file :i* includes ! lovely orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #adjef-;h4htm or #adjef-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/d_ /j_/e_/adjef_/adjef-;h_/#adjef-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/d_ /j_/e_/adjef_/adjef-;h4zip7 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,impressioni/s 7#ahfj-aijj7 by ,,camille ,,mauclair ,au?or ( ,l'art en ,sil5ce1 ,les ,mres ,sociales1 etc4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* text ( ,camille ,mauclair1 by ,p4 ,g4 ,konody ,london3 ,duckwor? ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co4 ,turnbull & ,spe>s1 ,pr9t]s1 ,ed9burgh #aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,at ,,! ,,piano ,to ,,augu/e ,,br,,al ,,to ,,! ,,arti/ ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,fri5d ,,z ,a ,,m>k ,,( ,,grateful ,,affection ,c4,m4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,x %\ld be /at$ "h t1 ) ! exception ( "o reproduction aft] ! ,neo-,impressioni/ ,van ,rysselb]ghe1 ! o!r =ty-n9e engrav+s illu/rat+ ?is volume ,i owe to ! c\rtesy ( ,m4 ,dur&-,ruel1 f ! fir/ ! fri5d ( ! ,impressioni/ pa9t]s1 & lat] ! mo/ important collector ( _! works1 a fri5d :o has be5 good en\gh to place at our disposal ! photographs f :i* our illu/rations h be5 reproduc$4 ,*os5 f a consid]able collection :i* has be5 =m$ = ?irty ye>s pa/1 ^! photographs1 none ( :i* are = sale1 =m a v]itable & unique museum ( docum5ts on ,impressioni/ art1 :i* is made ev5 m valuable ?r\gh ! disp]sal ( ! pr9cipal ma/]pieces ( ?is art among ! private collections ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,we r5d] our ?anks to ,m4 ,dur&-,ruel no less 9 ! "n ( ! public int]e/$ 9 art1 ?an 9 our own4 ,,cont5ts ,,au?or',s ,,note ,i4 ,,! ,,precursors ,,( ,,impressionism--,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,?is ,,movem5t1 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,its ,,"n ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,impressioni/s--,,! ,,division ,,( ,,tones1 ,,complem5t>y ,,col\rs1 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,atmosph]e--,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,impressioni/s ,,on ,,subject-,,pictures1 ,,on ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,"*1 ,,on ,,mod]nity1 ,,& ,,on ,,/yle ,,iii4 ,,ed\>d ,,manet3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,,iv4 ,,edg> ,,degas3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,v4 ,,claude ,,monet3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,,vi4 ,,augu/e ,,r5oir3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,,vii4 ,,piss>ro1 ,,sisley1 ,,caillebotte1 ,c,,zanne1 ,,b]! ,,morisot1 ,,m>y ,,cassatt2 ,,! ,,second>y ,,arti/s ,,( ,,impressionism--,,jongk9d1 ,,b\d9 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,illu/rators ,,connect$ ,,) ,,impressionism3 ,,raffa,,lli1 ,,t\l\se-,,lautrec1 ,,=a91 ,,*,,ret1 ,,etc4 ,,ix4 ,,neo-,,impressionism3 ,,gaugu91 ,,d5is1 ,,?,o ,,van ,,rysselb]ghe--,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,po9tillism--,,seurat1 ,,signac ,,& ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,*romatism--,,faults ,,& ,,qualities ,,( ,,! ,,impressioni/ ,,movem5t1 ,,:at ,,we ,,owe ,,to ,,x1 ,,its ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,s*ool--,,"s ,,words ,,on ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,abroad ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,r5oir4 ,at ! ,piano 7,frontispiece7 ,,manet4 ,re/ ,,manet4 ,9 ! ,squ>e ,,manet4 ,"y ,man 9 ,co/ume ( ,majo ,,manet4 ,! ,read] ,,degas4 ,! ,danc] at ! ,photograph]'s ,,degas4 ,c>riages at ! ,races ,,degas4 ,! ,greek ,dance--,pa/el ,,degas4 ,wait+ ,,claude ,,monet4 ,! ,p9es ,,claude ,,monet4 ,*ur* at ,v]non ,,r5oir4 ,portrait ( ,madame ,maitre ,,manet4 ,! ,dead ,toreador ,,manet4 ,olympia ,,manet4 ,! ,woman ) ! ,p>rot ,,manet4 ,! ,b> at ! ,folies ,b]gre ,,manet4 ,djeun] ,,manet4 ,portrait ( ,madame ,m4 ,l4 ,,manet4 ,! ,ho?\se ,,degas4 ,! ,begg> ,woman ,,degas4 ,! ,lesson 9 ! ,foy] ,,degas4 ,! ,danc+ ,lesson--,pa/el ,,degas4 ,! ,danc]s ,,degas4 ,horses 9 ! ,mead[s ,,claude ,,monet4 ,an ,int]ior aft] ,d9n] ,,claude ,,monet4 ,! ,h>b\r1 ,honfleur ,,claude ,,monet4 ,! ,*ur* at ,v>5geville ,,claude ,,monet4 ,popl>s on ! ,epte 9 ,autumn ,,claude ,,monet4 ,! ,bridge at ,arg5teuil ,,r5oir4 ,djeun] ,,r5oir4 ,9 ! ,box ,,r5oir4 ,"y ,girl ,prom5ad+ ,,r5oir4 ,woman's ,bu/ ,,r5oir4 ,"y ,woman 9 ,empire ,co/ume ,,r5oir4 ,on ! ,t]race ,,piss>ro4 ,rue de l',epic]ie1 ,r\5 ,,piss>ro4 ,b\lev>d ,montm>tre ,,piss>ro4 ,! ,boildieaux ,bridge at ,r\5 ,,piss>ro4 ,! ,av5ue de l',opra ,,sisley4 ,sn[ ,effect ,,sisley4 ,b\gival1 at ! ,wat]'s ,edge ,,sisley4 ,bridge at ,moret ,c,,zanne4 ,dess]t ,,b]! ,,morisot4 ,melan*oly ,,b]! ,,morisot4 ,"y ,woman ,seat$ ,,m>y ,,cassatt4 ,gett+ up ,baby ,,m>y ,,cassatt4 ,wom5 & ,*ild ,,jongk9d4 ,9 ,holl& ,,jongk9d4 ,view ( ! ,hague ,,?,o ,,van ,,rysselb]ghe4 ,portraits ( ,madame van ,rysselb]ghe & h] ,daught] ,,note ,,to ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! illu/rations conta9$ 9 ?is volume h be5 tak5 f diff]5t epo*s ( ! ,impressioni/ movem5t4 ,!y w give b a feeble idea ( ! extreme abundance ( its production4 ,bani%$ f ! salons1 exhibit$ 9 private gall]ies & sold direct to art lov]s1 ! ,impressioni/ works h be5 b little se54 ,! s]ies left by ,caillebotte to ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y is v badly %[n & is compos$ ( int]e/+ works :i*1 h[ev]1 date back to ! e>ly p]iod1 & are v inf]ior to ! beautiful productions :i* foll[$ lat]4 ,r5oir is be/ repres5t$4 ,! private gall]ies 9 ,p>is1 :]e ! be/ ,impressioni/ works are to be f\nd1 are ^? ( ,,mm4 ,dur&-,ruel1 ,r\>t1 de ,bellis1 de ,camondo1 & ,manzi1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! "o sold by ,,mm4 ,?odore ,duret & ,faure1 & ! "o ( ,mme4 ,erne/ ,r\>t1 daught] ( ,mme4 ,morisot1 ! si/]-9-law ( ,manet4 ,! public gall]ies ( ,m4 ,dur&-,ruel's %[-rooms are ! place :]e x is easie/ to f9d num]\s ,impressioni/ pictures4 ,9 spite ( ! firm opposition ( ! (ficial juries1 a place ( hon\r 0 res]v$ at ! ,exposition ( #ahhi = ,manet1 & at t ( #aijj a f9e collection ( ,impressioni/s occupi$ two rooms & caus$ a consid]able /ir4 ,among/ ! critics :o h mo/ fai?fully assi/$ ?is gr\p ( arti/s1 ,i mu/ m5tion1 besides ! e>ly fri5ds previ\sly ref]r$ to1 ,ca/agn>y1 ,burty1 ,ed\>d de ,gonc\rt1 ,rog] ,m>x1 ,geffroy1 ,arsne ,alex&re1 ,octave ,mirbeau1 ,l4 de ,f\rcaud1 ,clem5ceau1 ,mall>m1 ,huysmans1 ,jules ,la=gue1 & ne>ly all ! critics ( ! ,symboli/ reviews4 ,a book on ,impressioni/ ,art by ,m4 ,georges ,lecomte has be5 publi%$ by ! firm ( ,dur&-,ruel z an edition-de-luxe4 ,b ! bibliography ( ?is art consi/s z yet almo/ exclusively ( articles 9 j\rnals & reviews & ( "s isolat$ biographical pamphlets4 ,manet is1 among/ _m1 ! "o :o has excit$ mo/ criticism ( all k9ds2 ! articles1 c>icatures & pamphlets relat+ to 8 "w w\ld =m a consid]able collection4 ,x %\ld be add$ t1 ) ! exception ( ,manet two ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 & ,r5oir la/ ye> at ! age ( sixty-eight1 no ,impressioni/ has be5 decorat$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,engl& su* a di/9ction has ev5 less importance 9 itself ?an else:]e4 ,b if ,i insi/ ^u x1 x is only to draw att5tion to ! fact t1 ?r\gh ! %e] =ce ( _! tal5t1 m5 l ,degas1 ,monet & ,piss>ro h a*iev$ great fame & =tune1 )\t ga9+ access to ! ,salons1 )\t (ficial enc\ragem5t1 decoration1 subv5tion or pur*ases = ! national museums4 ,?is is a v significant in/ance & s]ves well to complete ! physiognomy ( ?is gr\p ( indep5d5ts4 ,i ,,! ,,precursors ,,( ,,impressionism--,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,?is ,,movem5t ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,its ,,"n ,x w be beyond ! scope ( ?is volume to give a complete hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,impressionism1 & to include all ! attractive details to :i* x might lead1 z reg>ds ! movem5t itself & ! v curi\s epo* dur+ :i* its evolution has tak5 place4 ,! proportions ( ?is book conf9e its aim to ! cle>e/ possible summ+ up = ! ,briti% read] ( ! ideas1 ! p]sonalities & ! works ( a consid]able gr\p ( arti/s :o1 = v>i\s reasons1 h rema9$ b little kn[n & :o h only too frequ5tly be5 gravely misjudg$4 ,^! reasons are v obvi\s3 fir/1 ! ,impressioni/s h be5 unable to make a %[ at ! ,salons1 p>tly because ! jury refus$ !m admission1 p>tly because !y held alo( ( _! own free w4 ,!y h1 ) v r>e exceptions1 exhibit$ at special m9or gall]ies1 :]e !y become kn[n to a v re/rict$ public4 ,ev] attack$1 & poor until ! la/ few ye>s1 !y enjoy$ none ( ! b5efits ( publicity & %am glory4 ,x is only q rec5tly t ! admission ( ! incomplete & badly arrang$ ,caillebotte collection to ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y has enabl$ ! public to =m a summ>y idea ( ,impressionism4 ,to conclude ! enum]ation ( ! ob/acles1 x mu/ be add$ t !re are h>dly any photographs ( ,impressioni/ works 9 ! m>ket4 ,z x is1 photography is b a poor translation ( ^! canvases devot$ to ! /udy ( ! play ( light2 b ev5 ?is v feeble means ( di/ribution has be5 )held f !m6 ,exhibit$ at "s gall]ies1 ga!r$ pr9cipally by ,dur&-,ruel1 sold directly to art-lov]s--=eign]s mo/ly--^! l>ge s]ies ( works h practically rema9$ unkn[n to ! ,fr5* public4 ,all ! public he>d 0 ! reproa*es & s>ca/ic comm5ts ( ! oppon5ts1 & !y nev] became aw>e t 9 ! mid/ ( mod]n life ! greate/1 ! ri*e/ movem5t 0 9 progress1 :i* ! ,fr5* s*ool _h kn[n s9ce ! days ( ,romanticism4 ,impressionism has be5 made kn[n to !m pr9cipally by ! controv]sies & by ! fruitful consequ5ces ( ?is movem5t = ! illu/ration & /udy ( contempor>y life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,re/ ,i d n pr(ess to give "h a detail$ & complete hi/ory ( ,impressionism1 = :i* sev]al volumes l ! pres5t "o w\ld be requir$4 ,i %all only try to compile an ensemble ( concise & v precise notions & /atem5ts be>+ ^u ?is va/ subject4 ,x w be my special object to try & prove t ,impressionism is nei!r an isolat$ manife/ation1 nor a viol5t d5ial ( ! ,fr5* traditions1 b no?+ m or less ?an a logical return to ! v _s ( ^! traditions1 contr>y to ! !ories upheld by its detractors4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i h made use ( ! fir/ *apt] to say a few words on ! precursors ( ?is movem5t4 ,no art manife/ation is really isolat$4 ,h[ev] new x may seem1 x is always bas$ ^u ! previ\s epo*s4 ,! true ma/]s d n give lessons1 because art _c be taught1 b !y set ! example4 ,to admire !m does n mean to imitate !m3 x means ! recognition 9 !m ( ! pr9ciples ( orig9ality & ! compreh5sion ( _! s\rce1 s t ?is et]nal s\rce may be call$ to life 9 oneself1 ?is s\rce :i* spr+s f a s9c]e & sympa!tic vision ( ! aspects ( life4 ,! ,impressioni/s h n escap$ ?is beautiful law4 ,i %all speak ( !m imp>tially1 )\t excessive en?usiasm2 & x w be my special endeav\r to demon/rate 9 ea* ( !m ! cult ( a pr$ecessor1 = !re h be5 few arti/ic movem5ts :]e ! love =1 & "o might say ! h]$it>y l9k )1 ! prec$+ ma/]s has be5 m t5aci\s4 ,! ,academy has /ruggl$ viol5tly aga9/ ,impressionism1 accus+ x ( madness1 ( sy/ematic negation ( ! laws ( beauty1 :i* x pret5d$ to def5d & ( :i* x claim$ to be ! (ficial prie/4 ,! ,academy has %[n itself ho/ile to a degree 9 ?is qu>rel4 ,x has exclud$ ! ,impressioni/s f ! ,salons1 f aw>ds1 f (ficial pur*ases4 ,only q rec5tly ! acceptance ( ! ,caillebotte beque/ to ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y gave rise to a /orm ( indignation among ! (ficial pa9t]s4 ,i %all1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 ent] ^u ! value ( ^! attacks4 ,mean:ile ,i c only say h[ regrettable ?is ob/9acy appe>s to me & w appe> to e free _s4 ,x is unwor?y ev5 ( an ard5t conviction to condemn a :ole gr\p ( arti/s en bloc z fools1 enemies ( beauty1 or z trick/]s anxi\s to degrade ! art ( _! nation1 :5 ^! arti/s work$ dur+ =ty ye>s t[>ds ! same goal1 )\t gett+ any rew>d = _! ef=t1 b pov]ty & d]ision4 ,x is n[ ab\t t5 ye>s s9ce ,impressionism has tak5 root1 s9ce its foll[]s c sell _! canvases1 & s9ce !y are admir$ & prais$ by a solid & ev]-gr[+ section ( ! public4 ,! h\r has !re=e arriv$1 calmly to consid] a movem5t :i* has impos$ itself ^u ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* art f #ahfj to #aijj ) extreme en]gy1 to leave di?yrambics z well z polemics1 & to speak ( x ) a view to exactness4 ,! ,academy1 9 cont9u+ ! propagation ( an ideal ( beauty fix$ by canons d]iv$ f ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,r5aissance art1 & neglect+ ! ,go?ic1 ! ,primitives & ! ,reali/s1 looks ^u itself z ! gu>dian ( ! national tradition1 because x ex]cises an hi]>*ic au?ority ov] ! ,ecole de ,rome1 ! ,salons1 & ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,all ! same1 its ideals are ( v mix$ orig9 & v little ,fr5*4 ,its pr9ciples are ! same by :i* ! academic art ( ne>ly all ! (ficial s*ools ( ,europe is gov]n$4 ,?is my?ological & allegorical art1 guid$ by dogmas & =mulas :i* are impos$ ^u all pupils reg>dless ( _! temp]am5t1 is f> m int]national ?an national4 ,to an imp>tial critic ?is /atem5t w %[ 9 an ev5 m curi\s light ! excommunication jeal\sly issu$ by ! academic pa9t]s aga9/ ,fr5* arti/s1 :o1 f> f revolt+ 9 an absurd _s ( p>ti-pris aga9/ ! g5ius ( _! race1 are p]haps m s9c]ely atta*$ to x ?an _! p]secutors4 ,:y %\ld a gr\p ( m5 delib]ately *oose to pa9t mad1 illogical1 bad pictures1 & reap a h>ve/ ( public d]ision1 pov]ty & /]ility8 ,x w\ld be uncritical to believe m]ely 9 a g5]al my/ification :i* makes its au?ors ! wor/ suff]]s4 ,simple common s5se w f9d 9 ^! m5 a conviction1 a s9c]ity1 a su/a9$ ef=t1 & ?is alone %\ld1 9 ! "n ( ! sacr$ solid>ity ( ^? :o by v>i\s means try to express _! love ( ! beautiful1 suppress ! annoy+ accusations hurl$ too light-he>t$ly aga9/ ,manet & 8 fri5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,9 ,,! ,,squ>e ,i %all def9e lat] on ! ideas ( ! ,impressioni/s on te*nique1 composition & /yle 9 pa9t+4 ,mean:ile x w be necess>y to indicate _! pr9cipal precursors4 ,_! movem5t may be /yl$ ?us3 a reaction aga9/ ! ,greco-,lat9 _s & ! s*ola/ic organisation ( pa9t+ aft] ! second ,r5aissance & ! ,italo-,fr5* s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau1 by ! c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! s*ool ( ,rome1 & ! consul> & imp]ial ta/e4 ,9 ?is s5se ,impressionism is a prote/ analog\s to t ( ,romanticism1 exclaim+1 to quote ! old v]se3 ,qui n\s dlivr]a des ,grecs et des ,roma9s8#a ,f ?is po9t ( view ,impressionism has also great aff9ities ) ! ideas ( ! ,engli% ,pre-,raphaelites1 :o /epp$ across ! second & ev5 ! fir/ ,r5aissance back to ! ,primitives4 ,footnote #a3 ,:o w deliv] u f ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,?is reaction is sup]impos$ by ano!r3 ! reaction ( ,impressionism1 n only aga9/ classic subjects1 b aga9/ ! black pa9t+ ( ! deg5]ate ,romantici/s4 ,& ^! two reactions are c\nt]balanc$ by a return to ! ,fr5* ideal1 to ! reali/ic & *>act]i/ic tradition :i* comm5ces ) ,jean ,f\cquet & ,cl\et1 & is cont9u$ by ,*>d91 ,claude ,lorra91 ,p\ss91 ,watteau1 ,la ,t\r1 ,fragon>d1 & ! admirable engrav]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury d[n to ! f9al triumph ( ! allegorical ta/e ( ! ,roman revolution4 ,"h c be f\nd a :ole *a9 ( truly national arti/s :o h ei!r be5 misjudg$1 l ,*>d91 or consid]$ z small ma/]s & exclud$ f ! fir/ rank = ! b5efit ( ! pomp\s ,allegori/s desc5d$ f ! ,italian s*ool4 ,impressionism be+ beyond all a te*nical reaction1 its pr$ecessors %\ld fir/ be look$ = f ?is mat]ial po9t ( view4 ,watteau is ! mo/ /rik+ ( all4 ,l',emb>quem5t p\r ,cy?re is1 9 its te*nique1 an ,impressioni/ canvas4 ,x embodies ! mo/ significant ( all ! pr9ciples expos$ by ,claude ,monet3 ! division ( tones by juxtapos$ t\*es ( col\r :i*1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 produce ^u ! eye ( ! behold] ! effect ( ! actual col\r+ ( ! ?+s pa9t$1 ) a v>iety1 a fre%ness & a delicacy ( analysis unobta9able by a s+le tone prep>$ & mix$ ^u ! palette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,"y ,,man ,,9 ,,co/ume ,,( ,,majo ,claude ,lorra91 & aft] him ,c>le ,v]net1 are claim$ by ! ,impressioni/s z precursors f ! po9t ( view ( decorative l&scape arrangem5t1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! pr$om9ance ( light 9 :i* all objects are ba!d4 ,ruysdael & ,p\ss9 are1 9 _! eyes1 = ! same reasons precursors1 especially ,ruysdael1 :o obs]v$ s frankly ! blue col\r+ ( ! horizon & ! influ5ce ( blue ^u ! l&scape4 ,x is kn[n t ,turn] wor%ipp$ ,claude = ! v same reasons4 ,! ,impressioni/s 9 _! turn1 consid] ,turn] z "o ( _! ma/]s2 !y h ! greate/ admiration = ?is mighty g5ius1 ?is sumptu\s vision>y4 ,!y h x equally = ,bon+ton1 ^: te*nique is inspir$ by ! same obs]vations z _! own4 ,!y f9d1 f9ally1 9 ,delacroix ! frequ5t & v app>5t application ( _! ideas4 ,notably 9 ! fam\s ,entry ( ! ,crusad]s into ,con/ant9ople1 ! fair woman kneel+ 9 ! =egr\nd is pa9t$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! division ( tones3 ! nude back is furr[$ ) blue1 gre5 & yell[ t\*es1 ! juxtaposition ( :i* produces1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 an admirable fle%-tone4 ,& n[ ,i mu/ speak at "s l5g? ( a pa9t] :o1 toge!r ) ! lum9\s & sp>kl+ l&scapi/ ,flix ,ziem1 0 ! mo/ direct initiator ( ,impressioni/ te*nique4 ,monticelli is "o ( ^? s+ul> m5 ( g5ius :o are n connect$ ) any s*ool1 & ^: "w is an inexhau/ible s\rce ( applications4 ,he liv$ at ,m>seilles1 :]e he 0 born1 made a %ort appe>ance at ! ,salons1 & !n return$ to 8 native t[n1 :]e he di$ poor1 ignor$1 p>alys$ & mad4 ,9 ord] to live he sold 8 small pictures at ! cafs1 :]e !y fet*$ t5 or tw5ty francs at ! mo/4 ,to-day !y sell = consid]able prices1 al?\gh ! gov]nm5t has n yet acquir$ any "w by ,monticelli = ! public gall]ies4 ,! my/]i\s p[] alone ( ^! pa9t+s secures him a fame :i* is1 alas6 po/hum\s4 ,_m ,monticellis h be5 sold by deal]s z ,diaz's2 n[ !y are m eag]ly look$ = ?an ,diaz1 & collectors h made =tunes ) ^! small canvases b\ght =m]ly1 to use a colloquial expression :i* is "h only too lit]ally true1 = a piece ( bread4 ,monticelli pa9t$ l&scapes1 romantic sc5es1 ftes galantes 9 ! _s ( ,watteau1 & /ill-life pictures3 "o c\ld n imag9e a m inspir$ s5se ( col\r ?an %[n by ^! works :i* seem to be pa9t$ ) cru%$ jewels1 ) p[]ful h>mony1 & beyond all ) an unhe>d-( delicacy 9 ! p]ception ( f9e %ades4 ,!re are tones :i* nobody _h ev] inv5t$ yet1 a ri*ness1 a pr(usion1 a subtlety :i* almo/ vie ) ! res\rces ( music4 ,! fairyl& atmosph]e ( ^! works surr\nds a v firm design ( *>m+ /yle1 b1 to use ! words ( ! arti/ himself1 9 ^! canvases ! objects are ! decoration1 ! t\*es are ! scales1 & ! light is ! t5or4 ,monticelli has creat$ = himself an entirely p]sonal te*nique :i* c only be comp>$ ) t ( ,turn]2 he pa9t$ ) a bru% s full1 fat & ri*1 t "s ( ! details are (t5 truly modell$ 9 relief1 9 a sub/ance z preci\s z enamels1 jewels1 c]amics--a sub/ance :i* is a delight 9 itself4 ,e picture by ,monticelli provokes a/oni%m5t2 con/ruct$ ^u "o col\r z ^u a musical !me1 x rises to int5sities :i* "o w\ld h ?\ght impossible4 ,8 pictures are magnific5t b\quets1 bur/s ( joy & col\r1 :]e no?+ is ev] crude1 & :]e ev]y?+ is rul$ by a supreme s5se ( h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,! ,,read] ,claude ,lorra91 ,watteau1 ,turn] & ,monticelli con/itute really ! desc5t ( a l&scapi/ l ,claude ,monet4 ,9 all matt]s conc]n+ te*nique1 !y =m ! direct *a9 ( ,impressionism4 ,z reg>ds design1 subject1 realism1 ! /udy ( mod]n life1 ! conception ( beauty & ! portrait1 ! ,impressioni/ movem5t is bas$ ^u ! old ,fr5* ma/]s1 pr9cipally ^u ,*>d91 ,watteau1 ,lat\r1 ,l>gillire1 ,fragon>d1 ,debuc\rt1 ,sa9t-,aub91 ,moreau1 & ,eis54 ,x has resolutely held alo( f my?ology1 academic allegory1 hi/orical pa9t+1 & f ! neo-,greek elem5ts ( ,classicism z well z f ! ,g]man & ,spani% elem5ts ( ,romanticism4 ,?is reaction>y movem5t is !re=e entirely ,fr5*1 & surely if x des]ves reproa*1 ! "o lea/ des]v$ is t levell$ ^u x by ! (ficial pa9t]s3 disob$i5ce to ! national _s4 ,impressionism is an art :i* does n give mu* scope to intellectuality1 an art ^: foll[]s admit sc>cely any?