,,elem5ts ,,( ,,debat+ ,a ,manual = ,use 9 ,high ,s*ools & ,academies ,by ,,lev]ett ,s4 ,,lyon ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,civic ,sci5ce 9 ! ,joliet ,t[n%ip ,high ,s*ool #aiai ,,preface ,?is book pret5ds b little to orig9ality 9 mat]ial4 ,its aim is to (f] ! old 9 a =m t %all meet ! ne$s ( "y /ud5ts :o are beg9n+ "w 9 debate4 ,! ef=t has be5 made only to pres5t ! elem5ts ( =5sic "w s fre$ f te*nicality t !y may be app>5t to ! /ud5t ) ! greate/ possible economy ( "t & ! lea/ possible int]pretation by ! tea*]4 ,x is hop$ t ! book may s]ve n only ^? s*ools :]e debat+ is a "p ( ! regul> c\rse1 b also ^? in/itutions :]e x is a supplem5t to ! "w 9 ,engli% or is enc\rag$ z a sup]-curriculum activity4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al obligation to o!r writ]s is obvi\s1 !re is no specific indebt$ness n else:]e ackn[l$g$1 except to ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,edw>d ,phillips1 ^: vital pr9ciple ( ,ref]5ce to ,exp]i5ce has1 9 a modifi$ =m1 be5 made ! te/ = evid5ce4 ,x is my belief t ! use ( ?is pr9ciple1 r ?an ! logical & te*nical =ms ( pro( & evid5ce1 w make ! tra9+ ( debate f> m applicable 9 o!r =ms ( public speak+4 ,my special ?anks are due to ,miss ,*>lotte ,van ,d] ,ve5 & ,miss ,elizabe? ,b>ns1 ^: aid has add$ te*nical exactness to almo/ e page4 ,i wi% to ?ank also ,miss ,bella ,hopp] = sugge/ions 9 prep>+ ! ref]5ce li/ ( ,app5dix ,i4 ,mo/ ( all1 ,i am indebt$ to ! /ud5ts ^: int]e/ has be5 a con/ant /imulus1 & ^: ne$s h be5 to me1 z !y are to all :o tea*1 ! "o sure & con/ant guide4 ,l4,s4,l4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,lessons ,i4 ,,:at ,,argum5tation ,,is ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,debate ,,is ,,iii4 ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,successful ,,debat+ ,,iv4 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,issues ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prove ,,! ,,issues ,,vi4 ,,! ,,brief4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,evid5ce ,,vii4 ,,! ,,=5sic ,,viii4 ,,refutation ,,ix4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,debate ,x4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,& ,a ,,diagram ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,read ,,= ,,m ,,in=mation ,,ii4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,analysis ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,issues ,,( ,,! ,,"q ,,iii4 ,a ,,typical ,,college ,,=5sic ,,iv4 ,,mat]ial ,,tor ,,brief+ ,v4 ,,que/ions ,,) ,,sugge/$ ,,issues ,,& ,,brief ,,bibliography ,,vi4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,debatable ,,propositions ,,vii4 ,,=ms ,,= ,,judges' ,,decision ,,lesson ,i ,,:at ,,argum5tation ,,is ,i4 ,! purpose ( disc\rse ,,ii4 ,! =ms ( disc\rse3 #a4 ,n>ration #b4 ,description #c4 ,exposition #d4 ,argum5tation ,:5 we pause to look ab\t u & to realize :at ?+s are really go+ on1 we disc]n t ev]yone is talk+ & writ+4 ,p]haps we wond] :y ?is is ! case4 ,nature is said to be economical4 ,%e w\ld h>dly h u make s mu* ef=t & use s mu* en]gy )\t "s purpose1 & "s purpose b5eficial to u4 ,s we det]m9e t ! purpose ( us+ language is to convey mean+1 to give ideas t we h to someone else4 ,z we wat* a little m closely1 we see t 9 talk+ or writ+ we are n m]ely talk+ or writ+ some?+4 ,we see t ev]yone1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 cle>ly or dimly1 is always try+ to d "s def9ite ?+4 ,let u see :at ! ?+s are :i* we may be try+ to d4 ,if y %\ld tell y\r fa!r1 :5 y return f s*ool1 h[ ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica on ,octob] #ab1 #adib1 & %\ld try to make him see ! sc5e on %ipbo>d :5 l& 0 fir/ sight$ z cle>ly z y see x1 y w\ld be describ+4 ,t k9d ( disc\rse w\ld be call$ description4 ,its purpose is to make ano!r see 9 8 m9d's eye ! same image or picture t we h 9 our own4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y wi%$ to tell him ! /ory ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 y w\ld d some?+ q diff]5t4 ,y w\ld tell him n only ( ! fir/ sight ( l&1 b ( ! :ole s]ies ( incid5ts :i* l$ up to t ev5t4 ,if he c\ld foll[ y readily1 c\ld almo/ live ?r\gh ! v>i\s happ5+s t y relat$1 y w\ld be tell+ y\r /ory well4 ,t k9d ( disc\rse is n description b n>ration4 ,suppose1 !n1 t y\r fa!r %\ld say3 ,n[ tell me ?is3 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! colonization ( ,am]ica8 ,y w\ld n[ h a new task4 ,y w\ld n c>e to make him see any p>ticul> sc5e or live ?r\gh ! ev5ts ( discov]y b to make him und]/& some?+ :i* y und]/&4 ,y w\ld %[ him t ! discov]y ( ,am]ica meant m]ely ! fact t ,am]ica 0 f\nd to be "h1 b t colonization meant ! com+1 n ( ! explor]s1 b ( ! p]man5t settl]s4 ,?is =m ( disc\rse :i* makes cle> to someone else an idea t is already cle> to u is call$ exposition4 ,& n[ suppose y\r fa!r %\ld say3 ,well1 y h told me a great deal :i* ,i may say is int]e/+ en\gh1 b x seems to me r useless4 ,:at is ! purpose ( all ?is /udy8 ,:y h y sp5t s mu* "t le>n+ ( ?is "o ev5t8 ,y w\ld ( c\rse answ]3 ,because ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 an ev5t ( great importance4 ,he might reply3 ,i /ill d n believe t4 ,!n y w\ld say3 ,i'll prove x to y1 or1 ,i'll conv9ce y ( x4 ,y w\ld !n h und]tak5 to d :at y are n[ try+ to le>n h[ to d bett]--to argue4 ,= argum5tation is t =m ( disc\rse t we use :5 we attempt to make "s "o else believe z we wi% him to believe4 ,argum5tation is ! art ( produc+ 9 ! m9d ( someone else a belief 9 ! ideas :i* ! speak] or writ] wi%es ! he>] or read] to accept4#a ,y made use ( argum5tation :5 y urg$ a fri5d to take ! c\rse 9 *emi/ry 9 y\r s*ool by try+ to make him believe x w\ld be b5eficial to him4 ,y us$ argum5tation :5 y urg$ a fri5d to jo9 ! football squad by try+ to make him believe1 z y believe1 t ! ex]cise w\ld d him good4 ,a m9i/] uses argum5tation :5 he tries to make 8 congregation believe1 z he believes1 t t5 m9utes sp5t 9 pray] ea* morn+ w make ! day's "w easi]4 ,! salesman uses argum5tation to sell 8 goods4 ,! *ance ( ! m]*ant to recov] a rebate on a bill ( goods t he believes are defective dep5ds entirely on 8 ability to make ! sell] believe ! same ?+4 ,on argum5tation ! lawy] bases 8 hope ( mak+ ! jury believe t 8 cli5t is innoc5t ( crime4 ,all ( u e day ( our lives1 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 9 our lett]s1 & 9 m =mal talks1 are try+ to make o!rs believe z we wi% !m to believe4 ,our success 9 s do+ dep5ds ^u our skill 9 ! art ( argum5tation4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,out ( y\r /udy or read+ ( ! pa/ week1 give an illu/ration (3 7#a7 n>ration2 7#b7 description2 7#c7 exposition2 7#d7 argum5tation4 #b4 ,dur+ ! pa/ week1 on :at occasions h y p]sonally made use (3 7#a7 n>ration2 7#b7 description2 7#c7 exposition2 7#d7 argum5tation8 #c4 ,expla9 c>efully ! di/9ction betwe5 description & exposition4 ,9 expla9+ ?is di/9ction1 :at =m ( disc\rse h y us$8 #d4 ,def9e argum5tation4 #e4 ,skill 9 argum5tation is a valuable acquisition =3 7,give ?ree reasons74 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,:at ,,debate ,,is ,i4 ,! =ms ( argum5tation3 #a4 ,writt54 #b4 ,oral4 ,,ii4 ,! =ms ( oral argum5tation3 #a4 ,g5]al discussion4 #b4 ,debate4 ,,iii4 ,! qualities ( debate3 #a4 ,oral4 #b4 ,judges pres5t4 #c4 ,prescrib$ conditions4 #d4 ,decision expect$4 ,n[1 s9ce we h decid$ ^u a def9ition ( argum5tation1 let u see :at we mean by ! t]m debate z x w be us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,we h said t argum5tation is ! art ( produc+ 9 ! m9d ( someone a belief 9 some?+ 9 :i* we wi% him to believe4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ?is c be accompli%$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common me?od ( attempt+ to br+ someone to believe z we wi% is ! oral me?od4 ,on y\r way to s*ool y meet a fri5d & ass]t y\r belief t 9 ! com+ football game ! home team w w94 ,y cont9ue3 ,our team has already beat5 teams t h defeat$ our oppon5t ( next ,saturday1 &1 moreov]1 our team is /rong] ?an x has be5 at any "t ?is season4 ,:5 y f9i%1 y\r fri5d replies3 ,i believe y are "r4 ,we %all w94 ,y h be5 c>ry+ on oral argum5tation4 ,if1 :5 y _h f9i%$1 y\r fri5d _h n agre$ ) y1 y\r ef=t w\ld h be5 none ! less argum5tation1 only x w\ld h be5 unsuccessful4 ,if y _h writt5 ! same ?+ to y\r fri5d 9 a lett]1 y\r lett] w\ld h be5 argum5tative4 ,suppose y\r fa!r 7 runn+ = an (fice & %\ld make a public spee*4 ,if he tri$ to make ! audi5ce believe t ! be/ way to secure l[] taxes1 bett] wat]1 & improv$ /reets w\ld be ?r\gh 8 election1 he w\ld be mak+ use ( oral argum5tation4 ,if he %\ld d ! same ?+ ?r\gh newspap] editorials1 he w\ld be us+ writt5 argum5tation4 ,argum5tation1 !n1 may be c>ri$ on ei!r 9 writ+ or orally1 & may v>y f ! in=mality ( an ord9>y conv]sation or a lett] to a c>eful address or ?\ghtful article4 ,:at1 !n1 is debate z we %all use ! ^w 9 ?is "w1 & :at is ! relation ( argum5tation to debate8 ,! t]m debate 9 its g5]al use has1 ( c\rse1 _m s5ses4 ,y might say3 ,i _h a debate ) a fri5d ab\t ! com+ football game4 ,or y\r fa!r might say3 ,i he>d ! great ,l9coln & ,d\glas debates be=e ! ,civil ,w>4 ,al?\gh bo? ( y w\ld be us+ ! t]m z x is g5]ally us$1 y w\ld n be us+ x z x w be us$ 9 ?is book1 or z x is be/ t a /ud5t ( argum5tation & debate %\ld use x4 ,! t]m debate1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* /ud5ts ( ^! subjects %\ld use x1 means oral argum5tation c>ri$ on by two oppos+ teams "u c]ta9 prescrib$ regulations1 & ) ! expectation ( hav+ a decision r5d]$ by judges :o are pres5t4 ,?is is debate us$1 n g5]ally1 z y us$ x 9 say+1 ,i debat$ ) a fri5d1 b te*nically1 z we use x :5 we ref] to ! ,yale-,h>v>d debate or ! ,nor!rn ,debat+ ,league4 ,9 ord] to keep ! mean+ ( ?is t]m cle>ly 9 m9d1 use x only :5 ref]r+ to su* conte/s z ^!4 ,9 speak+ ( y\r argum5tative conv]sation ) y\r fri5d or ( ! =5sic conte/s betwe5 ,l9coln & ,d\glas1 use ! t]m discussion r ?an debate4 ,x is true t ! controv]sy betwe5 ,l9coln & ,d\glas con=m$ to our def9ition ( debate 9 be+ oral2 moreov]1 at lea/ 9 s5se1 two teams 7( "o man ea*7 compet$1 b !re 7 no judges1 & no direct decision 0 r5d]$4 ,s9ce argum5tation1 !n1 is ! art ( produc+ 9 ! m9d ( someone else a belief 9 ! idea or ideas y wi% to convey1 & debate is an argum5tative conte/ c>ri$ on orally "u c]ta9 conditions1 x is cle> t argum5tation is ! broad] t]m ( ! two & t debate is m]ely a specializ$ k9d ( argum5tation4 ,football is ex]cise1 b !re is ex]cise 9 _m o!r =ms4 ,debate is argum5tation1 b "o c also f9d argum5tation 9 _m o!r =ms4 ,! foll[+ diagram makes cle> ! "w we h cov]$ ?us f>4 ,x %[s ! relation betwe5 argum5tation & debate1 & %[s t ! specializ$ t]m debate has ! same relation to disc\rse t football has to ex]cise4 _/ ,miscellane\s ,swimm+ _/ ,play ,skat+ ,k9ds ( ,roll+ hoop _/ ,o!r a?letic games ex]cise ,a?letic games ,football ,"w _/ ,description ,k9ds ( ,n>ration disc\rse ,exposition ,argum5tation _/ ,writt5 ,oral _/ ,g5]al discussion ,debate ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,be prep>$ to expla9 orally 9 class1 z ?\gh to someone :o did n "k1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 argum5tation & debate4 #b4 ,set d[n ?ree conditions t mu/ exi/ be=e argum5tation becomes debate4 #c4 ,h y ev] argu$8 ,orally8 ,9 writ+8 #d4 ,h y ev] debat$8 ,did y w98 #e4 ,:i* is ! broad] t]m1 argum5tation1 or debate8 ,:y8 #f4 ,compose "s s5t5ces1 illu/rat+ ! use ( ! t]ms debate & argum5tation4 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,successful ,,debat+ ,i4 ,! ?ree requirem5ts /at$4 ,,ii4 ,h[ to make cle> to ! audi5ce :at "o wi%es !m to believe1 by3 #a4 ,/at+ ! idea :i* "o wi%es to h accept$ 9 ! =m ( a def9ite ass]tion1 :i* is3 7#a7 ,int]e/+4 7#b7 ,def9ite & concise4 7#c7 ,s+le 9 =m4 7#d7 ,fair to bo? sides4 #b4 ,def9+ ! t]ms ( ! "q s t !y w be3 7#a7 ,cle>4 7#b7 ,conv9c+4 7#c7 ,consi/5t ) ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q4 #c4 ,re/at+ ! :ole "q 9 ! light ( ! def9itions4 ,to debate successfully x is necess>y to d ?ree ?+s3 #a4 ,to make p]fectly cle> to y\r audi5ce :at y wi% !m to believe4 #b4 ,to %[ !m :y ! pro( ( c]ta9 po9ts 7call$ issues7 %\ld make !m believe ! ?+ y wi% !m to believe4 #c4 ,to prove ! issues4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree ?+s is a di/9ct process1 involv+ sev]al /eps4 ,"o is z important z ano!r4 ,x is impossible to prove ! issues until we h f\nd !m1 b equally impossible to %[ ! audi5ce :at ! issues are until we h %[n :at ! ?+ is :i* we wi% ^? issues to support4 ,fir/1 !n1 let u see :at we mean by mak+ p]fectly cle> :at y wi% to h ! audi5ce believe4 ,suppose t y %\ld meet a fri5d :o says to y3 ,i am go+ to argue ) y ab\t exam9ations4 ,y might naturally reply3 ,:at exam9ations8 ,if he %\ld say1 ,all exam9ations3 ! honor sy/em 9 all exam9ations1 y might v reasonably /ill be puzzl$ & ask if by all exam9ations he meant exam9ations ( e k9d 9 grade s*ool1 high s*ool1 & college1 z well z ! civil s]vice exam9ations1 & :at 0 meant by ! honor sy/em4 ,he w\ld n[ probably expla9 to y c>efully h[ sev]al s*ools h be5 exp]im5t+ ) ! idea ( giv+ all exam9ations )\t ! pres5ce ( a tea*] or monitor ( any sort4 ,dur+ ^! exam9ations1 h[ev]1 x has be5 cu/om>y to ask ! /ud5ts !mselves to report any *eat+ t !y may obs]ve4 ,x is also requir$ t ea* /ud5t /ate 9 writ+1 at ! end ( 8 pap]1 ^u honor1 t he has nei!r giv5 nor receiv$ aid dur+ ! te/4 ,to ?is me?od1 y\r fri5d cont9ues1 has be5 giv5 ! "n ( ! honor sy/em4 ,& ,i believe t ?is sy/em %\ld be adopt$ 9 all exam9ations 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool4 ,he has n[ /at$ def9itely :at he wi%es to make y believe1 & he has done m2 he has expla9$ to y ! mean+ ( ! t]ms t y did n und]/&4 ,^! two ?+s make p]fectly cle> to y :at he wi%es y to believe1 & he has ?us cov]$ ! fir/ /ep 9 argum5tation4 ,f ?is illu/ration1 !n1 sev]al rules c be drawn4 ,9 ! fir/ place y\r fri5d /at$ t he wi%$ to argue ab\t exam9ations4 ,:y c\ld he n beg9 8 argum5t at once8 ,because he _h n yet ask$ y to believe any?+ ab\t exam9ations4 ,he might h said1 ,i am go+ to expla9 exam9ations1 & he c\ld !n h told y :at exam9ations 74 ,t w\ld h be5 exposition4 ,b he c\ld n argue until he _h made a def9ite ass]tion ab\t ! t]m exam9ation4 ,rule "o w\ld !n be3 ,/ate 9 ! =m ( a def9ite ass]tion ! matt] to be argu$4 ,9 ord] to be suitable = debat+1 an ass]tion or1 z x is (t5 call$1 proposition1 ( ?is k9d %\ld con=m to c]ta9 conditions3 #a4 ,x %\ld be "o 9 :i* bo? ! debat]s & ! audi5ce are int]e/$4 ,failure to obs]ve ?is rule has caus$ _m to ?9k debat+ a dry subject4 #b4 ,x %\ld propose some?+ diff]5t f exi/+ conditions4 ,argum5t %\ld h an end 9 view4 ,y\r s*ool has no lun*room4 ,%\ld x h "o8 ,y\r city is gov]n$ by a mayor & a c\ncil4 ,%\ld x be rul$ by a commission8 ,m]ely to debate1 z did ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 h[ _m angels c\ld dance on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 or1 z "s m mod]n debat]s h done1 :e!r ,grant 0 a great] g5]al ?an ,wa%+ton1 is useless4 ,! fact t ^? on ! affirmative side propose some?+ new places on !m :at is call$ ! burd5 ( pro(4 ,?is means t !y mu/ %[ :y !re is ne$ ( a *ange f ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,:5 !y h done ?is1 !y may proce$ to argue 9 favor ( ! p>ticul> *ange :i* !y propose4 #c4 ,x %\ld make a s+le /atem5t ab\t a s+le ?+3 7,correct7 ,9 public high s*ools secret societies %\ld be prohibit$4 7,incorrect7 ,9 public high s*ools & colleges secret societies & tea*+ ( ! ,bible %\ld be prohibit$4 #d4 ,x mu/ be express$ ) su* def9it5ess t bo? sides c agree on :at x means4 #e4 ,x mu/ be express$ 9 su* a way z to be fair to bo? sides4 ,b y notic$ t y\r fri5d _h n only to /ate ! "q def9itely1 b to expla9 :at ! t]ms ( ! proposition meant4 ,he _h to tell y :at ! honor sy/em 04 ,our second rule1 !n1 = mak+ ! "q cle>1 is3 ,9 ! proposition z /at$1 expla9 all t]ms t may n be entirely cle> to y\r audi5ce4 ,& 9 expla9+ or def9+ ^! t]ms1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s t y mu/ d4 ,y mu/ make ! def9ition cle>1 or x w be no bett] ?an ! t]m itself4 ,?is is n always easy4 ,9 def9+ moral =ce a g5tleman said3 ,:y1 moral =ce is er--er--moral =ce4 ,he did n get v f> on ! way t[>d mak+ 8 t]m cle>4 ,be sure t y\r def9ition really expla9s ! t]m4 ,!n "o mu/ be c>eful n to def9e 9 a circle4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! ass]tion or proposition1 ,! developm5t ( labor unions has be5 b5eficial to comm]ce4 ,if y %\ld attempt to def9e developm5t by say+ developm5t means gr[?1 y w\ld n h made ! mean+ ( ! t]m mu* cle>]2 & if 9 a fur!r attempt to expla9 x1 y c\ld only add ,& gr[? means developm5t1 y w\ld be def9+ 9 a circle4 ,!re is /ill ano!r error to be avoid$ 9 mak+ y\r t]ms cle> to y\r audi5ce4 ,?is error is call$ begg+ ! "q4 ,?is occurs :5 a t]m is def9$ 9 su* a way t !re is no?+ left to be argu$4 ,suppose y\r fri5d %\ld say to y3 ,i wi% to make y believe t ! honor sy/em %\ld be us$ 9 all exam9ations 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool4 ,y ask him :at he means by ! honor sy/em4 ,he replies3 ,i mean ! be/ sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,is !re any?+ left to argue8 ,h>dly1 if 8 def9ition ( ! t]m honor sy/em is correct1 = x w\ld be v irrational inde$ to disagree ) ! ass]tion t ! be/ sy/em 9 ! _w %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool4 ,to summ>ize3 ,def9e t]ms c>efully2 make ! def9ition cle>2 d n def9e 9 a circle1 & d n beg ! "q4 ,z y h already notic$1 t]ms 9 argum5tation1 su* z honor sy/em1 (t5 consi/ ( m ?an "o ^w4 ,!y sometimes conta9 sev]al words4 ,a t]m z t ^w is us$ 9 debat+ & argum5tation may consi/ ( any numb] ( names1 sub/antive or objective1 ) ! articles1 prepositions1 & conjunctions requir$ to jo9 !m toge!r2 /ill x is only "o t]m if x po9ts out or makes u ?9k ( only "o ?+ or object or class ( objects4#b ,9 su* cases a diction>y is ( little use4 ,take ! t]m honor sy/em1 ! mean+ ( :i* 0 n cle> to y4 ,a diction>y (f]s no help4 ,h[ is ! /ud5t :o wi%es to discuss ?is "q to decide ^u ! mean+ ( ! t]m8 ,notice h[ y\r fri5d made x cle> to y4 ,he gave a hi/ory ( ! "q t he wi%$ to argue4 ,he %[$ h[ ! t]m honor sy/em came into use & :at x means :]e t sy/em ( exam9ations is 9 vogue4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! only me?od ( mak+ sure ( ! mean+ ( a t]m3 to /udy ! hi/ory ( ! "q & see :at ! t]m means 9 ! light ( t hi/ory4 ,?is me?od has ! add$ advantage t a t]m def9$ 9 ?is way w n only be entirely cle> to y\r audi5ce1 b w also t5d to conv9ce !m4 ,a dispute may arise betwe5 y\rself & an oppon5t z to ! mean+ ( a t]m4 ,he may be rely+ on a diction>y or ! /atem5t ( a s+le writ]1 :ile y are famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! "q4 ,"u ^? circum/ances x w be easy = y to %[ ! judges & ! audi5ce t1 al?\gh he may be us+ ! t]m correctly 9 a g5]al way1 he is q wrong :5 ! special "q "u discussion is consid]$4 ,to make ?is m cle>1 let u take a specific in/ance4 ,suppose t y are debat+ ! proposition1 ,football ,%\ld ,be ,aboli%$ 9 ,?is ,high ,s*ool4 ,football1 z def9$ 9 ! diction>y1 diff]s consid]ably f ! game ) :i* e ,am]ican boy is famili>4 ,fur!r1 ! diction>y def9es bo? ! ,engli% & ! ,am]ican game4 ,if y\r oppon5t %\ld take ei!r ( ^! def9itions1 he w\ld n h mu* *ance ( conv9c+ an ,am]ican audi5ce t x 0 correct4 ,or if he %\ld def9e football accord+ to ! rules ( ! game z x 0 play$ five or t5 ye>s ago1 he w\ld be equally ineffective4 ,y1 on ! o!r h&1 ann\nce t 9 y\r discussion y w use ! t]m football z t game is describ$ 9 ,spauld+'s pres5t ye>'s rule book = ! ,am]ican game1 & t e ref]5ce y make to plays all[$ or =bidd5 w be on ! basis ( ! late/ rul+4 ,y !n h a def9ition bas$ on ! hi/ory ( ! "q4 ,z y c see1 ! case = or aga9/ ,engli% football w\ld be diff]5t f t ( ! ,am]ican game4 ,9 ! same way ! case = or aga9/ football z x 0 play$ t5 ye>s ago w\ld be v diff]5t f ! case ( football z x is play$ today4 ,all ?is does n mean t def9itions f\nd 9 diction>ies or o!r works ( ref]5ce are nev] good2 x means simply t su* def9itions %\ld n be tak5 z f9al until ! "q has be5 c>efully review$4 ,try to ?9k out = y\rself ! mean+ ( ! "q4 ,decide :at x involves & h[ x has aris51 or c\ld arise 9 real life4 ,!n1 :5 y d outside read+ on ! subject1 keep ?is same idea 9 m9d4 ,keep ask+ y\rself3 ,h[ did ?is "q arise8 ,:y is x be+ discuss$8 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d t :5 y are ready to answ] t "q y w h mo/ ( y\r read+ done1 = y w h read mo/ ( ! argum5ts ^u x4 ,!n y are ready to make x cle> to ! audi5ce4 ,:5 y h ?us giv5 a cle> & conv9c+ def9ition ( all ! t]ms1 x is a good plan to re/ate ! :ole "q 9 ! light ( ^? def9itions4 ,= in/ance1 notice ! "q ( ! honor sy/em4 ,! orig9al "q might h be5 concisely /at$3 ,all ,exam9ations 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool ,%\ld ,be ,conduct$ "u ! ,honor ,sy/em4 ,aft] y h made cle> :at y mean by ! honor sy/em1 y w be ready to re/ate ! "q z foll[s3 ,! "q !n is ?is3 ,no ,tea*] ,%all ,be ,pres5t dur+ ,any ,exam9ation 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool1 & ,e ,/ud5t ,%all ,be ,requir$ to ,/ate on ,honor ,t ,he ,has ,nei!r ,giv5 ,nor ,receiv$ ,aid 9 ! ,exam9ations4 ,y\r he>]s w n[ see cle>ly :at y wi% !m to believe4 ,?us f>1 !n1 we h se5 t to debate well we %\ld h a "q :i* is ( int]e/ to ourselves & to ! audi5ce4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d success is to make cle> to our he>]s ! proposition pres5t$ = _! acceptance4 ,?is may be done3 #a7 ,by /at+ ! idea t we wi% !m to accept 9 ! =m ( an ass]tion1 :i* %\ld be3 a7 int]e/+ b7 def9ite & concise c7 s+le 9 =m d7 fair to bo? sides #b7 ,by def9+ ! t]ms ( ! "q s t !y w be3 a7 cle> b7 conv9c+ c7 consi/5t ) ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! "q #c7 ,by re/at+ ! :ole "q 9 ! light ( our def9itions4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,/ate ! ?ree processes ( successful debat+4 #b4 ,:at are ! ?ree necess>y /eps 9 ! fir/ process8 #c4 ,:at qualities %\ld a proposition = debate possess8 #d4 ,give a proposition t y ?9k has ^! qualities4 #e4 ,)\t ref]5ce to books1 def9e all ! t]ms ( ?is proposition4 ,foll[ ! rules b make ! def9itions z brief z possible4 #f4 ,make "s propositions 9 :i* ! foll[+ t]ms %all be us$3 7#a7 ,a?letics1 7#b7 ,?is ,city1 7#c7 ,all ,/udies1 7#d7 ,manual ,tra9+1 7#e7 ,dome/ic ,sci5ce4 #g4 ,po9t out ! weakness 9 ! foll[+ propositions 7consid] propositions always ) y\r class z ! audi5ce73 7#a7 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,algebra ,are ,h>d ,/udies4 7#b7 ,only ,useful ,/udies ,%\ld ,be ,taught 9 ,?is ,s*ool4 7#c7 ,all ,wom5 ,%\ld ,be ,all[$ to ,vote & ,%\ld ,be ,compell$ by ,law to ,remove ,_! ,hats 9 ,*ur*4 7#d7 ,agricultural ,conditions 9 ,abyss9ia ,are ,sup]ior to ,^? 9 ,burma4 #h4 ,comp>e ! diction>y def9ition ( ! foll[+ t]ms ) ! mean+ :i* ! hi/ory ( ! "q has giv5 !m 9 actual usage3 7#a7 ,dome/ic sci5ce4 7#b7 ,a]oplane exhibitions4 7#c7 ,! int]national ,olympic games4 7#d7 ,t[n%ip high s*ools4 7#e7 ,national conv5tions ( political p>ties4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,issues ,i4 ,:at ! issues are4 ,,ii4 ,h[ to det]m9e ! issues4 ,,iii4 ,! value ( correct issues4 ,:5 y h made p]fectly cle> to y\r he>]s :at y wi% !m to believe1 ! next /ep is to %[ !m :y !y %\ld believe x4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is process1 z we saw at ! beg9n+ ( ,lesson ,,iii1 is to see :at po9ts1 if prov$1 w make !m believe x4 ,^! po9ts1 z we call !m1 are bett] kn[n z issues4 ,! issues are really que/ions1 ! basic que/ions on :i* y\r side & ! o!r disagree4 ,! negative w\ld answ] ,no to ^! issues1 ! affirmative w\ld say ,yes4 ,! issues :5 /at$ 9 decl>ative s5t5ces are ! fundam5tal reasons :y ! affirmative believes its proposition %\ld be believ$4 ,a /ud5t might be argu+ ) himself :e!r he w\ld /udy law or m$ic9e4 ,he w\ld say to himself3 ,^! are ! issues3 ,= :i* am ,i ! bett] adapt$8 ,:i* requires ! m /udy8 ,:i* (f]s ! bett] promise ( rew>d8 ,9 :i* c ,i d ! m good8 ,%\ld he argue ) a fri5d 9 ord] to induce him to give up law & to /udy m$ic9e1 he w\ld use simil> issues4 ,he w\ld feel t if he c\ld settle ^! que/ions he c\ld conv9ce 8 fri5d4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he w\ld /ate !m z decl>ative s5t5ces & say3 ,y are m adapt$ to ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e2 y c d m good 9 ?is field1 etc4 ,if ! fri5d %\ld op5 ! "q1 he w\ld be 9 ! position ( a man on ! negative side ( a debate4 ,he w\ld /ate ! issues negatively z 8 reasons4 ,he w\ld say3 ,i am n s well adapt$ to ! /udy ( m$ic9e2 x (f]s less promise ( rew>d1 etc4 ,ea* ( ^! w\ld 9 turn dep5d ^u o!r reasons1 b e proposition w dep5d = its acceptance on ! pro( ( a few ma9 issues4 ,p]haps ?is po9t c be made cle>] by an illu/ration4 ,suppose we %\ld take hold ( "o small rod :i* we see 9 ! framework ( a l>ge truss bridge & %\ld say3 ,?is bridge is /rong because ?is rod is "h4 ,our /atem5t w\ld be only p>tially true4 ,! rod might be brok51 & al?\gh ! /r5g? ( ! bridge z a :ole might be slightly weak5$1 x w\ld n fall4 ,b suppose we %\ld say3 ,?is bridge really re/s on ^! f\r great /eel beams :i* run d[n to ! /one abutm5t4 ,if ,i c see t ^! f\r /eel beams are secure1 ,i c believe 9 ! security ( ! bridge4 ,s a me*anical eng9e] %[s u t c]ta9 rods & b>s ( ! framework hold up "o beam1 & h[ simil> rods & b>s su/a9 a second1 & t yet o!r rods & b>s di/ribute ! weight t w\ld press too heavily on a ?ird1 & s at la/ we are conv9c$ t ! bridge is safe4 ,x is n because we h be5 %[n t sev]al ( ! bolts & braces are /rong1 b because we h be5 %[n t ! f\r great beams1 ^u :i* x re/s1 are reliable4 ,?us x is ) ev]y?+ 9 :i* we believe4 ,we d n believe t taxes are j because ! gov]nm5t mu/ h money to pay ! presid5t or to buy uni=ms = ! army (fic]s4 ,^! ?