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,,food ,,guide ,,for ,,war ,,service    
,,at ,,home  ,prepared under the        
,direction of the ,united ,states ,food 
,administration in ,co-,operation with  
the ,united ,states ,department of      
,agriculture and the ,bureau of         
,education  ,with a ,preface by ,herbert
 ,hoover ,united ,states ,food          
,administrator  #aiah                   
,illustration3 ,reproduced by courtesy  
of ,national ,geographic ,society       
,,announcement  ,in the spring of #aiah 
the ,collegiate ,section of the ,united 
,states ,food ,administration was called
 upon to prepare a simple statement of  
the food situation as affected by the   
war1 suitable for elementary and high   

school teachers1 high-school pupils1 and
 the general public4 ,the demand arose  
because of the wide adoption of the     
three courses on this subject then being
 sent out weekly to universities1       
colleges1 and normal schools throughout 
the country4  ,this little volume is the
 response to that request4 ,it was      
written by ,katharine ,blunt1 of the    
,university of ,chicago1 ,frances ,l4   
,swain1 of the ,chicago ,normal ,school1
 and ,florence ,powdermaker1 of the     
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture4  ,the records of the ,food
 ,administration have been open to the  
writers and they have had the advice and
 criticism of its officials and         
specialists4 ,no effort has been spared 
to secure accuracy of statement in the  
text4  ,,olin ,,templin1 ,director of   
the ,collegiate ,section4 ,july #a1     
#aiah4     ,,preface   ,the long war has
 brought hunger to ,europe2 some of her 
peoples stand constantly face to face   
with starvation4  ,all agriculture has  

been seriously interfered with4 ,food   
production has been lessened to the     
point of danger4 ,millions of men who   
had given all their time and energy to  
raising food have been killed2 more     
millions are still fighting2 other      
millions have gone from the farms into  
the great war-factories4 ,women1 too1   
have been drafted from the fields and   
home gardens into the factories and to  
replace the absent men in a host of     
occupations4 ,great stretches of once   
fertile land have been temporarily      
ruined by the scourge of war2 some are  
still under falling shot and shell4     
,belgium and ,france have lost millions 
of acres of productive land to the      
enemy4 ,the fertilizers necessary for   
keeping up the production of the land   
still available are lacking4  ,all this 
means that the ,allies have to rely on  
the outside for the maintenance of their
 food-supply4 ,but because ships are    
fewer than they were1 and because many  
of them must carry troops and munitions 

exclusively1 these ships cannot be sent 
on voyages longer than absolutely       
necessary to find and bring back the    
needed food4 ,they cannot afford to go  
the long time-consuming way to          
,australia and back2 but few of them can
 be let go to ,india and the ,argentine4
 ,they must carry food by the shortest  
routes4 ,the shortest is from ,north    
,america to ,england and ,france4       
,therefore by far the greater part of   
the food provided for the ,allies from  
the outside must come from us4 ,as a    
matter of fact more than #ej per cent of
 this outside food for the ,allies does 
now come from ,north ,america4 ,and that
 is a great deal4 ,it is very much more 
than we ever sent them before4 ,also we 
are sending more and more food overseas 
for our own growing armies in ,france   
and our growing fleets in ,european     
waters4  ,to meet all this great food   
need in ,europe--and meeting it is an   
imperative military necessity--we must  
be very careful and economical in our   

food use here at home4 ,we must eat     
less2 we must waste nothing2 we must    
equalize the distribution of what food  
we may retain for ourselves2 we must    
prevent extortion and profiteering which
 make prices so high that the poor      
cannot buy the food they actually need2 
and we must try to produce more food by 
planting more wheat and other grain1    
raising more cattle and swine and sheep1
 and making gardens everywhere4  ,to    
help the people of ,america do all these
 things1 and to coordinate their        
efforts1 the ,president and ,congress   
created the ,united ,states ,food       
,administration4 ,the ,food             
,administration1 therefore1 asks all the
 people to help feed the ,allies that   
they may continue to fight1 to help feed
 the hungry in ,belgium and other       
starving lands that they may continue to
 live1 and to help feed our own sailors 
and soldiers so that they may want      
nothing4 ,it asks help1 also1 in its    
great task of preventing prices from    

going too high and of stabilizing them1 
and of keeping the flow of distribution 
even1 so that all our people1 rich and  
poor alike1 may be able to obtain the   
food they need4  ,for all this there is 
needed a food education of all our      
people4 ,every home in our broad land   
must be reached4 ,one of the most       
effective ways of accomplishing this is 
by getting information to the children  
of the nation about food and the        
possibilities and methods of its most   
wise and economical use4 ,to obtain this
 result we must get this information    
into the hands of parents and teachers4 
,for the purpose of diffusing this      
information this little book has been   
prepared under the direction of the     
,food ,administration4 ,by following the
 suggestions for food conservation      
herein contained every one can render   
his country an important war service4 ,i
 am sure that all will be glad to do    
this4  ,,herbert ,,hoover4              
,,contents   ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,wheat

 ,,situation      ,the world's supply of
 wheat--,wheat in the ,united           
,states--,meeting the wheat shortage    
,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,war-,,time      
,,importance ,,of ,,wheat ,,and ,,other 
,,cereals      ,the significance of     
different kinds of food--,the social    
importance of cereals1 especially       
wheat--,wheat flour in                  
war-time--,the #ej-ej rule4 ,another way
 to cut the consumption     of          
wheat--,substitutes for wheat flour     
,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,war ,,bread      ,the
 bakers' regulations4 ,victory          
bread--,the individual's     answer to  
the bread cry--,flour and bread in the  
,allied     countries--,why we in the   
,united ,states do not have bread cards 
,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,meat ,,situation
      ,where ,europe's meat has been    
produced--,the war and the     ,european
 meat-supply--,the meat rations of      
,europe--,the part of     the ,united   
,states--,meat conservation--,meat and  
other protein     foods--,the meat      

substitutes  ,,chapter ,v4 ,,fats       
,the situation abroad--,the situation in
 the ,united ,states  ,,chapter ,,vi4   
,,sugar      ,why is there a sugar      
shortage8--,the effect of the           
shortage--,in     place of sugar--,the  
price of sugar--,to cut down on sugar   
,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,milk--,,for ,,the    
,,nation',s ,,health      ,the valuable 
constituents of milk--,our milk         
problem--,our milk     abroad  ,,chapter
 ,,viii4 ,,vegetables ,,and ,,fruits    
,in the war diet--,canning and drying   
vegetables and fruits  ,,conclusion  ,a 
,,few ,,references  ,,index             
,,chapter ,i  ,,the ,,wheat ,,situation 
,wheat is as much a war necessity as    
ammunition--wheat is a war weapon4 ,to  
produce it and distribute it where it is
 needed and in sufficient quantities is 
the most serious food problem of the    
,allied world4 ,the continent of        
,europe1 with her devastated fields1 can
 raise but a small fraction of the wheat
 she needs1 and ships are so few that   

she cannot import it from many of the   
usual sources4  ,not one of the warring 
,european countries has escaped serious 
suffering1 and the neutral countries    
have suffered with them4   ,,the        
,,world',s ,,supply ,,of ,,wheat        
,france1 always an agricultural nation1 
was the most nearly self-sustaining of  
the western ,allies4 ,now one-third of  
her wheat-fields are barren4 ,thousands 
of her acres have been taken by the     
enemy1 or are in ,no ,man's ,land4 ,much
 of the land that has been fought over  
these past four years is now hopeless   
for farming1 and will be for years to   
come4 ,even the territory still under   
cultivation cannot be expected to yield 
large returns1 for laborers1 tools1 and 
fertilizers are lacking4  ,the men who  
have left the fields to fight have been 
replaced chiefly by women1 children1 and
 old men1 while furloughed soldiers at  
times help to bring in the crops4 ,to   
get adequate return from the soil which 
has been tilled for centuries1 tons of  

fertilizer are necessary4 ,fertilizers  
are an absolute necessity1 and nitrates1
 one of the most important of them1 can 
no longer be imported from ,chile4 ,the 
work-animals have been driven off by the
 enemy or slaughtered for want of food1 
and mechanics are lacking to repair and 
replace the worn-out farm-machinery4 ,as
 a result of this1 in #aiag ,france     
raised only enough wheat to supply #dj  
per cent of her need1 instead of #ij per
 cent1 as in pre-war years4  ,in        
,england the situation is not much      
better4 ,unlike ,france1 ,england has   
always imported far more wheat than she 
raised4 ,but now through vigorous effort
 she alone of all the ,european         
countries has increased her cereal      
production so that it has actually been 
doubled4 ,being free from the           
devastation of war at home1 she has been
 able to convert the great lawns of her 
parks and country estates into          
grain-fields4 ,english women of all     
classes1 an army of half a million1 are 

working on the land4 ,at the same time  
the consumption of wheat has been       
reduced4 ,even yet1 however1 the        
home-grown supply in ,england is only   
one-fourth of the wheat required4  ,in  
,belgium the devastation is so complete 
that the women1 children1 and old people
 left there would die of famine if food 
were not sent to them4 ,two and a half  
million ,belgians daily stand in line   
waiting for food to be doled out to     
them4 ,the ,united ,states must supply  
three-fourths of the wheat contained in 
their meagre bread ration4 ,in ,italy1  
too1 the condition is serious1 for she  
produces far less than she needs1       
despite every effort of her ,government 
to stimulate production4  ,illustration3
 ,,wheat ,,fields ,,of ,,the ,,world    
,germany and ,austria-,hungary have not 
escaped universal suffering from lack of
 wheat4 ,germany before the war was a   
wheat-importing country1 and            
,austria-,hungary was able to supply    
herself with wheat1 but had none to     

export4 ,their war crops have been below
 normal1 and even the wheat taken from  
conquered territory has not been        
sufficient to prevent severe shortage1  
resulting in bread riots in industrial  
centres4  ,the imports of wheat into    
both the ,allied and enemy ,european    
countries to supplement the wheat of    
their own raising came in peace-times   
from seven countries--,russia1          
,roumania1 ,australia1 the ,united      
,states1 ,canada1 ,argentina1 and       
,india4 ,most of these have now failed  
as a source of supply4  ,russia and     
,roumania were the great wheat-bins of  
,europe4 ,they produced as much wheat as
 the ,united ,states1 and sometimes     
more1 and they were always able to make 
up or nearly make up the deficiencies of
 western ,europe4 ,russia and ,roumania 
are now themselves on the verge of      
famine4 ,even before their own situation
 became so desperate1 they could get    
little wheat to the western ,allies1    
because the enemy territory and the     

battle-lines made a great wall of       
separation4  ,australia and ,india both 
continue to grow large crops of wheat1  
and have a surplus in storage1 but it   
cannot be sent to ,europe because of    
lack of ships4 ,australia has wheat     
stored from her last three crops4 ,the  
,argentine had very poor crops in #aiaf 
and #aiag1 and although the #aiah crop  
is good1 it is scarcely more available  
to ,europe than ,australia's wheat4     
,,so ,,the ,,wheat ,,scarcity ,,is ,,not
 ,a ,,question ,,only ,,of ,,the        
,,amount ,,of ,,wheat ,,in ,,the        
,,world4 ,,it ,,is ,a ,,problem ,,of    
,,getting ,,it ,,where ,,it ,,is        
,,needed--,,wheat ,,plus ,,ships4 ,not a
 single ship must go farther than is    
absolutely necessary4 ,a glance at the  
map shows why wheat for ,europe should  
come from ,north ,america rather than   
from ,australia or ,india1 or even the  
,argentine4 ,the trip from ,australia is
 three times as long as from ,north     
,america1 so it takes only one-third as 

many ships to carry food to ,europe from
 the ,united ,states as from ,australia4
 ,the ,argentine is twice as far from   
,europe as the ,united ,states1 and     
therefore twice as many ships are needed
 to carry an equal amount of ,argentine 
food to ,europe4 ,if this continent     
could produce and save enough next year 
to provide the whole of the ,allied food
 necessities1 we could save #a1ejj1jjj  
tons of world shipping to be used for   
other purposes4 ,,every ,,ship ,,saved  
,,is ,a ,,ship ,,built ,,to ,,carry     
,,more ,,men ,,and ,,more ,,ammunition  
,,to ,,france4   ,,wheat ,,in ,,the     
,,united ,,states  ,the ,united ,states 
has never had a large wheat surplus to  
export1 and the last few years it has   
had an unusually low supply to meet the 
extraordinary demand4 ,the #aiaf crop   
was small4 ,the #aiag crop was only     
four-fifths of normal1 little more than 
we ordinarily consume ourselves4 ,we    
entered the last harvest with our stocks
 of wheat and other cereals practically 

exhausted4 ,hence to feed the ,allies   
until the #aiah harvest1 we had to send 
wheat which we should ordinarily have   
eaten4 ,all that we could send under    
normal conditions from ,july1 #aiag1 to 
,july1 #aiah1 has usually been estimated
 at about #bj1jjj1jjj bushels1 but in   
the first eleven months of this time we 
actually did send #abj1jjj1jjj bushels1 
six times as much as we could have      
shipped without conservation4 ,one-half 
of the total output of our flour-mills  
in the month of ,may1 #aiah1 went       
abroad4  ,this achievement in feeding   
the ,allies has been made possible and  
will continue to be possible1 through   
the measures of economy and substitution
 established by the ,food               
,administration1 and the constant and   
continued personal sacrifice of each one
 of us4  ,even the #aiah wheat crop1    
successful as it promises to be1 will   
not mean freedom from saving4           
,throughout the war there can be no     
relaxation4 ,we must build up a great   

national reserve in years of good       
harvest for the greater and greater     
demands of ,europe4 ,,never ,,again     
,,must ,,we ,,let ,,ourselves ,,and     
,,the ,,world ,,face ,,the ,,danger     
,,that ,,was ,,before ,,us ,,in ,,the   
,,spring ,,of #aiah4   ,,meeting ,,the  
,,wheat ,,shortage  ,to keep wheat      
constantly going over to our ,allies and
 sufficient stores in the ,united       
,states at the same time1 is one of the 
big problems of the ,food               
,administration4 ,production has had to 
be increased and consumption decreased4 
,the price has had to be kept down1 for 
in a time of shortage prices always tend
 to go up4 ,it is true that high prices 
furnish one method of decreasing the    
consumption of food1 but it is a method 
that means enforced conservation by the 
poor and no conservation by the rich4   
,the burden thus falls on those least   
able to bear it4  ,to meet this         
situation the ,food ,administration has 
gone into the wheat business itself4    