+ b imm$iate vision1 reject+ philosophy & symbols & occupy+ !mselves only ) ! consid]ation ( light1 picturesqu5ess1 ke5 & clev] obs]vation1 & antipa?y to ab/raction1 z ! innate qualities ( ,fr5* art4 ,we %all see lat] on1 :5 consid]+ sep>ately its pr9cipal ma/]s1 t ea* ( !m has bas$ 8 art ^u "s ma/]s ( pure ,fr5* blood4 ,impressionism has1 !n1 hi!rto be5 v badly judg$4 ,x is conta9$ 9 two *ief po9ts3 se>* aft] a new te*nique1 & expression ( mod]n reality4 ,its bir? has n be5 a spontane\s ph5om5on4 ,manet1 :o1 by 8 _s & by ! *ance ( 8 fri5d%ips1 gr\p$ ar\nd him ! pr9cipal memb]s1 comm5c$ by be+ class$ 9 ! ranks ( ! ,reali/s ( ! second ,romanticism by ! side ( ,c\rbet2 & dur+ ! :ole fir/ p]iod ( 8 "w he only endeav\r$ to describe contempor>y sc5es1 at a "t :5 ! laws ( ! new te*nique 7 already dawn+ ^u ,claude ,monet4 ,gradually ! gr\p+ ( ! ,impressioni/s took place4 ,claude ,monet is really ! fir/ initiator3 9 a p>allel l9e ) 8 ideas & 8 works ,manet pass$ into ! second p]iod ( 8 arti/ic life1 & ) him ,r5oir1 ,degas & ,piss>ro4 ,b ,manet _h already dur+ 8 fir/ p]iod be5 ! topic ( f>-e*o+ polemics1 caus$ by 8 realism & by ! m>k$ influ5ce ( ! ,spani>ds & ( ,hals ^u 8 /yle2 8 temp]am5t1 too1 0 t ( ! head ( a s*ool2 & = ^! reasons leg5d has atta*$ to 8 "n ! title ( head ( ! ,impressioni/ s*ool1 b ?is leg5d is incorrect4 ,to conclude1 ! v "n ,impressionism is due to ,claude ,monet4 ,!re has be5 mu* s]i\s argu+ ^u ?is fam\s ^w :i* has giv5 rise to all sorts ( def9itions & conclusions4 ,9 reality ?is is its curi\s orig9 :i* is little kn[n1 ev5 9 criticism4 ,ev] s9ce #ahfj ! works ( ,manet & ( 8 fri5ds caus$ su* a /ir1 t !y 7 reject$ en bloc by ! ,salon jury ( #ahfc4 ,! emp]or1 inspir$ by a praisewor?y1 lib]al ?\ght1 dem&$ t ^! innovators %\ld at lea/ h ! "r to exhibit toge!r 9 a special room :i* 0 call$ ! ,salon des ,refuss4 ,! public cr[d$ !re to h a good laugh4 ,"o ( ! pictures :i* caus$ mo/ d]ision 0 a sunset by ,claude ,monet1 entitl$ ,impressions4 ,f ?is mom5t ! pa9t]s :o adopt$ m or less ! same mann] 7 call$ ,impressioni/s4 ,! ^w rema9$ 9 use1 & ,manet & 8 fri5ds ?\ght x a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ?is label 0 atta*$ to !m1 or ano!r4 ,at ?is despis$ ,salon 7 to be f\nd ! names ( ,manet1 ,monet1 ,:i/l]1 ,bracquemont1 ,jongk9d1 ,fant9-,lat\r1 ,r5oir1 ,legros1 & _m o!rs :o h s9ce ris5 to fame4 ,univ]sal ridicule only =tifi$ ! fri5d%ips & resolutions ( ?is gr\p ( m51 & f t "t dates ! def9ite f\ndation ( ! ,impressioni/ s*ool4 ,= ?irty ye>s x cont9u$ to produce )\t int]ruption an enorm\s quantity ( works "u an accid5tal & inexact d5om9ation2 to obey ! creative in/9ct1 )\t any o!r dogma ?an ! passionate obs]vation ( nature1 )\t any o!r assi/ance ?an individual sympa?ies1 9 ! face ( ! discipl9>y tea*+ ( ! (ficial s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,! ,,danc] ,,at ,,! ,,photograph]',s ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,impressioni/s--,,! ,,division ,,( ,,tones1 ,,complem5t>y ,,col\rs1 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,atmosph]e--,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,impressioni/s ,,on ,,subject-,,pictures1 ,,on ,,! ,,beauty ,,( ,,"*1 ,,on ,,mod]nity1 ,,& ,,on ,,/yle ,x %\ld be /at$ f ! outset t !re is no?+ dogmatic ab\t ?is explanation ( ! ,impressioni/ !ories1 & t x is n ! result ( a preconceiv$ plan4 ,9 art a sy/em is n improvis$4 ,a !ory is sl[ly evolv$1 ne>ly always unkn[n to ! au?or1 f ! discov]ies ( 8 s9c]e in/9ct1 & ?is !ory c only be =mulat$ aft] ye>s by criticism fac+ ! works4 ,monet & ,manet h work$ = a long "t )\t ev] ?9k+ t !ories w\ld be built ^u _! pa9t+s4 ,yet a c]ta9 numb] ( consid]ations w /rike ! close obs]v]1 & ,i w put ^! consid]ations be=e ! read]1 aft] rem9d+ him t spontaneity & feel+ are ! ess5tials ( all art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,c>riages ,,at ,,! ,,races ,! ,impressioni/ ideas may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,9 nature no col\r exi/s by itself4 ,! col\r+ ( ! objects is a pure illusion3 ! only creative s\rce ( col\r is ! sunlight :i* envelopes all ?+s1 & reveals !m1 accord+ to ! h\rs1 ) inf9ite modifications4 ,! my/]y ( matt] escapes u2 we d n "k ! exact mom5t :5 reality sep>ates itself f unreality4 ,all we "k is1 t our vision has =m$ ! habit ( disc]n+ 9 ! univ]se two notions3 =m & col\r2 b ^! two notions are insep>able4 ,only artificially c we di/+ui% betwe5 outl9e & col\r3 9 nature ! di/9ction does n exi/4 ,light reveals ! =ms1 &1 play+ ^u ! diff]5t /ates ( matt]1 ! sub/ance ( leaves1 ! gra9 ( /ones1 ! fluidity ( air 9 deep lay]s1 gives !m dissimil> col\r+4 ,if ! light disappe>s1 =ms & col\rs vani% toge!r4 ,we only see col\rs2 ev]y?+ has a col\r1 & x is by ! p]ception ( ! diff]5t col\r surfaces /rik+ our eyes1 t we conceive ! =ms1 i4e4 ! outl9es ( ^! col\rs4 ,! idea ( di/ance1 ( p]spective1 ( volume is giv5 u by d>k] or light] col\rs3 ?is idea is :at is call$ 9 pa9t+ ! s5se ( values4 ,a value is ! degree ( d>k or light int5sity1 :i* p]mits our eyes to compreh5d t "o object is fur!r or ne>] ?an ano!r4 ,& z pa9t+ is n & _c be ! imitation ( nature1 b m]ely h] artificial int]pretation1 s9ce x only has at its disposal two out ( ?ree dim5sions1 ! values are ! only means t rema9 = express+ dep? on a flat surface4 ,col\r is !re=e ! procreatrix ( design4 ,or1 col\r be+ simply ! irradiation ( light1 x foll[s t all col\r is compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z sunlight1 namely ! sev5 tones ( ! spectrum4 ,x is kn[n1 t ^! sev5 tones appe> diff]5t ow+ to ! unequal spe$ ( ! waves ( light4 ,! tones ( nature appe> to u !re=e diff]5t1 l ^? ( ! spectrum1 & = ! same reason4 ,! col\rs v>y ) ! int5sity ( light4 ,!re is no col\r peculi> to any object1 b only m or less rapid vibration ( light ^u its surface4 ,! spe$ dep5ds1 z is demon/rat$ by optics1 on ! degree ( ! incl9ation ( ! rays :i*1 accord+ to _! v]tical or oblique direction1 give diff]5t light & col\r4 ,! col\rs ( ! spectrum are ?us recompos$ 9 ev]y?+ we see4 ,x is _! relative proportion :i* makes new tones out ( ! sev5 spectral tones4 ,?is leads imm$iately to "s practical conclusions1 ! fir/ ( :i* is1 t :at has =m]ly be5 call$ local col\r is an error3 a leaf is n gre51 a tree-trunk is n br[n1 &1 accord+ to ! "t ( day1 i4e4 accord+ to ! great] or small] incl9ation ( ! rays 7sci5tifically call$ ! angle ( incid5ce71 ! gre5 ( ! leaf & ! br[n ( ! tree are modifi$4 ,:at has to be /udi$ !re=e 9 ^! objects1 if "o wi%es to recall _! col\r to ! behold] ( a picture1 is ! composition ( ! atmosph]e :i* sep>ates !m f ! eye4 ,?is atmosph]e is ! real subject ( ! picture1 & :atev] is repres5t$ ^u x only exi/s ?r\gh its m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,! ,,greek ,,dance--,,pa/el4 ,a second consequ5ce ( ?is analysis ( light is1 t %ad[ is n abs5ce ( light1 b light ( a diff]5t quality & ( diff]5t value4 ,%ad[ is n a "p ( ! l&scape1 :]e light ceases1 b :]e x is subord9at$ to a light :i* appe>s to u m int5se4 ,9 ! %ad[ ! rays ( ! spectrum vibrate ) diff]5t spe$4 ,pa9t+ %\ld !re=e try to discov] "h1 z 9 ! light p>ts1 ! play ( ! atoms ( sol> light1 in/ead ( repres5t+ %ad[s ) ready-made tones compos$ ( bitum5 & black4 ,! ?ird conclusion result+ f ?is3 ! col\rs 9 ! %ad[ are modifi$ by refraction4 ,t means1 f4i4 9 a picture repres5t+ an int]ior1 ! s\rce ( light 7w9d[7 may n be indicat$3 ! light circl+ r\nd ! picture w !n be compos$ ( ! reflections ( rays ^: s\rce is invisible1 & all ! objects1 act+ z mirrors = ^! reflections1 w consequ5tly influ5ce ea* o!r4 ,_! col\rs w affect ea* o!r1 ev5 if ! surfaces be dull4 ,a r$ vase plac$ ^u a blue c>pet w lead to a v subtle1 b ma!matically exact1 int]*ange betwe5 ?is blue & ?is r$1 & ?is ex*ange ( lum9\s waves w create betwe5 ! two col\rs a tone ( reflections compos$ ( bo?4 ,^! composite reflections w =m a scale ( tones complem5t>y ( ! two pr9cipal col\rs4 ,! sci5ce ( optics c "w out ^! complem5t>y col\rs ) ma!matical exactness4 ,if f4i4 a head receives ! orange rays ( daylight f "o side & ! blui% light ( an int]ior f ! o!r1 gre5 reflections w necess>ily appe> on ! nose & 9 ! middle region ( ! face4 ,! pa9t] ,besn>d1 :o has specially devot$ himself to ?is m9ute /udy ( complem5t>y col\rs1 has giv5 u "s fam\s examples ( x4 ,! la/ consequ5ce ( ^! propositions is t ! bl5d+ ( ! spectral tones is accompli%$ by a p>allel & di/9ct projection ( ! col\rs4 ,!y are artificially reunit$ on ! cry/all9e3 a l5s int]pos$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye1 & oppos+ ! cry/all9e1 :i* is a liv+ l5s1 dissociates aga9 ^! unit$ rays1 & %[s u aga9 ! sev5 di/9ct col\rs ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is no less artificial if a pa9t] mixes ^u 8 palette diff]5t col\rs to compose a tone2 x is aga9 artificial t pa9ts h be5 inv5t$ :i* repres5t "s ( ! comb9ations ( ! spectrum1 j to save ! arti/ ! tr\ble ( con/antly mix+ ! sev5 sol> tones4 ,su* mixtures are false1 & !y h ! disadvantage ( creat+ heavy tonalities1 s9ce ! co>se mixture ( p[d]s & oils _c accompli% ! action ( light :i* reunites ! lum9\s waves into an int5se :ite ( unimpair$ transp>5cy4 ,! col\rs mix$ on ! palette compose a dirty grey4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! pa9t] to d1 :o is anxi\s to approa*1 z ne> z our poor human means w all[1 t div9e fairyl& ( nature8 ,"h we t\* ^u ! v f\ndations ( ,impressionism4 ,! pa9t] w h to pa9t ) only ! sev5 col\rs ( ! spectrum1 & disc>d all ! o!rs3 t is :at ,claude ,monet has done boldly1 add+ to !m only :ite & black4 ,he w1 fur!rmore1 in/ead ( compos+ mixtures on 8 palette1 place ^u 8 canvas t\*es ( none b ! sev5 col\rs juxtapos$1 & leave ! individual rays ( ea* ( ^! col\rs to bl5d at a c]ta9 di/ance1 s z to act l sunlight itself ^u ! eye ( ! behold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,wait+ ,?is1 !n1 is ! !ory ( ! dissociation ( tones1 :i* is ! ma9 po9t ( ,impressioni/ te*nique4 ,x has ! imm5se advantage ( suppress+ all mixtures1 ( leav+ to ea* col\r its prop] /r5g?1 & consequ5tly its fre%ness & brilliancy4 ,at ! same "t ! difficulties are extreme4 ,! pa9t]'s eye mu/ be admirably subtle4 ,light becomes ! sole subject ( ! picture2 ! int]e/ ( ! object ^u :i* x plays is second>y4 ,pa9t+ ?us conceiv$ becomes a purely optic art1 a se>* = h>monies1 a sort ( natural poem1 q di/9ct f expression1 /yle & design1 :i* 7 ! pr9cipal aims ( =m] pa9t+4 ,x is almo/ necess>y to inv5t ano!r "n = ?is special art :i*1 cle>ly pictorial ?\gh x be1 comes z ne> to music1 z x gets f> away f lit]ature & psy*ology4 ,x is only natural t1 fasc9at$ by ?is /udy1 ! ,impressioni/s h almo/ rema9$ /rang]s to ! pa9t+ ( expression1 & altoge!r ho/ile to hi/orical & symboli/ pa9t+4 ,x is !re=e pr9cipally 9 l&scape pa9t+ t !y h a*iev$ ! greatness t is !irs4 ,?r\gh ! application ( ^! pr9ciples :i* ,i h set =? v summ>ily1 ,claude ,monet arriv$ at pa9t+ by means ( ! inf9itely v>i$ juxtaposition ( a quantity ( col\r spots :i* dissociate ! tones ( ! spectrum & draw ! =ms ( objects ?r\gh ! arabesque ( _! vibrations4 ,a l&scape ?us conceiv$ becomes a k9d ( symphony1 />t+ f "o !me 7! mo/ lum9\s po9t1 f4i471 & develop+ all ov] ! canvas ! v>iations ( ?is !me4 ,?is inve/igation is add$ to ! habitual preoccupations ( ! l&scapi/ /udy ( ! "* peculi> to ! sc5e1 /yle ( ! trees or h\ses1 acc5tuation ( ! decorative side--& to ! habitual preoccupations ( ! figure pa9t] 9 ! portrait4 ,! canvases ( ,monet1 ,r5oir & ,piss>ro h1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is rese>*1 an absolutely orig9al aspect3 _! %ad[s are /rip$ ) blue1 rose-madd] & gre52 no?+ is opaque or sooty2 a light vibration /rikes ! eye4 ,f9ally1 blue & orange pr$om9ate1 simply because 9 ^! /udies--:i* are m (t5 ?an n full sunlight effects--blue is ! complem5t>y col\r ( ! orange light ( ! sun1 & is pr(usely di/ribut$ 9 ! %ad[s4 ,9 ^! canvases c be f\nd a va/ am\nt ( exact grades ( tone1 :i* seem to h be5 entirely ignor$ by ! old] pa9t]s1 ^: pr9cipal conc]n 0 /yle1 & :o r$uc$ a l&scape to ?ree or f\r broad tones1 endeav\r+ only to expla9 ! s5tim5t inspir$ by x4 ,& n[ ,i %all h to pass on to ! ,impressioni/s' ideas on ! /yle itself ( pa9t+1 on ,realism4 ,f ! outset x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,impressionism has be5 propagat$ by m5 :o _h all be5 ,reali/s2 t means by a reaction>y movem5t aga9/ classic & romantic pa9t+4 ,?is movem5t1 ( :i* ,c\rbet w always rema9 ! mo/ fam\s repres5tative1 has be5 anti-intellectual4 ,x has prote/$ aga9/ e lit]>y1 psy*ologic or symbolical elem5t 9 pa9t+4 ,x has react$ at ! same "t aga9/ ! hi/orical pa9t+ ( ,del>o*e & ! my?ological pa9t+ ( ! ,ecole de ,rome1 ) an extreme viol5ce :i* appe>s to u excessive n[1 b :i* f\nd its explanation 9 ! intol]able t$i\sness or emphasis at :i* ! (ficial pa9t]s _h arriv$4 ,c\rbet 0 a magnific5t work]1 ) rudim5t>y ideas1 & he endeav\r$ to exclude ev5 ^? :i* he possess$4 ,?is exagg]ation :i* dim9i%es our admiration = 8 "w & prev5ts u f f9d+ 9 x any emotion b t :i* results f te*nical ma/]y1 0 salut>y = ! developm5t ( ! art ( 8 successors4 ,x caus$ ! "y pa9t]s to turn resolutely t[>ds ! aspects ( contempor>y life1 & to draw /yle & emotion f _! own epo*2 & ?is int5tion 0 "r4 ,an arti/ic tradition is n cont9u$ by imitat+ ! /yle ( ! pa/1 b by extract+ ! imm$iate impression ( ea* epo*4 ,t is :at ! really great ma/]s h done1 & x is ! succession ( _! s9c]e & pr(\nd obs]vations :i* con/itutes ! /yle ( ! races4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,! ,,p9es ,manet & 8 fri5ds drew all _! /r5g? f ?is idea4 ,mu* f9] & m le>n$ ?an a man l ,c\rbet1 !y saw an aspect ( mod]nity f> m complex1 & less limit$ to imm$iate & grossly sup]ficial realism4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t !y 7 contempor>ies ( ! reali/ic1 anti-romantic lit]>y movem5t1 a movem5t :i* gave !m no?+ b fri5ds4 ,flaub]t & ! ,gonc\rts prov$ t ,realism is n ! enemy ( ref9$ =m & ( delicate psy*ology4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! ideas creat$ fir/ ( all ,manet & 8 fri5ds3 ! te*nical evolution 7( :i* we h trac$ ! *ief traits7 came only mu* lat] to oppose itself to _! conceptions4 ,impressionism c !re=e be def9$ z a revolution ( pictorial te*nique toge!r ) an attempt at express+ mod]nity4 ,! reaction aga9/ ,symbolism & ,romanticism happ5$ to co9cide ) ! reaction aga9/ muddy te*nique4 ,! ,impressioni/s1 :il/ occupy+ !mselves ) cleans+ ! palette ( ! bitum5 ( :i* ! ,academy made exagg]at$ use1 :il/ also obs]v+ nature ) a great] love ( light1 made x _! object to escape 9 ! repres5tation ( human be+s ! laws ( beauty1 su* z 7 taught by ! ,s*ool4 ,& on ?is po9t "o might apply to !m all t "o kn[s ( ! ideas ( ! ,gonc\rts & ,flaub]t1 & lat] ( ,zola1 9 ! doma9 ( ! novel4 ,!y 7 mov$ by ! same ideas2 to speak ( ! "o gr\p is to speak ( ! o!r4 ,! long+ = tru?1 ! horror ( emphasis & ( false idealism :i* p>alys$ ! noveli/ z well z ! pa9t]1 l$ ! ,impressioni/s to sub/itute = beauty a novel notion1 t ( "*4 ,to se>* =1 & to express1 ! true "* ( a be+ or ( a site1 seem$ to !m m significant1 m mov+1 ?an to se>* = an exclusive beauty1 bas$ ^u rules1 & inspir$ by ! ,greco-,lat9 ideal4 ,l ! ,flem+s1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,spani>ds1 & 9 opposition to ! ,italians ^: influ5ce _h conqu]$ all ! ,european academies1 ! ,fr5* ,reali/-,impressioni/s1 rely+ ^u ! qualities ( lightness1 s9c]ity & expressive cle>ness :i* are ! real m]its ( _! race1 deta*$ !mselves f ! oppressive & n>r[ preoccupation ) ! beautiful & ) all ! metaphysics & ab/ractions foll[+ 9 its tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,*ur* ,,at ,,v]non ,?is fact ( ! sub/itution ( "* = beauty is ! ess5tial feature ( ! movem5t4 ,:at is call$ ,impressionism is--let x n be =gott5--a te*nique :i* c be appli$ to any subject4 ,:e!r ! subject be a virg91 or a lab\r]1 x c be pa9t$ ) divid$ tones1 & c]ta9 liv+ arti/s1 l ! symboli/ ,h5ri ,m>t91 :o has almo/ ! ideas ( a ,pre-,raphaelite1 h prov$ x by employ+ ?is te*nique = ! r5d]+ ( religi\s or philosophic subjects4 ,b "o c only und]/& ! ef=t & ! faults ( ! pa9t]s gr\p$ ar\nd ,manet1 by con/antly recall+ to "o's m9d _! pr$eliction = "*4 ,be=e ,manet a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 noble subjects1 & o!rs :i* 7 relegat$ to ! doma9 ( g5re 9 :i* no great arti/ 0 admitt$ to exi/ by ! ,s*ool1 ! famili>ity ( _! subjects b>r+ f !m ?is rank4 ,by ! suppression ( ! nobl5ess inh]5t to ! treat$ subject1 ! pa9t]'s te*nical m]it is "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be consid]$ 9 giv+ him rank4 ,! ,reali/-,impressioni/s pa9t$ sc5es 9 ! ball-room1 on ! riv]1 9 ! field1 ! /reet1 ! f\ndry1 mod]n int]iors1 & f\nd 9 ! life ( ! humble imm5se scope = /udy+ ! ge/ures1 ! co/umes1 ! expressions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,_! ef=t _h its be>+ ^u ! way ( repres5t+ p]sons1 ^u :at is call$1 9 ! /udio language1 ! mise en cadre4 ,!re1 too1 !y ov]?rew ! pr9ciples admitt$ by ! ,s*ool4 ,manet1 & especially ,degas1 h creat$ 9 ?is respect a new /yle f :i* ! :ole art ( reali/ic contempor>y illu/ration is d]iv$4 ,?is /yle _h be5 hi!rto totally ignor$1 or ! arti/s _h %runk f apply+ x4 ,x is a /yle :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! small pa9t]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^u ,sa9t-,aub91 ,debuc\rt1 ,moreau1 &1 fur!r back1 ^u ,pat] & ! ,dut*m54 ,b ?is "t1 in/ead ( conf9+ ?is /yle to vignettes & v small dim5sions1 ! ,impressioni/s h boldly giv5 x ! dim5sions & importance ( big canvases4 ,!y h no long] bas$ ! laws ( composition1 & consequ5tly ( /yle1 ^u ! ideas relative to ! subjects1 b ^u values & h>monies4 ,to take a summ>y example3 if ! ,s*ool compos$ a picture repres5t+ ! dea? ( ,agamemnon1 x did n fail to subord9ate ! :ole composition to ,agamemnon1 !n to ,clytemne/ra1 !n to ! witnesses ( ! murd]1 graduat+ ! moral & lit]>y int]e/ accord+ to ! diff]5t p]sons1 & sacrific+ to ?is int]e/ ! col\r+ & ! reali/ic qualities ( ! sc5e4 ,! ,reali/s compos$ by pick+ out fir/ ! /ronge/ value ( ! picture1 say a r$ dress1 & !n di/ribut+ ! o!r values accord+ to a h>moni\s progression ( _! tonalities4 ,! pr9cipal p]son 9 a picture1 said ,manet1 is ! light4 ,) ,manet & 8 fri5ds we f9d1 !n1 t ! conc]n = expression & = ! s5tim5ts evok$ by ! subject1 0 always subord9at$ to a purely pictorial & decorative preoccupation4 ,?is has frequ5tly l$ ! ,impressioni/s to grave errors1 :i* !y h1 h[ev]1 g5]ally avoid$ by conf9+ !mselves to v simple subjects1 = :i* ! daily life suppli$ ! gr\p+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,portrait ,,( ,,madame ,,maitre ,"o ( ! re=ms due to _! conception has be5 ! suppression ( ! pr(essional model1 & ! sub/itution = x ( ! natural model1 se5 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 occupation4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ useful conque/s = ! b5efit ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,x m>ks a j return to nature & simplicity4 ,ne>ly all _! figures are real portraits2 & 9 ev]y?+ t conc]ns ! lab\r] & ! peasant1 !y h f\nd ! prop] /yle & "*1 because !y h obs]v$ ^! be+s 9 ! true m$ium ( _! occupations1 in/ead ( =c+ !m into a %am pose & pa9t+ !m 9 disguise4 ,! basis ( all _! pictures has be5 fir/ ( all a s]ies ( l&scape & figure /udies made 9 ! op5 air1 f> f ! /udio1 & aft]w>ds co-ord9at$4 ,"o may wi% pictorial art to h high] ambitions2 & "o may f9d 9 ! ,primitives an example ( a curi\s my/icism1 an expression ( ! ab/ract & ( dreams4 ,b "o %\ld n und]rate ! p[] ( nave & reali/ic obs]vation1 :i* ! ,primitives c>ri$ into ! execution ( _! works1 subord9at+ x1 h[ev]1 to religi\s expression1 & x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! ,reali/-,impressioni/s s]v$ at lea/ _! conception ( art logically & homog5e\sly4 ,! criticism :i* may be levell$ aga9/ !m is t :i* ,realism itself c>ries 9 its tra91 & we %all see t e/hetics c\ld nev] create classifications capable ( def9+ & conta9+ ! inf9ite gradations ( creative temp]am5ts4 ,9 art1 classifications h r>ely any value1 & are r damag+4 ,realism & ,idealism are ab/ract t]ms :i* _c suffice to *>act]ise be+s :o obey _! s5sibility4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to inv5t z _m words z !re are rem>kable m54 ,if ,leon>do 0 a great pa9t]1 are ,turn] & ,monet n pa9t]s at all8 ,!re is no connection betwe5 !m2 _! me?ods ( ?\ght & expression are anti!tical4 ,p]haps x w be mo/ simple1 to admire !m all1 & to r5\nce any fur!r def9ition ( ! pa9t]1 adopt+ ?is ^w to m>k ! man :o uses ! palette z 8 means ( expression4 ,?us preoccupation ) contempor>y emotions1 sub/itution ( "* = classic beauty 7or ( emotional beauty = =mal beauty71 admission ( ! g5re-pa9t] into ! fir/ rank1 composition bas$ ^u ! reciprocal reaction ( values1 subord9ation ( ! subject to ! int]e/ ( execution1 ! ef=t to isolate ! art ( pa9t+ f ! ideas inh]5t to t ( lit]ature1 & p>ticul>ly ! in/9ctive move t[>ds ! symphonisation ( col\rs1 & consequ5tly t[>ds music1--^! are ! pr9cipal features ( ! ae/hetic code ( ! ,reali/-,impressioni/s1 if ?is t]m may be appli$ to a gr\p ( m5 ho/ile t[>ds e/hetics su* z !y are g5]ally taught4 ,,iii ,,ed\>d ,,manet3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,z ,i h said1 ,ed\>d ,manet has n be5 entirely ! orig9ator ( ! ,impressioni/ te*nique4 ,x is ! "w ( ,claude ,monet :i* pres5ts ! mo/ complete example ( x1 & :i* also came fir/ z reg>ds date4 ,b x is v difficult to det]m9e su* cases ( priority1 & x is1 aft] all1 r useless4 ,a te*nique _c be inv5t$ 9 a day4 ,9 ?is case x 0 ! result ( long inve/igations1 9 :i* ,manet & ,r5oir p>ticipat$1 & x is necess>y to unite "u ! collective "n ( ,impressioni/s a gr\p ( m51 ti$ by fri5d%ip1 :o made a simultane\s ef=t t[>ds orig9ality1 all 9 ab\t ! same _s1 ?