,,read+s ,,on ,,fascism ,,& ,,national  
,,socialism    ,select$ by ,memb]s ( !  
,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity (   
,colorado    ,,alan ,,swall[    ,d5v]   
,,prefatory ,,note      ,! ensu+ read+s 
are pres5t$ to enc\rage ! /ud5t to      
cl>ify  8 ?9k+ on social philosophy4 ,he
 w accord+ly ne$ to  det]m9e :e!r !     
read+s conta9 a m or less coh]5t body ( 
ideas :i* con/itutes a social           
philosophy4 ,he w also ne$ to  raise ! m
 f>-rea*+ "q :e!r ! ideas are           
acceptable4  ,to arrive at any          
satisfactory answ] to ?is latt] "q1 he w
  necess>ily h to comp>e ! ideas (      
fascism & _! practical  mean+s ) !      
alt]natives1 real & ideal1 t are !      
sub/ance  ( live philosophical issues4  
,,cont5ts         ,! ,doctr9e ( ,fascism
 by ,b5ito ,mussol9i         ,!         
,political ,doctr9e ( ,fascism by       
,alfr$o ,rocco         ,! ,philosophic  
,basis ( ,fascism by ,giovanni ,g5tile  
,national ,socialism by ,raymond ,e4    
,murphy1 ,francis ,b4 ,/ev5s1           

,h[>d ,triv]s1 ,joseph ,m4 ,rol&        
,national-,socialism & ,m$ic9e by ,dr4  
,f4 ,hamburg]         ,select$          
,bibliography            ,,! ,,doctr9e  
,,( ,,fascism  ,by  ,,b5ito ,,mussol9i  
,f ! ,,encyclop$ia ,,italiana4 ,vol4    
,,xiv         ,! ,engli% translation ( !
 ,fundam5tal ,ideas is by ,mr4          
,i4,s4 ,munro1 repr9t$ by 8 k9d         
p]mission f ,fascism       to ,_w-,p[]  
7,alex&] ,maclehose1 ,london1 #aicc74   
,,fundam5tal ,,ideas4    #a4            
,philosophic ,conception4      ,l e     
concrete political conception1 ,fascism 
is ?\ght &  action4 ,x is action ) an   
inh]5t doctr9e :i*1 aris+ out ( a  giv5 
sy/em ( hi/oric =ces1 is ins]t$ 9 x &   
works on x  f )94 ,x has !re=e a =m     
co-relat$ to ! cont+5cies  ( "t & place2
 b x has at ! same "t an ideal cont5t   
:i*  elevates x into a =mula ( tru? 9 ! 
high] region ( !  hi/ory ( ?\ght4       
,!re is no way ( ex]cis+ a spiritual    
influ5ce on ! ?+s (  ! _w by means ( a  
human w-p[] comm&+ ! wills (  o!rs1 )\t 

fir/ hav+ a cle> conception ( ! p>ticul>
 &  transi5t reality on :i* ! w-p[] mu/ 
act1 & )\t also  hav+ a cle> conception 
( ! univ]sal & p]man5t reality 9  :i* ! 
p>ticul> & transi5t reality has its life
 & be+4 ,to  "k m5 we mu/ h a k ( man2 &
 to h a k (  man we mu/ "k ! reality (  
?+s & _! laws4    ,!re c be no          
conception ( a ,/ate :i* is n           
fundam5tally a  conception ( ,life4 ,x  
is a philosophy or intuition1 a sy/em ( 
ideas  :i* evolves itself into a sy/em (
 logical contraction1 or :i*            
conc5trates itself 9 a vision or 9 a    
fai?1 b :i* is always1  at lea/         
virtually1 an organic conception ( ! _w4
      #b4 ,spiritualis$ ,conception4    
,fascism w\ld !re=e n be und]/ood 9 _m (
 its  manife/ations 7z1 = example1 9 its
 organisations ( ! ,p>ty1  its sy/em (  
education1 its discipl9e7 7 x n consid]$
 9 !  light ( its g5]al view ( life4 ,a 
spiritualis$ view4    ,to ,fascism ! _w 
is n ?is mat]ial _w :i* appe>s on !     
surface1 9 :i* man is an individual     

sep>at$ f all o!r m51  /&+ by himself & 
subject to a natural law :i* in/9ctively
  impels him to lead a life ( mom5t>y & 
egoi/ic pleasure4 ,9  ,fascism man is an
 individual :o is ! nation & ! c\ntry4  
,he is  ?is by a moral law :i* embraces 
& b9ds toge!r individuals &  g5]ations 9
 an e/abli%$ tradition & mission1 a     
moral law :i*  suppresses ! in/9ct to   
lead a life conf9$ to a brief cycle (   
pleasure 9 ord]1 in/ead1 to replace x )9
 ! orbit ( duty 9  a sup]ior conception 
( life1 free f ! limits ( "t & space  a 
life 9 :i* ! individual by              
self-abnegation & by ! sacrifice  ( 8   
p>ticul> int]e/s1 ev5 by dea?1 realises 
! entirely  spiritual exi/5ce 9 :i* 8   
value z a man consi/s4      #c4         
,positive ,conception ( ,life z a       
,/ruggle4    ,x is !re=e a spiritual    
conception1 itself also a result ( !    
g5]al reaction ( ! ,c5tury aga9/ !      
languid & mat]iali/ic  positivism ( !   
,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,anti-positivi/1 b   
positive3  nei!r sceptical nor agno/ic1 

nei!r pessimi/ic nor passively          
optimi/ic1 z are 9 g5]al ! doctr9es 7all
 ( !m negative7  :i* place ! c5tre (    
life outside ( man1 :o by 8 free w  c & 
%\ld create 8 own _w = himself4         
,fascism wants a man to be active & to  
be absorb$ 9 action ) all  8 en]gies2 x 
wants him to h a manly consci\sness ( ! 
difficulties t exi/ & to be ready to    
face !m4 ,x conceives  life z a /ruggle1
 ?9k+ t x is ! duty ( man to conqu]  t  
life :i* is really wor?y ( him3 creat+ 9
 ! fir/ place  )9 himself ! 7physical1  
moral1 intellectual7 in/rum5t )  :i* to 
build x4    ,z = ! individual1 s = !    
nation1 s = mank9d4 ,h5ce !  high value 
( culture 9 all its =ms 7art1 religion1 
sci5ce7 &  ! supreme importance (       
education4 ,h5ce also ! ess5tial value  
( lab\r1 ) :i* man conqu]s nature &     
creates ! human _w  7economic1          
political1 moral1 intellectual74        
#d4 ,e?ical ,conception4    ,?is        
positive conception ( life is evid5tly  
an e?ical conception4  ,& x comprises ! 

:ole reality z well z ! human activity  
:i*  dom9e]s x4 ,no action is to be     
remov$ f ! moral s5se2 no?+  is to be 9 
! _w t is dive/$ ( ! importance :i*     
belongs  to x 9 respect ( moral aims4   
,life1 !re=e1 z ! ,fasci/  conceives x1 
is s]i\s1 au/]e1 religi\s2 entirely     
balanc$ 9 a  _w su/a9$ by ! moral &     
responsible =ces ( ! _s4 ,!  ,fasci/    
disda9s ! easy life4      #e4 ,religi\s 
,conception4    ,fascism is a religi\s  
conception 9 :i* man is consid]$ to be 9
  ! p[]ful grip ( a sup]ior law1 ) an   
objective w :i*  transc5ds ! p>ticul>   
individual & elevates him into a fully  
consci\s memb] ( a spiritual society4   
,anyone :o has /opp$ %ort  at ! m]e     
consid]ation ( opportunism 9 ! religi\s 
policy (  ! ,fasci/ ,regime1 has fail$  
to und]/& t ,fascism1 besides  be+ a    
sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 is also a sy/em (     
?\ght4      #f4 ,hi/orical & ,reali/    
,conception4    ,fascism is an hi/orical
 conception 9 :i* man c\ld n be :at he  
is )\t be+ a factor 9 ! spiritual       

process to :i* he  contributes1 ei!r 9 !
 family sph]e or 9 ! social sph]e1 9  ! 
nation or 9 hi/ory 9 g5]al to :i* all   
nations contribute4  ,h5ce is d]iv$ !   
great importance ( tradition 9 !        
records1  language1 cu/oms & rules (    
human society4 ,man )\t a "p 9  hi/ory  
is no?+4    ,= ?is reason ,fascism is   
oppos$ to all ! ab/ractions ( an        
individuali/ic "* bas$ ^u mat]ialism    
typical ( !  ,eighte5? ,c5tury2 & x is  
oppos$ to all ! ,jacob9 innovations  &  
utopias4 ,x does n believe 9 !          
possibility ( happ9ess on  e>? z        
conceiv$ by ! lit]ature ( ! economi/s ( 
!  ,sev5te5? ,c5tury2 x !re=e spurns all
 ! teleological  conceptions ( f9al     
causes ?r\gh :i*1 at a giv5 p]iod (     
hi/ory1 a f9al sy/ematisation ( ! human 
race w\ld take place4  ,su* !ories only 
mean plac+ oneself outside real hi/ory &
  life1 :i* is a cont9ual ebb & fl[ &   
process ( realisations4    ,politically 
speak+1 ,fascism aims at be+ a reali/ic 
doctr9e2 9  its practice x aspir$ to    

solve only ! problems :i* pres5t        
!mselves ( _! own accord 9 ! process (  
hi/ory1 & :i* (  !mselves f9d or sugge/ 
_! own solution4 ,to h ! effect (       
action among m51 x is necess>y to ent]  
into ! process ( reality  & to ma/] !   
=ces actually at "w4      #g4 ,!        
,individual & ,lib]ty4                  
,anti-individuali/ic1 ! ,fasci/         
conception is = ! ,/ate2 x is  = !      
individual only 9 s f> z he co9cides ) !
 ,/ate1  univ]sal consci\sness & w ( man
 9 8 hi/oric exi/5ce4 ,x  is oppos$ to !
 classic ,lib]alism :i* arose out ( !   
ne$ (  reaction aga9/ absolutism1 & _h  
accompli%$ its mission 9  hi/ory :5 !   
,/ate itself _h become trans=m$ 9 !     
popul>  w & consci\sness4    ,lib]alism 
d5i$ ! ,/ate 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p>ticul>   
individual2 ,fascism reaffirms ! ,/ate z
 ! only true expression (  ! individual4
    ,& if lib]ty is to be ! attribute ( 
! real man1 & n ( !  sc>ecr[ inv5t$ by !
 individuali/ic ,lib]alism1 !n ,fascism 
is  = lib]ty4 ,x is = ! only k9d (      

lib]ty t is s]i\s--!  lib]ty ( ! ,/ate &
 ( ! individual 9 ! ,/ate4 ,because1 =  
! ,fasci/1 all is compris$ 9 ! ,/ate &  
no?+ spiritual or  human exi/s--mu* less
 has any value--outside ! ,/ate4 ,9 ?is 
respect ,fascism is a totalis+ concept1 
& ! ,fasci/ ,/ate--!  unification &     
syn!sis ( e value--int]prets1 develops &
  pot5tiates ! :ole life ( ! p4      #h4
 ,conception ( a ,corporate ,/ate4      
,no individuals nor gr\ps 7political    
p>ties1 associations1 lab\r  unions1    
classes7 outside ! ,/ate4 ,= ?is reason 
,fascism is oppos$  to ,socialism1 :i*  
cl+s rigidly to class w> 9 ! hi/oric    
evolution & ignores ! unity ( ! ,/ate   
:i* m\lds ! classes  into a s+le1 moral 
& economic reality4 ,9 ! same way       
,fascism is  oppos$ to ! unions ( !     
lab\r+ classes4 ,b )9 ! orbit  ( ! ,/ate
 ) ord9ative functions1 ! real ne$s1 :i*
 give  rise to ! ,sociali/ movem5t & to 
! =m+ ( lab\r unions1  are emphatically 
recognis$ by ,fascism & are giv5 _! full
  expression 9 ! ,corporative ,sy/em1   

:i* conciliates e int]e/  9 ! unity ( ! 
,/ate4      #i4 ,democracy4             
,individuals =m classes accord+ to      
categories ( int]e/s4 ,!y  are associat$
 accord+ to diff]5tiat$ economical      
activities :i*  h a common int]e/3 b    
fir/ & =emo/ !y =m ! ,/ate4  ,! ,/ate is
 n m]ely ei!r ! numb]s or ! sum (       
individuals  =m+ ! majority ( a p4      
,fascism = ?is reason is oppos$  to !   
democracy :i* id5tifies peoples ) !     
greate/ numb] (  individuals & r$uces !m
 to a majority level4 ,b if p are       
conceiv$1 z !y %\ld be1 qualitatively & 
n quantitatively1  !n ,fascism is       
democracy 9 its pure/ =m4 ,! qualitative
  conception is ! mo/ coh]5t & true/ =m 
& is !re=e !  mo/ moral1 because x sees 
a p realis$ 9 ! consci\sness &  w ( !   
few or ev5 ( "o only2 an ideal :i* moves
 to its  realisation 9 ! consci\sness & 
w ( all4 ,by all is meant  all :o d]ive 
_! ju/ification z a nation1 e?nically   
speak+1  f _! nature & hi/ory1 & :o     
foll[ ! same l9e (  spiritual =mation & 

developm5t z "o s+le w &                
consci\sness--n z a race nor z a        
geographically det]m9$  region1 b z a   
prog5y t is r ! outcome ( a hi/ory :i*  
p]petuates itself2 a multitude unifi$ by
 an idea embodi$ 9 !  w to h p[] & to   
exi/1 consci\s ( itself & ( its         
p]sonality4      #aj4 ,conception ( !   
,/ate4    ,?is high] p]sonality is truly
 ! nation1 inasmu* z x is !  ,/ate4 ,!  
nation does n beget ! ,/ate1 accord+ to 
! decrepit  nationali/ic concept :i* 0  
us$ z a basis = ! publici/s (  !        
national ,/ates 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4   
,on ! contr>y1 !  nation is creat$ by ! 
,/ate1 :i* gives ! p1 consci\s (  _! own
 moral unity1 ! w1 & !reby an effective 
exi/5ce4  ,! "r ( a nation to its       
indep5d5ce is d]iv$ n f a  lit]>y &     
ideal consci\sness ( its own exi/5ce1   
mu* less f  a de facto situation m or   
less in]t & unconsci\s1 b f an  active  
consci\sness1 f an active political w   
dispos$ to  demon/rate 9 its "r2 t is to
 say1 a k9d ( ,/ate already 9  its pride

 79 fi]i74 ,! ,/ate1 9 fact1 z a        
univ]sal e?ical  w1 is ! creator ( "r4  
#aa4 ,dynamic ,reality4    ,! nation z a
 ,/ate is an e?ical reality :i* exi/s & 
lives 9  measure z x develops4 ,a /&/ill
 is its dea?4 ,!re=e !  ,/ate is n only 
! au?ority :i* gov]ns & :i* gives !  =ms
 ( law & ! wor? ( ! spiritual life to ! 
individual  wills1 b x is also ! p[] :i*
 gives effect to its w 9  =eign matt]s1 
caus+ x to be recognis$ & respect$ by   
demon/rat+ ?r\gh facts ! univ]sality (  
all ! manife/ations  necess>y = its     
developm5t4 ,h5ce x is organization z   
well z  expansion1 & x may be !reby     
consid]$1 at lea/ virtually1 equal  to !
 v nature ( ! human w1 :i* 9 its        
evolution  recognises no b>ri]s1 & :i*  
realises itself by prov+ its  inf9ity4  
#ab4 ,! ,rle ( ! ,/ate4    ,! ,fasci/   
,/ate1 ! highe/ & ! mo/ p[]ful =m (     
p]sonality is a =ce1 b a spiritual "o4  
,x reassumes all !  =ms ( ! moral &     
intellectual life ( man4 ,x _c1 !re=e1  
be limit$ to a simple function ( ord] & 

( safegu>d+1 z 0  cont5d$ by ,lib]alism4
 ,x is n a simple me*anism :i* limits ! 
sph]e ( ! presum$ individual lib]ties4  
,x is an int]nal =m  & rule1 a discipl9e
 ( ! entire p]son3 x p5etrates ! w z    
well z ! intellig5ce4 ,its pr9ciple1 a  
c5tral inspiration ( !  liv+ human      
p]sonality 9 ! civil community1 desc5ds 
into !  dep?s & settles 9 ! he>t ( ! man
 ( action z well z !  ?9k]1 ( ! arti/ z 
well z ( ! sci5ti/2 ! s\l ( our  s\l4   
#ac4 ,discipl9e & ,au?ority4            
,fascism1 9 %ort1 is n only a lawgiv] & 
! f\nd] (  in/itutions1 b an educator & 
a promot] ( ! spiritual life4 ,x  aims  
to rebuild n ! =ms ( human life1 b its  
cont5t1 ! man1  ! "*1 ! fai?4 ,& = ?is  
end x exacts discipl9e & an  au?ority   
:i* desc5d into & dom9ates ! int]ior ( !
 _s  )\t opposition4 ,its emblem1 !re=e1
 is ! lictorian fasces1  symbol ( unity1
 ( =ce & ( ju/ice4      ,,political ,,& 
,,social ,,doctr9e    #a4 ,orig9s ( !   
,doctr9e4    ,:51 9 ! n[ di/ant ,m>* (  
#aiai1 ,i summon$ a meet+ at ,milan1    

?r\gh ! columns ( ! ,popolo d',italia1 (
 ^? :o _h  support$ & endur$ ! w> & :o  
_h foll[$ me s9ce !  con/itution ( !    
fasci or ,revolution>y ,action 9 ,janu>y
 #aiae1  !re 0 no specific doctr9al plan
 9 my m9d4 ,i _h ! exp]i5ce  ( "o only  
doctr9e--t ( ,socialism f #aijc-jd to ! 
w9t] (  #aiad ab\t a decade--b ,i made x
 fir/ 9 ! ranks & lat] z a  lead] & x 0 
nev] an exp]i5ce 9 !ory4 ,my doctr9e1   
ev5  dur+ t p]iod1 0 a doctr9e ( action4
 ,a univ]sally accept$  doctr9e (       
,socialism _h n exi/$ s9ce #aiae :5 !   
revisioni/  movem5t />t$ 9 ,g]many1 "u !
 lead]%ip ( ,b]n/e94  ,aga9/ ?is1 9 !   
sw+ ( t5d5cies1 a left revolution>y     
movem5t began to take %ape1 b 9 ,italy x
 nev] w5t fur!r ?an  ! field ( phrases1 
:]eas 9 ,russian ,sociali/ic circles x  
became ! prelude ( ,bolscevism4         
,re=mism1 revolution>ism1  c5trism1 ?is 
is a t]m9ology ( :i* ev5 ! e*oes are n[ 
sp5t--b 9 ! great riv] ( ,fascism are   
curr5ts :i* fl[$  f ,sorel1 f ,peguy1 f 
,lag>delle & ! ,m\vem5t  ,sociali/e1 f  

,italian syndicali/s :i* 7 legion betwe5
 #aijd  & #aiad1 & s\nd$ a new note 9   
,italian ,sociali/ circles  7weak5$ !n  
by ! betrayal ( ,giolitti7 ?r\gh        
,olivetti's ,pag9e  ,lib]e1 ,orano's ,la
 ,lupa & ,enrico ,leone's ,div5ire      
,sociale4    ,aft] ! ,w>1 9 #aiai1      
,socialism 0 already dead z a doctr9e3 x
  exi/$ only z a grudge4 ,9 ,italy      
especially1 x _h "o only  possibility ( 
action3 reprisals aga9/ ^? :o _h want$ !
 ,w>  & mu/ n[ pay its p5alty4 ,!       
,popolo d',italia c>ri$ z  sub-title    
daily ( ex-s]vice m5 & produc]s1 & ! ^w 
produc]s 0 already !n ! expression ( a  
turn ( m9d4 ,fascism  0 n ! nursl+ ( a  
doctr9e previ\sly work$ out at a desk2 x
  0 born ( ! ne$ = action & x 0 action4 
,x 0 n a p>ty1  9 fact dur+ ! fir/ two  
ye>s1 x 0 an anti-p>ty & a  movem5t4    
,! "n ,i gave ! organisation fix$ its   
"*4 ,yet :oev]  %\ld read ! n[ crumpl$  
%eets ) ! m9utes ( ! meet+ at  :i* !    
,italian ,fasci di ,combattim5to 7      
con/itut$1 w\ld  fail to discov] a      

doctr9e1 b w\ld f9d a s]ies ( ideas1 (  
anticipations1 ( h9ts :i*1 lib]at$ f !  
inevitable  /rangleholds ( cont+5cies1 7
 de/9$ aft] "s ye>s to  develop into    
doctr9al conceptions4 ,?r\gh !m ,fascism
 became a  political doctr9e to itself1 
diff]5t1 by comp>ison1 to all o!rs  :e!r
 contempor>y or ( ! pa/4    ,i said !n1 
,if ! b\rgeoisie ?9k we are ready to act
 z  lightn+-conductors1 !y are mi/ak54  
,we mu/ g t[>ds lab\r4  ,we wi% to tra9 
! work+ classes to directive functions4 
,we wi%  to conv9ce !m t x is n easy to 
manage ,indu/ry or ,trade3 we  %all     
fight ! te*nique & ! _s ( ! re>gu>d4 ,:5
 !  succession ( ! regime is op51 we mu/
 n lack ! fight+  _s4 ,we mu/ ru% & if !
 pres5t regime be ov]come1 x is we  :o  
mu/ fill its place4 ,! claim to         
succession belongs to u1  because x 0 we
 :o =c$ ! c\ntry into ,w> & we :o l$ h] 
to victory4 ,! pres5t political         
repres5tation _c suffice3 we  mu/ h a   
direct repres5tation ( all int]e/4      
,aga9/ ?is  programme "o might say x is 

a return to corporations4 ,b t does  n  
matt]4 ,!re=e ,i %\ld l ?is assembly to 
accept ! claims  put 9 by national      
syndicalism f an economic /&po9t4444    
,is x n /range t ! ^w corporations %\ld 
h be5 utt]$  at ! fir/ meet+ ( ,piazza  
,san ,sepolcro1 :5 "o consid]s t1  9 !  
c\rse ( ! ,revolution1 x came to express
 "o ( ! social  & legislative creations 
at ! v f\ndations ( ! regime8      #b4  
,developm5t4    ,! ye>s :i* prec$$ !    
,m>* on ,rome 7 ye>s 9 :i* !  necessity 
( action did n p]mit complete doctr9al  
inve/igations  or elaborations4 ,!      
battle 0 rag+ 9 ! t[ns & villages4  ,!re
 7 discussions1 b :at 0 m important &   
sacr$--!re  0 dea?4 ,m5 knew h[ to die4 
,! doctr9e--all complete & =m$1  )      
divisions into *apt]s1 p>agraphs1 &     
accompany+  elucubrations--might be     
miss+2 b !re 0 some?+ m decid$  to      
replace x1 !re 0 fai?4    ,not)/&+1     
:oev] rememb]s ) ! aid ( books &        
spee*es1  :oev] c\ld se>* ?r\gh !m &    
select1 w\ld f9d t !  fundam5tal        

pr9ciples 7 laid d[n :il/ ! battle rag$4
 ,x 0  really 9 ^? ye>s t ! ,fasci/ idea
 arm$ itself1 became  ref9$ & proce$$   
t[>ds organisation3 ! problems ( !      
individual & ( ! ,/ate1 ! problems (    
au?ority & ( lib]ty1  ! political &     
social problems1 especially national2 ! 
fight  aga9/ ! lib]al1 democratic1      
sociali/ic & popul> doctr9es1  0 c>ri$  
out toge!r ) ! punitive exp$itions4     
,b z a sy/em 0 lack+1 our adv]s>ies 9   
bad fai?1 d5i$ to  ,fascism any capacity
 to produce a doctr9e1 ?\gh t doctr9e 0 
gr[+ tumultu\sly1 at fir/ "u ! aspect ( 
viol5t &  dogmatic negation1 z happ5s to
 all newly-born ideas1 & lat] "u  !     
positive aspect ( con/ruction :i* 0     
successively realis$1  9 ! ye>s         
#aibf-bg-bh ?r\gh ! laws & in/itutions (
 !  regime4 ,fascism today /&s cle>ly   
def9$ n only z a regime1 b  also z a    
doctr9e4 ,?is ^w doctr9e %\ld be        
int]pret$ 9 !  s5se t ,fascism1 to-day1 
:5 pass+ criticism on itself &  o!rs1   
has its own po9t ( view & its own po9t (

 ref]5ce1 &  !re=e also its own         
ori5tation :5 fac+ ^? problems :i*      
beset ! _w 9 ! _s & 9 ! matt]4      #c4 
,aga9/ ,pacifism3 ,w> & ,life z a ,duty4
    ,z f> z ! g5]al future & developm5t 
( humanity is conc]n$1  & ap>t f any m]e
 consid]ation ( curr5t politics1        
,fascism  above all does n believe ei!r 
9 ! possibility or utility (  univ]sal  
peace4 ,x !re=e rejects ! pacifism :i*  
masks  surr5d] & c[>dice4 ,w> alone br+s
 all human en]gies to _!  highe/ t5sion 
& sets a seal ( nobility on ! peoples :o
 h  ! virtue to face x4 ,all o!r te/s   
are b sub/itutes :i* nev]  make a man   
face himself 9 ! alt]native ( life or   
dea?4 ,a  doctr9e :i* has its />t+-po9t 
at ! prejudicial po/ulate (  peace is   
!re=e extrane\s to ,fascism4    ,9 !    
same way all int]national creations     
7:i*1 z hi/ory  demon/rates1 c be bl[n  
to ! w9ds :5 s5tim5tal1 ideal &         
practical elem5ts /orm ! he>t ( a p7 are
 also extrane\s to  ! _s ( ,fascism--ev5
 if su* int]national creations are      

accept$ = :atev] utility !y may h 9 any 
det]m9$  political situation4           
,fascism also transports ?is            
anti-pacifi/ _s into ! life (           
individuals4 ,! pr\d squadri/a motto me 
ne frego 7,i don't  give a damn7 scrawl$
 on ! b&ages ( ! w\nd$ is an act (      
philosophy--n only /oic4 ,x is a summ>y 
( a doctr9e n only  political3 x is an  
education 9 /rife & an acceptance ( !   
risks  :i* x c>ri$3 x is a new /yle (   
,italian life4 ,x is ?us t  ! ,fasci/   
loves & accepts life1 ignores & disda9s 
suicide2  und]/&s life z a duty1 a lift+
 up1 a conque/2 some?+ to be  fill$ 9 & 
su/a9$ on a high plane2 a ?+ t has to be
 liv$  ?r\gh = its own sake1 b above all
 = ! sake ( o!rs ne>  & f>1 pres5t &    
future4      #d4 ,! ,demographic ,policy
 & ! ,neighb\r4    ,! demographic policy
 ( ! regime is ! result ( ^!  premises4 
,! ,fasci/ also loves 8 neighb\r1 b     
neighb\r is n  = him a vague &          
undef9able ^w3 love = 8 neighb\r does n 
prev5t necess>y educational sev]ities4  

,fascism rejects pr(essions  ( univ]sal 
affection &1 ?\gh liv+ 9 ! community (  
civilis$ peoples1 x wat*es !m & looks at
 !m diffid5tly4 ,x  foll[s !m 9 _! /ate 
( m9d & 9 ! trans=mation ( _!  int]e/s1 
b x does n all[ itself to be deceiv$ by 
fallaci\s  & mutable appe>ances4        
#e4 ,aga9/ ,hi/orical ,mat]ialism &     
,class-,/ruggle4    ,?r\gh ?is          
conception ( life ,fascism becomes !    
emphatic negation  ( t doctr9e :i*      
con/itut$ ! basis ( ! s-call$  sci5tific
 ,socialism or ,m>xism3 ! doctr9e (     
hi/orical  mat]ialism1 accord+ to :i* ! 
/ory ( human civilisation is to  be     
expla9$ only by ! conflict ( int]e/s    
betwe5 ! v>i\s  social gr\ps & by !     
*ange ( ! means & in/rum5ts (           
production4    ,t ! economic            
vicissitudes--discov]y ( prime or raw   
mat]ials1  new me?ods ( lab\r1 sci5tific
 inv5tions--h _! p>ticul>  importance1  
is d5i$ by none1 b t !y suffice to      
expla9 human  hi/ory1 exclud+ o!r       
factors f x1 is absurd3 ,fascism /ill   

believes 9 sanctity & 9 h]oism1 t is to 
say 9 acts 9 :i*  no economic motive1   
imm$iate or remote1 op]ates4    ,fascism
 hav+ d5i$ hi/orical mat]ialism1 by :i* 
m5 are only  puppets 9 hi/ory1 appe>+ & 
disappe>+ on ! surface ( !  tides :ile 9
 ! dep?s ! real directive =ces act &    
lab\r1 x  also d5ies ! immutable &      
irrep>able class w>f>e1 :i* is !        
natural filiation ( su* an economi/ic   
conception ( hi/ory3 & x  d5ies above   
all t class w>f>e is ! prepond]at+ ag5t 
(  social trans=mation4    ,be+ defeat$ 
on ^! two capital po9ts ( its doctr9e1  
no?+  rema9s ( ,socialism save !        
s5tim5tal aspiration--z old z           
humanity--to a*ieve a community ( social
 life 9 :i* !  suff]+s & h>d%ips ( !    
humble/ classes are alleviat$4 ,b  "h   
,fascism repudiates ! concept ( an      
economic happ9ess :i*  is to be--at a   
giv5 mom5t 9 ! evolution (              
economy--sociali/ically  & almo/        
automatically realis$ by assur+ to all !
 maximum (  well-be+4    ,fascism d5ies 

! possibilities ( ! mat]iali/ic concept 
(  happ9ess--x leaves t to ! economi/s (
 ! fir/ half  ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury2 t  
is1 x d5ies ! equation                  
well-be+-happ9ess1 :i* r$uces man to !  
/ate ( ! animals1  m9dful ( only "o     
?+--t ( be+ f$ & fatt5$2 r$uc$1 9  fact1
 to a pure & simple vegetative exi/5ce4 
#f4 ,aga9/ ,democratic ,ideologies4     
,aft] dispos+ ( ,socialism1 ,fascism    
op5s a brea* on ! :ole  complex ( !     
democratic ideologies1 & repudiates !m 9
 _!  !oretic premises z well z 9 _!     
practical application or  in/rum5tation4
 ,fascism d5ies t numb]s1 by ! m]e fact 
(  be+ numb]s1 c direct human society2 x
 d5ies t ^! numb]s  c gov]n by means (  
p]iodical consultations2 x affirms also 
!  f]tilis+1 b5efici5t & unassailable   
inequality ( m51 :o  _c be levell$ ?r\gh
 an extr9sic & me*anical process su* z  
univ]sal suffrage4    ,regimes c be     
call$ democratic :i*1 f "t to "t1 give !
  p ! illusion ( be+ sov]eign1 :]eas !  
real & effective  sov]eignty exi/s 9    

o!r1 & v (t5 secret & irresponsible     
=ces4    ,democracy is a regime )\t a   
k+1 b v (t5 ) _m k+s1  f> m exclusive1  
tyrannical & ru9\s ?an a s+le k+1 ev5 if
  he be a tyrant4 ,?is expla9s :y       
,fascism :i*1 = cont+5t  reasons1 _h    
assum$ a republican t5d5cy be=e #aibb1  
r5\nc$ x  previ\s to ! ,m>* on ,rome1 ) 
! conviction t ! political  con/itution 
( a ,/ate is n n[adays a supreme "q2 &  
t1  if ! examples ( pa/ & pres5t        
mon>*ies & pa/ & pres5t  republics are  
/udi$1 ! result is t nei!r mon>*ies nor 
republics are to be judg$ "u !          
assumption ( et]nity1 b t  !y m]ely     
repres5t =ms 9 :i* ! extr9sic political 
evolution  takes %ape z well z ! hi/ory1
 ! tradition & ! psy*ology  ( a giv5    
c\ntry4    ,consequ5tly1 ,fascism glides
 ov] ! anti!sis betwe5 mon>*y &         
republic1 on :i* democraticism wa/$ "t1 
blam+ ! =m] =  all social %ortcom+s &   
exalt+ ! latt] z a regime (  p]fection4 
,we h n[ se5 t !re are republics :i* may
 be  pr(\ndly absoluti/ & reaction>y1 & 

mon>*ies :i* welcome  ! mo/ v5turesome  
social & political exp]im5ts4      #g4  
,untru?s ( ,democracy4    ,reason &     
sci5ce says ,r5an 7:o _h c]ta9          
pre-fasci/  enlight5m5ts7 9 "o ( 8      
philosophical m$itations1 are products  
( mank9d1 b to seek reason directly = ! 
p & ?r\gh !  p is a *im]a4 ,x is n      
necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( reason  t        
ev]ybody %\ld "k x4 ,9 any case if ?is  
initiation 7 to  be br\ght ab\t x c\ld n
 be ?r\gh l[-class democracy1 :i*  seems
 to lead r to ! ext9ction ( e difficult 
culture &  ( e great discipl9e4 ,!      
pr9ciple t society exi/s only =  !      
welf>e & lib]ty ( individuals compos+ x1
 does n seem to  con=m ) ! plans (      
nature3 plans 9 :i* ! species only is   
tak5 into consid]ation & ! individual   
appe>s sacrific$4 ,x is  /rongly to be  
fe>$ t ! la/ ^w ( democracy ?us und]/ood
  7,i ha/5 to add t x c also be         
diff]5tly und]/ood7 w\ld be  a social   
/ate 9 :i* a deg5]at$ mass w\ld h no    
preoccupation  o!r ?an t ( enjoy+ !     

ignoble pleasures ( ! vulg>  p]son4     
,?us ,r5an4 ,9 ,democracy ,fascism      
rejects ! absurd conv5tional  falsehood 
( political equality1 ! habit (         
collective  responsibility & ! my? (    
indef9ite progress & happ9ess4    ,b if 
!re be a diff]5t und]/&+ ( ,democracy   
if1 9 o!r  words1 ,democracy c also     
signify to n pu% ! p back z f>  z !     
m>g9s ( ! ,/ate1 !n ,fascism may well h 
be5 def9$  by ! pres5t writ] z an       
organis$1 c5tralis$1 au?orit>ian        
,democracy4      #h4 ,aga9/ ,lib]al     
,doctr9es4    ,z reg>ds ! ,lib]al       
doctr9es1 ! attitude ( ,fascism is "o ( 
absolute opposition bo? 9 ! political & 
9 ! economical field4  ,!re is no ne$ to
 exagg]ate ! importance ( ,lib]alism 9 !
  la/ c5tury--simply = ! sake (         
pres5t-day polemics--& to  trans=m "o ( 
! num]\s doctr9es unfold$ 9 t la/ c5tury
  into a religion ( humanity = all      
times1 pres5t & future4  ,lib]alism did 
n fl\ri% = m ?an a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s4 
,x 0 born 9 #ahcj f ! reaction to !     

,holy ,alliance :i*  attempt$ to set    
,europe back to ! p]iod :i* prece$$ '#hi
 & _h  its ye>s ( spl5d\r 9 #ahdh1 :5   
also ,pius ,,ix 0 a ,lib]al4 ,its       
decad5ce began imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,if 
#ahdh 0 a ye> ( light  & poesy1 #ahdi 0 
a ye> ( weakness & trag$y4 ,! ,roman    
,republic  0 kill$ by ano!r ,republic1 !
 ,fr5* ,republic4 ,9 ! same ye>  ,m>x   
issu$ 8 fam\s manife/o ( ,communism4 ,9 
#ahea ,napoleon ,,iii  made 8           
anti-,lib]al c\p d'tat & reign$ ov]     
,france until  #ahgj4 ,he 0 ov]?r[n by a
 popul> movem5t1 foll[+ "o ( !  greate/ 
defeats regi/]$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! victor 0   
,bism>ck1 :o  always ignor$ ! religion (
 lib]ty & its prophets4 ,x is           
symptomatic t a p ( high civilisation l 
! ,g]mans  completely ignor$ ! religion 
( lib]ty ?r\gh\t ! :ole  ,n9ete5?       
,c5tury--) b "o p>5!sis1 repres5t$ by t 
:i* 0 call$ ! ridicul\s p>liam5t (      
,frankfurt :i* la/$  "o season4 ,g]many 
realis$ its national unity outside (    
,lib]alism1  aga9/ ,lib]alism--a doctr9e

 :i* seem$ ali5 to ! ,g]man _s          
ess5tially mon>*ical1 s9ce ,lib]alism is
 ! hi/orical &  logical ante-*amb] (    
an>*y4    ,! ?ree w>s ( #ahfd1 #ahff &  
#ahgj conduct$ by ,lib]als l  ,moltke & 
,bism>ck m>k ! ?ree /ages ( ,g]man      
unity4 ,z =  ,italian unity1 ,lib]alism 
play$ a v inf]ior "p 9 ! make-up  (     
,mazz9i & ,g>ibaldi1 :o 7 n lib]als4    
,)\t !  int]v5tion ( ! anti-,lib]al     
,napoleon we w\ld n h _h  ,lomb>dy1 &   
)\t ! help ( ! anti-,lib]al ,bism>ck at 
,sad[a  & ,s$an x is v likely t we w\ld 
n h got ,v5ice 9 #ahff1  or t we w\ld h 
ent]$ ,rome 9 #ahgj4    ,dur+ ! p]iod ( 
#ahgj-aiae ! prea*]s ( ! new ,cr$o      
!mselves d5\nc$ ! twilight ( _!         
religion2 x 0 beat5 9  ! brea* by       
decad5ce 9 lit]ature4 ,x 0 beat5 9 ! op5
 by  decad5ce 9 practice4 ,activism3 t  
is to say1 nationalism1  futurism4      
,fascism4    ,! ,lib]al ,c5tury aft]    
hav+ accumulat$ an inf9ity ( ,gordian   
knots1 s\ght to cut !m 9 ! hecatomb ( ! 
,_w ,w>4 ,nev] did  any religion impose 

su* a t]rible sacrifice4 ,h ! gods (    
,lib]alism slak$ _! blood-?ir/8         
,lib]alism is n[ on ! po9t ( clos+ !    
doors ( its des]t$  temples because     
nations feel t its agno/icism 9 !       
economic  field & its indiff]5ce 9      
political & moral matt]s1 causes1 z  x  
has already caus$1 ! sure ru9 ( ,/ates4 
,t is :y all !  political exp]i5ces ( ! 
contempor>y _w are anti-,lib]al1 &  x is
 supremely silly to seek to classify !m 
z ?+s outside (  hi/ory--z if hi/ory 7 a
 hunt+ gr\nd res]v$ to ,lib]alism  & its
 pr(essors2 z if ,lib]alism 7 ! la/ &   
incomp>able  ^w ( civilisation4      #i4
 ,fascism ,does ,n ,turn ,back4    ,!   
,fasci/ negation ( ,socialism1 (        
,democracy1 ( ,lib]alism1 %\ld  n lead  
"o to believe t ,fascism wi%es to pu% ! 
_w back to  :]e x 0 be=e #ahgi1 ! date  
accept$ z ! op5+ ye> ( !  demo-,lib]al  
c5tury4 ,"o _c turn back4 ,! ,fasci/    
doctr9e has  n *os5 ,de ,mai/re = its   
prophet4 ,mon>*ical absolutism is a  ?+ 
( ! pa/1 & s is ! wor%ip ( *ur* p[]4    

,feudal  privileges & divisions into    
imp5etrable ca/es ) no connection       
betwe5 !m1 are also h be5s4 ,!          
conception ( ,fasci/  au?ority has no?+ 
9 common ) ! ,police4 ,a p>ty t totally 
rules a nation is a new *apt] 9 hi/ory4 
,ref]5ces & comp>isons  are n possible4 
,f ! ru9s ( ! sociali/1 lib]al &        
democratic doctr9es1 ,fascism picks ^?  
elem5ts t /ill h a  liv+ value2 keeps ^?
 t might be t]m$ facts acquir$ by       
hi/ory1 & rejects ! re/3 namely !       
conception ( a doctr9e  good = all times
 & all p4    ,admitt+ t ! ,n9ete5?      
,c5tury 0 ! ,c5tury ( ,socialism1       
,lib]alism & ,democracy1 x is n said t !
 ,tw5tie? c5tury  mu/ also be ! c5tury (
 ,socialism1 ( ,lib]alism1 ( ,democracy4
  ,political doctr9es pass on1 b peoples
 rema94 ,"o may n[ ?9k  t ?is w be !    
c5tury ( au?ority1 ! c5tury ( ! "r  w+ !
 c5tury ( ,fascism4 ,if ! ,n9ete5?      
,c5tury 0 !  c5tury ( ! individual      
7lib]alism signifies individualism7 "o  
may  ?9k t ?is w be ! c5tury (          

collectivism1 ! c5tury (  ! ,/ate4 ,x is
 p]fectly logical t a new doctr9e %\ld  
utilise  ! vital elem5ts ( o!r doctr9es4
 ,no doctr9e 0 ev] born  entirely new & 
%9+1 nev] se5 be=e4 ,no doctr9e c boa/ (
  absolute orig9ality4 ,ea* doctr9e is  
b\nd hi/orically to  doctr9es :i* w5t   
be=e1 to doctr9es yet to come4 ,?us !   
sci5tific ,socialism ( ,m>x is b\nd to !
 ,utopian ,socialism (  ,f\ri]1 ( ,ow51 
( ,sa9t-,simon2 ?us ! ,lib]alism ( #ahjj
 is  l9k$ ) ! movem5t ( #agjj4 ,?us     
,democratic doctr9es are b\nd  to !     
,encyclopa$i/s4 ,ea* doctr9e t5ds to    
direct human activity  t[>ds a def9ite  
object2 b ! activity ( man reacts ^u !  
doctr9e1 trans=ms x & adapts x to new   
requirem5ts1 or  ov]comes x4 ,doctr9e   
!re=e %\ld be an act ( life & n an      
academy ( words4 ,9 ?is lie ! pragmatic 
ve9s ( ,fascism1 its w  to p[]1 its w to
 be1 its position ) reg>d to viol5ce &  
its value4      #aj4 ,! ,value &        
,mission ( ! ,/ate4    ,! capital po9t (
 ! ,fasci/ doctr9e is ! conception ( !  

