,,engli% ,,gramm>1 ,,9 ,,famili> ,,lectures2 ,,accompani$ ,,by ,a ,,comp5dium ,,embrac+ ,a ,,new ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+ ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,punctuation1 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax1 ,,& ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophical ,,gramm>1 ,,9 ,,notes3 ,,to ,,:i* ,,are ,,add$1 ,,an ,,app5dix ,,& ,a ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,ex]cises ,,design$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,private ,,le>n]s4 ,,by ,,samuel ,,kirkham4 ,,/]eotype ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,rob]t ,b4 ,,coll9s1 #bed ,,pe>l ,,/reet4 ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york1 ss4 ,,be ,,x ,,rememb]$1 ,t on ! #bb;d day ( ,augu/1 ,a4,d4 #ahbi1 9 ! ,l4 ,s4 #ed? ye> ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,samuel ,kirkham1 ( ! said di/rict1 ha? deposit$ 9 ?is (fice ! title ( a book1 ! "r :]e( he claims z au?or1 9 ! words foll[+1 to wit3 ,engli% ,gramm> 9 famili> ,lectures1 accompani$ by a ,comp5dium1 embrac+ a new sy/ematic ord] ( ,p>s+1 a new sy/em ( ,punctuation1 ex]cises 9 false ,syntax1 & a ,sy/em ( ,philosophical ,gramm> 9 notes3 to :i* are add$ an ,app5dix1 & a ,key to ! ,ex]cises3 design$ = ! use ( ,s*ools & ,private ,le>n]s4 ,by ,samuel ,kirkham4 ,elev5? ,edition1 enl>g$ & improv$4 ,9 con=mity to ! act ( ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 entitl$ an act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ ! copies ( maps1 *>ts1 & books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! "t !re9 m5tion$4 ,& also to an act entitl$ an act supplem5t>y to an act entitl$ an act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ ! copies ( maps1 *>ts1 & books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$1 & ext5d+ ! b5efits !re( to ! arts ( design+1 engrav+1 & et*+ hi/orical & o!r pr9ts4 ,,fr$4 ,j4 ,,betts1 ,cl]k ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,elocution1 ,,design$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,private ,,le>n]s ,,by ,,samuel ,,kirkham4 ,?is "w is ma9ly design$ z a ,read+-,book = ,s*ools4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( x1 ! pr9ciples ( read+ are develop$ & expla9$ 9 a sci5tific & practical mann]1 & s famili>ly illu/rat$ 9 _! application to practical examples z to enable ev5 ! juv5ile m9d v readily to compreh5d _! nature & "*1 _! design & use1 & ?us to acquire t high degree ( excell5ce1 bo?1 9 read+ & speak+1 :i* all desire1 b to :i* few atta94 ,! la/ "p ( ! "w1 conta9s ,selections f ! greate/ ma/]-pieces ( rhetorical & poetical composition1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,_m ( ^! selections are tak5 f ! mo/ elegant & classical ,am]ican au?ors--writ]s ^: noble productions h already %$ an unfad+ lu/re1 & /amp$ immortality ^u ! lit]ature ( our c\ntry4--,9 ! select "p ( ! "w1 rhetorical m>ks are also employ$ to po9t out ! application ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! fir/ "p4--,! v favorable reception ( ! "w by ! public1 & its a/oni%+ly rapid introduction into s*ools1 s9ce its fir/ publication 9 #ahcc1 excites 9 ! au?or ! mo/ sangu9e hopes 9 reg>d to its future success4 ,,notices4 ,aft] a c>eful p]usal ( ?is "w1 we are decid$ly ( op9ion1 t x is ! only successful attempt ( ! k9d4 ,! rules are copi\s1 & ! au?or's explanations & illu/rations are happily adapt$ to ! compreh5sion ( le>n]s4 ,no s*ool %\ld be )\t ?is book1 & x ought to f9d a place 9 ! libr>y ( e g5tleman :o values ! atta9m5t ( a j & =cible elocution4--,pittsburgh ,m]4 ,april1 #ahcd4 ,mr4 ,kirkham has giv5 rules = inflections & emphasis1 & has foll[$ !m by illu/rative examples1 & ^! by rem>ks ^u ! inflection :i* he has adopt$1 & ! reasons = 8 pref]5ce ( "o inflection to ano!r--a mo/ admirable plan = su* a "w4 ,copi\s examples occur 9 :i* all ! v>i\s inflections & ! %ades ( emphasis are di/+ui%$ ) great accuracy & cle>ness4 ,! cate*etical app5dages ( ea* *apt]1 give ! "w new value 9 a s*ool1 & ! selections made = ! ex]cise ( s*ol>s1 ev9ce good ta/e & judgm5t4 ,u4,s4 ,gazette1 ,philadelphia1 ,sept4 #ag1 #ahcd4 ,! ,essay n[ be=e u1 ne$s n dep5d on any =m] "w ( its au?or = a borr[$ reputation2 x has intr9sic m]its ( its own4 ,x lays d[n pr9ciples cle>ly & concisely4 ,x pres5ts ! read] ) _m new & judici\s selections1 bo? 9 prose & poetry2 & altoge!r ev9ces great indu/ry comb9$ ) ta/e & +5uity4--,c\ri] ( ,upp] ,canada1 ,york1 ,oct4 #ab1 #ahcc4 ,( ! tal5t & judgm5t ( ,mr4 ,kirkham1 we h already _h occasion to speak 9 t]ms ( hone/ praise4 ,8 "w on ,elocution raises him /ill high] 9 our e/imation4--,! book w\ld be ( great utility 9 s*ools--su* a "o z has long be5 want$2 & we are glad to see x =?com+4--,baltimore ,visitor1 ,july1 #ahcc4 ,e facility = tea*+ ,elocution1 :i* ,i h s (t5 ne$$1 b nev] be=e f\nd1 is exactly furni%$ 9 ?is "w3--pr9ciples are cle>ly & concisely laid d[n1 & are v happily adapt$ to ! compreh5sion ( ! le>n]4 ,?or\ghly conv9c$ ( its utility1 ,i %all lose no "t 9 introduc+ x into my s*ool4 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,aug44 #bj1 #aecd4 ,,na?aniel ,,webb4 ,,recomm5dations4 ,x is well kn[n t ! recomm5dations :i* g5]ally accompany new books h v little weight ) ! public4 ,?is is z x %\ld be1 = t "w :i* re/s m on its writt5 te/imonials1 ?an on its intr9sic m]its = support1 ass]ts no claims to p]man5t patronage4 ,b recomm5dations :i* analyze ! m]its ( a "w1 & :i*1 by exhibit+ its prom95t features 9 a /rik+ light1 are calculat$ to c>ry conviction to ! read] t ! sy/em recomm5d$ is m]itori\s1 ! au?or is pr\d to h x 9 8 p[] to pres5t 9 ?is volume4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! num]\s te/imonials :i* he has receiv$1 & = :i* he t5d]s 8 grateful ackn[l$gm5ts to ^? lit]>y g5tlem5 to ^: lib]ality & polit5ess he is indebt$ = !m4 ,m ?an six hundr$ o!rs pres5t$ to ! au?or1 & _m ( :i* are equally flatt]+ ) ^!1 he has n room to ins]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ notice ( ?is "w is extract$ f ! ,we/]n ,review4 ,?is j\rnal is ably conduct$ by ! ,rev4 ,timo?y ,fl9t1 au?or ( ,francis ,b]rian1 ,hi/ory & ,geography ( ! ,miss4 ,valley1 & _m o!r popul> & valuable works4 ,we _h n1 at t "t1 se5 ,mr4 ,kirkham's ,gramm> 9 famili> ,lectures1 b h s9ce giv5 x a cursory p]usal4 ,if we compreh5d ! au?or's design1 x is n s mu* to introduce new pr9ciples1 z to r5d] m easy & intelligible ^? :i* h be5 long e/abli%$1 & to furni% additional facilities to an accurate & ?or\gh k ( our language4 ,9 ?is we ?9k he has be5 successful4 ,x is to be expect$ t a mode/1 unassum+ writ]1 on pres5t+ himself be=e ! public tribunal z an au?or1 w1 z f> z is consi/5t ) 8 plan1 avail himself ( ! au?ority ( su* z h writt5 well on ! subject be=e him4 ,mr4 ,kirkham has accord+ly foll[$ ,mr4 ,murray 9 ! old beat5 track ( ,engli% writ]s on gramm>1 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce2 endeavor+1 at ! same "t1 to avoid :atev] appe>$ to be errone\s or absurd 9 ! writ+s ( t au?or1 & adopt+ an entirely new arrangem5t4 ,! mo/ useful matt] conta9$ 9 ! treatise ( ,mr4 ,murray1 is embrac$ 9 ?is2 b 9 ! def9itions & rules1 x is simplifi$1 & r5d]$ mu* m intelligible4 ,?\gh our au?or foll[s ,mr4 ,murray1 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 "w1 he has1 9 num]\s in/ances1 diff]$ f him1 pursu+ a c\rse t appe>s to be 8 own1 & introduc+ "s valuable improvem5ts4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ "s additional rules & explanatory notes 9 syntax1 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 ! mode ( expla9+ !m1 mann] ( p>s+1 mann] ( expla9+ "s ( ! pron\ns1 & ! use ( a synopsis :i* pres5ts ! ess5tials ( ! sci5ce at "o view1 & is well calculat$ to af=d assi/ance to le>n]s4 ,9 8 arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 ,mr4 ,kirkham seems to h endeavor$ to foll[ ! ord] ( nature2 & we are n able to see h[ he c\ld h done bett]4 ,! n\n & v]b1 z be+ ! mo/ important p>ts ( spee*1 are fir/ expla9$1 & aft]w>ds ^? :i* are consid]$ 9 a second>y & subord9ate "*4 ,by foll[+ ?is ord]1 he has avoid$ ! absurdity s common among au?ors1 ( def9+ ! m9or p>ts be=e _! pr9cipals1 ( :i* !y 7 design$ to be ! app5dages1 & has rationally prep>$ ! way = conduct+ ! le>n] by easy advances to a correct view ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 8 illu/rations ( ! v>i\s subjects conta9$ 9 8 "w1 our au?or appe>s to h aim$1 n at a fl[]y /yle1 nor at ! appe>ance ( be+ le>n$1 b at be+ und]/ood4 ,! cle>ness & p]spicuity ( 8 rem>ks1 & _! application to famili> objects1 are well calculat$ to arre/ ! att5tion1 & aid ! und]/&+ ( ! pupil1 & !reby to less5 ! labor ( ! in/ructor4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce are simplifi$1 & r5d]$ s p]fectly easy ( compreh5sion1 we %\ld ?9k no ord9>y m9d1 hav+ su* help1 c\ld f9d !m difficult4 ,x is 9 ?is p>ticul> t ! "w appe>s to possess its *ief m]it1 & on ?is acc\nt x _c fail ( be+ pref]r$ to _m o!rs4 ,x gives u pleasure to rem>k1 9 ref]5ce to ! success ( ! amiable & mode/ au?or ^: "w is be=e u1 t we quote f ! fif? edition4 ,c9c9nati1 ,aug4 #bd1 #ahbg4 ,! foll[+ is f ! p5 ( a g5tleman ( ! ,b>1 =m]ly a di/+ui%$ ,classical tea*]4 ,extract f ! ,national ,crisis4 ,z a fri5d to lit]ature1 & especially to g5u9e m]it1 x is ) peculi> pleasure ,i allude to a notice 9 a late pap] ( ?is city1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,s4 ,kirkham proposes to deliv] a c\rse ( ,lectures on ,engli% ,gramm>4 ,to su* z feel int]e/$ 9 acquir+ a g5]al & practical k ( ?is useful sci5ce an opportunity is n[ pres5t$ :i* ought n to be neglect$4 ,hav+ myself witness$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 )9 ! la/ t5 mon?s1 ! practical results ( ,mr4 ,kirkham's plan1 ,i am enabl$ to give a decisive op9ion ( its m]its4 ,! ext5sive k acquir$ 9 "o c\rse by 8 class 9 ,pittsburgh1 & ! great pr(ici5cy ev9c$ by 8 classes else:]e1 are a demon/ration ( ! utility & sup]iority ( 8 me?od ( tea*+1 & a high] encomium on him ?an ,i am able to be/[4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ,mr4 ,kirkham's ,new sy/em ( ,gramm> is pr$icat$1 are judici\sly compil$1 & happily & briefly express$2 b ! great m]it ( 8 "w consi/s 9 ! lucid illu/rations accompany+ ! pr9ciples1 & ! simple & gradual mann] 9 :i* x conducts ! le>n] along f /ep to /ep ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( ! sci5ce4 ,! explanations bl5d$ ) ! !ory1 are address$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! pupil 9 a mann] s famili>1 t !y _c fail to excite 9 him a deep int]e/2 & :atev] sy/em is calculat$ to br+ into requisition ! m5tal p[]s1 mu/1 ,i conceive1 be productive ( good results4 ,9 my humble op9ion1 ! sy/em ( tea*+ introduc$ into ?is "w1 w enable a dilig5t pupil to acquire1 )\t any o!r aid1 a practical k ( gramm>1 9 less ?an "o-f\r? "p ( ! "t usually devot$4 ,my views ( ,mr4 ,kirkham's sy/em are ?us publicly giv51 ) ! great] pleasure1 on acc\nt ( ! lit]>y empiricisms :i* h be5 s ext5sively practis$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,c9c9nati1 ,april #bf1 #ahbf4 ,f ,mr4 ,blood1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,*amb]sburgh ,academy1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,kirkham1--,x is n[ almo/ tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,i became a tea*] ( y\?1 &1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,i h n only consult$ all1 b h us$ _m ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( ,engli% gramm> t h fall5 9 my way2 &1 sir1 ,i d assure y1 )\t ! lea/ wi% to flatt]1 t y\rs f> exce$s any ,i h yet se54 ,y\r arrangem5t & sy/ematic ord] ( p>s+ are mo/ excell5t2 & exp]i5ce has conv9c$ me1 7hav+ us$ x1 & x only1 = ! la/ twelve or ?irte5 mon?s71 t a s*ol> w le>n m ( ! nature & pr9ciples ( our language 9 "o qu>t]1 f y\r sy/em1 ?an 9 a :ole ye> f any o!r ,i _h previ\sly us$4 ,i d1 !re=e1 mo/ *e]fully & e>ne/ly recomm5d x to ! public at l>ge1 & especially to ^? :o1 anxi\s to acquire a k ( our language1 are de/itute ( ! advantages ( an in/ruct]4 ,y\rs1 v respectfully1 ,,samuel ,,blood4 ,*amb]sburgh ,academy1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahbe4 ,f ,mr4 ,n4,r4 ,smi?1 editor ( a valuable lit]>y j\rnal1 /yl$ ,! ,hesp]us4 ,mr4 ,kirkham1 ,sir1 ,i h exam9$ y\r ,lectures on ,engli% ,gramm> ) t degree ( m9ut5ess :i* enables me to yield my unqualifi$ approbation ( ! "w z a grammatical sy/em4 ,! engag+ mann] 9 :i* y h expla9$ ! elem5ts ( gramm>1 & accommodat$ !m to ! capacities ( y\?1 is an ample illu/ration ( ! utility ( y\r plan4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! critical att5tion y h paid to an analytical developm5t ( grammatical pr9ciples1 :ile x is calculat$ to enc\rage ! p]sev]ance ( "y /ud5ts 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t1 is suffici5t1 also1 to employ ! rese>*es ( ! lit]>y connoisseur4 ,i tru/ t y\r valuable compilation w be spe$ily introduc$ into s*ools & academies4 ,) respect1 y\rs1 ,n4,r4 ,,smi?1 ,a4,m4 ,pittsburgh1 ,m>* #bb1 #ahbe4 ,f ,mr4 ,jungmann1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,fr$]ick ,lu!ran ,academy3--,extract4 ,hav+ c>efully exam9$ ,mr4 ,s4 ,kirkham's new sy/em ( ,engli% ,gramm> 9 famili> ,lectures1 ,i am satisfi$ t ! pre-em95t advantages x possesses ov] our common sy/ems1 w soon conv9ce ! public1 t x is n "o ( ^? feeble ef=ts ( quack]y :i* h s (t5 obtrud$ ^u our notice4 ,its decid$ sup]iority ov] all o!r sy/ems1 consi/s 9 adapt+ ! subject-matt] to ! capacity ( ! "y le>n]1 & ! happy mode adopt$ ( communicat+ x to 8 m9d 9 a mann] s cle> & simple1 t he c easily compreh5d ! nature & ! application ( e pr9ciple t comes be=e him4 ,9 %ort1 all ! intricacies ( ! sci5ce are elucidat$ s cle>ly1 ,i am confid5t t ev5 a private le>n]1 ( common docility1 c1 by p]us+ ?is sy/em att5tively acquire a bett] practical k ( ?is important bran* ( lit]ature 9 ?ree mon?s1 ?an is ord9>ily obta9$ 9 "o ye>4 ,fr$]ick1 ,md4 ,sept #ag1 #ahbd4 ,,john ,e4 ,,jungmann4 ,extract3 f ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 late ,gov4 ( ,new-,york4 ,i consid] ! ,comp5dium ( ,engli% ,gramm>1 by ,samuel ,kirkham1 a "w des]v+ enc\ragem5t1 & well calculat$ to facilitate ! acquisition ( ?is useful sci5ce4 ,,de ,,witt ,,cl9ton4 ,albany1 ,sept #be1 #ahbd4 ,s4 ,kirkham1 ,esq4--,i h exam9$ y\r ,gramm> ) att5tion1 & ) a p>ticul> view to b5efit ! ,in/itution "u my *>ge4 ,i am fully satisfi$1 t x is ! be/ =m 9 :i* ,murray's pr9ciples h be5 giv5 to ! public4 ,! lectures are ample1 & giv5 9 s famili> & easy language1 z to be readily und]/ood1 ev5 by a tyro 9 gramm>4 ,i feel x due to y to say1 t ,i comm5c$ ! exam9ation ( y\r "w1 "u a /rong prejudice aga9/ x1 9 consequ5ce ( ! num]\s improv$ sy/ems ) :i* ! public has be5 inundat$1 ( late1 mo/ ( :i* are by no means improvem5ts on ,murray1 b ! productions ( individuals :om a little gramm> has r5d]$ grammatically insane4 ,my convictions1 !re=e1 are ! result ( inve/igation4 ,i wi% y1 ,sir1 success 9 y\r publication4 ,respectfully1 ,,eb]4 ,,:eaton1 ,pr4 ( ,me*anics' ,society ,s*ool ,) ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,:eaton respect+ ,mr4 ,kirkham's ,engli% ,gramm>1 we he>tily concur4 ,,na?an ,,/>k1 ,pr4 ,acad4 7,rev47 ,,john ,,john/on1 ,newburgh1 ,aug4 #d1 #ahbi4 7,rev47 ,,wm4 ,s4 ,,hey]1 ,f ! ,rev4 ,c4,p4 ,mc,ilvaine1 & o!rs4 ,s f> z ,i h exam9$ ! plan ( grammatical in/ruction by ,samuel ,kirkham ,i am well satisfi$ t x meets ! wants ( elem5t>y s*ools 9 ?is bran*1 & des]ves to be patronis$4 ,,*>les ,p4 ,mc,i,l,v,a,i,n,e4 ,brooklyn1 ,l4,i4 ,july #i1 #ahbi4 ,we fully concur 9 ! above1 ,,&rew ,,hageman1 ,e4,m4 ,,johnson4 ,,extract4 ,f ! p>tial exam9ation :i* ,i h giv5 ,mr4 ,s4 ,kirkham's ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,i d n hesitate to recomm5d x to ! public z ! be/ ( ! class ,i h ev] se51 & z fill+ up an important & almo/ impassable *asm 9 works on grammatical sci5ce4 ,d4,l4 ,,c>roll4 ,brooklyn1 ,l4,i4 ,june #bi1 #ahbi4 ,we fully concur 9 ! =ego+ recomm5dation4 ,b4,b4 ,,hallock1 ,e4 ,,k+sley1 ,t4,s4 ,,maybon4 ,f ,a4,w4 ,dodge1 ,esq4 ,new-,york1 ,july #ae1 #ahbi4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e "o at all acqua9t$ ) ! bus9ess ( in/ruction1 mu/ h taught him t ! /udy ( gramm>1 important z x is to e class ( le>n]s1 is almo/ inv>iably a dry & un9t]e/+ /udy to "y beg9n]s1 & = ! v obvi\s reason1 t ! sy/ems 9 g5]al use 9 ! s*ools1 are f> beyond ! compreh5sion ( y\?1 & ill adapt$ to _! ye>s4 ,h5ce x is1 t _! lessons 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( le>n+1 are consid]$ z tasks1 & if committ$ at all1 committ$ to ! memory1 )\t enlight5+ _! und]/&+s2 s t _m a pupil :o has be5 ?r\gh ! ,engli% gramm>1 is totally unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ev5 ( ! simple/ p>ts ( spee*4 ,! "w ( ,mr4 ,kirkham on gramm>1 is well calculat$ to rem$y ^! evils1 & supply a defici5cy :i* has be5 s long & s s]i\sly felt 9 ! imp]fect education ( y\? 9 ! elem5t>y k ( _! own language4 ,by a simple1 famili>1 & lucid me?od ( treat+ ! subject1 he has r5d]$ :at 0 be=e irksome & unpr(itable1 pleas+ & in/ructive4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! gramm> ( ,mr4 ,kirkham furni%es a clew by :i* ! y\?ful m9d is guid$ ?r\gh ! intricate labyr9? ( v]bs1 n\ns & pron\ns2 & ! pa? :i* has be5 h]et(ore s difficult & un9vit+1 z to damp5 ! ardor ( y\?1 & wa/e _! en]gies 9 fruitless attempts to surm\nt its ob/acles1 is cle>$ ( ^! ob/ructions by ?is pione] to ! y\?ful m9d1 & plant$1 at e turn1 ) fri5dly guide-bo>ds to direct !m 9 ! "r road4 ,! slighte/ p]usal ( ! "w allud$ to1 w conv9ce ev5 ! mo/ skeptical ( ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks1 & satisfy e "o :o is n w$d$ by prejudice to old rules & =ms1 t x w meet ! wants ( ! community4 ,,all5 ,w4 ,,dodge4 ,philadelphia1 ,aug4 #aj1 #ahbi ,hav+1 = sev]al ye>s1 be5 engag$ 9 lectur+ on ! sci5ce ( gramm> &1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 hav+ ?or\ghly te/$ ! m]its ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,kirkham's sy/em ( ,engli% ,gramm> 9 ,famili> ,lectures by us+ x z a text-book = my classes1 ,i take pleasure 9 giv+ ?is te/imonial ( my cordial approbation ( ! "w4 ,mr4 ,kirkham has attempt$ to improve ^u ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 *iefly by unfold+ & expla9+ ! pr9ciples ( gramm> 9 a mann] s cle> & simple1 z to adapt !m completely to ! und]/&+ ( ! "y le>n]1 & by adopt+ a new arrangem5t1 :i* enables ! pupil to commit ! pr9ciples by a simultane\s application ( !m to practical examples4 ,! public may re/ assur$1 t he has be5 successful 9 8 attempt 9 a pre-em95t degree4 ,i make ?is ass]tion "u a full conviction t x w be corroborat$ by e c&id judge ( ! sci5ce :o becomes acqua9t$ ) ! practical advantages ( ?is manual4 ,! explicit brevity & accuracy ( ! rules & def9itions1 ! novel1 ! /rik+1 ! lucid1 & critical illu/rations accompany+ !m1 ! peculi> & advantage\s arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! subject1 ! facilities pr(f]$ by ! sy/ematic mode ( p>s+ adopt$1 ! conv5i5t & judici\s introduction & adaptation ( ! ex]cises introduc$1 & ! deep rese>*es & critical inve/igations display$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,notes1 r5d] ?is sy/em ( gramm> s decid$ly sup]ior to all o!rs extant1 t1 to receive g5]al patronage1 x ne$s b to be kn[n4 ,my k ( ?is sy/em f exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ x1 & witness+ its effects 9 ! h&s ( private le>n]s1 w>rants me 9 say+1 t a le>n] w1 by /udy+ ?is book f\r mon?s )\t a tea*]1 obta9 a m cle> conception ( ! nature & prop] con/ruction ( words & phrases1 ?an is ord9>ily obta9$ 9 common s*ools & academies1 9 five times f\r mon?s4 ,x is highly gratify+ to "k1 t :]ev] ?is sy/em has be5 circulat$1 x is v rapidly supplant+ ^? works ( dulness :i* h s long p>alyz$ ! en]gies ( ! y\? ( our c\ntry4 ,i ?9k ! specim5s ( v]bal criticism1 additional corrections 9 or?ography & or!opy1 ! lead+ pr9ciples ( rhetoric1 & ! improvem5ts 9 ! illu/rations g5]ally1 :i* ,mr4 ,k4 is ab\t introduc+ into 8 ,,elev5? ,,edition1 w r5d] x q an improvem5t on ! =m] editions ( ?is "w4 ,h4 ,,w9*e/]4 ,f ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,c5t]1 ,pr9cipal ( a ,classical ,academy4 ,i h exam9$ ! la/ edition ( ,kirkham's ,gramm> ) peculi> satisfaction4 ,! improvem5ts :i* appe> 9 x1 d1 9 my e/imation1 give x a decid$ pref]5ce to any o!r sy/em n[ 9 use4 ,to po9t out ! peculi> qualities :i* secure to x claims ( :i* no o!r sy/em c boa/1 w\ld be1 if requir$1 p]fectly easy4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t x imbodies all t is ess5tially excell5t & useful 9 o!r sy/ems1 :ile x is entirely free f t t$i\sness ( me?od & prolixity ( def9ition :i* s mu* p]plex & emb>rass ! le>n]4 ,! peculi> excell5ce ( ,mr4 ,kirkham's gramm> is1 ! simplicity ( its me?od1 & ! pla9ness ( its illu/rations4 ,be+ conduct$ by famili> lectures1 ! tea*] & pupil are necess>ily br\ght into agreeable contact by ea* lesson4 ,bo? are improv$ by ! same task1 )\t ! slighte/ suspicion1 on ! "p ( ! pupil1 t !re is any?+ h>d1 difficult1 or obscure 9 ! subject3 a conviction1 ?is1 :i* mu/ inevitably prec$e all ef=ts1 or no pr(ici5cy w be made4 ,9 a ^w1 ! treatise ,i am recomm5d+1 is a practical "o2 & = t reason1 if !re 7 no o!rs to be urg$1 x ought to be introduc$ into all our s*ools & academies4 ,f actual exp]im5t ,i c atte/ to ! practicability ( ! plan :i* ! au?or has adopt$4 ,( ?is fact any "o may be conv9c$ :o w take ! pa9s to make ! exp]im5t4 ,,samuel ,,c5t]4 ,albany1 ,july #aj1 #ahbi4 ,f a communication address$ to ,s4 ,kirkham1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,/ockton1 au?or ( ! ,we/]n ,calculator & ,we/]n ,spell+-,book4 ,de> ,sir1--,i am mu* pleas$ ) bo? ! plan & execution ( y\r ,engli% ,gramm> 9 ,famili> ,lectures4 ,9 giv+ a sy/ematic mode ( p>s+1 calculat$ alike to ex]cise ! und]/&+ & memory ( ! pupil1 & also free ! tea*] f ! drudg]y ( cont9u$ int]rogation1 y h made y\r gramm> :at e elem5t>y s*ool book ought to be--pla91 sy/ematic1 & easy to be und]/ood4 ,?is1 ) ! copi\s def9itions 9 e "p ( ! "w1 & o!r improvem5ts s judici\sly introduc$1 gives x a decisive sup]iority ov] ! imp]fect gramm> ( ,murray1 n[ s g5]ally us$4 ,,joseph ,,/ockton1 ,a4,m4 ,allegh5y-,t[n1 7ne> ,pittsburgh17 ,m>* #ah1 #ahbe4 ,,to ,,! ,,elev5? ,,edition4 ,! au?or is free to ackn[l$ge1 t s9ce ?is treatise fir/ v5tur$ on ! wave ( public op9ion1 ! gales ( patronage :i* h wait$ x along1 h be5 f> m favorable ?an he _h reason to anticipate4 ,_h any "o1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 pr$ict$1 t ! dem& = x w\ld call =? tw5ty-two ?\s& copies dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 ! au?or w\ld h consid]$ ! pr$iction extravagant & *im]ical4 ,9 gratitude1 !re=e1 to t public :i* has smil$ s propiti\sly on 8 humble ef=ts to advance ! cause ( le>n+1 he has endeavor$1 by unremitt+ att5tion to ! improvem5t ( 8 "w1 to r5d] x z useful & z unexceptionable z 8 "t & tal5ts w\ld p]mit4 ,x is believ$ t ! t5? & elev5? editions h be5 greatly improv$2 b ! au?or is appreh5sive t 8 "w is n yet z accurate & z mu* simplifi$ z x may be4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! disadvantages ( l+]+ "u a brok5 con/itution1 & ( be+ able to devote to ?is subject only a small portion ( 8 "t1 snat*$ f ! active pursuits ( a bus9ess life1 7active z f> z 8 imp]fect heal? p]mits him to be17 are any apology = its defects1 he hopes t ! c&id w set d[n ! apology to 8 cr$it4 ,?is p]sonal allusion is haz>d$ ) ! additional hope1 t x w w>d (f "s ( ! arr[s ( criticism :i* may be aim$ at him1 & r5d] less po9t$ & poison\s ^? t may fall ^u him4 ,n t he w\ld beg a truce ) ! g5tlem5 critics & review]s4 ,any compromise ) !m w\ld betray a want ( self-confid5ce & moral c\rage :i* he w\ld1 by no means1 be will+ to av[4 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 be prejudicial to 8 int]e/2 = he is det]m9$1 if 8 life be pres]v$1 to avail himself ( ! advantages ( any judici\s & c&id criticisms on 8 production1 t may appe>1 &1 two or ?ree ye>s h5ce1 revise 8 "w1 & pres5t to ! public ano!r & a bett] edition4 ,! improvem5ts 9 ! t5? edition1 consi/$ ma9ly 9 ! addition ( _m important pr9ciples2 9 r5d]+ ! illu/rations m critical1 ext5sive1 accurate1 & lucid2 9 connect+ m closely ) ! g5ius & philosophy ( our language1 ! g5]al pr9ciples adopt$2 & 9 add+ a brief view ( philosophical gramm> int]sp]s$ 9 notes4 ,! introduction into ! ,,elev5? ,,edition1 ( _m v]bal criticisms1 ( additional corrections 9 or?ography & or?oepy1 ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( rhetoric1 & ( g5]al additions & improvem5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w1 r5d] ?is edition_/1 x is believ$1 f> pref]able to any ( ! =m] editions ( ! "w4 ,p]haps "s w reg>d ! philosophical notes z a useless exhibition ( p$antry4 ,if s1 ! au?or's only apology is1 t "s inve/igations ( ?is nature seem$ to be call$ = by a portion ( ! community ^: m9ds1 ( late1 appe> to be "u ! influ5ce ( a k9d ( philosophical mania2 & to su* ^! notes are respectfully submitt$ = j :at !y may deem _! real value4 ,! au?or's own op9ion on ?is po9t1 is1 t !y pr(f] no mat]ial advantages to common le>n]s2 b t !y may pr(itably engage ! att5tion ( ! curi\s1 & p]haps imp>t a degree ( int]e/ to ! lit]>y connoisseur4 ,new-,york1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahbj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,address to ! le>n] ,a1 an1 "o ,& ,adjectives ,adv]bs ,agreem5t ( words ,anomalies ,articles ,because ,b1 ?an1 z ,case ,nom9ative ,possessive ,objective ,nom9ative case indep5d5t ,nom9ative case absolute ,apposition ( cases ,nom9ative & objective aft] ! v]b to be ,active1 passive1 & neut] nom9atives ,conjunctions ,conjugation ( regul> v]bs ,d]ivation 7all ! philosophical notes treat ( d]ivation7 ,etymology ,ex]cises 9 false syntax ,9 punctuation ,figures ( spee* ,g5d] ,gov]nm5t ,gramm>1 g5]al division ( ,philosophical ,h ,idioms ,int]jections ,x ,if ,key to ! ex]cises ,lett]s1 s\nds ( ,l ,mann] ( mean+ ( words ,moods ,signs ( ,subjunctive ,n\ns ,g5d] ( ,p]son ( ,numb] ( ,case ( ,or?ography ,rules ( ,p>s+ ,p>ticiples ,poetry transpos$ ,prepositions ,pron\ns ,p]sonal ,comp\nd p]sonal ,adjective ,relative ,pronunciation ,prosody ,prov9cialisms ,punctuation ,rhetoric ,rules ( syntax ,s5t5ces1 def9itions ( simple & comp\nd ,transposition ( ,/&>d ( grammatical accuracy ,syntax ,to ,t5ses ,signs ( ! ,! ,t ,t]m9ations ,v]bs ,active-transitive ,active-intransitive ,passive ,neut] ,defective ,auxili>y ,regul> ,irregul> ,comp\nd ,v]sification ,wor? ,:at1 :i*1 :o ,y ,,preface ,!re appe>s to be some?+ assum+ 9 ! act ( writ+1 & ?ru/+ into public notice1 a new "w on a subject :i* has already employ$ _m able p5s2 = :o w\ld presume to d ?is1 unless he believ$ 8 production to be1 9 "s respects1 sup]ior to e "o ( ! k9d :i* _h prec$$ x8 ,h5ce1 9 pres5t+ to ! public ?is sy/em ( ,engli% ,gramm>1 ! au?or is aw>e t an apology w be look$ =1 & t ! argum5ts on :i* t apology is gr\nd$1 mu/ inevitably und]go a rigid scrut9y4 ,appreh5sive1 h[ev]1 t no explanatory ef=t1 on 8 "p1 w\ld %ield him f ! imputation ( arrogance by su* z are bl9d$ by self-int]e/1 or by ^? :o are w$d$ to ! doctr9es mid op9ions ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ) !m he w n attempt a compromise1 be+1 9 a great measure1 indiff]5t ei!r to _! praise or _! c5sure4 ,b ) ! c&id1 he is will+ to negotiate an amicable treaty1 kn[+ t !y are always ready to ent] into x on honorable t]ms4 ,9 ?is negotiation he asks no?+ m ?an m]ely to re/ ! m]its ( 8 "w on its practical utility1 believ+ t1 if x prove uncommonly successful 9 facilitat+ ! progress ( y\? 9 ! m>* ( m5tal improvem5t1 t w be its be/ apology4 ,:5 we br+ into consid]ation ! num]\s productions ( ^? le>n$ philologi/s :o h labor$ s long1 &1 z _m suppose1 s successfully1 9 e/abli%+ ! pr9ciples ( our language2 &1 m especially1 :5 we view ! labors ( "s ( our mod]n compil]s1 :o h display$ s mu* +5uity & acut5ess 9 attempt+ to arrange ^? pr9ciples 9 su* a mann] z to =m a correct & an easy m$ium ( m5tal conf]5ce2 x does1 inde$1 appe> a little l presumption = a "y man to ent] ^u a subject :i* has s frequ5tly engag$ ! att5tion & tal5ts ( m5 di/+ui%$ = _! erudition4 ,! au?or v5tures =w>d1 h[ev]1 "u ! conviction1 t mo/ ( 8 pr$ecessors are v defici5t1 at lea/1 9 mann]1 if n 9 matt]2 & ?is conviction1 he believes1 w be corroborat$ by a majority ( ! be/ judges 9 community4 ,x is admitt$1 t _m valuable improvem5ts h be5 made by "s ( our late writ]s1 :o h endeavor$ to simplify & r5d] ?is subject intelligible to ! "y le>n]1 b !y h all ov]look$ :at ! au?or consid]s a v important object1 namely1 a sy/ematic ord] ( p>s+2 & ne>ly all h neglect$ to develop & expla9 ! pr9ciples 9 su* a mann] z to enable ! le>n]1 )\t great difficulty1 to compreh5d _! nature & use4 ,by "s ?is sy/em w1 no d\bt1 be disc>d$ on acc\nt ( its simplicity2 :ile to o!rs its simplicity w prove its pr9cipal recomm5dation4 ,its design is an humble "o4 ,x pr(f]s no great advantages to ! recondite gramm>ian2 x pr(esses n to in/ruct ! lit]>y connoisseur2 x pres5ts no attractive graces ( /yle to *>m1 no d>+ flights to a/oni%1 no deep rese>*es to gratify him2 b 9 ! humble/ simplicity ( diction1 x attempts to accel]ate ! m>* ( ! juv5ile m9d 9 its advances 9 ! pa? ( sci5ce1 by disp]s+ ^? cl\ds t s (t5 bewild] x1 & remov+ ^? ob/acles t g5]ally ret>d its progress4 ,9 ?is way x endeavors to r5d] int]e/+ & delightful a /udy :i* has hi!rto be5 consid]$ t$i\s1 dry1 & irksome4 ,its lead+ object is to adopt a correct & an easy me?od1 9 :i* pleasure is bl5d$ ) ! labors ( ! le>n]1 & :i* is calculat$ to excite 9 him a _s ( inquiry1 t %all call =? into vigor\s & useful ex]cise1 e lat5t en]gy ( 8 m9d2 & ?us enable him soon to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! pr9ciples1 & ) _! practical utility & application4 ,cont5t to be useful1 in/ead ( be+ brilliant1 ! writ] ( ^! pages has endeavor$ to %un ! pa? ( ^? ^: aim appe>s to h be5 to dazzle1 r ?an to in/ruct4 ,z he has aim$ n s mu* at orig9ality z utility1 he has adopt$ ! ?\ghts ( 8 pr$ecessors ^: labors h become public /ock1 :5ev] he c\ld n1 9 8 op9ion1 furni% bett] & bright] ( 8 own4 ,aw>e t !re is1 9 ! public m9d1 a /rong pr$ilection = ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 ,mr4 ,murray's gramm>1 he has ?\ght prop]1 n m]ely f motives ( policy1 b f *oice1 to select 8 pr9ciples *iefly f t "w2 &1 moreov]1 to adopt1 z f> z consi/5t ) 8 own views1 ! language ( t em95t philologi/4 ,9 no in/ance has he v>i$ f him1 unless he conceiv$ t1 9 s do+1 "s practical advantage w\ld be ga9$4 ,he hopes1 !re=e1 to escape ! c5sure s frequ5tly & s ju/ly aw>d$ to ^? un=tunate innovators :o h n scrupl$ to alt]1 mutilate1 & torture ! text ( t able writ]1 m]ely to gratify an it*+ prop5sity to figure 9 ! _w z au?ors1 & ga9 an ephem]al popul>ity by arrogat+ to !mselves ! cr$it due to ano!r4 ,! au?or is n dispos$1 h[ev]1 to disclaim all pret5sions to orig9ality2 =1 al?\gh 8 pr9ciples are *iefly select$1 7& :o w\ld presume to make new ones87 ! mann] ( arrang+1 illu/rat+1 & apply+ !m1 is pr9cipally 8 own4 ,let no "o1 !re=e1 if he happ5 to f9d 9 o!r works1 ideas & illu/rations simil> to "s conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ lectures1 too ha/ily accuse him ( plagi>ism4 ,x is well kn[n t simil> inve/igations & pursuits (t5 elicit correspond+ ideas 9 diff]5t m9ds3 & h5ce x is n uncommon = ! same ?\ght to be /rictly orig9al ) _m writ]s4 ,! au?or is n "h attempt+ to manufacture a g>m5t to %ield him f rebuke1 %\ld he unju/ly claim ! prop]ty ( ano!r2 b he wi%es x to be und]/ood1 t a long c\rse ( tea*+ & inve/igation1 has (t5 produc$ 9 8 m9d ideas & argum5ts on ! subject ( gramm>1 exactly or ne>ly correspond+ ) ^? :i* he aft]w>ds f\nd1 _h1 "u simil> circum/ances1 be5 produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,he hopes1 !re=e1 to be p>don$ by ! critic1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld n be will+ to reject a good idea ( 8 own1 m]ely because "s "o else has1 at "s "t or o!r1 be5 bless$ ) ! same ?\ght4 ,z ! plan ( ?is treatise is f> m compreh5sive ?an ^? ( ord9>y gramm>s1 ! writ] c\ld n1 )\t mak+ 8 "w unreasonably volum9\s1 treat "s topics z ext5sively z 0 desirable4 ,its design is to embrace1 n only all ! mo/ important pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 b also ex]cises 9 p>s+1 false syntax1 & punctuation1 suffici5tly ext5sive = all ord9>y1 practical purposes1 & a key to ! ex]cises1 &1 moreov]1 a s]ies ( illu/rations s full & intelligible1 z completely to adapt ! pr9ciples to ! capacities ( common le>n]s4 ,:e!r ?is design has be5 successfully or unsuccessfully execut$1 is left = ! public to decide4 ,! g5]al adoption ( ! "w into s*ools1 :]ev] x has become kn[n1 & ! ready sale ( =ty ?\s& copies1 7?\gh )\t hi!rto af=d+ ! au?or any pecuni>y pr(it17 are favorable om5s4 ,9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( pr9ciples = 8 "w1 ! au?or has endeavor$ to pursue a c\rse betwe5 ! extremes1 ( tak+ bl9dly on tru/ :atev] has be5 sanction$ by prejudice & ! au?ority ( v5]able names1 & ( t arrogant1 innovat+ _s1 :i* sets at defiance all au?ority1 & attempts to ov]?r[ all =m] sy/ems1 & conv9ce ! _w t all true k & sci5ce are wrapp$ up 9 a crude sy/em ( vag>ies ( its own inv5tion4 ,not)/&+ ! au?or is aw>e t public prejudice is p[]ful1 & t he :o v5tures mu* by way ( innovation1 w be liable to defeat 8 own purpose by fall+ into neglect2 yet he has tak5 ! lib]ty to ?9k = himself1 to inve/igate ! subject critically & dispassionately1 & to adopt su* pr9ciples only z he deem$ ! lea/ objectionable1 & be/ calculat$ to effect ! object he _h 9 view4 ,b :at 8 sy/em claims z improvem5ts on o!rs1 consi/s n s mu* 9 bett]+ ! pr9ciples !mselves1 z 9 ! me?od adopt$ ( communicat+ a k ( !m to ! m9d ( ! le>n]4 ,t ! "w is defective1 ! au?or is fully s5sible3 & he is free to ackn[l$ge1 t its defects arise1 9 "p1 f 8 own want ( judgm5t & skill4 ,b !re is ano!r & a m s]i\s cause ( !m1 namely1 ! anomalies & imp]fections ) :i* ! language ab\nds4 ,?is latt] circum/ance is also ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( s widely diff]5t op9ions on _m important po9ts2 &1 moreov]1 ! reason t ! grammatical pr9ciples ( our language c nev] be indisputably settl$4 ,b pr9ciples ought n to be reject$ because !y admit ( exceptions4--,he :o is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! g5ius & /ructure ( our language1 c duly appreciate ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,%\ld p>5ts object to ! ,comp5dium1 fe>+ x w soon be de/roy$ by _! *ildr51 !y are in=m$ t ! pupil w n h occasion to use x "o-t5? "p z mu* z he w ! book :i* x accompanies3 & besides1 if x be de/roy$1 he w f9d all ! def9itions & rules :i* x conta9s1 recapitulat$ 9 ! s]ies ( ,lectures4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,tea*]s ,,& ,,private ,,le>n]s4 ,z ?is "w proposes a new mode ( p>s+1 & pursues an arrangem5t ess5tially diff]5t f t g5]ally adopt$1 x may n be deem$ improp] = ! au?or to give "s directions to ^? :o may be dispos$ to use x4 ,p]haps !y :o take only a slight view ( ! ord] ( p>s+1 w n consid] x new1 b bl5d x ) ^? long s9ce adopt$4 ,"s writ]s h1 inde$1 attempt$ plans some:at simil>2 b 9 no in/ance h !y r$uc$ !m to :at ! au?or consid]s a regul> sy/ematic ord]4 ,! me?ods :i* !y h g5]ally sugge/$1 require ! tea*] to int]rogate ! pupil z he proce$s2 or else he is p]mitt$ to p>se )\t giv+ any explanations at all4 ,o!rs h9t t ! le>n] ought to apply def9itions 9 a g5]al way1 b !y lay d[n no sy/ematic arrangem5t ( que/ions z 8 guide4 ,! sy/ematic ord] laid d[n 9 ?is "w1 if pursu$ by ! pupil1 compels him to apply e def9ition & e rule t app]ta9s to ea* ^w he p>ses1 )\t hav+ a "q put to him by ! tea*]2 &1 9 s do+1 he expla9s e ^w fully z he goes along4 ,?is c\rse enables ! le>n] to proce$ indep5d5tly2 & proves1 at ! same "t1 a great relief to ! in/ruct]4 ,! conv5i5ce & advantage ( ?is me?od1 are f> great] ?an c be easily conceiv$ by "o :o is unacqua9t$ ) x4 ,! au?or is1 !re=e1 anxi\s to h ! absurd practice1 :]ev] x has be5 e/abli%$1 ( caus+ le>n]s to commit & recite def9itions & rules )\t any simultane\s application ( !m to practical examples1 imm$iately aboli%$4 ,?is sy/em obviates ! necessity ( pursu+ su* a /upid c\rse ( drudg]y2 = ! "y beg9n] :o pursues x1 w h1 9 a few weeks1 all ! mo/ important def9itions & rules p]fectly committ$1 simply by apply+ !m 9 p>s+4 ,if ?is plan be once adopt$1 x is confid5tly believ$ t e tea*] :o is desir\s to consult1 ei!r 8 own conv5i5ce1 or ! advantage ( 8 pupils1 w readily pursue x 9 pref]5ce to any =m] me?od4 ,?is belief is f\nd$ on ! advantages :i* ! au?or himself has exp]i5c$ f x 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s1 devot$ to ! in/ruction ( y\? & adults4 ,by pursu+ ?is sy/em1 he c1 ) less labor1 advance a pupil f>!r 9 a practical k ( ?is ab/ruse sci5ce1 9 two mon?s1 ?an he c\ld 9 "o ye> :5 he taught 9 ! old way4 ,x is presum$ t no in/ructor1 :o once gives ?is sy/em a fair trial1 w d\bt ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,p]haps "s w1 on a fir/ view ( ! "w1 disapprove ( ! transposition ( _m p>ts2 b :oev] exam9es x att5tively1 w f9d t1 al?\gh ! au?or has n foll[$ ! common artificial & unnatural arrangem5t adopt$ by mo/ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 yet he has endeavor$ to pursue a m judici\s "o1 namely1 ! ord] ( ! und]/&+4 ,! le>n] %\ld comm5ce1 n by committ+ & rehe>s+1 b by read+ att5tively ! fir/ two lectures sev]al times ov]4 ,he ought !n to p>se1 accord+ to ! sy/ematic ord]1 ! examples giv5 = t purpose2 9 do+ :i*1 z previ\sly /at$1 he has an opportunity ( committ+ all ! def9itions & rules belong+ to ! p>ts ( spee* includ$ 9 ! examples4 ,! ,,comp5dium1 z x pres5ts to ! eye ( ! le>n] a cond5s$ b compreh5sive view ( ! :ole sci5ce1 may be prop]ly consid]$ an ,ocul> ,analysis ( ! ,engli% language4 ,by ref]r+ to x1 ! "y /ud5t is enabl$ to apply all 8 def9itions & rules f ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 p>s+4 ,to "s1 ?is mode ( proc$ure may seem r t$i\s2 b x mu/ appe> obvi\s to e p]son ( disc]nm5t1 t a pupil w le>n m by p>s+ five words critically1 & expla9+ !m fully1 ?an he w\ld by p>s+ fifty words sup]ficially1 & )\t und]/&+ _! v>i\s prop]ties4 ,! tea*] :o pursues ?is plan1 is n "u ! necessity ( he>+ 8 pupils recite a s+le lesson ( def9itions committ$ to memory1 = he has a fair opportunity ( discov]+ _! k ( ^! z !y ev9ce x 9 p>s+4 ,all o!r directions necess>y = ! le>n] 9 s*ool1 z well z = ! private le>n]1 w be giv5 9 ! succe$+ pages ( ! "w4 ,%\ld ^! feeble ef=ts prove a sav+ ( mu* "t & exp5se to ^? "y p]sons :o may be dispos$ to pursue ?is sci5ce ) avidity1 by enabl+ !m easily to acquire a critical k ( a bran* ( education s important & desirable1 ! au?or's fonde/ anticipations w be fully realiz$2 b %\ld 8 "w fall into ! h&s ( any :o are expect+1 by ! acquisition1 to become gramm>ians1 & yet1 h n suffici5t ambition & p]sev]ance to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) its cont5ts1 x is hop$ t ! blame = _! nonimprovem5t1 w n be ?r[n ^u him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ^? ent]pris+ & intellig5t g5tlem5 :o may be dispos$ to lecture on ?is plan1 ! au?or takes ! lib]ty to (f] a few h9ts by way ( enc\ragem5t4 ,any judici\s in/ructor ( gramm>1 if he take ! tr\ble to make himself famili> ) ! cont5ts ( ! foll[+ pages1 w f9d x an easy matt] to pursue ?is sy/em4 ,"o rem>k only to ! lectur]1 is suffici5t4 ,in/ead ( caus+ 8 pupils to acquire a k ( ! nature & use ( ! pr9ciples by int5se application1 let him communicate x v]bally2 t is1 let him fir/ take up "o "p ( spee*1 &1 9 an oral lecture1 unfold & expla9 all its prop]ties1 n only by adopt+ ! illu/rations giv5 9 ! book1 b also by giv+ o!rs t may occur to 8 m9d z he proce$s4 ,aft] a "p ( spee* has be5 ?us elucidat$1 ! class %\ld be int]rogat$ on x1 & !n taught to p>se x1 & correct errors 9 composition "u ! rules t apply to x4 ,9 ! same mann] he may proce$ ) ! o!r p>ts ( spee*1 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 to recapitulate occasionally1 until ! le>n]s become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) :atev] pr9ciples may h be5 pres5t$4 ,if ?is plan be fai?fully pursu$1 rapid progress1 on ! "p ( ! le>n]1 w be ! inevitable result2 & t tea*] :o pursues x1 _c fail ( acquir+ di/9ction1 & an enviable popul>ity 9 8 pr(ession4 ,s4 ,,kirkham4 ,,famili> ,,lectures ,,on ,,engli% ,,gramm>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,i ,,divisions ,,( ,,gramm>4--,,or?ography4 ,,to ,,! ,,"y ,,le>n]4 ,y are ab\t to ent] ^u "o ( ! mo/ useful1 &1 :5 rightly pursu$1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ /udies 9 ! :ole circle ( sci5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y1 l _m a misguid$ y\?1 are "u ! impression t ! /udy ( gramm> is dry & irksome1 & a matt] ( little consequ5ce1 ,i tru/ ,i %all succe$ 9 remov+ f y\r m9d1 all su* false notions & ungr\nd$ prejudices2 = ,i w endeavor to conv9ce y1 be=e ,i close ^! lectures1 t ?is is n only a pleas+ /udy1 b "o ( real & sub/antial utility2 a /udy t directly t5ds to adorn & dignify human nature1 & meliorate ! condition ( man4 ,gramm> is a lead+ bran* ( t le>n+ :i* alone is capable ( unfold+ & matur+ ! m5tal p[]s1 & ( elevat+ man to 8 prop] rank 9 ! scale ( intellectual exi/5ce2--( t le>n+ :i* lifts ! s\l f e>?1 & enables x to hold conv]se ) a ?\s& worlds4 ,9 pursu+ any & e o!r pa? ( sci5ce1 y w discov] ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks1 & feel its =ce2 = y w f9d1 t1 z gramm> op5s ! door to e dep>tm5t ( le>n+1 a k ( x is indisp5sable3 & %\ld y n aspire at di/9ction 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 ?is k _c fail ( be+ s]viceable to y1 ev5 if y are de/9$ to pass ?r\gh ! humble/ walks ( life4 ,i ?9k x is cle>1 t1 9 "o po9t ( view1 grammatical k possesses a decisive advantage ov] e o!r bran* ( le>n+4 ,p5man%ip1 ari?metic1 geography1 a/ronomy1 botany1 *emi/ry1 & s on1 are highly useful 9 _! respective places2 b n "o ( !m is s univ]sally applicable to practical purposes1 z ?is4 ,9 e situation1 "u all circum/ances1 on all occasions2--:5 y speak1 read1 write1 or ?9k1 a k ( gramm> is ( ess5tial utility4 ,d\btless y h he>d "s p]sons ass]t1 t !y c\ld detect & correct any error 9 language by ! e>1 & speak & write accurately )\t a k ( gramm>4 ,n[ y\r own obs]vation w soon conv9ce y1 t ?is ass]tion is incorrect4 ,a man ( ref9$ ta/e1 may1 by p]us+ good au?ors1 & conv]s+ ) ! le>n$1 acquire t k ( language :i* w enable him to avoid ^? gl>+ errors t (f5d ! e>2 b !re are o!r errors equally gross1 :i* h n a h>% s\nd1 &1 consequ5tly1 :i* _c be detect$ )\t a k ( ! rules t are violat$4 ,believe me1 !re=e1 :5 ,i say1 t )\t ! k & application ( gramm> rules1 x is impossible = any "o to ?9k1 speak1 read1 or write ) accuracy4 ,f a want ( su* k1 _m (t5 express _! ideas 9 a mann] s improp] & obscure z to r5d] x impossible = any "o to und]/& !m3 _! language frequ5tly am\nts1 n only to bad s5se1 b non-s5se4 ,9 o!r in/ances sev]al diff]5t mean+s may be affix$ to ! words !y employ2 & :at is /ill worse1 is1 t n unfrequ5tly _! s5t5ces are s con/ruct$1 z to convey a mean+ q ! rev]se ( t :i* !y int5d$4 ,no?+ ( a secul> nature c be m wor?y ( y\r att5tion1 !n1 ?an ! acquisition ( grammatical k4 ,! pa? :i* leads to grammatical excell5ce1 is n all ! way smoo? & fl[]y1 b 9 x y w f9d "s ?orns int]sp]s$1 & "s ob/acles to be surm\nt$2 or1 9 simple language1 y w f9d1 9 ! pursuit ( ?is sci5ce1 _m intricacies :i* x is r difficult = ! juv5ile m9d completely to unravel4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 z ,i proce$1 address y 9 pla9 language1 & endeavor to illu/rate e pr9ciple 9 a mann] s cle> & simple1 t y w be able1 if y ex]cise y\r m9d1 to und]/& its nature1 & apply x to practice z y g along2 = ,i w\ld r give y "o useful idea1 ?an fifty high-s\nd+ words1 ! mean+ ( :i* y w\ld probably be unable to compreh5d4 ,%\ld y ev] h any d\bts conc]n+ ! mean+ ( a ^w1 or ! s5se ( a s5t5ce1 y mu/ n be disc\rag$1 b p]sev]e1 ei!r by /udy+ my explanations1 or by ask+ "s p]son compet5t to in=m y1 till y obta9 a cle> conception ( x1 & till all d\bts are remov$4 ,by c>efully exam9+1 & frequ5tly review+1 ! foll[+ lectures1 y w soon be able to disc]n ! grammatical con/ruction ( our language1 & fix 9 y\r m9d ! pr9ciples by :i* x is gov]n$4 ,no?+ delights y\? s mu*1 z a cle> & di/9ct k ( any bran* ( sci5ce :i* !y are pursu+2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i "k !y are apt to be disc\rag$ ) any bran* ( le>n+ :i* requires mu* "t & att5tion to be und]/ood4 ,x is ! evid5ce ( a weak m9d1 h[ev]1 to be disc\rag$ by ! ob/acles ) :i* ! "y le>n] mu/ expect to meet2 & ! be/ means t y c adopt1 9 ord] to enable y to ov]come ! difficulties t arise 9 ! incipi5t /age ( y\r /udies1 is to cultivate ! habit ( ?9k+ me?odically & s\ndly on all subjects ( importance :i* may engage y\r att5tion4 ,no?+ w be m effectual 9 enabl+ y to ?9k1 z well z to speak & write1 correctly1 ?an ! /udy ( ,engli% gramm>1 accord+ to ! me?od ( pursu+ x z prescrib$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,?is sy/em is design$1 &1 ,i tru/1 well calculat$1 to exp& & /r5g!n ! intellectual faculties1 9 z mu* z x involves a process by :i* ! m9d is address$1 & a k ( gramm> communicat$ 9 an int]e/+ & famili> mann]4 ,y are aw>e1 my "y fri5d1 t y live 9 an age ( light & k2--an age 9 :i* sci5ce & ! arts are m>*+ onw>d ) gigantic /rides4 ,y live1 too1 9 a l& ( lib]ty2--a l& on :i* ! smiles ( ,heav5 beam ) uncommon refulg5ce4 ,! trump ( ! w>rior & ! clangor ( arms no long] e*o on our m\nta9s1 or 9 our valleys2 ! g>m5ts dy$ 9 blood h pass$ away2 ! mighty /ruggle = indep5d5ce is ov]2 & y live to enjoy ! ri* boon ( fre$om & prosp]ity :i* 0 pur*as$ ) ! blood ( our fa!rs4 ,^! consid]ations =bid t y %\ld ev] be s unm9dful ( y\r duty to y\r c\ntry1 to y\r ,creator1 to y\rself1 & to succe$+ g5]ations1 z to be cont5t to grovel 9 ignorance4 ,rememb] t k is p[]2 t an enlight5$ & a virtu\s p c nev] be enslav$2 & t1 on ! intellig5ce ( our y\?1 re/ ! future lib]ty1 ! prosp]ity1 ! happ9ess1 ! gr&eur1 & ! glory ( our belov$ c\ntry4 ,g on !n1 ) a laudable ambition1 & an unyield+ p]sev]ance1 9 ! pa? :i* leads to honor & r5[n4 ,press =w>d4 ,g1 & ga!r laurels on ! hill ( sci5ce2 l+] among h] unfad+ beauties2 dr9k deep ( h] cry/al f\nta92 & !n jo9 9 ! m>* ( fame4 ,become le>n$ & virtu\s1 & y w be great4 ,love ,god & s]ve him1 & y w be happy4 ,,language4 ,language1 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se1 implies ^? signs by :i* m5 & brutes communicate to ea* o!r _! ?\ghts1 affections1 & desires4 ,language may be divid$1 #a4 into natural & artificial2 #b4 into spok5 & writt54 ,,natural ,,language1 consi/s 9 ! use ( ^? natural signs :i* diff]5t animals employ 9 communicat+ _! feel+s "o to ano!r4 ,! mean+ ( ^! signs all p]fectly und]/& by ! pr9ciples ( _! nature4 ,?is language is common bo? to man & brute4 ,! elem5ts ( natural language 9 man1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree k9ds2 modulations ( ! voice1 ge/ures1 & features4 ,by means ( ^!1 two savages :o h no common1 artificial language1 c communicate _! ?\ghts 9 a mann] q intelligible3 !y c ask & refuse1 affirm & d5y1 ?reat5 & supplicate2 !y c traffick1 ent] into contracts1 & plight _! fai?4 ,! language ( brutes consi/s 9 ! use ( ^? in>ticulate s\nds by :i* !y express _! ?\ghts & affections4 ,?us1 ! *irp+ ( a bird1 ! bleat+ ( a lamb1 ! neigh+ ( a horse1 & ! gr[l+1 :9+1 & b>k+ ( a dog1 are ! language ( ^? animals1 respectively4 ,,artificial ,,language consi/s 9 ! use ( words1 by means ( :i* mank9d are enabl$ to communicate _! ?\ghts to "o ano!r4--,9 ord] to assi/ y 9 compreh5d+ :at is meant by ! t]m ^w1 ,i w endeavor to illu/rate ! mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,idea4 ,! notices :i* we ga9 by s5sation & p]ception1 & :i* are treasur$ up 9 ! m9d to be ! mat]ials ( ?9k+ & k1 are d5om9at$ ideas4 ,= example1 :5 y place y\r h& ^u a piece ( ice1 a s5sation is excit$ :i* we call coldness4 ,t faculty :i* notices ?is s5sation or *ange produc$ 9 ! m9d1 is call$ p]ception2 & ! ab/ract notice itself1 or notion y =m ( ?is s5sation1 is d5om9at$ an idea4 ,?is be+ premis$1 we w n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( words4 ,words are articulate s\nds1 us$ by common cons5t1 n z natural1 b z artificial1 signs ( our ideas4 ,words h no mean+ 9 !mselves4 ,!y are m]ely ! artificial repres5tatives ( ^? ideas affix$ to !m by compact or agreem5t among ^? :o use !m4 ,9 ,engli%1 = in/ance1 to a p>ticul> k9d ( metal we assign ! "n gold2 n because !re is1 9 t s\nd1 any peculi> aptness :i* sugge/s ! idea we wi% to convey1 b ! application ( t s\nd to ! idea signifi$1 is an act altoge!r arbitr>y4 ,7 !re any natural connexion betwe5 ! s\nd & ! ?+ signifi$1 ! ^w gold w\ld convey ! same idea to ! p ( o!r c\ntries z x does to ourselves4 ,b su* is n ! fact4 ,o!r nations make use ( diff]5t s\nds to signify ! same ?+4 ,?us1 aurum d5otes ! same idea 9 ,lat91 & or 9 ,fr5*4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t x is by cu/om only we le>n to annex p>ticul> ideas to p>ticul> s\nds4 ,,spok5 ,,language or spee* is made up ( articulate s\nds utt]$ by ! human voice4 ,! voice is =m$ by air :i*1 aft] x passes ?r\gh ! glottis1 7a small ap]ture 9 ! upp] "p ( ! w9d-pipe17 is modulat$ by ! action ( ! ?roat1 palate1 tee?1 tongue1 lips1 & no/rils4 ,,writt5 ,,language4 ,! elem5ts ( writt5 language consi/ ( lett]s or *>act]s1 :i*1 by common cons5t & g5]al usage1 are comb9$ into words1 & ?us made ! ocul> repres5tatives ( ! articulate s\nds utt]$ by ! voice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gramm>4 ,,gramm> is ! sci5ce ( language4 ,gramm> may be divid$ into two species1 univ]sal & p>ticul>4 ,,univ]sal ,,gramm> expla9s ! pr9ciples :i* are common to all languages4 ,,p>ticul> ,,gramm> applies ^? g5]al pr9ciples to a p>ticul> language1 modify+ !m accord+ to its g5ius1 & ! e/abli%$ practice ( ! be/ speak]s & writ]s by :om x is us$4 ,h5ce1 ,! e/abli%$ practice ( ! be/ speak]s & writ]s ( any language1 is ! /&>d ( grammatical accuracy 9 ! use ( t language4 ,by ! phrase1 e/abli%$ practice1 is impli$ reputable1 national1 & pres5t usage4 ,a usage becomes good & legal1 :5 x has be5 long & g5]ally adopt$4 ,! be/ speak]s & writ]s1 or su* z may be consid]$ good au?ority 9 ! use ( language1 are ^? :o are des]v$ly 9 high e/imation2 speak]s1 di/+ui%$ = _! elocution & o!r lit]>y atta9m5ts1 & writ]s1 em95t = correct ta/e1 solid matt]1 & ref9$ mann]4 ,9 ! gramm> ( a p]fect language1 no rules %\ld be admitt$1 b su* z are f\nd$ on fix$ pr9ciples1 aris+ out ( ! g5ius ( t language & ! nature ( ?+s2 b our language be+ im-p]fect1 x becomes necess>y1 9 a practical treatise1 l ?is1 to adopt "s rules to direct u 9 ! use ( spee* z regulat$ by cu/om4 ,if we _h a p]man5t & sur] /&>d ?an caprici\s cu/om to regulate u 9 ! transmission ( ?\ght1 great inconv5i5ce w\ld be avoid$4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 :o introduce usages :i* dep>t f ! analogy & philosophy ( a language1 are conspicu\s among ! numb] ( ^? :o =m t language1 & h p[] to control x4 ,language is conv5tional1 & n only inv5t$1 b1 9 its progressive advancem5t1 v>i$ = purposes ( practical conv5i5ce4 ,h5ce x assumes any & e =m :i* ^? :o make use ( x *oose to give x4 ,we are1 !re=e1 z rational & practical gramm>ians1 compell$ to submit to ! necessity ( ! case2 to take ! language z x is1 & n z x %\ld be1 & b[ to cu/om4 ,,philosophical ,,gramm> inve/igates & develops ! pr9ciples ( language1 z f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s & ! orig9al laws ( ?\ght4 ,x also discusses ! gr\nds ( ! classification ( words1 & expla9s ^? proc$ures :i* practical gramm> lays d[n = our obs]vance4 ,,practical ,,gramm> adopts ! mo/ conv5i5t classification ( ! words ( a language1 lays d[n a sy/em ( def9itions & rules1 f\nd$ on sci5tific pr9ciples & good usage1 illu/rates _! nature & design1 & en=ces _! application4 ,,pr9ciple4 ,a pr9ciple 9 gramm> is a peculi> con/ruction ( ! language1 sanction$ by good usage4 ,,def9ition4 ,a def9ition 9 gramm> is a pr9ciple ( language express$ 9 a def9ite =m4 ,,rule4 ,a rule describes ! peculi> con/ruction or circum/antial relation ( words1 :i* cu/om has e/abli%$ = our obs]vance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engli% ,,gramm>4 ,,engli% ,,gramm> is ! art ( speak+ & writ+ ! ,engli% language ) propriety4 ,,gramm> tea*es u h[ to use words 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! mo/ important use ( t faculty call$ spee*1 is1 to convey our ?\ghts to o!rs4 ,if1 !re=e1 we h a /ore ( words1 & ev5 "k :at !y signify1 !y w be ( no real use to u unless we c also apply !m to practice1 & make !m answ] ! purposes = :i* !y 7 inv5t$4 ,gramm>1 well und]/ood1 enables u to express our ?\ghts fully & cle>ly2 &1 consequ5tly1 9 a mann] :i* w defy ! +5uity ( man to give our words any o!r mean+ ?an t :i* we ourselves int5d !m to express4 ,to be able to speak & write our v]nacul> tongue ) accuracy & elegance1 is1 c]ta9ly1 a consid]ation ( ! highe/ mom5t4 ,gramm> is divid$ into f\r p>ts2 #a4 ,,or?ography1 #b4 ,,etymology1 #c4 ,,syntax1 #d4 ,,prosody4 ,,or?ography tea*es ! nature & p[]s ( lett]s1 & ! j me?od ( spell+ words4 ,,or?ography means ^w-mak+1 or spell+4 ,x tea*es u ! diff]5t k9ds & s\nds ( lett]s1 h[ to comb9e !m into syllables1 & syllables into words4 ,z ?is is "o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 ! pa? ( lit]ature1 ,i presume y already und]/& ! nature & use ( lett]s1 & ! j me?od ( spell+ words4 ,if y d1 x is unnecess>y = y to dwell long on ?is "p ( gramm>1 :i*1 ?\gh v important1 is r dry & un9t]e/+1 = x has no?+ to d ) p>s+ & analyz+ language4 ,&1 !re=e1 if y c spell correctly1 y may omit ,or?ography1 & comm5ce ) ,etymology & ,syntax4 ,or?ography treats1 #a/1 ( ,lett]s1 #bndly1 ( ,syllables1 & #c;dly1 ( ,words4 ,i4 ,,lett]s4 ,a lett] is ! fir/ pr9ciple1 or lea/ "p1 ( a ^w4 ,! ,engli% ,alphabet conta9s tw5ty-six lett]s4 ,!y are divid$ into v[els & consonants4 ,a v[el is a lett] t c be p]fectly s\nd$ by itself4 ,! v[els are a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 & sometimes w & y4 ,w & y are consonants :5 !y beg9 a ^w or syllable2 b 9 e o!r situation !y are v[els4 ,a consonant is a lett] t _c be p]fectly s\nd$ )\t ! help ( a v[el2 z1 b1 d1 f1 l4 ,all lett]s except ! v[els are consonants4 ,consonants are divid$ into mutes & semi-v[els4 ,! mutes _c be s\nd$ at all )\t ! aid ( a v[el4 ,!y are b1 p1 t1 d1 k1 & c & g h>d4 ,! semi-v[els h an imp]fect s\nd ( !mselves4 ,!y are f1 l1 m1 n1 r1 v1 s1 z1 x1 & c & g s(t4 ,f\r ( ! semi-v[els1 namely1 l1 m1 n1 r1 are call$ liquids1 because !y readily unite ) o!r consonants1 & fl[1 z x 71 into _! s\nds4 ,a diph?ong is ! union ( two v[els1 pron\nc$ by a s+le impulse ( ! voice2 z oi 9 voice1 ou 9 s\nd4 ,a triph?ong is ! union ( ?ree v[els pron\nc$ 9 l mann]2 z1 eau 9 beau1 iew 9 view4 ,a prop] diph?ong has bo? ! v[els s\nd$2 z1 ou 9 ounce4 ,an improp] diph?ong has only "o ( ! v[els s\nd$2 z1 oa 9 boat4 ,,ii4 ,,syllables4 ,a ,syllable is a di/9ct s\nd1 utt]$ by a s+le impulse ( ! voice2 z1 a1 an1 ant4 ,a ^w ( "o syllable1 is t]m$ a ,monosyllable2 a ^w ( two syllables1 a ,dissyllable2 a ^w ( ?ree syllables1 a ,trisyllable2 a ^w ( f\r or m syllables1 a ,polysyllable4 ,,iii4 ,,words4 ,words are articulate s\nds1 us$ by common cons5t1 z signs ( our ideas4 ,words are ( two sorts1 primitive & d]ivative4 ,a primitive ^w is t :i* _c be r$uc$ to a simpl] ^w 9 ! language2 z1 man1 good4 ,a d]ivative ^w is t :i* may be r$uc$ to a simpl] ^w2 z1 manful1 goodness4 ,!re is little or no diff]5ce betwe5 d]ivative & comp\nd words4 ,! t]m9ations or add$ syllables1 su* z ed1 es1 ess1 e/1 an1 ant1 en1 ence1 ent1 dom1 hood1 ly1 ous1 ful1 ness1 & ! l1 71 orig9ally1 di/9ct & sep>ate words1 :i*1 by long use1 h be5 contract$1 & made to coalesce ) o!r words4 ,,( ,,! ,,s\nds ,,( ,,! ,,lett]s4 ,a4--,a has f\r s\nds2 ! long2 z 9 "n1 bas92 ! broad2 z 9 ball1 wall2 ! %ort2 z 9 fagot1 glass2 & ! flat1 ,italian s\nd2 z 9 b>1 f>!r4 ,! improp] diph?ong1 aa1 has ! %ort s\nd ( a 9 ,balaam1 ,canaan1 ,isaac2 & ! long s\nd ( a 9 ,baal1 ,gaal1 ,a>on4 ,! ,lat9 diph?ong1 ae1 has ! long s\nd ( e 9 a5igma1 ,caes>1 & "s o!r words4 ,b _m au?ors reject ?is useless excresc5ce ( antiquity1 & write1 enigma1 ,ces>4 ,! diph?ong1 ai1 has ! long s\nd ( a2 z 9 pail1 sail2 except 9 plaid1 said1 aga91 raill]y1 f\nta91 ,brita91 & "s o!rs4 ,au is s\nd$ l broad a 9 taught1 l flat a 9 aunt1 l long o 9 hautboy1 & l %ort o 9 laurel4 ,aw has always ! s\nd ( broad a2 z 9 bawl1 crawl4 ,ay has ! long s\nd ( a2 z 9 pay1 delay4 ,b4--,b has only "o s\nd2 z 9 bak]1 numb]1 *ub4 ,b is sil5t :5 x foll[s m 9 ! same syllable2 z 9 lamb1 c4 except 9 accumb1 rhomb1 & succumb4 ,x is also sil5t be=e t 9 ! same syllable2 z 9 d\bt1 debtor1 subtle1 c4 ,c4--,c s\nds l k be=e a1 o1 u1 r1 l1 t1 & at ! end ( syllables2 z 9 c>t1 cottage1 curi\s1 craft1 tract1 clo?2 victim1 flaccid4 ,x has ! s\nd ( s be=e e1 i1 & y2 z 9 c5tre1 cig>1 m]cy4 ,c has ! s\nd ( % :5 foll[$ by a diph?ong1 & is prec$$ by ! acc5t1 ei!r prim>y or second>y2 z 9 social1 pronunciation1 c42 & ( z 9 disc]n1 sacrifice1 sice1 suffice4 ,x is mute 9 arbuscle1 cz>1 cz>9a1 endict1 victuals1 muscle4 ,* is commonly s\nd$ l t%2 z 9 *ur*1 *92 b 9 words d]iv$ f ! anci5t languages1 x has ! s\nd ( k2 z 9 *emi/1 *orus2 & likewise 9 =eign names2 z 9 ,a*i%1 ,eno*4 ,9 words f ! ,fr5*1 * s\nds l %2 z 9 *aise1 *evali]2 & also l % :5 prec$$ by l or n2 z 9 mil*1 b5*1 cl9*1 c4 ,* 9 ar*1 be=e a v[el1 s\nds l k2 z 9 ar*-angel1 except 9 ar*$1 ar*]y1 ar*]2 ar*5emy2 b be=e a consonant1 x s\nds l t%2 z 9 ar*bi%op4 ,* is sil5t 9 s*$ule1 s*ism1 ya*t1 dra*m4 ,d4--,d has "o uni=m s\nd2 z 9 dea?1 b&age4 ,x s\nds l dj or j :5 foll[$ by long u prec$$ by ! acc5t2 z 9 educate1 v]dure4 ,x also s\nds l j 9 gr&eur1 soldi]4 ,! t]m9ation1 ed1 9 adjectives & p>ticipial adjectives1 reta9s its di/9ct s\nd2 z1 a wick-ed man1 a le>n-ed man1 bless-ed are ! meek2 b 9 v]bs ! e is g5]ally dropp$2 z1 pass$1 walk$1 fla%$1 aim$1 roll$1 c4 :i* are pron\nc$1 pa/1 walkt1 fla%t1 aimd1 rold4 ,e4--,e has a long s\nd2 z 9 s*eme1 sev]e2 a %ort s\nd2 z 9 m51 t5t2 & sometimes ! s\nd ( flat a2 z 9 s]geant2 & ( %ort i2 z 9 yes1 pretty1 ,engl&1 & g5]ally 9 ! unacc5t$ t]m9ations1 es1 et1 en4 ,f4--,f has "o unv>i$ s\nd2 z 9 fancy1 muff92 except 9 (1 :i*1 :5 uncomp\nd$1 is pron\nc$ ov4 ,a wive's portion1 a calve's head1 are improp]4 ,!y %\ld be1 wife's portion1 calf's head4 ,g4--,g has two s\nds4 ,x is h>d be=e a1 o1 u1 l1 & r1 & at ! end ( a ^w2 z 9 gay1 g1 gun1 glory2 bag1 snug4 ,x is s(t be=e e1 i1 & y2 z 9 g5ius1 g+]1 ,egypt4 ,exceptions2 get1 gewgaw1 gimlet1 & "s o!rs4 ,g is sil5t be=e n1 z 9 gna%4 ,h4--,h has an articulate s\nd2 z 9 hat1 horse1 hull4 ,x is sil5t aft] r2 z 9 rhetoric1 rhub>b4 ,i4--,i has a long s\nd2 z 9 f9e2 & a %ort "o2 z 9 f94 ,be=e r x is (t5 s\nd$ l u %ort2 z 9 fir/1 ?ird2 & 9 o!r words1 l %ort e2 z 9 bir?1 virtue4 ,9 "s words x has ! s\nd ( long e2 z 9 ma*9e1 pr(ile4 ,j4--,j has ! s\nd ( s(t g2 except 9 hallelujah1 9 :i* x is pron\nc$ l y4 ,k4--,k has ! s\nd ( c h>d1 & is us$ be=e e1 i1 & y1 :]e c w\ld be s(t2 z kept1 skirt1 murky4 ,x is sil5t be=e n2 z 9 knife1 knell1 knock]4 ,l4--,l has always a s(t liquid s\nd2 z 9 love1 bill[4 ,x is (t5 sil5t2 z 9 half1 talk1 almond4 ,m4--,m has always ! same s\nd2 z 9 murmur1 monum5tal2 except 9 comptroll]1 :i* is pron\nc$ controll]4 ,n4--,n has two s\nds2 ! "o pure2 z 9 man1 net1 noble2 ! o!r a comp\nd s\nd2 z 9 ankle1 banquet1 di/9ct1 c41 pron\nc$ angkl1 bangkwet4 ,n f9al is sil5t :5 prec$$ by m2 z 9 hymn1 autumn4 ,o4--,o has a long s\nd2 z 9 note1 ov]2 & a %ort "o2 z 9 n1 got4 ,x has ! s\nd ( u %ort2 z 9 son1 attorney1 do?1 does2 & g5]ally 9 ! t]m9ations1 op1 ot1 or1 on1 om1 ol1 od1 c4 ,p4--,p has b "o uni=m s\nd2 z 9 p91 slipp]2 except 9 cupbo>d1 clapbo>d1 :]e x has ! s\nd ( b4 ,x is mute 9 psalm1 ,ptolemy1 tempt1 empty1 corps1 raspb]ry1 & receipt4 ,ph has ! s\nd ( f 9 philosophy1 ,philip2 & ( v 9 nephew1 ,/eph54 ,q4--,q is s\nd$ l k1 & is always foll[$ by u pron\nc$ l w2 z 9 quadrant1 que51 conque/4 ,r4--,r has a r\gh s\nd2 z 9 ,rome1 riv]1 rage2 & a smoo? "o2 z 9 b>d1 c>d1 reg>d4 ,9 ! unacc5t$ t]m9ation re1 ! r is s\nd$ aft] ! e2 z 9 fibre1 c5tre4 ,s4--,s has a flat s\nd l z2 z 9 besom1 nasal2 &1 at ! beg9n+ ( words1 a %>p1 hiss+ s\nd2 z 9 sa9t1 si/]1 sample4 ,x has ! s\nd ( % :5 prec$$ by ! acc5t & ano!r s or a liquid1 & foll[$ by a diph?ong or long u2 z 9 expulsion1 c5sure4 ,s s\nds l zh :5 prec$$ by ! acc5t & a v[el1 & foll[$ by a diph?ong or long u z 9 brasi]1 usual4 ,x is mute 9 isle1 corps1 demesne1 visc\nt4 ,t4--,t is s\nd$ 9 take1 temp]4 ,t be=e u1 :5 ! acc5t prec$es1 & g5]ally be=e e\1 s\nds l t%2 z1 nature1 virtue1 righte\s1 are pron\nc$ nat%ure1 virt%ue1 ri*eus4 ,ti be=e a v[el1 prec$$ by ! acc5t1 has ! s\nd ( %2 z 9 salvation1 negotiation2 except 9 su* words z ti]ce1 ti>a1 c4 & unless an s goes be=e2 z1 "q2 & except+ also d]ivatives f words end+ 9 ty2 z 9 mighty1 mighti]4 ,?1 at ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( words1 is %>p2 z 9 ?ick1 pan!r1 brea?4 ,exceptions2 !n1 boo?1 wor?y1 c4 ,u4--,u has ?ree s\nds2 a long2 z 9 mule1 cubic2 a %ort2 z 9 dull1 cu/>d2 & an obtuse s\nd2 z 9 full1 bu%el4 ,x is pron\nc$ l %ort e 9 bury2 & l %ort i 9 busy1 bus9ess4 ,v4--,v has uni=mly ! s\nd ( flat f2 z 9 vanity1 love4 ,w4--,w1 :5 a consonant1 has its s\nd1 :i* is he>d 9 wo1 bew>e4 ,w is sil5t be=e r2 z 9 wry1 wrap1 wr9kle2 & also 9 answ]1 sword1 c4 ,be=e h x is pron\nc$ z if writt5 aft] ! h2 z 9 :y1 :51 :at2--hwy1 hw51 hwat4 ,:5 he>d z a v[el1 x takes ! s\nd ( u2 z 9 draw1 crew1 n[4 ,x4--,x has a %>p s\nd1 l ks1 :5 x ends a syllable ) ! acc5t on x2 z1 exit1 ex]cise2 or :5 x prec$es an acc5t$ syllable :i* beg9s ) any consonant except h2 z1 excuse1 ext5t2 b :5 ! foll[+ acc5t$ syllable beg9s ) a v[el or h1 x has1 g5]ally1 a flat s\nd1 l gz2 z 9 ex]t1 exhort4 ,x has ! s\nd ( ,z at ! beg9n+ ( prop] names ( ,greek orig9al2 z 9 ,xan?us1 ,x5ophon1 ,x]xes4 ,y4--,y1 :5 a consonant1 has its prop] s\nd2 z 9 y\?1 ,york1 yes1 new-ye>4 ,:5 y is employ$ z a v[el1 x has exactly ! s\nd t i w\ld h 9 ! same situation2 z 9 rhyme1 sy/em1 p>ty1 pyramid4 ,z4--,z has ! s\nd ( flat s2 z 9 freeze1 braz54 ,,rules ,,= ,,spell+4 ,,spell+ is ! art ( express+ a ^w by its prop] lett]s4 ,! foll[+ rules are deem$ important 9 practice1 al?\gh !y assi/ u 9 spell+ only a small portion ( ! words ( our language4 ,?is useful art is to be *iefly acquir$ by /udy+ ! spell+-book & diction>y1 & by /rict att5tion 9 read+4 ,,rule ,i4 ,monosyllables end+ 9 f1 l1 or s1 d\ble ! f9al or end+ consonant :5 x is prec$$ by a s+le v[el2 z /aff1 mill1 pass4 ,exceptions2 (1 if1 is1 z1 lids1 01 yes1 81 ?is1 u1 & ?us4 ,false ,or?ography = ! le>n] to correct4--,be ?\ l ! gale t moves ! gras1 to ^? :o ask ?y aid4--,! ag$ h]o comes =? on 8 /af2 8 gray hair glitt]s 9 ! beam4--,%al mortal man be m j ?an ,god8--,few "k ! value ( heal? til !y lose x4--,our mann]s %\ld be nei!r gros1 nor excessively ref9$4 ,& t is n ! l>k1 ^: notes d beat ,! vaulty heav5 s high above our heads3 ,i h m c>e to /ay1 ?an wil to g4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,monosyllables end+ 9 any consonant b f1 l1 or s1 nev] d\ble ! f9al consonant :5 x is prec$$ by a s+le v[el2 z1 man1 hat4 ,exceptions2 add1 ebb1 butt1 egg1 odd1 err1 inn1 bunn1 purr1 & buzz4 ,false ,or?ography4--,none ev] w5t sadd f ,f+al4--,he rejoic$ ov] 8 sonn4--,clon> lies ble$+ on ! b$d ( dea?4--,_m a trapp is set to insn>e ! feet ( y\?4 ,! we>y sunn has made a gold5 sett1 ,&1 by ! bright track ( 8 gold5 c>r1 ,gives tok5 ( a goodly day to-morr[4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,words end+ 9 y1 =m ! plural ( n\ns1 ! p]sons ( v]bs1 p>ticipial n\ns1 pa/ p>ticiples1 comp>atives1 & sup]latives1 by *ang+ y into i1 :5 ! y is prec$$ by a consonant2 z1 spy1 spies2 ,i c>ry1 ?\ c>rie/1 he c>ries2 c>ri]1 c>ri$2 happy1 happi]1 happie/4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple 9 +1 reta9s ! y t i may n be d\bl$2 z1 c>ry1 c>ry+4 ,b :5 y is prec$$ by a v[el1 9 su* in/ances z ! above1 x is n *ang$ into i2 z1 boy1 boys2 ,i cloy1 he cloys2 except 9 ! words lay1 pay1 & say ,i f :i* are =m$ laid1 paid1 & said2 & _! comp\nds1 unpaid1 unsaid1 c4 ,false ,or?ography4--,our fancys %\ld be gov]n$ by reason4--,?\ we>ye/ ?yself 9 va94--,he d5y$ himself all s9ful pleasures4 ,w9 /rai+ s\ls ) mode/y & love2 ,ca/ none away4 ,! truly good man is n dismai$ by pov]ty4 ,ere fre% morn+ /reak ! ea/1 we mu/ be ris5 to re=m yond] allies gre54 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,:5 words end+ 9 y1 assume an additional syllable beg9n+ ) a consonant1 ! y1 if x is prec$$ by a consonant1 is commonly *ang$ to i2 z1 happy1 happily1 happ9ess4 ,b :5 y is prec$$ by a v[el1 9 su* in/ances1 x is v r>ely *ang$ to i2 z1 coy1 coyless2 boy1 boyi%2 boyhood2 joy1 joyless1 joyful4 ,false ,or?ography4--,8 m9d is un9flu5c$ by fancyful humors4--,! vessel 0 heavyly lad54--,:5 we act aga9/ consci5ce1 we become ! de/roi]s ( our own peace4 ,*ri/iana1 mayd5 ( h]oic mi56 ,/> ( ! nor?6 ( nor!rn />s ! que56 ,,rule ,v4 ,monosyllables1 & words acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1 end+ ) a s+le consonant t is prec$$ by a s+le v[el1 d\ble t consonant :5 !y assume ano!r syllable t beg9s ) a v[el2 z1 wit1 witty2 ?91 ?9ni%2 to abet1 an abett]4 ,b if a diph?ong prec$es1 or ! acc5t is n on ! la/ syllable1 ! consonant rema9s s+le2 z1 to toil1 toil+2 to (f]1 an (f]+2 maid1 maid54 ,false ,or?ography4--,! bus9ess ( to-day1 %\ld n be def]$ till to-morr[4--,t law is annul$4--,:5 we h out/rip$ our errors we h won ! race4--,by def]+ our rep5tance1 we accumulate our sorr[s4--,! ,*ri/ian ,lawgiv] has prohibit$ _m ?