\gh frequ5tly 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites1 x 0 fir/ ( all fri5d%ip1 !n unju/ d]ision1 :i* creat$ ! solid>ity ( ! ,impressioni/s4 ,b ! ,pre-,raphaelites1 9 aim+ at an ideali/ic & symbolic art1 7 bett] agre$ ^u ! intellectual pr9ciples :i* p]mitt$ !m at once to def9e a programme4 ,! ,impressioni/s :o 7 only unit$ by _! temp]am5ts1 & _h made x _! fir/ aim to break away f all s*ool programmes1 tri$ simply to d some?+ new1 ) frankness & fre$om4 ,manet 01 9 _! mid/1 ! p]sonality m>k$ out at ! same "t by _! admiration1 & by ! attacks ( ! critics = ! po/ ( /&>d-be>]4 ,a little old] ?an 8 fri5ds1 he _h already1 q alone1 rais$ heat$ discussions by ! works 9 8 fir/ mann]4 ,he 0 consid]$ an innovator1 & x 0 by in/9ctive admiration t 8 fir/ fri5ds1 ,:i/l]1 ,legros1 & ,fant9-,lat\r1 7 gradually jo9$ by ,m>cel9 ,desb\t91 ,degas1 ,r5oir1 ,monet1 ,piss>ro1 ,caillebotte1 ,b]! ,morisot1 ! "y pa9t] ,bazille1 :o met 8 premature dea? 9 #ahgj1 & by ! writ]s ,gauti]1 ,banville1 ,baudelaire 7:o 0 a passionate admir] ( ,manet's72 !n lat] by ,zola1 ! ,gonc\rts1 & ,/phane ,mall>m4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ nucleus ( a public :i* 0 to increase ye> by ye>4 ,manet _h ! p]sonal qualities ( a *ief2 he 0 a man ( _s1 an ard5t work]1 & an en?usia/ic & g5]\s "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,! ,,dead ,,toreador ,manet comm5c$ 8 fir/ /udies ) ,c\ture4 ,aft] hav+ travell$ a good deal at sea to obey 8 p>5ts1 8 vocation took hold ( him irresi/ibly4 ,ab\t #ahej ! "y man ent]$ ! /udio ( ! sev]e au?or ( ! ,roma9s de la ,dcad5ce4 ,8 /ay 0 %ort4 ,he displeas$ ! pr(essor by 8 uncompromis+ en]gy4 ,c\ture said ( him angrily3 ,he w become ! ,daumi] ( #ahfj4 ,x is kn[n t ,daumi]1 li?ograph]1 & pa9t] ( g5ius1 0 held 9 meagre e/eem by ! academicians4 ,manet travell$ 9 ,g]many aft] ! c\p d'etat1 copi$ ,rembr&t 9 ,muni*1 !n w5t to ,italy1 copi$ ,t9toretto 9 ,v5ice1 & conceiv$ !re ! idea ( sev]al religi\s pictures4 ,!n he became en?usia/ic ab\t ! ,spani>ds1 especially ,velasquez & ,goya4 ,! s9c]e expression ( ?+s se5 took root f ?is mom5t z ! pr9cipal rule ( art 9 ! bra9 ( ?is "y ,fr5*man :o 0 loyal1 ard5t1 & ho/ile to all subtleties4 ,he pa9t$ "s f9e works1 l ! ,buveur d'abs9! & ! ,vieux musici54 ,!y %[ ! influ5ce ( ,c\rbet1 b already ! blacks & ! greys h an orig9al & sup]b quality2 !y ann\nce a virtuoso ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,x 0 9 #ahfa t ,manet fir/ s5t to ! ,salon ! portraits ( 8 p>5ts & ! ,guit>]o1 :i* 0 hail$ by ,gauti]1 & rew>d$ by ! jury1 ?\gh x r\s$ surprise & irritation4 ,b aft] t he 0 reject$1 :e!r x 0 a "q ( ! ,fifre or ( ! ,djeun] sur l'h]be4 ,?is canvas1 ) an admirable fem99e nude1 creat$ a sc&al1 because an undress$ woman figur$ 9 x amid/ clo!d figures1 a matt] ( frequ5t occurr5ce ) ! ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! l&scape is n pa9t$ 9 ! op5 air1 b 9 ! /udio1 & resembles a tape/ry1 b x %[s already ! mo/ brilliant evid5ce ( ,manet's tal5t 9 ! /udy ( ! nude & ! /ill-life ( ! =egr\nd1 :i* is ! "w ( a p[]ful ma/]4 ,f ! "t ( ?is canvas ! arti/'s p]sonality appe>$ 9 all its maturity4 ,he pa9t$ x be=e he 0 ?irty1 & x has ! air ( an old ma/]'s "w2 x is bas$ ^u ,hals & ! ,spani>ds toge!r4 ,! reputation ( ,manet became e/abli%$ aft] #ahfe4 ,furi\s critics 7 oppos$ by en?usia/ic admir]s4 ,baudelaire upheld ,manet1 z he _h upheld ,delacroix & ,wagn]1 ) 8 great clairvoyance1 sympa!tic to all real orig9ality4 ,! ,olympia br\ght ! discussion to a head4 ,?is c\rtesan ly+ 9 b$ undress$1 ) a negress c>ry+ a b\quet1 & a black cat1 made a trem5d\s /ir4 ,x is a p[]ful "w ( /rong col\r1 broad design & int5se s5tim5t1 a/\nd+ 9 its p>ti-pris ( r$uc+ ! values to ! greate/ simplicity4 ,"o c feel 9 x ! arti/'s preoccupation ) r$iscov]+ ! rude frankness ( ,hals & ,goya1 & 8 av]sion aga9/ ! prett9ess & false nobility ( ! s*ool4 ,?is fam\s ,olympia :i* occasion$ s mu* fury1 appe>s to u to-day z a transition "w4 ,x is nei!r a ma/]piece1 nor an emotional "w1 b a te*nical exp]im5t1 v significant = ! epo* dur+ :i* x appe>$ 9 ,fr5* art1 & ?is canvas1 :i* is v inf]ior to ,manet's f9e works1 may well be consid]$ z a date ( evolution4 ,he 0 d\btful ab\t exhibit+ x1 b ,baudelaire decid$ him & wrote to him on ?is occasion ^! typical rem>ks3 ,y compla9 ab\t attacks8 ,b are y ! fir/ to endure !m8 ,h y m g5ius ?an ,*ateaubri& & ,wagn]8 ,!y 7 n kill$ by d]ision4 ,&1 9 ord] n to make y too pr\d1 ,i mu/ tell y1 t !y are models ea* 9 8 own way & 9 a v ri* _w1 :il/ y are only ! fir/ 9 ! decrepitude ( y\r art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,olympia ,?us x mu/ be firmly e/abli%$ t f ?is mom5t ,manet pass$ z an innovator1 ye>s be=e ,impressionism exi/$ or 0 ev5 ?\ght (4 ,?is is an important po9t3 x w help to cle> up ! tw(old orig9 ( ! movem5t :i* foll[$4 ,to 8 realism1 to 8 return to composition 9 ! mod]n _s1 & to ! simplify+ ( planes & values1 ,manet ow$ ^! attacks1 ?\gh at t "t 8 col\r 0 /ill sombre & entirely influ5c$ by ,hals1 ,goya & ,c\rbet4 ,f t "t ! arti/ became a *ief4 ,z 8 fri5ds us$ to meet him at an obscure ,batignolles caf1 ! caf ,gu]bois 7/ill exi/+71 public d]ision baptiz$ ^! meet+s ) ! "n ( ,l',ecole des ,batignolles4 ,manet !n exhibit$ ! ,angels at ! ,tomb ( ,*ri/1 a s\v5ir ( ! ,v5etians2 ,lola de ,val5ce1 comm5t$ ^u by ,baudelaire 9 a quatra9 :i* c be f\nd 9 ! ,fleurs du ,mal2 ! ,episode d'un combat de taureaux 7dissatisfi$ ) ?is picture1 he cut out ! dead toreador 9 ! =egr\nd1 & burnt ! re/74 ,! ,acteur tragique 7portrait ( ,r\vire 9 ,hamlet7 & ! ,jsus insult foll[$1 & !n came ! ,gitanos1 ,l',enfant l',epe1 & ! portrait ( ,mme4 ,manet4 ,?is s]ies ( works is admirable4 ,x is "h :]e he reveals himself z a spl5did col\ri/1 ^: design is z vigor\s z ! te*nique is ma/]ly4 ,9 ^! works "o does n ?9k ( look+ = any?+ b ! wit*]y ( te*nical /r5g?2 & ! abundant weal? ( 8 temp]am5t is simply dazzl+4 ,manet reveals himself z ! direct heir ( ! great ,spani>ds1 m int]e/+1 m spontane\s1 & fre] ?an ,c\rbet4 ,! ,r\vire is z f9e a symphony 9 grey & black z ! noble/ portraits by ,bronz9o1 & !re is probably no ,goya m p[]ful ?an ! ,torador tu4 ,manet's altoge!r classic desc5t appe>s "h und5iably4 ,!re is no "q yet ( ,impressionism1 & yet ,monet & ,r5oir are already pa9t+1 ,monet has exhibit$ at ! ,salon des ,refuss1 b criticism sees & attacks nobody b ,manet4 ,?is great individuality :o ov]:elm$ ! ,academy ) its weak allegories1 0 ! butt ( great insults & ! object ( great admiration4 ,bani%$ f ! ,salons1 he collect$ fifty pictures 9 a room 9 ! ,av5ue de l',alma & invit$ ! public ?i!r4 ,9 #ahfh appe>$ ! portrait ( ,emile ,zola1 9 #ahfj ! ,djeun]1 works :i* are s p[]ful1 t !y en=c$ admiration 9 spite ( all ho/ility4 ,9 ! ,salon ( #ahgj 0 %[n ! portrait ( ,eva ,gonzals1 ! *>m+ pa/elli/ & pupil ( ,manet1 & ! impressive ,execution ( ,maximilian at ,qu]et>o4 ,manet 0 at ! apogee ( 8 tal5t1 :5 ! ,franco-,g]man w> broke out4 ,at ! age ( ?irty-eight he _h put =? a consid]able am\nt ( "w1 tri$ himself 9 all /yles1 sev]$ 8 individuality f ! slavi% admiration ( ! old ma/]s1 & atta9$ 8 own ma/]y4 ,& n[ he want$ to exp&1 &1 9 jo9+ ,monet1 ,r5oir & ,degas1 int]pret 9 8 own way ! ,impressioni/ !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,! ,,woman ,,) ,,! ,,p>rot ,! ,fight ( ! ,ke>sage & ! ,alabama1 a magnific5t sea-piece1 ba!d 9 sunlight1 ann\nc$ ?is trans=mation 9 8 "w1 z did also a /udy1 a ,g>d51 pa9t$1 ,i believe1 9 #ahgj1 b exhibit$ only aft] ! crisis ( ! t]rible ye>4 ,at t "t ! ,dur&-,ruel ,gall]y b\ght a consid]able s]ies by ! innovator1 & 0 imitat$ by "s select art-lov]s4 ,! ,musique aux ,tuil]ies & ! ,bal de l',opra _h1 "s ye>s be=e1 po9t$ t[>ds ! evolution ( ?is great arti/ 9 ! direction ( ple9-air pa9t+4 ,! ,bon ,bock1 9 :i* ! v s\l ( ,hals is reviv$1 & ! grave ,liseur1 sold imm$iately at ,vi5ne1 7 ! two la/ pl$ges giv5 by ! arti/ to 8 old admir]s2 ^! two pictures _h moreov] a spl5did success1 & ! ,bon ,bock1 popul>is$ by an engrav+1 0 hail$ by ! v m5 :o _h mo/ unju/ly attack$ ! au?or ( ! portrait ( ,mme4 ,morisot1 a ,fr5* ma/]piece4 ,b already ,manet 0 attract$ irresi/ibly t[>ds ! /udy ( light1 &1 fai?ful to 8 programme1 he prep>$ to face once aga9 outbur/s ( ang] & fur!r s>casms2 he 0 resolv$ once aga9 to (f] battle to ! ,salons4 ,foll[$ by all ! ,impressioni/s he tri$ to make !m und]/& ! necessity ( introduc+ ! new ideas into ?is retrograde ,milieu4 ,b !y w\ld n4 ,hav+ already receiv$ a rebuff by ! attacks direct$ = "s ye>s aga9/ _! works1 !y exhibit$ among !mselves 9 "s private gall]ies3 !y decl9$ to =ce ! gate ( ! ,salons1 & ,manet rema9$ alone4 ,9 #ahge he submitt$1 ) 8 ,arg5teuil1 ! mo/ p]fect epitome ( 8 atmosph]ic rese>*es4 ,! jury admitt$ x 9 spite ( l\d prote/s3 !y 7 afraid ( ,manet2 !y admir$ 8 p[] ( trans=mation1 & he revolt$ ! prejudic$1 attract+ !m at ! same "t by ! *>m ( 8 =ce4 ,b 9 #ahgf ! portrait ( ,desb\t9 & ! ,l+e 7an exquisite picture1--"o ( ! be/ productions ( op5-air /udy7 7 reject$4 ,manet !n recomm5c$ ! exp]i5ce ( #ahfg1 & op5$ 8 /udio to ! public4 ,a regi/] at ! door 0 soon cov]$ ) signatures prote/+ aga9/ ! jury1 z well z ) ho/ile jokes1 & ev5 anonym\s insults6 ,9 #ahgg ! defeat$ jury admitt$ ! portrait ( ! fam\s s+] ,faure 9 ! "p ( ,hamlet1 & reject$ ,nana1 a picture :i* 0 f\nd sc&alis+1 b has *>m+ fre%ness & an int5sely mod]n "*4 ,9 #ahgh1 #ahgi & #ahhj !y accept$ la ,s]re1 ! surpris+ symphony 9 blue & :ite :i* %[s ,mr ,george ,moore 9 boat+ co/ume1 ! portrait ( ,anton9 ,pr\/1 & ! sc5e at ! ,pre ,la?uile re/aurant1 9 :i* ,manet's n]v\s & lum9\s realism has s curi\s a resemblance to ! art ( ! ,gonc\rts4 ,9 #ahha ! portrait ( ,ro*e=t & t ( ! lion-kill]1 ,p]tuiset1 procur$ ! arti/ a m$al at ! ,salon1 & ,anton9 ,pr\/1 ! fri5d ( ,manet's *ildhood1 :o _h become ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts1 hon\r$ himself 9 decorat+ him ) ! legion ( hon\r4 ,9 #ahhb appe>$ a magnific5t canvas1 ! ,b> des ,folies-,b]gre1 9 :i* !re is "s sp>kl+ /ill-life pa9t+ ( mo/ attractive beauty4 ,x 0 accompani$ by a lady's portrait1 ,jeanne4 ,b on ,april #cj1 #ahhc1 ,manet di$1 exhau/$ by 8 "w & /ruggles1 ( locomotor ataxy1 aft] hav+ va9ly und]gone ! amputation ( a foot to avoid gangr5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,! ,,b> ,,at ,,! ,,folies-,,b]g,,re ,x w be se5 t ,manet f\ght ?r\gh all 8 life3 few arti/s' lives h be5 nobl]4 ,8 has be5 an example ( untir+ en]gy2 he employ$ x z mu* 9 work+1 z 9 mak+ a /& aga9/ prejudices4 ,reject$1 accept$1 reject$ aga91 he deliv]$ ) enorm\s c\rage & fai? 8 attack ^u a jury :i* repres5t$ r\t9e4 ,z he f\ght 9 front ( 8 easel1 he /ill f\ght be=e ! public1 )\t ev] relax+1 )\t *ang+1 alone1 ap>t ev5 f ^? :om he lov$1 :o _h be5 %ap$ by 8 example4 ,?is great pa9t]1 "o ( ^? :o did mo/ hon\r to ! ,fr5* s\l1 _h ! g5ius to create by himself an ,impressionism ( 8 own :i* w always rema9 8 own1 aft] hav+ giv5 evid5ce ( gifts ( ! fir/ ord] 9 ! tradition h&$ d[n by ! ma/]s ( ! real & ! good4 ,he _c be confus$ ei!r ) ,monet1 or ) ,piss>ro & ,r5oir4 ,8 compreh5sion ( light is a special "o1 8 te*nique is n 9 accordance ) ! sy/em ( col\r-spots2 x obs]ves ! !ory ( complem5t>y col\rs & ( ! division ( tones )\t dep>t+ f a gr& /yle1 f a classic /atel9ess1 f a sup]b sur5ess4 ,manet has n be5 ! inv5tor ( ,impressionism :i* co-exi/$ ) 8 "w s9ce #ahfe1 b he has r5d]$ x imm5se s]vices1 by tak+ ^u himself all ! outbur/s ( ang] address$ to ! innovators1 by mak+ a brea* 9 public op9ion1 ?r\gh :i* 8 fri5ds h pass$ 9 beh9d him4 ,probably )\t him all ^! arti/s w\ld h rema9$ unkn[n1 or at lea/ )\t influ5ce1 because !y all 7 bold *>act]s 9 art1 b timid or disda9ful 9 life4 ,degas1 ,monet & ,r5oir 7 f9e natures ) a horror ( polemics1 :o wi%$ to hold alo( f ! ,salons1 & 7 resign$ f ! outset to be misund]/ood4 ,!y 71 s to say1 electrifi$ by ! magnific5t example ( ,manet's fight+ _s1 & ,manet 0 g5]\s en\gh to take ^u himself ! reproa*es levell$1 n only aga9/ 8 "w1 b aga9/ !irs4 ,8 tw5ty ye>s ( op5 w>1 su/a9$ ) an abnegation wor?y ( all e/eem1 mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ significant ph5om5a ( ! hi/ory ( ! arti/s ( all ages4 ,?is "w ( ,manet1 s mu* discuss$ & produc$ "u su* torm5t+ conditions1 owes its importance beyond all to its p[] & frankness4 ,t5 ye>s ( develop+ ! fir/ mann]1 tragically limit$ by ! w> ( #ahgj2 ?irte5 ye>s ( develop+ ! second evolution1 p>allel ) ! ef=ts ( ! ,impressioni/s4 ,! p]iod f #ahfj to #ahgj is logically connect$ ) ,hals & ,goya2 f #ahgj to #ahhc ! arti/'s mod]nity is complicat$ by ! /udy ( light4 ,8 p]sonality appe>s !re ev5 m orig9al1 b "o may well give ! palm to ^? works ( ,manet :i* are pa9t$ 9 8 classic & l[-ton$ mann]4 ,he _h all ! pictorial gifts :i* make ! glory ( ! ma/]s3 full1 true1 broad composition1 col\r+ ( irresi/ible p[]1 blacks & greys :i* _c be f\nd else:]e s9ce ,velasquez & ,goya1 & a pr(\nd k ( values4 ,he has tri$ 8 h& at ev]y?+3 portraits1 l&scapes1 seascapes1 sc5es ( mod]n life1 /ill-life & nudes h ea* 9 _! turn s]v$ 8 ard5t desire ( creation4 ,8 0 a mu* f9] compreh5sion ( contempor>y life ?an seems to be admitt$ by ,realism3 "o has only to comp>e him ) ,c\rbet1 to see h[ f> m n]v\s & intellig5t he 01 )\t loss to ! qualities ( tru? & robu/ness4 ,8 pictures w always rema9 docum5ts ( ! greate/ importance on ! society1 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! second ,empire4 ,he did n possess ! gift ( psy*ology4 ,8 ,*ri/ aux ,anges & ,jsus insult are obvi\sly only pieces ( pa9t+ )\t idealism4 ,he 01 l ! great ,dut* virtuosos1 & l c]ta9 ,italians1 m eye ?an s\l4 ,yet 8 ,maximilian1 ! draw+s to ,poe's ,rav51 & c]ta9 sket*es %[ t he might h realis$ "s curi\s1 psy*ological works1 _h he n be5 s completely absorb$ by ! imm$iate reality & by ! desire = beautiful pa9t4 ,a beautiful pa9t]--?is is :at he 0 be=e ev]y?+ else1 ?is is 8 faire/ fame1 & x is almo/ inconceivable t ! juries ( ! ,salons fail$ to und]/& him4 ,!y wax$ indignant ov] 8 subjects :i* (f] only a re/rict$ int]e/1 & !y did n see ! altoge!r classic quality ( ?is te*nique )\t bitum51 )\t glaz+1 )\t tricks2 ( ?is vibrat+ col\r2 ( ?is ri* pa9t2 ( ?is passionate design s suitable = express+ movem5t & ge/ures true to life2 ( ?is simple composition :]e ! :ole picture is bas$ ^u two or ?ree values ) ! /raight=w>dness "o admires 9 ,rub5s1 ,jorda5s & ,hals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,d,,jeun] ,manet w occupy an important position 9 ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4 ,he is ! mo/ orig9al pa9t] ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! "o :o has really creat$ a great movem5t4 ,8 "w1 ! fecundity ( :i* is a/oni%+1 is unequal4 ,"o has to rememb] t1 besides ! incessant /rife :i* he kept up--a /rife :i* w\ld h kill$ _m arti/s--he _h to f9d /r5g? = two grave crises 9 himself4 ,he jo9$ "o movem5t1 !n fre$ himself ( x1 !n inv5t$ ano!r & recomm5c$ to le>n pa9t+ at a po9t :]e anybody else w\ld h cont9u$ 9 8 previ\s mann]4 ,ea* "t ,i pa9t1 he said to ,mall>m1 ,i ?r[ myself into ! wat] to le>n swimm+4 ,x is n surpris+ t su* a man %\ld h be5 unequal1 & t "o c di/+ui% 9 8 "w betwe5 exp]im5ts1 exagg]ations due to rese>*1 & ef=ts made to reject ! prejudices ( :i* we feel ! weight no long]4 ,b x w\ld be unju/ to say t ,manet has only _h ! m]it ( op5+ up new roads2 t has be5 said to belittle him1 aft] x _h fir/ be5 said t ^! roads l$ into absurdity4 ,works l ! ,torador1 ,r\vire1 ,mme4 ,manet1 ! ,djeun]1 ! ,musique aux ,tuil]ies1 ! ,bon ,bock1 ,arg5teuil1 ,le ,l+e1 ,en ,bateau & ! ,b>1 w always rema9 admirable ma/]pieces :i* w d cr$it to ,fr5* pa9t+1 ( :i* ! spontane\s1 liv+1 cle> & bold art ( ,manet is a direct & v repres5tative product4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 a great p]sonality :o knew h[ to dom9ate ! r co>se conceptions ( ,realism1 :o influ5c$ by 8 mod]nity all contempor>y illu/ration1 :o re-e/abli%$ a s\nd & /rong tradition 9 ! face ( ! ,academy1 & :o n only creat$ a new transition1 b m>k$ 8 place on ! new road :i* he _h op5$4 ,to him ,impressionism owes its exi/5ce2 8 t5acity enabl$ x to take root & to vanqui% ! opposition ( ! ,s*ool2 8 "w has enri*$ ! _w by "s beautiful examples :i* demon/rate ! union ( ! two pr9ciples ( ,realism & ( t te*nical ,impressionism :i* 0 to supply ,manet1 ,r5oir1 ,piss>ro & ,sisley ) an object = _! ef=ts4 ,= ! sum total ( all t is evok$ by 8 "n1 ,ed\>d ,manet c]ta9ly des]ves ! "n ( a man ( g5ius--an incomplete g5ius1 ?\gh1 s9ce ! ?\ght ) him 0 n on ! level ( 8 te*nique1 s9ce he c\ld nev] affect ! emotions l a ,leon>do or a ,rembr&t1 b g5ius all ! same ?r\gh ! magnific5t p[] ( 8 gifts1 ! cont9uity ( 8 /yle1 & ! importance ( 8 "p :i* infus$ blood into a s*ool dy+ ( ! anaemia ( conv5tional art4 ,:oev] beholds a "w ( ,manet's1 ev5 )\t kn[+ ! conditions ( 8 life1 w feel t !re is some?+ great1 ! lion's claw :i* ,delacroix _h recognis$ z f> back z #ahfa1 & to :i*1 x is said1 ev5 ! great ,+res _h paid homage on ! jury :i* exam9$ ) disgu/ ! ,guit>]o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,portrait ,,( ,,madame ,m4,l4 ,to-day ,manet is consid]$ almo/ z a classic glory2 & ! progress = :i* he _h giv5 ! impulse1 has be5 s rapid1 t _m are a/oni%$ t he %\ld ev] h be5 consid]$ audaci\s4 ,sight is trans=m$1 /rife is ext+ui%$1 & a l>ge1 select public1 famili> ) ,monet & ,r5oir1 judge ,manet almo/ z a long defunct initiator4 ,"o has to "k 8 admirable life1 "o has to "k well ! incr$ible in]tia ( ! ,salons :]e he appe>$1 to give him 8 full due4 ,& :51 aft] ! acceptance ( ,impressionism1 ! unavoidable reaction w take place1 ,manet's qualities ( solidity1 tru? & sci5ce w appe> su*1 t he w survive _m ( ^? to :om he has op5$ ! road & facilitat$ ! success at ! exp5se ( 8 own4 ,x w be se5 t ,degas & he h1 m ?an ! o!rs1 & ) less app>5t clat1 unit$ ! gifts :i* produce durable works 9 ! mid/ ( ! fluctuations ( fa%ion & ! caprices ( ta/e & views4 ,manet c1 at ! ,l\vre or any o!r gall]y1 hold 8 own 9 ! mo/ cru%+ surr\nd+s1 prove 8 p]sonal qualities1 & wor?ily repres5t a p]iod :i* he lov$4 ,an enorm\s am\nt has be5 writt5 on him1 f ,zola's bold & intellig5t pamphlet 9 #ahfe1 to ! rec5t "w by ,m4 ,?odore ,duret4 ,few m5 h provok$ m comm5ts4 ,9 an admirable picture1 ,hommage ,manet1 ! delicate & p]fect pa9t] ,fant9-,lat\r1 a fri5d f ! fir/ h\r1 has gr\p$ ar\nd ! arti/ "s ( 8 admir]s1 ,monet1 ,r5oir1 ,duranty1 ,zola1 ,bazille1 & ,braquemond4 ,! picture has to-day a place ( hon\r at ! ,luxemb\rg1 :]e ,manet is insuffici5tly repres5t$ by ,olympia1 a /udy ( a woman1 & ! ,balcony4 ,a collection is mu* to be desir$ ( 8 li?ographs1 8 et*+s & 8 pa/els1 9 :i* he has prov$ 8 div]sifi$ ma/]y1 & also ( 8 portraits ( fam\s contempor>ies1 ,zola1 ,ro*e=t1 ,desb\t91 ,pr\/1 ,mall>m1 ,clem5ceau1 ,guys1 ,faure1 ,baudelaire1 ,moore1 & o!rs1 an admirable s]ies by a vision>y :o possess$1 9 a p]iod ( unre/ & artificiality1 ! quality ( rude s9c]ity1 & ! love ( tru? ( a ,primitive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manet ,,! ,,ho?\se ,,iv ,,edg> ,,degas3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,i h said h[ va9 x is to class arti/ic temp]am5ts "u a title impos$ ^u !m g5]ally by circum/ances & dates1 r ?an by _! own free w4 ,! /udy ( ,degas w furni% additional pro( = x4 ,class$ ) ! ,impressioni/s1 ?is ma/] p>ticipates 9 _! ideas 9 ! sph]e ( composition1 r ?an 9 t ( col\r4 ,he belongs to !m ?r\gh 8 mod]nity & compreh5sion ( "*4 ,only :5 we come to 8 q rec5t l&scapes 7#ahif71 c we l9k him to ,monet & ,r5oir z col\ri/1 & he has be5 m _! fri5d ?an _! colleague4 ,degas is kn[n by ! select few1 & almo/ ignor$ by ! public4 ,?is is due to sev]al reasons4 ,degas has nev] wi%$ to exhibit at ! ,salons1 except1 ,i believe1 once or twice at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]4 ,he has only %[n 8 works at ^? special exhibitions arrang$ by ! ,impressioni/s 9 hir$ ap>tm5ts 7rue le ,peleti]1 rue ,laffitte1 ,b\lev>d des ,capuc9es71 & at "s art-deal]s4 ,! art ( ,degas has nev] _h occasion to %ock ! public by ! exub]ance ( its col\r1 because he re/rict$ himself to grey & quiet h>monies4 ,degas is a mode/ "*1 fond ( sil5ce & solitude1 ) a horror ( ! cr[d & ( controv]sies1 & almo/ dis9cl9$ to %[ 8 works4 ,he is a man ( intellig5ce & ready wit1 ^: sallies are dread$2 he is almo/ a misan?rope4 ,8 pictures h be5 gradually sold to =eign c\ntries & disp]s$ 9 ri* gall]ies )\t hav+ be5 se5 by ! public4 ,8 "* is1 9 %ort1 absolutely oppos$ to t ( ,manet1 :o1 ?