,/ate1 its ess5ce1 ! "w to be           
accompli%$1 its f9al aims4 ,9  !        
conception ( ,fascism1 ! ,/ate is an    
absolute be=e :i*  individuals & gr\ps  
are relative4 ,individuals & gr\ps are  
conceivable inasmu* z !y are 9 ! ,/ate4 
,! ,lib]al ,/ate  does n direct !       
movem5t & ! mat]ial & spiritual         
evolution  ( collectivity1 b limits     
itself to record+ ! results2 !  ,fasci/ 
,/ate has its consci\s conviction1 a w (
 its own1 & =  ?is reason x is call$ an 
e?ical ,/ate4    ,9 #aibi at ! fir/     
qu9qui5nial assembly ( ! ,regime1 ,i    
said3 ,9  ,fascism ! ,/ate is n a       
night-wat*man1 only occupi$ ) !  p]sonal
 safety ( ! citiz5s1 nor is x an        
organisation ) purely  mat]ial aims1 su*
 z t ( assur+ a c]ta9 well-be+ & a      
comp>atively easy social cohabitation4  
,a bo>d ( directors w\ld be  q suffici5t
 to deal ) ?is4 ,x is n a purely        
political  creation1 ei!r1 deta*$ f !   
complex mat]ial realities ( !  life (   
individuals & ( peoples4 ,! ,/ate z     

conceiv$ & enact$  by ,fascism1 is a    
spiritual & moral fact s9ce x gives     
concrete =m  to ! political1 juridical &
 economical organisation ( !  c\ntry4   
,fur!rmore ?is organisation z x rises & 
develops1 is a  manife/ation ( ! _s4 ,! 
,/ate is a safegu>d ( int]ior &  ext]ior
 safety b x is also ! keep] & !         
transmitt] ( !  _s ( ! p1 z x 0         
elaborat$ ?r\gh\t ! ages1 9 its         
language1 cu/oms & beliefs4 ,! ,/ate is 
n only ! pres5t1 b  x is also ! pa/ &   
above all ! future4 ,! ,/ate1 inasmu* z 
x transc5ds ! %ort limits ( individual  
lives1 repres5ts !  imman5t consci5ce ( 
! nation4 ,! =ms 9 :i* ! ,/ate          
expresses itself are subject to *anges1 
b ! necessity = !  ,/ate rema9s4 ,x is !
 ,/ate :i* educates ! citiz5s 9 civic   
virtues1 gives !m a consci\sness ( _!   
mission1 presses !m  t[>ds unity2 !     
,/ate h>monizes _! int]e/s ?r\gh ju/ice1
  transmits to prosp]ity ! atta9m5ts (  
?\ghts1 9 sci5ce1 9  art1 9 laws1 9 !   
solid>ity ( mank9d4 ,! ,/ate leads m5 f 

primitive tribal life to t highe/       
expression ( human p[] :i*  is ,empire2 
l9ks up ?r\gh ! c5turies ! names ( ^? :o
 di$  to pres]ve its integrity or to    
obey its laws2 holds up ! memory (  !   
lead]s :o increas$ its t]ritory1 & ( !  
g5iuses :o ca/  ! light ( glory ^u x1 z 
an example = future g5]ations to  foll[4
 ,:5 ! conception ( ! ,/ate decl9es &   
dis9tegrat+  or c5trifugal t5d5cies     
prevail1 :e!r ( individuals or gr\ps1   
!n ! national society is ab\t to set4   
#aa4 ,! ,unity ( ! ,/ate & !            
,contradictions ( ,capitalism4    ,f    
#aibi onw>ds to ! pres5t day1 !         
univ]sal1 political &  economical       
evolution has /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ !      
doctr9al  positions4 ,! giant :o rules  
is ! ,/ate4 ,! "o :o c resolve  !       
dramatic contradictions ( capital is !  
,/ate4 ,:at is call$  ! crisis _c be    
resolv$ except by ! ,/ate & 9 ! ,/ate4  
,:]e are ! gho/s ( ,jules ,simon :o1 at 
! dawn ( ,lib]alism1  proclaim$ t !     
,/ate mu/ set to "w to make itself      

useless &  prep>e its resignation8 ,(   
,mac,culloch :o1 9 ! second half ( !    
pa/ c5tury1 proclaim$ t ! ,/ate mu/     
ab/a9 f rul+8 ,:at  w\ld ! ,engli%man   
,b5?am say today to ! cont9ual &        
inevitably-invok$ int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate 9
 ! sph]e (  economics1 :ile1 accord+ to 
8 !ories1 indu/ry %\ld ask no  m ( !    
,/ate ?an to be left 9 peace8 ,or !     
,g]man ,humboldt  accord+ to :om an idle
 ,/ate 0 ! be/ k9d ( ,/ate8 ,x is  true 
t ! second wave ( ,lib]al economi/s 7   
less extreme ?an  ! fir/1 & ,adam ,smi? 
himself op5$ ! door--if only v          
cauti\sly--to let ,/ate int]v5tion into 
! economic field4    ,if ,lib]alism     
signifies ! individual--!n ,fascism     
signifies !  ,/ate4 ,b ! ,fasci/ ,/ate  
is unique ( its k9d & is an orig9al     
creation4 ,x is n reaction>y b          
revolution>y1 inasmu* z x  anticipates !
 solution ( c]ta9 univ]sal problems su* 
z ^?  :i* are treat$ else:]e3 #a7 9 !   
political sph]e1 by !  subdivisions (   
p>ties1 9 ! prepond]ance ( p>liam5t>ism 

&  9 ! irresponsibilities ( assemblies2 
#b7 9 ! economic sph]e1 by  ! functions 
( trade unions :i* are becom+ con/antly 
m  num]\s & p[]ful1 :e!r 9 ! lab\r or   
indu/rial fields1 9  _! conflicts &     
comb9ations1 & #c7 9 ! moral sph]e by ! 
necessity ( ord]1 discipl9e1 ob$i5ce to 
^? :o are ! moral  dictators ( ! c\ntry4
 ,fascism wants ! ,/ate to be /rong1    
organic & at ! same "t support$ on a    
wide popul> basis4 ,z  "p ( its task !  
,fasci/ ,/ate has p5etrat$ ! economic   
field3  ?r\gh ! corporative1 social &   
educational in/itutions :i* x  has      
creat$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,/ate is felt 9 !
 remote/  ramifications ( ! c\ntry4 ,& 9
 ! ,/ate also1 all !  political1        
economic & spiritual =ces ( ! nation    
circulate1  mu/]$ 9 _! respective       
organisations4    ,a ,/ate :i* /&s on ! 
support ( millions ( individuals :o     
recognise x1 :o believe 9 x1 :o are     
ready to s]ve x1 is n !  tyrannical     
,/ate ( ! m$iaeval "l4 ,x has no?+ 9    
common )  ! absoluti/ ,/ates be=e or    

aft] '#hi4 ,! individual 9 !  ,fasci/   
,/ate is n annull$ b r multipli$1 j z 9 
a  regim5t a soldi] is n dim9i%$1 b     
multipli$ by ! numb] (  8 comrades4     
,! ,fasci/ ,/ate organises ! nation1 b  
leaves a suffici5t m>g9  aft]w>d to !   
individual2 x has limit$ ! useless or   
h>mful  lib]ties & has pres]v$ !        
ess5tial ones4 ,! "o to judge 9  ?is    
respect is n ! individual b ! ,/ate4    
#ab4 ,! ,fasci/ ,/ate & ,religion4    ,!
 ,fasci/ ,/ate is n indiff]5t to !      
pres5ce or ! fact (  religion 9 g5]al   
nor to ! pres5ce ( t p>ticul> e/abli%$  
religion1 :i* is ,italian ,ca?olicism4  
,! ,/ate has no !ology1 b  x has        
morality4 ,9 ! ,fasci/ ,/ate religion is
 consid]$ z "o (  ! mo/ pr(\nd          
manife/ations ( ! _s2 x is !re=e n  only
 respect$1 b def5d$ & protect$4 ,!      
,fasci/ ,/ate does n  create its own    
,god1 z ,robespi]re want$ to d at a     
c]ta9 mom5t  9 ! fr5zies ( ! ,conv5tion2
 nor does x va9ly endeav\r to  cancel ! 
idea ( ,god f ! m9d z ,bols*evism tries 

to d4  ,fascism respects ! ,god ( !     
ascetics1 ( ! sa9ts & ( !  h]oes4 ,x    
also respects ,god z he is conceiv$ &   
pray$ to 9 !  +5u\s & primitive he>t ( !
 p4      #ac4 ,empire & ,discipl9e4     
,! ,fasci/ ,/ate is a w express+ p[] &  
empire4 ,! ,roman  tradition "h becomes 
an idea ( =ce4 ,9 ! ,fasci/ doctr9e1    
empire is n only a t]ritorial or a      
milit>y1 or a comm]cial  expression3 x  
is a moral & a spiritual "o4 ,an empire 
c be  ?\ght (1 = in/ance1 z a nation :i*
 directly or indirectly  guides o!r     
nations--)\t ! ne$ ( conqu]+ a s+le mile
 (  t]ritory4 ,= ,fascism1 ! t5d5cy to  
empire1 t is to say !  expansion (      
nations1 is a manife/ation ( vitality1  
its contr>y  7! /ay-at-home attitude7 is
 a sign ( decad5ce4 ,peoples :o rise1   
or :o sudd5ly fl\ri% aga91 are          
imp]iali/ic2 peoples :o die are  peoples
 :o abdicate4 ,fascism is a doctr9e :i* 
mo/ adequately  repres5ts ! t5d5cies1 ! 
/ate ( m9d ( a p l !  ,italian p1 :i* is
 ris+ aga9 aft] _m c5turies (  ab&onm5t 

& ( =eign s]vitude4    ,b empire        
requires discipl9e1 ! coord9ation (     
=ces1 duty &  sacrifice4 ,?is expla9s _m
 phases ( ! practical action ( !        
regime4 ,x expla9s ! aims ( _m ( ! =ces 
( ! ,/ate &  ! necess>y sev]ity aga9/ ^?
 :o w\ld oppose !mselves to  ?is        
spontane\s & irresi/ible movem5t ( !    
,italy ( !  ,tw5tie? c5tury by try+ to  
appeal to ! discr$it$ ideologies (  !   
,n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* h be5 repudiat$    
:]ev] great  exp]im5ts ( political &    
social trans=mation h be5 d>+ly         
und]tak54    ,nev] m ?an at ! pres5t    
mom5t h ! nations felt su* a  ?ir/ = an 
au?ority1 = a direction1 = ord]4 ,if e  
c5tury  has its own peculi> doctr9e1 !re
 are a ?\s& indications t  ,fascism is t
 ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,t x is a doctr9e ( 
life  is %[n by ! fact t x has creat$ a 
fai?2 t ! fai? has  tak5 possession ( ! 
m9d is demon/rat$ by ! fact t ,fascism  
has _h its ,fall5 & its m>tyrs4         
,fascism has n[ atta9$ 9 ! _w an        
univ]sality ov] all  doctr9es4 ,be+     

realis$1 x repres5ts an epo* 9 ! hi/ory 
(  ! human m9d4          ,,! ,,political
 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,fascism#a  ,,by ,,8    
,,excell5cy ,,alfr$o ,,rocco  ,,premi]  
,,mussol9i',s ,,endorsem5t ,,( ,,signor 
,,rocco',s ,,spee*      ,! foll[+       
message 0 s5t by ,b5ito ,mussol9i1 !    
,premi] (  ,italy1 to ,signor ,rocco    
aft] he _h deliv]$ 8 spee* at ,p]ugia4  
,de> ,rocco1         ,i h j read y\r    
magnific5t address :i* ,i endorse       
?r\gh\t4 ,y h pres5t$ 9 a ma/]ful way ! 
doctr9e ( ,fascism4 ,= ,fascism has a   
doctr9e1 or1 if y       w1 a p>ticul>   
philosophy ) reg>d to all !             
que/ions :i* beset ! human m9d today4   
,all ,italian       ,fasci/s %\ld read  
y\r disc\rse & d]ive f x bo?       !    
cle> =mulation ( ! basic pr9ciples ( our
 program       z well z ! reasons :y    
,fascism mu/ be sy/ematically1          
firmly1 & rationally inflexible 9 its   
uncompromis+       attitude t[>ds o!r   
p>ties4 ,?us & only ?us c !       ^w    
become fle% & ! ideas be turn$ into     

de$s4         ,cordial greet+s1         
,,mussol9i4          ,fascism ,z        
,action1 ,z ,feel+1 & ,z ,?\ght    ,mu* 
has be5 said1 & is n[ be+ said = or     
aga9/ ?is complex  political & social   
ph5om5on :i* 9 ! brief p]iod ( six ye>s 
has tak5 complete hold ( ,italian life  
&1 spread+ beyond !  bord]s ( ! ,k+dom1 
has made itself felt 9 v>y+ degrees (   
int5sity ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,b p h be5 mu* m 
eag]  to extol or to deplore ?an to     
und]/&--:i* is natural en\gh 9  a p]iod 
( tumultu\s f]vor & ( political passion4
 ,! "t has  n yet arriv$ = a            
dispassionate judgm5t4 ,= ev5 ,i1 :o    
notic$  ! v fir/ manife/ations ( ?is    
great developm5t1 saw its  significance 
f ! />t & p>ticipat$ directly 9 its fir/
  do+s1 c>efully wat*+ all its e>ly     
unc]ta9 & *ang+  developm5ts1 ev5 ,i d n
 feel compet5t to pass def9ite judgm5t4 
,fascism is s l>ge a "p ( myself t x    
w\ld be bo? arbitr>y  & absurd = me to  
try to dissociate my p]sonality f x1 to 
submit x to imp>tial scrut9y 9 ord] to  

evaluate x coldly &  accurately4 ,:at c 
be done1 h[ev]1 & x seldom is attempt$1 
is  to make inquiry into ! ph5om5on :i* 
%all n m]ely consid]  its fragm5t>y &   
adv5titi\s aspects1 b /rive to get at   
its  inn] ess5ce4 ,! und]tak+ may n be  
easy1 b x is necess>y1  & no occasion = 
attempt+ x is m suitable ?an ! pres5t   
"o af=d$ me by my fri5ds ( ,p]ugia4     
,suitable x is 9 "t  because1 at !      
inauguration ( a c\rse ( lectures &     
lessons  pr9cipally int5d$ to illu/rate 
t old & glori\s tr5d ( !  life & hi/ory 
( ,italy :i* takes its "n f ! humble    
sa9t  ( ,assisi1 x seem$ natural to     
connect x ) ! greate/  a*ievem5t ( mod]n
 ,italy1 diff]5t 9 s _m ways f !        
,franciscan movem5t1 b unit$ ) x by !   
mighty common curr5t  ( ,italian        
,hi/ory4 ,x is suitable z well 9 place  
because at  ,p]ugia1 :i* witness$ ! gr[?
 ( our religi\s ideas1 ( our  political 
doctr9es & ( our legal sci5ce 9 ! c\rse 
( ! mo/  glori\s c5turies ( our cultural
 hi/ory1 ! m9d is prop]ly  dispos$ &    

almo/ ori5t$ t[>ds an inve/igation ( ?is
 nature4    ,fir/ ( all let u ask       
ourselves if !re is a political doctr9e 
(  ,fascism2 if !re is any ideal cont5t 
9 ! ,fasci/ /ate4 ,= 9  ord] to l9k     
,fascism1 bo? z concept & sy/em1 ) !    
hi/ory (  ,italian ?\ght & f9d !re9 a   
place = x1 we mu/ fir/ %[  t x is ?\ght2
 t x is a doctr9e4 ,_m p]sons are n q   
conv9c$ t x is ei!r ! "o or ! o!r2 & ,i 
am n  ref]r+ solely to ^? m51 cultur$ or
 uncultur$1 z ! case may  be & v num]\s 
ev]y:]e1 :o c disc]n 9 ?is political    
innovation no?+ except its local &      
p]sonal aspects1 & :o "k  ,fascism only 
z ! p>ticul> mann] ( behavior ( ?is or t
  well-kn[n ,fasci/1 ( ?is or t gr\p ( a
 c]ta9 t[n2 :o  !re=e l or dislike !    
movem5t on ! basis ( _! likes &         
dislikes = ! individuals :o repres5t x4 
,nor d ,i ref] to ^?  intellig5t1 &     
cultivat$ p]sons1 v intellig5t inde$ & v
  cultivat$1 :o because ( _! direct or  
indirect allegiance to !  p>ties t h be5
 dispossess$ by ! adv5t ( ,fascism1 h a 

natural cause ( res5tm5t aga9/ x & are  
!re=e unable to  see1 9 ! bl9dness (    
hatr$1 any?+ good 9 x4 ,i am ref]r+  r  
to ^?--& !re are _m 9 our ranks too--:o 
"k ,fascism  z action & feel+ b n yet z 
?\ght1 :o !re=e h an  intuition b no    
compreh5sion ( x4    ,x is true t       
,fascism is1 above all1 action & s5tim5t
 & t  su* x mu/ cont9ue to be4 ,7 x     
o!rwise1 x c\ld n keep up  t imm5se     
driv+ =ce1 t r5ovat+ p[] :i* x n[       
possesses & w\ld m]ely be ! solit>y     
m$itation ( a *os5 few4  ,only because x
 is feel+ & s5tim5t1 only because x is !
  unconsci\s reawak5+ ( our pr(\nd      
racial in/9ct1 has x !  =ce to /ir ! s\l
 ( ! p1 & to set free an irresi/ible    
curr5t ( national w4 ,only because x is 
action1 & z su*  actualizes itself 9 a  
va/ organization & 9 a huge movem5t1 has
  x ! conditions = det]m9+ ! hi/orical  
c\rse (  contempor>y ,italy4    ,b      
,fascism is ?\ght z well & x has a !ory1
 :i* is an  ess5tial "p ( ?is hi/orical 
ph5om5on1 & :i* is responsible  9 a     

great measure = ! successes t h be5     
a*iev$4 ,to !  exi/5ce ( ?is ideal      
cont5t ( ,fascism1 to ! tru? ( ?is      
,fasci/ logic we ascribe ! fact t ?\gh  
we commit _m errors (  detail1 we v     
seldom g a/ray on fundam5tals1 :]eas all
 !  p>ties ( ! opposition1 depriv$ z !y 
are ( an in=m+1  animat+ pr9ciple1 ( a  
unique direct+ concept1 d v (t5 wage  _!
 w> faultlessly 9 m9or tactics1 bett]   
tra9$ z !y are 9  p>liam5t>y &          
j\rnali/ic manoeuvres1 b !y con/antly   
break  d[n on ! important issues4       
,fascism1 moreov]1 consid]$ z action1   
is a typically ,italian ph5om5on &      
acquires a univ]sal validity  because ( 
! exi/5ce ( ?is coh]5t & organic        
doctr9e4 ,!  orig9ality ( ,fascism is   
due 9 great "p to ! autonomy ( its      
!oretical pr9ciples4 ,= ev5 :51 9 its   
ext]nal behavior & 9  its conclusions1 x
 seems id5tical ) o!r political cre$s1 9
  reality x possesses an inn] orig9ality
 due to ! new _s :i*  animates x & to an
 entirely diff]5t !oretical approa*4    

,common ,orig9s & ,common ,backgr\nd (  
,mod]n ,political ,doctr9es3  ,f        
,lib]alism to ,socialism    ,mod]n      
political ?\ght rema9$1 until rec5tly1  
bo? 9 ,italy &  outside ( ,italy "u !   
absolute control ( ^? doctr9es :i*1     
proce$+ f ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation &     
develop$ by !  adepts ( natural law 9 ! 
,,xvii & ,,xviii c5turies1 7 firmly     
gr\nd$ 9 ! in/itutions & cu/oms ( !     
,engli%1 ( !  ,am]ican1 & ( ! ,fr5*     
,revolutions4 ,"u diff]5t & sometimes   
cla%+ =ms ^! doctr9es h left a det]m9+  
impr9t ^u  all !ories & actions bo?     
social & political1 ( ! ,,xix & ,,xx    
c5turies d[n to ! rise ( ,fascism4 ,!   
common basis ( all ^!  doctr9es1 :i*    
/ret* f ,longuet1 f ,bu*anan1 & f       
,al?us5 d[n to ,k>l ,m>x1 to ,wilson &  
to ,l59 is a social &  /ate concept :i* 
,i %all call me*anical or atomi/ic4     
,society accord+ to ?is concept is m]ely
 a sum total (  individuals1 a plurality
 :i* breaks up into its s+le compon5ts4 
,!re=e ! ends ( a society1 s consid]$1  

are no?+ m ?an  ! ends ( ! individuals  
:i* compose x & = ^: sake x  exi/s4 ,an 
atomi/ic view ( ?is k9d is also         
necess>ily  anti-hi/orical1 inasmu* z x 
consid]s society 9 its spatial          
attributes & n 9 its temporal ones2 &   
because x r$uces social  life to !      
exi/5ce ( a s+le g5]ation4 ,society     
becomes ?us a  sum ( det]m9$            
individuals1 viz41 ! g5]ation liv+ at a 
giv5  mom5t4 ,?is doctr9e :i* ,i call   
atomi/ic & :i* appe>s to be             
anti-hi/orical1 reveals f "u a conceal+ 
cloak a /rongly  mat]iali/ic nature4 ,= 
9 its endeavors to isolate ! pres5t f  !
 pa/ & ! future1 x rejects ! spiritual  
inh]itance ( ideas  & s5tim5ts :i* ea*  
g5]ation receives f ^? prec$+ &  h&s d[n
 to ! foll[+ g5]ation ?us de/roy+ !     
unity &  ! spiritual life itself ( human
 society4    ,?is common basis %[s !    
close logical connection exi/+ betwe5   
all political doctr9es2 ! sub/antial    
solid>ity1 :i* unites all  ! political  
movem5ts1 f ,lib]alism to ,socialism1 t 

until  rec5tly h dom9at$ ,europe4 ,= ^! 
political s*ools diff]  f "o ano!r 9 _! 
me?ods1 b all agree z to ! ends to be   
a*iev$4 ,all ( !m consid] ! welf>e &    
happ9ess (  individuals to be ! goal (  
society1 itself consid]$ z compos$  (   
individuals ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,all ( 
!m see 9 society  & 9 its juridical     
organization1 ! /ate1 ! m]e in/rum5t &  
means :]eby individuals c atta9 _! ends4
 ,!y diff] only 9  t ! me?ods pursu$ = !
 atta9m5t ( ^! ends v>y  consid]ably "o 
f ! o!r4    ,?us ! ,lib]als insi/ t !   
be/ mann] to secure ! welf>e (  !       
citiz5s z individuals is to int]f]e z   
little z possible )  ! free developm5t (
 _! activities & t !re=e !  ess5tial    
task ( ! /ate is m]ely to coord9ate ^!  
sev]al  lib]ties 9 su* a way z to       
gu>antee _! coexi/5ce4 ,kant1 :o  0 )\t 
d\bt ! mo/ p[]ful & ?or\gh philosoph] ( 
lib]alism1 said1 man1 :o is ! end1 _c be
 assum$ to h !  value ( an in/rum5t4 ,& 
aga91 ju/ice1 ( :i* ! /ate is  !        
specific organ1 is ! condition :]eby !  

fre$om ( ea* is  condition$ ^u ! fre$om 
( o!rs1 accord+ to ! g5]al law  (       
lib]ty4    ,hav+ ?us def9$ ! task ( !   
/ate1 ,lib]alism conf9es itself  to !   
dem& ( c]ta9 gu>antees :i* are to keep !
 /ate f  ov]/epp+ its functions z g5]al 
coord9ator ( lib]ties &  f sacrific+ !  
fre$om ( individuals m ?an is absolutely
  necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( its       
purpose4 ,all ! ef=ts are  !re=e direct$
 to see to x t ! rul]1 m&atory ( all &  
entru/$ ) ! realization1 ?r\gh & by     
lib]ty1 ( !  h>moni\s happ9ess (        
ev]ybody1 %\ld nev] be clo!d ) undue    
p[]4 ,h5ce ! creation ( a sy/em ( *ecks 
& limitations  design$ to keep ! rul]s  
)9 b\nds2 & among ^!1 fir/ &  =emo/1 !  
pr9ciple ( ! division ( p[]s1 contriv$ z
 a  means = weak5+ ! /ate 9 its relation
 to ! individual1 by  mak+ x impossible 
= ! /ate ev] to appe>1 9 its deal+s  )  
citiz5s1 9 ! full pl5itude ( sov]eign   
p[]s2 also !  pr9ciple ( ! p>ticipation 
( citiz5s 9 ! lawmak+ p[]1 z  a means = 
secur+1 9 behalf ( ! individual1 a      

direct *eck on  ?is1 ! /ronge/ bran*1 & 
an indirect *eck on ! entire  gov]nm5t (
 ! /ate4 ,?is sy/em ( *ecks &           
limitations1 :i*  goes by ! "n (        
con/itutional gov]nm5t result$ 9 a      
mod]ate  & measur$ lib]alism4 ,! *eck+  
p[] 0 ex]cis$ only by  ^? citiz5s :o 7  
deem$ wor?y & capable1 ) ! result  t a  
small lite 0 made to repres5t legally ! 
entire body  politic = ^: b5efit ?is    
rgime 0 in/itut$4    ,x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1
 t ?is mod]ate sy/em1 be+  fundam5tally 
illogical & 9 contradiction ) ! v       
pr9ciples  f :i* x proce$$1 w\ld soon   
become ! object ( s]i\s  criticism4 ,=  
if ! object ( society & ( ! /ate is !   
welf>e ( individuals1 sev]ally consid]$1
 h[ is x possible to  admit t ?is welf>e
 c be secur$ by ! individuals !mselves  
only ?r\gh ! possibilities ( su* a      
lib]al rgime8 ,!  inequalities br\ght   
ab\t bo? by nature & by social          
organizations  are s num]\s & s s]i\s1  
t1 = ! great] "p1  individuals ab&on$ to
 !mselves n only w\ld fail to atta9     

happ9ess1 b w\ld also contribute to !   
p]petuation ( _!  condition ( mis]y &   
dejection4 ,! /ate !re=e _c limit       
itself to ! m]ely negative function ( ! 
def5se ( lib]ty4 ,x  mu/ become active1 
9 behalf ( ev]ybody1 = ! welf>e ( !  p4 
,x mu/ int]v5e1 :5 necess>y1 9 ord] to  
improve !  mat]ial1 intellectual1 &     
moral conditions ( ! masses2 x mu/  f9d 
"w = ! unemploy$1 in/ruct & educate ! p1
 &  c>e = heal? & hygi5e4 ,= if !       
purpose ( society & ( !  /ate is !      
welf>e ( individuals1 & if x is j t ^!  
individuals !mselves control ! atta9m5t 
( _! ends1 x  becomes difficult to      
und]/& :y ,lib]alism %\ld n g ! :ole    
di/ance1 :y x %\ld see fit to di/+ui%   
c]ta9 individuals  f ! re/ ( ! mass1 &  
:y ! functions ( ! p %\ld  be re/rict$  
to ! ex]cise ( a m]e *eck4 ,!re=e !     
/ate1 if  x exi/s = all1 mu/ be gov]n$  
by all1 & n by a small  m9ority3 if !   
/ate is = ! p1 sov]eignty mu/ reside 9  
! p3 if all individuals h ! "r to gov]n 
! /ate1  lib]ty is no long] suffici5t2  

equality mu/ be add$3 & if  sov]eignty  
is ve/$ 9 ! p1 ! p mu/ wield all        
sov]eignty & n m]ely a "p ( x4 ,! p[] to
 *eck & curb  ! gov]nm5t is n suffici5t4
 ,! p mu/ be ! gov]nm5t4  ,?us1         
logically develop$1 ,lib]alism leads to 
,democracy1 =  ,democracy conta9s !     
promises ( ,lib]alism b ov]/eps its     
limitations 9 t x makes ! action ( !    
/ate positive1  proclaims ! equality (  
all citiz5s ?r\gh ! dogma ( popul>      
sov]eignty4 ,democracy !re=e necess>ily 
implies a republican =m  ( gov]nm5t ev5 
?\gh at times1 = reasons ( exp$i5cy1 x  
tempor>ily adju/s itself to a mon>*ical 
rgime4    ,once />t$ on ?is d[nw>d grade
 ( logical d$uctions x 0  inevitable t  
?is atomi/ic !ory ( /ate & society %\ld 
pass  on to a m advanc$ position4 ,great
 indu/rial developm5ts & !  exi/5ce ( a 
huge mass ( work+ m51 z yet badly treat$
 & 9 a  condition ( semi-s]vitude1      
possibly endurable 9 a rgime (  dome/ic 
indu/ry1 became intol]able aft] !       
indu/rial revolution4  ,h5ce a /ate (   

affairs :i* t[>ds ! middle ( ! la/      
c5tury  appe>$ to be bo? cruel &        
?reat5+4 ,x 0 !re=e natural  t ! foll[+ 
"q be rais$3 ,if ! /ate is creat$ =  !  
welf>e ( its citiz5s1 sev]ally consid]$1
 h[ c x tol]ate  an economic sy/em :i*  
divides ! population into a small       
m9ority  ( exploit]s1 ! capitali/s1 on  
"o side1 & an imm5se multitude  (       
exploit$1 ! work+ p1 on ! o!r8 ,no6 ,!  
/ate mu/  aga9 int]v5e & give rise to a 
diff]5t & less iniquit\s  economic      
organization1 by aboli%+ private        
prop]ty1 by assum+  direct control ( all
 production1 & by organiz+ x 9 su* a way
  t ! products ( labor be di/ribut$     
solely among ^? :o  create !m1 viz41 !  
work+ classes4 ,h5ce we f9d ,socialism1 
)  its new economic organization (      
society1 aboli%+ private own]%ip  (     
capital & ( ! in/rum5ts & means (       
production1 socializ+  ! product1       
suppress+ ! extra pr(it ( capital1 &    
turn+ ov]  to ! work+ class ! entire    
output ( ! productive processes4 ,x  is 

evid5t t ,socialism conta9s & surpasses 
,democracy 9 ! same  way t ,democracy   
comprises & surpasses ,lib]alism1 be+ a 
m  advanc$ developm5t ( ! same          
fundam5tal concept4 ,socialism 9 its    
turn g5]ates ! /ill m extreme doctr9e ( 
,bol%evism :i*  dem&s ! viol5t          
suppression ( ! hold]s ( capital1 !     
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 z means = a 
fair] economic  organization ( society &
 = ! rescue ( ! labor+ classes  f       
capitali/ic exploitation4    ,?us       
,lib]alism1 ,democracy1 & ,socialism1   
appe> to be1 z !y are  9 reality1 n only
 ! (fspr+ ( "o & ! same !ory (          
gov]nm5t1 b also logical d]ivations "o (
 ! o!r4 ,logically  develop$ ,lib]alism 
leads to ,democracy2 ! logical          
developm5t (  ,democracy issues into    
,socialism4 ,x is true t = _m ye>s1 &  )
 "s ju/ification1 ,socialism 0 look$ ^u 
z anti!tical to  ,lib]alism4 ,b !       
anti!sis is purely relative & breaks d[n
 z  we approa* ! common orig9 &         
f\ndation ( ! two doctr9es1 =  we f9d t 

! opposition is "o ( me?od1 n ( purpose4
 ,! end  is ! same = bo?1 viz41 ! welf>e
 ( ! individual memb]s (  society4 ,!   
diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t ,lib]alism w\ld
 be  guid$ to its goal by lib]ty1 :]eas 
,socialism /rives to atta9 x  by !      
collective organization ( production4   
,!re is !re=e no  anti!sis nor ev5 a    
div]g5ce z to ! nature & scope ( !  /ate
 & ! relation ( individuals to society4 
,!re is only a  diff]5ce ( evaluation ( 
! means = br++ ab\t ^! ends  & e/abli%+ 
^! relations1 :i* diff]5ce dep5ds       
entirely on  ! diff]5t economic         
conditions :i* prevail$ at ! "t :5 !    
v>i\s doctr9es 7 =mulat$4 ,lib]alism    
arose & began to  ?rive 9 ! p]iod (     
small indu/ry2 ,socialism grew ) ! rise 
( indu/rialism & ( _w-wide capitalism4  
,! diss5sion  !re=e betwe5 ^! two po9ts 
( view1 or ! anti!sis1 if we  wi% s to  
call x1 is limit$ to ! economic field4  
,socialism is at  odds ) ,lib]alism only
 on ! "q ( ! organization (  production 
& ( ! division ( weal?4 ,9 religi\s1    

intellectual1  & moral matt]s x is      
lib]al1 z x is lib]al & democratic 9    
its politics4 ,ev5 ! anti-lib]alism &   
anti-democracy (  ,bol%evism are 9      
!mselves purely cont+5t4 ,= ,bol%evism  
is  oppos$ to ,lib]alism only 9 s f> z !
 =m] is revolution>y1  n 9 its          
sociali/ic aspect4 ,= if ! opposition ( 
! ,bol%eviki  to lib]al & democratic    
doctr9es 7 to cont9ue1 z n[ seems  m & m
 probable1 ! result might be a complete 
break betwe5  ,bol%evism & ,socialism   
not)/&+ ! fact t ! ultimate  aims ( bo? 
are id5tical4      ,fascism z an        
,integral ,doctr9e ( ,sociality         
,anti!tical to !  ,atomism ( ,lib]al1   
,democratic1 & ,sociali/ic ,!ories    ,!
 true anti!sis1 n to ?is or t           
manife/ation ( !                        
lib]al-democratic-sociali/ic conception 
( ! /ate b to !  concept itself1 is to  
be f\nd 9 ! doctr9e ( ,fascism4 ,= :ile 
! disagreem5t betwe5 ,lib]alism &       
,democracy1 & betwe5  ,lib]alism &      
,socialism lies 9 a diff]5ce ( me?od1 z 

we h  said1 ! rift betwe5 ,socialism1   
,democracy1 & ,lib]alism on "o  side &  
,fascism on ! o!r is caus$ by a diff]5ce
 9 concept4 ,z  a matt] ( fact1 ,fascism
 nev] raises ! "q ( me?ods1 us+  9 its  
political praxis n[ lib]al ways1 n[     
democratic means & at  times ev5        
sociali/ic devices4 ,?is indiff]5ce to  
me?od (t5  exposes ,fascism to ! *>ge ( 
incoh]5ce on ! "p (  sup]ficial obs]v]s1
 :o d n see t :at c\nts ) u is !  end & 
t !re=e ev5 :5 we employ ! same means we
 act )  a radically diff]5t spiritual   
attitude & /rive = entirely  diff]5t    
results4 ,! ,fasci/ concept !n ( !      
nation1 ( !  scope ( ! /ate1 & ( !      
relations obta9+ betwe5 society &  its  
individual compon5ts1 rejects entirely !
 doctr9e :i* ,i said  proce$$ f ! !ories
 ( natural law develop$ 9 ! c\rse (  !  
,,xvi1 ,,xvii1 & ,,xviii c5turies & :i* 
=m ! basis ( !  lib]al1 democratic1 &   
sociali/ic ideology4    ,i %all n try "h
 to exp\nd ?is doctr9e b %all limit     
myself  to a brief rsum ( its fundam5tal

 concepts4    ,man--! political         
animal--accord+ to ! def9ition (        
,ari/otle1  lives & mu/ live 9 society4 
,a human be+ outside ! pale (  society  
is an inconceivable ?+--a non-man4      
,humank9d 9 its  entirety lives 9 social
 gr\ps t are /ill1 today1 v num]\s  &   
div]se1 v>y+ 9 importance & organization
 f ! tribes (  ,c5tral ,africa to !     
great ,we/]n ,empires4 ,^! v>i\s        
societies  are fractions ( ! human      
species ea* "o ( !m end[$ ) a  unifi$   
organization4 ,& z !re is no unique     
organization ( !  human species1 !re is 
n "o b !re are sev]al human  societies4 
,humanity !re=e exi/s solely z a        
biological concept  n z a social "o4    
,ea* society on ! o!r h& exi/s 9 ! unity
 ( bo? its  biological & its social     
cont5ts4 ,socially consid]$ x is a      
fraction ( ! human species end[$ ) unity
 ( organization =  ! atta9m5t ( !       
peculi> ends ( ! species4    ,?is       
def9ition br+s out all ! elem5ts ( !    
social ph5om5on  & n m]ely ^? relat+ to 

! pres]vation & p]petuation (  !        
species4 ,= man is n solely matt]2 & !  
ends ( ! human  species1 f> f be+ !     
mat]iali/ic ones we h 9 common )  o!r   
animals1 are1 r1 & pr$om9antly1 !       
spiritual  f9alities :i* are peculi> to 
man & :i* e =m ( society  /rives to     
atta9 z well z its /age ( social        
developm5t all[s4  ,?us ! organization (
 e social gr\p is m or less p]vad$  by !
 spiritual influxes (3 unity ( language1
 ( culture1 (  religion1 ( tradition1 ( 
cu/oms1 & 9 g5]al ( feel+ & (  volition1
 :i* are z ess5tial z ! mat]ial elem5ts3
 unity (  economic int]e/s1 ( liv+      
conditions1 & ( t]ritory4 ,!  def9ition 
giv5 above demon/rates ano!r tru?1 :i*  
has be5  ignor$ by ! political doctr9es 
t = ! la/ f\r c5turies  h be5 !         
f\ndations ( political sy/ems1 viz41 t !
 social  concept has a biological       
aspect1 because social gr\ps are        
fractions  ( ! human species1 ea* "o    
possess+ a peculi> organization1 a      
p>ticul> rank 9 ! developm5t (          

civilization ) c]ta9 ne$s  & appropriate
 ends1 9 %ort1 a life :i* is really its 
own4 ,if  social gr\ps are !n fractions 
( ! human species1 !y mu/  possess !    
same fundam5tal traits ( ! human        
species1 :i* means  t !y mu/ be consid]$
 z a succession ( g5]ations & n z  a    
collection ( individuals4    ,x is      
evid5t !re=e t z ! human species is n ! 
total (  ! liv+ human be+s ( ! _w1 s !  
v>i\s social gr\ps  :i* compose x are n 
! sum ( ! sev]al individuals :i* at a   
giv5 mom5t belong to x1 b r ! inf9ite   
s]ies ( ! pa/1  pres5t1 & future        
g5]ations con/itut+ x4 ,& z ! ends (  ! 
human species are n ^? ( ! sev]al       
individuals liv+ at a  c]ta9 mom5t1 be+ 
occasionally 9 direct opposition to !m1 
s  ! ends ( ! v>i\s social gr\ps are n  
necess>ily ^? ( !  individuals t belong 
to ! gr\ps b may ev5 possibly be 9      
conflict ) su* ends1 z "o sees cle>ly   
:5ev] ! pres]vation  & ! developm5t ( ! 
species dem& ! sacrifice ( !            
individual1 to wit1 9 times ( w>4       

,fascism replaces !re=e ! old atomi/ic &
 me*anical /ate  !ory :i* 0 at ! basis (
 ! lib]al & democratic doctr9es  ) an   
organic & hi/oric concept4 ,:5 ,i say   
organic ,i d n wi%  to convey !         
impression t ,i consid] society z an    
organism aft]  ! mann] ( ! s-call$      
organic !ories ( ! /ate2 b  r to        
indicate t ! social gr\ps z fractions ( 
! species  receive !reby a life & scope 
:i* transc5d ! scope & life (  !        
individuals id5tify+ !mselves ) ! hi/ory
 & f9alities  ( ! un9t]rupt$ s]ies (    
g5]ations4 ,x is irrelevant 9 ?is       
connection to det]m9e :e!r social gr\ps1
 consid]$ z fractions  ( ! species1     
con/itute organisms4 ,! important ?+ is 
to  asc]ta9 t ?is organic concept ( !   
/ate gives to society a  cont9u\s life  
ov] & beyond ! exi/5ce ( ! sev]al       
individuals4    ,! relations !re=e      
betwe5 /ate & citiz5s are completely    
rev]s$ by ! ,fasci/ doctr9e4 ,in/ead ( !
 lib]al-democratic  =mula1 society = !  
individual1 we h1 individuals =  society

 ) ?is diff]5ce h[ev]3 t :ile ! lib]al  
doctr9es elim9at$ society1 ,fascism does
 n subm]ge ! individual  9 ! social     
gr\p4 ,x subord9ates him1 b does n      
elim9ate him2  ! individual z a "p ( 8  
g5]ation ev] rema9+ an elem5t  ( society
 h[ev] transi5t & insignificant he may  
be4 ,moreov] !  developm5t ( individuals
 9 ea* g5]ation1 :5 coord9at$ &         
h>moniz$1 conditions ! developm5t &     
prosp]ity ( ! entire  social unit4      
,at ?is juncture ! anti!sis betwe5 ! two
 !ories mu/ appe>  complete & absolute4 
,lib]alism1 ,democracy1 & ,socialism    
look ^u  social gr\ps z aggregates (    
liv+ individuals2 = ,fascism !y  are !  
recapitulat+ unity ( ! indef9ite s]ies (
 g5]ations4  ,= ,lib]alism1 society has 
no purposes o!r ?an ^? ( !  memb]s liv+ 
at a giv5 mom5t4 ,= ,fascism1 society   
has hi/orical  & imman5t ends (         
pres]vation1 expansion1 improvem5t1 q   
di/9ct f ^? ( ! individuals :i* at a    
giv5 mom5t compose  x2 s di/9ct 9 fact t
 !y may ev5 be 9 opposition4 ,h5ce !    

