,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dgj ,,new ,,york1 ,,janu>y #c1 #ahhe ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #dgj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,metallurgy1 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,etc4--,! ,ela/icity ( ,metals4 ,! ,liquefaction ( ! ,elem5t>y ,gases4--,by ,,jules ,,jam94 ,exam9ation ( ,fats4 ,notes on ,nitrification4--,by ,r4 ,,w>+ton4--,pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,montreal4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,fl[ ( ,wat] ?r\gh ,hose ,pipes4 ,iron ,pile ,planks 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,f\ndations "u ,wat]4--#c engrav+s4 ,s\nd ,signals4--,extracts f a pap] by ,a4,b4 ,,johnson4--,treat+ ( gongs1 guns1 rockets1 bells1 :i/l+ buoys1 bell buoys1 locomotive :i/les1 trumpets1 ! sir51 & ! use ( natural orifices4--#b engrav+s4 ,trevi?ick's ,high ,pressure ,eng9e at ,crewe4--#b engrav+s4 ,planet>y ,:eel ,tra9s4--,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord4--,) a page & a half ( illu/rations4 ,bridge ov] ! ,riv] ,indus1 at ,attock4 ,punjaub1 ,nor!rn ,/ate ,railway1 ,india4--,full page illu/rations4 ,! ,h>r+ton ,rot>y ,eng9e4--#c figures4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,te/+ ,c> ,v>ni%es4--,by ,d4,d4 ,,rob]tson4 ,anil9e ,dyes 9 ,dress ,mat]ials4--,by ,pr(4 ,,*as4 ,o',,neill4 ,,iv4 ,,decorative ,,art4--,a4 ,*ipp5dale ,sidebo>d4--,) engrav+4 ,v4 ,,physics1 ,,magnetism1 ,,etc4--,! ,fallacy ( ! ,pres5t ,!ory ( ,s\nd4--,ab/ract ( a lecture by ,dr4 ,h4,a4 ,,mott4 ,! ,fixation ( ,magnetic ,phantoms4--,) engrav+4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,rese>*es on ! ,orig9 & ,life ,hi/ories ( ! ,lea/ & ,l[e/ ,liv+ ,?+s---,by ,rev4 ,w4,h4 ,,dall+]4 ,,vii4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,etc4--,case ( ,resuscitation & ,recov]y aft] ,app>5t ,dea? by ,hang+4--by ,dr4 ,e4,w4 ,,:ite4 ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,inv5tors' ,in/itute4--,address ( ! ,*airman at ! op5+ ( ! tw5ty-second session ( ! ,in/itute1 ,octob] #b4 ,! ,new ,c5tral ,s*ool at ,p>is4--#c engrav+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fl[ ,,( ,,wat] ,,?r\gh ,,hose ,,pipes4 ,at a rec5t meet+ 9 ?is city ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 a pap] by ,edmund ,b4 ,we/on 0 read1 giv+ ! description & result ( exp]im5ts on ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh a #b in* hose & ?r\gh nozzles ( v>i\s =ms & sizes2 also giv+ ! results ( exp]im5ts z to ! height ( jets ( wat]4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made at ,provid5ce1 ,r4,i4 ,! wat] 0 tak5 f a hydrant to ! head ( :i* 7 atta*$ c\pl+s hold+ two pressure gauges1 & f ! c\pl+s ! hose ext5d$ to a tank hold+ #b1ajj gallons1 s arrang$ z to measure accurately ! "t & am\nt ( deliv]y ( wat] by ! hose4 ,diff]5t l5g?s ( hose 7 us$4 ,! exp]im5ts result$ 9 ! foll[+ =mula = fl[ f c\pl+3 #a4 ,= hose betwe5 #ij & #ajj feet 9 l5g?1 & :]e great accuracy is requir$3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- _/ #b;gh ,v _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------- _/ _/ #j4ejd _/ #a - #j4jbef;d#d 7 #j4jjhg ------- 7 #j4abbhh;d#dl4 --- _/ _/ v ,,tex3 ,v sqrtfrac#b;gh#a - #j4jbef d#d 7#j4jjhg frac#j4ejdsqrtv7 #j4abbhh d#d l4 #b4 ,= all l5g?s ( hose1 a reliable g5]al =mula3 ---------------------------------------- ------ _/ h ,v _/ ---------------------------------------- ------ _/ #j4jaeedfc - #j4jjjcih;d#d #j4jjjjcfbifb;d#dl4 ,,tex3 ,v sqrtfrach#j4jaeedfc - #j4jjjcih d#d #j4jjjjcfbifb d#d l4 g be+ velocity ( efflux 9 feet p] second4 h1 head 9 feet indicat$ by gauge4 d1 ( c\pl+ 9 in*es4 l1 l5g? ( hose 9 feet f gauge4 v1 velocity 9 #b in* hose4 ,=ty-five exp]im5ts 7 made on r+ nozzles1 result+ 9 ! foll[+ =mula3 f #j4jjaacev4 f be+ loss ( head 9 feet ow+ to resi/ance ( nozzle1 & v ! velocity ( ! contract$ ve9 9 feet p] second4 ,?irty-five exp]im5ts 7 made ) smoo? nozzles1 result+ 9 ! foll[+ =mula3 f #j4jjjifci v4 f be+ ! loss ( head 9 feet ow+ to resi/ance1 & v ! velocity ( efflux 9 feet p] second4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t a prevail+ op9ion is incorrect t jets w rise high] f r+ nozzles ?an f smoo? nozzles4 ,box's =mula = height ( jets ( wat] comp>es v favorably ) exp]im5tal results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron ,,pile ,,planks ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,f\ndations ,,"u ,,wat]4 ,! annex$ engrav+s illu/rate a me?od ( con/ruct+ subaque\s f\ndations by ! use ( iron pile planks4 ,^! latt]1 by reason ( _! peculi> =m1 pres5t a great resi/ance1 n only to ! v]tical bl[ ( ! pile driv] 7z x is indisp5sable t !y %\ld71 b also to horizontal pressure :5 excavat+ is be+ done or masonry be+ con/ruct$ )9 ! space :i* !y circumscribe4 ,polygonal or curv$ p]imet]s may be circumscrib$ ) equal facility by jo9+ ! piles1 ! sides ( "o s]v+ z a guide to t ( its neighbor1 & special pieces be+ adapt$ to ! angles4 ,prelim9>y /udies w give ! dim5sions1 =m1 & /r5g? ( ! iron to be employ$4 ,! latt]1 9 fact1 w be roll$ to v>i\s ?icknesses accord+ to ! application to be made ( x4 ,we may rem>k t ! /r5g? ( ! iron1 aside f t :i* is necess>y to all[ ! pile to )/& a bl[ 9 a v]tical direction1 w n h to be calculat$ = all entire resi/ance to ! horizontal pressure due to a vacuum caus$ by ! excavation1 = ! /iffness ( ! piles may be easily ma9ta9$ & increas$ by e/abli%+ /r+-pieces & braces 9 ! int]ior 9 measure z ! excavation goes on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,dock ,,wall ,,beh9d ,,paponots ,,iron ,,pile ,,planks4 ,! sy/em is applicable to at lea/ ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( "w3 7#a7 ,! mak+ ( excavations ) a dr$ge & aft]w>d concret+ )\t pump+ out ! wat]4 7#b7 ,! removal ( e>? or ! con/ruction ( masonry "u protection f wat] 7,fig4 #a74 7#c7 ,! mak+ ( excavations by dr$g+ & aft]w>d concret+ )\t pump+1 mid !n1 aft] ! beton has set1 pump+ out ! wat] 9 ord] to cont9ue ! masonry 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is con/ruction ( masonry 9 ! op5 air has ! great advantage ( all[+ ! wat] to evaporate f ! mort>1 & consequ5tly ( caus+ x to dry & effect a quick & p]fect cohesion ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,trav]se ,,section ,,( ,,two ,,piles ,,connect$ ,,by ,,mort> ,,jo9ts4 ,?is sy/em may likewise be employ$ ) advantage = ! =m+ ( /ockades 9 riv]s1 or = build+ sea walls4 ,a s+le r[ ( pile planks w 9 _m cases suffice = ! con/ruction ( dock walls 9 ! riv] or ocean :5 ! opposite side is to be fill$ 91 or 9 any o!r analog\s case 7,fig4 #a74 ,! piles are driv5 by means ( ! ord9>y app>atus 9 use4 ,_! heads are cov]$ ) a special app>atus to prev5t !m f be+ flatt5$ out "u ! bl[s ( ! pile driv]4 ,!y may be made 9 a s+le piece or be compos$ ( sev]al sections connect$ toge!r ) rivets4 ,!y are design$ accord+ to circum/ances1 to be left 9 ! excavation 9 ord] to protect ! masonry1 or to be remov$ 9 _! entirety or 9 p>ts1 z is done ) caissons4 ,9 case !y are to rema9 :olly or 9 "p 9 ! excavation1 !y are previ\sly galvaniz$ or pa9t$ ) an inoxidizable coat+ 9 ord] to protect !m & increase _! durability4 ,! po9ts ( ! piles1 :atev] be _! =m & arrangem5t1 are /r5g!n$ by means ( /eel pieces1 :i* assure ( _! p5etrat+ h>d & compact e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,dr$g+ ,,)9 ,a ,,space ,,circumscrib$ ,,by ,,iron ,,pile ,,planks4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a dr$ge at "w )9 a space entirely circumscrib$ by pile planks4 ,"h1 aft] ! excavation is f9i%$1 beton w be put d[n by means ( boxes ) h+$ bottoms1 & ! wat] w aft]w>d be pump$ out 9 ord] to all[ ! masonry to be con/ruct$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,fig4 #c %[s a transv]se section ( two ( ^! pile planks unit$ by mort> jo9ts4 ,?is sy/em is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,pap5ot4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,atmosph]ic ,,batt]y4 ,great +5uity is be+ %[n 9 ! arrangem5t ( new =ms ( prim>y batt]ies4 ,! late/ is t devis$ by ,m4 ,jablo*k(f1 :i* acts by ! effect ( atmosph]ic moi/ure ^u ! metal sodium4 ,a small rod ( ?is metal is flatt5$ into a plate1 connect$ at "o end to a copp] wire4 ,!re is ano!r plate ( c>bon1 n precisely ! same z t us$ = arc lights or ord9>y batt]ies1 b some:at light] 9 texture4 ,?is plate is p]=at$1 & provid$ ) small wood5 pegs4 ,! sodium plate is wrapp$ 9 silk pap]1 & press$ ^u ! c>bon 9 su* a mann] t ! wood5 pegs p5etrate ! s(t sodium4 ,= great] security ! :ole is ti$ toge!r ) a few turns ( f9e iron wire2 c>e be+ tak5 t ! wire does n =m an electric contact betwe5 ! sodium & ! c>bon4 ,! elem5t is !n complete1 ! c>bon & ! small copp] wire be+ ! electrodes4 ,! sodium1 on exposure to ! air1 becomes oxidiz$1 =m+ cau/ic soda1 :i* ) ! moi/ure ( ! air dissolves1 & dra9s gradually away 9 ! =m ( a conc5trat$ solution2 ?us con/antly expos+ ! fre% surface ( ! metal1 :i* r5d]s ! reaction cont9u\s4 ,! price ( ! elem5t is l[] ?an w\ld be expect$ at fir/ sight f ! employm5t ( s exp5sive a metal4 ,! pres5t co/ ( sodium is #aj frs4 p] kilogramme2 b ,m4 ,jablo*k(f ?9ks t on ! l>ge scale ! metal might be obta9$ at a v l[ figure4 ,! elem5ts are gr\p$ 9 sets ( t51 hung ^u rods 9 su* a mann] t ! solution z =m$ may dra9 (f4 ,su* a batt]y cont9ues 9 action z long z ! air conta9s moi/ure2 ! only means ( /opp+ x is to %ut x up 9 an air-tight case4 ,! electro-motive =ce dep5ds on ! degree ( humidity 9 ! air1 & also ^u ! temp]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,analysis ,,( ,,p]fum$ ,,sc\r+ ,,pa/es4--,! analysis ( ,no4 #a result$ 9 wat] & traces ( myrbane oil1 #c4ff p] c5t42 fatty acid1 melt+ at #ajd ,f41 #ed4ah p] c5t42 iron p]oxide1 #aj4aa p] c5t42 silicic acid1 #ad4dh p] c5t42 alum9a1 #ag4ca p] c5t42 lime & magnesia1 traces4 ,! iron p]oxide is p>tly soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 ! alum9a entirely s z silicate4 ,! sc\r+ pa/e1 !re=e1 is compos$ ( #ed p] c5t4 fatty 7palm oil7 acid1 #aj p] c5t4 jewel]'s r\ge1 #cb p] c5t4 pumice-/one p[d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s\nd ,,signals4 ,9 ,appleton's ,annual ,cyclopdia = #ahhc1 ,mr4 ,arnold ,b4 ,johnson1 ,*ief ,cl]k ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 contributes a mass ( v int]e/+ in=mation1 "u ! above title4 ,8 descriptions ( ! mo/ approv$ inv5tions relat+ !reto are int]e/+1 & we make ! foll[+ extracts3 ,! s\nd signals g5]ally us$ to guide m>9]s1 especially dur+ fogs1 are1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 sir5s1 trumpets1 /eam-:i/les1 bell-boats1 bell-buoys1 :i/l+ buoys1 bells /ruck by ma*9]y1 cannons fir$ by p[d] or gun cotton1 rockets1 & gongs4 ,gongs4--,gongs are some:at us$ on light%ips1 especially 9 ,briti% wat]s4 ,!y are int5d$ = use at close qu>t]s4 ,leonce ,reynaud1 ( ! ,fr5* ligh?\se s]vice1 has giv5 _! mean effective range z b>ely #eej y>ds4 ,!y are ( mo/ use 9 h>bors1 %ort *annels1 & l places1 :]e a long range w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,!y h be5 us$ b little 9 ,unit$ ,/ates wat]s4 ,! t]m effective range is us$ "h to signify ! actual di/ance at :i*1 "u ! mo/ unfavorable circum/ances1 a signal c g5]ally be he>d on bo>d ( a paddle-:eel /eam] 9 a heavy sea-way4 ,guns4--,! use ( guns is n s great z x once 04 ,in/ances are on record 9 :i* !y 7 q s]viceable4 ,admiral ,sir ,a4 ,milne said he _h (t5 gone into ,halifax h>bor1 9 a d5se fog l a wall1 by ! s\nd ( ! ,sambro fog gun4 ,b 9 ! exp]im5ts made by ! ,tr9ity ,h\se (f ,dung5ess 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfd1 9 calm wea!r1 ! report ( an eighte5-p\nd]1 ) ?ree p\nds ( p[d]1 0 fa9t at f\r miles4 ,/ill1 9 ! ,tr9ity ,h\se exp]im5ts ( #ahfe1 made 9 light wea!r ) a light gun1 ! report 0 cle>ly he>d sev5 miles away4 ,dr4 ,glad/one records great v>iability 9 ! range ( gun-s\nd 9 ! ,holyhead exp]im5ts4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry says t a tw5ty-f\r-p\nd] 0 us$ at ,po9t ,boneta1 ,san ,francisco ,bay1 ,cal41 9 #ahef-eg1 & t1 by ! help ( x alone1 vessels came into ! h>bor dur+ ! fog at night z well z 9 ! day1 :i* o!rwise c\ld n h ent]$4 ,! gun 0 fir$ e half h\r1 night & day1 dur+ foggy & ?ick wea!r 9 ! fir/ ye>1 except = a "t :5 p[d] 0 lack+4 ,dur+ ! second ye> !re 7 #a1ehb dis*>ges4 ,x 0 f9ally sup]s$$ by a bell-boat1 :i* 9 its turn 0 aft] a "t replac$ by a sir54 ,a gun 0 also us$ at ,we/ ,quoddy ,head1 ,ma9e4 ,x 0 a c>ronade1 five feet long1 ) a bore ( five & "o-qu>t] in*es1 *>g$ ) f\r p\nds ( p[d]4 ,! gun 0 fir$ on foggy days :5 ! ,bo/on /eam] 0 approa*+ ! ligh?\se f ,/4 ,johns1 & ! fir+ 0 begun :5 ! /eam]'s :i/le 0 he>d1 (t5 :5 %e 0 six miles away1 & 0 kept up z fa/ z ! gun c\ld be load$1 until ! /eam] answ]$ ) its :i/le4 ,! report ( ! gun 0 he>d f two to six miles4 ,?is signal 0 ab&on$1 ,pr(4 ,h5ry says1 because ( ! dang] att5d+ its use1 ! l5g? ( int]vals betwe5 successive explosions1 & ! brief duration ( ! s\nd1 :i* r5d]s x difficult to det]m9e its direction ) accuracy4 ,9 #ahgb !re 7 ?ree fog guns on ! ,engli% coa/1 iron eighte5-p\nd]s1 c>ry+ a ?ree p\nd *>ge ( p[d]1 :i* 7 fir$ at int]vals ( fifte5 m9utes 9 two places1 & ( tw5ty m9utes 9 ! o!r4 ,! av]age duration ( fog at ^! /ations 0 said to be ab\t six h\rs1 & z x n unfrequ5tly la/$ tw5ty h\rs1 ea* gun requir$ two gunn]s1 :o _h to und]go sev]e labor1 & ! risk ( remissness & irregul>ity 0 consid]able4 ,9 #ahha ! int]val betwe5 *>ges 0 r$uc$ to t5 m9utes4 ,! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 9 its exp]im5ts at ,s\? ,=el&1 f\nd t ! %ort tw5ty-f\r p\nd h[itz] gave a bett] s\nd ?an ! long eighte5-p\nd]4 ,tyndall1 :o _h *>ge ( ! exp]im5ts1 sums up z to ! use ( ! guns z fog-signals by say+3 ,! duration ( ! s\nd is s %ort t1 unless ! obs]v] is prep>$ be=eh&1 ! s\nd1 ?r\gh lack ( att5tion r ?an ?r\gh its own p[]lessness1 is liable to be unhe>d4 ,its liability to be qu5*$ by local s\nd is s great t x is sometimes oblit]at$ by a puff ( w9d tak+ possession ( ! e>s at ! "t ( its arrival4 ,its liability to be qu5*$ by an oppos+ w9d1 s z to be practically useless at a v %ort di/ance to w9dw>d1 is v rem>kable4444 ,/ill1 not)/&+ ^! drawbacks1 ,i ?9k ! gun is entitl$ to rank z a fir/-class signal4 ,! m9ute gun at sea is kn[n ! _w ov] z a signal ( di/ress4 ,! ,engli% light%ips fire guns to attract ! att5tion ( ! lifeboat crew :5 %ipwrecks take place 9 sight ( ! %ips1 b out ( sight ( ! boats2 & guns are us$ z signals ( approa*+ floods at fre%et times 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,rockets4--,z a signal 9 rock ligh?\ses1 :]e x w\ld be impossible to m\nt l>ge pieces ( app>atus1 ! use ( a gun-cotton rocket has be5 sugge/$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,coll9son1 deputy-ma/] ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,a *>ge ( gun-cotton is inclos$ 9 ! head ( a rocket1 :i* is project$ to ! height ( p]haps #a1jjj feet1 :5 ! cotton is explod$1 & ! s\nd %$ 9 all directions4 ,comp>ative exp]im5ts ) ! h[itz] & rocket %[$ t ! h[itz] 0 beat5 by a rocket conta9+ twelve ounces1 eight ounces1 & ev5 f\r ounces ( gun-cotton4 ,l>ge *>ges d n %[ !mselves s sup]ior to small *>ges z might be expect$4 ,"s ( ! rockets 7 he>d at a di/ance ( tw5ty-five miles4 ,tyndall proposes to call x ! ,coll9son rocket1 & sugge/s t x might be us$ 9 ligh?\ses & light%ips z a signal by naval vessels4 ,bells4--,bells are 9 use at e ,unit$ ,/ates light/ation1 & at _m !y are run by ma*9]y actuat$ by clock-"w1 made by ,mr4 ,/ev5s1 ( ,bo/on1 :o1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 has introduc$ an escapem5t arrangem5t mov$ by a small weight1 :ile a l>g] weight op]ates ! ma*9]y :i* /rikes ! bell4 ,^! bells weigh f #cjj to #c1jjj p\nds4 ,!re are ab\t #abe 9 use on ! coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,exp]im5ts made by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,fr5* ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t1 9 #ahfa-fb1 %[$ t ! range ( bell-s\nds c be increas$ ) ! rapidity ( ! bell-/rokes1 & t ! relative di/ances = #ae1 #be1 & #fj bell-/rokes a m9ute 7 9 ! ratio ( #a1 #a-ad_/ajj1 & #a-bi_/ajj4 ,! ,fr5* also1 ) a hemisph]ical iron reflector back$ ) ,portl& cem5t1 increas$ ! bell range 9 ! ratio ( #adg to #ajj ov] a horizontal arc ( #fj1 beyond :i* its effect gradually dim9i%$4 ,! actual effective range ( ! bell s\nd1 :atev] ! bell size1 is comp>atively %ort1 &1 l ! gong1 x is us$ only :]e x ne$s to be he>d = %ort di/ances4 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham1 ,secret>y ( ! ,scotti% ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t1 9 a pap] on fog signals1 read 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfc1 says ! bell at ,h[?1 weigh+ #b tons1 /ruck f\r times a m9ute by a #fj p\nd hamm] fall+ t5 in*es1 has be5 he>d only "o mile to w9dw>d aga9/ a light breeze dur+ fog2 & t a simil> bell at ,k+/on1 /ruck eight times a m9ute1 _h be5 s he>d ?ree miles away z to enable ! /eam] to make h] h>bor f t di/ance4 ,mr4 ,beaseley1 ,c4,e41 9 a lecture on coa/-fog signals1 ,may #bd1 #ahgb1 speaks ( ^! bells z unusually l>ge1 say+ t !y & ! "o at ,ballycott9 are ! l>ge/ on _! coa/s1 ! only o!rs :i* comp>e ) !m be+ ^? at ,/>k ,po9t & ,s\? ,/ack1 :i* weigh #ca cwt4 & #da cwt4 respectively4 ,cunn+ham1 speak+ ( ! fog-bells at ,bell ,rock & ,sk]ryvore ligh?\ses1 says he d\bts if ei!r bell has be5 ! means ( sav+ a s+le vessel f wreck dur+ fog1 & he does n recall an in/ance ( a vessel report+ t %e 0 w>n$ to put ab\t 9 ! fog1 or t %e asc]ta9$ h] position 9 any respect by he>+ ! s\nd ( ! bell 9 ei!r place4 ,g54 ,duane1 ,u4,s4,a41 says a bell1 :e!r op]at$ by h& or ma*9]y1 _c be consid]$ an effici5t fog signal on ! sea-coa/4 ,9 calm wea!r x _c be he>d half ! "t at a great] di/ance ?an "o mile1 :ile 9 r\gh wea!r ! noise ( ! surf w dr[n its s\nd to seaw>d altoge!r4 ,! use ( bells is requir$1 by ! ,int]national ,code1 on %ips ( all nations1 at regul> int]vals dur+ fog4 ,b ,turki% %ips are all[$ to sub/itute ! gong or gun1 z ! use ( bells is =bidd5 to ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,c\rt5ay',s ,,:i/l+ ,,buoy4 ,:i/l+ ,buoys4--,! :i/l+ buoy n[ 9 use 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4,m4 ,c\rt5ay1 ( ,new ,york4 ,x consi/s ( an iron pe>-%ap$ bulb1 #ab feet across at its wide/ "p1 & float+ #ab feet out ( wat]4 ,inside ! bulb is a tube #cc in*es across1 ext5d+ f ! top ?r\gh ! bottom to a dep? ( #cb feet1 into wat] free f wave motion4 ,! tube is op5 at its l[] end1 b projects1 air-tight1 ?r\gh ! top ( ! bulb1 & is clos$ ) a plate hav+ 9 x ?ree holes1 two = lett+ ! air into ! tube1 & "o betwe5 ! o!rs = lett+ ! air out to "w ! #aj-;in* locomotive :i/le ) :i* x is surm\nt$4 ,^! holes are connect$ ) ?ree pipes :i* lead d[n to ne> ! wat] level1 :]e !y pass ?r\gh a diaphragm :i* divides ! out] cyl9d] into two p>ts4 ,! great bulb :i* buoys up ! :ole mass rises & falls ) ! motion ( ! waves1 c>ry+ ! tube up & d[n ) x1 ?us e/abli%+ a pi/on-&-cyl9d] movem5t1 ! wat] 9 ! tube act+ z an immovable pi/on1 :ile ! tube itself acts z a mov+ cyl9d]4 ,?us ! air admitt$ ?r\gh valves1 z ! buoy rises on ! wave1 into t "p ( ! bulb :i* is above wat]1 is compress$1 & z ! buoy falls ) ! wave1 x is fur!r compress$ & =c$ ?r\gh a #b in* pipe :i* at its apex connects ) ! :i/le4 ,! dim5sions ( ! :i/l+ buoy h rec5tly be5 mu* dim9i%$ )\t detract+ mat]ially f ! volume ( s\nd x produces4 ,x is n[ made ( f\r sizes4 ,! smalle/ 9 our wat]s has a bulb #f feet 9 diamet] & a tube #aj feet 9 l5g?1 & weighs b #b1jjj p\nds4 ,! l>ge/ & olde/ :i/l+ buoy has a #ab-;foot bulb1 a tube #cb feet long1 & weighs #ab1jjj p\nds4 ,!re are n[ #cd ( ^! :i/l+ buoys on ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* h co/1 ) _! appurt5ances1 ab\t #a1bjj ea*4 ,x is a curi\s fact t1 9 proportion z !y are useful to ! m>9]1 !y are obnoxi\s to ! h\se dwell] )9 e>%ot ( !m1 & t ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d has to weigh ! petitions & remon/rances be=e sett+ ^! buoys (f inhabit$ coa/s4 ,!y c at times be he>d #ae miles1 & emit an inexpressibly m\rnful & sadd5+ s\nd4 ,! inspector ( ! ,fir/ ,ligh?\se ,di/rict1 ,comm&] ,pick+1 e/abli%$ a s]ies ( obs]vations at all ! light /ations 9 ! neighborhood ( ! buoys1 giv+ ! "t ( he>+ x1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 & ! /ate ( ! sea1 f :i* x appe>s t 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 "o ( ^! buoys 0 he>d e day at a /ation #a-a_/h miles di/ant1 e day b two at "o #b miles di/ant1 #ad times at "o #g miles di/ant1 & #d times at "o #h miles di/ant4 ,x is he>d by ! pilots ( ! ,new ,york & ,bo/on /eam]s at a di/ance ( "o-fif? ( a mile to #e miles1 & has be5 frequ5tly he>d at a di/ance ( #i miles1 & ev51 "u specially favorable circum/ances1 #ae miles4 ,! :i/l+ buoy is also us$ to "s ext5t 9 ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man wat]s1 ) good results4 ,! late/ use to :i* x has be5 put 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 to place x (f ! %oals ( ,cape ,hatt]as1 :]e a light %ip 0 want$ b c\ld n live1 & :]e x does almo/ z well z a light %ip w\ld h done4 ,x is well suit$ = su* brok5 & turbul5t wat]s1 z ! r\gh] ! sea ! l\d] its s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,br[n',s ,,bell ,,buoy4 ,bell-,buoys4--,! bell-boat1 :i* is at mo/ a clumsy contrivance1 liable to be upset 9 heavy wea!r1 co/ly to build1 h>d to h&le1 & difficult to keep 9 repair1 has be5 sup]s$$ by ! ,br[n bell-buoy1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! (fic] ( ! ligh?\se e/abli%m5t ^: "n x be>s4 ,! bell is m\nt$ on ! bottom section ( an iron buoy #f feet #f in*es across1 :i* is deck$ ov] & fitt$ ) a framework ( #c-;in* angle-iron #i feet high1 to :i* a #cjj-p\nd bell is rigidly atta*$4 ,a radial groov$ iron plate is made fa/ to ! frame "u ! bell & close to x1 on :i* is laid a free cannon-ball4 ,z ! buoy rolls on ! sea1 ?is ball rolls on ! plate1 /rik+ "s side ( ! bell at ea* motion ) su* =ce z to cause x to toll4 ,l ! :i/l+-buoy1 ! bell-buoy s\nds ! l\de/ :5 ! sea is ! r\ghe/1 b ! bell-buoy is adapt$ to %oal wat]1 :]e ! :i/l+-buoy c\ld n ride2 &1 if !re is any motion to ! sea1 ! bell-buoy w make "s s\nd4 ,h5ce ! :i/l+-buoy is us$ 9 road/eads & ! op5 sea1 :ile ! bell-buoy is pref]r$ 9 h>bors1 riv]s1 & ! l1 :]e ! s\nd-range ne$$ is %ort]1 & smoo!r wat] usually obta9s4 ,9 ,july1 #ahhc1 !re 7 #bd ( ^! bell-buoys 9 ,unit$ ,/ates wat]s4 ,!y co/1 ) _! fitm5ts & moor+s1 ab\t #a1jjj ea*4 ,locomotive-,:i/les4--,x appe>s f ! evid5ce giv5 9 #ahde1 be=e ! select committee rais$ by ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons1 t ! use ( ! locomotive-:i/le z a fog-signal 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,gordon1 ,c4,e41 :o propos$ to use air or /eam = s\nd+ x1 & to place x 9 ! focus ( a reflector1 or a gr\p ( reflectors1 to conc5trate its s\nds into a p[]ful phonic beam4 ,x 0 8 idea t ! %>pness or %rillness ( ! :i/le con/itut$ its *ief value4 ,& x is conc$$ t ,mr4 ,c4,l4 ,daboll1 "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 & at ! in/ance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 fir/ practically us$ x z a fog-signal by erect+ "o = use at ,beav] ,tail ,po9t1 9 ,n>ragansett ,bay4 ,! s\nd+ ( ! :i/le is well describ$ by ,price-,edw>ds1 a not$ ,engli% ligh?