+s :i* ! hea!n philosoph]s all[$4 ,at summ] eve1 :5 heav5's a]ial b[ ,spans ) bright ar* ! glitt]r+ hills bel[4-- ,?us m\rn$ ! hapless man2 a ?und]r+ s\nd ,roll$ r\nd ! %udd]r+ walls & %ook ! gr\nd4 ,,rule ,,vi4 ,words end+ 9 d\ble l1 9 tak+ ness1 less1 ly1 or ful1 aft] !m1 g5]ally omit "o l2 z1 fulness1 skilless1 fully skilful4 ,b words end+ 9 any d\ble lett] b l1 & tak+ ness1 less1 ly1 or ful1 aft] !m1 pres]ve ! lett] d\ble2 z1 h>mlessness1 c>elessness1 c>elessly1 /iffly1 successful4 ,false ,or?ography4--,a *illness g5]ally prec$es a fev]4--,he is w$ to dullness4 ,! sil5t /rang] /ood amaz$ to see ,contempt ( weal? & willful pov]ty4 ,re/lesness ( m9d impairs our peace4--,! road to ! blisful regions1 is z op5 to ! peasant z to ! k+4--,! arr[s ( calumny fall h>mlesly at ! feet ( virtue4 ,,rule ,,vii4 ,ness1 less1 ly1 or ful1 add$ to words end+ 9 sil5t e1 does n cut x (f2 z1 pal5ess1 guileless1 closely1 peaceful2 except 9 a few words2 z1 duly1 truly1 awful4 ,false ,or?ography4--,s$atness is becom+4 ,all ^! ) ceasless praise 8 works behold4 ,/>s ru%3 & f9al ru9 fi]cly drives ,h] pl\gh%>e o'er creation6 ------,nature made a pause1 ,an aweful pause6 prophetic ( h] end6 ,,rule ,,viii4 ,:5 words end+ 9 sil5t e1 assume ! t]m9ation1 m5t1 ! e %\ld n be cut (f2 z1 abatem5t1 *a/isem5t4 ,m5t1 l o!r t]m9ations1 *anges y into i :5 ! y is prec$$ by a consonant2 z1 accompany1 accompanim5t2 m]ry1 m]rim5t4 ,false ,or?ography4--,a judici\s arrangm5t ( /udies facilitates improvm5t4--,enc\ragm5t is greate/ :5 we lea/ ne$ x4 ,to %un allurm5ts is n h>d1 ,to m9ds resolv'd1 =w>n'd1 & well prep>$4 ,,rule ,,ix4 ,:5 words end+ 9 sil5t e1 assume ! t]m9ation1 able or ible1 ! e %\ld g5]ally be cut (f2 z1 blame1 blamable2 cure1 curable2 s5se1 s5sible4 ,b if c or g s(t comes be=e e 9 ! orig9al ^w1 ! e is pres]v$ 9 words comp\nd$ ) able2 z1 peace1 peaceable2 *ange1 *angeable4 ,false ,or?ography4--,k is desireable4--,misconduct is inexcuseable4--,our natural defects are n *>gable ^u u4--,we are made to be s]vicable to o!rs z well z to ourselves4 ,,rule ,x4 ,:5 + or i% is add$ to words end+ 9 sil5t e1 ! e is almo/ always omitt$2 z1 place1 plac+2 lodge1 lodg+2 slave1 slavi%2 prude1 prudi%4 ,false ,or?ography4--,labor & exp5se are lo/ ^u a dronei% _s4--,an oblige+ & humble disposition1 is totally unconnect$ ) a s]vile & cr+e+ humor4 ,consci5ce anticipate+ "t1 ,already rues ?' unact$ crime4 ,"o self-approve+ h\r1 :ole ye>s outweighs ,( /upid />]s1 & ( l\d huzzas4 ,,rule ,,xi4 ,comp\nd words are g5]ally spell$ 9 ! same mann] z ! simple words ( :i* !y are comp\nd$2 z1 glas%\se1 skylight1 !reby1 h]eaft]4 ,_m words end+ 9 d\ble l1 are exceptions to ?is rule2 z1 already1 welf>e1 wilful1 fulfil2 & also ! words1 :]ev]1 *ri/mas1 lammas1 c4 ,false ,or?ography4--,! ,jew's pasov] 0 in/itut$ 9 ,a4,m4 #beac4--,!y salute "o ano!r by t\*+ _! =heads4--,t :i* is "s times exp$i5t1 is n allways s4 ,!n1 9 ! scale ( reason+ life 'tis pla91 ,!re mu/ be1 som:]e1 su* a rank z man4 ,till hym5 br\ght 8 lov-delight$ h\r1 ,!re dwelt no joy 9 ,ed5's rosy b[]4 ,! head recl9$1 ! loos5$ hair1 ,! limbs relax$1 ! m\rnful air3-- ,see1 he looks up2 a w(ull smile ,light5s 8 wo-worn *eek a:ile4 ,y may n[ answ] ! foll[+ ,,que/ions4 ,:at is language8--,h[ is language divid$8--,:at is natural language8--,:at are ! elem5ts ( natural language 9 man8--,:]e9 consi/s ! language ( brutes8--,:at is artificial language8--,:at is an idea8--,:at are words8--,:at is gramm>8--,:at does ,univ]sal gramm> expla98--,:]e9 does ,p>ticul> gramm> diff] f univ]sal8--,:at is ! /&>d ( grammatical accuracy8--,:at is ,philosophical gramm>8--,:at is ,practical gramm>8--,:at is a pr9ciple ( gramm>8--,a def9ition8--,a rule8--,:at is ,engli% gramm>8--,into h[ _m p>ts is gramm> divid$8--,:at does ,or?ography tea*8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,etymology ,,& ,,syntax ,,lecture ,,ii ,,( ,,n\ns ,,& ,,v]bs4 ,,etymology treats ( ! diff]5t sorts ( words1 _! v>i\s modifications1 & _! d]ivation4 ,,syntax treats ( ! agreem5t & gov]nm5t ( words1 & ( _! prop] arrangem5t 9 a s5t5ce4 ,! ^w ,,etymology signifies ! orig9 or p$igree ( words4 ,syn1 a prefix f ! ,greek1 signifies toge!r4 ,syn-tax1 means plac+ toge!r2 or1 z appli$ 9 gramm>1 s5t5ce mak+4 ,! rules ( syntax1 :i* direct to ! prop] *oice ( words1 & _! judici\s arrangem5t 9 a s5t5ce1 & !reby enable u to correct & avoid errors 9 spee*1 are *iefly bas$ on pr9ciples unfold$ & expla9$ by ,etymology4 ,etymological k1 !n1 is a pr]equisite to ! /udy ( ,syntax2 b1 9 p>s+1 "u ! head ( ,etymology1 y are requir$ to apply ! rules ( ,syntax4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 9 a practical "w ( ?is sort1 to treat ^! two p>ts ( gramm> 9 connexion4 ,conduct$ on sci5tific pr9ciples1 ,etymology w\ld compreh5d ! exposition ( ! orig9 & mean+ ( words1 &1 9 %ort1 _! :ole hi/ory1 includ+ _! application to ?+s 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature & ( ?\ght1 & ! caprice ( ^? :o apply !m2 b to foll[ up ! curr5t ( language to its v>i\s s\rces1 & analyze ! spr+s f :i* x fl[s1 w\ld involve a process altoge!r too ardu\s & ext5sive = an elem5t>y "w4 ,x w\ld lead to ! /udy ( all ^? languages f :i* ours is imm$iately d]iv$1 & ev5 compel u to trace _m words ?r\gh ^? languages to o!rs m anci5t1 & s on1 until ! *a9 ( rese>* w\ld become1 if n endless1 at lea/1 too ext5sive to be trac$ out by "o man4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 conf9e myself to ! foll[+1 limit$ views ( ?is "p ( gramm>4 #a4 ,etymology treats ( ! classification ( words4 #b4 ,etymology expla9s ! accid5ts or prop]ties peculi> to ea* class or sort ( words1 & _! pres5t modifications4 ,by modifications1 ,i mean ! *anges produc$ on _! end+s1 9 consequ5ce ( _! assum+ diff]5t relations 9 respect to "o ano!r4 ,^! *anges1 su* z fruit1 fruits1 fruit's2 he1 his1 him2 write1 write/1 write?1 writes1 wrote1 writt51 writ+1 writer2 a1 an2 ample1 amply1 & ! l1 w be expla9$ 9 _! appropriate places4 #c4 ,etymology treats ( ! d]ivation ( words2 t is1 x tea*es y h[ "o ^w comes f1 or gr[s out ( ano!r4 ,= example1 f ! ^w speak1 come ! words speake/1 speake?1 speaks1 speak+1 spoke1 spok51 speaker1 speaker's1 speakers4 ,^!1 y p]ceive1 are all "o & ! same ^w1 & all1 except ! la/ ?ree1 express ! same k9d ( action4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r only 9 ! t]m9ation4 ,^! *anges 9 t]m9ation are produc$ on ! ^w 9 ord] to make x correspond ) ! v>i\s p]sons :o speak1 ! numb] ( p]sons1 or ! "t ( speak+2 z1 ,i speak1 ?\ speake/1 ! man speake?1 or speaks1 ! m5 speak1 ,i spoke2 ,! speaker speaks ano!r speaker's spee*4 ,! ?ird "p ( ,etymology1 :i* is intimately connect$ ) ! second1 w be m amply exp&$ 9 ,lecture ,,xiv1 & 9 ! ,philosophical notes2 b ,i %all n treat l>gely ( t bran* ( d]ivation :i* consi/s 9 trac+ words to =eign languages4 ,?is is ! prov9ce ( ! lexicograph]1 r ?an ( ! philologi/4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( him :o writes a practical1 ,engli% gramm>1 to trace words to ! ,saxon1 nor to ! ,celtic1 ! ,greek1 ! ,dut*1 ! ,mexican1 nor ! ,p]sian2 nor is x 8 prov9ce to expla9 _! mean+ 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 or ,hebrew1 ,italian1 ,mohegan1 or ,sanscrit2 b x is 8 duty to expla9 _! prop]ties1 _! p[]s1 _! connexions1 relations1 dep5dancies1 &1 be>+s1 n at ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,danes made an irruption into ! isl& ( ,great ,brita91 nor 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ,lame* paid 8 addresses to ,adah & ,zillah1 b at ! p>ticul> p]iod 9 :i* he writes4 ,8 words are already d]iv$1 =m$1 e/abli%$1 & furni%$ to 8 h&1 & he is b\nd to take !m & expla9 !m z he f9ds !m 9 8 day1 )\t any reg>d to _! anci5t con/ruction & application4 ,,classification4 ,9 arrang+ ! p>ts ( spee*1 ,i conceive x to be ! legitimate object ( ! practical gramm>ian1 to consult practical conv5i5ce4 ,! true pr9ciple ( classification seems to be1 n a ref]5ce to ess5tial diff]5ces 9 ! primitive mean+ ( words1 nor to _! orig9al comb9ations1 b to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are at pres5t employ$4 ,9 ! e>ly & rude /ate ( society1 mank9d are q limit$ 9 _! k1 & hav+ b few ideas to communicate1 a small numb] ( words answ]s _! purpose 9 ! transmission ( ?\ght4 ,?is leads !m to express _! ideas 9 %ort1 deta*$ s5t5ces1 requir+ few or none ( ^? connectives1 or words ( transition1 :i* are aft]w>ds introduc$ into language by ref9em5t1 & :i* contribute s l>gely to its p]spicuity & elegance4 ,! argum5t appe>s to be conclusive1 !n1 t e language mu/ necess>ily h m p>ts ( spee* 9 its ref9$1 ?an 9 its b>b>\s /ate4 ,! "p ( spee* to :i* any ^w belongs1 is asc]ta9$1 n by ! orig9al signification ( t ^w1 b by its pres5t mann] ( mean+1 or1 r1 ! (fice :i* x p]=ms 9 a s5t5ce4 ,! v>i\s ways 9 :i* a ^w is appli$ to ! idea :i* x repres5ts1 are call$ its mann] ( mean+4 ,?us1 ,! pa9t] dips 8 pa9t bru% 9 pa9t1 to pa9t ! c>riage4 ,"h1 ! ^w pa9t1 is fir/ employ$ to describe ! bru% :i* ! pa9t] uses2 9 ?is situation x is1 !re=e1 an adjective2 secondly1 to "n ! mixture employ$2 = :i* reason x is a n\n2 &1 la/ly1 to express ! action p]=m$2 x !re=e1 becomes a v]b2 & yet1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w is ! same 9 all ^! applications4 ,?is mean+1 h[ev]1 is appli$ 9 diff]5t ways2 & ?us ! same ^w becomes diff]5t p>ts ( spee*4 ,ri*>d took wat] f ! wat] pot1 to wat] ! plants4 ,,etymology4 ,etymology treats1 fir/1 ( ! classification ( words4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language is d]iv$ *iefly f ! ,saxon1 ,dani%1 ,celtic1 & ,go?ic2 b 9 ! progressive /ages ( its ref9em5t1 x has be5 greatly enri*$ by accessions f ! ,greek1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 & ,g]man languages4 ,! numb] ( words 9 our language1 aft] d$uct+ prop] names1 & words =m$ by ! inflections ( our v]bs1 n\ns1 & adjectives1 may be e/imat$ at ab\t =ty ?\s&4 ,!re are t5 sorts ( words1 call$ p>ts ( spee*1 namely1 ! ,,n\n or ,,sub/antive1 ,,v]b1 ,,article1 ,,adjective1 ,,p>ticiple1 ,,adv]b1 ,,preposition1 ,,pron\n1 ,,conjunction1 & ,,int]jection4 ,?us y p]ceive1 t all ! words 9 ! ,engli% language are includ$ 9 ^! t5 classes3 & :at y h to d 9 acquir+ a k ( ,engli% ,gramm>1 is m]ely to become acqua9t$ ) ^! t5 p>ts ( spee*1 & ! rules ( ,syntax t apply to !m4 ,! ,n\n & ,v]b are ! mo/ important & lead+ p>ts ( spee*2 !re=e !y are fir/ pres5t$3 all ! re/ 7except ! int]jection7 are ei!r app5dages or connectives ( ^! two4 ,z y proce$1 y w f9d t x w require m "t1 & co/ y m labor1 to get a k ( ! n\n & v]b1 ?an x w to become famili> ) all ! m9or p>ts ( spee*4 ,! pr9cipal use ( words is1 to "n ?+s1 comp>e !m ) ea* o!r1 & express _! actions4 ,n\ns1 :i* are ! names ( entities or ?+s1 adjectives :i* d5ote ! comp>isons & relations ( ?+s by describ+ !m1 & express+ _! qualities1 & v]bs1 :i* express ! actions & be+ ( ?+s1 are ! only classes ( words necess>ily recognis$ 9 a philosophical view ( gramm>4 ,b 9 a treatise :i* consults1 ma9ly1 ! practical advantages ( ! le>n]1 x is believ$1 t no classification w be f\nd m conv5i5t or accurate ?an ! =ego+1 :i* divides words into t5 sorts4 ,to attempt to prove1 9 ?is place1 t no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by adopt+ ei!r a less or a great] numb] ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 w\ld be anticipat+ ! subject4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 give my reasons = adopt+ ?is arrangem5t 9 pref]5ce to any o!r1 z ! diff]5t sorts ( words are respectively pres5t$ to y1 = !n y w be bett] prep>$ to appreciate my argum5ts4 ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,a n\n is ! "n ( any p]son1 place1 or ?+2 z1 man1 ,*>le/on1 k4 ,n\ns are (t5 improp]ly call$ sub/antives4 ,a sub/antive is ! "n ( a sub/ance only2 b a n\n is ! "n ei!r ( a sub/ance or a quality4 ,n\n1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w nom51 signifies "n4 ,! "n ( any ?+ #a t exi/s1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 or :i* we c see1 he>1 feel1 ta/e1 smell1 or ?9k (1 is a n\n4 ,animal1 bird1 creature1 pap]1 p51 apple1 fold1 h\se1 mode/y1 virtue1 dang]1 are all n\ns4 ,9 ord] t y may easily di/+ui% ?is "p ( spee* f o!rs1 ,i w give y a sign1 :i* w be useful to y :5 y _c tell x by ! s5se4 ,any ^w t w make s5se ) ! be=e x1 is a n\n4 ,try ! foll[+ words by ?is sign1 & see if !y are n\ns3 tree1 m\nta91 s\l1 m9d1 consci5ce1 und]/&+4 ,! tree1 ! m\nta91 ! s\l1 & s on4 ,y p]ceive1 t !y w make s5se ) ! prefix$2 !re=e y "k !y are n\ns4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is rule1 = "s n\ns w n make s5se ) ! prefix$4 ,^! y w be able to di/+ui%1 if y ex]cise y\r m9d1 by _! mak+ s5se ( !mselves2 z1 goodness1 sobriety1 hope1 immortality4 #a ,! ^w ?+1 f ! ,saxon v]b ?+ian1 to ?9k1 is almo/ unlimit$ 9 its mean+4 ,x may be appli$ to e animal & creature 9 ! univ]se4 ,by ! t]m creature1 ,i mean t :i* has be5 creat$2 z1 a dog1 wat]1 dirt4 ,?is ^w is also frequ5tly appli$ to actions2 z1 ,to get drunk is a bea/ly ?+4 ,9 ?is phrase1 x signifies nei!r animal nor creature2 b x d5otes m]ely an action2 !re=e ?is action is ! ?+4 ,n\ns are us$ to d5ote ! non5tity or abs5ce ( a ?+1 z well z its reality2 z1 no?+1 naught1 vacancy1 non-exi/5ce1 invisibility4 ,n\ns are sometimes us$ z v]bs1 & v]bs1 z n\ns1 accord+ to _! mann] ( mean+2 & n\ns are sometimes us$ z adjectives1 & adjectives1 z n\ns4 ,?is matt] w be expla9$ 9 ! conclud+ "p ( ?is lecture1 :]e y w be bett] prep>$ to compreh5d x4 ,,n\ns are ( two k9ds1 common & prop]4 ,a ,common n\n is ! "n ( a sort or species ( ?+s2 z1 man1 tree1 riv]4 ,a ,prop] n\n is ! "n ( an individual2 z1 ,*>les1 ,i?aca1 ,ganges4 ,a n\n signify+ _m1 is call$ a collective n\n1 or n\n ( multitude2 z1 ! p1 ! army4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a common & a prop] n\n1 is v obvi\s4 ,= example3 boy is a common n\n1 because x is a "n appli$ to all boys2 b ,*>les is a prop] n\n1 because x is ! "n ( an individual boy4 ,al?\gh _m boys may h ! same "n1 yet y "k x is n a common n\n1 = ! "n ,*>les is n giv5 to all boys4 ,mississippi is a prop] n\n1 because x is ! "n ( an individual riv]2 b riv] is a common n\n1 because x is ! "n ( a species ( ?+s1 & ! "n riv] is common to all riv]s4 ,n\ns :i* d5ote ! g5us1 species1 or v>iety ( be+s or ?+s1 are always common2 z1 tree1 ! g5us2 oak1 a%1 *e/nut1 popl>1 diff]5t species2 & r$ oak1 :ite oak1 black oak1 v>ieties4 ,! ^w e>?1 :5 x signifies a k9d or quantity ( dirt1 is a common n\n2 b :5 x d5otes ! planet we inhabit1 x is a prop] n\n4 ,! words p]son1 place1 riv]1 m\nta91 lake1 c4 are common n\ns1 because !y are ! names ( :ole species1 or classes ( ?+s conta9+ _m sorts2 b ! names ( p]sons1 places1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 lakes1 c4 are prop] n\ns1 because !y d5ote individuals2 z1 ,augu/us1 ,baltimore1 ,alps1 ,huron4 ,physician1 lawy]1 m]*ant1 & %oemak]1 are common n\ns1 because ^! names are common to classes ( m54 ,god & ,"l1 :5 appli$ to ,jehovah or ,jesus ,*ri/1 are prop]2 b :5 employ$ to d5ote hea!n or false gods1 or temporal lords1 !y are common4 ,! ,notes & rem>ks ?r\gh\t ! "w1 ?\gh ( m9or importance1 dem& y\r att5tive & c>eful p]usal4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,:5 prop] n\ns h an article annex$ to !m1 !y are us$ aft] ! mann] ( common n\ns2 z1 ,boliv> is /yl$ ! ,wa%+ton ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 #b4 ,common n\ns are sometimes us$ to signify individuals1 :5 articles or pron\ns are prefix$ to !m2 z1 ,! boy is /udi\s2 ,t girl is discreet4 ,9 su* in/ances1 !y are ne>ly equival5t to prop] n\ns4 #c4 ,common n\ns are sometimes subdivid$ into ! foll[+ classes3 ,n\ns ( ,multitude2 z1 ,! p1 ! p>liam5t3 ,v]bal or p>ticipial n\ns2 z1 ,! beg9n+1 read+1 writ+2 & ,ab/ract n\ns1 or ! names ( qualities ab/ract$ f _! sub/ances2 z1 k1 virtue1 goodness4 ,le/ ! /ud5t be l$ to bl5d ! idea ( ab/ract n\ns ) t ( adjectives1 bo? ( :i* d5ote qualities1 a f>!r illu/ration appe>s to be necess>y1 9 ord] to m>k ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two p>ts ( spee*4 ,an ab/ract n\n d5otes a quality consid]$ ap>t 7t is1 ab/ract$7 f ! sub/ance or be+ to :i* x belongs2 b an adjective d5otes a quality jo9$ 7adject$7 to ! sub/ance or be+ to :i* x belongs4 ,?us1 :it5ess & :ite bo? d5ote ! same quality2 b we speak ( :it5ess z a di/9ct object ( ?\ght1 :ile we use ! ^w :ite always 9 ref]5ce to ! n\n to :i* x belongs2 z1 :ite pap]1 :ite m\se4 #d4 ,"s au?ors h proce$$ to /ill m m9ute divisions & sub-divisions ( n\ns2 su*1 = example1 z ! foll[+1 :i* appe> to be m complex ?an useful3 ,natural n\ns1 or names ( ?+s =m$ by nature2 z1 man1 bea/1 wat]1 air3 #b4 ,artificial n\ns1 or names ( ?+s =m$ by art2 z1 book1 vessel1 h\se3 #c4 ,p]sonal n\ns1 or ^? :i* /& = human be+s2 z1 man1 woman1 ,edw93 #d4 ,neut] n\ns1 or ^? :i* d5ote ?+s inanimate2 z1 book1 field1 m\nta91 ,c9c9nati4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 is q a rational division3 ,mat]ial n\ns are ! names ( ?+s =m$ ( matt]2 z1 /one1 book3 ,immat]ial n\ns are ! names ( ?+s hav+ no sub/ance2 z1 hope1 immortality4 ,to n\ns belong g5d]1 p]son1 numb]1 & case4 ,,g5d]4 ,,g5d] is ! di/9ction ( sex4 ,n\ns h ?ree g5d]s1 ! mascul9e1 ! fem99e1 & ! neut]4 ,! mascul9e g5d] d5otes males2 z1 a man1 a boy4 ,! fem99e g5d] d5otes females2 z1 a woman1 a girl4 ,! neut] g5d] d5otes ?+s )\t sex2 z1 a hat1 a /ick4 ,neut] means nei!r3 !re=e neut] g5d] signifies nei!r g5d]2 t is1 nei!r mascul9e nor fem99e4 ,h5ce1 neut] g5d] means no g5d]4 ,/rictly speak+1 !n1 z !re are b two sexes1 n\ns h b two g5d]s2 b = ! sake ( practical conv5i5ce1 we apply to !m ?ree g5d]s1 by call+ t a g5d] :i* is no g5d]4 ,! ,engli% & ! pure ,p]sian1 appe> to be ! only languages :i* obs]ve1 9 ! di/9ction ( sex1 ! natural division ( n\ns4--,! g5d]s ( n\ns are s easily kn[n1 t a f>!r explanation ( !m is unnecess>y1 except :at is giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,,notes4 #a4 ,! same n\n is sometimes mascul9e & fem99e1 & sometimes mascul9e or fem99e4 ,! n\n p>5ts is ( ! mascul9e & fem99e g5d]4 ,! n\ns p>5t1 associate1 neighbor1 s]vant1 fri5d1 *ild1 bird1 fi%1 c4 if d\btful1 are ( ! mascul9e or fem99e g5d]4 #b4 ,"s n\ns naturally neut]1 are1 :5 us$ figuratively1 or p]sonifi$1 conv]t$ into ! mascul9e or fem99e g5d]4 ,^? n\ns are g5]ally r5d]$ mascul9e1 :i* are conspicu\s = ! attributes ( imp>t+ or communicat+1 & :i* are by nature /rong & efficaci\s2 z1 ! sun1 "t1 dea?1 sleep1 w9t]1 c4 ,^?1 aga91 are g5]ally fem99e1 :i* are conspicu\s = ! attributes ( conta9+ or br++ =?1 or :i* are v beautiful1 mild1 or amiable2 z1 ! e>?1 moon1 *ur*1 boat1 vessel1 city1 c\ntry1 nature1 %ip1 s\l1 =tune1 virtue1 hope1 spr+1 peace1 c4 ,?is pr9ciple = designat+ ! sex ( a p]sonifi$ object1 :i* is q rational1 is g5]ally adh]$ to 9 ! ,engli% language2 b1 9 "s in/ances1 ! poet applies ! sex accord+ to 8 fancy4 ,! mascul9e & fem99e g5d]s are di/+ui%$ 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,by diff]5t words2 z1 ,mascul9e4 ,fem99e4 ,ba*elor maid ,bo> s[ ,boy girl ,bro!r si/] ,buck doe ,bull c[ ,cock h5 ,dog bit* ,drake duck ,e>l c\ntess ,fa!r "m ,fri> nun ,g&] goose ,h>t roe ,horse m>e ,husb& wife ,k+ que5 ,lad lass ,"l lady ,man woman ,ma/] mi/ress ,milt] spawn] ,nephew niece ,ram ewe ,s+] song/ress or s+] ,slov5 slut ,son daught] ,/ag h9d ,uncle aunt ,wiz>d wit* ,sir madam #b4 ,by a diff]5ce 9 t]m9ation2 z1 ,abbot abbess ,actor actress ,adm9i/rator adm9i/ratrix ,adult]] adult]ess ,ambassador ambassadress ,arbit] arbitress ,auditor auditress ,au?or au?oress ,b>on b>oness ,b5efactor b5efactress ,bridegroom bride ,canon canoness ,cat]] cat]ess ,*ant] *antress ,conductor conductress ,c\nt c\ntess ,cz> cz>9a ,deacon deaconess ,detract] detractress ,director directress ,duke dut*ess ,elector electress ,embassador embassadress ,emp]or emp]ess ,en*ant] en*antress ,executor executrix ,=nicator =nicatress ,god goddess ,gov]nor gov]ness ,heir heiress ,h]o h]o9e ,ho/ ho/ess ,hunt] huntress ,inh]itor inh]itress or inh]itrix ,in/ructor in/ructress ,jew ,jewess ,lion lioness ,m>quis m>*ioness ,mayor mayoress ,patron patroness ,pe] pe]ess ,poet poetess ,prie/ prie/ess ,pr9ce pr9cess ,prior prioress ,prophet prophetess ,proprietor proprietress ,protector protectress ,%eph]d %eph]dess ,song/] song/ress ,sorc]] sorc]ess ,suit] suitress ,sultan sultaness or sultana ,tig] tigress ,te/ator te/atrix ,traitor traitress ,tutor tutoress ,tyrant tyranness ,victor victress ,visc\nt visc\ntess ,vot>y vot>ess ,wid[] wid[ #c4 ,by prefix+ ano!r ^w2 z1 ,a cock-sp>r[ ,a h5-sp>r[ ,a man-s]vant ,a maid-s]vant ,a he-goat ,a %e-goat ,a he-be> ,a %e-be> ,a male-*ild ,a female-*ild ,male-desc5dants ,female-desc5dants ,,p]son4 ,,p]son is a prop]ty ( ! n\n & pron\n :i* v>ies ! v]b4 ,! fir/ p]son d5otes ! speak]4 ,! second p]son d5otes ! p]son or ?+ spok5 to2 z1 ,li/51 e>?6 ,! ?ird p]son d5otes ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (2 z1 ,! e>? ?ir/s4 ,n\ns h b two p]sons1 ! second & ?ird4 ,:5 a man speaks1 ! pron\n ,i or we is always us$2 !re=e n\ns c nev] be 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,9 examples l ! foll[+1 "s philologi/s suppose ! n\n to be 9 ! fir/ p]son3--,?is may c]tify1 t ,i1 ,jonas ,taylor1 d h]eby give & grant1 c4 ,b x is evid5t1 t ! speak] or writ]1 9 introduc+ 8 own "n1 speaks ( himself2 consequ5tly ! n\n is ( ! ?ird p]son4 ,if y wi% to und]/& ! p]sons ( n\ns1 a little sob] ?\ght is requisite2 &1 by ex]cis+ x1 all difficulties w be remov$4 ,if ,i say1 my son1 h y se5 ! "y man8 y p]ceive t ! n\n son is ( ! second p]son1 because ,i address myself to him2 t is1 he is spok5 to2 b ! n\n man is ( ! ?ird p]son1 because he is spok5 (4 ,aga91 if ,i say1 "y man1 h y se5 my son8 man is ( ! second p]son1 & son is ( ! ?ird4 ,ha/ ?\ left ?y blue c\rse 9 ! heav5s1 gold5-hair$ sun ( ! sky8 ,fa!r1 may ! ,great ,_s s bright5 ! *a9 ( fri5d%ip betwe5 u1 t a *ild may f9d x1 :5 ! sun is asleep 9 8 wig-wam beh9d ! we/]n wat]s4 ,lo1 e>? receives him f ! b5d+ skies6 ,s9k d[n1 ye m\nta9s1 &1 ye valleys1 rise6 ,et]nal ,hope1 ?y glitt]+ w+s explore ,e>?'s lonelie/ b\nds1 & ocean's wilde/ %ore4 ,9 ^! examples1 ! n\ns1 sun1 fa!r1 m\nta9s1 valleys1 & hope1 are ( ! second p]son1 &1 z y w h]eaft] le>n1 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t4 ,c\rse1 heav5s1 sky1 ,_s1 *a91 fri5d%ip1 *ild1 sun1 wig-wam1 wat]s1 e>?1 skies1 w+s1 e>?1 b\nds1 ocean1 & %ore1 are all ( ! ?ird p]son4 ,,numb]4 ,numb] is ! di/9ction ( objects1 z "o or m4 ,n\ns are ( two numb]s1 ! s+ul> & ! plural4 ,! s+ul> numb] implies b "o2 z1 a book4 ,! plural numb] implies m ?an "o2 z1 books4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,"s n\ns are us$ only 9 ! s+ul> =m2 z1 hemp1 flax1 b>ley1 :eat1 pit*1 gold1 slo?1 pride1 hone/y1 meekness1 compassion1 c42 o!rs only 9 ! plural =m2 z1 bell[s1 scissors1 a%es1 ri*es1 snuff]s1 tongs1 ?anks1 wages1 emb]s1 ides1 pa9s1 vesp]s1 c4 #b4 ,"s words are ! same 9 bo? numb]s2 z1 de]1 %eep1 sw9e2 &1 also1 hiatus1 app>atus1 s]ies1 species4 #c4 ,! plural numb] ( n\ns is g5]ally =m$ by add+ s to ! s+ul>2 z1 dove1 doves2 face1 faces2 b sometimes we add es 9 ! plural2 z1 box1 boxes2 *ur*1 *ur*es2 la%1 la%es2 c>go1 c>goes4 #d4 ,n\ns end+ 9 f or fe1 are r5d]$ plural by a *ange ( t t]m9ation into ves2 z1 half1 halves2 wife1 wives3 except grief1 relief1 repro(1 & sev]al o!rs1 :i* =m _! plurals by ! addition ( s4 ,^? end+ 9 ff1 h ! regul> plural2 z1 ruff1 ruffs2 except /aff1 /aves4 #e4 ,n\ns end+ 9 y 9 ! s+ul>1 ) no o!r v[el 9 ! same syllable1 *ange x into ies 9 ! plural2 z1 beauty1 beauties2 fly1 flies4 ,b ! y is n *ang$1 :]e !re is ano!r v[el 9 ! syllable2 z1 key1 keys2 delay1 delays2 attorney1 attorneys2 valley1 valleys2 *imney1 *imneys4 #f4 ,ma!matics1 metaphysics1 politics1 optics1 e?ics1 pneumatics1 hydraulics1 c4 are con/ru$ ei!r z s+ul> or plural n\ns4 #g4 ,! ^w news is always s+ul>4 ,! n\ns means1 alms1 & am5ds1 ?\gh plural 9 =m1 may be ei!r s+ul> or plural 9 signification4 ,antipodes1 cr$5da1 lit]ati1 & m9uti are always plural4 ,b&it is n[ us$ z ! s+ul> ( ,b&itti4 #h4 ,! foll[+ n\ns =m _! plurals n accord+ to any g5]al rule2 ?us1 man1 m52 woman1 wom52 *ild1 *ildr52 ox1 ox52 too?1 tee?2 goose1 geese2 foot1 feet2 m\se1 mice2 l\se1 lice2 bro!r1 bro!rs or bre?r52 c[1 c[s or k9e2 p5ny1 p5ce1 or p5nies :5 ! co9 is meant2 die1 dice = play1 dies = co9+2 pea & fi%1 pease & fi% :5 ! species is meant1 b peas & fi%es :5 we ref] to ! numb]2 z1 six peas1 t5 fi%es4 #i4 ,! foll[+ comp\nds =m _! plurals ?us3 h&ful1 h&fuls2 cupful1 cupfuls2 spoonful1 spoonfuls3--bro!r-9-law1 bro!rs-9-law2 c\rt-m>tial1 c\rts-m>tial4 ,! foll[+ words =m _! plurals accord+ to ! rules ( ! languages f :i* !y are adopt$4 ,s+ul> ,plural4 ,anti!sis anti!ses ,apex apices ,app5dix app5dixes or app5dices ,arcanum arcana ,automaton automata ,axis axes ,basis bases ,beau beaux or beaus ,calx calces or calxes ,*]ub *]ubim or *]ubs ,crisis crises ,crit]ion crit]ia ,datum data ,diresis direses ,desid]atum desid]ata ,effluvium effluvia ,ellipsis ellipses ,emphasis emphases ,encomium encomia or encomiums ,erratum errata ,g5ius g5ii #b ,g5us g5]a ,hypo!sis hypo!ses ,ignis fatuus1 ignes fatui ,index indices or indexes #c ,lam9a lam9ae ,magus magi ,memor&um memor&a or memor&ums ,metamorphosis metamorphoses ,p>5!sis p>5!ses ,ph5om5on ph5om5a ,radius radii or radiuses ,/am5 /am9a ,s]aph s]aphim or s]aphs ,/imulus /imuli ,/ratum /rata ,!sis !ses ,v]tex v]tices ,vortex vortices or vortexes #b ,g5ii1 imag9>y spirits3 g5iuses1 p]sons ( great m5tal abilities4 #c ,indexes1 :5 po9t]s or tables ( cont5ts are meant3 indices1 :5 ref]r+ to algebraic quantities4 ,,case4 ,case1 :5 appli$ to n\ns & pron\ns1 means ! diff]5t /ate1 situation1 or position !y h 9 relation to o!r words4 ,n\ns h ?ree cases1 ! nom9ative1 ! possessive1 & ! objective4 ,i deem ! ess5tial qualities ( case1 9 ,engli%1 to consi/1 n 9 ! *anges or inflections produc$ on n\ns & pron\ns1 b 9 ! v>i\s (fices :i* !y p]=m 9 a s5t5ce1 by assum+ diff]5t positions 9 reg>d to o!r words4 ,9 accordance ) ?is def9ition1 ^! cases c be easily expla9$ on reason+ pr9ciples1 f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,n[1 five gra9s ( common s5se w enable any "o to compreh5d :at is meant by case4 ,its real "* is extremely simple2 b 9 ! diff]5t gramm>s x assumes z _m mean+s z ,proteus _h %apes4 ,! mo/ t has be5 writt5 on x1 h[ev]1 is m]e v]biage4 ,:at1 !n1 is meant by case8 ,9 speak+ ( a horse1 = in/ance1 we say he is 9 a good case1 :5 he is fat1 & 9 a bad case1 :5 he is lean1 & ne$s m oats2 & 9 ?is s5se we apply ! t]m case to d5ote ! /ate or condition ( ! horse4 ,s1 :5 we place a n\n be=e a v]b z actor or subject1 we say x is 9 ! nom9ative case2 b :5 x foll[s a transitive v]b or preposition1 we say x has ano!r case2 t is1 x assumes a new position or situation 9 ! s5t5ce3 & ?is we call ! objective case4 ,?us1 ! boy ga!rs fruit4 ,"h ! boy is repres5t$ z act+4 ,he is1 !re=e1 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,b :5 ,i say1 ,jane /ruck ! boy1 ,i d n repres5t ! boy z ! actor1 b z ! object ( ! action4 ,he is1 !re=e1 9 a new case or condition4 ,& :5 ,i say1 ,?is is ! boy's hat1 ,i d n speak ( ! boy ei!r z act+ or z act$ ^u2 b z possess+ some?+3 = :i* reason he is 9 ! possessive case4 ,h5ce1 x is cle>1 t n\ns h ?ree cases or positions4 ,z ! nom9ative & objective cases ( ! n\n are insep>ably connect$ ) ! v]b1 x is impossible = y to und]/& !m until y %all h acquir$ "s k ( ?is "p ( spee*4 ,i w1 !re=e1 n[ give y a p>tial description ( ! v]b 9 connexion ) ! n\n2 :i* w enable me to illu/rate ! cases ( ! n\n s cle>ly1 t y may easily compreh5d _! nature4 ,9 ! =mation ( language1 mank9d1 9 ord] to hold conv]se ) ea* o!r1 f\nd x necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 to give names to ! v>i\s objects by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! fir/ "p ( spee*1 :i* we d5om9ate ! n\n4 ,b m]ely to "n ! objects :i* !y beheld or ?\ght (1 0 n suffici5t = _! purpose4 ,!y p]ceiv$ t ^! objects exi/$1 mov$1 act$1 or caus$ "s action to be done4 ,9 look+ at a man1 = in/ance1 !y p]ceiv$ t he liv$1 walk$1 ate1 smil$1 talk$1 ran1 & s on4 ,!y p]ceiv$ t plants gr[1 fl[]s bloom1 & riv]s fl[4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( ano!r "p ( spee*1 ^: (fice x %\ld be to express ^! exi/5ces & actions4 ,?is second class ( words we call ,,v]bs4 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* signifies to ,,be1 to ,,d1 or to ,,suff]2 z1 ,i am2 ,i rule2 ,i am rul$4 ,v]bs are ( ?ree k9ds1 active1 passive1 & neut]4 ,!y are also divid$ into regul>1 irregul>1 & defective4 ,! t]m v]b is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w v]bum1 :i* signifies a ^w4 ,?is "p ( spee* is call$ a v]b or ^w1 because x is deem$ ! mo/ important ^w 9 e s5t5ce3 & )\t a v]b & nom9ative1 ei!r express$ or impli$1 no s5t5ce c exi/4 ,! n\n is ! orig9al & lead+ "p ( spee*2 ! v]b comes next 9 ord]1 & is f> m complex ?an ! n\n4 ,^! two are ! mo/ useful 9 ! language1 & =m ! basis ( ! sci5ce ( gramm>4 ,! o!r eight p>ts ( spee* are subord9ate to ^! two1 &1 z y w h]eaft] le>n1 ( m9or importance4 ,= all practical purposes1 ! =ego+ def9ition & division ( ! v]b1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 n philosophically correct1 w be f\nd z conv5i5t z any o!r4 ,i adopt !m1 !re=e1 to be consi/5t ) ! pr9ciple1 t1 9 arrang+ ! mat]ials ( ?is treatise1 ,i %all n alt] or reject any e/abli%$ def9ition1 rule1 or pr9ciple ( gramm>1 unless1 9 my humble judgm5t1 "s practical advantage to ! le>n] is !reby ga9$4 ,! foll[+1 "s consid] a good def9ition4 ,a ,,v]b is a ^w :i* expresses affirmation4 ,an active v]b expresses action2 & ,! nom9ative case is ! actor1 or subject ( ! v]b2 z1 ,john writes4 ,9 ?is example1 :i* is ! v]b8 ,y "k x is ! ^w writes1 because ?is ^w signifies to d2 t is1 x expresses action1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! def9ition1 x is an active v]b4 ,& y "k1 too1 t ! n\n ,john is ! actor1 !re=e ,john is 9 ! nom9ative case to ! v]b writes4 ,9 ! expressions1 ,! man walks--,! boy plays--,?und]s roll--- ,w>riors fight--y p]ceive t ! words walks1 plays1 roll1 & fight1 are active v]bs2 & y _c be at a loss to "k1 t ! n\ns man1 boy1 ?und]s1 & w>riors1 are 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,z no action c be produc$ )\t "s ag5t or mov+ cause1 x foll[s1 t e active v]b mu/ h "s actor or ag5t4 ,?is actor1 do]1 or produc] ( ! action1 is ! nom9ative4 ,nom9ative1 f ! ,lat9 nom9o1 lit]ally signifies to "n2 b 9 ! te*nical s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 gramm>1 x means ! n\n or pron\n :i* is ! subject ( affirmation4 ,?is subject or nom9ative may be active1 passive1 or neut]1 z h]eaft] exemplifi$4 ,a neut] v]b expresses nei!r action nor passion1 b be+1 or a /ate ( be+2 z1 ,john sits4 ,n[1 9 ?is example1 ,john is n repres5t$ z an actor1 b1 z ! subject ( ! v]b sits1 !re=e ,john is 9 ! nom9ative case to ! v]b4 ,& y "k t ! ^w sits does n express app>5t action1 b a condition ( be+2 t is1 x repres5ts ,john 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( exi/5ce2 !re=e sits is a neut] v]b4 ,9 speak+ ( ! neut] g5d] ( n\ns1 ,i in=m$ y1 t neut] means nei!r2 f :i* x foll[s1 t neut] g5d] implies nei!r g5d]2 t is1 nei!r mascul9e nor fem99e4 ,h5ce1 by an easy transition ( ?\ght1 y le>n1 t neut]1 :5 appli$ to v]bs1 means nei!r ( ! o!r two classes2 t is1 a neut] v]b is "o :i* is nei!r active nor passive4 ,9 ^! examples1 ,! man /&s--,! lady lives--,! *ild sleeps--,! _w exi/s--! words /&s1 lives1 sleeps1 & exi/s1 are neut] v]bs2 & ! n\ns1 man1 lady1 *ild1 & _w1 are all 9 ! nom9ative case1 because ea* is ! subject ( a v]b4 ,?us y p]ceive1 t :5 a n\n is 9 ! nom9ative case to an active v]b1 x is ! actor2 & :5 x is nom9ative to a neut] v]b1 x is n an actor1 b ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,"s neut] v]bs express be+ 9 g5]al2 z1 ,! man is2 ,k+doms exi/4 ,o!rs express be+ 9 "s p>ticul> /ate2 z1 ,! man /&s1 sits1 lies1 or hangs4 ,i w n[ give y two signs1 :i* w enable y to di/+ui% ! v]b f o!r p>ts ( spee*1 :5 y _c tell x by its signification4 ,any ^w t w make s5se ) to be=e x1 is a v]b4 ,?us1 to run1 to write1 to smile1 to s+1 to he>1 to pond]1 to live1 to brea!1 are v]bs4 ,or1 any ^w t w conjugate1 is a v]b4 ,?us1 ,i run1 ?\ runne/1 he runs2 ,i write1 ?\ write/1 he writes2 ,i smile1 c4 ,b ! words1 boy1 lady1 *ild1 & _w1 w n make s5se ) to prefix$--to boy1 to lady1 to _w1 is nons5se4 ,nei!r w !y conjugate--,i lady1 ?\ ladie/1 c4 is worse ?an nons5se4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t ^! words are n v]bs4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ^! rules1 = v]bs are sometimes us$ z n\ns4 ,?is w be expla9$ by & by4 ,to v]bs belong numb]1 p]son1 mood1 & t5se4 ,at pres5t ,i %all speak only ( ! numb] & p]son ( v]bs2 b h]eaft] ,i w give y a full explanation ( all _! prop]ties4 ,& p]mit me to in=m y1 t ,i %all n lead y into ! intricacies ( ! sci5ce1 until1 by gradual & easy progressions1 y are enabl$ to compreh5d ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 !m4 ,only su* pr9ciples w be elucidat$1 z y are prep>$ to und]/& at ! "t !y are unfold$ be=e y4 ,y mu/ n be too anxi\s to get along rapidly2 b endeavor to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) "o pr9ciple1 be=e y und]take ano!r4 ,?is lecture w qualify y = ! next4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,p]son ,,( ,,v]bs4 ,y recollect1 t ! nom9ative is ! actor or subject1 & ! active v]b is ! action p]=m$ by ! nom9ative4 ,by ?is y p]ceive1 t a v intimate connexion or relation exi/s betwe5 ! nom9ative case & ! v]b4 ,if1 !re=e1 only "o creature or ?+ acts1 only "o action1 at ! same in/ant1 c be done2 z1 ,! girl writes4 ,! nom9ative girl is "h ( ! s+ul> numb]1 because x signifies b "o p]son2 & ! v]b writes d5otes b "o action1 :i* ! girl p]=ms2 !re=e ! v]b writes is ( ! s+ul> numb]1 agree+ ) its nom9ative girl4 ,:5 ! nom9ative case is plural1 ! v]b mu/ be plural2 z1 girls write4 ,take notice1 ! s+ul> v]b ends 9 s1 b ! n\n is g5]ally plural :5 x ends 9 s2 ?us1 ,! girl writes--! girls write4 ,p]son1 /rictly speak+1 is a quality t belongs n to v]bs1 b to n\ns & pron\ns4 ,we say1 h[ev]1 t ! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative 9 p]son1 z well z 9 numb]2 t is1 ! v]b mu/ be spell$ & spok5 9 su* a mann] z to correspond ) ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]son ( ! n\n or pron\n :i* is its nom9ative4 ,i w n[ %[ y h[ ! v]b is v>i$ 9 ord] to agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son4 ,i1 ,?\1 ,he1 ,%e1 ,x2 ,we1 ,ye or ,y1 ,!y1 are p]sonal pron\ns4 ,i is ( ! fir/ p]son1 & s+ul> numb]2 ,?\ is second p]son1 s+42 ,he1 ,%e1 or ,x1 is ?ird p]4 s+42 ,we is fir/ p]4 plural2 ,ye or ,y is second p]4 plural2 ,!y is ?ird p]4 plural4 ,^! pron\ns are ! repres5tatives ( n\ns1 & p]=m ! same (fice t ! n\ns w\ld = :i* !y /&4 ,:5 plac$ be=e ! v]b1 !y are1 !re=e1 ! nom9atives to ! v]b4 ,notice p>ticul>ly1 ! diff]5t v>iations or end+s ( ! v]b1 z x is ?us conjugat$ 9 ! ,,indicative ,,mood1 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,p]4 ,i walk1 #a4 ,p]4 ,we ,walk1 #b4 ,p]4 ,?\ walke/1 #b4 ,p]4 ,ye or y walk1 #c4 ,p]4 ,he walks1 or #c4 ,p]4 ,!y walk1 or ! boy walks1 ! boys walk4 or walke?4 ,?is display ( ! v]b %[s y1 t :5ev] x ends 9 e/1 x is ( ! second p]son s+ul>2 b :5 ! v]b ends 9 s1 or e?1 x is ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,walke/1 ride/1 /&e/1 are ( ! second p]son s+ul>2 & walks or walke?1 rides or ride?1 /&s or /&e?1 are ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,i h told y1 t :5 ! nom9ative is s+ul> numb]1 ! v]b mu/ be2 :5 ! nom9ative is plural1 ! v]b mu/ be2 & :5 ! nom9ative is fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]son1 ! v]b mu/ be ( ! same p]son4 ,if y look aga9 at ! =ego+ conjugation ( walk1 y w notice t ! v]b v>ies if its end+s 9 ! s+ul>1 9 ord] to agree 9 =m ) ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird p]son ( its nom9ative2 b 9 ! plural x does n v>y its end+s f ! fir/ p]son s+ul>4 ,! v]b1 h[ev]1 agrees 9 s5se ) its nom9ative 9 ! plural1 z well z 9 ! s+ul>4 ,ex]cise a little m9d1 & y w p]ceive t agreem5t & gov]nm5t 9 language d n consi/ m]ely 9 ! =m ( words4 ,n[1 is x n cle>1 t :5 ,i say1 ,i walk1 ! v]b walk is s+ul>1 because x expresses b "o action8 ,& :5 ,i say1 ,two m5 walk1 is x n equally app>5t1 t walk is plural1 because x expresses two actions8 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,t5 m5 walk1 ! v]b walk d5otes t5 actions1 = !re are t5 actors4 ,common s5se tea*es y1 t !re mu/ be z _m actions z !re are actors2 & t ! v]b1 :5 x has no =m or end+ to %[ x1 is z /rictly plural1 z :5 x has4--,s1 9 ! phrase1 ,we walk1 ! v]b walk is fir/ p]son1 because x expresses ! actions p]=m$ by ! speak]s3 ,ye or y walk1 ! v]b is second p]son1 d5ot+ ! actions ( ! p]sons spok5 to2 ?ird p]son1 ,!y walk4 ,! v]b1 !n1 :5 correctly writt51 always agrees1 9 s5se1 ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son4 ,at pres5t y are le>n+ two p>ts ( spee*1 nei!r ( :i* c be und]/ood )\t a k ( ! o!r4 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y to expla9 !m bo?1 9 ! same lecture4 ,y h be5 already in=m$1 t n\ns h ?ree cases2 ! nom9ative1 ! possessive1 & ! objective4 ,,possessive ,,case4 ,! possessive case d5otes ! possessor ( some?+2 z1 ,?is is ,john's horse4 ,?is expression implies1 t ,john is ! own] or possessor ( ! horse2 &1 t horse is ! prop]ty :i* he possesses4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,^! are ! m5's1 & ^?1 ! boys' hats1 ! two words1 boys' hats1 pla9ly convey ! idea1 if !y h any mean+ at all1 t ! boys own or possess ! hats4 ,samuel ,badg] sells boys' hats4 ,:o owns ! hats8 ,mr4 ,badg]4 ,h[ is t fact asc]ta9$8 ,n by ! words1 boys' hats1 :i*1 tak5 by !mselves1 imply1 n t !y are ,mr4 ,badg]'s hats1 nor t !y are = boys1 b t !y are hats (1 or belong+ to1 or possess$ by boys4 ,b we inf] f ! words connect$ ) ! phrase1 boys' hats1 t ! boys are n yet1 z ! phrase lit]ally d5otes1 9 ! actual possession ( ! hats4 ,! possession is anticipat$4 ,9 ! phrases1 f9e hats1 co>se hats1 high-cr[n$ hats1 broad-brimm$ hats1 wooll51 new1 t51 "s1 ^!1 _m hats1 ! words 9 italics1 are adjectives1 because !y re/rict1 qualify1 or def9e ! t]m hats2 b ! t]m boys' does n describe or limit ! mean+ ( hats4 ,boys'1 !re=e1 is n1 z "s suppose1 an adjective4 ,! slave's ma/]4 ,does ! slave possess ! ma/]8 ,yes4 ,! slave has a ma/]4 ,if he has him1 !n1 he possesses him2--he su/a9s t relation to him :i* we call possession4 ,a n\n 9 ! possessive case1 is always kn[n by its hav+ an apo/rophe1 & g5]ally an s aft] x2 ?us1 ,john's1 hat2 ! boy's coat4 ,:5 a plural n\n 9 ! possessive case1 ends 9 s1 ! apo/rophe is add$1 b no additional s2 z1 ,boys' hats2 ,eagles' w+s4 ,:5 a s+ul> n\n ends 9 ss1 ! apo/rophe only is add$2 z1 ,= goodness' sake2 = righte\sness' sake2 except ! ^w witness2 z1 ,! witness's te/imony4 ,:5 a n\n 9 ! possessive case ends 9 ence1 ! s is omitt$1 b ! apo/rophe is reta9$2 z1 ,= consci5ce' sake4 ,n[ please to turn back1 & read ov] ?is & ! prec$+ lecture ?ree times1 & endeavor1 n only to und]/&1 b1 also1 to rememb]1 :at y read4 ,9 read+1 proce$ ?us3 read "o s5t5ce ov] sl[ly1 & !n look (f ! book1 & repeat x two or ?ree times ov] 9 y\r m9d4 ,aft] t1 take ano!r s5t5ce & proce$ 9 ! same mann]1 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole lecture4 ,d n presume to ?9k1 t ^! directions are ( no real consequ5ce to y2 =1 unless y foll[ !m /rictly1 y ne$ n expect to make rapid progress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y proce$ accord+ to my in/ructions1 y w be sure to acquire a practical k ( gramm> 9 a %ort "t4--,:5 y %all h compli$ ) ?is requisition1 y may commit ! foll[+ ord] ( p>s+ a n\n1 & ! ord] ( p>s+ a v]b2 & !n y w be prep>$ to p>se or analyze ! foll[+ examples4 ,,analysis1 ,,or ,,p>s+4 ,d y recollect ! mean+ ( ! ^w analysis8 ,if y d n1 ,i w expla9 if3 & fir/1 ,i wi% y to rememb]1 t analysis is ! rev]se ( syn!sis4 ,syn!sis is ! act ( comb9+ simples s z to =m a :ole or comp\nd4 ,?us1 9 putt+ toge!r lett]s s z to =m syllables1 syllables s z to =m words1 words s z to =m s5t5ces1 & s5t5ces s z to =m a disc\rse1 ! process is call$ syn!tic4 ,analysis1 on ! contr>y1 is ! act ( decomposition2 t is1 ! act ( sep>at+ any ?+ comp\nd$ into its simple p>ts1 & !reby exhibit+ its elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,etymology treats ( ! analysis ( language4 ,to analyze a s5t5ce1 is to sep>ate f "o ano!r & classify ! diff]5t words ( :i* x is compos$2 & to analyze or p>se a ^w1 means to enum]ate & describe all its v>i\s prop]ties1 & its grammatical relations ) respect to o!r words 9 a s5t5ce1 & trace x ?r\gh all its inflections or *anges4 ,p]haps1 to y1 ?is w1 at fir/1 appe> to be ( little importance2 b1 if y p]sev]e1 y w h]eaft] f9d x ( great utility1 = p>s+ w enable y to detect1 & correct1 errors 9 composition4 ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,n\n1 is--a n\n1 & :y8--common1 prop]1 or collective1 & :y8--g5d]1 & :y8--p]son1 & :y8--numb]1 & :y8--case1 & :y8--,,rule3--decl9e x4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,v]b1 is--a v]b1 & :y8--active1 passive1 or neut]1 & :y8--if active--transitive or intransitive1 & :y8--if passive--h[ is x =m$8--regul>1 irregul>1 or defective1 & :y8--mood1 & :y8--t5se1 & :y8--p]son & numb]1 & :y8--) :at does x agree8--,,rule3--conjugate x4 ,i w n[ p>se two n\ns accord+ to ! ord]1 &1 9 s do+1 by apply+ ! def9itions & rules1 ,i %all answ] all ^? que/ions giv5 9 ! ord]4 ,if y h p]fectly committ$ ! ord] ( p>s+ a n\n & v]b1 y may proce$ ) me2 b1 recollect1 y _c p>se a v]b 9 full1 until y %all h _h a m complete explanation ( x4 ,john's h& trembles4 ,john's is a n\n1 because x is ! "n ( a p]son--prop]1 ! "n ( an individual--mascul9e g5d]1 x d5otes a male--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--s+ul> numb]1 x implies b "o--& 9 ! possessive case1 x d5otes possession--x is gov]n$ by ! n\n h&1 accord+ to ,,rule #ab4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! possessive case1 is gov]n$ by ! n\n x possesses4 ,decl9$--,s+4 nom4 ,john1 poss4 ,john's1 obj4 ,john4 ,plural--nom4 ,johns1 poss4 ,johns'1 obj4 ,johns4 ,h& is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+--common1 ! "n ( a sort or species ( ?+s--neut] g5d]1 x d5otes a ?+ )\t sex--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--s+4 numb]1 x implies b "o--& 9 ! nom9ative case1 x is ! actor & subject ( ! v]b trembles1 & gov]ns x agreeably to ,,rule #c4 ,! nom9ative case gov]ns ! v]b3--t is1 ! nom9ative det]m9es ! numb] & p]son ( ! v]b4 ,decl9$--,s+4 nom4 h&1 poss4 h&'s1 obj4 h&4 ,plur4 nom4 h&s1 poss4 h&s'1 obj4 h&s4 ,trembles is a v]b1 a ^w :i* signifies to d--active1 x expresses action--?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 because ! nom9ative h& is ) :i* x agrees1 accord+ to ,,rule #d4 ,! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son4 ,y mu/ n say t ! v]b is ( ! ?ird p]son because x is spok5 (4 ,! v]b is nev] spok5 (2 b x is ( ! ?ird p]son1 & s+ul> or plural numb]1 because its nom9ative is4 ,conjugat$--,fir/ p]s4 s+4 ,i tremble1 #b p]s4 ?\ tremble/1 #c p]s4 he trembles1 or1 ! h& trembles4 ,plural1 #a p]s4 we tremble1 #b p]s4 ye or y tremble1 #c p]s4 !y or ! h&s tremble4 ,gov]nm5t1 9 language1 consi/s 9 ! p[] :i* "o ^w has ov] ano!r1 9 caus+ t o!r ^w to be 9 "s p>ticul> case1 numb]1 p]son1 mood1 or t5se4 ,,illu/ration4 ,,rule #c4 ,! nom9ative case gov]ns ! v]b4 ,if y employ ! pron\n ,i1 :i* is ( ! fir/ p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 z ! nom9ative to a v]b1 ! v]b mu/ be ( ! fir/ p]s4 s+1 ?us1 ,i smile2 & :5 y\r nom9ative is second p]s4 s+1 y\r v]b mu/ be2 z1 ?\ smile/4 ,:y1 9 ! latt] in/ance1 does ! end+ ( ! v]b *ange to e/8 ,because ! nom9ative *anges4 ,& if y\r nom9ative is ?ird p]son1 ! v]b w v>y aga92 ?us1 he smiles1 ! man smiles4 ,h[ cle> x is1 !n1 t ! nom9ative gov]ns ! v]b2 t is1 ! nom9ative has p[] to *ange ! =m & mean+ ( ! v]b1 9 respect to num4 & p]son4 ,gov]nm5t1 ?us f>1 is ev9c$ 9 ! =m ( ! words1 z well z 9 ! s5se4 ,,rule #d4 ,! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son4 ,x is improp] to say1 ?\ he>1 ! m5 he>s4 ,:y improp]8 ,because he> is fir/ p]s4 & ! nom9ative ?\ is second p]s4 ,he>s is s+ul>1 & ! nom4 m5 is plural4 ,rule #d? says1 ,! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative4 ,! expressions %\ld1 !re=e1 be1 ?\ he>e/1 ! m5 he>2 & !n ! v]b w\ld agree ) its nom9atives4 ,b :y mu/ ! v]b agree ) its nom9ative8 ,:y mu/ we say1 ?\ talke/1 ! man talks1 m5 talk8 ,because ! g5ius ( our language1 & ! common cons5t ( ^? :o speak x1 require su* a con/ruction3 & ?is requisition am\nts to a law or rule4 ,?is rule1 !n1 is f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & sanction$ by good usage4 ,,rule #ab4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! possessive case1 is gov]n$ by ! n\n :i* x possesses4 ,x is correct to say1 ,! man eats1 he eats2 b we _c say1 ! man dog eats1 he dog eats4 ,:y n8 ,because ! man is "h repres5t$ z ! possessor1 & dog1 ! prop]ty1 or ?+ possess$2 & ! g5ius ( our language requires1 t :5 we add to ! possessor1 ! ?+ :i* he is repres5t$ z possess+1 ! possessor %all take a p>ticul> =m to %[ its case1 or relation to ! prop]ty2 ?us1 ,! man's dog eats1 8 dog eats4 ,y p]ceive1 !n1 t ! add$ n\n1 d5ot+ ! ?+ possess$1 has p[] to *ange ! =m ( ! n\n or pron\n d5ot+ ! possessor1 accord+ to ,,rule #ab4 ?us1 by add+ dog 9 ! prec$+ examples1 man is *ang$ to man's1 & he1 to 84 ,n[ p>se ! s5t5ce :i* ,i h p>s$1 until ! mann] is q famili> to y2 & !n y w be prep>$ to analyze correctly & sy/ematically1 ! foll[+ ex]cises4 ,:5 y p>se1 y may spread ! ,comp5dium be=e y2 &1 if y h n already committ$ ! def9itions & rules1 y may read !m on t1 z y apply !m4 ,?is mode ( proc$ure w enable y to le>n all ! def9itions & rules by apply+ !m to practice4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,ra9 desc5ds--,ra9s desc5d--,sn[ falls--,sn[s fall--,?und] rolls--,?und]s roll--,man's works decay--,m5's labors cease--,john's dog b>ks--,eliza's voice trembles--,julia's si/]'s *ild improves--,pet]'s c\s9's horse limps4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i w p>se a n\n & a neut] v]b1 :i* v]b1 y w notice1 diff]s f an active only 9 "o respect4 ,birds repose on ! bran*es ( trees4 ,birds is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+ or creature--common1 ! "n ( a g5us or class--mascul9e & fem99e g5d]1 x d5otes bo? males & females--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--plural numb]1 x implies m ?an "o--& 9 ! nom9ative case1 x is ! subject ( ! v]b repose1 & gov]ns x accord+ to ,,rule #c4 ,! nom9ative case gov]ns ! v]b4 ,decl9$--,s+4 nom4 bird1 poss4 bird's1 obj4 bird4 ,plural1 nom4 birds1 poss4 birds'1 obj4 birds4 ,repose is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies to be--neut]1 x expresses nei!r action nor passion1 b a /ate ( be+--?ird p]son1 plural numb]1 because ! nom9ative birds is ) :i* x agrees1 agreeably to ,,rule #d4 ,! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son4 ,decl9$--#a4 p]s4 s+4 ,i repose1 #b4 p]s4 ?\ repose/1 #c4 p]s4 he reposes1 or ! bird reposes4 ,plur4 #a4 p]s4 we repose1 #b4 p]s4 ye or y repose1 #c4 p]s4 !y repose1 or birds repose4 ,n[ p>se ^? n\ns & neut] v]bs t are di/+ui%$ by italics1 9 ! foll[+ ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,! book lies on ! desk--,! cloak hangs on ! wall--,man's days are few--,ca?mor's w>riors sleep 9 dea?--,cal?o reposes 9 ! n>r[ h\se--,jocund day /&s tiptoe on ! mi/y m\nta9 tops4 ,! sunbeams re/ on ! grave :]e h] beauty sleeps4 ,y may p>se ^! & ! prec$+ ex]cises1 & all t foll[1 five or six times ov]1 if y please4 ,,objective ,,case4--,,active-,,transitive ,,v]bs4 ,! objective case expresses ! object ( an action or ( a relation4 ,x g5]ally foll[s a transitive v]b1 a p>ticiple1 or a preposition4 ,a n\n is 9 ! objective case :5 x is ! object ( some?+4 ,at pres5t ,i %all expla9 ?is case only z ! object ( an action2 b :5 we %all h advanc$ z f> z to ! preposition1 ,i w also illu/rate x z ! object ( a relation4 ,an active v]b is transitive :5 ! action passes ov] f ! subject or nom9ative to an object2 z1 ,ri*>d /rikes ,john4 ,transitive means pass+4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! action ( ! v]b /rikes is transitive1 because x passes ov] f ! nom9ative ,ri*>d to ! object ,john2 & y "k t ! n\n ,john is 9 ! objective case1 because x is ! object ( ! action express$ by ! active-transitive v]b /rikes4 ,?is matt] is v pla94 ,= example3 ,gallileo inv5t$ ! telescope4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t ,gallileo did n ex]t 8 p[]s ( inv5tion1 )\t "s object 9 view4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 t object1 put ! "q1 ,gallileo inv5t$ :at8 ,! telescope4 ,telescope1 !n1 is ! real object ( ! action1 d5ot$ by ! transitive v]b inv5t$2 &1 !re=e1 telescope is 9 ! objective case4 ,if ,i say1 ,! horse kicks ! s]vant--,c>p5t]s build h\ses--,ossian wrote poems--,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica--y readily p]ceive1 t ! v]bs kick1 build1 wrote1 & discov]$1 express transitive actions2 & y _c be at a loss to tell :i* n\ns are 9 ! objective case3--!y are s]vant1 h\ses1 poems1 & ,am]ica4 ,! nom9ative & objective cases ( n\ns are g5]ally kn[n by ! foll[+ rule3 ! nom9ative does some?+2 ! objective has some?+ done to x4 ,! nom9ative g5]ally comes be=e ! v]b2 & ! objective1 aft] x4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,george /ruck ! s]vant1 ,george is 9 ! nom9ative1 & s]vant is 9 ! objective case2 b1 :5 ,i say1 ,! s]vant /ruck ,george1 s]vant is 9 ! nom9ative case1 & ,george is 9 ! objective4 ,?us y p]ceive1 t ,case means ! diff]5t /ate or situation ( n\ns ) reg>d to o!r words4 ,x is sometimes v difficult to tell ! case ( a n\n4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 take up ?is subject aga91 :5 ,i come to give y an explanation ( ! p>ticiple & preposition4 ,besides ! ?ree cases already expla9$1 n\ns are sometimes 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t1 sometimes 9 ! nom9ative case absolute1 sometimes 9 apposition 9 ! same case1 & sometimes 9 ! nom9ative or objective case aft] ! neut] to be1 or aft] an active-intransitive or passive v]b4 ,^! cases are illu/rat$ 9 ,lecture ,x4 & 9 ! #ba & #bb rules ( ,syntax4 ,,active-,,intransitive ,,v]bs4 ,an active v]b is transitive1 :5 ! action t]m9ates on an object3 b ,an active v]b is intransitive1 :5 ! action does n t]m9ate on an object2 z1 ,john walks4 ,y p]ceive t ! v]b walks1 9 ?is example1 is intransitive1 because ! action does n pass ov] to an object2 t is1 ! action is conf9$ to ! ag5t ,john4 ,! foll[+ sign w g5]ally enable y to di/+ui% a transitive v]b f an intransitive4 ,any v]b t w make s5se ) ! words a ?+ or a p]son1 aft] x1 is transitive4 ,try ^! v]bs by ! sign1 love1 help1 conqu]1 rea*1 subdue1 ov]come4 ,?us1 y c say1 ,i love a p]son or ?+--,i c help a p]son or ?+--& s on4 ,h5ce y "k t ^! v]bs are transitive4 ,b an intransitive v]b w n make s5se ) ?is sign1 :i* fact w be %[n by ! foll[+ examples3 smile1 g1 come1 play1 b>k1 walk1 fly4 ,we _c say1 if we mean to speak ,engli%1 ,i smile a p]son or ?+--,i g a p]son or ?+3--h5ce y p]ceive t ^! v]bs are n transitive1 b intransitive4 ,if y reflect ^u ^! examples = a few mom5ts1 y w h a cle> conception ( ! nature ( transitive & intransitive v]bs4 ,be=e ,i close ?is subject1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y f>!r to rem>k1 t "s transitive & intransitive v]bs express :at is call$ a m5tal or moral action2 & o!rs1 a corporeal or physical action4 ,v]bs express+ ! diff]5t affections or op]ations ( ! m9d1 d5ote moral actions2 z1 ,brutus lov$ 8 c\ntry2 ,james hates vice2 ,we believe ! tale3--to rep5t1 to rel5t1 to ?9k1 to reflect1 to m\rn1 to muse4 ,^? express+ ! actions produc$ by matt]1 d5ote physical actions2 z1 ,! dog he>s ! bell2 ,virgil wrote ! ,a5ead2 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica2--to see1 to feel1 to ta/e1 to smell1 to run1 to talk1 to fly1 to /rike4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,*>les resembles 8 fa!r1 ! v]b resembles does n appe> to express any action at all2 yet ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce1 & ! (fice :i* ! v]b p]=ms1 are su*1 t we are oblig$ to p>se x z an active-transitive v]b1 gov]n+ ! n\n fa!r 9 ! objective case4 ,?is y may easily reconcile 9 y\r m9d1 by reflect+1 t ! v]b has a direct ref]5ce to its object4 ,! foll[+ v]bs are ( ?is "*3 ,h1 own1 reta92 z1 ,i h a book4 ,active 9transitive v]bs are frequ5tly made transitive4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,! birds fly1 ! v]b fly is 9transitive2 b :5 ,i say1 ,! boy flies ! kite1 ! v]b fly is transitive1 & gov]ns ! n\n kite 9 ! objective case4 ,almo/ any active intransitive v]b1 & sometimes ev5 neut] v]bs1 are us$ z transitive4 ,! horse walks rapidly2 ,! boy runs swiftly2 ,my fri5d lives well2 ,! man di$ ( a fev]4 ,9 all ^! examples ! v]bs are 9transitive2 9 ! foll[+ !y are transitive3 ,! man walks 8 horse2 ,! boy ran a race2 ,my fri5d lives a holy life2 ,let me die ! dea? ( ! righte\s4 ,! =ego+ developm5t ( ! "* ( v]bs1 is deem$ suffici5tly critical = practical purposes2 b if we dip a little deep] into ! v]bal f\nta91 we %all discov] qualities :i* d n appe> on its surface4 ,if we ?r[ aside ! veil :i* art has drawn ov] ! real /ructure ( spee*1 we %all f9d1 t almo/ e v]b has ei!r a p]sonal or a v]bal object1 express$ or impli$4 ,v]bal objects1 :i* are ! effects or productions result+ f ! actions1 be+ necess>ily impli$1 are seldom express$4 ,! fire burns4 ,if ! fire burns1 x mu/ burn wood1 coal1 tall[1 or "s o!r combu/ible sub/ance4 ,! man laughs4 ,laughs :at8 ,laughs laught] or laugh4 ,!y walk2 t is1 ,!y walk or take walks4 ,riv]s fl[ 7move or roll !m-selves or _! wat]s7 into ! ocean4 ,i s+ ! %ady regions ( ! we/4 ,& smile ! wr9kles f ! br[ ( age4 ,! *ild wept itself sick2 & !n1 by tak+ 7or sleep+7 a %ort nap1 x slept itself quiet & well aga94 ,he w soon sleep 8 ev]la/+ sleep2 t is1 ,he w sleep ! sleep ( dea?4 ,?9k]s ?9k ?\ghts2 ,talk]s talk or employ words1 talk1 or spee*es2 ,! ra9 ra9s ra94 ,^u ,sodom & ,gomorrah ! ,"l ra9$ fire & brim/one4 ,i mu/ g ! :ole l5g?4 ,i %all soon g ! way ( all ! e>?4 ,n[ please to turn back aga91 & p]use ?is lecture att5tively2 aft] :i* y may p>se1 sy/ematically1 ! foll[+ ex]cises conta9+ n\ns 9 ! ?ree cases1 & active-transitive v]bs4 ,! pr9t] pr9ts books4 ,pr9ts is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies to d--active1 x expresses action--transitive1 ! action passes ov] f ! nom9ative pr9t] to ! object books--?ird p]s4 s+4 numb4 because ! nom9ative pr9t] is ) :i* x agrees4 ,,rule #d4 ,! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative case 9 numb] & p]son4 ,decl9$--#a4 p]s4 s+4 ,i pr9t1 #b4 p]s4 ?\ pr9te/1 #c4 p]s4 he pr9ts1 or ! pr9t] pr9ts1 & s on4 ,books is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+--common1 ! "n ( a sort ( ?+s1--neut4 g5d4 x d5otes a ?+ )\t sex--?ird p]s4 spok5 (--plur4 num4 x implies m ?an "o--& 9 ! objective case1 x is ! object ( ! action1 express$ by ! active-transitive v]b pr9ts1 & is gov]n$ by x accord+ to ,,rule #bj4 ,active-transitive v]bs gov]n ! objective case4 ,! n\n books is ?us decl9$--,s+4 nom4 book1 poss4 book's1 obj4 book--,plur4 nom4 books1 poss4 books'1 obj4 books4 ,,rule #bj4 ,transitive v]bs gov]n ! objective case2 t is1 !y require ! n\n or pron\n foll[+ !m to be 9 t case2 & ?is requisition is gov]nm5t4 ,pron\ns h a p>ticul> =m to suit ea* case2 b n\ns h n4 ,we _c say1 ,%e /ruck he2 ,i gave ! book to !y4 ,:y n8 ,because ! g5ius ( our language requires ! pron\n foll[+ a transitive v]b or preposition 7to is a preposition7 to assume t =m :i* we call ! objective =m or case4 ,accord+ly1 ! con/ruction %\ld be1 ,%e /ruck him2 ,i gave ! book to !m4--,read1 aga91 ! illu/ration ( gov]nm5t on page #eb4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,nom4 case4--,trans4 v]b--,poss4 case--,obj4 case4 ,julius pr9ts *ildr5s' prim]s4 ,h>riet makes ladies' bonnets4 ,! s]vant beats ! man's horse4 ,! horse kicks ! s]vant's ma/]4 ,! boy /ruck t man's *ild4 ,! *ild lo/ ^? boys' ball4 ,! tempe/ sunk ^? m]*ants' vessels4 ,pope translat$ ,hom]'s ,illiad4 ,cic]o procur$ ,milo's release4 ,alex&] conqu]$ ,d>ius' army4 ,p]ry met ! enemy's fleet4 ,wa%+ton obta9$ 8 c\ntry's fre$om4 ,,note #a4 ,! words !1 t1 ^?1 & 81 y ne$ n p>se4 #b4 ,a n\n 9 ! possessive case1 is sometimes gov]n$ by a n\n und]/ood2 z1 ,julia's lesson is long] ?an ,john's lesson4 ,z y h be5 analyz+ n\ns 9 _! ?ree cases1 x becomes necess>y to pres5t1 9 ! next place1 ! decl5sion ( n\ns1 = y mu/ decl9e e n\n y p>se4 ,decl5sion means putt+ a n\n ?r\gh ! diff]5t cases3 & y w notice1 t ! possessive case v>ies f ! nom9ative 9 its t]m9ation1 or end+1 b ! objective case ends l ! nom9ative4 ,! nom9ative & objective cases ( n\ns1 mu/1 !re=e1 be asc]ta9$ by _! situation 9 ! s5t5ce1 or by consid]+ ! (fice !y p]=m4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 k+ k+s ,poss4 k+'s k+s' ,obj4 k+4 k+s4 ,nom4 man m5 ,poss4 man's m5's ,obj4 man4 m54 ,n[1 if y h p>s$ e ^w 9 ! prec$+ examples1 7except !1 t1 ^?1 & 87 y may proce$ ) me & p>se ! examples 9 ! foll[+ ex]cises1 9 :i* are pres5t$ n\ns & active-intransitive v]bs4 ,my flock increases ye>ly4 ,flock is a n\n1 a "n d5ot+ animals--a n\n ( multitude1 x signifies _m 9 "o collective body--mascul9e & fem99e g5d]1 d5ot+ bo? sexes--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--s+ul> numb]1 x d5otes b "o flock--& 9 ! nom9ative case1 x is ! active ag5t ( ! v]b increases1 & gov]ns x1 accord+ to ,,rule #c1 ,! nom9ative case gov]ns ! v]b4 7,decl9e x47 ,increases is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies to d--active1 x expresses action--intransitive1 ! action does n pass ov] to an object--( ! ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 because its nom9ative flock conveys unity ( idea1 & x agrees ) flock agreeably to ,,rule #aj4 ,a n\n ( multitude convey+ unity ( idea1 mu/ h a v]b or pron\n agree+ ) x 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! divid$ multitude ha/ily disp]se4 ,multitude is a n\n1 a "n t d5otes p]sons--a collective n\n1 or n\n ( multitude1 x signifies _m--mascul9e & fem99e g5d]1 x implies bo? sexes--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--s+ul> numb]1 x repres5ts b "o multitude1 or collective body2 7b 9 ano!r s5se1 x is plural1 z x conveys plurality ( idea1 &1 also1 implies m individuals ?an "o27--& 9 ! nom9ative case1 x is ! actor & subject ( ! v]b disp]se1 :i* x gov]ns1 accord+ to ,,rule #c4 ,! nom4 case gov]ns ! v]b4--,decl9$4--,s+4 nom4 multitude1 poss4 multitude's1 obj4 multitude--,plur4 nom4 multitudes1 poss4 multitudes'1 obj4 multitudes4 ,disp]se is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies to d--active1 x expresses action--intransitive1 ! action does n t]m9ate on an object--?ird p]son1 plural numb]1 because its nom9ative multitude conveys plurality ( idea2 & x agrees ) multitude agreeably to ,,rule #aa4 ,a n\n ( multitude convey+ plurality ( idea1 mu/ h a v]b or pron\n agree+ ) x 9 ! plural4 ,rules #aj1 & #aa1 re/ on a s&y f\ndation4 ,!y appe> n to be bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( ! language2 &1 !re=e1 x might1 p]haps1 be bett] to reject ?an to reta9 !m4 ,_! application is q limit$4 ,9 _m in/ances1 !y w n apply to n\ns ( multitude4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z unity or plurality ( idea1 z applicable to n\ns ( ?is class1 is d\btful4 ,x is j z correct to say1 ,! meet+ 0 divid$ 9 its s5tim5ts1 z to say1 ,! meet+ 7 divid$ 9 _! s5tim5ts4 ,bo? are equally support$ by ! g5ius ( ! language1 & by ! p[] ( cu/om4 ,x is correct to say1 ei!r t1 ,! fleet 7 disp]s$2 ,! c\ncil 7 unanim\s2 ,! c\ncil 7 divid$2 or t1 ,! fleet 0 disp]s$2 ,! c\ncil 0 unanim\s2 ,! c\ncil 0 divid$4 ,b1 p]haps = ! sake ( euphony1 9 "s in/ances1 cu/om has decid$ 9 favor ( a s+ul>1 & 9 o!rs1 ( a plural con/ruction1 connect$ ) words ( ?is class4 ,= example2 cu/om gives a pref]5ce to ! con/ructions1 ,my p d n consid]2 ,! peasantry g b>efoot2 ,! flock is 8 object2 in/ead (1 ,my p do? n consid]2 ,! peasantry goes b>efoot2 ,! flock are 8 object4 ,9 in/ances l ^!1 ! application ( ! =ego+ rules may be ( "s use2 b ! con/ructions 9 :i* !y d n apply1 are probably m num]\s ?an ^? 9 :i* !y d4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,nom4 case4 ,intran4 v]b4 ,nom4 case4 ,intran4 v]b4 ,m5 labor4 ,! sun sets4 ,armies m>*4 ,! moon rises4 ,vessels sail4 ,! />s tw9kle4 ,birds fly4 ,! ra9 desc5ds4 ,cl\ds move4 ,! riv] fl[s4 ,multitudes p]i%4 ,! nation m\rns4 ,y\r improvem5t 9 gramm> dep5ds1 n on ! numb] ( words :i* y p>se1 b on ! att5tion :i* y give ! subject4 ,y may p>se ! same ex]cises sev]al times ov]4 ,= ! gratification ( ^? :o pref] x1 ,i "h pres5t ano!r ,,division ,,( ,,v]bs4 ,v]bs are ( two k9ds1 transitive & intransitive4 ,a v]b is transitive :5 ! action affects an object2 z1 ,e>?quakes rock k+doms2 ?rones & palaces are %ak5 d[n2 & pot5tates1 pr9ces1 & subjects1 are buri$ 9 "o common grave4 ,! nom9ative to a passive v]b1 is ! object1 b n ! ag5t1 ( ! action4 ,a v]b is intransitive :5 x has no object2 z1 ,! wat]s came ^u me2 ,i am he :o 01 & is1 & is to come4 ,z an ex]cise on :at y h be5 /udy+1 ,i w n[ put to y a few que/ions1 all ( :i* y ought to be able to answ] be=e y proce$ any f>!r4 ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,) :at two g5]al divisions ( gramm> does ! second lecture beg98--,( :at does ,etymology treat8--,( :at does ,syntax treat8--,on :at is bas$ ! true pr9ciple ( classification8--,h[ d y asc]ta9 ! "p ( spee* to :i* a ^w belongs8--,:at is meant by its mann] ( mean+8--,"n ! t5 p>ts ( spee*4--,:i* ( ^! are consid]$ ! mo/ important8--,by :at sign may a n\n be di/+ui%$8--,h[ _m k9ds ( n\ns are !re8--,:at belong to n\ns8--,:at is g5d]8--,h[ _m g5d]s h n\ns8--,:at is p]son8--,h[ _m p]sons h n\ns8--,:at is numb]8--,h[ _m numb]s h n\ns8--,:at is case8--,h[ _m cases h n\ns8--,does case consi/ 9 ! inflections ( a n\n8--,h[ _m k9ds ( v]bs are !re8--,by :at sign may a v]b be kn[n8--,:at belong to v]bs8--,:at is syn!sis8--,:at is analysis8--,:at is p>s+8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ ! n\n4--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ ! v]b4--,:at rule d y apply 9 p>s+ a n\n 9 ! possessive case8--,:at rule1 9 p>s+ a n\n 9 ! nom9ative case8--,:at rule applies 9 p>s+ a v]b8--,:at is meant by gov]nm5t8--,expla9 rules #c1 #d1 & #ab4--;,by :at rule are ! nom9ative & objective cases ( n\ns kn[n8--,by :at sign c y di/+ui% a transitive f an intransitive v]b8--,d transitive v]bs ev] express a moral action8--,are intransitive & neut] v]bs ev] us$ z transitive8--,give "s examples ( transitive v]bs ) p]sonal & v]bal objects4--,:at rule d y apply 9 p>s+ a n\n 9 ! objective case8--,expla9 rule #bj4--;,9 p>s+ a v]b agree+ ) a n\n ( multitude convey+ plurality ( idea1 :at rule d y apply8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,notes4 ,:e!r ! le>n] be requir$ to answ] ! foll[+ que/ions1 or n1 is1 ( c\rse1 left discretion>y ) ! tea*]4 ,! au?or takes ! lib]ty to sugge/ ! exp$i5cy ( n1 g5]ally1 en=c+ su* a requisition1 until ! pupil goes ?r\gh ! book a second "t4 ,"n "s p>ticipial n\ns4--,:at are ab/ract n\ns8--,:at is ! di/9ction betwe5 ab/ract n\ns & adjectives8--,:at are natural n\ns8--,artificial n\ns8--,:at is ! di/9ction betwe5 mat]ial & immat]ial n\ns8--,are n\ns ev] ( ! mascul9e & fem99e g5d]8--,give examples4--,:5 are n\ns1 naturally neut]1 conv]t$ into ! mascul9e or fem99e g5d]8--,give examples4--,speak "s n\ns t are always 9 ! s+ul> numb]4--,"s t are always plural4--,speak "s t are 9 ! same =m 9 bo? numb]s4--,"n all ! v>i\s ways ( =m+ ! plural numb] ( n\ns4--,( :at numb] are ! n\ns news1 means1 alms1 & am5ds8--,"n ! plurals to ! foll[+ comp\nd n\ns1 h&ful1 cupful1 spoonful1 bro!r-9-law1 c\rt-m>tial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,philosophical ,,gramm>4 ,p]haps no subject has1 9 ?is age1 elicit$ m pati5t rese>*1 & critical inve/igation ( orig9al1 con/itu5t pr9ciples1 =mations1 & comb9ations1 ?an ! ,engli% language4 ,! legitimate prov9ce ( philology1 h[ev]1 z ,i humbly conceive1 has1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 made to yield to t ( philosophy1 s f> z to div]t ! att5tion f ! comb9ations ( our language :i* ref9em5t has introduc$1 to radical elem5ts & associations :i* no way conc]n ! progress ( lit]ature1 or ! ess5tial use = :i* language 0 int5d$4 ,7 ?is retrogressive mode ( inve/igat+ & apply+ pr9ciples1 to obta91 among philologi/s1 ! asc5d5cy ov] t :i* accommodates ! use ( language to progressive ref9em5t1 x is easy to conceive ! /ate ( b>b>ism to :i* society w\ld1 9 a %ort "t1 be r$uc$4 ,moreov]1 if :at "s call ! philosophy ( language1 7 to sup]s$e1 altoge!r1 ! prov9ce ( philology z x applies to ! pres5t1 progressive & ref9$ /ate ( ,engli% lit]ature1 ! great object contemplat$ by ! le>n$1 9 all ages1 namely1 ! approximation ( language1 9 common ) e ?+ else1 to t po9t ( p]fection at :i* x is ! object ( correct philology to arrive1 w\ld be fru/rat$4 ,! dubi\s & wild]+ track /ruck out by ^? innovators & vision>ies :o absurdly endeavor to tea* mod]n ,engli%1 by reject+ ! au?ority & sanction ( cu/om1 & by conduct+ ! le>n] back to ! orig9al comb9ations1 & ! deta*$1 disjo9t$1 & b>b>\s con/ructions ( our prog5itors1 bo? prud5ce & reason1 z well z a due reg>d = correct philology1 impel me to %un4 ,^? mode/ writ]s :o1 by br++ to _! aid a little sophi/ry1 mu* duplicity1 & a :olesale traffic 9 ! swell+ phrases1 philosophy1 reason1 & common s5se1 attempt to ov]?r[ ! wisdom ( =m] ages1 & %[ t ! result ( all ! labors ( ^? di/+ui%$ philologi/s :o _h previ\sly occupi$ ! field ( grammatical sci5ce1 is no?+ b error & folly1 w d\btless meet ! neglect & contempt ju/ly m]it$ by su* consummate vanity & unblu%+ p$antry4 ,=tunately = ^? :o employ our language z _! vehicle ( m5tal conf]5ce1 cu/om w n yield to ! speculative !ories ( ! vision>y4 ,if x w\ld1 improvem5t 9 ,engli% lit]ature w\ld soon be at an end1 & we %\ld be tamely conduct$ back to ! ,v&alic age4 ,z ! use ( :at is commonly call$ ! philosophy ( language1 is evid5tly misappli$ by ^? :o make x ! te/ ( grammatical c]ta9ty1 x may n be amiss to (f] a few consid]ations ) a view to expose ! fallacy ( s vague a crit]ion4 ,all reason+ & inve/igation :i* dep5d on ! philosophy ( language = an ultimate result1 mu/ be conduct$ a po/]iori4 ,its (fice1 accord+ to ! ord9>y mode ( treat+ ! subject1 is to trace language to its orig91 n = ! purpose ( det]m9+ & fix+ grammatical associations & dep5dances1 su* z ! agreem5t1 gov]nm5t1 & mutual relations ( words1 b 9 ord] to analyze comb9ations ) a view to develop ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! language1 & arrive at ! primitive mean+ ( words4 ,n[1 x is presum$1 t no "o :o has paid critical att5tion to ! subject1 w cont5d1 t ! orig9al import ( s+le words1 has any relation to ! syntactical dep5dances & connexions ( words 9 g5]al2--to ga9 a k ( :i*1 is ! lead+ object ( ! /ud5t 9 gramm>4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ,i *all5ge ^? :o h indulg$ 9 su* useless vag>ies1 to %[ by :at process1 ) _! own sy/ems1 !y c communicate a practical k ( gramm>4 ,i v5ture to pr$ict1 t1 if !y make ! attempt1 !y w f9d _! sy/ems m spl5did 9 !ory1 ?an useful 9 practice4 ,aga91 x _c rationally be cont5d$1 t ! radical mean+ has any effici5cy 9 controll+ ! signification :i*1 by ! p[] ( association1 cu/om has assign$ to _m words2--a signification ess5tially diff]5t f ! orig9al import4 ,7 ?is ! case1 & 7 ! language n[ to be taught & und]/ood 9 compliance ) ! orig9al import ( words1 x w\ld h to und]go a ?or\gh *ange2 to be analyz$1 divid$1 & sub-divid$1 almo/ ad inf9itum4 ,inde$1 !re is ! same propriety 9 ass]t+ t ! ,go?ic1 ,dani%1 & ,anglo-,saxon elem5ts 9 our language1 ought to be pron\nc$ sep>ately1 to enable u to und]/& our v]nacul> tongue1 t !re is 9 cont5d+1 t _! primitive mean+ has an asc5d5cy ov] ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( association 9 *ang+1 & ! p[] ( cu/om 9 det]m9+1 ! import ( words4 ,_m ( our words are d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 ,roman1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 & ,g]man languages2 & ! only use we c make ( _! orig9als1 is to r5d] !m subs]vi5t to ! =ce ( cu/om 9 cases 9 :i* g5]al usage has n v>i$ f ! primitive signification4 ,moreov]1 let ! advocates ( a m]e philosophical inve/igation ( ! language1 ext5d _! sy/em z f> z a radical analysis w w>rant !m1 &1 ) ,horne ,tooke1 n only consid] adv]bs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & int]jections1 z abbreviations ( n\ns & v]bs1 b1 on _! own responsibility1 apply !m1 9 tea*+ ! language1 9 compliance ) _! radical import1 & :at w\ld su* a c\rse avail !m aga9/ ! p[] ( cu/om1 & ! influ5ce ( association & ref9em5t8 ,let !m %[ me "o gramm>ian1 produc$ by su* a c\rse ( in/ruction1 & !y w exhibit a philosophical miracle4 ,!y might z well und]take to tea* ar*itecture1 by hav+ rec\rse to its orig91 z repres5t$ by boo?s & t5ts4 ,9 addition to ?is1 :5 we consid] ! great numb] ( obsolete words1 f :i* _m n[ 9 use are d]iv$1 ! orig9al mean+ ( :i* _c be asc]ta9$1 &1 also1 ! multitude ^: signification has be5 *ang$ by ! pr9ciple ( association1 x is prepo/]\s to ?9k1 t a m]e philosophical mode ( inve/igat+ & tea*+ ! language1 is ! "o by :i* its significancy c be en=c$1 its correctness det]m9$1 its use compreh5d$1 & its improvem5t ext5d$4 ,be=e :at commonly passes = a philosophical mann] ( develop+ ! language c successfully be made ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x c be compreh5d$1 9 all its pres5t comb9ations1 relations1 & dep5dances1 x mu/ und]go a ?or\gh retrogressive *ange1 9 all ^? comb9ations1 relations1 & dep5dances1 ev5 to ! la/ lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,& be=e we c cons5t to ?is radical modification & retrograde ratio ( ! ,engli% language1 we mu/ agree to revive ! cu/oms1 ! habits1 & ! precise language ( our prog5itors1 ! ,go?s & ,v&als4 ,7 all ! advocates = ! introduction ( su* philosophical gramm>s into common s*ools1 at once to ent] on _! pilgrimage1 & rec$e into ! native obscurity & b>b>ity ( ! anci5t ,britons1 ,picts1 & ,v&als1 x is believ$1 t ! cause ( le>n+ & ref9em5t w\ld n suff] greatly by _! loss1 & t ! good s5se ( ! pres5t age1 w\ld n all[ _m ( our be/ tea*]s to be ( ! p>ty4 ,! la/ consid]ation :i* ,i %all give a philosophical mann] ( inve/igat+ & en=c+ ! ,engli% language1 is1 t by ?is mode ( analyz+ & r$uc+ x to practice1 x _c1 9 ?is age1 be compreh5d$ z ! m$ium ( ?