\gh he suff]$ f criticism1 ?\ght x 8 duty to bid x defiance4 ,degas's influ5ce has1 h[ev]1 be5 consid]able1 ?\gh secretly s1 & ! "y pa9t]s h be5 sl[ly inspir$ by 8 example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,! ,,begg> ,,woman ,degas is beyond all a draughtsman ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,8 _s is q classical4 ,he comm5c$ by mak+ admirable copies ( ! ,italian ,primitives1 notably ( ,fra ,angelico1 & ! :ole fir/ s]ies ( 8 works speaks ( t influ5ce3 portraits1 heads ( deep1 mat1 amb] col\r1 on a gr\nd ( black or grey tones1 rem>kable = a sev]ity ( int5se /yle1 & = ! r>e gift ( psy*ological expression4 ,to f9d ! equal ( ^! faces--aft] hav+ /at$ _! classic desc5t--"o w\ld h to turn to ! beautiful ?+s by ,+res1 & c]ta9ly ,degas is1 ) ,+res1 ! mo/ le>n$1 ! mo/ p]fect ,fr5* draughtsman ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,an affirmation ( ?is nature is made to surprise ^? :o judge ,impressionism ) preconceiv$ ideas4 ,x is none ! less true t1 if a s]ies ( ,degas's fir/ portraits 7 collect$1 ! comp>ison w\ld =ce itself ^u "o's m9d irrefutably4 ,9 face ( ! ideali/ pa9t+ ( ,romanticism1 ,+res repres5t$ q cle>ly ! cult ( pa9t+ = its own sake4 ,8 ideas 7 m$iocre1 & w5t sc>cely beyond ! poor1 conv5tional ideal ( ! ,academy2 b 8 g5ius 0 s great1 t x made him pa9t1 toge!r ) 8 t$i\s allegories1 "s incomp>able portraits & nudes4 ,he ?\ght he 0 s]v+ (ficial ,classicism1 :i* /ill boa/s ( 8 "n1 b 9 reality he dom9at$ x2 &1 :il/ he 0 an imitator ( ,raphael1 he 0 a p[]ful ,reali/4 ,! ,impressioni/s admire him z su*1 & agree ) him 9 bani%+ f ! art ( pa9t+ all lit]>y imag9ation1 :e!r x be ! t$i\s my?ology ( ! ,s*ool1 or ! hi/orical anecdote ( ! ,romantici/s4 ,degas & ,besn>d admire ,+res z colossal draughtsman1 &1 beyond all1 z man :o1 9 spite ( ! limitations ( 8 m9d1 pres]v$ ! cle> vision ( ! mission ( 8 art at a "t :5 art 0 us$ = ! expression ( lit]>y conceptions4 ,:o w\ld h believ$ x8 ,yet x is true1 & ,manet1 too1 held ! same view ( ,+res1 little z our pres5t academicians may ?9k x6 ,x happ5s t to-day ,impressionism is m ak9 to ,+res ?an to ,delacroix1 j z ! "y poets are m ak9 to ,rac9e ?an to ,hugo4 ,!y reject ! =eign elem5ts1 & se>*1 be=e any?+ else1 = ! /rict national tradition4 ,degas foll[s ,+res & resembles him4 ,he is also rem9isc5t ( ! ,primitives & ( ,holbe94 ,!re is1 9 8 fir/ p]iod1 ! some:at dry & geometrical p]fection1 ! some:at heavy col\r :i* only s]ves to /r5g!n ! correctness ( ! planes4 ,at ! ,exposition ( #aijj1 !re 0 a ,degas :i* surpris$ ev]ybody4 ,x 0 an ,int]ior ( a cotton factory 9 an ,am]ican t[n4 ,?is small picture 0 curi\sly cle>3 x w\ld be impossible to pa9t bett] & ) a m accompli%$ k ( ! laws ( pa9t+4 ,b x 0 ! "w ( a s\lless1 emotionless ,reali/2 x 0 a col\r$ photograph ( unhe>d-( tru?1 ! ma!matical sci5ce ( :i* left ! behold] cold4 ,?is "w1 :i* is v old 7x dates back to ab\t #ahfj71 gave no idea ( :at ,degas has gr[n into4 ,x 0 ! "w ( an unemotional ma/] ( te*nique2 only j ! inf9itely delicate value ( ! greys & blacks reveal$ ! future ma/] ( h>mony4 ,"o almo/ might h wi%$ to f9d a fault 9 ?is aggravat+ p]fection4 ,b ,degas 0 n to rema9 !re1 & already1 ab\t t "t1 c]ta9 portraits ( 8 are elevat$ by an expression ( ard5t melan*oly1 by w>m1 ivory-l1 grave col\r+ :i* attracts "o's eye4 ,be=e ?is s]ies "o feels ! firm w ( a v logical1 s]i\s1 classic _s :o wants to "k ?or\ghly ! intimate res\rces ( design1 be=e risk+ to *oose f among !m ! elem5ts :i* respond be/ to 8 individual nature4 ,if ,degas 0 de/9$ to inv5t1 lat] on1 s p]sonal a /yle ( design t he c\ld be accus$ ( draw+ badly1 ?is fir/ p]iod ( 8 life is be=e u1 to %[ ! sl[ matur+ ( 8 boldness & h[ c>efully he fir/ prov$ to himself 8 k1 be=e v5tur+ ^u new ?+s4 ,9 art ! difficulty is1 :5 "o has le>nt ev]y?+1 to =get1--t is1 to appe> to =get1 s z to create "o's own /yle1 & ?is app>5t =gett+ cloaks an amalgamation ( sci5ce ) m9d4 ,& ,degas is "o ( ^? pati5t & retic5t m5 :o sp5d ye>s 9 arriv+ at ?is2 he has mu* 9 common ) ,hokusai1 ! old man mad ) pa9t+1 :o at ! close ( 8 prodigi\s life inv5t$ arbitr>y =ms1 aft] hav+ giv5 immortal examples ( 8 int]pretation ( ! real4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,! ,,lesson ,,9 ,,! ,,foy] ,degas is also cle>ly relat$ to ,corot1 n only 9 ! silv]y h>monies ( 8 suave l&scapes1 b also1 & p>ticul>ly1 9 8 admirable faces ^: ine/imable p[] & mov+ s9c]ity we h h>dly comm5c$ to und]/&4 ,degas pass$ sl[ly f classicism to mod]nity4 ,he nev] lik$ outbur/s ( col\r2 he is by no means an ,impressioni/ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,z a draughtsman ( g5ius he expresses all by ! precision ( ! planes & values2 a grey1 a black & "s notes ( col\r suffice = him4 ,?is might e/abli% a l9k betwe5 him & ,:i/l]1 ?\gh he is mu* less my/]i\s & diffuse4 ,:5ev] ,degas plays ) col\r1 x is ) ! same re/ra9t ( 8 boldness2 he nev] goes to excess 9 ab&on+ himself to its *>m4 ,he is nei!r lyrical1 nor voluptu\s2 8 en]gy is cold2 8 wise _s affirms sob]ly ! true "* ( a face or an object4 ,s9ce a long "t ?is _s has mov$ ,degas to revel 9 ! obs]vation ( contempor>y life4 ,8 nature has be5 t ( a pati5t psy*ologi/1 a m9ute analy/1 & also ( a bitt] ironi/4 ,! man is v little kn[n4 ,8 fri5ds say t he has an easily ruffl$ delicacy1 a s5sibility op5 to poetry1 b jeal\s ( %[+ its emotion4 ,!y say t ,degas's satirical bitt]ness is ! rev]se side ( a s\l w\nd$ by ! spectacle ( mod]n morality4 ,"o feels ?is s5tim5t 9 8 "w1 :]e ! %>p notation ( tru? is pa9ful1 :]e ! realism is oppos$ by col\r+ ( a sob] di/9ction1 :]e no?+1 n ev5 ! portrait ( a drab1 c\ld be vulg>4 ,degas has devot$ himself to ! pr(\nd /udy ( c]ta9 classes ( wom51 9 ! /ate ( m9d ( a philosoph] & physiologi/1 imp>tially incl9$ t[>ds life4 ,8 "w c be divid$ into sev]al great s]ies3 ! race-c\rses1 ! ballet-danc]s1 & ! wom5 ba?+ c\nt among ! mo/ important4 ,! race-c\rses h inspir$ ,degas ) num]\s pictures4 ,he %[s 9 !m a surpris+ k ( ! horse4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect pa9t]s ( horses :o h ev] exi/$4 ,he has caught ! mo/ curi\s & true/ actions ) infallible sur5ess ( sight4 ,8 racec\rse sc5es are full ( vitality & picturesqu5ess4 ,aga9/ cle> skies1 & light backgr\nds ( lawn1 indicat$ ) quiet h>mony1 ,degas assembles orig9al gr\ps ( horses :i* "o c see mov+1 hesitat+1 int5sely alive2 & no?+ c\ld be fre%]1 gay] & m delici\sly pictorial1 ?an ! gre51 r$ & yell[ notes ( ! jockey's co/umes /rewn l fl[]s ov] ^! atmosph]ic1 lum9\s l&scapes1 :]e col\rs d n cla%1 b are always g5tly %imm]+1 dissolv$ 9 uni=m cle>ness4 ,! admirable draw+ ( horses & m5 is s precise & seems s simple1 t "o c only sl[ly und]/& ! ext5t ( ! difficulty ov]come1 ! tru? ( ^! attitudes & ! n]v\s delicacy ( ! execution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,! ,,danc+ ,,lesson--,,pa/el ,! danc]s g mu* fur!r /ill 9 ! expression ( ,degas's temp]am5t4 ,!y h be5 /udi$ at ! foy] ( ! ,op]a & at ! rehe>sal1 sometimes 9 gr\ps1 sometimes isolat$4 ,"s pictures :i* w always c\nt among ! ma/]pieces ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 repres5t ! :ole corps de ballet p]=m+ on ! /age be=e a d>k & empty h\se4 ,by ! feeble light ( "s lamps ! black coats ( ! /age manag]s mix !mselves ) ! gauze skirts4 ,"h ! draughtsman jo9s ! great col\ri/3 ! petticoats ( p9k or :ite tulle1 ! graceful legs cov]$ ) fle%-col\r$ silk1 ! arms & ! %\ld]s1 & ! hair cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 (f] motives ( exquisite col\r & ( a tone ( liv+ fl[]s4 ,b ! psy*ologi/ does n lose 8 rights3 n only does he amuse himself ) not+ ! special movem5ts ( ! danc]s1 b he also notes ! anatomical defects4 ,he %[s ) cruel frankness1 ) a /range love ( mod]n "*1 ! /rong legs1 ! ?9 %\ld]s1 & ! provok+ & vulg> heads ( ^! frequ5tly ugly girls ( common orig94 ,) ! irony ( an entomologi/ pi]c+ ! col\r$ insect he %[s u ! dis5*ant+ reality 9 ! sad %ad[ ( ! sc5es1 ( ^! butt]flies :o dazzle u on ! /age4 ,he unveils ! rev]se side ( a dream )\t1 h[ev]1 c>icatur+2 he raises ev51 "u ! imp]fection ( ! bodies1 ! animal grace ( ! organisms2 he has ! sev]e beauty ( ! true4 ,he gives to 8 gr\ps ( ballet-danc]s ! *>m+ l9e ( g>l&s & re/ores to !m a h>mony 9 ! ensemble1 s z to prove t he does n misjudge ! *>m conf]r$ ^u !m by rhy?m1 h[ev] defective !y may be individually4 ,at o!r times he devotes himself to ! /udy ( _! practice4 ,9 b>e rooms ) curta9less w9d[s1 9 ! cold & sad light ( ! boxes1 he passionately draws ! danc]s le>n+ _! /eps1 rea*+ high b>s ) ! tips ( _! toes1 =c+ !mselves into qua9t poses 9 ord] to make !mselves m supple1 manoeuvr+ to ! s\nd ( a fiddle scrat*$ by an old tea*]--& he leaves u /upefi$ at ! k1 ! obs]vation1 ! tal5t pr(usely sp5t on ^! little pictures4 ,fur!rmore !re are humor\s sc5es3 ballet-danc]s *att+ 9 ! d>k ) habitus ( ! ,op]a1 o!rs look+ at ! h\se ?r\gh ! small op5+ ( ! curta91 o!rs re-ty+ _! %oe-laces1 & !y all are prodigi\s draw+s ( movem5t anatomically z correct z !y are unexpect$4 ,degas's old /yle ( draw+ und]goes modification3 ) ! help ( slight de=mations1 acc5tuations ( ! modell+ & subtle falsifications ( ! proportions1 manag$ ) inf9ite tact & k1 ! arti/ br+s =? 9 relief ! important ge/ure1 subord9at+ to x all ! o!rs4 ,he attempts draw+ by movem5t z x is caught by our eyes 9 life1 :]e !y d n /ate ! proportions1 b fir/ ( all ! ge/ure :i* /rikes !m4 ,9 ^! draw+s by ,degas all ! l9es foll[ ! impulsion ( ! ?\ght4 ,:at "o sees fir/1 is ! movem5t transmitt$ to ! memb]s by ! w4 ,! active "p ( ! body is m c>efully /udi$ ?an ! re/1 :i* is indicat$ by bold =e%ort5+s1 plac$ 9 ! second plane1 & app>5tly only s]ves to ?r[ into relief ! rais$ arm or leg4 ,?is is no long] m]ely exact1 x is true2 x is a sup]ior degree ( tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,! ,,danc]s ,^! pictures ( danc]s are psy*ologic docum5ts ( great value4 ,! physical & moral atmosph]e ( ^! surr\nd+s is call$ =? by a ma/]4 ,su* & su* a figure or attitude tells u m ab\t ,p>isian life ?an a :ole novel1 & ,degas has be5 lavi% ( 8 intellect & 8 philosophy ( bitt] scepticism4 ,b !y are also m>vell\s pictorial /udies :i*1 9 spite ( ! special1 anecdotal subjects1 rise to ! level ( gr& pa9t+ ?r\gh %e] p[] ( draughtsman%ip & *>m ( tone4 ,degas has ! special quality ( giv+ ! precise s5sation ( ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,! atmosph]e circulates r\nd 8 figures2 y walk r\nd !m2 y see !m 9 _! real plane1 & !y pres5t !mselves 9 a ?\s& unexpect$ arrangem5ts4 ,degas is und\bt$ly ! "o man ( 8 age :o has mo/ contribut$ t[>ds infus+ new life into ! repres5tation ( human figures3 9 ?is respect 8 pictures resemble no "o else's4 ,! same qualities w be f\nd 9 8 s]ies ( wom5 ba?+4 ,^! int]iors1 :]e ! actions ( ! ba!rs are caught amid/ ! /uffs1 fl[]$ cu%ions1 l951 sponges & tubs1 are %>p visions ( mod]nity4 ,degas obs]ves "h1 ) ! t5aci\s p]fection ( 8 tal5t1 ! slighte/ %iv] ( ! fle% refre%$ by cold wat]4 ,8 ma/]ly draw+ foll[s ! mo/ delicate inflexion ( ! muscles & sugge/s ! n]v\s sy/em "u ! sk94 ,he obs]ves ) extraord9>y subtlety ! awkw>dness ( ! nude be+ at a "t :5 nudity is no long] accu/om$ to %[ itself1 & ?is true nudity is 9 /rong contra/ to t ( ! academicians4 ,"o might say ( ,degas t he has ! disease ( tru?1 if ! necessity ( tru? 7 n heal? itself6 ,^! bodies are /ill m>k$ ) ! impressions ( ! g>m5ts2 ! movem5ts rema9 ^? ( a clo!d be+ :i* is only nude z an exception4 ,! pa9t] notices beauty1 b he looks = x p>ticul>ly 9 ! pr(\nd *>act]isation ( ! types :i* he /udies1 & 8 pa/els h ! massiv5ess & ! sombre /yle ( bronze4 ,he has also pa9t$ caf-sc5es1 pro/itutes & sup]s1 ) a mock+ & sad en]gy2 he has ev5 amus$ himself ) pa9t+ wa%]wom51 to translate ! movem5ts ( ! wom5 ( ! p4 ,& 8 col\r ) its pe>ly :ites1 subdu$ blues & delicate greys1 always elevates ev]y?+ he does1 & conf]s ^u him a di/9ctive /yle4 ,f9ally1 ab\t #ahif1 ,degas has reveal$ himself z a dreamy l&scapi/4 ,8 rec5t l&scapes are symphonies 9 col\rs ( /range h>mony & halluc9ations ( r>e tones1 resembl+ music r ?an pa9t+4 ,x is p]haps 9 ^! pictures t he has reveal$ c]ta9 dreams hi!rto jeal\sly hidd54 ,& n[ ,i mu/ speak ( 8 te*nique4 ,x is v s+ul> & v>i$1 & "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 8 fir/ works1 :i* are app>5tly z simple z ,corot's1 he does n employ ! process ( col\r-spots4 ,b _m ( ! works 9 8 second mann] are a comb9ation ( draw+1 pa9t+ & pa/el4 ,he has inv5t$ a k9d ( engrav+ mix$ ) wa%-draw+1 pa/el crayon cru%$ ) bru%es ( special patt]n4 ,"h "o c f9d aga9 8 meticul\s _s4 ,he has _m ( ! qualities ( ! sci5ti/2 he is z mu* *emi/ z pa9t]4 ,x has be5 said ( him1 t he 0 a great arti/ ( ! decad5ce4 ,?is is mat]ially inexact1 s9ce 8 qualities ( draughtsman%ip are ^? ( a sup]b ,classici/1 & 8 col\r+ ( v pure ta/e4 ,b ! _s ( 8 "w1 8 love ( exact detail1 8 exagg]at$ psy*ological ref9em5t1 are c]ta9ly ! signs ( an extremely al]t intellect :o reg>ds life prosaically & ) a lassitude & dis5*antm5t :i* are only consol$ by ! passion = tru?4 ,c]ta9 wat]-col\rs ( 8 height5$ by pa/el1 & c]ta9 l&scapes1 are some:at disconc]t+ ?r\gh ! preci\sness ( 8 me?od2 o!rs are surpris+ly spontane\s4 ,all 8 "w has an und]curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,9 %ort1 ?is ,reali/ is almo/ a my/ic4 ,he has obs]v$ a limit$ section ( humanity1 b :at he has se5 has n be5 se5 s pr(\ndly by anybody else4 ,illu/ration3 ,,degas ,,horses ,,9 ,,! ,,mead[s ,degas has ex]cis$ an occult1 b v s]i\s1 influ5ce4 ,he has liv$ alone1 )\t pupils & almo/ )\t fri5ds2 ! only pupils "o might speak ( are ! c>icaturi/ ,=a91 :o has pa9t$ _m small pictures inspir$ by him1 & ! excell5t ,am]ican lady-arti/ ,miss ,m>y ,cassatt4 ,b all mod]n draughtsm5 h be5 taught a lesson by 8 pa9t+3 ,r5\>d1 ,t\l\se-,lautrec & ,/e9l5 h be5 impress$ by x1 & ! "y g5]ation consid]s ,degas z a ma/]4 ,& t is also ! unexpress$ idea ( ! academicians1 & especially ( ^? :o h suffici5t tal5t to be able to appreciate all ! sci5ce & p[] ( su* an art4 ,! writ] ( ?is book happ5$ "o day to m5tion ,degas's "n be=e a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,:at6 exclaim$ he1 y "k him8 ,:y didn't y speak to me ab\t him8 ,& :5 he receiv$ ! reply1 t ,i did n consid] ,degas to be an agreeable topic = him1 ! illu/ri\s (ficial answ]$ vivaci\sly1 ,b d y ?9k ,i am a fool1 & t ,i d n "k t ,degas is "o ( ! greate/ draughtsm5 :o h ev] liv$8--,:y1 !n1 my de> sir1 has he nev] be5 receiv$ at ! ,salons1 & n ev5 be5 decorat$ at ! age ( sixty-five8--,ah1 repli$ ! ,academician a little angrily1 t is ano!r matt]6 ,degas despises glory4 ,x is believ$ t he has by him a numb] ( canvases :i* w h to be burnt aft] 8 dea? 9 accordance ) 8 w4 ,he is a man :o has lov$ 8 art l a mi/ress1 ) jeal\s passion1 & has sacrific$ to x all t o!r arti/s--en?usia/s ev5--are accu/om$ to res]ve = _! p]sonal int]e/4 ,degas1 ! incomp>able pa/elli/1 ! faultless draughtsman1 ! bitt]1 satirical1 pessimi/ic g5ius1 is an isolat$ ph5om5on 9 8 p]iod1 a gr& creator1 unatta*$ to 8 "t4 ,! pa9t]s & ! select few among art-lov]s "k :at consid]able =ce !re is 9 him4 ,?\gh almo/ lat5t z yet1 x w reveal itself brilliantly1 :5 an opportunity arises = br++ toge!r ! va/ quantity ( 8 "w4 ,z is ! case ) ,manet1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t s5se1 8 p[]ful classic qualities w become mo/ prom95t 9 ?is ordeal1 & ?is classicism has nev] ab&on$ him 9 8 audacities4 ,to ,degas is due a new me?od ( obs]vation 9 draw+4 ,he w h be5 ! fir/ to /udy ! relation betwe5 ! mov+ l9es ( a liv+ be+ & ! immovable l9es ( ! sc5e :i* s]ves z its sett+2 ! fir/1 also1 to def9e draw+1 n z a graphic sci5ce1 b z ! valuation ( ! ?ird dim5sion1 & ?us to apply to pa9t+ ! pr9ciples hi!rto res]v$ = sculpture4 ,f9ally1 he w be c\nt$ among ! great analy/s4 ,8 vision1 t5aci\s1 int5se1 & sombre1 /imulates ?\ght3 across :at appe>s to be ! mo/ imm$iate & ev5 ! mo/ vulg> reality x rea*es a gr&1 arti/ic /yle2 x /ates pr(\ndly ! facts ( life1 x cond5ses a little ! human s\l3 & ?is w suffice to secure = ,degas an important place 9 8 epo*1 a little ap>t f ,impressionism4 ,)\t noise1 & ?r\gh ! %e] *>m ( 8 orig9ality1 he has contribut$ 8 %>e t[>ds und]m9+ ! false doctr9es ( academic art be=e ! pa9t]s1 z ,manet has und]m9$ !m be=e ! public4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,an ,,int]ior1 ,,aft] ,,d9n] ,v ,,claude ,,monet3 ,,8 ,,"w1 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,) ,claude ,monet we ent] ^u ,impressionism 9 its mo/ significant te*nical expression1 & t\* ^u ! pr9cipal po9ts ref]r$ to 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is book4 ,claude ,monet1 ! arti/ic desc5dant ( ,claude ,lorra91 ,turn]1 & ,monticelli1 has _h ! m]it & ! orig9ality ( op5+ a new road to l&scape pa9t+ by d$uc+ sci5tific /atem5ts f ! /udy ( ! laws ( light4 ,8 "w is a magnific5t v]ification ( ! optical discov]ies made by ,helmholtz & ,*evreul4 ,x is born spontane\sly f ! arti/'s vision1 & happ5s to be a rigor\s demon/ration ( pr9ciples :i* ! pa9t] has probably nev] c>$ to "k4 ,?r\gh ! p[] ( 8 faculties ! arti/ has happ5$ to jo9 h&s ) ! sci5ti/4 ,8 "w supplies n only ! v basis ( ! ,impressioni/ movem5t prop]1 b ( all t has foll[$ x & w foll[ x 9 ! /udy ( ! s-call$ *romatic laws4 ,x w s]ve to give1 s to say1 a ma!matic necessity to ! happy f9ds met by ! arti/s hi!rto1 & x w also s]ve to end[ decorative art & mural pa9t+ ) a process1 ! applications ( :i* are manyfold & spl5did4 ,i h already summ$ up ! ideas :i* foll[ f ,claude ,monet's pa9t+ m cle>ly ev5 ?an f ,manet's4 ,suppression ( local col\r1 /udy ( reflections by means ( complem5t>y col\rs & division ( tones by ! process ( t\*es ( pure1 juxtapos$ col\rs--^! are ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( *romatism 7= ?is ^w %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! v vague t]m ,impressionism74 ,claude ,monet has appli$ !m sy/ematically1 especially 9 l&scape pa9t+4 ,!re are a few portraits ( 81 :i* %[ t he might h made an excell5t figure pa9t]1 if l&scape _h n absorb$ him entirely4 ,"o ( ^! portraits1 a l>ge full-l5g? ( a lady ) a fur-l9$ jacket & a sat9 dress ) gre5 & black /ripes1 w\ld 9 itself be suffici5t to save f oblivion ! man :o has pa9t$ x4 ,b ! /udy ( light ^u ! figure has be5 ! special preoccupation ( ,manet1 ,r5oir1 & ,piss>ro1 &1 aft] ! ,impressioni/s1 ( ! great lyrici/1 ,alb]t ,besn>d1 :o has conc5trat$ ! ,impressioni/ qualities by plac+ !m at ! s]vice ( a v p]sonal conception ( symboli/ic art4 ,monet comm5c$ ) try+ to f9d 8 way by pa9t+ figures1 !n l&scapes & pr9cipally sea pictures & boats 9 h>b\rs1 ) a some:at sombre robu/ness & v broad & solid draughtsman%ip4 ,8 fir/ lum9\s /udies date back to ab\t #ahhe4 ,ob$i5t to ! same ideas z ,degas he _h to avoid ! ,salons & only %[ 8 pictures gradually 9 private gall]ies4 ,= ye>s he rema9$ unkn[n4 ,x is only giv+ ,m4 ,dur&-,ruel 8 due1 to /ate t he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to anticipate ! ,impressioni/ s*ool & to buy ! fir/ works ( ^! pa9t]s1 :o 7 treat$ z madm5 & *>latans4 ,he has become great ) !m1 & has made 8 =tune & !irs ?r\gh hav+ _h confid5ce 9 !m1 & no =tune has be5 bett] des]v$4 ,?irty ye>s ago nobody w\ld h b\ght pictures by ,degas or ,monet1 :i* are sold to-day = a ?