,,practically ,,entire ,,control ,,of   
,,the ,,buying ,,and ,,selling ,,of     
,,wheat ,,is ,,in ,,the ,,hands ,,of    
,,the ,,great ,,united ,,states ,,food  
,,administration ,,grain ,,corporation4 
,through this organization all wheat    
sales are made to the ,army and ,navy1  
to our allies1 and to the neutrals4 ,the
 price which it pays for these huge     
quantities sets the price for the entire
 country4 ,the ,food ,administration    
also makes the movement of wheat from   
the farmer to the miller and to the     
wholesaler as simple and direct as      
possible4 ,it prevents hoarding and     
speculation4 ,i am convinced1 said ,mr4 
,hoover1 in ,april1 #aiah1 that at no   
time in the last three years has there  
been as little speculation in the       
nation's food as there is to-day4       
,illustration3 ,,cost ,,of ,a ,,pound   
,,loaf ,,of ,,bread  ,as a result of    
this business management of wheat1 the  
consumer pays less for flour1 although  
the farmer gets more for his wheat4 ,in 

,may1 #aiag1 the difference between the 
price of the farmer's wheat and of the  
flour made from it was #e4hf per barrel 
of #aif pounds4 ,fifteen months later   
the difference was #fd cents4 ,in       
,february1 #aiag1 before the ,united    
,states went into the war1 flour sold at
 wholesale for #h4ge a barrel4 ,in ,may1
 #aiag1 the war1 with no food control1  
had driven the price up to #ag4 ,but in 
,february1 #aiah1 after six months of   
the ,food ,administration1 it had gone  
down to #aj4ej wholesale1 and this in   
spite of unprecedented demand for our   
very short supply4 ,without control1    
flour would undoubtedly be selling for  
#ej a barrel4 ,during the ,civil ,war1  
with no world wheat shortage1 but       
without food control1 the price of wheat
 increased #acj per cent over the price 
in #ahfa4  ,the milling and sale of     
flour1 the baking of bread1 and the     
purchases of the individual are all     
regulated to a greater extent than would
 have scarcely been thought possible    

before the war4  ,every effort has been 
made to produce a great #aiah           
wheat-crop4 ,congress1 at the time the  
,food ,control ,bill was passed1 fixed  
the price of the #aiah wheat at a       
minimum of #b per bushel1 and the       
,president later fixed the price at     
#b4bj4 ,this has been high enough to    
encourage the farmer to increase his    
crop and not too high to be fair to the 
consumer4 ,the ,department of           
,agriculture1 during the winter of      
#aiag-ah1 had for its slogan1 a         
billion-bushel crop for #aiah4 ,it has  
worked intensively to help the farmer in
 selecting and testing seed and in      
fighting destructive insects and        
plant-diseases1 and in every way to help
 him grow more wheat4  ,constant        
reliance has been placed on the         
individual's intelligence and patriotism
 in wheat-saving4 ,one of the unusual   
aspects of the ,food ,administration is 
its confidence in the co-operation of   
the country and the response which this 

confidence has met4 ,wheatless meals are
 now a commonplace occurrence4          
,wheatless days are being observed in   
many hotels and homes4 ,people all over 
the country have pledged themselves to  
do entirely without wheat until the     
#aiah harvest is available4 ,about      
#ajj1jjj barrels of flour were returned 
by individuals and companies during the 
spring of #aiah1 to be shipped to the   
,allies and the ,army and ,navy4 ,the   
individual all over the country1        
consumer1 dealer1 miller1 or farmer1 has
 risen to the occasion to do his share  
toward the fulfilment of the            
,government's promise to ,europe4       
,,chapter ,,ii  ,,the ,,war-,,time      
,,importance ,,of ,,wheat ,,and ,,other 
,,cereals   ,when the ,united ,states   
was called on to supply the ,allies with
 much of its wheat and flour1 we        
fortunately found at hand a plentiful   
supply of a great variety of other      
cereals4 ,the use of corn was1 of       
course1 not an experiment--generations  

of ,southerners have flourished on it4  
,but we also had oats1 rice1 barley1    
rye1 buckwheat1 and such local products 
as the grain sorghums1 which are grown  
in the ,south and ,west4 ,all of them   
are cereals and all can be used         
interchangeably with wheat in our diet4 
,to understand clearly the value of     
cereals in the diet to-day1 it is well  
to review the part played by food in    
general4 ,europe to-day is eating to    
live4 ,she therefore thinks of food not 
in terms of menus but as a means of     
keeping up bodily functions1 as sources 
of protein1 carbohydrate and fat--terms 
seldom heard outside of the university a
 few years ago4   ,,the ,,significance  
,,of ,,different ,,kinds ,,of ,,food    
,we need food first of all to burn as   
fuel for all the activities of the body1
 just as any other machine needs fuel4  
,the fuel value of food1 or its energy1 
is measured in calories4 ,a calorie     
measures the amount of heat or energy   
given off when anything burns1 whether  

it is coal in a stove or food in the    
body4  ,practically all foods give this 
fuel or energy1 but some give much more 
than others4 ,fats give more fuel than  
an equal weight of any other food4      
,sugar and foods rich in starch like    
flour and corn meal are fuel foods4     
,this is one of the reasons why they are
 chosen to be shipped abroad4 ,the      
cereals always supply an important part 
of the fuel of the diet4 ,watery foods1 
like many vegetables and fruits1        
normally give less fuel4 ,a person could
 not live on lettuce any better than a  
house could be heated with tissue paper4
  ,if the food does not supply enough   
energy1 a person will burn up part of   
his own body for fuel and will grow     
emaciated4 ,far too often we find       
children of the very poor who are       
undernourished because of lack of food  
fuel4 ,sometimes even well-to-do young  
people half starve themselves because   
they get notions about food4 ,one of the
 terrible tragedies abroad is the       

hundreds and thousands of men and women 
and children who are worn and thin and  
sick for lack of food4  ,we need food1  
too1 to keep the organs of the body     
running smoothly4 ,abroad1 people are   
suffering not only because they have not
 enough food1 but because they have not 
the right kinds of food4 ,milk and      
vegetables and fruits are especially    
useful4 ,they are the chief sources of  
the much-needed mineral salts and the   
two vitamines4 ,the vitamines are       
substances of great importance about    
which has centred much discussion lately
 and which scientists do not yet fully  
understand1 though they realize that    
they are essential for the growth of    
children and for health in adults4  ,the
 protein of food is used to build the   
body if we are young1 and to restore the
 daily wear and tear if we are older4   
,the mineral salts are also necessary   
for this purpose4 ,protein will be      
discussed further in the chapter on meat
 and meat substitutes1 but it should be 

realized here that the protein we eat   
comes not only from these foods1 but    
also from the cereals4 ,cereals supply a
 full half of the protein of many diets4
  ,cereals are therefore important for  
their fuel since they are rich in       
starch1 and for their protein1 and1 if  
we eat the entire kernel1 for their     
mineral matter and vitamines4 ,they also
 have the pleasant flavor and texture   
which we have grown to like4  ,wheat is 
no better than any of the other cereals4
 ,it possesses absolutely no nutritional
 advantage for man or beast over oats1  
corn1 and rye4 ,it has no more protein1 
and no better protein4 ,it has no more  
fat and no better fat4 ,it has no better
 mineral salts and in no larger amounts4
 ,it has no more fuel or better fuel4   
,it is just one of the cereals1 and     
there is not the slightest evidence that
 it is the best one4 ,it has merely     
become one of our habits4  ,corn and    
wheat and the other cereals are just as 
well digested if equally well prepared4 

,a soggy piece of wheat bread may1 of   
course1 be less readily digestible than 
a well-made piece of corn-bread1 but    
that is a question of skill in cooking1 
not of difference in cereals4           
,complaints have been heard in ,england 
about the war bread4 ,it is true that it
 may be hard on those of frail digestive
 powers to change their food habits in  
any way1 but ,hutchison1 an eminent     
,london physician1 in tracing down      
complaints1 found that frequently people
 laid to the new bread ailments from    
which they had suffered before the war4 
,when in doubt1 blame the war bread1    
seemed to be the motto4   ,,the ,,social
 ,,importance ,,of ,,cereals1           
,,especially ,,wheat  ,the world eats   
more cereals than any other kind of     
food4 ,they are so widely available1 so 
cheap and nutritious1 that they are a   
main reliance of the human race4 ,a     
shortage is always extremely serious4   
,not only is an abundance important1 but
 an abundance of the accustomed kind4   

,in parts of ,india1 the inhabitants use
 rice as almost the only cereal4 ,when  
the rice-crop failed some years ago1    
thousands of people died of starvation  
with a supply of wheat available4 ,they 
did not know the use of wheat as food4  
,countries like ,france1 which use their
 cereals chiefly for bread1 are the most
 dependent on wheat1 since wheat is the 
most easily made into bread4  ,in the   
,united ,states cereals make up almost  
one-third of our food4 ,although wheat  
in most parts of the country has been   
the main dependence1 we have used a much
 greater variety of cereals than most   
people1 so that it is comparatively     
simple for the majority to make         
increased use of them4  ,the very poor  
must depend largely upon cereals because
 they can get more for their money from 
them than from other foods4 ,cereals1 to
 most of them1 mean bread4 ,it is such a
 large part of their diet that doing    
without it means a far more fundamental 
and difficult change in their food      

habits than for the well-to-do with     
greater freedom of choice4 ,besides1 the
 already overburdened working woman must
 get her bread in the easiest possible  
way--a ready-made loaf from the baker4  
,the burden of scarcity or high prices  
falls on those least able to bear it4   
,europeans eat even larger amounts of   
wheat than we4 ,over half the food of   
the ,french is bread1 so if the wheat   
shortage were near the danger-line1 it  
might lead to a serious weakening of the
 marvellous courage of the ,french      
people4   ,,wheat ,,flour ,,in          
,,war-,,time  ,to use this country's    
share of the short supply of wheat to   
the greatest advantage the ,food        
,administration has changed the making  
of flour to include more of the         
wheat-kernel4 ,the difference between   
peace and war time flour is easily      
understood if the structure of grains is
 considered4 ,wheat and other cereals   
have kernels much alike2 all have three 
principal parts3  ,the outer covering1  

called bran1 is made up of several      
layers4 ,this is rich in important      
mineral salts1 and the rest is largely  
cellulose1 or woody fibre4  ,the germ is
 the small part from which the new plant
 will develop4 ,here the small amount of
 fat in the kernel is stored4  ,the     
largest part of the kernel1 called the  
endosperm1 contains the nourishment to  
be used by the plant as it begins to    
develop4 ,this is mostly starch1 with   
some protein4 ,it is the part of the    
wheat1 for instance1 which is chiefly   
used to make our white flour4  ,the kind
 of flour made depends on how much and  
what parts of the kernel are used4      
,graham flour is manufactured by        
grinding practically all of the         
wheat-kernel--a #ajj-per-cent use of the
 grain1 called #ajj-per-cent extraction4
 ,some people still fail to realize that
 ,graham flour and ,graham bread are    
wheat1 perhaps because of the different 
name and brown color4 ,the so-called    
whole-wheat flour is often #ie per cent 

of the kernel only1 but may be as little
 as #he per cent1 depending on the      
amount of the bran and germ removed in  
the making4  ,ordinary white flour      
contains the endosperm alone1 with      
practically none of the bran and germ4  
,some brands before the war used up as  
little as #ef per cent of the wheat1    
leaving the rest of it to be turned into
 lower-grade flours and cattle-feed4    
,white flour thus uses less of the wheat
 for human food than ,graham or         
whole-wheat flour4  ,yet to convert all 
the country's wheat into ,graham flour  
would not be a wheat-saving measure1    
because it is not so well suited to our 
trade conditions4 ,graham flour1 for one
 thing1 does not keep so well as flour  
of lower extractions1 as the fat in the 
germ may become rancid in a             
comparatively short time4 ,flour in this
 country is often thirty days or longer 
in transit and may be months in         
warehouses1 stores1 and homes4 ,a flour 
to be satisfactory under extreme        

conditions here or for shipment abroad  
must keep at least six months--too long 
to be sure that ,graham flour will keep4
 ,in small countries like ,england1     
where flour is used up more promptly1 a 
high extraction is more practicable than
 in the ,united ,states4  ,moreover1    
while ,graham and whole-wheat flours    
with their larger quantities of mineral 
salts are a more desirable food for some
 people than white flour1 they are      
occasionally irritating to people with  
weak digestions1 so that it would be    
unfortunate to have only these flours on
 the market4  ,the ,food                
,administration1 therefore1 has         
considered that the most effective use  
of our wheat could be obtained by       
forbidding the manufacture of fancy     
flours of low extraction and making all 
flour contain at least #gd per cent of  
the wheat4 ,this still gives a fine     
white flour that keeps well and is      
difficult to distinguish from that on   
the market before the war4  ,to help in 

the enforcement of its flour rulings1   
the ,food ,administration has licensed  
all mills and elevators which handle    
over #ajj barrels of flour a day4 ,if   
the rulings of the ,food ,administration
 are not obeyed the license may be taken
 away1 and the business closed4 ,the    
hoarding of flour has been stopped by   
prohibiting mills1 elevators1 and bakers
 from having more than #cj days' supply 
on hand4   ,,the #ej-ej ,,rule4         
,,another ,,way ,,to ,,cut ,,the        
,,consumption ,,of ,,wheat  ,,not ,,only
 ,,must ,,the ,,miller ,,manufacture    
,,flour ,,in ,,accordance ,,with ,,new  
,,regulations1 ,,but ,,the ,,individual 
,,consumer ,,must ,,buy ,,it ,,under    
,,restrictions4 ,to many people the     
first realization that war and food     
difficulties are necessarily associated1
 came with the announcement in the      
spring of #aiah of the now familiar     
rules for the purchase of flour4 ,with  
every pound of white wheat flour1 the   
purchaser must buy a pound of some other

 cereal2 with every pound of ,graham    
flour1 three-fifths of a pound of other 
cereal4  ,the purpose of this regulation
 is1 of course1 to lessen the use of    
wheat by increasing the use of the      
substitutes4 ,the housekeeper who       
through lack of initiative or ingenuity 
fails to feed the family the substitutes
 and lets them accumulate on her shelf  
has just so far failed to co-operate    
with the ,food ,administration4 ,many a 
housewife has learned the value of these
 cereals and will continue to use them  
long after the war and the ,food        
,administration have passed into        
history4  ,a little thought will show   
the absence of any real burden in the   
#ej-ej rule4 ,a housekeeper for her     
family of four buys five pounds of wheat
 flour and five pounds of other cereals4
 ,she may use #a pounds of the          
substitutes with the #e pounds of wheat 
flour to make about #h pounds of        
,victory bread--sufficient to give each 
member of her family #b pounds of bread 

during the week4 ,she may serve an ounce
 of oatmeal as the breakfast cereal and 
an ounce of rice1 hominy1 or other      
cereal for each person daily and will   
then have used all the substitutes4     
,these cereals can be made into an      
endless variety of quick breads1 cakes1 
and pastry1 or combined with other foods
 as the main dish of the meal4          
,,substitutes ,,for ,,wheat ,,flour     
,the cereals on the market are varied   
enough to suit any taste4 ,,remember    
,,that ,,as ,,far ,,as ,,nutritional    
,,value ,,is ,,concerned1 ,,it ,,makes  
,,practically ,,no ,,difference         
,,whether ,,we ,,eat ,,wheat ,,or       
,,oats1 ,,rye ,,or ,,barley4 ,the       
quantities of starch1 protein1 mineral  
matter1 and fat are so nearly the same  
that any one of them can take the place 
of another4 ,oatmeal has a slight       
advantage over wheat both in protein and
 fat1 and since oats is an abundant crop
 in our country it is an excellent      
substitute4 ,rice has a very little more

