ! sulphide is burn$ x is replac$ by wat]1 & ! lamp goes out ( itself4 ,! combu/ion proce$s ) great regul>ity & )\t any dang]4 ,x takes ab\t five & a half p\nds = a room ( #c1ejj cubic feet capacity4 ,! process is sure & q economical1 s9ce sulphide ( c>bon is sold at ab\t five c5ts p] p\nd1 :i* am\nts to #be c5ts = a room ( #c1ejj cubic feet capacity4 ,! burn] co/s t5 doll>s1 b may be us$ = an almo/ indef9ite p]iod4 ,! process ( produc+ sulphur\s acid by ! combu/ion ( sulphide ( c>bon is1 z may be se51 v practical & advantage\s4 ,x does n affect metallic objects1 & x furni%es a dis9fect+ gas cont9u\sly1 sl[ly1 & regul>ly4 ,mr4 ,cki&i's burn] may also be appli$ 9 sev]al indu/ries4 ,x is capable ( r5d]+ great s]vices 9 ! blea*+ ( silk & wool5 goods1 & x may also be us$ = blea*+ sponges1 /raw hats1 & a numb] ( o!r objects4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,graphite ,,9 ,,m9]als4 ,by ,j4,b4 ,,mack9to%4 ,9 _m in/ances ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( graphite pres5t 9 a rock has prov$ a r tr\blesome problem4 ,! fir/ ?\ght :i* naturally sugge/s itself is to burn ! graphite & weigh ! c>bonic acid produc$2 b 9 ! case ( ! sample :i* l$ me to seek = ano!r me?od1 ?is way c\ld n be employ$1 = ! specim5 _h be5 tak5 f ! surface1 & 0 cov]$ & p5etrat$ by vegetable gr[?s :i* c\ld n be entirely remov$ me*anically4 ,add to ?is ! fact ( ! pres5ce ( iron pyrites & ! probable occurr5ce ( c>bonates 9 ! rock1 & x w be at once se5 t no reliance c\ld be plac$ on ! results obta9$ by ?is sugge/$ me?od4 ,z ! problem ?us resolv$ itself into f9d+ a way by :i* all int]f]+ sub/ances c\ld be de/roy$ )\t affect+ ! graphite1 x at once occurr$ to me to try ! effect ( cau/ic pota%4 ,i melt$ a few pieces ( pota% 9 a silv] crucible until x _h /opp$ spitt+ & 0 9 quiet fusion4 ,i !n transf]r$ ! weigh$ sample to ! crucible1 ! melt$ pota% 9 :i* readily wett$ ! graphite rock4 ,! mass 0 !n g5tly heat$1 & occasionally /irr$ ) a piece ( silv] wire4 ,! heat nev] ne$ be mu* above ! melt+ po9t ( ! pota%1 ?\gh t[>d ! la/ ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( rais+ ! temp]ature slightly1 to insure ! complete decomposition ( ! melt4 ,:5 ! decomposition is complete1 :i* c be kn[n by ! complete abs5ce ( gritty p>ticles1 ! crucible is cool$ & !n soak$ out 9 cold wat]4 ,?is is v quickly accompli%$1 & we !n see t we h an insoluble residue ( graphite & a floccul5t precipitate ( lime1 magnesia1 iron hydrate1 etc41 :ile ! organic matt]s h disappe>$4 ,! sulphides ( iron1 etc41 h giv5 up _! sulphur to ! pota%1 & ev]y?+ except ! graphite has suff]$ "s *ange4 ,! solution is n[ filt]$ ?r\gh a weigh$ ,goo* crucible1 ! residue wa%$ a few times ) wat]1 & !n treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid 7foll[$ by ammonia to remove any silv] tak5 up f ! crucible71 :i* w dissolve all ! con/itu5ts ( ! residue except ! graphite1 & aft] wa%+ w leave ! latt] free & 9 a condition ( great purity4 ,z evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( ! me?od1 ,i subjo9 ! results ,i obta9$ on a sample ^: gangue 0 free f all organic & o!r impurities1 consi/+ *iefly ( qu>tz3 ,new ,me?od4 ,combu/ion 9 ,oxyg51 ,weigh+ ,,co#b4 #ae4ea #ae4ed ,x is pla9 t su* a result leaves no?+ to be desir$ = ! accuracy ( ! me?od1 :ile1 z reg>ds "t & tr\ble1 ! advantage lies on ! side ( ! new me?od4 ,i h complet$ a det]m9ation 9 less ?an two h\rs f ! />t1 & did n hurry myself ov] x 9 any degree4 ,f9e pulv]ization ( ! sample is n ess5tial1 & 9 fact is r detrim5tal1 z ! graphite1 :5 f9e1 is m difficult to wa% )\t loss4 ,:5 op]at+ on a co>se sample m "t is necess>ily tak51 b ! result+ graphite %[s ! mann] ( occurr5ce bett]1 :e!r 9 scales or 9 ! amorph\s =m4 ,9 consult+ ! lit]ature be>+ on ! subject1 ,i _c f9d any m5tion ( ?is me?od employ$ z an analytical process2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 previ\sly describ$ z a comm]cial me?od = ! purification ( graphite1#a & ,i und]/& has be5 tri$ on a small scale 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! me?od1 ?\gh inexp5sive1 yet seems to h be5 ab&on$ = "s reason1 & ,i am n aw>e t x is n[ employ$ any:]e4--,s*4 ,m9es ,qu>t]ly4 ,footnote #a3 ,s*l(fel1 ,zeits*rift d] ,k4,k4 geolog4 ,rei*an/alt1 #ahff1 p4 #abf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sulphocyanide ,,( ,,potassium4 ,! elem5ts ( cyanog51 comb9$ ) sulphur1 =m a salt radical1 sulphocyanog51 ,c#b,,ns#b1 :i* is express$ by ! symbol ,csy4 ,! sulphocyanide ( potassium1 ,k,csy1 is prep>$ by fus+ f]rocyanide ( potassium1 depriv$ ( its wat] ( cry/allization1 intimately mix$ ) half its weight ( sulphur & #ag p>ts ( c>bonate ( potassa4 ,! molt5 mass1 aft] hav+ cool$1 is exhau/$ ) wat]1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness1 & extract$ ) alcohol1 f :i* ! cry/als ( ! salt are sep>at$ by evaporation4 ,x is also made by melt+ ! f]rocyanide ( potassium ) sulphide ( potassium4 ,x is a :ite1 cry/allizable salt ( a ta/e resembl+ t ( nit]1 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 & extremely poison\s4 ,x dissolves ! *lorides1 iodides1 & bromides ( silv]1 is1 !re=e1 a fix+ ag5t1 b has n come 9 g5]al use z su*4 ,vogel speaks highly ( x z an addition to ! positive ton+ ba?1 al?\gh he pref]s ! analog\s ammonium salt 9 ! foll[+ =mula3 ,*loride ( gold solution4444 7#a3ej7 #c c4 cm4 7#df-a_/e gra9s74 ,sulphocyanide ( ammonium 444 #bj grammes 7#cjh gra9s74 ,wat]44444444#ajj c4 cm4 7#c ounces #e dra*ms #dj gra9s74 ,f]rocyanide ( ,potassium--,k#b;,cfy#c;,,ho1 or ,k#b;,c#h,n#c;,fe#c;,,ho1 is g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( yell[ prussiate ( potassa4 ,x conta9s f]rocyanog51 a comp\nd radical1 consi/+ ( #a eq4 ( metallic iron & #c eq4 ( ! elem5ts ( cyanog51 & is designat$ by ! symbol ,cfy4 ,! potassium salt is manufactur$ on a l>ge scale f refuse animal matt]1 z old lea!r1 *ips ( horn1 wool5 rags1 ho(s1 blood 7h5ce its ,g]man "n1 ,blutlaug5 salz71 greaves1 & o!r sub/ances ri* 9 nitrog51 by fus+ !m ) crude c>bonate ( potassa & iron scraps or fil+s to a r$ heat1 ! op]ation to g on 9 an iron pot or %ell1 ) ! exclusion ( all air4 ,cyanide ( potassium is g5]at$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! melt$ mass is aft]w>d treat$ ) hot wat]1 :i* dissolves ! cyanide & o!r salts1 ! cyanide be+ !n quickly conv]t$ by ! action ( oxide ( iron1 =m$ dur+ ! op]ation ( fus+1 into f]rocyanide4 ,! filt]$ solution is evaporat$1 cry/alliz$1 & recry/alliz$4 ,! be/ temp]ature = mak+ ! solution is betwe5 #aeh & #agf deg4 ,f4 ,! conv]sion ( ! cyanide into ! f]rocyanide is greatly facilitat$ by ! pres5ce ( f9ely divid$ sulphuret ( iron & cau/ic pota%4 ,"s ye>s ago ?is salt 0 manufactur$ by a process :i* disp5s$ ) ! use ( animal matt]1 ! necess>y nitrog5 be+ obta9$ by a curr5t ( atmosph]ic air4 ,fragm5ts ( *>coal1 impregnat$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 7 expos$ to a :ite heat 9 a clay cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( air 0 drawn by a suction pump4 ,! process succe$$ 9 a *emical s5se1 b fail$ on ! score ( economy4 ,ri*>d ,brunquell passes ammonia ?r\gh tubes fill$ ) *>coal1 & heat$ to r$ness s z to =m cyanide ( ammonium1 :i* is conv]t$ into ! f]rocyanide ( potassium by contact ) pota% solution & suitable iron comp\nds4 ,f]rocyanide ( potassium is 9 l>ge beautiful transp>5t f\r-sid$ tabul> cry/als1 ( a lemon-yell[ color1 soluble 9 f\r p>ts ( cold & two ( boil+ wat]1 insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,expos$ to heat x loses ?ree eq4 ( wat]1 & becomes anhydr\s2 at a high temp]ature x yields cyanide ( potassium1 c>bide ( iron1 & v>i\s gases4 ,?is salt is said to h no poison\s prop]ties1 al?\gh ! dang]\s hydrocyanic acid is made f x4 ,9 l>ge doses x occasions1 h[ev]1 v]tigo1 numbness1 & coldness4 ,x is us$ 9 v>i\s photographic processes4 ,newton employs x 9 comb9ation ) pyrogallol & soda 9 ! developm5t ( bromo-gelat9e plates4 ,! f]ri or f]rid cyanide ( potassium discov]$ by ,gmel9 is (t51 b improp]ly1 t]m$ r$ prussiate ( pota%4 ,x is =m$ by pass+ a curr5t ( *lor9e gas ?r\gh a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium until ! liquid ceases to give a precipitate ) a salt ( sesquioxide ( iron1 & acquires a deep1 r$di%-gre5 color4 ,! solution is !n evaporat$1 cry/alliz$1 & recry/alliz$4 ,x =ms regul> prismatic or tabul> cry/als1 ( a beautiful ruby-r$ t9t1 p]man5t 9 ! air1 soluble 9 f\r p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,! cry/als burn :5 introduc$ into ! flame ( a c&le1 & emit sp>ks4 ,! !ory ( ! =mation ( ?is salt is1 t "o eq4 ( *lor9e )draws f two eq4 ( ! f]rocyanide ( potassium1 "o eq4 ( potassium1 =m+ *loride ( potassium1 :i* rema9s 9 ! "m liquid4 ,! reaction is expla9$ by ! foll[+ equation3 #b7,k#b;,cfy7,cl,k#c;,cfy#b,k,cl4 ,! radical f]ridcyanog51 isom]ic#b ) f]rocyanog51 is suppos$ to be =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( two equival5ts ( f]rocyanog51 & is repres5t$ by ! symbol ,cfdy2 accord+ly ! =mula ( f]ridcyanide ( potassium is ,k#c;,cfdy4 ,footnote #b3 ,isom]ic bodies1 or sub/ances diff]5t 9 prop]ties yet id5tical 9 composition1 are ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 organic *emi/ry1 & /& among its mo/ peculi> features4 ,f]ridcyanide ( potassium has f\nd ext5sive application 9 photographic processes = int5sify+ negatives2 ^? ( ,ed]1 9 comb9ation ) nitrate ( lead1 or ,selle's1 ) nitrate ( uranium2 ,&]'s blue int5sification ( gelat9e negatives1 ,f>m]'s process ( r$uc+ int5sity1 ! color+ ( diapositives1 ! v important blue pr9t+1 & v>i\s o!rs1 are daily practic$ 9 our laboratories4 ,! f]rocyanide ( potassium is a *emical reag5t ( great value1 giv+ rise to precipitates ) ! neutral or slightly acid solutions ( metals1 l ! beautiful br[n f]rocyanide ( copp]1 & t ( lead4 ,:5 a f]rocyanide is add$ to a solution ( a sesquioxide ( iron1 ,prussian blue or f]rocyanide ( iron is produc$4 ,! exact composition ( ?is rem>kable sub/ance is n di/9ctly /at$1 z v>i\s blue comp\nds may be precipitat$ "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,b]zelius gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3 #c eq4 ( f]rocyanide & #b eq4 ( sesquioxide ( iron are mutually decompos$1 =m+ #a eq4 ( ,prussian blue & #f eq4 ( ! potassa salt1 :i* rema9s 9 solution1 or #c,k#b;,cfy #b7;,fe#b,o#cc,,no#c7 ,fe#d;,cfy#c #f7,,ko1,,no#e74 ,x =ms a bulky precipitate ( an int5se blue1 is q insoluble 9 wat] or weak acids1 ) ! exception ( oxalic acid1 ) :i* x gives a deep blue liquid1 occasionally us$ z blue ink4 ,f]ridcyanide ( potassium1 add$ to a salt ( ! sesquioxide ( iron1 yields no precipitate1 b m]ely d>k5s ! r$di%-br[n solution2 ) protoxide ( iron x gives a blue precipitate1 conta9+ ,fe#c;,cfdy1 :i* is ( a bright] t9t ?an t ( ,prussian blue1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ,turnbull's blue4 ,h5ce1 ! f]ridcyanide ( potassium is z excell5t a te/ = protoxide ( iron z ! yell[ f]rocyanide is = ! sesquioxide4--,e41 ,photo4 ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\cault',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,illum9at+ ,,gas ,,& ,,hydrog54 ,! illum9at+ gas & hydrog5 app>atus1 illu/rat$ h]e)1 is adapt$ to all cases 9 :i* x is desirable to manufacture gas ^u a small scale4 ,?r\gh ! use solely ( oil or wat]1 x produces illum9at+ gas or pure hydrog5 = all ! applications t may be requir$ ( !m4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 viz41 ( a vaporiz]1 ,a1 :i* conv]ts ! liquids into gas2 ( a di/ribut]1 ,b1 :i* conta9s & di/ributes ! liquids to be conv]t$ into gas1 & ( a regulator1 ,c1 :i* automatically regulates ! fl[ ( ! liquids 9 proportion z !y are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,f\cault',s ,,gas ,,app>atus4 ,9 ! vaporiz] ,mr4 ,f\cault1 ! inv5tor ( ! app>atus1 obta9s a p]fectly regul> combu/ion ?r\gh ! use ( a c5tral column1 #ae1 *>g$ ) fuel1 clos$ at ! upp] "p1 op5 b5ea?1 & ent]+ a furnace t is f$ by x ) regul>ity1 ! zone ( combu/ion n be+ able to ext5d beyond ! level ( ! draught4 ,! grate1 #af1 is capable ( revolv+ ^u its axis 9 ord] to sep>ate ! c9d]s4 ,x also oscillates1 & is provid$ ) jaws = cru%+ ! fuel2 & x may likewise be l[]$ s z to let ! fire drop into ! a%-pan :5 x is desir$ to /op op]ations4 ,! vaporiz]1 prop]ly s call$1 is n plac$ directly ov] ! fire1 & = ?is reason ! production ( a sph]oidal /ate ( ! liquid is avoid$4 ,x consi/s ( a vessel1 #dd1 into :i* ! liquid is l$ by a pipe1 #dc4 ,! ca/-iron evaporat+ vessel1 #ad1 is provid$ ) app5dages1 #ad bis1 :i* dip into ! liquid & br+ ab\t its evaporation4 ,a refractory clay sleeve1 #da1 protects ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d]1 #ae1 f ! fire1 & dim9i%es ! smoke passages at #db4 ,! vapor produc$ makes its way v]tically ?r\gh a lay] ( *>coal plac$ betwe5 ! evaporat+ vessel1 #ad1 & ! receiv]1 #ag1 & s]v+ to decompose ! aque\s vapor =m$4 ,all clay & r$ & :ite lead jo9ts are done away ) 9 ?is "p ( ! app>atus1 z are also pack+ bolts4 ,?us1 at ! upp] "p ! cov]1 #ai1 is provid$ ) a rim t ent]s a cavity fill$ ) lead1 s1 too1 ! l[] "p ( ! evaporat+ vessel1 #ad1 re/s 9 a *annel conta9+ lead4 ,!re is also at #cj1 a jo9t ( ! same "* = ! rim ( ! ext]nal cyl9drical vessel1 #ah4 ,bo? ?is latt] & ! receiv]1 #ag1 dip b5ea? into a tank ( wat]1 #ff4 ,! di/ribut]1 ,b1 is s arrang$ z to cause ! wat]1 & oil1 & ! liquids to be vaporiz$ to fl[ ) ! greate/ regul>ity1 & proportionally to ! consumption ( ! gas 9 cases :]e ! latt] is n /or$ up 9 a gas met]4 ,! fl[ is controll$ by cocks t are actuat$ by v>iations 9 ! height ( ! regulator receiv]4 ,all ! cond5sation t occurs 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! app>atus collects 9 a receptacle1 #eb1 s arrang$ z to p]=m ! (fice ( a sep>ator & set ap>t ! oil at #bj1 & ! wat] at #ba1 ?r\gh ! natural effect ( _! diff]5ce 9 d5sity4 ,?is latt] is likewise utiliz$ = caus+ ! oil to fl[ into ! vaporiz] ?r\gh #bf & #bg1 in/ead ( us+ a graduat$ cock t receives a v>iable pressure f ! receiv]4 ,9 ?is way e cause ( ob/ruction is avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,section4 ,we h /at$ t ! regulator1 ,c1 s]ves to automatically regulate ! fl[ ( ! liquids proportionally to ! consumption ( ! gases produc$4 ,to effect ?is a communication is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! regulator receiv]1 #ei1 & ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! liquids fl[1 & ! fl[ is ?us modifi$ by ! valves1 #ed & #ee4 ,! wat] conta9$ 9 ! res]voir ( ! regulator s]ves to wa% ! gas :i* ent]s ?r\gh a numb] ( orifices 9 ! disk1 #fj1 ?is latt] be+ fix$ b5ea? ! level ( ! wat]4 ,! gas may be purifi$ by dissolv+ metallic salts 9 ! wat]4 ,by means ( ! arrangem5t above describ$1 !re may be manufactur$ at w a ri* gas f liquid hydroc>burets1 hydrog5 f wat]1 & gas obta9$ by an admixture ( two o!rs simultane\sly produc$ & comb9$ 9 ! app>atus4--,*ronique ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sug> ,,nitro-,,glyc]9e4 ,a new explosive has be5 discov]$ by ,m4 ,roca1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 :o communicates an acc\nt ( x to ,le ,gnie ,civil4 ,! discov]y 0 due entirely to sci5tific induction f "s exp]im5ts made ^u diff]5t specim5s ( dynamite1 ) a view to ! det]m9ation ( ! effect on ! explosive =ce ( ! v>i\s in]t or at lea/ sl[ly combu/ible sub/ances ) :i* nitro-glyc]9e is mix$ to produce ! dynamite ( comm]ce4 ,( late1 9 place ( ! infusorial e>? :i* =m$ ! solid portion ( ,nobel's dynamite1 su* sub/ances z sawdu/1 p[d]$ b>k1 & ev5 gunp[d]1 h be5 us$1 probably = ! sake ( economy alone1 )\t1 except 9 ! latt] case1 any ref]5ce to ! influ5ce :i* !y might h ^u ! combu/ion ( ! nitro-glyc]9e2 b ,m4 ,roca1 9 te/+ a v>iety ( samples1 0 /ruck by ! diff]5ce among !m 9 reg>d to en]gy ( explosion1 & discov]$ t if a portion ( free c>bon1 suffici5t to comb9e ) ! oxyg5 dis5gag$ f ! nitro-glyc]9e1 0 pres5t at ! mom5t ( detonation1 ! effect 0 great] ?an :]e1 z 9 ! case ( gunp[d]1 ! solid portion alone furni%$ oxyg5 en\gh to burn all ! free c>bon1 )\t call+ ^u ! nitro-glyc]9e = any4 ,9 fact1 x appe>$ f exp]im5t t ! dose ( c>bon might ) advantage be s great z n only to be itself oxidiz$ into c>bonic oxide by ! oxyg5 ( ! nitro-glyc]9e1 b to r$uce ! c>bonic acid develop$ by ! explosion ( ! latt] itself into c>bonic oxide4 ,! limit ( ! advantage\s effect ( free c>bon ceas$ "h1 & if m 7 add$ to ! mixture1 ! cavities =m$ by ! explosion 9 ! lead cubes us$ = te/ 7 f\nd simply l9$ ) soot2 b up to ! limit necess>y = conv]t+ all ! c>bon 9 ! dynamite into c>bonic oxide1 ! addition ( a r$uc+ ag5t 0 %[n to be an important ga94 ,?is 0 confirm$ by !ory1 :i* %[s t pure nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* is compos$ ( six p>ts ( c>bon & two ( hydrog51 comb9$ ) ?ree times z mu* nitric acid & wat]1 decomposes on explosion into six p>ts ( c>bonic acid1 five ( wat]y vapor1 "o ( oxyg51 & ?ree ( nitrog51 :ile ! addition ( sev5 m p>ts ( free c>bon to ! mixture causes ! developm5t1 by explosion1 ( ?irte5 volumes ( c>bonic oxide1 five p>ts ( wat]y vapor1 & ?ree ( nitrog51 or tw5ty-"o volumes ( gas 9 place ( fifte54 ,z ! p[] ( an explosive dep5ds pr9cipally on ! am\nt ( gas :i* results f its sudd5 combu/ion1 x 0 evid5t t ! addition ( pure or ne>ly pure c>bon1 9 a condition to be readily comb9$ ) ! o!r elem5ts1 ought to increase mat]ially ! =ce ( nitro-glyc]9e1 & ,m4 ,roca exp]im5t$ accord+ly ) an admixture ( sug>1 z a highly c>boniz$ body imm$iately available1 & f\nd t ?ree p>ts ( ?is1 mix$ ) sev5 p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e1 detonat$ ) a =ce f ?irty to ?irty-five p] c5t4 great] ?an t ( pure nitro-glyc]9e4 ,_m o!r organic c>bonace\s sub/ances may be employ$ 9 place ( sug>1 ) v>i\s advantages4 ,9 comp>+ ^! simple comp\nds ) ! celebrat$ explosive gum1 prep>$ by dissolv+ gun-cotton 9 nitro-glyc]9e1 x is f\nd t ! latt] is f> inf]ior1 hav+ an en]gy v little sup]ior to t ( pure nitro-glyc]9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,circle-,,divid]4 ,?is little app>atus1 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,mora1 ( ,s5lis1 p]mits ( divid+ circumf]5ces or circles into equal or proportional p>ts4 ,x consi/s 7,fig4 #b7 ( a rule1 ,a1 divid$ into equal or proportional p>ts1 :i* pivots 9 ! mann] ( a compass ar\nd a rod1 ,t1 t s]ves z a c5tral rot>y po9t4 ,along ?is rule moves a slide1 ,r1 provid$ ) an ap]ture1 ,c1 :i* is made to co9cide ) "o ( ! divisions4 ,?is division corresponds to ! numb] ( equal or proportional p>ts into :i* ! circle is to be divid$4 ,! slide is provid$ ) a :eel1 ,e1 t c>ries a po9t :i* s]ves at e revolution to trace ! po9ts t indicate ! divisions ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,mode ,,( ,,us+ ,,! ,,circle ,,divid]4 ,! app>atus op]ates z foll[s3 ,suppose1 = example1 t x becomes necess>y to divide a circumf]5ce into #ai equal p>ts3 ,we make ! ap]ture1 ,c1 co9cide ) ! #ai? division ( ! rule1 & fix ! po9t ( ! rod1 ,t1 9 ! c5t] ( ! circumf]5ce1 & cause ! rule to revolve ar\nd x4 ,! :eel1 ,e1 w revolve ^u its axis1 g1 &1 at e revolution1 its po9t w make a m>k :i* corresponds to ! #ai? "p ( ! circumf]5ce-- ,circumf4 c _/ ,circumf4 ,c r _/ ,r ,x is always necess>y t ! extremity ( ! :eel1 ,e1 & ! c5t]-po9t1 ,t1 %all be at ! same height 9 ord] to h ! divisions v accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,circle ,,divid]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,soluble ,,glass4 ,al?\gh ! manufacture ( soluble glass does n /rictly belong to ! glass mak]'s art1 yet x is an alli$ process to t ( manufactur+ glass4 ,( late soluble glass has be5 us$ ) good effect z a pres]vative coat+ = /ones1 a fire-pro(+ solution = wood & textile fabrics4 ,v ?9 gauze dipp$ 9 a solution ( silicate ( pota% dilut$ ) wat]1 & dri$1 burns )\t flame1 black5s1 & c>bonizes z if x 7 heat$ 9 a retort )\t contact ( air4 ,z a fire-pro(+ mat]ial x w\ld be excell5t 7 x n t ! alkal9e reaction ( ?is glass v (t5 *anges ! color+ matt]s ( pa9t+s & textile fabrics4 ,s9ce soluble glass always rema9s some:at deliquesc5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! fabrics may h be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e is attract$1 & ! goods rema9 damp4 ,?is is ! reason :y its use has be5 ab&on$ = pres]v+ !at] decorations & we>+ app>el4 ,ano!r application ( soluble glass has be5 made by surgeons = =m+ a protect+ coat ( silicate ar\nd brok5 limbs z a sub/itute = pla/]1 />*1 or dextr9e4 ,! only use :]e soluble glass has met ) success is 9 ! pres]vation ( por\s /ones1 build+ mat]ials1 pa9t+s 9 di/emp]1 & pa9t+ on glass4 ,be=e we describe ^! applications1 we w give ! processes us$ 9 mak+ soluble glass4 ,! foll[+ +r$i5ts are heat$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace until fusion becomes quiet$3 #a1bfj p\nds :ite s&1 #ffj p\nds pota% ( #gh4 ,?is w produce #a1fij p\nds ( transp>5t1 homog5e\s glass1 ) a slight t+e ( amb]4 ,?is glass is b little soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,to dissolve x1 ! brok5 fragm5ts are introduc$ into a iron dige/] *>g$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 at a high pressure1 to make a solution m>k+ #cc to #ce ,baume4 ,di/ill$ or ra9 wat] %\ld be us$1 z ! calc>e\s salts conta9$ 9 ord9>y wat] w\ld produce insoluble salts ( lime1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! solution turbid & opalesc5t2 ?is solution conta9s silica & pota% comb9$ toge!r 9 ! proportion ( #gj to #cj4 ,silicate ( soda is made ) #ahj p>ts ( s&1 #ajj p>ts c>bonate ( soda 7#j4ia71 & is to be melt$ 9 ! same mann] z indicat$ previ\sly4 ,soluble glass may also be prep>$ by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,a mixture ( s& ) a solution ( cau/ic pota% or soda is introduc$ into an iron boil]1 "u #e or #f atmosph]es ( pressure1 & heat$ = a few h\rs4 ,! iron boil] conta9s an agitator1 :i* is occasionally op]at$ dur+ ! melt+4 ,! liquid is all[$ to cool until x rea*es #bab1 & is drawn out aft] x has be5 all[$ to cle> by settl+2 x is !n conc5trat$ until x rea*es a d5sity ( #a4be1 or x may be evaporat$ to dryness 9 an iron kettle4 ,! metal is n affect$ by alkal9e liquors4 ,! glass is soluble 9 boil+ wat]2 cold wat] dissolves b little ( x4 ,! solution is decompos$ by all acids1 ev5 by c>bonic acid4 ,soluble glass is app>5tly coagulat$ by ! addition ( an alkal9e salt2 mix$ ) p[d]$ matt]s ^u :i* alkalies h no effect1 x becomes /icky & agglut9ative1 a sort ( m9]al glue4 ,to apply soluble glass = ! pres]vation ( build+s & monum5ts ( por\s mat]ials1 take a solution ( silicate ( pota% ( #ce ,baume1 dilute x ) twice its weight ( wat]1 pa9t ) a bru%1 or inject ) a pump2 give sev]al coats4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ?ree coats appli$ on ?ree successive days are suffici5t to pres]ve ! mat]ials indef9itely1 at a co/ ( ab\t #ae c5ts p] squ>e y>d4 ,:5 appli$ ^u old mat]ials1 x is necess>y to wa% !m ?or\ghly ) wat]4 ,! degree ( conc5tration ( ! solutions to be us$ v>ies ) ! mat]ials4 ,= h>d /ones1 su* z s& & free /ones1 rock1 etc41 ! solution %\ld m>k #g to #i ,baume2 = s(t /ones ) co>se grit1 #e to #g2 = calc>e\s /ones ( s(t texture1 #f to #g4 ,! la/ coat+ %\ld always be appli$ ) a m dilute solution ( #c to #d only4 ,au?orities are divid$ ^u ! successful results ( ! pres]vation ( /one by silicates4 ,"s claim 9 ! affirmative t ! protection is p]man5t1 :ile o!rs ass]t t ) "t & ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e ! b5eficial effects gradually disappe>4 ,x might be wor? :ile to exp]im5t ^u "s ( ! por\s s&/ones1 :i*1 "u ! extreme influ5ce ( our climate1 rapidly det]iorate2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,connecticut s&/one1 s popul> at "o "t z a build+ mat]ial1 b :i* is n[ g5]ally disc>d$1 ow+ to its t5d5cy to crumble to pieces :5 expos$ to ! wea!r ev5 = a few ye>s4 ,soluble glass has also be5 us$ 9 ,g]many to a great ext5t = mural pa9t+1 kn[n z /]eo*romy4 ,! process consi/s 9 fir/ lay+ a gr\nd ) a lime wat]2 :5 ?is is ?or\ghly dry1 x is soak$ ) a solution ( silicate ( soda4 ,:5 ?is has completely solidifi$1 ! upp] coat+ is appli$ to ! ?ickness ( ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in*1 & %\ld be put on v ev5ly4 ,x is !n rubb$ ) f9e s&/one to r\gh5 ! surface4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! colors are appli$ ) wat]2 ! wall is also frequ5tly spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,! colors are n[ set by us+ a mixture ( silicate ( pota% completely saturat$ ) silica1 ) a basic silicate ( soda 7a fl9t liquor ) soda base1 obta9$ by melt+ #b p>ts s& ) #c p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda74 ,z ! colors appli$ d n /& ! action ( ! bru%1 ! soluble glass is project$ aga9/ ! wall by means ( a spray4 ,aft] a few days ! walls %\ld be wa%$ ) alcohol to remove ! du/ & alkali lib]at$4 ,! colors us$ = ?is /yle ( pa9t+ are z9c :ite1 gre5 oxide ( *rome1 cobalt gre51 *romate ( lead1 colco?>1 o*]s1 & ultram>9e4 ,soluble glass has also be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( soaps made ) palm & cocoanut oil2 ?is body r5d]s !m m alkal9e & h>d]4 ,int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 made ) soluble glass = color+ corals & %ells4 ,by plung+ silicat$ %ells into hot solutions ( salts ( *rome1 nickel1 cobalt1 or copp]1 beautiful dyes 9 yell[1 gre51 & blue are produc$4 ,"h seems to be a field = fur!r application ( ?is discov]y4 ,soluble glass has also be5 appli$ to pa9t+ on glass 9 imitation ( glass /a9+4 ,by us+ sulphate ( b>yta1 ultram>9e1 oxide ( *rome1 etc41 mix$ ) silicate ( pota%1 fa/ colors are obta9$ simil> to ! semi-transp>5t colors ( pa9t$ w9d[s4 ,by ?is means a v>iety ( *eap pa9t$ glass may be made4 ,%\ld ^! colors be fir$ 9 a furnace1 enamel$ surfaces w\ld be produc$4 ,z a sub/itute = album5 = fix+ colors 9 calico pr9t+1 soluble glass has be5 us$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( success2 also z a siz+ = ?read previ\s to weav+ textile fabrics4 ,?us x w\ld seem t ?is sub/ance has be5 us$ = _m purposes1 b s9ce its application does n seem to h be5 ext5d$ to any great degree1 ! defects "h po9t$ out 9 its use z a fire-pro(+ mat]ial p]haps also exi/1 to a c]ta9 degree1 9 its o!r applications4 ,9 pa9t+ ^u glass1 = in/ance1 x is ass]t$ t ! brilliancy & f9i% ( ord9>y vitrifi$ colors _c be obta9$4--,glassw>e ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,jet ,,v5tilator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kort+',s ,,jet ,,v5tilator4 ,messrs4 ,kort+ bros41 ( ,london1 induc$ by ! int]e/ t has be5 direct$ to ! sep>ate v5tilation ( m9es 9 :i* fire-damp is apt to =m1 h adopt$ = ?is purpose _! jet v5tilator4 ,! in/rum5t1 :i* we illu/rate 9 ,fig4 #a1 has be51 we und]/&1 consid]able simplifi$1 & adapt$ = ! special object 9 view4 ,! v5tilators are work$ by compress$ air1 & are s arrang$ t1 )\t /opp+ _! action1 ! quantity ( air !y deliv] c be rapidly increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,?is ample p[] ( control has be5 arrang$ = by ! special wi% ( ! m9+ au?orities1 :o wi% to regulate ! v5tilation accord+ to ! developm5t ( fire-damp or ! great] or less numb] ( m5 at "w4 ,"u circum/ances ( ?is k9d ! quantity ( air tak5 into ! m9e c be *ang$ in/antly4 ,! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d1 %[ diff]5t modes ( fix+ ! jet v5tilator4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 x is arrang$ to bl[ ! air =w>d2 9 ,fig4 #c1 x is %[n exhau/+ ! air2 & 9 ,fig4 #d1 x is repres5t$ z exhau/+ & bl[+ simultane\sly1 ! effici5cy 9 ea* case be+ always ! same4 ,any b5ds 9 ! conduit affect ! result to a v slight degree1 & ! v5tilator may be us$ ) advantage :5 ! conduit is divid$ z 9 ,fig4 #d1 9 ord] to get ! fre% air to diff]5t po9ts4 ,! v5tilators are easily fix$ to ! air conduits4 ,if !y are to be connect$ to z9c air pipes1 ! pipe is simply slipp$ ov] ! po9t1 ,l4 9 ,fig4 #a1 & if to wood5 conduits ! app>atus is simply put into !m1 & if no o!r support is requir$4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are s light t x suffices = "o man to fix !m or *ange _! position4 ,messrs4 ,kort+ ,bros4 advance ! foll[+ claims = ?is mode ( v5tilat+ m9es3 ,c]ta9ty ( action1 no mov+ p>ts :atev]1 &1 consequ5tly1 no ne$ ( lubrication2 no ne$ ( att5tion4 --,me*4 ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,remelt+ ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron4 ,f trials conduct$ by ,l$ebur1 x appe>s t ca/ iron is r5d]$ suitable = f\ndry purposes--i4e41 to fill ! m\lds well & to yield %>p & def9ite =ms free ( flaws1 to be cut ) a *isel1 & turn$ on a la!--?r\gh a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( graphite1 ^: pres5ce dep5ds on t ( c>bon & silicium4 ,ca/ iron free ( silicium yields on cool+ ! entire am\nt ( c>bon 9 ! amorph\s /ate1 :ile pres5ce ( ! =m] metal gives rise to ! =mation ( graphite1 &1 consequ5tly1 causes a p>tial sep>ation ( c>bon4 ,iron suff]s on ca/+ loss ( graphite1 assumes a f9ely-gra9$ texture1 becomes h>d & brittle1 & is *ang$ f gray to :ite4 ,9 view ( ! fact t samples ( ca/ iron ) equal p]c5tage ( silicium & c>bon yield on ca/+ a diff]5t product1 x has become necess>y to in/itute exp]im5ts z to ! cause ( ?is behavior4 ,samples ( ca/ iron 7 !re=e repeat$ly melt$1 & ?9 sections ( ea* melt exam9$2 ^! sections exhibit$ a gray color1 ?\gh less app>5t ?an 9 ! unmelt$ sample1 & possess$ suffici5t s(tness to admit bor+ & fil+4 ,dur+ ^! processes ( fus+1 ! am\nt ( silicium1 c>bon1 & manganese _h be5 gradually decreas$1 & am\nt$ to #ab4g1 #ag4f1 & #bd4d p] c5tum = silicium 9 ! ?ree samples exam9$4 ,x also 0 obs]v$ t ! m manganese ! iron conta9s ! less readily ! p]c5tage ( silicium is dim9i%$2 & s9ce manganese is m subject to oxidation ?an silicium1 x is capable to r$uce silicic acid ( ! slag or l9+ to metal1 & ?us to augm5t ! am\nt ( silicium 9 ca/ iron4 ,! p]c5tage ( c>bon also suff]s dim9ution by oxidation1 :i* latt] process is imp$$ by pres5ce ( manganese1 a fact ( "s importance 9 melt+ ( ca/ iron 9 ! cupola furnace4 ,an excess ( manganese r5d]s ca/ iron h>d & brittle1 & imp>ts to x ! prop]ties to absorb gases1 :ile an am\nt ( #a4e p] c5tum1 z f\nd 9 ,scot* iron1 und\bt$ly has ! effect to produce ^? prop]ties = :i* ?is iron is held 9 high repute4 ,! am\nt ( copp] is n visibly alt]$ by fusion1 b t ( phosphorus & sulphur sl[ly increas$4 ,exp]im5ts 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 *emical composition & /r5g? ( ! mat]ial h e/abli%$ t a l>ge am\nt ( silicium1 graphite1 manganese1 & comb9$ c>bon r$uce ! ela/icity1 /r5g?1 & t5acity ( ca/ iron1 & t a limit$ p]c5tage ( silicium c\nt]acts ! injuri\s influ5ce produc$ by an excess ( comb9$ c>bon4 ,on remelt+ ( ca/ iron1 increase 9 t5sile /r5g? 0 obs]v$1 :i* atta9$ its maximum 9 iron ) a small p]c5tage ( silicium aft] ! ?ird1 & 9 su* ) a l>ge am\nt aft] ! f\r? melt+4 ,! increase 9 t5sile /r5g? 0 accompani$ by a loss ( silicium1 graphite1 & manganese c\pl$ ) a simultane\s augm5tation ( comb9$ c>bon4 ,a fif? melt+ ( ! ca/ iron r5d]s x h>d1 brittle1 & :ite1 ?r\gh oxidation ( silicium & subsequ5t l[]+ ( ! am\nt ( c>bon4 ,on less5+ ! p]c5tage ( comb9$ c>bon ) =mation ( graphite ! injuri\s influ5ce ( ! accessorial con/itu5ts ( ca/ iron is dim9i%$1 especially t produc$ by ! pres5ce ( phosphorus4--,eis5huett5te*nik4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fe$+ ,,boil]s ,,at ,,! ,,bottom4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s to be consid]$ 9 boil] con/ruction is ! position & arrangem5t ( ! fe$ app>atus1 b x is1 un=tunately1 "o ( ! elem5ts t is mo/ (t5 ov]look$1 or1 if consid]$ at all1 only 9 a v sup]ficial mann]4 ,_m seem to ?9k t x is only necess>y to h a hole some:]e 9 ! boil]--no matt] :at "p--?r\gh :i* wat] may be pump$1 & we h all t is desir$4 ,?is is a v grave error4 ,_m boil]s h be5 ru9$1 & 7we make ! ass]tion ) ! confid5ce born ( long exp]i5ce7 a l>ge numb] ( de/ructive explosions h be5 directly caus$ by introduc+ ! fe$ wat] into boil]s at ! wrong po9t4 ,on ! location & con/ruction ( ! fe$ dep5ds to "s ext5t ! economical work+ ( a boil]1 &1 to a great ext5t1 especially ) c]ta9 types ( boil]s1 its safety1 durability1 & fre$om f a v>iety ( defects1 su* z leaky seams1 fractur$ plates1 & o!rs ( a simil> k9d4 ,& x is un=tunately true t ! type ( boil] :i* f its nature is mo/ sev]ely affect$ by mal-con/ruction1 su* z we are n[ speak+ (1 is ! v "o :i* is ! (t5e/ subject to x4 ,we are speak+ n[ m p>ticul>ly ( ! pla9 cyl9d] boil]1 ( :i* !re are _m 9 use ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,pla9 cyl9d] boil]s are1 z a rule1 provid$ ) mud drums locat$ ne> ! back end4 ,z a rule1 also1 ^! boil]s are set 9 pairs ov] a s+le furnace1 & ! mud drum ext5ds across b5ea?1 & is connect$ to bo?1 & "o end projects ?r\gh ! sett+ wall at ! side4 ,our illu/rations %[ a typical arrangem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,fig4 #a %[s a transv]se section ( ! boil]s & sett+1 :ile ,fig4 #b %[s a longitud9al section ( ! same4 ,x is a favorite me?od to connect ! fe$ pipe1 ,f1 to ! end ( ! mud drum :i* projects ?r\gh ! wall1 & "h ! fe$ wat] is introduc$1 :e!r hot or cold2 & !re is really n s mu* diff]5ce aft] all betwe5 ! two1 = no matt] h[ effective a heat] may be1 ! temp]ature to :i* x c raise wat] pass+ ?r\gh is q l[ comp>$ ) ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] due to a /eam pressure ( say eighty p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! effect produc$ by fe$+ hot or cold wat] at ! wrong place is "o ( degree1 n ( k9d4 ,:5 a boil] is "u /eam ( say eighty p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ! body ( wat] 9 x w h a temp]ature ( ab\t #cbd degrees ,fahr41 & ! %ell plates w necess>ily be some:at hott]1 especially on ! bottom 7j h[ mu* hott] w dep5d entirely ^u ! quantity ( scale or s$im5t pres5t74 ,n[ introduce a l>ge volume ( cold wat] ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! bottom1 & :at becomes ( x8 ,does x rise at once1 & become mix$ ) ! l>ge body ( wat] 9 ! boil]8 ,by no means4 ,x _c rise until x has become heat$1 = !