,,an ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,academy1 ,,& ,,college ,,classes ,,by ,w4,m4 ,,bask]vill ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,v&]bilt ,,univ]sity ,,na%ville1 ,,t5n4 ,,& ,j4,w4 ,,sewell ,,( ,,! ,,fogg ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,na%ville1 ,,t5n4 #ahie ,,preface4 ,( mak+ _m ,engli% gramm>s !re is no end2 nor %\ld !re be till !oretical s*ol>%ip & actual practice are m happily w$d$4 ,9 ?is field mu* valuable "w has already be5 accompli%$2 b x has be5 done l>gely by work]s accu/om$ to take ! s*ol>'s po9t ( view1 & _! writ+s are address$ r to tra9$ m9ds ?an to immature le>n]s4 ,to f9d an advanc$ gramm> un5cumb]$ ) h>d words1 ab/ruse ?\ghts1 & difficult pr9ciples1 is n altoge!r an easy matt]4 ,^! ?+s enhance ! difficulty :i* an ord9>y y\? exp]i5ces 9 grasp+ & assimilat+ ! facts ( gramm>1 & create a di/a/e = ! /udy4 ,x is !re=e ! lead+ object ( ?is book to be bo? z s*ol>ly & z practical z possible4 ,9 x !re is an attempt to pres5t grammatical facts z simply1 & to lead ! /ud5t to assimilate !m z ?or\ghly1 z possible1 & at ! same "t to d away ) confus+ difficulties z f> z may be4 ,to atta9 ^! ends x is necess>y to keep ev] 9 ! =egr\nd ! real basis ( gramm>2 t is1 good lit]ature4 ,abundant quotations f /&>d au?ors h be5 giv5 to %[ ! /ud5t t he is deal+ ) ! facts ( ! language1 & n ) ! !ories ( gramm>ians4 ,x is also sugge/$ t 9 prep>+ writt5 ex]cises ! /ud5t use ,engli% classics in/ead ( mak+ up s5t5ces4 ,b x is n int5d$ t ! use ( lit]>y ma/]pieces = grammatical purposes %\ld supplant or ev5 int]f]e ) _! prop] use & real value z works ( art4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 d\btless be f\nd helpful to alt]nate ! regul> read+ & /hetic /udy ( lit]ature ) a grammatical /udy1 s t1 :ile ! m9d is be+ enri*$ & ! arti/ic s5se quick5$1 !re may also be ! useful acquisition ( ar\s+ a ke5 obs]vation ( all grammatical =ms & usages4 ,n[ & !n x has be5 deem$ be/ to omit explanations1 & to )hold p]sonal pref]5ces1 9 ord] t ! /ud5t may1 by actual contact ) ! s\rces ( grammatical laws1 discov] = himself ! bett] way 9 reg>d+ giv5 data4 ,x is n ! gramm>ian's bus9ess to correct3 x is simply to record & to arrange ! usages ( language1 & to po9t ! way to ! arbit]s ( usage 9 all disput$ cases4 ,free expression )9 ! l9es ( good usage %\ld h wide/ range4 ,x has be5 our aim to make a gramm> ( z wide a scope z is consi/5t ) ! prop] def9ition ( ! ^w4 ,!re=e1 9 addition to record+ & classify+ ! facts ( language1 we h endeavor$ to atta9 two o!r objects1--to cultivate m5tal skill & p[]1 & to induce ! /ud5t to prosecute fur!r /udies 9 ?is field4 ,x is n supposable t 9 s delicate & difficult an und]tak+ !re %\ld be an entire fre$om f errors & ov]sights4 ,we %all gratefully accept any assi/ance 9 help+ to correct mi/akes4 ,?\gh endeavor+ to get our mat]ial z mu* z possible at fir/ h&1 & to make an indep5d5t use ( x1 we desire to express our obligation to ! foll[+ books & articles3-- ,meiklejohn's ,engli% ,language1 ,longmans' ,s*ool ,gramm>1 ,we/'s ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,ba9's ,high] ,engli% ,gramm> & ,composition ,gramm>1 ,sweet's ,prim] ( ,spok5 ,engli% & ,new ,engli% ,gramm>1 etc41 ,hodgson's ,errors 9 ! ,use ( ,engli%1 ,morris's ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,hi/orical ,engli% ,gramm>1 ,l\nsbury's ,engli% ,language1 ,*ampney's ,hi/ory ( ,engli%1 ,em]son's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language1 ,kelln]'s ,hi/orical ,outl9es ( ,engli% ,syntax1 ,e>le's ,engli% ,prose1 & ,matzn]'s ,englis*e ,grammatik4 ,all5's ,subjunctive ,mood 9 ,engli%1 ,battl]'s articles on ,prepositions 9 ! ,anglia1 & _m o!r valuable pap]s1 h also be5 helpful & sugge/ive4 ,we desire to express special ?anks to ,pr(essor ,w4,d4 ,mooney ( ,wall ,mooney's ,battle-,gr\nd ,academy1 ,frankl91 ,t5n41 = a critical exam9ation ( ! fir/ draft ( ! manuscript1 & to ,pr(essor ,jno4 ,m4 ,webb ( ,webb ,bros4 ,s*ool1 ,bell ,buckle1 ,t5n41 & ,pr(essor ,w4,r4 ,g>rett ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,na%ville1 = _m valuable sugge/ions & helpful criticism4 ,w4,m4 ,,bask]vill4 ,j4,w4 ,,sewell4 ,,na%ville1 ,,t5n41 ,janu>y1 #ahif4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee*4 ,,n\ns ,,pron\ns ,,adjectives ,,articles ,,v]bs ,,& ,,v]bals ,v]bs ,v]bals ,h[ to ,p>se ,v]bs & ,v]bals ,,adv]bs ,,conjunctions ,,prepositions ,,words ,,t ,,ne$ ,,wat*+ ,,int]jections ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,s5t5ces4 ,,classification ,,accord+ ,,to ,,=m ,,classification ,,accord+ ,,to ,,numb] ,,( ,,/atem5ts ,simple ,s5t5ces ,contract$ ,s5t5ces ,complex ,s5t5ces ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,syntax4 ,,introductory ,,n\ns ,,pron\ns ,,adjectives ,,articles ,,v]bs ,,indirect ,,disc\rse ,,v]bals ,,adv]bs ,,conjunctions ,,prepositions ,,index ,,introduction4 ,s _m slight+ rem>ks h be5 made ( late on ! use ( tea*+ gramm> z comp>$ ) tea*+ sci5ce1 t x is pla9 ! fact has be5 lo/ sight ( t gramm> is itself a sci5ce4 ,! object we h1 or %\ld h1 9 tea*+ sci5ce1 is n to fill a *ild's m9d ) a va/ numb] ( facts t may or may n prove useful to him h]eaft]1 b to draw out & ex]cise 8 p[]s ( obs]vation1 & to %[ him h[ to make use ( :at he obs]ves4444 ,& "h ! tea*] ( gramm> has a great advantage ov] ! tea*] ( o!r sci5ces1 9 t ! facts he has to call att5tion to lie ready at h& = e pupil to obs]ve )\t ! use ( app>atus ( any k9d :ile ! use ( !m also lies )9 ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( e "o4--,,dr ,,ri*>d ,,morris4 ,! prop] /udy ( a language is an intellectual discipl9e ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,if ,i except discussions on ! comp>ative m]its ( ,pop]y & ,prote/antism1 ,engli% gramm> 0 ! mo/ important discipl9e ( my boyhood4--,,john ,,tyndall4 ,,introduction4 ,:at v>i\s op9ions writ]s on ,engli% gramm> h giv5 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is gramm>8 may be %[n by ! foll[+-- ,sid5ote3 ,def9itions ( gramm>4 ,engli% gramm> is a description ( ! usages ( ! ,engli% language by good speak]s & writ]s ( ! pres5t day4--,,:itney ,a description ( acc\nt ( ! nature1 build1 con/itution1 or make ( a language is call$ its gramm>--,,meiklejohn ,gramm> tea*es ! laws ( language1 & ! "r me?od ( us+ x 9 speak+ & writ+4--,,patt]son ,gramm> is ! sci5ce ( lett]2 h5ce ! sci5ce ( us+ words correctly4--,,abbott ,! ,engli% ^w gramm> relates only to ! laws :i* gov]n ! significant =ms ( words1 & ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4--,,ri*>d ,,grant ,,:ite ,^! are suffici5t to sugge/ sev]al di/9ct notions ab\t ,engli% gramm>-- ,sid5ote3 ,synopsis ( ! above4 7#a7 ,x makes rules to tell u h[ to use words4 7#b7 ,x is a record ( usage :i* we ought to foll[4 7#c7 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! =ms ( ! language4 7#d7 ,engli% has no gramm> 9 ! s5se ( =ms1 or inflections1 b takes acc\nt m]ely ( ! nature & ! uses ( words 9 s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old] idea & its orig94 ,fi]ce discussions h rag$ ov] ^! op9ions1 & num]\s works h be5 writt5 to uphold ! !ories4 ,! fir/ ( !m rema9$ popul> = a v long "t4 ,x orig9at$ f ! etymology ( ! ^w gramm> 7,greek gramma1 writ+1 a lett]71 & f an ef=t to build up a treatise on ,engli% gramm> by us+ classical gramm> z a model4 ,p]haps a comb9ation ( 7#a7 & 7#c7 has be5 /ill m popul>1 ?\gh !re has be5 va/ly m classification ?an !re are =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! opposite view4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s1 7#b7 & 7#d7 h be5 ga9+ gr\nd1 b !y h _h h>d "w to displace ! old] & m popul> !ories4 ,x is insi/$ by _m t ! /ud5t's "t %\ld be us$ 9 /udy+ g5]al lit]ature1 & ?us le>n+ ! flu5t & correct use ( 8 "m tongue4 ,x is also insi/$ t ! /udy & discussion ( =ms & inflections is an inexcusable imitation ( classical treatises4 ,sid5ote3 ,! difficulty4 ,:i* view %all ! /ud5t ( ,engli% accept8 ,be=e ?is is answ]$1 we %\ld decide :e!r "s "o ( ! above !ories mu/ be tak5 z ! "r "o1 & ! re/ disreg>d$4 ,! real reason = ! div]sity ( views is a confusion ( two di/9ct ?+s1--:at ! def9ition ( gramm> %\ld be1 & :at ! purpose ( gramm> %\ld be4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mat]ial ( gramm>4 ,! prov9ce ( ,engli% gramm> is1 rightly consid]$1 wid] ?an is indicat$ by any "o ( ! above def9itions2 & ! /ud5t ought to h a cle> idea ( ! gr\nd to be cov]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,few inflections4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! language has v few inflections at pres5t1 z comp>$ ) ,lat9 or ,greek2 s t a small gramm> w hold !m all4 ,sid5ote3 ,mak+ rules is risky4 ,x is also evid5t1 to ^? :o h /udi$ ! language hi/orically1 t x is v haz>d\s to make rules 9 gramm>3 :at is at pres5t reg>d$ z correct may n be s tw5ty ye>s f n[1 ev5 if our rules are f\nd$ on ! ke5e/ scrut9y ( ! /&>d writ]s ( our "t4 ,usage is v>i$ z our way ( ?9k+ *anges4 ,9 ,*auc]'s "t two or ?ree negatives 7 us$ to /r5g!n a negation2 z1 ,!r nas no man n[h] s v]tu\s 7,!re nev] 0 no man n[h]e s virtu\s74 ,& ,%akespe>e us$ good ,engli% :5 he said m eld] 7,m]*ant ( ,v5ice7 & mo/ unk9de/ 7,julius ,cs>72 b ?is is bad ,engli% n[4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we h tabulat$ ! inflections ( ! language1 & /at$ :at syntax is ! mo/ us$ 9 c]ta9 tr\blesome places1 !re is /ill mu* = ! gramm>ian to d4 ,sid5ote3 ,a broad] view4 ,surely our noble language1 ) its enorm\s vocabul>y1 its peculi> & abundant idioms1 its num]\s p]iphra/ic =ms to express e possible %ade ( mean+1 is wor?y ( s]i\s /udy1 ap>t f ! m]e memoriz+ ( inflections & =mulation ( rules4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5tal tra9+4 ,an /hetic b5efit4 ,gramm> is em95tly a means ( m5tal tra9+2 & :ile x w tra9 ! /ud5t 9 subtle & acute reason+1 x w at ! same "t1 if rightly pres5t$1 lay ! f\ndation ( a ke5 obs]vation & a correct lit]>y ta/e4 ,! cont9u$ contact ) ! highe/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m9ds w create a ?ir/ = ! well ( ,engli% undefil$4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at gramm> is4 ,com+ back1 !n1 f ! "q1 ,:at gr\nd %\ld gramm> cov]8 we come to answ] ! "q1 ,:at %\ld gramm> tea*8 & we give z an answ] ! def9ition1-- ,engli% gramm> is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! nature ( words1 _! =ms1 & _! uses & relations 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "w x w cov]4 ,?is w take 9 ! usual divisions1 ,! ,p>ts ( ,spee* 7) _! inflections71 ,analysis1 & ,syntax4 ,x w also require a discussion ( any po9ts t w cle> up difficulties1 assi/ ! classification ( k9dr$ expressions1 or draw ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t to ev]yday idioms & phrases1 & ?us incite 8 obs]vation4 ,sid5ote3 ,au?ority z a basis4 ,a few words "h z to ! au?ority ^u :i* gramm> re/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,lit]>y ,engli%4 ,! /atem5ts giv5 w be sub/antiat$ by quotations f ! lead+ or /&>d lit]ature ( mod]n times2 t is1 f ! eighte5? c5tury on4 ,?is lit]>y ,engli% is consid]$ ! f\ndation on :i* gramm> mu/ re/4 ,sid5ote3 ,spok5 ,engli%4 ,"h & !re also w be quot$ words & phrases f spok5 or colloquial ,engli%1 by :i* is meant ! free1 un/udi$ expressions ( ord9>y conv]sation & communication among intellig5t p4 ,^! quotations w (t5 ?r[ light on obscure con/ructions1 s9ce !y pres]ve turns ( expressions t h long s9ce p]i%$ f ! lit]>y or /&>d ,engli%4 ,sid5ote3 ,vulg> ,engli%4 ,occasionally1 too1 ref]5ce w be made to vulg> ,engli%1--! spee* ( ! un$ucat$ & ignorant1--:i* w s]ve to illu/rate po9ts ( syntax once correct1 or /&>d1 b n[ und\bt$ly bad gramm>4 ,! foll[+ pages w cov]1 !n1 ?ree divisions3-- ,"p ,i4 ,! ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 & ,inflections4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,analysis ( ,s5t5ces4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,uses ( ,words1 or ,syntax4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee*4 ,,n\ns4 #a4 ,9 ! m simple /ate ( ! ,arabs1 ! nation is free1 because ea* ( h] sons disda9s a base submission to ! w ( a ma/]4--,,gibbon4 ,sid5ote3 ,"n words ,by exam9+ ?is s5t5ce we notice sev]al words us$ z names4 ,! pla9e/ "n is ,arabs1 :i* belongs to a p2 b1 besides ?is "o1 ! words sons & ma/] "n objects1 & may belong to any ( ^? objects4 ,! words /ate1 submission1 & w are evid5tly names ( a diff]5t k9d1 z !y /& = ideas1 n objects2 & ! ^w nation /&s = a :ole gr\p4 ,:5 ! mean+ ( ea* ( ^! words has once be5 und]/ood1 ! ^w nam+ x w always call up ! ?+ or idea itself4 ,su* words are call$ n\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #b4 ,a n\n is a "n ^w1 repres5t+ directly to ! m9d an object1 sub/ance1 or idea4 ,sid5ote3 ,classes ( n\ns4 #c4 ,n\ns are classifi$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,prop]4 7#b7 ,common4 7a7 ,,class ,,names3 i4 ,individual4 ii4 ,collective4 7b7 ,,mat]ial4 7#c7 ,ab/ract4 7a7 ,,attribute4 7b7 ,,v]bal ,sid5ote3 ,names = special objects4 #d4 ,a prop] n\n is a "n appli$ to a p>ticul> object1 :e!r p]son1 place1 or ?+4 ,x specializes or limits ! ?+ to :i* x is appli$1 r$uc+ x to a n>r[ application4 ,?us1 city is a ^w appli$ to any "o ( its k9d2 b ,*icago names "o city1 & fixes ! att5tion ^u t p>ticul> city4 ,k+ may be appli$ to any rul] ( a k+dom1 b ,alfr$ ! ,great is ! "n ( "o k+ only4 ,! ^w prop] is f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ limit$1 belong+ to "o4 ,?is does n imply1 h[ev]1 t a prop] "n c be appli$ to only "o object1 b t ea* "t su* a "n is appli$ x is fix$ or prop] to t object4 ,ev5 if !re are sev]al ,bo/ons or ,man*e/]s1 ! "n ( ea* is an individual or prop] "n4 ,sid5ote3 ,"n = any individual ( a class4 #e4 ,a common n\n is a "n possess$ by any "o ( a class ( p]sons1 animals1 or ?+s4 ,common1 z "h us$1 is f a ,lat9 ^w :i* means g5]al1 possess$ by all4 ,= in/ance1 road is a ^w t names any highway outside ( cities2 wagon is a t]m t names any vehicle ( a c]ta9 k9d us$ = haul+3 ! words are ( ! wide/ application4 ,we may say1 ! man "h1 or ! man 9 front ( y1 b ! ^w man is "h h$g$ 9 by o!r words or ^w gr\ps3 ! "n itself is ( g5]al application4 ,sid5ote3 ,"n = a gr\p or collection ( objects4 ,besides consid]+ p]sons1 animals1 & ?+s sep>ately1 we may ?9k ( !m 9 gr\ps1 & appropriate names to ! gr\ps4 ,?us1 m5 9 gr\ps may be call$ a cr[d1 or a mob1 a committee1 or a c\ncil1 or a congress1 etc4 ,^! are call$ ,,collective ,,n\ns4 ,!y prop]ly belong "u common n\ns1 because ea* gr\p is consid]$ z a unit1 & ! "n appli$ to x belongs to any gr\p ( its class4 ,sid5ote3 ,names = ?+s ?\ght ( 9 mass4 #f4 ,! def9ition giv5 = common n\ns applies m /rictly to class n\ns4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be correctly us$ = ano!r gr\p ( n\ns detail$ bel[2 = !y are common n\ns 9 ! s5se t ! names apply to e p>ticle ( simil> sub/ance1 in/ead ( to ea* individual or sep>ate object4 ,!y are call$ ,,mat]ial ,,n\ns4 ,su* are glass1 iron1 clay1 fro/1 ra91 sn[1 :eat1 w9e1 tea1 sug>1 etc4 ,!y may be plac$ 9 gr\ps z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,! metals3 iron1 gold1 plat9um1 etc4 7#b7 ,products spok5 ( 9 bulk3 tea1 sug>1 rice1 :eat1 etc4 7#c7 ,geological bodies3 mud1 s&1 granite1 rock1 /one1 etc4 7#d7 ,natural ph5om5a3 ra91 dew1 cl\d1 fro/1 mi/1 etc4 7#e7 ,v>i\s manufactures3 clo? 7& ! diff]5t k9ds ( clo?71 pota%1 soap1 rubb]1 pa9t1 celluloid1 etc4 #g4 ,,note4--,!re are "s n\ns1 su* z sun1 moon1 e>?1 :i* seem to be ! names ( p>ticul> individual objects1 b :i* are n call$ prop] names4 ,sid5ote3 ,words naturally ( limit$ application n prop]4 ,! reason is1 t 9 prop] names ! int5tion is to exclude all o!r individuals ( ! same class1 & fa/5 a special "n to ! object consid]$1 z 9 call+ a city ,c9c9nati2 b 9 ! words sun1 e>?1 etc41 !re is no su* int5tion4 ,if sev]al bodies l ! c5t] ( our sol> sy/em are kn[n1 !y also are call$ suns by a natural ext5sion ( ! t]m3 s ) ! words e>?1 _w1 etc4 ,!y rema9 common class names4 ,sid5ote3 ,names ( ideas1 n ?+s4 #h4 ,ab/ract n\ns are names ( qualities1 conditions1 or actions1 consid]$ ab/ractly1 or ap>t f _! natural connection4 ,:5 we speak ( a wise man1 we recognize 9 him an attribute or quality4 ,if we wi% to ?9k simply ( t quality )\t describ+ ! p]son1 we speak ( ! wisdom ( ! man4 ,! quality is /ill !re z mu* z be=e1 b x is tak5 m]ely z a "n4 ,s pov]ty w\ld express ! condition ( a poor p]son2 pro( means ! act ( prov+1 or t :i* %[s a ?+ has be5 prov$2 & s on4 ,aga91 we may say1 ,pa9t+ is a f9e art1 ,le>n+ is h>d to acquire1 a man ( und]/&+4 #i4 ,!re are two *ief divisions ( ab/ract n\ns3-- 7#a7 ,,attribute ,,n\ns1 express+ attributes or qualities4 7#b7 ,,v]bal ,,n\ns1 express+ /ate1 condition1 or action4 ,sid5ote3 ,attribute ab/ract n\ns4 #aj4 ,! ,,attribute ,,ab/ract ,,n\ns are d]iv$ f adjectives & f common n\ns4 ,?us1 7#a7 prud5ce f prud5t1 height f high1 r$ness f r$1 /upidity f /upid1 etc42 7#b7 pe]age f pe]1 *ildhood f *ild1 ma/]y f ma/]1 k+%ip f k+1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]bal ab/ract n\ns4 ,,ii4 ,! ,,v]bal ,,ab/ract ,,n\ns ,orig9ate 9 v]bs1 z _! "n implies4 ,!y may be-- 7#a7 ,( ! same =m z ! simple v]b4 ,! v]b1 by alt]+ its function1 is us$ z a n\n2 z 9 ! expressions1 a long run a bold move1 a brisk walk4 7#b7 ,d]iv$ f v]bs by *ang+ ! end+ or add+ a suffix3 motion f move1 spee* f speak1 !ft f ?ieve1 action f act1 s]vice f s]ve4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 7#c7 ,d]iv$ f v]bs by add+ -+ to ! simple v]b4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! words are free f any v]bal function4 ,!y _c gov]n a ^w1 & !y _c express action1 b are m]ely names ( actions4 ,!y are only ! husks ( v]bs1 & are to be rigidly di/+ui%$ f g]unds 7,secs4 #bgb1 #bgc74 ,to avoid difficulty1 /udy c>efully ^! examples3 ,! be/ ?\ghts & say+s ( ! ,greeks2 ! moon caus$ fe>ful =ebod+s2 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 life2 he spread 8 bless+s ov] ! l&2 ! great ,puritan awak5+2 our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+2 a w$d+ or a fe/ival2 ! rude draw+s ( ! book2 ma/]pieces ( ! ,socratic reason+2 ! tea*+s ( ! ,high ,_s2 ^? op9ions & feel+s2 !re is "t = su* reason+s2 ! well-be+ ( h] subjects2 h] long+ = _! favor2 feel+s :i* _! orig9al mean+ w by no means ju/ify2 ! ma9 be>+s ( ?is matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,und]iv$ ab/ract n\ns4 #ab4 ,"s ab/ract n\ns 7 n d]iv$ f any o!r "p ( spee*1 b 7 fram$ directly = ! expression ( c]ta9 ideas or ph5om5a4 ,su* are beauty1 joy1 hope1 ease1 en]gy2 day1 night1 summ]1 w9t]2 %ad[1 lightn+1 ?und]1 etc4 ,! adjectives or v]bs correspond+ to ^! are ei!r !mselves d]iv$ f ! n\ns or are totally diff]5t words2 z glad--joy1 hopeful--hope1 etc4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,f y\r read+ br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ t5 common n\ns1 five prop]1 five ab/ract4 --,,note4--,rememb] t all s5t5ces are to be select$ f /&>d lit]ature4 #b4 ,"u :at class ( n\ns w\ld y place 7a7 ! names ( diseases1 z pneumonia1 pleurisy1 cat>rh1 typhus1 diph!ria2 7b7 bran*es ( k1 z physics1 algebra1 geology1 ma!matics8 #c4 ,m5tion collective n\ns t w embrace gr\ps ( ea* ( ! foll[+ individual n\ns3-- man horse bird fi% p>tridge pupil bee soldi] book sailor *ild %eep %ip ruffian #d4 ,us+ a diction>y1 tell f :at ^w ea* ( ^! ab/ract n\ns is d]iv$3-- sight spee* motion pleasure pati5ce fri5d%ip deceit brav]y height wid? wisdom regul>ity advice seizure nobility relief dea? raid hone/y judgm5t belief occupation ju/ice s]vice trail feel+ *oice simplicity ,,special ,,uses ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,n\ns *ange by use4 #ac4 ,by be+ us$ s z to v>y _! usual mean+1 n\ns ( "o class may be made to approa* ano!r class1 or to g ov] to x entirely4 ,s9ce words alt] _! mean+ s rapidly by a wid5+ or n>r[+ ( _! application1 we %all f9d num]\s examples ( ?is %ift+ f class to class2 b mo/ ( !m are 9 ! foll[+ gr\ps4 ,= fur!r discussion see ! rem>ks on articles 7p4 #aai74 ,sid5ote3 ,prop] names transf]r$ to common use4 #ad4 ,prop] n\ns are us$ z common 9 ei!r ( two ways3-- 7#a7 ,! orig9 ( a ?+ is us$ = ! ?+ itself3 t is1 ! "n ( ! inv5tor may be appli$ to ! ?+ inv5t$1 z a davy1 mean+ ! m9]'s lamp inv5t$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy2 ! guillot9e1 f ! "n ( ,dr4 ,guillot91 :o 0 its inv5tor4 ,or ! "n ( ! c\ntry or city f :i* an article is d]iv$ is us$ = ! article3 z *9a1 f ,*9a2 arras1 f a t[n 9 ,france2 port 7w9e71 f ,oporto1 9 ,portugal2 levant & morocco 7lea!r74 ,"s ( ?is class h become worn by use s t at pres5t we c sc>cely discov] ! d]ivation f ! =m ( ! ^w2 = example1 ! ^w port1 above4 ,o!rs ( simil> "* are calico1 f ,calicut2 damask1 f ,damascus2 currants1 f ,cor9?2 etc4 7#b7 ,! "n ( a p]son or place not$ = c]ta9 qualities is transf]r$ to any p]son or place possess+ ^? qualities2 ?us1-- ,h]cules & ,samson 7 not$ = _! /r5g?1 & we call a v /rong man a ,h]cules or a ,samson4 ,sodom 0 fam\s = wick$ness1 & a simil> place is call$ a ,sodom ( s94 ,a ,daniel come to judgm5t6--,,%akespe>e4 ,if x prove a m9d ( uncommon activity & p[]1 a ,locke1 a ,lavoisi]1 a ,hutton1 a ,b5?am1 a ,f\ri]1 x imposes its classification on o!r m51 & lo6 a new sy/em4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,names = ?+s 9 bulk alt]$ = sep>ate portions4 #ae4 ,mat]ial n\ns may be us$ z class names4 ,in/ead ( consid]+ ! :ole body ( mat]ial ( :i* c]ta9 uses are made1 "o c speak ( p>ticul> uses or phases ( ! sub/ance2 z-- 7#a7 ,( individual objects made f metals or o!r sub/ances capable ( be+ wr\ght into v>i\s %apes4 ,we "k a numb] ( objects made ( iron4 ,! mat]ial iron embraces ! metal conta9$ 9 !m all2 b we may say1 ,! cook made ! irons hot1 ref]r+ to flat-irons2 or1 ,! sailor 0 put 9 irons mean+ *a9s ( iron4 ,s also we may speak ( a glass to dr9k f or to look into2 a /eel to :et a knife on2 a rubb] = eras+ m>ks2 & s on4 7#b7 ,( classes or k9ds ( ! same sub/ance4 ,^! are ! same 9 mat]ial1 b diff] 9 /r5g?1 purity1 etc4 ,h5ce x %ort5s spee* to make ! n\ns plural1 & say teas1 tobaccos1 pa9ts1 oils1 c&ies1 clays1 coals4 7#c7 ,by poetical use1 ( c]ta9 words necess>ily s+ul> 9 idea1 :i* are made plural1 or us$ z class n\ns1 z 9 ! foll[+3-- ,! lone & level s&s /ret* f> away4--,,%elley4 ,f all ar\nd-- ,e>? & h] wat]s1 & ! dep?s ( air-- ,comes a /ill voice4--,,bryant4 ,_! airy e>s ,! w9ds h /ation$ on ! m\nta9 peaks4 --,,p]cival4 7#d7 ,( deta*$ portions ( matt] us$ z class names2 z /ones1 slates1 pap]s1 t9s1 cl\ds1 mi/s1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonification ( ab/ract ideas4 #af4 ,ab/ract n\ns are frequ5tly us$ z prop] names by be+ p]sonifi$2 t is1 ! ideas are spok5 ( z resid+ 9 liv+ be+s4 ,?is is a poetic usage1 ?\gh n conf9$ to v]se4 ,next ,ang] ru%$2 8 eyes1 on fire1 ,9 lightn+s own$ 8 secret /+s4--,,coll9s4 ,fre$om's fame f9ds w+s on e w9d4--,,byron4 ,dea?1 8 mask melt+ l a nightm>e dream1 smil$4--,,hayne4 ,traffic has la9 d[n to re/2 & only ,vice & ,mis]y1 to pr[l or to moan l night birds1 are abroad4--,,c>lyle4 ,sid5ote3 ,a halfway class ( words4 ,class n\ns 9 use1 ab/ract 9 mean+4 #ag4 ,ab/ract n\ns are made half ab/ract by be+ spok5 ( 9 ! plural4 ,!y are n !n pure ab/ract n\ns1 nor are !y common class n\ns4 ,= example1 exam9e ?is3-- ,! arts diff] f ! sci5ces 9 ?is1 t _! p[] is f\nd$ n m]ely on facts :i* c be communicat$1 b on dispositions :i* require to be creat$4--,,rusk94 ,:5 x is said t art diff]s f sci5ce1 t ! p[] ( art is f\nd$ on fact1 t disposition is ! ?+ to be creat$1 ! words italiciz$ are pure ab/ract n\ns2 b 9 case an art or a sci5ce1 or ! arts & sci5ces1 be spok5 (1 ! ab/ract idea is p>tly lo/4 ,! words prec$$ by ! article a1 or made plural1 are /ill names ( ab/ract ideas1 n mat]ial ?+s2 b !y wid5 ! application to sep>ate k9ds ( art or diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,!y are nei!r class n\ns nor pure ab/ract n\ns3 !y are m prop]ly call$ half ab/ract4 ,te/ ?is 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,let u1 if we mu/ h great actions1 make our own s4--,,em]son4 ,& /ill1 z ea* repeat$ pleasure tir$1 ,succe$+ sports ! mir?ful b& inspir$4--,,goldsmi?4 ,b ah6 ^? pleasures1 loves1 & joys ,:i* ,i too ke5ly ta/e1 ,! ,solit>y c despise4--,,burns4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 7 m]e t]rors ( ! night4--,,irv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ellipses1 n\ns us$ to modify4 #ah4 ,n\ns us$ z descriptive t]ms4 ,sometimes a n\n is atta*$ to ano!r n\n to add to its mean+1 or describe x2 = example1 a family qu>rel1 a ,new ,york bank1 ! ,/ate ,bank ,tax bill1 a morn+ walk4 ,x is evid5t t ^! approa* v ne> to ! function ( adjectives4 ,b x is bett] to consid] !m z n\ns1 = ^! reasons3 !y d n give up _! id5tity z n\ns2 !y d n express quality2 !y _c be comp>$1 z descriptive adjectives are4 ,!y are m l ! possessive n\n1 :i* belongs to ano!r ^w1 b is /ill a n\n4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z elliptical expressions1 mean+ a walk 9 ! morn+1 a bank 9 ,new ,york1 a bill z to tax on ! banks1 etc4 ,,note4--,if ! descriptive ^w be a mat]ial n\n1 x may be reg>d$ z *ang$ to an adjective4 ,! t]m gold p5 conveys ! same idea z gold5 p51 :i* conta9s a pure adjective4 ,,words ,,& ,,^w ,,gr\ps ,,us$ ,,z ,,n\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,! n\n may borr[ f any "p ( spee*1 or f any expression4 #ai4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city ( di/9ctive =ms1 & to ! consequ5t flexibility ( ,engli% spee*1 words :i* are usually o!r p>ts ( spee* are (t5 us$ z n\ns2 & v>i\s ^w gr\ps may take ! place ( n\ns by be+ us$ z n\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,adjectives1 ,conjunctions1 ,adv]bs4 7#a7 ,o!r p>ts ( spee* us$ z n\ns3-- ,! great1 ! weal?y1 fe> ?y bl[4--,,burns4 ,e :y ha? a :]e=e4--,,%akespe>e4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y8 ,ah1 woeful ,:56 ,ah6 = ! *ange 'twixt ,n[ & ,!n6 --,,col]idge4 7#b7 ,c]ta9 ^w gr\ps us$ l s+le n\ns3-- ,too swift arrives z t>dy z too sl[4--,,%akespe>e4 ,!n comes ! ,:y1 sir6 & ! ,:at !n1 sir8 & ! ,no1 sir6 & ! ,y don't see y\r way ?r\gh ! "q1 sir6--,,macaulay 7#c7 ,any "p ( spee* may be consid]$ m]ely z a ^w1 )\t ref]5ce to its function 9 ! s5t5ce2 also titles ( books are treat$ z simple n\ns4 ,! x1 at ! beg9n+1 is ambigu\s1 :e!r x mean ! sun or ! cold4--,dr ,,blair ,9 ?is def9ition1 is ! ^w j1 or legal1 f9ally to /&8--,,rusk94 ,!re 0 also a book ( ,defoe's call$ an ,essay on ,projects1 & ano!r ( ,dr4 ,ma!r's call$ ,essays to d ,good4--,b4 ,,frankl94 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 #bj4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! above cases are %ift+s ( ! use1 ( words r ?an ( _! mean+4 ,we seldom f9d in/ances ( complete conv]sion ( "o "p ( spee* into ano!r4 ,:51 9 a s5t5ce above1 ! t]ms ! great1 ! weal?y1 are us$1 !y are n names only3 we h 9 m9d ! idea ( p]sons & ! quality ( be+ great or weal?y4 ,! words are us$ 9 ! s5t5ce :]e n\ns are us$1 b h an adjectival mean+4 ,9 ! o!r s5t5ces1 :y & :]e=e1 ,:51 ,n[1 & ,!n1 are spok5 ( z if pure n\ns2 b /ill ! read] consid]s ?is n a natural application ( !m z "n words1 b z a figure ( spee*4 ,,note4--,^! rem>ks d n apply1 ( c\rse1 to su* words z become pure n\ns by use4 ,!re are _m ( ^!4 ,! adjective good has no claim on ! n\n goods2 s1 too1 9 speak+ ( ! pr9cipal ( a s*ool1 or a /ate secret1 or a fai?ful dome/ic1 or a crim9al1 etc41 ! words are entirely indep5d5t ( any adjective =ce4 ,ex]cise4 ,pick out ! n\ns 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & tell to :i* class ea* belongs4 ,notice if any h %ift$ f "o class to ano!r4 #a4 ,hope spr+s et]nal 9 ! human brea/4 #b4 ,heav5 f all creatures hides ! book ( ,fate4 #c4 ,/one walls d n a prison make4 ,nor iron b>s a cage4 #d4 ,tru?-tell] 0 our ,engl&'s ,alfr$ nam$4 #e4 ,a great deal ( tal5t is lo/ to ! _w = want ( a little c\rage4 #f4 ,p[] laid 8 rod aside1 ,& ,c]emony d(f'd h] pride4 #g4 ,%e sweeps x ?r\gh ! c\rt ) troops ( ladies4 #h4 ,le>n+1 t cobweb ( ! bra94 #i4 ,a little weep+ w\ld ease my he>t2 ,b 9 _! br9y b$ ,my te>s mu/ /op1 = e drop ,h9d]s ne$le & ?read4 #aj4 ,a fool speaks all 8 m9d1 b a wise man res]ves some?+ = h]eaft]4 #aa4 ,k is pr\d t he has le>n$ s mu*2 ,wisdom is humble t he kn[s no m4 #ab4 ,music ha? *>ms to soo! ! savage brea/4 #ac4 ,& see1 he cri$1 ! welcome1 ,fair gue/s1 t waits y "h4 #ad4 ,! fleet1 %att]$ & disabl$1 return$ to ,spa94 #ae4 ,"o ,to-day is wor? two ,to-morr[s4 #af4 ,vessels c>ry+ coal are con/antly mov+4 #ag4 ,"s mute +lori\s ,milton "h may re/1 ,"s ,cromwell guiltless ( 8 c\ntry's blood4 #ah4 ,& (t we trod a wa/e ( pe>ly s&s4 #ai4 ,a man he seems ( *e]ful ye/]days ,& confid5t to-morr[s4 #bj4 ,! h\rs glide by2 ! silv] moon is gone4 #ba4 ,h] robes ( silk & velvet came f ov] ! sea4 #bb4 ,my soldi] c\s9 0 once only a drumm] boy4 #bc4 ,b pleasures are l poppies spread1 ,y seize ! fl[]1 its bloom is %$4 #bd4 ,all t ?\ can/ call ?9e own ,lies 9 ?y ,to-day4 ,,inflections ,,( ,,n\ns4 ,,g5d]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at g5d] means 9 ,engli%4 ,x is f\nd$ on sex4 #ba4 ,9 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,g]man1 & _m o!r languages1 "s g5]al rules are giv5 t names ( male be+s are usually mascul9e1 & names ( females are usually fem99e4 ,!re are exceptions ev5 to ?is g5]al /atem5t1 b n s 9 ,engli%4 ,male be+s are1 9 ,engli% gramm>1 always mascul9e2 female1 always fem99e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 inanimate ?+s are spok5 (1 ^! languages are totally unlike our own 9 det]m9+ ! g5d] ( words4 ,= in/ance3 9 ,lat91 hortus 7g>d57 is mascul9e1 m5sa 7table7 is fem99e1 corpus 7body7 is neut]2 9 ,g]man1 das ,mess] 7knife7 is neut]1 d] ,tis* 7table7 is mascul9e1 die ,gabel 7=k7 is fem99e4 ,! great diff]5ce is1 t 9 ,engli% ! g5d] foll[s ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 9 o!r languages g5d] foll[s ! =m2 t is1 9 ,engli%1 g5d] dep5ds on sex3 if a ?+ spok5 ( is ( ! male sex1 ! "n ( x is mascul9e2 if ( ! female sex1 ! "n ( x is fem99e4 ,h5ce3 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bb4 ,g5d] is ! mode ( di/+ui%+ sex by words1 or additions to words4 #bc4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t ,engli% c h b two g5d]s1--mascul9e & fem99e4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5d] n\ns4 ,neut] n\ns4 ,all n\ns1 !n1 mu/ be divid$ into two pr9cipal classes1--g5d] n\ns1 ^? di/+ui%+ ! sex ( ! object2 & neut] n\ns1 ^? :i* d n di/+ui% sex1 or names ( ?+s )\t life1 & consequ5tly )\t sex4 ,g5d] n\ns include names ( p]sons & "s names ( animals2 neut] n\ns include "s animals & all inanimate objects4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s words ei!r g5d] or neut] n\ns1 accord+ to use4 #bd4 ,"s words may be ei!r g5d] n\ns or neut] n\ns1 accord+ to _! use4 ,?us1 ! ^w *ild is neut] 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,a little *ild %all lead !m1 b is mascul9e 9 ! s5t5ce f ,wordswor?1-- ,i h se5 ,a curi\s *ild 444 apply+ to 8 e> ,! convolutions ( a smoo?-lipp$ %ell4 ,( animals1 ^? ) :i* man comes 9 contact (t51 or :i* ar\se 8 int]e/ mo/1 are nam$ by g5d] n\ns1 z 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- ,be=e ! b>n door /rutt$ ! gallant cock1 t patt]n ( a husb&1 444 clapp+ 8 burni%$ w+s4--,,irv+4 ,gunp[d] 444 came to a /& j by ! bridge1 ) a sudd5ness t _h ne>ly s5t 8 rid] sprawl+ ov] 8 head--id4 ,o!r animals are n di/+ui%$ z to sex1 b are spok5 ( z neut]1 ! sex be+ ( no consequ5ce4 ,n a turkey b he ,i*abod beheld da9tily truss$ up1 ) its gizz>d "u its w+4--,,irv+4 ,he next /oop$ d[n to feel ! pig1 if !re 7 any signs ( life 9 x4--,,lamb4 ,sid5ote3 ,no common g5d]4 #be4 ,accord+ to ! def9ition1 !re c be no su* ?+ z common g5d]3 words ei!r di/+ui% sex 7or ! sex is di/+ui%$ by ! context7 or else !y d n di/+ui% sex4 ,if su* words z p>5t1 s]vant1 tea*]1 rul]1 relative1 c\s91 dome/ic1 etc41 d n %[ ! sex to :i* ! p]sons belong1 !y are neut] words4 #bf4 ,put 9 conv5i5t =m1 ! division ( words accord+ to sex1 or ! lack ( x1 is1-- 7,,mascul9e3 ,male be+s4 ,g5d] n\ns 7,,fem99e3 ,female be+s4 ,neut] n\ns3 ,names ( inanimate ?+s1 or ( liv+ be+s ^: sex _c be det]m9$4 #bg4 ,! inflections = g5d] belong1 ( c\rse1 only to mascul9e & fem99e n\ns4 ,=ms w\ld be a m accurate ^w ?an inflections1 s9ce inflection applies only to ! case ( n\ns4 ,!re are ?ree ways to di/+ui% ! g5d]s3-- 7#a7 ,by prefix+ a g5d] ^w to ano!r ^w4 7#b7 ,by add+ a suffix1 g5]ally to a mascul9e ^w4 7#c7 ,by us+ a diff]5t ^w = ea* g5d]4 ,i4 ,g5d] %[n by ,prefixes4 ,sid5ote3 ,v few ( class ,i4 #bh4 ,usually ! g5d] words he & %e are prefix$ to neut] words2 z he-goat--%e-goat1 cock sp>r[--h5 sp>r[1 he-be>--%e-be>4 ,"o fem99e1 woman1 puts a prefix be=e ! mascul9e man4 ,woman is a %ort way ( writ+ wifeman4 ,,ii4 ,g5d] %[n by ,suffixes4 #bi4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( g5d] words are ^? m>k$ by suffixes4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ! native end+s h be5 l>gely supplant$ by =eign suffixes4 ,sid5ote3 ,native suffixes4 ,! native suffixes to indicate ! fem99e 7 -en & -/]4 ,^! rema9 9 vix5 & sp9/]1 ?\gh bo? words h lo/ _! orig9al mean+s4 ,! ^w vix5 0 once us$ z ! fem99e ( fox by ! ,s\!rn-,engli%4 ,= fox !y said vox2 = f !y said vram2 & = ! old] ^w fat !y said vat1 z 9 w9e vat4 ,h5ce vix5 is = fyx51 f ! mascul9e fox4 ,sp9/] is a relic ( a l>ge class ( words t exi/$ 9 ,old & ,middle ,engli%1#a b h n[ lo/ _! orig9al =ce z fem99es4 ,! old mascul9e answ]+ to sp9/] 0 sp9n]2 b sp9/] has n[ no connection ) x4 ,! =eign suffixes are ( two k9ds3-- ,sid5ote3 ,=eign suffixes4 ,unalt]$ & little us$4 7#a7 ,^? belong+ to borr[$ words1 z cz>9a1 seorita1 executrix1 donna4 ,^! are atta*$ to =eign words1 & are nev] us$ = words recogniz$ z ,engli%4 ,sid5ote3 ,slightly *ang$ & widely us$4 7#b7 ,t reg>d$ z ! /&>d or regul> t]m9ation ( ! fem99e1 -ess 7,fr5* esse1 ,l[ ,lat9 issa71 ! "o mo/ us$4 ,! correspond+ mascul9e may h ! end+ -er 7-or71 b 9 mo/ cases x has n4 ,:5ev] we adopt a new mascul9e ^w1 ! fem99e is =m$ by add+ ?is t]m9ation -ess4 ,sometimes ! -ess has be5 add$ to a ^w already fem99e by ! end+ -/]2 z seam-/r-ess1 song-/r-ess4 ,! end+ -/] _h !n lo/ its =ce z a fem99e suffix2 x has none n[ 9 ! words huck/]1 game/]1 trick/]1 pun/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,end+ ( mascul9e n *ang$4 #cj4 ,! end+ -ess is add$ to _m words )\t *ang+ ! end+ ( ! mascul9e2 z1-- b>on--b>oness c\nt--c\ntess lion--lioness ,jew--,jewess heir--heiress ho/--ho/ess prie/--prie/ess giant--giantess ,sid5ote3 ,mascul9e end+ dropp$4 ,! mascul9e end+ may be dropp$ be=e ! fem99e -ess is add$2 z1-- abbot--abbess negro--negress murd]]--murd]ess sorc]]--sorc]ess ,sid5ote3 ,v[el dropp$ be=e add+ -ess4 ,! fem99e may disc>d a v[el :i* appe>s 9 ! mascul9e2 z 9-- actor--actress ma/]--mi/ress b5efactor--b5efactress emp]or--empress tig]--tigress en*ant]--en*antress ,empress has be5 cut d[n f emp]ice 7twelf? c5tury7 & emp]esse 7?irte5? c5tury71 f ,lat9 imp]atricem4 ,ma/] & mi/ress 7 9 ,middle ,engli% mai/]--mai/resse1 f ! ,old ,fr5* mai/re--mai/resse4 #ca4 ,:5 ! old] -en & -/] w5t out ( use z ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! fem99e1 ! end+ -ess1 f ! ,fr5* -esse1 sprang into a popul>ity mu* great] ?an at pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,end+ -ess less us$ n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,in/ead ( say+ doctress1 fo/]ess1 wagoness1 z 0 said 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 or s]vauntesse1 tea*]esse1 neighboresse1 fr5desse1 z 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 we h disp5s$ ) ! end+ 9 _m cases1 & ei!r use a prefix ^w or leave ! mascul9e to d "w = ! fem99e also4 ,?us1 we say doctor 7mascul9e & fem99e7 or woman doctor1 tea*] or lady tea*]1 neighbor 7mascul9e & fem99e71 etc4 ,we frequ5tly use su* words z au?or1 editor1 *airman1 to repres5t p]sons ( ei!r sex4 ,,note4--,!re is p]haps ?is di/9ction obs]v$3 :5 we speak ( a female z an active ag5t m]ely1 we use ! mascul9e t]m9ation1 z1 ,george ,eliot is ! au?or ( ',adam ,b$e2' b :5 we speak purposely to d5ote a di/9ction f a male1 we use ! fem99e1 z1 ,george ,eliot is an em95t au?oress4 ,,iii4 ,g5d] %[n by ,diff]5t ,words4 #cb4 ,9 "s ( ^! pairs1 ! fem99e & ! mascul9e are entirely diff]5t words2 o!rs h 9 _! orig9 ! same root4 ,"s ( !m h an int]e/+ hi/ory1 & w be not$ bel[3-- ba*elor--maid boy--girl bro!r--si/] drake--duck e>l--c\ntess fa!r--"m g&]--goose h>t--roe horse--m>e husb&--wife k+--que5 "l--lady wiz>d--wit* nephew--niece ram--ewe sir--madam son--daught] uncle--aunt bull--c[ bo>--s[ ,girl orig9ally meant a *ild ( ei!r sex1 & 0 us$ = male or female until ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,drake is peculi> 9 t x is =m$ f a correspond+ fem99e :i* is no long] us$4 ,x is n connect$ hi/orically ) our ^w duck1 b is d]iv$ f en$ 7duck7 & an obsolete suffix rake 7k+74 ,?ree lett]s ( en$ h fall5 away1 leav+ our ^w drake4 ,g&] & goose 7 orig9ally f ! same root ^w4 ,goose has v>i\s cognate =ms 9 ! languages ak9 to ,engli% 7,g]man ,gans1 ,icel&ic gs1 ,dani% gaas1 etc474 ,! mascul9e 0 =m$ by add+ -a1 ! old sign ( ! mascul9e4 ,?is gansa 0 modifi$ into gan-ra1 g&-ra1 f9ally g&]2 ! d be+ ins]t$ to make pronunciation easy1 z 9 _m o!r words4 ,m>e1 9 ,old ,engli% m]e1 _h ! mascul9e me>h 7horse71 b ?is has long be5 obsolete4 ,husb& & wife are n connect$ 9 orig94 ,husb& is a ,sc&9avian ^w 7,anglo-,saxon hsbonda f ,icel&ic hs-bndi1 probably mean+ h\se dwell]72 wife 0 us$ 9 ,old & ,middle ,engli% to mean woman 9 g5]al4 ,k+ & que5 are said by "s 7,skeat1 among o!rs7 to be f ! same root ^w1 b ! ,g]man etymologi/ ,kluge says !y are n4 ,"l is said to be a worn-d[n =m ( ! ,old ,engli% hlf-we>d 7loaf keep]71 writt5 lov]d1 lhau]d1 or lau]d 9 ,middle ,engli%4 ,lady is f hlfdige 7hlf mean+ loaf1 & dige be+ ( unc]ta9 orig9 & mean+74 ,wit* is ! ,old ,engli% wicce1 b wiz>d is f ! ,old ,fr5* guisc>t 7prud5t71 n imm$iately connect$ ) wit*1 ?