\s& p\nds4 ,?is detail is only m5tion$ to %[ ! evolution ( ,impressionism z reg>ds public op9ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,! ,,h>b\r1 ,,honfleur ,s mu* has ,monet be5 attract$ by ! analysis ( ! laws ( light t he has made light ! real subject ( all 8 pictures1 & to %[ cle>ly 8 int5tion he has treat$ "o & ! same site 9 a s]ies ( pictures pa9t$ f nature at all h\rs ( ! day4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^: results are ! great divisions ( 8 "w :i* might be call$ ,inve/igation ( ! v>iations ( sunlight4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! s]ies are ! ,hay-ricks1 ! ,popl>s1 ! ,cliffs ( ,etretat1 ! ,golfe ,juan1 ! ,co9s de ,rivire1 ! ,ca!drals1 ! ,wat]-lilies1 & f9ally ! ,?ames s]ies :i* ,monet is at pres5t engag$ ^u4 ,!y are l great poems1 & ! spl5d\r ( ! *os5 !me1 ! or*e/ration ( ! %iv]s ( brightness1 ! symphonic p>ti-pris ( ! col\rs1 make _! realism1 ! m9ute contemplation ( reality1 approa* idealism & lyric dream+4 ,monet pa9ts ^! s]ies f nature4 ,he is said to take ) him 9 a c>riage at sunrise "s tw5ty canvases :i* he *anges f h\r to h\r1 tak+ !m up aga9 ! next day4 ,he notes1 = example1 f n9e to t5 o'clock ! mo/ subtle effects ( sunlight ^u a hay-rick2 at t5 o'clock he passes on to ano!r canvas & recomm5ces ! /udy until elev5 o'clock4 ,?us he foll[s /ep by /ep ! modifications ( ! atmosph]e until nightfall1 & f9i%es simultane\sly ! works ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,he has pa9t$ a hay-/ack 9 a field tw5ty times ov]1 & ! tw5ty hay-/acks are all diff]5t4 ,he exhibits !m toge!r1 & "o c foll[1 l$ by ! magic ( 8 bru%1 ! hi/ory ( light play+ ^u "o & ! same object4 ,x is a dazzl+ display ( lum9\s atoms1 a k9d ( pan!i/ic evocation4 ,light is c]ta9ly ! ess5tial p]sonage :o dev\rs ! outl9es ( ! objects1 & is ?r[n l a transluc5t veil betwe5 our eyes & matt]4 ,"o c see ! vibrations ( ! waves ( ! sol> spectrum1 drawn by ! arabesque ( ! spots ( ! sev5 prismatic hues juxtapos$ ) inf9ite subtlety2 & ?is vibration is t ( heat1 ( atmosph]ic vitality4 ,! silh\ettes melt into ! sky2 ! %ad[s are lights :]e c]ta9 tones1 ! blue1 ! purple1 ! gre5 & ! orange1 pr$om9ate1 & x is ! proportional quantity ( ! spots t diff]5tiates 9 our eyes ! %ad[s f :at we call ! lights1 j z x actually happ5s 9 optic sci5ce4 ,!re are "s midday sc5es by ,claude ,monet1 :]e e mat]ial silh\ette--tree1 hay-rick1 or rock--is annihilat$1 volatilis$ 9 ! fi]y vibration ( ! du/ ( sunlight1 & be=e :i* ! behold] gets really bl9d$1 j z he w\ld 9 actual sunlight4 ,sometimes ev5 !re are no m %ad[s at all1 no?+ t c\ld s]ve to indicate ! values & to create contra/s ( col\rs4 ,ev]y?+ is light1 & ! pa9t] seems easily to ov]come ^? t]rible difficulties1 lights ^u lights1 ?anks to a gift ( m>vell\s subtlety ( sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,! ,,*ur* ,,at ,,v>5geville ,g5]ally he f9ds a v simple motif suffici5t2 a hay-rick1 "s sl5d] trunks ris+ skyw>ds1 or a clu/] ( %rubs4 ,b he also proves himself z p[]ful draughtsman :5 he attacks !mes ( great] complexity4 ,nobody kn[s z he does h[ to place a rock amid/ tumultu\s waves1 h[ to make "o und]/& ! enorm\s con/ruction ( a cliff :i* fills ! :ole canvas1 h[ to give ! s5sation ( a clu/] ( p9es b5t by ! w9d1 h[ to ?r[ a bridge across a riv]1 or h[ to express ! massiv5ess ( ! soil "u a summ] sun4 ,all ?is is con/ruct$ ) bread?1 tru? & =ce "u ! delici\s or fi]y symphony ( ! lum9\s atoms4 ,! mo/ unexpect$ tones play 9 ! foliage4 ,on close inspection we are a/oni%$ to f9d x /rip$ ) orange1 r$1 blue & yell[ t\*es1 b se5 at a c]ta9 di/ance ! fre%ness ( ! gre5 foliage appe>s to be repres5t$ ) infallible tru?4 ,! eye recomposes :at ! bru% has dissociat$1 & "o f9ds oneself p]plex$ at all ! sci5ce1 all ! secret ord] :i* has presid$ ov] ?is accumulation ( spots :i* seem project$ 9 a furi\s %[]4 ,x is a v]itable or*e/ral piece1 :]e e col\r is an in/rum5t ) a di/9ct "p1 & :]e ! h\rs ) _! diff]5t t9ts repres5t ! successive !mes4 ,monet is ! equal ( ! greate/ l&scape pa9t]s z reg>ds ! compreh5sion ( ! true "* ( e soil he has /udi$1 :i* is ! supreme quality ( 8 art4 ,?\gh absorb$ beyond all by /udy ( ! sunlight1 he has ?\ght x useless to g to ,morocco or ,alg]ia4 ,he has f\nd ,brittany1 ,holl&1 ! ,ile de ,france1 ! ,cote d',azur & ,engl& suffici5t s\rces ( inspiration = 8 symphonies1 :i* cov] f end to end ! scale ( p]ceptible col\rs4 ,he has express$1 = in/ance1 ! mild & vapor\s s(tness ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! luxuriant vegetation ( ! g>d5s ( ,cannes & ,antibes1 ) a tru?fulness & k ( ! psy*ology ( l& & wat] :i* c only be prop]ly appreciat$ by ^? :o live 9 ?is en*ant$ region4 ,?is has n prev5t$ him f und]/&+ bett] ?an anybody ! wildness1 ! gr& au/]5ess ( ! rocks ( ,belle-,isle en m]1 to express x 9 pictures 9 :i* "o really feels ! w9d1 ! spray1 & ! ro>+ ( ! heavy wat]s break+ aga9/ ! impassibility ( ! granite rocks4 ,8 rec5t s]ies ( ,wat]-lilies express$ all ! melan*olic & fre% *>m ( quiet bas9s1 ( sweet bits ( wat] block$ by ru%es & calyxes4 ,he has pa9t$ und]woods 9 ! autumn1 :]e ! mo/ subtle %ades ( bronze & gold are at play1 *rysan!mums1 pheasants1 ro(s at twilight1 dazzl+ sunfl[]s1 g>d5s1 tulip-fields 9 ,holl&1 b\quets1 effects ( sn[ & ho> fro/ ( exquisite s(tness1 & sail+ boats pass+ 9 ! sun4 ,he has pa9t$ "s views ( ! banks ( ! ,se9e :i* are q wond]ful 9 _! p[] ( conjur+ up ^! sc5es1 & ov] all ?is has rov$ 8 spl5did vision ( a great1 amor\s & radiant col\ri/4 ,! ,ca!drals are ev5 m ( a t\r de =ce ( 8 tal5t4 ,!y consi/ ( sev5te5 /udies ( ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ! t[]s ( :i* fill ! :ole ( ! picture1 leav+ b>ely a little space1 a little corn] ( ! squ>e1 at ! foot ( ! enorm\s /one-%afts :i* m\nt to ! v top ( ! picture4 ,"h he has no prop] means to express ! play ( ! reflections1 no *angeful wat]s or foliage3 ! grey /one1 worn by "t & black5$ by c5turies1 is = sev5te5 times ! mono*rome1 ! ?ankless !me ^u :i* ! pa9t] is ab\t to ex]cise 8 vision4 ,b ,monet f9ds means ( mak+ ! mo/ dazzl+ atmosph]ic h>monies sp>kle ^u ?is /one4 ,pale & rosy at sunrise1 purple at midday1 gl[+ 9 ! ev5+ "u ! rays ( ! sett+ sun1 /&+ out f ! crimson & gold1 sc>cely visible 9 ! mi/1 ! colossal edifice impresses itself ^u ! eye1 recon/ruct$ ) its ?\s& details ( ar*itectural *isell+1 drawn )\t m9ut5ess b ) sup]b decision1 & ^! pictures approa* ! composite1 bold & ri* tone ( ,ori5tal c>pets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,popl>s ,,on ,,! ,,epte ,,9 ,,autumn ,monet excels also 9 sugge/+ ! draw+ ( light1 if ,i may v5ture to use ?is expression4 ,he makes u und]/& ! movem5t ( ! vibrations ( heat1 ! movem5t ( ! lum9\s waves2 he also und]/&s h[ to pa9t ! s5sation ( /rong w9d4 ,be=e "o ( ,manet's pictures1 said ,mme4 ,morisot1 ,i always "k :i* way to incl9e my umbrella4 ,monet is also an incomp>able pa9t] ( wat]4 ,pond1 riv]1 or sea--he kn[s h[ to diff]5tiate _! col\r+1 _! consi/5cy1 & _! curr5ts1 & he transfixes a mom5t ( _! fleet+ life4 ,he is intuitive to an exceptional degree 9 ! intimate composition ( matt]1 wat]1 e>?1 /one or air1 & ?is intuition s]ves him 9 place ( intellectuality 9 8 art4 ,he is a pa9t] p> excell5ce1 a man born = pa9t+1 & ?is p[] ( p5etrat+ ! secrets ( matt] & ( light helps him to atta9 a k9d ( gr&1 unconsci\sly lyrical poetry4 ,he transposes ! imm$iate tru? ( our vision & elevates x to decorative gr&eur4 ,if ,manet is ! reali/-romantici/ ( ,impressionism1 if ,degas is its psy*ologi/1 ,claude ,monet is its lyrical pan!i/4 ,8 "w is imm5se4 ,he produces ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 & he has yet ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! great pa9t]s3 t ( hav+ put 8 h& to e k9d ( subject4 ,8 rec5t /udies ( ! ,?ames are1 at ! decl9e ( 8 en]getic maturity1 z beautiful & z spontane\s z ! ,hay-ricks ( sev5te5 ye>s back4 ,!y are ?rill+ly tru?ful visions ( fairy mi/s1 :]e %[]s ( silv] & gold sp>kle ?r\gh rosy vap\rs2 & at ! same "t ,monet comb9es 9 ?is s]ies ! dream-l&scapes ( ,turn] ) ,monticelli's accumulation ( preci\s /ones4 ,?us int]pret$ by ?is int5se faculty ( syn!sis1 nature1 simplifi$ 9 detail & contemplat$ 9 its gr& l9es1 becomes truly a liv+ dream4 ,s9ce ! ,hay-ricks "o c say t ! "w ( ,claude ,monet is glori\s4 ,x has be5 made sacr$ to ! admir+ love ( ! connoisseurs on ! day :5 ,monet jo9$ ,rod9 9 an exhibition :i* is fam\s 9 ! annals ( mod]n art4 ,yet no (ficial di/9ction has int]v5$ to recognise "o ( ! greate/ pa9t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! influ5ce ( ,monet has be5 enorm\s all ov] ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! process ( col\r spots#a 7let u adh]e to ?is rudim5t>y "n :i* has become curr5t7 has be5 adopt$ by a :ole cr[d ( pa9t]s4 ,i %all h to say a few words ab\t x at ! end ( ?is book4 ,b x is befitt+ to t]m9ate ?is all too %ort /udy by expla9+ t ! mo/ lyrical ( ! ,impressioni/s has also be5 ! !ori/ p> excell5ce4 ,8 "w connects easel pa9t+ ) mural pa9t+4 ,no ,m9i/] ( ,f9e ,arts has be5 f\nd1 :o w\ld surm\nt ! sy/ematic opposition ( ! (ficial pa9t]s1 & give ,manet a commission = gr& mural compositions1 = :i* 8 me?od is admirably suit$4 ,x has tak5 long ye>s be=e su* works 7 entru/$ to ,besn>d1 :o1 ) ,puvis de ,*avannes1 has giv5 ,p>is h] mo/ beautiful mod]n decorations1 b ,besn>d's "w is ! direct outcome ( ,claude ,monet's h>monies4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! division ( tones & ( ! /udy ( complem5t>y col\rs has be5 full ( revelations1 & "o ( ! mo/ fruitful !ories4 ,x has probably be5 ! pr9ciple :i* w designate mo/ cle>ly ! orig9ality ( ! pa9t+ ( ! future4 ,to h inv5t$ x1 is en\gh to secure p]man5t glory = a man4 ,& )\t wi%+ to put aga9 ! "q ( ! antagonism ( realism & idealism1 "o may well say t a pa9t] :o inv5ts a me?od & %[s su* p[]1 is highly intellectual & gift$ ) a pictorial intellig5ce4 ,:atev] ! subjects he treats1 he creates an ae/hetic emotion equival5t1 if n simil>1 to ^? eng5d]$ by ! mo/ complex symbolism4 ,9 8 ard5t love ( nature ,monet has f\nd 8 greatness2 he sugge/s ! secrets by /at+ ! evid5t facts4 ,t is ! law common to all ! arts4 ,footnote #a3 ,procd de la ta*e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,claude ,,monet ,,! ,,bridge ,,at ,,arg5teuil ,,vi ,,augu/e ,,r5oir ,,& ,,8 ,,"w ,! "w ( ,augu/e ,r5oir ext5ds )\t int]ruption ov] a p]iod ( =ty ye>s4 ,x appe>s to sum up ! ideas & me?ods ( ,impressioni/ art s completely t1 %\ld x alone be sav$ f a g5]al de/ruction1 x w\ld suffice to be> witness to ?is entire art movem5t4 ,x has unfold$ itself f #ahfe to our days ) a happy magnific5ce1 & x all[s u to di/+ui% sev]al p]iods1 9 ! te*nique at lea/1 s9ce ! v>iety ( its subjects is inf9ite4 ,l ,manet1 & l all truly great & p[]ful pa9t]s1 ,m4 ,r5oir has treat$ almo/ ev]y?+1 nudes1 portraits1 subject pictures1 seascapes & /ill-life1 all ) equal beauty4 ,8 fir/ mann] %[s him to be a v direct desc5dant ( ,b\*]4 ,8 female nudes are altoge!r 9 eighte5? c5tury ta/e & he uses ! same te*nique z ,b\*]3 fat & sleek pa9t ( s(t brilliancy1 laid on ) ! palette knife1 ) precise /rokes r\nd ! pr9cipal values2 p9k & ivory t9ts reliev$ by /rong blues simil> to ^? ( enamels2 ! light di/ribut$ ev]y:]e & almo/ exclud+ ! opposition ( ! %ad[s2 &1 f9ally1 vivaci\s attitudes & an ef=t t[>ds decorative conv5tion4 ,nev]!less1 8 ,ba!rs1 ( :i* he has pa9t$ a l>ge s]ies1 are 9 _m ways ?or\ghly mod]n & p]sonal4 ,r5oir's nude is nei!r t ( ,monet1 nor ( ,degas1 ^: ma9 conc]n 0 tru?1 ! la/-nam$ ev5 try+ to def9e 9 ! undress$ be+ su* psy*ologic obs]vations z are g5]ally look$ = 9 ! features ( ! clo!d be+4 ,nor is ,r5oir's nude t ( ! academicians1 t poetis$ nude arrang$ accord+ to a pseudo-,greek ideal1 :i* has no?+ 9 common ) contempor>y wom54 ,:at ,r5oir sees 9 ! nude is less ! l9e1 ?an ! brilliancy ( ! epid]mis1 ! lum9\s1 nacre\s sub/ance ( ! fle%3 x is ! ideal clay2 & 9 ?is he %[s ! vision ( a poet2 he transfigures reality1 b 9 a v diff]5t s5se f t ( ! ,s*ool4 ,r5oir's woman comes f a primitive dream-l&2 %e is an artless1 wild creature1 bloom+ 9 p]fum$ scrub4 ,he sets h] 9 backgr\nds ( foliage or ( blue1 foam-fr+$ torr5ts4 ,%e is a luxuriant1 firm1 heal?y & nave woman ) a p[]ful body1 a small head1 h] eyes wide op51 ?\ghtless1 brilliant & ignorant1 h] lips blood-r$ & h] no/rils dilat$2 %e is a g5tle be+1 l ! wom5 ( ,tahiti1 born 9 a tropical clime :]e vice is z unkn[n z %ame1 & :]e entire +5u\sness is a gu>antee aga9/ all indec5cy4 ,"o _c b be a/oni%$ at ?is mixture ( ,japanism1 savagism & eighte5? c5tury ta/e1 :i* con/itutes inimitably ! nude ( ,r5oir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,d,,jeun] ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,9 ,,! ,,box ,m4 ,r5oir's second mann] is m directly relat$ to ! ,impressioni/ me?ods3 x is t ( 8 l&scapes1 8 fl[]s & 8 portraits4 ,"h "o c feel 8 relation%ip ) ,manet & ) ,claude ,monet4 ,^! pictures are hat*+s ( col\rs accumulat$ to r5d] less ! objects ?an _! transp>5cy across ! atmosph]e4 ,! portraits are frankly pres5t$ & broadly execut$4 ,! arti/ occupies himself 9 ! fir/ place ) gett+ correct values & an exact sugge/ion ( dep?4 ,he und]/&s ! illogicality ( a false p]fection :i* is z int]e/$ 9 a tr9ket z 9 an eye1 & he kn[s h[ to proportion ! int]e/ ( ! picture :i* %\ld guide ! behold]'s look to ! ess5tial po9t1 ?\gh e "p %\ld be correctly execut$4 ,he kn[s h[ to int]pret nature 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 h[ to /op 9 "t2 h[ to sugge/ by leav+ a "p app>5tly unf9i%$2 h[ to indicate1 beh9d a figure1 ! sea or "s l&scape ) j a few broad t\*es :i* suffice to sugge/ x )\t usurp+ ! pr9cipal "p4 ,x is n[1 t ,r5oir pa9ts 8 greate/ works1 ! ,djen] des ,canoti]s1 ! ,bal au ,m\l9 de la ,galette1 ! ,box1 ! ,t]race1 ! ,fir/ ,/ep1 ! ,sleep+ ,woman ) a ,cat1 & 8 mo/ beautiful l&scapes2 b 8 nature is too caprici\s to be satisfi$ ) a s+le te*nique4 ,!re are "s l&scapes t are rem9isc5t ( ,corot or ( ,anton ,mauve2 ! ,woman ) ! brok5 neck is relat$ to ,manet2 ! portrait ( ,sisley inv5ts po9tillism fifte5 ye>s be=e ! po9tilli/s2 ,la ,p5se1 ?is ma/]piece1 evokes ,hoppn]4 ,b 9 ev]y?+ reappe>s ! inv9cible ,fr5* in/9ct3 ! ,jeune ,fille au pani] is a ,greuze pa9t$ by an ,impressioni/2 ! delightful ,jeune ,fille la prom5ade is connect$ ) ,fragon>d2 ! ,box1 a p]fect m>vel ( elegance & k1 cond5ses ! :ole worldl9ess ( #ahge4 ,! portrait ( ,jeanne ,sam>y is an evocation ( ! mo/ beautiful portraits ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a poem ( :ite sat9 & gold5 hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,"y ,,girl ,,prom5ad+ ,r5oir's realism be>s 9 spite ( all1 ! impr9t ( ! lyric _s & ( sweetness4 ,x has nei!r ! n]v\s v]acity ( ,manet1 nor ! bitt]ness ( ,degas1 :o bo? love _! epo* & f9d x int]e/+ )\t idealis+ x & :o h ! vision ( psy*ologi/ noveli/s4 ,be=e ev]y?+ else he is a pa9t]4 ,:at he sees 9 ! ,bal au ,m\l9 de la ,galette1 are n ! /igmata ( vice & impud5ce1 ! ridicul\s & ! sad sides ( ! d\btful types ( ?is l[ resort4 ,he sees ! gaiety ( ,sundays1 ! fla%es ( ! sun1 ! oddity ( a cr[d c>ri$ away by ! rhy?m ( ! valses1 ! laught]1 ! cl9k+ ( glasses1 ! vibrat+ & hot atmosph]e2 & he applies to ?is spectacle ( joy\s vulg>ity 8 gifts z a sumptu\s col\ri/1 ! arabesque ( ! l9es1 ! gracefulness ( 8 ba!rs1 & ! happy eury?my ( 8 s\l4 ,! /raw hats are *ang$ into gold1 ! blue jackets are sapphires1 & out ( a /ill exact realism is born a poem ( light4 ,! ,djen] des ,canoti]s is a subject :i* has be5 pa9t$ a hundr$ times1 ei!r = ! purpose ( /udy+ popul> types1 or ( pa9t+ :ite table-clo?s amid/ sunny foliage4 ,yet ,r5oir is ! only pa9t] :o has rais$ ?is small subject to ! proportions & ! /yle ( a l>ge canvas1 ?r\gh ! pictorial *>m & ! ma/]ly ri*ness ( ! arrangem5t4 ,! ,box1 conceiv$ 9 a l[ h>mony1 9 a gold5 twilight1 is a "w wor?y ( ,reynolds4 ,! pale & att5tive face ( ! lady makes "o ?9k ( ! great ,engli% ma/]'s be/ works2 ! necklace1 ! fle%1 ! fl\nce ( lace & ! h&s are m>vels ( skill & ( ta/e1 :i* ! greate/ mod]n virtuosos1 ,s>g5t & ,besn>d1 h n surpass$1 &1 z f> z ! man 9 ! backgr\nd is conc]n$1 8 :ite wai/coat1 8 dress-coat1 8 glov$ h& w\ld suffice to secure ! fame ( a pa9t]4 ,! ,sleep+ ,woman1 ! ,fir/ ,/ep1 ! ,t]race1 & ! decorative ,dance panels reveal ,r5oir z an intimi/e & z an admirable pa9t] ( *ildr54 ,8 /range col\r+ & 8 gifts ( grasp+ nature & ( +5uity--/rang]s to all decad5t complexity--h all[$ him to rank among ! be/ ( ^? :o h express$ *ildhood 9 its true aspect1 )\t ov]load+ x ) ov]-precoci\s ?\ghts4 ,f9ally1 ,r5oir is a pa9t] ( fl[]s ( dazzl+ v>iety & exquisite spl5d\r4 ,!y supply him ) inexhau/ible pretexts = suave & subtle h>monies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,woman',s ,,bu/ ,8 ?ird mann] has surpris$ & deceiv$ c]ta9 admir]s ( 84 ,x seems to mix 8 two fir/ te*niques1 comb9+ ! pa9t+ ) ! palette knife & ! pa9t+ 9 t\*es ( divid$ tones4 ,he se>*es = c]ta9 accords & contra/s almo/ analog\s to ! musical dissonances4 ,he realises incr$ible false impressions4 ,he seems to take z !mes ori5tal c>pets3 he ab&ons realism & /yle & conceives symphonies4 ,he pleases himself 9 assembl+ ^? tones :i* "o is g5]ally afraid ( us+3 ,turki% p9k1 lemon1 cru%$ /rawb]ry & viridian4 ,sometimes he amuses himself ) amass+ fad$ col\rs :i* w\ld be di%e>t5+ ) o!rs1 b out ( :i* he c extract a h>mony4 ,sometimes he plays ) ! crude/ col\rs4 ,"o feels di/urb$1 *>m$1 disconc]t$1 z "o w\ld be=e an ,indian %awl1 a b>b>ic piece ( pott]y or a ,p]sian m9iature1 & "o refra9s f =c+ into ! limits ( a def9ition ?is exceptional virtuoso ^: passionate love ( col\r ov]comes e difficulty4 ,x is 9 ?is mo/ rec5t "p ( 8 evolution1 t ,r5oir appe>s ! mo/ caprici\s & ! mo/ poetical ( all ! pa9t]s ( 8 g5]ation4 ,! fl[]s f9d !mselves treat$ 9 v>i\s te*niques accord+ to _! own "*3 ! gladioles & roses 9 pa/y pa9t1 ! poor fl[]s ( ! field are def9$ by a cross-hat*+ ( little t\*es4 ,influ5c$ by ! purple %ad[ ( ! l>ge fl[]-deck$ hats1 ! heads ( "y girls are pa9t$ on co>se canvas1 sket*$ 9 broad /rokes1 ) ! hair 9 "o col\r only4 ,"s little /udy appe>s l wool1 "s o!r has ! air ( agate1 or is m>bl$ & ve9$ accord+ to 8 inexplicable :im4 ,we h "h an incessant confusion ( me?ods1 a complete emancipation ( ! virtuoso :o li/5s only to 8 fancy4 ,n[ & !n ! h>monies are false & ! draw+ incorrect1 b ^! weaknesses d at lea/ no h>m to ! values1 ! "* & ! g5]al movem5t ( ! "w1 :i* are r acc5tuat$ by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,"y ,,woman ,,9 ,,empire ,,co/ume ,surely1 x w\ld be false to exclude ideologi/ pa9t+ :i* has produc$ wond]s1 & n less iniquit\s to reproa* ,impressionism ) n hav+ tak5 any int]e/ 9 x6 ,"o has to avoid ! k9d ( criticism :i* consi/s 9 reproa*+ "o movem5t ) n hav+ _h ! qualities ( ! o!rs :il/ ma9ta9+ its own1 & we h ab&on$ ! idea ( ,beauty divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( clauses & programmes1 t[>ds ! sum total ( :i* ! ef=ts ( ! eclectic c&idates are direct$4 ,m4 ,r5oir is probably ! mo/ repres5tative figure ( a movem5t :]e he seems to h unit$ all ! qualities ( 8 fri5ds4 ,to criticise him means to criticise ,impressionism itself4 ,hav+ sp5t half ( its /r5g? 9 prov+ to its adv]s>ies t !y 7 wrong1 & ! o!r half 9 inv5t+ te*nical me?ods1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ,impressionism has be5 want+ 9 intellectual dep? & has left to its successors ! c>e ( realis+ works ( great ?\ght4 ,b x has br\ght u a sunny smile1 a brea? ( pure air4 ,x is s fasc9at+1 t "o _c b love its v mi/akes :i* make x m human & m accessible4 ,r5oir is ! mo/ lyrical1 ! mo/ musical1 ! mo/ subtle ( ! ma/]s ( ?is art4 ,"s ( 8 l&scapes are z beautiful z ^? ( ,claude ,monet4 ,8 nudes are z ma/]ly 9 pa9t+ z ,manet's1 & m supple4 ,n hav+ atta9$ ! sci5tific draw+ :i* "o f9ds 9 ,degas's1 !y h a grace & a brilliancy :i* ,degas's nudes h nev] kn[n4 ,if 8 r>e portraits ( m5 are inf]ior to ^? ( 8 rivals1 8 wom5's portraits h a frequ5tly sup]ior di/9ction4 ,8 great mod]n compositions are equal to ! mo/ beautiful works by ,manet & ,degas4 ,8 inequalities are also m /rik+ ?an !irs4 ,be+ a fanta/ic1 n]v\s improvisator he is m expos$ to radical mi/akes4 ,b he is a pr(\ndly s9c]e & consci5ti\s arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r5oir ,,on ,,! ,,t]race ,! race speaks 9 him4 ,x is inexplicable t he %\ld n h met ) />tl+ success1 s9ce he is voluptu\s1 bright1 happy & le>n$ )\t heav9ess4 ,"o has to attribute 8 relative isolation to ! viol5ce ( ! controv]sies1 & p>ticul>ly to ! dignity ( a poet g5tly disda9ful ( public op9ion & pay+ att5tion solely to pa9t+1 8 great & only love4 ,manet has be5 a fight] ^: works h creat$ sc&al4 ,r5oir has nei!r %[n1 nor hidd5 himself3 he has pa9t$ accord+ to 8 dream1 spread+ 8 works1 )\t mix+ up 8 "n or 8 p]sonality ) ! tumult t rag$ ar\nd 8 fri5ds4 ,& n[1 = t v reason1 8 "w appe>s fre%] & y\ng]1 m primitive & c&id1 m intoxicat$ ) fl[]s1 fle% & sunlight4 ,,vii ,,! ,,second>y ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,impressionism--,,camille ,,piss>ro1 ,,alfr$ ,,sisley1 ,,paul ,c,,zanne1 ,,b]! ,,morisot1 ,,miss ,,m>y ,,cassatt1 ,,eva ,,gonzal,s1 ,,gu/ave ,,caillebotte1 ,,bazille1 ,,alb]t ,,leb\rg1 ,,eug,,ne ,,b\d94 ,manet1 ,degas1 ,monet & ,r5oir w pres5t !mselves z a glori\s qu>tet ( ma/]s1 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,we mu/ n[ speak ( "s p]sonalities :o h gr[n up by _! side & :o1 )\t be+ great1 (f] nev]!less a ri* & beautiful s]ies ( works4 ,( ^! p]sonalities ! mo/ consid]able is c]ta9ly t ( ,m4 ,camille ,piss>ro4 ,he pa9t$ accord+ to "s wise & some:at timid =mulas1 :5 ,manet's example won him ov] to ,impressionism to :i* he has rema9$ fai?ful4 ,m4 ,piss>ro has be5 enorm\sly productive4 ,8 "w is compos$ ( l&scapes1 ru/ic sc5es1 & /udies ( /reets & m>kets4 ,8 fir/ l&scapes are 9 ! mann] ( ,corot1 b ba!d 9 blond col\r3 va/ cornfields1 sunny woods1 skies ) big1 flock+ cl\ds1 effects ( s(t light--^! are ! motifs ( "s *>m+ canvases :i* h a solid1 classic quality4 ,lat] ! arti/ adopt$ ! me?od ( ! dissociation ( tones1 f :i* he obta9$ "s happy effects4 ,8 h>ve/ & m>ket sc5es are lum9\s & alive4 ,! figures 9 ^! recall ^? ( ,millet4 ,!y be> witness to high qualities ( s9c]e obs]vation1 & are ! "w ( a man pr(\ndly enam\r$ ( ru/ic life4 ,m4 ,piss>ro excels 9 gr\p+ ! figures1 9 correctly cat*+ _! attitudes & 9 r5d]+ ! m$ley ( a cr[d 9 ! sun4 ,c]ta9 fans 9 p>ticul> w always rema9 delightful caprices ( fre% col\r1 b x w\ld be va9 to look 9 ?is attractive1 animat$ & cle> pa9t+ = ! psy*ologic gifts1 ! pr(\nd feel+ = gr& silh\ettes1 & ! intuition ( ! worn & gloomy s\l ( ! m5 ( ! soil1 :i* h made ,millet's noble glory4 ,at ! "t :51 ab\t #ahhe1 ! neo-,impressioni/s :om we %all /udy lat] on inv5t$ ! ,po9tilli/ me?od1 ,m4 ,piss>ro tri$ x & appli$ x judici\sly1 ) ! pati5t1 s]i\s & slightly anxi\s tal5t1 by :i* he is di/+ui%$4 ,rec5tly1 9 a s]ies ( pictures repres5t+ views ( ,p>is 7! b\lev>ds & ! ,av5ue de l',opra7 ,m4 ,piss>ro has %ewn r>e vision & skill & has p]haps sign$ 8 mo/ beautiful & p]sonal pa9t+s4 ,! p]spective1 ! light+1 ! tones ( ! h\ses & ( ! cr[ds1 ! reflections ( ra9 or sun%9e are int5sely true2 !y make "o feel ! atmosph]e1 ! *>m & ! s\l ( ,p>is4 ,"o c say ( ,piss>ro t he lacks none ( ! gifts ( 8 pr(ession4 ,he is a le>n$1 fruitful & upright arti/4 ,b he has lack$ orig9ality2 he always recalls ^? :om he admires & ^: ideas he applies boldly & ta/efully4 ,x is probable t 8 consci5ti\s nature has contribut$ n little t[>ds keep+ him 9 ! second rank4 ,incapable1 c]ta9ly1 ( volunt>ily imitat+1 ?is excell5t & dilig5t pa9t] has n _h ! sp>ks ( g5ius ( 8 fri5ds1 b all t c be giv5 to a man ?r\gh consci5ti\s /udy1 /riv+ aft] tru? & love ( art1 has be5 acquir$ by ,m4 ,piss>ro4 ,! re/ dep5d$ on de/9y only4 ,!re is no "* m wor?y ( respect & no ef=t m m]itori\s ?an 81 & !re c be no bett] pro( ( 8 dis9t]e/$ness & 8 mode/y1 ?an ! fact t1 al?