necessity1 = :i* ! old] doctr9es make   
little all[ance1 (  sacrifice1 ev5 up to
 ! total immolation ( individuals1 9    
behalf  ( society2 h5ce ! true          
explanation ( w>1 et]nal law ( mank9d1  
int]pret$ by ! lib]al-democratic        
doctr9es z a deg5]ate  absurdity or z a 
madd5$ mon/rosity4    ,= ,lib]alism1    
society has no life di/9ct f ! life ( ! 
individuals1 or z ! phrase goes3        
solvitur 9 s+ul>itates4 ,=  ,fascism1 ! 
life ( society ov]laps ! exi/5ce (      
individuals &  projects itself into !   
succe$+ g5]ations ?r\gh c5turies &      
mill5nia4 ,individuals come into be+1   
gr[1 & die1 foll[$ by  o!rs1 unceas+ly2 
social unity rema9s always id5tical to  
itself4  ,= ,lib]alism1 ! individual is 
! end & society ! means2 nor  is x      
conceivable t ! individual1 consid]$ 9 !
 dignity ( an  ultimate f9ality1 be l[]$
 to m]e in/rum5tality4 ,= ,fascism1     
society is ! end1 individuals ! means1 &
 its :ole life consi/s  9 us+           
individuals z in/rum5ts = its social    

ends4 ,! /ate  !re=e gu>ds & protects ! 
welf>e & developm5t (  individuals n =  
_! exclusive int]e/1 b because ( !      
id5tity ( ! ne$s ( individuals ) ^? (   
society z a :ole4  ,we c ?us accept &   
expla9 in/itutions & practices1 :i* l  !
 dea? p5alty1 are condemn$ by ,lib]alism
 9 ! "n ( !  preem95ce ( individualism4 
,! fundam5tal problem ( society 9 ! old 
doctr9es is !  "q ( ! rights (          
individuals4 ,x may be ! "r to fre$om  z
 ! ,lib]als w\ld h x2 or ! "r to !      
gov]nm5t ( !  commonweal? z ! ,democrats
 claim x1 or ! "r to economic  ju/ice z 
! ,sociali/s cont5d2 b 9 e case x is !  
"r  ( individuals1 or gr\ps (           
individuals 7classes74 ,fascism on !    
o!r h& faces squ>ely ! problem ( ! "r ( 
! /ate & (  ! duty ( individuals4       
,individual rights are only recogniz$ 9 
s  f> z !y are impli$ 9 ! rights ( !    
/ate4 ,9 ?is  preem95ce ( duty we f9d ! 
highe/ e?ical value ( ,fascism4      ,! 
,problems ( ,lib]ty1 ( ,gov]nm5t1 & (   
,social ,ju/ice 9 !  ,political ,doctr9e

 ( ,fascism    ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean 
t ! problems rais$ by ! o!r  s*ools are 
ignor$ by ,fascism4 ,x means simply t x 
faces !m &  solves !m diff]5tly1 z1 =   
example1 ! problem ( lib]ty4    ,!re is 
a ,lib]al !ory ( fre$om1 & !re is a     
,fasci/ concept  ( lib]ty4 ,= we1 too1  
ma9ta9 ! necessity ( safegu>d+ !        
conditions t make = ! free developm5t ( 
! individual2 we1  too1 believe t !     
oppression ( individual p]sonality c f9d
 no  place 9 ! mod]n /ate4 ,we d n1     
h[ev]1 accept a bill ( rights  :i* t5ds 
to make ! individual sup]ior to ! /ate &
 to  emp[] him to act 9 opposition to   
society4 ,our concept ( lib]ty is  t !  
individual mu/ be all[$ to develop 8    
p]sonality 9  behalf ( ! /ate1 = ^!     
ephem]al & inf9itesimal elem5ts (  !    
complex & p]man5t life ( society det]m9e
 by _! normal  gr[? ! developm5t ( !    
/ate4 ,b ?is individual gr[? mu/  be    
normal4 ,a huge & disproportionate      
developm5t ( ! individual  ( classes1   
w\ld prove z fatal to society z abnormal

 gr[?s are to  liv+ organisms4 ,fre$om  
!re=e is due to ! citiz5 & to  classes  
on condition t !y ex]cise x 9 ! int]e/ (
 society  z a :ole & )9 ! limits set by 
social exig5cies1 lib]ty  be+1 l any o!r
 individual "r1 a concession ( ! /ate4  
,:at ,i say conc]n+ civil lib]ties      
applies to economic fre$om z  well4     
,fascism does n look ^u ! doctr9e (     
economic lib]ty z  an absolute dogma4 ,x
 does n ref] economic problems to       
individual  ne$s1 to individual int]e/1 
to individual solutions4 ,on !  contr>y 
x consid]s ! economic developm5t1 &     
especially !  production ( weal?1 z an  
em95tly social conc]n1 weal? be+ =      
society an ess5tial elem5t ( p[] &      
prosp]ity4 ,b ,fascism  ma9ta9s t 9 !   
ord9>y run ( ev5ts economic lib]ty s]ves
  ! social purposes be/2 t x is         
pr(itable to entru/ to  individual      
initiative ! task ( economic developm5t 
bo? z to  production & z to di/ribution2
 t 9 ! economic _w  individual ambition 
is ! mo/ effective means = obta9+ ! be/ 

social results ) ! lea/ ef=t4 ,!re=e1 on
 ! "q also  ( economic lib]ty ! ,fasci/s
 diff] fundam5tally f !  ,lib]als2 !    
latt] see 9 lib]ty a pr9ciple1 ! !      
,fasci/s  accept x z a me?od4 ,by !     
,lib]als1 fre$om is recogniz$ 9 !       
int]e/ ( ! citiz5s2 ! ,fasci/s grant x 9
 ! int]e/ (  society4 ,9 o!r t]ms1      
,fasci/s make ( ! individual an economic
  in/rum5t = ! advancem5t ( society1 an 
in/rum5t :i* !y  use s long z x         
functions & :i* !y subord9ate :5 no     
long]  s]viceable4 ,9 ?is guise ,fascism
 solves ! et]nal problem (  economic    
fre$om & ( /ate int]f]5ce1 consid]+ bo? 
z m]e  me?ods :i* may or may n be       
employ$ 9 accordance ) ! social  ne$s ( 
! mom5t4    ,:at ,i h said conc]n+      
political & economic ,lib]alism applies 
also to ,democracy4 ,! latt] envisages  
fundam5tally ! problem (  sov]eignty2   
,fascism does also1 b 9 an entirely     
diff]5t mann]4  ,democracy ve/s         
sov]eignty 9 ! p1 t is to say1 9 ! mass 
( human be+s4 ,fascism discov]s         

sov]eignty to be inh]5t 9  society :5 x 
is juridically organiz$ z a /ate4       
,democracy  !re=e turns ov] ! gov]nm5t (
 ! /ate to ! multitude (  liv+ m5 t !y  
may use x to fur!r _! own int]e/s2      
,fascism insi/s t ! gov]nm5t be entru/$ 
to m5 capable (  ris+ above _! own      
private int]e/s & ( realiz+ !           
aspirations ( ! social collectivity1    
consid]$ 9 its unity & 9  its relation  
to ! pa/ & future4 ,fascism !re=e n only
  rejects ! dogma ( popul> sov]eignty & 
sub/itutes = x t  ( /ate sov]eignty1 b x
 also proclaims t ! great mass (        
citiz5s is n a suitable advocate (      
social int]e/s = ! reason  t ! capacity 
to ignore individual private int]e/s 9  
favor (  ! high] dem&s ( society & (    
hi/ory is a v r>e gift &  ! privilege ( 
! *os5 few4 ,natural intellig5ce &      
cultural  prep>ation are ( great s]vice 
9 su* tasks4 ,/ill m valuable  p]haps is
 ! intuitiv5ess ( r>e great m9ds1 _!    
traditionalism  & _! inh]it$ qualities4 
,?is mu/ n h[ev] be con/ru$ to  mean t !

 masses are n to be all[$ to ex]cise any
 influ5ce  on ! life ( ! /ate4 ,on !    
contr>y1 among peoples ) a great  hi/ory
 & ) noble traditions1 ev5 ! l[e/       
elem5ts ( society  possess an in/9ctive 
disc]nm5t ( :at is necess>y = !  welf>e 
( ! race1 :i* 9 mom5ts ( great hi/orical
 crises  reveals itself to be almo/     
infallible4 ,x is !re=e z wise to  af=d 
to ?is in/9ct ! means ( decl>+ itself z 
x is  judici\s to entru/ ! normal       
control ( ! commonweal? to a  select$   
lite4    ,z = ,socialism1 ! ,fasci/     
doctr9e frankly recognizes t !  problem 
rais$ by x z to ! relations betwe5      
capital & labor is  a v s]i\s "o1 p]haps
 ! c5tral "o ( mod]n life4 ,:at         
,fascism does n c\nt5ance is !          
collectivi/ic solution propos$  by !    
,sociali/s4 ,! *ief defect ( !          
sociali/ic me?od has be5  cle>ly        
demon/rat$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ few    
ye>s4 ,x does  n take into acc\nt human 
nature1 x is !re=e outside (  reality1 9
 t x w n recognize t ! mo/ p[]ful spr+  

( human activities lies 9 individual    
self-int]e/ & t  !re=e ! elim9ation f ! 
economic field ( ?is int]e/  results 9  
complete p>alysis4 ,! suppression (     
private own]%ip (  capital c>ries ) x ! 
suppression ( capital itself1 = capital 
is =m$ by sav+s & no "o w want to save1 
b w r  consume all he makes if he kn[s  
he _c keep & h& d[n to 8  heirs !       
results ( 8 labors4 ,! disp]sion (      
capital means !  end ( production s9ce  
capital1 no matt] :o owns x1 is always  
an  indisp5sable tool ( production4     
,collective organization (  production  
is foll[$ !re=e by ! p>alysis (         
production s9ce1  by elim9at+ f !       
productive me*anism ! inc5tive (        
individual int]e/1 ! product becomes r>]
 & m co/ly4  ,socialism !n1 z exp]i5ce  
has %[n1 leads to increase 9            
consumption1 to ! disp]sion ( capital & 
!re=e to pov]ty4 ,(  :at avail is x1 !n1
 to build a social ma*9e :i* w m  ju/ly 
di/ribute weal? if ?is v weal? is       
de/roy$ by !  con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e8  

,socialism committ$ an irrep>able error 
:5 x made ( private prop]ty a matt] (   
ju/ice :ile 9 tru? x  is a problem (    
social utility4 ,! recognition (        
individual prop]ty  rights1 !n1 is a "p 
( ! ,fasci/ doctr9e n because ( its     
individual be>+ b because ( its social  
utility4    ,we mu/ reject1 !re=e1 !    
sociali/ic solution b we _c  all[ !     
problem rais$ by ! ,sociali/s to rema9  
unsolv$1 n  only because ju/ice dem&s a 
solution b also because !  p]si/5ce (   
?is problem 9 lib]al & democratic rgimes
 has be5  a m5ace to public ord] & to ! 
au?ority ( ! /ate4 ,unlimit$  &         
unre/ra9$ class self-def5se1 ev9c$ by   
/rikes & lock\ts1  by boycotts &        
sabotage1 leads inevitably to an>*y4 ,! 
,fasci/  doctr9e1 enact+ ju/ice among ! 
classes 9 compliance ) a  fundam5tal    
necessity ( mod]n life1 does away )     
class  self-def5se1 :i*1 l individual   
self-def5se 9 ! days (  b>b>ism1 is a   
s\rce ( disord] & ( civil w>4    ,hav+  
r$uc$ ! problem ( ^! t]ms1 only "o      

solution is  possible1 ! realization (  
ju/ice among ! classes by & ?r\gh  !    
/ate4 ,c5turies ago ! /ate1 z ! specific
 organ ( ju/ice1  aboli%$ p]sonal       
self-def5se 9 individual controv]sies & 
sub/itut$ = x /ate ju/ice4 ,! "t has n[ 
come :5 class  self-def5se also mu/ be  
replac$ by /ate ju/ice4 ,to facilitate !
  *ange ,fascism has creat$ its own     
syndicalism4 ,! suppression (  class    
self-def5se does n mean ! suppression ( 
class def5se  :i* is an inali5able      
necessity ( mod]n economic life4 ,class 
organization is a fact :i* _c be ignor$ 
b x mu/ be  controll$1 discipl9$1 &     
subord9at$ by ! /ate4 ,! syndicate1     
in/ead ( be+1 z =m]ly1 an organ (       
extra-legal def5se1 mu/  be turn$ into  
an organ ( legal def5se :i* w become    
judicial  def5se z soon z labor         
conflicts become a matt] ( judicial     
settlem5t4 ,fascism !re=e has trans=m$ !
 syndicate1 t old  revolution>y in/rum5t
 ( syndicali/ic sociali/s1 into an      
in/rum5t ( legal def5se ( ! classes bo? 

)9 & )\t !  law c\rts4 ,?is solution may
 enc\nt] ob/acles 9 its developm5t2  !  
ob/acles ( malevol5ce1 ( suspicion ( !  
untri$1 (  errone\s calculation1 etc41 b
 x is de/9$ to triumph ev5 ?\gh  x mu/  
advance ?r\gh progressive /ages4        
,hi/orical ,value ( ! ,doctr9e (        
,fascism    ,i might c>ry ?is analysis  
f>!r b :at ,i h already said is         
suffici5t to %[ t ! rise ( a ,fasci/    
ideology already gives  evid5ce ( an    
upheaval 9 ! intellectual field z p[]ful
 z !  *ange t 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! ,,xvii &
 ,,xviii c5turies by !  rise & diffusion
 ( ^? doctr9es ( ius naturale :i* g "u  
! "n ( ,philosophy ( ! ,fr5*            
,revolution4 ,! philosophy (  ! ,fr5*   
,revolution =mulat$ c]ta9 pr9ciples1 !  
au?ority (  :i*1 unque/ion$ = a c5tury &
 a half1 seem$ s f9al t  !y 7 giv5 !    
attribute ( immortality4 ,! influ5ce (  
^!  pr9ciples 0 s great t !y det]m9$ !  
=mation ( a new  culture1 ( a new       
civilization4 ,likewise ! f]vor ( !     
ideas t  g to make up ! ,fasci/ doctr9e1

 n[ 9 its inception b de/9$  to spread  
rapidly1 w det]m9e ! c\rse ( a new      
culture & ( a  new conception ( civil   
life4 ,! deliv]ance ( ! individual f  ! 
/ate c>ri$ out 9 ! ,,xviii c5tury w be  
foll[$ 9 ! ,,xx  c5tury by ! rescue ( ! 
/ate f ! individual4 ,! p]iod (         
au?ority1 ( social obligations1 (       
hi]>*ical subord9ation w  succe$ ! p]iod
 ( individualism1 ( /ate feebl5ess1 (   
insubord9ation4    ,?is innovat+ tr5d is
 n & _c be a return to ! ,middle  ,ages4
 ,x is a common b an errone\s belief t !
 movem5t1  />t$ by ! ,re=mation &       
height5$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1  0     
direct$ aga9/ m$iaeval ideas &          
in/itutions4 ,r ?an z  a negation1 ?is  
movem5t %\ld be look$ ^u z ! developm5t 
&  fulfillm5t ( ! doctr9es & practices (
 ! ,middle ,ages4  ,socially &          
politically consid]$ ! ,middle ,ages    
wr\ght  dis9tegration & an>*y2 !y 7     
*>act]iz$ by ! gradual  weak5+ &        
ultimate ext9ction ( ! /ate1 embodi$ 9 !
 ,roman  ,empire1 driv5 fir/ to ! ,ea/1 

!n back to ,france1 !nce to  ,g]many1 a 
%ad[ ( its =m] self2 !y 7 m>k$ by !     
/eady  advance ( ! =ces ( usurpation1   
de/ructive ( ! /ate &  reciprocally     
obnoxi\s2 !y bore ! impr9ts ( a         
triumphant  p>ticul>ism4 ,!re=e !       
individuali/ic & anti-social movem5t  ( 
! ,,xvii & ,,xviii c5turies 0 n direct$ 
aga9/ ! ,middle  ,ages1 b r aga9/ !     
re/oration ( ! /ate by great  national  
mon>*ies4 ,if ?is movem5t de/roy$       
m$iaeval in/itutions  t _h surviv$ !    
,middle ,ages & _h be5 graft$ ^u ! new  
/ates1 x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle     
prim>ily wag$ aga9/  ! /ate4 ,! _s ( !  
movem5t 0 decid$ly m$iaeval4 ,!  novelty
 consi/$ 9 ! social surr\nd+s 9 :i* x   
op]at$ &  9 its relation to new economic
 developm5ts4 ,! individualism ( !      
feudal lords1 ! p>ticul>ism ( ! cities &
 ( ! corporations  _h be5 replac$ by !  
individualism & ! p>ticul>ism ( !       
b\rgeoisie & ( ! popul> classes4    ,!  
,fasci/ ideology _c !re=e look back to !
 ,middle ,ages1 (  :i* x is a complete  

negation4 ,! ,middle ,ages spell        
dis9tegration2  ,fascism is no?+ if n   
sociality4 ,x is if any?+ ! beg9n+  ( ! 
end ( ! ,middle ,ages prolong$ f\r      
c5turies beyond ! end  ord9>ily set = !m
 & reviv$ by ! social democratic an>*y  
( ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,if ,fascism c be   
said to look back at all  x is r 9 !    
direction ( anci5t ,rome ^: social &    
political traditions at ! di/ance (     
fifte5 c5turies are be+  reviv$ by      
,fasci/ ,italy4    ,i am fully aw>e t ! 
value ( ,fascism1 z an intellectual     
movem5t1 baffles ! m9ds ( _m ( its      
foll[]s & support]s  & is d5i$ outright 
by its enemies4 ,!re is no malice 9 ?is 
d5ial1 z ,i see x1 b r an incapacity to 
compreh5d4 ,!                           
lib]al-democratic-sociali/ic ideology   
has s completely & = s  long a "t       
dom9at$ ,italian culture t 9 ! m9ds ( ! 
majority ( p tra9$ by x1 x has assum$ ! 
value ( an  absolute tru?1 almo/ !      
au?ority ( a natural law4 ,e faculty  ( 
self-criticism is suppress$ 9 ! m9ds &  

?is suppression  entails an incapacity =
 und]/&+ t "t alone c *ange4 ,x  w be   
advisable !re=e to rely ma9ly ^u ! new  
g5]ations  & 9 g5]al ^u p]sons ^:       
culture is n already fix$4 ,?is         
difficulty to compreh5d on ! "p ( ^? :o 
h be5 ?or\ghly  gr\nd$ by a diff]5t     
prep>ation 9 ! political & social       
sci5ces expla9s 9 "p :y ,fascism has n  
be5 :olly successful  ) ! intellectual  
classes & ) mature m9ds1 & :y on !  o!r 
h& x has be5 v successful ) "y p1 )     
wom51  9 rural di/ricts1 & among m5 (   
action un5cumb]$ by a fix$  & set social
 & political education4 ,fascism        
moreov]1 z a  cultural movem5t1 is j n[ 
tak+ its fir/ /eps4 ,z 9 ! case  ) all  
great movem5ts1 action regul>ly out/rips
 ?\ght4 ,x 0  ?us at ! "t ( ! ,prote/ant
 ,re=mation & ( !  individuali/ic       
reaction ( ! ,,xvii & ,,xviii c5turies4 
,! ,engli%  revolution occurr$ :5 !     
doctr9es ( natural law 7 com+ into  be+ 
& ! !oretical developm5t ( ! lib]al &   
democratic  !ories foll[$ ! ,fr5*       

,revolution4    ,at ?is po9t x w n be v 
difficult to assign a fitt+ place  9    
hi/ory to ?is great tr5d ( ?\ght :i* is 
call$ ,fascism &  :i*1 9 spite ( !      
initial difficulties1 already gives cle>
  indication ( ! magnitude ( its        
developm5ts4    ,! lib]al-democratic    
speculation bo? 9 its orig9 & 9 !  mann]
 ( its developm5t appe>s to be          
ess5tially a non-,italian  =mation4 ,its
 connection ) ! ,middle ,ages already   
%[s x to be  =eign to ! ,lat9 m9d1 !    
m$iaeval dis9tegration be+ !  result ( !
 triumph ( ,g]manic individualism ov] ! 
political  m5tality ( ! ,romans4 ,!     
b>b>ians1 bor+ f )9 &  hack+ f )\t1     
pull$ d[n ! great political /ructure    
rais$  by ,lat9 g5ius & put no?+ 9 its  
place4 ,an>*y la/$ eight  c5turies dur+ 
:i* "t only "o in/itution surviv$ & t a 
,roman "o--! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b1 z soon 
z ! labori\s process  ( recon/ruction 0 
/>t$ ) ! con/itution ( ! great  national
 /ates back$ by ! ,roman ,*ur* !        
,prote/ant ,re=mation  set 9 foll[$ by !

 individuali/ic curr5ts ( ! ,,xvii &    
,,xviii  c5turies1 & ! process (        
dis9tegration 0 />t$ anew4 ,?is         
anti-/ate t5d5cy 0 ! expression ( !     
,g]manic _s & x  !re=e became pr$om9ant 
among ! ,g]manic peoples & :]ev]        
,g]manism _h left a deep impr9t ev5 if  
aft]w>d sup]ficially  cov]$ by a v5e] ( 
,lat9 culture4 ,x is true t ,m>silius f 
,padua is an ,italian writ+ = ,ludwig ! 
,bav>ian1 b ! o!r  writ]s :o 9 ! ,,xiv  
c5tury appe> z =]unn]s ( ! lib]al       
doctr9es are n ,italians3 ,occam &      
,wycliff are ,engli%2 ,oresme is  ,fr5*4
 ,among ! advocates ( individualism 9 ! 
,,xvi c5tury :o  prep>$ ! way = !       
triumph ( ! doctr9es ( natural law 9  ! 
subsequ5t c5turies1 ,hotman & ,languet  
are ,fr5*1 ,bu*anan is  ,scot*4 ,( !    
great au?orities ( natural law1 ,grotius
 & ,sp9osa  are ,dut*2 ,locke is        
,engli%2 l',abb de ,/4 ,pi]re1          
,montesquieu1  d',arg5son1 ,voltaire1   
,r\sseau1 ,did]ot & ! encyclopa$i/s are 
,fr5*2 ,al?usius1 ,puf5dorf1 ,kant1     

,fi*te are ,g]man4    ,italy took no "p 
9 ! rise & developm5t ( ! doctr9es (    
natural law4 ,only 9 ! ,,xix c5tury did 
%e ev9ce a t>dy int]e/  9 ^! doctr9es1 j
 z %e t>dily contribut$ to !m at !  dose
 ( ! ,,xviii c5tury ?r\gh ! works (     
,becc>ia & ,filang]i4    ,:ile !re=e 9  
o!r c\ntries su* z ,france1 ,engl&1     
,g]many1  & ,holl&1 ! g5]al tradition 9 
! social & political  sci5ces work$ 9   
behalf ( anti-/ate individualism1 &     
!re=e  ( lib]al & democratic doctr9es1  
,italy1 on ! o!r h&1 clung  to ! p[]ful 
legacy ( its pa/ 9 virtue ( :i* %e      
proclaims  ! rights ( ! /ate1 !         
preem95ce ( its au?ority1 & !           
sup]iority ( its ends4 ,! v fact t !    
,italian political  doctr9e 9 ! ,middle 
,ages l9k$ itself ) ! great political   
writ]s ( antiquity1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 
:o 9 a diff]5t mann]  b ) an equal      
firmness advocat$ a /rong /ate & !      
subord9ation ( individuals to x1 is a   
suffici5t index ( !  ori5tation (       
political philosophy 9 ,italy4 ,we all  

"k h[ ?or\gh  & cru%+ ! au?ority (      
,ari/otle 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b  =    
,ari/otle ! spiritual cem5t ( ! /ate is 
virtue n  absolute virtue b political   
virtue1 :i* is social devotion4 ,8  /ate
 is made up solely ( its citiz5s1 !     
citiz5s be+ ei!r  ^? :o def5d x ) _!    
arms or :o gov]n x z magi/rates4  ,all  
o!rs :o provide x ) ! mat]ials & s]vices
 x ne$s are  n citiz5s4 ,!y become su*  
only 9 ! corrupt =ms ( c]ta9            
democracies4 ,society is !re=e divid$   
into two classes1 ! free  m5 or citiz5s 
:o give _! "t to noble & virtu\s        
occupations  & :o pr(ess _! subjection  
to ! /ate1 & ! labor]s &  slaves :o "w =
 ! ma9t5ance ( ! =m]4 ,no man 9 ?is     
s*eme is 8 own ma/]4 ,! slaves belong to
 ! freem51 & !  freem5 belong to ! /ate4
    ,x 0 !re=e natural t ,/4 ,?omas     
,aqu9as ! greate/  political writ] ( !  
,middle ,ages %\ld emphasize ! necessity
 (  unity 9 ! political field1 ! h>m (  
plurality ( rul]s1 !  dang]s & damag+   
effects ( demagogy4 ,! good ( ! /ate1   

says  ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 is unity4 ,&  
:o c procure unity m fitt+ly  ?an he :o 
is himself "o8 ,moreov] ! gov]nm5t mu/  
foll[1 z  f> z possible1 ! c\rse (      
nature & 9 nature p[] is always  "o4 ,9 
! physical body only "o organ is        
dom9ant--! he>t2 9  ! _s only "o faculty
 has sway--reason4 ,bees h "o sole      
rul]2 & ! entire univ]se "o sole        
sov]eign--,god4 ,exp]i5ce  %[s t !      
c\ntries1 :i* are rul$ by _m1 p]i%      
because (  discord :ile ^? t are rul$   
ov] by "o enjoy peace1 ju/ice1  & pl5ty4
 ,! ,/ates :i* are n rul$ by "o are     
tr\bl$ by  diss5sions1 & toil unceas+ly4
 ,on ! contr>y ! /ates :i*  are rul$ ov]
 by "o k+ enjoy peace1 ?rive 9 ju/ice & 
are  gladd5$ by afflu5ce4#b ,! rule ( ! 
multitudes c n be  sanction$1 = :]e !   
cr[d rules x oppresses ! ri* z w\ld a   
tyrant4#c    ,italy 9 ! ,middle ,ages   
pres5t$ a curi\s ph5om5on3 :ile 9       
practice ! au?ority ( ! /ate 0 be+      
dissolv$ into a  multiplicity ( compet+ 
sov]eignties1 ! !ory ( /ate unity &     

au?ority 0 kept alive 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k]s  
by ! memories (  ! ,roman ,imp]ial      
tradition4 ,x 0 ?is memory t support$ = 
c5turies ! fiction ( ! univ]sal ,roman  
,empire :5 9 reality x  exi/$ no long]4 
,dante's ,de ,mon>*ia d$uc$ ! !ory ( ?is
  empire conceiv$ z ! unity ( a /rong   
/ate4 ,quod pote/ fi]i  p] unum melius  
e/ p] unum fi]i quam plura1 he says 9 ! 
,,xiv  *apt] ( ! fir/ book1 & fur!r on1 
consid]+ ! citiz5 z  an in/rum5t = !    
atta9m5t ( ! ends ( ! /ate1 he          
concludes t ! individual mu/ sacrifice  
himself = 8 c\ntry4  ,si p>s debet se   
expon]e pro salute totius1 cum homo siti
 p>s  qua$am civitatis 444 homo pro     
patria debet expon]e se ipsum4 7lib4    
,,ii4 #h74    ,! ,roman tradition1 :i* 0
 "o ( practice b n (  !ories--= ,rome   
con/ruct$ ! mo/ solid /ate kn[n to      
hi/ory  ) extraord9>y /atesman%ip b )   
h>dly any political  writ+s--influ5c$   
consid]ably ! f\nd] ( mod]n political   
sci5ce1 ,nicolo ,ma*iavelli1 :o 0       
himself 9 tru? n a creator (  doctr9es b

 a ke5 obs]v] ( human nature :o d]iv$ f 
!  /udy ( hi/ory practical maxims (     
political import4 ,he fre$ !  sci5ce (  
politics f ! =malism ( ! s*ola/ics &    
br\ght  x close to concrete reality4 ,8 
writ+s1 an inexhau/ible m9e (  practical
 rem>ks & preci\s obs]vations1 reveal   
dom9ant 9 him  ! /ate idea1 no long]    
ab/ract b 9 ! full hi/orical            
concret5ess ( ! national unity ( ,italy4
 ,ma*iavelli !re=e is  n only ! greate/ 
( mod]n political writ]s1 he is also !  
greate/ ( our c\ntrym5 9 full possession
 ( a national ,italian  consci\sness4   
,to lib]ate ,italy1 :i* 0 9 8 day       
enslav$1 torn  & pillag$1 & to make h] m
 p[]ful1 he w\ld use any means1  = to 8 
m9d ! hol9ess ( ! end ju/ifi$ !m        
completely4 ,9  ?is he 0 %>ply rebuk$ by
 =eign]s :o 7 n z ho/ile to  8 means z  
!y 7 fe>ful ( ! end :i* he prop\nd$4 ,he
  advocat$ !re=e ! con/itution ( a /rong
 ,italian /ate1  support$ by !          
sacrifices & by ! blood ( ! citiz5s1 n  
def5d$ by m]c5>y troops2 well-ord]$     

int]nally1 aggressive &  b5t on         
expansion4 ,weak republics1 he said1 h  
no det]m9ation  & c nev] rea* a         
decision4 7,disc4 ,i4 c4 #ch74 ,weak    
/ates 7  ev] dubi\s 9 *oos+ _! c\rse1 & 
sl[ delib]ations are  always h>mful4    
7,disc4 ,i4 c4 #aj74 ,& aga93 ,:oso     
und]takes to  gov]n a multitude ei!r 9 a
 rgime ( lib]ty or 9 a mon>*y1  )\t     
previ\sly mak+ sure ( ^? :o are ho/ile  
to ! new  ord] ( ?+s builds a %ort-liv$ 
/ate4 7,disc4 ,i4 c4 #af74 ,&  fur!r on 
! dictatorial au?ority help$ & did n h>m
 !  ,roman republic 7,disc4 ,i4 c4 #cd71
 & ,k+s & republics lack+ 9  national   
troops bo? = (f5se & def5se %\ld be     
a%am$ (  _! exi/5ce4 7,disc4 ,i4 c4     
#ba74 ,& aga93 ,money n only does  n    
protect y b r x exposes y to plund]+    
assaults4 ,nor  c !re be a m false      
op9ion ?an t :i* says t money is  !     
s9ews ( w>4 ,n money b good soldi]s w9  
battles4 7,disc4 ,i4  ,,ii4 c4 #aj74 ,! 
c\ntry mu/ be def5d$ ) ignom9y or )     
glory  & 9 ei!r way x is nobly def5d$4  

7,disc4 ,,iii4 c4 #da74 ,& )  da% &     
boldness p (t5 capture :at !y nev] w\ld 
h  obta9$ by ord9>y means4 7,disc4      
,,iii4 c4 #dd74 ,ma*iavelli 0 n  only a 
great political au?ority1 he taught !   
ma/]y ( en]gy &  w4 ,fascism le>ns f him
 n only its doctr9es b its action z     
well4    ,diff]5t f ,ma*iavelli's1 9    
m5tal attitude1 9 cultural  prep>ation1 
& 9 mann] ( pres5tation1 ,g4,b4 ,vico   
mu/ yet be  connect$ ) ! great ,flor5t9e
 f :om 9 a c]ta9 way he  seems to       
proce$4 ,9 ! heyday ( natural law ,vico 
is decid$ly  oppos$ to ius naturale & 9 
8 attacks aga9/ its advocates1          
,grotius1 ,seld5us & ,puf5dorf1 he      
sy/ematically assails !  ab/ract1       
rationali/ic1 & utilit>ian pr9ciples ( !
 ,,xviii  c5tury4 ,z ,montemayor ju/ly  
says3#d ,:ile ! 'natural juri/s'1  bas+ 
ju/ice & /ate on utility & int]e/ &     
gr\nd+ human  c]titude on reason1 7     
/riv+ to draft p]man5t codes &  con/ruct
 ! p]fect /ate1 ,vico /rongly ass]t$ !  
social nature  ( man1 ! e?ical "* ( !   

juridical consci\sness & its  gr[? ?r\gh
 ! hi/ory ( humanity r ?an 9 sacr$      
hi/ory4  ,vico !re=e ma9ta9s t doctr9es 
mu/ beg9 ) ^? subjects  :i* take up &   
expla9 ! entire c\rse ( civilization4   
,exp]i5ce & n ratioc9ation1 hi/ory & n  
reason mu/ help  human wisdom to und]/& 
! civil & political regimes :i* 7  !    
result n ( reason or philosophy1 b r (  
common s5se1 or  if y w ( ! social      
consci\sness ( man & f>!r on 7pages     
#cgc-cgd71 to ,vico we owe ! conception 
( hi/ory 9 its fulle/  s5se z magi/ra   
vitae1 ! se>* aft] ! humanity ( hi/ory1 
!  pr9ciple :i* makes ! tru? progress ) 
"t1 ! discov]y (  ! political 'c\rse' ( 
nations4 ,x is ,vico :o utt]$ ! eulogy  
( ! patrician 'h]oic he>ts' ( ! 'patres 
patriae' fir/  f\nd]s ( /ates1          
magnanim\s def5d]s ( ! commonweal? &    
wise  c\nsellors ( politics4 ,to ,vico  
we owe ! criticism ( democracies1  !    
affirmation ( _! brief exi/5ce1 ( _!    
rapid  dis9tegration at ! h&s ( factions
 & demagogues1 ( _! lapse  fir/ into    

an>*y1 !n into mon>*y1 :5 _! degradation
 does  n make !m a prey ( =eign         
oppressors4 ,vico conceiv$ ( civil      
lib]ty z subjection to law1 z j         
subord9ation1 ( ! private to  ! public  
int]e/s1 to ! sway ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 ,vico 
:o  sket*$ mod]n society z a _w (       
nations ea* "o gu>d+ its  own imp]ium1  
fight+ j & n inhuman w>s4 ,9 ,vico !re=e
 we  f9d ! condemnation ( pacifism1 !   
ass]tion t "r is  actualiz$ by bodily   
=ce1 t )\t =ce1 "r is ( no avail1  & t  
!re=e 'qui ab iniuriis se tu]i non pote/
 s]vus e/4'    ,x is n difficult to     
disc]n ! analogies betwe5 ^!            
affirmations & ! fundam5tal views & ! _s
 ( ,fascism4 ,nor  %\ld we m>vel at ?is 
simil>ity4 ,fascism1 a /rictly ,italian 
ph5om5on1 has its roots 9 ! ,risorgim5to
 & ! ,risorgim5to 0  influ5c$ und\bt$ly 
by ,vico4    ,x w\ld be inexact to      
affirm t ! philosophy ( ,vico dom9at$  !
 ,risorgim5to4 ,too _m elem5ts ( ,g]man1
 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%  civilizations _h be5 
add$ to our culture dur+ ! fir/ half (  

! ,,xix c5tury to make ?is possible1 s  
mu* s t p]haps ,vico  might h rema9$    
unkn[n to ! mak]s ( ,italian unity if   
ano!r  p[]ful m9d f ,s\!rn ,italy1      
,v9c5zo ,cuoco1 _h n tak5 x  ^u himself 
to exp\nd ! philosophy ( ,vico 9 ^? v   
days 9  :i* ! intellectual prep>ation ( 
! ,risorgim5to 0 be+  c>ri$ on4    ,an  
adequate acc\nt ( ,cuoco's doctr9es w\ld
 c>ry me too f>4  ,montemayor1 9 !      
article quot$ above1 gives !m           
consid]able  att5tion4 ,he quotes among 
o!r ?+s ,cuoco's arraignm5t (           
,democracy3 ,italy has f>$ badly at ! h&
 ( ,democracy :i* has  )]$ to _! roots !
 ?ree sacr$ plants ( lib]ty1 unity1  &  
indep5d5ce4 ,if we wi% to see ^! trees  
fl\ri% aga9 let u  protect !m 9 ! future
 f ,democracy4    ,! influ5ce ( ,cuoco1 
an exile at ,milan1 ex]t$ ?r\gh 8       
writ+s1 8 newspap] articles1 & ,vi*ian  
propag&a1 on !  ,italian patriots is    
univ]sally recogniz$4 ,among ! regul>   
read]s  ( 8 ,giornale ,italiano we f9d  
,monti & ,foscolo4 ,clipp+s ( 8         

articles 7 treasur$ by ,mazz9i &        
,manzoni1 :o (t5 act$ z 8  secret>y1    
call$ him 8 ma/] 9 politics4#e    ,!    
influ5ce ( ! ,italian tradition summ$ up
 & h&$ d[n by  ,cuoco 0 felt by ,mazz9i 
^: int]pretation ( ! function ( !       
citiz5 z duty & mission is to be        
connect$ ) ,vico's doctr9e  r ?an ) !   
philosophic & political doctr9es ( !    
,fr5*  ,revolution4    ,tra9+ = social  
duty1 said ,mazz9i1 is ess5tially &     
logically unit>ian4 ,life = x is b a    
duty1 a mission4 ,! norm  & def9ition ( 
su* mission c only be f\nd 9 a          
collective t]m  sup]ior to all !        
individuals ( ! c\ntry--9 ! p1 9 !      
nation4 ,if !re is a collective mission1
 a communion ( duty 444 x  c only be    
repres5t$ 9 ! national unity4#f ,& f>!r 
on3  ,! decl>ation ( rights1 :i* all    
con/itutions insi/ 9 copy+  slavi%ly f !
 ,fr5*1 express only ^? ( ! p]iod 444   
:i*  consid]$ ! individual z ! end &    
po9t$ out only "o half (  ! problem &   
aga91 assume ! exi/5ce ( "o ( ^? crises 

t ?reat5 ! life ( ! nation1 & dem& !    
active sacrifice  ( all its sons 444 w y
 ask ! citiz5s to face m>tyrdom 9       
virtue ( _! rights8 ,y h taught m5 t    
society 0 solely  con/itut$ to gu>antee 
_! rights & n[ y ask !m to  sacrifice "o
 & all1 to suff] & die = ! safety ( !   
'nation8'#g    ,9 ,mazz9i's conception (
 ! citiz5 z in/rum5t = !  atta9m5t ( !  
nation's ends & !re=e submissive to a   
high]  mission1 to ! duty ( supreme     
sacrifice1 we see ! anticipation (  "o (
 ! fundam5tal po9ts ( ! ,fasci/ doctr9e4
    ,un=tunately1 ! autonomy ( !        
political ?\ght ( ,italy1  vigor\sly    
e/abli%$ 9 ! works ( ,vico1 nobly       
reclaim$ by  ,v9c5zo ,cuoco1 kept up    
dur+ ! /ruggles ( ! ,risorgim5to 9      
spite ( ! _m =eign influ5ces ( t p]iod1 
seem$ to exhau/  itself imm$iately aft] 
! unification4 ,italian political ?\ght 
:i* _h be5 orig9al 9 times ( s]vitude1  
became enslav$ 9 !  days ( fre$om4    ,a
 p[]ful innovat+ movem5t1 issu+ f ! w> &
 ( :i*  ,fascism is ! pure/ expression1 

0 to re/ore ,italian ?\ght 9  ! sph]e ( 
political doctr9e to its own traditions 
:i* are !  traditions ( ,rome4    ,?is  
task ( intellectual lib]ation1 n[ sl[ly 
be+ accompli%$1  is no less important   
?an ! political deliv]ance br\ght ab\t  
by  ! ,fasci/ ,revolution4 ,x is a great
 task :i* cont9ues &  integrates !      
,risorgim5to2 x is n[ br++ to an end1   
aft] !  cessation ( our political       
s]vitude1 ! intellectual dep5d5ce (     
,italy4    ,?anks to x1 ,italy aga9     
speaks to ! _w & ! _w li/5s to  ,italy4 
,x is a great task & a great de$ & x    
dem&s great  ef=ts4 ,to c>ry x ?r\gh1 we
 mu/1 ea* "o ( u1 free ourselves  ( !   
dross ( ideas & m5tal habits :i* two    
c5turies ( =eign  intellectuali/ic      
tradition h heap$ ^u u2 we mu/ n only   
take  on a new culture b create =       
ourselves a new s\l4 ,we mu/            
me?odically & pati5tly contribute some?+
 t[>ds ! organic  & complete elaboration
 ( our doctr9e1 at ! same "t support+  x
 bo? at home & abroad ) untir+ devotion4

 ,we ask ?is ef=t  ( r5ovation &        
collaboration ( all ,fasci/s1 z well z (
 all :o  feel !mselves to be ,italians4 
,aft] ! h\r ( sacrifice comes !  h\r (  
unyield+ ef=ts4 ,to our "w1 !n1 fell[   
c\ntrym51 =  ! glory ( ,italy6          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,footnotes3    ,footnote #a3 ,translat$
 f ! ,italian4    ,footnote #b3         
civitates quae non reguntur ab uno      
diss5ionibus  laborant et absque pace   
fluctuant4 ,e contr>io civitates quae   
sub uno  rege reguntur pace gaud5t1     
iu/itia flor5t et afflu5tia r]um        
laetantur4 7,de reg4 pr9c4 ,i4 c4 #b74  
,footnote #c3 ideo manifu/um e/1 quod   
multitudo e/ sicut tyrannuus1  qu>e     
op]ationes multitud9is sunt iniu/ae4    
ergo non exp$it  multitud9em dom9>i4    
7,comm4 ,9 ,polit4 ,l4 ,,iii4 lectio    
,,viii74    ,footnote #d3 ,rivi/a       
int]nazionale di filos(ia del diritto   
,v4 #cea4    ,footnote #e3 ,montemayor4 
,riv4 ,int4 etc4 p4 #cgj4    ,footnote  
#f3 della unit italiana4 ,scritti1 ,vol4