 starch and less protein than the       
others4  ,there is just one advantage   
that wheat flour has over the other     
cereals--it can be made into lighter and
 more durable bread4 ,the reason for    
this is given in the next chapter4      
,corn1 the most abundant substitute4    
,indian corn is native to the ,united   
,states4 ,since it carried the ,pilgrims
 through their year of famine1 it has   
always been considered our national     
grain4 ,other countries have adopted it 
to some extent1 but more than three     
quarters of the world's corn is grown   
here4 ,in #aiag our corn crop was       
#c1jjj1jjj1jjj bushels1 four times as   
large as our wheat crop4 ,most of the   
crop has always been used as a          
feed-grain1 with only a small percentage
 for human food4 ,the ,south has always 
used much more corn than the ,north1    
actually eating more corn than wheat4   
,the foods from corn and the ways of    
using them are more numerous than is    
often appreciated4 ,corn meal and corn  

flour are the most important4 ,we are   
making almost as much corn meal as wheat
 flour4 ,the yellow and white corn      
meals1 milled from different kinds of   
corn1 are practically the same in       
composition1 though slightly different  
in flavor4 ,the method of milling corn  
meal makes more difference in the       
composition than the kind of corn used4 
,the old water-ground meal was simply   
crushed between millstones and only the 
coarsest particles of bran bolted out4  
,this ranks with ,graham as a product of
 #ajj per cent extraction and like      
,graham1 it may not keep well1 because  
the germ is left in4 ,the new process1  
more like modern flour-milling1 removes 
some of the bran and germ4 ,the product 
is a granulated corn meal which keeps   
better than the other1 and has          
practically the same composition1 though
 to some people a less desirable flavor4
  ,if corn meal is further ground and   
bolted1 we have corn flour4 ,some of    
this has been put on the market lately  

and is proving a good substitute for    
wheat flour2 but the amount available is
 only a small fraction of the amount of 
corn meal4 ,other important corn        
products are hominy of different kinds1 
hulled corn1 and popcorn4 ,the latter1  
usually eaten as an extra1 is really a  
valuable part of the diet4  ,corn is the
 same satisfactory food whether it is   
eaten as mush in ,new ,england1 polenta 
in ,italy1 or tamales in ,mexico4 ,many 
of the people of ,mexico and ,central   
,america live on corn and beans to a    
surprising extent4 ,in portions of      
,italy the rural population have adopted
 the grain as their main food4 ,our     
corn-meal mush is their polenta1 which  
is served sometimes with cheese1        
sometimes with tomato sauce or meat     
gravy4  ,oats4 ,an ,englishman once     
taunted a ,scotchman with the fact that 
while ,england used oats only for her   
horses1 ,scotland fed it to her men4    
,ah6 said ,sandy2 but where will you    
find such horses as you raise in        

,england and such men as in ,scotland6  
,the ,united ,states1 more like ,england
 than ,scotland1 has used oats mostly   
for feed4 ,the crop is second only to   
the corn-crop4 ,oats are eaten in the   
form of oatmeal1 which is a finely      
granulated meal1 and as the common      
rolled oats which have been steamed and 
put through rollers4 ,there is little   
oat flour on the market at present4 ,a  
successful and palatable home-made flour
 may be prepared by putting rolled oats 
through a food-chopper4 ,any of the     
forms of oats can be used in breads of  
all kinds1 but the more finely ground   
flour can be substituted in larger      
proportion4 ,the demand for oat products
 has grown so rapidly the last year that
 mills are running to their limit4      
,special machinery is required for its  
manufacture1 so that a great increase in
 the supply is not feasible in a short  
time4  ,barley and ,rye4 ,in using      
barley and rye for bread we are only    
going back to the methods of our        

forefathers4 ,barley is supposed to be  
one of the first cereals used by man4   
,good barley flour is a very acceptable 
substitute for wheat1 but if too large a
 proportion of the kernel is included1  
it may be bitter in flavor4  ,rye1 of   
all the cereals1 makes bread nearest    
like wheat1 though the rye bread        
formerly made usually contained from #bj
 per cent to #hj per cent wheat flour4  
,the supply is far below what we could  
well use4 ,for this reason it is not    
included among the cereals which the    
housekeeper is allowed to buy on the    
#ej-ej plan1 and since ,march #ca1      
#aiah1 bakers have not been allowed to  
use it as a substitute in baking on the 
same basis as the other substitutes4    
,rice4 ,rice forms the chief food of    
hundreds of millions of people1 and in  
many oriental countries is the staple   
cereal1 like wheat with us4 ,as a wheat 
substitute we may use it cooked whole or
 ground into a flour4 ,the rice flour   
may be mixed with other cereals in      

making bread and cakes4 ,the rice       
polish1 which is a by-product secured by
 rubbing off with brushes the outside   
coating of the brown rice1 is much      
cheaper4 ,it has been sold chiefly for  
stock-feed1 but it has possibilities as 
a flour substitute4  ,the rice-growers  
of the ,south are doing their best to   
supply the country with rice in quantity
 and to make known the possibilities of 
this cereal4 ,the rice flour supply1    
though not large now1 will doubtless be 
much increased by next year4 ,one       
,louisiana mill1 for example1 is        
increasing its output from #aej to      
#a1bjj barrels a day4  ,other ,cereal   
,substitutes4 ,besides the substitutes  
which are common all over the country1  
there are products produced in too small
 amounts to make them universal         
substitutes1 such as buckwheat1         
cottonseed meal1 and peanut flour1 any  
of which can be used with other flours  
for baking4 ,the ,southwest produces    
both flour and meal from milo1 kaffir1  

and feterita4  ,flours are made from the
 ,irish and sweet potato1 from tapioca1 
from soy beans1 and bananas1 but they   
are manufactured in such small amounts  
that they do not take the place of wheat
 to any great extent4 ,potato flour     
comes nearest to doing this4 ,it has    
always been used to some extent in      
,europe and it is being widely used in  
,germany now4 ,potato itself can be used
 instead of wheat4 ,an extra potato at a
 meal will take the place of a large    
slice of bread4  ,many of the substitute
 cereals do not keep so well as wheat1  
especially if they contain more than a  
minimum of moisture and fat4 ,the       
housekeeper and the baker should        
therefore buy them in small enough      
quantities to use them up promptly and  
should keep them in a cool1             
well-ventilated place4 ,may and ,june   
and the summer months are the time when 
most care is needed4  ,it is the free   
use of these many wholesome substitutes 
that is making possible the necessary   

saving of wheat4 ,we who appreciate     
their wholesomeness and their value can 
well break away from our wheat habit and
 gladly make the little effort sometimes
 necessary to begin using newer foods4  
,,chapter ,,iii  ,,war ,,bread   ,bread 
is the staff of life for all nations4   
,but bread does not necessarily mean the
 wheat loaf4 ,at one time and place it  
has been barley cake1 at another oaten  
cake1 and at another corn pone4 ,bread  
has always been whatever cereal happened
 to be convenient4 ,even such           
unbreadlike food as rice is to some     
races what bread is to us4  ,why1 then1 
have we developed our wheat-bread habit8
 ,partly because wheat bread has been   
easy to get and we have grown to like   
the taste1 but chiefly because wheat    
flour gives the lightest loaf4 ,to      
understand why1 make a dough with a     
little white flour and water and then   
gently knead it in cold water4 ,the     
consistency changes1 the starch is      
washed out and a rubbery1 sticky ball is

 left--the gluten1 which is the protein 
of the wheat4 ,it is this gluten in the 
flour that stretches when bread rises   
and then stiffens when it is baked1     
making a light1 porous loaf4 ,wheat is  
the only one of the cereals that has    
much gluten2 rye has a little and the   
others practically none4  ,gluten seems 
to be essential to the making of a      
light1 yeast-raised loaf4 ,products     
raised with baking-powder1 for which our
 standard of lightness is               
different--quick breads like biscuits   
and muffins and cakes--do not require   
the gluten and can easily be made from  
substitute cereals4 ,but for our        
ordinary loaf of bread1 at least some   
wheat seems to be almost essential1     
though with skill in the making1 rye can
 be made to serve in its place4         
,patriotic bakers and housewives all    
over the country have been trying to    
produce a wheatless loaf which is light1
 palatable1 and sufficiently durable to 
stand transportation4 ,the durability is

 a very important consideration2 crumbly
 corn bread cannot be distributed by    
bakers nor served to armies4 ,corn bread
 and the other quick breads are chiefly 
home-made products4  ,,our ,,present    
,,problem1 ,,therefore1 ,,is ,,to ,,make
 ,,the ,,most ,,effective ,,possible    
,,use ,,of ,,our ,,wheat ,,gluten1 ,,to 
,,make ,,it ,,go ,,as ,,far ,,as        
,,possible ,,in ,,our ,,breads4 ,,both  
,,bakers ,,and ,,private ,,individuals  
,,have ,,their ,,share ,,in ,,solving   
,,the ,,problem4   ,,the ,,bakers'      
,,regulations4 ,,victory ,,bread  ,the  
bakers have co-operated loyally4        
,probably no other food industry has    
been more vitally affected by the war4  
,,all ,,bakers ,,using ,,three ,,or     
,,more ,,barrels ,,of ,,flour ,a ,,month
 ,,have ,,been ,,licensed ,,and ,,so    
,,are ,,under ,,the ,,control ,,of ,,the
 ,,food ,,administration4 ,this means   
practically all the commercial bakers of
 the country1 and many hotels1 clubs1   
and institutions4 ,about two-fifths of  

the bread in the ,united ,states is made
 in bakeries and three-fifths in the    
home4 ,the bakeries have used           
#ce1jjj1jjj barrels of flour each year1 
so the importance of this field for     
conservation is plain4  ,the amount of  
wheat flour they are now permitted to   
have has been reduced3 at present #hj   
per cent of their last year's quantity1 
or1 if they are pastry and cracker      
bakers1 #gj per cent4 ,they must make no
 bread wholly of wheat flour4 ,some     
substitute must be mixed with the wheat4
 ,when the regulation went into effect  
in ,february1 #aiah1 #bj per cent was   
required and later1 #be per cent4 ,in   
pies and cakes there must be at least   
one-third substitute4 ,the amounts of   
sugar and fat used are limited4 ,even   
the sizes of the loaves are fixed1 so   
that the extravagance of making and     
handling all sorts of fancy shapes and  
sizes may be avoided4 ,bread must not be
 sold to the retailer at unreasonable   
prices4  ,victory bread is bread made in

 accordance with these regulations4 ,the
 name ,victory was chosen as            
representing the idea underlying the    
conservation of wheat4 ,the name is     
really a present to the ,food           
,administration1 having been used by two
 large firms who gave up all rights to  
their trade-mark4  ,hotels and          
restaurants are required to make or     
serve bread containing at least as much 
of the wheat substitutes as ,victory    
bread4 ,they may not serve more than two
 ounces of bread and other wheat        
products to a guest at a meal4 ,many of 
them have recently promised to use no   
wheat at all till the next harvest4     
,that means1 of course1 that only       
through intelligent effort can they     
serve yeast bread4   ,,the              
,,individual',s ,,answer ,,to ,,the     
,,bread ,,cry  ,,until ,,the            
,,wheat-,,supply ,,increases ,,and ,,the
 ,,food ,,administration ,,lessens      
,,restrictions1 ,,use ,,no ,,wheat ,,at 
,,all ,,if ,,you ,,can ,,possibly ,,do  

,,without4 ,remember that you can make  
delicious muffins and other quick breads
 from the substitute flours4 ,and you   
need no bread at all at some meals4 ,an 
extra potato or a serving of rice can be
 eaten instead of the usual two slices  
of bread and the body will be supplied  
with the same amount of energy4 ,do not 
be the slave of old food habits4 ,,when 
,,all ,,europe ,,is ,,eating ,,to ,,keep
 ,,alive1 ,,fastidiousness ,,and ,,food 
,,notions ,,must ,,play ,,no ,,part ,,in
 ,,the ,,dietary4  ,some people find it 
is almost impossible to do without the  
baker's loaf4 ,hundreds in crowded city 
quarters have no facilities of their own
 for baking4 ,women doing their share in
 factories and workshops cannot get up  
earlier to make corn bread for          
breakfast4 ,victory bread must be saved 
for them4 ,for households which must use
 wheat1 the ,food ,administration has   
fixed a voluntary ration of #a pounds of
 wheat per week for each person4 ,this  
includes wheat in the form of bread1    

pastry1 macaroni1 crackers1 noodles1 and
 breakfast foods4  ,all who can should  
do more than their share--they must do  
their utmost to make up for those whose 
circumstances prevent them from doing   
it4 ,,the ,,interests ,,and ,,desires   
,,of ,,each ,,of ,,us ,,in ,,this ,,war 
,,can ,,be ,,translated ,,into ,,service
 ,,in ,,no ,,more ,,effective ,,way     
,,than ,,by ,,conforming ,,our ,,food   
,,habits ,,to ,,the ,,needs ,,of ,,the  
,,hour4   ,,flour ,,and ,,bread ,,in    
,,the ,,allied ,,countries  ,all the    
,allied countries have been stretching  
their meagre wheat-supply to the limit  
and are enforcing the most stringent    
regulations4  ,the flour is required to 
be of high extraction--ordinarily from  
#ha per cent to #ij per cent1 decidedly 
higher than our #gd per cent4 ,even with
 this coarse1 gray flour a large        
percentage of substitute must be mixed1 
usually #be per cent4 ,in ,england there
 are local regulations on the use of    
mashed potato in bread4 ,their bread    

must be twelve hours old before it is   
sold1 so that people will not be tempted
 to eat too much4 ,the result is seldom 
palatable4 ,in ,france no flour at all  
may be used to make the delectable      
pastries and cakes which have long been 
the delight of the ,french people and   
their guests4 ,in ,italy1 macaroni1     
which in many regions is as much the    
staff of life as bread1 must contain #dc
 per cent substitute1 and in some places
 may not be manufactured at all4  ,both 
,england and ,france have subsidized    
bread2 the ,government has set a price  
below cost and itself makes up the      
difference to the baker4 ,england has   
appropriated #bjj1jjj1jjj for the       
purpose4  ,bread rations are in force in
 both ,france and ,italy4 ,france has   
recently put her whole people on a      
rigorous ration which limits them to    
two-thirds of the amount of bread that  
they have been accustomed to4 ,remember 
that bread is a far more important part 
of the ,french diet than of ours4 ,even 