\ght4 ,7 ?is me?od to prevail1 our pres5t lit]al language w\ld become a dead lett]4 ,( :at avail is language1 if x c n be und]/ood8 ,& h[ c x be accommodat$ to ! und]/&+1 unless x receive ! sanction ( common cons5t8 ,ev5 if we admit t su* a mann] ( unfold+ ! pr9ciples ( our language1 is m rational & correct ?an ! ord9>y1 practical me?od1 ,i ?9k x is cle> t su* a mode ( inve/igation & developm5t1 does n meet ! necessities & conv5i5ce ( ord9>y le>n]s 9 s*ool4 ,to be consi/5t1 t sy/em :i* in/ructs by trac+ a few ( our words to _! orig91 mu/ unfold ! :ole 9 ! same mann]4 ,b ! /ud5t 9 common s*ools & academies1 _c af=d "t to /em ! tide ( language up to its s\rce1 & !re dive to ! bottom ( ! f\nta9 = k4 ,su* labor ought n to be requir$ ( him4 ,8 object is to become1 n a philosophical antiqu>ian1 b a practical gramm>ian4 ,if ,i compreh5d ! design 7if !y h any7 ( our mod]n philosophical writ]s on ?is subject1 x is to make gramm>ians by inculcat+ a few g5]al pr9ciples1 aris+ out ( ! g5ius ( ! language1 & ! nature ( ?+s1 :i* ! le>n]1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 reason+ p[]s1 mu/ r$uce to practice4 ,8 own judgm5t1 indep5d5t ( gramm> rules1 is to be 8 guide 9 speak+ & writ+ correctly4 ,h5ce1 _m ( !m exclude f _! sy/ems1 all ex]cises 9 :at is call$ false ,syntax4 ,b ^! pr(\nd philological dictators appe> to h ov]look$ ! important consid]ation1 t ! great mass ( mank9d1 & especially ( boys & girls 9 common s*ools1 c nev] become philosoph]s2 &1 consequ5tly1 c nev] compreh5d & r$uce to practice _! metaphysical & obscure sy/ems ( gramm>4 ,i wi% to see *ildr5 treat$ z reason+ be+s4 ,b !re %\ld be a m$ium 9 all ?+s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 absurd to in/ruct *ildr5 z if !y 7 already pr(\nd philosoph]s & logicians4 ,to demon/rate ! utility1 & en=ce ! necessity1 ( ex]cis+ ! le>n] 9 correct+ false ,syntax1 ,i ne$ no o!r argum5t ?an ! int]e/+ & und5iable fact1 t ,mr4 ,murray's labors1 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 h effect$ a complete revolution 9 ! ,engli% language1 9 po9t ( v]bal accuracy4 ,:o does n "k1 t ! be/ writ]s ( ?is day1 are n guilty ( "o grammatical inaccuracy1 :]e ^? au?ors :o wrote be=e ,mr4 ,murray fl\ri%$1 are guilty ( five8 ,& :at has produc$ ?is important *ange = ! bett]8 ,ask ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s :o h /udi$ ,mr4 ,murray's ex]cises 9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,if1 !n1 ?is view ( ! subject is correct1 x foll[s1 t ! great] portion ( our philosophical gramm>s1 are f> m wor?y ! att5tion ( lit]>y connoisseurs1 ?an ( ! great mass ( le>n]s4 ,kn[+ t a /rong pr$ilection = philosophical gramm>s1 exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( "s tea*]s ( ?is sci5ce1 ,i h ?\ght prop]1 = ! gratification ( su*1 to int]sp]se ?r\gh ! pages ( ?is "w "u ! head ( ,,philosophical ,,notes1 an entire sy/em ( grammatical pr9ciples z d$uc$ f :at appe>s to me to be ! mo/ rational & consi/5t philosophical inve/igations4 ,!y :o pref] ?is !ory to t exhibit$ 9 ! body ( ! "w1 are1 ( c\rse1 at lib]ty to adopt x4 ,9 g5]al1 a philosophical !ory ( gramm> w be f\nd to accord ) ! practical !ory embrac$ 9 ! body ( ?is "w4 ,:]ev] su* agreem5t exi/s1 ! sy/em conta9$ 9 ^! ,,notes w be defici5t1 & ?is defici5cy may be suppli$ by adopt+ ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,classification ,,( ,,words4 ,accord+ to ! me?od 9 :i* philosophical inve/igations ( language h g5]ally be5 conduct$1 all our words %\ld be r$uc$ to two classes2 = x c be easily %[n1 t f ! n\n & v]b1 all ! o!r p>ts ( spee* h sprung4 ,nay1 m4 ,!y may ev5 be r$uc$ to "o4 ,v]bs d n1 9 reality1 express actions2 b !y are intr9sically ! m]e names ( actions4 ,! idea ( action or be+ communicat$ by !m1 z well z ! mean+ ( words 9 g5]al1 is m]ely inf]5tial4 ,! pr9ciple ( reason+ assum$ by ! celebrat$ ,horne ,tooke1 if c>ri$ to its full ext5t1 w\ld result1 x is believ$1 9 prov+ t we h b "o "p ( spee*4 ,adn\ns or adjectives 7 orig9ally n\ns4 ,sweet1 r$1 :ite1 are ! names ( qualities1 z well z sweetness1 r$ness1 :it5ess4 ,! =m] diff] f ! latt] only 9 _! mann] ( signification4 ,to d5ote t ! "n ( "s quality or sub/ance is to be us$ 9 connexion ) "s o!r "n1 or1 t ?is quality is to be attribut$ to "s o!r "n1 we sometimes affix to x ! t]m9ation en1 ed1 or y2 :i* signifies give1 add1 or jo94 ,:5 we employ ! words wooden1 woollen1 weal?y1 grassy1 ! t]m9ations en & y1 by _! own intr9sic mean+1 give notice t we int5d to give1 add1 or jo91 ! names ( "s o!r sub/ances 9 :i* are f\nd ! prop]ties or qualities ( wood1 wool1 weal?1 or grass4 ,pron\ns are a class ( n\ns1 us$ in/ead ( o!rs to prev5t _! disagreeable repetition4 ,p>ticiples are c]ta9 =ms ( ! v]b4 ,articles1 int]jections1 adv]bs1 prepositions1 & conjunctions1 are contractions ( abbreviations ( n\ns & v]bs4 ,an 7a1 "o1 or "o7 comes f ananad1 to add1 to heap4 ,! & t1 f ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b !an1 to get1 assume4 ,lo is ! imp]ative ( look2 fy1 ( fian1 to hate2 & welcome means1 x is well t y are come4 ,9 comes f ! ,go?ic n\n inna1 ! int]ior ( ! body2 & ab\t1 f boda1 ! fir/ outw>d b\nd>y4 ,?r\gh or ?or\gh is ! ,teutonic n\n ?uruh1 mean+ passage1 gate1 door4 ,f is ! ,anglo-,saxon n\n frum1 beg9n+1 s\rce1 au?or4 ,he came f 7beg9n+7 ,batavia4 ,if 7=m]ly writt5 gif1 give1 g97 is ! imp]ative ( ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b gifan1 to give4 ,i w rema9 if 7give or grant t fact7 he w 7rema947 ,b comes f ! ,saxon v]b beon-utan1 to be-out4 ,i in=m$ no "o b 7be-out1 leave-out7 my bro!r4 ,?is brief view ( ! subject1 is suffici5t to elucidate ! mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,horne ,tooke's pr9ciples1 ! t5 p>ts ( spee* are r$uc$ to "o4 ,b ,i am1 by no means1 dispos$ to conc$e1 t ?is is ! true pr9ciple ( classification2 nor t x is any m philosophical or rational ?an "o :i* all[s a m practical division & arrangem5t ( words4 ,:at has be5 g5]ally receiv$ z philosophical gramm>1 appe>s to possess no /rong] claims to t impos+ appellation ?an our common1 practical gramm>s4 ,qu]y4 ,is n ,mr4 ,murray's octavo gramm> m wor?y ! dignifi$ title ( a ,philosophical ,gramm>1 ?an ,horne ,tooke's ,div]sions ( ,purley1 or ,william ,s4 ,c>dell's treatises on language8 ,:at con/itutes a philosophical treatise1 on ?is1 or on any o!r subject8 ,:]e9 is !re a display ( philosophy 9 a speculative1 etymological p]=mance1 :i* attempts to develop & expla9 ! elem5ts & primitive mean+ ( words by trac+ !m to _! orig91 sup]ior to ! philosophy employ$ 9 ! developm5t & illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples by :i* we are gov]n$ 9 apply+ ^? words to _! legitimate purpose1 namely1 t ( =m+ a correct & conv5i5t m$ium by means ( :i* we c communicate our ?\ghts8 ,does philosophy consi/ 9 ransack+ ! m\ldy records ( antiquity1 9 ord] to guess at ! anci5t con/ruction & signification ( s+le words8 or h su* inve/igations1 9 reality1 any ?+ to d ) gramm>8 ,admitt+ t all ! words ( our language include1 9 _! orig9al signification1 ! import ( n\ns or names1 & yet1 x does n foll[1 t !y n[ possess no o!r p[]s1 &1 9 _! comb9ations & connexions 9 s5t5ces1 are employ$ = no o!r purpose1 ?an b>ely to "n objects4 ,! fact ( ! case is1 t words are v>i\sly comb9$ & appli$1 to answ] ! di/9ct & div]sifi$ purposes ( nam+ objects1 ass]t+ tru?s1 po9t+ out & limit+ objects1 attribut+ qualities to objects1 connect+ objects1 & s on2 & on ?is fact is f\nd$ ! true philosophical pr9ciple ( ! classification ( words4 ,h5ce1 an arrangem5t ( words into classes accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 foll[$ by a developm5t & illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples & rules t regulate u 9 ! prop] use & application ( words 9 oral & writt5 disc\rse1 appe>s to approximate z ne> to a true def9ition ( philosophical gramm>1 z any ,i am capable ( giv+4 ,n\ns1 or ! names ( ! objects ( our p]ceptions1 d\btless con/itut$ ! orig9al class ( words2 7if ,i may be all[$ to assume su* a hypo!sis z an orig9al class ( words27 b ! ev]-active pr9ciple ( association1 soon trans=m$ n\ns into v]bs1 by mak+ !m1 :5 employ$ 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 expressive ( affirmation4 ,?is same pr9ciple also op]at$ 9 appropriat+ names to ! purpose ( attribut+ qualities to o!r names ( objects2 & 9 ?is way 0 con/itut$ ! class ( words call$ adjectives or attributes4 ,by ! same pr9ciple 7 =m$ all ! o!r classes4 ,9 ! foll[+ exposition ( ,engli% gramm> on sci5tific pr9ciples1 ,i %all divide words into sev5 classes2 ,n\ns or ,names1 ,v]bs1 ,adjectives1 ,adn\ns1 or ,attributes1 ,adv]bs1 ,propositions1 ,pron\ns1 & ,conjunctions or ,connectives4 ,= an explanation ( ! n\n1 ref] to ! body ( ! "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,plausible argum5ts may be advanc$1 = reject+ neut] & passive v]bs2 b !y h be5 f\nd to be s conv5i5t 9 practice1 t ! !ory :i* recognises !m1 has /ood ! te/ ( ages4 ,if y tell ! "y le>n]1 t1 9 ! foll[+ expressions1 ,! *ur* re/s on its f\ndation2 ,! book lies on ! desk2 ,! boys rema9 7are7 idle1 ! n\ns *ur*1 book1 & boys1 are repres5t$ z act+1 &1 !re=e1 ! v]bs re/s1 lies1 rema91 & are1 are active1 he w n believe y1 because !re is no action t is app>5t to 8 s5ses4 ,& %\ld y proce$ fur!r1 &1 by a labor$ & metaphysical inve/igation & developm5t ( ! laws ( motion1 attempt to prove to him t e portion ( matt] is influ5c$ by diff]5t1 active pr9ciples1 t5d+ to produce *ange1 &1 !re=e1 e ?+ 9 univ]sal nature is always act+1 x is n at all probable1 t y c\ld conv9ce 8 und]/&+1 9 opposition to ! de>] te/imony ( 8 s5ses4 ,( :at avail to le>n]s is a !ory :i* !y _c compreh5d8 ,among ! v>i\s !ori/s & speculative writ]s on philosophical gramm>1 ! +5i\s ,horne ,tooke /&s pre-em95t2 b1 un=tunately1 8 pr9cipal speculations on ! v]b1 h nev] met ! public eye4 ,william ,s4 ,c>dell has also r5d]$ himself conspicu\s 9 ! philological field1 by tak+ a bold] /& ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 view ( ! v]b is novel1 & +5i\sly support$4 ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( 8 !ory ,,( ,,! ,,v]b4 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* expresses action2 z1 ,man exi/s2 ,trees gr[2 ,wat]sfl[2 ,m\nta9s /&2 ,i am4 ,all v]bs are active1 & h "o object or m ?an "o1 express$ or impli$4 ,! pill> /&s2 t is1 x keeps itself 9 an erect or /&+ po/ure2 x upholds or su/a9s itself 9 t position4 ,!y are2 i4e4 !y air !mselves1 or brea! air2 !y inspirit1 vivify1 or uphold !mselves by inhal+ air4 ,_m v]bs ^: objects are seldom express$1 always h a p]sona or v]bal "o impli$4 ,! cl\ds move2 i4e4 move !mselves along4 ,! troops m>*$ tw5ty miles a day2 i4e4 m>*$ !mselves4 ,! moon %9es3--,! moon %9es or %$s a %9+1 %e51 lu/re1 or brightness4 ,! sp>r[ flies3--flies or takes a flight4 ,talk]s talk or speak words or talk2 ,walk]s walk walk+s or walks2 ,! ra9 ra9s ra92 ,sitt]s sit or hold sitt+s or sessions4 ,to prove t !re is no su* ?+ z a neut] v]b1 ! foll[+ appe> to be ! /ronge/ argum5ts adduc$4 #a4 ,no portion ( matt] is ev] 9 a /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce2 b ! compon5t p>ts ( e ?+ are at all times influ5c$ by diff]5t1 active pr9ciples1 t5d+ to produce *ange4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s1 t no be+ or ?+ c be repres5t$ 9 a neut] or non-act+ /ate4 ,?is argum5t supposes ! ess5tial "* ( ! v]b to be id5tifi$ ) ! prim>y laws ( action1 z unfold$ by ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce4 ,! correctness ( ?is position may be d\bt$2 b if x c be cle>ly demon/rat$1 t e p>ticle ( matt] is always 9 motion1 x does n1 by any means1 foll[1 t we _c speak ( ?+s 9 a /ate ( quiesc5ce4 ,:at is false 9 fact may be correct 9 gramm>4 ,! po9t conte/$1 is n :e!r ?+s always act1 b :e!r1 :5 we ass]t or affirm some?+ respect+ !m1 we always repres5t !m z act+4 #b4 ,v]bs 7 orig9ally us$ to express ! motions or *anges ( ?+s :i* produc$ obvi\s actions1 &1 by an easy transition1 7 aft]w>d appli$1 9 ! same way1 to ?+s ^: actions 7 n app>5t4 ,?is assumption is unt5able1 & altoge!r gratuit\s4 #c4 ,v]bs call$ neut] are us$ 9 ! imp]ative mood2 &1 z ?is mood comm&s "s "o to d some?+1 any v]b :i* adopts x1 mu/ be active4 ,?us1 9 ! common place phrases1 ,be !re quickly2 ,/& out ( my way2 ,sit or lie f>!r4 ,x is admitt$ t ^! v]bs are "h employ$ 9 an active s5se2 b x is c]ta91 t !y are n us$ accord+ to _! prop]1 lit]al mean+4 ,:5 ,i tell a man1 lit]ally1 to /&1 sit1 or lie1 by mov+ he w\ld disobey me2 b :5 ,i say1 ,/& out ( my way1 ,i employ ! neut] v]b /&1 in/ead ( ! active v]b move or g1 & 9 a correspond5t s5se4 ,my mean+ is1 ,move y\rself out ( my way2 or take y\r /& some:]e else4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prove t /& is prop]ly us$4 ,if we *oose to ov]/ep ! b\nds ( cu/om1 we c employ any ^w 9 ! language z an active-transitive v]b4 ,be1 sit1 & lie1 may be expla9$ 9 ! same mann]4 #d4 ,neut] v]bs are us$ 9 connexion ) adv]bs :i* express ! mann] ( action4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be consid]$ active v]bs4 ,! *ild sleeps s\ndly2 ,he sits g5teelly2 ,!y live cont5t$ly & happily toge!r4 ,! class ( v]bs t are nev] employ$ z active1 is small4 ,by us+ adv]bs 9 connexion ) v]bs1 we c fairly prove t "s v]bs are n active4 ,x is incorrect to say1 ,i am happily2 ,!y 7 peacefully2 ,%e rema9s quietly2 ,! fields appe> gre5ly4 ,^! v]bs 9 _! common acceptation1 d n express action2 = :i* reason we say1 ,i am happy2 ,!y are peaceful2 c4 ,b 9 ! expressions1 ,! *ild sleeps s\ndly2 ,%e sits gracefully2 ,!y live happily & cont5t$ly2 we employ ! v]bs sleeps1 sits1 & live1 9 an active s5se4 ,:5 no action is int5d$1 we say1 ,!y live happy & cont5t$4 ,if1 on sci5tific pr9ciples1 x c be prov$ t ^? v]bs g5]ally d5om9at$ neut]1 orig9ally express$ action1 _! pres5t1 accept$ mean+ w /ill oppose ! !ory1 = ! g5]ality ( mank9d d n atta* to !m ! idea ( action4 ,?us ,i h endeavor$ to pres5t a brief b imp>tial ab/ract ( ! mod]n !ory ( ! v]b1 leav+ x ) ! read] to e/imate x accord+ to its value4 ,to give a satisfactory def9ition ( ! v]b1 or su* a "o z %all be f\nd sci5tifically correct & unexceptionable1 has hi!rto baffl$ ! skill1 & transc5d$ ! le>n+1 ( our philosophical writ]s4 ,if its ess5tial quality1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 is made to consi/ 9 express+ affirmation1 x rema9s /ill to be def9$ :5 a v]b expresses affirmation4 ,9 ,engli%1 & 9 o!r languages1 words appropriat$ to express affirmation1 are (t5 us$ )\t any su* =ce2 our idea ( affirmation1 9 su* in/ances1 be+ ! m]e inf]5ce ( cu/om4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1--,?9k1 love1 & hate1 d5ote moral actions1 ! words ?9k1 love1 & hate1 are n\ns1 because !y are m]e names ( actions4 ,s1 :5 ,i say1 ,john1 write--is an irregul> v]b1 ! ^w write is a n\n2 b :5 ,i say1 ,john1 write--y\r copy1 write is call$ a v]b4 ,:y is ?is ^w consid]$ a n\n 9 "o con/ruction1 & a v]b 9 ! o!r1 :5 bo? con/ructions1 until y pass beyond ! ^w write1 are exactly alike8 ,if write does n express action 9 ! =m] s5t5ce1 nei!r does x 9 ! latt]1 =1 9 bo?1 x is introduc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,on sci5tific pr9ciples1 write mu/ be consid]$ a n\n 9 ! latt] s5t5ce1 = x does n express action1 or make an affirmation2 b x m]ely names ! action :i* ,i wi% ,john to p]=m1 & affirmation is ! inf]5tial mean+4 ,! v]b 9 ! inf9itive1 z well z 9 ! imp]ative mood1 is dive/$ ( its affirmative or v]bal =ce4 ,9 bo? ^! moods1 x is always pres5t$ 9 its n\n-/ate4 ,if1 aft] d9n]1 ,i say to a s]vant1 ,w9e1 he inf]s1 t ,i wi% him to br+ me w9e2 b all ?is is n said4 ,if ,i say1 ,br+ "s w9e1 he1 9 l mann]1 und]/&s1 t ,i wi% him to br+ me w9e2 b all t is express$1 is ! "n ( ! action1 & ( ! object ( ! action4 ,9 fact1 z mu* is done by inf]5ce1 z by actual expression1 9 e bran* ( language1 = ?\ght is too quick to be :olly transmitt$ by words4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$1 t ! t]m9ation ( our v]bs1 e/1 e?1 s1 ed1 &1 also1 ( ! o!r p>ts ( spee*1 7 orig9ally sep>ate words ( di/9ct mean+2 & t1 al?\gh !y h be5 contract$1 &1 by ! ref9em5t ( language1 h be5 made to coalesce ) ! words 9 connexion ) :i* !y are employ$1 yet1 9 _! pres5t "* ( t]m9ations1 !y reta9 _! primitive mean+ & =ce4 ,to d5ote t a v]bal "n 0 employ$ z a v]b1 ! ,saxons affix$ to x a v]baliz+ adjunct2 ?us1 ! 7to take1 hold7 0 ! n\n-/ate ( ! v]b2 & :5 !y us$ x z a v]b1 !y add$ ! t]m9ation an2 ?us1 !an4 ,! t]m9ation add$1 0 a sign t affirmation 0 int5d$4 ,! same proc$ure has be5 adopt$1 &1 9 _m in/ances1 is /ill practis$1 9 our language4 ,an1 orig9ally affix$ to our v]bs1 9 ! progress ( ref9em5t1 0 *ang$ to en1 & f9ally dropp$4 ,a few c5turies ago1 ! plural numb] ( our v]bs 0 d5ot$ by ! t]m9ation1 en2 ?us1 !y w]51 !y lov52 b1 z ^! t]m9ations d n sup]s$e ! necessity ( express+ ! subject ( affirmation1 z is ! case 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek v]bs1 !y h be5 laid aside1 z unnecess>y excresc5ces4 ,= ! same reason1 we might1 )\t any disp>agem5t to ! language1 disp5se ) ! t]m9ations ( our v]bs 9 ! s+ul>4 ,9 support ( ! position1 t ^! t]m9ations 7 once sep>ate words1 we c trace _m ( !m to _! orig94 ,to d5ote ! fem99e g5d] ( "s n\ns1 we affix ess2 z1 heiress1 in/ructress4 ,ess is a contraction ( ! ,hebrew n\n essa1 a female4 ,( our v]bs1 ! t]m9ation e/ is a contraction ( doe/1 e?1 ( doe?1 s ( does4 ,we say1 ?\ do/ or doe/ love2 or ?\ love/2 i4e4 love-do/1 or love-doe/4 ,"s believe ^! t]m9ations to be contractions ( have/1 have?1 has4 ,we affix ed1 a contraction ( d$e1 to ! pres5t t5se ( v]bs to d5ote t ! action nam$ is d$e1 did1 do$1 or done4 ,to & d f ! ,go?ic n\n taui1 signify+ act or effect1 are1 accord+ to ,horne ,tooke1 ne>ly alike 9 mean+ & =ce2 & :5 ! cu/om ( affix+ "s m anci5t v]baliz+ adjunct1 began to be dropp$1 its place & mean+ 7 g5]ally suppli$ by prefix+ "o ( ^!4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,i am go+ to walk1 ! v]bal or affirmative =ce is convey$ by ! use ( to1 mean+ ! same z d2 & walk is employ$ m]ely z a v]bal "n2 t is1 ,i ass]t t ,i %all d ! act :i* ,i "n by ! ^w walk1 or ! act ( walk+4 ,p]haps su* speculations z ^! w prove to be m curi\s ?an pr(itable4 ,if x be made cle>ly to appe>1 t1 on sci5tific pr9ciples1 :5ev] ! v]bal "n is unaccompani$ by a v]baliz+ adjunct1 x is 9 ! n\n-/ate1 & does n express affirmation1 /ill ?is !ory w\ld be v inconv5i5t 9 practice4 ,i %all resume ?is subject 9 ,lecture ,,xi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,:at has usually be5 ! object ( philosophical inve/igations ( language8 7page #cb47--;,d ! syntactical dep5dances & connexions ( words dep5d on _! orig9al import8--,is ! p[] ( association & cu/om effici5t 9 *ang+ ! radical mean+ ( "s words8--,h words intr9sically a signification ( _! own2 or is _! mean+ inf]5tial2 i4e4 su* z cu/om has assign$ to !m8 7page #ch47--,on :at fact is bas$ ! true1 philosophical pr9ciple ( classification8--,def9e philosophical gramm>4--,:i* is suppos$ to be ! orig9al "p ( spee*8--,h[ 7 ! o!rs =m$ f t8--,h[ _m p>ts ( spee* may be recognis$ 9 a sci5tific developm5t & arrangem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( our language8--,"n !m4--,:at te/imony h we t _m ?+s d n act8 7page #dc47--,repeat "s ( ! argum5ts 9 favor (1 & aga9/1 ! pr9ciple :i* reg>ds all v]bs z active4--,9 :at moods are v]bs us$ 9 _! n\n-/ate8 7page #dh47--;,give examples4--,:at is said ( ! t]m9ations e/1 e?1 s1 & en1 & ( ! words to & d8 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,v]bs ,,& ,,n\ns4 ,y h already be5 in=m$1 t v]bs are ! mo/ important "p ( spee* 9 our language2 & to conv9ce y ( _! importance1 ,i n[ tell y1 t y _c express a ?\ght1 or communicate an idea1 )\t mak+ use ( a v]b1 ei!r express$ or impli$4 ,v]bs express1 n only ! /ate or mann] ( be+1 b1 likewise1 all ! diff]5t actions & movem5ts ( all creatures & ?+s1 :e!r animate or inanimate4 ,z yet ,i h giv5 y only a p>tial description ( ?is sort ( words2 b :5 y are bett] prep>$ to compreh5d ! subject1 ,i w expla9 all _! prop]ties1 & %[ y ! prop] mann] ( us+ !m4 ,a ^w t is g5]ally a n\n1 sometimes becomes a v]b2 & a v]b is frequ5tly us$ z a n\n4 ,^! *anges dep5d on ! s5se :i* ! ^w conveys2 or1 r1 on ! (fice x p]=ms 9 ! s5t5ce2 t is ! mann] 9 :i* x is appli$ to ?+s4 ,= in/ance1 glory is g5]ally a n\n2 z ,! glory ( ,god's ?rone4 ,b if ,i say1 ,i glory 9 religion2 or1 ,he glories 9 wick$ness1 ! ^w glory becomes a v]b4 ,! love ( man is incon/ant4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 love is a n\n2 9 ! next1 x is a v]b3 ,!y love virtue4 ,he walks swiftly2 ,scav5g]s sweep ! /reets2 ,! %ip sails well4 ,9 ^! phrases1 ! words walks1 sweep1 & sails1 are v]bs2 9 ! foll[+ !y are n\ns3 ,^? are pleasant walks2 ,he takes a broad sweep2 ,! %ip l[]$ h] sails4 ,?us y see1 x is impossible = y to become a gramm>ian )\t ex]cis+ y\r judgm5t4 ,if y h suffici5t resolution to d ?is1 y w1 9 a %ort "t1 p]fectly und]/& ! nature & (fice ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*1 _! v>i\s prop]ties & relations1 & ! rules ( syntax t apply to !m2 &1 9 a few weeks1 be able to speak & write accurately4 ,b y mu/ n take ?+s = grant$1 )\t exam9+ _! propriety & correctness4 ,no4 ,y are n a m]e automaton1 or boy-ma*9e2 b a rational be+4 ,y ought1 !re=e1 to ?9k me?odically1 to reason s\ndly1 & to inve/igate e pr9ciple critically4 ,don't be afraid to ?9k = y\rself4 ,y "k n ! high de/9y t awaits y4 ,y "k n ! height to :i* y may so> 9 ! scale ( intellectual exi/5ce4 ,g on1 !n1 boldly1 & ) unyield+ p]sev]ance2 & if y d n ga9 admittance into ! temple ( fame1 /rive1 at all haz>ds1 to dr9k ( ! f\nta9 :i* gurgles f its base4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,,note #a1 ,,to ,,rule #ab4 ,a n\n 9 ! possessive case1 %\ld always be di/+ui%$ by ! apo/rophe1 or m>k ( elision2 z1 ,! nation's glory4 ,t girls book is clean] ?an ^? boys books4 ,n correct1 because ! n\ns girls & boys are bo? 9 ! possessive case1 &1 !re=e1 require ! apo/rophe1 by :i* !y %\ld be di/+ui%$2 ?us1 girl's1 boys' accord+ to ! prec$+ ,,note4 ,repeat ! note4 ,?y ance/ors virtue is n ?9e4 ,if ! writ] ( ?is s5t5ce meant "o ance/or1 he %\ld h ins]t$ ! apo/rophe aft] r1 ?us1 ance/or's2 if m ?an "o1 aft] s1 ?us1 ance/ors' virtue2 b1 by neglect+ to place ! apo/rophe1 he has left 8 mean+ ambigu\s1 & we _c asc]ta9 x4 ,?is1 & a ?\s& o!r mi/akes y w (t5 meet )1 demon/rate ! tru? ( my decl>ation1 namely1 t )\t ! k & application ( gramm> rules1 y w (t5 speak & write 9 su* a mann] z n to be und]/ood4 ,y may n[ turn back & re-exam9e ! illu/ration ( ,rules #c1 #d1 & #ab1 on page #eb1 & !n correct ! foll[+ examples ab\t five times ov]4 ,a mo!rs t5d]ness & a fa!rs c>e1 are natures gift's = mans advantage4 ,wisdoms precept's =m ! good mans int]e/ & happ9ess4 ,!y suff] = consci5ce's sake4 ,he is read+ ,c[p]s poems4 ,james b\ght ,johnsons ,diction>y4 ,,rule #d4 ,a v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son4 ,^? boys improves rapidly4 ,! m5 labors 9 ! field4 ,no?+ delight "s p]sons4 ,?\ %uns ! light4 ,he d>e n d x4 ,!y reads well4 ,i "k y c correct ^! s5t5ces )\t a rule1 = !y all h a h>% s\nd1 :i* (f5ds ! e>4 ,i wi% y1 h[ev]1 to adopt ! habit ( correct+ errors by apply+ rules2 =1 by-&-by1 y w meet ) errors 9 composition :i* y _c correct1 if y are ignorant ( ! application ( gramm> rules4 ,n[ let u cle>ly und]/& ?is #d? ,rule4 ,recollect1 x applies to ! v]b & n to ! n\n2 !re=e1 9 ^! examples ! v]b is ungrammatical4 ,! n\n boys1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 is ( ! ?ird p]son plural1 & ! v]b improves is ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul>2 !re=e1 ,rule #d? is violat$1 because ! v]b dues n agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb]4 ,x %\ld be1 boys improve4 ,! v]b w\ld !n be plural1 & agree ) its nom9ative accord+ to ! ,rule4 ,9 ! f\r? s5t5ce1 ! v]b does n agree 9 p]son ) its nom9ative4 ,?\ is ( ! second p]son1 & %uns is ( ! ?ird4 ,x %\ld be1 ?\ %unne/1 c4 ,y may correct ! o!r s5t5ces1 &1 likewise1 ! foll[+ ex]cises 9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,a v>iety ( pleas+ objects *>m ! eye4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates exce$ n9e millions4 ,no?+ b va9 & fooli% pursuits delight "s p]sons4 ,9 va9 our flocks & fields increase our /ore1 ,:5 our abundance make u wi% = m4 ,:ile ev] & anon1 !re falls ,huge heaps ( ho>y1 m\ld]'d walls4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,( ,,articles4 ,an article is a ^w prefix$ to n\ns to limit _! signification2 z1 a man1 ! woman4 ,!re are only two articles1 a or an1 & !4 ,a or an is call$ ! indef9ite article4 ,! is call$ ! def9ite article4 ,! indef9ite article limits ! n\n to "o ( a k9d1 b to no p>ticul> "o2 z1 a h\se4 ,! def9ite article g5]ally limits ! n\n to a p>ticul> object1 or collection ( objects2 z1 ! h\se1 ! m54 ,! small claims ( ! article to a sep>ate rank z a di/9ct "p ( spee*1 ought n to be admitt$ 9 a sci5tific classification ( words4 ,a & !1 ?is & t1 t51 few1 & f\r?1 & _m o!r words1 are us$ to re/rict1 v>y1 or def9e ! signification ( ! n\ns to :i* !y are jo9$4 ,!y might1 !re=e1 ) propriety1 be rank$ "u ! g5]al head ( ,re/rictives1 ,indexes1 or ,def9+ ,adjectives4 ,b1 z !re is a m>k$ di/9ction 9 _! p>ticul> mean+ & application1 ea* class requires a sep>ate explanation4 ,h5ce1 no practical advantage w\ld be ga9$1 by reject+ _! e/abli%$ classification1 z articles1 num]als1 & demon/ratives1 & by giv+ !m new names4 ,! "* & application ( a & ! c be le>n$ z soon :5 !y are /yl$ articles1 z :5 !y are d5om9at$ specify+ or def9+ adjectives4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is "p ( spee* is v brief4 ,z !re are b two articles1 a or an & !1 y w "k !m :]ev] !y occur4 ,a n\n us$ )\t an article1 or any o!r re/rictive1 is tak5 9 its g5]al s5se2 z1 ,fruit is abundant2 ,gold is heavy2 ,man is born to tr\ble ,"h we mean1 fruit & gold 9 g5]al2 & all m51 or mank9d4 ,:5 we wi% to limit ! mean+ ( ! n\n to "o object1 b to no p>ticul> "o1 we employ a or an4 ,if ,i say1 ,give me a p52 ,br+ me an apple2 y are at lib]ty to fet* any p5 or any apple y please4 ,a or an1 !n1 is indef9ite1 because x leaves ! mean+ ( ! n\n to :i* x is appli$1 z f> z reg>ds ! p]son spok5 to1 vague1 or indet]m9ate2 t is1 n def9ite4 ,b :5 ref]5ce is made to a p>ticul> object1 we employ !1 z1 ,give me ! p52 ,br+ me ! apple1 or ! apple4 ,:5 su* a requisition is made1 y are n at lib]ty to br+ any p5 or apple y please1 b y mu/ fet* ! p>ticul> p5 or apple to :i* y "k me to ref]4 ,! is1 !re=e1 call$ ! def9ite article4 ,a /> appe>s4 ,"h1 ! /> ref]r$ to1 may be kn[n z a p>ticul> />1 def9ite1 & di/+ui%$ f all o!rs1 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]2 b to ! he>]1 x is left1 among ! ?\s&s t b$eck ! vault ( heav51 undi/+ui%$ & indef9ite4 ,b :5 ! /> has previ\sly be5 made ! subject ( disc\rse1 x becomes1 9 ! m9ds ( bo? speak] & he>] a def9ite object1 & he says1 ,! /> appe>s2 t is1 t p>ticul> /> ab\t :i* we 7 disc\rs+4 ,solomon built a temple4 ,did he build any temple1 undet]m9$ :i*8 ,no2 x 0 a p>ticul> temple1 pre-em95tly di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,b h[ does x become a def9ite object 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]8 ,c]ta9ly1 n by ! phrase1 a temple1 :i* indicates any temple1 leav+ x altoge!r undet]m9$ :i*2 b suppos+ ! p]son address$ 0 totally unacqua9t$ ) ! fact ass]t$1 & x becomes to him1 9 "o respect only1 a def9ite & p>ticul> temple1 by means ( ! associat$ words1 ,solomon built2 t is1 by ! use ( ^! words 9 connexion ) ! o!rs1 ! he>] gets ! idea ( a temple di/+ui%$ z ! "o erect$ by ,solomon4 ,if ! speak] 7 address+ "o :om he suppos$ to be unacqua9t$ ) ! fact relat$1 he might make ! temple ref]r$ to a /ill m def9ite object 9 ! m9d ( ! he>] by a f>!r explanation ( x2 ?us1 ,solomon built a temple on m\nt ,zion2 & t 0 ! temple to :i* ! ,jews resort$ to wor%ip4 ,! lunatic1 ! poet1 & ! lov]1 ,are ( imag9ation all compact4 ,! horse is a noble animal2 ,! dog is a fai?ful creature2 ,! w9d bl[s2 ,! wolves 7 h[l+ 9 ! woods4 ,9 ^! examples1 we d n ref] to any p>ticul> lunatics1 poets1 lov]s1 horses1 dogs1 w9ds1 wolves1 & woods1 b we ref] to ^! p>ticul> classes ( ?+s1 9 contradi/9ction to o!r objects or classes4 ,! phrase1 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 is an idiom ( ! language4 ,,rem>ks4--,?is me?od ( elucidat+ ! articles1 :i* is popul> ) ,blair1 ,prie/ley1 ,l[?1 ,johnson1 ,h>ris1 ,beattie1 ,coote1 ,murray1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ philologi/s1 is disc>d$ by "s ( our mod]n writ]s4 ,b1 by prov+ t ?is !ory is exceptionable1 !y by no means make x appe>1 t x ought1 !re=e1 to be reject$4 ,exceptionable or n1 !y h n be5 able to supply its place ) "o t is m conv5i5t 9 practice4 ,nei!r h !y adopt$ "o less exceptionable4 ,! tru? is1 aft] all :i* c be done to r5d] ! def9itions & rules ( gramm> compreh5sive & accurate1 !y w /ill be f\nd1 :5 critically exam9$ by m5 ( le>n+ & sci5ce1 m or less exceptionable4 ,^! exceptions & imp]fections are ! unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! imp]fections ( ! language4 ,language1 z well z e ?+ else ( human inv5tion1 w always be imp]fect4 ,consequ5tly1 a p]fect sy/em ( grammatical pr9ciples1 w\ld n suit x4 ,a p]fect gramm> w n be produc$1 until "s p]fect be+ writes x = a p]fect language2 & a p]fect language w n be con/ruct$1 until "s sup]-human ag5cy is employ$ 9 its production4 ,all grammatical pr9ciples & sy/ems :i* are n p]fect1 are exceptionable4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! article is omitt$ be=e n\ns imply+ ! diff]5t virtues1 vices1 passions1 qualities1 sci5ces1 arts1 metals1 h]bs1 c42 z1 ,mode/y is becom+2 ,falsehood is odi\s2 ,gramm> is useful1 c4 #b4 ,! article is n prefix$ to prop] n\ns2 z1 ,b>ron kill$ ,decatur2 except by way ( em95ce1 or = ! sake ( di/+ui%+ a p>ticul> family1 or :5 "s n\n is und]/ood2 z1 ,he is n a ,frankl92 ,he is a ,lee1 or ( ! family ( ! ,lees2 ,we sail$ d[n ! 7riv]7 ,miss\ri4 #c4 ,an adjective is frequ5tly plac$ betwe5 ! article & ! n\n ) :i* ! article agrees2 z1 ,a good boy2 an indu/ri\s man4 ,sometimes ! adjective prec$es ! article2 z1 ,z great a man z ,alex&]2 ,su* a %ame4 #d4 ,9 ref]r+ to _m individuals1 :5 we wi% to br+ ea* sep>ately "u consid]ation1 ! indef9ite article is sometimes plac$ betwe5 ! adjective _m & a s+ul> n\n2 z1 ,:]e _m a rosebud re>s its blu%+ head2 ,full _m a fl[] is born to blu% unse54 #e4 ,! def9ite article ! is frequ5tly appli$ to adv]bs 9 ! comp>ative or sup]lative degree2 z1 ,! m ,i exam9e x1 ! bett] ,i l x1 ,i l ?is ! lea/ ( any4 ,y may proce$ & p>se ! foll[+ articles1 :5 y %all h committ$ ?is ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+ ,! ord] ( p>s+ an ,article1 is--an article1 & :y8--def9ite or indef9ite1 & :y8--) :at n\n does x agree8--,,rule4 ,he is ! son ( a k+4 ,! is an article1 a ^w prefix$ to a n\n to limit its signification--def9ite1 x limits ! n\n to a p>ticul> object--x belongs to ! n\n son1 accord+ to ,,rule #b4 ,! def9ite article ! belongs to n\ns 9 ! s+ul> or plural numb]4 ,a is an article1 a ^w plac$ be=e a n\n to limit its signification--indef9ite1 x limits ! n\n to "o ( a k9d1 b to no p>ticul> "o--x agrees ) k+1 agreeably to ,,rule #a4 ,! article a or an agrees ) n\ns 9 ! s+ul> numb] only4 ,,note4 ,by consid]+ ! orig9al mean+ ( ?is article1 ! propriety ( ,rule #a1 w appe>4 ,a or an1 7=m]ly writt5 ane17 be+ equival5t to "o1 any "o1 or "s "o1 _c be prefix$ to n\ns 9 ! plural numb]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an exception to ?is rule4 ,a is plac$ be=e a plural n\n :5 any ( ! foll[+ adjectives come betwe5 ! article & ! n\n3 few1 great1 _m1 doz51 hundr$1 ?\s&1 million2 z1 a few m51 a ?\s& h\ses1 c4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,a bird s+s4 ,an eagle flies4 ,m\nta9s /&4 ,! multitude pursue pleasure4 ,! reap] reaps ! f>m]'s gra94 ,f>m]s m[ ! grass4 ,f>m]s' boys spread ! hay4 ,! cl]k sells ! m]*ant's goods4 ,an o/ri* outruns an ,arab's horse4 ,cecrops f\nd$ ,a!ns4 ,gallileo inv5t$ ! telescope4 ,james ,macph]son translat$ ,ossian's poems4 ,sir ,francis ,drake circumnavigat$ ! globe4 ,doctor ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 inv5t$ ! lightn+-rod4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ wrote ! ,sket*-,book4 ,i w n[ (f] a few rem>ks on ! misapplication ( ! articles1 :i*1 ) ! ex]cise ( y\r own discrim9at+ p[]s1 w enable y to use !m ) propriety4 ,b1 be=e y proce$1 please to answ] ! foll[+ ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,h[ _m articles are !re8--,9 :at s5se is a n\n tak51 :5 x has no article to limit x8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ an article4--,:at rule applies 9 p>s+ ! def9ite article8--,:at rule 9 p>s+ ! indef9ite8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,a1 ,,an1 ,,!4 ,9 a sci5tific arrangem5t ( grammatical pr9ciples1 a & ! belong to t class ( adjectives d5om9at$ def9itives or re/rictives4 ,a1 an1 ane1 or "o1 is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ananad1 to add1 to jo94 ,x d5otes t ! ?+ to :i* x is prefix$1 is add$1 unit$1 an$1 an-d1 on$1 7won$17 or made "o4 ,! & t4 ,accord+ to ,horne ,tooke1 ! is ! imp]ative1 & t1 ! pa/ p>ticiple1 ( ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b !an1 to get1 take1 assume4 ,! & t _h1 orig9ally1 ! same mean+4 ,! diff]5ce 9 _! pres5t application1 is a mod]n ref9em5t4 ,h5ce1 t1 z well z !1 0 =m]ly us$1 indiff]5tly1 be=e ei!r a s+ul> or a plural n\n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,notes4 ,be=e :at n\ns is ! article omitt$8--,is ! article ! ev] appli$ to adv]bs8--,give examples4--,:at is ! mean+ ( a or an8 --,:5 is a or an plac$ be=e a plural n\n8--,f :at are a1 !1 & t d]iv$8 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,,note ,,to ,,rule #a4 ,an is us$ be=e a v[el or sil5t h1 & a be=e a consonant or u long1 & also be=e ! ^w "o4 ,x is n only disagreeable to ! e>1 b1 accord+ to ?is note1 improp] to say1 a apple1 a humble suppliant1 an h]o1 an univ]sity1 because ! ^w apple beg9s ) a v[el1 & h is n s\nd$ 9 ! ^w humble1 = :i* reasons a %\ld be an 9 ! fir/ two examples2 b1 z ! h is s\nd$ 9 h]o1 & ! u is long 9 univ]sity1 a ought to be prefix$ to ^! words3 ?us1 an apple1 an humble suppliant3 a h]o1 a univ]sity4 ,y may correct ! foll[+ ,,examples4 ,a enemy1 a ink/&1 a h\r1 an horse1 an h]ald1 an he>t1 an hea!n1 an union1 a umbrella1 an useful book1 _m an "o4 ,?is is an h>d say+4 ,!y met ) an heavy loss4 ,he w\ld n give an hat = an horse4 ,,note #a1 ,,to ,,rule #b4 ,! articles are (t5 prop]ly omitt$3 :5 us$ !y %\ld be ju/ly appli$1 accord+ to _! di/9ct "*2 z1 ,gold is corrupt+2 ,! sea is gre52 ,a lion is bold4 ,x w\ld be improp] to say1 ,! gold is corrupt+2 ,sea is gre52 ,lion is bold4 ,! grass is good = horses1 & ! :eat = m54 ,grass is good = ! horses1 & :eat = ! m54 ,grass looks well4 ,:eat is blight$4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! s5t5ces1 we are n speak+ ( any p>ticul> k9d ( grass or :eat1 nei!r d we wi% to limit ! mean+ to any p>ticul> crop or field ( grass1 or quantity ( :eat2 b we are speak+ ( grass & :eat g5]ally1 !re=e ! article ! %\ld be omitt$4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 we d n ref] to any def9ite k9d1 quality1 or numb] ( horses or m52 b to horses & m5 g5]ally2 t is1 ! t]ms are "h us$ to d5ote :ole species1 !re=e1 ! article %\ld be omitt$1 & ! s5t5ce %\ld read ?us1 ,grass is good = horses1 & :eat = m54 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? examples1 we wi% to limit our mean+ to ! crops ( grass & :eat n[ on ! gr\nd1 :i*1 9 contradi/9ction to ! crops h]et(ore rais$1 are consid]$ z p>ticul> objects2 !re=e we %\ld say1 ,! grass looks well2 ,! :eat is blight$4 ,,note #b4 ,:5 a n\n is us$ 9 its g5]al s5se1 ! article %\ld be omitt$2 z1 ,poetry is a pleas+ art2 ,oranges gr[ 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,corn 9 ! g>d51 gr[s well2 b corn 9 ! field1 does n4 ,h[ does ! tobacco sell8 ,! tobacco is de>4 ,h[ d y l ! /udy ( ! gramm>8 ,! gramm> is a pleas+ /udy4 ,a c&id temp] is prop] = ! man4 ,_w is wide4 ,! man is mortal4 ,& ,i p]secut$ ?is way unto ! dea?4 ,! e>?1 ! air1 ! fire1 & ! wat]1 are ! f\r elem5ts ( ! old philosoph]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,an ,,adjective is a ^w add$ to a n\n to express its quality or k9d1 or to re/rict its mean+2 z1 a good man1 a bad man1 a free man1 an un=tunate man1 "o man1 =ty m54 ,9 ! phrases1 a good apple1 a bad apple1 a l>ge apple1 a small apple1 a r$ apple1 a :ite apple1 a gre5 apple1 a sweet apple1 a s\r apple1 a bitt] apple1 a r\nd apple1 a h>d apple1 a s(t apple1 a mell[ apple1 a fair apple1 a ,may apple1 an e>ly apple1 a late apple1 a w9t] apple1 a crab apple1 a ?orn apple1 a well-ta/$ apple1 an ill-look+ apple1 a wat]-cor$ apple1 y p]ceive t all ^? words 9 italics are adjectives1 because ea* expresses "s quality or prop]ty ( ! n\n apple1 or x %[s :at k9d ( an apple x is ( :i* we are speak+4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a n\n & an adjective is v cle>4 ,a n\n is ! "n ( a ?+2 b an adjective d5otes simply ! quality or prop]ty ( a ?+4 ,?is is f9e clo?4 ,9 ?is example1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ^w d5ot+ ! ?+1 & t d5ot+ ! quality ( x1 is easily p]ceiv$4 ,y c]ta9ly _c be at a loss to "k1 t ! ^w clo? expresses ! "n1 & f9e1 ! quality1 ( ! ?+2 consequ5tly f9e mu/ be an adjective4 ,if ,i say1 ,he is a wise man1 a prud5t man1 a wick$ man1 or an ungrateful man1 ! words 9 italics are adjectives1 because ea* expresses a quality ( ! n\n man4 ,&1 if ,i say1 ,he is a tall man1 a %ort man1 a :ite man1 a black man1 or a p]secut$ man1 ! words1 tall1 %ort1 :ite1 black1 & p]secut$1 are also adjectives1 because !y tell :at k9d ( a man he is ( :om ,i am speak+1 or !y attribute to him "s p>ticul> prop]ty4 ,"s adjectives re/rict or limit ! signification ( ! n\ns to :i* !y are jo9$1 & are1 !re=e1 sometimes call$ def9itives2 z1 "o era1 sev5 ages1 ! fir/ man1 ! :ole mass1 no tr\ble1 ^? m51 t book1 all regions4 ,o!r adjectives def9e or describe n\ns1 or d bo?2 z1 f9e silk1 blue pap]1 a heavy %[]1 pure wat]1 gre5 m\nta9s1 bl& breezes1 gurgl+ rills1 glass w9d[1 w9d[ glass1 beav] hats1 *ip bonnets1 blackb]ry ridge1 ,monroe g>d51 ,juniata iron1 ,c9c9nati /eam-mill4 ,"s adjectives are second>y1 & qualify o!r adjectives2 z1 pale r$ l9+1 d>k blue silk1 deep sea gre5 sa%1 s(t iron blooms1 r$ hot iron plate4 ,y w frequ5tly f9d ! adjective plac$ aft] ! n\n2 z1 ,^? m5 are tall2 ,a lion is bold2 ,! wea!r is calm2 ,! tree is ?ree feet ?ick4 ,%\ld y ev] be at a loss to di/+ui% an adjective f ! o!r p>ts ( spee*1 ! foll[+ sign w enable y to tell x4 ,any ^w t w make s5se ) ! ^w ?+ add$1 or ) any o!r n\n foll[+ x1 is an adjective2 z1 a high ?+1 a l[ ?+1 a hot ?+1 a cold ?+1 an unf9i%$ ?+1 a new-fa%ion$ ?+3--or1 a pleasant prospect1 a long-des]t$ dwell+1 an ,am]ican soldi]1 a ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,are ^! words adjectives1 di/ant1 yond]1 peaceful1 long-sid$1 d\ble-head$8 ,a di/ant object or ?+1 yond] hill1 c4 ,!y are4 ,!y w make s5se ) a n\n aft] !m4 ,adjectives sometimes become adv]bs4 ,?is matt] w be expla9$ 9 ,lecture ,,vi4 ,9 p>s+1 y may g5]ally "k an adjective by its qualify+ a n\n or pron\n4 ,mo/ words end+ 9 + are pres5t p>ticiples4 ,^! are frequ5tly us$ z adjectives2 !re=e1 mo/ p>ticiples w make s5se ) ! addition ( ! ^w ?+1 or any o!r n\n1 aft] !m2 z1 a pleas+ ?+1 a mov+ spectacle1 m\ld]+ ru9s4 ,9 ! ,lat9 language1 & _m o!rs1 adjectives1 l n\ns1 h g5d]1 numb]1 & case2 b 9 ! ,engli% language1 !y h nei!r g5d]1 p]son1 numb]1 nor case4 ,^! prop]ties belong to creatures & ?+s1 & n to _! qualities2 !re=e g5d]1 p]son1 numb]1 & case1 are ! prop]ties ( n\ns1 & n ( adjectives4 ,adjectives are v>i$ only to express ! degrees ( comp>ison4 ,!y h ?ree degrees ( comp>ison1 ! ,positive1 ! ,comp>ative1 & ! ,sup]lative4 ,! positive degree expresses ! quality ( an object )\t any increase or dim9ution2 z1 good1 wise1 great4 ,! comp>ative degree increases or less5s ! positive 9 signification2 z1 bett]1 wis]1 great]1 less wise4 ,! sup]lative degree increases or less5s ! positive to ! highe/ or l[e/ degree2 z1 be/1 wise/1 greate/1 lea/ wise4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,m & mo/ =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees by increas+ ! positive2 & less & lea/1 by dim9i%+ x4 ,comp>ison by increas+ ! positive ,pos4 ,comp4 ,sup4 great1 great]1 greate/4 wise1 wis]1 wise/4 holy1 m holy mo/ holy4 frugal1 m frugal mo/ frugal4 ,comp>ison by dim9i%+ ! positive4 ,pos4 ,comp4 ,sup4 wise1 less wise lea/ wise4 holy1 less holy1 lea/ holy4 frugal1 less frugal1 lea/ frugal4 ,,num]al ,,adjectives4 ,words us$ 9 c\nt+1 are call$ num]al adjectives ( ! c>d9al k9d2 z1 "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 tw5ty1 fifty1 c4 ,words us$ 9 numb]+1 are call$ num]al adjectives ( ! ord9al k9d2 z1 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 tw5tie?1 fiftie?1 c4 ,,note4 ,! words _m1 few1 & sev]al1 z !y always ref] to an indef9ite numb]1 may be prop]ly call$ num]al adjectives ( ! indef9ite k9d4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,! simple ^w1 or ,positive1 becomes ! ,comp>ative by add+ r1 or er2 & ! ,positive becomes ! ,sup]lative1 by add+ /1 or e/1 to ! end ( x2 z1 ,pos4 wise1 ,com4 wiser1 ,sup4 wise/2 ri*1 ri*er1 ri*e/2 bold1 bolder1 bolde/4 ,! adv]bs1 m & mo/1 less & lea/1 :5 plac$ be=e ! adjective1 h ! same effect2 z1 ,pos4 wise1 ,com4 m wise1 ,sup4 mo/ wise2 ,pos4 wise1 ,com4 less wise1 ,sup4 lea/ wise4 #b4 ,monosyllables are g5]ally comp>$ by add+ er & e/2 dissyllables1 trisyllables1 c4 by m & mo/2 z1 mild1 mild]1 milde/2 frugal1 m frugal1 mo/ frugal2 virtu\s1 m virtu\s1 mo/ virtu\s4 ,dissyllables end+ 9 y2 z1 happy1 lovely2 & 9 le aft] a mute2 z1 able1 ample2 & dissyllables acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable2 z1 discreet1 polite2 easily admit ( er & e/2 z1 happier1 happie/2 politer1 polite/4 ,words ( m ?an two syllables v seldom admit ( ^! t]m9ations4 #c4 ,:5 ! positive ends 9 d1 or t1 prec$$ by a s+le v[el1 ! consonant is d\bl$ 9 =m+ ! comp>ative & sup]lative degrees2 z r$1 r$d]1 r$de/2 hot1 hott]1 hotte/4 #d4 ,9 "s words ! sup]lative is =m$ by add+ mo/ to ! end ( !m2 z1 ne!rmo/1 utt]mo/ or utmo/1 und]mo/1 upp]mo/1 =emo/4 #e4 ,9 ,engli%1 z 9 mo/ languages1 !re are "s words ( v common use1 79 :i* ! caprice ( cu/om is apt to get ! bett] ( analogy17 t are irregul> 9 =m+ ! degrees ( comp>ison2 z1 ,good1 bett]1 be/2 bad1 worse1 wor/2 little1 less1 lea/2 mu* or _m1 m1 mo/2 ne>1 ne>]1 ne>e/ or next2 late1 lat]1 late/ or la/2 old1 old] or eld]1 olde/ or elde/2 & a few o!rs4 #f4 ,! foll[+ adjectives1 & _m o!rs1 are always 9 ! sup]lative degree1 because1 by express+ a quality 9 ! highe/ degree1 !y c>ry 9 !mselves a sup]lative signification3 *ief1 extreme1 p]fect1 "r1 wrong1 hone/1 j1 true1 correct1 s9c]e1 va/1 imm5se1 ceaseless1 inf9ite1 endless1 unp>allel$1 univ]sal1 supreme1 unlimit$1 omnipot5t1 all-wise1 et]nal4 #g4 ,comp\nd adjectives1 & adjectives d5ot+ qualities aris+ f ! figure ( bodies1 d n admit ( comp>ison2 su* z1 well-=m$1 fro/-bitt51 r\nd1 squ>e1 oblong1 circul>1 quadrangul>1 conical1 c4 #h4 ,! t]m9ation i% add$ to adjectives1 expresses a slight degree ( quality bel[ ! comp>ative2 z1 black1 blacki%2 salt1 salti%4 ,v1 prefix$ to ! comp>ative1 expresses a degree ( quality1 b n always a sup]lative degree4 ,read ?is ,lecture c>efully1 p>ticul>ly ! ,,notes2 aft] :i* y may p>se ! foll[+ adjectives & neut] v]b1 &1 likewise1 ! examples t foll[4 ,if y _c repeat all ! def9itions & rules1 spread ! ,comp5dium :5 y p>se4 ,b be=e y proce$1 please to commit ! ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ an ,,adjective1 is--an adjective1 & :y8--comp>e x--degree ( comp>ison1 & :y8--to :at n\n does x belong8--,,rule4 ,t great nation 0 once p[]ful2 b n[ x is feeble4 ,great is an adjective1 a ^w add$ to a n\n to express its quality--pos4 great1 com4 great]1 sup4 greate/--x is 9 ! positive degree1 x expresses ! quality ( an object )\t any increase or dim9ution1 & belongs to ! n\n nation1 accord+ to ,,rule #ah4 ,adjectives belong to1 & qualify1 n\ns express$ or und]/ood4 ,0 is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies to be--neut]1 x expresses nei!r action nor passion1 b be+ or a /ate ( be+--?ird p]son s+ul>1 because its nom9ative nation is a n\n ( multitude convey+ unity ( idea--x agrees ) nation1 agreeably to ,,rule #aj4 ,a n\n ( multitude convey+ unity ( idea1 may h a v]b or pron\n agree+ ) x 9 ! s+ul>4 ,p[]ful is an adjective belong+ to nation1 accord+ to ,rule #ah4 ,feeble belongs to x1 accord+ to ,note #a1 "u ,rule #ah4 ,is is a neut] v]b agree+ ) x1 agreeably to ,rule #d4 ,bonap>te ent]$ ,russia ) #djj1jjj m54 ,f\r-hundr$-?\s& is a num]al adjective ( ! c>d9al k9d1 x is a ^w us$ 9 c\nt+1 & belongs to ! n\n m51 accord+ to ,note #b1 "u ,rule #ah4 ,num]al adjectives belong to n\ns1 :i* n\ns mu/ agree 9 numb] ) _! adjectives4 ,if1 9 p>s+ ! foll[+ examples1 y f9d any words ab\t :i* y are at a loss1 y w please to turn back1 & p>se all ! =ego+ examples aga94 ,?is c\rse w enable y to proce$ )\t any difficulty4 ,m is an adv]b4 ,( & to are prepositions1 gov]n+ ! n\ns t foll[ !m 9 ! objective case4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,a b5evol5t man helps indig5t begg>s4 ,/udi\s s*ol>s le>n _m long lessons4 ,weal?y m]*ants own l>ge %ips4 ,! heavy %ips be> l>ge burd5s2 ! light] %ips c>ry less burd5s4 ,j poets use figurative language4 ,ungrammatical expressions (f5d a true critic's e>4 ,weak critics magnify trifl+ errors4 ,no composition is p]fect4 ,! rabble 0 tumultu\s4 ,! late-wa%$ grass looks gre54 ,%ady trees =m a delightful arbor4 ,! sett+ sun makes a beautiful appe>ance2 ! v>iegat$ ra9b[ appe>s m beautiful4 ,epam9ondas 0 ! greate/ ( ! ,!ban g5]als2 ,pelopidas 0 next to ,epam9ondas4 ,! fir/ fleet conta9$ ?ree hundr$ m52 ! second conta9$ f\r ?\s&4 ,! e>? conta9s "o ?\s& million inhabitants4 ,_m a *e]+ ray bright5s ! good man's pa?way4 ,,note4 ,l1 ,wor?4 ,! adjective l is a contraction ( ! p>ticiple lik5$1 & g5]ally has ! preposition unto und]/ood aft] x4 ,%e is l unto h] bro!r4 ,!y are unlike to him4 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l lik5$ or made l unto a h\sehold]4 ,! n\n wor? has altoge!r dropp$ its associat$ words4 ,! clo? is wor? t5 doll>s a y>d2 t is1 ,! clo? is ( ! wor? ( t5 doll>s by ! y>d1 or = a1 "o1 or e y>d4 ,"s em95t philologi/s d n admit ! propriety ( supply+ an ellipsis aft] l1 wor?1 ere1 b1 except1 & ?an1 b consid] !m prepositions4 ,see ,anomalies1 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is "w4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,adjectives ,,& ,,n\ns4 ,a critical analysis requires t ! adjective :5 us$ )\t its n\n1 %\ld be p>s$ z an adjective belong+ to its n\n und]/ood2 z1 ,! virtu\s p]sons & ! s9c]e p]sons are always respect$2 ,provid5ce rew>ds ! good p1 & puni%es ! bad p4 ,! evil de$ or de$s t m5 d1 lives aft] !m2 ,! good de$ or de$s is (t-int]r$ ) _! bones4 ,b sometimes ! adjective1 by its mann] ( mean+1 becomes a n\n1 & has ano!r adjective jo9$ to x2 z1 ! *ief good2 ,! va/ imm5se imm5sity ( space4 ,v>i\s n\ns plac$ be=e o!r n\ns1 assume ! "* ( adjectives1 accord+ to _! mann] ( mean+2 z1 ,sea fi%1 iron mort>1 w9e vessel1 gold wat*1 corn field1 mead[ gr\nd1 m\nta9 height4 ,! pr9ciple :i* recognises cu/om z ! /&>d ( grammatical accuracy1 might re/ = its support on ! usage ( only six words1 & defy all ! subtleties ( innovat+ skeptics to ga9say x4 ,if ! g5ius & analogy ( our language 7 ! /&>d1 x w\ld be correct to obs]ve ?is analogy1 & say1 ,good1 gooder1 goode/2 bad1 badd]1 badde/2 little1 littler1 little/2 mu*1 mu*er2 mu*e/4 ,by ?is mean2 ,:at are ! news4 ,b su* a crit]ion betrays only ! weakness ( ^? :o attempt to e/abli% x4 ,reg>dless ( ! dogmas & edicts ( ! philosophical umpire1 ! good s5se ( ! p w cause !m1 9 ?is in/ance1 z well z 9 a ?\s& o!rs1 to yield to cu/om1 & say1 ,good1 bett]1 be/2 bad1 worse1 wor/2 little1 less1 lea/2 mu*1 m1 mo/2 ,by ?is means2 ,:at is ! news8 ,) reg>d to ! us+ ( adjectives & o!r qualify+ words1 c>e mu/ be tak51 or y\r language w frequ5tly am\nt to absurdity or nons5se4 ,let ! foll[+ g5]al rem>k1 :i* is bett] ?an a doz5 rules1 put y on y\r gu>d4 ,:5ev] y utt] a s5t5ce1 or put y\r p5 on pap] to write1 weigh well 9 y\r m9d ! mean+ ( ! words :i* y are ab\t to employ4 ,see t !y convey precisely ! ideas :i* y wi% to express by !m1 & ?us y w avoid innum]able errors4 ,9 speak+ ( a man1 we may say1 ) propriety1 he is v wick$1 or exce$+ly lavi%1 because ! t]ms wick$ & lavi% are adjectives t admit ( comp>ison2 b1 if we take ! words 9 _! lit]al acceptation1 !re is a solecism 9 call+ a man v hone/1 or exce$+ly j1 = ! words hone/ & j1 lit]ally admit ( no comp>ison4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 a man is hone/ or di%one/1 j or unju/3 !re c be no m$ium or excess 9 ?is respect4 ,v correct1 v incorrect1 v "r1 v wrong1 are common expressions2 b !y are n lit]ally prop]4 ,:at is n correct1 mu/ be incorrect2 & t :i* is n incorrect1 mu/ be correct3 :at is n "r1 mu/ be wrong2 & t :i* is n wrong1 mu/ be "r4 ,to avoid t circumlocution :i* mu/ o!rwise take place1 our be/ speak]s & writ]s1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly comp>e adjectives :i* d n lit]ally admit ( comp>ison3 ,! mo/ e/abli%$ practice2 ,! mo/ unc]ta9 me?od2 ,irv+1 z a writ]1 is f> m accurate ?an ,addison2 ,! metaphysical inve/igations ( our philosophical gramm>s1 are /ill m incompreh5sible to ! le>n]4 ,comp>isons l ^!1 %\ld g5]ally be avoid$2 b sometimes !y are s conv5i5t 9 practice1 z to r5d] !m admissible4 ,su* expressions c be reconcil$ ) ! pr9ciples ( gramm>1 only by consid]+ !m z figurative4 ,comp>ative memb]s ( s5t5ces1 %\ld be set 9 direct opposition to ea* o!r2 z1 ,pope 0 ri*1 b ,goldsmi? 0 poor4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are inaccurate3 ,solomon 0 wis] ?an ,cic]o 0 eloqu5t4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! re=mation 7 deep] 9 ! pr9ce's m9d ?an to be easily eradicat$4 ,?is latt] s5t5ce conta9s no comp>ison at all2 nei!r does x lit]ally convey any mean+4 ,aga91 if ! ,psalmi/ _h said1 ,i am ! wise/ ( my tea*]s1 he w\ld h spok5 absurdly1 because ! phrase w\ld imply1 t he 0 "o ( 8 tea*]s4 ,b 9 say+1 ,i am wis] ?an my tea*]s1 he does n consid] himself "o ( !m1 b places himself 9 contradi/9ction to !m4 ,be=e y proce$ any f>!r1 y may answ] ! foll[+ ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,:at is ! di/9ction betwe5 a n\n & an adjective8--,by :at sign may an adjective be kn[n8--,are p>ticiples ev] us$ z adjectives8--,does g5d]1 p]son1 numb]1 or case1 belong to adjectives8--,h[ are !y v>i$8--,"n ! ?ree degrees ( comp>ison4--,:at effect h less & lea/ 9 comp>+ adjectives8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ an adjective4--,:at rule applies 9 p>s+ an adjective8--,:at rule 9 p>s+ a v]b agree+ ) a n\n ( multitude convey+ unity ( idea8--,:at ,note %\ld be appli$ 9 p>s+ an adjective :i* belongs to a pron\n8--,:at ,note 9 p>s+ num]al adjectives8 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,notes4 ,repeat all ! v>i\s ways ( =m+ ! degrees ( comp>ison1 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ five ,,notes4--,comp>e ^! adjectives2 ripe1 frugal1 mis*iev\s1 happy1 able1 good1 little1 mu* or _m1 ne>1 late1 old4--,"n "s adjectives t are always 9 ! sup]lative1 & nev] comp>$4--,are comp\nd adjectives comp>$8--,:at is said ( ! t]m9ation i%1 & ( ! adv]b v8--,:5 does an adjective become a n\n8--,:at "* does a n\n assume :5 plac$ be=e ano!r n\n8--,h[ c y prove t cu/om is ! /&>d ( grammatical accuracy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,,adn\ns4 ,adn\n or ,adjective1 comes f ! ,lat91 ad & jicio1 to add to4 ,adn\ns are a class ( words add$ to n\ns to v>y _! compreh5sion1 or to det]m9e _! ext5sion4 ,^? :i* effect ! =m] object1 are call$ adjectives1 or attributes2 & ^? :i* effect ! latt]1 re/rictives4 ,x is n1 9 all cases1 easy to det]m9e to :i* ( ^! classes an adn\n %\ld be ref]r$4 ,words :i* express simply ! qualities ( n\ns1 are adjectives2 & su* z d5ote _! situation or numb]1 are re/rictives4 ,adjectives 7 orig9ally n\ns or v]bs4 ,"s consid] ! adjective1 9 its pres5t application1 exactly equival5t to a n\n connect$ to ano!r n\n by means ( juxtaposition1 ( a preposition1 or ( a correspond+ flexion4 ,a gold5 cup1 say !y1 is ! same z a gold cup1 or a cup ( gold4 ,b ?is pr9ciple appe>s to be exceptionable4 ,a cup ( gold1 may mean ei!r a cup-full ( gold1 or a cup made ( gold4 ,an oak5 cask1 signifies an oak cask1 or a cask ( oak2 i4e4 a cask made ( oak2 b a be] cask1 & a cask ( be]1 are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,a virtu\s son2 a son ( virtue4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! adjective1 appe>s to consi/ 9 its bo? nam+ a quality1 & attribut+ t quality to "s object4 ,! t]m9ations en1 ed1 & ig 7our mod]n y17 signify+ give1 add1 jo91 d5ote t ! names ( qualities to :i* !y are po/fix$1 are to be attribut$ to o!r n\ns possess+ su* qualities3 wood-en1 wood-y4 ,see page #cg4 ,left is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b leave4 ,horne ,tooke def9es "r to be t :i* is ord]$ or direct$4 ,! "r h& is t :i* y\r p>5ts & cu/om direct y to use 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r4 ,& :5 y employ t 9 pref]5ce1 ! o!r is ! leav$1 leav'd1 or left h&2 i4e4 ! "o leav$ or left4 ,! "o %all be tak51 & ! o!r 7leav$7 left4 ,own4 ,=m]ly a man's own 0 :at he work$ =1 own be+ a pa/ p>ticiple ( a v]b signify+ to "w4 ,re/rictive4 ,"s re/rictives1 9 mod]n times1 are appli$ only to s+ul> n\ns2 su* z a or an1 ano!r1 "o1 ?is1 t1 ea*1 e1 ei!r4 ,o!rs1 only to plural n\ns2 z1 ^!1 ^?1 two1 ?ree1 few1 sev]al1 all4 ,b mo/ re/rictives1 l adjectives1 are appli$ to bo? s+ul> & plural n\ns3 fir/1 second1 la/1 !1 =m]1 latt]1 any1 su*1 same1 "s1 :i*1 :at4 ,num]als4 ,all num]ation 01 d\btless1 orig9ally p]=m$ by ! f+]s2 = ! numb] ( ! f+]s is /ill ! utmo/ ext5t ( its signification4 ,t5 is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( tynan1 to close1 to %ut 94 ,! h&s tyn$1 t5$1 clos$1 or %ut 91 signifi$ t52 = !re num]ation clos$4 ,to d5ote a numb] great] ?an t51 we mu/ beg9 aga91 t5 & "o1 t5 & two1 c4 ,twa91 twa-91 twa-a91 twa-ane1 is a comp\nd ( two 7twa1 twae1 twee1 twi1 two or dwo or duo7 & "o 7ane1 a91 an47 ,x signifies two units jo9$1 unit$1 an$1 or on$4 ,tw5ty 7twa-ane-t57 signifies two t5s an$1 on$1 or unit$4 ,?+s sep>at$ into p>cels ( tw5ty ea*1 are call$ scores4 ,score is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( %e>1 to sep>ate4 ,! ,ord9als are =m$ l ab/ract n\ns 9 e?4 ,fif?1 six?1 or t5? is ! numb] :i* fiv-e?1 six-e?1 t5-e?1 or mak-e? up ! numb] five1 six1 or t54 ,philosophical writ]s :o limit our acceptation ( words to t 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally employ$1 & suppose t all ! complicat$1 yet (t5 def9able1 associations :i* ! gradual progress ( language & intellect has connect$ ) words1 are to be r$uc$ to ! /&>d ( our =efa!rs2 appe> n to h suffici5tly att5d$ to ! *anges :i* ?is pr9ciple ( association actually produces4 ,z language is transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 _m words become ! repres5tatives ( ideas ) :i* !y 7 n orig9ally associat$2 & ?us !y und]go a *ange1 n only 9 ! mode ( _! application1 b also 9 _! mean+4 ,words be+ ! signs ( ?+s1 _! mean+ mu/ necess>ily *ange z mu*1 at lea/1 z ?+s !mselves *ange2 b ?is v>iation 9 _! import m frequ5tly dep5ds on accid5tal circum/ances4 ,among ! ideas connect$ ) a ^w t :i* 0 once ( prim>y1 becomes only ( second>y importance2 & sometimes1 by degrees1 x loses altoge!r its connexion ) ! ^w1 giv+ place to o!rs ) :i*1 f "s accid5tal causes1 x has be5 associat$4 ,two or ?ree in/ances w illu/rate ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks4 ,9 an anci5t ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we f9d ! foll[+ language3 ,i1 ,paul1 a rascal ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 unto y ,g5tiles1 c4 ,b :o1 9 ! pres5t acceptation ( ! ^w1 w\ld d>e to call ! great apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles a rascal8 ,rascal =m]ly meant a s]vant3 "o devot$ to ! int]e/ ( ano!r2 b n[ x is ne>ly synonym\s ) villa94 ,villa9 once _h none ( ! odium :i* is n[ associat$ ) ! t]m2 b x signifi$ "o :o1 "u ! feudal sy/em1 r5t$ or held l&s ( ano!r4 ,?us1 ,h5ry ! ,,viii4 says to a vassal or t5ant1 ,z y are an accompli%$ villa91 ,i ord] t y receive #gjj out ( ! public treasury4 ,! ^w villa91 !n1 has giv5 up its orig9al idea1 & become ! repres5tative ( a new "o1 ! ^w t5ant hav+ supplant$ x4 ,to prove t ! mean+ ( words *anges1 a ?\s& examples c\ld be adduc$2 b ) ! intellig5t read]1 pro( is unnecess>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,h[ are adn\ns divid$8--,:at con/itutes ! true "* ( an adjective8--,:at are ! signification & d5otem5t ( ! t]m9ations1 en1 ed1 & ig8--,:at d left & own signify8--,"n ! ?ree ways 9 :i* re/rictives are appli$4--,h[ 0 num]ation orig9ally p]=m$8--,:at is said ( twa91 tw5ty1 score1 & ! ord9al numb]s8--,:at is said ( ! *anges produc$ 9 ! mean+ ( words1 by ! pr9ciple ( association8 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,,note #i1 "u ,,rule #ah4 ,d\ble ,comp>atives & ,sup]latives %\ld be avoid$2 su* z1 wors]1 less]1 m deep]1 m wick$]1 c43 *iefe/1 supreme/1 p]fecte/1 righte/2 or m p]fect1 mo/ p]fect1 mo/ supreme1 c4 ,virtue conf]s ! mo/ supreme dignity on man1 & x %\ld be 8 *iefe/ desire4 ,he made ! great] light to rule ! day1 & ! less] light to rule ! night4 ,! phrases mo/ supreme1 & *iefe/1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 are incorrect1 because supreme & *ief are 9 ! sup]lative degree )\t hav+ ! sup]lative =m sup]add$1 :i* addition makes !m d\ble sup]latives4 ,!y %\ld be writt51 conf]s supreme dignity1 &1 8 *ief desire4 ,we c say1 "o ?+ is less ?an ano!r1 or small] ?an ano!r1 because ! adjectives less & small] are 9 ! comp>ative degree2 b ! phrase less] light1 9 ! second s5t5ce1 is inaccurate4 ,less] is a d\ble comp>ative1 :i*1 accord+ to ! prec$+ ,note1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,less] is z incorrect z badd]1 good]1 wors]4 ,! small] light1 w\ld be less exceptionable4 ,y c correct ! foll[+ )\t my assi/ance4 ,correct !m f\r times ov]4 ,! pleasures ( ! und]/&+ are m pref]able ?an ^? ( imag9ation or s5se4 ,! tongue is l a race-horse1 :i* runs ! fa/] ! less] weight x c>ries4 ,! night+ale's voice is ! mo/ sweete/ 9 ! grove4 ,! ,mo/ ,highe/ ha? creat$ u = 8 glory1 ,he 0 admitt$ to ! *iefe/ (fices4 ,! fir/ witness gave a /rong pro( ( ! fact2 ! next m /rong] /ill2 b ! la/ witness1 ! mo/ /rong] ( all4 ,he gave ! fulle/ & ! mo/ s9c]e pro( ( ! tru] fri5d%ip4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,( ,,p>ticiples4 ,a ,,p>ticiple is a ^w d]iv$ f a v]b1 & p>takes ( ! nature ( a v]b1 & also ( an adjective4 ,v]bs h ?ree p>ticiples1 ! pres5t or imp]fect1 ! p]fect1 & ! comp\nd4 ,! pres5t or imp]fect p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ cont9u$1 b n p]fect$4 ,x always ends 9 +2 z1 rul+1 be+3 ,i am writ+ a lett]4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple d5otes action or be+ p]fect$ or f9i%$4 ,:5 d]iv$ f a regul> v]b1 x ends 9 ed1 & corresponds ) ! imp]fect t5se2 z1 rul$1 smil$3 ,! lett] is writt54 ,! comp\nd p>ticiple implies action or be+ complet$ be=e ! "t ref]r$ to4 ,x is =m$ by plac+ hav+ be=e ! p]fect p>ticiple2 z1 hav+ rul$1 hav+ be5 rul$3 ,hav+ writt5 ! lett]1 he mail$ x4 ,! t]m ,p>ticiple comes f ! ,lat9 ^w p>ticipio1 :i* signifies to p>take3 & ?is "n is giv5 to ?is "p ( spee*1 because x p>takes ( ! nature ( ! v]b & ( ! adjective4 ,by _m writ]s1 ! p>ticiple is class$ ) ! v]b1 & treat$ z a "p ( x2 b1 z x has no nom9ative1 p>takes ( ! nature ( an adjective1 requires _m syntactical rules :i* apply n to ! v]b1 &1 9 "s o!r respects1 has prop]ties peculi> to itself1 x is believ$ t its "* is suffici5tly di/9ct f ! v]b1 to entitle x to ! rank ( a sep>ate "p ( spee*4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! connect+ l9k betwe51 n only ! adjective & ! v]b1 b also ! n\n & ! v]b4 ,all p>ticiples are comp\nd 9 _! mean+ & (fice4 ,l v]bs1 !y express action & be+1 & d5ote "t2 &1 l adjectives1 !y describe ! n\ns ( :i* !y d5ote ! action or be+4 ,9 ! s5t5ces1 ,! boatman is cross+ ! riv]2 ,i see a man labor+ 9 ! field2 ,*>les is /&+2 y p]ceive t ! p>ticiples cross+ & labor+ express ! actions ( ! boatman & ! man1 & /&+ ! /ate ( be+ ( ,*>les4 ,9 ^! respects1 !n1 !y p>take ( ! nature ( v]bs4 ,y also notice1 t !y describe ! sev]al n\ns associat$ ) !m1 l describ+ adjectives2 & t1 9 ?is respect1 !y p>ticipate ! prop]ties ( adjectives4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 y obs]ve !y d5ote actions :i* are /ill go+ on2 t is1 incomplete or unf9i%$ actions2 = :i* reason we call !m imp]fect p>ticiples4 ,p]haps ,i c illu/rate _! "* m cle>ly4 ,:5 ! imp]fect or pres5t & p]fect p>ticiples are plac$ be=e n\ns1 !y become def9+ or describ+ adjectives1 & are d5om9at$ p>ticipial adjectives2 z1 ,a lov+ companion2 ,! rippl+ /ream2 ,ro>+ w9ds2 ,a wilt$ leaf2 ,an accompli%$ s*ol>4 ,"h ! words lov+1 rippl+1 ro>+1 wilt$1 & accompli%$1 describe or def9e ! n\ns ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,& :]e ! p>ticiples are plac$ aft] _! n\ns1 !y h1 also1 ?is descriptive quality4 ,if ,i say1 ,i see ! moon ris+2 ,! horse is runn+ a race2 ,! dog is beat52 ,i describe ! sev]al objects1 z a ris+ moon1 a runn+ horse1 & a beat5 dog1 z well z :5 ,i place ^! p>ticiples be=e ! n\ns4 ,! same ^w is a p>ticiple or a p>ticipial adjective1 accord+ to its mann] ( mean+4 ,! prec$+ illu/ration1 h[ev]1 %[s t ?is di/9ction is f\nd$ on a v slight %ade ( diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ! two4 ,! foll[+ examples w enable y to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,p>ticiples4 ,p>ticipial adjectives4 ,see ! sun sett+4 ,see ! sett+ sun4 ,see ! moon ris+4 ,see ! ris+ moon4 ,! w9d is ro>+4 ,he> ! ro>+ w9d4 ,! twig is brok54 ,! brok5 twig fell4 ,! vessel an*or$ 9 ! ,! an*or$ vessel spreads bay1 lo/ h] ma/4 h] sail4 ,! pres5t or imp]fect p>ticiple is kn[n by its end+ 9 +2 z1 float+1 rid+1 he>+1 see+4 ,^! are d]iv$ f ! v]bs1 float1 ride1 he>1 & see4 ,b "s words end+ 9 + are n p>ticiples2 su* z ev5+1 morn+1 hirel+1 sapl+1 un9t]e/+1 unbeliev+1 uncontroll+4 ,:5 y p>se a ^w end+ 9 +1 y %\ld always consid] :e!r x comes f a v]b or n4 ,!re is su* a v]b z int]e/1 h5ce y "k t ! ^w int]e/+ is a p>ticiple2 b !re is no su* v]b z unint]e/1 consequ5tly1 unint]e/+ c n be a p>ticiple3 b x is an adjective2 z1 an un9t]e/+ /ory4 ,y w be able v easily to di/+ui% ! p>ticiple f ! o!r p>ts ( spee*1 :5 y %all h acquir$ a m ext5sive k ( ! v]b4 ,speak ! p>ticiples f ea* ( ^! v]bs1 le>n1 walk1 %un1 smile1 sail1 conqu]1 manage1 r$uce1 relate1 discov]1 ov]rate1 dis5gage4 ,?us1 ,pres4 le>n+1 ,p]f4 le>n$1 ,comp4 hav+ le>n$4 ,pres4 walk+1 ,p]f4 walk$1 ,comp\nd1 hav+ walk$1 & s on4 ,y may n[ commit ! ord] ( p>s+ a p>ticiple1 & !n proce$ ) me4 ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,p>ticiple1 is--a p>ticiple1 & :y8--f :at v]b is x d]iv$8--speak ! ?ree--pres5t1 p]fect1 or comp\nd1 & :y8--to :at does x ref] or belong8--,,rule4 ,i saw a vessel sail+ ,sail+ is a p>ticiple1 a ^w d]iv$ f a v]b1 & p>takes ( ! nature ( a v]b1 & also ( an adjective--x comes f ! v]b to sail--pres4 sail+1 p]f4 sail$1 comp4 hav+ sail$--x is a pres5t or imp]fect p>ticiple1 because x d5otes ! cont9uance ( an unf9i%$ action--& ref]s to ! n\n vessel = its subject1 accord+ to ,,rule #bg4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ref]s to "s n\n or pron\n d5ot+ ! subject or actor4 ,n a brea? di/urbs ! sleep+ bill[4 ,sleep+ is a p>ticipial adjective1 a ^w add$ to a n\n to express its quality--x _c1 ) propriety1 be comp>$--- x belongs to ! n\n bill[1 agreeably to ,,rule #ah4 ,adjectives belong to1 & qualify1 n\ns express$ or und]/ood4 ,y w please to p>se ^! two words sev]al times ov]1 &1 by a little reflection1 y w p]fectly und]/& ! #bg? ,,rule4 ,recollect1 ! p>ticiple nev] v>ies its t]m9ation to agree ) a n\n or pron\n1 =1 z x has no nom9ative1 x has no agreem5t2 b x simply ref]s to an actor4 ,examples3 ,i see a vessel sail+2 or1 ,i see ?ree vessels sail+4 ,y p]ceive t ! p>ticiple sail+ ref]s to a s+ul> n\n 9 ! fir/ example1 & to a plural n\n 9 ! second2 & yet ! p>ticiple is 9 ! same =m 9 bo? examples4 ,! n\n vessel is 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by ! transitive v]b see4 ,b :5 a v]b foll[s a n\n1 ! end+ ( ! v]b g5]ally v>ies 9 ord] to agree ) ! n\n :i* is its nom9ative2 z1 ! vessel sails2 ! vessels sail4 ,9 ?is place x may n be improp] to notice ano!r ,rule t relates to ! p>ticiple4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! man is beat+ 8 horse1 ! n\n horse is 9 ! objective case1 because x is ! object ( ! action express$ by ! active-transitive p>ticiple beat+1 & x is gov]n$ by ! p>ticiple beat+1 accord+ to ,,rule #bf4 ,p>ticiples h ! same gov]nm5t z ! v]bs h f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is rule is f\nd$1 is q app>5t4 ,z a p>ticiple d]iv$ f a transitive v]b1 expresses ! same k9d ( action z its v]b1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t ! p>ticiple mu/ gov]n ! same case z ! v]b f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,:5 y %all h /udi$ ?is lecture att5tively1 y may proce$ & p>se ! foll[+ ex]cises1 conta9+ five p>ts ( spee*4 ,if1 9 analyz+ ^! examples1 y f9d any words :i* y _c p>se correctly & sy/ematically by ref]r+ to y\r ,comp5d = def9itions & rules1 y w please to turn back & read ov] aga9 ! :ole five lectures4 ,y mu/ ex]cise a little pati5ce2 &1 = y\r enc\ragem5t1 p]mit me to rem9d y1 t :5 y %all h acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( ^! five p>ts ( spee*1 only five m w rema9 = y to le>n4 ,be ambiti\s to excel4 ,be ?or\gh 9 y\r inve/igations4 ,give y\r reason+ p[]s free scope4 ,by /udy+ ^! lectures ) att5tion1 y w acquire m grammatical k 9 ?ree mon?s1 ?an is commonly obta9$ 9 two ye>s4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 ! words purl+1 cru/$1 slumb]+1 & tw9kl+1 are p>ticipial adjectives4 ,!re & its y may omit4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,orl&o left ! h]d graz+4 ,! hunt]s he>d ! "y dog b>k+4 ,! old fox he>d ! sportsman's horn s\nd+4 ,deep riv]s float long rafts4 ,purl+ /reams moi/5 ! e>?'s surface4 ,! sun approa*+1 melts ! cru/$ sn[4 ,! slumb]+ seas calm$ ! grave old h]mit's m9d4 ,pale ,cyn?ia decl9+1 clips ! horizon4 ,man beholds ! tw9kl+ />s adorn+ night's blue ar*4 ,! /rang] saw ! des]t ?i/le b5d+ !re its l[ly head4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,p>ticiples4 ,p>ticiples frequ5tly become n\ns2 z1 ,a good und]/&+2 ,excell5t writ+2 ,he made a good beg9n+1 b a bad end+4 ,con/ructions l ! foll[+1 h long be5 sanction$ by ! be/ au?orities3 ,! goods are sell+2 ,! h\se is build+2 ,! "w is n[ publi%+4 ,a mod]n innovation1 h[ev]1 is likely to sup]s$e ?is mode ( expression3 ?us1 ,! goods are be+ sold2 ,! h\se is be+ built2 ,! "w is n[ be+ publi%$4 ,y may n[ answ] ^! ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( p>ticiples are !re8--,:at is ! end+ ( a pres5t p>ticiple8--,:at does a p]fect p>ticiple d5ote8--,) :at does ! p]fect p>ticiple ( a regul> v]b correspond8--,:at is a comp\nd p>ticiple8--,f :at ^w is ! t]m p>ticiple d]iv$8--,:y is ?is "p ( spee* ?us nam$8--,:]e9 does ?is "p ( spee* p>take ( ! nature ( a v]b8--,d all p>ticiples p>ticipate ! prop]ties ( adjectives8--,9 :at respect8--,:5 are p>ticiples call$ p>ticipial adjectives8--,give examples4--,h[ may a pres5t p>ticiple be kn[n8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ a p>ticiple4--,:at rule applies 9 p>s+ a pres5t p>ticiple8--,:at ,rule 9 p>s+ a p>ticipial adjective8--,d p>ticiples v>y 9 _! t]m9ations 9 ord] to agree ) _! subject or actor8--,:at ,rule applies 9 p>s+ a n\n 9 ! objective case1 gov]n$ by a p>ticiple8--,d p>ticiples ev] become n\ns8--,give examples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,p>ticiples are =m$ by add+ to ! v]b ! t]m9ation +1 ed1 or en4 ,+ signifies ! same z ! n\n be+4 ,:5 po/fix$ to ! n\n-/ate ( ! v]b1 ! comp\nd ^w ?us =m$1 expresses a cont9u$ /ate ( ! v]bal d5otem5t4 ,x implies t :at is meant by ! v]b1 is be+ cont9u$4 ,en is an alt]ation ( an1 ! ,saxon v]baliz+ adjunct2 ed is a contraction ( d$e2 & ! t]m9ations d & t1 are a contraction ( ed4 ,p>ticiples end+ 9 ed or en1 usually d5ote ! dodo1 d$e1 do$1 did1 done1 or f9i%$ /ate ( :at is meant by ! v]b4 ,! book is pr9t$4 ,x is a pr9t-ed or pr9t-done book1 or su* a "o z ! done act ( pr9t+ has made x4 ,! book is writt52 i4e4 x has receiv$ ! done or f9i%-ed act ( writ-+ x4 ,p>ticiples be> ! same relation to v]bs1 t adn\ns d to n\ns4 ,!y might1 !re=e1 be /yl$ v]bal adjectives4 ,b t !ory :i* ranks !m ) adn\ns1 appe>s to re/ on a s&y f\ndation4 ,9 classify+ words1 we ought to be guid$ m by _! mann] ( mean+1 & _! inf]5tial mean+1 ?an by _! primitive1 ess5tial signification4 ,i h a brok5 plate2 i4e4 ,i h a plate--brok52 ,i h brok5 a plate4 ,if !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! ^w brok51 9 ^! two con/ructions1 x _c be d5i$1 t !re is a wide diff]5ce 9 ! mean+--inf]r$ by cu/om2 :i* diff]5ce dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* ! t]m is appli$4 ,! =m] con/ruction d5otes1 t ,i possess a plate :i* 0 brok51 7:e!r ) or )\t my ag5cy1 is n intimat$17 p]haps1 "o hundr$ or "o ?\s& ye>s ago2 :]eas1 ! mean+ ( ! latt] is1 t ,i p]=m$ ! act ( r$uc+ ! plate f a :ole to a brok5 /ate2 & x is n intimat$ :e!r ,i possess x1 or "s "o else4 ,x appe>s reasonable1 t1 9 a practical gramm>1 at lea/1 any ^w :i* occurs 9 con/ructions diff]+ s widely1 may prop]ly be class$ ) diff]5t p>ts ( spee*4 ,?is illu/ration likewise e/abli%es ! propriety ( reta9+ :at we call ! p]fect t5se ( ! v]b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,h[ are p>ticiples =m$8--,:at does ! imp]fect "p express8-- ,:at d p]fect p>ticiples d5ote8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,( ,,adv]bs4 ,an ,,adv]b is a ^w us$ to modify ! s5se ( a v]b1 ap>ticiple1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b4 ,recollect1 an adv]b nev] qualifies a n\n4 ,x qualifies any ( ! f\r p>ts ( spee* abov5am$1 & none o!rs4 ,to modify or qualify1 y "k1 means to produce "s *ange4 ,! adv]b modifies4 ,if ,i say1 ,wirt's /yle excels ,irv+'s1 ! proposition is affirmative1 & ! v]b excels expresses ! affirmation4 ,b :5 ,i say1 ,wirt's /yle excels n ,irv+'s1 ! ass]tion is *ang$ to a negative4 ,:at is x t ?us modifies or *anges ! mean+ ( ! v]b excels8 ,y p]ceive t x is ! little ^w n4 ,?is ^w has p[] to rev]se ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,n1 !n1 is a modifi]1 qualifi]1 or negative adv]b4 ,:5 an adv]b is us$ to modify ! s5se ( a v]b or p>ticiple1 x g5]ally expresses ! mann]1 "t1 or place1 9 :i* ! action is p]=m$1 or "s accid5tal circum/ance respect+ x4 ,9 ! phrases1 ,! man rides gracefully1 awkw>dly1 badly1 swiftly1 sl[ly1 c42 or1 ,i saw ! man rid+ swiftly1 sl[ly1 leisurely1 v fa/1 c41 y p]ceive t ! words gracefully1 awkw>dly1 v fa/1 c41 are adv]bs1 qualify+ ! v]b rides1 or ! p>ticiple rid+1 because !y express ! mann] 9 :i* ! action d5ot$ by ! v]b & p>ticiple1 is done4 ,9 ! phrases1 ,! man rides daily1 weekly1 seldom1 frequ5tly1 (t51 sometimes1 nev]2 or1 ,! man rode ye/]day1 h]et(ore1 long s9ce1 long ago1 rec5tly1 lately1 j n[ or1 ,! man w ride soon1 pres5tly1 directly1 imm$iately1 by & by1 to-day1 h]eaft]1 y p]ceive t all ^! words 9 italics1 are adv]bs1 qualify+ ! mean+ ( ! v]b1 rides1 because !y express ! "t ( ! action d5ot$ by ! v]b4 ,aga91 if ,i say1 ,! man lives "h1 ne> by1 yond]1 remote1 f> (f1 some:]e1 n[h]e1 ev]y:]e1 c41 ! words 9 italics are adv]bs ( place1 because !y tell :]e he lives4 ,adv]bs likewise qualify adjectives1 & sometimes o!r adv]bs2 z1 m wise1 mo/ wise2 or m wisely1 mo/ wisely4 ,:5 an adv]b is jo9$ to an adjective or adv]b1 x g5]ally expresses ! degree ( comp>ison2 = adv]bs1 l adjectives1 h degrees ( comp>ison4 ,?us1 9 ! phrase1 ,a skilful arti/1 y "k ! adjective skilful is 9 ! positive degree2 b1 by plac+ ! adv]b m be=e ! adjective1 we increase ! degree ( quality d5ot$ by ! adjective to ! comp>ative2 z1 ,a m skilful arti/3 & mo/ r5d]s x sup]lative2 z1 ,a mo/ skilful arti/4 ,& if we place m & mo/ be=e o!r adv]bs1 ! effect is ! same2 z1 skilfully1 m skilfully1 mo/ skilfully4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs4 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative4 soon soon] soone/4 (t5 (t5] (t5e/4 mu* m mo/4 well bett] be/4 f> f>!r f>!/4 wisely m wisely mo/ wisely4 ju/ly m ju/ly mo/ ju/ly4 ju/ly less ju/ly lea/ ju/ly4 ,y w g5]ally "k an adv]b at sight2 b sometimes y w f9d x m difficult to be di/+ui%$1 ?an any o!r "p ( spee* 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,i w1 !re=e1 give y "s signs :i* w assi/ y a little4 ,mo/ words end+ 9 ly are adv]bs2 su* z1 politely1 gracefully1 judici\sly4 ,any ^w or %ort phrase t w answ] to any "o ( ! que/ions1 h[8 h[ mu*8 :58 or :]e8 is an adv]b2 z1 ,! riv] fl[s rapidly2 ,he walks v fa/2 ,he has gone f> away2 b he w soon return2 ,%e s+s sweetly2 ,!y le>n none at all4 ,h[1 or 9 :at mann] does ! riv] fl[8 ,rapidly4 ,h[ does he walk8 ,v fa/4 ,:]e has he gone8 ,f> away4 ,:5 w he return8 ,soon4 ,h[ does %e s+8 ,sweetly4 ,h[ mu* d !y le>n8 ,none at all4 ,f ?is illu/ration1 y p]ceive1 t1 if y c\ld n tell ^! adv]bs by ! s5se1 y w\ld "k !m by _! answ]+ to ! que/ions4 ,h[ev]1 y\r bett] way w be to di/+ui% adv]bs by consid]+ ! (fice !y p]=m 9 ! s5t5ce2 or by notic+ _! grammatical relation1 or _! situation1 ) respect to o!r words4 ,to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( _! real "*1 is highly important4 ,rapidly1 fa/1 f> away1 soon1 sweetly1 c4 are kn[n to be adv]bs by _! qualify+ ! s5se ( v]bs4 ,a v good p5 writes extremely well4 ,well1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 is kn[n to be an adv]b by its qualify+ ! s5se ( ! v]b writes2 extremely1 by its end+ 9 ly1 or by its be+ jo9$ to ! adv]b well to qualify x2 & v is kn[n z an adv]b by its jo9+ ! adjective good4 ,expressions l ^!1 none at all1 a great deal1 a few days ago1 long s9ce1 at l5g?1 9 va91 :5 !y are us$ to d5ote ! mann] or "t ( ! action ( v]bs or p>ticiples1 are g5]ally t]m$ adv]bial phrases4 ,adv]bs1 ?\gh v num]\s1 may1 = ! sake ( practical conv5i5ce1 be r$uc$ to p>ticul> classes4 #a4 ,( ,numb]2 z1 ,once1 twice1 ?rice1 c4 #b4 ,( ,ord]2 z1 ,fir/1 secondly1 la/ly1 f9ally1 c4 #c4 ,( ,place2 z1 ,"h1 !re1 :]e1 else:]e1 any:]e1 some:]e1 n[h]e1 h]e91 :i!r1 hi!r1 ?i!r1 upw>d1 d[nw>d1 =w>d1 backw>d1 :5ce1 !nce1 :i!rsoev]1 c4 #d4 ,( ,"t4 ,pres5t2 z1 ,n[1 to-day1 c4 ,pa/2 z1 ,already1 be=e1 lately1 ye/]day1 h]et(ore1 hi!rto1 long s9ce1 long ago1 c4 ,future2 z1 ,to-morr[1 n yet1 h]eaft]1 h5ce=?1 h5ce=w>d1 by & by1 in/antly1 pres5tly1 imm$iately1 ere long1 /raightways1 c4 ,"t indef9ite2 z1 ,(t1 (t51 (t-times1 (t5-times1 sometimes1 soon1 seldom1 daily1 weekly1 mon?ly1 ye>ly1 always1 :51 !n1 ev]1 nev]1 aga91 c4 #e4 ,( ,quantity2 z1 ,mu*1 little1 suffici5tly1 h[ mu*1 h[ great1 en\gh1 abundantly1 c4 #f4 ,( ,mann] or quality2 z1 ,wisely1 fooli%ly1 ju/ly1 unju/ly1 quickly1 sl[ly1 c4 ,adv]bs ( quality are ! mo/ num]\s k9d2 & !y are g5]ally =m$ by add+ ! t]m9ation ly to an adjective or a p>ticiple1 or by *ang+ le into ly2 z1 ,bad1 badly2 *e]ful1 *e]fully2 able1 ably2 admirable1 admirably4 #g4 ,( ,d\bt2 z1 ,haply1 p]haps1 p]adv5ture1 possibly1 p]*ance4 #h4 ,( ,affirmation2 z1 ,v]ily1 truly1 und\bt$ly1 d\btless1 c]ta9ly1 yea1 yes1 surely1 inde$1 really1 c4 #i4 ,( ,negation2 z1 ,nay1 no1 n1 by no means1 n at all1 9 no wise1 c4 #aj4 ,( ,int]rogation2 z1 ,h[1 :y1 :]e=e1 :i!r1 c41 & sometimes :51 :5ce1 :]e4 #aa4 ,( ,comp>ison2 z1 ,m1 mo/1 bett]1 be/1 worse1 wor/1 less1 lea/1 v1 almo/1 little1 alike1 c4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,?is catalogue conta9s b a small portion ( ! adv]bs 9 our language4 ,_m adv]bs are =m$ by a comb9ation ( prepositions ) ! adv]bs ( place1 "h1 !re1 :]e2 z1 ,h]e(1 !re(1 :]e(2 h]eto1 !reto1 :]eto2 h]eby1 !reby1 :]eby2 h]e)1 !re)1 :]e)2 h]e91 !re91 :]e92 !re=e1 7i4e4 !re-=17 :]e=e1 7i4e4 :]e-=17 h]eupon1 h]eon1 !reupon1 !reon1 :]eupon1 :]eon1 c4 #b4 ,"s adv]bs are compos$ ( n\ns or v]bs & ! lett] a1 us$ in/ead ( at1 an1 c42 z1 ,aside1 a?ir/1 afoot1 asleep1 abo>d1 a%ore1 ab$1 agr\nd1 afloat1 adrift1 agha/1 ago1 askance1 away1 asund]1 a/ray1 c4 ,y w n[ please to read ?is lecture f\r times ov]1 & read sl[ly & c>efully1 = unless y und]/& well ! nature & "* ( ?is "p ( spee*1 y w be frequ5tly at a loss to di/+ui% x f o!rs 9 composition4 ,n[ d y notice1 t1 9 ?is s5t5ce :i* y h j read1 ! words sl[ly1 c>efully1 well1 & frequ5tly1 are adv]bs8 ,& d y aga9 obs]ve1 t1 9 ! "q ,i h j put to y1 ! words n[ & j are adv]bs8 ,ex]cise a little sob] ?\ght4 ,fifte5 m9utes sp5t 9 reflection1 are wor? :ole days occupi$ 9 c>eless read+4 ,9 ! foll[+ ex]cises six p>ts ( spee* are pres5t$1 namely1 ,n\ns1 ,v]bs1 ,articles1 ,adjectives1 ,p>ticiples1 & ,adv]bs2 & ,i believe y are n[ prep>$ to p>se !m all agreeably to ! sy/ematic ord]1 f\r times ov]4 ,^? words 9 italics are adv]bs4 ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ an ,,adv]b1 is--an adv]b1 & :y8--:at sort8--:at does x qualify8--,,rule4 ,my fri5d has return$ aga92 b 8 heal? is n v good4 ,aga91 is an adv]b1 a ^w us$ to modify ! s5se ( a v]b--( "t indef9ite1 x expresses a p]iod ( "t n precisely def9$--x qualifies ! v]b has return$1 accord+ to ,rule #bi4 ,adv]bs qualify v]bs1 p>ticiples1 adjectives1 & o!r adv]bs4 ,n is an adv]b1 a ^w us$ to modify ! s5se ( an adv]b--( negation1 x makes ! ass]tion negative2 t is1 x *anges ! proposition f an affirmative to a negative--& x qualifies ! adv]b v1 agreeably to ,rule #bi4 ,adv]bs qualify v]bs1 c4 ,v is an adv]b1 a ^w us$ to qualify ! s5se ( an adjective--( comp>ison1 x comp>es ! adjective good1 & qualifies x accord+ to ,rule #bi4 ,adv]bs qualify adjectives1 c4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,! travell] describ$ a l(ty ca/le decay+ gradually4 ,v few lit]>y m5 ev] became di/+ui%$ poets4 ,! great ,milton excels n ,hom]4 ,! ,roman wom51 once volunt>ily contribut$ _! mo/ preci\s jewels to save ! city4 ,_m small /reams unit+1 =m v l>ge riv]s4 ,! riv] ,funza fall+ p]p5dicul>ly =ms a va/ cat>act4 ,att5tive s]vants always drive horses v c>efully2 neglig5t s]vants (t5 drive horses v c>elessly4 ,assidu\s s*ol>s improve v fa/2 idle s*ol>s le>n none at all4 ,fri5d%ip (t5 ends 9 love2 b love 9 fri5d%ip1 nev]4 ,,note4 ,sev]al adv]bs frequ5tly qualify "o v]b4 ,h y walk$8 ,n yet q f> en\gh1 p]haps4 ,n1 yet1 f>1 & en\gh1 qualify h walk$ und]/ood2 p]haps qualifies n2 & q qualifies f>4 ,! adv]bs always & c>efully bo? qualify ! v]b drive3 ! =m] expresses "t1 & ! latt]1 mann]4 ,once & volunt>ily qualify ! v]b contribut$2 ! =m] expresses numb]1 & ! latt]1 mann]4 ,! ^w _! y ne$ n p>se4 ,! active v]b to save has no nom9ative4 ,! n\ns love & fri5d%ip1 foll[+ 91 are 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by t preposition4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,adv]bs4 ,:5 ! words !re=e1 consequ5tly1 accord+ly1 & ! l1 are us$ 9 connexion ) o!r conjunctions1 !y are adv]bs2 b :5 !y appe> s+le1 !y are commonly consid]$ conjunctions4 ,! words :5 & :]e1 & all o!rs ( ! same nature1 su* z :5ce1 :i!r1 :5ev]1 :]ev]1 till1 until1 be=e1 o!rwise1 :ile1 :]e=e1 c4 may be prop]ly call$ adv]bial conjunctions1 because !y p>ticipate ! nature bo? ( adv]bs & conjunctions2 ( adv]bs1 z !y d5ote ! attributes ei!r ( "t or place2 ( conjunctions1 z !y conjo9 s5t5ces4 ,!re are _m words t are sometimes us$ z adjectives1 &1 sometimes z adv]bs2 z1 ,m m5 ?an wom5 7 !re2 ,i am m dilig5t ?an he4 ,9 ! =m] s5t5ce m is evid5tly an adjective1 = x is jo9$ to a n\n to qualify x2 9 ! latt] x is an adv]b1 because x qualifies an adjective4 ,!re are o!rs t are sometimes us$ z n\ns1 & sometimes z adv]bs2 z1 to-day's lesson is long] ?an ye/]day's4 ,9 ?is example1 to-day & ye/]day are n\ns 9 ! possessive case2 b 9 phrases l ! foll[+1 !y are g5]ally consid]$ adv]bs ( "t2 ,he came to 8 home ye/]day1 & w set out aga9 to-day4 ,"h !y are n\ns1 if we supply on be=e !m4 ,:]e mu* weal?1 tal5t1 or some?+ else is giv51 mu* increase1 improvem5t w be requir$2 ,mu* money has be5 exp5d$2 ,x is mu* bett] to write ?an />ve4 ,9 ! fir/ two ( ^! examples1 mu* is an adjective1 because x qualifies a n\n2 9 ! la/1 an adv]b1 because x qualifies ! adjective bett]4 ,9 %ort1 y mu/ det]m9e to :at "p ( spee* a ^w belongs1 by its s5se1 or by consid]+ ! mann] 9 :i* x is associat$ ) o!r words4 ,an adjective may1 9 g5]al1 be di/+ui%$ f an adv]b by ?is rule3 :5 a ^w qualifies a n\n or pron\n1 x is an adjective1 b :5 x qualifies a v]b1 p>ticiple1 adjective1 or adv]b1 x is an adv]b4 ,prepositions are sometimes errone\sly call$ adv]bs1 :5 _! n\ns are und]/ood4 ,he rides ab\t2 t is1 ab\t ! t[n1 c\ntry1 or "s-?+ else4 ,%e 0 ne> ! act or mis=tune ( fall+2 ,b d n aft] t "t or ev5t lay ! blame on me4 ,he came d[n ! asc5t f ! hill2 ,!y lift$ him up ! asc5t out ( ! pit4 ,! angels above2--above u--,above ^! l[] heav5s1 to u invisible1 or dimly se54 ,be=e y proce$ to correct ! foll[+ ex]cises 9 false ,syntax1 y may answ] ^! ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,does an adv]b ev] qualify a n\n8--,:at p>ts ( spee* does x qualify8--,:5 an adv]b qualifies a v]b or p>ticiple1 :at does x express8--,:5 an adv]b qualifies an adjective or adv]b1 :at does x g5]ally express8--,comp>e "s adv]bs4--,by :at signs may an adv]b be kn[n8--,give examples4--,repeat "s adv]bial phrases4--,"n ! diff]5t classes ( adv]bs4--,repeat "s ( ea* class4--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ an adv]b4--,:at rule d y apply 9 p>s+ an adv]b8 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,notes4 ,repeat "s adv]bs t are =m$ by comb9+ prepositions ) adv]bs ( place4--,repeat "s t are compos$ ( ! article a & n\ns4--,:at "p ( spee* are ! words1 !re=e1 consequ5tly1 c48--,:at words are /yl$ adv]bial conjunctions8--,:y are !y s call$8--,is ! same ^w sometimes us$ z an adjective1 & sometimes z an adv]b8--,give examples4--,:at is said ( mu*8--,by :at rule c y di/+ui% an adjective f an adv]b8--,d prepositions ev] become adv]bs8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,z ! happ9ess & increas+ prosp]ity ( a p ess5tially dep5d on _! advancem5t 9 sci5ce & ! arts1 & z language1 9 all its sublime purposes & legitimate be>+s1 is /rictly id5tifi$ ) ^!1 x may naturally be suppos$1 t t nation :i* cont9ues1 ?r\gh successive g5]ations1 /eadily to progress 9 ! =m]1 w n be neglectful ( ! cultivation & ref9em5t ( ! latt]4 ,! tru? ( ?is rem>k is illu/rat$ by ^? :o h1 = _m ages1 employ$ ! ,engli% language z _! m$ium = ! transmission ( ?\ght4 ,among its ref9em5ts may be rank$ ^? proc$ures by :i* v]bs & n\ns h be5 s modifi$ & contract$ z to =m :at we call adv]bs1 di/ributives1 conjunctions1 & prepositions2 = ,i presume x w be readily conc$$1 t concis5ess1 z well z copi\sness & p]spicuity 9 language1 is ! (fspr+ ( ref9em5t4 ,t an imm5se am\nt ( "t & brea? is sav$ by ! use ( adv]bs1 ! foll[+ developm5t w cle>ly demon/rate4 ,he :o is successful 9 contract+ "o mode ( expression t is daily us$ by ?irty millions1 d\btless does mu* = _! b5efit4 ,mo/ adv]bs express 9 "o ^w :at w\ld o!rwise require two or m words2 z1 ,he did x "h1 =1 ,he did x 9 ?is place2 !re1 =1 9 t place2 :]e1 =1 9 :at place2 n[1 =1 at ?is "t4 ,:y means = :at reason2 h[--9 :at m9d1 mood1 mode1 or mann]2 exce$+ly--to a great degree2 v--9 an em95t degree2 (t5 & seldom signify _m times1 few times4 ,! proc$ures by :i* words h be5 contract$1 modifi$ & comb9$1 to =m ?is class ( words1 h be5 v>i\s4 ,! mo/ prolific family ( ?is illegitimate race1 are ^? 9 ly1 a contraction ( l4 ,g5tleman-ly1 means g5tleman-l1 l a g5tleman4 ,we d n yet say1 ladily1 b lady-l4 ,! nor? ,britons /ill say1 wiselike1 manlike1 in/ead (1 wisely1 manly4 ,quick comes f gwick1 ! pa/ "p4 ( ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b gwiccian1 to vivify1 give life4 ,quick-ly or live-ly1 means1 9 a quick-l or life-l mann]2 9 ! mann] ( a creature t has life4 ,rapid-ly--rapid-l1 l a rapid2 a quick-ly or swift-ly runn+ place 9 a /ream4 ,al-ways1 contraction ( 9 all ways4 ,by a slight transition1 x means 9 or at all times4 ,al-"o1 contraction ( all-"o4 ,on-ly--"o-l4 ,al-s--all ! same 7?+47 ,ev]--an age4 ,= ev] & ev]--= ages & ages4 ,ev] is n synonym\s ) always4 ,nev]--ne ev]4 ,x signifies no age1 no p]iod ( "t4 ,no1 contraction ( n4 ,n1 a modification ( no-?+1 no?-+1 naught4 ,he is n great]--is great] 9 naught--9 no ?+4 ,adrift is ! pa/ "p4 adrif$1 adrif'd1 adrift2 f ! ,saxon drifan1 or adrifan1 to drive4 ,ago1 =m]ly writt5 ygo1 gon1 agon1 gone1 agone1 is ! pa/ "p4 ( ! v]b to g4 ,x ref]s to "t gone by4 ,asund]1 ! ,saxon pa/ "p4 asundr51 f ! v]b sondrian or asondrian1 to sep>ate4 ,al(t--on ! l(t1 on luft1 on lyft2 lyft be+ ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w = air or cl\ds4 ,a/ray1 ! "p4 ( /raegan1 to /ray4 ,awry1 "p4 ( wry ?an1 to wri!4 ,ne$s--ne$-is2 anci5tly1 n$es1 n$e is4 ,to-wit1 ! inf9itive ( witan1 to "k4 ,x means1 to be kn[n4 ,ay or yea signifies h x1 enjoy x4 ,yes is ay-es1 h1 possess1 enjoy t4 ,our corrupt o-yes ( ! cri]1 is ! ,fr5* imp]ative1 oyez1 he>1 li/54 ,/raight way--by a /raight way4 ,:ile--:eel2 p]iod 9 :i* "s ?+ :iles or :eels itself r\nd4 ,till--to :ile4 ,p]1 ,lat91--! ,engli% by4 ,p]haps--p] haps1 p] *ance4 ,^! examples ( d]ivation are giv5 ) ! view to invite ! att5tion ( ! intellig5t pupil to ! ,div]sions ( ,purley1 by ,john ,horne ,tooke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,h[ does ! use ( adv]bs contribute to ! concis5ess ( language8--,illu/rate ! fact4--,:at is said ( ly1 l1 & quick8--,h[ are ! foll[+ words compos$1 always1 alone1 only1 also8--,:at is ! mean+ ( ev]1 nev]1 n1 adrift1 ago1 asund]1 al(t1 a/ray1 awry8--,give ! signification ( ne$s1 to-wit1 ye1 yes1 o-yes1 /raightway1 :ile1 till1 & p]4 ,,note4 ,le>n]s ne$ n answ] ! que/ions on ! ,philosophical ,notes1 9 ?is or any o!r ,lecture1 unless ! tea*] deem x exp$i5t4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,,note #c1 ,,to ,,rule #bi1 ,adjectives are sometimes improp]ly appli$ z adv]bs2 z1 indiff]5t hone/2 excell5t well2 mis]able poor3--,%e writes elegant2 ,he is walk+ sl[4 ,! adjectives indiff]5t1 excell5t1 & mis]able1 are "h improp]ly us$1 because adjectives d n express ! degree ( adjectives or adv]bs1 b su* modifications are d5ot$ by adv]bs4 ,! phrases %\ld1 !re=e1 be1 indiff]5tly hone/1 excell5tly well1 mis]ably poor4 ,elegant & sl[ are also inaccurate1 = x is n ! (fice ( ! adjective to express ! mann]1 "t1 or place ( ! action ( v]bs & p>ticiples1 b x is ! (fice ( ! adv]b4 ,! con/ructions %\ld be1 ,%e writes elegantly2 ,he is walk+ sl[ly4 ,y may correct ! foll[+ examples sev]al times ov]1 & expla9 ! pr9ciples t are violat$4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,he speaks flu5t1 & reasons coh]5t4 ,%e reads prop]1 & writes v neat4 ,!y once liv$ tol]able well1 b n[ !y are mis]able poor4 ,! l[]+ cl\ds are mov+ sl[4 ,he behav$ himself submissive1 & 0 exce$+ c>eful n to give (f5ce4 ,,note #d1 ,,to ,,rule #bi4 ,adv]bs are sometimes improp]ly us$ in/ead ( adjectives2 z1 ,! tutor address$ him 9 t]ms r w>m1 b suitably to 8 (f5ce4 ,! adv]b suitably is incorrect4 ,x does n express ! mann] ( ! action ( ! v]b address$1 b x d5otes ! quality ( ! n\n t]ms und]/ood2 = :i* reason x %\ld be an adjective1 suitable4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,! man 0 sl[ly w&]+ ab\t1 solit>ily & di/ress$4 ,he liv$ 9 a mann] agreeably to 8 condition4 ,! /udy ( ,syntax %\ld be previ\sly to t ( ,punctuation4 ,he introduc$ himself 9 a mann] v abruptly4 ,con=mably to _! vehem5ce ( ?\ght1 0 _! vehem5ce ( ge/ure4 ,i saw him previ\sly to 8 arrival4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,( ,,prepositions4 ,a ,,preposition is a ^w :i* s]ves to connect words1 & %[ ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,! t]m preposition is d]iv$ f ! two ,lat9 words1 pre1 :i* signifies be=e1 & pono1 to place4 ,prepositions are s call$1 because !y are mo/ly plac$ be=e ! n\ns & pron\ns :i* !y gov]n 9 ! objective case4 ,! pr9cipal prepositions are pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 :i* y may n[ commit to memory1 & ?us y w be enabl$ to di/+ui% !m f o!r p>ts ( spee* :5ev] y see !m 9 composition4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,prepositions4 (1 ov]1 at1 aft]1 betwixt1 to1 "u1 ne>1 ab\t1 beside1 =1 ?r\gh1 up1 aga9/1 a?w>t1 by1 above1 d[n1 unto1 t[>ds1 )1 bel[1 be=e1 across1 not)/&+1 91 betwe51 beh9d1 ar\nd1 out (1 into1 b5ea?1 (f1 amid/1 in/ead (1 )91 f1 on ^u1 ?r\gh\t1 ov] aga9/1 )\t1 beyond1 among1 und]nea?1 accord+ to4 ,?is li/ conta9s _m words t are sometimes us$ z conjunctions1 & sometimes z adv]bs2 b :5 y %all h become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! preposition1 & ( ! conjunction & adv]b too1 y w f9d no difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ to :i* ( ^! classes any ^w belongs4 ,by look+ at ! def9ition ( a preposition1 y w notice1 t x p]=ms a d\ble (fice 9 a s5t5ce1 namely1 x connects words1 & also %[s a relation betwe5 !m4 ,i w fir/ %[ y ! use & importance ( ?is "p ( spee* z a connective4 ,:5 corn is ripe--,octob]1 x is ga!r$--! field--m5--:o g--hill--hill--baskets1--:i* !y put ! e>s4 ,y p]ceive1 t 9 ?is s5t5ce !re is a total want ( connexion & mean+2 b let u fill up ea* vacancy ) a preposition1 & ! s5se w be cle>4 ,:5 corn is ripe1 9 ,octob]1 x is ga!r$ 9 ! field by m51 :o g f hill to hill ) baskets1 into :i* !y put ! e>s4 ,f ?is illu/ration y are conv9c$1 no d\bt1 t our language w\ld be v defici5t )\t prepositions to connect ! v>i\s words ( :i* x is compos$4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 am\nt to no?+ b nons5se4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r "p ( spee* t p]=ms ?is (fice1 namely1 ! conjunction4 ,?is w be expla9$ 9 ,lecture ,,ix42 9 :i* lecture y w le>n1 t ! nature ( a preposition1 z a connective p>ticle1 is ne>ly alli$ to t ( a conjunction4 ,9 ! next place ,i w %[ y h[ prepositions express a relation betwe5 words4 ,! boy's hat is "u 8 arm4 ,9 ?is expression1 :at relation does ! preposition "u %[8 ,y "k t hat & arm are words us$ z signs ( two objects1 or ideas2 b "u is n ! sign ( a ?+ y c ?9k (3 x is m]ely ! sign ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! two objects4 ,h5ce y may p]ceive1 t s9ce ! ^w "u is ! sign ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 p>ticul> ideas1 x also expresses a relation exi/+ betwe5 ! words hat & arm1 :i* words are ! repres5tatives ( ^? ideas4 ,! boy holds 8 hat 9 8 h&4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! preposition 9 %[s ! relation exi/+ betwe5 hat & h&1 or ! situation1 or relative position1 ea* has 9 reg>d to ! o!r4 ,&1 if ,i say1 ,! boy's hat is on 8 head1 y p]ceive t on %[s ! relation betwe5 hat & head4 ,aga91 9 ! expressions1 ,! boy ?rew 8 hat up /airs--"u ! b$--beh9d ! table--?r\gh ! w9d[--ov] ! h\se--across ! /reet--into ! wat]--& s on1 y p]ceive t ! sev]al prepositions express ! diff]5t relations exi/+ betwe5 ! hat & ! o!r n\ns1 /airs1 b$1 table1 w9d[1 h\se1 /reet1 & wat]4 ,a preposition tells :]e a ?+ is3 ?us1 ,! pe> is on ! gr\nd1 "u ! tree4 ,prepositions gov]n ! objective case1 b !y d n express an action done to "s object1 z an active-transitive v]b or p>ticiple does4 ,:5 a n\n or pron\n foll[s a preposition1 x is 9 ! objective case1 because x is ! object ( ! relation express$ by ! preposition1 & n ! object ( an action4 ,i c n[ give y a m ext5sive explanation ( ! objective case1 ?an t :i* 0 giv5 9 a =m] lecture4 ,i h already in=m$ y1 t ! objective case expresses ! object ( an action or ( a relation2 &1 also1 t !re are ?ree p>ts ( spee* :i* gov]n n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! objective case1 namely1 active-transitive v]bs1 p>ticiples d]iv$ f transitive v]bs1 & prepositions4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! objective case1 _c be1 at ! same "t1 ! object ( an action & ( a relation4 ,x mu/ be ei!r ! object ( an action or ( a relation4 ,& ,i wi% y p>ticul>ly to rememb]1 t :5ev] a n\n or pron\n is gov]n$ by a transitive v]b or p>ticiple1 x is ! object ( an action2 z1 ,! tutor in/ructs 8 pupils2 or1 ,! tutor is in/ruct+ 8 pupils2 b :5ev] a n\n or pron\n is gov]n$ by a preposition1 x is ! object ( a relation2 z1 ,! tutor gives good in/ruction to 8 pupils4 ,be=e y proce$ to p>se ! foll[+ examples1 please to review ?is lecture1 & !n ! :ole sev5 9 ! mann] previ\sly recomm5d$1 namely1 read "o or two s5t5ces1 & !n look (f y\r book & repeat !m two or ?ree times ov] 9 y\r m9d4 ,?is c\rse w enable y to reta9 ! mo/ important ideas advanc$4 ,if y wi% to proce$ ) ease & advantage1 y mu/ h ! subject-matt] ( ! prec$+ lectures /or$ 9 y\r m9d4 ,d n consid] x an unpleasant task to comply ) my requisitions1 = :5 y %all h le>n$ ?us f>1 y w und]/& sev5 p>ts ( spee*2 & only ?ree m w rema9 to be le>n$4 ,if y h compli$ ) ! =ego+ reque/1 y may commit ! foll[+ ord]1 & !n proce$ 9 p>s+4 ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,preposition1 is--a preposition1 & :y8--:at does x connect8--:at relation does x %[8 ,he saw an antelope 9 ! wild]ness4 ,9 is a preposition1 a ^w :i* s]ves to connect words1 & %[ ! relation betwe5 !m--x connects ! words antelope & wild]ness--& %[s ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,wild]ness is a n\n1 ! "n ( a place--com4 ! "n ( a sort or species--neut4 g5d4 x d5otes a ?+ )\t sex--?ird p]s4 spok5 (--s+4 num4 x implies b "o--& 9 ! objective case1 x is ! object ( a relation express$ by ! preposition 91 & gov]n$ by x1 accord+ to ,,rule #ca4 ,prepositions gov]n ! objective case4 ,! g5ius ( our language w n all[ u to say1 ,/& be=e he2 ,h& ! pap] to !y4 ,prepositions require ! pron\n foll[+ !m to be 9 ! objective =m1 position1 or case2 & ?is requisition am\nts to gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce we say1 ,/& be=e him2 ,h& ! pap] to !m4 ,e preposition expresses a relation1 & e relation mu/ h an object3 consequ5tly1 e preposition mu/ be foll[$ by a n\n or pron\n 9 ! objective case4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,! all-wise ,creator be/[$ ! p[] ( spee* ^u man1 = ! mo/ excell5t uses4 ,augu/us he>d ! orator plead+ ! cli5t's cause1 9 a fl[ ( mo/ p[]ful eloqu5ce4 ,fair ,cyn?ia smiles s]5ely ov] nature's s(t repose4 ,life's v>y+ s*emes no m di/ract ! labor+ m9d ( man4 ,septimius /abb$ ,pompey /&+ on ! %ore ( ,egypt4 ,a beam ( tranquillity (t5 plays r\nd ! he>t ( ! truly pi\s man4 ,! ?\ghts ( =m] ye>s glide ov] my s\l1 l swift-%oot+ meteors ov] ,ardv5's gloomy vales4 ,at ! approa* ( day1 night's swift dragons cut ! cl\ds full fa/2 & gho/s1 w&]+ "h & !re1 troop home to *ur*-y>ds4 ,love /ill pursues an ev] devi\s race1 ,true to ! w9d+ l9eam5ts ( grace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,! words my & & y ne$ n p>se4 ,! n\n meteors1 foll[+ ! adv]b l1 is 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by unto und]/ood1 accord+ to ,,note #b1 "u ,rule #cb4 ,! n\n home is gov]n$ by to und]/ood1 accord+ to ,rule #cb4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,prepositions ,,& ,,v]bs4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! objective case1 is (t5 gov]n$ by a preposition und]/ood2 z1 ,give him t book2 t is1 ,give t book to him2 ,ortugrul 0 "o day w&]+1 c4 t is1 on "o day4 ,m]cy gives affliction a grace2 t is1 ,m]cy gives a grace to affliction4 ,see ,note #a1 "u ,rule #cb4 ,to be able to make a prop] use ( prepositions1 p>ticul> att5tion is requisite4 ,!re is a peculi> propriety to be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( by & )2 z1 ,he walks ) a /aff by moonlight2 ,he 0 tak5 by /ratagem1 & kill$ ) a sword4 ,put ! "o preposition = ! o!r1 & say1 ,he walks by a /aff ) moonlight2 ,he 0 tak5 ) /ratagem1 & kill$ by a sword2 & x w appe>1 t ! latt] expressions diff] f ! =m] 9 signification1 m ?an "o1 at fir/ view1 w\ld be apt to imag9e4 ,v]bs are (t5 comp\nd$ ( a v]b & a preposition2 z1 to uphold1 to )/&1 to ov]look2 & ?is composition gives a new mean+ to ! v]b2 z1 to "u/&1 to )draw1 to =give4 ,b ! preposition is m frequ5tly plac$ aft] ! v]b1 & sep>ately f x1 l an adv]b2 9 :i* situation x does n less affect ! s5se ( ! v]b1 & give x a new mean+2 & 9 all in/ances1 :e!r ! preposition is plac$ ei!r be=e or aft] ! v]b1 if x gives a new mean+ to ! v]b1 x may be consid]$ z a "p ( ! v]b4 ,?us1 to ca/ means to ?r[2 b to ca/ up an acc\nt1 signifies to compute x2 !re=e up is a "p ( ! v]b4 ,! phrases1 to fall on1 to be> out1 to give ov]1 convey v diff]5t mean+s f :at !y w\ld if ! prepositions on1 out & ov]1 7 n us$4 ,v]bs ( ?is k9d are call$ comp\nd v]bs4 ,y may n[ answ] ! foll[+ ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,f :at words is ! t]m preposition d]iv$8--,:y is x ?us nam$8--,repeat ! li/ ( prepositions4--,"n ! ?ree p>ts ( spee* t gov]n n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! objective case4--,:5 is a n\n or pron\n 9 ! objective case1 ! object ( an action8--,:5 is x ! object ( a relation8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ a preposition4--,:at rule d y apply 9 p>s+ a n\n or pron\n gov]n$ by a preposition8--,does e preposition require an objective case aft] x8--,is a n\n or pron\n ev] gov]n$ by a preposition und]/ood8--,give examples4--,:at is said ( v]bs comp\nd$ ( a v]b & preposition8--,give ! orig9 & mean+ ( ! prepositions expla9$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,notes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,f1 accord+ to ,h4 ,tooke1 is ! ,anglo-,saxon & ,go?ic n\n frum1 beg9n+1 s\rce1 au?or4 ,he came f 7beg9n+7 ,ro*e/]4 ,(1 he supposes to be a fragm5t ( ! ,go?ic & ,saxon n\n a=a1 consequ5ce1 (fspr+1 foll[]4 ,solomon1 ! son ( 7(fspr+7 ,david4 ,( or (f1 9 its mod]n acceptation1 signifies disjo9$1 sund]$3 ,a piece ( 7(f7 ! loaf1 is1 a piece disjo9$1 or sep>at$ f ! loaf4 ,! fragrance ( or (f ! rose4 ,= signifies cause4 ,i write = y\r satisfaction2 i4e4 y\r satisfaction be+ ! cause4 ,by or be is ! imp]ative by?1 ( ! ,saxon beon1 to be4 ,)1 ! imp]ative ( )an1 to jo92 or1 :5 equival5t to by1 ( wyr-?an1 to be4 ,i w g ) him4 ,i1 jo9 him1 w g4 ,9 comes f ! ,go?ic n\n inna1 ! int]ior ( ! body2 a cave or cell4 ,ab\t1 f boda1 ! fir/ outw>d b\nd>y4 ,among is ! pa/ "p4 ( gama5gan1 to m+le4 ,?r\gh or ?or\gh is ! ,go?ic sub/antive dauro1 or ! ,teutonic ?uruh4 ,x means passage1 gate1 door4 ,be=e--be-=e1 be-h9d1 be-l[1 be-side1 be-sides1 be-nea? are =m$ by comb9+ ! imp]ative1 be1 ) ! n\ns =e1 h9d1 l[1 side1 nea?4 ,nea?--,saxon neo?an1 neo!1 has ! same signification z nadir4 ,be-twe51 be-twixt--be & twa94 ,a dual preposition4 ,be-yond--be-pass$4 ,beyond a place1 means1 be pass$ t place4 ,not)/&+--n-/&-+-)1 n-)/&+4 ,any ord] to ! contr>y n-)/&+1 7?is ord]27 i4e4 n effectually )/&+ or oppos+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,( ,,pron\ns4 ,a ,,pron\n is a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n1 & g5]ally to avoid ! too frequ5t repetition ( ! same ^w4 ,a pron\n is1 likewise1 sometimes a sub/itute = a s5t5ce1 or memb] ( a s5t5ce4 ,! ^w pron\n comes f ! two ,lat9 words1 pro1 :i* means =1 or in/ead (1 & nom51 a "n1 or n\n4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t pron\n means = a n\n1 or in/ead ( a n\n4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! man is happy2 he is b5evol5t2 he is useful2 y p]ceive1 t ! ^w he is us$ in/ead ( ! n\n man2 consequ5tly he mu/ be a pron\n4 ,y obs]ve1 too1 t1 by mak+ use ( ! pron\n he 9 ?is s5t5ce1 we avoid ! repetition ( ! n\n man1 = )\t ! pron\n1 ! s5t5ce w\ld be r5d]$ ?us1 ,! man is happy2 ! man is b5evol5t2 ! man is useful4 ,by look+ aga9 at ! def9ition1 y w notice1 t pron\ns always /& = n\ns1 b !y d n always avoid ! repetition ( n\ns4 ,repetition means repeat+ or m5tion+ ! same ?+ aga94 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,i come to die = my c\ntry1 ! pron\ns1 ,i & my1 /& = ! "n ( ! p]son :o speaks2 b !y d n avoid ! repetition ( t "n1 because ! "n or n\n = :i* ! pron\ns are us$1 is n m5tion$ at all4 ,pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son1 g5]ally avoid ! repetition ( ! n\ns = :i* !y /&2 b pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]son1 sometimes avoid ! repetition ( n\ns1 & sometimes !y d n4 ,a little f>!r illu/ration ( ! pron\n w %[ y its importance1 &1 also1 t its nature is v easily compreh5d$4 ,if we _h no pron\ns 9 our language1 we %\ld be oblig$ to express ourselves 9 ?is mann]3 ,a woman w5t to a man1 & told ! man t ! man 0 9 dang] ( be+ murd]$ by a gang ( robb]s2 z a gang ( robb]s _h made prep>ations = attack+ ! man4 ,! man ?ank$ ! woman = ! woman's k9dness1 &1 z ! man 0 unable to def5d ! man's self1 ! man left ! man's h\se1 & w5t to a neighbor's4 ,?is w\ld be a labori\s /yle inde$2 b1 by ! help ( pron\ns1 we c express ! same ideas ) f> great] ease & concis5ess3 ,a woman w5t to a man1 & told him1 t he 0 9 great dang] ( be+ murd]$ by a gang ( robb]s1 :o _h made prep>ations = attack+ him4 ,he ?ank$ h] = h] k9dness1 &1 z he 0 unable to def5d himself1 he left 8 h\se & w5t to a neighbor's4 ,if y look at ^! examples a few mom5ts1 y _c be at a loss to tell :i* words are pron\ns2 & y w obs]ve too1 t !y all /& = n\ns4 ,pron\ns are g5]ally divid$ into ?ree k9ds1 ! ,p]sonal1 ! ,adjective1 & ! ,relative pron\ns4 ,!y are all kn[n by ! li/s4 #a4 ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,p]sonal ,pron\ns are di/+ui%$ f ! relative1 by _! d5ot+ ! p]son ( ! n\ns = :i* !y /&4 ,!re are five ( !m2 ,i1 ?\1 he1 %e1 x2 ) _! plurals1 ,we1 ye or y1 !y4 ,to pron\ns belong g5d]1 p]son1 numb]1 & case4 ,,g5d]4 ,:5 we speak ( a man1 we say1 he1 81 him2 :5 we speak ( a woman1 we say1 %e1 h]s1 h]2 & :5 we speak ( a ?+1 we say x4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t g5d] belongs to pron\ns z well z to n\ns4 ,example2 ,! g5]al1 9 gratitude to ! lady1 (f]$ h] 8 h&2 b %e1 n kn[+ him1 decl9$ accept+ x4 ,! pron\ns 8 & him1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 p]sonate or repres5t ! n\n g5]al2 !y are1 !re=e1 ( ! mascul9e g5d]3 h] & %e p]sonate ! lady2 !re=e1 !y are fem99e3 & x repres5ts h&2 = :i* reason x is ( ! neut] g5d]4 ,?is illu/ration %[s y1 !n1 t pron\ns mu/ be ( ! same g5d] z ! n\ns are = :i* !y /&4 ,b1 z x relates to ! v>iation ( ! pron\ns to express ! sex1 ,g5d] has respect only to ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! pron\ns1 he1 %e1 x4 ,he is mascul9e2 %e is fem99e2 x is neut]4 ,y may naturally inquire1 :y pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]sons are n v>i$ to d5ote ! g5d] ( _! n\ns1 z well z ( ! ?ird4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! fir/ p]son1 t is1 ! p]son speak+1 & ! second p]son1 or ! p]son spok5 to1 be+ at ! same "t ! subjects ( ! disc\rse1 are suppos$ to be pres5t2 f :i*1 & o!r circum/ances1 _! sex is commonly kn[n1 &1 !re=e1 ! pron\ns t repres5t ^! p]sons1 ne$ n be m>k$ by a di/9ction ( g5d]2 b ! ?ird p]son1 t is1 ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (1 be+ abs5t1 & 9 _m respects unkn[n1 necess>ily requires ! pron\n t /&s = x1 to be m>k$ by a di/9ction ( g5d]4 ,9 p>s+1 we sometimes apply g5d] to pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]son1 & also to ! plural numb] ( ! ?ird p]son2 b ^! h no peculi> =m to d5ote _! g5d]2 !re=e !y h no agreem5t1 9 ?is respect1 ) ! n\ns :i* !y repres5t4 ,,p]son4 ,pron\ns h ?ree p]sons 9 ea* numb]4 ,i1 is ! fir/ p]son ,?\1 is ! second p]son ,s+ul>4 ,he1 %e1 or x1 is ! ?ird p]son ,we1 is ! fir/ p]son ,ye or y1 is ! second p]son ,plural4 ,!y1 is ! ?ird p]son ,?is acc\nt ( p]sons w be v intelligible1 :5 y reflect1 t !re are ?ree p]sons :o may be ! subject ( any disc\rse3 fir/1 ! p]son :o speaks1 may speak ( himself2 secondly1 he may speak ( ! p]son to :om he addresses himself2 ?irdly1 he may speak ( "s o!r p]son2 & z ! speak]s1 ! p]sons spok5 to1 & ! p]sons spok5 (1 may be _m1 s ea* ( ^! p]sons mu/ h a plural numb]4 ,pron\ns ( ! second & ?ird p]son1 always agree1 9 p]son ) ! n\ns !y repres5t2 b pron\ns ( ! fir/ p]son1 d n4 ,:5ev] a pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son is us$1 x repres5ts a n\n2 b n\ns are nev] ( ! fir/ p]son1 !re=e ^! pron\ns _c agree 9 p]son ) _! n\ns4 ,,numb]4 ,pron\ns1 l n\ns1 h two numb]s1 ! s+ul> & ! plural2 z1 ,i1 ?\1 he2 we1 ye or y1 !y4 ,,case4 ,pron\ns h ?ree cases1 ! nom9ative1 ! possessive1 & ! objective4 ,9 ! next place ,i w pres5t to y ! decl5sion ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 :i* decl5sion y mu/ commit to memory be=e y proce$ any f>!r4 ,! advantages result+ f ! committ+ ( ! foll[+ decl5sion1 are s great & div]sifi$1 t y _c be too p>ticul> 9 y\r att5tion to x4 ,y recollect1 t x is sometimes v difficult to di/+ui% ! nom9ative case ( a n\n f ! objective1 because ^! cases ( n\ns are n m>k$ by a diff]5ce 9 t]m9ation2 b ?is difficulty is remov$ 9 reg>d to ! p]sonal pron\ns1 = _! cases are always kn[n by _! t]m9ation4 ,by /udy+ ! decl5sion y w le>n1 n only ! cases ( ! pron\ns1 b1 also1 _! g5d]s1 p]sons1 & numb]s4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,,fir/ ,,p]son4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,nom4 ,i1 we1 ,poss4 my or m9e1 our or ours1 ,obj4 me4 u4 ,,second ,,p]son4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,nom4 ?\1 ye or y1 ,poss4 ?y or ?9e1 y\r or y\rs1 ,obj4 !e4 y4 ,,?ird ,,p]son4 ,mas4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,nom1 he1 !y1 ,poss4 81 _! or !irs1 ,obj4 him4 !m4 ,,?ird ,,p]son4 ,fem4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,nom4 %e1 !y1 ,poss4 h] or h]s1 _! or !irs4 ,obj4 h]4 !m4 ,,?ird ,,p]son4 ,neut4 ,s+4 ,plur4 ,nom4 x1 !y1 ,poss4 its1 _! or !irs1 ,obj4 x4 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes4 #a4 ,:5 self is add$ to ! p]sonal pron\ns1 z himself1 myself1 itself1 !mselves1 c4 !y are call$ comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns1 & are us$ 9 ! nom9ative or objective case1 b n 9 ! possessive4 #b4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! disagreeable h>%ness ( s\nd1 occasion$ by ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! t]m9ations e/1 ed/1 9 ! adaptation ( our v]bs to ! nom9ative ?\1 a mod]n innovation :i* sub/itutes y = ?\1 9 famili> /yle1 has g5]ally be5 adopt$4 ,?is innovation contributes greatly to ! h>mony ( our colloquial /yle4 ,y 0 =m]ly re/rict$ to ! plural numb]2 b n[ x is employ$ to repres5t ei!r a s+ul> or a plural n\n4 ,x ought to be recollect$1 h[ev]1 t :5 us$ z ! repres5tative ( a s+ul> n\n1 ?is ^w reta9s its orig9al plural =m2 &1 !re=e1 ! v]b connect$ ) x1 %\ld always be plural4 ,inatt5tion to ?is peculi>ity1 has betray$ "s writ]s into ! errone\s conclusion1 t1 because y implies unity :5 x repres5ts a s+ul> n\n1 x ought1 :5 ?us employ$1 to be foll[$ by a s+ul> v]b2 z1 ,:5 0 y !re8 ,h[ f> 0 y f ! p>ties8 ,su* a con/ruction1 h[ev]1 is n support$ by good usage1 nor by analogy4 ,x is z manife/ a solecism z to say1 ,we am1 or we is4 ,7 x1 9 any case1 admissible to connect a s+ul> v]b ) y1 ! use ( 0 w\ld /ill be ungrammatical1 = ?is =m ( ! v]b is conf9$ to ! fir/ & ?ird p]sons1 & y is second p]son4 ,wa/ be+ second p]son1 x w\ld approximate ne>] to correctness to say1 y wa/4 ,we nev] use ! s+ul> ( ! pres5t t5se ) y3--y art1 y is2 y walke/1 y walks4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld any attempt be made to =ce a usage s unnatural & gratuit\s z ! connect+ ( ! s+ul> v]b 9 ! pa/ t5se ) ?is pron\n8 ,9 e po9t ( view1 ! con/ruction1 ,:5 7 y !re8 ,h[ f> 7 y f ! p>ties8 is pref]able to ! o!r4 #c4 ,! words my1 ?y1 81 h]1 our1 y\r1 _!1 are1 by _m1 d5om9at$ possessive adjective pron\ns2 b !y always /& = n\ns 9 ! possessive case4 ,!y ought1 !re=e1 to be class$ ) ! p]sonal pron\ns4 ,t pr9ciple ( classification :i* ranks !m ) ! adjective pron\ns1 w\ld also ?r[ all n\ns 9 ! possessive case among ! adjectives4 ,example3 ,! lady gave ! g5tleman h] wat* = 8 horse4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce h] p]sonates1 or /&s =1 ! n\n lady1 & 8 repres5ts g5tleman4 ,?is fact is cle>ly %[n by r5d]+ ! s5t5ce ?us1 ,! lady gave ! g5tleman ! lady's wat* = ! g5tleman's horse4 ,if lady's & g5tleman's are n\ns1 h] & 8 mu/ be p]sonal pron\ns4 ,! same rem>ks apply to my1 ?y1 our1 y\r1 _! & its4 ,?is view ( ^! words may be object$ to by ^? :o speculate & ref9e ^u ! pr9ciples ( gramm> until !y prove _! non-exi/5ce1 b x is believ$1 nev]!less1 to be bas$ on s\nd reason & common s5se4 #d4 ,m9e1 ?9e1 81 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs1 h1 by _m respectable gramm>ians1 be5 consid]$ m]ely ! possessive cases ( p]sonal pron\ns1 :il/1 by o!rs1 !y h be5 d5om9at$ pron\ns or n\ns 9 ! nom9ative or objective case4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t a little att5tion to ! mean+ & (fice ( ^! words1 w cle>ly %[ ! impropriety ( bo? ^! classifications4 ,^? :o pursue ! =m] arrangem5t1 allege1 t1 9 ! examples1 ,y may imag9e :at k9d ( fai? !irs 02 ,my pleasures are pa/2 h]s & y\rs are to come2 !y applaud$ 8 conduct1 b condemn$ h]s & y\rs1 ! words !irs1 h]s1 & y\rs1 are p]sonal pron\ns 9 ! possessive case1 & gov]n$ by _! respective n\ns und]/ood4 ,to prove ?is1 !y con/ruct ! s5t5ce ?us1 ,y may imag9e :at k9d ( fai? _! fai? 02--h] pleasures & y\r pleasures are to come2--b condemn$ h] conduct & y\r conduct2 or ?us1 ,y may imag9e :at k9d ( fai? ! fai? ( !m 02--! pleasures ( h] & ! pleasures ( y1 are to come2-- b condemn$ ! conduct ( h] & ! conduct ( y4 ,b ^! con/ructions1 7bo? ( :i* are correct17 prove too mu* = _! purpose2 =1 z soon z we supply ! n\ns aft] ^! words1 !y are resolv$ into p]sonal pron\ns ( k9dr$ mean+1 & ! n\ns :i* we supply3 ?us1 !irs becomes1 _! fai?3 h]s1 h] pleasures2 & y\rs1 y\r pleasures4 ,?is evid5tly gives u two words in/ead (1 & altoge!r di/9ct f1 ! fir/2 s t1 9 p>s+1 _! fai?1 we are n1 9 reality1 analyz+ !irs1 b two o!r words ( :i* !irs is ! prop] repres5tative4 ,^! rem>ks also prove1 ) equal =ce1 ! impropriety ( call+ ^! words m]ely simple pron\ns or n\ns 9 ! nom9ative or objective case4 ,)\t attempt+ to develop ! orig9al or intr9sic mean+ ( ^! pluraliz+ adjuncts1 ne & s1 :i* 71 no d\bt1 =m]ly deta*$ f ! pron\ns ) :i* !y n[ coalesce1 = all practical purposes1 x is suffici5t = u to "k1 t1 9 ! pres5t application ( ^! pron\ns1 !y inv>iably /& =1 n only ! p]son possess+1 b1 also ! ?+ possess$1 :i* gives !m a comp\nd "*4 ,!y may1 !re=e1 be prop]ly d5om9at$ ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns2 &1 z !y always p]=m a d\ble (fice 9 a s5t5ce by repres5t+ two o!r words1 &1 consequ5tly1 includ+ two cases1 !y %\ld1 l ! comp\nd relative :at1 be p>s$ z two words4 ,?us1 9 ! example1 ,y may imag9e :at k9d ( fai? !irs 01 !irs is a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n1 equival5t to _! fai?4 ,_! is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n2 p]sonal1 x p]sonates ! p]sons spok5 (1 und]/ood2 ?ird p]s4 plur4 numb41 c4--& 9 ! possessive case1 & gov]n$ by fai?1 accord+ to ,rule #ab4 ,fai? is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+1 c4 c4--& 9 ! nom9ative case to 01 & gov]ns x2 ,rule #c4 ,or1 if we r5d] ! s5t5ce ?us1 ,y may imag9e :at k9d ( fai? ! fai? ( !m#d 01 fai? w\ld be 9 ! nom9ative case to 01 & !m w\ld be 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by (3 ,rule #ca4 #d ,9 ! note next prec$+1 x is ass]t$1 t my1 ?y1 81 h]1 our y\r1 & _!1 are p]sonal pron\ns4 ,:at c m cle>ly demon/rate ! correctness ( t ass]tion1 ?an ?is latt] con/ruction ( ! ^w !irs8 ,all admit1 t1 9 ! con/ruction1 ,! fai? ( !m1 ! ^w !m1 is a p]sonal pron\n3 & = ?is conclusive reason3--x repres5ts a n\n und]/ood4 ,:at1 !n1 is _!1 9 ! phrase1 _! fai?8 ,is x n obvi\s1 t1 if !m is a p]sonal pron\n1 _! mu/ be1 also8 = ! latt] repres5ts ! same n\n z ! =m]4 ,objections to ?is me?od ( treat+ ^! pron\ns1 w d\btless be pref]r$ by ^? :o ass]t1 t a n\n is und]/ood aft] ^! words1 & n repres5t$ by !m4 ,b ?is is ass]tion )\t pro(2 =1 if a n\n 7 und]/ood1 x might be suppli$4 ,if ! "q be put1 ^: book8 & ! answ] be1 m9e1 ours1 h]s1 or !irs1 ! ^w book is includ$ 9 su* answ]4 ,7 x n includ$1 we might supply x1 ?us1 m9e book1 ours book1 h]s book1 & s on4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we _c d1 = x w\ld be giv+ a d\ble answ]3 b :5 ! "q is answ]$ by a n\n 9 ! possessive case1 ! ^w book is n includ$1 b impli$2 z1 ,^: book8 ,john's1 ,ri*>d's2 t is1 ,john's book2 ,ri*>d's book4 ,?is view ( ! subject1 )\t a p>allel1 except 9 ! comp\nds :at1 :oev]1 & o!rs1 is respectfully submitt$ to ! public2 believ+1 t ^? :o approve ( a critical analysis ( words1 w co9cide ) me4 ,%\ld any /ill be dispos$ to treat ^! words s sup]ficially z to rank !m among ! simple pron\ns1 let !m answ] ! foll[+ int]rogatory3 ,if :at1 :5 comp\nd1 %\ld be p>s$ z two words1 :y n m9e1 ?9e1 81 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 & !irs8 #e4 ,m9e & ?9e1 in/ead ( my & ?y1 are us$ 9 solemn /yle1 be=e a ^w beg9n+ ) a v[el or sil5t h2 z1 ,blot out all m9e iniquities2 & :5 ?us us$1 !y are n comp\nd4 ,8 always has ! same =m1 :e!r simple or comp\nd2 z1 ,give ,john 8 book2 ,t desk is 84 ,h]1 :5 plac$ be=e a n\n1 is 9 ! possessive case2 z1 ,take h] hat3 :5 /&+ alone1 x is 9 ! objective case2 z1 ,give ! hat to h]4 ,:5 y %all h /udi$ ?is lecture att5tively1 & committ$ ! decl5sion ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 y may commit ! foll[+ ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,p]sonal ,,pron\n1 is--a pron\n1 & :y8--p]sonal1 & :y8--p]son1 & :y8--g5d] & numb]1 & :y8--,,rule3 case1 & :y8--,,rule4--,decl9e x4 ,!re are _m peculi>ities to be obs]v$ 9 p>s+ p]sonal pron\ns 9 _! diff]5t p]sons2 !re=e1 if y wi% ev] to p>se !m correctly1 y mu/ pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* ! foll[+ are analyz$4 ,n[ notice1 p>ticul>ly1 & y w p]ceive t we apply only "o rule 9 p>s+ ,i & my1 & two 9 p>s+ ?\1 him1 & !y4 ,i saw my fri5d4 ,i is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x repres5ts ! p]son speak+1 und]/ood--fir/ p]son1 x d5otes ! speak]--s+ul> numb]1 x implies b "o--& 9 ! nom9ative case1 x repres5ts ! actor & subject ( ! v]b saw1 & gov]ns x1 agreeably to ,,rule #c4 ,! nom4 case gov4 ! v]b4 ,decl9$--fir/ p]s4 s+4 num4 nom4 ,i1 poss4 my or m9e1 obj4 me4 ,plur4 nom4 we1 poss4 our or ours1 obj4 u4 ,my is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x p]sonates ! p]son speak+1 und]/ood--fir/ p]s4 x d5otes ! speak]--s+4 num4 x implies b "o--& 9 ! possessive case1 x d5otes possession2 x is gov]n$ by ! n\n fri5d1 agreeably to ,,rule #ab4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! possessive case1 is gov]n$ by ! n\n x possesses4 ,decl9$--fir/ p]s4 s+4 nom4 ,i1 poss4 my or m9e1 obj4 me4 ,plur4 nom4 we1 poss4 our or ours1 obj4 u4 ,"y man1 ?\ ha/ des]t$ ?y companion1 & left him 9 di/ress4 ,?\ is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x p]sonates man--second p]son1 x repres5ts ! p]son spok5 to--mas4 g5d4 s+4 num4 because ! n\n man is = :i* x /&s1 accord+ to ,,rule #ac4 ,p]sonal pron\ns mu/ agree ) ! n\ns = :i* !y /& 9 g5d] & numb]4 ,?\ is 9 ! nom4 case1 x repres5ts ! actor & subject ( ! v]b ha/ des]t$1 & gov]ns x agreeably to ,,rule #c4 ,! nom4 case gov]ns ! v]b4 ,decl9$--sec4 p]s4 s+4 num4 nom4 ?\1 poss4 ?y or ?9e1 obj4 !e4 ,plur4 nom4 ye or y1 poss4 y\r or y\rs1 obj4 y4 ,him is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x p]sonates companion--?ird p]s4 x repres5ts ! p]son spok5 (--mas4 g5d4 s+4 num4 because ! n\n companion is = :i* x /&s3 ,,rule #ac4 ,p]s4 pro4 c4 7,repeat ! ,rule47--,him is 9 ! objective case1 ! object ( ! action express$ by ! active-transitive v]b ha/ left1 & gov4 by x3 ,,rule #bj4 ,active-trans4 v]bs gov4 ! obj4 case4 ,decl9$--?ird p]s4 mas4 g5d4 s+4 num4 nom4 he1 poss4 81 obj4 him4 ,plur4 nom4 !y1 poss4 _! or !irs1 obj4 !m4 ,?rice ,i rais$ my voice1 & call$ ! *iefs to combat1 b !y dread$ ! =ce ( my arm4 ,!y is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x repres5ts *iefs--?ird p]s4 x d5otes ! p]sons spok5 (--mas4 g5d4 plur4 num4 because ! n\n *iefs is = :i* x /&s3 ,,rule #ac4 ,p]s4 ,pron4 c4 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,x is ! nom4 case1 x repres5ts ! actors & subject ( ! v]b dread$1 & gov]ns x3 ,,rule #c4 ,! nom4 case1 gov4 ! v]b4 ,decl9$--?ird p]s4 mas4 g5d4 s+4 num4 nom4 he1 poss4 81 obj4 him4 ,plur4 nom4 !y1 poss4 _! or !irs1 obj4 !m4 ,,note4 ,we d n apply g5d] 9 p>s+ ! p]sonal pron\ns1 7except+ ! ?ird p]son s+ul>17 if ! n\ns !y repres5t are und]/ood2 & !re=e we d n1 9 su* in/ances1 apply ,rule #ac4 ,b :5 ! n\n is express$1 g5d] %\ld be appli$1 & two ,rules4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,i saw a man lead+ 8 horse sl[ly ov] ! new bridge4 ,my fri5ds visit me v (t5 at my fa!r's (fice4 ,we improve ourselves by close application4 ,horace1 ?\ le>ne/ _m lessons4 ,*>les1 y1 by y\r dilig5ce1 make easy "w ( ! task giv5 y by y\r preceptor4 ,"y ladies1 y run ov] y\r lessons v c>elessly4 ,! /rang] drove 8 horses too f> into ! wat]1 &1 9 s do+1 he dr[n$ !m4 ,gray morn+ rose 9 ! ea/4 ,a gre5 n>r[ vale appe>$ be=e u3 its w9d+ /ream murmur$ ?r\gh ! grove4 ,! d>k ho/ ( ,ro?m> /ood on its banks1 ) _! glitt]+ spe>s4 ,we f\ght along ! vale4 ,!y fl$4 ,ro?m> sunk b5ea? my sword4 ,day 0 desc5d+ 9 ! we/1 :5 ,i br\ght 8 arms to ,cro?>4 ,! ag$ h]o felt !m ) 8 h&s3 joy bright5$ 8 ?\ghts4 ,,note4 ,horace1 ,*>les1 & ladies1 are ( ! second p]son1 & nom4 case indep5d5t3 see ,,rule #e1 & ,,note4 ,! fir/ y is us$ 9 ! nom4 poss4 & obj4 case4--,x repres5ts ,*>les1 !re=e x is s+ul> 9 s5se1 al?\gh plural 9 =m4 ,9 ! next example1 y p]sonifies ladies1 !re=e x is plural4 ,giv5 is a p]fect p>ticiple4 ,y foll[+ giv51 is gov]n$ by to und]/ood1 accord+ to ,,note #a1 "u ,rule #cb4 ,run ov] is a comp\nd v]b4 ,& is a conjunction4 ,! fir/ its p]sonates vale2 ! second its repres5ts /ream4 ,y may n[ p>se ! foll[+ examples ?ree times ov]4 ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,juliet1 reta9 h] pap]1 & pres5t y\rs4 ,y\rs is a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n1 repres5t+ bo? ! possessor & ! ?+ possess$1 & is equival5t to y\r pap]4 ,y\r is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x p]sonates ,juliet--second p]son1 x repres5ts ! p]son spok5 to--fem4 g5d]1 s+4 numb]1 7s+ul> 9 s5se1 b plural 9 =m17 because ! n\n ,juliet is = :i* x /&s3 ,rule #ac4 ,p]s4 ,pron4 c4--,y\r is 9 ! possessive case1 x d5otes possession1 & is gov]n$ by pap]1 accord+ to ,rule #ab4 ,a n\n or pron4 c4 7,repeat ! ,rule1 & decl9e ! pron\n47 ,pap] is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+--common1 ! "n ( a sort ( ?+s--neut] g5d]1 x d5otes a ?+ )\t sex--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--s+4 numb]1 x implies b "o--& 9 ! obj4 case1 x is ! object ( ! action express$ by ! transitive v]b pres5t1 & gov]n$ by x3 ,rule #bj4 ,active-transitive v]bs gov]n ! obj4 case4 ,,note4 ,%\ld x be object$1 t y\rs does n mean y\r pap]1 any m ?an x means y\r book1 y\r h\se1 y\r any ?+1 let x be borne 9 m9d1 t pron\ns h no def9ite mean+1 l o!r words2 b _! p>ticul> signification is always det]m9$ by ! n\ns !y repres5t4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,julia injur$ h] book1 & soil$ m9e3 h]s is bett] ?an m9e4 ,my fri5d sacrific$ 8 =tune to secure y\rs3 8 de$s des]ve rew>d2 y\rs m]it disgrace4 ,h5ry's labors are pa/2 ?9e are to come4 ,we leave y\r =e/s ( bea/s = ours ( m54 ,my sword & y\rs are k94 ,,note4 ,%e und]/ood1 is nom9ative to soil$1 9 ! fir/ example2 & ! sub/antive "p ( m9e1 aft] ?an1 is nom4 to is1 und]/ood3 ,rule #ce4 ,! v]bs to secure & to come h no nom9ative4 ,! pron\ns m9e1 my1 y\rs1 ?9e1 we1 y\r1 ours1 my1 & y\rs1 p]sonate n\ns und]/ood4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,x4 ,= ! want ( a prop] k ( ?is little pron\n x1 _m gramm>ians h be5 greatly puzzl$ h[ to dispose ( x1 or h[ to acc\nt = its multi=m1 &1 seem+ly1 contradictory *>act]s4 ,x is 9 great dem& by writ]s ( e description4 ,!y use x )\t c]emony2 ei!r 9 ! nom9ative or objective case2 ei!r to repres5t "o p]son or ?+1 or m ?an "o4 ,x is appli$ to n\ns 9 ! mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut] g5d]1 &1 v frequ5tly1 x repres5ts a memb] ( a s5t5ce1 a :ole s5t5ce1 or a numb] ( s5t5ces tak5 9 a mass4 ,a little att5tion to its true "*1 w1 at once1 /rip x ( all its my/]y4 ,x1 =m]ly writt5 hit1 accord+ to ,h4 ,tooke1 is ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ! ,moeso-,go?ic v]b haitan4 ,x means1 ! said1 &1 !re=e1 l its ne> relative t1 mean+1 ! assum$1 orig9ally _h no respect1 9 its application1 to numb]1 p]son1 or g5d]4 ,x is a :olesome law2 i4e4 ! said 7law7 is a :olesome law2 or1 t 7law7 is a :olesome law2--! assum$ 7law7 is a :olesome law4 ,x is ! man2 ,i believe x to be !m3--! said 7man7 is ! man2 t 7man7 is ! man3 ,i believe ! said 7p]sons7 to be !m2 ,i believe t p]sons 7accord+ to ! anci5t application ( t7 to be !m4 ,x happ5$ on a summ]'s day1 t _m p 7 assembl$1 c4--,_m p 7 assembl$3 x1 t1 or ! said 7fact or circum/ance7 happ5$ on a summ]'s day4 ,x1 accord+ to its accept$ mean+ 9 mod]n times1 is n ref]r$ to a n\n und]/ood aft] x1 b is consid]$ a sub/itute4 ,h[ is x ) y8 t is1 ,h[ is y\r /ate or condition8 ,x ra9s2 ,x freezes2 ,x is a h>d w9t]2--,! ra9 ra9s2 ,! fro/ fro/s or freezes2 ,! said 7w9t]7 is a h>d w9t]4 ,x is delightful to see bro!rs & si/]s liv+ 9 un9t]rupt$ love to ! end ( _! days4 ,:at is delightful8 ,to see bro!rs & si/]s liv+ 9 un9t]rupt$ love to ! end ( _! days4 ,x1 ?is ?+1 is delightful4 ,x1 !n1 /&s = all t "p ( ! s5t5ce express$ 9 italics2 & ! s5t5ce w admit ( ! foll[+ con/ruction2 ,to see bro!rs liv+ 9 un9t]rupt$ love to ! end ( _! days1 is delightful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( ,,adjective ,,pron\ns4 ,,adjective ,,pron\ns1 ,,pronom9al ,,adjectives1 or1 m prop]ly1 ,,specify+ ,,adjectives1 are a k9d ( adjectives :i* po9t out n\ns by "s di/9ct specification4 ,pron\ns & adjectives are totally di/9ct 9 _! "*4 ,! =m] /& = n\ns1 & nev] belong to !m2 ! latt] belong to n\ns1 & nev] /& = !m4 ,h5ce1 su* a ?+ z an adjective-pron\n _c exi/4 ,ea*1 e1 ei!r1 ?is1 t1 "s1 o!r1 & ! residue1 are pure adjectives4 ,^? specify+ adjectives commonly call$ ,adjective ,pron\ns1 may be divid$ into ?ree sorts2 ! di/ributive1 ! demon/rative1 & ! indef9ite4 ,!y are all kn[n by ! li/s4 ,i4 ,! di/ributive adjectives are ^? t d5ote ! p]sons or ?+s t make up a numb]1 ea* tak5 sep>ately & s+ly4 ,li/3 ea*1 e1 ei!r1 & sometimes nei!r2 z1 ,ea* ( 8 bro!rs is 9 a favorable situation2 ,e man mu/ acc\nt = himself2 ,nei!r ( !m is indu/ri\s4 ,^! di/ributives are words :i* are introduc$ into language 9 its ref9$ /ate1 9 ord] to express ! nice/ %ades & colors ( ?\ght4 ,man mu/ acc\nt = himself2 ,mank9d mu/ acc\nt = !mselves2 ,all m5 mu/ acc\nt = !mselves2 ,all m51 wom51 & *ildr51 mu/ acc\nt = !mselves2 ,e man mu/ acc\nt = himself4 ,ea* ( ^! ass]tions conveys ! same fact or tru?4 ,b ! la/1 in/ead ( pres5t+ ! :ole human family = ! m9d to contemplate 9 a mass1 by ! peculi> =ce ( e1 di/ributes !m1 & pres5ts ea* sep>ately & s+ly2 & :atev] is affirm$ ( "o individual1 ! m9d in/antane\sly transf]s to ! :ole human race4 ,ea* relates to two or m p]sons or ?+s1 & signifies ei!r ( ! two1 or e "o ( any numb] tak5 sep>ately4 ,e relates to sev]al p]sons or ?+s1 & signifies ea* "o ( !m all tak5 sep>ately4 ,ei!r relates to two p]sons or ?+s tak5 sep>ately1 & signifies ! "o or ! o!r4 ,ei!r ( ! ?ree1 is an improp] expression4 ,x %\ld be1 any ( ! ?ree4 ,nei!r imports n ei!r2 t is1 n "o nor ! o!r2 z1 ,nei!r ( my fri5ds 0 !re4 ,:5 an allusion is made to m ?an two1 none %\ld be us$ in/ead ( nei!r2 z1 ,none ( my fri5ds 0 !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,! demon/rative are ^? :i* precisely po9t out ! subject to :i* !y relate4 ,li/3 ?is & t1 & _! plurals1 ^! & ^?1 & =m] & latt]2 z1 ,?is is true *>ity2 t is only its image4 ,!re is b a slight %ade ( diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ & application ( ! & t4 ,:5 ref]5ce is made to a p>ticul> book1 we say1 ,take ! book2 b :5 we wi% to be v po9t$ & precise1 we say1 ,take t book2 or1 if x be ne> by1 ,take ?is book4 ,y p]ceive1 !n1 t ^! demon/ratives h all ! =ce ( ! def9ite article1 & a little m4 ,?is & ^! ref] to ! ne>e/ p]sons or ?+s1 t & ^? to ! mo/ di/ant2 z1 ,^! goods are sup]ior to ^?4 ,?is & ^! indicate ! latt]1 or la/ m5tion$2 t & ^?1 ! =m]1 or fir/ m5tion$2 z1 ,bo? weal? & pov]ty are temptations2 t t5ds to excite pride1 ?is1 discont5t4 ,"s place ! bliss 9 action1 "s 9 ease2 ,^? call x pleasure1 & cont5tm5t1 ^!4 ,!y1 ^?4 ,z x is ! (fice ( ! p]sonal !y to repres5t a n\n previ\sly introduc$ to our notice1 !re appe>s to be a slight dep>ture f analogy 9 ! foll[+ application ( x3 ,!y :o seek aft] wisdom1 are sure to f9d h]3 ,!y t s[ 9 te>s1 sometimes reap 9 joy4 ,?is usage1 h[ev]1 is well e/abli%$1 & !y1 9 su* con/ructions1 is g5]ally employ$ 9 pref]5ce to ^?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,! indef9ite are ^? :i* express _! subjects 9 an indef9ite or g5]al mann]4 ,li/3 "s1 o!r1 any1 "o1 all1 su*1 bo?1 same1 ano!r none4 ,( ^!1 "o & o!r are decl9$ l n\ns4 ,ano!r is decl9$1 b wants ! plural4 ,! indef9ite adjectives1 l ! indef9ite article1 leave ! mean+ unfix$1 or1 9 "s degree1 vague4 ,) a slight %ade ( diff]5ce 9 mean+1 we say1 ,give me a pap]1 "o pap]1 any pap]1 "s pap]1 & s on4 ,?\gh ^! words re/rict ! mean+ ( ! n\n1 !y d n fix x to a p>ticul> object4 ,we !re=e call !m indef9ite4 ,^! adjectives1 or adjective pron\ns1 frequ5tly belong to n\ns und]/ood1 9 :i* situation !y %\ld be p>s$ accord+ly2 z ,y may take ei!r2 ,he is pleas$ ) ?is book1 b dislikes t 7book27 ,all 7m57 h s9n$1 b "s 7m57 h rep5t$4 ,! words1 "o1 o!r1 & none1 are us$ 9 bo? numb]s2 &1 :5 !y /& = n\ns1 !y are n adjectives1 b indef9ite pron\ns2 z1 ,! great ones ( ! _w h _! fail+s2 ,"s m5 increase 9 weal?1 :ile o!rs decrease2 ,none escape4 ,! ^w ones1 9 ! prec$+ example1 does n belong to a n\n und]/ood4 ,if x did1 we c\ld supply ! n\n4 ,! mean+ is n ! great "o m51 nor ones m51 !re=e "o is n an adjective pron\n2 b ! mean+ is1 ,! great m5 ( ! _w1 !re=e ones is a pron\n ( ! indef9ite k9d1 repres5t+ ! n\n m5 und]/ood1 & x ought to be p>s$ l a p]sonal pron\n4 ,! ^w o!rs1 9 ! next example1 is a comp\nd pron\n1 equival5t to o!r m52 & %\ld be p>s$ l m9e1 ?9e1 c4 ,see ,note #d?1 page #ajj4 ,i w n[ p>se two pron\ns1 & !n pres5t "s examples = y to analyze4 ,if1 9 p>s+ ! foll[+ ex]cises1 y %\ld be at a loss = def9itions & rules1 please to ref] to ! comp5dium4 ,b be=e y proce$1 y may commit ! foll[+ ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ an ,,adjective ,,pron\n1 is--an adjective pron\n1 & :y8--di/ributive1 demon/rative1 or indef9ite1 & :y8--to :at n\n does x belong1 or ) :at does x agree8--,,rule4 ,"o man in/ructs _m o!rs4 ,"o is an adjective pron\n1 or specify+ adjective1 x specifically po9ts out a n\n--indef9ite1 x expresses its subject 9 an indef9ite or g5]al mann]1 & belongs to ! n\n man1 accord+ to ,,rule #ai4 ,adjective pron\ns belong to n\ns1 express$ or und]/ood4 ,o!rs is a comp\nd pron\n1 includ+ bo? an adjective pron\n & a n\n1 & is equival5t to o!r m54 ,o!r is an adjective pron\n1 x is us$ specifically to describe its n\n--indef9ite1 x expresses its subject 9 an indef9ite mann]1 & belongs to m53 ,rule #ai4 7,repeat ! rule47 ,m5 is a n\n1 a "n d5ot+ p]sons--common1 c4 7p>se x 9 full27 & 9 ! objective case1 x is ! object ( ! action express$ by ! transitive v]b in/ructs1 & gov4 by x3 ,rule #bj4 ,active-transitive v]bs1 c4 ,^? books are m9e4 ,^? is an adjective pron\n1 x specifies :at n\n is ref]r$ to--demon/rative1 x precisely po9ts out ! subject to :i* x relates--& agrees ) ! n\n books 9 ! plural numb]1 accord+ to ,,note #a1 "u ,rule #ai4 ,adjective pron\ns mu/ agree 9 numb] ) _! n\ns4 ,m9e is a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n1 includ+ bo? ! possessor & ! ?+ possess$1 & is equival5t to my books4 ,my is a pron4 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x /&s = ! "n ( ! p]son speak+--fir/ p]son1 x d5otes ! speak]--s+4 numb]1 x implies b "o--& 9 ! poss4 case1 x d5otes possession1 & is gov4 by books1 accord+ to ,rule #ab4 7,repeat ! rule1 & decl9e ! pron\n47 ,books is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+--common1 c4 7p>se x 9 full27--& 9 ! nom9ative case aft] are1 accord+ to ,,rule #ba4 ,! v]b to be admits ! same case aft] x z be=e x4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,ea* individual fills a space 9 creation4 ,e man helps a little4 ,^! m5 rank among ! great ones ( ! _w4 ,t book belongs to ! tutor1 ?is belongs to me4 ,"s m5 labor1 o!rs labor n2 ! =m] increase 9 weal?1 ! latt] decrease4 ,! boy w\nd$ ! old bird1 & /ole ! "y ones4 ,none p]=ms 8 duty too well4 ,none ( ^? poor wret*es compla9 ( _! mis]able lot4 ,,note4 ,9 p>s+ ! di/ributive pronom9al adjectives1 ,,note #b1 undo ,rule #ai1 %\ld be appli$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,relative ,pron\ns are su* z relate1 9 g5]al1 to "s ^w or phrase go+ be=e1 :i* is call$ ! antec$5t4 ,!y are :o1 :i*1 & t4 ,! ^w antec$5t1 comes f ! two ,lat9 words1 ante1 be=e1 & c$o1 to g4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t antec$5t means go+ be=e2 ?us1 ,! man is happy :o lives virtu\sly2 ,?is is ! lady :o reliev$ my wants2 ,?\ :o love/ wisdom1 c4 ,we :o speak f exp]i5ce1 c4 ,! relative :o1 9 ^! s5t5ces1 relates to ! sev]al words1 man1 lady1 ?\1 & we1 :i* words1 y obs]ve1 come be=e ! relative3 !y are1 !re=e1 prop]ly call$ antec$5ts4 ,! relative is n v>i$ on acc\nt ( g5d]1 p]son1 or numb]1 l a p]sonal pron\n4 ,:5 we use a p]sonal pron\n1 9 speak+ ( a man1 we say he1 & ( a woman1 %e2 9 speak+ ( "o p]son or ?+1 we use a s+ul> pron\n1 ( m ?an "o1 a plural1 & s on2 b !re is no su* v>iation ( ! relative4 ,:o1 9 ! fir/ ( ! prec$+ examples1 relates to an antec$5t ( ! mas4 g5d4 ?ird p]s4 s+42 9 ! second1 ! antec$5t is ( ! fem4 g5d42 9 ! ?ird1 x is ( ! second p]s42 & 9 ! f\r?1 x is ( ! fir/ p]s4 plur4 num42 &1 yet1 ! relative is 9 ! same =m 9 ea* example4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t ! relative has no peculi> =m to d5ote its g5d4 p]s4 & num41 b x always agrees ) its antec$5t 9 s5se4 ,?us1 :5 ,i say1 ,! man :o writes1 :o is mas4 g5d4 & s+42 b :5 ,i say1 ,! ladies :o write1 :o is fem99e1 & plural4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! g5d4 p]s4 & num4 ( ! relative1 y mu/ always look at its antec$5t4 ,,:o1 ,,:i*1 & ,,t4 ,:o is appli$ to p]sons1 :i* to ?+s & brutes2 z1 ,he is a fri5d :o is fai?ful 9 adv]sity2 ,! bird :i* sung s sweetly1 is fl[n2 ,?is is ! tree :i* produces no fruit4 ,t is (t5 us$ z a relative1 to prev5t ! too frequ5t repetition ( :o & :i*4 ,x is appli$ bo? to p]sons & ?+s2 z1 ,he t acts wisely1 des]ves praise2 ,mode/y is a quality t highly adorns a woman4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,:o %\ld nev] be appli$ to animals4 ,! foll[+ application ( x is errone\s3--,he is l a lea/ ( prey1 :o de/roys )\t pity4 ,x %\ld be1 t de/roys1 c4 #b4 ,:o %\ld n be appli$ to *ildr54 ,x is incorrect to say1 ,! *ild :om we h j se51 c4 ,x %\ld be1 ,! *ild t we h j se54 #c4 ,:i* may be appli$ to p]sons :5 we wi% to di/+ui% "o p]son ( two1 or a p>ticul> p]son among a numb] ( o!rs2 z1 ,:i* ( ! two8 ,:i* ( !m is he8 #d4 ,t1 9 pref]5ce to :o or :i*1 is appli$ to p]sons :5 !y are qualifi$ by an adjective 9 ! sup]lative degree1 or by ! pronom9al adjective same2 z1 ,*>les ,,xii41 k+ ( ,sw$51 0 "o ( ! greate/ madm5 t ! _w ev] saw2--,he is ! same man t we saw be=e4 #e4 ,t is employ$ aft] ! int]rogative :o1 9 cases l ! foll[+2 ,:o t has any s5se ( religion1 w\ld h argu$ ?us8 ,:5 ! ^w ev] or soev] is annex$ to a relative pron\n1 ! comb9ation is call$ a comp\nd pron\n2 z1 :oev] or :osoev]1 :i*ev] or :i*soev]1 :atev] or :atsoev]4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural4 ,nom4 :o1 ,poss4 ^:1 ,obj4 :om4 :oev]1 :osev]1 :omev]4 :osoev]1 :osesoev]1 :omsoev]4 ,:i* & t are indecl9able1 except t ^: is sometimes us$ z ! possessive case ( :i*2 z1 ,is !re any o!r doctr9e ^: foll[]s are puni%$2 t is1 ! foll[]s ( :i* are puni%$4 ,! use ( ?is lic5se has obta9$ among our be/ writ]s2 b ! con/ruction is n to be recomm5d$1 = x is a dep>ture f a pla9 pr9ciple ( gramm>1 namely1 :o1 ^:1 :om1 9 _! applications1 %\ld be conf9$ to rational be+s4 ,t may be us$ z a pron\n1 an adjective1 & a conjunction1 dep5d+ on ! (fice :i* x p]=ms 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,t is a relative only :5 x c be *ang$ to :o or :i* )\t de/roy+ ! s5se2 z1 ,!y t 7:o7 reprove u1 may be our be/ fri5ds2 ,f e ?