 ,,iii4    ,footnote #g3 ,i si/emi e la 
democrazia4 ,scritti1 ,vol4 ,,vii4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,philosophic ,,basis ,,( ,,fascism 
,,by ,,giovanni ,,g5tile      ,= !      
,italian nation ! ,_w ,w> 0 ! solution (
 a deep  spiritual crisis4 ,!y will$ &  
f\ght x long be=e !y felt &  evaluat$ x4
 ,b !y will$1 f\ght1 felt & evaluat$ x 9
 a  c]ta9 _s :i* ,italy's g5]als &      
/atesm5 exploit$1 b  :i* also work$ on  
!m1 condition+ _! policies & _!  action4
 ,! _s 9 "q 0 n altoge!r cle> &         
self-consi/5t4 ,t x lack$ unanimity 0   
p>ticul>ly app>5t  j be=e & aga9 j aft] 
! w> :5 feel+s 7 n  subject to w>       
discipl9e4 ,x 0 z ?\gh ! ,italian "* 7  
cross$ by two diff]5t curr5ts :i* divid$
 x into two  irreconcilable sections4   
,"o ne$ ?9k only ( ! days ( ,italian    
neutrality & ( ! debates t rag$ betwe5  
,int]v5tioni/s &  ,neutrali/s4 ,! ease )
 :i* ! mo/ inconsi/5t ideas 7  press$   
into s]vice by bo? p>ties %[$ t ! issue 
0 n  betwe5 two oppos+ political        

op9ions1 two conflict+ concepts (       
hi/ory1 b actually betwe5 two diff]5t   
temp]am5ts1 two  diff]5t s\ls4    ,= "o 
k9d ( p]son ! important po9t 0 to fight 
! w>1  ei!r on ! side ( ,g]many or aga9/
 ,g]many3 b 9 ei!r ev5t  to fight ! w>1 
)\t reg>d to specific advantages--to    
fight !  w> 9 ord] t at la/ ! ,italian  
nation1 creat$ r by  favor+ conditions  
?an by ! w ( its p to be a nation1      
might receive its te/ 9 blood1 su* a te/
 z only w> c br+ by  unit+ all citiz5s 9
 a s+le ?\ght1 a s+le passion1 a s+le   
hope1 emphasiz+ to ea* individual t all 
h some?+ 9  common1 some?+ transc5d+    
private int]e/s4    ,?is 0 ! v ?+ t     
fright5$ ! o!r k9d ( p]son1 !  prud5t   
man1 ! reali/1 :o _h a cle> view ( !    
mortal risks a  "y1 inexp]i5c$1 badly   
prep>$ nation w\ld be runn+ 9 su* a  w>1
 & :o also saw--a mo/ significant       
po9t--t1 all ?+s  consid]$1 a b>ga9+    
neutrality w\ld surely w9 ! c\ntry      
tangible rew>ds1 z great z victori\s    
p>ticipation itself4    ,! po9t at issue

 0 j t3 ! ,italian ,neutrali/s /ood =   
mat]ial advantages1 advantages tangible1
 pond]able1 palpable2 !  ,int]v5tioni/s 
/ood = moral advantages1 intangible1    
impalpable1  impond]able--impond]able at
 lea/ on ! scales us$ by _!  antagoni/s4
 ,on ! eve ( ! w> ^! two ,italian       
*>act]s /ood  fac+ ea* o!r1 sc[l+ &     
irreconcilable--! "o on !  aggressive1  
ass]t+ itself ev] m =cefully ?r\gh !    
v>i\s  organs ( public op9ion2 ! o!r on 
! def5sive1 (f]+  resi/ance ?r\gh !     
,p>liam5t :i* 9 ^? days /ill seem$ to   
be ! basic repository ( ,/ate           
sov]eignty4 ,civil conflict seem$       
inevitable 9 ,italy1 & civil w> 0 9 fact
 av]t$ only because  ! ,k+ took         
advantage ( "o ( 8 pr]ogatives & decl>$ 
w>  aga9/ ! ,c5tral ,p[]s4    ,?is act (
 ! ,k+ 0 ! fir/ decisive /ep t[>d !     
solution  ( ! crisis4      ,,ii    ,!   
crisis _h anci5t orig9s4 ,its roots sank
 deep into ! inn]  _s ( ! ,italian p4   
,:at 7 ! creative =ces ( ! ,risorgim5to8
 ,! ,italian  p1 to :i* "s hi/orians are

 n[ t5d+ to attribute an  important if n
 a decisive role 9 our /ruggle =        
national unity  & indep5d5ce1 0 h>dly on
 ! sc5e at all4 ,! active ag5cy  0      
always an idea become a p]son--x 0 "o or
 sev]al det]m9$  wills :i* 7 fix$ on    
det]m9$ goals4 ,!re c be no "q  t ! bir?
 ( mod]n ,italy 0 ! "w ( ! few4 ,& x    
c\ld  n be o!rwise4 ,x is always ! few  
:o repres5t !  self-consci\sness & ! w (
 an epo* & det]m9e :at its  hi/ory %all 
be2 = x is !y :o see ! =ces at _!       
disposal  & ?r\gh ^? =ces actuate ! "o  
truly active & productive  =ce--_! own  
w4    ,t w we f9d 9 ! song ( ! poets & !
 ideas ( !  political writ]s1 :o "k h[  
to use a language h>moni\s ) a  univ]sal
 s5tim5t or ) a s5tim5t capable ( becom+
 univ]sal4  ,9 ! case ( ,italy1 9 all   
our b>ds1 philosoph]s & lead]s1 f       
,alfi]i to ,foscolo1 f ,leop>di to      
,manzoni1 f ,mazz9i to  ,giob]ti1 we are
 able to pick up ! ?reads ( a new       
fabric1 :i* is  a new k9d ( ?\ght1 a new
 k9d ( s\l1 a new k9d ( ,italy4 ,?is    

new ,italy diff]$ f ! old ,italy 9      
some?+ t 0 v  simple b yet 0 ( ! greate/
 importance3 ?is new ,italy took  life  
s]i\sly1 :ile ! old "o did n4 ,p 9 e age
 _h  dream$ ( an ,italy & talk$ ( an    
,italy4 ,! notion ( ,italy _h  be5 sung 
9 all k9ds ( music1 prop\nd$ 9 all k9ds 
(  philosophy4 ,b x 0 always an ,italy t
 exi/$ 9 ! bra9 (  "s s*ol> ^: le>n+ 0 m
 or less divorc$ f reality4  ,n[ reality
 dem&s t convictions be tak5 s]i\sly1 t 
ideas  become actions4 ,accord+ly x 0   
necess>y t ?is ,italy1 :i*  0 an affair 
( bra9s only1 become also an affair (   
he>ts1 become1  t is1 some?+ s]i\s1     
some?+ alive4 ,?is1 & no o!r1 0  ! mean+
 ( ,mazz9i's great slogan3 ,?\ght &     
,action4 ,x 0  ! ess5ce ( ! great       
revolution :i* he prea*$ & :i* he       
accompli%$ by in/ill+ 8 doctr9e into !  
he>ts ( o!rs4 ,n  _m o!rs--a small      
m9ority6 ,b !y 7 num]\s en\gh &  p[]ful 
en\gh to raise ! "q :]e x c\ld be       
answ]$--9  ,italian public op9ion 7tak5 
9 conjunction ) ! political  situation  

prevail+ 9 ! re/ ( ,europe74 ,!y 7 able 
to  e/abli% ! doctr9e t life is n a     
game1 b a mission2 t1  !re=e1 !         
individual has a law & a purpose 9      
ob$i5ce to  :i* & 9 fulfillm5t ( :i* he 
alone atta9s 8 true value2  t1          
accord+ly1 he mu/ make sacrifices1 n[ ( 
p]sonal com=t1  n[ ( private int]e/1 n[ 
( life itself4    ,no revolution ev]    
possess$ m m>k$ly ?an did ! ,italian    
,risorgim5to ?is *>act]i/ic ( ideality1 
( ?\ght prec$+  action4 ,our revolt 0 n 
conc]n$ ) ! mat]ial ne$s ( life1  nor   
did x spr+ f elem5t>y & widely diffus$  
s5tim5ts  break+ out 9 popul> upris+s & 
mass di/urbances4 ,! movem5ts  ( #ahdg &
 #ahdh 7 demon/rations1 z we w\ld say   
today1 (  intellectuals2 !y 7 ef=ts t[>d
 a goal on ! "p (  a m9ority ( patriots 
:o 7 /&>d be>]s ( an ideal  & 7 driv+   
gov]nm5ts & peoples t[>d its atta9m5t4  
,idealism--und]/ood z fai? 9 ! adv5t (  
an ideal reality1 z a  mann] ( conceiv+ 
life n z fix$ )9 ! limits ( exi/+  fact1
 b z incessant progress & trans=mation  

t[>d ! level ( a  high] law :i* controls
 m5 ) ! v =ce ( ! idea--0 !  sum &      
sub/ance ( ,mazz9i's tea*+2 & x suppli$ 
! mo/  conspicu\s *>act]i/ic ( our great
 ,italian revolution4 ,9 ?is  s5se all !
 patriots :o work$ = ! f\ndation ( ! new
 k+dom  7 ,mazz9ians--,giob]ti1 ,cav\r1 
,victor ,emmanuel1 ,g>ibaldi4 ,to be    
sure1 our writ]s ( ! fir/ rank1 su* z   
,manzoni & ,rosm9i1 _h no  hi/orical    
connection ) ,mazz9i2 b !y _h ! same    
g5]al  t5d5cy z ,mazz9i4 ,work+ along   
div]g+ l9es1 !y all came  toge!r on !   
ess5tial po9t3 t true life is n ! life  
:i*  is1 b also ! life :i* ought to be4 
,x 0 a conviction ess5tially  religi\s 9
 "*1 ess5tially anti-mat]iali/ic4       
,,iii    ,?is religi\s & ideali/ic mann]
 ( look+ at life1 s  *>act]i/ic ( !     
,risorgim5to1 prevails ev5 beyond !     
h]oic  age ( ! revolution & ! e/abli%m5t
 ( ! ,k+dom4 ,x  survives d[n ?r\gh     
,ricasoli1 ,lanza1 ,sella & ,m+hetti1   
d[n1 t  is1 to ! occupation ( ,rome & ! 
sy/emization ( our national  f9ances4 ,!

 p>liam5t>y ov]turn ( #ahgf1 inde$1 m>ks
 n !  end1 b r an int]ruption1 on ! road
 t ,italy _h be5  foll[+ s9ce ! beg9n+ (
 ! c5tury4 ,! outlook !n  *ang$1 & n by 
! caprici\sness or weakness ( m51 b by a
  necessity ( hi/ory :i* x w\ld be      
idiotic 9 our day to deplore4  ,at t "t 
! fall ( ! ,"r1 :i* _h rul$ cont9u\sly  
betwe5 #ahfa & #ahgf1 seem$ to mo/ p !  
real conque/ (  fre$om4    ,to be sure !
 ,"r _c be accus$ ( too great scruple 9 
respect+ ! lib]ties gu>ante$ by our     
,con/itution2 b ! real  tru? 0 t ! ,"r  
conceiv$ lib]ty 9 a s5se directly       
opposite to ! notions ( ! ,left4 ,!     
,left mov$ f !  individual to ! ,/ate3 !
 ,"r mov$ f ! ,/ate to !  individual4 ,!
 m5 ( ! left ?\ght ( ! p z m]ely !      
agglom]ate ( ! citiz5s compos+ x4 ,!y   
!re=e made !  individual ! c5t] & ! po9t
 ( dep>ture ( all ! rights &            
pr]ogatives :i* a rgime ( fre$om 0 b\nd 
to respect4    ,! m5 ( ! ,"r1 on !      
contr>y1 7 firmly set 9 ! notion  t no  
fre$om c be conceiv$ except )9 ! ,/ate1 

t fre$om  c h no important cont5t ap>t f
 a solid rgime ( law  indisputably      
sov]eign ov] ! activities & ! int]e/s ( 
individuals4 ,= ! ,"r !re c\ld be no    
individual fre$om n  reconcilable ) !   
au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 _! eyes !  g5]al 
int]e/ 0 always p>am\nt ov] private     
int]e/s4 ,! law1  !re=e1 %\ld h absolute
 efficacy & embrace ! :ole life (  ! p4 
,?is conception ( ! ,"r 0 evid5tly s\nd2
 b x involv$  great dang]s :5 appli$ )\t
 reg>d to ! motives :i*  provok$ x4     
,unless we are c>eful1 too mu* law leads
 to /asis &  !re=e to ! annihilation ( !
 life :i* x is ! ,/ate's  function to   
regulate b :i* ! ,/ate _c suppress4 ,!  
,/ate  may easily become a =m indiff]5t 
to its cont5t--some?+  extrane\s to !   
sub/ance x w\ld regulate4 ,if ! law     
comes ^u  ! individual f )\t1 if !      
individual is n absorb$ 9 !  life ( !   
,/ate1 ! individual feels ! law & !     
,/ate z  limitations on 8 activity1 z   
*a9s :i* w ev5tually /rangle  him unless
 he c break !m d[n4    ,?is 0 j ! feel+ 

( ! m5 ( '#gf4 ,! c\ntry ne$$ a  brea? (
 air4 ,its moral1 economic1 & social    
=ces dem&$ !  "r to develop )\t         
int]f]5ce f a law :i* took no acc\nt  ( 
!m4 ,?is 0 ! hi/orical reason = !       
ov]turn ( t ye>2  & ) ! transf]5ce ( p[]
 f ,"r to ,left beg9s !  p]iod ( gr[? & 
developm5t 9 our nation3 economic gr[? 9
  indu/ry1 comm]ce1 railroads1          
agriculture2 intellectual gr[? 9        
sci5ce1 education4 ,! nation _h receiv$ 
its =m f above4 ,x  _h n[ to /ruggle to 
its new level1 giv+ to a ,/ate :i*      
already  _h its con/itution1 its        
adm9i/rative & political organization1  
its army & its f9ance1 a liv+ cont5t (  
=ces spr++ f  individual initiative     
prompt$ by int]e/s :i* ! ,risorgim5to1  
absorb$ 9 its great ideals1 _h ei!r     
neglect$ or altoge!r  disreg>d$4    ,!  
accompli%m5t ( ?is con/itutes ! cr$it   
side ( ! balance  %eet ( ,k+ ,humb]t ,i4
 ,x 0 ! error ( ,k+ ,humb]t's greate/   
m9i/]1 ,francesco ,crispi1 n to h       
und]/ood 8 age4 ,crispi  /rove vigor\sly

 to re/ore ! au?ority & ! pre/ige ( !   
,/ate z aga9/ an individualism gone     
rampant1 to reass]t religi\s  ideals z  
aga9/ triumphant mat]ialism4 ,he fell1  
!re=e1 be=e  ! assaults ( s-call$       
democracy4    ,crispi 0 wrong4 ,t 0 n ! 
mom5t = re-hoi/+ !  "t-honor$ bann] (   
idealism4 ,at t "t !re c\ld be no talk  
( w>s1 ( national dignity1 ( competition
 ) ! ,great ,p[]s2 no  talk ( sett+     
limits to p]sonal lib]ties 9 ! int]e/s (
 !  ab/ract entity call$ ,/ate4 ,! ^w   
,god1 :i* ,crispi sometimes  us$1 0     
s+ul>ly out ( place4 ,x 0 a "q r (  br++
 ! popul> classes to prosp]ity1         
self-consci\sness1  p>ticipation 9      
political life4 ,campaigns aga9/        
illit]acy1 all  k9ds ( social           
legislation1 ! elim9ation ( ! cl]gy f ! 
public s*ools1 :i* mu/ be secul> &      
anti-cl]ical6 ,dur+ ?is  p]iod          
,freemasonry became solidly e/abli%$ 9 !
 bureaucracy1 !  army1 ! judici>y4 ,!   
c5tral p[] ( ! ,/ate 0 weak5$ &  made   
subs]vi5t to ! fleet+ v>iations ( popul>

 w z  reflect$ 9 a suffrage absolv$ f   
all control f above4 ,!  gr[? ( big     
indu/ry favor$ ! rise ( a socialism (   
,m>xian  /amp z a new k9d ( moral &     
political education = our  prolet>iat4  
,! conception ( humanity 0 n inde$ lo/ f
 view3  b su* moral re/ra9ts z 7 plac$  
on ! free individual 7  all bas$ on !   
feel+ t ea* man mu/ in/9ctively seek 8  
own  well-be+ & def5d x4 ,?is 0 ! v     
conception :i* ,mazz9i  _h f\ght 9      
socialism1 ?\gh he rightly saw t x 0 n  
peculi> to socialism alone1 b belong$ to
 any political !ory1  :e!r lib]al1      
democratic1 or anti-sociali/ic1 :i*     
urges m5  t[>d ! exaction ( rights r ?an
 to ! fulfillm5t (  duties4    ,f #ahgf 
till ! ,great ,w>1 accord+ly1 we _h an  
,italy t 0  mat]iali/ic &               
anti-,mazz9ian1 ?\gh an ,italy f>       
sup]ior to !  ,italy ( & be=e ,mazz9i's 
"t4 ,all our culture1 :e!r 9 !  natural 
or ! moral sci5ces1 9 lett]s or 9 !     
arts1 0  dom9at$ by a crude positivism1 
:i* conceiv$ ( ! reality 9  :i* we live 

z some?+ giv51 some?+ ready-made1 & :i* 
!re=e limits & conditions human activity
 q ap>t f  s-call$ arbitr>y & illusory  
dem&s ( morality4 ,ev]ybody want$       
facts1 positive facts4 ,ev]ybody laugh$ 
at metaphysical dreams1  at impalpable  
realities4 ,! tru? 0 !re be=e ! eyes (  
m54  ,!y _h only to op5 _! eyes to see  
x4 ,! ,beautiful itself c\ld  only be ! 
mirror ( ! ,tru? pres5t be=e u 9        
,nature4  ,patriotism1 l all ! o!r      
virtues bas$ on a religi\s attitude  (  
m9d1 & :i* c be m5tion$ only :5 p h !   
c\rage  to talk 9 e>ne/1 became a       
rhetorical !me on :i* x 0 r  bad ta/e to
 t\*4    ,?is p]iod1 :i* anyone born    
dur+ ! la/ half ( ! pa/  c5tury c well  
rememb]1 might be call$ !               
demo-sociali/ic phase  ( ! mod]n        
,italian ,/ate4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :i*        
elaborat$ !  *>act]i/ically democratic  
attitude ( m9d on a basis ( p]sonal     
fre$om1 & :i* result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t (  
socialism z !  prim>y & controll+ =ce 9 
! ,/ate4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( gr[?  & (       

prosp]ity dur+ :i* ! moral =ces develop$
 dur+ !  ,risorgim5to 7 cr[d$ into !    
backgr\nd or (f ! /age4      ,,iv    ,b 
t[>d ! end ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & 9 !   
fir/ ye>s (  ! ,tw5tie? a vigor\s _s (  
reaction began to manife/ itself  9 ! "y
 m5 ( ,italy aga9/ ! prec$+ g5]ation's  
ideas 9  politics1 lit]ature1 sci5ce &  
philosophy4 ,x 0 z ?\gh !y  7 we>y ( !  
prosaic b\rgeois life :i* !y _h inh]it$ 
f  _! fa!rs & 7 eag] to return to ! l(ty
 moral en?usiasms  ( _! gr&fa!rs4       
,rosm9i & ,giob]ti _h be5 long =gott54  
,!y 7 n[ exhum$1 read1 discuss$4 ,z =   
,mazz9i1 an edition (  8 writ+s 0 f9anc$
 by ! ,/ate itself4 ,vico1 ! great      
,vico1 a  =midable prea*] ( ideali/ic   
philosophy & a great  anti-,c>tesian &  
anti-rationali/1 became ! object ( a new
 cult4    ,positivism began =?) to be   
attack$ by neo-idealism4  ,mat]iali/ic  
approa*es to ! /udy ( lit]ature & art 7 
refut$ & discr$it$4 ,)9 ! ,*ur* itself  
mod]nism came to  r\se ! ,italian cl]gy 
to ! ne$ ( a deep] & m mod]n  culture4  

,ev5 socialism 0 br\ght "u !            
philosophical probe &  criticiz$ l o!r  
doctr9es = its weaknesses & errors2 &   
:51 9 ,france1 ,george ,sorel w5t beyond
 ! fallacies ( !  mat]iali/ic !ories ( !
 ,m>xi/ social-democracy to 8 !ory  (   
syndicalism1 our "y ,italian sociali/s  
turn$ to him4 ,9 ,sorel's  ideas !y saw 
two ?+s3 fir/1 ! end ( a hypocritical   
collaborationism :i* betray$ bo?        
prolet>iat & nation2 &  second1 fai? 9 a
 moral & ideal reality = :i* x 0 !      
individual's duty to sacrifice himself1 
& to def5d :i*1 ev5  viol5ce 0 ju/ifi$4 
,! anti-p>liam5t>ian _s & ! moral  _s ( 
syndicalism br\ght ,italian sociali/s   
back )9 !  ,mazz9ian orbit4    ,( great 
importance1 too1 0 nationalism1 a new   
movem5t !n j  com+ to ! =e4 ,our        
,italian nationalism 0 less lit]>y & m  
political 9 "* ?an ! simil> movem5t 9   
,france1 because  ) u x 0 atta*$ to !   
old hi/oric ,"r :i* _h a long  political
 tradition4 ,! new nationalism diff]$ f 
! old ,"r  9 ! /ress x laid on ! idea ( 

nation2 b x 0 at "o )  ! ,"r 9 reg>d+ ! 
,/ate z ! necess>y premise to !         
individual rights & values4 ,x 0 !      
special a*ievem5t (  nationalism to     
rek9dle fai? 9 ! nation 9 ,italian      
he>ts1 to  ar\se ! c\ntry aga9/         
p>liam5t>y socialism1 & to lead an  op5 
attack on ,freemasonry1 be=e :i* !      
,italian b\rgeoisie 0  t]rifi$ly        
pro/rat+ itself4 ,syndicali/s1          
nationali/s1 ideali/s  succe$$1 betwe5  
!m1 9 br++ ! great majority ( ,italian  
y\? back to ! _s ( ,mazz9i4    ,(ficial1
 legal1 p>liam5t>y ,italy1 ! ,italy t 0 
anti-,mazz9ian & anti-ideali/ic1 /ood   
aga9/ all ?is1 f9d+  its lead] 9 a man (
 unfail+ political intuition1 & ma/] z  
well ( ! political me*anism ( ! c\ntry1 
a man sceptical ( all  high-s\nd+ words1
 impati5t ( complicat$ concepts1        
ironical1  cold1 h>d-head$1             
practical--:at ,mazz9i w\ld h call$ a   
%rewd  mat]iali/4 ,9 ! p]sons1 inde$1 ( 
,mazz9i & ,giolitti1 we may  f9d a      
picture ( ! two aspects ( pre-w> ,italy1

 ( t  irreconcilable duality :i* p>alyz$
 ! vitality ( ! c\ntry &  :i* ! ,great  
,w> 0 to solve4      ,v    ,! effect ( !
 w> seem$ at fir/ to be q 9 an opposite 
s5se--to m>k ! beg9n+ ( a g5]al dbcle ( 
! ,italian  ,/ate & ( ! moral =ces t mu/
 und]lie any ,/ate4 ,if  entrance into !
 w> _h be5 a triumph ( ideal ,italy ov] 
mat]iali/ic ,italy1 ! adv5t ( peace     
seem$ to give ample  ju/ification to !  
,neutrali/s :o _h repres5t$ ! latt]4    
,aft]  ! ,armi/ice our ,allies turn$ _! 
backs ^u u4 ,our victory  assum$ all !  
aspects ( a defeat4 ,a defeati/         
psy*ology1 z !y  say1 took possession ( 
! ,italian p & express$ itself 9  hatr$ 
( ! w>1 ( ^? responsible = ! w>1 ev5 (  
our army  :i* _h won our w>4 ,an        
an>*ical _s ( dissolution rose  aga9/   
all au?ority4 ,! ganglia ( our economic 
life seem$ /ruck  ) mortal disease4     
,labor ran riot 9 /rike aft] /rike4 ,! v
  bureaucracy seem$ to align itself     
aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,! measure (  our        
spiritual disp]sion 0 ! return to p[] ( 

,giolitti--!  execrat$ ,neutrali/--:o = 
five ye>s _h be5 held up z !  expon5t ( 
an ,italy :i* _h di$ ) ! w>4    ,b1     
curi\sly en\gh1 x 0 "u ,giolitti t ?+s  
sudd5ly  *ang$ 9 aspect1 t aga9/ !      
,giolittian ,/ate a new ,/ate  arose4   
,our soldi]s1 our g5u9e soldi]s1 m5 :o  
_h will$ our w>  & f\ght x 9 full       
consci\sness ( :at !y 7 do+1 _h !  good 
=tune to f9d z _! lead]s a man :o c\ld  
express 9 words  ?+s t 7 9 all _! he>ts 
& :o c\ld make ^? words  audible above !
 tumult4    ,mussol9i _h left ,italian  
socialism 9 #aiae 9 ord] to be a m      
fai?ful int]pret] ( ! ,italian ,p 7! "n 
he *ose =  8 new pap]74 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o
 saw ! necessity ( our w>1  "o ( ^?     
ma9ly responsible = our ent]+ ! w>4     
,already z a  sociali/ he _h f\ght      
,freemasonry2 &1 draw+ 8 inspiration f  
,sorel's syndicalism1 he _h assail$ !   
p>liam5t>y corruption (  ,re=mi/        
,socialism ) ! ideali/ic po/ulates (    
revolution &  viol5ce4 ,!n1 lat]1 on    
leav+ ! p>ty & 9 def5d+ ! cause  (      

int]v5tion1 he _h come to oppose !      
illusory fancies (  prolet>ian          
int]nationalism ) an ass]tion ( !       
infrangible  integrity1 n only moral b  
economic z well1 ( ! national  organism1
 affirm+ !re=e ! sanctity ( c\ntry = !  
work+  classes z = o!r classes4         
,mussol9i 0 a ,mazz9ian ( t  pure-blood$
 bre$ :i* ,mazz9i seem$ someh[ always to
 f9d 9 !  prov9ce ( ,romagna4 ,fir/ by  
in/9ct1 lat] by reflection1 ,mussol9i   
_h come to despise ! futility ( !       
sociali/s :o kept prea*+  a revolution  
:i* !y _h nei!r ! p[] nor ! w to br+ to 
pass ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable             
circum/ances4 ,m ke5ly ?an  anyone else 
he _h come to feel ! necessity ( a ,/ate
 :i* w\ld  be a ,/ate1 ( a law :i* w\ld 
be respect$ z law1 ( an au?ority        
capable ( exact+ ob$i5ce b at ! same "t 
able to give  indisputable evid5ce ( its
 wor?9ess s to act4 ,x seem$  incr$ible 
to ,mussol9i t a c\ntry capable ( fight+
 & w9n+  su* a w> z ,italy _h f\ght &   
won %\ld be ?r[n into disord]  & held at

 ! m]cy ( a h&ful ( fai?less            
politicians4    ,:5 ,mussol9i f\nd$ 8   
,fasci 9 ,milan 9 ,m>*1 #aiai1 ! movem5t
  t[>d dissolution & negation t featur$ 
! po/-w> p]iod 9  ,italy _h virtually   
ceas$4 ,! ,fasci made _! appeal to      
,italians  :o1 9 spite ( ! disappo9tm5ts
 ( ! peace1 cont9u$ to  believe 9 ! w>1 
& :o1 9 ord] to validate ! victory :i*  
0 ! pro( ( ! w>'s value1 7 b5t on       
recov]+ = ,italy  t control ov] h] own  
de/9ies :i* c\ld come only ?r\gh a      
re/oration ( discipl9e & a              
reorganization ( social & political     
=ces4 ,f ! fir/1 ! ,fasci/ ,p>ty 0 n "o 
( believ]s b  ( action4 ,:at x ne$$ 0 n 
a plat=m ( pr9ciples1 b an  idea :i*    
w\ld indicate a goal & a road by :i* !  
goal c\ld be  rea*$4    ,! f\r ye>s     
betwe5 #aiai & #aibc inclusive 7        
*>act]iz$ by  ! developm5t ( ! ,fasci/  
revolution ?r\gh ! action ( !  squads4  
,! ,fasci/ squads 7 really ! =ce ( a    
,/ate n yet  born b on ! way to be+4 ,9 
its fir/ p]iod1 ,fasci/ squadrism       

transgress$ ! law ( ! old rgime because 
x 0 det]m9$ to  suppress t rgime z      
incompatible ) ! national ,/ate to :i*  
,fascism 0 aspir+4 ,! ,m>* on ,rome 0 n 
! beg9n+1 x 0  ! end ( t phase ( !      
revolution2 because1 ) ,mussol9i's      
adv5t to p[]1 ,fascism ent]$ ! sph]e (  
legality4 ,aft] ,octob]  #bh1 #aibb1    
,fascism 0 no long] at w> ) ! ,/ate2 x 0
 !  ,/ate1 look+ ab\t = ! organization  
:i* w\ld realize ,fascism  z a concept (
 ,/ate4 ,fascism already _h control (   
all !  in/rum5ts necess>y = ! upbuild+ (
 a new ,/ate4 ,! ,italy (  ,giolitti _h 
be5 sup]c$$1 at lea/ s f> z militant    
politics  7 conc]n$4 ,betwe5 ,giolitti's
 ,italy & ! new ,italy !re  fl[$1 z an  
imag9ative orator once said 9 ! ,*amb]1 
a torr5t  ( blood t w\ld prev5t any     
return to ! pa/4 ,! c5tury-old  crisis  
_h be5 solv$4 ,! w> at la/ _h begun to  
be> fruit =  ,italy4      ,,vi    ,n[ to
 und]/& ! di/9ctive ess5ce ( ,fascism1  
no?+ is m  in/ructive ?an a comp>ison ( 
x ) ! po9t ( view ( ,mazz9i  to :i* ,i h

 s (t5 ref]r$4    ,mazz9i did h a       
political conception1 b 8 politic 0 a   
sort (  integral politic1 :i* _c be s   
%>ply di/+ui%$ f  morals1 religion1 &   
ideas ( life z a :ole1 z to be consid]$ 
ap>t f ^! o!r fundam5tal int]e/s ( !    
human _s4 ,if  "o tries to sep>ate :at  
is purely political f 8 religi\s        
beliefs1 8 e?ical consci\sness & 8      
metaphysical concepts1 x  becomes       
impossible to und]/& ! va/ influ5ce :i* 
8 cr$o  & 8 propag&a ex]t$4 ,unless we  
assume ! unity ( ! :ole  man1 we arrive 
n at ! cl>ification b at ! de/ruction ( 
^? ideas ( 8 :i* prov$ s p[]ful4    ,9 !
 def9ition ( ,fascism1 ! fir/ po9t to   
grasp is !  compreh5sive1 or z ,fasci/s 
say1 ! totalit>ian scope ( its  doctr9e1
 :i* conc]ns itself n only ) political  
organization  & political t5d5cy1 b ) ! 
:ole w & ?\ght &  feel+ ( ! nation4     
,!re is a second & equally important    
po9t4 ,fascism is n a  philosophy4 ,mu* 
less is x a religion4 ,x is n ev5 a     
political  !ory :i* may be /at$ 9 a     

s]ies ( =mulae4 ,! significance  (      
,fascism is n to be grasp$ 9 ! special  
!ses :i* x f  "t to "t assumes4 ,:5 on  
occasion x has ann\nc$ a program1 a     
goal1 a concept to be realiz$ 9 action1 
,fascism has n hesitat$ to  ab&on !m :5 
9 practice ^! 7 f\nd to be inadequate or
  inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple ( ,fascism4   
,fascism has nev] be5  will+ to         
compromise its future4 ,mussol9i has    
boa/$ t he is a  tempi/a1 t 8 real pride
 is 9 good tim+4 ,he makes  decisions & 
acts on !m at ! precise mom5t :5 all !  
conditions & consid]ations :i* make !m  
feasible & opportune  are prop]ly       
matur$4 ,?is is a way ( say+ t ,fascism 
returns to  ! mo/ rigor\s mean+ (       
,mazz9i's ,?\ght & ,action1 :]eby  ! two
 t]ms are s p]fectly co9cid5t t no ?\ght
 has value  :i* is n already express$ 9 
action4 ,! real views ( !  ,duce are ^? 
:i* he =mulates & executes at "o & !    
same  "t4    ,is ,fascism !re=e         
anti-intellectual1 z has be5 s (t5      
*>g$8 ,x is em95tly anti-intellectual1  

em95tly ,mazz9ian1 t  is1 if by         
intellectualism we mean ! divorce (     
?\ght f action1  ( k f life1 ( bra9 f   
he>t1 ( !ory f practice4  ,fascism is   
ho/ile to all ,utopian sy/ems :i* are   
de/9$ nev] to  face ! te/ ( reality4 ,x 
is ho/ile to all sci5ce & all           
philosophy :i* rema9 matt]s ( m]e fancy 
or intellig5ce4 ,x is  n t ,fascism     
d5ies value to culture1 to ! high]      
intellectual  pursuits by :i* ?\ght is  
invigorat$ z a s\rce ( action4  ,fasci/ 
anti-intellectualism holds 9 scorn a    
product peculi>ly  typical ( ! educat$  
classes 9 ,italy3 ! let]ato--! man :o   
plays ) k & ) ?\ght )\t any s5se (      
responsibility = ! practical _w4 ,x is  
ho/ile n s mu* to  culture z to bad     
culture1 ! culture :i* does n educate1  
:i*  does n make m51 b r creates p$ants 
& ae/hetes1 egoti/s  9 a ^w1 m5 morally 
& politically indiff]5t4 ,x has no use1 
=  in/ance1 = ! man :o is above !       
conflict :5 8 c\ntry or  its important  
int]e/s are at /ake4    ,by virtue ( its

 repugnance = intellectualism1 ,fascism 
pref]s n  to wa/e "t con/ruct+ ab/ract  
!ories ab\t itself4 ,b :5 we  say t x is
 n a sy/em or a doctr9e we mu/ n        
conclude t x  is a bl9d praxis or a     
purely in/9ctive me?od4 ,if by sy/em or 
philosophy we mean a liv+ ?\ght1 a      
pr9ciple ( univ]sal  "* daily reveal+   
its inn] f]tility & significance1 !n    
,fascism is a p]fect sy/em1 ) a solidly 
e/abli%$ f\ndation &  ) a rigor\s logic 
9 its developm5t2 & all :o feel ! tru?  
& ! vitality ( ! pr9ciple "w day by day 
= its developm5t1  n[ do+1 n[ undo+1 n[ 
go+ =w>d1 n[ retrac+ _! /eps1  accord+ z
 ! ?+s !y d prove to be 9 h>mony ) !    
pr9ciple or to deviate f x4    ,& we    
come f9ally to a ?ird po9t4    ,!       
,fasci/ sy/em is n a political sy/em1 b 
x has its c5t] (  gravity 9 politics4   
,fascism came into be+ to meet s]i\s    
problems  ( politics 9 po/-w> ,italy4 ,&
 x pres5ts itself z a political  me?od4 
,b 9 confront+ & solv+ political        
problems x is  c>ri$ by its v nature1 t 

is to say by its me?od1 to consid]      
moral1 religi\s1 & philosophical        
que/ions & to unfold &  demon/rate !    
compreh5sive totalit>ian "* peculi> to  
x4  ,x is only aft] we h grasp$ !       
political "* ( !  ,fasci/ pr9ciple t we 
are able adequately to appreciate !     
deep]  concept ( life :i* und]lies t    
pr9ciple & f :i* !  pr9ciple spr+s4 ,!  
political doctr9e ( ,fascism is n ! :ole
  ( ,fascism4 ,x is r its m prom95t     
aspect & 9 g5]al its  mo/ int]e/+ "o4   
,,vii    ,! politic ( ,fascism revolves 
:olly ab\t ! concept ( !  national      
,/ate2 & accord+ly x has po9ts ( contact
 )  nationali/ doctr9es1 along )        
di/9ctions f ! latt] :i*  x is important
 to be> 9 m9d4    ,bo? ,fascism &       
nationalism reg>d ! ,/ate z ! f\ndation 
( all  rights & ! s\rce ( all values 9 !
 individuals compos+ x4  ,= ! "o z = !  
o!r ! ,/ate is n a consequ5ce--x is a   
pr9ciple4 ,b 9 ! case ( nationalism1 !  
relation :i*  individuali/ic lib]alism1 
& = t matt] socialism also1  assum$     

betwe5 individual & ,/ate is inv]t$4    
,s9ce ! ,/ate is a  pr9ciple1 !         
individual becomes a consequ5ce--he is  
some?+ :i*  f9ds an antec$5t 9 ! ,/ate3 
! ,/ate limits him & det]m9es  8 mann] (
 exi/5ce1 re/rict+ 8 fre$om1 b9d+ him to
 a  piece ( gr\nd :]eon he 0 born1 :]eon
 he mu/ live & w  die4 ,9 ! case (      
,fascism1 ,/ate & individual are "o & ! 
same  ?+s1 or r1 !y are insep>able t]ms 
( a necess>y  syn!sis4    ,nationalism1 
9 fact1 f\nds ! ,/ate on ! concept (    
nation1 !  nation be+ an entity :i*     
transc5ds ! w & ! life ( !  individual  
because x is conceiv$ z objectively     
exi/+ ap>t f  ! consci\sness (          
individuals1 exi/+ ev5 if ! individual  
does  no?+ to br+ x into be+4 ,= !      
nationali/1 ! nation exi/s  n by virtue 
( ! citiz5's w1 b z datum1 a fact1 (    
nature4    ,= ,fascism1 on ! contr>y1 ! 
,/ate is a :olly spiritual  creation4 ,x
 is a national ,/ate1 because1 f !      
,fasci/ po9t (  view1 ! nation itself is
 a creation ( ! m9d & is n a  mat]ial   

presupposition1 is n a datum ( nature4  
,! nation1 says  ! ,fasci/1 is nev]     
really made2 nei!r1 !re=e1 c ! ,/ate    
atta9 an absolute =m1 s9ce x is m]ely ! 
nation 9 ! latt]'s  concrete1 political 
manife/ation4 ,= ! ,fasci/1 ! ,/ate is  
always 9 fi]i4 ,x is 9 our h&s1 :olly2  
:5ce our v s]i\s  responsibility t[>ds  
x4    ,b ?is ,/ate ( ! ,fasci/s :i* is  
creat$ by ! consci\sness  & ! w ( !     
citiz51 & is n a =ce desc5d+ on !       
citiz5 f above or f )\t1 _c h t[>d !    
mass ( !  population ! relation%ip :i* 0
 presum$ by nationalism4    ,nationalism
 id5tifi$ ,/ate ) ,nation1 & made ( !   
nation an  entity prexi/+1 :i* ne$$ n to
 be creat$ b m]ely to be  recogniz$ or  
kn[n4 ,! nationali/s1 !re=e1 requir$ a  
rul+  class ( an intellectual "*1 :i* 0 
consci\s ( ! nation  & c\ld und]/&1     
appreciate & exalt x4 ,! au?ority ( !   
,/ate1 fur!rmore1 0 n a product b a     
presupposition4 ,x c\ld  n dep5d on !   
p--r ! p dep5d$ on ! ,/ate &  on !      
,/ate's au?ority z ! s\rce ( ! life :i* 

!y liv$  & ap>t f :i* !y c\ld n live4 ,!
 nationali/ic ,/ate 01  !re=e1 an       
ari/ocratic ,/ate1 en=c+ itself ^u !    
masses  ?r\gh ! p[] conf]r$ ^u x by its 
orig9s4    ,! ,fasci/ ,/ate1 on !       
contr>y1 is a p's /ate1 &1 z su*1  !    
democratic ,/ate p> excell5ce4 ,!       
relation%ip betwe5 ,/ate  & citiz5 7n   
?is or t citiz51 b all citiz5s7 is      
accord+ly s intimate t ! ,/ate exi/s    
only z1 & 9 s f>  z1 ! citiz5 causes x  
to exi/4 ,its =mation !re=e is !        
=mation ( a consci\sness ( x 9          
individuals1 9 ! masses4  ,h5ce ! ne$ ( 
! ,p>ty1 & ( all ! in/rum5ts ( propag&a 
& education :i* ,fascism uses to make ! 
?\ght & w ( !  ,duce ! ?\ght & w ( !    
masses4 ,h5ce ! enorm\s task  :i*       
,fascism sets itself 9 try+ to br+ !    
:ole mass ( !  p1 beg9n+ ) ! little     
*ildr51 inside ! fold ( !  ,p>ty4    ,on
 ! popul> "* ( ! ,fasci/ ,/ate likewise 
dep5ds its  greate/ social &            
con/itutional re=m--! f\ndation ( !     
,corporations ( ,syndicates4 ,9 ?is re=m

 ,fascism took ov] f  syndicalism !     
notion ( ! moral & educational function 
( !  syndicate4 ,b ! ,corporations (    
,syndicates 7 necess>y 9 ord]  to r$uce 
! syndicates to ,/ate discipl9e & make  
!m an  expression ( ! ,/ate's organism f
 )94 ,! ,corporation (  ,syndicates are 
a device ?r\gh :i* ! ,fasci/ ,/ate goes 
look+  = ! individual 9 ord] to create  
itself ?r\gh ! individual's  w4 ,b !    
individual x seeks is n ! ab/ract       
political  individual :om ! old         
lib]alism took = grant$4 ,he is ! only  
individual :o c ev] be f\nd1 !          
individual :o exi/s z a  specializ$     
productive =ce1 & :o1 by ! fact ( 8     
specialization1 is br\ght to unite ) o!r
 individuals ( 8 same  category & comes 
to belong ) !m to ! "o great economic   
unit  :i* is none o!r ?an ! nation4     
,?is great re=m is already well "u way4 
,t[>d x nationalism1  syndicalism1 & ev5
 lib]alism itself1 7 already t5d+ 9 !   
pa/4 ,= ev5 lib]alism 0 beg9n+ to       
criticize ! old] =ms  ( political       

repres5tation1 seek+ "s sy/em ( organic 
repres5tation :i* w\ld correspond to !  
/ructural reality ( !  ,/ate4    ,!     
,fasci/ conception ( lib]ty m]its pass+ 
notice4 ,! ,duce (  ,fascism once *ose  
to discuss ! !me ( ,=ce or cons5t82 & he
  conclud$ t ! two t]ms are insep>able1 
t ! "o implies !  o!r & _c exi/ ap>t f !
 o!r2 t1 9 o!r words1 !  au?ority ( !   
,/ate & ! fre$om ( ! citiz5 con/itute a 
cont9u\s circle :]e9 au?ority           
presupposes lib]ty & lib]ty  au?ority4  
,= fre$om c exi/ only )9 ! ,/ate1 & !   
,/ate  means au?ority4 ,b ! ,/ate is n  
an entity hov]+ 9 ! air  ov] ! heads (  
its citiz5s4 ,x is "o ) ! p]sonality ( !
  citiz54 ,fascism1 inde$1 envisages !  
contra/ n z betwe5  lib]ty & au?ority1 b
 z betwe5 a true1 a concrete lib]ty :i* 
exi/s1 & an ab/ract1 illusory lib]ty :i*
 _c exi/4    ,lib]alism broke ! circle  
above ref]r$ to1 sett+ ! individual     
aga9/ ! ,/ate & lib]ty aga9/ au?ority4  
,:at ! lib]al  desir$ 0 lib]ty z aga9/ !
 ,/ate1 a lib]ty :i* 0 a  limitation ( !

