,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ghg ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y #ca1 #ahia ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi41 ,no4 #ghg4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,biography4--,,*>les ,,goodye>4--,! life & discov]ies ( ! inv5tor ( vulcaniz$ ,india rubb]1 ) portrait4--#a illu/ration ,,ii4 ,,biology4--,c we ,sep>ate ,animals f ,plants8--,by ,,&rew ,,wilson4--,a debat$ po9t well discuss$4--,! bases on :i* di/9ctions mu/ be drawn ,,iii4 ,,electricity4--,a ,new ,electric ,balli/ic ,t>get4--,a t>get = inve/igations ( ! velocity ( projectiles1 n[ 9 use at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1 ,we/ ,po9t1 ,n4,y4--#a illu/ration4 ,electric ,erygmascope4--,an electric light+ app>atus = exam9+ e>? /rata 9 bore holes = geologi/s' & prospectors' use4--#a illu/ration ,! ,electro-,magnet4--,by ,pr(4 ,,silvanus ,,?ompson4--,cont9uation ( ?is exhau/ive treatise1 giv+ fur!r details on special po9ts ( con/ruction4--#a illu/rations ,,iv4 ,,entomology4--,pota% ,salts4--,! use ( pota% salts z insecticides1 ) acc\nts ( exp]im5ts ,! ,outlook = ,appli$ ,entomology4--,by ,dr4 ,c4,v4 ,,riley1 ,u4,s4 entomologi/4--,! conclusion ( ,pr(4 ,riley's lecture1 treat+ ( ! bran* ( entomology ) :i* 8 "n is s honorably associat$ ,v4 ,,insurance4--,! ,exp5se ,m>g9 9 ,life ,insurance4--,elaborate review ( ! necess>y exp5ses ( conduct+ ! insurance ( lives1 ) tables & calculations ,,vi4 ,,ma!matics4--,! ,trisection ( ,any ,angle4--,by ,,fr$]ic ,r4 ,,honey1 ,ph4,b4--,a v +5i\s demon/ration ( ?is problem1 bas$ on ! prop]ties ( conjugate hyp]bolas ,,vii4 ,,meteorology4--,note on ! ,mt4 ,blanc ,meteorological ,/ation ,! ,flood at ,k>lsbad4--,acc\nt ( ! rec5t flood & ( its de/ructive effects4--#a illu/ration ,,viii4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,/ation = ,te/+ ,agricultural ,ma*9es4--,a propos$ e/abli%m5t = apply+ dynamomet] te/s to agricultural ma*9es4--#a illu/ration ,/eam ,eng9e ,valves4--,by ,,?omas ,,hawley4--,a review ( mod]n slide valve practice1 ! lap1 cut-(f1 & o!r po9ts4--#f illu/rations ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s4--,sci5ce 9 ! ,!at]4--,curi\s examples ( /age effect 9 fictiti\s mesm]iz+ & hypnotiz+4--#d illu/rations ,!atrical ,wat] ,plays4--,rec5t episodes 9 real wat] plays at ,h5gl]'s ,circus1 ,london4--#b illu/rations ,x4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,fr5* ,ironclad ,w> ,%ip ,colb]t4--,an armor$ wood & iron %ip1 ) c5tral batt]y4--#a illu/ration ,,xi4 ,,physiology ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,new] ,physiology & ,pa?ology4--,by ,pr(4 ,,samuel ,,bell4 ,m4,d4--,an excell5t pres5tation ( mod]n practice 9 ! light ( bact]iology ,te/ ,c>d ,h9ts4--,h[ to te/ ! eyes = select+ eyeglasses & spectacles ,! ,composition ( ,ko*'s ,lymph4--,:at ,pr(4 ,ko* says x is & :at x c d4--,! cabl$ acc\nt ( ! disclosure s long wait$ = ,,xii4 ,,te*nology4--,fir+ ,po9ts ( ,v>i\s ,explosives4--,! lead+ explosives1 ) ! temp]ature ( _! explod+ po9ts tabulat$ ,! ,recov]y ( ,gold & ,silv] f ,plat+ & ,gild+ ,solutions--,a pap] ( int]e/ to silv] & gold plat]s1 z well z photograph]s ,wat] ,s(t5+ & ,purify+ ,app>atus4--,an app>atus = treatm5t ( sewage1 etc41 *emically & by deposition4--#a illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,ironclad ,,w> ,,%ip ,,colb]t4 ,! c5tral batt]y ironclad ,colb]t is "o ( ! t5 %ips ( ! ,fr5* navy t con/itute ! gr\p rank+ next 9 importance to ! squadron ( great turret %ips1 ( :i* ! ,=midable is ! l>ge/4 ,! gr\p consi/s ( six types1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,ocean type2 ?ree vessels2 ! ,m>5go1 ,ocean1 & ,suffr54 #b4 ,! ,fri$l& type1 ( :i* no o!rs are built4 #c4 ,! ,ri*elieu type1 ( :i* no o!rs are built4 #d4 ,! ,colb]t type1 ( :i* !re are two2 ! ,colb]t & ! ,trid5t4 #e4 ,! ,r$\btable type1 ( :i* no o!rs are built4 #f4 ,! ,deva/ation type1 ( :i* no o!rs are built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,ironclad ,,w> ,,%ip ,,colb]t4 ,! ,colb]t 0 laun*$ at ,bre/ 9 #ahge1 & h] si/] %ip1 ! ,trid5t1 9 #ahgf4 ,bo? are ( iron & wood1 & ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! ,colb]t1 :i* apply v closely to ! ,trid5t3 ,%e is #cba ft4 #f 94 long1 #ei ft4 #f 94 beam1 & #bi ft4 #f 94 draught aft4 ,h] displacem5t is #h1deg tons1 h] indicat$ horse p[] is #d1feb1 & h] spe$ #ad4d knots4 ,%e has coal c>ry+ capacity = #gjj tons1 & h] crew numb]s #gjf4 ,! ?ickness ( h] armor belt is #h4ff 941 t protect+ ! c5tral batt]y is #f4bi 94 ?ick1 :i* is also ! ?ickness ( ! transv]se armor$ bulkheads1 :ile ! deck is #j4dc 94 9 ?ickness4 ,! armam5t ( ! ,colb]t consi/s ( eight #aj4fc 94 guns1 two #i4de 941 six #e4ea 941 two quick fir+ guns1 & f\rte5 revolv+ & ma*9e guns4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a comp\nd locomotive1 built by ! ,rhode ,isl& ,locomotive ,works1 has be5 tri$ on ! ,union ,elevat$ ,railroad1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ,! eng9e c be run ei!r s+le or comp\nd4 ,! economy 9 fuel 0 #cg4g p] c5t1 & 9 wat] #bc4h p] c5t1 ov] a simple eng9e :i* 0 te/$ at ! same "t4 ,! smoo?ness ( runn+ & ! /illness & comp>ative abs5ce ( c9d]s 0 fully demon/rat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,valves4 ,footnote3 ,lecture deliv]$ at ,wells ,memorial ,in/itute1 ,bo/on1 9 ! ,l[ell ,free ,c\rse = ,eng9e]s4 ,f report 9 ! ,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 ,by ,,?omas ,,hawley4 ,,rid+ ,,cut-,,(f ,,valves--,,peculi>ities ,,& ,,m]its ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,/yles4 ,9 consid]+ ! slide valve 9 its simple =m ) or )\t lap1 we f9d !re are c]ta9 limitations to its use z a valve t w\ld give ! be/ results4 ,! limitation ( mo/ importance is t its con/ruction w n all[ ( ! prop] cut (f to obta9 all ! b5efits ( expansion )\t h9d]+ ! p]fect action ( ! valve 9 o!r p>ticul>s4 ,at ?is economical cut (f ! op5+ ( ! /eam port is v little & v n>r[1 & al?\gh ?is is attempt$ to be ov]come by exce$+ly wide ports1 sixte5 in*es 9 wid? 9 _m cases 9 locomotive "w1 ?is great wid? adds l>gely to ! unbalanc$ area ( ! valve4 ,! exhau/+ functions ( ! valve are mat]ially *ang$ at ! %ort cut (f1 & :5 mu* lap is add$ to ov]come ?is defect1 !re usually takes place a *ok+ ( ! exhau/ port4 ,y might inquire1 :y n make ! port wid]1 b ?is w\ld increase ! m9imum am\nt ( load on ! valve1 & ?is mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,!n ! cut (f is a fix$ "o1 & we c gov]n only by ?rottl+ ! pressure we h rais$ 9 ! boil] or by us+ a cut (f gov]nor & ! consequ5t wa/es ( an enorm\s cle>ance space4 ,y w obs]ve1 !re=e1 t ! pla9 slide valve eng9e gives ! mo/ g5]al satisfaction at ab\t two-?irds cut (f & a v l[ economic result4 ,! be/ ( su* eng9es w require =ty-five to fifty p\nds ( /eam p] horse p[] p] h\r1 & to g5]ate ?is1 assum+ an evaporation ( n9e p\nds ( wat] to a p\nd ( coal1 w\ld require betwe5 five & six p\nds ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r4 ,& ! only feature t ! valve has specially to comm5d x is its extreme simplicity & ! v little me*anism requir$ to op]ate x4 ,yet ?is is ( consid]able importance1 & 9 consid]ation ( "s special features at its late/ cut (f1 ! attempt has be5 _m times made to take advantage ( ^! features4 ,= in/ance1 at #ij advance1 ! valve op5s v rapidly inde$ & fully satisfies our requirem5ts ( a p]fect valve4 ,?is is "o good po9t1 & 9 ?is position also ! exhau/ & compression c be regulat$ v closely & z desir$ )\t mu* lap1 & z ! op5+ ( ! exhau/ port comes ) ! ecc5tric at its mo/ rapid movem5t ! release is v quick & z we w\ld h x4 ,?is is only possible at ! mo/ uneconomic position ( ! valve z reg>ds cut (f4 ,! aim ( _m eng9e]s has be5 to take advantage ( ^! matt]s by us+ ! valve ) #ij angul> advance ( ecc5tric ahead ( crank1 = ! admission1 release1 & compression ( ! /eam1 & provide ano!r means ( cutt+ (f1 besides ! "o already ref]r$ to1 viz41 cutt+ (f ! supply ( /eam to ! *e/1 & ov]come ! objection 9 ?is "o ( l>ge cle>ance spaces4 ,?is is done by means ( rid+ cut (f valves1 (t5 call$ expansion valves1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 ! mo/ widely kn[n types 9 ?is vic9ity are ! ,k5dall ,rob]ts eng9e & ! ,buckeye4 ,! =m] is us$ 9 ! simple/ =m ( rid+ cut (f1 :ile ! ,buckeye has _m peculi> features t eng9e]s1 ,i f9d1 are too prone to ov]look 9 a casual exam9ation ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ^! uses ( ! slide valve1 too1 means are sugge/$ & c>ri$ out ( practically balanc+ ! valve4 ,! orig9 ( ! rid+ cut (f is mo/ g5]ally attribut$ to ,gonz5ba*4 ,8 arrangem5t _h two /eam *e/s1 ! l[] "o provid$ ) ! ord9>y slide valve ( late cut (f1 & /eam 0 cut (f f ?is /eam *e/ by ! expansion valve cov]+ ! ports connect+ ) ! upp] /eam *e/4 ,?is _h ! old disadvantage t all ! /eam 9 ! l[] *e/ exp&$ ) t 9 ! cyl9d]1 at a consequ5t consid]able loss4 ,?is 0 fur!r improv$ by caus+ ! rid+ cut (f to be ^u ! top ( ! ma9 valve1 in/ead ( its *e/1 & result$ 9 a consid]able r$uction ( ! cle>ance space4 ,?is is ! simple/ =m1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! /eam is suppli$ by a passage ?r\gh ! ma9 valve :i* op]ates exactly z an ord9>y slide valve w\ld4 ,t is1 ! inside edges ( ! /eam passage are ! same z ! ord9>y valve1 ! additional piece on ea* end1 if ,i may s t]m x1 be+ m]ely to provide a passage = ! /eam :i* c be clos$1 in/ead ( all[+ ! /eam to pass ! edge4 ,! ecc5tric ( ! ma9 valve is fa/5$ to ! %aft to give ! prop] am\nt ( lead1 & ! desir$ release & compression1 & ! expansion valve is op]at$ by a sep>ate ecc5tric fa/5$ 9 l9e ) or #ahj ahead ( ! crank4 ,:5 ! pi/on1 !re=e1 comm5ces to move f ! crank end to op5 ! port1 ,d1 ! expansion valve is =c$ by its ecc5tric 9 ! opposite direction1 & is clos+ ! /eam port & w\ld h clos$ x be=e ! pi/on rea*$ qu>t] /roke1 ?us all[+ ! /eam !n 9 ! cyl9d] to d "w by expansion4 ,! ecc5tric op]at+ ?is expansion valve may be set to close ?is /eam port at any po9t 9 ! /roke t is desir$1 ! clos+ occurr+ :5 ! expansion valve has cov]$ ! /eam port4 ,cont9u+ ! movem5ts ( ! valves1 ! two w\ld move toge!r until "o or ! o!r rea*$ its dead c5t]1 :5 ! movem5ts w\ld be 9 opposite directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( effect+ ! cut (f 9 su* eng9es1 ! ma9 valve mean:ile be+ undi/urb$1 its ecc5tric fa/5$ securely s z n to di/urb ! po9ts ( lead1 release1 & compression4 ,all t is requir$ is to cause ! edge ( ! expansion valve to cov] ! /eam port e>li] 9 ! /roke1 & ?is c be done1 fir/1 by increas+ ! angul> advance ( ! cut (f ecc5tric2 second1 by add+ lap to ! cut (f valve2 & ?ird by *ang+ ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric4 ,9 all ^! in/ances ! rid+ valve is caus$ to rea* ! edge ( ! /eam port e>li] 9 ! /roke4 ,we w take fir/1 z ! simple/1 ^? me?ods by :i* ! lap ( ! cut (f valve is increas$4 ,x w be not$ t !re is b "o edge ( ?is valve t is requir$ to d any "w1 & t is to close ! valve4 ,! ecc5trics are s plac$ t ! passage 9 ! ma9 valve is op5$ long be=e ! ma9 valve itself is ready to admit /eam to ! cyl9d]1 s t only ! out] edges are ! ones to be consid]$1 & x w be readily se5 t ! two valves travel+ 9 opposite directions1 any lap add$ to ! work+ edge ( ! cut (f valve w cause x to rea* ! edge & !re=e close ! port e>li] ?an x w\ld if !re 0 less lap4 ,& we might c>ry x to ! extreme t we c\ld add lap en\gh t ! /eam passage w\ld n be op5$ at all4 ,9 ,fig4 #b is %[n ! me?od by :i* ?is is accompli%$1 9 :at is call$ ,mey]'s valve1 & su* z is us$ 9 ! ,k5dall ,rob]ts eng9e4 ,we h only "o po9t to look aft]1 ! cut (f1 s we c add all ! lap we wi% )\t di/urb+ any?+ else4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! lap is *ang$ by h& by means ( a little h& :eel on a /em t ext5ds out ( ! re> ( ! /eam *e/4 ,! valve is 9 two sections1 & :5 x is desir$ to cut (f e>li]1 ! h& :eel is turn$ 9 su* a direction t ! "r & left h& screws controll+ ! cut (f valve move "o valve portion back & ! o!r =w>d1 :i* w\ld1 if !y 7 "o valve & !y %\ld be s consid]$1 h ! effect ( l5g!n+ !m1 or add+ lap to !m4 ,! result w\ld be t ! rid+ valve w\ld rea* ! edge ( ! /eam port e>li] 9 ! /roke1 br++ ab\t an e>li] cut (f4 ,if ! cut (f is desir$ to be lat]1 ! h& :eel is s turn$ t ! "r & left h& screws w br+ ! valve sections ne>] toge!r1 ?us practically tak+ (f lap4 ,n[ ?is may be done by h& or x may be done by ! action ( a gov]nor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! latt] case ! gov]nor at ea* *ange ( load turns ! "r & left h& screws to add or take away lap1 z ! load dem&s an e>li] or lat] cut (f2 9 o!r cases ! gov]nor moves a rack 9 me% ) a ge> by :i* ! valve sections are br\ght clos] toge!r or are sep>at$4 ,! difficulty ) ! case :]e ! h& :eel is turn$ by h& is t ! cut (f is fix$ :]e y leave x1 & gov]n+ c only be at ! ?rottle4 ,= ?is reason any:]e ne> full boil] pressure w\ld n be obta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,if ! load 0 a con/ant "o1 & ! cut (f c\ld be fix$ at ab\t "o-?ird1 caus+ ! ?rottle to op5 its wide/1 v good results w\ld be obta9$1 b !re is no m>g9 left = gov]n+4 ,if ! load %\ld increase at su* a "t ! gov]nor c\ld n control x "u ^! conditions1 & x w\ld lead to a decrease 9 spe$ unless ! lap 0 aga9 *ang$ to give a lat] cut (f4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! g5]al practice soon becomes to leave ! cut (f at ! lat] po9t & give range to ! ?rottle1 & we come back once m to ! pla9 slide valve cutt+ (f at half /roke1 & ! only ga9 !re is1 is 9 a quick port op5+ & quick cut (f4 ,b ^! matt]s are m ?an (fset by ! wire draw+ betwe5 ! /eam pipe & *e/1 ?r\gh ! ?rottle1 & ! fact t !re is add$ to ! friction ( ! eng9e ! friction ( ?is additional slide valve & a consid]able liability to h a leaky valve4 ,9 ! case :]e ! gov]nor *anges ! position ( ! cut (f valve a great] decree ( economy w\ld result4 ,9 ?is eng9e1 ( :i* ! ,lamb]tville eng9e is a type1 ! ma9 valve is a long ,d slide1 ) multiple ports at ! ends ?r\gh :i* ! /eam ent]s ! cyl9d]s4 ,x is op]at$ f an ecc5tric on ! crank %aft 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! cut (f valve is also op]at$ f ! motion on an ecc5tric fix$ ^u ! crank %aft4 ,! rod or /em ( ! cut (f valve passes ?r\gh ! ma9 valve rod & slide4 ,^u ! out] end ( ! cut (f valve rod are tappets fa/5$ to engage ) tappets on ! ecc5tric valve rod4 ,connection betwe5 ! cut (f ecc5tric1 !re=e1 & ! cut (f valve is only by means ( ! engagem5t ( ^! tappets4 ,! ecc5tric rod is fa/5$ to a rock] arm hav+ motion sw++ ab\t a p9 or be>+ 9 ! gov]nor slide1 :i* may be rais$ or l[]$ by a cam op]at$ by ! gov]nor4 ,! cut (f slide is ( cyl9drical %ape & incloses a spr+ & da% pot ) disks atta*$ by means ( :i* ! valve is clos$4 ,! motion = op]at+ ! valves is relatively 9 ! same direction1 ! cut (f ecc5tric hav+ ! greate/ ?r[ & great] angul> advance to cause x to op5 e>li] & quickly be=e ! ma9 valve is ready to admit /eam4 ,! cut (f ecc5tric rod sw++ ! rock] arm1 ! tappets !reon engage ) ^? ^u ! cut (f valve rod & op5 ! passages to ! ma9 valve1 & 9 _! movem5t compress ! spr+ 9 ! ma9 valve4 ,accord+ z ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 ! rock arm w be rais$ or l[]$ s t ! tappets ^u ! ecc5tric rod may keep 9 engagem5t a %ort] or long] "t be=e !y dis5gage1 ?us all[+ ! spr+ t has be5 compress$ by ! movem5t ( ! cut (f valve to close t valve quickly & ! supply ( /eam to ! eng9e1 ! cut (f valve travel+ ) ! ma9 valve = ! balance ( ! /roke4 ,?is device w give a rem>kably quick op5+ & a quick cut (f1 b 9 view ( ! fact t ! gov]nor has s mu* to d1 its delicacy is impair$ & a quick response to ! dem&s ( ! load *ang+ n s likely to occur4 ,! cut (f _c be z quick z 9 "s o!r eng9es1 because ! valves are mov+ 9 opposite directions1 & :ile ?is fact w\ld help1 s f> z %ort5+ ! di/ance to be travel$ be=e cut (f1 ! resi/ance ( ! valves to travel 9 opposite directions1 or r ! t5d5cy ( ! valve to travel ) ! ma9 valve1 h9d]s its rapid action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,?is is "o great objection to ! rack & ge> op]at$ by ! gov]nor1 t two flat valves rid+ ^u ea* o!r & slid+ 9 opposite directions at times require a consid]able am\nt ( =ce to move !m1 & z only a slight *ange 9 load is requir$ by ! load1 ! gov]nor _c h&le ! "w z delicately z x %\ld4 ,x is too mu* = ! gov]nor to d well4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ! ,ryd] cut-(f1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 0 made by ! ,delamat] p1 ( ,new ,york4 ,! ma9 slide valve is holl[$ 9 ! back & ! ports cut diagonally across ! valve to =m almo/ a lett] ,v4 ,! expansion valve is ,v-%ap$1 & circul> to fit its circul>-seat4 ,! valve rod ( ! expansion valve has a sector ^u x & op]at$ by a ge> ^u ! gov]nor /em1 :i* rotates ! valve rod1 & ! edge ( ! valve rod is br\ght f>!r ov] ! /eam port1 ?us practically add+ lap to ! valve4 ,little movem5t is f\nd necess>y to make ! ord9>y *ange 9 cut-(f1 & x is f\nd to be mu* easi] to move ! rid+ valve across ! valve ?an 9 a direction directly opposite4 ,x w\ld require consid]able =ce to move ! upp] valve by ! gov]nor fa/] ?an ! l[]1 or 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* x is mov+1 b v little =ce appli$ sideways at ! same "t x is mov+ =w>d w give x a sideways motion4 ,9 ?is device ! gov]nor has only to ex]t ?is side pressure & !re=e has less to d ?an if x 7 call$ ^u to move ! upp] valve directly aga9/ ! movem5t ( ! l[]4 ,some?+ simil> is ! valve ( ! ,woodbury eng9e1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,! cut-(f valve is cyl9drical1 cov]+ diagonal ports directly opposite1 & is caus$ to be rotat$ by ! action ( ! gov]nor t op]ates a rack 9 me% ) a segm5t4 ,v little movem5t w effect a consid]able *ange 9 ! lappage ( ! valve1 ! valve turn+ ab\t "o-qu>t] a revolution = ! extremes ( cut (f4 ,! cut (f valve rod works ?r\gh a bracket & its end t]m9ates 9 a ball 9 a socket on ! end ( ! ecc5tric rod4 ,9 ?is case ! gov]nor has n z mu* to d z 9 o!r in/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,/ill ano!r me?od ( effect+ ?is *ange 9 cut (f1 b h>dly by increas+ ! lap ( ! valve1 is %[n 9 ! next draw+1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! cut (f valve is held ^u ! ma9 valve by ! pressure ( /eam ^u its back & rides ) x until x comes 9 contact ) ! cut (f w$ge-%ap$ blocks1 :5 its motion is arre/$1 & ! ma9 valve cont9u+ its movem5t ! /eam port is clos$ by ! ma9 valve pass+ b5ea? ! cut (f valve4 ,?us ! ma9 valve travels & c>ries ! cut (f valve ^u its back aga9 until ! cut (f valve /rikes ! w$ge on ! o!r end & ! cut (f is effect$4 ,! relative positions ( ! blocks are det]m9$ by ! gov]nor1 t w raise or l[] !m s t ! cut (f valve w engage ) !m e>li] or lat] z desir$4 ,?is device 0 design$ specially z an inexp5sive me?od ( *ang+ ! common slide valve into an automatic cut (f4 ,! cut (f w\ld n be z quick z 9 o!r cases we h cit$1 dep5d+ "h ^u ! movem5t ( ! l[] valve alone1 & t1 too1 is 9 its sl[e/ movem5t2 :]eas 9 ! o!r cases1 ! edges approa*+ ea* o!r1 by ! diff]+ movem5t ( ! valves ! cut (f is v rapid1 provid$ ! di/ance to travel is n long4 ,9 ?is device consid]able noise mu/ result by ! cut (f valve /rik+ ! cut (f blocks1 & a consid]able am\nt ( leakage is likely to occur pa/ ?is valve4 ,b !re is "o great objection 9 ! valve ge>s ?us f> cit$1 t ! travel ( ! expansion valve ^u ! ma9 valve is v>iable4 ,i h 9 m9d ! case ( a ,k5dall ,rob]ts eng9e1 :i* _h be5 run = a long "t at no bett] economy ?an w\ld be obta9$ f a pla9 slide valve eng9e1 & :5 x 0 attempt$ to get an e>li] cut (f by sep>at+ ! two cut (f valves1 !y _h worn s mu* 9 _! old place on ! valve t %\ld]s 7 f\nd suffici5t to cause a disagreeable noise & a leaky valve4 ,?is is v apt to occur1 n only :]e ! valve is run = a long "t on "o seat1 b 9 cases ( v>iation ( ! travel ( ! expansion valve4 ,! result is t a *ange w br+ ab\t a leaky valve1 some?+ t e eng9e] abhors4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,buckeye eng9e1 :i* is also ( ?is type1 is su* t ! travel ( ! valve on ! back ( ! ma9 valve is always ! same1 no matt] :at ! cut (f may be4 ,!n ?is eng9e makes use ( our second proposition z a means ( effect+ ! cut (f1 viz41 by advanc+ ! ecc5tric4 ,y w readily obs]ve t any?+ t w cause ! cut (f valve to rea* a c]ta9 po9t e>li] 9 ! /roke w br+ ab\t an e>li] cut (f z x ha/5s ev]y?+ all ar\nd4 ,?is is ! plan pursu$ 9 ! ,buckeye1 9 :i* ! gov]nor1 ( ! %aft type1 turns ! ecc5tric =w>d or back accord+ z ! load dem&s4 ,!n1 9 addition1 ! valve is balanc$ p>tially1 ! attempt n be+ made to produce an absolutely balanc$ valve1 on ! gr\nd t !re %\ld be friction en\gh to keep ! surfaces bright & to prev5t leakage4 ,! mo/ p]fect valve w1 ( c\rse1 be entirely balanc$ "u all conditions ( pressure s z to move ) p]fect ease4 ,) ! rid+ cut (f valve 9 connection ) ! pla9 slide valve1 ?is is n accompli%$1 & x does n matt] :e!r x is p>tially unbalanc$ to prev5t leakage or n1 ! fact t x is n entirely balanc$ prev5ts x rea*+ ! ideal valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,?is valve1 ,fig4 #e1 diff]s f ! o!rs also 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t ! exhau/ takes place at ! end ( ! valve in/ead ( "u ! ar*4 ,two ecc5trics are us$1 ! "o = ! ma9 valve be+ fa/5$ to ! %aft & ! o!r rid+ loosely ^u x & connect$ to ! fly :eel gov]nor1 by :i* x may be turn$ =w>d or back z ! load requires4 ,! ?ree po9ts ( lead1 or admission & exhau/ & compression1 are fix$ & indep5d5t ( ! *anges & cut (f4 ,! motion ( ! ma9 ecc5tric is giv5 to a rock] arm1 ! pivot ( :i* is at ! bottom1 & f ! upp] end ! valve rod transf]s ! motion to ! valve )\t rev]s+ ! motion1 z is done sometimes 9 ! slide valve to ov]come ! effects ( ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! action ( ! rock] arm1 !re=e1 s f> z ! ma9 valve 9 ! ,buckeye is conc]n$1 is no diff]5t ?an t :i* w\ld occur if no rock] arm int]v5$4 ,! motion ( ! cut (f ecc5tric1 ?r\gh its ecc5tric rod1 is giv5 to a rock] rock+ 9 a be>+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! ma9 rock] arm 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! motion ( ?is ecc5tric is rev]s$1 s f> z ! cut (f valve is conc]n$1 & :5 ! cut (f ecc5tric is mov+ =w>d1 ! cut (f valve is be+ pu%$ back4 ,! ma9 valve rod is holl[1 & ! cut (f valve rod passes ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,! cut (f ecc5tric c be plac$ 9 any position to cause x to cut (f z desir$1 & by draw+ ! valve =w>d1 by increas+ ! angul> advance ( ! ecc5tric1 ! cut (f valve is caus$ to rea* & cov] ! /eam passage 9 ! ma9 valve e>li] 9 ! /roke4 ,in/ead ( be+ ahead ( ! crank1 ! ma9 ecc5tric 9 ?is arrangem5t foll[s ! crank1 on acc\nt ( ! exhau/ & /eam edges be+ exactly opposite f ^? 9 ! ord9>y slide4 ,:at is ! /eam edge ( ! common slide is 9 ?is ! exhau/ edge1 & :at is ! exhau/ edge 9 ! common valve is ! /eam edge 9 ?is "o4 ,! valve1 !re=e1 mu/ be mov$ 9 ! opposite direction f :at is ord9>ily ! case1 ! ma9 ecc5tric be+ n #ij deg4 beh9d ! crank4 ,x has a rapid & full op5+ j ! same1 = x is at ?is po9t beh9d ! crank1 or ahead ( x1 t ! ecc5tric gives to ! valve its quicke/ movem5t1 or betwe5 ! ecc5tric dead c5t]s4 ,! cut (f ecc5tric is consid]ably ahead ( ! ma9 ecc5tric1 & ab\t ev5 ) ! crank4 ,if x 0 n = ! rev]sal ( motion ( ! cut (f valve ?r\gh ! rock] arm ?is ecc5tric w\ld be ab\t 9 l9e ) ! crank1 b on ! o!r end4 ,! movem5t ( ! cut (f valve1 !re=e1 at ! "t ( port op5+ is v little1 be+ ab\t on its dead c5t]1 pass+ :i*1 x imm$iately comm5ces to close4 ,! object ( ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! rock] arm1 & ! pivot = ! cut (f rock] be+ plac$ !reon1 is to provide equal travel on ! back ( ! ma9 valve1 no matt] :at ! cut (f4 ,i h already expla9$1 9 connection ) ! slide valve1 t advanc+ ! ecc5tric does n *ange ! movem5t ( ! valve on its seat1 b simply its relation to ! movem5t ( ! pi/on4 ,y w see t ?is is un*ang$ z us+ ! ma9 valve z a seat or any o!r seat4 ,if ! ma9 valve 0 to rema9 /ation>y1 & only ! cut (f valve to be op]at$ by its ecc5tric1 ! movem5t ( ?is cut (f valve on a c]ta9 plane w\ld be ! same = all positions ( ! ecc5tric4 ,mov+ ! ma9 slide does n affect ! matt] 9 any way1 = x moves at ! same "t ! pivot ( ! cut (f1 & :ile ! cut (f seat has assum$ a diff]5t position ) ref]5ce to ! eng9e1 x is /ill z ?\gh /ation>y s f> z ! cut (f valve is conc]n$4 ,?is is ! object ( ?is peculi> con/ruction1 & n1 z "s eng9e]s suppose1 simply to make an odd way ( do+ ?+s4 ,& ! object ( x all is to give at all cut (fs ! same am\nt ( travel1 s t !re might be no unequal we> to br+ ab\t a leak1 to prev5t :i* a p]fect balanc+ has be5 sacrific$4 ,ref]r+ to ! valve & ?is eng9e z to h[ x w satisfy our requirem5ts ( a p]fect valve ge>1 we f9d t ! fir/ requirem5t ( a rapid & full op5+ is met1 9 t ! op5+ occurs :5 ! ma9 ecc5tric is mov+ v rapidly1 yet n its fa/e/1 & :ile ?is op5+ w be v satisfactory1 x is n s rapid an op5+ z is obta9$ 9 "s o!r =ms ( valves & valve ge>s1 b ?is c\ld be ov]come v readily by increas+ ! lead a trifle1 & 9 my exp]i5ce ) ^! eng9es ,i f9d t ! practice is v g5]al by eng9e]s & by build]s !mselves to give !m a consid]able am\nt ( lead4 ,z to ! second requirem5t1 ! ma9t5ance ( initial pressure until cut (f1 giv+ a /raight /eam l9e1 c>ds f ?is eng9e w n be f\nd to %[ t ! eng9e satisfies ?is requirem5t1 & = ?is reason1 t ! cut-(f valve comm5ces to close ! port imm$iately aft] ! pi/on comm5ces to move4 ,! cut (f ecc5tric y w rememb] is set to move ) ! crank or v ne>ly s1 & ! light] ! load1 ! great] w ?is fact appe>4 ,= ! lighte/ loads ! gov]nor places ! ecc5tric 9 advance ( ! crank1 s t ! cut (f valve w comm5ce to close ! port be=e /eam is admitt$ by ! ma9 valve to ! eng9e4 ,n[1 ! lat] ! cut (f1 ! less w ?is wire draw+ appe> at fir/1 & ! %ort] ! cut (f1 ! am\nt ( wire draw+ increases s5sibly4 ,! op]ation ( ! valve1 !re=e1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 _c be consid]$ z meet+ our requirem5t t ! port %all be held op5 full wid? until ready to be clos$4 ,_m m5 claim = ?is eng9e t ! clos+ occurs :5 ! cut (f ecc5tric is mov+ its fa/e/4 ,?is is a fact1 & if we consid] ! po9t ( cut (f only to be ! po9t ( absolute cut (f1 ! cut (f mu/ be in/antane\s1 = !re is an in/antane\s po9t :]e ! cut (f is f9al only to be consid]$4 ,! reason+ appli$ "h w\ld hold good also to a less ext5t on ! slide valve1 b is n ! po9t ( absolute cut (f4 ,we want to note h[ long x is f ! "t ! valve comm5ces to close at all until f9ally clos$1 &1 z ,i h %[n y1 ?is is consid]able 9 ?is eng9e4 ,ref]r+ to ! po9t ( cut (f f9ally1 x is det]m9$ ^u by a gov]nor ( ! fly :eel type4 ,! ecc5tric is loose ab\t ! %aft1 & arms project+ !refrom are connect$ by o!r arms to ! extremity ( an arm ^u :i* is m\nt$ a weight1 & :i* is atta*$ to ! spokes ( ! fly :eel1 or special gov]nor :eel 9 ?is case1 & :i* is fa/5$ to ! crank %aft4 ,z ! spe$ increases ?r\gh ?r[+ (f a portion ( ! load ! gov]nor weights fly out1 & ?is movem5t is transf]r$ ?r\gh ! lev] connections to ! ecc5tric1 caus+ x to be turn$ ahead1 & ! mann] ha/5+ ! movem5t ( ! cut (f valve on its seat & caus+ x to rea* & cov] ! edge ( ! /eam port e>li] 9 ! /roke4 ,?is eng9e 0 ! pione] 9 gov]nors ( ?is "*1 ! advantage be+1 9 addition to its necessity = ! "w ( turn+ ! ecc5tric ahead or back1 t ! liability ( ! eng9e to run away1 z v (t5 happ5s f ! break+ ( ! gov]nor belt or a simil> cause1 0 n possible4 ,! cut (f valve has a travel consid]ably beyond ! edge ( ! /eam passage aft] ! valve is clos$1 & ?is has "o advantage1 t ! valve is less liable to leak1 & to ?is mu/ be add$ ! loss f ! friction ( ?is mov+ valve1 & mov+ too 9 opposition to ! ma9 valve4 ,9 our p]fect valve1 z we outl9$ x1 ! valve does n move aft] ! port is clos$4 ,! exhau/+ functions ( ! valve are v good1 giv+ a quick op5+ & a full op5+1 because ?is op5+ occurs :5 ! ecc5tric is mov+ its fa/e/4 ,! eng9e also possesses a di/9ct advantage 9 hav+ rem>kably small cle>ance spaces4 ,! l5g? ( ! /eam passage is v small 9 comp>ison ) any =m ( eng9e1 & hav+ b two ports in/ead ( f\r1 z 9 ! ,corliss & f\r valve type4 ,9 ^! !re mu/ be includ$ 9 ! cle>ance1 t to ! exhau/ port z well z ! /eam port1 add+ a consid]able am\nt :]e ! pi/on comes close to ! head4 ,z ! eng9es leave ! mak]'s h& ! eng9es are provid$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( lap to give pl5ty ( compression1 b are1 ( c\rse1 capable ( hav+ m add$ to increase compression1 or "s plan$ (f to decrease x4 ,"o ( ! peculi> ?