children under three have bread cards   
allowing them #c ounces a day4 ,rations 
are not a guarantee that the amount     
mentioned will be forthcoming2 they only
 permit one to have it if it can be     
obtained4 ,one interesting result of the
 stringency1 according to an ,american  
officer writing from ,paris1 is that    
guests even at formal dinners1 may be   
asked to bring their own bread1 finding 
this postscript on their invitations3   
,apportez un peu de pain si vous le     
voulez4#a ,in ,italy the very limited   
bread rations are fixed locally4        
,footnote #a3 ,bring a little bread if  
you wish it4  ,england has compulsory   
rations for meat and butter or margarine
 and sugar1 but not for bread4 ,her     
bread system is voluntary like ours1 but
 much more detailed4 ,the voluntary     
ration allows one-half pound of bread a 
day for sedentary and unoccupied women  
and larger allowances up to a little    
over a pound for men doing heavy labor4 
,waste of any kind is very heavily      

punished--one woman was fined #ejj for  
throwing away stale bread4  ,why not    
send corn abroad8 ,one hears the        
question over and over again4 ,the      
answers are many4 ,in the first place1  
we are sending corn over--our exports of
 corn during ,march1 #aiah1 increased   
#ahj per cent and of corn meal #chc per 
cent over the pre-war average4 ,this    
they are using as we are using it in our
 ,victory bread4 ,but they must have    
enough wheat to make a durable loaf of  
bread at the bakeshops1 where for       
generations all the baking has been     
done4 ,the ,french housewife has no     
facilities for bread-making and the     
,french woman does not know how and has 
not the time to learn4 ,she is doing a  
man's work and her own woman's labor    
besides1 and the extra unaccustomed     
labor of bread-making cannot be added to
 her burdens4   ,,why ,,we ,,in ,,the   
,,united ,,states ,,do ,,not ,,have     
,,bread ,,cards  ,some people1 disturbed
 either selfishly or patriotically by   

the failure of a neighbor to conserve   
wheat1 have asked why the ,food         
,administration trusts to voluntary     
methods1 why it does not ration the     
country4  ,rationing may come yet1 but  
any such system bristles with           
difficulties4 ,the cost to the          
,government has been variously estimated
 all the way from #aj1jjj1jjj to        
#de1jjj1jjj a year4 ,fifty per cent of  
the population could not be restrained  
in their consumption by rationing1 for  
they are either producers or live in    
intimate contact with the producer4 ,a  
wheat ration which would be fair for the
 ,north might actually increase the     
consumption in the ,south4 ,finally1 the
 burden of a bread card would fall      
largely not on the well-to-do1 who eat  
less wheat already and can easily cut   
down further1 but on those with little  
to spend1 who might have to change their
 whole food habits4  ,the success that  
is meeting our method of voluntary      
reduction of consumption will be one of 

the remembered glories of the ,american 
people in this titanic struggle4        
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,the ,,meat ,,situation
   ,meat shortage is not a war problem  
only4 ,we had begun to talk of it long  
before the war1 and we shall find it    
with us after peace is declared4 ,great 
production of beef can take place only  
in sparse settlements4 ,as the tide of  
increasing population flows over a      
country1 the great cattle-ranges are    
crowded out1 giving place to cultivated 
fields4 ,more people means less room for
 cattle--a relative or even absolute    
decrease in the herds4   ,,where        
,,europe',s ,,meat ,,has ,,been         
,,produced  ,in spite of their crowded  
territory1 the majority of ,european    
countries have raised most of their meat
 themselves1 though usually they have   
had to import fodder to keep up their   
herds4 ,they have been less dependent on
 import for meat than for wheat4 ,great 
,britain is the only country which has  
imported much meat--almost one-half her 

supply4 ,her imports1 and to a lesser   
extent those of other ,european         
countries1 have come chiefly from       
,denmark and ,russia in ,europe1 and    
from six countries outside--the ,united 
,states1 ,canada1 ,argentina1 ,uruguay1 
,australia1 and ,new ,zealand4   ,,the  
,,war ,,and ,,the ,,european            
,,meat-,,supply  ,imports of both       
animals and fodder are interrupted4     
,with meat as with wheat1 the great     
shortage is due to lack of ships4       
,australia and ,new ,zealand1 and to a  
lesser extent ,south ,america1 are cut  
off4 ,fodder such as cottonseed         
press-cake cannot be shipped in large   
amounts as it takes three times as much 
shipping to transport feed as it does   
the meat made by the animals from it4   
,denmark's supply of animals to ,great  
,britain has practically stopped1       
because of her own shortage1 and because
 much of what she has goes to ,germany4 
,the ,european herds have been cut down4
 ,every one of the warring countries has

 fewer meat animals now than before the 
war4 ,there were roughly #ajj1jjj1jjj   
animals less in ,europe at the end of   
#aiag than in #aiad4 ,many of those left
 are in very poor condition1 so that the
 shortage is even more serious than is  
indicated by the falling off in numbers4
  ,belgium1 ,serbia1 and ,roumania are  
in the worst condition4 ,practically all
 the animals in those countries have    
been killed or confiscated by the       
invading ,german and ,austrian armies4  
,this is one cause of their terrible    
famine conditions4  ,the ,united        
,kingdom1 ,france1 and ,italy have also 
lost seriously4 ,france is the greatest 
loser of the three1 with more than      
one-fifth of her herds gone4 ,the enemy 
has driven off large numbers of her     
cattle4 ,she1 like the others1 is in    
difficulty not only for meat1 but for   
milk4 ,her situation is complicated by  
the fact that she has no great          
cold-storage plants like ours1 and so   
must get meat-supplies at frequent      

intervals4  ,before the war ,germany was
 much better prepared than the ,allies  
in that she had many more animals in    
proportion to her population than they4 
,but she was more dependent upon imports
 of feed1 and as her commerce has been  
cut off1 she has had to kill her animals
 faster4 ,counting up all her animals in
 terms of cattle according to the amount
 of meat they would yield1 shows a loss 
of over one-third4 ,for ,austria1 there 
are no available figures1 but her       
decrease has probably been larger than  
,germany's4  ,meat shortage is not a    
problem by itself1 but is closely       
connected with the shortage of available
 grain4 ,when cereals are short1 they   
must be fed to human beings rather than 
to animals4 ,feeding grain to animals   
and then eating the animals is not      
nearly so economical as eating grain    
directly4 ,for example1 when grain is   
fed to a cow1 only #c per cent of the   
energy of the grain is turned into meat 
or fat1 and #if per cent is burned up by

 the cow in its own daily living4 ,when 
a man eats the grain directly1 he uses  
at least #he per cent of its energy4    
,thus #ha per cent more of the grain is 
actually used for human food4 ,so       
,europe to-day has to sacrifice her     
herds1 and uses grain for bread instead 
of turning it into meat4  ,alongside    
this shortage has come an increased     
demand for meat for the great armies4   
,the soldier's ration always contains   
more meat than is eaten by the civilian 
population4   ,,the ,,meat ,,rations    
,,of ,,europe  ,the shortage has        
compelled vigorous control of           
consumption in order to make the        
distribution as nearly fair as possible4
 ,compulsory meat rations are enforced  
in all the warring countries4 ,they     
vary1 of course1 from time to time as   
the amount of available meat changes1   
but the following statements give a     
picture of how limited the allowances   
are in periods of shortage4  ,england   
did not suffer for lack of meat at the  

outset of the war4 ,her voluntary ration
 7,november1 #aiag7 was generous1 #b    
pounds per week4 ,in the beginning of   
#aiah the supply was very low1 and by   
the end of ,february ,london was put on 
meat rations1 and in ,april the rest of 
the country4 ,the rationing system has  
made distribution easier and more fair  
and greatly lessened the distressing    
queues of people waiting before         
butchers' shops for their allowance4    
,the regulations allow each person #d   
coupons a week4 ,children under #aj are 
on half-rations4 ,at first1 #c of these 
coupons could buy #e pence' worth of    
beef1 pork1 or mutton1 and one had to be
 used for a limited amount of bacon1    
ham1 poultry1 or game4 ,the total       
amounted to about #a pounds of meat a   
week4  ,because of the increased amount 
of bacon and ham which the ,united      
,states was able to send in the late    
spring1 heavy workers were permitted in 
,may #b extra coupons1 for which they   
might buy a pound of bacon4 ,boys       

between #ac and #ah years were allowed  
#a extra coupon for bacon1 poultry1 or  
game4 ,but at the same time only #b     
instead of #c coupons were to be used   
for fresh meat1 so as to cut down       
further the slaughtering of cattle4     
,heavy fines are imposed for wasting    
food or profiteering4  ,in the          
restaurants the meat portions are about 
a fifth of the size of those served in  
an ,american hotel4 ,an ,american       
staying in ,london said recently that he
 could eat two meals in succession in a 
,london restaurant1 and leave the table 
still minus that self-satisfied feeling 
that a meal in ,america gives4  ,at     
first ,france used meatless days instead
 of rations1 and in the spring of #aiah 
went back to meatless days4 ,high prices
 also keep down consumption4 ,in ,july1 
#aiag1 there were #b meatless days1 and 
cattle could not be slaughtered on the  
#b preceding days4 ,though this order   
was abolished in ,october1 #aiag1 meat  
had gone up so high in price that       

consumption went away down4 ,the ,paris 
letter of the ,london ,daily ,news and  
,leader on ,february #bh1 #aiah1 says   
that rump steak was selling for #d      
shillings #b pence--#a per pound4 ,since
 ,may #ae1 #c days a week must be       
meatless--,wednesday1 ,thursday1 and    
,friday4 ,on these days all butchers'   
shops are closed4 ,horse meat may be    
sold1 but no poultry or game4 ,fish is  
scarce and very expensive4  ,italy has  
meatless days1 formerly #b1 and since   
,may1 #aiah1 #c4 ,the ration and the    
number of cattle to be slaughtered are  
decided locally and strictly regulated4 
,the ,central ,powers probably have the 
lowest meat ration4 ,the quantities     
allowed vary in different parts of the  
country1 but the average in ,germany has
 been about #i ounces a week per person4
 ,it was reported that this was reduced 
to #f ounces in the middle of           
,may--barely two small servings each    
week4   ,,the ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,united
 ,,states  ,as with wheat1 meat for     

,europe must come chiefly from the      
,united ,states and ,canada1 since ships
 are few and the ,atlantic the shortest 
route4 ,the extra demand upon us is to  
offset the loss from inaccessible       
markets and the depleted herds in       
,europe4 ,the ,united ,states is now    
exporting far larger quantities than it 
has ever exported before4 ,in ,march1   
#aiah1 we sent over #hg1jjj1jjj pounds  
of beef4 ,ordinarily we export between  
#a1jjj1jjj and #b1jjj1jjj pounds a      
month4 ,of pork we sent #cjh1jjj1jjj    
pounds--six times more than usual4 ,it  
is roughly estimated that it is         
necessary to send #ge1jjj1jjj pounds of 
meat and meat products of all kinds     
abroad weekly to the ,allies and our    
army4  ,to buy and sell this huge and   
unusual quantity of meat1 a careful     
organization has been necessary4 ,at    
first the ,allied nations bought meat in
 this country as best they could in     
competition with the domestic market and
 each other1 often feverishly to meet   

emergencies4 ,,last ,,december ,a       
,,commission ,,was ,,formed ,,to ,,buy  
,,for ,,all ,,the ,,allies4 ,the prices 
to be paid are settled by experts1 after
 careful study1 so that packers1 storage
 warehouses1 and producers shall all    
have adequate1 but not excessive return 
for their labor4 ,the buying is planned 
ahead so that we can ship at times when 
we have plenty4  ,the meat which we are 
shipping now is coming in part from an  
increased slaughter of cattle and hogs1 
a condition which may have serious      
consequences in reducing our reserve4   
,the need for conservation is constant1 
though at times the situation becomes   
easier in one kind of meat or another4  
,in the summer of #aiag we were short on
 hogs4 ,in the spring of #aiah1 thanks  
to the keep-a-pig movement and vigorous 
conservation1 as well as high prices1 we
 temporarily had hogs in plenty4 ,beef  
is short for the summer season4         
,policies must change frequently with   
fluctuating supplies and varying demands

 from ,europe4 ,however1 the export     
demand for our forces and the ,allies is
 limited only by shipping capacity1 and 
it may be that we shall have a still    
larger demand at the war's end which    
will tax any reserve which we can       
possibly accumulate4   ,,meat           
,,conservation  ,meat does not play     
nearly so important a part in the       
world's dietary as we are accustomed to 
think4 ,there is no comparison1 in the  
quantity consumed1 between meat and     
bread1 or even meat and sugar or        
potatoes4 ,half of the people of the    
earth eat little or none of it4 ,only in
 two kinds of communities is meat used  
largely--new and thinly populated       
countries with much grazing-land1 or    
wealthy industrial countries4           
,australia and ,new ,zealand are of the 
first type1 consuming more meat per     
person than any other country in the    
world--#e pounds a week in ,australia   
and #d pounds in ,new ,zealand4 ,the    
,united ,states1 parts of which may be  

considered in both classes1 eats about  
#c pounds per person weekly4 ,this is   
much less than some years ago1 when     
there was more grazing-land4  ,great    
,britain1 because it could afford to    
import it1 used about #b pounds a week  
before the war4 ,germany's consumption  
was slightly lower4 ,france1 ,denmark1  
,switzerland1 with fewer animals or less
 wealth1 are small meat-eaters1 the     
average amount being about #a pounds a  
week--about half as much as our         
consumption4   ,,meat ,,and ,,other     
,,protein ,,foods  ,meat is eaten partly
 because of its pleasant flavor and     
partly because it is a source of protein
 which is necessary to build or renew   
the various parts of the body4 ,every   
cell in the body contains it and needs a
 steady supply4  ,meat is a valuable    
protein food1 but so are plenty of      
others--fish1 cheese1 eggs1 milk1 dried 
beans1 dried peas1 nuts1 cereals4       
,cottage-cheese is the most nearly pure 
protein of anything that we eat4 ,we can

 get protein just as satisfactorily from
 cheese and the other animal protein    
foods as from meat1 and almost as       
satisfactorily from the vegetable       
protein foods4 ,,the ,,old ,,idea ,,that
 ,,meat ,,is ,,especially               
,,strengthening ,,has ,,no ,,foundation4
 ,neither is one kind of meat less      
thoroughly digested than another4       
,there is little danger in this country 
that our diet will fall too low in      
protein4 ,many of us eat considerably   
more than we need4 ,even those who must 
spend a dangerously limited amount on   
their diet1 are not apt to be low in    
protein1 for they often err on the side 
of spending an unwise proportion of     
their money on meat4 ,most scientists   
now consider three ounces of carefully  
chosen protein per day a safe allowance 
for an average man4 ,an average woman   
needs less4  ,it is not at all difficult
 for an interested person to count up   
roughly whether he is eating more or    
less than this quantity4 ,a small       