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! specific gravity ( wat] at #fj1 or ev5 #bab ,fahr41 & wat] at #cbd4 ,consequ5tly1 x hugs ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & fl[s t[>d ! front end1 or hotte/ portion ( ! %ell4 ,n[ let u exam9e ! effect :i* x produces4 ,we "k t wr\ght iron exp&s or contracts ab\t #a "p 9 #aej1jjj = ea* degree t its temp]ature is rais$ or l[]$4 ,?is is equival5t to a /ress ( "o ton p] squ>e in* ( section = e #ae degrees4 ,t is1 suppose we fix a piece ( iron1 a /rip ( boil]plate1 = in/ance1 ( an in* ?ick & #d in*es wide1 at a temp]ature ( #ib degrees ,fahr41 betwe5 a pair ( immovable clamps4 ,!n1 if we r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! b> "u exp]im5t to t ( melt+ ice1 we put a /ress ( f\r tons ^u x1 or "o ton = ea* in* ( its wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,n[ ?is is precisely :at happ5s :5 cold wat] is f$ into ! bottom ( a boil]4 ,we h ! plates ( ! %ell at a temp]ature ( n less1 probably1 ?an #cej ,fahr4 ,a l>ge quantity ( cold wat]1 (t5 at a temp]ature z l[ z #ej ,fahr41 is introduc$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! bottom1 & fl[s along ov] ^! heat$ plates4 ,if x c\ld produce its full effect at once1 ! contraction caus$ !reby w\ld br+ a /ress ( #cjj #ae #bj tons p] squ>e in* ^u ! bottom plates ( ! %ell4 ,b =tunately x _c ex]t its full effect at once1 b x c act to su* an ext5t t we h kn[n x to rupture ! plates ( a new boil] ?r\gh ! seams on ! bottom no less ?an ?ree times 9 less ?an six weeks aft] ! boil]s 7 />t$ up4 ,! effect 9 su* cases w always be ! mo/ m>k$1 especially if ! plant is furni%$ ) a heat]1 :5 ! eng9e is n runn+1 = !n1 z no /eam is be+ drawn f ! boil]s1 !re is comp>atively little circulation go+ on 9 ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ! wat] pump$ 91 cold] ?an usual f ! fact t ! heat] is n 9 op]ation1 spreads out 9 a ?9 lay] on ! l[e/ po9t ( ! %ell1 & /ays !re1 & keeps ! temp]ature ( ! %ell d[n1 ow+ to ! fires be+ bank$ or ! draught %ut1 :ile ! l>g] body ( wat] above1 at a temp]ature ( f #cjj to #cbe degrees1 keeps ! upp] portion ( ! %ell at its high] temp]ature4 ,x w readily be se5 t ! /ra9 br\ght ^u ! seams along ! bottom is some?+ enorm\s1 & we c und]/& :y x is t _m boil]s ( ?is class rupture _! gir? seams :ile be+ fill$ up = ! night aft] ! eng9e has be5 %ut d[n4 ,to mo/ p]sons :o h b a slight k ( ! matt]1 we fancy x w\ld be a surprise to see ! p]si/5ce ) :i* cold wat] w hug ! bottom ( a boil] "u su* circum/ances4 ,we h se5 boil]s :5 ! fire has be5 drawn1 & cold wat] pump$ 9 to cool !m (f1 s cold on ! bottom t !y felt cold to ! t\*1 & mu/ consequ5tly h _h a temp]ature consid]ably bel[ #ajj ,fahr41 :ile ! wat] on top1 above ! tubes1 0 suffici5tly hot to scald2 & !y w rema9 9 su* a condition = h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! only ?+ to be done1 :]e fe$ connections are made 9 ! mann] describ$1 is to *ange !m1 & by *ang+ !m at once mu* tr\ble1 or ev5 a disa/r\s explosion1 may be avoid$4 ,put ! fe$pipe 9 ?r\gh ! front head1 at ! po9t m>k$ p 9 ,fig4 #a1 drill & tap a hole ! prop] size = ! fe$ pipe1 cut a long ?read on ! end ( ! pipe1 & screw ! pipe ?r\gh ! head1 lett+ x project ?r\gh on ! inside f> en\gh to put on a c\pl+1 !n screw into ! c\pl+ a piece ( pipe n less ?an eight or t5 feet long1 lett+ x run horizontally t[>d ! back end ( ! boil]1 ! :ole arrangem5t be+ only f #c to #d in*es bel[ ! wat] l9e ( ! boil]1 & hot or cold wat] may be f$ indiff]5tly1 )\t fe> ( dang] f ruptur$ plates or leaky seams4 ,9 %ort1 put 9 a top fe$1 & avoid fur!r tr\ble4--,! ,locomotive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,microscopical ,,j\rnal4 ,,iron ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,microscopic ,,photography4 ,by ,c4,m4 ,,vorce1 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,i4 ,,=mulas ,,= ,,pr9t+ ,,solutions4 ,blue ,pr9ts4--,! be/ =mula = ?is process1 ( _m t ,i h tri$1 is t furni%$ by ,pr(4 ,c4,h4 ,ka91 ( ,camd51 ,n4,j41 9 :i* ! quantity ( ammonio-citrate ( iron is exactly d\ble t ( ! r$ prussiate ( pota%1 & ! solutions /rong4 ,?is gives /rong pr9ts ( a bright d>k blue1 & pr9ts v quickly 9 cle> sunlight4 ,dissolve six gra9s ( r$ prussiate ( pota% 9 "o drm4 ( di/ill$ wat]2 9 ano!r drm4 ( di/ill$ wat] dissolve twelve gra9s ( ammonio-citrate ( iron4 ,mix ! two solutions 9 a cup or sauc]1 & at once bru% ov] ! surface ( clean /rong pap]4 ,cov] ! surface ?or\ghly1 b apply no m ?an ! pap] w take up at once2 x %\ld become limp & moi/1 b n wet4 ,! above quantity ( solution1 two drms41 w suffice to s5sitize t5 squ>e feet ( pap]1 or ?ree %eets ( ! regul> size ( pla9 pap]1 #ahbb4 ,z fa/ z ! %eets are wa%$ ov] ) ! solution1 hang !m up to dry by "o corn]4 ,! surplus fluid w collect 9 a drop at ! l[] corn]1 & c be blott$ (f4 ,black ,pr9ts4--,wa% ! pap] ) a saturat$ solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 made q acid ) acetic acid4 ,aft] pr9t+1 wa% ! pr9ts 9 runn+ wat] = tw5ty to ?irty m9utes1 !n float !m face d[n on a weak solution 7five to t5 p] c5t47 ( protosulphate ( iron = five m9utes1 & wa% z be=e4 ,if pref]r$1 ! iron solution may be wa%$ ov] ! pr9ts1 or !y may be imm]s$ 9 x1 b float+ seems pref]able4 ,aft] ! second wa%+1 wa% ! pr9ts ov] ) a /rong solution ( pyrogallic acid1 :5 ! pr9t w develop black1 & ! gr\nd1 if ! wa%+s 7 suffici5t1 w rema9 :ite4 ,a f9al wa%+ completes ! process4 ,if a solution ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% be us$ 9 place ( ! pyro solution1 a blue pr9t is obta9$4 ,bi*romate pr9ts c be made on album5iz$ pap] by float+ x on ! solution1 & by us+ a saturat$ solution ( protosulphate ( iron & a saturat$ solution ( gallic acid4 ,v f9e pr9ts c be s produc$ ne>ly equal to silv] pr9ts1 & at some:at less co/1 b ) a little or no sav+ ( "t or labor4 ,*ief ,pro( ,solution4--,if old oxalate develop] be expos$ 9 a %all[ vessel 9 a w>m place1 a deposit ( light gre5 cry/als w be =m$1 compos$ ( an impure oxalate ( iron4 ,if ^! cry/als be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & pap] wa%$ ) a /rong solution1 :5 dry x may be expos$ 9 ! pr9t+-frame1 giv+ full "t4 ,! image is v fa9t1 b on wa%+ 9 or float+ on a mod]ately /rong solution ( r$ prussiate ( pota% = a m9ute or less1 a blue positive is produc$1 :i* is wa%$ 9 wat] z usual to fix x4 ,! unus$ develop] produces ! be/ cry/als = ! purpose1 & ! pure ammonio-oxalate is va/ly bett] ?an ei!r4 ,all ( ! above op]ations1 except ! pr9t+1 %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! d>k room1 or by lamp or gas light only4 ,! solutions & ! pap] %\ld also be kept 9 ! d>k1 & prep>$ z %ort a "t z possible be=e use4 ,,ii4 ,,comp\nd ,,negatives4 ,9 photograph+ ) ! microscope1 x frequ5tly occurs t ! op]ator1 in/ead ( devot+ a negative to ea* ( two or m simil> objects = comp>ison1 pr9t+ bo? ^u ! same pr9t1 pref]s to h ! :ole s]ies ^u "o negative1 & tak+ f ?is a s+le pr9t4 ,!re is (t5 room = two or m images ^u ! same plate4 ,if ! c5t] ( ! plate is devot$ to "o1 obvi\sly no m c be accommodat$ on x1 b by plac+ "o at ea* end1 or "o on ea* qu>t] ( ! plate1 bo? economy ( plates & conv5i5ce ( pr9t+ are secur$4 ,! end may be readily accompli%$ by matt+ ! plate z a negative is matt$ 9 pr9t+4 ,suppose x be desir$ to photograph f\r diff]5t species ( ac>i on "o plate1 ! image ( ea* :5 magnifi$ to ! desir$ ext5t only cov]+ ab\t "o-f\r? ! expos$ area ( ! plate4 ,fir/1 a mat is prep>$ ( c>d-bo>d or ?ick non-act9ic pap]1 :i* is adju/$ to exactly fill ! op5+ ( ! plate hold]1 ly+ 9 front ( & close aga9/ ! plate :5 expos$1 & hav+ "o-qu>t] v exactly cut out4 ,a conv5i5t way to fit ?is mat is to leave project+ lugs on ea* side at exactly ! same di/ance f ! ends1 & cut not*es 9 ! plate-hold] into :i* ! lugs may closely fit4 ,if ?is "w is c>efully done1 ! mat may be rev]s$ bo? sidewise & endwise1 & ! lugs w fit ! not*es2 if s1 x is ready = use4 ,! object be+ focus$ ^u ! focus+ glass or c>d1 ! cam]a is rais$ "o-half ! v]tical dim5sion ( ! plate & displac$ to "o side half ! horizontal dim5sion1 :5 ! image w be f\nd to occupy "o-qu>t] ( ! plate4 ,! mat be+ plac$ 9 ! plate hold]1 a focus+ glass is ins]t$ 9 ! position ! plate w occupy1 & f9al adju/m5t & focus+ made4 ,! plate is !n m>k$ on "o corn] on ! film side ) a lead p5cil1 plac$ 9 ! hold] )\t di/urb+ ! mat1 & ! exposure made4 ,:5 ! plate is replac$ = a second exposure1 ei!r ! mat is rev]s$ or ! plate turn$ end = end2 b x is be/ to always place ! plate 9 ! hold] 9 ! same position & *ange ! mat to expose successive qu>t]s1 b ?is requires ! cam]a to be mov$ = ea* exposure4 ,) simil> objects1 & "s judgm5t 9 mak+ two exposures1 negatives may be made ) almo/ exactly ! same d5sity 9 ea* qu>t]1 & by cutt+ out slightly less ?an "o-qu>t] ( ! mat ! f\r images w be sep>at$ by black l9es 9 ! pr9t2 by cutt+ out a trifle m ?an ! exact qu>t]1 !y w be sep>at$ by :ite l9es in/ead ( black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,directions ,,= ,,mak+ ,,lant]n ,,transp>5cies4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( a pap] communicat$ to ! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,amateur ,photographic ,association4--,f ! ,photographic ,news4 ,by ,t4,n4 ,,arm/rong4 ,:5 ! season = out-door "w closes1 amateurs beg9 to look ab\t = means ( employm5t dur+ ! d>k ev5+s4 ,!re is1 =tunately1 no necessity = be+ idle1 or to rel9qui% photographic pursuits entirely1 ev5 ?\gh ! wea!r & light comb9e to r5d] out-door "w almo/ impracticable2 & mo/ amateurs w be f\nd to h "s hobby or favorite amusem5t :i* enables !m to keep 9 practice dur+ ^? mon?s :5 _m *annels ( employm5t are clos$ to !m2 & probably "o ( ! mo/ popul> z well z ! mo/ pleas+ occupations is ! production ( transp>5cies = ! lant]n4 ,x is n my desire to ent] into any discussion z to ?is or t be+ ! be/ means ( produc+ ^! delightful pictures1 b m]ely to describe a way by :i* a pleasant ev5+ c be sp5t at photography1 & slides produc$ ( mu* excell5ce by artificial light4 ,to-night ,i propose1 by ! aid ( artificial light1 to make a few slides ) ,bee*y's dry plates4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i h be5 mo/ successful ) !m1 & h obta9$ results m satisfactory ?an by any ( ! o!r processes ,i h tri$4 ,i d n say t results q z good _c be obta9$ by any o!r me?od1 = ,i "k manipulative skill plays a mo/ important "p 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,:5 ,i fir/ took up ! mak+ ( transp>5cies ) wet collodion1 ,i 0 told t my sorr[s w\ld n be f> to seek1 & s ,i soon f\nd out4 ,ne$ ,i tell y ( all my failures1 su* z films float+ (f ! glass1 oy/]-%ell m>k+s1 p9-holes1 films splitt+ :5 dry1 etc41 etc41 n to speak ( go+ to bus9ess ) f+]s 9 fe>ful /ate ) nitrate ( silv] & iron develop]8 ,n[ all ^! mis]ies h gone1 & ,i c1 ) dry collodion plates1 "w ) ! greate/ ( com=t1 & obta9 results q equal to ! be/ products ( any me?od4 ,x may be int]e/+ to "s to "k ! =mula by :i* ! emulsion is made1 & z ! mak+ ( x is by no means a difficult op]ation1 ,i may be p>don$ if1 be=e go+ fully into ! m practical "p ( my pap]1 ,i describe ! =mula1 & also ! mann] 9 :i* ,i coat & dry ! plates4 ,! =mula is z foll[s1 = :i* ! _w is indebt$ to ,canon ,bee*y3 ,9 #h ounces ( absolute alcohol dissolve #e dra*ms ( anhydr\s bromide ( cadmium4 ,! solution w be milky4 ,let x /& at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or until p]fectly cle>2 x w deposit a :ite p[d]4 ,decant c>efully into an #h-ounce bottle1 & add to x a dra*m ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,label ?is bromide solution2 & x is well to add on ! label ! con/itu5ts1 :i* w be f\nd to be ne>ly3 ,alcohol4 #a ounce4 ,bromide ( cadmium4 #cb gra9s4 ,hydro*loric acid4 #h drops4 ,?is solution w keep = ev]1 & w be suffici5t to la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 & ) ?is at h& y w be able 9 two days to prep>e a bat* ( plates at any "t4 ,9 do+ s1 y %\ld proce$ ?us3 ,make up y\r m9d h[ _m plates y mean to make1 & take ( ! above accord+ly4 ,= two doz5 -plates or f\r doz5 #c by #c1 dissolve by heat ov]1 b n too ne>1 a _s lamp1 & by yell[ light1 #dj gra9s ( nitrate ( silv] 9 #a ounce ( alcohol #j4hbj4 ,:ile ?is is dissolv+ 9 a little ,flor5ce flask on a retort /& at a safe di/ance f ! lamp--:i* x w d 9 ab\t #e m9utes--take ( ! bromiz$ solution an ounce1 ( absolute e!r #a ounce1 ( gun-cotton gra9s2 put ^! 9 a clean bottle1 %ake once or twice1 & ! gun-cotton1 if good1 w entirely dissolve4 ,z soon z ! silv] is all dissolv$1 & :ile q hot1 p\r out ! above bromiz$ collodion into a clean #d-ounce measure1 hav+ ready 9 x a clean slip ( glass4 ,p\r into x ! hot solution ( silv] 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 /irr+ rapidly all ! :ile ) a glass rod4 ,! result w be a p]fectly smoo? emulsion )\t lumps or deposit1 conta9+1 ) suffici5t exactitude = all practical purposes1 #h gra9s ( bromide1 #af gra9s ( nitrate ( silv]1 & #b drops ( hydro*loric acid p] ounce4 ,put ?is 9 y\r /ock solution bottle1 & keep x 9 a d>k place = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 fir/ put 91 x w be milky2 :5 tak5 out1 x w be creamy2 & x w be well to %ake x once or twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t y c make y\r two doz5 plates 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,proce$ z foll[s3 ,h two porcela9 di%es l>ge en\gh to hold f\r or six ( y\r plates2 into "o put suffici5t clean wat] to ne>ly fill x1 into ! o!r put #cj ounces ( cle>1 flat1 n acid1 bitt] be]1 9 :i* y h dissolv$ #cj gra9s ( pyrogallic acid4 ,p\r ?is ?r\gh a filt] into ! di%1 & avoid bubbles4 ,if all[$ to /& an h\r1 any be] w be flat en\gh2 if ! be] be at all brisk1 x w be difficult to avoid small bubbles on ! plate4 ,at all ev5ts1 let y\r pres]vative /& :ile y filt] y\r emulsion4 ,?is mu/ be done ?r\gh p]fectly clean cotton-wool into a p]fectly clean collodion bottle2 give ! emulsion a good %ak+1 & :5 all bubbles h subsid$1 p\r x into ! funnel1 & x w g ?r\gh 9 five m9utes4 ,! filt]$ emulsion w be f\nd to be a s(t1 smoo?1 creamy fluid1 fl[+ easily & equally ov] ! plates4 ,coat ) x six plates 9 succession1 & place ea*1 z y coat x1 into ! wat]4 ,by ! "t ! six? is 91 ! fir/ w be ready to come out4 ,take x out1 see t all greas9ess is gone1 & place x 9 ! pres]vative1 go+ on till all ! plates are s treat$4 ,a v h&y way ( dry+ is to h a flat t9 box ( ! usual hot plate description1 :i* fill ) hot wat]1 !n screw on ! cap2 on ?is flat t9 box place ! plates to dry1 :i* !y w d rapidly2 :5 dry1 /ore away 9 y\r plate box1 & y w h a supply ( really excell5t dry collodion plates4 ,j a ^w z to ! prep>ation ( ! glasses be=e coat+4 ,x is v g5]ally consid]$ t x is bett] ! glasses receive ei!r a sub/ratum ( album5 or v weak gelat9e4 ,i use ! latt] on acc\nt ( ! great ease ( its prep>ation4 ,aft] y\r glasses are well clean$1 place !m 91 & rub !m ) a weak solution ( hydro*loric acid ( ! /r5g? ( #b ounces acid to #ah ounces wat]4 ,prep>e a solution ( gelat9e #a gra9 to ! ounce ( wat]1 r9se ! plate aft] removal f ! acid mixtures1 & coat twice ) ! above gelat9e sub/ratum2 ! fir/ coat+ is to remove ! surplus wat]1 & %\ld be reject$4 ,re> ! plates up to dra91 & dry 9 a plate rack or aga9/ a wall1 & be c>eful to prev5t any du/ adh]+ to ! surface :ile wet4 ,hav+ n[ describ$ ! plates ,i int5d to use1 let u next consid] :at a transp>5cy is1 t we may und]/& ! nature ( ! "w we are und]tak+4 ,y are all aw>e t if we take a negative1 & 9 contact ) x place a %eet ( s5sitiz$ pap]1 we obta9 a positive picture4 ,sub/itute = ! pap] a s5sitive glass plate1 & we obta9 also a positive picture1 b1 unlike ! pap] pr9t1 ! collodion or o!r plate w require to be develop$ to br+ ! image into view4 ,n[ ?is is :at is t]m$ mak+ a transp>5cy by contact4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t a lant]n slide #c by #c has to embrace ! :ole ( a picture conta9$ 9 a mu* l>g] negative1 s t rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! cam]a1 & ! picture r$uc$ ) ! aid ( a %ort focus l5s to )9 ! lant]n size2 ?is is :at is call$ mak+ a transp>5cy by r$uction 9 ! cam]a4 ,bo? cases are ! same1 h[ev]1 s f> z ! process be+ simply "o ( pr9t+4 ,^? :o h nev] made a transp>5cy w h d\btless pr9t$ silv] pr9ts f _! negatives1 & :5 pr9t+1 h[ (t5 d y f9d t to secure ! be/ results y require to h rec\rse to "s little dodge4 ,n[1 let u be> ?is 9 m9d :5 us+ su* a negative = ! pr9t+ ( a transp>5cy1 =1 z ,i h said be=e1 x is only a process ( pr9t+1 aft] all4 ,al?