+s ab\t ?is eng9e is ! failure to realize any:]e ne> boil] pressure1 noticeable 9 e case t has come "u my notice4 ,! consid]able lead gives x = an in/ant1 b x soon falls away1 indicat+ ! /eam *e/ pressure only by a peak at ! junction ( ! admission & /eam l9es4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t ! cut (f valve comm5ces clos+ ! /eam passage s soon aft] /eam is admitt$1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> does n satisfy ! requirem5ts ( a p]fect valve4 ,!re is ?is ab\t ! eng9e1 t above all o!rs ( ?is type !re has come "u my notice few] eng9es ( ?is type ) a maladju/m5t ( valves f tamp]+ by incompet5t eng9e]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,explosives4 ,an app>atus1 devis$ by ,horsley1 0 us$1 :i* consi/$ ( an iron /& ) a r+ support hold+ a hemisph]ical iron vessel1 9 :i* p>aff9 or t9 0 put4 ,above ?is 0 ano!r movable support1 f :i* a !rmomet] 0 susp5d$ & s adju/$ t its bulb 0 imm]s$ 9 molt5 mat]ial 9 ! iron vessel4 ,a ?9 copp] c>tridge case1 #e_/h 94 9 diamet] & #a-e_/af 94 long1 0 susp5d$ ov] ! ba? by means ( a triangle1 s t ! end ( ! case 0 #a 94 bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,on beg9n+ ! exp]im5t ! mat]ial 9 ! ba? 0 heat$ to j above ! melt+ po9t1 ! !rmomet] 0 ins]t$ 9 x1 & a m9ute quantity ( ! explosive 0 plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! c>tridge case4 ,! temp]ature m>k$ by ! !rmomet] 0 not$ z ! initial temp]ature1 ! c>tridge case conta9+ ! explosive 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ba?1 & ! temp]ature quickly rais$ until ! explosive fla%$ (f or explod$1 :5 ! temp]ature m>k$ by ! !rmomet] 0 aga9 not$ z ! fir+ po9t4 ,! tables giv5 %[ ! results ( ab\t six exp]im5ts ) ea* explosive4 ,! initial temp]atures range f #fe to #bhj ,c4 9 "s cases1 b z ! fir+ po9ts rema9$ fairly con/ant1 only ! extremes ( ! latt] are quot$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,description ( ,explosive4 ,fir+ ,po9t 9 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,compress$ milit>y gun-cotton4 #ahf - #bja ,air-dri$ milit>y gun-cotton4 #agi - #ahf #ahf - #ahi #acg - #aci #aed - #afa ,gun-cotton dri$ at #fe ,c4 #acf - #ada ,air-dri$ collodion gun-cotton4 #ahf - #aia #aig - #aii #aic - #aie ,air-dri$ gun-cotton4 #aib - #aig #aid - #aii ,hydro-nitrocellulose4 #bja - #bac ,nitroglyc]94 #bjc - #bje ,kieselghur dynamite4 ,no4 #a4 #aig - #bjj ,explosive gelat94 #bjc - #bji ,explosive gelat91 camphorat$4 #agd - #ahb ,m]cury fulm9ate4 #age - #aha ,gunp[d]4 #bgh - #bhg ,hill's picric p[d]4 #bgc - #bhc #bgc - #bij ,=cite1 ,no4 #a4 #ahd - #bjj ,atlas p[d]1 #ge p] c5t4 #age - #ahe ,emm5site1 ,no4 #a4 #afg - #ahd ,emm5site1 ,no4 #b4 #afe - #agg ,emm5site1 ,no4 #e4 #bje - #bag ---------------------------------------- --------------- --,c4,e4 ,munroe1 ,j4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/ation ,,= ,,te/+ ,,agricultural ,,ma*9es4 ,! m9i/] ( agriculture has rec5tly e/abli%$ a special laboratory = te/+ agricultural mat]iel4 ,?is e/abli%m5t1 :i* is z yet b little kn[n1 is de/9$ to r5d] ! greate/ s]vices to manufactur]s & cultivators4 ,9 fact1 agriculture n[ has rec\rse to physics & me*anics z well z to *emi/ry4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re 7 agricultural laboratories ^: mission x 0 to fix ! *oice ( ! cultivator ^u su* or su* a se$ or f]tiliz]1 !re 0 no (ficial e/abli%m5t design$ to in=m him z to ! value ( ma*9es1 ! models ( :i* are (t5 v num]\s4 ,*emical advice 0 to be _h1 b me*anical advice 0 want+4 ,x is su* a want t has j be5 suppli$4 ,^u ! report pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,tiss]&1 director ( agriculture1 a m9i/]ial decree ( ! #bd? ( ,janu>y1 #ahhh1 ord]$ ! e/abli%m5t ( an exp]im5tal /ation4 ,mr4 ,r+elmann1 pr(essor ( rural eng9e]+ at ! s*ool ( ,grignon1 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! in/allation ( x1 & 0 appo9t$ its director4 ,he imm$iately began to look ar\nd = a site1 & on ! #ag? ( ,decemb]1 #ahhh1 ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is1 tak+ into consid]ation ! value ( su* an e/abli%m5t to ! city's indu/ries1 decid$ t a plot ( gr\nd ( an area ( #c1cji squ>e met]s1 situat$ on ,j5n] ,/reet1 %\ld be put at ! disposal ( ! m9i/] ( agriculture = fifte5 ye>s = ! e/abli%m5t !reon ( a trial /ation4 ,?is l&1 bord]+ on a v wide /reet & easy ( access1 opposite ! municipal build+s1 (f]s1 ?r\gh its area1 its situation1 & its neigborhood1 indisputable advantages4 ,a f5ce #gj met]s 9 ext5t surr\nds ! /ation4 ,an iron gate op5s ^u a pav$ pa? t ends at ! /ation4 ,! ye> #ahhi 0 devot$ to ! in/allation1 & ! /ation is n[ 9 full op]ation4 ,! te/s t c be made "h are _m1 & conc]n all k9ds ( app>atus1 ev5 ^? connect$ ) ! electric light+ t ! agriculturi/ may employ to facilitate 8 exploitation4 ,h[ev]1 ! te/s t are (t5e/ made are 7#a7 ( rot>y app>atus1 su* z mills1 ?ra%+ ma*9es1 etc42 7#b7 ( traction ma*9es1 su* z wagons1 c>ts1 pl[s1 etc42 & 7#c7 ( lift+ app>atus4 ,x is possible1 also1 to make exp]im5ts on ! resi/ance ( mat]ials4 ,! exp]im5tal hall conta9s a #g horse p[] gas motor1 dynamomet]s ) automatic regi/]+ app>atus1 c\nt]s1 balances1 etc4 ,a small ma*9e %op conta9s a la!1 a =ge1 a drill+ ma*9e1 etc4 ,! ma9 %aft is #ab met]s 9 l5g? & is #g c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,x is support$ at a di/ance ( "o met] f ! floor by f\r pill[ blocks1 & is =m$ ( ?ree sections unit$ by movable c\pl+ boxes4 ,out ( ^! #ab met]s1 #i are 9 ! hall & #c ext5d beyond ! hall to an annex1 #ad met]s 9 l5g? & #d 9 wid?1 9 :i* te/s are made ( ma*9es ^: op]ation creates du/4 ,:5 ! ma*9es to be te/$ require m ?an ! p[] ( sev5 horses t ! motor gives1 ! p]sons int]e/$ furni% a movable eng9e1 :i*1 plac$ "u ! annex1 actuates ! driv+ %aft4 ,alongside ( ! ma9 build+ !re is a r+ = exp]im5t+ ^u ma*9es actuat$ by a horse :im4 ,!re w soon be erect$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! gr\nds an #ah met] t[] = exp]im5ts on pumps4 ,plat=ms spac$ #e met]s ap>t1 a crane at ! top1 & "s gaug+ app>atus w complete ?is hydraulic in/allation4 ,! equipm5t ( ! hall is v complete1 & is fitt$ = all k9ds ( exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ation ,,= ,,te/+ ,,agricultural ,,ma*9es--,,dynamomet] ,,= ,,te/+ ,,rot>y ,,ma*9es4 ,! te/s ( rot>y ma*9es are made by means ( a dynamomet] 7see figure74 ,two fa/ pulleys & "o loose pulley are int]pos$ betwe5 ! ma*9e to be te/$ & ! motor4 ,! pulley connect$ ) ! motor c>ries along ! "o connect$ ) ! ma*9e1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( spr+ plates1 ^: /r5g? v>ies ) ! nature ( ! app>atus to be te/$4 ,! great] or less elongation ( ^! plates gives ! tang5tial /ress ex]t$ by ! driv+ pulley to c>ry along ! pulley t actuates ! ma*9e to be te/$4 ,?is elongation is regi/]$ by means ( a p5cil connect$ ) ! spr+ plates1 & :i* draws a diagram ^u a %eet ( pap]4 ,at ! same "t1 a special totaliz] gives ! /ress 9 kilogrammet]s4 ,besides1 ! pulley %aft actuates a revolution c\nt]1 & a clock measures ! "t employ$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a simultane\s />t+ & /opp+ po9t = all ^! app>atus1 !y are connect$ electrically1 &1 ?r\gh ! maneuv] ( a commutator1 are all controll$ at once4 ,! electric curr5t is furni%$ by two s]ies ( bi*romate batt]ies4 ,! te/s ( traction ma*9es are effect$ by means ( a ?ree-:eel$ vehicle c>ry+ a dynamomet]4 ,! front :eel is capable ( turn+ freely 9 ! horizontal plane1 & ! dynamomet] is m\nt$ ^u a frame provid$ ) a screw t p]mits ( regulat+ its position accord+ to ! slope ( ! gr\nd4 ,! me?od ( susp5sion ( ! dynamomet] all[s x to take automatically ! incl9ation ( ! l9e ( traction )\t any torsion ( ! plates4 ,!re are two models ( ?is vehicle1 "o design$ to be drawn by a man1 & ! o!r by a horse4 ,! /ation is provid$1 9 addition1 ) regi/]+ pressure gauges1 a l>ge d\ble dynamometric indicator1 a c\nt] ( electricity1 balances ( precision1 etc4 ,an app>atus design$ = measur+ ! r5d]+ ( presses is n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,al?\gh ! /ation has be5 9 op]ation only f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 tw5ty-five ma*9es h already be5 pres5t$ to be te/$4--,extract f ,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat] ,,s(t5+ ,,& ,,purify+ ,,app>atus4 ,we h rec5tly _h br\ght "u our notice a sy/em ( wat] & sewage purification :i* appe>s to possess sev]al sub/antial advantages4 ,*ief among ^! are simplicity 9 con/ruction & op]ation1 economy 9 fir/ co/ & work+ & effici5cy 9 action4 ,?is sy/em is ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,slack ,br[nl[1 ( ,cann+ ,works1 ,upp] ,m$lock ,/reet1 ,man*e/]1 & ! app>atus adopt$ 9 c>ry+ x out is "h illu/rat$4 ,x consi/s ( an iron cyl9drical tank hav+ inside a s]ies ( plates arrang$ 9 a spiral direction ar\nd a fix$ c5t]1 & slop+ d[nw>d at a consid]able angle outw>d4 ,! wat] to be purifi$ & s(t5$ fl[s ?r\gh ! l>ge inlet tube to ! bottom1 mix+ on its way ) ! necess>y *emicals1 & ent]+ ! app>atus at ! bottom1 rises to ! top1 pass+ spirally r\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce1 & deposit+ on ! plates all solids & impurities4 ,all t is ne$$ 9 ! way ( att5tion1 ev5 :5 deal+ ) sewage1 or ! mo/ pollut$ wat]s1 is /at$ to be ! mix+ 9 ! small tanks ! necess>y *emical reag5ts1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! work+ day2 & at ! close ( ! day ! op5+ ( ! mud cocks %[n 9 our engrav+1 to remove ! collect$ deposit ^u ! plates4 ,= ! pa/ six mon?s ?is sy/em has be5 9 op]ation at a dye works 9 ,man*e/]1 successfully purify+ & s(t5+ ! f\l wat]s ( ! riv] ,m$lock4 ,x is /at$ t #hd1jjj gallons p] day c be easily purifi$ by an app>atus #g feet 9 diamet]4 ,! *emicals us$ are *iefly lime1 soda1 & alum9a1 & ! co/ ( treatm5t is /at$ to v>y f a f>?+ to twop5ce p] #a1jjj gallons1 accord+ to ! degree ( impurity ( ! wat] or sewage treat$4 ,! results ( work+ at ,man*e/] %[ t all ! visible fil? is remov$ f ! ,m$lock's inky wat]s1 besides :i* ! h>dness ( ! wat] is r$uc$ to ab\t #f f a normal condition ( ab\t #cj4 ,! efflu5t is fit = all ! v>i$ uses ( a dye works1 & is /at$ to be p]fectly capable ( su/a9+ fi% life4 ,) results su* z ^! ! sy/em %\ld h a promis+ future be=e x 9 respect ( sewage treatm5t1 z well z ! purification & s(t5+ ( wat] g5]ally = indu/rial & manufactur+ purposes4--,iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat] ,,s(t5+ ,,& ,,purify+ ,,app>atus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,trisection ,,( ,,any ,,angle4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,r4 ,,honey1 ,ph4,b41 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,! foll[+ analysis %[s t ) ! aid ( an hyp]bola any arc1 & !re=e any angle1 may be trisect$4 ,if ! read] %\ld n c>e to foll[ ! analytical "w1 ! con/ruction is describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph--ref]r+ to ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,let a b c d 7,fig4 ,i47 be ! arc subt5d+ a giv5 angle4 ,draw ! *ord a d & bisect x at o4 ,?r\gh o draw e f p]p5dicul> to a d4 ,we wi% to f9d ! locus ( a po9t c ^: di/ance f a giv5 /raight l9e e f is "o-half ! di/ance f a giv5 po9t d4 ,9 ord] to write ! equation ( ?is curve1 ref] x to ! co-ord9ate axes a d 7axis ( ,x7 & e f 7axis ( ,y71 int]sect+ at ! orig9 o4 ,let g c x ,!re=e1 f ! def9ition c d #bx ,let o d ,d ,h5ce h d ,d-x ,let c h y ,h5ce 7#bx7 y 7,d-x7 or #dx y ,d-#b;,dx x ,h5ce y-#cx ,d-#b;,dx o ,i4 ,?is is ! equation ( an hyp]bola ^: c5t] is on ! axis ( abscisses4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! position ( ! c5t]1 elim9ate ! x t]m1 & f9d ! di/ance f ! orig9 o to a new orig9 o'4 ,let ,e di/ance f o to o' ,h5ce x x' ,e ,sub/itut+ ?is value ( x 9 equation ,i4 y-#c7x' ,e7 ,d-#b;,d7x' ,e7 o or y-#cx-#f;,ex'-#c;,e ,d-#b;,dx'-#b;,,de o ,,ii4 ,9 ?is equation ! x' t]ms %\ld disappe>4 ,h5ce -#f;,ex' - #b;,dx' o ,h5ce -,e - ,d_/#c ,t is1 ! di/ance f ! orig9 o to ! new orig9 or ! c5t] ( ! hyp]bola o' is equal to "o-?ird ( ! di/ance f o to d2 & ! m9us sign indicates t ! measurem5t %\ld be laid (f to ! left ( ! orig9 o4 ,sub/itut+ ?is value ( ,e 9 equation ,,ii41 & omitt+ acc5ts-- ,we h y - #cx #b;,dx - ,d_/#c ,d - #b;,dx #b;,d_/#c o ,h5ce y - #cx - #d;,d_/#c ,illu/ration3 ,fig ,i ,illu/ration3 ,fig ,,ii ,?is is ! equation ( an hyp]bola ref]r$ to its c5t] o' z ! orig9 ( co-ord9ates4 ,to write x 9 ! ord9>y =m1 t is 9 t]ms ( ! transv]se & conjugate axes1 multiply ea* t]m by ,c1 i4e41 ,let _/,c semi-transv]se axis4 ,,tex3 sqrt,c textsemi-transv]se axis4 ,?us ,cy - #c;,cx - #d;,,cd_/#c4 ,,iii4 ,:5 9 ?is =m ! product ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! x & y t]ms %\ld be equal to ! rema9+ t]m4 ,t is #c;,c - #d;,,cd_/#c4 ,h5ce ,c #d;,d_/#i4 ,& equation ,,iii4 becomes3 #d;,d #d;,d #af;,d#d ----- y - ----- x - --------- #i #c #bg ,,tex3 frac#d;,d#bi y#b - frac#d;,d#bc x#b -frac#af;,d#dbg _/ #d;,d #b;,d ,! semi-transv]se axis _/ ----- ---- #i #c ,,tex3 text,! semi-transv]se axis sqrtfrac#d;,d#bi frac#b;,d#c _/ #d;,d #b;,d ,! semi-conjugate axis _/ ----- ----- #c _/ #c ,,tex3 text,! semi-conjugate axis sqrtfrac#d;,d#bc frac#b;,dsqrt#c ,s9ce ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! curve to ei!r focus is equal to ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! semi-axes1 ! di/ance f o' to ei!r focus _/#d;,d #d;,d #d;,d _/ _/----- ----- ---- _/ #i #c #c ,,tex3 sqrtfrac#d;,d#bi frac#d;,d#bc frac#d;,d#c ,we c !re=e make ! foll[+ con/ruction 7,fig4 ,,ii47 ,draw a d ! *ord ( ! arc a c d4 ,trisect a d at o' & k4 ,produce d a to l1 mak+ a l a o' o' k k d4 ,) a k z a transv]se axis1 & l & d z foci1 con/ruct ! bran* ( ! hyp]bola k c c' c1 :i* w int]sect all arcs hav+ ! common *ord a d at c1 c'1 c1 etc41 mak+ ! arcs c d1 c' d1 c d1 etc41 respectively1 equal to "o-?ird ( ! arcs a c d1 a c' d1 a c d1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/ ,,c>d ,,h9ts4 ,by ,dr4 ,f4 ,,ogd5 ,,/\t4 ,i "k x is ! cu/om ) a great _m if n ! majority ( opticians to fit a cu/om] )\t kn[+ :e!r he has presbyopia1 hyp]metropia1 or any ( ! o!r errors ( refraction4 ,_! me?od is fir/ to try a convex1 & if ?is does n improve1 a concave1 etc41 until ! prop] "o is f\nd4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 am\nts to ! same ?+ if ! "r glass is f\nd4 ,b 9 practice x w be f\nd bo? "t sav+ & m satisfactory to fir/ decide ) :at error y h to deal4 ,x is v simple1 &1 :]e y h no o!r means ( diagnos+ 7su* z ! oph?almoscope71 x does away ) ! necessity ( try+ s _m l5ses be=e ! prop] "o is f\nd4 ,y %\ld h a di/ance te/ c>d plac$ at a di/ance ( tw5ty feet f ! p]son y are exam9+1 & 9 a good light4 ,a di/ance te/ c>d consi/s ( lett]s ( v>i\s sizes :i* x has be5 f\nd c be se5 at c]ta9 di/ances by p ) good vision4 ,?us ! l>ge/ lett] is m>k$ ) a cc1 mean+ t ?is %\ld be se5 at two hundr$ feet1 & ano!r l9e1 ,,xx1 at tw5ty feet1 :i* is ! prop] di/ance = te/+ vision = di/ance1 = ! reason t a normal eye is at re/ :5 look+ at any object tw5ty feet f x or beyond1 & ! rays com+ f x are p>allel & come to a focus on ! ret9a4 ,y mu/ also h a ne> vision te/ c>d ) l9es t %\ld be se5 by a normal eye f t5 to sev5ty-two in*es1 & a c>d ( radiat+ l9es = a/igmatism4 ,) ?is prep>ation y are ready to proce$4 ,to illu/rate1 ! fir/ cu/om] comes & tells y t up to six mon?s ago he _h v good vision1 b he f9ds n[ t1 especially at night1 he has tr\ble 9 read+ or writ+1 & t he f9ds he c see bett] a little f>!r away4 ,8 head a*es & eyes sm>t4 ,y w ( c\rse say t ?is is a v simple case4 ,x mu/ be old sight 7presbyopia74 ,probably x is if he is old en\gh 7#de71 b y mu/ prove ?is = y\rself1 )\t ask+ 8 age1 :i* is emb>rass+ 9 ! case ( a lady4 ,if y direct him to ! di/ance c>d tw5ty feet away1 & f9d t he c see e "o d[n to & includ+ ! "o m>k$ ,,xx1 8 vision is up to ! /&>d = di/ance1 & y "k t he c h no a/igmatism wor? correct+1 nor any ne> sight1 z bo? ( ^! affect vision = di/ance1 b he may h f> sight or old sight or bo? comb9$4 ,y mu/ f9d :i* x is4 ,if1 :ile he is /ill look+ at ! tw5ty-foot l9e1 y place 9 front ( ! eyes a weak convex & he tells y he sees j z well ) z )\t1 x proves ! exi/5ce ( f>-sight or hyp]metropia1 & ! /ronge/ convex t /ill leaves vision z good = di/ance z )\t any1 corrects ! manife/4 ,b if ! weak convex blurs x1 x %[s t !re is "s defect 9 focus+1 if ! ne> vision is bel[ normal4 ,y !re=e "k t y h a case ( old sight or presbyopia1 requir+ ! weake/ convex to correct x1 t w enable y\r cu/om] to see ! f9e/ l9e on ! ne> c>d at ! requir$ di/ance4 ,! next cu/om] t comes to be fitt$ ) glasses c only see ! l9e m>k$ ,,xl on ! di/ance c>d at #bj feet or ab\t "o-half ( :at he %\ld see1 :i* leads y to ?9k t !re is no f> sight1 = vision = di/ance is good except 9 v high degrees ( ?is error4 ,nor c !re be old-sight1 = vision = di/ance is good 9 old-sight until aft] ! fifty-fif? ye>1 b x c be ne> sight 7myopia7 or a/igmatism1 or bo?4 ,we next try ! ne> c>d & f9d t ev5 ! f9e/ l9e c be se5 cle>ly if held suffici5tly close to ! eyes4 ,we n[ "k t ?is is a case ( ne> sight1 & we mu/ fit !m ) glasses = di/ance4 ,! weake/ concave t w enable him to see ! l9e t %\ld be se5 on ! di/ance c>d at #bj feet is ! prop] "o to give him = use4--,! ,optician4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*>les ,,goodye>4 ,,*>les ,,goodye> 0 born 9 ,new ,hav51 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahjj4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,amasa ,goodye>1 & ! elde/ among six *ildr54 ,8 fa!r 0 q pr\d ( be+ a desc5dant ( ,/eph5 ,goodye>1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! colony ( ,new ,hav5 9 #afch4 ,amasa ,goodye> own$ a little f>m on ! neck ( l& 9 ,new ,hav5 :i* is n[ kn[n z ,oy/] ,po9t1 & x 0 "h t ,*>les sp5t ! e>lie/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he 0 q "y1 8 fa!r secur$ an int]e/ 9 a pat5t = ! manufacture ( ivory buttons1 & look+ = a conv5i5t location = a small mill1 settl$ at ,naugatuck1 ,conn41 :]e he made use ( ! valuable wat] p[] t is !re4 ,aside f 8 manufactur+1 ! eld] ,goodye> ran a f>m1 & betwe5 ! two l9es ( indu/ry kept "y ,*>les pretty busy4 ,9 #ahaf1 ,*>les left 8 home & w5t to ,philadelphia to le>n ! h>dw>e bus9ess4 ,he work$ at ?is v indu/ri\sly until he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 & !n1 return+ to ,connecticut1 ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) 8 fa!r at ! old /& 9 ,naugatuck1 :]e !y manufactur$ n only ivory & metal buttons1 b a v>iety ( agricultural implem5ts1 :i* 7 j beg9n+ to be appreciat$ by ! f>m]s4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #ahbd he 0 unit$ 9 m>riage ) ,cl>issa ,bee*]1 a woman ( rem>kable /r5g? ( "* & k9dness ( disposition1 & "o :o 9 aft] ye>s 0 ( ! greate/ assi/ance to ! impulsive inv5tor4 ,two ye>s lat] he remov$ aga9 to ,philadelphia1 & !re op5$ a h>dw>e /ore4 ,8 specialties 7 ! valuable agricultural implem5ts t 8 firm _h be5 manufactur+1 & aft] ! fir/ di/ru/ ( home made goods _h worn away--= all agricultural implem5ts 7 import$ f ,engl& at t "t--he f\nd himself e/abli%$ at ! head ( a successful bus9ess4 ,?is cont9u$ to increase until x seem$ b a "q ( a few ye>s until he w\ld be a v weal?y man4 ,betwe5 #ahbi & #ahcj he sudd5ly broke d[n 9 heal?1 be+ tr\bl$ ) dyspepsia4 ,at ! same "t came ! failure ( a numb] ( bus9ess h\ses t s]i\sly emb>rass$ 8 firm4 ,!y /ruggl$ on1 h[ev]1 = "s "t1 b 7 f9ally oblig$ to fail4 ,! t5 ye>s t foll[$ ?is 7 full ( ! bitt]e/ /ruggles & trials to ,goodye>4 ,"u ! law t !n exi/$ he 0 imprison$ "t aft] "t = debts1 ev5 :ile he 0 try+ to p]fect inv5tions t %\ld pay (f 8 indebt$ness4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahca & #ahcb he began to he> ab\t gum ela/ic & v c>efully exam9$ e article t appe>$ 9 ! newspap]s relative to ?is new mat]ial4 ,! ,roxbury ,rubb] ,company1 ( ,bo/on1 _h be5 = "s "t exp]im5t+ ) ! gum1 & believ+ t !y _h f\nd means = manufactur+ goods f x1 _h a l>ge plant & 7 s5d+ _! goods all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 "s ( _! goods t fir/ attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,soon aft] ?is ,goodye> visit$ ,new ,york1 & w5t at once to ! /ore ( ! ,roxbury ,rubb] ,company4 ,:ile !re1 he exam9$ ) consid]able c>e "s ( _! life pres]v]s1 & x /ruck him t ! tube us$ = inflation 0 n v p]fect4 ,he1 !re=e1 on 8 return to ,philadelphia1 made "s tubes & br\ght !m d[n to ,new ,york & %[$ !m to ! manag] ( ! ,roxbury ,rubb] ,company4 ,?is g5tlem5 0 s pleas$ ) ! +5uity t ,goodye> _h %[n 9 manufactur+ ^! tubes1 t he talk$ v freely ) him & confess$ to him t ! bus9ess 0 on ! v]ge ( ru91 t ! goods _h to be te/$ = a ye> be=e !y c\ld tell :e!r !y 7 p]fect or n1 & to _! surprise1 ?\s&s ( doll>s wor? ( goods t !y _h suppos$ 7 all "r 7 com+ back to !m1 ! gum hav+ rott$ & made !m s (f5sive t x 0 necess>y to bury !m 9 ! gr\nd to get !m out ( ! way4 ,goodye> at once made up 8 m9d to exp]im5t on ?is gum & see if he c\ld n ov]come its /ick9ess4 ,he1 !re=e1 return$ to ,philadelphia1 &1 z usual1 met a cr$itor1 :o _h him arre/$ & ?r[n into prison4 ,:ile !re1 he tri$ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts ) ,india rubb]4 ,! gum 0 v *eap !n1 & by heat+ x & work+ x 9 8 h&s1 he manag$ to incorporate 9 x a c]ta9 am\nt ( magnesia :i* produc$ a beautiful :ite comp\nd & appe>$ to take away ! /ick9ess4 ,he !re=e ?\ght he _h discov]$ ! secret1 & ?r\gh ! k9dness ( fri5ds 0 put 9 ! way ( fur!r p]fect+ 8 inv5tion at a little place 9 ,new ,hav54 ,! fir/ ?+ t he made "h 0 %oes1 & he us$ 8 own h\se = gr9d+ room1 cal5d] room1 & vulcaniz+ dep>tm5t1 & 8 wife & *ildr5 help$ to make up ! goods4 ,8 comp\nd at ?is "t 0 ,india rubb]1 lampblack1 & magnesia1 ! :ole dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e & spread ^u ! flannel clo? :i* s]v$ z ! l9+ = ! %oes4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e he discov]$ t ! gum1 ev5 treat$ ?is way1 became /icky1 & !n ^? :o _h suppli$ ! money = ! fur!rance ( ^! exp]im5ts1 completely disc\rag$1 made up _! m9ds t !y c\ld g no fur!r1 & s told ! inv5tor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,goodye>4 ,he1 h[ev]1 _h no m9d to /op "h 9 8 exp]im5ts1 b1 sell+ 8 furniture & plac+ 8 family 9 a quiet bo>d+ place1 he w5t to ,new ,york1 & !re1 9 an attic1 help$ by a fri5dly druggi/1 cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,8 next /ep 9 ?is l9e 0 to comp\nd ! rubb] ) magnesia & !n boil x 9 quicklime & wat]4 ,?is appe>$ to really solve ! problem1 & he made "s beautiful goods4 ,at once x 0 nois$ abroad t ,india rubb] _h be5 s treat$ t x lo/ its /ick9ess1 & he receiv$ m$als & te/imonials & seem$ on ! high road to success1 till "o day he notic$ t a drop ( weak acid1 fall+ on ! clo?1 neutraliz$ ! alkali1 & imm$iately ! rubb] 0 s(t aga94 ,to see ?is1 ) 8 k ( :at rubb] %\ld d1 prov$ to him at once t 8 process 0 n a successful "o4 ,he !re=e cont9u$ exp]im5t+1 & aft] prep>+ 8 mixtures 9 8 attic 9 ,new ,york1 w\ld walk ?ree miles to ! mill ( a ,mr4 ,pike1 at ,gre5wi* village1 & !re try v>i\s exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! l9e ( ^!1 he discov]$ t rubb]1 dipp$ 9 nitric acid1 =m$ a surface cure1 & he made a great _m goods ) ?is acid cure :i* 7 spok5 (1 & :i* ev5 receiv$ a lett] ( comm5dation f ,&rew ,jackson4 ,! con/ant & v>i$ exp]im5ts t ,goodye> w5t ?r\gh ) affect$ 8 heal? m or less1 & at "o "t he came v ne> be+ suffocat$ by gas g5]at$ 9 8 laboratory4 ,t he did n die !n ev]ybody kn[s1 b he 0 ?r[n !n into a fev] by ! accid5t & came v ne> los+ 8 life4 ,x 0 !re t he =m$ an acqua9tance ) ,dr4 ,brad%aw1 :o 0 v mu* pleas$ ) ! samples ( rubb] goods t he saw 9 ,goodye>'s room1 & :5 ! doctor w5t to ,europe he took !m ) him1 :]e !y attract$ a great deal ( att5tion1 b beyond t no?+ 0 done ab\t !m4 ,n[ t he appe>$ to h success1 he f\nd no difficulty 9 obta9+ a p>tn]1 & toge!r ! two g5tlem5 fitt$ up a factory & began to make clo?+1 life pres]v]s1 rubb] %oes1 & a great v>iety ( rubb] goods4 ,!y also _h a l>ge factory1 ) special ma*9]y1 built at ,/at5 ,isl&1 :]e he remov$ 8 family & aga9 _h a home ( 8 own4 ,j ab\t ?is "t1 :5 ev]y?+ look$ bright1 ! great panic ( #ahcf-ahcg came1 & swept away ! entire =tune ( 8 associate & left ,goodye> )\t a c5t1 & no means ( e>n+ "o4 ,8 next move 0 to g to ,bo/on1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ,j4 ,hask9s1 ( ! ,roxbury ,rubb] ,company1 & f\nd 9 him a firm fri5d1 :o loan$ him money & /ood by him :5 no "o w\ld h any?