serving of lean meat or fish1 about two 
inches square and three-quarters of an  
inch thick1 contains about one-half     
ounce of protein4 ,two eggs1 a pint of  
milk1 a quarter of a cup of             
cottage-cheese1 an inch-and-a-quarter   
cube of ,american cheese1 each have     
about this same amount4 ,so does a cup  
and a half of baked beans or two and a  
half cups of cooked cereal or six       
half-inch slices of bread 7#c x #c      
inches74 ,a person eating six of these  
portions daily will of course have his  
three ounces of protein4 ,a man moderate
 in his eating and patriotic in his     
saving of meat will probably find his   
consumption not far from this quantity4 
,,the ,,meat ,,substitutes  ,fish4 ,the 
possible supply of fish is practically  
unlimited1 and much of it is little     
appreciated by us4 ,we eat on the       
average only #ah pounds apiece per year1
 though our meat consumption is #agj    
pounds4 ,the ,british and ,canadians use
 much more fish than we do--#ef and #bi 

pounds respectively4 ,the ,united       
,states ,bureau of ,fisheries and many  
,state colleges are constantly          
introducing new varieties1 from shark   
down4 ,we should learn to value the many
 kinds which are available1 fresh1      
dried1 and canned1 not merely the few we
 happen to be used to4  ,eggs form a    
very valuable food not only for protein1
 but for mineral salts and vitamines as 
well4 ,it is unfortunate that the price 
is often high1 but it should be realized
 that expenditure for eggs makes        
expenditure for meat unnecessary4       
,poultry is not now listed as a meat    
substitute by the ,food ,administration 
because the supply has become very      
limited4  ,cheese is one of the best    
substitutes for meat4 ,it represents    
most of the food value of a much greater
 bulk of milk1 and its protein1 fat1 and
 mineral salts make it an important     
food4 ,we in ,america are very slow to  
appreciate it4 ,we are apt to use it in 
small quantity for its flavor rather    

than as a real food4 ,we could well eat 
more of it1 to the advantage both of the
 palatability and nutritive quality of  
our diet4  ,milk1 one of the most easily
 digested and simplest sources of       
protein in our diet and the most        
valuable of our foods1 is discussed in  
,chapter ,,vii4  ,nuts are usually      
thought of as a luxury1 but the amount  
of protein and fat they contain makes   
them really an important food4 ,peanuts 
are usually classed with the nuts and   
are considered the most valuable        
nut-crop of the ,united ,states4 ,they  
are growing so fast in importance that  
the acreage was increased #fj per cent  
in #aiag4 ,they are used for oil and for
 fodder as well as for human food4      
,peanut-butter or a bag of peanuts is a 
good investment1 but it should be       
counted as part of the necessary food1  
not eaten as an extra4 ,the occasional  
indigestion following injudicious eating
 of cheese and nuts is probably often   
due to forgetting that they are very    

substantial foods and eating them at the
 end of an already sufficient meal4     
,peas and ,beans are taken up with the  
other vegetables in ,chapter ,,viii4    
,why do not the ,allies use these       
substitutes8 ,mainly because they       
haven't them4 ,dairy products are as    
scarce as meat4 ,all the fish and beans 
and peas that they can get are being    
used4 ,but it is not enough4 ,,their    
,,small ,,meat ,,ration ,,must ,,be     
,,maintained1 ,,and ,,their ,,armies    
,,as ,,well ,,as ,,ours ,,must ,,have   
,,meat4 ,,keep ,,it ,,going ,,over6     
,,chapter ,v  ,,fats   ,to a person who 
has been in ,europe since the war began 
the question of the importance of fats  
is no longer debatable4 ,having         
practically gone without them1 he knows 
they are important4 ,in ,germany it is  
the lack of fat that is the cause1      
perhaps1 of the most discomfort and     
makes the ,german most dissatisfied with
 his rations4 ,even when the diet was   
sufficient1 it was not satisfactory if  

low in fat4  ,this dependence on fat in 
the diet is due to several reasons1 both
 physiological and psychological4 ,some 
people1 the ,japanese for example1      
habitually eat but little4 ,but it is   
the habit of both ,europeans and        
,americans to use considerable fat both 
on the table and in cooking4 ,the taste 
of food is not so pleasing without it4  
,their recipes almost all use fat in one
 form or another1 so that when little or
 none is available1 a change must be    
made in most of the methods of cooking4 
,practically all food must be boiled1   
and is lacking in the flavor and texture
 to which we are accustomed4 ,the food1 
no matter how nutritious it may be1 will
 not taste good4  ,fats are very        
concentrated food1 a fact which gives   
them added value in war-time1 making    
them the most economical food to ship4  
,a ,,pound ,,of ,,any ,,fat ,,gives #b  
,,times ,,as ,,much ,,energy ,,as ,a    
,,pound ,,of ,,sugar--the reason for the
 slogan ,fats ,are ,fuel for ,fighters4 

,soldiers engaged in the most strenuous 
physical activities need fuel for all   
the energy they expend4 ,bacon1 butter1 
all the forms of fat give them the most 
energy in the smallest weight of food4  
,fats stave off the feeling of hunger   
longer than other foods because they    
pass more slowly from the stomach and   
delay the passage of foods eaten with   
them4 ,a slice of bread and butter will 
satisfy one for a much longer time than 
a slice of bread and jelly1 even though 
there is enough jelly to give exactly   
the same amount of fuel4 ,in the        
countries in which there is a fat       
shortage1 the appetite does not stay    
satisfied during the usual period       
between meals1 even when the previous   
meal contained the customary amount of  
calories4 ,the feeling of hunger is     
sometimes almost constant4  ,certain    
fats are valuable for an entirely       
different reason4 ,milk fat1 either in  
the milk or as butter1 beef fat which is
 a constituent of oleomargarine1 the fat

 in the yolk of egg1 all contain one of 
the vitamines needed by children in     
order to grow properly1 and by grown    
people to keep in good health4 ,lard and
 the vegetable fats and oils1 like nut  
or vegetable margarine and              
cottonseed-oil1 do not contain this     
substance1 but if there is sufficient   
milk in the diet1 there will be plenty  
of this fat-soluble vitamine4 ,in all   
other respects the fats are alike from a
 nutritional standpoint4 ,one fat can   
replace another without harm4  ,until   
the war came there was little need of   
knowing or bothering as to what kind of 
fats we ate1 or of concerning ourselves 
with the fact that many more varieties  
were available than most of us used4    
,now it does make a decided difference4 
,,our ,,armies ,,and ,,those ,,of ,,the 
,,allies ,,need ,,fat1 ,a ,,great ,,deal
 ,,of ,,it1 ,,and ,,we ,,must ,,ship    
,,them ,,the ,,kind ,,most ,,suited ,,to
 ,,their ,,purposes4 ,,we ,,can ,,use   
,,what ,,the ,,allies ,,and ,,the ,,army

 ,,do ,,not ,,need4   ,,the ,,situation 
,,abroad  ,there is a shortage of the   
animal fats1 lard1 butter1 and          
oleomargarine for the same reasons1 of  
course1 that cause the meat shortage4   
,england1 particularly recently1 has had
 very little1 less even than the ,french
 and ,italians1 who are not accustomed  
to using much4  ,england was the largest
 butter importer in the world1 getting  
her supply mostly from northwestern     
,europe1 ,denmark1 ,russia1 ,sweden1 and
 ,holland4 ,russia can no longer supply 
her4 ,neither can the neutrals1 who have
 been supplying ,germany under pressure2
 they need ,germany's coal4 ,although   
the ,united ,states has increased her   
butter exports to the ,united ,kingdom1 
if our entire exports went to them1 it  
would supply only #f per cent of the    
amount needed4  ,to help the situation1 
,england has greatly increased her      
manufacture of oleomargarine4 ,oleo oil 
and vegetable oils are being imported in
 large quantities and now ,england uses 

twice as much margarine as butter4 ,but 
even with the margarine to help out1    
there is but little to go around4 ,the  
weekly ration of butter and margarine is
 one-fourth of a pound per person1 and  
at times even that amount has not been  
available4 ,in ,april an ,american      
newspaper man in ,london reported that  
he had forgotten what butter tasted     
like4 ,it could only be obtained on the 
farms1 and even those who made it were  
strictly limited in the amount that they
 could keep themselves4 ,not even       
margarine could be served at luncheon or
 dinner4 ,there were long queues in     
front of the shops before the           
distribution was better systematized4   
,at present the total amount of fat in  
the diet is increased somewhat by the   
allowance of bacon and ham4  ,in        
,germany the fat shortage1 has been so  
severe that1 combined with the bread    
shortage1 it has been the greatest cause
 of food riots4 ,before the war the     
,germans imported about half their      

supply1 most of which is now cut off4   
,of course1 the vegetable oils from the 
,united ,states and the tropics are not 
available4 ,the neutrals have had to    
lessen their exports because of their   
own shortage1 and the embargo which the 
,united ,states laid on its exports of  
fats to neutrals4 ,germany's inability  
to feed her animals has greatly         
curtailed her supply of animal fats4    
,as a result the rations have been      
decreasing steadily in spite of every   
effort4 ,bones are collected and the fat
 extracted4 ,seeds1 such as those of the
 sunflower1 and the kernels of fruit    
have the oil pressed from them4 ,during 
#aiae-af the rations varied from #c     
ounces to #aj ounces of table fat a     
week4 ,by ,december1 #aiag1 it had been 
decreased1 so that the average total fat
 ration was a little under #c ounces a  
week1 some communities receiving a      
little more1 and others none at all4    
,the local newspapers give interesting  
side-lights showing the results of this 

shortage4 ,an owner of a boot-shop was  
prosecuted by the police for having #gj 
pairs of good shoes which he would sell 
only in exchange for butter or bacon4   
7,brunswick ,volksfreund1 ,january #af1 
#aiah47   ,,the ,,situation ,,in ,,the  
,,united ,,states  ,the ,united ,states 
has great resources of vegetable oils1  
cottonseed1 peanut1 corn1 and olive oil4
 ,it is this apparent plenty that makes 
it so difficult for many to visualize   
the shortage abroad4 ,we are shipping   
about one-third of the lard which we    
produce1 and large quantities of oleo   
oil for oleomargarine4 ,although the    
exports of butter in #aiag have almost  
been doubled since the preceding fiscal 
year1 it is relatively unimportant1     
representing only about #a per cent of  
the production4 ,we are shipping        
cottonseed oil also1 but this requires  
tank-steamers1 which are scarce4 ,in    
general1 as the oils are much more      
difficult to handle and impossible for  
the armies to use1 we must ship the     

solid animal fats4  ,the ,individual's  
,part in ,fat ,conservation4 ,although  
at present there is butter and lard on  
the market1 the need for conserving it  
is important1 just as in the case of    
meat4 ,,waste ,,of ,,any ,,kind ,,should
 ,,be ,,abhorrent ,,to ,,all ,,of ,,us  
,,at ,,this ,,time4 ,there probably has 
been a greater waste of fat than of any 
other commodity1 but it is encouraging  
to note that this waste has been        
decreased by conservation4 ,the amount  
of fat in city garbage has gone down all
 over the country4 ,in ,columbus1 ,ohio1
 the fat in the garbage was almost #ej  
per cent less in #aiag than in #aiaf4   
,in fourteen large cities with a total  
population of over #e1jjj1jjj nearly #dj
 per cent less fat was recovered in     
,march1 #aiah1 than in ,march1 #aiag4   
,not only can fat be saved by carefully 
avoiding every bit of waste1 but less   
can actually be used4 ,,fry ,,food      
,,less1 ,,and ,,bake1 ,,broil1 ,,or     
,,boil ,,them ,,more4 ,,use ,,vegetable 

,,oils4 ,in a long view of the food     
situation1 it is the animal fats that   
cause gravest concern1 because of the   
years necessary to build up a herd4 ,,we
 ,,must ,,send ,,as ,,much ,,fat        
,,abroad ,,as ,,possible1 ,,and ,,create
 ,,reserves ,,for ,,periods ,,of        
,,shortage ,,with ,a ,,minimum          
,,depletion ,,of ,,our ,,herds4         
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,sugar   ,,of ,,all    
,,the ,,foods ,,which ,,it ,,is         
,,necessary ,,to ,,conserve1 ,,sugar    
,,is ,,the ,,easiest ,,to ,,do          
,,without4 ,if the war and what it means
 has become part of a person's          
consciousness1 he wishes only the bare  
essentials4 ,sugar is a luxury of former
 times which has become a commonplace   
to-day4 ,the average use in the ,united 
,states was #hc pounds per person last  
year--#a-b_/c pounds a week--less than  
one hundred years ago the yearly        
consumption was #i pounds4 ,sugar was a 
rare luxury4 ,it will do no harm to     
regard it so again4   ,,why ,,is ,,there

 ,a ,,sugar ,,shortage8  ,sugar is      
scarce for two reasons--much less       
beet-sugar is actually being grown1 and 
some of the cane-sugar is too far away  
to be available4 ,the sugar-beet1 grown 
in temperate climates1 and the          
sugar-cane1 native in tropical and      
semitropical regions1 are the only two  
sources of sugar large enough to be of  
more than local importance4  ,before the
 war1 #ic per cent of the entire world  
crop of beet-sugar was grown in ,europe4
 ,the industry was started by ,napoleon 
in the early nineteenth century when he 
was at war with most of ,europe1 and    
,france was shut off from her supply of 
cane-sugar from the ,west ,indies4 ,the 
industry spread over the great plain of 
,central ,europe1 from the north of     
,france over ,belgium1 ,germany1        
,austria-,hungary to ,central ,russia4  
,in #aiad all of these countries were   
producing enough sugar for their own    
needs4 ,england produced none at all1   
but the continent1 especially ,germany  

and ,austria1 supplied her with about   
#ed per cent of what she needed4        
,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing          
,,location ,,of ,,european ,,beet       
,,sugar ,,factories--,,also ,,battle    
,,lines ,,at ,,close ,,of #aiaf         
,,estimated ,,that ,,one-,,third ,,of   
,,world',s ,,proouction ,,before ,,the  
,,war ,,was ,,produced ,,within ,,battle
 ,,lines  ,the beet-sugar industry in   
the ,united ,states started in #ahfc and
 has grown rapidly since #ahig4 ,in     
#aiag it supplied #bb per cent of the   
consumption4  ,sugar-cane is grown in   
tropical and semitropical countries all 
over the globe4 ,cuba leads in the      
amount produced1 and consumes only a    
small fraction of her production        
herself4 ,java1 too1 is a large         
exporter4 ,india raises millions of tons
 but has to import some to fill all her 
needs4 ,in the ,united ,states1         
,louisiana1 ,texas1 and some parts of   
,florida produce about #f per cent of   
what we use1 but our dependencies1      