\gh we _c1 :5 us+ a s5sitive plate1 employ ! same means ( dodg+ z 9 ! case ( a silv] pr9t1 /ill we are n left )\t a means ( obta9+ ! same results 9 a diff]5t way1 & ?is j br+s me to :at ,i h already h9t$ at previ\sly1 t a deal m dep5ds on ! manipulative skill ( ! op]ator ?an 9 ! adoption ( any p>ticul> make plate or =mula2 & n only does ?is manipulative skill %[ itself 9 ! exposure1 developm5t1 etc41 b likewise comes into play 9 a m>k$ mann] ev5 9 ! prep>ation ( ! negative = transp>5cy pr9t+4 ,let me deal ) ! latt] po9t fir/4 ,y w at once und]/& t a negative ^: size be>s a proportion simil> to #c by #c w l5d itself m easily to r$uction2 ?us :ole plate or half plate negatives are easy ( manipulation 9 ?is respect1 & require b little do+ up4 ,b z o!r sizes h at times to be copi$ into a disk by #c1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to a sort ( squ>+ ( ! negative4 ,n[1 "h ,i h a negative #g by #d1 :i* is p]haps ! wor/ ( all sizes to compress into ! lant]n %ape1 s ,i h1 z x 71 to squ>e ?is negative1 & ?is ,i d by simply add+ to sky4 ,i take a piece ( c>d-bo>d & gum x on to ! glass side ( ! negative1 & ?is addition gives me a size t l5ds itself easily to r$uction to ! lant]n disk1 & 9 no way detracts f ! picture4 ,hav+ said s mu* ab\t mak+ up ! size1 let me add a few words z to o!r prep>ations t are sometimes necess>y4 ,9 a good lant]n transp>5cy1 x is1 ( all ?+s1 indisp5sable t ! high lights be repres5t$ by pure glass1 absolutely clean 9 ! s5se ( its be+ free f any fog or deposit1 to ev5 ! slighte/ degree2 x is also necess>y t x be free f ev]y?+ ( heav9ess ( smudg9ess 9 ! details4 ,to obta9 ^! results1 ,i g5]ally h rec\rse to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! high lights ( my negatives1 & ?is ,i d ) a camel's hair bru% & ,india ink1 work+ on ! glass side4 ,i ne>ly always block out my skies1 & s /r5g!n ! o!r p>ts ( my negatives1 t ,i c rely on a full exposure )\t fe> ( heav9ess or smudg9ess4 ,?is block+ out is easily done4 ,hay+ said s mu* ab\t ! prep>ation ( ! negative1 let me n[ describe ! app>atus ,i use4 ,i h "h an ord9>y flat bo>d1 & "h my usual cam]a2 x is ! "o ,i use bo? = outside & inside "w4 ,x is a :ole-plate "o1 v /rongly made1 & has a draw ( tw5ty-?ree in*es :5 fully ext5d$2 b ?is is n an unusual feature1 z ne>ly all mod]n cam]as h _! draw made z long z ?is "o4 ,! l5s ,i use is a ,ross rapid symmetrical on five in*es focus1 & "h ,i h a brok5-d[n pr9t+ frame ) ! spr+s tak5 (f1 & "h a %eet ( gr\nd glass4 ,?is is all t is requir$4 ,i m5tion ?is because ,i f9d x g5]ally believ$ t a special cam]a is requir$ = ?is "w1 su* z to exclude all light betwe5 ! negative & ! l5s2 9 my practice ,i h f\nd ?is unnecess>y4 ,!re is no?+ to h9d] ! use ( ord9>y cam]as1 provid$ ! draw is long en\gh1 & ! l5s a %ort focus "o4 ,n[ let me describe h[ to g to "w4 ,i take ! negative & place x 9 ! pr9t+-frame1 hold+ x 9 its place ) a c\ple ( tacks1 film-side next ! l5s1 j z 9 pr9t+2 !n /& ! pr9t+ frame on its edge on ! flat bo>d1 & place ! gr\nd glass 9 front ( x--:5 ,i say 9 front ( x1 ,i mean n betwe5 ! negative & l5s1 b betwe5 ! light & ! negative4 ,! gr\nd glass c conv5i5tly be plac$ 9 ano!r pr9t+ frame1 & bo? plac$ up aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,i !n br+ my cam]a into play1 & s adju/ ! draw & di/ance f ! negative1 till ,i get ! picture )9 ! disk on my gr\nd glass4 ,i f9d ! be/ way is to gum a transp>5cy mask on ! inside ( ! gr\nd glass2 ?is p]mits ( ! picture be+ m easily br\ght )9 ! requir$ regi/]4 ,?is done1 focus %>ply1 cap ! l5s1 & !n proce$ to make ! exposure4 ,n[1 :at %all ,i say reg>d+ exposure8 ,j let u be> 9 m9d aga9 t x is m]ely a pr9t+ process we are foll[+ up1 z y w all "k t 9 pr9t+ no two negatives are alike 9 ! "t !y require4 ,s 9 ?is case no two negatives are ! same 9 _! requir$ exposure4 ,/ill1 ) ! plates ,i am go+ to use1 s wide is _! range = exposure t b few failures w be made on ?is score1 provid$ we are on ! safe side1 & expose fully4 ,al?\gh ^! plates are n ne>ly s fa/ z gelat9e plates1 x may surprise y to be told t work+ ) a negative :i* to daylight at ?is dull "t ( ! ye> requir$ an exposure ( sixte5 m9utes1 w1 ,i hope1 give me good results 9 ab\t a t5? ( ?is "t2 & ?is ,i obta9 by burn+ magnesium ribbon4 ,at fir/ ! error ,i fell into :5 us+ magnesium ribbon 0 too mu* conc5tration ( light4 ,i n[ nev] all[ ! ribbon1 :5 burn+1 to rema9 9 "o position1 b keep x mov+ f side to side1 & up & d[n1 9 front ( ! gr\nd glass :ile mak+ my exposure2 & if !re be any d5se place 9 ! negative :i*1 z 9 pr9t+1 w\ld h requir$ pr9t+ specially up1 ,i all[ ! light to act m /rongly on t "p2 ! result1 z a rule1 be+ an ev5ly & well expos$ plate4 ,i mu/ n =get to expla9 to y ! mann] 9 :i* ,i coil up ! ribbon be=e ,i set x alight4 ,i take an ord9>y lead p5cil1 & w9d ! ribbon r\nd & r\nd1 ?us mak+ a sort ( spiral spr+2 ?is done1 ,i g5tly pull ! coils asund]4 ,i !n grasp ! end ( ! ribbon ) a pair ( p9c]s1 light ! o!r end1 & make my exposure4 ,hav+ said s mu* reg>d+ exposure1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to deal ) developm5t4 ,y w see me use a can>y light1 ) :i* ,i c easily see to read a newspap]4 ,x may cause "s ( y surprise to see me use s mu* light4 ,x is ! same lamp t ,i use = develop+ all my rapid bromide plates2 x is ! be/ lamp ,i ev] us$4 ,! can>y m$ium is ins]t$ betwe5 ! two %eets ( glass #g by #d1 ! two glasses are !n fa/5$ on to ! t9 ) gumm$ pap]1 a few holes are bor$ 9 ! back = air1 a funnel let 91 & ! ?+ is complete4 ,! =mula = developm5t is z foll[s3 ,pyro4 #if gra9s4 ,me?ylat$ spirits4 #a ounce4 ,bromide ( pota%4 #ab grams4 ,wat]4 #a ounce4 ,c>bonate ammonia4 #fj gra9s4 ,wat]4 #a ounce4 ,mix #cj drops pyro ) f #cj to #fj drops bromide1 !n add #b dra*ms ammonia solution & #b dra*ms ( wat]4 ,i f9d a ?9 negative requires a sl[ developm5t1 & s ga9 contra/2 :ile h>d negatives are be/ ov]-expos$ & quickly develop$4 ,! plate is fir/ plac$ 9 wat] or r9s$ "u a g5tle /ream f ! tap till all greas9ess has disappe>$1 x is !n plac$ 9 a flat di%1 & ! develop] appli$4 ,%\ld x be f\nd t "s p>ts ( ! picture are d5s] pr9t$ ?an %\ld be by ! ribbon act+ m /rongly on "s p>ticul> "p--?is is (t5 ! case if ! negative has be5 ?9n] 9 "s p>ts ?an o!rs1 ?r\gh unev5 coat+ ( ! plate--! picture ne$ n be disc>d$ z a failure1 = ,i w expla9 to y lat] on h[ to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,fix ! plate 9 hypo--! fix+ takes place v quickly--!n exam9e ! picture = ! faults above describ$2 if !y are f\nd1 wa% ! plate "u ! tap g5tly1 & br+ into op]ation a camel's hair bru% & a weak solution ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,apply ! bru% to ! ov]-pr9t$ p>ts1 tak+ c>e n to "w on ! places t are n too d5se4 ,d n be afraid to use pl5ty ( wa%+ :ile ?is is be+ done2 let x be1 z x 71 a t\* ( ! bru% & !n a da% ( wat]1 & y w soon r$uce ! ov]-pr9t$ p>ts4 ,x only requires a little c>e 9 apply+ ! bru%4 ,aft] ?is wa% well1 & %\ld x be deem$ necess>y to tone to a black tone1 use a weak solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um & *loride ( gold1 or a v weak solution ( iridium1 9 equal quantities1 all[+ ! picture to lie 9 ! solution till ! color has *ang$ "r ?r\gh to ! back ( ! glass4 ,%\ld a w>m p9ki% tone be desir$1 ,i tone ) weak solutions ( f]ri cyanide ( potassium1 nitrate ( uranium1 & *loride ( gold 9 ab\t equal quantities4 ,aft] ton+1 wa% well & dry2 !y dry quickly4 ,v>ni% ) ,soehnee cry/al v>ni%1 !n m\nt ) cov]+ glasses1 & m>k4 ,b9d r\nd ! edges ) pap] & v /iff gum1 & ! picture is complete4 ,! mak+ ( a really good transp>5cy is by no means an easy or pleasant task ) a wet collodion plate1 b ) ^! dry plates an amateur c1 ) a little practice1 produce com=tably slides q equal to ^? procurable f pr(essional mak]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,honigmann ,,fireless ,,eng9e4 ,! inv5tion ( a self propell+ eng9e1 capable ( work+ )\t fuel economically & = a consid]able "t1 has (t5 be5 attempt$1 & 01 p]haps1 nev] be=e s ne>ly accompli%$ z ab\t ! "t ( ! introduction into practical use ( ,faure's electric /orage batt]ies2 b at ! pres5t mom5t x appe>s t electric p[] has to give way once m to /eam p[]4 ,mr4 ,honigmann's inv5tion ( ! fireless work+ ( /eam eng9es by means ( a solution ( hydrate ( soda--,na,o ,,ho--9 wat] is n q two ye>s old1 & has 9 t "t progress$ s /eadily t[>ds practical success t x is reasonable to expect its application be=e long 9 _m cases ( locomotion :]e ! *imney is felt to be a nuisance4 ,! inv5tion is bas$ ^u ! discov]y t solutions ( cau/ic soda or pota% & o!r solutions 9 wat]1 :i* h high boil+ po9ts1 lib]ate heat :ile absorb+ /eam1 :i* heat c be utiliz$ = ! production ( fre% /eam4 ,?is is em95tly ! case ) solutions ( cau/ic soda1 :i* completely absorb /eam until ! boil+ po9t is ne>ly rea*$1 :i* corresponds to ! degree ( dilution4 ,if1 !re=e1 a /eam boil] is surr\nd$ by a vessel conta9+ a solution ( hydrate ( soda1 hav+ a high boil+ po9t1 & if ! /eam1 aft] hav+ done ! "w ( propell+ ! pi/ons ( an eng9e1 is conduct$ ) a r$uc$ pressure & a r$uc$ temp]ature into ! solution1 ! latt]1 absorb+ ! /eam1 is dilut$ ) simultane\s developm5t ( heat1 :i* produces fre% /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,?is process w be made cle>] by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ table ( ! boil+ po9ts ( soda solutions ( diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration1 & by ! description ( an exp]im5t conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,ri$l] ) a d\ble cyl9d] eng9e & tubul> boil] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,boil+ po9t 9 ,/eam pressure above ,solution ( soda4 ,c5tigrades4 atmosph]ic pressure 9 atmosph]es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ajj ,na,o ,,ho #aj ,h#b,o #bef deg4 ,c4 #dj atm4 #bj #bbj4e #ba #cj #bjj #ae #dj #ahe4e #aj4b #ej #agd4e #g4g #fj #aff #f4a #gj #aei4e #e4a #hj #aed #d4b #ij #adi #c4f #ajj #add #c4j #abj #acf #b4b #adj #acj #a4f #bjj #abj #j4ie #cjj #aaj4c #j4d #djj #ajg #j4c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,exp]im5t ,no4 #ae4c--,! boil] ( ! eng9e1 ,fig4 #b1 0 fill$ ) #bca kilogs4 wat] ( two atmosph]es pressure & a temp]ature ( ab\t #ace deg4 ,c5t42 ! soda vessel ) #edd kilogs4 ( soda lye ( #bb4i p] c5t4 wat] & a temp]ature ( #bjj deg4 ,c5t41 its boil+ po9t be+ ab\t #bah deg4 ,c5t4 ,! eng9e ov]came ! frictional resi/ance produc$ by a brake4 ,at />t+ ! temp]ature ( bo? liquids _h become ne>ly equal1 viz41 ab\t #aec deg4 ,c5t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! soda lye c\ld !re=e be rais$ by #dg deg4 ,c5t1 be=e boil+ took place1 b1 z dilution1 consequ5t ^u absorption ( /eam w\ld take place1 a boil+ po9t c\ld only be rea*$ less ?an #bah deg4 ,c5t41 b m ?an #aec deg4 ,c5t4 ,! eng9e 0 !n set 9 motion at #ajj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! /eam pass+ ?r\gh ! eng9e rea*$ ! soda vessel ) a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4 ,c5t42 ! temp]ature ( ! soda lye began to rise almo/ imm$iately1 b at ! same "t ! /eam boil] los+ /eam above1 & n be+ influ5c$ z quickly by ! increas$ heat bel[1 %[$ a decrease ( temp]ature4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two temp]atures1 :i* 0 at />t+ #a4c deg4 ,c5t41 consequ5tly increas$ to #g4b deg4 ,c5t1 aft] #ag m941 ! boil] hav+ !n its l[e/ temp]ature ( #adh4h deg4 ,c5t4 ,aft] t bo? temp]atures rose toge!r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m increas+ slightly to #i4e deg4 ,c5t41 & !n decreas+ cont9ually4 ,aft] #b h\rs #ac m941 :5 ! eng9e _h made #ab1jjj revolutions1 ! soda solution _h rea*$ a temp]ature ( #agj4c deg4 ,c5t41 :i* prov$ to be its boil+ po9t4 ,! /eam f ! eng9e 0 n[ bl[n (f into ! op5 air dur+ ! next #bd m94 ,?is l[]$ ! temp]ature ( bo? wat] & soda lye by #aj deg4 & re-e/abli%$ its absorb+ capacity4 ,! /eam produc$ "u ^! circum/ances _h ( c\rse a small] pressure ?an be=e1 9 ?is way ! eng9e c\ld be driv5 at r$uc$ /eam pressures until ! resi/ance became relatively too great4 ,! process describ$ above is illu/rat$ by ! diagram ,fig4 #a1 :i* is drawn accord+ to ! obs]vations dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,zeits*rift d4 ,v]e9s ,deuts*] ,+5ieur1 #ahhc1 p4 #gcj2 #ahhd1 p4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! con/ant rise ( bo? temp]atures dur+ ! fir/ two h\rs1 :i* is an undesirable feature ( ?is exp]im5t1 0 caus$ by ! quantity ( soda lye be+ too great 9 proportion to t ( wat]1 & o!r exp]im5ts h %[n t x is also caus$ by an increas$ resi/ance ( ! eng9e1 & consequ5t great] consumption ( /eam4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! exp]im5t1 :]e ! eng9e work$ ) expansion1 ! rise ( ! temp]ature 0 mu* less1 & by its judici\s application1 toge!r ) a prop] proportion betwe5 ! quantities ( ! two liquids 9 ! eng9es1 :i* are n[ 9 practical use1 ! ris+ ( ! temp]atures has be5 avoid$4 ,! small] ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ! temp]atures ( ! soda lye & ! wat] ! m favorable is ! economical work+ ( ! process4 ,x c be atta9$ by an increase ( ! heat+ surface z well z by a sp>+ consumption ( /eam1 toge!r ) an ample quantity ( soda lye1 especially if ! /eam is made dry by sup]heat+4 ,9 ! diagrams ,figs4 #c & #d1 tak5 f a pass5g] eng9e :i* does regul> s]vice on ! railway betwe5 ,wursel5 & ,/olb]g1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two temp]atures is g5]ally less ?an4 #aj deg4 ,c5t4 ,^! diagrams conta9 ! temp]atures dur+ ! f\r j\rneys a b c d1 :i* are p]=m$ ) only "o quantity ( soda lye dur+ ab\t twelve h\rs1 & %[ ! effects ( ! *ang+ resi/ances ( ! eng9e & ( ! duration ( ! process ^u ! /eam pressure1 :i*1 consid]+ ! condition ( ! gradi5ts1 are g5]ally n great] ?an 9 an ord9>y locomotive eng9e4 ,x c especially be se5 f ^! diagrams t an increase ( ! resi/ance is imm$iately & automatically foll[$ by an increas$ production ( /eam4 ,?is is an important advantage ( ! soda eng9e ov] ! coal-burn+ eng9e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* less skill is requir$ = ! regul> production ( /eam p[]4 ,! tramway eng9es ( m rec5t con/ruction accord+ to ,honigmann's sy/em--,figs4 #e & #f--;are work$ ) a clos$ soda vessel 9 :i* a pressure ( #a_/b to #a atmosph]es is gradually develop$ dur+ ! process4 ,:ile ! c\nt] pressure ?us produc$ (f]s only a slight disadvantage1 be+ at an av]age only #a_/b atmosph]e1 ! absorb+ p[] ( ! soda lye is mat]ially increas$1 z %[n by ! foll[+ table1 & x is1 !re=e1 possible to "w ) high] pressures ?an ) an op5 soda vessel4 ,besides ?is great advantage1 x is also ( importance t ! pressure 9 ! /eam boil] c be kept at a m uni=m height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,table4--#ajjkilogs4 ,soda ,lye conta9+ #bj p>ts ,wat] ) a correspond+ boil+ po9t ( #bbj deg4 ,c5t4 absorb ,/eam z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,f9al pressure 9 cond5s]4 ----------------------------------,press ure 9 ,correspond+ #j atm4 #a atm4 #a atm4/eam boil]4 temp]ature4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #hj kil4#abe kil4#bjj kil4#cej kil4 #b atm4 #acf4j deg4 ,c4 #fe #hh #acj #aij #c #adc4j #ea #gj #ih #abe #d #aec4c #da #eh #hj #ajj #e #afj4j #cd #dh #ff #hj #f #aff4e #bg #dj #ee #gj #g #agb4a #bb #cc #dg #fj #h #agg4d #ai #bh #da #eb #i #ahb4j #af #bd #ce #df #aj #ahf4j #ab #ah #bh #ce #ab #aic4g #i #ad #bb #cc #ae #bjj4j #b #h #ab #ba #bj #bae4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,n ! lea/ important "p ( ! process ) reg>d to its economy is ! boil+ d[n ( ! soda lye 9 ord] to br+ x back to ! degree ( conc5tration :i* is requir$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! process4 ,?is is done 9 fix$ boil]s at a /ation f :i* ! eng9es />t on _! daily s]vice1 & to :i* !y return = ! purpose ( be+ refill$ ) conc5trat$ soda lye4 ,x is cle> t a clos$ soda vessel has produc$ z mu* /eam :5 ! process is ov] z x has absorb$1 & ! quantity ( coal requir$ = ! evaporation ( wat] 9 conc5trat+ ! soda lye c !re=e be directly comp>$ ) t requir$ 9 an ord9>y eng9e = ! production ( an equal quantity ( /eam4 ,! boil+ d[n ( ! soda lye requires1 accord+ to its degree ( conc5tration1 m coal ?an ! evaporation ( wat] does "u equal circum/ances1 & disreg>d+ c]ta9 advantages :i* ! new eng9e (f]s 9 ! economy ( ! use ( /eam1 a great] consumption ( coal mu/ be expect$4 ,b ev5 at ! small in/allation = ! ,aix la ,*apelle-,burts*eid tramway ) only two boil]s ( f\r squ>e met]s heat+ surface ea*1 made ( ca/ iron #bj mm4 ?ick1 #a kilog4 ( coal conv]ts #f kilogs4 ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! soda lye into /eam1 :ile 9 an ord9>y locomotive eng9e ( mo/ mod]n con/ruction ! effect produc$ is n great] ?an #a 9 #aj4 ,!re c be no d\bt t