+ to d ) ! vision>y inv5tor4 ,mr4 ,*affee 0 also exce$+ly k9d & ev] ready to l5d a li/5+ e> to 8 plans1 & to also assi/ him 9 a pecuni>y way4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t x occurr$ to ,mr4 ,*affee t mu* ( ! tr\ble t !y _h exp]i5c$ 9 work+ ,india rubb] might come f ! solv5t t 0 us$4 ,he !re=e inv5t$ a huge ma*9e = do+ ! mix+ by me*anical means4 ,! goods t 7 made 9 ?is way 7 beautiful to look at1 & x appe>$1 z x _h be=e1 t all difficulties 7 ov]come4 ,goodye> discov]$ a new me?od = mak+ rubb] %oes & got a pat5t on x1 :i* he sold to ! ,provid5ce ,company1 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! secret ( mak+ ! rubb] s t x w\ld /& heat & cold & acids1 h[ev]1 _h n be5 discov]$1 & ! goods 7 con/antly gr[+ /icky & decompos+ & be+ return$4 ,9 #ahch he1 = ! fir/ "t1 met ,na?aniel ,hayw>d1 :o 0 !n runn+ a factory 9 ,woburn4 ,"s "t aft] ?is ,goodye> himself mov$ to ,woburn1 all ! "t cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ,hayw>d's sulphur exp]im5ts = dry+ rubb]1 b x appe>s t nei!r ( !m at t "t appreciat$ ! fact t x ne$$ heat to make ! sulphur comb9e ) ! rubb] & to vulcanize x4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ ! discov]y ( 8 celebrat$ process is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,goodye> himself 9 8 book1 ,gum ,ela/ic4 ,x w be obs]v$ t he makes use ( ! ?ird p]son 9 all ref]5ces to himself3 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahch he became acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,na?aniel ,hayw>d1 ( ,woburn1 ,mass41 :o _h be5 employ$ z ! =eman ( ! ,eagle ,company at ,woburn1 :]e he _h made use ( sulphur by impregnat+ ! solv5t ) x4 ,x 0 ?r\gh him t ! writ] 7,*>les ,goodye>1 :o makes use all ?r\gh 8 book ( ! ?ird p]son7 receiv$ ! fir/ k ( ! use ( sulphur z a dri] ( gum ela/ic4 ,mr4 ,hayw>d 0 left 9 possession ( ! factory :i* 0 ab&on$ by ! ,eagle ,company4 ,soon aft] ?is x 0 occupi$ by ! writ]1 :o employ$ him = ! purpose ( manufactur+ life pres]v]s & o!r articles by ! acid gas process4 ,at ?is p]iod he made _m novel & useful applications ( ?is sub/ance4 ,among o!r fancy articles he _h newspap]s pr9t$ on ! gum ela/ic drap]y1 & ! improvem5t began to be highly appreciat$4 ,he !re=e n[ ent]$1 z he ?\ght1 ^u a successful c>e] = ! future4 ,a f> diff]5t result await$ him4 ,x 0 suppos$ by o!rs z well z himself t a *ange 0 wr\ght ?r\gh ! mass ( ! goods act$ ^u by ! acid gas1 & t ! :ole body ( ! article 0 made bett] ?an ! native gum4 ,! surface ( ! goods really 0 s1 b ow+ to ! ev5tual decomposition ( ! goods b5ea? ! surface1 ! process 0 pron\nc$ by ! public a complete failure4 ,?us in/ead ( realiz+ ! l>ge =tune :i* by all acqua9t$ ) 8 prospects 0 consid]$ c]ta91 8 :ole inv5tion w\ld n br+ him a week's liv+4 ,he 0 oblig$ = ! want ( means to discont9ue manufactur+1 & ,mr4 ,hayw>d left 8 employm5t4 ,! inv5tor n[ appli$ himself alone1 ) unabat$ ardor & dilig5ce1 to detect ! cause ( 8 mis=tune & if possible to retrieve ! lo/ reputation ( 8 inv5tion4 ,on "o occasion he made "s exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! effect ( heat ^u ! same comp\nd t _h decompos$ 9 ! articles previ\sly manufactur$1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! specim51 be+ c>elessly br\ght 9 contact ) a hot /ove1 *>r$ l lea!r4 ,he endeavor$ to call ! att5tion ( 8 bro!r z well z "s o!r individuals :o 7 pres5t1 & :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! manufacture ( gum ela/ic1 to ?is effect z rem>kable & unlike any be=e kn[n1 s9ce gum ela/ic always melt$ :5 expos$ to a high degree ( heat4 ,! occurr5ce did n at ! "t appe> to !m to be wor?y ( notice4 ,x 0 consid]$ z "o ( ! frequ5t appeals t he 0 9 ! habit ( mak+ 9 behalf ( "s new exp]im5t4 ,he1 h[ev]1 directly inf]r$ t if ! process ( *>r+ c\ld be /opp$ at ! "r po9t1 x might dive/ ! gum ( its native adhesiv5ess ?r\gh\t1 :i* w\ld make x bett] ?an ! native gum4 ,he made ano!r trial ( heat+ a simil> fabric1 be=e an op5 fire4 ,! same effect1 t ( *>r+ ! gum1 foll[$1 b !re 7 fur!r & v satisfactory indications ( ultimate success 9 produc+ ! desir$ result1 z ^u ! edge ( ! *>r$ portions ( ! fabric !re appe>$ a l9e1 or bord]1 t 0 n *>r$1 b p]fectly cur$4 ,^! facts h be5 /at$ precisely z !y occurr$ 9 ref]5ce to ! acid gas1 z well z ! vulcaniz+ process4 ,! incid5ts att5d+ ! discov]y ( bo? h a /rong resemblance1 s mu* s !y may be consid]$ p>allel cases4 ,x be+ n[ kn[n t ! results ( ! vulcaniz+ process are produc$ by means & 9 a mann] :i* w\ld n h be5 anticipat$ f any reason+ on ! subject1 & t !y h n yet be5 satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 x has be5 sometimes ask$1 h[ ! inv5tor came to make ! discov]y8 ,! answ] has already be5 giv54 ,x may be add$ t he 0 _m ye>s seek+ to accompli% ?is object1 & t he all[$ no?+ to escape 8 notice t relat$ to ! subject4 ,l ! fall+ ( an apple1 x 0 sugge/ive ( an important fact to "o ^: m9d 0 previ\sly prep>$ to draw an inf]5ce f any occurr5ce :i* might favor ! object ( 8 rese>*4 ,:ile ! inv5tor admits t ^! discov]ies 7 n ! results ( sci5tific *emical inve/igations1 he is n will+ to admit t !y 7 ! result ( :at is commonly t]m$ accid5t2 he claims !m to be ! result ( ! close/ application & obs]vation4 ,! discolor+ & *>r+ ( ! specim5s prov$ no?+ & discov]$ no?+ ( value1 b q ! contr>y1 = 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z /at$ 9 ! acid gas improvem5t1 ! specim5 act$ ^u 0 ?r[n away z wor?less & left = "s "t2 9 ! latt] in/ance1 ! specim5 t 0 *>r$ 0 9 l mann] disreg>d$ by o!rs4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ z "o ( ^? cases :]e ! lead+ ( ! ,creator provid5tially aids 8 creatures1 by :at are t]m$ 'accid5ts1' to atta9 ^? ?+s :i* are n atta9able by ! p[]s ( reason+ he has conf]r$ on !m4 ,n[ t ,goodye> 0 sure t he _h ! key to ! intricate puzzle t he _h work$ ov] = s _m ye>s1 he began at once to tell 8 fri5ds ab\t x & to try to secure capital1 b !y _h li/5$ to _! sorr[ s _m times t 8 ef=ts 7 futile4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s be /ruggl$ & exp]im5t$ & work$ along 9 a small way1 8 family suff]+ ) himself ! pangs ( ! extreme/ pov]ty4 ,at la/ he w5t to ,new ,york & %[$ "s ( 8 samples to ,william ,ryd]1 :o1 ) 8 bro!r ,emory1 at once appreciat$ ! value ( ! discov]y & />t$ 9 to manufactur+4 ,ev5 "h ,goodye>'s bad luck seem$ to foll[ him1 = ! ,ryd] ,bros4 fail$ & x 0 impossible to cont9ue ! bus9ess4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 />t$ a small factory at ,spr+field1 ,mass41 & 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,de ,=e/1 :o 0 a weal?y wool5 manufactur]1 took ,ryd]'s place1 & ! "w ( mak+ ! inv5tion practical 0 cont9u$4 ,9 #ahdd x 0 s f> p]fect$ t ,goodye> felt x safe to take out a pat5t4 ,! factory at ,spr+field 0 run by 8 bro!rs1 ,nelson & ,h5ry4 ,9 #ahdc ,h5ry />t$ "o 9 ,naugatuck1 & 9 #ahdd introduc$ me*anical mix+ 9 place ( ! mixture by ! use ( solv5ts4 ,9 ! ye> #aheb ,goodye> w5t to ,europe1 a trip t he _h long plann$1 & saw ,hancock1 !n 9 ! employ ( ,*>les ,mac9to% ,co4 ,hancock admitt$ 9 evid5ce t ! fir/ piece ( vulcaniz$ rubb] he ev] saw came f ,am]ica1 b claim$ to h re9v5t$ vulcanization & secur$ pat5ts 9 ,great ,brita91 b x is a rem>kable fact t ,*>les ,goodye>'s ,fr5* pat5t 0 ! fir/ publication 9 ,europe ( ?is discov]y4 ,9 #aheb a ,fr5* company 7 lic5s$ by ,mr4 ,goodye> to make %oes1 & a great deal ( int]e/ 0 felt 9 ! new bus9ess4 ,9 #ahee ! ,fr5* emp]or gave to ,*>les ,goodye> ! gr& m$al ( honor & decorat$ him ) ! cross ( ! legion ( honor 9 recognition ( 8 s]vices z a public b5efactor1 b ! ,fr5* c\rts subsequ5tly set aside 8 ,fr5* pat5ts on ! gr\nd ( ! importation ( vulcaniz$ goods f ,am]ica by lic5ses "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts4 ,he di$ ,july #a1 #ahfj1 at ! ,fif? ,av5ue ,hotel1 ,new ,york ,city4--,india ,rubb] ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ghf1 page #abeeh4 ,,! ,,electromagnet4 ,footnote3 ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4 ,,sc41 ,b4,a41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,iii4 ,,rese>*es ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,hughes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,,hughes' ,,electromagnet4 ,8 object 0 to f9d out ! be/ =m ( electromagnet1 ! be/ di/ance betwe5 ! poles1 & ! be/ =m ( armature = ! rapid "w requir$ 9 ,hughes' pr9t+ telegraphs4 ,"o ^w ab\t ,hughes' magnets4 ,?is diagram 7,fig4 #ea7 %[s ! =m ( ! well kn[n ,hughes' electromagnet4 ,i feel almo/ a%am$ to say ^? words well kn[n1 because on ! ,cont95t ev]ybody kn[s :at y mean by a ,hughes' electromagnet4 ,9 ,engl& sc>cely anyone kn[s :at y mean4 ,engli%m5 d n ev5 "k t ,pr(essor ,hughes has inv5t$ a special =m ( electromagnet4 ,hughes' special =m is ?is3 ,a p]man5t /eel magnet1 g5]ally a comp\nd "o1 hav+ s(t iron pole pieces1 & a c\ple ( coils on ! pole pieces only4 ,z ,i h to speak ( ,hughes' special contrivance among ! me*anisms t w occupy our att5tion lat] on1 ,i only n[ ref] to ?is magnet 9 "o p>ticul>4 ,if y wi% a magnet to "w rapidly1 y w secure ! mo/ rapid action1 n :5 ! coils are di/ribut$ all along1 b :5 !y are heap$ up ne>1 n necess>ily entirely on1 ! poles4 ,hughes made a numb] ( rese>*es to f9d out :at ! "r l5g? & ?ickness ( ^! pole pieces %\ld be4 ,x 0 f\nd an advantage n to use too ?9 pole pieces1 o!rwise ! magnetism f ! p]man5t magnet did n pass ?r\gh ! iron )\t consid]able reluctance1 be+ *ok$ by insuffici5cy ( section3 also n to use too ?ick pieces1 o!rwise !y pres5t$ too mu* surface = leakage across f "o to ! o!r4 ,ev5tually a p>ticul> l5g? 0 settl$ ^u1 9 proportion ab\t six times ! diamet]1 or r long]4 ,9 ! fur!r rese>*es t ,hughes made he us$ a magnet ( %ort] =m1 n %[n "h1 m l ^? employ$ 9 relays1 & ) an armature f #b to #c millimet]s ?ick1 #a c5timet] wide & #e c5timet]s long4 ,! poles 7 turn$ ov] at ! top t[>d "o ano!r4 ,hughes tri$ :e!r !re 0 any advantage 9 mak+ ^? poles approa* "o ano!r1 & :e!r !re 0 any advantage 9 hav+ z long an armature z #e c5timet]s4 ,he tri$ all ! diff]5t k9ds1 & plott$ out ! results ( obs]vations 9 curves1 :i* c\ld be comp>$ & /udi$4 ,8 object 0 to asc]ta9 ! conditions :i* w\ld give ! /ronge/ pull1 n ) a /eady curr5t1 b ) su* curr5ts z 7 requir$ = op]at+ 8 pr9t+ telegraph in/rum5ts2 curr5ts :i* la/$ b "o to tw5ty hundr$?s ( a second4 ,he f\nd x 0 decid$ly an advantage to %ort5 ! l5g? ( ! armature1 s t x did n protrude f> ov] ! poles4 ,9 fact1 he got a suffici5t magnetic circuit to secure all ! attractive p[] t he ne$$1 )\t all[+ z mu* *ance ( leakage z !re w\ld h be5 _h ! armature ext5d$ a long] di/ance ov] ! poles4 ,he also tri$ v>i\s =ms ( armature hav+ v v>i\s cross sections4 ,,position ,,& ,,=m ,,( ,,armature4 ,9 "o ( ,du ,moncel's pap]s on electromagnets#a y w also f9d a discussion on armatures1 & ! be/ =ms = work+ 9 diff]5t positions4 ,among o!r ?+s 9 ,du ,moncel y w f9d ?is p>adox3 t :]eas us+ a horse%oe magnet ) fat poles1 & a flat piece ( s(t iron = armature1 x /icks on f> tight] :5 put on edgeways2 on ! o!r h&1 if y are go+ to "w at a di/ance1 across air1 ! attraction is f> great] :5 x is set flatways4 ,i expla9$ ! advantage ( n>r[+ ! surfaces ( contact by ! law ( traction1 ,b1 com+ 94 ,:y %\ld we h = action at a di/ance ! great] advantage f plac+ ! armature flatway to ! poles8 ,x is simply t y !reby r$uce ! reluctance (f]$ by ! air gap to ! fl[ ( ! magnetic l9es4 ,du ,moncel also tri$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 r\nd armatures & flat ones1 & f\nd t a cyl9drical armature 0 only attract$ ab\t half z /rongly z a prismatic armature hav+ ! same surface :5 at ! same di/ance4 ,let u exam9e ?is fact 9 ! light ( ! magnetic circuit4 ,! poles are flat4 ,y h at a c]ta9 di/ance away a r\nd armature2 !re is a c]ta9 di/ance betwe5 its ne>e/ side & ! pol> surfaces4 ,if y h at ! same di/ance away a flat armature hav+ ! same surface1 &1 !re=e1 ab\t ! same t5d5cy to leak1 :y d y get a great] pull 9 ?is case ?an 9 t8 ,i ?9k x is cle> t if !y are at ! same di/ance away1 giv+ ! same range ( motion1 !re is a great] magnetic reluctance 9 ! case ( ! r\nd armature1 al?\gh !re is ! same p]iph]y1 because1 ?\gh ! ne>e/ "p ( ! surface is at ! prescrib$ di/ance1 ! re/ ( ! "u surface is f>!r away2 s t ! ga9 f\nd 9 sub/itut+ an armature ) a flat surface is a ga9 result+ f ! dim9ution 9 ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! air gap4 ,footnote #a3 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique1 vol4 ii4 ,,pole ,,pieces ,,on ,,horse%oe ,,magnets4 ,ano!r ( ,du ,moncel's rese>*es#b relates to ! effect ( pol> projections or %oes--movable pole pieces1 if y l--^u a horse%oe electromagnet4 ,! core ( ?is magnet 0 ( r\nd iron #d c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 & ! p>allel limbs 7 #aj c5timet]s long & #f c5timet]s ap>t4 ,! %oes consi/$ ( two flat pieces ( iron slott$ out at "o end1 s t !y c\ld be slid along ov] ! poles & br\ght ne>] toge!r4 ,! attraction ex]t$ on a flat armature across air gaps #b millimet]s ?ick 0 measur$ by c\nt]pois+4 ,excit+ ?is electromagnet ) a c]ta9 batt]y1 x 0 f\nd t ! attraction 0 greate/ :5 ! %oes 7 pu%$ to ab\t #ae millimet]s1 or ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! int]pol> di/ance1 ap>t4 ,! numb]s 7 z foll[s3 ,di/ance betwe5 %oes4 ,attraction1 ,millimet]s4 9 grammes4 #b #ijj #aj #a1jab #ae #a1jbe #be #ife #dj #hij #fj #eej ,footnote #b3 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique1 vol4 iv41 p4 #abi4 ,) a /rong] batt]y ! magnet )\t %oes _h an attraction ( #hhe grammes1 b ) ! %oes #ae millimet]s ap>t1 #a1aie grammes4 ,:5 "o pole only 0 employ$1 ! attraction1 :i* 0 #hh grammes )\t a %oe1 0 dim9i%$ by add+ a %oe to #ci grammes6 ,,contra/ ,,betwe5 ,,electromagnets ,,& ,,p]man5t ,,magnets4 ,n[ ,i want p>ticul>ly to ask y to gu>d aga9/ ! idea t all ^! results obta9$ f electromagnets are equally applicable to p]man5t magnets ( /eel2 !y are n1 = ?is simple reason4 ,) an electromagnet1 :5 y put ! armature ne>1 & make ! magnetic circuit bett]1 y n only get m magnetic l9es go+ ?r\gh t armature1 b y get m magnetic l9es go+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! iron4 ,y get m magnetic l9es r\nd ! b5d :5 y put an armature on to ! poles1 because y h a magnetic circuit ( less reluctance ) ! same ext]nal magnetiz+ p[] 9 ! coils act+ ar\nd x4 ,!re=e1 9 t case1 y w h a great] magnetic flux all ! way r\nd4 ,! data obta9$ ) ! electromagnet 7,fig4 #db71 ) ! explor+ coil1 ,c1 on ! b5d ( ! core1 :]e ! armature 0 9 contact1 & :5 x 0 remov$ are mo/ significant4 ,:5 ! armature 0 pres5t x multipli$ ! total magnetic fl[ t5fold = weak curr5ts & ne>ly ?reefold = /rong curr5ts4 ,b ) a /eel horse%oe1 magnetiz$ once = all1 ! magnetic l9es t fl[ ar\nd ! b5d ( ! /eel are a fix$ quantity1 &1 h[ev] mu* y dim9i% ! reluctance ( ! magnetic circuit1 y d n create or evoke any m4 ,:5 ! armature is away ! magnetic l9es ar* across1 n at ! ends ( ! horse%oe only1 b f its flanks2 ! :ole ( ! magnetic l9es leak+ someh[ across ! space4 ,:]e y h put ! armature on1 ^! l9es1 in/ead ( ar*+ out into space z freely z !y did1 pass = ! mo/ "p along ! /eel limbs & ?r\gh ! iron armature4 ,y may /ill h a consid]able am\nt ( leakage1 b y h n made "o l9e m g ?r\gh ! b5t "p4 ,y h absolutely ! same numb] go+ ?r\gh ! b5d ) ! armature (f z ) ! armature on4 ,y d n add to ! total numb] by r$uc+ ! magnetic reluctance1 because y are n work+ "u ! influ5ce ( a con/antly impress$ magnetiz+ =ce4 ,by putt+ ! armature on to a /eel horse%oe magnet y only collect ! magnetic l9es1 y d n multiply !m4 ,?is is n a matt] ( conjecture4 ,a gr\p ( my /ud5ts h be5 mak+ exp]im5ts 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,!y took ?is l>ge /eel horse%oe magnet 7,fig4 #eb71 ! l5g? ( :i*1 f end to end1 ?r\gh ! /eel1 is #db in*es4 ,a light1 n>r[ frame 0 con/ruct$ s t x c\ld be slipp$ on ov] ! magnet1 & on x 7 w\nd #cj turns ( f9e wire1 to s]ve z an explor+ coil4 ,! ends ( ?is coil 7 c>ri$ to a di/ant "p ( ! laboratory1 & connect$ to a s5sitive balli/ic galvanomet]4 ,! mode ( exp]im5t+ is z foll[s3 ,! coil is slipp$ on ov] ! magnet 7or ov] its armature7 to any desir$ position4 ,! armature ( ! magnet is plac$ g5tly ^u ! poles1 & "t en\gh is all[$ to elapse = ! galvanomet] ne$le to settle to z]o4 ,! armature is !n sudd5ly deta*$4 ,! fir/ sw+ measures ! *ange1 due to remov+ ! armature1 9 ! numb] ( magnetic l9es t pass ?r\gh ! coil 9 ! p>ticul> position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,exp]im5t ,,) ,,p]man5t ,,magnet4 ,i w r\ghly repeat ! exp]im5t be=e y3 ,! spot ( light on ! scre5 is reflect$ f my galvanomet] at ! f> end ( ! table4 ,i place ! explor+ coil j ov] ! pole1 & slide on ! armature2 !n close ! galvanomet] circuit4 ,n[ ,i deta* ! armature1 & y obs]ve ! l>ge sw+4 ,i %ift ! explor+ coil1 "r up to ! b5d2 replace ! armature2 wait until ! spot ( light is br\ght to re/ at ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,n[1 on deta*+ ! armature1 ! movem5t ( ! spot ( light is q imp]ceptible4 ,9 our c>eful laboratory exp]im5ts1 ! effect 0 notic$ in* by in* all along ! magnet4 ,! effect :5 ! explor+ coil 0 ov] ! b5d 0 n z great z #a-cjjj? "p ( ! effect :5 ! coil 0 h>d up to ! pole4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! numb] ( magnetic l9es 9 a p]man5tly magnetiz$ /eel horse%oe magnet is n alt]$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! armature4 ,y w h notic$ t ,i always put on ! armature g5tly4 ,x does n d to slam on ! armature2 e "t y d s1 y knock "s ( ! s-call$ p]man5t magnetism out ( x4 ,b y may pull (f ! armature z sudd5ly z y l4 ,x does ! magnet good r ?an h>m4 ,!re is a popul> sup]/ition t y ought nev] to pull (f ! keep] ( a magnet sudd5ly4 ,on inve/igation1 x is f\nd t ! facts are j ! o!r way4 ,y may pull (f ! keep] z sudd5ly z y l1 b y %\ld nev] slam x on4 ,f ^! exp]im5tal results ,i pass to ! special design ( electromagnets = special purposes4 ,,electromagnets ,,= ,,maximum ,,traction4 ,^! h already be5 dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ lecture2 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( all ! =ms suitable = traction be+ ! compact magnetic circuit4 ,sev]al times x has be5 propos$ to increase ! p[] ( electromagnets by con/ruct+ !m ) int]m$iate masses ( iron betwe5 ! c5tral core & ! outside1 betwe5 ! lay]s ( w9d+s4 ,all ^! con/ructions are f\nd$ on fallacies4 ,su* iron is f> bett] plac$ ei!r "r inside ! coils or "r outside !m1 s t x may prop]ly con/itute a "p ( ! magnetic circuit4 ,! con/ructions kn[n z ,cama*o's & ,cance's1 & "o pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,s4,a4 ,v>ley1 9 #ahgg1 belong+ to ?is delusive ord] ( ideas1 are n[ entirely obsolete4 ,ano!r con/ruction :i* is p]iodically br\ght =w>d z a novelty is ! use ( iron w9d+s ( wire or /rip 9 place ( copp] w9d+4 ,! l[] electric conductivity ( iron1 z comp>$ ) copp]1 makes su* a con/ruction wa/eful ( excit+ p[]4 ,to apply equal magnetiz+ p[] by means ( an iron coil implies ! exp5diture ( ab\t six times z _m watts z ne$ be exp5d$ if ! coil is ( copp]4 ,,electromagnets ,,= ,,maximum ,,range ,,( ,,attraction4 ,we h already laid d[n ! pr9ciple :i* w enable u to design electromagnets to act at a di/ance4 ,we want our magnet to project1 z x 71 its =ce across ! greate/ l5g? ( air gap4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 su* a magnet mu/ h a v l>ge magnetiz+ p[]1 ) _m amp]e turns ^u x1 to be able to make ! requir$ numb] ( magnetic l9es pass across ! air resi/ance4 ,also x is cle> t ! poles mu/ n be too close toge!r = its "w1 o!rwise ! magnetic l9es at "o pole w be likely to curl r\nd & take %ort cuts to ! o!r pole4 ,!re mu/ be a wid] wid? betwe5 ! poles ?an is desirable 9 electromagnets = traction4 ,,electromagnets ,,( ,,m9imum ,,weight4 ,9 design+ an app>atus to put on bo>d a boat or a balloon1 :]e weight is a consid]ation ( prim>y importance1 !re is aga9 a diff]5ce4 ,!re are ?ree ?+s t come into play--iron1 copp]1 & electric curr5t4 ,! curr5t weighs no?+1 !re=e1 if y are go+ to sacrifice ev]y?+ else to weight1 y may h comp>atively little iron1 b y mu/ h en\gh copp] to be able to c>ry ! electric curr5t2 & "u su* circum/ances y mu/ n m9d heat+ y\r wires ne>ly r$ hot to pass ! bigge/ possible curr5t4 ,provide z little copp] z y conv5i5tly c1 sacrific+ economy 9 t case to ! atta9m5t ( y\r object2 b1 ( c\rse1 y mu/ use firepro( mat]ial1 su* z asbe/os1 = insulat+1 in/ead ( cotton or silk4 ,a ,,useful ,,guid+ ,,pr9ciple4 ,9 all cases ( design !re is "o lead+ pr9ciple :i* w be f\nd ( great assi/ance1 namely1 t a magnet always t5ds s to act z ?\gh x tri$ to dim9i% ! l5g? ( its magnetic circuit4 ,x tries to gr[ m compact4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( t :i* holds good ) an electric curr5t4 ,! electric circuit always tries to enl>ge itself1 s z to inclose z mu* space z possible1 b ! magnetic circuit always tries to make itself z compact z possible4 ,armatures are drawn 9 z ne> z c be1 to close up ! magnetic circuit4 ,_m two-pole electromagnets %[ a t5d5cy to b5d toge!r :5 ! curr5t is turn$ on4 ,"o =m 9 p>ticul>1 :i* 0 devis$ by ,ruhmkorff = ! purpose ( repeat+ ,f>aday's celebrat$ exp]im5t on ! magnetic rotation ( pol>iz$ light1 is liable to ?is defect4 ,inde$1 ?is =m ( electromagnet is (t5 design$ v badly1 ! yoke be+ too ?91 bo? me*anically & magnetically1 = ! purpose :i* x has to fulfill4 ,"h is a small electric bell1 con/ruct$ by ,wag5]1 ( ,wiesbad51 ! con/ruction ( :i* illu/rates ?is pr9ciple4 ,! electromagnet1 a horse%oe1 lies horizontally2 its poles are provid$ ) protrud+ curv$ p9s ( brass4 ,?r\gh ! armature are drill$ two holes1 s t x c be hung ^u ! two brass p9s2 & :5 s hung up x t\*es ! ends ( ! iron cores j at "o edge1 be+ held f m p]fect contact by a spr+4 ,!re is no complete gap1 !re=e1 9 ! magnetic circuit4 ,:5 ! curr5t comes & applies a magnetiz+ p[]1 x f9ds ! magnetic circuit already complete 9 ! s5se t !re are no absolute gaps4 ,b ! circuit c be bett]$ by tilt+ ! armature to br+ x flat aga9/ ! pol> ends1 t be+ inde$ ! mode ( motion4 ,?is is a mo/ reliable & s5sitive patt]n ( bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,electromagnetic ,,pop-,,gun4 ,electromagnetic ,pop-gun4--,"h is ano!r curi\s illu/ration ( ! t5d5cy to complete ! magnetic circuit4 ,"h is a tubul> electromagnet 7,fig4 #ec71 consi/+ ( a small bobb91 ! core ( :i* is an iron tube ab\t two in*es long4 ,!re is no?+ v unusual ab\t x2 x w /ick on1 z y see1 to pieces ( iron :5 ! curr5t is turn$ on4 ,x cle>ly is an ord9>y electromagnet 9 t respect4 ,n[ suppose ,i take a little r\nd rod ( iron1 ab\t an in* long1 & put x into ! end ( ! tube1 :at w happ5 :5 ,i turn on my curr5t8 ,9 ?is app>atus z x /&s1 ! magnetic circuit consi/s ( a %ort l5g? ( iron1 & !n all ! re/ is air4 ,! magnetic circuit w try to complete itself1 n by %ort5+ ! iron1 b by l5g!n+ x2 by pu%+ ! piece ( iron out s z to af=d m surface = leakage4 ,t is exactly :at happ5s2 =1 z y see1 :5 ,i turn on ! curr5t1 ! little piece ( iron %oots out & drops d[n4 ,y see t little piece ( iron %oot out ) consid]able =ce4 ,x becomes a sort ( magnetic popgun4 ,?is is an exp]im5t :i* has be5 twice discov]$4 ,i f\nd x fir/ describ$ by ,c\nt ,du ,moncel1 9 ! pages ( ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique1 "u ! "n ( ! pi/olet electromagnetique2 & ,mr4 ,%el=d ,bidwell inv5t$ x indep5d5tly4 ,i am indebt$ to him = ! use ( ?is app>atus4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( x to ! ,physical ,society1 9 #ahhe1 b ! report] miss$ x1 ,i suppose1 z !re is no record 9 ! society's proce$+s4 ,,electromagnets ,,= ,,use ,,) ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5ts4 ,:5 y are design+ electromagnets = use ) alt]nat+ curr5ts1 x is necess>y to make a *ange 9 "o respect1 namely1 y mu/ s lam9ate ! iron t int]nal eddy curr5ts %all n occur2 inde$1 = all rapid-act+ electromagnetic app>atus x is a good rule t ! iron mu/ n be solid4 ,x is n usual ) telegraphic in/rum5ts to lam9ate !m by mak+ up ! core ( bundles ( iron plates or wires1 b !y are (t5 made ) tubul> cores1 t is to say1 ! cyl9drical iron core is drill$ ) a hole d[n ! middle1 & ! tube s =m$ is slit ) a saw cut to prev5t ! circulation ( curr5ts 9 ! sub/ance ( ! tube4 ,n[ :5 electromagnets are to be employ$ ) rapidly alt]nat+ curr5ts1 su* z are us$ = electric light+1 ! frequ5cy ( ! alt]nations be+ usually ab\t #ajj p]iods p] second1 slitt+ ! cores is insuffici5t to gu>d aga9/ eddy curr5ts2 no?+ %ort ( completely lam9at+ ! cores is a satisfactory rem$y4 ,i h "h1 ?anks to ! ,bru% ,electric ,eng9e]+ ,company1 an electromagnet ( ! special =m t is us$ 9 ! ,bru% arc lamp :5 requir$ = ! purpose ( work+ 9 an alt]nat+ curr5t circuit4 ,x has two bobb9s t are screw$ up aga9/ ! top ( an iron box at ! head ( ! lamp4 ,! iron slab s]ves z a k9d ( yoke to c>ry ! magnetism across ! top4 ,!re are no fix$ cores ,9 ! bobb9s1 :i* are ent]$ by ! ends ( a pair ( yok$ plung]s4 ,n[ 9 ! ord9>y ,bru% lamp = use ) a /eady curr5t1 ! plung]s are simply two r\nd pieces ( iron tapp$ into a common yoke2 b = alt]nate curr5t work+ ?is con/ruction mu/ n be us$1 & in/ead a ,u-%ap$ d\ble plung] is us$1 made up ( lam9at$ iron1 rivet$ toge!r4 ,( c\rse x is no novelty to use a lam9at$ core2 t device1 fir/ us$ by ,j\le1 & !n by ,c[p]1 has be5 repat5t$ r too (t5 dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s to be consid]$ z a rec5t inv5tion4 ,! alt]nate rapid rev]sals ( ! magnetism 9 ! magnetic field ( an electromagnet1 :5 excit$ by alt]nat+ electric curr5ts1 sets up eddy curr5ts 9 e piece ( undivid$ metal )9 range4 ,all frames1 bobb9 tubes1 bobb9 ends1 & ! l1 mu/ be mo/ c>efully slit1 o!rwise !y w ov]heat4 ,if a dome/ic flat iron is plac$ on ! top ( ! poles ( a prop]ly lam9at$ electromagnet1 suppli$ ) alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ! flat iron is spe$ily heat$ up by ! eddy curr5ts t are g5]at$ int]nally )9 x4 ,! eddy curr5ts set up by induction 9 neighbor+ masses ( metal1 especially 9 good conduct+ metals su* z copp]1 give rise to _m curi\s ph5om5a4 ,= example1 a copp] disk or copp] r+ plac$ ov] ! pole ( a /raight electromagnet s excit$ is viol5tly repell$4 ,^! rem>kable ph5om5a h be5 rec5tly inve/igat$ by ,pr(essor ,elihu ,?omson1 ) ^: beautiful & elaborate rese>*es we h lately be5 made conv]sant 9 ! pages ( ! te*nical j\rnals4 ,he rightly attributes _m ( ! repulsion ph5om5a to ! lag 9 phase ( ! alt]nat+ curr5ts ?us induc$ 9 ! conduct+ metal4 ,! electromagnetic in]tia1 or self-inductive prop]ty ( ! electric circuit1 causes ! curr5ts to rise & fall lat] 9 "t ?an ! electromotive =ces by :i* !y are occasion$4 ,9 all su* cases ! imp$ance :i* ! circuit (f]s is made up ( two ?