 ,/ate2 ?\gh ! lib]al _h to resign      
himself1 z  ! less] ( ! evils1 to a     
,/ate :i* 0 a limitation on lib]ty4  ,! 
absurdities inh]5t 9 ! lib]al concept ( 
fre$om 7  app>5t to lib]als !mselves    
e>ly 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,x is  no    
m]it ( ,fascism to h aga9 indicat$ !m4  
,fascism has its own  solution ( !      
p>adox ( lib]ty & au?ority4 ,! au?ority 
( !  ,/ate is absolute4 ,x does n       
compromise1 x does n b>ga91 x  does n   
surr5d] any portion ( its field to o!r  
moral or  religi\s pr9ciples :i* may    
int]f]e ) ! individual  consci5ce4 ,b on
 ! o!r h&1 ! ,/ate becomes a reality    
only 9  ! consci\sness ( its            
individuals4 ,& ! ,fasci/ corporative   
,/ate supplies a repres5tative sy/em m  
s9c]e & m 9 t\*  ) realities ?an any o!r
 previ\sly devis$ & is !re=e  fre] ?an !
 old lib]al ,/ate4          ,,national  
,,socialism    ,,basic ,,pr9ciples1 ,,_!
 ,,application  ,,by ,,! ,,nazi         
,,p>ty',s ,,=eign ,,organization1  ,,&  
,,! ,,use ,,( ,,g]mans ,,abroad  ,,=    

,,nazi ,,aims    ,prep>$ 9 ! ,special   
,unit  ,( ! ,division ( ,european       
,affairs  ,by  ,,raymond ,e4 ,,murphy   
,,francis ,b4 ,,/ev5s  ,,h[>d ,,triv]s  
,,joseph ,m4 ,,rol&    ,,elem5ts ,,(    
,,nazi ,,ideology      ,! l9e ( ?\ght   
:i* we h trac$ f ,h]d] to ! imm$iate    
=]unn]s ( ! ,nazi movem5t embodies an   
antidemocratic tradition  :i* ,national 
,socialism has utiliz$1 r$uc$ to simple 
b  rel5tless t]ms1 & exploit$ 9 :at is  
kn[n z ! ,national  ,sociali/           
,weltans*auung = ! great] aggr&izem5t ( 
,nazi  ,g]many4 ,! complete agreem5t    
betwe5 ! ,nazi ideology & !  previ\sly  
describ$ political concepts ( ! pa/ is  
reveal$ 9 !  =?com+ exposition ( ! ma9  
t5ets ( ,naziism4      ,! ,volk    ,ern/
 ,rudolf ,hub]1 9 8 basic "w            
,v]fassungsre*t des  grossdeuts*5       
,rei*es 7,con/itutional ,law ( ! ,great]
 ,g]man  ,rei*7 7docum5t #a1 po/ p4     
#aee71 publi%$ 9 #aici1 /ates3          
,! new con/itution ( ! ,g]man ,rei* 444 
is n a       con/itution 9 ! =mal s5se  

su* z 0 typical ( !       n9ete5?       
c5tury4 ,! new ,rei* has no writt5      
con/itutional decl>ation1 b its         
con/itution exi/s 9       ! unwritt5    
basic political ord] ( ! ,rei*4 ,"o     
recognizes x 9 ! spiritual p[]s :i* fill
 our p1       9 ! real au?ority 9 :i*   
our political life is       gr\nd$1 & 9 
! basic laws reg>d+ ! /ructure (       !
 /ate :i* h be5 proclaim$ s f>4 ,!      
advantage       ( su* an unwritt5       
con/itution ov] ! =mal       con/itution
 is t ! basic pr9ciples d n become      
rigid b rema9 9 a con/ant1 liv+ movem5t4
 ,n dead       in/itutions b liv+       
pr9ciples det]m9e ! nature (       ! new
 con/itutional ord]4#h    ,9 develop+ 8 
!sis ,hub] po9ts out t ! ,national      
,sociali/  /ate re/s on ?ree basic      
concepts1 ! ,volk or p1 ! ,fhr]1  & !   
movem5t or p>ty4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/   
elem5t1 !  ,volk1 he argues t !         
democracies develop _! concept ( !  p f 
! wrong approa*3 ,!y />t ) ! concept ( !
  /ate & its functions & consid] ! p z  

be+ made up (  all ! elem5ts :i* fall )9
 ! bord]s or "u !  jurisdiction ( !     
/ate4 ,national ,socialism1 on ! o!r h&1
  />ts ) ! concept ( ! p1 :i* =ms a     
political unity1  & builds ! /ate ^u ?is
 f\ndation4         ,!re is no p )\t an 
objective unity1 b !re is       also    
none )\t a common consci\sness ( unity4 
,a p       is det]m9$ by a numb] (      
diff]5t factors3 by racial              
d]ivation & by ! "* ( its l&1 by        
language &       o!r =ms ( life1 by     
religion & hi/ory1 b also by       !    
common consci\sness ( its solid>ity & by
 its common       w to unity4 ,= !      
concrete concept ( a p1 z               
repres5t$ by ! v>i\s peoples ( ! e>?1 x 
is (       decisive significance :i* (  
^! v>i\s factors !y       reg>d z       
det]m9ants = ! nature ( ! p4 ,! new     
,g]man ,rei* proce$s f ! concept ( !    
political       p1 det]m9$ by ! natural 
*>act]i/ics & by !       hi/orical idea 
( a clos$ community4 ,! political p     
is =m$ ?r\gh ! uni=mity ( its natural   

*>act]i/ics4 ,race is ! natural basis ( 
! p 444       ,z a political p ! natural
 community becomes       consci\s ( its 
solid>ity & /rives to =m itself1 to     
develop itself1 to def5d itself1 to     
realize itself4       ,nationalism is   
ess5tially ?is /riv+ ( a p :i*       has
 become consci\s ( itself t[>d          
self-direction &       self-realization1
 t[>d a deep5+ & r5ew+ ( its            
natural qualities4         ,?is         
consci\sness ( self1 spr++ f !          
consci\sness       ( a hi/orical idea1  
awak5s 9 a p its w to       hi/orical   
=mation3 ! w to action4 ,! political    
p is no passive1 sluggi% mass1 no m]e   
object = !       ef=ts ( ! /ate at      
gov]nm5t or protective welf>e       "w  
444 ,! great misconception ( !          
democracies is t       !y c see ! active
 p>ticipation ( ! p only 9       ! =m ( 
plebiscites accord+ to ! pr9ciple (     
majority4 ,9 a democracy ! p does n act 
z a unit       b z a complex ( unrelat$ 
individuals :o =m       !mselves into   

p>ties 444 ,! new ,rei* is bas$ on !    
pr9ciple t real action ( a self-det]m9+ 
p is       only possible accord+ to !   
pr9ciple ( lead]%ip &       foll[+4#i   
,accord+ to ,hub]1 geographical         
consid]ations play a l>ge "p 9  ! %ap+ (
 a p3         ,! p /&s 9 a d\ble        
relation1 to its l&s2 x       settles & 
develops ! l&1 b ! l& also /amps &      
det]m9es ! p 444 ,t a c]ta9 t]ritory    
belongs       to a c]ta9 p is n ju/ifi$ 
by /ate au?ority       alone b x is also
 det]m9$ objectively by its             
hi/orical1 political position4 ,t]ritory
 is n m]ely a       field = ! ex]cise ( 
/ate control b x det]m9es       ! nature
 ( a p & !reby ! hi/orical purpose (    
! /ate's activity4 ,engl&'s isl&        
position1 ,italy's       ,m$it]ranean   
position1 & ,g]many's c5tral position   
betwe5 ea/ & we/ are su* hi/orical      
conditions1 :i*       un*angeably =m !  
"* ( ! p4#aj    ,b ! new ,g]many is bas$
 ^u a unity & entirety ( !  p#aa :i*    
does n /op at geographical b\nd>ies3    

,! ,g]man p =ms a clos$ community :i*   
recognizes       no national bord]s4 ,x 
is evid5t t a p has n       exhau/$ its 
possibilities simply 9 ! =mation ( a    
national /ate b t x repres5ts an        
indep5d5t       community :i* rea*es    
beyond su* limits4#ab    ,! ,/ate       
ju/ifies itself only s f> z is helps ! p
 to  develop itself m fully4 ,9 ! words 
( ,hitl]1 quot$ by ,hub]  f ,me9 ,kampf1
 ,x is a basic pr9ciple1 !re=e1 t ! /ate
  repres5ts n an end b a means4 ,x is a 
condition = advanc$  human culture1 b n 
! cause ( x 444 ,its purpose is 9 !     
ma9t5ance & advancem5t ( a community (  
human be+s ) common  physical &         
spiritual *>act]i/ics4#ac    ,hub]      
cont9ues3         ,9 ! !ory ( !         
folk-,rei* vlkis*es ,rei*1 p       &    
/ate are conceiv$ z an insep>able unity4
 ,! p       is ! pr]equisite = ! entire 
political ord]2 !       /ate does n =m !
 p b ! p m\lds !       /ate out ( itself
 z ! =m 9 :i* x a*ieves       hi/orical 
p]man5ce4444#ad         ,! ,/ate is a   

function ( ! p1 b x is n       !re=e a  
subord9ate1 second>y ma*9e :i* c be us$ 
or laid aside at w4 ,x is ! =m 9 :i* ! p
       atta9s to hi/orical reality4 ,x  
is ! be>] ( !       hi/orical cont9uity 
( ! p1 :i* rema9s ! same       9 ! c5t] 
( its be+ 9 spite ( all *anges1         
revolutions1 & trans=mations4#ae    ,a  
simil> int]pretation ( ! role ( ! ,volk 
is exp\nd$ by  ,gottfri$ ,neesse 9 8    
,die ,nationalsoziali/is*e ,deuts*e     
,arbeit]p>tei--,v]su* e9] ,re*tsdeutung 
7,! ,national ,sociali/  ,g]man ,work]s 
,p>ty--,an ,attempt at ,legal           
,int]pretation71 publi%$  9 #aice4 ,f ! 
,national ,sociali/ viewpo9t1 accord+ to
 ,neesse1  ! /ate is reg>d$ n z an      
organism sup]ior to ! p b z  an         
organization ( ! p3 ,9 contra/ to an    
organism1 an  organization has no inh]5t
 legality2 x is dep5d5t ^u human w  &   
has no def9ite mission ( its own4 ,x is 
a =m 9 :i* a liv+  mass %apes itself    
into unity1 b x has no life ( its       
own4#af ,!  p is ! liv+ organism :i*    

uses ! organization ( ! /ate  z ! =m 9  
:i* x c be/ fulfil its mission4 ,! law  
:i* is  inh]5t 9 ! p mu/ be realiz$     
?r\gh ! /ate4    ,b ! c5tral & basic    
concept ( ,national ,sociali/ political 
!ory is ! concept ( ! p3         ,9     
contra/ to ! /ate1 ! p =m a true        
organism--a       be+ :i* leads its own 
life & foll[s its own laws1       :i*   
possesses p[]s peculi> to itself1 & :i* 
develops its own nature indep5d5t ( all 
/ate =ms4444       ,?is liv+ unity ( ! p
 has its cells 9 its       individual   
memb]s1 & j z 9 e body !re are          
c]ta9 cells to p]=m c]ta9 tasks1 ?is is 
likewise !       case 9 ! body ( ! p4 ,!
 individual is b\nd to       8 p n only 
physically b m5tally & spiritually      
& he is influ5c$ by ^! ties 9 all 8     
manife/ations4#ag    ,! elem5ts :i* g to
 make up a p are beyond human           
compreh5sion1 b ! mo/ important ( !m is 
a uni=mity (  blood1 result+ 9 a        
simil>ity ( nature :i* manife/s itself 9
  a common language & a feel+ (         

community & is fur!r m\ld$ by  l& & by  
hi/ory4#ah ,! unity ( ! p is increas$ by
 its  common de/9y & its consci\sness ( 
a common mission4#ai    ,lib]alism gave 
rise to ! concept ( a society-p         
7,gesells*aftsvolk7 :i* consi/$ ( a sum 
( individuals1 ea* (  :om 0 suppos$ to h
 an inh]5t significance & to play 8 own 
indep5d5t "p 9 ! political life ( !     
nation4 ,national  ,socialism1 on ! o!r 
h&1 has develop$1 ! concept ( !         
community-p 7,geme9s*aftsvolk7 :i*      
functions z a uni=m  :ole4#bj         ,!
 p1 h[ev]1 is nev] politically active z 
a :ole1       b only ?r\gh ^? :o embody 
its w4 ,! true w (       a p c nev] be  
det]m9$ by a majority vote4 ,x c        
only display itself 9 m5 & 9 movem5ts1 &
 hi/ory       w decide :e!r ^! m5 or    
movem5ts c\ld rightly       claim to be 
! repres5tatives ( ! p's w4#ba          
,e id5tification ( ! /ate ) ! p is false
       f a legal & unt5able f a         
political /&po9t 444       ,! /ate is ! 
law-=m+ organization & ! law s]ves      

! inn] ord] ( ! community2 ! p is !     
politically active organism & politics  
s]ve ! outw>d       ma9t5ance ( !       
community 444 ,b law receives its       
"* f ! p & politics mu/ reckon ) !      
/ate z ! fir/ & mo/ important factor4#bb
    ,! nation is ! product ( ?is        
int]play & balance betwe5 !  /ate & ! p4
 ,! orig9al & vital =ce ( ! p1  ?r\gh ! 
organization ( ! /ate1 realizes itself  
fully 9 !  unifi$ communal life ( !     
nation3         ,! nation is ! complete 
agreem5t betwe5 organism &              
organization1 ! p]fect =mation ( a      
naturally gr[n       be+4 444           
,nationalism is no?+ m ?an ! outw>dly   
direct$ /riv+ to ma9ta9 ?is inn] unity (
 p &       /ate1 & socialism is !       
inw>dly direct$ /riv+ =       ! same    
end4#bc    ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,scurla1         
,gov]nm5t ,c\ncilor & ,rei*'s ,m9i/] =  
,sci5ce1 ,education1 & ,folk ,culture1 9
 a pamphlet entitl$ ,die  ,grundg$ank5  
des ,nationalsozialismus und das ,ausl& 
7,basic  ,pr9ciples ( ,national         

,socialism ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to      
,=eign  ,c\ntries71 also emphasizes !   
importance ( ! ,volk 9 !  ,national     
,sociali/ /ate4 ,dr4 ,scurla po9ts out t
 ,national  ,socialism does n view !    
nation 9 ! domocratic s5se ( a          
community to :i* ! individual may       
volunt>ily adh]e4         ,! c5tral     
field ( =ce ( ! ,national ,sociali/     
consci\sness is r ! folk1 & ?is folk is 
9 no       case m]e individual          
aggregation1 i4e41 collectivity z sum   
( ! individuals1 b z a unity ) a peculi>
       two-sid$ness1 at ! same "t       
ess5tial totality 7,m4,h4       ,boehm74
 ,! folk is bo? a liv+ creature & a     
spiritual       configuration1 9 :i* !  
individuals are includ$ ?r\gh           
common racial condition+1 9 blood & _s4 
,x is t       =ce :i* works on !        
individual directly f )9 or       f !   
side l a common degree ( temp]ature     
7,kjelln7       & :i* collects into !   
folk :atev] accord+ to       blood & _s 
belongs to x4 ,?is folk1 po9t (         

dep>ture & goal at ! same "t1 is1 9 !   
,national       ,sociali/ _w-view1 n    
only ! field ( =ce =       political    
ord]1 b z well ! c5tral factor ( !      
entire _w-picture4 ,nei!r individuals1 z
 ! epo* (       enlight5m5t envisag$1   
nor /ates1 z 9 ! sy/em ( !       dyna/ic
 & national /ate absolutism1 nor        
classes1 z       conceiv$ by ,m>xism1   
are ! ultimate realities ( !            
political ord]1 b ! peoples1 :o /& ov]  
aga9/ "o       ano!r ) ! unqualifiable  
"r to a sep>ate exi/5ce       z natural 
entities1 ea* ) its own ess5tial nature 
&       =m4 #bd    ,dr4 ,scurla claims t
 ,national ,socialism & ,fascism are !  
/riv+s ( ! ,g]man & ,italian p = f9al   
national  unification along ess5tially  
diff]5t national l9es natural to ea*  ( 
!m4 ,:at took place 9 ,g]many1 he       
ass]ts1 0 a political  revolution ( a   
total nature4#be ,"u revolution1 he     
/ates1 we  und]/& r ! p5etration ( !    
collective folk-m9d  gesamtvlkis*5      
,bewus/se9s into all regions ( ,g]man   

life4#bf ,&1 he concludes3              
,national ,socialism is no inv5t$ sy/em 
( rules = !       political game1 b !   
_w-view ( ! ,g]man p1       :i*         
exp]i5ces itself z a national & social  
community1       & conc$es nei!r to !   
/ate nor ! class nor !       individual 
any privileges :i* endang] ! security ( 
!       community's "r to live4#bg      
,"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ expressions ( ! race  
concept are f\nd 9  ,die ,erziehung im  
dritt5 ,rei* 7,education 9 ! ,?ird      
,rei*71 by  ,fri$ri* ,alfr$ ,beck1 :i* 0
 publi%$ 9 #aicf4 ,x is wor?y (  note t 
! t5d5cy :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ,hub]      
7docum5t ,i1  po/ p4 #aee7 & ,neesse to 
associate ! ideas ( ,volk & race is  v  
m>k$ ) ,beck4 ,all life1 :e!r natural or
 spiritual1 all  hi/orical progress1 all
 /ate =ms1 & all cultivation by         
education  are 9 ! la/ analysis bas$ ^u 
! racial make-up ( ! p  9 "q4#bh ,race  
f9ds its expression 9 human life ?r\gh  
! ph5om5on ( ! p3         ,race & p     
belong toge!r4 ,national ,socialism has 

re/or$ ! concept ( ! p f its mod]n      
%all[ness & sees 9 ! p some?+ diff]5t f 
& appreciably great] ?an a *ance social 
community (       m51 a gr\p+ ( m5 :o h 
! same ext]nal int]e/s4       ,by p we  
und]/& an entire liv+ body :i* is       
racially uni=m & :i* is held toge!r by  
common       hi/ory1 common fate1 a     
common mission1 & common tasks4         
,?r\gh su* an int]pretation ! p takes on
 a       significance :i* is only       
attribut$ to x 9 times (       great    
hi/orical importance & :i* makes x !    
c5t]1       ! cont5t1 & ! goal ( all    
human "w4 ,only t race       /ill       
possesses vital en]gy :i* c /ill br+ its
 unity       to expression 9 ! totality 
( ! p4 ,! p is       ! space 9 :i* race 
c develop its /r5g?4 ,race is       !   
vital law ( arrangem5t :i* gives ! p its
       di/9ctive =m4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! p
 und]goes       hi/orical trans=mations1
 b race prev5ts ! loss (       ! p's own
 nature 9 ! c\rse ( ^!                  
trans=mations4 ,)\t ! p ! race has no   

life2       )\t race ! p has no p]man5ce
 444 ,education1       f ! /&po9t ( race
 & p1 is ! creation ( a       =m ( life 
9 :i* ! racial unity w be pres]v$       
?r\gh ! totality ( ! p4#bi    ,beck     
describes ! politically spiritual       
,national ,sociali/  p]sonality :i*     
,national ,sociali/ education seeks to  
develop1 9  ! foll[+ t]ms3              
,socialism is ! direction ( p]sonal life
 ?r\gh       dep5d5ce on ! community1   
consci\sness ( ! community1       feel+ 
= ! community1 & action 9 ! community2  
nationalism is ! elevation ( individual 
life to a unique       7microcosmic7    
expression ( ! community 9 ! unity (    
! p]sonality4#cj    ,national ,sociali/ 
education mu/ /ress ! h]oic life & tea* 
,g]man y\? ! importance ( fulfill+ _!   
duty to ! ,volk4         ,h]oism is t   
=ce & t conviction :i* consecrates      
its :ole life to ! s]vice ( an idea1 a  
fai?1 a task1       or a duty ev5 :5 x  
kn[s t ! de/ruction ( its own       life
 is c]ta9 444 ,g]man life1 accord+ to ! 

laws (       its ideology1 is h]oic life
 444 ,all ,g]man life1 e       p]son    
belong+ to ! community ( ,g]mans mu/ be>
       h]oic "* )9 himself4 ,h]oic life 
fulfils itself       9 ! daily "w ( !   
m9]1 ! f>m]1 ! cl]k1 !       /atesman1 &
 ! s]v+ self-sacrifice ( ! "m4          
,:]ev] a life is devot$ ) an all-embrac+
 fai? &       ) its full p[]s to !      
s]vice ( "s value1 !re is       true    
h]oism 444 ,education to ! h]oic life is
 education       to ! fulfilm5t ( duty  
444 ,"o mu/ h exp]i5c$ x       repeat$ly
 t ! inn] fruition ( a "w 9 "o's own    
life has no?+ to d ) mat]ial or economic
       consid]ations1 t man keeps all ( 
8 faculties alive       ?r\gh 8         
obligation to 8 "w & 8 devotion to 8    
duty1 & t he uses !m 9 ! s]vice ( an    
idea       )\t any reg>d = practical    
consid]ations1 be=e "o       recognizes 
! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is _w ( h]oic        
self-sacrifice & ! lib]ali/ic _w ( b>t]4
 ,because       ! y\ng] g5]ation has be5
 br\ght up 9 ?is h]oic       _s x is no 

long] und]/ood by ! repres5tatives (    
! =m] era :o judge ! values ( life      
accord+ to       mat]ial advantage 444  
,g]man life is h]oic life4 ,g]many      
is n a m]e community ( exi/5ce & (      
int]e/s ^:       only function is to    
insure ! mat]ial & cultural ne$s       (
 its memb]s1 b x also repres5ts an      
elem5tal       obligation on ! "p ( !   
memb]s4 ,! et]nal ,g]many       _c be   
drawn 9 on ! map2 x does n consi/ ( !   
con/itution or ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,?is    
,g]many is !       community ( ^? :o are
 solemnly b\nd toge!r & :o              
exp]i5ce & realize ^! et]nal national   
values4 ,?is       ,g]many is our et]nal
 mission1 our mo/ sacr$ law 444 ,!      
develop+ p]sonality mu/ be subm]g$ 9 !  
liv+       reality ( ! p & ! nation f   
e>lie/ y\? on1       mu/ take an active 
& a suff]+ "p 9 x4 ,fur!rmore       !   
h]oic life dem&s a recognition &        
exp]i5c+ (       ! highe/ value ( life  
:i* man mu/ s]ve ) all 8       p[]s4    
,?is value c p]haps be recogniz$ &      

pres5t$       !oretically 9 ! s*ools b x
 c only be directly       compreh5d$ &  
p]sonally exp]i5c$ 9 ! community (      
! p4 ,!re=e all education mu/ pres]ve   
?is       direct connection ) !         
community ( ! p &       s*ool education 
mu/ d]ive f x ! =m & sub/ance       (   
its in/ruction4#ca         ,?is         
nationalism1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! laws (    
life1 has       no?+ 9 common ) ! weak &
 presumptu\s patriotism       ( !       
lib]ali/ic _w2 x is n a gift or a favor1
 n       a possession or a privilege1 b 
x is ! =m ( national       life :i* we h
 won 9 h>d battle & :i* suits our       
,nordic-,g]man racial & spiritual       
h]itage4 ,9 !       nationali/ic        
p]sonality ! p[]s & values :i* h        
be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! sociali/ic p]sonality w
 be       purposefully ex]t$ = !        
p]fection ( ! temporal &       et]nal   
idea ( life4#cb    ,! ,national         
,sociali/ idea ( totality1 !re=e1 & its 
manife/ation 9 life ( ! national        
community =m ! pr9cipal  sub/ance (     

education 9 ! ,?ird ,rei*3         ,?is 
idea ( totality mu/ be radically        
di/+ui%$ f       ! lib]ali/ic conception
 ( ! mass4 ,accord+ to !                
lib]ali/ic int]pretation ! :ole consi/s 
( a       summation ( its p>ts4 ,accord+
 to ! ,national ,sociali/       organic 
conception ! :ole comes be=e ! p>ts2 x  
does       n arise f ! p>ts b x is      
already conta9$ 9 !       p>ts !mselves2
 all p>ts are microcosmic =ms ( !       
:ole4 ,?is organic conception ( ! :ole  
is ! deepe/       natural ju/ification (
 ! basic political "* (       all       
organic life4#cc    ,education1 ,beck   
cont9ues1 mu/ pres5t ?is total unity z x
 is  manife/$ 9 ! racial "* ( ! p4 ,race
 is ! mo/  ess5tial factor 9 ! natural &
 spiritual unity ( a p1 &  x is also !  
ma9 factor :i* sep>ates "o p f ano!r4   
,! racial "* ( ! p mu/ det]m9e !        
sub/ance (  education2 ?is sub/ance mu/ 
be d]iv$ prim>ily f ! life (  ! p4      
,ev5 9 ! specializ$ field ( political   
sci5ce1 ,nazi education is  conc]n$ n ) 

! /ructure ( ! /ate b ) ! role ( !      
individual 9 ! life ( ! p3              
,national ,sociali/ political sci5ce    
conc]ns itself n       ) education to   
citiz5%ip b ) prep>ation =              
memb]%ip 9 ! ,g]man p4444 ,n ! /ructure 
( !       /ate b ! /r5g? ( a p det]m9es 
! value &       ! /r5g? ( an individual 
life4 ,! /ate mu/ be an                 
organization :i* corresponds to ! laws (
 ! p's       life & assi/s 9 _!         
realization4#cd    ,su* inde$ is !      
supreme goal ( all ,national ,sociali/  
education3  to make ea* individual an   
expression ( ! et]nal ,g]man3           
,:oev] wi%es fully to realize himself1  
:oev] wi%es to       exp]i5ce & embody !
 et]nal ,g]man ideal )9       himself   
mu/ lift 8 eyes f ev]yday life & mu/    
li/5 to ! beat ( 8 blood & 8 consci5ce  
444 ,he       mu/ be capable ( t        
sup]human greatness :i* is ready        
to ca/ aside all temporal bonds 9 !     
battle = ,g]man       et]nity 444       
,national ,sociali/ education raises !  

et]nal       ,g]man "* into ! light (   
our consci\sness 444       ,national    
,socialism is ! et]nal law ( our ,g]man 
life2       ! developm5t ( ! et]nal     
,g]man is ! transc5d5tal       task (   
,national ,sociali/ education4#ce       
,racial ,supremacy    ,! !ory ( ! racial
 supremacy ( ! ,nordic1 i4e41 ! ,g]man1 
:i* 0 develop$ by ,wagn] & ,/ew>t       
,*amb]la9 rea*es its  culm9ation 9 !    
writ+s ( ,alfr$ ,ros5b]g1 ! high prie/ (
  ,nazi racial !ory & h]ald ( !         
,h]r5volk 7ma/] race74  ,ros5b]g        
develop$ 8 ideas 9 ! obscure phraseology
 ( ,d]  ,my?us des #bj4 ,jahrhund]ts 7,!
 ,my? ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury7  7docum5t   
#c1 po/ p4 #agd74 ,! 'mean+ ( _w        
hi/ory'1 he  wrote1 has radiat$ out f ! 
nor? ov] ! :ole _w1 borne by  a blue-ey$
 blond race :i* 9 sev]al great waves    
det]m9$ !  spiritual face ( ! _w 444 ,^!
 w&]-p]iods 7 !  leg5d>y migration ( !  
,atlantides across nor? ,africa1 !      
migration ( ! ,aryans into ,india &     
,p]sia2 ! migration ( !  ,dorians1      

,mac$onians1 ,lat9s2 ! migration ( !    
,g]manic tribes2  ! colonization ( ! _w 
by ! ,g]manic ,occid5t4#cf ,he          
discusses at l5g? ,indian1 ,p]sian1     
,greek1 ,roman1 & ,european  cultures2 9
 ea* case1 he concludes1 ! culture is   
creat$ by !  rul+ ,nordic elem5t &      
decl9es ?r\gh ! racial decay ( !        
,nordics result+ f _! int]mixture )     
inf]ior races4    ,x has long be5       
accept$1 ,ros5b]g claims1 t all ! /ates 
(  ! we/ & _! creative values h be5     
g5]at$ by ,g]mans2 &  x foll[s t if !   
,g]manic blood 7 to vani% away          
completely  9 ,europe all we/]n culture 
w\ld also fall to ru94    ,ros5b]g      
acclaims ! new fai? ( ! blood :i* is to 
replace !  non-,g]man religion (        
,*ri/ianity4 ,a new fai? is aris+ today3
  ! my? ( ! blood1 ! fai? to def5d ) !  
blood ! div9e  ess5ce ( man4 ,! fai?1   
embodi$ 9 cle>e/ k1 t !  ,nordic blood  
repres5ts t my/]ium :i* has replac$ &   
ov]come ! old sacram5ts4#cg    ,ros5b]g 
accepts ! classic ,g]man view ( ! ,volk1

 :i* he  relates closely to ! concept ( 
race4 ,! /ate is n[adays no  long] an   
indep5d5t idol1 be=e :i* ev]y?+ mu/ b[  
d[n2 !  /ate is n ev5 an end b is only a
 means = ! pres]vation (  ! folk 444    
,=ms ( ! /ate *ange1 & laws ( ! /ate    
pass  away2 ! folk rema9s4 ,f ?is alone 
foll[s t ! nation is !  fir/ & la/1 t to
 :i* ev]y?+ else has to be              
subord9at$4#ch ,! new ?\ght puts folk & 
race high] ?an !  /ate & its =ms4 ,x    
decl>es protection ( ! folk m important 
?an protection ( a religi\s d5om9ation1 
a class1 ! mon>*y1 or  ! republic2 x    
sees 9 treason aga9/ ! folk a great]    
crime ?an  high treason aga9/ ! /ate4#ci
    ,! ess5ce ( ,ros5b]g's racial ideas 
0 incorporat$ 9 po9t #d (  ! program ( !
 ,nazi ,p>ty1 :i* reads z foll[s3 ,none 
b  memb]s ( ! nation ,volk may be       
citiz5s ( ! ,/ate4 ,none b  ^? ( ,g]man 
blood1 :atev] _! cre$1 may be memb]s ( !
  nation4 ,no ,jew1 !re=e1 may be a     
memb] ( ! nation4#dj ,aft]  ! ,nazis    
came to p[]1 ?is concept 0 made ! basis 

( ! ,g]man  citiz5%ip law ( ,septemb]   
#ae1 #aice4    ,comm5t+ ^u po9t #d ( !  
,nazi program 9 8 pamphlet1 ,nature1    
,pr9ciples1 & ,aims ( ! ,,nsdap1        
,ros5b]g wrote3         ,an indisp5sable
 diff]5tiation mu/ be made sometime 9   
! ,g]man ,volk consci\sness3 ,! "r (    
nationality       %\ld n repres5t some?+
 :i* is receiv$ 9 !       cradle z a    
gift1 b %\ld be reg>d$ z a good :i*     
mu/ be e>n$4 ,al?\gh e ,g]man is a      
subject ( !       /ate1 ! rights (      
nationality %\ld only be receiv$        
:5 at ! age ( tw5ty or tw5ty-two he has 
complet$ 8       education or 8 milit>y 
s]vice or has f9i%$ ! labor       s]vice
 :i* he owes to ! /ate & aft] hav+ giv5 
evid5ce ( honorable conduct4 ,! "r to   
nationality1       :i* mu/ be e>n$1 mu/ 
become an opportunity = e       ,g]man  
to /rive = complete humanity & a*ievem5t
 9       ! s]vice ( ! ,volk4 ,?is       
consci\sness1 :i* mu/       always be   
kept alive1 w cause him to reg>d ?is    
e>n$       good q diff]5tly f ! way x 0 

reg>d$ 9 !       pa/ & today m ?an ev]4 
,! prevail+ concept ( /ate nationality  
completely       ignores ! idea ( race4 
,accord+ to x :oev] has a       ,g]man  
passport is a ,g]man1 :oev] has ,cze*   
docum5ts is       a ,cze*1 al?\gh he may
 h n a s+le drop ( ,cze*       blood 9 8
 ve9s 444         ,national ,socialism  
also sees 9 ! nature ( ! /ructure       
& lead]%ip ( ! /ate an outfl[+ ( a      
def9ite       "* 9 ! ,volk4 ,if "o      
p]mits a :olly =eign       race--subject
 to o!r impulses--to p>ticipate !re91 ! 
purity ( ! organic expression is        
falsifi$ & !       exi/5ce ( ! ,volk is 
crippl$4444         ,?is :ole concept ( 
! /ate p>liam5t>y democracy is          
replac$ by ,national ,socialism ) a     
basically diff]5t       concept4        
,national ,socialism recognizes t1      
al?\gh !       individual racial /ra9s 9
 ,g]man-speak+ t]ritory       diff]1 !y 
nev]!less belong to closely relat$      
races1       & t _m mixtures among !    
memb]s ( ^! diff]5t       bran*es h     

produc$ new & vital /ra9s1 among !m !   
complex b /ill ,g]man man1 b t a mixture
 ) !       ,jewi% enemy race1 :i* 9 its 
:ole spiritual & physical       /ructure
 is basically diff]5t & antagoni/ic &   
has       /rong resemblances to !       
peoples ( ! ,ne> ,ea/1 c       only     
result 9 ba/>dization4#da    ,true to ! 
tradition ( ,g]man imp]ialism1 ,ros5b]g 
does n  conf9e 8 ideas ( racial         
supremacy to ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,rei*  alone4
 ,he ev5 ext5ds !m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
:]e he envisages  ! day :5 ! awak5+     
,g]man elem5t w realize its de/9y 9  ?is
 c\ntry4 ,9 ,d] ,my?us des #bj4         
,jahrhund]ts1 = example1 he  writes1    
,aft] ?r[+ (f ! worn-out idea ^u :i* x 0
  f\nd$ 444 i4e41 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! 
idea repres5t$ by ,new  ,york1 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica has ! great task 
444 (  sett+ out ) y\?ful en]gy to put  
into =ce ! new  racial-/ate idea :i* a  
few awak5$ ,am]icans h already          
=ese54#db    ,?is idea 0 develop$ at    
l5g? by ! ,g]man geopolitician1 ,col9   

,ross4 ,9 8 book ,uns] ,am]ika 7,our    
,am]ica7 7docum5t #d1 po/  p4 #agh71    
publi%$ 9 #aicf1 ,ross develops ! !sis t
 ! ,g]man  elem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has 
contribut$ all t is be/ 9  ,am]ican life
 & civilization & urges x to become     
consci\s ( its  racial h]itage & to     
prep>e = ! day :5 x may take ov]        
complete control ( ! c\ntry4    ,ref]5ce
 0 made 9 ! prec$+ section to ,beck's   
,education 9  ! ,?ird ,rei*4 ,on !      
subject ( racial supremacy ,beck po9ts  
out  t c]ta9 new bran*es ( le>n+ h be5  
introduc$ into !  ,national ,sociali/   
s*ools & c]ta9 old ones h be5 giv5 a new
  emphasis4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! 
sci5ce ( race & !  cultivation ( race   
7,rass5kunde und ,rass5pflege71 :i* tea*
 !  pupil to recognize & develop ^?     
racial p[]s :i* alone make  possible !  
fulle/ self-realization 9 ! national    
community4 ,an  awak5+ ( a true racial  
consci\sness 9 ! p %\ld lead to  a      
qualitative & quantitative racial       
ref9em5t ( ! ,g]man  p by induc+ a      

procreative process ( selection :i* w\ld
  r$uce ! /ra9s ( =eign blood 9 !       
national body4 ,g]man  racial           
consci\sness mu/ h pride 9 ! ,nordic    
race z its fir/  condition4 ,x mu/ be a 
feel+ ( ! highe/ p]sonal pride to       
belong to ! ,nordic race & to h !       
possibility & !  obligation to "w )9 !  
,g]man community = ! advancem5t (  !    
,nordic race4#dc ,beck po9ts out t      
pupils mu/ be made to  realize t !      
d[nfall ( ! ,nordic race w\ld mean !    
collapse  ( ! national tradition1 !     
dis9tegration ( ! liv+ community  & !   
de/ruction ( ! individual4#dd    ,"u !  
influ5ce ( w> developm5ts1 :i* h giv5 ! 
,nazis a  *ance to apply _! racial      
!ories 9 occupi$ t]ritories1 _!         
spokesm5 h become increas+ly op5 ) reg>d
 to ! political  implications ( ! folk  
concept4 ,9 an article on ,! ,/ructure &
  ,ord] ( ! ,rei*1 publi%$ late 9 #aida1
 ,ern/ ,rudolf ,hub] wrote1  ?is folk   
pr9ciple has f\nd its full confirmation 
= ! fir/  "t 9 ! ev5ts ( ?is w>1 9 :i* !

 unity ( ! folk has  be5 realiz$ to an  
ext5t undream$ ( ?r\gh ! return to !    
homel& ( t]ritories :i* _h be5 torn f x 
& !  resettlem5t ( ,g]man folk-gr\ps4   
,?us ! awak5+ ( ,g]m&om to  become a    
political folk has _h a tw(old result3 !
 unity ( !  folk-community has ris5     
sup]ior to diff]5ces ( bir? or weal?1  (
 class1 rank1 or d5om9ation2 & ! unity (
 ,g]m&om above all  /ate b\nd>ies has   
be5 consci\sly exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,european   
liv+-space ,si$lungsraum4#de      ,!    
,fhr] ,pr9ciple    ,! second pill> ( !  
,nazi /ate is ! ,fhr]1 ! infallible     
lead]1 to :om 8 foll[]s owe absolute    
ob$i5ce4 ,! ,fhr]  pr9ciple envisages   
gov]nm5t ( ! /ate by a hi]>*y ( lead]s1 
ea* ( :om owes unconditional allegiance 
to 8 imm$iate sup]ior  & at ! same "t is
 ! absolute lead] 9 8 own p>ticul>      
sph]e ( jurisdiction4    ,"o ( ! be/    
expositions ( ! ,nazi concept ( ! ,fhr] 
pr9ciple is giv5 by ,hub] 9 8           
,con/itutional ,law ( ! ,great]  ,g]man 
,rei* 7docum5t #a1 po/ p4 #aee73        