\se eng9e]1 z caus$ by ! vibration ( ! column ( air conta9$ )9 ! bell or dome1 ! vibration be+ set up by ! impact ( a curr5t ( /eam or air at a high pressure4 ,x is probable t ! metal ( ! bell is likewise set 9 vibration1 & gives to ! s\nd its timbre or quality4 ,x is not$ t ! en]gy s excit$ exp5ds its *ief =ce 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( its s\rce1 & may be reg>d$1 !re=e1 z to "s ext5t wa/$4 ,! s\nd ( ! :i/le1 moreov]1 is diffus$ equally on all sides4 ,^! *>act]i/ics to "s ext5t expla9 ! impot5cy ( ! s\nd to p5etrate to great di/ances4 ,diff]5ce 9 pit* is obta9$ by alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! /eam orifice & ! rim ( ! drum4 ,:5 br\ght close to ea* o!r1 say )9 half an in*1 ! s\nd produc$ is v %rill1 b x becomes deep] z ! space betwe5 ! rim & ! /eam or air orifice is increas$4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry says ! s\nd ( ! :i/le is di/ribut$ horizontally4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* /rong] 9 ! plane conta9+ ! l[] edge ( ! bell ?an on ei!r side ( ?is plane4 ,?us1 if ! :i/le is /&+ upright 9 ! ord9>y position1 its s\nd is m di/9ct 9 a horizontal plane pass+ ?r\gh ! :i/le ?an above x or bel[ x4 ,! /eam fog-:i/le is ! same in/rum5t ord9>ily us$ on /eamboats & locomotives4 ,x is f #f to #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 & is op]at$ by /eam "u a pressure ( f #ej to #ajj p\nds4 ,an eng9e takes its /eam f ! same boil]1 & by an automatic arrangem5t %uts (f & turns on ! /eam by op5+ & clos+ its valves at det]m9$ times4 ,! ma*9]y is simple1 ! pi/on-pressure is light1 & ! eng9e requires no m skill$ att5tion ?an does an ord9>y /ation-eng9e4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ! ,tr9ity ,h\se 9 #ahgc-gd seem to %[1 ,price-,edw>ds says1 t ! s\nd ( ! mo/ p[]ful :i/le1 :e!r bl[n by /eam or hot air1 0 g5]ally inf]ior to ! s\nd yield$ by o!r in/rum5ts1 & consequ5tly no /eps 7 tak5 to ext5d _! use 9 ,great ,brita91 :]e sev]al 7 !n 9 op]ation4 ,9 ,canadian wat]s1 h[ev]1 a bett] result seems to h be5 obta9$1 z ! ,deputy ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e & ,fi%]ies1 9 8 annual report = #ahgb1 summ>izes ! action ( ! :i/les 9 use !re1 f :i* x appe>s t !y h be5 he>d at di/ances v>y+ ) _! diamet] f #c to #be miles4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,pr(4 ,h5ry & ,g54 ,duane = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 report$ 9 #ahgd1 goes to %[ t ! /eam-:i/le c\ld be he>d f> en\gh = practical uses 9 _m positions4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry f\nd t he c\ld he> a #f-;in* :i/le #g miles ) a feeble oppos+ w9d4 ,g54 ,duane he>d ! #aj-;in* :i/le at ,cape ,elizabe? at 8 h\se 9 ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 n9e miles di/ant1 :5ev] x 0 9 op]ation4 ,he he>d x be/ dur+ a heavy nor!a/ sn[ /orm1 ! w9d bl[+ !n directly f him1 & t[>d ! s\rce ( ! s\nd4 ,g54 ,duane also report$ t !re are six fog-signals on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e2 ^! h frequ5tly be5 he>d at ! di/ance ( tw5ty miles1 444 :i* di/ance he gives z ! extreme limit ( ! twelve-in* /eam-:i/le4 ,trumpets4--,! ,daboll trumpet 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,c4,l4 ,daboll1 ( ,connecticut1 :o 0 exp]im5t+ to meet ! ann\nc$ wants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,! l>ge/ consi/s ( a huge trumpet sev5te5 feet long1 ) a ?roat ?ree & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 & a fl>+ m\? ?irty-eight in*es across4 ,9 ! trumpet is a res\nd+ cavity1 & a tongue-l /eel re$ t5 in*es long1 two & ?ree-qu>t] in*es wide1 "o in* ?ick at its fix$ end1 & half t at its free end4 ,air is cond5s$ 9 a res]voir & driv5 ?r\gh ! trumpet by hot air or /eam ma*9]y at a pressure ( f fifte5 to tw5ty p\nds1 & is capable ( mak+ a %riek :i* c be he>d at a great di/ance = a c]ta9 numb] ( seconds ea* m9ute1 by ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! p[] exp5d$ 9 ! case ( ! :i/le4 ,9 all 8 exp]im5ts aga9/ & at "r angles & at o!r angles to ! w9d1 ! trumpet /ood fir/ & ! :i/le came next 9 p[]4 ,9 ! trial ( ! relative p[] ( v>i\s in/rum5ts made by ,g54 ,duane 9 #ahgd1 ! twelve-in* :i/le 0 report$ z exce$+ ! fir/-class ,daboll trumpet4 ,beaseley reports t ! trumpet has done good "w at v>i\s ,briti% /ations1 mak+ itself he>d f five to t5 miles4 ,! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! ligh?\ses ( ,canada says3 ,! exp5se = repairs1 & ! frequ5t /oppages to make ^! repairs dur+ ! f\r ye>s !y cont9u$ 9 use1 made !m ! trumpets exp5sive & unreliable4 ,! frequ5t /oppages dur+ foggy wea!r made !m s\rces ( dang] in/ead ( aids to navigation4 ,! s\nd ( ^! trumpets has det]iorat$ dur+ ! la/ ye> or s4 ,g54 ,duane1 report+ z to 8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahha1 says3 ,! ,daboll trumpet1 op]at$ by a caloric eng9e1 %\ld only be employ$ 9 exceptional cases1 su* z at /ations :]e no wat] c be procur$1 & :]e f ! proximity ( o!r signals x may be necess>y to v>y ! nature ( ! s\nd4 ,?us x w\ld seem t ! ,daboll trumpet is an exceptionally f9e in/rum5t1 produc+ a s\nd ( great p5etration & ( suffici5t p[] = ord9>y practical use1 b t to be kept go+ x requires skillful managem5t & con/ant c>e4 ,! ,sir54--,! sir5 0 adapt$ f ! in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,cagni>d de la ,t\r1 by ,a4 & ,f4 ,br[n1 ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,progress ,works1 "u ! guidance ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 at ! in/ance & = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ligh?\se ,e/abli%m5t1 :i* also adopt$ x = use z a fog-signal4 ,! sir5 ( ! fir/ class consi/s ( a huge trumpet1 some:at ( ! size & %ape us$ by ,daboll1 ) a wide m\? & a n>r[ ?roat1 & is s\nd$ by driv+ compress$ air or /eam ?r\gh a disk plac$ 9 its ?roat4 ,9 ?is disk are twelve radial slits2 back ( ! fix$ disk is a revolv+ plate1 conta9+ z _m simil> op5+s4 ,! plate is rotat$ #b1djj times ea* m9ute1 & ea* revolution causes ! escape & int]ruption ( twelve jets ( air or /eam ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! disk & rotat+ plate4 ,9 ?is way #bh1hjj vibrations are giv5 dur+ ea* m9ute t ! ma*9e is op]at$2 &1 z ! vibrations are tak5 up by ! trumpet1 an int5se beam ( s\nd is project$ f x4 ,! sir5 is op]at$ "u a pressure ( sev5ty-two p\nds ( /eam1 & c be he>d1 "u favorable circum/ances1 f tw5ty to ?irty miles4 ,its d5sity1 quality1 pit*1 & p5etration r5d] x dom9ant ov] su* o!r noises aft] all o!r signal-s\nds h succumb$4 ,x is made ( v>i\s sizes or classes1 ! numb] ( slits 9 its ?roat-disk dim9i%+ ) its size4 ,! dim5sions giv5 above are ^? ( ! l>ge/4 ,see engrav+ on page #ddh1 ,annual ,cyclopdia = #ahhj4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,g54 ,duane ) ^! ?ree ma*9es %[ t ! sir5 c be1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 he>d ! f>!/1 ! /eam-:i/le /&s next to ! sir51 & ! trumpet comes next to ! :i/le4 ,! ma*9e :i* makes ! mo/ noise consumes ! mo/ fuel4 ,f ! av]age ( ! te/s x appe>s t ! p[] ( ! fir/-class sir51 ! twelve-in* :i/le1 & fir/-class ,daboll trumpet are ?us express$3 sir5 n9e1 :i/le sev51 trumpet f\r2 & _! relative exp5diture ( fuel ?us3 sir5 n9e1 :i/le ?ree1 trumpet "o4 ,s\nd-signals con/itute s l>ge a factor 9 ! safety ( ! navigator1 t ! sci5ti/s atta*$ to ! ligh?\se e/abli%m5ts ( ! v>i\s c\ntries h giv5 mu* att5tion to _! production & p]fection1 notably ,tyndall 9 ,engl& & ,h5ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! success ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 su* t o!r c\ntries h s5t commissions "h to /udy our sy/em4 ,t s5t by ,engl& 9 #ahgb1 ( :i* ,sir ,fr$]ick ,arr[ 0 *airman1 & ,capta9 ,webb1 ,r4,n41 record]1 report$ s favorably on x t s9ce !n tw5ty-two sir5s h be5 plac$ at ! mo/ sali5t ligh?\ses on ! ,briti% coa/s1 & sixte5 on light%ips moor$ 9 position :]e a guid+ signal is ( ! greate/ s]vice to pass+ navigation4 ,! trumpet1 sir51 & :i/le are capable ( su* arrangem5t t ! l5g? ( bla/ & int]val1 & ! succession ( alt]nation1 are su* z to id5tify ! location ( ea*1 s t ! m>9] c det]m9e 8 position by ! s\nds4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re 7 9 op]ation 9 ,july1 #ahhc1 sixty-six fog-signals op]at$ by /eam or hot air1 & ! numb] is to be increas$ 9 answ] to ! urg5t dem&s ( comm]ce4 ,use ( ,natural ,orifices4--,!re are1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 sev]al s\nd-signals made by utiliz+ natural orifices 9 cliffs ?r\gh :i* ! waves drive ! air ) su* =ce & velocity z to produce ! s\nd requir$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ is t on "o ( ! ,f>allon ,isl&s1 =ty miles (f ! h>bor ( ,san ,francisco1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ by ,g54 ,h>tmann ,ba*e1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,eng9e]s1 9 #aheh-ei1 & ( :i* ! foll[+ is 8 own description3 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( ! pres5ce ( ! work+ p>ty on ! isl& to make ! exp]im5t1 long s9ce contemplat$1 ( atta*+ a :i/le z a fog-signal to ! orifice ( a subt]ranean passage op5+ out ^u ! ocean1 ?r\gh :i* ! air is viol5tly driv5 by ! beat+ ( ! waves4 ,! fir/ attempt fail$1 ! masonry rais$ ^u ! rock to :i* x 0 atta*$ be+ bl[n up by ! great viol5ce ( ! w9d-curr5t4 ,a modifi$ plan ) a safety-valve atta*$ 0 !n adopt$1 :i* x is hop$ w prove p]man5t4 444 ,! nature ( ?is "w call$ = #a1jjj bricks & f\r b>rels ( cem5t4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry says ( ?is3 ,on ! apex ( ?is hole he erect$ a *imney :i* t]m9at$ 9 a tube surm\nt$ by a locomotive-:i/le4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a l\d s\nd 0 produc$ z (t5 z ! wave ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ind5tation4 ,! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! s\nd f ?is arrangem5t w\ld n be great if x dep5d$ m]ely on ! hydro/atic pressure ( ! waves1 s9ce ?is "u favorable circum/ances w\ld n be m ?an t ( a column ( wat] tw5ty feet high1 giv+ a pressure ( ab\t t5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 ( ! p]cussion might add consid]ably to ?is1 ?\gh ! latt] w\ld be conf9$ 9 effect to a s+le in/ance4 ,9 reg>d to ! practical result f ?is arrangem5t1 :i* 0 cont9u$ 9 op]ation = sev]al ye>s1 x 0 f\nd n to obviate ! necessity ( produc+ s\nds ( great] p[]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ on an +5i\s idea1 & may be susceptible ( application 9 o!r cases4 ,!re is n[ a fir/-class sir5 9 duplicate at ?is place4 ,! sixty-six /eam fog-signals 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 e/abli%$ at a co/ ( m ?an #ejj1jjj1 & are ma9ta9$ at a ye>ly exp5se ( ab\t #ajj1jjj4 ,! erection ( ea* ( ^! signals 0 au?oriz$ by ,congress 9 an act mak+ special appropriations = its e/abli%m5t1 & ,congress 0 9 ea* in/ance mov$ !reto by ! pressure ( public op9ion1 appli$ usually ?r\gh ! memb] ( ,congress repres5t+ ! p>ticul> di/rict 9 :i* ! signal 0 to be locat$4 ,& ?is pressure 0 occasion$ by ! fact t m>9]s h come to believe t !y c\ld be guid$ by s\nd z c]ta9ly z by sight4 ,! cu/om ( ! m>9] 9 com+ to ?is coa/ f beyond ! seas is to run 8 %ip s t on arrival1 if aft] d>k1 he %all see ! prop] coa/-light 9 fair wea!r1 &1 if 9 ?ick wea!r1 t he %all he> fog-signal1 &1 tak+ t z a po9t ( dep>ture1 to feel 8 way f ! coa/-light to ! h>bor-light1 or f ! fog-signal on ! coa/ to ! fog-signal 9 ! h>bor1 & !nce to 8 an*orage or 8 :>f4 ,& ! cu/om ( ! coa/] or ! s\nd-/eam] is some:at simil>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trevi?ick',s ,,eng9e ,,at ,,crewe4 ,! old high-pressure eng9e ( ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 :i*1 ?anks to ,mr4 ,webb1 has be5 rescu$ f a scrap heap 9 ,s\? ,wales1 & re-erect$ at ! ,crewe ,works4 ,we give engrav+s ( ?is eng9e1 :i* h be5 prep>$ f photographs k9dly furni%$ to u by ,mr4 ,webb1 & :i* w cle>ly %[ its design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trevi?ick',s ,,high ,,pressure ,,eng9e ,,at ,,crewe4 ,! boil] be>s a "n-plate ) ! words ,no4 #ad1 ,hazeld9e & ,co41 ,bridgnor?1 & x is evid5tly "o ( ! patt]ns :i* ,trevi?ick 0 hav+ made by ,hazeld9e & ,co41 ab\t ! ye> #ahjd4 ,! %ell ( ! boil] is ( ca/ iron1 & ! cyl9d]1 :i* is v]tical1 is ca/ 9 "o ) x1 ! back end ( ! boil] & ! b>rel be+ 9 "o piece z %[n4 ,at ! front end ! b>rel has a flange by means ( :i* x is bolt$ to ! front plate1 ! plate hav+ atta*$ to x ! furnace & return flue1 :i* are ( wr\ght iron4 ,! front plate has also ca/ on x a manhole m\?piece to :i* ! manhole cov] is bolt$4 ,9 ! case ( ! eng9e at ,crewe1 ! *imney1 firehole door1 & front ( flue _h to be r5ew$ by ,mr4 ,webb1 ^! p>ts hav+ be5 brok5 up be=e ! eng9e came into 8 possession4 ,! pi/on rod is atta*$ to a long ca/-iron cros%ead1 f :i* two b5t connect+ rods ext5d d[nw>d1 ! "o to a crank1 & ! o!r to a crank-p9 ins]t$ 9 ! fly:eel4 ,! connect+-rods n[ on ?is eng9e 7 suppli$ by ,mr4 ,webb1 ! orig9al ones--:i* !y h be5 made to resemble z closely z possible--hav+ be5 brok5 up4 ,9 ! ,crewe eng9e z x n[ exi/s x is n q cle> h[ ! p[] 0 tak5 (f f ! crank%aft1 b f ! p>ticul>s ( simil> eng9es record$ 9 ! ,life ( ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 x appe>s t a small spur p9ion 0 9 "s cases fix$ on ! crank%aft1 & 9 o!rs a spur:eel1 ) a crank-p9 ins]t$ 9 x1 took ! place ( ! crank at ! end ( ! %aft opposite to t c>ry+ ! fly:eel4 ,9 ! ,crewe eng9e ! fly:eel1 x w be notic$1 is provid$ ) a balanceweight4 ,! admission ( ! /eam to & its release f ! cyl9d] is effect$ by a f\r-way cock provid$ ) a lev]1 :i* is actuat$ by a tappet rod atta*$ to ! cros%ead1 z se5 on ! back view ( ! eng9e4 ,to ! cros%ead is also c\pl$ a lev] hav+ its fulcrum on a bracket atta*$ to ! boil]2 ?is lev] s]v+ to "w ! fe$ pump4 ,un=tunately ! orig9al pump ( ! ,crewe eng9e 0 sma%$1 b ,mr4 ,webb has fitt$ "o up to %[ ! arrangem5t4 ,a notable feature 9 ! eng9e is t x is provid$ ) a fe$ heat] ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is =c$ by ! pump on its way to ! boil]4 ,! heat] consi/s ( a ca/-iron pipe ?r\gh :i* passes ! exhau/ pipe lead+ f ! cyl9d] to ! *imney1 ! wat] circulat+ ?r\gh ! annul> space betwe5 ! two pipes4 ,altoge!r ! ,trevi?ick eng9e at ,crewe is a relic ( ! v highe/ int]e/1 & x is mo/ =tunate t x has come into ,mr4 ,webb's h&s & has ?us be5 rescu$ f de/ruction4 ,no "o1 be>+ 9 m9d ! date at :i* x 0 built1 c exam9e ?is eng9e )\t hav+ an increas$ respect = ! tal5ts ( ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 a man to :om we owe s mu* & ^: labors h z yet met ) su* scant recognition4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #dea1 page #gaib4 ,,planet>y ,,:eel ,,tra9s4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,mac,c,o,r,d1 ,sc4 ,d4 ,,iv4 ,! arrangem5t ( planet>y :eels :i* has be5 appli$ 9 practice to ! greate/ ext5t & to ! mo/ purposes1 is probably t 9 :i* ! axial motions ( ! tra9 are d]iv$ f a fix$ sun :eel4 ,num]\s examples ( su* tra9s are met ) 9 ! diff]5tial ge>+ ( hoi/+ ma*9es1 9 portable horse-p[]s1 etc4 ,! action ( ^! me*anisms has already be5 fully discuss$2 x may be rem>k$ 9 addition t unless ! spe$ be v mod]ate1 x is f\nd advantage\s to balance ! weights & divide ! pressures by ext5d+ ! tra9 arm & plac+ ! planet-:eels 9 equal pairs diametrically opposite ea* o!r1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,bog>dus' horse p[]1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,planet>y ,,:eel ,,tra9s4 ,9 tra9s ( ?is description1 ! velocity ratio is inv>iable2 :i* = ! above-m5tion$ objects x %\ld be4 ,b ! use ( a planet>y comb9ation enables u to cause ! motions ( two indep5d5t tra9s to conv]ge1 & unite 9 produc+ a s+le resultant rotation4 ,?is may be done 9 two ways2 ea* ( ! two indep5d5t tra9s may drive "o sun-:eel1 ?us det]m9+ ! motion ( ! tra9-arm2 or1 ! tra9-arm may be driv5 by "o ( !m1 & ! fir/ sun-:eel by ! o!r2 !n ! motion ( ! second sun-:eel is ! resultant4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! ratio ( ! resultant velocity to t ( ei!r indep5d5t tra9 is n inv>iable1 s9ce x may be affect$ by a *ange 9 ! velocity ( ! o!r "o4 ,to illu/rate our mean+1 we give two examples ( arrangem5ts ( ?is nature4 ,! fir/ is ,rob9son's rope-mak+ ma*9e1 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! bobb9s ^u :i* ! /r&s compos+ ! rope are w\nd turn freely 9 be>+s 9 ! frames1 ,g1 ,g1 & ^! frames turn 9 be>+s 9 ! disk1 ,h1 & ! ?ree-arm$ frame or spid]1 ,k1 bo? ( :i* are secur$ to ! c5tral %aft1 ,s4 ,ea* bobb9-frame is provid$ ) a p9ion1 a1 & ^! ?ree p9ions engage ) ! annul> :eel1 ,a4 ,?is :eel has no %aft1 b is c>ri$ & kept 9 position by ?ree pairs ( roll]s1 z %[n1 s t its axis ( rotation is ! same z t ( ! %aft1 ,s2 & x is too!d ext]nally z well z int]nally4 ,! /r&s pass ?r\gh ! holl[ axes ( ! p9ions1 & !nce ea* to its own op5+ ?r\gh ! lay+-top1 ,t1 fix$ ^u ,s1 :i* completes ! op]ation ( twi/+ !m into a rope4 ,! annul> :eel1 ,a1 x w be p]ceiv$1 may be driv5 by a p9ion1 ,e1 engag+ ) its ext]nal tee?1 at a rate ( spe$ diff]5t f t ( ! c5tral %aft2 & by v>y+ ! spe$ ( t p9ion1 ! velocity ( ! :eel1 ,a1 may be *ang$ )\t affect+ ! velocity ( ,s4 ,x is true t 9 mak+ a c]ta9 k9d ( rope1 ! velocity ratio ( ,a & ,s mu/ rema9 con/ant1 9 ord] t ! /r&s may be equally twi/$ ?r\gh\t2 b if = ano!r k9d ( rope a diff]5t degree ( twi/ is want$1 ! velocity ( ! p9ion1 ,e1 may be alt]$ by means ( *ange-:eels1 & ?us ! same ma*9e may be us$ = manufactur+ _m diff]5t sorts4 ,! second comb9ation ( ?is k9d 0 devis$ by ! writ] z a tell-tale = %[+ :e!r ! eng9es driv+ a pair ( tw9 screw-propell]s 7 go+ at ! same rate4 ,9 ,fig4 #cc1 an index1 ,p1 is c>ri$ by ! :eel1 ,f3 ! :eel1 ,a1 is loose ^u ! %aft ( ! tra9-arm1 :i* latt] is driv5 by ! :eel1 ,e4 ,! :eels1 ,f & f1 are ( ! same size1 b a is twice z l>ge z ,a2 if !n ,a be driv5 by "o eng9e1 & ,e by ! o!r1 at ! same rate b 9 ! opposite direction1 ! index w rema9 /ation>y1 :atev] ! absolute velocities4 ,b if ei!r eng9e g fa/] ?an ! o!r1 ! index w turn to ! "r or ! left accord+ly4 ,! same object may also be accompli%$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 ! index be+ c>ri$ by ! tra9-arm4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at ! actual value ( ! ratio ,a_/a may be1 b x mu/ be equal to ,f_/f3 "u :i* condition x is evid5t t if ,a & ,f be driv5 contr>y ways at equal spe$s1 small or great1 ! tra9-arm w rema9 at re/2 b any inequality w cause ! index to turn4 ,9 "s cases1 p>ticul>ly :5 annul> :eels are us$1 ! tra9-arm may become v %ort1 s t x may be impossible to m\nt ! planet-:eel 9 ! mann] ?us f> repres5t$1 ^u a p9 c>ri$ by a crank4 ,?is difficulty may be surm\nt$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 :i* illu/rates an arrangem5t orig9ally =m+ a "p ( ,nelson's /eam /e]+ ge>4 ,! ,int]nal p9ions1 a1 f1 are b little small] ?an ! annul> :eels1 ,a1 ,f1 & are hung ^u an ecc5tric ,e =m$ 9 "o solid piece ) ! driv+ %aft1 ,d4 ,! action ( a complete epicyclic tra9 involves virtually & always ! action ( two suns & two planets2 b x has already be5 %[n t ! two planets may m]ge into "o piece1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj1 :]e ! planet-:eel ge>s ext]nally ) "o sun-:eel1 & int]nally ) ! o!r4 ,b ! tra9 may be r$uc$ /ill fur!r1 & yet reta9 ! ess5tial "* ( complet5ess 9 ! same s5se1 ?\gh compos$ actually ( b two too!d :eels4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 ! annul> planet be+ hung ^u & c>ri$ by ! p9s ( ?ree cranks1 c1 c1 c1 :i* are all equal & p>allel to ! virtual tra9-arm1 ,t4 ,^! cranks turn+ ab\t fix$ axes1 communicate to f a motion ( circul> translation1 :i* is ! resultant ( a revolution1 v'1 ab\t ! axis ( ,f 9 "o direction1 & a rotation1 v1 at ! same rate 9 ! opposite direction ab\t its own axis1 z has be5 already expla9$4 ,! cranks !n supply ! place ( a fix$ sun-:eel & a planet ( equal size1 ) an int]m$iate idl] = rev]s+ !1 direction ( ! rotation ( ! planet2 & ! velocity ( ,f is ,v' v'7#a - f_/,f74 ,a modification ( ?is tra9 bett] suit$ = practical use is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 9 :i* ! sun-:eel1 in/ead ( ! planet1 is annul>1 & ! latt] is c>ri$ by ! two ecc5trics1 ,e1 ,e1 ^: ?r[ is equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet]s ( ! two pit* circles2 ^! ecc5trics mu/1 ( c\rse1 be driv5 9 ! same direction & at equal spe$s1 l ! cranks 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,planet>y ,,:eel ,,tra9s4 ,a curi\s arrangem5t ( p9-ge>+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch3 9 ?is case ! diamet] ( ! p9ion is half t ( ! annul> :eel1 & ! latt] be+ ! driv]1 ! elem5t>y hypocycloidal faces ( its tee? are diamet]s ( its pit* circle2 ! d]iv$ work+ too?-outl9es = p9s ( s5sible diamet] are p>allels to ^! diamet]s1 ( :i* fact advantage is tak5 to make ! p9s turn 9 blocks :i* slide 9 /raight slots z %[n4 ,! =mula is ! same z t = ,fig4 #cf1 viz43 ,v' v'7#a - f_/,f71 :i*1 s9ce f #b;,f1 r$uces to ,v' -v'4 ,( ! same g5]al nature is ! comb9ation kn[n z ! ,epicycloidal ,multiply+ ,ge> ( ,elihu ,gall[ay1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,^u exam9ation x w be se51 al?\gh we are n aw>e t att5tion has previ\sly be5 call$ to ! fact1 t ?is diff]s f ! ord9>y =ms ( p9 ge>+ only 9 ?is p>ticul>1 viz41 t ! elem5t>y too? ( ! driv] consi/s ( a complete bran*1 in/ead ( a comp>atively small "p ( ! hypocycloid trac$ by roll+ ! small] pit*-circle )9 ! l>g]4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! hypocycloid mu/ return into itself at ! po9t ( beg9n+1 )\t cross+3 ea* bran*1 !n1 mu/ subt5d an aliquot "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 & c be trac$ also by ano!r & a small] describ+ circle1 ^: diamet] !re=e mu/ be an aliquot "p ( ! diamet] ( ! out] pit*-circle2 & s9ce ?is la/ mu/ be equal to ! sum ( ! diamet]s ( ! two describ+ circles1 x foll[s t ! radii ( ! pit* circles mu/ be to ea* o!r 9 ! ratio ( two successive integ]s2 & ?is is also ! ratio ( ! numb] ( p9s to t ( ! epicycloidal bran*es4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #ci1 ! diamet]s ( ! two pit* circles are to ea* o!r z #d to #e2 ! hypocycloid has #e bran*es1 & #d p9s are us$4 ,^! p9s mu/ 9 practice h a s5sible diamet]1 & 9 ord] to r$uce ! friction ?is diamet] is made l>ge1 & ! p9s !mselves are 9 ! =m ( roll]s4 ,! orig9al hypocycloid is %[n 9 dott$ l9e1 ! work+ curve be+ at a con/ant normal di/ance f x equal to ! radius ( ! roll]2 ?is =ms a sort ( frame or yoke1 :i* is hung ^u cranks z 9 ,figs4 #cf & #ch4 ,! expression = ! velocity ratio is ! same z 9 ! prec$+ case3 ,v v'7#a - f_/,f72 :i* 9 ,fig4 #ci gives ,v v'7#a - #e_/d7 -v'3 ! planet :eel1 or epicycloidal yoke1 !n1 has ! high] spe$1 s t if x be desir$ to ge> up1 & drive ! propell] fa/] ?an ! eng9e goes 7& ?is1 we believe1 0 ! purpose ( ! inv5tor71 ! p9-:eel mu/ be made ! driv]2 :i* is ! rev]se ( advantage\s 9 respect to ! relative am\nts ( approa*+ & rec$+ action4 ,9 ,figs4 #dj & #da are giv5 ! skeletons ( ,gall[ay's device = ratios ( #c3d & #b3c respectively1 ! =m] hav+ f\r bran*es & ?ree p9s1 ! latt] ?ree bran*es & two p9s4 ,foll[+ ! analogy1 x w\ld seem t ! next /ep %\ld be to employ two bran*es ) only "o p92 b ! rectil9e> hypocycloid ( ,fig4 #ch is a complete diamet]1 & ! second bran* is id5tical ) ! fir/2 ! /raight too?1 !n1 c\ld !oretically drive ! p9 half way r\nd1 b ^u its rea*+ ! c5t] ( ! out] :eel1 ! driv+ action w\ld cease3 ?is r5d]s x necess>y to employ two p9s & two slots1 b x is n ess5tial t ! latt] %\ld be p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r4 ,9 ^! la/ arrangem5ts1 ! =ms ( ! p>ts are s diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y :eels1 t ! true nature ( ! comb9ations is at lea/ p>tially disguis$4 ,b x may be /ill m completely hidd51 z = in/ance 9 ! common elliptic trammel1 ,fig4 #db4 ,! slott$ cross is "h fix$1 & ! p9s1 ,r & ,p1 slid+ respectively 9 ! v]tical & horizontal l9es1 control ! motion ( ! b> :i* c>ries ! p5cil1 ,s4 ,at fir/ glance !re w\ld seem to be no?