+s mu/ be done1 b !y are incid5tals4 ,!y are facts1 b !y are l ! small braces ( ! bridge4 ,we believe t taxation is j1 because ! gov]nm5t mu/ h money = its "w4 ,pay+ ! presid5t & buy+ uni=ms are details ( ?is m fundam5tal reason4 ,9 ! same way we might say3 ,a?letics %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 high s*ools because x w make ,john ,br[n1 :o w p>ticipate1 m heal?y4 ,t is a reason1 b aga9 only a small support+ reason4 ,we might r *oose a fundam5tal reason1 :i* ?is slight reason w\ld 9 turn support1 & x w\ld be3 ,a?letics %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 high s*ools because !y improve ! heal? ( ! /ud5ts t p>ticipate4 ,9 a rec5t debate betwe5 two l>ge high s*ools on ! proposition3 ,resolv$1 ,t ,conte/s )9 ,high ,s*ools ,%\ld ,be ,sub/itut$ = ,conte/s betwe5 ,high ,s*ools1 "o ( ! conte/+ teams took ! foll[+ z issues3 #a4 ,conte/s )9 high1 s*ools w accompli% ! real purpose ( conte/s bett] ?an w conte/s betwe5 s*ools4 #b4 ,conte/s )9 high s*ools are ! m democratic4 #c4 ,conte/s )9 high s*ools c be made to "w successfully4 ,:5 ^! ?ree facts _h be5 demon/rat$1 !re 0 little left to urge aga9/ ! claim4 ,rec5tly among ! univ]sities ( a c]ta9 section1 ?is "q 0 discuss$3 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ,%\ld ,levy a ,graduat$ ,income ,tax4 7,su* tax 0 conc$$ z con/itutional47 ,"o univ]sity decid$ ^u ^! z ! issues3 #a4 ,does ! gov]nm5t ne$ additional rev5ue8 #b4 ,admitt+ t additional rev5ue is ne$$1 is a graduat$ income tax ! be/ way ( secur+ ! money8 #c4 ,c\ld a graduat$ income tax be successfully collect$8 ,"h aga9 if ! debat]s favor+ a graduat$ income c\ld %[ t ! gov]nm5t does ne$ ! money1 t ! propos$ tax is ! be/ way to get x1 & t su* a tax w\ld "w 9 practice1 !y w\ld make ! audi5ce believe _! proposition4 ,if ! speak]s on ! negative side c\ld %[ t ! income ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t is suffici5t1 t1 ev5 if additional rev5ue is ne$$1 ?is is a poor way to obta9 x1 or t ?is plan1 ?\gh good 9 !ory1 is impracticable1 !y w\ld h a good case4 ,?us 9 e "q t is two-sid$ en\gh to be a good "q = debate1 !re are c]ta9 fundam5tal issues ^u :i* ! disagreem5t betwe5 ! affirmative & ! negative c be %[n to re/4 ,:5 ei!r side has answ]$ ,yes or ,no to ^! issues & has giv5 reasons = its answ] t w f9d acceptance 9 ! m9ds ( ! audi5ce & ( ! judges1 x has won ! debate4 ,x is easy1 !n1 to see :y det]m9+ ! issues1 & %[+ ! audi5ce :at ^! issues are1 is ! second /ep 9 successful debat+4 ,al?\gh !re is no fix$ rule or t\*/one by :i* an issue c imm$iately be det]m9$1 !re are sev]al rules :i* w aid 9 f9d+ !m4 #a4 ,9 all y\r ?9k+ & read+ ^u ! "q1 con/antly try to decide3 7#a7 ,:at w ! o!r side admit8 7#b7 ,is !re any?+ t ,i am ?9k+ ( 9 connection ) ?is "q t is n ess5tial to x8 #b4 ,d n try to make a f9al det]m9ation ( ! issues until y are sure y und]/& ! "q4 #c4 ,be always ready to *ange y\r issues :5 y see t !y are n fundam5tal4 ,) ^! g5]al rules 9 m9d1 ?9k ! "q ov] c>efully4 ,?is process ( det]m+ ! issues c1 & %\ld1 g on at ! same "t z ! process ( le>n+ :at ! "q means4 ,"o helps ! o!r4 ,hav+ decid$ :at w be ! issues ( ! debate1 set ^? issues d[n "u appropriate heads2 su* z1 ,is desirable1 ,is ne$$1 ,w\ld "w well1 etc4 ,:5ev] y ?9k ( a reason :y a ?+ is n ne$$1 w\ld n "w1 etc41 put t d[n 9 a simil> way4 ,n[ read m c>efully 7see ,read+ ,ref]5ces1 ,app5dix ,i7 on bo? sides ( ! "q1 &1 :5ev] y f9d a reason = or aga9/ ! proposition1 set x d[n z above4 ,! be/ me?od ( do+ ?is is to h a small pack ( pla9 c>ds1 p]haps two & "o-half by f\r in*es4 ,use "o = ea* reason t y put d[n4 ,z y ?9k & read y w det]m9e _m reasons = ! tru? or falsity ( ! proposition4 ,gradually y w see t a great _m ( !m are n s important z o!rs & t !y d n be> directly on ! "q1 b 9 reality support "s m important reason t y h set d[n4 ,z y beg9 to notice ?is1 g ?r\gh y\r pack ( c>ds & arrange !m 9 ! ord] ( importance4 ,beg9 a new pile ) e /atem5t t seems to be> directly ^u ! proposition & put "u x ^? /atem5ts t seem to support x4 ,y w soon f9d t y h all y\r c>ds 9 two or ?ree piles4 ,n[ exam9e ! c>ds :i* y h on ! top ( ea* pile4 ,see if ! pro( ( ^! /atem5ts w\ld conv9ce any p]son t y are "r4 ,if s y h probably f\nd ! issues4 ,always ?9k fir/1 !n read1 !n ?9k aga94 ,if y h det]m9$ ! issues wisely1 x w be easy 9 ! debate itself to %[ ! audi5ce & ! judges :at ^? issues are4 ,y w h a trem5d\s advantage ov] y\r oppon5t1 :o 9 8 ha/e or laz9ess may h *os5 :at are n ! real issues ( ! "q4 ,he may pres5t well ! mat]ial t he has1 b if t mat]ial does n support ! fundam5tal issues ( ! "q1 y are "r 9 call+ ! att5tion ( ! judges to t fact4 ,few debates are won on ! plat=m4 ,!y are won by ?\ghtful prep>ation4 ,be prep>$4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,give 9 y\r own words1 z briefly z y c1 a def9ition ( ! t]m ! issues ( a "q4 #b4 ,give "o illu/ration ( y\r own ( ! issues ( a "q4 #c4 ,:at is meant by det]m9+ ! issues8 #d4 ,w ! affirmative & ! negative teams always agree on ! issues8 #e4 ,c a "q h two entirely diff]5t sets ( issues8 ,:y1 or :y n8 #f4 ,if !re c be only "o correct set ( issues = a "q1 & y believe t y h det]m9$ ^?1 :at mu/ y d 9 ! debate if y\r oppon5ts advance diff]5t issues8 #g4 ,?9k ov] c>efully & set d[n :at y believe are ! issues ( "o ( ! foll[+ propositions4 ,frame ! issues z que/ions4 7#a7 a7 ,football ,%\ld ,be ,aboli%$ 9 ,?is y\r own ,s*ool4 b7 ,football ,%\ld ,be ,in/all$ z a ,regul> ,bran* ( ,a?letics 9 ,?is y\r own ,s*ool4 7#b7 a7 ,manual ,tra9+ _/,%\ld ,be ,e/abli%$ 9 ,?is ,dome/ic ,sci5ce y\r own ,s*ool4 b7 ,manual ,tra9+ _/ _/,boys _/,%\ld ,be ,made ,compulsory ,= 9 ,?is y\r own ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,girls ,s*ool4 #h4 ,are !re any t]ms 9 any ( ! above propositions :i* %\ld be made m cle> to an av]age audi5ce8 ,are !re any t]ms on ! mean+ ( :i* two oppos+ teams might disagree8 #i4 ,def9e "o su* t]m s t x w\ld be cle> & conv9c+ to an audi5ce n connect$ ) ! s*ool4 #aj4 ,give two reasons :y y believe x is or is n b5eficial to /udy argum5tation & debat+4 #aa4 ,if y 7 debat+ ! "q1 ,?is y\r own s*ool ,%\ld ,e/abli% a ,s*ool ,lun*-,room1 w\ld y take z "o ( ! issues1 ,all /ud5ts c\ld obta9 a w>m meal at noon4 ,:y1 or :y n8 ,,lesson ,v ,,h[ ,,to ,,prove ,,! ,,issues ,i4 ,:at pro( is4 ,,ii4 ,a consid]ation ( h[ pro( ( any?+ is accompli%$4 ,,iii4 ,an infallible te/ ( :at ! audi5ce w believe4 ,,iv4 ,! mat]ial ( pro(-evid5ce4 ,v4 ,evid5ce & pro( comp>$4 ,hav+ det]m9$ :at ! issues are1 & hav+ %[n ! audi5ce :y ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! issues %\ld logically w9 belief 9 y\r proposition1 all t rema9s is to prove ! issues4 ,n[ x is cle> t nei!r ! audi5ce nor ! judges c be l$ to agree ) u & to accept our issues z prov$1 by our tell+ !m t we %\ld l to h !m believe 9 ! s\ndness ( our views4 ,nei!r c we succe$ 9 conv9c+ !m by tell+ !m t !y ought to believe z we wi%4 ,! mod]n audi5ce is n to be cajol$ or br[beat5 into belief4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to p]suade our he>]s to accept our ass]tions z true8 ,! only me?od is to give !m :at !y dem&--reasons4 ,we mu/ tell :y e /atem5t is true4 ,?is process ( tell+ :y ! issues are true s effectively t ! audi5ce & judges believe !m to be true is call$ ! pro(4 ,naturally1 ! reasons t we give 9 support ( ! issues w be no bett] ?an ! issues !mselves1 unless we "k :at reasons ! audi5ce w believe4 ,& h[ are we to "k :at reasons ! audi5ce w believe8 ,we c be/ answ] t "q by det]m9+ :y we ourselves believe ^? ?+s :i* we accept4 ,:y d we believe any?+8 ,we believe t wat] is wet2 ! sky1 blue2 fire1 hot2 & sug>1 sweet1 because 9 our exp]i5ce we h always f\nd !m s4 ,^! ?+s we believe because we h exp]i5c$ !m ourselves4 ,!re are o!r ?+s t we believe 9 a simil> way4 ,we believe t n e newspap] report is reliable4 ,we believe t a /atem5t 9 ! ,outlook1 ! ,review ( ,reviews1 or ! ,_w's ,"w is likely to be m tru/wor?y ?an a yell[ headl9e 9 ! ,morn+ ,bugle4 ,our own exp]i5ce1 plus :at we h he>d ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 has l$ u to ?is belief4 ,b !re are /ill o!r ?+s t we believe al?\gh we h n exp]i5c$ !m at all4 ,we believe t ,columbus visit$ ,am]ica 9 #adib1 t ,grant 0 a great g5]al1 t ,wa%+ton 0 our fir/ presid5t4 ,directly1 ^! ?+s h nev] be5 exp]i5c$ by u1 b indirectly !y h4 ,o!rs1 )9 ^: exp]i5ce ^! ?+s h fall51 h l$ u to accept !m s ?or\ghly t !y h become our exp]i5ce second h&4 ,if we are told t a man :o 0 9 ! ,iroquois ,!at] fire 0 s]i\sly burn$1 x seems reasonable to u because our exp]i5ce recognizes burn+ z ! result ( su* a situation4 ,b if we are told t a man :o fell into ! wat] em]g$ dry1 or t a g5]al :o s]v$ "u ,wa%+ton 0 born 9 #ahcj1 we discr$it x because su* /atem5ts are n 9 accord ) our exp]i5ce4 ,we are ready1 !n1 to answ] our "q3 ,:at reasons w ^? 9 ! audi5ce believe8 ,!y w believe ^? /atem5ts :i* h>monize ) _! own exp]i5ce1 & w discr$it ^? :i* are at v>iance ) _! exp]i5ce4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 z we h se51 may be fir/ h&1 or direct2 or x may be indirect1 or second h&4 ,9 e case1 ! speak]'s argum5t mu/ base e issue ^u reasons t re/ on :at ! he>]s believe because ( _! own direct or indirect exp]i5ce4 ,suppose ,i ass]t3 ,john ,qu9n 0 a dang]\s man4 ,someone says3 ,prove t /atem5t4 ,i answ]3 ,he 0 a ?ief4 ,someone says3 ,if t is true1 he 0 a bad man1 b c y prove him a ?ief8 ,!n ,i produce a copy ( a c\rt record :i* /ates t1 on a c]ta9 day1 a duly con/itut$ c\rt f\nd ,john ,qu9n guilty ( robb+ a bank4 ,all my he>]s n[ admit1 n only t he 0 a ?ief1 b also t he 0 a dang]\s p]son4 ,i h giv5 !m a reason = my /atem5t1 & a reason = t reason1 until at la/ ,i h %[n !m t my ass]tion1 t ,john ,qu9n is a dang]\s citiz51 re/s on :at !y !mselves believe--t a c\rt record is reliable4 ,sometimes an issue _c be support$ by a reason t w come at once )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! audi5ce4 ,x is !n necess>y to support ! fir/ by a second reason t does come )9 its exp]i5ce4 ,rememb]1 !n1 z ! fundam5tal rule1 t ! judges & audi5ce w believe ! issues ( ! proposition1 &1 z a result1 ! proposition itself1 only :5 we %[ !m1 by ! /&>d ( _! own exp]i5ce1 t we are "r4 ,! reasons t we give 9 support ( ! issues are1 9 debat+1 call$ evid5ce4 ,evid5ce is n pro(2 evid5ce is ! mat]ial out ( :i* pro( is made4 ,evid5ce is l ! sep>ate /ones ( a solid wall3 no "o alone makes ! wall2 ea* "o helps make x /rong4 ,evid5ce is l ! small rods & braces ( ! truss bridge3 no "o alone supports ! weight2 ea* helps to su/a9 ! great beams t are ! real support ( ! bridge4 ,suppose we _h ! proposition3 ,! ,honor ,sy/em ( ,exam9ations ,%\ld ,be ,e/abli%$ 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool4 ,we ass]t3 ,!re is b "o issue3 ,w ! /ud5ts be hone/ 9 ! exam9ation8 ,n[1 :at evid5ce %all we use to %[ t !y w be hone/8 ,we may turn to ! exp]i5ce ( o!r s*ools4 ,aft] a c>eful inve/igation we f9d evid5ce ) :i* we may support ! ass]tion 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! ,honor ,sy/em %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 ! ,gre5burg ,high ,s*ool1 =3 ,i4 ,! /ud5t w d hone/ "w "u t sy/em1 =3 #a4 ,exp]i5ce ( simil> s*ools %[s ?is1 =3 7#a7 ,?is plan 0 a success 9 ,x ,high ,s*ool1 =3 a7 ,! pr9cipal ( t s*ool /ates quotation f pr9cipal1 =3 7a7 ,see ,s*ool ,review1 ,m>41 #aijj4 7#b7 ,?is plan is approv$ by ,y ,high ,s*ool1 =3 a7 ,etc4 ,"h ! /atem5ts us$ 9 support ( ! issue are evid5ce4 ,if ! evid5ce is /rong en\gh to br+ conviction to ! audi5ce to :i* y are speak+1 x is pro(4 ,b notice "h an important po9t4 ,:y %\ld ?is t5d to make ^? 9 ! audi5ce believe t ! honor sy/em %\ld be adopt$8 ,simply because we h %[n !m t x has work$ well else:]e1 & _! own exp]i5ce tells !m t :at has be5 a b5efit 9 o!r s*ools simil> to ?is w be a b5efit "h4 ,& 9 its f9al analysis ?is evid5ce is no /rong] ?an ! words ( ! m5 :o /ate t x has work$ 9 s*ools 7,x7 & 7,y74 ,if ! exp]i5ce ( ! audi5ce is t ^! m5 are untru?ful or likely to exagg]ate1 our evid5ce w n be good evid5ce4 ,if ! exp]i5ce ( ! audi5ce is t ^! m5 are capable1 hone/1 & reliable1 ?is evid5ce w g f> t[>d ga9+ acceptance (1 & belief 91 our proposition4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to put evid5ce into diff]5t classes & to give te/s ( good evid5ce4 ,!re is b "o rule t ! debat] ne$s to use3 ,9 judg+ evid5ce = a debate consid] :at ! effect w be on ! audi5ce & ! judges4 ,w x be conv9c+ to !m8 ,9 o!r words1 w x make _! own exp]i5ce quickly & /rongly support ! issues8 ,"t is always limit$ 9 a debate4 ,! wise debat] w !n *oose t evid5ce :i* w mo/ quickly make 8 he>]s feel t _! own exp]i5ce proves him "r4 ,:5 ! speak] has done ?is1 he has *os5 ! be/ evid5ce & has us$ en\gh ( x4 ,9 c\rts ( law :]e witnesses appe> 9 e case & te/ify z to circum/ances t did or did n occur1 x is necess>y t ! jury be able to di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 :at x %\ld & %\ld n believe4 ,witnesses (t5 h a ke5 p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! v]dict &1 !re=e1 are incl9$ to tell less or m ?an ! tru?4 ,sometimes witnesses are relatives ( p]sons :o w\ld suff] if ! case 7 decid$ aga9/ !m & !y h a t5d5cy to give unfair te/imony4 ,9 ord] t ! jury may decide z fairly z possible :at evid5ce is s\nd & :at is n1 ! attorneys on ea* side ( ! case make out a copy ( :at are call$ in/ructions4 ,^! are giv5 to ! judge :o1 provid$ he approves ( !m1 reads !m to ! jury4 ,usually ^! in/ructions urge ! jurors to consid] f\r ?+s4 ,!y mu/ consid]1 fir/1 :e!r or n ! /atem5ts ( ! witness are probable2 t is1 are !y consi/5t ) human exp]i5ce8 ,d !y seem reasonable & natural8 ,a second ?+ :i* ! jury is told to be> 9 m9d is ! opportunity :i* ! witness _h ( obs]v+ ! facts ( :i* he speaks4 ,0 he 9 a position to be famili> ) ! ?+ he describes8 ,9 ?is connection1 ! jury is sometimes in/ruct$ to consid] ! physical & m5tal qualities ( ! witness4 ,is he a man :o is physically & m5tally able to judge :at he obs]ves "u su* circum/ances8 ,a ?ird factor :i* ! jury mu/ consid] is ! possibility ( prejudice on ! "p ( ! witness4 ,has he any reason to feel m favorably t[>d "o side ?an t[>d ! o!r8 ,is ! def5dant 8 fri5d or relative or employ]8 ,a f9al consid]ation is :at is commonly call$ int]e/ 9 ! case4 ,x is cle> t if ! witness w be b5efit$ by a c]ta9 v]dict1 he may be incl9$ to frame 8 evid5ce 9 su* a way t x w t5d t[>d t v]dict4 ,all ^! consid]ations are bas$ on ! rule ( ref]r+ to exp]i5ce4 ,:at a judge really says 9 a *>ge to ! jury is ?is3 ,does y\r exp]i5ce w>n y t ! te/imony ( "s ( ^! witnesses is uns\nd8 ,det]m9e ^u t basis 9 :at respects ^! witnesses h told ! :ole tru? & 9 :at respects !y h n4 ,to summ>ize3 ,! issues ( a proposition are prov$ by be+ support$ ) evid5ce4 ,s9ce evid5ce is ! mat]ial ) :i* we build ! connection betwe5 ! issues & ! exp]i5ce ( ! audi5ce1 t evid5ce w be be/ :i* w receive ! quicke/ & /ronge/ support f ! exp]i5ce ( ! he>]s4#c ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract f a spee* ( ,burke1 ! fam\s debat] has ass]t$ t x is undesirable to use =ce ^u ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,/ate ! f\r ma9 reasons :y he ?9ks s4 ,"u ea* pr9cipal reason1 put ! reasons or evid5ce ) :i* x is support$4 ,is ?is evid5ce conv9c+8 ,:y1 or :y n8 ,fir/1 ,sir1 p]mit me to obs]ve t ! use ( =ce alone is b tempor>y4 ,x may subdue = a mom5t1 b x does n remove ! necessity ( subdu+ aga92 & a nation is n gov]n$ :i* is p]petually to be conqu]$4 ,my next objection is its unc]ta9ty4 ,t]ror is n always ! effect ( =ce1 & an armam5t is n a victory4 ,if y d n succe$1 y are )\t res\rce2 =1 conciliation fail+1 =ce rema9s2 b1 =ce fail+1 no fur!r hope ( reconciliation is left4 ,p[] & au?ority are sometimes b\ght by k9dness2 b !y c nev] be begg$ z alms by an impov]i%$ & defeat$ viol5ce4 ,a fur!r objection to =ce is t y impair ! object by y\r v endeavor to pres]ve x4 ,! ?+ y f\ght = is n ! ?+ :i* y recov]2 b depreciat$1 sunk1 wa/$1 & consum$ 9 ! conte/4 ,no?+ less w cont5t me ?an :ole ,am]ica4 ,i d n *oose to consume its /r5g? along ) our own1 because 9 all p>ts x is ! ,briti% /r5g? t ,i consume4 ,i d n *oose to be caught by a =eign enemy at ! end ( ?is exhau/+ conflict2 & /ill less 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,i may escape2 b ,i c make no insurance aga9/ su* an ev5t4 ,let me add t ,i d n *oose :olly to break ! ,am]ican _s3 because x is ! _s t has made ! c\ntry4 ,la/ly1 we h no sort ( exp]i5ce 9 favor ( =ce z an in/rum5t 9 ! rule ( our ,colonies4 ,_! gr[? & _! utility has be5 ow+ to me?ods altoge!r diff]5t4 ,our anci5t indulg5ce has be5 said to be pursu$ to a fault4 ,x may be s4 ,b we "k1 if feel+ is evid5ce1 t our fault 0 m tol]able ?an our attempt to m5d x2 & our s9 f> m salut>y ?an our p5it5ce4 #b4 ,wells's ,geometry gives ! foll[+ proposition3 ,two p]p5dicul>s to ! same /raight l9e are p>allel4 ,! evid5ce giv5 is3 ,if !y are n p>allel1 !y w1 if suffici5tly produc$1 meet at "s po9t1 :i* is impossible1 because f a giv5 po9t )\t a /raight l9e b "o p]p5dicul> c be drawn4 ,is ?is evid5ce suffici5t to con/itute pro(8 ,does x conv9ce y8 ,:y1 or :y n8 #c4 ,set d[n z mu* evid5ce z y c ?9k ( 9 t5 m9utes1 to conv9ce a bus9ess man t a high-s*ool education is an advantage 9 bus9ess life4 #d4 ,support ! /atem5t t football has b5efit$ or h>m$ ?is s*ool1 ) five tru?ful /atem5ts t are evid5ce4 ,indicate :i* ones w\ld be mo/ effective1 if y 7 speak+ to ! /ud5ts1 & :i* w\ld make ! /ronge/ impression on ! faculty4 #e4 ,9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts ( te/imony1 tell :i* ones w\ld be good evid5ce & :i* n4 ,tell :y or :y n 9 ea* case4 7#a7 ,x1 a /ud5t1 0 told t unless he %\ld po9t out ! pupil :o _h put mat*es on ! floor1 he w\ld be expell$4 ,x !n said t ,y 0 guilty4 7#b7 ,james ,br[n1 a team/]1 ass]ts t ! use ( alcohol is b5eficial to all p]sons4 7#c7 ,john ,burns1 a labor lead]1 decl>es t labor unions are b5eficial to trade4 7#d7 ,f4 ,w4 ,mc,corkle1 a l>ge manufactur]1 /ates t labor unions h prov$ b5eficial to comm]ce4 7#e7 ,pr(essor ,%eldon1 a college presid5t & pr(\nd /ud5t ( economics1 has decl>$ t labor unions help ! trade ( ! _w4 7#f7 ,h5ry ,hawk9s1 a /ud5t at ! ,john/[n ,high ,s*ool1 ass]ts t !y h ! be/ football team 9 ! /ate4 7#g7 ,m4 ,met*nik(f1 *ief att5dant at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 says3 ,z = myself1 ,i am conv9c$ t alcohol is a poison4 ,m4 ,b]!lot1 memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce & ,m$ic9e1 /ates3 ,alcohol is n a food1 ev5 ?\gh x may be a fuel4 7#h7 ,"l ,*a?am1 a memb] ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 said1 9 speak+ ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>3 ,x is a /ruggle ( free & virtu\s patriots4 #f4 ,on ! basis ( y\r answ]s to #e1 /ate ?ree conditions t w\ld make a man's speak+ or writ+ weak evid5ce z te/imony2 ?ree t w\ld make a man's te/imony /rong4 #g4 ,9 ,ex]cise #e is 7#c71 7#d71 or 7#e7 ! /ronge/ te/imony 9 favor ( labor unions4 ,:y8 ,:i* is next8 #h4 ,c y see "o dang] ( rely+ on te/imony alone = evid5ce8 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,! ,,brief4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,evid5ce ,i4 ,:at ! brief is4 ,,ii4 ,:at ! brief does4 ,,iii4 ,p>ts ( ! brief3 #a4 ,! introduction 9 :i*-- 7#a7 ,! end desir$ is made cle>4 7#b7 ,! issues are det]m9$4 #b4 ,! pro(1 :i* /ates ! issues z facts & proves !m4 #c4 ,! conclusion1 :i* is a =mal summ>y ( ! pro(4 ,,iv4 ,a specim5 model brief4 ,v4 ,a specim5 special brief4 ,,vi4 ,rules = brief+4 ,:5 a build] beg9s ! con/ruction ( a wall1 he mu/ h ! prop] mat]ial at h&4 ,:5 an eng9e] beg9s ! con/ruction ( a /eel bridge1 he mu/ h metal ( ! "r =ms & %apes4 ,nei!r ( ^! m51 h[ev]1 c accompli% ! end :i* he has 9 m9d unless he takes ?is mat]ial & puts x toge!r 9 ! prop] way4 ,s x is ) ! debat]4 ,he may h pl5ty ( good evid5ce1 b he w nev] w9 unless t evid5ce is organiz$1 t is1 put toge!r 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,! build]1 if he 7 build+ a wall ( concrete1 w\ld get ! correct =m by p\r+ ! concrete into a mold4 ,s also1 !re is a mold :i* ! debat] %\ld use 9 %ap+ 8 evid5ce4 ,:5 ! evid5ce has be5 put into ?is =m1 ! debat] is said to h con/ruct$ a brief4 ,9 a previ\s lesson we saw h[ we might prove t ,john ,qu9n 0 a dang]\s man by us+ ! evid5ce ( a c\rt record4 ,if we _h put t evid5ce 9 brief-=m we %\ld h _h ?is3 ,john ,qu9n 0 a dang]\s man1 =3 #a4 ,he 0 a ?ief1 =3 7#a7 ,! ,ill9ois /ate c\rts f\nd him guilty ( robb+ a bank1 =3 a7 ,see ,ill4 ,c\rt ,reports1 ,vol4 ,x41 p4 #hc4 ,! brief1 !n1 is a concise1 logical outl9e ( ev]y?+ t ! speak] wi%es to say to ! audi5ce4 ,its purpose is to indicate 9 ! mo/ def9ite =m e /ep ?r\gh :i* ! he>]s mu/ be tak5 9 ord] t ! proposition may at la/ be fully accept$ by _! exp]i5ce4 ,! brief is = ! debat] himself4 ,he does n %[ x to ! audi5ce4 ,x is ! framework ( 8 argum5t4 ,x is ! pa? :i*1 if c>efully m>k$ out1 w lead to success4 ,n[1 z we h se51 !re are ?ree pr9cipal /eps 9 debat+3 #a4 ,mak+ cle> :at y wi% ! audi5ce to believe4 #b4 ,%[+ ! audi5ce :y ! e/abli%+ ( c]ta9 issues %\ld make !m believe ?is4 #c4 ,prov+ ^! issues4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! /eps con/itute :at 9 ! brief is call$ ! ,introduction4 ,! ?ird /ep1 prov+ ! issues1 is ! l>ge/ "p ( ! brief & is call$ ! ,body or ! ,pro(4 ,9 addition to ^! two divisions ( ! brief !re is a sort ( =mal summ>y at ! end call$ ! ,conclusion4 ,! skeleton ( a brief !n w\ld be z foll[s3 ,,introduction ,9 :i*3 7#a7 ! desir$ end is made cle>2 7#b7 ! issues are det]m9$4 ,,pro( ,9 :i* ! issues are /at$ z decl>ations or ass]tions & def9ite reasons are giv5 :y ea* "o %\ld be believ$4 ,^! reasons are 9 turn support$ by o!r reasons until ! ass]tion is f9ally br\ght )9 ! he>]s' exp]i5ce4 ,,conclusion ,9 :i* ! pro( is summ>iz$4 ,( c\rse no two briefs are id5tical1 b all mu/ foll[ ?is g5]al plan4 ,suppose we look at :at might be call$ a model brief4 ,,model ,,brief ,/atem5t ( proposition4 ,,introduction ,i4 ,def9ition ( t]ms4 ,,ii4 ,re/atem5t ( "q 9 light ( ^! t]ms4 ,,iii4 ,det]m9ation ( issues4 #a4 ,/atem5t ( :at bo? sides admit4 #b4 ,/atem5t ( :at is irrelevant4 ,,iv4 ,/atem5t ( ! issues4 ,,pro( ,i4 ,! fir/ issue is true1 =3 #a4 ,?is reason1 :i* is true1 =3 7#a7 ,?is reason1 =3 a7 ,?is reason4 b7 ,?is reason4 #b4 ,?is reason1 =3 7#a7 ,?is evid5ce4 7#b7 ,?is au?ority4 7#c7 ,?is te/imony1 =3 a7 ,see ,vol4 ,x1 p4 --1 ( report1 docum5t1 magaz9e1 or book4 ,,ii4 ,! second issue is true1 =3 #a4 ,?is reason1 =3 7#a7 ,?is reason4 #b4 ,?is reason1 =3 7#a7 ,?is reason4 7#b7 ,?is reason4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird issue is true1 =3 #a4 ,?is reason1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,! f\r? issue is true1 =3 #a4 ,?is reason1 etc4 ,,conclusion ,!re=e1 s9ce we h %[n3 7#a7 t ! fir/ issue is true by ?is evid5ce1 7#b7 t ! second issue is well f\nd$ by ?is evid5ce2 7#c7 t ! ?ird & f\r?1 etc42 we conclude t our proposition is true4 ,n[1 let u look at a special brief1 made out 9 a high-s*ool debate1 = a special subject4 ,! prec$+ is an affirmative brief & !re 7 f\r issues4 ,9 ! foll[+ we h a negative brief1 9 :i* !re 7 ?ree issues4 ,refutation is introduc$ ne> ! close ( ! pro(4 ,( ?is we %all see m 9 ! next lesson4 ,,brief ,,= ,,negative ,,intra-,,high-,,s*ool ,,conte/s ,,%\ld ,,be ,,sub/itut$ ,,= ,,int]-,,high-,,s*ool ,,conte/s ,,9 ,,! ,,high ,,s*ools ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ill9ois ,,introduction ,i4 ,def9ition ( t]ms4 #a4 ,conte/s1 ord9>y competitions 93 a7 ,a?letics4 b7 ,debat+4 #b4 ,intra-high-s*ool conte/s 7conte/s )9 ea* s*ool74 #c4 ,int]-high-s*ool conte/s 7conte/s betwe5 diff]5t high s*ools74 ,,ii4 ,re/atem5t ( "q 9 light ( ^! def9itions4 ,conte/s )9 ea* high s*ool %\ld be sub/itut$ = conte/s betwe5 high s*ools 9 ,nor!rn ,ill9ois4 ,,iii4 ,det]m9ation ( issues4 #a4 ,x is admitt$ t3 a7 ,int] & intra conte/s bo? exi/ at pres5t 9 ! high s*ools ( ,nor!rn ,ill9ois4 b7 ,conte/ "w is a desirable =m ( tra9+4 c7 ,n all conte/s %\ld be aboli%$4 #b4 ,c]ta9 educators h ass]t$ t3 a7 ,! int] =m ( conte/s is op5 to abuses4 b7 ,! intra conte/s w\ld be m democratic4 c7 ,intra conte/s w\ld be practicable4 #c4 ,o!r educators disagree ) ^! ass]tions4 #d4 ,! issues1 !n1 are3 a7 ,are ! int] conte/s s widely abus$ 9 ! high s*ools ( ,nor!rn ,ill9ois z to w>rant _! abolition8 b7 ,w\ld ! propos$ plan be m democratic ?an ! pres5t sy/em8 c7 ,w\ld ! propos$ plan "w out 9 practice8 ,,pro( ,i4 ,conte/s betwe5 ! high s*ools ( ,nor!rn ,ill9ois are n subject to su* abuses z w w>rant _! abolition1 =3 ,a4 ,if ! abuses alleg$ aga9/ a?letic conte/s ev] exi/$1 !y are n[ ext9ct1 =3 #a4 ,! alleg$ dang] ( injury to play]s physically unfit is n an exi/+ dang]1 =3 7#a7 ,x has be5 made impossible by ! rules ( ! s*ools1 =3 a7 ,?is high s*ool requires a physician's c]tificate ( fitness be=e p>ticipation 9 any a?letic conte/1 =3 7a7 ,extract f a?letic rul+s ( s*ool bo>d4 b7 ,our oppon5t's high s*ool has a simil> regulation1 =3 7a7 ,extract f s*ool pap] ( oppon5ts4 c7 ,! ,x ,high ,s*ool has ! same rul+4 d7 ,! ,y ,high ,s*ool has ! same requirem5t4 #b4 ,! *>ge t a?letic conte/s betwe5 high s*ools make ! conte/ants poor /ud5ts is )\t s\nd basis1 =3 7#a7 ,a high /&>d ( s*ol>%ip is requir$ ( all int]-high-s*ool a?letic conte/ants1 =3 a7 ,regulations ( ,ill9ois ,a?letic ,association4 ,b4 ,! evils *>g$ aga9/ int]-high-s*ool debat+ _c be cur$ by ! propos$ s*eme1 =3 #a4 ,!y are due1 :5 !y exi/1 n to ! =m ( conte/1 b to improp] coa*+1 =3 7#a7 ,too mu* tra9+1 "o ( ! evils *>g$1 is an example ( ?is4 7#b7 ,unfair use ( evid5ce1 ! o!r evil alleg$1 is simply an evil ( improp] coa*+4 ,,ii4 ,! propos$ plan w\ld n be s democratic z ! pres5t sy/em1 =3 ,a4 ,! pres5t plan gives an opportunity to all /ud5ts1 =3 #a4 ,its class & o!r intra conte/s give a *ance to ! less pr(ici5t pupils4 #b4 ,its int] conte/s af=d an opportunity = ! m pr(ici5t pupils4 ,b4 ,! propos$ plan w\ld deprive ! m capable pupils ( desirable conte/s1 =3 #a4 ,!y c f9d conte/s /r5u\s en\gh to induce developm5t only by compet+ ) simil> /ud5ts 9 o!r s*ools4 ,,iii4 ,! propos$ plan w\ld n be practicable1 =3 ,a4 ,x is uns\nd 9 !ory1 =3 #a4 ,no pupil has a /rong desire to defeat 8 close fri5ds4 #b4 ,!re is no desirable me?od ( divid+ ! /ud5ts = competition "u ! propos$ plan1 =3 7#a7 ,class division is unsatisfactory1 =3 a7 ,! m mature & exp]i5c$ upp] classes w9 too easily4 7#b7 ,gr\p division is n desirable1 =3 a7 ,if ! division is l>ge1 ! dom9ation ( ! mature /ud5ts w give no opportunity to ! y\ng] /ud5ts4 b7 ,if ! division is small1 x is likely to develop into a secret society4 ,b4 ,exp]i5ce opposes ! propos$ plan1 =3 #a4 ,college exp]i5ce is aga9/ x1 =3 7#a7 ,n4 ,univ]sity tri$ ?is plan )\t success1 =3 a7 ,quotation f presid5t ( ,n4 #b4 ,high-s*ool exp]i5ce does n indorse x1 =3 7#a7 ,x is practically untri$ 9 high s*ools4 ,,refutation ,i4 ,! argum5t :i* ! affirmative may advance1 t ! exp]i5ce ( ,%ortridge ,high ,s*ool demon/rates ! success ( ?is plan1 is )\t weight1 =3 ,a4 ,x is n applicable to ?is "q1 =3 #a4 ,! plan at ,%ortridge is n id5tical ) ! propos$ plan1 =3 7#a7 ,%ortridge has n entirely aboli%$ int] conte/s1 =3 a7 ,s*ool ,review1 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 #b4 ,conditions 9 ,%ortridge diff] f ^? 