\gh bo? are ultimately f ! same root4 ,sir is worn d[n f ! ,old ,fr5* sire 7,lat9 s5ior74 ,madam is ! ,fr5* ma dame1 f ,lat9 mea dom9a4 ,sid5ote3 ,two mascul9es f fem99es4 #cc4 ,besides g&] & drake1 !re are two o!r mascul9e words t 7 =m$ f ! fem99e3-- ,bridegroom1 f ,old ,engli% bryd-guma 7bride's man74 ,! r 9 groom has crept 9 f confusion ) ! ^w groom4 ,wid[]1 f ! weak5+ ( ! end+ -a 9 ,old ,engli% to -e 9 ,middle ,engli%4 ,! old] =ms1 widuwa--widuwe1 became id5tical1 & a new mascul9e end+ 0 !re=e add$ to di/+ui% ! mascul9e f ! fem99e 7comp>e ,middle ,engli% widu]--widewe74 ,p]sonification4 #cd4 ,j z ab/ract ideas are p]sonifi$ 7,sec4 #af71 mat]ial objects may be spok5 ( l g5d] n\ns2 = example1-- ,n[1 :]e ! swift ,rhone cleaves 8 way4--,,byron4 ,! ,sun n[ rose ^u ! "r3 ,out ( ! sea came he4 --,,col]idge4 ,& haply ! ,que5 ,moon is on h] ?rone1 ,clu/]$ ar\nd by all h] />ry ,fays4 --,,keats1 ,britannia ne$s no bulw>ks1 ,no t[]s along ! /eep2 ,h] m>* is o'er ! m\nta9 waves1 ,h] home is on ! deep4 --,,campbell ,?is is n exclusively a poetic use4 ,9 ord9>y spee* p]sonification is v frequ5t3 ! pilot speaks ( 8 boat z fem99e2 ! eng9e] speaks s ( 8 eng9e2 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( p]sonification4 ,9 su* cases ! g5d] is m>k$ by ! pron\n1 & n by ! =m ( ! n\n4 ,b ! fact t 9 ,engli% ! di/9ction ( g5d] is conf9$ to diff]5ce ( sex makes ^! dep>tures m effective4 ,,numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #ce4 ,9 n\ns1 numb] means ! mode ( indicat+ :e!r we are speak+ ( "o ?+ or ( m ?an "o4 #cf4 ,our language has two numb]s1--s+ul> & plural4 ,! s+ul> numb] d5otes t "o ?+ is spok5 (2 ! plural1 m ?an "o4 #cg4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( *ang+ ! s+ul> =m to ! plural3-- 7#a7 ,by add+ -en4 7#b7 ,by *ang+ ! root v[el4 7#c7 ,by add+ -s 7or -es74 ,! fir/ two me?ods prevail$1 toge!r ) ! ?ird1 9 ,old ,engli%1 b 9 mod]n ,engli% -s or -es has come to be ! /&>d end+2 t is1 :5ev] we adopt a new ^w1 we make its plural by add+ -s or -es4 ,i4 ,plurals =m$ by ! ,suffix -en4 ,sid5ote3 ,! -en inflection4 #ch4 ,?is inflection rema9s only 9 ! ^w ox51 ?\gh x 0 q common 9 ,old & ,middle ,engli%2 = in/ance1 ey5 7eyes71 tre5 7trees71 %oon 7%oes71 :i* la/ is /ill us$ 9 ,l[l& ,scot*4 ,hos5 is f\nd 9 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible1 & h\s5 is /ill common 9 ! prov9cial spee* 9 ,engl&4 #ci4 ,b o!r words 7 inflect$ aft]w>ds1 9 imitation ( ! old words 9 -en by mak+ a d\ble plural4 ,sid5ote3 -,en inflection imitat$ by o!r words4 ,bre?r5 has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages4 ,! old plural 0 bro?ru1 !n bro?re or bre?re1 f9ally bre?r54 ,! weak5+ ( inflections l$ to ?is addition4 ,*ildr5 has pass$ ?r\gh ! same hi/ory1 ?\gh ! int]m$iate =m *ild] la/$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 lit]>y ,engli%1 & is /ill f\nd 9 dialects2 z1-- ,god bless me6 s !n1 aft] all1 y'll h a *ance to see y\r *ild] get up l1 & get settl$4--,,quot$ ,,by ,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,k9e is ano!r d\ble plural1 b has n[ no s+ul>4 ,9 spite ( w&]+ k9e & o!r adv]se circum/ance4--,,?oreau4 ,,ii4 ,plurals =m$ by ,v[el ,*ange4 #dj4 ,examples ( ?is inflection are1-- man--m5 foot--feet goose--geese l\se--lice m\se--mice too?--tee? ,"s o!r words--z book1 turf1 wight1 bor\gh--=m]ly _h ! same inflection1 b !y n[ add ! end+ -s4 #da4 ,ak9 to ?is class are "s words1 orig9ally neut]1 t h ! s+ul> & plural alike2 su* z de]1 %eep1 sw9e1 etc4 ,o!r words foll[+ ! same usage are1 pair1 brace1 doz51 aft] num]als 7if n aft] num]als1 or if prec$$ by ! prepositions 91 by1 etc1 !y add -s73 also tr\t1 salmon2 head1 sail2 cannon2 hea!n1 folk1 p4 ,! words horse & foot1 :5 !y mean soldi]y1 reta9 ! same =m = plural mean+2 z1-- ,! foot are f\rscore ?\s&1 ,! horse are ?\s&s t54 --,,macaulay4 ,lee m>*$ ov] ! m\nta9 wall1-- ,ov] ! m\nta9s w9d+ d[n1 ,horse & foot1 into ,fr$]ick t[n4 --,,:itti]4 ,,iii4 ,plurals =m$ by ,add+ -s or -es4 #db4 ,in/ead ( -s1 ! end+ -es is add$-- 7#a7 ,if a ^w ends 9 a lett] :i* _c add -s & be pron\nc$4 ,su* are box1 cross1 dit*1 glass1 l5s1 qu>tz1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 -,es add$ 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,if ! ^w ends 9 a s\nd :i* _c add -s1 a new syllable is made2 z1 ni*e--ni*es1 race--races1 h\se--h\ses1 prize--prizes1 *aise--*aises1 etc4 -,es is also add$ to a few words end+ 9 -o1 ?\gh ?is s\nd comb9es readily ) -s1 & does n make an extra syllable3 c>go--c>goes1 negro--negroes1 h]o--h]oes1 volcano--volcanoes1 etc4 ,usage diff]s some:at 9 o!r words ( ?is class1 "s add+ -s1 & "s -es4 7#b7 ,if a ^w ends 9 -y prec$$ by a consonant 7! y be+ !n *ang$ to i72 e4g41 fancies1 allies1 daisies1 fairies4 ,sid5ote3 ,words 9 -ies4 ,=m]ly1 h[ev]1 ^! words end$ 9 -ie1 & ! real end+ is !re=e -s4 ,notice ^! f ,*auc] 7f\rte5? c5tury73-- ,sid5ote3 ,_! old =m4 ,! lilie on hir /alke gr5e4 ,( maladie ! :i* he hadde endur$4 ,& ^! f ,sp5s] 7sixte5? c5tury73-- ,be well aw>e1 quo? !n t ladie milde4 ,at la/ fair ,hesp]us 9 highe/ skie ,_h sp5t 8 lampe4 7#c7 ,9 ! case ( "s words end+ 9 -f or -fe1 :i* h ! plural 9 -ves3 calf--calves1 half--halves1 knife--knives1 %elf--%elves1 etc4 ,special ,li/s4 #dc4 ,mat]ial n\ns & ab/ract n\ns are always s+ul>4 ,:5 su* words take a plural end+1 !y lose _! id5tity1 & g ov] to o!r classes 7,secs4 #ae & #ag74 #dd4 ,prop] n\ns are regul>ly s+ul>1 b may be made plural :5 we wi% to speak ( sev]al p]sons or ?+s be>+ ! same "n2 e4g41 ! ,wa%+tons1 ! ,am]icas4 #de4 ,"s words are usually s+ul>1 ?\gh !y are plural 9 =m4 ,examples ( ^! are1 optics1 economics1 physics1 ma!matics1 politics1 & _m bran*es ( le>n+2 also news1 pa9s 7c>e71 molasses1 summons1 means3 z1-- ,politics1 9 its wide/ ext5t1 is bo? ! sci5ce & ! art ( gov]nm5t4--,c5tury ,diction>y4 ,s live1 t :5 ?y summons comes1 etc4--,,bryant4 ,x s]v$ simply z a means ( sight4--,,pr(4 ,,dana4 ,sid5ote3 ,means plural4 ,two words1 means & politics1 may be plural 9 _! con/ruction ) v]bs & adjectives3-- ,words1 by /rongly convey+ ! passions1 by ^? means :i* we h already m5tion$1 fully comp5sate = _! weakness 9 o!r respects4--,,burke4 ,) great dext]ity ^! means 7 n[ appli$4--,,motley4 ,by ^! means1 ,i say1 ri*es w accumulate4--,,goldsmi?4 ,sid5ote3 ,politics plural4 ,cultivat+ a feel+ t politics are tiresome4--,g4,w4 ,,curtis4 ,! politics 9 :i* he took ! ke5e/ int]e/ 7 politics sc>cely des]v+ ( ! "n4--,,macaulay4 ,n[ ,i read all ! politics t come out4--,,goldsmi?4 #df4 ,"s words h no correspond+ s+ul>4 aborig9es am5ds annals assets antipodes scissors ?anks spectacles vesp]s victuals mat9s nuptials oats obsequies premises bell[s billi>ds dregs gall[s tongs ,sid5ote3 ,occasionally s+ul> words4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a few ( ^! words h ! con/ruction ( s+ul> n\ns4 ,notice ! foll[+3-- ,!y _c get on )\t ea* o!r any m ?an "o blade ( a scissors c cut )\t ! o!r4--,j4,l4 ,,laughl94 ,a relic :i*1 if ,i recollect "r1 he pron\nc$ to h be5 a tongs4--,,irv+4 ,besides ?is1 x is furni%$ ) a =ceps4--,,goldsmi?4 ,! air1--0 x subdu$ :5444! w9d 0 tra9$ only to turn a w9dmill1 c>ry (f *aff1 or "w 9 a bell[s8--,,pr(4 ,,dana4 ,9 ,e>ly ,mod]n ,engli% ?ank is f\nd4 ,:at ?ank h ye8--,bible #dg4 ,?ree words 7 orig9ally s+ul>1 ! pres5t end+ -s n be+ really a plural inflection1 b !y are regul>ly con/ru$ z plural3 alms1 eaves1 ri*es4 ,sid5ote3 two plurals4 #dh4 ,a few n\ns h two plurals diff]+ 9 mean+4 bro!r--bro!rs 7by blood71 bre?r5 7( a society or *ur*74 clo?--clo?s 7k9ds ( clo?71 clo!s 7g>m5ts74 die--dies 7/amps = co9s1 etc471 dice 7= gam+74 fi%--fi% 7collectively71 fi%es 7individuals or k9ds74 g5ius--g5iuses 7m5 ( g5ius71 g5ii 7spirits74 index--indexes 7to books71 indices 7signs 9 algebra74 pea--peas 7sep>ately71 pease 7collectively74 p5ny--p5nies 7sep>ately71 p5ce 7collectively74 %ot--%ot 7collective balls71 %ots 7numb] ( times fir$74 ,9 speak+ ( co9s1 twop5ce1 sixp5ce1 etc41 may add -s1 mak+ a d\ble plural1 z two sixp5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o plural1 two mean+s4 #di4 ,o!r words h "o plural =m ) two mean+s1--"o correspond+ to ! s+ul>1 ! o!r unlike x4 cu/om--cu/oms3 7#a7 habits1 ways2 7#b7 rev5ue duties4 lett]--lett]s3 7#a7 ! alphabet1 or epi/les2 7#b7 lit]ature4 numb]--numb]s3 7#a7 figures2 7#b7 poetry1 z 9 ! l9es1-- ,i lisp$ 9 numb]s1 = ! numb]s came4--,,pope4 ,tell me n1 9 m\rnful numb]s4--,,longfell[4 ,numb]s also means issues1 or copies1 ( a p]iodical4 pa9--pa9s3 7#a7 suff]+2 7#b7 c>e1 tr\ble1 "p--p>ts3 7#a7 divisions2 7#b7 abilities1 faculties4 ,sid5ote3 ,two classes ( comp\nd words4 #ej4 ,comp\nd words may be divid$ into two classes3-- 7#a7 ,^? ^: p>ts are s closely jo9$ z to con/itute "o ^w4 ,^! make ! la/ "p plural4 c\rty>d dorm\se ,engli%man fell[-s]vant fi%]man ,fr5*man =get-me-n goosequill h&ful m\?ful cupful maids]vant pian(orte /epson spoonful titm\se 7#b7 ,^? gr\ps 9 :i* ! fir/ "p is ! pr9cipal "o1 foll[$ by a ^w or phrase mak+ a modifi]4 ,! *ief memb] adds -s 9 ! plural4 aid-de-camp attorney at law billet-d\x comm&] 9 *ief c\rt-m>tial c\s9-g]man fa!r-9-law knight-errant hang]-on ,,note4--,"s words end+ 9 -man are n comp\nds ( ! ,engli% ^w man1 b add -s2 su* z talisman1 firman1 ,brahman1 ,g]man1 ,norman1 ,mussulman1 ,ottoman4 #ea4 ,"s gr\ps pluralize bo? p>ts ( ! gr\p2 z man s+]1 mans]vant1 woman s]vant1 woman s+]4 ,sid5ote3 ,two me?ods 9 use = names ) titles4 #eb4 ,z to plurals ( names ) titles1 !re is "s disagreem5t among ,engli% writ]s4 ,! title may be plural1 z ! ,messrs4 ,all51 ! ,drs4 ,br[n1 ! ,misses ,ri*2 or ! "n may be pluraliz$4 ,! =m] is p]haps m common 9 pres5t-day use1 ?\gh ! latt] is (t5 f\nd2 = example1-- ,!n came ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,briggs1 & !n ! ?ree ,miss ,sp9neys1 !n ,silas ,peckham4--,,dr4 ,,holmes4 ,our immortal ,field+ 0 ( ! y\ng] bran* ( ! ,e>ls ( ,d5bigh1 :o drew _! orig9 f ! ,c\nts ( ,hapsburgh4--,,gibbon4 ,! ,miss ,flambor\ghs 7 reckon$ ! be/ danc]s 9 ! p>i%4--,,goldsmi?4 ,! ,misses ,nett5gall's "y ladies come to ! ,ca!dral too4--,,dick5s4 ,! ,messrs4 ,h>p] h done ! m ?an g5]\s ?+ by ,mr4 ,du ,mauri]4--,! ,critic4 #ec4 ,a numb] ( =eign words h be5 adopt$ into ,engli% )\t *ange ( =m4 ,^! are said to be dome/icat$1 & reta9 _! =eign plurals4 ,o!rs h be5 adopt$1 & by long use h alt]$ _! p[] s z to con=m to ,engli% words4 ,!y are !n said to be naturaliz$1 or ,angliciz$1 or ,engli%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,dome/icat$ words4 ,! dome/icat$ words may reta9 ! orig9al plural4 ,"s ( !m h a second>y ,engli% plural 9 -s or -es4 ,ex]cise4 ,f9d 9 ! diction>y ! plurals ( ^! words3-- ,i4 ,,f ,,! ,,lat94 app>atus app5dix axis datum erratum focus =mula g5us l>va m$ium memor&um nebula radius s]ies species /ratum t]m9us v]tex ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,greek4 analysis anti!sis automaton basis crisis ellipsis hypo!sis p>5!sis ph5om5on !sis ,sid5ote3 ,angliciz$ words4 ,:5 ! =eign words are fully naturaliz$1 !y =m _! plurals 9 ! regul> way2 z1-- b&its *]ubs dogmas encomiums enigmas focuses =mulas g5iuses h]b>iums indexes s]aphs apexes ,sid5ote3 ,usage v>ies 9 plurals ( lett]s1 figures1 etc4 #ed4 ,lett]s1 figures1 etc41 =m _! plurals by add+ -s or 's4 ,words quot$ m]ely z words1 )\t ref]5ce to _! mean+1 also add -s or 's2 z1 ,8 #i's 7or #is7 look l #g's 7or #gs71 ,avoid us+ too _m &'s 7or &s71 ,*ange ! 's 7or s7 to -'s 7or -s74 ,,case4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #ee4 ,case is an inflection or use ( a n\n 7or pron\n7 to %[ its relation to o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he sleeps 9 a felon's cell1 ! ^w felon's modifies cell1 & expresses a relation ak9 to possession2 cell has ano!r relation1 help+ to express ! idea ( place ) ! ^w 94 #ef4 ,9 ! g5]al we>+-away ( inflections1 ! numb] ( case =ms has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,only two case =ms4 ,!re are n[ only two case =ms ( ,engli% n\ns1--"o = ! nom9ative & objective1 "o = ! possessive3 consequ5tly ! matt] ( inflection is a v easy ?+ to h&le 9 le>n+ ab\t cases4 ,sid5ote3 ,reasons = speak+ ( ?ree cases ( n\ns4 ,b !re are reasons :y gramm>s treat ( ?ree cases ( n\ns :5 !re are only two =ms3-- 7#a7 ,because ! relations ( all words1 :e!r inflect$ or n1 mu/ be und]/ood = purposes ( analysis4 7#b7 ,because pron\ns /ill h ?ree case =ms z well z ?ree case relations4 #eg4 ,n\ns1 !n1 may be said to h ?ree cases1--! nom9ative1 ! objective1 & ! possessive4 ,i4 ,uses ( ! ,nom9ative4 #eh4 ,! nom9ative case is us$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,z ! subject ( a v]b3 ,wat] seeks its level4 7#b7 ,z a pr$icate n\n1 complet+ a v]b1 & ref]r+ to or expla9+ ! subject3 ,a b5t twig makes a crook$ tree4 7#c7 ,9 apposition ) "s o!r nom9ative ^w1 add+ to ! mean+ ( t ^w3 ,! reap] ,dea? ) 8 sickle ke54 7#d7 ,9 direct address3 ,"l ,angus1 ?\ ha/ li$6 7#e7 ,) a p>ticiple 9 an absolute or indep5d5t phrase 7!re is "s discussion :e!r ?is is a true nom9ative73 ,! "w done1 !y return$ to _! homes4 7#f7 ,) an inf9itive 9 exclamations3 ,david to die6 ,ex]cise4 ,pick out ! n\ns 9 ! nom9ative case1 & tell :i* use ( ! nom9ative ea* "o has4 #a4 ,mod]ate lam5tation is ! "r ( ! dead2 excessive grief1 ! enemy ( ! liv+4 #b4 ,excuses are clo!s :i*1 :5 ask$ unaw>es1 ,good ,bre$+ to nak$ ,necessity sp>es4 #c4 ,human exp]i5ce is ! great te/ ( tru?4 #d4 ,*e]fulness & cont5t are great beautifi]s4 #e4 ,?ree prop]ties belong to wisdom1--nature1 le>n+1 & exp]i5ce2 ?ree ?+s *>act]ize man1--p]son1 fate1 & m]it4 #f4 ,b ( all plagues1 good ,heav51 ?y wra? c s5d1 ,save1 save1 oh save me f ! c&id fri5d6 #g4 ,consci5ce1 h] fir/ law brok51 w\nd$ lies4 #h4 ,!y *>g$1 sword 9 h& & visor d[n4 #i4 ,o sleep6 ,o g5tle sleep6 ,nature's s(t nurse1 h[ h ,i fright$ !e8 ,,ii4 ,uses ( ! ,objective4 #ei4 ,! objective case is us$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,z ! direct object ( a v]b1 nam+ ! p]son or ?+ directly receiv+ ! action ( ! v]b3 ,woodman1 sp>e t tree6 7#b7 ,z ! indirect object ( a v]b1 nam+ ! p]son or ?+ indirectly affect$ by ! action ( ! v]b3 ,give ! devil 8 due4 7#c7 ,adv]bially1 def9+ ! action ( a v]b by d5ot+ "t1 measure1 di/ance1 etc4 79 ! old] /ages ( ! language1 ?is took ! regul> accusative inflection73 ,full fa?om five ?y fa!r lies2 ,c[>ds die _m times be=e _! dea?s4 7#d7 ,z ! second object1 complet+ ! v]b1 & ?us becom+ "p ( ! pr$icate 9 act+ ^u an object3 ,"t makes ! wor/ enemies fri5ds2 ,?\ make/ ! /orm a calm4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! real pr$icates are makes fri5ds1 tak+ ! object enemies1 & be+ equival5t to "o v]b1 reconciles2 & make/ a calm1 tak+ ! object /orm1 & mean+ calme/4 ,?is is also call$ ! pr$icate objective or ! factitive object4 7#e7 ,z ! object ( a preposition1 ! ^w t[>d :i* ! preposition po9ts1 & :i* x jo9s to ano!r ^w3 ,he mu/ h a long spoon t w\ld eat ) ! devil4 ,! preposition sometimes takes ! possessive case ( a n\n1 z w be se5 9 ,sec4 #fh4 7#f7 ,9 apposition ) ano!r objective3 ,! op9ions ( ?is junto 7 completely controll$ by ,ni*olas ,v$d]1 a patri>* ( ! village1 & l&lord ( ! inn4 ,ex]cise4 ,po9t out ! n\ns 9 ! objective case 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & tell :i* use ea* has3-- #a4 ,t5d] m5 sometimes h /rong wills4 #b4 ,necessity is ! c]ta9 connection betwe5 cause & effect4 #c4 ,set a high price on y\r leisure mom5ts2 !y are s&s ( preci\s gold4 #d4 ,b ! flood came h[l+ "o day4 #e4 ,i f\nd ! ur*9 ,cupid sleep+4 #f4 ,five times e ye> he 0 to be expos$ 9 ! pillory4 #g4 ,! noble/ m9d ! be/ cont5tm5t has4 #h4 ,multitudes came e summ] to visit t fam\s natural curiosity1 ! ,great ,/one ,face4 #i4 ,& :irl+ plate1 & =feits paid1 ,8 w9t] task a pa/ime made4 #aj4 ,he broke ! ice on ! /reamlet's br9k1 ,& gave ! lep] to eat & dr9k4 ,,iii4 ,uses ( ! ,possessive4 #fj4 ,! possessive case always modifies ano!r ^w1 express$ or und]/ood4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( possessive %[+ h[ a ^w is relat$ 9 s5se to ! modifi$ ^w3-- 7#a7 ,appositional possessive1 z 9 ^! expressions1-- ,! bl9d old man ( ,scio's rocky isle4--,,byron4 ,beside a pumice isle 9 ,bai's bay4--,,%elley4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces ! phrases are equival5t to ( ! rocky isle ( ,scio1 & 9 ! bay ( ,bai1 ! possessive be+ really equival5t "h to an appositional objective4 ,x is a poetic expression1 ! equival5t phrase be+ us$ 9 prose4 7#b7 ,objective possessive1 z %[n 9 ! s5t5ces1-- ,ann ,turn] _h taught h] ! secret be=e ?is la/ good lady _h be5 hang$ = ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury's murd]4--,,haw?orne4 ,he passes to-day 9 build+ an air ca/le = to-morr[1 or 9 writ+ ye/]day's elegy4--,,?ack]ay ,9 ^! ! possessives are equival5t to an objective aft] a v]bal expression3 z1 = murd]+ ,sir ,?omas ,ov]bury2 an elegy to commemorate ye/]day4 ,= ?is reason ! use ( ! possessive "h is call$ objective4 7#c7 ,subjective possessive1 ! mo/ common ( all2 z1-- ,! unwe>i$ sun1 f day to day1 ,does 8 ,creator's p[] display4 --,,addison4 ,if ?is 7 exp&$ into ! p[] :i* 8 ,creator possesses1 ! ^w ,creator w\ld be ! subject ( ! v]b3 h5ce x is call$ a subjective possessive4 #fa4 ,?is la/-nam$ possessive expresses a v>iety ( relations4 ,possession 9 "s s5se is ! mo/ common4 ,! k9d ( relation may usually be f\nd by exp&+ ! possessive into an equival5t phrase3 = example1 ,w9t]'s rude tempe/s are ga!r+ n[ 7i4e41 tempe/s t w9t] is likely to h72 ,8 be>d 0 ( sev]al days' gr[? 7i4e41 gr[? :i* sev]al days _h develop$72 ,! =e/'s leap+ pan!r %all yield 8 spott$ hide 7i4e41 ! pan!r :i* ! =e/ hides72 ,:oso %$de? man's blood 7blood t man possesses74 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! possessive is =m$4 #fb4 ,z said be=e 7,sec4 #ef71 !re are only two case =ms4 ,"o is ! simple =m ( a ^w1 express+ ! relations ( nom9ative & objective2 ! o!r is =m$ by add+ 's to ! simple =m1 mak+ ! possessive s+ul>4 ,to =m ! possessive plural1 only ! apo/rophe is add$ if ! plural nom9ative ends 9 -s2 ! 's is add$ if ! plural nom9ative does n end 9 -s4 ,case ,inflection4 ,sid5ote3 ,decl5sion or inflection ( n\ns4 #fc4 ,! full decl5sion ( n\ns is z foll[s3-- ,,s+ul>4 ,,plural4 #a4 ,nom4 & ,obj4 lady ladies ,poss4 lady's ladies' #b4 ,nom4 & ,obj4 *ild *ildr5 ,poss4 *ild's *ildr5's ,sid5ote3 ,a sugge/ion4 ,,note4--,! difficulty t "s /ud5ts h 9 writ+ ! possessive plural w\ld be less5$ if !y w\ld rememb] !re are two /eps to be tak53-- 7#a7 ,=m ! nom9ative plural accord+ to ,secs #ci-ec 7#b7 ,foll[ ! rule giv5 9 ,sec4 #fb4 ,special ,rem>ks on ! ,possessive ,case4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ! possessive ) its apo/rophe4 #fd4 ,9 ,old ,engli% a l>ge numb] ( words _h 9 ! g5itive case s+ul> ! end+ -es2 9 ,middle ,engli% /ill m words took ?is end+3 = example1 9 ,*auc]1 ,f e s*ires ende1 ,full wor?i 0 he 9 8 lordes w]re w>1 at 8 b$des syde1 mannes h]te he>t1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,a false !ory4 ,by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! pres5t way ( indicat+ ! possessive _h become g5]al4 ,! use ( ! apo/rophe1 h[ev]1 0 n !n reg>d$ z /&+ = ! omitt$ v[el ( ! g5itive 7z "l's = lordes73 by a false !ory ! end+ 0 ?\ght to be a contraction ( 81 z s*oolboys sometimes write1 ,george ,jones 8 book4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! apo/rophe4 ,?\gh ?is op9ion 0 untrue1 ! apo/rophe has prov$ a great conv5i5ce1 s9ce o!rwise words ) a plural 9 -s w\ld h ?ree =ms alike4 ,to ! eye all ! =ms are n[ di/9ct1 b to ! e> all may be alike1 & ! connection mu/ tell u :at =m is int5d$4 ,! use ( ! apo/rophe 9 ! plural also began 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 f ?9k+ t s 0 n a possessive sign1 & f a desire to h di/9ct =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes s is left out 9 ! possessive s+ul>4 #fe4 ,occasionally ! s is dropp$ 9 ! possessive s+ul> if ! ^w ends 9 a hiss+ s\nd & ano!r hiss+ s\nd foll[s1 b ! apo/rophe rema9s to m>k ! possessive2 z1 = goodness' sake1 ,c]vantes' satirical "w4 ,9 o!r cases ! s is seldom omitt$4 ,notice ^! ?ree examples f ,?ack]ay's writ+s3 ,h>ry ran up/airs to 8 mi/ress's ap>tm5t2 ,a po/script is add$1 z by ! c\ntess's comm&2 ,i saw :at ! gov]ness's views 7 ( ! matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,possessive ) comp\nd expressions4 #ff4 ,9 comp\nd expressions1 conta9+ words 9 apposition1 a ^w ) a phrase1 etc41 ! possessive sign is usually la/1 ?\gh in/ances are f\nd ) bo? appositional words m>k$4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ examples ( lit]>y usage3-- ,d n ! ,miss ,prys1 my neighbors1 "k ! am\nt ( my income1 ! items ( my son's1 ,capta9 ,scrapegrace's1 tailor's bill--,,?ack]ay4 ,! _w's pomp & p[] sits !re on ?is h&3 on t1 /&s up = ,god's tru? "o man1 ! poor m9] ,hans ,lu!r's son4--,,c>lyle4 ,!y invit$ me 9 ! emp]or _! ma/]'s "n4--,,swift4 ,i _h naturally possess$ myself ( ,ri*>dson ! pa9t]'s ?ick octavo volumes ( notes on ! ,p>adise ,lo/4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,!y w g to ,sunday s*ools to tea* classes ( little *ildr5 ! age ( ,me?uselah or ! dim5sions ( ,og ! k+ ( ,ba%an's b$/ead4--,,holmes4 ,m common /ill is ! practice ( turn+ ! possessive into an equival5t phrase2 z1 9 ! "n ( ! emp]or _! ma/]1 in/ead ( ! emp]or _! ma/]'s "n4 ,sid5ote3 ,possessive & no n\n limit$4 #fg4 ,! possessive is sometimes us$ )\t belong+ to any n\n 9 ! s5t5ce2 "s su* ^w z h\se1 /ore1 *ur*1 dwell+1 etc41 be+ und]/ood ) x3 = example1-- ,"h at ! fruit]]'s ! ,madonna has a tab]nacle ( fre% laurel leaves4--,,rusk94 ,x is v common = p to say t !y are disappo9t$ 9 ! fir/ sight ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4--,,l[ell4 ,i rememb] him 9 8 cradle at ,/4 ,james's4--,,?ack]ay4 ,kate saw t2 & %e walk$ (f f ! don's4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d\ble possessive4 #fh4 ,a peculi> =m1 a d\ble possessive1 has gr[n up & become a fix$ idiom 9 mod]n ,engli%4 ,9 mo/ cases1 a possessive relation 0 express$ 9 ,old ,engli% by ! inflection -es1 correspond+ to 's4 ,! same relation 0 express$ 9 ,fr5* by a phrase correspond+ to ( & its object4 ,bo? ( ^! are n[ us$ side by side2 sometimes !y are us$ toge!r1 z "o modifi]1 mak+ a d\ble possessive4 ,= ?is !re are sev]al reasons3-- ,sid5ote3 ,its advantages3 ,euphony4 7#a7 ,:5 a ^w is modifi$ by a1 !1 ?is1 t1 e1 no1 any1 ea*1 etc41 & at ! same "t by a possessive n\n1 x is di/a/eful to place ! possessive be=e ! modifi$ n\n1 & x w\ld also alt] ! mean+3 we place x aft] ! modifi$ n\n ) (4 ,sid5ote3 ,emphasis4 7#b7 ,x is m emphatic ?an ! simple possessive1 especially :5 us$ ) ?is or t1 = x br+s out ! modifi$ ^w 9 /rong relief4 ,sid5ote3 ,cle>ness4 7#c7 ,x prev5ts ambiguity4 ,= example1 9 su* a s5t5ce z1 ,?is introduction ( ,att]bury's has all ^! advantages 7,dr4 ,blair71 ! /atem5t cle>ly means only "o ?+1--! introduction :i* ,att]bury made4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we use ! phrase ( ,att]bury1 ! s5t5ce might be und]/ood z j expla9$1 or x might mean ?is act ( introduc+ ,att]bury4 7,see also ,sec4 #hg47 ,! foll[+ are "s in/ances ( d\ble possessives3-- ,?is ,hall ( ,t9ville's is d>k1 ill-light$ except :]e %e /&s4--,,c>lyle4 ,^? lectures ( ,l[ell's _h a great influ5ce ) me1 & ,i us$ to l :atev] !y bade me l4--,,h[ells ,niebuhr rem>ks t no po9t$ s5t5ces ( ,cs>'s c h come d[n to u4--,,fr\de4 ,besides ^! fam\s books ( ,scott's & ,johnson's1 !re is a copi\s ,life by ,?omas ,%]idan4--,,?ack]ay ,always aft]w>ds on occasions ( c]emony1 he wore t qua9t old ,fr5* sword ( ! ,commodore's4--,e4,e4 ,,hale4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,pick out ! possessive n\ns1 & tell :e!r ea* is appositional1 objective1 or subjective4 7b7 ,rewrite ! s5t5ce1 turn+ ! possessives into equival5t phrases4 #a4 ,i don't *oose a hornet's ne/ ab\t my e>s4 #b4 ,%all ,rome /& "u "o man's awe8 #c4 ,i mu/ n see !e ,osman's bride4 #d4 ,at lov]s' p]juries1 ,!y say1 ,jove laughs4 #e4 ,! _w has all its eyes on ,cato's son4 #f4 ,my qu>rel & ! ,engli% que5's are "o4 #g4 ,n[ ! bright morn+ />1 day's h>b+]1 ,comes danc+ f ! ,ea/4 #h4 ,a man's nature runs ei!r to h]bs or we$s2 !re=e1 let him seasonably wat] ! "o1 & de/roy ! o!r4 #i4 ',tis all m5's (fice to speak pati5ce ,to ^? t wr+ "u ! load ( sorr[4 #aj4 ,a je/'s prosp]ity lies 9 ! e> ,( him t he>s x1 nev] 9 ! tongue ,( him t makes x4 #aa4 ,no m ! juice ( ,egypt's grape %all moi/ 8 lip4 #ab4 ,!re ,%akespe>e's self1 ) e g>l& cr[n$1 ,flew to ^? fairy climes 8 fancy %e54 #ac4 ,:at supports me8 do/ ?\ ask8 ,! consci5ce1 ,fri5d1 to h lo/ !m 8 eyes ov]pli$ ,9 lib]ty's def5ce4 #ad4 ,or :]e ,campania's pla9 =sak5 lies1 ,a we>y wa/e exp&+ to ! skies4 #ae4 ,nature h]self1 x seem$1 w\ld raise ,a m9/] to h] ,mak]'s praise6 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,n\ns4 #fi4 ,p>s+ a ^w is putt+ toge!r all ! facts ab\t its =m & its relations to o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,9 p>s+1 "s idioms--! d\ble possessive1 = example--d n come "u regul> grammatical rules1 & are to be spok5 ( m]ely z idioms4 #gj4 ,h5ce1 9 p>s+ a n\n1 we /ate1-- 7#a7 ,! class to :i* x belongs1--common1 prop]1 etc4 7#b7 ,:e!r a neut] or a g5d] n\n2 if ! latt]1 :i* g5d]4 7#c7 ,:e!r s+ul> or plural numb]4 7#d7 ,its (fice 9 ! s5t5ce1 det]m9+ its case4 ,sid5ote3 ,! correct me?od4 #ga4 ,9 p>s+ any ^w1 ! foll[+ me?od %\ld always be foll[$3 tell ! facts ab\t :at ! ^w does1 !n make ! grammatical /atem5ts z to its class1 inflections1 & relations4 ,,model ,,= ,,p>s+4 ,:at is bold] ?an a mill]'s neckclo?1 :i* takes a ?ief by ! ?roat e morn+8 ,mill]'s is a "n appli$ to e individual ( its class1 h5ce x is a common n\n2 x is ! "n ( a male be+1 h5ce x is a g5d] n\n1 mascul9e2 x d5otes only "o p]son1 !re=e s+ul> numb]2 x expresses possession or own]%ip1 & limits neckclo?1 !re=e possessive case4 ,neckclo?1 l mill]'s1 is a common class n\n2 x has no sex1 !re=e neut]2 names "o ?+1 !re=e s+ul> numb]2 subject ( ! v]b is und]/ood1 & !re=e nom9ative case4 ,?ief is a common class n\n2 ! connection %[s a male is meant1 !re=e mascul9e g5d]2 s+ul> numb]2 object ( ! v]b takes1 h5ce objective case4 ,?roat is neut]1 ( ! same class & numb] z ! ^w neckclo?2 x is ! object ( ! preposition by1 h5ce x is objective case4 ,,note4--,! preposition sometimes takes ! possessive case 7see ,sec4 #fh74 ,morn+ is l ?roat & neckclo? z to class1 g5d]1 & numb]2 z to case1 x expresses "t1 has no gov]n+ ^w1 b is ! adv]bial objective4 ,ex]cise4 ,foll[ ! model above 9 p>s+ all ! n\ns 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,to raise a monum5t to dep>t$ wor? is to p]petuate virtue4 #b4 ,! greate/ pleasure ,i "k is to d a good action by /eal?1 & to h x f\nd out by accid5t4 #c4 ,an old cloak makes a new j]k92 a )]$ s]v+ man1 a fre% tap/]4 #d4 ,t 9 ! capta9's b a *ol]ic ^w1 ,:i* 9 ! soldi] is flat blasphemy4 #e4 ,n[1 bless+s light on him t fir/ inv5t$ 444 sleep6 #f4 ,neck]1 f9ancial m9i/] to ,l\is ,,xvi41 & 8 daught]1 ,madame de ,/al1 7 natives ( ,g5eva4 #g4 ,he give? 8 belov$ sleep4 #h4 ,"t makes ! wor/ enemies fri5ds4 #i4 ,a few miles f ?is po9t1 :]e ! ,rhone ent]s ! lake1 /&s ! fam\s ,ca/le ( ,*illon1 connect$ ) ! %ore by a drawbridge1--palace1 ca/le1 & prison1 all 9 "o4 #aj4 ,wret*es6 ye lov$ h] = h] weal?1 ,& hat$ h] = h] pride4 #aa4 ,mrs4 ,j>ley's back be+ t[>ds him1 ! milit>y g5tleman %ook 8 =ef+]4 ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ne$ ( pron\ns4 #gb4 ,:5 we wi% to speak ( a "n sev]al times 9 succession1 x is clumsy & tiresome to repeat ! n\n4 ,= in/ance1 in/ead ( say+1 ,! pupil w succe$ 9 ! pupil's ef=ts if ! pupil is ambiti\s1 we improve ! s5t5ce by %ort5+ x ?us1 ,! pupil w succe$ 9 8 ef=ts if he is ambiti\s4 ,aga91 if we wi% to "k ab\t ! own]%ip ( a h\se1 we evid5tly _c /ate ! own]'s "n1 b by a "q we say1 ,^: h\se is t8 ?us plac+ a ^w in/ead ( ! "n till we le>n ! "n4 ,?is is n to be und]/ood z imply+ t pron\ns 7 inv5t$ because n\ns 7 tiresome1 s9ce hi/ory %[s t pron\ns are z old z n\ns & v]bs4 ,! use ( pron\ns mu/ h sprung up naturally1 f a necessity = %ort1 def9ite1 & repres5tative words4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 ,a pron\n is a ref]5ce ^w1 /&+ = a "n1 or = a p]son or ?+1 or = a gr\p ( p]sons or ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,classes ( pron\ns4 #gc4 ,pron\ns may be gr\p$ 9 five classes3-- 7#a7 ,p]sonal pron\ns1 :i* di/+ui% p]son by _! =m 7,sec4 #gf74 7#b7 ,int]rogative pron\ns1 :i* are us$ to ask que/ions ab\t p]sons or ?+s4 7#c7 ,relative pron\ns1 :i* relate or ref] to a n\n1 pron\n1 or o!r ^w or expression1 & at ! same "t connect two /atem5ts ,!y are also call$ conjunctive4 7#d7 ,adjective pron\ns1 words1 prim>ily adjectives1 :i* are class$ z adjectives :5 !y modify n\ns1 b z pron\ns :5 !y /& = n\ns4 7#e7 ,indef9ite pron\ns1 :i* _c be us$ z adjectives1 b /& = an indef9ite numb] ( p]sons or ?+s4 ,num]\s examples ( all ^! w be giv5 "u ! sep>ate classes h]eaft] treat$4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]son 9 gramm>4 #gd4 ,s9ce pron\ns /& = p]sons z well z names1 !y mu/ repres5t ! p]son talk+1 ! p]son or ?+ spok5 to1 & ! p]son or ?+ talk$ ab\t4 ,?is gives rise to a new t]m1 ! di/9ction ( p]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]son ( n\ns4 #ge4 ,?is di/9ction 0 n ne$$ 9 discuss+ n\ns1 z n\ns h ! same =m1 :e!r repres5t+ p]sons & ?+s spok5 to or spok5 (4 ,x is evid5t t a n\n c\ld n repres5t ! p]son speak+1 ev5 if x _h a special =m4 ,f analogy to pron\ns1 :i* h =ms = p]son1 n\ns are sometimes spok5 ( z fir/ or second p]son by _! use2 t is1 if !y are 9 apposition ) a pron\n ( ! fir/ or second p]son1 !y are said to h p]son by agreem5t4 ,b usually n\ns repres5t some?+ spok5 (4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree p]sons ( pron\ns4 #gf4 ,pron\ns naturally are ( ?ree p]sons3-- 7#a7 ,fir/ p]son1 repres5t+ ! p]son speak+4 7#b7 ,second p]son1 repres5t+ a p]son or ?+ spok5 to4 7#c7 ,?ird p]son1 /&+ = a p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 #gg4 ,p]sonal pron\ns are inflect$ ?us3-- ,,fir/ ,,p]son4 ,s+ul>4 ,nom4 ,i ,poss4 m9e1 my ,obj4 me ,plural4 ,nom4 we ,poss4 our1 ours ,obj4 u ,,second ,,p]son4 ,s+ul>4 ,old ,=m ,common ,=m4 ,nom4 ?\ y ,poss4 ?9e1 ?y y\r1 y\rs ,obj4 !e y ,plural4 ,nom4 ye y ,poss4 y\r1 y\rs y\r1 y\rs ,obj4 y y ,,?ird ,,p]son4 ,s+ul>4 ,masc4 ,fem4 ,neut44 ,nom4 he %e x ,poss4 8 h]1 h]s its ,obj4 him h] x ,plur4 ( all ,?ree4 ,nom4 !y ,poss4 _!1 !irs ,obj4 !m ,rem>ks on ,^! ,=ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ & second p]sons )\t g5d]4 #gh4 ,x w be notic$ t ! pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]sons h no =ms to di/+ui% g5d]4 ,! speak] may be ei!r male or female1 or1 by p]sonification1 neut]2 s also ) ! p]son or ?+ spok5 to4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ird p]son s+ul> has g5d]4 ,b ! ?ird p]son has1 9 ! s+ul>1 a sep>ate =m = ea* g5d]1 & also = ! neut]4 ,sid5ote3 ,old =ms4 ,9 ,old ,engli% ^! ?ree 7 =m$ f ! same root2 namely1 mascul9e h1 fem99e ho1 neut] hit4 ,! =m hit 7= x7 is /ill he>d 9 vulg> ,engli%1 & hoo 7= ho7 9 "s dialects ( ,engl&4 ,! plurals 7 h1 heora1 heom1 9 ,old ,engli%2 ! =ms !y1 _!1 !m1 p]haps be+ f ! ,engli% demon/rative1 ?\gh influ5c$ by ! cognate ,norse =ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,second p]son always plural 9 ord9>y ,engli%4 #gi4 ,?\1 !e1 etc41 are old =ms :i* are n[ out ( use 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t we h no s+ul> pron\n ( ! second p]son 9 ord9>y spee* or prose1 b make ! plural y d duty = ! s+ul>4 ,we use x ) a plural v]b always1 ev5 :5 ref]r+ to a s+le object4 ,sid5ote3 ,two uses ( ! old s+ul>s4 #hj4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two mod]n uses ( ?\1 ?y1 etc43-- 7#a7 ,9 elevat$ /yle1 especially 9 poetry2 z1-- ,) ?y cle> ke5 joyance ,languor _c be2 ,%ad[ ( annoyance ,nev] came ne> !e2 ,?\ love/2 b ne'er knew love's sad satiety4--,,%elley4 7#b7 ,9 address+ ! ,deity1 z 9 pray]s1 etc42 = example1-- ,oh1 ?\ ,%eph]d ( ,israel1 t did/ com=t ?y p ( old1 to ?y c>e we commit ! helpless4--,,bee*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! =m its4 #ha4 ,x is wor? :ile to consid] ! possessive its4 ,?is is ( comp>atively rec5t gr[?4 ,! old =m 0 8 7f ! nom9ative hit71 & ?is cont9u$ 9 use till ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! transition f ! old 8 to ! mod]n its is %[n 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a ,he ano9t$ ! alt> & all 8 vessels4--,bible ,"h 8 ref]s to alt>1 :i* is a neut] n\n4 ,! quotation repres5ts ! usage ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 #b ,x's _h x head bit (f by x "y--,,%akespe>e ,%akespe>e uses 81 x1 & sometimes its1 z possessive ( x4 ,9 ,milton's poetry 7sev5te5? c5tury7 its occurs only ?ree times4 #c ,see heav5 its sp>kl+ portals wide display--,,pope ,sid5ote3 ,a relic ( ! old5 "t4 #hb4 ,we h an int]e/+ relic 9 su* s5t5ces z ?is f ,?ack]ay3 ,"o ( ! ways to "k 'em is to wat* ! sc>$ looks ( ! ogres' wives & *ildr54 ,z %[n above1 ! ,old ,engli% objective 0 hem 7or heom71 :i* 0 (t5 s\nd$ ) ! h sil5t1 j z we n[ say1 ,i saw 'im ye/]day :5 ! ^w him is n emphatic4 ,9 spok5 ,engli%1 ?is =m 'em has surviv$ side by side ) ! lit]>y !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! pron\ns 9 p]sonification4 #hc4 ,! pron\ns he & %e are (t5 us$ 9 poetry1 & sometimes 9 ord9>y spee*1 to p]sonify objects 7,sec4 #cd74 ,,cases ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,i ,! ,nom9ative4 ,sid5ote3 ,nom9ative =ms4 #hd4 ,! nom9ative =ms ( p]sonal pron\ns h ! same uses z ! nom9ative ( n\ns 7see ,sec4 #eh74 ,! case ( mo/ ( ^! pron\ns c be det]m9$ m easily ?an ! case ( n\ns1 =1 besides a nom9ative use1 !y h a nom9ative =m4 ,! words ,i1 ?\1 he1 %e1 we1 ye1 !y1 are v r>ely any?+ b nom9ative 9 lit]>y ,engli%1 ?\gh ye is occasionally us$ z objective4 ,sid5ote3 ,additional nom9atives 9 spok5 ,engli%4 #he4 ,9 spok5 ,engli%1 h[ev]1 !re are "s o!rs t are add$ to ! li/ ( nom9atives3 !y are1 me1 him1 h]1 u1 !m1 :5 !y occur 9 ! pr$icate position4 ,t is1 9 su* a s5t5ce z1 ,i am sure x 0 him1 ! lit]>y language w\ld require he aft] 02 b colloquial ,engli% regul>ly uses z pr$icate nom9atives ! =ms me1 him1 h]1 u1 !m1 ?\gh ^? nam$ 9 ,sec4 #hd are always subjects4 ,yet c>eful speak]s avoid ?is1 & foll[ ! usage ( lit]>y ,engli%4 ,,ii4 ,! ,possessive4 ,sid5ote3 ,n a sep>ate class4 #hf4 ,! =ms my1 ?y1 81 h]1 its1 our1 y\r1 _!1 are sometimes gr\p$ sep>ately z ,,possessive ,,pron\ns1 b x is bett] to speak ( !m z ! possessive case ( p]sonal pron\ns1 j z we speak ( ! possessive case ( n\ns1 & n make m classes4 ,sid5ote3 ,absolute p]sonal pron\ns4 ,! =ms m9e1 ?9e1 y\rs1 h]s1 !irs1 sometimes 8 & its1 h a peculi> use1 /&+ ap>t f ! words !y modify in/ead ( imm$iately be=e !m4 ,f ?is use !y are call$ ,,absolute ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns1 or1 "s say1 ,,absolute ,,possessives4 ,z in/ances ( ! use ( absolute pron\ns1 note ! foll[+3-- ',twas m9e1 'tis 81 & has be5 slave to ?\s&s4 --,,%akespe>e4 ,& s9ce ?\ own'/ t praise1 ,i sp>e !e m9e4--,,c[p]4 ,my arm bett] ?an !irs c w>d x (f4--,,l&or4 ,?9e are ! city & ! p ( ,granada4--,,bulw]4 ,sid5ote3 ,old use ( m9e & ?9e4 ,=m]ly m9e & ?9e /ood be=e _! n\ns1 if ! n\ns began ) a v[el or h sil5t2 ?us1-- ,%all ,i n take m9e ease 9 m9e inn8--,,%akespe>e4 ,give e man ?9e e>1 b few ?y voice4--,id4 ,if ?9e eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out4--,bible4 ,my greate/ appreh5sion 0 = m9e eyes4--,,swift4 ,?is usage is /ill pres]v$ 9 poetry4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\ble & triple possessives4 #hg4 ,! =ms h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs1 are really d\ble possessives1 s9ce !y add ! possessive s to :at is already a regul> possessive inflection4 ,besides ?is1 we h1 z 9 n\ns1 a possessive phrase made up ( ! preposition ( ) ^! d\ble possessives1 h]s1 ours1 y\rs1 !irs1 & ) m9e1 ?9e1 81 sometimes its4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! uses4 ,l ! n\n possessives1 !y h sev]al uses3-- 7#a7 ,to prev5t ambiguity1 z 9 ! foll[+3-- ,i h (t5 contra/$ ! habitual qualities ( t gloomy fri5d ( !irs ) ! a/\nd+ spirits ( ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s4--,j4,t4 ,,fields4 ,no words ( ours c describe ! fury ( ! conflict4--,j4,f4 ,,coop]4 7#b7 ,to br+ emphasis1 z 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- ,?is ?+ ( y\rs t y call a ,p>don ( ,s9s1 x is a bit ( rag-pap] ) ink4--,,c>lyle4 ,?is anci5t silv] b[l ( m9e1 x tells ( good old times4 --,,holmes4 7#c7 ,to express contempt1 ang]1 or satire2 = example1-- ,d y "k ! *>ges t unhappy si/] ( m9e & h] family h put me to already8 says ! ,ma/]4--,,?ack]ay4 ,he ,john ,knox _h 8 pipe ( ,bordeaux too1 we f9d1 9 t old ,ed9burgh h\se ( 84--,,c>lyle4 ,hold ?y peace1 ,long ,all51 said ,h5ry ,wood/all1 ,i tell !e t tongue ( ?9e is n ! %orte/ limb ab\t !e4--,,scott4 7#d7 ,to make a n\n less limit$ 9 application2 ?us1-- ,a favorite li> & s]vant ( m9e 0 a man ,i once _h to drive a br\gham4--,,?ack]ay4 ,9 ,new ,york ,i read a newspap] criticism "o day1 comm5t+ ^u a lett] ( m9e4--,id4 ,:at w\ld ! la/ two s5t5ces mean if ! ^w my 7 writt5 in/ead ( ( m9e1 & prec$$ ! n\ns8 ,sid5ote3 ,ab\t ! case ( absolute pron\ns4 #hh4 ,9 _! function1 or use 9 a s5t5ce1 ! absolute possessive =ms ( ! p]sonal pron\ns are v mu* l adjectives us$ z n\ns4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z1 ,! good alone are great1 ,none b ! brave des]ves ! fair1 ! words italiciz$ h an adjective =ce & also a n\n =ce1 z %[n 9 ,sec4 #bj4 ,s 9 ! s5t5ces illu/rat+ absolute pron\ns 9 ,sec4 #hf3 m9e /&s = my prop]ty1 8 = 8 prop]ty1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce2 m9e /&s = my praise 9 ! second4 ,b ! fir/ two h a nom9ative use1 & m9e 9 ! second has an objective use4 ,!y may be spok5 ( z possessive 9 =m1 b nom9ative or objective 9 use1 accord+ z ! modifi$ ^w is 9 ! nom9ative or ! objective4 ,,iii4 ,! ,objective4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old dative case4 #hi4 ,9 ,old ,engli% !re 0 "o case :i* survives 9 use1 b n 9 =m4 ,9 su* a s5t5ce z ?is "o f ,?ack]ay1 ,pick me out a :ip-cord ?ong ) "s da9ty knots 9 x1 ! ^w me is evid5tly n ! direct object ( ! v]b1 b expresses = :om1 = ^: b5efit1 ! ?