+ "h resembl+ :eel works4 ,b if we describe a circle ^u ,r ,p z a diamet]1 its circumf]5ce w always pass ?r\gh ,c1 because ,r ,c ,p is a "r angle1 & ! in/antane\s axis ( ! b> be+ at ! int]section ,o ( a v]tical l9e ?r\gh ,p1 ) a horizontal l9e ?r\gh ,r1 w also lie ^u ?is circumf]5ce4 ,aga91 s9ce ,o is diametrically opposite to ,c1 we h ,c ,o ,r ,p1 :5ce a circle ab\t c5t] ,c ) radius ,r ,p w also pass ?r\gh ,o1 :i* !re=e is ! po9t ( contact ( ^! two circles4 ,x w n[ be se5 t ! motion ( ! b> is ! same z ?\gh c>ri$ by ! inn] circle :ile roll+ )9 ! out] "o1 ! latt] be+ fix$2 ! po9ts ,p & ,r describ+ ! diamet]s ,l ,m & ,k ,n1 ! po9t ,d a circle1 & ,s an ellipse2 ,c ,d be+ ! tra9-arm4 ,! di/ance ,r ,p be+ always ! diamet] ( "o circle & ! radius ( ! o!r1 ! sizes ( ! :eels c be 9 effect v>i$ by alt]+ t di/ance4 ,?us we see t ?is comb9ation is virtually ! same 9 its action z ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 kn[n z ,su>di's ,geometrical ,p54 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! diamet] ( a is half ( t ( ,a2 ^! :eels are connect$ by ! idl]1 ,e1 :i* m]ely rev]ses ! direction )\t affect+ ! velocity ( a's rotation4 ,! work+ tra9 arm is jo9t$ s z to pivot ab\t ! axis ( ,e1 & may be clamp$ at any angle )9 its range1 ?us *ang+ ! l5g? ( ! virtual tra9 arm1 ,c ,d4 ,! b> be+ fix$ to a1 !n1 moves z ?\gh c>ri$ by ! :eel1 a1 roll+ )9 ,a2 ! radius ( a be+ ,c ,d1 & t ( ,a twice z great4 ,9 ei!r in/rum5t1 ! semi-major axis ,c ,x is equal to ,s ,r1 & ! semi-m9or axis to ,s ,p4 ,! ellipse1 !n1 is describ$ by ^! arrangem5ts because x is a special =m ( ! epitro*oid2 & v>i\s o!r epitro*oids may be trac$ ) ,su>di's p5 by sub/itut+ o!r :eels1 ) diff]5t numb]s ( tee?1 = a 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,ano!r disguis$ planet>y arrangem5t is f\nd 9 ,oldham's c\pl+1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! two sections ( %aft+1 ,a & ,b1 h ea* a flange or coll> =g$ or key$ ^u !m2 & 9 ea* flange is plan$ a transv]se groove4 ,a ?ird piece1 ,c1 equal 9 diamet] to ! flanges1 is provid$ on ea* side ) a tongue1 fitt$ to slide 9 "o ( ! grooves1 & ^! tongues are at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! axes ( ,a & ,b mu/ be p>allel1 b ne$ n co9cide2 & ! result ( ?is connection is t ! two %afts w turn 9 ! same direction at ! same rate4 ,! fact t ,c 9 ?is arrangem5t is 9 reality a planet>y :eel1 w be p]ceiv$ by ! aid ( ! diagram1 ,fig4 #de4 ,let ,c ,d be two pieces rotat+ ab\t fix$ p>allel axes1 ea* hav+ a groove 9 :i* slides freely "o ( ! arms1 ,a ,c1 ,a ,d1 :i* are rigidly secur$ to ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,! po9t ,c ( ! upp] arm c at ! in/ant move only 9 ! direction ,c ,a2 & ! po9t ,d ( ! l[] arm only 9 ! direction ,a ,d1 at ! same in/ant2 ! in/antane\s axis is !re=e at ! int]section1 ,k1 ( p]p5dicul>s to ,a ,c & ,a ,d1 at ! po9ts ,c & ,d4 ,c ,a ,d ,k be+ !n a rectangle1 ,a ,k & ,c ,d w be two diamet]s ( a circle ^: c5t]1 ,o1 bisects ,c ,d2 & ,k w also be ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ?is circle & ano!r ^: c5t] is ,a1 & radius ,a ,k ,c ,d4 ,if !n we ext5d ! arms s z to =m ! cross1 ,p ,k1 ,m ,n1 & suppose ?is to be c>ri$ by ! out] circle1 f1 roll+ ^u ! inn] "o1 ,f1 its motion w be ! same z t det]m9$ by ! pieces1 ,c ,d2 & su* a cross is id5tical ) t =m$ by ! tongues on ! c\pl+-piece1 ,c1 ( ,fig4 #dd4 ,a ,o is ! virtual tra9-arm2 let ! c5t]1 ,a1 ( ! cross move to ! position ,b1 !n s9ce ! angles ,a ,o ,b at ! c5t]1 & ,a ,c ,b 9 ! circumf]5ce1 /& on ! same arc1 ,a ,b1 ! =m] is d\ble ! latt]1 %[+ t ! cross revolves twice r\nd ! c5t] ,o dur+ ea* rotation ( ,c2 & s9ce ,a ,c ,b ,a ,d ,b1 ,c & ,d rotate ) equal velocities1 & ^! rotations & ! revolution ab\t ,o h ! same direction4 ,:ile revolv+1 ! cross rotates ab\t its travel+ c5t]1 ,a1 9 ! opposite direction1 ! contact betwe5 ! two circles be+ int]nal1 & at a rate equal to t ( ! rotations ( ,c & ,d1 because ! velocities ( ! axial & ! orbital motion are to ea* o!r z f is to ,f1 t is to say1 z #a is to #b4 ,s9ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! revolution ! po9ts ,p & ,k mu/ ea* co9cide ) ,c1 & ! po9ts ,m & ,n ) ,d1 x foll[s t ea* tongue 9 ,fig4 #dd mu/ slide 9 its groove a di/ance equal to twice t betwe5 ! axes ( ! %afts4 ,ano!r example ( a disguis$ planet>y tra9 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,let ,c be ! c5t] ab\t :i* ! tra9 arm1 ,t1 revolves1 & suppose x requir$ t ! di/ant %aft1 ,b1 c>ri$ by ,t1 %all turn once backw>d = ea* =w>d revolution ( ! arm4 ,e is a fix$ ecc5tric ( any conv5i5t diamet]1 9 ! upp] side ( :i* is a p91 ,d4 ,on ! %aft1 ,b1 is key$ a crank1 ,b ,g1 equal 9 l5g? to ,c ,d2 & at any conv5i5t po9t1 ,h1 on ,b ,c1 or its prolongation1 ano!r crank1 ,h ,f1 equal also to ,c ,d1 is provid$ ) a be>+ 9 ! tra9-arm4 ,! ?ree crank p9s1 ,f1 ,d1 ,g1 are connect$ by a rod1 l ! p>allel rod ( a locomotive2 ,f ,d1 ,d ,g1 be+ respectively equal to ,h ,c1 ,c ,b4 ,!n1 z ! tra9-arm revolves1 ! ?ree cranks mu/ rema9 p>allel to ea* o!r2 b ,c ,d be+ fix$1 ! cranks1 ,h ,f & ,b ,g1 w rema9 always p>allel to _! orig9al positions1 ?us receiv+ ! requir$ motion ( circul> translation4 ,! result !n is ! same z ?\gh ! p]iph]y ( ,e 7 =m$ into a fix$ spur:eel1 ,a1 & ano!r1 a1 ( ! same size1 secur$ on a %aft1 ,b1 ! two be+ connect$ by ! ?ree equal :eels1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n4 ,x ne$ h>dly be /at$ t in/ead ( ! ecc5tric1 ,e1 a /ation>y crank simil> & equal to ,b ,g may be us$1 %\ld x be f\nd bett] suit$ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,x is possible also to apply ! planet>y pr9ciple to me*anism compos$ p>tially ( racks2 9 fact1 a rack is m]ely a :eel ( prodigi\s size--! limit+ case1 j z a "r l9e is a circle ( inf9ite radius4 ,a v neat application ( ?is pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ,villa's ,pantograph1 ( :i* a full description & illu/ration 0 giv5 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #dbd2 ! racks1 mov+ side by side1 are ! sun-:eels1 & ! planet-:eels are ! p9ions1 c>ri$ by ! travel+ socket1 by :i* ! motion ( "o rack is transmitt$ to ! o!r4 ,?us f> att5tion has be5 call$ only to comb9ations ( circul> :eels4 ,9 ^! ! velocity ratios are con/ant1 if we except ! cases 9 :i* two indep5d5t tra9s conv]ge1 ! two sun-:eels1 or "o ( !m & ! tra9-arm1 be+ driv5 sep>ately--& ev5 9 ^?1 a v>iable motion ( ! ultimate foll[] is obta9$ only by v>y+ ! spe$ ( "o or bo? driv]s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y to employ circul> :eels exclusively or ev5 at all2 :eels ( o!r =ms are capable ( act+ toge!r 9 ! relation ( sun & planet1 & 9 ?is way a v>y+ velocity ratio may be produc$ ev5 ) a fix$ sun-:eel & a s+le driv]4 ,we h n f\nd1 9 ! works ( any previ\s writ]1 any intimation t noncircul> :eels h ev] be5 ?us comb9$2 & we propose 9 ! foll[+ article to illu/rate "s curi\s results :i* may be ?us obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fallacy ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,!ory ,,( ,,s\nd4 ,dr4 ,h4,a4 ,mott rec5tly deliv]$ a lecture be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 ,columbia ,college1 on ! ,fallacy ( ! ,pres5t ,!ory ( ,s\nd4 ,he comm5c$ 8 lecture by /at+ t ! object ( sci5ce 0 n to f9d out :at we l or :at we dislike2 ! object ( sci5ce 0 tru?4 ,he !n said t1 z ,galileo /at$ a hypo!sis %\ld be judg$ by ! weight ( facts & ! =ce ( ma!matical d$uctions1 he claim$ ! !ory ( s\nd %\ld be s exam9$1 & n all[$ to exi/ z a true !ory simply because x is su/a9$ by a long l9e ( sci5tific names2 z too _m !ories _h be5 ov]?r[n to w>rant ! acceptance ( any "o au?ority unless !y _h be5 ?or\ghly te/$4 ,dr4 ,mott /at$ t ,dr4 ,wil=d ,hall 0 ! fir/ to attack ! !ory ( s\nd & %[ its fallaci\sness1 & t _m o!r sci5ti/s besides himself _h agre$ ) ,dr4 ,hall 9 8 argum5ts & _h advanc$ additional argum5ts & exp]im5ts to e/abli% ?is fact4 ,dr4 ,mott fir/ gave a v elaborate & /ill at ! same "t cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! curr5t !ory ( s\nd z prop\nd$ by su* m5 z ,helmholtz1 ,tyndall1 ,"l ,rayleigh1 ,may]1 ,rood1 ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson1 & o!rs1 & clos$ ?is section ( ! pap] ) ! rem>ks made by ,tyndall3 ,assur$ly no "q ( sci5ce ev] /ood s mu* 9 ne$ ( revision z ?is ( ! transmission ( s\nd ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,sl[ly b surely we ma/]$ ! "q1 & ! fur!r we advance1 ! m pla9ly x appe>$ t our reput$ k reg>d+ x 0 errone\s f beg9n+ to end4 ,dr4 ,mott !n took up ! o!r side ( ! "q1 & treat$ ! same "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,agitation ( ! air4 #b4 ,mobility ( ! atmosph]e4 #c4 ,resonance4 #d4 ,heat & velocity ( ! suppos$ s\nd waves4 #e4 ,decrease 9 l\dness ( s\nd4 #f4 ,! physical /r5g? ( ! locu/4 #g4 ,! b>ometric !ory ( ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson4 #h4 ,ela/icity & d5sity ( ! air4 #i4 ,int]f]5ce & beats4 #aj4 ,! membrana tympani & ! corti ar*es4 ,"u ! fir/ head ,dr4 ,mott /at$ t all exp]im5ts & photographs made to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( s\nd waves simply ref]r$ to ! necess>y agitation ( ! air accompany+ any di/urbance1 su* z w\ld ( necessity be produc$ by a vibrat+ body1 & _h no?+ to d directly ) s\nd4 ,he /at$ t 9 ! ,edison telephone1 s\nd 0 conv]t$ directly into electricity )\t vibrat+ any diaphragm at all1 z atte/$ to by ,edison himself4 ,speak+ ( ! mobility ( ! air1 he said ! p>ticles 7 free to slip ar\nd & n practically be pu%$ at all1 & t ! greate/ di/ance a /eam :i/le c\ld affect ! air w\ld n exce$ #cj feet1 & ! waves w\ld n travel m ?an #d or #e feet a second1 :ile s\nd travels #a1abj feet a second4 ,"u heat & velocity ( s\nd waves1 ,dr4 ,mott /at$ t ,newton f\nd by calculat+ ! exact relative d5sity & ela/icity ( air t s\nd %\ld travel only #iaf feet a second1 :ile x 0 kn[n to travel #a1abj feet a second4 ,laplace1 by a heat & cold !ory1 tri$ to acc\nt = ! #agd feet1 & suppos$ t 9 ! cond5s$ portion ( a s\nd wave heat 0 g5]at$1 & 9 ! r>efi$ portion cold 0 produc$2 ! heat augm5t+ ! ela/icity & !re=e ! s\nd waves1 & ! cold produc$ neutraliz+ ! heat1 ?us kept ! atmosph]e at a con/ant temp]ature4 ,dr4 ,mott /at$ t :5 ,newton fir/ po9t$ out ?is discrepancy ( #agd feet1 ! !ory %\ld h be5 dropp$ at once1 & lat] on he %[$ ! consequ5ces ( ,laplace's heat & cold !ory4 ,! great argum5t ( ! ev5+1 & ! "o to :i* he atta*$ ! mo/ importance1 0 t all sci5ti/s h spok5 ( ! swift movem5t ( ! tun+ =k1 :ile 9 fact x mov$ #be1jjj times sl[] ?an ! h\r h& ( a clock & #cjj1jjj1jjj times sl[] ?an any clock p5dulum ev] con/ruct$4 ,s9ce a p5dulum _c1 accord+ to ! high au?orities1 produce sonor\s air waves on acc\nt ( its sl[ movem5t1 ,dr4 ,mott asks "s "o to enlight5 him h[ a prong ( a tun+ =k go+ #cjj1jjj1jjj times sl[] c\ld be able to produce !m4 ,he !n %[$ t !re 0 n ! slighte/ simil>ity betwe5 ! !oretical s\nd waves & wat] waves1 & /ill !y are spok5 ( z precisely simil> & ess5tially id5tical1 & move 9 exactly ! same way4 ,consid]able m]rim5t 0 occasion$ :5 ,dr4 ,mott %[$ :at a locu/ /ridulat+ 9 ! air w\ld be call$ ^u to d if ! pres5t !ory ( s\nd 7 correct4 ,he /at$ t a locu/ n weigh+ m ?an half a p5nyweight1 & t c\ld n move an ounce weight1 0 suppos$ capable ( sett+ #d cubic miles ( atmosph]e into vibration1 weigh+ #abj1jjj1jjj tons1 s t x w\ld be displac$ #ddj times 9 "o second1 & any portion ( ! air c\ld b5d ! human tympanic membrane once 9 & once out #ddj times 9 "o second2 & t #dj1jjj1jjj p1 ne>ly ! :ole population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c\ld h _! #e1jjj p\nds ( tympanic membrane ?us %ak5 by an insect t c\ld n move an ounce weight to save its life2 & t ! #bca1bbb p\nds ( tympanic membrane ( ! entire population ( ! e>?1 am\nt+ to #a1cej1jjj1jjj1 :o c\ld conv5i5tly /& 9 #aa squ>e miles1 w\ld be affect$ ! same way by #cd locu/s /ridulat+ 9 ! air4 ,accord+ to ! b>ometric !ory ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 he %[$ t a locu/ w\ld h to add #fj1jjj1jjj p\nds to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,"u ela/icity & d5sity he /at$ t ela/icity 0 a m]e prop]ty ( a body1 & c\ld n add "o gra9 ( =ce to t ex]cis$ by ! locu/1 s z to assi/ x 9 p]=m+ su* wond]ful feats4 ,"u int]f]5ce he %[$ t ! law ( int]f]5ce is fallaci\s2 t no su* ?+ occurs2 & t 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! sir5 to %[ su* fact1 ! octave is produc$ :i* ( necessity ought to be :5 ! numb] ( orifices are alt]nately d\bl$1 & ! same effect w\ld be produc$ ) "o disk ) d\ble ! numb] ( holes4 ,"u ! la/ head ( 8 pap] ,dr4 ,mott prov$ t ! membrana tympani 0 n necess>y = good he>+1 t 9 fact :5 x 0 punctur$1 a deaf man c\ld 9 _m cases be made to he>1 & 9 fact x improv$ ! he>+ 9 g5]al2 ! only reason :y ! tympanic membrane 0 n punctur$ (t5] 0 t du/1 heat1 & cold 7 apt to injure ! middle e>4 ,9 clos+ 8 pap] ,dr4 ,mott said t he w\ld risk ! fallacy ( ! curr5t !ory ( s\nd on ! argum5t advanc$ relat+ to ! impossibility ( ! sl[ motion ( a tun+ =k to produce sonor\s waves1 & /at$ t he w\ld retire if any "o c\ld %[ ! fallacy ( ! argum5t2 b if n1 ! wave !ory mu/ be ab&on$ z absurd & fallaci\s1 z 0 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy1 :i* 0 h&$ d[n f age to age until ,cop]nicus & 8 aide de camp ,galileo gave to ! _w a bett] sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,attock ,,bridge4 ,we give illu/rations f ,eng9e]+ ( a bridge rec5tly con/ruct$ across ! ,indus ,riv] at ,attock1 = ! ,punjaub ,nor!rn ,/ate ,railway4 ,?is bridge1 :i* 0 op5$ on ,may #bd1 #ahhc1 0 erect$ "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,f4,l4 ,o',callaghan1 eng9e] 9 *ief1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,johnson act+ z executive eng9e]1 & ,messrs4 ,r4,w4 ,eg]ton & ,h4 ,sav>y z assi/ants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,riv] ,,indus ,,at ,,attock3 ,,punjaub ,,nor!rn ,,/ate ,,railway1 ,,india4 ,! pr9cipal spans cov] a l5g? ( ab\t #a1aej feet4 ,x w be se5 f ! diagram t !re is a diff]5ce ( ne>ly #ajj feet 9 ! levels ( high & l[ wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ela/icity ,,( ,,metals4 ,m4 ,tresca has contribut$ to ! ,comptes ,r5dus "s obs]vations on ! effect ( hamm]+1 & ! v>iation ( ! limit ( ela/icity ( metals & mat]ials us$ 9 ! arts4 ,he says t hi!rto1 9 consid]+ ! de=mation ( solids "u /ra91 two di/9ct p]iods1 relative to _! me*anical prop]ties1 h alone be5 recogniz$4 ,^! p]iods are ( c\rse ! ela/ic limit & ! break+ po9t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ,m4 ,tresca's own exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 he has f\nd x necess>y to consid]1 at ! end ( ! p]iod ( alt]ation ( ela/icity1 a ?ird /ate1 geometrically def9$ & describable z a p]iod ( fluidity1 correspond+ to ! possibility ( a cont9u\s de=mation "u ! con/ant action ( ! same /ra94 ,?is p>ticul> condition is only realiz$ ) v malleable or pla/ic bodies2 & x may ev5 be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( su* bodies1 s9ce its abs5ce is noticeable 9 all non-malleable or fragile bodies1 :i* break )\t be+ de=m$4 ,x is already kn[n t ! p]iod ( alt]$ ela/icity = h>d or temp]$ /eel is mu* less ?an = iron4 ,9 #ahga ! au?or %[$ t /eel or iron rails t _h acquir$ a p]man5t set 7 at ! same "t p]fectly ela/ic up to ! limit ( ! load :i* !y _h already borne4 ,) c]ta9 b>s ! same result 0 r5ew$ five times 9 succession2 & ?us _! p]iod ( p]fect ela/icity c\ld be successively ext5d$1 :ile ! coeffici5t ( ela/icity did n appe> to su/a9 any appreciable modification4 ,?is process ( repeat$ /ra9+1 :5 !re is an abs5ce ( a c]ta9 hamm]+ effect1 r5d]s malleable bodies some:at simil> to ^? :i* are n malleable & brittle4 ,!re is an indication "h ( ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! te/+ ( /eam boil]s by exagg]at$ pressures be=e use1 :i* process has ! effect ( r5d]+ ! plates m brittle & liable to sudd5 rupture4 ,m4 ,tresca also prote/s aga9/ ! elongation ( metals "u break+ /ra9 te/s be+ /at$ z a p]c5tage ( ! l5g?4 ,! elongation is 9 all cases1 *iefly local2 & is !re=e ! same = a te/ piece #ab in*es or #h in*es long1 be+ conf9$ to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! po9t ( rupture4 ,! indication ( ela/icity %\ld r be s\ght = 9 ! r$uction ( ! area ( ! b> at ! po9t ( rupture4 ,?is portion ( ! b> is o!rwise rem>kable = hav+ lo/ its orig9al condition4 ,x is cond5s$ 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & has almo/ completely lo/ its malleability4 ,! f9al rupture1 !re=e1 is t ( a brittle zone ( ! metal1 ( ! same "* t may be produc$ by hamm]+4 ,if a te/ b>1 /ra9$ almo/ to ! v]ge ( rupture1 be anneal$1 x w /ret* yet fur!r be=e break+2 &1 inde$1 by successive anneal+s & /ret*+s1 may be excessively modifi$ 9 its proportions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,h>r+ton ,,rot>y ,,eng9e4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic or pr9ciple ( ?is eng9e is ! ma9t5ance ( an accurate /eam & me*anical balance & ! avoidance ( cross pressure4 ,! p[] is appli$ directly to ! "w1 ! only friction be+ t ( ! /eel %aft 9 phosphor-bronze be>+s4 ,ref]r+ to ! cuts1 ,fig4 #a %[s ! eng9e & an electric dynamo on ! same %aft1 all connect+ me*anism be+ done away )1 & p\nd+ obviat$4 ,!re are b two p>ts to ! eng9e 7two disks :i* supply ! place ( all ! ord9>y me*anism71 bo? ( :i* are l>ge1 solid1 & durable4 ,^! disks h a be>+ surface ( sev]al in*es on ea* o!r1 prev5t+ ! passage ( /eam betwe5 !m--a feature peculi> to ?is eng9e4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts an end elevation p>tly 9 section1 %[+ ! pi/on1 ,a1 & ! abutm5t disk1 ,b1 9 ! position assum$ 9 ! in/ant ( tak+ /eam ?r\gh a port f ! valve-*amb]1 ,e4 ,fig4 #c is a v]tical section ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ,fig4 #b1 %[+ ! relations ( ! disks1 ,c1 & ! abutm5t disks1 ,b1 & ge>4 ,! pi/on disks & ge> are atta*$ to ! driv+ %aft1 ,h1 & ! abutm5t disks & ge> are atta*$ to ! %aft1 ,k4 ,^! %afts1 ,h & ,k1 z above /at$1 run 9 tap] phosphor-bronze be>+s1 :i* are adju/able = we> or o!r causes by ! screw-caps1 ,o4 ,! :ole me*anism is kept rigidly 9 place by ! flang$ hub1 r1 bolt$ securely to ! cyl9d] head1 ,f4 ,^! flang$ heads project ?r\gh ! cyl9d] head1 t\*+ ! pi/on disk1 & !reby prev5t any end motion ( ! %aft1 ,h1 or its atta*m5ts4 ,! abutm5t disks & %aft are furni%$ ) simil> inw>dly project+ flang$ hubs1 :i* are provid$ ) a recess1 ,i1 ,fig4 #b1 on _! p]iph]y1 locat$ radially betwe5 ! %aft1 ,k1 & ! cle>ance space1 ,j4 ,into ?is recess /eam is admitt$--?r\gh an inlet 9 ! cyl9d] head n %[n 9 ! cuts4 ,by ?is means ! %aft1 ,k1 is reliev$ ( all side pressure4 ,! exhau/-port1 :i* is v l>ge & relieves all back pressure1 is %[n at ,d4 ,! pi/ons & disks are made to balance at ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9e is int5d$ to run4 ,! /eam-valve1 = :i* pat5t is p5d+1 is new 9 pr9ciple4 ,x has a uni=m rotat+ motion1 &1 l ! eng9e1 is /eam & me*anically balanc$4 ,! gov]nor is locat$ 9 ! fly:eel1 & actuates ! automatic cut-(f1 ) :i* x is directly connect$1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( an ecc5tric1 9 su* a way z to v>y ! cut-(f )\t *ang+ ! po9t ( admission4 ,by ?is means is secur$ uni=mity ( motion "u v>iable loads ) v>iable boil] pressure4 ,x also secures ! advantage result+ f high initial & l[ t]m9al pressure ) small cle>ances & abs5ce ( compression1 giv+ a l>ge proportionate p[] & smoo? action4 ,expansion has be5 excell5tly provid$ =1 ! /eam pass+ entirely ar\nd be=e ent]+ ! cyl9d]4 ,^! eng9es are m\nt$ on a b$-plate :i* may be set on any floor )\t especial prep>ation !re=4 ,! p>ts are all made int]*angeable4 ,a p]man5t indicator is provid$ :i* %[s ! exact po9t ( cut-(f4 ,! /eam-port is exceptionally l>ge1 be+ "o-f\r? ( ! pi/on area4 ,reciprocat+ motion is entirely done away )4 ,! /eam is work$ at ! greate/ lev]age ( ! crank ?r\gh ! entire /roke4 ,among ! o!r *ief advantages claim$ = ?is eng9e are direct connection to ! ma*9]y )\t belts1 etc41 impossibility ( gett+ out ( l9e1 uni=m crank lev]age1 capacity = work+ equally well sl[ or fa/1 etc4 ,x has b "o valve1 :i* is op]at$ by ge> f ! %aft1 z %[n1 travel+ at "o-half ! velocity ( ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,h>r+ton ,,rot>y ,,eng9e ,,c\pl$ ,,to ,a ,,dynamo4 ,) ?is eng9e a spe$ ( #e1jjj revolutions p] m9ute is easily atta9able1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact & curiosity1 a spe$ ( #h1jjj revolutions p] m9ute has be5 obta9$4 ,an eng9e ( ?is class 0 run at ! ,ill9ois ,int]-,/ate ,exposition at ,*icago = six weeks at a uni=m spe$ ( #a1jej revolutions p] m9ute1 furni%+ ! p[] = tw5ty-?ree electric arc lights1 ) a /eam pressure n exce$+ fifty-five p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & cutt+ (f at f "o-t5? to "o-six? ( ! /roke4 ,x 0 tak+ /eam f a l>ge ma9-pipe1 s !re 0 no opportunity = an exact te/ ( ! am\nt ( fuel us$1 b f a c>eful ma!matical calculation x mu/ h be5 develop+ "o horse-p[] f ?ree p\nds ( coal4 ,! inv5tor claims t1 z 8 eng9e works ! /eam expansively1 ev5 bett] results w\ld h be5 obta9$ _h ! eng9e be5 furni%$ /eam at #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #b & #c4--;,,details ,,( ,,h>r+ton ,,eng9e4 ,! ,h>r+ton ,rot>y ,eng9e ,company1 #abc ,cl9ton ,/reet1 ,*icago1 are ! own]s & manufactur]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a c ( peas sold 9 ,liv]pool rec5tly ! public analy/ f\nd two gra9s ( cry/alliz$ sulphate ( copp]1 a quantity suffici5t to injuri\sly affect human heal?4 ,! def5dant urg$ t ! public insi/$ ^u hav+ gre5 peas2 & t artificial means _h to be resort$ to to secure ! requir$ color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/+ ,,c> ,,v>ni%es4 ,by ,d4,d4 ,,rob]tson4 ,at ! ,ma/] ,c>-,pa9t]s' ,conv5tion1 ,d4,d4 ,rob]tson1 ( ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral1 read ! foll[+ pap] on ! be/ me?od ( te/+ v>ni%es to secure ! mo/ satisfactory results z to _! durability1 giv+ practical sugge/ions z to ! "t a c> may safely rema9 9 ! s]vice be=e be+ tak5 9 = rev>ni%+3 ,! subject :i* ! association has assign$ to me = ?is conv5tion has always be5 reg>d$ z important4 ,!re is no bran* ( ! bus9ess :i* gives ! pa9t] m anxiety ?an ! v>ni%+ dep>tm5t4 ,x is m susceptible to an endless v>iety ( difficulties1 & !re=e ne$s m close & c>eful att5tion1 ?an all o!r bran*es put toge!r1 & ev5 ) all ! rese>* & practical exp]i5ce :i* has be5 giv5 to ! subject we are yet f> f com+ to a def9ite conclusion z to ! causes ( _m ( ! unfavorable results4 ,beauty & durability are :at we aim at 9 ! pa9t %op1 & f my exp]i5ce 9 v>ni% "w we may h beauty )\t durability1 b we h r>ely durability )\t beauty1 s t ! few] defects ( any k9d 9 our "w caus$ by inf]ior mat]ial1 inf]ior workman%ip1 or any o!r cause1 x is m likely to be durable1 & ought1 !re=e1 to possess beauty4 ,!re are c]ta9 qualifications absolutely necess>y to durability 9 v>ni%4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* x is made mu/ be ( ! prop] k9d1 pure & unadult]at$2 ! manipulation 9 manufactur+ mu/ be correct z to "t1 quantities1 temp]ature1 h&l+1 etc41 & age is also necess>y4 ,! want ( durability aris+ f ! quality ( ! mat]ials1 or f ! mann] ( manufactur+1 ! pa9t] has no control ov]2 b let me say "h1 t frequ5tly a fir/-class v>ni% has be5 us$ ^u a c>1 & aft] be+ 9 s]vice = a %ort "t x dead5s1 *ecks1 cracks1 *ips1 or flakes1 & !re=e %[s a v poor record4 ,! v>ni% is condemn$1 :5 9 reality1 _h ! v>ni% be5 appli$ "u diff]5t circum/ances & ov] diff]5t "w1 ! result w\ld h be5 good & ! durability satisfactory4 ,i am satisfi$ t 9 _m cases fir/-class v>ni% has to be> ! odium1 :5 ! root ( ! evil is to be f\nd ne>] ! f\ndation4 ,! lead+ v>ni% manufactur]s ( ?is c\ntry h exp5d$ l>ge =tunes to secure ! be/ skill & appliances1 &1 inde$1 to d ev]y?