+ t 7:i*7 y see1 d]ive in/ruction4 ,t is a demon/rative adjective1 :5 x belongs to1 or po9ts out1 "s p>ticul> n\n1 ei!r express$ or impli$2 z1 ,return t book2 ,t belongs to me2 ,give me t4 ,:5 t is nei!r a relative nor an adjective pron\n1 x is a conjunction2 z1 ,take c>e t e day be well employ$4 ,! ^w t1 9 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 _c be *ang$ to :o or :i* )\t de/roy+ ! s5se1 !re=e y "k x is n a relative pron\n2 nei!r does x po9t out any p>ticul> n\n1 = :i* reason y "k x is n an adjective pron\n2 b x connects ! s5t5ce1 !re=e x is a conjunction4 ,if y pay p>ticul> att5tion to ?is elucidation ( ! ^w t1 y w f9d no difficulty 9 p>s+ x4 ,:5 x is a relative or an adjective pron\n1 x may be kn[n by ! signs giv52 & :5ev] ^! signs w n apply to x1 y "k x is a conjunction4 ,"s writ]s are apt to make too free use ( ?is ^w4 ,i w give y "o example ( affront$ t1 :i* may s]ve z a caution4 ,! tutor said1 9 speak+ ( ! ^w t1 t t t t t lady p>s$1 0 n ! t t t g5tleman reque/$ h] to analyze4 ,?is s5t5ce1 ?\gh r5d]$ inelegant by a bad *oice ( words1 is /rictly grammatical4 ,! fir/ t is a n\n2 ! second1 a conjunction2 ! ?ird1 an adjective pron\n2 ! f\r?1 a n\n2 ! fif?1 a relative pron\n2 ! six?1 an adjective pron\n2 ! sev5?1 a n\n2 ! eigh?1 a relative pron\n2 ! n9?1 an adjective pron\n4 ,! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce w be m obvi\s1 if r5d]$ ?us2 ,! tutor said1 9 speak+ ( ! ^w t1 t t t :i* t lady p>s$1 0 n ! t :i* t g5tleman reque/$ h] to analyze4 ,,:at4 ,:at is g5]ally a comp\nd relative1 includ+ bo? ! antec$5t & ! relative1 & is equival5t to t :i*2 z1 ,?is is :at ,i want$2 t is1 t :i*1 or1 ! ?+ :i* ,i want$4 ,:at is comp\nd$ ( :i* t4 ,^! words h be5 contract$ & made to coalesce1 a "p ( ! or?ography ( bo? be+ /ill reta9$3 :at--:i*--that2 7:i*-t47 ,anci5tly x appe>$ 9 ! v>y+ =ms1 ?a qua1 qua ?a1 qu'?a1 qu?at1 quhat1 hwat1 & f9ally1 :at4 ,:at may be us$ z ?ree k9ds ( a pron\n1 & z an int]jection4 ,:5 x is equival5t to t :i*1 ! ?+ :i*1 or ^? ?+s :i*1 x is a comp\nd relative1 because x includes bo? ! antec$5t & ! relative2 z1 ,i w try :at 7t :i*7 c be f\nd 9 female delicacy2 ,:at y recollect ) mo/ pleasure1 are ! virtu\s actions ( y\r pa/ life2 t is1 ^? ?+s :i* y recollect1 c4 ,:5 :at is a comp\nd relative1 y mu/ always p>se x z two words2 t is1 y mu/ p>se ! antec$5t "p z a n\n1 & give x a case2 ! relative "p y may analyze l any o!r relative1 giv+ x a case likewise4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! prec$+ examples1 t1 ! antec$5t "p ( :at1 is 9 ! obj4 case1 gov]n$ by ! v]b w try2 :i*1 ! relative "p1 is 9 ! nom4 case to c be f\nd4 ,i h he>d :at 7i4e4 t :i*1 or ! ?+ :i*7 has be5 alleg$4 ,:oev] & :osoev] are also comp\nd relatives1 & %\ld be p>s$ l ! comp\nd :at2 z1 ,:oev] takes t oa?1 is b\nd to en=ce ! laws4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 :oev] is equival5t to he :o1 or1 ! man :o2 ?us1 ,he :o takes t oa?1 is b\nd1 c4 ,:o1 :i*1 & :at1 :5 us$ 9 ask+ que/ions1 are call$ int]rogative pron\ns1 or relatives ( ! int]rogative k9d2 z1 ,:o is he8 ,:i* is ! p]son8 ,:at are y do+8 ,int]rogative pron\ns h no antec$5t2 b !y relate to ! ^w or phrase :i* is ! answ] to ! "q1 = _! subsequ5t2 z1 ,:om did y see8 ,! preceptor4 ,:at h y done8 ,no?+4 ,antec$5t & subsequ5t are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 signification4 ,antec$5t means prec$+1 or go+ be=e2 & subsequ5t means foll[+1 or com+ aft]4 ,:at1 :5 us$ z an int]rogative1 is nev] comp\nd4 ,:at1 :i*1 & t1 :5 jo9$ to n\ns1 are specify+ adjectives1 or adjective pron\ns1 9 :i* situation !y h no case1 b are p>s$ l adjective pron\ns ( ! demon/rative or indef9ite k9d2 z1 ,unto :i* promise our twelve tribes hope to come2 ,:at mis]y ! vici\s endure6 ,:at havock ha/ ?\ made1 f\l mon/]1 s96 ,:at & :i*1 :5 jo9$ to n\ns 9 ask+ que/ions1 are d5om9at$ int]rogative pronom9al adjectives2 z1 ,:at man is t8 ,:i* road did he take8 ,:at1 :atev]1 & :atsoev]1 :i*1 :i*ev]1 & :i*soev]1 9 con/ructions l ! foll[+1 are comp\nd pron\ns1 b n comp\nd relatives2 z1 ,9 :at "* ,butl] 0 admitt$1 is unkn[n2 ,give him :at "n y *oose2 ,nature's c>e l>gely end[s :atev] happy man w deign to use h] treasures2 ,let him take :i* c\rse1 or1 :i*ev] c\rse he w4 ,^! s5t5ces may be r5d]$ ?us2 ,t "*1 or1 ! "* 9 :i* ,butl] 0 admitt$1 is unkn[n2 ,give him t "n1 or1 ! "n :i* y *oose2 ,nature's c>e end[s t happy man :o w deign1 c42 ,let him take t c\rse1 or ! c\rse :i* he w4 ,a comp\nd relative necess>ily includes bo? an antec$5t & a relative4 ,^! comp\nds1 y w notice1 d n include antec$5ts1 ! fir/ "p ( ea* ^w be+ ! article !1 or ! adjective pron\n1 t2 !re=e !y _c prop]ly be d5om9at$ comp\nd relatives4--,) reg>d to ! ^w ev] annex$ to ^! pron\ns1 x is a s+ul> fact1 t1 z soon z we analyze ! ^w to :i* x is subjo9$1 ev] is entirely exclud$ f ! s5t5ce4 ,:at is sometimes us$ z an int]jection2 z1 ,b :at6 is ?y s]vant a dog1 t he %\ld d ?is8 ,:at6 rob u ( our "r ( suffrage1 & !n %ut u up 9 dungeons6 ,y h n[ come to ! mo/ =midable ob/acle1 or1 if ,i may s speak1 to ! mo/ rugg$ em95ce 9 ! pa? ( grammatical sci5ce2 b be n di%e>t5$1 =1 if y c get safely ov] ?is1 y\r future c\rse w be int]rupt$ ) only "h & !re a g5tle elevation4 ,x w require close application1 & a great deal ( sob] ?9k+1 to ga9 a cle> conception ( ! nature ( ! relative pron\ns1 p>ticul>ly ! comp\nd relatives1 :i* are n easily compreh5d$ by ! "y le>n]4 ,z ?is eigh? lecture is a v important "o1 x becomes necess>y = y to read x c>efully f\r or five times ov] be=e y proce$ to commit ! foll[+ ord]4 ,:5ev] y p>se1 y may spread ! ,comp5dium be=e y1 if y please4 ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,relative ,,pron\n1 is--a pron\n1 & :y8--relative1 & :y8--g5d]1 p]son1 & numb]1 & :y8--,,rule3--case1 & :y8--,,rule4--,decl9e x4 ,?is is ! man :om we saw4 ,:om is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--relative1 x relates to man = its antec$5t--mas4 g5d4 ?ird p]s4 s+4 num4 because ! antec$5t man is ) :i* x agrees1 accord+ to ,,rule #ad4 ,relative pron\ns agree ) _! antec$5ts 9 g5d]1 p]son1 & numb]4 ,:om is 9 ! objective case1 ! object ( ! action express$ by ! active-transitive v]b saw1 & gov]n$ by x1 agreeably to ,,rule #af4 ,:5 a nom9ative comes betwe5 ! relative & ! v]b1 ! relative is gov]n$ by ! foll[+ v]b1 or "s o!r ^w 9 its own memb] ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:om1 9 ! objective case1 is plac$ be=e ! v]b t gov]ns x1 accord+ to ,,note #a1 "u ,rule #af4 7,repeat ! ,note1 & decl9e :o47 ,f :at is record$1 he appe>s1 c4 ,:at is a comp4 rel4 pron4 includ+ bo? ! antec$5t & ! relative1 & is equival5t to t :i*1 or ! ?+ :i*--,?+1 ! antec$5t "p ( :at1 is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+--com4 ! "n ( a species--neut] g5d]1 x has no sex--?ird p]son1 spok5 (--s+4 numb]1 x implies b "o--& 9 ! obj4 case1 x is ! object ( ! relation express$ by ! prep4 f1 & gov4 by x3 ,,rule #ca4 7,repeat ! ,rule1 & e o!r ,rule to :i* ,i ref]47 ,:i*1 ! relative "p ( :at1 is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--relative1 x relates to ?+ = its antec$5t--neut4 g5d]1 ?ird p]son1 s+4 numb]1 because ! antec$5t ?+ is ) :i* x agrees1 accord+ to ,,rule #ad4 ,rel pron4 c4 ,:i* is 9 ! nom4 case to ! v]b is record$1 agreeably to ,,rule #ae4 ,! relative is ! nom9ative case to ! v]b1 :5 no nom9ative comes betwe5 x & ! v]b4 ,:at h y le>n$8 ,no?+4 ,:at is a pron4 a ^w us$1 c4--relative ( ! int]rogative k9d1 because x is us$ 9 ask+ a "q--x ref]s to ! ^w no?+ = its subsequ5t1 accord+ to ,,rule #ag4 ,:5 ! rel4 pron4 is ( ! int]rog4 k9d1 x ref]s to ! ^w or phrase conta9+ ! answ] to ! "q1 = its subsequ5t1 :i* subsequ5t mu/ agree 9 case ) ! int]rogative4 ,:at is ( ! neut4 g5d4 ?ird p]s4 s+4 because ! subsequ5t no?+ is ) :i* x agrees2 ,,rule #ad4 ,rel4 pron4 agree1 c4--,x is 9 ! obj4 case1 ! object ( ! action1 ( ! active-transitive v]b h le>n$1 & gov4 by x1 agreeably to ,,rule #af4 ,:5 a nom4 c4 ,see ,,note #a1 "u ! ,rule4 ,,note4 #a4 ,y ne$ n apply g5d4 p]s4 & numb1 to ! int]rogative :5 ! answ] to ! "q is n express$4 ,,:o1 ,,:i*1 ,,:at4 ,tru? & simplicity are tw9 si/]s1 & g5]ally g h& 9 h&4 ,! =ego+ exposition ( ! relative pron\ns1 is 9 accordance ) ! usual me?od ( treat+ !m2 b if !y 7 unfold$ accord+ to _! true "*1 !y w\ld be f\nd to be v simple1 &1 d\btless1 mu* labor & p]plexity1 on ! "p ( ! le>n]1 w\ld !reby be sav$4 ,( ! words call$ relatives1 :o1 only1 is a pron\n2 & ?is is /rictly p]sonal2 m s1 inde$1 if we except ,i & we1 ?an any o!r ^w 9 our language1 = x is always re/rict$ to p]sons4 ,x ought to be class$ ) ! p]sonal pron\ns4 ,i1 ?\1 he1 %e1 x1 we1 ye1 y1 & !y1 relate to antec$5ts1 z well z :o4 ,:i*1 t1 & :at1 are always adjectives4 ,!y nev] /& =1 b always belong to n\ns1 ei!r express$ or impli$4 ,!y specify1 l _m o!r adjectives1 & connect s5t5ces4 ,:o supplies ! place ( :i* or :at & its p]sonal n\n4 ,:o came8 i4e4 :at man1 :at woman1 :at p]son2--:i* man1 woman1 or p]son1 came8 ,!y he>d :at ,i said--!y he>d t 7?+7 :i* 7?+7 ,i said4 ,take :at 7or :i*ev]7 c\rse y please2--take t c\rse :i* 7c\rse7 y please to take4 ,:at h y done8 i4e4 :at ?+1 act1 or de$ h y done8 ,:i* ?+ ,i also did at ,j]usalem4 ,:i* w y take8--:i* book1 hat1 or some?+ else8 ,?is is ! tree :i* 7tree7 produces no fruit4 ,he t 7man1 or :i* man7 acts wisely1 des]ves praise4 ,!y :o pref] ?is me?od ( treat+ ! relatives1 are at lib]ty to adopt x1 & p>se accord+ly4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,! man :o in/ructs y1 labors fai?fully4 ,! boy :om ,i in/ruct1 le>ns well4 ,! lady ^: h\se we occupy1 be/[s _m *>ities4 ,t mode/y :i* highly adorns a woman1 %e possesses4 ,he t acts wisely des]ves praise4 ,?is is ! tree :i* produces no fruit4 ,i believe :at ,he says4 ,he speaks :at he kn[s4 ,:atev] purifies ! he>t1 also =tifies x4 ,:at doe/#e ?\8 ,no?+4 ,:at book h y8 ,a poem4 ,^: hat h y8 ,john's4 ,:o does t "w8 ,h5ry4 ,:om see/ ?\8 ,to :om gave y ! pres5t8 ,:i* p5 did he take8 ,:om ye ignorantly wor%ip1 him decl>e ,i unto y4 ,i he>d :at he said4 ,george1 y may pursue :atev] sci5ce suits y\r ta/e4 ,eliza1 take :i*ev] patt]n pleases y be/4 ,:oev] lives to see ?is republic =sake h] moral & lit]>y in/itutions1 w behold h] lib]ties pro/rat$4 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 w be a fri5d ( ! _w1 is ! enemy ( ,god4 #e ,! second p]son s+ul> ( d1 :5 us$ z a pr9cipal v]b1 is spell$ ) an e2 ?us1 ,:at ?\ doe/1 d quickly2 b :5 employ$ z an auxili>y1 ! e %\ld be omitt$2 z1 ,do/ ?\ n behold a rock ) its head ( hea?8 ,,note4 ,! nom9ative case is frequ5tly plac$ aft] ! v]b1 & ! objective case1 be=e ! v]b t gov]ns x4 ,:om1 9 e s5t5ce except "o1 h\se1 mode/y1 book1 hat1 p51 him1 ! ?ird :at & :i*1 ! relative "p ( ! fir/ two :ats1 are all 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by ! sev]al v]bs t foll[ !m4 ,see ,,rule #af1 & ,,note #a4 ,tree is nom4 aft] is1 accord+ to ,,rule #ba4 ,?+1 ! antec$5t "p ( :atev]1 is nom4 to =tifies2 :i*1 ! relative "p1 is nom4 to purifies4 ,no?+ is gov]n$ by d1 & poem1 by h1 und]/ood4 ,h5ry is nom9ative to does1 und]/ood4 ,^: & ,john's are gov]n$ accord+ to ,,rule #ab4 ,i1 ?\1 y1 him1 c4 repres5t n\ns und]/ood4 ,him1 9 ! la/ s5t5ce b five1 is gov]n$ by decl>e1 & ,i is nom9ative to decl>e4 ,george & ,eliza are 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t3 ,rule #e4 ,:atev] sci5ce1 c4 is equival5t to1 t sci5ce :i* suits y\r ta/e2--:i*ev] patt]n2 i4e4 t patt]n :i* pleases y be/4 ,:oev] is a comp\nd relative2 he1 ! antec$5t "p1 is nom9ative to w behold4 ,take agrees ) y und]/ood4 ,=sake is 9 ! inf9itive mood aft] see3 ,rule #be4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,:i* sometimes relates to a memb] ( a s5t5ce1 or to a :ole s5t5ce1 = its antec$5t3 z1 ,we are requir$ to fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts1 :i* is ! :ole duty ( man4 ,:at is ! :ole duty ( man8 ,to fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts3 !re=e1 ?is phrase is ! antec$5t to :i*4 ,! conjunction z1 :5 x foll[s su*1 _m1 or same1 is frequ5tly d5om9at$ a relative pron\n2 z1 ,i am pleas$ ) su* z h a ref9$ ta/e2 t is1 ) ^? :o1 or !m :o h1 c4 ,let su* z presume to advise o!rs1 look well to _! own conduct2 t is1 ,let ^?1 or !m :o presume1 c4 ,z _m z 7 orda9$ to et]nal life1 believ$2 t is1 !y1 ^?1 or all :o 7 orda9$1 believ$4 ,he exhibit$ ! same te/imonials z 7 adduc$ on a =m] occasion2 t is1 ^? te/imonials :i* 7 adduc$1 c4 ,b1 9 examples l ^!1 if we supply ! ellipsis :i* a critical analysis requires u to d1 z w be f\nd to be a conjunction2 ?us1 ,i am pleas$ ) su* p]sons1 z ^? p]sons are :o h a ref9$ ta/e2 ,let su* p]sons1 z ^? p]sons are :o presume1 c4 ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,f :at words is ! t]m pron\n d]iv$8--,d pron\ns always avoid ! repetition ( n\ns8--,"n ! ?ree k9ds ( pron\ns4--,:at di/+ui%es ! p]sonal f ! relative pron\ns8--,h[ _m p]sonal pron\ns are !re8--,repeat !m4--,:at belong to pron\ns8--,is g5d] appli$ to all ! p]sonal pron\ns8--,to :i* ( !m is x appli$8--,:i* ( ! p]sonal pron\ns h no peculi> t]m9ation to d5ote _! g5d]8--,h[ _m p]sons h pron\ns8--,speak !m 9 _! diff]5t p]sons4--,h[ _m numb]s h pron\ns8--,h[ _m cases8--,:at are !y8--,decl9e all ! p]sonal pron\ns4--,:5 self is add$ to ! p]sonal pron\ns1 :at are !y call$1 & h[ are !y us$8--,:5 is y s+ul> 9 s5se8--,is x ev] s+ul> 9 =m8--,:y are ! words1 my1 ?y1 81 h]1 our1 y\r1 _!1 call$ p]sonal pron\ns8--,:y are ! words1 m9e1 ?9e1 81 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs1 d5om9at$ comp\nd p]s4 pron48--,h[ d y p>se ^! comp\nds8--,:at is said ( o!rs8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ a p]sonal pron\n4--,:at rule d y apply 9 p>s+ a pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son1 & 9 ! nom4 case8--,:at rule :5 ! pron\n is 9 ! possessive case8--,:at ,rules apply 9 p>s+ p]sonal pron\ns ( ! second & ?ird p]son8--,:at ,rules 9 p>s+ ! comp\nds1 y\rs1 ours1 m9e1 c48--,:at is said ( ! pron\n x8 ,:at are adjective pron\ns8--,"n ! ?ree k9ds4--,:at does ea* relate to8--,to :at does e relate8--,to :at does ei!r relate8--,:at does nei!r import8--,to :at d ?is & ^! ref]8--,give examples4--,to :at d t & ^? ref]8--,give examples4--,repeat all ! adjective pron\ns4--,:5 adj4 pron\ns belong to n\ns und]/ood1 h[ are !y p>s$8--,:5 !y /& =1 or repres5t n\ns1 :at are !y call$8--,give examples4--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ an adj4 pron\n4--,:at ,rule d y apply 9 p>s+ ! indef9ite adjective pron\ns8--,:at ,notes1 9 p>s+ ! di/ributives & demon/ratives8 ,:at are relative pron\ns8--,repeat !m4--,f :at words is ! t]m antec$5t d]iv$8--,:at does antec$5t mean8--,are relatives v>i$ on acc\nt ( g5d]1 p]son1 or numb]8--,to :at are :o & :i* appli$8--,to :at is t appli$8--,%\ld :o ev] be appli$ to irrational be+s or *ildr58--,9 :at in/ances may :i* be appli$ to p]sons8--,decl9e ! rel4 pron\ns4--,c :i* & t be decl9$8--,is t ev] us$ z ?ree p>ts ( spee*8--,give examples4--,:at "p ( spee* is ! ^w :at8--,is :at ev] us$ z ?ree k9ds ( a pron\n8--,give examples4--,:at is said ( :oev]8--,:at words are us$ z int]rogative pron\ns8--,give examples4--,:5 are ! words1 :at1 :i*1 & t1 call$ adj4 pron48--,:5 are !y call$ int]rogative pronom9al adjectives8--,:at is said ( :atev] & :i*ev]8--,is :at ev] us$ z an int]jection8--,give examples4--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ a rel4 pron4--,:at ,rules d y apply 9 p>s+ a relative8--,:at ,rules 9 p>s+ a comp\nd relative8--,:at ,rules 9 p>s+ an int]rogative8--,does ! relative :i* ev] relate to a s5t5ce = its antec$5t8--,:5 does ! conjunction z become a relative8--,give examples4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,,note #a1 to ,,rule #ac4 ,:5 a n\n or pron\n is ! subject ( a v]b1 x mu/ be 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,:o w g8 ,him & ,i4 ,h[ does !e d8 ,is !e well8 ,him & ,i2 n prop]1 because ! pron\n him is ! subject ( ! v]b w g und]/ood1 !re=e him %\ld be 9 ! nom9ative case1 he1 accord+ to ! above ,,note4 7,repeat ! ,,note47 ,him & ,i are connect$ by ! conjunction &1 & him is 9 ! obj4 case1 & ,i 9 ! nom41 !re=e ,,rule #cc;d1 is violat$4 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,9 ! second & ?ird examples1 !e %\ld be ?\1 accord+ to ! ,,note4 ,! v]bs1 does & is1 are ( ! ?ird p]son1 & ! nom4 ?\ is second1 = :i* reason ! v]bs %\ld be ( ! second p]son1 do/ d & art1 agreeably to ,,rule #d4 ,y may correct ! o!r examples1 f\r times ov]4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,him & me w5t to t[n ye/]day4 ,!e mu/ be att5tive4 ,him :o is c>eless1 w n improve4 ,!y c write z well z me4 ,?is is ! man :om 0 expect$4 ,h] & ,i des]ve e/eem4 ,i h made great] pr(ici5cy ?an him4 ,:om1 ( all my acqua9tances1 d y ?9k 0 !re8 ,:om1 = ! sake ( 8 important s]vices1 _h an (fice ( honor be/[$ ^u him4 ,,note #b1 to ,,rule #ac4 ,p]sonal pron\ns be+ us$ to supply ! place ( n\ns1 %\ld n be employ$ 9 ! same memb] ( ! s5t5ce ) ! n\n :i* !y repres5t4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,! m5 !y are !re4 ,i saw him ! k+4 ,our cause x is j4 ,_m words !y d>k5 spee*4 ,t noble g5]al :o _h ga9$ s _m victories1 he di$1 at la/1 9 prison4 ,:o1 in/ead ( go+ ab\t do+ good1 !y are cont9ually do+ evil4 ,9 ea* ( ! prec$+ examples1 ! p]sonal pron\n %\ld be omitt$1 accord+ to ,note #b4 ,,note #c1 to ,,rule #ac4 ,a p]sonal pron\n 9 ! objective case1 %\ld n be us$ in/ead ( ^! & ^?4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,remove !m pap]s f ! desk4 ,give me !m books4 ,give !m m5 _! dis*>ge4 ,obs]ve !m ?ree !re4 ,:i* ( !m two p]sons des]ves mo/ cr$it8 ,9 all ^! examples1 ^? %\ld be us$ 9 place ( !m4 ,! use ( ! p]sonal1 !m1 9 su* con/ructions1 pres5ts two objectives aft] "o v]b or preposition4 ,?is is a solecism :i* may be avoid$ by employ+ an adjective pron\n 9 its /ead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,( ,,conjunctions4 ,a ,,conjunction is a "p ( spee* t is *iefly us$ to connect s5t5ces1 jo9+ two or m simple s5t5ces into "o comp\nd s5t5ce3 x sometimes connects only words2 z1 ,?\ & he are happy1 because y are good4 ,conjunctions are ^? p>ts ( language1 :i*1 by jo9+ s5t5ces 9 diff]5t ways1 m>k ! connexions & v>i\s dep5dances ( human ?\ght4 ,!y belong to language only 9 its ref9$ /ate4 ,! t]m ,,conjunction comes f ! two ,lat9 words1 con1 :i* signifies toge!r1 & jungo1 to jo94 ,a conjunction1 !n1 is a ^w t conjo9s1 or jo9s toge!r some?+4 ,be=e y c fully compreh5d ! nature & (fice ( ?is sort ( words1 x is requisite t y %\ld "k :at is meant by a s5t5ce1 a simple s5t5ce1 & a comp\nd s5t5ce1 = conjunctions are *iefly us$ to connect s5t5ces4 ,a ,,s5t5ce is an assemblage ( words =m+ complete s5se4 ,a ,,simple ,,s5t5ce conta9s b "o subject1 or nom9ative1 & "o v]b :i* agrees ) t nom9ative2 z1 ,:eat gr[s 9 ! field4 ,y p]ceive t ?is s5t5ce conta9s sev]al words besides ! nom9ative & ! v]b1 & y w (t5 see a simple s5t5ce conta9+ _m p>ts ( spee*2 b1 if x has only "o nom9ative & "o f9ite v]b1 7t is1 a v]b n 9 ! inf9itive mood17 x is a simple s5t5ce1 ?\gh x is long] ?an _m comp\nd s5t5ces4 ,a ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ce is compos$ ( two or m simple s5t5ces connect$ toge!r2 z1 ,:eat gr[s 9 ! field1 & m5 reap x4 ,?is s5t5ce is comp\nd1 because x is =m$ ( two simple s5t5ces jo9$ toge!r by ! ^w &2 :i* ^w1 on acc\nt ( its connect+ p[]1 is call$ a conjunction4 ,if we write ?is s5t5ce )\t ! conjunction1 x becomes two simple s5t5ces3 ?us1 ,:eat gr[s 9 ! field4 ,m5 reap x4 ,! nature & importance ( ! conjunction1 are easily illu/rat$4 ,aft] express+ "o ?\ght or s5tim5t1 y "k we frequ5tly wi% to add ano!r1 or sev]al o!rs1 :i* are closely connect$ ) x4 ,we g5]ally effect ?is addition by means ( ! conjunction3 ?us1 ,! ,georgians cultivate rice & cotton2 t is1 ,!y cultivate rice add cotton4 ,?is s5t5ce is comp\nd1 & )\t ! use ( ! conjunction1 x w\ld be writt5 9 two sep>ate1 simple s5t5ces3 ?us1 ,! ,georgians cultivate rice4 ,!y cultivate cotton4 ,! conjunction1 ?\gh *iefly us$ to connect s5t5ces1 sometimes connects only words2 9 :i* capacity x is ne>ly alli$ to ! preposition2 z1 ,! sun & 7add7 ! planets con/itute ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 ?is1 :i* is a simple s5t5ce1 & connects two words4 ,a few m examples w illu/rate ! nature1 & exhibit ! use ( ?is "p ( spee* s cle>ly1 z to enable y fully to compreh5d x4 ,! foll[+ simple s5t5ces & memb]s ( s5t5ces1 h no relation to ea* o!r until !y are connect$ by conjunctions4 ,he labors h>d]--m successfully--,i d4 ,t man is heal?y--he is temp]ate4 ,by fill+ up ! vacancies 9 ^! s5t5ces ) conjunctions1 y w see ! importance ( ?is sort ( words3 ?us1 ,he labors h>d] & m successfully ?an ,i d4 ,t man is heal?y because he is temp]ate4 ,conjunctions are divid$ into two sorts1 ! ,copulative & ,disjunctive4 ,i4 ,! ,conjunction ,copulative s]ves to connect & cont9ue a s5t5ce by jo9+ on a memb] :i* expresses an addition1 a supposition1 or a cause2 z1 ,two & ?ree are five2 ,i w g if he w accompany me2 ,y are happy because y are good4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! examples1 & jo9s on a ^w t expresses an addition2 9 ! second1 if connects a memb] t implies a supposition or condition2 & 9 ! ?ird1 because connects a memb] t expresses a cause4 ,,ii4 ,! ,conjunction ,disjunctive s]ves to connect & cont9ue a s5t5ce by jo9+ on a memb] t expresses opposition ( mean+2 z1 ,!y came ) h]1 b !y w5t away )\t h]4 ,b jo9s on a memb] ( ?is s5t5ce :i* expresses1 n only some?+ add$1 b1 also1 opposition ( mean+4 ,! pr9cipal conjunctions1 may be kn[n by ! foll[+ li/s1 :i* y may n[ commit to memory4 ,"s words 9 ^! li/s1 are1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly us$ z adv]bs1 & sometimes z prepositions2 b if y /udy well ! nature ( all ! diff]5t sorts ( words1 y _c be at a loss to tell ! "p ( spee* ( any ^w 9 ! language4 ,,li/s ,,( ,,! ,,conjunctions4 ,copulative4 ,&1 if1 t1 bo?1 !n1 s9ce1 =1 because1 !re=e1 :]e=e1 provid$1 besides4 ,disjunctive4 ,b1 or1 nor1 z1 ?an1 le/1 ?\gh1 unless1 ei!r1 nei!r1 yet1 not)/&+1 nev]!less1 except1 :e!r1 :]eas1 z well z4 ,"s conjunctions are foll[$ by correspond+ conjunctions1 s t1 9 ! subsequ5t memb] ( ! s5t5ce1 ! latt] answ]s to ! =m]2 z1 #a4 ,?\gh--yet or nev]!less2 z1 ,?\gh he 0 ri*1 yet = our sakes he became poor4 #b4 ,:e!r--or2 z1 ,:e!r he w g1 or n1 ,i _c tell4 ,x is improp] to say1 ,:e!r he w g or no4 #c4 ,ei!r--or2 z1 ,i w ei!r s5d x1 or br+ x myself4 #d4 ,nei!r--nor2 z1 ,nei!r ?\ nor ,i c compreh5d x4 #e4 ,z--z2 z1 ,%e is z amiable z h] si/]4 #f4 ,z--s2 z1 ,z ! />s1 s %all ?y se$ be4 #g4 ,s--z2 z1 ,to see ?y glory1 s z ,i h se5 !e 9 ! sanctu>y4 #h4 ,s--t2 z1 ,he became s va91 t ev]yone dislik$ him4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,"s conjunctions are us$ to connect simple s5t5ces only1 & =m !m into comp\nd s5t5ces2 su* z1 fur!r1 aga91 besides1 c4 ,o!rs are employ$ to connect simple memb]s only1 s z to make !m comp\nd memb]s2 su* z1 ?an1 le/1 unless1 t1 s t1 if1 ?\gh1 yet1 because1 z well z1 c4 ,b1 &1 !re=e1 or1 nor1 =1 c41 connect ei!r :ole s5t5ces1 or simple memb]s4 #b4 ,relative pron\ns1 z well z conjunctions1 s]ve to connect s5t5ces2 z1 ,bless$ is ! man :o fe>e? ! ,"l1 & keepe? 8 comm&m5ts4 ,y w n[ please to turn back & read ?is lecture f\r or five times ov]2 & !n1 aft] committ+ ! foll[+ ord]1 y may p>se ! subsequ5t ex]cises4 ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ a ,,conjunction1 is--a conjunction1 & :y8--copulative or disjunctive1 & :y8--:at does x connect8 ,wisdom & virtue =m ! good man's "*4 ,& is a conjunction1 a ^w t is *iefly us$ to connect s5t5ces2 b 9 ?is example x connects only words--copulative1 x s]ves to connect & cont9ue ! s5t5ce by jo9+ on a memb] :i* expresses an addition--x connects ! words wisdom & virtue4 ,wisdom is a n\n1 ! "n ( a ?+--7,y may p>se x 9 full47--,wisdom is "o ( ! nom9atives to ! v]b =m4 ,virtue is a n\n1 ! "n1 c4--7,p>se x 9 full37--& 9 ! nom4 case to ! v]b =m1 & connect$ to ! n\n wisdom by &1 accord+ to ,,rule #cc4 ,conjunctions connect n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! same case4 ,=m is a v]b1 a ^w :i* signifies to d1 c4--( ! ?ird p]son1 plural1 because its two nom9atives1 wisdom & virtue1 are connect$ by a copulative conjunction1 agreeably to ,,rule #h4 ,two or m n\ns 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 jo9$ by copulative conjunctions1 mu/ h v]bs1 n\ns1 & pron\ns agree+ ) !m 9 ! plural4 ,wisdom or folly gov]ns u4 ,or is a conjunction1 a ^w t is *iefly us$ to connect s5t5ces3 x sometimes connects words--disjunctive1 x s]ves n only to connect & cont9ue ! s5t5ce1 b also to jo9 on a memb] :i* expresses opposition ( mean+--x connects ! n\ns wisdom & folly4 ,gov]ns is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies1 e4--( ! ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 agree+ ) wisdom or folly1 accord+ to ,,rule #i4 ,two or m n\ns s+ul>1 jo9$ by disjunctive conjunctions1 mu/ h v]bs1 n\ns1 & pron\ns agree+ ) !m 9 ! s+ul>3 ,if y reflect1 = a few mom5ts1 on ! mean+ ( me la/ two ,rules pres5t$1 y w see1 at once1 _! propriety & importance4 ,= example2 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,orl&o & ,?omas1 :o /udy _! lessons1 make rapid progress1 y notice t ! two s+ul> n\ns1 ,orl&o & ,?omas1 are connect$ by ! copulative conjunction &1 !re=e ! v]b make1 :i* agrees ) !m1 is plural1 because x expresses ! action ( bo? its nom9atives or actors4 ,& y obs]ve1 too1 t ! pron\ns :o & _!1 & ! n\n lessons1 are plural1 agree+ ) ! n\ns ,orl&o & ,?omas1 accord+ to ,,rule #h4 ,! v]b /udy is plural1 agree+ ) :o1 accord+ to ,,rule #d4 ,b let u connect ^! two n\ns by a disjunctive conjunction1 & see h[ ! s5t5ce w read3 ,orl&o or ,?omas1 :o /udies 8 lesson1 makes rapid progress4 ,n[1 y p]ceive1 t a diff]5t con/ruction takes place1 = ! latt] expression does n imply1 t ,orl&o & ,?omas1 bo? /udy & make rapid progress2 b x ass]ts1 t ei!r ! "o or ! o!r /udies1 & makes rapid progress4 ,h5ce ! v]b makes is s+ul>1 because x expresses ! action ( ! "o or ! o!r ( its nom9atives4 ,& y obs]ve1 too1 t ! pron\ns :o & 81 & ! n\n lesson1 are likewise 9 ! s+ul>1 agree+ ) ,orl&o or ,?omas1 agreeably to ,,rule #i4 ,/udies is also s+ul>1 agree+ ) :o1 accord+ to ,,rule #d4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,joseph & 8 bro!r reside 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,sun1 moon1 & />s1 admoni% u ( a sup]ior & sup]9t5d+ ,p[]4 ,i respect my fri5d1 because he is upright & oblig+4 ,h5ry & ,william1 :o obey _! tea*]1 improve rapidly4 ,h5ry or ,william1 :o obeys 8 tea*]1 improves v fa/4 ,nei!r rank nor possession makes ! guilty m9d happy4 ,wisdom1 virtue1 & meekness1 =m ! good man's happ9ess & int]e/3 !y support him 9 adv]sity1 & com=t him 9 prosp]ity4 ,man is a little l[] ?an ! angels4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z ju/ly z ,great ,brita91 c n[ boa/ ( _! lit]>y in/itutions4 ,,note4 ,! v]b =m is plural1 & agrees ) ?ree n\ns s+ul>1 connect$ by copulative conjunctions1 accord+ to ,,rule #h4 ,! v]b com=t agrees ) !y = its nom9ative4 ,x is connect$ to support by ! conjunction &1 agreeably to ,,rule #cd4 ,angels is nom4 to are und]/ood1 & ,great ,brita9 is nom4 to c boa/ und]/ood1 accord+ to ,,rule #ce4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,prepositions4 ,! same ^w is occasionally employ$1 ei!r z a conjunction1 an adv]b1 or a preposition4 ,i submitt$1 = x 0 9 va9 to resi/2 9 ?is example1 = is a conjunction1 because x connects ! two memb]s ( a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,9 ! next x is a preposition1 & gov]ns victory 9 ! objective case3 ,he cont5d$ = victory only4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 s9ce is a conjunction2 9 ! second1 x is a preposition1 & 9 ! ?ird1 an adv]b2 ,s9ce we mu/ "p1 let u d x peaceably2 ,i h n se5 him s9ce t "t2 ,our fri5d%ip comm5c$ long s9ce4 ,he w rep5t be=e he dies2 ,/& be=e me2 ,:y did y n return be=e t or ?is "t2 9 ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree examples1 be=e is an adv]bial conjunction1 because x expresses "t & connects2 & 9 ! second & ?ird1 x is a preposition4 ,z ! words ( a s5t5ce are (t5 transpos$1 s are also its memb]s4 ,)\t att5d+ to ?is circum/ance1 ! le>n] may sometimes be at a loss to p]ceive ! connect+ p[] ( a preposition or conjunction1 = e preposition & e conjunction connects ei!r words or phrases1 s5t5ces or memb]s ( s5t5ces4 ,:5ev] a s5t5ce beg9s ) a preposition or conjunction1 its memb]s are transpos$2 z1 ,9 ! days ( ,joram1 k+ ( ,israel1 fl\ri%$ ! prophet ,eli%a2 ,if ?\ seek ! ,"l1 he w be f\nd ( !e2 b1 if ?\ =sake him1 he w ca/ !e (f = ev]4 ,:5 coldness wraps ?is suff]+ clay1 ,ah1 :i!r /rays ! immortal m9d8 ,t ! words 91 if1 & :51 9 ^! examples1 connect ! memb]s ( ! respective s5t5ces to :i* !y are atta*$1 w obvi\sly appe> if we re/ore ^! s5t5ces to _! natural ord]1 & br+ ^! p>ticles betwe5 ! memb]s :i* !y connect3 ?us1 ,eli%a ! prophet fl\ri%$ 9 ! days ( ,joram1 k+ ( ,israel2 ,! ,"l w be f\nd ( !e if ?\ seek him2 b he w ca/ !e (f = ev] if ?\ =sake him3 ,ah1 :i!r /rays ! immortal m9d1 ,:5 coldness wraps ?is suff]+ clay8 ,z an ex]cise on ?is lecture1 y may n[ answ] ^! ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,f :at words is ! t]m conjunction d]iv$8--,:at is a s5t5ce8--,:at is a simple s5t5ce8--,:at is a comp\nd s5t5ce8--,give examples4--,9 :at respect d conjunctions & prepositions agree 9 _! nature8--,h[ _m sorts ( conjunctions are !re8--,repeat ! li/s ( conjunctions4--,repeat "s conjunctions ) _! correspond+ conjunctions4--,d relative pron\ns ev] connect s5t5ces8--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ a conjunction4--,d y apply any ,rule 9 p>s+ a conjunction8--,:at ,rule %\ld be appli$ 9 p>s+ a n\n or pron\n connect$ ) ano!r8--,:at ,rule 9 p>s+ a v]b agree+ ) two or m n\ns s+ul>1 connect$ by a copulative conjunction8--,:at ,rule :5 ! n\ns are connect$ by a disjunctive8--,9 p>s+ a v]b connect$ to ano!r by a conjunction1 :at ,rule d y apply8--,is a conjunction ev] us$ z o!r p>ts ( spee*8--,give examples4--,:at is said ( ! words =1 s9ce1 & be=e8--,:at is said ( ! transposition ( s5t5ces8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,on sci5tific pr9ciples1 our connectives1 commonly d5om9at$ prepositions & conjunctions1 are b "o "p ( spee*1 ! di/9ction betwe5 !m be+ m]ely te*nical4 ,"s conjunctions unite only words1 & "s prepositions connect s5t5ces4 ,!y are d]iv$ f n\ns & v]bs2 & ! "t has be51 :51 p]haps1 9 our language1 !y did n p]=m ! (fice ( connectives4 ,i wi% y to believe1 t ,i w\ld n wilfully hurt a fly4 ,"h1 9 ! op9ion ( ,h4 ,tooke1 our mod]n conjunction t1 is m]ely a demon/rative adjective1 9 a disguis$ =m2 & he attempts to prove x by ! foll[+ resolution3 ,i w\ld n wilfully hurt a fly4 ,i wi% y to believe t ass]tion4 ,n[1 if we admit1 t t is an adjective 9 ! latt] con/ruction1 x does n necess>ily foll[1 t x is ! same "p ( spee*1 nor t its associat$ mean+ is precisely ! same1 9 ! =m] con/ruction4 ,in/ead ( express+ our ideas 9 two deta*$ s5t5ces1 by ! =m] phraseology we h a quick] & clos] transition ( ?\ght1 & bo? ! mode ( employ+ t1 & its inf]5tial mean+1 are *ang$4 ,moreov]1 if we exam9e ! mean+ ( ea* ( ^! con/ructions1 tak5 z a :ole1 we %all f9d1 t !y d n bo? convey ! same ideas4 ,by ! latt]1 ,i ass]t1 positively1 t ,i w\ld n wilfully hurt a fly3 :]eas1 by ! =m]1 ,i m]ely wi% y to believe t ,i w\ld n wilfully hurt a fly2 b ,i d n affirm1 t z a fact4 ,t be+ ! pa/ "p1 ( !an1 to get1 take1 assume1 by r5d]+ x z a p>ticiple1 in/ead ( an adjective1 we %\ld come ne>] to its primitive "*4 ,?us1 ,i w\ld n wilfully hurt a fly4 ,i wi% y to believe ! assum$ fact or /atem5t2 or1 ! fact assum$ or tak54 ,if1 7=m]ly writt5 gif1 give1 g917 z previ\sly /at$1 is ! imp]ative ( ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b gifan1 to give4 ,9 imitation ( ,horne ,tooke1 "s ( our mod]n philosophical writ]s are incl9$ to tea* pupils to r5d] x z a v]b4 ,?us1 ,i w g1 if he w accompany me3--,he w accompany me4 ,grant--give t fact ,i w g4 ,= ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! primitive mean+ ( ?is ^w1 ,i h no objection to su* a resolution2 b1 by x1 d we get ! exact mean+ & =ce ( if z x is appli$ 9 our mod]n1 ref9$ /ate ( ! language8 ,i tr[ n4 ,b1 admitt+ we d1 does ?is prove t su* a mode ( resolv+ s5t5ces c be advantage\sly adopt$ by le>n]s 9 common s*ools8 ,i presume x c n be d5i$1 t in/ead ( tea*+ ! le>n] to express himself correctly 9 mod]n ,engli%1 su* a resolution is m]ely mak+ him famili> ) an anci5t & b>b>\s con/ruction :i* mod]n ref9em5t has reject$4 ,our =efa!rs1 ,i admit1 :o 7 gov]n$ by ^? laws ( necessity :i* compel all nations 9 ! e>ly & rude /ate ( _! language1 to express !mselves 9 %ort1 deta*$ s5t5ces1 employ$ if z a v]b :5 !y us$ ! foll[+ circumlocution3 ,my son w re=m4 ,give t fact4 ,i w =give him4 ,b 9 ! pres5t1 improv$ /ate ( our language1 by us+ if z a conjunction1 7= ,i ma9ta9 t x is "o17 we express ! same ?\ght m briefly2 & our mod]n mode ( expression has1 too1 a decisive advantage ov] ! anci5t1 n only 9 po9t ( elegance1 b also 9 p]spicuity & =ce4 ,9 ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl&1 "s p /ill make use ( g91 a contraction ( giv53 ?us1 ,i w p>don my son1 g9 he re=m4 ,b :o w cont5d1 t !y speak pure ,engli%8 ,b p]haps ! advocates ( :at !y call a philosophical developm5t ( language1 w say1 t by _! resolution ( s5t5ces1 !y m]ely supply an ellipsis4 ,if1 by an ellipsis1 !y mean su* a "o z is necess>y1 to ! grammatical con/ruction1 ,i _c acc$e to _! assumption4 ,9 tea*+ gramm>1 z well z 9 o!r ?+s1 we ought to avoid extremes3--we ought nei!r to pass sup]ficially ov] an ellipsis necess>y to ! s5se ( a phrase1 nor to put mod]n ,engli% to ! blu%1 by adopt+ a mode ( resolv+ s5t5ces t w\ld entirely *ange ! "* ( our language1 & c>ry ! le>n] back to ! ,v&alic age4 ,b comes f ! ,saxon v]b1 beon-utan1 to be-out4 ,all 7 well b 7be-out1 leave-out7 ! /rang]4 ,man is b a re$1 float+ on ! curr5t ( "t4 ,resolution3 ,man is a re$1 float+ on ! curr5t ( "t2 b 7be-out ?is fact7 he is n a /able be+4 ,&--an$1 an'd1 &1 is ! pa/ "p4 ( ananad1 to add1 jo94 ,a1 an1 ane1 or "o1 f ! same v]b1 po9ts out :atev] is an$1 on$1 or made "o4 ,& also ref]s to ! ?+ t is jo9$ to1 add$ to1 or made "o )1 "s o!r p]son or ?+ m5tion$4 ,julius & ,h>riet w make a happy pair4 ,resolution3 ,julius1 ,h>riet jo9$1 unit$1 or an$1 w make a happy pair2 i4e4 ,h>riet made "o ) ,julius2 w make a happy pair4 ,= means cause4 ,because--be-cause1 is a comp\nd ( ! v]b be1 & ! n\n cause4 ,x reta9s ! mean+ ( bo?2 z1 ,i believe ! maxim1 = ,i "k x to be true2--,i believe ! maxim1 be-cause ,i "k x to be true2 i4e4 ! cause ( my belief1 be1 or is1 ,i "k x to be true4 ,nor is a contraction ( ne or4 ,ne is a contraction ( n1 & or1 ( o!r4 ,nor is1 n o!r-wise3 n 9 ! o!r way or mann]4 ,else is ! imp]ative ( alesan1 unless1 ( onlesan1 & le/1 ! pa/ "p4 ( lesan1 all signify+ to dismiss1 release1 loos51 set free4 ,he w be puni%$1 unless he rep5t2--,unless1 release1 give up1 7! fact7 he rep5ts he w be puni%$4 ,?\gh is ! imp]ative ( ! ,saxon v]b ?afigan1 to all[1 & yet ( getan1 to get4 ,yet is simply1 get2 anci5t g is ! mod]n y4 ,?\gh he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 him3--,grant or all[ 7! fact7 he slay me1 get1 or reta9 7! opposite fact7 ,i w tru/ 9 him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,f :at p>ts ( spee* are prepositions & conjunctions d]iv$8--,:at is ,horne ,tooke's op9ion ( t8--,f :at is ea* ( ! foll[+ words d]iv$1 t1 if1 b1 &1 because1 nor1 else1 unless1 le/1 ?\gh1 & yet8 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,( ,,int]jections4--,,cases ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,,int]jections are words :i* express ! sudd5 emotions ( ! speak]2 z1 ,alas6 ,i fe> = life2 ,o dea?6 :]e is ?y /+8 ,int]jections are n s mu* ! signs ( ?\ght1 z ( feel+4 ,almo/ any ^w may be us$ z an int]jection2 b :5 s employ$1 x is n ! repres5tative ( a di/9ct1 idea4 ,a ^w :i* d5otes a di/9ct conception ( ! m9d1 mu/ necess>ily belong to "s o!r "p ( spee*4 ,!y :o wi% to speak (t51 or r1 to make noises1 :5 !y h no useful in=mation to communicate1 are apt to use words v freely 9 ?is way2 su* z ! foll[+ expressions1 la1 la me1 my1 ,o my1 ,o de>1 de> me1 surpris+1 a/oni%+1 & ! l4 ,int]jections n includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 are g5]ally kn[n by _! tak+ an exclamation po9t aft] !m4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,int]jections4 #a4 ,( e>ne/ness or grief2 z1 ,o6 oh6 ah6 alas6 #b4 ,contempt2 z1 ,pi%6 tu%6 #c4 ,wond]2 z1 ,heigh6 really6 /range6 #d4 ,call+2 z1 ,hem6 ho6 halloo6 #e4 ,disgu/ or av]sion2 z1 ,foh6 fy6 fudge6 away6 #f4 ,att5tion2 z1 ,lo6 behold6 h>k6 #g4 ,reque/+ sil5ce2 z1 ,hu%6 hi/6 #h4 ,salutation2 z1 ,welcome6 hail6 all hail6 ,,note4 ,we frequ5tly meet ) :at "s call an int]jective phrase2 su* z1 ,ungrateful wret*6 impud5ce ( hope6 folly 9 ! extreme6 :at +ratitude6 away ) him6 ,z ! int]jection is ! lea/ important "p ( spee* 9 ! ,engli% language1 x w require b little att5tion4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 make y\rself well acqua9t$ ) :at has be5 said respect+ x1 & !n commit ! ,,sy/ematic ,,ord] ,,( ,,p>s+4 ,! ord] ( p>s+ an ,,int]jection1 is--an int]jection1 & :y8 ,o virtue6 h[ amiable ?\ art6 ,o is an int]jection1 a ^w us$ to express "s passion or emotion ( ! speak]4 ,! t5 p>ts ( spee* h n[ be5 unfold$ & elucidat$1 al?\gh "s ( !m h n be5 fully expla9$4 ,be=e y proce$ any f>!r1 y w please to beg9 aga9 at ! fir/ lecture1 & read ov]1 att5tively1 ! :ole1 obs]v+ to p>se e example 9 ! ex]cises sy/ematically4 ,y w !n be able to p>se ! foll[+ ex]cises1 :i* conta9 all ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,if y /udy fai?fully six h\rs 9 a day1 & pursue ! directions giv51 y may become1 if n a critical1 at lea/1 a good1 practical gramm>ian1 9 six weeks2 b if y /udy only ?ree h\rs 9 a day1 x w take y ne>ly ?ree mon?s to acquire ! same k4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,true *e]fulness makes a man happy 9 himself1 & promotes ! happ9ess ( all ar\nd him4 ,mode/y always appe>s graceful 9 y\?3 x d\bles ! lu/re ( e virtue :i* x seems to hide4 ,he :o1 e morn+1 plans ! transactions ( ! day1 & foll[s out t plan1 c>ries on a ?read t w guide him ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( ! mo/ busy life4 ,! k+ gave me a g5]\s rew>d = committ+ t b>b>\s act2 b1 alas6 ,i fe> ! consequ5ce4 ,e'en n[1 :]e ,alp9e solitudes asc5d1 ,i set me d[n a p5sive h\r to sp5d2 ,&1 plac$ on high1 above ! /orm's c>e]1 ,look d[nw>d :]e a hundr$ realms appe>3-- ,alas6 ! joys t =tune br+s1 ,are trifl+1 & decay2 ,& ^? :o m9d ! paltry ?+s1 ,m trifl+ /ill ?an !y4 ,,note4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce ( ! =ego+ ex]cises1 :i* is gov]n$ by ! v]b to hide1 accord+ to ,,rule #af4 ,he is nom4 to c>ries2 :o is nom4 to plans4 ,foll[s agrees ) :o und]/ood1 & is connect$ to plans by &2 ,,rule #cd4 ,:at did ! k+ give8 ,a rew>d to me4 ,!n rew>d is 9 ! obj4 case1 gov4 by gave2 ,,rule #bj4 ,me is gov4 by to und]/ood2 ,,note #a1 ,,rule #cb4 ,! phrase1 committ+ t b>b>\s act1 is gov4 by =2 ,,note #b1 "u ,,rule #bh4 ,h\r is 9 ! obj4 case1 gov4 by to sp5d2 ,,rule #bj4 ,look is connect$ to set by &2 ,,rule #cd4 ,joys is nom4 to are4 ,t is gov4 by br+s2 ,,rule #af4 ,^? is nom4 to are und]/ood4 ,!y is nom4 to are und]/ood2 ,,rule #ce4 ,,cases ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,9 a =m] lecture1 ,i promis$ to give y a m ext5sive explanation ( ! cases ( n\ns2 &1 z !y are1 9 _m situations1 a little difficult to be asc]ta9$1 ,i w n[ (f] "s rem>ks on ?is subject4 ,b be=e y proce$1 ,i wi% y to p>se all ! examples 9 ! ex]cises j pres5t$1 obs]v+ to pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! rem>ks 9 ! subjo9$ ,,note4 ,^? rem>ks w assi/ y mu* 9 analyz+4 ,a n\n is sometimes nom9ative to a v]b plac$ _m l9es aft] ! n\n4 ,y mu/ ex]cise y\r judgm5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,look at ! s5t5ce 9 ! prec$+ ex]cises beg9n+ )1 ,he :o1 e morn+1 c4 & see if y c f9d ! v]b to :i* he is nom9ative4 ,:at does he d8 ,he c>ries on a ?read1 c4 ,he1 !n1 is nom9ative to ! v]b c>ries4 ,:at does :o d8 ,:o plans1 & :o foll[s1 c4 ,!n :o is nom4 to plans1 & :o und]/ood1 is nom9ative to foll[s4 ,a s\l )\t reflection1 l a pile ,)\t inhabitant1 to ru9 runs4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! v]b to :i* ! n\n s\l1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 is ! nom9ative1 put ! "q2 ,:at does a s\l )\t reflection d8 ,su*1 a s\l runs to ru91 l a pile )\t inhabitant4 ,?us y discov]1 t s\l is nom9ative to runs4 ,:5 ! words ( a s5t5ce are arrang$ accord+ to _! natural ord]1 ! nom9ative case1 y recollect1 is plac$ be=e ! v]b1 & ! objective1 aft] x2 b :5 ! words ( a s5t5ce are transpos$2 t is1 n arrang$ accord+ to _! natural ord]1 x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ! nom9ative comes aft]1 & ! objective1 be=e ! v]b2 especially 9 poetry1 or :5 a "q is ask$3 z1 ,:5ce arises ! mis]y ( ! pres5t _w8 ,:at good ?+ %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8 ,put ^! expressions 9 ! decl>ative =m1 & ! nom9ative w prec$e1 & ! objective foll[ its v]b3 ?us1 ,! mis]y ( ! pres5t _w arises :5ce2 ,i %all d :at good ?+ to inh]it et]nal life4 ,n[ came /ill ev5+ on1 & twilight gray ,_h1 9 h] sob] liv]y1 all ?+s clad4 ,/]n rugg$ nurse1 ?y rigid lore ,) pati5ce _m a ye> %e bore4 ,:at did ! ev5+ d8 ,! ev5+ came on4 ,gray twilight _h clad :at8 ,twilight _h clad all ?+s 9 h] sob] liv]y4 ,ev5+1 !n1 is nom4 to came1 & ! n\n ?+s is 9 ! objective case1 & gov4 by _h clad3 ,,rule #bj4 ,:at did %e be>8 ,%e bore ?y rigid lore ) pati5ce1 =1 or dur+1 _m a ye>4 ,h5ce y f9d1 t lore is 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by bore1 accord+ to ,,rule #bj4 ,ye> is gov4 by dur+ und]/ood3 ,,rule #cb4 ,a n\n is frequ5tly nom9ative to a v]b und]/ood1 or 9 ! objective1 & gov]n$ by a v]b und]/ood2 z1 ,lo1 !re is ! poor ,indian6 ^: untutor$ m9d4 ,o1 ! pa9 !re is6 ! bliss !re is 9 dy+6 ,all 7 sunk1 b ! wakeful night+ale 0 n sunk4 ,he ?\ght z a sage ?9ks1 ?\gh he felt z a man feels4 ,8 hopes1 immortal1 bl[ !m by1 z du/ is bl[n by4 ,rule #ce applies to ^! la/ ?ree examples4 ,9 ! next place ,i w expla9 sev]al cases ( n\ns & pron\ns :i* h n yet come "u our notice4 ,sometimes a n\n or pron\n may be 9 ! nom9ative case :5 x has no v]b to agree ) x4 ,,( ,,! ,,nom9ative ,,case ,,indep5d5t4 ,:5ev] a direct address is made1 ! p]son or ?+ spok5 to1 is 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t2 z1 ,james1 ,i desire y to /udy4 ,y notice t1 9 ?is expression1 ,i address myself to ,james t is1 ,i speak to him2 & y obs]ve1 too1 t !re is no v]b1 ei!r express$ or impli$1 to :i* ,james c be ! nom9ative2 !re=e y "k t ,james is 9 ! nom4 case indep5d5t1 accord+ to ,rule #e4 ,recollect1 t :5ev] a n\n is ( ! second p]son1 x is 9 ! nom4 case indep5d5t2 t is1 indep5d5t ( any v]b2 z1 ,selma1 ?y halls are sil5t2 ,love & meekness1 my "l1 become a *ur*man1 bett] ?an ambition2 ,o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1 ev5 z a h5 ga!re? h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 b ye w\ld n6--,= a f>!r illu/ration ( ?is case1 see ,note #b1 "u ! #e? ,rule ( ,syntax4 ,,note4 ,:5 a pron\n ( ! second p]son is 9 apposition ) a n\n indep5d5t1 x is 9 ! same case2 z1 ,?\ traitor1 ,i dete/ !e4 ,,( ,,! ,,nom9ative ,,case ,,absolute4 ,a n\n or pron\n plac$ be=e a p>ticiple1 )\t any v]b to agree ) x1 is 9 ! nom9ative case absolute2 z1 ,! sun be+ ris51 we pursu$ our j\rney4 ,sun is "h plac$ be=e ! p>ticiple be+ ris51 & has no v]b to agree ) x2 !re=e x is 9 ! nom9ative case absolute1 accord+ to ,,rule #f4 ,,note #a4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t1 is always ( ! second p]son2 b1 9 ! case absolute1 x is g5]ally ( ! ?ird p]son4 #b4 ,! case absolute is always nom9ative2 ! foll[+ s5t5ce is !re=e incorrect2 ,^: top %all tremble1 him desc5d+1 c42 x %\ld be1 he desc5d+4 ,,( ,,n\ns ,,9 ,,apposition4 ,two or m n\ns or pron\ns signify+ ! same p]son or ?+1 are put1 by apposition1 9 ! same case2 z1 ,cic]o1 ! great orator1 philosoph]1 & /atesman ( ,rome1 0 murd]$ by ,antony4 ,apposition1 9 a grammatical s5se1 means some?+ add$1 or names add$1 9 ord] m fully to def9e or illu/rate ! s5se ( ! fir/ "n m5tion$4 ,y p]ceive t ,cic]o1 9 ! prec$+ example1 is m]ely ! prop] "n ( a man2 b :5 ,i give him ! ?ree additional appellations1 & call him a great orator1 philosoph]1 & /atesman1 y und]/& :at k9d ( a man he 02 t is1 by giv+ him ^! ?ree additional names1 8 "* & abilities z a man are m fully made kn[n4 ,&1 surely1 y _c be at a loss to "k t ^! f\r n\ns mu/ be 9 ! same case1 = !y are all names giv5 to ! same p]son2 !re=e1 if ,cic]o 0 murd]$1 ! orator 0 murd]$1 & ! philosoph] 0 murd]$1 & ! /atesman 0 murd]$1 because !y all mean "o & ! same p]son4 ,n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! objective case1 are frequ5tly 9 apposition2 z1 ,he /ruck ,*>les ! /ud5t4 ,n[ x is obvi\s1 t1 :5 he /ruck ,*>les1 he /ruck ! /ud5t1 because ,*>les 0 ! /ud5t1 & ! /ud5t 0 ,*>les2 !re=e ! n\n /ud5t is 9 ! objective case1 gov]n$ by /ruck1 & put by apposition ) ,*>les1 accord+ to ,,rule #g4 ,please to exam9e ?is lecture v att5tively4 ,y w !n be prep>$ to p>se ! foll[+ examples correctly & sy/ematically4 ,,p>s+4 ,weep on ! rocks ( ro>+ w9ds1 ,o maid ( ,ini/ore4 ,maid is a n\n1 ! "n ( a p]son--- com4 ! "n ( a sort--fem4 g5d]1 x d5otes a female--second p]s4 spok5 to--s+4 num4 x implies b "o--& 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t1 because x is address$1 & has no v]b to agree ) x1 accord+ to ,,rule #e4 ,:5 an address is made1 ! n\n or pron\n address$1 is put 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t4 ,! g5]al be+ ransom$1 ! b>b>ians p]mitt$ him to dep>t4 ,g5]al is a n\n1 ! "n1 c4 7p>se x 9 full37--& 9 ! nom9ative case absolute1 because x is plac$ be=e ! p>ticiple be+ ransom$1 & x has no v]b to agree ) x1 agreeably to ,,rule #f4 ,a n\n or pron\n plac$ be=e a p>ticiple1 & be+ indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 is 9 ! nom9ative case absolute4 ,?\ man ( ,god1 flee to ! l& ( ,judah4 ,?\ is a pron\n1 a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n--p]sonal1 x p]sonates man--second p]s4 spok5 to--mas4 g5d]1 s+4 num4 because ! n\n man is = :i* x /&s2 ,,rule #ac 7,repeat ! ,rule47--,?\ is 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t & put by apposition ) man1 because x signifies ! same ?+1 accord+ to ,,rule #g4 ,two or m n\ns1 or n\ns & pron\ns1 signify+ ! same ?+1 are put1 by apposition1 9 ! same case4 ,man is 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t1 accord+ to ,rule #e4 ,flee agrees ) ?\ und]/ood4 ,lo6 ,newton1 prie/ ( ,nature1 %9es af>1 ,scans ! wide _w1 & numb]s e />4 ,newton is a n\n1 7p>se x 9 full17 & 9 ! nom9ative case to %9es4 ,,rule #c4 ,prie/ is a n\n1 7p>se x 9 full17 & 9 ! nom4 case1 x is ! actor & subject ( ! v]b %9es1 & put by apposition ) ,newton1 because x signifies ! same ?+1 agreeably to ,rule #g4 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,turn f y\r evil ways1 ,o h\se ( ,israel6 ,ye fields ( light1 cele/ial pla9s1 ye sc5es div9ely fair6 proclaim y\r ,mak]'s wondr\s p[]4 ,o k+6 live = ev]4 ,! murmur ( ?y /reams1 ,o ,lora1 br+s back ! memory ( ! pa/4 ,! s\nd ( ?y woods1 ,g>mall>1 is lovely 9 my e>4 ,do/ ?\ n behold1 ,malv9a1 a rock ) its head ( hea?8 ,?ree ag$ p9es b5d f its face2 gre5 is ! pla9 at its feet2 !re ! fl[] ( ! m\nta9 gr[s1 & %ades its :ite head 9 ! breeze4 ,! ,g5]al be+ sla91 ! army 0 r\t$4 ,comm]ce hav+ ?us got into ! legislative body1 privilege mu/ be done away4 ,jesus _h convey$ himself away1 a multitude be+ 9 t place4 ,i be+ 9 great ha/e1 he cons5t$4 ,! ra9 hav+ ceas$1 ! d>k cl\ds roll$ away4 ,! ,son ( ,god1 :ile clo!d 9 fle%1 0 subject to all ! frailties & inconv5i5ces ( human nature1 s9 except$2 7t is1 s9 be+ except$47 ,9 ! days ( ,joram1 k+ ( ,israel1 fl\ri%$ ! prophet ,eli%a4 ,paul ! apo/le suff]$ m>tyrdom4 ,come1 peace ( m9d1 delightful gue/6 & dwell ) me4 ,fri5ds1 ,romans1 c\ntrym51 l5d me y\r e>s4 ,s\l ( ! j1 companion ( ! dead6 ,:]e is ?y home1 & :i!r art ?\ fl$8 ,till ,hym5 br\ght 8 love-delight$ h\r1 ,!re dwelt no joy 9 ,ed5's rosy b[]3-- ,! _w 0 sad1 ! g>d5 0 a wild1 ,& man ! h]mit sigh$1 till woman smil$4 ,,note4 ,^? v]bs 9 italics1 9 ! prec$+ examples1 are all 9 ! imp]ative mood1 & second p]son1 agree+ ) ?\1 ye1 or y1 und]/ood4 ,h\se ( ,israel is a n\n ( multitude4 ,0 r\t$ & mu/ be done are passive v]bs4 ,art fl$ is a neut] v]b 9 a passive =m4 ,clo!d is a p]fect p>ticiple4 ,till is an adv]bial conjunction4 ,:5 y %all h analyz$1 sy/ematically1 e ^w 9 ! =ego+ ex]cises1 y may answ] ! foll[+ ,,que/ions ,,n ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,repeat ! li/ ( int]jections4--,repeat "s int]jective phrases4--,repeat ! ord] ( p>s+ an int]jection4--,9 ord] to f9d ! v]b to :i* a n\n is nom4 :at "q d y put8--,give examples4--,is ! nom9ative case ev] plac$ aft] ! v]b8--,:58--,give examples4--,does ! objective case ev] come be=e ! v]b8--,give examples4--,is a n\n ev] nom4 to a v]b und]/ood8--,give examples4--,:5 is a n\n or pron\n 9 ! nom4 case indep5d5t8--,give examples4--,are n\ns ( ! second p]son always 9 ! nom4 case indep5d5t8--,:5 a pron\n is put by apposition ) a n\n indep5d5t1 9 :at case is x8--,:5 is a n\n or pron\n 9 ! nom4 case absolute8--,give examples4--,:5 are n\ns or n\ns & pron\ns put1 by apposition1 9 ! same case8--,give examples4--,9 p>s+ a n\n or pron\n 9 ! nom4 case indep5d5t1 :at ,rule %\ld be appli$8--,9 p>s+ ! nom4 case absolute1 :at ,rule8--,:at ,rule 9 p>s+ n\ns or pron\ns 9 apposition8--,d real int]jections belong to writt5 language8--7,phil4 ,notes47--,f :at are ! foll[+ words d]iv$1 pi%1 fy1 lo1 halt1 f>ewell1 welcome1 adieu6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,! t]m ,,int]jection is appli$ to ^? in>ticulate s\nds employ$ bo? by m5 & brutes1 n to express di/9ct ideas1 b emotions1 passions1 or feel+s4 ,! s\nds employ$ by human be+s 9 groan+1 sigh+1 cry+1 scream+1 %riek+1 & laugh+1 by ! dog 9 b>k+1 gr[l+1 & :9+1 by ! horse 9 snort+ & neigh+1 by ! %eep 9 bleat+1 by ! cat 9 mew+1 by ! dove 9 coo+1 by ! duck 9 quack+1 & by ! goose 9 hiss+1 we sometimes attempt to repres5t by words2 b1 z writt5 words are ! ocul> repres5tatives ( articulate s\nds1 !y _c be made cle>ly to d5ote in>ticulate or indi/9ct noises4 ,su* indi/9ct utt]ances belong to natural language2 b !y fall bel[ ! b\nds ( regulat$ spee*4 ,h5ce1 real int]jections are n a "p ( writt5 language4 ,! mean+ ( ^? words commonly call$ int]jections1 is easily %[n by trac+ !m to _! roots4 ,pi% & p%aw are ! ,anglo-,saxon paec1 paeca2 & are equival5t to trump]y6 i4e4 tromp]ie1 f tromp]4 ,fy or fie is ! imp]ative1 foe1 ! pa/ t5se1 & foh or faugh1 ! pa/ "p4 ( ! ,saxon v]b fian1 to hate4 ,lo is ! imp]ative ( look4 ,halt is ! imp]ative ( heald51 to hold4 ,f>ewell--f>e-well1 is a comp\nd ( f>an1 to g1 & ! adv]b well4 ,x means1 to g well4 ,welcome--well-come1 signifies1 x is well t y are come4 ,adieu comes f ! ,fr5* a ,dieu1 to ,god2 mean+1 ,i comm5d y to ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,moods ,,& ,,t5ses ,,( ,,v]bs4 ,y h n[ acquir$ a g5]al1 &1 ,i may say1 an ext5sive1 k ( n9e p>ts ( spee*2 b y "k b little1 z yet1 respect+ ! mo/ important "o ( all2 ,i mean ! ,,v]b4 ,i w1 !re=e1 comm5ce ?is lecture by giv+ y an explanation ( ! ,moods & ,t5ses ( v]bs4 ,h ! goodness1 h[ev]1 fir/ to turn back & read ov] ,lecture ,,ii41 & reflect well ^u :at is !re said respect+ ! v]b2 aft] :i* ,i w conduct y s smoo?ly ?r\gh ! moods & t5ses1 & ! conjugation ( v]bs1 t1 in/ead ( f9d+ y\rself involv$ 9 obscurities & deep intricacies1 y w sc>cely f9d an ob/ruction to imp$e y\r progress4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,moods4 ,! ,,mood or ,,mode ( a v]b means ! mann] 9 :i* its action1 passion1 or be+1 is repres5t$4 ,:5 ,i wi% to ass]t a ?+1 positively1 ,i use ! decl>ative or indicative mode2 z1 ,! man walks2 b sometimes ! action or occurr5ce ( :i* ,i wi% to speak1 is d\btful1 & !n ,i mu/ n decl>e x positively1 b ,i mu/ adopt ano!r mode ( expression2 ?us1 ,if ! man walk1 he w refre% himself ) ! bl& breezes4 ,?is second mode or mann] ( repres5t+ ! action1 is call$ ! subjunctive or conditional mode4 ,aga91 we sometimes employ a v]b :5 we d n wi% to decl>e a ?+1 nor to repres5t ! action 9 a d\btful or conditional mann]2 b we wi% to comm& "s "o to act4 ,we !n use ! imp]ative or comm&+ mode1 & say1 ,walk1 sir4 ,& :5 we d n wi% to comm& a man to act1 we sometimes allude to 8 p[] or ability to act4 ,?is f\r? mode ( repres5t+ action1 is call$ ! pot5tial mode2 z1 ,he c walk2 ,he c\ld walk4 ,! fif? & la/ mode1 call$ ! inf9itive or unlimit$ mode1 we employ 9 express+ action 9 an unlimit$ mann]2 t is1 )\t conf9+ x1 9 respect to numb] & p]son1 to any p>ticul> ag5t2 z1 ,to walk1 to ride4 ,?us y p]ceive1 t ! mood1 mode1 or mann] ( repres5t+ ! action1 passion1 or be+ ( a v]b1 mu/ v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t int5tions ( ! m9d4 ,7 we to assign a p>ticul> "n to e *ange 9 ! mode or mann] ( repres5t+ action or be+1 ! numb] ( moods 9 our language w\ld am\nt to _m hundr$s4 ,b ?is pr9ciple ( division & arrangem5t1 if foll[$ out 9 detail1 w\ld lead to great p]plexity1 )\t produc+ any b5eficial result4 ,! division ( ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 8 ,h]mes1 is mu* m curi\s ?an in/ructive4 ,he has f\rte5 moods2 8 int]rogative1 optative1 hortative1 promissive1 precautive1 requisitive1 enunciative1 c4 ,b z f> z philosophical accuracy & ! conv5i5ce & advantage ( ! le>n] are conc]n$1 x is believ$ t no arrangem5t is pref]able to ! foll[+4 ,i am n unaw>e t plausible objections may be rais$ aga9/ x2 b :at arrangem5t _c be object$ to8 ,!re are five moods ( v]bs1 ! ,indicative1 ! ,subjunctive1 ! ,imp]ative1 ! ,pot5tial1 & ! ,inf9itive4 ,! ,,indicative ,,mood simply indicates or decl>es a ?+2 z1 ,he writes2 or x asks a "q2 z1 ,does he write8 ,:o wrote t8 ,! t]m indicative1 comes f ! ,lat9 indico1 to decl>e4 ,h5ce1 ! legitimate prov9ce ( ! indicative mood1 is to decl>e ?+s1 :e!r positively or negatively2 ?us1 positively1 ,he came ) me2 negatively1 ,he came n ) me4 ,b 9 ord] to avoid a multiplication ( moods1 we ext5d its mean+1 & use ! indicative mood 9 ask+ a "q2 z1 ,:o came ) y8 ,! subjunctive mood be+ m analog\s to ! indicative 9 conjugation1 ?an any o!r1 x ought to be pres5t$ next 9 ord]4 ,?is mood1 h[ev]1 diff]s mat]ially f ! indicative 9 s5se2 !re=e y ought to make y\rself well acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! indicative1 be=e y comm5ce ) ! subjunctive4 ,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood expresses action1 passion1 or be+1 9 a d\btful or conditional mann] or1 ,:5 a v]b is prec$$ by a ^w t expresses a condition1 d\bt1 motive1 wi%1 or supposition1 x is 9 ! ,,subjunctive ,,mood2 z1 ,if he /udy1 he w improve2 ,i w respect him1 ?\gh he *ide me2 ,he w n be p>don$1 unless he rep5t2 ,_h he be5 !re1 he w\ld h conqu]$2 7t is1 if he _h be5 !re47 ,! conjunctions if1 ?\gh1 unless1 9 ! prec$+ examples1 express condition1 d\bt1 c42 !re=e1 ! v]bs /udy1 *ide1 rep5t1 & _h be51 are 9 ! subjunctive mood4 ,,note #a4 ,a v]b 9 ?is mood is g5]ally att5d$ by ano!r v]b 9 "s o!r mood4 ,y obs]ve1 t ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree ( ! prec$+ examples1 conta9s a v]b 9 ! indicative mood1 & ! f\r?1 a v]b 9 ! pot5tial4 #b4 ,:5ev] ! conjunctions if1 ?\gh1 unless1 except1 :e!r1 le/1 or any o!rs1 d5ote cont+5cy or d\bt1 ! v]bs t foll[ !m are 9 ! subjunctive mood2 z1 ,if he ride out e day1 8 heal? w probably improve2 t is1 if he %all or %\ld ride out h]eaft]4 ,b :5 ^! conjunctions d n imply d\bt1 c4 ! v]bs t foll[ !m are 9 ! indicative1 or "s o!r mood2 z1 ,?\gh he rides out daily1 8 heal? is no bett]4 ,! conjunctive & indicative =ms ( ?is mood1 are expla9$ 9 ! conjugation ( ! v]b to love4 ,see page4 ,! ,,imp]ative ,,mood is us$ = comm&+1 exhort+1 entreat+1 or p]mitt+2 z1 ,dep>t ?\2 ,rememb] my admonitions2 ,t>ry a:ile long]2 ,g 9 peace4 ,! v]b dep>t expresses a comm&2 rememb] exhorts2 t>ry expresses entreaty2 & g1 p]mission2 !re=e !y are all 9 ! imp]ative mood4 ,! imp]ative1 f imp]o1 to comm&1 is lit]ally t mood ( ! v]b us$ 9 comm&+2 b its te*nical mean+ 9 gramm> is ext5d$ to ! use ( ! v]b 9 exhort+1 entreat+1 & p]mitt+4 ,a v]b 9 ! imp]ative mood1 is always ( ! second p]son1 ?\gh nev] v>i$ 9 its t]m9ations1 agree+ ) ?\1 ye1 or y1 ei!r express$ or impli$4 ,y may "k a v]b 9 ?is mood by ! s5se2 recollect1 h[ev]1 t ! nom9ative is always second p]son1 & frequ5tly und]/ood2 z1 ,george1 give me my hat2 t is1 give ?\1 or give y4 ,:5 ! nom9ative is express$1 x is g5]ally plac$ aft] ! v]b2 z1 ,g ?\2 ,dep>t ye2 or betwe5 ! auxili>y & ! v]b2 z1 ,d ?\ g2 ,d ye dep>t4 7,d is ! auxili>y47 ,! ,,pot5tial ,,mood implies possibility1 lib]ty1 or necessity1 p[]1 w1 or obligation2 z1 ,x may ra92 ,he may g or /ay2 ,we mu/ eat & dr9k2 ,i c ride2 ,he w\ld walk2 ,!y %\ld le>n4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! examples1 ! auxili>y may implies possibility2 9 ! second x implies lib]ty2 t is1 he is at lib]ty to g or to /ay2 9 ! ?ird1 mu/ d5otes necessity2 c d5otes p[] or ability2 w\ld implies w or incl9ation2 t is1 he _h a m9d to walk2 & %\ld implies obligation4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t ! v]bs1 may ra91 may g1 mu/ eat1 mu/ dr9k1 c ride1 _w walk1 & %\ld le>n1 are 9 ! pot5tial mood4 ,,note #a4 ,z a v]b 9 ! indicative mood is conv]t$ into ! subjunctive :5 x is prec$$ by a conjunction express+ d\bt1 cont+5cy1 supposition1 c41 s a v]b 9 ! pot5tial mood1 may1 9 l mann]1 be turn$ into ! subjunctive2 z1 ,if ,i c\ld deceive him1 ,i %\ld abhor x2 ,?\gh he %\ld increase 9 weal?1 he w\ld n be *>itable4 ,i c\ld deceive1 is 9 ! pot5tial2 ,if ,i c\ld deceive1 is 9 ! subjunctive mood4 #b4 ,! pot5tial mood1 z well z ! indicative1 is us$ 9 ask+ a "q2 z1 ,may ,i g8 ,c\ld y und]/& him8 ,mu/ we die8 ,! ,,inf9itive ,,mood expresses action1 passion1 or be+1 9 a g5]al & unlimit$ mann]1 hav+ no nom9ative1 consequ5tly1 nei!r p]son nor numb]2 z1 ,to speak1 to walk4 ,inf9itive means unconf9$1 or unlimit$4 ,?is mood is call$ ! inf9itive1 because its v]b is n conf9$ or limit$ to a nom9ative4 ,a v]b 9 any o!r mood is limit$2 t is1 x mu/ agree 9 numb] & p]son ) its nom9ative2 b a v]b 9 ?is mood has no nom9ative1 !re=e1 x nev] *anges its t]m9ation1 except to =m ! p]fect t5se4 ,n[ y und]/& :y all v]bs are call$ f9ite or limit$1 except+ ^? 9 ! inf9itive mood4 ,,note4 ,to1 ! sign ( ! inf9itive mood1 is (t5 und]/ood be=e ! v]b2 z1 ,let me proce$2 t is1 ,let me to proce$4 ,see ,,rule #be4 ,to is n a preposition :5 jo9$ to a v]b 9 ?is mood2 ?us1 to ride1 to rule2 b x %\ld be p>s$ ) ! v]b1 & z a "p ( x4 ,if y /udy ?is lecture att5tively1 y w p]ceive1 t :5 ,i say1 ,i write1 ! v]b is 9 ! indicative mood2 b :5 ,i say1 if ,i write1 or1 unless ,i write1 c4 ! v]b is 9 ! subjunctive mood2 write ?\1 or write ye or y1 ! imp]ative2 ,i may write1 ,i mu/ write1 ,i c\ld write1 c4 ! pot5tial2 & to write1 ! inf9itive4 ,any o!r v]b 7except ! defective7 may be employ$ 9 ! same mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,t5ses4 ,,t5se means "t4 ,v]bs h six t5ses1 ! ,pres5t1 ! ,imp]fect1 ! ,p]fect1 ! ,plup]fect1 & ! ,fir/ & ,second ,future t5ses4 ,! ,,pres5t ,,t5se repres5ts an action or ev5t z tak+ place at ! "t 9 :i* x is m5tion$2 z1 ,i smile2 ,i see2 ,i am se54 ,,note #a4 ,! pres5t t5se is also us$ 9 speak+ ( actions cont9u$1 ) occasional int]missions1 to ! pres5t "t2 z1 ,he rides out e morn+4 #b4 ,?is t5se is sometimes appli$ to repres5t ! actions ( p]sons long s9ce dead2 z1 ,s5eca reasons & moralizes well2 ,an hone/ man is ! noble/ "w ( ,god4 #c4 ,:5 ! pres5t t5se is prec$$ by ! words1 :51 be=e1 aft]1 z soon z1 c4 x is sometimes us$ to po9t out ! relative "t ( a future action2 z1 ,:5 he arrives we %all he> ! news4 ,! ,,imp]fect ,,t5se d5otes a pa/ action or ev5t1 h[ev] di/ant2 or1 ,! ,,imp]fect ,,t5se repres5ts an action or ev5t z pa/ & f9i%$1 b )\t def9+ ! precise "t ( its completion2 z1 ,i lov$ h] = h] mode/y & virtue2 ,!y 7 travell+ po/ :5 he met !m4 ,9 ^! examples1 ! v]bs lov$ & met express pa/ & f9i%$ actions1 & !re=e con/itute a p]fect t5se z /rictly z any =m ( ! v]b 9 our language2 b1 z !y d n def9e ! precise "t ( ! completion ( ^! actions1 _! t5se may prop]ly be d5om9at$ an indef9ite pa/4 ,by def9+ ! pres5t p>ticiple 9 conjunction ) ! v]b1 we h an imp]fect t5se 9 ! expression1 7 travell+4 ,?is c\rse1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y me?od ( treat+ ! p>ticiple4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! t]ms imp]fect & p]fect1 z appli$ to ?is & ! next succe$+ t5se1 are n altoge!r significant ( _! true "*2 b if y le>n to apply ^! t5ses correctly1 ! propriety or impropriety ( _! names is n a consid]ation ( v great mom5t4 ,! ,,p]fect ,,t5se d5otes pa/ "t1 & also conveys an allusion to ! pres5t2 z1 ,i h f9i%$ my lett]4 ,! v]b h f9i%$1 9 ?is example1 signifies t ! action1 ?\gh pa/1 0 p]fectly f9i%$ at a po9t ( "t imm$iately prec$+1 or 9 ! c\rse ( a p]iod :i* comes to ! pres5t4 ,"u ?is view ( ! subject1 ! t]m p]fect may be prop]ly appli$ to ?is t5se1 = x specifies1 n only ! completion ( ! action1 b1 also1 alludes to ! p>ticul> p]iod ( its accompli%m5t4 ,! ,,plup]fect ,,t5se repres5ts a pa/ action or ev5t t transpir$ be=e "s o!r pa/ "t specifi$2 z1 ,i _h f9i%$ my lett] be=e my bro!r arriv$4 ,y obs]ve t ! v]b _h f9i%$1 9 ?is example1 repres5ts "o pa/ action1 & ! arrival ( my bro!r1 ano!r pa/ action2 !re=e _h f9i%$ is 9 ! plup]fect t5se1 because ! action took place prior to ! tak+ place ( ! o!r pa/ action specifi$ 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,! ,,fir/ ,,future ,,t5se d5otes a future action or ev5t2 z ,i w f9i%2 ,i %all f9i% my lett]4 ,! ,,second ,,future ,,t5se repres5ts a future action t w be fully accompli%$1 at or be=e ! "t ( ano!r future action or ev5t2 z1 ,i %all h f9i%$ my lett] :5 my bro!r arrives4 ,?is example cle>ly %[s y ! mean+ & ! prop] use ( ! second future t5se4 ,! v]b %all h f9i%$ implies a future action t w be completely f9i%$1 at or be=e ! "t ( ! o!r future ev5t d5ot$ by ! phrase1 :5 my bro!r arrives4 ,,note4 ,:at is sometimes call$ ! ,inceptive future1 is express$ ?us1 ,i am go+ to write2 ,i am ab\t to write4 ,future "t is also indicat$ by plac+ ! inf9itive pres5t imm$iately aft] ! indicative pres5t ( ! v]b to be2 ?us1 ,i am to write2 ,h>rison is to be1 or ought to be1 comm&] 9 *ief2 ,h>rison is to comm& ! army4 ,y may n[ read :at is said respect+ ! moods & t5ses sev]al times ov]1 & !n y may le>n to conjugate a v]b4 ,b1 be=e y proce$ to ! conjugation ( v]bs1 y w please to commit ! foll[+ p>agraph on ! ,auxili>y v]bs &1 also1 ! signs ( ! moods & t5ses2 &1 9 conjugat+1 y mu/ pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* ^! signs are appli$4 ,,( ,,! ,,auxili>y ,,v]bs4 ,,auxili>y or ,,help+ ,,v]bs are ^? by ! help ( :i* ! ,engli% v]bs are pr9cipally conjugat$4 ,may1 c1 mu/1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld1 & %all1 are always auxili>ies2 d1 be1 h1 & w1 are sometimes auxili>ies1 & sometimes pr9cipal v]bs4 ,! use ( ! auxili>ies is %[n 9 ! foll[+ conjugation4 ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,moods4 ,! ,indicative ,mood is kn[n by ! s5se1 or by its hav+ no sign1 except 9 ask+ a "q2 z1 ,:o loves y8 ,! conjunctions if1 ?\gh1 unless1 except1 :e!r1 & le/1 are g5]ally signs ( ! ,subjunctive2 z1 ,if ,i love2 unless ,i love1 c4 ,a v]b is g5]ally kn[n to be 91 ! ,imp]ative ,mood by its agree+ ) ?\1 or ye or y1 und]/ood2 z1 ,love virtue1 & foll[ h] /eps2 t is1 love ?\1 or love ye or y2 foll[ ?\1 c4 ,may1 c1 & mu/1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld1 are signs ( ! ,pot5tial ,mood2 z1 ,i may love2 ,i mu/ love2 ,i %\ld love1 c4 ,to is ! sign ( ! ,inf9itive2 z1 ,to love1 to smile1 to hate1 to walk4 ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,t5ses4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! v]b is ! sign ( ! pres5t t5se2 z1 love1 smile1 hate1 walk4 ,ed--! imp]fect t5se ( regul> v]bs2 z1 lov$1 smil$1 hat$1 walk$4 ,h--! p]fect2 z1 h lov$4 ,_h--! plup]fect2 z1 _h lov$4 ,%all or w--! fir/ future2 z1 %all love1 or w love2 %all smile1 w smile4 ,%all or w h--! second future2 z1 %all h lov$1 or w h lov$4 ,,note4 ,!re are "s exceptions to ^! signs1 :i* y w notice by ref]r+ to ! conjugation 9 ! pot5tial mood4 ,n[1 ,i hope y w s f> consult y\r own ease & advantage1 z to commit1 p]fectly1 ! signs ( ! moods & t5ses be=e y proce$ f>!r ?an to ! subjunctive mood4 ,if y d1 ! suppos$ ,h]culean task ( le>n+ to conjugate v]bs1 w be trans=m$ into a few h\rs ( pleasant pa/ime4 ,! ,indicative ,mood has six t5ses4 ,! ,subjunctive has also six t5ses4 ,! ,imp]ative has only "o t5se4 ,! ,pot5tial has f\r t5ses4 ,! ,inf9itive has two t5ses4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,v]bs4 ,! ,,conjugation ( a v]b is ! regul> comb9ation & arrangem5t ( its sev]al numb]s1 p]sons1 moods1 & t5ses4 ,! ,conjugation ( an active v]b1 is /yl$ ! active voice2 & t ( a passive v]b1 ! passive voice4 ,v]bs are call$ ,regul> :5 !y =m _! imp]fect t5se ( ! indicative mood1 & _! p]fect p>ticiple1 by add+ to ! pres5t t5se ed1 or d only :5 ! v]b ends 9 e2 z1 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,imp4 ,t5se4 ,p]f4 ,p>ticiple ,i favor4 ,i favored4 favored4 ,i love4 ,i loved1 loved4 ,a ,regul> ,v]b is conjugat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,,to ,,love4--,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,p]s4 ,i love1 #a4 ,we love1 #b4 ,p]s4 ,?\ love/1 #b4 ,ye or y love1 #c4 ,p]s4 ,he1 %e1 or x1 love? #c4 ,!y love4 or loves4 ,:5 we wi% to express en]gy or positiv5ess1 ! auxili>y d %\ld prec$e ! v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se3 ?us1 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i d love1 #a4 ,we d love1 #b4 ,?\ do/ love1 #b4 ,ye or y d love1 #c4 ,he do? or does love4 #c4 ,!y d love4 ,imp]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i lov$1 #a4 ,we lov$1 #b4 ,?\ lov$/1 #b4 ,ye or y lov$1 #c4 ,he lov$4 #c4 ,!y lov$4 ,or by-prefix+ did to ! pres5t3 ?us1 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i did love #a4 ,we did love1 #b4 ,?\ did/ love1 #b4 ,ye or y did love1 #c4 ,he did love4 #c4 ,!y did love4 ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i h lov$1 #a4 ,we h lov$1 #b4 ,?\ ha/ lov$1 #b4 ,ye or y h lov$1 #c4 ,he ha? or has lov$4 #c4 ,!y h lov$4 ,plup]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i _h lov$1 #a4 ,we _h lov$1 #b4 ,?\ had/ lov$1 #b4 ,ye or y _h lov$1 #c4 ,he _h lov$4 #c4 ,!y _h lov$4 ,fir/ ,future ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i %all or w love1 #a4 ,we %all or w love1 #b4 ,?\ %alt or wilt love1 #b4 ,ye or y %all or w love1 #c4 ,he %all or w love1 #c4 ,!y %all or w love4 ,second ,future ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i %all h lov$1 #a4 ,we %all h lov$1 #b4 ,?