+s--resi/ance & inductance4 ,bo? ^! causes t5d to dim9i% ! am\nt ( curr5t t fl[s1 & ! inductance also t5ds to delay ! fl[4 ,,electromagnets ,,= ,,quicke/ ,,action4 ,i h already m5tion$ ,hughes' rese>*es on ! =m ( electromagnet be/ adapt$ = rapid signal+4 ,i h also incid5tally m5tion$ ! fact t :]e rapidly v>y+ curr5ts are employ$1 ! /r5g? ( ! electric curr5t t a giv5 batt]y c yield is det]m9$ n s mu* by ! resi/ance ( ! electric circuit z by its electric in]tia4 ,x is n a v easy task to expla9 precisely :at happ5s to an electric circuit :5 ! curr5t is turn$ on sudd5ly4 ,! curr5t does n sudd5ly rise to its full value1 be+ ret>d$ by in]tia4 ,! ord9>y law ( ,ohm 9 its simple =m no long] applies2 "o ne$s to apply t o!r law :i* be>s ! "n ( ! law ( ,helmholtz1 ! use ( :i* is to give u an expression1 n = ! f9al value ( ! curr5t1 b = its value at any %ort "t1 t1 aft] ! curr5t has be5 turn$ on4 ,! /r5g? ( ! curr5t aft] a lapse ( a %ort "t1 t1 _c be calculat$ by ! simple process ( tak+ ! electromotive =ce & divid+ x by ! resi/ance1 z y w\ld calculate /eady curr5ts4 ,9 symbols1 ,helmholtz's law is3 it ,e_/,r 7 #a - e-7,r_/,l7t 7 ,9 ?is =mula it means ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t aft] ! lapse ( a %ort "t t2 ,e is ! electromotive =ce2 ,r1 ! resi/ance ( ! :ole circuit2 ,l1 its coeffici5t ( self-induction2 & e ! numb] #b4gahc1 :i* is ! base ( ! ,napi]ian log>i?ms4 ,let u look at ?is =mula2 9 its g5]al =m x resembles ,ohm's law1 b ) a new factor1 namely1 ! expression conta9$ )9 ! brackets4 ,! factor is necess>ily a fractional quantity1 = x consi/s ( unity less a c]ta9 negative expon5tial1 :i* we w pres5tly fur!r consid]4 ,if ! factor )9 brackets is a quantity less ?an unity1 t signifies t it w be less ?an ,e ,r4 ,n[ ! expon5tial ( negative sign1 & ) negative fractional index1 is r a tr\blesome ?+ to deal ) 9 a popul> lecture4 ,our be/ way is to calculate "s values1 & !n plot x out z a curve4 ,:5 once y h got x into ! =m ( a curve1 y c beg9 to ?9k ab\t x1 = ! curve gives y a m5tal picture ( ! facts t ! long =mula expresses 9 ! ab/ract4 ,accord+ly we w take ! foll[+ case4 ,let ,e #b volts2 ,r #a ohm2 & let u take a relatively l>ge self-induction1 s z to exagg]ate ! effect2 say let ,l #aj quads4 ,?is gives u ! foll[+3 t7sec47 e7,r_/,l7t it ------------------------------------- #j #a #j #a #a4aje #j4iej #b #a4bba #a4haj #e #a4fdi #c4icf #aj #b4gah #f4cdc #bj #g4chi #h4fdf #cj #bj4jh #i4eja #fj #djc4d #i4ige #abj #afbjj4j #i4iii ---------------------------------------- ,9 ?is case ! value ( ! /eady curr5t z calculat$ by ,ohm's law is #aj amp]es1 b ,helmholtz's law %[s u t ) ! great self-induction :i* we h assum$ to be pres5t1 ! curr5t1 ev5 at ! end ( #cj seconds1 has only ris5 up to )9 #e p]c5t4 ( its f9al value2 & only at ! end ( two m9utes has practically atta9$ full /r5g?4 ,^! values are set out 9 ! highe/ curve 9 ,fig4 #ed1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! fur!r supposition is made t ! numb] ( spirals1 ,s1 9 ! coils ( ! electromagnet is #ajj1 s t :5 ! curr5t atta9s its full value ( #aj amp]es1 ! full magnetiz+ p[] w be ,si #ajjj4 ,x w be notic$ t ! curve rises f z]o at fir/ /eeply & ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e1 !n b5ds ov]1 & !n becomes ne>ly /raight aga91 z x gradually rises to its limit+ value4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! curve--t relat+ to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t aft] v small int]val ( "t--is ! p]iod )9 :i* ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t is gov]n$ by in]tia 7i4e41 ! self-induction7 r ?an by resi/ance4 ,9 reality ! curr5t is n gov]n$ ei!r by ! self-induction or by ! resi/ance alone1 b by ! ratio ( ! two4 ,?is ratio is sometimes call$ ! "t con/ant ( ! circuit1 = x repres5ts ! "t :i* ! curr5t takes 9 t circuit to rise to a def9ite fraction ( its f9al value4 ,e #aj r #a ,r #ajj ,l #aj ,si #ajjj 44------------------------------- 4 --------- 4 4---- 4 4- #b ,,9 ,,s]ies 4 4- - 43 - 3 43 4 3 #ejj 4 3 - -3--------------------------- 4 3 4- - 3 #b ,,9 ,,p>allel 4 34 - 3 4 _/ 3 - 3 4 _/ - 3 4 _/ - 3 3 4_/4 3 3 _/33 t #aj #bj #dj #fj #hj #ajj #abj ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,curves ,,( ,,rise ,,( ,,curr5ts4 ,?is def9ite fraction is ! fraction 7e - #a7_/;e2 or 9 decimals1 #j4fcd4 ,all curves ( rise ( curr5t are alike 9 g5]al %ape1 !y diff] only 9 scale1 t is to say1 !y diff] only 9 ! height to :i* !y w ultimately rise1 & 9 ! "t !y w take to atta9 ?is fraction ( _! f9al value4 ,example 7#a74--,suppose ,e #aj2 ,r #bjj ohms2 ,l #h4 ,! f9al value ( ! curr5t w be #j4jbe amp4 or #be milliamp]es4 ,!n ! "t con/ant w be #h #djj #a-ej? sec4 ,example 7#b74--,! ,p4,o4 ,/&>d ,a relay has ,r #djj ohms2 ,l #c4be4 ,x works ) #j4e milliamp]e curr5t1 & !re=e w "w ) #e ,daniell cells ?r\gh a l9e ( #i1fjj ohms4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! "t con/ant ( ! in/rum5t on %ort circuit is #j4jjha sec4 ,x w be not$ t ! "t con/ant ( a circuit c be r$uc$ ei!r by dim9i%+ ! self-induction or by increas+ ! resi/ance4 ,9 ,fig4 #ed ! position ( ! "t con/ant = ! top curve is %[n by ! v]tical dott$ l9e at #aj seconds4 ,! curr5t w take #aj seconds to rise to #j4fcd ( its f9al value4 ,?is ret>dation ( ! rise ( curr5t is simply due to ! pres5ce ( coils & electromagnets 9 ! circuit2 ! curr5t z x gr[s be+ ret>d$ because x has to create magnetic fields 9 ^! coils1 & s sets up oppos+ electromotive =ces t prev5t x f gr[+ all at once to its full /r5g?4 ,_m electricians1 unacqua9t$ ) ,helmholtz's law1 h be5 9 ! habit ( acc\nt+ = ?is by say+ t !re is a lag 9 ! iron ( ! electromagnet cores4 ,!y tell y t an iron core _c be magnetiz$ sudd5ly1 t x takes "t to acquire its magnetism4 ,!y ?9k x is "o ( ! prop]ties ( iron4 ,b we "k t ! only true "t lag 9 ! magnetization ( iron1 t :i* is prop]ly t]m$ visc\s hy/]esis1 does n am\nt to any great p]c5tage ( ! :ole am\nt ( magnetization1 takes comp>atively a long "t to %[ itself1 & _c !re=e be ! cause ( ! ret>dation :i* we are consid]+4 ,!re are also electricians :o w tell y t :5 magnetization is sudd5ly evok$ 9 an iron b>1 !re are induction curr5ts set up 9 ! iron :i* oppose & delay its magnetization4 ,t !y oppose ! magnetization is p]fectly true1 b if y c>efully lam9ate ! iron s z to elim9ate eddy curr5ts1 y w f9d1 /rangely en\gh1 t ! magnetism rises /ill m sl[ly to its f9al value4 ,= by lam9at+ ! iron y h virtually increas$ ! self-inductive action1 & increas$ ! "t con/ant ( ! circuit1 s t ! curr5ts rise m sl[ly ?an be=e4 ,! lag is n 9 ! iron1 b 9 ! magnetiz+ curr5t1 & ! curr5t be+ ret>d$1 ! magnetization is ( c\rse ret>d$ also4 ,,connect+ ,,coils ,,= ,,quicke/ ,,action4 ,n[ let u apply ^! mo/ important ?\gh r intricate consid]ations to ! practical problems ( ! quick work+ ( ! electromagnet4 ,take ! case ( an electromagnet =m+ "s "p ( ! receiv+ app>atus ( a telegraph sy/em 9 :i* x is desir$ to secure v rapid work+4 ,suppose ! two coils t are w\nd ^u ! horse%oe core are connect$ toge!r 9 s]ies4 ,! coeffici5t ( self-induction = ^! two is f\r times z great z t ( ei!r sep>ately2 coeffici5ts ( self-induction be+ proportional to ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( turns ( wire t surr\nd a giv5 core4 ,n[ if ! two coils in/ead ( be+ put 9 s]ies are put 9 p>allel1 ! coeffici5t ( self-induction w be r$uc$ to ! same value z if !re 7 only "o coil1 because half ! l9e curr5t 7:i* is practically unalt]$7 w g ?r\gh ea* coil4 ,h5ce ! "t con/ant ( ! circuit :5 ! coils are 9 p>allel w be a qu>t] ( t :i* x is :5 ! coils are 9 s]ies2 on ! o!r h&1 = a giv5 l9e curr5t1 ! f9al magnetiz+ p[] ( ! two coils 9 p>allel is only half :at x w\ld be ) ! coil 9 s]ies4 ,! two l[] curves 9 ,fig4 #ed illu/rate ?is1 f :i* x is at once pla9 t ! magnetiz+ p[] = v brief curr5ts is great] :5 ! two coils are put 9 p>allel ) "o ano!r ?an :5 !y are jo9$ 9 s]ies4 ,n[ ?is circum/ance has be5 kn[n = "s "t to telegraph eng9e]s4 ,x has be5 pat5t$ sev]al times ov]4 ,x has =m$ ! !me ( sci5tific pap]s1 :i* h be5 read bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&4 ,! explanation g5]ally giv5 ( ! advantage ( unit+ ! coils 9 p>allel is1 ,i ?9k1 fallaci\s2 namely t ! extra curr5ts 7i4e41 curr5ts due to self-induction7 set up 9 ! two coils are induc$ 9 su* directions z t5d to help "o ano!r :5 ! coils are 9 s]ies1 & to neutralize "o ano!r :5 !y are 9 p>allel4 ,x is a fallacy1 because 9 nei!r case d !y neutralize "o ano!r4 ,:i*ev] way ! curr5t fl[s to make ! magnetism1 x is oppos$ 9 ! coils :ile ! curr5t is ris+1 & help$ 9 ! coils :ile ! curr5t is fall+1 by ! s-call$ extra curr5ts4 ,if ! curr5t is ris+ 9 bo? coils at ! same mom5t1 !n1 :e!r ! coils are 9 s]ies or 9 p>allel1 ! effect ( self-induction is to ret>d ! rise ( ! curr5t4 ,! advantage ( p>allel gr\p+ is simply t x r$uces ! "t con/ant4 ,,batt]y ,,gr\p+ ,,= ,,quicke/ ,,action4 ,"o may consid] ! "q ( gr\p+ ! batt]y cells f ! same po9t ( view4 ,h[ does ! ne$ = rapid work+1 & ! "q ( "t con/ant1 affect ! be/ mode ( gr\p+ ! batt]y cells8 ,! amateur's rule1 :i* tells y to s arrange y\r batt]y t its int]nal resi/ance %\ld be equal to ! ext]nal resi/ance1 gives y a result :olly wrong = rapid work+4 ,! suppos$ be/ arrangem5t w n give y 7at ! exp5se ev5 ( economy7 ! be/ result t might be got out ( ! giv5 numb] ( cells4 ,let u take an example & calculate x out1 & place ! results graphically be=e our eyes 9 ! =m ( curves4 ,suppose ! l9e & electromagnet h toge!r a resi/ance ( #f ohms1 & t we h #bd small ,daniell cells1 ea* ( electromotive =ce say #a volt1 & ( int]nal resi/ance #d ohms4 ,also let ! coeffici5t ( self-induction ( ! electromagnet & circuit be #f quadrants4 ,:5 all ! cells are 9 s]ies1 ! resi/ance ( ! batt]y w be #if ohms1 ! total resi/ance ( ! circuit #ajb ohms1 & ! full value ( ! curr5t #j4bce amp]e4 ,:5 all ! cells are 9 p>allel1 ! resi/ance ( ! batt]y w be #j4acc ohm1 ! total resi/ance #f4acc ohms1 & ! full value ( ! curr5t #j4afb amp]e4 ,accord+ to ! amateur rule ( gr\p+ cells s t int]nal resi/ance equals ext]nal1 we mu/ arrange ! cells 9 #d p>allels1 ea* hav+ #f cells 9 s]ies1 s t ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! batt]y w be #f ohms1 total resi/ance ( circuit #ab ohms1 full value ( curr5t #j4e amp]e4 ,n[ ! correspond+ "t con/ants ( ! circuit 9 ! ?ree cases 7calculat$ by divid+ ! coeffici5t ( self-induction by ! total resi/ance7 w be respectively--9 s]ies1 #j4jf sec42 9 p>allel1 #j4e sec42 gr\p$ = maximum /eady curr5t1 #j4if sec4 ,f ^! data we may n[ draw ! ?ree curves1 z 9 ,fig4 #ee1 :]e9 ! absciss are ! values ( "t 9 seconds & ! ord9ates ! curr5t4 ,! fa9t v]tical dott$ l9es m>k ! "t con/ants 9 ! ?ree cases4 ,x w be se5 t :5 rapid work+ is requir$ ! magnetiz+ curr5t w rise1 dur+ %ort int]vals ( "t1 m rapidly if all ! cells are put 9 s]ies ?an x w d if ! cells are gr\p$ accord+ to ! amateur rule4 #e 4 4 4 #d ,,maximum 4 ,,output 4 4 #c 4 4 3 ,,all ,,9 ,,s]ies -------------------3-------------------- ---------- #b 4- - 3 - - 3 -3 - 3 #a _/ 3 - 3 ,,all ,,9 ,,p>allel 4 3 4 3 -------- - 3 3 ---------- -----------------------------3---------- --------------------- #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,,fig4 #ee4--;,,curves ,,( ,,rise ,,( ,,curr5t ,,) ,,diff]5t ,,gr\p+s ,,( ,,batt]y4 ,:5 !y are all put 9 s]ies1 s t ! batt]y has a mu* great] resi/ance ?an ! re/ ( ! circuit1 ! curr5t rises mu* m rapidly1 because ( ! smallness ( ! "t con/ant1 al?\gh x nev] atta9s ! same ultimate maximum z :5 gr\p$ 9 ! o!r way4 ,t is to say1 if !re is self-induction z well z resi/ance 9 ! circuit1 ! amateur rule does n tell y ! be/ way ( arrang+ ! batt]y4 ,!re is ano!r mode ( reg>d+ ! matt] :i* is helpful4 ,self-induction1 :ile ! curr5t is gr[+1 acts z if !re 7 a sort ( spuri\s addition to ! resi/ance ( ! circuit2 & :ile ! curr5t is dy+ away x acts ( c\rse 9 ! o!r way1 z if !re 7 a subtraction f ! resi/ance4 ,!re=e y ought to arrange ! batt]y s t ! int]nal resi/ance is equal to ! real resi/ance ( ! circuit1 plus ! spuri\s resi/ance dur+ t "t4 ,b h[ mu* is ! spuri\s resi/ance dur+ t "t8 ,x is a resi/ance proportional to ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! curr5t 0 turn$ on4 ,s !n x comes to a "q ( ! l5g? ( "t = :i* y want to "w x4 ,:at fraction ( a second d y require y\r signal to be giv5 98 ,:at is ! rate ( ! vibrator ( y\r electric bell8 ,suppose y h settl$ t po9t1 & t ! %ort "t dur+ :i* ! curr5t is requir$ to rise is call$ t2 !n ! app>5t resi/ance at "t t aft] ! curr5t is turn$ on is giv5 by ! =mula3 ,rt ,r e7,r_/,l7t 7 e7,r_/,l7t - #a 7 ,,"t ,,con/ants ,,( ,,electromagnets4 ,i may "h ref] to "s det]m9ations made by ,m4 ,vas*y1#a respect+ ! coeffici5ts ( self-induction ( ! electromagnets ( a numb] ( pieces ( telegraphic app>atus4 ,( ^! ,i mu/ only quote "o result1 :i* is v significant4 ,x relates to ! electromagnet ( a ,morse receiv] ( ! patt]n habitually us$ on ! ,fr5* telegraph l9es4 ,l1 9 quadrants4 ,bobb9s1 sep>ately1 )\t iron cores4 #j4bcc & #j4bfe ,bobb9s1 sep>ately1 ) iron cores4 #a4fe & #a4ga ,bobb9s1 ) cores jo9$ by yoke1 coils 9 s]ies #f4cg ,bobb9s1 ) armature re/+ on poles4 #aj4fh ,footnote #a3 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,int]nationale des ,electrici5s1 #ahhf4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! p]fect+ ( ! magnetic circuit increases ! self-induction4 ,?anks to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,preece1 ,i h be5 furni%$ ) "s mo/ valuable in=mation ab\t ! coeffici5ts ( self-induction1 & ! resi/ance ( ! /&>d patt]n ( relays1 & o!r in/rum5ts :i* are us$ 9 ! ,briti% po/al telegraph s]vice1 f :i* data "o is able to say exactly :at ! "t con/ants ( ^? in/rum5ts w be on a giv5 circuit1 & h[ long 9 _! case ! curr5t w take to rise to any giv5 fraction ( its f9al value4 ,"h let me ref] to a v capital pap] by ,mr4 ,preece 9 an old numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s1 a pap] ,on ,%unts1 9 :i* he treats ?is "q1 n z p]fectly z x c\ld n[ be treat$ ) ! full] k we h 9 #ahij ab\t ! coeffici5ts ( self-induction1 b 9 a v useful & practical way4 ,he %[$ mo/ completely t ! m p]fect ! magnetic circuit is--?\gh ( c\rse y are gett+ m magnetism f y\r curr5t--! m is t curr5t ret>d$4 ,mr4 ,preece'e mode ( exp]im5t 0 extremely simple4 ,he obs]v$ ! ?r[ ( ! galvanomet] :5 ! circuit :i* conta9$ ! batt]y & ! electromagnet 0 op5$ by a key :i* at ! same mom5t connect$ ! electromagnet wires to ! galvanomet]4 ,! ?r[ ( ! galvanomet] 0 assum$ to repres5t ! extra curr5t :i* fl[$ out4 ,fig4 #ef repres5ts a few ( ! results ( ,mr4 ,preece's pap]4 _/ -- _/ _/ ,b _/,a ,a _/,b -- ,a ,b ,b ,a ,,fig4 #ef4--;,,electromagnets ,,( ,,relay1 ,,& ,,_! ,,effects4 ,take f an ord9>y relay a coil1 ) its iron core1 half ! electromagnet1 s to speak1 )\t any yoke or armature4 ,connect x up z describ$1 & obs]ve ! ?r[ giv5 to ! galvanomet]4 ,! am\nt ( ?r[ obta9$ f ! s+le coil 0 tak5 z unity1 & all o!rs 7 comp>$ ) x4 ,if y jo9 up two su* coils z !y are usually jo9$1 9 s]ies1 b )\t any iron yoke across ! cores1 ! ?r[ 0 #ag4 ,putt+ ! iron yoke across ! cores1 to con/itute a horse%oe =m1 #dif 0 ! ?r[2 t is to say1 ! t5d5cy ( ?is electromagnet to ret>d ! curr5t 0 #dif times z great z t ( ! simple coil4 ,b :5 an armature 0 put ov] ! top1 ! effect ran up to #b1bch4 ,by ! m]e device ( putt+ ! coils 9 p>allel1 in/ead ( 9 s]ies1 ! #b1bch came d[n to #ejb1 a little less ?an ! qu>t] value :i* w\ld h be5 expect$4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! armature & yoke 7 bo? ( !m split 9 ! middle1 z is done 9 fact 9 all ! /&>d patt]ns ( ! ,briti% po/al telegraph relays1 ! ?r[ ( ! galvanomet] 0 br\ght d[n f #ejb to #bf4 ,relays s con/ruct$ w "w excessively rapidly4 ,mr4 ,preece /ates t ) ! old patt]n ( relay hav+ s mu* self-induction z to give a galvanomet] ?r[ ( #a1fhh1 ! spe$ ( signal+ 0 only f #ej to #fj words p] m9ute1 :]eas1 ) ! /&>d relays con/ruct$ on ! new plan1 ! spe$ ( signal+ is f #djj to #dej words p] m9ute4 ,x is a v int]e/+ & beautiful result to arrive at f ! exp]im5tal /udy ( ^! magnetic circuits4 ,,%ort ,,cores v]sus ,,long ,,cores4 ,9 consid]+ ! =ms t are be/ = rapid action1 x ought to be m5tion$ t ! effects ( hy/]esis 9 ret>d+ *anges 9 ! magnetization ( iron cores are mu* m noticeable 9 ! case ( ne>ly clos$ magnetic circuits ?an 9 %ort pieces4 ,electromagnets ) iron armatures 9 contact across _! poles w reta91 aft] ! curr5t has be5 cut (f1 a v l>ge "p ( _! magnetism1 ev5 if ! cores be ( ! s(te/ ( iron4 ,b s soon z ! armature is wr5*$ (f1 ! magnetism disappe>s4 ,an air gap 9 a magnetic circuit always t5ds to ha/5 demagnetiz+4 ,a magnetic circuit compos$ ( a long air pa? & a %ort iron pa? demagnetizes itself mu* m rapidly ?an "o compos$ ( a %ort air pa? & a long iron pa?4 ,9 long pieces ( iron ! mutual action ( ! v>i\s p>ts t5ds to keep 9 !m any magnetization t !y may possess2 h5ce !y are less readily demagnetiz$4 ,9 %ort pieces1 :]e ^! mutual actions are feeble or almo/ abs5t1 ! magnetization is less /able1 & disappe>s almo/ in/antly on ! cessation ( ! magnetiz+ =ce4 ,%ort bits & small sph]es ( iron h no magnetic memory4 ,h5ce ! cause ( ! commonly receiv$ op9ion among telegraph eng9e]s t = rapid "w electromagnets mu/ h %ort cores4 ,z we h se51 ! only reason = employ+ long cores is to af=d ! requisite l5g? = w9d+ ! wire :i* is necess>y = c>ry+ ! ne$ful circulation ( curr5t to =ce ! magnetism across ! air gaps4 ,if1 = ! sake ( rapidity ( action1 l5g? has to be sacrific$1 !n ! coils mu/ be heap$ up m ?ickly on ! %ort cores4 ,! electromagnets 9 ,am]ican patt]ns ( telegraphic app>atus usually h %ort] cores1 & a relatively great] ?ickness ( w9d+ ^u !m1 ?an ^? ( ,european patt]ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,erygmascope4 ,! erygmascope is ! "n ( an electric light+ app>atus design$ = ! exam9ation ( ! /rata ( e>? trav]s$ by bor+ app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a v p[]ful inc&esc5t lamp inclos$ 9 a metallic cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ! two semi-cyl9drical sides con/itutes ! reflector1 & ! o!r1 :i* is ( ?ick glass1 all[s ( ! passage ( ! lum9\s rays1 :i* ?us illum9ate ) great brilliancy ! /rata ( e>? trav]s$ by ! in/rum5t4 ,! base1 :i* is incl9$ at an angle ( #de1 is an elliptical mirror1 & ! top1 ( /raight section1 is op5 9 ord] to p]mit ! obs]v] /&+ at ! m\? ( ! well1 & provid$ ) a p[]ful spyglass1 to see 9 ! mirror ! image ( ! e>?4 ,! lamp is s m\nt$ t its upw>dly emitt$ rays are int]cept$4 ,! :ole app>atus is susp5d$ f a long cable1 =m$ ( two conduct+ wires1 :i* w9ds ar\nd a w9dlass ) metallic j\rnals :i* are electrically insulat$4 ,^! j\rnals communicate1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( two friction spr+s1 ) ! conductors on ! "o h& &1 on ! o!r1 ) ! poles ( an automatic & portable batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tr\ve ,,erygmascope4 ,?is p]mits ( l[]+ & rais+ ! app>atus at w1 )\t d]angem5t1 & )\t its be+ necess>y to int]rupt ! light & ! obs]vation4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,electric ,,balli/ic ,,t>get4 ,! electrical t>get usually employ$ 9 det]m9+ velocities ( projectiles consi/s ( a wood5 frame on :i* is /rung a copp] wire s z to make a cont9u\s circuit arrang$ 9 p>allel v]tical l9es ab\t "o in* or "o & "o half in*es ap>t4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a projectile w pass ?r\gh ?is t>get )\t break+ ! circuit1 ei!r by squeez+ betwe5 ! wires or because1 :5 la/ repair$1 ! t>get 0 %ort-circuit$ unnotic$1 s t ! cutt+ ( ! wires did n break ! circuit4 ,! repair ( ?is t>get takes consid]able "t4 ------------- ------------------------------ _/_/ _/_/ ,c#j ,a ,a ,p _/_/ _/_/ ------------- --------------- ---------------- ,f ,plan4 ,p ,c ,a ,a ,s _/ spr+ ,s ,section4 ,h _/ _/ ,w ,besides ^! objections to ?is t>get1 ano!r & m s]i\s "o is ! irregul>ity 9 ! mann] ( break+ ! circuit4 ,x has be5 prov$ t times requir$ = a flat head$ & an ogival head$ projectile to rupture ! curr5t are v diff]5t4 ,to rem$y ^! defects a new & v +5i\s t>get has be5 devis$ & us$ ) great success at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t4 ,! top ( ! t>get is a wood5 /rip1 ,f1 on ! upp] side ( :i* are screw$ /rips ( copp]1 ,a ,a1 ab\t #a_/b 94 wide1 & #a_/h 94 ?ick4 ,! connection betwe5 two adjo9+ /rips is made by a copp] c>tridge1 ,c1 :i* is dropp$ 9 a hole 9 ! frame bor$ to receive x4 ,?is c>tridge is ! "o us$ 9 ! ,spr+field rifle4 ,inside ! c>tridge is a spiral spr+1 ,s1 :i*1 act+ on ! bottom ( ! hole & ! head ( ! c>tridge1 t5ds to make ! latt] spr+ up1 & s break ! circuit4 ,to ! hook1 ,h1 :i* is atta*$ to ! c>tridge1 is susp5d$1 by means ( a /r+1 ! lead weight1 ,w1 ?us draw+ d[n ! c>tridge & mak+ ! circuit betwe5 ,a & ,a'4 ,all ! weights be+ susp5d$ ! curr5t comes 9 ?r\gh ! po/1 ,p1 passes along ! copp] /rips & out ( ! correspond+ po/ on ! o!r end4 ,on fir+ ! projectile cuts a /r+1 & ! spr+ at once causes ! c>tridge to spr+ up1 ?us break+ ! circuit4 ,x is n possible = ! projectile to squeeze betwe5 ! /r+s & n break ! curr5t1 = 9 s do+ ! c>tridge is tipp$ slightly1 :i* is suffici5t1 z x breaks ! curr5t on "o side4 ,?is t>get is us$ 9 connection ) ! ,b\l5ge *ronograph4 ,two t>gets are e/abli%$ at a kn[n di/ance ap>t1 say #ej ft41 & ! "t requir$ = ! projectile to pass ov] ?is di/ance is det]m9$ by f9d+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( cutt+ ( ! two t>gets1 by f9d+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( fall+ ( ! two rods1 caus$ by ! demagnetization ( two electromagnets 9 ! same circuit ) ! t>gets4 ,by means ( a disjunctor bo? rods are dropp$ at ! same "t1 ! %ort] "o releas+ a knife blade :i* makes a cut on ! long] "o4 ,n[ bo? rods are hung f ! magnets aga9 & ! gun is fir$4 ,! projectile passes ?r\gh ! fir/ t>get1 breaks ! circuit1 demagnetizes ! magnet ( ! long] rod1 & x beg9s to fall4 ,on pass+ ?r\gh ! second t>get1 ! projectile causes ! %ort] rod to fall4 ,?is releases ! knife blade1 & a second cut is made4 ,! "t correspond+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ^! cuts is ! "t ! long] rod 0 fall+ be=e ! second rod began to fall or ! "t betwe5 ! cutt+ ( ! two t>gets by ! projectile4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! cuts is measur$1 & ! "t correspond+ to x c easily be f\nd4 ,!n ! velocity ( ! projectile is equal to #ej_/t4 ,to repair ?is t>get1 /r+s are prep>$ 9 advance ( suitable l5g? & loop$ at bo? ends1 s t by plac+ ! hook ( ! c>tridge 9 "o loop & t ( ! weight 9 ! o!r ! repair is quickly made4 ,?is t>get has be5 us$ on ! ,we/ ,po9t prov+ gr\nd to det]m9e velocities ov] di/ances ( #ajj ft4 int]val to di/ances ( only #i ft4 int]val1 & has giv5 mo/ satisfactory results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ghf1 page #abeff4 ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,appli$ ,,entomology4 ,footnote3 ,address ( ,dr4 ,c4,v4 ,riley at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,economic ,entomologi/s1 ,*ampaign1 ,ills41 ,novemb] #aa to #ad1 #ahij4 ,,legislation4 ,! am\nt ( legislation 9 diff]5t c\ntries t has ( late ye>s be5 deem$ necess>y or suffici5tly important1 9 view ( injuri\s insects1 is a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! increas$ att5tion paid to appli$ entomology2 & :ile mod]n legislation ( ?is k9d has be51 on ! :ole1 f> m intellig5t ?an simil> ef=ts 9 ye>s gone by1 _m ( ! laws pass$ h nev]!less be5 unwise1 futile1 & impracticable1 & ev5 unnecess>ily oppressive to o!r int]e/s4 ,! *ief dang] "h is ! int]v5tion ( politics or political me?ods4 ,exp]t c\nsel %\ld guide our legislators & ! /eps tak5 %\ld be ?or\gh 9 ord] to be effective4 ,we h _h ( late ye>s 9 ,g]many v good evid5ce ( ! excell5t results fl[+ f ?or\gh me?ods1 & ! rec5t legislation 9 ,massa*usetts aga9/ ! gypsy mo? 7,ocn]ia disp>71 :i* at "o "t ?reat5$ to become f>cical1 has1 =tunately1 prov$ m ?an usually successful2 ! commission appo9t$ to deal ) ! subject hav+ work$ ) en]gy & foll[$ compet5t advice4 ,,publication4 ,on ! "q ( publication ( ! results ( our labors x is p]haps premature to dwell at l5g?4 ,ea* ( ! exp]im5t /ations is publi%+ its own bullet9s & reports q indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 b aft] a uni=m plan recomm5d$ by ! association ) :i* we meet "h2 & ) b "o exception t has come to my notice1 ano!r important recomm5dation ( ! same association--t ^! publications %all be void ( all p]sonal matt]--has be5 kept 9 m9d4 ,! ,national ,bureau ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations at ,wa%+ton is do+ :at x c ) ! means at comm& to fur!r ! g5]al "w by issu+ ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,record1 devot$ *iefly to dige/s ( ! ,/ate /ation bullet9s4 ,!re is a s]i\s "q 9 my m9d z to ! utility ( ,/ate dige/s by ! national dep>tm5t ( results already publi%$ ext5sively by ! diff]5t ,/ates & di/ribut$ "u gov]nm5t frank to all simil> in/itutions & to :omsoev] is int]e/$ en\gh to ask = !m4 ,su* dige/s may or may n be intellig5tly made1 &1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 w h>dly s]ve any o!r purpose ?an help+ to ! ref]5ce to ! orig9al articles1 & ?is c\ld und\bt$ly be done m satisfactorily to ! /ations & to ! p at l>ge by g5]al & classifi$ indices to all ! ,/ate docum5ts1 made z full z possible & issu$ at /at$ int]vals4 ,only a small proportion ( ! bullet9s h be5 s f> notic$ by dige/ 9 ?is record1 ) no p>ticul> rule1 s f> z ,i c see1 9 ! selection4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ^? w be mo/ apt to be notic$ ^: au?ors c f9d "t to !mselves s5d or make = ! purpose _! own ab/racts4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 inevitable "u pres5t arrangem5ts4 ,complete & satisfactory dige/s ( all1 if intellig5t & critical1 imply a f> great] =ce ?an is at pres5t at ,pr(4 ,atwat]'s comm&4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x w\ld seem wis] to devote all ! en]gies ( ! bureau to dige/s ( ! simil> lit]ature ( o!r c\ntries1 :i* w\ld be ( imm5se advantage to our p & to ! diff]5t /ation work]s4 ,judg+ f ! recomm5dations & resolutions ( ! g5]al association1 ?is is ! view v g5]ally held1 b except 9 *emi/ry & special indu/ries l t ( beet sug>1 v little ( t k9d ( "w has yet be5 attempt$4 ,:at is true ( ! /ation publications 9 g5]al is equally true ( special publications4 ,z entomologi/ ( ! dep>tm5t1 ,i h be5 urg$ to br+ toge!r1 at /at$ int]vals1 dige/s ( ! entomological publications ( ! diff]5t /ations4 ,su* dige/s to be ( any value1 h[ev]1 %\ld also be critical1 & x 7 a ?ankless task = any "o to be critic or c5sor ev5 ( t :i* ne$s correction or criticism4 ,moreov]1 to d ?is "w intellig5tly w\ld require increase ( ! divisional =ce1 :i* at pres5t is m advantage\sly employ$1 =1 z already intimat$1 ,i %\ld h great d\bts ( ! utility ( ^! dige/s4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ! division %\ld /rive = su* increase ( means z w\ld ju/ify ! p]iodic publication1 ei!r indep5d5tly or z a "p ( ! dep>tm5t record1 ( g5]al & classifi$ indices to ! entomological matt] ( ! /ation bullet9s1 & %\ld "w m & m t[>d giv+ results f o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is c\ld1 p]haps1 be/ be done by titles ( subject & ( au?or s spac$ & pr9t$ on /\t pap] t !y c\ld be cut & us$ 9 ! ord9>y c>d catalogue4 ,! recipi5t c\ld cut & sy/ematically place ! titles z fa/ z receiv$4 ,z to ! "* ( ! matt] ( ! entomological bullet9s1 x w inevitably be influ5c$ by ! ne$s & dem&s ( ! p ( ! respective ,/ates1 & :ile orig9ality %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 !re mu/ ne$s be 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! "w mu* re/atem5t ( :at is already well kn[n4 ,t "s results h be5 publi%$ ( "w :i* reflects no p>ticul> cr$it ^u our call+ is a m]e incid5t ( ! new positions creat$4 ,yet we may expect m>k$ improvem5t f ye> to ye> 9 ?is direction1 & )\t be+ invidi\s1 ,i w\ld cite ^? ( ,pr(4 ,gillette's on 8 spray+ exp]im5ts & on ! plum curculio & plum g\g]1 z models ( :at su* bullet9s %\ld be4 ,al?