+ to br+ _! goods to p]fection4 ,_! /&+ & respectability put !m beyond suspicion1 & _! reputation is ( too mu* value = !m kn[+ly to put into ! h&s ( l>ge consum]s an inf]ior article2 & ev5 :5 we h j cause to compla9 ( ! v>ni%1 we ought to be *>itable en\gh to attribute ! mi/ake to circum/ances beyond _! control 7= e kettleful is subject$ to su* circum/ances71 & n to *>ge !m ) us+ *eap or inf]ior mat]ial = ! sake ( ga94 ,if ! "q :i* has be5 giv5 me means to give "s me?od ( te/+ be=e us+1 ,i confess my inability to answ]4 ,= v>ni% to be pron\nc$ durable mu/ be compos$ ( ! mat]ials to make x s1 & to asc]ta9 ?is1 *emi/ry mu/ be call$ 9 to te/ x4 ,comp>atively few pa9t]s und]/& *emi/ry suffici5tly to analyze1 & if !y did1 & f\nd ! mat]ial all t is necess>y1 ! manipulation may h be5 defective1 s z to injure its we>+ qualities1 & !re=e ,i _c sugge/ any way ( pron\nc+ v>ni% durable be=e us+ x4 ,z to ! common cu/om ( hang+ out bo>ds prep>$ & v>ni%$ to ! exposure ( ! sun & wea!r = mon?s does n seem to me to be ! correct way ( te/+ durability4 ,x is true we may by ?is mode get "s idea ( we>+ prop]ties1 b ! mo/ ?or\gh & correct way is to put ! v>ni% to ! same exposure1 ! te> & we>1 t x w\ld h 9 ! regul> s]vice on ! road on :i* x is to run4 ,c>s :ile runn+ are expos$ to circum/ances :i* bo>ds on ! wall are n subject$ to4 ,! c>s "u my *>ge run ?r\gh two diff]5t c\ntries & ?ree diff]5t ,/ates1 & !re=e subject$ to su* a v>iety ( climate & soil t ! te/+ by /ation>y bo>ds w\ld completely fail to give ! correct result4 ,= example3 ,i h plac$ two sample bo>ds1 prep>$ & v>ni%$1 & expos$ !m to all k9ds ( wea!r & to ! con/ant & /eady rays ( ! sun = an equal l5g? ( "t1 & bo? gave favorable results2 & ,i h also put ! same v>ni%es on a c> & f\nd v diff]5t results4 ,"o ( ! v>ni%es hav+ "s prop]ties adapt$ to resi/ ! friction caus$ by c9d]s1 s&1 & du/1 & consequ5tly n s liable to cut ! surface1 & !re=e mu* m durable4 ,! sy/em :i* ,i adopt$ long ago1 & to :i* ,i /ill adh]e 7n on acc\nt ( old fogyism1 b = want ( bett]71 is z foll[s3 ,i h two v>ni%es :i* ,i want to put into competition to te/ _! relative m]its4 ,) v>ni% ,no4 #a1 ,i d ! s\? half ( ! ea/ end ( ! c> & ! ea/ half ( ! s\? side ( ! c>1 ! nor? half ( ! we/ end1 & also ! we/ end ( ! nor? side2 ?is is also done ) ! same v>ni%4 ,on ! o!r half ( ! c> v>ni% ,no4 #b is put4 ,?us y w see x is s plac$ t1 %\ld ! c> be turn$ at any "t1 bo? v>ni%es on ea* side w h ! same exposure & circum/ances to cont5d )4 ,?is ,i reg>d z ! be/ me?od to te/ ! durability ( v>ni%4 ,& aga9 let me say t x w\ld be wrong = me to argue t because ! v>ni% :i* ,i use gives me ! be/ results1 !re=e ,i w\ld reg>d x ! be/ = all to use4 ,?is w\ld be wrong1 inasmu* z we h a div]sity ( climates betwe5 ,ma9e & ,cali=nia1 & betwe5 ! extreme nor!rn & s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! v>ni% :i* has fail$ to give me satisfaction may be mo/ suitable = o!r p>ts ( ! ,union4 ,z to ! second "p ( my subject1 ,:at l5g? ( "t may a c> safely rema9 9 s]vice be=e be+ tak5 9 = rev>ni%+8 ?is mu/ be regulat$ by ! nature ( ! run & g5]al treatm5t ( ! c> :ile 9 s]vice4 ,?r\gh c>s are frequ5tly cont9u\sly on ! road1 & little or no opportunity c be _h to att5d to !m :ile 9 s]vice4 ,su* c>s %\ld be call$ 9 e>li] ?an ^? :i* make %ort] runs1 & :]e ample "t is all[$ at bo? ends ( ! j\rney to be kept 9 ord]4 ,& aga91 c>s :i* are run ne>e/ ! eng9e _c make s l>ge a runn+ record z ^? less expos$4 ,"s roads1 = a v>iety ( reasons :i* might be giv51 c run c>s = #ad mon?s ) less we> ?an o!rs c run #ab mon?s4 ,s t ,i hold t ! ma/] pa9t] on e road %\ld keep a complete & correct record ( 8 c>s1 & h an opportunity to exam9e ^! at int]vals & report _! condition1 9 ord] to h !m call$ 9 be=e !y are too f> gone = rev>ni%+4 ,if ?is sy/em 0 m frequ5tly adopt$1 ! roll+ /ock ( our roads w\ld be m attractive1 & ! companies w\ld be ! ga9]s4 ,i _c lay d[n a /&>d rule z to ! exact "t a c> %\ld rema9 9 s]vice be=e be+ call$ 9 = rev>ni%+1 b ,i f9d z a g5]al rule ) ! c>s on ! ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,railroad t !y %\ld n exce$ #ab mon?s' s]vice1 & new c>s1 or ^? pa9t$ f ! f\ndation1 %\ld n be all[$ to run ov] #aj mon?s ! fir/ ye>4 ,by ?us all[+ a %ort] p]iod ! fir/ ye> ! c> w look bett] & we> long] by ?is mode ( treatm5t4 ,c>s treat$ 9 ?is way c be kept runn+ = six & sev5 ye>s )\t repa9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fixation ,,( ,,magnetic ,,phantoms4 ,:5 we place a ?9 %eet ( c>dbo>d or glass ^u a magnet & scatt] iron fil+s ov] x1 we obs]ve ! iron to take c]ta9 positions & trace c]ta9 l9es :i* ,f>aday has /yl$ l9es ( magnetic =ce1 or1 m simply1 l9es ( =ce4 ,! figure1 z a :ole1 :i* is ?us =m$ con/itutes a magnetic phantom4 ,! =ms ( ! latt] v>y ) t ( ! magnet1 ! relative positions ( ! magnet & plate1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,fix+ ,,magnetic ,,phantoms4 ,! :ole space submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( ! magnet con/itutes a magnetic field1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( ^! l9es ( =ce1 & ! /udy ( :i* is ( ! mo/ important "* z reg>ds electro-magnetic action & t ( induction4 ,9 ord] to /udy ^! phantoms x is conv5i5t to fix !m s t !y c be pres]v$1 project$1 or photograph$4 ,fig4 #a %[s h[ !y may be fix$4 ,to effect ?is1 we cov] ! plate ) a lay] ( mucilage ( gum arabic1 all[ ! latt] to h>d51 & !n place ! plate ov] ! magnet4 ,next1 iron fil+s are scatt]$ ov] ! surface by means ( a small sieve1 &1 :5 ! curves are well develop$1#a ! surface is moi/5$ by ! aid ( an ord9>y vaporiz]4 ,! lay] ( gum arabic ?us becomes s(t5$ & holds ! iron fil+s s t ! p>ticles _c *ange position4 ,:5 ! gum has h>d5$ aga91 ! magnet is remov$1 & ! phantom is fix$4 ,footnote #a3 ,! curves are obta9$ by /rik+ ! plate lightly ) a glass rod4 ,we ?us h a tangible repres5tation ( ! magnetic field produc$ by ! magnet 9 ! plane ( ! glass plate or %eet ( pap]4 ,! numb] ( ^! l9es1 or _! d5sity1 is at e po9t proportional to ! int5sity ( ! field1 & ! curves t are trac$ %[ _! direction4 ,to f9i% ! def9ition ( ! field1 x rema9s to det]m9e ! direction ( ^! l9es ( =ce4 ,su* direction is1 by def9ition1 & conv5tionally1 t 9 :i* ! nor? pole ( a small magnetic ne$le1 free to move 9 ! field1 w\ld travel4 ,x results f ?is def9ition t ! l9es ( =ce issue f ! nor? pole ( a magnet & re-ent] ! s\? pole1 s9ce ! nor? pole ( a magnet repels ! nor? pole ( a ne$le1 & vice v]sa4 ,^! consid]ations relative to ! direction & int5sity ( ! magnetic field are ( ! highe/ importance = ! physical !ory ( magneto-electric ma*9es4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r me?od ( fix+ phantoms1 z employ$ by ,pr(4 ,bailie1 ( ! ,indu/rial ,s*ool ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry ( ! ,city ( ,p>is4 ,he beg9s by =m+ ! phantom1 9 ! usual way1 ^u pap] prep>$ ) f]rocyanide1 & exposes x to daylight = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,! fil+s =m a scre5 :i* is s mu* ! m p]fect 9 proportion z x is d5s]1 &1 aft] fixation1 !re is obta9$ a negative phantom1 t is to say1 "o 9 :i* ! p>ts :]e ! field is d5se/ h rema9$ :ite4 ,! same processes ( fixation apply equally well to galvanic phantoms1 t is to say1 to ! galvanic fields produc$ by ! passage ( a curr5t 9 a conductor1 & :i* consi/s ( analog\s l9es ( =ce4 ,! processes may be employ$ v efficaci\sly & ) c]ta9ty ( success4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,*ipp5dale ,,sidebo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ipp5dale ,,sidebo>d4 ,our illu/ration ?is week is ( a unique & h&some piece ( ,*ipp5dale "w4 ,! outl9e is elegant1 & ! scroll+s delicate4 ,! p$e/als are peculi> 9 _! =m1 ! panels be+ c>v$ 9 drap]ies1 etc4 ,9 ! frieze are two draw]s1 ) grotesque heads =m+ ! h&les4 ,! back is fitt$ ) %ap$ glass & surm\nt$ by an eagle4 ,! :ole =ms a v *>act]i/ic piece ( "w ( ! p]iod1 hav+ be5 made ab\t #agfj-aggj4 ,z our read]s are aw>e1 ,?omas ,*ipp5dale publi%$ 8 book ( designs 9 #agfd1 ) ! object ( promot+ good ,fr5* design 9 ?is field ( art4 ,?is piece ( furniture 0 sold at auction lately = #he gu9eas4--,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,liquefaction ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,gases4 ,by ,,jules ,,jam91 ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,! e>li] exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,cailletet & ,ra\l ,pictet 9 ! liquefaction ( gases1 & ! app>atus by means ( :i* !y p]=m$ ! process1 7 describ$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,m>* & ,may1 #ahgh4 ,! exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 cont9u$ & improv$ ^u by ,,mm4 ,cailletet & ,pictet1 & o!rs1 ) m complete results ?an _h be5 atta9$ at ! "t ! fir/ reports 7 publi%$1 & ) ! elucidation ( "s novel prop]ties ( gases1 & ! disclosure ( relations1 previ\sly n well und]/ood1 betwe5 ! gase\s & ! liquid condition4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,f>aday1 9 ! compression ( gases by ! comb9$ ag5cy ( pressure & extreme cold1 left six gases :i* /ill refus$ to ent] into ! liquid /ate4 ,!y 7 ! two elem5ts ( ! atmosph]e 7oxyg5 & nitrog571 nitric oxide1 m>%-gas1 c>bonic oxide1 & hydrog54 ,_m new exp]im5ts 7 tri$ be=e ! pr9ciple t gov]ns ! *ange f ! gase\s to ! liquid1 or f ! liquid to ! gase\s =m 0 discov]$4 ,aime sank manomet]s fill$ ) air into ! sea till ! pressure ^u !m 0 equal to t ( f\r hundr$ atmosph]es2 ,b]!lot1 by ! expansion ( m]cury 9 a !rmomet] tube1 succe$$ 9 ex]t+ a pressure ( sev5 hundr$ & eighty atmosph]es ^u oxyg54 ,bo? s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 )\t result4 ,m4 ,cailletet1 hav+ fruitlessly subject$ air & hydrog5 to a pressure ( "o ?\s& atmosph]es1 came to ! conclusion t x 0 impossible to liquefy ^? gases at ! ord9>y temp]ature by pressure alone4 ,previ\sly x _h be5 ?\ght t ! ob/acle to cond5s+ gases by pressure alone lay 9 ! difficulty ( obta9+ suffici5t pressure1 or 9 t ( f9d+ a vessel suitable = manipulation t w\ld be capable ( resi/+ x4 ,m4 ,cailletet's ?\ght l$ to ! discov]y ( ano!r fundam5tal prop]ty ( gases4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,despretz & ,regnault _h %[n t ! scope ( ,m>iotte's law 7t ! volume ( gases increases or dim9i%es inv]sely z ! pressure ^u !m7 0 limit$1 & t its limits 7 diff]5t ) diff]5t sub/ances4 ,&rews confirm$ ! obs]vations ( ^! inve/igators1 & ext5d$ !m4 ,compress+ c>bonic acid at #ac ,c4 7#ee ,fahr471 he f\nd t ! rate ( dim9ution 9 volume increas$ m rapidly ?an ,m>iotte's law dem&$1 & at a progressive rate4 ,at fifty atmosph]es ! gas all at once assum$ ! liquid =m1 became v d5se1 & fell to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :]e x rema9$ sep>at$ f its vapor by a cle>ly def9$ surface1 l t :i* di/+ui%es wat] 9 ! air4 ,exp]im5t+ 9 ! same way ) ! gas at a high] temp]ature 7#ba ,c4 or #gj ,fahr471 he f\nd t ! same result 0 produc$1 b m sl[ly2 & x seem$ to be h]ald$ 9 advance by a m rapid dim9ution 9 volume previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ! *ange1 :i* cont9u$ aft] ! process _h be5 accompli%$2 z if an anticipatory prep>ation = ! liquid /ate 7 go+ on previ\s to ! completion ( ! *ange4 ,p]=m+ ! exp]im5t aga9 at #cb ,c4 7#ij ,fahr471 ! anticipatory prep>ation & ! aft]-cont9uation ( ! contraction 7 m m>k$1 &1 in/ead ( a sep>ate & di/9ct liquid1 wavy & mobile /ri 7 p]ceiv$ on ! sides ( ! vessel z ! only signs ( a *ange ( /ate :i* _h n yet be5 effect$4 ,at temp]atures above #cb ,c4 7#ij ,fahr471 !re 7 nei!r /ri nor liquefaction1 b !re seem$ to be a sugge/ion ( !m1 =1 "u a p>ticul> degree ( pressure1 ! d5sity ( ! gas 0 augm5t$1 & its volume dim9i%$ at an increas+ rate4 ,! temp]ature ( #cb ,c4 7#ij ,fahr47 is1 !n1 a limit1 m>k+ a division betwe5 ! temp]atures :i* p]mit & ^? :i* prev5t liquefaction2 x is ! critical po9t1 at :i* is def9$ ! sep>ation1 = c>bonic acid1 betwe5 two v di/9ct /ates ( matt]4 ,bel[ ?is po9t1 ! p>ticul> matt] may assume ! aspect ( a liquid2 above x1 ! gas _c *ange its appe>ance1 b ent]s into ! opposite con/itution f t ( a liquid4 ,g5]ally1 a liquid has consid]ably great] d5sity ?an its vapor4 ,b1 if a vessel conta9+ bo? is heat$1 ! liquid exp]i5ces a dilatation :i* is gradually augm5t$ till x equals & ev5 exce$s t ( ! gas2 :5ce1 ( c\rse1 an equal volume ( ! liquid w weigh less & less4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a con/antly l>g] quantity ( vapor is =m$1 :i* accumulates above ! liquid & becomes heavi] & heavi]4 ,n[ if ! d5sity ( ! vapor increases1 & t ( ! liquid dim9i%es1 !y w rea* a po9t1 "u a suitable temp]ature1 :5 !y w be ! same4 ,!re w !n be no reason = ! liquid to s9k or ! vapor to rise1 or = ! exi/5ce ( any l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m1 & !y w be mix$ & conf\nd$4 ,!y w no long] be di/+ui%able by _! heat ( con/itution4 ,x is true t1 9 pass+ into ! /ate ( a vapor1 a liquid absorbs a great deal ( lat5t heat1 b t is employ$ 9 scatt]+ ! molecules & keep+ !m at a di/ance2 & !re w be none ( x if ! di/ance does n increase4 ,we are !n1 at ?is /age ( our exp]im5ts1 9 ! pres5ce ( a critical po9t1 at :i* we d n "k :e!r ! matt] is liquid or gase\s2 =1 9 ei!r condition1 x has ! same d5sity1 ! same heat ( con/itution1 & ! same prop]ties4 ,x is a new /ate1 ! gaso-liquid /ate4 ,an exp]im5t ( ,cagni>d-,lat\r re-en=c$ ?is explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,heat+ e!r 9 clos$ vessels to high temp]atures1 he br\ght x to a po9t :]e ! liquid c\ld be made :olly to disappe>1 or to be sudd5ly re=m$ on ! slighte/ elevation or ! slighte/ depression ( temp]ature accord+ly z x 0 rais$ j above or cool$ to j bel[ ! critical po9t4 ,! discov]y ( ^! prop]ties sugge/$ an explanation ( ! failure ( previ\s attempts to liquefy air4 ,air at ord9>y l[ temp]atures is 9 ! gaso-liquid condition1 & its liquefaction is n possible except :5 a diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! vapor & t ( ! liquid great] ?an x is possible to produce "u any conditions t c exi/ !n4 ,x 0 necess>y to r$uce ! temp]ature to bel[ ! critical po9t2 & x 0 by adopt+ ?is c\rse t ,,mm4 ,cailletet & ,ra\l ,pictet a*iev$ _! success4 ,! rapid escape ( ! compress$ gas itself f a condition ( great cond5sation at an extremely l[ temp]ature 0 employ$ z ! ag5t = produc+ a great] degree ( cold ?an x _h be5 possible be=e to obta94 ,m4 ,cailletet us$ oxyg5 escap+ at -#bi ,c4 f a pressure ( ?ree hundr$ atmosph]es2 ,m4 ,ra\l ,pictet1 ! same gas escap+ at -#adj f a pressure ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty atmosph]es2 & bo? obta9$ oxyg5 & nitrog51 & ,m4 ,pictet hydrog51 9 :at !y ?\ght 0 a liquid1 & possibly ev5 9 a solid =m4 ,/ill1 x c\ld n be ass]t$ t hydrog5 & ! elem5ts ( ! air _h be5 completely liquefi$4 ,^! gases _h n yet be5 se5 collect$ 9 ! /atic condition at ! bottom ( a tube & sep>at$ f _! vapors by ! cle>ly def9$ concave surface :i* is call$ a m5iscus4 ,! exp]im5ts _h1 h[ev]1 prov$ t liquefaction is possible at a temp]ature ( bel[ -#abj ,c4 7-#ahd ,fahr474 ,to make ! process practicable1 x 0 only necess>y to f9d suffici5tly p[]ful refrig]ants2 & ^! 7 look$ = among gases t _h prov$ m refractory ?an c>bonic acid & protoxide ( nitrog54 ,m4 ,cailletet select$ e?yl5e1 a hydroc>bon ( ! same composition z illum9at+ gas1 :i*1 :5 liquefi$ by ! aid ( c>bonic acid & a pressure ( ?irty-six atmosph]es1 boils at -#ajc ,c4 7-#aec ,fahr474 ,m4 ,wroblewski1 ( ,crac[1 :o _h witness$ "s ( ,m4 ,cailletet's exp]im5ts1 & obta9$ 8 app>atus1 & ,m4 ,olzewski1 9 association ) him1 also exp]im5t$ ) e?yl5e1 & _h ! pleasure ( record+ _! fir/ complete success e>ly 9 ,april1 #ahhc4 ,caus+ liquid e?yl5e to boil 9 an air-pump vacuum at -#ajc ,c41 !y 7 able to produce a temp]ature ( -#aej ,c4 7-#bch ,fahr471 ! l[e/ t _h ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,oxyg51 hav+ be5 previ\sly compress$ 9 a glass tube1 became a p]man5t liquid1 ) a cle>ly def9$ m5iscus4 ,x pres5t$ itself1 l ! o!r liquefi$ gases1 "u ! =m ( a transp>5t & colorless sub/ance1 resembl+ wat]1 b a little less d5se4 ,its critical po9t 0 m>k$ at -#aac ,c4 7-#aga ,fahr471 bel[ :i* ! liquid c\ld be =m$1 b nev] above x2 :ile x boil$ rapidly at -#ahf ,c4 7-#cjc ,fahr474 ,a few days aft]w>d1 ! ,poli% pr(essors obta9$ ! liquefaction ( nitrog51 a m refractory gas1 "u a pressure ( ?irty-six atmosph]es1 at -#adf ,c4 7-#bca ,fahr474 ,long1 difficult1 & exp5sive op]ations 7 requir$ to produce ?is result1 = ! extreme degree ( cold x dem&$ _h to be produc$ by boil+ l>ge quantities ( e?yl5e 9 a vacuum4 ,m4 ,cailletet devis$ a *eap] process1 by employ+ ano!r hydroc>bon t rises f ! mud ( m>%es1 & is call$ =m5e4 ,x is less easily liquefi$ ?an e?yl5e1 b = t v reason c be boil$ 9 ! air at a l[] temp]ature1 or at -#afj;,c4 7-#bef ,fahr472 & at ?is temp]ature nitrog5 & oxyg5 c be liquefi$ 9 a ba? ( =m5e z readily z sulphur\s acid 9 ! common freez+ mixture4 ,,mm4 ,cailletet1 ,wroblewski1 & ,olzewski h cont9u$ _! exp]im5ts 9 liquefaction1 & acquir$ increas$ facility 9 ! h&l+ ( liquid e?yl5e1 =m5e1 atmosph]ic air1 oxyg51 & nitrog54 ,m4 ,olzewski 0 able to report to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 on ! #ba/ ( ,july1 #ahhd1 t by plac+ liquefi$ nitrog5 9 a vacuum he _h succe$$ 9 produc+ a temp]ature ( -#bac;,c4 7-#cea ,fahr471 "u :i* hydrog5 0 liquefi$4 ,contr>y to ! suppositions f\nd$ on ! metallic behavior ( ?is elem5t1 t x w\ld pres5t ! appe>ance ( a molt5 metal1 l m]cury1 ! liquid _h ! mobile behavior & ! transp>5cy ( ! hydroc>bons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,fats4 ,! me?ods employ$ up to ! pres5t 9 exam9ation ( fats1 animal & vegetable1 are m]e reactions lack+ g5]al application2 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! lit]ature1 & d\btful ) reg>d to reliability1 !y are ( little or no value to ! exp]im5t]--an approximate quantitative exam9ation ev5 ( a simple mixture be+ exce$+ly difficult if n impossible1 s9ce ! qualitative composition ( fatty sub/ances is ! same1 & ! sep>ation ( ! ne>] compon5ts impracticable4 ,! object ( analysis consi/$ 9 e/imat+ ! accompany+ impurities ( fat1 z1 res91 album9oids1 & pigm5ts4 ,! nature ( ^! sub/ances dep5ds on ! mode ( extraction & pres]vation ( ! fat1 & are subject 9 ! c\rse ( "t to alt]ation4 ,! only reaction bas$ ^u ! *emical con/itution ( fat is produc$ by treatm5t ( oleic or l9oleic acid ) nitr\s acid1 :i* !re=e is ( "s value 9 ! exam9ation ( dry+ oils4 ,( g5]al application are ! me?ods :i* correspond to ! *emical con/itution ( fats1 & ?us det]m9e ! relative quantity ( ! compon5ts2 advantage c !n be d]iv$ f qualitative reactions1 inasmu* z !y fur!r affirm ! result ( ! quantitative te/1 or dispel any d\bt ) reg>d to ! correctness ( ! result4 ,! pr9cipal me?ods :i* comply ) ^! dem&s h be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,hueble = ! purpose ( discov]+ a process ( g5]al application2 me?ods f\nd$ on ! det]m9ation ( d5sity1 freez+1 & melt+ po9t 7 comp>$ ) ^? dep5d5t on ! solubility ( fatty sub/ances 9 glacial acetic acid or a mixture ( alcohol & acetic acid2 also ! me?od ( ,hehn] = te/+ ( butt]1 ! det]m9ation ( glyc]9e & oleic acid1 & at l5g? ! process ( saponification4 ,ne>ly all fats conta9 memb]s belong+ to "o ( ! ?ree s]ies ( fatty acids1 e4g41 acids ( ! type ( acetic acid 7/e>ic & palmitic acids72 su* z are d]ivatives ( acrylic acid 7oleic & erucic acids72 & su* z are homologues ( tetrolic acid 7l9oleic acid74 ,x is likely t ! relative quantity ( ea* ( ^! acids is v>iable1 ) reg>d to ! same fat1 )9 def9ite limits1 & *anges ) ! nature ( ! fatty sub/ance4 ,! gr\ps ( fatty acids are di/+ui%$ by a *>act]i/ic deportm5t t[>d halog5s2 :ile memb]s ( ! fir/ s]ies are indiff]5t to haloids1 ^? ( ! second & ?ird class comb9e readily1 )\t suff]+ sub/itution1 ) two respectively f\r atoms ( a haloid4 ,9 view ( ?is behavior ! fir/ s]ies is t]m$ saturat$1 ! second & ?ird t ( unsaturat$ acids4 ,addition ( halog5 to "o ( ! unsaturat$ acids yields on subsequ5t exam9ation an inv>iable quantity ( ! =m]1 repres5t+ two or f\r atoms1 accord+ to "o or ! o!r ( unsaturat$ gr\ps2 & z ! molecul> weights ( fatty acids are unequal1 ! p]c5tage quantity ( halog5 w be f\nd v>y+ ) reg>d to memb]s belong+ to ! same s]ies4 ,! am\nt ( iod9e absorb$ by "s ( ! fatty acids is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ items3 ,hypogallic acid1 ,c#af;,h#cj,o#b1 comb9es ) #ajj4jj grammes4 iod9e4 ,oleic acid1 ,c#ah;,h#cd,o#b #ij4jg ,erucic acid1 ,c#bb;,h#db,o#b #ge4ae ,ric9oleic acid1 ,c#ah;,h#cd,o#c #he4bd ,l9oleic acid1 ,c#af;,h#bh,o#b #bja4ei ,( ! halog5s employ$ 9 ! exam9ation1 iod9e is pref]able to ei!r *lor9e or brom9e2 x acts b sl[ly at ord9>y1 b en]getically at elevat$ temp]atures4 ,! reag5ts are solution ( m]cury iodo-*loride prep>$ by dissolv+ ( #be grms4 iod9e1 #ejj c4c4 alcohol ( #ie p] c5t41 & ( #cj grms4 m]cury *loride 9 an equal measure ( ! same solv5t2 bo? liquids are filt]$ & unit$2 a /&>d solution ( sodium hyposulphite produc$ by dige/ion ( #bd grms4 ( ! dry salt ) #a lit] wat] & titration ) iod9e solution2 solution ( potassium iodide ( #a3aj2 *lor(orm1 & f9ally a solution ( />*4 ,! above solution ( m]cury iodo-*loride acts on bo? free unsaturat$ acids & glyc]ides1 produc+ addition products4 ,= te/+ a sample ( #j4b to #j4d grm4 ( a liquid1 & f #j4h to #a4j grm4 ( a solid fat be+ us$1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 #aj c4c4 *lor(orm & treat$ ) #bj c4c4 m]cury iodo-*loride solution run into x f a burette1 if ! liquid appe> opalesc5t a fur!r measure ( *lor(orm is introduc$1 :ile ! am\nt ( m]cury iodo-*loride mu/ be su* z to produce a br[ni% coloration ( ! *lor(orm = two subsequ5t h\rs4 ,! excess ( iod9e is det]m9$1 on addition ( f #aj to #ae c4c4 potassium iodide solution & #aej c4c4 di/ill$ wat]1 by means ( cau/ic soda4 ,f a burette divid$ into #j4a c4c4 a solution ( cau/ic soda is p\r$ ) cont9ual gyration ( ! flask into ! t+$ liquid1 & ! p]c5tage ( comb9$ iod9e asc]ta9$ by diff]5ce2 = ?is purpose #bj c4c4 ( m]cury iodo-*loride are te/$1 on introduction ( a solution ( potassium iodide & />*1 previ\sly to its use z reag5t4 ,adult]ation ( solid or semi-liquid fats1 especially l>d1 butt]1 & tall[1 ) vegetable oils are readily detect$ by ?is me?od1 s9ce ! latt] yield on exam9ation a high p]c5tage ( iod9e4 ,animal fats1 absorb comp>atively less halog5 ?an vegetable fats1 & ! p[] to comb9e ) iod9e increases ) ! transition f ! solid to ! liquid /ate1 & atta9s its maximum ) vegetable oils--! me?od be+ adapt$ to ! exam9ation ( fat mixtures conta9+ glyc]ides & free saturat$ fatty acids1 provid$ t sub/ances :i* "u simil> conditions comb9e ) iod9e are abs5t4 ,^! conditions are fulfill$ ) reg>d to ! exam9ation ( animal fats & soap4 ,e!real oils are also act$ ^u by iod9e2 ! reaction proce$s simil> to t obs]v$ 9 ord9>y fat mixtures4 ,alcoholic m]cury iodo-*loride c probably be us$ ) success 9 syn!tical *emi/ry1 z x all[s det]m9ation ( ! free aff9ities ( ! molecule & conv]sion ( unsaturat$ comp\nds into saturat$ *lor9e-iodo addition products4--,runds*au4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,nitrification4#b ,footnote #b3 ,a pap] by ,r4 ,w>+ton1 read be=e ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,montreal4 ,by ,r4 ,,w>+ton4 ,9 ! foll[+ brief notes ,i propose to consid] 9 ! fir/ place ! pres5t position ( ! !ory ( nitrification1 & next to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! results ( "s rec5t exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! ,ro?am/$ ,laboratory4 ,! ,!ory ( ,nitrification4--,! production ( nitrates 9 soils1 & 9 wat]s contam9at$ ) sewage1 are facts ?or\ghly famili> to *emi/s4 ,x is also well kn[n t ammonia1 & v>i\s nitrog5\s organic matt]s1 are ! mat]ials f :i* ! nitric acid is produc$4 ,till ! comm5cem5t ( #ahgg x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t ?is =mation ( nitrates f ammonia or nitrog5\s organic matt] 0 ! result ( simple oxidation by ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! case ( soil x 0 imag9$ t ! action ( ! atmosph]e 0 int5sifi$ by ! cond5sation ( oxyg5 9 ! pores ( ! soil2 9 ! case ( wat]s no su* assumption 0 possible4 ,?is !ory 0 mo/ unsatisfactory1 z nei!r solutions ( pure ammonia1 nor ( any ( its salts1 c\ld be nitrifi$ 9 ! laboratory by simple exposure to air4 ,! assum$ cond5sation ( oxyg5 9 ! pores ( ! soil also prov$ to be a fiction z soon z x 0 put by ,s*loes+ to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,e>ly 9 #ahgg1 two ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,messrs4 ,s*loes+ & ,mntz1 publi%$ prelim9>y exp]im5ts %[+ t nitrification 9 sewage & 9 soils is ! result ( ! action ( an organiz$ f]m5t1 :i* occurs abundantly 9 soils & 9 mo/ impure wat]s4 ,?is entirely new view ( ! process ( nitrification has be5 amply confirm$ bo? by ! lat] exp]im5ts ( ,s*loes+ & ,mntz1 & by ! inve/igations ( o!r *emi/s1 among :i* are ^? by myself conduct$ 9 ! ,ro?am/$ ,laboratory4 ,! evid5ce = ! f]m5t !ory ( nitrification is n[ v complete4 ,nitrification 9 soils & wat]s is f\nd to be /rictly limit$ to ! range ( temp]ature )9 :i* ! vital activity ( liv+ f]m5ts is conf9$4 ,?us nitrification proce$s ) extreme sl[ness ne> ! freez+-po9t1 & increases 9 activity ) a rise 9 temp]ature till #cg is rea*$2 ! action !n dim9i%es1 & ceases altoge!r at #ee4 ,nitrification is also dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( plant-food suitable = organisms ( l[ "*4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ %[ t 9 ! abs5ce ( phosphates no nitrification w occur4 ,fur!r pro( ( ! f]m5t !ory is af=d$ by ! fact t antiseptics are fatal to nitrification4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( *lor(orm1 c>bon bisulphide1 salicylic acid1 & app>5tly also ph5ol1 nitrification entirely ceases4 ,! action ( heat is equally confirmatory4 ,rais+ sewage to ! boil+-po9t entirely prev5ts its und]go+ nitrification4 ,! heat+ ( soil to ! same temp]ature effectually de/roys its nitrify+ p[]4 ,f9ally1 nitrification c be />t$ 9 boil$ sewage1 or 9 o!r /]iliz$ liquid ( suitable composition1 by ! addition ( a few p>ticles ( fre% surface soil or a few drops ( a solution :i* has already nitrifi$2 ?\gh )\t su* addition ^! liquids may be freely expos$ to filt]$ air )\t nitrification tak+ place4 ,! nitrify+ organism has be5 submitt$ z yet to b little microscopical /udy2 x is app>5tly a micrococcus4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ ! evid5ce = ! f]m5t !ory ( nitrification c\ld be fur!r /r5g!n$2 x is app>5tly complete 9 e "p4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is evid5ce has be5 be=e ! sci5tific public = m ?an sev5 ye>s1 ! f]m5t !ory ( nitrification c h>dly be said to h obta9$ any g5]al acceptance2 x has n inde$ be5 s]i\sly controv]t$1 b nei!r has x be5 embrac$4 ,9 h>dly a s+le manual ( *emi/ry is ! production ( saltpet] attribut$ to ! action ( a liv+ f]m5t exi/+ 9 ! soil4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! abs5ce ( any recognition ( ! evid5ce j m5tion$ :5 we turn to ! lit]ature & to ! public discussions on ! subjects ( sewage1 ! pollution ( riv] wat]1 & o!r sanit>y que/ions4 ,! oxidation ( ! nitrog5\s organic matt] ( riv] wat] is /ill spok5 ( by "s z det]m9$ by m]e contact ) atmosph]ic oxyg51 & ! agitation ( ! wat] ) air z a c]ta9 means ( effect+ oxidation2 :ile by o!rs ! oxidation ( nitrog5\s organic matt] 9 a riv] is d5i$1 simply because free contact ) air is n alone suffici5t to produce oxidation4 ,h[ mu* light w\ld imm$iately be ?r[n on su* que/ions if x 7 recogniz$ t ! oxidation ( organic matt] 9 our riv]s is det]m9$ solely by ! ag5cy ( life1 is /rictly limit$ to ^? conditions )9 :i* life is possible1 & is mo/ active 9 ^? circum/ances 9 :i* life is mo/ vigor\s4 ,x is surely mo/ important t sci5tific m5 %\ld make up _! m9ds z to ! real nature ( ^? processes ( oxidation ( :i* nitrification is an example4 ,if ! f]m5t !ory be d\bt$1 let fur!r exp]im5ts be made to te/ x1 b let *emi/s no long] g on ignor+ ! weighty evid5ce :i* has be5 laid be=e !m4 ,x is p>tly ) ! view ( call+ ! att5tion ( ,engli% & ,am]ican *emi/s to ! importance ( a decision on ?is "q t ,i h be5 induc$ to br+ ?is subject be=e !m on ! pres5t occasion4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t su* results z ! nitrification ( sewage by pass+ x ?r\gh s&1 or ! nitrification ( dilute solutions ( blood prep>$ )\t special precaution1 are no evid5ce :atev] aga9/ ! f]m5t !ory ( nitrification4 ,if x is to be %[n t nitrification w occur 9 ! abs5ce ( any f]m5t1 x is cle> t all f]m5ts mu/ be rigidly exclud$ dur+ ! exp]im5ts2 ! solutions mu/ be /]iliz$ by heat1 ! app>atus purifi$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & all subsequ5t access ( organisms c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x is only exp]im5ts made 9 ?is way t c h any weight 9 decid+ ! "q4 ,leav+ n[ ! !ory ( nitrification1 ,i w proce$ to say a few words1 fir/1 z to ! di/ribution ( ! nitrify+ organism 9 ! soil2 secondly1 z to ! sub/ances :i* are susceptible ( nitrification2 ?irdly1 ^u c]ta9 conditions hav+ great influ5ce on ! process4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ! ,nitrify+ ,organism 9 ! ,soil4--,?ree s]ies ( exp]im5ts h be5 made on ! di/ribution ( ! nitrify+ organism 9 ! clay soil & subsoil at ,ro?am/$4 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( ! fact t deep pits _h be5 dug 9 "o ( ! exp]im5tal fields = ! purpose ( obta9+ samples ( ! soil & subsoil4 ,small quantities ( soil 7 tak5 f fre%ly-cut surfaces on ! sides ( ^! pits at dep?s v>y+ f #b in*es to #h feet4 ,! soil remov$ 0 at once transf]r$ to a /]iliz$ solution ( dilut$ ur9e1 :i* 0 aft]w>d exam9$ f "t to "t to asc]ta9 if nitrification took place4 ,^! exp]im5ts are h>dly yet complet$2 ! two e>li] s]ies ( solutions h1 h[ev]1 be5 exam9$ = eight & sev5 mon?s respectively4 ,9 bo? ^! s]ies ! soil tak5 f #b in*es1 #i in*es1 & #ah in*es f ! surface has be5 prov$ to conta9 ! nitrify+ organism by ! fact t x has produc$ nitrification 9 ! solutions to :i* x 0 add$2 :ile 9 twelve di/9ct exp]im5ts made ) soil f great] dep?s no nitrification has yet occurr$1 & we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! nitrify+ organism 0 n pres5t 9 ! samples ( soil tak54 ,! ?ird s]ies ( exp]im5ts has cont9u$ z yet b ?ree mon?s & a half2 at pres5t no nitrification has occurr$ ) soil tak5 bel[ #i in*es f ! surface4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t 9 a clay soil ! nitrify+ organism is conf9$ to ab\t #ah in*es f ! surface2 x is mo/ abundant 9 ! fir/ #f in*es4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! *annels caus$ by worms1 or by ! roots ( plants1 ! organism may occur at great] dep?s4 ,9 a s&y soil we %\ld expect to f9d ! organism at a l[] level ?an 9 clay1 b ( ?is we h z yet no evid5ce4 ,! facts "h m5tion$ are 9 accordance ) ! microscopical obs]vations made by ,ko*1 :o /ates t ! micro-organisms 9 ! soils he has inve/igat$ dim9i% rapidly 9 numb] ) an increas+ dep?2 & t at a dep? ( sc>cely #a met] ! soil is almo/ entirely free f bact]ia4 ,"s v practical conclusions may be drawn f ! facts n[ /at$4 ,x appe>s t ! oxidation ( nitrog5\s matt] 9 soil w be conf9$ to matt] ne> ! surface4 ,! nitrates f\nd 9 ! subsoil & 9 subsoil dra9age wat]s h really be5 produc$ 9 ! upp] lay] ( ! soil1 & h be5 c>ri$ d[n by diffusion1 or by a desc5d+ column ( wat]4 ,aga91 9 arrang+ a filt] b$ = ! oxidation ( sewage1 x is obvi\s t1 ) a heavy soil ly+ 9 its natural /ate ( consolidation1 v little w be ga9$ by mak+ ! filt] b$ ( consid]able dep?2 :ile1 if an artificial b$ is to be con/ruct$1 x is cle>ly ! top soil1 ri* 9 oxidiz+ organisms1 :i* %\ld be exclusively employ$4 ,! ,sub/ances ,susceptible ( ,nitrification4--,! analyses ( soils & dra9age wat]s h taught u t ! nitrog5\s humic matt] result+ f ! decay ( plants is nitrifiable2 also t ! v>i\s nitrog5\s manures appli$ to l&1 z f>my>d manure1 bones1 fi%1 blood1 rape cake1 & ammonium salts1 und]go nitrification 9 ! soil4 ,illu/rations ( _m ( ^! facts f ! results obta9$ 9 ! exp]im5tal fields at ,ro?am/$ h be5 publi%$ by ,sir ,j4,b4 ,lawes1 ,dr4 ,j4,h4 ,gilb]t1 & myself1 9 a rec5t volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,ro?am/$ ,laboratory1 exp]im5ts h also be5 made on ! nitrification ( solutions ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,besides solutions conta9+ ammonium salts & urea1 ,i h succe$$ 9 nitrify+ solutions ( asp>ag9e1 milk1 & rape cake4 ,?us1 besides ammonia1 two amides1 & two =ms ( album9oids h be5 f\nd susceptible ( nitrification4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* amides or album9oids 7 employ$1 ! =mation ( ammonia prec$$ ! production ( nitric acid4 ,mr4 ,c4,f4,a4 ,tux5 has already publi%$ 9 ! pres5t ye> two s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! =mation ( ammonia & nitric acids 9 soils to :i* bone-meal1 fi%-guano1 or /able manure _h be5 appli$2 9 all cases he f\nd ! =mation ( ammonia prec$$ ! =mation ( nitric acid4 ,z ammonia is s readily nitrifiable1 we may safely ass]t t e nitrog5\s sub/ance :i* yields ammonia :5 act$ ^u by ! organisms pres5t 9 soil is also nitriflable4 ,c]ta9 ,conditions hav+ ,great ,influ5ce 9 ! ,process ( ,nitrification4--,if we suppose t a solution conta9+ a nitrifiable sub/ance is suppli$ ) ! nitrify+ organism1 & ) ! v>i\s food con/itu5ts necess>y = its gr[? & activity1 ! rapidity ( nitrification w dep5d on a v>iety ( circum/ances3 #a4 ,! degree ( conc5tration ( ! solution is important4 ,nitrification always comm5ces fir/ 9 ! weake/ solution1 & !re is probably 9 ! case ( e solution a limit ( conc5tration beyond :i* nitrification is impossible4 #b4 ,! temp]ature has great influ5ce4 ,nitrification proce$s f> m rapidly 9 summ] ?an w9t]4 #c4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( light is important4 ,nitrification is mo/ rapid 9 d>kness2 & 9 ! case ( solutions1 exposure to /rong light may cause nitrification to cease altoge!r4 #d4 ,! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is ( c\rse ess5tial4 ,a ?9 lay] ( solution w nitrify soon] ?an a deep lay]1 ow+ to ! l>g] proportion ( oxyg5 available4 ,! influ5ce ( dep? ( fluid is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! case ( /rong solutions4 #e4 ,! quantity ( nitrify+ organism pres5t has also a m>k$ effect4 ,a solution se$$ ) a v small am\nt ( organism w = a long "t exhibit no nitrification1 ! organism be+ 7unlike "s o!r bact]ia7 ( v sl[ gr[?4 ,a solution receiv+ an abundant supply ( ! f]m5t w exhibit spe$y nitrification1 & /rong solutions may by ?is means be successfully nitrifi$1 :i* ) small se$+s w\ld prove v refractory4 ,! spe$y nitrification :i* occurs 9 soil 7f> m spe$y ?an 9 exp]im5ts 9 solutions "u any conditions yet tri$7 is probably ow+ to ! great mass ( nitrify+ organisms :i* soil conta9s1 & to ! ?9ness ( ! liquid lay] :i* cov]s ! soil p>ticles4 #f4 ,! rapidity ( nitrification also dep5ds on ! degree ( alkal9ity ( ! solution4 ,nitrification w n take place 9 an acid solution2 x is ess5tial t "s base %\ld be pres5t ) :i* ! nitric acid may comb9e2 :5 all available base is us$ up1 nitrification ceases4 ,x appe>$ ( int]e/ to asc]ta9 to :at ext5t nitrification w\ld proce$ 9 a dilute solution ( ur9e )\t ! addition ( any sub/ance save ! nitrify+ f]m5t4 ,z urea is conv]t$ into ammonium c>bonate 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! action ( ! f]m5t1 a supply ( salifiable base w\ld at fir/ be pres5t1 b w\ld gradually be consum$4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5t %[$ t only "o-half ! quantity ( nitric acid 0 =m$ 9 ! simple ur9e solution z 9 simil> solutions conta9+ calcium & sodium c>bonate4 ,! nitrification ( ! ur9e _h evid5tly proce$$ until ! :ole ( ! ammonium _h be5 *ang$ into ammonium nitrate1 & ! action _h !n ceas$4 ,?is fact is ( practical importance4 ,sewage w be ?or\ghly nitrifi$ only :5 a suffici5t supply ( calcium c>bonate1 or "s o!r base1 is available4 ,if1 in/ead ( calcium c>bonate1 a soluble alkal9e salt is pres5t1 ! quantity mu/ be small1 or nitrification w be s]i\sly h9d]$4 ,sodium c>bonate beg9s to h a ret>d+ influ5ce on ! comm5cem5t ( nitrification :5 its am\nt exce$s #cjj milligrammes p] lit]1 & up to ! pres5t "t ,i h be5 unable to produce an effective nitrification 9 solutions conta9+ #a4jjj gramme p] lit]4 ,sodium hydrog5 c>bonate h9d]s f> less ! comm5cem5t ( nitrification4 ,ammonium c>bonate1 :5 above a c]ta9 am\nt1 also prev5ts ! comm5cem5t ( nitrification4 ,! /ronge/ solution 9 :i* nitrification has at pres5t comm5c$ conta9$ ammonium c>bonate equival5t to #cfh milligrammes ( nitrog5 p] lit]4 ,?is h9d]ance ( nitrification by ! pres5ce ( an excess ( ammonium c>bonate effectually prev5ts ! nitrification ( /rong solutions ( ur9e1 9 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 ammonium c>bonate is ! fir/ product ( f]m5tation4 ,f> /rong] solutions ( ammonium *loride c be nitrifi$ ?an ( ammonium c>bonate1 if ! solution ( ! =m] salt is suppli$ ) calcium c>bonate4 ,nitrification has 9 fact comm5c$ 9 *loride ( ammonium solutions conta9+ m ?an two grammes ( nitrog5 p] lit]4 ,! details ( ! rec5t exp]im5ts1 "s ( ! results ( :i* we h n[ describ$1 w1 x is hop$1 %ortly appe> 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,london4 ,h>p5d51 ,july #ba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anil9e ,,dyes ,,9 ,,dress ,,mat]ials4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,*>les ,o',,neill4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s ago ,mr4 ,p]k9 discov]$ ! fir/ ( ! anil9e dyes4 ,x 0 ! %ade ( purple call$ mauve1 & ! *ief ag5t 9 its production 0 bi*romate ( pota%4 ,?is salt is n actively poison\s1 & no "o ?\ght ( attribut+ injuri\s prop]ties to mat]ials dy$ ) ! anil9e mauve4 ,next 9 *ronological ord] came mag5ta r$4 ,x 0 fir/ made f anil9e by ! ag5cy ( m]curial salts1 & aft]w>d by t =m ( ars5ic kn[n to *emi/s z ars5ic acid4 ,! fact t ?is at "o "t fa%ionable color 0 prep>$ by means ( an ars5ical comp\nd 0 spread ?r\gh ! c\ntry 9 a v impressive mann] by ! great trial z to :e!r ! pat5t 0 valid or n1 all turn+ ^u ! expression 9 ! specification ( dry ars5ic acid1 & ! disputes ( sci5ti/s :e!r ?is expression meant ars5ic acid ) or )\t wat]4 ,! public m9d _h be5 = "s "t previ\sly ex]cis$ & al>m$ by acc\nts ( sickness & debility caus$ by ars5ical pap]-hang+s2 x 01 !re=e1 easy = pseudo sci5ti/s to create an op9ion t ! mag5ta dye mu/ be also poison\s1 & t p]sons we>+ mat]ials dy$ ) ?is color 7 liable to absorb ars5ic & suff] f its action4 ,ev] s9ce !re h be51 at int]vals1 /atem5ts m or less circum/antial1 t individuals h suff]$ f we>+ mat]ials dy$ ) "s ( ! artificial dyes4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! /atem5ts are emphasiz$ by ! exhibition at ! ,heal!ries ( models ( sk9 diseases said to be actually produc$ by ! we>+ ( dy$ g>m5ts4 ,:e!r x be true or n t any =m ( sk9 disease has be5 produc$ by ! we>+ ( dy$ articles ( clo?+ is simply a "q ( evid5ce1 & !re is evid5ce en\gh to %[ t individuals h exp]i5c$ ill effects :o h worn clo?+ dy$ ) artificial colors4 ,b1 z f> z we "k1 !re is an entire want ( any evid5ce t w satisfactorily %[ t ! inconv5i5ce suff]$ by we>]s ( ^! dy$ goods has be5 ow+ to ! dye+ mat]ial4 ,ye>s mu/ elapse be=e *emi/s or physicians c hope to become ?or\ghly in=m$ ( ! physiological action produc$ by ! cutane\s absorption ( ! ?\s&s ( new products :i* ! +5uity & indu/ry ( te*nological *emi/s h made available = ! manufacture ( colors2 !y are also new to sci5ce1 mo/ ( !m v complex 9 _! con/itution1 & s dissimil> to previ\sly /udi$ comp\nds us$ by ! dy]1 t x may be said we h ne>ly ev]y?+ to le>n conc]n+ _! action ^u ! human economy4 ,) respect to dy$ wool5 & silk goods x is almo/ entirely a "q z to ! innoc5ce or o!rwise ( ! color+ matt] itself1 :i* 9 n9e cases out ( t5 is an organic body conta9+ no m9]al matt] ( any sort1 & n requir+ ! assi/ance ( any mordant to enable x to dye4 ,consid]ations ( ars5ic1 or antimony1 or m]cury exi/+ 9 ! dy$ /uffs are absolutely exclud$4 ,9 a few cases ! dye/uff is a z9c comp\nd1 & z9c 9 small traces may possibly be fix$ by ! mat]ial1 b ?is metal is n kn[n to be actively noxi\s4 ,textiles made f fib]s ( animal orig9 d n require1 & z a rule d n tol]ate1 ! addition ( any metal 9 dye+ ) ! artificial colors1 & if ! manufacture ( ! color require ! use ( a metal1 su* z ars5ic1 :i* by unskillfulness or c>elessness is left 9 x :5 deliv]$ to ! dy]1 ! t5d5cy ( ! animal fib] is to reject x4 ,b ! case ) reg>d to textiles made f vegetables fib]s is q diff]5t2 ^u mat]ials made f cotton1 flax1 jute1 or o!r fib] ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ! new anil9e colors _c be fix$ )\t ! assi/ance ( o!r bodies act+ ! "p ( mordants4 ,"s ( ^! bodies are actively poison\s 9 _! nature1 & introduce a possible elem5t ( dang] to ! we>] ( ! dy$ article4 ,= _m ye>s1 almo/ ! only me?od ( dye+ cotton goods ) ! anil9e colors consi/$ 9 a prelim9>y /eep+ 9 sumac or tannic acid1 foll[$ by a passage 9 "s suitable comp\nd ( t91 & subsequ5t dye+ 9 ! color+ matt]4 ,sumac & t9 h be5 us$ = two hundr$ ye>s or m z ! dy]'s basis = a consid]able numb] ( %ades ( color f old dye-/uffs2 !re nev] has be5 ! lea/ suspicion t !re 0 any?+ hurtful 9 colors s dy$4 ,sumac or tannic acid1 9 comb9ation ) alum9a1 may be held to be equally in(f5sive2 n[ x is a fact t ! great bulk ( cotton goods are dy$ ) ! anil9e colors by ! ag5cy ( ^! h>mless *emicals4 ,b ( late ye>s ! dy]s ( c]ta9 goods1 & ! calico pr9t]s g5]ally1 h f\nd an advantage 9 ! use ( t>t> emetic1 & o!r comp\nds ( antimony1 to fix anil9e colors2 besides ?is1 "s colors are fix$ 9 calico pr9t+ by means ( an ars5ical alum9a mordant2 x ne$ n be m5tion$ t antimony1 z well z ars5ic1 is1 :5 adm9i/]$ int]nally1 an active poison 9 ev5 small quantities1 & t ext]nally bo? are injuri\s "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,an al>mi/ w\ld require no?+ fur!r ?an ?is /atem5t to feel himself ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ ev]y?+ bad to fabrics s color$2 b ! practical dy] or calico pr9t] kn[s t ?\gh he employs ^! poison\s bodies 9 8 bus9ess1 & t "s portion ( !m does actually accompany ! dy$ mat]ial 9 its f9i%$ /ate1 n only is ! quantity excessively small1 b t x is 9 su* a /ate ( comb9ation z to be completely in]t & innoxi\s4 ,9 ! case ( t>t> emetic1 x is ! tannate ( antimony :i* rema9s ^u ! clo?1 a comp\nd ( consid]able /ability1 & almo/ p]fectly insoluble 9 wat]2 9 ! case ( a few colors fix$ by ! ars5ical alum9a mordant1 ! ars5ic is 9 an insoluble /ate ( comb9ation ) ! alum9a1 9 fact1 ! poisons are 9 ! pres5ce ( _! antidotes1 & n ev5 ! mo/ scrupul\s manufactur] has any fe> t he is turn+ out goods :i* c be hurtful to ! we>]4 ,p]sons q unacqua9t$ ) ! process ( dye+ are apt to ?9k t goods are dy$ by simply imm]s+ !m 9 a color$ liquid & !n dry+ !m ) all ! color on !m & all t ! color conta9s2 !y d n "k t 9 all usual cases ( dye+ a c>eful wa%+ 9 a pl5tiful supply ( wat] is ! f9al process 9 ! dye-h\se1 & t no?+ rema9s ^u ! clo? :i* c be wa%$ out by wat]1 ! color be+ reta9$ by a sort ( attraction or aff9ity betwe5 x & ! fib]1 or mordant on ! fib]4 ,dye+ is n l pa9t+ or ev5 ! pr9t+ or /a9+ ( pap] = hang+s1 :]e ! vehicle & color 9 its entirety is appli$ & rema9s4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t _m *emicals us$ 9 dye+ h only a transitory use1 & are wa%$ away completely--su* z oil ( vitriol1 mu* us$ 9 wool5 dye+--& t ( o!rs only a v m9ute quantity is f9ally left on ! clo?1 z is ! case 9 antimony & ars5ic 9 cotton dye+ & pr9t+4 ,!re is evid5tly among work+ dy]s1 z among all o!r classes1 an unkn[n am\nt ( c>elessness1 ignorance1 & /upidity1 f :i* employ]s are con/antly suff]+ 9 ! %ape ( spoil$ colors & rott$ clo?4 ,x is n = u to say t ! public may n at times h to suff] also f neglect ( ! mo/ common treatm5ts :i* %\ld remove injuri\s matt]s f dy$ goods2 :at c be said is1 t if ! dye+ processes = anil9e colors be foll[$ out ) ord9>y c>e & intellig5ce1 x is extremely improbable t any?+ left 9 ! mat]ial %\ld be injuri\s to human heal?4--,man*e/] ,textile ,record]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,case ,,( ,,resuscitation ,,& ,,recov]y ,,aft] ,,app>5t ,,dea? ,,by ,,hang+4 ,by ,,erne/ ,w4 ,,:ite1 ,m4,b4 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,s5ior ,assi/ant ,m$ical ,(fic] to ! ,k5t ,lunatic ,asylum2 ,associate1 ,late ,s*ol>1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,! foll[+ case1 f its hopelessness at ! outset1 yet ultimate recov]y "u ! duly recogniz$ =ms ( treatm5t1 is ( su* int]e/ z to dem& publicity1 & w af=d enc\ragem5t to o!rs 9 mom5ts ( d\bt4 ,m4,a4 ,s----1 ag$ fifty-?ree1 0 admitt$ into ! ,k5t ,lunatic ,asylum at ,*>?am on ,oct4 #c1 #ahhb1 suff]+ f melan*olia1 ! duration ( :i* 0 /at$ to h be5 ?ree mon?s4 ,%e _h sev]al times attempt$ suicide by dr[n+ & /rangulation4 ,%e 0 on admission ord]$ a mixture conta9+ morphia & e!r ?rice daily1 to allay h] di/ress4 ,on ,oct4 #aj %e attempt$ suicide by ty+ a /ock+1 :i* %e _h secret$ ab\t h] p]son1 r\nd h] neck4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 ) simil> int5t1 %e ?rew h]self d[n/airs4 ,on ,jan4 #d1 #ahhc1 %e attempt$ to /rangle h]self ) h] apron4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] foll[+1 at #d ,p4,m4 %e evad$ ! att5dants1 & made h] way to ! ba?-room ( ( ,no4 #a w>d1 ! door ( :i* _h be5 left unfa/5$ by an att5dant4 ,%e !n susp5d$ h]self f a ladd] !re by means ( portions ( h] dress & und]clo?