\ wilt h lov$1 #b4 ,ye or y w h lov$1 #c4 ,he w h lov$1 #c4 ,!y w h lov$4 ,,note4 ,t5ses =m$ )\t auxili>ies1 are call$ simple t5ses2 z1 ,i love2 ,i lov$2 b ^? =m$ by ! help ( auxili>ies1 are d5om9at$ comp\nd t5ses2 z1 ,i h lov$2 ,i _h lov$1 c4 ,?is display ( ! v]b %[s y1 9 ! cle>e/ light1 ! application ( ! signs ( ! t5ses1 :i* signs ought to be p]fectly committ$ to memory be=e y proce$ any f>!r4 ,by look+ aga9 at ! conjugation1 y w notice1 t h1 plac$ be=e ! p]fect p>ticiple ( any v]b1 =ms ! p]fect t5se2 _h1 ! plup]fect2 %all or w1 ! fir/ future1 & s on4 ,n[ speak ea* ( ! v]bs1 love1 hate1 walk1 smile1 rule1 & conqu]1 9 ! fir/ p]son ( ea* t5se 9 ?is mood1 ) ! pron\n ,i be=e x2 ?us1 indicative mood1 pres4 t5se1 fir/ p]s4 s+4 ,i love2 imp]f4 ,i lov$2 p]f4 ,i h lov$2 & s on1 ?r\gh all ! t5ses4 ,if y le>n ?or\ghly ! conjugation ( ! v]b 9 ! indicative mood1 y w f9d no difficulty 9 conjugat+ x ?r\gh ^? t foll[1 = 9 ! conjugation ?r\gh all ! moods1 !re is a great simil>ity4 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres5t ,t5se1 or elliptical future4--,conjunctive =m4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,if ,i love1 #a4 ,if we love1 #b4 ,if ?\ love1 #b4 ,if ye or y love1 #c4 ,if he love4 #c4 ,if !y love4 ,look aga9 at ! conjugation 9 ! indicative pres5t1 & y w obs]ve1 t ! =m ( ! v]b diff]s f ?is =m 9 ! subjunctive4 ,! v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se ( ?is mood1 does n v>y its t]m9ation on acc\nt ( numb] or p]son4 ,?is is call$ ! conjunctive =m ( ! v]b2 b sometimes ! v]b 9 ! subjunctive mood1 pres5t t5se1 is conjugat$ 9 ! same mann] z x is 9 ! indicative1 ) ?is exception1 if1 ?\gh1 unless1 or "s o!r conjunction1 is prefix$2 z1 ,indicative =m4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,if ,i love1 #a4 ,if we love1 #b4 ,if ?\ love/1 #b4 ,if ye or y love1 #c4 ,if he loves1 #c4 ,if !y love4 ,! foll[+ g5]al rule w direct y :5 to use ! conjunctive =m ( ! v]b1 & :5 ! indicative4 ,:5 a v]b 9 ! subjunctive mood1 pres5t t5se1 has a future signification1 or a ref]5ce to future "t1 ! conjunctive =m %\ld be us$2 z1 ,if ?\ prosp]1 ?\ %\ld/ be ?ankful2 ,he w ma9ta9 8 pr9ciples1 ?\gh he lose 8 e/ate2 t is1 ,if ?\ %alt or %\ld/ prosp]2 ?\gh he %all or %\ld lose1 c4 ,b :5 a v]b 9 ! subjunctive mood1 pres5t t5se1 has no ref]5ce to future "t1 ! indicative =m ought to be us$2 z1 ,unless he means :at he says1 he is d\bly fai?less4 ,by ?is y p]ceive1 t :5 a v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se ( ! subjunctive mood1 has a future signification1 an auxili>y is always und]/ood be=e x1 = :i* reason1 9 ?is con/ruction1 ! t]m9ation ( ! pr9cipal v]b nev] v>ies2 u1 ,he w n become em95t1 unless he ex]t himself2 t is1 unless he %all ex]t1 or %\ld ex]t himself4 ,?is t5se ( ! subjunctive mood ought to be call$ ! elliptical future4 ,! imp]fect1 ! p]fect1 ! plup]fect1 & ! fir/ future t5ses ( ?is mood1 are conjugat$1 9 e respect1 l ! same t5ses ( ! indicative1 ) ?is exception2 9 ! subjunctive mood1 a conjunction imply+ d\bt1 c4 is prefix$ to ! v]b4 ,9 ! second future t5se ( ?is mood1 ! v]b is conjugat$ ?us3 ,second ,future ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,if ,i %all h lov$1 #a4 ,if we %all h lov$1 #b4 ,if ?\ %alt h lov$1 #b4 ,if y %all h lov$1 #c4 ,if he %all h lov$4 #c4 ,if !y %all h lov$4 ,look at ! same t5se 9 ! indicative mood1 & y w readily p]ceive ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two conjugations4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #b4 ,love1 or love ?\1 or d #b4 ,love1 or love ye or y1 or ?\ love4 d ye or y love4 ,,note4 ,we _c comm&1 exhort1 c4 ei!r 9 pa/ or future "t2 !re=e a v]b 9 ?is mood is always 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,,pot5tial ,,mood4 ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ love1 #a4 ,we may1 c1 or mu/ love1 #b4 ,?\ may/1 can/1 or mu/ #b4 ,ye or y may1 c1 or love1 mu/ love1 #c4 ,he may1 c1 or mu/ love4 #c4 ,!y may1 c1 or mu/ love4 ,imp]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or #a4 ,we might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld love1 %\ld love1 #b4 ,?\ might/1 c\ld/1 #b4 ,ye or y might1 c\ld1 w\ld/1 or %\ld/ love1 w\ld1 or %\ld love1 #c4 ,he might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or #c4 ,!y might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld love1 or %\ld love4 ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ h #a4 ,we may1 c1 or mu/ h lov$1 lov$1 #b4 ,?\ may/1 can/1 or mu/ #b4 ,ye or y may1 c1 or h lov$1 mu/ h lov$1 #c4 ,he may1 c1 or mu/ #c4 ,!y may1 c1 or mu/ h lov$4 h lov$4 ,plup]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 #a4 ,we might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h lov$1 or %\ld h lov$1 #b4 ,?\ might/1 c\ld/1 w\ld/1 #b4 ,ye or y might1 c\ld1 or %\ld/ h lov$1 w\ld1 or %\ld h lov$1 #c4 ,he might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 #c4 ,!y might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h lov$1 or %\ld h lov$4 ,by exam9+ c>efully ! conjugation ( ! v]b ?r\gh ?is mood1 y w f9d x v easy2 ?us1 y w notice1 t :5ev] any ( ! auxili>ies1 may1 c1 or mu/1 is plac$ be=e a v]b1 t v]b is 9 ! pot5tial mood1 pres5t t5se2 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld1 r5d]s x 9 ! pot5tial mood1 imp]fect t5se2 may1 c1 or mu/ h1 ! p]fect t5se2 & might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h1 ! plup]fect t5se4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,to love4 ,p]f4 ,t5se4 ,to h lov$4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t or imp]fect1 ,lov+4 ,p]fect or passive1 ,lov$4 ,comp\nd1 ,hav+ lov$4 ,,note4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple ( a regul> v]b1 corresponds exactly ) ! imp]fect t5se2 yet ! =m] may1 at all times1 be di/+ui%$ f ! latt]1 by ! foll[+ rule3 ,9 composition1 ! imp]fect t5se ( a v]b always has a nom9ative1 ei!r express$ or impli$3 ! p]fect p>ticiple nev] has4 ,= y\r enc\ragem5t1 all[ me to in=m y1 t :5 y %all h le>n$ to conjugate ! v]b to love1 y w be able to conjugate all ! regul> v]bs 9 ! ,engli% language1 = !y are all conjugat$ precisely 9 ! same mann]4 ,by pursu+ ! foll[+ direction1 y c1 9 a v %ort "t1 le>n to conjugate any v]b4 ,conjugate ! v]b love ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses1 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 ) ! pron\n ,i be=e x1 & speak ! ,p>ticiples3 ?us1 ,indicative mood1 pres4 t5se1 fir/ p]s4 s+4 ,i love1 imp]f4 t5se1 ,i lov$2 p]f4 t5se1 ,i h lov$2 & s on1 ?r\gh e mood & t5se4 ,!n conjugate x 9 ! second p]s4 s+1 ) ! pron\n ?\ be=e x1 ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses2 ?us1 ,indic4 mood1 pres4 t5se1 second p]s4 s+1 ?\ love/2 imp]f4 t5se1 ?\ lov$/2 & s on1 ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,aft] t1 conjugate x 9 ! ?ird p]s4 s+1 ) he be=e x2 & !n 9 ! fir/ p]s4 plural1 ) we be=e x1 9 l mann] ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses4 ,al?\gh ?is mode ( proc$ure may1 at fir/1 appe> to be labori\s1 yet1 z x is necess>y1 ,i tru/ y w n hesitate to adopt x4 ,my confid5ce 9 y\r p]sev]ance1 induces me to recomm5d any c\rse :i* ,i "k w t5d to facilitate y\r progress4 ,:5 y %all h compli$ ) my requisition1 y may conjugate ! foll[+ v]bs 9 ! same mann]2 :i* w enable y1 h]eaft]1 to tell ! mood & t5se ( any v]b )\t hesitation3 walk1 hate1 smile1 rule1 conqu]1 r$uce1 relate1 melt1 %un1 fail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophical ,,notes4 ,! *anges 9 ! t]m9ation ( words1 9 all languages1 h be5 =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( words ( appropriate mean+4 ,?is subject 0 approa*$ on page #di4 ,x is aga9 tak5 up = ! purpose ( %[+1 t ! moods & t5ses1 z well z ! numb] & p]son1 ( ,engli% v]bs1 d n solely dep5d on inflection4 ,! coalesc+ syllables :i* =m ! numb] & p]son ( ! ,hebrew v]b1 are /ill consid]$ pron\ns2 &1 by ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! subject1 x is conc$$1 t ! same plan has be5 adopt$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek v]bs1 z 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,"s languages h c>ri$ ?is process to a v great ext5t4 ,ours is rem>kable = ! small numb] ( its inflections4 ,b !y :o reject ! passive v]b1 & ^? moods & t5ses :i* are =m$ by employ+ :at are call$ auxili>y v]bs1 because !y are =m$ ( two or m v]bs1 d n appe> to reason s\ndly4 ,x is inconsi/5t to admit1 t walk-e?1 & walk-ed1 are t5ses1 because ea* is b "o ^w1 & to reject h walk$1 & w walk1 z t5ses1 because ea* is compos$ ( two words4 ,e?1 z previ\sly %[n1 is a contraction ( doe?1 or have?1 & ed1 ( d$e1 dodo1 do$1 or did2 &1 !re=e1 walk-e?2 i4e4 walk-doe?1 or doe?-walk1 & walk-ed2 i4e4 walk-did1 or do$ or did-walk1 are1 :5 analyz$1 z /rictly comp\nd1 z w walk1 %all walk1 & h walk$4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! =mation ( ^! t5ses1 is1 t 9 ! two =m]1 ! associat$ v]bs h be5 contract$ & made to coalesce ) ! ma9 v]b1 b 9 ! two latt]1 !y /ill ma9ta9 _! gr\nd z sep>ate words4 ,if x be said t w walk is compos$ ( two words1 ea* ( :i* conveys a di/9ct idea1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld be analyz$ by itself1 ! same argum5t ) all its =ce1 may be appli$ to walk-e?1 walk-ed1 walk-did1 or did walk4 ,! result ( all ! inve/igations ( ?is subject1 appe>s to settle d[n into ! hackney$ truism1 t ! passive v]bs1 & ! moods & t5ses1 ( "s languages1 are =m$ by inflections1 or t]m9ations ei!r prefix$ or po/fix$1 & ( o!r languages1 by ! association ( auxili>y v]bs1 :i* h n yet be5 contract$ & made to coalesce z t]m9ations4 ,! auxili>y1 :5 contract$ into a t]m9at+ syllable1 reta9s its di/9ct & intr9sic mean+1 z mu* z :5 associat$ ) a v]b by juxtaposition3 consequ5tly1 an auxili>y v]b may =m a "p ( a mood or t5se1 or passive v]b1 ) z mu* propriety z a t]m9at+ syllable4 ,!y :o cont5d = ! anci5t cu/om ( keep+ ! auxili>ies di/9ct1 & p>s+ !m z prim>y v]bs1 are1 by ! same pr9ciple1 b\nd to ext5d _! dissect+-knife to e comp\nd ^w 9 ! language4 ,hav+ ?us attempt$ briefly to prove ! philosophical accuracy ( ! !ory :i* recognises ! t5ses1 moods1 & passive v]bs1 =m$ by ! aid ( auxili>ies1 ,i %all n[ (f] "o argum5t to %[ t ?is !ory1 & ?is only1 w subs]ve ! purposes ( ! practical gramm>ian4 ,z x is n s mu* ! prov9ce ( philology to in/ruct 9 ! exact mean+ ( s+le & sep>ate words1 z x is to tea* ! /ud5t to comb9e & employ !m prop]ly 9 fram+ s5t5ces1 & z ^? comb9ations :i* g by ! "n ( comp\nd t5ses & passive v]bs1 are necess>y 9 writ+ & disc\rse1 x foll[s1 conclusively1 t t !ory :i* does n expla9 ^! v]bs 9 _! comb9$ /ate1 _c tea* ! /ud5t ! correct use & application ( ! v]bs ( our language4 ,by su* an arrangem5t1 he _c le>n :5 x is prop] to use ! phrases1 %all h walk$1 might h gone1 h se51 in/ead (1 %all walk1 might g1 & saw2 because ?is !ory has no?+ to d ) ! comb9+ ( v]bs4 ,if x be alleg$1 t ! speak] or writ]'s own good s5se mu/ guide him 9 comb9+ ^! v]bs1 &1 !re=e1 t ! directions ( ! gramm>ian are unnecess>y1 x mu/ be recollect$1 t su* an argum5t w\ld be>1 equally1 aga9/ e pr9ciple ( gramm> :atev]4 ,9 %ort1 ! !ory ( ! comp\nd t5ses1 & ( ! passive v]b1 appe>s to be s firmly bas$ 9 ! g5ius ( our language1 & s practically important to ! /ud5t1 z to defy all ! eng9es ( ! p>alogi/ic speculator1 & ! philosophical quibbl]1 to batt] x d[n4 ,b ! mo/ plausible objection to ! old !ory is1 t x is encumb]$ ) mu* useless te*nicality & t$i\s prolixity1 :i* are avoid$ by ! simple process ( explod+ ! passive v]b1 & r$uc+ ! numb] ( ! moods to ?ree1 & ( ! t5ses to two4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t if we reject ! names ( ! p]fect1 plup]fect1 & future t5ses1 ! names ( ! pot5tial & subjunctive moods1 & ( ! passive v]b1 9 writ+ & disc\rse we mu/ /ill employ ^? v]bal comb9ations :i* =m !m2 & x is equally c]ta91 t ! prop] mode ( employ+ su* comb9ations1 is z easily taught or le>n$ by ! old !ory1 :i* names !m1 z by ! new1 :i* gives !m no "n4 ,on philosophical pr9ciples1 we might1 p]haps1 disp5se ) ! future t5ses ( ! v]b1 by analyz+ ea* ^w sep>ately2 b1 z illu/rat$ on page #gi1 ! comb9$ words :i* =m our p]fect & plup]fect t5ses h an associat$ mean+1 :i* is de/roy$ by analyz+ ea* ^w sep>ately4 ,t arrangem5t1 !re=e1 :i* rejects ^! t5ses1 appe>s to be1 n only unphilosophical1 b inconsi/5t & inaccurate4 ,= ! satisfaction ( ^? tea*]s :o pref] x1 & = _! adoption1 too1 a mod]niz$ philosophical !ory ( ! moods & t5ses is "h pres5t$4 ,if x is n q s conv5i5t & useful z ! old "o1 !y ne$ n hesitate to adopt x4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ new2 &1 moreov]1 x s\nds l>ge1 & w make ! commonalty />e4 ,let x be di/9ctly und]/ood1 t y tea* philosophical gramm>1 f\nd$ on reason & common s5se1 & y w pass = a v le>n$ man1 & make all ! good h\sewives wond] at ! rapid m>* ( intellect1 & ! va/ improvem5ts ( ! age4 ,,mood4 ,v]bs h ?ree moods1 ! indicative1 7embrac+ :at is commonly includ$ "u ! indicative1 ! subjunctive1 & ! pot5tial17 ! imp]ative1 & ! inf9itive4--,= def9itions1 ref] to ! body ( ! "w4 ,,t5se ,,or ,,"t4 ,v]bs h only two t5ses1 ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,a v]b express+ action comm5c$ & n complet$1 is 9 ! pres5t t5se2 z1 ,religion so>s3 x has ga9$ _m victories3 x w to c>ry its vot>ies to ! blissful regions4 ,:5 a v]b expresses f9i%$ action1 x is 9 ! pa/ t5se2 z1 ,?is page 7! ,bible7 ,god hung out ( heav51 & retir$4 ,a v]b 9 ! imp]ative & inf9itive moods1 is always 9 ! pres5t t5se1 high au?orities to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,! comm& mu/ necess>ily be giv5 9 "t pres5t1 al?\gh its fulfilm5t mu/ be future4 ,john1 :at are y do+8 ,le>n+ my task4 ,:y d y le>n x8 ,because my preceptor comm&$ me to d s4 ,:5 did he comm& y8 ,ye/]day4--,n n[1 ( c\rse4 ,t x is inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ?+s = a comm& to be giv5 9 future "t1 & t ! fulfilm5t ( ! comm&1 ?\gh future1 has no?+ to d ) ! t5se or "t ( ! comm& itself1 are tru?s s pla9 z to put to ! blu% ! gross absurdity ( ^? :o id5tify ! "t ( ! fulfilm5t ) t ( ! comm&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,y may read ! book :i* ,i h pr9t$4 ,may1 an irregul> active v]b1 signify+ to h & to ex]cise might or /r5g?1 indic4 mood1 pres4 t5se1 second p]s4 plur4 agree+ ) its nom4 y4 ,read1 an irregul> v]b active1 inf9itive mood1 pres4 t5se1 ) ! sign to und]/ood1 ref]r+ to y z its ag5t4 ,h1 an active v]b1 signify+ to possess1 indic4 pres5t1 & hav+ = its object1 book und]/ood aft] :i*4 ,pr9t$1 a p]f4 p>ticiple1 ref]r+ to book und]/ood4 ,johnson1 & ,blair1 & ,l[?1 w\ld h be5 laugh$ at1 _h !y essay$ to ?ru/ any ?+ l our mod]niz$ philosophical gramm> d[n ! ?roats ( _! contempor>ies4 ,w\ld1 an active v]b1 signify+ to ex]cise volition1 9 ! pa/ t5se ( ! indicative4 ,h1 a v]b1 9 ! inf9itive1 to und]/ood4 ,be51 a p]fect "p4 ( to be1 ref]r+ to ,johnson1 ,blair1 & ,l[?4 ,laugh$ at1 p]f4 "p1 ( to laugh at1 ref]r+ to ! same z be54 ,_h1 active v]b1 9 ! pa/ t5se ( ! indicative1 agree+ ) its nom4 !y4 ,essay$1 p]f4 "p1 ref]r+ to !y4 ,call ?is philosophical p>s+1 on reason+ pr9ciples1 accord+ to ! orig9al laws ( nature & ( ?\ght1 & ! pill w be swall[$1 by p$ants & _! dupes1 ) ! greate/ ease imag9able4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,( ,,irregul> ,,v]bs4 ,irregul> v]bs are ^? t d n =m _! imp]fect t5se & p]fect p>ticiple by ! addition ( d or ed to ! pres5t t5se2 z1 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,p]f4 or ,pass4 ,"p4 ,i write ,i wrote writt5 ,i beg9 ,i began begun ,i g ,i w5t gone ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! irregul> v]bs4 ,^? m>k$ ) an ,r are sometimes conjugat$ regul>ly4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,p]f4 or ,pass4 ,"p4 ,abide abode abode ,am 0 be5 ,arise arose aris5 ,awake awoke1 ,r4 awak$ ,be>1 to br+ =? b>e born ,be>1 to c>ry bore borne ,beat beat beat51 beat ,beg9 began begun ,b5d b5t b5t ,b]eave b]eft1 ,r4 b]eft1 ,r4 ,besee* bes\ght bes\ght ,bid bade1 bid bidd51 bid ,b9d b\nd b\nd ,bite bit bitt51 bit ,ble$ bl$ bl$ ,bl[ blew bl[n ,break broke brok5 ,bre$ br$ br$ ,br+ br\ght br\ght ,build built built ,bur/ bur/1 ,r4 bur/1 ,r4 ,buy b\ght b\ght ,ca/ ca/ ca/ ,cat* caught1 ,r4 caught1 ,r4 ,*ide *id *idd51 *id ,*oose *ose *os5 ,cleave1 to adh]e clave1 ,r4 cleav$ ,cleave1 to split cleft cleft1 or clove clov5 ,cl+ clung clung ,clo! clo!d clad1 ,r4 ,come came come ,co/ co/ co/ ,cr[ crew1 ,r4 cr[$ ,creep crept crept ,cut cut cut ,d>e1 to v5ture dur/ d>$ ,d>e1 to *all5ge ,,regul> ,deal dealt1 ,r4 dealt1 ,r4 ,dig dug1 ,r4 dug1 ,r4 ,d did done ,draw drew drawn ,drive drove driv5 ,dr9k drank drunk1 drank#f ,dwell dwelt1 ,r4 dwelt1 ,r4 ,eat eat1 ate eat5 ,fall fell fall5 ,fe$ f$ f$ ,feel felt felt ,fight f\ght f\ght ,f9d f\nd f\nd ,flee fl$ fl$ ,fl+ flung flung ,fly flew fl[n ,=get =got =gott5 ,=sake =sook =sak5 ,freeze froze froz5 ,get got got#g ,gild gilt1 ,r4 gilt1 ,r4 ,gird girt1 ,r4 girt1 ,r4 ,give gave giv5 ,g w5t gone ,grave grav$ grav51 ,r4 ,gr9d gr\nd gr\nd ,gr[ grew gr[n ,h _h _h ,hang hung1 ,r4 hung1 ,r4 ,he> he>d he>d ,hew hew$ hewn1 ,r4 ,hide hid hidd51 hid ,hit hit hit ,hold held held ,hurt hurt hurt ,keep kept kept ,knit knit1 ,r4 knit1 ,r4 ,"k knew kn[n ,lade lad$ lad5 ,lay laid laid ,lead l$ l$ ,leave left left ,l5d l5t l5t ,let let let ,lie1 to lie d[n lay la9 ,load load$ lad51 ,r4 ,lose lo/ lo/ ,make made made ,meet met met ,m[ m[$ m[n1 ,r4 ,pay paid paid ,put put put ,read read read ,r5d r5t r5t ,rid rid rid ,ride rode rode1 ridd5#h ,r+ rung1 rang rung ,rise rose ris5 ,rive riv$ riv5 ,run ran run ,saw saw$ sawn1 ,r4 ,say said said ,see saw se5 ,seek s\ght s\ght ,sell sold sold ,s5d s5t s5t ,set set set ,%ake %ook %ak5 ,%ape %ap$ %ap$1 %ap5 ,%ave %av$ %av51 ,r4 ,%e> %e>$ %orn ,%$ %$ %$ ,%9e %one1 ,r4 %one1 ,r4 ,%[ %[$ %[n ,%oe %od %od ,%oot %ot %ot ,%r9k %runk %runk ,%r$ %r$ %r$ ,%ut %ut %ut ,s+ sung1 sang#i sung ,s9k sunk1 sank#i sunk ,sit sat set ,slay slew sla9 ,sleep slept slept ,slide slid slidd5 ,sl+ slung slung ,sl9k slunk slunk ,slit slit1 ,r4 slit ,smite smote smitt5 ,s[ s[$ s[n1 ,r4 ,speak spoke spok5 ,spe$ sp$ sp$ ,sp5d sp5t sp5t ,spill spilt1 ,r4 spilt1 ,r4 ,sp9 spun spun ,spit spit1 spat spit1 spitt5 #aj ,split split split ,spread spread spread ,spr+ sprung1 sprang sprung ,/& /ood /ood ,/eal /ole /ol5 ,/ick /uck /uck ,/+ /ung /ung ,/9k /unk /unk ,/ride /rode1 /rid /ridd5 ,/rike /ruck /ruck or /rick5 ,/r+ /rung /rung ,/rive /rove /riv5 ,/r[ /r[$ /r[n1 or or /r[$ or /rew /rew$ /rew$ ,sweat swet1 ,r4 swet1 ,r4 ,swe> swore sworn ,swell swell$ swoll51 ,r4 ,swim swum1 swam swum ,sw+ swung swung ,take took tak5 ,tea* taught taught ,te> tore torn ,tell told told ,?9k ?\ght ?\ght ,?rive ?rove1 ,r4 ?riv5 ,?r[ ?rew ?r[n ,?ru/ ?ru/ ?ru/ ,tread trod trodd5 ,wax wax$ wax51 ,r4 ,we> wore worn ,weave wove wov5 ,wet wet wet1 ,r4 ,weep wept wept ,w9 won won ,w9d w\nd w\nd ,"w wr\ght1 wr\ght1 work$ work$ ,wr+ wrung wrung ,write wrote writt5 #f ,! m5 7 drunk2 i4e4 inebriat$4 ,! toa/s 7 drank4 #g ,gott5 is ne>ly obsolete4 ,its comp\nd =gott51 is /ill 9 good use4 #h ,ridd5 is ne>ly obsolete4 #i ,sang & sank %\ld n be us$ 9 famili> /yle4 #aj ,spitt5 is ne>ly obsolete4 ,9 famili> writ+ & disc\rse1 ! foll[+1 & "s o!r v]bs1 are (t5 improp]ly t]m9at$ by t in/ead ( ed2 z1 le>nt1 spelt1 spilt1 /opt1 lat*t4 ,!y %\ld be1 le>n$1 spell$1 spill$1 /opp$1 lat*$4 ,y may n[ conjugate ! foll[+ irregul> v]bs1 9 a mann] simil> to ! conjugation ( regul> v]bs3 arise1 beg91 b9d1 d1 g1 gr[1 run1 l5d1 tea*1 write4 ,?us1 to arise--,indicative mood1 pres4 t5se1 fir/ p]son1 s+4 ,i arise2 imp]f4 t5se1 ,i arose2 p]f4 t5se1 ,i h aris51 & s on1 ?r\gh all ! moods1 & all ! t5ses ( ea* mood2 & !n speak ! p>ticiples3 ?us1 pres4 aris+1 p]f4 aris51 comp4 hav+ aris54 ,9 ! next place1 conjugate ! same v]b 9 ! second p]son s+4 ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses2 & !n 9 ! ?ird p]son s+4 & 9 ! fir/ p]s4 plural4 ,aft] t1 y may proce$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! words beg91 b9d1 c4 ,n[ read ! elev5? & twelf? lectures f\r or five times ov]1 & le>n ! ord] ( p>s+ a v]b4 ,y w !n be prep>$ to p>se ! foll[+ v]bs 9 full2 & ,i presume1 all ! o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,:5ev] y p>se1 y mu/ ref] to ! ,comp5dium = def9itions & rules1 if y _c repeat !m )\t1 ,i w n[ p>se a v]b1 & describe all its prop]ties by apply+ ! def9itions & rules accord+ to ! sy/ematic ord]4 ,we c\ld n accompli% ! bus9ess4 ,c\ld accompli% is a v]b1 a ^w :i* signifies to d--active1 x expresses action--transitive1 ! action passes ov] f ! nom4 we to ! object bus9ess--regul>1 x w =m its imp]fect t5se ( ! indic4 mood & p]f4 "p1 9 ed--pot5tial mood1 x implies possibility or p[]--imp]fect t5se1 x d5otes pa/ "t h[ev] di/ant--fir/ p]s4 plural1 because ! nom4 we is ) :i* x agrees1 agreeably to ,,rule #d4 ,a v]b mu/ agree1 c4 ,conjugat$--,indic4 mood1 pres5t t5se1 fir/ p]s4 s+4 ,i accompli%2 imp]fect t5se1 ,i accompli%$2 p]fect1 ,i h accompli%$2 plup]fect1 ,i _h accompli%$2 & s on4--,speak x 9 ! p]son ( ea* t5se ?r\gh all ! moods1 & conjugate1 9 ! same mann]1 e v]b y p>se4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,^! ex]cises conta9 a complete v>iety ( ,moods & ,t5ses4 ,i le>n my lesson well4 ,*>les1 ?\ le>ne/ ?y lesson badly4 ,john1 d y write a good h&8 ,^? ladies wrote a beautiful lett]1 b !y did n despat* x4 ,h y se5 ! g5tleman to :om ,i gave ! book8 ,he has gone4 ,!y _h receiv$ ! news be=e ! mess5g] arriv$4 ,:5 w ^? p]sons return8 ,my fri5d %all receive 8 rew>d4 ,he w h visit$ me ?ree times1 if he come to-morr[4 ,if ,eliza /udy dilig5tly1 %e w improve4 ,if ,*>les /udies he does n improve4 ,unless t man %all h accompli%$ 8 "w1 by midsumm]1 he w receive no wages4 ,orl&o1 obey my precepts1 unless y wi% to injure y\rself4 ,rememb] :at is told y4 ,! physician may adm9i/] ! m$ic9e1 b ,provid5ce only c bless x4 ,i told1 him t he might g1 b he w\ld n4 ,he might h gone la/ week1 _h he conduct$ himself prop]ly2 7t is1 if he _h conduct$1 c47 ,boys1 prep>e to recite y\r lessons4 ,"y ladies1 let me he> y repeat :at y h le>n$4 ,/udy1 dilig5tly1 :atev] task may be allott$ to y4 ,to correct ! _s ( discont5t1 let u consid] h[ little we des]ve4 ,to die = "o's c\ntry1 is glori\s4 ,h[ c we become wise8 ,to seek ,god is wisdom4 ,:at is true greatness8 ,active b5evol5ce4 ,a good man is a great man4 ,,note #a4 ,man1 foll[+ great1 & :at1 9 ! la/ two examples1 are nom4 aft] is3 ,,rule #ba4 ,to seek ,god1 & to die = "o's c\ntry1 are memb]s ( s5t5ces1 ea* put z ! nom4 case to is respectively3 ,,rule #bd4 ,! v]b to correct is ! inf9itive mood absolute3 ,,note "u ,,rule #bc4 ,may be allott$ is a passive v]b1 agree+ ) :i*1 ! relative "p ( :atev]4 ,t1 ! fir/ "p ( :atev]1 is an adj4 pron\n1 agree+ ) task2 & task is gov]n$ by /udy4 ,he>1 foll[+ let1 & repeat1 foll[+ he>1 are 9 ! inf9itive mood )\t ! sign to1 accord+ to ,,rule #be4 ,to recite is gov]n$ by prep>e3 ,,rule #bc4 ,is told1 is a passive v]b1 agree+ ) :i*1 ! relative "p ( :atev]2 & y1 foll[+1 is gov]n$ by to und]/ood3 ,,note #a1 "u ,,rule #cb4 #b4 ,9 p>s+ a pron\n1 if ! n\n = :i* x /&s is n express$1 y mu/ say x repres5ts "s p]son or ?+ und]/ood4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,auxili>y1 ,,passive1 ,,& ,,defective ,,v]bs4 ,i4 ,,auxili>y ,,v]bs4 ,be=e y att5d to ! foll[+ additional rem>ks on ! ,auxili>y ,v]bs1 y w d well to read aga9 :at is said respect+ !m 9 ,lecture ,,xi4 page #adj4 ,! %ort acc\nt !re giv51 & _! application 9 conjugat+ v]bs1 h already made !m q famili> to y2 & y h und\bt$ly obs]v$1 t1 )\t _! help1 we _c conjugate any v]b 9 any ( ! t5ses1 except ! pres5t & imp]fect ( ! indicative & subjunctive moods1 & ! pres5t ( ! imp]ative & inf9itive4 ,9 ! =mation ( all ! o!r t5ses1 !y are br\ght into requisition4 ,mo/ ( ! auxili>y v]bs are defective 9 conjugation2 t is1 !y are us$ only 9 "s ( ! moods & t5ses2 & :5 unconnect$ ) pr9cipal v]bs1 !y are conjugat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,,may4 ,pres4 ,t5se ,s+4 ,i may1 ?\ may/1 he may4 ,plur4 ,we may1 ye or y may1 !y may4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i might1 ?\ might/1 he might4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we might1 ye or y might1 !y might4 ,,c4 ,pres4 ,s+4 ,i c1 ?\ can/1 he c4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we c1 ye or y c1 !y c4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i c\ld1 ?\ c\ld/1 he c\ld4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we c\ld1 ye or y c\ld1 !y c\ld4 ,,w4 ,pres4 ,s+4 ,i w1 ?\ wilt1 he w4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we w1 ye or y w1 !y w4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i w\ld1 ?\ w\ld/1 he w\ld4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we w\ld1 ye or y w\ld1 !y w\ld4 ,,%all4 ,pres4 ,s+4 ,i %all1 ?\ %alt1 he %all4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we %all1 ye or y %all1 !y %all4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i %\ld1 ?\ %\ld/1 he %\ld4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we %\ld1 ye or y %\ld1 !y %\ld4 ,,to ,,d4 ,pres4 ,s+4 ,i d1 ?\ do/ or doe/1 he do? or does4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we d1 ye or y d1 !y d4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i did1 ?\ did/1 he did4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we did1 ye or y did1 !y did4 ,p>ticiples4 ,pres4 do+4 ,p]f4 done4 ,,to ,,be4 ,pres4 ,s+4 ,i am1 ?\ art1 he is4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we are1 ye or y are1 !y are4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i 01 ?\ wa/1 he 04 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we 71 ye or y 71 !y 74 ,p>ticiples4 ,pres4 be+4 ,p]f4 be54 ,,to ,,h4 ,pres4 ,s+4 ,i h1 ?\ ha/1 he ha? or has4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we h1 ye or y h1 !y h4 ,imp]f4 ,s+4 ,i _h1 ?\ had/1 he _h4 ,t5se4 ,plur4 ,we _h1 ye or y _h1 !y _h4 ,p>ticiples4 ,pres4 hav+4 ,p]f4 _h4 ,d1 be1 h1 & w1 are sometimes us$ z pr9cipal v]bs2 & :5 employ$ z su*1 d1 be1 & h1 may be conjugat$1 by ! help ( o!r auxili>ies1 ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses4 ,,d4 ,! diff]5t t5ses ( d1 9 ! sev]al moods1 are ?us =m$3 ,indicative mood1 pres4 t5se1 fir/ p]s4 s+4 ,i d2 imp]fect t5se1 ,i did2 p]f4 ,i h done2 plup]fect1 ,i _h done2 fir/ future1 ,i %all or w d2 sec4 fut4 ,i %all h done4 ,subjunctive mood1 pres4 t5se1 ,if ,i d2 imp]f4 if ,i did2 & s on4 ,imp]ative mood1 d ?\4 ,pot5tial1 pres4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ d1 c4 ,inf9itive1 pres5t1 to d2 p]f4 to h done4 ,p>ticiples1 pres4 do+2 p]f4 done2 comp\nd1 hav+ done4 ,,h4 ,h is 9 great dem&4 ,no v]b c be conjugat$ ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses )\t x4 ,h1 :5 us$ z a pr9cipal v]b1 is d\bl$ 9 "s ( ! pa/ t5ses1 & becomes an auxili>y to itself2 ?us1 ,indic4 mood1 pres4 t5se1 fir/ p]s4 s+4 ,i h2 imp]f4 t5se1 ,i _h2 p]f4 ,i h _h2 plup]f4 ,i _h _h2 fir/ fut4 ,i %all or w h2 sec4 fut4 ,i %all h _h4 ,subjunctive1 pres5t1 if ,i h2 imp]f4 if ,i _h2 p]f4 if ,i h _h2 plup]f4 if ,i _h _h2 fir/ fut4 if ,i %all or w h2 sec4 fut4 if ,i %all h _h4 ,imp]4 mood1 h ?\4 ,pot5tial1 pres5t1 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ h2 imp]f4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h2 p]f4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ h _h2 plup]f4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h _h4 ,inf9itive1 pres5t1 to h2 p]f4 to h _h4 ,p>ticiples1 pres4 hav+2 p]f4 _h2 comp\nd1 hav+ _h4 ,,be4 ,9 ! next place ,i w pres5t to y ! conjugation ( ! irregul>1 neut] v]b1 ,be1 :i* is an auxili>y :5ev] x is plac$ be=e ! p]fect p>ticiple ( ano!r v]b1 b 9 e o!r situation1 x is a pr9cipal v]b4 ,,to ,,be4--,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i am1 ?\ art1 he1 %e1 or x is4 ,plur4 ,we are1 ye or y are1 !y are4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i 01 ?\ wa/1 he 04 ,plur4 ,we 71 ye or y 71 !y 74 ,p]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i h be51 ?\ ha/ be51 he ha? or has be54 ,plur4 ,we h be51 ye or y h be51 !y h be54 ,plup4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i _h be51 ?\ had/ be51 he _h be54 ,plur4 ,we _h be51 ye or y _h be51 !y _h be54 ,fir/ ,fut4 ,t4 ,s+1 ,i %all or w be1 ?\ %alt or wilt be1 he %all or w be4 ,plur4 ,we %all or w be1 y %all or w be1 !y %all or w be4 ,second ,fut4 ,t4 ,s+4 ,i %all h be51 ?\ wilt h be51 he w h be54 ,plur4 ,we %all h be51 y w h be51 !y w h be54 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,if ,i be1 if ?\ be1 if he be4 ,plur4 ,if we be1 if ye or y be1 if !y be4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,if ,i 71 if ?\ w]t1 if he 74 ,plur4 ,if we 71 if ye or y 71 if !y 74 ,! neut] v]b to be1 & all passive v]bs1 h two =ms 9 ! imp]fect t5se ( ?is mood1 z well z 9 ! pres5t2 !re=e1 ! foll[+ rule may s]ve to direct y 9 ! prop] use ( ea* =m4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce implies d\bt1 supposition1 c4 & ! neut] v]b be1 or ! passive v]b1 is us$ ) a ref]5ce to pres5t or future "t1 & is ei!r foll[$ or prec$$ by ano!r v]b 9 ! imp]fect ( ! pot5tial mood1 ! conjunctive =m ( ! imp]fect t5se mu/ be employ$2 z1 ,if he 7 "h1 we %\ld rejoice toge!r2 ,%e might g1 7 %e s dispos$4 ,b :5 !re is no ref]5ce to pres5t or future "t1 & ! v]b is nei!r foll[$ nor prec$$ by ano!r 9 ! pot5tial imp]fect1 ! indicative =m ( ! imp]fect t5se mu/ be us$2 z1 ,if he 0 ill1 he did n make x kn[n2 ,:e!r he 0 abs5t or pres5t1 is a matt] ( no consequ5ce4 ,! g5]al rule = us+ ! conjunctive =m ( ! v]b1 is pres5t$ on page #ade4 ,see1 also1 page #ace4 ,! p]fect1 plup]fect1 & fir/ future t5ses ( ! subjunctive mood1 are conjugat$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! correspond5t t5ses ( ! indicative4 ,! second future is conjugat$ ?us3 ,second ,fut4 ,t4 ,s+4 ,if ,i %all h be51 if ?\ %alt h be51 if he %all4 c ,plur4 ,if we %all h be51 if y %all h be51 if !y1 c4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,be1 or be ?\1 or d ?\ be4 ,plur4 ,be1 or be ye or y1 or d ye or y be4 ,,pot5tial ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se ,s+4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ be1 ?\ may/1 can/1 or mu/ be1 he may1 c1 or mu/ be4 ,plur4 ,we may1 c1 or mu/ be1 ye or y may1 c1 or mu/ be1 !y may1 c1 or mu/ be4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld be1 ?\ mighte/1 c4 ,plur4 ,we might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld be1 y might1 c4 ,p]f4 ,t5se ,s+4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ h be51 ?\ may/1 can/1 c4 ,plur4 ,we may1 c1 or mu/ h be51 y may1 c1 or mu/ be1 c4 ,plup]4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h be51 ?\1 c4 ,plur4 ,we might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h be51 y1 c4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,to be4 ,p]f4 ,t5se4 ,to h be54 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres4 ,be+4 ,p]f4 ,be54 ,comp\nd1 ,hav+ be54 ,?is v]b to be1 ?\gh v irregul> 9 its conjugation1 is by f> ! mo/ important v]b 9 our language1 = x is m frequ5tly us$ ?an any o!r2 _m rules ( syntax dep5d on con/ructions associat$ ) x1 &1 )\t its aid1 no passive v]b c be conjugat$4 ,y ought1 !re=e1 to make y\rself p]fectly famili> ) all its *anges1 be=e y proce$ any f>!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,passive ,,v]bs4 ,! cases ( n\ns are a fruitful !me = inve/igation & discussion4 ,9 ! progress ( ^! lectures1 ?is subject has frequ5tly engag$ our att5tion2 &1 n[1 9 introduc+ to y\r notice ! passive v]b1 x w1 p]haps1 be f\nd bo? int]e/+ & pr(itable to pres5t "o m view ( ! nom9ative case4 ,e s5t5ce1 y recollect1 mu/ h "o f9ite v]b1 or m ?an "o1 & "o nom9ative1 ei!r express$ or impli$1 =1 )\t !m1 no s5t5ce c exi/4 ,! nom9ative is ! actor or subject conc]n+ :i* ! v]b makes an affirmation4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( nom9atives1 active1 passive1 & neut]4 ,! nom9ative to an active v]b1 is active1 because x produces an action1 & ! nom9ative to a passive v]b1 is passive1 because x receives or endures ! action express$ by ! v]b2 =1 ,a ,passive ,v]b d5otes action receiv$ or endur$ by ! p]son or ?+ :i* is ! nom9ative2 z1 ,! boy is beat5 by 8 fa!r4 ,y p]ceive1 t ! nom9ative boy1 9 ?is example1 is n repres5t$ z ! actor1 b z ! object ( ! action express$ by ! v]b is beat52 t is1 ! boy receives or endures ! action p]=m$ by 8 fa!r2 !re=e boy is a passive nom9ative4 ,& y obs]ve1 too1 t ! v]b is beat51 d5otes ! action receiv$ or endur$ by ! nom9ative2 !re=e is beat5 is a passive v]b4 ,if ,i say1 ,john kick$ ! horse1 ,john is an active nom9ative1 because he p]=m$ or produc$ ! action2 b if ,i say1 ,john 0 kick$ by ! horse1 ,john is a passive nom9ative1 because he receiv$ or endur$ ! action4 ,! nom9ative to a neut] v]b1 is neut]1 because x does n produce an action nor receive "o2 z1 ,john sits 9 ! *air4 ,john is "h connect$ ) ! neut] v]b sits1 :i* expresses simply ! /ate ( be+ ( its nom9ative1 !re=e ,john is a neut] nom9ative4 ,i w n[ illu/rate ! active1 passive1 & neut] nom9atives by a few examples4 ,i4 ,( ,,active ,,nom9atives2 z1 ,! boy beats ! dog2 ,! lady s+s2 ,! ball rolls2 ,! man walks4 ,,ii4 ,( ,,passive ,,nom9atives2 z1 ,! boy is beat52 ,! lady is lov$2 ,! ball is roll$2 ,! man 0 kill$4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,neut] ,,nom9atives2 z1 ,! boy rema9s idle2 ,! lady is beautiful2 ,! ball lies on ! gr\nd2 ,! man lives 9 t[n4 ,y may n[ proce$ to ! conjugation ( passive v]bs4 ,passive ,v]bs are call$ regul> :5 !y end 9 ed2 z1 0 lov$2 0 conqu]$4 ,all ,passive ,v]bs are =m$ by add+ ! p]fect p>ticiple ( an active-transitive v]b1 to ! neut] v]b to be4 ,if y place a p]fect p>ticiple ( an active-transitive v]b aft] ?is neut] v]b be1 9 any mood or t5se1 y w h a passive v]b 9 ! same mood & t5se t ! v]b be w\ld be 9 if ! p>ticiple 7 n us$2 z1 ,i am slight$2 ,i 0 slight$2 he w be slight$2 ,if ,i be slight$2 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ be slight$1 c4 ,h5ce y p]ceive1 t :5 y %all h le>n$ ! conjugation ( ! v]b be1 y w be able to conjugate any passive v]b 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! regul> passive v]b to be lov$1 :i* is =m$ by add+ ! p]fect p>ticiple lov$ to ! neut] v]b to be1 is conjugat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,,to ,,be ,,lov$4--,,indicative ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se ,s+4 ,i am lov$1 ?\ art lov$1 he is lov$4 ,plur4 ,we are lov$1 ye or y are lov$1 !y are lov$4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i 0 lov$1 ?\ wa/ lov$1 he 0 lov$4 ,plur4 ,we 7 lov$1 ye or y 7 lov$1 !y 7 lov$4 ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i h be5 lov$1 ?\ ha/ be5 lov$1 he has be5 lov$4 ,plur4 ,we h be5 lov$1 y h be5 lov$1 !y h1 c4 ,plup]4 ,t5se ,s+4 ,i _h be5 lov$1 ?\ had/ be5 lov$1 he _h be51 c4 ,plur4 ,we _h be5 lov$1 y _h be5 lov$1 !y _h be51 c4 ,fir/ ,future4 ,s+4 ,i %all or w be lov$1 ?\ %all or wilt be lov$1 he1 c4 ,plur4 ,we %all or w be lov$1 y %all or w be lov$1 !y1 c4 ,fir/ ,future4 ,s+4 ,i %all h be5 lov$1 ?\ wilt h be5 lov$1 he1 c4 ,plur4 ,we %all h be5 lov$1 y w h be5 lov$1 c4 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se ,s+4 ,if ,i be lov$1 if ?\ be lov$1 if he be lov$4 ,plur4 ,if we be lov$1 if ye or y be lov$1 if !y be lov$4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,if ,i 7 lov$1 if ?\ w]t lov$1 if he 7 lov$4 ,plur4 ,if we 7 lov$1 if y 7 lov$1 if !y 7 lov$4 ,?is mood has six t5ses3--,see conjugation ( ! v]b to be4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,be ?\ lov$1 or d ?\ be lov$4 ,plur4 ,be ye or y lov$1 or d ye be lov$4 ,,pot5tial ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ be lov$1 ?\ may/1 can/1 or mu/1 c4 ,plur4 ,we may1 c1 or mu/ be lov$1 y may1 c1 or mu/1 c4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld be lov$1 ?\ might/1 c4 ,plur4 ,we might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld be lov$1 ye or y1 c4 ,p]fect ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i may1 c1 or mu/ h be5 lov$1 ?\ may/1 can/1 c4 ,plur4 ,we may1 c1 or mu/ h be5 lov$1 y may1 c1 c4 ,plup4 ,t5se4 ,s+4 ,i might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h be5 lov$1 ?\ might/1 c\ld/1 w\ld/1 or %\ld/ h ,plur4 ,we might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h be5 lov$1 y might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld h be5 lov$1 !y1 c4 ,,inf9itive ,,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,to be lov$4 ,p]f4 ,t5se4 ,to h be5 lov$4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t1 ,be+ lov$4 ,p]fect or ,passive1 ,lov$4 ,comp\nd1 ,hav+ be5 lov$4 ,,note4 ,?is conjugation ( ! passive v]b to be lov$1 is call$ ! passive1 voice ( ! regul> active-transitive v]b to love4 ,n[ conjugate ! foll[+ passive v]bs2 t is1 speak !m 9 ! fir/ p]s4 s+1 & plur4 ( ea* t5se1 ?r\gh all ! moods1 & speak ! p>ticiples2 to be lov$1 to be reject$1 to be slight$1 to be conqu]$1 to be se51 to be beat51 to be s\ght1 to be tak54 ,,note #a4 ,:5 ! p]fect p>ticiple ( an intransitive v]b is jo9$ to ! neut] v]b to be1 ! comb9ation is n a passive v]b1 b a neut] v]b 9 a passive =m2 z1 ,he is gone2 ,! birds are fl[n2 ,! boy is gr[n2 ,my fri5d is arriv$4 ,! foll[+ mode ( con/ruction1 is1 9 g5]al1 to be pref]r$2 ,he has gone2 ,! birds h fl[n2 ,! boy has gr[n2 ,my ,fri5d has arriv$4 #b4 ,active & neut] v]bs may be conjugat$ by add+ _! pres5t p>ticiple to ! auxili>y v]b to be1 ?r\gh all its v>iations2 z1 in/ead (1 ,i tea*1 ?\ tea*e/1 he tea*es1 c41 we may say1 ,i am tea*+1 ?\ art tea*+1 he is tea*+1 c42 &1 in/ead (1 ,i taught1 c42 ,i 0 tea*+1 c4 ,?is mode ( conjugation expresses ! cont9uation ( an action or /ate ( be+2 & has1 on "s occasions1 a peculi> propriety1 & contributes to ! h>mony & precision ( language4 ,:5 ! pres5t p>ticiple ( an active v]b is jo9$ ) ! neut] v]b to be1 ! two words unit$1 are1 by "s gramm>ians1 d5om9at$ an active v]b1 ei!r transitive or intransitive1 z ! case may be2 z1 ,i am writ+ a lett]2 ,he is walk+3 & :5 ! pres5t p>ticiple ( a neut] v]b is ?us employ$1 !y t]m ! comb9ation a neut] v]b2 z1 ,i am sitt+2 ,he is /&+4 ,o!rs1 9 con/ructions l ^!1 p>se ea* ^w sep>ately4 ,ei!r mode may be adopt$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,,defective ,,v]bs4 ,,defective ,,v]bs are ^? :i* are us$ only 9 "s ( ! moods & t5ses4 ,! pr9cipal ( !m are ^!4 ,pres4 ,t5se4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se4 ,p]fect or ,passive ,p>ticiple is want+4 ,may1 might4 ------------ ,c1 c\ld4 ------------ ,w1 w\ld4 ------------ ,%all1 %\ld4 ------------ ,mu/1 mu/4 ------------ ,ought1 ought4 ------------ ----- quo?4 ------------ ,,note4 ,mu/ & ought are n v>i$4 ,ought & quo? are nev] us$ z auxili>ies4 ,ought is always foll[$ by a v]b 9 ! inf9itive mood1 :i* v]b det]m9es its t5ses4 ,ought is 9 ! pres5t t5se :5 ! inf9itive foll[+ x is 9 ! pres5t2 z1 ,he ought to d x2 & ought is 9 ! imp]fect t5se :5 foll[$ by ! p]fect ( ! inf9itive2 z1 ,he ought to h done x4 ,be=e y proce$ to ! analysis ( ! foll[+ examples1 y may read ov] ! la/ ?ree lectures c>efully & att5tively2 & z soon z y become acqua9t$ ) all t has be5 pres5t$1 y w und]/& ne>ly all ! pr9ciples & regul> con/ructions ( our language4 ,9 p>s+ a v]b1 or any o!r "p ( spee*1 be c>eful to pursue ! sy/ematic ord]1 & to conjugate e v]b until y become famili> ) all ! moods & t5ses4 ,he %\ld h be5 puni%$ be=e he committ$ t atroci\s de$4 ,%\ld h be5 puni%$ is a v]b1 a ^w t signifies to d--passive1 x d5otes action receiv$ or endur$ by ! nom4--x is =m$ by add+ ! p]fect "p1 puni%$ to ! neut] v]b to be--regul>1 ! p]f4 "p1 ends 9 ed--pot5tial mood1 x implies obligation1 c4--plup]fect t5se1 x d5otes a pa/ act :i* 0 prior to ! o!r pa/ "t specifi$ by committ$--?ird p]s4 s+4 num4 because ! nom4 he is ) :i* x agrees3 ,,rule #d4 ,! v]b mu/ agree1 c4--,conjugat$1 ,indic4 mood1 pres4 t5se1 he is puni%$2 imp]f4 t5se1 he 0 puni%$2 p]f4 t5se1 he has be5 puni%$2 & s on4 ,conjugate x ?r\gh all ! moods & t5ses1 & speak ! p>ticiples4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica4 ,am]ica 0 discov]$ by ,columbus4 ,! preceptor is writ+ a lett]4 ,! lett] is writt5 by ! preceptor4 ,! "w c be done4 ,! h\se w\ld h be5 built ere ?is1 _h he fulfill$ 8 promise4 ,if ,i be beat5 by t man1 he w be puni%$4 ,"y man1 if y wi% to be respect$1 y mu/ be m assidu\s4 ,be+ ridicul$ & despis$1 he left ! in/itution4 ,he is read+ ,hom]4 ,!y are talk+4 ,he may be respect$1 if he become m +5u\s4 ,my wor?y fri5d ought to be honor$ = 8 b5evol5t de$s4 ,?is ought ye to h done4 ,,additional ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,all ! mo/ important pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 toge!r ) _m ( ! rules1 h n[ be5 pres5t$ & illu/rat$4 ,b be=e y proce$ to analyze ! foll[+ ex]cises1 y may turn ov] a few pages1 & y w f9d all ! rules pres5t$ 9 a body4 ,please to exam9e !m critically1 & p>se ! examples "u ea* rule & note4 ,! examples1 y w notice1 are giv5 to illu/rate ! respective rules & notes "u :i* !y are plac$2 h5ce1 by pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to !m1 y w be enabl$ fully & cle>ly to compreh5d ! mean+ & application ( all ! rules & notes4 ,z soon z y become famili>ly acqua9t$ ) all ! def9itions s t y c apply !m ) facility1 y may omit !m 9 p>s+2 b y mu/ always apply ! rules ( ,syntax4 ,:5 y p>se )\t apply+ ! def9itions1 y may proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,m]cy is ! true badge ( nobility4 ,m]cy is a n\n common1 ( ! neut] g5d]1 ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 & 9 ! nom9ative case to is3 ,,rule #c4 ,! nom9ative case gov]ns ! v]b4 ,is is an irregul> neut] v]b1 indicative mood1 pres5t t5se1 ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 agree+ ) m]cy1 accord+ to ,,rule #d4 ,! v]b mu/ agree1 c4 ,! is a def9ite article1 belong+ to badge1 9 ! s+ul> numb]3 ,,rule #b4 ,! def9ite article !1 c4 ,true is an adjective 9 ! positive degree1 & belongs to ! n\n badge3 ,,rule #ah4 ,adjectives belong1 c4 ,badge is a n\n com4 neut] g5d]1 ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 & 9 ! nom9ative case aft] is1 & put by apposition ) m]cy1 accord+ to ,,rule #ba4 ,! v]b to be may h ! same case aft] x z be=e x4 ,( is a preposition1 connect+ badge & nobility1 & %[+ ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,nobility is a n\n ( multitude1 mas4 & fem4 g5d]1 ?ird p]son1 s+1 & 9 ! obj4 case1 & gov]n$ by (3 ,,rule #ca4 ,prepositions gov]n ! objective case4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,le>n to unle>n :at y h le>n$ amiss4 ,:at ,i =feit = myself is a trifle2 t my indiscretions %\ld rea* my po/]ity1 w\nds me to ! he>t4 ,lady ,jane ,gray fell a sacrifice to ! wild ambition ( ! duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,k+ ,missipsi *>g$ 8 sons to consid] ! s5ate & p ( ,rome z proprietors ( ! k+dom ( ,numidia4 ,hazael smote ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 all _! coa/s2 & f :at is left on record ( 8 actions1 he pla9ly appe>s to h prov$1 :at ! prophet =esaw him to be1 a man ( viol5ce1 cruelty1 & blood4 ,heav5 hides f brutes :at m51 f m5 :at spirits "k4 ,he t =m$ ! e>1 c he n he>8 ,he t ha? e>s to he>1 let him he>4 ,,note #a4 ,le>n1 9 ! fir/ ( ! prec$+ examples1 is a transitive v]b1 because ! action passes ov] f ! nom4 y und]/ood1 to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce = its object3 ,,rule #bd4 ,9 ! next example1 t my indiscretions %\ld rea* my po/]ity1 is a "p ( a s5t5ce put z ! nom9ative to ! v]b w\nds1 accord+ to ! same ,rule4 #b4 ,! n\n sacrifice1 9 ! ?ird example1 is nom4 aft] ! active-intransitive v]b fell3 ,,rule #bb4 ,! n\n proprietors1 9 ! next s5t5ce1 is 9 ! objective case1 & put by apposition ) s5ate & p3 ,,rule #g1 or gov]n$ by consid]1 und]/ood1 accord+ to ,,rule #ce4 #c4 ,9 ! fif? example1 :at1 foll[+ prov$1 is a comp\nd relative4 ,?+1 ! antec$5t "p1 is 9 ! nom4 case aft] to be1 und]/ood1 & put by apposition ) he1 accord+ to ,,rule #ba1 & ,,note4 ,:i*1 ! relative "p1 is 9 ! obj4 case aft] to be express$1 & put by apposition ) him1 accord+ to ! same ,,rule4 ,man is 9 ! obj4 case1 put by apposition ) :i*3 ,,rule #g4 ,! latt] "p ( ! s5t5ce may be lit]ally r5d]$ ?us3 ,he pla9ly appe>s to h prov$ to be t base "* :i* ! prophet =esaw him to be1 viz4 a man ( viol5ce1 cruelty1 & blood4 ,! antec$5t "p ( ! fir/ :at1 9 ! next s5t5ce1 is gov]n$ by hides2 & :i*1 ! relative "p1 is gov]n$ by "k und]/ood4 ,! antec$5t "p ( ! second :at1 is gov]n$ by hides und]/ood1 & ! relative "p is gov]n$ by "k express$4 #d4 ,! fir/ he1 9 ! sev5? example1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 nom4 to c he> und]/ood2 b ,mr4 ,n4,r4 ,smi?1 a di/+ui%$ & acute gramm>ian1 sugge/s ! propriety ( r5d]+ ! s5t5ce ?us2 ,he t =m$ ! e>1 =m$ x to he>2 c he n he>8 ,! fir/ he1 9 ! la/ example1 is r$undant2 yet ! con/ruction is sometimes admissible1 = ! expression is m =cible ?an x w\ld be to say1 ,let him he> :o ha? e>s to he>2 & if we adopt ! +5i\s me?od ( ,mr4 ,smi?1 ! s5t5ce is grammatical1 & may be r5d]$ ?us2 ,he t ha? e>s1 ha? e>s to he>2 let him he>4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,idioms1 anomalies1 & intricacies4 #a4 ,! wall is ?ree feet high4 #b4 ,8 son is eight ye>s old4 #c4 ,my knife is wor? a %ill+4 #d4 ,%e is wor? him & all 8 connexions4 #e4 ,he has be5 !re ?ree times4 #f4 ,! hat co/ t5 doll>s4 #g4 ,! load weighs a tun4 #h4 ,! sp> measures n9ety feet4 ,,rem>ks4--,anomaly is d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 a1 )\t1 & omales1 simil>2 t is1 )\t simil>ity4 ,"s give its d]ivation ?us2 anomaly1 f ! ,lat91 ab1 f1 or out (1 & norma1 a rule1 or law1 means an outlaw2 a mode ( expression t dep>ts f ! rules1 laws1 or g5]al usages ( ! language2 a con/ruction 9 language peculi> to itself4 ,?us1 x is a g5]al rule ( ! language1 t adjectives ( "o syllable are comp>$ by add+ r1 or er1 & /1 or e/1 to ! positive degree2 b good1 bett]1 be/2 bad1 worse1 wor/1 are n comp>$ accord+ to ! g5]al rule4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 anomalies4 ,! plural numb] ( n\ns is g5]ally =m$ by add+ s to ! s+ul>3 man1 m52 woman1 wom52 *ild1 *ildr52 p5ny1 p5ce1 are anomalies4 ,! use ( news1 means1 alms & am5ds1 9 ! s+ul>1 con/itutes anomalies4 ,anomal\s con/ructions are correct accord+ to cu/om2 b1 z !y are dep>tures f g5]al rules1 by !m !y _c be analyz$4 ,an idiom1 ,lat9 idioma1 a con/ruction peculi> to a language1 may be an anomaly1 or x may n4 ,an idiomatical expression :i* is n an anomaly1 c be analyz$4 ,feet & ye>s1 9 ! #a/ & #b;d examples1 are n 9 ! nom9ative aft] is1 accord+ to ,rule #ba1 because !y are n 9 apposition ) ! respective n\ns t prec$e ! v]b2 b ! con/ructions are anomal\s2 &1 !re=e1 no rule c be appli$ to analyze !m4 ,! same ideas1 h[ev]2 c be convey$ by a legitimate con/ruction :i* c be analyz$2 ?us1 ,! height ( ! wall is ?ree feet2 ,! age ( my son is eight ye>s4 ,an anomaly1 :5 asc]ta9$ to be su*1 is easily dispos$ (2 b sometimes x is v difficult to decide :e!r a con/ruction is anomal\s or n4 ,! #c;d1 #d?1 & #e? examples1 are g5]ally consid]$ anomalies2 b if we supply1 z we are1 p]haps1 w>rant$ 9 do+1 ! associat$ words :i* mod]n ref9em5t has dropp$1 !y w cease to be anomalies2 ?us1 ,my knife is ( ! wor? ( a %ill+2 --( ! wor? ( him1 c4 ,he has be5 !re = ?ree times2 z we say1 ,i 0 unwell = ?ree days1 aft] ,i arriv$2 or1 ,i 0 unwell ?ree days4 ,?us x appe>s1 t by trac+ back1 = a few c5turies1 :at ! m]ely mod]n ,engli% s*ol> supposes to be an anomaly1 an ellipsis w frequ5tly be discov]$1 :i*1 :5 suppli$1 de/roys ! anomaly4 ,on extreme po9ts1 & peculi> & v>y+ con/ructions 9 a liv+ language1 ! mo/ able philologi/s c nev] be agre$2 because _m usages w always be unsettl$ & fluctuat+1 & w1 consequ5tly1 be dispos$ ( accord+ to ! caprice ( ! gramm>ian4 ,by "s1 a s5t5ce may be treat$ z an anomaly2 by o!rs :o cont5d =1 & supply1 an ellipsis1 ! same s5t5ce may be analyz$ accord+ to ! ellipsis suppli$2 :il/ o!rs1 :o d5y bo? ! elliptical & anomal\s "* ( ! s5t5ce1 con/ruct a rule by :i* to analyze x1 :i* rule has = its f\ndation ! pr9ciple conta9$ 9 t s5t5ce only4 ,?is la/ mode ( proc$ure1 inasmu* z x requires u to make a rule = e peculi> con/ruction 9 ! language1 appe>s to me to be ! mo/ exceptionable ( ! ?ree4 ,x appe>s to be multiply+ rules beyond ! b\nds ( utility4 ,! v]bs1 co/1 weighs1 & measures1 9 ! #f?1 #g?1 & #h? examples1 may be consid]$ z transitive4 ,see rem>ks on resemble1 h1 own1 c41 page #ef4 ,,examples4 #a4 ,& ,god said1 ',let !re be light1' & !re 0 light4 ,let u make man4 ,let u b[ be=e ! ,"l4 ,let high-born s]aphs tune ! lyre4 #b4 ,be x enact$4 ,be x rememb]$4 ,bless$ be he t blesse? !e2 & curs$ be he t curse? !e4 ,my s\l1 turn f !m3--turn we to survey1 c4 #c4 ,me?9ks ,i see ! portals ( et]nity wide op5 to receive him4 ,me?\ght ,i 0 inc>c]at$ b5ea? ! mighty deep4 ,i 0 !re j ?irty ye>s ago4 #d4 ,_! laws & _! mann]s1 g5]ally speak+1 7 extremely rude4 ,consid]+ _! means1 !y h effect$ mu*4 #e4 ,ah me6 nor hope nor life rema9s4 ,me mis]able6 :i* way %all ,i fly8 #f4 ,o happ9ess6 our be+'s end & aim6 ,good1 pleasure1 ease1 cont5t6 :atev] ?y "n1 ,t some?+ /ill :i* prompts ?' et]nal sigh4 ,= :i* we be> to live1 or d>e to die4-- ,! v]b let1 9 ! idiomatic examples "u numb] #a1 has no nom9ative specifi$1 & is left applicable to a nom9ative ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]son1 & ( ei!r numb]4 ,e action necess>ily dep5ds on an ag5t or mov+ cause2 & h5ce x foll[s1 t ! v]b1 9 su* con/ructions1 has a nom9ative und]/ood2 b z t nom9ative is n p>ticul>ly po9t$ out1 ! con/ructions may be consid]$ anomal\s4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,let x to be enact$2 or1 ,x is or %all be enact$2 ,let him to be bless$2 or1 ,he %all be bless$2 ,let u turn to survey1 c42 ! v]bs1 be enact$1 be bless$1 turn1 c4 accord+ to an idiom ( our language1 or ! poet's lic5se1 are us$ 9 ! imp]ative1 agree+ ) a nom9ative ( ! fir/ or ?ird p]son4 ,! phrases1 me?9ks & me?\ght1 are anomalies1 9 :i* ! objective pron\n me1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 is us$ 9 place ( a nom9ative1 & takes a v]b aft] x 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,him 0 anci5tly us$ 9 ! same mann]2 z1 him ?ute1 him ?\ght4 ,!re 0 a p]iod :5 ^! con/ructions 7 n anomalies 9 our language4 ,=m]ly1 :at we call ! objective cases ( our pron\ns1 7 employ$ 9 ! same mann] z our pres5t nom9atives are4 ,ago is a contraction ( agone1 ! pa/ "p4 ( to g4 ,be=e ?is p>ticiple 0 contract$ to an adv]b1 ! n\n ye>s prec$+ x1 0 9 ! nom9ative case absolute2 b n[ ! con/ruction am\nts to an anomaly4 ,! expressions1 g5]ally speak+1 & consid]+ _! means1 "u numb] #d1 are idiomatical & anomal\s1 ! subjects to ! p>ticiples n be+ specifi$4 ,accord+ to ! g5ius ( ! ,engli% language1 transitive v]bs & prepositions require ! objective case ( a n\n or pron\n aft] !m2 & ?is requisition is all t is meant by gov]nm5t1 :5 we say1 t ^! p>ts ( spee* gov]n ! objective case4 ,see pages #eb1 #eg1 & #id4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ! int]jection4 ,int]jections require ! objective case ( a pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son aft] !m2 b ! nom9ative ( a n\n or pron\n ( ! second or ?ird p]son2 z1 ,ah me6 ,oh ?\6 ,o my c\ntry6 ,to say1 !n1 t int]jections require p>ticul> cases aft] !m1 is synonym\s ) say+1 t !y gov]n ^? cases2 & ?is (fice ( ! int]jection is 9 p]fect accordance ) t :i* x p]=ms 9 ! ,lat9 & _m o!r languages4 ,9 ! examples "u numb] #e1 ! fir/ me is 9 ! objective aft] ah1 & ! second me1 aft] ah und]/ood2 ?us1 ,ah mis]able me6 accord+ to ,,note #b1 "u ,rule #e4--;,happ9ess1 "u numb] #f1 is nom4 indep5d5t2 ,rule #e1 or 9 ! nom4 aft] ,o1 accord+ to ?is ,note4 ,! pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! note1 proves t e n\n ( ! second p]son is 9 ! nom9ative case2 =1 z ! pron\n ( ! second p]son1 9 su* a situation1 is always nom9ative1 :i* is %[n by its =m1 x logically foll[s t ! n\n1 "u su* circum/ances1 al?\gh x has no =m to %[ its case1 mu/ necess>ily be 9 ! same case z ! pron\n4 ,good1 pleasure1 ease1 cont5t1 t1 ! antec$5t "p ( :atev]1 & :i*1 ! relative "p1 are nom4 aft] art und]/ood2 ,rule #ba1 & "n is nom4 to be und]/ood4 ,! second l9e may be r5d]$ ?us2 ,:e!r ?\ art good1 or :e!r ?\ art pleasure1 c4 or be ?y "n t ?+ :i* ev] ?+ x may be3 putt+ be 9 ! imp]ative1 agree+ ) "n 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,some?+ is nom9ative aft] art und]/ood4 ,,examples4 #a4 ,all 7 well b ! /rang]4 ,i saw nobody b ! /rang]4 ,all _h return$ b he4 ,none b ! brave des]ve ! fair4 ,! ?+ !y c't b purpose1 !y po/pone4 ,?is life1 at be/1 is b a dream4 ,x af=ds b a scanty measure ( enjoym5t4 ,if he b t\* ! hills1 !y w smoke4 ,man is b a re$1 float+ on ! curr5t ( "t4 #b4 ,not)/&+ 8 pov]ty1 he is cont5t4 #c4 ,op5 y\r h& wide4 ,! apples boil s(t4 ,! pure/ clay is t :i* burns :ite4 ,dr9k deep1 or ta/e n ! ,pi]ian spr+4 #d4 ,:at ?\gh ! swell+ surge ?\ see8 c4 ,:at if ! foot1 orda9'd ! du/ to tread8 c4 ,,rem>ks4--,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( analysis assum$ by _m ( our mo/ critical philologi/s1 b is always a disjunctive conjunction2 & agreeably to ! same au?orities1 to con/rue x1 9 any case1 z a preposition1 w\ld lead to error4 ,see false ,syntax "u ,rule #ce4 ,!y ma9ta91 t its legitimate & undeviat+ (fice is1 to jo9 on a memb] ( a s5t5ce :i* expresses opposition ( mean+1 & !reby =ms an exception to1 or takes f ! univ]sality (1 ! proposition conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ memb] ( ! s5t5ce4 ,t x su/a9s its true "* z a conjunction 9 all ! examples "u numb] #a1 w be %[n by ! foll[+ resolution ( !m4--,all 7 well b ! /rang] 0 n well4 ,i saw nobody b ,i saw ! /rang]4 ,none des]ve ! fair b ! brave des]ve ! fair4 ,!y po/pone ! ?+ :i* !y ought to d1 & d n b :i* ?+ !y _c avoid purpos+ to d4 ,?is life1 at be/1 is n a reality1 b x is a dream4 ,x af=ds n unb\nd$ fruition b x af=ds a scanty measure ( enjoym5t4 ,if he t\* ! hills1 b ex]t no great] p[] ^u !m1 !y w smoke2--,if he ex]t no great] p[] ^u ! hills1 b be-out ?is fact if he t\* !m1 !y w smoke4 ,man is n a /able be+1 b he is a re$1 float+ on ! curr5t ( "t4 ,?is me?od ( analyz+ s5t5ces1 h[ev]1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is too mu* on ! plan ( our pret5d$ philosophical writ]s1 :o1 9 _! rage = anci5t con/ructions & comb9ations1 (t5 ov]look ! mod]n associat$ mean+ & application ( ?is ^w4 ,x appe>s to me to be m consi/5t ) ! mod]n use ( ! ^w1 to consid] x an adv]b 9 con/ructions l ! foll[+3 ,if he b 7only1 m]ely7 t\* ! hills !y w smoke4 ,except & ne>1 9 examples l ! foll[+1 are g5]ally con/ru$ z prepositions3 ,all w5t except him2 ,%e /&s ne> !m4 ,b _m cont5d1 t :5 we employ b in/ead ( except1 9 su* con/ructions1 a nom9ative %\ld foll[3 ,all w5t b he did n g4 ,on ?is po9t & _m o!rs1 cu/om is v>iable2 b ! p]iod w d\btless arrive1 :5 b1 wor?1 & l1 w be consid]$ prepositions1 &1 9 con/ructions l ! =ego+1 inv>iably be foll[$ by an objective case4 ,?is w n be ! case1 h[ev]1 until ! practice ( supply+ an ellipsis aft] ^! words is entirely dropp$4 ,pov]ty1 "u numb] #b1 is gov]n$ by ! preposition not)/&+1 ,rule #ca4 ,! adjectives wide1 s(t1 :ite1 & deep1 "u numb] #c1 n only express ! quality ( n\ns1 b also qualify v]bs3 ,note #d1 "u ,rule #ah4--,:at1 9 ! phrases :at ?\gh & :at if1 is an int]rogative 9 ! objective case1 & gov]n$ by ! v]b matt]s und]/ood1 or by "s o!r v]b2 ?us1 ,:at matt]s x--:at do/ ?\ fe>1 ?\gh ?\ see ! swell+ surge8 ,:at w\ld y ?9k1 if ! foot1 :i* is orda9$ to tread ! du/1 aspir$ to be ! head8 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 ! same ^w is us$ z sev]al p>ts ( spee*4 ,b by ex]cis+ judgm5t suffici5t to compreh5d ! mean+1 & by supply+ :at is und]/ood1 y w be able to analyze !m correctly4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,i l :at y dislike4 ,e creature loves its l4 ,ang]1 envy1 & l passions1 are s9ful4 ,*>ity1 l ! sun1 bright5s e object ar\nd x4 ,?\ght flies swift] ?an light4 ,he ?\ght z a sage1 ?\gh he felt z a man4 ,hail (t5 proves de/ructive to vegetation4 ,i 0 happy to hail him z my fri5d4 ,hail6 beaute\s /rang] ( ! wood4 ,! m ,i exam9e ! "w1 ! bett] ,i l x4 ,johnson is a bett] writ] ?an ,/]ne4 ,calm 0 ! day1 & ! sc5e delightful4 ,we may expect a calm aft] a /orm4 ,to prev5t passion is easi] ?an to calm x4 ,damp air is un:olesome4 ,guilt (t5 ca/s a damp ov] our sprightlie/ h\rs4 ,s(t bodies damp ! s\nd mu* m ?an h>d ones4 ,mu* money has be5 exp5d$4 ,( him to :om mu* is giv51 mu* w be requir$4 ,x is mu* bett] to give ?an to receive4 ,/ill wat] runs deep4 ,he labor$ to /ill ! tumult4 ,^? two "y pr(ligates rema9 /ill 9 ! wrong4 ,!y wrong !mselves z well z _! fri5ds4 ,i w n[ pres5t to y a few examples 9 poetry4 ,p>s+ 9 poetry1 z x br+s into requisition a high] degree ( m5tal ex]tion ?an p>s+ 9 prose1 w be f\nd a m delightful & pr(itable ex]cise4 ,9 ?is k9d ( analysis1 9 ord] to come at ! mean+ ( ! au?or1 y w f9d x necess>y to transpose 8 language1 & supply :at is und]/ood2 & !n y w h ! lit]al mean+ 9 prose4 ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,,apo/rophe ,,to ,,hope4--,,campbell4 ,et]nal ,hope6 :5 yond] sph]es sublime ,peal$ _! fir/ notes to s\nd ! m>* ( "t1 ,?y joy\s y\? began3--b n to fade4-- ,:5 all ! si/] planets h decay$2 ,:5 wrapt 9 flames ! realms ( e!r gl[1 ,& ,heav5's la/ ?und] %akes ! _w bel[2 ,?\1 undismay'd1 %alt o'er ! ru9s smile1 ,& light ?y tor* at ,nature's fun]al pile6 ,,transpos$4 ,et]nal ,hope6 ?y joy\s y\? began :5 yond] sublime sph]es peal$ _! fir/ notes to s\nd ! m>* ( "t3--b x began n to fade4--,?\1 undismay$1 %alt smile ov] ! ru9s1 :5 all ! si/] planets %all h decay$2 & ?\ %alt light ?y tor* at ,nature's fun]al pile1 :5 wrapt 9 flames1 ! realms ( e!r gl[1 & ,heav5's la/ ?und] %akes ! _w bel[4 ,,address ,,to ,,adv]sity4--,,gray4 ,daught] ( heav51 rel5tless p[]1 ,?\ tam] ( ! human brea/1 ,^: iron sc\rge1 & tort'r+ h\r1 ,! bad affright1 afflict ! be/6 ,! g5'r\s sp>k ext9ct revive2 ,tea* me to love & to =give2 ,exact my own defects to scan3 ,:at o!rs are to feel2 & "k myself a man4 ,,transpos$4 ,daught] ( heav51 rel5tless p[]1 ?\ tam] ( ! human brea/1 ^: iron sc\rge & tortur+ h\r affright ! bad1 & afflict ! be/6 ,revive ?\ 9 me ! g5]\s1 ext9ct sp>k2 & tea* ?\ me to love o!rs1 & to =give !m2 & tea* ?\ me to scan my own defects exactly1 or critically3 & tea* ?\ me t :i* o!rs are to feel2 & make ?\ me to "k myself to be a man4 ,,address ,,to ,,! ,,almighty4--,,pope4 ,:at consci5ce dictates to be done1 ,or w>ns me n to d1 ,?is tea* me m ?an hell to %un1 ,t m ?an heav'n pursue4 ,,transpos$4 ,o ,god1 tea* ?\ me to pursue t 7! ?+7 :i* consci5ce dictates to be done1 m ard5tly ?an ,i pursue heav52 & tea* ?\ me to %un ?is 7! ?+7 :i* consci5ce w>ns me n to d1 m cauti\sly ?an ,i w\ld %un hell4 ,,trials ,,( ,,virtue4--,,m]rick4 ,= see1 ah6 see1 :ile yet h] ways ,) d\btful /ep ,i tread1 ,a ho/ile _w its t]rors raise1 ,its sn>es delusive spread4 ,o h[ %all ,i1 ) he>t prep>$1 ,^? t]rors le>n to meet8 ,h[1 f ! ?\s& sn>es to gu>d ,my unexp]i5c$ feet8 ,,transpos$4 ,= see ?\1 ah6 see ?\ a ho/ile _w to raise its t]rors1 & see ?\ a ho/ile _w to spread its delusive sn>es1 :ile ,i yet tread h] 7virtue's7 ways ) d\btful /eps4 ,o h[ %all ,i le>n to meet ^? t]rors ) a prep>$ he>t8 ,h[ %all ,i le>n to gu>d my unexp]i5c$ feet f ! ?\s& sn>es ( ! _w8 ,,! ,,morn+ ,,9 ,,summ]4--,,?ompson4 ,%ort is ! d\btful empire ( ! night2 ,& soon1 obs]vant ( approa*+ day1 ,! meek-ey$ morn appe>s1 "m ( dews1 ,at fir/1 fa9t gleam+ 9 ! dappl$ ea/1 ,till f> o'er e!r spreads ! wid'n+ gl[1 ,& f be=e ! lu/re ( h] face ,:ite break ! cl\ds away4 ,,transpos$4 ,! d\btful empire ( ! night is %ort2 & ! meek-ey$ morn1 7:i* is !7 "m ( dews1 obs]vant ( approa*+ day1 soon appe>s1 gleam+ fa9tly1 at fir/1 9 ! dappl$ ea/1 till ! wid5+ gl[ spreads f> ov] e!r1 & ! :ite cl\ds break away f be=e ! lu/re ( h] face4 ,,nature ,,b\ntiful4--,,ak5side4 --,nature's c>e1 to all h] *ildr5 j1 ,) ri*e/ treasures1 & an ample /ate1 ,end[s at l>ge :atev] happy man ,w deign to use !m4 ,,transpos$4 ,nature's c>e1 :i* is j to all h] *ildr51 l>gely end[s1 ) ri*e/ treasures & an ample /ate1 t happy man :o w deign to use !m4 ,,note4 ,:at1 9 ! second example1 is a comp4 rel4 ,! antec$5t "p is gov4 by tea* und]/ood2 & ! relative "p by to feel express$4 ,to %un & to pursue1 9 ! ?ird example1 are 9 ! inf9itive mood1 gov4 by ?an1 accord+ to a ,,note "u ,rule #bc4 ,fa9t & f1 9 ! #e? example1 are adv]bs4 ,an adv]b1 9 poetry1 is (t5 writt5 9 ! =m ( an adjective4 ,:atev]1 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 is a comp\nd pron\n1 & is equival5t to t & :o4 ,t is an adj4 pron4 belong+ to man2 :o is nom4 to w deign2 & ev] is exclud$ f ! s5t5ce 9 s5se4 ,see page #aac4 ,p>se ^! examples z !y are transpos$1 & y w f9d ! analysis v easy4 ,,additional ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,p>s+4 ,,gold1 ,,n ,,g5u9e ,,weal?4 ,:]e1 ?y true treasure8 ,gold says1 n 9 me2 ,&1 n 9 me1 ! ,diamond4 ,gold is poor4 ,,transpos$4 ,:]e is ?y true treasure8 ,gold says1 ,x is n 9 me2 & ! ,diamond says1 ,x is n 9 me4 ,gold is poor4 ,,s\rce ,,( ,,fri5d%ip4--,,dr4 ,,"y4 ,lor5zo1 pride repress2 nor hope to f9d ,a fri5d1 b :at has f\nd a fri5d 9 !e4 ,,transpos$4 ,lor5zo1 repress ?\ pride2 nor hope ?\ to f9d a fri5d1 only 9 him :o has already f\nd a fri5d 9 !e4 ,,true ,,greatness4--,,pope4 ,:o noble ends by noble means obta9s1 ,or1 fail+1 smiles 9 exile or 9 *a9s1 ,l good ,aurelius let him reign1 or ble$ ,l ,socrates1 t man is great inde$4 ,,transpos$4 ,t man is great inde$1 let him to reign l unto good ,aurelius1 or let him to ble$ l unto ,socrates1 :o obta9s noble ends by noble means2 or t man is great inde$1 :o1 fail+ to obta9 noble ends by noble means1 smiles 9 exile or 9 *a9s4 ,,invocation4--,,pollok4 ,et]nal ,_s6 ,god ( tru?6 to :om ,all ?+s seem z !y are1 inspire my song2 ,my eye unscale3 me :at is sub/ance tea*2 ,& %ad[ :at1 :ile ,i ( ?+s to come1 ,z pa/ rehe>s+1 s+4 ,me ?\ght & phrase ,sev]ely sift+ out ! :ole idea1 grant4 ,,transpos$4 ,et]nal ,_s6 ,god ( tru?6 to :om all ?+s seem to be z !y really are1 inspire ?\ my song2 & unscale ?\ my eyes3 tea* ?\ to me ! ?+ :i* is sub/ance2 & tea* ?\ to me ! ?+ :i* is %ad[1 :ile ,i s+ ( ?+s :i* are to come1 z "o s+s ( ?+s :i* are pa/ rehe>s+4 ,grant ?\ to me ?\ght & phraseology :i* %all sev]ely sift out ! :ole idea4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,life4 ,h[ few1 favor$ by ev'ry elem5t1 ,) swell+ sails make good ! promis$ port1 ,) all _! wi%es freight$6 ,yet ev'n ^!1 ,freight$ ) all _! wi%es1 soon compla94 ,free f mis=tune1 n f nature free1 ,!y /ill are m52 & :5 is man secure8 ,z fatal "t1 z /orm4 ,! ru% ( ye>s ,beats d[n _! /r5g?2 _! numb]less escapes ,9 ru9 end3 &1 n[1 _! pr\d success ,b plants new t]rors on ! victor's br[4 ,:at pa91 to quit ! _w j made _! own6 ,_! ne/s s deeply d[n$ & built s high6-- ,too l[ !y build1 :o build b5ea? ! />s4 ,,transpos$4 ,h[ few p]sons1 favor$ by e elem5t1 safely make ! promis$ port ) swell+ sails1 & ) all _! wi%es freight$6 ,yet ev5 ^! few p]sons :o d safely make ! promis$ port ) all _! wi%es freight$1 soon compla94 ,?\gh !y are free f mis=tunes1 yet 7?\gh & yet1 correspond+ conjunctions1 =m only "o connexion7 !y are n free f ! c\rse ( nature1 = !y /ill are m52 & :5 is man secure8 ,"t is z fatal to him1 z a /orm is to ! m>9]4--,! ru% ( ye>s beats d[n _! /r5g?2 7t is1 ! /r5g? ( ^! few27 & _! numb]less escapes end 9 ru93 & !n _! pr\d success only plants new t]rors on ! victor's br[4 ,:at pa9 x is to !m to quit ! _w1 j z !y h made x to be _! own _w2 :5 _! ne/s are built s high1 & :5 !y are d[n$ s deeply6--,!y :o build b5ea? ! />s1 build too l[ = _! own safety4 ,,reflections ,,on ,a ,,scull4--,,"l ,,byron4 ,remove yon scull f out ! scatt]$ heaps4 ,is t a temple1 :]e a ,god may dwell8 ,:y1 ev'n ! worm at la/ disda9s h] %att]$ cell6 ,look on its brok5 ar*1 its ru9$ wall1 ,its *amb]s desolate1 & portals f\l2 ,yes1 ?is 0 once ambition's airy hall1 ,! dome ( ?\ght1 ! palace ( ! s\l4 ,behold1 ?r\gh ea* lack-lu/re1 eyeless hole1 ,! gay recess ( wisdom & ( wit1 ,& passion's ho/1 t nev] brook$ control4 ,c all1 sa9t1 sage1 or sophi/ ev] writ1 ,p ?is lonely t[]1 ?is t5em5t refit8 ,,transpos$4 ,remove ?\ yond] scull out f ! scatt]$ heaps4 ,is t a temple1 :]e a ,god may dwell8 ,:y1 ev5 ! worm at la/ disda9s h] %att]$ cell6 ,look ?\ on its brok5 ar*1 & look ?\ on its ru9$ wall1 & on its desolate *amb]s1 & on its f\l portals3--yes1 ?is scull 0 once ambition's airy hall2 7x 07 ! dome ( ?\ght1 ! palace ( ! s\l4 ,behold ?\1 ?r\gh ea* lack-lu/re1 eyeless hole1 ! gay recess ( wisdom & ( wit1 & passion's ho/1 :i* nev] brook$ control4 ,c all ! works :i* sa9ts1 or sages1 or sophi/s h ev] writt51 repeople ?is lonely t[]1 or c !y refit ?is t5em5t8 ,= y\r future ex]cises 9 p>s+1 y may select pieces f ! ,engli% ,read]1 or any o!r grammatical "w4 ,i h already h9t$1 t p>s+ 9 poetry1 z x br+s m imm$iately into requisition ! reason+ faculties1 ?an p>s+ 9 prose1 w necess>ily t5d m rapidly to facilitate y\r progress3 !re=e x is advisable t y\r future ex]cises 9 ?is way1 be *iefly conf9$ to ! analysis ( poetry4 ,previ\s to y\r attempt+ to p>se a piece ( poetry1 y ought always to transpose x1 9 a mann] simil> to ! examples j pres5t$2 & !n x c be z easily analyz$ z prose4 ,be=e y proce$ to correct ! foll[+ ex]cises 9 false syntax1 y may turn back & read ov] ! :ole ?irte5 lectures1 unless y h ! subject-matt] already /or$ 9 y\r m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,d]ivation4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ,lecture ,,ii41 ,i in=m$ y t ,etymology treats1 #c;dly1 ( d]ivation4 ,?is bran* ( ,etymology1 important z x is1 _c be v ext5sively treat$ 9 an elem5t>y "w on gramm>4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ lectures1 x has be5 frequ5tly agitat$2 & n[ ,i %all (f] a few m rem>ks1 :i* w d\btless be useful 9 illu/rat+ "s ( ! v>i\s me?ods 9 :i* "o ^w is d]iv$ f ano!r4 ,be=e y proce$1 h[ev]1 please to turn back & read aga9 :at is advanc$ on ?is subject on page #bg1 & 9 ! ,,philosophical ,,notes4 #a4 ,n\ns are d]iv$ f v]bs4 #b4 ,v]bs are d]iv$ f n\ns1 adjectives1 & sometimes f adv]bs4 #c4 ,adjectives are d]iv$ f n\ns4 #d4 ,n\ns are d]iv$ f adjectives4 #e4 ,adv]bs are d]iv$ f adjectives4 #a4 ,n\ns are d]iv$ f v]bs2 z1 f to love1 comes lov]2 f to visit1 visit]2 f to survive1 surviv]1 c4 ,9 ! foll[+ in/ances1 & 9 _m o!rs1 x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! v]b 0 d$uc$ f ! n\n1 or ! n\n f ! v]b1 viz4 ,love1 to love2 hate1 to hate2 fe>1 to fe>2 sleep1 to sleep2 walk1 to walk2 ride1 to ride2 act1 to act1 c4 #b4 ,v]bs are d]iv$ f n\ns1 adjectives1 & sometimes f adv]bs2 z1 f ! n\n salt1 comes to salt2 f ! adjective w>m1 to w>m2 & f ! adv]b =w>d1 to =w>d4 ,sometimes !y are =m$ by l5g!n+ ! v[el1 or s(t5+ ! consonant2 z1 f grass1 to graze2 sometimes by add+ en2 z1 f l5g?1 to l5g!n2 especially to adjectives2 z1 f %ort1 to %ort52 bright1 to bright54 #c4 ,adjectives are d]iv$ f n\ns 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 adjectives d5ot+ pl5ty are d]iv$ f n\ns by add+ y2 z1 f ,heal?1 heal?y2 weal?1 weal?y2 might1 mighty1 c4 ,adjectives d5ot+ ! matt] out ( :i* any ?