9 ! high s*ools ( ,nor!rn ,ill9ois1 =3 7#a7 ,faculty ( t s*ool has unusual effici5cy 9 coa*+1 =3 a7 ,extract f lett] ( pr9cipal4 7#b7 ,l>g] numb] ( /ud5ts1 =3 a7 ,extract f lett] ( pr9cipal4 ,,conclusion ,s9ce !re is no opportunity = s]i\s abuse aris+ f conte/s betwe5 s*ools1 & s9ce ! adoption ( conte/s )9 ! s*ools alone w\ld less5 ! democracy ( conte/s z a =m ( education1 & s9ce ! propos$ plan is impracticable 9 !ory & has nev] be5 put into successful op]ation1 ! negative concludes t ! sub/itution ( intra = int] conte/s is n desirable 9 ! high s*ools ( ,nor!rn ,ill9ois4 ,f ^! illu/rative briefs we c draw3 ,,rules ,,= ,,brief+ ,! introduction %\ld conta9 only su* mat]ial z bo? sides w admit1 or1 z y c %[1 %\ld reasonably admit1 f ! phras+ ( ! proposition4 ,scrupul\s c>e %\ld be us$ 9 ! numb]+ & lett]+ ( all /atem5ts & sub/atem5ts4 ,ea* issue %\ld be a logical reason = ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,ea* sub/atem5t %\ld be a logical reason = ! issue or /atem5t t x supports4 ,ea* issue 9 ! pro( & ea* /atem5t t has support+ /atem5ts %\ld be foll[$ by ! ^w =4 ,ea* reason giv5 9 support ( ! issues & ea* subreason %\ld be no m ?an a simple1 complete1 decl>ative s5t5ce4 ,! ^w = %\ld nev] appe> z a connective betwe5 a /atem5t & sub/atem5t 9 ! introduction4 ,! words h5ce & !re=e %\ld nev] appe> 9 ! pro( ( ! brief1 b "o %\ld be able to read up ?r\gh ! brief & by sub/itut+ ! ^w !re=e = ! ^w = 9 ea* case1 arrive at ! proposition z a conclusion4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,turn to ,ex]cise #a1 9 ,lesson ,v1 & c>efully brief ! selection f ,burke4 #b4 ,is ! foll[+ extract f a high-s*ool /ud5t's brief correct 9 =m8 ,criticize x 9 reg>d to arrangem5t ( ideas1 & correct x s f> z is possible )\t us+ new mat]ial4 ,,socc] ,,football ,,%\ld ,,be ,,adopt$ ,,9 ,,! ,a ,,high ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,regul> ,,bran* ,,( ,,a?letic ,,sport ,,introduction ,i4 ,rec5t popul>ity ( socc]4 #a4 ,9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,9 ,am]ica4 ,,ii4 ,socc] a heal?ful game1 =3 #a4 ,develops lungs4 #b4 ,develops all ! muscles4 ,,iii4 ,issues4 #a4 ,socc] is a b5eficial game4 #b4 ,w\ld ! /ud5ts ( ,a support socc] z a regul> sport8 ,,pro( ,i4 ,socc] is a b5eficial sport1 =3 #a4 ,x requires mu* runn+1 kick+1 & dodg+1 bo? 9 (f5sive & def5sive play+1 !re=e-- 7#a7 ,x develops muscles4 7#b7 ,x develops lungs4 #b4 ,x is play$ out ( doors1 !re=e 7#a7 ,x develops lungs4 ,,ii4 ,/ud5ts ( ,a w\ld support socc] z a regul> sport1 =3 #a4 ,:o has ev] he>d ( /ud5ts :o w\ld n support socc]1 baseball1 basket-ball1 & all o!r excit+ games8 #c4 ,! foll[+ is ! conclusion ( an argum5t by ,edmund ,burke 9 :i* ! speak] ma9ta9$ t ,w>r5 ,ha/+s %\ld be impea*$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,if x _h be5 prec$$ by a cle> introduction & conv9c+ pro(1 d y ?9k t x w\ld h made an effective conclusion8 ,!re=e1 x is ) confid5ce t1 ord]$ by ! ,commons3 ,i impea* ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 ,esquire1 ( high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,i impea* him 9 ! "n ( ! ,commons ( ,great ,brita91 9 ,p>liam5t assembl$1 ^: p>liam5t>y tru/ he has betray$4 ,i impea* him 9 ! "n ( all ! ,commons ( ,great ,brita91 ^: national "* he has di%onor$4 ,i impea* him 9 ! "n ( ! p ( ,india1 ^: laws1 rights1 & lib]ties he has subv]t$1 ^: prop]ty he has de/roy$1 ^: c\ntry he has laid wa/e & desolate4 ,i impea* him 9 ! "n & by virtue ( ^? et]nal laws ( ju/ice :i* he has violat$4 ,i impea* him 9 ! "n ( human nature itself1 :i* he has cruelly outrag$1 injur$1 & oppress$ 9 bo? sexes1 9 e age1 rank1 situation1 & condition ( life4 #d4 ,take any "o ( ! foll[+ propositions & )\t o!r mat]ial ?an t ( y\r own ideas1 /ate at lea/ two issues1 &1 9 correct brief =m1 pro( = belief or unbelief4 7#a7 ,high-,s*ool ,boys ,%\ld ,smoke ,cig>ettes4 7#b7 ,no ,"o ,%\ld ,play ,football )\t a ,physician's ,p]mission4 7#c7 ,girls ,%\ld ,p>ticipate 9 ,a?letic ,games ,:ile 9 ,high ,s*ool4 7#d7 ,high-,s*ool ,frat]nities ,are ,desirable4 7#e7 ,wom5 ,%\ld ,h ! ,"r to ,vote 9 ,all ,elections4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,,! ,,=5sic ,i4 ,:at ! =5sic is4 ,,ii4 ,h[ ! =5sic may be develop$ & deliv]$3 #a4 ,by writ+ & read+ f manuscript3 7#a7 ,advantages & disadvantages4 #b4 ,by writ+ & committ+ to memory3 7#a7 ,advantages & disadvantages4 #c4 ,by oral developm5t f ! brief3 7#a7 ,advantages4 ,,iii4 ,/yle & ge/ures 9 ! deliv]y ( ! =5sic4 ,:5 ! brief is f9i%$1 ! mat]ial is ready to be put into its f9al =m4 ,?is f9al =m is call$ ! =5sic4 ,z practically all debates are conduct$ by means ( teams1 ! "w ( prep>+ ! =5sic is usually divid$ among ! memb]s ( ! team4 ,! brief may be divid$ 9 any way1 b x is desirable t ea* memb] ( ! team %\ld h "o complete1 logical division4 ,s x (t5 happ5s t ea* memb] ( ! team develops "o issue into its f9al =m4 ,! =5sic is no?+ b a r\nd+-out ( ! brief4 ,! brief is a skeleton3 ! =5sic is t skeleton develop$ into a complete lit]>y =m4 ,into ?is =m ! oral deliv]y brea!s ! _s ( liv+ ideas4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! brief exp&$ into ! full =5sic ne$ be giv5 ?an t 9 ,ex]cise ,i1 ,lesson ,v4 ,comp>e ! brief :i* y made ( ?is extract f ,burke ) ! =5sic itself1 a few p>agraphs ( :i* are quot$ !re4 ,any /ud5t w f9d t m]ely to glance ?r\gh a "p ( ?is spee* ( ,burke's is an excell5t lesson 9 brief-mak+ & 9 ! production ( =5sics4 ,fir/ /udy ! skeleton only--! brief--by read+ ! op5+ s5t5ces ( ea* p>agraph4 ,!n see h[ ?is skeleton is built into a =5sic by ! spl5did rhetoric ( ! great ,briti% /atesman4#d ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ! =5sic may be develop$ f ! brief4 ,bo? h "s advantages1 v>y+ ) ! conditions ( ! debate4 ,"o is to write out e ^w ( ! =5sic4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! debat] may1 if he wi%es1 read f 8 manuscript to ! audi5ce4 ,if he does s1 8 *ances ( mak+ a m>k$ effect are little bett] ?an if he spoke f ! bottom ( a well4 ,! av]age audi5ce w n foll[ ! speak] :o is occupi$ ) ravel+ ideas f 8 pap] r ?an ) weav+ !m into ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,! debat] :o writes 8 =5sic may1 h[ev]1 le>n x & deliv] x f memory4 ,?is me?od has "s decid$ advantages4 ,9 e debate ! "t is limit$2 & by writ+ & rewrit+ ! ideas c be compress$ into _! briefe/ & mo/ def9ite =m4 ,besides1 ! speak] may practice ^u ?is def9ite =5sic to det]m9e ! rapidity ) :i* he mu/ speak 9 ord] to f9i% 8 argum5t 9 ! allott$ "t4 ,at ! same "t ?is plan has sev]al unfavorable aspects4 ,:5 ! debat] has prep>$ himself 9 ?is way1 =gett+ is fatal4 ,he has memoriz$ words4 ,:5 ! words d n come he has no rec\rse b to wait = memory to revive1 or to look to 8 colleagues = help4 ,aga91 ! man :o has le>n$ 8 argum5t c give no v>iety to 8 attack or def5se4 ,he is l a g5]al ) an immovable batt]y1 :o1 ?\gh able to hurl a t]rific dis*>ge 9 ! "o direction 9 :i* 8 guns po9t1 is p[]less if ! attack is made ev] s slightly on 8 flank4 ,p]haps ! greate/ disadvantage ( ?is me?od is t x does n give ! /ud5t ! be/ k9d ( tra9+4 ,:at he ne$s mo/ 9 life is ! ability to arrange & pres5t ideas rapidly1 n to speak a "p by rote4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ?is plan %\ld be advis$ only :5 ! /ud5ts are work+ = "o =mal debate1 & are n prep>+ = a s]ies ( class or local conte/s t c all be controll$ by ! same in/ructor or critic4 ,) beg9n]s 9 oral argum5tation ?is me?od w usually make ! bett] %[+1 & may !re=e be consid]$ p]missible 9 ! case ( ^? teams :i*1 because ( unfamili>ity ) _! oppon5ts' me?ods1 c take no *ances4 ,?is plan ( prep>ation is 9 no way h>mful or di%one/1 b lacks "s ( ! m p]man5t advantages ( ! second me?od4 ,! second me?od ( develop+ ! brief into ! =5sic is by oral composition4 ,?is me?od dem&s t ! debat] %all speak extemporane\sly f 8 memoriz$ brief4 ,?is 9 no way means t c>eful prep>ation1 delib]ate ?\ght1 & precise organization are omitt$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =mation ( a brief f :i* a w9n+ =5sic c be exp&$ requires ! mo/ /udi\s prep>ation1 ! ke5e/ ?\ght1 & ! mo/ c>eful organization4 ,nei!r does x mean t1 z soon z ! brief is =m$1 ! =5sic c be pres5t$4 ,be=e t /ep is tak51 ! debat] :o w be successful w sp5d mu* "t1 n 9 writt51 b 9 oral composition4 ,he w /udy 8 brief until he sees t x is n m]ely a succession ( =mal /atem5ts connect$ ) ='s1 b a s]ies ( ideas arrang$ 9 t =m because !y w1 if pres5t$ 9 t ord]1 br+ conviction to 8 he>]s4 ,le>n+ ! brief1 !n1 becomes n a case ( memory1 b a matt] ( see+--see+ :at comes next because t is ! only ?+ t logically c\ld come next4 ,:5 ! brief is 9 m9d1 ! speak] w exp& x into a =5sic to an imag9>y audi5ce until he f9ds t he is express+ ! ideas cle>ly1 smoo?ly1 & readily4 ,pay no att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( repeat$ deliv]ies ! words w v>y4 ,words make little diff]5ce if ! framework ( ideas is ! same4 ,?is me?od ( compos+ ! =5sic tra9s ! m9d ( ! /ud5t to see ! logical relation%ip ( ideas1 to acquire a comm& ( language1 & to v>y ! ord] ( ideas if necess>y4 ,9 do+ ^! ?+s1 !re are develop$ ^? qualities t are ess5tial to all effective speak+4 ,a debat]'s success 9 giv+ unity & coh]5ce to 8 argum5t dep5ds *iefly on 8 me?od ( introduc+ new ideas 9 support+ 8 issues4 ,^! *anges f "o idea to ano!r1 or transitions1 z !y are call$1 %\ld always be made s t ! he>]'s att5tion w be recall$ to ! ass]tion :i* ! new idea is int5d$ to support4 ,suppose we h made ?is ass]tion3 ,conte/s )9 s*ools are m desirable ?an conte/s betwe5 s*ools4 ,we are plann+ to support ?is by prov+3 fir/1 t ! conte/s betwe5 s*ools are v mu* abus$2 second1 t ! propos$ plan w be m democratic2 & ?ird1 t ! propos$ plan w "w well 9 practice4 ,9 support+ ^! issues1 we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 pres5t a great deal ( mat]ial4 ,:5 we are ready to *ange f ! fir/ support+ idea to ! second1 we mu/ make t *ange 9 su* a way t our he>]s w "k t we are plann+ to prove ! second ma9 po9t ( our cont5tion4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,we mu/ make t *ange s t !y w be def9itely rem9d$ ( :at we h already prov$4 ,! same ?+ w hold true :5 we *ange to ! ?ird cont5tion4 ,! foll[+ illu/rates a faulty me?od ( transition3 ,conte/s betwe5 s*ools are s abus$ t !y %\ld be aboli%$ foll[$ by all ! support+ mat]ial4 ,! propos$ plan w be m democratic ?an ! pres5t foll[$ by its support4 ,! propos$ plan w\ld "w well 9 practice foll[$ by its support4 ,no matt] h[ ?or\ghly we might prove ea* ( ^!1 !y w\ld impress ! audi5ce z /&+ alone2 !y w\ld %[ no coh]5ce1 no connection ) "o ano!r4 ,! foll[+ w\ld be a bett] me?od3 ,conte/s )9 s*ools %\ld be sub/itut$ = ^? betwe5 s*ools because conte/s betwe5 s*ools are op5 to abuses s great z to w>rant _! abolition foll[$ by its support4 ,we %\ld !n beg9 to prove ! second issue 9 ?is way3 ,b n only are conte/s betwe5 s*ools s op5 to abuse t !y %\ld be aboli%$1 b !y are less desirable ?an conte/s )9 s*ools = !y are less democratic4 ,?is w !n be foll[$ ) ! support ( ! second issue4 ,! transition to ! ?ird issue %\ld be made 9 ?is way3 ,n[1 honorable judges1 we h %[n y t conte/s betwe5 s*ools are n wor?y ( cont9uance2 we h %[n y t ! plan :i* we propose w be bett] 9 its democracy ?an ! sy/em at pres5t 9 vogue2 we n[ propose to complete our argum5t by %[+ y t our plan w "w well 9 practice4 ,?is w\ld !n be foll[$ ) ! prop] support+ mat]ial4 ,great speak]s h %[n t !y realiz$ ! importance ( ^! cem5t+ transitions4 ,take = example ,burke's argum5t t =ce w be an undesirable in/rum5t to use aga9/ ! colonies4 ,he says3 ,fir/1 p]mit me to obs]ve t ! use ( =ce %all be tempor>y4 ,! next p>agraph he beg9s3 ,my next obs]vation is its unc]ta9ty4 ,he foll[s t )3 ,a fur!r obs]vation to =ce is t y impair ! object by y\r v endeavor to pres]ve x4 ,& he concludes3 ,la/ly1 we h no sort ( exp]i5ce 9 favor ( =ce z an in/rum5t 9 ! rule ( our colonies4 ,he us$ ?is pr9ciple to p]haps ev5 great] advantage :5 he argu$ t a fi]ce _s ( lib]ty _h gr[n up 9 ! colonies4 ,he supports ?is ) claims :i* are introduc$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! p ( ! colonies are desc5dants ( ,engli%m54 ,!y 7 fur!r confirm$ 9 ?is pleas+ error _! _s ( lib]ty by ! =m ( _! prov9cial legislative assemblies4 ,if any?+ 7 want+ to ?is necess>y op]ation ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 religion w\ld h giv5 x a complete effect4 ,!re is1 9 ! ,s\?1 a circum/ance att5d+ ^! colonies :i*1 9 my op9ion1 fully c\nt]balances ?is diff]5ce1 & makes ! _s ( lib]ty /ill m high & haughty ?an 9 ^? to ! nor?w>d4 ,x is t 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as1 !y h a va/ multitude ( slaves4 ,p]mit me1 ,sir1 to add ano!r circum/ance 9 our colonies1 :i* contributes no mean "p t[>ds ! gr[? & effect ( ?is untractable _s4 ,i mean _! education4 ,! la/ cause ( ?is disob$i5t _s 9 ! colonies is h>dly less p[]ful ?an ! re/ z x is n m]ely moral1 b laid deep 9 ! natural con/itution ( ?+s4 ,?ree ?\s& miles ( ocean lie betwe5 y & !m4 ,he f9ally summ>izes ^! 9 ?is way1 :i* fur!r ties !m toge!r4 ,!n1 ,sir1 f ^! six capital s\rces2 ( desc5t2 ( =m ( gov]nm5t2 ( religion 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces2 ( mann]s 9 ! s\!rn2 ( education2 ( ! remot5ess ( situation f ! fir/ mov] ( gov]nm5t2 f all ^! causes a fi]ce _s ( lib]ty has gr[n up4 ,x may be well also to po9t out m cle>ly ! some:at special nature ( ! fir/ spee*es on ea* side4 ,! fir/ spee* ( ! affirmative mu/1 ( c\rse1 make cle> to ! judges & ! audi5ce :at y wi% !m to believe4 ,?is w involve all ! /eps :i* h already be5 po9t$ out z necess>y to accompli% t result4 ,! fir/ speak] c ga9 a great deal = 8 side by pres5t+ ?is mat]ial n only ) great cle>ness1 b 9 a mann] :i* w w9 ! goodwill ( ! audi5ce t[>d himself1 8 team1 & 8 side ( ! subject4 ,to d ?is1 he mu/ be g5ial1 hone/1 mode/1 & fair4 ,he mu/ make 8 he>]s feel t he is n giv+ a n>r[ or prejudic$ analysis ( ! "q2 he mu/ make !m feel t 8 treatm5t is op5 & fair to bo? sides1 & t he f9ally rea*es ! issues n at all because he wi%es to f9d ^? issues1 b because a ?or\gh analysis ( ! "q w all[ him to rea* no o!rs4 ,! fir/ speak] on ! negative side may h mu* ! same "w to d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he agrees ) :at ! fir/ speak] ( ! affirmative has said1 he w save "t m]ely by /at+ t fact & by summ>iz+ 9 a s5t5ce or two ! /eps lead+ to ! issues4 ,if he does n agree ) ! int]pretation :i* ! affirmative has giv5 to ! "q1 x w be necess>y = him to int]pret ! "q himself4 ,he mu/ make cle> to ! judges :y 8 analysis is correct & t ( 8 oppon5t faulty4 ,9 pres5t+ ! =5sic to ! judges & audi5ce =get1 s f> z possible1 t y are debat+4 ,y h a proposition 9 :i* y believe & :i* y want !m to accept4 ,y\r purpose is n to make y\r he>]s say3 ,h[ well he does x4 ,y want !m to say3 ,he is "r4 ,d n rant4 ,speak cle>ly1 t y may be und]/ood2 & ) en\gh =ce t y may be he>d1 b 9 ! same mann] t y use 9 conv]sation4 ,good ge/ures help4 ,good ge/ures are ^? t come naturally 9 support ( y\r ideas4 ,:ile practic+ alone notice :at ge/ures y put 9 involunt>ily4 ,!y are "r4 ,d n ape anyone 9 ge/ure4 ,y\r oral "w w be m effective )\t use ( y\r h&s ?an x w be ) an ineffective use ( !m4 ,! mo/ ineffective use is ! mak+ ( motions t are s viol5t or extravagant t !y attract ! li/5]s' att5tion to !mselves & away f y\r ideas4 ,rememb] t ! expression ( y\r face is mo/ important ( all ge/ures4 ,e>ne/ int]e/1 pleasantness1 fairness1 & vigor express$ 9 ! speak]'s face at ! "r times h done m to w9 debates ?an o!r ge/ures h ev] accompli%$4 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,refutation ,i4 ,refutation expla9$4 ,,ii4 ,refutation may be c>ri$ on3 #a4 ,by ov]:elm+ con/ructive argum5t4 #b4 ,by %[+ ! weakness ( oppon5ts' argum5t4 ,,iii4 ,! "t = refutation3 #a4 ,allott$ "t4 #b4 ,special times4 ,,iv4 ,! "r _s 9 refutation4 ,our "w up to ?is po9t has dealt ) :at is call$ ! con/ructive argum5t1 i4e41 ! build+ up ( ! pro(4 ,b to make ! judges believe z y wi%1 y mu/ n m]ely support y\r cont5tions2 y mu/ de/roy ! pro( :i* y\r oppon5ts are try+ to con/ruct4 ,z ) ! successful a?letic team & ! successful g5]al1 s ) ! successful debat]1 x is necess>y1 n only to attack1 b also to repulse2 n only to c>ry out ! plan ( y\r own side1 b to meet & defeat ! plan :i* ! o!r side has develop$4 ,9 debat+1 ?is repulse1 ?is de/ruction ( ! argum5ts ( ! opposition1 is call$ refutation or rebuttal4 ,!re are two pr9cipal ways 9 :i* ! refutation ( ! oppon5t's argum5t c be accompli%$4 ,! fir/ is to de/roy x ) y\r own con/ructive argum5t4 ,! second is to %[ t 8 argum5t1 ev5 ?\gh x is n de/roy$ by y\rs1 is faulty 9 itself1 & !re=e useless4 ,al?\gh only "o ( !m is label$ ,refutation 9 ! model brief 9 ! six? lesson1 bo? types are illu/rat$ !re4 ,!re ! negative1 believ+ t ! fir/ argum5t ( ! affirmative w\ld be1 ,int] conte/s are op5 to abuse1 makes its fir/ po9t a c\nt]-ass]tion4 ,x uses z ! fir/ issue3 ,conte/s betwe5 ! high s*ools ( nor!rn ,ill9ois are n subject to su* abuses z w w>rant _! abolition4 ,:i* side w\ld ga9 ?is po9t 9 ! m9ds ( ! judges w\ld dep5d on :i* side support$ its ass]tion ) ! bett] evid5ce4 ,if "o side wi%$ to raise ?is "q aga9 9 ! refutation spee*es1 :i* close ! debate1 x c\ld d no bett] ?an to repeat & re-emphasize ! same mat]ial :i* x us$ 9 its con/ruction argum5t4 ,! second me?od ( refut+1 i4e41 %[+ an argum5t to be faulty1 is also illu/rat$ 9 ! brief 9 ! six? lesson4 ,x is m>k$ ,refutation4 ,?is mat]ial 0 introduc$ because ! negative felt sure t ! affirmative w\ld attempt to use ! exp]i5ce ( ,%ortridge ,high ,s*ool z evid5ce ( ! successful work+ ( ?is plan4 ,x 0 %[n to be faulty 9 t ! exp]i5ce ( ?is s*ool w\ld n apply to ! "q "h debat$4 ,! /ud5t's /udy ( :at makes good evid5ce = 8 own case w enable him to see ! weakness ( 8 oppon5ts' argum5ts4 ,apply ! same te/s to y\r oppon5ts' evid5ce t y apply to y\r own4 ,:at is !re ab\t ! evid5ce introduc$ t %\ld make ! audi5ce hesitate to accept x8 ,po9t ^! ?+s out to ! audi5ce4 ,x may be t prejudic$1 di%one/1 or ignorant te/imony has be5 giv54 ,x may be t n en\gh evid5ce has be5 giv5 to c>ry weight4 ,:atev] ! flaw1 po9t out to ! audi5ce t1 ^u a critical exam9ation1 exp]i5ce %[s ! evid5ce to be weak4 ,9 e debate !re is a regul> "t all[$ = rebuttal4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! only "t at :i* x may be introduc$4 ,9 ! debate1 put 9 refutation :]ev] x is ne$$4 ,"o ( ! be/ plans is1 if possible1 to refute ) a few s5t5ces at ! op5+ ( ea* spee* :at ! previ\s speak] ( ! opposition has said4 ,9 all refutation1 /ate cle>ly :at y aim to disprove4 ,:5 quot+ ! /atem5t ( an oppon5t1 be sure to be accurate4 ,some?+ l ! foll[+ is a good =m = /at+ refutation3 ,our oppon5ts1 9 argu+ t labor unions h be5 h>mful to ! comm]ce ( ,am]ica1 h /at$ t !y w\ld use z support ! te/imony ( prom95t m54 ,9 s do+1 !y h quot$ f ,x1 ,y1 & ,z4 ,?is te/imony is )\t /r5g?4 ,x1 z a l>ge employ] ( labor1 w\ld be op5 to prejudice2 ,y1 z a non-union labor]1 is bo? prejudic$ & ignorant4 ,! te/imony ( ,z1 z an ,engli%man is applicable to labor unions z !y h affect$1 n ! comm]ce ( ,am]ica1 b ! trade ( ,engl&4 ,a simil> =m is %[n 9 ! brief on int]-& intra-high-s*ool conte/s 9 refut+ ! exp]i5ce ( ,%ortridge ,high ,s*ool4 ,9 all refutation1 keep close to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! "q4 ,d n be l$ a/ray into m9ute details ^u :i* y diff]4 ,nev] tire ( recall+ att5tion to ! issues ( ! "q4 ,%[ :y ^? are ! issues1 & y w see t ! /ronge/ refutation almo/ always consi/s 9 po9t+ out :]e9 y h prov$ ^! issues1 :ile y\r oppon5ts h fail$ to d s4 ,9 ord] to be fully prep>$1 h[ev]1 x is a good plan to put ^u c>ds all ! po9ts t y\r oppon5ts may use & t y h n answ]$ 9 y\r con/ructive argum5t4 ,adopt a me?od simil> to ?is3 ,%ortridge argum5t ,i4 ,w n apply =3 7#a7 ,n ?is plan4 7#b7 ,conditions diff]1 =3 a7 ,s*ool ,review1 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 ,!n if y\r oppon5ts advance argum5ts t are n met 9 y\r spee*1 m]ely lay out ^! c>ds :ile !y speak1 & use !m z ref]5ces 9 y\r refutation4 ,! clos+ rebuttal spee* is always a critical "o4 ,"h ! speak] %\ld aga9 po9t out e mi/ake :i* 8 oppon5ts h made4 ,if _! int]pretation ( ! "q has be5 wrong1 he %\ld1 :ile avoid+ details1 emphasize ! *ief flaws 9 _! argum5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he %\ld summ>ize ! argum5t ( 8 own side f beg9n+ to end2 he %\ld make ! support ( ea* ( ! issues /& cle>ly be=e ! judges 9 its complete1 logical =m4 ,9 ^! clos+ spee*es1 z 9 ! op5+ ( ! debate1 mu* may be ga9$ by an attitude :i* w w9 ! favor ( ! he>]s t[>d ! speak] & 8 ideas4 ,an attitude ( petty criticism1 ( n>r[ness ( view1 is undesirable at any /age ( ! debate4 ,! debat] :o is incl9$ to belittle 8 oppon5ts w only belittle himself4 ,to ! judges x w appe> t ! speak] :o has "t to ridicule 8 adv]s>ies mu/ be a little %ort ( argum5ts4 ,ins9uations ( di%one/y & attempts to be s>ca/ic %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,^! weapons are %>p b !y are two-edg$ & are m likely to injure ! speak] ?an 8 oppon5t4 ,! "r attitude = a debat] is always "o ( fairness4 ,give y\r oppon5ts all possible cr$it4 ,:5 y h !n refut$ _! argum5ts1 y\r own cont5tions seem ( d\ble /r5g?4 ,x is said t ,l9coln us$ ?is me?od ) spl5did effect3 ,he w\ld (t5 re/ate ! argum5t ( 8 oppon5t ) great =ce & cle>ness2 he w\ld make x seem irrefutable4 ,!n1 :5 he began 8 attack & caus$ 8 oppon5t's argum5t to collapse1 its fall seem$ to be utt] & complete1 :ile 8 argum5ts1 :i* _h prov$ !mselves capable ( effect+ ?is de/ruction1 appe>$ all ! m p[]ful4 ,9 y\r desire to d well 9 refutation1 d n be l$ to dep5d ^u t alone4 ,!re is no old] & bett] rule ?an1 ,"k ! o!r side z well z y "k y\r own4 ,d n believe t ?is is 9 ord] t y may be ready ) a clev] answ] = e po9t made by ! o!r side4 ,! mo/ important reason :y y %\ld "k ! o!r side ( ! "q is ! necessity ( y\r det]m9+ ! issues correctly1 & ?us build+ a con/ructive argum5t t is ov]:elm+ & impregnable4 ,_m a debate has be5 lo/ because ! debat]s work$ up _! own con/ructive argum5t fir/1 & only lat]1 9 ord] to prep>e refutation1 consid]$ :at _! oppon5ts w\ld say4 ,_h !y proce$$ correctly1 !y w\ld h de/roy$ ! pro( ( _! adv]s>ies :ile !y built up _! own4 ,a clev] retort 9 refutation (t5 w9s ! applause ( ! gall]ies1 b an analysis ( ! "q s ke5 t ! real issues are det]m9$1 support$ by an organization ( evid5ce s /rong t x sweeps away all opposition z x gr[s1 is m likely to ga9 ! favorable decision ( ! judges4 ,,sugge/$ ,,ex]cises #a4 ,:at is ! purpose ( refutation8 #b4 ,:at two pr9cipal me?ods may be foll[$8 #c4 ,:at mu/ "o d to refute correctly & well8 #d4 ,d y ?9k x bett] 9 refutation to assail ! m9or po9ts ( y\r oppon5t or to attack ! ma9 issues8 #e4 ,a fell[-/ud5t 9 *emi/ry said to y3 ,! *emical symbol = wat] is ,h#dj2 two ( our classmates told me s4 ,y repli$3 ,! correct symbol1 accord+ to our in/ructor1 is ,h#b,o4 ,did y refute 8 ass]tion8 ,h[8 #f4 ,a classmate makes an argum5t :i* c\ld be brief$ ?us3 ,cig>ettes are good = high-s*ool boys1 =3 ,i4 ,!y aid heal? ( body1 =3 7#a7 ,_m a?letes smoke !m1 =3 a7 ,x smokes !m4 b7 ,y smokes !m4 c7 ,z smokes !m4 ,if y disagree ) ?is ass]tion1 d n believe !y aid heal?1 & "k ,x does n smoke cig>ettes1 h[ w\ld y refute 8 cont5tion8 #g4 ,if y\r oppon5ts 9 a debate quote op9ions ( o!rs 9 support ( _! views1 9 :at two ways c !y be refut$8 #h4 ,9 a rec5t campaign1 ! adm9i/ration c&idate us$ ?is argum5t3 ,i %\ld be re-elect$1 =3 ,times are good1 "w is pl5tiful1 crops are excell5t1 & products dem& a high price4 ,%[ any weakness 9 ?is argum5t4 #i4 ,%[ ! weakness ( pro( 9 ?is argum5t3 ,h>v>d is bett] at football ?an ,pr9ceton ,i4 ,!y defeat$ ,pr9ceton 9 #aiab4 #aj4 ,:at g5]al rule c y make f #i conc]n+ a /atem5t support$ by p>ticul> cases8 ,,lesson ,,ix ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,debate ,teams4--,! oppos+ teams 9 a debate usually consi/ ( ?ree p]sons ea*4 ,a l>g] or small] numb] is p]missible4 ,"t ( ,speak+4--,ea* speak] is ord9>ily all[$ "o con/ructive spee* & "o rebuttal spee*4 ,! con/ructive spee* is usually ab\t twice ! l5g? ( ! refutation4 ,twelve & six1 t5 & five1 & eight & f\r m9utes are all frequ5t "t-limits = debates4 ,_m debat]s make %ort] spee*es4 ,ord] ( speak+4--,! debate is op5$ by ! affirmative4 ,! fir/ speak] is foll[$ by a negative debat]1 :o1 9 turn1 is foll[$ by a memb] ( ! affirmative team1 & s on until ! entire con/ructive argum5t is pres5t$4 ,a memb] ( ! negative team op5s ! refutation4 ,speak]s !n alt]nate until ! debate is clos$ by ! affirmative4 ,! ord] ( speak]s on ea* team is (t5 diff]5t 9 refutation ?an 9 con/ructive argum5t4 ,presid+ *airman4--,e debate %\ld be presid$ ov] by a *airman4 ,8 duties are to /ate ! "q to ! audi5ce1 introduce ea* speak]1 & ann\nce ! decision ( ! judges4 ,he sometimes also acts z timekeep]4 ,timekeep]s4--,a timekeep] repres5t+ ea* ( ! compet+ organizations %\ld note ! mom5t :5 ea* speak] beg9s & notify ! *air :5 ! allott$ "t has be5 consum$4 ,x is cu/om>y to give ea* speak] z _m m9utes ( w>n+ be=e 8 "t expires z he may desire4 ,salutation4--,good =m 9 debat+ requires t ea* speak] %all beg9 ) a salutation to ! v>i\s p]sonages :om he addresses4 ,! mo/ common salutation is3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 wor?y oppon5ts1 honorable judges1 ladies & g5tlem54 ,ref]5ce to o!r speak]s4--,9 ref]r+ to memb]s ( ! oppos+ team nev] say1 he said1 %e said1 or !y said4 ,always speak ( y\r oppon5ts 9 ! ?ird p]son 9 "s su* way z1 my honorable oppon5ts1 ! fir/ speak] ( ! negative1 ! g5tlem5 ( ! affirmative1 or ! g5tlem5 f ,x4 ,9 ref]r+ to o!r memb]s ( y\r own team say1 my colleagues1 or my colleague1 ! fir/ speak]1 etc4 ,! judges4--,!re are g5]ally ?ree judges4 ,:]e x is practicable1 a l>g] numb] is desirable because _! op9ion is m ne>ly ! op9ion ( ! audi5ce z a :ole4 ,ne$less to say !y %\ld be compet5t & :olly )\t prejudice z to teams or "q4 ,! decision4--,! decision ( ea* judge %\ld be writt5 on a slip & seal$ 9 an envelope provid$ = t purpose 7see ,app5dix ,,ix1 ,=ms = ,judges' ,decision74 ,^! %\ld be op5$ by ! *airman 9 view ( ! audi5ce1 & ! decision ann\nc$4 ,,lesson ,x ,a ,,summ>y ,,& ,a ,,diagram ,we h n[ complet$ our /udy ( debat+4 ,we saw fir/ t all talk+ & writ+ is disc\rse1 & t "o great division ( disc\rse--t :i* aims to ga9 belief--is argum5tation4 ,argum5tation we divid$ into spok5 & writt5 argum5tation4 ,we f\nd t x v>ies 9 =mality b t1 :5 c>ri$ on orally "u prescrib$ conditions & ) ! expectation ( hav+ a decision r5d]$1 x is call$ debat+4 ,successful debat+ we f\nd to require ?ree /eps3 %[+ ! he>]s :at belief is desir$2 %[+ !m ^u :at issues belief dep5ds2 & support+ ^! issues ) evid5ce until we h e/abli%$ pro(4 ,we le>n$ t ! fir/ ( ^! /eps c\ld be tak5 by /at+ ! "q 9 ! =m ( a def9ite1 s+le proposition2 def9+ ! t]ms ( ?is proposition2 & !n re/at+ ! :ole matt]4 ,we f\nd t ! second /ep requir$ t ! mat]ial t bo? sides admit1 toge!r ) all o!r mat]ial t is really n p]t95t to ! "q1 %\ld be fir/ remov$1 & t ! fundam5tals ( ! "q %\ld be /at$ z ! issues4 ,! la/ /ep1 prov+ ! issues1 we f\nd to involve two processes4 ,x 0 necess>y1 fir/1 to f9d & select evid5ce1 &1 second1 to arrange t evid5ce 9 logical ord]--! brief-=m4 ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ diagram is "o t has help$ _m /ud5ts to visualize m cle>ly :at is attempt$ 9 a debate & to see h[ ! debate may be made successful4 ,! d\bt t ! audi5ce v reasonably has ( ! new idea propos$ is bridg$ ov] by ! proposition4 ,b ?is proposition w n be /rong en\gh to cause ! m9ds ( ! li/5]s to pass f unbelief to belief unless x is well support$4 ,! :ole proposition is !re=e plac$ ^u "o or two or ?ree great capitals--! issues1 "u ea* ( :i* is a pill> ( pro(4 ,^! pill>s are compos$ ( evid5ce ( e sort4 ,! intellig5t debat] has1 h[ev]1 be=e plac+ a s+le piece ( ?is evid5ce 9 ! pro(1 te/$ x c>efully4 ,he has te/$ x ) ! "q3 ,w x help br+ conviction to ! audi5ce2 h[ w x affect my he>]s8 ,moreov]1 n satisfi$ ) ?is scrupul\s *oice ( evid5ce1 he has be5 c>eful n to pile x 9 reg>dless ( position1 b to place ea* piece 9 ! position :]e x w l5d ! /ronge/ support to ! entire /ructure4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! bridge ( pro( is built solidly ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ! he>]s1 &1 almo/ )\t _! k1 _! m9ds h gone f unbelief to belief4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,bak]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,argum5tation4 ,footnote #b3 ,jevons1 ,prim] ( ,logic4 ,footnote #c3 ,= a ?or\gh discussion ( ! pr9ciple ( ref]5ce to exp]i5ce1 see ,ar?ur ,e4 ,phillips1 ,effective ,speak+1 *ap4 iii4 ,footnote #d3 ,edmund ,burke1 ,on ,conciliation ) ! ,colonies4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i ,,h[ ,,& ,,:]e ,,to ,,read ,,= ,,m ,,in=mation ,practically e subject t is int]e/+ en\gh to be a good subject = debate has be5 writt5 ab\t by o!r p4 ,e good libr>y conta9s ! books on ! foll[+ li/1 & ) a little exp]i5ce ! /ud5t c h&le !m easily4 ,a g5]al treatm5t ( e important subject c be f\nd 9 any ( ! foll[+ encyclop$ias3 ,am]icana1 ,new ,int]national1 ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 ,britannica4 ,ev]y?+ t has be5 writt5 ^u e subject 9 all g5]al1 te*nical1 & s*ool magaz9es1 c be f\nd by look+ up ! desir$ topic 93 ,! ,read]'s ,guide to ,p]iodical ,lit]ature1 or ,poole's ,index4 ,if ! matt] be+ /udi$ deals ) civics1 economics1 or sociology1 look 93 ,bliss1 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,social ,re=m1 etc42 ,lalor1 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,political ,sci5ce1 etc42 ,l>n$1 ,hi/ory ( ,ready ,ref]5ce & ,topical ,read+2 ,b[k] & lies1 ,read]'s ,guide 9 ,economics1 etc4 ,:at ,congress is do+ & has done is (t5 important4 ,?is c be f\nd 9 full 93 ,! ,congressional ,record4 ,jones's ,f9d+ ,li/ tells :]e to look = any topic 9 v>i\s gov]nm5t publications4 ,9 /udy+ _m subjects ! ne$ ( def9ite & reliable /ati/ics w be felt4 ,^! may be f\nd on almo/ any "q 9 ! foll[+ publications3 ,/atesman's ,ye>book1 ,:itak]'s ,almanac1 ,_w ,almanac1 ,*icago ,daily ,news ,almanac1 ,hazell's ,almanac1 ,u4,s4 ,c5sus ,reports4 ,nev] consid] y\r read+ complet$ until y h look$ = any special book t may be writt5 ^u y\r subject 9 ! ,c>d ,catalogue ( y\r ,libr>y4 ,make out a ,bibliography or ,read+ ,li/ 7z illu/rat$ briefly 9 ,app5dix ,v7 be=e y proce$ to actual read+4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,analysis ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,issues ,,( ,,! ,,"q ,! two specim5s t imm$iately foll[ are analyses ( ! same "q by /ud5ts ( ! same univ]sity4 ,! fir/ is a selection f ! spee* made by ,mr4 ,raymond ,s4 ,pruitt 9 ! ,t[le ,debate ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity ,law ,s*ool 9 #aiaa4 ,! second is ! introduction to ! spee* made by ,mr4 ,*>les ,watson ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity ,law ,s*ool 9 ! #aiaa debate ) ! ,law ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,/ud5ts %\ld obs]ve h[ ! two speak]s det]m9e some:at diff]5t issues4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 actions aga9/ an employ] = dea? or injury ( an employee su/a9$ 9 ! c\rse ( an indu/rial employm5t ! fell[-s]vant rule & ! rule ( ! assumption ( risk z def9$ & int]pret$ by ! common law1 %\ld be aboli%$4 ,mr4 ,pruitt1 speak+ = ! affirmative3 ,! "q :i* we discuss tonight is p>tly economic & p>tly legal4 ,by t ,i mean t view+ x f ! /&po9t ( legal liability1 we possibly c agree ) ! g5tlem5 ( ! ,negative t ! employ] %\ld respond 9 damages to 8 injur$ employee1 only :5 ! injury has be5 caus$ by ! employ]'s own fault4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 view+ ! same problem f an economic /&po9t1 y _c d5y1 t1 :5 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 own1 a work] is injur$ 9 ! c\rse ( an indu/rial employm5t1 t indu/ry %\ld comp5sate him = ! loss4 ,"h !n is ! issue--! _w-old-problem--e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( law 9 conflict ) *ang+ social & economic conditions2 &1 z hi/ory %[s1 !re c 9 su* cases be b "o solution4 ,! decision ( ! c\rt1 ! /atute ( ! legislature1 yes1 ev5 ! con/itution ( ! nation1 mu/ 9 turn yield to ! m>* ( progress & adapt itself to *ang+ conditions until once m x %all reflect ! s5se ( public ju/ice 9 its own "t4 ,h5ce1 ,i say t 9 our discussion ?is ev5+1 !re c be no confusion ( issues4 ,! ,affirmative1 accord+ to ! word+ ( ! "q1 are to advocate a *ange 9 our common law1 :ile ! ,negative 9 duty b\nd are to oppose ! proposition = *ange1 & to def5d z ! ,negative always def5d1 ! ord] ( ?+s z !y are4 ,! ,affirmative are to advocate su* a *ange1 ! abolition ( ! common-law def5ses ( ! employ]4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is debate1 x is immat]ial to u :e!r ?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by a simple ext5sion ( ! employ]'s liability1 or :e!r x is accompani$1 z 9 _m ( our /ates1 by a sy/em ( workman's comp5sation4 ,likewise1 x is a consid]ation extrane\s to ! issues ( ?is debate1 :e!r ! employ] %\ld] ?is risk himself1 :e!r he insure x 9 a private insurance company1 or :e!r he be compell$ to insure x 9 a company manag$ by ! /ate4 ,at all ev5ts1 & "u any ( ^! plans1 ! proposition ( ! ,affirmative w be ma9ta9$1 ! employ] w be depriv$ ( 8 def5ses at common law1 & ! employee w recov] 8 damages reg>dless ( que/ions ( fault4 ,assum+ !n ! full burd5 ( pro(1 ! ,affirmative propose to demon/rate t ! assumption ( risk & ! fell[-s]vant rule z def9$ & int]pret$ by ! common law %\ld be aboli%$1 fir/1 because :atev] reasons may h ju/ifi$ ^! doctr9es 9 ye>s gone by !y h no application to indu/rial conditions 9 our day2 &1 secondly1 because ! abolition ( ^! common law def5ses w b place ! burd5 ( indu/rial loss1 z 9 ju/ice x %\ld be plac$1 ^u ! ultimate consum] ( ! product ( ! indu/ry4 ,mr4 ,watson1 speak+ = ! ,negative3 ,! propos$ abolition ( ^! two common-law def5ses1 l e *ange ( law or any sugge/$ re=m1 is br\ght to our att5tion by c]ta9 exi/+ evils4 ,! advocates ( ?is re=m h a def9ite proposition 9 m9d & t proposition is def9itely & cle>ly /at$ 9 ! "q4 ,x is a "q 9 :i* p 9 e walk ( life are conc]n$4 ,s9ce x is ( su* widespread int]e/1 let u lift x f a plane ( m]e debat+ tactics1 9 :i* a "q ( ?is k9d is s (t5 plac$1 & :]e a great deal ( "t is sp5t 9 argu+ :at ! ,affirmative or ! ,negative may /& = accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ! "q1 let u lift x f t plane1 & consid] x z practical m5 & wom5 :o are int]e/$ 9 ! outcome ( ?is great problem4 ,x is1 !n1 9 its l>g] s5se1 a legal "q & mu/ be consid]$ f ! /&po9ts ( ju/ice & ( exp$i5cy4 ,x is n en\gh = ! ,affirmative to po9t out evils t exi/ "u ^! two common-law rules1 = !re is b\nd to be "s evil 9 ! adm9i/ration ( all law2 s !y mu/ fur!r %[ t ^! evils :i* !y h nam$ are inh]5t 9 ^! two laws1 & t ! propos$ *ange w rem$y ! exi/+ evils4 ,n[ ! ,negative ma9ta9 t ! evils compla9$ ( are n inh]5t 9 ^! laws1 & we believe t ! ,affirmative plan is n ! prop] solution ( ! problem4 ,i w %[ y t ^! common-law rules are f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( ju/ice & t _! removal w\ld be unju/ to ! employ]2 second t x w\ld discrim9ate aga9/ ! small] tradesm51 & ?ird t ! propos$ rem$y does n /rike at ! root ( ! evil1 s9ce x w\ld affect only a small p]c5tage ( indu/rial accid5ts4 ,,c>l ,,s*urz ,,on ,,g5]al ,,amne/y 7,a bill be+ be=e ,congress propos+ to re/ore to lead+ ,s\!rn]s _m ( ! privileges :i* _h be5 d5i$ !m foll[+ ! w>1 ,mr4 ,s*urz det]m9$ ! issue z foll[s37 ,mr4 ,presid5t3 ,:5 ?is debate comm5c$ be=e ! holidays1 ,i refra9$ f tak+ "p 9 x1 & f express+ my op9ions on "s ( ! provisions ( ! bill n[ be=e u2 hop+ z ,i did t ! measure c\ld be pass$ )\t difficulty1 & t a great _m ( ^? :o n[ labor "u political disabilities w\ld be imm$iately reliev$4 ,?is expectation 0 disappo9t$4 ,an am5dm5t to ! bill 0 adopt$4 ,x w h to g back to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives n[ unless by "s p>liam5t>y means we get rid ( ! am5dm5t1 & !re be+ no inducem5t left to waive :at criticism we might feel incl9$ to br+ =w>d1 we may consid] ! :ole "q op54 ,i beg leave to say t ,i am 9 favor ( g5]al1 or1 z ?is ^w is consid]$ m expressive1 univ]sal amne/y1 believ+1 z ,i d1 t ! reasons make x desirable t ! amne/y %\ld be univ]sal4 ,! s5ator f ,s\? ,c>ol9a has already giv5 notice t he w move to /rike out ! exceptions f ! op]ation ( ?is act ( relief = :i* ! bill provides4 ,if he _h n decl>$ 8 int5tion to t effect1 ,i w\ld d s4 ,9 any ev5t1 :5ev] he (f]s 8 am5dm5t ,i %all mo/ he>tily support x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is debate we h li/5$ to "s s5ators1 z !y conjur$ up be=e our eyes once m all ! horrors ( ! ,rebellion1 ! wick$ness ( its conception1 h[ t]rible its incid5ts 71 & h[ h>r[+ its consequ5ces4 ,sir1 ,i admit x all2 ,i w n combat ! correctness ( ! picture2 & yet if ,i diff] ) ! g5tlem5 :o drew x1 x is because1 _h ! conception ( ! ,rebellion be5 /ill m wick$1 _h its incid5ts be5 /ill m t]rible1 its consequ5ces /ill m h>r[+1 ,i c\ld n p]mit myself to =get t 9 deal+ ) ! "q n[ be=e u we h to deal n alone ) ! pa/1 b ) ! pres5t & future ( ?is republic4 ,:at d we want to accompli% z good citiz5s & patriots8 ,d we mean only to inflict ^u ! late rebels pa91 degradation1 mortification1 annoyance1 = its own sake2 to torture _! feel+s )\t any ult]ior purpose8 ,c]ta9ly su* a purpose c\ld n by any possibility animate high-m9d$ m54 ,i presume1 !re=e1 t ^? :o /ill favor ! cont9uance ( "s ( ! disabilities impos$ by ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t d s because !y h "s high] object ( public usefulness 9 view1 an object ( public usefulness suffici5t to ju/ify1 9 _! m9ds at lea/1 ! d5ial ( rights to o!rs :i* we ourselves enjoy4 ,:at c ^? objects ( public usefulness be8 ,let me assume t1 if we diff] z to ! means to be employ$1 we are agre$ z to ! supreme end & aim to be rea*$4 ,t end & aim ( our endeavors c be no o!r ?an to secure to all ! ,/ates ! bless+s ( good & free gov]nm5t & ! highe/ degree ( prosp]ity & well-be+ !y c atta91 & to revive 9 all citiz5s ( ?is republic t love = ! ,union & its in/itutions1 & t inspir+ consci\sness ( a common nationality1 :i*1 aft] all1 mu/ b9d all ,am]icans toge!r4 ,:at are ! be/ means = ! atta9m5t ( t end8 ,?is1 ,sir1 z ,i conceive x1 is ! only legitimate "q we h to decide4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,a ,,typical ,,college ,,=5sic ,! =5sic :i* foll[s is ! "o :i* 0 us$ by ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a 9 its debates ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota 9 #aijh4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s "h x 0 giv5 9 a home conte/ a few ev5+s be=e ! ,int]-,/ate ,debate4 ,x is quot$ "h ) ! p]mission ( ! ,=5sic ,league ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a4 ,resolv$1 ,t ,am]ican ,cities ,%\ld ,adopt a ,commission ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,c\lt]1 ! fir/ speak] on ! ,affirmative1 said3 ,x is n my purpose to picture ! %ame ( ,am]ican cities2 t is well kn[n2 b ,i am to consid] only ^? evils due to ! pres5t =m ( municipal gov]nm5t1 an organization bas$ on ! sep>ation ( ! p[]s into ! legislative1 executive1 & judicial dep>tm5ts4 ,! prop] rem$y = ^! evils w be secur$ only by adopt+ a =m :i* conc5trates ! entire au?ority ( city gov]nm5t 9 "o def9ite & responsible body4 ,x is a significant fact1 t dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! t5d5cy 9 municipal organization has be5 t[>d conc5tration ( p[]s4 ,c]ta9 ( our cities h recogniz$ ! wisdom ( su* action1 b h unwisely attempt$ to conc5trate only ! executive p[] :]eas ! real solution lies 9 conc5trat+ all gov]nm5tal au?ority 9 "o def9ite & responsible body4 ,new ,york ,city tri$ su* a plan & x has fail$2 fail$ because its sep>ate legislative dep>tm5t has prov$ an ob/ruction to effective action4 ,consequ5tly1 !re has be5 a cont9ual t5d5cy to deprive ! c\ncil ( all p[]1 until today its only function is to vote on fran*ises & issue c]ta9 lic5ses4 ,s evid5t is ! imp]ative ne$ ( conc5trat+ ! legislative & adm9i/rative p[]s 9 "o body1 t !re is n[ a *>t] revision committee meet+ 9 ,new ,york ^: great object is to consid] ! advisability ( entirely elim9at+ ! sep>ate c\ncil1 & creat+ 9 its place a small commission possess+ bo? legislative & adm9i/rative au?ority4 ,practically ! same condition obta9s 9 ! city ( ,bo/on4 ,:at is true ( ,new ,york & ,bo/on is equally true ( scores ( o!r cities4 ,memphis tri$ = ye>s to re=m h] gov]nm5t ) an isolat$ c\ncil4 ,today %e is clamor+ at ! doors ( h] legislature = a commission *>t]4 ,)9 ! pa/ two ye>s m ?an a doz5 /ates h provid$ = a commission =m ( gov]nm5t1 :ile )9 ! pa/ ye> m ?an a doz5 cities h actually ?r[n away _! old =ms & assum$ ! commission sy/em4 ,! success ( a sep>ate legislative body 9 /ate & national gov]nm5t is ! only excuse = its ret5tion 9 our cities1 yet ! failure1 = ov] a c5tury 9 all its diff]5t =ms & v>iations1 proves t su* a gov]nm5t is unsuit$ to !m4 ,!re are sev]al important & fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! city t dem& a diff]5t =m ( gov]nm5t & %[ conclusively t !re is no ne$ ( a sep>ate legislative body4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! city is n a sov]eign gov]nm5t1 b is subord9ate to /ate & nation4 ,!re is no reason = a di/9ct legislature to det]m9e ! broad matt]s ( policy1 = !y are det]m9$ = ! citiz5s ( ! city z well z ^? ( ! c\ntry1 by ! /ate & national legislatures1 9 :i* bo? ! city & c\ntry are repres5t$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "w ( a city is l>gely adm9i/rative & ( a bus9ess "*1 z my colleagues w %[1 & !re is no necessity = a sep>ate c\ncil to legislate :5 a commission] is bett] able1 z we %all %[1 to pass ! k9d ( legislation *>act]i/ic ( ! city4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we d n f9d1 z 9 ! /ate1 ! necessity ( a l>ge & sep>ate body to repres5t ! v>i\s localities4 ,! city has a l>ge population liv+ 9 a re/rict$ t]ritory2 9 ! /ate x is scatt]$4 ,! city is unifi$ by means ( its rapid communication & transportation facilities1 & its int]e/s are common4 ,^!1 ,honorable ,judges1 are "s g5]al reasons :y !re is no necessity = try+ to ma9ta9 a sep>ate legislative body at ! exp5se ( effici5cy 9 adm9i/ration & ! fix+ ( individual responsibility4 ,b let u n[ exam9e z to :]e9 ?is pr9ciple ( sep>ation fails to meet mod]n municipal conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place we f9d t ?is sy/em has fail$ to produce effici5cy1 because1 9 actual practice1 x has be5 impossible to keep ! legislative & adm9i/rative bran*es )9 _! prop] sph]es ( action4 ,to be sure1 su* difficulty does n exi/ 9 /ate & national gov]nm5ts :]e ! "w is naturally divid$4 ,b 9 city gov]nm5t1 :]e ! "w is ( a peculi> k9d1 :]e x is unifi$ 9 "* & is l>gely adm9i/rative & ( a bus9ess nature1 x has be5 f\nd impossible to ma9ta9 a sep>ation4 ,x is n at all surpris+ to f9d t 9 "s cities1 ! mayor is ! dom9at+ factor 9 bo? legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,he is ! presid+ (fic] ( ! c\ncil ) ! decid+ vote1 &1 9 addition1 is clo!d ) ! veto p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are scores ( in/ances :]e ! c\ncil assumes adm9i/rative functions4 ,x names all appo9tm5ts to (fice1 & x creates & controls all ! dep>tm5ts ( city gov]nm5t4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5t is subord9ate to ! c\ncil1 because its (fic]s c be bo? appo9t$ & remov$ by t body & because x c c>ry on no "w )\t ! c\ncil's au?ority4 ,?us !re is an inevitable t5d5cy to conc5trate ! p[]s 9 "o ( ! two bran*es1 yet1 at ! same "t1 diffus+ responsibility betwe5 !m4 ,su* a condition only goes to %[ t city gov]nm5t is gradually b surely work+ its way t[>d conc5tration 9 "o body4 ,b ! tr\ble lies 9 ! fact t ! pres5t sy/em makes possible conc5tration ( p[]1 )\t a correspond+ conc5tration ( responsibility4 ,f su* a condition h gr[n two grave & inh]5t evils4 ,fir/1 x has entirely elim9at$ ! sy/em ( *ecks & balances1 :i* is a fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! division ( p[]4 ,secondly1 x has utt]ly de/roy$ all effective responsibility4 ,x is app>5t at once1 t :5 "o bran* ( ! gov]nm5t dom9ates1 ! *ecks & balances betwe5 ! dep>tm5ts are imm$iately lo/1 & facts be> out :at !ory %[s to be logically true4 ,! sy/em ( *ecks & balances fail$ absolutely 9 ,new ,york1 :]e ! mayor is supreme1 & :]e ! city has be5 plund]$ ( sums e/imat$ at #g p] c5t ( ! total valuation ( real e/ate4 ,x has fail$ 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 :]e ! c\ncil dom9at$1 & :]e ,boss ,butl] paid t body #bej1jjj to pass a /reet railway fran*ise4 ,nei!r did x "w 9 ,philadelphia1 :i* has be5 plund]$ ( an am\nt equal to #aj p] c5t ( h] real e/ate valuation2 nor 9 ,san ,francisco "u ! disgraceful regime ( ,mayor ,s*mitz4 ,s ov]:elm+ is ! evid5ce on ?is po9t t x is ne$less to dwell fur!r ^u x4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is dom9ation ( "o bran* ov] ! o!r has result$ 9 a lack ( responsibility & ( co-ord9ation 9 city affairs4 ,^! two elem5ts are indisp5sable :]e ! "w to be p]=m$ is ( a local & bus9ess nature4 ,we f9d t "u ! pres5t sy/em1 no matt] :i* bran* ( gov]nm5t dom9ates1 !re is always a notori\s lack ( responsibility4 ,if ! c\ncil makes a blund] 9 legislation1 x imm$iately lays ! blame ^u ! adm9i/rative (ficials1 ma9ta9+ t x pass$ ! measure ^u recomm5dation ( ! adm9i/rative bran*1 or t bran* fail$ to c>ry out its policy4 ,if ! adm9i/rative (ficials are neglectful1 !y %ift ! blame onto ! c\ncil1 & insi/ t ! difficulty lies 9 insuffici5t legislation4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! av]age citiz5 has no way ( tell+ :]e ! blame really lies4 ,at pres5t1 !re is no attempt at co-ord9ation betwe5 ! legislative1 executive1 & judicial dep>tm5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is (t5 op5 rupture betwe5 !m4 ,= ye>s be=e ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t 0 adopt$ 9 ,galve/on1 !re 0 op5 w>f>e betwe5 ! legislative & executive dep>tm5ts1 :i* saddl$ ^u ! city a bond$ debt ( _m ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,9 our /ate1 !re is a municipality 9 :i* ! two dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t are defy+ ea* o!r4 ,bo? are ex]cis+ legislative & adm9i/rative au?ority until ! citiz5s ( t place are at a loss to "k :i* is "r4 ,?is is admitt$ly a deplorable /ate ( affairs1 yet x is ! logical result ( =c+ ^u ! city a =m ( gov]nm5t entirely unsuit$ = its ne$s4 ,moreov]1 ?is lack ( co-ord9ation & responsibility has result$ 9 ! confusion ( p[]s & ! creation ( ne$less bo>ds & committees4 ,a rec5t inve/igation 9 ,philadelphia %[$ t x _h f\r bo>ds ) p[] to te> up ! /reets at w1 b none to see t !y 7 prop]ly relaid4 ,*icago f9ds h]self possess$ ( eight diff]5t tax levy+ bodies1 :ile 9 ,new ,york ,city !re are eighty diff]5t bo>ds or individuals :o h p[] to create debt4 ,is x any wond] t ineffici5cy & graft infe/ su* a maze ( bo>ds1 c\ncils & committees8 ,we see1 !n1 t ! pres5t sy/em ( sep>ation ( p[]s produces ineffici5cy ?r\gh a confusion ( functions2 x does away completely ) ! sy/em ( *ecks & balances & results 9 utt] lack ( responsibility & co-ord9ation ( dep>tm5ts4 ,honorable ,judges1 if we are ev] to arrive at a solution ( our municipal problem1 we mu/ conc5trate municipal au?ority2 we mu/ co-ord9ate dep>tm5ts1 elim9ate useless bo>ds & committees & fix absolutely & completely individual responsibility4 ,?is1 we propose to d by e/abli%+ a commission =m ( gov]nm5t1 :]e all gov]nm5tal au?ority is ve/$ 9 "o small body ( m51 :o individually act z ! heads ( adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 b :o collectively pass ! ne$$ legislation4 ,?us1 in/ead ( a c\ncil ) re/rict$ p[]s & divid$ au?ority1 we h a few m5 assum+ positions ( g5u9e responsibility1 z reg>ds bo? ! orig9at+ & en=c+ ( laws4 ,my colleagues w %[ t su* a conc5tration ( p[]s 9 "o small body is necess>y & desirable1 bo? f ! legislative & adm9i/rative po9t ( view4 ,su* a conc5tration is desirable1 s9ce x is accompani$ by a correspond+ conc5tration ( p]sonal responsibility4 ,?is is secur$ 9 ! commission sy/em4 ,responsibility 9 adm9i/ration is secur$1 because ea* commission] is at ! head ( a dep>tm5t1 = ! effici5t & hone/ conduct ( :i* he alone is held p]sonally responsible4 ,responsibility 9 legislation is secur$1 because1 fir/1 ! body ( legislators is comp>atively small4 ,second1 ! v fact t ea* commission] possesses in=mation ess5tial to intellig5t action1 places ^u ! commission itself absolute responsibility4 ,su* a sy/em makes x impossible to %ift responsibility f "o bran* to ! o!r1 & gu>antees to u bett] & m effici5t adm9i/ration ( our municipal affairs = x elim9ates all useless bo>ds & committees & fixes absolutely & completely individual responsibility4 ,mr4 ,e>l ,/ew>t1 ! fir/ speak] on ! ,negative1 said3 ,we wi% x und]/ood at ! outset t no "o deplores ! useless bo>ds & complicat$ ma*9]y 9 _m ( our ,am]ican cities m ?an d ! ,negative4 ,be=e go+ a /ep f>!r let u get "r z to :at we mean by a commission =m4 ,! g5tlem5 /ate t !y are /&+ = a conc5tration ( all p[] 9 "o small body4 ,honorable ,judges1 !y are /&+ = some?