+ is done4 ,9 pron\ns1 ?is dative use1 z x is call$1 0 m>k$ by a sep>ate case4 ,sid5ote3 ,n[ ! objective4 ,9 ,mod]n ,engli% ! same use is frequ5tly se51 b ! =m is ! same z ! objective4 ,= ?is reason a ^w ?us us$ is call$ a dative-objective4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( ! dative-objective3-- ,give me nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es4--,bible4 ,curse me ?is p4--,id4 ,bo? jo9$ 9 mak+ him a pres5t4--,,macaulay ,is x n en\gh t y h burnt me d[n ?ree h\ses ) y\r dog's tricks1 & be hang$ to y6--,,lamb ,i give !e ?is to we> at ! coll>4--,,scott ,sid5ote3 ,o!r uses ( ! objective4 #ij4 ,besides ?is use ( ! objective1 !re are o!rs3-- 7#a7 ,z ! direct object ( a v]b4 ,!y all h&l$ x4--,,lamb 7#b7 ,z ! object ( a preposition4 ,"t is beh9d !m & be=e !m4--,,c>lyle4 7#c7 ,9 apposition4 ,%e sate all la/ summ] by ! b$side ( ! bl9d begg>1 him t s (t5 & s gladly ,i talk$ )4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,special ,,uses ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,indef9ite use ( y & y\r4 #ia4 ,! ^w y1 & its possessive case y\rs are sometimes us$ )\t ref]5ce to a p>ticul> p]son spok5 to4 ,!y approa* ! indef9ite pron\n 9 use4 ,y\r m]e puny /ripl+1 t w9c$ at ! lea/ fl\ri% ( ! rod1 0 pass$ by ) indulg5ce4--,,irv+ ,to empty "h1 y mu/ cond5se !re4--,,em]son4 ,! peasants take (f _! hats z y pass2 y sneeze1 & !y cry1 ,god bless y6 ,! ?rifty h\sewife %[s y into h] be/ *amb]4 ,y h oat5 cakes bak$ "s mon?s be=e4--,,longfell[ ,sid5ote3 ,uses ( x4 #ib4 ,! pron\n x has a numb] ( uses3-- 7#a7 ,to ref] to "s s+le ^w prec$+2 z1-- ,f]d9& ord]$ ! army to recomm5ce its m>*4--,,bulw]4 ,society1 9 ?is c5tury1 has n made its progress1 l ,*9ese skill1 by a great] acut5ess ( +5uity 9 trifles4--,d4 ,,web/]4 7#b7 ,to ref] to a prec$+ ^w gr\p2 ?us1-- ,if any man %\ld d wrong m]ely out ( ill nature1 :y1 yet x is b l ! ?orn or bri]1 :i* prick & scrat* because !y c d no o!r4--,,bacon4 ,"h x ref]s back to ! :ole s5t5ce be=e x1 or to ! idea1 any man's do+ wrong m]ely out ( ill nature4 7#c7 ,z a grammatical subject1 to /& = ! real1 logical subject1 :i* foll[s ! v]b2 z 9 ! s5t5ces1-- ,x is easy 9 ! _w to live aft] ! _w's op9ion4 --,,em]son4 ,x is ?is haz9ess ( intellectual vision :i* is ! malady ( all classes ( m5 by nature4--,,newman4 ,x is a pity t he has s mu* le>n+1 or t he has n a great deal m4--,,addison4 7#d7 ,z an imp]sonal subject 9 c]ta9 expressions :i* ne$ no o!r subject2 z1-- ,x is f+]-cold1 & prud5t f>m]s get 9 _! b>rel$ apples4--,,?oreau4 ,& :5 ,i awoke1 x ra9$4--,,col]idge4 ,= :5 x dawn$1 !y dropp$ _! arms4--,id4 ,x 0 late & aft] midnight4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 7#e7 ,z an imp]sonal or indef9ite object ( a v]b or a preposition2 z 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- 7a7 ,mi*ael ,paw1 :o lord$ x ov] ! fair regions ( anci5t ,pavonia4--,,irv+4 ,i made up my m9d to foot x4--,,haw?orne4 ,a /urdy lad 444 :o 9 turn tries all ! pr(essions1 :o teams x1 f>ms x1 p$dles x1 keeps a s*ool4--,,em]son4 7b7 ,?y mi/ress leads !e a dog's life ( x4--,,irv+4 ,!re 0 no?+ = x b to return4--,,scott4 ,an editor has only to say respectfully decl9$1 & !re is an end ( x4--,,holmes4 ,poor ,*ri/ian 0 h>d put to x4--,,bunyan4 ,sid5ote3 ,reflexive use ( ! p]sonal pron\ns4 #ic4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns 9 ! objective case are (t5 us$ reflexively2 t is1 ref]r+ to ! same p]son z ! subject ( ! accompany+ v]b4 ,= example1 we use su* expressions z1 ,i f\nd me a good book1 ,he b\ght him a horse1 etc4 ,?is reflexive use ( ! dative-objective is v common 9 spok5 & 9 lit]>y ,engli%4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns are n (t5 us$ reflexively1 h[ev]1 :5 !y are direct objects4 ,?is occurs 9 poetry1 b seldom 9 prose2 z1-- ,n[ ,i lay me d[n to sleep4--,,anon4 ,i set me d[n & sigh4--,,burns4 ,& millions 9 ^? solitudes1 s9ce fir/ ,! flight ( ye>s began1 h laid !m d[n ,9 _! la/ sleep4--,,bryant4 ,,reflexive ,,or ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,compos$ ( ! p]sonal pron\ns ) -self1 -selves4 #id4 ,! ,,reflexive ,,pron\ns1 or ,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal1 z !y are also call$1 are =m$ f ! p]sonal pron\ns by add+ ! ^w self1 & its plural selves4 ,!y are myself1 7ourself71 ourselves1 y\rself1 7?yself71 y\rselves1 himself1 h]self1 itself1 !mselves4 ,( ! two =ms 9 p>5!ses1 ! second is ! old =m ( ! second p]son1 us$ 9 poetry4 ,ourself is us$ to foll[ ! ^w we :5 ?is repres5ts a s+le p]son1 especially 9 ! spee* ( rul]s2 z1-- ,me?9ks he seems no bett] ?an a girl2 ,z girls 7 once1 z we ourself h be54--,,t5nyson4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ^! reflexives4 #ie4 ,! "q might arise1 ,:y are himself & !mselves n hisself & !irselves1 z 9 vulg> ,engli%1 aft] ! analogy ( myself1 ourselves1 etc48 ,! hi/ory ( ^! words %[s !y are made up ( ! dative-objective =ms1 n ! possessive =ms1 ) self4 ,9 ,middle ,engli% ! =ms meself1 !self1 7 *ang$ into ! possessive myself1 ?yself1 & ! o!rs 7 =m$ by analogy ) ^!4 ,himself & !mselves are ! only ones reta9+ a di/9ct objective =m4 ,9 ! =ms y\rself & y\rselves we h ! possessive y\r m>k$ z s+ul> z well z plural4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! reflexives4 #if4 ,!re are ?ree uses ( reflexive pron\ns3-- 7#a7 ,z object ( a v]b or preposition1 & ref]r+ to ! same p]son or ?+ z ! subject2 z 9 ^! s5t5ces f ,em]son3-- ,he :o (f]s himself a c&idate = t cov5ant comes up l an ,olympian4 ,i %\ld hate myself if !n ,i made my o!r fri5ds my asylum4 ,we fill ourselves ) anci5t le>n+4 ,:at d we "k ( nature or ( ourselves8 7#b7 ,to emphasize a n\n or pron\n2 = example1-- ,! great globe itself 444 %all dissolve4--,,%akespe>e4 ,?reats to all2 ,to y y\rself1 to u1 to e "o4--,id4 ,:o w\ld n s+ = ,lycidas6 he knew ,himself to s+1 & build ! l(ty rhyme4--,,milton4 ,,note4--,9 su* s5t5ces ! pron\n is sometimes omitt$1 & ! reflexive modifies ! pron\n und]/ood2 = example1-- ,only itself c inspire :om x w4--,,em]son4 ,my h&s are full ( blossoms pluck$ be=e1 ,held dead )9 !m till myself %all die4--,e4,b4 ,,br[n+4 ,z if x 7 ?yself t's "h1 ,i %r9k ) pa94--,,wordswor?4 7#c7 ,z ! precise equival5t ( a p]sonal pron\n2 z1-- ,"l ,altamont design$ to take 8 son & myself4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,victories t nei!r myself nor my cause always des]v$4--,b4 ,,frankl94 ,= :at else h our =efa!rs & ourselves be5 tax$8--,,l&or4 ,ye>s ago1 ,arcturus & myself met a g5tleman f ,*9a :o knew ! language4--,,?ack]ay4 ,ex]cises on ,p]sonal ,pron\ns4 7a7 ,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ t5 p]sonal pron\ns1 "s ea* ( mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neut]4 7b7 ,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ five p]sonal pron\ns 9 ! possessive1 "s ( !m be+ d\ble possessives4 7c7 ,tell :i* use ea* x has 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,come & trip x z we g1 ,on ! light fanta/ic toe4 #b4 ,infancy con=ms to nobody2 all con=m to x4 #c4 ,x is an ill w9d t bl[s nobody good4 #d4 ,c\rage1 fa!r1 fight x out4 #e4 ,& x grew wondr\s cold4 #f4 ,to "k :at is be/ to d1 & h[ to d x1 is wisdom4 #g4 ,if any ph5om5on rema9s brute & d>k1 x is because ! correspond+ faculty 9 ! obs]v] is n yet active4 #h4 ,b if a man d n speak f )9 ! veil1 :]e ! ^w is "o ) t x tells (1 let him l[ly confess x4 #i4 ,x behoov$ him to keep on good t]ms ) 8 pupils4 #aj4 ,biscuit is ab\t ! be/ ?+ ,i "k2 b x is ! soone/ spoil$2 & "o w\ld l to he> c\nsel on "o po9t1 :y x is t a t\* ( wat] utt]ly ru9s x4 ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree n[ 9 use4 #ig4 ,! int]rogative pron\ns n[ 9 use are :o 7) ! =ms ^: & :om71 :i*1 & :at4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o obsolete4 ,!re is an old ^w1 :e!r1 us$ =m]ly to mean :i* ( two1 b n[ obsolete4 ,examples f ! ,bible3-- ,:e!r ( !m twa9 did ! w ( 8 fa!r8 ,:e!r is great]1 ! gold1 or ! temple8 ,f ,/eele 7eighte5? c5tury73-- ,x may be a "q :e!r ( ^! un=tunate p]sons _h ! great] s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( :o & its =ms4 #ih4 ,! use ( :o1 ) its possessive & objective1 is se5 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- ,:o is %e 9 bloody coronation robes f ,rheims8--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,^: 0 t g5tle voice1 t1 :isp]+ sweet1 ,promis$1 me?\ght1 long days ( bliss s9c]e8--,,b[les4 ,:at do? %e look on8 ,:om do? %e behold8--,,wordswor?4 ,f ^! s5t5ces x w be se5 t int]rogative :o ref]s to p]sons only2 t x is n inflect$ = g5d] or numb]1 b = case alone1 hav+ ?ree =ms2 x is always ?ird p]son1 z x always asks ab\t somebody4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( :i*4 #ii4 ,examples ( ! use ( int]rogative :i*3-- ,:i* ( ^! _h spe$ en\gh to sweep betwe5 ! "q & ! answ]1 & divide ! "o f ! o!r8--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,:i* ( y1 %all we say1 do? love u mo/8--,,%akespe>e4 ,:i* ( !m ! si/]s %all ,i take8--,id4 ,z %[n "h1 :i* is n inflect$ = g5d]1 numb]1 or case2 x ref]s to ei!r p]sons or ?+s2 x is selective1 t is1 picks out "o or m f a numb] ( kn[n p]sons or objects4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( :at4 #ajj4 ,s5t5ces %[+ ! use ( int]rogative :at3-- ,s9ce ,i f ,smaylho'me t[] h be51 ,:at did ?y lady d8--,,scott4 ,:at is s r>e z a day 9 ,june8--,,l[ell4 ,:at w\ld/ ?\ d1 old man8--,,%akespe>e4 ,^! %[ t :at is n inflect$ = case2 t x is always s+ul> & neut]1 ref]r+ to ?+s1 ideas1 actions1 etc41 n to p]sons4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns4 #aja4 ,! foll[+ are all ! int]rogative =ms3-- ,,s+4 ,,& ,,plur4 ,,s+4 ,,& ,,plur4 ,,s+ul> ,nom4 :o8 :i*8 :at8 ,poss4 ^:8 -- -- ,obj4 :om8 :i*8 :at8 ,9 spok5 ,engli%1 :o is us$ z objective in/ead ( :om2 z1 ,:o did y see8 ,:o did he speak to8 ,sid5ote3 ,to tell ! case ( int]rogatives4 #ajb4 ,! int]rogative :o has a sep>ate =m = ea* case1 consequ5tly ! case c be told by ! =m ( ! ^w2 b ! case ( :i* & :at mu/ be det]m9$ exactly z 9 n\ns1--by ! use ( ! words4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,sec4 #ii1 :i* is nom9ative 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 s9ce x is subject ( ! v]b _h2 nom9ative 9 ! second also1 subject ( do? love2 objective 9 ! la/1 be+ ! direct object ( ! v]b %all take4 ,sid5ote3 ,fur!r treatm5t ( :o1 :i* & :at4 #ajc4 ,:o1 :i*1 & :at are also relative pron\ns2 :i* & :at are sometimes adjectives2 :at may be an adv]b 9 "s expressions4 ,!y w be spok5 ( aga9 9 ! prop] places1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( indirect que/ions 7,sec4 #abg74 ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,function ( ! relative pron\n4 #ajd4 ,relative pron\ns diff] f bo? p]sonal & int]rogative pron\ns 9 ref]r+ to an antec$5t1 & also 9 hav+ a conjunctive use4 ,! advantage 9 us+ !m is to unite %ort /atem5ts into long] s5t5ces1 & s to make smoo!r disc\rse4 ,?us we may say1 ,! la/ ( all ! ,b>ds 0 he4 ,^! b>ds sang ( ,bord] *ivalry4 ,or1 x may be %ort5$ into1-- ,! la/ ( all ! ,b>ds 0 he1 ,:o sung ( ,bord] *ivalry4 ,9 ! latt] s5t5ce1 :o evid5tly ref]s to ,b>ds1 :i* is call$ ! antec$5t ( ! relative4 ,sid5ote3 ,! antec$5t4 #aje4 ,! antec$5t ( a pron\n is ! n\n1 pron\n1 or o!r ^w or expression1 = :i* ! pron\n /&s4 ,x usually prec$es ! pron\n4 ,p]sonal pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son may h antec$5ts also1 z !y take ! place usually ( a ^w already us$2 z1-- ,! prie/ ha? 8 fee :o comes & %rives u4--,,l[ell ,9 ?is1 bo? 8 & :o h ! antec$5t prie/4 ,! pron\n :i* may h its antec$5t foll[+1 & ! antec$5t may be a ^w or a gr\p ( words1 z w be %[n 9 ! rem>ks on :i* bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds4 #ajf4 ,relatives may be ,,simple or ,,indef9ite4 ,:5 ! ^w relative is us$1 a simple relative is meant4 ,indef9ite relatives1 & ! indef9ite use ( simple relatives1 w be discuss$ fur!r on4 ,! ,,simple ,,relatives are :o1 :i*1 t1 :at4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o & its =ms4 #ajg4 ,examples ( ! relative :o & its =ms3-- #a4 ,has a man ga9$ any?+ :o has receiv$ a hundr$ favors & r5d]$ none8--,,em]son4 #b4 ,t man is little to be envi$ ^: patriotism w\ld n ga9 =ce ^u ! pla9 ( ,m>a?on4--,,dr ,,johnson4 #c4 ,= h] en*ant+ son1 ,:om univ]sal nature did lam5t4--,,milton4 #d4 ,! nurse came to u1 :o 7 sitt+ 9 an adjo9+ ap>tm5t4--,,?ack]ay4 #e4 ,ye m>9]s ( ,engl&1 ,t gu>d our native seas2 ,^: flag has brav$1 a ?\s& ye>s1 ,! battle & ! breeze6--,,campbell4 #f4 ,! m5 :om m5 respect1 ! wom5 :om wom5 approve1 are ! m5 & wom5 :o bless _! species4--,,p>ton ,sid5ote3 ,:i* & its =ms4 #ajh4 ,examples ( ! relative :i* & its =ms3-- #a4 ,!y _h n _! own lu/]1 b ! look :i* is n ( ! e>?4--,,byron4 #b4 ,! embattl$ portal ar* he pass'd1 ,^: pond]\s grate & massy b> ,_h (t roll'd back ! tide ( w>4--,,scott4 #c4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! dogs :i* /ray ar\nd ! but*] %ops re/ra9 _! appetites4--,,cox4 #d4 ,! orig9 ( language is div9e1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* man's nature1 ) all its capabilities 4441 is a div9e creation4--,w4,d4 ,,:itney4 #e4 7a7 ,?is gradation 444 ought to be kept 9 view2 else ?is description w seem exagg]at$1 :i* x c]ta9ly is n4--,,burke4 7b7 ,! sn[ 0 ?ree in*es deep & /ill fall+1 :i* prev5t$ him f tak+ 8 usual ride4--,,irv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,t4 #aji4 ,examples ( ! relative t3-- #a4 ,! man t ha? no music 9 himself1444 ,is fit = treasons1 /ratagems1 & spoils4 --,,%akespe>e #b4 ,! judge 444 b\ght up all ! pigs t c\ld be _h4--,,lamb #c4 ,nature & books belong to ! eyes t see !m4--,,em]son4 #d4 ,= ! sake ( c\ntry a man is told to yield ev]y?+ t makes ! l& honorable4--,h4,w4 ,,bee*] #e4 ,read]1 t d n pret5d to h leisure = v mu* s*ol>%ip1 y w n be angry ) me = tell+ y4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #f4 ,! ,tree ,igdrasil1 t has its roots d[n 9 ! k+doms ( ,hela & ,dea?1 & ^: b\ghs ov]spread ! highe/ heav56--,,c>lyle4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at4 #aaj4 ,examples ( ! use ( ! relative :at3-- #a4 ,its net to entangle ! enemy seems to be :at x *iefly tru/s to1 & :at x takes mo/ pa9s to r5d] z complete z possible4--,,goldsmi?4 #b4 ,= :at he s\ght bel[ is pass$ above1 ,already done is all t he w\ld d4--,,m>g>et ,,full]4 #c4 ,"s ( our read]s may h se5 9 ,india a cr[d ( cr[s pick+ a sick vulture to dea?1 no bad type ( :at (t5 happ5s 9 t c\ntry4--,,macaulay ,to ! ,tea*]4--,if pupils "w ov] ! above s5t5ces c>efully1 & te/ e rem>k 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 !y w get a mu* bett] und]/&+ ( ! relatives4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o4 #aaa4 ,by read+ c>efully ! s5t5ces 9 ,sec4 #ajg1 ! foll[+ facts w be notic$ ab\t ! relative :o3-- 7#a7 ,x usually ref]s to p]sons3 ?us1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ,sec4 #ajg1 a man444:o2 9 ! second1 t man444^:2 9 ! ?ird1 son1 :om2 & s on4 7#b7 ,x has ?ree case =ms1--:o1 ^:1 :om4 7#c7 ,! =ms d n *ange = p]son or numb] ( ! antec$5t4 ,9 s5t5ce #d1 :o is fir/ p]son2 9 #e1 ^: is second p]son2 ! o!rs are all ?ird p]son4 ,9 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ! relatives are s+ul>2 9 #d1 #e1 & #f1 !y are plural4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o ref]r+ to animals4 #aab4 ,?\gh 9 mo/ cases :o ref]s to p]sons !re are in/ances f\nd :]e x ref]s to animals4 ,x has be5 se5 7,sec4 #bd7 t animals are ref]r$ to by p]sonal pron\ns :5 _! *>act]i/ics or habits are su* z to r5d] !m important or int]e/+ to man4 ,probably on ! same pr9ciple ! p]sonal relative :o is us$ n infrequ5tly 9 lit]ature1 ref]r+ to animals4 ,witness ! foll[+ examples3-- ,& y1 w>m little h\sekeep] ! cricket1 :o class ,) ^? :o ?9k ! c&les come too soon4--,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,! rob9s444h succe$$ 9 driv+ (f ! bluejays :o us$ to build 9 our p9es4--,,l[ell4 ,! little gorilla1 ^: w\nd ,i _h dress$1 flung its arms ar\nd my neck4--,,?ack]ay4 ,a lake frequ5t$ by e f[l :om ,nature has taught to dip ! w+ 9 wat]4--,,dr4 ,,johnson4 ,:ile we _h su* pl5ty ( dome/ic insects :o inf9itely excell$ ! =m]1 because !y und]/ood h[ to weave z well z to sp94--,,swift4 ,my horse1 :o1 "u 8 =m] rid] _h hunt$ ! buffalo1 seem$ z mu* excit$ z myself4--,,irv+4 ,o!r examples might be quot$ f ,burke1 ,k+sley1 ,smollett1 ,scott1 ,coop]1 ,gibbon1 & o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i*4 #aac4 ,! s5t5ces 9 ,sec4 #ajh %[ t-- 7#a7 ,:i* ref]s to animals1 ?+s1 or ideas1 n p]sons4 7#b7 ,x is n inflect$ = g5d] or numb]4 7#c7 ,x is ne>ly always ?ird p]son1 r>ely second 7an example ( its use z second p]son is giv5 9 s5t5ce #cb1 p4 #if74 7#d7 ,x has two case =ms1--:i* = ! nom9ative & objective1 ^: = ! possessive4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( ^:1 possessive case ( :i*4 #aad4 ,gramm>ians sometimes object to ! /atem5t t ^: is ! possessive ( :i*1 say+ t ! phrase ( :i* %\ld always be us$ in/ead2 yet a se>* 9 lit]ature %[s t ! possessive =m ^: is q common 9 prose z well z 9 poetry3 = example1-- ,i swept ! horizon1 & saw at "o glance ! glori\s elevations1 on ^: tops ! sun k9dl$ all ! melodies & h>monies ( light4--,,bee*]4 ,m5 may be ready to fight to ! dea?1 & to p]secute )\t pity1 = a religion ^: cre$ !y d n und]/&1 & ^: precepts !y habitually disobey4--,,macaulay ,b5ea? ^! sluggi% waves lay ! once pr\d cities ( ! pla91 ^: grave 0 dug by ! ?und] ( ! heav5s4--,,scott4 ,_m great & opul5t cities ^: population n[ exce$s t ( ,virg9ia dur+ ! ,revolution1 & ^: names are spok5 9 ! remote/ corn] ( ! civiliz$ _w4--,,mcma/]4 ,?r\gh ! heavy door ^: bronze network closes ! place ( 8 re/1 let u ent] ! *ur* itself4--,,rusk94 ,?is moribund '#fa1 ^: c>e] ( life is j com+ to its t]m9us4--,,?ack]ay4 ,s 9 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,k+sley1 ,burke1 & num]\s o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* & its antec$5ts4 #aae4 ,! la/ two s5t5ces 9 ,sec4 #ajh %[ t :i* may h o!r antec$5ts ?an n\ns & pron\ns4 ,9 #e 7a7 !re is a p>ticipial adjective us$ z ! antec$5t2 9 #e 7b7 !re is a complete clause employ$ z antec$5t4 ,?is (t5 occurs4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! antec$5t foll[s :i*2 ?us1-- ,&1 :i* is worse1 all y h done ,ha? be5 b = a wayw>d son4 --,,%akespe>e4 ,prim>ily1 :i* is v notable & curi\s1 ,i obs]ve t m5 ( bus9ess r>ely "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w ri*4--,,rusk94 ,i demurr$ to ?is honor>y title ^u two gr\nds1--fir/1 z be+ "o t[>d :i* ,i _h no natural aptitudes or pr$ispos+ advantages2 secondly 7:i* made h] />e71 z c>ry+ ) x no real or enviable di/9ction4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,sid5ote3 ,t4 #aaf4 ,9 ! s5t5ces ( ,sec4 #aji1 we notice t-- 7#a7 ,t ref]s to p]sons1 animals1 & ?+s4 7#b7 ,x has only "o case =m1 no possessive4 7#c7 ,x is ! same =m = fir/1 second1 & ?ird p]sons4 7#d7 ,x has ! same =m = s+ul> & plural4 ,x sometimes borr[s ! possessive ^:1 z 9 s5t5ce #f1 ,sec4 #aji1 b ?is is n sanction$ z good usage4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at4 #aag4 ,! s5t5ces ( ,sec4 #aaj %[ t-- 7#a7 ,:at always ref]s to ?+s2 is always neut]4 7#b7 ,x is us$ almo/ entirely 9 ! s+ul>4 #a4 ,! man t ha? no music 9 himself1444 ,is fit = treasons1 /ratagems1 & spoils4 --,,%akespe>e 7#c7 ,its antec$5t is h>dly ev] express$4 ,:5 express$1 x usually foll[s1 & is emphatic2 z1 = example1-- ,:at ,i w\ld1 t d ,i n2 b :at ,i hate1 t d ,i4--,bible ,:at fates impose1 t m5 mu/ ne$s abide4--,,%akespe>e4 ,:at a man does1 t he has4--,,em]son4 ,comp>e ?is3-- ,alas6 is x n too true1 :at we said8--,,c>lyle4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 #aah4 ,^! are ! =ms ( ! simple relatives3-- ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural4 ,nom4 :o :i* t :at ,poss4 ^: ^: -- -- ,obj4 :om :i* t :at ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,relatives4 #aai4 ,! g5d]1 numb]1 & p]son ( ! relatives :o1 :i*1 & t mu/ be det]m9$ by ^? ( ! antec$5t2 ! case dep5ds ^u ! function ( ! relative 9 its own clause4 ,= example1 consid] ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,he utt]$ tru?s t wr\ght ^u & mold$ ! lives ( ^? :o he>d him4 ,s9ce ! relatives hold ! s5t5ce toge!r1 we c1 by tak+ !m out1 let ! s5t5ce fall ap>t into ?ree divisions3 7#a7 ,he utt]$ tru?s2 7#b7 ,! tru?s wr\ght ^u & mold$ ! lives ( ! p2 7#c7 ,^! p he>d him4 ,t evid5tly ref]s to tru?s1 consequ5tly is neut]1 ?ird p]son1 plural numb]4 ,:o pla9ly /&s = ^? or ! p1 ei!r ( :i* w\ld be neut]1 ?ird p]son1 plural numb]4 ,"h ! relative agrees ) its antec$5t4 ,we _c say ! relative agrees ) its antec$5t 9 case4 ,tru?s 9 s5t5ce 7#b71 above1 is subject ( wr\ght ^u & mold$2 9 7#a71 x is object ( utt]$4 ,9 7#b71 p is ! object ( ! preposition (2 9 7#c71 x is subject ( ! v]b he>d4 ,n[1 t takes ! case ( ! tru?s 9 7#b71 n ( tru?s :i* is express$ 9 ! s5t5ce3 consequ5tly t is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,9 ! same way :o1 /&+ = ! p und]/ood1 subject ( he>d1 is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,ex]cise4 ,fir/ f9d ! antec$5ts1 !n p>se ! relatives1 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,h[ sup]ior x is 9 ^! respects to ! pe>1 ^: blossoms are nei!r color$ nor fragrant6 #b4 ,"s gn>ly apple :i* ,i pick up 9 ! road rem9ds me by its fragrance ( all ! weal? ( ,pomona4 #c4 ,p]haps ,i talk ) "o :o is select+ "s *oice b>rels = fill+ an ord]4 #d4 ,ill bl[s ! w9d t pr(its nobody4 #e4 ,alas6 x is we ourselves t are gett+ buri$ alive "u ?is avalan*e ( e>?ly imp]t95ces4 #f4 ,?is me?od also =ces ^u u ! necessity ( ?9k+1 :i* is1 aft] all1 ! highe/ result ( all education4 #g4 ,i "k t !re are _m excell5t p :o object to ! read+ ( novels z a wa/e ( "t4 #h4 ,i ?9k !y are try+ to outwit nature1 :o is sure to be cunn+] ?an !y4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>s+ :at1 ! simple relative4 #abj4 ,! relative :at is h&l$ diff]5tly1 because x has usually no antec$5t1 b is s+ul>1 neut]1 ?ird p]son4 ,its case is det]m9$ exactly z t ( o!r relatives4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,:at c't be cur$ mu/ be endur$1 ! v]b mu/ be endur$ is ! pr$icate ( some?+4 ,:at mu/ be endur$8 ,answ]1 ,:at c't be cur$4 ,! :ole expression is its subject4 ,! ^w :at1 h[ev]1 is subject ( ! v]b c't be cur$1 & h5ce is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,:at we call nature is a c]ta9 self-regulat$ motion or *ange4 ,"h ! subject ( is1 etc41 is :at we call nature2 b ( ?is1 we is ! subject1 & :at is ! direct object ( ! v]b call1 s is 9 ! objective case4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r way4 ,"s pref] ano!r me?od ( treatm5t4 ,z %[n by ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 :at is equival5t to t :i*3-- ,x has be5 said t common s\ls pay ) :at !y d1 nobl] s\ls ) t :i* !y are4--,,em]son4 ,t :i* is pleasant (t5 appe>s "u ! "n ( evil2 & :at is disagreeable to nature is call$ good & virtu\s4--,,burke4 ,h5ce "s take :at z a d\ble relative1 & p>se t 9 ! fir/ clause1 & :i* 9 ! second clause2 t is1 common s\ls pay ) t s+ul>1 object ( ) :i* s+ul>1 object ( d !y d4 ,,indef9ite ,,relatives4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ & examples4 #aba4 ,,indef9ite ,,relatives are1 by mean+ & use1 n z direct z ! simple relatives4 ,!y are :oev]1 :i*ev]1 :atev]1 :atsoev]2 less common are :oso1 :osoev]1 :i*soev]1 :atsoev]4 ,! simple relatives :o1 :i*1 & :at may also be us$ z indef9ite relatives4 ,examples ( indef9ite relatives 7f ,em]son73-- #a4 ,:oev] has flatt]$ 8 fri5d successfully mu/ at once ?9k himself a knave1 & 8 fri5d a fool4 #b4 ,x is no pro( ( a man's und]/&+1 to be able to affirm :atev] he pleases4 #c4 ,!y sit 9 a *air or sprawl ) *ildr5 on ! floor1 or /& on _! head1 or :at else soev]1 9 a new & orig9al way4 #d4 ,:oso is h]oic w always f9d crises to try 8 edge4 #e4 ,only itself c inspire :om x w4 #f4 ,god (f]s to e m9d its *oice betwe5 tru? & repose4 ,take :i* y please1--y _c h bo?4 #g4 ,d :at we c1 summ] w h its flies4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ & use4 #abb4 ,! fitness ( ! t]m indef9ite "h _c be %[n bett] ?an by exam9+ ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,!re is some?+ s ov]rul+ 9 :atev] inspires u ) awe1 9 all ?+s :i* belong ev] s remotely to t]ror1 t no?+ else c /& 9 _! pres5ce4--,,burke4 #b4 ,dea? is !re associat$1 n ) ev]y?+ t is mo/ ende>+ 9 social & dome/ic *>ities1 b ) :atev] is d>ke/ 9 human nature & 9 human de/9y4--,,macaulay4 ,x is cle> t 9 #a1 :atev] is equival5t to all ?+s :i*1 & 9 #b1 to ev]y?+ t2 no c]ta9 antec$5t1 no p>ticul> ?+1 be+ ref]r$ to4 ,s ) ! o!r indef9ites4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at simple relative & :at indef9ite relative4 #abc4 ,! above helps u to discrim9ate betwe5 :at z a simple & :at z an indef9ite relative4 ,z %[n 9 ,sec4 #abj1 ! simple relative :at is equival5t to t :i* or ! ?+ :i*1--"s p>ticul> ?+2 z %[n by ! la/ s5t5ce 9 ,sec4 #aba1 :at means any?+ t1 ev]y?+ t 7or ev]y?+ :i*74 ,! diff]5ce mu/ be se5 by ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce1 z :at h>dly ev] has an antec$5t4 ,! examples 9 s5t5ces #e & #f1 ,sec4 #aba1 %[ t :o & :i* h no antec$5t express$1 b mean any "o :om1 ei!r "o t1 etc4 ,,o!r ,,words ,,us$ ,,z ,,relatives4 ,sid5ote3 ,b & z4 #abd4 ,two words1 b & z1 are us$ ) ! =ce ( relative pron\ns 9 "s expressions2 = example1-- #a4 ,!re is n a leaf rott+ on ! highway b has =ce 9 x3 h[ else c\ld x rot8--,,c>lyle4 #b4 ,?is1 among/ su* o!r tr\bles z mo/ m5 meet ) 9 ?is life1 has be5 my heavie/ affliction4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,sid5ote3 ,pro( t !y h ! =ce ( relatives4 ,comp>e ) ^! ! two foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #c4 ,!re is no?+ b is relat$ to u1 no?+ t does n int]e/ u4--,,em]son4 #d4 ,!re 7 articles ( com=t & luxury su* z ,he/] nev] ceas$ to use1 b :i* only weal? c\ld h pur*as$4--,,haw?orne4 ,s5t5ce #c %[s t b is equival5t to ! relative t ) n1 & t z aft] su* is equival5t to :i*4 ,= z aft] same see ,syntax 7,sec4 #dag74 ,sid5ote3 ,=m] use ( z4 #abe4 ,9 e>ly mod]n ,engli%1 z 0 us$ j z we use t or :i*1 n foll[+ ! ^w su*2 ?us1-- ,i h n f y\r eyes t g5tl5ess ,& %[ ( love z ,i 0 wont to h4--,,%akespe>e ,?is /ill survives 9 vulg> ,engli% 9 ,engl&2 = example1-- ,don't y m9d ,lucy ,passmore1 z *>m$ y\r w>ts = y :5 y 0 a boy8 --,,k+sley ,?is is frequ5tly illu/rat$ 9 ,dick5s's works4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r sub/itutes4 #abf4 ,in/ead ( ! phrases 9 :i*1 ^u :i*1 by :i*1 etc41 ! conjunctions :]e91 :]eupon1 :]eby1 etc41 are us$4 ,a man is ! facade ( a temple :]e9 all wisdom & good abide4--,,em]son4 ,! sov]eignty ( ?is nature :]e( we speak4--,id4 ,! de> home faces :]eupon ,t fitful firelight pal$ & %one4--,,:itti]4 ,,pron\ns ,,9 ,,indirect ,,que/ions4 ,sid5ote3 ,special caution ne$$ "h4 #abg4 ,x is sometimes h>d = ! /ud5t to tell a relative f an int]rogative pron\n4 ,9 ! regul> direct "q ! int]rogative is easily recogniz$2 s is ! relative :5 an antec$5t is close by4 ,b comp>e ! foll[+ 9 pairs3-- #a4 7a7 ,l a g5tleman ( leisure :o is /roll+ out = pleasure4 7b7 ,well we knew :o /ood beh9d1 ?\gh ! e>?work hid !m4 #b4 7a7 ,b :at y ga9 9 "t is p]haps lo/ 9 p[]4 7b7 ,b :at _h become ( !m !y knew n4 #c4 7a7 ,^! are ! l9es :i* heav5-comm&$ ,toil %[s on 8 de$4 7b7 ,& s9ce t "t ,i ?\ght x n amiss ,to judge :i* 7 ! be/ ( all ^! ?ree4 ,9 s5t5ces #a 7a71 #b 7a7 & #c 7a7 ! regul> relative use is se52 :o hav+ ! antec$5t g5tleman1 :at hav+ ! d\ble use ( pron\n & antec$5t1 :i* hav+ ! antec$5t l9es4 ,b 9 #a 7b71 #b 7b71 & #c 7b71 !re are two po9ts ( diff]5ce f ! o!rs consid]$3 fir/1 no antec$5t is express$1 :i* w\ld indicate t !y are n relatives2 second1 a "q is disguis$ 9 ea* s5t5ce1 al?\gh ea* s5t5ce z a :ole is decl>ative 9 =m4 ,?us1 #a 7b71 if exp&$1 w\ld be1 ,:o /ood beh9d8 ,we knew1 etc41 %[+ t :o is pla9ly int]rogative4 ,s 9 #b 7b71 :at is int]rogative1 ! full expression be+1 ,b :at _h become ( !m8 ,!y knew n4 ,likewise ) :i* 9 #c 7b74 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to decide4 ,9 /udy+ su* s5t5ces1 7#a7 see :e!r !re is an antec$5t ( :o or :i*1 & :e!r :at t :i* 7if s1 x is a simple relative2 if n1 x is ei!r an indef9ite relative or an int]rogative pron\n72 7#b7 see if ! pron\n introduces an indirect "q 7if x does1 x is an int]rogative2 if n1 x is an indef9ite relative74 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r caution4 #abh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to see :e!r ! pron\n is ! ^w t really asks ! "q 9 an int]rogative s5t5ce4 ,exam9e ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,sweet rose6 :5ce is ?is hue ,:i* do? all hues excel8 --,,drummond #b4 ,& !n :at wond]s %all y d ,^: dawn+ beauty w>ms u s8 --,,walk] #c4 ,is ?is a romance8 ,or is x a fai?ful picture ( :at has lately be5 9 a neighbor+ l&8--,,macaulay ,^! are int]rogative s5t5ces1 b 9 none ( !m does ! pron\n ask ! "q4 ,9 ! fir/1 :5ce is ! int]rogative ^w1 :i* has ! antec$5t hue4 ,9 ! second1 ^: has ! antec$5t y1 & asks no "q4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ! "q is ask$ by ! v]b4 ,,omission ,,( ,,! ,,relatives4 ,sid5ote3 ,relative omitt$ :5 object4 #abi4 ,! relative is frequ5tly omitt$ 9 spok5 & 9 lit]>y ,engli% :5 x w\ld be ! object ( a preposition or a v]b4 ,h>dly a writ] c be f\nd :o does n leave out relatives 9 ?is way :5 !y c be readily suppli$ 9 ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,?us1-- ,^! are ! s\nds we fe$ ^u4--,,flet*]4 ,i visit$ _m o!r ap>tm5ts1 b %all n tr\ble my read] ) all ! curiosities ,i obs]v$4--,,swift4 ,ex]cise4 ,put 9 ! relatives :o1 :i*1 or t :]e !y are omitt$ f ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & see :e!r ! s5t5ces are any smoo!r or cle>]3-- #a4 ,! insect ,i am n[ describ+ liv$ ?ree ye>s1--,,goldsmi?4 #b4 ,!y w g to ,sunday s*ools ?r\gh /orms _! bro!rs are afraid (4--,,holmes4 #c4 ,he op5$ ! volume he fir/ took f ! %elf4--,g4 ,,eliot4 #d4 ,he c\ld give ! coals 9 t que] coal scuttle we read ( to 8 poor neighbor4--,,?ack]ay4 #e4 ,:5 ,goldsmi? di$1 half ! unpaid bill he ow$ to ,mr4 ,william ,filby 0 = clo!s suppli$ to 8 nephew4--,,=/] #f4 ,! ?+ ,i want to see is n ,r$book ,li/s1 & ,c\rt ,cal5d>s1 b ! life ( man 9 ,engl&4--,,c>lyle4 #g4 ,! mat]ial !y _h to "w ^u 0 already democratical by in/9ct & habitude4--,,l[ell4 ,sid5ote3 ,relative omitt$ :5 subject4 #acj4 ,we (t5 he> 9 spok5 ,engli% expressions l ^!3-- ,!re isn't "o "h kn[s h[ to play ball4 ,!re 0 su* a cr[d w5t1 ! h\se 0 full4 ,"h ! omitt$ relative w\ld be 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,also 9 lit]>y ,engli% we f9d ! same omission4 ,x is r>e 9 prose1 & comp>atively s 9 poetry4 ,examples are1-- ,! sil5t tru? t x 0 %e 0 sup]ior4--,,?ack]ay ,i h a m9d presages me su* ?rift4--,,%akespe>e4 ,!re is a nun 9 ,dryburgh b[]1 ,ne'er looks ^u ! sun4 --,,scott4 ,& y may ga!r g>l&s !re ,w\ld grace a summ] que54 ,id4 ',tis di/ance l5ds en*antm5t to ! view4--,,campbell4 ,ex]cises on ! ,relative ,pron\n4 7a7 ,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ t5 in/ances ( ! relatives :o1 :i*1 t1 & :at4 7b7 ,br+ up s5t5ces hav+ five indef9ite relatives4 7c7 ,br+ up five s5t5ces hav+ indirect que/ions introduc$ by pron\ns4 7d7 ,tell :e!r ! pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ are int]rogatives1 simple relatives1 or indef9ite relatives3-- #a4 ,he u%]$ him into "o ( ! :]ries :i* lay ready to att5d ! ,que5's b>ge1 :i* 0 already proce$+4 #b4 ,! nobles look$ at ea* o!r1 b m ) ! purpose to see :at ea* ?\ght ( ! news1 ?an to ex*ange any rem>ks on :at _h happ5$4 #c4 ,graci\s ,heav56 :o 0 ?is t knew ! ^w8 #d4 ,x ne$$ to be asc]ta9$ :i* 0 ! /ronge/ k9d ( m52 :o 7 to be rul]s ov] :om4 #e4 ,he w5t on speak+ to :o w\ld li/5 to him4 #f4 ,:at kept me sil5t 0 ! ?\ght ( my "m4 ,,adjective ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,function ( adjective pron\ns4 #aca4 ,mo/ ( ! words h[ to be consid]$ are capable ( a d\ble use1--!y may be pure modifi]s ( n\ns1 or !y may /& = n\ns4 ,9 ! fir/ use !y are adjectives2 9 ! second !y reta9 an adjective mean+1 b h lo/ _! adjective use4 ,prim>ily !y are adjectives1 b 9 ?is function1 or use1 !y are prop]ly class$ z adjective pron\ns4 ,! foll[+ are "s examples ( ^!3-- ,"s say t ! place 0 bewit*$4--,,irv+4 ,t my/]i\s realm :]e ea* %all take ,8 *amb] 9 ! sil5t halls ( dea?4 --,,bryant4 ,h[ happy is he born or taught ,t s]ve? n ano!r's w4 --,,wotton ,t is m ?an any m>tyr c /&4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 ,sid5ote3 ,adjectives1 n pron\ns4 ,h5ce ^! words are l adjectives us$ z n\ns1 :i* we h se5 9 su* expressions z1 ,! dead are !re2 t is1 a ^w1 9 ord] to be an adjective pron\n1 mu/ n modify any ^w1 express$ or und]/ood4 ,x mu/ come "u ! requirem5t ( pron\ns1 & /& = a n\n4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces--,! cubes are ( /a9less ivory1 & on ea* is writt51 9 lett]s ( gold1 ',tru?2' ,y ne$s mu/ play su* pranks z ^!2 ,!y w always h "o bank to sun !mselves ^u1 & ano!r to get cool "u2 ,:]e two m5 ride on a horse1 "o mu/ ride beh9d--! words italiciz$ modify n\ns und]/ood1 necess>ily ?\ght (3 ?us1 9 ! fir/1 ea* cube2 9 ! second1 ^! pranks1 9 ! o!rs1 ano!r bank1 "o man4 ,sid5ote3 ,classes ( adjective pron\ns4 #acb4 ,adjective pron\ns are divid$ into ?ree classes3-- 7#a7 ,,demon/rative ,,pron\ns1 su* z ?is1 t1 ! =m]1 etc4 7#b7 ,,di/ributive ,,pron\ns1 su* z ea*1 ei!r1 nei!r1 etc4 7#c7 ,,num]al ,,pron\ns1 z "s1 any1 few1 _m1 none1 all1 etc4 ,,demon/rative ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition & examples4 #acc4 ,a ,,demon/rative ,,pron\n is "o t def9itely po9ts out :at p]sons or ?+s are allud$ to 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! p]son or ?+ allud$ to by ! demon/rative may be 9 ano!r s5t5ce1 or may be ! :ole ( a s5t5ce4 ,= example1 ,be t z x may c\ld ref] to a s5tim5t 9 a s5t5ce1 or an argum5t 9 a p>agraph2 b ! demon/rative cle>ly po9ts to t ?+4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( demon/ratives3-- ,i did n say ?is 9 s _m words4 ,all ^! he saw2 b :at he fa9 _h se5 ,he c\ld n see4 ,beyond t ,i seek n to p5etrate ! veil4 ,h[ mu* we =give 9 ^? :o yield u ! r>e spectacle ( h]oic mann]s6 ,! correspond5ce ( ,bonap>te ) 8 bro!r ,joseph1 :5 ! latt] 0 ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,su* are a few isolat$ in/ances1 accid5tally pres]v$4 ,ev5 z ,i h se51 !y t pl[ iniquity1 & s[ wick$ness1 reap ! same4 ,!y "k t patriotism has its glori\s opportunities & its sacr$ duties4 ,!y h n %unn$ ! "o1 & !y h well p]=m$ ! o!r4 ,,note4--,x w be notic$ 9 ! fir/ f\r s5t5ces t ?is & t are inflect$ = numb]4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,f9d six s5t5ces us+ demon/rative adjective pron\ns4 7b7 ,9 :i* ( ! foll[+ is ^! a pron\n8-- #a4 ,=m]ly ! duty ( a libr>ian 0 to keep p z mu* z possible f ! books1 & to h& ^! ov] to 8 successor z little worn z he c\ld4--,,l[ell4 #b4 ,!y _h few] books1 b ^! 7 ( ! be/4--,id4 #c4 ,a man inspires affection & honor1 because he 0 n ly+ 9 wait = ^!4--,,em]son #d4 ,s\ls su* z ^! treat y z gods w\ld4--,id4 #e4 ,^! are ! fir/ m\nta9s t broke ! uni=m level ( ! e>?'s surface4--,,agassiz ,,di/ributive ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition & examples4 #acd4 ,! ,,di/ributive ,,pron\ns are ^? :i* /& = ! names ( p]sons or ?+s consid]$ s+ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,simple4 ,"s ( ^! are simple pron\ns2 = example1-- ,!y /ood1 or sat1 or recl9$1 z seem$ good to ea*4 ,z two yoke devils sworn to o!r's purpose4 ,_! m9ds accord$ into "o /ra91 & made delightful music :i* nei!r c\ld h claim$ z all 8 own4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp\nd4 ,two are comp\nd pron\ns1--ea* o!r1 "o ano!r4 ,!y may be sep>at$ into two adjective pron\ns2 z1 ,we violat$ our rev]5ce ea* = ! o!r's s\l4 --,,haw?orne4 ,m frequ5tly !y are consid]$ z "o pron\n4 ,!y l$ "o ano!r1 z x 71 into a high pavilion ( _! ?\ghts4--,,haw?orne4 ,m5 take ea* o!r's measure :5 !y react4--,,em]son4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces conta9+ ?ree di/ributive pron\ns4 ,,num]al ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition & examples4 #ace4 ,! ,,num]al ,,pron\ns are ^? :i* /& = an unc]ta9 numb] or quantity ( p]sons or ?+s4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces conta9 num]al pron\ns3-- ,tru/+ too mu* to o!rs' c>e is ! ru9 ( _m4 ',tis ( no importance h[ l>ge 8 h\se1 y quickly come to ! end ( all4 ,ano!r opposes him ) s\nd argum5t4 ,x is z if "o %\ld be s en?usia/ic a lov] ( poetry z to c>e no?+ = ,hom] or ,milton4 ,!re 7 pl5ty m = him to fall 9 company )1 z "s ( ! rang]s _h gone a/ray4 ,! ,soldan1 imbu$1 z mo/ 71 ) ! sup]/itions ( 8 "t1 paus$ ov] a horoscope4 ,if ^? taxes 7 ! only ones we _h to pay1 we might ! m easily dis*>ge !m4 ,mu* might be said on bo? sides4 ,if h& ( m9e ano!r's task has light5$4 ,x felt ! guidance t x does n claim4 ,s p]i% all ^: brea/ ne'er le>n$ to gl[ ,= o!rs' good1 or melt = o!rs' woe4 ,none %all rule b ! humble4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s inflect$4 ,x w be notic$ t "s ( ^! are inflect$ = case & numb]2 su* z "o o!r1 ano!r4 ,! ^w "o has a reflexive =m2 = example1-- ,sid5ote3 ,"o reflexive4 ,! be/ way to puni% oneself = do+ ill seems to me to g & d good4--,,k+sley4 ,! l9es s\nd s prettily to "o's self4 ,,holmes4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces conta9+ t5 num]al pron\ns4 ,,indef9ite ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition & examples4 #acf4 ,indef9ite pron\ns are words :i* /& = an indef9ite numb] or quantity ( p]sons or ?+s2 b1 unlike adjective pron\ns1 !y are nev] us$ z adjectives4 ,mo/ ( !m are comp\nds ( two or m words3-- ,sid5ote3 ,li/4 ,somebody1 "s "o1 some?+2 anybody1 any "o 7or anyone71 any?+2 ev]ybody1 e "o 7or ev]yone71 ev]y?+2 nobody1 no "o1 no?+2 somebody else1 anyone else1 ev]ybody else1 e "o else1 etc42 also aught1 naught2 & some:at1 :at1 & !y4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces conta9 indef9ite pron\ns3-- ,z he _h !m ( all hues1 he hop$ to fit ev]ybody's fancy4 ,e "o kn[s h[ labori\s ! usual me?od is ( atta9+ to arts & sci5ces4 ,no?+ %$s m honor on our e>ly hi/ory ?an ! impression :i* ^! measures ev]y:]e produc$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,let u also p]=m some?+ wor?y to be rememb]$4 ,william ( ,orange 0 m ?an any?+ else a religi\s man4 ,fr$]ick 0 disc]n$ to be a pur*as] ( ev]y?+ t nobody else w\ld buy4 ,^! o!r s\ls draw me z no?+ else c4 ,! g5ius t creat$ x n[ creates some:at else4 ,e "o else /ood /ill at 8 po/4 ,t is p]fectly true3 ,i did n want anybody else's au?ority to write z ,i did4 ,!y indef9ite means p 9 g5]al2 z1-- ,at lov]s' p]juries1 !y say1 ,jove laughs4--,,%akespe>e4 ,:at indef9ite is us$ 9 ! expression ,i tell y :at4 ,x means some?