\gh ! resolution (f]$ at our la/ meet+ by ,pr(4 ,cook1 to ! effect t purely descriptive matt] %\ld be exclud$ f ! /ation bullet9s1 met ) no favor1 b 0 laid on ! table1 by ! g5]al association1 ,i am 9 full sympa?y ) ?is position & am /rongly ( ! op9ion t 9 ! ord9>y bullet9s su* purely te*nical & descriptive matt] %\ld be r$uc$ to ! necess>y m9imum consi/5t ) cle>ness ( /atem5t & accuracy1 & t if x is desir$1 on ! "p ( ! /ation entomologi/s1 to issue te*nical & descriptive pap]s1 a sep>ate s]ies ( bullet9s 7 bett] in/itut$ = ?is class ( matt]4 ,f9ally1 = results :i* x is desir$ to promptly get be=e ! p1 ! agricultural press is at our disposal1 & s f> z ! entomological "w ( ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture is conc]n$1 ! p]iodical bullet91 ,insect ,life1 0 e/abli%$ = ?is purpose4 ,its columns are op5 to all /ation work]s1 & ,i w\ld "h appeal to ! memb]s ( ! association to help make x1 z f> z possible1 national1 by s5d+ brief notes & dige/s ( _! "w z x progresses4 ,hi!rto we h be5 unable to make z mu* ef=t 9 ?is direction z we desir$1 b 9 future x is our hope to make ! bullet91 z f> z possible1 a national m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! results ( "w done 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry may quickly be put on record & di/ribut$1 n only to all p>ts ( our own c\ntry1 b to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! rapid gr[? & developm5t ( ! national dep>tm5t & ! multiplication ( its divisions h necessitat$ special modes ( publication & r5d]$ ! annual report almo/ an ana*ronism s f> z x pret5ds to be :at x at "o "t 0--a pretty complete report ( ! sci5tific & o!r "w ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,! attempts :i* ,i h made ?r\gh ! prop] au?orities to get ,congress to ord] m pret5ti\s monographic works 9 qu>to volume simil> to ^? issu$ by o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t h n met ) enc\ragem5t1 & 9 ?is direction _m ( ! /ations w1 let u hope1 be able to d bett]4 ,,co-,,op]ation4 ,e o!r subject t might be consid]$ on ?is occasion mu/ be subord9ate to ! "o great "q ( co-op]ation4 ,) ! l>ge increase ( actual work]s 9 our favorite field1 di/ribut$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 ! necessity = "s co-op]ation & co-ord9ation mu/ be app>5t to e "o4 ,j h[ ?is %\ld be br\ght ab\t or 9 :at direction we may "w t[>d x1 w be = ?is association 9 its delib]ations to decide4 ,nor w ,i v5ture to anticipate ! delib]ations & conclusions ( ! special committee appo9t$ to take ! matt] into consid]ation1 beyond ! /atem5t t !re are _m directions 9 :i* we c adopt plans = mutual b5efit4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! introduction & dissem9ation ( p>asites4 ,h[ mu* great] w be ! *ance ( success 9 any p>ticul> case if we h all ! diff]5t /ation entomologi/s int]e/$ 9 "s specific plan to be c>ri$ out 9 co-op]ation ) ! national dep>tm5t1 :i* ought to h bett] facilities ( introduc+ specim5s to =eign c\ntries or to diff]5t sections ( our own c\ntry ?an any ( ! ,/ate /ations4 ,let u suppose t ! fruit gr[]s ( "o section ( ! c\ntry1 compris+ sev]al ,/ates 9 area1 ne$ ! b5efit 9 _! w>f>e aga9/ any p>ticul>ly injuri\s insect ( su* natural enemy or enemies z are kn[n to help ! fruit gr[]s ( "s o!r section4 ,!re w c]ta9ly be mu* great] *ances ( success 9 ! c>ry+ out ( any s*eme ( introduction if all ! work]s 9 ! "o section may be call$ ^u ?r\gh "s c5tral or national body to help 9 ! introduction & disposition ( ! desir$ mat]ial into ! o!r section4 ,or1 take ! case ( ! boll worm inve/igation already allud$ to4 ,! *ances ( success w\ld be mu* great] if ! entomologi/s 9 all ! ,/ates int]e/$ 7 to give "s att5tion to su* lepidopt]\s l>v z are f\nd to be affect$ ) contagi\s diseases & to foll[ out "s specific plan ( cultivat+ & transmitt+ !m to ! p>ty or p>ties ) :om ! actual trials are intru/$4 ,! argum5t applies ) /ill great] =ce to any int]national ef=ts4 ,i ne$ h>dly multiply in/ances4 ,!re is1 x is true1 no?+ to prev5t any individual /ation entomologi/ f reque/+ co-op]ation ( ! o!r /ations1 nor is !re any?+ to prev5t ! national dep>tm5t f do+ likewise2 b 9 all organization results are m apt to fl[ f ! p[] to direct r ?an f m]e lib]ty to reque/ or to plead4 ,! /ation entomologi/ may be engross$ 9 "s l9e ( rese>* :i* he deems ( m importance to ! p ( 8 ,/ate1 & may res5t be+ call$ ^u to div]t 8 en]gies2 & ) no c5tral or national p[] to decide ^u plans ( co-op]ation = ! common weal1 we are left to volunt>y me?ods1 mutually devis$1 & x is "h t ?is association c1 x seems to me1 mo/ fully ju/ify its organization4 ,& ?is br+s me to ! "q ( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,& ,,! ,,/ations4 ,imm$iately connect$ ) ! "q ( co-op]ation is ! relation ( ! ,national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! ,/ate exp]im5t /ations4 ,! relation1 in/ead ( be+ vital & au?oritative1 is1 9 reality1 a subord9ate "o4 ,_m p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! advancem5t ( agriculture =esaw ! advantage ( hav+ exp]im5t /ations atta*$ to ! ,/ate agricultural colleges f\nd$ "u ! ,morrill act ( #ahfb2 b ,i ?9k t 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p]sons ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! /ations impli$ "s su* connection ) ! national dep>tm5t z t outl9$ 9 an address on ,agricultural ,advancem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ,i _h ! honor to deliv] 9 #ahgi be=e ! ,national ,agricultural ,congress1 at ,ro*e/]1 & 9 :i* ! foll[+ language 0 us$3 ,9 ! light ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,g]man exp]im5tal /ations & _! "w1 or ( t 9 our own ,/ate ( ,connecticut1 ! exp$i5cy ( pur*as+ an exp]im5tal f>m ( l>ge dim5sions 9 ! vic9ity ( ,wa%+ton is v que/ionable4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! value ( a good exp]im5tal /ation !re t %all h its bran*es 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,! results to fl[ f su* /ations w n dep5d ^u ! numb] ( acres at comm&1 & x w be f> wis] & m economical = ! commission] to make ea* agricultural college t accept$ ! gov]nm5t end[m5t auxili>y to ! national bureau1 s t ! exp]im5tal f>m t is n[1 or %\ld be1 connect$ ) ea* ( ^! in/itutions might be at its s]vice & "u ! g5]al managem5t ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ma9 /ation4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! directors ( ^! colleges w\ld *e]fully h !m con/itut$ z exp]im5tal /ations "u ! direction ( ! dep>tm5t1 & ?us help to make x really national--! head ( a va/ sy/em t %\ld ramify ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! l&4444 ,) ! diff]5t ,/ate agricultural colleges1 & ! ,/ate agricultural societies1 or bo>ds1 we h e advantage = build+ up a national bureau ( agriculture wor?y ( ! c\ntry & its va/ productive int]e/s1 & on a ?or\ghly economical basis1 su* z t ( ,prussia1 = in/ance4 ,9 %ort1 ! view 9 m9d 0 some?+ 9 ! nature ( t :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ by our neighbors ( ! ,nor?1 :]e !re is a c5tral or national /ation or f>m at ,ottawa & sub-/ations or bran* f>ms at ,nappan1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,br&on1 ,manitoba1 ,indian ,head1 ,n4,w4,t41 & ,agassiz1 ,briti% ,columbia1 all "u ! able direction ( ,mr4 ,william ,saund]s1 "o ( our e/eem$ fell[ work]s4 ,x 0 my privilege to be a good deal ) ,mr4 ,saund]s :5 he 0 9 ,europe /udy+ ! exp]i5ce ( o!r c\ntries 9 ?is matt]1 & ! policy f9ally adopt$ 9 ,canada z a result ( 8 labors is an em95tly wise "o1 prev5t+ "s ( ! difficulties & dang]s :i* beset our plan1 :e!r z betwe5 ,/ate & nation or college & /ation4 ,"u ! pres5t laws & ) ! va/ influ5ce :i* ! ,association ( ,agricultural ,colleges & ,exp]im5t ,/ations w wield1 bo? 9 ,congress & 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 !re is great dang] ( transposition1 9 ?is agricultural body politic1 ( ^? p>ts :i* 9 ! animal body are d5om9at$ head & tail1 & ! old saw to ! effect t ! dog wags ! tail because ! tail _c wag ! dog1 w f9d ano!r application4 ,s f> z ! law goes1 ! national dep>tm5t1 :i* %\ld hold a truly national position t[>d ,/ate agricultural in/itutions dep5d+ on f$]al support1 c d little except by sugge/ion1 :e!r 9 ! l9e ( direct+ plans or 9 any way co-ord9at+ or controll+ ! "w ( ! diff]5t /ations ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! m5 :o influ5c$ & %ap$ ! legislation :i* result$ 9 ! ,hat* bill 7 c>eful t ! dep>tm5t's function %\ld be to indicate1 n to dictate2 to advise & assi/1 n to gov]n or regulate4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to dep5d on su* relation%ips & su* plans ( co-op]ation z w appe> advantage\s to all conc]n$1 & ^! c be/ be br\ght ab\t ?r\gh su* associations z are n[ 9 conv5tion "h4 ,)\t su* plans !re is great dang] ( su* wa/e ( en]gy & means & duplication ( results z w br+ ! "w into popul> disfavor & invite dis9tegration1 = already !re is a gr[+ feel+ t agricultural exp]im5t is & w be subord9at$ to ! ord9>y college "w 9 ! disposition ( ! f$]al appropriations4 ,:at is true ( ! national dep>tm5t z a :ole 9 its connection ) ! ,/ate /ations is true 9 a great] or less degree ( ! diff]5t divisions ( ! dep>tm5t 9 connection ) ! diff]5t speciali/s ( ! /ations4 ,) ! multiplicity ( work]s 9 any giv5 direction 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 ! necessity = national "w less5s4 ,a favorite s*eme ( m9e 9 ! pa/1 = in/ance 7& "o ,i am glad to say fully indors$ by ,pr(4 ,willits71 0 to endeavor to h a p]man5t ag5t locat$ 9 e section ( ! c\ntry t 0 suffici5tly di/9ctive 9 its agricultural res\rces & climate1 or1 z a yet fur!r elaboration ( ! same plan1 "o 9 ea* ( ! m important agricultural ,/ates4 ,! necessity = su* ,/ate ag5ts has be5 less5$1 if n obviat$1 by ! ,hat* bill1 & ! subsequ5t modifications look+ to p]man5t appropriations to ! ,/ate /ations or colleges1 :i* give no c5tral p[] at ,wa%+ton4 ,! "q !n arises1 ,:at function %all ! national dep>tm5t p]=m8 ,its influ5ce & field = usefulness h be5 less5$ r ?an augm5t$ 9 ! l9es ( actual inve/igation 9 v _m directions4 ,_m a ,/ate is already f> bett] equipp$ bo? z to valuable surr\nd+ l&1 laboratory & libr>y facilities1 m lib]al sal>ies1 & great] fre$om f r$ tape1 adm9i/rative r\t9e1 & re/rictions z to exp5ditures1 ?an we are at ,wa%+ton2 &1 except z a direct+ ag5t & a useful s]vant1 ,i _c see :]e ! future gr[? ( ! dep>tm5t's influ5ce is to be outside ( ^? f$]al functions :i* are executive4 ,j :at t direct+ influ5ce is to be is ! "q ( ! h\r1 n only 9 ! broad] b 9 ! special s5se4 ,! same "q1 9 a n>r[] s5se1 _h aris5 9 ! case ( ! few ,/ates :i* employ$ ,/ate entomologi/s4 ,9 ! ev5t1 = in/ance1 ( an outbreak ( "s injuri\s insect1 or 9 ! ev5t ( any p>ticul> economic entomological "q )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ate hav+ su* an (fic]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates entomologi/ w\ld naturally feel t any ef=t on 8 "p w\ld be unnecess>y1 or might ev5 be look$ ^u z an int]f]5ce4 ,he w\ld feel t !re 0 always dang] ( m]e duplication ( obs]vation or exp]im5t1 except :]e appeal$ to = aid or co-op]ation4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 true only ( insects :i* are local or sectional1 & is r a n>r[ view ( ! matt]1 b x is "o br\ght home f exp]i5ce1 & is c]ta9ly to be consid]$ 9 our future plans4 ,! favor ) :i* ! museum "w ( ! national division 0 view$ by y at ! meet+ la/ ,novemb] & ! am\nt ( mat]ial s5t on = det]m9ation w\ld indicate t ! build+ up ( a gr& national ref]5ce collection w be mo/ useful to ! /ation work]s4 ,b to d ?is satisfactorily we ne$ y\r co-op]ation1 & ,i appeal to all entomologi/s to aid 9 ?is ef=t by s5d+ duplicates ( _! types to ,wa%+ton1 & ?us m fully insur+ aga9/ ultimate loss !re(4 ,,/atus ,,( ,,our ,,society4 ,?is tra9 ( ?\ght br+s up ! "q ( ! /atus ( our society ) ! /ation entomologi/s z repres5t$ by ! committee ( ! g5]al association4 ,^? ( u :o _h desir$ a national association = ! v>i\s purposes = :i* su* associations are =m$1 felt1 ,i believe1 if ,i may speak = !m1 t ! creation ( ! diff]5t exp]im5tal /ations r5d]$ su* an organization feasible4 ,y\r organization at ,toronto & ! con/itution adopt$ & am5d$ at ! meet+ at ,wa%+ton all indicate t ! *ief object 0 ! advancem5t ( our *os5 "w & t ! /r5g? ( ! association w\ld come f ! exp]im5t /ation entomologi/s4 ,!re 0 !n no o!r organization ( ! k9d1 nor any intimation t su* a "o w\ld be f\nd$4 ,"s ( u !re=e 7 surpris$ to le>n f ! circul> s5t out by ,pr(4 ,=bes1 its *airman1 t ! committee appo9t$ by ! association ( agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations1 & ?r\gh :i* we _h hop$ to communicate & co-op]ate ) t association1 0 n 9 ! prop] s5se a committee1 b a section :i* has prep>$ 7& 9 fact 0 requir$ by ! executive committee & ! rules ( ! sup]ior body to prep>e7 a programme ( pap]s & discussions = ! meet+ to be held at ! same "t & place ) our own4 ,i _c b feel t ?is is 9 "s respects a mis=tune1 & x w devolve ^u y to decide ^u sev]al que/ions ( importance t w mat]ially affect our future exi/5ce4 ,t !re is n room = two national organizations hav+ ! same objects 9 view & meet+ at ! same "t & place goes1 ,i ?9k1 )\t say+2 & if ! committee ( ! g5]al association is to be any?+ m ?an a committee 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 or if x is to assume ) or )\t =mal con/itution ! functions ( our own association1 !n our own mu/ necess>ily be crippl$1 & to d any good at all mu/ meet at a diff]5t "t & a diff]5t place4 ,a committee or section1 or :atev] x may be call$1 ( ! g5]al association ) :i* we meet1 w\ld preclude active memb]%ip ( any b ^? :o come )9 ! con/itution ( t body4 ,our ,canadian fri5ds & _m o!rs :o h id5tifi$ !mselves ) appli$ entomology1 & d n belong to any ( our ,/ate or gov]nm5t in/itutions1 w\ld be deb>r$ f active repres5tation1 h[ev] lib]al ! association may h be5 9 invit+ su* to p>ticipate1 )\t p[] to vote 9 its delib]ations4 ,our own association has1 or %\ld h1 no su* limitations4 ,"s ( u :o are entitl$ to memb]%ip 9 bo? bodies may feel indiff]5t z to ! c\rse f9ally decid$ ^u1 & t x w n make any diff]5ce :e!r we h an outside & indep5d5t organization1 z t ( ! association ( (ficial *emi/s1 or :e!r we d1 z did ! botani/s & horticulturi/s1 waive indep5d5ce 9 favor ( m direct connection ) ! g5]al association1 provid$ !re is "s way :]eby ! committees ( ! g5]al association are giv5 suffici5t latitude & "t to prop]ly pres5t _! pap]s & delib]ate2 b !re are o!rs :o feel m s5sitive z to _! action & are m imm$iately influ5c$ by ! feel+s ( ! ma9 body4 ,i hope t :atev] action be tak5 at ?is meet+1 ! g5]al good & ! promotion ( economic entomology w be kept 9 m9d & t no sectional or p]sonal feel+ w be all[$ to influ5ce our delib]ations4 ,,sugge/ion ,,& ,,comm5t4 ,y w1 ,i "k1 p>don me if1 be=e conclud+ ^! rem>ks1 ,i v5ture to make a few comm5ts :i*1 ?\gh n altoge!r agreeable1 are made 9 all s9c]ity & 9 ! hope ( do+ good4 ,! "q z to h[ f> purely te*nical & especially descriptive & monographic "w %\ld be done by ! diff]5t /ations or by ! national dep>tm5t is "o :i* ,i h already allud$ to & ^u :i* we %all probably hold diff]+ op9ions1 & :i* w be settl$ accord+ to ! views ( ! au?orities at ! diff]5t /ations4 ,individually1 ,i h ev] felt t "o o/5sibly engag$ 9 appli$ entomology & paid by ! ,/ate or national gov]nm5t to ! end t he may b5efit ! agricultural community c be true to 8 tru/ only by l>gely ov]com+ ! pleasure ( entomological "w hav+ no practical be>+4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 draw ! l9e at descriptive "w except :]e x is incid5tal to ! economic "w & = ! purpose ( giv+ accuracy to ! popul> & economic /atem5ts4 ,?is w\ld make our "w ess5tially biological1 = all biologic inve/igation w\ld be ju/ifi$1 n only because ! life habits ( any insect1 once asc]ta9$1 ?r[ light on ^? ( species :i* are closely relat$ to x1 b because we c nev] "k :5 a species at pres5t h>mless may subsequ5tly prove h>mful1 & h to be class$ among ! species injuri\s to agriculture4 ,on ! "q ( cr$it to _! orig9al s\rces ( results already on record1 x is h>dly necess>y = me to advise1 because good s5se & ! cons5sus ( op9ion w 9 ! end ju/ify or condemn a writ] accord+ z he prove j & consci5ti\s 9 ?is reg>d4 ,!re is "o pr9ciple t %\ld guide e c>eful writ]1 viz41 t 9 any publications :atev]1 :]e facts or op9ions are put =?1 x %\ld always be made cle> z to :i* are bas$ ^u ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce & :i* are compil$ or /at$ ^u ! au?ority ( o!rs4 ,we %\ld h no pati5ce ) a v common t5d5cy to set =? facts1 ev5 ^? relat+ to ! mo/ common & be/ kn[n species1 )\t ! indications to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,! t5d5cy belittles our call+ & is g5]ally mislead+ & confus+1 especially = bibliographic "w1 & _c be too /rongly deprecat$4 ,on ?is po9t !re w h>dly be any diff]5ce ( op9ion1 b ,i w allude to ano!r "q ( cr$it ^u :i* !re prevails a good deal ( loose op9ion & cu/om4 ,x is ! habit ( us+ illu/rations ( o!r au?ors )\t any indication ( _! orig9al s\rce4 ,?is is an equally vici\s cu/om & "o to be condemn$1 ?\gh ,i "k t "s h fall5 into ! habit1 )\t appreciation ( its evil effect4 ,x is1 9 my judgm5t1 almo/ z blamewor?y z to use ! language or ! facts ( ano!r )\t cit+ ! au?ority4 ,e memb] ( ?is association :o has due appreciation ( ! "t & labor & special k requir$ to produce a good & true illu/ration ( ! trans=mations & *ief *>act]i/ics ( an insect w appreciate ?is criticism4 ,h[ev] p>donable 9 fugitive newspap] articles 9 respect ( cuts :i*1 f repeat$ use1 h become common or :i* h no individuality1 ! habit inevitably gives a c]ta9 spuri\s "* to m s]i\s & (ficial publications1 = assumption ( orig9ality1 :e!r int5d$ or n1 goes ) uncr$it$ matt] :e!r ( text or figure4 ,nor is m]e ackn[l$gm5t ( loan or pur*ase to ! publi%]1 in/itution or individual :o may own ! block or /one :at ,i ref] to4 ,b t ackn[l$gm5t to ! au?or ( ! figure or ! "w 9 :i* x fir/ appe>s :i* is "p ( consci5ti\s writ+1 & (t5 a valuable index z to ! reliability ( ! figure4 ,x 7 sup]]ogation to po9t out to a body ( ?is k9d ! value ( ! mo/ c>eful & ?or\gh "w 9 connection ) life hi/ories & habits1 (t5 involv+ z x does mu* microscopic /udy ( /ructure4 ,! (fic]s ( our in/itutions :o control ! funds1 & m or less fully our conduct1 are apt to be some:at impati5t & inappreciative ( ! "t giv5 to anatomic "w1 & :]e x is giv5 = ! purpose ( describ+ species & ( synopsiz+ or monograph+ high] gr\ps1 )\t ref]5ce to agriculture1 ,i am firmly ( ! belief t x div]ts "o f economic "w1 b :]e pursu$ = a def9ite economic purpose x _c be too c>eful or too ?or\gh & ,i "k ( no in/ances bett] calculat$ to appeal to & modify ! views ( ^? incl9$ to belittle su* /ructural /udy ?an ,phyllox]a & ,ic]ya4 ,on ! c>eful comp>ison ( ! ,european & ,am]ican specim5s ( ,phyllox]a va/atrix1 involv+ ! mo/ m9ute /ructures & details1 dep5d$ orig9ally ^? important economic que/ions :i* h result$ 9 legislation by _m diff]5t nations & ! reg5]ation ( ! affect$ v9ey>ds ( ,europe1 ( our own ,pacific coa/1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! _w by ! use ( ,am]ican resi/ant /ocks4 ,9 ! case ( ,ic]ya pur*asi ! possibilities ( success 9 *eck+ x by its natural enemies hung at "o "t ^u a "q ( specific diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ,ic]ya sac*>i ( ,signoret--a "q ( m9ute /ructure :i* ! descriptions left unsettl$ & :i* c\ld only be settl$ by ! mo/ c>eful /ructural /udy & ! comp>ison ( ! types1 involv+ a trip to ,europe4 ,,conclusion4 ,i h ?us t\*$1 g5tlem51 ^u a few ( ! _m subjects t cr[d ^u ! m9d = consid]ation on an occasion l ?is--a few glean+s f a field :i* is pass+ ri* 9 promise & possibility4 ,x is a field t "s ( u h cultivat$ = _m ye>s & yet h only scrat*$ ! surface1 & if ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ or admoni%1 x is ) ! feel+ t my own labors 9 ?is field are ere long ab\t to end & t ,i may n h ano!r occasion4 ,at no "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has !re1 ,i tr[1 be5 ga!r$ toge!r su* a body ( devot$ & capable work]s 9 appli$ entomology4 ,x m>ks an era 9 our call+ &1 look+ back at ! progress ( ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 we may well pond] ! possibilities ( ! next fifte54 ,!y w be fruitful ( gr& results 9 proportion z we p]si/5tly & comb9$ly pursue ! yet unsolv$ problems & are n tempt$ to ! imm$iate pres5tation ( sep>ate facts1 :i* are s innum]able & s easily obs]v$ t _! v weal? becomes an elem5t ( weakness4 ,epo*-mak+ discov]ies result only f ?is p[] ( foll[+ up unsw]v+ly any giv5 problem1 or any fix$ ideal4 ,! k]os5e emulsion1 ! ,cyclone nozzle1 ! hi/ory ( ,phyllox]a va/atrix1 ( ,phorodon humuli1 ( ,v$alia c>d9alis1 are illu/rations 9 po9t1 & :ile we may n expect frequ5t results z /rik+ or ( z wide application z ^!1 !re is no end ( important problems yet to be solv$ & f ! solution ( :i* we may look = simil> b5eficial results4 ,appli$ entomology is (t5 consid]$ a sordid pursuit1 b x only becomes s :5 ! object is sordid4 ,:5 pursu$ ) unselfi% en?usiasm born ( ! love ( inve/igation & ! delight 9 b5efit+ our fell[ m51 x is inspir+1 & !re are few pursuits m des]v$ly s1 consid]+ ! va/ losses to our f>m]s f insect injury & ! press+ ne$ t ! di/ress$ husb&man has = e aid t c be giv5 him4 ,our "w is elevat+ 9 its sympa?ies = ! /ruggles & suff]+ ( o!rs4 ,our /&>d %\ld be high--! pursuit ( k = ! advancem5t ( agriculture4 ,no (ficial entomologi/ %\ld l[] x by sordid aims4 ,dur+ ! rec5t political campaign ! f>m] mu/ h be5 sorely puzzl$ to "k :e!r 8 int]e/s ne$$ protection or n4 ,on ! ab/ract "q ( t>iff protection to 8 products we1 z entomologi/s1 may no m agree ?an d ! politicians or ?an does ! f>m] himself4 ,b ours is a case ( protection f injuri\s insects1 & ^u t !re c n[h]e be division ( op9ion4 ,x is our duty to see t he gets x ) z little tax = ! means z possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pota% ,,salts4 ,footnote3 ,by ,john ,b4 ,smi?1 entomologi/4 ,pota% z an insecticide is n entirely new1 b has nev] be5 br\ght out ) ! prom95ce ,i ?9k x des]ves4--,n4,j4 ,ag4 ,col4 ,exp4 ,/41 ,bullet9 #ge4 ,my att5tion 0 attract$ to pota% salts z an insecticide1 by ! casual rem>k ( an intellig5t f>m]1 t wa%+ 8 "y pe> trees ) a muriate ( pota% solution cle>$ !m ( scales4 ,! value ( ?is sub/ance = insecticide purposes1 %\ld its p[]s be suffici5t1 /ruck me at once1 & ,i began inve/igation4 ,x 0 unluckily too late 9 ! season = field exp]im5ts ( ! nature desir$2 b x is ! uni=m te/imony ( f>m]s :o h us$ ei!r ! muriate or ! ka9it 9 ! cornfields1 t !y h !re no tr\ble ) grubs or cut worms4 ,mr4 ,e4,b4 ,voorhees1 ! s5ior *emi/ ( ! /ation1 assures me t on 8 fa!r's f>m ! fields 7 badly infe/$1 & replant+ cornhills kill$ by grubs or wire worms 0 a recogniz$ "p ( ! programme4 ,s9ce us+ ! pota% salts1 h[ev]1 !y h _h absolutely no tr\ble1 & ev5 _! previ\sly wor/-infe/$ fields %[ no fur!r trace ( injury4 ,! same te/imony comes f o!rs1 & ,i feel safe 9 recomm5d+ ^! salts1 pref]ably ka9it1 to ^? :o are tr\bl$ ) cut worms or wire worms 9 corn4 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,a lot ( wire worms 7,iulus sp47 br\ght 9 f potato hills 7 put into a t9 c ) ab\t ?ree in*es ( soil & "s potato cutt+s1 & ! soil 0 ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) ka9it1 "o ounce to "o p9t ( wat]4 ,next morn+ all ! specim5s 7 dead4 ,a *eck lot 9 ano!r c1 moi/5$ ) wat] only1 7 heal?y & liv$ = "s days aft]w>d4 ,a numb] ( cabbage maggots plac$ on ! soil impregnat$ ) ! solution di$ )9 twelve h\rs4 ,to te/ its actual kill+ p[]1 us$ ! solution1 "o ounce ka9it to "o p9t wat]1 to spray a rose bu% badly infe/$ ) plant lice4 ,effect1 all ! lice dead t5 h\rs lat]2 ! y\ng] =ms 7 dropp+ )9 an h\r4 ,spray$ sev]al heads ( :eat ) ! solution1 & )9 ?ree h\rs all ! aphides infe/+ !m 7 dead4 ,"s exp]im5ts on hairy cat]pill>s result$ unsatisfactorily1 ! hair s]v+ z a p]fect protection aga9/ ! spray1 ev5 f ! atomiz]4 ,to te/ its effect on ! foliage1 spray$ "s t5d] %oots ( rose & grape leaves1 blossoms1 & clu/]s ( "y fruit4 ,no bad effect obs]vable #bd h\rs lat]4 ,!re 0 on "s ( ! leaves a f9e glaze ( salt cry/als1 & a decid$ salt ta/e 0 manife/ on all4 ,muriate ( pota% ( ! same /r5g? 0 te/$ z foll[s3 ,spray$ on "s gre5h\se camellias badly infe/$ by mealy bugs1 x kill$ ne>ly all )9 ?ree h\rs1 & six h\rs lat] n a liv+ insect 0 f\nd4 ,! plants 7 entirely un9jur$ by ! application4 ,?or\ghly spray$ "s rose bu%es badly infe/$ ) aphides1 & c>ri$ (f "s ( ! wor/ bran*es4 ,on ^! ! lice 7 dead next morn+2 b on ! bu%es ! effect 0 n s satisfactory1 mo/ ( ! w+$ =ms & _m mature w+less specim5s 7 unaffect$1 :ile ! t]m9al %oots & v "y leaves 7 droop+ z ?