+ diff]5t4 ,x is possible to conc5trate all au?ority 9 "o body & yet h ! diff]5t functions p]=m$ by sep>ately con/itut$ bodies4 ,= example1 ! cab9et sy/em ( ,g]many1 :]e all gov]n+ p[] is ve/$ 9 ! legislative body :i* 9 turn delegates all adm9i/rative functions to ! cab9et4 ,?us ! legislative body is directly responsible1 hav+ ultimate au?ority1 yet ! actual ex]cise ( p[] is done by di/9ct bodies4 ,n[ h[ is x ) ! commission8 ,!re1 n only does "o body h ultimate au?ority1 b x actually conducts adm9i/ration z well z legislation4 ,quot+ f ,sec4 #g ( ! ,des ,mo9es *>t]1 :i* is typical ( e commission =m *>t] 9 ?is reg>d1 x says3 ,all legislative1 executive1 & judicial functions ( ! city %all be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! commission]s :o %all ex]cise ^? functions4 ,! ,affirmative1 !n1 are /&+ = fusion ( functions1 & n conc5tration ( p[]s4 ,! ,negative d n def5d ! evils ( pres5t city organization4 ,! ,negative believe t f>-rea*+ re=ms mu/ be in/itut$ be=e we %all enjoy municipal success4 ,! issue !n is1 does ! commission =m1 or d ! re=ms propos$ by ! ,negative1 (f] ! m satisfactory solution ( our municipal problems8 ,! ,negative propose1 fir/1 t ! =m ( organization %all embody a prop] correlation or dep>tm5ts4 ,9 ! e>ly c\ncil sy/em ! functions ( ! legislative & executive dep>tm5ts s ov]lapp$ t !re 0 cont9ual conflict ( au?ority4 ,"u ! bo>d sy/em ! two dep>tm5ts 7 almo/ disconnect$1 s t ! legislative dep>tm5t c\ld n hold ! executive acc\ntable to ! w ( ! p4 ,9 _m =ms today1 z ! g5tlem5 h depict$1 ! relations betwe5 ! dep>tm5ts are su* t responsibility _c be fix$4 ,b1 ,honorable ,judges1 ^! in/ances ( failure d n %[ t x is impossible to pres]ve a prop] division ( functions1 = e conspicu\s example ( municipal success 9 ! _w is bas$ ^u ! prop] correlation betwe5 ! legislative & adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,municipal success 9 ,europe is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,!re we f9d ! cab9et =m4 ,a simil> =m is 9 vogue 9 ,toronto1 ,canada1 :i* ,mayor ,coatswa9 says is mo/ gratify+ to ! public4 ,says ,re> ,admiral ,*adwick3 ,! city ( ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1 has n[ a =m ( gov]nm5t t awak5s ! int]e/ ( ! citiz5s1 keeps t int]e/ awake1 & conducts its affairs 9 ob$i5ce to ! wi%es ( ! majority4 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 ,elmira1 ,new ,york1 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 are b a few ( ! typical ,am]ican cities :i* h successfully adopt$ ! ord9>y mayor & c\ncil =m4 ,says ,mayor ,rhett1 ( ,*>le/on3 ,i am ! executive ( a city t has be5 "u a mayor & c\ncil = ov] "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is q z capable ( prompt action on any matt] z any bus9ess corporation4 ,! ,national ,municipal ,league1 compos$ ( su* m5 z ,alb]t ,%aw1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 & ,pr(essor ,r[e ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 appo9t$ a committee to =mulate a def9ite program ( re=m4 ,?is committee did n ev5 consid] ! ab&on+ ( di/9ct legislative & adm9i/rative bodies1 b1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( unremitt+ ef=t1 pres5t$ a work+ sy/em1 embody+1 9 ! words ( ! committee itself1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( all successful gov]nm5t1 namely1 ! prop] correlation betwe5 ! legislative & adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,t program has left m>k$ traces 9 ! con/itution ( ,virg9ia1 ,alabama1 ,colorado1 ,new ,york1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 & ,delaw>e4 ,prop] correlation betwe5 dep>tm5ts is be/ facilitat$ 9 ! cab9et =m1 because all gov]n+ p[] is ve/$ 9 ! legislative body1 :i* 9 turn delegates all adm9i/rative functions to ! cab9et4 ,h[ev]1 _m cities h prop]ly correlat$ mayor & c\ncil by utiliz+ ! model *>t] ( ! ,national ,municipal ,league4 ,! ,negative1 !re=e1 is "h to promulgate no specific =m = all ,am]ican cities3 conditions 9 ,bo/on may require a diff]5t me*anism f t 9 ,san ,francisco1 b :atev] =m1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( a prop] division ( functions mu/ be embodi$4 ,! ,affirmative mu/ admit t prop] correlation ( dep>tm5ts has br\ght ab\t municipal success1 z f> z m]e organization c d s1 yet1 not)/&+ t1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( misrule "u ! commission =m 9 ,sacram5to ! freehold]s by unanim\s *oice aga9 adopt$ di/9ct legislative & adm9i/rative bodies2 & t ! commission =m has lately op]at$ b a few ye>s 9 a few small cities1 amid ar\s$ civic int]e/4 ,! ,affirmative w\ld aboli% at "o bl[ ! work+ pr9ciple ( successful city organization 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,canada1 & unnumb]$ cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! second place1 evils 9 our cities are due to bad social & economic conditions4 ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 0 notori\sly corrupt4 ,a _s ( re=m ar\s$ ! citiz5s1 & ,h>risburg /&s today z a rem>kable example ( effici5t gov]nm5t1 yet ! =m ( organization has be5 un*ang$4 ,9 _m ( our l>ge cities !re is a feeble civic _s1 due1 9 "p1 to undesirable immigrants1 ! prey to ! boss1 & utt]ly lack+ 9 inh]it$ traditions s ess5tial to ! capacity ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,ano!r in/ance3 ! mutual tax+ sy/em has fo/]$ public extravagance & loss ( int]e/ on ! "p ( ! taxpay]4 ,aga91 favor-seek+ corporations h cont9ually employ$ corrupt me?ods4 ,james ,bryce says t 9 ! developm5t ( a /rong] s5se ( civic duty r ?an any *ange 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t lies ! ultimate hope ( municipal re=m4 ,a ?ird cause ( municipal ills is t ( poor bus9ess me?ods4 ,fir/1 unju/ election laws & lack ( prop] prim>ies h p]mitt$ ! corrupt arts ( ! caucus politician4 ,second1 lack ( a uni=m sy/em ( acc\nt+ has s]v$ only to conceal ! facts1 result+ 9 apa?y on ! "p ( ! p1 diffusion ( responsibility1 & widespread corruption among (ficials4 ,?ird1 lack ( publicity ( proce$+s has protect$ graft4 ,f\r?1 lack ( civil s]vice has p]petuat$ ! spoils sy/em4 ,all ^! c & are be+ rem$i$4 ,! ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>* %[s pla9ly t x is n necess>y to *ange fundam5tal pr9ciples to secure bus9ess effici5cy4 ,x reorganiz$ ! ,real ,e/ate ,bureau ( ,new ,york t elud$ all graft *>ges & made #ajj p] c5t pr(its4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,f9ance1 h]et(ore unable to tell :e!r taxes 7 collect$1 is reorganiz$ f top to bottom4 ,?r\gh ! gl>+ light ( publicity1 ! bureau collect$ m ?an a million doll>s = pav+ done at ! public's exp5se betwe5 ! /reet-c> company's rails4 ,! old conditions1 :]e exam9ation ( ! books ( any dep>tm5t involv$ weeks ( labor1 h giv5 way to a uni=m sy/em ( public acc\nt+4 ,9 ! words ( ! ,spr+field1 ,mass41 ,republican1 ,! "w ( ! ,bureau ( ,public ,rese>* is f> m fundam5tal ?an ! "q ( sub/itut+ city organization ) a commission4 ,a f\r? cause ( evils is t ( /ate int]f]5ce 9 purely local affairs4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! city may n act except :]e au?oriz$ expressly & especially by ! /ate4 ,9 ,europe ! city may d any?+ x is n =bidd5 to d1 & municipal success !re is bas$ on ?is great] fre$om4 ,! ,european city1 ?\gh subject to g5]al /ate law1 makes its own local laws1 n 9 conflict )1 b 9 addition to1 /ate law4 ,b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! /ate legislature1 accu/om$ to int]f]e 9 matt]s ( int]e/ to ! /ate gov]nm5t1 fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 su* matt]s & ^? ( exclusive int]e/ to ! cities !mselves4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! ,clevel& ,municipal ,association report$ 9 #aijj t legislators f an outside c\nty _h introduc$ radical *anges 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( _! city gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! police1 wat] works1 & p>k sy/ems are directly "u ! /ate1 & ! only "p ! cities h is to pay ! bills4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania = ?irty-"o ye>s ! /ate kept ^u ! /atute books an act impos+ ^u ,philadelphia a self-p]petuat+ commission1 appo9t$ )\t ref]5ce to ! city's wi%es1 & ) all p[] to erect a city hall & levy taxes to collect ! tw5ty-million-doll> co/4 ,/ate & national political p>ties1 controll+ ! legislature1 h m$dl$ 9 ! private affairs ( ! city1 result+ 9 ! decay ( ! city c\ncil & ! de/ruction ( ! local autonomy4 ,pr(essor ,goodn[ says t "u ^! conditions a sci5tific solution ( ! vex$ "q ( municipal organization has be5 impossible4 ,! rem$y lies 9 re/or+ to ! city its prop] field ( legislation4 ,already ?irty /ates h pass$ con/itutional am5dm5ts grant+ great] legislative p[]s to ! cities4 ,five /ates n[ all[ cities to am5d _! own *>t]s4 ,b 9 direct opposition to ?is movem5t = municipal home rule1 ! commission =m takes ! la/ /ep 9 ! de/ruction ( ! city's legislative body & fo/]s cont9u$ /ate int]f]5ce4 ,presid5t ,eliot says t ! functions ( ! commission]s w be def9$ & enum]at$ by ! /ate4 ,n[1 ,honorable ,judges1 ! basic pr9ciple ( city gov]nm5t ! _w ov] is division ( functions4 ,x is ! pr9ciple t ! commission =m attempts to annihilate4 ,b we h po9t$ out ! real causes ( municipal evils & h %[n !y are to be rem$i$ )\t tamp]+ ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* "t & exp]i5ce h %[n to be correct 9 e in/ance ( successful city organization4 ,! ,affirmative say3 *ange ! fundam5tal pr9ciple2 all *anges 9 =m & o!r rem$ies are insuffici5t4 ,! ,negative say3 reta9 ! pr9ciple ( di/9ct legislative & adm9i/rative bodies1 b obs]ve a prop] correlation betwe5 !m :i* is done 9 c\ntless in/ances z we h %[n4 ,we w\ld rem$y bad social & economic conditions1 introduce bett] bus9ess me?ods1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 give ! city great] fre$om 9 p[]s ( local self-gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,clyde ,robb9s1 ! second speak] ( ! ,affirmative1 said3 ,x %\ld be und]/ood at ! outset t ! ,affirmative desire all ! local self-gov]nm5t = ,am]ican cities t ! ,negative c induce ! /ate legislatures to give !m4 ,b j :at is home rule = cities8 ,x is simply grant+ additional functions to ! city by ! /ate legislature4 ,! only possible way home rule c affect ! "q "u discussion is a consid]ation ( :i* =m ( gov]nm5t is be/ suit$ to p]=m additional functions grant$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! commission =m c d ?is bett] because1 fir/1 x furni%es sup]ior legislation1 & second1 x furni%es sup]ior adm9i/ration4 ,! g5tleman bl&ly assumes t ! commission =m is fundam5tally wrong1 because x fails to provide a sep>ate legislative body z d ! gov]nm5ts ( ! /ate & nation4 ,an isolat$ legislative body is desirable = /ate & national gov]nm5ts4 ,is t a reason = apply+ x to city gov]nm5t8 ,"h1 social1 economic1 & political conditions are entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ei!r /ate or nation4 ,! city is n a sov]eign body4 ,its p[]s are exclusively ^? delegat$ to x by ! /ate legislature4 ,!y are conf9$ :olly to matt]s ( local conc]n4 ,fur!rmore1 we d n d5y ! legislative functions ( ! city1 nor does ! plan we advocate contemplate ! de/ruction ( ! city's legislative body4 ,x simply means t 9 place ( ! pres5t notori\sly ineffici5t1 isolat$ c\ncil1 we e/abli% a commission c\ncil compos$ ( ! heads ( ! v>i\s adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,! "q at issue is n :e!r we %all h a city c\ncil1 ei!r sy/em provides = t2 b :e!r a commission c\ncil1 or an isolat$ c\ncil w furni% bett] ord9ances4 ,we are cont5d+ t ! commission c\ncil mu/ furni% sup]ior measures1 because 9 ! mak+ ( city ord9ances !re are at lea/ ?ree great ess5tials = :i* ?is commission c\ncil alone makes adequate provision4 ,fir/ ! legislative & adm9i/rative "w ( ! city mu/ be unalt]ably connect$2 ,second1 ! c\ncilm5 mu/ h a direct & te*nical k ( ! city affairs2 ,?ird1 ! c\ncilman mu/ be repres5tative ( ! :ole city4 ,consid]1 fir/1 h[ ! legislative & adm9i/rative "w are connect$4 ,/ate & national legislation are g5]al 9 _! nature & scope4 ,! ext5t ( t]ritory1 & ! v>iety 9 local ne$s h naturally creat$ a sep>ate law-mak+ body4 ,b 9 ! city su* conditions d n exi/4 ,! legislative acts ( ! c\ncil are specific 9 _! nature4 ,! v "n reveals _! di/9ctive "*4 ,!y are ord9ances z di/+ui%$ f o!r laws1 & are design$ to meet a p>ticul> k9d ( adm9i/ration4 ,! specific act & ! p>ticul> adm9i/ration ( x g h& 9 h&4 ,h5ce1 satisfactory measures c be enact$ only :5 !y come f ! h&s ( a commission c\ncil4 ,presid5t ,eliot recogniz$ ?is fact :5 he said t ! "w ( ! city c\ncil is n conc]n$ ) f>-rea*+ policies ( legislation4 ,!re is no occasion = two or ev5 "o sep>ate legislative body4 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,%aw writes1 t s indi/+ui%ably bl5d$ are ! legislative & adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts ( ! city1 t x is impossible to sep>ate "o f ! o!r4 ,second1 a commission c\ncil is m effective because x furni%es a direct & te*nical k ( city affairs4 ,an inve/igation 9 ,des ,mo9es %[$ t out ( #cgj acts p]=m$ by ! c\ncil1 #cb 7 grant+ ( saloon lic5ses & simil> p]mits2 #cch conc]n$ matt]s dem&+ te*nical k4 ,to h a /reet pav$1 %all "o body legislate2 a second gr\p adm9i/]2 & a ?ird pass ^u ! validity ( ! :ole ?+8 ,r ! c\ncilm5 %\ld "k good pav+2 !y %\ld "k h[ to draw up & en=ce a bus9ess contract4 ,^! are ! vital necessities4 ,! commission c\ncil secures su* results4 ,its memb]%ip is comp>atively small4 ,its sessions are held daily4 ,its memb]s h a direct k ( ! city's ne$s = ea* "o s]ves z ! head ( a dep>tm5t4 ,satisfactory legislation !n becomes a m]e bus9ess proposition4 ,x is b c>ry+ =w>d ! "w ( ea* commission]1 = successful adm9i/ration is impossible )\t compet5t legislation4 ,h5ce1 a city commission] w\ld no m ?9k ( pass+ improp] legislation ?an a bank director w\ld ?9k ( advis+ uns\nd loans4 ,! ,c$> ,rapids commission met to legislate on replac+ an old bridge4 ,! commission] ( public safety told 9 :at respects ! old /ructure 0 unsafe4 ,! commission] ( public prop]ty knew h[ mu* l& ! city own$ abutt+ ! bridge4 ,! commission] ( /reets expla9$ :at alt]ations %\ld be made 9 ! approa*es1 & ! commission] ( f9ance knew 9 j :at way ! city c\ld be/ pay = ! improvem5t4 ,honorable ,judges1 su* m5 are 9 a position to legislate ) ?or\ghness4 ,!y are a commission c\ncil1 ! v nature ( :i* makes x inevitable t !y act ) intellig5ce & effici5cy4 ,contra/ n[1 ! commission c\ncil ) ! isolat$ c\ncil4 ,"h we f9d positively no co-ord9ation betwe5 ! legislative & adm9i/rative bran*es1 :ile a c5tury ( exp]i5ce ) ! s*eme ( *ecks & balances has prov$ conclusively t x c n prev5t municipal corruption4 ,moreov]1 legislation by ! isolat$ c\ncil is n only *aotic 9 =m b x is irresponsible1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! commission c\ncil ! v fact t ! head ( ea* dep>tm5t possesses necess>y in=mation n only secures adequate legislation b fixes ) c]ta9ty ! entire responsibility4 ,! isolat$ c\ncil is a l>ge & unwieldy body4 ,ea* memb] ( x has 8 own private occupation4 ,)\t special prep>ation ( any k9d he att5ds c\ncil n (t5] ?an once a week4 ,intellig5t action "u su* conditions is simply impossible4 ,! only way ?is c\ncil has ( secur+ reliable in=mation is f ! heads ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,b ev5 !n responsibility is /ill divid$ betwe5 ! legislative & adm9i/rative bran*es4 ,?is deplorable /ate ( affairs has be5 syn*ron\s ) ! gr[? ( ! isolat$ c\ncil 9 ,am]ica4 ,is x any wond] t ! old ,des ,mo9es c\ncil vot$ to con/ruct a bridge only to f9d :5 ! "w 0 complet$ t ! city did n ev5 own ! approa*es1 or t ! old ,c$> ,rapids c\ncil let a simil> contract at an exorbitantly high price1 only to f9d1 :5 ! "w 0 complet$1 t ! contract call$ = no protect+ w+s or abutm5ts1 & ! city 0 compell$ to sp5d _m ?\s&s ( doll>s additional 9 ord] to make ! /ructure safe8 ,su* nons5sical legislation is a direct result ( ! isolat$ c\ncil4 ,x fails to provide in=mation ess5tial to intellig5t action4 ,x does n p]mit a prop] co-ord9ation ( dep>tm5ts s vitally necess>y 9 successful city gov]nm5t4 ,la/ly1 city legislation dem&s unbias$ repres5tation4 ,9 ?is respect a commission c\ncil is sup]ior to an isolat$ c\ncil4 ,9 ! commission c\ncil ea* memb] repres5ts ! entire city4 ,h5ce1 !re is no inc5tive to favor "o w>d at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,9 fact1 any su* an attempt c\ld result only 9 disa/] to ! commission] himself4 ,fur!rmore1 ea* commission] is held individually responsible = 8 dep>tm5t4 ,consequ5tly he is =c$ to insi/ ^u an imp>tial repres5tation ( ! entire city4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! pres5t situation 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,bureau ( ,municipal ,rese>*1 admitt$ly ! mo/ practical organization ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry1 is conduct+ its "w along ! l9e ( effective compet5cy 9 city dep>tm5ts4 ,z a result ( its inve/igations1 ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york h be5 =c$ to ! conclusion to :i* my colleague has already ref]r$1 namely1 t ! ultimate solution ( _! municipal difficulties w be rea*$ only :5 !y h dispos$ ( _! pres5t ineffici5t & useless w>d c\ncil & creat$ 9 its place a commission c\ncil4 ,"u ! isolat$ c\ncil a memb] is elect$ to repres5t a c]ta9 section ( ! city4 ,he mu/ d ?is1 no matt] :at may be ! effect ^u ! re/ ( ! city4 ,= example1 9 legislat+ on ! annual budget1 ea* w>d boss br+s pressure to be> ^u 8 own c\ncilman to h c]ta9 levies r$uc$1 & to secure /ipulat$ appropriations = 8 own w>d4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city la/ spr+1 ,bird ,s4 ,col]1 repres5t+ a "p ( ,brooklyn1 block$ e appropriation until he secur$ c]ta9 selfi% measures = 8 own di/rict4 ,:at is true ( ,new ,york is an annual occurr5ce 9 practically e o!r w>d-rul$ ,am]ican city4 ,fur!rmore1 c\ncilm5 f "o w>d are %amefully unresponsive to ! ne$s & desires ( citiz5s 9 o!r w>ds4 ,j ?is summ] ! c\ncil ( ,dulu?1 ,m9n41 grant$ saloon lic5ses = a w>d 9 :i* #ij p] c5t ( its citiz5s sign$ a writt5 prote/ aga9/ su* action4 ,! c\ncilm5 repres5t+ t di/rict 7 helpless to prev5t ! legislation & ! citiz5s !mselves _h no rec\rse :atsoev]4 ,! gr& jury 9 ,/4 ,l\is report$ t ! w>ds ( t city 7 an actual m5ace to dec5cy & good gov]nm5t4 ,) ^! in/ances be=e u x is well to rememb] t ! s*eme ( w>d repres5tation is a necess>y "p ( ! practical op]ation ( ! sep>ation ( p[]s 9 gov]nm5t4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 our national1 /ate1 & city organizations4 ,9 fact1 ! pr9cipal reason = an isolat$ legislative body is t ! s5tim5ts ( ! diff]5t localities may be express$ 9 legislation4 ,! practical result is t #ie p] c5t ( our city gov]nm5ts are bas$ ^u w>d repres5tation1 nor c an in/ance be cit$ 9 all ,am]ican political !ory :i* %[s ! creation ( a successful political organization bas$ ^u an isolat$ legislative body 9 :i* !re has n be5 an accompany+ repres5tation by t]ritorial di/ricts4 ,?is pr9ciple is always ! same no matt] :e!r x be a congressional di/rict ( ! national gov]nm5t or a w>d ( ! city gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce1 x is = ?is pr9ciple t ! g5tlem5 mu/ cont5d if !y wi% to argue = an isolat$ c\ncil 9 city gov]nm5t4 ,9 conclusion1 ,honorable ,judges1 a commission c\ncil is sup]ior to an isolat$ c\ncil1 because ! "w ( city legislation & adm9i/ration mu/ be unalt]ably connect$2 because ! c\ncilm5 mu/ h a direct & te*nical k ( city affairs2 &1 because ! c\ncilm5 mu/ be repres5tative ( ! :ole city4 ,mr4 ,v9c5t ,/>z+]1 ! second speak] on ! ,negative1 said3 ,! ,affirmative cont9ue to direct _! attack aga9/ ! old =m4 ,yet my colleague has sugge/$ sub/antial *anges 9 pres5t city organization1 *anges :i* h br\ght ab\t success :]ev] tri$4 ,moreov]1 we wi% to make x cle> t we are n necess>ily /&+ = a division ( p[]4 ,!re may be sep>ately con/itut$ dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 "o prim>ily = adm9i/ration1 ! o!r prim>ily = legislation1 yet a conc5tration ( au?ority 9 "o ( !m1 z 9 ! case "u ! cab9et sy/em ( ,europe4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ! opposition are advocat+ n only a conc5tration ( p[]1 b a fusion ( functions z well4 ,_! commission is at once ! executive cab9et & ! legislative body4 ,we h he>d mu* ab\t ! practical work+ ( ! new plan4 ,^u ?is matt]1 ! ,negative %all h a few words to say be=e ! close ( ! debate4 ,b grant+ = ! sake ( argum5t t ! commission =m has op]at$ ) "s degree ( success 9 a few small t[ns1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ! admitt$ ineffici5t ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t 9 vogue be=e its adoption & :5 favor$ by an ar\s$ civic int]e/1 nev]!less1 x does n foll[ t x is adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! typical ,am]ican city4 ,!re1 adm9i/ration is a matt] ( great complexity & ( vital importance4 ,bo/on has pay-rolls includ+ #ab1jjj & annual exp5diture ( #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,successful adm9i/ration "u su* conditions has necessitat$ ! gr[? ( city dep>tm5ts4 ,! heads ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts con/itute an executive cab9et4 ,"u ! commission =m1 ?is cab9et is e/abli%$ by popul> election & made ! s+le gov]nm5tal body = ! p]=mance ( bo? ! legislative & ! adm9i/rative functions4 ,su* a fusion ( functions mu/ necess>ily result3 9 poor adm9i/ration2 9 ! sacrifice ( legislation2 & 9 ! ultimate de/ruction ( local self-gov]nm5t4 ,consid] ! problem ( adm9i/ration4 ,an effici5t cab9et _c1 z a rule1 be secur$ by popul> election4 ,m5 :o possess ! ability to direct a city dep>tm5t acquire su* capacity only aft] ye>s ( prep>ation1 & su* m5 w n endure ! unc]ta9ties ( a c>e] dep5d5t ^u ! favor ( ! public4 ,! commission] ( f9ance :o und]/&s ! intricate problems ( acc\nt+ w n coddle ! p to insure 8 election4 ,popul> judgm5t1 no matt] h[ enlight5$1 _c be entru/$ ) ! selection ( su* m54 ,! old bo>d sy/em proves ?is conclusively4 ,"h1 ! *oos+ ( ! heads ( ! important city dep>tm5ts 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! p4 ,! sy/em /&s condemn$4 ,a commission =m makes ! additional blund] ( unit+ completely ! two functions ( legislation & adm9i/ration 9 ! same body4 ,?is makes ! commission]s repres5tative 9 "*4 ,b ?is condition is disa/r\s to successful adm9i/ration4 ,:5ev] ! p desire ev5 ! slighte/ *ange 9 _! local policy1 ! /ability & cont9uity ( ! city dep>tm5ts mu/ be upset4 ,repres5tation is secur$ at ! exp5se ( effici5cy4 ,adm9i/ration becomes saturat$ ) politics4 ,aga91 ,honorable ,judges1 ! managem5t ( a city %\ld be subject$ to ! criticism & control ( a review+ body4 ,bo? ! welf>e ( ! p & ! int]e/s ( good adm9i/ration dem& x4 ,adm9i/rators1 no matt] h[ valuable _! te*nical k1 make poor legislators4 ,be+ int]e/$ 9 _! "w1 !y v naturally exalt & magnify _! dep>tm5ts4 ,j a few ye>s ago1 ! city ( ,clevel& f\nd x necess>y to take ev5 ! prep>ation ( ! budget f ! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts conc]n$ & to place x ) a bo>d :i* c\ld view ) imp>tiality ! dem&s ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5t *iefs4 ,?9k ( turn+ ov] all ! functions ( a city l ,/4 ,l\is to an executive cab9et )\t ev5 ! ov]sight or criticism ( an imp>tial body4 ,&1 ,honorable ,judges1 ! :ole exp]i5ce ( gov]nm5t proves ! absolute necessity = a sep>ate legislative dep>tm5t4 ,look :]e y w1 & 9 ea* case !re is an executive cab9et1 bas$ ^u appo9tm5t1 untrammell$ by ! burd5s ( legislation1 & subject$ to ! criticism & control ( a review+ body4 ,9 ,europe1 ! city c\ncils are elect$ by ! p1 & ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts are made up ?r\gh a process ( selection & appo9tm5t1 toge!r ) ! assurance ( reasonable p]man5ce ( t5ure1 responsibility1 & adequate support4 ,likewise 9 ,am]ica1 ! l>g] cities are already organiz+ _! cab9ets ^u a some:at simil> basis4 ,! six l>ge/ cities ( ,new ,york1 all ( ! cities ( ,indiana1 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 ,baltimore1 & _m o!rs are secur+ _! important adm9i/rative (ficials ?r\gh appo9tm5t by ! mayor4 ,?is is ! g5]al plan advocat$ by ! ,national ,municipal ,league4 ,x c5t]s responsibility = ! adm9i/ration 9 "o man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! cities ( ,canada foll[ m closely to ! ,g]man sy/em4 ,!re ! cab9et is select$ by a repres5tative c\ncil4 ,9 practically all ( ^! in/ances1 m5 ( special ability h be5 obta9$1 ! dep>tm5ts ( adm9i/ration h be5 prop]ly correlat$1 responsibility has be5 conc5trat$1 & ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t successful adm9i/ration dep5ds ^u a sep>ately con/itut$ legislative body1 has be5 firmly e/abli%$4 ,x is pla9 !n t a commission =m violates ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( successful adm9i/ration4 ,x fir/ attempts to secure a cab9et by popul> vote4 ,x !n upsets ! /ability ( ! city dep>tm5ts by completely unit+ bo? ! legislative & ! adm9i/rative functions4 ,f9ally1 x de/roys ! responsibility ( t prime ess5tial ( successful adm9i/ration1 namely1 a prop] review+ body4 ,9 ! second place1 ,honorable ,judges1 ! p]man5t adoption ( a commission =m mu/ necess>ily mean a sacrifice ( legislation & ! ultimate de/ruction ( local self-gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! city may be subord9ate to ! /ate1 nev]!less1 x has a broad field ( indep5d5t action4 ,o!rwise1 :y give x a sep>ate p]sonality & a sep>ate organization8 ,cities are p]mitt$ to ex]cise va/ p[]s ( police & ( taxation4 ,x is idle to say t a few commission]s c give satisfactory legislation4 ,!y _c repres5t community int]e/s4 ,_! executive functions w naturally bias _! judgm5t4 ,moreov]1 ea* commission]1 kn[+ little ( ! ne$s ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts1 w naturally take ! ^w ( its adm9i/rative head1 especially s9ce he desires ! same fre$om4 ,?is 0 actually ! case 9 ,sacram5to1 ,cal41 :]e ! commission plan 0 tri$ = fifte5 ye>s & giv5 up z an abject failure4 ,says ! ,hon4 ,cl9ton ,:ite ( t city3 ,9 almo/ e in/ance1 ! bo>d soon came to ! und]/&+ t ea* man 0 to be let alone 9 ! managem5t ( ! dep>tm5t assign$ to him4 ,?is result$ 9 !re be+ 9 fact no tribunals ex]cis+ a sup]visory p[] ov] ! executive ( a p>ticul> dep>tm5t4 ,honorable ,judges1 a review+ & legislative body is indisp5sable 9 city gov]nm5t & a commission makes no su* provision4 ,weak 9 adm9i/ration1 :olly lack+ 9 matt]s ( legislation1 dang]\s z a !ory ( gov]nm5t1 x _c help b result 9 ! complete subjection ( local gov]nm5t to ! /ate4 ,! inevitable result ( its p]man5t adoption w be t ! important local legislative functions w become a m]e adm9i/rative bo>d ) discretion>y p[] z 9 ! case ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,goodn[3 ,! de/ruction ( ! city c\ncil has n de/roy$ c\ncil gov]nm5t4 ,x has simply made local policy a matt] ( /ate legislative det]m9ation4 ,if we wi% to de/roy ! life ( ! city1 make x impot5t to dis*>ge ! functions = :i* x 0 organiz$1 !n1 & !n only1 x might be feasible to place ov] x a commission4 ,b1 ,honorable ,judges1 au?orities are agre$ t cities mu/ be all[$ great] fre$om ( action 9 local affairs1 t municipal home rule is indisp5sable4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( our l>ge cities h be5 dom9at$ to su* an ext5t by ! /ate legislatures1 usually p>tisan & irresponsible to ! locality conc]n$1 t 9 _m cases self-gov]nm5t has become a t]m1 holl[ & )\t mean+4 ,! g5tlem5 condemn ! city c\ncil1 yet !y pass ov] ! real cause = its decay4 ,re/ore to ! city its prop] legislative p[]s1 conf9e ! "w ( ! c\ncil to legislation in/ead ( all[+ x to g into details ( adm9i/ration1 r$uce ! numb] ( c\ncilm51 if necess>y1 adju/ ! me?od ( repres5tation1 introduce ne$$ electoral & prim>y re=m1 e/abli% responsibility by means ( uni=m municipal acc\nt+ & publicity ( proce$+s1 & we ask ! g5tlem5 9 all e>ne/ness :y ,am]ican city c\ncils w n take on new life j z ! city c\ncils ( e o!r c\ntry h done 9 ! pa/4 ,! two great problems ( ,am]ican city gov]nm5t are3 fir/1 adm9i/ration2 secondly1 municipal home rule4 ,! solution ( bo? dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce ( two sep>ately con/itut$ dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is pr9ciple is be+ emphasiz$ by ! lead+ s*ol>s ( political sci5ce1 z illu/rat$ by ! program ( ! ,national ,municipal ,league4 ,9 fact1 ,honorable ,judges1 e deep-seat$ re=m 9 our l>ge cities = ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has t5d$ t[>d ?is c>d9al doctr9e ( municipal success4 ,! ,ohio ,municipal ,code ,commission1 aft] two ye>s ( c>eful /udy & obs]vation1 pres5t$ a bill bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples :i* we def5d tonight1 namely1 a sep>ation ( adm9i/ration f legislation1 & secondly1 municipal home rule4 ,9 direct opposition to ?is1 ! g5tlem5 pres5t & advocate z a p]man5t s*eme = ! organization ( ,am]ican cities1 bo? l>ge & small1 a commission =m1 a quasi-legislative & adm9i/rative bo>d patt]n$ to give m$iocrity 9 ! p]=mance ( bo? functions1 success 9 nei!r2 a =m :i* de/roys =ev] ! possibility ( develop+ an effici5t executive cab9et & is entirely out ( h>mony ) ! advanc+ idea ( municipal home rule4 ,mr4 ,george ,lux=d1 ! ?ird speak] on ! ,affirmative1 said3 ,x has be5 made v cle> by my colleagues t ! pres5t %ameful condition ( _m ( our ,am]ican cities is due 9 l>ge measure to ! peculi> =m ( ! gov]nm5t patt]n$ aft] a s*eme :i* is adapt$ to a sov]eign gov]nm5t l ! /ate or nation4 ,! ,negative dem& an isolation :i* hi/ory %[s1 s f> z our ,am]ican cities are conc]n$1 leads to a complete confusion ( functions1 ) a consequ5t loss ( responsibility4 ,kn[+ ! inadequacy ( ! s*eme !y !n dem&$ municipal home rule2 b we h %[n t ! ,affirmative are ?or\ghly committ$ to municipal home rule :i* "u ! commission =m alone c be safely intru/$ to cities4 ,/ate int]f]5ce 9 city gov]nm5t is ! *ild ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t = :i* our fri5ds ( ! ,negative are sponsors4 ,?us f> ! g5tlem5 h fail$ to disprove ! po9ts :i* we h pres5t$ t ! !ory ( *ecks & balances :5 appli$ to ,am]ican cities has fail$2 t ! plan ( conc5trat+ municipal au?ority "u "o head z advocat$ by ! commission plan is 9 complete h>mony ) mod]n indu/rial & social developm5t1 & t ! plan is sup]ior f a legislative /&po9t4 ,x %all be my purpose to %[ t x is sup]ior f ! /&po9t ( adm9i/ration4 ,we believe ?is because ! commission l5ds itself to ! application ( bus9ess me?ods4 ,! plan provides = a comp>atively small body ( m5 :o meet 9 daily session & :o give _! :ole "t to ! "w ( gov]n+ ! city4 ,at pres5t1 too (t5 ! real bus9ess ( ! (ficials is any?