bett] results c\ld be obta9$ if ! in/allation 7 l>g]1 ! con/ruction ( ! boil]s m sci5tific1 & _! mat]ial copp] in/ead ( ca/ iron2 b ev5 )\t su* improvem5ts ! co/ ( boil+ d[n ! soda lye might be greatly less5$ by ! use ( *eap] fuel ?an t :i* is us$ 9 locomotive eng9es1 & by ! sav+ 9 /ok]s' wages1 s9ce /ok]s w\ld n be requir$ to accompany ! eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,ap>t f ^! consid]ations1 ! ,honigmann eng9es h ! great advantage t nei!r smoke nor /eam is eject$ f !m1 & t !y "w noiselessly4 ,! co/ ( ! cau/ic soda does n =m an important item 9 ! economy ( ! process1 z no decrease ( ! orig9al quantities _h be5 asc]ta9$ aft] a s]vice ( f\r mon?s duration4 ,besides ! pass5g] eng9e already ref]r$ to1 :i* 0 te/$ by ,h]r ,heus+] von ,waldegg#d 9 ,m>*1 #ahhd1 & :i* s9ce !n does regul> s]vice on ! ,/olb]g-,wursel5 ,railway1 !re are on ! ,aix la ,*apelle-,juli* railway two eng9es ( #de1jjj kilogs4 weight 9 regul> use1 :i* are int5d$ = ! s]vice on ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,railway4 ,_! con/ruction is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #g & #i1 & o!r data are giv5 9 a report by ! *ief eng9e] ( ! ,aix la ,*apelle-,juli* ,railway1 ,h]r ,pulzn]1 :i* runs z foll[s3 ,wursel51 ,dec4 #bc1 #ahhd4 ,footnote #d3 ,z4d4,v4,d4,i41 #ahhd1 p4 #igh ,illu/ration3 ,,diagrams ,,= ,,! ,,calculation ,,( ,,/resses ,,9 ,,b[/r+ ,,gird]s4 ,a trial trip 0 arrang$ on ! l9e ,ha>5-,wursel51 ! h>de/ section ( ! ,aix la ,*apelle-,juli* ,railway4 ,?is section has a gradi5t ( #a 9 #fe on a l5g? ( #d kilos2 & two curves ( #bej & #cjj met]s radius & #ffg met]s l5g?4 ,! goods tra9 consi/$ ( tw5ty-two goods wagons1 sixte5 ( :i* 7 empty & six load$4 ,! total weight ( ! wagons 0 #aia1gbj kilogs41 & ?is tra9 0 drawn by ! soda eng9e ) ease & )9 ! regulation "t1 :ile ! /eam pressure 0 almo/ con/ant1 viz41 five atmosph]es4 ,! greate/ load admissible = ! coal burn+ eng9es ( #de1jjj kilogs4 weight on ! same section is #ahj1jjj kilogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,pro( is !re=e giv5 t ! soda eng9e has a work+ capacity :i* is at lea/ equal to t ( ! coal burn+ eng9e4 ,! heat+ surface ( ! soda eng9e1 moreov]1 is #he squ>e met]s1 :ile t ( ! correspond+ new ,h5s*el eng9e is #ib squ>e met]s4 ,on a =m] occasion ,i h already /at$ t ! soda eng9e is capable n only ( p]=m+ p[]ful "w & ( produc+ a l>ge quantity ( /eam dur+ a %ort "t1 b also ( travell+ long di/ances ) ! same quantity ( soda4 ,?us1 = example1 a regul> pass5g] tra91 ) milit>y transport ( t5 c>riages1 0 convey$ on ,nov4 #f1 #ahhd1 f ,aix la ,*apelle to ,juli* & back1 i4e41 a di/ance ( #de kilos1 by means ( ! fireless eng9e4 ,! gradi5ts on ?is l9e are #a 9 #ajj1 #a 9 #hj1 & #a 9 #fe1 be+ a total elevation ( ab\t #bjj met]s4 ,= a p]=mance l ?is a p[]ful eng9e is requir$1 & a pro( ( x c be recogniz$ 9 ! consumption ( /eam dur+ ! j\rney1 = ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ & absorb$ by #d to #e cubic met]s soda lye 0 #f1ejj lit]s4 ,ano!r c]tificate conc]n+ ! tramway eng9e illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #e & #f is ( equal int]e/1 & runs z foll[s3 ,aix la ,*apelle1 ,jan4 #e1 #ahhe4 ,a fireless soda eng9e1 toge!r ) evaporat+ app>atus1 has be5 at "w on ! ,aix la ,*apelle-,burts*eid tramway = ! la/ half ye>4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! work+ capacity ( ?is locomotive eng9e1 & ! consumption ( fuel on a c]ta9 day1 ! ,honigmann locomotive eng9e 0 put to "w ?is day f #h3de o'clock a4m4 till #h o'clock p4m41 ) a pause ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r = ! second quantity ( soda lye4 ,! eng9e 01 !re=e1 at "w = fully #aj h\rs1 viz41 #e h\rs1 ) ! fir/ quantity1 & five ) ! second4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,he9ri*salle & ,wilhelm/rasse1 :]e ! eng9e p]=m$ ! regul> s]vice1 is #a kilo1 & !re are gradi5ts ,( ab\t #a 9 #cj 9 #djj met] l5g?4 #a #de #bej #a #gb #cej ,?is di/ance 0 trav]s$ sixty-f\r times1 ! total di/ance1 includ+ ! j\rneys to ! /ation1 be+ #ff kilos4 ,! eng9e gives (f fully #ae-;horse p[] on ! /eepe/ gradi5t1 ! total traction weight be+ #h to #i tons2 x is work$ ) an av]age /eam pressure ( #e atmosph]es1 & has cyl9d]s ( #ahj mm4 diamet] & #bbj mm4 /roke1 cog :eel-ge> ( #b to #c1 & driv+ :eels ( #gjj mm4 diamet]4 ,! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ dur+ ! s]vice "t ( #aj h\rs 0 f\nd to be ab\t #a1fjj kilogs41 consequ5tly ab\t #hjj kilogs4 /eam 0 absorb$ by "o quantity ( soda1 ! weight ( :i* 0 asc]ta9$ at ab\t #a1ajj kilogs4 ,! av]ag+ heat+ surface is #i4h squ>e met]s2 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 soda lye & wat] 0 t[>d ! end only #c deg4 ,c5t42 #bcd kilogs4 pitcoal 7 us$ = boil+ d[n ! lye = ! #aj h\rs' s]vice1 :i* corresponds to a #f4f fold evaporation4 7,sign$7 ,m4,f4 ,,gut]mu?1 ,assi/ant = ,eng9e]+ at ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool4 ,,haselmann1 ,manag] ( ! ,aix la ,*apelle-,burts*eid ,tramway4 ,"h are "s unque/ionable results4 ,= ne>ly a ye> ! fir/ railway eng9e1 & = six mon?s ! fir/ tramway eng9e ( ?is new con/ruction1 h be5 introduc$ into regul> public s]vice1 & be5 op5 to public inspection z well z to ! criticism ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,!y are work$ ) great] ease & simplicity ?an ord9>y locomotive eng9es2 ! economy ( _! work+ appe>s1 all[+ = %ortcom+s unavoidably atta*$ to small e/abli%m5ts1 to be at lea/ equally great3 !y d n emit ei!r /eam or smoke1 & _! action is z noiseless z t ( /ation>y eng9es4 ,9 view ( ^! facts x might be expect$ t railway manag]s1 :o are cont9ually told t ! smoke ( _! eng9es is a s]i\s annoyance to ! public1 w\ld be eag] to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) !m2 x might1 9 p>ticul>1 be expect$ t ! manag]s ( ! und]gr\nd & suburban railways ( ?is metropolis w\ld lose no "t 9 mak+ exp]im5ts on _! own l9es--if only by conv]t+ "s ( _! old eng9es into ^? ( ! fireless sy/em--& assi/ a little 9 ! developm5t ( an inv5tion1 9 ! success ( :i* !y h a tangible int]e/ :i* is mu* great] ?an t ( any railway on ! ,cont95t1 b !re is no sign yet ( _! hav+ done any?+4--,e41 9 ,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,simple ,,me?ods ,,( ,,calculat+ ,,/resses ,,9 ,,gird]s4 ,by ,,*>les ,,lean1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,b[/r+ ,gird]s4--,hav+ _h occasion to get out ! /resses 9 gird]s ( ! b[/r+ =m1 ! au?or 0 n satisfi$ ) ! common =mul = ! diagonal braces1 :i*1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( apportion+ ! /resses among/ five memb]s meet+ 9 "o po9t1 7 to a l>ge ext5t bas$ on an assumption z to ! c\rse tak5 by ! /resses4 ,z f> z he c\ld asc]ta9 x1 ! ord9>y me?od 0 to assume t "o set ( diagonals1 or ^? incl9$1 say1 to ! "r-h&1 act$ at "o "t1 & ^? incl9$ 9 ! opposite direction at ano!r "t1 &1 9 mak+ ! calculations1 ! apportionm5t ( ! /resses 0 effect$ by omitt+ "o set4 ,calculations made 9 ?is way give results :i* w\ld ju/ify ! common me?od adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( b[/r+ gird]s1 viz41 ( brac+ ! v]ticals & leav+ ! diagonal unbrac$2 b an inspection ( _m exi/+ examples ( ^! bridges dur+ ! pass+ ( ! live load %[$ t !re 0 some?+ defective 9 !m4 ,! long unbrac$ ties vibrat$ consid]ably1 & evid5tly got slack dur+ a "p ( ! "t t ! live load 0 pass+ ov] ! bridge4 ,9 ord] to get "s def9ite =mul = ^! gird]s free f any assum$ conditions z to ! c\rse tak5 by ! /resses1 or _! apportionm5t among/ ! sev]al memb]s meet+ at ea* jo9t1 ! au?or adopt$ ! foll[+ me?od1 :i*1 he believes1 has n hi!rto be5 us$ by eng9e]s3 ,let ,fig4 #a repres5t a b[/r+ gird]1 ! /resses 9 :i* x is desir$ to asc]ta9 "u ! loads %[n on x by ! circles1 ! figures 9 ! small circles repres5t+ ! dead load p] bay1 & t 9 ! l>ge circle ! total ( live & dead load p] bay ( ! ma9 gird]s4 ,a gird]1 ,fig4 #a;,a1 ) p>allel flanges1 v]ticals1 & diagonals1 & dep? equal to ! l5g? ( "o bay1 0 drawn ) ! same load+ z ! b[/r+4 ,! /resses 9 ! flanges 7 tak5 out1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 keep+ sep>ate ^? caus$ by diagonals incl9$ to ! left f ^? caus$ by diagonals incl9$ to ! "r4 ,! v]tical compon5t ( ! /ress 9 ! end bay ( ! top flange ( ! b[/r+ gird]1 ,fig4 #a1 01 ( c\rse1 equal to ! pressure on ! abutm5t1 & ! /ress 9 ! fir/ bay ( ! bottom flange & ! horizontal compon5t ( ! /ress 9 ! fir/ bay ( ! top flange 0 obta9$ by multiply+ ?is pressure by ! l5g? ( ! bay & divid+ by ! l5g? ( ! fir/ v]tical4 ,! horizontal compon5t ( ! /ress 9 any o!r bay ( ! top or bottom flange ( ! b[/r+ gird]--,fig4 #a--0 f\nd by add+ toge!r ! product ( ! /ress 9 ! p>allel flang$ gird]1 caus$ by diagonals incl9+ to ! "r1 divid$ by ! dep? ( ! b[/r+ gird] at ! left ( ! bay1 & multipli$ by ! dep? ( ! p>allel flang$ gird]2 & ! product ( ! /ress caus$ by diagonals incl9+ to ! left divid$ by ! dep? ( ! b[/r+ gird] at ! "r ( ! bay1 multipli$ by ! dep? ( ! p>allel flang$ gird]4 ,?us ! horizontal compon5t ( ! /ress 9 ,d ,/ress caus$ by diagonals ,l5g? ( "r ,dep? ( p>allel lean+ to left4 v]tical4 flang$ gird]4 #ae4ge #a_/d4e #aj ,/ress caus$ by diagonals ,l5g? ( v]- ,dep? ( p>allel lean+ to "r4 tical to left4 flang$ gird]4 #bd #a_/h #aj #fe2 & ! v]tical compon5t ,horizontal compon5t4 ,l5g? ( bay4 #fe #a_/aj 7#h4j - #d4e7 #bb4ge4 ,9 ! same way ! horizontal & v]tical compon5ts ( ! /resses 9 ea* ( ! o!r bays ( ! flanges ( ! b[/r+ 7 f\nd2 & ! /resses 9 ! v]ticals & diagonals 7 f\nd by addition1 subtraction1 & r$uction4 ,^! calculations are %[n on ! table1 ,fig #a;,b4 ,! result ( ?is is a complete set ( /resses 9 all ! memb]s ( ! b[/r+ gird]--see ,fig4 #b--:i* produce a /ate ( equilibrium at ea* po9t4 ,! fact t ?is /ate ( equilibrium is produc$ proves conclusively t ! rule above describ$ & ?us appli$1 al?\gh possibly x may be consid]$ empirical1 results 9 ! correct solution ( ! "q1 & t ! /resses %[n are actually ^? :i* ! gird] w\ld h to su/a9 "u ! giv5 position ( ! live load4 ,figs4 #b to #aj inclusive %[ /resses arriv$ at 9 ?is mann] = e position ( ! live load4 ,an inspection ( ^! diagrams %[s3 a4 ,t !re is no s+le in/ance ( compression 9 a v]tical memb] ( ! b[/r+ gird]1 b4 ,t e "o ( ! diagonals is subject$ to compression at "s po9t or o!r 9 ! passage ( ! live load ov] ! bridge1 c4 ,t ! maximum horizontal compon5t ( ! /resses 9 ea* ( ! diagonals is a con/ant quantity1 n only = t5sion & compression1 b = all ! diagonals4 ,! diagrams also %[ ! foll[+ facts1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ 9 ! common =mul3 d4 ,! maximum /ress 9 any v]tical is equal to ! sum ( ! am\nts ( ! live & dead loads p] bay ( ! gird]4 e4 ,! maximum horizontal compon5t ( ! /resses 9 any bay ( ! top flange is ! same = ea* bay1 & is equal to ! maximum /ress 9 ! bottom flange4 ,hav+ tak5 out ! /resses 9 sev]al =ms ( b[/r+ gird]s1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 ! proportion ( dep? to span1 ! numb] ( bays 9 ! gird]1 & ! am\nts & ratios ( ! live & dead loads1 simil> results 7 inv>iably f\nd1 & a consid]ation ( ! v>i\s sets ( calculations result$ 9 ! foll[+ empirical rule = ! /resses 9 ! diagonals3 ,! horizontal compon5t ( ! greate/ /ress 9 any diagonal1 :i* w be bo? compressive & t5sile1 & is ! same = e diagonal brace 9 ! gird]1 is equal to ! am\nt ( ! live load p] bay multipli$ by ! span ( ! gird]1 & divid$ by sixte5 times ! dep? ( gird] at c5t]4 ,! foll[+ =mul w give all ! /resses 9 ! b[/r+ gird]1 )\t ! necessity ( any diagrams1 or bas+ any calculations on ! assum$ action ( any ( ! memb]s ( ! gird]s3 ,let ,s span ( gird]4 ,d dep? at c5t]4 ,b l5g? ( "o bay4 ,n numb] ( bays4 ,l l5g? ( any bay ( top flange4 l l5g? ( any diagonal4 w dead load p] bay ( gird]4 w live load p] bay ( gird]4 ,w total load p] bay ( gird] w w4 ,!n3 ,s_/,b ,n4 ,bottom ,flange4 ,,wns_/#h;,d maximum /ress ?r\gh\t4 7#a7 ,top ,flange4--,9 any bay ! maximum /ress ,,wns_/#h;,d ,l_/,b ,,wln_/#h;,d 7#b7 ,v]ticals4--,! maximum /ress -,w4 7#c7 ,diagonals4--,! maximum /ress is wl,s_/#af;,,db wl,n_/#af;,d 7#d7 ,^! results %[ t ! me?od g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( b[/r+ gird]s is errone\s2 & "o consequ5ce ( ! me?od is ! obs]v$ loos5ess & rattl+ ( ! long embrac$ ties ref]r$ to at ! comm5cem5t ( ! article dur+ ! passage ( ! live load2 ! fact be+ t !y h at su* times to su/a9 a compressive /ress1 :i* slightly buckles !m1 & sets !m vibrat+ :5 !y recov] _! orig9al position4 ,ano!r necessity ( ! common me?od ( con/ruction is ! use ( an unnecess>y quantity ( metal 9 ! diagonals2 =1 by leav+ !m unbrac$1 ! set ( diagonals :i* does act is subject$ to exactly twice ! /ress :i* w\ld be caus$ 9 x if ! bridge 0 prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results ( a set ( calculations on ! common plan ) ^? giv5 9 ?is pap]1 %[s at once t ?is is ! case2 = ! ord9>y sy/em ( calculation ! /resses1 9 addition to %[+ compression 9 ! v]ticals1 gives exactly twice ! am\nt ( t5sion 9 ! diagonals :i* !y %\ld h4 ,,fig4 #a;,b4 ,top ,flange ,/resses4 ,/resses 9 ,diagonals4 ,hor4 ,v]4 ,c #ca4e #aj_/d4e #gj4jj #ca4ej a #gj -#fe #e4jj #b4be #ae4ge #aj_/d4e #ce b -#e4jj #d4jj ,d #fe4jj #bb4ge c #fe -#eh4cc-e #a4fg #a4cc _/ #bd #aj_/h #cj d -#a4fg #a4ge ,e #eh4cc #ad4eh e #eh4cc-ee4hc-a4fg 4#hc 4#hh _/ #bi4ge #aj_/aj4e #bh4cc f - 4#hc #a4ja ,f #ee4hc #h4cg g #ee4hc-ed4ej- 4#hc 4#ej 4#ei _/ #cc #aj_/ab #bg4e h - 4#ej 4#fa ,g #ed4ej #b4gb i #ed4ej-ec4fg- 4#ej 4#cc 4#dc _/ #cc4ge #aj_/ab4e #bg j - 4#cc 4#da ,h #ec4fg #b4fh k #ec4fg-ec4ji- 4#cc 4#bd 4#bh _/ #cb #aj_/ab #bf4fg l - 4#bd 4#bd ,i #ec4ji #g4ig m #ec4ji-eb4fg- 4#bd 4#ah 4#bj _/ #bg4ge #aj_/aj4e #bf4db n 4#ah 4#af ,j #eb4fg #ac4ag o #eb4fg-eb4cf- 4#ah 4#ac 4#aa _/ #ba #aj_/h #bf4be p - 4#ac 4#jf ,k #eb4cf #ah4cc _/ #aa4ge #aj_/d4e #bf4aa ,l #bc4e #aj_/d4e #eb4bb #bc4ej ,bottom ,flange ,/resses4 ,/resses 9 ,v]ticals4 ,hor4 ,v]4 ,m same z ,c #gj4jj r #ae - #d - #aa4jj ,n ,d #fe4jj s #e #b4be - #a4ge - #e4ej ,o ,e #eh4cc t #e #a4cc - #a4ja - #e4cb ,p ,f #ee4hc u #e 4#hh - 4#fa - #e4bg ,q ,g #ed4ej v #e 4#ei - 4#da - #e4ah ,r ,h #ec4fg w #e 4#dc - 4#bd - #e4ai ,s ,i #ec4ji x #e 4#bh - 4#af - #e4ab ,t ,j #eb4fg y #e 4#bj - 4#jf - #e4ad ,u ,k #eb4cf z #e 4#aa - #e4aa ,v ,l #eb4bb --,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,spr+ ,,motor4 ,an exhibition ( a spr+ c> motor 0 giv5 at a rec5t date at ! works ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,spr+ ,motor ,con/ruction ,company1 ,twelf? ,/reet & ,montgom]y ,av5ue4 ,z a practical illu/ration ( ! op]ation ( ! motor a l>ge plat=m c>1 conta9+ a numb] ( invit$ gue/s & repres5tatives ( ! press1 0 propell$ on a track ! l5g? ( ! %op4 7,?is 0 9 #ahhc47 ,! eng9e1 if su* x may be call$1 0 ( ! size :i* is int5d$ to be us$ on elevat$ railways4 ,z con/ruct$1 ! motor comb9es ) a /ation>y %aft a s]ies ( drums1 c>ry+ spr+s1 & arrang$ s t !y c be br\ght into use s+ly or 9 pairs4 ,ea* spr+ or section has suffici5t capacity to run ! c>1 & ?us z "o spr+ is us$ ano!r is appli$4 ,!re is a s]ies ( clut*es by :i* ! drums to :i* ! spr+s are atta*$ are connect$1 ) a ma/] :eel1 :i* transmits ?r\gh a tra9 ( :eels ! p[] ( ! spr+s to ! axles1 ( ! truck :eels4 ,! motor w be s con/ruct$ t x may be plac$ on a truck ( ! wid? ( ! c>s at pres5t 9 use1 & w be n9e feet long1 ) f\r traction :eels4 ,x is propos$ d away ) ! two front :eels & plat=m1 s t ! front ( ! c> may re/ on a spr+ to ! truck4 ,!re w be an eng9e at ea* end ( ! road1 :i*1 x is calculat$1 w w9d up ! spr+s 9 at lea/ two m9utes' "t4 ,:ile ! m]e con/ruction ( su* a work+ motor involv$ no?