\gh fro/$4 ,all1 h[ev]1 recov]$ lat]4 ,! same exp]im5t repeat$ on o!r1 h>di] roses1 result$ simil>ly s f> z ! effect on ! aphides 0 conc]n$1 b !re 0 no injury to ! plant4 ,us$ ?is same mixture on ! cat]pill>s ( ,orgyia leuco/igma ) unsatisfactory effect1 & ) ! same results us$ x on a numb] ( o!r l>v4 ,us$ on ! rose leaf roll]1 ,caccia rosaceana1 x 0 promptly effective4 ,te/$ = injury to plants1 x injur$ ! foliage & fl[]s ( wi/]ia1 ! y\ng] leaves ( maple & grape1 & ! f9] k9ds ( roses4 ,f ^! few exp]im5ts ka9it seems pref]able to ! muriate1 z act+ m effectively on insects & n injuri\sly on plants4 ,= g5]al use on plants x is n to be recomm5d$4 ,x is o!rwise on und]gr\nd species1 :]e ! soil w be p5etrat$ by ! salts & :]e ! moi/ure evaporates b sl[ly1 & ! salt has a long] & bett] *ance to act4 ,! be/ me?od ( application w\ld be a broadca/+ 9 f]tiliz+ quantity be=e or dur+ a ra91 s z to c>ry ! mat]ial into ! soil at once4 ,9 cornfields infe/$ ) grubs or wire worms1 ! application %\ld be made be=e plant+4 ,:]e x is to be us$ to rea* root lice1 x %\ld be us$ :5 ! injury is beg9n+4 ,:5 /rawb]ry b$s are infe/$ by ! :ite grub1 ! application %\ld be made :5 cultivat+ or be=e sett+ out4 ,! pota% salts h a high value z f]tiliz]s1 & any application made w act z a /imulant z well z insecticide1 ?us enabl+ ! plants to ov]come ! insect injury z well z de/roy+ ! insect4 ,9 speak+ on ?is subject 9 ,salem c\nty1 ,i le>n$ f f>m]s pres5t t ^? us+ pota% 7 n tr\bl$ ) ! corn root l\se to any ext5t1 & also t "y pea* trees h be5 successfully gr[n 9 old lice-infe/$ or*>ds1 :]e previ\sly all di$1 by fir/ treat+ ! soil ) ka9it ( pota%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a meteorological /ation has be5 built on ,mont ,blanc1 at an elevation ( #ac1cjj feet1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,vallot4 ,x requir$ six weeks to deliv] ! mat]ials4 ,! in/rum5ts are self-regi/]+ & are to be visit$ 9 summ] e fifte5 days if possible1 ! in/rum5ts be+ left to regi/] betwe5 ! visits4 ,9 ! w9t] ! obs]vatory w be entirely inaccessible4 ,?is is ! highe/ sci5tific /ation 9 ,europe1 b is #hdg feet l[] ?an ! ,pike's ,peak /ation 9 ,colorado4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,exp5se ,,m>g9 ,,9 ,,life ,,insurance4 ,! pr9ciple ( mutuality requires t ! burd5 ( exp5se 9 life insurance %\ld be borne by all ! memb]s equally2 b1 ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful adju/m5t1 ! all[ance usually made is consid]ably 9 excess ( :at is ne$$ 9 ! regul> companies do+ bus9ess on ! level premium plan4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ^! companies to add to ! net premium a p]c5tage !re( to cov] ! exp5se acc\nt4 ,?is practice1 ?\gh 9 h>mony ) ! commission sy/em1 is s cle>ly defective & s f> remov$ f ! _s ( life insurance ma!matics1 t x sc>cely des]ves ev5 ?is pass+ notice4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ^! corporations comb9e ! functions ( ! sav+s bank & life insurance company1 & x is only by sep>at+ ! two 9 our m9ds z f> z possible t we c obta9 a cle> conception ( ! laws t %\ld gov]n ! apportionm5t ( ! exp5ses among ! great v>iety ( policies4 ,:ile x is a comp>atively simple matt] to /ate ! am\nt ( ei!r ! insurance or sav+s bank elem5t 9 a s+le policy1 x is by no means easy1 z ?+s g1 to classify ! company's actual exp5ses on ?is basis4 ,=tunately1 we c pretty accurately det]m9e :at ^! am\nts %\ld be 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are in/itutions 9 our mid/ devot$ solely to receiv+ & cons]v+ small sums ( money2 do+1 9 fact1 exactly :at our insurance companies are und]tak+ to d ) ! res]ve & contributions !reto4 ,^! sav+s banks are requir$ by law to make returns to ! ,/ate commission]1 f ^: (ficial report we c get a v good idea ( ! exp5se att5dant on do+ ?is bus9ess4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ! city banks1 :]e ! conditions m ne>ly resemble ^? ( ! insurance companies1 we f9d 9 ?irty-eight comb9$ in/itutions = sav+ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts a deposit 9 #ahhh ( #aib1agd1eff1 tak5 c>e ( at an aggregate co/ ( #dee1chg1 or ab\t #bd-ajj ( "o p] c5t4 ,! same ratio c>ri$ out = all ! sav+s banks 9 ,massa*usetts gives a trifle ov] #be-ajj ( "o p] c5t42 we may1 !re=e1 consid] ( "o p] c5t4 z express+ pretty ne>ly ! co/ ( receiv+1 pay+ out1 & inve/+ ! sav+s ( ! p4 ,we mu/ rememb] 9 ?is connection t 9 ! popul> e/imation1 ! sav+s bank is an important factor 9 ! public welf>e1 & 9 ! t[ns & small] cities !re are (t5 f\nd public spirit$ m5 will+ to give _! s]vices to enc\rage ?is mode ( sav+2 b public s5tim5t has n yet giv5 to life insurance ! place :i* x is de/9$1 soon] or lat]1 to occupy by ! side ( ! sav+s bank4 ,h5ce ! s]vices ( able manag]s c only be obta9$ by a lib]al outlay ( ! corporate funds4 ,a satisfactory adju/m5t ( ! matt] ( exp5ses w1 p]haps1 d m ?an any?+ else to br+ ab\t ?is recognition on ! "p ( ! public4 ,9 ! case ( ! sav+s bank x is safe to say t = d\ble ! pres5t outlay a lib]al sal>y c\ld be paid to all ! (fic]s4 ,foll[+ ! analogy1 we are l$ to inf] t if ?is be ! case 9 sav+s banks1 !n ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! res]ve %\ld be an ample all[ance = ! special labor requir$ 9 ! purely bank+ portion ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 ?is we h ! concurr5ce ( ! late ,elizur ,wright4 ,9 an essay on ?is subject he says3 ,! exp5ses ( ! five l>ge/ sav+s banks 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahfi1 did n exce$ #d-aj ( "o p] c5t4 on #bh1jjj1jjj deposit$ 9 !m4 ,!y c]ta9ly _h twice z _m transactions1 9 proportion to ! deposits1 z any life insurance company c\ld h ) ! same am\nt ( res]ve1 s t ( "o p] c5t4 on ! res]ve seems to be ample = all work+ exp5ses save ^? ( ma9ta9+ ! ag5cies & collect+ ! premiums4 ,?is ne$ h>dly be look$ ^u z an admission t x co/s twice z mu* to c>e = ! funds ( a life insurance company z = ^? ( a sav+s bank4 ,a lib]al exp5se all[ance mu/ be made at ! outset1 see+ t an error 9 ?is p>ticul> _c easily be rectifi$ aft] ! policy is issu$4 ,! divid5d1 or1 to speak m correctly1 ! annual return ( surplus1 w correct any ov]paym5t on ?is acc\nt4 ,!re is ano!r exp5se :i* seems inevitable4 ,?is is ! gov]nm5t tax on insurance companies1 am\nt+ 9 ! aggregate to ne>ly #a_/c ( "o p] c5t4 on ! res]ve4 ,:5 we consid] t ^! in/itutions are int5d$ to enc\rage ?rift & to relieve ! community f ! c>e ( numb]less wid[s & orphans1 x seems a cle> violation ( ! pr9ciples ( political economy to levy a tax on ?is bus9ess2 /ill1 :atev] our op9ion may be z to ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( ! imposition1 ! tax is ma9ta9$ & mu/ be provid$ =4 ,consequ5tly a fur!r all[ance ( ( "o p] c5t4 mu/ be add$ to ! net premium to cov] ! same1 mak+ a total ( #a p] c5t4 ( ! res]ve = bank+ exp5ses & taxes4 ,consid]+ ?is po9t z settl$ = ! "t be+1 let u proce$ to inve/igate ! insurance exp5ses4 ,"h1 aga91 we are =tunate 9 be+ able to ref] to ! (ficial reports ( a class ( corporations do+ ne>ly1 if n q pure insurance4 ,! assessm5t societies1 outside ( ! frat]nal & b5evol5t1 report+ 9 #ahhi to ! insurance commission] ( ,massa*usetts1 %[ out/&+ risks am\nt+ to #gcc1eae1cff4 ,losses to ! am\nt ( #g1bgj1bch 7 paid dur+ ! ye> at a co/ = transact+ ! bus9ess ( #b1djc1jec1 :i* includes among o!r items ag5cy exp5ses & commissions1 :i* am\nt to ab\t #a1bjc1jjj1 or #ag p] c5t4 ( ! co/ value ( ! insurance actually done4 ,x w\ld seem z if an all[ance ( #bj p] c5t4 w\ld be a lib]al "o 9 ! case ( ! regul> companies1 :i* surely h z good facilities = do+ bus9ess z ! assessm5t societies4 ,z f> z insurance is conc]n$1 !re is less diff]5ce betwe5 regul> & co-op]ative companies ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,regul> companies assess ea* policy 9 advance = a ye>'s insurance at a "t1 :ile co-op]ative societies furni% insurance only f "o assessm5t to ano!r4 ,! difficulty 9 ! way ( collect+ ! assessm5t 9 ! latt] case w\ld seem to be great] ?an 9 ! =m]1 ow+ to ! m p]man5t nature ( ! regul> insurance contract4 ,9 comp5sat+ ag5ts ! assessm5t companies naturally pay 9 proportion to ! insurance obta9$1 inasmu* z !re is no o!r basis to g ^u1 b regul> companies usually pay ! ag5t a p]c5tage ( ! premium :i* includes a consid]able tru/ fund ov] & above ! assessm5t = actual insurance4 ,x is easily se5 t by ! la/ me?od ! ag5t's comp5sation increases 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( sav+s bank bus9ess =c$ ^u ! company4 ,to realize h[ f> we are f any?+ l a sci5tific1 n to say common s5se basis = insurance exp5ses1 we h b to exam9e ! foll[+ li/1 :i* gives ! ratios betwe5 ! exp5ditures = g5]al exp5ses 9 #ahhi1 & ^? = ! ext5sion ( ! bus9ess4 ,= e #ajj us$ 9 a g5]al way1 ! diff]5t companies sp5d = commissions & ag5cy exp5ses3 #cg1 #ff1 #fg1 #gh1 #ia1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aac1 #abj1 #adj1 #aeg1 #afa1 #agc1 #age1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bbb1 #bfd1 #caa1 #cdf4 ,x w d\btless be said t ,i am tak+ a v advanc$ position :5 ,i say t 9 ! ideal life insurance s*eme !re is no place = ! commission sy/em4 ,solicitors w be a necessity only s long z !y are 9 ! field1 b fifty ye>s ( life insurance has taught our community its true value &1 ?anks to ! mod]n press1 ! in/itution x is no m likely to fall into desuetude ?an is ,*ri/ianity or ! moral law4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( br++ ! company to ! individual1 ! latt] %\ld be will+ to pay a fee4 ,! man :o r5d]s ano!r a s]vice or puts 8 sup]ior k at ano!r's disposal %\ld look to ! p>ty b5efit$ = 8 remun]ation4 ,any comp5sation giv5 = su* s]vice to a g-betwe5 by a mutual company is paid by all1 & ! "q arises1 ,is ! advantage to ! company ( suffici5t importance to w>rant ! imposition ( ?is tax ^u all its memb]s promiscu\sly8 ,! foll[+1 f ! ,massa*usetts ,insurance ,commission]'s ,report = #ahhe1 leaves no d\bt z to ! convictions ( ! writ] on ?is important matt]3 ,! exp5siv5ess ( ! life insurance policy is n because ! level net premium is too high1 = ! premium is absolutely j1 & ! policy hold] gets full value2 b ! compla9t ju/ly applies to ! excessive exp5se *>ge4 ,a p]son :o wants insurance1 life or fire or o!r1 %\ld be able to buy x at fir/ co/ )\t pay+ tribute ( pr(its to middlem54 ,to t complexion ! matt] w f9ally be br\ght by ! =ce ( intellig5t op9ion1 :atev] resi/ance may be oppos$ by p]sons ^: ?rift lies 9 ! p]petuation ( ! exp5sive sy/em n[ 9 fa%ion4 ,x requires b a slight degree ( prophetic vision to pr$ict t 9 a v few ye>s ! companies 9 self def5se w be oblig$ to *ange _! me?od ( comp5sat+ ag5ts4 ,sev]al companies h already begun ! re=m by grad+ commissions2 grant+ a p]c5tage proportional to ! am\nt ( insurance likely to be done on ! policy4 ,o!r companies h simply r$uc$ ! am\nt ( ! commission rate1 ?us virtually )draw+ f active competition4 ,?is w1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 expla9 ! wide v>iation 9 ! figures giv5 above1 :]e x is notic$ t1 9 five companies out ( tw5ty-two1 ! total ag5cy exp5ditures am\nt to less ?an ! g5]al exp5ses1 :ile 9 six cases ! companies sp5d m ?an d\ble z mu* on ! =m] z on ! latt]4 ,9 ei!r class we f9d repres5tatives ( ! five l>ge/ companies 9 ! c\ntry4 ,on apply+ ! =ego+ ratios to ! bus9ess ( ! exi/+ companies we f9d t1 call+ ! !oretical exp5ses #ajj1 ! actual exp5ditures = #ahhi 7 z foll[s3 #aab4fg1 #aah4cd1 #aej4dj1 #aid4dh1 #bjh4af1 #bjh4ec1 #bbh4ff1 #bce4hi1 #bdh4dd1 #bej4gi1 #beh4cc1 #beh4eg1 #bfe4ad1 #bfg4ai1 #bfg4ib1 #bgd4dg1 #bid4ag1 #cad4if1 #cce4gj1 #cgg4id1 #faf4gj4 ,9 ?is disc\rag+ exhibit !re is "o ray ( com=t4 ,! comb9$ assets ( ! two companies head+ ! li/ am\nt to ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,!re is no "q z to _! f9ancial /&+1 & bo? %[ a l>ge increase 9 memb]%ip ov] ! previ\s ye>4 ,i may also say "h t x is a difficult matt] to get at ! actual co/ ( insurance 9 ! v>i\s companies4 ,_m ( !m1 on _! own ackn[l$gm5t1 d n compute ! advance co/ ( c>ry+ _! am\nt at risk1 & o!rs1 = reasons ( _! own1 d n c>e to /ate ! figures4 ,9 cases :]e ! correct figures 7 n obta9able1 ,i h assum$ ! co/ to h be5 #a-a_/c p] c5t4 ( ! mean am\nt at risk4 ,if we %\ld1 9 our comp>ison1 omit ! actual ag5cy exp5ses & commissions1 ! ratios w\ld /& z foll[s3 ,:]e ,i w\ld all[ #ajj ! companies actually us$3 #dc4ag1 #ee4ij1 #fe4ba1 #gg4ba1 #hb4ci1 #hh4cd1 #ia4ii4 #ia4ih4 #ib4ai1 #id4fe1 #ig4ae4 #ii4ee4 #ii4aa4 #ajb4hf1 #aji4ce1 #abe4je1 #acc4jc1 #ada4ib1 #aie4ij1 #bjg4jf1 #bhg4gb4 ,z might be suppos$1 ! fir/ two ratios are ^? companies be=e allud$ to4 ,^! companies might h d\bl$ _! adv]tis+ acc\nt & exp5d$ #cjj1jjj betwe5 !m on ag5ts' sal>ies1 & /ill h kept )9 my all[ance4 ,admitt+1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 ! reasonabl5ess ( ! propos$ all[ance = ! exp5ses ( ! bank+ & insurance dep>tm5ts ( ! bus9ess1 we h be=e u ! problem h[ to equitably adju/ ! burd5 among ! great v>iety ( policies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re %\ld be no policy 9 ! company t does n contribute its proportionate %>e ( ! exp5se all[ance dur+ e ye> ( its life4 ,i make a special po9t ( ?is1 = at pres5t ! policies :i* h become paid up1 ei!r by ! paym5t ( a s+le premium at ! outset or by ! completion ( a /ipulat$ numb] ( paym5ts1 contribute practically no?+ to ! exp5se acc\nt aft] ! premium paym5ts cease4 ,! foll[+ plan1 ,i ?9k1 complies ) all ! requirem5ts ( ! problem4 ,by ! propos$ me?od e policy1 at all /ages ( its exi/5ce1 contributes its exact %>e to ! exp5se fund1 :atev] its plan ( paym5t may be4 ,let u1 z an illu/ration1 exam9e ! case ( a t5 ye> end[m5t policy1 tak5 out at age #cj1 & consid] x "u ?ree aspects1 fir/1 z paid = 9 advance by a s+le paym5t1 second1 z paid by five annual paym5ts1 & ?ird1 z paid = annually ?r\gh\t ! t]m4 ,i h us$ ?is %ort t]m end[m5t policy simply = conv5i5ce1 ! rule apply+ equally to policies ( long] t]m or to ! ord9>y life policy1 :i* is1 9 fact1 an end[m5t policy payable at dea? or age #ajj4a ,footnote #a3 ,! exp5se all[ance on a pla9 life policy = #a1jjj1 tak5 at age #cc1 w\ld be ab\t #e4bi2 net premium 7com4 ex4 #d p] c5t471 #ah4jd2 total (fice premium1 #bc4cc2 pres5t rate #bd4aj4 ,tak+ ! case ( ! s+le premium end[m5t policy = #a1jjj1 we f9d t ! foll[+ sums are requir$1 ea* ye> to provide = ! c>e ( ! res]ve & to pay ! gov]nm5t fees 7#a p] c5t4 ( res]ve73 #a/ ye> #f4iihb #f? ye> #h4dacf #b;d #g4befj #g? #h4gcha #c;d #g4ebeh #h? #i4jgha #d? #g4hjhb #i? #i4dcdf #e? #h4ajci #aj? #i4hjhf ,! insurance exp5ses %\ld be cov]$ by ! #bj p] c5t4 all[ance giv5 bel[3 #a/ ye> 4#ddbb #f? ye> 4#beff #b;d 4#dajj #g? 4#bjgf #c;d 4#cgfb #h? 4#aeef #d? 4#cdjb #i? 4#jihh #e? 4#biif #aj? 4#jcdd ,consequ5tly ! total contribution requir$ f ?is policy ea* ye> is3 #a/ ye> #g4ddjd #f? ye> #h4fgjb #b;d #g4fffj #g? #h4ideg #c;d #g4ijbj #h? #i4bccg #d? #h4adhd #i? #i4eccd #e? #h4djcd #aj? #i4hdcj ,! pres5t value ( all ^! contributions is f\nd to be1 at #d p] c5t4 int]e/1 #ga4fcid2 9 o!r words1 ?is sum paid at ! outset1 provides a fund f :i* we may d$uct ! curr5t exp5ses ( ea* ye> 9 advance1 & by accumulat+ ! balance at ! assum$ rate ( int]e/ f ye> to ye>1 we %all h en\gh to pay ! anticipat$ exp5ses1 leav+ no?+ ov]4 ,9 ! above case ! sums 9 h& at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> are z foll[s3 #a/ ye> #ga4cfid #f? ye> #db4fiha #b;d #ff4gffi #g? #ce4chij #c;d #fa4dfej #h? #bg4ejji #d? #ee4gjee #i? #ah4iigi #e? #di4deid #aj? #i4hdcj ,we f9d a some:at diff]5t condition exi/+ dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( a #e-ye> end[m5t policy4 ,z !re is m insurance & less bank+1 ! requirem5ts are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a ,p4 ,ct4 #bj ,p4 ,ct4 on on ,total4 ,initial ,res]ve4 ,co/4 ,fund4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a/ ye> #a4ejch #a4begb #b4gfaj #ab4igfi #b;d #c4jdjf #a4jbaf #d4jfbb #bc4fjae #c;d #d4fejc 4#gheb #e4dcee #cc4bigi #d? #f4ccfg 4#ecgh #f4hgde #da4iech #e? #h4ajci 4#biif #h4djce #di4deid #f? #h4dacf 4#beff #h4fgjb #db4fiha #g? #h4gcha 4#bjgf #h4ibeg #ce4chij #h? #i4jgha 4#aeef #i4bccg #bg4ejji #i? #i4dcdf 4#jihh #i4eccd #ah4iigi #aj? #i4hjhf 4#jcdd #i4hdcj #i4hdcj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,z ! premium paym5ts ext5d ov] only five ye>s1 ! exp5se contributions mu/ all be paid dur+ t "t & are mo/ conv5i5tly made by a uni=m addition to ! net premium4 ,! pres5t value ( ! am\nts 9 column #c is #fj4jhai1 & ! equival5t annuity = five ye>s is #ab4igfi4 ,?is am\nt1 receiv$ = five consecutive ye>s1 w put ! company 9 funds to pay curr5t exp5ses & leave a res]ve ( #db4fiha at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? ye>1 :i*1 z we h se5 9 ! analysis ( ! s+le-premium policy1 is ! sum requir$ = future exp5ses on ! paid up basis4 ,9 l mann] we f9d t ! #aj-ye> annuity equival5t to ! pres5t value ( ! annual contributions 9 ! case ( an annual-paym5t policy is #e4ecd1 ?us3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a ,p4 ,ct4 #bj ,p4 ,ct4 on on ,total4 ,initial ,res]ve4 ,co/4 ,fund4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a/ ye> 4#hbcd #a4cead #b4agdh #e4ecdj #b;d #a4fdgc #a4bdgh #b4hiea #i4jbge #c;d #b4ejif #a4achh #c4fdhd #aa4iaaf #d? #c4dabd #a4jbaj #d4dccd #ad4abgg #e? #d4cegb 4#hiaf #e4bdhh #ae4fafa #f? #e4cdgi 4#gecd #f4ajac #af4cafj #g? #f4chec 4#eiff #f4ihai #af4aegb #h? #g4dgbf 4#dbgj #g4hiif #ae4jgfc #i? #h4fabg 4#bdah #h4hede #ab4iigg #aj? #i4hjhf 4#jcdd #i4hdcj #i4hdcj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! pres5t value ( ! t5 ye>ly exp5se items giv5 9 ! total column above is #df4fhab1 :i* is equal to a t5-ye> annuity ( #e4ecd4 ,! sev]al premiums /& n[ z foll[s3 ,,end[m5t3 #a1jjj1 ,,age #cj1 ,,payable ,,at ,,dea? ,,or #dj ,net ,prem4#b ,m>g94 ,total4 ,at s+le premium4 #fhg4bbh #ga4fcid #geh4hfgd ,at five premiums4 #aej4fae #ab4igfi #afc4eici ,at annual premiums4 #hd4agb #e4ecdj #hi4gjfj ,footnote #b3 ,?irty ,am]ican (fices4 ,disc\nt f middle ( ye>1 ,vx- or 7,m x #a4jaifa7 _/ ,dx4 ,by ! actu>ies' rate we h1 ) ! cu/om>y load+ = exp5se3 ,s+le premium3 #gba4ff 7load$1 #cd4cf74 ,five premiums1 #ahh4gj 7load$ #cg4gh74 ,annual premium1 #aje4fe 7load$ #ba4aa74 ,admitt+ ! correctness ( ! new me?od1 we mu/ conclude t ! pres5t s+le premium is n suffici5tly load$ to cov] its own exp5ses1 :ile ! annual paym5t policy pays m ?an its j %>e4 ,a prom95t & ?or\ghly in=m$ life insurance presid5t says 9 ?is connection3 ,_m ( ! policies1 p>ticul>ly ! %ort t]m end[m5ts1 are *>g$ ) too high a p]c5tage ( exp5ses to prove a good inve/m5t at maturity or pr(itable to ! insur$ 9 case ( surr5d]4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at :5 ! applicant = a #aj-ye> end[m5t policy sees at a glance t he mu/ pay1 9 ! gross1 m ?an is return$ unless he %\ld die 9 ! int]im1 9 :i* case a pla9 life or t]m policy w\ld h answ]$ ! purpose4 ,"u ! new sy/em ( assess+ exp5ses "o =m is z desirable z ano!r1 f ! /&po9t ( ! insur$ or ! company4 ,! new premium = ! #aj-ye> end[m5t policy1 #hi4ga1 comm5ds itself at once to ! applicant1 :o c easily see t 8 total outlay mu/ fall %ort ( ! am\nt ultimately to be realiz$1 ( c\rse1 disreg>d+ int]e/ & probable divid5ds 9 bo? cases4 ,9 disc\nt+ ! future exp5se contributions ,i h n tak5 ! *ances ( dy+ into acc\nt4 ,h5ce ! exp5se res]ve 9 any in/ance applies only to t individual case1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( dea? or surr5d] be=e ! maturity ( ! policy1 ! am\nt ( ! exp5se fund n us$ w\ld naturally rev]t to ! insur$4 ,! s*eme ( exp5se assessm5t outl9$ above w d\btless be pron\nc$ impracticable by ! majority ( insurance m54 ,su* a f> rea*+ re=m is too mu* to hope =1 at lea/ 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,no well in=m$ life insurance exp]t w d5y t !re are opportunities = improvem5t 9 ! bus9ess1 b to graft new me?ods on old companies is a hopeless und]tak+4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to h new me?ods well matur$ 9 advance ( ! public dem&1 & ,i feel conv9c$ t ! ideas "h set =? are 9 ! l9e ( ! re=m :i*1 be=e long1 mu/ be in/itut$ by ! companies if !y w\ld reta9 ! confid5ce & patronage ( ! community4 ,d\btless _m insurance presid5ts c\ld tell ( sugge/ions :i* h impress$ !m favorably & :i* !y w\ld gladly h adopt$ 7 x n = ! inju/ice done !reby to old] memb]s & ! *anges necess>y to br+ exi/+ contracts into con=mity ) ! new sy/em4 ,simil> objections may be urg$ aga9/ ! ideas "h advanc$1 & ,i mu/ confess ,i h>dly see a way by :i* ! pres5t sugge/ions c be utiliz$ by exi/+ companies4 ,we c only hope t soon] or lat] "s ( ! new !ories may be practically te/$4 ,mean:ile ! companies at pres5t 9 ! field are do+ a great "w = ! good ( humanity1 ev5 ?\gh _! me?ods may be1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 m practical ?an sci5tific4 ,w9*e/]1 ,mass4 ,,frank ,j4 ,,wills4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,flood ,,at ,,k>lsbad4 ,dur+ ! flood :i* occurr$ 9 ,g]many & ,bohemia1 ! la/ week ( ,novemb]1 ,k>lsbad 0 especially un=tunate2 x suff]$ su* an inundation z _h nev] be=e be5 kn[n 9 ! ,sprudel/adt4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,novemb] #bc1 ! ,tepl 0 v mu* swoll5 by ! ra91 :i* _h cont9u$ = sev]al days1 b x 0 suppos$ t !re 0 no dang] ( a flood1 z ! b$ ( ! riv] _h be5 put 9 prop] condition4 ,dur+ ! =5oon ( ,novemb] #bd1 ! wat] sudd5ly began to rise ) su* a/oni%+ rapidity t )9 half an h\r all ! l[] /reets 7 l turbul5t riv]s & ! ,alte & ,neue ,wiese 7 trans=m$ into a lake4 ,! /ores on ! ,alte ,wiese 7 "u wat] to ! ro(s1 & ! proprietors1 :o 7 try+ to save _! goods1 7 surpris$ by ! wat] & _h to take refuge 9 ! trees4 ,!y 7 rescu$ by hav+ ropes ?r[n to !m1 & dur+ ?is "w a cata/rophe occurr$ :i* 0 a great mis=tune to all classes ( citiz5s4 ,! belov$ burg]mei/] ( ,k>lsbad1 ,dr4 ,rudolf ,knoll1 :o _h j recov]$ f a sev]e illness1 01 ) o!rs1 direct+ ! "w f ! balcony ( "o ( ! h\ses1 :5 a rope by :i* a man 0 be+ drawn ?r\gh ! wat] broke1 & ! man 0 c>ri$ (f by ! waves4 ,! fright & excitem5t ( ! sc5e gave ! burg]mei/] a %ock :i* caus$ 8 in/ant dea?1 b ! man :o 0 9 dang] 0 br\ght safely out ( ! wat]4 ,! wat] 0 #i ft4 9 ,m>i5bad]/rasse1 ! ,m>ktplatz1 ,muhlbadgasse1 ! ,sprudelgasse1 ,kreuzgasse1 ,kais]/rasse1 & ,eg]/rasse1 & flood$ ! quay1 caus+ great de/ruction4 ,all places ( bus9ess 7 flood$1 ! doors & iron %utt]s 7 pu%$ 9 by ! =ce ( ! wat] & ! goods 7 c>ri$ away or ru9$4 ,! h\se call$ ,zum ,kaffeebaum 0 und]m9$ & "p ( x fell to ! gr\nd2 ! same fate 0 fe>$ = o!r build+s4 ,! ,sophi5 & ,curhaus bridges 7 c>ri$ away4 ,o!r bridges 7 greatly damag$1 & ! masonry along ! banks ( ! riv] 0 p>tially de/roy$4 ,! ,sprudelgasse 0 completely wa%$ out1 & ! condition ( ! ,muhlbadgasse 0 almo/ z bad4 ,! fire dep>tm5t ) its app>atus _h great difficulty 9 sav+ ! inhabitants & gue/s1 z !re 7 v few boats or pontoons at _! comm&1 & ! soldi]s 7,pionni]e7 f ,prague & ! firem5 f ! neighbor+ t[ns did n arrive until ev5+4 ,=tunately ! wat] began to fall 9 ! night1 & ! next day x _h gone d[n s t x left its t]rible "w visible4 ,! ,sprudel & ! m9]al spr+s 7 n injur$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! wat] pipes ( ! ba?+ e/abli%m5ts & ! gas pipes 7 completely de/roy$4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,!atrical ,,wat] ,,plays4 ,9 "o ( ! plays at ,h5gl]'s ,circus 9 ,london a wat] sc5e is introduc$1 = :i* purpose ! ma9 r+ is flood$ ) wat] 9 a mann] :i* is bo? /rik+ & int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flood+ ,a ,,circus ,,r+4 ,! r+ is entirely l9$ ) /\t mac9to% %eet+1 & into ?is1 f two l>ge conduits4 #bc1jjj gallons ( wat] are p\r$1 ! tank be+ fill$ to a dep? ( "s #b ft4 9 ! rem>kably %ort "t ( #ce seconds4 ,a /eamboat & o!r small craft are !n laun*$ & ! adv5tures ( ! h]o9e !n proce$4 ,%e falls ov]bo>d1 we believe1 b is sav$ aft] desp]ate & amus+ /ruggles4 ,our engrav+s1 :i* are f ! ,graphic1 illu/rate ! mode ( fill+ ! r+ ) wat]1 & ! /eamboat laun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,!atrical ,,/eamboat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,!at]4 ,9 ! pretty little hall ( ! ,b\lev>d des ,itali5s1 at ,p>is1 a /rik+ exhibition ( simulat$ hypnotism is giv5 e ev5+4 ,?is ent]ta9m5t1 :i* has met ) mu* success1 0 devis$ by ,mr4 ,melies1 director ( ! e/abli%m5t1 :i* 0 f\nd$ _m ye>s ago by ! celebrat$ pre/idigitator ^: popul> "n 7,rob]t ,h\d97 x /ill be>s4 ,?is p]=mance c>ries in/ruction ) x1 = x %[s h[ easily ! mo/ surpris+ ph5om5a ( ! pa?ologic /ate c be imitat$4 ,to ?is effect1 sev]al exhibitions are giv5 e ev5+4 ,mr4 ,h>m+ton1 a conv9c$ disciple ( ,mesm]1 asks = a subject1 & f9ds "o 9 ! hall4 ,a "y arti/ nam$ ,m>ius pres5ts himself4 ,mr4 ,h>m+ton makes him p]=m all sorts ( extravagant acts1 accompani$ ) a cont9u\s r\nd ( pantomimes t are r5d]$ ! m /rik+ by ! suppos$ /ate ( somnipa?y ( ! subject4 ,at ! mom5t at :i* ,m>ius is f9i%+ 8 mo/ extraord9>y ex]cises1 a policeman sudd5ly breaks 9 ^u ! /age 9 ord] to execute ! rec5t ord]s relative to hypnotism4 ,b he himself is subjugat$ by ,mr4 ,h>m+ton & ?r[n d[n by ! vibrations ( :i* ! encephalus ( ?is t]rible magnetiz] is ! c5t]4 ,:5 ! curta9 falls1 ! repres5tative ( au?ority is /ruggl+ aga9/ ! catalepsy t is ov]com+ him4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( induc$ sleep are successively simulat$ ) mu* naturalness by ,mr4 ,jules ,david1 :o plays ! "p ( ,m>ius 9 ?is pleas+ little p]=mance4 ,at a c]ta9 mom5t1 aft] skillfully simulat$ passes made by ! magnetiz]1 ,mr4 ,david sudd5ly becomes z rigid z a /ick ( wood1 & falls 9 pivot+ on 8 heels 7,fig4 #a74 ,did n ,mr4 ,h>m+ton run to 8 assi/ance1 he w\ld inevitably crack 8 skull ^u ! floor1 b ! magnetiz] /&s j beh9d him 9 ord] to receive him 9 8 arms4 ,!n he lifts him1 & places him ^u two *airs j z he w\ld d ) a simple bo>d4 ,he places ! head ( ! subject ^u ! seat ( "o ( ! *airs & ! heels ^u t ( ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,david !n rema9s 9 a /ate ( p]fect immobility4 ,n a muscle is se5 to relax1 & n a motion betrays ! p]si/5ce ( life 9 him4 ,! simulation is p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cataleptic ,,rigidity4 ,9 ord] to complete ! a/oni%m5t ( ! spectators1 ,mr4 ,h>m+ton seats himself triumphantly ^u ! abdom5 ( ! subject & sl[ly raises 8 feet & holds !m susp5d$ 9 ! air to %[ t x is ! subject only t supports him1 )\t ! ne$ ( any o!r po9t ( support ?an ! two *airs 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,exp]im5t ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,subject4 ,usually1 !re are pl5ty ( p]sons +5u\s en\gh to ?9k t ,mr4 ,david is actually 9 a cataleptic sleep1 "o ( ! *>act]s ( :i* is cadav]ic rigidity4 ,z ,mr4 ,david's neck is entirely b>e1 x is n possible to suppose t ! simulator ( catalepsy we>s an iron corset conceal$ b5ea? 8 clo?