+1 & 0 indef9ite 9 ,old ,engli%4 ,n[1 9 build+ ( *aises1 ,i tell y :at1 ,!re is always some:]e a weake/ spot4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) six indef9ite pron\ns4 #acg4 ,"s indef9ite pron\ns are inflect$ = case1 z %[n 9 ! words ev]ybody's1 anybody else's1 etc4 ,see also ,syntax 7,sec4 #dbf7 z to ! possessive case ( ! =ms ) else4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,a rem9d]4 #ach4 ,9 p>s+ pron\ns ! /ud5t w ne$ p>ticul>ly to gu>d aga9/ ! mi/ake ( p>s+ words accord+ to =m in/ead ( accord+ to function or use4 ,ex]cise4 ,p>se 9 full ! pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,%e c\ld n help laugh+ at ! vile ,engli% into :i* !y 7 translat$4 #b4 ,our read]s probably rememb] :at ,mrs4 ,hut*9son tells u ( h]self4 #c4 ,:oev] deals ) ,m4 de ,witt mu/ g ! pla9 way t he pret5ds to1 9 8 negotiations4 #d4 ,"s ( !m f :om no?+ 0 to be got1 7 suff]$ to dep>t2 b ^? f :om x 0 ?\ght t any?+ c\ld be extort$ 7 treat$ ) execrable cruelty4 #e4 ,all 0 n[ ready = action4 #f4 ,sc>cely _h ! mut9y brok5 up :5 he 0 himself aga94 #g4 ,he came back det]m9$ to put ev]y?+ to ! haz>d4 #h4 ,no?+ is m cle> ?an t a g5]al ought to be ! s]vant ( 8 gov]nm5t1 & ( no o!r4 #i4 ,o!rs did ! same ?+1 b n to q s enorm\s an ext5t4 #aj4 ,on rea*+ ! approa* to ?is ab\t sunset ( a beautiful ev5+ 9 ,june1 ,i fir/ f\nd myself among ! m\nta9s1--a feature ( natural sc5]y = :i*1 f my e>lie/ days1 x 0 n extravagant to say t ,i hung]$ & ?ir/$4 #aa4 ,i speak ( t "p :i* *iefly x is t ,i "k4 #ab4 ,a small] sum ,i _h giv5 to my fri5d ! attorney 7:o 0 connect$ ) ! money l5d]s z _! lawy]71 to :i*1 inde$1 he 0 entitl$ = 8 unfurni%$ lodg+s4 #ac4 ,:atev] p[] ! law gave !m w\ld be en=c$ aga9/ me to ! utmo/4 #ad4 ,o ?\ t rolle/ above1 r\nd z ! %ield ( my fa!rs6 #ae4 ,b !re are m ?an y ev] he>d ( :o die ( grief 9 ?is isl& ( ours4 #af4 ,b among/ !mselves is no voice nor s\nd4 #ag4 ,= ?is did ,god s5d h] a great rew>d4 #ah4 ,! table 0 good2 b t 0 exactly :at ,kate c>$ little ab\t4 #ai4 ,:o & :at 0 ,milton8 ,t is to say1 :at is ! place :i* he fills 9 8 own v]nacul> lit]ature8 #bj4 ,^! hopes are m9e z mu* z !irs4 #ba4 ,:at else am ,i :o laugh$ or wept ye/]day1 :o slept la/ night l a corpse8 #bb4 ,i :o alone am1 ,i :o see no?+ 9 nature ^: exi/5ce ,i c affirm ) equal evid5ce to my own1 behold n[ ! semblance ( my be+1 9 all its height1 v>iety1 & curiosity reit]at$ 9 a =eign =m4 #bc4 ,:at h& b w\ld a g>l& cull ,= !e :o art s beautiful8 #bd4 ,& ,i _h done a helli% ?+1 ,& x w\ld "w 'em woe4 #be4 ,:atev] he kn[s & ?9ks1 :atev] 9 8 appreh5sion is wor? do+1 t let him communicate4 #bf4 ,rip ,van ,w9kle 0 "o ( ^? fooli%1 well-oil$ dispositions1 :o take ! _w easy1 eat :ite bread or br[n1 :i*ev] c be got ) lea/ ?\ght or tr\ble4 #bg4 ,& w y\r "m pity me1 ,:o am a maid5 mo/ =lorn8 #bh4 ,!y "k n ,i knew !e1 ,:o knew !e too well4 #bi4 ,i did rem9d !e ( our own de> ,lake1 ,by ! old ,hall :i* may be m9e no m4 #cj4 ,he sate him d[n1 & seiz$ a p51 & trac$ ,words :i* ,i c\ld n guess (4 #ca4 ,"t writes no wr9kle on ?9e azure br[3 ,su* z creation's dawn beheld1 ?\ rolle/ n[4 #cb4 ,wild ,_s :i* art mov+ ev]y:]e2 ,de/roy] & pres]v]2 he>1 oh1 he>6 #cc4 ,a smile ( h]s 0 l an act ( grace4 #cd4 ,no man c le>n :at he has n prep>ation = le>n+4 #ce4 ,:at c we see or acquire b :at we are8 #cf4 ,he tea*es :o gives1 & he le>ns :o receives4 #cg4 ,we are by nature obs]v]s2 t is our p]man5t /ate4 #ch4 ,he knew n :at to d1 & s he read4 #ci4 ,:o he>s me1 :o und]/&s me1 becomes m9e4 #dj4 ,! m5 :o c>ry _! po9ts d n ne$ to inquire ( _! con/itu5ts :at !y %\ld say4 #da4 ,high] natures ov]p[] l[] ones by affect+ !m ) a c]ta9 sleep4 #db4 ,^? :o live to ! future mu/ always appe> selfi% to ^? :o live to ! pres5t4 #dc4 ,i am sorry :5 my indep5d5ce is invad$ or :5 a gift comes f su* z d n "k my _s4 #dd4 ,"h ,i began to h[l & scream abom9ably1 :i* 0 no bad /ep t[>ds my lib]ation4 #de4 ,! only aim ( ! w> is to see :i* is ! /rong] ( ! two--:i* is ! ma/]4 ,,adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,(fice ( ,adjectives4 #aci4 ,n\ns are seldom us$ z names ( objects )\t additional words jo9$ to !m to add to _! mean+4 ,= example1 if we wi% to speak ( a fri5d's h\se1 we _c guide "o to x by m]ely call+ x a h\se4 ,we ne$ to add "s words to tell its color1 size1 position1 etc41 if we are at a di/ance2 & if we are ne>1 we ne$ "s ^w to po9t out ! h\se we speak (1 s t no o!r w be mi/ak5 = x4 ,s ) any object1 or ) p]sons4 ,z to ! k9d ( words us$1 we may beg9 ) ! common adjectives tell+ ! *>act]i/ics ( an object4 ,if a *emi/ discov]s a new sub/ance1 he _c describe x to o!rs )\t tell+ its qualities3 he w say x is solid1 or liquid1 or gase\s2 heavy or light2 brittle or t\gh2 :ite or r$2 etc4 ,aga91 9 po9t+ out an object1 adjectives are us$2 su* z 9 ! expressions ?is man1 t h\se1 yond] hill1 etc4 ,in/ead ( us+ n\ns indef9itely1 ! numb] is limit$ by adjectives2 z1 "o hat1 "s cities1 a hundr$ m54 ,! (fice ( an adjective1 !n1 is to n>r[ d[n or limit ! application ( a n\n4 ,x may h ?is (fice alone1 or x may at ! same "t add to ! mean+ ( ! n\n4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/antives4 #adj4 ,n\ns are n1 h[ev]1 ! only words limit$ by adjectives3 pron\ns & o!r words & expressions also h adjectives jo9$ to !m4 ,any ^w or ^w gr\p t p]=ms ! same (fice z a n\n may be modifi$ by adjectives4 ,to make ?is cle>1 notice ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,sid5ote3 ,pron\n4 ,if he be ?ankful = small b5efits1 x %[s t he weighs m5's m9ds1 & _! tra%4--,,bacon4 ,sid5ote3 ,inf9itives4 ,to err is human2 to =give1 div9e4--,,pope4 ,) exception ( ! & !n1 ! & !re1 & ! /ill less significant & s1 !y con/itute all 8 connections4--,,col]idge4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #ada4 ,an adjective is a ^w jo9$ to a n\n or o!r sub/antive ^w or expression1 to describe x or to limit its application4 ,sid5ote3 ,classes ( adjectives4 #adb4 ,adjectives are divid$ into f\r classes3-- 7#a7 ,descriptive adjectives1 :i* describe by express+ qualities or attributes ( a sub/antive4 7#b7 ,adjectives ( quantity1 us$ to tell h[ _m ?+s are spok5 (1 or h[ mu* ( a ?+4 7#c7 ,demon/rative adjectives1 po9t+ out p>ticul> ?+s4 7#d7 ,pronom9al adjectives1 words prim>ily pron\ns1 b us$ adjectively sometimes 9 modify+ n\ns in/ead ( /&+ = !m4 ,!y include relative & int]rogative words4 ,,descriptive ,,adjectives4 #adc4 ,?is l>ge class includes sev]al k9ds ( words3-- 7#a7 ,,simple ,,adjectives express+ quality2 su* z safe1 happy1 deep1 fair1 ra%1 beautiful1 remote/1 t]rible1 etc4 7#b7 ,,comp\nd ,,adjectives1 made up ( v>i\s words ?r[n toge!r to make descriptive epi!ts4 ,examples are1 ,heav5-d]iv$ p[]1 ?is life-giv+ book1 8 _s wrapt & wond]-/ruck1 ice-cold wat]1 half-dead travel]1 unlook$-= burd51 next-door neighbor1 ivory-h&l$ pi/ols1 ! cold-%udd]-inspir+ ,woman 9 ,:ite4 7#c7 ,,prop] ,,adjectives1 d]iv$ f prop] n\ns2 su* z1 an old ,engli% manuscript1 ! ,*ri/ian pe>l ( *>ity1 ! well-curb _h a ,*9ese ro(1 ! ,roman writ] ,palladius4 7#d7 ,,p>ticipial ,,adjectives1 :i* are ei!r pure p>ticiples us$ to describe1 or p>ticiples :i* h lo/ all v]bal =ce & h no function except to express quality4 ,examples are1-- ,pure p>ticipial adjectives3 ,! heal+ p[] ( ! ,messiah1 ,! %att]+ sway ( "o /rong arm1 trail+ cl\ds1 ,! %att]$ squ>es h op5$ into l9e1 ,x came on l ! roll+ simoom1 ,god temp]s ! w9d to ! %orn lamb4 ,fad$ p>ticipial adjectives3 ,sleep is a bless$ ?+2 ,"o is hungry1 & ano!r is drunk52 "u ! fitt+ drap]y ( ! jagg$ & trail+ cl\ds2 ,! cle>ness & quickness are amaz+2 an ag$ man2 a *>m+ sight4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 #add4 ,c>e is ne$$1 9 /udy+ ^! la/-nam$ words1 to di/+ui% betwe5 a p>ticiple t =ms "p ( a v]b1 & a p>ticiple or p>ticipial adjective t belongs to a n\n4 ,= in/ance3 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! "w 0 well & rapidly accompli%$1 0 accompli%$ is a v]b2 9 ?is1 ,no man ( 8 day 0 m brilliant or m accompli%$1 0 is ! v]b1 & accompli%$ is an adjective4 ,ex]cises4 #a4 ,br+ up s5t5ces ) tw5ty descriptive adjectives1 hav+ "s ( ea* subclass nam$ 9 ,sec4 #adc4 #b4 ,is ! italiciz$ ^w an adjective 9 ?is8-- ,! old s\rces ( intellectual excitem5t seem to be well-nigh exhau/$4 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,quantity4 #ade4 ,adjectives ( quantity tell h[ mu* or h[ _m4 ,!y h ^! ?ree subdivisions3-- ,sid5ote3 ,h[ mu*4 7#a7 ,,quantity ,,9 ,,bulk3 su* words z little1 mu*1 "s1 no1 any1 consid]able1 sometimes small1 jo9$ usually to s+ul> n\ns to express an indef9ite measure ( ! ?+ spok5 (4 ,! foll[+ examples are f ,k+sley3-- ,s he p>t$ ) mu* weep+ ( ! lady4 ,:i* we began to d ) great labor & little pr(it4 ,because ,i _h "s k ( surg]y & blood-lett+4 ,b ev] %e look$ on ,mr4 ,ox5ham1 & seem$ to take no c>e z long z he 0 by4 ,examples ( small an adjective ( quantity3-- ,! deil's 9 x b ,i bude to ang] him6 said ! woman1 & walk$ away ) a laugh ( small satisfaction4--,,macdonald4 ',tis midnight1 b small ?\ghts h ,i ( sleep4--,,col]idge4 ,x gives small idea ( ,col]idge's way ( talk+4--,,c>lyle4 ,:5 "s1 any1 no1 are us$ ) plural n\ns1 !y come "u ! next division ( adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ _m4 7#b7 ,,quantity ,,9 ,,numb]1 :i* may be express$ exactly by numb]s or remotely designat$ by words express+ indef9ite am\nts4 ,h5ce ! natural division into-- 7a7 ,def9ite num]als2 z1 "o blaze ( musketry2 ,he f\nd 9 ! pa?way f\rte5 ,spani>ds2 ,i h lo/ "o bro!r1 b ,i h ga9$ f\rscore2 a doz5 volunte]s4 7b7 ,indef9ite num]als1 z ! foll[+ f ,k+sley3 ,we gave sev]al ?\s& p\nds = x2 ,9 came "s five & tw5ty m1 & ) !m a few negroes2 ,!n we w&]$ = _m days2 ,amyas _h evid5tly m s*emes 9 8 head2 ,he _h liv$ by hunt+ = "s mon?s2 ,t light is f> too r$ to be ! reflection ( any beams ( h]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+le ones ( any numb] ( *anges4 7#c7 ,,di/ributive ,,num]als1 :i* occupy a place midway betwe5 ! la/ two subdivisions ( num]al adjectives2 = !y are indef9ite 9 tell+ h[ _m objects are spok5 (1 b def9ite 9 ref]r+ to ! objects "o at a "t4 ,?us1-- ,e t[n _h its fair2 e village1 its wake4--,,?ack]ay4 ,an arr[ 0 quiv]+ 9 ea* body4--,,k+sley4 ,few on ei!r side b _h _! %rewd scrat* to %[4--,id4 ,be=e ,i taught my tongue to w\nd ,my consci5ce ) a s9ful s\nd1 ,or _h ! black art to disp5se ,a sev]al s9 to e s5se4--,,vaughan4 ,ex]cise4--,br+ up s5t5ces ) t5 adjectives ( quantity4 ,,demon/rative ,,adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,n prim>ily pron\ns4 #adf4 ,! words ( ?is li/ are plac$ "h in/ead ( among pronom9al adjectives1 = ! reason t !y are felt to be prim>ily adjectives2 _! pronom9al use be+ evid5tly a %ort5+1 by :i* ! words po9t out b /& = words omitt$1 in/ead ( modify+ !m4 ,_! natural & orig9al use is to be jo9$ to a n\n foll[+ or 9 close connection4 ,sid5ote3 ,! li/4 ,! demon/rative adjectives are ?is1 t1 7plural ^!1 ^?71 yond] 7or yon71 =m]1 latt]2 also ! pairs "o 7or ! "o7--! o!r1 ! =m]--! latt]1 us$ to ref] to two ?+s :i* h be5 already nam$ 9 a s5t5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces pres5t "s examples3-- ,! ba%ful virg9's sidelong looks ( love1 ,! matron's glance t w\ld ^? looks reprove4--,,goldsmi?4 ,^! 7 ?y *>ms444b all ^! *>ms are fl$4--,id4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,i met ) an odd volume ( ! ,spectator4--,b4 ,,frankl94 ,yond] pr\d %ips are n means ( annoyance to y4--,d4 ,,web/]4 ,yon cl\d ) t long purple cleft4--,,wordswor?4 ,i *ose = ! /ud5ts ( ,k5s+ton two *>act]i/ic examples ( e>ly art1 ( equal skill2 b 9 ! "o case1 skill :i* 0 progressive--9 ! o!r1 skill :i* 0 at pause4--,,rusk94 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) five demon/rative adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,ord9al num]als class$ "u demon/ratives4 #adg4 ,! class ( num]als kn[n z ord9als mu/ be plac$ "h1 z hav+ ! same function z demon/rative adjectives4 ,!y po9t out :i* ?+ is meant among a s]ies ( ?+s m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- ,! fir/ regul> prov9cial newspap]s appe> to h be5 creat$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury almo/ e important prov9cial t[n _h its local organ4--,,bancr(t4 ,^! d n1 l ! o!r num]als1 tell h[ _m ?+s are meant4 ,:5 we speak ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we imply no?+ z to h[ _m c5turies !re may be4 ,,pronom9al ,,adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #adh4 ,z has be5 said1 pronom9al adjectives are prim>ily pron\ns2 b1 :5 !y modify words in/ead ( ref]r+ to !m z antec$5ts1 !y are *ang$ to adjectives4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1--,,relative & ,,int]rogative1--& are us$ to jo9 s5t5ces or to ask que/ions1 j z ! correspond+ pron\ns d4 ,sid5ote3 ,modify names ( p]sons or ?+s4 #adi4 ,! ,,relative ,,adjectives are :i* & :at2 = example1-- ,x matt]s n :at rank he has1 :at rev5ues or g>nitures4 --,,c>lyle4 ,! silv] & laugh+ ,x5il1 c>eless :at "l %\ld possess ! banks t bloom$ by its ev]la/+ c\rse4--,,bulw]4 ,! tak+ ( :i* b>k4 ,i v]ily believe1 0 ! ru9 ( e "m's son ( u4--,,k+sley4 ,9 :i* evil /rait ,mr4 ,ox5ham f\ght desp]ately4--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,indef9ite relative adjectives4 #aej4 ,! ,,indef9ite ,,relative adjectives are :at1 :atev]1 :atsoev]1 :i*ev]1 :i*soev]4 ,examples ( _! use are1-- ,he 9 8 turn ta/$ "s ( its flavor1 :i*1 make :at s\r m\?s he w\ld = pret5se1 prov$ n altoge!r displeas+ to him4--,,lamb4 ,:atev] correction ( our popul> views f insight1 nature w be sure to be> u out 94--,,em]son4 ,:atsoev] k9d ( man he is1 y at lea/ give him full au?ority ov] y\r son4--,,rusk94 ,0 !re1 z x r seem$1 a circle ( om9\s %ad[ mov+ along ) 8 de=mity1 :i*ev] way he turn$ himself8--,,haw?orne4 ,new torm5ts ,i behold1 & new torm5t$ ,ar\nd me1 :i*soev] way ,i move1 ,& :i*soev] way ,i turn1 & gaze4 --,,longfell[ 7,,f ,,dante74 #aea4 ,! ,,int]rogative ,,adjectives are :i* & :at4 ,!y may be us$ 9 direct & indirect que/ions4 ,z 9 ! pron\ns1 :i* is selective among :at is kn[n2 :at inquires ab\t ?+s or p]sons n kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 direct que/ions4 ,s5t5ces ) :i* & :at 9 direct que/ions3-- ,:i* debt mu/ ,i pay fir/1 ! debt to ! ri*1 or ! debt to ! poor8--,,em]son4 ,b :5 ! ,trojan w> comes1 :i* side w y take8 --,,?ack]ay4 ,b :at books 9 ! circulat+ libr>y circulate8--,,l[ell4 ,:at beckon+ gho/ along ! moonlight %ade ,invites my /eps1 & po9ts to yond] glade8--,,pope4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 indirect que/ions4 ,s5t5ces ) :i* & :at 9 indirect que/ions3-- ,8 head444look$ l a wea!rcock p]*$ ^u 8 sp9dle neck to tell :i* way ! w9d blew4--,,irv+4 ,a lady once rem>k$1 he ,col]idge c\ld nev] fix :i* side ( ! g>d5 walk w\ld suit him be/4--,,c>lyle4 ,he 0 turn$ be=e long into all ! univ]se1 :]e x 0 unc]ta9 :at game y w\ld cat*1 or :e!r any4--,id4 ,at :at rate ^! mat]ials w\ld be di/ribut$ & precipitat$ 9 regul> /rata1 x is impossible to det]m9e4--,,agassiz4 ,sid5ote3 ,adjective :at 9 exclamations4 #aeb4 ,9 exclamatory expressions1 :at 7or :at a7 has a =ce some:at l a descriptive adjective4 ,x is nei!r relative nor int]rogative1 b might be call$ an ,,exclamatory ,,adjective2 z1-- ,oh1 :at a revolution6 & :at a he>t mu/ ,i h1 to contemplate )\t emotion t elevation & t fall6--,,burke4 ,:at a piece ( "w is man6--,,%akespe>e4 ,& yet1 alas1 ! mak+ ( x "r1 :at a bus9ess = long "t to come6--,,c>lyle ,?r\gh :at h>d%ips x may atta9 to be> a sweet fruit6--,,?oreau4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d t5 s5t5ces conta9+ pronom9al adjectives4 ,,inflections ,,( ,,adjectives4 #aec 4,adjectives h two inflections1--numb] & comp>ison4 ,,numb]4--,?is1 ,t4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory ( ?is--^! & t--^?4 #aed4 ,! only adjectives hav+ a plural =m are ?is & t 7plural ^!1 ^?74 ,?is is ! old demon/rative2 t be+ borr[$ f ! =ms ( ! def9ite article1 :i* 0 fully inflect$ 9 ,old ,engli%4 ,! article t 0 us$ ) neut] n\ns4 ,9 ,middle ,engli% ! plural ( ?is 0 ?is or ?ise1 :i* *ang$ its spell+ to ! mod]n =m ^!4 ,sid5ote3 ,^? borr[$ f ?is4 ,b ?is _h also ano!r plural1 ?s 7mod]n ^?74 ,! old plural ( t 0 ?a 7,middle ,engli% ?o or ?[73 consequ5tly ?o 7plural ( t7 & ^? 7plural ( ?is7 became confus$1 & x 0 =gott5 t ^? 0 really ! plural ( ?is2 & 9 ,mod]n ,engli% we speak ( ^! z ! plural ( ?is1 & ^? z ! plural ( t4 ,,comp>ison4 #aee4 ,comp>ison is an inflection n possess$ by n\ns & pron\ns3 x belongs to adjectives & adv]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( comp>ison4 ,:5 we place two objects side by side1 we notice "s diff]5ces betwe5 !m z to size1 weight1 color1 etc4 ,?us1 x is said t a c[ is l>g] ?an a %eep1 gold is heavi] ?an iron1 a sapphire is blu] ?an ! sky4 ,all ^! h c]ta9 qualities2 & :5 we comp>e ! objects1 we d s by means ( _! qualities1--c[ & %eep by ! quality ( l>g5ess1 or size2 gold & iron by ! quality ( heav9ess1 or weight1 etc41--b n ! same degree1 or am\nt1 ( ! quality4 ,! degrees belong to any be+s or ideas t may be kn[n or conceiv$ ( z possess+ quality2 z1 untam$ ?\ght1 great1 giant-l1 enorm\s2 ! commone/ spee*2 ,x is a nobl] valor2 ! l>ge/ s\l4 ,also words ( quantity may be comp>$3 = example1 m matt]1 ) less wit2 no few] ?an a hundr$4 ,sid5ote3 ,words t _c be comp>$4 #aef4 ,!re are "s descriptive words ^: mean+ is su* z n to admit ( comp>ison2 = example1-- ,8 company became v agreeable to ! brave old pr(essor ( arms1 ^: favorite pupil he 04--,,?ack]ay4 ,a ma9 diff]5ce betwixt m5 is1 :e!r !y att5d _! own affair or n4--,,em]son ,x 0 8 bus9ess to adm9i/] ! law 9 its f9al & close/ application to ! (f5d]--,,haw?orne4 ,fre$om is a p]petual1 organic1 univ]sal in/itution1 9 h>mony ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,,sew>d4 ,s ) ! words sole1 suffici5t1 inf9ite1 immemorial1 indefatigable1 indomitable1 supreme1 & _m o!rs4 ,x is true t words ( comp>ison are sometimes prefix$ to !m1 b1 /rictly consid]$1 !y are n comp>$4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #aeg4 ,comp>ison means ! *anges t words und]go to express degrees 9 quality1 or am\nts 9 quantity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two =ms4 #aeh4 ,!re are two =ms = ?is inflection3 ! comp>ative1 express+ a great] degree ( quality2 & ! sup]lative1 express+ ! greate/ degree ( quality4 ,^! are call$ degrees ( comp>ison4 ,^! are prop]ly ! only degrees1 ?\gh ! simple1 un9flect$ =m is usually call$ ! positive degree4 #aei4 ,! comp>ative is =m$ by add+ -er1 & ! sup]lative by add+ -e/1 to ! simple =m2 z1 r$1 r$d]1 r$de/2 blue1 blu]1 blue/2 easy1 easi]1 easie/4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/itute = inflection 9 comp>ison4 #afj4 ,side by side ) ^! inflect$ =ms are f\nd comp>ative & sup]lative expressions mak+ use ( ! adv]bs m & mo/4 ,^! are (t5 useful z alt]native ) ! inflect$ =ms1 b 9 mo/ cases are us$ be=e adjectives t are nev] inflect$4 ,!y came into use ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b 7 n common until a c5tury lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* rule1-- -er & -e/ or m & mo/8 #afa4 ,! ,engli% is some:at caprici\s 9 *oos+ betwe5 ! inflect$ =ms & ^? ) m & mo/1 s t no inflexible rule c be giv5 z to ! =mation ( ! comp>ative & ! sup]lative4 ,! g5]al rule is1 t monosyllables & easily pron\nc$ words ( two syllables add -er & -e/2 & o!r words are prec$$ by m & mo/4 ,b room mu/ be left 9 su* a rule = pleasantness ( s\nd & = v>iety ( expression4 ,to see h[ lit]>y ,engli% ov]rides any rule t c\ld be giv51 exam9e ! foll[+ tak5 at r&om3-- ,f ,?ack]ay3 ,! h&some/ wives2 ! imm5se/ quantity ( ?ra%+2 ! wond]fule/ little %oes2 m odd1 /range1 & yet famili>2 m au/]e & holy4 ,f ,rusk93 ,! %>pe/1 f9e/ *isel+1 & pati5te/ fus+2 di/ante/ relation%ips2 sorr[fule/ spectacles4 ,c>lyle uses beautifule/1 m\rnfule/1 hone/e/1 admirable/1 indisputable/1 peaceable/1 mo/ small1 etc4 ,^! long1 h>% =ms are usually avoid$1 b m & mo/ are frequ5tly us$ ) monosyllables4 #afb4 ,expressions are (t5 met ) 9 :i* a sup]lative =m does n c>ry ! sup]lative mean+4 ,^! are equival5t usually to v ) ! positive degree2 z1-- ,to ?is ! ,c\nt (f]s a mo/ wordy decl>ation ( ! b5efits conf]r$ by ,spa94--,! ,nation1 ,no #aejg ,9 all =mulas t ,johnson c\ld /& by1 !re ne$$ to be a mo/ g5u9e sub/ance4--,,c>lyle ,a g5tleman1 :o1 ?\gh born 9 no v high degree1 0 mo/ f9i%$1 poli%$1 witty1 easy1 quiet4--,,?ack]ay ,he _h actually no?+ else save a rope ar\nd 8 neck1 :i* hung beh9d 9 ! que]e/ way4--,id4 ,s help me ,god1 madam1 ,i w1 said ,h5ry ,esmond1 fall+ on 8 knees1 & kiss+ ! h& ( 8 de>e/ mi/ress4--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,adjectives irregul>ly comp>$4 #afc4 ,among ! v>i\sly d]iv$ adjectives n[ 9 our language !re are "s :i* may always be recogniz$ z native ,engli%4 ,^! are adjectives irregul>ly comp>$4 ,mo/ ( !m h worn d[n or become confus$ ) simil> words1 b !y are ess5tially ! same =ms t h liv$ = s _m c5turies4 ,! foll[+ li/s include ! majority ( !m3-- ,,li/ ,i4 #a4 ,good or well ,bett] ,be/ #b4 ,evil1 bad1 ill ,worse ,wor/ #c4 ,little ,less1 less] ,lea/ #d4 ,mu* or _m ,m ,mo/ #e4 ,old ,eld]1 old] ,elde/1 olde/ #f4 ,nigh ,nigh] ,nighe/1 next #g4 ,ne> ,ne>] ,ne>e/ #h4 ,f> ,f>!r1 fur!r ,f>!/1 fur!/ #i4 ,late ,lat]1 latt] ,late/1 la/ #aj4 ,h9d ,h9d] ,h9dmo/1 h9d]mo/ ,,li/ ,,ii4 ,^! h no adjective positive3-- #a4 ,9 ,inn] ,inmo/1 inn]mo/ #b4 ,out ,out]1 utt] ,outmo/1 out]mo/ ,utmo/1 utt]mo/ #c4 ,up ,upp] ,upmo/1 upp]mo/ ,,li/ ,,iii4 ,a few ( comp>ative =m b n comp>ative mean+3-- ,aft] ,ov] ,"u ,ne!r ,rem>ks on ,irregul> ,adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ,i4 #afd4 7#a7 ,! ^w good has no comp>ative or sup]lative1 b takes ! place ( a positive to bett] & be/4 ,!re 0 an old comp>ative bet1 :i* has gone out ( use2 z 9 ! s5t5ce 7#ad? c5tury71 ,i* s+e bet ?an ?u de/ 7,i s+ bett] ?an ?\ do/74 ,! sup]lative ,i =m 0 bet/1 :i* has s(t5$ to ! mod]n be/4 7#b7 ,9 ,old ,engli%1 evil 0 ! positive to worse1 wor/2 b lat] bad & ill 7 borr[$ f ! ,norse1 & us$ z positives to ! same comp>ative & sup]lative4 ,wors] 0 once us$1 a d\ble comp>ative2 z 9 ,%akespe>e1-- ,o1 ?r[ away ! wors] "p ( x4--,,hamlet4 7#c7 ,little is us$ z positive to less1 lea/1 ?\gh f a diff]5t root4 ,a d\ble comp>ative1 less]1 is (t5 us$2 z1-- ,we h x 9 a mu* less] degree4--,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,?ru/ ! less] half by ma9 =ce into ! fi/s ( ,ho-ti4 --,,lamb4 7#d7 ,! words mu* & _m n[ express quantity2 b 9 =m] times mu* 0 us$ 9 ! s5se ( l>ge1 great1 & 0 ! same ^w t is f\nd 9 ! prov]b1 ,_m a little makes a mickle4 ,its spell+ has be5 micel1 mu*el1 mo*e1 mu*1 ! p>allel =m mickle be+ r>ely us$4 ,! mean+s great]1 greate/1 are %[n 9 su* phrases z1-- ,! m "p be+ ( "o m9d1 to ,engl& we sail$4--,,k+sley4 ,! mo/ "p kept a /olid indiff]5ce4--,id4 ,! latt]1 mean+ ! l>ge/ "p1 is q common4 7#e7 ,! =ms eld]1 elde/1 are e>li] ?an old]1 olde/4 ,a few o!r words ) ! v[el o _h simil> *ange 9 ! comp>ative & sup]lative1 z long1 /rong1 etc42 b ^! h foll[$ old by keep+ ! same v[el o 9 all ! =ms1 in/ead ( l5g]1 /r5g]1 etc41 ! old =ms4 7#f7 & 7#g7 ,bo? nigh & ne> seem regul> 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 except ! =m next2 b orig9ally ! comp>ison 0 nigh1 ne>1 next4 ,9 ! same way ! ^w high _h 9 ,middle ,engli% ! sup]lative hexte4 ,by & by ! comp>ative ne> 0 reg>d$ z a positive =m1 & on x 7 built a d\ble comp>ative ne>]1 & ! sup]lative ne>e/1 :i* adds -e/ to :at is really a comp>ative in/ead ( a simple adjective4 7#h7 ,^! words also %[ confusion & consequ5t modification1 com+ ab\t z foll[s3 fur!r really belongs to ano!r s]ies1--=?1 fur!r1 fir/4 ,fir/ became entirely deta*$ f ! s]ies1 & fur!/ began to be us$ to foll[ ! comp>ative fur!r2 !n ^! 7 us$ z comp>ative & sup]lative ( f>4 ,! ^w f> _h =m]ly ! comp>ative & sup]lative f>r]1 f>re/4 ,9 imitation ( fur!r1 fur!/1 ? came into ! o!rs1 mak+ ! mod]n f>!r1 f>!/4 ,betwe5 ! two sets z !y n[ /&1 !re is sc>cely any di/9ction1 except p]haps fur!r is m us$ ?an f>!r 9 ! s5se ( additional2 z1 = example1-- ,:5 t evil pr9ciple 0 left ) no fur!r mat]ial to support x4--,,haw?orne4 7#i7 ,latt] & la/ are ! old] =ms4 ,s9ce lat]1 late/1 came into use1 a di/9ction has gr[n up betwe5 ! two s]ies4 ,lat] & late/ h ! true comp>ative & sup]lative =ce1 & ref] to "t2 latt] & la/ are us$ 9 speak+ ( succession1 or s]ies1 & are h>dly ?\ght ( z connect$ 9 mean+ ) ! ^w late4 7#aj7 ,h9d] is comp>ative 9 =m1 b n 9 mean+4 ,! =m h9dmo/ is really a d\ble sup]lative1 s9ce ! m is = -ma1 an old sup]lative end+1 to :i* is add$ -o/1 d\bl+ ! inflection4 ,h9d-er-m-o/ pres5ts ! comb9ation comp>ative sup]lative sup]lative4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ,,ii4 #afe4 ,9 ,li/ ,,ii4 7,sec4 #afc7 ! comp>atives & sup]latives are adjectives1 b !y h no adjective positives4 ,! comp>atives are s 9 =m1 b n 9 _! mean+4 ,! sup]latives %[ examples aga9 ( d\ble inflection1 & ( comp>ative add$ to d\ble-sup]lative inflection4 ,examples 7f ,c>lyle7 ( ! use ( ^! adjectives3 reveal+ ! inn] spl5dor to him2 a m9d t has p5etrat$ into ! inmo/ he>t ( a ?+2 ,?is ( pa9t+ is "o ( ! out]mo/ developm5ts ( a man2 ,! out] is ( ! day2 f>-see+ z ! sun1 ! upp] light ( ! _w2 ! inn]mo/ moral s\l2 _! utmo/ ex]tion4 ,sid5ote3 -,mo/ add$ to o!r words4 #aff4 ,! end+ -mo/ is add$ to "s words t are n usually adjectives1 or h no comp>ative =ms4 ,!re1 on ! v topmo/ twig1 sits t ridicul\s b sweet-s++ bobol9k4--,h4,w4 ,,bee*]4 ,decid$ly h&some1 hav+ su* a sk9 z became a "y woman ( family 9 nor!rnmo/ ,spa94--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,highe/ & midmo/1 0 descri$ ,! royal bann] float+ wide4--,,scott4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ,,iii4 #afg4 ,! adjectives 9 ,li/ ,,iii4 are l ! comp>ative =ms 9 ,li/ ,,ii4 9 hav+ no adjective positives4 ,!y h no sup]latives1 & h no comp>ative =ce1 be+ m]ely descriptive4 ,h] b[s 7 deep 9 ! wat]1 b h] aft] deck 0 /ill dry4--,,k+sley4 ,h]1 by ! by1 9 aft] ye>s ,i va9ly endeavor$ to trace4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,! upp] & ! "u side ( ! m$al ( ,jove4--,,em]son4 ,h y ev] consid]$ :at a deep "u mean+ !re lies 9 our cu/om ( /rew+ fl[]s8--,,rusk94 ,p]haps he rose out ( "s ne!r region4--,,haw?orne4 ,ov] is r>ely us$ sep>ately z an adjective4 ,,caution ,,= ,,analyz+ ,,or ,,p>s+4 ,sid5ote3 ,?9k :at ea* adjective belongs to4 #afh4 ,"s c>e mu/ be tak5 to decide :at ^w is modifi$ by an adjective4 ,9 a s]ies ( adjectives 9 ! same s5t5ce1 all may belong to ! same n\n1 or ea* may modify a diff]5t ^w or gr\p ( words4 ,= example1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,! "y pa/or's voice 0 tremul\sly sweet1 ri*1 deep1 & brok51 x is cle> t all f\r adjectives aft] 0 modify ! n\n voice4 ,b 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,%e %[$ h] usual prud5ce & h] usual incomp>able decision1 decision is modifi$ by ! adjective incomp>able2 usual modifies incomp>able decision1 n decision alone2 & ! pron\n h] limits usual incomp>able decision4 ,adjectives modify+ ! same n\n are said to be ( ! same rank2 ^? modify+ diff]5t words or ^w gr\ps are said to be adjectives ( diff]5t rank4 ,?is di/9ction is valuable 9 a /udy ( punctuation4 ,ex]cise4 ,9 ! foll[+ quotations1 tell :at ea* adjective modifies3-- #a4 ,:5ev] t look appe>$ 9 h] wild1 bright1 deeply black eyes1 x inve/$ !m ) a /range remot5ess & intangibility4--,,haw?orne4 #b4 ,x may /ill be argu$1 t 9 ! pres5t divid$ /ate ( ,*ri/5dom a college :i* is positively ,*ri/ian mu/ be controll$ by "s religi\s d5om9ation4--,,noah ,,port]4 #c4 ,e quak+ leaf & flutt]+ %ad[ s5t ! blood backw>d to h] he>t4--,,mrs4 ,,/[e4 #d4 ,?is1 our new gov]nm5t1 is ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w bas$ ^u ?is great physical1 philosophical1 & moral tru?4--,a4,h4 ,,/eph5s #e4 ,may we n1 !re=e1 look ) confid5ce to ! ultimate univ]sal ackn[l$gm5t ( ! tru?s ^u :i* our sy/em re/s8--,id4 #f4 ,a few improp] je/s & a volley ( good1 r\nd1 solid1 satisfactory1 & heav5-defy+ oa?s4--,,haw?orne4 #g4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ann\ncem5t at any private rural ent]ta9m5t t !re is to be ice cream produces an imm$iate & pr(\nd impression4--,,holmes4 ,,adv]bs ,,us$ ,,z ,,adjectives4 #afi4 ,by a conv5i5t brevity1 adv]bs are sometimes us$ z adjectives2 z1 in/ead ( say+1 ! "o :o 0 !n k+1 9 :i* !n is an adv]b1 we may say ! !n k+1 mak+ !n an adjective4 ,o!r in/ances are1-- ,my !n favorite1 9 prose1 ,ri*>d ,hook]4--,,rusk94 ,our sometime si/]1 n[ our que54--,,%akespe>e ,messrs4 ,bradbury & ,evans1 ! !n & /ill own]s4 --,,trollope4 ,! seldom use ( x4--,,tr5*4 ,= ?y /oma*'s sake1 & ?9e (t5 infirmities4--,bible4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at to tell 9 p>s+4 #agj4 ,s9ce adjectives h no g5d]1 p]son1 or case1 & v few h numb]1 ! me?od ( p>s+ is simple4 ,9 p>s+ an adjective1 tell-- 7#a7 ,! class & subclass to :i* x belongs4 7#b7 ,its numb]1 if x has numb]4 7#c7 ,its degree ( comp>ison1 if x c be comp>$4 7#d7 ,:at ^w or words x modifies4 ,,model ,,= ,,p>s+4 ,^! tru?s are n unfamili> to y\r ?\ghts4 ,^! po9ts out :at tru?s1 !re=e demon/rative2 plural numb]1 hav+ a s+ul>1 ?is2 _c be comp>$2 modifies ! ^w tru?s4 ,unfamili> describes tru?s1 !re=e descriptive2 n inflect$ = numb]2 comp>$ by prefix+ m & mo/2 positive degree2 modifies tru?s4 ,ex]cise4 ,p>se 9 full ea* adjective 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,a ?\s& lives seem$ conc5trat$ 9 t "o mom5t to ,eliza4 #b4 ,! huge gre5 fragm5t ( ice on :i* %e alight$ pit*$ & creak$4 #c4 ,i ask no?+ ( y1 !n1 b t y proce$ to y\r end by a direct1 frank1 manly way4 #d4 ,%e made no reply1 & ,i wait$ = none4 #e4 ,a h]d ( ?irty or =ty tall unga9ly figures took _! way1 ) awkw>d b rapid pace1 across ! pla94 #f4 ,gallantly did ! lion /ruggle 9 ! folds ( 8 t]rible enemy1 ^: grasp ea* mom5t grew m fi]ce & secure1 & mo/ a/\nd+ 7 ^? frightful yells4 #g4 ,?is gave ! "y p entire fre$om1 & !y enjoy$ x to ! fulle/ ext5t4 #h4 ,i w be z h>% z tru? & z uncompromis+ z ju/ice4 #i4 ,to e ,roman citiz5 he gives1 ,to e sev]al man1 sev5ty-five dra*mas4 #aj4 ,ea* memb] 0 p]mitt$ to ent]ta9 all ! re/ on 8 or h] bir?day1 on :i* occasion ! eld]s ( ! family 7 b\nd to be abs5t4 #aa4 ,in/antly ! m9d inquires :e!r ^! fi%es "u ! bridge1 yond] ox5 9 ! pa/ure1 ^? dogs 9 ! y>d1 are immutably fi%es1 ox51 & dogs4 #ab4 ,i "k n :at c\rse o!rs may take4 #ac4 ,) e ?ird /ep1 ! tomahawk fell4 #ad4 ,:at a ru?less bus9ess ?is w> ( ext]m9ation is6 #ae4 ,i 0 j em]g+ f t _m-=m$ cry/al c\ntry4 #af4 ,on :at %ore has n ! pr[ ( y\r %ips da%$8 #ag4 ,! laws & in/itutions ( 8 c\ntry ought to h be5 m to him ?an all ! m5 9 8 c\ntry4 #ah4 ,l mo/ gift$ m51 he won affections ) ease4 #ai4 ,8 lett]s aim to elicit ! inmo/ exp]i5ce & outw>d =tunes ( ^? he loves1 yet are rem>kably self-=getful4 #bj4 ,_! "n 0 ! la/ ^w ^u 8 lips4 #ba4 ,! capta9 said x 0 ! la/ /ick he _h se54 #bb4 ,be=e sunrise ! next morn+ !y let u out aga94 #bc4 ,he 0 curi\s to "k to :at sect we belong$4 #bd4 ,two h\rs elaps$1 dur+ :i* "t ,i wait$4 #be4 ,9 music especially1 y w soon f9d :at p]sonal b5efit !re is 9 be+ s]viceable4 #bf4 ,to say :at good ( fa%ion we c1 x re/s on reality1 & hates no?+ s mu* z pret5d]s4 #bg4 ,"h lay two great roads1 n s mu* = travel]s t 7 few1 z = armies t 7 too _m by half4 #bh4 ,on :i*ev] side ( ! bord] *ance _h ?r[n ,joanna1 ! same love to ,france w\ld h be5 nurtur$4 #bi4 ,:at advantage 0 op5 to him above ! ,engli% boy8 #cj4 ,ne>] to our own times1 & !re=e m int]e/+ to u1 is ! settlem5t ( our own c\ntry4 #ca4 ,ev5 ! topmo/ bran*es spread out & droop$ 9 all directions1 & _m poles support$ ! l[] ones4 #cb4 ,mo/ fruits dep5d entirely on our c>e4 #cc4 ,ev5 ! s\re/ & crabb$e/ apple1 gr[+ 9 ! mo/ unfavorable position1 sugge/s su* ?\ghts z ^!1 x is s noble a fruit4 #cd4 ,let him live 9 :at pomps & prosp]ities he l1 he is no lit]>y man4 #ce4 ,?r\gh :at h>d%ips x may be> a sweet fruit6 #cf4 ,:atsoev] p[] exi/s w h itself organiz$4 #cg4 ,a h>d-/ruggl+1 we>y-he>t$ man 0 he4 ,,articles4 #aga4 ,!re is a class ( words hav+ always an adjectival use 9 g5]al1 b ) su* subtle functions & v>i\s mean+s t !y des]ve sep>ate treatm5t4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he passes an ord9>y brick h\se on ! road1 ) an ord9>y little g>d51 ! words ! & an belong to n\ns1 j z adjectives d2 b !y _c be accurately plac$ "u any class ( adjectives4 ,!y are ne>e/ to demon/rative & num]al adjectives4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! orig94 #agb4 ,! article ! comes f an old demon/rative adjective 7s1 so1 at1 lat] ?1 ?o1 t7 :i* 0 also an article 9 ,old ,engli%4 ,9 ,middle ,engli% ! became an article1 & t rema9$ a demon/rative adjective4 ,an or a came f ! old num]al n1 mean+ "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,two relics4 ,our expressions ! "o1 ! o!r1 7 =m]ly t "o1 t o!r2 ! latt] is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! expression1 9 vulg> ,engli%1 ! to!r4 ,n only ?is is kept 9 ! ,scot* dialect1 b ! =m] is us$1 ^! occurr+ z ! tane1 ! to!r1 or ! tane1 ! ti!r2 = example1-- ,we ca' h] sometimes ! tane1 sometimes ! to!r4--,,scott4 ,sid5ote3 ,an be=e v[el s\nds1 a be=e consonant s\nds4 #agc4 ,ord9>ily an is us$ be=e v[el s\nds1 & a be=e consonant s\nds4 ,rememb] t a v[el s\nd does n necess>ily mean beg9n+ ) a v[el1 nor does consonant s\nd mean beg9n+ ) a consonant1 because ,engli% spell+ does n co9cide closely ) ! s\nd ( words4 ,examples3 a h\se1 an orange1 a ,european1 an honor1 a yell+ cr[d4 ,sid5ote3 ,an ) consonant s\nds4 #agd4 ,_m writ]s use an be=e h1 ev5 :5 n sil5t1 :5 ! ^w is n acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable4 ,an hi/orian1 su* z we h be5 attempt+ to describe1 w\ld inde$ be an intellectual prodigy4--,,macaulay4 ,! ,p]sians 7 an h]oic p l ! ,greeks4--,,brew]4 ,he ,rip ev9c$ an h]$it>y disposition to att5d to any?+ else b 8 bus9ess4--,,irv+4 ,an habitual submission ( ! und]/&+ to m]e ev5ts & images4--,,col]idge4 ,an h]$it>y t5ure ( ^! (fices4--,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #age4 ,an article is a limit+ ^w1 n descriptive1 :i* _c be us$ alone1 b always jo9s to a sub/antive ^w to d5ote a p>ticul> ?+1 or a gr\p or class ( ?+s1 or any individual ( a gr\p or class4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds4 #agf4 ,articles are ei!r def9ite or indef9ite4 ,! is ! def9ite article1 s9ce x po9ts out a p>ticul> individual1 or gr\p1 or class4 ,an or a is ! indef9ite article1 because x ref]s to any "o ( a gr\p or class ( ?+s4 ,an & a are diff]5t =ms ( ! same ^w1 ! old] n4 ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,def9ite ,,article4 ,sid5ote3 ,ref]5ce to a kn[n object4 #agg4 ,! mo/ common use ( ! def9ite article is to ref] to an object t ! li/5] or read] is already acqua9t$ )2 z 9 ! s5t5ce1-- ,don't y rememb] h[1 :5 ! dragon 0 infe/+ ! neighborhood ( ,babylon1 ! citiz5s us$ to walk dismally out ( ev5+s1 & look at ! valleys r\nd ab\t /rew$ ) ! bones8--,,?ack]ay4 ,,note4--,?is use is notic$ :51 on op5+ a /ory1 a p]son is introduc$ by a1 & aft]w>ds ref]r$ to by !3-- ,by & by a giant came out ( ! d>k nor?1 & lay d[n on ! ice ne> ,audhumla4444 ,! giant fr[n$ :5 he saw ! glitt] ( ! gold5 hair4--,h]oes ( ,asg>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,) names ( riv]s4 #agh4 ,! is (t5 prefix$ to ! names ( riv]s2 & :5 ! ^w riv] is omitt$1 z ! ,mississippi1 ! ,ohio1 ! article indicates cle>ly t a riv]1 & n a /ate or o!r geographical division1 is ref]r$ to4 ,no wond] ,i c\ld face ! ,mississippi ) s mu* c\rage suppli$ to me4--,,?ack]ay4 ,! ,dakota tribes1 d\btless1 !n occupi$ ! c\ntry s\?we/ ( ! ,miss\ri4--,g4 ,,bancr(t4 ,sid5ote3 ,to call att5tion to attributes4 #agi4 ,:5 ! is prefix$ to a prop] "n1 x alt]s ! =ce ( ! n\n by direct+ att5tion to c]ta9 qualities possess$ by ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (2 ?us1-- ,! ,bacon1 ! ,sp9oza1 ! ,hume1 ,s*ell+1 ,kant1 or :osoev] prop\nds to y a philosophy ( ! m9d1 is only a m or less awkw>d translator ( ?+s 9 y\r consci\sness4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,) plural ( ab/ract n\ns4 #ahj4 ,!1 :5 plac$ be=e ! pluraliz$ ab/ract n\n1 m>ks x z half ab/ract or a common n\n4 ,sid5ote3 ,common4 ,8 messages to ! prov9cial au?orities4--,,motley4 ,sid5ote3 ,half ab/ract4 ,he 0 probably skill$ 9 ! subtleties ( ,italian /atesman%ip4--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,) adjectives us$ z n\ns4 #aha4 ,:5 ! prec$es adjectives ( ! positive degree us$ sub/antively1 x m>ks _! use z common & plural n\ns :5 !y ref] to p]sons1 & z s+ul> & ab/ract :5 !y ref] to qualities4 #a4 ,! simple rise z by specific levity1 n into a p>ticul> virtue1 b into ! region ( all ! virtues4--,,em]son4 #b4 ,if ! good is !re1 s is ! evil4--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 ,,note4--,?is is n to be confus$ ) words t h %ift$ f adjectives & become pure n\ns2 z1-- ,z %e hesitat$ to pass on1 ! gallant1 ?r[+ 8 cloak f 8 %\ld]s1 laid x on ! miry spot4--,,scott4 ,b ,de ,soto 0 no long] able to abate ! confid5ce or puni% ! tem]ity ( ! natives4--,g4 ,,bancr(t4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o ?+ = its class4 #ahb4 ,! be=e class n\ns may m>k "o ?+ z a repres5tative ( ! class to :i* x belongs2 = example1-- ,! fa9t1 silv]y w>bl+s he>d ov] ! p>tially b>e & moi/ fields f ! bluebird1 ! song sp>r[1 & ! r$w+1 z if ! la/ flakes ( w9t] t9kl$ z !y fell6--,,?oreau4 ,9 ! s&s ( ,africa & ,arabia ! camel is a sacr$ & preci\s gift4--,,gibbon4 ,sid5ote3 ,= possessive p]son pron\ns4 #ahc4 ,! is frequ5tly us$ in/ead ( ! possessive case ( ! p]sonal pron\ns 81 h]1 etc4 ,m ?an "o h9t$ t a cord tw9$ ar\nd ! head1 or a mat* put betwe5 ! f+]s1 w\ld spe$ily extract ! requir$ in=mation4--,,k+sley4 ,! m\?1 & ! region ( ! m\?1 7 ab\t ! /ronge/ features 9 ,wordswor?'s face4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,sid5ote3 ,! = a4 #ahd4 ,9 ,engl& & ,scotl& ! is (t5 us$ :]e we use a1 9 speak+ ( measure & price2 z1-- ,:eat1 ! price ( :i* necess>ily v>i$1 av]ag$ 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury t5p5ce ! bu%el1 b>ley av]ag+ at ! same "t ?ree %ill+s ! qu>t]4--,,fr\de4 ,sid5ote3 ,a v /rong re/rictive4 #ahe4 ,sometimes ! has a /rong =ce1 almo/ equival5t to a descriptive adjective 9 emphasiz+ a ^w1-- ,no d\bt b ye are ! p1 & wisdom %all die ) y4--,bible4 ,z = ,new ,orleans1 x seem$ to me ! city ( ! _w :]e y c eat & dr9k ! mo/ & suff] ! lea/4--,,?ack]ay4 ,he 0 ! man 9 all ,europe t c\ld 7if any c\ld7 h driv5 six-9-h& full gallop ov] ,al ,sirat4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>k ( a sub/antive4 #ahf4 ,!1 s9ce x belongs di/9ctively to sub/antives1 is a sure indication t a ^w ( v]bal =m is n us$ p>ticipially1 b sub/antively4 ,9 ! hills ( ,sacram5to !re is gold = ! ga!r+4--,,em]son4 ,i ?