,porto ,rico1 the ,hawaiian ,islands and
 the ,philippines all export to us1 and 
together with ,cuba1 make up the        
deficiency4  ,the war has changed       
entirely the peace-time distribution4   
,the map shows what the battle-lines    
have done to the beetfields of ,europe4 
,belgium and the northern part of       
,france1 in which practically all the   
beets were grown1 are in ,german hands4 
,in #aiad the battle-line eliminated    
#bjc of the #bac ,french                
sugar-factories4 ,in #aiaf-ag the       
falling back of the ,germans had        
returned #fe factories to the ,french1  
but now again some of these have fallen 
into the enemy's hands4 ,the ,french    
crop in #aiae-af was only one-fifth of  
the crop before the war and the         
following year it was only a fourth4    
,italy's crop was #be per cent less in  
#aiaf-ag than before the war and the    
estimated yield for this year is #ej per
 cent less4 ,england1 of course1 can no 
longer get sugar from the continent4    

,so the allied world must import        
cane-sugar or have almost no sugar at   
all4 ,the cane-sugar supply is largely  
dependent on shipping4 ,ships cannot be 
spared to go to the ,east4 ,therefore   
the sugar of ,cuba and the rest of the  
,west ,indies1 our main source of       
supply1 must be shared with the ,allies4
 ,it is to the credit of all involved   
that every effort is being made to see  
that the division is a fair one4 ,a     
commission representing the ,allies1 the
 ,united ,states1 and ,cuba apportioned 
the #aiag-ah ,cuban crop and fixed its  
price4 ,competitive bidding by the many 
purchasers1 with the danger of forcing  
up the price of the limited supply1 was 
in this way prevented4   ,,the ,,effect 
,,of ,,the ,,shortage  ,the rations of  
,europe are the most convincing evidence
 of the extent of the sugar shortage4   
,in ,england  pound a week is allowed   
for each person1 half the average amount
 used in their households before the    
war4 ,france had sugar cards long before

 she had any other ration4 ,seven ounces
 a week were allowed1 and later in the  
year only one-quarter of a pound4       
,germany and ,austria-,hungary in #aiah 
had an average household ration of #f   
ounces a week4  ,the ,united ,states in 
accordance with its usual method is     
asking the individual for voluntary     
conservation of sugar4 ,each household  
is asked to observe a voluntary weekly  
ration of not more than three-quarters  
of a pound per person4 ,extra amounts of
 sugar for home canning may be secured  
by making a certified declaration to the
 dealer that it is to be used only for  
canning and preserving4  ,food          
manufacturers using sugar are dealt with
 more strictly than private individuals4
 ,every business using sugar may        
purchase it only on certificates        
obtained from the ,federal ,food        
,administrators4 ,at present            
manufacturers of essential products such
 as canned vegetables and fruits may get
 the amount needed to fill their        

necessary requirements4 ,manufacturers  
of less essential products get a        
percentage of what they used before--at 
present soft-drink and candy            
manufacturers get #ej per cent and      
ice-cream makers #ge per cent4  ,the    
decreased use of sugar has resulted in  
the release of the ships which had been 
used to bring ,cuban sugar to this      
country--#ej1jjj tons freed to carry men
 and munitions and food to the ,western 
front in the spring of #aiah4   ,,in    
,,place ,,of ,,sugar  ,the ,united      
,states is much more fortunate than     
,europe in having sweets other than     
sugar at its disposal4 ,as our corn-crop
 is immense1 the supply of corn-syrup is
 limited only by the ability of the     
manufacturers to turn it out4 ,it is a  
wholesome1 palatable syrup and can often
 take the place of sugar both in cooking
 and on the table4 ,although it is not  
as sweet as ordinary sugar1 it serves   
the body for fuel in the same way4 ,we  
have cane-syrup1 and also molasses and  

refiner's syrup1 by-products of         
sugar-making1 and in some parts of the  
country1 local products such as honey1  
maple sugar and syrup1 and sorghum      
syrup4 ,sweet fruits1 both fresh and    
dried1 contain considerable amounts of  
sugar1 some of the dried fruits being   
over two-thirds sugar1 and when added to
 cereals1 for example1 take the place of
 part or all of the sugar4   ,,the      
,,price ,,of ,,sugar  ,in spite of the  
short supply1 the ,food ,administration 
has kept down the price of sugar by an  
agreement with the sugar-refineries that
 the wholesale price must not be more   
than the cost of the raw sugar plus a   
fixed amount to cover costs of refining4
 ,even during ,december1 #aiag1 when    
there was a severe shortage in the      
,east1 the price remained stable4       
,refiners say that without regulation by
 the ,food ,administration the price    
would have gone to #be cents a pound or 
higher4  ,at times the ,food            
,administration has had to use          

compulsion to keep the price level and  
has not hesitated to do so where        
necessary4 ,licenses have been withdrawn
 for failure to comply with regulations1
 and businesses closed for longer or    
shorter times4 ,one dealer who was      
charging #ad cents a pound for sugar had
 his store closed for #b weeks2 another 
paid #bjj to the ,red ,cross for        
overcharging2 another1 for selling sugar
 and flour without regard to            
regulations1 was closed indefinitely4   
,,to ,,cut ,,down ,,on ,,sugar  ,,use   
,,fewer ,,sweets ,,of ,,any ,,kind ,,and
 ,,use ,,sugar ,,substitutes4 ,sugar    
does serve a desirable purpose in making
 certain of our foods more palatable1   
but the quantity necessary for this is  
small1 and for much of it other sweets  
can be used instead4 ,the household     
consumption uses by far the largest     
percentage of the sugar-supply4 ,its    
economical use also helps to provide a  
reserve for preserving surplus fruits4  
,,such ,,extras ,,as ,,candy ,,and      

,,cakes ,,can ,,be ,,entirely           
,,dispensed ,,with4  ,of course1 sugar  
is a food1 as it is burned in the body  
for fuel4 ,but there are two good       
physiological reasons for avoiding      
excessive amounts4 ,if we eat a large   
quantity in candy after already         
sufficient meals1 we are overeating and 
may suffer from digestive disturbances  
in consequence4 ,eating sweets instead  
of other food is also bad and a cause of
 undernourishment4 ,sugar is pure       
carbohydrate1 and although we may eat   
enough to satisfy the feeling of hunger 
the body will lack minerals1 protein1   
and other substances absolutely         
necessary for its well-being4 ,the      
person may feel satisfied1 but he will  
be undernourished nevertheless4  ,the   
conservation of sugar will not only     
permit a fair distribution to our       
associates in the war1 but insure a     
sufficient amount for our own men4 ,it  
is especially valuable for them because 
it burns so rapidly in the body that it 

gives energy more quickly than other    
foods4     ,,chapter ,,vii              
,,milk--,,for ,,the ,,nation',s ,,health
   ,in war-time there is constant danger
 of letting down the health standard4   
,food is high in price1 demands on      
incomes are many and insistent1 worst of
 all1 life is being expended so freely  
abroad that we become careless about it 
at home4 ,but while we are fighting to  
make the world a decent place to live   
in1 we must keep up our health and vigor
 at home4  ,,milk ,,is ,,vital ,,to     
,,national ,,health ,,and ,,efficiency4 
,we can conserve wheat and meat1 sugar  
and fats1 and be none the worse for it1 
but ,,we ,,must ,,use ,,milk4 ,the      
children of to-day must have it for the 
sake of a vigorous1 hardy manhood       
to-morrow4 ,a quart for every child1 a  
pint for every adult is not too high an 
ideal4  ,there is no lack of evidence   
that children suffer if they do not have
 enough4 ,in ,new ,york in this past    
winter1 two things were observed which  

are undoubtedly closely                 
connected--increased undernutrition     
among school children1 and decreased use
 of milk4 ,the ,mayor's ,milk ,committee
 in the fall of #aiag reported that the 
city as a whole had cut down its milk   
consumption #be per cent1 and certain   
tenement districts #ej per cent4 ,the   
majority of the families who had reduced
 the milk to little or none were giving 
their children tea and coffee           
instead--substituting drinks actually   
harmful to children for the most        
valuable food they could have4  ,about  
the same time as the milk investigation1
 a count was made of the number of ,new 
,york children who were seriously       
undernourished-- half-starved4 ,twelve  
were found in every #ajj children1 twice
 as many as the year before4  ,the      
warring nations in ,europe fully realize
 the value of milk4 ,in the face of a   
serious shortage they are making every  
effort to get to the children as much   
milk as can be produced or imported4    

,until children1 mothers1 and invalids  
are supplied1 no one else may buy any4  
,for adults1 milk is an almost unknown  
luxury4  ,all the countries have        
definite milk rations for their         
children4 ,these rations would be       
adequate if they could be obtained1 but 
many times they fall short4 ,every      
effort is made to treat all children1   
rich and poor1 alike4 ,the price of milk
 is regulated1 but parents who cannot   
afford to buy it are given it free or at
 cost4 ,dried and condensed milk are    
used where they can be obtained and     
fresh milk cannot4 ,thousands of tons of
 condensed milk have been sent over from
 ,america4 ,there has been scarcely a   
child born in the north of ,france and  
none in ,belgium whose continued life   
during all that period has not been     
dependent upon ,american condensed milk4
 ,at one time the ,ministry of ,food in 
,great ,britain1 anticipating a milk    
shortage in the winter bought large     
quantities of dried milk for            

distribution by local health committees 
and infant welfare societies4  ,in      
,belgium1 in spite of the misery of the 
people1 fewer young children are dying  
than before the war1 because of the milk
 and bread and care that they get at the
 soupes and children's canteens4 ,but in
 ,poland1 ,roumania1 and ,serbia1       
thousands and tens of thousands of      
babies and young children have died     
since the war for lack of milk and other
 food4  ,grown people should use milk   
and appreciate that it is far more than 
a beverage4 ,comparing it with tea and  
coffee is not sensible4 ,the idea that  
food is something to chew breaks down   
completely when milk is considered4     
,milk is both meat and drink4   ,,the   
,,valuable ,,constituents ,,of ,,milk   
,what gives milk its unique value8 ,it  
must contain especially valuable        
substances1 since it is an adequate food
 for the young for several months after 
birth and is one of the most important  
constituents of a grown person's diet4  

,it contains protein of a kind more     
valuable1 especially for growing        
children1 than that of most other foods4
 ,milk protein separates out when milk  
sours and is the familiar               
cottage-cheese4 ,because of it1 milk1   
whole or skim1 is a valuable meat       
substitute4 ,when we drink milk1        
therefore1 we need less meat4  ,it      
contains fat4 ,a pint of milk has a     
little more than half an ounce--the same
 amount as an ordinary serving of       
butter4 ,by drinking milk we can save   
fat as well as meat4  ,milk-sugar is    
also present1 more or less like ordinary
 sugar1 but not so sweet4 ,the sugar1   
the fat1 and part of the protein burn in
 the body1 giving the energy needed for 
the body's activities4 ,a pint gives as 
much fuel as #d eggs1 or half a pound of
 meat1 or #c or #d large slices of      
bread4 ,although bread is cheaper fuel  
than milk1 its economy compared with    
meat or eggs is obvious4 ,the pint of   
milk costs usually about #g cents1 while

 the eggs and meat cost at least two or 
three times as much4 ,the economy of    
substituting milk for at least part of  
the meat in the diet is plain4 ,it is   
the advice of an expert to let no family
 of #e buy meat till it has bought #c   
quarts of milk4  ,but this is not the   
whole story of milk4 ,milk is           
extraordinarily rich in calcium1        
commonly called lime1 necessary for the 
growth of the bones and teeth and also  
important in the diet of adults1 even   
though they have stopped growing4 ,no   
other food has nearly as much4 ,a pint  
has almost enough calcium for one entire
 day's supply4 ,it takes #b pounds of   
carrots to give the same amount1 or #g  
pounds of white bread or the impossible 
quantity of #ba pounds of beef6 ,a diet 
without milk 7or cheese7 is in great    
danger of being too low in calcium1     
especially a meat-and-bread diet without
 vegetables4  ,among the most necessary 
constituents of milk are the two        
vitamines4 ,one is present chiefly in   

the fat and the other in the watery part
 of the milk4 ,without milk fat1 in     
whole milk or in butter1 we run         
considerable risk of having too little  
of the fat-soluble vitamine4 ,the other 
vitamine is more widely distributed in  
our foods1 so that with our varied diet 
there is little danger of not getting   
enough4  ,milk1 therefore1 fills all the
 needs of the child1 except1 perhaps1   
for iron1 and is one of the best foods  
in the diet of grown people4 ,,there    
,,is ,,no ,,other ,,food ,,that ,,has   
,,all ,,the ,,virtues ,,of ,,milk2 ,,it 
,,therefore ,,has ,,no ,,substitute4    
,,the ,,regular ,,use ,,of ,,milk ,,is  
,,the ,,greatest ,,single ,,factor ,,of 
,,safety ,,in ,,the ,,human ,,diet4     
,,our ,,milk ,,problem  ,we have not    
nearly enough milk in the ,united       
,states to give every child the quart   
and every adult the pint which they     
should have4 ,although we actually      
produce about a quart per person1 more  
than half of this is used for butter1   

cheese1 and cream1 and only about       
two-thirds of a pint is drunk directly  
as milk or used in cooking4 ,this spring
 we have slightly more than this amount 
because of the dairymen's response to   
the patriotic appeal to maintain        
production1 but our supply and          
consumption of milk are still far below 
what they should be4  ,to increase the  
quantity in the country the price of    
milk must be low enough for people to   
afford it1 but high enough to keep the  
producer and distributer in the         
business4 ,the question of a fair price 
is a difficult one4 ,the cost of feed   
has gone up1 labor is scarce and dear1  
but further economies in both production
 and distribution are still possible4   
,this past winter the ,food             
,administration and the ,dairy ,division
 of the ,department of ,agriculture have
 assisted many local commissions in     
determining fair milk prices and        
pointing out economies all along the    
line of the milk business4  ,it is most 

unfortunate that ignorance of the value 
of milk makes people particularly       
sensitive to a change in its price4     
,when it goes up even a cent a quart1   
many cut down their consumption1 while a
 considerably larger advance in the     
price of meat will make little          
difference in the amount bought4  ,if   
diminished use of milk continues1       
dairymen may go out of business and     
permanent harm be done1 both to us and  
to those dependent on us abroad4 ,a     
factory may close down and when the need
 comes reopen immediately1 but if a cow 
is killed it takes practically three    
years to replace her4  ,the milk we have
 should be used as effectively as       
possible4 ,the most economical way for a
 nation to use its milk so as to get the
 benefit of all the food in it1 is1 of  
course1 as whole milk1 or evaporated or 
dried whole milk4 ,the next most        
economical way is in the form of        
whole-milk cheese1 since all but the    
whey is used in it4  ,cream and butter  