+4 ,he has p]=m$ a feat ( /r5g? & skill r5d]$ easy by ! ex]cise t he has giv5 to ! muscles occupy+ ! collici ( 8 v]tebral column4 ,?is "p ( ! muscul> sy/em is greatly develop$ 9 ! weake/ & lea/ h>dy p]sons4 ,9 fact1 9 ord] t man may keep a v]tical position & execute an inf9ite multitude ( motions 9 :i* /ability is involv$1 nature has _h to give him a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t organs4 ,! muscles ( ! back are arrang$ ^u sev]al sup]pos$ lay]s1 ! v]tebral column is d\bly recurv$ 9 ord] t x may h m /r5g?1 &1 f9ally1 ra*idion n]ves issue f ea* v]tebra 9 ord] to regulate ! contraction ( ea* muscul> fasciculus accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( equilibrium4 ,! trick is s easy t we h se5 y\?s belong+ to ! ,ligue d',education ,physique imm$iately imitate ,mr4 ,david aft] see+ him op]ate b once4 ,= ! sake ( ^? :o w\ld l to p]=m x1 we %all add t ,mr4 ,david takes c>e to b5d 8 body 9 ! =m ( an ar* 9 su* a way t ! convexity %all be b5ea?4 ,z ,mr4 ,h>m+ton nev] fails to place himself 9 ! c5t] ( ! l9e t jo9s ,mr4 ,david's head & heels1 8 weight is divid$ into two p>ts1 t is to say1 #hh p\nds on ea* side ( ! po9t ( support4 ,! result is t ! /ress necess>y is less ?an t ( a /rong man ( ! ,halle lift+ a bag ( :eat to 8 %\ld] or ( an a?lete support+ a human pyramid4 ,! =ce ( contraction ( ! muscul> fib]s br\ght into play 9 ?is exp]im5t is mu* great] ?an is commonly believ$4 ,9 8 lectures on physiology1 ,milne-,edw>ds cites "s facts t prove t x may exce$ #fjj p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,p]=ate ,,arm4 ,! exp]im5t on cadav]ic rigidity is foll[$ by o!rs 9 ins5sibility4 ,mr4 ,david1 )\t w9c+1 all[s a poign>d to be ?ru/ into 8 arm1 :i* ,mr4 ,h>m+ton has previ\sly cataleptiz$ 7,fig4 #c74 ,?is trick is p]=m$ by means ( a blade divid$ into two p>ts t are connect$ by a semicircle4 ,?is process is well kn[n to pre/idigitators1 b x might be execut$ 9 a g5u9e mann]4 ,9 fact1 on replac+ ! poign>d by "o ( ! gold ne$les us$ by physicians = acupuncture1 x w\ld be possible to disp5se ) pre/idigitation4 ,"u su* conditions x is possible to transpi]ce a p]son's arm4 ,! pa9 is supportable1 & consi/s 9 ! s5sation ( a prick produc$ 9 ! passage ( ! ne$le ?r\gh ! sk94 ,z = ! muscul> fle%1 t is ( itself p]fectly ins5sible4 ,! ne$le1 ^u ! necess>y antiseptic precautions be+ tak51 may trav]se ! ve9s & art]ies ) impunity1 provid$ t x is n all[$ to rema9 long en\gh to br+ ab\t ! =mation ( a clot ( coagulat$ blood 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,an ,,arm ,,transpi]c$ ,,by ,a ,,ne$le4 ,we ?9k x ( int]e/ to add t x is necess>y t ! exp]im5t be p]=m$ by a practition] if "o desires to demon/rate ^u himself a v curi\s physiological fact t has be5 kn[n f ! remote/ antiquity4 ,x has be5 employ$ = sev]al ?\s& ye>s 9 ,*9ese m$ic9e1 = op5+ a passage = ! bad spirits t produce diseases4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ a mu* m s]i\s use has be5 made ( x 9 ,european m$ic9e = introduc+ electric curr5ts into ! int]ior ( ! organism4 ,9 ?is case ! p]imet] ( ! ne$le is insulat$1 & ! electricity fl[s into ! organism ?r\gh ! po9t4 ,we h sev]al times _h ^! op]ations p]=m$ ^u ourselves1 & ?is p]mits u to ass]t t ! above m5tion$ facts are absolutely true4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new] ,,physiology ,,& ,,pa?ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,samuel ,,bell1 ,m4,d4 ,physiology has = _m decades be5 a sci5ce f\nd$ on exp]im5t1 & pa?ology has be5 rapidly press+ =w>d 9 ! same direction4 ,to read ! acc\nts ( h[ c]ta9 conclusions h be5 arriv$ at 9 ! laboratory1 by +5i\s devices & by skillful manipulations1 is z fasc9at+ z any tale ( adv5ture4 ,:5 ! microscope began its "w1 h[ disc\rag+ 0 ! va/ness & complexity ( ! discov]ies :i* x br\ght to light2 h[ _m ye>s has x be5 dilig5tly us$1 & h[ unc]ta9 are we /ill ab\t _m ( its revelations6 ,b :at a happy conjecture ( man1 & z prop] environm5t takes place we may rea* bett] results6 ,let me give an illu/ration3 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago1 ,vir*[ began 8 /udies & lectures ^u cellul> pa?ology4 ,! en?usiasm :i* he awak5$ spread ov] ! :ole m$ical _w4 ,! wond]ful att5tion to detail1 ! broad philosophy :i* signaliz$ 8 obs]vations1 7 alike rem>kable4 ,8 class room 0 pack$ ) /ud5ts f e c\ntry1 :o ?\ght x no h>d%ip to /ruggle = a seat at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,) 8 blackbo>d beh9d him & specim5s ( pa?ology be=e him1 & microscopes c\rs+ ^u railway tracks ar\nd ! tables :i* fill$ ! room1 he 0 ! embodim5t ( ! tea*]2 8 highe/ honor 0 z discov]]4 ,! life & importance ( ! cell1 bo? 9 heal? & disease1 x has be5 8 "w to discov] & to tea*4 ,! po9t ( view f :i* he has classifi$ tumors is f\nd$ on ?is basis1 & rema9s ! accept$ me?od4 ,! light :i* he ca/ ^u ! nature ( inflammation has n yet be5 obscur$1 & :ile o!r ph5om5a appe>1 ! multiplication ( cells & nuclei & ! =mation ( connective tissue 9 ! process ( inflammation w always call to m9d 8 labors4 ,to "o ( ,vir*['s pupils1 ,pr(4 ,reckl+haus51 we *iefly owe our k ( ! ph5om5a ( diap$esis z a "p ( ! inflammatory activity4 ,h[ incr$ible x seems t masses ( liv+ matt] c make _! way ?r\gh ! walls ( blood vessels :i* d n rupture & :i* h no visible ap]tures6 ,vir*[ fix$ 8 att5tion ^u ! =ms & activities ( ! cells1 _! multiplication & degradation1 & h[ !y build up tissues1 bo? heal?y & morbid4 ,to ano!r matt] ) :i*1 bo? lit]ally & metaphorically1 ! air is fill$1 we mu/ also make allusion4 ,! exi/5ce ( micro-organisms 9 c\ntless numb]s is no new fact1 b ! influ5ce !y may ex]t ov] liv+ tissues has only lately become ! subject ( e>ne/ att5tion4 ,s long z !y 7 n kn[n to h any practical be>+ ^u human welf>e1 !y int]e/$ almo/ nobody1 b :51 h[ev]1 x 0 %[n t putrefaction ( meat is due to ! ag5cy ( ! bact]ium t]mo1 & ! decomposition ( album5 to ! bacillus subtilis2 :5 an?rax 9 cattle & %eep 0 f\nd to dep5d on ! bacillus an?racis1 & t 9 human be+s x caus$ malignant pu/ules2 :5 suppuration ( w\nds 0 f\nd to be associat$ ) micrococci2 & :5 x 0 ann\nc$ t by a process ( inoculation cattle c\ld be protect$ aga9/ an?rax1 & t by c>bolic spray & o!r well kn[n precautions ! suppuration ( w\nds c\ld be prev5t$--all ! _w l5t its e>s & inve/igation at once began4 ,because labors 9 bact]iology promis$ to be fruitful 9 practical results1 ! work]s spe$ily became innum]able1 & we are accumulat+ a wondr\s /ore ( facts4 ,h[ long n[ is ! li/ ( diseases 9 :i* g]ms make _! appe>ance--9 pneumonia1 9 endoc>ditis1 9 erysipelas1 9 pymia1 9 tub]culosis1 & s on & s on4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations is ! gonococcus ( gonorrhoea1 ^: pres5ce 9 & ar\nd gives to ! pus cells _! virul5t prop]ties1 & :5 transf]r$ to ! eye works su* lam5table mis*ief4 ,)\t _! exi/5ce ! inoculation ( pus 9 ! heal?y eye is h>mless2 pus be>+ ! gonococci excites ! mo/ int5se inflammation4 ,simil> suppurative action 9 ! cornea is (t5 caus$ by infection ( cocci4 ,! pro( ( causation may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! mo/ effective cure n[ practic$ = su* suppuration is to /]ilize !m by ! actual caut]y4 ,ros5ba* says t he kn[s six di/9ct microbes :i* are capable ( excit+ suppuration 9 man4 ,_! activity may be productive ( a poison1 or putrefactive alkaloid1 :i* is absorb$4 ,!re are at pres5t two prom95t !ories 9 reg>d to ! infections :i* produce disease4 ,! fir/ is bas$ ^u *emical processes1 ! second ^u ! multiplication ( liv+ organisms4 ,! *emical !ory ma9ta9s t aft] ! infecti\s elem5t has be5 receiv$ into ! body x acts z a f]m5t1 & gives rise to c]ta9 morbid processes1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( catalysis4 ,! !ory ( organisms1 or ! g]m !ory1 ma9ta9s t ! infecti\s elem5ts are liv+ organisms1 :i*1 be+ receiv$ into ! sy/em1 are reproduc$ indef9itely1 & excite morbid processes :i* are *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 types ( disease4 ,?is latt] !ory s readily expla9s _m ( ! facts connect$ ) ! developm5t & reproduction ( infecti\s diseases1 t x has be5 unqualifi$ly adopt$ by a l>ge numb] ( inve/igators4 ,! pro(s ( ?is !ory _h n1 h[ev]1 advanc$ beyond ! demon/rations ( ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 =ms ( bact]ia 9 ! pa?ological *anges ( a v limit$ numb] ( infecti\s diseases1 until ,febru>y1 #ahhb1 :5 ,ko* ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ! tub]cle bacillus1 s9ce :i* "t ne>ly e disease has its suppos$ microbe1 & ! race is1 inde$1 swift 9 :i* ! w\ld-be discov]]s press =w>d ) new g]ms = public favor4 ,! t]m bact]ia or microbe ref]s to p>ticles ( matt]1 microscopic 9 size1 :i* belong to ! vegetable k+dom1 :]e !y are kn[n z fungi4 ,if we exam9e a drop ( /agnant wat] "u ! microscope1 amplify+ say f\r hundr$ diamet]s1 we see x load$ ) m9ute bodies1 "s m]e po9ts1 o!rs slightly elongat$ into rods1 all actively 9 motion & 9 v>i\s positions1 a c\ntless confusion4 ,if evaporation n[ takes place1 all is /ill4 ,if we n[ apply moi/ure1 ! dri$-up granules w %[ activity1 z ?\gh !y _h n be5 di/urb$4 ,all ^! diff]5t organisms h become famili> to u "u ! g5]ic t]m bact]ia1 :i* is a v un=tunate application1 z x really applies to only a s+le class ( fungi4 ,cohn calls !m s*izomycetes1 & makes ! foll[+ classifications3 #a4 ,sph]o-bact]ia1 or microbes4 #b4 ,micro-bact]ia1 or bact]ia4 #c4 ,desmo-bact]ia1 or bacilli4 #d4 ,spirot]ia1 or spirill4 ,! spiro-bact]ia1 or micrococci1 are ! simple/ ( ! fungi1 & appe> z m9ute organisms ( sph]ical =m4 ,!y multiply by fission1 a s+le coccus =m+ two1 ^! two produc+ f\r1 & s on4 ,!y pres5t a v>iety ( appe>ances "u ! microscope4 ,f s+le isolat$ specim5s 7:i* "u ! highe/ magnify+ p[] pres5t no?+ beyond m9ute po9ts7 y w obs]ve !m 9 pairs1 aga9 9 f\rs1 or 9 clu/]s ( hundr$s 7=m+ zoglea7 & /ill adh]+ toge!r1 =m+ *a9s4 ,:5 a giv5 specim5 is ab\t to divide1 x is se5 to elongate slightly1 !n a con/riction is =m$1 :i* deep5s until complete fission ensues4 ,micrococci possess no visible /ructure4 ,!y consi/ ( a m9ute droplet ( protoplasm 7mycroprote97 surr\nd$ by a delicate cell membrane4 ,c]ta9 =ms are emb$d$ 9 a capsule 7diamet] #j4jjjh to #j4jjja millimet]74 ,^! little organisms1 :5 obs]v$ 9 a fluid l blood1 sputum1 etc41 are f\nd to pres5t v active movem5ts1 al?\gh provid$ ) no organs ( locomotion4 ,?is ,br[nian motion is possess$ by almo/ e m9ute p>ticle ( matt]1 organic & inorganic1 & is n due to any inh]5t p[] ( ! individual4 ,!y are almo/ omnipres5t1 ab\nd+ 9 ! air1 ! e>?1 ! wat]1 are always f\nd 9 millions :]e moi/ organic matt] is und]go+ decomposition1 & are associat$ ) ! processes ( f]m5tation--9 fact1 !y are ess5tial to x4 ,! s\r+ ( milk succe$s ! multiplication ( ^! g]ms4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties are pigm5t$1 & we obs]ve colonies ( *romog5ic cocci multiply+ ^u slices ( boil$ potato1 eggs1 etc41 pres5t+ all ! colors ( ! ra9b[4 ,all ( ^! g]ms are n ! cause ( disease4 ,c]ta9 species1 h[ev] 7t]m$ pa?og5ic71 are always associat$ ) c]ta9 diseas$ conditions4 ,! bact]ia-t]mo--micro-bact]ia--are slightly elongat$1 & inasmu* z !y multiply by division1 frequ5tly appe> c\pl$ toge!r1 l9k$ 9 pairs1 & 9 *a9s4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd 9 putrefy+ liquids1 especially infusions ( vegetable matt]4 ,!y possess mobility to a rem>kable degree4 ,obs]v+ a field ( bact]ia-t]mo "u ! microscope1 !y may be se5 actively engag$ 9 tw9+ & twi/+4 ,a flagellum has be5 demon/rat$ z atta*$ to "o or bo? extremities4 ,?is is too m9ute to be g5]ally resolv$1 ev5 if x is a common app5dage4 ,desmo-bact]ia 7or bacilli7 are rod-l organisms1 occurr+ ( v>i\s l5g?s & diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,9 a slide ( ! bacillus ( tub]culosis & an?rax1 we notice at int]vals dots :i* repres5t ! spores f :i*1 z ! rods break up1 future bacilli are develop$4 ,!n we h spiro-bact]ia1 ! spirilla & ! spiro*et2 ! =m] hav+ %ort op5 spirals1 ! latt] long & closely w\nd spirals4 ,! spirillum1 volutans is (t5 f\nd 9 dr9k+ wat]1 & 9 common ) "s o!r specim5s ( ?is class is provid$ ) flagell1 sometimes at bo? extremities1 :i* furni% ! means ( rapid locomotion4 ,! spiro-bact]ia multiply by spores1 al?\gh little is at pres5t kn[n ( _! life hi/ory4 ,!y frequ5tly are atta*$ toge!r at _! extremities1 =m+ zigzag *a9s4 ,we h se5 t bact]ia diff] greatly 9 appe>ance f ! elongat$ dot ( ! bact]ium prop]1 to ! elongat$ rod or cyl9d] ( ! bacillus1 & ! long spirals ( spiro-bact]ia4 ,x is un=tunate t !y are n suffici5tly con/ant 9 habit to always atta* !mselves to "o or ! o!r ( ^! g5]a4 ,! micrococcus has a habit ( elongat+ at times until x is impossible to recognize him except z a bact]ium2 :ile bacilli1 aga91 break up until _! p>ticles exactly resemble micrococci4 ,bact]ia _c exi/ )\t wat]2 c]ta9 =ms require oxyg51 :ile o!rs ?rive equally well )\t x2 "s ?rive 9 solution ( simple salts1 :ile o!rs require album9oid mat]ial4 ,bact]iology1 ) its relation to ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 is ( importance to e inve/igat+ physician2 x cov]s our k ( ! relation ( ^! m9ute organisms to ! tiology ( disease4 ,:at has be5 ga9$ z to practical application 9 ! treatm5t ( disease8 ,?is "q is n infrequ5tly ask$ 9 a sne]+ mann]4 ,we c1 9 reply1 say t ! results are n all 9 ! future4 ,x is enc\rag+ t results h be5 atta9$ :i* h _h a v important practical be>+1 & t ^! compla9ts come g5]ally f individuals lea/ acqua9t$ ) sci5tific inve/igations 9 bact]iology4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! relation ( a giv5 bact]ium to a c]ta9 disease1 x becomes necess>y to att5d c>efully to ?ree diff]5t op]ations3 ,fir/1 ! organism suppos$ to cause ! disease mu/ be f\nd & isolat$4 ,second1 x mu/ be cultivat$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations 9 ord] t absolute purity may be secur$4 ,la/ly1 ! g]m mu/ be aga9 introduc$ into a heal?y liv+ be+4 ,if ! prec$+ /eps be c>ri$ out1 & ! orig9al disease be communicat$ by inoculation1 & ! g]ms be aga9 f\nd 9 ! diseas$ body1 we h no alt]native2 we mu/ conclude t we h asc]ta9$ ! cause ( ! disease4 ,! importance ( be+ famili> ) ! tiology ( ! disease be=e we c expect to combat x ) any well-gr\nd$ hope ( success is evid5t4 ,if ! sputum ( a ph?isical pati5t be submitt$ to ! skill$ microscopi/1 he is ne>ly always able to demon/rate bacilli1 b ?is goes = v little4 ,because bacilli are f\nd 9 ph?isis1 x is no m c]ta9 t !y are ! cause ( ph?isis ?an x is c]ta9 t *eese mites are ! cause ( *eese4 ,well1 suppose we 7 to inject sputum f a ph?isical p]son into ! l[] animal & tub]culosis foll[s1 & !n ann\nce to ! pr(ession t we h demon/rat$ ! relation ( ! cause & effect betwe5 bacilli & ph?isis8 ,:y we w\ld />t su* an upro> ( objections z w\ld spe$ily conv9ce u t !re 0 mu* "w yet 9 ! doma9 ( bact]iology4 ,! sci5tific inve/igators w\ld say y h inject$ ) ! sputum into ! blood ( y\r un=tunate pati5t1 pus1 morphological elem5ts1 & p]haps half a doz5 o!r =ms ( bact]ia1 any "o ( :i* is j z likely to produce ! disease z ! bacillus y h select$4 ,! fir/ important /ep is1 fir/ isolate y\r bacillus4 ,if ,i 7 to take a glass plate1 "o side ( :i* is coat$ ) a ?ick solution ( peptoniz$ gelat91 & all[ ! wat] to collect1 ! gelat9\s matt] w become solid4 ,if n[1 ) a wire dipp$ 9 "s tub]cul\s matt]1 ,i draw a l9e along ! gelat91 ,i h deposit$ at int]vals along ?is l9e1 specim5s ( tub]cle bacilli4 ,if ?is plate be n[ kept at a prop] temp]ature1 aft] a few days1 :]ev] ! bacilli h be5 caught1 a grayi% spot w appe>1 :i*1 easily se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 gradually spreads & becomes l>g]4 ,^! spots are colonies conta9+ ?\s&s ( bacilli4 ,let u return to our gelat9 plate4 ,we f9d a spot :i* answ]s to ! description ( a colony ( tub]cle bacilli4 ,we n[ take a m9ute p>ticle f ?is colony on a wire & convey x to ! surface ( "s h>d5$ blood s]um 9 a te/ tube4 ,we plug ! tube s t no air g]ms may drop 91 & place x 9 an incubator at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,aft] sev]al days1 if no contam9ation be pres5t1 a colony ( bacilli w appe> ar\nd ! spot :]e we s[$ ! spores4 ,let u repeat ! process4 ,take a p>ticle f ?is colony1 & transf] x to ano!r tube4 ,?is is our second culture4 ,?is mu/ be repeat$ until we are satisfi$ t we h secur$ a pure culture4 ,if ?is be c>ri$ to ! tw5ty-fif? g5]ation1 we may be assur$ t !re rema9s no pus1 no ptoma9es1 no?+ b ! desir$ bacilli4 ,x is a prop] mat]ial n[ = inoculation1 & if we inoculate "s ( ! l[] animals1 = in/ance ! monkey1 we produce a disease id5tical ) ph?isis pulmpnalis4 ,bact]ia also af=d peculi> *emical reactions4 ,= example1 nitric acid w dis*>ge all ! color f all bacilli artificially dy$ ) anil91 except ^? ( tub]cle & an?rax4 ,"o species is /a9$ readily ) a dye t leaves ano!r unalt]$4 ,?us we are enabl$ 9 ! laboratory to det]m9e :e!r ! bacilli f\nd 9 sputum1 = example1 are f tub]cle or are ! bact]ia ( decomposition4 ,f :at ,i h said ( ! tub]cle bacillus1 x w\ld seem ?or\ghly demon/rat$ t x is ! cause ( tub]cle 9 ^! animals4 ,b we mu/ walk cauti\sly "h4 ,^! are n human be+s1 :o "k t l results w\ld foll[ _! inoculation4 ,! animals us$ by ,ko* are animals v subject to tub]cle4 ,we mu/1 f ! v nature ( our environm5t1 be con/antly inhal+ ^! g]ms z we pass ?r\gh ! w>ds ( our hospitals2 yes1 !y are float+ 9 ! air ( our /reets & dwell+s4 ,x becomes necess>y !n = u to inquire3 ,if bact]ia cause disease1 9 :at mann] d !y produce x8 ,! heal?y organism is always beset ) a multitude ( non-pa?og5ic bact]ia4 ,!y occupy ! natural cavities1 especially ! alim5t>y canal4 ,!y fe$ on ! sub/ances ly+ 9 _! neighborhood1 :e!r br\ght into ! body or secret$ by ! tissues4 ,9 s do+ !y set up *emical *anges 9 _! sub/ances4 ,:]e ! organs are act+ normally ^! fungi "w no mis*ief4 ,! products ( decomposition ?us set up are h>mless1 or are convey$ out ( ! body be=e !y beg9 to be active4 ,if bact]ia develop to an inord9ate degree1 if ! cont5ts ( organs are n frequ5tly dis*>g$1 f]m5tative processes may be set up1 :i* result 9 disease4 ,bact]ia mu/ always multiply & exi/ at ! exp5se ( ! body :i* !y infe/1 & ! m weak5$ ! vital =ces become1 ! m favorable is ! soil = _! developm5t4 ,septicmia is caus$ by ! absorption ( ! products ( putrefaction1 induc$ be=e bact]ia c multiply inside or outside ! body4 ,bact]ia mu/ f9d a cong5ial soil4 ,! s-call$ *ol]a bacillus mu/ ga9 access to ! inte/9al tract be=e x f9ds conditions suitable to colonization4 ,x does n seem to multiply 9 ! /oma* or 9 ! blood1 b once inject$ into ! duod5um develops ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 & ! delicate epi!lial cells ( ! villi become swoll51 s(t5 & break d[n1 expos+ ! mucosa4 ,x has be5 %[n t b\illon 9 :i* ,loeffl]'s diph!ria bacillus has gr[n1 & :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh unglaz$ porcela9 filt]s1 %[s ! pres5ce ( a poison :i* is capable ( produc+ ! same results ^u inoculation z ! pure culture ( ! bacillus itself4 ,z>niko1 work+ ^u ! same organism1 obta9$ a numb] ( positive results t l$ him to decl>e ?is bacillus is ! cause ( epidemic diph!ria1 9 spite ( _m ass]tions to ! contr>y4 ,*antmesse & ,widal record ! results ( _! "w z to :at w mo/ easily & effectively de/roy ! bacillus ( diph!ria4 ,! only ?ree sub/ances t actually *eck$ & de/roy$ its vitality 7 ph5ic acid 7#e p] c5t471 camphor 7#bj p] c5t471 olive oil 7#be p] c5t471 9 comb9ation4 ,= ! la/ ,i sub/itute glyc]9e1 because ?is all[s ! mixture to p5etrate f>!r into ! muc\s membrane ?an oil1 ! latt] favor+ a t5d5cy to pass ov] ! surface4 ,?is mixture :5 heat$ sep>ates into two lay]s1 ! upp] "o viscid & =m+ a sort ( glyc]ol1 ! l[] cle>4 ,! latt] w completely /]ilize a ?read dipp$ 9 a pure culture ( ! diph!ria bacillus4 ,corrosive sublimate 0 n exam9$ because 9 /rong en\gh doses x w\ld be dang]\s & 9 weak] ones x w\ld be useless4 ,! facts obta9$ 9 reg>ds to ! /reptococcus ( erysipelas are report$ z foll[s3 ,t bo? *emical & exp]im5tal evid5ce tea* ! extreme ease ( a r5ew$ attack ( ! disease2 t x is possible to kill gu9ea pigs by an intoxication :5 !y are immune to an inoculation ( ! culture 9 ord9>y quantities4 ,& ?is latt] fact %\ld w>n exp]im5t]s try+ to obta9 immunity 9 man by ! inoculation ( non-pa?og5ic bact]ia1 because ! same results may be rea*$4 ,a new !ory 9 reg>d to fev]s & ! relation ( micro-organisms is sugge/$ by ,r\ssy1 viz43 ,t x is a f]m5tation produc$ by a dia/ase or soluble f]m5t f\nd 9 all micro-organisms & cells1 & :i* !y use 9 attack+ & trans=m+ matt]1 ei!r inside _! sub/ance or )\t x4 ,! resemblance ( ! mal>ia p>asite to t ( recurr5t fev] is not$ 9 ! "w ( ,sa*>(f4 ,he /ates t !re exi/s 9 ! blood ( ^? suff]+ f recurr5t fev] a hmatozoon1 :i* is mo/ prom95t aft] ! fev] has begun to fall1 :5 x is ( enorm\s proportions1 tw5ty or m diamet]s ( a r$ blood corpuscle1 al?\gh small] ones may /ill be f\nd4 ,! p>asite consi/s ( a delicate amoeboid body conta9+ a multitude ( d>k1 r\nd1 uni=m1 %>ply outl9$1 movable granules4 ,besides ^!1 ! protoplasm conta9s a g5]ally grayi% homog5e\s nucleus z l>ge z "o or two r$ blood corpuscles4 ,! protoplasm s5ds out pseudopodia 7) granules71 :i* sometimes sep>ate & appe> z small delicate pieces ( protoplasm4 ,!y v>y 9 size1 & are (t5 swall[$ by ! r$ blood corpuscles 9 :i* !y gr[1 & f9ally develop into ! above m5tion$ amoeboid bodies4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,lewis ,smi? has made a great _m autopsies ( *ildr5 dead f *ol]a infantum1 & almo/ inv>iably f\nd ! /oma* & liv] 9 a comp>atively heal?y condition4 ,gangh51 :o has giv5 ?is subject consid]able /udy1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any specific g]m 9 ! summ] di>rhea ( infants1 b claims to h f\nd ?ree diff]5t g]ms 9 ! inte/9es ( *ildr5 suff]+ f *ol]a infantum1 ea* produc+ a *emical poison :i* is capable ( produc+ vomit+1 purg+1 & ev5 dea?4 ,a great v>iety ( g]ms are f\nd 9 dr9k+ wat]1 & no d\bt c\ntless numb]s are tak5 into ! dige/ive tract1 & ! pr9cipal reason :y pa?ological conditions d n occur m frequ5tly is on acc\nt ( ! g]micidal qualities ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,! comma bacillus ( ,ko*1 & ! typhoid fev] g]m ( ,eb]?1 are especially de/roy$ 9 normal ga/ric juice4 ,:5 ! g]ms are v num]\s1 !y run ! gauntlet ( ! /oma* 7z ! ga/ric juice is secret$ only dur+ dige/ion72 & once 9 ! alkal9e inte/9al canal !y are capable ( sett+ up disease1 o!r conditions contribut+--ill heal?1 d]ang$ dige/ion1 etc4 ,mittnam has made a /udy ( bact]ia b5ea? ! nails1 & reports1 aft] exam9+ p]sons foll[+ diff]5t occupations1 hav+ f\nd num]\s v>ieties ( micro-organisms2 :i* are int]e/+ f a sci5tific /&po9t relative to ! importance ( ?or\ghly cleans+ ! h&s be=e und]tak+ any surgical proc$ure4 ,he f\nd1 out ( tw5ty-five exp]im5ts1 #gh v>ieties ( bact]ia1 ( :i* #cf 7 class$ z micrococci1 #ba diplococci1 #ah rods1 #c s>c91 & #a yea/4 ,cooks1 b>b]s1 wait]s1 etc41 7 exam9$4 ,! blood1 defibr9at$ & fre%ly drawn1 has m>k$ g]micidal action2 = bact]ia its action is decid$ly deadly1 ev5 h\rs aft] x has be5 drawn f ! body4 ,especially 7 anti-g]mic qualities notic$ ^u pa?og5ic bact]ia4 ,bu*n] put ! bacilli ( an?rax 9 a quantity ( blood1 & 9 two h\rs ! numb] 0 r$uc$ f #d1hjj to #ef1 & 9 ?ree h\rs only #c liv+ bact]ia rema9$4 ,o!r bact]ia 7 exp]im5t$ ^u 9 blood ) simil> results1 b ! de/ruction ( ! organism f putrefaction 0 mu* less m>k$1 & on "s v>ieties ! blood _h little or no action4 ,x is n ! object ( ^! rem>ks to ev5 give a rsum ( ! /atus prs5s ( bact]iology1 b simply to /imulate ?\ght 9 t direction4 ,! claims ( "s ( ! ultra-bact]iologi/s may nev] be realiz$1 b en\gh has be5 accompli%$ to revolutionize ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 diseases1 & ! obs]v+ /ud5t w d well to keep 8 eye on ! microbe1 z x seems f ! late/ inve/igations t its /> is 9 ! asc5dant4 ,& :o c progno/icate b t 9 ! next decade an entire revolution 9 ! tiology & treatm5t ( _m diseases may take place8 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,ko*',s ,,lymph4 ,,:at ,,pr(essor ,,ko* ,,says ,,x ,,is1 ,,& ,,:at ,,x ,,c ,,d4 7,by ,cable to ! ,m$ical ,record47 ,,b]l91 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahia4 ,! curiosity to "k ! composition ( ! fam\s lymph has be5 gratifi$ by ! publication to-day ( an article by ,pr(essor ,ko* on ! subject4 ,9 ! foll[+1 z w be se51 he reaffirms 8 orig9al convictions & ackn[l$ges ! valuable assi/ance he has receiv$ f ^? :o h us$ 8 fluid1 & ?us help$ him 9 ! accumulation ( exp]i5ce4 ,pr(essor ,ko* says3 ,two mon?s ago ,i publi%$ ! results ( my exp]im5ts ) ! new rem$y = tub]culosis1 s9ce :i* "t _m physicians :o receiv$ ! prep>ation h be5 enabl$ to become acqua9t$ ) its prop]ties ?r\gh _! own exp]im5ts4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to review ! /atem5ts publi%$ & ! communications receiv$ by lett]1 my pr$ictions h be5 fully & completely confirm$4 ,! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion is t ! rem$y has a specific action ^u tub]cul> tissues1 & is1 !re=e1 applicable z a v delicate & sure reag5t = discov]+ lat5t & diagnos+ d\btful tub]cul\s processes4 ,reg>d+ ! curative effects ( ! rem$y1 mo/ reports agree t1 despite ! comp>atively %ort duration ( its application1 _m pati5ts h %[n m or less pron\nc$ improvem5t4 ,x has be5 affirm$ t 9 n a few cases ev5 a cure has be5 e/abli%$4 ,/&+ q by itself is ! ass]tion t ! rem$y may n only be dang]\s 9 cases :i* h advanc$ too f>--a fact :i* may =?) be conc$$--b also t x actually promotes ! tub]cul\s process1 be+ !re=e injuri\s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ six weeks ,i myself h _h opportunity to br+ toge!r fur!r exp]i5ces t\*+ ! curative effects & diagno/ic application ( ! rem$y 9 ! cases ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty suff]]s f tub]culosis ( ! mo/ v>i$ types 9 ?is city & 9 ! ,moabit ,hospital4 ,i c only say t ev]y?+ ,i h latt]ly se5 accords ) my previ\s obs]vations4 ,!re has be5 no?