+ is made1 are d]iv$ f n\ns by add+ en2 z1 f ,oak1 oak52 wood1 wood52 wool1 wooll51 c4 ,adjectives d5ot+ abundance are d]iv$ f n\ns by add+ ful2 z1 f ,joy1 joyful2 s91 s9ful2 fruit1 fruitful1 c4 ,adjectives d5ot+ pl5ty1 b ) "s k9d ( dim9ution1 are d]iv$ f n\ns by add+ "s2 z1 f ,light1 lightsome2 tr\ble1 tr\blesome2 toil1 toilsome1 c4 ,adjectives d5ot+ want are d]iv$ f n\ns by add+ less2 z1 f ,wor?1 wor?less2 f c>e1 c>eless2 joy1 joyless1 c4 ,adjectives d5ot+ lik5ess are d]iv$ f n\ns by add+ ly2 z1 f ,man1 manly2 e>?1 e>?ly2 c\rt1 c\rtly1 c4 ,"s adjectives are d]iv$ f o!r adjectives1 or f n\ns by add+ i% to !m2 :i* t]m9ation :5 add$ to adjectives1 imports dim9ution1 or less5+ ! quality2 z1 ,:ite1 :iti%2 i4e4 some:at :ite4 ,:5 add$ to n\ns1 x signifies similitude or t5d5cy to a "*2 z1 ,*ild1 *ildi%2 ?ief1 ?ievi%4 ,"s adjectives are =m$ f n\ns or v]bs by add+ ! t]m9ation able2 & ^? adjectives signify capacity2 z1 ,answ]1 answ]able2 to *ange1 *angeable4 #d4 ,n\ns are d]iv$ f adjectives1 sometimes by add+ ! t]m9ation ness2 z1 ,:ite1 :it5ess2 swift1 swiftness2 sometimes by add+ ? or t1 & mak+ a small *ange 9 "s ( ! lett]s2 z1 ,long1 l5g?2 high1 height4 #e4 ,adv]bs ( quality are d]iv$ f adjectives1 by add+ ly1 or *ang+ le into ly2 & d5ote ! same quality z ! adjectives f :i* !y are d]iv$2 z1 f base1 comes basely2 f sl[1 sl[ly2 f able1 ably4 ,!re are s _m o!r ways ( d]iv+ words f "o ano!r1 t x w\ld be extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to enum]ate !m4 ,! primitive words ( e language are v few2 ! d]ivatives =m mu* ! great] numb]4 ,a few m in/ances only c be giv5 "h4 ,"s n\ns are d]iv$ f o!r n\ns1 by add+ ! t]m9ations hood or head1 %ip1 ery1 wick1 rick1 dom1 ian1 m5t1 & age4 ,n\ns end+ 9 hood or head1 are su* z signify "* or qualities2 z1 ,manhood1 knigh?ood1 falsehood1 c4 ,n\ns end+ 9 %ip1 are ^? t signify (fice1 employm5t1 /ate1 or condition2 z1 ,lord%ip1 /ew>d%ip1 p>tn]%ip1 c4 ,"s n\ns 9 %ip are d]iv$ f adjectives2 z1 ,h>d1 h>d%ip1 c4 ,n\ns :i* end 9 ery1 signify action or habit2 z1 ,slav]y1 fool]y1 prud]y1 c4 ,"s n\ns ( ?is sort come f adjectives2 z1 ,brave1 brav]y1 c4 ,n\ns end+ 9 wick1 rick1 & dom1 d5ote dom9ion1 jurisdiction1 or condition2 z1 ,bailiwick1 bi%opric1 k+dom1 duk$om1 fre$om1 c4 ,n\ns :i* end 9 ian1 are ^? t signify pr(ession2 z1 ,physician1 musician1 c4 ,^? t end 9 m5t & age1 come g5]ally f ! ,fr5*1 & commonly signify ! act or habit2 z1 ,comm&m5t1 usage4 ,"s n\ns end+ 9 ard1 are d]iv$ f v]bs or adjectives1 & d5ote "* or habit2 z1 ,drunk1 drunk>d2 dote1 dot>d4 ,"s n\ns h ! =m ( dim9utives2 b ^! are n _m4 ,!y are =m$ by add+ ! t]m9ations k91 l+1 +1 ock1 el1 & ! l2 z1 ,lamb1 lambk92 goose1 gosl+2 duck1 duckl+2 hill1 hillock2 cock1 cock]el1 c4 ,,( ,,prepositions ,,us$ ,,z ,,prefixes4 ,i %all conclude ?is lecture by pres5t+ & expla9+ a li/ ( ,lat9 & ,greek prepositions :i* are ext5sively us$ 9 ,engli% z prefixes4 ,by c>efully /udy+ _! signification1 y w be bett] qualifi$ to und]/& ! mean+ ( ^? words into ! composition ( :i* !y ent]1 & ( :i* !y =m a mat]ial "p4 ,i4 ,,lat9 ,,prefixes4 ,a1 ab1 abs--signify f or away2 z1 a-v]t1 to turn f2 ab-ject1 to ?r[ away2 abs-tract1 to draw away4 ,ad--to or at2 z1 ad-"h1 to /ick to2 ad-mire1 to wond] at4 ,ante--means be=e2 z1 ante-c$5t1 go+ be=e4 ,circum--signifies r\nd1 ab\t2 z1 circum-navigate1 to sail r\nd4 ,con1 com1 co1 col--toge!r2 z1 con-jo91 to jo9 toge!r2 com-press1 to press toge!r2 co-op]ate1 to "w toge!r2 col-lapse1 to fall toge!r4 ,contra--aga9/2 z1 contra-dict1 to speak aga9/4 ,de--f1 d[n2 z1 de-duct1 to take f2 de-sc5d1 to g d[n4 ,di1 dis--asund]1 away2 z1 di-lac]ate1 to te> asund]2 dis-miss1 to s5d away4 ,e1 ef1 ex--out2 z1 e-ject1 to ?r[ out2 ef-flux1 to fl[ out2 ex-clude1 to %ut out4 ,extra--beyond2 z1 extra-ord9>y1 beyond :at is ord9>y4 ,91 im1 il1 ir--791 ,go?ic1 inna1 a cave or cell27 z1 9-fuse1 to p\r 94 ,^! prefixes1 :5 incorporat$ ) adjectives or n\ns1 commonly rev]se _! mean+2 z1 9-suffici5t1 im-polite1 il-legitimate1 ir-rev]5ce1 ir-resolute4 ,int]--betwe52 z1 int]-pose1 to put betwe54 ,intro--)91 into2 intro-v]t1 to turn )92 intro-duce1 to lead into4 ,ob1 op--d5ote opposition2 z1 ob-ject1 to br+ aga9/2 op-pugn1 to oppose4 ,p]--?r\gh1 by2 z1 p]-ambulate1 to walk ?r\gh2 p]-haps1 by haps4 ,po/--aft]2 z1 po/-script1 writt5 aft]2 po/-fix1 plac$ aft]4 ,pr1 pre--be=e2 z1 pre-fix1 to fix be=e4 ,pro--=1 =?1 =w>d2 z1 pro-n\n1 = a n\n2 pro-t5d1 to /ret* =?2 pro-ject1 to %oot =w>d4 ,prt]--pa/1 beyond2 z1 pret]-p]fect1 pa/p]fect2 pret]-natural1 beyond ! c\rse ( nature4 ,re--aga9 or back2 z1 re-p]use1 to p]use aga92 re-trade1 to trade back4 ,retro--backw>ds2 z1 retro-spective1 look+ backw>ds4 ,se--aside1 ap>t2 z1 se-duce1 to draw aside4 ,sub--"u2 z1 sub-scribe1 to write "u1 or sub-sign4 ,subt]--"u2 z1 subt]-flu\s1 fl[+ "u4 ,sup]--above or ov]2 z1 sup]-scribe1 to write above2 sup]-vise1 to ov]look4 ,trans--ov]1 beyond1 f "o place to ano!r2 z1 trans-port1 to c>ry ov]2 trans-gress1 to pass beyond4 ,,ii4 ,,greek ,,prefixes4 ,a--signifies privation2 z1 anonym\s1 )\t "n4 ,amphi--bo? or two2 z1 amphi-bi\s1 p>tak+ ( bo? or two natures1 ,anti--aga9/2 z1 anti-masonry1 aga9/ masonry4 ,dia--?r\gh2 z1 dia-met]1 l9e pass+ ?r\gh a circle4 ,hyp]--ov]2 z1 hyp]-critical1 ov] or too critical4 ,hypo--"u1 imply+ concealm5t or disguise2 z1 hypo-crite1 "o dissembl+ 8 real "*4 ,meta--d5otes *ange or transmutation2 z1 meta-morphose1 to *ange ! %ape4 ,p>a--contr>y or aga9/2 z1 p>a-dox1 a ?+ contr>y to receiv$ op9ion4 ,p]i--r\nd ab\t2 z1 p]i-phrasis1 circumlocution4 ,syn1 syl1 sym--toge!r2 z1 syn-tax1 a plac+ toge!r2 syn-od1 a meet+ or com+ toge!r2 syl-lable1 t portion ( a ^w :i* is tak5 toge!r2 sym-pa?y1 fell[-feel+1 or feel+ toge!r4 ,,rules ,,( ,,syntax1 ,,) ,,additional ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,! ?ird "p ( ,gramm> is ,,syntax1 :i* treats ( ! agreem5t & gov]nm5t ( words & ( _! prop] arrangem5t 9 a s5t5ce4 ,,syntax consi/s ( two p>ts1 ,concord & ,gov]nm5t4 ,,concord is ! agreem5t :i* "o ^w has ) ano!r1 9 g5d]1 p]son1 numb]1 or case4 ,= ! illu/ration ( agreem5t & gov]nm5t1 see pages #eb1 & #ec4 ,= ! def9ition ( a s5t5ce1 & ! transposition ( its words & memb]s1 see pages #aai1 #abd1 #abh1 & #afg4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a simple s5t5ce are ! nom9ative or subject1 ! v]b or attribute1 or ^w t makes ! affirmation1 & ! object1 or ?+ affect$ by ! action ( ! v]b2 z1 ,a wise man gov]ns 8 passions4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 man is ! subject2 gov]ns1 ! attribute2 & passions ! object4 ,a ,,phrase is two or m words rightly put toge!r1 mak+ sometimes a "p ( a s5t5ce1 & sometimes a :ole s5t5ce4 ,,ellipsis is ! omission ( "s ^w or words1 9 ord] to avoid disagreeable & unnecess>y repetitions1 & to express our ideas concisely1 & ) /r5g? & elegance4 ,9 ?is recapitulation ( ! rules1 ,syntax is pres5t$ 9 a cond5s$ =m1 _m ( ! ess5tial ,,notes be+ omitt$4 ,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( my g5]al plan1 9 :i* ,etymology & ,syntax1 y "k are bl5d$4 ,h5ce1 to acquire a complete k ( ,syntax f ?is "w1 y mu/ look ov] ! :ole4 ,y may n[ proce$ & p>se ! foll[+ additional ex]cises 9 false ,syntax2 &1 z y analyze1 endeavor to correct all ! errors )\t look+ at ! ,key4 ,if1 9 correct+ ^! examples1 y %\ld be at a loss 9 assign+ ! reasons :y ! con/ructions are errone\s1 y c ref] to ! mann] adopt$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,,rule ,i4 ,! article a or an agrees ) n\ns 9 ! s+ul> numb] only1 individually or collectively2 z1 ,a />1 an eagle1 a score1 a ?\s&4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,! def9ite article ! belongs to n\ns 9 ! s+ul> or plural numb]2 z1 ,! />1 ! />s2 ! hat1 ! hats4 ,,note #a4 ,a nice di/9ction 9 ! mean+ is sometimes effect$ by ! use or omission ( ! article a4 ,if ,i say1 ,he behav$ ) a little rev]5ce1 my mean+ is positive4 ,b if ,i say1 ,he behav$ ) little rev]5ce1 my mean+ is negative4 ,by ! =m]1 ,i r praise a p]son2 by ! latt]1 ,i dispraise him4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,!re 7 few m5 ) him1 ,i speak dim9utively1 & mean to repres5t !m z inconsid]able2 :]eas1 :5 ,i say1 ,!re 7 a few m5 ) him1 ,i evid5tly int5d to make ! mo/ ( !m4 #b4 ,! indef9ite article sometimes has ! mean+ ( e or ea*2 z1 ,!y co/ five %ill+s a doz52 t is1 'e doz54' ,a man he 0 to all ! c\ntry de>1 ,& pass+ ri* ) =ty p\nds a ye>6 t is1 'e ye>4' #c4 ,:5 sev]al adjectives are connect$1 & express ! v>i\s qualities ( ?+s individually diff]5t1 ?\gh alike 9 "n1 ! article %\ld be repeat$2 b :5 ! qualities all belong to ! same ?+ or ?+s1 ! article %\ld n be repeat$4 ,a black & a :ite calf1 signifies1 ,a black calf1 & a :ite calf2 b ,a black & :ite calf1 describes ! two colors ( "o calf4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,! nom9ative case gov]ns ! v]b2 z1 ,i le>n1 ?\ le>ne/1 he le>ns1 !y le>n4 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,! v]b mu/ agree ) its nom9ative 9 numb] & p]son2 z1 ,! bird s+s1 ! birds s+1 ?\ s+e/4 ,,note #a4 ,e v]b1 :5 x is n 9 ! inf9itive mood1 mu/ h a nom9ative1 express$ or impli$2 z1 ,awake1 arise2 t is1 ,awake ye2 arise ye4 #b4 ,:5 a v]b comes betwe5 two n\ns1 ei!r ( :i* may be consid]$ z ! subject ( ! affirmation1 x mu/ agree ) t :i* is m naturally its subject2 z1 ,! wages ( s9 is dea?2 ,8 meat 0 locu/s & wild honey2 ,8 pavilion 7 d>k wat]s & ?ick cl\ds4 ,,examples ,,( ,,false ,,syntax4 ,frequ5t commission ( s9 h>d5 m5 9 x4 ,great pa9s has be5 tak5 to reconcile ! p>ties4 ,s mu* bo? ( ability & m]it1 are seldom f\nd4 ,! s9c]e is always e/eem$4 ,n "o ( !m are happy4 ,:at avails ! be/ s5tim5ts1 if p d n live suitably to !m8 ,disappo9tm5ts s9ks ! he>t ( man2 b ! r5ewal ( hope give consolation4 ,! v>iety ( ! productions ( g5ius1 l t ( ! op]ations ( nature2 are )\t limit4 ,a v>iety ( bless+s h be5 conf]r$ ^u u4 ,?\ _c heal him1 x is true1 b ?\ may d some?+ to relieve him4 ,9 piety & virtue consi/ ! happ9ess ( man4 ,o ?\1 my voice inspire1 ,:o t\*$ ,isaiah's hall[$ lips ) fire4 ,note #a4 ,w m>tial flames = ev] fire ?y m9d1 ,& nev]1 nev] be to ,heav5 resign$8 ,he 0 a man ^: incl9ations l$ him to be corrupt1 & _h great abilities to manage ! bus9ess4 ,note #b4 ,! cr[n ( virtue is peace & honor4 ,8 *ief occupation & enjoym5t 7 controv]sy4 ,,rule ,v4 ,:5 an address is made1 ! n\n or pron\n address$1 is put 9 ! nom9ative case indep5d5t2 z1 ,plato1 ?\ reasone/ well2 ,d1 ,trim1 said my uncle ,toby4 ,,note #a4 ,a n\n is indep5d5t1 :5 x has no v]b to agree ) x4 #b4 ,int]jections require ! objective case ( a pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son aft] !m1 b ! nom9ative ( a n\n or pron\n ( ! second or ?ird p]son2 z1 ,ah6 me2 ,oh6 ?\2 ,o6 virtue4 ,,rule ,,vi4 ,a n\n or pron\n plac$ be=e a p>ticiple1 & be+ indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 is 9 ! nom9ative case absolute2 z1 ,%ame be+ lo/2 all virtue is lo/2 ,! sun be+ ris51 we travell$ on4 ,,note4 ,e nom9ative case1 except ! case absolute & indep5d5t1 %\ld belong to "s v]b express$ or und]/ood2 z1 ,to :om ?us ,adam2 t is1 spoke4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,him ,de/roy$1 ,or won to :at may "w 8 utt] loss1 ,all ?is w foll[ soon4 ,note4--,two sub/antives1 :5 !y come toge!r1 & d n signify ! same ?+1 ! =m] mu/ be 9 ! g5itive case4 ,virtue1 h[ev] x may be neglect$ = a "t1 m5 are s con/itut$ z ultimately to ackn[l$ge & respect g5u9e m]it4 ,,rule ,,vii4 ,two or m n\ns1 or n\ns & pron\ns1 signify+ ! same ?+1 are put1 by apposition1 9 ! same case2 z1 ,paul1 ! apo/le2 ,joram1 ! k+2 ,solomon1 ! son ( ,david1 k+ ( ,israel1 wrote _m prov]bs4 ,,note4 ,a n\n is sometimes put 9 apposition ) a s5t5ce2 z1 ,! %]iff has j seiz$ & sold 8 valuable libr>y--7:i* 07 a mis=tune t greatly depress$ him4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,we ought to love ,god1 he :o creat$ & su/a9s all ?+s4 ,! pron\n he 9 ?is s5t5ce1 is improp]ly us$ 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,x is ! object ( ! action ( ! transitive v]b love1 & put by apposition ) ,god2 !re=e x %\ld be ! objective case1 him1 accord+ to ,rule #g4 7,repeat ! ,rule1 & correct ! foll[+47 ,i saw ,juliet & h] bro!r1 !y t y visit$4 ,!y slew ,v>us1 he t 0 m5tion$ be=e4 ,x 0 ,john1 him :o prea*$ rep5tance4 ,adams & ,jeff]son1 !m :o di$ on ! f\r? ( ,july #ahbf1 7 bo? sign]s & ! firm support]s ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,augu/us ! ,roman emp]or1 him :o succe$$ ,julius ,ces>1 is v>i\sly describ$ by hi/orians4 ,,rule ,,viii4 ,two or m n\ns1 or n\ns & pron\ns1 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 connect$ by copulative conjunctions1 mu/ h v]bs1 n\ns1 & pron\ns1 agree+ ) !m 9 ! plural2 z1 ,socrates & ,plato 7 wise2 !y 7 em95t philosoph]s4 ,,note #a4 ,:5 ea* or e relates to two or m nom9atives 9 ! s+ul>1 al?\gh connect$ by a copulative1 ! v]b mu/ agree ) ea* ( !m 9 ! s+ul>2 z1 ,e leaf1 & e twig1 & e drop ( wat]1 teems ) life4 #b4 ,:5 ! s+ul> nom9ative ( a complex s5t5ce1 has ano!r n\n jo9$ to x ) a preposition1 x is cu/om>y to put ! v]b & pron\n agree+ ) x 9 ! s+ul>2 z1 ,prosp]ity ) humility1 r5d]s its possessor truly amiable2 ,! ,g5]al1 also1 9 conjunction ) ! (fic]s1 has appli$ = r$ress4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,c(fee & sug> gr[s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies3 x is export$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,two s+ul> n\ns c\pl$ toge!r1 =m a plural idea4 ,! v]b gr[ is improp]1 because x expresses ! action ( bo? its nom9atives1 c(fee & sug>1 :i* two nom9atives are connect$ by ! copulative conjunction1 &2 !re=e ! v]b %\ld be plural1 gr[2 & !n x w\ld agree ) c(fee & sug>1 accord+ to ,rule #h4 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,! pron\n x1 z x repres5ts bo? ! n\ns1 c(fee & sug>1 ought also to be plural1 !y1 agreeably to ,rule #h4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld be writt5 ?us4 ,c(fee & sug> gr[ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies3 !y are export$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,"t & tide waits = no man4 ,pati5ce & dilig5ce1 l fai?1 removes m\nta9s4 ,life & heal? is bo? unc]ta94 ,wisdom1 virtue1 happ9ess1 dwells ) ! gold5 m$iocrity4 ,! planet>y sy/em1 b\ndless space1 & ! imm5se ocean1 affects ! m9d ) s5sations ( a/oni%m5t4 ,:at signifies ! c\nsel & c>e ( preceptors1 :5 y ?9k y h no ne$ ( assi/ance8 ,_! love1 & _! hatr$1 & _! envy1 is n[ p]i%$4 ,:y is :it5ess & coldness 9 sn[8 ,obey ! comm&m5t ( ?y fa!r1 & ! law ( ?y "m2 b9d x cont9ually ^u ?y he>t4 ,pride & vanity always r5d] its possessor despicable 9 ! eyes ( ! judici\s4 ,!re is error & discrepance 9 ! s*emes ( ! or?oepi/s1 :i* %[s ! impossibility ( c>ry+ !m into effect4 ,,examples ,,= ,,! ,,note4 ,e man1 woman1 & *ild1 7 numb]$4 ,n prop]2 =1 al?\gh & c\ples ?+s toge!r s z to pres5t ! :ole at "o view1 yet e has a contr>y effect3 x di/ributes !m1 & br+s ea* sep>ately & s+ly "u consid]ation4 ,7 numb]$ is !re=e improp]4 ,x %\ld be1 0 numb]$1 9 ! s+ul>1 accord+ to ! ,note4 7,repeat x47 ,:5 b5ignity & g5tl5ess reign 9 our brea/s1 e p]son & e occurr5ce are beheld 9 ! mo/ favorable light4 ,,rule ,,ix4 ,two or m n\ns1 or n\ns & pron\ns1 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 connect$ by disjunctive conjunctions1 mu/ h v]bs1 n\ns1 & pron\ns1 agree+ ) !m 9 ! s+ul>2 z1 ,nei!r ,john nor ,james has le>n$ 8 lesson4 ,,note #a4 ,:5 s+ul> pron\ns1 or a n\n & pron\n1 ( diff]5t p]sons1 are disjunctively connect$1 ! v]b mu/ agree1 9 p]son1 ) t :i* is plac$ ne>e/ to x2 z1 ,?\ or ,i am 9 fault2 ,i or ?\ art to blame2 ,i1 or ?\1 or he1 is ! au?or ( x4 ,b x w\ld be bett] to say ,ei!r ,i am to blame or ?\ art1 c4 #b4 ,:5 a disjunctive occurs betwe5 a s+ul> n\n or pron\n & a plural "o1 ! v]b mu/ agree ) ! plural n\n or pron\n1 :i* %\ld g5]ally be plac$ next to ! v]b2 z1 ,nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es 7 injuri\s to him2 ,i or !y 7 (f5d$ by x4 ,con/ructions l ^! ought g5]ally to be avoid$4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,ignorance or neglig5ce h caus$ ?is mi/ake4 ,! v]b1 h caus$1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 is improp]ly us$ 9 ! plural1 because x expresses ! action1 n ( bo?1 b ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( its nom9atives2 !re=e x %\ld be 9 ! s+ul>1 has caus$2 & !n x w\ld agree ) ignorance or neglig5ce1 agreeably to ,rule #i 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,a circle or a squ>e are ! same 9 idea4 ,nei!r :it5ess nor r$ness are 9 ! porphyry4 ,nei!r ( !m are rem>kable = precision4 ,man is n su* a ma*9e z a clock or a wat*1 :i* move m]ely z !y are mov$4 ,:5 sickness1 infirmity1 or rev]se ( =tune1 affect u1 ! s9c]ity ( fri5d%ip is prov$4 ,man's happ9ess or mis]y are1 9 a great measure1 put into 8 own h&s4 ,despise no infirmity ( m9d or body1 nor any condition ( life1 = !y may be ?y own lot4 ,! pr9ce1 z well z ! p1 7 blamewor?y4 ,,rule ,x4 ,a collective n\n or n\n ( multitude1 convey+ unity ( idea1 g5]ally has a v]b or pron\n agree+ ) x 9 ! s+ul>2 z1 ,! meet+ 0 l>ge1 & x held ?ree h\rs4 ,,note4 ,rules #aj1 & #aa1 are limit$ 9 _! application4 ,see page4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,! nation are p[]ful4 ,! fleet 7 se5 sail+ up ! *annel4 ,! *ur* h no p[] to inflict corporal puni%m5t4 ,! flock1 & n ! fleece1 are1 or ought to be1 ! objects ( ! %eph]d's c>e4 ,t nation 0 once p[]ful2 b n[ !y are feeble4 ,,rule ,,xi4 ,a n\n ( multitude1 convey+ plurality ( idea1 mu/ h a v]b or pron\n agree+ ) x 9 ! plural2 z1 ,! c\ncil 7 divid$ 9 _! s5tim5ts4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,my p do? n consid]4 ,! multitude eag]ly pursues pleasure z its *ief good4 ,! committee 0 divid$ 9 its s5tim5ts1 & x has ref]r$ ! bus9ess to ! g5]al meet+4 ,! p rejoices 9 t :i* %\ld give x sorr[4 ,,rule ,,xii4 ,a n\n or pron\n 9 ! possessive case1 is gov]n$ by ! n\n x possesses2 z1 ,man's happ9ess2 ,its value is great4 ,,note #a4 ,:5 ! possessor is describ$ by a circumlocution1 ! possessive sign %\ld g5]ally be appli$ to ! la/ t]m only2 z1 ,! duke ( ,bridgewat]'s canal2 ,! bi%op ( ,l&aff's excell5t book2 ,! capta9 ( ! gu>d's h\se4 ,?is usage1 h[ev]1 ought g5]ally to be avoid$4 ,! words d n lit]ally convey ! ideas int5d$4 ,:at nons5se to say1 ,?is is ! gov]nor ( ,ohio's h\se6 #b4 ,:5 n\ns 9 ! possessive case are 9 apposition1 & foll[ ea* o!r 9 quick succession1 ! possessive sign is g5]ally annex$ to ! la/ only2 z1 ,= ,david my s]vant's sake2 ,john ! ,bapti/'s head2 ,! canal 0 built 9 consequ5ce ( ,de ,witt ,cl9ton ! gov]nor's advice4 ,b :5 a pause is prop]1 & ! gov]n+ n\n n express$1 ! sign %\ld be appli$ to ! fir/ possessive only1 & und]/ood to ! re/2 z1 ,i reside at ,"l ,/ormont's1 my old patron & b5efactor4 #c4 ,its1 ! possessive case ( x1 is (t5 improp]ly us$ = 'tis1 or1 x is2 z1 ,its my book3 ,its 81 c42 in/ead (1 ,x is my book2 or1 ',tis my book2 ,x is 82 or1 ',tis 84 #d4 ,p>ticiples frequ5tly gov]n n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! possessive case1 z1 ,9 case ( 8 maje/y's dy+ )\t issue1 c42 ,^u ,god's hav+ end$ all 8 works1 c42 ,i rememb] its be+ reckon$ a great exploit2 ,at my com+ 9 he said1 c4 ,b 9 su* in/ances1 ! p>ticiple ) its adjuncts may be consid]$ a sub/antive phrase1 accord+ to ,note #b1 ,rule #bh4 #e4 ,phrases l ^!1 ,a "w ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s2 ,a bro!r ( ,joseph's2 ,a fri5d ( m9e2 ,a neighbor ( y\rs1 d n1 z "s h suppos$1 ea* conta9 a d\ble possessive1 or two possessive cases1 b !y may be ?us con/ru$2 ,a "w ( 7out (1 or1 among ! numb] (7 ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s works2 t is1 ,"o ( ! works ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+2 ,"o ( ! bro!rs ( ,joseph2 ,"o fri5d ( my fri5ds2 ,"o neighbor ( y\r neighbors4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,hom]s works are mu* admir$4 ,nev]!less1 ,asa 8 he>t 0 n p]fect ) ! ,"l4 ,james ,h>t1 8 book1 b\ght ,augu/ ! #ai1 #ahbi4 ,note #a4 ,x 0 ! m5's1 wom5's1 & *ildr5's lot to suff] great calamities4 ,?is is ,pet]'s1 ,john's1 & ,&rew's occupation4 ,note #b4 ,?is is ,campbell's ! poet's production4 ,! silk 0 pur*as$ at ,br[n's1 ! m]c]'s & hab]da%]'s4 ,note #d4 ,mu* w dep5d on ! pupil compos+ frequ5tly4 ,mu* dep5ds on ?is rule be+ obs]v$4 ,! measure fail$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! presid5t neglect+ to lay x be=e ! c\ncil4 ,,rule ,,xiii4 ,p]sonal pron\ns mu/ agree ) ! n\ns = :i* !y /&1 9 g5d] & numb]2 z1 ,john writes1 & he w soon write well4 ,,note4 ,y1 ?\gh frequ5tly employ$ to repres5t a s+ul> n\n1 is always plural 9 =m2 !re=e ! v]b connect$ ) x %\ld be plural2 z1 ,my fri5d1 y 7 mi/ak54 ,see pages & ,,false ,,syntax ,e man w be rew>d$ accord+ to _! works4 ,incorrect1 because ! pron\n _! does n agree 9 g5d] or numb] ) ! n\n man1 = :i* x /&s2 consequ5tly ,rule #ac1 is violat$4 ,_! %\ld be 82 & !n ! pron\n w\ld be ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 s+ul> numb]1 agree+ ) man1 accord+ to ,rule #ac4 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,an orator's tongue %\ld be agreeable to ! e> ( _! audi5ce4 ,rebecca took goodly raim5t1 & put !m on ,jacob4 ,take h&fuls ( a%es1 & let ,moses spr9kle x t[>ds heav51 9 ! sight ( ,ph>aoh1 & x %all become small du/4 ,no "o %\ld incur c5sure = be+ t5d] ( _! reputation4 ,note4 ,horace1 y 0 blam$2 & ,i ?9k y 0 wor?y ( c5sure4 ,witness1 :]e 0 y /&+ dur+ ! transaction8 ,h[ f> 0 y f ! def5dant8 ,,rule ,,xiv4 ,relative pron\ns agree ) _! antec$5ts1 9 g5d]1 p]son1 & numb]2 z1 ,?\ :o love/ wisdom2 ,i :o speak f exp]i5ce4 ,,note4 ,:5 a relative pron\n is prec$$ by two antec$5ts ( diff]5t p]sons1 ! relative & ! v]b may agree 9 p]son ) ei!r1 b n )\t reg>d to ! s5se2 z1 ,i am ! man :o comm& y2 or1 ,i am ! man :o comm&s y4 ,! mean+ ( ! fir/ ( ^! examples w m obvi\sly appe>1 if we r5d] x ?us3 ,i :o comm& y1 am ! man4 ,:5 ! agreem5t ( ! relative has be5 fix$ ) ei!r ( ! prec$+ antec$5ts1 x mu/ be pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! s5t5ce2 z1 ,i am ! ,"l1 t make? all ?+s2 t /ret*e? =? ! heav5s alone2 t spreade? abroad ! e>? by myself1 c4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,?\ :o has be5 a witness ( ! fact1 can/ /ate x4 ,! :eel kill$ ano!r man1 :i* make ! six? :i* h lo/ _! lives by ?is means4 ,?\ great ,fir/ ,cause1 lea/ und]/ood6 ,:o all my s5se conf9$4 ,note1 #b;d "p4 ,?\ art ! ,"l1 :o did/ *oose ,abraham1 & br\ght him =? out ( ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,,rule ,,xv4 ,! relative is ! nom9ative case to ! v]b1 :5 no nom9ative comes betwe5 x & ! v]b2 z1 ,! ma/] :o taught u1 0 em95t4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,if he w n he> 8 be/ fri5d1 :om %all be s5t to admoni% him4 ,?is is ! man :om1 he in=m$ me1 0 my b5efactor4 ,,rule ,,xvi4 ,:5 a nom9ative comes betwe5 ! relative & ! v]b1 ! relative is gov]n$ by ! foll[+ v]b1 or by "s o!r ^w 9 its own memb] ( ! s5t5ce2 z1 ,he :om ,i s]ve1 is et]nal4 ,,note #a4 ,:o1 :i*1 :at1 ! relative t1 & _! comp\nds1 :omev]1 :omsoev]1 c41 ?\gh 9 ! objective case1 are always plac$ be=e ! v]b2 z1 ,he :om ye seek1 has gone h5ce4 #b4 ,e relative mu/ h an antec$5t to :i* x relates1 ei!r express$ or impli$2 z1 ,:o /eals my purse1 /eals tra%2 t is1 he :o4 #c4 ,! pron\ns :i*soev]1 :atsoev]1 & ! l1 are sometimes elegantly divid$ by ! int]position ( ! correspond+ n\ns2 z1 ,on :i* side soev] ! k+ ca/ 8 eyes1 c4 #d4 ,! pron\n :at is sometimes improp]ly us$ in/ead ( ! conjunction t2 z1 ,he w\ld n believe b :at ,i 0 9 fault4 ,x %\ld be b t1 c4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,t is ! fri5d :o ,i s9c]ely e/eem4 ,n prop]1 because :o1 :i* is ! object ( ! action express$ by ! transitive v]b e/eem1 is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,x ought to be :om1 9 ! objective2 & !n x w\ld be gov]n$ by e/eem1 accord+ to ,rule #af4 7,repeat ! ,rule37--&1 also1 accord+ to ,rule #bj4 ,t is ! fri5d :om ,i s9c]ely e/eem4 ,!y :o mu* is giv5 to1 w h mu* to answ] =4 ,f ! "* ( ^? :o y associate )1 y\r own w be e/imat$4 ,he is a man :o ,i greatly respect4 ,our b5efactors & tutors are ! p]sons :o we ought to love1 & :o we ought to be grateful to4 ,!y :o consci5ce & virtue support1 may smile at ! caprices ( =tune4 ,:o did y walk )8 ,:o did y see !re8 ,:o did y give ! book to8 ,,rule ,,xvii4 ,:5 a relative pron\n is ( ! int]rogative k9d1 x ref]s to ! ^w or phrase conta9+ ! answ] to ! "q = its subsequ5t1 :i* subsequ5t mu/ agree 9 case ) ! int]rogative2 z1 ,^: book is t8 ,joseph's2 ,:o gave y ?is8 ,john4 ,,note4 ,:e!r ! int]rogative really ref]s to a subsequ5t or n1 is d\btful2 b x is c]ta9 t ! subsequ5t %\ld agree 9 case ) ! int]rogative4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,:o gave ,john ^? books8 ,u4 ,( :om did y buy !m8 ,( a booksell]1 he :o lives 9 ,pe>l /reet4 ,:o walk$ ) y8 ,my bro!r & him4 ,:o w accompany me to ! c\ntry8 ,h] & me4 ,,rule ,,xviii4 ,adjectives belong to1 & qualify n\ns1 express$ or und]/ood2 z1 ,he is a good1 z well z a wise man4 ,,note #a4 ,adjectives frequ5tly belong to pron\ns2 z1 ,i am mis]able2 ,he is indu/ri\s4 #b4 ,num]al adjectives belong to n\ns1 :i* n\ns mu/ agree 9 numb] ) _! adjectives1 :5 ( ! c>d9al k9d2 z1 ,t5 feet2 ,eighty fa?oms4 ,b "s anomal\s & figurative expressions =m an exception to ?is rule2 z1 ,a fleet ( =ty sail2 ,two hundr$ head ( cattle4 #c4 ,adjectives sometimes belong to v]bs 9 ! inf9itive mood1 or to a "p ( a s5t5ce2 z1 ,to see is pleasant2 ,to be bl9d is un=tunate2 ,to die = our c\ntry is glori\s4 #d4 ,adjectives are (t5 us$ to modify ! s5se ( o!r adjectives1 or ! action ( v]bs1 & to express ! quality ( ?+s 9 connexion ) ! action by :i* t quality is produc$2 z1 ,r$ hot iron2 ,pale blue l9+2 ,deep sea-gre5 sa%2 ,! apples boil s(t2 ,op5 y\r h& wide2 ,! clay burns :ite2 ,! fire burns blue2 ,! eggs boil h>d4 #e4 ,:5 an adjective is prec$$ by a preposition1 & ! n\n is und]/ood1 ! two words may be consid]$ an adv]bial phrase2 z1 ,9 g5]al1 9 p>ticul>2 t is1 g5]ally1 p>ticul>ly4 #f4 ,adjectives %\ld be plac$ next to ! n\ns :i* !y qualify2 z1 ,a tract ( good l&4 #g4 ,we %\ld g5]ally avoid comp>+ su* adjectives z d n lit]ally admit ( comp>ison2 su* z1 m impossible1 mo/ impossible2 m unconqu]able1 m p]fect1 c4 ,see ,,rem>ks on adjectives1 page #gf4 #h4 ,:5 an adjective or an adv]b is us$ 9 comp>+ two objects1 x %\ld be 9 ! comp>ative degree2 b :5 m ?an two are comp>$1 ! sup]lative ought to be employ$2 z1 ,julia is ! tall] ( ! two2 ,h] specim5 is ! be/ ( ! ?ree4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,note #b4 ,! boat c>ries ?irty tun4 ,! *asm 0 tw5ty foot broad1 & "o hundr$ fa?om 9 dep?4 ,note #f4 ,he b\ght a new pair ( %oes1 & an elegant piece ( furniture4 ,my c\s9 gave 8 f9e pair ( horses = a poor tract ( l&4 ,note #g4 ,! contradictions ( impiety are /ill m incompreh5sible4 ,x is ! mo/ unc]ta9 way t c be devis$4 ,?is is a m p]fect model ?an ,i ev] saw be=e4 ,note #h4 ,:i* ( ^? two cords is ! /ronge/8 ,i 0 at a loss to det]m9e :i* 0 ! wis] ( ! ?ree4 ,,rule ,,xix4 ,adjective pron\ns belong to n\ns1 express$ or und]/ood2 z1 ,any man1 all m54 ,,note #a4 ,! demon/rative adjective pron\ns mu/ agree 9 numb] ) _! n\ns2 z1 ,?is book1 ^! books2 t sort1 ^? sorts4 #b4 ,! pronom9al adjectives1 ea*1 e1 ei!r1 nei!r1 ano!r1 & "o1 agree ) n\ns 9 ! s+ul> numb] only2 z1 ,ea* man1 e p]son1 ano!r lesson2 unless ! plural n\ns convey a collective idea3 z1 ,e six mon?s4 #c4 ,ei!r is (t5 improp]ly employ$ in/ead ( ea*2 z1 ,! k+ ( ,israel1 & ,jeho%aphat ! k+ ( ,judah1 sat ei!r ( !m on 8 ?rone4 ,ea* signifies bo? tak5 sep>ately2 ei!r implies only ! "o or ! o!r tak5 disjunctively3--sat ea* on 8 ?rone4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,note #a4 ,^? sort ( favors d real injury4 ,!y h be5 play+ ?is two h\rs4 ,^! k9d ( indulg5ces s(t5 & injure ! m9d4 ,he saw "o or m p]sons ent] ! g>d54 ,note #b4 ,let ea* e/eem o!rs bett] ?an !mselves4 ,!re are bodies1 ea* ( :i* are s small z to be invisible4 ,e p]son1 :atev] _! /ation may be1 are b\nd by ! laws ( morality & religion4 ,note #c4 ,on ei!r side ( ! riv] 0 ! tree ( life4 ,nadab & ,abihu took ei!r ( !m 8 c5s]4 ,,rule ,,xx4 ,active-transitive v]bs gov]n ! objective case2 z1 ,ces> conqu]$ ,pompey2 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica2 ,tru? ennobles h]4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,ye :o 7 dead1 ha? he quick5$4 ,ye1 9 ! nom9ative case1 is errone\s1 because x is ! object ( ! action express$ by ! transitive v]b ha? quick5$2 & !re=e x %\ld be y1 9 ! objective case4 ,y w\ld !n be gov]n$ by ha? quick5$1 agreeably1 to ,rule #bj4 ,active-transitive v]bs gov]n ! objective case4 ,:o did !y ent]ta9 s freely8 ,!y :o opul5ce has made pr\d1 & :o luxury has corrupt$1 _c reli% ! simple pleasures ( nature4 ,he & !y we "k1 b :o are ye8 ,%e t is neglig5t1 reprove %>ply4 ,he invit$ my bro!r & ,i to pay him a visit4 ,:o did !y s5d on t mission8 ,!y :o he has mo/ injur$1 he _h ! greate/ reason to love4 ,,rule ,,xxi4 ,! v]b to be may h ! same case aft] x z be=e x2 z1 ,i am ! man2 ,i believe x to h be5 !m2 ,he is ! ?ief4 ,,note #a4 ,:5 n\ns or pron\ns next prec$+ & foll[+ ! v]b to be1 signify ! same ?+1 !y are 9 apposition1 &1 !re=e1 9 ! same case4 ,rule #ba is pr$icat$ on ! pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ,rule #g4 #b4 ,! v]b to be is (t5 und]/ood2 z1 ,! ,"l made me man2 ,he made him :at he 02 t is1 ,! ,"l made me to be man2 ,he made him to be t :i* he 04 ,!y desir$ me to call !m bre?r52 i4e4 by ! "n ( bre?r54 ,!y nam$ him ,john2 i4e4 by ! "n ( ,john2 or1 by ! "n ,john2 putt+ ^! two n\ns 9 apposition4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,i "k x to be !y4 ,improp]1 because x is 9 ! objective case be=e ! v]b to be1 & !y is 9 ! nom9ative aft]2 consequ5tly1 ,rule #ba is violat$4 ,!y is 9 apposition ) x1 !re=e !y %\ld be !m1 9 ! objective aft] to be1 accord+ to ,rule #ba4 7,repeat ! ,rule47 ,be compos$1 x is me4 ,i w\ld n act ?us1 if ,i 7 him4 ,well may y be afraid2 x is him1 inde$4 ,:o d y fancy him to to be8 ,:om d m5 say t ,i am8 ,:om say ye t ,i am8 ,if x 0 n him1 :o d y imag9e x to h be58 ,he suppos$ x 0 me2 b y knew t x 0 him4 ,,rule ,,xxii4 ,active-intransitive & passive v]bs1 ! v]b to become1 & o!r neut] v]bs1 h ! same case aft] !m z be=e !m1 :5 bo? words ref] to1 & signify1 ! same ?+2 z1 ,tom /ruts a soldi]2 ,w sneaks a scriv5]2 ,he 0 call$ ,ces>2 ,! g5]al 0 salut$ emp]or2 ,!y h become fools4 ,,note #a4 ,active-intransitive v]bs sometimes assume a transitive =m1 & gov]n ! objective case2 z1 ,to dream a dream2 ,to run a race2 ,to walk ! horse2 ,to dance ! *ild2 ,to fly ! kite4 #b4 ,accord+ to a usage too common 9 colloquial /yle1 an ag5t n lit]ally ! correct "o1 is employ$ z ! nom9ative to a passive v]b1 :i* causes ! v]b to be foll[$ by an objective case )\t ! possibility ( supply+ be=e x a preposition3 ?us1 ,pitticus 0 (f]$ a l>ge sum by ! k+2 ,%e 0 promis$ !m 7! jewels7 by h] "m2 ,i 0 ask$ a "q4 ,x w\ld be bett] s5se1 & m agreeable to ! idiom ( our language1 to say1 ,a l>ge sum 0 (f]$ to ,pitticus2 ,!y 7 promis$ 7to7 h]2 ,a "q 0 put to me4 #c4 ,"s passive v]bs are =m$ by us+ ! p>ticiples ( comp\nd active v]bs4 ,to smile1 to wond]1 to dream1 are intransitive v]bs1 = :i* reason !y h no passive voice2 b1 to smile on1 to wond] at1 to dream (1 are comp\nd active-transitive v]bs1 &1 !re=e1 admit ( a passive voice2 z1 ,he 0 smil$ on by =tune2 ,! accid5t is n to be wond]$ at2 ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ,?an are dream$ ( 9 y\r philosophy4 ,,rule ,,xxiii4 ,a v]b 9 ! inf9itive mood may be gov]n$ by a v]b1 n\n1 adjective1 p>ticiple1 or pron\n2 z1 ,cease to d evil2 ,we all h our tal5t to be improv$2 ,%e is eag] to le>n2 ,!y are prep>+ to g2 ,let him d x4 ,,illu/ration4 ,! suppos$ pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t ref]r$ to 9 ?is rule1 may be ?us illu/rat$4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,cease to d evil1 ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* cease is introduc$1 requires or compels u to put ! v]b d 9 ! inf9itive mood2 &1 accord+ to ! g5ius ( our language1 we _c express ?is act ( do+1 :5 ?us connect$ ) cease1 9 any o!r mood1 unless we *ange ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 ,h5ce we say1 t cease gov]ns ! mood ( ! v]b d4 ,simil> rem>ks may be appli$ to ! words tal5t1 eag]1 prep>+1 & him1 9 ! respective examples "u ! rule4 ,_m respectable gramm>ians ref] ! gov]nm5t ( ?is mood inv>iably to ! preposition to prefix$1 :i* ^w !y d n1 ( c\rse1 consid] a "p ( ! v]b4 ,o!rs cont5d1 & ) "s plausibility1 t ?is mood is n gov]n$ by any p>ticul> ^w4 ,if we reject ! idea ( gov]nm5t1 z appli$ to ! v]b 9 ?is mood1 ! foll[+ rule1 if sub/itut$ = ! =ego+1 might1 p]haps1 answ] all practical purposes4 ,,rule4 ,a v]b 9 ! inf9itive mood1 ref]s to "s n\n or pron\n1 z its subject or actor4 ,,illu/ration ( ! examples "u ,rule ,,xxiii4 ,to d ref]s to ?\ und]/ood = its ag5t2 to be improv$ ref]s to tal5t2 to le>n1 to %e2 to g1 to !y2 & to d1 ref]s to him4 ,,note #a4 ,! inf9itive mood absolute /&s indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce2 z1 ,to confess ! tru?1 ,i 0 9 fault4 #b4 ,! inf9itive mood is sometimes gov]n$ by conjunctions or adv]bs2 z1 ,an object s high z to be invisible2 ,he is wise en\gh to deceive2 ,! army is ab\t to m>*4 ,,rule ,,xxiv4 ,! inf9itive mood1 or "p ( a s5t5ce1 is frequ5tly put z ! nom9ative case to a v]b1 or ! object ( an active-transitive v]b2 z1 ,to play is pleasant2 ,boys love to play2 ,t w>m climates %ort5 life1 is reasonable to suppose2 ,he does n consid] h[ ne> he approa*es to 8 end4 ,,note4 ,to1 ! sign ( ! inf9itive mood1 is sometimes prop]ly omitt$2 z1 ,i he>d him say x2 in/ead (1 to say x4 ,,rule ,,xxv4 ,! v]bs :i* foll[ bid1 d>e1 ne$1 make1 see1 he>1 feel1 help1 let1 & _! p>ticiples1 are 9 ! inf9itive mood )\t ! sign to prefix$2 z1 ,he bids me come2 ,i d>e engage2 ,let me g2 ,help me d x2 i4e4 to come1 to g1 to d x1 c4 ,he is he>+ me recite4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,bid him to come4 ,he dur/ n to d x )\t p]mission4 ,he> him to read 8 lesson4 ,x is ! diff]5ce 9 _! conduct1 :i* makes u to approve ! "o1 & to reject ! o!r4 ,x is bett] live on a little1 ?an outlive a great deal4 ,i wi% him n wre/le ) 8 happ9ess4 ,,rule ,,xxvi4 ,p>ticiples h ! same gov]nm5t z ! v]bs h f :i* !y are d]iv$2 z1 ,i saw ! tutor in/ruct+ 8 pupils4 ,,note4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ) ! def9ite article ! be=e x1 becomes a n\n1 & mu/ h ! preposition ( aft] x4 ,! & ( mu/ bo? be us$1 or bo? be omitt$2 z1 ,by ! obs]v+ ( tru?1 y w comm& respect2 or1 ,by obs]v+ tru?1 c4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,note4 ,we _c be wise & good )\t ! tak+ pa9s = x4 ,! *ang+ times & seasons1 ! remov+ & sett+ up k+s1 belong to ,provid5ce alone4 ,^! are ! rules ( gramm>1 by obs]v+ ( :i* y may avoid mi/akes4 ,,rule ,,xxvii4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ref]s to "s n\n or pron\n d5ot+ ! subject or actor2 z1 ,i see a boy runn+4 ,,rule ,,xxviii4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple belongs1 l an adjective1 to "s n\n or pron\n1 express$ or und]/ood2 z1 ,i saw ! boy abus$4 ,,note #a4 ,p>ticiples ( neut] v]bs h ! same case aft] !m z be=e !m2 z1 ,pontius ,pilate be+ ,gov]nor ( ,judea1 & ,h]od be+ ,tetr>*1 c4 #b4 ,a p>ticiple ) its adjuncts1 may sometimes be consid]$ z a sub/antive or p>ticipial phrase1 :i* phrase may be ! subject ( a v]b1 or ! object ( a v]b or preposition2 z1 ,tak+ f ano!r )\t 8 k or ass5t1 is call$ /eal+2 ,he /udi$ to avoid express+ himself too sev]ely2 ,i _c fail ( hav+ money1 c42 ,by promis+ mu* & p]=m+ b little1 we become despicable4 #c4 ,z ! p]fect p>ticiple & ! imp]fect t5se ( irregul> v]bs1 are sometimes diff]5t 9 _! =m1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y be n indiscrim9ately us$4 ,x is frequ5tly said1 ',he begun1' = 'he began2' ',he run1' = 'he ran2' ',he come1' = 'he came2' ! p>ticiples be+ "h us$ in/ead ( ! imp]fect t5se2 & mu* m frequ5tly is ! imp]fect t5se employ$ in/ead ( ! p>ticiple2 z1 ',i _h wrote1' = ',i _h writt52' ',i 0 *ose1' = ',i 0 *os52' ',i h eat1' = ',i h eat54' ',he w\ld h spoke2'--spok54 ',he ov]run 8 guide2'--ov]ran4 ',! sun _h rose2'--ris54 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,i se5 him4 ,i h saw _m a "o4 ,se5 is improp]1 ! p]fect p>ticiple be+ us$ in/ead ( ! imp]fect t5se ( ! v]b4 ,x ought to be1 ,i saw him1 accord+ to ,note #c1 ,h saw is also errone\s1 ! imp]fect t5se be+ employ$ in/ead ( ! p]fect p>ticiple4 ,! p]fect t5se ( a v]b is =m$ by comb9+ ! auxili>y h ) its p]fect p>ticiple3 !re=e ! s5t5ce %\ld be writt5 ?us1 ,i h se5 _m a "o3 ,note #c4 ,note #c4 ,he done me no h>m1 = ,i _h wrote my lett] be=e he come home4 ,_h n t mis=tune befel my c\s91 he w\ld h w5t to ,europe long ago4 ,! sun _h already arose1 :5 ,i began my j\rney4 ,s9ce ! "w is began1 x mu/ be prosecut$4 ,! ,fr5* language is spoke 9 e /ate 9 ,europe4 ,he writes z ! be/ au?ors w\ld h wrote1 _h !y writ on ! same subject4 ,,rule ,,xxix4 ,adv]bs qualify v]bs1 p>ticiples1 adjectives1 & o!r adv]bs2 z1 ,a v good p5 writes extremely well2 ,by liv+ temp]ately1 c4 ,,note #a4 ,adv]bs are g5]ally set be=e adjectives or adv]bs1 aft] v]bs1 or betwe5 ! auxili>y & ! v]b2 z1 ,he made a v s5sible disc\rse1 & 0 att5tively he>d4 #b4 ,:5 ! qualify+ ^w :i* foll[s a v]b1 expresses quality1 x mu/ be an adjective1 b :5 x expresses mann]1 an adv]b %\ld be us$2 z1 ,%e looks cold2 ,%e looks coldly on him2 ,he feels w>m2 ,he feels w>mly ! insult (f]$ to him4 ,if ! v]b to be c be sub/itut$ = ! "o employ$1 an adjective %\ld foll[1 & n an adv]b2 z1 ,%e looks is cold2 ,! hay smells is sweet2 ,! fields look are gre52 ,! apples ta/e are s\r2 ,! w9d bl[s is fre%4 #c4 ,x is n /rictly prop] to apply ! adv]bs "h1 !re1 & :]e1 to v]bs signify+ motion1 in/ead ( ! adv]bs hi!r1 ?i!r1 :i!r2 ?us1 ,he came "h hi!r ha/ily2 ,!y rode !re ?i!r 9 two h\rs2 ,:]e :i!r w he g8 ,b 9 famili> /yle1 ^! con/ructions are s f> sanction$ z sometimes to be admissible4 #d4 ,! use ( :]e1 in/ead ( 9 :i*1 9 con/ructions l ! foll[+1 is h>dly admissible3 ,! immortal sages ( '#gf1 =m$ a *>t]1 :]e 9 :i* _! rights are boldly ass]t$4 #e4 ,z ! adv]bs h5ce1 !nce1 & :5ce1 lit]ally supply ! place ( a n\n & preposition1 !re appe>s to be a solecism 9 employ+ a preposition 9 conjunction ) !m3 ,f :5ce x foll[s2 ,he came f !nce s9ce morn+4 ,bett]1 :5ce x foll[s2 ,he came !nce4 ,! foll[+ phrases are also exceptionable3 ,! !n m9i/ry2 ,! above argum5t2 ,ask me nev] s mu* d[ry2 ,*>m he nev] s wisely4 ,bett]1 ,! m9i/ry ( t "t or p]iod2 ,! prec$+ argum5t2 ,ev] s mu* d[ry2 ,ev] s wisely4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,note #a4 ,x _c be imp]t95t or ridicul\s !re=e to remon/rate4 ,he 0 pleas+ n (t51 because he 0 va94 ,^! ?+s %\ld be nev] sep>at$4 ,we may happily live1 ?\gh our possessions are small4 ,,rule ,,xxx4 ,two negatives de/roy "o ano!r1 & are g5]ally equival5t to an affirmative2 z1 ,su* ?+s are n uncommon2 i4e4 !y are common4 ,,note4 ,:5 "o ( ! two negatives employ$ is jo9$ to ano!r ^w1 x =ms a pleas+ & delicate v>iety ( expression2 z1 ,8 language1 ?\gh inelegant1 is n ungrammatical2 t is1 x is grammatical4 ,b1 z two negatives1 by de/roy+ ea* o!r1 are equival5t to an affirmative1 !y %\ld n be us$ :5 we wi% to convey a negative mean+4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is !re=e inaccurate3 ,i cn by no means all[ him :at 8 argum5t mu/ prove4 ,x %\ld be1 ,i _c by any means1 c41 or1 ,i c by no means4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,note1 #b;d "p4 ,i don't "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,i did n see nobody !re4 ,no?+ nev] affects h]4 ,be hone/1 nor take no %ape nor semblance ( disguise4 ,!re _c be no?+ m insignificant ?an vanity4 ,precept nor discipl9e is n s =cible z example4 ,,rule ,,xxxi4 ,prepositions gov]n ! objective case2 z1 ,he w5t f ,utica to ,rome1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh ,r$field4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,ea* is acc\ntable = hisself4 ,!y settl$ x among !irselves4 ,x is n ,i :o he is displeas$ )4 ,:o did y g )8 ,:o did y receive in/ruction f8 ,,rule ,,xxxii4 ,home1 & n\ns signify+ di/ance1 "t :51 h[ long1 c4 are g5]ally gov]n$ by a preposition und]/ood2 z1 ,! horse ran a mile2 ,he came home la/ ,june2 ,my fri5d liv$ f\r ye>s at college2 t is1 ran ?r\gh ! space ( a mile2 or1 ran ov] a space call$ a mile2 to 8 home 9 la/ ,june2 dur+ f\r ye>s1 c4 ,,note #a4 ,! prepositions to & = are (t5 und]/ood1 *iefly be=e ! pron\ns2 z1 ,give to me a book2 ,get = him "s pap]4 #b4 ,to or unto1 is1 by "s1 suppos$ to be und]/ood aft] l & unlike2 z1 ,he is l unto 8 bro!r2 ,%e is unlike to him4 ,o!rs consid] ?is mode ( expression an idiom ( ! language1 & ma9ta9 t l gov]ns ! objective foll[+ x4 #c4 ,n\ns signify+ ext5sion1 duration1 quantity1 quality1 or value1 are us$ )\t a gov]n+ ^w2 z1 ,! ,ohio is "o ?\s& miles long2 ,%e is t5 ye>s old2 ,my hat is wor? t5 doll>s4 ,^! are sometimes consid]$ anomalies4 ,see page #afc4 ,,rule ,,xxxiii4 ,conjunctions connect n\ns & pron\ns 9 ! same case2 z1 ,! ma/] taught h] & me to write2 ,he & %e are associates4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,my bro!r & him are gramm>ians4 ,y & me enjoy great privileges4 ,him & ,i w5t to ! city 9 company2 b ,john & him return$ )\t me4 ,betwe5 y & ,i !re is a great disp>ity ( ye>s4 ,,rule ,,xxxiv4 ,conjunctions g5]ally connect v]bs ( l moods & t5ses2 z1 ,if ?\ s9c]ely desire1 & e>ne/ly pursue virtue1 %e w assur$ly be f\nd by !e1 & prove a ri* rew>d4 ,,note #a4 ,:5 diff]5t moods & t5ses are connect$ by conjunctions1 ! nom9ative mu/ be repeat$2 z1 ,he may return1 b he w n t>ry4 #b4 ,conjunctions imply+ cont+5cy or d\bt1 require ! subjunctive mood aft] !m2 z1 ,if he /udy1 he w improve4 ,see pages #ace1 #ade1 & #aee4 #c4 ,! conjunctions if1 ?\gh1 unless1 except1 :e!r1 & le/1 g5]ally require ! subjunctive mood aft] !m4 #d4 ,conjunctions ( a positive & absolute nature1 imply+ no d\bt1 require ! indicative mood2 z1 ,z virtue advances1 s vice rec$es4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,did he n tell me 8 fault1 & entreat$ me to =give him8 ,pr(ess+ reg>d1 & to act diff]5tly1 discov]s a base m9d4 ,note #a4 ,he has gone home1 b may return4 ,! attorney execut$ ! de$1 b w write no m4 ,note #b4 ,i %all walk to-day1 unless x ra9s4 ,if he acquires ri*es1 !y w corrupt 8 m9d4 ,,rule ,,xxxv4 ,a n\n or pron\n foll[+ ! conjunction ?an1 z1 or b1 is nom9ative to a v]b1 or gov]n$ by a v]b or preposition1 express$ or und]/ood2 z1 ,?\ art wis] ?an ,i am4 ,i saw nobody b ,i saw him4 ,,note #a4 ,! conjunction z1 :5 x is connect$ ) su*1 _m1 or same1 is sometimes1 ?\gh errone\sly1 call$ a relative pron\n2 z1 ,let su* z presume to advise o!rs1 c42 t is1 ,let !m :o1 c4 ,see page #aaf4 #b4 ,an ellipsis1 or omission ( "s words1 is frequ5tly admitt$1 :i* mu/ be suppli$ 9 ! m9d 9 ord] to p>se grammatically2 z ,wo is me2 t is1 to me2 ,to sleep all night2 i4e4 ?r\gh all ! night2 ,he has gone a j\rney2 i4e4 on a j\rney2 ,!y walk$ a league2 i4e4 ov] a space call$ a league4 #c4 ,:5 ! omission ( words w\ld obscure ! s5se1 or weak5 its =ce1 !y mu/ be express$4 #d4 ,9 ! use ( prepositions1 & words t relate to ea* o!r1 we %\ld pay p>ticul> reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! words or s5t5ces :i* !y connect3 all ! p>ts ( a s5t5ce %\ld correspond to ea* o!r1 & a regul> & cle> con/ruction ?r\gh\t %\ld be c>efully pres]v$4 ,,false ,,syntax4 ,!y are mu* great] ga9]s ?an me4 ,!y "k h[ to write z well z him2 b he is a bett] gramm>ian ?an !m4 ,!y 7 all well b him4 ,none 7 rew>d$ b him & me4 ,jesus s\ght none b !y :o _h gone a/ray4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,t5ses4 #a4 ,9 ! use ( v]bs1 & o!r words & phrases :i*1 9 po9t ( "t1 relate to ea* o!r1 a due reg>d to t relation %\ld be obs]v$4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,! ,"l ha? giv51 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away2 we %\ld say1 ,! ,"l gave1 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away4 ,in/ead (1 ,i rememb] ! family m ?an tw5ty ye>s2 x %\ld be1 ,i h rememb]$ ! family m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 #b4 ,! be/ rule t c be giv5 = ! managem5t ( ! t5ses1 & ( words & phrases :i*1 9 po9t ( "t1 relate to ea* o!r1 is ?is v g5]al "o2 ,obs]ve :at ! s5se necess>ily requires4 ,to say1 ,i h visit$ ,wa%+ton la/ summ]2 ,i h se5 ! "w m ?an a mon? ago1 is n good s5se4 ,! con/ructions %\ld be1 ,i visit$ ,wa%+ton1 c42 ,i saw ! "w1 c4 ,?is mode ( expression has be5 =m]ly mu* admir$3--0 =m]ly mu* admir$4 ,if ,i _h h be5 !re2 ,if ,i _h h se5 him2 ,_h y h kn[n him1 are solecisms too gross to ne$ correction4 ,we c say1 ,i h be51 ,i _h be52 b :at sort ( a t5se is1 _h h be58 ,to place _h be=e ! defective v]b ought1 is an error equally gross & illit]ate3--_h ought1 hadn't ought4 ,?is is z l[ a vulg>ism z ! use ( !irn1 h]n1 & hizz51 to!r1 furd]1 baynt1 ?is ere1 ,i se$ x1 ,i tell'd him4 #c4 ,:5 we ref] to a pa/ action or ev5t1 & no "p ( t "t 9 :i* x took place2 rema9s1 ! imp]fect t5se %\ld be us$2 b if !re is /ill rema9+ "s portion ( ! "t 9 :i* we decl>e t ! ?+ has be5 done1 ! p]fect t5se %\ld be employ$4 ,?us1 we say1 ,philosoph]s made great discov]ies 9 ! la/ c5tury2 ,he 0 mu* afflict$ la/ ye>2 b :5 we ref] to ! pres5t c5tury1 ye>1 week1 day1 c4 we ought to use ! p]fect t5se2 z1 ,philosoph]s h made great discov]ies 9 ! pres5t c5tury2 ,he has be5 mu* afflict$ ?is ye>2 ,i h read ! presid5t's message ?is week2 ,we h he>d important news ?is morn+2 because ^! ev5ts occurr$ 9 ?is c5tury1 ?is ye>1 ?is week1 & to-day1 & /ill !re rema9s a "p ( ?is c5tury1 ye>1 week1 & day1 ( :i* ,i speak4 ,9 g5]al1 ! p]fect t5se may be appli$ :]ev] ! action is connect$ ) ! pres5t "t1 by ! actual exi/5ce ei!r ( ! au?or ( ! "w1 ?\gh x may h be5 p]=m$ _m c5turies ago2 b if nei!r ! au?or nor ! "w n[ rema9s1 ! p]fect t5se ought n to be employ$4 ,speak+ ( prie/s 9 g5]al1 we may say1 ,!y h1 9 all ages1 claim$ great p[]s2 because ! g5]al ord] ( ! prie/hood /ill exi/s2 b we _c prop]ly say1 ,! ,druid prie/s h claim$ great p[]s2 because t ord] is n[ ext9ct4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 to say1 ,! ,druid prie/s claim$ great p[]s4 ,! foll[+ examples may s]ve /ill f>!r to illu/rate ! prop] use & application ( ! t5ses4 ,my bro!r has rec5tly be5 to ,philadelphia4 ,x %\ld be1 0 rec5tly at ,philadelphia2 because ! adv]b rec5tly ref]s to a "t completely pa/1 )\t any allusion to ! pres5t "t4 ,*>les is gr[n consid]ably s9ce ,i h se5 him ! la/ "t4 ,correct$1 ,*>les has gr[n1 s9ce ,i saw him1 c4 ,paym5t 0 at l5g? made1 b no reason assign$ = its be+ s long po/pon$4 ,correct$1 = its hav+ be5 s long po/pon$4 ,!y 7 arriv$ an h\r be=e we rea*$ ! city3--,!y _h arriv$4 ,! workm5 w complete ! build+ at ! "t ,i take possession ( x4 ,x %\ld be1 w h complet$ ! build+1 c4 ,?is curi\s piece ( workman%ip 0 pres]v$1 & %[n to /rang]s = m ?an fifty ye>s pa/3--has be5 pres]v$1 & be5 %[n to /rang]s1 c4 ,i _h r write ?an beg3--,i w\ld r write ?an beg4 ,on ! morr[1 because he w\ld h kn[n ! c]ta9ty :]e( ,paul 0 accus$ ( ! ,jews1 he loos$ him f 8 b&s4 ,x ought to be1 because he w\ld "k2 or1 be+ will+ to "k1 c4 ,! bl9d man said1 ',"l1 t ,i might receive my sight2' ,if by any means ,i might atta9 unto ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,9 bo? ^! examples1 may w\ld be pref]able to might4 ,i fe>$ t ,i %\ld h lo/ ! p>cel1 be=e ,i arriv$3--t ,i %\ld lose4 ,x w\ld h af=d$ me no satisfaction1 if ,i c\ld p]=m x4 ,x ought to be1 if ,i c\ld h p]=m$ x2 or1 ,x w\ld af=d me no satisfaction1 if ,i c\ld p]=m x4 ,?is d$ication may s]ve = almo/ any book t has1 is1 or %all be publi%$3--t has be51 or w be publi%$4 #d4 ,9 ord] to employ ! two t5ses ( ! inf9itive mood ) propriety1 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ! mean+ ( :at we express4 ,v]bs expressive ( hope1 desire1 int5tion1 or comm&1 ought to be foll[$ by ! ,,pres5t t5se ( ! ,inf9itive mood4 ,la/ week ,i int5d$ to h writt51 is improp]4 ,! int5tion ( writ+ 0 !n pres5t ) me2 &1 !re=e1 ! con/ruction %\ld be1 ,i int5d$ to write4 ,! foll[+ examples are also inaccurate2 ,i f\nd him bett] ?an ,i expect$ to h f\nd him2 ,my purpose 01 aft] sp5d+ t5 mon?s m 9 comm]ce1 to h )drawn my weal? to ano!r c\ntry4 ,!y %\ld be1 expect$ to f9d him2 to )draw my weal?4 ,?is is a book :i* proves itself to be writt5 by ! p]son ^: "n x be>s4 ,x ought to be :i* proves itself to h be5 writt51 c4 ,to see him w\ld h af=d$ me pleasure all my life4 ,correct$1 ,to h se5 him2 or1 ,to see him w\ld af=d me pleasure1 c4 ,! argum5ts 7 suffici5t to h satisfi$ all :o he>d !m3--7 suffici5t to satisfy4 ,hi/ory pa9t]s w\ld h f\nd x difficult to h inv5t$ su* a species ( be+s3--to inv5t su* a species4 #e4 ,g5]al & immutable tru?s ought to be express$ 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,he did n "k t eight & tw5ty 7 equal to tw5ty & eight2 ,! prea*] said v audibly1 t :atev] 0 useful1 0 good2 ,my oppon5t w\ld n believe1 t virtue 0 always advantage\s42 ,! con/ructions %\ld be1 are equal to tw5ty2 :atev] is useful1 is good2 virtue is always advantage\s4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,false ,,syntax ,,promiscu\sly ,,arrang$4 ,we adore ! ,div9e ,be+1 he :o is f et]nity to et]nity4 ,on ^! causes dep5d all ! happ9ess or mis]y :i* exi/ among m54 ,! enemies :o we h mo/ to fe>1 are ^? ( our own he>ts4 ,is x me or him :o y reque/$ to g8 ,?\gh great has be5 8 disob$i5ce & 8 folly1 yet if he s9c]ely ackn[l$ges 8 misconduct1 he %all be =giv54 ,!re 71 9 ! metropolis1 mu* to amuse !m4 ,by ex]cis+ ( our memories1 !y are improv$4 ,! prop]ty ( my fri5d1 ,i mean 8 books & furniture1 7 :olly consum$4 ,afflu5ce might give u respect 9 ! eyes ( ! vulg>1 b w n recomm5d u to ! wise & good4 ,! c>es ( ?is _w1 !y (t5 *oke ! gr[? ( virtue4 ,!y t honor me1 ,i w honor2 & !m t despise me1 %all be lightly e/eem$4 ,i int5d$ to h call$ la/ week1 b c\ld n4 ,! fields look fre%ly & gayly s9ce ! ra94 ,! book is pr9t$ v neat1 & on f9e wove pap]4 ,i h rec5tly be5 9 ,wa%+ton1 :]e ,i h se5 ,g54 ,&rew ,jackson1 he :o is n[ presid5t4 ,take ! two fir/1 &1 if y please1 ! ?ree la/4 ,! ,*9ese wall is ?irty foot high4 ,x is an union support$ by an hypo!sis1 m]ely4 ,i h saw him :o y wrote to2 & he w\ld h came back ) me1 if he c\ld4 ,n "o 9 fifty ( ^? :o call !mselves dei/s1 und]/& ! nature ( ! religion :i* !y reject4 ,if ?\ /udie/ dilig5tly1 ?\ w become le>n$4 ,education is n att5d$ to prop]ly 9 ,spa94 ,he "k'd x 0 8 duty2 & he ought1 !re=e1 to d x4 ,he has little m ( ! great man besides ! title4 ,ri*>d act$ v indep5d5t on ! occasion4 ,we h done no m ?an x 0 our duty to h done4 ,! "t ( my fri5d ent]+ on bus9ess1 soon arriv$4 ,8 spee* is ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ,i ev] saw4 ,calumny & detraction are sp>ks :i*1 if y d n bl[1 !y w g out ( !mselves4 ,^? two au?ors h ea* ( !m _! m]it4 ,reasons :ole pleasure1 all ! joys ( s5se1 ,lies 9 ?ree words1 heal?1 peace1 & compet5ce4 ,a great mass ( rocks ?r[n toge!r by ! h& ( nature ) wildness & confusion1 /rike ! m9d ) m gr&eur1 ?an if !y 7 adju/$ to "o ano!r ) ! accurate/ symmetry4 ,a lampoon or a satire d n c>ry 9 !m robb]y or murd]4 ,! side ,a1 ) ! sides ,b & ,c1 compose ! triangle4 ,if "s p]sons opportunities 7 nev] s favorable1 !y w\ld be too indol5t to improve4 ,x is report$ t ! gov]nor w come "h to-morr[4 ,beauty & innoc5ce %\ld be nev] sep>at$4 ,extravagance & folly may r$uce y to a situation :]e y w h mu* to fe> & little to hope4 ,n "o 9 fifty ( our mod]n infidels are ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 _! k ( ! ,scriptures4 ,virtue & mutual confid5ce is ! s\l ( fri5d%ip4 ,:]e ^! are want+1 disgu/ or hatr$ (t5 foll[ little diff]5ces4 ,an army pres5t a pa9ful sight to a feel+ m9d4 ,to d good to !m t hate u1 &1 on no occasion1 to seek rev5ge1 is ! duty ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,! polite1 accompli%$ lib]t9e1 is b mis]able amid/ all 8 pleasures3 ! rude inhabitant ( ,lapl& is happi] ?an him4 ,!re are pr9ciples 9 man1 :i* ev] h1 & ev] w1 incl9e him to (f5d4 ,?is is "o ( ! duties :i* requires great circumspection4 ,!y t honor me1 !m w ,i honor4 ,e *ur* & sect h op9ions peculi> to !mselves4 ,p]icles ga9$ su* an asc5dant ov] ! m9ds ( ! ,a!nians1 t he might be said to atta9 a mon>*ical p[] 9 ,a!ns4 ,?\1 ,"l1 :o ha? p]mitt$ affliction to come ^u u1 %all deliv] u f x 9 due "t4 ,t writ] has giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity has =m]ly be5 propagat$ among ! hea!ns4 ,?\gh ! measure be my/]i\s1 x is n unwor?y ( y\r att5tion4 ,9 8 conduct 0 trea*]y1 & 9 8 words1 fai?less pr(essions4 ,aft] ,i visit$ ,europe1 ,i return$ to ,am]ica4 ,i h n1 nor %all n1 cons5t to a proposal s unju/4 ,i _h int5d$ ye/]day to h walk$ out1 b ,i h be5 aga9 disappo9t$4 ,five & eight makes ?irte52 five f eight leaves ?ree4 ,if he goes to ,s>atoga next week1 x w make eight times t he has visit$ t r5[n$ wat]+ place4 ,i c\ld n conv9ce him1 t a =giv+ disposition 0 nobl] ?an a rev5geful "o4 ,i consid] ! fir/1 "o ( ! brighte/ virtues t ev] 0 or c be possess$ by man4 ,! college consi/s ( "o great1 & sev]al small] edifices4 ,he w\ld n believe1 t hone/y 0 ! be/ policy4 ,! edifice 0 erect$ soon] ?an ,i expect$ x to h be54 ,surely1 goodness & m]cy %all foll[ me all ! days ( my life2 & ,i w dwell 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l = ev]4 ,if a man h a hundr$ %eep1 & "o ( !m be gone a/ray1 do? he n leave ! n9ety & n9e1 c48 ,he might h complet$ 8 task soon]1 b he c\ld n d x bett]4 ,! mo/ ignorant & ! mo/ savage tribes ( m51 :5 !y h look$ r\nd on ! e>?1 & on ! heav5s1 c\ld n avoid ascrib+ _! orig9 to "s invisible1 design+ cause1 & felt a prop5sity to adore _! ,creator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,critical ,,notes ,,& ,,obs]vations4 ,,obs]vation #a4 ,! foll[+ absurd phrases s common 9 ! sacr$ desk & else:]e1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$ by all :o reg>d common s5se3--,s+ ! two fir/ & ?ree la/ v]ses4 ,j z if !re c\ld be m ?an "o fir/ & "o la/4 ,!re may be a fir/ two1 a second two1 c42 a fir/ ?ree1 a second ?ree1 a la/ ?ree4 ,)9 ! two la/ c5turies2 ,! second syllable ( ! ?ree fir/ words2 ,! ?ree fir/ ( ^! or?oepi/s h no rule by :i* _! pronunciation is regulat$3--! la/ two c5turies2 ! fir/ ?ree words2 ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! or?oepi/s4 #b4 ,adjectives %\ld n be us$ to express ! mann] ( action4 ,! high] ! riv]1 ! swift] x fl[s2 ,james le>ns easi] ?an ,juliet2 he sees deep] into ! mill/one ?an %e3--! m swiftly x fl[s2 le>ns m easily2 f>!r into ! mill/one4 ,he conduct$ ! bolde/ ( any3--! mo/ boldly4 #c4 ,m requires ?an aft] x4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are !re=e improp]3 ,he 0 m belov$1 b n s mu* admir$1 z ,c9?io2 ,ri*>d is m active1 b n s /udi\s1 z 8 companion4 ,! legitimate mode ( supply+ ! ellipses 9 ^! con/ructions1 w %[ _! gross impropriety3 ?us1 ,he 0 m belov$ z ,c9?io2 ,ri*>d is m active z 8 companion1 c4 #d4 ,adv]bs1 z illu/rat$ on page #he1 are g5]ally sub/itutes = two or m words belong+ to o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,w y accompany me to ,europe next summ]8 ,yes4 ,d y believe t ! voyage w re/ore y\r heal?8 ,no4 ,9 ^! examples1 ! adv]bs yes & no1 are sub/itutes = :ole s5t5ces1 &1 !re=e1 d n qualify any words und]/ood4 ,yes1 9 ?is in/ance1 lit]ally means1 ,i w accompany y to ,europe next summ]2 & no1 ,i d n believe t ! voyage w re/ore my heal?4 ,_m o!r adv]bs are (t5 employ$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,fir/ly1 is (t5 improp]ly us$ in/ead ( ! adv]b fir/2 a good deal1 in/ead (1 mu*1 or1 a great deal4 #e4 ,a nice di/9ction %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! use ( su* & s4 ,! =m] may be employ$ 9 express+ quality2 ! latt]1 9 express+ a degree ( ! quality2 z1 ,su* a temp] is seldom f\nd2 ,s bad a temp] is seldom f\nd4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 s %\ld be us$ in/ead ( su*3 ,he is su* an extravagant "y man1 t ,i _c associate ) him2 ,i nev] be=e saw su* l>ge trees4 ,! affect$ use ( c>d9al1 in/ead ( ord9al numb]s1 ought n to be imitat$4 ,on page =ty-five2 ,look at page n9ete52--=ty-fif?1 n9ete5?4 #f4 ,9 ! *oice & application ( prepositions1 p>ticul> reg>d %\ld be paid to _! mean+ z e/abli%$ by ! idiom ( our language & ! be/ usage4 ,9 my proce$+s1 ,i h be5 actuat$ f ! conviction1 t ,i 0 support+ a righte\s cause2 ,he %\ld h pr(it$ f ^? gold5 precepts2 ,x is connect$ to ,john ) ! conjunction &2 ,aw>e t !re is1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 a /rong pr$ilection 9 favor ( e/abli%$ usages2 ,he 0 made mu* on at ,argos2 ,!y are resolv$ ( go+2 ,! ra9 has be5 fall+ ( a long "t2 ,x is a "w des]v+ ( enc\ragem5t4 ,^! examples may be correct$ ?us1 actuat$ by ! conviction2 by ^? gold5 precepts2 by ! conjunction &2 pr$ilection =2 mu* ( at ,argos2 on go+2 fall+ a long "t2 des]v+ enc\ragem5t4 #g4 ,! preposition to is us$ be=e n\ns ( place1 :]e !y foll[ v]bs or p>ticiples ( motion2 z1 ,i w5t to ,wa%+ton4 ,b at is employ$ aft] ! v]b to be2 z1 ,i h be5 at ,wa%+ton2 ,he has be5 to ,new ,york1 to home1 c4 are improp]4 ,! preposition 9 is set be=e c\ntries1 cities1 & l>ge t[ns2 ,he lives 9 ,france1 9 ,london1 9 ,philadelphia1 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,b be=e s+le h\ses1 & cities & villages :i* are 9 di/ant c\ntries1 at is commonly us$2 z1 ,he lives at ,p>k-place2 ,%e resides at ,v9c5nes4 ,p 9 ! nor!rn /ates may say1 ,!y live 9 ,new ,orleans1 or1 at ,new ,orleans4 #h4 ,passive ag5ts to v]bs 9 ! inf9itive mood1 %\ld n be employ$ z active ag5ts4 ,! foll[+ are solecisms3 ,?is h\se to let2 ,horses & c>riages to let2 ,congress has mu* bus9ess to p]=m ?is session2 because ! ag5ts1 h\se1 horses & c>riages1 & bus9ess1 :i* are really passive1 are1 accord+ to ^! con/ructions1 r5d]$ z active4 ,! expressions %\ld be1 ,?is h\se to be let2 ,horses & c>riages to be let2 mu* bus9ess to be p]=m$4 #i4 ,,ambiguity4--,no?+ is m to be desir$ ?an wisdom4 ,n lit]ally correct1 = wisdom is c]ta9ly m to be desir$ ?an no?+2 b1 z a figurative expression1 x is well e/abli%$ & unexceptionable4 ,a cr[ is a l>ge black bird3--a l>ge1 black--bird4 ,i saw a horse--fly ?r\gh ! w9d[3--,i saw a horsefly4 ,i saw a %ip glid+ "u full sail ?r\gh a spy glass4 ,i saw1 ?r\gh a spy glass1 a %ip glid+ "u full sail4 ,"o may see h[ ! _w goes ) half an eye4 ,"o may see ) half an eye1 h[ ! _w goes4 ,a great /one1 t ,i happ5$ to f9d1 aft] a long se>*1 by ! sea %ore1 s]v$ me = an an*or4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! memb]s & circum/ances ( ?is s5t5ce1 conf9es ! speak]'s se>* to ! sea %ore2 :]eas1 he meant1 ,a l>ge /one1 :i*1 aft] a long se>*1 ,i happ5$ to f9d by ! sea %ore1 s]v$ me = an an*or4 ,i %all only notice ^? call$ p]sonal pron\ns4 ,i %all notice only ^? call$ p]sonal pron\ns4 #aj4 ,,tautology4--,avoid words :i* add no ?+ to ! s5se2 su* z1 ,n[ extant1 free gratis1 sl[ mope1 cold sn[1 a hot sun1 a fl[+ /ream1 a dull blockhead1 wise sages4 ,i am j go+ to g !re2 ,i am ab\t to g4 #aa4 ,,absurdities ,,& ,,improprieties4--,i c le>n him _m ?+s4 ,x ought to be1 ,i c tea* him4 ,to le>n1 is to acquire or receive in=mation2 to tea*1 means to communicate x4 ,i don't ?9k x is s4 ,y d ?9k1 t x is n s4 ,ev]1 always4 ,i h ev] be5 ( ?is m9d4 ,i h always be54 ,ev] & always are n synonym\s4 ,ev] ref]s to "o indef9ite p]iod ( "t2 z1 ,if he ev] become ri*3 always means at all times4 ,excuse1 p>don4 ,! =m] signifies to release f an obligation :i* ref]s to ! future2 ! latt]1 to =give a neglect or crime t is pa/4 ,excuse me = neglect+ to call ye/]day3 p>don me4 ,rememb]1 recollect4 ,we rememb] a ?+ :i* we reta9 9 our m9d2 we recollect x1 :51 ?\gh hav+ gone f ! m9d1 we h p[] to call x back4 ,defect1 defici5cy4 ,a ?+ :i* is incomplete 9 any ( its p>ts1 is defective2 a total abs5ce ( ! ?