+ ti$ toge!r4 ,a pati5t ( ,no4 #a w>d discov]$ h] susp5d$ f ! ladd] eight m9utes aft] %e _h la/ se5 h] 9 ! adjo9+ wat]closet1 & gave ! al>m4 ,! woman 0 quickly cut d[n1 & ! m$ical (fic]s summon$4 ,9 ! int]val cold affusion 0 resort$ to by ! att5dant 9 *>ge1 b ! pati5t 0 to all appe>ances dead4 ,! junior assi/ant m$ical (fic]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,reynolds ,salt]1 ,m4,b4 ,lond41 arriv$ aft] ab\t ?ree m9utes1 & at once resort$ to artificial respiration by ! ,silve/] me?od4 ,a m9ute or s lat] ! m$ical sup]9t5d5t & myself jo9$ him4 ,at ?is "t ! condition ( ! pati5t 0 z foll[s3 ,! face pres5t$ ! appe>ance kn[n z facies hippocratica3 ! eyeballs 7 prom95t1 ! corne glassy1 ! pupils widely dilat$1 n act+ to light1 & !re 0 no reflex action ( ! conjunctiv2 ! lips 7 livid1 ! tongue tumefi$1 b pallid1 ! sk9 a%y pale1 ! cutane\s tissues app>5tly devoid ( ela/icity4 ,!re 0 an oblique depress$ m>k on ! neck1 m evid5t on ! left side2 ! small ve9s & capill>ies ( ! surface ( ! body 7 turgid ) coagulat+ blood ! surface temp]ature 0 extremely l[4 ,%e 0 pulseless at ! wri/s & temples4 ,!re 0 no def9ite beat ( ! he>t recognizable by ! /e?oscope4 ,!re 0 absolute cessation ( all natural respiratory ef=ts1 complete unconsci\sness1 total abolition ( reflex action & motion1 & galvanism ) ! ord9>y magneto-electric ma*9e fail$ to induce muscul> contractions4 ,! ur9e & fces _h be5 pass$ involunt>ily dur+ or imm$iately subsequ5t to ! act ( susp5sion4 ,z ! /e?oscope reveal$ t b a small am\nt ( air ent]$ ! lungs ) ea* artificial inspiration1 ! tongue 0 at once drawn well =w>d1 & reta9$ 9 t position by an assi/ant1 ) ! result t air !n p5etrat$ to ! small] bron*i4 ,inspiration & expiration 7 artificially imitat$ ab\t t5 times to ! m9ute4 ,9 p]=m+ expiration ! *e/ 0 ?or\ghly compress$4 ,! l[] extremities 7 rais$1 & manual c5tripetal frictions freely appli$4 ,9 ! int]vals ( ^! applications w>m? to ! extremities 0 resort$ to4 ,ab\t t5 m9utes f ! comm5cem5t ( artificial respiration we notic$ a s+le weak spasmodic contraction ( ! diaphragm1 ! feeble/ possible ef=t at natural respiration4 ,simultane\sly1 v di/ant weak r$uplicat$ c>diac pulsations1 numb]+ ab\t #aej to ! m9ute1 became evid5t to ! /e?oscope4 ,! r$uplication impli$ t ! two sides ( ! he>t 7 n act+ syn*ron\sly1 ow+ to ob/ruction to ! pulmon>y circulation induc$ by ! asphyxiat$ /ate4 ,artificial respiration 0 /eadily ma9ta9$1 & dur+ ! next half h\r spasmodic contractions ( ! diaphragm occurr$ at gradually dim9i%+ int]vals1 f once 9 ?ree m9utes to ?ree or f\r times a m9ute4 ,^! natural ef=ts 7 artificially aid$ z f> z possible4 ,at #e3de ,p4,m4 natural respiration 0 fairly ?\gh insuffici5tly e/abli%$1 ! sk9 began to lose its deadly hue1 & titillation ( ! fauces caus$ weak reflex contractions4 ,flagellation ) wet t[els 0 n[ freely resort$ to1 & imm$iately ! natural ef=ts at respiration 7 increas$ to twice _! previ\s numb]4 ,! adm9i/ration ( a little br&y & wat] by ! m\? fail$1 z ! liquid ent]$ ! l>ynx4 ,ammonia 0 appli$ to ! no/rils1 & ! surface temp]ature 0 increas$ by w>m applications & clo?+4 ,at #f ,p4,m4 artificial respiration 0 no long] necess>y4 ,! he>t s\nds !n numb]$ #adj to ! m9ute1 ! "r & left he>t /ill act+ sep>ately4 ,a v small radial pulse c\ld also be felt4 ,at #f3de ,p4,m4 ! woman 0 put to b$1 w>m? ( surface ma9ta9$1 & hot c(fee & beef-tea giv5 9 small quantities4 ,great re/lessness & jactitation set 9 ) ! r5ewal ( ! circulation 9 ! extremities4 ,an enema ( two ounces ( /rong beef-tea 0 adm9i/]$ at #aj ,p4,m4 ,! am\nt ( organic effluvium ?r[n (f by ! lungs on ! re-e/abli%m5t ( respiration 0 v great & ta9t$ ! atmosph]e ( ! room & adjo9+ w>d4 ,! pupils1 previ\sly widely dilat$1 began to contract to light at #aa ,p4,m4 ,imp]fect consci\sness return$ at #e ,p4,m4 ! foll[+ day 7,dec4 #a71 & ab\t an h\r lat] %e vomit$ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7bread1 etc41 tak5 on ,nov4 #cj74 ,small quantities ( beef-tea 7 giv5 by ! m\? dur+ ! night4 ,at #i ,a4,m4 air ent]$ ! lungs freely1 & !re 7 no symptoms ( pulmon>y engorgem5t beyond slight basic hypo/asis2 ! pulse rema9$ at #adj1 & ! he>t s\nds r$uplicat$2 %e 0 semiconsci\s1 v dr[sy1 9 a /ate ( m5tal torpor1 ) confus$ ideas :5 r\s$1 & %e compla9$ ( rheumatic-l pa9s all ov] h]4 ,! temp]ature 0 #ajj4b2 ! facial expression m natural2 ! tongue rema9$ some:at swoll5 & sore2 %e 0 no long] re/less2 %e took tea1 beef-tea1 milk1 etc41 well2 ! functions ( ! secret+ organs 7 be+ re/or$2 %e p]spir$ freely2 _h micturat$2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? 0 moi/1 & !re 0 a t5d5cy to te>s )\t correspond+ m5tal depression4 ,! pati5t 0 ord]$ a mixture ( e!r & digitalis e f\r h\rs4 ,on ,decemb] #b ! pulse 0 #acf1 & ! he>t s\nds r$uplicat$4 ,! foll[+ day %e 0 giv5 bromide ( potassium 9 place ( ! e!r 9 ! digitalis mixture4 ,on ! #d? ! pulse 0 #abf2 r$uplication gone4 ,on ! #f? ! pulse 0 #hb1 & ! temp]ature fell ) ! pulse rate4 ,%e 0 well en\gh to get into ! w>d = a few h\rs4 ,h] memory1 especially = rec5t ev5ts1 0 at t "t greatly impair$4 ,on ! #ab? %e /ill compla9$ ( muscul> pa9s l ^? ( rheumatism4 ,ap>t f t1 %e 0 enjoy+ good bodily heal?4 ,a curi\s fact 9 connection ) ?is case is t s9ce ?is attempt at suicide %e has /eadily improv$ m5tally1 has lo/ h] delusions1 is *e]ful1 & employs h]self usefully ) h] ne$le4 ,%e conv]ses rationally1 & tells me %e recollects ! impulse by :i* %e 0 l$ to hang h]self1 & rememb]s ! act ( susp5sion2 b f t "t h] memory is a blank1 until two days subsequ5tly1 :5 h] husb& came to see h]1 & :5 %e express$ great grief at hav+ be5 guilty ( su* a de$4 ,h] bodily heal? is n[ 7,june #cj1 #ahhd7 m robu/ ?an =m]ly1 & %e is on ! road to m5tal convalesc5ce4 ,rem>ks4--,! successful issue ( ?is case leads me to draw ! foll[+ inf]5ces3 #a4 ,t 9 cases ( susp5d$ animation simil> to ! above !re is no symptom by :i* app>5t c be di/+ui%$ f real dea?4 #b4 ,t 9 artificial respiration alone d we possess ! means ( re/or+ animation :5 life is app>5tly ext9ct f asphyxia1 & t1 ) ! tongue drawn well =w>d & reta9$ !re by ! h& or an ela/ic b&1 ! ,silve/] me?od is complete & effective4 #c4 ,t artificial respiration may be necess>y = two h\rs or m be=e ! re/oration ( adequate natural ef=ts1 & t ! p]=mance ( ! movem5ts t5 times to ! m9ute is amply suffici5t1 & produces a bett] result ?an a m rapid rate4 #d4 ,t galvanism1 ammonia to ! no/rils1 cold affusion1 & /imulants by ! m\? are practically useless 9 ! e>ly /age4 #e4 ,t on ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! reflex function we possess a p[]ful auxili>y ag5t 9 flagellation ) wet t[els1 etc4 #f4 ,t c5tripetal surface frictions & ! re/oration ( ! body temp]ature by w>m applications aid recov]y4 #g4 ,t ! he>t1 if free f organic disease1 has great p[] ( ov]com+ ! di/5tion ( its "r cavities & ! ob/ruction to ! pulmon>y circulation1 al?\gh its action may = a "t be s]i\sly d]ang$1 z evid5c$ by r$uplication ( its s\nds4 #h4 ,t :5 ! he>t's action rema9s excessively feeble1 & ! "r & left he>t fail to contract syn*ron\sly1 x w\ld be ju/ifiable to op5 ! ext]nal jugul> ve94 #i4 ,t dur+ recov]y ! lungs are heavily tax$ 9 purify+ ! vitiat$ blood1 z %[n by ! excessive am\nt ( organic impurities exhal$4 #aj4 ,t re/lessness & jactitation accompany ! re/oration ( n]ve function1 & t vomit+ occurs ) return+ consci\sness4 #aa4 ,t pa9s l ^? ( rheumatism are compla9$ ( = "s days subsequ5tly1 ^! probably result+ f ! sudd5 arre/ ( nutrition 9 ! muscles4 ,*>?am1 ne> ,cant]bury4 --,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,inv5tors' ,,in/itute4 ,! tw5ty-second session ( ! ,inv5tors' ,in/itute 0 op5$ on ,octob] #bg1 ! *air be+ tak5 by ,vice-,admiral ,j4,h4 ,selwyn1 "o ( ! vice-presid5ts1 at ! rooms ( ! in/itute1 ,lonsdale ,*amb]s1 #bg ,*anc]y ,lane1 ,london4 ,! *airman1 9 deliv]+ ! inaugural address1 said t 9 ! abs5ce ( _! presid5t1 ! ,duke ( ,man*e/]1 x became 8 duty to op5 ! session ( #ahhe4 ,! in/itute hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfb1 ?is 0 _! tw5ty-second anniv]s>y4 ,at ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t a great] numb] ( memb]s 7 rapidly enroll$ ?an !y c\ld n[ reckon1 al?\gh a l>ge numb] _h jo9$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t ye>4 ,9 #ahfb a consid]able am\nt ( en?usiasm on ! "p ( inv5tors _h aris51 f ! fact t at t "t ! lead+ j\rnals _h advocat$ ! views ( c]ta9 manufactur]s z to sweep+ away ! pat5t laws1 enact$ anew 9 #aheb1 & ) !m ! sole protection ( ! inv5tive tal5t & indu/ry ( ! nation4 ,?is naturally caus$ mu* excitem5t & int]e/ among ^? *iefly conc]n$1 & a v num]\s body ( g5tlem5 associat$ !mselves toge!r & =m$ an in/itute = ! purpose ma9ly ( resi/+ ! aggression & inculcat+ views m 9 accordance ) true pr9ciples1 z well z = expla9+ :at 7 ! true relations ( inv5tive g5ius to ! welf>e ( ! /ate4 ,he hop$ to be able to %[ /rong reasons = ?is action1 & = en]getically foll[+ x up 9 ! future4 ,al?\gh on t ev5+ !re 7 _m visitors pres5t besides ! memb]s ( ! in/itute1 yet he ?\ght ! subject c\ld be %[n to be ( su* national importance t x might ju/ly engage ! att5tion ( any assembly ( ,engli%m51 to :atev] mode ( ?\ght !y might belong4 ,! in/itute _h p]si/5tly done its "w ev] s9ce its =mation4 ,sometimes x _h fail$ to make itself he>d1 at o!rs x _h be5 m successful 9 s do+2 b ! net result ( its labors--& he did n fe> to claim x z ma9ly due to ^? labors--_h be5 to propagate & spread abroad a fact & a feel+ entirely oppos$ to ! false doctr9es previ\sly curr5t on ! subject1 namely1 t among our mo/ valuable laws 7 ^? :i* c\ld excite ! intellig5ce & rew>d ! labors ( ! inv5tors ( all nations4 ,!re 7 /ill ^? :o wi%$ to see ! pat5t laws swept away1 b _! numb]s _h dw9dl$ into a mis]able m9ority1 compos$ ma9ly ( manufactur]s :o 7 s curi\sly %ort-sight$ z n to see t all improvem5t 9 manufactures mu/ come f inv5tive tal5t1 or ^? :o1 /ill m bl9d1 c\ld n p]ceive t prop]ty creat$ by bra9s 0 c]ta9ly n a monopoly1 & des]ves protection q z mu* z any o!r =m ( possession1 9 ord] t x may be develop$ by capital4 ,he ne$ sc>cely wa/e "t 9 po9t+ out ! fallacy ( refus+ to pay = ! se$ corn ( indu/rial pursuits1 = t fallacy1 bit by bit1 _h be5 completely swept away1 & la/ ye> ! labors ( ! in/itute _h be5 s f> cr[n$ ) success t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 9 8 place 9 ,p>liam5t1 ann\nc$ 8 conviction t inv5tors 7 ! creators ( trade1 & ought to be enc\rag$ & n repress$4 ,su* a conviction1 =c$ home 9 su* a qu>t]1 ought to h produc$ a great & b5eficial *ange 9 ! legislation on ! subject1 & ! hopes ( inv5tors 7 t ?is w\ld surely be ! case2 b :5 ! bill appe>$ ^! hopes 7 consid]ably depress$1 & n[1 aft] a ye>'s exp]i5ce ( ! work+ ( ! *ang$ law1 sc>cely any b5efit appe>s to h be5 obta9$1 beyond ! meag] concession t ! heavy paym5ts dem&$1 = an ,engli% pat5t may be made 9 in/allm5ts in/ead ( lump sums4 ,aga9/ ?is inf9itesimal concession _h to be set a numb] ( disabilities :i* did n =m]ly exi/1 su* z compulsory lic5ses1 :i* dis9cl9$ ! capitali/ to inve/ 9 inv5tions1 attempts to assimilate ! provisional specification to ! complete1 or to re/rict ! latt] )9 ! t]ms ( ! =m]1 attempts to sep>ate ! p>ts ( an inv5tion1 & ?us increase ! numb] ( pat5ts requir$ to protect x1 & _m o!r m9or annoyances :i* w\ld take too mu* "t to expla9 fully4 ,x 0 true t !re 0 "s ext5sion ( ! "t = paym5t--"s su* locus p5it5ti z w\ld be accord$ to any debtor by any cr$itor 9 ! hope ( gett+ ! assets2 b ! promis$ _s ( enc\ragem5t to inv5tors 0 n to be f\nd 9 ! bill2 x 0 /ill a boon :i* mu/ be e>ne/ly s\ght by ! in/itute4 ,he _h said t ! concessions grant$ 7 almo/ inf9itesimal1 yet a result _h be5 obta9$1 surpris+ly confirmatory ( ! views always advocat$ by ! in/itute z to ! pot5tiality ( ! inv5tive tal5t ( ?is nation 7 x releas$ f its %ackles4 ,:ile 9 =m] ye>s ! highe/ numb] ( pat5ts tak5 out _h sl[ly ris5 to ! numb] ( five to six ?\s& p] annum1 9 ! ye> n[ expir+ x _h b\nd$ to m ?an ?ree times five ?\s&--_h at "o leap rea*$ an equality ) ! pat5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e only #d 7#bj7 0 paid = a pat5t = sev5te5 ye>s1 in/ead ( #age1 z 9 ,great ,brita91 = a t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,if 9 ! future we c\ld hope to p]suade ! legislators to be cont5t ) no heavi] tax ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h yield$ a heavy surplus ov] exp5ses ( a well-conduct$ ,pat5t ,(fice1 he did n fe> to ass]t t ! numb] ( pat5ts tak5 out 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld aga9 be trebl$1 & t trade & indu/ry w\ld be correspond+ly animat$ & develop$4 ,! result ( ! wis] pat5t law ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 to flood our m>kets ) well-manufactur$ yet *eap articles f t c\ntry :i* might h be5 equally well made by our artisans at home _h inv5tion n be5 subject to su* heavy re/rictions1 & _h te*nical skill be5 equally sure ( its rew>d4 ,! bus9ess ( ! in/itute 9 ! future 0 n to re/ satisfi$ ) ! proposition ( ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 b to lead him or 8 successors =w>d by logical & legitimate means t[>d ! necess>y coroll>y ( t proposition4 ,if inv5tors 7 inde$ ! creators ( trade1 !n ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 0 b\nd to see1 n only t !y 7 n prev5t$ f creat+ trade1 b t !y receiv$ e facility 9 p]=m+ _! "w4 ,h5ce all ex]tions %\ld be us$ to conv9ce ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] t a less tax may produce a great] income3 to p]suade ! legal au?orities t ?is description ( prop]ty1 ( all o!rs1 mo/ des]ves ! protection ( ! law4 ,inh]it$ direct f ! ,giv] ( all good gifts1 no p]son _h be5 dispossess$ ( any?+ he previ\sly own$1 & ! weal? ( humanity might be indef9itely increas$ by means ( x4 ,n _m mighty1 n _m noble1 receiv$ ?is gift1 b x 0 ! inexhau/ible h]itage ( ! humble1 x 0 ! ri* rew>d ( ! intellig5t ( all races t peopl$ ! e>?4 ,to :omsoev] giv51 ?is gift 0 int5d$ to contribute to ! heal? & ! weal? ( ! human race1 = ! br++ into exi/5ce new products1 = _! utilization = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! nations1 & = ! light5+ ( ! burd5s ( ! poor4 ,x w\ld also cause te*nical education to be m highly valu$ z a means to an end--= true inv5tive g5ius 0 nev] s likely to succe$ z :5 x pass$ f ! summit ( ! kn[n to ! conf9es ( ! possible1 :51 hav+ le>nt & appreciat$ :at pr$ecessors _h accompli%$1 x w5t e>ne/ly to "w to solve ! next problem1 to remove ! next ob/acle on ! pa? :i* to !m _h prov$ insurm\ntable4 ,m b5eficial ?an any o!r *ange :atev] 9 our legislation w\ld be a full & cordial recognition1 a complete & effici5t protection1 ( prop]ty creat$ by ?\ght4 ,!n ! humble/ individual 9 ! l& might h confid5ce t he c\ld call into exi/5ce prop]ty n inf]ior 9 value to t ( ! ri*e/ l&[n]1 ! mo/ successful m]*ant1 or ! mo/ weal?y manufactur]1 9 ! :ole _w4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is ,admiral ,selwyn m5tion$ two prom95t cases aris+ out ( ! pursuit ( two widely diff]+ bran*es ( k1 9 ! "o case by an outsid]1 9 ! o!r by a speciali/4 ,he ref]r$ to ,sir ,h4 ,bessem]1 "o ( 8 valu$ colleagues 9 ! vice-presid5cy ( ! in/itute1 & ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 ! discov]] ( anil9e dyes4 ,9 ea* ( ^! in/ances1 :atev] might h be5 ! results to ! inv5tors1 & he hop$ !y _h be5 satisfactory1 a sum :i* might be e/imat$ at tw5ty millions /]l+ annually1 con/antly on ! increase1 & nev] be=e exi/+1 _h be5 add$ to ! income-tax-pay+ weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,) su* a result aris+ f ! developm5t ( only two inv5tions1 he ?\ght x w\ld be se5 t he mu/ be a mo/ ignorant1 fooli%1 or ob/9ate ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] :o w\ld refuse to all[ su* prop]ty to be creat$ by requir+ heavy prelim9>y paym5ts1 or 9 any way disc\rage or fail to enc\rage to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[] ! creation ( prop]ty :i* 0 capable ( produc+ su* a result--a result :i* he w\ld 9 va9 seek = did he rely on l&$ prop]ty alone1 s9ce ?is1 9 ! h&s ( :omsoev] x might be1 nev] c\ld l>gely increase 9 ext5t1 & 0 subject at ?is mom5t to s]i\s depreciation 9 tax-pay+ p[]4 ,! ex]tion ( intellig5ce1 comb9$ ) a s5se ( security 9 its pecuni>y results1 0 9 itself oppos$ to loose notions ( propriet>y rights1 & t5d$ to dim9i% t covet+ ( neighbors' goods :i* 0 ! f]tile s\rce ( vice & crime1 & :i* 0 capable ( break+ d[n ! /ronge/ & mo/ weal?y community if indulg$1 till at la/ society 0 resolv$ into its elem5ts1 & :5 no?+ else 0 left z prop]ty1 man1 ! savage1 covet$ ! scalp ( 8 fell[ man1 & triumph$ ov] a lock ( hair torn f 8 ble$+ skull4 ,inv5tion 0 an ennobl+ pursuit1 & 01 ev5 among ^? :o 7 n also h&work]s1 a means ( employm5t :i* nev] left dull or idle h\rs1 :ile to ! h&work] x meant m1 = x (f]$ ! mo/ ready means ( ris+ among 8 fell[s1 &1 :]e inv5tion receiv$ prop] protection1 ( secur+ a compet5ce = old age or ill heal?4 ,n only1 z he _h be=e said1 did ! results ( inv5tion cause no loss to any o!r individual1 unless by displac+ inf]ior me?ods ( work+1 b 9 mo/ in/ances "s di/9ct b5efit arose to ! :ole human race1 & unless ?is 0 ! case ! pat5t$ inv5tion fail$ to obta9 recognition1 soon di$ out1 & left ! field cle> = o!rs to occupy4 ,he regrett$ t s few results _h be5 obta9$ f ! ,pat5t ,bill ( la/ ye>1 b he w\ld briefly ref] to "s ( ! *anges ?\ght desirable by inv5tors & by ! c\ncil ( ! in/itute4 ,no "o c\ld deem x desirable1 x c\ld sc>cely be ?\ght reasonable1 t an ,engli%man :o 0 call$ ^u to pay 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #g = a valid pat5t = sev5te5 ye>s %\ld be /ill oblig$ 9 8 own c\ntry to pay #age = a less t]m ( a pat5t :i* does n convey any?+ b a "r to g to law4 ,x 0 also n reasonable to pret5d by a de$ to convey a propriet>y "r :ile res]v+ ! p[] to grant compulsory lic5ses1 :i* mu/ t5d to de/roy ! value ( su* propriet>y "r4 ,x 0 a reproa* to legislative p]spicacity t ! grantee ( a pat5t %\ld be oblig$ to accept ! view ( ! /ate1 ! grantor1 z to ! value ( ! inv5tion to ! nation1 & also t any o!r me?od ( proce$+ to upset a pat5t1 once grant$1 %\ld be all[$ ?an a suit = revocation to ! cr[n1 on ! gr\nd ( error1 su* revocation if obta9$ n to prejudice ! grant+ anew1 ) ! old date1 ( a valid pat5t = ! p>ts ( ! inv5tion :i* are n prov$ to be anticipat$ at ! trial4 ,!re are _m o!r po9ts :i* c\ld n be ref]r$ to on ! pres5t occasion1 b he might say t ! duty ( ! c\ncil w\ld be to press !m =w>d until ! capitali/ c\ld consid] pat5t$ prop]ty at lea/ z s\nd an inve/m5t z any o!r4 ,s might ! weal? ( ! nation be l>gely increas$1 & ! s5se ( ju/ice betwe5 man & man be m fully inculcat$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates inv5tors 7 able at once to secure ! favorable att5tion ( capitali/s1 because !re ! :ole bus9ess ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice 0 to assi/ ! inv5tor to obta9 a valid--&1 z f> z possible1 an indisputable--pat5t4 ,ev5 s small an article z a pair ( pli]s1 "o ( ! mo/ famili> ( tools1 _h be5 prov$ to be capable ( pat5t$ improvem5t4 ,=m]ly ^! 7 always made to op5 & close at an angle :i* preclud$ _! hold+ any object grasp$ by !m ) ! desirable rigidity4 ,a clev] workman inv5t$ a means ( produc+ ?is effect by ! application ( a p>allel motion4 ,he probably w5t to ! (fice at ,wa%+ton1 0 ref]r$ to a c]ta9 room 9 a c]ta9 corridor1 & !re f\nd a g5tleman ^: bus9ess x 0 to "k all ab\t ! pat5ts = su* tools4 ,by 8 aid he elim9at$ f 8 pat5t all anticipatory matt]1 & issu$ f ! (fice ) a valid pat5t1 :i*1 develop$ by capital1 _h suppli$ all ! trades :i* employ su* in/rum5ts ) a bett] means ( accompli%+ _! "w1 _h employ$ capital & labor ) remun]ative results 9 produc+ ! pli]s1 & _h add$ "o m to ! little ?+s :i* create trade = 8 c\ntry4 ,?is 0 a typical in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* inv5tion 0 enc\rag$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,:y %\ld x be o!rwise "h8 ,= _m ye>s lit]>y prop]ty _h receiv$ a protection :i* 0 yet to be desir$ = pat5t$ inv5tion4 ,n only = f\rte5 ye>s1 b = ! duration ( a man's life1 0 t k9d ( bra9 prop]ty protect$1 & ev5 aft] 8 dea? 8 heirs /ill cont9u$ to d]ive b5efit f x4 ,%\ld a romance or a poem be deem$ m wor?y ( rew>d ?an ! labors ( ^? inv5tors to :om he _h ref]r$1 & :i* c]ta9ly produc$ f> great] & m abid+ advantage to ! nation8 ,to secure a due appreciation ( ! :ole importance ( inv5tion1 no o!r means c\ld be adopt$ ?an t :i* ! in/itute _h be5 =m$ to secure1 namely1 ! union ( inv5tors1 n only ( "o nation1 b ( ! :ole _w4 ,! int]national "* ( ! subject _h be5 recogniz$ by ! in/itute1 & !y _h nev] neglect$ any opportunities ( press+ t view ( ! subject1 :i* _h at la/ obta9$ "s recognition f our gov]nm5t4 ,no great result c\ld1 h[ev]1 be expect$ f a congress :]e inv5tors1 n lawy]s or pat5t ag5ts1 /ill less (ficials tra9$ 9 a vici\s r\t9e1 =m$ ! majority4 ,x might be hop$ t next ye> !re w\ld arise an opportunity = su* a congress1 & t ! in/itute w\ld d its be/ to improve ! occasion4 ,!re nev] _h be5 a "t :5 ,engl& m requir$ ! creation ( new indu/ries4 ,our agriculturi/s _h signally fail$ to hold _! own 9 ! face ( unlimit$ competition1 & ! food ( ! nation no long] came f )94 ,b if t 7 ! case1 !n "s means mu/ be f\nd ( pay+ = ! food import$ f abroad1 & ?is c\ld only be done by con/ant improvem5t 9 manufactures1 or "s *ange by :i* we might sell "s ( our o!r productions at a pr(it if ! food c\ld n be produc$ b at a loss4 ,"h inv5tion might fitly be call$ to aid1 b c\ld only respond if all re/rictions 7 remov$ & e facility grant$4 ,capital mu/ be induc$ to consid] t home inve/m5ts are m remun]ative & n less secure ?an any o!rs1 & ?is c\ld only be done by add+ to ! security ( ! prop]ty propos$ = inve/m5t4 ,he _h ref]r$ to ! unlimit$ nature ( ! prop]ty creat$ by inv5tion1 & !y w\ld inf] t if prop]ly protect$ !re 0 equally no limit to ! capital t c\ld be pr(itably employ$ 9 develop+ su* prop]ty4 ,! in/itute did n exi/ solely or ev5 ma9ly = ! purpose ( advocat+ ! claims ( inv5tors to consid]ation1 ei!r individually or collectively1 b = ! great object ( =c+ home ^u ! convictions ( ! p ! fact t at ! v f\ndation ( ! weal? & prosp]ity ( e nation lies ! intellig5ce1 ! skill1 ! hone/y1 & ! self-d5ial ( its sons4 ,if1 :5 ^! 