\ght ! writ+ excell5t1 & wi%$1 if possible1 to imitate x4--,,frankl94 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 #ahg4 ,!re is "o use ( ! :i* is diff]5t f all ! above4 ,x is an adv]bial use1 & is spok5 ( m fully 9 ,sec4 #bhc4 ,comp>e ?is s5t5ce ) ^? above3-- ,!re 0 some?+ ugly & evil 9 8 face1 :i* !y _h n previ\sly notic$1 & :i* grew /ill ! m obvi\s to ! sight ! (t5] !y look$ ^u him4--,,haw?orne4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) five uses ( ! def9ite article4 ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,indef9ite ,,article4 ,sid5ote3 ,d5otes any "o ( a class4 #ahh4 ,! mo/ frequ5t use ( ! indef9ite article is to d5ote any "o ( a class or gr\p ( objects3 consequ5tly x belongs to s+ul> words2 z 9 ! s5t5ce1-- ,ne> ! *ur*y>d gate /&s a poor-box1 fa/5$ to a po/ by iron b&s & secur$ by a padlock1 ) a slop+ wood5 ro( to keep (f ! ra94--,,longfell[ ,sid5ote3 ,wid5s ! scope ( prop] n\ns4 #ahi4 ,:5 ! indef9ite article prec$es prop] names1 x alt]s !m to class names4 ,! qualities or attributes ( ! object are made prom95t1 & transf]r$ to any "o possess+ !m2 z1-- ,! vulg> riot & debau*]y1 :i* sc>cely disgrac$ an ,alcibiades or a ,cs>1 h be5 ex*ang$ = ! high] ideals ( a ,bay>d or a ,sydney4--,,pe>son ,sid5ote3 ,) ab/ract n\ns4 #aij4 ,an or a be=e ab/ract n\ns (t5 *anges !m to half ab/ract3 ! idea ( quality rema9s1 b ! ^w n[ d5otes only "o in/ance or example ( ?+s possess+ ! quality4 ,sid5ote3 ,become half ab/ract4 ,! simple p]ception ( natural =ms is a delight4--,,em]son ,if ?\ had/ a sorr[ ( ?9e own1 ! brook might tell !e ( x4--,,haw?orne ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 in/ead ( ! g5]al ab/ract notion ( delight1 :i* _c be s+ul> or plural1 a delight means "o ?+ delightful1 & implies o!rs hav+ ! same quality4 ,s a sorr[ means "o cause ( sorr[1 imply+ t !re are o!r ?+s t br+ sorr[4 ,sid5ote3 ,become pure class n\ns4 ,,note4--,"s ab/ract n\ns become common class n\ns ) ! indef9ite article1 ref]r+ simply to p]sons2 ?us1-- ,if ! poet ( ! ,rape ( ! ,lock be n a wit1 :o des]ves to be call$ s8--,,?ack]ay4 ,he _h a little bro!r 9 ,london ) him at ?is "t1--z great a beauty1 z great a d&y1 z great a villa94--,id4 ,a y\? to =tune & to fame unkn[n4--,,gray4 ,sid5ote3 ,*anges mat]ial to class n\ns4 #aia4 ,an or a be=e a mat]ial n\n indicates ! *ange to a class n\n1 mean+ "o k9d or a deta*$ portion2 z1-- ,!y t dwell up 9 ! /eeple1444 ,feel a glory 9 s roll+ ,on ! human he>t a /one4 --,,poe4 ,:5 ,god at fir/ made man1 ,hav+ a glass ( bless+s /&+ by4 --,,h]b]t4 ,! ro(s 7 turn$ into ar*es ( massy /one1 jo9$ by a cem5t t grew h>d] by "t4--,,johnson4 ,sid5ote3 ,l ! num]al adjective "o4 #aib4 ,9 "s cases an or a has ! full =ce ( ! num]al adjective "o4 ,x is %[n 9 ! foll[+3-- ,to e room !re 0 an op5 & a secret passage4--,,johnson4 ,9 a %ort "t ^! become a small tree1 an inv]t$ pyramid re/+ on ! apex ( ! o!r4--,,?oreau4 ,all m5 are at la/ ( a size4--,,em]son4 ,at ! approa* ( spr+ ! r$ squirrels got "u my h\se1 two at a "t4--,,?oreau4 ,sid5ote3 ,equival5t to ! ^w ea* or e4 #aic4 ,(t51 also1 ! indef9ite article has ! =ce ( ea* or e1 p>ticul>ly to express measure or frequ5cy4 ,x w\ld be s mu* m pleasant to live at 8 ease ?an to "w eight or t5 h\rs a day4--,,bulw] ,sid5ote3 ,comp>e to ,sec4 #ahd4 ,/rong be]1 su* z we n[ buy = eighte5p5ce a gallon1 0 !n a p5ny a gallon4--,,fr\de ,sid5ote3 ,) su*1 _m1 :at4 #aid4 ,an or a is add$ to ! adjectives su*1 _m1 & :at1 & may be consid]$ a "p ( ^! 9 modify+ sub/antives4 ,h[ 0 ,i to pay su* a debt8--,,?ack]ay4 ,_m a "o y & ,i h _h "h bel[4--,,?ack]ay4 ,:at a _w ( m]rim5t !n melody =etells6--,,poe4 ,sid5ote3 ,) n & _m4 #aie ,,li/ ,,iii4 ,a few ( comp>ative =m b n comp>ative mean+3-- ,aft] ,ov] ,"u ,ne!r4 ,n & nev] ) a or an are num]al adjectives1 in/ead ( adv]bs1 :i* !y are 9 g5]al4 ,n a drum 0 he>d1 n a fun]al note4--,,wolfe ,my ,"l ,duke 0 z hot z a flame at ?is salute1 b said nev] a ^w4--,,?ack]ay4 ,,note4--,all ^! h ! function ( adjectives2 b 9 ! la/ analysis ( ! expressions1 su*1 _m1 n1 etc41 might be consid]$ z adv]bs modify+ ! article4 ,sid5ote3 ,) few or little4 #aif4 ,! adjectives few & little h ! negative mean+ ( n mu*1 n _m1 )\t ! article2 b :5 a is put be=e !m1 !y h ! positive mean+ ( "s4 ,notice ! contra/ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,( ! c\ntry beyond ! ,mississippi little m 0 kn[n ?an ( ! he>t ( ,africa4--,,mcma/] ,to bo? mu/ ,i ( necessity cl+1 support$ always by ! hope t :5 a little "t1 a few ye>s1 %all h tri$ me m fully 9 _! e/eem1 ,i may be able to br+ !m toge!r4--,keats's ,lett]s4 ,few ( ! great *>act]s ( hi/ory h be5 s diff]5tly judg$ z ,alex&]4--,,smi?1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece ,sid5ote3 ,) adjectives1 *ang$ to n\ns4 #aig4 ,:5 ! is us$ be=e adjectives ) no sub/antive foll[+ 7,sec4 #aha & note71 ^! words are adjectives us$ z n\ns1 or pure n\ns2 b :5 an or a prec$es su* words1 !y are always n\ns1 hav+ ! regul> use & inflections ( n\ns2 = example1-- ,su* are ! words a brave %\ld use4--,,coop]4 ,9 ! great society ( wits1 ,john ,gay des]ves to be a favorite1 & to h a good place4--,,?ack]ay ,only ! "n ( "o obscure epigrammati/ has be5 embalm$ = use 9 ! v]ses ( a rival4--,,pe>son4 ,ex]cise4--,br+ up s5t5ces ) five uses ( ! indef9ite article4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,articles4 #aih4 ,9 p>s+ ! article1 tell-- 7#a7 ,:at ^w x limits4 7#b7 ,:i* ( ! above uses x has4 ,ex]cise4 ,p>se ! articles 9 ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,x is l ga!r+ a few pebbles (f ! gr\nd1 or bottl+ a little air 9 a phial1 :5 ! :ole e>? & ! :ole atmosph]e are ours4 #b4 ,ari/eides l&$ on ! isl& ) a body ( ,hoplites1 defeat$ ! ,p]sians & cut !m to pieces to a man4 #c4 ,! wild fire t lit ! eye ( an ,a*illes c gleam no m4 #d4 ,b x is n m]ely ! neighborhood ( ! ca!dral t is m$ival2 ! :ole city is ( a piece4 #e4 ,to ! h]dsman among 8 cattle 9 remote woods1 to ! craftsman 9 8 rude work%op1 to ! great & to ! little1 a new light has aris54 #f4 ,:5 ! mann]s ( ,loo are he>d (1 ! /upid become intellig5t1 & ! wav]+1 det]m9$4 #g4 ,! /ud5t is to read hi/ory actively1 & n passively4 #h4 ,?is resi/ance 0 ! labor ( 8 life4 #i4 ,!re 0 always a hope1 ev5 9 ! d>ke/ h\r4 #aj4 ,! *ild _h a native grace t does n inv>iably coexi/ ) faultless beauty4 #aa4 ,i ?9k a m]e g5t 7:i* ,i take to be ! l[e/ =m ( civilization7 bett] ?an a h[l+1 :i/l+1 cluck+1 /amp+1 jump+1 te>+ savage4 #ab4 ,e f[l :om ,nature has taught to dip ! w+ 9 wat]4 #ac4 ,!y seem to be l9es pretty mu* ( a l5g?4 #ad4 ,only ye/]day1 b :at a gulf betwe5 n[ & !n6 #ae4 ,n a brick 0 made b "s man _h to ?9k ( ! mak+ ( t brick4 #af4 ,! class ( p[]1 ! work+ h]oes1 ! ,cortes1 ! ,nelson1 ! ,napoleon1 see t ?is is ! fe/ivity & p]man5t celebration ( su* z !y2 t fa%ion is fund$ tal5t4 ,,v]bs ,,& ,,v]bals44 ,,v]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]b1--! ^w ( ! s5t5ce4 #aii4 ,! t]m v]b is f ! ,lat9 v]bum mean+ ^w3 h5ce x is ! ^w ( a s5t5ce4 ,a ?\ght _c be express$ )\t a v]b4 ,:5 ! *ild cries1 ,apple6 x means1 ,see ! apple6 or ,i h an apple6 ,9 ! m>9]'s %\t1 ,a sail6 ! mean+ is1 ,yond] is a sail6 ,s5t5ces are 9 ! =m ( decl>ations1 que/ions1 or comm&s2 & none ( ^! c be put be=e ! m9d )\t ! use ( a v]b4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o gr\p or a gr\p ( words4 #bjj4 ,! v]b may n always be a s+le ^w4 ,on acc\nt ( ! lack ( inflections1 v]b phrases are v frequ5t4 ,h5ce ! v]b may consi/ (3 7#a7 ,"o ^w2 z1 ,! "y man obey$4 7#b7 ,sev]al words ( v]bal nature1 mak+ "o expression2 z1 7a7 ,"s day x may be consid]$ reasonable1 7b7 ,fe>+ le/ he might h be5 anticipat$4 7#c7 ,"o or m v]bal words unit$ ) o!r words to compose "o v]b phrase3 z 9 ! s5t5ces1 7a7 ,!y knew well t ?is woman rul$ ov] ?irty millions ( subjects2 7b7 ,if all ! flumm]y & extravagance ( an army 7 done away )1 ! money c\ld be made to g mu* fur!r2 7c7 ,x is idle cant to pret5d anxiety = ! bett] di/ribution ( weal? until we c devise means by :i* ?is prey+ ^u p ( small incomes c be put a /op to4 ,9 7a71 a v]b & a preposition are us$ z "o v]b2 9 7b71 a v]b1 an adv]b1 & a preposition unite z a v]b2 9 7c71 an article1 a n\n1 a preposition1 are unit$ ) v]bs z "o v]b phrase4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition & caution4 #bja4 ,a v]b is a ^w us$ z a pr$icate1 to say some?+ to or ab\t "s p]son or ?+4 ,9 giv+ a def9ition1 we consid] a v]b z "o ^w4 ,n[1 x is indisp5sable to ! nature ( a v]b t x is a ^w us$ z a pr$icate4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ces 9 ,sec4 #bjj3 ,9 7#a71 obey$ is a pr$icate2 9 7#b1 a71 may be consid]$ is a unit 9 do+ ! "w ( "o pr$icate2 9 7#b1 b71 might h be5 anticipat$ is also "o pr$icate1 b fe>+ is n a pr$icate1 h5ce is n a v]b2 9 7#c1 b71 to g is no pr$icate1 & n a v]b2 9 7#c1 c71 to pret5d & prey+ h some?+ ( v]bal nature 9 express+ action 9 a fa9t & g5]al way1 b _c be pr$icates4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,put money 9 ?y purse1 put is ! pr$icate1 ) "s ^w und]/ood2 z1 ,put ?\ money 9 ?y purse4 ,,v]bs ,,classifi$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,mean+ ,,& ,,use4 ,,transitive ,,& ,,intransitive ,,v]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( ! transitive v]b4 #bjb4 ,by exam9+ a few v]bs1 x may be se5 t n all v]bs are us$ alike4 ,all d n express action3 "s d5ote /ate or condition4 ,( ^? express+ action1 all d n express x 9 ! same way2 = example1 9 ?is s5t5ce f ,bulw]1--,! pr\d lone took c>e to conceal ! angui% %e endur$2 & ! pride ( woman has an hypocrisy :i* c deceive ! mo/ p5etrat+1 & %ame ! mo/ a/ute1--e "o ( ! v]bs 9 ,italics has "o or m words be=e or aft] x1 repres5t+ some?+ :i* x influ5ces or controls4 ,9 ! fir/1 lone took :at8 answ]1 c>e2 endur$ :at8 angui%2 etc4 ,ea* influ5ces "s object1 :i* may be a p]son1 or a mat]ial ?+1 or an idea4 ,has takes ! object hypocrisy2 c deceive has an object1 ! mo/ p5etrat+2 7c7 %ame also has an object1 ! mo/ a/ute4 ,9 ea* case1 ! ^w foll[+1 or ! object1 is necess>y to ! completion ( ! action express$ 9 ! v]b4 ,all ^! are call$ transitive v]bs1 f ! ,lat9 transire1 :i* means to g ov]4 ,h5ce ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bjc4 ,a transitive v]b is "o :i* mu/ h an object to complete its mean+1 & to receive ! action express$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( intransitive v]bs4 #bjd4 ,exam9e ! v]bs 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,%e sprang up at t ?\ght1 &1 tak+ ! /aff :i* always guid$ h] /eps1 %e ha/5$ to ! neighbor+ %r9e ( ,isis4 ,till %e _h be5 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! k9dly ,greek1 t /aff _h suffic$ to conduct ! poor bl9d girl f corn] to corn] ( ,pompeii4--,,bulw] ,9 ?is !re are "s v]bs unlike ^? t h be5 exam9$4 ,sprang1 or sprang up1 expresses action1 b x is complete 9 itself1 does n affect an object2 ha/5$ is simil> 9 use2 _h be5 expresses condition1 or /ate ( be+1 & c h no object2 _h suffic$ means _h be5 suffici5t1 & f its mean+ _c h an object4 ,su* v]bs are call$ intransitive 7n cross+ ov]74 ,h5ce ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bje4 ,an intransitive v]b is "o :i* is complete 9 itself1 or :i* is complet$ by o!r words )\t requir+ an object4 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy use1 n =m1 ( v]bs "h4 #bjf4 ,_m v]bs c be ei!r transitive or intransitive1 accord+ to _! use 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,x c be said1 ,! boy walk$ = two h\rs1 or ,! boy walk$ ! horse2 ,! ra9s swell$ ! riv]1 or ,! riv] swell$ because ( ! ra92 etc4 ,! important ?+ to obs]ve is1 _m words mu/ be di/+ui%$ z transitive or intransitive by use1 n by =m4 #bjg4 ,also v]bs are sometimes made transitive by prepositions4 ,^! may be 7#a7 comp\nd$ ) ! v]b2 or 7#b7 may foll[ ! v]b1 & be us$ z an integral "p ( x3 = example1-- ,ask+ h] p>don = hav+ )/ood h]4--,,scott4 ,i c wi% myself no worse ?an to h x all to und]go a second "t4--,,k+sley4 ,a we>y gloom 9 ! deep cav]ns ( 8 eyes1 z ( a *ild t has outgr[n its play?+s4--,,haw?orne4 ,x is amus+ to walk up & d[n ! pi] & look at ! c\nt5ances pass+ by4--,b4 ,,taylor4 ,he 0 at once s out ( ! way1 & yet s s5sible1 t ,i lov$1 laugh$ at1 & piti$ him4--,,goldsmi?4 ,my little nurse told me ! :ole matt]1 :i* %e _h cunn+ly pick$ out f h] "m4--,,swift4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,pick out ! transitive & ! intransitive v]bs 9 ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 collect$ toge!r at a di/ance4 #b4 ,! pa? to ! f\nta9 l$ ?r\gh a grassy savanna4 #c4 ,z soon z ,i recov]$ my s5ses & /r5g? f s sudd5 a surprise1 ,i />t$ back out ( 8 rea* :]e ,i /ood to view him2 he lay quiet :il/ ,i survey$ him4 #d4 ,at fir/ !y lay a floor ( ?is k9d ( temp]$ mort> on ! gr\nd1 ^u :i* !y deposit a lay] ( eggs4 #e4 ,i ran my b>k on %ore at "o ( _! l&+ places1 :i* 0 a sort ( neck or little dock1 f :i* asc5d$ a slop+ pa? or road up to ! edge ( ! mead[1 :]e _! ne/s 72 mo/ ( !m 7 des]t$1 & ! great ?ick :iti% egg%ells lay brok5 & scatt]$ ^u ! gr\nd4 #f4 ,accord+ly ,i got ev]y?+ on bo>d1 *>g$ my gun1 set sail cauti\sly1 along %ore4 ,z ,i pass$ by ,battle ,lagoon1 ,i began to tremble4 #g4 ,i seiz$ my gun1 & w5t cauti\sly f my camp3 :5 ,i _h advanc$ ab\t ?irty y>ds1 ,i halt$ beh9d a coppice ( orange trees1 & soon p]ceiv$ two v l>ge be>s1 :i* _h made _! way ?r\gh ! wat] & _h l&$ 9 ! grove1 & 7 advanc+ t[>d me4 7b7 ,br+ up s5t5ces ) five transitive & five intransitive v]bs4 ,,voice1 ,,active ,,& ,,passive4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( active voice4 #bjh4 ,z has be5 se51 transitive v]bs are ! only k9d t c express action s z to g ov] to an object4 ,?is implies ?ree ?+s1--! ag5t1 or p]son or ?+ act+2 ! v]b repres5t+ ! action2 ! p]son or object receiv+ ! act4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,we rea*$ ! village ( ,sorgues by dusk1 & accept$ ! invitation ( an old dame to lodge at h] inn1 ^! ?ree ?+s are f\nd3 ! actor1 or ag5t1 is express$ by we2 ! action is ass]t$ by rea*$ & accept$2 ! ?+s act$ ^u are village & invitation4 ,"h ! subject is repres5t$ z do+ some?+4 ,! same ^w is ! subject & ! ag5t4 ,?is use ( a transitive v]b is call$ ! active voice4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bji4 ,! active voice is t =m ( a v]b :i* repres5ts ! subject z act+2 or ,! active voice is t =m ( a transitive v]b :i* makes ! subject & ! ag5t ! same ^w4 ,sid5ote3 ,a "q4 #baj4 ,intransitive v]bs are always active voice4 ,let ! /ud5t expla9 :y4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( passive voice4 #baa4 ,9 ! ass]tion ( an action1 x w\ld be natural to suppose1 t1 in/ead ( always repres5t+ ! subject z act+ ^u "s p]son or ?+1 x mu/ (t5 happ5 t ! subject is spok5 ( z act$ ^u2 & ! p]son or ?+ act+ may or may n be express$ 9 ! s5t5ce3 = example1-- ,all infractions ( love & equity 9 our social relations are spe$ily puni%$4 ,!y are puni%$ by fe>4--,,em]son4 ,"h ! subject infractions does no?+3 x repres5ts ! object t[>d :i* ! action ( are puni%$ is direct$1 yet x is ! subject ( ! same v]b4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! ag5t is n express$2 9 ! second1 fe> is ! ag5t ( ! same action4 ,s t 9 ?is case1 in/ead ( hav+ ! ag5t & subject ! same ^w1 we h ! object & subject ! same ^w1 & ! ag5t may be omitt$ f ! /atem5t ( ! action4 ,passive is f ! ,lat9 ^w patior1 mean+ to endure or suff]2 b 9 ord9>y grammatical use passive means receiv+ an action4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bab4 ,! passive voice is t =m ( ! v]b :i* repres5ts ! subject z be+ act$ ^u2 or-- ,! passive voice is t =m ( ! v]b :i* repres5ts ! subject & ! object by ! same ^w4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,pick out ! v]bs 9 ! active & ! passive voice3-- #a4 ,9 ! l>ge room "s =ty or fifty /ud5ts 7 walk+ ab\t :ile ! p>ties 7 prep>+4 #b4 ,?is 0 done by tak+ (f ! coat & ve/ & b9d+ a great ?ick lea!r g>m5t on1 :i* rea*$ to ! knees4 #c4 ,!y !n put on a lea!r glove rea*+ ne>ly to ! %\ld]1 ti$ a ?ick cravat ar\nd ! ?roat1 & drew on a cap ) a l>ge visor4 #d4 ,?is done1 !y 7 walk$ ab\t ! room a %ort "t2 _! faces all ?is "t betray$ consid]able anxiety4 #e4 ,we jo9$ ! cr[d1 & us$ our lungs z well z any4 #f4 ,! lakes 7 soon cov]$ ) m]ry skat]s1 & e aft]noon ! banks 7 cr[d$ ) spectators4 #g4 ,p 7 sett+ up tor*es & l5g!n+ ! rafts :i* _h be5 already =m$4 #h4 ,! wat] 0 fir/ br\ght 9 b>rels drawn by horses1 till "s (fic] came & op5$ ! fire plug4 #i4 ,! exclusive 9 fa%ionable life does n see t he excludes himself f enjoym5t1 9 ! attempt to appropriate x4 7b7 ,f9d s5t5ces ) five v]bs 9 ! active & five 9 ! passive voice4 ,,mood4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bac4 ,! ^w mood is f ! ,lat9 modus1 mean+ mann]1 way1 me?od4 ,h5ce1 :5 appli$ to v]bs1-- ,mood means ! mann] ( conceiv+ & express+ action or be+ ( "s subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree ways4 #bad4 ,!re are ?ree *ief ways ( express+ action or be+3-- 7#a7 ,z a fact2 ?is may be a "q1 /atem5t1 or assumption4 7#b7 ,z d\btful1 or m]ely conceiv$ ( 9 ! m9d4 7#c7 ,z urg$ or comm&$4 ,,indicative ,,mood4 ,sid5ote3 ,deals ) facts4 #bae4 ,! t]m indicative is f ! ,lat9 indic>e 7to decl>e1 or ass]t74 ,! indicative repres5ts some?+ z a fact1-- ,sid5ote3 ,affirms or d5ies4 7#a7 ,by decl>+ a ?+ to be true or n to be true2 ?us1-- ,di/9ction is ! consequ5ce1 nev] ! object1 ( a great m9d4--,,all/on4 ,i d n rememb] :5 or by :om ,i 0 taught to read2 because ,i _c & nev] c\ld recollect a "t :5 ,i c\ld n read my ,bible4--,d4 ,,web/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,assum$ z a fact4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 7#b7 ,by assum+ a ?+ to be true )\t decl>+ x to be s4 ,?is k9d ( indicative clause is usually introduc$ by if 7mean+ admitt+ t1 grant+ t1 etc471 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 etc4 ,notice t ! action is n m]ely conceiv$ z possible2 x is assum$ to be a fact3 = example1-- ,if ! p5alties ( rebellion hung ov] an unsuccessful conte/2 if ,am]ica 0 yet 9 ! cradle ( h] political exi/5ce2 if h] population little exce$$ two millions2 if %e 0 )\t gov]nm5t1 )\t fleets or armies1 ars5als or magaz9es1 )\t milit>y k1--/ill h] citiz5s _h a j & elevat$ s5se ( h] rights4--,a4 ,,hamilton4 7#c7 ,by ask+ a "q to f9d out "s fact2 z1-- ,is private cr$it ! fri5d & patron ( indu/ry8--,,hamilton4 ,) respect to novels :at %all ,i say8--,n4 ,,web/]4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #baf 4,! indicative mood is t =m ( a v]b :i* repres5ts a ?+ z a fact1 or inquires ab\t "s fact4 ,,subjunctive ,,mood4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( ! ^w4 #bag4 ,subjunctive means subjo9$1 or jo9$ z dep5d5t or subord9ate to some?+ else4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is mean+ is mislead+4 ,if its orig9al mean+ be closely adh]$ to1 we mu/ expect e dep5d5t clause to h its v]b 9 ! subjunctive mood1 & e clause n dep5d5t to h its v]b 9 "s o!r mood4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,9 ! quotation f ,hamilton 7,sec4 #bae1 #b7 sev]al subjo9$ clauses introduc$ by if h ! indicative mood1 & also indep5d5t clauses are (t5 f\nd hav+ ! v]b 9 ! subjunctive mood4 ,sid5ote3 ,cautions4 ,?ree cautions w be laid d[n :i* mu/ be obs]v$ by a /ud5t :o wi%es to und]/& & use ! ,engli% subjunctive3-- 7#a7 ,y _c tell x always by ! =m ( ! ^w4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is1 t ! subjunctive has no -s z ! end+ ( ! pres5t t5se1 ?ird p]son s+ul>2 z1 ,if he come4 7#b7 ,! fact t its clause is dep5d5t or is introduc$ by c]ta9 words w n be a safe rule to guide y4 7#c7 ,! mean+ ( ! v]b itself mu/ be ke5ly /udi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bah4 ,! subjunctive mood is t =m or use ( ! v]b :i* expresses action or be+1 n z a fact1 b z m]ely conceiv$ ( 9 ! m9d4 ,subjunctive 9 ,indep5d5t ,clauses4 ,i4 ,express+ a ,wi%4 #bai4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( ?is use3-- ,heav5 re/ h] s\l6--,,moore4 ,god grant y f9d "o face !re ,y lov$ :5 all 0 "y4--,,k+sley4 ,n[ tremble dimples on y\r *eek1 ,sweet be y\r lips to ta/e & speak4--,,b$does4 ,long die ?y happy days be=e ?y dea?4--,,%akespe>e4 ,,ii4 ,a ,cont+5t ,decl>ation or ,"q4 #bbj4 ,?is really am\nts to ! conclusion1 or pr9cipal clause1 9 a s5t5ce1 ( :i* ! condition is omitt$4 ,our *os5 specim5 ( ! h]o z lit]>y man if we 7 to *oose "o w\ld be ?is ,goe!4--,,c>lyle4 ,i c\ld lie d[n l a tir$ *ild1 ,& weep away ! life ( c>e ,:i* ,i h borne & yet mu/ be>4--,,%elley4 ,mo/ excell5t /rang]1 z y come to ! lakes simply to see _! lovel9ess1 might x n be z well to ask aft] ! mo/ beautiful road1 r ?an ! %orte/8--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,subjunctive 9 ,dep5d5t ,clauses4 ,i4 ,condition or ,supposition4 #bba4 ,! mo/ common way ( repres5t+ ! action or be+ z m]ely ?\ght (1 is by putt+ x into ! =m ( a supposition or condition2 z1-- ,n[1 if ! fire ( electricity & t ( lightn+ be ! same1 ?is pa/ebo>d & ^! scales may repres5t electrifi$ cl\ds4--,,frankl94 ,"h no ass]tion is made t ! two ?+s are ! same2 b1 if ! read] m]ely conceives !m = ! mom5t to be ! same1 ! writ] c make ! /atem5t foll[+4 ,aga91-- ,if x be ,sunday suppos+ x to be ,sunday1 ! peasants sit on ! *ur* /eps & con _! psalm books4--,,longfell[4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,conditional ,,s5t5ces4 #bbb4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( conditional s5t5ces3-- ,sid5ote3 ,real or true4 7#a7 ,^? 9 :i* an assum$ or admitt$ fact is plac$ be=e ! m9d 9 ! =m ( a condition 7see ,sec4 #bae1 #b72 = example1-- ,if !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! works ( philosoph]s & poets1 !y 7 deeply read 9 ! oracles ( ,god4 ,if _! names 7 n f\nd 9 ! regi/]s ( h]alds1 !y 7 record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,life4--,,macaulay4 ,sid5ote3 ,ideal1--may or may n be true4 7#b7 ,^? 9 :i* ! condition dep5ds on some?+ unc]ta91 & may or may n be reg>d$ true1 or be fulfill$2 z1-- ,if1 9 our case1 ! repres5tative sy/em ultimately fail1 popul> gov]nm5t mu/ be pron\nc$ impossible4--,d4 ,,web/]4 ,if ?is be ! glory ( ,julius1 ! fir/ great f\nd] ( ! ,empire1 s x is also ! glory ( ,*>lemagne1 ! second f\nd]4--,,bryce4 ,if any man consid] ! pres5t aspects ( :at is call$ by di/9ction society1 he w see ! ne$ ( ^! e?ics4 --,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,unreal--_c be true4 7#c7 ,suppositions contr>y to fact1 :i* _c be true1 or conditions t _c be fulfill$1 b are pres5t$ only 9 ord] to sugge/ :at might be or might h be5 true2 ?us1-- ,if ^! ?+s 7 true1 society c\ld n hold toge!r4 --,,l[ell4 ,did n my writ+s produce me "s solid pudd+1 ! great defici5cy ( praise w\ld h q disc\rag$ me4--,,frankl94 ,_h he = once ca/ all su* feel+s aside1 & /riv5 en]getically to save ,ney1 x w\ld h ca/ su* an enhanc+ light ov] all 8 glories1 t we _c b regret its abs5ce4--,,bayne4 ,,note4--,conditional s5t5ces are usually introduc$ by if1 ?\gh1 except1 unless1 etc42 b :5 ! v]b prec$es ! subject1 ! conjunction is (t5 omitt$3 = example1 ,7 ,i bidd5 to say h[ ! highe/ g5ius c\ld be mo/ advantage\sly employ$1 etc4 ,ex]cise4 ,9 ! foll[+ conditional clauses1 tell :e!r ea* v]b is indicative or subjunctive1 & :at k9d ( condition3-- #a4 ,! voice1 if he speak to y1 is ( simil> physiognomy1 cle>1 melodi\s1 & sonor\s4--,,c>lyle4 #b4 ,7 y s di/+ui%$ f y\r neighbors1 w\ld y1 d y ?9k1 be any ! happi]8--,,?ack]ay4 #c4 ,epam9ondas1 if he 0 ! man ,i take him =1 w\ld h sat /ill ) joy & peace1 if 8 lot _h be5 m9e4--,,em]son4 #d4 ,if a damsel _h ! lea/ smatt]+ ( lit]ature1 %e 0 reg>d$ z a prodigy4--,,macaulay4 #e4 ,i told him1 al?\gh x 7 ! cu/om ( our le>n$ 9 ,europe to /eal inv5tions f ea* o!r1444 yet ,i w\ld take su* caution t he %\ld h ! honor entire4--,,swift4 #f4 ,if he _h reason to dislike him1 he _h bett] n h writt51 s9ce he ,byron 0 dead4--,n4,p4 ,,willis4 #g4 ,if x 7 pro/rat$ to ! gr\nd by a pr(ane h&1 :at native ( ! city w\ld n m\rn ov] its fall8--,,gay>re4 #h4 ,b 9 no case c\ld x be ju/ifi$1 except x be = a failure ( ! association or union to effect ! object = :i* x 0 creat$4--,,calh\n4 ,,ii4 ,subjunctive ( ,purpose4 #bbc4 ,! subjunctive1 especially be1 may1 might1 & %\ld1 is us$ to express purpose1 ! clause be+ introduc$ by t or le/2 z1-- ,x 0 necess>y1 he suppos$1 to dr9k /rong be]1 t he might be /rong to labor4--,,frankl94 ,i h be5 ! m p>ticul>444t y may comp>e su* unlikely beg9n+s ) ! figure ,i h s9ce made !re4--,id4 ,he ,rod]ick ) sudd5 impulse t way rode1 ,to tell ( :at _h pass$1 le/ 9 ! /rife ,!y %\ld engage ) ,julian's m54--,,s\!y4 ,,iii4 ,subjunctive ( ,result4 #bbd4 ,! subjunctive may repres5t ! result t[>d :i* an action t5ds3-- ,s _m ?\ghts move to & fro1 ,t va9 x 7 h] eyes to close4 --,,col]idge4 ,s live1 t :5 ?y summons comes to jo9 ,! innum]able c>avan444 ,?\ g n1 l ! qu>ry-slave at night4 --,,bryant4 ,,iv4 ,9 ,temporal ,clauses4 #bbe4 ,! ,engli% subjunctive1 l ! ,lat91 is sometimes us$ 9 a clause to express ! "t :5 an action is to take place4 ,let x rise1 till x meet ! sun 9 8 com+4--,d4 ,,web/]4 ,rise up1 be=e x be too late6--,,haw?orne4 ,b x w n be long ,ere ?is be ?r[n aside4 --,,wordswor?4 ,v4 ,9 ,indirect ,que/ions4 #bbf4 ,! subjunctive is (t5 f\nd 9 indirect que/ions1 ! answ] be+ reg>d$ z d\btful4 ,ask ! great man if !re be none great]4--,,em]son ,:at ! be/ arrangem5t 71 none ( u c\ld say4--,,c>lyle4 ,:e!r x 7 morn+ or :e!r x 7 aft]noon1 9 h] confusion %e _h n di/9ctly kn[n4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,vi4 ,express+ a ,wi%4 #bbg4 ,aft] a v]b ( wi%+1 ! subjunctive is regul>ly us$ 9 ! dep5d5t clause4 ,! transmigiation ( s\ls is no fable4 ,i w\ld x 76 --,,em]son4 ,bright />6 ,w\ld ,i 7 /eadfa/ z ?\ art6--,,keats4 ,i've wi%$ t little isle _h w+s1 ,& we1 )9 its fairy b[]s1 ,7 waft$ (f to seas unkn[n4 --,,moore4 ,,vii4 ,9 a ,n\n ,clause4 ,sid5ote3 ,subject4 #bbh4 ,! n\n clause1 9 its v>i\s uses z subject1 object1 9 apposition1 etc41 (t5 conta9s a subjunctive4 ,! ess5ce ( orig9ality is n t x be new4--,,c>lyle ,sid5ote3 ,apposition or logical subject4 ,to appreciate ! wild & %>p flavors ( ^? ,octob] fruits1 x is necess>y t y be brea?+ ! %>p ,octob] or ,novemb] air4--,,?oreau4 ,sid5ote3 ,complem5t4 ,! fir/ m]it1 t :i* admits nei!r sub/itute nor equival5t1 is1 t ev]y?+ be 9 its place4--,,col]idge4 ,sid5ote3 ,object4 ,z sure z ,heav5 %all rescue me1 ,i h no ?\ght :at m5 !y be4--,,col]idge4 ,"s might lam5t t ,i 7 cold4--,,%elley4 ,sid5ote3 ,aft] v]bs ( comm&+4 ,?is subjunctive is v frequ5t aft] v]bs ( comm&+4 ,see t !re be no traitors 9 y\r camp4--,,t5nyson4 ,come1 tell me all t ?\ ha/ se51 ,& look ?\ tell me true4 --,,scott4 ,see t ?y scept] be heavy on 8 head4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,viii4 ,concessive ,clauses4 #bbi4 ,! concession may be express$-- 7#a7 ,9 ! nature ( ! v]b2 = example1-- ,be ! matt] h[ x may1 ,gabriel ,grub 0 afflict$ ) rheumatism to ! end ( 8 days4--,,dick5s4 ,be ! appeal made to ! und]/&+ or ! he>t1 ! s5t5ce is ! same--t rejects x4--,,br\gham 7#b7 ,by an indef9ite relative ^w1 :i* may be 7a7 ,pron\n4 ,:atev] betide1 we'll turn aside1 ,& see ! ,braes ( ,y>r[4 --,,wordswor?4 7b7 ,adjective4 ,t hung] ( applause1 ( ca%1 or :atsoev] victual x may be1 is ! ultimate fact ( man's life4--,,c>lyle4 7c7 ,adv]b4 ,:]ev] he dream "u m\nta9 or /ream1 ,! _s he loves rema9s4 --,,%elley4 ,preval5ce ( ! ,subjunctive ,mood4 #bcj4 ,z %[n by ! wide range ( lit]ature f :i* ^! examples are select$1 ! subjunctive is v mu* us$ 9 lit]>y ,engli%1 especially by ^? :o are arti/ic & exact 9 ! expression ( _! ?\ght4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 ! subjunctive is becom+ less & less us$4 ,v _m ( ! s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! use ( ! subjunctive mood c\ld be replac$ by num]\s o!rs us+ ! indicative to express ! same ?\ghts4 ,! ?ree uses ( ! subjunctive n[ mo/ frequ5t are1 to express a wi%1 a concession1 & condition contr>y to fact4 ,9 spok5 ,engli%1 ! subjunctive 7 is mu* us$ 9 a wi% or a condition contr>y to fact1 b h>dly any o!r subjunctive =ms are4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 ?\gh1 t _m ( ! v]bs 9 ! subjunctive h ! same =m z ! indicative4 ,especially is ?is true ( unreal conditions 9 pa/ "t2 = example1-- ,7 we ( op5 s5se z ! ,greeks 71 we _h f\nd %\ld h f\nd a poem "h4--,,c>lyle4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bca4 ,! imp]ative mood is ! =m ( ! v]b us$ 9 direct comm&s1 entreaties1 or reque/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,usually second p]son4 #bcb4 ,! imp]ative is naturally us$ mo/ly ) ! second p]son1 s9ce comm&s are direct$ to a p]son address$4 7#a7 ,comm&4 ,call up ! %ades ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o to v\* = y\r words2 po9t to _! immortal works4--,j4,q4 ,,adams4 ,honor all m52 love all m52 fe> none4--,,*ann+4 7#b7 ,entreaty4 ,oh1 f ^! /]n] aspects ( ?y face ,sp>e me & m9e1 nor let u ne$ ! wra? ,( ! mad un*a9$ elem5ts4 --,,bryant4 7#c7 ,reque/4 ,hu%6 "m1 :isp]$ ,kit4 ,come along ) me4--,,dick5s ,tell me1 h[ 0 x y ?\ght ( com+ "h8--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes ) fir/ p]son 9 ! plural4 ,b ! imp]ative may be us$ ) ! plural ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,s9ce ! fir/ p]son plural p]son is n really ,i ,i1 b ,i y1 or ,i !y1 etc41 we may use ! imp]ative ) we 9 a comm&1 reque/1 etc41 to y impli$ 9 x4 ,?is is sc>cely ev] f\nd outside ( poetry4 ,"p we 9 fri5d%ip f y\r l&1 ,&1 noble e>l1 receive my h&4 --,,scott4 ,!n seek we n _! camp--= !re ,! sil5ce dwells ( my despair4 --,,campbell4 ,break we our wat* up4--,,%akespe>e4 ,usually ?is is express$ by let ) ! objective3 ,let u g4 ,& ! same ) ! ?ird p]son3 ,let him be accurs$4 ,ex]cises on ! ,moods4 7a7 ,tell ! mood ( ea* v]b 9 ^! s5t5ces1 & :at special use x is ( t mood3-- #a4 ,:]ev] ! /&>d ( fre$om & indep5d5ce has be5 or %all be unfurl$1 !re w h] he>t & h] pray]s be4 #b4 ,m>k ?\ ?is diff]5ce1 *ild ( e>?6 ,:ile ea* p]=ms 8 "p1 ,n all ! lip c speak is wor? ,! sil5ce ( ! he>t4 #c4 ,oh1 t ,i might be admitt$ to ?y pres5ce6 t m9e 7 ! supreme delight ( kn[+ ?y w6 #d4 ',tw]e wor? t5 ye>s ( peaceful life1 ,"o glance at _! array6 #e4 ,:atev] inconv5i5ce ensue1 no?+ is to be pref]r$ be=e ju/ice4 #f4 ,! vigor\s sun w\ld cat* x up at eve ,& use x = an anvil till he _h fill$ ,! %elves ( heav5 ) burn+ ?und]bolts4 #g4 ,meet is x *anges %\ld control ,our be+1 le/ we ru/ 9 ease4 #h4 ,quo? %e1 ,! ,devil take ! goose1 ,& ,god =get ! /rang]6 #i4 ,?9k n t ,i speak = y\r sakes4 #aj4 ,n[ tread we a measure6 said "y ,lo*9v>4 #aa4 ,7 t a j return8 ,7 t ,roman magnanimity8 #ab4 ,well2 h[ he may d 8 "w1 :e!r he d x "r or wrong1 or d x at all1 is a po9t :i* no man 9 ! _w has tak5 ! pa9s to ?9k (4 #ac4 ,he is1 let him live :]e else he l1 9 :at pomps & prosp]ities he l1 no lit]>y man4 #ad4 ,c\ld we "o day complete ! imm5se figure :i* ^! flagrant po9ts compose6 #ae4 ,oh1 !n1 my de> madam1 cri$ he1 tell me :]e ,i may f9d my poor1 ru9$1 b rep5tant *ild4 #af4 ,t %eaf ( d>ts1 w x n fall unb\nd1 ,except1 disrob$ ( ?y va9 e>?ly vaunt1 ,?\ br+ x to be bless$ :]e sa9ts & angels haunt8 #ag4 ,=get ?yself to m>ble1 till ,) a sad lead5 d[nw>d ca/ ,?\ fix !m on ! e>? z fa/4 #ah4 ,he1 z ?\gh an in/rum5t1 ,blew mimic hoot+s to ! sil5t owls1 ,t !y might answ] him4 #ai4 ,f ! moss violets & jonquils peep1 ,& d>t _! arr[y odor ?r\gh ! bra91 ,till y might fa9t ) t delici\s pa94 #bj4 ,t a man p>ade 8 d\bt1 & get to imag9e t debat+ & logic is ! triumph & true "w ( :at intellect he has2 alas6 ?is is z if y %\ld ov]turn ! tree4 #ba4 ,! fat e>? fe$ ?y bran*y root ,t "u deeply /rikes6 ,! nor!rn morn+ o'er !e %oot1 ,high up 9 silv] spikes6 #bb4 ,?\gh abyss op5 "u abyss1 & op9ion displace op9ion1 all are at la/ conta9$ 9 ! ,et]nal cause4 #bc4 ,god s5d ,rome "o su* o!r sight6 #bd4 ,mr4 ,m>%all1 cont9u$ ,old ,morgan1 see t no "o m5tions ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! prison]4 #be4 ,if !re is only "o woman 9 ! nation :o claims ! "r to vote1 %e ought to h x4 #bf4 ,?\gh he 7 dumb1 x w\ld speak4 #bg4 ,meantime1 :atev] %e did1--:e!r x 7 9 display ( h] own mat*less tal5ts1 or :e!r x 7 z "o memb] ( a g5]al p>ty1--no?+ c\ld exce$ ! amiable1 k9d1 & unassum+ deportm5t ( ,mrs4 ,siddons4 #bh4 ,x makes a great diff]5ce to ! =ce ( any s5t5ce :e!r !re be a man beh9d x or no4 7b7 ,f9d s5t5ces ) five v]bs 9 ! indicative mood1 five 9 ! subjunctive1 five 9 ! imp]ative4 ,,t5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bcc4 ,t5se means "t4 ,! t5se ( a v]b is ! =m or use indicat+ ! "t ( an action or be+4 ,sid5ote3 ,t5ses 9 ,engli%4 ,old ,engli% _h only two t5ses1--! pres5t t5se1 :i* repres5t$ pres5t & future "t2 & ! pa/ t5se4 ,we /ill use ! pres5t = ! future 9 su* expressions z1 ,i g away to-morr[2 ,if he comes1 tell him to wait4 ,b ,engli% ( ! pres5t day n only has a t5se = ea* ( ! natural "t divisions1--pres5t1 pa/1 & future1--b has o!r t5ses to correspond ) ^? ( highly inflect$ languages1 su* z ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,! di/9ct inflections are f\nd only 9 ! pres5t & pa/ t5ses1 h[ev]3 ! o!rs are comp\nds ( v]bal =ms ) v>i\s help+ v]bs1 call$ auxili>ies2 su* z be1 h1 %all1 w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t5ses 9 detail4 #bcd4 ,action or be+ may be repres5t$ z occurr+ 9 pres5t1 pa/1 or future "t1 by means ( ! pres5t1 ! pa/1 & ! future t5se4 ,x may also be repres5t$ z f9i%$ 9 pres5t or pa/ or future "t by means ( ! pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect1 & future p]fect t5ses4 ,n only is ?is s3 !re are :at are call$ def9ite =ms ( ^! t5ses1 %[+ m exactly ! "t ( ! action or be+4 ,^! make ! ,engli% spee* ev5 m exact ?an o!r languages1 z w be %[n lat] on1 9 ! conjugations4 ,,p]son ,,& ,,numb]4 #bce4 ,! ,engli% v]b has nev] _h full inflections = numb] & p]son1 z ! classical languages h4 ,:5 ! old] pron\n ?\ 0 9 use1 !re 0 a =m ( ! v]b to correspond to x1 or agree ) x1 z1 ,?\ walke/1 pres5t2 ,?\ walk$/1 pa/2 also1 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 a =m end+ 9 -e?1 z1 ,x is n 9 man t walke?1 to direct 8 /eps4 ,b 9 ord9>y ,engli% ( ! pres5t day !re is practically only "o end+ = p]son & numb]4 ,?is is ! ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]2 z1 ,he walks2 & ?is only 9 ! pres5t t5se indicative4 ,?is is important 9 que/ions ( agreem5t :5 we come to syntax4 ,,conjugation4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bcf4 ,conjugation is ! regul> arrangem5t ( ! =ms ( ! v]b 9 ! v>i\s voices1 moods1 t5ses1 p]sons1 & numb]s4 ,9 classical languages1 conjugation means jo9+ toge!r ! num]\s end+s to ! /em ( ! v]b2 b 9 ,engli%1 inflections are s few t conjugation means m]ely ! exhibition ( ! =ms & ! diff]5t v]b phrases t express ! relations ( voice1 mood1 t5se1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,few =ms4 #bcg4 ,v]bs 9 mod]n ,engli% h only f\r or five =ms2 = example1 walk has walk1 walks1 walk$1 walk+1 sometimes add+ ! old =ms walke/1 walk$/1 walke?4 ,su* v]bs z *oose h five1--*oose1 *ooses1 *ose1 *oos+1 *os5 7old1 *oose/1 *oose?1 *ose/74 ,! v]b be has m =ms1 s9ce x is compos$ ( sev]al diff]5t roots1--am1 are1 is1 71 be51 etc4 #bch4 ,,inflections ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,be4 ,indicative ,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 ,s+ul> ,plural ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i am ,we are #a4 ,i 0 ,we 7 #b4 ,y are ,y are #b4 ,y 7 ,y 7 7?\ art7 7?\ wa/1 w]t7 #c4 ,he is ,!y are #c4 ,he 0 ,!y 7 ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 ,s+ul> ,plural ,s+ul> ,plural #a4 ,i be ,we be #a4 ,i 7 ,we 7 #b4 ,y 7?\7 be ,y be #b4 ,y 7 ,y 7 7?\ w]t7 #c4 ,he be ,!y be #c4 ,he 7 ,!y 7 ,imp]ative ,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se1 ,s+ul> & ,plural1 ,be4 ,sid5ote3 ,rem>ks on ! v]b be4 #bci4 ,?is conjugation is piec$ out ) ?ree diff]5t roots3 7#a7 am1 is2 7#b7 01 72 7#c7 be4 ,in/ead ( ! plural are1 ,old ,engli% _h beo? & s9d or s9don1 same z ! ,g]man s9d4 ,are is suppos$ to h come f ! ,norse language4 ,! old indicative ?ird p]son plural be is sometimes f\nd 9 lit]ature1 ?\gh x is usually a dialect =m2 = example1-- ,:]e be ! s5tries :o us$ to salute z ! ,royal *>iots drove 9 & out8--,,?ack]ay ,:]e be ! gloomy %ades1 & desolate m\nta9s8--,,:itti] ,sid5ote3 ,uses ( be4 #bdj4 ,! =ms ( ! v]b be h sev]al uses3-- 7#a7 ,z pr9cipal v]bs4 ,! light t nev] 0 on sea & l&4--,,wordswor?4 7#b7 ,z auxili>y v]bs1 9 f\r ways1-- 7a7 ,) v]bal =ms 9 -+ 7imp]fect p>ticiple7 to =m ! def9ite t5ses4 ,broadswords are madd5+ 9 ! re>1--,ea* broadsword bright 0 br&i%+ l beam ( light4--,,scott4 7b7 ,) ! pa/ p>ticiple 9 -ed1 -en1 etc41 to =m ! passive voice4 ,by solemn vision & bright silv] dream1 ,8 infancy 0 nurtur$4 --,,%elley4 7c7 ,) pa/ p>ticiple ( intransitive v]bs1 be+ equival5t to ! pres5t p]fect & pa/ p]fect t5ses active2 z1 ,:5 we are gone ,f e object de> to mortal sight4 --,,wordswor? ,we drank tea1 :i* 0 n[ become an occasional banquet4--,,goldsmi?4 7d7 ,) ! inf9itive1 to express int5tion1 obligation1 condition1 etc42 ?us1 ,x 0 to h be5 call$ ! ,ord] ( ,m9]va4--,,?ack]ay4 ,+5uity & clev]ness are to be rew>d$ by ,/ate prizes4--,id4 ,if ,i 7 to expla9 ! motion ( a body fall+ to ! gr\nd4--,,burke #bda4 ,,inflections ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,*oose4 ,indicative ,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i *oose ,we *oose #b4 ,y *oose ,y *oose #c4 ,he *ooses ,!y *oose ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i *ose ,we *ose #b4 ,y *ose ,y *ose #c4 ,he *ose ,!y *ose ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i *oose ,we *oose #b4 ,y *oose ,y *oose #c4 ,he *oose ,!y *oose ,,pa/ ,,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 #a4 ,i *ose ,we *ose #b4 ,y *ose ,y *ose #c4 ,he *ose ,!y *ose ,imp]ative ,mood4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se1 ,s+ul> & ,plural1 ,*oose4 ,,full ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,*oose4 ,sid5ote3 ,ma*9]y ( a v]b 9 ! voices1 t5ses1 etc4 #bdb4 ,9 addition to ! above inflect$ =ms1 !re are _m p]iphra/ic or comp\nd =ms1 made up ( auxili>ies ) ! inf9itives & p>ticiples4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 indicat$ 9 ,sec4 #bdj1 7#b74 ,! ord9>y t5ses yet to be spok5 ( are made up z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,future t5se1 by us+ %all & w ) ! simple or root =m ( ! v]b2 z1 ,i %all be1 ,he w *oose4 7#b7 ,pres5t p]fect1 pa/ p]fect1 future p]fect1 t5ses1 by plac+ h1 _h1 & %all 7or w7 h be=e ! pa/ p>ticiple ( any v]b2 z1 ,i h gone 7pres5t p]fect71 ,i _h gone 7pa/ p]fect71 ,i %all h gone 7future p]fect74 7#c7 ,! def9ite =m ( ea* t5se1 by us+ auxili>ies ) ! imp]fect p>ticiple active2 z1 ,i am runn+1 ,!y _h be5 runn+4 7#d7 ,! passive =ms1 by us+ ! =ms ( ! v]b be be=e ! pa/ p>ticiple ( v]bs2 z1 ,i 0 *os51 ,y are *os54 #bdc4 ,! foll[+ s*eme w %[ h[ ri* our language is 9 v]b phrases to express e v>iety ( mean+4 ,only ! ?ird p]son1 s+ul> numb]1 ( ea* t5se1 w be giv54 ,,active ,,voice4 ,indicative ,mood4 ,pres5t4 ,he *ooses4 ,pres5t def9ite4 ,he is *oos+4 ,pa/4 ,he *ose4 ,pa/ def9ite4 ,he 0 *oos+4 ,future4 ,he w *oose4 ,future def9ite4 ,he w be *oos+4 ,pres5t p]fect4 ,he has *os54 ,pres5t p]fect def9ite4 ,he has be5 *oos+4 ,pa/ p]fect4 ,he _h *os54 ,pa/ p]fect def9ite4 ,he _h be5 *oos+4 ,future p]fect4 ,he w h *os54 ,future p]fect def9ite4 ,he w h be5 *oos+4 ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,pres5t4 ,if1 ?