+1 is a defici5cy4 ,?is subject w be resum$ 9 ! app5dix to ?is "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrections ,,9 ,,or?ography4 ,f among ^? words :i* are (t5 errone\sly spell$1 ! foll[+ are select$ & correct$ accord+ to ,johnson1 & to ,cobb's ,diction>y4 ,,incorrect4 ,,correct4 ,abridgem5t ,abridgm5t abscision abcission a*ievm5t a*ievem5t adze addice agriculturali/ agriculturi/ ancle ankle attornies attorneys baise baize bason bas9 bass base bombaz9 bombas9 boose b\se b\lt bolt buccane] bucani] bur!n burd5 bye by calimanco calamanco camblet camlet camphire camphor canvas canvass c>case c>cass c5t9el s5t9el *ace *ase *alibeate *alybeate *amelion *ameleon *imi/ *emi/ *imi/ry *emi/ry *olic colic *use *oose cimet> cimet] cl5* cl9* cloke cloak cobl] cobbl] *imnies *imneys *esnut *e/nut clue clew connection connexion corset corslet cyph] ciph] cyph]+ ciph]+ dactyl dactyle develope develop dip?ong diph?ong dispat* despat* doat dote dr\? dr\ght embitt] imbitt] embody imbody enquire inquire enquir] inquir] enquiry inquiry ensn>e insn>e ent]prize ent]prise en?ral in?rall entr5* intr5* entr5*m5t intr5*m5t entru/ intru/ enwrap inwrap epaulette epaulet e!rial e!real faggot fagot fasset faucet fellon felon fie fy g]m g]me gosl9 gosl+ gimblet gimlet grey gray halloe halloo high? height h9drance h9d]ance honi$ honey$ impale empale inclose enclose inclosure enclosure indict endict indictm5t endictm5t indorse endorse indorsem5t endorsem5t in/ructor in/ruct] insure ensure insurance ensurance judgem5t judgm5t laquey lackey la/e la/ lic5ce lic5se lo? loa? lo?some loa?some malcont5t malecont5t maneuv] manoeuvre m]*&ize m]*&ise misprison misprision monies moneys moni$ money$ negociate negotiate negociation negotiation noviciate novitiate ouse ooze opake opaque p>oxism p>oxysm p>tizan p>tisan patronize patronise phr5zy phr5sy p9*]s p9c]s pl[ pl\gh poney pony potatoe potato qu]e qu]y recognize recognise re9de] ra9de] re9=ce re-en=ce re/ive re/iff ribbon rib& r9ce r9se sadl] saddl] sallad salad sceptic skeptic sceptical skeptical scepticism skepticism seg> cig> seignor seignior s]jeant s]geant %o> %ore soo! soo? /aun* /an* /reight /raight suitor suit] sy! scy! tatl] tattl] ?re% ?ra% ?wak ?wack tipl] tippl] tranquility tranquillity trip?ong triph?ong trissyllable trisyllable valice valise vallies valleys vise vice vollies volleys waggon wagon w>rantee w>ranty :oop+c\gh hoop+c\gh woe wo yea/ ye/ ,,corrections ,,9 ,,or?oepy4 ,! foll[+ words be+ (t5 errone\sly pron\nc$ by polite p1 z well z by ! vulg>1 _! correction1 9 ?is place1 agreeably to ,cobb's ,diction>y1 x is presum$1 w be useful to _m4 ,"s ( ! mispronunciations giv5 are prov9cial4 #a #b #c #d #a #d #a #d #a #c #e #f #a #d ,fate1 f>1 fall1 fat--me1 met--p9e1 p9--no1 nor1 n1 move--tube1 tub1 #g #cd #cg bull--oil--f\nd---?9--,,?is4 ,,or?ography4 ,,improp]4 ,,pron\nc$4 #d #a #d #d ,aga9 a-gane' a-g5' #d #a #d #d ,aga9/ a-gan/e' a-g5/ #d #a #d #a ,ally al'le al'li' #a #b ,are are ar #d #d #a #a ,azure azh'ur a'zhure #a #a ,bade bade bad #a #aa ,be>d b>d be]d #d #aa #d ,be5 b5 or be5 b9 #bb #aa ,bleat blaat bleet #a #cd ,boil bile boil #d #d #e #d ,bonnet bun'net bon'nit #b #ff ,broo* brot% broot% #d #c #d #d ,canal ka-nawl' ka-nal' #d #d ,cat* ket% kat% #d #a #c #a ,causeway kros'wa kawz'wa #d #d #a #d ,*alice kal'is t%al'is #d #a ,*a/5 t%as'tn t%ase'sn #d #a #d #a ,*imney t%im'ble t%im'ne #c #a ,*9e t%ime t%9e #cd #a ,*oir koir kwire #d #d #a #a ,clevy klev'is klev've #d #d ,cl9* kl5% kl9% #e #d #e #d ,column kol'yum kol'lum #e #d #d #d ,combat kom'bat kum'bat #e #a #e #d ,comma kom'me kom'ma #a #d #c #d ,coquet ko-kwet' ko-ket' #c #a ,corps korps kore #d #d #d #d ,cov] kiv'ur kuv'ur #aa #d ,deaf deef def #a #d #d #a #a #d ,decisive de-sis'iv de-si'siv #a #e #a #a ,depot de'pot de-po' #d #a #a #a #a ,depute dep'u-tize de-pute' #d #a #a #a #a #d ,deput$ dep'u-tizd de-pu't$ #a #a #a #a ,design de-z9e' de-s9e' #d #d ,d9t d5t d9t #a #e #d ,docile d'slle dos'sil #d #d #d #d ,disgu/ dis-gu/' diz-gu/' #d #a #d #a ,dismay dis-ma' diz-ma' #d #a #d #a ,dis[n dis-"o' diz-"o' #a #d ,do/ do/ du/ #a #d ,do? d? du? #ff #d ,does dooz duz #aa #a ,dra9 dre5 drane #cg #cg ,dr\ght dr\? dr\t #cg #d #cg ,dr[n$ dr\nd'ed dr\nd #d #a #d #d ,ductile duk'tile duk'til #a #d ,edge aje edje #a #a #d ,ei!r i',t,hur e',t,hur #d #d #d #d ,engli% eng'li% +'gli% #a #a #a #a ,era e're e'ra #a #a ,ere ere are #a #d ,fa/5 fas'tn fas'sn #d #g #aa #g ,fe>ful f]'ful fe]'ful #d #d #d #a ,figure fig'gur fig'ure #d #aa ,fi5d f5d fe5d #d #d ,fir/ fu/ fur/ #cd #a #a #a #a ,foliage foil'aje fo'le-aje #c #d #c #a ,=tune ='t%un ='t%une #c #d #c #a ,=tnight =t'nit =t'nite #cg #cg #d ,f\nta9 f\n'tn f\n't9 #d #d #d #a ,fracture frak't%ur frak't%ure #a #d #a #d ,fragrance frag'ranse fra'granse #a #a #a #d ,futile fu'tile fu'til #d #d #d #d ,ga!r ge,t,h'ur ga,t,h'ur #d #d ,get git get #d #d ,gir? gurt g]? #ff #a ,goal gool gole #a #a #d #a #d ,go+ gone or g'9 g'+ #ff #a ,gold goold gold #ff #d ,gum goom gum #a #d #d ,grudge be-gret%' grudje #d #d #d #d ,gypsum gip'sum jip'sum #d #d ,has hez haz #a #d ,h h hav #aa #d ,he>d he]d h]d #d #d #b ,he>? hur? or ha? h>? #d #d ,hiss siss hiss #a #cd ,hoi/ hi/e hoi/ #d #a #a #a ,homely hum'ble home'le #d #ff ,ho( huf ho( #c #d #e #d ,ho/l] haws'lur os'lur #d #d ,humble hum'bl um'bl #aa #d #d #d ,je/+ jee/'9 je/'+ #d #d ,kettle kit'tl ket'tl #d #d #d #a ,lecture lek't%ur lek't%ure #d #d #a #a ,leisure lezh'ur le'zhure #d #d #a #d ,lev] lev'er le'vur #d #d ,lid l$ lid #a #e #a #d ,lila* la'lok li'lak #ff #a ,loam loom lome #a #ff ,loo lu loo #a #a #d #a ,ma9ta9 mane-tane' m5-tane' #a #d #a #d ,matron mat'run ma'trun #a #a #d #a ,m]maid m>e'made m]'made #cg #cg ,m\nta9 m\n'tn m\n't9 #a #d #a #a ,nature na't%ur na't%ure #a #d #a #d ,nei!r ni',t,hur ne',t,hur #a #aa #a #a ,oblige o-bleeje' o-blije' #a #aa #e #a ,oblique o-bleek' ob-l' #e #e ,( ( ov #a #cd ,oil ile oil #e #d #a #a #a ,only on'le or un'le "o'le #a #d #d #d ,pan!r pane'tur pan'?ur #d #d #a #d ,p>5t p>'ent pa'r5t #b #d #b #d ,p>tn] p>d'nur "p'nur #b #d #d #a ,pa/ure pas't%ur pas't%ure #d #d #a #d ,patron pat'run pa'trun #d #d #d #d ,p9c]s p9%'urz p9'surz #d #d ,pi? pe? pi? #aa #a ,plait pleet plate #a #a #d ,poem pome po'em #a #cd ,po9t p9te po9t #e #d #d ,po!r po,t,h'ur pu,t,h'ur #d #d #a #d ,precept pres'sept pre'sept #a #a #d #d ,preface pre'fase pref'fas #a #a #d #a ,prelude pre'lude prel'ude #a #d #e #d ,process pro'ses pros'ses #a #d #e #d ,product pro'dukt prod'ukt #a #d #e #d ,progress pro'gres prog'res #a #a #a #aa ,pr(ile pro'file pro-feel' #d #d #d #d ,pumpion pungk'9 pump'yun #d #g ,put put 7v]b7 put #a #cd ,quoit kwate kwoit #a #a #d #a ,rap9e ra'p9e rap'9 #a #aa ,re> r>e re] #d #a #d #d ,reptile rep'tile rep'til #d #d ,rid r$ rid #a #a ,r9d r9e r9d #d #d ,r9se r5se r9se #e #d #e #d ,ros9 roz'um roz'9 #hg #a #ff #aa ,r\t9e r\ t5e roo-te5' #d #ff ,ro( ruff ro( #d #d #a #d ,sacr$ sak'r$ sa'kr$ #a #d ,said sade s$ #d #d ,sat set sat #a #d ,says saze sez #b #a ,sc>ce sk>se sk>se #d #a #d #a ,s*$ule sk$'ule s$'jule #d #d ,%ut %et %ut #d #d ,s9ce s5se s9se #d #aa ,sleek slik sleek #d #d #a #d ,sliv] sliv'vur sli'vur #c #g #a #g ,slo?ful slaw?'ful slo?'ful #d #ff ,soot sut soot #d #d #a #b ,spik5>d spig'nut spike'n>d #a #cd ,spoil spile spoil #d #d #aa #b ,/eely>d /il'yurdz /eel'y>d #e #d ,/amp /omp /amp #d #d ,/9t /5t /9t #a #a ,sword sword sord #a #e #d #d ,synod si'nod s9'ud #a #a #d #a ,!re=e ,t,hare'=e ,t,her'=e #d #d ,?ill fil ?il #a #ff ,to to too #cg #ff ,t\r t\r toor #d #d ,treble trib'bl treb'bl #a #c #a #d ,t[>ds to-w>dz' to'urdz #e #a #a #a ,trophy tr('fe tro'fe #a #a #a #a ,tuesday t%uz'de tuze'de #d #d #d #a ,v]dure vur'jur v]'jure #a #d #d #aa ,vizi] vi'zhur viz'ye] #e #d #e #a ,volume vol'lum vol'yume #a #d ,7 w>e w] #a #a ,yea ya ye #d #d ,yes yes yis #aa #cc #d ,ye/ yee/ or ee/ ye/ #d #d ,yet yit yet #a #ff ,y yu yoo #a #ff ,y\r yure yoor #a #ff ,y\? yu? yoo? #a #d #a #d #a #a #a #d ,ague & fev] fe'vurn-a'gur a'gu-& fe'vur #c #d #a #d #d #a ,alt]nate awl-t]'nate al-t]'nate #d #d #a #d #d #a #a ,annunciate an-nun'%ate an-nun'%e-ate #d #a #d #d #a #d ,&iron h&'i-urn &'i-urn #d #a #a #d #d #a #aa ,antipodes an'te-podz an-tip'o-deez #d #d #d #d #a #d ,app>5t ap-p>'ent ap-pa'r5t #b #a #d #d #b #c #d #a ,ar*itecture art%'e-tek-t%ur ar'-ke-tek-t%ure #d #d #d #d #d #d ,assumption z-sump'%un z-sum'%un #c #d #d #a #c #d #d #a ,auxili>y awks-il'a-re awg-zil'ya-re #d #d #d #d #d #a #a #a #a ,c]tior>i sa%-ur-ar'ur s]-%e-o-ra'ri #d #d #a #a #d #a #d #a #a ,*ri/ianity kris-t%an'e-te kris-t%e-an'e-te #d #d #a #d #d #d ,cl&e/9e klan-des't9e klan-des't9 #a #d #a #d #a #d #a #d ,coadjutor ko-ad'ju-tur ko-ad-ju'tur #e #d #a #d #e #d #a #d ,comp5dium kom-p5'de-um kom-p5'je-um #e #d #a #a #d #a ,connoisseur kon-nis-sure' ko-nes-s>e' #a #a #d #d #a #d ,c\rte\s kore'te-u kur't%e-u #d #d #d #d #d #d ,cov]let kuv'ur-lid kuv'ur-let #cg #d #a #cg #d #d ,c[>dice k\'urd-ise k\'urd-is #a #d #d #a #d #d ,decrepit de-krip'id de-krep'x #d #e #a #a #e #a ,demon/rate dem'on-/rate de-mon'/rate #a #d #d #d #d #a #d #a #a #d ,desid]atum de-sid-er-at'um de-sid-e-ra'tum #a #d #a #a #d ,diamond di'mund di'a-mund #d #d #d #a #d #a #d ,discrepance dis-krep'an-se dis'kre-panse #d #d #a #d #d #d ,disfran*ise dis-fran'ts*ize dis-fran'ts*iz #d #e #d #d #e #d ,di%one/ dis-on'e/ diz-on'e/ #d #c #d #d #c #d ,disord] dis-or'dur diz-or'dur #a #d #d #a #a #d #a #a ,electrify e-lek'tur-ize e-lek'tre-fi #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,emaciate e-ma'%ate e-ma'%e-ate #d #a #a #d #a #a #a ,expatiate eks-pa'%ate eks-pa'%e-ate #d #a #a #a #a #d #a #a #d #a ,expiatory eks-pi'a-to-re eks'pe-a-tur-re #d #d #a #d #d #a #a ,extempore eks-tem'pore eks-tem'po-re #d #a #a #d #a #d ,fem99e fem'e-n9e fem'e-n9 #d #d #a #a #d #a ,frequ5tly frek'w5t-le fre'kw5t-le #d #a #a #d #a #d ,g5u9e j5'u-ine j5'u-9 #b #aa #b #a #d ,gu>dian g>-de5' gy>'de-an #d #d #d #d #d #d ,gymna/ic gim-nas'tik jim-nas'tik #d #a #a #d #d #a #ff #d ,hallelujah hal-le-lu'ja hal-le-loo'ya #e #d #d #e #c #d ,hospital hos'pit-al os'pe-tal #a #d #d #a #d #d ,humor\s hu'mur-u yu'mur-u #a #a #a #a #d ,idea i-de' i-de'a #d #a #d #d #d #a #c #d ,ignoramus ig-no-ram'u ig-no-ra'mus #d #d #a #d #d #a #a #d ,indecor\s 9-dek'o-rus 9-de-ko'rus #d #d #a #a #d #a #a #a ,irradiate ir-rad'e-ate ir-ra'de-ate #d #d #d #a #d #d #a #a ,lit]ati lit-er-at'i lit-er-a'ti #a #a #d #d #a #d ,ma9t5ance mane-tane'anse m5-'te-nanse #d #a #a #d #a #d ,mascul9e mas'ku-l9e mas'ku-l9 #d #d #a mur'kan-tile #d #d #aa #d #d #d ,m]cantile mur-kan-teel' m]'kan-til #d #d #d mur-kan'til #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,meliorate me-li'o-rate me'le-o-rate #a #d #a #d #e #d #a #d ,mole/ation mo-les-ta'%un mol-es-ta'%un #a #a #d #a #a #d ,museum mu'ze-um mu-ze'um #a #d #d #d #d #d ,national na'%un-al na%'un-al #a #d #d #a #e #d #a #a ,nom5clature no-m5'kla-ture nom-en-kla't%ure #e #a #d #e #a #d #d ,nom9ative nom'e-tiv nom'e-na-tiv #e #e #a #d #e #d #d #d ,ob/rep]\s ob-/rop'pu-lus ob-/rep'er-u #e #b #a #e #a #a ,octavo ok-ta'vo ok-ta'vo #e #a #a #a #e #d #d #a ,oratory or'a-to-re or'a-tur-re #a #d #a #d #d #a ,p>5tage pa'r5t-aje p>'ent-aje #b #d #a #a #b #a #d #a #a ,p>tiality p>-%al'le-te p>-%e-al'le-te #a #d #a #d #d #d ,patronage pa'trun-aje pat'run-ije #d #a #b #a #a #b ,patri>* pat're-ark pa'tre-ark #d #a #d #a #a #d ,patriot pat're-ut pa'tre-ut #d #a #d #d #a #a #d #d ,patriotism pat're-ut-izm pa'tre-ut-izm #a #e #a #d #a #e #a #d ,philologi/ fi-lol'lo-ji/ fe-lol'lo-ji/ #a #e #a #a #a #e #a #a ,philosophy fi-los'o-fe fe-los'o-fe #a #a #e #a #d #d #a #e #a #d ,philosophical fi-lo-s('ik-al fil-o-z('e-kal #a #d #d #a #d #d ,plagi>ism pla'ga-rizm pla'ja-rizm #e #d #e #d ,possess pos-ses' poz-zes' #e #d #a #e #d #a ,possessive pos-ses'siv poz-zes'siv #e #d #d #e #d #d ,possession pos-se%'un poz-ze%'un #a #d #d #d #a #d #d ,prev5tive pre-v5t'a-tiv pre-v5t'iv #a #d #a #a #d #a #d #a #a #d ,pronunciation pro-nun-se-a'%un pro-nun-%e-a'%un #a #d #a #a #d #a #d #a #a #d ,propitiation pro-pis-e-a'%un pro-pi%-e-a'%un #e #a #a #e #a #a ,prophecy prov'e-si 7n\n7 pr('e-se 7n\n7 #e #a #a #e #a #e ,prophesy prov'e-si 7v]b7 pr('e-si 7v]b7 #a #a #a #a #a ,ratio ra'%o ra'%e-o #a #d #d #d #d #d ,rational ra'%un-al ra%'un-al #a #d #d #a #d #d ,sacram5t sa'kra-m5t sak'ra-m5t #a #a #a #d #a #a ,sacrifice sa'kre-fize1 sak're-fize #d or 7fis7 #d #a #a #a #a #a #a ,/]eotype /]'o-tipe /e're-o-tipe #a #d #a #d #a #d #d ,/up5d\s /u-p5'du-u1 /u-p5'dus #a #d /u-p5'jus #a #e #a #a #d #a #d ,synonyme se-non'e-me s9'o-nim #d #d #d #d #a #d ,transp>5t trans-p>'ent trans-pa'r5t #d #d #d #a #d #a #d #a ,transp>5cy trans-p>'en-se trans-pa'r5-se #a #d #a #d #a #d #d ,trem5d\s tre-m5'du-u1 tre-m5'dus #a #d #a tre-m5'jus #d #d #d #d #a #d ,v]batim v]-bat'im v]-ba'tim #e #b #a #e #a #a ,volcano vol-ka'no vol-ka'no #d #a #d #aa ,:iffletree hwip'pl-tre hwif'fl-tree ,,note #a4--,:5 ! words le>n$1 bless$1 lov$1 c4 are us$ z p>ticipial adjectives1 ! t]m9ation ed %\ld g5]ally be pron\nc$ z a sep>ate syllable2 z1 ,a le>n-ed man2 ,! bless-ed ,r$eem]2 b :5 !y are employ$ z v]bs1 ! ed is contract$ 9 pronunciation2 z1 ,he le>n'd 8 lesson2 ,!y are lov'd2 ,i h walk'd4 #b4 ,! acc5t ( ! foll[+ words falls on ^? syllables express$ 9 ! italic *>act]s3 ,eu ro pe an1 hy me ne al1 ,ce sa re a1 co ad ju tor1 ep i cu re an1 9 t] e/ ed1 9 t] e/ +1 rep a ra ble1 rec og nise1 leg is la ture1 ob li ga to ry1 9 com pa ra ble1 ir rep a ra ble1 9 ex o ra ble4 ,9 a l>ge class ( words1 ! v[els a1 e1 & ai1 %\ld be pron\nc$ l long a 9 late2 su* z1 f>e1 r>e1 !re1 _!1 :]e1 air1 *air1 comp>e1 decl>e1 c4 ,9 ! words p]son1 p]fect1 m]cy1 int]pret1 det]m9e1 & ! l1 ! v[el e be=e r1 is (t5 errone\sly s\nd$ l %ort u4 ,its prop] s\nd is t ( e 9 met1 pet1 imp]ative4 #c4 ,) respect to ! pronunciation ( ! words sky1 k9d1 guide1 c4 x appe>s t a mi/ake ext5sively prevails4 ,x is believ$ t _! common pronunciation by ! vulg>1 is ! correct "o1 & agreeable to ! pronunciation int5d$ by ,mr4 ,john ,walk]4 ,! prop] diph?ongal s\nds #aa #a #a 9 skei1 ky9d1 gyide1 are adopt$ by ! common mass1 & p]v]t$ by ^? :o1 9 _! unnatural & affect$ pronunciation ( ^! words1 say1 #a #a #a #a #a #a ske-i2 ke-inde1 ge-ide4 ,?is latt] mode ( pron\nc+ !m 9 two syllables1 is z incorrect & ridicul\s z to pron\nce ! words boil1 toil1 9 two #c #d #c #d syllables2 ?us1 bo-il1 to-il4 #d4 ,my1 w9d4 ,:5 my is contra/$ ) ?y1 81 h]1 y\r1 #a #a c1 x is pron\nc$1 mi3 9 all o!r situations1 x is pron\nc$1 me2 z1 ,my me son1 give e> to my me c\nsel4 ,:5 w9d ends a l9e 9 poetry1 & is made to rhyme ) m9d1 b9d1 k9d1 c4 x is #a #d pron\nc$1 w9d2 b1 9 o!r situations1 x is pron\nc$1 w9d4 ,lo1 ! poor ,indian6 ^: untutor$ m9d ,sees ,god 9 cl\ds1 or he>s him 9 ! w9d4 ,,prov9cialisms4 ,,contractions1 ,,vulg>isms1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,improprieties4 ,z ea* ( ! foll[+ prov9cialisms & vulg>isms1 has its locality 9 "s "o section or o!r ( our c\ntry1 x is hop$ t ^! corrections w be f\nd useful 9 ! di/ricts to :i* ! v>i\s phrases respectively belong4 ,,improp]4 ,,correct4 ,a9t ,are n ha9t h n ta9t 'tis n ha9t are n ma9t may n wont w n w]'nt 7 n waunt 0 n wood5t w\ld n muss5t mu/ n izz5t is n wazz5t 0 n hezz5t has n doozz5t does n tizz5t 'tis n :ool :o w don't c't i'll 'tis ,,common ,,9 ,,new ,,engl& ,,or ,,new ,,york4 #d ,ak/ askt #d #d b5 b9 #d #b hul hole #d #a hum home #d #a /un /one #ff #d dooz duz #b #d glass glass #b #d mass mass #b #d brass brass #b #d pass pass #c #b flawnt flant #d #d hiz'zn hiz #cg #cg #d h\'zn h\z'iz #a #d #a #d an'%5t ane't%5t #a #d #a #a an'jel ane'jel #d #d #a #d dan'jur dane'jur #d #d #a #d /ran'jur /rane'jur #b #d #a #d ts*am'bur t%ame'bur #a #d #a #a na'tur na't%ure #d #d #d #d #a #d nat'ur-el nat%'u-ral #c #d #c #a ='t9 ='t%une #c #a #a #c #a #a ='tew-nate ='t%u-nate #d #a #d #a vur'tew v]'t%u #d #a #d #d #a #d vur'tew-u v]'t%u-u #a #a #d #d #a #d ak'tew-el ak'ts*u-al #d #a #a #d #a #a ed'ew-kate ed'ju-kate #d #d #b #d fa,t,h'ur fa',t,hur heft weight /oop por* /5t task helve h&le muss disord] dump unload scup sw+ %ay gig or *aise cutt] "o-horse sleigh /addle sapl+ foxy r$di% suple spry or supple ,,9 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,/r5? /r5g? l5? l5g? br5? bread? ort ought nan :at wi%t wi% wun/ once ou* oh *e] *air spook gho/ furn5tz opposite wanity vanity 9 wa9 9 va9 orn>y ord9>y = by to sp>e we bit small piece disrememb] d n rememb] ,,iri%4 #ff #a ,door dore #ff #a floor flore #e #d ond & #e #ee loss looz #ff #a koorse korse #ff #a soorse sorse #d #ff till too #d #g put put #d #g fut fut #d #ff #d #ed a-koont' ak-k\nt' #d #d #g #d pul'pit pul'pit #a #d #c p>e'sun p>'sn ,,improp]4 ,,correct4 ,,md4 ,,va4 ,,ky4 ,,miss4 c4 #b #a ,t,har ,t,hare #b #a :> hw>e #b #a b> be> b>e #b #d w> w] #cg #a m\t mite might #a #a #d gw9e g'+ #d #d #d %et or %ut rid #a #e #a #a #d #d tote or fot* k>'re1 fet%1 or br+ #a #d hop'd helpt #d #ff #b #d #d ca-hoot' "p'nur-%ip #c #ff #e m>'bl moov (f ,,note1 ,clev]1 pretty1 ugly1 curi\s1 expect1 guess1 & reckon1 ?\gh correct ,engli% words1 h1 among ! common p ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york1 a prov9cial application & mean+4 ,) !m1 a clev] man1 is "o ( a g5tle & oblig+ disposition2 in/ead (1 a man ( di/+ui%$ tal5ts & pr(\nd acquirem5ts4 ,pretty & ugly1 !y apply to ! disposition ( a p]son1 in/ead (1 to 8 ext]nal appe>ance4 ,9 ^! /ates1 "o w (t5 he>1 ,i guess x ra9s1 :5 ! speak] kn[s ?is to be a fact1 &1 !re=e1 guess+ is uncall$ =4 ,i expect ,i c g2 or1 ,i reckon ,i c2 in/ead (1 ,i suppose or presume4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 a cl]gyman is (t5 call$ a m9i/]1 9 ,new ,york1 a prie/1 & s\? ( ,n4,y4 a p>son4 ,! la/ is pref]able4 ,,new ,,engl& ,,or ,,new ,,york4 ,,correct$4 ,i be go94 ,he lives to hum4 ,i am go+4 ,he lives at home4 ,hese b5 to hum ?is two weeks4 ,he has be5 at home ^! #b weeks4 ,y hadd5t ought to d x4 ,yes ,y ought n to d x4 _h ought4 ,c]ta9ly ,i ought4 ,ta9t no bett] ?an hizz54 ',tis no bett] ?an 84 ,izz5t t are l9e writ well8 ,is n t l9e well writt58 ,tizz5t no bett] ?an ?is ere4 ,x is no bett]1 or x is n any bett] ?an 84 ,! ke[s be gone to hum1 ne[1 ,! c[s are gone home1 & & ,i'm] go9 art] um4 ,i am go+ aft] !m4 ,he'll be "h1 d]ights1 &1 br+ ,he w "h1 directly1 & br+ y\rn & ?airn4 y\rs & !irs4 ,he t\*$ ! /un :i* ,i %ew ,he t\*$ ! /one :i* ,i him1 an di guess x made him si!1 %[$ him & x made him = twas ciss+ hot4 sigh1 = x 0 hiss+ hot4 ,run1 ,?anel1 & cut a /addle1 = ,g1 ,na?aniel1 & cut a sapl+1 to make a lev] on4 ,ize je/ agonet] to make a lev] (4 ,i 0 ab\t g1 daddy4 to g1 or int5d+ to g imm$iately1 fa!r4 ,:]e %ell ,i dump my c>t1 squ>e8 ,:]e %all ,i unload my c>t8 ,dump x y5d]4 ,:ats ! heft ( ,yond]4 ,:at is ! weight y\r load8 ( y\r load8 ,:5 ju git hum f ,haf=d8 ,:5 did y return f ,a =tnit ago4 ,y didd5t1 did ye8 ,h>t=d8 ,a =tnight ago4 ,x ,ju see my ,danel1 ^: sot up a is possible6 ,didy see my son t>v]n !re8 ,no4 ,h$e gone a=e ,daniel1 :o has op5$ a public ,i got !re4 ,o1 ! pesky crit]6 h\se !re8 ,no4 ,he _h left ,hele soon be up a /ump4 be=e ,i arriv$ !re4 ,o1 ! paltry fell[6 ,he w soon come to naught4 ,my fr9ds supurb mansion is ,my fri5d's sup]b mansion is delightfully sitewat$ on a nate-eral delightfully situat$ on a m\nd ( consid]able hi!4 ,x hez natural m\nd ( consid]able a long /oop 9 front2 b x is furd] height4 ,x has a long por* f ! city ?an ,i'de l my hum4 9 front2 b x is f>!r f ! city ?an ,i w\ld l to reside4 ,i "k'd ! gal 0 dr[nd$1 & ,i knew ! girl _h be5 ,i tell'd ! inquisitdon]s1 t ize dr[n$1 & ,i told ! jury ni!r gee/9 nor jok9 ab\t x2 b ( inque/1 t ,i 0 if !y'd p]mit me to give em my n je/+ ab\t x2 b1 by ideze1 !y'd obleege me4 ,s ,i p]mitt+ me to give !m my p>sev]$1 & c>ri$ my p9te4 ,y view ( ! subject1 !y w\ld don't say s4 ,be y f ,b>k%ire8 oblige me4 ,s1 ,i p]sev]$1 ,i be4 ,ne[ ,i swan6 if ,i a9t clean & ga9$ my po9t4 ,inde$6 beat4 ,are y f ,b]k%ire8 ,i am4 ,really6,i am surpris$4 ,y ba9t f ! ,j>seys1 be ye8 ,are y f ,new ,j]sey8 ,yes1 ,yes4 ,go%6 !n ,i guess y kne[ ,!n ,i presume y "k h[ he[ to t5d t>v]n4 to t5d a tav]n4 ,,9 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,,correct$ ,i se5 him4 ,h y saw him ,i saw him4 ,h y se5 him8 ,yes1 ,i h saw him wun/2 & t ,yes1 once2 & t 0 be=e 0 be=e y se$ him4 y saw him4 ,i done my task4 ,h y did ,i h done my task4 ,h y y\rs8 ,no1 b ,i be to d x4 done y\rs8 ,no1 b ,i mu/4 ,i be to be !re4 ,he "k'd me4 ,i %all be !re2 or1 ,i mu/ be !re4 ,he knew me4 ,leave me be1 = ,ime afe>'d4 ,let me be1 = ,i am afraid4 ,i nev] took notice to x4 ,i nev] took notice ( x3 or1 bett] ?us1 ,i nev] notic$ x4 ,i wi% ,i hadd5t did x2 h[sumev]1 ,i wi% ,i _h n done x3 ,i don't ke]3 !y cant ske] me4 h[ev]1 ,i disreg>d !m4 ,!y _c sc>e me4 ,give me !m !re books4 ,give me ^? books4 ,he ort to g2 s he ort4 ,he ought to g1 really4 ,no he ort54 ,he ought n4 ,dont scr\ge me4 ,don't cr[d me4 ,i didd5t g to d x4 ,i did n int5d to d x4 ,a9t t a good h& write8 ,is n t beautiful writ+8 ,nan8 ,i "k'd :at he meant1 b ,:at8 ,i knew :at he meant1 b ,i nev] let on4 ,i kept t to myself4 ,x is a long mile to t[n4 ,ah6 ,i ,x is a little ov] a mile to ?\ght 'twas unle a %ort mile4 t[n4 ,ah6 ,i suppos$ x to be less ?an a mile4 ,,iri%4 ,,correct$4 ,n "h ! day2 he w5t till ,he is n "h to-day4 ,he w5t ,pittsburg4 to ,pittsburg4 ,let u be aft] pairs+ a wee bit4 ,let u p>se a little4 ,:]e did y loss x8 ,:]e did y lose x8 ,,md4 ,,va4 ,,ky4 ,,or ,,miss4 ,,correct$4 ,c>ry ! horse to wat]4 ,lead ! horse to wat]2 or1 wat] ! horse4 ,tote ! wood to ! riv]4 ,c>ry ! wood to ! riv]4 ,h y fo*t ! wat]8 ,h y fet*$1 or br\ght1 ! wat]8 ,i've made #bjj bu%els ( corn ?is ,i h rais$ #bjj bu%els ( corn ye>4 ?is ye>4 ,he has run aga9/ a snag4 ,he has got into difficulty4 ,is t y\r plund]1 /rang]8 ,is t y\r baggage1 sir8 ,he w soon come ( t habit4 ,he w soon ov]come1 or get rid (1 t habit4 ,i w> ?>1 & ,i se5 8 boat 0 ,i 0 !re1 & ,i saw t 8 load5d too heavy4 boat 0 too heavily lad51 or load$4 ,:> y gw9e4 ,:]e are y go+8 ,hese 9 cohoot ) me4 ,he is 9 p>tn]%ip ) me4 ,did y get %et ( y\r tobacca8 ,did y get rid1 or dispose (1 y\r tobacco8 ,:o hop$ y to sell x8 ,:o help$ y to sell x8 ,,prosody4 ,,prosody treats ( ! modulations ( ! voice accord+ to ! usages ( ! language we speak1 & ! s5tim5ts we wi% to express3 h5ce1 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se1 x comprises all ! laws ( elocution4 ,prosody is commonly divid$ into two p>ts3 ! fir/ tea*es ! true pronunciation ( words1 compris+ acc5t1 quantity1 emphasis1 pause1 & tone2 & ! second1 ! laws ( v]sification4 ,acc5t4 ,acc5t is ! lay+ ( a peculi> /ress ( ! voice on a p>ticul> lett] or syllable 9 a ^w1 t x may be bett] he>d ?an ! re/1 or di/+ui%$ f !m2 z1 9 ! ^w presme1 ! /ress ( ! voice mu/ be on ! lett] u & ! second syllable1 sume1 :i* syllable takes ! acc5t4 ,e ^w ( m syllables ?an "o1 has "o acc5t$ syllable4 ,= ! sake ( euphony or di/9ctness 9 a long ^w1 we frequ5tly give a second>y acc5t to ano!r syllable besides ! "o :i* takes ! pr9cipal acc5t2 z1 'tes ti mo' ni'al1 a ban'don '+4 ,quantity4 ,! quantity ( a syllable is t "t :i* is occupi$ 9 pron\nc+ x4 ,x is consid]$ z long or %ort4 ,a v[el or syllable is long1 :5 ! acc5t is on ! v[el2 :i* causes x to be sl[ly jo9$ 9 pronunciation ) ! foll[+ lett]s2 z1 ,fll1 ble1 md1 hse1 fature4 ,a syllable is %ort1 :5 ! acc5t is on ! consonant2 :i* causes ! v[el to be quickly jo9$ to ! succe$+ lett]2 z1 nt1 bnnt1 hngr4 ,a long syllable g5]ally requires d\ble ! "t ( a %ort "o 9 pron\nc+ x2 ?us1 mte & nte %\ld be pron\nc$ z sl[ly aga9 z mt & nt4 ,emphasis4 ,by emphasis is meant a /rong] & full] s\nd ( ! voice1 by :i* we di/+ui% "s ^w or words on :i* we design to lay p>ticul> /ress1 & to %[ h[ !y affect ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,sometimes ! emphatic words mu/ be di/+ui%$ by a p>ticul> tone ( voice1 z well z by a great] /ress4 ,emphasis w be m fully expla9$ "u ! head ( ,elocution4 ,pauses4 ,pauses or re/s1 9 speak+ & read+1 are a total cessation ( ! voice dur+ a p]ceptible1 &1 9 _m cases1 a measurable space ( "t4 ,tones4 ,tones are diff]5t bo? f emphasis & pauses2 consi/+ 9 ! modulation ( ! voice1 or ! notes or v>iations ( s\nd :i* we employ 9 ! expression ( our s5tim5ts4 ,emphasis affects p>ticul> words & phrases2 b tones affect s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 & sometimes a :ole disc\rse4 ,,punctuation4 ,,punctuation is ! art ( divid+ writt5 composition into s5t5ces or p>ts ( s5t5ces1 by po9ts or /ops1 9 ord] to m>k ! diff]5t pauses :i* ! s5se & an accurate pronunciation require4 ,! ,comma repres5ts ! %orte/ pause2 ! ,semicolon1 a pause d\ble t ( ! comma2 ! ,colon1 d\ble t ( ! semicolon2 & ! ,p]iod1 d\ble t ( ! colon4 ,punctuation is a mod]n art4 ,! anci5ts 7 entirely unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( po9ts2 & wrote1 n only )\t any di/9ction ( memb]s & p]iods1 b also )\t any di/9ction ( words4 ,?is cu/om cont9u$ till ! ye> #cfj be=e ,*ri/4 ,h[ ! anci5ts read _! works1 writt5 9 ?is mann]1 x is n easy to conceive4 ,aft] ! practice ( jo9+ words toge!r _h ceas$1 notes ( di/9ction 7 plac$ at ! end ( e ^w4 ,?is practice cont9u$ a consid]able "t4 ,z x appe>s t ! pres5t usage ( po9ts did n take place :ile manuscripts & monum5tal inscriptions 7 ! only kn[n me?ods ( convey+ k1 we mu/ conclude1 t x 0 introduc$ ) ! art ( pr9t+4 ,! introduction 01 h[ev]1 gradual3 all ! po9ts did n appe> at once4 ,! colon1 semicolon1 & note ( admiration1 7 produc$ "s "t aft] ! o!rs4 ,! :ole set1 z !y are n[ us$1 became e/abli%$1 :5 le>n+ & ref9em5t _h made consid]able progress4 ,z ! rules ( punctuation are f\nd$ altoge!r on ! grammatical con/ruction ( s5t5ces1 _! application pre-supposes1 on ! "p ( ! /ud5t1 a k ( ,syntax4 ,al?\gh !y admit ( exceptions1 & require a cont9ual ex]cise ( judgm5t & lit]>y ta/e 9 apply+ !m prop]ly1 !y are ( great utility1 & ju/ly m]it our p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! great importance ( acquir+ a ?or\gh k ( punctuation1 & ( att5d+ /rictly to ! application ( its rules1 is e/abli%$ by ! s+le fact1 t ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce is (t5 totally p]v]t$ by ! omission or misapplication ( po9ts4 ,to illu/rate ! correctness ( ?is rem>k1 num]\s example might be select$4 ,! foll[+ bord] on ! ridicul\s3 ,mr4 ,j>$ ,hurton hav+ gone to sea 8 wife1 desires ! pray]s ( ?is *ur*3 ,tryon1 :o escap$ f ! jail on ,friday la/1 is #bb ye>s ( age1 has s&y hair1 light eyes1 ?9 visage1 ) a %ort nose turn$ up ab\t six feet high1 c4 ,correct$2 ,mr4 ,j>$ ,hurton hav+ gone to sea1 8 wife desires ! pray]s ( ?is *ur*2 ?9 visage1 ) a %ort nose turn$ up1 ab\t six feet high1 c4 ,be=e "o ent]s ^u ! /udy ( punctuation1 x is necess>y = him to und]/& :at is meant by an adjunct1 a simple s5t5ce1 & a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,an adjunct or imp]fect phrase conta9s no ass]tion1 or does n am\nt to a proposition or s5t5ce2 z1 ,!re=e2 /udi\s ( praise2 9 ! pursuit ( comm]ce4--,= ! def9ition ( a s5t5ce1 & a comp\nd s5t5ce1 turn to page #aai4 ,:5 two or m adjuncts are connect$ ) ! v]b 9 ! same mann]1 & by ! same preposition or conjunction1 ! s5t5ce is comp\nd1 & may be resolv$ into z _m simple ones z !re are adjuncts2 z1 ,!y h sacrific$ _! heal? & =tune1 at ! %r9e ( vanity1 pride1 & extravagance4 ,b :5 ! adjuncts are connect$ ) ! v]b 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ! s5t5ce is simple2 z1 ,grass ( an excell5t quality1 is produc$ 9 great abundance 9 ! nor!rn regions ( our c\ntry4 ,,comma4 ,,rule #a4 ,! memb]s ( a simple s5t5ce %\ld n1 9 g5]al1 be sep>at$ by a comma2 z1 ,e "p ( matt] sw>ms ) liv+ creatures4 ,ex]cises 9 ,punctuation4--,idl5ess is ! great fom5t] ( all corruptions 9 ! human he>t4 ,! fri5d ( ord] has made half 8 way to virtue4 ,all f9]y is a sign ( littl5ess4 ,,rule #b4 ,:5 a simple s5t5ce is long1 & ! nom9ative is accompani$ ) an insep>able adjunct ( importance1 x may admit a comma imm$iately be=e ! v]b2 z1 ,! good ta/e ( ! pres5t age1 has n all[$ u to neglect ! cultivation ( ! ,engli% language2 ,too _m ( ! pret5d$ fri5d%ips ( y\?1 are m]e comb9ations 9 pleasure4 ,ex]cises4--,! indulg5ce ( a h>% disposition is ! introduction to future mis]y4 ,to be totally indiff]5t to praise or c5sure is a real defect 9 "*4 ,! int]mixture ( evil 9 human society s]ves to ex]cise ! suff]+ graces & virtues ( ! good4 ,,rule #c4 ,:5 ! connexion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a simple s5t5ce1 is int]rupt$ by an adjunct ( importance1 ! adjunct mu/ be di/+ui%$ by a comma be=e & aft] x2 z1 ,8 "w is1 9 _m respects1 v imp]fect4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n mu* approv$4 ,b :5 ^! int]ruptions are slight & unimportant1 x is bett] to omit ! comma2 z1 ,flatt]y is c]ta9ly p]nici\s2 ,!re is surely a pleasure 9 b5efic5ce4 ,ex]cises4--,*>ity l ! sun bright5s all its objects4 ,g5tl5ess is 9 tru? ! great av5ue to mutual enjoym5t4 ,y too h y\r fail+s4 ,humility & k ) poor app>el excel pride & ignorance "u co/ly attire4 ,! be/ m5 (t5 exp]i5ce disappo9tm5ts4 ,advice %\ld be seasonably adm9i/]$4 ,no assum$ behavior c always hide ! real "*4 ,,rule #d4 ,! nom9ative case indep5d5t1 & n\ns 9 apposition :5 accompani$ ) adjuncts1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ by commas2 z1 ,my son1 give me ?y he>t2 ,de> ,sir1 ,i write to express my gratitude = y\r _m k9dnesses2 ,i am oblig$ to y1 my fri5ds1 = y\r _m favors2 ,paul1 ! apo/le1 ( ! ,g5tiles1 0 em95t = 8 zeal & k2 ,! butt]fly1 *ild ( ! summ]1 flutt]s 9 ! sun4 ,b if two n\ns 9 apposition are unatt5d$ ) adjuncts1 or if !y =m only a prop] "n1 !y %\ld n be sep>at$2 z1 ,paul ! apo/le1 suff]$ m>tyrdom2 ,! /atesman ,jeff]son1 wrote ! decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,ex]cises4--,"l ?\ ha/ be5 our dwell+ place 9 all g5]ations4 ,cont9ue my de> *ild to make virtue ?y *ief /udy4 ,can/ ?\ expect ?\ betray] ( innoc5ce to escape ! h& ( v5geance8 ,dea? ! k+ ( t]rors *ose a prime m9i/]4 ,hope ! balm ( life soo?s u "u e mis=tune4 ,confucius ! great ,*9ese philosoph] 0 em95tly good z well z wise4 ,! patri>* ,joseph is an illu/ri\s example ( true piety4 ,,rule #e4 ,! nom9ative case absolute & ! inf9itive mood absolute ) _! adjuncts1 a p>ticiple ) words dep5d+ on x1 &1 g5]ally1 any imp]fect phrase :i* may be resolv$ into a simple s5t5ce1 mu/ be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce by commas2 z1 ,8 fa!r dy+1 he succe$$ to ! e/ate2 ,to confess ! tru?1 ,i 0 9 fault2 ,! k+1 approv+ ! plan1 put x 9 execution2 ,he1 hav+ f9i%$ 8 academical c\rse1 has return$ home1 to prosecute 8 pr(essional /udies4 ,ex]cises4--,peace ( m9d be+ secur$ we may smile at mis=tune4 ,to enjoy pres5t pleasure he sacrific$ 8 future ease & reputation4 ,8 tal5ts =m$ = great ent]prises c\ld n fail ( r5d]+ him conspicu\s4 ,! pa? ( piety & virtue pursu$ ) a firm & con/ant _s w assur$ly lead to happ9ess4 ,all mank9d compose "o family assembl$ "u ! eye ( "o common ,fa!r4 ,,rule #f4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce mu/ be resolv$ into simple ones by plac+ commas betwe5 its memb]s2 z1 ,! decay1 ! wa/e1 & ! dissolution ( a plant1 may affect our spirits1 & sugge/ a tra9 ( s]i\s reflections4 ,?ree or m n\ns1 v]bs1 adjectives1 p>ticiples1 or adv]bs1 connect$ by conjunctions1 express$ or und]/ood1 mu/ be sep>at$ by commas2 z1 ,! husb&1 wife1#aa & *ildr51#ab suff]$ extremely2 ,9 a lett]1 we may advise1 exhort1 com=t1 reque/1 & discuss2 ,david 0 a brave1 wise1 & pi\s man2 ,a man1 fe>+1 s]v+1 & lov+ 8 ,creator1 lives = a noble purpose2 ,success g5]ally dep5ds on act+ prud5tly1 /eadily1 & vigor\sly1 9 :at we und]take4 #aa ,! correctness & importance ( ?is rule appe> to be s obvi\s1 z to r5d] x n a little surpris+1 t any writ]1 possess+ ! lea/ degree ( rhetorical ta/e1 %\ld reject x4 ,i am bold to affirm1 t x is obs]v$ by e correct read] & speak]2 & yet1 /range z x may seem1 x is g5]ally violat$ by ^? pr9t]s :o punctuate by ! e>1 & all o!rs :o are influ5c$ by _! p]nici\s example2 ?us1 ,! head1 ! he>t & ! h&s1 %\ld be con/antly & actively employ$ 9 do+ good4 ,:y d !y n omit ! comma :]e ! conjunction is und]/ood8 ,x w\ld be do+ no great] viol5ce to ! pr9ciples ( elocution2 ?us1 ,! head ! he>t & ! h&s1 %\ld be1 c4 or ?us1 ,! head ! he>t1 & ! h&s1 %\ld be employ$1 c4 ,:o does n p]ceive t ! latt] pause1 :]e ! conjunction is express$1 is z necess>y z ! =m]1 :]e ! conjunction is und]/ood8 ,&1 s9ce ?is is ! case1 :at fair objection c be made to ! foll[+ me?od ( punctuation8 ,! head1 ! he>t1 & ! h&s1 %\ld be con/antly & actively employ$ 9 do+ good2 ,%e is a woman1 g5tle1 s5sible1 well-educat$1 & religi\s4 #ab ,z a consid]able pause 9 pronunciation is necess>y betwe5 ! la/ n\n & ! v]b1 a comma %\ld be ins]t$ to d5ote x2 b z no pause is all[able betwe5 ! la/ adjective & ! n\n1 or betwe5 ! la/ adv]b & ! v]b1 ! comma1 9 su* in/ances1 is prop]ly omitt$2 ?us1 ,david 0 a brave1 wise1 & pi\s man4 ,two or m n\ns1 v]bs1 adjectives1 p>ticiples1 or adv]bs1 occurr+ 9 ! same con/ruction1 ) _! conjunctions und]/ood1 mu/ be sep>at$ by commas2 z1 ,reason1 virtue1 answ] "o great aim2 ,virtue supports 9 adv]sity1 mod]ates 9 prosp]ity2 ,pla91 hone/ tru?1 ne$s no artificial cov]+2 ,we are fe>fully1 wond]fully fram$4 ,ex]cises4--,we h no reason to compla9 ( ! lot ( man nor ( ! mutability ( ! _w4 ,s5suality contam9ates ! body depresses ! und]/&+ dead5s ! moral feel+s ( ! he>t & degrades man f 8 rank 9 creation4 ,self-conceit presumption & ob/9acy bla/ ! prospects ( _m a y\?4 ,he is alt]nately support$ by 8 fa!r 8 uncle & 8 eld] bro!r4 ,! man ( virtue & honor w be tru/$ reli$ ^u & e/eem$4 ,consci\s guilt r5d]s "o mean-spirit$ timor\s & base4 ,an upright m9d w nev] be at a loss to disc]n :at is j & true lovely hone/ & ( good report4 ,habits ( read+ writ+ & ?9k+ are ! indisp5sable qualifications ( a good /ud5t4 ,! great bus9ess ( life is to be employ$ 9 do+ ju/ly lov+ m]cy & talk+ humbly ) our ,creator4 ,to live sob]ly righte\sly & pi\sly compreh5ds ! :ole ( our duty4 ,9 our heal? life possessions connexions pleasures !re are causes ( decay imp]ceptibly work+4 ,delib]ate sl[ly execute promptly4 ,an idle trifl+ society is ne> ak9 to su* z is corrupt+4 ,?is unhappy p]son _h be5 s]i\sly affectionately admoni%$ b 9 va94 ,,rule #g4 ,comp>ative s5t5ces ^: memb]s are %ort1 & s5t5ces connect$ ) relative pron\ns ! mean+ ( ^: antec$5ts is re/rict$ or limit$ to a p>ticul> s5se1 %\ld n be sep>at$ by a comma2 z1 ,wisdom is bett] ?an ri*es2 ,no prea*] is s successful z !e2 ,he accept$ :at ,i _h reject$2 ,self-d5ial is ! sacrifice :i* virtue mu/ make2 ,subtract f _m mod]n poets all t may be f\nd 9 ,%akspe>e1 & tra% w rema92 ,give x to ! man :om y mo/ e/eem4 ,9 ?is la/ example1 ! ass]tion is n ( man 9 g5]al1 b ( ! man :om y mo/ e/eem4 ,b :5 ! antec$5t is us$ 9 a g5]al s5se1 a comma is prop]ly ins]t$ be=e ! relative2 z1 ,man1 :o is born ( a woman1 is ( few days & full ( tr\ble2 ,!re is no *>m 9 ! female sex1 :i* c supply ! place ( virtue4 ,?is rule is equally applicable to con/ructions 9 :i* ! relative is und]/ood2 z1 ,value duly ! privileges y enjoy2 t is1 privileges :i* y enjoy4 ,ex]cises4--,h[ mu* bett] x is to get wisdom ?an gold6 ,! fri5d%ips ( ! _w c exi/ no long] ?an int]e/ cem5ts !m4 ,eat :at is set be=e y4 ,!y :o excite envy w easily incur c5sure4 ,a man :o is ( a detract+ _s w miscon/rue ! mo/ innoc5t words t c be put toge!r4 ,_m ( ! evils :i* occasion our compla9ts ( ! _w are :olly imag9>y4 ,! g5tle m9d is l ! smoo? /ream :i* reflects e object 9 its j proportion & 9 its faire/ colors4 ,9 t unaffect$ civility :i* spr+s f a g5tle m9d !re is an incomp>able *>m4 ,! ,"l :om ,i s]ve is et]nal4 ,?is is ! man we saw ye/]day4 ,,rule #h4 ,:5 two words ( ! same sort1 are connect$ by a conjunction express$1 !y mu/ n be sep>at$2 z1 ,lib]t9es call religion1 bigotry or sup]/ition2 ,true wor? is mode/ & retir$2 ,! /udy ( natural hi/ory1 exp&s & elevates ! m9d2 ,"s m5 s9 delib]ately & presumptu\sly4 ,:5 words are connect$ 9 pairs1 ! pairs only %\ld be sep>at$2 z1 ,!re is a natural diff]5ce betwe5 m]it & dem]it1 virtue & vice1 wisdom & folly2 ,:e!r we eat or dr9k1 labor or sleep1 we %\ld be temp]ate4 ,b if ! p>ts connect$ by a conjunction are n %ort1 !y may be sep>at$ by a comma2 z1 ,romances may be said to be mis]able rhapsodies1 or dang]\s inc5tives to evil4 ,ex]cises4--,idl5ess br+s =w>d & n\ri%es _m bad passions4 ,true fri5d%ip w at all times avoid a r\gh or c>eless behavior4 ,heal? & peace a mod]ate =tune & a few fri5ds sum up all ! und\bt$ articles ( temporal felicity4 ,tru? is fair & artless simple & s9c]e uni=m & consi/5t4 ,intemp]ance de/roys ! /r5g? ( our bodies & ! vigor ( our m9ds4 ,,rule #i4 ,:]e ! v]b ( a simple memb] is und]/ood1 a comma may1 9 "s in/ances1 be ins]t$2 z1 ,f law arises security2 f security1 curiosity2 f curiosity1 k4 ,b 9 o!rs1 x is bett] to omit ! comma2 ,no /ation is s high1 no p[] s great1 no "* s unblemi%$1 z to exempt m5 f ! attacks ( ra%ness1 malice1 & envy4 ,ex]cises4--,z a companion he 0 sev]e & satirical2 z a fri5d capti\s & dang]\s4 ,if ! spr+ put =? no blossoms 9 summ] !re w be no beauty & 9 autumn no fruit4 ,s if y\? be trifl$ away )\t improvem5t manhood w be contemptible & old age mis]able4 ,,rule #aj4 ,:5 a simple memb] /&s z ! object ( a prec$+ v]b1 & its v]b may be *ang$ into ! inf9itive mood1 ! comma is g5]ally omitt$2 z1 ,i suppose he is at re/2 *ang$1 ,i suppose him to be at re/4 ,b :5 ! v]b to be is foll[$ by a v]b 9 ! inf9itive mood1 :i*1 by transposition1 may be made ! nom9ative case to x1 ! v]b to be is g5]ally sep>at$ f ! inf9itive by a comma2 z1 ,! mo/ obvi\s rem$y is1 to )draw f all associations ) bad m52 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s rem$y aga9/ ! infection1 is1 to )draw f all associations ) bad m54 ,ex]cises4--,!y believ$ he 0 dead4 ,he did n "k t ,i 0 ! man4 ,i knew %e 0 /ill alive4 ,! greate/ mis]y is to be condemn$ by our own he>ts4 ,! greate/ mis]y t we c endure is to be condemn$ by our own he>ts4 ,,notes4 #a4 ,:5 a conjunction is sep>at$ by a phrase or memb] f ! memb] to :i* x belongs1 su* int]v5+ phrase appe>s to require a comma at ea* extremity2 z1 ,!y set out e>ly1 &1 be=e ! close ( ! day1 arriv$ at ! de/9$ place4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is n g5]ally foll[$ by our be/ writ]s2 z1 ,if ?\ seek ! ,"l1 he w be f\nd ( !e2 b if ?\ =sake him1 he w ca/ !e (f = ev]2 ,b if ! p>ts connect$ are n %ort1 a comma may be ins]t$4 #b4 ,sev]al v]bs succe$+ ea* o!r 9 ! inf9itive mood1 & hav+ a common dep5dance1 may be divid$ by commas2 z1 ,to relieve ! indig5t1 to com=t ! afflict$1 to protect ! innoc5t1 to rew>d ! des]v+1 are humane & noble employm5ts4 #c4 ,a rem>kable expression1 or a %ort obs]vation1 some:at 9 ! =m ( a quotation1 may be prop]ly m>k$ ) a comma2 z1 ,x hurts a man's pride to say1 ,i d n "k2 ,plut>* calls ly+1 ! vice ( slaves4 #d4 ,:5 words are plac$ 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 or ) "s m>k$ v>iety1 !y mu/ be di/+ui%$ by a comma2 z1 ,?o' deep1 yet cle>2 ?o' g5tle1 yet n dull2 ,/rong1 )\t rage2 )\t o'erfl[+1 full4 ,good m51 9 ?is frail1 imp]fect /ate1 are (t5 f\nd1 n only 9 union )1 b 9 opposition to1 ! views & conduct ( ea* o!r4 ,sometimes :5 ! ^w ) :i* ! la/ preposition agrees1 is s+le1 ! comma may be omitt$2 z1 ,_m /ates 7 9 alliance )1 & "u ! protection ( ,rome4 ,! same rule & re/rictions apply1 :5 two or m n\ns ref] to ! same preposition2 z1 ,he 0 compos$ bo? "u ! ?reat5+1 & at ! approa*1 ( a cruel & l+]+ dea?2 ,he 0 n only ! k+1 b ! fa!r ( 8 p4 #e4 ,! words1 z1 ?us1 nay1 s1 h5ce1 aga91 fir/1 secondly1 =m]ly1 n[1 la/ly1 once m1 above all1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! next place1 9 %ort1 & all o!r words & phrases ( a simil> k9d1 mu/ g5]ally be sep>at$ f ! context by a comma2 z1 ,rememb] ?y be/ fri5d2 =m]ly1 ! support] ( ?y infancy2 n[1 ! gu>dian ( ?y y\?2 ,he fe>$ want2 h5ce1 he ov]valu$ ri*es2 ,s1 if y\? be trifl$ away1 c4 ,aga91 we mu/1 h food & clo?+2 ,f9ally1 let u conclude4 ,! =ego+ rules & examples are suffici5t1 x is presum$1 to sugge/ to ! le>n]1 9 all ord9>y in/ances1 ! prop] place = ins]t+ ! comma2 b 9 apply+ ^! rules1 great reg>d mu/ be paid to ! l5g? & mean+ ( ! clauses1 & ! proportion :i* !y be> to "o ano!r4 ,,semicolon4 ,! semicolon is us$ = divid+ a comp\nd s5t5ce into two or m p>ts1 n s closely connect$ z ^? :i* are sep>at$ by a comma1 nor yet s little dep5dant on ea* o!r1 z ^? :i* are di/+ui%$ by a colon4 ,,rule #a4 ,:5 ! prec$+ memb] ( ! s5t5ce does n ( itself give complete s5se1 b dep5ds on ! foll[+ clause1 & sometimes :5 ! s5se ( t memb] w\ld be complete )\t ! conclud+ "o1 ! semicolon is us$2 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3 ,z ! desire ( approbation1 :5 x works accord+ to reason1 improves ! amiable "p ( our species2 s1 no?+ is m de/ructive to !m1 :5 x is gov]n$ by vanity & folly2 ,! wise man is happy1 :5 he ga9s 8 own approbation2 ! fool1 :5 he ga9s ! applause ( ^? ar\nd him2 ,/raws swim ^u ! surface2 b pe>ls lie at ! bottom4 ,ex]cises4--,! pa? ( tru? is a pla9 & safe pa? t ( falsehood a p]plex+ maze4 ,heav5 is ! region ( g5tl5ess & fri5d%ip hell ( fi]c5ess & animosity4 ,z !re is a worldly happ9ess :i* ,god p]ceives to be no o!r ?an disguis$ mis]y z !re are worldly honors :i* 9 8 e/imation are reproa* s !re is a worldly wisdom :i* 9 8 sight is fooli%ness4 ,b all subsi/s by elem5tal /rife ,& passions are ! elem5ts ( life4 ,,rule #b4 ,:5 an example is introduc$ to illu/rate a rule or proposition1 ! semicolon may be us$ be=e ! conjunction z2 z 9 ! foll[+ in/ance3 ,prepositions gov]n ! objective case2 z1 ,%e gave ! book to him4 ,,note4 ,9 in/ances l ! =ego+1 _m respectable punctui/s employ ! colon1 in/ead ( ! semicolon4 ,,colon4 ,! ,colon is us$ to divide a s5t5ce into two or m p>ts less connect$ ?an ^? :i* are sep>at$ by a semicolon2 b n s indep5d5t z sep>ate1 di/9ct s5t5ces4 ,,rule #a4 ,:5 a memb] ( a s5t5ce is complete 9 itself1 b foll[$ by "s supplem5tal rem>k1 or f>!r illu/ration ( ! subject1 ! colon may be prop]ly employ$2 z1 ,nature felt h] inability to extricate h]self f ! consequ5ces ( guilt3 ! gospel reveal$ ! plan ( div9e int]position & aid4 ,great works are p]=m$1 n by /r5g?1 b by p]sev]ance3 yond] palace 0 rais$ by s+le /ones2 yet y see its height & spaci\sness4 ,ex]cises4--,! ?ree great enemies to tranquillity are vice sup]/ition & idl5ess vice :i* poisons & di/urbs ! m9d ) bad passions sup]/ition :i* fills x ) imag9>y t]rors idl5ess :i* loads x ) t$i\sness & disgu/4 ,:5 we look =w>d into ! ye> :i* is beg9n+ :at d we behold !re8 ,all my bre?r5 is a blank to our view a d>k unkn[n pres5ts itself4 ,,rule #b4 ,:5 a semicolon has prec$$1 or m ?an "o1 & a /ill great] pause is necess>y1 9 ord] to m>k ! connect+ or conclud+ s5tim5t1 ! colon %\ld be appli$2 z1 ,a div9e legislator1 utt]+ 8 voice f heav52 an almighty gov]nor1 /ret*+ =? 8 arm to puni% or rew>d2 in=m+ u ( p]petual re/ prep>$ = ! righte\s h]eaft]1 & ( indignation & wra? await+ ! wick$3 ^! are ! consid]ations :i* ov]awe ! _w1 :i* support integrity1 & *eck guilt4 ,,p]iod4 ,:5 a s5t5ce is complete1 & s indep5d5t z n to be connect$ ) ! "o :i* foll[s x1 a p]iod %\ld be ins]t$ at its close2 z1 ,fe> ,god4 ,honor ! patriot4 ,respect virtue4 ,9 ! use ( _m ( ! pauses1 !re is a div]sity ( practice among our be/ writ]s & gramm>ians4 ,comp\nd s5t5ces connect$ by conjunctions1 are sometimes divid$ by ! p]iod2 z1 ,recreations1 ?\gh !y may be ( an innoc5t k9d1 require /eady gov]nm5t to keep !m )9 a due & limit$ prov9ce4 ,b su* z are ( an irregul> & vici\s nature1 are n to be gov]n$1 b to be bani%$ f e well-regulat$ m9d4 ,! p]iod %\ld foll[ e abbreviat$ ^w2 z1 ,a4,d4 ,n4,b4 ,u4,s4 ,va4 ,md4 ,viz4 ,col4 ,mr4 ,,da%4 ,! ,da%1 ?\gh (t5 us$ improp]ly by ha/y & incoh]5t writ]s1 may be introduc$ ) propriety1 :]e ! s5t5ce breaks (f abruptly2 :]e a significant pause is requir$2 or :]e !re is an unexpect$ turn 9 ! s5tim5t2 z1 ,if ?\ art he1 s mu* respect$ once--b1 oh6 h[ fall56 h[ degrad$6 ,if act+ con=mably to ! w ( our ,creator2--if promot+ ! welf>e ( mank9d ar\nd u2--if secur+ our own happ9ess2--are objects ( ! highe/ mom5t3 !n we are l\dly call$ ^u to cultivate & ext5d ! great int]e/s ( religion & virtue4 ,a da% foll[+ a /op1 d5otes t ! pause is to be great] ?an if ! /op 7 alone2 & :5 us$ by itself1 requires a pause ( su* l5g? z ! s5se only c det]m9e4 ,"h lies ! great--,false m>ble1 :]e8 ,no?+ b sordid du/ lies "h4 ,,int]rogatory ,,po9t4 ,! note ( int]rogation is us$ at ! end ( an int]rogative s5t5ce2 z1 ,:o adorn$ ! heav5s ) su* exquisite beauty8 ,,note4 ,! int]rogative po9t %\ld n be employ$ 9 cases :]e x is only said1 t a "q has be5 ask$2 z1 ,! ,cyprians ask$ me1 :y ,i wept4 ,,exclamatory ,,po9t4 ,! note ( exclamation is appli$ to expressions ( sudd5 emotion1 surprise1 joy1 grief1 c4 & sometimes to invocations & addresses2 z1 ,h[ mu* vanity 9 ! pursuits ( m56 ,:at is m amiable ?an virtue6 ,my fri5d6 ?is conduct amazes me6 ,he> me1 ,o ,"l6 = ?y lov+ k9dness is great6 ,,p>5!sis4 ,a p>5!sis is a clause conta9+ "s useful rem>k1 :i* may be omitt$ )\t injur+ ! grammatical con/ruction2 z1 ,to ga9 a po/hum\s reputation1 is to save a few lett]s 7= :at is a "n besides87 f oblivion4 ,"k !n ?is tru?1 7en\gh = man to "k17 ,virtue alone is happ9ess bel[4 ,,note4 ,! p>5!sis g5]ally d5otes a mod]ate depression ( ! voice2 &1 z ! p>5!tical m>ks d n supply ! place ( a po9t1 ! clause %\ld be accompani$ ) e /op :i* ! s5se w\ld require1 if ! p>5!tical *>act]s 7 n us$4 ,x ought to t]m9ate ) ! same k9d ( po9t :i* ! memb] has t prec$es x2 z ,he loves nobly1 7,i speak ( fri5d%ip17 :o is n jeal\s :51 he has p>tn]s ( love4 ,or :y s long 79 life if long c be7 ,l5t ,heav'n a p>5t to ! poor & me8 ,p>5!ses1 h[ev]1 conta9+ int]rogations or exclamations1 =m an exception to ?is rule2 z1 ,if ,i grant 8 reque/1 7& :o c\ld refuse x87 ,i %all secure 8 e/eem & atta*m5t4 ,,apo/rophe ,,& ,,quotation4 ,! ,apo/rophe is us$ to abbreviate a ^w1 & also to m>k ! possessive case ( a n\n2 z1 'tis1 = x is2 ?o1' = ?\gh2 o'er1 = ov]2 ,a man's pov]ty4 ,a ,quotation m>ks a s5t5ce tak5 9 ! au?or's own language2 z1 ,! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man4 ,:5 an au?or repres5ts a p]son z speak+1 ! language ( t p]son %\ld be designat$ by a quotation2 z1 ,at my com+ 91 he said1 ,y & ! physician are come too late4 ,a quotation conta9$ )9 ano!r1 %\ld be di/+ui%$ by two s+le commas2 z1 ,always rememb] ?is anci5t maxim ',"k ?yself4' ,,directions ,,= ,,us+ ,,capital ,,lett]s4 ,x is prop] to beg9 ) a capital1 #a4 ,! fir/ ^w ( e s5t5ce4 #b4 ,prop] names1 ! appellations ( ! ,deity1 c42 z1 ,james1 ,c9c9nati1 ! ,&es1 ,huron2 ,god1 ,jehovah1 ! ,almighty ! ,supreme ,be+1 ,provid5ce1 ! ,holy ,_s4 #c4 ,adjectives d]iv$ f prop] names1 ! titles ( books1 n\ns :i* are us$ z ! subject ( disc\rse1 ! pron\n ,i & ! int]jection ,o1 & e l9e 9 poetry2 z1 ,am]ican1 ,grecian1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*2 ,irv+'s ,sket* ,book1 ,p]cival's ,poems2 ,i write2 ,he>1 ,o e>?6 ,,app5dix4 ,,v]sification4 ,,poetry is ! language ( passion1 or ( enliv5$ imag9ation4 ,,v]sification1 9 ,engli%1 is ! h>moni\s arrangem5t ( a p>ticul> numb] & v>iety ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables1 accord+ to p>ticul> laws4 ,,rhyme is ! correspond5ce ( ! s\nd ( ! la/ syllable 9 "o l9e1 to ! s\nd ( ! la/ syllable 9 ano!r2 z1 ,o'er ! glad wat]s ( ! d>k-blue sea1 ,our ?\ghts z b\ndless & our s\ls z free4 ,,blank ,,v]se consi/s 9 poetical ?\ghts express$ 9 regul> numb]s1 b )\t ! correspond5ce ( s\nd at ! end ( ! l9es :i* con/itutes rhyme4 ,,poetical ,,feet consi/ 9 a p>ticul> arrangem5t & connexion ( a numb] ( acc5t$ & unacc5t$ syllables4 ,!y are call$ feet1 because x is by _! aid t ! voice1 z x 71 /eps along ?r\gh ! v]se 9 a measur$ pace4 ,all poetical feet consi/ ei!r ( two1 or ( ?ree syllables2 & are r$ucible to eight k9ds2 f\r ( two syllables1 & f\r ( ?ree1 z foll[s3 ,,dissyllable4 ,,trisyllable4 ,a ,tro*ee - u ,a ,dactyle - u u ,an ,iambus u - ,an ,amphibra* u - u ,a ,spondee - - ,an ,anapae/ u u - ,a ,pyrrhic u u ,a ,tribra* u u u ,a ,tro*ee has ! fir/ syllable acc5t$1 & ! la/ unacc5t$2 z1 ,htefl1 ptti%3 ,r/lss mrtls til fr nught4 ,an ,iambus has ! fir/ syllable unacc5t$1 & ! la/ acc5t$2 z1 ,btry1 cons/3 ,? sz %ll w/e1 ? skes n smke dcy4 ,a ,dactyle has ! fir/ syllable acc5t$1 & ! two latt] unacc5t$2 z1 ,lbrr1 pssible3 ,frm ? lw plzres f ?s flln ntre4 ,an ,anapae/ has ! fir/ two syllables unacc5t$1 & ! la/ acc5t$2 z1 ,cntrvne1 acquisce3 t ? clse f ? dy :n ? hmlt s /ll4 ,a ,spondee2 z1 ,! ple mn3 a ,pyrrhic2 z1 n ? tall tree3 an ,amphibra*2 z1 ,dlightfl3 a ,tribra*2 z1 ,numrbl4 ,,rhetoric4 ,,gramm> in/ructs u h[ to express our ?\ghts correctly4 ,,rhetoric tea*es u to express !m ) =ce & elegance4 ,! =m] is g5]ally conf9$ to ! correct application ( words 9 con/ruct+ s+le s5t5ces4 ,! latt] treats ( ! prop] *oice ( words1 ( ! happie/ me?od ( con/ruct+ s5t5ces1 ( _! mo/ advantage\s arrangem5t 9 =m+ a disc\rse1 & ( ! v>i\s k9ds & qualities ( composition4 ,! pr9ciples ( rhetoric are pr9cipally bas$ on ^? unfold$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! sci5ce ( gramm>4 ,h5ce1 an acqua9tance ) ! latt]1 &1 inde$1 ) ! lib]al arts1 is a pr]equisite to ! /udy ( rhetoric & belles-lettres4 ,,composition4 ,x may be laid d[n z a maxim ( et]nal tru?1 t good s5se is ! f\ndation ( all good writ+4 ,"o :o und]/&s a subject well1 w sc>cely write ill ^u x4 ,rhetoric1 or ! art ( p]suasion1 requires 9 a writ]1 ! union ( good s5se1 & a lively & *a/e imag9ation4 ,x is1 !n1 h] prov9ce to tea* him to embelli% 8 ?\ghts ) elegant & appropriate language1 vivid imag]y1 & an agreeable v>iety ( expression4 ,x ought to be 8 aim1 ,to m>k ! po9t :]e s5se & dulness meet4 ,,/yle4--,,p]spicuity ,,& ,,precision4 ,,/yle is ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* we express our conceptions by means ( language4 ,x is a picture ( ! ideas :i* rise 9 our m9ds1 & ( ! ord] 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,! qualities ( a good /yle1 may be rank$ "u two heads4 p]spicuity & ornam5t4 ,,p]spicuity1 :i* is consid]$ ! fundam5tal quality ( a good /yle1 claims att5tion1 fir/1 to s+le words & phrases2 &1 secondly1 to ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces4 ,:5 consid]$ ) respect to words & phrases1 x requires ^! ?ree qualities1 purity1 propriety1 & precision4 ,purity ( language consi/s 9 ! use ( su* words & su* con/ructions z belong to ! language :i* we speak1 9 opposition to words & phrases belong+ to o!r languages1 or :i* are obsolete or new-co9$1 or employ$ )\t prop] au?ority4 ,propriety is ! *oice ( ^? words :i* ! be/ usage has appropriat$ to ! ideas :i* we int5d to express by !m4 ,x implies _! correct & judici\s application1 9 opposition to l[ expressions1 & to words & phrases :i* w\ld be less significant ( ! ideas :i* we wi% to convey4 ,x is ! union ( purity & propriety1 :i* r5d]s /yle graceful & p]spicu\s4 ,precision1 f prcid]e1 to cut (f1 signifies retr5*+ all sup]fluities1 & prun+ ! expression 9 su* a mann] z to exhibit nei!r m nor less ?an an exact copy ( ! ideas int5d$ to be convey$4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,s5t5ces4 ,a prop] con/ruction ( s5t5ces is ( s great importance 9 e species ( composition1 t we _c be too /rict or m9ute 9 our att5tion to x4 ,elegance ( /yle requires u g5]ally to avoid1 _m %ort or long s5t5ces 9 succession2 a monoton\s correspond5ce ( "o memb] to ano!r2 & ! comm5c+ ( a piece1 section1 or p>agraph1 ) a long s5t5ce4 ,! qualities mo/ ess5tial to a p]fect s5t5ce1 are ,unity1 ,cle>ness1 ,/r5g?1 & ,h>mony4 ,,unity is an indisp5sable prop]ty ( a correct s5t5ce4 ,a s5t5ce implies an arrangem5t ( words 9 :i* only "o proposition is express$4 ,x may1 inde$1 consi/ ( p>ts2 b ^! p>ts ought to be s closely b\nd toge!r1 z to make on ! m9d ! impression1 n ( _m objects1 b ( only "o4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ?is unity1 ! foll[+ rules may be useful4 #a4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! s5t5ce1 ! sc5e %\ld be *ang$ z little z possible4 ,9 e s5t5ce !re is "s lead+ or gov]n+ ^w1 :i*1 if possible1 ought to be cont9u$ s f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( x4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is n con/ruct$ accord+ to ?is rule3 ,aft] we came to an*or1 !y put me on %ore1 :]e ,i 0 salut$ by all my fri5ds1 :o receiv$ me ) ! greate/ k9dness4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ?\gh ! objects are suffici5tly connect$1 yet1 by %ift+ s frequ5tly ! place & ! p]son1 ! vessel1 ! %ore1 we1 !y1 ,i & :o1 !y appe> 9 s disunit$ a view1 t ! m9d is l$ to w&] = ! s5se4 ,! s5t5ce is re/or$ to its prop] unity by con/ruct+ x ?us3 ,hav+ come to an*or1 ,i 0 put on %ore1 :]e ,i 0 salut$ by all my fri5ds1 :o receiv$ me ) ! greate/ k9dness4 #b4 ,nev] cr[d into "o s5t5ce ?+s :i* h s little connexion1 t !y w\ld be> to be divid$ into two or m s5t5ces4 ,! violation ( ?is rule produces s unfavorable an effect1 t x is saf] to err r by too _m %ort s5t5ces1 ?an by "o t is ov]load$ & confus$4 #c4 ,avoid all unnecess>y p>5!ses4 ,,cle>ness4 ,ambiguity1 :i* is oppos$ to cle>ness1 may arise f a bad *oice1 or a bad arrangem5t ( words4 ,a lead+ rule 9 ! arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 is1 t ^? words or memb]s mo/ ne>ly relat$1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! s5t5ce z ne> to ea* o!r z possible1 s z !reby to make _! mutual relation cle>ly appe>4 ,?is rule ought to be obs]v$1 #a4 ,9 ! position ( adv]bs4 ,by greatness1 says ,mr4 ,addison1 ,i d n only mean ! bulk ( any s+le object1 b ! l>g5ess ( a :ole view4 ,! improp] situation ( ! adv]b only1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 r5d]s x a limitation ( ! v]b mean1 :]eas ! au?or int5d$ to h x qualify ! phrase1 a s+le object2 ?us1 ,by greatness1 ,i d n mean ! bulk ( any s+le object only1 b ! l>g5ess ( a :ole view4 #b4 ,9 ! position ( phrases & memb]s4 ,are ^! designs :i* any man :o is born a ,briton1 9 any circum/ances1 9 any situation1 ought to be a%am$ or afraid to av[8 ,correct$3 ,are ^! designs :i* any man :o is born a ,briton1 ought to be a%am$ or afraid1 9 any circum/ances1 9 any situation1 to av[8 #c4 ,9 ! position ( pron\ns4 ,! ref]5ce ( a pron\n to its n\n1 %\ld always be s cle> t we _c possibly mi/ake x3 o!rwise ! n\n ought to be repeat$4 ,x is folly to pret5d to arm ourselves aga9/ ! accid5ts ( life1 by heap+ up treasures1 :i* no?+ c protect u aga9/ b ! good provid5ce ( our ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,:i*1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 grammatically ref]s to treasures2 & ?is w\ld conv]t ! :ole p]iod into nons5se4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld h be5 ?us con/ruct$1 ,x is folly to pret5d1 by heap+ up treasures1 to arm ourselves aga9/ ! accid5ts ( life1 aga9/ :i* no?+ c protect u b ! good provid5ce ( our ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,,/r5g?4 ,by ! /r5g? ( a s5t5ce is meant su* an arrangem5t ( its sev]al words & memb]s1 z exhibits ! s5se to ! be/ advantage1 & gives e ^w & memb] its due weight & =ce4 #a4 ,! fir/ rule = promot+ ! /r5g? ( a s5t5ce1 is1 to take f x all r$undant words & memb]s4 ,:atev] c be easily suppli$ 9 ! m9d1 %\ld g5]ally be omitt$2 ?us1 ,cont5t ) des]v+ a triumph1 he refus$ ! honor ( x1 is bett] ?an to say1 ,be+ cont5t ) des]v+ a triumph4 c4 ,!y return$ back aga9 to ! same city f :5ce !y came =?4 ,if we expunge f ?is snort s5t5ce five :i* are 7 expletives1 x w be mu* m neat & =cible ?us1 ,!y return$ to ! city :5ce !y came4 ,b we %\ld be cauti\s ( prun+ s closely z to give a h>dness & dryness to ! /yle4 ,"s leaves mu/ be left to %elt] & adorn ! fruit4 #b4 ,p>ticul> att5tion to ! use ( copulatives1 relatives1 & all ! p>ticles employ$ = transition & connexion1 is requir$4 ,9 compositions ( an elevat$ "*1 ! relative %\ld g5]ally be ins]t$4 ,an injudici\s repetition ( & enfeebles /yle2 b :5 enum]at+ objects :i* we wi% to h appe> z di/9ct f ea* o!r z possible1 x may be repeat$ ) peculi> advantage2 ?us1 ,su* a man may fall a victim to p[]2 b tru?1 & reason1 & lib]ty1 w\ld fall ) him4 #c4 ,dispose ( ! capital ^w or words 9 t "p ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* !y w make ! mo/ /rik+ impression4 #d4 ,cause ! memb]s ( a s5t5ce to g on ris+ 9 _! importance "o above ano!r4 ,9 a s5t5ce ( two memb]s1 ! long] %\ld g5]ally be ! conclud+ "o4 #e4 ,avoid conclud+ a s5t5ce ) an adv]b1 a preposition1 or any inconsid]able ^w1 unless x be emphatical4 #f4 ,:]e two ?+s are comp>$ or contra/$ ) ea* o!r1 a resemblance 9 ! language & con/ruction %\ld be obs]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,figures ,,( ,,spee*4 ,figures ( ,spee* may be describ$ z t language :i* is prompt$ ei!r by ! imag9ation1 or by ! passions4 ,!y g5]ally imply "s dep>ture f simplicity ( expression2 & exhibit ideas 9 a mann] m vivid & impressive1 ?an c\ld be done by pla9 language4 ,figures h be5 commonly divid$ into two great classes2 ,figures ( ,words1 & ,figures ( ,?\ght4 ,figures ( ,words are call$ ,tropes1 & consi/ 9 a ^w's be+ employ$ to signify some?+ t is diff]5t f its orig9al mean+2 s t by alt]+ ! ^w1 we de/roy ! figure4 ,:5 we say ( a p]son1 t he has a f9e ta/e 9 w9es1 ! ^w ta/e is us$ 9 its common1 lit]al s5se2 b :5 we say1 he has a f9e ta/e = pa9t+1 poetry1 or music1 we use ! ^w figuratively4 ,a good man enjoys com=t 9 ! mid/ ( adv]sity1 is simple language2 b :5 x is said1 ,to ! upright !re arise? light 9 d>kness1 ! same s5tim5t is express$ 9 a figurative /yle1 light is put 9 ! place ( com=t1 & d>kness is us$ to sugge/ ! idea ( adv]sity4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important figures3 #a4 ,a ,,metaphor is f\nd$ on ! resemblance :i* "o object be>s to ano!r2 or1 x is a comp>ison 9 an abridg$ =m4 ,:5 ,i say ( "s great m9i/]1 ,t he upholds ! /ate l a pill> :i* supports ! weight ( a :ole edifice1 ,i fairly make a comp>ison2 b :5 ,i say ( su* a m9i/]1 ,t he is ! pill> ( ! /ate1 ! ^w pill> becomes a metaphor4 ,9 ! latt] con/ruction1 ! comp>ison betwe5 ! m9i/] & a pill>1 is made 9 ! m9d2 b x is express$ )\t any ( ! words t d5ote comp>ison4 ,metaphors ab\nd 9 all writ+s4 ,9 ! scriptures !y may be f\nd 9 va/ v>iety4 ,?us1 our bless$ ,"l is call$ a v9e1 a lamb1 a lion1 c42 & m51 accord+ to _! diff]5t dispositions1 are /yl$ wolves1 %eep1 dogs1 s]p5ts1 vip]s1 c4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 9 speak+ ( ! degrad$ /ate ( ! ,am]ican ,aborig9es :o l+] on ! bord]s ( ! :ite settlem5ts1 employs ! foll[+ beautiful metaphor3 ,! pr\d pill> ( _! indep5d5ce has be5 %ak5 d[n1 & ! :ole moral fabric lies 9 ru9s4 #b4 ,,an ,,allegory may be reg>d$ z a metaphor cont9u$2 or x is sev]al metaphors s connect$ toge!r 9 s5se1 z frequ5tly to =m a k9d ( p>able or fable4 ,x diff]s f a s+le metaphor1 9 ! same mann] t a clu/] on ! v9e diff]s f a s+le grape4 ,! foll[+ is a f9e example ( an allegory1 tak5 f ! #fj? psalm2 :]e9 ! p ( ,israel are repres5t$ "u ! image ( a v9e4 ,?\ ha/ br\ght a v9e out ( ,egypt3 ?\ ha/ ca/ out ! hea!n & plant$ x4 ,?\ prep>$/ room be=e x2 & did/ cause x to take deep root1 & x fill$ ! l&4 ,! hills 7 cov]$ ) ! %ad[ ( x1 & ! b\ghs !re( 7 l ! goodly c$>s4 ,%e s5t out h] b\ghs into ! sea1 & h] bran*es into ! riv]4 #c4 ,a ,,simile or ,,comp>ison is :5 ! resemblance betwe5 two objects1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 is express$ 9 =m4 ,?us1 we use a simile1 :5 we say1 ,! actions ( pr9ces are l ^? great riv]s1 ! c\rse ( :i* e "o beholds1 b _! spr+s h be5 se5 by few4 ,z ! m\nta9s are r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem1 s ! ,"l is r\nd ab\t 8 p4 ,! music ( ,c>yl 0 l ! memory ( joys t are pa/1 pleasant & m\rnful to ! s\l4 ,our ,indians are l ^? wild plants :i* ?rive be/ 9 ! %ade1 b :i* )] :5 expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,! ,assyrian came d[n1 l ! wolf on ! fold1 ,& 8 cohorts 7 gleam+ ) purple & gold2 ,& ! %e5 ( _! spe>s 0 l />s on ! sea1 ,:5 ! blue wave rolls nightly on deep ,galilee4 #d4 ,a ,,metonymy is :]e ! cause is put = ! effect1 or ! effect = ! cause2 ! conta9] = ! ?+ conta9$2 or ! sign = ! ?+ signifi$4 ,:5 we say1 ,!y read ,milton1 ! cause is put = ! effect1 mean+ ,milton's works4 ,gray hairs %\ld be respect$2 "h ! effect is put = ! cause2 mean+ by gray hairs1 old age1 :i* produces gray hairs4 ,9 ! phrase1 ,! kettle boils1 ! conta9] is sub/itut$ = ! ?+ conta9$4 ,he address$ ! *air2 t is1 ! p]son 9 ! *air4 #e4 ,a ,,synecdo*e ,,or ,,compreh5sion4 ,:5 ! :ole is put = a "p1 or a "p = ! :ole2 a g5us = a species1 or a species = a g5us2 9 g5]al1 :5 any ?+ less1 or any ?+ m1 is put = ! precise object meant1 ! figure is call$ a ,synecdo*e4 ,?us1 ,a fleet ( tw5ty sail1 in/ead (1 %ips4 ,! horse is a noble animal2 ,! dog is a fai?ful creature3 "h an individual is put = ! species4 ,we sometimes use ! head = ! p]son1 & ! waves = ! sea4 ,9 l mann]1 an attribute may be pat = a subject2 z ,y\? = ! "y1 ! deep = ! sea4 #f4 ,,p]sonification or ,,prosopopoeia is t figure by :i* we attribute life & action to inanimate objects4 ,:5 we say1 ,! gr\nd ?ir/s = ra91 or1 ! e>? smiles ) pl5ty2 :5 we speak ( ambition's be+ re/less1 or1 a disease's be+ deceitful2 su* expressions %[ ! facility1 ) :i* ! m9d c accommodate ! prop]ties ( liv+ creatures to ?+s t are inanimate4 ,! foll[+ are f9e examples ( ?is figure3 ,*e]'d ) ! grateful smell1 old ,ocean smiles2 ,! wild]ness & ! solit>y place %all be glad = !m2 & ! des]t %all rejoice & blossom z ! rose4 #g4 ,,an ,,apo/rophe is an address to "s p]son1 ei!r abs5t or dead1 z if he 7 pres5t & li/5+ to u4 ,! address is frequ5tly made to a p]sonifi$ object2 z1 ,dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,o dea?6 :]e is ?y /+8 ,o grave6 :]e is ?y victory8 ,weep on ! rock ( ro>+ w9ds1 ,o maid ( ,ini/ore2 b5d ?y fair head ov] ! waves1 ?\ fair] ?an ! gho/ ( ! hills1 :5 x moves 9 a sun-beam at noon ov] ! sil5ce ( ,morveu4 #h4 ,,anti!sis4 ,comp>ison is f\nd$ on ! resemblance1 anti!sis1 on ! contra/ or opposition1 ( two objects4 ,example4 ,if y wi% to enri* a p]son1 /udy n to increase 8 /ores1 b to dim9i% 8 desires4 #i4 ,,hyp]bole or ,,exagg]ation consi/s 9 magnify+ an object beyond its natural b\nds4 ,z swift z ! w9d2 z :ite z ! sn[2 z sl[ z a snail2 & ! l1 are extravagant hyp]boles4 ,i saw _! *ief1 tall z a rock ( ice2 8 spe>1 ! bla/$ fir2 8 %ield1 ! ris+ moon2 he sat on ! %ore1 l a cl\d ( mi/ on ! bills4 #aj4 ,,vision is produc$1 :51 9 relat+ some?+ t is pa/1 we use ! pres5t t5se1 & describe x z actually1 pass+ be=e our eyes4 #aa4 ,,int]rogation4 ,! lit]al use ( an int]rogation1 is to ask a "q2 b :5 m5 are /rongly mov$1 :atev] !y w\ld affirm or d5y ) great e>ne/ness1 !y naturally put 9 ! =m ( a "q4 ,?us ,balaam express$ himself to ,balak3 ,! ,"l is n man1 t he %\ld lie1 nor ! son ( man1 t he %\ld repeat4 ,ha? he said x8 & %all he n d x8 ,ha? he spok5 x8 & %all he n make x good8 ,ha/ ?\ an arm l ,god8 or can/ ?\ ?und] ) a voice l him8 #ab4 ,,exclamations are ! effect ( /rong emotions1 su* a surprise1 admiration1 joy1 grief1 & ! l4 ,o t ,i _h 9 ! wild]ness a lodg+ place ( way-f>+ m56 ,o t ,i _h w+s l a dove6 = !n w\ld ,i fly away1 & be at re/6 #ac4 ,,irony is express+ ourselves 9 a mann] contr>y to our ?\ghts2 n ) a view to deceive1 b to add =ce to our rem>ks4 ,we c reprove "o = 8 neglig5ce1 by say+1 ,y h tak5 great c>e1 inde$4 ,! prophet ,elijah adopt$ ?is figure1 :5 he *all5g$ ! prie/s ( ,baal to prove ! tru? ( _! deity4 ,he mock$ !m1 & said4 ,cry al\d = he is a god3 ei!r he is talk+1 or he is pursu+1 or he is on a j\rney1 or1 p]adv5ture1 he sleepe?1 & mu/ be wak$4 #ad4 ,,amplification or ,,climax consi/s 9 height5+ all ! circum/ances ( an object or action1 :i* we desire to place 9 a /rong light4 ,cic]o gives a lively in/ance ( ?is figure1 :5 he says1 ,x is a crime to put a ,roman citiz5 9 bonds3 x is ! height ( guilt to sc\rge him2 little less ?an p>ricide to put him to dea?3 :at "n1 !n1 %all ,i give to ! act ( crucify+ him8 ,,key4 ,corrections ( ! ,false ,syntax arrang$ "u ! ,rules & ,notes4 ,,rule #d4 ,frequ5t commission ( s9 h>d5s m5 9 x4 ,great pa9s h be5 tak51 c4--is seldom f\nd4 ,! s9c]e are1 c4--is happy4 ,:at avail1 c4--,disappo9tm5ts s9k--! r5ewal ( hope gives1 c4--is )\t limit1 has be5 conf]r$ ^u u4--,?\ can/ n heal--b ?\ may/ d1 c4--consi/s ! happ9ess1 c4--,:o t\*$/1 or did/ t\* ,isaiah's hall[$ lips ) fire4 ,note #a4 ,& wilt ?\ nev] be to ,heav5 resign$8--,& :o _h great abilities1 c4 ,note #b4 ,are peace & honor4--0 controv]sy4 ,,rule #g4 ,!m t y visit$4--him t 0 m5tion$4--he :o prea*$ rep5tance1 c4--!y :o di$4--he :o succe$$4 ,,rule #h4 ,"t & tide wait1 c4--remove m\nta9s4--are bo? unc]ta94--dwell )1 c4--affect ! m9d1 c4--,:at signify ! c\nsel & c>e1 c4--are n[ p]i%$4--,:y are :it5ess & coldness1 c4--b9d !m cont9ually1 c4--r5d] _! possessor1 c4--,!re are error & discrepance--:i* %[1 c4 ,,rule #i4 ,is ! same 9 idea4--is 9 ! porphyry4--is rem>kable1 c4--:i* moves m]ely z x is mov$4--affects u1 c4--,man's happ9ess or mis]y is1 9 a great measure1 c4--= x may be1 c4--0 blamewor?y4 ,,rule #aj4 ,! nation is p[]ful4--,! fleet 0 se51 c4--,! *ur* has1 c4--is1 or ought to be1 ! object1 c4--x is feeble4 ,,rule #aa4 ,my p d1 c4--,! multitude eag]ly pursue pleasure z _!1 c4--7 divid$ 9 _! s5tim5ts1 & !y h ref]r$1 c4--,! p rejoice--give !m sorr[4 ,,rule #ab4 ,hom]'s works are1 c4--,asa's he>t4 ,james ,h>t's book4 ,note #a4 ,x 0 ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5's lot1 c4 or1 ,x 0 ! lot ( ! m51 wom51 & *ildr54--,pet]1 ,john1 & ,&rew's1 c4 ,note #b4 ,?is is ,campbell ! poet's production2 or1 ,! production ( ,campbell1 c4--,! silk 0 pur*as$ at ,br[n's ! m]c] & hab]da%]4 ,note #d4 ,! pupil's compos+1 c4--rule's be+ obs]v$4--( ! presid5t's neglect+ to lay x be=e ! c\ncil4 ,,rule #ac4 ,( 8 audi5ce4--put x on ,jacob4--spr9kle !m--& !y %all1 c4--( 8 reputation4 ,note4 ,y 7 blam$2 y 7 wor?y4--:]e 7 y8--h[ fat 7 y8 ,,rule #ad4 ,:o ha/ be51 c4--:o is ! six? t has lo/ 8 life by ?is means4 ,:o all my s5se conf9$/2 or1 did/ conf9e4 ,note4 ,& :o br\ghte/ him =? out ( ,ur4 ,,rule #ae1 ,:o %all be s5t1 c4--,?is is ! man :o1 c4 ,,rule #af4 ,!y to :om mu* is giv51 c4--) :om y associate c4--:om ,i greatly respect1 c4--:om we ought to love1 & to :om1 c--,!y :om consci5ce1 c4--,) :om did y walk8--,:om did y see8--,to :om did y give ! book8 ,,rule #ag4 ,:o gave ,john ^? books8 ,we4--him :o lives 9 ,pe>l /reet--,my bro!r & he4--,%e & ,i4 ,,rule #ah3 ,note #b4 ,?irty tuns4--tw5ty feet--"o hundr$ fa?oms4 ,note #f4 ,he b\ght a pair ( new %oes--piece ( elegant furniture4--pair ( f9e horses--tract ( poor l&4 ,note #g4 ,are /ill m difficult to be compreh5d$4--mo/ d\btful1 or prec>i\s way1 c4--,?is model comes ne>] p]fection ?an any ,i1 c4 ,,rule #ai3 ,note4 ,t sort4--^! two h\rs4--,?is k9d1 c4--,he saw "o p]son1 or m ?an "o1 ent] ! g>d54 ,note #b4 ,bett] ?an himself4--is s small4--8 /ation may be1 is b\nd by ! laws4 ,note #c4 ,on ea* side1 c4--took ea* 8 c5s]4 ,,rule #bj4 ,:om did !y1 c4--,!y :om opul5ce1--:om luxury1 c4--,him & !m we "k1 c4--,h] t is neglig5t1 c4--my bro!r & me c4--,:om did !y s5d1 c4--,!m :om he1 c4 ,,rule #ba4 ,x is ,i4--,if ,i 7 he4--x is he1 inde$4--,:om d y1 c4--,:o d m5 say1 c4--& :o say ye1 c4--:om d y imag9e x to h be58--x 0 ,i2 b y knew t x 0 he4 ,,rule #be4 ,bid him come--dur/ n d x4--,he> him read1 c4--makes u approve & reject1 c4--bett] to live--?an to outlive1 c4--to wre/le4 ,,rule #bf3 ,note4 ,! tak+ ( pa9s3 or1 )\t tak+ pa9s1 c4--,! *ang+ ( times1--! remov+ & sett+ up ( k+s4 ,,rule #bh3 ,note #c4 ,he did me--,i _h writt5--he came home4--befall5 my c\s9--he w\ld h gone4--already ris54--is begun4--is spok54--w\ld h writt5--_h !y writt51 c4 ,,rule #bi3 ,note #a4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be1 c4--he 0 n (t5 pleas+4--%\ld nev] be sep>at$4--,we may live happily1 c4 ,,rule #cj3 ,note4 ,i don't "k any ?+2 or1 ,i "k no?+1 c4--,i did n see anybody2 or1 ,i saw nobody1 c4--,no?+ ev] affects h]4--& take no %ape or semblance1 c4--,!re c be no?+1 c4--,nei!r precept nor discipl9e is s =cible z example4 ,,rule #ca4 ,= himself4--among !mselves4--) :om he is1 c4--,) :om did1 c4--,f :om did y receive in/ruction8 ,,rule #cc4 ,my bro!r & he1 c4--,y & ,i1 c4 ,he & ,i--,john & he1 c4--,betwe5 y & me1 c4 ,,rule #cd4 ,& entreat me1 c4--& act+ diff]5tly1 c4 ,note #a4 ,b he may return--b he w write no m4 ,note #b4 ,unless x ra94--,if he acquire ri*es1 c4 ,,rule #ce4 ,?an ,i--z well z he1 ?an !y4--b he4--b he & ,i4--b !m :o _h gone a/ray4 ,promiscu\s ,examples4--,him :o is f et]nity1 c4--dep5ds all ! happ9ess1--:i* exi/s1 c4--! enemies :om1 c4--,is x ,i or he :om y reque/$8--,?\gh great h be51--s9c]ely ackn[l$ge4--,!re 01 9 ! metropolis4--ex]cis+ our memories4--0 consum$4--,afflu5ce may give--b x w n4--( ?is _w (t5 *oke4--,!m t honor1--& !y t despise4--,i int5d$ to call la/ week4--! fields look fre% & gay4--v neatly1 f9ely wov5 pap]4--:]e ,i saw ,g54 ,&rew ,jackson1 him :o4--,take ! fir/ two1--la/ ?ree4--?irty feet high4--a union1--a hypo!sis4--,i h se5 him to :om y wrote1 he w\ld h come back1 or return$4--und]/&s ! nature1--he rejects4--,if ?\ /udy1--?\ wilt become4--is n prop]ly att5d$ to4--,he knew4--!re=e1 to h done x1--?an ! title4--v indep5d5tly4--duty to d4--my fri5d's ent]+4--is ! be/ specim51 or x comes ne>] p]fection ?an any1 c4--bl[ !m1 w g1 c4--,ea* ( ^? two au?ors has 8 m]it4--,reason's :ole1--lie 94--/rikes ! m9d1--?an if ! p>ts _h be5 adju/$1--) p]fect symmetry4 ,satire does n c>ry 9 x4--composes ! triangle4--p]sons' opportunities 7 ev]4--,x has be5 report$4--%\ld nev] be4--situation 9 :i*4--is ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 84--are ! s\l1--foll[s little4--,an army pres5ts4--are ! duties ( a *ri/ian4--happi] ?an he4--always h incl9$1 & :i* always w incl9e him to (f5d4--:i* require great4--,!m t honor me1 w ,i4--has op9ions peculi> to itself4--t x may be said he atta9$ mon>*ical4--ha/ p]mitt$1--wilt deliv]4--0 =m]ly propagat$4--! measure is1--unwor?y y\r4--7 fai?less4--,aft] ,i _h visit$4--nor %all ,i1 cons5t4--,ye/]day ,i int5d$ to walk out1 b 04--make or are ?irte51--leave ?ree4--,if he g1--make ! eigh? "t t he w h visit$4--is nobl]4--0 possess$1 or t ev] c be4--"o great edifice1--small] ones4--hone/y is4--x to be4--w foll[ me1--,i %all dwell4--is gone a/ray4--he c\ld1 n h done4--feel+ a prop5sity4 ,,punctuation4 ,,comma4 ,corrections ( ! ,ex]cises 9 ,punctuation4 ,,rule #a4 ,idl5ess is ! great fom5t] ( all corruptions 9 ! human he>t4 ,! fri5d ( ord] has made half 8 way to virtue4 ,all f9]y is a sign ( littl5ess4 ,,rule #b4 ,! indulg5ce ( a h>% disposition1 is ! introduction to future mis]y4 ,to be totally indiff]5t to praise or c5sure1 is a real defect 9 "*4 ,! int]mixture ( evil 9 human society1 s]ves to ex]cise ! suff]+ graces & virtues ( ! good4 ,,rule #c4 ,*>ity1 l ! sun1 bright5s all its objects4 ,g5tl5ess is1 9 tru?1 ! great av5ue to mutual enjoym5t4 ,y1 too1 h y\r fail+s4 ,humility & k1 ) poor app>el1 excel pride & ignorance1 "u co/ly attire4 ,! be/ m5 (t5 exp]i5ce disappo9tm5ts4 ,advice %\ld be seasonably adm9i/]$4 ,no assum$ behavior c always hide ! real "*4 ,,rule #d4 ,"l1 ?\ ha/ be5 our dwell+ place 9 all g5]ations4 ,cont9ue1 my de> *ild1 to make virtue ?y *ief /udy4 ,can/ ?\ expect1 ?\ betray] ( innoc5ce1 to escape ! h& ( v5geance8 ,dea?1 ! k+ ( t]rors1 *ose a prime m9i/]4 ,hope1 ! balm ( life1 soo?s u "u e mis=tune4 ,confucius1 ! great ,*9ese philosoph]1 0 em95tly good1 z well z wise4 ,! patri>* ,joseph is an illu/ri\s example ( true piety4 ,,rule #e4 ,peace ( m9d be+ secur$1 we may smile at mis=tune4 ,to enjoy pres5t pleasure1 he sacrific$ 8 future ease & reputation4 ,8 tal5ts1 =m$ = great ent]prises1 c\ld n fail ( r5d]+ him conspicu\s4 ,! pa? ( piety & virtue1 pursu$ ) a firm & con/ant _s1 w assur$ly lead to happ9ess4 ,all mank9d compose "o family1 assembl$ "u ! eye ( "o common ,fa!r4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,ex]cises4 ,,rule #f4 ,we h no reason to compla9 ( ! lot ( man1 nor ( ! mutability ( ! _w4 ,s5suality contam9ates ! body1 depresses ! und]/&+1 dead5s ! moral feel+s ( ! he>t1 & degrades man f 8 rank 9 creation4 ,self-conceit1 presumption1 & ob/9acy1 bla/ ! prospect ( _m a y\?4 ,he is alt]nately support$ by 8 fa!r1 8 uncle1 & 8 eld] bro!r4 ,! man ( virtue & honor1 w be tru/$1 reli$ ^u1 & e/eem$4 ,consci\s guilt r5d]s "o mean-spirit$1 timor\s1 & base4 ,an upright m9d w nev] be at a loss to disc]n :at is j & true1 lovely1 hone/1 & ( good report4 ,habits ( read+1 writ+1 & ?9k+1 are ! indisp5sable qualifications ( a good /ud5t4 ,! great bus9ess ( life is1 to be employ$ 9 do+ ju/ly1 lov+ m]cy1 & walk+ humbly ) our ,god4 ,to live sob]ly1 righte\sly1 & pi\sly1 compreh5ds ! :ole ( our duty4 ,9 our heal?1 life1 possessions1 connexions1 pleasures1 !re are causes ( decay imp]ceptibly work+4 ,delib]ate sl[ly1 execute promptly4 ,an idle1 trifl+ society1 is ne> ak9 to su* z is corrupt+4 ,?is unhappy p]son _h be5 s]i\sly1 affectionately admoni%$1 b 9 va94 ,,rule #g4 ,h[ mu* bett] x is to get wisdom ?an gold4 ,! fri5d%ips ( ! _w c exi/ no long] ?an int]e/ cem5ts !m4 ,eat :at is set be=e y4 ,!y :o excite envy1 w easily incur c5sure4 ,a man :o is ( a detract+ _s1 w miscon/rue ! mo/ innoc5t words t c be put toge!r4 ,_m ( ! evils :i* occasion our compla9ts ( ! _w1 are :olly imag9>y4 ,! g5tle m9d is l ! smoo? /ream1 :i* reflects e object 9 its j proportion1 & 9 its faire/ colors4 ,9 t unaffect$ civility :i* spr+s f a g5tle m9d1 !re is an incomp>able *>m4 ,! ,"l1 :om ,i s]ve1 is et]nal4 ,?is1 is ! man we saw ye/]day4 ,,rule #h4 ,idl5ess br+s =w>d & n\ri%es _m bad passions4 ,true fri5d%ip w1 at all times1 avoid a r\gh or c>eless behavior4 ,heal? & peace1 a mod]ate =tune1 & a few fri5ds1 sum up all ! und\bt$ articles ( temporal felicity4 ,tru? is fair & artless1 simple & s9c]e1 uni=m & consi/5t4 ,intemp]ance de/roys ! /r5g? ( our bodies & ! vigor ( our m9ds4 ,,rule #i4 ,z a companion1 he 0 sev]e & satirical2 z a fri5d1 capti\s & dang]\s4 ,if ! spr+ put =? no blossoms1 9 summ] !re w be no beauty1 & 9 autumn1 no fruit4 ,s1 if y\? be trifl$ away )\t improvem5t1 manhood w be contemptible1 & old age1 mis]able4 ,,rule #aj4 ,!y believ$ he 0 dead4 ,he did n "k t ,i 0 ! man4 ,i knew %e 0 /ill alive4 ,! greate/ mis]y is1 to be condemn$ by our own he>ts4 ,! greate/ mis]y t we c endure1 is1 to be condemn$ by our own he>ts4 ,,semicolon4 ,,rule #a4 ,! pa? ( tru? is a pla9 & safe pa?2 t ( falsehood is a p]plex+ maze4 ,heav5 is ! region ( g5tl5ess & fri5d%ip2 hell1 ( fi]c5ess & animosity4 ,z !re is a worldly happ9ess1 :i* ,god p]ceives to be no o!r ?an disguis$ mis]y2 z !re are worldly honors1 :i*1 9 8 e/imation1 are a reproa*2 s1 !re is a worldly wisdom1 :i*1 9 8 sight1 is fooli%ness4 ,b all subsi/s by elem5tal /rife2 ,& passions are ! elem5ts ( life4 ,,colon4 ,,rule #a4 ,! ?ree great enemies to tranquillity1 are vice1 sup]/ition1 & idl5ess3 vice1 :i* poisons & di/urbs ! m9d ) bad passions2 sup]/ition1 :i* fills x ) imag9>y t]rors2 idl5ess1 :i* loads x ) t$i\sness & disgu/4