+ new1 ! real problem involv$ consi/$ ( ! roll+ ( a piece ( /eel #cjj feet long1 #f in*es wide1 & a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,ano!r elem5t 0 ! coil+ ( ?is /rip ( /eel prelim9>y to temp]+4 ,to temp] x /raight 0 to expose ! gra9 to unnecess>y /ra9 :5 w\nd 9 a close coil4 ,to ov]come ?is 0 ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! "w4 ,at ! exhibition ! inv5tor gave an illu/ration ( ! me?od :i* has be5 employ$ by ! company4 ,! /rip ( /eel is sl[ly pass$ ?r\gh a retort heat$ by ! admixture ( gas & air at ! po9t ( ignition 9 proportions to produce int5se heat4 ,:5 ! /rip has be5 br\ght to almo/ a :ite heat1 x is pass$ betwe5 two roll]s ( ! coil+ ma*9e4 ,x is !n subject$ to a p[]ful bla/ ( compress$ air & sprays ( wat]1 s t six in*es f ! ma*9e ! /eel is cold en\gh = ! h& to be plac$ on x4 ,aft] ?is op]ation ! spr+ is complete & ready to be plac$ on ! %aft4 ,! use ( ! spr+s is said to be beyond e/imate4 ,!y may be employ$ to op]ate pass5g] elevators1 ! spr+s be+ w\nd by a h& crank4 ,x is und]/ood t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t has appli$ = !m = runn+ small ya*ts = h>bor s]vice4 ,among ! advantages claim$ = ?is motor are its *eapness 9 fir/ co/ & 9 op]at+ exp5ses4 ,x is e/imat$ t an eng9e ( tw5ty-five horse p[] w be requir$ at ! /ation to w9d ! spr+s4 ,if !re be "o at ea* end ( ! l9e1 ! co/ = fuel1 eng9e]1 & int]e/ w n exce$ #ajj p] week4 ,?is w answ] = fifty or any additional numb] ( c>s4 ,! company claims t by us+ twelve spr+s1 ea* #aej feet 9 l5g?1 an ord9>y /reet c> c be driv5 ab\t tw5ty miles4--,phil4 ,inquir]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ca/+ ,,*ill$ ,,c> ,,:eels4 ,we %[ h]e) ! me?od employ$ by ! ,baltimore ,c> ,:eel ,company 9 ca/+ *ill$ :eels to prev5t tread defects4 ,! ord9>y mode ( p\r+ f ! ladle into ! hub "p ( ! m\ld1 & !n lett+ ! metal ov]p\r d[n ! brackets to ! *ill1 produces cold %ot1 seams1 etc4 ,9 ! arrangem5t "h %[n ! hub core1 ,a1 has a concave top1 ,b1 & ! core seat1 ,c1 is convex1 its c5t] "p be+ l[] ?an ! p]imet] ( ! top ( ! core4 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 %[ ! core1 ,a1 9 ! side elevation & 9 pla94 ,fig4 #b is a core po9t =m+ a space to connect ! receiv+ *amb]1 ,e1 above1 ) ! m\ld by passageways1 ,d ,d1 =m$ 9 ! side ( ! top ( ! core4 ,! comb9$ area ( ^! passageways be+ less ?an t ( ! conduit1 ,f1 f ! receiv+ *amb]1 ! metal is skimm$ ( impurities1 & ! latt] are reta9$ 9 ! receiv+ *amb]1 ,e4 ,! ent]+ metal fl[s fir/ to ! l[] hub "p at ,h ,h1 !nce by ! sprue-ways1 ,g ,g1 to ! l[] rim "p at ,j ,j1 be+ aga9 skimm$ at ! m\? ( ! sprue-ways4 ,?us ! rim fills z rapidly z ! hub1 & ! metal is ( a uni=m & high temp]ature :5 x rea*es ! *ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/+ ,,( ,,c> ,,:eels4 ,9 ! :eels made by ?is firm1 e alt]nate rib is connect$ ) ! rim1 & runs (f to no?+ ne> ! hub2 ! int]m$iate ribs are atta*$ to ! hub1 & dim9i% 9 wid? t[>d ! rim4--,j\r4 ,railway ,app4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,& ,,pre/idigitation4 ,! wond]ful ease ) :i* electricity adapts itself to ! production ( me*anical1 calorific1 & lum9i\s effects at a di/ance1 long ago gave rise to ! idea ( apply+ x to c]ta9 curi\s & amus+ effects t simple m9ds will+ly /yle sup]natural1 because ( _! p[]lessness to f9d a satisfactory explanation ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,rapp+ ,,& ,,talk+ ,,table4 ,:o has n se51 ( old1 ,rob]t ,h\d9's heavy *e/ & ,rob]t ,h\d9's magic drum8 ,^! two curi\s exp]im5ts are1 z well kn[n1 f\nd$ ^u ! prop]ties ( electro-magnets4 ,at pres5t we %all make kn[n two o!r arrangem5ts1 :i* are bas$ ^u ! same action1 & :i*1 pres5t+ old exp]im5ts "u a new =m1 rejuv5ate !m by giv+ !m ano!r int]e/4 ,! fir/ app>atus 7,fig4 #a71 :i* pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y r\nd c5t] table1 p]mits ( reproduc+ at w ! _s rapp+s & sepul*ral voice exp]im5ts4 ,! table support conta9s a ,leclan*e pile1 ( compact =m1 c>efully hidd5 9 ! "p t connects ! ?ree legs4 ,! top ( ! table is 9 two p>ts1 ! l[] ( :i* is holl[1 & ! upp] =ms a cov] ?ree or f\r millimet]s 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! holl[ "p is plac$ a v]tical electro-magnet1 "o ( ! wires ( :i* communicates ) "o ( ! poles ( ! pile1 & ! o!r ) a flat metallic circle glu$ to ! cov] ( ! table4 ,b5ea? ?is circle1 & at a slight di/ance f x1 !re is a too!d circle1 ,f1 connect$ ) ! o!r pole ( ! pile4 ,:5 ! table is press$ lightly ^u1 ! cov] b5ds & ! flat circle t\*es ! too!d "o1 closes ! circuit ( ! pile ^u ! electro-magnet1 :i* latt] attracts its armature & produces a %>p bl[4 ,on rais+ ! h&1 ! cov] takes its initial position1 breaks ! circuit anew1 & produces ano!r %>p bl[4 ,^u runn+ ! h& lightly ov] ! table1 ! cov] is caus$ to b5d successively ov] a c]ta9 portion ( its circumf]5ce1 contacts & breakages ( ! circuit are produc$ ^u a c]ta9 numb] ( ! tee?1 & ! %>p bl[ is replac$ by a quick succession ( s\nds1 or a tremul\s "o1 accord+ to ! skill ( ! m$ium ^: bus9ess x is to int]rogate ! spirits4 ,z ! table conta9s )9 x all ! me*anism t actuates x1 x may be mov$ ab\t )\t all[+ ! artifice to be suspect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,electric ,,insects4 ,! table may also be op]at$ at a di/ance by employ+ conductors pass+ ?r\gh ! legs & "u ! c>pet & communicat+ ) a pile ^: circuit is clos$ at an opportune mom5t by a conf$]ate locat$ 9 a neighbor+ ap>tm5t4 ,f9ally1 on sub/itut+ a small telephone receiv] = ! electro-magnet1 & a microtelephone sy/em = ! ord9>y pile1 we %all conv]t ! rapp+ spirits into talk+ ones4 ,) a little ex]cise x w be easy = ! conf$]ate to transmit ! conv]sation ( ! spirits 9 employ+ sepul*ral tones to complete ! illusion4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a device especially design$ z a p>lor ornam5t4 ,:5 ! plant is t\*$1 ! insects re/+ ^u x imm$iately beg9 to flap _! w+s z if !y desir$ to fly away4 ,^! insects are actuat$ by a ,leclan*e pile hidd5 9 ! pot t conta9s ! plant4 ,! insect itself is no?+ else ?an a me*anism analog\s to t ( an ord9>y vibrat+ bell4 ,! body =ms ! core ( a /raight electro-magnet1 c1 :i* is b5t at "r angles at its upp] "p1 & 9 front ( :i* is plac$ a small iron disk1 b1 =m+ ! animal's head4 ,?is head is fix$ ^u a spr+1 l ! armature ( ord9>y bells1 & causes ! w+s to move to & fro :5 x is successively attract$ & fre$ by ! electro-magnet4 ,! curr5t is int]rupt$ by means ( a small vibrat+ device ^: mode ( op]ation may be easily und]/ood by glanc+ at ! section 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! curr5t ent]s ! electro-magnet ?r\gh a f9e copp] wire hidd5 9 ! leaves & connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! pile4 ,! negative pole is connect$ ) ! bottom ( ! pot4 ,! wire f ! vibrator ( ea* insect rea*es ! bottom ( ! fl[]-pot1 b does n t\* x4 ,a drop ( m]cury occupies ! bottom ( ! pot1 :]e x is free to move ab\t4 ,x results t if ! pot be tak5 into ! h&1 ! exce$+ly mobile m]cury w roll ov] ! bottom & close ! circuit successively on ! diff]5t insects1 & keep !m 9 motion until ! pot has be5 put d[n & ! drop ( m]cury has become immovable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,portable ,,electric ,,safety ,,lamps4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems t daily pres5ts itself 9 l>ge cities is h[ to proce$ )\t dang] 9 ! se>* = leakages 9 gas ma9s1 or 9 attempts to save life 9 h\ses accid5tally fill$ ) explosive gases4 ,! introduction ( a flame into su* places leads 9 ! majority ( cases to accid5ts ^: consequ5ces _c be e/imat$4 ,! read] w rememb] especially ! explosion :i* occurr$ "s "t ago 9 ,/4 ,d5is ,/reet1 ,p>is1 & :i* kill$ a consid]able numb] ( p]sons4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 b natural to ?9k ( ! use ( electricity1 :i* gives a bright l9e )\t a flame1 9 ord] to all[ life-sav+ corps & firem5 to ent] build+s fill$ ) an explosive mixture1 )\t any risk :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,elevation 7,scale #a_/be74 ,sev]al electricians h propos$ +5i\s portable app>atus = ?is purpose1 &1 among ^!1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g]>d1 ^: device we illu/rate h]e)4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! electric g5]ator is /ation>y1 & rema9s outside ! build+4 ,?is1 along ) all ! re/ ( ! app>atus1 is m\nt$ ^u a c>riage4 ,! op]ator1 in/ead ( c>ry+ a pile to fe$ ! lamp1 drags aft] him a v ela/ic cable conta9+ ! two conductors4 ,?is ,ariadne's ?read easily foll[s all s9uosities1 & adapts itself to all circumvolutions4 ,! entire app>atus1 be+ m\nt$ ^u a c>riage1 c be easily drawn to ! place ( accid5t l a fire eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan 7,scale #a_/be74 ,g5]al ,description4--,fig4 #a %[s ! c>riage4 ,9 ! c5t]1 ov] ! axle1 is m\nt$ a dynamo-electric1 ma*9e1 ,d1 driv5 by a s]ies ( ge> :eels t are revolv$ by w9*es1 ,,mm4 ,^u ! %aft1 ,a1 is fix$ a h& :eel1 ,v1 design$ to regulate ! motion4 ,9 ! =ep>t ( ! c>riage are plac$ two w9dlasses1 ,,tt1 p]man5tly connect$ ) ! t]m9als ( ! dynamo4 ,^u ea* ( ^! is w\nd a cable =m$ ( two conductors1 insulat$ ) ca\t*\c & conf9$ 9 ! same %ea?4 ,ea* w9dlass is provid$ ) five hundr$ feet ( ?is cable1 ! extremity ( :i* is atta*$ to two lant]ns ea* conta9+ an inc&esc5t lamp4 ,^! lant]ns1 are inclos$ 9 boxes1 ,,bb1 ) d\ble sides1 & cross brac$ ) spr+s s z to dim9i% %ocks4 ,"u ! w9dlass !re is a case :i* is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 "o ( :i* conta9s tools & fitt+s1 & ! o!r1 six c>efully pack$ inc&esc5t lamps1 to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t to ! lant]ns4 ,at ! re> end ( ! c>riage !re is a h+$ b>1 ,c1 design$ to support x at ?is po9t & give x great] /ability dur+ ! maneuv]s4 ,! /ability is fur!r increas$ by *ock+ ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,h& ,,lant]n 7,scale #a_/d74 ,maneuv] ( ! ,app>atus4--,! c>riage1 hav+ rea*$ ! place ( accid5t1 is put 9 place1 its re> end is support$ by ! b>1 ,c1 ! :eels are *ock$1 & ! w9*es are plac$ ^u ! dynamo ge>+4 ,two /rong m5 select$ = ! purpose n[ seize ! w9*es & beg9 to revolve !m1 & ! lamps imm$iately light :ile 9 _! boxes4 ,ano!r man1 hav+ op5$ ! latt]1 takes out "o ( ! lant]ns & ent]s ! dang]\s place1 dragg+ aft] him ! ela/ic cable t unw9ds f ! w9dlass4 ,two m5 are suffici5t to turn ! w9*es = five m9utes2 ) a =ce ( six m5 to relieve "o ano!r ! app>atus may !re=e be run cont9u\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,pole ,,lant]n 7,scale #a_/d74 ,! dynamo1 :i* is ( /rong & simple con/ruction1 is inclos$ 9 a ca/ iron drum1 & is consequ5tly protect$ aga9/ accid5t4 ,) a p[] ( #be kilogrammet]s x furni%es a curr5t ( #dj volts & #g amp]es1 :i* is m ?an suffici5t to run two #ej-;c&le inc&esc5t lamps4 ,! w9*es are removable1 & are n put ^u ! %aft until ! mom5t !y are to be us$4 ,! w9dlasses1 z above /at$1 are p]man5tly connect$ ) ! t]m9als ( ! dynamos4 ,! curr5t is l$ to !m ?r\gh _! be>+s & j\rnals4 ,_! %aft is 9 two pieces1 insulat$ f "o ano!r4 ,"o extremity ( ! cable is atta*$ to ^! two pieces1 & ! o!r to ! lant]n4 ,ea* w9dlass is provid$ ) a small w9* t all[s ! cable to be w\nd up quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,w9dlass 7,scale #a_/aj74 ,! two lant]ns are diff]5t1 on acc\nt ( ! unlike uses to :i* !y are to be put4 ,"o ( !m is a h&-lamp t p]mits ( mak+ a quick prelim9>y exploration4 ,! second is to be fix$ by a socket b5ea? x to a pole t is plac$ along ! %afts ( ! c>riage4 ,?is lant]n1 ^u be+ ?ru/ into a *imney1 %aft1 or well1 p]mits ( a c>eful exam9ation be+ made !re(4 ,z ! h&le t]m9ates 9 a po9t2 x may be /uck into ! gr\nd1 to give a light at a suffici5t height to illum9ate ! surr\nd+s4 ,! h& lant]n consi/s ( a base1 ,p1 provid$ ) ?ree feet4 ,at ! top !re is a ?read$ circle to :i* is atta*$ a movable h&le1 ,k1 t is screw$ on to a r+1 ,c4 ,^! ?ree pieces1 :i* are ( bronze1 are connect$ by #ab /eel braces1 ,e1 t =m a protection = ! glass1 ,m4 ,! lant]n is clos$ above by a ?ick glass disk1 ,g4 ,! lum9\s rays are !re=e capable ( spread+ 9 all directions4 ,tight jo9ts are =m$ at e po9t by rubb] or lea!r wa%]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,lant]n ,,box 7,scale #a_/aj74 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! lant]n is plac$ ! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,?is is held 9 a socket1 & is provid$ ) two armatures to :i* ! plat9um wires are sold]$4 ,two t]m9als1 b1 are affix$ to ! lamp socket4 ,b5ea? ! lant]n !re is a cyl9drical box provid$ ) a screw cap4 ,9 "o side ( ?is box !re is a tubulure t gives passage to ! electric cable ^: conductors are fa/5$ to ! t]m9als4 ,a conical rubb] sleeve1 ,r1 incloses ! cable1 :i* is press$ by ! screw cap1 ,s4 ,a special spr+1 ,y1 atta*$ at "o end to ! top ( ! lant]n1 & at ! o!r to ! cable1 ,x1 is design$ to dead5 ! too sudd5 %ocks t ! lant]n might be submitt$ to1 & t w\ld t5d to pull out ! cable4 ,z a result ( ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ?is lant]n1 ! lamp is con/antly surr\nd$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( air t w\ld c]ta9ly suffice to consume ! c>bons 9 case ( a breakage ( ! globe )\t all[+ any light$ p>ticles to escape to ! ext]ior4 ,besides1 %\ld ! t]m9als become unscrew$1 & %\ld ! conductors ?us r5d]$ free produce sp>ks1 ! latt] w\ld be prev5t$ f rea*+ ! ext]ior by reason ( ! absolute tightness ( ! box4 ,9 case ! inc&esc5t lamp %\ld get brok51 ! only inconv5i5ce t w\ld att5d ! accid5t w\ld be t ! man :o held ! lant]n w\ld be = a mom5t 9 ! d>k4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! c>riage1 x w\ld be only necess>y = him to take (f ! glass disk1 take ! brok5 lamp out ( its socket1 ins]t a new "o1 & !n put ! glass top on aga94--,le ,gnie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,voltaic batt]ies conta9+ solutions ( ammonium *loride & z9c *loride c1 accord+ to ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,m4 ,onimus1 be conv]t$ into dry piles by mix+ ^! solutions ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 & all[+ ! mixture to solidify4 ,if mixtures ( f]ric oxide & manganese p]oxide ) pla/] ( ,p>is are employ$1 ! electromotive =ce is slightly high] ?an ) pla/] ( ,p>is alone2 & :5 f]ric oxide is us$1 ! batt]y quickly rega9s its orig9al /r5g? on break+ ! circuit4 ,:5 ! batt]y is exhau/$1 ! solid pla/] ( ,p>is has simply to be moi/5$ aga9 ) ! solution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,dis*>ge ,,& ,,sp>k ,,photograph$ ,,directly ,,)\t ,,an ,,objective4 ,! /udy ( ! =m & color t electric dis*>ges exhibit1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* !y are produc$1 has already entic$ a c]ta9 numb] ( amateurs & sci5ti/s4 ,e "o kn[s ! rem>kable rese>*es ( ! lam5t$ ,?4 ,du ,moncel on ! induction sp>k1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( :i* he1 9 #ahec1 discov]$ t ph5om5on ( ! electric efflux :i* has s9ce be5 ! object ( important rese>*es on ! "p ( sev]al physici/s & *emi/s1 among :om mu/ be cit$ ,messrs4 ,!n>d1 ,hautefeuille1 & ,*apuis4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,b]t91 :o 0 !n ,pr(essor at ! ,faculty ( ,/rassburg1 & :o 0 aft]w>d subdirector ( ! normal s*ool1 0 direct+ 8 rese>*es ^u ! electric dis*>ges produc$ by high t5sion app>atus1 plate ma*9es1 & ,leyd5 j>s4 ,he ?\ght1 ) reason1 t1 on acc\nt ( its rapidity & complexity1 a portion ( ! ph5om5on mu/ escape ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & s ! idea occurr$ to him to photograph ! dis*>ge 9 ord] to aft]w>d /udy its =ms m at 8 leisure4 ,we h rec5tly _h an opportunity ( see+ a negative :i* 0 obta9$ by him at t epo*2 b ! photographic processes !n 9 use probably did n all[ him to obta9 o!rs t 7 z satisfactory1 & he _h giv5 up ?is k9d ( /udy1 :51 la/ ye>1 he _h an opportunity ( speak+ ( x to ! well kn[n manufactur] ,mr4 ,f4 ,ducretet1 :om he induc$ to take x up & employ ! new gelat9o-bromide process4 ,un=tunately1 he di$ be=e ^! exp]im5ts 7 begun1 & 0 unable to see ! realization ( 8 project4 ,mr4 ,ducretet did n ab&on ! idea1 b con/ruct$ ! necess>y app>atus1 & obta9$ ! results t we n[ place be=e our read]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4 ,8 app>atus1 :i* conta9s no photographic objective1 consi/s ( an oblong case1 ,,abcd1 made ( r$ glass & re/+ ^u an ebonite table support$ by "o leg 7,fig4 #a74 ,9 ! top ( ! case1 z well z 9 ! two sides1 ,,ad & ,,bc1 are ap]tures t are clos$ by ebonite cyl9d]s ?r\gh :i* slide1 ) slight friction1 copp] rods1 ,,hln4 ,9 ! leg ( ! table !re is a copp] rack :i* may be maneuv]$ f ! int]ior by a p9ion1 & :i* communicates electrically ) a t]m9al1 ,e4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is rack1 :i* ent]s ! glass case1 is ?read$1 s t !re may be affix$ to x ei!r a metallic or an insulat+ disk4 ,! rods1 ,,hln1 are likewise ?read$1 s t !re may be affix$ to _! int]nal extremities balls1 po9ts1 combs1 & disks ( metal or ( insulat+ mat]ial at w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4 ,9 %ort1 we h "h a transp>5t box 7imp]meable to photog5ic rays7 into :i* electricity may be l$ by means ( f\r conductors t are arrang$ two by two 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r1 or 9 p]p5dicul> positions1 & t may be made to approa* or rec$e f "o ano!r by maneuv]+ !m f ! ext]ior4 ,?is v simple arrangem5t answ]s e requirem5t1 &1 ^u plac+ a s5sitiz$ plate 9 ! vic9ity ( ! conductors1 p]mits ( photograph+ ! electric dis*>ge directly &1 s to speak1 be=e ! eyes ( ! op]ator4 ,z a s\rce ( electricity1 use is made ( a bi*romate ( pota% batt]y ( #f elem5ts1 capable ( giv+ #aj volts & #ae amp]es4 ,! curr5t f ?is batt]y is conv]t$ into a curr5t ( high t5sion by means ( a /rong induction coil capable ( giv+ sp>ks m ?an eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! dis*>ge %[n 9 ,fig4 #d 0 obta9$ by means ( a ,holtz ma*9e4 ,ea* exp]im5t la/$ less ?an a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,figs4 #b & #c repres5t ! efflux t occurr$ "u2 ! foll[+ conditions3 ,! disk1 ,p1 0 ( metal1 & 0 connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! induction coil2 & ^u x 0 laid ! photographic plate ) ! s5sitiz$ film d[nw>d1 & consequ5tly t\*+ ! disk4 ,?is is :at produc$ ! opaque circle 9 ! c5t]4 ,!n ! photographic plate 0 entirely cov]$ ) a ?9 ebonite plate1 above :i* !re 0 a second "o support$ by small w$ges1 s z to all[ air to circulate betwe5 !m4 ,f9ally1 ^u ?is second ebonite plate !re 0 plac$ ano!r photographic plate1 ) its s5sitiz$ film upw>d & directly 9 contact ) an upp] metallic disk1 & connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! coil by ! conductor1 ,l4 ,an inspection ( ,figs4 #b & #c %[s t !1 efflux does n possess ! same =m at ! two poles4 ,we rem>k at ! positive pole a q wide opaque circle surr\nd$ by a sort ( aureola compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( v delicate rays1 :ile at ! negative pole ! aureola seems n to h be5 able to spread4 ,we see1 moreov]1 ! same ph5om5on 9 exam9+ ,fig4 #d 7:i* repres5ts ! efflux obta9$ by means ( a ,holtz ma*9e71 b ?is "t 9 a horizontal direction4 ,! photographic plate 0 "h plac$ ^u ! non-conduct+ disk1 ,p4 ,z ! s5sitiz$ film 0 upw>d1 x 0 put 9 contact ) ! balls at ! extremity ( ! conductors1 ,h & ,n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,x w be se5 "h aga9 t ! efflux spreads out widely at ! positive pole1 :ile x is contract$ at ! o!r4 ,! conduct+ balls 7 spac$ #j4jd in* ap>t4 ,a sp>k leap$ f "o to ! o!r at ! mom5t ! curr5t 0 be+ int]rupt$4 ,9 ,fig4 #e we are enabl$ to /udy ) m ease a sp>k obta9$ ) ne>ly ! same arrangem5t4 ,! balls1 ,h & ,n1 did n "h re/ directly ^u ! s5sitiz$ film1 b ^u two small %eets ( t9 cem5t$ to ! extremities ( ! plate at #j4jf in* ap>t4 ,9 addition1 ! s\rce employ$ 0 n ! ,holtz ma*9e1 b ! pile ) induction coil4 ,two ne>ly p>allel sp>ks 7 obta9$4 ,x w be se5 t ^! are v complex4 ,ea* ( !m seems to be =m$ ( f\r l9es ( diff]5t sizes1 entangl$ ) "o ano!r & pres5t+ diff]5t s9uosities4 ,aside f ?is1 ! plate is trav]s$ = a space ( #j4jd ( an in* by curv$ l9es runn+ f "o pole to ! o!r1 & exhibit+ num]\s s9uosities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a dis*>ge t occurr$ "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3 ,! disk1 ,p1 be+ metallic & connect$ ) "o ( ! poles1 !re 0 plac$ ^u x a ?9 ebonite plate ( ! same dim5sions z ! photographic "o1 & !n ! latt] ) ! s5sitiz$ pellicle upw>d4 ,f9ally1 ! pellicle 0 put 9 contact ) ! upp] conductor1 ,l1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 a ball & 0 connect$ ) ! o!r pole ( ! induction coil4 ,x w be se5 t1 despite ! two dielectrics 7ebonite & glass7 int]pos$1 & ! opacity ( "o ( !m1 ! efflux t occurr$ ar\nd ! disk1 ,p1 is q %>ply reproduc$ ^u ! s5sitiz$ plate by a circle l t :i* we obs]v$ 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,x w be se51 besides1 t an inf9ite numb] ( ramifications 9 e direction has be5 produc$ ar\nd ! ball1 & we c foll[ ! travel ( ! sp>k t leap$ betwe5 ! ball & disk 9 two directions situat$ 9 ! prolongation ( "o ano!r4 ,"u ! two pr9cipal & cle>ly m>k$ l9es t ?is sp>k made !re are se5 two o!r1 v pale & mu* wid] ones1 t pres5t no s9uosities p>allel ) ! fir/4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts are v curi\s4 ,! position ( ! plates 0 v>i$ 9 #ah diff]5t ways1 z 0 also ! =m ( ! conductors4 ,we h spok5 ( ^? only t appe> to u to pres5t ! mo/ int]e/4 ,un=tunately1 not)/&+ ! skill ( ! engrav]1 x is impossible to r5d] ) accuracy all ! details t are se5 ^u exam9+ ! negative4 ,! pro(s t h be5 pr9t$ ^u pap] pres5t mu* less %>pness ?an ! negative1 = !re are c]ta9 p>ts ( ! figures on ! glass t d n %[ 9 ! pr9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,we h be5 cont5t "h to make kn[n ! results obta9$1 )\t draw+ any conclusions f !m4 ,x is to be hop$ t ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* c be easily repeat$ by means ( ! app>atus describ$ above1 w be repeat$ & discuss$ by electricians1 & t !y w contribute t[>d mak+ kn[n to u ! nature ( ! my/]i\s ag5t t w give its "n to our era4--,g4 ,m>es*al1 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,true ,,con/ant ,,( ,,gravity4 ,_m ( ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal may l to p>ticipate 9 ! discussion ( ! foll[+ proposition4 ,! /atem5t is ?is3 ,! space ?r\gh :i* a body1 ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 at mean latitude1 9 vacuo1 desc5ds by virtue ( ! accel]at+ =ce ( gravity 9 #a_/ajjj ( an h\r is precisely #b1ejj geometric in*es #ajj geometric cubits ! side ( a squ>e geometric acre4 ,! geometric in* is tak51 9 accordance ) ! view ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 at #a_/a1jjj1jjj1jjj ( twice ! pol> axis ( ! e>?1 & equals #a-a_/ajjj ,engli% in*es v ne>ly4 ,! /rict decimal relation ( ! proposition is %[n by ! foll[+ table4 ,x has be5 te/$ by ,clairaut's !orem1 & by o!r exi/+ expressions1 & has be5 f\nd to agree1 f> )9 ! probable limits ( errors 9 obs]vation1 ) ! mo/ approv$ values ( ! con/ant4 ,9 fact1 x is conta9$ 9 ! exi/+ expressions2 b ! decimal relation does n appe> unless we /ate ! unit ( l9e> measure z a decimal ( ! e>?'s semi-pol> axis1 &1 at ! same "t1 divide ! circle1 bo? = "t & = g5]al purposes1 geometrically1 i4e41 by /rict decimalization ^u ! h\r-angle4 ,a ma!matical reason und]lies ! proposition4 ,"t 9 ,acquir$ ,squ>es ,total ,ratio ( ,desc5t 9 ,?\s&?s ,velocity1 ( ! ,desc5t1 ,spaces1 ,ea* ,successive ( an ,h\r4 ,cubits4 ,"t4 ,cubits4 ,int]val ( ,int]vals1 ,"t4 ,cubits4 #a #bjj #a #ajj #a #ajj #b #djj #d #djj #c #cjj #c #fjj #i #ijj #e #ejj #d #hjj #af #a1fjj #g #gjj #e #a1jjj #be #b1ejj #i #ijj #f #a1bjj #cf #c1fjj #aa #a1ajj #g #a1djj #di #d1ijj #ac #a1cjj #h #a1fjj #fd #f1djj #ae #a1ejj #i #a1hjj #ha #h1ajj #ag #a1gjj #aj #b1jjj #ajj #aj1jjj #ai #a1ijj ,s t-- ,cubits4 ,acre ,sides4 ,9 #a_/aj1jjj ( an h\r1 ! total desc5t #a #a_/ajj ,9 #a_/ajjj ( an h\r1 ! total desc5t #ajj #a ,9 #a_/ajj ( an h\r1 ! total desc5t #aj1jjj #ajj ,& s on1 9 /rict decimal relation ) ! e>?'s semi-pol> axis4 ,a two-fold reason :y ! con/ant = latitude #de is va/ly bett] ?an any o!r1 is 9 its hav+ ?is simple relation ) ! semi-axis1 & at ! same "t a less complex way ( apply+ ! correction = latitude4 ,,jacob ,m4 ,,cl>k4 ,new ,york1 ,febru>y1 #ahhe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,?und]/orms4 ,at ! rec5t congress ( ,g]man m$ical m5 & physici/s1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,hoppe1 ( ,hamburg1 read a pap] 9 :i* he s\ght to %[ t ! electricity ( ?und]/orms is g5]at$ by ! friction ( vapor p>ticles g5]at$ by ! evaporation ( wat]4 ,?is op9ion 0 /r5g!n$ by sev]al exp]im5ts 9 :i* compress$ cold air 0 all[$ to ru% into a copp] vessel conta9+ w>m moi/ air1 ?us g5]at+ a l>ge am\nt ( electricity4 ,he concludes t ! rise ( a column ( w>m moi/ air into ! cold] atmosph]e above w be foll[$ by a ?und]/orm if x acquires suffici5t velocity to prev5t neutralization ( ! electricity g5]at$ by ! friction ( ! air4 ,h5ce1 9 8 op9ion1 op5 di/ricts d5ud$ ( =e/s are m liable to ?und]/orms ?an wood$ regions1 :]e ! trees =bid ! rise ( humid air curr5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvis$ ,,toys4 ,d our read]s rememb] all ^? +5i\s toys :i* our mo!rs & si/]s improvis$ 9 ord] to amuse u8 ,we took a walk into ! c\ntry1 & our elde/ si/] or our "m pick$ a wild poppy1 turn$ its r$ petals back & encircl$ !m ) a ?read1 & /uck a sprig ( grass into ! se$ vessel to repres5t a headdress ( fea!rs4 ,"h 0 a fre% & pretty doll 7,fig4 #a74 ,ano!r day x 0 ! season ( lilacs4 ,! *ildr5 ga!r$ bran*es by ! armful1 & f ^! ! "m pick$ (f ! fl[]s & /rung !m "o by "o ) a ne$le4 ,"h 0 a bracelet or a necklace4 ,an acorn 0 pick$ up 9 ! woods1 ! "m c>v$ x ) a p5-knife1 & behold a basket4 ,f a nut%ell %e made a boat1 & f a gre5 almond a rabbit4 ,sometimes %e c>v$ ! rabbit's e>s out ( ! almond itself1 b 9 mo/ cases !y 7 made f a pretty rose-color$ radi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,doll made ( a ,wild ,poppy4 ,d y rememb] ! cork f :i*1 by ! aid ( a few long ne$les = b>s1 an +5i\s fly-cage 0 =m$8 ,& ! ca/le ( c>ds1 f\r1 five1 & eight /ories high8 ,& !n ^? fam\s c>d t5ts 9 a r[1 t fell "o aft] ano!r :5 ! fir/ "o 9 ! l9e 0 ov]turn$8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,hygrometric ,doll2 its ,dress ,color$ ) ,*loride ( ,cobalt4 ,h[ we pass$ ! ev5+s ) our eyes fix$ ^u our mo!rs1 :o pati5tly1 ) _! skillful scissors1 cut horses & dogs out ( old :ite1 r$1 & blue c>ds6 ,& h[ _m plays1 )\t co/+ a c5t1 s]v$ to amuse ! *ildr5 by ex]cis+ _! +5uity6 ,! "m m>k$ at haz>d five dots ^u a %eet ( pap]4 ,! "q 0 to draw a man1 "o ( ! dots %[+ ! place ( ! head & ! o!r f\r ! feet & h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,old ,man made ( ,lob/]'s ,claws4 ,:5 ! dess]t 0 br\ght ^u ! table1 x became a "q ( manufactur+ a head out ( an orange4 ,t is n v difficult2 two holes = ! eyes1 a l>ge slit = ! m\?1 & no?+ easi] ?an to simulate ! tee? & nose4 ,! head 0 plac$ ^u a napk9 /ret*$ ov] ! top ( a *ampagne glass4 ,?is 0 "o ( our great amusem5ts4 ,! napk9 0 drawn ultimately to ! "r & left1 & ?is mov$ ! head & caus$ x to assume mo/ comical positions4 ,b :at caus$ irresi/ible laught] 0 :5 a sly h& press$ ! head & made x op5 its m\? wide4 ,& !n :at pigs we manufactur$ ) a lemon p]*$ ^u f\r mat*es6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,crocus ,fl[]+ 9 a ,p]=at$ ,pot4 ,)\t m5tion+ ,*9ese %ad[s1 h[ _m *eap amusem5ts !re are t c be v>i$ to inf9ity m]ely by v>i\s comb9ations ( ! f+]s int]lock$ 9 div]se mann]s6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--a4 ,pap] ,cross4 #b4 ,me?od ( ,mak+ ! ,cross4 #c4 ,rabbits ,made ( ,gre5 ,almonds4 #d4 ,basket ,made ( ,s$ges4 #e4 ,acorn ,basket4 #f4 ,fly-cage ,made ( a ,cork4 ,all su* amusem5ts 7 mu* 9 vogue 9 =m] times1 b we are assur$ t to-day mo!rs are less conv]sant ) ^! curi\s & droll inv5tions1 :i* 7 once transmitt$ l ! tales ( ,"m ,goose4 ,!y buy play?+s = _! *ildr5 at great exp5se1 & all[ ! latt] to amuse !mselves all by !mselves4 ,! toy paid = & giv51 ! *ild is no long] 9 _! m9d4 ,^? mo!rs :o h pres]v$ ! traditions ( ^! little pa/imes1 & "k h[ to skillfully v>y !m1 f9d !re9 s _m res\rces = amus+ _! *ildr54 ,!n x is s pleasant to see ! eyes ( ! latt] eag]ly fix$ ^u ! scissors1 & to he> _! exclamations ( pleasure & _! fre% laught] :5 ! pap] is trans=m$ "u exp]t f+]s into a boat1 h\se1 or :at n6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,! ,lesson 9 ,draw+4--,an ,illu/rat$ ,five-spot ( ,he>ts4 ,x has requir$ millions ( mo!rs & nurses to put _! wits to "w to amuse _! *ildr5 9 ord] to =m t collection ( *>m+ comb9ations t at pres5t con/itutes a sort ( sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,ga/on ,tiss&i] n long ago conceiv$ ! happy idea ( br++ toge!r 9 an illu/rat$ volume a description ( "s ( ^! improvis$ toys & amus+ plays1 & x is f ?is t ! accompany+ illu/rations 7:i* suffici5tly expla9 !mselves7 are tak54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,olian ,,h>p4 ,! olian h>p is a musical in/rum5t :i* is set 9 action by ! w9d4 ,! in/rum5t1 :i* is n v well kn[n1 is yet v curi\s1 & at ! reque/ ( "s ( our read]s we %all h]e) give a description ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,kir*]',s ,,olian ,,h>p4 ,accord+ to a g5]ally cr$it$ op9ion1 x is to ,fa!r ,kir*]1 :o devis$ s _m +5i\s ma*9es 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t we owe ! fir/ sy/ematically con/ruct$ model ( an olian h>p4 ,we mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t ! fact ( ! spontane\s resonance ( c]ta9 musical in/rum5ts :5 expos$ to a curr5t ( air _h /ruck ! obs]v]s ( nature 9 times ( remote/ antiquity4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! olian h>p1 we may say t 9 mod]n times ?is in/rum5t has be5 especially con/ruct$ 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,g]many1 & ,alsace4 ,! olian h>p ( ! ,ca/le ( ,bad5 ,bad51 & ^? ( ! f\r turrets ( ,/rassburg ,ca!dral are celebrat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,fro/ ,,ka/n]',s ,,improv$ ,,olian ,,h>p4 ,we %all fir/ describe ,kir*]'s h>p1 :i* ?is ,jesuit savant con/ruct$ accord+ to an obs]vation made by ,porta 9 #aeeh4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a rectangul> box 7,fig4 #a71 ! s\nd+ bo>d ( :i*1 conta9+ rose-%ap$ ap]tures1 is provid$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( /r+s /ret*$ ov] two bridges & fa/5$ to pegs at ! extremities4 ,?is box c>ries a r+ t s]ves = susp5d+ x4 ,kir*] recomm5ds t ! box be made ( v sonor\s fir wood1 l t employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,he w\ld h x #a4jhe met]s 9 l5g?1 #j4dcd met] 9 wid?1 & #j4bag met] 9 height1 & w\ld provide x ) fifte5 catgut /r+s1 tun$1 n l ^? ( o!r in/rum5ts to ! ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif?1 b all 9 unison or to ! octave1 9 ord]1 says he1 t its s\nd %all be v h>moni\s4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,kir*] %[$ him ! necessity ( employ+ a sort ( conc5trator 9 ord] to increase ! =ce ( ! w9d1 & to obta9 all ! advantage possible f ! curr5t ( air t 0 direct$ aga9/ ! /r+s4 ,! place :]e ! in/rum5t is locat$ %\ld n1 accord+ to him1 be expos$ to ! op5 air1 b mu/ be a clos$ "o4 ,! air1 nev]!less1 mu/ h free access to x on bo? sides ( ! h>p4 ,! =ce ( ! w9d may be conc5trat$ ^u su* a po9t 9 diff]5t ways2 ei!r1 = example1 by means ( conical *annels1 or spiral ones l ^? us$ = caus+ s\nds to rea* ! int]ior ( a h\se f a m elevat$ place1 or by means ( a sort ( doors4 ,^! latt]1 two 9 numb]1 are adapt$ to a k9d ( receptacle made ( bo>ds & pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a small closet4 ,9 ! back "p ( ?is receptacle !re is a slit1 & 9 front ( ?is ! h>p is hung 9 a slightly oblique position4 ,! :ole po/]ior portion ( ! app>atus mu/ be situat$ 9 ! ap>tm5t1 :ile ! doors mu/ rema9 outside ! w9d[ 7,fig4 ,i74 ,9 lat] times ! olian h>p has be5 improv$ by ,messrs4 ,fro/ & ,ka/n]1 ^: app>atus is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x consi/s ( a rectangul> box ) two s\nd+ bo>ds1 ea* provid$ ) eight catgut /r+s4 ,9 ord] to limit ! curr5t ( air & to br+ x ) m =ce aga9/ ! /r+s1 two w+s are adapt$ ne> ! ?9 surfaces oppos$ to ! w9d1 s t ! curr5t may rea* ea* gr\p ( cords on pass+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ ap]ture betwe5 ! obliquely incl9$ w+ & ! body ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! dim5sions ( ! resonant box are z foll[s3 height1 #a4bh met]s2 wid?1 #j4bg met]2 & ?ickness1 #j4jge met]4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! two bridges1 or l5g? ( ! sonor\s portion ( ! cords1 ab\t #a met]2 wid? ( ! w+s1 #j4ad met]4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! s\nd+ bo>d & ! w+s1 #j4db met]4 ,incl9ation ( ! w+s1 #ej degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,olian ,,h>p ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,ca/le ,,( ,,bad5 ,,bad54 ,! celebrat$ olian h>ps ( ! old ca/le ( ,bad5 ,bad5 are entirely diff]5t1 & m]it description4 ,"o ( !m 7,fig4 #c7 is =m$ ( a resonant box1 ! con/ruction ( :i* diff]s f t ( olian h>ps ) a rectangul> box1 9 t x is prolong$ beyond ! place occupi$ by ! /r+s1 & is r\nd$ (f beh9d4 ,9 ! opposite side !re are two long & n>r[ ap]tures4 ,to prev5t ! app>atus f be+ injur$ by ! wea!r1 x is inclos$ 9 a sort ( case occupy+ ! recess ( ! w9d[ 9 ! old ru9$ ca/le 9 :i* x is expos$4 ,beh9d ! h>p !re is a wire lattice door1 ! purpose ( :i* seems to be to protect ! in/rum5t aga9/ ! attempts ( robb]s or ! indiscreet contact ( t\ri/s4 ,we annex to ! g5]al view ( ! in/rum5t a front & pr(ile plan 7,fig4 #d74 ,! olian h>p has (t5 inspir$ bo? writ]s ( prose & poetry4 ,*ateaubri&1 9 ,les ,nat*ez1 comp>es its s\nds to ! magic conc]ts t ! cele/ial vaults res\nd4 ,)\t attribut+ su* effects to ! in/rum5t1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x possesses rem>kable prop]ties1 :i* act ^u ! n]v\s sy/em & cause v diff]5t impressions1 accord+ to ! temp]am5t ( ^? :o li/5 to its accords4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,bad5 ,,bad5 ,,in/rum5t4 ,hector ,b]lioz1 9 8 ,voyage ,musicale en ,italie1 has giv5 z foll[s ! curi\s effects t an olian h>p produc$ ^u 8 lively & impassion$ imag9ation3 ,on "o ( ^? gloomy days t sadd5 ! end ( ! ye>1 li/51 :ile read+ ,ossian1 to ! fanta/ic h>mony ( an olian h>p sw++ at ! top ( a tree depriv$ ( v]dure1 & ,i defy y n to exp]i5ce a pr(\nd feel+ ( sadness & ( ab&on1 & a vague & inf9ite desire = ano!r exi/5ce4 ,an ,engli% physician1 ,dr4 ,j4,m4 ,cox1 9 8 practical ,obs]vations ^u dem5tia1 ass]ts t un=tunate lunatics h be5 se5 ^: s5sitiv5ess 0 su* t ord9>y means ( cure _h to be giv5 up ) !m1 b :o 7 in/antly calm$ by ! sweet & v>i$ accords ( an olian h>p4 ,o!r obs]v]s n>rate t !y h he>d ! efficacy ( ,aeolian s\nds spok5 ( 9 ,scotl& = produc+ sleep4 ,telegraph wires are (t51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w9ds1 submitt$ to vibrations :i* reproduce ! ph5om5a ( ! ,aeolian h>p4 ,! electric telegraph1 :i*1 be=e ! con/ruction ( ! ,kehl bridge1 directly trav]s$ ! ,rh9e1 v frequ5tly res\nd$1 & ! obs]v] :o plac$ 8 e> aga9/ ! poles on ! bank ( ! riv] 0 enabl$ to he> some?