\gh he has ?irty ye>s ( "w beh9d him1 an hon\r$ "n & :ite hair1 ,m4 ,piss>ro did n hesitate to adopt1 q frankly1 ! te*nique ( ! "y ,po9tilli/ pa9t]s1 8 juniors1 because x appe>$ to him bett] ?an 8 own4 ,he is1 if n a great pa9t]1 at lea/ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ru/ic l&scape pa9t]s ( our epo*4 ,8 visions ( ! c\ntry are q 8 own1 & are a h>moni\s mixture ( ,classicism & ,impressionism :i* w secure "o ( ! mo/ hon\rable places to 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,piss>ro ,,rue ,,de ,l',,epic]ie1 ,,r\5 ,illu/ration3 ,,piss>ro ,,b\lev>de ,,montm>tre ,illu/ration3 ,,piss>ro ,,! ,,boildieaux ,,bridge ,,at ,,r\5 ,illu/ration3 ,,piss>o ,,! ,,av5ue ,,de ,l',,op,,ra ,!re has1 p]haps1 be5 m orig9al individuality 9 ! l&scape pa9t] ,alfr$ ,sisley4 ,he possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree ! feel+ = light1 & if he did n h ! p[]1 ! ma/]ly passion ( ,claude ,monet1 he w at lea/ des]ve to be frequ5tly plac$ by 8 side z reg>ds ! expression ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( light4 ,he did n h ! decorative feel+ :i* makes ,monet's l&scapes s impos+2 "o does n see 9 8 "w t surpris+ lyrical int]pretation :i* kn[s h[ to express ! drama ( ! rag+ waves1 ! heavy slumb] ( enorm\s masses ( rock1 ! int5se torpor ( ! sun on ! sea4 ,b 9 all t conc]ns ! mild aspects ( ! ,ile de ,france1 ! sweet & fre% l&scapes1 ,sisley is n unwor?y ( be+ comp>$ ) ,monet4 ,he equals him 9 num]\s pictures2 he has a simil> delicacy ( p]ception1 a simil> f]v\r ( execution4 ,he is ! pa9t] ( great1 blue riv]s curv+ t[>ds ! horizon2 ( blossom+ or*>ds2 ( bright hills ) r$-ro($ hamlets scatt]$ ab\t2 he is1 beyond all1 ! pa9t] ( ,fr5* skies :i* he pres5ts ) admirable vivacity & facility4 ,he has ! feel+ = ! transp>5cy ( atmosph]e1 & if 8 te*nique allies him directly ) ,impressionism1 "o c well feel1 t he pa9t$ spontane\sly & t ?is te*nique happ5$ to be adapt$ to 8 nature1 )\t 8 hav+ attempt$ to appropriate x = ! sake ( novelty4 ,sisley has pa9t$ a notable s]ies ( pictures 9 ! qua9t village ( ,moret on ! outskirts ( ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 :]e he di$ at a ripe age1 & ^! canvases w figure among ! mo/ *>m+ l&scapes ( our epo*4 ,sisley 0 a vet]an ( ,impressionism4 ,at ! ,exhibition ( #aijj1 9 ! two rooms res]v$ = ! works ( ?is s*ool1 !re 7 to be se5 a doz5 ( ,sisley's canvases4 ,by ! side ( ! f9e/ ,r5oirs1 ,monets & ,manets !y kept _! *>m & _! brilliancy ) a s+ul> flav\r1 & ?is 0 = _m critics a revelation z to ! real place ( ?is arti/1 :om !y _h hi!rto consid]$ z a pretty col\ri/ ( only relative importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sisley ,,sn[ ,,effect ,illu/ration3 ,,sisley ,,b\gival1 ,,at ,,! ,,wat]',s ,,edge ,illu/ration3 ,,sisley ,,bridge ,,at ,,moret ,paul ,czanne1 unkn[n to ! public1 is appreciat$ by a small gr\p ( art lov]s4 ,he is an arti/ :o lives 9 ,prov5ce1 away f ! _w2 he is suppos$ to h s]v$ z model = ! ,impressioni/ pa9t] ,claude ,lanti]1 describ$ by ,zola 9 8 celebrat$ novel ,l',oeuvre4 ,czanne has pa9t$ l&scapes1 ru/ic sc5es & /ill-life pictures4 ,8 figures are clumsy & brutal & inh>moni\s 9 col\r1 b 8 l&scapes h ! m]it ( a robu/ simplicity ( vision4 ,^! pictures are almo/ primitive1 & !y are lov$ by ! "y ,impressioni/s because ( _! exclusion ( all clev]ness4 ,a *>m ( rude simplicity & s9c]ity c be f\nd 9 ^! works 9 :i* ,czanne employs only j ! means :i* are indisp5sable = 8 end4 ,8 /ill-life pictures are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ ow+ to ! spotless brilliancy ( _! col\rs1 ! /raight=w>dness ( ! tones1 & ! orig9ality ( c]ta9 %ades analog\s to ^? ( old fai5ce4 ,czanne is a consci5ti\s pa9t] )\t skill1 int5sely absorb$ 9 r5d]+ :at he sees1 & 8 /rong & t5aci\s att5tion has sometimes succe$$ 9 f9d+ beauty4 ,he rem9ds m ( an anci5t ,go?ic craftsman1 ?an ( a mod]n arti/1 & he is full ( repose z a contra/ to ! dazzl+ virtuosity ( s _m pa9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c,,zanne ,,dess]t ,b]! ,morisot w rema9 ! mo/ fasc9at+ figure ( ,impressionism1--! "o :o has /at$ mo/ precisely ! fem9eity ( ?is lum9\s & iridesc5t art4 ,hav+ m>ri$ ,eugne ,manet1 ! bro!r ( ! great pa9t]1 %e exhibit$ at v>i\s private gall]ies1 :]e ! works ( ! fir/ ,impressioni/s 7 to be se51 & became z fam\s = h] tal5t z = h] beauty4 ,:5 ,manet di$1 %e took *>ge ( 8 memory & ( 8 "w1 & %e help$ ) all h] en]getic intellig5ce to procure !m _! j & f9al e/imation4 ,mme4 ,eugne ,manet has c]ta9ly be5 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful types ( ,fr5* wom5 ( ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 %e di$ prematurely at ! age ( fifty 79 #ahie71 %e left a consid]able am\nt ( "w3 g>d5s1 "y girls1 wat]-col\rs ( ref9$ ta/e1 ( surpris+ en]gy1 & ( a col\r+ z di/+ui%$1 z x is unexpect$4 ,z great gr&-daught] ( ,fragon>d1 ,b]! ,morisot 7s9ce we ought to leave h] ! "n ) :i* h] respect = ,manet's great "n made h] always sign h] works7 seem$ to h inh]it$ f h] fam\s ance/or 8 ,fr5* gracefulness1 8 spirit$ elegance1 & all 8 o!r great qualities4 ,%e has also felt ! influ5ce ( ,corot1 ( ,manet & ( ,r5oir4 ,all h] "w is ba!d 9 brightness1 9 azure1 9 sunlight2 x is a woman's "w1 b x has a /r5g?1 a fre$om ( t\* & an orig9ality1 :i* "o w\ld h>dly h expect$4 ,h] wat]-col\rs1 p>ticul>ly1 belong to a sup]ior art3 "s notes ( col\r suffice to indicate sky1 sea1 or a =e/ backgr\nd1 & ev]y?+ %[s a sure & ma/]ly fancy1 = :i* our "t c (f] no analogy4 ,a s]ies ( ,b]! ,morisot's works looks l a v]itable b\quet ^: brilliancy is due less to ! col\r-s*emes :i* are comp>atively s(t1 grey & blue1 ?an to ! absolute correctness ( ! values4 ,a hundr$ canvases1 & p]haps ?ree hundr$ wat]-col\rs atte/ ?is tal5t ( ! fir/ rank4 ,norm&y coa/ sc5es ) pe>ly skies & turquoise horizons1 sp>kl+ ,nice g>d5s1 fruit-lad5 or*>ds1 girls 9 :ite dresses ) big fl[]-deck$ hats1 "y wom5 9 ball-dress1 & fl[]s are ! fav\rite !mes ( ?is arti/ :o 0 ! fri5d ( ,r5oir1 ( ,degas & ( ,mall>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]! ,,morisot ,,melan*oly ,illu/ration3 ,,b]! ,,morisot ,,"y ,,woman ,,seat$ ,miss ,m>y ,cassatt w des]ve a place by h] side4 ,am]ican by bir?1 %e became ,fr5* ?r\gh h] assidu\s p>ticipation 9 ! exhibitions ( ! ,impressioni/s4 ,%e is "o ( ! v few pa9t]s :om ,degas has advis$1 ) ,=a9 & ,m4 ,erne/ ,r\>t4 7,?is latt]1 a pa9t] himself1 a son ( ! pa9t] & weal?y collector ,h5ri ,r\>t1 has m>ri$ ,mme4 ,manet's daught] :o is also an arti/47 ,miss ,cassatt has made a speciality ( /udy+ *ildr51 & %e is1 p]haps1 ! arti/ ( ?is p]iod :o has und]/ood & express$ !m ) ! greate/ orig9ality4 ,%e is a pa/elli/ ( note1 & "s ( h] pa/els are z good z ,manet's & ,degas's1 s f> z broad execution & brilliancy & delicacy ( tones are conc]n$4 ,t5 ye>s ago ,miss ,cassatt exhibit$ a s]ies ( t5 et*+s 9 col\r1 repres5t+ sc5es ( mo!rs & *ildr5 at _! toilet4 ,at t "t ?is g5re 0 almo/ ab&on$1 & ,miss ,cassatt caus$ a/oni%m5t by h] boldness :i* fac$ ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties4 ,"o c reli% 9 ?is arti/'s pictures1 besides ! great qualities ( solid draughtsman%ip1 correct values1 & skilful int]pretation ( fle% & /uffs1 a pr(\nd s5tim5t ( infantile life1 *ildi% ge/ures1 cle> & unconsci\s looks1 & ! lov+ expression ( ! mo!rs4 ,miss ,cassatt is ! pa9t] & psy*ologi/ ( babies & "y mo!rs :om %e likes to depict 9 ! fre%ness ( an or*>d1 or aga9/ backgr\nds ( ! fl[]$ hang+s ( dress+-rooms1 amid/ bright l951 tubs1 & *9a1 9 smil+ intimacy4 ,to ^! two rem>kable wom5 ano!r has to be add$1 ,eva ,gonzals1 ! fav\rite pupil ( ,manet :o has pa9t$ a f9e portrait ( h]4 ,eva ,gonzals became ! wife ( ! excell5t engrav] ,h5ri ,gur>d1 & di$ prematurely1 n1 h[ev]1 be=e "o 0 able to admire h] tal5t z an exquisitely delicate pa/elli/4 ,hav+ fir/ be5 a pupil ( ,*apl91 %e soon came to =get ! tricks ( te*nique 9 ord] to acquire "u ,manet's guidance ! qualities ( cle>ness & ! /r5g? ( ! great pa9t] ( ,arg5teuil2 & %e w\ld c]ta9ly h tak5 "o ( ! fir/ places 9 mod]n art1 _h n h] c>e] be5 cut %ort by dea?4 ,a small pa/el at ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y proves h] conv9c+ qualities z a col\ri/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>y ,,cassatt ,,gett+ ,,up ,,baby ,illu/ration3 ,,m>y ,,cassatt ,,wom5 ,,& ,,*ild ,gu/ave ,caillebotte 0 a fri5d ( ! ,impressioni/s f ! v fir/ h\r4 ,he 0 ri*1 fond ( art1 & himself a pa9t] ( great m]it :o mode/ly kept hidd5 beh9d 8 comrades4 ,8 picture ,les raboteurs de p>quets made him =m]ly ! butt ( d]ision4 ,to-day 8 "w1 at ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y seems h>dly a fit pretext = s mu* controv]sy1 b at t "t mu* 0 consid]$ z madness1 t to our eyes appe>s q natural4 ,?is picture is a /udy ( oblique p]spective & its curi\s ensemble ( ris+ l9es suffic$ to provoke a/oni%m5t4 ,! "w is1 moreov]1 grey & discreet 9 col\r & has "s qualities ( f9e light1 b is on ! :ole n v int]e/+4 ,rec5tly an exhibition ( works by ,caillebotte has made x app>5t t ?is amateur 0 a misjudg$ pa9t]4 ,! /ill-life pictures 9 ?is exhibition 7 specially rem>kable4 ,b ! "n ( ,caillebotte 0 de/9$ to rea* ! public only 9 connection ) controv]sies & sc&al4 ,:5 he di$1 he left to ! ,/ate a magnific5t collection ( objets-d'art & ( old pictures1 & also a collection ( ,impressioni/ works1 /ipulat+ t ^! two beque/s %\ld be insep>able4 ,he wi%$ by ?is means to impose ! works ( 8 fri5ds ^u ! museums1 & ?us av5ge _! unju/ neglect4 ,! ,/ate accept$ ! two legacies1 s9ce ! ,l\vre absolutely want$ to b5efit by ! anci5t portion1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,academicians :o revolt$ aga9/ ! acceptance ( ! mod]n "p4 ,on ?is occasion "o c\ld see h[ f> ! (ficial arti/s 7 c>ri$ by _! hatr$ ( ! ,impressioni/s4 ,a gr\p ( ,academicians1 pr(essors at ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts1 ?reat5$ ! m9i/] t !y w\ld resign en masse4 ,we _c1 !y wrote to ! pap]s1 cont9ue to tea* an art ( :i* we believe we "k ! laws1 f ! mom5t ! ,/ate admits into ! museums1 :]e our pupils c see !m1 works :i* are ! v negation ( all we tea*4 ,a heat$ discussion foll[$ 9 ! press1 & ! m9i/] boldly decl>$ t ,impressionism1 good or bad1 _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! public1 & t x 0 ! duty ( ! ,/ate to receive imp>tially ! "w ( all ! art movem5ts2 ! public w\ld "k h[ to judge & *oose2 ! ,gov]nm5t's duty 0 n to influ5ce !m by %[+ !m only "o /yle ( pa9t+1 b to rema9 9 hi/oric neutrality4 ,?anks to ?is clev] reply1 ! ,academicians1 among :om ,m4 ,grme 0 ! mo/ rabid1 resign$ !mselves to keep+ _! po/s4 ,a simil> incid5t1 less publicly viol5t1 b equally /range1 occurr$ on ! occasion ( ! admission to ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y ( ! portrait ( ,m4 ,:i/l]'s "m1 a ma/]piece ( :i* ! gall]y is pr\d to-day1 & = :i* a gr\p ( writ]s & art lov]s _h succe$$ 9 op5+ ! way4 ,x is difficult to imag9e ! degree ( irritation & ob/ruction ( ! (ficial pa9t]s aga9/ all ! ideas ( ! new pa9t+1 & if x _h only dep5d$ ^u !m1 !re c be no d\bt t ,manet & 8 fri5ds w\ld h di$ 9 total obscurity1 n only bani%$ f ! ,salons & museums1 b also treat$ z madm5 & robb$ ( ! possibility ( liv+ by _! "w4 ,! ,caillebotte collection 0 in/all$ "u conditions :i* ! ill-w ( ! adm9i/rators made at lea/ z deplorable z possible4 ,! works 7 cr[d$ into a small1 badly light$ room1 :]e x is absolutely impossible to see !m f ! di/ance requir$ by ! me?od ( ! division ( tones1 & ! meanness ( ! opposition 0 su* t1 ! pictures hav+ be5 bequea!d )\t frames1 ! keep] 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! res]ves ( ! ,l\vre1 because he 0 refus$ ! necess>y cr$it = pur*as+ !m4 ,! collection is h[ev] beautiful & int]e/+4 ,x does n repres5t ,impressionism 9 all its brilliancy1 s9ce ! works by :i* x is compos$ _h be5 b\ght by ,caillebotte at a "t1 :5 8 fri5ds 7 /ill f> f hav+ arriv$ at ! full blossom+ ( _! qualities4 ,b "s v f9e ?+s c at lea/ be f\nd !re4 ,r5oir is m>vell\sly repres5t$ by ! ,m\l9 de la ,galette1 :i* is "o ( 8 ma/]pieces4 ,degas figures ) sev5 beautiful pa/els1 ,monet ) "s l&scapes gr& 9 /yle2 ,sisley & ,piss>ro appe> sc>cely to _! advantage1 & f9ally x is to be regrett$1 t ,manet is only repres5t$ by a /udy 9 black 9 8 fir/ mann]1 ! ,balcony1 :i* does n c\nt among 8 be/ pictures1 & ! fam\s ,olympia ^: importance is m hi/orical ?an intr9sic4 ,! gall]y has sep>ately acquir$ a ,"y ,girl 9 ,ball ,dress by ,b]! ,morisot1 :i* is a delicate m>vel ( grace & fre%ness4 ,& 9 ! place ( hon\r ( ! gall]y is to be se5 ,fant9-,lat\r's great picture ,hommage ,manet1 9 :i* ! pa9t]1 seat$ be=e 8 easel1 is surr\nd$ by 8 fri5ds2 & ?is canvas may well be consid]$ ! emblem ( ! sl[ triumph ( ,impressionism1 & ( ! am5ds = a great inju/ice4 ,x is 9 ?is picture t ! "y pa9t] ,bazille is repres5t$1 a fri5d & pupil ( ,manet's1 :o 0 kill$ dur+ ! w> ( #ahgj1 & :o %\ld n be =gott5 "h4 ,he has left a few canvases m>k$ by great tal5t1 & w\ld no d\bt h c\nt$ among ! mo/ orig9al contempor>y arti/s4 ,we %all t]m9ate ?is all too %ort enum]ation ) two rem>kable l&scapi/s2 ! "o is ,alb]t ,leb\rg :o pa9ts 9 suave & poetic col\r s*emes1 ) blues & gre5s ( p>ticul> t5d]ness1 a pa9t] :o w take 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,impressionism4 ,! o!r is ,eugne ,b\d94 ,he has n adopt$ ,claude ,monet's te*nique2 b ,i h already said t ! vague & inexact t]m ,impressionism mu/ be und]/ood to comprise a gr\p ( pa9t]s %[+ orig9ality 9 ! /udy ( light & gett+ away f ! academic _s4 ,z to ?is1 ,eugne ,b\d9 des]ves to be plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,8 canvases w be ! pride ( ! be/ arrang$ gall]ies4 ,he is an admirable seascape pa9t]4 ,he has kn[n h[ to r5d] ) unfail+ ma/]y1 ! grey wat]s ( ! ,*annel1 ! /ormy skies1 ! heavy cl\ds1 ! effects ( sunlight feebly pi]c+ ! prevail+ grey4 ,8 num]\s pictures pa9t$ at ! port ( ,havre are pr(\ndly expressive4 ,nobody has excell$ him 9 draw+ sail+-boats1 9 giv+ ! exact feel+ ( ! keels plung$ into ! wat]1 9 gr\p+ ! ma/s1 9 r5d]+ ! activity ( a port1 9 indicat+ ! value ( a sail aga9/ ! sky1 ! fluidity ( calm wat]1 ! melan*oly ( ! di/ance1 ! %iv] ( %ort waves rippl$ by ! breeze4 ,b\d9 is a le>n$ col\ri/ ( grey tones4 ,8 ,impressionism consi/s 9 ! exclusion ( useless details1 8 compreh5sion ( reflections1 8 feel+ = values1 ! boldness ( 8 composition & 8 faculty ( directly p]ceiv+ nature & ! transp>5cy ( atmosph]e3 he rem9ds sometimes ( ,con/able & ( ,corot4 ,b\d9's production has be5 enorm\s1 & no?+ t he has done is indiff]5t4 ,he is "o ( ^? arti/s :o h n a brilliant c>e]1 b :o w la/1 & ^: "n1 fai?fully reta9$ by ! elect1 is sure ( immortality4 ,he may be consid]$ an isolat$ arti/1 on ! bord] l9e betwe5 ,classicism & ,impressionism1 & ?is is unque/ionably ! cause ( ! comp>ative obscurity ( 8 fame4 ,! same might be said ( ! +5u\s & f9e l&scapi/ ,h]vi]1 :o has left su* int]e/+ canvases2 & ( ! ,lyons wat]-col\r pa9t] ,ravi] :o1 almo/ absolutely unkn[n1 came v close to ,monticelli & %[$ admirable gifts4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be recognis$ t ,b\d9 is ne>] to ,impressionism ?an to any o!r gr\p+ ( arti/s1 & he mu/ be consid]$ z a small ma/] ( pure ,fr5* l9eage4 ,f9ally1 if a "q ( nationality prev5ts me f enl>g+ ^u ! subject ( ! rank ( precursor :i* mu/ be accord$ to ! great ,dut* l&scapi/ ,jongk9d1 ,i mu/ at lea/ m5tion 8 "n4 ,8 wat]-col\r sket*es h be5 v]itable revelations = sev]al ,impressioni/s4 ,eugne ,b\d9 & ,b]! ,morisot h d]iv$ special b5efit f !m1 & !y are valuable lessons = _m "y pa9t]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jongk9d ,,9 ,,holl& ,illu/ration3 ,,jongk9d ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,hague ,we d n pret5d to h m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] all ! pa9t]s directly connect$ ) ! fir/ ,impressioni/ movem5t4 ,we h conf9$ ourselves to enum]at+ ! mo/ important only1 & ea* ( !m w\ld des]ve a complete essay4 ,b our object w h be5 a*iev$1 if we h inspir$ art-lov]s ) j e/eem = ?is brave phalanx ( arti/s :o h prov$ bett] ?an any ae/hetic comm5t>ies ! vitality1 ! orig9ality1 & ! logic ( ,manet's !ories1 ! great importance ( ! notions introduc$ by him into pa9t+1 & :o h1 on ! o!r h&1 cle>ly demon/rat$ ! uselessness ( (ficial tea*+4 ,f> f ! traditions & me?ods ( ! ,s*ool1 ! be/ ( _! k & ( _! tal5t is due to _! pr(\nd & s9c]e contemplation ( nature & to _! fre$om ( _s4 ,& = t reason !y w h a p]man5t place 9 ! evolution ( _! art4 ,,viii ,,! ,,mod]n ,,illu/rators ,,connect$ ,,) ,,impressionism3 ,,raffa,,lli1 ,,t\l\se-,,lautrec1 ,,=a91 ,,*,,ret1 ,,etc4 ,n ! lea/ important result ( ,impressionism has be5 ! v]itable revolution effect$ by x 9 ! art ( illu/ration4 ,x 0 only natural t its pr9ciples %\ld h l$ to x4 ,! sub/itution ( ! beauty ( "* = ! beauty ( proportion 0 b\nd to move ! arti/s to reg>d illu/ration 9 a new light2 & z pictorial ,impressionism 0 born ( ! same movem5t ( ideas :i* creat$ ! naturali/ novel & ! impressioni/ lit]ature ( ,flaub]t1 ,zola & ! ,gonc\rts1 & moreov] z ^! m5 7 unit$ by close relations & a common def5ce1 ,ed\>d ,manet's mod]n ideas soon took up ! comm5t>y ( ! books deal+ ) mod]n life & ! description ( actual spectacles4 ,! ,impressioni/s !mselves h n contribut$ t[>ds illu/ration4 ,_! "w has consi/$ 9 rais+ to ! /yle ( gr& pa9t+ subjects1 t seem$ at ! be/ only wor?y ( ! proportion ( vignettes1 9 opposition to ! subjects qualifi$ z noble by ! ,s*ool4 ,! s]ies ( works by ,manet & ,degas may be consid]$ z admirable illu/rations to ! novels by ,zola & ! ,gonc\rts4 ,x is a p>allel rese>* 9 mod]n psy*ologic tru?4 ,b ?is rese>* has rema9$ conf9$ to pictures4 ,x may be presum$ t1 _h !y wi%$ to d s1 ,manet & ,degas c\ld h admirably illu/rat$ c]ta9 contempor>y novels1 & ,r5oir c\ld h produc$ a ma/]piece 9 comm5t+1 say1 ^u ,v]la9e's ,ftes ,galantes4 ,! only ?