7 ex]cis$1 = want ( wise legislation su* virtues fail$ to secure _! due rew>d1 !y s\ght a m g5ial clime1 & t nation :i* _h und]valu$ !m sank to rise no m2 or1 if ! error 7 ackn[l$g$1 & too late ! c\rse 0 rev]s$1 f\nd itself already out/ripp$ 9 ! race ( progress1 & c\ld sl[ly1 if ev]1 rega9 its lo/ position4 ,f9ally he urg$ ! inv5tors ( ,engl& to rally r\nd ! in/itution 9 all _! /r5g?1 & ?us secure ! objects ( :i* he _h /riv51 h[ev] feebly1 to po9t out ! importance4 ,if !y did s1 ?is in/itution w\ld take a rank second to no o!r 9 ! empire3 & :ile ackn[l$g+ t ! int]e/s ( ! inv5tor mu/ always be subord9ate to ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 he ass]t$ t ! two 7 insep>able1 & t 9 no o!r way c\ld ! latt] & pr9cipal result be s completely secur$ z by accord+ a due consid]ation to ! =m]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,c5tral ,,s*ool ,,at ,,p>is4 ,we pres5t h]e)1 f ,l',illu/ration1 views ( ! amphi!at]1 & fir/ & second ye> laboratories ( ! new ,c5tral ,s*ool at ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,c5tral ,,s*ool ,,at ,,p>is4 ,! amphi!at] does n p]ceptibly diff] f ^? ( o!r s*ools4 ,x consi/s ( a semicircle provid$ ) r[s ( b5*es1 "o above ano!r1 ^u :i* ! pupils sit :ile li/5+ to lectures & tak+ notes !re(4 ,sev]al blackbo>ds1 actuat$ by hydraulic motors1 s]ve = demon/ration by ! pr(essor1 :o1 if ne$ be1 w be enabl$1 ?anks to ! electricity & gas put )9 8 rea*1 to p]=m exp]im5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,electricity is br\ght to him by wires1 j z wat] & gas are by pipes4 ,x w always be possible = him to support ! !ory t he is expla9+ by exp]im5ts :i* facilitate ! compreh5sion ( x by ! pupils4 ,! amphi!at] is likewise provid$ ) a motor :i* furni%es ! pr(essor ) p[] :5ev] he has rec\rse to a me*anical application4 ,x w n be possible = ! pupils to h _! att5tion di/ract$ by :at is go+ on outside ( ! amphi!at]1 s9ce ! ar*itect has tak5 ! precaution to use gr\nd glass 9 ! w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,c5tral ,,s*ool ,,at ,,p>is4 ,z reg>ds ! laboratories1 x is all[able to say t !y con/itute ! fir/ great s*ool ( exp]im5tal *emi/ry 9 ,france4 ,! fir/ ye> laboratory consi/s ( a s]ies ( tables1 provid$ ) evaporat+ hoods1 at :i* a s]ies ( pupils w /udy g5]al *emi/ry exp]im5tally4 ,electricity1 & gas & wat] cocks are )9 rea* ( ea* op]ator1 & all ! delet]i\s emanations f ! acids t are us$ or are produc$ 9 /udy+ a body w escape ?r\gh ! hoods4 ,! ?ird ye> laboratory is design$ = mak+ comm]cial analyses4 ,^! latt] are made by ei!r dry or wet way4 ,! fir/ me?od employs wat] *iefly z a vehicle1 & alkal9e solutions z reag5ts4 ,! second employs reag5ts 9 a dry /ate1 & ! action ( :i* requires lamp & furnace heat4 ,! furnaces employ$ 9 ! new s*ool are l ^? almo/ exclusively us$ indu/rially = ! analysis ( ores4 ,! tables ^u :i* analyses by dry way are made are l>ge en\gh to all[ sixte5 pupils to "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,c5tral ,,s*ool ,,at ,,p>is4 ,analyses by wet way are made ^u tables1 ) v>i\s sorts ( vessels4 ,along ) wat]1 gas1 & electricity1 ! pupils h at _! disposal a faucet f :5ce !y may draw ! hydrosulphuric acid :i* is s con/antly us$ 9 laboratory op]ations4 ,! ar*itect ( ! new s*ool is ,mr4 ,d5f]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,life-,,hi/ories ,,( ,,! ,,lea/ ,,& ,,l[e/ ,,liv+ ,,?+s4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4,h4 ,,dall+]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,to all :o h famili>iz$ !mselves1 ev5 cursorily1 ) mod]n sci5tific k1 x is well kn[n t ! m9d enc\nt]s ! inf9ite 9 ! contemplation ( m9ute z well z 9 ! /udy ( va/ natural ph5om5a4 ,! f>!/ limit we h rea*$1 ) ! mo/ gigantic /&>d ( measurem5t we c\ld well employ1 9 gaug+ ! greatness ( ! univ]se1 only leaves u ) an ov]:elm+ consci\sness ( ! awful greatness--! abyss ( ! inf9ite--t lies beyond1 & :i* our m9ds c nev] measure4 ,! indef9ite has a limit some:]e2 b x is n ! indef9ite1 x is ! measureless1 ! inf9ite1 t va/ ext5sion =ces ^u our m9ds4 ,9 l mann]1 ! immeasurable 9 m9ut5ess is an inevitable m5tal sequ5ce f ! facts & ph5om5a reveal$ to u by a /udy ( ! m9ute 9 nature4 ,! practical divisibility ( matt] disclos$ by mod]n physics may well arre/ & a/oni% u4 ,b biology1 ! sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! ph5om5a ( all liv+ ?+s1 is 9 ?is matt] no :it beh9d4 ,! mo/ univ]sally diffus$ organism 9 nature1 ! lea/ 9 size ) :i* we are def9itely acqua9t$1 is s small t fifty millions ( !m c\ld lie toge!r 9 ! "o-hundr$? ( an in* squ>e4 ,yet ^! def9ite liv+ ?+s h ! p[] ( locomotion1 ( +e/ion1 ( assimilation1 ( excretion1 & ( enorm\s multiplication1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* ! inconceivably m9ute liv+ speck is made is a highly complex *emical comp\nd4 ,we d>e n attempt a conception ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! ultimate atoms t compose ! sev]al simple elem5ts t ?us my/]i\sly comb9e to =m ! complex sub/ance & prop]ties ( ?is lea/ & l[lie/ liv+ ?+4 ,b if we c\ld ev5 measure ^!1 z a m5tal necessity1 we are urg$ indef9itely on to a m9ut5ess )\t conceivable limit1 9 effect1 a m9ut5ess t is beyond all f9ite measure or conception4 ,s t1 z mod]n physics & optics h enabl$ u n to conceive m]ely1 b to actually realize1 ! va/ness ( spatial ext5sion1 side by side ) subtile t5uity & extreme divisibility ( matt]1 s ! labor1 en?usiasm1 & p]sev]ance ( ?irty ye>s1 /imulat$ by ! insight ( a r>e & ma/] m9d1 & aid$ by l5ses ( /eadily advanc+ p]fection1 h enabl$ ! /ud5t ( life-=ms n simply to become possess$ ( an inconceivably broad]1 deep]1 & tru] k ( ! great _w ( visible life1 ( :i* he himself is a factor1 b also to op5 up & p5etrate into a _w ( m9ute liv+ ?+s s ultimately little t we _c adequately conceive !m1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 p]fect 9 _! adaptations & wond]ful 9 _! hi/ories4 ,^! organisms1 :ile !y are ! lea/1 are also ! l[lie/ 9 nature1 & are to our pres5t capacity totally devoid ( :at is kn[n z organic /ructure1 ev5 :5 scrut9iz$ ) our mo/ p[]ful & p]fect l5ses4 ,n[ ^! organisms lie on ! v v]ge & m>g9 ( ! va/ area ( :at we "k z liv+4 ,!y possess ! ess5tial prop]ties ( life1 b 9 _! mo/ initial /ate4 ,& _! numb]less billions1 spr++ e mom5t into exi/5ce :]ev] putresc5ce appe>$1 l$ to ! "q1 ,h[ d !y orig9ate8 ,d !y spr+ up de novo f ! highe/ po9t on ! area ( n-life1 :i* !y t\*8 ,are !y1 9 %ort1 ! direct product ( "s yet uncorrelat$ =ce 9 nature1 *ang+ ! dead1 ! unorganiz$1 ! n-liv+1 into def9ite =ms ( life8 ,n[ ?is is a pr(\nd "q1 & t x is a difficult "o !re c be no d\bt4 ,b t x is a "q = our laboratories is c]ta94 ,& aft] c>eful & prolong$ exp]im5t & rese>* ! legitimate "q to be ask$ is1 ,d we f9d t1 9 our laboratories & 9 ! obs]v$ processes ( nature n[1 ! n-liv+ c be1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( liv+ ?+s1 *ang$ into t :i* lives8 ,to t "q ! va/ majority ( practical biologi/s answ] )\t hesitancy1 ,no1 we h no facts to ju/ify su* a conclusion4 ,pr(4 ,huxley %all repres5t !m4 ,he says3 ,! prop]ties ( liv+ matt] di/+ui% x absolutely f all o!r k9ds ( ?+s2 &1 he cont9ues1 ! pres5t /ate ( our k furni%es u ) no l9k betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+4 ,n[ let u c>efully rememb] t ! great doctr9e ( ,*>les ,d>w9 has furni%$ biology ) a magnific5t g5]alization2 "o inde$ :i* /&s ^u s broad a basis t great masses ( detail & _m ne$ful int]lock+ facts are1 ( necessity1 relegat$ to ! quiet work]s ( ! pres5t & ! e>ne/ labor]s ( ! ye>s to come4 ,b x is a doctr9e :i* _c be %ak54 ,! con/ant & univ]sal action ( v>iation1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! survival ( ! fitte/1 few :o are compet5t to grasp w h ! tem]ity to d\bt4 ,& to _m1 t lies )9 x z a doctr9e1 & =ms ! fibre ( its fabric1 is ! exi/5ce ( a cont9uity1 an unbrok5 /ream ( unity runn+ f ! base to ! apex ( ! entire organic s]ies4 ,! plant & ! animal1 ! l[lie/ organiz$ & ! mo/ complex1 ! m9ute/ & ! l>ge/1 are relat$ to ea* o!r s z to con/itute "o maje/ic organic :ole4 ,n[ to ?is spl5did cont9uity practical biology pres5ts no adv]se fact4 ,all our mo/ rec5t & mo/ accurate k confirms x4 ,b ! "q is1 ,does ?is cont9uity t]m9ate n[ 9 ! liv+ s]ies1 & is !re !n a break--a %>p1 cle> discont9uity1 & beyond1 ano!r realm immeasurably less end[$1 kn[n z ! realm ( n-life8 or ,does :at has be5 tak5 = ! cle>-cut b\nd>y ( ! vital area1 :5 m deeply se>*$1 reveal ! pres5ce ( a =ce at pres5t unkn[n1 :i* *anges n-liv+ into ! liv+1 & ?us makes all nature an unbrok5 sequ5ce & a cont9u\s :ole8 ,t ?is is a great "q1 a "q involv+ l>ge issues1 w be se5 by all :o h famili>iz$ !mselves ) ! ?\ght & fact ( our times4 ,b we mu/ treat x purely z a "q ( sci5ce2 x is n a "q ( h[ life fir/ appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 x is only a "q ( :e!r !re is any natural =ce n[ at "w build+ n-liv+ matt] into liv+ =ms4 ,nor h we to det]m9e :e!r or n1 9 ! indef9ite pa/1 ! n-vital elem5ts on ! e>?1 at "s po9t ( _! highe/ activity1 7 end[$ )1 or became possess$ (1 ! prop]ties ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,on t subject !re is no d\bt4 ,! elem5ts t compose protoplasm--! physical basis ( all liv+ ?+s--are ! famili> elem5ts ( ! _w )\t life4 ,! my/]y ( life is n 9 ! elem5ts t compose ! vital /uff4 ,we "k !m all1 we "k _! prop]ties4 ,! my/]y consi/s solely 9 h[ ^! elem5ts c be s comb9$ z to acquire ! transc5d5t prop]ties ( life4 ,moreov]1 to ! inve/igator x is n a "q ( by :at means matt] dead--)\t ! %imm] ( a vital quality--became ei!r sl[ly or sudd5ly possess$ ( ! prop]ties ( life4 ,en\gh = u to "k t :atev] ! p[] t wr\ght ! *ange1 t p[] 0 compet5t1 z ! issue proves4 ,b t :i* calm & pati5t rese>* has to det]m9e is :e!r matt] demon/rably n liv+ c be1 )\t ! aid ( organisms already liv+1 end[$ ) ! prop]ties ( life4 ,judg$ ( ha/ily1 & ap>t f ! facts1 x may appe> to "s m9ds t an orig9 ( life f n-life1 by %e] physical law1 w\ld be a great philosophical ga91 an indef9itely /rong support ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,if ?is 7 s1 &1 inde$1 s f> z x is believ$ to be s1 x w\ld speak & does speak volumes 9 favor ( ! _s ( sci5ce p]vad+ our age4 ,= al?\gh ! va/ majority ( biologi/s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica accept ! doctr9e ( evolution1 !y are almo/ unanim\s 9 _! refusal to accept z 9 any s5se compet5t ! reput$ evid5ce ( spontane\s g5]ation2 :i* demon/rates1 at lea/1 t :at is s\ght by our lead]s 9 sci5ce is n ! m]e support ( hypo!ses1 *]i%$ ?\gh !y may be1 b ! tru?1 ! uncolor$ tru?1 f nature4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pres5t exi/5ce ( :at has be5 call$ spontane\s g5]ation1 ! orig9 ( life de novo to-day1 by physical law1 is by no means requir$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,pr(4 ,huxley1 = example1 says3 ,if all liv+ be+s h be5 evolv$ f pre-exi/+ =ms ( life1 x is en\gh t a s+le p>ticle ( protoplasm %\ld once h appe>$ ^u ! globe1 z ! result ( no matt] :at ag5cy2 any fur!r indep5d5t =mation ( protoplasm w\ld be %e] wa/e4 ,& :y8 we may ask4 ,because "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s & unique prop]ties ( protoplasm1 & ! liv+ =ms built out ( x1 is ! p[] to multiply indef9itely & = ev]6 ,:at ne$1 !n1 ( spontane\s g5]ation8 ,x is c]ta9ly true t evid5ce has be5 adduc$ purport+ to support1 if n e/abli%1 ! orig9 9 dead matt] ( ! lea/ & l[e/ =ms ( life4 ,b x ev9ces no prejudice to say t x is ineffici5t4 ,= a mom5t /udy ! facts4 ,! organisms :i* 7 us$ to te/ ! po9t at issue 7 ^? kn[n z septic4 ,! va/ majority ( ^! are inexpressibly m9ute4 ,! smalle/ ( !m1 inde$1 is s small t1 z ,i h said1 fifty millions ( !m1 if laid 9 ord]1 w\ld only fill ! "o-hundr$? "p ( a cubic in*4 ,_m are relatively l>g]1 b all are supremely m9ute4 ,n[1 ^! organisms are univ]sally pres5t 9 enorm\s numb]s1 & ev] rapidly increas+ 9 all moi/ putrefactions ov] ! surface ( ! globe4 ,take an illu/ration prep>$ = ! purpose1 & tak5 direct f nature4 ,a vessel ( pure dr9k+ wat] 0 tak5 dur+ ! mon? ( ,july at a temp]ature ( #fe deg4 ,f41 & into x 0 dropp$ a few %r$s ( fi% muscle & bra94 ,x 0 left uncov]$ = twelve h\rs2 at ! end ( t "t a small blunt rod 0 ins]t$ 9 ! n[ some:at opalesc5t wat]1 & a m9ute drop tak5 out & prop]ly plac$ on ! microscope1 &1 ) a l5s j compet5t to reveal ! m9ute/ objects1 exam9$4 ,! field ( view pres5t$ is se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,a4 ,b--) ! exception ( ! d5se masses :i* are kn[n z zoogloea or bact]ia1 fus$ toge!r 9 liv+ glue--! :ole field 0 teem+ ) action2 ea* m9ute organism gyrat+ 9 its own pa?1 & d>t+ at e visible po9t4 ,! same fluid 0 n[ left = sixte5 h\rs1 & once m a m9ute drop 0 tak5 & exam9$ ) ! same l5s z be=e4 ,! field pres5t$ to ! eye is depict$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,b1 :]e x is visible t :ile ! orig9al organism p]si/s yet a new organism has aris5 9 & invad$ ! fluid4 ,x is a relatively long & beautiful spiral =m1 & n[ ! movem5t 9 ! field is entranc+4 ,! orig9al organism d>ts ) its vigor & grace1 & reb\nds 9 all directions4 ,b ! spiral =ms revolv+ on _! axes glide l a flight ( swall[s ov] ! ample area ( _! little sea4 ,t5 h\rs m elaps$ &1 )\t *ange ( circum/ances1 ano!r drop 0 tak5 f ! n[ palpably putresc5t fluid4 ,! result ( exam9ation is giv5 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,c1 :]e x w be se5 t ! fir/ organism is /ill abundant1 ! spiral organism is /ill pres5t & active1 b a new & oval =m1 n a bact]ium1 b a monad1 has appe>$4 ,& n[ ! int5sity ( action & beauty ( movem5t ?r\gh\t ! field utt]ly defy description1 gyrat+1 d>t+1 sp9n+1 :eel+1 reb\nd+1 ) ! swiftness ( ! grayl+ & ! beauty ( ! bird4 ,f9ally1 at ! end ( ano!r eight to sixte5 h\rs1 a f9al dip 0 tak5 f ! fluid1 & "u ! same l5s x pres5t$ z a field :at is se5 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,d1 :]e ! l>ge/ ( ! putrefactive organisms has appe>$ & has ev5 m int5se & m v>i$ movem5ts ?an ! o!rs4 ,n[ ! "q be=e u is1 ,h[ did ^! organisms arise8 ,! wat] 0 pure2 !y 7 n discov]able 9 ! fre% muscle ( fi%4 ,yet 9 a doz5 h\rs ! vessel ( wat] is peopl$ ) ho/s ( individual =ms :i* no ma!matics c\ld numb]6 ,h[ did !y arise8 ,f univ]sally diffus$ eggs1 or f ! direct physical *ange ( dead matt] into liv+ =ms8 ,twelve ye>s ago ! life-hi/ories ( ^! =ms 7 unkn[n4 ,we did n "k biologically h[ !y develop$4 ,& yet ) ?is great defici5cy x 0 consid]$ by "s t _! mode ( orig9 c\ld be det]m9$ by heat exp]im5ts on ! adult =ms4 ,r\ghly1 ! me?od 0 ?is3 ,x 0 assum$ t no?+ vital c\ld resi/ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,fluids1 !n1 conta9+ full-gr[n organisms 9 enorm\s multitudes1 *iefly bact]ia1 7 plac$ 9 flasks1 & boil$ = f five to t5 m9utes4 ,:ile !y 7 boil+ ! necks ( ! flasks 0 h]metically clos$2 & ! flask 0 all[$ to rema9 unop5$ = v>i\s p]iods4 ,! reason+ 03 ,boil+ has kill$ all =ms ( vitality 9 ! flask2 by ! h]metical seal+ no?+ liv+ c ga9 subsequ5t access to ! fluid2 !re=e1 if liv+ organisms d appe> :5 ! flask is op5$1 !y mu/ h aris5 9 ! dead matt] de novo by spontane\s g5]ation1 b if !y d nev] s arise1 ! probability is t !y orig9ate 9 spores or eggs4 ,n[ x mu/ be obs]v$ conc]n+ ?is me?od ( inquiry t x c\ld nev] be f9al2 x is incompet5t by defici5cy4 ,its results c\ld nev] be exhau/ive until ! life-hi/ories ( ! organisms involv$ 7 kn[n4 ,& fur!r1 al?\gh x is a legitimate me?od ( rese>* = p>tial results1 & 0 ( necessity employ$1 yet x requires precise & accurate manipulation4 ,a ?\s& possible errors surr\nd x4 ,x c only yield sci5tific results 9 ! h&s ( a ma/] 9 physical exp]im5t4 ,& we f9d t :5 x has secur$ ! requisite skill1 z 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(4 ,tyndall1 = example1 ! result has be5 ! irresi/ible d$uction t liv+ ?+s h nev] be5 se5 to orig9ate 9 n-liv+ matt]4 ,!n ! gr\nd is cle>$ = ! /rictly biological inquiry1 ,h[ d !y orig9ate8 ,to answ] t "q we mu/ /udy ! life hi/ories ( ! m9ute/ =ms ) ! same cont9uity & ?or\ghness ) :i* we /udy ! developm5t ( a crayfi% or a butt]fly4 ,! difficulty 9 ! way ( ?is is ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! organisms4 ,we require p[]ful & p]fect l5ses = ! "w4 ,happily dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ! improvem5t 9 ! /ructure ( ! mo/ p[]ful l5ses has be5 great inde$4 ,prior to ?is "t !re 7 ,engli% l5ses t amplifi$ enorm\sly4 ,b an enl>gem5t ( ! image ( an object avails no?+1 if !re be no concurr5t disclosure ( detail4 ,little is ga9$ by exp&+ ! image ( an object f ! t5-?\s&? ( an in* to an in*1 if !re be n an equival5t revelation ( hidd5 details4 ,x is 9 ?is reveal+ quality1 :i* ,i %all call magnification z di/9ct f amplification1 t our rec5t l5ses s brilliantly excel4 ,x is n easy to convey to ^? unfamili> ) objects ( extreme m9ut5ess a correct idea ( :at ?is p[] is4 ,b at ! risk ( extreme simplicity1 & to make ! high] rea*es ( my subject intelligible to all1 ,i w\ld fa9 make ?is pla94 ,b to d s ,i mu/ beg9 ) famili> objects1 objects us$ solely to convey good relative ideas ( m9ute dim5sion4 ,i beg9 ) small objects ) ! actual size ( :i* y are famili>4 ,all ( u h tak5 a nak$ eye view ( ! /+ ( ! wasp or honey bee2 we h a due conception ( its size4 ,?is is ! scabb>d or %ea? :i* ! nak$ eye sees4#c ,)9 ?is are two blades t]m9at+ 9 b>b$ po9ts4 ,! po9t ( ! scabb>d m highly magnifi$ is pres5t$1 %[+ ! inclos$ b>bs4 ,"o ( ! b>bs1 look$ at on ! b>b$ edge1 is also se54 ,n[ ^! two b>b$ /+s are tubes ) an op5+ 9 ! end ( ! b>b4 ,ea* is connect$ ) ! tube ( ! sac1 ,c4 ,?is ,is a res]voir ( poison1 & ,d is ! gl& by :i* x is secret$4 ,n[ ,i pres5t ?is to y1 n = its own sake1 b simply = ! comp>ison1 a comp>ison :i* /ruck ! e>lie/ microscopi/s4 ,"h is ! scabb>d c>efully r5d]$4 ,"o ( ! /+s is protrud$ bel[ its po9t1 z 9 ! act ( /++2 ! o!r is free to %[ its =m4 ,n[ ! actual l5g? ( ?is scabb>d 9 nature 0 ! "o-?irtie? ( an in*4 ,i h tak5 ! po9t1 ,c1 ( a f9e cambric sew+ ne$le1 & brok5 x (f to slightly less ?an ! "o-?irtie? ( an in*1 & magnifi$ x z ! /+ is magnifi$4 ,n[ "h we obta9 an in/ance ( :at ,i mean by magnification4 ,! ne$le po9t is n m]ely bigg]1 unsuspect$ details />t into view4 ,! /+ is n simply enl>g$1 b all its /ructure is reveal$4 ,nor c we fail to note t ! f9i% ( art diff]s f t ( nature4 ,! homog5e\s gloss ( ! ne$le disappe>s "u ! fi]ce scrut9y ( ! l5s1 & its delicate po9t becomes furr[$ & riv54 ,b ,nature's f9i% reveals no flaw1 x rema9s p]fect to ! la/4 ,footnote #c3 ,a magnifi$ image ( ! bee's /+ 0 project$ on ! scre54 ,we may readily amplify ?is4 ,! butt]flies & mo?s ( our native l&s we all "k2 mo/ ( u h se5 _! m9ute eggs4 ,_m are q visible to ! unaid$ eye2 o!rs are extremely m9ute4 ,a gives ! egg ( ! small :ite butt]fly2#d ,b1 t ( ! small tortoise%ell2 ,c1 t ( ! wav$ umb] mo?2 ,d1 t ( ! ?orn mo?2 ,e1 t ( ! %>k mo?2 at ,f we h ! delicate egg ( ! small em]ald butt]fly1 & at ,g an ,am]ican skipp]2 & f9ally1 at ,h1 ! egg ( a mo? kn[n z mania maura4 ,9 all ?is y see a delicacy ( symmetry1 /ructure1 & c>v+1 n accessible to ! eye1 b cle>ly unfold$4 ,we may1 f our g5]al k1 =m a correct notion ( ! av]age relation 9 size exi/+ betwe5 butt]flies & _! eggs2 s t we c comp>e4 ,n[ !re is a gr\p ( extremely m9ute1 insect-l =ms t are ! p>asites ( birds4 ,_m ( !m are j pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye1 o!rs are too m9ute to be cle>ly se51 & o!rs yet aga9 :olly elude ! unaid$ sight4 ,! epizoa g5]ally lodge !mselves 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! plumage ( birds2 & almo/ e gr\p ( birds becomes ! ho/ ( "s specific or v>ietal =m ) di/9ct adaptations4 ,!re is "h se5 a p>asite t secretes itself 9 ! inn] fea!rs ( ! peacock1 ?is is a =m t attacks ! jay1 & "h is "o t secretes itself b5ea? ! plumage ( ! p>tridge4 ,footnote #d3 ,a s]ies ( ! eggs ( butt]flies 7 !n %[n1 z 7 ! objects successively ref]r$ to1 b n "h reproduc$4 ,n[ ^! m9ute creatures also deposit eggs4 ,!y are plac$ ) wond]ful in/9ct 9 ! "p ( ! plumage & ! "p ( ! fea!r :i* w mo/ cons]ve _! safety2 & !y are ei!r glu$ or fix$ by _! %ape or by _! sp9e 9 ! position 9 :i* !y %all be hat*$4 ,i %[ "h a gr\p ( ! eggs ( ^! m9ute creatures4 ,i ne$ n call y\r att5tion to _! beauty2 x is palpable4 ,b ,i am fa9 to %[ y t1 subtle & ref9$ z t beauty is1 x is cle>ly br\ght out4 ,! fl[]-l beauty ( ! egg ( ! peacock's p>asite1 ! delicate symmetry & subtle c>v+ ( ! o!rs1 simply entrance an obs]v]4 ,note !n t x is n m]ely enl>g$ specks ( =m t we are behold+1 b su* true magnifications ( ! objects z br+ out all _! subtle/ details4 ,& x is ?is quality t mu/ *>act]ize our mo/ p[]ful l5ses4 ,i am almo/ compell$ to note 9 pass+ t ! beauty ( ^! delicate & m9ute objects mu/ n be consid]$ an end--a purpose--9 nature4 ,x is n s4 ,! =m is :at x is because x mu/ be s to s]ve ! end = :i* ! egg is =m$4 ,!re is n a sup]flu\s sp9e1 n a useless petal 9 ! floral egg1 n an unne$$ l9e ( *as+ 9 ! decorat$ %ell4 ,x is %ap$ beautifully because its %ape is ne$$4 ,9 %ort1 x is ,nature's me?od2 ! id5tification ( beauty & use4 ,b to resume4 ,we may at ?is po9t cont9ue our illu/rations ( ! analytical p[] ( mod]ate l5ses by a beautiful in/ance4 ,we are indebt$ to ,alb]t ,mi*ael1 ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,engl&1 = a ma/]ly treatise on a gr\p ( ac>i1 or mites1 kn[n z ! oribatid4 ,_m ( ^! he has discov]$4 ,! "o be=e y is a full gr[n nymph ( :at is kn[n z a palmic9ctum4 ,x is deeply int]e/+ z a =m2 b = u its int]e/ is t x is m9ute1 be+ only a millimet] 9 l5g?4 ,b x repeat$ly ca/s ! dorsal sk9 ( ! abdom54 ,ea* sk9 is bord]$ by a r[ ( exquisite scales2 & !n successive r[s ( ^! scales p]si/1 =m+ a protection to ! entire organism4 ,m>k !n t we n only reveal ! g5]al =m ( ! nymph1 b ! l5s reveals ! true /ructure ( ! scales1 n enl>gem5t m]ely1 b detail4 ,! egg ( ! organism1 /ill m magnifi$1 is also se54 ,to v>y our examples & /ill progress4 ,we all "k ! appe>ance & /ructure ( *alk4 ,! m9ute =am9if]a h1 by _! accumulat$ te/s1 ma9ly built up its enorm\s masses4 ,b !re is ano!r *alk kn[n z ,b>bados e>?2 x is silici\s1 & is ultimately compos$ ( m9ute & beautiful skeletons su* z ^? :i*1 enorm\sly magnifi$1 y n[ see4 ,^! 7 ! glassy envelopes :i* protect$ ! liv+ speck t dwelt )9 & built x4 ,!y are ! m9ute/ ( ! ,radiol>ia1 :i* peopl$ 9 inconceivable multitudes ! t]ti>y oceans2 &1 z !y di$1 _! m9ute skeletons fell d[n 9 a cont9u\s ra9 ^u ! ocean b$1 & became cem5t$ into solid rock :i* geologic action has br\ght to ! surface 9 ,b>bados & _m o!r p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,if a piece ( ?is e>?1 ! size ( a bean1 be boil$ 9 dilute acid & wa%$1 x w fall into p[d]1 ! ultimate gra9s ( :i* are su* =ms z ^! :i* y see4 ,! "o be=e y is an in/ance ( exquisite ref9em5t ( detail4 ,! =m f :i* ! draw+ ( ! magnifi$ image 0 made 0 extremely small--a m]e :ite speck 9 ! /ronge/ light ^u a black gr\nd4 ,b y obs]ve x is n a speck ( =m m]ely enl>g$4 ,x is n m]ely beauty ( outl9e made bigg]4 ,b !re is--z 9 ! delicate gr\p y n[ see--a p]fect op5+ up ( o!rwise absolutely invisible details4 ,we may /r5g!n ?is evid5ce 9 favor ( ! analytical p[] ( our high] l5ses by "o m famili> example1 & !n advance to ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is p[] :i* our mo/ p]fect & p[]ful l5ses c af=d4 ,i fe> t may be tak+ too mu* = grant$ to assume t e "o 9 an audi5ce l ?is has se5 a human flea6 ,mo/1 h[ev]1 w h a dim recollection or sugge/ive in/9ct z to its size 9 nature4 ,no?+ /rik+ is reveal$ by ?is am\nt ( magnification except+ ! exi/5ce ( brea?