,! ,fhr]-,rei* ( ! ,g]man p is f\nd$ on 
!       recognition t ! true w ( ! p _c 
be       disclos$ ?r\gh p>liam5t>y votes
 & plebiscites b       t ! w ( ! p 9 its
 pure & uncorrupt$ =m       c only be   
express$ ?r\gh ! ,fhr]4 ,?us a di/9ction
       mu/ be drawn betwe5 ! suppos$ w (
 ! p 9 a       p>liam5t>y democracy1 :i*
 m]ely reflects ! conflict       ( !    
v>i\s social int]e/s1 & ! true w ( !    
p 9 ! ,fhr]-/ate1 9 :i* ! collective w (
       ! real political unit is manife/$
 444         ,! ,fhr] is ! be>] ( ! p's 
w2 he is       indep5d5t ( all gr\ps1   
associations1 & int]e/s1 b       he is  
b\nd by laws :i* are inh]5t 9 ! nature (
 8       p4 ,9 ?is tw(old condition3    
indep5d5ce ( all       factional int]e/s
 b unconditional dep5d5ce on !       p1 
is reflect$ ! true nature ( ! ,fhr]     
pr9ciple4 ,?us ! ,fhr] has no?+ 9 common
 ) !       function>y1 ! ag5t1 or !     
expon5t :o ex]cises a       m&ate       
delegat$ to him & :o is b\nd to ! w (   
^? :o appo9t him4 ,! ,fhr] is no        

repres5tative (       a p>ticul> gr\p ^:
 wi%es he mu/ c>ry out4 ,he is no       
organ ( ! /ate 9 ! s5se ( a m]e         
executive ag5t4       ,he is r himself !
 be>] ( ! collective w (       ! p4 ,9 8
 w ! w ( ! p is realiz$4       ,he      
trans=ms ! m]e feel+s ( ! p into a      
consci\s w 444 ,?us x is possible = him1
 9 ! "n       ( ! true w ( ! p :i* he   
s]ves1 to g       aga9/ ! subjective    
op9ions & convictions ( s+le            
individuals )9 ! p if ^! are n 9 accord 
) ! objective de/9y ( ! p 444 ,he %apes 
!       collective w ( ! p )9 himself & 
he embodies       ! political unity &   
entirety ( ! p 9       opposition to    
individual int]e/s 444         ,b !     
,fhr]1 ev5 z ! be>] ( ! p's w1 is       
n arbitr>y & free ( all responsibility4 
,8 w is       n ! subjective1 individual
 w ( a s+le man1 b !       collective   
national w is embodi$ )9 him 9 all its  
objective1 hi/orical greatness 444 ,su* 
a collective w       is n a fiction1 z  
is ! collective w ( !       democracies1

 b x is a political reality :i* f9ds its
       expression 9 ! ,fhr]4 ,! p's     
collective w has       its f\ndation 9 !
 political idea :i* is giv5 to a        
p4 ,x is pres5t 9 ! p1 b ! ,fhr] raises 
x to consci\sness & discloses x 444     
,9 ! ,fhr] are manife/$ also ! natural  
laws inh]5t       9 ! p3 ,x is he :o    
makes !m into a code gov]n+       all   
national activity4 ,9 disclos+ ^!       
natural laws he       sets up ! great   
ends :i* are to be atta9$ & draws up    
! plans = ! utilization ( all national  
p[]s 9 !       a*ievem5t ( ! common     
goals4 ,?r\gh 8 plann+ &       direct+  
he gives ! national life its true       
purpose &       value4 ,?is direct+ &   
plann+ activity is especially           
manife/$ 9 ! lawgiv+ p[] :i* lies 9 !   
,fhr]'s       h&4 ,! great *ange 9      
significance :i* ! law has              
und]gone is *>act]iz$ !re9 t x no long] 
sets up       ! limits ( social life1 z 
9 lib]ali/ic times1 b       t x drafts !
 plans & ! aims ( ! nation's            

actions 444         ,! ,fhr] pr9ciple   
re/s ^u unlimit$ au?ority b n       ^u  
m]e outw>d =ce4 ,x has (t5 be5 said1 b x
 mu/       con/antly be repeat$1 t !    
,fhr] pr9ciple has       no?+ 9 common )
 arbitr>y bureaucracy & repres5ts       
no sy/em ( brutal =ce1 b t x c only be  
ma9ta9$ by mutual loyalty :i* mu/ f9d   
its expression       9 a free relation4 
,! ,fhr]-ord] dep5ds ^u !               
responsibility ( ! foll[+1 j z x c\nts  
on !       responsibility & loyalty ( ! 
,fhr] to 8 mission &       to 8 foll[+  
444 ,!re is no great] responsibility ?an
       t ^u :i* ! ,fhr] pr9ciple is     
gr\nd$4#df    ,! nature ( ! plebiscites 
:i* are held f "t to "t 9 a  ,national  
,sociali/ /ate1 ,hub] po9ts out1 _c be  
und]/ood f  a democratic /&po9t4 ,_!    
purpose is n to give ! p an  opportunity
 to decide "s issue b r to express _!   
unity  beh9d a decision :i* ! ,fhr]1 9 8
 capacity z ! be>] (  ! p's w1 has      
already made3         ,t ! w ( ! p is   
embodi$ 9 ! ,fhr] does       n exclude !

 possibility t ! ,fhr] c summon all     
memb]s ( ! p to a plebiscite on a c]ta9 
"q4       ,9 ?is ask+ ( ! p ! ,fhr] does
 n1 (       c\rse1 surr5d] 8 decisive   
p[] to ! vot]s4 ,!       purpose ( !    
plebiscite is n to let ! p act 9       !
 ,fhr]'s place or to replace ! ,fhr]'s  
decision )       ! result ( !           
plebiscite4 ,its purpose is r to give   
! :ole p an opportunity to demon/rate & 
proclaim       its support ( an aim     
ann\nc$ by ! ,fhr]4 ,x is       int5d$  
to solidify ! unity & agreem5t betwe5 ! 
objective p's w embodi$ 9 ! ,fhr] & !   
liv+1 subjective conviction ( ! p z x   
exi/s 9       ! individual memb]s 444   
,?is approval ( ! ,fhr]'s       decision
 is ev5 m cle> & effective if !         
plebiscite       is conc]n$ ) an aim :i*
 has already be5 realiz$       r ?an ) a
 m]e int5tion4#dg    ,hub] /ates t !    
,rei*/ag elections 9 ! ,?ird ,rei* h !  
same "* z ! plebiscites4 ,! li/ (       
delegates is made up by  ! ,fhr] & its  
approval by ! p repres5ts an expression 

(  r5ew$ & cont9u$ fai? 9 him4 ,!       
,rei*/ag no long] has any  gov]n+ or    
lawgiv+ p[]s b acts m]ely z a s\nd+ bo>d
 =  ! ,fhr]3         ,x w\ld be         
impossible = a law to be introduc$ &    
act$       ^u 9 ! ,rei*/ag :i* _h n     
orig9at$ ) !       ,fhr] or1 at lea/1   
receiv$ 8 approval4 ,! proc$ure is      
simil> to t ( ! plebiscite3 ,! lawgiv+  
p[] does       n re/ 9 ! ,rei*/ag2 x    
m]ely proclaims ?r\gh its       decision
 its agreem5t ) ! w ( ! ,fhr]1 :o is    
! lawgiv] ( ! ,g]man p4#dh    ,hub] also
 %[s h[ ! position ( ! ,fhr] develop$ f 
!  ,nazi ,p>ty movem5t3         ,! (fice
 ( ! ,fhr] develop$ out ( ! ,national   
,sociali/ movem5t4 ,x 0 orig9ally n a   
/ate (fice2       ?is fact c nev] be    
disreg>d$ if "o is to und]/&       !    
pres5t legal & political position ( !   
,fhr]4 ,!       (fice ( ! ,fhr] fir/    
took root 9 ! /ructure ( !       ,rei*  
:5 ! ,fhr] took ov] ! p[]s ( !          
,*ancelor1       & !n :5 he assum$ !    
position ( ! ,*ief ( ,/ate4       ,b 8  

prim>y significance is always z lead] ( 
!       movem5t2 he has absorb$ )9      
himself ! two highe/       (fices ( !   
political lead]%ip ( ! ,rei* & has      
creat$ !reby ! new (fice ( ,fhr] ( ! p &
       ! ,rei*4 ,t is n a sup]ficial    
gr\p+ toge!r (       v>i\s (fices1      
functions1 & p[]s 444 ,x is n a union   
( (fices b a unity ( (fice4 ,! ,fhr]    
does n unite       ! old (fices (       
,*ancelor & ,presid5t side by side      
)9 himself1 b he fills a new1 unifi$    
(fice4#di         ,! ,fhr] unites 9     
himself all ! sov]eign au?ority (       
! ,rei*2 all public au?ority 9 ! /ate z 
well z 9       ! movem5t is d]iv$ f !   
au?ority ( ! ,fhr]4       ,we mu/ speak 
n ( ! /ate's au?ority b ( !             
,fhr]'s au?ority if we wi% to designate 
! "* (       ! political au?ority )9 !  
,rei* correctly4 ,!       /ate does n   
hold political au?ority z an imp]sonal  
unit b receives x f ! ,fhr] z ! executor
 ( !       national w4 ,! au?ority ( !  
,fhr] is complete &       all-embrac+2 x

 unites 9 itself all ! means (          
political direction2 x ext5ds into all  
fields ( national       life2 x embraces
 ! entire p1 :i* is b\nd to !           
,fhr] 9 loyalty & ob$i5ce4 ,! au?ority (
 ! ,fhr]       is n limit$ by *ecks &   
controls1 by special autonom\s          
bodies or individual rights1 b x is free
 & indep5d5t1       all-inclusive &     
unlimit$4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1               
self-seek+ or arbitr>y & its ties are )9
 itself4 ,x       is d]iv$ f ! p2 t is1 
x is entru/$ to !       ,fhr] by ! p4 ,x
 exi/s = ! p & has its                  
ju/ification 9 ! p2 x is free ( all     
outw>d ties       because x is 9 its    
inn]mo/ nature firmly b\nd up )       ! 
fate1 ! welf>e1 ! mission1 & ! honor ( !
       p4#ej    ,neesse1 9 8 ,!         
,national ,sociali/ ,g]man ,work]s      
,p>ty--,an  ,attempt at ,legal          
,int]pretation1 emphasizes ! importance 
(  complete control by ! p>ty lead]%ip  
ov] all bran*es ( !  gov]nm5t4 ,he says 
!re mu/ be no division ( p[] 9 ! ,nazi  

/ate to int]f]e ) ! lead]'s fre$om (    
action4 ,?us !  ,fhr] becomes !         
adm9i/rative head1 ! lawgiv]1 & ! highe/
  au?ority ( ju/ice 9 "o p]son4 ,?is    
does n mean t he /&s  above ! law4 ,!   
,fhr] may be outw>dly indep5d5t1 b      
inw>dly  he obeys ! same laws z ^? he   
leads4#ea    ,! lead]%ip 7,fhrung7 9 !  
,nazi /ate is n to be comp>$  ) !       
gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration 9 a democracy3 
,fhrung is n1 l gov]nm5t1 ! highe/ organ
 ( !       /ate1 :i* has gr[n out ( !   
ord] ( ! /ate1 b x       receives its   
legitimation1 its call1 & its mission f 
! p 444#eb         ,! p _c z a rule     
ann\nce its w by means (       majority 
votes b only ?r\gh its embodim5t 9 "o   
man1       or 9 a few m54 ,! pr9ciple ( 
! id5tity ( !       rul] & ^? :o are    
rul$1 ( ! gov]nm5t & ^?       :o are    
gov]n$ has be5 v =cibly repres5t$ z !   
pr9ciple ( democracy4 ,b ?is id5tity 444
 becomes       me*ani/ic & sup]ficial if
 "o seeks to e/abli% x 9       ! !ory t 
! p are at once ! gov]nors & !          

gov]n$ 444 ,a true organic id5tity is   
only possible :5       ! great mass ( ! 
p recognizes its embodim5t 9       "o   
man & feels itself to be "o nature ) him
 444 ,mo/       ( ! p w nev] ex]cise _! 
gov]n+ p[]s b       only wi% to be      
gov]n$ ju/ly & well 444 ,national       
,sociali/ ,fhrung sees no value 9 try+  
to please a       majority ( ! p1 b its 
e action is dictat$ by       s]vice to !
 welf>e ( ! p1 ev5 ?\gh a majority      
w\ld n approve x4 ,! mission ( ! ,fhrung
 is       receiv$ f ! p1 b ! fulfilm5t (
 ?is mission       & ! ex]cise ( p[] are
 free & mu/ be free1 =       h[ev]      
surely & =cefully a heal?y p may be able
       to make decisions 9 ! l>g] issues
 ( its de/9y1 its       decisions 9 all 
small] matt]s are confus$ & unc]ta94    
,= ?is reason1 ,fhrung mu/ be free 9 !  
p]=mance       ( its task 444 ,! ,fhr]  
does n /& = himself alone       & c be  
und]/ood n ( himself1 b only f ! idea   
( a "w to be accompli%$ 444 ,bo? ! ,fhr]
 & 8       foll[+ are subject to ! idea 

:i* !y s]ve2 bo? are       ( ! same     
sub/ance1 ! same _s1 & ! same blood4    
,! despot kn[s only subjects :om he uses
 or1 at be/1 =       :om he c>es4 ,b !  
fir/ consid]ation ( ! ,fhr] is       n 8
 own advantage nor ev51 at bottom1 !    
welf>e (       ! p1 b only s]vice to !  
mission1 ! idea1 &       ! purpose to   
:i* ,fhr] & foll[+ alike are            
consecrat$4#ec    ,! supreme position ( 
,adolf ,hitl] z ,fhr] ( ! ,rei*1 :i*    
,hub] & ,neesse emphasize 9 ! prec$+    
quotations1 is also  /ress$ 9 ! /atem5ts
 ( high ,nazi (ficials4 ,= example1 ,dr4
  ,frick1 ! ,g]man ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 
9 an article entitl$  ,g]many z a       
,unit>y ,/ate1 :i* is includ$ 9 a book  
call$  ,g]many ,speaks1 publi%$ 9       
,london 9 #aich1 /ates3         ,! unity
 ( ! p>ty & ! /ate f9ds its highe/      
realization 9 ! p]son ( ! ,lead] &      
,*ancelor :o       444 comb9es ! (fices 
( ,presid5t & ,*ancelor4 ,he is       ! 
lead] ( ! ,national ,sociali/ ,p>ty1 !  
political       head ( ! /ate & !       

supreme comm&] ( ! def5se       =ces4#ed
    ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 not)/&+ !  
g5]ally  recogniz$ view z express$ 9 !  
prec$+ citations t !  au?ority ( ! ,fhr]
 is supreme1 ,hitl] f\nd x necess>y 9   
,april  #aidb to ask ! ,rei*/ag to      
confirm 8 p[] to be able at any "t1  if 
necess>y1 to urge any ,g]man to fulfil 8
 obligations by all  means :i* appe> to 
! ,fhr] appropriate 9 ! int]e/s ( !     
successful prosecution ( ! w>4#ee 7,!   
text ( ! resolution  adopt$ by !        
,rei*/ag is includ$ z docum5t #e1 po/ p4
 #ahc47    ,great emphasis is plac$ by !
 ,nazi lead]s on ! infallibility (  !   
,fhr] & ! duty ( ob$i5ce ( ! ,g]man p4  
,9 a  spee* on ,june #ab1 #aice1 =      
in/ance1 ,rob]t ,ley1 director ( !  p>ty
 organization1 said1 ,g]many mu/ obey l 
a well-tra9$  soldi]3 ! ,fhr]1 ,adolf   
,hitl]1 is always "r4 ,develop+ !  same 
idea1 ,ley wrote 9 an article 9 !       
,angriff on ,april #i1 #aidb  7docum5t  
#f1 po/ p4 #ahd73 ,"r is :at s]ves my p2
 wrong is  :at damages x4 ,i am born a  

,g]man & h1 !re=e1 only "o holy         
mission3 "w = my p & take c>e ( x4 ,& ) 
ref]5ce  to ! position ( ,hitl]1 ,ley   
wrote3         ,! ,national ,sociali/   
,p>ty is ,hitl]1 & ,hitl] is !          
p>ty4 ,! ,national ,sociali/s believe 9 
,hitl]1 :o       embodies _! w4 ,!re=e  
our consci5ce is cle>ly &       exactly 
def9$4 ,only :at ,adolf ,hitl]1 our     
,fhr]1       comm&s1 all[s1 or does n   
all[ is our consci5ce4 ,we       h no   
und]/&+ = him :o hides beh9d an anonym\s
       consci5ce1 beh9d ,god1 :om       
ev]ybody conceives accord+       to 8   
own wi%es4    ,^! ideas ( ! ,fhr]'s     
infallibility & ! duty ( ob$i5ce  are s 
fundam5tal 9 fact t !y are incorporat$ z
 ! fir/ two  comm&m5ts = p>ty memb]s4   
,^! are set =? 9 !  ,organisationsbu* d]
 ,,nsdap 7,nazi ,p>ty ,organization     
,book7 =  #aidj1 page #g 7docum5t #g1   
po/ p4 #ahf74 ,! fir/ comm&m5t is  ,!   
,fhr] is always "r6 & ! second is ,nev] 
g aga9/  discipl9e6    ,9 view ( !      
importance atta*$ to ! ,fhr] pr9ciple by

 !  ,nazis1 x is only natural t y\? %\ld
 be int5sively  indoctr9at$ ) ?is idea4 
,neesse po9ts out t "o ( ! mo/          
important tasks ( ! p>ty is ! =mation ( 
a select gr\p or  elite :i* w =m !      
lead]s ( ! future3         ,a p>ty su* z
 ! ,,nsdap1 :i* is responsible to hi/ory
       = ! future ( ! ,g]man ,rei*1 _c  
cont5t itself       ) ! hope = future   
lead]s b mu/ create a /ra9 (       /rong
 & true p]sonalities :i* %\ld (f] !     
con/antly r5ew$ possibility ( replac+   
lead]s :5ev]       x is necess>y4#ef    
,beck1 9 8 "w ,education 9 ! ,?ird      
,rei*1 also insi/s t a  respect = !     
,fhr] pr9ciple be inculcat$ 9 y\?3      
,! educational value ( ! ,hitl] ,y\? is 
to be f\nd 9       ?is community _s :i* 
_c be taught b c only be       exp]i5c$ 
444 ,b ?is cultivation ( ! community _s 
?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( ! community mu/1 9   
ord] to       avoid any conception (    
individual equality :i* is              
inconsi/5t ) ! ,g]man view ( life1 be   
bas$ ^u       inw>d & outw>d recognition

 ( ! ,fhr] pr9ciple 444       ,9 !      
,hitl] ,y\?1 ! "y ,g]man %\ld le>n by   
exp]i5ce t !re are no !oretical equal   
rights ( !       individual b only a    
natural & unconditional                 
subord9ation to lead]%ip4#eg    ,g]man  
writ]s (t5 pret5d t ! ,fhr] pr9ciple    
does n  necess>ily result 9 ! e/abli%m5t
 ( a dictator%ip b t x  p]mits !        
embodim5t ( ! w ( ! p 9 its lead]s &  ! 
realization ( ! popul> w mu* m          
effici5tly ?an is  possible 9 democratic
 /ates4 ,su* an argum5t1 = example1 is  
pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,paul ,ritt]bus* 9      
,demokratie und ,diktatur  7,democracy &
 ,dictator%ip71 publi%$ 9 #aici4        
,pr(essor  ,ritt]bus* claims t          
,communism leads to a dictatorial sy/em 
b  t ! ,nazi movem5t is mu* clos] to !  
ideals ( true democracy4  ,! real nature
 ( ,national ,socialism1 h[ev]1 _c be   
und]/ood  f ! /&po9t ( ! plurali/ic-p>ty
 /ate4 ,x does n  repres5t a dictator%ip
 ( "o p>ty & a suppression ( all o!rs  b
 r an expression ( ! w & ! "* ( ! :ole  

national community 9 & ?r\gh "o great   
p>ty :i* has resolv$  all int]nal       
discords & oppositions )9 itself4 ,!    
,fhr] (  ?is great movem5t is at once ! 
lead] & ! expression ( !  national w4   
,fre$ f ! en]vat+ effects ( int]nal     
/rife1  ! movem5t "u ! guid+ h& ( !     
,fhr] c br+ ! :ole  ( ! national        
community to its fulle/ expression &    
highe/  developm5t4    ,! highe/        
au?ority1 h[ev]1 ,hitl] himself1 has    
left no d\bt z  to ! nature ( ,nazi     
,p>ty lead]s4 ,9 a spee* deliv]$ at !   
,sportpala/ 9 ,b]l9 on ,april #h1 #aicc1
 he said3         ,:5 our oppon5ts say3 
,x is easy = y3 y are a                 
dictator--,we answ] !m1 ,no1 g5tlem51 y 
are wrong2       !re is no s+le         
dictator1 b t5 ?\s&1 ea* 9 8       own  
place4 ,& ev5 ! highe/ au?ority 9 !     
hi]>*y       has itself only "o wi%1    
nev] to transgress aga9/ !       supreme
 au?ority to :i* x1 too1 is responsible4
 ,we h       9 our movem5t develop$ ?is 
loyalty 9 foll[+ !       lead]1 ?is bl9d

 ob$i5ce ( :i* all ! o!rs "k       no?+ 
& :i* gave to u ! p[] to surm\nt        
ev]y?+4#eh    ,z has be5 indicat$ above1
 ! ,fhr] pr9ciple applies n only to  !  
,fhr] ( ! ,rei*1 ,adolf ,hitl]1 b to all
 ! subord9ate  lead]s ( ! p>ty & !      
gov]nm5t app>atus4 ,) respect to  ?is   
aspect ( ! ,fhr] pr9ciple1 ,hub]        
7docum5t #a1 po/ p4  #aee71 says3       
,! ranks ( ! public s]vices are reg>d$ z
 =ces       organiz$ on ! liv+ pr9ciple 
( lead]%ip &       foll[+3 ,! au?ority (
 comm& ex]cis$ 9 ! labor       s]vice1 !
 milit>y s]vice1 & ! civil s]vice is    
,fhr]-au?ority 444 ,x has be5 said ( !  
milit>y &       civil s]vices t true    
lead]%ip is n repres5t$ 9       _!      
organization on ! pr9ciples ( comm& &   
ob$i5ce4 ,9 reality !re c be no         
political lead]%ip       :i* does n h   
rec\rse to comm& & =ce z !       means =
 ! accompli%m5t ( its ends4 ,comm& & =ce
       d n1 ( c\rse1 con/itute ! true   
nature ( lead]%ip1       b z a means !y 
are indisp5sable elem5ts ( e       fully

 develop$ ,fhr]-ord]4#ei    ,! ,fhr]    
pr9ciple is (ficially recogniz$ by !    
p>ty1 & !  p>ty int]pretation !re( is   
set =? 9 ! ,p>ty ,organization  ,book   
7docum5t #g & *>ts #a & #a-;,a1 po/ pp4 
#ahf1 #dhh1 #dhi74    ,!re are also     
includ$ h]e91 z *>ts #b & #b-;,a & #c & 
#c-;,a  7po/ pp4 #dij1 #dia1 #dib1      
#dic71 photo/atic copies & translations 
( two *>ts f ,d] nationalsoziali/is*e   
,/aat 7,! ,national  ,sociali/ ,/ate7 by
 ,dr4 ,wal!r ,gehl1 publi%$ 9 #aice4 ,^!
 *>ts  cle>ly %[ ! conc5tration (       
au?ority 9 ! ,fhr] & !  subord9ate      
relation ( ! m9or lead]s 9 bo? ! /ate & 
!  p>ty4      ,! ,p>ty3 ,lead]%ip by an 
,elite ,class    #a4 ,functions ( !     
,p>ty    ,! ?ird pill> ( ! ,nazi /ate1 !
 l9k betwe5 ,volk & ,fhr]1  is ! ,nazi  
,p>ty4 ,accord+ to ,nazi ideology1 all  
au?ority )9 !  nation is d]iv$          
ultimately f ! p1 b x is ! p>ty  ?r\gh  
:i* ! p expresses itself4 ,9            
,re*tse9ri*tung5 und  ,re*tsaufgab5 d]  
,bewegung 7,legal ,organization & ,legal

 ,functions (  ! ,movem5t7 7docum5t #h1 
po/ p4 #bjd71 publi%$ 9 #aici1 ,otto    
,gauweil] /ates3         ,! w ( ! ,g]man
 p f9ds its expression 9 !       p>ty z 
! political organization ( ! p4 ,x      
repres5ts ! political conception1 !     
political       consci5ce1 & ! political
 w4 ,x is ! expression &       ! organ (
 ! p's creative w to life4 ,x           
comprises a select "p ( ! ,g]man p =    
only !       be/ ,g]mans %\ld be p>ty   
memb]s 444 ,! inn]       organization ( 
! p>ty mu/ !re=e br+ ! national         
life :i* is conc5trat$ )9 itself to     
manife/ation       & developm5t 9 all ! 
fields ( national endeavor 9       :i* !
 p>ty is repres5t$4#fj    ,gauweil]     
def9es ! relation%ip ( ! p>ty to ! /ate 
9 !  foll[+ t]ms3         ,! p>ty /&s   
above & beside ! /ate z ! wield]       (
 an au?ority d]iv$ f ! p ) its own      
sov]eign p[]s & its own sph]e (         
sov]eignty 444 ,!       legal position (
 ! p>ty is !re=e t ( a       completely 
sov]eign au?ority ^: legal supremacy &  

self-suffici5cy re/ ^u ! orig9al        
indep5d5t       political au?ority :i* !
 ,fhr] & ! movem5t h       atta9$ z a   
result ( _! hi/orical a*ievem5ts4#fa    
,neesse /ates t ,x w be ! task (        
,national ,socialism to lead  back !    
,g]man p to an organic /ructure :i*     
proce$s f a  recognition ( ! diff]5ces 9
 ! *>act]s & possibilities (  human be+s
 )\t p]mitt+ ?is recognition to lead to 
a cleavage  ( ! p into two camps4#fb    
,?is task is ! responsibility (  ! p>ty4
 ,al?\gh x has become ! only political  
p>ty 9 ,g]many1  ! p>ty does n desire to
 id5tify itself ) ! /ate4 ,x does  n wi%
 to dom9ate ! /ate or to s]ve x4 ,x     
works beside x &  coop]ates ) x4 ,9 ?is 
respect1 ,nazi ,g]many is di/+ui%$  f ! 
o!r "o-p>ty /ates ( ,europe3 ,9 !       
"o-p>ty /ate (  ,russia1 ! p>ty rules   
ov] ! /ate2 9 ! "o-p>ty /ate (  ,italy1 
! p>ty s]ves ! /ate2 b 9 ! "o-p>ty /ate 
(  ,g]many1 ! p>ty nei!r s]ves ! /ate   
nor rules ov] x directly  b works &     
/ruggles toge!r ) x = ! community ( !   

p4#fc ,neesse cont5ds t ! p>ty d]ives   
its legal basis  f ! law inh]5t 9 ! liv+
 organism ( ! ,g]man ,volk3         ,!  
inn] law ( ! ,,nsdap is none o!r ?an !  
inn] law       ( ! ,g]man p4 ,! p>ty    
arises f ! p2 x       has =m$ an        
organization :i* cry/allizes ab\t itself
       ! feel+s ( ! p1 :i* seem$ buri$1 
& !       /r5g? ( ! p1 :i* seem$ lo/4#fd
    ,neesse /ates t ! p>ty has two great
 tasks--to insure !  cont9uity (        
national lead]%ip & to pres]ve ! unity (
 !  ,volk3         ,! fir/ ma9 task ( ! 
p>ty1 :i* is 9 keep+ )       its organic
 nature1 is to protect ! ,national      
,sociali/       idea & to con/antly r5ew
 x by draw+ f ! dep?s       ( ! ,g]man  
s\l1 to keep x pure & cle>1 & to pass   
x on ?us to com+ g5]ations3 ?is is      
pr$om9antly a       matt] ( education ( 
! p4         ,! second great task1 :i*  
is 9 keep+ ) its       organizational   
nature1 is to =m ! p & ! /ate       into
 ! unity ( ! nation & to create = !     
,g]man       national community =ms :i* 

are ev] new & suit$ to       its vital  
developm5t3 ?is is pr$om9antly a matt] (
       /ate =mation4 ,^! two tasks1 "o (
 :i* deals )       sub/ance & ! o!r )   
function1 belong toge!r4 ,x       is z  
impossible to sep>ate !m z x is to split
 up !       p>ty into organism &        
organization1 =m & cont5t4#fe    ,hub]  
7docum5t #a1 po/ p4 #aee7 describes !   
tasks ( ! p>ty 9  simil> t]ms4 ,he /ates
 t ! p>ty is *>g$ ) ! education  ( ! p  
to a political p ?r\gh ! awak5+ ( !     
political consci\sness ( ea* individual2
 ! inculcation ( a  uni=m political     
philosophy1 t is1 ! tea*+ ( ,nazi       
pr9ciples2 ! selection ( lead]s1 includ+
 ! *oice &  tra9+ ( especially promis+  
boys to be ! ,fhr]s ( ! future2  & !    
%ap+ ( ! political w ( ! p 9 accordance 
) ! ,fhr]'s aims4#ff    ,! educational  
tasks ( ! p>ty are /ress$ by ,beck1 :o  
develops  ! idea t ! ,volk c be divid$  
into ?ree ma9 gr\ps1 a  support+1 a     
lead+1 & a creative class4#fg ,x is !   
duty (  ! lead+ class1 t is1 ! p>ty1 f  

:i* ! creative class  ( lead]s is drawn1
 to provide = ! education ( ! support+  
class4         ,e memb] ( ! body ( ! p  
mu/ belong to !       politically       
support+ class1 t is1 ea* "o :o be>s    
)9 himself ! basic racial1 spiritual1 & 
m5tal       values ( ! p 444 ,"h no sort
 ( lead+ or creative       activity is  
dem&$ b only a recognition ( ! lead+    
& creative w 444 ,only ^? are call$ to  
lead]%ip 9       political life :o h    
recogniz$ ! community-b\nd law       (  
all human life 9 pure/ cl>ity & 9 !     
all-embrac+       ext5t ( its validity &
 :o w place all ! p[]s (       _!       
p]sonal lives ) ! help ( a politically  
moral       "* 9 ! s]vice ( ! =mation ( 
community life       444 ,f !           
politically lead+ class arise !         
politically       creative p]sonalities4
 ,^! are ! my/]i\s elem5tal       =ces  
:i* are beyond all explanation by human 
reason &       :i* ?r\gh _! action & by 
means ( ! liv+ idea       )9 !m give to 
! community ( ! p an       expression   

:i* is fre%1 "y1 & et]nal4 ,"h is !     
fulfilm5t ( ! highe/ & pure/ political  
humanity 444       ,! education ( !     
sociali/ p]sonality is ess5tially       
! =m+ ( ! politically support+ class )9 
!       ,g]man p & ! enc\ragem5t ( ^?   
political       t5d5cies :i* make a man 
a political lead]4 ,to educate       to 
political creativ5ess is j z impossible 
z to       educate to g5ius4 ,education 
c only furni% ! spiritual               
atmosph]e1 c only prep>e ! spiritual    
liv+-space =       ! politically        
creative p]sonality by =m+ a uni=m      
political consci\sness 9 ! sociali/ic   
p]sonality1 &       9 ! developm5t (    
politically creative p]sonalities x     
c at ! mo/ give special att5tion to ^?  
values (       "* & _s :i* are (        
decisive importance =       ! developm5t
 ( ?is p]sonality4#fh    ,goebbels 9 ,! 
,nature & ,=m ( ,national ,socialism    
7docum5t #b1  po/ p4 #agj7 emphasizes ! 
responsibility ( ! p>ty = !  lead]%ip ( 
! /ate3         ,! p>ty mu/ always      

cont9ue to repres5t ! hi]>*y (          
,national ,sociali/ lead]%ip4 ,?is      
m9ority mu/ always       insi/ ^u its   
pr]ogative to control ! /ate4 ,x mu/    
keep ! way op5 = ! ,g]man y\? :i* wi%es 
to take       its place 9 ?is hi]>*y4 ,9
 reality ! hi]>*y has       few] rights 
?an duties6 ,x is responsible = !       
lead]%ip ( ! /ate & x solemnly relieves 
! p       ( ?is responsibility4 ,x has !
 duty to control ! /ate       9 ! be/   
int]e/s & to ! g5]al welf>e ( !         
nation4#fi    ,dr4 ,frick1 ,g]man ,m9i/]
 ( ! ,int]ior1 9 8 *apt] 9 ,g]many      
,speaks indicates ! exclusive position (
 ! p>ty 9 ! ,?ird  ,rei*3               
,national ,sociali/ ,g]many1 h[ev]1 is n
 m]ely a unit>y       /ate3 x is also a 
unit>y nation & its gov]nance is        
bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( lead]%ip 444       
,9 ,national ,sociali/ ,g]many1 lead]%ip
 is 9 ! h&s (       an organiz$         
community1 ! ,national ,sociali/ ,p>ty2 
& z       ! latt] repres5ts ! w ( !     
nation1 ! policy       adopt$ by x 9    

h>mony ) ! vital int]e/s ( !            
nation is at ! same "t ! policy adopt$  
by ! c\ntry       444 ,! ,national      
,sociali/ ,p>ty is ! only political p>ty
       9 ,g]many & !re=e ! true         
repres5tative ( !       p 444#gj    ,to 
,dr4 ,ley1 ! p>ty is id5tical ) ! ,fhr]4
 ,z he wrote 9 !  ,angriff on ,april #i1
 #aidb 7docum5t #f1 po/ p4 #ahd71 ,!    
,national  ,sociali/ ,p>ty is ,hitl]1 & 
,hitl] is ! p>ty4    ,! role ( ! p>ty 9 
legislation1 9 political matt]s1 & 9 !  
appo9tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t (ficials is       
indicat$ by ! ,fhr]'s  decree ( ,may    
#bi1 #aida1ga z amplifi$ by ! ord] (    
,janu>y #af1  #aidb1 conc]n+ its        
execution4#gb 7,docum5t #i1 po/ p4      
#bab74 ,?is  ord] provides t all        
legislative proposals & propos$ laws &  
decrees1 z well z any propos$ *anges    
!re91 mu/ pass ?r\gh  & receive !       
approval ( ! ,p>ty ,*ancelry4      #b4  
,p>ty ,memb]%ip    ,details conc]n+ !   
qualifications & duties ( p>ty memb]s   
are  conta9$ 9 ! ,p>ty ,organization    

,book = #aidj 7docum5t #g1  po/ p4      
#ahf74         ,memb]%ip is f9ally      
confirm$ by ! issuance ( a              
memb]%ip c>d or a memb]%ip book4 ,anyone
 :o becomes a       p>ty memb] does n   
m]ely jo9 an organization b he          
becomes a soldi] 9 ! ,g]man fre$om      
movem5t & t       means mu* m ?an j pay+
 8 dues & att5d+ !       memb]s' meet+s4
 ,he obligates himself to subord9ate 8  
own ego & to place ev]y?+ he has 9 !    
s]vice ( !       p's cause4 ,only he :o 
is capable ( do+ ?is %\ld       become a
 p>ty memb]4 ,a selection mu/ be made 9 
accordance ) ?is idea4         ,read9ess
 to fight1 read9ess to sacrifice1 &     
/r5g? (       "* are ! requirem5ts = a  
good ,national       ,sociali/4 ,small  
blemi%es1 su* z a false /ep :i*         
someone has made 9 8 y\?1 %\ld be       
ov]look$2 !       contribution 9 !      
/ruggle = ,g]many %\ld alone be         
decisive4 ,! heal?y w naturally prevail 
ov] ! bad if       ! w to heal? f9ds    
suffici5t support 9 lead]%ip       &    

a*ievem5t4 ,admission to ! p>ty %\ld n  
be       controll$ by ! old b\rgeois    
po9t ( view4 ,! p>ty       mu/ always   
repres5t ! elite ( ! p4#gc    ,g]man    
blood is "o ( ! pr]equisites = p>ty     
memb]%ip4 ,!  ,p>ty ,organization ,book 
= #aidj 7docum5t #g1 po/ p4 #ahf7 also  
/ates1 ,only ^? racial comrades :o      
possess ,g]man citiz5%ip are  eligible =
 admission4#gd    ,p>ty memb]s %all n   
exce$ t5 p] c5t ( ! ,g]man population  (
 ! region4 ,! ideal proportion ( ! numb]
 ( p>ty memb]s to  ! numb] ( racial     
comrades is set at t5 p] c5t4 ,?is      
proportion  is to apply also to !       
individual ,prov9ce ,gau4#ge      #c4   
,pl$ges & ,symbols ( ,allegiance        
,p>ty memb]s take an oa? ( loyalty to ! 
,fhr] 9 ! foll[+  t]ms3 ,i pl$ge        
allegiance to my ,fhr]1 ,adolf ,hitl]4  
,i promise at  all times to respect &   
obey him & ! lead]s :om he appo9ts  ov] 
me4#gf      7a7 ,! ,hitl] ,salute    ,a 
pl$ge ( allegiance to ! ,fhr] is also   
impli$ 9 ! ,nazi  salute1 :i* is usually

 accompani$ by ! greet+1 ,heil ,hitl]4  
,! phrase mit deuts*5 ,gruss1 :i* is    
commonly us$ z a clos+  salutation 9    
lett]s1 is ano!r =m ( ! ,hitl] greet+4  
,knaurs  ,konv]sations-,lexikon         
7,knaur's ,conv]sational ,diction>y71   
publi%$  9 ,b]l9 9 #aicd1 conta9s !     
foll[+ def9ition3         ,g]man greet+1
 ,hitl] greet+3 by rais+ ! "r       arm2
 us$ by ! old ,g]mans ) ! spe> z a      
greet+ (       arms ,waff5gruss4        
,communal greet+ ( ! ,national          
,sociali/s2 introduc$ into g5]al use 9  
#aicc4    ,t ?is greet+ 0 us$ by !      
,nazis z e>ly z #aibc is  demon/rat$ by 
a photograph :i* appe>$ 9 ,das ,bu* d]  
,,nsdap1  ,w]d51 ,kampf & ,ziel d]      
,,nsdap 7,! ,book ( ! ,,nsdap1 ,gr[?1   
,/ruggle1 & ,goal ( ! ,,nsdap7 by ,walt]
 ,m4 ,espe 7,b]l91 #aicd71  illu/ration 
#cd 7docum5t #aj1 po/ p4 #bad74    ,9 ! 
same book 7page #bc 9 ! supplem5t       
entitl$ ,die ,,nsdap7  ! foll[+         
di/9ction is made betwe5 ! usual ,nazi  
greet+ &  ! ,/orm ,troop]s' salute3     

,:ile ! ,g]man greet+ consi/s m]ely 9   
rais+ !       "r h& 9 any desir$ mann] &
 repres5ts r a       g5]al comradely    
greet+1 ! ,,sa salute is execut$1 9     
accordance ) ! specifications ( ! ,,sa  
s]vice       regulations1 by plac+ !    
left h& on ! belt &       rais+ ! ext5d$
 "r arm4         ,! ,,sa salute is to be
 giv5 to all high] rank+ lead]s       ( 
! ,,sa & ! ,,ss & ( ! vet]ans'          
organization :i*       has be5          
incorporat$ into ! ,,sa1 z well z to !  
,army       & ! national & security     
police =ces4         ,! comradely ,g]man
 greet+ is to be ex*ang$ betwe5 all     
equally rank+ memb]s ( ! ,,sa & ! ,,ss &
 memb]s (       a correspond+ rank 9 !  
,army1 ! police1 ! vet]ans'             
organization1 ! ,g]man air-sport league1
 ! ,hitl] ,y\?1       ! railway gu>ds1 &
 ! :ole memb]%ip ( ! p>ty s       f> z  
!y are di/+ui%able by regulation uni=ms4
      7b7 ,! ,swa/ika    ,e>ly 9 its    
hi/ory ! ,nazi ,p>ty adopt$ ! swa/ika   
bann] z  its (ficial emblem4#gg ,x 0    

design$ by ,hitl] himself1 :o wrote  9  
,me9 ,kampf3         ,i myself aft]     
c\ntless attempts _h laid d[n a f9al    
=m3 a flag ) a backgr\nd ( r$ clo?1 hav+
 a :ite       circle1 &1 9 its c5t]1 a  
black swa/ika4444         ,z ,national  
,sociali/s we see our program 9 our     
flag4 ,9       ! r$ we see ! social idea
 ( ! movem5t1 9 !       :ite !          
nationali/ic idea1 & 9 ! swa/ika !      
fight = ! victory ( ,aryan man & at !   
same "t =       ! victory ( ! idea (    
creative "w1 :i* 9 itself       always 0
 & always w be anti-,semitic4#gh    ,!  
swa/ika bann] came into g5]al use aft]  
,janu>y #cj1 #aicc z a  symbol (        
allegiance to ! ,hitl] regime1 b n until
 two ye>s  lat] 0 x made ! ,g]man       
national flag by ! ,rei* flag law (     
,septemb] #ae1 #aice4gi ,ano!r law1     
decre$ on ,april #g1 #aicg1hj  specifi$ 
t3         ,! insignia :i* ! ,,nsdap1   
its =mations1 & associat$               
organizations use = _! (fic]s1 _!       
/ructure1 _!       organization1 & _!   