\gh1 he *oose4 ,pres5t def9ite4 le/1 etc4 he be *oos+4 ,pa/4 he *ose 7or 7 to *oose74 ,pa/ def9ite4 he 7 *oos+ 7or 7 to be *oos+74 ,pres5t p]fect4 he h *os54 ,pres5t p]fect def9ite4 he h be5 *oos+4 ,pa/ p]fect4 ,same z indicative4 ,pa/ p]fect def9ite4 ,imp]ative ,mood4 ,pres5t4 7#b;d p]47 ,*oose4 ,pres5t def9ite4 ,be *oos+4 ,,note4--,s9ce p>ticiples & inf9itives are n really v]bs1 b v]bals1 !y w be discuss$ lat] 7,sec4 #bfb74 ,,passive ,,voice4 ,indicative ,mood4 ,pres5t4 ,he is *os54 ,pres5t def9ite4 ,he is be+ *os54 ,pa/4 ,he 0 *os54 ,pa/ def9ite4 ,he 0 be+ *os54 ,future4 ,he w be *os54 ,future def9ite4 ,none4 ,pres5t p]fect4 ,he has be5 *os54 ,pres5t p]fect def9ite4 ,none4 ,pa/ p]fect4 ,he _h be5 *os54 ,pa/ p]fect def9ite4 ,none4 ,future p]fect4 ,he w h be5 *os54 ,future p]fect def9ite4 ,none4 ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,pres5t44 ,if1 ?\gh1 he be *os54 ,pres5t def9ite4 le/1 etc4 ,none4 ,pa/4 he 7 *os5 7or 7 to be *os574 ,pa/ def9ite4 he 7 be+ *os54 ,pres5t p]fect4 he h be5 *os54 ,pres5t p]fect def9ite4 ,none4 ,pa/ ,p]fect4 he _h be5 *os54 ,pa/ p]fect def9ite4 ,none4 ,imp]ative ,mood4 ,pres5t t5se4 7#b;d p]47 ,be *os54 ,also1 9 affirmative s5t5ces1 ! indicative pres5t & pa/ t5ses h emphatic =ms made up ( d & did ) ! inf9itive or simple =m2 z1 ,he does /rike1 ,he did /rike4 ,note to ,tea*]4--,?is table is n to be le>n$ n[2 if le>n$ at all1 x %\ld be z practice "w on /rong & weak v]b =ms4 ,ex]cises %\ld be giv51 h[ev]1 to br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ su* ( ^! conjugation =ms z ! pupil w f9d readily 9 lit]ature4 ,,v]bs ,,classifi$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,=m4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds4 #bdd4 ,accord+ to =m1 v]bs are /rong or weak4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 ,a /rong v]b =ms its pa/ t5se by *ang+ ! v[el ( ! pres5t t5se =m1 b adds no end+2 z1 run1 ran2 drive1 drove4 ,a weak v]b always adds an end+ to ! pres5t to =m ! pa/ t5se1 & may or may n *ange ! v[el3 z1 beg1 begg$2 lay1 laid2 sleep1 slept2 cat*1 caught4 #bde4 ,,table ,,( ,,/rong ,,v]bs4 ,,note4 ,"s ( ^! also h weak =ms1 :i* are 9 p>5!ses ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 abide abode abode arise arose aris5 awake awoke 7awak$7 awoke 7awak$7 be> bore borne 7active7 born 7passive7 beg9 began begun behold beheld beheld bid bade1 bid bidd51 bid b9d b\nd b\nd1 adj4 b\nd5 bite bit bitt51 bit bl[ blew bl[n break broke brok5 *ide *id *idd51 *id *oose *ose *os5 cleave clove1 clave 7cleft7 clov5 7cleft7 climb clomb climb$ climb$ cl+ clung clung come came come cr[ crew 7cr[$7 7cr[$7 dig dug dug d did done draw drew drawn dr9k drank drunk1 drank adj4 drunk5 drive drove driv5 eat ate1 eat eat51 eat fall fell fall5 fight f\ght f\ght f9d f\nd f\nd fl+ flung flung fly flew fl[n =be> =bore =borne =get =got =gott5 =sake =sook =sak5 freeze froze froz5 get got got gott5 give gave giv5 g w5t gone gr9d gr\nd gr\nd gr[ grew gr[n hang hung 7hang$7 hung 7hang$7 hold held held "k knew kn[n lie lay la9 ride rode ridd5 r+ rang rung run ran run see saw se5 %ake %ook %ak5 %e> %ore 7%e>$7 %orn 7%e>$7 %9e %one %one %oot %ot %ot %r9k %rank or %runk %runk %rive %rove %riv5 s+ sang or sung sung s9k sank or sunk sunk adj4 sunk5 sit sat sate sat slay slew sla9 slide slid slidd51 slid sl+ slung slung sl9k slunk slunk smite smote smitt5 speak spoke spok5 sp9 spun spun spr+ sprang1 sprung sprung /& /ood /ood /ave /ove 7/av$7 7/av$7 /eal /ole /ol5 /ick /uck /uck /+ /ung /ung /9k /unk1 /ank /unk /ride /rode /ridd5 /rike /ruck /ruck1 /rick5 /r+ /rung /rung /rive /rove /riv5 swe> swore sworn swim swam or swum swum sw+ swung swung take took tak5 te> tore torn ?rive ?rove 7?riv$7 ?riv5 7?riv$7 ?r[ ?rew ?r[n tread trod trodd51 trod we> wore worn weave wove wov5 w9 won won w9d w\nd w\nd wr+ wrung wrung write wrote writt5 ,rem>ks on ,c]ta9 ,v]b ,=ms4 #bdf4 ,sev]al ( ! p]fect p>ticiples are seldom us$ except z adjectives3 z1 8 b\nd5 duty1 ! clov5 ho(1 a drunk5 wret*1 a sunk5 snag4 ,/rick5 is us$ mo/ly ( diseases2 z1 /rick5 ) p>alysis4 ,! v]b be> 7to br+ =?7 is peculi> 9 hav+ "o p>ticiple 7borne7 = ! active1 & ano!r 7born7 = ! passive4 ,:5 x means to c>ry or to endure1 borne is also a passive4 ,! =m clomb is n us$ 9 prose1 b is mu* us$ 9 vulg> ,engli%1 & sometimes occurs 9 poetry2 z1-- ,?\ ha/ clomb al(t4--,,wordswor? ,or p9e grove :i!r woodman nev] clomb4--,,col]idge ,! =ms ( cleave are really a mixture ( two v]bs1--"o mean+ to adh]e or cl+2 ! o!r1 to split4 ,! =m] us$ to be cleave1 cleav$1 cleav$2 & ! latt]1 cleave1 clave or clove1 clov54 ,b ! latt] took on ! weak =m cleft 9 ! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple1--z 7f ,%akespe>e71 ,o ,hamlet6 ?\ ha/ cleft my he>t 9 twa91--:ile cleave 7to cl+7 sometimes has clove1 z 7f ,holmes71 ,! old ,lat9 tutor clove to ,virgilius ,m>o4 ,9 ?is confusion ( usage1 only "o set rema9s c]ta91--cleave1 cleft1 cleft 7to split74 ,crew is seldom f\nd 9 pres5t-day ,engli%4 ,n a cock crew1 nor a dog b>k$4--,,irv+4 ,our cock1 :i* always crew at elev51 n[ told u x 0 "t = repose4--,,goldsmi?4 ,hi/orically1 drunk is ! "o correct pa/ p>ticiple ( ! v]b dr9k4 ,b drunk is v mu* us$ z an adjective1 in/ead ( drunk5 7mean+ intoxicat$72 &1 probably to avoid confusion ) ?is1 drank is a good deal us$ z a pa/ p>ticiple3 ?us1-- ,we _h ea* drank ?ree times at ! well4--,b4 ,,taylor4 ,?is liquor 0 g5]ally drank by ,wood & ,bill+s4 --,,?ack]ay4 ,sometimes 9 lit]>y ,engli%1 especially 9 t ( an e>li] p]iod1 x is f\nd t ! v]b eat has ! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple eat 7t71 in/ead ( ate & eat52 z1 = example1-- ,x ate ! food x ne'er _h eat4--,,col]idge4 ,h[ fairy ,mab ! junkets eat4--,,milton4 ,! isl& pr9ces ov]bold ,h eat our sub/ance4--,,t5nyson4 ,?is is also v mu* us$ 9 spok5 & vulg> ,engli%4 ,! =m gott5 is little us$1 got be+ ! pref]r$ =m ( pa/ p>ticiple z well z pa/ t5se4 ,"o example out ( _m is1-- ,we _h all got safe on %ore4--,,de ,,foe4 ,hung & hang$ bo? are us$ z ! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple ( hang2 b hang$ is ! pref]r$ =m :5 we speak ( execution by hang+2 z1 ,! butl] 0 hang$4--,bible4 ,! v]b sat is sometimes spell$ sate2 = example1-- ,might we h sate & talk$ :]e g[ans bl[4--,,wordswor?4 ,he sate him d[n1 & seiz$ a p54--,,byron4 ,b ,i sate /ill & f9i%$ my plait+4--,,k+sley4 ,usually %e> is a weak v]b4 ,%orn & %ore are n commonly us$3 inde$1 %ore is r>e1 ev5 9 poetry4 ,?is he>d ,g]a9t1 & grasp+ at 8 sword1 ,%ore ?ro' ! sw>?y neck4--,,t5nyson4 ,%orn is us$ sometimes z a p>ticipial adjective1 z a %orn lamb1 b n mu* z a p>ticiple4 ,we usually say1 ,! %eep 7 %e>$ in/ead ( ,! %eep 7 %orn4 ,w5t is borr[$ z ! pa/ t5se ( g f ! old v]b w5d1 :i* is seldom us$ except 9 poetry2 = example1-- ,if1 maid51 ?\ w\ld'/ w5d ) me ,to leave bo? t[] & t[n4--,,scott4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,f ! table 7,sec4 #bde71 make out li/s ( v]bs hav+ ! same v[el *anges z ea* ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,fall1 fell1 fall54 #b4 ,beg91 began1 begun4 #c4 ,f9d1 f\nd1 f\nd4 #d4 ,give1 gave1 giv54 #e4 ,drive1 drove1 driv54 #f4 ,?r[1 ?rew1 ?r[n4 #g4 ,fl+1 flung1 flung4 #h4 ,break1 broke1 brok54 #i4 ,%ake1 %ook1 %ak54 #aj4 ,freeze1 froze1 froz54 7b7 ,f9d s5t5ces us+ t5 pa/-t5se =ms ( /rong v]bs4 7c7 ,f9d s5t5ces us+ t5 pa/ p>ticiples ( /rong v]bs4 ,to ! ,tea*]1--,^! ex]cises %\ld be cont9u$ = sev]al lessons1 = full drill on ! =ms4 ,,defective ,,/rong ,,v]bs4 #bdg4 ,!re are sev]al v]bs :i* are lack+ 9 "o or m pr9cipal p>ts4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 ,,pres5t4 ,,pa/4 may might ought ought c c\ld %all %\ld mu/ mu/ w w\ld #bdh4 ,may is us$ z ei!r indicative or subjunctive1 z x has two mean+s4 ,x is indicative :5 x expresses p]mission1 or1 z x sometimes does1 ability1 l ! ^w c3 x is subjunctive :5 x expresses d\bt z to ! reality ( an action1 or :5 x expresses wi%1 purpose1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,indicative ,use3 ,p]mission4 ,ability4 ,if ,i may lightly employ ! ,miltonic figure1 f> (f 8 com+ %9es4--,,w9i]4 ,a /ripl+ arm might sway ,a mass no ho/ c\ld raise4--,,scott4 ,8 sup]iority none might "q4--,,*ann+4 ,sid5ote3 ,subjunctive use4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! sep>ate p>ts ( a con/itution may be arrang$1 !re is "o g5]al pr9ciple1 etc4--,,pa9e4 ,sid5ote3 7,see also ,sec4 #bbc47 ,& f h] fair & unpollut$ fle% ,may violets spr+6 --,,%akespe>e4 #bdi4 ,c is us$ 9 ! indicative only4 ,! l 9 c\ld did n belong !re orig9ally1 b came ?r\gh analogy ) %\ld & w\ld4 ,c\ld may be subjunctive1 z 9 ,sec4 #bbj4 #bej4 ,mu/ is hi/orically a pa/-t5se =m1 f ! obsolete v]b motan1 :i* survives 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,s mote x be4 ,mu/ is pres5t or pa/ t5se1 accord+ to ! inf9itive us$4 ,all mu/ conc$e to him a sublime p[] ( action4--,,*ann+ ,?is1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 an ocul> deception4--,,haw?orne4 #bea4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ought1 :i* is hi/orically ! pa/ t5se ( ! v]b owe4 ,l mu/1 x is us$ only 9 ! indicative mood2 z1 ,! j imputations on our own fai? ought fir/ to be remov$4444 ,h we valuable t]ritories & important po/s444:i* ought long s9ce to h be5 surr5d]$8--,a4 ,,hamilton4 ,x w be notic$ t all ! o!r defective v]bs take ! pure inf9itive )\t to1 :ile ought always has to4 ,%all & ,w4 #beb4 ,! pr9cipal tr\ble 9 ! use ( %all & w is ! disposition1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to use w & w\ld1 to ! neglect ( %all & %\ld1 ) pron\ns ( ! fir/ p]son2 z1 ,i ?9k ,i w g4 ,sid5ote3 ,uses ( %all & %\ld4 ,! foll[+ di/9ctions mu/ be obs]v$3-- 7#a7 ,) ! ,,fir/ ,,p]son1 %all & %\ld are us$1-- ,sid5ote3 ,futurity & que/ions--fir/ p]son4 7a7 ,9 mak+ simple /atem5ts or pr$ictions ab\t future "t2 z1-- ,! "t w come full soon1 ,i %all be gone4--,l4,c4 ,,m\lton4 7b7 ,9 que/ions ask+ = ord]s1 or imply+ obligation or au?ority re/+ ^u ! subject2 z1-- ,) respect to novels1 :at %all ,i say8--,n4 ,,web/]4 ,h[ %all ,i describe ! lu/] :i* at t mom5t bur/ ^u my vision8--,c4 ,,brockd5 ,,br[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,second & ?ird p]sons4 7#b7 ,) ! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,p]sons1 %all & %\ld are us$1-- 7a7 ,to express au?ority1 9 ! =m ( comm&1 promise1 or confid5t pr$iction4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- ,nev] m9d1 my lad1 :il/ ,i live ?\ %alt nev] want a fri5d to /& by !e4--,,irv+4 ,!y %all h v5ison to eat1 & corn to hoe4--,,coop]4 ,! sea %all cru% !e2 yea1 ! pond]\s wave up ! loose bea* %all gr9d & scoop ?y grave4--,,?axt]4 ,%e %\ld n walk1 he said1 ?r\gh ! du/ & heat ( ! noonday2 ,nay1 %e %\ld ride l a que51 n plod along l a peasant4--,,longfell[4 7b7 ,9 indirect quotations1 to express ! same idea t ! orig9al speak] put =? 7i4e41 future action72 = example1-- ,he decl>es t he %all w9 ! purse f y4--,,bulw]4 ,%e rejects 8 suit ) scorn1 b assures him t %e %all make great use ( h] p[] ov] him4--,,macaulay4 ,field+ came up m & m bl& & smil+1 ) ! conviction t he %\ld w9 9 ! end4--,a4 ,,l>n$4 ,^? :o _h too presumptu\sly conclud$ t !y %\ld pass )\t combat 7 some?+ disconc]t$4--,,scott4 7c7 ,) direct que/ions ( ! second p]son1 :5 ! answ] expect$ w\ld express simple futurity2 ?us1-- ,%\ld y l to g to s*ool at ,cant]bury8--,,dick5s4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/1 second & ?ird p]sons4 7#c7 ,) ,,all ,,?ree ,,p]sons1-- 7a7 ,%\ld is us$ ) ! mean+ ( obligation1 & is equival5t to ought4 ,i nev] 0 :at ,i %\ld be4--,h4 ,,james1 ,,jr4 ,milton6 ?\ %\ld'/ be liv+ at ?is h\r4--,,wordswor?4 ,he %\ld n flatt] himself ) ! delusion t he c make or unmake ! reputation ( o!r m54--,,w9t]4 7b7 ,%all & %\ld are bo? us$ 9 dep5d5t clauses ( condition1 "t1 purpose1 etc42 = example1-- ,:5 ?y m9d ,%all be a mansion = all /ately =ms4--,,wordswor?4 ,suppose ?is back-door gossip %\ld be utt]ly blund]+ & untrue1 w\ld any "o wond]8--,,?ack]ay4 ,jeal\s le/ ! sky %\ld h a li/5]4--,,byron4 ,if ?\ %\ld'/ ev] come by *ance or *oice to ,mod5a4--,,rog]s4 ,if ,i %\ld be :]e ,i no m c he> ?y voice4--,,wordswor?4 ,t acc5ts & looks s w9n+ %\ld dis>m me ( my resolution1 0 to be expect$4--,c4,b4 ,,br[n4 #bec4 ,w & w\ld are us$ z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,au?ority z to future action--fir/ p]son4 7#a7 ,) ! ,,fir/ ,,p]son1 w & w\ld are us$ to express det]m9ation z to ! future1 or a promise2 z1 = example1-- ,i w g myself n[1 & w n return until all is f9i%$4--,,cable4 ,& promis$444t ,i w\ld d him ju/ice1 z ! sole inv5tor4--,,swift4 ,sid5ote3 ,disguis+ a comm&4 7#b7 ,) ! ,,second ,,p]son1 w is us$ to express comm&4 ,?is puts ! ord] m mildly1 z if x 7 m]ely expect$ action2 z1-- ,?\ wilt take ! skiff1 ,rol&1 & two ( my p1444 & fet* (f c]ta9 plate & belong+s4--,,scott4 ,y w proce$ to ,manassas at z e>ly a mom5t z practicable1 & m>k on ! gr\nds ! works1 etc4--,w> ,records4 ,sid5ote3 ,m]e futurity4 7#c7 ,) bo? ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,p]sons1 w & w\ld are us$ to express simple futurity1 action m]ely expect$ to occur2 = example1-- ,all ?is w s\nd wild & *im]ical4--,,burke4 ,%e w\ld tell y t puni%m5t is ! rew>d ( ! wick$4--,,l&or4 ,:5 ,i am 9 t[n1 y'll always h somebody to sit ) y4 ,to be sure1 s y w4--,,dick5s4 7#d7 ,) ,,fir/1 ,,second1 ,,& ,,?ird ,,p]sons1 w\ld is us$ to express a wi%1--! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w w2 = example1-- ,sid5ote3 ,subject ,i omitt$3 (t5 s4 ,w\ld t a mom5t>y emanation f ?y glory w\ld visit me6--,c4,b4 ,,br[n4 ,?9e 0 a dang]\s gift1 :5 ?\ wa/ born1 ,! gift ( ,beauty4 ,w\ld ?\ had/ x n4--,,rog]s ,x %all be gold if ?\ wilt1 b ?\ %alt answ] to me = ! use ( x4--,,scott4 ,:at w\ld/ ?\ h a good great man obta98--,,col]idge4 7#e7 ,) ! ,,?ird ,,p]son1 w & w\ld (t5 d5ote an action z cu/om>y1 )\t reg>d to future "t2 z1 ,!y w g to ,sunday s*ools1 ?r\gh /orms _! bro!rs are afraid (4444 ,!y w /& beh9d a table at a fair all day4--,,holmes ,on a slight suspicion1 !y w\ld cut (f ! h&s ( numb]s ( ! natives1 = puni%m5t or intimidation4--,,bancr(t4 ,9 ?is /ately *air w\ld he sit1 & ?is magnific5t pipe w\ld he smoke1 %ak+ 8 "r knee ) a con/ant motion4--,,irv+4 ,conjugation ( ,%all & ,w z ,auxili>ies 7) ,*oose74 #bed4 ,to express simply expect$ action3-- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,passive ,,voice4 ,s+ul>4 ,s+ul>4 #a4 ,i %all *oose4 ,i %all be *os54 #b4 ,y w *oose4 ,y w be *os54 #c4 ,he w *oose4 ,he w be *os54 ,plural4 ,plural4 #a4 ,we %all *oose4 ,we %all be *os54 #b4 ,y w *oose4 ,y w be *os54 #c4 ,!y w *oose4 ,!y w be *os54 ,to express det]m9ation1 promise1 etc43-- ,,active ,,voice4 ,,passive ,,voice4 ,s+ul>4 ,s+ul>4 #a4 ,i w *oose4 ,i w be *os54 #b4 ,y %all *oose4 ,y %all be *os54 #c4 ,he %all *oose4 ,he %all be *os54 ,,active ,,voice4 ,,passive ,,voice4 ,plural4 ,plural4 #a4 ,we w *oose4 #a4 ,we w be *os54 #b4 ,y %all *oose4 #b4 ,y %all be *os54 #c4 ,!y %all *oose4 #c4 ,!y %all be *os54 ,ex]cises on ,%all & ,w4 7a7 ,f ,secs4 #beb & #bec1 write out a summ>y or outl9e ( ! v>i\s uses ( %all & w4 7b7 ,exam9e ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & ju/ify ! use ( %all & w1 or correct !m if wrongly us$3-- #a4 ,?\ art :at ,i w\ld be1 yet only seem4 #b4 ,we w\ld be greatly mi/ak5 if we ?\ght s4 #c4 ,?\ %alt h a suit1 & t ( ! newe/ cut2 ! w>drobe keep] %all h ord]s to supply y4 #d4 ,i %all n run1 answ]$ ,h]b]t /ubbornly4 #e4 ,he in=m$ u1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ano!r day's m>* we w\ld rea* ! prairies on ! banks ( ! ,gr& ,canadian4 #f4 ,:at %all we d ) him8 ,?is is ! sph9x-l riddle :i* we mu/ solve if we w\ld n be eat54 #g4 ,w n our national "* be greatly injur$8 ,w we n be class$ ) ! robb]s & de/roy]s ( mank9d8 #h4 ,lucy /ood /ill1 v anxi\s1 & wond]+ :e!r %e %\ld see any?+ alive4 #i4 ,i w\ld be ov]p[]$ by ! feel+ ( my disgrace4 #aj4 ,no1 my son2 :atev] ca% ,i s5d y is y\rs3 y w sp5d x z y please1 & ,i h no?+ to say4 #aa4 ,b ,i w d\btless f9d "s ,engli% p]son ( :om to make inquiries4 #ab4 ,)\t hav+ att5d$ to ?is1 we w be at a loss to und]/& sev]al passages 9 ! classics4 #ac4 ,i am a wayf>]1 ! /rang] said1 & w\ld l p]mission to rema9 ) y a little :ile4 #ad4 ,! bea/ made a sluggi% movem5t1 !n1 z if he w\ld h m ( ! en*antm5t1 /irr$ h] slightly ) 8 muzzle4 ,,weak ,,v]bs4 #bee4 ,^? weak v]bs :i* add -d or -ed to =m ! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple1 & h no *ange ( v[el1 are s easily recogniz$ z to ne$ no special treatm5t4 ,"s ( !m are already giv5 z second>y =ms ( ! /rong v]bs4 ,b ! re/1 :i* may be call$ irregul> weak v]bs1 ne$ "s att5tion & explanation4 #bef4 ,! irregul> weak v]bs are divid$ into two classes1-- ,sid5ote3 ,! two classes ( irregul> weak v]bs4 7#a7 ,^? :i* reta9 ! -d or -t 9 ! pa/ t5se1 ) "s *ange ( =m = ! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple4 7#b7 ,^? :i* end 9 -d or -t1 & h lo/ ! end+ :i* =m]ly 0 add$ to ?is4 ,! old end+ to v]bs ( ,class ,,ii4 0 -de or -te2 z1-- ,?is wor?i man ful wel 8 wit bisette us$4--,,*auc]4 ,( smale h\ndes hadde %e1 t s*e f$de ,) ro/$ fles%1 or mylk & wa/el bre$4--,id4 ,?is end+ has n[ dropp$ (f1 leav+ "s weak v]bs ) ! same =m ?r\gh\t3 z set1 set1 set2 put1 put1 put4 #beg4 ,irregul> ,weak ,v]bs4--,class ,i4 ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 b]eave b]eft1 b]eave b]eft1 b]eav$ besee* bes\ght bes\ght burn burn$1 burnt burnt buy b\ght b\ght cat* caught caught creep crept crept deal dealt dealt dream dreamt1 dream$ dreamt1 dream$ dwell dwelt dwelt feel felt felt flee fl$ fl$ h _h _h 7once hav$7 hide hid hidd51 hid keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt lay laid laid lean lean$1 leant lean$1 leant leap leap$1 leapt leap$1 leapt leave left left lose lo/ lo/ make made 7once mak$7 made mean meant meant pay paid paid p5 inclose p5n$1 p5 p5n$1 p5t say said said seek s\ght s\ght sell sold sold %oe %od %od sleep slept slept spell spell$1 spelt spelt spill spilt spilt /ay /aid1 /ay$ /aid1 /ay$ sweep swept swept tea* taught taught tell told told ?9k ?\ght ?\ght weep wept wept "w work$1 wr\ght work$1 wr\ght #beh4 ,irregul> ,weak ,v]bs4--,class ,,ii4 ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 b5d b5t1 b5d$ b5t1 b5d$ ble$ bl$ bl$ bre$ br$ br$ build built built ca/ ca/ ca/ co/ co/ co/ fe$ f$ f$ gild gild$1 gilt gild$1 gilt gird girt1 gird$ girt1 gird$ hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt knit knit1 knitt$ knit1 knitt$ lead l$ l$ let let let light light$1 lit light$1 lit meet met met put put put quit quit1 quitt$ quit1 quitt$ read read read r5d r5t r5t rid rid rid s5d s5t s5t set set set %$ %$ %$ %r$ %r$ %r$ %ut %ut %ut slit slit slit spe$ sp$ sp$ sp5d sp5t sp5t spit spit obs4 spat spit obs4 spat split split split spread spread spread sweat sweat sweat ?ru/ ?ru/ ?ru/ w$ w$1 w$d$ w$1 w$d$ wet wet1 wett$ wet1 wett$ ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy to phonetic spell+4 #bej4 ,!re seems to be 9 ,mod]n ,engli% a gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d phonetic spell+ 9 ! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple ( weak v]bs4 ,= example1 -ed1 aft] ! v]b bless1 has ! s\nd ( t3 h5ce ! ^w is (t5 writt5 ble/4 ,s ) dipt1 :ipt1 dropt1 to/1 cro/1 dre/1 pre/1 etc4 ,?is is (t5 se5 9 poetry1 & is increas+ 9 prose4 ,"s ,tr\blesome ,v]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,lie & lay 9 use & mean+4 #bfj4 ,"s sets ( v]bs are (t5 confus$ by "y /ud5ts1 weak =ms be+ sub/itut$ = correct1 /rong =ms4 ,lie & lay ne$ close att5tion4 ,^! are ! =ms3-- ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,t5se4 ,pres4 ,p>ticiple4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 #a4 ,lie lay ly+ la9 #b4 ,lay laid lay+ laid ,! di/9ctions to be obs]v$ are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,lie1 ) its =ms1 is regul>ly intransitive z to use4 ,z to mean+1 lie means to re/1 to recl9e1 to place "o's self 9 a recumb5t position2 z1 ,!re lies ! ru94 7#b7 ,lay1 ) its =ms1 is always transitive z to use4 ,z to mean+1 lay means to put1 to place a p]son or ?+ 9 position2 z1 ,sl[ly & sadly we laid him d[n4 ,also lay may be us$ )\t any object express$1 b !re is /ill a transitive mean+2 z 9 ! expressions1 to lay up = future use1 to lay on ) ! rod1 to lay ab\t him lu/ily4 ,sid5ote3 ,sit & set4 #bfa4 ,sit & set h pr9cipal p>ts z foll[s3-- ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,pa/ ,t5se4 ,pres4 ,p>ticiple4 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple4 #a4 ,sit sat sitt+ sat #b4 ,set set sett+ set ,notice ^! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two v]bs3-- 7#a7 ,sit1 ) its =ms1 is always intransitive 9 use4 ,9 mean+1 sit signifies 7a7 to place "o's self on a seat1 to re/2 7b7 to be adju/$1 to fit2 7c7 to cov] & w>m eggs = hat*+1 z1 ,! h5 sits4 7#b7 ,set1 ) its =ms1 is always transitive 9 use :5 x has ! foll[+ mean+s3 7a7 to put or place a ?+ or p]son 9 position1 z ,he set d[n ! book2 7b7 to fix or e/abli%1 z1 ,he sets a good example4 ,set is intransitive :5 x means 7a7 to g d[n1 to decl9e1 z1 ,! sun has set2 7b7 to become fix$ or rigid1 z1 ,8 eyes set 9 8 head because ( ! disease2 7c7 9 c]ta9 idiomatic expressions1 z1 = example1 to set out1 to set up 9 bus9ess1 to set ab\t a ?+1 to set to "w1 to set =w>d1 ! tide sets 91 a /rong w9d set 91 etc4 ,ex]cise4 ,exam9e ! =ms ( lie1 lay1 sit & set 9 ^! s5t5ces2 give ! mean+ ( ea*1 & correct ^? us$ wrongly4 #a4 ,if ! ph5om5a :i* lie be=e him w n suit 8 purpose1 all hi/ory mu/ be ransack$4 #b4 ,he sat ) 8 eyes fix$ p>tly on ! gho/ & p>tly on ,hamlet1 & ) 8 m\? op54 #c4 ,! days :5 8 favorite volume set him ^u mak+ :eelb>r[s & *airs1444 c nev] aga9 be ! realities !y 74 #d4 ,to make ! jacket sit yet m closely to ! body1 x 0 ga!r$ at ! middle by a broad lea!rn belt4 #e4 ,he _h set up no unatta9able /&>d ( p]fection4 #f4 ,= m ?an two hundr$ ye>s 8 bones lay undi/+ui%$4 #g4 ,! au?or laid ! :ole fault on ! audi5ce4 #h4 ,dapple _h to lay d[n on all f\rs be=e ! lads c\ld be/ride him4 #i4 ,& s5d'/ him444to 8 gods :]e happy lies ,8 petty hope 9 "s ne> port or bay1 ,& da%e/ him aga9 to e>?3--!re let him lay4 #aj4 ,a*illes is ! swift-foot$ :5 he is sitt+ /ill4 #aa4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t hi/ory beg9s 9 novel1 & ends 9 essay4 #ab4 ,i nev] took (f my clo!s1 b laid d[n 9 !m4 ,,v]bals4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bfb4 ,v]bals are words t express action 9 a g5]al way1 )\t limit+ ! action to any "t1 or ass]t+ x ( any subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds4 ,v]bals may be p>ticiples1 inf9itives1 or g]unds4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bfc4 ,p>ticiples are adjectival v]bals2 t is1 !y ei!r belong to "s sub/antive by express+ action 9 connection ) x1 or !y express action1 & directly modify a sub/antive1 ?us hav+ a descriptive =ce4 ,notice ^! functions4 ,sid5ote3 ,pure p>ticiple 9 function4 #a4 ,at l5g?1 we>i$ by 8 cries & agitations1 & n kn[+ h[ to put an end to !m1 he address$ ! animal z if he _h be5 a rational be+4--,,dwight4 ,"h we>i$ & kn[+ belong to ! subject he1 & express action 9 connection ) x1 b d n describe4 ,sid5ote3 ,express action & also describe4 #b4 ,ano!r "n glid$ into h] petition--x 0 t ( ! w\nd$ ,*ri/ian1 :om fate _h plac$ 9 ! h&s ( blood?ir/y m51 8 av[$ enemies4--,,scott4 ,"h w\nd$ & av[$ are p>ticiples1 b are us$ ) ! same adjectival =ce t blood?ir/y is 7see ,sec4 #adc1 #d74 ,p>ticipial adjectives h be5 discuss$ 9 ,sec4 #adc 7#d71 b we give fur!r examples = ! sake ( comp>ison & di/9ction4 ,sid5ote3 ,fossil p>ticiples z adjectives4 #c4 ,z le>n$ a man may live 9 a cottage or a college commmon-room4--,,?ack]ay #d4 ,n m]ely to ! soldi] are ^! campaigns int]e/+ --,,bayne4 #e4 ,h[ *>m+ is div9e philosophy6--,,milton4 ,sid5ote3 ,=ms ( ! p>ticiple4 #bfd4 ,p>ticiples1 9 express+ action1 may be active or passive1 incomplete 7or imp]fect71 complete 7p]fect or pa/71 & p]fect def9ite4 ,!y _c be divid$ into t5ses 7pres5t1 pa/1 etc471 because !y h no t5se ( _! own1 b d]ive _! t5se f ! v]b on :i* !y dep5d2 = example1-- #a4 ,he walk$ consci5ti\sly ?r\gh ! s]vices ( ! day1 fulfill+ e section ! m9ute/1 etc4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,fulfill+ has ! =m to d5ote cont9uance1 b dep5ds on ! v]b walk$1 :i* is pa/ t5se4 #b4 ,n[ ! bright morn+ />1 day's h>b+]1 ,comes danc+ f ! ,ea/4--,,milton4 ,danc+ "h dep5ds on a v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se4 #bfe4 ,,p>ticiples ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,*oose4 ,,active ,,voice4 ,imp]fect4 ,*oos+4 ,p]fect4 ,hav+ *os54 ,p]fect def9ite4 ,hav+ be5 *oos+4 ,,passive ,,voice4 ,imp]fect4 ,none ,p]fect4 ,*os51 be+ *os51 hav+ be5 *os54 ,p]fect def9ite4 ,none4 ,ex]cise4 ,pick out ! p>ticiples1 & tell :e!r active or passive1 imp]fect1 p]fect1 or p]fect def9ite4 ,if pure p>ticiples1 tell to :at ^w !y belong2 if adjectives1 tell :at words !y modify4 #a4 ,! *ange is a l>ge process1 accompli%$ )9 a l>ge & correspond+ space1 hav+1 p]haps1 "s c5tral or equatorial l9e1 b ly+1 l t ( our e>?1 betwe5 c]ta9 tropics1 or limits widely sep>at$4 #b4 ,i _h fall5 "u m$ical advice ! mo/ mislead+ t x is possible to imag9e4 #c4 ,^! views1 be+ adopt$ 9 a great measure f my "m1 7 naturally ! same z my "m's4 #d4 ,end[$ ) a great comm& ov] h]self1 %e soon obta9$ an uncontroll$ asc5d5cy ov] h] p4 #e4 ,no spectacle 0 m adapt$ to excite wond]4 #f4 ,hav+ fully suppli$ ! dem&s ( nature 9 ?is respect1 ,i return$ to reflection on my situation4 #g4 ,?ree sapl+s1 /ripp$ ( _! bran*es & b\nd toge!r at _! ends1 =m$ a k9d ( b$/ead4 #h4 ,?is all-p]vad+ pr9ciple is at "w 9 our sy/em1--! creature w>r+ aga9/ ! creat+ p[]4 #i4 ,p]haps ,i 0 too saucy & provok+4 #aj4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d hav+ be5 done1 & ! pr9ciples ( ?is un=tunate k+ hav+ be5 di/ort$1444 try clem5cy4 ,,inf9itives4 #bff4 ,inf9itives1 l p>ticiples1 h no t5se4 ,:5 active1 !y h an indef9ite1 an imp]fect1 a p]fect1 & a p]fect def9ite =m2 & :5 passive1 an indef9ite & a p]fect =m1 to express action unconnect$ ) a subject4 #bfg4 ,,inf9itives ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,*oose4 ,,active ,,voice4 ,indef9ite4 ,to *oose4 ,imp]fect4 ,to be *oos+4 ,p]fect4 ,to h *os54 ,p]fect def9ite4 ,to h be5 *oos+4 ,,passive ,,voice4 ,indef9ite4 ,to be *os54 ,p]fect4 ,to h be5 *os54 ,sid5ote3 ,to ) ! inf9itive4 #bfh4 ,9 ,sec4 #bfg ! ^w to is pr9t$ 9 brackets because x is n a necess>y "p ( ! inf9itive4 ,x orig9ally belong$ only to an inflect$ =m ( ! inf9itive1 express+ purpose2 z 9 ! ,old ,engli%1 t ode se sd]e 8 sd t sw5ne 7,out w5t ! s[] 8 se$ to s[74 ,sid5ote3 ,cases :5 to is omitt$4 ,b lat]1 :5 inflections became few]1 to 0 us$ be=e ! inf9itive g5]ally1 except 9 ! foll[+ cases3-- 7#a7 ,aft] ! auxili>ies %all1 w 7) %\ld & w\ld74 7#b7 ,aft] ! v]bs may 7might71 c 7c\ld71 mu/2 also let1 make1 d 7z1 ,i d g etc471 see1 bid 7comm&71 feel1 he>1 wat*1 please2 sometimes ne$ 7z1 ,he ne$ n g7 & d>e 7to v5ture74 7#c7 ,aft] _h 9 ! idiomatic use2 z1 ,y _h bett] g ,he _h r walk ?an ride4 7#d7 ,9 exclamations2 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3-- ,he f9d pleasure 9 do+ good6 cri$ ,sir ,william4--,,goldsmi?4 ,i urge an address to 8 k9swoman6 ,i approa* h] :5 9 a base disguise6 ,i d ?is6--,,scott4 ,%e ask my p>don1 poor woman6 cri$ ,*>les4--,,macaulay4 #bfi4 ,%all & w are n to be tak5 z sep>ate v]bs1 b ) ! inf9itive z "o t5se ( a v]b2 z1 ,he w *oose1 ,i %all h *os51 etc4 ,also d may be consid]$ an auxili>y 9 ! int]rogative1 negative1 & emphatic =ms ( ! pres5t & pa/1 also 9 ! imp]ative2 z1-- ,:at6 do? %e1 too1 z ! cr$ul\s imag9e1 le>n do? le>n is "o v]b1 pres5t t5se ! love ( ! great />s8 --,,bulw]4 ,d n ent]ta9 s weak an imag9ation--,,burke4 ,%e did n weep--%e did n break =? into reproa*es4--,,irv+4 #bgj4 ,! inf9itive is sometimes active 9 =m :ile x is passive 9 mean+1 z 9 ! expression1 a h\se to let4 ,examples are1-- ,%e 0 a k9d1 lib]al woman2 ri* r m ?an ne$$ :]e !re 7 no op]a boxes to r5t4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,?o' x seems my spurs are yet to w94--,,t5nyson4 ,b !re 0 no?+ to d4--,,h[ells4 ,!y %all h v5ison to eat1 & corn to hoe4--,,coop]4 ,nolan himself saw t some?+ 0 to pay4--,e4,e4 ,,hale4 #bga4 ,! v>i\s (fices :i* ! inf9itive & ! p>ticiple h 9 ! s5t5ce w be treat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii41 "u ,analysis1 z we are n[ le>n+ m]ely to recognize ! =ms4 ,,g]unds4 #bgb4 ,! g]und is l ! p>ticiple 9 =m1 & l a n\n 9 use4 ,! p>ticiple has be5 call$ an adjectival v]bal2 ! g]und may be call$ a n\n v]bal4 ,:ile ! g]und expresses action1 x has sev]al attributes ( a n\n1--x may be gov]n$ z a n\n2 x may be ! subject ( a v]b1 or ! object ( a v]b or a preposition2 x is (t5 prec$$ by ! def9ite article2 x is frequ5tly modifi$ by a possessive n\n or pron\n4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/+ui%$ f p>ticiple & v]bal n\n4 #bgc4 ,x diff]s f ! p>ticiple 9 be+ always us$ z a n\n3 x nev] belongs to or limits a n\n4 ,x diff]s f ! v]bal n\n 9 hav+ ! prop]ty ( gov]n+ a n\n 7:i* ! v]bal n\n has n7 & ( express+ action 7! v]bal n\n m]ely names an action1 ,sec4 ,,ii74 ,! foll[+ are examples ( ! uses ( ! g]und3-- 7#a7 ,subject3 ,! tak+ ( means n to see ano!r morn+ _h all day absorb$ e en]gy2 ,c]ta9ly duel+ is bad1 & has be5 put d[n4 7#b7 ,object3 7a7 ,our culture !re=e mu/ n omit ! arm+ ( ! man4 7b7 ,nobody c>es = plant+ ! poor fungus2 ,i ann\nce ! good ( be+ int]p5etrat$ by ! m9d t made nature2 ,! guilt ( hav+ be5 cur$ ( ! palsy by a ,jewi% maid54 7#c7 ,gov]n+ & ,gov]n$3 ,we are f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! significance ( ! few symbols we use1 also 7#b1 b71 above2 ,he c\ld embelli% ! *>act]s ) new traits )\t violat+ probability2 ,he c\ld n help hold+ out 8 h& 9 return4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces conta9+ five p>ticiples1 five inf9itives1 & five g]unds4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,words ,,9 -,,+4 #bgd4 ,words 9 -+ are ( six k9ds1 accord+ to use z well z mean+4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,"p ( ! v]b1 mak+ ! def9ite t5ses4 7#b7 ,pure p>ticiples1 :i* express action1 b d n ass]t4 7#c7 ,p>ticipial adjectives1 :i* express action & also modify4 7#d7 ,pure adjectives1 :i* h lo/ all v]bal =ce4 7#e7 ,g]unds1 :i* express action1 may gov]n & be gov]n$4 7#f7 ,v]bal n\ns1 :i* "n an action or /ate1 b _c gov]n4 ,ex]cise4 ,tell to :i* ( ! above six classes ea* -+ ^w 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces belongs3-- #a4 ,"h is ne$ ( apologies = %ortcom+s4 #b4 ,!n h[ pleas+ is x1 on y\r leav+ ! spot1 to see ! return+ hope ( ! p>5ts1 :51 aft] exam9+ ! ne/1 !y f9d ! nursl+s unt\*$6 #c4 ,! cr[n+ incid5t ( my life 0 ^u ! bank ( ! ,scioto ,salt ,creek1 9 :i* ,i _h be5 unhors$ by ! break+ ( ! saddle gir?s4 #d4 ,:at a va/1 brilliant1 & wond]ful /ore ( le>n+6 #e4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ ma/]s ( our language4 #f4 ,9 expla9+ to a *ild ! ph5om5a ( nature1 y mu/1 by object lessons1 give reality to y\r tea*+4 #g4 ,i suppose ,i 0 dream+ ab\t x4 ,:at is dream+8 #h4 ,x is ye>s s9ce ,i he>d ! laught] r++4 #i4 ,intellect is n speak+ & logiciz+3 x is see+ & asc]ta9+4 #aj4 ,we n[ draw t[>d ! end ( t great m>tial drama :i* we h be5 briefly contemplat+4 #aa4 ,! second cause ( failure 0 ! burn+ ( ,mosc[4 #ab4 ,he spread 8 bless+s all ov] ! l&4 #ac4 ,! only means ( asc5d+ 0 by my h&s4 #ad4 ,a m>ble figure ( ,m>y is /ret*$ ^u ! tomb1 r\nd :i* is an iron rail+1 mu* corrod$1 be>+ h] national emblem4 #ae4 ,! ex]tion left me 9 a /ate ( languor & s9k+4 #af4 ,?ack]ay did n1 l ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 write tw5ty pages )\t /opp+1 b1 dictat+ f 8 *air1 he gave out s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 sl[ly4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,v]bs ,,& ,,v]bals4 ,i4 ,,v]bs4 #bge4 ,9 p>s+ v]bs1 give ! foll[+ po9ts3-- 7#a7 ,class3 7a7 z to =m1--/rong or weak1 giv+ pr9cipal p>ts2 7b7 z to use1--transitive or intransitive4 7#b7 ,voice1--active or passive4 7#c7 ,mood1--indicative1 subjunctive1 or imp]ative4 7#d7 ,t5se1--:i* ( ! t5ses giv5 9 ,sec4 #bcd4 7#e7 ,p]son & numb]1 9 det]m9+ :i* y mu/ tell-- 7#f7 ,:at ! subject is1 = ! =m ( ! v]b may n %[ ! p]son & numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 #bgf4 ,x has be5 intimat$ 9 ,sec4 #bce1 we mu/ bew>e ( ! rule1 ,a v]b agrees ) its subject 9 p]son & numb]4 ,sometimes x does2 usually x does n1 if agrees means t ! v]b *anges its =m = ! diff]5t p]sons & numb]s4 ,! v]b be has m =ms ?an o!r v]bs1 & may be said to agree ) its subject 9 sev]al ( its =ms4 ,b unless ! v]b is pres5t1 & ends 9 -s1 or is an old or poetic =m end+ 9 -/ or -e?1 x is be/ = ! /ud5t n to /ate x z a g5]al rule t ! v]b agrees ) its subject 9 p]son & numb]1 b m]ely to tell :at ! subject ( ! v]b is4 ,,ii4 ,,v]b ,,phrases4 #bgg4 ,v]b phrases are made up ( a pr9cipal v]b foll[$ by an inf9itive1 & %\ld always be analyz$ z phrases1 & n tak5 z s+le v]bs4 ,especially frequ5t are ^? made up ( %\ld1 w\ld1 may1 might1 c1 c\ld1 mu/1 foll[$ by a pure inf9itive )\t to4 ,take ^! examples3-- #a4 ,lee %\ld ( himself h repl5i%$ 8 /ock4 #b4 ,! gov]nm5t might h be5 /rong & prosp]\s4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z #a1 call %\ld a weak v]b1 intransitive1 !re=e active2 indicative1 pa/ t5se2 has = its subject ,lee4 ,h repl5i%$ is a p]fect active inf9itive4 ,9 #b1 call might a weak v]b1 intransitive1 active1 indicative 7z x means c\ld71 pa/ t5se2 has ! subject gov]nm5t4 ,h be5 is a p]fect active inf9itive4 ,= full] p>s+ ( ! inf9itive1 see ,sec4 #bgh7b74 ,,iii4 ,,v]bals4 #bgh4 7#a7 ,p>ticiple4 ,tell 7a7 f :at v]b x is d]iv$2 7b7 :e!r active or passive1 imp]fect1 p]fect1 etc42 7c7 to :at ^w x belongs4 ,if a p>ticipial adjective1 give po9ts 7a7 & 7b71 !n p>se x z an adjective4 7#b7 ,inf9itive4 ,tell 7a7 f :at v]b x is d]iv$2 7b7 :e!r indef9ite1 p]fect1 def9ite1 etc4 7#c7 ,g]und4 7a7 ,f :at v]b d]iv$2 7b7 its use 7,sec4 #bgc74 ,ex]cise4 ,p>se ! v]bs1 v]bals1 & v]b phrases 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,byron builds a /ructure t repeats c]ta9 elem5ts 9 nature or humanity4 #b4 ,! birds 7 s++ z if !re 7 no a*+ he>ts1 no s9 nor sorr[1 9 ! _w4 #c4 ,let x rise6 let x rise1 till x meet ! sun 9 8 com+2 let ! e>lie/ light ( ! morn+ gild x1 & p>t+ day l+] & play on its summit4 #d4 ,y are ga!r$ to y\r fa!rs1 & live only to y\r c\ntry 9 h] grateful remembrance4 #e4 ,read ?is ,decl>ation at ! head ( ! army4 #f4 ,"r graci\sly he smil$ on u1 z roll$ f w+ to w+1 ,d[n all ! l9e1 a deaf5+ %\t1 ,god save our ,"l ! ,k+6 #g4 ,:5 he arose 9 ! morn+1 he ?\ght only ( h]1 & wond]$ if %e 7 yet awake4 #h4 ,he _h lo/ ! quiet ( 8 ?\ghts1 & 8 agitat$ s\l reflect$ only brok5 & di/ort$ images ( ?+s4 #i4 ,s1 le/ ,i be incl9$ ,to r5d] ill = ill1 ,h5ce=? 9 me in/ill1 ,o ,god1 a sweet good w4 #aj4 ,! sun appe>s to beat 9 va9 at ! casem5ts4 #aa4 ,m>g>et _h come into ! work%op ) h] sew+1 z usual4 #ab4 ,two ?+s !re are ) memory w abide-- ,:atev] else befall--:ile life fl[s by4 #ac4 ,to ! *ild x 0 n p]mitt$ to look beyond into ! hazy l9es t b\nd$ 8 oasis ( fl[]s4 #ad4 ,) !m1 morn+ is n a new issu+ ( light1 a new bur/+ =? ( ! sun2 a new wak+ up ( all t has life1 f a sort ( tempor>y dea?4 #ae4 ,:atev] gr\nd y s[ or plant1 see t x is 9 good condition4 #af4 ,h[ev] t be1 x is c]ta9 t he _h gr[n to delight 9 no?+ else ?an ?is conv]sation4 #ag4 ,! s\l hav+ be5 (t5 born1 or1 z ! ,h9doos say1 travel+ ! pa? ( exi/5ce ?r\gh ?\s&s ( bir?s1 !re is no?+ ( :i* %e has n ga9$ k4 #ah4 ,! anci5ts call$ x ec/asy or abs5ce1--a gett+-out ( _! bodies to ?9k4 #ai4 ,su* a boy c\ld n :i/le or dance4 #bj4 ,he _h r /& *>g$ ) ! imbecility ( skepticism ?an ) untru?4 #ba4 ,he c behold ) s]5ity ! yawn+ gulf betwe5 ! ambition ( man & 8 p[] ( p]=mance4 #bb4 ,he pass$ across ! room to ! wa%/&1 leav+ me ^u ! b$1 :]e ,i aft]w>d f\nd he _h replac$ me on be+ awak5$ by he>+ me leap frantically up & d[n on ! floor4 #bc4 ,9 go+ = wat]1 he seem$ to be travel+ ov] a des]t pla9 to "s f>-(f spr+4 #bd4 ,ha%ee% always br+s an awak5+ ( p]ception :i* magnifies ! smalle/ s5sation4 #be4 ,i h always talk$ to him z ,i w\ld to a fri5d4 #bf4 ,ov] !m multitudes ( rosy *ildr5 came leap+ to ?r[ g>l&s on my victori\s road4 #bg4 ,oh1 _h we "s bright little isle ( our own6 #bh4 ,bett] x 71 ?\ saye/1 to cons5t2 ,fea/ :ile we may1 & live ere life be sp5t4 #bi4 ,& n[ w5d we to yond] f\nta91 = ! h\r ( re/ is at h&4 ,,adv]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,adv]bs modify4 #bgi4 ,! ^w adv]b means jo9$ to a v]b4 ,! adv]b is ! only ^w t c jo9 to a v]b to modify x4 ,sid5ote3 ,a v]b4 ,:5 action is express$1 an adv]b is usually add$ to def9e ! action 9 "s way1--"t1 place1 or mann]3 z1 ,he began already to be pr\d ( be+ a ,rugby boy "t2 ,"o ( ! "y h]oes scrambl$ up beh9d place2 ,he 0 absolute1 b wisely & bravely rul+ mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,an adjective or an adv]b4 ,b ?is does n mean t adv]bs modify v]bs only3 _m ( !m express degree1 & limit adjectives or adv]bs2 z1 ,william's private life 0 sev]ely pure2 ,pr9ciples ( ,engli% law are put d[n a little confus$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes a n\n or pron\n4 ,sometimes an adv]b may modify a n\n or pron\n2 = example1-- ,! "y man rev]es m5 ( g5ius1 because1 to speak truly1 !y are m himself ?an he is4--,,em]son4 ,is x only poets1 & m5 ( leisure & cultivation1 :o live ) nature8--,id4 ,to ! almo/ t]ror ( ! p]sons pres5t1 ,macaulay began ) ! s5ior wrangl] ( #ahja-b-c-d1 & s on4--,,?ack]ay4 ,nor 0 x altoge!r no?