+ to modify 9 :at ,i be=e report$4 ,z long z x 0 only a "q ( prov+ ! accuracy ( my indications1 x 0 ne$less = any "o to "k :at ! rem$y conta9$ or :5ce x 0 d]iv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 subsequ5t te/+ w\ld necess>ily be m unbias$1 ! less p knew ( ! rem$y itself4 ,n[1 aft] suffici5t confirmatory te/+1 ! importance ( ! rem$y is prov$1 my next task is to ext5d my /udy ( ! rem$y beyond ! field :]e x has hi!rto be5 appli$1 & if possible to apply ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! discov]y to o!r diseases4 ,?is task naturally dem&s a full k ( ! rem$y4 ,i !re=e consid] t ! "t has arriv$ :5 ! requisite indications 9 ?is direction %all be made4 ,?is is done 9 :at foll[s4 ,be=e go+ into ! rem$y itself1 ,i deem x necess>y = ! bett] und]/&+ ( its mode ( op]ation to /ate briefly ! way by :i* ,i arriv$ at ! discov]y4 ,if a heal?y gu9ea pig be inoculat$ ) ! pure cultivation ( ,g]man ,kultur ( tub]cle bacilli1 ! w\nd caus$ by ! inoculation mo/ly closes ov] ) a /icky matt]1 & appe>s 9 its e>ly days to heal4 ,only aft] t5 to f\rte5 days a h>d nodule pres5ts itself1 :i*1 soon break+1 =ms an ulc]at+ sore1 :i* cont9ues until ! animal dies4 ,q a diff]5t condition ( ?+s occurs :5 a gu9ea pig already suff]+ f tub]culosis is inoculat$4 ,an animal successfully inoculat$ f f\r to six weeks be=e is be/ adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 su* an animal ! small ind5tation assumes ! same /icky cov]+ at ! beg9n+1 b no nodules =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 on ! day foll[+1 or ! second day aft] ! inoculation1 ! place :]e ! lymph is inject$ %[s a /range *ange4 ,x becomes h>d & assumes a d>k] color+1 :i* is n conf9$ to ! inoculation spot1 b spreads to ! neighbor+ p>ts until x atta9s a diamet] ( f #j4je to #a cm4 ,9 a few days x becomes m & m manife/ t ! sk9 ?us *ang$ is necrotic1 f9ally fall+ (f1 leav+ a flat ulc]ation :i* usually heals rapidly & p]man5tly )\t any involvem5t ( ! adjac5t lymphatic gl&s4 ,?us ! inject$ tub]cul> bacilli q diff]5tly affect ! sk9 ( a heal?y gu9ea pig f "o affect$ ) tub]culosis4 ,?is effect is n exclusively produc$ ) liv+ tub]cul> bacilli1 b is also obs]v$ ) ! dead bacilli1 ! result be+ ! same :e!r1 z ,i discov]$ by exp]im5ts at ! outset1 ! bacilli are kill$ by a some:at prolong$ application ( a l[ temp]ature or boil+ heat or by means ( c]ta9 *emicals4 ,?is peculi> fact ,i foll[$ up 9 all directions1 & ?is fur!r result 0 obta9$--t kill$ pure cultivations ( tub]cul> bacilli1 aft] r9s+ 9 wat]1 might be inject$ 9 great quantities "u heal?y gu9ea pig's sk9 )\t any?+ occurr+ beyond local suppuration4 ,su* injections belong to ! simple/ & sure/ means ( produc+ suppurations free f liv+ bact]ia4 ,tub]cul\s gu9ea pigs1 on ! o!r h&1 are kill$ by ! injection ( v small quantities ( su* dilut$ cultivations4 ,9 fact1 )9 six to =ty-eight h\rs1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! dose1 an injection :i* is n suffici5t to produce ! dea? ( ! animal may cause ext5d$ necrosis to ! sk9 9 ! vic9ity ( ! place ( injection4 ,if ! dilution is /ill fur!r dilut$ until x is sc>cely visibly cl\d$1 ! animals inoculat$ rema9 alive & a noticeable improvem5t 9 _! condition soon sup]v5es4 ,if ! injections are cont9u$ at int]vals ( f "o to two days1 ! ulc]at+ inoculation w\nd becomes small] & f9ally sc>s ov]1 :i* o!rwise x nev] does2 ! size ( ! swoll5 lymphatic gl&s is r$uc$1 ! body becomes bett] n\ri%$1 & ! morbid process ceases1 unless x has gone too f>1 9 :i* case ! animal p]i%es f exhau/ion4 ,by ?is means ! basis ( a curative process aga9/ tub]culosis 0 e/abli%$4 ,aga9/ ! practical application ( su* dilutions ( dead tub]cle bacilli !re pres5t$ itself ! fact t ! tub]cle bacilli are n absorb$ at ! inoculation po9ts1 nor d !y disappe> 9 ano!r way1 b = a long "t rema9 un*ang$1 & eng5d] great] or small] suppurative foci4 ,any?+1 !re=e1 int5d$ to ex]cise a heal+ effect on ! tub]cul\s process mu/ be a soluble sub/ance :i* w\ld be lib]at$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! fluids ( ! body float+ ar\nd ! tub]cle bacilli1 & be transf]r$ 9 a fairly rapid mann] to ! juices ( ! body2 :ile ! sub/ance produc+ suppuration app>5tly rema9s beh9d 9 ! tub]cul> bacilli1 or dissolves b v sl[ly4 ,! only important po9t 01 !re=e1 to induce outside ! body ! process go+ on inside1 if possible1 & to extract f ! tub]cul> bacilli alone ! curative sub/ance4 ,?is dem&$ "t & toil1 until ,i f9ally succe$$1 ) ! aid ( a =ty to fifty p] c5t4 solution ( glyc]9e1 9 obta9+ an effective sub/ance f ! tub]cul> bacilli4 ,) ! fluid s obta9$ ,i made fur!r exp]im5ts on animals1 & f9ally on human be+s4 ,^! fluids 7 giv5 to o!r physicians to enable !m to repeat ! exp]im5ts4 ,! rem$y :i* is us$ 9 ! new treatm5t consi/s ( a glyc]9e extract1 d]iv$ f ! pure cultivation ( tub]cle bacilli4 ,into ! simple extract !re naturally passes f ! tub]cul> bacilli1 besides ! effective sub/ance1 all ! o!r matt] soluble 9 fifty p] c5t4 glyc]9e4 ,consequ5tly1 x conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( m9]al salts1 color+ sub/ances1 & o!r unkn[n extractive matt]s4 ,"s ( ^! sub/ances c be remov$ f x tol]ably easily4 ,! effective sub/ance is insoluble 9 absolute alcohol4 ,x c be precipitat$ by x1 ?\gh n1 inde$1 9 a pure condition1 b /ill comb9$ ) ! o!r extractive matt]4 ,x is likewise insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! color+ matt] may also be remov$1 r5d]+ x possible to obta9 f ! extract a colorless1 dry sub/ance conta9+ ! effective pr9ciple 9 a mu* m conc5trat$ =m ?an ! orig9al glyc]9e solution4 ,= application 9 practice ?is purification ( ! glyc]9e extract (f]s no advantage1 because ! sub/ances s elim9at$ are uness5tial = ! human organism4 ,! process ( purification w\ld make ! co/ ( ! rem$y unnecess>ily high4 ,reg>d+ ! con/itution ( ! m effective sub/ances1 only surmises may = ! pres5t be express$4 ,x appe>s to me to be d]ivative f album9\s bodies1 hav+ a close aff9ity to !m4 ,x does n belong to ! gr\p ( s-call$ toxalbum9s1 because x be>s high temp]atures1 & 9 ! dialyz] goes easily & quickly ?r\gh ! membrane4 ,! proportion ( ! sub/ance 9 ! extract to all appe>ance is v small4 ,x is e/imat$ at fractions ( "o p] c5t41 :i*1 if correct1 we %\ld h to d ) a matt] ^: effects ^u organisms attack$ ) tub]culosis g f> beyond :at is kn[n to u ( ! /ronge/ drugs4 ,reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! specific action ( ! rem$y on tub]cul\s tissue is to be repres5t$1 v>i\s hypo!ses may naturally be put =w>d4 ,)\t wi%+ to affirm t my view af=ds ! be/ explanation1 ,i repres5t ! process myself 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! tub]cle bacilli produc$ :5 gr[+ 9 liv+ tissues1 ! same z 9 artificial cultivations1 conta9 sub/ances :i* v>i\sly & notably unfavorably influ5ce liv+ elem5ts 9 _! vic9ity4 ,among ^! is a sub/ance :i* 9 a c]ta9 degree ( conc5tration kills or s alt]s liv+ protoplasm t x passes into a condition t ,weig]t describes z coagulation necrosis4 ,9 tissue ?us become necrotic ! bacillus f9ds su* unfavorable conditions ( n\ri%m5t t x c gr[ no m & sometimes dies4 ,?is expla9s ! rem>kable ph5om5on t 9 organs newly attack$ ) tub]culosis1 = in/ance 9 gu9ea pigs' sple5 & liv]1 :i* !n are cov]$ ) gray nodules1 numb]s ( bacilli are f\nd1 :]eas !y are r>e or :olly abs5t :5 ! enorm\sly enl>g$ sple5 consi/s almo/ entirely ( :iti% sub/ance 9 a condition ( coagulation necrosis1 su* z is (t5 f\nd 9 cases ( natural dea? 9 tub]cul\s gu9ea pigs4 ,! s+le bacillus _c1 !re=e1 induce necrosis at a great di/ance1 = z soon z necrosis atta9s a c]ta9 ext5sion ! gr[? ( ! bacillus subsides1 & !re) ! production ( ! necrotiz+ sub/ance4 ,a k9d ( reciprocal comp5sation ?us occurs1 caus+ ! vegetation ( isolat$ bacilli to rema9 s extraord9>ily re/rict$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 lupus & scr(ul\s gl&s4 ,9 su* cases ! necrosis g5]ally ext5ds only to a "p ( ! cells1 :i* !n1 ) fur!r gr[?1 assume ! peculi> =m ( ries5 zelle1 or giant cells4 ,?us1 9 ?is int]pretation1 foll[ fir/ ! explanation ,weig]t gives ( ! production ( giant cells4 ,if n[ "o increas$ artificially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! bacillus ! am\nt ( necrotiz+ sub/ance 9 ! tissue1 ! necrosis w\ld spread a great] di/ance4 ,! conditions ( n\ri%m5t = ! bacillus w\ld !reby become m unfavorable ?an usual4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! tissue :i* _h become necrotic ov] a l>ge ext5t w\ld decay & deta* itself1 & :]e su* 7 possible w\ld c>ry (f ! inclos$ bacilli & eject !m outw>dly1 s f> di/urb+ _! vegetation t !y w\ld mu* m spe$ily be kill$ ?an "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,x is j 9 look+ at su* *anges t ! effect ( ! rem$y appe>s to consi/4 ,x conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( necrotiz+ sub/ance1 a correspond+ly l>ge dose ( :i* injures c]ta9 tissue elem5ts ev5 9 a heal?y p]son1 & p]haps ! :ite blood corpuscles or adjac5t cells1 !reby produc+ fev] & a complication ( symptoms1 :]eas ) tub]cul\s pati5ts a mu* small] quantity suffices to induce at c]ta9 places1 namely1 :]e tub]cle bacilli are vegetat+ & h already impregnat$ ! adjac5t region ) ! same necrotiz+ matt]1 m or less ext5sive necrosis ( ! cells1 ) ! ph5om5a 9 ! :ole organism :i* result f & are connect$ ) x4 ,= ! pres5t1 at lea/1 x is impossible to expla9 ! specific influ5ce :i* ! rem$y1 9 accurately def9$ doses1 ex]cises ^u tub]cul\s tissue1 & ! possibility ( increas+ ! doses ) su* rem>kable rapidity1 & ! rem$ial effects :i* h unque/ionably be5 produc$ "u n too favorable circum/ances4 ,( ! consumptive pati5ts :om he describ$ z tempor>ily cur$1 two h be5 return$ to ! ,moabit ,hospital = fur!r obs]vation4 ,no bacilli h appe>$ 9 _! sputum = ! pa/ ?ree mon?s1 & _! ph?isical symptoms h gradually & completely disappe>$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c ,,we ,,sep>ate ,,animals ,,f ,,plants8 ,by ,,&rew ,,wilson4 ,"o ( ! pla9e/ po9ts connect$ ) ! /udy ( liv+ ?+s is ! p[] we app>5tly possess ( sep>at+ animals f plants4 ,s self-evid5t appe>s ?is p[] t ! popul> notion sc(fs at ! idea ( sci5ce mode/ly disclaim+ its ability to sep>ate ! "o gr\p ( liv+ be+s f ! o!r4 ,is !re any dang] ( confus+ a bird ) ! tree amid ! foliage ( :i* x builds its ne/1 or ( mi/ak+ a c[ = ! grass x eats8 ,^! qu]ies are1 ( c\rse1 answ]able 9 "o way only4 ,un=tunately 7= ! qu]i/s71 h[ev]1 !y d n include or compreh5d ! :ole difficulty4 ,!y m]ely ass]t1 :at is p]fectly true1 t we are able1 )\t tr\ble1 to m>k (f ! high] animals f ! high] plants4 ,:at sci5ce inquires is1 :e!r we are able to sep>ate all animals f all plants1 & to fix a def9ite b\nd>y l9e1 s z to say t all ! organisms on ! "o side ( ! l9e are assur$ly animals1 :ile all ! o!rs on ! opposite side ( ! l9e may be decl>$ to be truly plants4 ,x is exactly ?is task :i* sci5ce decl>es to be among ! impossibilities ( k4 ,away d[n 9 ! dep?s ( exi/5ce & among ! gr\ndl+s ( life ! id5tity ( liv+ ?+s becomes ( a nature :i* is worse ?an confus+1 & :i* r5d]s x a futile task to attempt to sep>ate ! two worlds ( life4 ,! hopelessness ( ! task1 inde$1 has /ruck "s obs]v]s s =cibly t !y h propos$ to con/itute a ?ird k+dom--! ,regnum ,proti/icum--betwe5 ! animal & ! plant worlds1 = ! reception ( ! ho/ ( d\btful organisms4 ,?is ?ird k+dom w\ld resemble ! casual w>d ( a workh\se1 9 t x w\ld receive ! waifs & /rays ( life :i* c\ld n f9d a refuge any:]e else4 ,a v slight incursion into biological fields may s]ve to %[ =? ! difficulties ( naturali/s :5 ! task ( sep>at+ animals f plants is moot$ = discussion4 ,to beg9 )1 if we suppose our popul> disbeliev] to ass]t t animals & plants are always to be di/+ui%$ by %ape & =m1 x is easy en\gh to %[ him t "h1 z else:]e1 appe>ances are deceptive4 ,:at are we to say ( a sponge1 or a sea anemone1 ( corals1 ( zoophytes gr[+ root$ f oy/] %ells1 ( sea squirts1 & ( sea mats8 ,^!1 ea* & all ( !m1 are true animals1 b !y are s plant-l t1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y are (t5 mi/ak5 by seaside visitors = plants4 ,?is la/ rem>k holds especially true ( ! zoophytes & ! sea mats4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 we c po9t to hundr$s ( l[] plants1 f ! yea/ plant onw>d1 :i* %[ none ( ! ord9>y features ( plant life at all4 ,!y possess nei!r roots1 /ems1 bran*es1 leaves1 nor fl[]s1 s t on ?is fir/ c\nt ( ! indictm5t ! naturali/ ga9s ! day4 ,p[] ( movem5t1 to :i* ! popul> d\bt] is c]ta9 to appeal1 is an equally baseless gr\nd ( sep>ation4 ,= all ! animals ,i h above nam$ are root$ & fix$1 :ile _m true plants ( l[] grade are nev] root$ at all4 ,! yea/ plant1 ! ,alg t sw>m 9 our ponds1 & ! diatoms t cr[d ! wat]s1 exemplify plants t are z free z animals2 & _m ( !m1 besides1 9 _! "y /ate especially 7e4g41 ! seawe$s71 swim ab\t freely 9 ! wat] z if !y 7 rov+ animalcules4 ,on ! second c\nt1 also1 sci5ce ga9s ! day2 p[] ( motion is no legitimate gr\nd at all = di/+ui%+ "o liv+ be+ z an animal1 :ile abs5ce ( movem5t is simil>ly no reason = assum+ t ! fix$ organism mu/ ( necessity be a plant4 ,!n comes ! microscopic evid5ce4 ,:at c ?is wond] glass d 9 ! way ( draw+ b\nd>y l9es betwixt ! liv+ worlds8 ,! reply aga9 is disappo9t+ to ! d\bt]2 = ! microscope tea*es u t ! tissues ( animals & plants are built ^u k9dr$ l9es4 ,we meet ) cells & fib]s 9 bo?4 ,! cell is 9 ea* case ! primitive expression ( ! :ole organism4 ,beyond cells & fib]s we see ! wond]ful liv+ sub/ance1 protoplasm1 :i* is alike to our s5ses 9 ! two k+doms1 al?\gh1 inde$1 diff]+ mu* "h & !re 9 ! results ( its "w4 ,on purely microscopic gr\nds1 we _c sep>ate animals f plants4 ,!re is no ju/ification = rigidly assum+ t ?is is a plant or t an animal on acc\nt ( any?+ ! microscope c disclose4 ,a /ill m important po9t 9 connection ) ?is protoplasm "q consi/s 9 ! fact t z we g backw>d to ! beg9n+s ( life1 bo? 9 animals & plants1 we seem to approa* ne>] & ne>] to an id5tity ( sub/ance :i* baffles ! microscope ) all its p[]s ( disc]nm5t4 ,e animal & e plant beg9s exi/5ce z a m]e speck ( ?is liv+ jelly4 ,! g]m ( ea* is a protoplasm p>ticle1 :i*1 :atev] traces ( /ructure x may exhibit1 is practically unrecognizable z be+ def9itely animal or plant 9 respect ( its nature4 ,lat] on1 z we "k1 ! egg or g]m %[s traces ( /ructure 9 ! case ( ! high] animals & plants2 :ile ev5 l[ly =ms ( life exhibit m or less *>act]i/ic phases :5 !y rea* _! adult /age4 ,b1 ( life's beg9n+s1 ! microscope is z futile z a k9d sci5tific t\*/one = di/+ui%+ animals f plants z is p[] ( movem5t1 or %ape1 or =m4 ,a f\r? po9t ( appeal 9 ! matt] is f\nd )9 ! doma9 ( ! *emi/4 ,*emi/ry1 ) its subtile p[]s ( analysis1 ) its _m-sid$ possibilities ( discov]+ ! composition ( ?+s1 & ) its ability to analyze = u ev5 ! light ( ! f> di/ant />s1 only complicates ! difficulties ( ! biologi/4 ,=1 :ile ( old x 0 assum$ t a p>ticul> elem5t1 nitrog51 0 peculi> to animals1 & t c>bon 0 an elem5t peculi> to plants1 we n[ "k t bo? elem5ts are f\nd 9 animals1 j z bo? occur 9 plants4 ,! *emi/ry ( liv+ ?+s1 moreov]1 :5 x did gr[ to become a /aple "p ( sci5ce1 reveal$ o!r & great] anomalies ?an ^!4 ,x %[$ t c]ta9 sub/ances :i* 7 suppos$ to be peculi> to plants1 & to be made & manufactur$ by !m alone1 7 also f\nd 9 animals4 ,*lorophyl is ! gre5 color+ matt] ( plants1 & is1 ( c\rse1 a typical product ( ! vegetable _w2 yet x is made by su* animals z ! hydra ( ! brooks & ponds1 & by _m animalcules & "s worms4 ,/>* is surely a typical plant product1 yet x is und\bt$ly manufactur$1 or at lea/ /or$ up1 by animals--a "w illu/rat$ by ! liv] ( man himself1 :i* occasionally produces sug> out ( its />*4 ,aga91 !re is a sub/ance call$ cellulose1 f\nd well nigh univ]sally 9 plants4 ,( ?is sub/ance1 :i* is ak9 to />*1 ! walls or envelopes ( ! cells ( plant tissues are compos$4 ,yet we f9d ^? curi\s animals1 ! sea squirts1 f\nd on rocks & /ones at l[-wat] m>k1 manufactur+ cellulose to =m "p & p>cel ( ! out] cov]+ ( _! sac-l bodies4 ,"h x is z if ! animal1 l a di%one/ manufactur]1 _h infr+$ ! pat5t rights ( ! plant4 ,on ! f\r? c\nt1 !n--t ( *emical composition--! v]dict is t no?+ t *emi/ry c tea* u may s]ve def9itely1 cle>ly1 & exactly to set a b\nd>y l9e or to erect a p>tition wall betwe5 ! two worlds ( life4 ,!re yet rema9s = u to consid] a fif? head--t ( ! food4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! fe$+ ( ! two great liv+ worlds we might p]*ance light ^u "s adequate gr\nds = mak+ up ! "o k+dom f ! o!r4 ,:at ! consid]ation ( =m1 movem5t1 *emical composition1 & microscopic /ructure c\ld n effect = u 9 ?is way1 x might be suppos$ ! inve/igation ( ! diet ( animals & plants w\ld r5d] cle>4 ,our hopes ( di/+ui%+ ! "o gr\p f ! o!r by ref]5ce to ! food on :i* animals & plants subsi/ are1 h[ev]1 da%$ to ! gr\nd2 & ! diet "q leaves u1 !re=e1 :5 x has be5 discuss$1 9 ! same qu&>y z be=e4 ,nev]!less1 x is an int]e/+ /ory1 ?is ( ! nutrition ( animals & plants4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( sci5tific in=mation is to be glean$ f su* a /udy1 :i* may v well be comm5c$ by our hav+ reg>d to ! matt]s on :i* a gre5 plant fe$s4 ,i emphasize ! ^w gre51 because x s happ5s t :5 a plant has no *lorophyl 7z gre5 color is nam$ 9 ! plant _w7 its fe$+ is ( div]se k9d to t :i* a gre5 plant exhibits4 ,! mu%room or o!r fungus may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( a plant :i* repres5ts ! non-gre5 race1 :ile e common plant1 f a bit ( grass to an oak tree1 exemplifies ! gre5-be>+ ord] ( ! vegetable tribes4 ,suppose we 7 to invite a gre5 plant to d9n]1 ! m5u w\ld h to be v diff]5tly arrang$ f t :i* w\ld satisfy a human or o!r animal gue/4 ,! s\p w\ld be repres5t$ = ! plant's delectation by wat]1 ! fi% by m9]als1 ! jo9t by c>bonic acid gas1 & ! dess]t by ammonia4 ,on ^! f\r items a gre5 plant fe$s1 out ( !m x builds up its liv+ frame4 ,note t its diet is ( inorganic or non-liv+ matt]4 ,x d]ives its su/5ance f soil & air1 yet out ( ^! lifeless matt]s ! gre5 plant elaborates & manufactures its liv+ matt]1 or protoplasm4 ,x is a m wond]ful organism ?an ! animal1 = :ile ! latt] c only make new protoplasm :5 liv+ matt] is includ$ 9 its food supply1 ! gre5 plant1 by ! ex]cise ( its vital *emi/ry1 c trans=m t :i* is n liv+ into t :i* is life-possess+4 ,! gre5 plant 9 o!r words1 raises non-liv+ into liv+ matt]1 :ile ! animal c only trans=m liv+ matt]s into its l4 ,?is is :y ! plant is call$ a con/ructive organism1 :ile ! animal is1 contr>iwise1 nam$ a de/ructive "o4 ,! result ( ! plant's exi/5ce is to build up1 t ( ! animal's life is to break d[n its sub/ance1 z ! result ( its "w1 into non-liv+ matt]4 ,! animal's body is1 9 fact1 break+ d[n into ! v ?+s on :i* ! gre5 plant fe$s4 ,we ourselves are p]petually dissipat+ our sub/ance 9 our acts ( life & "w into ! c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & m9]als on :i* plants fe$4 ,we die daily 9 z true a s5se z t 9 :i* ! apo/le us$ ! t]m4 ,& out ( ! debris ( ! animal frame ! gre5 plant builds up leaf & fl[]1 /e9 & bran*1 & all ! o!r tok5s ( its beauty & its life4 ,if1 !n1 an animal c only live ^u liv+ matt]--t is to say on ! bodies ( o!r animals or ( plants--) wat]1 m9]als & oxyg5 gas f ! air ?r[n 9 to boot1 we might be tempt$ to hold t 9 su* di/9ctive ways & works we _h at la/ f\nd a means ( sep>at+ animals f plants4 ,un=tunately1 ?is view may be legitimately disput$ & r5d]$ null & void1 on two gr\nds4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! mu%rooms & _! fri5ds & neighbors1 all true plants1 d n fe$ z d ! gre5 tribes4 ,& secondly1 _m ( ! gre5 plants !mselves c be %[n to h tak5 v k9dly to an animal mode ( diet4 ,a mu%room1 ?us1 because x has no gre5 color1 lives ^u wat]1 oxyg51 m9]als1 & organic matt]4 ,y c only gr[ mu%rooms :]e !re is pl5ty ( animal matt] 9 a /ate ( decay1 & z = ! oxyg51 !y habitually inhale t gas z if !y 7 animals4 ,non-gre5 plants ?us want a mo/ *>act]i/ic action ( _! gre5 neighbors4 ,= ! latt] 9 daylight take 9 ! c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is compos$ ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,"u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! gre5 color & ! light1 !y split up ! gas into its two elem5ts1 reta9+ ! c>bon = food & all[+ ! oxyg5 to escape to ! atmosph]e4 ,alas6 h[ev]1 9 ! d>k our gre5 plant becomes ess5tially l an animal z reg>ds its gas food1 = !n x is an absorb] ( oxyg51 :ile x gives (f c>bonic acid4 ,if to take 9 c>bonic acid & to give out oxyg5 be held to be a feature *>act]i/ic ( a plant1 x is "o1 z has be5 well said1 :i* disappe>s ) ! daylight 9 gre5 plants1 & :i* is n witness$ at all 9 plants t h no gre5 color4 ,s f>1 we h se5 t n ev5 ! food ( plants & animals c sep>ate ! "o k+dom ( life f ! o!r4 ,! mu%room b>s ! way & ! gre5 plant's curi\s behavior by night & by day respectively1 9 ! matt] ( its gas food1 once m assimilates animal life & plant life 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,/ill m int]e/+ is ! fact1 already notic$1 t ev5 among ! gre5 tribes !re are to be f\nd _m & v>i\s lapses f ! /at$ rules ( _! fe$+4 ,?us :at are we to say ( ! p>asitic mi/letoe1 :i*1 :ile x has gr[n leaves ( its own1 & c1 !re=e1 obta9 s mu* c>bon food f ! air on its own acc\nt1 nev]!less dr9ks up ! sap ( ! oak or apple :i* =ms its ho/1 & ?us illu/rates ! spectacle ( a gre5 plant fe$+ l an animal1 on liv+ matt]8 ,or1 :at may we ?9k ( su* plants z ! sundew1 ! ,v5us' fly trap1 ! pit*] plants1 ! side saddle plants1 ! butt]worts & bladd]worts1 & o!rs ( _! k9d1 :i* n only capture insects1 (t5 by +5i\s & complex lures1 b also dige/ ! animal food ?us captur$8 ,a sundew ?us spreads out its lure 9 ! %ape ( its leaf /udd$ ) s5sitive t5tacles1 ea* capp$ by a gli/5+ drop ( gummy secretion4 ,entangl$ 9 ?is secretion1 ! fly is fur!r fix$ to ! leaf by ! t5tacles :i* b5d ov] x & inclose x 9 _! fold4 ,!n is p\r$ out ^u ! insect's body a dige/ive acid fluid1 & ! sub/ance ( ! dissolv$ & dige/$ animal is duly absorb$ by ! plant4 ,s also ! ,v5us' fly trap captures insects by means ( its leaf1 :i* closes ^u ! prey :5 c]ta9 s5sitive hairs h giv5 ! signal t ! animal has be5 trapp$4 ,)9 ! leaf ! insect is duly dige/$ z be=e1 & its sub/ance appli$ to ! nutrition ( ! plant4 ,su* plants1 moreov]1 _c fl\ri% p]fectly unless duly suppli$ ) _! animal food4 ,su* illu/rations ( exceptions to ! rule ( gre5 plant fe$+ simply h ! effect ( aboli%+ ! di/9ctions :i* ! diet "q might be suppos$ to raise betwe5 animals & plants4 ,we may return to ! sundews & o!r insect cat*]s2 mean:ile1 ,i h said en\gh to %[ t to ! "q1 ,c we sep>ate animals f plants8 a v decid$ negative reply mu/ be giv54 ,life ev]y:]e exhibits too _m po9ts ( contact to admit ( any b\nd>y l9e be+ drawn betwe5 ! two great gr\ps :i* make up ! sum total ( organic exi/5ce4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,recov]y ,,( ,,silv] ,,& ,,gold ,,f ,,plat+ ,,& ,,gild+ ,,solutions4 ,9 view ( ! rapid developm5t & ext5sion ( ! me?ods ( electro-plat+ ) silv] & gold1 & ( ! l>ge am\nt ( sp5t liquors conta9+ silv] or gold ?us produc$1 x has long be5 desirable to f9d me?ods by :i* ^! metals c be recov]$ f ! sp5t liquors4 ,! processes hi!rto adopt$ g5]ally necessitate ! t$i\s & unpleasant evaporation ( ! cyanide liquors1 or else involve a s]ies ( *emical op]ations :i* are some:at difficult to c>ry out1 s t actually ! us$-up ba?s are sold to "s firm :i* und]takes ?is recov]y z a p>ticul> bran* ( its bus9ess4 ,a process inv5t$ by ,/ockmuir & ,fleis*mann1 & work$ out by !m 9 ! *emical laboratory ( ! ,bav>ian ,indu/rial ,museum1 is1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly simple1 & is employ$ 9 _m e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ord] to remove silv] f a potassium cyanide silv] solution1 x is only necess>y to all[ a clean piece ( plate z9c to rema9 9 ! liquid = two days2 ev5 bett] results are obta9$ by ! use ( iron conjo9tly ) ! z9c4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! silv] (t5 adh]es firmly to ! z9c1 :ile 9 ! second x always sep>ates out z a p[d]4 ,x is !n only necess>y to wa% ! precipitat$ p[d]1 :i* usually conta9s copp] 7s9ce sp5t silv] solutions always conta9 copp]71 dry x1 & !n dissolve x 9 hot conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 wat] be+ add$1 & ! dissolv$ silv] precipitat$ by /rips ( copp]4 ,! silv] ?us obta9$ is p]fectly pure4 ,if ! am\nt ( copp] pres5t is only small1 x c usually be remov$ by fus+ ! precipitat$ p[d] ) a little nit] & borax4 ,9 ?is way a sp5t silv] ba? 0 f\nd to conta9 p] lit] #a/ exp]im5t #a4egjf grms4 #b;d #a4efid ------ ,mean #a4egjj ,! pres5ce ( silv] c\ld n be qualitatively asc]ta9$ 9 ! residual liquor4 ,al?\gh %eet z9c1 or z9c & iron %eets1 s]ve s well = ! precipitation ( silv]1 !y _c be employ$ = ! recov]y ( gold4 ,! latt] sep>ates out 9 su* a case v incompletely & z a firmly adh]+ lu/r\s film 9 ! z9c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f9ely divid$ z9c1 ! s-call$ z9c du/1 is an excell5t sub/ance to employ = precipitat+ gold quantitatively & 9 ! =m ( p[d] f sp5t cyanide liquors4 ,:5 z9c du/ is add$ to a sp5t gold ba? & ! liquid p]iodically /irr$ or %ak51 all ! gold is precipitat$ 9 two or ?ree days4 ,! am\nt ( z9c to be add$ naturally dep5ds on ! quantity ( gold pres5t4 ,fre%ly prep>$ gold ba?s = gild+ 9 ! cold conta9 on ! av]age #c4e grms4 gold p] lit]1 :ile ^? us$ = ! hot process conta9 #aj4ge grms4 ,to precipitate all ! gold 9 ! orig9al ba?1 #a4gd grms4 or #j4cg-j4e grms4 z9c du/ w\ld be necess>y1 &1 ( c\rse1 a mu* small] quantity w\ld be suffici5t = ! sp5t liquors4 ,s9ce ! precipitation takes place m rapidly :5 an excess ( z9c du/ is pres5t1 x is g5]ally advisable to add or at ! mo/ kilo1 ( z9c du/ to e #ajj lit]s ( solution4 ,! precipitat$ gold1 :i* conta9s z9c du/ & usually silv] & copp]1 is wa%$1 fre$ f z9c by hydro*loric acid1 & !n f silv] & copp] by nitric acid & ?us obta9$ pure4 ,a sp5t ba? treat$ 9 ?is way gave ! foll[+ am\nts ( gold p] lit]3 #a/ exp]im5t #j4bfbf #b;d #j4bfcd ,mean #j4bfcj grms4 ,! pres5ce ( gold 9 ! residual cyanide solution c\ld n be qualitatively detect$4 ,! potassium cyanide ( ! solutions obta9$ by ?is process %\ld be conv]t$ into f]rocyanide by heat+ ) f]r\s sulphate & milk ( lime1 s9ce ?is sub/ance is n poison\s & c !re=e be got rid ( )\t dang]4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be m economical &1 consid]+ ! l>ge am\nt ( cyanide pres5t1 m pr(itable to "w x up into ,prussian blue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition #b4ej ,a ,,ye>4 ,,s+le ,,copies1 #be ,,cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,magaz9e ( ,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plat5 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,l>ge/ ,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4