symbols may n be us$ by o!r             
associations ei!r alone or )            
embelli%m5ts4    ,x is int]e/+ to note t
 p>ty regulations =bid memb]s to use    
passport photographs 9 :i* !y appe> 9   
p>ty uni=m or we>+  p>ty insignia & t   
p>ty memb]s are =bidd5 to discuss =eign 
policy ) =eign]s unless !y are (ficially
 designat$ by !  ,fhr] to d s4 ,! p]t95t
 regulations read3         ,pass ,photos
 on ,id5tification ,c>ds         ,memb]s
 ( ! ,,nsdap mu/ n use pass photos :i*  
%[ !       hold] ( any id5tification c>d
 9 a uni=m ( ! p>ty       or ( any ( its
 =mations4 ,x is also =bidd5 to use z   
pass photos pictures :i* %[ ! p]son we>+
 a p>ty       button4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,conv]sations ,) ,=eign]s         ,x is 
=bidd5 to all p>ty memb]s to engage 9   
discussions ( =eign policy ) =eign]s4   
,only su*       p]sons z h be5 designat$
 by ! ,fhr] are entitl$       to d s4#ha
      ,! ,totalit>ian ,/ate    ,! ,weim>
 ,con/itution1 al?\gh nev] =mally       

abrogat$ by !  ,nazis1 0 r5d]$ totally  
ineffectual by two basic laws1          
promulgat$  )9 two mon?s aft] ! seizure 
( p[] by ! p>ty4 ,! fir/  ( ^! 0 !      
,decree ( ! ,rei*'s ,presid5t = !       
,protection  ( ! ,p & ,/ate 7docum5t    
#aa-;,i1 po/ p4 #bae71 issu$  ,febru>y  
#bh1 #aicc1 ! day aft] ! ,rei*/ag 0     
burn$ d[n4 ,x  susp5d$ until fur!r      
notice#hb articles ( ! ,weim>           
,con/itution gu>antee+ ess5tial         
democratic rights ( !  individual4 ,?us1
 accord+ to article ,i ( ?is decree1    
re/rictions  on p]sonal lib]ty1 on ! "r 
( free expression ( op9ion1  includ+    
fre$om ( ! press1 on ! "r ( assembly & !
 "r  ( association1 & violations ( !    
privacy ( po/al1 telegraphic1  &        
telephonic communications1 & w>rants =  
h\se-se>*es1 ord]s  = confiscations z   
well z re/rictions on prop]ty1 are also 
p]missible beyond ! legal limits o!rwise
 prescrib$4#hc ,!  abrogation by !      
,nazis ( ^! fundam5tal rights (         
democracy has  nev] be5 repeal$ or      

am5d$4 ,9 fact1 ?is decree repres5ts !  
presupposition & confirmation ( ! police
 sway e/abli%$  ?r\gh\t ,g]many by !    
,nazis4#hd    ,! second basic law1 kn[n 
z ! ,enabl+ ,act1 ! ,law ,to ,remove  ! 
,di/ress ( ,p & ,/ate1 ( ,m>* #bd1 #aicc
 7docum5t #aa-;,,ii1  po/ p4 #bag71     
swept away p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t entirely4
 ,by  abrogat+ ! p]t95t articles ( !    
,weim> ,con/itution1 x  enabl$ ! ,nazi  
,cab9et "u ,hitl]'s *ancelor%ip to      
appropriate  money & legislate )\t any  
responsibility to ! ,rei*/ag or any     
obligation to respect ! ,con/itution4   
,! dissolution ( democracy 9 ,g]many 0  
seal$ by ! unification  ( ! au?orit>ian 
,nazi ,p>ty ) ! ,g]man /ate4 ,soon aft] 
!  p>ty came to p[] 9 #aicc1 /eps 7 tak5
 to effect & secure  ?is unity4 ,!      
process is describ$ by ,hub] 7docum5t   
#a1 po/ p4  #aee7 z foll[s3         ,on 
,july #ad1 #aicc 0 issu$ ! law aga9/ !  
=mation (       new p>ties :i* rais$ !  
,,nsdap to ! only political       p>ty 9
 ,g]many docum5t #aa-;,,iii 444 ,!      

ov]?r[ ( !       old p>ty-/ate 0        
accompani$ by ! con/ruction ( !         
new movem5t-/ate ,bewegungs/aat4 ,out ( 
a political       fight+ organization ! 
,,nsdap grew to a community capable     
( c>ry+ ! /ate & ! nation4 ,?is process 
0       accompli%$ /ep by /ep 9 ! fir/  
mon?s aft] !       ,national ,sociali/  
seizure ( p[]4 ,! assumption ( !        
(fice ( ,*ancelor by ! ,fhr] ( ! movem5t
 =m$ !       basis = ?is developm5t4    
,v>i\s p>ty lead]s 7       appo9t$ z    
,rei*sm9i/]2 ! gov]nors ( !             
prov9ces 7 national lead]s or ,gauleit] 
( ! p>ty1       su* z ,g5]al von ,epp2 !
 ,prussian gov]nm5t (ficials       are z
 a rule ,gauleit] ( ! p>ty2 ! ,prussian 
police       *iefs are mo/ly high-rank+ 
,,sa lead]s4 ,by ?is sy/em (       a    
union ( ! p]sonnel ( ! p>ty & /ate      
(fices !       unity ( p>ty & /ate 0    
a*iev$4#he    ,! culm9ation ( ?is       
developm5t 0 rea*$ 9 ! ,law ,to         
,safegu>d ! ,unity ( ,p>ty & ,/ate1 (   
,decemb] #a1 #aicc 7docum5t  #aa-;,,iv1 

po/ p4 #bba71 :i* proclaim$ ! ,,nsdap ! 
be>] ( !  ,g]man /ate-idea &            
indissolubly jo9$ to ! /ate4 ,9 ord] to 
gu>antee ! complete coop]ation ( ! p>ty 
& ,,sa ) ! public  (ficials1 ! ,fhr]'s  
,deputy & ! ,*ief ( ,/aff ( ! ,,sa 7    
made memb]s ( ! ,cab9et4    ,) reg>d to 
! relation betwe5 ! p>ty & ! /ate1      
,neesse  writes3         ,! ,,nsdap is n
 a /ructure :i* /&s "u direct /ate      
control1 to :i* s+le tasks ( public     
adm9i/ration are       entru/$ by !     
/ate1 b x holds & ma9ta9s is claim      
to totality z ! be>] ( ! ,g]man         
/ate-idea 9 all       fields relat+ to !
 community--reg>dless ( h[ v>i\s        
s+le functions are divid$ betwe5 !      
organization ( !       p>ty & !         
organization ( ! /ate4#hf    ,to ma9ta9 
coop]ation betwe5 ! p>ty & /ate         
organizations1 !  highe/ /ate (fices are
 giv5 to ! m5 hold+ ! correspond+  p>ty 
(fices4 ,gauweil] 7docum5t #h1 po/ p4   
#bjd7 attributes to !  p>ty supreme     
lead]%ip 9 all phases ( national life4  

,?us !  /ate becomes m]ely an           
adm9i/rative ma*9e :i* ! p>ty has set   
up 9 accordance ) & = ! accompli%m5t (  
its aims3         ,z ! responsible be>] 
& %ap] ( ! de/9y ( !       :ole ,g]man  
nation ! p>ty has creat$ an entirely new
       /ate1 = t :i* s\ght to foi/      
itself ^u h] z a       /ate 0 simply !  
product ( a deep human confusion4 ,!    
/ate ( ! pa/ & its political ideal _h   
nev]       satisfi$ ! long+ ( ! ,g]man  
p4 ,! ,national       ,sociali/ movem5t 
already c>ri$ its /ate )9 itself        
at ! "t ( its e>ly /ruggles4 ,x 0 able  
to place !       completely =m$ body (  
its own /ate at ! disposal (       !    
/ate :i* x _h tak5 ov]4#hg    ,! (ficial
 p>ty int]pretation ( ! relation betwe5 
p>ty &  /ate1 z set =? 9 ! ,p>ty        
,organization ,book = #aidj1 appe>s  9 !
 ,app5dix z docum5t #g 7po/ p4 #ahf74   
,goebbels 9 8 lecture on ,! ,nature &   
,=m ( ,national  ,socialism 7docum5t #b1
 po/ p4 #agj7 /ress$ ! importance (     
,glei*s*altung or ! p5etration ( ,nazi  

ideology into all fields  ( national    
life4 ,?is to 8 m9d mu/ be ! result ( ! 
,national  ,sociali/ revolution4 ,! same
 aims1 ideals1 & /&>ds mu/ be  appli$ to
 economics & to politics1 to cultural & 
social  developm5t1 to education &      
religion1 & to =eign & dome/ic          
relations4    ,! result ( ?is concept ( 
! totalit>ian /ate has be5 !  compulsory
 regim5tation ( all phases ( ,g]man life
 to con=m to  ! patt]n e/abli%$ by !    
p>ty4 ,! totalit>ian /ate does n        
recognize p]sonal lib]ties = !          
individual4 ,! legal position (  !      
individual citiz5 9 ! ,?ird ,rei* is    
cle>ly set =? by  ,hub] 7docum5t #a1 po/
 p4 #aee73         ,n until !           
nationali/ic political philosophy _h    
become       dom9ant c\ld ! lib]ali/ic  
idea ( basic rights be       really     
ov]come4 ,! concept ( p]sonal lib]ties (
 !       individual z oppos$ to !       
au?ority ( ! /ate _h to       disappe>2 
x is n to be reconcil$ ) ! pr9ciple (   
! nationali/ic ,rei*4 ,!re are no       

p]sonal lib]ties (       ! individual   
:i* fall outside ( ! realm ( ! /ate     
& :i* mu/ be respect$ by ! /ate4 ,!     
memb] ( !       p1 organically connect$ 
) ! :ole community1 has       replac$ ! 
isolat$ individual2 he is includ$ 9 !   
totality ( ! political p & is drawn into
 !       collective action4 ,!re c no   
long] be any "q ( a       private sph]e1
 free ( /ate influ5ce1 :i* is sacr$ &   
unt\*able be=e ! political unity4 ,!    
con/itution (       ! nationali/ic ,rei*
 is !re=e n bas$ ^u a sy/em       (     
inborn & inali5able rights ( !          
individual4#hh    ,9 place ( ^! rights !
 con/itution ( ! ,?ird ,rei*  gu>antees 
to ! individual 8 place 9 ! community ( 
! p3         ,! legal position ( !      
individual memb] ( ! p       =ms an     
entirely new concept :i* is indisp5sable
 = !       con/ruction ( a nationali/ic 
ord]4 ,! legal position (       !       
individual is always relat$ to !        
community &       condition$ by duty4 ,x
 is develop$ n = ! sake ( !             

individual b = ! community1 :i* c only  
be fill$       ) life1 p[]1 & purpose :5
 a suitable field (       action is     
insur$ = ! individual memb]4 ,)\t a     
concrete det]m9ation ( ! individual's   
legal position       !re c be no real   
community4         ,?is legal position  
repres5ts ! organic fixation ( !        
individual 9 ! liv+ ord]4 ,rights &     
obligations arise       f ! application 
( ?is legal position to specific        
individual relation%ips 444 ,b all      
rights mu/ be reg>d$       z duty-b\nd  
rights4 ,_! ex]cise is always dep5d5t   
^u ! fulfilm5t by ! individual ( ^?     
duties to       :i* all rights are      
subord9ate 444#hi    ,! concept (       
private prop]ty 9 ! totalit>ian /ate is 
also at  v>iance ) ! democratic concept 
( private prop]ty4 ,9 !  ,?ird ,rei* !  
hold] ( prop]ty is consid]$ m]ely z a   
manag]  responsible to ! ,volk = ! use (
 ! prop]ty 9 ! common  int]e/4 ,hub]    
sets =? ! ,nazi view 9 ! foll[+ words3  
,private prop]ty z conceiv$ "u !        

lib]ali/ic       economic ord] 0 a      
rev]sal ( ! true concept (              
prop]ty4 ,?is private prop]ty repres5t$ 
! "r (       ! individual to manage & to
 speculate ) inh]it$ or       acquir$   
prop]ty z he pleas$1 )\t reg>d = !      
g5]al int]e/s 444 ,g]man socialism _h to
 ov]come ?is       private1 t is1       
unre/ra9$ & irresponsible view (        
prop]ty4 ,all prop]ty is common prop]ty4
 ,! own] is       b\nd by ! p & ! ,rei* 
to ! responsible       managem5t ( 8    
goods4 ,8 legal position is only        
ju/ifi$ :5 he satisfies ?is             
responsibility to !       community4#ij 
,pursuant to ?is view ( ! nature (      
own]%ip1 prop]ty may be  confiscat$     
:5ev] ! /ate decides t public managem5t 
w\ld be  9 ! int]e/s ( ! community1 or  
if ! own] is f\nd guilty (              
irresponsible managem5t1 9 :i* case no  
comp5sation is paid him4    ,ref]5ce has
 be5 made to ! appo9tm5t ( p>ty memb]s  
to  important /ate (fices4 ,gauweil]    
7docum5t #h1 po/ p4 #bjd7 po9ts  out t !

 p>ty insur$ ! infusion ( ! entire      
/ructure  ( ! /ate ) its ideology ?r\gh 
! civil-s]vice law  7,beamt5gesetz7 (   
,janu>y #bf1 #aicg1ia :i* provides t a  
p]son appo9t$ to a civil-s]vice position
 mu/ be fill$ )  ,national ,sociali/    
views1 s9ce only ?us c he be an executor
 ( !  w ( ! /ate :i* is c>ri$ by !      
,,nsdap4 ,x dem&s ( him  t he be ready  
at all times to ex]t himself unres]v$ly 
9 behalf  ( ! ,national ,sociali/ /ate &
 t he be aw>e ( ! fact t  ! ,,nsdap1 z !
 m\?piece ( ! p's w1 is ! vital =ce     
beh9d ! concept ( ! ,g]man /ate4#ib     
,! infiltration ( p>ty memb]s into !    
civil s]vice has n[  proce$$ to su* a   
po9t t e>ly 9 #aidb ,pfundtn]1 !        
,secret>y  ( ,/ate 9 ! ,g]man ,m9i/ry ( 
! ,int]ior1 c\ld write 9 !  p]iodical   
,akademie fr deuts*es ,re*t3         ,! 
,g]man civil s]vant mu/ fur!rmore be a  
,national       ,sociali/ to ! m>r[ ( 8 
bones & mu/ be a memb] (       ! p>ty or
 ( "o ( its =mations4 ,! /ate w         
prim>ily see to x t ! ,"y ,gu>d ( !     

movem5t is       direct$ t[>d a         
civil-s]vice c>e] & also t !       civil
 s]vant takes an active "p 9 ! p>ty s t 
!       political idea & s]vice ( ! /ate
 become closely       weld$4#ic         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,footnotes ,,to ,,fir/ ,,section       
,footnote #h3 ,hub]1 ,v]fassungsre*t des
 grossdeuts*5 ,rei*es  7,hamburg1       
#aici71 pp4 #ed-ee4    ,footnote #i3    
,ibid41 pp4 #aec-aee4    ,footnote #aj3 
,ibid41 pp4 #aef-aeg4    ,footnote #aa3 
,ibid41 p4 #aeg4    ,footnote #ab3      
,ibid41 p4 #aeh4    ,footnote #ac3      
,ibid41 p4 #afc4    ,footnote #ad3      
,ibid41 p4 #afd4    ,footnote #ae3      
,ibid41 pp4 #afe-aff4    ,footnote #af3 
,neesse1 ,die ,nationalsoziali/is*e     
,deuts*e  ,arbeit]p>tei--,v]su* e9]     
,re*tsdeutung 7,/uttg>t1 #aice71 p4     
#dd4    ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid41 p4 #ea4  
,footnote #ah3 ,ibid41 p4 #ed4          
,footnote #ai3 ,ibid41 p4 #eh4          
,footnote #bj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ed-ef4      
,footnote #ba3 ,ibid41 p4 #ei4          

,footnote #bb3 ,ibid41 pp4 #fj-fa4      
,footnote #bc3 ,ibid41 pp4 #fe-ff4      
,footnote #bd3 ,scurla1 ,die            
,grundg$ank5 des ,nationalsozialismus   
und  das ,ausl& 7,b]l91 #aich71 pp4     
#aj-aa4    ,footnote #be3 ,ibid41 p4 #i4
    ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid4    ,footnote  
#bg3 ,ibid41 p4 #ac4    ,footnote #bh3  
,beck1 ,die ,erziehung im dritt5 ,rei*  
7,dortmund &  ,breslau1 #aicf71 p4 #bj4 
,footnote #bi3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bj-ba4      
,footnote #cj3 ,ibid41 p4 #ce4          
,footnote #ca3 ,ibid41 pp4 #eb-ee4      
,footnote #cb3 ,ibid41 p4 #df4          
,footnote #cc3 ,ibid41 p4 #eg4          
,footnote #cd3 ,ibid41 p4 #aah4         
,footnote #ce3 ,ibid41 p4 #adj4         
,footnote #cf3 ,ros5b]g1 ,d] ,my?us des 
#bj4 ,jahrhund]ts 7,muni*1  #aice71 p4  
#bh 7#a/ ed4 #aicj74    ,footnote #cg3  
,ibid41 p4 #aad4    ,footnote #ch3      
,ibid41 p4 #dgi4    ,footnote #ci3      
,ibid41 p4 #edb4    ,footnote #dj3      
,gottfri$ ,f$]1 ,! ,programme ( ! ,p>ty 
( ,hitl]  7translat$ by ,e4,t4,s4       

,dugdale3 ,muni*1 #aicb71 p4 #ah4       
,footnote #da3 ,ros5b]g1 ,wes51         
,grundstze und ,ziele d] ,,nsdap        
7,muni*1 #aicc71 pp4 #af-ah 7#a/ ed4    
#aibb74    ,footnote #db3 ,ros5b]g1 ,d] 
,my?us des #bj4 ,jahrhund]ts1 p4 #fgc4  
,footnote #dc3 ,beck1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaj4
    ,footnote #dd3 ,ibid41 p4 #aaj4     
,footnote #de3 ,hub]1 ,aufbau und ,gefge
 des ,rei*es1 publi%$ 9  ! book ,idee   
und ,ordnung des ,rei*es 7ed4 by ,hub]3 
,hamburg1  ,hanseatis*e ,v]lagsan/alt1  
#aida71 p4 #ab4    ,footnote #df3 ,hub]1
 ,v]fassungsre*t des grossdeuts*5       
,rei*es  7,hamburg1 #aici71 pp4         
#aid-aih4    ,footnote #dg3 ,ibid41 pp4 
#aii-bjj4    ,footnote #dh3 ,ibid41 pp4 
#bjg-bjh4    ,footnote #di3 ,ibid41 pp4 
#bac-bad4    ,footnote #ej3 ,ibid41 p4  
#bcj4    ,footnote #ea3 ,neesse1 op4    
cit41 p4 #adf4    ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid41
 p4 #adc4    ,footnote #ec3 ,ibid41 pp4 
#add-adg4    ,footnote #ed3 ,g]many     
,speaks 7conta9+ articles by tw5ty-"o   
lead+ memb]s ( ! ,nazi ,p>ty & ! ,g]man 

,gov]nm5t3 ,london1  #aich71 p4 #ca4    
,footnote #ee3 ,rei*sgesetzblatt        
7#aidb71 p4 #bdg4 7,all citations to  ! 
,rei*sgesetzblatt ref] to "p ,i !re(47  
,footnote #ef3 ,neesse1 op4 cit41 p4    
#aej4    ,footnote #eg3 ,beck1 op4 cit41
 p4 #aca4    ,footnote #eh3 ,my ,new    
,ord]1 p4 #aei4    ,footnote #ei3 ,hub]1
 ,v]fassungsre*t des grossdeuts*5       
,rei*es  7,hamburg1 #aici71 p4 #daj4    
,footnote #fj3 ,gauweil]1               
,re*tse9ri*tung5 und ,re*tsaufgab5 d]   
,bewegung 7,muni*1 #aici71 p4 #b4       
,footnote #fa3 ,ibid41 p4 #i4           
,footnote #fb3 ,neesse1 op4 cit11 p4    
#ga4    ,footnote #fc3 ,ibid41 p4 #aai4 
,footnote #fd3 ,ibid41 p4 #abf4         
,footnote #fe3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aci-adj4    
,footnote #ff3 ,hub]1 ,v]fassungsre*t   
des grossdeuts*5 ,rei*es  7,hamburg1    
#aici71 pp4 #bic-bif4    ,footnote #fg3 
,beck1 op4 cit41 p4 #cg4    ,footnote   
#fh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cg-ch4    ,footnote   
#fi3 ,goebbels1 op4 cit41 p4 #ai4       
,footnote #gj3 ,g]many ,speaks1 pp4     

#cj-ca4    ,footnote #ga3               
,rei*sgesetzblatt 7#aida71 p4 #bie4     
,footnote #gb3 ,ibid41 7#aidb71 p4 #ce4 
,footnote #gc3 ,organisationsbu* d]     
,,nsdap 7ed4 by ! ,national             
,organizational ,director ( ! ,,nsdap3  
,muni*1 #aidj71 p4 #e4    ,footnote #gd3
 ,ibid41 p4 #f;b4    ,footnote #ge3     
,ibid41 p4 #f;d4    ,footnote #gf3      
,ibid4    ,footnote #gg3 ,! ,g]man      
pocket ref]5ce book = curr5t ev5ts      
7,tas*5-,brockhaus zum ,zeitges*eh53    
,leipzig1 #aidb7 /ates t !  swa/ika     
bann] 0 design$ by ,hitl] = ! ,,nsdap 9 
#aiai4    ,footnote #gh3 ,adolf ,hitl]1 
,me9 ,kampf 7,muni*1 ,v]lag ,frank ,eh]1
  ,g4m4b4,h41 #aicc copyright #aibe71   
pp4 #eef-eeg4    ,footnote #gi3         
,rei*sgesetzblatt 7#aice71 p4 #aade4    
,footnote #hj3 ,ibid4 7#aicg71 p4 #ddb4 
,footnote #ha3 ,organisationsbu* d]     
,,nsdap 7,muni*1 #aidj71 p4 #h4         
,footnote #hb3 ,rei*sgesetzblatt        
7#aicc71 p4 #hc4    ,footnote #hc3      
,ibid4    ,footnote #hd3 ,9 8 book ,die 

deuts*e ,polizei 7,! ,g]man ,police7    
7,d>m/adt1 ,l4,c4 ,witti* ,v]lag1       
#aida71 p4 #bd1 ! prom95t ,nazi  police 
(ficial1 ,dr4 ,w]n] ,be/1 wrote t ?is   
law is to be  reg>d$ n z a 'police      
law'--t is1 z ! regulation ( police     
functions & activities--b z ! expression
 ( ! new conception  ( ! /ate z x has   
be5 trans=m$ by ! ,national ,sociali/   
revolution1 f :i* ! new 'police' concept
 is d]iv$4 ,also1  ?is law 0 = ! police 
! confirmation t ! "w already  begun 0 9
 agreem5t ) ! law giv+ w ( ! ,supreme   
,lead]%ip ( ! ,rei*4    ,footnote #he3  
,hub]1 ,v]fassungsre*t des grossdeuts*5 
,rei*es  7,hamburg1 #aici7 p4 #bhh4     
,footnote #hf3 ,neesse1 op4 cit41 p4    
#aca4    ,footnote #hg3 ,gauweil]1 op4  
cit41 p4 #c4    ,footnote #hh3 ,hub]1   
,v]fassungsre*t des grossdeuts*5 ,rei*es
  7,hamburg1 #aici71 p4 #cfa4           
,footnote #hi3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cfe-cff4    
,footnote #ij3 ,ibid41 pp4 #cgb-cgc4    
,footnote #ia3 ,rei*sgesetzblatt        
7#aicg71 pp4 #ci-gj4    ,footnote #ib3  

,gauweil]1 op4 cit41 p4 #aef4           
,footnote #ic3 ,report$ 9 a bullet9 ( ! 
(ficial ,g]man news  ag5cy1 ,,dnb1 ,apr4
 #ad1 #aidb4          ,,nazi ,,aims ,,& 
,,me?ods    ,political ,aims      ,!    
political aims ( ,national ,socialism h 
be5 writt5 s cle>ly  9 hi/ory 9 ! pa/   
#aj ye>s t x does n appe> necess>y to   
discuss !m at l5g? "h4    ,! detail$    
program ( ! ,nazi ,p>ty consi/s ( ! #be 
po9ts :i*  7 adopt$ on ,febru>y #bd1    
#aibj at a p>ty mass meet+ 9 ,muni*4    
7,! #be-po9t program appe>s 9 ! ,app5dix
 z docum5t #ab1 po/  p4 #bbb47 ,! po9ts 
( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ?is /udy are ! fir/ 
f\r1 :i* are set =? bel[3         #a4   
,we dem& ! union ( all ,g]mans to =m a  
,great       ,g]many on ! basis ( ! "r (
 ! self-det]m9ation       enjoy$ by     
nations4         #b4 ,we dem& equality (
 rights = ! ,g]man ,p 9 its       deal+s
 ) o!r nations1 & abolition ( ! ,peace  
,treaties ( ,v]sailles & ,/4 ,g]ma94    
#c4 ,we dem& l& & t]ritory 7colonies7 = 
!       n\ri%m5t ( our p & = settl+ our 

sup]flu\s       population4         #d4 
,none b memb]s ( ! nation may be citiz5s
 ( !       ,/ate4 ,none b ^? ( ,g]man   
blood1 :atev] _! cre$1       may be     
memb]s ( ! nation4 ,no ,jew1 !re=e1 may 
be a       memb] ( ! nation4#id      #a4
 ,int]nal ,objectives    ,a /atem5t ( ! 
int]nal objectives ( ,national          
,socialism is made  by ,gauweil] 9 8    
,legal ,organization & ,legal ,functions
 ( !  ,movem5t 7docum5t #h1 po/ p4      
#bjd74 ,! laws ( ! ,rei* mu/ seek  to   
e/abli% & promote ! five basic values   
recogniz$ by ,nazi  ideology3           
#a4 ,race3 ,! legal protection ( ! race1
 :i* has creat$       a new concept (   
nationality ,volkszugehrigkeit1 is      
consci\sly put 9 fir/ place1 = ! mo/    
significant       hi/orical pr9ciple :i*
 has be5 e/abli%$ by !       victory (  
,national ,socialism is t ( ! necessity 
=       keep+ race & blood pure4 ,all   
human mi/akes & errors       c be       
correct$ except "o3 ! error reg>d+ !    
importance ( ma9ta9+ ! basic values ( a 

nation4         ,! purpose ( ?is legal  
protection ( ! basic value (       race 
mu/ be ! prev5tion = all "t ( a fur!r   
mixture ( ,g]man blood ) =eign blood1 z 
well z !       prev5tion ( cont9u$      
procreation ( racially unwor?y &        
undesirable memb]s ( ! p4         #b4   
,soil ,bod53 ,! liv+-space & ! basis = !
       food supply ( ! ,g]man p are its 
t]ritory & soil4       ,! f>m] is ! fir/
 & deepe/ repres5tative ( !       p s9ce
 he n\ri%es ! p f ! f]tility (       !  
e>? & he ma9ta9s ! nation ?r\gh !       
f]tility       ( 8 own family4 ,"h      
,national ,socialism _h to accompli%    
two great legal ends3 ! ree/abli%m5t & !
 protection       ( ! f>m] class & !    
secur+ ( its l& = !       f>m] family4  
#c4 ,"w3 ,! nation's "w z a basic       
national value is       gr\nd$ on !     
lead+ concept ( "w ( ! h&s & (       !  
head )9 & = ! community ( ! p & !       
elevation ( "w to ! only crit]ion = !   
value ( an       individual )9 !        
community4 ,9 place ( ! idea (          

class w>f>e1 ,national ,socialism _h to 
e/abli% !       national community      
legally2 9 place ( ! defamation (       
"w & its degradation to an object (     
b>t]1 ,national       ,socialism _h to  
raise x to an e?ical duty & ! "r        
to "w _h to become ! mo/ cle>ly def9$   
p]sonal       "r ( ! individual4 ,!     
concept ( ! honor ( "w       _h to be   
e/abli%$ z ! basic concept ( ! national 
honor4         #d4 ,! ,rei*3 ,) ! secur+
 ( ! ?ree basic values (       race1    
soil1 & "w arises ! ,national ,sociali/ 
,rei*4         ,! infusion ( =eign      
cultural & legal influ5ces 9            
,g]many 0 a consequ5ce ( ! weak5+ ( !   
c5tral       au?ority ( ! ,g]man ,rei*  
s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!       creation 
& insur+ ( a /rong c5tral au?ority 9    
contra/ to ! disorganiz$1 f$]ali/ic     
sy/em ( !       ,weim> ,republic became 
"o ( ! pr9cipal l9es (       ,national  
,sociali/ legal policy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 
!       ,national ,sociali/ revolution1 
! ,rei* took on ! legal       =m ( a    

totalit>ian /ate & receiv$ a supreme &  
completely au?oritative lawgiv] 9 !     
p]son ( !       ,fhr]4 ,! pr9ciple ( a  
division ( p[] c\ld no long]            
ma9ta9 itself3 ,! =mulation1 !          
int]pretation1 &       ! execution ( !  
law are all p]=m$ by ! ,fhr]            
himself or "u 8 au?ority4         #e4   
,honor3 ,! fif? great value ( ! nation  
is its honor4       ,! honor ( ! p1 !   
,rei*1 ! p>ty1 ! ,fhr]1       & !       
individual citiz5 are all reg>d$ z goods
 to be       protect$ by law4 ,! basis (
 national honor is loyalty4             
,national ,sociali/ crim9al law is !re=e
 ess5tially       organiz$ z a sy/em (  
puni%m5t = brea*es ( fai?4       ,e     
crime & (f5se aga9/ ! community is a    
brea* (       fai? :i* mu/ result 9 loss
 ( honor4#ie      #b4 ,=eign ,policy    
,! close connection betwe5 ! int]nal    
political program ( !  ,national        
,sociali/ movem5t1 z express$ 9 ! =ego+ 
p>agraphs1  & its =eign policy 0        
indicat$ by ,hitl] :5 he wrote 9 ,me9   

,kampf 7docum5t #ac-;,i1 po/ p4 #bbf73  
,z ,national ,sociali/s we c fur!r set  
=? !       foll[+ pr9ciple ) reg>d to ! 
nature ( ! =eign       policy ( a       
folk-/ate3         ,x is ! task ( !     
=eign policy ( a folk-/ate to           
secure ! exi/5ce on ?is planet ( ! race 
:i* is       encompass$ by ! /ate & at !
 same "t to e/abli% a       heal?y1     
viable1 natural relation betwe5 ! numb] 
&       gr[? ( ! folk on ! "o h& & !    
size & quality       ( its soil &       
t]ritory on ! o!r h&4#if    ,& 9 ! same 
"w he /ates3         ,yes1 we c only    
le>n f ! pa/ t we mu/ und]take       !  
sett+ ( aims = our political activity 9 
two       directions3 ,soil & t]ritory z
 ! goal ( our =eign       policy1 & a   
new1 philosophically firm & uni=m       
f\ndation z ! goal ( our dome/ic        
political       activity4#ig    ,!      
political objectives ( ,national        
,socialism1 !n1 by def9ition (  ,hitl]  
himself1 are ! int]nal unification ( !  
,g]man p &  ext]nal expansion4    ,:ile 

! ,nazis h nev] conceal$ ! fir/ ( ^!    
objectives1  ! second 0 ! subject = a   
great deal ( dissimulation up to !      
outbreak ( ! pres5t w>4 ,typical ( !    
false front :i* !  ,nazis pres5t$ to !  
outside _w ) ref]5ce to _! =eign  policy
 objectives are ! /atem5ts made by ,dr4 
,scurla 9 ,basic  ,pr9ciples ( ,national
 ,socialism ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to     
,=eign  ,c\ntries4 ,dr4 ,scurla quotes  
,hitl]'s spee* ( ,may #ag1 #aicc 9 :i*  
he said1 ,we see ! ,european nations    
ar\nd u z giv5 facts4  ,fr5*1 ,poles1   
etc41 are our neighbor peoples1 & we "k 
t no  conceivable hi/oric occurr5ce c\ld
 *ange ?is reality1#ih &  comm5ts3      
,?is folk pr9ciple1 :i* has gr[n out ( !
 ,national       ,sociali/ ideology1    
implies ! recognition ( !               
indep5d5ce & ! equal rights ( ea* p4 ,we
 d n       see h[ anyone c disc]n 9 ?is 
a pan-,g]manic &       imp]iali/ic ?reat
 aga9/ our neighbors4 ,?is pr9ciple     
does n admit ! diff]5ce betwe5 great    
p[]s &       m9or /ates1 betwe5 majority

 peoples & m9orities4 ,x       means at 
! same "t a cle> rejection ( any        
imp]ialism       :i* aims at !          
subjugation ( =eign peoples or !        
d5ationalization ( ali5 populations4 ,x 
dem&s !       unqualifi$ ackn[l$gm5t ( !
 "r to live ( e       folk1 & ( e       
folk-gr\p1 :i* is =c$ to live z a       
=eign gr\p 9 ano!r /ate4 ,! we/]n       
,european       national /ate toge!r )  
its p>liam5t>y democracy 0       n able 
to d ju/ice to ! natural & liv+         
entities1       ! peoples1 9 _! /ruggle 
= exi/5ce4#ii    ,f>!r on 9 ! same "w   
,scurla /ates3         ,out ( its       
fundam5tal ideologic view1 h[ev]1       
,g]many       rejects e =m ( imp]ialism1
 ev5 t ( peaceful       p5etration4 ,x  
is unable to conc$e to any p !          
au?ority to develop ideas & ways ( liv+1
 to :i* !n       ano!r p has to         
subord9ate itself1 ev5 if "s o!r        
ord] is suit$ to its ess5tial nature 444
 ,x does n at       all1 h[ev]1 consid] 
! ,g]man ord] obligatory = o!r          

peoples4 ,national ,socialism1 z has be5
 said a hundr$       times1 is          
exclusively ! sum total ( ! ,g]man      
_w-view4#ajj    ,simil> assurances by   
,nazi lead]s 7 frequ5tly made 9 ord] to 
induce a s5se ( security 9 neighbor+    
c\ntries4 ,hitl]1 =  example1 9 a       
proclamation op5+ ! p>ty congress at    
,nuremb]g on  ,septemb] #aa1 #aice said3
         ,national ,socialism has no    
aggressive int5tions aga9/ any          
,european nation4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are 
conv9c$ t !       nations ( ,europe mu/ 
cont9ue _! *>act]i/ic       national    
exi/5ce1 z creat$ by tradition1 hi/ory &
       economy2 if n1 ,europe z a :ole w
 be de/roy$4#aja    ,b su* assurances1  
:i* 7 int5d$ exclusively = =eign        
consumption1 7 refut$ by ! basic policy 
laid d[n 9 ,me9  ,kampf1 :i* has be5    
p]si/5tly pursu$ ?r\gh\t ! #aj ye>s (  !
 ,nazi regime & has be5 realiz$ to !    
ext5t t ,g]many n[  dom9ates & is 9     
control ( mo/ ( ! ,european cont95t4 ,9 
,me9 ,kampf 7docum5t #ac-;,i1 po/ p4    

#bbf7 ,hitl] wrote3         ,our task1 !
 mission ( ! ,national ,sociali/        
movem5t1       h[ev]1 is to lead our    
folk to su* political insight t       x 
w see its future goal fulfill$ n 9 !    
intoxicat+ impression ( a new ,alex&rian
 campaign b       r 9 ! indu/ri\s "w ( !
 ,g]man pl[1 :i*       waits only to be 
giv5 l& by ! sword4#ajb    ,hitl]       
sugge/s a future =eign policy = ,g]many 
:i* w\ld assure  ,leb5sraum & dom9ation 
( ! ,european cont95t4 ,9 ,me9 ,kampf   
he /ates3         ,b ! political te/am5t
 ( ! ,g]man nation = its       outw>dly 
direct$ activity %\ld & mu/ always h !  
foll[+ import3         ,nev] tol]ate !  
e/abli%m5t ( two cont95tal p[]s       9 
,europe4 ,see an attack aga9/ ,g]many 9 
e attempt to       organize a second    
milit>y p[] on ! ,g]man bord]s1 ev5     
if x is only 9 ! =m ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a  
/ate       :i* is a pot5tial milit>y    
p[]1 & see !re9 n       only ! "r b also
 ! duty to prev5t ! =mation (       su* 
a /ate ) all means1 ev5 to ! use ( =ce1 

or if       x has already be5 e/abli%$1 
to de/roy x aga94 ,see to       x t !   
/r5g? ( our folk has its f\ndations n 9 
colonies b 9 ! soil ( ! ,european       
homel&4 ,nev]       reg>d ! f\ndations (
 ! ,rei* z secure1 if x is n       able 
to give e (f-%oot ( our folk its own bit
 ( soil       & t]ritory = c5turies to  
come4 ,nev] =get t !       mo/ sacr$ "r 
9 ! _w is ! "r to ! soil       :i* a man
 wi%es to till himself1 & ! mo/ sacr$   
sacrifice is ! blood :i* he spills = ?is
 soil4#ajc    ,x is impossible to adduce
 f ! writ+s ( ,hitl]1 or o!r ,nazi      
lead]s direct /atem5ts indicat+ t !y    
aspire to !  dom9ation ( ! entire _w4   
,su* expressions1 h[ev]1 may be  inf]r$ 
n only f ! direction ( ,g]man =eign     
policy & !  effusions ( ! geopoliticians
 b also f ! foll[+ /atem5t  made by     
,hitl] 9 ,me9 ,kampf 7docum5t #ac-;,i1  
po/ p4 #bbf73         444 ,if ! ,g]man  
folk1 9 its hi/orical developm5t1 _h    
possess$ t h]dlike unity :i* o!r peoples
 h       enjoy$1 ! ,g]man ,rei* w\ld    

today be mi/ress ( !       globe4 ,_w   
hi/ory w\ld h tak5 ano!r c\rse1 & no    
"o c tell :e!r 9 ?is way t might n h be5
       atta9$ :i* s _m delud$ pacifi/s  
are hop+ today to       :e$le by moan+ &
 :9+3 a peace support$ n by !       palm
 bran*es ( te>ful pacifi/ic female      
m\rn]s b       f\nd$ by ! victori\s     
sword ( a ma/] race       ,h]r5volk :i* 
places ! _w 9 ! s]vice ( a       high]  
culture4#ajd    ,l ,hitl]1 ,ros5b]g     
envisag$ ! ext5sion ( ,nazi p[] f>      
beyond ! bord]s ( ,g]many4 ,9 8 ,nature1
 ,pr9ciples1 & ,aims (  ! ,,nsdap he    
/at$1 ,b ,national ,socialism also      
believes t1 f>  beyond ,g]many's bord]s1
 its pr9ciples & its ideology 444 w     
lead ! way 9 ! unavoidable /ruggles =   
p[] 9 ! o!r  c\ntries ( ,europe &       
,am]ica4#aje      ,propag&a    #a4      
,pr(ess$ ,peaceful ,int5tions z a ,cloak
 = ,imp]iali/ic  ,designs    ,! falsity 
( ,nazi propag&a has be5 demon/rat$     
repeat$ly dur+  ! pa/ decade4 ,t its    
keynote 0 set by ,hitl] himself becomes 

evid5t ^u an exam9ation ( 8 /atem5ts on 
=eign policy ov] a  p]iod ( ye>s4 ,n    
only has 8 policy be5 m>k$ by a s]ies ( 
%ifts & turns1 s t ! policy ( "o ye> 0  
frequ5tly  cancel$ by ! policy ( ! next1
 b a comp>ison ( 8 words )  8 subsequ5t 
de$s makes x evid5t t he delib]ately    
s\ght to  lull o!r c\ntries into a feel+
 ( security until he 0 ready to  move   
aga9/ !m4 ,on ,may #ag1 #aicc he ass]t$3
         ,no fre% ,european w> is       
capable ( putt+ some?+       bett] 9 !  
place ( unsatisfactory conditions :i*   
exi/       to-day 444 ,! outbreak ( su* 
madness )\t end w\ld       lead to !    
collapse ( exi/+ social ord] 9 ,europe  
444       ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t are       
conv9c$ t to-day !re c be       only "o 
great task1 & t is to assure ! peace ( !
       _w 444 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t wi% to
 settle all       difficult que/ions )  
o!r ,gov]nm5ts by peaceful       me?ods4
 ,!y "k t any milit>y action 9 ,europe1 
ev5       if completely successful1     
w\ld1 9 view ( ! sacrifice1       be> no

 relation to ! pr(it to be obta9$ 444   
,g]many w tread no o!r pa? ?an t laid   
d[n by !       ,treaties4 ,! ,g]man     
,gov]nm5t w discuss all political       
& economic que/ions only )9 ! framework 
(1 &       ?r\gh1 ! ,treaties4          
,! ,g]man p h no ?\ght ( invad+ any     
c\ntry4#ajf       7,docum5t #ad1 po/ pp4
 #bhb-bcc47    ,& on ,m>* #g1 #aicf he  
/at$3         ,aft] ?ree ye>s ,i believe
 t ,i c reg>d ! /ruggle       = ,g]man  
equality z conclud$ to-day4 ,i believe1 
moreov]1 t !reby ! fir/ & =emo/ reason =
 our       )drawal f ,european          
collective collaboration has ceas$      
to exi/4 ,we h no t]ritorial dem&s to   
make 9       ,europe4#ajg 7,docum5t #ad1
 po/ p4 #bcg47    ,moreov]1 he did n    
%r9k f giv+ specific assurances (       
,g]many's peaceful int5tions t[>d 8     
subsequ5t victims3         ,!re are     
,g]mans & ,poles 9 ,europe1 & !y ought  
to       live toge!r 9 agreem5t4 ,!     
,poles _c ?9k1 (       ,europe )\t !    
,g]mans & ! ,g]mans _c ?9k (            

,europe )\t ! ,poles4 7,oct4 #bd1 #aicc7
         ,g]mans & ,poles mu/ reconcile 
!mselves z to ! fact       ( ea* o!rs'  
exi/5ce4 ,x has seem$ to me necess>y to 
demon/rate by an example t x is possible
 = two       nations to talk ov] _!     
diff]5ces )\t giv+ !       task to a    
?ird or a f\r? 444         ,! ass]tion t
 ! ,g]man ,rei* plans to co]ce !        
,au/rian ,/ate is absurd & _c be        
sub/antiat$ or       prov$ 444 ,!       
ass]tion ( ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t t       
f ! side ( ! ,rei* an attack w\ld be    
und]tak5 or       plann$ ,i mu/         
emphatically reject 444 ,! ,g]man ,rei* 
is       always ready to hold out a h& =
 a real und]/&+1       ) full respect = 
! free w ( ,au/rian ,g]mans 444         
7,jan4 #ac1 #aicd7         ,! lie goes  
=? aga9 t ,g]many to-morr[ or ! day     
aft] w fall ^u ,au/ria or               
,cze*o-,slovakia4 ,i ask       myself   
always3 ,:o c ^! elem5ts be :o w h no   
peace1 :o incite cont9ually1 :o mu/ s   
di/ru/1 &       want no und]/&+8 ,:o are