+ else4 ,!y give _! sp>e "t to ! city & we h se5 ! results4 ,honorable judges1 we claim t !re is a special virtue 9 ! v smallness ( ! numb] inasmu* z !y are prop]ly paid1 devote all _! "t to _! "w1 & are made 9 fact gov]nors ( ! city4 ,!y h a great deal ( "w to d & !y d x1 :ile "u our pres5t sy/ems ! c\ncilm5 h comp>atively little to d & !y fail to d t little effici5tly4 ,! reason :y ?is small body c adm9i/] ) dispat* & effici5cy is se5 at a glance4 ,ea* commission] is ! head ( a dep>tm5t = :i* he is p]sonally responsible4 ,he is n h9d]$ z is ! executive at pres5t by an ineffici5t & m$dl+ c\ncil :i* has m p[]1 (t51 ?an ! executive himself4 ,he kn[s ! laws = he has help$ to make !m4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to see t !y are execut$1 & if !y are n1 he _c escape blame4 ,he _c plead ignorance1 lack ( responsibility1 or lack ( p[] z d pres5t adm9i/rative (fic]s4 ,moreov]1 ?is body is admirably con/itut$ = effective c>ry+ out ( city bus9ess4 ,x is l>g] ?an ! s+le head$ executive & possesses1 !re=e1 a division ( "w :i* makes ! adm9i/ration f> m effective4 ,at ! same "t x is small] ?an ! old c\ncil & = t reason is m effici5t 9 enact+ ! city's peculi> k9d ( legislation4 ,9 actual practice1 & t seems to be ! real te/ ( city gov]nm5t1 bo? adm9i/ration & legislation are accompli%$ ) accuracy & dispat*4 ,= in/ance1 e spr+ = ! la/ decade c>loads ( dagoes ) _! dirt & disease h come to ,c$> ,rapids4 ,e ye> prote/s h gone up to bo? mayor & c\ncil1 b )\t result4 ,c$> ,rapids has adopt$ a commission =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,la/ spr+ :5 ! dagoes came ! same compla9ts w5t up z usual1 t because ( _! insanit>y me?ods ^! p c>ri$ ) !m fil? & disease4 ,b ! petition]s did n g to ! city c\ncil :i* met once 9 two weeks1 nor 7 !y ref]r$ to a committee :i* met less (t54 ,!y w5t directly to ! commission]s :o _h *>ge ( ! city heal? & 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! dagoes _h be5 notifi$ to ei!r clean up or leave1 & !y left ! city4 ,b1 say ! oppon5ts ( ?is plan1 ?is c\ld h be5 done "u ! old sy/em4 ,to be sure1 b ! burn+ fact rema9s t 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ! p1 x 0 n done4 ,9 ,h\/on ! gov]nm5t 0 bo? ineffici5t & di%one/4 ,= ye>s ! annual exp5ditures _h exce$$ ! income a hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,! city adopt$ a commission =m & a f\r hundr$ ?\s& doll> float+ debt 0 paid (f 9 "o ye> out ( ! ord9>y income ( ! city4 ,at ! same "t ! city's taxes 7 r$uc$ t5 p] c5t4 ,9 ! heal? dep>tm5t alone !re is a sav+ ( f #ajj to #aej p] mon?1 :ile a comb9ation 9 ! op]ation ( ! g>bage crematory & pump+ /ation saves ! city #f1jjj annually4 ,^! results h be5 accompli%$ "u a commission plan by ! application ( common1 ev]yday bus9ess pr9ciples4 ,galve/on adopt$ a commission plan1 & al?\gh its taxable values 7 r$uc$ tw5ty-five p] c5t by ! /orm ( #aijj1 yet )9 six ye>s its commission]s n only put ! city on a ca% basis1 made improvem5ts co/+ #a1jjj1jjj annually1 b actually paid (f a debt ( #cid1jjj :i* _h be5 incurr$ by ! old c\ncil1 & all ?is 0 accompli%$ )\t borr[+ a doll>1 issu+ a bond1 or increas+ ! rate ( taxation4 ,o!r cities :i* h adopt$ a commission plan are accompli%+ equally z b5eficial results4 ,h5ce1 we ma9ta9 t ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t is sup]ior f ! /&po9t ( effici5cy 9 adm9i/ration4 ,! commission plan is sup]ior 9 adm9i/ration = x is adapt$ to ! city's f9ancial problem4 ,! same body ( m5 are held responsible = ! levy+ & collect+ ( taxes & = ! sp5d+ ( ! money4 ,?is is desirable because ! adm9i/rative body :i* is to sp5d money kn[s1 accurately1 ! city's ne$ ( rev5ue4 ,!y are 9 a position to "k2 x is _! bus9ess4 ,a legislative body1 :e!r c\ncil or a bo>d1 _c "k ! city's ne$s = money )\t gett+ ! facts f ! adm9i/rative body4 ,f4,r4 ,cl[ says ! c\ncil does n pret5d to "k ! city's rev5ue problem & !y adopt ! recomm5dation ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,! ,negative's sy/em ( division ( p[]s simply divides ! responsibility betwe5 ! legislative & adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts = ! ?+ :i* 9 fact has be5 done by ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5t itself4 ,s9ce ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5t really dictates ! budget1 x %\ld be held directly responsible = x4 ,!re=e1 we cont5d t ! commission]s1 kn[+ be/ :at ! budget %\ld conta9 because z adm9i/rators !y "k ! city's ne$ = money1 are ! body ( m5 preem95tly fitt$ to h&le ! city's budget4 ,! commission plan is adapt$ to ! city's f9ancial problem because x fo/]s economy4 ,economy is ! result ( und]/&+4 ,! commission]s kn[+ ! city's gov]nm5t1 n f ! adm9i/rative side alone1 b f ! legislative side z well1 are 9 a position to economize & 9 practice !y h done s4 ,! runn+ exp5ses ( ,galve/on "u ! commission plan h be5 r$uc$ "o-?ird4 ,9 ,h\/on x co/s #ab1hjj a ye> less to run ! wat] & light plants ?an =m]ly1 :ile by a comb9ation ( "w 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts !re is a sav+ ( #i1jjj annually4 ,9 ,c$> ,rapids1 s9ce ! adoption ( ! commission plan1 !re has be5 a r$uction 9 ! pav+ contracts let ( t5 & "o-fif? p] c5t1 9 sew]age contracts1 f\rte5 & two-sev5?s p] c5t1 & 9 wat] contracts1 tw5ty p] c5t4 ,imm$iately aft] ! adoption ( ! commission plan 9 ,des ,mo9es ! annual co/ ( ea* arc-light 0 r$uc$ five doll>s4 ,reports f all ! cities us+ ! commission plan %[ t by ! use ( bus9ess pr9ciples ! commission]s h economiz$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! city's gov]nm5t4 ,! commission plan is adapt$ to ! city's f9ances because x provides a sup]ior safegu>d4 ,legislative bodies 9 our cities h be5 dep5d$ ^u to repres5t ! citiz5s' be/ int]e/4 ,9 practice1 z we h po9t$ out1 !y h n done s4 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( our municipal affairs1 says ,h5ry ,d4,f4 ,baldw91 has a legislative body /ood out z ! repres5tatives ( ! p aga9/ ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5t4 ,:y !n cont9ue a repres5tative body :i* does n 9 fact repres5t8 ,in/ead ( ! )]$ =m ( a c\ncil or legislative body /&+ betwe5 ! citiz5 & 8 gov]nm5t ! commission plan simply removes ?is useless ob/acle & all[s ! citiz5 to p>ticipate directly 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is is directly 9 h>mony ) ! well-e/abli%$ economic pr9ciple t ! self-int]e/ ( ! taxpay] w control :]e responsibility is fix$4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,briggs1 ! ?ird speak] on ! ,negative1 said3 ,x w be well :ile ! matt] is fre% 9 our m9ds1 ,honorable ,judges1 to make a brief exam9ation ( "o matt] ( :i* ! ,affirmative are mak+ a feature1 t ! commission =m af=ds unusual safegu>ds = ! f9ancial & economic int]e/s ( ! city4 ,n[1 9 all fairness to ! s*eme :i* is do+ q well 9 a v few ( our small] cities1 ! "q ought to be rais$ z to :at o!r =m ( city gov]nm5t c\ld be devis$ :i* w\ld provide great] opportunities = graft & corruption4 ,a little gr\p ( autocrats is ! ideal =m = :i* ! ard5t corruptioni/s might pray4 ,!y h x 9 ! commission =m4 ,exempl>y m5 9 (fice or a con/ant civic int]e/1 may prev5t ! commission]s f becom+ a b& ( robb]s2 b are ^! two prev5tives likely always to exi/8 ,human exp]i5ce says ,no4 ,! hi/ory ( ,new ,orleans & ,sacram5to confirm t decision4 ,civic int]e/ is b\nd to subside2 corrupt m5 are sure to become commission]s4 ,!n ! olig>*y advocat$ by ! ,affirmative becomes n a safegu>d b a b& ( raid]s equipp$ by ! v =m ( gov]nm5t to loot ! treasury4 ,we mu/ insi/1 at ?is po9t1 t our oppon5ts h fail$ 9 _! assault ^u our ma9 cont5tion3 ,fir/1 t ! evils 9 ,am]ican city gov]nm5t are n attributable to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( t gov]nm5t2 second1 t ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! propos$ =m are 9 !mselves wrong & are n consonant g5]ally ) ,am]ican ideals4 ,x rema9s to be %[n t ! commission =m is impracticable z a g5]al s*eme = ! gov]nm5t ( all ,am]ican cities4 ,we c v well agree t :]e ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t has be5 tri$ x has be5 productive ( "s good results1 & fur!r1 t 9 c]ta9 homog5e\s communities ( high culture & intellig5ce x might "w ) consid]able success2 b t ! result obta9$ 9 cities :]e ! commission =m has be5 tri$ w\ld w>rant ! univ]sal adoption ( x by ,am]ican cities we mu/ d5y4 ,we d5y ! wisdom ( adopt+ ! commission =m = x results 9 inadequate responsibility2 ?ird1 x c\ld nev] "w 9 ! va/ majority ( ,am]ican cities4 ,^! reasons are app>5t f exam9ations ( ! commission =m :]e x has be5 & is be+ tri$1 & are inh]5t 9 ! plan itself4 ,! trem5d\s c5tralization ( p[] "u ?is =m ( city gov]nm5t _c escape a critical obs]v]4 ,a small body ( m5 h absolute sway ov] ! de/9y ( ! city4 ,!y make all laws f ! m9utely specifi$ contract = a wat] sy/em to all important s*ool legislation4 ,all fran*ises are eng9e]$ by !m4 ,all contracts1 great & small1 are let by !m4 ,! city's bond$ debt is 9 _! h&s2 by !m ! city is tax$ & incumb]$4 ,p>ks1 police1 /reets1 education1 public build+s1 eng9e]+1 f9ance--ev]y?+ f ! smalle/ adm9i/rative duty to ! all-engross+ functions ( legislation devolves ^u ?is commission4 ,!y c vacate any (fice1 c create any (fice1 & )\t limit fix any sal>y !y *oose4 ,! entire (ficialdom1 outside ( ! commission itself1 & all ! employes & ! s]vants ( ! city are by law made ! ag5ts1 s]vants1 & dep5d5ts ( ! c\ncil4 ,! possibilities = ma*9e p[] ) ?is autocratic c5tralization ( au?ority are )\t condition4 ,we c demon/rate ?is be/ by giv+ practical illu/rations tak5 f ! active op]ation ( ! commission =m4 ,we may preface ^! by say+ t !re is no?+ inh]5t 9 ! commission =m or any ( its attributes :i* c insure ! selection ( bett] m5 = (fice4 ,! memb]s ( ! commission w be ab\t ! same k9d ( m5 z ! ord9>y city (ficial4 ,m9neapolis by an election at l>ge plac$ 9 ! mayor's *air its mo/ notori\s graft]4 ,?is is prov$ by ! p]sonnel ( ! commissions :]e ! sy/em is be+ tri$4 ,! inve/igat+ committee appo9t$ by ! city ( ,des ,mo9es1 quot+ _! exact words1 say t 9 ,h\/on1 :]e ! commission]s are requir$ to /ay 9 ! city hall e day1 bus9ess m5 d n hold ^? positions1 al?\gh ! sal>ies are high] ?an ! propos$ sal>ies ( ! ,des ,mo9es commission]s4 ,"o commission] 0 =m]ly a city scav5g]1 ano!r a blacksmi?1 ju/ice ( ! peace & ald]man1 a ?ird a railway conductor1 f\r? a dry-goods m]*ant1 & ! mayor1 a retir$ capitali/4 ,mr4 ,pollock ( ,kansas ,city says ( ! ,des ,mo9es commission1 ,! commission z elect$ consi/s ( a =m] police judge & ju/ice ( ! peace :o is mayor-commission] at ! sal>y ( #c1ejj2 a coal m9]1 deputy %]iff2 ! =m] city assessor1 ^: greate/ success has be5 9 public (fice2 a union pa9t] ( und\bt$ hone/y & integrity1 b f> f a #c1jjj man2 an ex-mayor & politician1 :o is p]haps ! mo/ valuable memb] ( ! new =m ( gov]nm5t1 b ^: record does n disclose any great bus9ess capacity aside f t display$ 9 public (fice4 ,! ,des ,mo9es committee says ( ! ,galve/on commission3 ,?is is a p]petual body1 a pot5tially p]fect ma*9e4 ,!re has be5 no *ange 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! ,galve/on commission s9ce x 0 organiz$4 ,! ext5sive p[] ( ! commission]s h enabl$ !m to control all political factions & to completely cru% ! opposition4 ,! commission]s' faction is 9 complete control & ev5 goes s f> z to dictate nom9ations = ! legislature & ! national congress4 ,9 ,des ,mo9es we f9d evid5ces ( ?is ma*9e p[] 9 ! v fir/ session ( ! commission4 ,mr4 ,hume 0 appo9t$ *ief ( police because he _h deliv]$ ! labor vote to ,mr4 ,ma?is4 ,! ,daily ,news1 ! only ,des ,mo9es pap] t support$ ! plan1 0 rew>d$ by hav+ ?ree ( its /aff appo9t$ to responsible positions4 ,mr4 ,lyman 0 appo9t$ secret>y to ,commission] ,hamm]y1 ,neil ,jones secret>y to ,mayor ,ma?is4 ,ano!r man 0 appo9t$ to an important te*nical position4 ,a brakeman 0 appo9t$ /reet commission] because he deliv]$ ! vote ( ! ,f$]ation ( ,labor4 ,^! are b a few ( ! in/ances :]e ?is great c5tralization ( p[] has %[n itself 9 practice to be a sy/em p]mitt+ ( unre/rict$ ma*9e p[] & political graft+4 ,new ,orleans tri$ ! sy/em & ab&on$ x ov] #bj ye>s ago because ( ?is v reason4 ,! inhabitants 7 afraid ( ?is trem5d\s c5tralization ( p[]4 ,! fri5ds ( ! commission idea claim = x ! advantage ( c5t]$ responsibility2 b practice has prov$ t ?is =m ( city gov]nm5t is actually =mulat$ to defeat responsibility4 ,by ! con/ruction ( ?is gov]n+ body ea* commission] is held responsible = 8 respective dep>tm5t4 ,b regulation = ea* dep>tm5t is made n by ! commission z a :ole b by ! :ole commission4 ,?is results 9 a confusion ( p[]s4 ,?us 9 ! city ( ,des ,mo9es1 ,mr4 ,hume1 ! p]sonal enemy ( ,commission] ,hamm]y 0 made *ief ( police by ?ree o!r memb]s ( ! commission = political reasons4 ,:o is responsible = ! mi/akes ( ,mr4 ,hume8 ,! p say ,hamm]y4 ,b ,hamm]y says3 ,i _h no?+ to d ) 8 appo9tm5t4 ,x has actually happ5$ "t & aga9 at ! commission table 9 ,des ,mo9es t regulations = ! f9ancial dep>tm5t 7 made by ! police commission1 ! /reet commission] & ! commission] ( p>ks & public build+s2 t ! police commission] w\ld h ! decid+ vote on "s important s*ool legislation2 or ! commission] ( education control ! appo9tm5t ( policem54 ,?is defect has giv5 rise to log-roll+4 ,bridges h be5 built z a p]sonal favor to "o commission] ^: vote is ne$$ to con/ruct a new s*oolh\se4 ,l>ge pav+ & build+ contracts are let simply because ! police commission] want$ to ou/ "s unfai?ful political dep5d5t4 ,9 ?is way ea* commission] ga9s great favor ) ! vot]s & at ! same "t c escape p]sonal responsibility = te*nical mi/akes by %\ld]+ ! blame onto ! :ole commission :]e 8 id5tity is lo/4 ,?is dep>tm5t trad+ has f\nd its way into ! ,galve/on commission1 claim$ to h ! be/ commission ( any city "u ?is =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,"h we f9d t at ! same "t ! prosecutor ( ! city cases 9 ! police c\rt is all[$ ! "r to collect a fee ( #aj = e crim9al1 drunk1 or vagrant convict$1 & #e = e "o :o pleads guilty2 a #ej-ye> fran*ise is grant$ to ! ,galve/on ,/reet ,railway ,co4 )\t a vote ( ! p1 ! city n to receive "o c5t ( tax & no comp5sation4 ,s1 ,honorable ,judges1 we mu/ consid] t1 :ile ! commission =m may be a tempor>y success 9 a few small cities1 its p]man5t success !re is 9 grave d\bt4 ,"u ^! conditions we d n ask t x be aboli%$1 b t "u no circum/ances its application be made g5]al 9 ?is c\ntry :]e o!r =ms ( city gov]nm5t are 9 practice m successful & 9 !ory m correct4 ,,rebuttal ,mr4 ,e>l ,/ew>t op5$ = ! ,negative3 ,! g5tlem5 cont5d t ! "w ( ! city is almo/ :olly ( a bus9ess nature4 ,honorable ,judges1 if ! city does n h important legislative duties1 :at d we mean by local self-gov]nm5t8 ,! c\rts h held aga9 & aga9 t ! "w ( ! city is prim>ily gov]nm5tal4 ,says ,judge ,dillon3 ,! city is ess5tially public & political 9 "*4 ,n a bus9ess corporation 9 ?is c\ntry c\ld place va/ sums ( money 9 ! h&s ( f\r ( five m5 )\t ! safegu>d ( "s sup]vis+ body4 ,yet ,new ,york ,city has an annual exp5diture ( #aej1jjj1jjj1 equal$ by ! aggregate ( sev5 o!r ,am]ican cities ( #djj1jjj population2 m ?an t ( nations2 ?ree times t ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic2 f\r times t ( ,sw$5 & ,norway comb9$4 ,honorable ,judges1 ! ,am]ican p are too bus9ess-l ev] to place ! entire rais+1 appropriat+1 & ext5d+ ( su* va/ sums ( money1 or ! half1 or ! qu>t]1 or ! t5? ( su*1 9 ! h&s ( five m5 )\t ! adequate *eck & safegu>d ( "s sup]vis+ & review+ body1 call x congress1 legislature1 or c\ncil4 ,! g5tlem5 condemn divisions ( p[]s because ! city's functions are ( su* a mix$ nature & no /rict l9e ( sep>ation c be drawn4 ,grant$4 ,we h emphasiz$ repeat$ly t we are n /&+ = division ( p[]s2 we are /&+ = sep>ately con/itut$ bodies1 :i* %all co-op]ate4 ,we are def5d+ no sy/em ( disconnect$ committees :i* ! g5tlem5 h sp5t a :ole spee* 9 attack+1 & we h %[n1 fur!rmore1 t ! evils are only augm5t$ by go+ to ! o!r extreme & completely confus+ ! functions 9 "o small body4 ,! g5tlem5 see no diff]5ce betwe5 pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & ! =m or me*anism :i* embodies1 adequately or inadequately1 ^? pr9ciples4 ,!y =get t ! ,national ,municipal ,league debat$ = ?ree ye>s ov] detail ( =m1 nev] once disagree+ z to ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( di/9ct bodies = legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,!y =get t ! model *>t]1 :i* is effici5t because x has a prop] co-ord9ation ( dep>tm5ts1 is bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ( sep>ately con/itut$ bodies z ! old bo>d sy/em ) its disconnect$ dep>tm5ts & complicat$ ma*9]y4 ,because ! ma*9]y has be5 inadequate1 ow+ to causes :i* ! g5tlem5 h ignor$1 !y w\ld aboli% ! work+ pr9ciple :i* is prov$ correct 9 e in/ance ( successful city organization1 :]ev] f\nd4 ,j a ^w on ?is ov]-work$ argum5t ( c5t]+ responsibility4 ,acc\ntability means t a man *>g$ ) ! p]=mance ( a task %all be held undivid$ly responsible = x4 ,n[ ! commission]s collectively legislate4 ,!y c n d ?is )\t con/antly & s]i\sly intrud+ ^u ! "w ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts4 ,! mom5t ?is is done1 responsibility is diffus$4 ,! ,hume incid5t1 m5tion$ by my colleague1 is abundant illu/ration ( ! way responsibility is fix$ "u a commission =m4 ,says ,pr(essor ,f4,i4 ,h]riot1 head ( ! dep>tm5t ( political sci5ce 9 ,drake ,univ]sity & /ati/ician ( ! ,i[a bo>d ( control3 ,a commission =m cuts at ! v roots ( (ficial acc\ntability & responsibility &1 /range en\gh1 x is because its fri5ds believe t x enhances fix+ ( responsibility t !y propose x4 ,?is f a s*ol> :o has wat*$ ! plan 9 op]ation4 ,a commission =m does n fix responsibility1 b ev5 grant+ = ! sake ( argum5t t x does1 are we to sacrifice repres5tative gov]nm5t = ! sake ( fix+ responsibility8 ,if s1 !n :y n make x /ill m def9ite & e/abli% "o-man p[]8 ,honorable ,judges1 we h %[n t responsibility is m effectively c5t]$ by e/abli%+ uni=m acc\nt+ & publicity4 ,! affirmative cont5d t ! commission]s w furni% sup]ior legislation4 ,n[ we d n say t k ( adm9i/ration is ( no b5efit 9 legislation4 ,b ! necess>y in=mation c be secur$ )\t confus+ ! functions 9 a small executive cab9et4 ,9 ,europe x is done by mak+ ! cab9et responsible to ! c\ncil4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 ,baltimore1 x is done by hav+ ! cab9et meet & co-op]ate ) ! c\ncil4 ,no?+ c be done by )hold+ ! in=mation1 & z a matt] ( fact1 ! city secures all ! b5efit ( ! te*nical tra9+ ( its adm9i/rators )\t ! disadvantage ( confusion ( functions4 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,c\lt] op5$ = ! ,affirmative3 ,x has be5 argu$ by ! ,negative t ! success ( ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t is bas$ ^u ! assumption ( elect+ good m5 to (fice1 & z an illu/ration1 t ! ,des ,mo9es commission]s are ineffici5t memb]s ( ! old city hall gang4 ,z x happ5s1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! commission]s is a man ) a national reputation z a municipal exp]t1 a man ^: hone/y & integrity h nev] once be5 que/ion$4 ,! commission] ( public safety has be5 tra9$ = 8 position by long exp]i5ce 9 municipal affairs & is a college graduate4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! g5tleman's cont5tion is true2 yet ! unque/ion$ success ( ! ,des ,mo9es gov]nm5t proves ! wisdom ( ! commission plan1 = x s c5tralizes individual responsibility z to require hone/ & effici5t p]=mance ( duty on ! "p ( ea* commission]4 ,n[ z to secur+ good m54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! negative did n1 & _c1 cite a s+le city 9 :i* ! commission plan has fail$ to secure good m54 ,bett] m5 are elect$ "u ! commission plan1 = ! numb] ( elective (fices is greatly decreas$1 :ile ! responsibility & honor ( ! position is relatively increas$4 ,moreov]1 ! gov]nm5t is put on a bus9ess basis & ! commission]s are giv5 /eady employm5t at a good sal>y4 ,!y h an opportunity to make a g5u9e record = !mselves1 z well z to s]ve ! be/ int]e/s ( ! city4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t responsibility is def9itely c5t]$ on ea* commission] w1 9 itself1 prev5t m5 ( no ability or graft+ politicians f seek+ (fice4 ,political p>ties no long] h any opportunity ( putt+ m5 ( little ability into (fice1 b in/ead1 compet5t m5 ) a g5u9e int]e/ 9 ! city affairs & ) no p>ty affiliations :atev]1 s f> z municipal affairs are conc]n$1 w be attract$ to ! position ( commission]4 ,! opposition g fur!r & *>ge t1 ev5 ?