are much less economical unless all the 
skim milk is used4 ,as #da per cent of  
our milk-supply goes to make butter1 we 
have large quantities of skim milk      
containing as much protein1 it is       
estimated1 as all the beef we eat4  ,at 
present we feed the largest part of this
 to animals or actually throw it away4  
,since the cottage-cheese drive of the  
,department of ,agriculture1 an         
increasing amount of it is being made   
into cottage-cheese--a palatable and    
useful meat substitute4 ,it can1 of     
course1 be used as a beverage or in     
cooking4 ,whey also has many food uses4 
,buttermilk1 too1 is justly popular and 
healthful4 ,skim milk is not a          
substitute for whole milk for children4 
,cream1 valuable food though it is1 is  
also extravagant in its use of milk4 ,it
 takes five quarts of milk to produce a 
quart of cream4 ,buying whole milk is1  
therefore1 better policy than buying    
cream and no milk4 ,the sale of cream is
 now forbidden in ,great ,britain for   

this reason4   ,,our ,,milk ,,abroad    
,it is our supply of milk that is       
helping to meet the milk shortage       
abroad4 ,before the war we exported very
 little4 ,by #aiag our export of        
evaporated1 condensed1 and dried milk   
had gone up twentyfold4 ,in the spring  
of #aiah we sent over the equivalent in 
whole milk of almost #ej1jjj1jjj pounds 
a month1 and should probably have sent  
much more were it not for the lack of   
ships4 ,after the war1 when ships are   
released1 the demand for it will be     
enormous4 ,it will take years to build  
up the dairy-herds of ,europe again1 so 
we shall continue to be their main      
source of supply4  ,,learn ,,and ,,teach
 ,,the ,,unique ,,value ,,and ,,economy 
,,of ,,milk4 ,,do ,,everything ,,to     
,,prevent ,,in ,,this ,,country ,,the   
,,tragic ,,results ,,which ,,are        
,,following ,,the ,,cutting ,,down ,,of 
,,milk ,,consumption ,,abroad4          
,,chapter ,,viii  ,,vegetables ,,and    
,,fruits   ,vegetables and fruits       

represent a different and happier phase 
of the food situation than our short    
supplies of wheat and meat4 ,the        
vegetables especially are a great       
potential reserve of food1 for they can 
be produced in quantity in three or four
 months on unused land by labor that    
otherwise might not be used4  ,abroad   
every resource for vegetable-raising is 
being utilized to the utmost4 ,france   
and ,belgium have long made the most of 
all their land4 ,now ,england has made  
it compulsory to leave no ground        
uncultivated4 ,golf-courses are now     
potato-patches4 ,parks and every bit of 
back yard all grow their quota of       
vegetables4 ,the boys in the old        
,english public schools work with the   
hoe where before they played football4  
,we in ,america have no more than       
touched our capacity for raising        
gardens4 ,what we have done is merely a 
beginning4 ,as the war goes on we shall 
realize more and more the necessity for 
seizing every opportunity for active    

service4 ,the accomplishments of the    
summer of #aiag showed the possibilities
 of the work1 and placed it beyond the  
purely experimental stage4 ,they have   
given experience and emphasized the     
value of expert advice and the economy  
of community efforts4  ,not only is the 
plant a garden a civilian movement1 but 
it has taken hold in the armies as well4
 ,the ,american ,army ,garden service is
 planning truck-gardens in ,france to   
supply our troops4 ,the ,woman's        
,auxiliary ,army ,corps of ,england     
plants gardens back of the ,british     
lines4 ,last summer the ,french fed     
#bj1jjj of their men from similar       
gardens4  ,,every ,,pound ,,of ,,food   
,,grown ,,in ,,these ,,home ,,and       
,,community ,,gardens ,,relieves ,,the  
,,railroad ,,congestion ,,and ,,gives   
,,more ,,space ,,for ,,transporting     
,,munitions ,,and ,,coal4 ,,every       
,,pound ,,of ,,food ,,grown ,,releases  
,,staples ,,for ,,europe4 ,extra        
production of food of any kind1         

anywhere1 takes on a new significance in
 the presence of half a world hungry4   
,,if ,,you ,,cannot ,,grow ,,vegetables1
 ,,use ,,them ,,in ,,abundance ,,anyway4
 ,they are too perishable to ship abroad
 and too bulky1 containing so much water
 that it would be an uneconomical use of
 shipping to export them4 ,but the more 
,america eats of almost any kind of     
vegetable or fruit1 the less of the more
 durable1 concentrated foods will she   
require4 ,the products are so varied in 
kind and composition that they can be   
used to serve almost any purpose--beans 
and peas to save meat2 potatoes and     
others to save wheat2 sweet fruits to   
save sugar2 jams1 even1 when spread on  
bread1 to save fat4 ,all will improve   
the health and therefore increase human 
energies for winning the war4   ,,in    
,,the ,,war ,,diet  ,to ,save ,meat4    
,beans and peas and peanuts are the only
 vegetables with much protein1 so that  
they are the ones thought of primarily  
as meat substitutes4 ,there are many    

kinds of them1 fresh or dried1 more than
 most of us realize4 ,it is worth while 
to add to the diet not only the ordinary
 white or navy beans1 but kidney1 lima1 
black or soy beans1 cow-peas1 the many  
colored beans such as the pinto1        
frijoles1 and the ,california pinks4 ,it
 is these latter kinds that are used by 
the ,mexicans as their chief standby4   
,the ,army and ,navy use huge quantities
 of the white beans1 and the ,allied    
,governments are also buying tons of the
 pintos4  ,the #aiag bean-crop1 in      
response to the patriotic appeal1 was   
#ej per cent higher than the normal4    
,nearly all this increase was in the    
colored beans1 chiefly pintos4 ,the     
,food ,administration1 fearing that some
 of this unusual surplus might be wasted
 and the farmer discouraged from        
producing a large output in #aiah1      
bought up the extra crop and distributed
 it for sale at the different markets4  
,though soy beans and peanuts at least  
are exceptions1 the protein in beans and

 peas is not so satisfactory as a       
bodybuilder as that in animal foods1 so 
that a diet in which they are a large   
part should contain also some milk or   
eggs or a little meat4 ,two cups 7half a
 pound7 of shelled green peas or beans1 
or one cup with a cup of skim milk gives
 as much protein as a quarter of a pound
 of beef4 ,dried beans and peas are1 of 
course1 cheaper than the canned with    
their larger amount of water4 ,at the   
usual market prices as much fuel can be 
bought for #e cents spent for dried peas
 as for #be cents for canned peas4      
,meat-savers do not all have to be      
high-protein foods1 since the diet of   
most of us contains considerably more   
protein than is necessary4 ,any         
vegetable can be a meat extender4 ,the  
pleasant flavor of meat can be obtained 
in meat stews1 such as the delicious    
,french pot-au-feu4 ,stews can easily be
 made with less meat and more vegetables
 than usual4 ,the meat allowance is now 
so very small in ,france and the        

vegetables so scarce in the cities1 that
 the ingenuity of even the ,french woman
 is taxed to get a meal4  ,to ,save     
,wheat4 ,potatoes to save wheat6 ,the   
great potato drive to utilize the       
surplus of our huge #aiag potato-crop1  
#ajj1jjj1jjj bushels above normal1 has  
fixed in every one's mind the           
interchangeableness of these two foods4 
,potatoes are one-fifth starch--almost  
the same quantity as in cooked breakfast
 cereals4 ,because of this starch1 they 
give as satisfactory a fuel as wheat or 
corn or any other cereal4 ,one          
medium-sized potato supplies the same   
number of calories as a large slice of  
bread1 and contains more mineral salts  
than white bread4 ,europe has learned to
 eat potatoes instead of wheat4 ,when   
bread has been short potatoes have been 
the mainstay in every country4 ,they are
 to-day the largest single element1 in  
terms of energy1 in the ,german war     
ration4  ,sweet potatoes are also       
first-class wheat-savers4 ,so to a      

lesser extent are most vegetables and   
fruits4 ,very few except white and sweet
 potatoes contain much starch1 but many 
of them have considerable sugar1 which  
serves as fuel just as starch           
does--carrots1 beets1 onions1 parsnips1 
and practically all fruits such as      
bananas1 oranges1 and grapes4  ,to ,save
 ,sugar4 ,we want sugar1 of course1 both
 for fuel and flavor4 ,the vegetables   
and some fruits have their sugar so     
covered up by other tastes that it does 
not help to make the food sweet4 ,it    
does1 of course1 serve for fuel4        
,bananas especially are fuel foods1     
containing much starch when green1 which
 changes to sugar as the fruit ripens4  
,the sweetest fruits are the dried      
ones--dates1 figs1 raisins1 prunes4     
,they have so much sugar that they can  
well be used in place of candy4  ,to    
,save ,fat1 ,although few common fruits 
and vegetables contain fat1 jam is a    
real fat-saver4 ,it is of high fuel     
value1 and has the advantage of being a 

spreading material so that it can       
replace butter with bread and cereals4  
,jam is of great importance in ,europe  
to-day and all the ,governments have    
taken steps to keep up the supply4 ,it  
is a regular part of the ,english army  
ration4  ,to ,keep the ,nation ,well4   
,an increase in the use of vegetables   
and fruits is practically sure to mean  
an increase in health4 ,many of us1     
especially city-dwellers1 do not eat    
enough of them4 ,many a young girl who  
does not like vegetables probably owes  
part of her languor to inadequate diet4 
,the old-fashioned touch of scurvy      
formerly noticed at the end of the      
winter and even now not an unknown      
thing1 was probably due to lack of      
vegetables in the winter diet4 ,the     
constipation which is so disturbingly   
prevalent can usually be cured or       
prevented by eating vegetables and      
fruits in sufficient quantities4 ,one of
 the most serious limitations in the    
diet of many of the very poor is the    

lack of vegetables as well as milk and  
the unduly large proportion of meat and 
bread4 ,in a community in ,new ,york    
,city with high mortality rate1 #ge     
mothers whose diet was observed1 ate    
vegetables on the average only twice a  
week1 and fruit about the same number of
 times4  ,it is not difficult to        
understand why vegetables and fruits are
 so important4 ,only a few are          
especially valuable as fuel or as a     
source of protein1 but almost all are   
high in mineral salts and can supply the
 roughage desirable in the diet4 ,some  
also contain the vitamines1 the leafy   
vegetables being especially valuable    
because1 like milk1 they contain the two
 kinds4 ,the greens1 leafy vegetables   
like spinach1 cabbage1 ,brussels        
sprouts1 asparagus1 and lettuce1 are the
 ones that help most in these last      
ways--protective foods1 they have been  
called4 ,they are rich in the iron1     
calcium1 and other minerals that some of
 the other foods lack4 ,the use of      

plenty of these vegetables should go far
 toward keeping up health4   ,,canning  
,,and ,,drying ,,vegetables ,,and       
,,fruits  ,the value of these foods both
 for the nation's health and for saving 
staples applies just as much in winter  
as in summer4 ,in war-time1 a winter    
supply1 either stored1 dried1 or canned1
 takes on special significance because  
of their substitute value if the supply 
of staples runs critically low4  ,the   
canning industry1 because it makes      
vegetables obtainable at all times and  
places1 has been of great importance in 
the health and development of the       
country4 ,smith1 in his ,commercial     
,geography1 says that canning1 more than
 any other invention since the          
introduction of steam1 has made possible
 the building up of towns and           
communities beyond the bounds of varied 
production4 ,a century or two ago1      
sailors after a voyage of a year or two1
 almost always came home with scurvy4   
,recently ,nansen and his men drifted in

 the ,arctic ice for years and remained 
in good health1 because of their supply 
of canned vegetables1 fruits1 and meats4
  ,the ,government has not been slow in 
appreciating the need of canned         
vegetables for the ,army and ,navy4 ,it 
has commandeered about #be per cent of  
the canned beans1 #ab per cent of the   
corn1 and #ah per cent of the tomatoes  
of the #aiag pack4 ,large amounts will  
be needed this year also4 ,much of the  
#aiah-ai supply for our troops in       
,france is to be canned in ,france1 by  
arrangement with the ,french            
,government1 thus saving valuable       
shipping space4  ,drying1 or            
dehydrating1 has long been known for    
beans1 peas1 and corn1 and for dates1   
prunes1 figs1 and raisins4 ,but dried   
potatoes1 beets1 carrots1 and soup      
mixtures are more or less new4 ,the     
drying1 of course1 merely removes most  
of the water from the vegetable1 and if 
the process is properly carried out1    
soaking the vegetable in water restores 

its original freshness4  ,the war1 with 
the need for every ounce of food and the
 increasing transportation difficulties1
 has brought the process into           
prominence4 ,the dehydrated products1 if
 properly stored1 seem to keep a long   
time4 ,their saving in freight and      
shipping is plain1 when it is remembered
 that the fresh vegetables and fruits   
often contain over #ij per cent water1  
and the dried from #h per cent to #aj   
per cent4 ,ships are too precious to be 
used for carrying unnecessary water4    
,our ,government has placed orders for  
several thousand tons of dehydrated     
potatoes for the ,army and may use other
 dried products as they can be obtained4
  ,canada has sent abroad within the    
past #c years over #ej million pounds of
 dehydrated vegetables1 about two-thirds
 of which was the vegetable-soup mixture
 and one-third dried sliced potatoes4   
,when reconstituted this would make     
about #djj1jjj1jjj pounds of vegetables4
 ,germany has been drying her vegetables

 and fruits far more than we4 ,in #aiag 
she had over #b1jjj commercial plants1  
and an elaborate system of distributing 
all the available fresh material to the 
different plants to avoid waste4        
,individuals and communities with       
gardens or wherever fresh products can  
be obtained should not be dependent upon
 commercial agencies4 ,,as ,,far ,,as   
,,possible ,,every ,,family ,,and       
,,every ,,neighborhood ,,should ,,be    
,,self-,,supporting4 ,,home ,,and       
,,community ,,canning ,,and ,,drying    
,,are ,,important ,,duties4 ,,can ,,and 
,,dry ,,the ,,surplus4 ,,store ,,up     
,,enough ,,to ,,carry ,,through ,,the   
,,next ,,winter4 ,,follow ,,expert      
,,advice ,,as ,,to ,,methods4 ,,use     
,,the ,,greatest ,,care ,,to ,,prevent  
,,spoilage4 ,,wherever ,,possible       
,,unite ,,with ,,your ,,neighbors ,,in  
,,community ,,canneries ,,and ,,dryers  
,,so ,,that ,,every ,,one ,,can ,,have  
,,the ,,benefit ,,of ,,the ,,best       
,,equipment ,,and ,,the ,,most ,,skilled