+s t c be m5tion$ "h are a few draw+s compos$ by ,manet = ,edg> ,a4 ,poe's ,! ,rav5 & ,mall>m's ,l',aprs-,midi d'un ,faune1 9 addition to a few music cov]s )\t any great int]e/4 ,b if ! ,impressioni/s !mselves h neglect$ actively to assi/ ! int]e/+ s*ool ( mod]n illu/ration1 a :ole legion ( draughtsm5 h imm$iately be5 inspir$ by _! pr9ciples4 ,"o ( _! mo/ orig9al *>act]i/ics 0 ! reali/ic repres5tation ( ! sc5es1 ! mise en cadre1 & x af=d$ ^! draughtsm5 an opportunity = revolutionis+ book illu/ration4 ,!re _h already be5 "s excell5t arti/s :o occupi$ !mselves ) vignette draw+s1 l ,tony ,johannot & ,cle/9 ,nanteuil1 ^: pretty & sm>t frontispieces are to be f\nd 9 ! old editions ( ,balzac4 ,! g5ius ( ,honor ,daumi] & ! high fancy ( ,gav>ni & ( ,grv9 _h already ann\nc$ a s]i\s prote/ ( mod]n s5tim5t aga9/ academic ta/e1 9 return+ on _m po9ts to ! free tradition ( ,eis51 ( ! two ,moreaus & ( ,debuc\rt4 ,s9ce #ahde ! draughtsman ,con/ant9 ,guys1 ,baudelaire's fri5d1 gave evid5ce1 9 8 mo/ animat$ wat]-col\r draw+s1 ( a curi\s vision ( n]v\s elegance & ( expressive skill q 9 accord ) ! ideas ( ! day4 ,impressionism1 & also ! revelation ( ! ,japanese col\r pr9ts1 gave an incr$ible vig\r to ^! intuitive glimpses4 ,c]ta9 *>act]i/ics w date f ! days ( ,impressionism4 ,x is due to ,impressionism t arti/s h v5tur$ to %[ 9 illu/ration1 = in/ance1 figures 9 ! =egr\nd cut ?r\gh by ! m>g91 ris+ p]spectives1 figures 9 ! backgr\nd t seem to /& on a high] plane ?an ! o!rs1 p se5 f a second /ory2 9 a ^w1 all t life pres5ts to our eyes1 )\t ! annoy+ consid]ation = /yle & = arrangem5t1 :i* ! academic _s ob/9ately insi/$ to apply to ! illu/ration ( mod]n life4 ,degas 9 p>ticul> has giv5 _m examples ( ?is novelty 9 composition4 ,"o ( 8 pa/els has rema9$ typical1 ow+ to ! sc&al caus$ by x3 he repres5ts a dance-sc5e at ! ,op]a1 se5 f ! or*e/ra4 ,! neck ( a d\ble bass rises 9 ! middle ( ! picture & cuts into x1 a l>ge black silh\ette1 beh9d :i* sp>kle ! gauze-dresses & ! lights4 ,t c be obs]v$ any ev5+1 & yet x w\ld be difficult to recapitulate all ! raill]ies & all ! ang] caus$ by s natural an audacity4 ,mod]n illu/ration 0 to be ! pretext ( a good _m m outbur/s6 ,we mu/ n[ consid] f\r arti/s ( great importance :o are rem>kable pa9t]s & h greatly rais$ ! art ( illu/ration4 ,?is title illu/rator1 despis$ by ! (ficial pa9t]s1 %\ld be giv5 !m z ! "o :i* has secur$ !m ! be/ claim to fame4 ,!y h re/or$ to ?is title all its m]it & all its brilliancy & h introduc$ into illu/ration ! mo/ s]i\s qualities ( pa9t+4 ,( ^! f\r m5 ! fir/ 9 date is ,m4,j4,f4 ,raffalli1 :o introduc$ himself ab\t #ahge ) "s rem>kable & int5sely picturesque illu/rations 9 col\rs 9 v>i\s magaz9es4 ,he gave an admirable s]ies ( ,p>isian ,types1 9 album =m1 & a s]ies ( et*+s to accompany ! text ( ,m4 ,huysmans1 describ+ ! curi\s riv] la ,bivre :i* p5etrates ,p>is 9 a ?\s& curves1 sometimes subt]ranean1 sometimes above gr\nd1 & s]ves ! tann]s = wa%+ ! lea!r4 ,?is s]ies is a model ( mod]n illu/ration4 ,b1 ap>t f ! book1 ! entire pictorial "w ( ,m4 ,raffalli is a humor\s & psy*ological illu/ration ( ! pres5t "t4 ,he has pa9t$ ) unique tru? & _s ! work+ m5's types & ! small b\rgeois1 ! poor1 ! hospital pati5ts & ! roam]s ( ! outskirts ( ,p>is4 ,he has succe$$ 9 be+ ! poet ( ! sickly & dirty l&scapes by :i* ! capitals are surr\nd$2 he has r5d]$ _! anaemic *>m1 ! confus$ p]spectives ( h\ses1 f5ces1 walls & little g>d5s1 & _! smoke1 "u ! melan*oly ( ra9y skies4 ,) an irony free f bitt]ness he has not$ ! clumsy ge/ures ( ! lab\r] 9 8 ,sunday g>b & ! grotesque silh\ettes ( ! small t[nsm51 & has compil$ a gall]y ( v real sociologic int]e/4 ,m4 ,raffalli has also exhibit$ ,p>isian l&scapes 9 :i* appe> great qualities ( light4 ,he excels 9 r5d]+ ! morn+s 9 ! spr+1 ) _! pe>ly skies1 _! pale lights1 _! transp>5cy & _! slight %ad[s1 & f9ally he has prov$ 8 ma/]y by "s l>ge portraits1 fre% h>monies1 g5]ally devot$ to ! /udy ( diff]5t qualities ( :ite4 ,if ! "n ,impressioni/ meant1 z has be5 wrongly believ$1 an arti/ :o conf9es himself to giv+ ! impression ( :at he sees1 !n ,m4 ,raffalli w\ld be ! real ,impressioni/4 ,he sugge/s m ?an he pa9ts4 ,he employs a curi\s te*nique3 he (t5 leaves a sky completely b>e1 ?r[+ on to ! :ite ( ! canvas a few col\r notes :i* suffice to give ! illusion4 ,he has a decid$ pref]5ce = :ite & black1 & pa9ts v slightly 9 small t\*es4 ,8 v correct feel+ = values makes him an excell5t pa9t]2 b :at int]e/s him beyond all1 is psy*ologic expression4 ,he notes x ) s ha/y a p5cil1 t "o might almo/ say t he writes ) col\r4 ,he is also an et*] ( great m]it1 & an orig9al sculptor4 ,he has inv5t$ small bas-reliefs 9 bronze :i* c be atta*$ to ! wall1 l sket*es or nick-nacks2 & he has appli$ 8 tal5t ev5 to r5ew+ ! mat]ial = pa9t+4 ,he is an +5i\s arti/ & a prolific produc]1 a rogui%1 b sympa!tic1 obs]v] ( ! life ( ! small p1 :i* has n prev5t$ him f pa9t+ v s]i\sly :5 he want$ to1 z is witness$ among o!r works by 8 v f9e portrait ( ,m4 ,clem5ceau speak+ at a public meet+1 9 ! pres5ce ( a vocif]\s audi5ce f :i* rise "s hundr$ ( heads ^: expressions are not$ ) really spl5did en]gy & f]v\r4 ,h5ri de ,t\l\se-,lautrec1 :o di$ rec5tly1 insane1 leaves a great "w beh9d him4 ,he _h a k9d ( cruel g5ius4 ,desc5d$ f "o ( ! greate/ families ( ,france1 badly treat$ by nature :o made him a k9d ( ail+ dw>f1 he seem$ to take a bitt] pleasure 9 ! /udy ( mod]n vice4 ,he pa9t$ sc5es at caf-conc]ts & ! rooms ( wantons ) int5se tru?4 ,nobody has reveal$ bett] ?an he ! l[ness & suff]+ ( ! creatures ( pleasure1 z !y h be5 dubb$ by ! he>tr5d+ irony ( life4 ,lautrec has %[n ! artificiality ( ! pa9t$ faces2 ! vulg>ity ( ! types ( ! pro/itutes ( l[ orig92 ! infam\s ge/ures1 ! disord]1 ! slov5l9ess ( ! dwell+s ( ^! wom52 all ! %ady side ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 said t he lov$ ugl9ess4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he did n exagg]ate1 he rais$ a p[]ful accusation aga9/ ev]y?+ he saw4 ,b 8 t]rible clairvoyance pass$ = c>icature4 ,?is sad psy*ologi/ 0 a great pa9t]2 he pleas$ himself ) dress+ 9 rose-col\r$ co/umes ! co>se/ & mo/ vulg> creatures he pa9t$1 su* z "o c f9d at ! cab>ets & conc]ts1 & he enjoy$ ! contra/ ( fre% tones ) ! faces m>k$ by vice & pov]ty2 ,lautrec's two great influ5ces h be5 ! ,japanese & ,degas4 ,( ! =m] he reta9$ ! love = decorative arabesques & ! unconv5tional gr\p+2 ( ! o!r ! le>n$ draughtsman%ip1 expressive 9 its broad simplification1 & "o might say t ! pupil has (t5 be5 wor?y ( ! ma/]s4 ,"o c only regret t ,lautrec %\ld h conf9$ 8 vision & 8 high faculties to ! /udy ( a small & v ,p>isian _w2 b1 see+ 8 works1 "o _c d5y ! sci5ce1 ! _s & ! gr& be>+ ( 8 art4 ,he has also sign$ "s f9e po/]s1 notably a ,bruant :i* is a ma/]piece ( its k9d4 ,degas's deep influ5ce c be f\nd aga9 9 ,j4,l4 ,=a91 :o has made himself kn[n by an imm5se s]ies ( draw+s = ! illu/rat$ pap]s1 draw+s z rem>kable 9 !mselves z !y are1 ?r\gh _! leg5ds1 bitt]ly s>ca/ic 9 _s4 ,^! draw+s =m a syn!sis ( ! defects ( ! b\rgeoisie1 :i* is at ! same "t amus+ & grave4 ,!y also conc]n1 ?\gh less happily1 ! political _w1 9 :i* ! arti/1 a little intoxicat$ ) 8 success1 has ?\ght himself able to ex]cise an influ5ce by sc(f+ at ! p>liam5t>y rgime4 ,=a9's draw+ has a n]v\s "* :i* does1 h[ev]1 n weak5 its sci5ce3 e /roke reveals some?+ & has an a/oni%+ p[]4 ,9 8 less kn[n pa9t+ c be trac$ /ill m cle>ly ! /yle & influ5ce ( 8 ma/] ,degas4 ,!y are g5]ally incid5ts beh9d ! sc5es & at night re/aurants1 :]e c>icatur$ types are pa9t$ ) great =ce4 ,b !y are insi/5tly exagg]at$1 !y h n ! re/ra9t1 ! ironical & discreet plausibility1 :i* give s mu* flav\r1 s mu* value to ,degas's /udies4 ,nev]!less1 ,=a9's pictures are v significant & are ( real int]e/4 ,he is decid$ly ! mo/ int]e/+ newspap] illu/rator ( 8 :ole g5]ation1 ! "o ^: ephem]al art mo/ closely approa*es gr& pa9t+1 & "o ( ^? :o h mo/ contribut$ t[>ds ! trans=mation ( illu/ration = ! contempor>y press4 ,jules ,*ret has made = himself an important & spl5did position 9 contempor>y art4 ,he comm5c$ z a li?ographic workman & liv$ = a long "t 9 ,london4 ,ab\t #ahgj ,*ret design$ 8 fir/ po/]s 9 black1 :ite & r$2 ^! 7 at ! "t ! only col\rs us$4 ,by & by he p]fect$ ?is art & f\nd ! means ( add+ o!r tones & ( draw+ !m on ! li?ographic /one4 ,he return$ to ,france1 />t$ a small /udio1 & gradually c>ri$ po/] art to ! admirable po9t at :i* x has arriv$4 ,at ! same "t ,*ret drew & pa9t$ & compos$ himself 8 models4 ,ab\t #ahhe 8 "n became fam\s1 & x has n ceas$ gr[+ s9ce4 ,"s writ]s1 notably ! em95t critic ,rog] ,m>x & ! noveli/ ,huysmans1 hail$ 9 ,*ret an orig9al arti/ z well z a le>n$ te*nician4 ,he !n exhibit$ decorative pictures1 pa/els & draw+s1 :i* plac$ him 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,*ret is univ]sally kn[n4 ,! type ( ! ,p>isian woman creat$ by him1 & ! multi-col\r$ h>mony ( 8 works w n be =gott54 ,8 w be ! hon\r ( hav+ inv5t$ ! arti/ic po/]1 ?is fea/ = ! eyes1 ?is fasc9at+ art ( ! /reet1 :i* =m]ly langui%$ 9 a t$i\s & dull display ( comm]cial adv]tisem5ts4 ,he has be5 ! promot] ( an imm5se movem5t2 he has be5 imitat$1 copi$1 p>odi$1 b he w always rema9 inimitable4 ,he has succe$$ 9 realis+ on pap] by means ( li?ography1 ! pa/els & g\a*e draw+s 9 :i* 8 admirable col\ri/'s fancy mix$ ! mo/ difficult %ades4 ,9 ,*ret c be f\nd all ! pr9ciples ( ,impressionism3 oppos+ lights1 col\r$ %ad[s1 complem5t>y reflections1 all employ$ ) ma/]ly sur5ess & delightful *>m4 ,x is decorative ,impressionism1 conceiv$ 9 a sup]ior way2 & ?is simple po/]-man1 despis$ by ! pa9t]s1 has prov$ himself equal to mo/4 ,he has trans=m$ ! /reet1 9 ! op5 light1 into a v]itable ,salon1 :]e 8 works h become fam\s4 ,:5 ?is too mode/ arti/ decid$ to %[ 8 pictures & draw+s1 !y 7 a revelation4 ,! mo/ rem>kable pa/elli/s ( ! p]iod 7 a/oni%$ & admir$ 8 skill1 8 pr(\nd k ( te*nique1 8 cont9ual t\rs-de-=ce :i* he disguis$ "u a %imm]+ gracefulness4 ,! ,/ate _h ! good s5se to entru/ him ) "s l>ge mural decorations1 9 :i* he unfold$ ! scale ( 8 sp>kl+ col\rs1 & affirm$ 8 _s1 8 fancy & 8 dreamy art4 ,*ret's h>monies rema9 secrets2 he uses !m = ! repres5tation ( *>act]s f ! ,italian com$y1 ?r[n ) fi5di% v]ve ^u a backgr\nd ( a sky1 fi]y ) ! ,b5gal lights ( a fairy-l c>nival1 & he /rangely int]m+les ! reality ( ! movem5ts ) ! mo/ arbitr>y fancy4 ,*ret has also succe$$ 9 prov+ 8 arti/ic desc5t by a beautiful s]ies ( draw+s 9 sangu9e3 he desc5ds f ,watteau1 ,b\*] & ,fragon>d2 he is a ,fr5*man ( pure blood2 & :5 "o has done admir+ ! grace & ! happy animation ( 8 imag9ation1 "o c only be surpris$ to see on :at s]i\s & sure a te*nique are bas$ ^! decorations :i* appe> improvis$4 ,*ret's art is ! smile ( ,impressionism & ! be/ demon/ration ( ! decorative logic ( ?is art4 ,^! are ! f\r arti/s ( great m]it :o h creat$ ! transition betwe5 ,impressioni/ pa9t+ & illu/ration4 ,x w\ld be fit to put aside ,t\l\se-,lautrec1 :o 0 mu* y\ng]1 b 8 "w is too directly connect$ ) t ( ,degas = "o to take into acc\nt ! diff]5ce ( age4 ,he produc$ betwe5 #ahhg & #aijj works :i* might well h be5 ante-dat$ by fifte5 ye>s4 ,we %all /udy 9 ! next *apt] 8 ,neo-,impressioni/ comrades1 & we %all n[ speak ( "s illu/rators m advanc$ 9 ye>s ?an he4 ,! olde/ 9 date is ! engrav] ,h5ri ,gur>d1 :o di$ ?ree ye>s ago4 ,he _h m>ri$ ,eva ,gonzals & 0 a fri5d ( ,manet's1 _m ( ^: works h be5 engrav$ by him4 ,he 0 an arti/ ( decid$ & orig9al tal5t1 :o also occupi$ himself successfully ) pyrogravure1 & :o 0 happily inspir$ by ! ,japanese col\r-pr9ts4 ,8 et*+s des]ve a place ( hon\r 9 ! folios ( exp]t collectors2 !y are /rong & broad4 ,z to ! engrav] ,flix ,buhot1 he 0 a r delicate col\ri/ 9 black & :ite2 8 ,p>is sc5es w always be consid]$ *>m+ works4 ,9 spite ( 8 ,spani% orig91 ! pa9t]1 aqu>elli/e1 & draughtsman ,daniel ,vi]ge1 %\ld be add$ to ! li/ ( ! m5 connect$ ) ,impressionism4 ,8 illu/rations are ^? ( a great arti/--admirable 9 col\r1 movem5t & obs]vation2 all ! great pr9ciples ( ,impressionism are embodi$ 9 !m4 ,b !re are f\r m illu/rators ( ! fir/ rank3 ,/e9l51 ,l\is ,legr&1 ,paul ,r5\>d & ,augu/e ,lepre4 ,/e9l5 has be5 enorm\sly productive3 he is specially rem>kable = 8 illu/rations4 ,^? :i* he has design$ = ,ari/ide ,bruant's volume ( songs1 ,dans la rue1 are ma/]pieces ( _! k9d4 ,!y conta9 treasures ( bitt] obs]vation1 qua9tness & k4 ,! s\l ( ! l[] classes is %[n 9 !m ) int5se tru?1 bitt] revolt & compreh5sive philosophy4 ,/e9l5 has also design$ "s beautiful po/]s1 pleas+ pa/els1 li?ographs ( inconte/able te*nical m]it1 & beautifully eloqu5t political draw+s4 ,x _c be said t he is an ,impressioni/ 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 he appli$ 8 col\r 9 flat t9ts1 m l an engrav] ?an a pa9t]2 b 9 him too c be felt ! /amp ( ,degas1 & he is "o ( ^? :o be/ demon/rate t1 )\t ,impressionism1 !y c\ld n h be5 :at !y are4 ,! same may be said ( ,l\is ,legr&1 a pupil ( ,flici5 ,rops1 an admirably skilful et*]1 a draughtsman ( ke5 vision1 & a pa9t] ( curi\s "*1 :o has 9 _m ways =e/all$ ! arti/s ( to-day4 ,l\is ,legr& also %[s to :at ext5t ! example ( ,manet & ,degas has revolutionis$ ! art ( illu/ration1 9 free+ ! pa9t]s f obsolete laws1 & guid+ !m t[>ds tru? & frank psy*ological /udy4 ,legr& is full ( !m1 )\t resembl+ !m4 ,we mu/ n =get t1 besides ! te*nical innovation 7division ( tones1 /udy ( complem5t>y col\rs71 ,impressionism has br\ght u novelty ( composition1 realism ( "* & great lib]ty 9 ! *oice ( subjects4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,rops himself1 9 spite ( 8 symboli/ t5d5cies1 c\ld n be class$ ) any o!r gr\p1 if x 7 n t any k9d ( classification 9 art is useless & inaccurate4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,l\is ,legr& has sign$ "s volumes respl5d5t ) ! mo/ s$uctive qualities4 ,paul ,r5\>d has devot$ himself to newspap] illu/ration1 b ) :at surpris+ prodigality ( _s & k6 ,! read]s ( ! ,graphic w "k4 ,?is ma/]ly virtuoso ( ! p5cil might give draw+-lessons to _m memb]s ( ! ,in/itute6 ,! feel+ = ! life ( cr[ds1 psy*ology ( types1 spirit$ & rapid notation1 a/oni%+ ease 9 ov]com+ difficulties--^! are 8 und5iable gifts4 ,& aga9 we mu/ recognise 9 ,r5\>d ! example ( ,degas & ,manet4 ,8 exceptional fecundity only helps to give m au?ority to 8 p5cil4 ,r5\>d's draw+s at ! ,exhibition ( #aijj 71 p]haps1 m beautiful ?an ! re/ ( 8 "w4 ,!re 0 notably a s]ies ( /udies made f ! fir/ plat=m ( ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 an accumulation ( wond]s ( p]spectives fram+ sc5es ( su* animation & caprice z to take away "o's brea?4 ,f9ally1 ,augu/e ,lepre appe>s z ! ,debuc\rt ( our "t4 ,z pa9t]1 pa/elli/ & wood-engrav] he has produc$ s9ce #ahgj1 & has won = himself ! fir/ place among ,fr5* engrav]s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to rec\nt ! volumes1 albums & cov]s on :i* ! fancy ( 8 bur9 has play$2 b x is p>ticul>ly 9 wood-engrav+ t he /&s )\t rival4 ,n only has he produc$ ma/]pieces ( x1 b he has passionately devot$ himself to rais+ ?is admirable art1 ! glory ( ! beautiful books ( old5 days1 & to give back to x ! lu/re :i* _h be5 eclips$ by me*anical processes4 ,lepre has />t$ "s publications = ?is purpose2 he has _h pupils ( great m]it1 & he mu/ be consid]$ ! ma/] ( ! :ole g5]ation ( mod]n wood-engrav]s1 j z ,*ret is ! undisput$ ma/] ( ! po/]4 ,lepre's rul+ quality is /r5g?4 ,he seems to h r$iscov]$ ! m$iaeval limn]s' secrets ( cutt+ ! wood1 giv+ ! necess>y ri*ness to ! ink1 creat+ a :ole scale ( half-tones1 & specially ( adapt+ ! design to typographic pr9t+1 & mak+ ( x1 s to say1 an ornam5t & a decorative ext5sion = ! type4 ,lepre is a wood-engrav] ) :om none ( 8 contempor>ies c be comp>$2 z reg>ds 8 imag9ation1 x is t ( an altoge!r curi\s arti/4 ,he excels 9 compos+ & express+ ! life1 ! animation1 ! s\l ( ! /reets & ! picturesque side ( ! populace4 ,h]e9 he is mu* inspir$ by ,manet &1 if we g back to ! real tradition1 by ,guys1 ,debuc\rt1 ! y\ng] ,moreau & by ,gabriel de ,sa9t-,aub94 ,he is decid$ly a ,reali/ ( ,fr5* l9eage1 :o owes no?+ to ! ,academy & its =mulas4 ,x w\ld be evid5tly unreasonable to atta* to ,impressionism all t is ante-academical1 & betwe5 ! two extremes !re is room = a cr[d ( int]e/+ arti/s4 ,we %all n succumb to ! prejudice ( ! ,s*ool by decl>+1 9 our turn1 t !re is no salvation outside ,impressionism1 & we h be5 c>eful to /ate repeat$ly t1 if ,impressionism has a c]ta9 numb] ( pr9ciples z k]nel1 its applications & its influ5ce h a radiation :i* x is difficult to limit4 ,:at c be absolutely demon/rat$ is1 t ?is movem5t has _h ! greate/ influ5ce on mod]n illu/ration1 sometimes ?r\gh its col\r+1 sometimes simply ?r\gh ! great fre$om ( its ideas4 ,"s h f\nd 9 x a direct lesson1 o!rs an example to be foll[$4 ,"s h met 9 x te*nical me?ods :i* pleas$ !m1 o!rs h only tak5 "s sugge/ions f x4 ,t is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ,legr&1 ) ,/e9l51 & ) ,r5\>d2 & x is also ! case ) ! li?ograph] ,odilon ,r$on1 :o applies ! values ( ,manet &1 9 8 /range pa/els1 ! h>monies ( ,degas & ,r5oir1 plac+ !m at ! s]vice ( dreams & halluc9ations & ( a symbolism :i* is absolutely remov$ f ! realism ( ^! pa9t]s4 ,x is1 f9ally1 ! case ) ! wat]-col\r pa9t] ,h5ri ,rivire1 :o is misjudg$ z to 8 m]it1 & :o is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ^? :o h appli$ ,impressioni/ ideas to decorative engrav+4 ,he has realis$ images 9 col\rs de/9$ to decorate inexp5sively ! rooms ( ! p & recall+ ! gr& aspects ( l&scapes ) a broad simplification :i* is d]iv$1 curi\sly en\gh1 f ,puvis de ,*avannes's l>ge decorative l&scapes & f ! small & precise col\r pr9ts ( ,japan4 ,rivire1 :o is a skilful & p]sonal poetic l&scapi/1 is n exactly an ,impressioni/1 9 s f> z he does n divide ! tones1 b r bl5ds !m 9 subtle mixtures 9 ! mann] ( ! ,japanese4 ,yet1 see+ 8 "w1 "o _c help ?9k+ ( all ! surprise & fre$om introduc$ into mod]n art by ,impressionism4 ,ev]ybody1 ev5 ! ignorant1 c p]ceive1 on look+ ?r\gh an illu/rat$ pap] or a mod]n volume1 t ?irty ye>s ago ?is mann] ( plac+ ! figures1 ( not+ famili> ge/ures1 & ( seiz+ fugitive life ) _s & cle>ness 0 unkn[n4 ,?is mass ( engrav+s & ( sket*es resembles 9 no way :at _h be5 se5 =m]ly4 ,!y no long] h ! solemn air ( classic composition1 by :i* ! draw+s _h be5 affect$4 ,a curr5t ( bold spontaneity has pass$ ?r\gh "h4 ,9 mod]n ,engli% illu/ration1 x c be /at$ indisputably t no?+ w\ld be su* z x c n[ be se51 if ,morris1 ,rossetti & ,crane _h n impos$ _! vision1 & yet _m tal5t$ ,engli%m5 resemble ^! initiators only v remotely4 ,x is exactly 9 ?is s5se t we %all h cr$it$ ,impressionism ) ! tal5ts :o h drawn _! inspiration less f its pr9ciples1 ?an f its vigor\s prote/ aga9/ me*anical =mulas1 & :o h be5 able to f9d ! en]gy1 necess>y = _! success1 9 ! example x set by fight+ dur+ tw5ty ye>s aga9/ ! ideas ( r\t9e :i* seem$ inde/ructible4 ,ev5 ) ! pa9t]s :o are f> remov$ f ! vision & ! col\r+ ( ,manet & ,degas1 ( ,monet & ,r5oir1 "o c f9d a v precise t5d5cy3 t ( return+ to ! subjects & ! /yle ( ! real national tradition2 & h]e9 lies "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s b5efits be/[$ by ,impressionism ^u an art :i* _h /opp$ at ! notion ( a canonical beauty1 until x _h almo/ become /]ile 9 its timidity4 ,,ix ,,neo-,,impressionism--,,gaugu91 ,,d5is1 ,,?,o ,,van ,,rysselb]ghe--,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,po9tillism--,,seurat1 ,,signac ,,& ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,*romatism--,,faults ,,& ,,qualities ,,( ,,! ,,impressioni/ ,,movem5t1 ,,:at ,,we ,,owe ,,to ,,x1 ,,its ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,s*ool--,,"s ,,words ,,on ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,abroad ,! beg9n+s ( ! movem5t designat$ "u ! "n ( ,neo-,impressionism c be trac$ back to ab\t #ahhj4 ,! movem5t is a direct (f%oot ( ! fir/ ,impressionism1 orig9at$ by a gr\p ( "y pa9t]s :o admir$ x & ?\ght ( pu%+ fur!r /ill its *romatic pr9ciples4 ,! fl\ri%+ ( ,impressionism co9cid$1 z a matt] ( fact1 ) c]ta9 sci5tific lab\rs conc]n+ optics4 ,helmholtz _h j publi%$ 8 works on ! p]ception ( col\rs & s\nds by means ( waves4 ,*evreul _h cont9u$ on ?is pa? by e/abli%+ 8 beautiful !ories on ! analysis ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,m4 ,*>les ,h5ry1 an orig9al & rem>kable _s1 occupi$ himself 9 8 turn ) ^! delicate problems by apply+ !m directly to ae/hetics1 :i* ,helmholtz & ,*evreul _h n ?\ght ( do+4 ,m4 ,*>les ,h5ry _h ! idea ( creat+ relations betwe5 ?is bran* ( sci5ce & ! laws ( pa9t+4 ,z a fri5d ( sev]al "y pa9t]s he _h a real influ5ce ov] !m1 %[+ !m t ! new vision due to ! in/9ct ( ,monet & ( ,manet might p]haps be sci5tifically v]ifi$1 & might e/abli% fix$ pr9ciples 9 a sph]e :]e hi!rto ! laws ( col\r+ _h be5 ! effects ( individual conception4 ,at t mom5t ! criticism :i* result$ f ,ta9e's !ories tri$ to effect a rappro*em5t ( ! arti/ic & sci5tific doma9s 9 criticism & 9 ! psy*ologic novel4 ,! pa9t]s1 too1 gave way to ?is long+ = precision :i* seems to h be5 ! great preoccupation ( intellects f #ahhj to ab\t #ahhi4 ,_! rese>*es _h a special be>+ on ! !ory ( complem5t>y col\rs & on ! means ( e/abli%+ "s laws conc]n+ ! reaction ( tones 9 su* mann] z to draw up a k9d ( tabula4 ,georges ,seurat & ,paul ,signac 7 ! promot]s ( ?is rese>*4 ,seurat di$ v "y1 & "o _c b regret ?is dea? ( an arti/ :o w\ld h be5 v int]e/+ & capable ( beautiful works4 ,^? :i* he has left u be> witness to a _s v receptive to !ories1 & leav+ no?