\gh effici5t m5 may be elect$ to (fice1 ! commission plan makes impossible ! fix+ ( responsibility4 ,!y fail$1 h[ev]1 to po9t out a s+le in/ance 9 commission-gov]n$ cities to prove _! po9t & made no attempt to %[ h[ responsibility c\ld be bett] fix$ "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,honorable ,judges1 ! fix+ ( individual responsibility1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 is utt]ly impossible1 z we h already %[n1 :ile x is ! /ronge/ virtue ( ! commission plan4 ,9 matt]s ( pure adm9i/ration x is absolutely impossible = ! commission] to escape individual responsibility1 = he has full *>ge ( ! adm9i/ration ( 8 own dep>tm5t4 ,9 matt]s ( legislation1 :]e ! majority vote ( ! commission may det]m9e a policy affect+ a c]ta9 commission]1 responsibility is n lo/ b is fix$ ^u ^? few :o vot$ = su* policy4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t is unpopul> & t ?is plan has be5 reject$ 9 bo? ,si\x ,city & ,dav5port4 ,t ^! cities reject$ x is true4 ,b :y8 ,si\x ,city turn$ x d[n because ! con/itutionality ( ! plan _h n1 at t "t1 be5 det]m9$4 ,dav5port refus$ to accept x because ! graft+ politicians & ! political r+ s dom9at$ ! city's politics t !y 7 able to defeat ! new plan & reta9 ! old1 :i* 0 be/ suit$ to ! fur!rance ( _! own ends4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ! opposition h argu$ t ! pres5t ineffici5cy ( city gov]nm5t is due to ! int]f]5ce ( ! /ate legislatures & cont5d t ! ultimate solution ( ! difficulty lies 9 great] municipal home rule4 ,!y are correct1 ,honorable ,judges6 ,! /ate legislature has int]f]$4 ,b :y8 ,simply because ! city c\ncil has prov$ itself ineffici5t4 ,new ,york ,city's c\ncil 0 9 full possession ( its p[]s :5 ! /ate legislature began to int]f]e4 ,legislation by somebody 0 necess>y4 ,! c\ncil fail$1 & n[ ! negative say1 give back to ! city its p[]s & let ! c\ncil try aga94 ,accord+ to ! g5tlem5 !mselves1 ! end to be a*iev$ is less int]f]5ce ( /ate legislatures & m home rule4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is c be accompli%$ only :5 ! city itself c put =? a capable & effici5t legislative body4 ,honorable ,judges1 9 our second spee* we prov$ to y1 t ! commission provides a small b effici5t legislative body1 f> sup]ior to t ( an isolat$ c\ncil4 ,if y want municipal home rule1 e/abli% a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* makes x possible4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,briggs repli$ = ! ,negative3 ,my colleague has prov$ t :atev] ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 !re mu/ be a body capable ( wise legislation1 9 fact1 t !re mu/ be a body t is prim>ily legislative 9 "* no matt] :at its connection or relation ) ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t4 ,t a small commission1 burd5$ ) adm9i/rative & judicial functions1 is n a prop] legislative body is at once app>5t4 ,my colleague has demon/rat$ t ?is confusion ( p[]s mu/ result 9 ineffici5cy4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is1 x is our cont5tion t a body su* z is ! commission1 )\t respect to ! confusion ( p[]s1 )\t reg>d to ! adm9i/rative duties weigh+ ^u x1 t ?is commission1 ( itself1 is n suit$ to legislation4 ,!re is no m reason = plac+ ! legislation ( ! city ( ,*icago 9 ! h&s ( five m5 ?an t ! /ate legislature ( ,m9nesota %\ld be r$uc$ to five memb]s4 ,x is true t1 9 _m respects1 ! legislation ( a city diff]s f t ( a /ate1 b x is1 nev]!less1 legislation1 & 9 ! l>g] cities p>ticul>ly x is necess>y t !re be a repres5tative legislative body4 ,five m5 no m con/itute a prop] legislative body = #hjj1jjj or a million p ( a city ?an = t _m p outside ! city4 ,x is contr>y to ! fundam5tal conception ( a legislative body t x be compos$ ( a few4 ,9 no c\ntry ( free in/itutions is a legislative body s con/itut$4 ,my colleague has prov$1 & x _c be successfully controv]t$1 t 9 ! city1 z well z 9 ! /ate1 !re is a l>ge field = legislation4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !re n be a legislative body to p]=m ! "w ( legislation8 ,:y place ! "w 9 ! h&s ( a body t is prim>ily adm9i/rative 9 "*8 ,?is objection alone mu/ =ev] prev5t ! l>g] cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f adopt+ ! commission plan4 ,or1 if adopt$1 x mu/1 = ?is reason alone1 prove itself a failure4 ,mr4 ,robb9s repli$ = ! ,affirmative3 ,! ,negative argue t ! me*anisms ( gov]nm5t 9 ,bo/on may diff] f ^? ( ,san ,francisco4 ,?is is n a discussion ( ! me*anisms ( gov]nm5t4 ,x involves deep & fundam5tal pr9ciples relative to a giv5 =m ( city organization4 ,! g5tlem5 h n1 nor _c1 cite "o iota ( evid5ce t ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( organization 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,bo/on & ,san ,francisco %\ld be diff]5t4 ,! allusion to *ang+ me*anisms is no excuse = _! failure to set 9 op]ation a def9ite & positive =m ( organization4 ,yet ! g5tlem5 h +5i\sly endeavor$ to evade ?is duty4 ,:y h !y done s8 ,because e sy/em ( municipal organization bas$ ^u ! sep>ation ( p[]s--= :i* ! g5tlem5 are cont5d+--has prov$ an admitt$ failure4 ,d n ! citiz5s ( ,brooklyn & ,san ,francisco1 z ! citiz5s ( e ,am]ican city1 l to dr9k pure wat]8 ,don't !y desire good transportation facilities1 & ar5't !y glad :5 !y h clean /reets & hone/ adm9i/ration8 ,:y1 !n1 don't ! g5tlem5 come =w>d1 z ! ,affirmative has done1 ) a specific =m ( organization :i* provides = ! successful adm9i/ration ( ! und]ly+ features ( city gov]nm5t8 ,in/ead1 ! g5tlem5 seem to delight 9 w&]+ across ! seas1 tell+ :at might happ5 if we w\ld be indulg5t en\gh to patt]n our =m ( organization aft] t ( ,france1 ,g]many1 or ,bohemia4 ,yet !y glibly refuse to consid] t ! city problem ( ?is c\ntry is di/9ctly ,am]ican & is due to conditions peculi> to ,am]ica4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! g5tlem5 h held be=e u ! sali5t features ( a half doz5 oppos+ =ms ( organization1 none ( :i* h succe$$ individually1 & ! comb9$ features ( :i* c make no?+ m ?an a conglom]ation ( !ories & dogmas4 ,yes1 ! g5tlem5 h be5 pa9fully c>eful n to put _! s*eme into practical op]ation4 ,!y talk bl&ly ( m home rule1 :5 x is evid5t t su* a matt] is actually beside ! "q at issue4 ,9 ! same way !y speak at l5g? ( ! cab9et sy/em ( ,engl&1 =gett+ t ! =m ! ,affirmative is advocat+ involves ! und]ly+ features ( ! cab9et sy/em alt]$ to meet conditions peculi> to ,am]ica4 ,! commission =m1 ,honorable ,judges1 is an evolution ( ! cab9et =m4 ,likewise !y h talk$ mu* ( ! ne$ = a sep>ate review+ body1 cit+ ! insurance sc&als ( ,new ,york /ate legislature to prove _! cont5tion4 ,:y don't !y give in/ances :]e a municipal review+ body has *eck$ fraud8 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,z ,h5ry ,baldw9 writes1 ,nev] has !re be5 an in/ance 9 ,am]ican municipal hi/ory :]e ! c\ncil has /ood out aga9/ ! corruption ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5t4 ,r ^! s-call$ review+ bodies are h& 9 h& ) graft4 ,look at ! %ameful conditions ( ! review+ bodies ( ,philadelphia1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,c9c9nati1 & ,pittsburgh1 ) _! h&s 9 ! city treasury up to _! elb[s1 & we realize some?+ ( ! absurdity ( ! argum5t = a sep>ate review+ body to pres]ve effici5cy & hone/y 9 ! city gov]nm5t4 ,! p %\ld be ! review+ body ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,its organization %\ld be s simple1 yet s complete1 t e citiz5 f ! educat$ !ori/ to ! humble/ day labor]1 c review its facts ) ease & und]/&+4 ,?is is ! k9d ( gov]nm5t ! commission =m supplies4 ,:y don't ! g5tlem5 come =w>d ) an organization equally z simple & complete8 ,!n ! g5tlem5 g on to tell h[ !y w compel ! adm9i/rative (ficials to conf] ) _! isolat$ review+ body1 & ?us secure a prop] co-ord9ation t has fail$ = a c5tury4 ,automatic me*anism 9 gov]nm5t c nev] take ! place ( simplicity & responsibility4 ,su* s*emes are futile4 ,! m5 :o c make me*anisms c break !m4 ,:at we mu/ h is a gov]nm5t t compels effici5cy & hone/y1 n "o :i* attempts to produce su* results ?r\gh !oretical contrivances4 ,f9ally1 ! g5tlem5 claim t ! commission =m has fail$ 9 ,new ,orleans & ,sacram5to4 ,w ! g5tlem5 give _! au?ority = ! /atem5t t ^! cities _h a commission gov]nm5t8 ,e au?ority ^u ! subject :i* ! affirmative has f\nd po9ts to ! conclusion1 t ! =m ( gov]nm5t employ$ by ^! cities 0 n a commission =m4 ,mr4 ,/>z+] clos$ = ! ,negative & said3 ,! ,affirmative h m5tion$ our au?ority4 ,:at we h said 9 reg>d to ,sacram5to1 ,cal41 is bas$ ^u exc]pts f an article by ! ,hon4 ,cl9ton ,:ite1 publi%$ 9 ! ,c$> ,rapids ,ev5+ ,times4 ,mo/ ( our facts conc]n+ ! s\!rn cities :i* adopt$ ! new plan are tak5 f ! reports ( ! ,des ,mo9es inve/igation committee1 head$ by ! ,hon4 ,w4,n4 ,jordan4 ,we w\ld be glad to submit ^! pamphlets to ! g5tlem5 = exam9ation4 ,! m]e fact t ,des ,mo9es adopt$ ! commission =m does n disprove ! integrity ( ! au?orities4 ,x is claim$ t our /& is indef9ite4 ,true1 we h n (f]$ a panacea = all municipal ills4 ,b we h advocat$ num]\s re=ms & h po9t$ out c\ntless in/ances ( municipal success "u v>i\s =ms1 yet all bas$ ^u ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t !re be sep>ately con/itut$ dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( ! fatal objections to ! g5tlem5's proposition is t !y are attempt+ to blanket ! :ole c\ntry ) "o arbitr>y =m1 reg>dless ( diff]+ conditions4 ,!y h completely ignor$ our cases ( successful city gov]nm5t4 ,we dem& t !y expla9 !m4 ,! g5tlem5 h said t /ate int]f]5ce has be5 precipitat$ by ! decay ( ! city c\ncil4 ,yet !y advocate its complete de/ruction4 ,no?+ c\ld be m incorrect ?an to say t special legislation 0 br\ght on z a result ( an inh]5t weakness 9 c\ncil gov]nm5t4 ,"u ! e>ly c\ncil sy/em1 !re 0 practically no /ate int]f]5ce4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! bo>d sy/em 0 introduc$ & ! c\ncils 7 %orn ( _! dignity & mu* ( _! legislative p[]4 ,"r !re /ate dom9ion 9 local affairs began4 ,^! are ! unbias$ facts z giv5 by ,pr(essor ,goodn[ 9 8 book on city gov]nm5t4 ,9 conclusion1 ,honorable ,judges1 ! solution ( ! ,am]ican city problem w be be/ promot$ by a program ( re=m :i* /rikes at ! real causes ( ! evils1 in/ead ( ! univ]sal ov]turn+ ( all traditions & !ories ( gov]nm5t 9 ! hope ( f9d+ a %ort-cut road to municipal success4 ,give ! city a prop] sph]e ( local autonomy4 ,co-ord9ate ! dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 s z to e/abli% responsibility & secure h>moni\s action4 ,simplify pres5t city organization )\t de/roy+ ! two bran*es ( gov]nm5t4 ,introduce new & improv+ me?ods1 su* z non-p>tisan prim>ies1 civil s]vice1 uni=m municipal acc\nt+1 & publicity ( proce$+s4 ,rem$y bad social & economic conditions4 ,ar\se civic int]e/4 ,d ?is1 & !re is no necessity = su* a radical & revolution>y *ange z ! univ]sal adoption ( a commission =m4 ,! new plan means1 n alone a *ange 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 b a positive ov]turn+ ( ! work+ pr9ciple ( successful city organization ! _w ov]4 ,its exp]i5ce has be5 9 ! small t[ns = a %ort "t1 "u unusual conditions1 amid ar\s$ public s5tim5t4 ,ev5 "h x has %[n fatal weaknesses :i* ! g5tlem5 h n satisfactorily expla9$4 ,x 0 ab&on$ by ! only l>ge city t ev] tri$ x2 & ca/ aside z an abject failure by ,sacram5to1 ,cal41 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( op]ation4 ,9 ! face ( ^! facts1 ! g5tlem5 w\ld h all ,am]ican cities turn to ?is =m z ! f9al goal ( municipal success2 a =m :i* attempts to revive ! old bo>d sy/em ( select+ adm9i/rative heads by popul> vote2 :i*1 9 addition1 c5t]s ! :ole gov]nm5t ( a city 9 a small executive cab9et1 )\t review or ov]sight2 a =m :i*1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,fairlie1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 is 9 direct opposition to ! advanc+ idea ( municipal home rule4 ,mr4 ,lux=d clos$ ! debate = ! ,affirmative1 & said3 ,! case = ! ,negative is n[ clos$4 ,x has be5 indef9ite f />t to f9i%4 ,!y ackn[l$ge ! success ( ! commission =m b refuse to accept x z ! prop] =m t[>d :i* ,am]ican cities %\ld "w4 ,!y h none to (f] except a =m :i* is completely unkn[n 9 ,am]ican cities & successful alone 9 ,europe "u totally dissimil> conditions4 ,we h %[n t e vital move = city improvem5t today is t[>d a commission =m1 bo? 9 practice & !ory4 ,! g5tlem5 h s\ght to ov]?r[ ! argum5t = ! commission =m1 & yet sugge/ no possible ,am]ican sub/itute4 ,b ! position is n only indef9ite1 b x is inconsi/5t4 ,at "o "t !y say1 ! commission =m is work+ well 9 small cities4 ,9 ano!r !y decl>e t ! commission =m ignores ! only pr9ciples :i* are at ! basis ( successful city gov]nm5t ! _w ov]4 ,putt+ ^! /atem5ts toge!r we mu/ conclude t ! g5tlem5 :o made ! second /atem5t fail$ to he> ! g5tlem5 :o made ! fir/4 ,if !y grant t ! commission =m is successful any:]e 9 ! _w h[ c x be t x is ignor+ ! only pr9ciples ( successful city gov]nm5t ! _w ov]8 ,b we w\ld n be unju/ to ! g5tlem54 ,!y are n p]haps altoge!r indef9ite4 ,!y w\ld keep ! old mayor & c\ncil plan b w\ld h non-p>tisan prim>ies1 uni=m municipal acc\nt+1 & publicity ( proce$+s4 ,non-p>tisan prim>ies & publicity ( proce$+s !y h /ol5 bodily f ! commission4 ,we are grateful to ! g5tlem5 = ?is he>ty indorsem5t ( ! mat]ial features ( ! commission =m4 ,z to uni=m municipal acc\nt+1 :ile x is j z possible "u ! commission z "u any o!r =m ( city gov]nm5t1 its advocacy by ! g5tlem5 is inconsi/5t ) _! insi/5t dem& = municipal home rule4 ,:o b ! /ate c sup]vise a uni=m acc\nt+ ( all cities8 ,& ! g5tlem5 h deplor$ /ate int]f]5ce4 ,n only t1 b ! commission plan provides ! necess>y responsibility :]eby ! citiz5s may "k & p>ticipate 9 ! city gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! publication ( mon?ly itemiz$ /atem5ts ( all ! proce$+s is requir$4 ,e ord9ance appropriat+ money or ord]+ any /reet improvem5ts1 or sew]1 or ! mak+ ( any contract %all rema9 on file = public inspection at lea/ "o week be=e f9al passage4 ,fran*ises are grant$ n by any legislative body b by direct vote ( ! p4 ,simil>ly ! citiz5s reta9 ! "r to reject any ord9ance pass$1 or to require ! passage ( any ne$$ ord9ance4 ,& f9ally1 ! citiz5s by direct vote may remove any commission] at any "t4 ,?us we see t ! commission]s "k bo? ! legislative & adm9i/rative side ( ! city's "w1 & ! responsibility ( do+ bo? is fix$ ^u !m4 ,la/ly1 ,honorable ,judges1 ! ,affirmative re/ _! cases ^u ^! fundam5tal argum5ts3 t ! :ole t5d5cy 9 ,am]ican city gov]nm5t is t[>d c5tralization ( p[] 9 "o body2 :]e ?is conc5tration has be5 p>tial1 city gov]nm5t has fail$4 ,?is failure is due l>gely to ! fact t1 :ile p[] has c5t]$1 responsibility has be5 diffus$4 ,?is un=tunate condition has be5 obviat$ by ! adoption ( ! commission =m :i* is f\nd to be a success because x awak5s civic int]e/1 secures compet5t (ficials1 & provides 9 ! be/ possible mann] = ! legislative & adm9i/rative "w ( ! city1 c5t]+ p[] & responsibility 9 "o small body ( m54 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,brief+ ,,repres5tative ,,gov]nm5t ,,spee* ,,( ,,hon4 ,,*>les ,f4 ,,scott1 ,,( ,,kansas1 ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives1 ,,?ursday1 ,,m>* #b1 #aiaa 7,! ,h\se hav+ "u consid]ation ! bill ,s4 #gjca to codify1 revise1 & am5d ! laws relat+ to ! judici>y4--,f ! ,congressional ,record1 ,m>* #c1 #aiaa47 ,mr4 ,speak]3 ,9 ! t5 ye>s ( my memb]%ip 9 ?is ,h\se ,i h seldom tak5 advantage ( ! latitude af=d$ by g5]al debate to discuss any "q n imm$iately be=e ! ,h\se4 ,b !re is a "q n[ be=e ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly be=e ! p ( ! /ate ,i h ! honor to repres5t 9 "p ^u ?is floor1 ^u :i* ,i ent]ta9 v positive convictions1 & :i*1 ,i believe1 is a prop] subject = discussion at ?is "t & 9 ?is place4 ,t "q1 bluntly /at$1 is ?is3 ,is repres5tative gov]nm5t a failure8 ,we are be+ ask$ n[ to answ] t "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,a new s*ool ( /atesm5 has aris51 wis] ?an ,wa%+ton & ,hamilton & ,frankl9 & ,madison1 wis] ?an ,web/] & ,clay & ,calh\n & ,b5ton1 wis] ?an ,l9coln & ,sumn] & ,/ev5s & ,*ase1 wis] ?an ,g>field & ,ela9e & ,mc,kinley & ,taft1 kn[+ m 9 _! day ?an all ! p h le>n$ 9 all ! days ( ! ye>s s9ce ! ,republic 0 f\nd$4 ,& !y tell u t repres5tative gov]nm5t is a failure4 ,!y d n put ?is decl>ation into s _m words--"p ( !m because !y d n "k en\gh ab\t ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t to und]/& t ! doctr9es !y advocate are revolution>y1 & ! re/ ( !m because !y lack ! c\rage to op5ly decl>e t x is _! int5tion to *ange our =m ( gov]nm5t1 to subv]t ! sy/em ^u :i* our in/itutions are f\nd$4 ,b t is 9 effect :at !y propose to d4 ,e s*ool boy kn[s t 9 a pure democracy ! p !mselves p]=m directly all ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 enact+ laws )\t ! int]v5tion ( a legislature1 & try+ causes t arise "u ^? laws )\t ! int]v5tion ( judge or jury2 :ile 9 a republic1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p gov]n !mselves1 n by ea* citiz5 ex]cis+ directly all ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 b by delegat+ t p[] to c]ta9 ones among !m :om !y *oose to repres5t !m 9 ! legislatures1 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 & 9 ! v>i\s executive (fices4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t to sub/itute ! me?ods ( a democracy = ! me?ods ( a republic t\*+ any "o ( ! ?ree bran*es ( gov]nm5t is to t ext5t to decl>e t repres5tative gov]nm5t is a failure1 is to t ext5t subv]sive & revolution>y4 ,n[1 x does n foll[ by any means t because a propos$ *ange is revolution>y x is !re=e unwise4 ,tak+ x by & l>ge1 :]ev] ! ^w revolution has come into human hi/ory x has be5 only ano!r ^w = progress4 ,because a nation has pursu$ c]ta9 me?ods = a long "t x does n at all foll[ t ^? me?ods are ! be/1 al?\gh :5 a nation l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s bold & al]t1 s little hamp]$ by tradition1 s ready to try exp]im5ts1 has clung to ! same me?ods ( gov]nm5t = #acj ye>s1 a /rong presumption has c]ta9ly be5 e/abli%$ t ^! me?ods are ! be/1 at lea/ = t p>ticul> nation4 ,b is ! new sy/em wis] ?an ! old--9 ! matt] ( mak+ laws1 = example8 ,! old sy/em ve/s ! law-mak+ p[] 9 a legislative body compos$ ( m5 elect$ by ! p & suppos$ to be peculi>ly fitt$ by reason ( "*1 education1 & tra9+ = ! p]=mance ( t duty4 ,^! m5 come toge!r & give _! entire "t ?r\gh a p]iod ( "s weeks or mon?s to ! consid]ation ( propos$ legislation1 & ! laws !y enact g into imm$iate effect1 & rema9 9 =ce until set aside by ! c\rts z uncon/itutional or until repeal$ by ! same au?ority t enact$ !m4 ,! new sy/em--tak+ ! ,oregon law1 = example1 & x is commonly cit$ z a model--provides t #h p] c5t ( ! vot]s ( a /ate may submit a measure directly to ! p1 & if a majority ( ^? vot+ ^u x give x _! support x %all become a law )\t ref]5ce to ! legislature or to ! gov]nor4 ,t is ! initiative4 ,& x provides t if #e p] c5t ( ! vot]s are oppos$ to a law :i* ! legislature has pass$1 ^u sign+ ! prop] petition ! law %all be susp5d$ until ! next g5]al election1 :5 ! p %all be giv5 an opportunity to pass ^u x4 ,t is ! ref]5dum4 ,n[1 !re are sev]al ?+s ab\t ?is plan :i* ,i believe ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 :5 !y come really to consid] x1 w scrut9ize ) a good deal ( c>e & possibly ) "s suspicion4 ,x is to be not$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t a v few ( ! p c put all ! p to ! tr\ble & exp5se ( a vote ^u any measure1 & ! inquiry may well arise :e!r ! cause ( settl$ & ord]ly gov]nm5t w be promot$ by ve/+ p[] 9 ! m9ority ?us to h>ass & annoy ! majority4 ,9 my own /ate1 = example1 :o c d\bt t ! prohibitory am5dm5t1 or "s "o ( ! /atutes enact$ = its en=cem5t1 w\ld h be5 resubmitt$ aga9 & aga9 if ! initiative _h be5 9 =ce !re ^! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,aga91 x w be obs]v$ t /ill few] ( ! p h x 9 _! p[] to susp5d a law :i* a legislature may h pass$ 9 pla9 ob$i5ce to ! m&ate ( a majority ( ! p1 or :i* may be ess5tial to ! prompt & ord]ly conduct ( public affairs1 & :5 !y come to ?9k ab\t x ! p may wond] if ! ref]5dum might n make x possible = a small1 malevol5t1 & mis*iev\s m9ority to ob/ruct ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t & = a "t at lea/ to nullify ! w ( ! majority4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is to be rem>k$ t a measure submitt$ ei!r by ! initiative or ! ref]5dum _c be am5d$1 b mu/ be accept$ or reject$ z a :ole1 & we may well inquire :e!r ?is might n af=d ! int]e/s q z good an opportunity z !y w\ld h 9 a legislature to initiate "s measure :i* on its face 0 :olesome & b5efic5t b )9 :i* 0 conceal$ "s little jok] t w\ld ei!r nullify ! good features ( ! law or make x actively vici\s1 & :i*1 ?r\gh lack ( discussion1 w\ld n be discov]$4 ,e day we h new & inconte/able pro( t 9 ! multitude ( c\nselors !re is wisdom4 ,b t wisdom c nev] be _h "u a sy/em ( legislation :i* lays be=e ! p ! "w ( "o man's m9d to be accept$ 9 :ole or reject$ altoge!r4 ,once m let u obs]ve t "u ?is sy/em1 no matt] h[ few votes are ca/ ^u a giv5 measure1 if !re are m = x ?an aga9/ x1 x becomes a law1 s t ! possibility is always pres5t t laws may be enact$ :i* repres5t ! judgm5t or ! int]e/ ( ! m9ority r ?an ! majority ( ! p4 ,inde$1 exp]i5ce w\ld seem to %[ t ?is is a probability r ?an a possibility1 = 9 ! la/ ,oregon election n "o ( ! n9e propositions enact$ into law receiv$ z mu* z #ej p] c5t ( ! total vote ca/1 :ile "s ( !m receiv$ b little m ?an #cj p] c5t ( ! total vote4 ,& f9ally & *iefly1 )\t 9 ! lea/ impea*+ ! intellig5ce ( ! p1 rememb]+ ! slight & casual att5tion ! av]age citiz5 gives to ! details ( public que/ions1 we may well inquire :e!r ! av]age vote ca/ ^u ^! propos$ measures ( legislation w really repres5t an in=m$ & well-consid]$ judgm5t4 ,9 8 ?\ghtful "w on democracy1 discuss+ ?is v "q1 ,dr4 ,hyslop1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 says3 ,p occupi$ ) _! private affairs1 dome/ic & social1 dem&+ all _! res\rces & att5tion1 z a rule h little "t to solve ! complex problems ( national life4 ,! ref]5dum is a call to p]=m all ! duties ( ! pr(\nde/ /atesman%ip1 9 addition to private obligations1 :i* are ev5 mu* m ?an ! av]age man c fulfil ) any success or intellig5ce at all1 & h5ce x c h>dly produce any?+ bett] ?an ! ,a!nian assembly1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 an>*y4 ,x w n secure dispat* except at ! exp5se ( civilization1 nor delib]ation except at ! exp5se ( intellig5ce4 ,v few que/ions c be safely left to its c\ncils1 & ^! only ( ! mo/ g5]al k9d4 ,a tribunal t c be s easily deceiv$ z ! electorate c be 9 common elections _c be tru/$ to decide intellig5tly ! grav] & m complicat$ que/ions ( public f9ance or private prop]ty1 ( adm9i/ration1 & ( ju/ice4 ,x may be hone/ & mean well1 z ,i believe x w\ld be2 b su* an in/itution c n gov]n4 ,t is ! conclusion rea*$ a priori by a pr(\nd /ud5t ( m5 & ( in/itutions2 & !re is n a man :o he>s me or :o may read :at ,i am n[ say+ b kn[s ! conclusion is s\nd4 ,b1 =tunately = ! /ates :i* h n yet adopt$ ! innovation1 we are n oblig$ to rely ^u academic1 a priori reason+1 9 ord] to rea* a conclusion z to ! wisdom ( ! initiative & ref]5dum1 = ! /ep has already be5 tak5 9 o!r /ates & we h _! exp]i5ce to guide u4 ,!re is ,s\? ,dakota1 = example1 :]e "u ! initiative ! ballot :i* ,i hold 9 my h& 0 submitt$ to ! p at ! rec5t election4 ,?is ballot is #g feet long & #ad in*es wide1 & x is cr[d$ ) read+ matt] set 9 nonp>eil type4 ,^u ?is ballot !re are submitt$ = ! consid]ation ( ! p six legislative propositions4 ,f\r ( !m are %ort & comp>atively simple4 ,b "h is "o ref]r+ to ! p a law :i* has be5 pass$ at ! prec$+ session ( ! legislature divid+ ! /ate into congressional di/ricts4 ,h[ _m ( ! vot]s ( ,s\? ,dakota d y suppose got d[n _! maps & _! c5sus reports & c>efully work$ out ! details ( t law to satisfy !mselves :e!r or n x provid$ = a fair & hone/ di/rict+ ( ! /ate8 ,!y c\ld n am5d x1 rememb]1 !y _h to take x z x 0 or vote x d[n4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !y vot$ x d[n2 b :o w say t 9 do+ ?is !y express$ an enlight5$ judgm5t or m]ely foll[$ ! natural cons]vative in/9ct to vote no on a proposition !y did n und]/&8 ,& "h is a law to provide = ! organization1 ma9t5ance1 equipm5t1 & regulation ( ! ,national ,gu>d ( ! /ate4 ,?is bill conta9s #gf sections4 ,x occupies #d feet #d in*es ( ?is #g-;foot ballot4 ,x w\ld fill two pages ( an ord9>y newspap]4 ,& "h is a copy ( ! ,oregon ballot1 f :i* x appe>s t ! /rick5 p ( t commonweal? 7 call$ ^u at ! late election to consid] #cb legislative propositions4 ,small wond] t x 0 well onto a mon? aft] election be=e ! returns 7 all 94 ,& "h is ano!r con/itutional am5dm5t 9 :i* ! p are ask$ to pass judgm5t on su* simple propositions z provid+ = v]dict by ?ree-f\r?s ( jury 9 civil cases1 au?oriz+ gr& juries to be summon$ sep>ately f ! trial jury1 p]mitt+ *ange ( judicial sy/em by /atute prohibit+ retrial :]e !re is any evid5ce to support ! v]dict1 provid+ = affirmance ( judgm5t on appeal not)/&+ error committ$ 9 l[] c\rt & direct+ ! ,supreme ,c\rt to ent] su* judgm5t z %\ld h be5 ent]$ 9 ! l[] c\rt1 fix+ t]ms ( ,supreme ,c\rt1 provid+ t judges ( all c\rts be elect$ = six ye>s1 subject to recall1 & increas+ ! jurisdiction ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,is x any wond] t ) que/ions su* z ^? ?ru/ at !m s l>ge a p]c5tage ( ! vot]s took to ! cont9u\s woods :]e rolls ! ,oregon & refus$ to express a judgm5t "o way or ! o!r8 ,n[1 ) all possible def]5ce to ! intellig5ce & ! dilig5ce ( ! good p ( ,oregon1 is x conceivable t any consid]able proportion ( ! vot]s ( t commonweal? w5t to ! polls ) ev5 a cursory k ( all ! measures submitt$ = _! det]m9ation8 ,z to ! practical work+ ( ! ref]5dum1 ,i h se5 x /at$ 9 ! public pr9ts t f\r ye>s ago ne>ly e appropriation bill pass$ by ! ,oregon legislature 0 ref]r$ to ! p = _! approval or rejection be=e x c\ld g into effect4 ,z a result1 ! appropriations be+ unavailable until ! election c\ld be held1 ! /ate 0 compell$ to /amp its w>rants n paid = want ( funds1 & to pay int]e/ !reon1 al?\gh ! money 0 9 ! treasury4 ,! univ]sity & o!r /ate in/itutions 7 hamp]$ & emb>rass$1 & ! :ole ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t 0 9 l>ge measure p>alyz$4 ,9 o!r words1 "u ! ,oregon law a pitiful m9ority ( ! p 0 able to ob/ruct & emb>rass ! usual & ord]ly processes ( gov]nm5t1 & = a "t at lea/ to absolutely ?w>t ! w ( an ov]:elm+ majority ( ! p4 ,a sy/em ( gov]nm5t "u :i* su* a ?