 ,,supervision4  ,a ,,great ,,deal ,,was
 ,,done ,,in #aiag2 ,,millions ,,of     
,,cans ,,were ,,put ,,up ,,and ,,great  
,,waste ,,prevented4 ,,but ,,in #aiah   
,,more ,,must ,,be ,,done4 ,,more       
,,vegetables ,,must ,,be ,,raised ,,and 
,,more ,,must ,,be ,,canned4 ,a ,,great 
,,reserve ,,for ,,the ,,winter ,,is     
,,more ,,necessary ,,than ,,ever4       
,,conclusion   ,almost a year of food   
control in this country has passed and  
the great new experiment in democratic  
administration of the nation's food is  
succeeding4 ,the method of well-directed
 voluntary co-operation1 much more      
characteristic of our food control than 
of any other country's1 can be judged by
 its results to date4 ,we have sent     
abroad six times the wheat that we had  
believed was in the country for export4 
,we have exported vastly increased      
shipments of the other cereals1 of beef 
and pork1 of fats and condensed milk4   
,with ,canada1 we are supplying #ej per 
cent of the ,allies' food1 instead of   

barely #e per cent1 as before the war4  
,meanwhile our own population has been  
taken care of4 ,no one has gone hungry  
because of the shipments of food out of 
the country4 ,the price of the most     
important food1 bread1 has been kept    
stable--a new experience in time of war4
  ,these and others are great           
accomplishments1 brought about through  
the co-operation of the nation1 ,,but   
,,they ,,are ,,slight ,,in ,,comparison 
,,with ,,what ,,must ,,still ,,be       
,,done4 ,the huge resources for extra   
food production and conservation have   
hardly been touched4 ,the imagination is
 just beginning to be stirred by the    
immensity of the whole undertaking and  
the sacrifice required to win the war4  
,men1 ammunition and food1 in a steadily
 increasing stream1 must go across4     
,,our ,,duty1 ,,if ,,we ,,are ,,to ,,do 
,,this ,,great ,,thing ,,and ,,show     
,,america ,,to ,,be ,,what ,,we         
,,believe ,,her ,,to ,,be--,,the        
,,greatest ,,hope ,,and ,,energy ,,of   

,,the ,,world--,,is ,,to ,,stand        
,,together ,,night ,,and ,,day ,,until  
,,the ,,job ,,is                        
,,finished4--,,president ,,wilson4      
,a ,,few ,,references  ,american        
,academy of ,political and ,social      
,science4 ,world's ,food4 ,philadelphia1
 #aiag4 7,annals of the ,american       
,academy1 ,november1 #aiag47  ,carter1  
,howe and ,mason4 ,nutrition and        
,clinical ,dietetics4 ,philadelphia1    
,lea  ,febiger1 #aiah4  ,holmes1 ,a4,d41
 and ,lang1 ,h4,l4 ,fats and ,their     
,economical ,use in the ,home4          
,washington1 #aiaf4 7,department of     
,agriculture ,bulletin #dfi47  ,kellogg1
 ,vernon1 and ,taylor1 ,alonzo ,e4 ,food
 ,problems4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1     
#aiag4  ,langworthy1 ,c4,f4 ,potatoes1  
,sweet ,potatoes1 and ,other ,starchy   
,roots as ,food4 ,washington1 #aiag4    
7,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin  
#dfh47  ,langworthy1 ,c4,f4 ,eggs and   
,their ,value as ,food4 ,washington1    
#aiag4 7,department of ,agriculture     

,bulletin #dga47  ,lusk1 ,graham4 ,food 
in ,war ,time4 ,philadelphia1 ,saunders1
 #aiag4  ,lusk1 ,graham4 ,fundamental   
,basis of ,nutrition4 ,new ,haven1 ,yale
 ,university ,press1 #aiae4  ,mendel1   
,lafayette ,b4 ,changes in ,food ,supply
 and ,their ,relation to ,nutrition4    
,new ,haven1 ,yale ,university ,press1  
#aiaf4  ,mendenhall1 ,dorothy ,r4 ,milk4
 ,washington1 #aiah4 7,children's       
,bureau1 ,publication #ce47  ,rose1     
,mary ,swartz4 ,everyday ,foods in ,war 
,time4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aiah4   
,rose1 ,mary ,swartz4 ,feeding the      
,family4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aiag4 
,sherman1 ,henry ,c4 ,chemistry of ,food
 and ,nutrition4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1
 #aiah4  ,sherman1 ,henry ,c4 ,food     
,products4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1      
#aiag4  ,taylor1 ,alonzo ,e4 ,war       
,bread4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aiah4  
,the publications of the ,united ,states
 ,department of ,agriculture and the    
,united ,states ,food ,administration4  
,the ,united ,states ,food ,leaflets4   

,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture3 ,farmers' ,bulletin #dhg4 
,cheese and ,its ,economical ,uses in   
the ,diet4 ,c4,f4 ,langworthy and       
,caroline ,l4 ,hunt4 #aiag4  ,farmers'  
,bulletin #efe4 ,corn as a ,food and    
,ways of ,using ,it4 ,c4,f4 ,langworthy 
and ,caroline ,l4 ,hunt1 #aiag4         
,farmers' ,bulletin #gag4 ,food for     
,young ,children4 ,caroline ,l4 ,hunt1  
#aiag4  ,farmers' ,bulletin #hjh4 ,what 
the ,body ,needs4 ,caroline ,l4 ,hunt   
and ,helen ,w4 ,atwater1 #aiag4         
,farmers' ,bulletin #hag4 ,cereal       
,foods4 ,caroline ,l4 ,hunt and ,helen  
,w4 ,atwater1 #aiag4  ,farmers'         
,bulletin #hbd4 ,foods ,rich in         
,protein4 ,caroline ,l4 ,hunt and ,helen
 ,w4 ,atwater1 #aiag4  ,farmers'        
,bulletin #hci4 ,home ,canning by the   
,one-,period ,cold-,pack ,method4 ,o4,h4
 ,benson1 #aiag4  ,farmers' ,bulletin   
#hda4 ,drying ,fruits and ,vegetables in
 the ,home4  ,farmers' ,bulletin #hec4  
,home ,canning of ,fruits and           

,vegetables4 ,m4,e4 ,cresswell and ,ola 
,powell1 #aiag4  ,farmers' ,bulletin    
#hga4 ,fresh ,fruits and ,vegetables as 
,conservers of ,other ,staple ,foods4   
,caroline ,l4 ,hunt1 #aiag4  ,farmers'  
,bulletin #hha4 ,preservation of        
,vegetables by ,fermentation and        
,salting4 ,l4,a4 ,round and ,h4,l4      
,lang1 #aiag4     ,,index               
,agriculture1 ,department of4--,aids    
wheat production1 #h2 campaign for      
increased use of milk1 #ec4             
,austria4--,wheat-supply1 #d2           
meat-supply1 #bj-cj2 sugar-supply1 #de4 
,banana flour as wheat substitute1 #bj4 
,barley as wheat substitute1 #ai4       
,beans4--,varieties1 #ef2 as meat       
substitute1 #eg4                        
,belgium4--,wheat-supply1 #b2           
meat-supply1 #bi2 sugar-supply1 #dd2    
milk supplied to children1 #ej4         
,bread4--,advantages of wheat loaf1     
#bb-bc2 bakers' bread regulated1 #bc2   
conservation of1 by housewives1 #bd-be2 
restrictions on use in ,europe1 #be-bf2 

rationing not necessary in ,united      
,states1 #bg4  ,buckwheat as wheat      
substitute1 #bj4  ,butter4--,consumption
 in ,england1 #ci2 uneconomical way to  
use milk1 #ec4   ,calorie defined1 #aj4 
,candy4--,manufacturers restricted in   
use of sugar1 #df4  ,canning4--,sugar   
allowed for1 #de-df2 importance of      
industry1 #fj2 urged upon housewives for
 conservation1 #fa4                     
,cereals4--,defined1 #aj2 food value1   
#ab1 #ag2 wide consumption of1 #ab-ac4  
,cheese4--,valuable protein food1 #cd2  
as meat substitute1 #ce-cf2 a use for   
skim milk1 #ed4  ,corn as wheat         
substitute1 #ag-ah2 why ,allies can not 
use1 #bf-bg4  ,corn-syrup as sugar      
substitute1 #df4  ,cottonseed meal as   
wheat substitute1 #bj4                  
,cream4--,extravagant use of milk1 #ed4 
,drying4--,process1 #fj2 importance of1 
#fa4   ,eggs as meat substitute1 #ce4   
,england4--,wheat-supply1 #b2           
restrictions concerning bread1 #be-bf2  
meat-supply1 #bi2 meat restrictions1    

#cj-ca2 fat shortage1 #ci2 sugar-supply1
 #dd2 milk regulations1 #ej1 #ed2       
cultivation of soil1 #ee-ef4            
,fats4--,food value1 #cg-ch2 shortage in
 ,europe1 #ci2 resources and exports of 
,united ,states1 #dj-da2 necessity for  
conservation1 #da4  ,feterita as wheat  
substitute1 #bj4  ,fifty-fifty rule1    
#af-ag4  ,fish as meat substitute1 #ce4 
,flour4--,manufacture of1 #ad-ae2 #gd   
per cent extraction allowed1 #ae2       
consumption cut by licensing millers1   
#ae2 by fifty-fifty rule1 #af-ag4  ,food
 ,administration4--,takes control of    
wheat business1 #f1 #h2 licenses        
millers1 #ae2 licenses bakers1 #bc-bd2  
regulates sugar prices1 #df-dg2 aids    
increased use of milk1 #ec2 achievements
 in year of existence1 #fb4             
,foods4--,importance of different kinds1
 #aj-aa4  ,france4--,wheat-supply1 #a-b2
 bread regulations1 #bf2 meat-supply1   
#bi2 meat regulations1 #ca-cb2          
sugar-supply1 #dd2 sugar restrictions1  
#de2 production of fruit and vegetables1

 #ef4  ,fruit4--,as sugar substitute1   
#df1 #eh2 food value1 #eh-ei2           
conservation of1 by canning and drying1 
#ei-fa4   ,garbage conservation1 #da4   
,gardens4--,see ,production4            
,germany4--,wheat-supply1 #c-d2         
meat-supply1 #bj-cj2 meat restrictions1 
#cb2 fat shortage1 #dj2 sugar           
restrictions1 #de2 conservation of food 
by drying1 #fa4  ,gluten4--,importance  
in bread1 #bb-bc4  ,graham              
flour4--,manufacture1 #ad2 inferiority  
to wheat1 #ae4  ,grain corporation1     
controls wheat trade1 #f1 #h4   ,honey  
as sugar substitute1 #df4  ,hotels and  
restaurants4--,regulations in use of    
bread1 #bd4                             
,ice-cream4--,manufacturers restricted  
in use of sugar1 #df4                   
,italy4--,restrictions on macaroni1 #be2
 bread rations1 #bf2 meat-supply1 #bi2  
sugar-supply1 #dd4   ,jam as substitute 
for butter1 #eh4   ,kaffir as wheat     
substitute1 #bj4   ,legumes4--,see      
,beans1 ,peanuts1 ,peas4                

,macaroni4--,restrictions in manufacture
 of in ,italy1 #be2 not a wheat         
substitute1 #be4  ,maple-syrup as sugar 
substitute1 #df4  ,margarine4--,use in  
,england1 #ci4  ,meat4--,shortage in    
,europe1 #bh-cb2 exports from ,united   
,states1 #cb-cc2 consumption1 #cc-cd2   
food value1 #cd-ce4  ,meat extenders1   
vegetables as1 #eg4  ,meat substitutes1 
#ce-cf2 vegetables as1 #eg4  ,milk4--,as
 meat substitute1 #cf2 necessity for    
children1 #di-ej2 shortage in ,europe1  
#ej2 food value1 #ea-eb2 supply in      
,united ,states1 #eb-ec2 economical uses
 of1 #ec-ed4  ,milk1 condensed4--,use in
 ,europe1 #ej2 amount exported from     
,united ,states1 #ed4  ,milo as wheat   
substitute1 #bj4  ,molasses as sugar    
substitute1 #df4   ,nuts as meat        
substitutes1 #cf4   ,oats as wheat      
substitute1 #ai4  ,oils1                
vegetable4--,use in ,germany1 #dj2      
supply in ,united ,states1 #dj-da2 as   
substitute for animal fats1 #da4        
,peanut flour as wheat substitute1 #bj4 

,peanuts as meat substitute1 #cf4  ,peas
 as meat substitute1 #ef4  ,potato flour
 as wheat substitute1 #bj4  ,potatoes as
 wheat substitute1 #bj1 #eg-eh4         
,poultry as meat substitute1 #ce4       
,production4--,decreased in ,france1    
#a-b2 of cereals doubled in ,england1   
#b2 of vegetables in ,england and       
,america1 #ee4  ,protein4--,defined1    
#aa2 amount necessary in diet1 #cd-ce4  
,rationing3 ,austria4--,sugar1 #de4     
,rationing3 ,england4--,bread not       
rationed1 #bf2 meat1 #cj-ca2 fats1 #ci2 
sugar1 #de4  ,rationing3                
,france4--,bread1 #bf2 meat1 #ca2 sugar1
 #de4  ,rationing3 ,germany4--,meat1    
#cb2 fats1 #dj2 sugar1 #de4  ,rationing3
 ,italy4--,bread1 #bf2 meat1 #cb4       
,rationing3 ,u4,s4--,voluntary wheat    
ration1 #be2 reasons for not introducing
 system1 #bg4  ,rice4--,chief diet in   
,india1 #ac2 as wheat substitute1       
#ai-bj4  ,roumania4--,wheat-supply1 #d2 
meat-supply1 #bi4                       
,russia4--,wheat-supply1 #d4  ,rye1 as  

wheat substitute1 #ai4                  
,shipping4--,necessity for saving1 #e2  
released by decreased use of sugar1 #df4
  ,soy bean flour as wheat substitute1  
#bj4  ,substitutes4--,see ,meat1 ,sugar1
 ,wheat substitutes4                    
,sugar4--,consumption in ,united        
,states1 #db2 shortage1 #db1 #dd-de2    
restrictions on1 #de-df2 price          
regulated1 #df-dg2 conservation of1     
#dg-dh4  ,sugar substitutes1 #df1 #eh4  
,tapioca flour as wheat substitute1 #bj4
   ,united ,states3 ,exports4--,wheat1  
#e-f2 meat1 #cc2 fat1 #dj-da2 sugar1    
#dd-de2 milk1 #ed4                      
,vegetables4--,importance in            
conservation1 #ee2 production of1 #ef2  
as meat substitute1 #cf1 #ef-eg2 as     
wheat substitute1 #bj1 #eg-eh2 as sugar 
substitute1 #eh2 food value1 #eh-ei2    
conservation of by canning and drying1  
#ej-fa4  ,victory bread1 #bd4           
,vitamines4--,defined1 #aa2 in fats1    
#ch2 in milk1 #eb2 in fruit and         
vegetables1 #ei4   ,war bread4--,see    

,flour1 ,victory bread1 ,wheat          
substitutes4  ,wheat4--,necessity in    
war1 #a2 shortage in ,europe1 #a-d2     
distribution a problem1 #d-e2 supply and
 exports of ,united ,states1 #e-f2      
controlled by ,united ,states ,grain    
,corporation1 #f1 #h2 conservation of by
 individuals1 #h-i4  ,wheat             
substitutes4--,corn1 #ah-ai2 oats1 #ai2 
barley1 #ai2 rye1 #ai2 rice1 #bj2       
miscellaneous1 #bj2 keeping quality1    
#bj-ba2 vegetables1 #eg-eh4