+ to *ance4 ,! silh\ettes are r$uc$ to almo/ rigor\sly geometrical pr9ciples1 ! tones are decompos$ sy/ematically4 ,^! canvases are m reason$ examples ?an works ( intuition & spontane\s vision4 ,!y %[ ,seurat's curi\s desire to give a sci5tific & classic basis to ,impressionism4 ,! same idea rules 9 all ! "w ( ,paul ,signac1 :o has pa9t$ "s portraits & num]\s l&scapes4 ,to ^! two pa9t]s is due ! me?od ( ,po9tillism1 i4e4 ! division ( tones1 n only by t\*es1 z 9 ,monet's pictures1 b by v small t\*es ( equal size1 caus+ ! sph]ic %ape to act equally ^u ! ret9a4 ,! accumulation ( ^! lum9\s po9ts is c>ri$ out ov] ! entire surface ( ! canvas )\t ?ick daubs ( pa9t1 & ) regul>ity1 :il/ ) ,manet ! pa9t is m or less d5se4 ,! !ory ( complem5t>y col\rs is sy/ematically appli$4 ,on a sket*1 made f nature1 ! pa9t] notes ! pr9cipal relations ( tones1 !n sy/ematises !m on 8 picture & connects !m by diff]5t %ades :i* %\ld be _! logical result4 ,neo-,impressionism believes 9 obta9+ ?us a great] exactness ?an t :i* results f ! individual temp]am5t ( ! pa9t] :o simply relies on 8 own p]ception4 ,& x is true1 9 !ory1 t su* a conception is m exact4 ,b x r$uces ! picture to a k9d ( !orem1 :i* excludes all t con/itutes ! value & *>m ( an art1 t is to say3 caprice1 fancy1 & ! spontaneity ( p]sonal inspiration4 ,! works ( ,seurat1 ,signac1 & ( ! few m5 :o h /rictly foll[$ ! rules ( ,po9tillism are lack+ 9 life1 9 surprise1 & make a some:at tir+ impression ^u "o's eyes4 ,! uni=mity ( ! po9ts does n succe$ 9 giv+ an impression ( cohesion1 & ev5 less a sugge/ion ( diff]5t textures1 ev5 if ! values are correct4 ,manet seems to h atta9$ p]fection 9 us+ ! me?od :i* consi/s 9 direct+ ! t\*es 9 accordance ) ea* ( ! planes1 & ?is is evid5tly ! mo/ natural me?od4 ,sci5tific ,*romatism con/itutes an ensemble ( propositions1 ( :i* art w be able to make use1 ?\gh indirectly1 z in=mation useful = a bett] und]/&+ ( ! laws ( light 9 pres5ce ( nature4 ,:at ,po9tillism has be5 able to give u1 is a me?od :i* w\ld be v appreciable = decorative pa9t+s se5 f a great di/ance--friezes or ceil+s 9 spaci\s build+s4 ,x w\ld 9 ?is case return to ! pr9ciple ( mosaic1 :i* is ! pr9ciple p> excell5ce ( mural art4 ,! ,po9tilli/s h to-day almo/ ab&on$ ?is transitional !ory :i*1 9 spite ( ! und5iable tal5t ( its adepts1 has only produc$ indiff]5t results z reg>ds easel pictures4 ,besides ,seurat & ,signac1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ,maurice ,d5is1 ,h5ri-,edmond ,cross1 ,angr&1 & ,?o ,van ,rysselb]ghe4 ,b ?is la/-nam$ & ,maurice ,d5is h arriv$ at great tal5t by v diff]5t m]its4 ,m4 ,maurice ,d5is has ab&on$ ,po9tillism a few ye>s ago1 9 fav\r ( return+ to a v /range conception :i* dates back to ! ,primitives1 & ev5 to ,giotto4 ,he simplifies 8 draw+ ar*aically1 suppresses all b ! indisp5sable detail1 & draws inspiration f ,go?ic /a9$ glass & c>v+s1 9 ord] to create decorative figures ) cle>ly m>k$ outl9es :i* are fill$ ) broad1 flat t9ts4 ,he g5]ally treats my/ic subjects1 = :i* ?is special mann] is suitable4 ,"o _c love ! p>ti pris ( ^! works1 b "o _c d5y ,m4 ,d5is a great *>m ( naivete1 an int5se feel+ = decorative arrangem5ts & col\r+ ( a c]ta9 orig9ality4 ,he is almo/ a ,fr5* pre-,raphaelite1 & 8 pr(\nd ca?olic fai? inspires him nobly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?,o ,,van ,,rysselb]ghe ,,portraits ,,( ,,madame ,,van ,,rysselb]ghe ,,& ,,h] ,,daught] ,m4 ,?o ,van ,rysselb]ghe cont9ues to employ ! ,po9tilli/ me?od4 ,b he is s /rongly gift$1 t "o might almo/ say he succe$s 9 reveal+ himself z a pa9t] ( great m]it 9 spite ( ?is dry & *>mless me?od4 ,all 8 works are support$ by broad & le>n$ draw+ & 8 col\r is naturally brilliant4 ,m4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe1 a prolific & v>i$ work]1 has pa9t$ nudes1 l>ge portraits1 l&scapes ) figures1 seascapes1 int]iors & /ill-life1 & 9 all ?is he ev9ces faculties ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,he is a lov] ( light & und]/&s h[ to make x vibrate ov] fle% & fabrics4 ,he is an arti/ :o has ! s5se ( /yle4 ,he has sign$ a c]ta9 numb] ( portraits1 ^: beautiful c>riage & s]i\s psy*ology w\ld suffice to make him be consid]$ z ! mo/ significant ( ! ,neo-,impressioni/s4 ,x is really 9 him t "o has to see ! "y & wor?y heir ( ,monet1 ( ,sisley1 & ( ,degas1 & t is :y we h insi/$ on add+ "h to ! works ( ^! ma/]s ! reproduction ( "o ( 84 ,m4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe is also a v delicate et*] :o has sign$ "s f9e works 9 ?is me?od1 & 8 seascapes1 :e!r !y revel 9 ! pale greys ( ! ,g]man ,ocean or 9 ! w>m sapphire & gold h>monies ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 c\nt among ! f9e/ ( ! "t2 !y are w9d[s op5$ ^u joy\s brightness4 ,to ^! pa9t]s :o h nev] tak5 "p at ! ,salons1 & are only to be se5 at ! exhibitions ( ! ,indp5dants 7except ,m4 ,d5is71 mu/ be add$ ,m4 ,pi]re ,bonn>d1 :o has giv5 pro( to 8 *>m & f]v\r 9 num]\s small canvases ( ,japanese ta/e2 & ,m4 ,ed\>d ,vuill>d1 :o is a pa9t] ( intimate sc5es ( r>e delicacy4 ,?is arti/1 :o /&s ap>t & produces v little1 has sign$ "s int]iors ( melan*olic di/9ction & ( a col\r+ :i* revels 9 l[ tones4 ,he has ! precision & skill ( a ma/]4 ,!re is 9 him1 "o might say1 a reflection ( ,*>d9's s\l4 ,un=tunately 8 works are conf9$ to a few collections & h n become kn[n to ! public4 ,to ! same gr\p belong ,m4 ,ranson1 :o has devot$ himself to purely decorative art1 tape/ry1 wall pap]s & embroid]ies2 ,m4 ,georges de ,feure1 a /range1 symboli/ wat]-col\r pa9t]1 :o has become "o ( ! be/ design]s ( ! ,new ,art 9 ,france2 ,m4 ,flix ,vallotton1 pa9t] & li?ograph]1 :o is some:at heavy1 b gift$ ) s]i\s qualities4 ,x is true t ,m4 de ,feure is ,dut*1 ,m4 ,vallotton ,swiss1 & ,m4 ,van ,rysselb]ghe ,belgian2 b !y h settl$ d[n 9 ,france1 & are suffici5tly closely alli$ to ! ,neo-,impressioni/ movem5t s t ! "q ( nationality ne$ n prev5t u f m5tion+ !m "h4 ,f9ally x is impossible n to say a few words ab\t two pupils ( ,gu/ave ,moreau's1 :o h bo? become notewor?y foll[]s ( ,impressionism ( v p]sonal individuality4 ,m4 ,eugne ,m>tel bids fair to be "o ( ! be/ pa9t]s ( int]iors ( 8 g5]ation4 ,he has ! feel+ ( my/ical life & pa9ts ! peasantry ) a/oni%+ psy*ologic p[]4 ,8 vigor\s col\r+ l9ks him to ,monticelli1 & 8 draw+ to ,degas4 ,z to ,m4 ,simon ,bussy :o1 foll[+ ,alphonse ,legros's example1 is ab\t to make an enviable position = himself 9 ,engl&1 he is an arti/ ( pure blood4 ,8 l&scapes & 8 figures h ! di/9ction & r>e tone ( ,m4 ,:i/l]1 besides ! *>act]i/ic acut5ess ( ,degas4 ,8 h>monies are subtle1 8 vision novel1 & he w c]ta9ly develop into an important pa9t]4 ,toge!r ) ,h5ri le ,sidan] & ,jacques ,blan*e1 ,simon ,bussy is decid$ly ! mo/ p]sonal ( t "y g5]ation ( ,intimi/s :o seem to h reta9$ ! be/ pr9ciples ( ! ,impressioni/ ma/]s to employ !m = ! expression ( a psy*ologic ideal :i* is v diff]5t f ,realism4 ,outside ?is gr\p !re are /ill a few isolat$ pa9t]s :o are difficult to classify4 ,! v "y arti/s ,laprade & ,*>les ,gur9 h %[n = ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 at ! exhibition ( ! ,indp5dants1 "s works :i* are ! wor?y result ( ,manet's & ,r5oir's influ5ce4 ,!y1 too1 ju/ify great expectations4 ,! l&scapi/s ,paul ,vogl] & ,maxime ,maufra1 m advanc$ 9 ye>s1 h made !mselves kn[n by "s solid s]ies ( vigor\sly pres5t$ l&scapes4 ,to !m mu/ be add$ ,m4 ,h5ry ,moret1 ,m4 ,alb]t ,&r & ,m4 ,georges d',espagnet1 :o equally des]ve ! success :i* has comm5c$ to be _! %>e4 ,b !re are "s old] ones4 ,x is only 8 due1 t place %\ld be giv5 to a pa9t] :o committ$ suicide aft] an unhappy life1 & :o ev9c$ spl5did gifts4 ,v9c5t ,van ,gogh1 a ,dut*man1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h always work$ 9 ,france1 has left to ! _w "s viol5t & /range works1 9 :i* ,impressionism appe>s to h rea*$ ! limits ( its audacity4 ,_! value lies 9 _! nave frankness & 9 ! undauntable det]m9ation :i* tri$ to fix )\t trick]y ! s9c]e/ feel+s4 ,amid/ _m faulty & clumsy works1 ,van ,gogh has also left "s really beautiful canvases4 ,!re is a deep aff9ity betwe5 him & ,czanne4 ,a v real aff9ity exi/s1 too1 betwe5 ,paul ,gaugu91 :o 0 a fri5d & to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ma/] ( ,van ,gogh1 & ,czanne & ,r5oir4 ,paul ,gaugu9's robu/ tal5t f\nd its fir/ motives 9 ,breton l&scapes1 9 :i* ! me?od ( col\r-spots c be f\nd employ$ ) delicacy & plac$ at ! s]vice ( a r heavy1 b v int]e/+ h>mony4 ,!n ! arti/ sp5t a long "t 9 ,tahiti1 :5ce he return$ ) a completely trans=m$ mann]4 ,he has br\ght back f ^! regions "s l&scapes ) figures treat$ 9 int5tionally clumsy & almo/ wild fa%ion4 ,! figures are outl9$ 9 firm /rokes & pa9t$ 9 broad1 flat t9ts on canvas :i* has ! texture almo/ ( tape/ry4 ,_m ( ^! works are made repulsive by _! aspect ( multi-col\r$1 crude & b>b>\s imag]y4 ,yet "o _c b ackn[l$ge ! fundam5tal qualities1 ! beautiful values1 ! ornam5tal ta/e1 & ! impression ( primitive animalism4 ,on ! :ole1 ,paul ,gaugu9 has a beautiful1 arti/ic temp]am5t :i*1 9 its av]sion to virtuoso%ip1 has p]haps n suffici5tly und]/ood t ! fe> ( =mulas1 if exagg]at$1 may lead to o!r =mulas1 to a false ignorance :i* is z dang]\s z false k4 ,gaugu9's symbolical int5tions1 l ^? ( 8 pupil ,emile ,b]n>d1 are s9c]e1 b are badly s]v$ by m9ds :i* d n agree ) _! te*nical qualities1 & bo? ,gaugu9 & ,emile ,b]n>d are mo/ happily inspir$ :5 !y are pa9t]s pure & simple4 ,next to ,gaugu91 among ! s5iors ( ! pres5t g5]ation & ! successors ( ,impressionism1 %\ld be plac$ ! l&scapi/ ,arm& ,guillaum9 :o1 )\t possess+ ,sisley's delicate qualities1 has pa9t$ "s canvases wor?y ( notice2 & we mu/1 f9ally1 t]m9ate ?is f> too summ>y enum]ation by ref]r+ to "o ( ! mo/ gift$ pa9t]s ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool ( ! day1 ,m4 ,l\is ,anquet94 ,8 is a mo/ v>i$ tal5t ^: p[] is unque/ionable4 ,he made 8 db among ! ,neo-,impressioni/s & reveal$ ! influ5ce ^u him ( ! ,japanese & ( ,degas4 ,x may be se5 t ^! two influ5ces pr$om9ate 9 ! :ole gr\p4 ,!n ,m4 ,anquet9 became fasc9at$ by ! bread? & sup]b fre$om ( ,manet's works1 & sign$ a s]ies ( portraits & sket*es1 "s ( :i* are n f> bel[ s great a ma/]'s4 ,!y are works :i* w surprise ! critics1 :5 our contempor>y pa9t+ w be exam9$ ) calm imp>tiality4 ,aft] ^! works1 ,m4 ,anquet9 gave way to 8 impetu\s nature :i* l$ him to decorative pa9t+1 & he became influ5c$ by ,rub5s1 ,jorda5s1 & ! ,fonta9ebleau ,s*ool4 ,he pa9t$ !atre curta9s & my?ological sc5es1 9 :i* he gave free re9 to 8 s5sual imag9ation4 ,9 spite ( "s admirable qualities1 x seems z ?\gh ! arti/ _h /ray$ f 8 true pa? 9 pa9t+ ^! brilliant1 b some:at declamatory works1 & he has s9ce return$ to a m mod]n & m direct pa9t+4 ,9 all 8 *ang$ conditions ,anquet9 has %[n a consid]able tal5t1 pleas+ 9 its f9e vig\r1 impetuosity1 brilliancy & s9c]ity4 ,8 inequality is p]haps ! cause ( 8 relative want ( success2 x has put ! public (f1 b nev]!less 9 c]ta9 ( ?is brave & s]i\s pa9t]'s canvases c be se5 ! happy influ5ce ( ,manet4 ,x seems to u only "r to sum up our imp>tial op9ion ( ,neo-,impressionism by say+ t x has lack$ cohesion1 t ,po9tillism 9 p>ticul> has l$ pa9t+ into an aimless pa?4 ,x has be5 wrong to see 9 ,impressionism too exclusive a pretext = te*nical rese>*es1 & a happy reaction has set 91 :i* leads u back to-day1 aft] div]se t5tative ef=ts 7among/ o!rs "s un=tunate attempts at symboli/ pa9t+71 to ! f9e1 rec5t s*ool ( ! ,intimi/s & to ! novel conception :i* a great & glori\s pa9t]1 ,besn>d1 imposes ^u ! ,salons1 :]e ! elect draw inspiration f him4 ,we c "h only indicate ) a few words ! consid]able "p play$ by ,besn>d3 8 clev] "w has prov$ t ! sci5tific col\r pr9ciples ( ,impressionism may be appli$1 n to realism1 b to ! highe/ ?\ghts1 to ideologic pa9t+ mo/ nobly inspir$ by ! mod]n intellectual preoccupations4 ,he is ! transition betwe5 ,impressionism & ! art ( to-morr[4 ,( pure ,fr5* l9eage by 8 portraits & 8 nudes1 :i* desc5d directly f ,l>gillire & ,+res1 he might h re/rict$ himself to be+ plac$ among ! mo/ le>n$ ,impressioni/s4 ,8 /udies ( reflections & ( complem5t>y col\rs speak = ?is4 ,b he has pass$ ?is phase & has1 ) 8 decorations1 return$ to ! psy*ical doma9 ( 8 /rangely beautiful art4 ,! ,intimi/s1 ,c4 ,cottet1 ,simon1 ,blan*e1 ,mn>d1 ,bussy1 ,lobre1 ,le ,sidan]1 ,wry1 ,pr9et1 & ,erne/ ,laur5t1 h prov$ t !y h pr(it$ by ,impressionism1 b h proce$$ 9 q a diff]5t direction 9 try+ to translate _! real p]ceptions4 ,"s isolat$ arti/s1 l ! decorative pa9t] ,h5ri ,m>t91 :o has enorm\s tal5t1 h appli$ ! ,impressioni/ te*nique to ! expression ( gr& allegories1 r 9 ! mann] ( ,puvis de ,*avannes4 ,! ef=t at gett+ away f m]e clev]ness & escap+ a too exclusive preoccupation ) te*nique1 & at ! same "t acquir+ s]i\s k1 betrays itself 9 ! :ole position ( ! "y ,fr5* ,s*ool2 & ?is w furni% u ) a p]fectly natural conclusion1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal po9ts3-- ,:at we %all h to ?ank ,impressionism =1 w be moral & mat]ial advantages ( consid]able importance4 ,morally x has r5d]$ an imm5se s]vice to all art1 because x has boldly attack$ r\t9e & prov$ by ! :ole ( its "w t a comb9ation ( indep5d5t produc]s c\ld r5ew ! ae/hetic code ( a c\ntry1 )\t ow+ any?+ to (ficial enc\ragem5t4 ,x has succe$$ :]e important b isolat$ creators h succumb$1 because x has _h ! good =tune ( unit+ a gr\p ( gift$ m51 f\r ( :om w c\nt among ! greate/ ,fr5* arti/s s9ce ! orig9 ( national art4 ,x has _h ! qualities :i* ov]come ! h>de/ resi/ance3 fecundity1 c\rage & sure orig9ality4 ,x has kn[n h[ to f9d its /r5g? by ref]r+ to ! true traditions ( ! national g5ius1 :i* h happily enlight5$ x & sav$ x f fundam5tal errors4 ,x has1 la/1 b n lea/1 inflict$ an irrem$iable bl[ on academic conv5tion & has wre/$ f x ! pre/ige ( tea*+ :i* rul$ tyrannically = c5turies pa/ ov] ! "y arti/s4 ,x has laid a viol5t h& ^u a t5aci\s & dang]\s prejudice1 ^u a s]ies ( conv5tional notions :i* 7 transmitt$ )\t consid]ation = ! evolution ( mod]n life & intellig5ce4 ,x has d>$ freely to prote/ aga9/ a deg5]at$ ideal :i* va9ly p>odi$ ! old ma/]s1 pret5d+ to hon\r !m4 ,x has remov$ f ! arti/ic s\l ( ,france a :ole ord] ( pseudo-classic elem5ts :i* work$ aga9/ its blossom+1 & ! ,s*ool w nev] recov] f ?is bold contradiction :i* has ralli$ to x all ! y\?ful4 ,! moral pr9ciple ( ,impressionism has be5 absolutely logical & sane1 & t is :y no?+ has be5 able to prev5t its triumph4 ,te*nically ,impressionism has br\ght a complete r5ewal ( pictorial vision1 sub/itut+ ! beauty ( "* = ! beauty ( proportions & f9d+ adequate expression = ! ideas & feel+s ( its "t1 :i* con/itutes ! secret ( all beautiful works4 ,x has tak5 up aga9 a tradition & add$ to x a contempor>y page4 ,x w h to be ?ank$ = an important s]ies ( obs]vations z reg>ds ! analysis ( light1 & = an absolutely orig9al conception ( draw+4 ,"s ye>s h be5 wa/$ by pa9t]s ( little wor? 9 imitat+ x1 & ! ,salons1 =m]ly encumb]$ ) academic pa/i*es1 h be5 encumb]$ ) ,impressioni/ pa/i*es4 ,x w\ld be unfair to blame ! ,impressioni/s = x4 ,!y h %[n by _! v c>e] t !y hat$ tea*+ & w\ld nev] pret5d to tea*4 ,impressionism is bas$ ^u irrefutable optic laws1 b x is nei!r a /yle1 nor a me?od1 likely ev] to become a =mula 9 its turn4 ,"o may call ^u ?is art = examples1 b n = receipts4 ,on ! contr>y1 its be/ tea*+ has be5 to enc\rage arti/s to become absolutely indep5d5t & to se>* ard5tly = _! own individuality4 ,x m>ks ! decl9e ( ! ,s*ool1 & w n create a new "o :i* w\ld soon become z fa/idi\s z ! o!r4 ,x w only appe>1 to ^? :o w ?or\ghly und]/& x1 z a preci\s rep]tory ( notes1 & ! "y g5]ation hon\rs x intellig5tly by n imitat+ x ) s]vility4 ,n t x is )\t its faults6 ,x has be5 said1 to belittle x1 t x only _h ! value ( an int]e/+ attempt1 hav+ only be5 able to indicate "s excell5t int5tions1 )\t creat+ any?+ p]fect4 ,?is is inexact4 ,x is absolutely evid5t1 t ,manet1 ,monet1 ,r5oir & ,degas h sign$ "s ma/]pieces :i* did n lose by comp>ison ) ^? 9 ! ,l\vre1 & ! same might ev5 be said ( _! less illu/ri\s fri5ds4 ,b x is also evid5t t ! "t sp5t on rese>* z well z on agitation & en]vat+ controv]sies pursu$ dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s1 has be5 tak5 f m5 :o c\ld o!rwise h done bett] /ill4 ,!re has be5 a disp>ity betwe5 ,realism & ! te*nique ( ,impressionism4 ,its reali/ic orig9 has sometimes made x vulg>4 ,x has (t5 treat$ indiff]5t subjects 9 a gr& /yle1 & x has too easily beheld life f ! anecdotal side4 ,x has lack$ psy*ologic syn!sis 7if we except ,degas74 ,x has too will+ly d5i$ all t exi/s hidd5 "u ! app>5t reality ( ! univ]se & has affect$ to sep>ate pa9t+ f ! ideologic faculties :i* rule ov] all art4 ,hatr$ ( academic allegory1 defiance ( symbolism1 ab/raction & romantic sc5es1 has l$ x to refuse to occupy itself ) a :ole ord] ( ideas1 & x has _h ! t5d5cy ( mak+ ! pa9t] beyond all a workman4 ,x 0 necess>y at ! mom5t ( its arrival1 b x is no long] necess>y n[1 & ! pa9t]s und]/& ?is !mselves4 ,f9ally x has too (t5 be5 sup]ficial ev5 9 obta9+ effects2 x has giv5 way to ! wi% to surprise ! eyes1 ( play+ ) tones m]ely = love ( clev]ness4 ,x (t5 causes "o regret to see symphonies ( magnific5t col\r wa/$ "h 9 pictures ( boat+ m52 & !re1 9 pictures ( caf corn]s2 & we h arriv$ at a degree ( complex intellectuality :i* is no long] satisfi$ ) ^! rudim5t>y !mes4 ,x has indulg$ 9 useless exagg]ations1 faults ( composition & ( h>mony1 & all ?is _c be d5i$4 ,b x /ill rema9s fasc9at+ & spl5did = its gifts :i* w always r\se en?usiasm3 fre$om1 impetu\sness1 y\?1 brilliancy1 f]v\r1 ! joy ( pa9t+ & ! passion = beautiful light4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 ! greate/ pictorial movem5t t ,france has beheld s9ce ,delacroix1 & x br+s to a f9i% glori\sly ! n9ete5? c5tury1 inaugurat+ ! pres5t4 ,x has accompli%$ ! great de$ ( hav+ br\ght u aga9 into ! pres5ce ( our true national l9eage1 f> m s ?an ,romanticism1 :i* 0 mix$ ) =eign elem5ts4 ,we h "h pa9t+ ( a k9d :i* c\ld only h be5 conceiv$ 9 ,france1 & we h to g "r back to ,watteau 9 ord] to receive aga9 ! same impression4 ,impressionism has br\ght u an almo/ unhop$-= r5aissance1 & ?is con/itutes its mo/ und5iable claim ^u ! gratitude ( ! race4 ,x has ex]cis$ a v appreciable influ5ce ^u =eign pa9t+4 ,among ! pr9cipal pa9t]s attract$ by its ideas & rese>*1 we mu/ m5tion1 9 ,g]many1 ,max ,lieb]mann & ,kuehl2 9 ,norway1 ,?aul[2 9 ,d5m>k1 ,kroy]2 9 ,belgium1 ,?o ,van ,rysselb]ghe1 ,emile ,claus1 ,v]heyd51 ,heymans1 ,v]/raete1 & ,ba]tson2 9 ,italy1 ,bold9i1 ,segant9i1 & ,mi*etti2 9 ,spa91 ,zuloaga1 ,sorolla y ,ba/ida1 ,d>io de ,regoyos & ,rusiol2 9 ,am]ica1 ,alex&]1 ,h>rison1 ,s>g5t2 & 9 ,engl&1 ! pa9t]s ( ! ,glasg[ ,s*ool1 ,lav]y1 ,gu?rie & ! late ,john ,lewis ,br[n4 ,all ^! m5 come )9 ! active ext5sion ( ! ,fr5* movem5t1 & "o may say t ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ recognis$ ! truly national movem5t ( ?is art mu/ be giv5 to ^? =eign c\ntries :i* h enri*$ _! collections & museums ) works t 7 despis$ 9 ! l& :i* _h witness$ _! bir?4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! effects ( ?is new vision are felt all ov] ! _w1 d[n to ! v bosom ( ! academies2 & at ! ,salons1 f :i* ! ,impressioni/s are /ill exclud$1 c be witness$ an invasion ( pictures inspir$ by !m1 :i* ! mo/ retrograde juries d>e n reject4 ,9 :atev] measure ! rec5t pa9t]s accept ,impressionism1 !y rema9 preoccupi$ ) x1 & ev5 ^? :o love x n are =c$ to take x into acc\nt4 ,! ,impressioni/ movem5t c !re=e n[ be consid]$1 ap>t f all controv]sies1 )\t va9 attacks or exagg]at$ praise1 z an arti/ic manife/ation :i* has ent]$ ! doma9 ( hi/ory1 & x c be /udi$ ) ! imp>tial application ( ! me?ods ( critical analysis :i* is usually employ$ 9 ! /udy ( ! =m] art movem5ts4 ,we %all n pret5d to h giv5 9 ^! pages a complete & faultless hi/ory2 b we %all consid] ourselves well rew>d$ = ?is "w1 :i* is int5d$ to rea* ! great public1 if we h r\s$ _! curiosity & sympa?y ) a gr\p ( arti/s :om we consid] admirable2 & if we h rectifi$1 9 ! eyes ( ! read]s ( a =eign nation1 ! errors1 ! sl&]s1 ! undes]v$ reproa*es1 ) :i* ,fr5*m5 h be5 pleas$ to ov]:elm s9c]e creators :o ?\ght ) fai? & love ( ! pure tradition ( ! national g5ius1 & :o h = t reason be5 vilifi$ z mu* z if !y _h 9 an access ( an>*ical folly ris5 aga9/ ! v common s5se1 ta/e1 reason & cle>ness1 :i* w rema9 ! et]nal m]its ( _! soil4 ,?is small1 imp]fect volume w p]haps f9d its be/ excuse 9 its int5tion ( repair+ an old inju/ice & ( affirm+ a useful & p]man5t tru?3 t ( ! au!nticity ( ! classicism ( ,impressionism1 9 ! face ( ! false classicism ( ! academic _w :i* (ficial hon\rs h made ! gu>dian ( a ,fr5* h]itage1 ^: s\l x d5i$ & ^: _s x deceiv$ ) its n>r[ & cold =mulas4