+4--,,c>lyle4 ,s\nds ov]fl[ ! li/5]'s bra9 ,s sweet t joy is almo/ pa94--,,%elley4 ,! condition ( ,kate is exactly t ( ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9]4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,he 0 incid5tally news deal]4--,t4,b4 ,,aldri*4 ,,note4--,^! la/ diff] f ! words 9 ,sec4 #afi1 be+ adv]bs naturally & fitly1 :ile ^? 9 ,sec4 #afi are felt to be elliptical1 & r =c$ into ! s]vice ( adjectives4 ,also ^! adv]bs modify+ n\ns are to be di/+ui%$ f ^? /&+ aft] a n\n by ellipsis1 b really modify+1 n ! n\n1 b "s v]b und]/ood2 ?us1-- ,! g5tle w9ds & wat]s t are ne>1 ,make music to ! lonely e>4--,,byron4 ,) b[]+ leaves t gr[ o'erhead1 to :i* ! eye ,look$ up half sweetly1 & half awfully4--,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,sid5ote3 ,a phrase4 ,an adv]b may modify a phrase :i* is equival5t to an adjective or an adv]b1 z %[n 9 ! s5t5ces1-- ,!y _h begun to make _! ef=t mu* at ! same "t4--,,trollope4 ,i draw =? ! fruit1 all wet & glossy1 maybe nibbl$ by rabbits & holl[$ out by crickets1 & p]haps ) a leaf or two cem5t$ to x1 b /ill ) a ri* bloom to x4--,,?oreau4 ,sid5ote3 ,a clause or s5t5ce4 ,x may also modify a s5t5ce1 emphasiz+ or qualify+ ! /atem5t express$2 z1 = example1-- ,& c]ta9ly no "o ev] ent]$ ^u (fice ) s few res\rces ( p[] 9 ! pa/4--,,l[ell4 ,surely happ9ess is reflective1 l ! light ( heav54 --,,irv+4 ,we are (f]$ six mon?s' cr$it2 & t1 p]haps1 has induc$ "s ( u to att5d x4--,,frankl94 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bhj4 ,an adv]b1 !n1 is a modify+ ^w1 :i* may qualify an action ^w or a /atem5t1 & may add to ! mean+ ( an adjective or adv]b1 or a ^w gr\p us$ z su*4 ,,note4--,! expression action ^w is put in/ead ( v]b1 because any v]bal ^w may be limit$ by an adv]b1 n simply ! =ms us$ 9 pr$ication4 #bha4 ,adv]bs may be classifi$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! words2 7#b7 accord+ to _! use 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,,adv]bs ,,classifi$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,mean+4 #bhb4 ,?us consid]$1 !re are six classes3-- 7#a7 ,"t2 z n[1 to-day1 ev]1 lately1 be=e1 hi!rto1 etc4 7#b7 ,place4 ,^! may be adv]bs ei!r ( 7a7 ,,place ,,:]e2 z "h1 !re1 :]e1 ne>1 yond]1 above1 etc4 7b7 ,,place ,,to ,,:i*2 z hi!r1 ?i!r1 :i!r1 :i!rsoev]1 etc4 7c7 ,,place ,,f ,,:i*2 z h5ce1 !nce1 :5ce1 :5cesoev]1 etc4 7#c7 ,mann]1 tell+ h[ any?+ is done2 z well1 sl[ly1 bett]1 bravely1 beautifully4 ,action is conceiv$ or p]=m$ 9 s _m ways1 t ^! adv]bs =m a v l>ge class4 7#d7 ,numb]1 tell+ h[ _m times3 once1 twice1 s+ly1 two by two1 etc4 7#e7 ,degree1 tell+ h[ mu*2 z little1 slightly1 too1 p>tly1 en\gh1 greatly1 mu*1 v1 j1 etc4 7see also ,sec4 #bhc74 7#f7 ,ass]tion1 tell+ ! speak]'s belief or disbelief 9 a /atem5t1 or h[ f> he believes x to be true2 z p]haps1 maybe1 surely1 possibly1 probably1 n1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,special rem>ks on adv]bs ( degree4 #bhc4 ,! is an adv]b ( degree :5 x limits an adjective or an adv]b1 especially ! comp>ative ( ^! words2 ?us1-- ,b n ! less ! bl>e ( ! tumultu\s organ wr\ght its own sep>ate creations4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,! m !y multiply1 ! m fri5ds y w h2 ! m evid5tly !y love lib]ty1 ! m p]fect w be _! ob$i5ce4--,,burke4 ,?is & t are v common z adv]bs 9 spok5 ,engli%1 & n infrequ5tly are f\nd 9 lit]>y ,engli%2 = example1-- ,! ma/]4440 = ?is once ( h] op9ion4--,r4 ,,l\is ,,/ev5son4 ,dea?6 ,to die6 ,i owe t mu* ,to :at1 at lea/1 ,i 04--,,br[n+4 ,?is long's ! text4--,,%akespe>e4 ,sid5ote ,! /atus ( su*4 ,su* is frequ5tly us$ z an equival5t ( s3 su* prec$es an adjective ) its n\n1 :ile s prec$es only ! adjective usually4 ,meekness1444:i* ga9$ him su* univ]sal popul>ity4--,,irv+4 ,su* a glitt]+ appe>ance t no ord9>y man w\ld h be5 able to close 8 eyes !re4--,,haw?orne4 ,an eye ( su* pi]c+ brightness & su* comm&+ p[] t x gave an air ( inspiration4--,,lecky4 ,s also 9 ,grote1 ,em]son1 ,?ack]ay1 ,motley1 ,:ite1 & o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,pretty4 ,pretty has a wid] adv]bial use ?an x gets cr$it =4 ,i believe our a/oni%m5t is pretty equal4--,,field+4 ,h>d bl[s & h>d money1 ! feel ( bo? ( :i* y "k pretty well by n[4--,,k+sley4 ,! fir/ ( ^! g5]als is pretty g5]ally recogniz$ z ! greate/ milit>y g5ius t ev] liv$4--,,bayne4 ,a pretty l>ge exp]i5ce4--,,?ack]ay4 ,pretty is also us$ by ,prescott1 ,frankl91 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,defoe1 ,dick5s1 ,k+sley1 ,burke1 ,em]son1 ,aldri*1 ,holmes1 & o!r writ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,mighty4 ,! adv]b mighty is v common 9 colloquial ,engli%2 = example1-- ,mighty well1 ,deacon ,gook96 repli$ ! solemn tones ( ! m9i/]4--,,haw?orne4 ,maybe y're want+ to get ov]8--anybody sick8 ,ye seem mighty anxi\s6--,h4,b4 ,,/[e4 ,x is only occasionally us$ 9 lit]>y ,engli%2 = example1-- ,y are mighty c\rte\s4--,,bulw]4 ,beau ,field+1 a mighty f9e g5tleman4--,,?ack]ay4 ,peace1 ,neville1 said ! k+1 ?\ ?9k'/ ?yself mighty wise1 & art b a fool4--,,scott4 ,i p]ceiv$ 8 si/]s mighty busy4--,,goldsmi?4 ,sid5ote3 ,notice mean+s4 #bhd4 ,aga91 ! mean+ ( words mu/ be notic$ r ?an _! =m2 = _m words giv5 above may be mov$ f "o class to ano!r at w3 z ^! examples1--,he walk$ too f> place2 ,t 7 f> bett] degree2 ,he spoke positively mann]2 ,t is positively untrue ass]tion2 ,i h se5 y be=e "t2 ,! h\se1 & its lawn be=e place4 ,,adv]bs ,,classifi$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,use4 ,sid5ote3 ,simple4 #bhe4 ,all adv]bs :i* h no function 9 ! s5t5ce except to modify are call$ simple adv]bs4 ,su* are mo/ ( ^? giv5 already 9 ,sec4 #bhb4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]rogative4 #bhf4 ,"s adv]bs1 besides modify+1 h ! additional function ( ask+ a "q4 ,sid5ote3 ,direct que/ions4 ,^! may introduce direct que/ions (-- 7#a7 ,"t4 ,:5 did ?is humane cu/om beg98--,h4 ,,clay4 7#b7 ,place4 ,:]e w y h ! sc5e8--,,longfell[ 7#c7 ,mann]4 ,& h[ looks x n[8--,,haw?orne4 7#d7 ,degree4 ,h[ long h y _h ?is :ip8 ask$ he4--,,bulw]4 7#e7 ,reason4 ,:y t wild />e & wild] cry8--,,:itti] ,n[ :]e=e /opp'/ ?\ me8--,,col]idge ,sid5ote3 ,indirect que/ions4 ,or !y may introduce indirect que/ions (-- 7#a7 ,"t4 ,i d n rememb] :5 ,i 0 taught to read4--,d4 ,,web/]4 7#b7 ,place4 ,i w n ask :]e ?\ lie/ l[4--,,byron 7#c7 ,mann]4 ,:o set y to ca/ ab\t :at y %\ld say to ! select s\ls1 or h[ to say any?+ to su*8--,,em]son4 7#d7 ,degree4 ,be+ too full ( sleep to und]/& ,h[ f> ! unkn[n transc5ds ! :at we "k4 --,,longfell[ 7#e7 ,reason4 ,i he>k5$1 ,i "k n :y4--,,poe4 #bhg4 ,!re is a class ( words usually class$ z conjunctive adv]bs1 z !y are said to h ! (fice ( conjunctions 9 jo9+ clauses1 :ile hav+ ! (fice ( adv]bs 9 modify+2 = example1-- ,:5 la/ ,i saw ?y "y blue eyes1 !y smil$4--,,byron4 ,b 9 reality1 :5 does n express "t & modify1 b ! :ole clause1 :5444eyes2 & :5 has simply ! use ( a conjunction1 n an adv]b4 ,= fur!r discussion1 see ,sec4 #bii "u ,subord9ate ,conjunctions4 ,ex]cise4--,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ tw5ty adv]bs1 repres5t+ f\r classes4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs4 #bhh4 ,_m adv]bs are comp>$1 &1 :5 comp>$1 h ! same inflection z adjectives4 ,! foll[+1 irregul>ly comp>$1 are (t5 us$ z adjectives3-- ,positive4 ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative4 well bett] be/ ill or badly worse wor/ mu* m mo/ little less lea/ nigh or ne> ne>] ne>e/ or next f> f>!r1 fur!r f>!/1 fur!/ late lat] late/1 la/ 7ra!1 obs47 r #bhi4 ,mo/ monosyllabic adv]bs add -er & -e/ to =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative1 j z adjectives d2 z1 high1 high]1 highe/2 soon1 soon]1 soone/4 ,adv]bs 9 -ly usually h m & mo/ in/ead ( ! inflect$ =m1 only occasionally hav+ -er & -e/4 ,its /r+s boldli] swept4--,,col]idge4 ,none c deem h>%li] ( me ?an ,i deem4--,,byron4 ,only t we may wiseli] see4--,,em]son4 ,!n mu/ %e keep x safeli]4--,,t5nyson4 ,i %\ld freeli] rejoice 9 t abs5ce4--,,%akespe>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,=m vs4 use4 #bij4 ,! fact t a ^w ends 9 -ly does n make x an adv]b4 ,_m adjectives h ! same end+1 & mu/ be di/+ui%$ by _! use 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cise4 ,tell :at ea* ^w 9 ly modifies1 !n :e!r x is an adjective or an adv]b4 #a4 ,x seems c]ta9 t ! ,normans 7 m cleanly 9 _! habits1 m c\rtly 9 _! mann]s4 #b4 ,x is true he 0 r>ely he>d to speak4 #c4 ,he w\ld inhale ! smoke sl[ly & tranquilly4 #d4 ,! p]fectly heav5ly law might be made law on e>?4 #e4 ,! k+ w9c$ :5 he saw 8 homely little bride4 #f4 ,) 8 pr\d1 quick-fla%+ eye1 ,& 8 mi5 ( k+ly /ate4 #g4 ,& all ab\t1 a lovely sky ( blue ,cle>ly 0 felt1 or d[n ! leaves laugh$ ?r\gh4 #h4 ,he is inexpressibly mean1 curi\sly jolly1 k9dly & good-natur$ 9 secret4 #bia4 ,aga91 _m words )\t -ly h ! same =m1 :e!r adv]bs or adjectives4 ,! reason is1 t 9 ,old & ,middle ,engli%1 adv]bs d]iv$ f adjectives _h ! end+ -e z a di/+ui%+ m>k2 z1-- ,if m5 smoot x ) a y]de sm]te ,if m5 smote x ) a rod sm>tly4--,,*auc]4 ,?is e dropp+ (f left bo? words hav+ ! same =m4 ,we$s 7 sure to gr[ quick] 9 8 fields4--,,irv+4 ,o sweet & f> f cliff & sc> ,! horns ( ,elfl& fa9tly bl[+4--,,t5nyson4 ,b he mu/ d 8 err& "r4--,,drake ,long %e look$ 9 8 t9y face4--,id4 ,n ne> s black z he 0 pa9t$4--,,?ack]ay4 ,9 "s cases adv]bs ) -ly are us$ side by side ) ^? )\t -ly1 b ) a diff]5t mean+4 ,su* are mo/1 mo/ly2 ne>1 ne>ly2 ev51 ev5ly2 h>d1 h>dly2 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,special use ( !re4 #bib4 ,frequ5tly ! ^w !re1 in/ead ( be+ us$ adv]bially1 m]ely introduces a s5t5ce1 & inv]ts ! usual ord] ( subject & pr$icate4 ,?is is su* a fix$ idiom t ! s5t5ce1 if x has ! v]b be1 seems awkw>d or affect$ )\t ?is !re introductory4 ,comp>e ^!3-- #a4 ,!re are eyes1 to be sure1 t give no m admission into ! man ?an blueb]ries4--,,em]son4 #b4 ,"t 0 :5 field & wat]y cove ,) modulat$ e*oes rang4--,,wordswor?4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,adv]bs4 #bic4 ,9 p>s+ adv]bs1 give-- 7#a7 ,! class1 accord+ to mean+ & also use4 7#b7 ,degree ( comp>ison1 if ! ^w is comp>$4 7#c7 ,:at ^w or ^w gr\p x modifies4 ,ex]cise4 ,p>se all ! adv]bs 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,n[ ! e>? is s full t a drop ov]fills x4 #b4 ,! high] we rise 9 ! scale ( be+1 ! m c]ta9ly we quit ! region ( ! brilliant ecc5tricities & dazzl+ contra/s :i* belong to a vulg> greatness4 #c4 ,we sit 9 ! w>m %ade & feel "r well ,h[ ! sap creeps up & blossoms swell4 #d4 ,mean:ile ! ,prote/ants believ$ some:at d\btfully t he 0 !irs4 #e4 ,:5ce else c\ld arise ! bruises :i* ,i _h receiv$1 b f my fall8 #f4 ,we someh[ gre$ily gobble d[n all /ories 9 :i* ! *>act]s ( our fri5ds are *opp$ up4 #g4 ,h[ c>efully t bless$ day is m>k$ 9 _! little cal5d>s6 #h4 ,b a few /eps f>!r on1 at ! regul> w9e-%op1 ! ,madonna is 9 great glory4 #i4 ,! fooli% & ! dead alone nev] *ange _! op9ion4 #aj4 ,x is ! ,cross t is fir/ se51 & always1 burn+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! temple4 #aa4 ,= ! impracticable1 h[ev] !oretically entic+1 is always politically unwise4 #ab4 ,:5ce come y8 & :i!r are y b\nd8 #ac4 ,h[ comes x t ! evil :i* m5 say spreads s widely & la/s s long1 :il/ our good k9d words don't seem someh[ to take root & blossom8 #ad4 ,at ^! c>\sals ,alex&] drank deep4 #ae4 ,p]haps he has be5 gett+ up a little ar*itecture on ! road f ,flor5ce4 #af4 ,x is left y to f9d out :y y\r e>s are box$4 #ag4 ,?i!r we w5t1 & sate d[n on ! /eps ( a h\se4 #ah4 ,he c\ld nev] fix :i* side ( ! g>d5 walk w\ld suit him be/1 b cont9ually %ift$4 #ai4 ,b n[ ! w9d rose aga91 & ! /]n drift$ 9 t[>d ! bank4 #bj4 ,he caught ! sc5t ( wild ?yme 9 ! air1 & f\nd room to wond] h[ x c\ld h got !re4 #ba4 ,!y 7 soon laun*$ on ! pr9cely bosom ( ! ,?ames1 ^u :i* ! sun n[ %one =?4 #bb4 ,:y %\ld we suppose t consci5ti\s motives1 feeble z !y are con/antly f\nd to be 9 a good cause1 %\ld be omnipot5t = evil8 #bd4 ,x 0 pretty bad aft] t1 & b = ,polly's outdoor ex]cise1 %e w\ld und\bt$ly h succumb$4 ,,conjunctions4 #bid4 ,unlike adv]bs1 conjunctions d n modify3 !y are us$ solely = ! purpose ( connect+4 ,examples ( ! use ( conjunctions3-- ,sid5ote3 ,!y connect words4 7#a7 ,connect+ words3 ,x is ! v necessity & condition ( exi/5ce2 ,:at a simple b exquisite illu/ration6 ,sid5ote3 ,^w gr\ps3 ,phrases4 ,sid5ote3 ,clauses4 7#b7 ,connect+ ^w gr\ps3 ,hi!rto ! two sy/ems h exi/$ 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 b side by side )9 ! ,am]ican ,union2 ,?is has happ5$ because ! ,union is a conf$]ation ( ,/ates4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5t5ces4 7#c7 ,connect+ s5t5ces3 ,unanimity 9 ?is case c mean only a v l>ge majority4 ,b ev5 unanimity itself is f> f indicat+ ! voice ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,connect+ s5t5ce gr\ps3 ,p>agraphs w\ld be too long to quote "h1 b ! /ud5t w readily f9d !m1 9 :i* ! writ] connects ! divisions ( n>ration or argum5t by su* words z b1 h[ev]1 h5ce1 nor1 !n1 !re=e1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #bie4 ,a conjunction is a l9k+ ^w1 connect+ words1 ^w gr\ps1 s5t5ces1 or s5t5ce gr\ps4 ,sid5ote3 ,classes ( conjunctions4 #bif4 ,conjunctions h two pr9cipal divisions3-- 7#a7 ,cord9ate1 jo9+ words1 ^w gr\ps1 etc41 ( ! same rank4 7#b7 ,subord9ate1 jo9+ a subord9ate or dep5d5t clause to a pr9cipal or indep5d5t clause4 ,,co,,rd9ate ,,conjunctions4 #big4 ,cord9ate conjunctions are ( f\r k9ds3 7#a7 ,,copulative1 c\pl+ or unit+ words & expressions 9 ! same l9e ( ?\ght2 z &1 also1 z well z1 moreov]1 etc4 7#b7 ,,adv]sative1 connect+ words & expressions t are opposite 9 ?\ght2 z b1 yet1 /ill1 h[ev]1 :ile1 only1 etc4 7#c7 ,,causal1 introduc+ a reason or cause4 ,! *ief ones are1 =1 !re=e1 h5ce1 !n4 7#d7 ,,alt]native1 express+ a *oice1 usually betwe5 two ?+s4 ,!y are or1 ei!r1 else1 nor1 nei!r1 :e!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,correlatives4 #bih4 ,"s ( ^! g 9 pairs1 answ]+ to ea* o!r 9 ! same s5t5ce2 z1 bo?444&2 n only444b 7or b also72 ei!r444or2 :e!r444or2 nei!r444nor2 :e!r444or :e!r4 ,"s g 9 ?rees2 z1 n only444b444 &2 ei!r444or444or2 nei!r444nor444 nor4 ,fur!r examples ( ! use ( cord9ate conjunctions3-- ,sid5ote3 ,copulative4 ,y\r lett]1 likewise1 _h its weight2 ! bread 0 sp5t1 ! butt] too2 ! w9d[ be+ op51 z well z ! room door4 ,sid5ote3 ,adv]sative4 ,! ass]tion1 h[ev]1 s]ves b to %[ _! ignorance4 ,c ?is be s8 said ,goodman ,br[n4 ,h[beit1 ,i h no?+ to d ) ! gov]nor & c\ncil4 ,nev]!less1 9 ?is mansion ( gloom ,i n[ propos$ to myself a soj\rn ( "s weeks4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt]native4 ,:ile ! e>? be>s a plant1 or ! sea rolls its waves4 ,nor m>k'd !y less1 :]e 9 ! air ,a ?\s& /ream]s flaunt$ fair4 ,sid5ote3 ,causal4 ,!re=e ! poet is n any p]missive pot5tate1 b is emp]or 9 8 own "r4 ,= x is ! rule ( ! univ]se t corn %all s]ve man1 & n man corn4 ,examples ( ! use ( correlatives3-- ,he began to d\bt :e!r bo? he & ! _w ar\nd him 7 n bewit*$4--,,irv+4 ,he is n only bold & vocif]\s1 b possesses a consid]able tal5t = mimicry1 & seems to enjoy great satisfaction 9 mock+ & teas+ o!r birds4--,,wilson4 ,x is444! same :e!r ,i move my h& along ! surface ( a body1 or :e!r su* a body is mov$ along my h&4--,,burke4 ,nei!r ! place 9 :i* he f\nd himself1 nor ! exclusive att5tion t he attract$1 di/urb$ ! self-possession ( ! "y ,mohican4--,,coop]4 ,nei!r 0 !re any phantom memorial ( life1 nor w+ ( bird1 nor e*o1 nor gre5 leaf1 nor creep+ ?+1 t mov$ or /irr$ ^u ! s\ndless wa/e4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,subord9ate ,,conjunctions4 #bii4 ,subord9ate conjunctions are ( ! foll[+ k9ds3-- 7#a7 ,,place3 :]e1 :]ev]1 :i!r1 :]eto1 :i!rsoev]1 :5ce1 etc4 7#b7 ,,"t3 :51 be=e1 aft]1 s9ce1 z1 until1 :5ev]1 :ile1 ere1 etc4 7#c7 ,,mann]3 h[1 z1 h[ev]1 h[soev]4 7#d7 ,,cause or ,,reason3 because1 s9ce1 z1 n[1 :]eas1 t1 see+1 etc4 7#e7 ,,comp>ison3 ?an & z4 7#f7 ,,purpose3 t1 s1 s t1 9 ord] t1 le/1 s444z4 7#g7 ,,result3 t1 s t1 especially t aft] s4 7#h7 ,,condition or ,,concession3 if1 unless1 s1 except1 ?\gh1 al?\gh2 ev5 if1 provid$1 provid$ t1 9 case1 on condition t1 etc4 7#i7 ,,sub/antive3 t1 :e!r1 sometimes if1 are us$ frequ5tly to introduce n\n clauses us$ z subject1 object1 9 apposition1 etc4 ,examples ( ! use ( subord9ate conjunctions3-- ,sid5ote3 ,place4 ,:]e ! treasure is1 !re w ! he>t be also4--,bible4 ,to lead f eighte5 to tw5ty millions ( m5 :i!rsoev] !y w4--,j4 ,,qu9cy4 ,an arti/ w delight 9 excell5ce :]ev] he meets x4 --,,all/on4 ,sid5ote3 ,"t4 ,i promise to devote myself to y\r happ9ess :5ev] y %all ask x ( me4--,,pauld+4 ,x is sixte5 ye>s s9ce ,i saw ! ,que5 ( ,france4--,,burke4 ,sid5ote3 ,mann]4 ,let ! _w g h[ x w4--,,c>lyle ,ev5ts proce$1 n z !y 7 expect$ or int5d$1 b z !y are impell$ by ! irresi/ible laws4--,,ames4 ,sid5ote3 ,cause1 reason4 ,i see no reason :y ,i %\ld n h ! same ?\ght4--,,em]son4 ,!n ,d5m>k ble/ our *ief1 ,t he gave h] w\nds repose4 --,,campbell4 ,n[ he is dead1 8 m>tyrdom w reap ,late h>ve/s ( ! palms he %\ld h _h 9 life4 --,h4,h4 ,,jackson ,sp>+ nei!r :ip nor spur1 see+ t he c>ri$ ! v9dication ( 8 patron's fame 9 8 saddlebags4--,,irv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison4 ,z a soldi]1 he 0 m solicit\s to avoid mi/akes ?an to p]=m exploits t are brilliant4--,,ames4 ,all ! subsequ5t exp]i5ce ( our race _h gone ov] him ) z little p]man5t effect z z foll[s ! semi-adv]bs z & s 9 express+ comp>ison ! pass+ breeze4--,,haw?orne4 ,sid5ote3 ,purpose4 ,we wi% = a ?\s& heads1 a ?\s& bodies1 t we might celebrate its imm5se beauty4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,result4 ,s _m ?\ghts mov$ to & fro1 ,t va9 x 7 h] eyes to close4 --,,col]idge4 ,i 0 aga9 cov]$ ) wat]1 b n s long b ,i held x out4--,,defoe4 ,sid5ote3 ,condition4 ,a ridicule :i* is ( no import unless ! s*ol> he$ x4--,,em]son4 ,!re fl[]s or we$s at w may gr[1 ,s ,i behold !m n4 --,,byron4 ,sid5ote3 ,concession4 ,:at ?\gh ! radiance :i* 0 once s bright ,be n[ =ev] tak5 f my sight4--,,wordswor?4 ,sid5ote3 ,sub/antive4 ,x seems a pity t we c only sp5d x once4--,,em]son4 ,we d n believe t he left any wor?y man 8 foe :o _h ev] be5 8 fri5d4--,,ames4 ,let u see :e!r ! greate/1 ! wise/1 ! pure/-he>t$ ( all ages are agre$ 9 any wise on ?is po9t4--,,rusk94 ,:o c tell if ,wa%+ton be a great man or no8--,,em]son4 #cjj4 ,z w h be5 notic$1 "s words--= example1 s9ce1 :ile1 z1 t1 etc4--may belong to sev]al classes ( conjunctions1 accord+ to _! mean+ & connection 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ five examples ( cord9ate conjunctions4 7b7 ,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ ?ree examples ( correlatives4 7c7 ,br+ up s5t5ces conta9+ t5 subord9ate conjunctions4 7d7 ,tell :e!r ! italiciz$ words 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are conjunctions or adv]bs2 classify !m if conjunctions3-- #a4 ,yet ^! 7 (t5 exhibit$ ?r\gh\t our city4 #b4 ,no "o _h yet caught 8 "*4 #c4 ,aft] he 0 gone1 ! lady call$ h] s]vant4 #d4 ,& !y liv$ happily =ev] aft]4 #e4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 hold a subord9ate rank4 #f4 ,h[ev] ambiti\s a woman may be to comm& admiration abroad1 h] real m]it is kn[n at home4 #g4 ,:5ce else c\ld arise ! bruises :i* ,i _h receiv$8 #h4 ,he 0 br\ght up = ! *ur*1 :5ce he 0 occasionally call$ ! ,dom9ie4 #i4 ,& !n recov]+1 %e fa9tly press$ h] h&4 #aj4 ,9 :at po9t ( view1 !n1 is w> n to be reg>d$ ) horror8 #aa4 ,! mo? fly1 z he %ot 9 air1 ,crept "u ! leaf1 & hid h] !re4 #ab4 ,besides1 z ! rul]s ( a nation are z liable z o!r p to be gov]n$ by passion & prejudice1 !re is little prospect ( ju/ice 9 p]mitt+ w>4 #ac4 ,:ile a faction is a m9ority1 x w rema9 h>mless4 #ad4 ,:ile patriotism gl[$ 9 8 he>t1 wisdom bl5d$ 9 8 spee* h] au?ority ) h] *>ms4 #ae4 ,h5ce x is highly important t ! cu/om ( w> %\ld be aboli%$4 #af4 ,! raft & ! money _h be5 ?r[n ne> h]1 none ( ! la%+s hav+ giv5 way2 only :at is ! use ( a gu9ea among/ tangle & sea gulls8 #ag4 ,only let 8 ?\ghts be ( equal scope1 & ! frame w suit ! picture4 ,,special ,,rem>ks4 ,sid5ote3 ,z if4 #cja4 ,z if is (t5 us$ z "o conjunction ( mann]1 b really !re is an ellipsis betwe5 ! two words2 ?us1-- ,b ?y s(t murmur+ ,s\nds sweet z if a si/]'s voice reprov$4 --,,byron4 ,if analyz$1 ! expression w\ld be1 s\nds sweet z ! s\nd w\ld be if a si/]'s voice reprov$2 z1 9 ?is case1 express+ degree if tak5 sep>ately4 ,b ! ellipsis seems to be lo/ sight ( frequ5tly 9 writ+1 z is %[n by ! use ( z ?\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,z ?\gh4 #cjb4 ,9 ,em]son's s5t5ce1 ,we meet1 & "p z ?\gh we p>t$ n1 x _c be said t !re is an ellipsis3 x _c mean we "p z we %\ld "p ?\gh etc4 ,consequ5tly1 z if & z ?\gh may be tak5 z d\ble conjunctions express+ mann]4 ,z ?\gh seems to be 9 z wide use z ! conjunction z if2 = example1-- ,d y "k a f>m] :o acts & lives z ?\gh he believ$ "o ^w ( ?is8--,h ,,greeley4 ,8 voice 444 s\nd$ z ?\gh x came out ( a b>rel4--,,irv+4 ,bl9d$ alike f sun%9e & f ra91 ,z ?\gh a rose %\ld %ut1 & be a bud aga94 --,,keats ,examples might be quot$ f almo/ all au?ors4 ,sid5ote3 ,z = z if4 #cjc4 ,9 poetry1 z is (t5 equival5t to z if4 ,& _! orbs grew /rangely dre>y1 ,cl\d$1 ev5 z !y w\ld weep4 --,,emily ,,bronte4 ,s sil5tly we seem$ to speak1 ,s sl[ly mov$ ab\t1 ,z we _h l5t h] half our p[]s ,to eke h] liv+ out4 --,,hood4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,conjunctions4 #cjd4 ,9 p>s+ conjunctions1 tell-- 7#a7 ,to :at class & subclass !y belong4 7#b7 ,:at words1 ^w gr\ps1 etc41 !y connect4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 ,9 classify+ !m1 p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be paid to ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,"s conjunctions1 su* z nor1 &1 because1 :51 etc41 are regul>ly ( "o p>ticul> class2 o!rs belong to sev]al classes4 ,= example1 comp>e ! s5t5ces1-- #a4 ,x cont9u$ ra9+1 s t ,i c\ld n /ir abroad4--,,defoe #b4 ,!re w be an agreem5t 9 :atev] v>iety ( actions1 s !y be ea* hone/ & natural 9 _! h\r4--,,em]son #c4 ,x 0 too d>k to put an arr[ into ! creature's eye2 s !y paddl$ on4--,,k+sley ,9 s5t5ce #a1 s t expresses result1 & its clause dep5ds on ! o!r1 h5ce x is a subord9ate conjunction ( result2 9 #b1 s means provid$1--is subord9ate ( condition2 9 #c1 s means !re=e1 & its clause is indep5d5t1 h5ce x is a cord9ate conjunction ( reason4 ,ex]cise4 ,p>se all ! conjunctions 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,:5 ! gods come among m51 !y are n kn[n4 #b4 ,if he c\ld solve ! riddle1 ! ,sph9x 0 sla94 #c4 ,a lady ) :om ,i 0 rid+ 9 ! =e/ said to me t ! woods always seem$ to wait1 z if ! g5ii :o inhabit !m susp5d$ _! de$s until ! wayf>] _h pass$4 #d4 ,! m\nta9 ( granite blooms into an et]nal fl[]1 ) ! lightness & delicate f9i% z well z ! arial proportions & p]spective ( vegetable sc5]y4 #e4 ,at sea1 or 9 ! =e/1 or 9 ! sn[1 he sleeps z w>m1 d9es ) z good an appetite1 & associates z happily1 z beside 8 own *imneys4 #f4 ,our admiration ( ! antique is n admiration ( ! old1 b ( ! natural4 #g4 ,doctor1 said 8 wife to ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 h[ is x t :il/ subject to papacy we pray$ s (t5 & ) su* f]vor1 :il/ n[ we pray ) ! utmo/ coldness1 & v seldom8 #h4 ,all ! po/ulates ( elf9 annals1--t ! fairies d n l to be nam$2 t _! gifts are caprici\s & n to be tru/$2 & ! l1--,i f9d !m true 9 ,concord1 h[ev] !y might be 9 ,cornwall or ,bretagne4 #i4 ,he is ! comp5d ( "t2 he is also ! correlative ( nature4 #aj4 ,he dismisses )\t notice 8 ?\ght1 because x is 84 #aa4 ,! eye 0 plac$ :]e "o ray %\ld fall1 t x might te/ify ( t p>ticul> ray4 #ab4 ,x may be safely tru/$1 s x be fai?fully imp>t$4 #ac4 ,he kn[s h[ to speak to 8 contempor>ies4 #ad4 ,goodness mu/ h "s edge to x1--else x is none4 #ae4 ,i hope x is some:at bett] ?an :im at la/4 #af4 ,n[ y h ! :ip 9 y\r h&1 won't y lay on8 #ag4 ,i sc[l z ,i dip my p5 into ! ink/&4 #ah4 ,i speak1 !re=e1 ( good novels only4 #ai4 ,let h] loose 9 ! libr>y z y d a fawn 9 a field4 #bj4 ,& :e!r consci\sly or n1 y mu/ be1 9 _m a he>t1 en?ron$4 #ba4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 ! :ole conditions are *ang$4 #bb4 ,i nev] re/$ until ,i _h a copy ( ! book4 #bc4 ,=1 ?\gh !re may be little resemblance o!rwise1 9 ?is !y agree1 t bo? 7 wayw>d4 #bd4 ,/ill1 %e might h ! family c\nt5ance2 & ,kate ?\ght he look$ ) a suspici\s scrut9y into h] face z he inquir$ = ! "y don4 #be4 ,he foll[s 8 g5ius :i!rsoev] x may lead him4 #bf4 ,! manuscript inde$ speaks ( _m m1 ^: names ,i omit1 see+ t x behooves me to ha/54 #bg4 ,god _h m>k$ ?is woman's s9 ) a sc>let lett]1 :i* _h su* efficacy t no human sympa?y c\ld rea* h]1 save x 7 s9ful l h]self4 #bh4 ,i rejoice to /& "h no long]1 to be look$ at z ?\gh ,i _h sev5 heads & t5 horns4 #bi4 ,he %\ld nei!r praise nor blame nor def5d 8 equals4 #cj4 ,!re 0 no iron to be se51 nor did !y appe> acqua9t$ ) its prop]ties2 = !y ungu>d$ly took a drawn sword by ! edge1 :5 x 0 pres5t$ to !m4 ,,prepositions44 #cje4 ,! ^w preposition implies place be=e3 h5ce x w\ld seem t a preposition is always be=e its object4 ,x may be s 9 ! majority ( cases1 b 9 a consid]able proportion ( in/ances ! preposition is aft] its object4 ,?is occurs 9 su* cases z ! foll[+3-- ,sid5ote3 ,preposition n be=e its object4 7#a7 ,aft] a relative pron\n1 a v common occurr5ce2 ?us1-- ,! mo/ dismal ,*ri/mas fun :i* ^! eyes ev] look$ on4--,,?ack]ay4 ,an anci5t nation :i* !y "k no?+ (4--,,em]son4 ,a foe1 :om a *ampion has f\ght ) to-day4--,,scott4 ,"s little toys t girls are fond (4--,,swift4 ,x's ! man t ,i spoke to y ab\t said ,mr4 ,pickwick4--,,dick5s4 7#b7 ,aft] an int]rogative adv]b1 adjective1 or pron\n1 also frequ5tly f\nd3-- ,:at ,god do? ! wiz>d pray to8--,,haw?orne4 ,:at is ! little "o ?9k+ ab\t8--,j4,g4 ,,holl&4 ,:]e ! ,devil did x come f1 ,i wond]8--,,dick5s4 7#c7 ,) an inf9itive1 9 su* expressions z ^!3-- ,a prop] qu>rel = a ,crusad] to d battle 94--,,scott4 ,y "k1 ,g5]al1 x 0 no?+ to joke ab\t4--,,cable ,_h no h>% treatm5t to reproa* h]self )4--,,boyes5 ,a loss ( vitality sc>cely to be acc\nt$ =4--,,holmes4 ,places = horses to be hit*$ to4--,id4 7#d7 ,aft] a n\n1--! case 9 :i* ! preposition is expect$ to be1 & regul>ly is1 be=e its object2 z1-- ,& unse5 m]maids' pe>ly song ,comes bubbl+ up1 ! we$s among4 --,,b$does4 ,=ev] pant+ & =ev] "y1 ,all brea?+ human passion f> above4 --,,keats4 #cjf4 ,s9ce ! object ( a preposition is mo/ (t5 a n\n1 ! /atem5t is made t ! preposition usually prec$es its object2 z 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 ,r\s$ by ! %ock1 he />t$ f 8 trance4 ,"h ! words by & f are connectives2 b !y d m ?an connect4 ,by %[s ! relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 r\s$ & %ock1 express+ means or ag5cy2 f %[s ! relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 />t$ & trance1 & expresses sep>ation4 ,bo? introduce phrases4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #cjg4 ,a preposition is a ^w jo9$ to a n\n or its equival5t to make up a qualify+ or an adv]bial phrase1 & to %[ ! relation betwe5 its object & ! ^w modifi$4 ,sid5ote3 ,objects1 n\ns & ! foll[+4 #cjh4 ,besides n\ns1 prepositions may h z objects-- 7#a7 ,pron\ns3 ,^u !m ) ! lance2 ,) :om ,i trav]se e>?4 7#b7 ,adjectives3 ,on high ! w9ds lift up _! voices4 7#c7 ,adv]bs3 ,if ,i live :olly f )92 ,_h x n be5 = ! sea f aft4 7#d7 ,phrases3 ,ev]y?+ came to h] f on high2 ,f ( old !y _h be5 zeal\s wor%ip]s4 7#e7 ,inf9itives3 ,! que5 n[ sc>ce spoke to him save to convey "s necess>y comm& = h] s]vice4 7#f7 ,g]unds3 ,!y %r9k f inflict+ :at !y ?reat52 ,he is n cont5t ) %9+ on great occasions4 7#g7 ,clauses3 ,ea* soldi] eye %all brightly turn ,to :]e ?y sky-born glories burn4 ,sid5ote3 ,object usually objective case1 if n\n or pron\n4 #cji4 ,! object ( a preposition1 if a n\n or pron\n1 is usually 9 ! objective case4 ,9 pron\ns1 ?is is %[n by ! =m ( ! ^w1 z 9 ,sec4 #cjh 7#a74 ,sid5ote3 ,(t5 possessive4 ,9 ! d\ble-possessive idiom1 h[ev]1 ! object is 9 ! possessive case aft] (2 = example1-- ,!re 0 also a book ( ,defoe's1444 & ano!r ( ,ma!r's4--,,frankl94 ,see also num]\s examples 9 ,secs4 #fh & #hg4 ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes nom9ative4 ,& ! prepositions b & save are f\nd ) ! nom9ative =m ( ! pron\n foll[+2 z1-- ,nobody kn[s b my mate & ,i ,:]e our ne/ & our ne/l+s lie4 --,,bryant4 ,,uses ,,( ,,prepositions4 ,sid5ote3 ,insep>able4 #caj4 ,prepositions are us$ 9 ?ree ways3-- 7#a7 ,comp\nd$ ) v]bs1 adv]bs1 or conjunctions2 z1 = example1 ) v]bs1 )draw1 "u/&1 ov]look1 ov]take1 ov]fl[1 "ug1 out/ay1 outnumb]1 ov]run1 ov]gr[1 etc42 ) adv]bs1 !reat1 !re91 !ref1 !reby1 !re)1 etc42 ) conjunctions1 :]eat1 :]e91 :]eon1 :]e?r\gh1 :]e^u1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,sep>able4 7#b7 ,foll[+ a v]b1 & be+ really a "p ( ! v]b4 ,?is use ne$s to be wat*$ closely1 to see :e!r ! preposition belongs to ! v]b or has a sep>ate prepositional function4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ces1 7a7 ,he broke a pane f ! w9d[1 7b7 ,he broke into ! bank1 9 7a71 ! v]b broke is a pr$icate1 modifi$ by ! phrase introduc$ by f2 9 7b71 ! pr$icate is n broke1 modifi$ by into ! bank1 b broke into--! object1 bank4 ,/udy c>efully ! foll[+ prepositions ) v]bs3-- ,consid]+ ! space !y took up4--,,swift4 ,i lov$1 laugh$ at1 & piti$ him4--,,goldsmi?4 ,! sun breaks ?r\gh ! d>ke/ cl\ds4--,,%akespe>e4 ,!y w root up ! :ole gr\nd4--,,swift4 ,a fri5d prevail$ ^u "o ( ! int]pret]s4--,,addison ,my uncle approv$ ( x4--,,frankl94 ,! robb] :o broke into !m4--,,l&or4 ,?is p]iod is n obscurely h9t$ at4--,,lamb4 ,! judge w9k$ at ! iniquity ( ! decision4--,id4 ,! pupils' voices1 conn+ ov] _! lessons4--,,irv+4 ,to help out 8 ma9t5ance4--,id4 ,) su* pomp is ,m]ry ,*ri/mas u%]$ 94--,,longfell[4 ,sid5ote3 ,ord9>y use z connective1 relation words4 7#c7 ,z relation words1 introduc+ phrases1--! mo/ common use1 9 :i* ! words h _! own prop] function4 ,sid5ote3 ,usefulness ( prepositions4 #caa4 ,prepositions are ! subtle/ & mo/ useful words 9 ! language = compress+ a cle> mean+ into few words4 ,ea* preposition has its prop] & g5]al mean+1 :i*1 by frequ5t & exact+ use1 has exp&$ & divid$ into a v>iety ( mean+s m or less close to ! orig9al "o4 ,take1 = example1 ! ^w ov]4 ,x expresses place1 ) motion1 z1 ,! bird flew ov] ! h\se2 or re/1 z1 ,sil5ce broods ov] ! e>?4 ,x may also convey ! mean+ ( ab\t1 conc]n+2 z1 ,!y qu>rel$ ov] ! booty4 ,or x may express "t3 ,/ay ov] night4 ,! language is made ri*] & m flexible by !re be+ sev]al mean+s to ea* ( _m prepositions1 z well z by "s ( !m hav+ ! same mean+ z o!rs4 ,,classes ,,( ,,prepositions4 #cab4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt to classify all ! prepositions1 s9ce !y are s v>i\s 9 mean+4 ,! l>ge/ gr\ps are ^? ( place1 "t1 & exclusion4 ,,prepositions ,,( ,,place4 #cac4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ common to indicate place3-- 7#a7 ,,place ,,:]e3 abaft1 ab\t1 above1 across1 amid 7amid/71 among 7among/71 at1 a?w>t1 bel[1 b5ea?1 beside1 betwe5 7betwixt71 beyond1 91 on1 ov]1 "u 7und]nea?71 ^u1 r\nd or ar\nd1 )\t4 7#b7 ,,place ,,:i!r3 into1 unto1 up1 ?r\gh1 ?r\gh\t1 to1 t[>ds4 7#c7 ,,place ,,:5ce3 d[n1 f 7away f1 d[n f1 f out1 etc471 (f1 out (4 ,abaft is exclusively a sea t]m1 mean+ back (4 ,among 7or among/7 & betwe5 7or betwixt7 h a diff]5ce 9 mean+1 & usually a diff]5ce 9 use4 ,among orig9ally meant 9 ! cr[d 7on gemong71 ref]r+ to sev]al objects2 betwe5 & betwixt 7 orig9ally made up ( ! preposition be 7mean+ by7 & twon or twonum 7mod]n twa971 by two1 & be ) twh 7or twuh71 hav+ ! same mean+1 by two objects4 ,z to mod]n use1 see ,syntax 7,sec4 #dei74 ,,prepositions ,,( ,,"t4 #cad4 ,!y are aft]1 dur+1 p5d+1 till or until2 also _m ( ! prepositions ( place express "t :5 put be=e words indicat+ "t1 su* z at1 betwe51 by1 ab\t1 on1 )91 etc4 ,^! are all famili>1 & ne$ no special rem>k4 ,,exclusion ,,or ,,sep>ation4 #cae4 ,! *ief ones are besides1 b1 except1 save1 )\t4 ,! p>ticiple except+ is also us$ z a preposition4 ,,miscellane\s ,,prepositions4 #caf4 ,aga9/ implies opposition1 sometimes place :]e4 ,9 colloquial ,engli% x is sometimes us$ to express "t1 n[ & !n also 9 lit]>y ,engli%2 = example1-- ,%e contriv$ to fit up ! baby's cradle = me aga9/ night4--,,swift ,ab\t1 & ! p>ticipial prepositions conc]n+1 respect+1 reg>d+1 mean ) ref]5ce to4 ,sid5ote3 ,phrase prepositions4 #cag4 ,_m phrases are us$ z s+le prepositions3 by means (1 by virtue (1 by help (1 by d9t (1 by =ce (2 out (1 on acc\nt (1 by way (1 = ! sake (2 9 consid]ation (1 9 spite (1 9 defiance (1 in/ead (1 9 view (1 9 place (2 ) respect to1 ) reg>d to1 accord+ to1 agreeably to2 & "s o!rs4 #cah4 ,besides all ^!1 !re are "s prepositions t h s _m mean+s t !y require sep>ate & c>eful treatm5t3 on 7^u71 at1 by1 =1 f1 (1 to1 )4 ,no attempt w be made to give all ! mean+s t ea* "o 9 ?is li/ has3 ! purpose is to /imulate obs]vation1 & to %[ h[ useful prepositions really are4 ,at4 #cai4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( at is ne>1 close to1 aft] a v]b or expression imply+ position2 & t[>ds aft] a v]b or expression indicat+ motion4 ,x def9es position approximately1 :ile 9 is exact1 mean+ )94 ,its pr9cipal uses are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,place :]e4 ,!y :o he>d x li/5$ ) a curl+ horror at ! he>t4--,j4,f4 ,,coop]4 ,!re _h be5 a /rike at ! neighbor+ manufactur+ village1 & !re 0 to be a public meet+1 at :i* he 0 bes\ght to be pres5t4--,t4,w4 ,,higg9son4 7#b7 ,"t1 m exact1 mean+ ! po9t ( "t at :i*4 ,he wi%$ to attack at daybreak4--,,p>kman4 ,!y buri$ him d>kly1 at dead ( night4--,,wolfe 7#c7 ,direction4 ,! "m /ood look+ wildly d[n at ! unseemly object4--,,coop]4 ,y are next invit$444to grasp at ! opportunity1 & take = y\r subject1 ,heal?4--,,higg9son4 ,"h belong su* expressions z laugh at1 look at1 w9k at1 gaze at1 />e at1 peep at1 sc[l at1 sne] at1 fr[n at1 etc4 ,we laugh at ! elixir t promises to prolong life to a ?\s& ye>s4--,,johnson4 ,y nev] mean to say1 pursu$ ,dot1 sitt+ on ! floor & %ak+ h] head at him4--,,dick5s4 7#d7 ,s\rce or cause1 mean+ because (1 by reason (4 ,i felt my he>t *ill at ! dismal s\nd4--,t4,w4 ,,knox4 ,delight$ at ?is outbur/ aga9/ ! ,spani>ds4--,,p>kman4 7#e7 ,!n ! idiomatic phrases at la/1 at l5g?1 at any rate1 at ! be/1 at ! wor/1 at lea/1 at mo/1 at fir/1 at once1 at all1 at "o1 at naught1 at r&om1 etc42 & phrases signify+ /ate or condition ( be+1 z1 at "w1 at play1 at peace1 at w>1 at re/1 etc4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) ?ree diff]5t uses ( at4 ,by4 #cbj4 ,l at1 by means ne> or close to1 b has sev]al o!r mean+s m or less connect$ ) ?is1-- 7#a7 ,! g5]al mean+ ( place4 ,ri*>d 0 /&+ by ! w9d[4--,,aldri*4 ,provid$ always ! coa* _h n %$ a :eel by ! roadside4--,id4 7#b7 ,"t4 ,b by ?is "t ! bell ( ,old ,all[ay began toll+4--,b4 ,,taylor ,! angel came by night4--,r4,h4 ,,/odd>d4 7#c7 ,ag5cy or means4 ,m5ippus knew :i* 7 ! k+s by _! h[l+ l\d]4--,m4,d4 ,,conway4 ,at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! fir/ port made by ! %ip1 he /opp$4 --,,p>ton4 7#d7 ,measure ( excess1 express+ ! degree ( diff]5ce4 ,at t "t ! e>? 0 ri*]1 by _m a million ( acres4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,he 0 tall] by almo/ ! bread? ( my nail4--,,swift4 7#e7 ,x is also us$ 9 oa?s & adjurations4 ,by my fai?1 t is a v plump h& = a man ( eighty-f\r6--,,p>ton4 ,!y implore u by ! long trials ( /ruggl+ humanity2 by ! bless$ memory ( ! dep>t$2 by ! wrecks ( "t2 by ! ru9s ( nations4--,,ev]ett4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) ?ree diff]5t mean+s ( by4 ,=4 #cba4 ,! *ief mean+s ( = are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,motion t[>ds a place1 or a t5d5cy or action t[>d ! atta9m5t ( any object4 ,pione]s :o 7 op5+ ! way = ! m>* ( ! nation4--,,coop]4 ,%e saw ! boat head$ = h]4--,,w>n]4 7#b7 ,9 favor (1 = ! b5efit (1 9 behalf (1 a p]son or ?+4 ,he & !y 7 = imm$iate attack4--,,p>kman ,! p 7 !n aga9/ u2 !y are n[ = u4--,w4,l4 ,,g>rison4 7#c7 ,duration ( "t1 or ext5t ( space4 ,= a long "t ! disreputable elem5t out%one ! virtu\s4--,h4,h4 ,,bancr(t4 ,he c\ld ov]look all ! c\ntry = _m a mile ( ri* woodl&4--,,irv+4 7#d7 ,sub/itution or ex*ange4 ,!re are ga9s = all our losses4--,,/odd>d4 ,?us did ! ,spani>ds make bloody atonem5t = ! but*]y ( ,=t ,c>ol9e4--,,p>kman4 7#e7 ,ref]5ce1 mean+ ) reg>d to1 z to1 respect+1 etc4 ,= ! re/1 ! ,colonna motto w\ld fit y be/4--,,em]son4 ,= him1 poor fell[1 he rep5t$ ( 8 folly4--,e4,e4 ,,hale ,?is is v common ) z--z = me1 etc4 7#f7 ,l z1 mean+ 9 ! "* (1 z be+1 etc4 ,nay1 if y\r wor%ip c accompli% t1 answ]$ ,ma/] ,brackett1 ,i %all own y = a man ( skill inde$6 --,,haw?orne4 ,wav]+ :e!r he %\ld put 8 son to dea? = an unnatural mon/]4--,,lamb4 7#g7 ,concession1 mean+ al?\gh1 consid]+ t etc4 ,= a fool1 said ! ,lady ( ,lo*lev51 ?