+ z t is n only possible1 b has actually occurr$1 may be ! be/ sy/em ev] devis$ by ! wit ( man1 z we h be5 vocif]\sly assur$1 b "s ( u may take ! lib]ty ( d\bt+ x4 ,b ! initiative & ref]5dum1 subv]sive z !y are ( ! repres5tative pr9ciple1 d n comp>e 9 importance or 9 possible p[] = evil ) ! recall4 ,! /atutes ( e /ate 9 ?is ,union provide a way by :i* a recreant (ficial may be ou/$ f 8 (fice or o!rwise puni%$4 ,t way is by process ( law1 :]e *>ges mu/ be specific1 ! te/imony cle>1 & ! judgm5t imp>tial4 ,b :at are we to ?9k ( a proc$ure "u :i* an (ficial is to be tri$1 n 9 a c\rt by a jury ( 8 pe]s & ^u ! te/imony ( witnesses sworn to tell ! tru?1 b 9 ! newspap]s1 on ! /reet corn]s1 & at political meet+s8 ,c y conceive ( a wid] dep>ture f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ju/ice t are writt5 n only into ! con/itution ( e civiliz$ nation on ! face ( ! e>?1 b ^u ! he>t ( e normal human be+1 ! pr9ciple t e man accus$ ( a crime has a "r to confront 8 accus]s1 to exam9e !m "u oa?1 to rebut _! evid5ce1 & to h ! judgm5t f9ally ( m5 sworn to r5d] a j & lawful v]dict4 ,small wond] t ! argum5t (t5e/ he>d 9 support ( a proposition s abhorr5t to ! mo/ primitive in/9cts ( ju/ice is t x w be seldom invok$ & !re=e _c d v mu* h>m4 ,i leave y to *>act]ize z x des]ves a law ^: *ief m]it mu/ lie 9 ! r>ity ( its en=cem5t4 ,b w x d no h>m1 ev5 if seldom en=c$8 ,x is urg$ t its pres5ce on ! /atute books & ! k t x c be invok$ w fright5 public (ficials into good behavior4 ,pass+ by ! v obvi\s sugge/ion t an (ficial :o ne$s to be sc>$ into prop] conduct ought nev] to h be5 elect$ 9 ! fir/ place1 we may well inquire :e!r ! real effect w\ld n be to fright5 m5 into demagogy--& ?us to "w immeasurably great] h>m to ! common weal ?an w\ld ev] be inflict$ ?r\gh ! transgressions ( delib]ately bad m54 ,we h demagogues en\gh n[1 heav5 kn[s1 :5 election to an (fice assures ! t5ure ( x = two or f\r or six ye>s4 ,b if t t5ure 7 only f h\r to h\r1 if x 7 held at ! :im ( a p[]ful & unscrupul\s newspap]1 = example1 or if x c\ld be put 9 jeop>dy by an affront :i* 9 ! l9e ( duty ought1 we w say1 to be giv5 to "s organization or faction or cabal1 :at c\ld we expect8 ,is x n inevitable t su* a sy/em w\ld drive out ( our public life ! m5 ( real "* & c\rage & leave u only c[>ds & trimm]s & "t s]v]s8 ,may we n well hesitate to introduce into our political sy/em a device :i*1 _h x be5 9 vogue 9 ! pa/1 w\ld h made x possible = ! ,tories to h recall$ ,wa%+ton1 ! copp]heads to h recall$ ,l9coln1 & ! j+oes to h recall$ ,mc,kinley8 ,9 all ! lit]ature ( ! age-long /ruggle = fre$om & ju/ice !re is no phrase t occurs (t5] ?an ! indep5d5ce ( ! judici>y4 ,n "o man c\ld be f\nd n[ among all our n9ety millions to decl>e t our ,con/itution %\ld be *ang$ s z to p]mit ! ,presid5t 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se or ! ,congress 9 ! ,capitol to dictate to our judges :at _! decisions %\ld be4 ,& yet x is s]i\sly propos$ t ?is p[] ( dictation %all be giv5 to ! cr[d on ! /reet4 ,t is :at ! recall means if appli$ to ! judici>y2 & x means ! de/ruction ( its indep5d5ce z completely z if 9 set t]ms x 7 made subject to ! ,presid5t or ! ,congress4 ,d y answ]1 ,oh1 ! recall w nev] be invok$ except 9 an extreme case ( obvi\s & flagrant inju/ice8 ,i reply1 ,h[ d y "k8 ,x is ! !ory ( ! initiative t x w nev] be invok$ except to pass a good law1 & ( ! ref]5dum t x w nev] be resort$ to except to defeat a bad law2 b we h already se5 h[ easily a bad law might be initiat$ & a good law ref]r$4 ,& s x is ! !ory t ! recall w be invok$ only = ! protection ( ! p f a bad judge4 ,:at gu>anty c y give t x w n be call$ into be+ to h>rass & intimidate a good judge8 ,!re nev] yet 0 a two-edg$ sword t w\ld n cut bo? ways4 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i %\ld be ! la/ to ass]t t our pres5t sy/em ( gov]nm5t has always br\ght ideally p]fect results4 ,n[ & !n ! p h made mi/akes 9 ! selection ( _! repres5tatives4 ,corrupt m5 h be5 put into places ( tru/1 small m5 h be5 s5t :]e l>ge m5 7 ne$$1 ignorant m5 h be5 *>g$ ) duties :i* only m5 ( le>n+ c\ld fitly p]=m4 ,b does x foll[ t because ! p make mi/akes 9 s simple a matt] z ! selection ( _! ag5ts1 !y w\ld be infallible 9 ! incomp>ably m complex & difficult task ( ! enactm5t & int]pretation ( laws8 ,!re 0 nev] a m gl>+ non sequitur1 & yet x is ! v corn]/one ^u :i* re/s ! :ole /ructure ( ! new philosophy4 ,! p _c be tru/$ ) few ?+s1 runs ?is s+ul> logic1 !re=e let u put all ?+s into _! h&s4 ,) "o brea? we are ask$ to r5\nce ! old sy/em because ! p make mi/akes1 & ) ! next brea? we are solemnly assur$ t if we adopt ! new sy/em ! p w n make mi/akes4 ,i confess ,i am n m5tally al]t en\gh to foll[ t sort ( logic4 ,x is too mu* l ! road :i* 0 s crook$ t ! travel] :o ent]$ ^u x _h only proce$$ a few /eps :5 he met himself com+ back4 ,y _c *ange ! nature ( m51 ,mr4 ,*airman1 by *ang+ _! sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,! limitations ( human judgm5t & k & consci5ce :i* r5d] p]fection 9 repres5tative gov]nm5t unatta9able w /ill abide ev5 aft] t =m ( gov]nm5t is swept away1 & ! ideal w /ill be f> di/ant4 ,let x n be said or imag9$1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 t because ,i prote/ aga9/ conv]t+ ?is ,republic into a democracy !re=e ,i lack confid5ce 9 ! p4 ,no man has great] fai?1 sir1 ?an ,i h 9 ! intellig5ce1 ! integrity1 ! patriotism1 & ! fundam5tal common s5se ( ! av]age ,am]ican citiz54 ,b ,i am = repres5tative r ?an = direct gov]nm5t1 because ,i h great] confid5ce 9 ! second ?\ght ( ! p ?an ,i h 9 _! fir/ ?\ght4 ,& t1 9 ! la/ analysis1 is ! diff]5ce1 & ! only diff]5ce1 s f> z results are conc]n$ betwe5 ! new sy/em & t :i* x seeks to supplant2 x is ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 a democracy & a republic4 ,9 ei!r =m ( gov]nm5t ! p h _! way4 ,! diff]5ce is t 9 a democracy ! p h _! way 9 ! beg9n+1 :]eas 9 a republic ! p h _! way 9 ! end--& ! end is usually en\gh wis] ?an ! beg9n+ to be wor? wait+ =4 ,we c\nt ourselves ! fitte/ p 9 ! _w = self-gov]nm5t1 & we probably are4 ,b fit z we are we sometimes make mi/akes4 ,we sometimes =m ! mo/ viol5t & errone\s op9ions ^u impulse1 )\t full in=mation or ?\ghtful consid]ation4 ,) complete in=mation & long] /udy1 we sw+ ar\nd to ! "r side1 b x is our second ?\ght & n our fir/ t br+s u !re4 ,our int5tions are always "r1 & we usually get "r 9 ! end2 b x (t5 happ5s t we are n "r 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x behooves u to consid] long & well be=e we pluck out ( ! delicately adju/$ me*anism by :i* we gov]n ourselves ! *ecks & brakes & balance :eels :i* our =efa!rs plac$ !re1 & ! wisdom ( :i* our hi/ory atte/s innum]able times4 ,! simple & primitive life ( civilization's fronti] has giv5 way to ! mo/ /up5d\s & complex indu/rial & comm]cial /ructure ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,incr$ible expansion1 social1 political1 indu/rial1 comm]cial--b repres5tative gov]nm5t all ! way4 ,at n "o /ep 9 ! long & %9+ pa?way ( ! ,nation's progress has repres5tative gov]nm5t fail$ to respond to ! ,nation's ne$4 ,e em]g5cy t #acj ye>s ( mom5t\s hi/ory has develop$--! t]rible /ra9 ( w>1 ! h>rass+ problems ( peace--repres5tative gov]nm5t has be5 equal to !m all4 ,n once has x brok5 d[n4 ,n "o issue has x fail$ to solve4 ,& long aft] ! %all[ sub/itutes t are n[ propos$ = x %all h be5 =gott51 repres5tative gov]nm5t w be do+ bus9ess at ! old /&1 w be solv+ ! problems ( ! future z x met ! issues ( ! pa/1 ) c\rage & wisdom & ju/ice1 giv+ to ! great ,republic t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 = ! p1 & by ! p :i* is ! assurance t x %all n p]i% f ! e>?4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,que/ions ,,) ,,sugge/$ ,,issues ,,& ,,brief ,,bibliography ,bel[ are sev]al que/ions ) issues sugge/$ :i* %\ld br+ ab\t a head on debate4 ,!y %\ld be useful at ! beg9n+ ( debat+ "w or :5 "t = prep>ation is some:at limit$4 ,a brief bibliography is 9 ea* case app5d$4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,suffrage ,,%\ld ,,be ,,grant$ ,,to ,,woman ,affirmative ,i4 ,woman wants ! ballot4 ,,ii4 ,woman is capable ( us+ ! ballot wisely4 ,,iii4 ,:]e woman has _h ! ballot1 ! results h be5 b5eficial to ! /ate4 ,negative ,i4 ,a majority ( wom5 d n want ! ballot4 ,,ii4 ,woman is incapable ( us+ ! ballot wisely4 ,,iii4 ,a b5efit has n result$ 9 ^? /ates :i* h giv5 woman ! "r to vote4 ,,brief ,,bibliography ,success ( ,woman's ,suffrage1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,lxxiii1 #ccd-ce 7,augu/ #h1 #aiab74 ,suffrage ,dang]1 ,liv+ ,age1 ,,cclxxiv1 #ccj-ce 7,augu/ #aj1 #aiab74 ,tea*+ ,viol5ce to ,wom51 ,c5tury1 ,,lxxxiv1 #aea-ec 7,may1 #aiab74 ,viol5ce 9 ,woman's ,suffrage ,movem5t3 ,a ,disapproval ( ! ,militant ,policy1 ,c5tury1 ,,lxxxv1 #adh-di 7,novemb]1 #aiab74 ,viol5ce & ,votes1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,lxxii1 #adaf-ai 7,june #bg #aiab74 ,votes = ,wom51 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,,lvi1 #f 7,septemb] #ba1 #aiab74 ,votes = ,wom51 ,h>p]'s ,baza> ,,xlvi1 #dg1 #adh 7,janu>y1 ,m>*1 #aiab74 ,votes = ,wom5 & ,o!r ,votes1 ,survey1 ,,xxviii1 #cfg-gh 7,june #a1 #aj4ab74 ,:at ,is ! ,tru? ab\t ,woman's ,suffrage8 ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal1 ,,xxix1 #bd 7,octob]1 #aiab74 ,:y ,i ,want ,woman's ,suffrage1 ,colli]'s1 ,,xlviii1 #ah 7,m>* #af1 #aiab74 ,:y ,i ,w5t into ,suffrage ,"w1 ,h>p]'s ,baza>1 ,,xlvi1 #ddj 7,septemb]1 #aiab74 ,woman & ! ,/ate1 ,=um1 ,,xlviii1 #cid-djh 7,octob] #aiab74 ,woman & ! ,suffrage1 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,,lvi1 #f 7,augu/ #ag1 #aiab74 ,woman's ,rights1 ,outlook1 ,c1 #bfb-ff 7,febru>y #c1 #aiab74 ,woman's ,rights1 ,outlook1 ,c1 #cjb-d 7,febru>y #aj1 #aiab74 ,conc]n+ ,"s ( ! ,anti-,suffrage ,lead]s1 ,good ,h\se-keep+1 ,,lv1 #hj-hb 7,july1 #aiab74 ,expansion ( ,equality1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,lxxiii1 #aadc-de 7,novemb] #ad1 #aiab74 ,m>*+ = ,equal ,suffrage1 ,he>/'s ,magaz9e1 ,,xxi1 #bdig-eja 7,june1 #aiab74 ,woman & ! ,cali=nia ,prim>ies1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,lxxii1 #acaf-ah 7,june #ac1 #aiab74 ,woman ,suffrage ,victory1 ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,,xlv1 #hda-dc 7,novemb] #bc1 #aiab74 ,woman's ,demon/ration2 ,h[ ,!y ,won & ,us$ ! ,votes 9 ,cali=nia1 ,colli]'s1 ,,xlviii1 #ag-ah 7,janu>y #f1 #aiab74 ,rec5t ,/rides ( ,woman's ,suffrage1 ,_w's ,"w1 ,,xxii1 #adgcc-de 7,augu/1 #aiaa74 ,woman's ,suffrage 9 ,six ,/ates1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,lxxi1 #ifg-bj 7,novemb] #b1 #aiaa74 ,wom5 ,did ,x 9 ,colorado1 ,hampton's ,magaz9e1 ,,xxvi1 #dbf4 ,woman's ,victory 9 ,wa%+ton 7/ate71 ,colli]'s1 ,,xlvi1 #be4 ,are ,wom5 ,ready = ! ,fran*ise8 ,we/m9/]1 ,,clxii1 #bee-fa 7,septemb]1 #aijd74 ,argum5t aga9/ ,woman's ,suffrage1 ,outlook1 ,,lxiv1 #egc-gd 7,m>* #aj1 #aijj74 ,*eck to ,woman's ,suffrage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,,lvi1 #hcc-da 7,novemb]1 #aijd74 ,female ,suffrage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,,xliv1 #idi-ej 7,octob] #f1 #aijj74 ,ought ,wom5 to ,vote8 ,outlook1 ,,lviii1 #cec-ee 7,june #h1 #aija74 ,outlook = ,woman's ,suffrage1 ,cosmopolitan1 ,,xxviii1 #fba-bc 7,april1 #aijj74 ,woman's ,suffrage 9 ! ,we/1 ,outlook1 ,,lxv1 #dcj-ca 7,june #bc1 #aijj74 ,movem5t = ,woman's ,suffrage1 ,outlook1 ,,xciii1 #bfe-fg 7,octob] #b1 #aiji74 ,:y8 ,ev]ybody's1 ,,xxi1 #gbc-ch4 ,woman's ,rights1 ,tw5tie?-,c5tury ,encyclop$ia4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,navy ,,%\ld ,,be ,,enl>g$ ,,s ,,z ,,to ,,comp>e ,,9 ,,fight+ ,,/r5g? ,,) ,,any ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,affirmative ,i4 ,! scatt]$ possessions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dem& ! protection ( a l>ge navy4 ,,ii4 ,! exp5se ( ! propos$ navy w\ld be a judici\s inve/m5t4 ,,iii4 ,! propos$ enl>gem5t ( ! navy w\ld be a /ep t[>d univ]sal peace4 ,negative ,i4 ,! geographical situation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates makes a l>ge navy unnecess>y4 ,,ii4 ,! exp5se entail$1 if ! propos$ plan 7 put into practice1 w\ld emb>rass ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,iii4 ,to c>ry out ! propos$ plan w\ld be to increase ! *ances ( w>4 ,,brief ,,bibliography ,relative ,sea ,/r5g? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,,cvii1 #agd 7,augu/ #ca1 #aiab74 ,= an ,adequate ,navy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,,cv1 #eab 7,decemb] #i1 #aiaa74 ,humble ,op9ions ( a ,flat-,foot2 ,frank ,criticism & ,intimate ,picture ( ,our ,navy1 by a ,blue-,jacket$ ,gob1 ,colli]'s ,l1 #ad-ae2 ,p41 ,,xix1 #bb-bc 7,decemb] #g1 #aiab74 ,importance ( ! ,comm& ( ! ,sea1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,,cv1 #eab 7,decemb] #i1 #aiaa74 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fleet & ,its ,read9ess = ,s]vice1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,,cv1 #ead 7,decemb] #i1 #aiaa74 ,battle-%ip ,fleet 9 ,ea* ,ocean1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,,cii1 #ced 7,april #cj1 #aiaj74 ,naval ,madness1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,lxviii1 #dhi 7,m>* #c1 #aiaj74 ,our ,naval ,wa/e1 ,nation1 ,,xci1 #aeh 7,augu/ #be1 #aiaj74 ,our ,navy ,z a ,national ,insurance1 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,,cii1 #dad 7,may #ba1 #aiaj74 ,am]ican ,naval ,policy1 ,=um1 ,,xlv1 #ebi 7,may1 #aiaa74 ,if ,we ,_h to ,fight1 ,cotti]'s1 ,,xlviii1 #ah 7,novemb] #ah #aiaa74 ,panama ,canal & ! ,sea ,p[] 9 ! ,pacific1 ,c5tury1 ,,lxxxii1 #bdj 7,janu>y1 #aiaa74 ,,local ,,option ,,is ,,! ,,be/ ,,me?od ,,or ,,deal+ ,,) ,,! ,,liquor ,,problem ,affirmative ,i4 ,o!r me?ods ( deal+ ) ! liquor problem h fail$4 ,,ii4 ,local option is consi/5t ) ,am]ican ideas ( gov]nm5t4 ,,iii4 ,local option is a prov$ success4 ,negative ,i4 ,local option is undesirable 9 !ory4 ,,ii4 ,local option has n succe$$ :]e tri$4 ,,iii4 ,!re is a bett] me?od ( deal+ ) ?is problem4 ,,brief ,,bibliography ,local ,option2 ,a ,/udy ( ,massa*usetts1 ,atlantic1 ,,xc1 #dcc-dj4 ,pr9ciple ( ,local ,option1 ,indep5d5t1 ,,liii1 #cjcb-cc 7,decemb] #ai1 #aija74 ,:5 ,prohibition ,fails & ,:y1 ,outlook1 ,,ci1 #fci-dc 7,july #bj1 #aiab74 ,to ,dam ! ,int]/ate ,fl[ ( ,dr9k1 ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,,xliv1 #ajf-g 7,janu>y #bj1 #aiab74 ,psy*ology ( ,dr9k1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,,xviii1 #ba-cb 7,july1 #aiab74 ,_w-,wide ,fight aga9/ ,alcohol1 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,,xlv1 #cgd4 ,dr9k & ! ,joy ( ,life1 ,we/m9/]1 ,,clxxvi1 #fbj-bd 7,decemb]1 #aiaa74 ,dr9k ,traffic1 ,mission>y ,review1 ,,xxxii1 #ccg-ci 7,may1 #aiji74 ,ef=ts to ,promote ,temp]ance s9ce #ahhc1 9 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 ,rec5t ,*ri/ian ,progress1 #ddf-ga4 ,fight aga9/ ,alcohol1 ,cosmopolitan1 ,,xliv1 #dib-if1 #edi-ed 7,april1 ,may1 #aijh72 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,,lii1 #f-g 7,april #be1 #aijh74 ,=eign ,anti-,liquor ,movem5ts1 ,nation1 ,,lxxxvi1 #bcj 7,m>* #ab1 #aijh74 ,m>* ( ,temp]ance1 ,ar5a1 ,,xl1 #cbe-cj 7,octob]1 #aijh74 ,social ,conditions & ! ,liquor ,problem1 ,ar5a1 ,,xxvi1 #bge-gg 7,septemb]1 #ajjf74 ,temp]ance ,"q1 ,canadian ,m41 ,,xxxii1 #bhb-hd 7,janu>y1 #aiji74 ,local ,option ,movem5t1 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,,xxxii1 #dga-e 7,novemb]1 #aijh74 ,results ( a ,dry ,ye> 9 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 ,map ,survey1 ,,xxii1 #cja-b 7,may #bi1 #aiji74 ,local ,option & ,aft]1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,,cxc1 #fbh-da 7,novemb]1 #aiji74 ,,capital ,,puni%m5t ,,%\ld ,,be ,,aboli%$ ,affirmative ,i4 ,capital puni%m5t does n accompli% ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,,ii4 ,capital puni%m5t is inconsi/5t ) ! tea*+s ( mod]n crim9ology4 ,,iii4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( puni%m5t f> m b5eficial ?an ! dea? p5alty4 ,negative ,i4 ,capital puni%m5t decreases crime4 ,,ii4 ,! cruelty ( capital puni%m5t has be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,,iii4 ,society has f\nd no crime det]r5t s p[]ful z ! dea? p5alty4 ,,brief ,,bibliography ,does ,capital ,puni%m5t ,prev5t ,convictions8 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,,xl1 #bai-bj 7,augu/1 #aiji74 ,does ,capital ,puni%m5t ,t5d to ,dim9i% ,capital ,crime8 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,l1 #ajbh-bi2 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,,xxxiv1 #cfh-fi 7#aiji74 ,mean+ ( ,capital ,puni%m5t1 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,l1 #abhi 7,septemb] #h1 #aijf74 ,plato on ,capital ,puni%m5t1 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,l1 #aijc 7,decemb] #bi1 #aijf74 ,%\ld ,capital ,puni%m5t ,be ,aboli%$8 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 ,,liii1 #h 7,july #c1 #aiji74 ,:itely ,case & ,dea? ,p5alty1 ,nation1 ,,lxxxiv1 #cgf-gg 7,april #be1 #aijg74 ,dea? ,p5alty & ,homicide1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,,xvi1 #hh-aaf 7,july1 #aiaj72 ,nation1 ,,viii1 #aff2 ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,,cxvi1 #ach2 ibid41 ,,lxii1 #dj2 ibid41 ,,cxxxiii1 #ecd2 ,=um1 ,,iii1 #ejc2 ,ar5a1 ,,ii1 #eac4 ,capital ,puni%m5t & ,imprisonm5t = ,life1 ,nation1 ,,xvi1 #aic4 ,capital ,puni%m5t ,anecdotes f ,blue ,book1 ,ecl4 ,m41 ,,lxvi1 #fgg4 ,capital ,puni%m5t ,argum5ts ,aga9/1 ,nation1 ,,xvi1 #bac4 ,capital ,puni%m5t by ,electricity1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,,cxlvi1 #bai4 ,capital ,puni%m5t3 ,case ,aga9/1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,,lii1 #cbb2 same article 9 ,eclectic ,magaz9e1 ,,cxiii1 #eah4 ,! ,crime ( ,capital ,puni%m5t1 ,ar5a1 ,i1 #age4 ,failure ( ,capital ,puni%m5t1 ,ar5a1 ,,xxi1 #dfi4 ,:y ,h a ,hangman8 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,,xl1 #eha4 ,puni%m5t ( ,crimes1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,x1 #bce4 ,,app5dix ,,vi ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,debatable ,,propositions ,,s*ool ,,que/ions ,_m ( ^!1 because ( _! local application1 w be f\nd useful = class practice :]e "t = prep>ation is necess>ily limit$4 #a4 ,co$ucation 9 colleges is m desirable ?an segregation4 #b4 ,textbooks %\ld be furni%$ at public exp5se to /ud5ts 9 public s*ools4 #c4 ,! adoption ( ! honor sy/em 9 exam9ations w\ld be desirable 9 ,am]ican colleges4 #d4 ,f9al exam9ations z a te/ ( k %\ld be discont9u$ 9 ,x---- ,high ,s*ool 7or college74 #e4 ,all ,am]ican univ]sities & colleges %\ld admit m5 & wom5 on equal t]ms4 #f4 ,! national gov]nm5t %\ld e/abli% a univ]sity ne> ! c5t] ( population4 #g4 ,! ,x---- ,college 7or ,high ,s*ool7 %\ld adopt c\rses :i* m def9itely fit /ud5ts = practical c>e]s4 #h4 ,int]collegiate football does n promote ! be/ int]e/s ( compet+ s*ools4 #i4 ,intracollegiate a?letic conte/s w\ld be a desirable sub/itute = int]collegiate a?letics4 #aj4 ,secret societies %\ld be prohibit$ 9 public high s*ools4 #aa4 ,national frat]nities d n promote ! be/ int]e/s ( ,am]ican-colleges & univ]sities4 #ab4 ,a college commons w\ld be a desirable addition to ,x---- ,college4 #ac4 ,a lun*room %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 ! ,x---- ,high ,s*ool4 #ad4 ,a?letic regulations %\ld n deb> a /ud5t f play+ summ] baseball4 #ae4 ,no /ud5t 9 an ,am]ican college %\ld be eligible to compete 9 int]collegiate a?letics until he has begun 8 second ye>'s "w4 #af4 ,all /udies 9 ! ,x--- ,college 7or ,high ,s*ool7 above ^? ( ! ,fre%man %\ld be entirely elective4 #ag4 ,9 all public high s*ools tra9+ 9 milit>y tactics %\ld be requir$4 #ah4 ,public high s*ools %\ld be "u /ate sup]vision4 #ai4 ,admission to ,am]ican colleges %\ld be all[$ only ^u exam9ation4 #bj4 ,academic degrees %\ld be giv5 only ^u /ate exam9ations4 #ba4 ,! libr>y ( ,x--- ,college 7or ,high ,s*ool1 or city7 %\ld be op5 on ,sunday4 #bb4 ,a plan ( self-gov]nm5t %\ld be adopt$ = ! ,x--- ,college 7or ,high ,s*ool74 #bc4 ,! t]ms successful & fail$ z ! only indication ( grade "w %\ld be adopt$ by ! ,x--- ,s*ool 9 place ( ! pres5t plan or work+4 #bd4 ,gymnasium "w %\ld be requir$ 9 ,x--- ,s*ool4 #be4 ,tra9+ 9 dome/ic sci5ce %\ld be requir$ ( all girls at ,x--- ,s*ool4 #bf4 ,manual tra9+ %\ld be a requirem5t ( all boys at ,x--- ,s*ool4 ,,social ,,que/ions #bg4 ,! influ5ce ( ! five-c5t !at] is b5eficial4 #bh4 ,a /ate bo>d ) p[] to =bid public exhibition %\ld ex]cise /age c5sor%ip4 #bi4 ,*ildr5 "u sixte5 ye>s ( age %\ld be prohibit$ f work+ 9 conf9+ indu/ries4 #cj4 ,*ildr5 "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age %\ld be prohibit$ f appe>+ on ! /age4 #ca4 ,a m9imum wage = wom5 employees ( dep>tm5t /ores %\ld be enact$ by ! /ate ( ,x---4 #cb4 ,public own]%ip ( saloons w\ld be a desirable me?od ( deal+ ) ! liquor problem4 #cc4 ,! ,engli% sy/em ( old-age p5sions %\ld be adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 #cd4 ,vivisection %\ld be prohibit$ by law4 #ce4 ,! publication ( c\rt proce$+s 9 crim9al & divorce cases %\ld be subject to a bo>d ( c5sor%ip4 #cf4 ,education "u ! direction ( a /ate bo>d1 %\ld be requir$ 9 ! /ate prisons ( ,x---4 #cg4 ,! laws ( m>riage & divorce %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7con/itutionality conc$$74 #ch4 ,local option is ! be/ me?od ( deal+ ) ! liquor "q4 #ci4 ,! army cante5 is desirable4 #dj4 ,a sy/em ( compulsory indu/rial insurance %\ld be adopt$ by ! /ate ( ,x---4 #da4 ,an eight-h\r law = all wom5 work]s %\ld be enact$ by ! /ate ( ,x---4 #db4 ,immigration %\ld be re/rict$ accord+ to ! provisions ( ! ,dill+ham-,burnett bill4 #dc4 ,free employm5t bureaus %\ld be e/abli%$ by ! city ( ,x---4 #dd4 ,free employm5t bureaus %\ld be e/abli%$ by ! /ate ( ,x---4 ,,political ,,que/ions #de4 ,a p]man5t national t>iff commission %\ld be e/abli%$4 #df4 ,! con/itution %\ld be s am5d$ z to make m easy ! pass+ ( am5dm5ts4 #dg4 ,! re/rictions on ,mongolian immigration %\ld be remov$4 #dh4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld s]ve "o t]m ( six ye>s4 #di4 ,complete public reports ( all contributions to political campaign funds %\ld be requir$ by law4 #ej4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e z a "p ( ,am]ican =eign policy %\ld be discont9u$4 #ea4 ,! int]e/s ( labor c be/ be repres5t$ by a sep>ate political p>ty4 #eb4 ,! naturalization laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be made m /r+5t4 #ec4 ,ali5s %\ld be =bidd5 ! ballot 9 e /ate4 #ed4 ,! /ate ( ,cali=nia is ju/ifi$ 9 h] /& aga9/ l& own]%ip by ali5s4 #ee4 ,p]man5t ret5tion ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s by ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n advisable4 #ef4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates navy %\ld be ma9ta9$ at a fight+ /r5g? equal to any 9 ! _w4 #eg4 ,direct presid5tial prim>ies %\ld be a sub/itute = ! pres5t me?od ( presid5tial nom9ation4 #eh4 ,corporations engag$ 9 int]/ate bus9ess %\ld be compell$ to op]ate "u a national *>t]4 #ei4 ,! ,panama ,canal %\ld be =tifi$4 #fj4 ,! initiative & ref]5dum 9 matt]s ( /ate legislation w\ld be desirable 9 ! /ate ( ,x----4 #fa4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! annexation ( ,cuba w\ld be desirable4 #fb4 ,! fifte5? am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be repeal$4 #fc4 ,! ,presid5t %\ld be elect$ by ! direct vote ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #fd4 ,proportional repres5tation %\ld be adopt$ 9 ! /ate ( ,x----4 #fe4 ,! plan ( proportional repres5tation 9 pres5t vogue 9 ! /ate ( ,x---- %\ld be aboli%$4 #ff4 ,! use ( vot+ ma*9es %\ld be requir$ 9 all elections 9 cities hav+ a population ( m ?an #aj1jjj4 #fg4 ,public int]e/ is be/ s]v$ :5 national p>ty l9es are disc>d$ 9 municipal elections4 #fh4 ,suffrage %\ld be limit$ to p]sons :o c read & write4 #fi4 ,ex-,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld become s5ators-at-l>ge = life4 #gj4 ,ex-,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be p5sion$ = life at full sal>y4 #ga4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld adopt a plan ( compulsory vot+4 #gb4 ,! national gov]nm5t %\ld pur*ase & op]ate ! express sy/ems 9 connection ) ! p>cel po/4 #gc4 ,f$]al judges %\ld be elect$ by direct vote ( ! p4 #gd4 ,two-?irds ( a jury %\ld be compet5t to r5d] a v]dict 9 jury trials 9 ! /ate ( ,x---4 #ge4 ,! /ate ( ,x--- %\ld adopt a plan = recall ( /ate judges4 #gf4 ,! /ate ( ,x--- %\ld adopt a plan all[+ a ref]5dum ( judicial decisions4 #gg4 ,! appo9tm5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates consuls %\ld be "u ! m]it sy/em4 #gh4 ,am]ican vessels engag$ 9 coa/wise trade %\ld be p]mitt$ ! use ( ! ,panama ,canal )\t ! paym5t ( tolls4 #gi4 ,all po/ma/]s %\ld be elect$ by popul> vote4 #hj4 ,! bill requir+ ----1 :i* is at pres5t be=e ! ,x--- city c\ncil 7,x--- /ate legislature1 or ,congress7 %\ld be defeat$4 ,,economic ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,que/ions #ha4 ,! ,und]wood t>iff bill ( #aiac w\ld be a desirable law4 #hb4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld und]take at once ! con/ruction ( an inl& wat]way f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,gulf 7or f ,x to ,y74 #hc4 ,all raw mat]ials %\ld be admitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates free ( duty4 #hd4 ,a /ate law %\ld prohibit prison contract labor 9 ! /ate ( ,x---4 #he4 ,f$]al gov]nm5t control ( all natural res\rces w\ld be desirable4 #hf4 ,municipal own]%ip ( /reet railways w\ld be an advantage to cities4 #hg4 ,! ,h5ry ,george sy/em ( s+le tax w\ld be practicable 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #hh4 ,a graduat$ income tax w\ld be a desirable addition to ! f$]al tax+ sy/em4 #hi4 ,! boycott is a ju/ifiable weapon 9 labor /rikes4 #ij4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld enact a progressive inh]itance tax4 #ia4 ,! coal m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be "u f$]al control4 #ib4 ,employ]s ( labor are ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ ! op5 %op4 #ic4 ,irrigation projects to reclaim ! arid l&s ( ! ,we/ %\ld be und]tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 #id4 ,c\rts = ! compulsory settlem5t ( controv]sies betwe5 labor & capital %\ld be creat$ by ,congress4 #ie4 ,indu/rial comb9ations commonly kn[n z tru/s are an economical b5efit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #if4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld e/abli% & ma9ta9 a sy/em ( subsidies = ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e4 #ig4 ,no tax %\ld be levi$ on ! issue ( /ate banks4 #ih4 ,p]man5t copyrights %\ld be ext5d$ by ! national gov]nm5t4 #ii4 ,! judicial injunction z an in/rum5t 9 labor controv]sies %\ld be made illegal4 #ajj4 ,a law gradually l[]+ ! pres5t t>iff1 s t 9 t5 ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be committ$ to a policy ( free trade1 w\ld be economically desirable = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,app5dix ,,vii ,,=ms ,,= ,,judges' ,,decision ,! fir/ ( ! two foll[+ =ms is a simple & commonly us$ "o2 ! second is m =mal & is desirable :5 ! s*ools wi% to po9t out c>efully ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! decision is to be bas$4 ,a =m su* z ! fir/1 :i* all[s ! judge entire fre$om1 is becom+ ! m popul>4 ,i4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! bett] debat+ has be5 done by ! team4 ,,ii ,,judges' ,,decision ,9 r5d]+ a decision1 ! judges are ask$ to act )\t ref]5ce to _! own op9ion on ! m]its ( ! "q4 ,!y are n to consid] t ei!r conte/+ p>ty necess>ily repres5ts ! actual attitude ( !mselves or ( _! s*ool4 ,!y are to act )\t consultation4 ,a decision is desir$ bas$ solely on ! quality ( debat+4 ,9 det]m9+ ! quality ( debat+1 ! judges are ask$ to consid] bo? matt] & =m4 ,grasp ( ! "q1 accuracy ( analysis1 selection ( evid5ce1 & ord] & cog5cy ( argum5ts %\ld be consid]$ 9 judg+ matt]4 ,be>+1 voice1 directness1 e>ne/ness1 emphasis1 enunciation1 & ge/ure %\ld be consid]$ 9 judg+ =m4 ,,decision ,consid]+ ! above in/ructions1 ,i ca/ my ballot = ! 4