 !y8 ,i "k !y are n !       millions :o1
 if ^! incit]s _h _! way1 w\ld h to     
take up arms4 7,may #a1 #aicf7          
,g]many & ,pol& are two nations1 & ^!   
nations w       live1 & nei!r ( !m w be 
able to d away ) !       o!r4 ,i        
recogniz$ all ( ?is1 & we all mu/       
recognize       t a p ( #cc1jjj1jjj w   
always /rive = an outlet       to ! sea 
444 ,we h assur$ all our imm$iate       
neighbors       ( ! integrity ( _!      
t]ritory z f> z ,g]many is              
conc]n$4 ,t is no holl[ phrase2 x is our
 sacr$ w       444       7,sept4 #bf1   
#aich7ajh       7,docum5t #ad1 po/ pp4  
#bcc1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bdj-bda47            
,yugoslavia is a ,/ate t has increas+ly 
attract$ !       att5tion ( our p s9ce !
 w>4 ,! high reg>d t       ! ,g]man     
soldi]s !n felt = ?is brave p has       
s9ce be5 deep5$ & develop$ into g5u9e   
fri5d%ip4       ,our economic relations 
) ?is c\ntry are und]go+       con/ant  
developm5t & expansion1 j z is ! case ) 
! fri5dly c\ntries ( ,bulg>ia1 ,greece1 

,rumania1 ,turkey1       ,switz]l&1     
,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1      
,sw$51       ,f9l&1 & ! ,baltic ,/ates4 
7,jan4 #cj1 #aici7aji    ,9 ,hitl]'s    
,rei*/ag spee* ( ,april #bh1 #aici1 9   
:i* he repli$ to  ,presid5t ,roosevelt's
 telegraphic message invit+ him &       
,mussol9i  to pl$ge !mselves n to attack
 #ca c\ntries m5tion$ by "n1 he  /at$3  
444 ,all /ates bord]+ on ,g]many h      
receiv$ mu* m       b9d+ assurances1 &  
above all sugge/ions1 ?an ,mr4          
,roosevelt ask$ f me 9 8 curi\s telegram
 444         ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t is     
nev]!less prep>$ to give ea*       ( !  
,/ates nam$ an assurance ( ! k9d desir$ 
by ,mr4       ,roosevelt on ! condition 
( absolute reciprocity1 provid$       t 
! ,/ate wi%es x & itself addresses to   
,g]many a       reque/ = su* an         
assurance toge!r ) appropriate          
proposals4#aaj    ,& on ,septemb] #a1   
#aici1 ) ref]5ce to ! rec5tly conclud$  
pact betwe5 ,g]many & ,russia1 he said3 
,y "k t ,russia & ,g]many are gov]n$ by 

two       diff]5t doctr9es4 ,!re 0 only 
"o "q t _h to       be cle>$ up4 ,g]many
 has no int5tion ( export+ its          
doctr9e4 ,giv5 ! fact t ,soviet ,russia 
has no int5tion       ( export+ its     
doctr9e to ,g]many1 ,i no long] see any 
reason :y we %\ld /ill oppose "o ano!r4 
,on bo? sides       we are cle> on t4   
,any /ruggle betwe5 our p w\ld          
only be ( advantage to o!rs4 ,we h1     
!re=e1 resolv$       to conclude a pact 
:i* rules out =ev] any use (            
viol5ce betwe5 u4#aaa    ,additional    
assurances ( ?is nature are quot$ 9 a   
s]ies (  extracts f ,hitl]'s spee*es1   
dat+ f ,febru>y #aj1 #aicc to  ,septemb]
 #a1 #aici1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,london     
,times (  ,septemb] #bf1 #aici 7docum5t 
#ad1 po/ p4 #bcb74      #b4 ,int]nal    
,propag&a    ,)9 ,g]many ! notori\s     
propag&a ma*9e ( ,dr4 ,goebbels1  toge!r
 ) a sy/ematic t]rorization (           
oppositioni/ elem5ts1  has be5 !        
pr9ciple support ( ! rise & triumph ( ! 
,nazi  movem5t4 ,9 8 ,legal             

,organization & ,legal ,functions ( !   
,movem5t 7docum5t #h1 po/ p4 #bjd71     
,gauweil] gives an idea ( !  p]meation (
 all phases ( national life ) a propag&a
 design$  to make ,nazi legal pr9ciples 
acceptable to ! masses4 ,he makes x     
cle> t all ( ! ,nazi propag&a ma*9]y is 
9 ! s]vice (  ?is program2 political    
lectur]s1 ! press1 ! radio1 & ! films   
all play a "p 9 help+ ! p to und]/& &   
appreciate !  new legal code4 ,! s*ools 
& ,hitl] ,y\? gr\ps provide  in/ruction 
= all "y p 9 ! fundam5tals ( ,national  
,sociali/ law1 & pupils 9 ^? s*ools :i* 
tra9 ! c>efully  select$ future lead]s  
are giv5 an especially /rong dose (     
,nazi  legal !ory & practice4    ,9 ord]
 to appeal to ! broade/ audi5ce1 ,nazi  
propag&a has  always s\ght to pres5t all
 que/ions 9 ! simple/ possible t]ms4    
,goebbels himself1 9 8 ,nature & ,=m (  
,national ,socialism  7docum5t #b1 po/  
p4 #agj71 wrote z foll[s3               
,national ,socialism has simplifi$ !    
?9k+ ( ! ,g]man       p & l$ x back to  

its orig9al primitive =mulas4       ,x  
has pres5t$ ! complicat$ processes (    
political &       economic life 9 _!    
simple/ t]ms4 ,?is 0 done )       !     
well-consid]$ int5tion ( lead+ ! broad  
masses (       ! p once aga9 to take "p 
9 political life4 ,9       ord] to f9d  
und]/&+ among ! masses1 we consci\sly   
practic$ a popul> volksgebund5e         
propag&a4 ,we h       tak5 complexes (  
facts :i* 7 =m]ly accessible only       
to a few speciali/s & exp]ts1 c>ri$ !m  
to !       /reets1 & hamm]$ !m into !   
bra9 ( ! little man4       ,all ?+s 7   
pres5t$ s simply t ev5 ! mo/            
primitive m9d c\ld grasp !m4 ,we refus$ 
to "w )       uncle> or insub/antial    
concepts b we gave all ?+s a            
cle>ly def9$ s5se4 ,"h lay ! secret (   
our       success4#aab    ,! "* &       
quality ( ,nazi propag&a 0 fully presag$
 9  ,me9 ,kampf4 ,"h ,hitl] paid a /rik+
 tribute to ! p[] (  lies1 comm5t+ on-- 
! v correct pr9ciple t ! size ( ! lie   
always       involves a c]ta9 factor (  

cr$ibility1 s9ce ! great       mass ( a 
p w be m spoil$ 9 ! inn]mo/       dep?s 
( its he>t1 r ?an consci\sly &          
delib]ately bad4 ,consequ5tly1 9 view ( 
! primitive       simplicity ( its m9d x
 is m readily captivat$ by a       big  
lie ?an by a small "o1 s9ce x itself (t5
 uses       small lies b w\ld be1       
nev]!less1 too a%am$ to make       use (
 big lies4 ,su* an untru? w n ev5 occur 
to x1       & x w n ev5 believe t o!rs  
are capable ( !       enorm\s insol5ce (
 ! mo/ vile di/ortions4 ,:y1 ev5        
:5 enlight5$1 x w /ill vacillate & be 9 
d\bt       ab\t ! matt] & w nev]!less   
accept z true at       lea/ "s cause or 
o!r4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 f ! mo/          
impud5t lie some?+ w always /ick 444#aac
    ,a numb] ( o!r passages display     
,hitl]'s l[ op9ion ( !  intellectual    
capacities & critical faculties ( !     
masses3         ,all propag&a has to    
appeal to ! p & its       intellectual  
level has to be set 9 accordance ) !    
receptive capacities ( ! mo/-limit$     

p]sons among ^?       to :om x int5ds to
 address itself4 ,! l>g] ! mass       ( 
m5 to be rea*$1 ! l[] its purely        
intellectual       level w h to be      
set4#aad         ,! receptive capacity (
 ! great masses is v       re/rict$1 its
 und]/&+ small4 ,on ! o!r h&1           
h[ev]1 its =getfulness is great4 ,on    
acc\nt ( ^!       facts all effective   
propag&a mu/ re/rict itself to v        
few po9ts & impress ^! by slogans1 until
 ev5 ! la/       p]son is able to br+ to
 m9d :at is meant by su* a       ^w4#aae
         ,! task ( propag&a is1 =       
in/ance1 n to evaluate       div]se     
rights b to emphasize exclusively ! s+le
 "r       ( t :i* x is repres5t+4 ,x    
does n h to       inve/igate objectively
 ! tru?1 s f> z ?is is       favorable  
to ! o!rs1 9 ord] !n to pres5t x to !   
masses 9 /rict hone/y1 b r to s]ve its  
own side       ceaselessly4#aaf         
,if "o's own propag&a ev5 once accords j
 ! %imm]       ( "r to ! o!r side1 !n ! 
basis is !re) laid       = d\bt reg>d+  

"o's own cause4 ,! masses are n able    
to di/+ui% :]e ! error ( ! o!r side ends
 &       ! error ( "o's own side        
beg9s4#aag         ,b all tal5t 9       
pres5tation ( propag&a w lead to no     
success if a fundam5tal pr9ciple is n   
always /rictly       foll[$4 ,propag&a  
has to re/rict itself to a few matt]s   
& to repeat ^! et]nally4 ,p]si/5ce is   
"h1 z )       s _m o!r ?+s 9 ! _w1 !    
fir/ & mo/       important              
presupposition = success4#aah         ,9
 view ( _! sl[ness ( m9d1 !y ! masses   
require       always1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9    
p]iod be=e !y are ready ev5       to    
take cognizance ( a matt]1 & only aft] a
       ?\s&fold repetition ( ! mo/      
simple concept w !y       f9ally reta9  
x4#aai         ,9 all cases 9 :i* !re is
 a "q ( ! fulfilm5t       ( app>5tly    
impossible dem&s or tasks1 ! entire     
att5tion ( a p mu/ be conc5trat$ only on
 ?is "o       "q1 9 su* a way z if be+  
or non-be+ actually       dep5ds on its 
solution 444         444,! great mass ( 

! p c nev] see ! entire way       be=e  
!m1 )\t tir+ & d\bt+ ! task4#abj        
,9 g5]al ! art ( all truly great popul> 
lead]s at all       times consi/s       
prim>ily 9 n scatt]+ ! att5tion (       
a p b r 9 conc5trat+ x always on "o s+le
       oppon5t4 ,! m unifi$ ?is use ( ! 
fight+ w (       a p1 ! great] w be !   
magnetic attractive =ce       ( a       
movem5t & ! m p[]ful ! =ce ( its pu%4   
,x is a "p ( ! g5ius ( a great lead] to 
make ev5       q diff]5t oppon5ts appe> 
z if !y belong$ only to       "o        
category1 because ! recognition (       
diff]5t enemies       leads weak &      
unsure p]sons only too readily to beg9  
d\bt+ _! own cause4         ,:5 !       
vacillat+ masses see !mselves fight+    
aga9/       too _m enemies1 objectivity 
at once sets 9 & raises !       "q :e!r 
really all ! o!rs are wrong & only      
"o's own p or "o's own movem5t is       
"r4#aba       7,docum5t #ac-;,,ii1 po/  
pp4 #bbi-bca47    ,x has be5 ! aim (    
,nazi propag&a1 !n1 to unite ! masses ( 

! p 9 hatr$ ( c]ta9 enemies1 designat$  
by su*  conv5i5tly broad & simple t]ms z
 ,jews1 democrats1  plutocrats1         
bol%evi/s1 or ,anglo-,saxons1 :i* s f> z
  possible 7 to be id5tifi$ ) "o ano!r 9
 ! public m9d4  ,! ,g]mans 7 repres5t$  
to !mselves1 on ! o!r h&1 z a  racial   
folk ( indu/ri\s work]s4 ,x !n became   
possible to plunge  ! p into a w> on a  
wave ( emotional hatr$ aga9/ ^?  nations
 :i* 7 pictur$ z comb9+ to keep ,g]many 
f  atta9+ h] rightful place 9 ! sun4    
,! important role :i* propag&a w\ld h to
 play 9 ! com+  w> 0 fully recogniz$ by 
,ewald ,banse1 an ard5t ,nazi milit>y   
!ori/ ( ! geopolitical s*ool & pr(essor 
( milit>y sci5ce  at ,brunswick ,milit>y
 ,college4 ,9 8 book ,raum und ,volk im 
,weltkrieg 7,space & ,p 9 ! ,_w ,w>7 :i*
 appe>$ 9  #aicb 7an ,engli% translation
 by ,alan ,h>ris 0 publi%$ "u !  title  
,g]many ,prep>es = ,w> 7,new ,york1     
,h>c\rt1 ,brace & ,co41  #aicd771 he    
/at$3         ,prep>ation = future w>s  
mu/ n /op at ! creation1       equipm5t 

& tra9+ ( an effici5t army1 b mu/ g on  
to tra9 ! m9ds ( ! :ole p = ! w> & mu/  
employ all ! res\rces ( sci5ce to ma/] !
 conditions       gov]n+ ! w> itself & !
 possibility ( endurance4       ,9 #aiad
 we _h a fir/-class army1 b our         
sci5tific       mobilization 0 bad1 & ! 
mobilization ( m5's m9ds a       ?+     
undream$ (4 ,! unveil+ ( w> memorials1  
p>ades       ( w> vet]ans1 flag-wagg+s1 
fi]y spee*es &       gu>d-m\nt+ are n ( 
!mselves en\gh to prep>e a              
nation's m9d = ! dang]s t ?reat54       
,conviction is       always m la/+ ?an  
en?usiasm4         444 ,su* tea*+ is    
necess>y at a "t & 9 a _w 9       :i*   
c\ntries are no long] repres5t$ by      
mon>*s or a       small ari/ocracy or by
 a speciali/ army1 b 9 :i* !       :ole 
nation1 f ! comm&]-9-*ief to ! man 9 !  
ranks1 f ! l(tie/ ?\ght to ! simple/    
wi%1 f       corn to coal1 f ! treasury 
vaults to ! la/       tr\s]-button1 mu/ 
be p]meat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh )       ! idea 
( national def5se1 if x is to pres]ve   

its       national id5tity & political  
indep5d5ce4 ,! sci5ce (       national  
def5se is n ! same z milit>y sci5ce2 x  
does n tea* g5]als h[ to w9 battles or  
company       comm&]s h[ to tra9        
recruits4 ,its lessons are address$     
fir/ & =emo/ to ! :ole p4 ,x seeks to   
tra9       ! popul> m9d to h]oism & w> &
 to implant 9 x an       und]/&+ ( !    
nature & pr]equisite conditions (       
mod]n w>f>e4 ,x tea*es u ab\t c\ntries &
 peoples1       especially our own      
c\ntry & its neighbors1 _!              
t]ritories & economic capacity1 _!      
communications &       _! m5tality--all 
= ! purpose ( creat+ ! be/              
possible conditions = wag+ future w>s 9 
def5se ( !       national exi/5ce4#abb  
,infiltration ,tactics    ,! ,nazis1    
:ile entirely )\t scruple 9 ! pursuit ( 
_!  objectives1 endeavor :5ev] possible 
to give _! actions ! cloak  ( legality4 
,?is proc$ure 0 foll[$ 9 ,g]many to     
enable !m to  ga9 control ( ! ,gov]nm5t 
( ! ,rei* & 9 _! =eign  policy up to    

,septemb] #a1 #aici4 ,x has be5 a c>d9al
 pr9ciple (  ! ,nazis to avoid ! use (  
=ce :5ev] _! objectives may be  atta9$ 9
 ano!r mann] & !y h assidu\sly /udi$ _! 
enemies 9 an ef=t to discov] ! weak     
po9ts 9 _! /ructure  :i* w enable !     
,nazis to accompli% _! d[nfall4 ,!      
prec$+ pages h demon/rat$ t ! ,nazis h  
contribut$  practically no?+ t is       
orig9al to ,g]man political ?\ght4 ,by  
! use ( unscrupul\s1 deceitful1 &       
un9hibit$ tactics1 h[ev]1  !y h be5 able
 to realize _m ( ! objectives :i* _h    
previ\sly exi/$ only 9 !ory4    ,!      
,weim> ,con/itution provid$ ! ,nazis ) a
 conv5i5t basis =  ! e/abli%m5t ( !     
totalit>ian /ate4 ,!y made no ef=t to   
conceal _! int5tion ( tak+ advantage ( !
 weaknesses ( !  ,weim> ,republic 9 ord]
 to atta9 p[]4 ,on ,april #cj1 #aibh    
,dr4  ,goebbels wrote 9 8 pap] ,d]      
,angriff3         ,we ent] ,p>liam5t 9  
ord] to supply ourselves1 9 !           
ars5al ( democracy1 ) its own weapons4  
,we become       memb]s ( ! ,rei*/ag 9  

ord] to p>alyze ! ,weim>       s5tim5t )
 its own assi/ance4 ,if democracy is s  
/upid       z to give u free tickets &  
sal>ies = ?is be>'s       "w1 t is its  
affair 444#abc    ,& lat] 9 ! same      
article3         ,we d n come z fri5ds1 
nor ev5 z neutrals4 ,we come z          
enemies4 ,z ! wolf bur/s into ! flock1 s
 we come4#abd    ,hitl] express$ ! same 
idea on ,septemb] #a1 #aicc1 :51 look+  
back ^u ! /ruggle = political p[] 9     
,g]many1 he wrote3         ,?is wat*word
 ( democratic fre$om l$ only to         
insecurity1       indiscipl9e1 & at l5g?
 to ! d[nfall & de/ruction       ( all  
au?ority4 ,our oppon5ts' objection t we1
 too1       once made use ( ^! rights1 w
 n hold wat]2 = we       made use ( an  
unreasonable "r1 :i* 0 "p & p>cel       
( an unreasonable sy/em1 9 ord] to      
ov]?r[ !       unreason ( ?is sy/em4#abe
    ,discuss+ ! rise to p[] ( ! ,nazis1 
,hub] 7docum5t #a1 po/  p4 #aee7 wrote 9
 #aici3         ,! p>liam5t>y battle ( !
 ,,nsdap _h ! s+le purpose       (      

de/roy+ ! p>liam5t>y sy/em f )9 ?r\gh   
its own me?ods4 ,x 0 necess>y above all 
to make =mal       use ( ! possibilities
 ( ! p>ty-/ate sy/em b to       refuse  
real coop]ation & !reby to r5d] !       
p>liam5t>y sy/em1 :i* is by nature      
dep5d5t ^u !       responsible          
coop]ation ( ! opposition1 incapable (  
action4#abf    ,z its p>liam5t>y /r5g?  
increas$1 ! p>ty 0 able to a*ieve  ^!   
aims3         ,x 0 9 a position to make 
! =mation ( any positive       majority 
9 ! ,rei*/ag impossible4444 ,?us !      
,,nsdap 0       able ?r\gh its /rong    
position to make ! ,rei*/ag             
p[]less z a lawgiv+ & gov]nm5t-=m+      
body4#abg    ,! same pr9ciple 0 foll[$  
by ,g]many 9 weak5+ &  und]m9+ !        
gov]nm5ts ( c\ntries :i* x _h *os5 = its
  victims4 ,:ile x 0 ,hitl]'s policy to 
conc5trate on only "o  objective at a   
"t1 ,g]man ag5ts 7 busy ?r\gh\t ! _w 9  
f]ret+ out ! natural political1 social1 
& economic cleavages 9  v>i\s c\ntries &
 9 broad5+ !m 9 ord] to create int]nal  

confusion & unc]ta9ty4 ,=eign political 
lead]s ( ,fasci/ or  au?orit>ian        
p]suasion 7 enc\rag$ & (t5 lib]ally     
subsidiz$ f ,nazi funds4 ,control 0     
cov]tly obta9$ ov]  influ5tial newspap]s
 & p]iodicals & _! editorial policies   
%ap$ 9 su* a way z to fur!r ,nazi ends4 
,9 ! c\ntries ,g]many  s\ght to ov]p[]1 
all ! highly develop$ organs ( ,nazi    
propag&a 7 utiliz$ to confuse & divide  
public op9ion1 to  discr$it national    
lead]s & in/itutions1 & to induce an    
unju/ifi$ feel+ ( confid5ce 9 ! false   
ass]tions ( ,nazi  lead]s disclaim+ any 
aggressive int5tions4    ,"o ( ! mo/    
important features introduc$ by ! ,nazis
 into ,g]man  =eign policy 0 !          
appreciation ( ! value ( ,g]mans liv+   
abroad & _! organization z implem5ts ( !
 ,rei* = !  atta9m5t ( objectives 9 !   
field ( =eign policy4 ,?is idea 0       
appli$ by ! ,nazis to all ! l>ge        
colonies ( ,g]mans :i* are  scatt]$     
?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! pot5tial usefulness (  
^!  colonies 0 e>ly recogniz$ by ! m5 9 

,hitl]'s imm$iate  ent\rage1 sev]al (   
:om 7 s-call$ ,ausl&sdeuts*e :o _h  sp5t
 _m ye>s ( _! life abroad & 7 famili> ) 
=eign  conditions & ) ! position &      
influ5ce ( ,g]man gr\ps 9  =eign        
c\ntries4 ,( p>ticul> importance 9 ?is  
gr\p 7 ,rudolf  ,hess1 ! ,fhr]'s        
,deputy1 :o 0 prim>ily responsible =    
elaborat+ ! policy :i* utiliz$ ! s]vices
 ( ,g]mans abroad1  & ,ern/ ,wilhelm    
,bohle1 ! lead] ( ! ,=eign              
,organization1 :o  0 responsible = w9n+ 
ov] ^! ,g]mans to ,naziism & =  _!      
organization 9 gr\ps :i* w\ld s]ve !    
purposes ( !  ,?ird ,rei*4              
,,footnotes3    ,footnote #id3 ,f$]1 op4
 cit41 p4 #ah4    ,footnote #ie3        
,gauweil]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #adi-aea4      
,footnote #if3 ,me9 ,kampf1 pp4         
#gbg-gbh4    ,footnote #ig3 ,ibid41 pp4 
#gce-gcf4    ,footnote #ih3 ,scurla1 op4
 cit41 p4 #ba4    ,footnote #ii3 ,ibid41
 pp4 #ba-bb4    ,footnote #ajj3 ,ibid41 
p4 #bc4    ,footnote #aja3 ,d] ,p>teitag
 d] ,freiheit 7(ficial record ( !  #aice

 p>ty congress at ,nuremb]g3 ,muni*1    
#aice71 p4 #bg4    ,footnote #ajb3 ,me9 
,kampf1 p4 #gdc4    ,footnote #ajc3     
,ibid41 pp4 #ged-gee4    ,footnote #ajd3
 ,ibid41 pp4 #dcg-dch4    ,footnote     
#aje3 ,ros5b]g1 ,wes51 ,grundstze und   
,ziele d] ,,nsdap1 p4  #dh4    ,footnote
 #ajf3 ,london ,times1 ,sept4 #bf1      
#aici1 p4 #i4    ,footnote #ajg3 ,ibid4 
,footnote #ajh3 ,ibid4    ,footnote     
#aji3 ,my ,new ,ord]1 p4 #eib4          
,footnote #aaj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ffi-fga4   
,footnote #aaa3 ,ibid41 p4 #fhg4        
,footnote #aab3 ,goebbels1 op4 cit41 p4 
#f4    ,footnote #aac3 ,me9 ,kampf1 p4  
#beb4    ,footnote #aad3 ,ibid41 p4     
#aig4    ,footnote #aae3 ,ibid41 p4     
#aih4    ,footnote #aaf3 ,ibid41 p4     
#bjj4    ,footnote #aag3 ,ibid41 pp4    
#bjj-bja4    ,footnote #aah3 ,ibid41 p4 
#bjb4    ,footnote #aai3 ,ibid41 p4     
#bjc4    ,footnote #abj3 ,ibid41 p4     
#bgc4    ,footnote #aba3 ,ibid41 p4     
#abi4    ,footnote #abb3 ,banse1 ,g]many
 ,prep>es = ,w> 7,new ,york1 #aicd71 pp4

  #cdh-cdi4    ,footnote #abc3          
,goebbels1 ,d] ,angriff3 ,aufstze aus d]
 ,kampfzeit  7,muni*1 #aicf71 p4 #ga4   
,footnote #abd3 ,ibid41 p4 #gc4         
,footnote #abe3 ,my ,new ,ord]1 pp4     
#aie-aif4    ,footnote #abf3 ,hub]1     
,v]fassungsre*t des grossdeuts*5 ,rei*es
  7,hamburg1 #aici71 p4 #ca4            
,footnote #abg3 ,ibid41 p4 #cb4         
,,national-,,socialism ,,& ,,m$ic9e     
,address by ,dr4 ,f4 ,hamburg] to ,g]man
 ,m$ical ,pr(ession4 ,translat$  79 "p7 
f ,wi5] ,kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #aici1    
,no4 #f4      ,m$ical m5 mu/ bew>e (    
pride1 a pride :i* is c]ta9ly           
wide-spread & :i* leads to ! disp>agem5t
 ( ! practical  doctor & m$ical layman1 
& !n fur!r to ! disp>agem5t (  ! craft (
 nature heal]s4 ,! practical doctor & ! 
nature  heal] on ! "o h& t5d t[>ds an   
und]/&able disp>agem5t (  m$ical sci5ce 
& analysis &1 on ! o!r h&1 t5d t[>ds    
sup]ficiality4 ,! sup]ficiality ( !     
oppon5ts ( sci5ce is1  h[ev]1 z unhappy 
an affair z ! pride ( ! s-call$         

sci5ti/s1 b ! "o gr\p %\ld n demean !   
o!r4 ,?is w\ld  lead to successful      
coop]ation to ! advantage ( ! sick &    
heal?  ( ! community4    ,academic      
m$ic9e & nature heal]s g5]ally h "o ?+ 9
  common1 t !y und]e/imate !            
significance ( automatism &  sugge/ion4 
,9 ?is reg>d !re is an abs5ce 9 bo?     
camps ( !  necess>y criticism & cl>ity4 
,successes are not$ ) specific  me?ods  
)\t any confirmation z to :e!r or n     
sugge/ion &  fai? alone h n produc$ !   
improvem5t 9 ! pati5t4                  
,national-,socialism is ! true in/rum5t 
= ! a*ievem5t ( !  heal? ( our p4       
,national-,socialism is conc]n$ ) !     
great  significance ( inh]it$ traits & )
 ! insight into ! work+  ( spiritual    
=ces ^u ! body1 ) ! /udy ( ! p[] (      
cu/om &1 along ) ?is1 ( ! significance (
 education &  nurture4 7,hamburg] "h    
compla9s ab\t ! luxuri\s arrangem5t =   
deal+ ) ! m5tally ill 9 contradi/9ction 
to ! neglect (  ,folk-heal?4 ,?is he    
attributes to ! era ( lib]alism ) its   

/ress ^u ! s+le individual4 ,he "h also 
attacks ! ,socialism  ( ,social         
,democracy & its conception ( a         
,community ( ,equal ,m54  ,?is is a     
false ,socialism47    ,s we sci5ti/s &  
doctors simply & sob]ly affirm !        
pr9ciple  ( /r5g? ( fai? & ! nationali/ 
sociali/ pr9ciple (  ,positive          
,*ri/ianity :i* does n prev5t u f !     
inspir$  consid]ation ( natural &       
div9ely will$ ph5om5a4 ,we doctors  mu/ 
nev] =get ! fact t ! s\l rules ! body4  
,s\l =ces are ! mo/ important4 ,! _s    
builds ! body4  ,/r5g? spr+s f joy4     
,effici5cy is a*iev$ despite c>e1 fe>1  
& unc]ta9ty--,we speak "h ( ?ymog5etic  
automatism or !  automatism ( h>mony    
7?ymog5etis*e automatismus od]          
/immungsautomatismus74 ,! autonom\s     
n]v\s sy/em a*ieves1 "u  ! influ5ce (   
joy1 ! expansion ( ! blood vessels 9 sk9
 &  muscle4444 ,! muscul> activity      
incit$ by joy means ! use (  calories & 
/imulation ( appetite4 ,muscul>         
contraction pulls &  draws at ! bones1  

ligam5ts are t5s$1 brea?+ deep5d1       
appetite  increas$ 444 ,a *ild influ5c$ 
by ! daily ex]cise ( joy develops       
physically /rong & p[]ful4 444 ,! ,s\l  
c>e 7,seele ,sorge7 ( !  practical      
doctor is 8 mo/ significant daily task  
alongside (  prescriptions &            
manipulative dext]ity4    ,s\l-c>e 9 !  
m$ical s5se is a conc]n = ! wi%es1 hopes
 &  fe>s ( ! pati5t1 ! consid]$         
p>ticipation 9 8 fate4 ,su* a           
relation%ip leads to ! all-important &  
g5]ally recogniz$ tru/  9 ! doctor4 ,?is
 fai?1 9 all cases1 leads to !          
improvem5t1  (t5 ev5 to ! elim9ation (  
symptoms1 ( ! disease4 ,"h we  h cle>ly 
be=e u ! great significance ( ?ymog5etic
  automatism4    ,academic physicians   
%\ld n dismiss ?is because we d n "k its
  bio*emical aspects4 7,we mu/ bew>e (  
reg>d+ some?+ z  unacceptable because x 
is n measurable 9 exact t]ms1 he w>ns47 
,we see its practical results1 &1 !re=e1
 ?ymog5etic automatism  mu/ /& 9 ! fir/ 
rank z ( ov]:elm+ significance4 ,?us1   

also1 ! pr9ciple1 /r5g? ?r\gh joy       
7,kraft dur* ,freude7 /&s  firmly z an  
inescapable natural law4    ,we see !   
practical c\ntry doctor spread+ c\rage &
 confid5ce4  ,= ye>s too few doctors h  
se5 cle>ly t gymna/ic t\rism &  sport d 
m = heal? ?an all doctors tak5 toge!r4  
,& n[ we  face ! fact t a s+le man1 a   
non-m$ical man 7,hitl]7 ?r\gh  8 great  
qualities1 has op5$ up new av5ues (     
heal? = !  eighty million folk (        
,g]many4    ,9 ! majority ( cases ?+s s 
happ5 t ! doctor mu/ act  be=e mak+ a   
diagnosis1 s9ce only ! mis-educat$      
pati5ts1 !  "o-sid$ intellectual pati5t1
 wi%es 9 ! v fir/ place to "k  !        
diagnosis4 ,b ! unspoilt & prop]ly ord]$
 type ( p]son  wi%es only to be reliev$ 
( 8 pa94 ,= him ! diagnosis is an       
int]e/+ side issue b n ! pr9ciple ?+4   
,we c ?us also  und]/& :y we always meet
 ! desire = a diagnosis plac$ fir/  by !
 ov]-intellectualiz$ ,jewi% pati5t4 ,b t
 is n ! case  ) mo/ ,aryan pati5ts4 ,!y1
 f ! fir/1 come to meet !  doctor ) m   

tru/4 ,!y d n ent]ta9 z _m aft]-?\ghts4 
,& ,i _c help b rem>k t aft]-?\ghts are 
h>dly conducive  to "r results4         
7,aft] a discussion ( ! /]ilization ( ! 
unfit & (  inh]itable diseases he turns 
to ! subject ( *ild be>+47    ,x has be5
 e/imat$ t e c\ple %\ld h f\r *ildr5 if 
! nation's population is to be ma9ta9$4 
,b we meet already !  facile & complac5t
 expression ( "y m>ri$ p1 ,n[ we h  our 
f\r *ildr5 & s h fulfill$ our           
obligations--,:at  sup]ficiality6 ,today
 we mu/ dem& a mu* high] moral attitude 
f  ! wife ?an previ\sly4 ,e>li] x 0 tak5
 = grant$ t a  woman w\ld be> a *ild e  
"o or two ye>s4 ,b today 9 ?is  "t (    
manifold am5ities ( life1 at a "t :5    
wom5 is n d5i$  access to ^! joys x is  
und]/&able t %e is eag] to  p>ticipate 9
 !m4 ,add to ?is t ! k ( bir? control   
is g5]al today4 ,despite all ?is wom5   
mu/ be enc\rag$ to give  bir? dur+ tw5ty
 ye>s ( m>ri$ life to eight or t5 & ev5 
m *ildr51 & to r5\nce ! above-m5tion$   
joys ( life4 ,%e  mu/ decide z a "m (   

*ildr5 to lead a life full ( sacrifices1
  devotion1 & unselfi%ness4 ,x is only  
:5 ^! e?ical dem&s are  fulfill$ by a   
l>ge numb] ( wor?y wives ( good /ock t !
  future ( ! ,g]man nation w be assur$4 
,doctors are lead]s ( ! ,folk m ?an !y  
"k 444 ,!y are n[  q (ficially fuehr] ( 
! p1 call$ to ! lead]%ip (  its heal?4  
,to fulfill ?is task !y mu/ be free ( ! 
pr(it  motive4 ,!y mu/ be q free f t    
attitude ( _s :i* is  rightly designat$ 
z ,jewi%1 ! conc]n = bus9ess &          
self-provision4          ,,select$      
,,bibliography    ,ar5dt1 ,hannah--,!   
,orig9s ( ,totalit>ianism1 ,n4,y41      
#aiea4         ,pt4 ,,iii is especially 
direct$ to a discussion ( !             
pr9ciples & consequ5ces ( fascism4 ,!   
au?or gives an       effective acc\nt ( 
:at total dom9ation signifies 9 a       
reign ( t]ror4 ,detail$ bibliography4   
,bodr]o1 ,emilio--,fascism 9            
,dictator%ip on ,its ,trial1 ed4 by     
,otto  ,=/ de ,battaglia1 ,london1      
#aicj4         ,a brief1 b significant1 

/atem5t by a =m] ,rector (       !      
,univ]sity ( ,padua & a ,secret>y (     
,/ate to       ,mussol9i4    ,borgese1  
,g4,a4--,golia?1 ,! ,m>* ( ,fascism1    
,n4,y41 #aich4         ,well writt5 f ! 
po9t ( view ( an ,italian humani/4      
,brady1 ,rob]t ,a4--,! ,_s & ,/ructure (
 ,g]man ,fascism1  ,london1 #aicg4      
,an extremely ?or\gh & docum5t$         
discussion ( !       economy ( ,national
 ,sociali/ ,g]many1 its in/itutions &   
its bus9ess practices4         ,see     
also3 ,brady's ,bus9ess z a ,sy/em (    
,p[]2 *apt]s       on ,g]many1 ,italy & 
,japan4 ,n4,y41 #aidc4    ,*ilds1 ,h4,l4
 & ,dodd1 ,w4,e4--,! ,nazi ,prim]1      
,n4,y41 #aich4         ,a translation ( 
! ,(ficial ,h&book = ,s*ool+ !          
,hitl] ,y\?4 ,9 simple =m includ+       
illu/rations1 x is       an excell5t    
indication ( ! guid+ pr9ciples ( !      
,g]man educational sy/em4               
,d5nis1 ,lawr5ce--,! ,com+ ,am]ican     
,fascism1 ,n4,y41 #aicf4                
,! ,dynamics ( ,w> & ,revolution1       

,n4,y41 #aidj4         ,two books by !  
only fasci/ !ori/ 9 ,am]ica4            
,fra5kel1 ,erne/--,! ,dual ,/ate3 ,a    
,contribution to ! ,!ory (              
,dictator%ip1 ,n4,y41 #aida4         ,by
 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ,pr]ogative ,/ate & !
       ,normative ,/ate1 ! au?or gives  
an effective acc\nt (       ! attempt ( 
! ,nazis to ackn[l$ge an indisp5sable1  
if       m9imal1 legal ord]1 :i* 01     
comp>atively speak+1       indep5d5t ( !
 extra-legal realm ( viol5ce4           
,h>t%orne1 ,e4,y4--,! ,g]man            
,univ]sities & ,national ,socialism1    
,cambridge1 #aicg4         ,a c>efully  
docum5t$ acc\nt ( :at happ5$ 9 !        
v>i\s bran*es & dep>tm5ts ( ,g]man      
univ]sities       "u ! ,nazis4          
,hitl]1 ,adolph--,my ,battle1 ,n4,y41   
#aici4         ,hitl]'s own vitriolic   
acc\nt ( 8 attempt to rise to       p[]4
    ,lasswell1 ,h>old ,d4--,! ,g>rison  
,/ate1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal (  ,sociology1  
,*icago1 ,vol4 ,,xlvi1 #aidj-da1 pp4    
#dee-dfh4         ,a brief b incisive   

discussion ( ! /ructure ( fascism4      
,lilge1 ,fr$]ic--,! ,abuse ( ,le>n+3 ,! 
,failure ( ! ,g]man  ,univ]sity1 ,n4,y41
 #aidh4         ,a philosophical hi/ory 
( high] education 9 ,g]many1            
conclud+ ) its fasci/ evolution4        
,matteotti1 ,giacomo--,! ,fasci/        
,expos$3 ,a ,ye> ( ,fasci/  ,dom9ation1 
,london1 #aibd4         ,a factual      
acc\nt by a lib]al1 :o1 until murd]$1 0 
a       memb] ( ! ,italian ,s5ate4      
,m9io-,paluello1 ,l4--,education 9      
,fasci/ ,italy1 ,n4,y41 #aidf4          
,a detail$ discussion ( fasci/          
education1 includ+ an       hi/orical   
introduction to pre-fasci/ education4   
,neumann1 ,franz--,behemo?3 ,! ,/ructure
 & ,practice ( ,national  ,socialism1   
,n4,y41 #aidb4         ,probably ! mo/  
compreh5sive & def9itive /atem5t 9      
,engli% ( ! function+ ( ,national       
,socialism4 ,x       conc5trates        
especially on ! political & economic    
aspects ( ,nazism4    ,p9?us1           
,kurt--,culture ,"u ,nazi ,g]many1 ,!   

,am]ican ,s*ol>1  ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,n4,y41   
#aidj1 pp4 #dhc-dih4         ,a valuable
 treatm5t ( ! inn] "* ( ! arts &        
lett]s & ( :at happ5$ to _! publics "u !
       ,nazis4    ,sab9e1 ,g4,h4--,a    
,hi/ory ( ,political ,!ory1 ,n4,y41     
#aiej4         ,a brief *apt] on        
,fascism gives an excell5t balanc$      
acc\nt ( its fundam5tals4               
,salvem9i1 ,gaetano--,! ,fasci/         
,dictator%ip 9 ,italy1 ,n4,y41 #aibg4   
,"u ! ,axe ( ,fascism1 ,n4,y41 #aicf4   
,an em95t ,italian hi/orian writes      
vividly & p]ceptively       on ,italian 
,fascism4    ,s*neid]1 ,h]b]t ,w4--,mak+
 ! ,fasci/ ,/ate1 ,n4,y41 #aibh4        
,an e>ly1 b well consid]$1 acc\nt ( !   
rise (       ,italian fascism4          
,silone1 ,ignazio--,fontam>a1 ,v]ona1   
#aiea4         ,! be/ novel on ,italian 
fascism4    ,sp5d]1 ,/eph5--,european   
,witness1 ,n4,y41 #aidf4         ,note  
especially ! analysis ( ,goebbel's      
novel1 ,mi*ael4    ,trevor-,rop]1       
,h4,r4--,! ,la/ ,days ( ,hitl]1 ,n4,y41 

#aidf4         ,an intimate portrayal ( 
,hitl] & 8 ent\rage f !       "t ( !    
beg9n+ ( ! collapse ( ! ,nazi armies4   
,especially good on ! rift betwe5 !     
politicians & !       milit>y4          
,,read+s ,,on ,,fascism ,,& ,,national  
,,socialism    ,! cata/rophe & holocau/ 
br\ght ab\t by ! two p[]ful  movem5ts ( 
fascism & national socialism w m>k human
 life  always4 ,n[1 z we feel our hatr$ 
= !m1 we f9d x difficult to  und]/& h[  
!y c\ld h be5 s p[]ful1 h[ !y c\ld h    
appeal$ s /rongly to millions ( p ( a   
mod]n age4    ,& ! docum5ts :]eby we    
c\ld und]/& ^! philosophies h  be5      
lo/--except z !y are n[ ga!r$ "h 9 "o   
conv5i5t  volume4    ,to und]/& our own 
times1 x is necess>y to und]/& ^!       
movem5ts4 ,& to und]/& !m1 we mu/ read !
 basic  philosophical & political       
docum5ts :i* %[ ! =ce ( !  ideas :i*    
mov$ a _w to ! br9k ( disa/]4           
,,! ,,fir/ ,,swall[ ,,pap]books3        
#a4 ,a ,,field ,,( ,,brok5 ,,/ones by   
,l[ell ,naeve4       ,a pr(\nd book     

writt5 9 a prison4 #a4fe4         #b4   
,,! ,,wife ,,( ,,m>t9 ,,gu]re by ,janet 
,lewis4       ,"o ( ! f9e %ort novels ( 
all "t4 #a4be4         #c4 ,,read+s ,,on
 ,,fascism ,,& ,,national ,,socialism4  
,a gr\p+ toge!r ( au?oritative read+s4  
#a4ce4         #d4 ,,! ,,tea*] ,,(      
,,engli% by ,james ,e4 ,w>r51 ,jr4      
,! ,mat]ials & ,opportunities ( ! tea*]4
 #a4ce4         #e4 ,,morn+ ,,r$ by     
,fr$]ick ,manfr$4       ,! mo/ ambiti\s 
novel by a p[]ful writ]4 #a4ie4         
,,alan ,,swall[       #bfgi ,s4 ,york   
,/41 ,d5v] #aj1 ,colo4    ,cov] design  
by ,l[ell ,naeve