+ l a f>-(f s\nd ( bells4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physics ,,)\t ,,app>atus4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,illum9at+ ,,gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,production ,,( ,,illum9at+ ,,gas4 ,burn a piece ( pap] ( ab\t ! size ( ! h& ^u a clean porcela9 plate1 & ?is w s]ve to %[ ! ph5om5a ( c>bonization & ! =mation ( empyreumatic products "u ! action ( heat4 ,"u ! burn$ pap] !re w be f\nd a yell[i% deposit :i* /icks to ! f+]s1 & :i* consi/s ( oil ( pap] produc$ by di/illation4 ,an idea ( ! production ( illum9at+ gas ?r\gh ! di/illation ( coal may be easily giv5 by means a s+le clay pipe4 ,^u fill+ ! b[l ( ?is ) fragm5ts ( coal1 clos+ ! op5+ ) clay1 &1 aft] ! latt] is dry1 plac+ ! b[l 9 a coal fire s t ! /em %all project1 gas w soon be obs]v$ issu+ f1 ! latt]1 &1 :5 light$1 w give a v bright flame4 ,if ! pipe seems to be a little too co/ly1 rec\rse maybe _h to a l>ge piece ( wrapp+ pap] roll$ into ! =m ( a cornucopia1 & held 9 ! left h& by means ( ! po9t$ end4 ,if1 aft] an ap]ture has be5 made 9 ?is ne> ! po9t1 ! base be light$1 ! heat develop$ by ! flame w produce a sort ( di/illation ( ! organic matt] ( ! pap]1 & ! empyreumatic & gase\s products w rise 9 ! cone1 & make _! exit ?r\gh ! orifice1 :]e !y may be light$ ) a mat* 7,fig4 #a74 ,x goes )\t say+ t ?is exp]im5t la/s b a few seconds2 b1 z %ort z ?is p]iod is1 x is suffici5t to give a demon/ration ( ! production ( illum9at+ gas ?r\gh ! di/illation ( organic matt]s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to set any?+ on fire :ile p]=m+ x1 & x is well to op]ate ov] a pavem5t1 & f> f any inflammable mat]ials4 ,,ela/icity ,,( ,,bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,exp]im5t ,,on ,,! ,,ela/icity ,,( ,,bodies4 ,m\ld a piece ( fre% bread ) ! f+]s s z to give x ! size & %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,if ?is object be plac$ ^u a wood5 table1 & a h>d bl[ be giv5 x ) ! fi/1 x w be f\nd impossible to put x p]man5tly out ( %ape4 ,h[ev] h>d be ! bl[1 ! ela/ic mat]ial1 al?\gh flatt5$ = an in/ant1 w always resume its orig9al =m4 ,if ! object be ?r[n on ! floor ) all "o's might1 ! result w be ! same2 its ela/icity w always cause x to spr+ back to its orig9al =m4 ,! exp]im5t w only succe$ :5 ! bread t is us$ is v fre% & s(t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5tific ,,amusem5ts4 ,! ,dance ( ! ,electrifi$ ,puppets4--,we h already po9t$ out a means ( obta9+ electrical manife/ations )\t rec\rse to a ma*9e1 & %all n[ describe a v easily p]=m$ exp]im5t--! dance ( ! electrifi$ puppets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,dance ,,( ,,! ,,electrifi$ ,,puppets4 ,procure a pane ( glass ab\t #aj in*es 9 wid? & #ad 9 l5g?1 & support x betwe5 two l>ge books1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! glass mu/ be ins]t$ 9 ! books 9 su* a way t x %all be an in* & a fraction above ! surface ( ! table4 ,!n1 ) a pair ( scissors1 cut out ( a piece ( tissue-pap] a numb] ( figures1 su* z m51 wom51 cl[ns1 frogs1 etc4 ,^! little figures mu/ n exce$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,we %[ "s ( actual size 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,!y may be cut out ( pap]s ( diff]5t colors1 s z to give v>iety to ! sc5e4 ,aft] !y are prep>$ !y are to be plac$ 9 ! ball-room1 t is to say1 9 ! space betwe5 ! books1 glass1 & table4 ,!y %\ld be laid flat ^u ! table1 & alongside ( "o ano!r4 ,n[ rub ! upp] surface ( ! glass vigor\sly ) a piece ( silk or wool51 &1 9 a few in/ants1 ! figures w be attract$ by ! electricity1 & sudd5ly /& up /raight & jump up to ! transp>5t ceil+ ( _! ball-room4 ,!n !y w be repell$1 & aga9 attract$1 & ?us keep up a lively dance4 ,:5 ! rubb+ is /opp$1 ! dance cont9ues spontane\sly = "s little "t1 & ev5 ! contact ( ! h& suffices to animate ! figures4 ,9 ord] t ?is exp]im5t %all prove a success1 ! glass us$ mu/ be v dry1 z well z ! fabric ) :i* x is rubb$4 ,if ! latt] be w>m$1 ! manife/ation w be m rapid & en]getic4 ,silk answ]s bett] ?an wool54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,silh\ette ,,portraits4 ,silh\ette ,portraits4--,take a l>ge %eet ( pap]1 black on "o side & :ite on ! o!r1 & affix x to ! wall1 :ite surface outw>d1 by means ( p9s or tacks4 ,place a v bright light ^u ! table1 at a prop] di/ance1 & all[ ! p]son ^: portrait x is desir$ to =m to /& betwe5 x & ! wall 7,fig4 #b74 ,!n1 ) a p5cil1 draw ! outl9es ( ! %ad[ project$4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done1 x is v necess>y t ! subject %all keep p]fectly immovable4 ,:5 ! outl9es are sket*$1 remove ! pap] f ! wall & cut out ! portrait4 ,aft] ?is1 all t rema9s to be done is to turn ! portrait ov] & pa/e x to a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,! silh\ette is pr(il$ 9 black1 & if ! op]ation be skillfully p]=m$1 ! resemblance w be p]fect4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,break ,a ,,cord ,,) ,,! ,,h&s4 ,our read]s h (t5 se5 groc]s' cl]ks or employes ( bus9ess h\ses break ! /r+ ) :i* !y _h ti$ up a package1 by seiz+ x ) ! h&s1 br++ ! latt] close toge!r1 & !n sudd5ly sep>at+ !m ) a quick movem5t4 ,if x be ?\ght t ?is quick motion is suffici5t1 let any "o try x1 & he w m]ely cut 8 h&s )\t break+ ! /r+1 provid$ ! latt] has "s little /r5g?4 ,9 ord] to succe$1 ! cord mu/ be arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 z we %all expla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,mode ,,( ,,break+ ,a ,,cord ,,) ,,! ,,h&s4 ,! cord to be brok5 is plac$ ^u ! left h&1 & "o ( its ends is pass$ ov] ! o!r 9 su* a way z to =m a cross1 & ! end =m+ ! %ort] "p ( ! cross is w\nd ar\nd ! f+]s 7x %\ld be left long en\gh to make sev]al turns74 ,! o!r end is !n turn$ back & w\nd ar\nd ! "r h&1 s z to leave a space ( ab\t eighte5 in*es betwe5 ! latt] & ! left h&4 ,if ^! directions are prop]ly foll[$1 ! /r+ %\ld h ! =m ( a ,y 9 ! middle ( ! h&1 z %[n 9 ! l[] figure ( ! accompany+ engrav+4 ,x is only necess>y aft] ?is to close ! h&1 aft] see+ t ! ,y is v taut1 & to seize ! cord ) ! o!r h&1 z %[n 9 ! upp] figure4 ,?is done1 ! two h&s are br\ght toge!r & !n sudd5ly sep>at$ s z to give a quick pull on ! po9t ( junction ( ! ,y-%ap$ bran*es1 :i* =m a true knife4 ,x w be readily se5 t z ! cord is brok5 sudd5ly ! %ock does n h "t to transmit itself to ! h&s4 ,?is is an int]e/+ demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( in]tia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,aquatic ,,velocip$e ,,= ,,duck ,,hunt+4 ,! curi\s app>atus t we repres5t 9 ,fig4 #a1 f an old ,engli% engrav+ ( #ahbc1 is an aquatic velocip$e :i* 0 utiliz$ ) success dur+ ! entire w9t] ( #ahbb4 ,an amateur employ$ x = hunt+ ducks ^u ! num]\s /reams ( ,l9coln%ire1 &1 z x appe>s1 obta9$ v good results f x4 ,! device is v +5i\s4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree floats ( f #a1hjj to #b1jjj cubic in*es capacity1 made ( copp] or t9 plate4 ,^! are full ( air1 & mu/ be p]fectly tight4 ,!y are held toge!r by ar*$ iron rods1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 s z to =m ! ?ree angles ( an isosceles triangle4 ,^! rods are provid$ 9 ! c5t] ) a saddle = ! velocip$i/ to sit ^u4 ,! app>atus floats ^u ! wat] & su/a9s ! hunt]1 ^: feet are provid$ ) q %ort paddles1 by means ( :i* he navigates1 & /e]s himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,an ,,aquatic ,,velocip$e ,,( #ahbb4 ,! amus+ engrav+ ( ?is velocip$e1 :i* is m5tion$ "u ! "n ( ! aquatic tripod1 puts u 9 m9d ( ano!r docum5t ( ! same k9d t we h se5 9 ! gall]y ( pr9ts ( ! ,national ,libr>y4 ,x is a naively drawn li?ograph repres5t+ a trial ( velocip$es 9 ! ,luxemb\rg ,g>d51 at ,p>is1 9 #ahah4 ,9 ,fig4 #b we give a r$uc$ copy ( x4 ,x w be se5 t 9 #ahah velocip$es 7 made ( wood & 7 provid$ ) two :eels--"o 9 front1 & ! o!r beh9d4 ,! propell+ 0 done by alt]nately plac+ ! feet on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a ,,trial ,,( ,,velocip$es ,,9 #ahah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,sun%9e ,,record]4 ,! app>atus is ( simple con/ruction4 ,x consi/s ( a glass sph]e silv]$ inside & plac$ be=e ! l5s ( a cam]a1 ! axis ( ! in/rum5t be+ plac$ p>allel to ! pol> axis ( ! e>?4 ,! :ole arrangem5t w be readily und]/ood by an inspection ( ,fig4 #a4 ,! light f ! sun is reflect$ f ! globe1 & "s ( x1 pass+ ?r\gh ! l5s1 =ms an image on a piece ( prep>$ pap] )9 ! cam]a4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rotation ( ! e>?1 ! image describes an arc ( a circle on ! pap]1 & :5 ! sun is obscur$1 ?is arc is necess>ily discont9u\s4 ,! image is n a po9t1 b a l9e1 & 9 c]ta9 relative positions ( ! sph]e1 l5s1 & pap]1 ! l9e is radial & v ?91 s t ! obscuration ( ! sun = only "o m9ute is indicat$ by a weak5+ ( ! image4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! actual app>atus ! sph]e is an ord9>y r\nd-bottom$ flask ab\t #ie mm4 9 diamet]1 & ! l5s a simple d\ble convex l5s ( ab\t #ij mm4 focal l5g?4 ,! s5sitive pap] employ$ is ! ord9>y f]ro-prussiate n[ s mu* us$ by eng9e]s = copy+ trac+s4 ,?is 0 select$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! ease ) :i* ! impression is fix$1 = ! pap] m]ely requires to be wa%$ 9 a /ream ( wat] = six m9utes1 no *emicals be+ necess>y4 ,:5 ! pap] is dry1 radial l9es conta9+ betwe5 !m angles ( #ae are drawn f ! c5t] ( ! circul> impression1 & ?us give ! h\r scale1 ! "t ( app>5t noon be+ ( c\rse giv5 by a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! plan ( ! m]idian4 ,fig4 #b is a copy ( ! record ( ,june #bg1 #ahhd2 9 ! morn+ ! sun %one brightly1 t[>d noon cl\ds began to =m1 & 9 ! aft]noon ! sky 0 hazy4 ,! field 9 :i* ! in/rum5t is plac$ is surr\nd$ by trees1 s ! ends ( ! trace are cut (f %>ply by %ad[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,) ! alt]ation ( decl9ation ( ! sun1 ! light ent]+ ! cam]a is reflect$ f diff]5t portions ( ! sph]e1 & an alt]ation ( ! position ( ! focus results4 ,?is may be correct$ 9 ?ree ways2 by mov+ 7#a7 ! pap]1 7#b7 ! l5s1 or 7#c7 ! sph]e4 ,9 ! pres5t app>atus ! fir/ me?od has be5 adopt$1 & n[ ! cam]a is ab\t twice z long z x 0 9 ,june4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! circul> image is enl>g$1 & ! light !re=e weak5$1 & t at a "t ( ye> :5 x c lea/ be sp>$4 ,if ! focus is alt]$ by mov+ ! l5s1 ! w9t] circle is small & ! summ] circle is mu* l>g]4 ,?is w\ld p]haps be too mu* to ! advantage ( ! w9t] sun4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! l5s & pap] are ma9ta9$ at a con/ant di/ance1 & ! sph]e alone mov$1 ! circles are m ne>ly ( ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ! w9t] "o /ill rema9+ ! smalle/4 ,?is seems1 !re=e1 to be ! mo/ advantage\s arrangem5t1 & ! "o t w be adopt$ 9 future4 ,x may be possible also to f9d positions = ! sph]e1 l5s1 & pap] su* t ! int5sity ( ! image is a true measure ( ! int5sity ( ! sun's light2 at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is has n be5 done1 ! want ( sunlight & ! press ( (ficial "w hav+ prev5t$ ! c>ry+ out ( ! necess>y exp]im5ts4 ,a m s5sitive pap] might also be us$ ) advantage1 & 9 obs]vatories :]e photographic processes are c>ri$ on daily !re w\ld be no difficulty on ?is score1 b my pr9cipal object 0 to devise "s economical in/rum5t requir+ only easy manipulation1 s t at a consid]able numb] ( places ! in/rum5ts might be set up1 giv+ a m useful av]age ( ! duration ( sun%9e ?an c be obta9$ f only a few /ations4 ,! in/rum5t also gives a record :5 ! sun is %9+ ?r\gh light cl\ds2 9 ?is case ! image is some:at blurr$ & naturally weak5$1 & x may be difficult or impossible to employ any scale = measur+ ! int5sity "u su* conditions1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 ev5 :5 ! sun is %9+ 9 ?is imp]fect mann]1 x is really do+ "w on ! vegetation ( ! e>?1 & des]ves to be record$4 ,x may be well to say t ! in/rum5t is 9 no way protect$4 ,"s fri5ds1 ^: op9ion ,i highly value1 urg$ me to pat5t x2 b z ,i /rongly hold ! view t ! "w ( all /ud5ts ( sci5ce %\ld be giv5 freely to ! _w1 ! app>atus 0 describ$ at ! ,physical ,society a few h\rs aft] ! advice 0 giv51 le/ ! gre$ ( fil?y lucre %\ld1 on fur!r delib]ation1 cause me to act contr>y to my pr9ciples4--,h]b]t ,mc,leod1 ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,be> ,,f\nd ,,9 ,a ,,cave ,,9 ,,/yria1 ,,au/ria4 ,9 ! lime/one m\nta9s ( ! ,au/rian ,alp9e c\ntries1 num]\s l>ge cav]ns & caves are f\nd1 "s ( :i* are sev]al miles long4 ,!y h be5 =m$ by ! rais+1 l[]+1 & slid+ ( ! lay]s ( s&1 or wa%$ out by ! /ream4 ,9 "o ( ^! cav]ns ne> ,peggau1 9 ,/yria1 ,au/ria1 ! skeleton ( a be> 7,ursus ,spelaeus7 & ! skull ( ano!r be> ( ! same k9d 7 f\nd1 bo? ( :i* are %[n 9 ! annex$ cut tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 ! deta*$ skull be+ plac$ on a bo>d4 ,! place 9 :i* ^! bones 7 f\nd _h nev] be5 rea*$ be=e1 z ! skeleton 0 cov]$ by a lay]1 f f\r to six in*es ?ick1 ( /alagmites1 :i* 9 turn re/$ on a lay] ( pieces or *ips ( bones & c>bonate ( lime1 s&1 etc4 ,! bones ( ! skeleton 7 scatt]$ ov] a space ab\t eight squ>e y>ds1 & x requir$ sev]al days' "w to remove ! lay]s f ! bones by means ( a mallet & *isel & to give ! bones1 etc41 a pres5table appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,be> ,,f\nd ,,9 ,a ,,cave ,,9 ,,/yria1 ,,au/ria4 ,! skull on ! bo>d is ( especial int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! beautiful cry/als ( calc>e\s sp>1 :i* are f #a_/aj to #a_/d ( an in* long1 & are =m$ on ! inn] sides ( ! skull4 ,! skull is #e-a_/b 94 wide betwe5 ! fangs & #f-c_/e 94 wide at ! =ehead1 :]eas ! skull ( ! skeleton is only #c-i_/aj 94 wide at ! fangs & #e-a_/aj 94 wide at ! =ehead4 ,! skull ( ! skeleton is #bb 94 long4 ,! small :ite object on ! bo>d support+ ! deta*$ skull repres5ts ! skull ( an ord9>y cat1 ?us giv+ an idea ( ! enorm\s size ( ! be>'s skull4 ,! skeleton is #i ft4 #h 94 high1 & is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ complete t has be5 f\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,h>dness ,,( ,,metals4 ,! ,g]man ,v]e9 zur ,b$frd]ung des ,gew]befleisses (f]s ! foll[+1 among o!r prizes1 = essays on te*nical subjects3 ,"o ?\s& m>ks 7#ej7 = a comp>ative exam9ation ( ! v>i\s me?ods hi!rto us$ = det]m9ation ( ! h>dness ( metals1 ) an exposition ( _! s\rces ( error & limits ( accuracy4 ,x is /at$1 z a reason = (f]+ ! prize1 t ! me?ods = mak+ ! requir$ te/s are b yet little develop$1 & t no ?or\gh comp>ison has yet be5 made ( ! v>i\s me?ods4 ,! h>dness ( metals & alloys be+ a v important factor 9 sev]al processes1 a really good me?od ( det]m9ation is highly desirable4 ,?ree ?\s& m>ks 7#aej7 = ! be/ essay on ! resi/ance to pressure ( iron "w 9 build+s1 at increas$ temp]atures4 ,x appe>s t aft] a c]ta9 fire 9 a manufactory at ,b]l91 ! police au?orities issu$ notices conc]n+ ! use ( ca/-iron columns 9 high build+s1 & t ^! notices enc\nt]$ great opposition 9 _m qu>t]s1 z x 0 consid]$ t nei!r practice nor !ory _h yet %[n any pro( t ca/ iron is less tru/wor?y ?an wr\ght iron 9 cases ( fire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a brilliant black v>ni% = iron1 /one1 or wood c be made by ?or\ghly incorporat+ ivory black ) common %ellac v>ni%4 ,! mixture %\ld be laid on v ?94 ,b ord9>y coal t> v>ni% w s]ve ! same purpose 9 mo/ cases q z well1 & x is n ne>ly s exp5sive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eam ,,ya*ts4 ,al?\gh ! rac+ ( /eam ya*ts z a recogniz$ sport has n made ! progress t 0 at "o "t expect$1 yet ! own] & crew ( a crack vessel w take z mu* int]e/ 9 h] p]=mance z ^? belong+ to a sail+ ya*t1 & hate to be pass$ q z badly4 ,9 ?is way _m in=mal mat*es come (f1 & "s ( ^! are = consid]able di/ances4 ,! ,field conta9s a notice ( a run rec5tly made f ,plym\? ,breakwat] to ,gibralt>1 by ! ,juno1 own$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,millan1 & ! ,que5 ( ,palmyra1 9 :i* ! =m] beat ! latt] by only five m9utes4 ,! "t occupi$ 0 f\r days tw5ty h\rs1 a fair1 ?\gh n extraord9>y1 p]=mance = vessels ( ?is size4 ,! ,juno has always be5 consid]$ a sl[ boat1 b has be5 mu* improv$ lately by new ma*9]y1 :i* has be5 put 9 h] by ,messrs4 ,day1 ,summ]s ,co4 ,h] be/ p]=mance on ! run 0 #bce knots 9 #ba h\rs4 ,! ,m>*esa1 ,mr4 ,c4,t4 ,kettlewell1 />t$ f ,plym\? on ! #bc;d ( la/ ,decemb]1 & made ! run to ,gibralt> 9 f\r days sev5te5 h\rs2 :ile ! ,amy1 />t+ on ,decemb] #ab1 0 f\r days ?irte5 h\rs f ,c[es to ,gibralt>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #dj ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4