+ pores or spiracles along ! scale armor ( its body4 ,b !re is a trace ( /ructure 9 ! t]m9al r+ ( ! exo-skeleton :i* we _c cle>ly def9e1 & ( :i* we may desire to "k m4 ,?is c be done only by ! use ( f> high] p[]s4 ,to effect ?is1 we mu/ c>efully cut (f ?is delicate /ructure1 & s prep>e x t we may employ ^u x ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( our highe/ p[]s4 ,! result ( t exam9ation is giv5 "h4#e ,y see t ! :ole organ has a di/9ct =m & bord]1 & t its c>efully c>v$ surface gives orig9 to :eel-l areol :i* =m ! bases ( delicate hairs4 ,! function ( ?is organ is really unkn[n4 ,x is kn[n f its position z ! pygidium2 & f ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( ! hairs to ! slighte/ a]ial movem5t1 may be a tactile organ w>n+ ( ! approa* ( enemies2 ! eyes h no p[] to see4 ,b we h n rea*$ ! ultimate accessible /ructure ( ?is organ4 ,if we place a portion ( ! surface "u "o ( ! f9e/ ( our mo/ p[]ful l5ses1 ?is w be ! result4#f ,n[1 )\t discuss+ ! real optical or anatomical value ( ?is result z x /&s1 :at ,i desire to rem9d y ( is3 #a4 ,! natural size ( ! flea4 #b4 ,! increase ( k ga9$ by its g5]al enl>gem5t4 #c4 ,! relation 9 size betwe5 ! flea & its pygidium4 #d4 ,! mann] 9 :i* our l5ses reveal its /ructure1 n m]ely amplify its =m4 ,footnote #e3 ,! pygidium ( ! flea1 v highly magnifi$1 0 "h %[n4 ,footnote #f3 ,an illu/ration ( ! pygidium /ructure se5 ) "o-?irty-fif? imm]sion 0 giv54 ,n[ ) ^! simple & yet ne$ful prelim9>ies y w be able to foll[ me 9 a c>eful /udy ( ! lea/1 ! v l[lie/ & smalle/1 ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,x lies on ! v v]ge ( our pres5t p[]s ( optical aid1 & :at we "k conc]n+ x w conv9ce y t we are prep>$ ) compet5t skill to attack ! problem ( ! life-hi/ories ( ! smalle/ liv+ =ms4 ,! gr\p to :i* ! subject ( our pres5t /udy belongs is ! bact]ia4 ,!y are prim>ily /aff-l organisms ( extreme m9ut5ess1 b may be /raight1 or b5t1 or curv$1 or spiral1 or twi/$ rods4 ,?is entire projection is drawn on glass1 ) cam]a lucida1 ea* object be+ magnifi$ #b1jjj diamet]s1 t is to say1 #d1jjj1jjj ( times 9 area4 ,yet ! entire draw+ is made ^u an area ( n q #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & aft]w>d project$ "h4 ,! objects !re=e are all equally magnifi$1 & _! relative sizes may be se54 ,! giant ( ! s]ies is kn[n z ,spirillum volutans2 & y w see t ! repres5tative species giv5 become less & less 9 size until we rea* ! smalle/ ( all ! def9ite =ms1 & kn[n to sci5ce z ,bact]ium t]mo4 ,n[ )9 giv5 limits ?is organism v>ies 9 size1 b if a fair av]age be tak5 its size is su* t #ej1jjj1jjj laid 9 ord] w\ld only fill ! hundr$? ( a cubic in*4 ,n[ ! majority ( ^! =ms move ) rapidity & grace 9 ! fluids !y inhabit4 ,b h[8 ,by :at means8 ,by look+ at ! l>ge/ =m ( ?is gr\p1 y w see t x is provid$ ) two delicate fib]s1 "o at ea* end4 ,ehr5b]g & o!rs /rongly suspect$ _! exi/5ce1 & we 7 enabl$1 ) m p]fect l5ses1 to demon/rate _! pres5ce "s twelve ye>s ago4 ,!y are actually ! swimm+ organs ( ?is ,spirillum4 ,! fluid is la%$ rhy?mically by ^! fib]s1 & a spiral movem5t ( ! utmo/ grace results4 ,!n d ! int]m$iate =ms t move also possess ^! flagella1 & does ?is lea/ =m 9 nature1 viz41 ,bact]ium t]mo1 accompli% its b\nd+ & reb\nd+ movem5ts 9 ! same way8 ,yes6 by a s]ies ( resolute ef=ts1 9 us+ a new batt]y ( l5ses--! f9e/ t at t "t _h ev] be5 put into ! h&s ( man--,i 0 enabl$ to %[ 9 succession t ea* motile =m ( ,bact]ium up to ,b4 l9eola accompli%$ its movem5ts by fib]s or flagella2 & t 9 ! act ( self-division1 con/antly tak+ place1 a new fib] 0 drawn out = ea* half be=e sep>ation4 ,b ! po9t ( difficulty 0 ,b4 t]mo4 ,! demon/ration ( its flagella 0 a task ( difficulty :i* only pati5t purpose c\ld conqu]4 ,b by ! use ( our new l5ses1 & special illum9ation we--my colleague & ,i--7 enabl$ to demon/rate cle>ly a flagellum at ea* end ( ?is lea/ ( liv+ organisms1 z y see1 & by ! rapid la%+ ( ! fluid1 alt]nately or toge!r1 ) ^! flagella1 ! p[]ful1 rapid1 & graceful movem5ts ( ?is smalle/ kn[n liv+ ?+ are accompli%$4 ,( c\rse ^! fib]s are inconceivably f9e--inde$ = ?is v reason x 0 desirable1 if possible1 to measure x1 to discov] its actual ?ickness4 ,we all "k t1 bo? = ! telescope & ! microscope1 beautiful app>atus are made = measur+ m9ute magnifi$ details4 ,b un=tunately no in/rum5t manufactur$ 0 delicate en\gh to measure directly ?is fib]4 ,if x 7 measur$ x mu/ be by an indirect progress1 :i* ,i accompli%$ ?us3 ,! diamet] ( ! body ( ,b4 t]mo1 i4e41 f2 side to side1 may 9 diff]5t =ms v>y f ! #a_/bjjjj to ! #a_/ejjjj ( an in*4 ,t is a measurem5t :i* we may easily make directly ) a micromet]4 ,hay+ asc]ta9$ ?is1 ,i det]m9$ to discov] ! ratio ( ?ickness betwe5 ! body ( ! ,bact]ium & its flagellum--t is to say1 to discov] h[ _m ( ! flagella laid side by side w\ld make up ! wid? ( ! body4 ,i proce$$ ?us3 ,?is is a complicat$ microscope plac$ on a tripod1 s arrang$ t x may be conv5i5tly work$ upright4 ,!re is a special in/rum5t = c5t]+ & illum9at+4 ,on ! /age ( ! in/rum5t1 ! ,bact]ium ) its flagellum 9 di/9ct focus is plac$4 ,in/ead ( ! simple eyepiece1 cam]a lucida is plac$ ^u x4 ,?is in/rum5t is s con/ruct$ t x appe>s to ?r[ ! image ( ! object ^u ! :ite %eet ( pap] on ! small table at ! "r h& :]e ! draw+ is made1 at !1 same "t t x enables ! same eye to see ! p5cil & ! "r h&4 ,9 ?is way ,i made a c>eful draw+ ( ,b4 t]mo & its flagellum1 magnifi$ #e1jjj diamet]s4 ,"h is a projection ( ! draw+ made4 ,b ,i subsequ5tly avoid$ pap]1 & us$ "u ! cam]a mo/ c>efully prep>$ surface ( gr\nd glass4 ,:5 ! draw+ 0 made ,i plac$ on ! draw+ a drop ( ,canada balsam1 & cov]$ x ) a circle ( ?9 glass1 j l any o!r microscopic m\nt$ object4 ,?is is a micro-slide s prep>$4 ,n[ y c see t ,i only h to lay ?is on ! /age ( a microscope1 make x an object = a l[ p[]1 & use a screw micromet] to f9d h[ _m flagella g to ! mak+ ( a body4 ,! result is giv5 9 ! figure2 y see t t5 flagella w\ld fill ! area occupi$ by ! diamet] ( ! body4 ,9 ! case *os5 ! body 0 ! #a_/bj1djj ( an in* wide1 & !re=e1 :5 divid$ by t51 gave = ! flagellum a ?ickness ( ! #a_/bjd1jjj ( an ,engli% in*4 ,9 ! end ,i made fifty sep>ate draw+s ) f\r sep>ate l5ses4 ,i av]ag$ ! result 9 ea* fifty1 & !n took ! av]age ( ! total ( #bjj1 & ! mean value ( ! wid? ( ! flagellum 0 ! #a_/bjd1gjj ( an ,engli% in*4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t we are possess$ ( in/rum5ts :i*1 :5 compet5tly us$1 w enable u to /udy ! life-hi/ories ( ! putrefactive organisms1 al?\gh !y are ! m9ute/ =ms ( life4 ,i h /at$ t !y 7 ! inevitable accompanim5ts ( putresc5ce & decay4 ,y le>n$ f a previ\s illu/ration ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ,bact]ia2 !y are ! e>lie/ to appe> :5ev] putrefaction %[s itself4 ,9 fact ! pione] is ?is--! ubiquit\s ,bact]ium t]mo4 ,! ord] ( succession ( ! o!r =ms is by no means c]ta94 ,b :5ev] a high /age ( decomposition is rea*$1 a gr\p ( =ms repres5t$ by ^! ?ree w sw>m ! fluid4 ,^! are ! ,monads1 !y are /rictly putrefactive organisms1 !y are midway 9 size betwe5 ! lea/ & l>ge/ ,bact]ia1 & are1 f _! =m & o!r conditions1 m am5able to rese>*1 & twelve ye>s ago ,i resolv$1 ) ! highe/ p[] l5ses & consid]able practice 9 _! use1 to attack ! problem ( _! orig92 :e!r z physical products ( ! n-liv+1 or z ! natural prog5y ( p>5ts4 ,b y w rememb] t only a m9ute drop ( fluid conta9+ !m c be exam9$ at "o "t4 ,?is m9ute drop has to be cov]$ ) a m9ute film ( glass n m ?an ! #a_/bjj ( an in* ?ick4 ,! highe/ l5ses are employ$1 work+ s ne> z almo/ to t\* ! delicate cov]4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! film ( fluid w\ld rapidly evaporate & cause ! de/ruction ( ! object /udi$4 ,to prev5t ?is an arrangem5t 0 devis$ by :i* ! l5s & ! cov]$ fluid "u exam9ation 7 us$ 9 an air-tight *amb]1 ! air ( :i* 0 kept 9 a saturat$ condition2 s t be+1 l a saturat$ sponge1 unable to take 9 any m1 x left ! film ( fluid unaffect$4 ,b to make ! "w effici5t ,i soon f\nd t !re mu/ be a second obs]v]4 ,obs]vation by leaps 0 ( no avail4 ,to be accurate x mu/ be unbrok54 ,!re mu/ be no gap 9 a *a9 ( demon/ration4 ,a ?\s& mi%aps w\ld occur 9 try+ to foll[ a s+le organism ?r\gh all ! *anges ( successive h\rs to ! end4 ,b1 h[ev] _m failures1 x 0 evid5t1 we mu/ beg9 on ano!r =m at ! e>lie/ po9t aga91 & foll[ x to ! close4 ,i saw soon t e o!r me?od w\ld h be5 m]ely empirical1 a m]e piecemeal ( imag9ation & fact4 ,:5 "o obs]v]'s ability to cont9ue a long obs]vation 0 exhau/$1 !re mu/ be ano!r at h& to take up ! ?read & cont9ue x2 & ?us to ! end4 ,i 0 =tunate inde$ at ?is "t 9 secur+ ! ready & en?usia/ic aid ( ,dr4 ,j4,j4 ,drysdale1 ( ,liv]pool1 :o practically liv$ ) me = ! purpose1 & w5t side by side ) me to ! "w4 ,we admitt$ no?+ :i* we _h n bo? se51 & we succe$$ ea* o!r consecutively1 :5ev] ne$ful1 9 foll[+ to ! end ! complete life-hi/ories ( six ( ^! rem>kable =ms4 ,i w n[ give y ! facts 9 relation to two :i* %all be typical4 ,we obta9$ !m 9 enorm\s abundance 9 a mac]ation ( fi%4 ,i w n take !m 9 ! ord] ( our rese>*es1 b %all f9d x be/ to exam9e ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/4 ,! appe>ance ( ! =m] is n[ be=e y4 ,x is div]g5t f ! common type :5 se5 9 its p]fect condition1 avoid+ ! oval =m1 b x resumes x 9 metamorphosis4 ,x is comp>atively huge 9 its proportions1 its av]age extreme l5g? be+ ! #a_/ajjj ( an in*4 ,its normal =m is rigidly adh]$ to z t ( a rotif] or a cru/acean4 ,its body-sub/ance is a /ructureless s>code4 ,its diff]5tiations are a nucleus-l body1 n common to ! monads2 g5]ally a pair ( dilat+ vacuoles1 :i* op5 & close1 l ! human eyelid1 t5 to tw5ty times 9 e m9ute2 & la/ly1 ! usual numb] ( f\r flagella4 ,t ! p[] ( motion 9 ^! =ms & 9 ! ,bact]ia is dep5d5t ^u ^! flagella ,i believe !re c be no reasonable d\bt4 ,9 ! monads1 ! v]satility1 rapidity1 & p[] ( movem5t are always correlat$ ) ! numb] ( ^!4 ,! "o be=e u c\ld sweep across ! field ) maje/ic sl[ness1 or d>t ) lightn+ swiftness & a swall['s grace4 ,x c\ld gyrate 9 a spiral1 or sp9 on its axis 9 a rectil9e> pa? l a rifl$ bullet4 ,x c\ld d>t up or d[n1 & beg91 arre/1 or *ange its motion ) a grace & p[] :i* at once a/oni% & entrance4 ,fix+ on "o ( ^! monads !n1 we foll[$ x dogg$ly by a nev]-ceas+ movem5t ( a me*anical /age1 nev] = an in/ant los+ x ?r\gh all its w&]+s & gyrations2 ,we f\nd t 9 ! c\rse ( m9utes1 or ( h\rs1 ! %>pness ( its outl9e sl[ly vani%1 its vacuoles disappe>$1 & x lo/ its %>p caudal extremity1 & 0 sluggi%ly amoeboid4 ,?is condition t5sifi$1 ! amoeboid action quick5$ z "h depict$1 ! agility ( motion ceas$1 ! nucleus body became /rongly develop$1 & ! :ole s>code 0 9 a /ate ( vivid & glitt]+ action4 ,if n[ x be %>ply & specially look$ =1 x w be se5 t ! root ( ! flagella splits1 divid+ h5ce=? into two sep>ate pairs4 ,at ! same mom5t a motion is set up :i* pulls ! divid$ pairs asund]1 mak+ ! int]val ( s>code to gr[ con/antly great] betwe5 !m4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! nucle> body has comm5c$ & cont9u$ a process ( self-division2 f ?is mom5t ! organism gr[s rapidly r\nd]1 ! flagella swiftly div]ge4 ,a bean-l =m is tak52 ! nucleus divides1 & a con/riction is sudd5ly develop$2 ?is deep5s2 ! opposite position ( ! flagella ensues1 ! ne>ly divid$ =ms n[ vigor\sly pull 9 opposite directions1 ! con/riction is ?us deep5$ & ! tail =m$4 ,! fib] ( s>code1 to :i* ! con/rict$ "p has by t5sion be5 r$uc$1 n[ snaps1 & two organisms g free4 ,x w h /ruck y t ! new organism ent]s ^u its c>e] ) only two flagella1 & ! normal organism is possess$ ( f\r4 ,b 9 a few m9utes1 ?ree or f\r at mo/1 ! full complem5t 7 always !re4 ,h[ !y 7 acquir$ x 0 ! "w ( mon?s to discov]1 b at la/ ! my/]y 0 solv$4 ,! newly-fission$ =m d>t$ irregul>ly & rapidly = a brief space1 !n fix$ itself to ! floor or to a rigid object by ! ends ( its flagella1 &1 ) its body motionless1 an int5se vibratory action 0 set up along ! entire l5g? ( ^! exquisite fib]s4 ,rapidly ! ends split1 "o-half be+ 9 ea* fib] set free1 & ! o!r rema9+ fix$1 & 9 #acj seconds ea* entire flagellum 0 divid$ into a p]fect pair4 ,n[ ! amoeboid /ate is a notable ph5om5on ?r\gh\t ! monads z precursive ( /rik+ *ange4 ,x appe>s to subs]ve ! purpose ( ! m facile acquisition & dige/ion ( food at a crisis4 ,& ?is augm5t$ ! difficulty ( discov]+ fur!r *ange2 & only p]si/5t ef=t enabl$ u to discov] t ) comp>ative r>5ess !re appe>$ a =m 9 an amoeboid /ate t 0 unique4 ,x 0 a condition *iefly conf9$ to ! caudal end1 ! s>code hav+ became difflu5t1 hyal9e1 & int5sely rapid 9 ! protrusion & retraction ( its sub/ance1 :ile ! nucle> body becomes enorm\sly enl>g$4 ,^! nev] appe> alone2 =ms 9 a l condition are diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! fluid1 & may swim 9 ?is /ate = h\rs4 ,mean:ile1 ! difflu5ce causes a spread+ & flatt5+ ( ! s>code & swimm+ gives place to creep+1 :ile ! flagella viol5tly la%4 ,9 ?is condition two =ms meet by app>5t accid5t1 ! protrusions t\*1 & in/ant fusion sup]v5es4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds !re is no disconnect$ s>code visible1 & 9 five to sev5 m9utes ! organism is a union ( two ( ! organisms1 ! swimm+ be+ aga9 resum$1 ! flagella act+ 9 app>5t conc]t4 ,?is may cont9ue = a %ort "t1 :5 movem5t beg9s to flag & !n ceases4 ,mean:ile1 ! bodies close toge!r1 & ! ey5ots or vacuoles melt toge!r1 ! two nuclei become "o & disappe>1 & 9 eighte5 h\rs ! entire body ( ei!r has melt$ into o!r1 & a motionless1 & = a "t irregul>1 sac is left4 ,?is n[ becomes smoo?1 sph]ical1 & tight1 be+ fix$ & motionless4 ,?is is a typical process2 b ! m+l$ we>9ess & pleasure realiz$ 9 foll[+ su* a =m )\t a break ?r\gh all ! v>i$ *anges into ?is condition is n easily express$4 ,b n[ ! utmo/ p[] ( l5ses1 ! mo/ delicate adju/m5t ( light1 & ! ke5e/ p[]s ( eyesight & att5tion mu/ d ! re/4 ,be=e ! end ( six h\rs ! delicate glossy sac op5s g5tly at "o place1 !n !re /reams out a glairy fluid d5sely pack$ ) semi-opaque granules1 j fairly visible :5 _! area 0 increas$ six millions ( times1 & ?is cont9u$ until ! :ole sac 0 empty & its entire cont5ts diffus$4 ,to foll[ ) our utmo/ p[]s ^! exquisite specks 0 an unspeakable pleasure1 a gr\p se5 to roll f ! sac1 :5 ne>ly empty1 7 fix$ & nev] left4 ,!y soon palpably *ang$ by app>5t swell+ or gr[?1 b 7 p]fectly inactive2 b at ! end ( ?ree h\rs a beak$ appe>ance 0 pres5t$4 ,rapid gr[? set 91 & at ! end ( ano!r h\r1 h[ has entirely baffl$ u1 !y acquir$ flagella & swam freely2 9 ?irty-five m9utes m !y possess$ a nucleus & rapidly develop$1 until at ! end ( n9e h\rs aft] emission a sporule 0 foll[$ to ! p>5t condition & left 9 ! act ( fission4 ,9 ?is way1 ) :at difficulties ,i ne$ n we>y y1 a complete life-cycle 0 made out4 ,& n[ ,i w invite y\r att5tion to ! developm5tal hi/ory ( ! mo/ m9ute ( ! six =ms we /udi$4 ,9 =m x is a long oval1 x is )\t visible /ructure or diff]5tiation )91 & is possess$ ( only a s+le flagellum4 ,its utmo/ l5g? is ! #a_/ejjj ( an in*4 ,its motion is cont9u\s 9 a /raight l9e1 & n int5sely rapid1 nor greatly v>i$1 be+ :olly want+ 9 curves & d>t+s4 ,! copi\sness ( its increase 01 ev5 to our accu/om$ eyes1 rem>kable 9 ! extreme1 b ! reason 0 discov]$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,its fission 0 n a division into two1 b into _m4 ,! fir/ indication ( its approa* 9 foll[+ ?is delicate =m 0 ! assumption rapidly ( a r\nd] %ape4 ,!n foll[$ an amoeboid & unc]ta9 =m1 ) an increas$ int5sity ( action :i* la/$ a few mom5ts1 :5 lassitude sup]v5$1 !n p]fect /illness ( ! body1 :i* is n[ globul> 9 =m1 :ile ! flagellum feebly la%$1 & !n fell ^u & fus$ ) ! sub/ance ( ! s>code4 ,& ! result is a solid1 flatt5$1 homog5e\s ball ( liv+ jelly4 ,to prop]ly /udy ?is 9 its fur!r *anges1 a p[] ( f ?ree to f\r ?\s& diamet]s mu/ be us$1 & ) ?is ,i "k ( few ?+s 9 ! :ole range ( m9ute beauty m beautiful ?an ! effect ( :at is se54 ,9 ! p]fectly motionless flatt5$ sph]e1 )\t ! %imm] ( premonition & ) inconceivable sudd5ness1 a :ite cross smites itself1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! s>code4 ,!n ano!r ) equal sudd5ness at "r angles1 & :ile ) admiration & amazem5t "o = ! fir/ "t is realiz+ ! %9+ radii1 an invisible en]gy seizes ! t9y speck1 & fix+ its c5t]1 twi/s its entire circumf]5ce1 & end[s x ) a turb9$ aspect4 ,f t mom5t int5se int]ior activity became manife/4 ,n[ ! s>code 01 z x 71 knead+ its own sub/ance1 & aga9 an inn] :irl+ motion 0 visible1 rem9d+ "o ( ! ru% ( wat] r\nd ! int]ior ( a holl[ sph]e on its way to a jet or f\nta94 ,deep fissures or ind5tations %[$ !mselves all ov] ! sph]e2 & !n at ! end ( t5 or m m9utes all int]ior action ceas$1 & ! sph]e _h segm5t$ into a coil$ mass4 ,!re 0 no trace ( an inve/+ membrane2 ! con/itu5t p>ts 7 relat$ to ea* o!r simply z ! two sep>at+ p>ts ( an ord9>y fission2 & !y n[ comm5c$ a quick1 wri?+ motion l a knot ( eels1 & !n1 9 ! c\rse ( f sev5 to ?irty m9utes1 sep>at$1 & fully end[$ ) flagella swam freely away1 m9ute b p]fect =ms1 :i* by ! rapid absorption ( pabulum atta9$ spe$ily to ! p>5t size4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p ( organic =ms t multiplication by self-division is ! common & cont9u\s me?od ( increase4 ,! o!r & ess5tial me?od 0 comp>atively r>e & always obscure4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 on ! fir/ occasion ! cont9u\s obs]vation ( ! same field = five days fail$ to disclose to u any o!r me?od ( increase b ?is multiple-fission1 & x 0 only ! int5se sugge/iv5ess ( pa/ exp]i5ce t kept u /ill al]t & prev5t$ u f inf]r+ t x 0 ! only me?od4 ,b ev5tually we p]ceiv$ t :ile ?is 0 ! prevail+ ph5om5on1 !re 7 scatt]$ among ! o!r =ms ( ! same monad l>g] ?an ! re/1 & ) a s+ul> granul> aspect t[>d ! flagellate end4 ,x may be easily contra/$ ) ! normal or ord9>y =m4 ,n[ by dogg$ly foll[+ "o ( ^! ?r\gh all its w&]+s a :olly new phase 9 ! morphology ( ! creature 0 reveal$4 ,?is r\gh5$ or granul> =m seiz$ ^u & fa/5$ itself to a =m 9 ! ord9>y condition4 ,! two swam freely toge!r1 bo? flagella be+ 9 action1 b x 0 %ortly palpable t ! l>g] "o 0 absorb+ ! less]4 ,! flagellum ( ! small] "o at l5g? mov$ sl[]1 !n sluggi%ly1 !n fell ^u ! s>code1 :i* rapidly dim9i%$1 :ile ! bigg] =m exp&$ & became vividly active until ! two bodies _h actually fus$ into "o4 ,aft] ?is its activity dim9i%$1 9 a few m9utes ! body became q /ill1 leav+ only a feeble motion 9 ! flagellum1 :i* soon fell ^u ! body-sub/ance & 0 lo/4 ,all t 0 left n[ 0 a /ill sph]oidal glossy speck1 t9t$ ) a br[ni% yell[4 ,a peculi>ity ( ?is monad is ! extreme unc]ta9ty ( ! l5g? ( "t :i* may elapse be=e ev5 ! mo/ delicate *ange 9 ?is sac is visible4 ,its absolute /illness may cont9ue = t5 or m h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is "t x is absolutely in]t1 b at la/ ! sac--= su* x is--op5s g5tly1 & !re is p\r$ out a br[ni% glairy fluid4 ,at fir/ ! /ream is small1 b at l5g? its fl[ enl>ges ! rift 9 ! cy/1 & ! cl\dy volume ( its cont5ts rolls out1 & ! hyal9e film t inclos$ x is all t is left4 ,! nature ( ! outfl[ 0 l t produc$ by ! p\r+ ( /rong _s into wat]4 ,b no p[] t we c\ld employ 0 capable ( detect+ a granule 9 x4 ,to our mo/ delicate manipulation ( light1 our f9e/ optical appliances1 & our mo/ rivet$ att5tion1 x 0 a homog5e\s fluid & no?+ m4 ,?is = a :ile baffl$ & di/urb$ u4 ,x lur$ u (f ! sc5t4 ,we inf]r$ t x might possibly be a f]tiliz+ fluid1 & t we mu/ look 9 o!r directions = ! issue4 ,b ?is 0 fruitless1 & we 7 driv5 aga9 to ! old po9t1 & hav+ once m obta9$ ! emitt$ fluid1 det]m9$ to fix a l5s magnify+ #e1jjj diamet]s ^u a cle> space ov] :i* ! fluid _h roll$1 & ne> to ! exhau/$ sac1 & ply our old trade ( wat*+ ) unbrok5 obs]vation4 ,! result 0 a rew>d inde$4 ,at fir/ ! space 0 cle> & :ite1 b 9 ! c\rse ( a hundr$ m9utes !re came sudd5ly into view ! m9ute/ conceivable specks4 ,i c only comp>e ! com+ ( ^! to ! gr[? ( ! />s 9 a />less space ^u ! eye ( an int5se wat*] 9 a summ] twilight4 ,y knew b a few m9utes s9ce a /> 0 n visible !re1 & n[ !re is no mi/ak+ its pale beauty4 ,x 0 s ) ^! inexpressibly m9ute sporules2 !y 7 n !re a %ort "t s9ce1 b !y grew l>ge en\gh = our optical aids to reveal !m1 & !re !y 74 ,su* a field aft] "o h\r's wat*+ ,i pres5t to y4 ,& "h ,i w\ld rem>k t ^! delicate specks 7 unlike any :i* we saw em]ge directly f ! sac z granules4 ,9 t condition !y 7 always semi-opaque1 b "h !y 7 transp>5t1 & a br[n yell[1 ! condition always sequ5t ^u a c]ta9 measure ( gr[?4 ,to foll[ ^! )\t ! loss ( an in/ant's vision 0 pleasure ( ! highe/ k9d4 ,9 an h\r & t5 m9utes f _! fir/ discov]y !y _h gr[n to oval po9ts4 ,9 "o h\r m ! specks _h become beak$ & long4 ,& ?is po9t$ end 0 univ]sally ! end f :i* ! flagellum em]g$4 ,) ! flagellum comes motion1 & ) t abundant pabulum1 & !re=e rapid gr[?4 ,b :5 motion is atta9$ we are compell$ to ab&on ! mass & foll[ "o 9 all its impetu\s travels 9 its little _w2 & by do+ s we are enabl$ to foll[ ! develop$ speck into ! p>5t condition & size1 & n to leave x until x _h1 l its pr$ecessors1 ent]$ on & complet$ its wond]ful self-division by fission4 ,x becomes !n cle>ly manife/ t ^! organisms1 l[ly & little z !y are1 arise 9 f]tiliz$ p>5tal products4 ,!re is no m caprice 9 _! mode ( orig9 ?an 9 t ( a cru/acean or a bird4 ,_! m9ut5ess1 enorm\s abundance1 & univ]sal di/ribution is ! explanation ( _! rapid & practically ubiquit\s appe>ance 9 a g]m9at+ & adult condition4 ,! pres5ce ( putrefiable or putresc5t matt] det]m9es at once ! g]m9ation ( ! always-pres5t spore4 ,b a new "q arises4 ,^! spores are def9ite products4 ,9 ! face ( "s exp]im5tal facts "o 0 tempt$ to inquire3 ,h ^! spores any capacity to resi/ heat great] ?an ! adults8 ,x 0 n easy to det]m9e ?is "q4 ,b we at l5g? 7 enabl$ to isolate ! g]ms ( sev5 sep>ate =ms1 & by means ( delicate app>atus1 & "s twelve mon?s ( rese>*1 to place ea* spore sac 9 an app>atus s con/ruct$ t x c\ld be rais$ to successive temp]atures1 & )\t any *ange ( conditions exam9$ on ! /age ( ! microscope4 ,9 ?is way we rea*$ successive temp]atures high] & high] until ! dea? po9t--! po9t beyond :i* no subsequ5t g]m9ation ev] occurr$--0 rea*$ 9 reg>d to ea* organism4 ,! result 0 /rik+4 ,! normal dea? po9t = ! adult 0 #adj ,f4 ,"o ( ! monads emitt$ f its sac m9ute mobile specks--evid5tly liv+ bodies--:i* rapidly grew4 ,^! we always de/roy$ at a temp]ature ( #ahj ,f4 ,?ree ( ! sacs emitt$ spores t g]m9at$ at e temp]ature "u #bej ,f4 ,two m only _h _! p[] ( g]m9ation de/roy$ at #bfj ,f4 ,& "o1 ! lea/ ( all ! monad =ms1 9 a heat p>tially fluid & p>tially dry1 at all po9ts up to #cjj ,f4 ,b if :olly 9 fluid x 0 de/roy$ at ! po9t ( #bij ,f4 ,! av]age be+ t ! p[] ( heat resi/ance 9 ! spore 0 to t ( ! adult z #aa to #f4 ,f ?is x is cle> t we d>e n inf] spontane\s g5]ation aft] heat until we "k ! life-hi/ory ( ! organism4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,i close ) a practical case4 ,a tr5*ant & resolute advocate ( ! orig9 ( liv+ =ms de novo has publi%$ :at he consid]s a crucial illu/ration 9 support ( 8 case4 ,he took a /rong infusion ( common cress1 plac$ x 9 a flask1 boil$ x1 &1 :ile boil+1 h]metically seal$ x4 ,he !n heat$ x up 9 a dige/] to #bgj ,f4 ,x 0 kept = n9e weeks & !n op5$1 &1 9 8 own language1 on microscopical exam9ation ( ! e>lie/ drop !re appe>$ m ?an a doz5 v active monads4 ,he has =tunately measur$ & r\ghly drawn ^!4 ,a facsimile ( 8 draw+ is "h4 ,he says t !y 7 possess$ ( a rapidly mov+ la%1 & t !re 7 o!r =ms )\t tails1 :i* he assum$ 7 developm5tal /ages ( ! =m4 ,?is is no?+ less ?an ! monad ^: life-hi/ory ,i gave y la/4 ,my draw+s1 magnifi$ #b1ejj diams41 ( ! active organism & ! develop+ sac are "h4 ,n[ ?is exp]im5t] says t he took ^! monads & heat$ !m to a temp]ature ( ab\t #adj ,f41 & !y 7 all absolutely kill$4 ,?is is accurately our exp]i5ce4 ,b he says ^! monads arose 9 a clos$ flask1 ! fluid ( :i* _h be5 heat$ up to #bgj ,f4 ,!re=e1 s9ce !y are kill$ at #adj ,f41 & arose 9 a fluid aft] be+ heat$ to #bgj ,f41 !y mu/ h aris5 de novo6 ,b ! tru? is t ?is is ! monad ^: spore only loses its p[] to g]m9ate at a temp]ature 79 fluid7 ( #bij1 t is to say1 #bj ,f4 high] ?an ! heat to :i*1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 !y _h be5 subject$4 ,& !re=e ! facts compel ! d$uction t ^! monads 9 ! cress arose1 n by a *ange ( dead matt] into liv+1 b t !y g]m9at$ naturally f ! p>5tal spore :i* ! heat employ$ _h be5 incompet5t to injure4 ,!n we conclude ) a def9ite issue1 viz41 by exp]im5t x is e/abli%$ t liv+ =ms d n n[ arise 9 dead matt]4 ,& by /udy ( ! =ms !mselves x is prov$ t1 l all ! m complex =ms above !m1 !y arise 9 p>5tal products4 ,! law is z ev]1 only t :i* is liv+ c give orig9 to t :i* lives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #dj ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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