\ ha/ c\nsel$ wisely4--,,scott ,by my fai?1 t is a v plump h& = a man ( eighty-f\r6--,,p>ton4 7#h7 ,mean+ not)/&+1 or 9 spite (4 ,b ! ,colonel1 = all 8 title1 _h a =e/ ( poor relations4--,,holmes4 ,/ill1 = all slips ( h]s1 ,"o ( ,eve's family4--,,hood4 7#i7 ,motive1 cause1 reason1 incitem5t to action4 ,! twilight be+444h>dly m :olesome = its glitt]+ mi/s ( midge companies4--,,rusk94 ,an ,arab woman1 b a few sunsets s9ce1 ate h] *ild1 = fam9e4--,id4 ,"h ,sat\riona =got 8 dignity1 & leap$ = joy4--,,p>kman4 7#aj7 ,= ) its object prec$+ ! inf9itive1 & hav+ ! same mean+ z a n\n clause1 z %[n by ?is s5t5ce3-- ,x is by no means necess>y t he %\ld devote 8 :ole s*ool exi/5ce to physical sci5ce2 nay1 m1 x is n necess>y = him to give up m ?an a mod]ate %>e ( 8 "t to su* /udies4--,,huxley4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) five mean+s ( =4 ,f4 #cbb4 ,! g5]al idea 9 f is sep>ation or s\rce4 ,x may be ) reg>d to-- 7#a7 ,place4 ,l boys escap$ f s*ool4--,h4,h4 ,,bancr(t ,?us !y drift$ f sn[-clad ranges to burn+ pla94--,id4 7#b7 ,orig94 ,com+ f a race ( day-dream]s1 ,ayrault _h inh]it$ ! faculty ( dream+ also by night4--,,higg9son4 ,f h>mony1 f heav5ly h>mony ,?is univ]sal frame began4--,,dryd54 7#c7 ,"t4 ,a di/ru/ful1 if n a desp]ate man1 did he become f ! night ( t fe>ful dream--,,haw?orne4 7#d7 ,motive1 cause1 or reason4 ,x 0 f no fault ( ,nolan's4--,,hale4 ,! "y cavali]s1 f a desire ( seem+ valiant1 ceas$ to be m]ciful4--,,bancr(t4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) ?ree mean+s ( f4 ,(4 #cbc4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ( 0 sep>ation or s\rce1 l f4 ,! v>i\s uses are %[n 9 ! foll[+ examples3-- ,i4 ,! ,f ,relation4 7#a7 ,orig9 or s\rce4 ,! k+ holds 8 au?ority ( ! p4--,,milton4 ,?omas ,becket 0 born ( reputable p>5ts 9 ! city ( ,london4--,,hume4 7#b7 ,sep>ation3 7a7 ,aft] c]ta9 v]bs1 su* z ease1 dem&1 rob1 dive/1 free1 cle>1 purge1 dis>m1 deprive1 relieve1 cure1 rid1 beg1 ask1 etc4 ,two old ,indians cle>$ ! spot ( brambles1 we$s1 & grass4--,,p>kman4 ,ask$ no odds (1 acquitt$ !m (1 etc4--,,aldri*4 7b7 ,aft] "s adjectives1--cle> (1 free (1 wide (1 b>e (1 etc42 especially adjectives & adv]bs ( direction1 z nor? (1 s\? (1 etc4 ,! hills 7 b>e ( trees4--,,bay>d ,,taylor4 ,back ( t tree1 he _h rais$ a little ,go?ic *apel4 --,,gav>re4 7c7 ,aft] n\ns express+ lack1 deprivation1 etc4 ,a s+ul> want ( all human relation4--,,higg9son4 7d7 ,) words express+ di/ance4 ,until he _h come )9 a /aff's l5g? ( ! old dame4 --,,haw?orne ,)9 a few y>ds ( ! "y man's hid+ place4--,id4 7#c7 ,) expressions ( mat]ial1 especially out (4 ,:ite %irt ) diamond /uds1 or brea/p9 ( native gold4--,,bancr(t4 ,s&als1 b\nd ) ?ongs ( bo>'s hide4--,,scott ,:o =m$1 out ( ! mo/ unpromis+ mat]ials1 ! f9e/ army t ,europe _h yet se54--,,macaulay 7#d7 ,express+ cause1 reason1 motive4 ,! au?or di$ ( a fit ( apoplexy4--,,boswell4 ,m ?an "o alt> 0 ri*] ( 8 v[s4--,,lew ,,wallace4 ,good = him6 cri$ ,nolan4 ,i am glad ( t4--,e4,e4 ,,hale4 7#e7 ,express+ ag5cy4 ,y _c make a boy "k1 ( 8 own k1 t ,cromwell once rul$ ,engl&4--,,huxley4 ,he is away ( 8 own free w4--,,dick5s ,,ii4 ,o!r ,relations express$ by ,(4 7#f7 ,p>titive1 express+ a "p ( a numb] or quantity4 ,( ! ,=ty1 !re 7 only tw5ty-"o memb]s pres5t4 --,,p>ton4 ,he wa%$ out "s ( ! dirt1 sep>at+ !reby z mu* ( ! du/ z a t5-c5t piece w\ld hold4--,,bancr(t4 ,sid5ote3 ,see also ,sec4 #cji4 7#g7 ,possessive1 /&+1 ) its object1 = ! possessive1 or be+ us$ ) ! possessive case to =m ! d\ble possessive4 ,n ev5 woman's love1 & ! dignity ( a que51 c\ld give %elt] f 8 contumely4--,w4,e4 ,,*ann+4 ,& ! mighty secret ( ! ,si]ra /ood reveal$4--,,bancr(t4 7#h7 ,appositional1 :i* may be 9 ! case (-- 7a7 ,n\ns4 ,su* a book z t ( ,job4--,,fr\de4 ,! fair city ( ,mexico4--,,prescott4 ,! nation ( ,lilliput4--,,swift4 7b7 ,n\n & g]und1 be+ equival5t to an inf9itive4 ,9 ! va9 hope ( appeas+ ! savages4--,,coop]4 ,few p take ! tr\ble ( f9d+ out :at democracy really is4--,,l[ell4 7c7 ,two n\ns1 :5 ! fir/ is descriptive ( ! second4 ,?is crampfi% ( a ,socrates has s bewit*$ him4--,,em]son ,a sorry ant$iluvian make%ift ( a build+ y may ?9k x4--,,lamb4 ,an inexhau/ible bottle ( a %op4--,,aldri*4 7#i7 ,( "t4 ,besides ! phrases ( old1 ( late1 ( a sudd51 etc41 ( is us$ 9 ! s5se ( dur+4 ,i us$ (t5 to l+] ( a morn+ by ! high gate4--,,aldri* ,i delight$ to loll ov] ! qu>t] rail+ ( a calm day4 --,,irv+4 7#aj7 ,( ref]5ce1 equal to ab\t1 conc]n+1 ) reg>d to4 ,! ,turk lay dream+ ( ! h\r4--,,halleck4 ,boa/$ ( 8 pr[ess z a scalp hunt] & dueli/4--,,bancr(t4 ,sank into rev]ie ( home & boyhood sc5es4--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,idiomatic use ) v]bs4 ,( is also us$ z an app5dage ( c]ta9 v]bs1 su* z admit1 accept1 all[1 approve1 disapprove1 p]mit1 )\t add+ to _! mean+4 ,x also accompanies ! v]bs tire1 compla91 rep5t1 consi/1 avail 7"o's self71 & o!rs4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) six uses ( (4 ,on1 ,^u4 #cbd4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( on is position or direction4 ,on & ^u are int]*angeable 9 almo/ all ( _! applications1 z %[n by ! s5t5ces bel[3-- 7#a7 ,place3 7a7 ,:]e4 ,cannon 7 he>d close on ! left4--,,p>kman4 ,! ,e>l ( ,huntley rang$ 8 ho/ ,^u _! native /r&4--,,mrs4 ,,sig\rney4 7b7 ,) motion4 ,x 0 ! batt]y at ,samos fir+ on ! boats4--,,p>kman4 ,?\ did/ look d[n ^u ! nak$ e>?4--,,bryant4 7#b7 ,"t4 ,! demon/ration ( joy or sorr[ on read+ _! lett]s4 --,,bancr(t4 ,on ,monday ev5+ he s5t =w>d ! ,indians4--,,p>kman4 ,^u is seldom us$ to express "t4 7#c7 ,ref]5ce1 equal to ab\t1 conc]n+1 etc4 ,i ?9k t "o ab/a9s f writ+ on ! immortality ( ! s\l4--,,em]son4 ,he pron\nc$ a v flatt]+ op9ion ^u my bro!r's promise ( excell5ce4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 7#d7 ,9 adjurations4 ,on my life1 y are eighte51 & n a day m4--,,aldri*4 ,^u my reputation & cr$it4--,,%akespe>e 7#e7 ,idiomatic phrases3 on fire1 on bo>d1 on high1 on ! w+1 on ! al]t1 on a sudd51 on view1 on trial1 etc4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) ?ree uses ( on or ^u4 ,to4 #cbe4 ,"s uses ( to are ! foll[+3-- 7#a7 ,express+ motion3 7a7 ,to a place4 ,come to ! bridal *amb]1 ,dea?6--,,halleck4 ,rip _h scrambl$ to "o ( ! highe/ peaks4--,,irv+4 7b7 ,ref]r+ to "t4 ,full ( s*emes & speculations to ! la/4--,,p>ton4 ,revolutions1 ^: influ5ce is felt to ?is h\r4--,,p>kman4 7#b7 ,express+ result4 ,he usually gave 8 draft to an aid444to be writt5 ov]1--(t5 to ! loss ( vigor4--,,b5ton ,to our great delight1 ,b5 ,lomond 0 un%r\d$4--,b4 ,,taylor 7#c7 ,express+ comp>ison4 ,b :51 unmask$1 gay ,com$y appe>s1 ',tis t5 to "o y f9d ! girl 9 te>s4 --,,aldri* ,!y are arrant rogues3 ,cacus 0 no?+ to !m4--,,bulw]4 ,bol+broke & ! wick$ ,"l ,littleton 7 sa9ts to him4--,,web/] 7#d7 ,express+ conc]n1 int]e/4 ,to ! few1 x may be g5u9e poetry4--,,bryant4 ,8 bro!r _h di$1 _h ceas$ to be1 to him4--,,hale4 ,little matt]$ to !m occasional privations--,,bancr(t4 7#e7 ,equival5t to accord+ to4 ,nor1 to my ta/e1 does ! m]e music444( y\r /yle fall f> bel[ ! highe/ ef=ts ( poetry4--,,lang4 ,we cook ! di% to our own appetite4--,,goldsmi?4 7#f7 ,) ! inf9itive 7see ,sec4 #bfh74 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces conta9+ ?ree uses ( to4 ,)4 #cbf4 ,) expresses ! idea ( accompanim5t1 & h>dly any ( its applications v>y f ?is g5]al signification4 ,9 ,old ,engli%1 mid meant 9 company )1 :ile wi meant aga9/3 bo? mean+s are includ$ 9 ! mod]n )4 ,! foll[+ mean+s are express$ by )3-- 7#a7 ,p]sonal accompanim5t4 ,! advance1 ) ,heyw>d at its head1 _h already rea*$ ! defile4--,,coop]4 ,= _m weeks ,i _h walk$ ) ?is poor fri5dless girl4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 7#b7 ,in/rum5tality4 ,) my crossb[ ,i %ot ! albatross4--,,col]idge4 ,ei!r ) ! sw+le-b>1 or ) ! haun* ( our ne> lead]1 we _h /ruck ! (f-:eel ( ! little gig4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 7#c7 ,cause1 reason1 motive4 ,he 0 wild ) delight ab\t ,texas4--,,hale4 ,%e seem$ pleas$ ) ! accid5t4--,,h[ells4 7#d7 ,e/imation1 op9ion4 ,h[ c a writ]'s v]ses be num]\s if ) him1 z ) y1 poetry is n a pursuit1 b a pleasure8--,,lang4 ,x seem$ a supreme mom5t ) him4--,,h[ells4 7#e7 ,opposition4 ,aft] battl+ ) t]rific hurricanes & typhoons on e kn[n sea4--,,aldri*4 ,! qu>rel ( ! s5tim5tali/s is n ) life1 b ) y4--,,lang4 7#f7 ,! equival5t ( not)/&+1 9 spite (4 ,) all 8 s5sibility1 he gave millions to ! sword4--,,*ann+4 ,messala1 ) all 8 boldness1 felt x unsafe to trifle fur!r4--,,wallace 7#g7 ,"t4 ,he expir$ ) ^! words4--,,scott4 ,) ea* new m9d a new secret ( nature transpires4--,,em]son4 ,ex]cise4--,f9d s5t5ces ) f\r uses ( )4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,p>se ,,prepositions4 #cbg4 ,s9ce a preposition introduces a phrase & %[s ! relation betwe5 two ?+s1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to f9d ! object ( ! preposition1 & !n to f9d :at ^w ! prepositional phrase limits4 ,take ?is s5t5ce3-- ,! rule adopt$ on bo>d ! %ips on :i* ,i h met ! man )\t a c\ntry 01 ,i ?9k1 transmitt$ f ! beg9n+4--,e4,e4 ,,hale4 ,! phrases are 7#a7 on bo>d ! %ips1 7#b7 on :i*1 7#c7 )\t a c\ntry1 7#d7 f ! beg9n+4 ,! object ( on bo>d is %ips2 ( on1 :i*2 ( )\t1 c\ntry2 ( f1 beg9n+4 ,9 7#a71 ! phrase answ]s ! "q :]e1 & has ! (fice ( an adv]b 9 tell+ :]e ! rule is adopt$2 h5ce we say1 on bo>d %[s ! relation betwe5 %ips & ! p>ticiple adopt$4 ,9 7#b71 on :i* modifies ! v]b h met by tell+ :]e3 h5ce on %[s ! relation betwe5 :i* 7/&+ = %ips7 & ! v]b h met4 ,9 7#c71 )\t a c\ntry modifies man1 tell+ :at man1 or ! v]b 0 und]/ood3 h5ce )\t %[s ! relation betwe5 c\ntry & man1 or 04 ,& s on4 ,! p>s+ ( prepositions means m]ely tell+ betwe5 :at words or ^w gr\ps !y %[ relation4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,p>se ! prepositions 9 ^! p>agraphs3-- #a4 ,i rememb]1 be=e ! dw>f left ! que51 he foll[$ u "o day into ^? g>d5s4 ,i mu/ ne$s %[ my wit by a silly illusion betwe5 him & ! trees1 :i* happ5s to hold 9 _! language z x does 9 ours4 ,:]eupon1 ! malici\s rogue1 wat*+ 8 opportunity :5 ,i 0 walk+ "u "o ( !m1 %ook x directly ov] my head1 by :i* a doz5 apples1 ea* ( !m ne> z l>ge z a ,bri/ol b>rel1 came tumbl+ ab\t my e>s2 "o ( !m hit me on ! back z ,i *anc$ to /oop1 & knock$ me d[n flat on my face2 b ,i receiv$ no o!r hurt1 & ! dw>f 0 p>don$ at my desire1 because ,i _h giv5 ! provocation4--,,swift #b4 ,be t z x w1 ,i f\nd myself sudd5ly awak5$ ) a viol5t pull ^u ! r+1 :i* 0 fa/5$ at ! top ( my box = ! conv5i5cy ( c>riage4 ,i felt my box rais$ v high 9 ! air1 & !n borne =w>d ) prodigi\s spe$4 ,! fir/ jolt _h l to h %ak5 me out ( my hammock4 ,i call$ out sev]al times1 b all to no purpose4 ,i look$ t[>ds my w9d[s1 & c\ld see no?+ b ! cl\ds & ! sky4 ,i he>d a noise j ov] my head1 l ! clapp+ ( w+s1 & !n began to p]ceive ! woeful condition ,i 0 92 t "s eagle _h got ! r+ ( my box 9 8 beak1 ) an int5t to let x fall on a rock3 = ! sagacity & smell ( ?is bird enabl$ him to discov] 8 qu>ry at a great di/ance1 ?\gh bett] conceal$ ?an ,i c\ld be )9 a two-in* bo>d4--,id4 7b7 ,give ! exact mean+ ( ea* italiciz$ preposition 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,! guns 7 cle>$ ( _! lumb]4 #b4 ,!y !n left = a cruise up ! ,indian ,ocean4 #c4 ,i speak ^! ?+s f a love ( ju/ice4 #d4 ,to our g5]al surprise1 we met ! default] "h4 #e4 ,!re 0 no "o except a little sunbeam ( a si/]4 #f4 ,! great ga!r+ 9 ! ma9 /reet 0 on ,sundays1 :51 aft] a re/ful morn+1 ?\gh unbrok5 by ! peal ( *ur* bells1 ! m9]s ga!r$ f hills & rav9es = miles ar\nd = m>ket+4 #g4 ,! troops wait$ 9 _! boats by ! edge ( a /r&4 #h4 ,8 bree*es 7 ( black silk1 & 8 hat 0 g>ni%$ ) :ite & sable plumes4 #i4 ,a suppress$ b /ill di/9ct murmur ( approbation ran ?r\gh ! cr[d at ?is g5]\s proposition4 #aj4 ,!y 7 %rivel$ & colorless ) ! cold4 #aa4 ,on e solemn occasion he 0 ! /rik+ figure1 ev5 to ! eclips+ ( ! involunt>y object ( ! c]emony4 #ab4 ,on all subjects kn[n to man1 he favor$ ! _w ) 8 op9ions4 #ac4 ,our horses ran on a s&y m>g9 ( ! road4 #ad4 ,! h]o ( ! poem is ( a /range l& & a /range p>5tage4 #ae4 ,he lock$ 8 door f m]e =ce ( habit4 #af4 ,! lady 0 rem>kable = en]gy & tal5t4 #ag4 ,rol& 0 ackn[l$g$ = ! successor & heir4 #ah4 ,= my "p1 ,i l to see ! pass+1 9 t[n4 #ai4 ,a half-doll> 0 ! smalle/ co9 t c\ld be t5d]$ = any s]vice4 #bj4 ,! "m sank & fell1 grasp+ at ! *ild4 #ba4 ,! savage army 0 9 w>-pa9t1 plum$ = battle4 #bb4 ,he _h liv$ 9 ,p>is = ! la/ fifty ye>s4 #bc4 ,! hill /ret*$ = an immeasurable di/ance4 #bd4 ,! b>on ( ,smaylho'me rose ) day1 ,he spurr$ 8 c\rs] on1 ,)\t /op or /ay1 d[n ! rocky way ,t leads to ,bro!r/one4 #be4 ,) all 8 le>n+1 ,c>t]et 0 f> f be+ a p$ant4 #bf4 ,an imm5se m\nta9 cov]$ ) a %9+ gre5 turf is no?+1 9 ?is respect1 to "o d>k & gloomy4 #bg4 ,wilt ?\ die = v weakness8 #bh4 ,! "n ( ,free ,joe /rikes humor\sly ^u ! e> ( memory4 #bi4 ,! %\t ,i he>d 0 ^u ! arrival ( ?is eng9e4 #cj4 ,he w raise ! price1 n m]ely by ! am\nt ( ! tax4 ,,words ,,t ,,ne$ ,,wat*+4 #cbh4 ,if ! /ud5t has n[ le>n$ fully t words mu/ be /udi$ 9 gramm> accord+ to _! function or use1 & n accord+ to =m1 he w be able to h&le "s words t are us$ z sev]al p>ts ( spee*4 ,a few are discuss$ bel[1--a summ>y ( _! treatm5t 9 v>i\s places z /udi$ h]et(ore4 ,,t4 #cbi4 ,t may be us$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,z a demon/rative adjective4 ,t night 0 a memorable "o4--,,/ockton4 7#b7 ,z an adjective pron\n4 ,t 0 a dreadful mi/ake4--,,web/]4 7#c7 ,z a relative pron\n4 ,& n[ x is l an angel's song1 ,t makes ! heav5s be mute4--,,col]idge4 7#d7 ,z an adv]b ( degree4 ,t f> ,i hold t ! ,scriptures tea*4--,,bee*]4 7#e7 ,z a conjunction3 7a7 ,( purpose4 ,has b\nte\sly l5g!n$ out y\r lives1 t y might behold ?is joy\s day4--,,web/]4 7b7 ,( result4 ,gates ( iron s massy t no man c\ld )\t ! help ( eng9es op5 or %ut !m4--,,johnson4 7c7 ,sub/antive conjunction4 ,we wi% t labor may look up "h1 & be pr\d 9 ! mid/ ( its toil4--,,web/]4 ,,:at4 #ccj4 7#a7 ,relative pron\n4 ,t is :at ,i und]/& by sci5tific education4--,,huxley4 7a7 ,indef9ite relative4 ,^? %ad[y recollections1 ,:i* be !y :at !y may1 ,are yet ! f\nta9 light ( all our day4--,,wordswor?4 7#b7 ,int]rogative pron\n3 7a7 ,direct "q4 ,:at w\ld be an ,engli% m]*ant's "* aft] a few su* transactions8--,,?ack]ay4 7b7 ,indirect "q4 ,i h n all[$ myself to look beyond ! ,union1 to see :at might be hidd54--,,web/]4 7#c7 ,indef9ite pron\n3 ,! say+1 ,i'll tell y :at4 7#d7 ,relative adjective4 ,b woe to :at ?+ or p]son /ood 9 ! way4--,,em]son4 7a7 ,indef9ite relative adjective4 ,to say :at good ( fa%ion we c1 x re/s on reality4--,id4 7#e7 ,int]rogative adjective3 7a7 ,direct "q4 ,:at "r h y to inf] t ?is condition 0 caus$ by ! action ( heat8--,,agassiz4 7b7 ,indirect "q4 ,at :at rate ^! mat]ials w\ld be di/ribut$1444x is impossible to det]m9e4--,id4 7#f7 ,exclamatory adjective4 ,sa9t ,m>y6 :at a sc5e is "h6--,,scott4 7#g7 ,adv]b ( degree4 ,if he has be5 9 ,am]ica1 he kn[s :at good p are to be f\nd !re4--,,?ack]ay4 7#h7 ,conjunction1 ne>ly equival5t to p>tly444 p>tly1 or n only444b4 ,:at ) ! ,maltese goats1 :o g t9kl+ by to _! pa/urage2 :at ) ! vocal sell] ( bread 9 ! e>ly morn+2444^! s\nds are only to be he>d4449 ,p]a4--,s4,s4 ,cox4 7#i7 ,z an exclamation4 ,:at1 sil5t /ill1 & sil5t all6--,,byron4 ,:at1 ,adam ,woodcock at c\rt6--,,scott4 ,,b4 #cca4 7#a7 ,cord9ate conjunction3 7a7 ,adv]sative4 ,8 v attack 0 nev] ! inspiration ( c\rage1 b ! result ( calculation4--,,em]son4 7b7 ,copulative1 aft] n only4 ,!n arose n only te>s1 b pi]c+ cries1 on all sides4 --,,c>lyle4 7#b7 ,subord9ate conjunction3 7a7 ,result1 equival5t to t 444 n4 ,nor is ,nature s h>d b %e gives me ?is joy sev]al times4--,,em]son4 7b7 ,sub/antive1 mean+ o!rwise 444 ?an4 ,:o kn[s b1 l ! dog1 x w at l5g? be no long] traceable to its wild orig9al--,,?oreau4 7#c7 ,preposition1 mean+ except4 ,n[ !re 0 no?+ to be se5 b fires 9 e direction4--,,lamb4 7#d7 ,relative pron\n1 aft] a negative1 /&s = t 444 n1 or :o 444 n4 ,!re is n a man 9 !m b is impell$ )al1 at all mom5ts1 t[>ds ord]4--,,c>lyle4 7#e7 ,adv]b1 mean+ only4 ,! :ole tw5ty ye>s _h be5 to him b z "o night4--,,irv+4 ,to lead b "o measure4--,,scott4 ,,z4 #ccb4 7#a7 ,subord9ate conjunction3 7a7 ,( "t4 ,rip beheld a precise c\nt]p>t ( himself z he w5t up ! m\nta94--,,irv+4 7b7 ,( mann]4 ,z orphans ye>n on to _! mo!rs1 ,he ye>n$ to our patriot b&s4--,,mrs ,,br[n+4 7c7 ,( degree4 ,8 wan eyes ,gaze on ! empty sc5e z vacantly ,z ocean's moon looks on ! moon 9 heav54 --,,%elley4 7d7 ,( reason4 ,i %all see b little ( x1 z ,i c\ld nei!r be> walk+ nor rid+ 9 a c>riage4--,,frankl94 7e7 ,introduc+ an appositive ^w4 ,rev]5c$ z "o ( ! patri>*s ( ! village4--,,irv+4 ,do+ duty z a gu>d4--,,haw?orne4 7#b7 ,relative pron\n1 aft] su*1 sometimes same4 ,& 0 !re su* a resemblance z ! cr[d _h te/ifi$8--,,haw?orne4 ,,l4 ,sid5ote3 ,modifi] ( a n\n or pron\n4 #ccc4 7#a7 ,an adjective4 ,! a=esaid g5]al _h be5 exce$+ly l ! maje/ic image4--,,haw?orne4 ,!y look1 inde$1 lik] a lion's mane ?an a ,*ri/ian man's locks4-,,scott4 ,no ,emp]or1 ?is1 l him a:ile ago4--,,aldri*4 ,!re is no /atue l ?is liv+ man4--,,em]son4 ,t face1 l summ] ocean's4--,,halleck4 ,9 ea* case1 l cle>ly modifies a n\n or pron\n1 & is foll[$ by a dative-objective4 ,sid5ote3 ,introduces a clause1 b its v]b is omitt$4 7#b7 ,a subord9ate conjunction ( mann]4 ,?is foll[s a v]b or a v]bal1 b ! v]b ( ! clause introduc$ by l is regul>ly omitt$4 ,note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two uses4 ,9 ,old ,engli% gelic 7l7 0 foll[$ by ! dative1 & 0 cle>ly an adjective4 ,9 ?is second use1 l introduces a %ort5$ clause modify+ a v]b or a v]bal1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,goodman ,br[n came into ! /reet ( ,salem village1 />+ l a bewild]$ man4--,,haw?orne4 ,give ,rusk9 space en\gh1 & he gr[s frantic & beats ! air l ,c>lyle4--,,higg9son4 ,!y conduct$ !mselves mu* l ! crew ( a man-(-w>4 --,,p>kman4 ,! s\nd rang 9 8 e>s l ! iron ho(s ( ! /e$s ( ,"t4--,,longfell[4 ,/irr+ x vigor\sly1 l a cook beat+ eggs4--,,aldri*4 ,if ! v]b is express$1 l drops out1 & z or z if takes its place4 ,! /urdy ,engli% morali/ may talk ( a ,scot* supp] z he pleases4--,,cass4 ,mank9d = ! fir/ sev5ty ?\s& ages ate _! meat raw1 j z !y d 9 ,abyss9ia to ?is day4--,,lamb4 ,i d ) my fri5ds z ,i d ) my books4--,,em]son4 ,,note4--,v r>ely l is f\nd ) a v]b foll[+1 b ?is is n consid]$ good usage3 = example1-- ,a timid1 n]v\s *ild1 l ,m>t9 04--,,mayhew4 ,?r\gh :i* !y put _! heads1 l ! ,gau*os d ?r\gh _! cloaks4--,,d>w94 ,l an arr[ %ot ,f a well-exp]i5c$ ar*] hits ! m>k4--,,%akespe>e4 ,,int]jections4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #ccd4 ,int]jections are exclamations us$ to express emotion1 & are n p>ts ( spee* 9 ! same s5se z ! words we h discuss$2 t is1 ent]+ into ! /ructure ( a s5t5ce4 ,"s ( ^! are imitative s\nds2 z1 tut6 buzz6 etc4 ,humph6 attempts to express a contemptu\s nasal utt]ance t no lett]s ( our language c really spell4 ,sid5ote3 ,n all exclamatory words are int]jections4 ,o!r int]jections are oh6 ah6 alas6 p%aw6 hurrah6 etc4 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t almo/ any ^w may be us$ z an exclamation1 b x /ill reta9s its id5tity z n\n1 pron\n1 v]b1 etc43 = example1 ,books6 ligh?\ses built on ! sea ( "t n\n2 ,halt6 ! du/-br[n ranks /ood fa/ v]b1 ,up6 = %ame6 adv]b1 ,impossible6 x _c be adjective4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,s5t5ces4 ,,classification ,,accord+ ,,to ,,=m4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at analysis is44 #cce4 ,all disc\rse is made up ( s5t5ces3 consequ5tly ! s5t5ce is ! unit ) :i* we mu/ beg94 ,& 9 ord] to get a cle> & practical idea ( ! /ructure ( s5t5ces1 x is necess>y to become exp]t 9 analysis2 t is1 9 sep>at+ !m into _! compon5t p>ts4 ,a g5]al idea ( analysis 0 ne$$ 9 our /udy ( ! p>ts ( spee*1--9 det]m9+ case1 subject & pr$icate1 clauses introduc$ by conjunctions1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,value ( analysis4 ,a m ?or\gh & accurate acqua9tance ) ! subject is necess>y = two reasons1--n only = a correct und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( syntax1 b = ! /udy ( punctuation & o!r topics treat$ 9 rhetoric4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #ccf4 ,a s5t5ce is ! expression ( a ?\ght 9 words4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds ( s5t5ces z to =m4 #ccg4 ,accord+ to ! way 9 :i* a ?\ght is put be=e a li/5] or read]1 s5t5ces may be ( ?ree k9ds3-- 7#a7 ,decl>ative1 :i* puts ! ?\ght 9 ! =m ( a decl>ation or ass]tion4 ,?is is ! mo/ common "o4 7#b7 ,int]rogative1 :i* puts ! ?\ght 9 a "q4 7#c7 ,imp]ative1 :i* expresses comm&1 entreaty1 or reque/4 ,any "o ( ^! may be put 9 ! =m ( an exclamation1 b ! s5t5ce w\ld /ill be decl>ative1 int]rogative1 or imp]ative2 h5ce1 accord+ to =m1 !re are only ! ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces already nam$4 ,examples ( ^! ?ree k9ds are1 decl>ative1 ,old ye>1 y mu/ n die6 int]rogative1 ,ha? he n always treasures1 always fri5ds8 imp]ative1 ,come to ! bridal *amb]1 ,dea?6 ,,classification ,,accord+ ,,to ,,numb] ,,( ,,/atem5ts4 ,,simple ,,s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,division accord+ to numb] ( /atem5ts4 #cch4 ,b ! division ( s5t5ces mo/ necess>y to analysis is ! division1 n accord+ to ! =m 9 :i* a ?\ght is put1 b accord+ to h[ _m /atem5ts !re are4 ,! "o we %all consid] fir/ is ! simple s5t5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #cci4 ,a simple s5t5ce is "o :i* conta9s a s+le /atem5t1 "q1 or comm&3 = example1 ,! quality ( m]cy is n /ra9$2 ,:at w\ld/ ?\ d1 old man8 ,be ?\ famili>1 b by no means vulg>4 #cdj4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ conta9 two p>ts1--a subject & a pr$icate4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition3 ,pr$icate4 ,! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce is a v]b or v]b phrase :i* says some?+ ab\t ! subject4 ,9 ord] to get a correct def9ition ( ! subject1 let u exam9e two specim5 s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,b n[ all is to be *ang$4 #b4 ,a r>e old plant is ! ivy gre54 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce we f9d ! subject by plac+ ! ^w :at be=e ! pr$icate1--,:at is to be *ang$8 ,answ]1 all4 ,consequ5tly1 we say all is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,b if we try ?is ) ! second s5t5ce1 we h "s tr\ble1--,:at is ! ivy gre58 ,answ]1 a r>e old plant4 ,b we _c help see+ t an ass]tion is made1 n ( a r>e old plant1 b ab\t ! ivy gre52 & ! real subject is ! latt]4 ,s5t5ces are frequ5tly 9 ?is inv]t$ ord]1 especially 9 poetry2 & our def9ition mu/ be ! foll[+1 to suit all cases3-- ,sid5ote3 ,subject4 ,! subject is t :i* answ]s ! "q :o or :at plac$ be=e ! pr$icate1 & :i* at ! same "t names t ( :i* ! pr$icate says some?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! subject 9 int]rogative & imp]ative simple s5t5ces4 #cda4 ,9 ! int]rogative s5t5ce1 ! subject is frequ5tly aft] ! v]b4 ,ei!r ! v]b is ! fir/ ^w ( ! s5t5ce1 or an int]rogative pron\n1 adjective1 or adv]b t asks ab\t ! subject4 ,9 analyz+ su* s5t5ces1 always r$uce !m to ! ord] ( a /atem5t4 ,?us1-- 7#a7 ,:5 %\ld ?is sci5tific education be comm5c$8 7#b7 ,?is sci5tific education %\ld be comm5c$ :58 7#c7 ,:at w\ld/ ?\ h a good great man obta98 7#d7 ,?\ w\ld/ h a good great man obta9 :at8 ,9 ! imp]ative s5t5ce1 ! subject 7y1 ?\1 or ye7 is 9 mo/ cases omitt$1 & is to be suppli$2 z1 ,y behold h] s+le 9 ! field4 ,ex]cise4 ,"n ! subject & ! pr$icate 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,! %ad[ ( ! dome ( pleasure ,float$ midway on ! waves4 #b4 ,h5ce orig9at$ _! contempt = t]re/rial di/9ctions4 #c4 ,n[h]e else on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives is !re a view l ?is4 #d4 ,9 ! s&s ( ,africa & ,arabia ! camel is a sacr$ & preci\s gift4 #e4 ,! la/ ( all ! ,b>ds 0 he4 #f4 ,slav]y !y c h any:]e4 #g4 ,li/51 on ! o!r h&1 to an ignorant man4 #h4 ,:at mu/ h be5 ! emotions ( ! ,spani>ds6 #i4 ,su* 0 n ! effect produc$ on ! sangu9e _s ( ! g5]al4 #aj4 ,:at a contra/ did ^! *ildr5 ( s\!rn ,europe pres5t to ! ,anglo-,saxon races6 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,simple ,,s5t5ce4 #cdb4 ,all ! elem5ts ( ! simple s5t5ce are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,! subject4 7#b7 ,! pr$icate4 7#c7 ,! object4 7#d7 ,! complem5ts4 7#e7 ,modifi]s4 7#f7 ,indep5d5t elem5ts4 ,! subject & pr$icate h be5 discuss$4 #cdc4 ,! object may be ( two k9ds3-- ,sid5ote3 ,def9itions4 ,direct ,object4 7#a7 ,! ,,direct ,,object is t ^w or expression :i* answ]s ! "q :o or :at plac$ aft] ! v]b2 or ! direct object names t t[>d :i* ! action ( ! pr$icate is direct$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t any v]bal may h an object2 b = ! pres5t we speak ( ! object ( ! v]b1 & by object we mean ! direct object4 ,sid5ote3 ,indirect object4 7#b7 ,! ,,indirect ,,object is a n\n or its equival5t us$ z ! modifi] ( a v]b or v]bal to "n ! p]son or ?+ = ^: b5efit an action is p]=m$4 ,examples ( direct & indirect objects are1 direct1 ,%e seldom saw h] c\rse at a glance2 indirect1 ,i give !e ?is to we> at ! coll>4 ,sid5ote3 ,complem5t3 #cdd4 ,a complem5t is a ^w add$ to a v]b ( incomplete pr$ication to complete its mean+4 ,notice t a v]b ( incomplete pr$ication may be ( two k9ds1--transitive & intransitive4 ,sid5ote3 ,( a transitive v]b4 ,! transitive v]b (t5 requires1 9 addition to ! object1 a ^w to def9e fully ! action t is ex]t$ ^u ! object2 = example1 ,ye call me *ief4 ,"h ! v]b call has an object me 7if we leave out *ief71 & means summon$2 b *ief belongs to ! v]b1 & me "h is n ! object simply ( call1 b ( call *ief1 j z if to say1 ,ye honor me4 ,?is ^w complet+ a transitive v]b is sometimes call$ a factitive object1 or second object1 b x is a true complem5t4 ,! fact t ?is is a complem5t c be m cle>ly se5 :5 ! v]b is 9 ! passive4 ,see s5t5ce #ai1 9 ex]cise foll[+ ,sec4 #cfd4 ,sid5ote3 ,complem5t ( an intransitive v]b4 ,an intransitive v]b1 especially ! =ms ( be1 seem1 appe>1 ta/e1 feel1 become1 etc41 mu/ (t5 h a ^w to complete ! mean+3 z1 = in/ance1 ,br[ & head 7 r\nd1 & ( massive weight2 ,! good man1 he 0 n[ gett+ old1 above sixty2 ,no?+ c\ld be m copi\s ?an 8 talk2 ,b 9 g5]al he seem$ defici5t 9 laught]4 ,all ^! complete intransitive v]bs4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( complem5ts ( transitive v]bs3 ,hope def]r$ make? ! he>t sick2 ,he 0 t]m$ ,?omas1 or1 m famili>ly1 ,?om ( ! ,gills2 ,a pl5tiful =tune is reckon$ necess>y1 9 ! popul> judgm5t1 to ! completion ( ?is man ( ! _w4 #cde4 ,! modifi]s & indep5d5t elem5ts w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 ,secs4 #cea1 #ceb1 #cee4 ,sid5ote3 ,phrases4 #cdf4 ,a phrase is a gr\p ( words1 n conta9+ a v]b1 b us$ z a s+le modifi]4 ,z to =m1 phrases are ( ?ree k9ds3-- ,sid5ote3 ,?ree k9ds4 7#a7 ,,prepositional1 introduc$ by a preposition3 = example1 ,su* a convulsion is ! /ruggle ( gradual suffocation1 z 9 dr[n+2 &1 9 ! orig9al ,opium ,confessions1 ,i m5tion$ a case ( t nature4 7#b7 ,,p>ticipial1 consi/+ ( a p>ticiple & ! words dep5d5t on x4 ,! foll[+ are examples3 ,!n retreat+ into ! w>m h\se1 & b>r+ ! door1 %e sat d[n to undress ! two y\nge/ *ildr54 7#c7 ,,inf9itive1 consi/+ ( an inf9itive & ! words dep5d5t ^u x2 z 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,%e left h] home =ev] 9 ord] to pres5t h]self at ! ,dauph9's c\rt4 ,?+s us$ z ,subject4 #cdg4 ,! subject ( a simple s5t5ce may be-- 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,!re seems to be no int]val betwe5 greatness & meanness4 ,also an expression us$ z a n\n2 z1 ,a *e]y1 ',ay1 ay1 sir6' rang out 9 response4 7#b7 ,pron\n3 ,we are =tifi$ by e h]oic anecdote4 7#c7 ,inf9itive phrase3 ,to enum]ate & analyze ^! relations is to tea* ! sci5ce ( me?od4 7#d7 ,g]und3 ,!re w be sleep+ en\gh 9 ! grave2 ,:at signifies wi%+ & hop+ = bett] ?+s8 7#e7 ,adjective us$ z n\n3 ,! good are befri5d$ ev5 by weakness & defect2 ,! dead are !re4 7#f7 ,adv]b3 ,!n is ! mom5t = ! humm+ bird to secure ! insects4 #cdh4 ,! subject is (t5 f\nd aft] ! v]b-- 7#a7 ,by simple inv]sion3 z1 ,!re9 has be51 & ev] w be1 my defici5cy1--! tal5t ( />t+ ! game2 ,nev]1 f _! lips1 0 he>d "o syllable to ju/ify1 etc4 7#b7 ,9 int]rogative s5t5ces1 = :i* see ,sec4 #cda4 7#c7 ,aft] x introductory3 ,x ought n to ne$ to pr9t 9 a read+ room a caution n to read al\d4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 x /&s 9 ! position ( a grammatical subject2 b ! real or logical subject is to pr9t1 etc4 ,x m]ely s]ves to ?r[ ! subject aft] a v]b4 ,sid5ote3 ,disguis$ inf9itive subject4 ,!re is "o k9d ( expression t is really an inf9itive1 ?\gh disguis$ z a prepositional phrase3 ,x is h>d = hone/ m5 to sep>ate _! c\ntry f _! p>ty1 or _! religion f _! sect4 ,! = did n belong !re orig9ally1 b obscures ! real subject1--! inf9itive phrase4 ,comp>e ,*auc]3 ,no wond] is a lew$ man to ru/e 7,no wond] x is = a common man to ru/74 7#d7 ,aft] !re introductory1 :i* has ! same (fice z x 9 rev]s+ ! ord] 7see ,sec4 #bib73 ,!re 0 a description ( ! de/ructive op]ations ( "t2 ,!re are ask+ eyes1 ass]t+ eyes1 pr[l+ eyes4 ,?+s us$ z ,direct ,object4 #cdi4 ,! words us$ z direct object are ma9ly ! same z ^? us$ = subject1 b !y w be giv5 9 detail "h1 = ! sake ( pres5t+ examples3-- 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,ea* man has 8 own vocation4 ,also expressions us$ z n\ns3 = example1 ',by ,god1 & by ,sa9t ,george6' said ! ,k+4 7#b7 ,pron\n3 ,memory greets !m ) ! gho/ ( a smile4 7#c7 ,inf9itive3 ,we l to see ev]y?+ d its (fice4 7#d7 ,g]und3 ,%e he>d t sobb+ ( litanies1 or ! ?und]+ ( organs4 7#e7 ,adjective us$ z a n\n3 ,= sev5ty leagues ?r\gh ! mighty ca!dral1 ,i saw ! quick & ! dead4 ,?+s us$ z ,complem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,complem5t3 ,( an intransitive v]b4 #cej4 ,z complem5t ( an intransitive v]b1-- 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,%e _h be5 an ard5t patriot4 7#b7 ,pron\n3 ,:o is %e 9 bloody coronation robes f ,rheims8 ,?is is %e1 ! %eph]d girl4 7#c7 ,adjective3 ,innoc5ce is ev] simple & cr$ul\s4 7#d7 ,inf9itive3 ,to enum]ate & analyze ^! relations is to tea* ! sci5ce ( me?od4 7#e7 ,g]und3 ,life is a pit*+ ( ?is p5ny1--heads or tails2 ,s]v+ o!rs is s]v+ u4 7#f7 ,a prepositional phrase3 ,8 frame is on a l>g] scale2 ,! m>ks 7 ( a k9d n to be mi/ak54 ,x w be notic$ t all ^! complem5ts h a d\ble (fice1--complet+ ! pr$icate1 & expla9+ or modify+ ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,( a transitive v]b4 ,z complem5t ( a transitive v]b1-- 7#a7 ,n\n3 ,i w n call y c[>ds4 7#b7 ,adjective3 ,mann]s make beauty sup]flu\s & ugly2 ,_! temp]s1 d\btless1 are r5d]$ pliant & malleable 9 ! fi]y furnace ( dome/ic tribulation4 ,9 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 ! object is made ! subject by be+ passive1 & ! words italiciz$ are /ill complem5ts4 ,l all ! complem5ts 9 ?is li/1 !y are adjuncts ( ! object1 &1 at ! same "t1 complem5ts ( ! pr$icate4 7#c7 ,inf9itive1 or inf9itive phrase3 ,t cry :i* made me look a ?\s& ways2 ,i he> ! e*oes ?rong4 7#d7 ,p>ticiple1 or p>ticipial phrase3 ,i c imag9e him pu%+ firmly on1 tru/+ ! he>ts ( 8 c\ntrym54 7#e7 ,prepositional phrase3 ,my antagoni/ w\ld r5d] my poni>d & my spe$ ( no use to me4 ,modifi]s4 ,i4 ,modifi]s ( ,subject1 ,object1 or ,complem5t4 #cea4 ,s9ce ! subject & object are ei!r n\ns or "s equival5t ( a n\n1 ! words modify+ !m mu/ be adjectives or "s equival5t ( an adjective2 & :5ev] ! complem5t is a n\n1 or ! equival5t ( ! n\n1 x is modifi$ by ! same words & ^w gr\ps t modify ! subject & ! object4 ,^! modifi]s are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,a possessive3 ,my memory assures me ( ?is2 ,%e ask$ h] fa!r's p]mission4 7#b7 ,a ^w 9 apposition3 ,!odore ,wiel&1 ! prison] at ! b>1 0 n[ call$ ^u = 8 def5se2 ,him1 ?is "y idolat]1 ,i h season$ = !e4 7#c7 ,an adjective3 ,great g5iuses h ! %orte/ biographies2 ,h] fa!r 0 a pr9ce 9 ,lebanon1--pr\d1 un=giv+1 au/]e4 7#d7 ,prepositional phrase3 ,are ! op9ions ( a man on "r & wrong on fate & causation1 at ! m]cy ( a brok5 sleep or an indige/ion8 ,! poet ne$s a gr\nd 9 popul> tradition to "w on4 7#e7 ,inf9itive phrase3 ,! way to "k him is to comp>e him1 n ) nature1 b ) o!r m52 ,%e has a new & unattempt$ problem to solve2 ,! simple/ utt]ances are wor?ie/ to be writt54 7#f7 ,p>ticipial phrase3 ,ano!r read+1 giv5 at ! reque/ ( a ,dut* lady1 0 ! sc5e f ,k+ ,john2 ,?is 0 ! h\r already appo9t$ = ! baptism ( ! new ,*ri/ian daught]4 ,ex]cise4--,9 ea* s5t5ce 9 ,sec4 #cea1 tell :e!r ! subject1 object1 or complem5t is modifi$4 ,,ii4 ,modifi]s ( ! ,pr$icate4 #ceb4 ,s9ce ! pr$icate is always a v]b1 ! ^w modify+ x mu/ be an adv]b or its equival5t3-- 7#a7 ,adv]b3 ,sl[ly & sadly we laid him d[n4 7#b7 ,prepositional phrase3 ,! little c>riage is creep+ on at "o mile an h\r2 ,9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 our horses _h c>ri$ u to ! t]m9ation ( ! umbrage\s isle4 ,9 su* a s5t5ce z1 ,he di$ l a ,god1 ! ^w gr\p l a ,god is (t5 tak5 z a phrase2 b x is really a contract$ clause1 ! v]b be+ omitt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,tells h[4 7#c7 ,p>ticipial phrase3 ,%e comes d[n f heav5 to 8 help1 int]pret+ = him ! mo/ difficult tru?s1 & lead+ him f /> to />4 7#d7 ,inf9itive phrase3 ,no imprud5t1 no sociable angel1 ev] dropp$ an e>ly syllable to answ] 8 long+4 7,= p>ticipial & inf9itive phrases1 see fur!r ,secs4 #ceg-cfc47 7#e7 ,indirect object3 ,i gave e man a trumpet2 ,give !m n only noble tea*+s1 b noble tea*]s4 ,^! are equival5t to ! phrases to e man & to !m1 & modify ! pr$icate 9 ! same way4 ,sid5ote3 ,reta9$ ) passive2 or ,:5 ! v]b is *ang$ f active to passive1 ! indirect object is reta9$1 z 9 ^! s5t5ces3 ,x is left y to f9d out ! reason :y2 ,all su* k %\ld be giv5 h]4 ,sid5ote3 subject ( passive v]b & direct object reta9$4 ,or sometimes ! indirect object ( ! active voice becomes ! subject ( ! passive1 & ! direct object is reta9$3 = example1 ,%e is to be taught to ext5d ! limits ( h] sympa?y2 ,i 0 %[n an imm5se s>cophagus4 7#f7 ,adv]bial objective4 ,^! answ] ! "q :51 or h[ long1 h[ f>1 etc41 & are consequ5tly equival5t to adv]bs 9 modify+ a pr$icate3 ,we 7 n[ runn+ ?irte5 miles an h\r2 ,"o way lies hope2 ,f\r h\rs be=e midnight we approa*$ a mighty m9/]4 ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,pick out subject1 pr$icate1 & 7direct7 object3-- #a4 ,?is1 & o!r measures ( precaution1 ,i took4 #b4 ,! pursu+ ! inquiry "u ! light ( an end or f9al cause1 gives wond]ful animation1 a sort ( p]sonality to ! :ole writ+4 #c4 ,:y does ! horizon hold me fa/1 ) my joy & grief1 9 ?is c5t]8 #d4 ,8 books h no melody1 no emotion1 no humor1 no relief to ! dead prosaic level4 #e4 ,on ! voyage to ,egypt1 he lik$1 aft] d9n]1 to fix on ?ree or f\r p]sons to support a proposition1 & z _m to oppose x4 #f4 ,fa%ion does n (t5 c>ess ! great1 b ! *ildr5 ( ! great4 #g4 ,no r5t roll c dignify skulk+ & dissimulation4 #h4 ,!y d n wi% to be lovely1 b to be lov$4 7b7 ,pick out ! subject1 pr$icate1 & complem5t3 #a4 ,evil1 accord+ to old philosoph]s1 is good 9 ! mak+4 #b4 ,b ang] drives a man to say any?+4 #c4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,high ,_s are ab/emi\s1 &1 9 reg>d to p>ticul>s1 negative4 #d4 ,spani% diet & y\? leave ! dige/ion undisord]$ & ! slumb]s light4 #e4 ,yet !y made !mselves sycophantic s]vants ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 #f4 ,a m]ciless oppressor ha/ ?\ be54 #g4 ,to ! m5 ( ?is _w1 to ! animal /r5g? & spirits1 ! man ( ideas appe>s out ( 8 reason4 #h4 ,i felt myself1 = ! fir/ "t1 bur!n$ ) ! anxieties ( a man1 & a memb] ( ! _w4 7c7 ,pick out ! direct & ! indirect object 9 ea*3-- #a4 ,n ! less ,i owe !e ju/ice4 #b4 ,unhorse me1 !n1 ?is imp]ial rid]4 #c4 ,%e told ! fir/ lieut5ant "p ( ! tru?4 #d4 ,i promis$ h] protection aga9/ all gho/s4 #e4 ,i gave him an address to my fri5d1 ! attorney4 #f4 ,pa9t me1 !n1 a room sev5te5 feet by twelve4 7d7 ,pick out ! words & phrases 9 apposition3-- #a4 ,to suff] & to d1 t 0 ?y portion 9 life4 #b4 ,a riv] =m$ ! b\nd>y1--! riv] ,meuse4 #c4 ,9 "o feature1 ,lamb resembles ,sir ,walt] ,scott2 viz41 9 ! dramatic "* ( 8 m9d & ta/e4 #d4 ,?is view 0 lum9\sly exp\nd$ by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 ! pres5t ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl94 #e4 ,yes1 at l5g? ! w>rior lady1 ! bloom+ cornet1 ?is nun s m>tial1 ?is dragoon s lovely1 mu/ visit aga9 ! home ( h] *ildhood4 7e7 ,pick out ! modifi]s ( ! pr$icate3-- #a4 ,x moves f "o fl[] to ano!r l a gleam ( light1 upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 to ! "r & to ! left4 #b4 ,& h>k6 l ! ro> ( ! bill[s on ! %ore1 ,! cry ( battle rises along _! *ang+ l9e4 #c4 ,_! int5tion 0 to h a gay1 happy d9n]1 aft] _! long conf9em5t to a %ip1 at ! *ief hotel4 #d4 ,t night1 9 little peaceful ,eas$ale1 six *ildr5 sat by a peat fire1 expect+ ! return ( _! p>5ts4 ,comp\nd ,subject1 ,comp\nd ,pr$icate1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,n comp\nd s5t5ces4 #cec4 ,frequ5tly 9 a simple s5t5ce ! writ] uses two or m pr$icates to ! same subject1 two or m subjects ( ! same pr$icate1 sev]al modifi]s1 complem5ts1 etc42 b x is to be notic$ t1 9 all su* s5t5ces z we quote bel[1 ! writ]s ( !m purposely comb9$ !m 9 s+le /atem5ts1 & !y are n to be exp&$ into comp\nd s5t5ces4 ,9 a comp\nd s5t5ce ! object is to make two or m full /atem5ts4 ,examples ( comp\nd subjects are1 ,by degrees ,rip's awe & appreh5sion subsid$2 ,! "n ( ! *ild1 ! air ( ! "m1 ! tone ( h] voice1--all awak5$ a tra9 ( recollections 9 8 m9d4 ,s5t5ces ) comp\nd pr$icates are1 ,! company broke up1 & return$ to ! m important conc]ns ( ! election2 ,he %ook 8 head1 %\ld]$ ! ru/y firelock1 &1 ) a he>t full ( tr\ble & anxiety1 turn$ 8 /eps homew>d4 ,s5t5ces ) comp\nd objects ( ! same v]b are1 ,he caught 8 daught] & h] *ild 9 8 arms2 ,voyages & travels ,i w\ld also h4 ,& s ) complem5ts1 modifi]s1 etc4 ,logical ,subject & ,logical ,pr$icate4 #ced4 ,! logical subject is ! simple or grammatical subject1 toge!r ) all its modifi]s4 ,! logical pr$icate is ! simple or grammatical pr$icate 7t is1 ! v]b71 toge!r ) its modifi]s1 & its object or complem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>g] view ( a s5t5ce4 ,x is (t5 a help to ! /ud5t to f9d ! logical subject & pr$icate fir/1 !n ! grammatical subject & pr$icate4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! situation "h contemplat$ exposes a dreadful ulc]1 lurk+ f> d[n 9 ! dep?s ( human nature1 ! logical subject is ! situation "h contemplat$1 & ! re/ is ! logical pr$icate4 ,( ?is1 ! simple subject is situation2 ! pr$icate1 exposes2 ! object1 ulc]1 etc4 ,indep5d5t ,elem5ts ( ! ,s5t5ce4 #cee4 ,! foll[+ words & expressions are grammatically indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce2 t is1 !y are n a necess>y "p1 d n ent] into its /ructure3-- 7#a7 ,p]son or ?+ address$3 ,b y "k !m1 ,bi%op2 ,ye crags & peaks1 ,i'm ) y once aga94 7#b7 ,exclamatory expressions3 ,b ! lady--6 ,oh1 heav5s6 w t spectacle ev] dep>t f my dreams8 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 ,! exclamatory expression1 h[ev]1 may be ! p]son or ?+ address$1 same z 7#a71 above3 ?us1 ,ah1 "y sir6 :at are y ab\t8 ,or x may be an imp]ative1 =m+ a s5t5ce3 ,oh1 hurry1 hurry1 my brave "y man6 7#c7 ,inf9itive phrase ?r[n 9 loosely3 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ! company broke up2 ,tru? to say1 he 0 a consci5ti\s man4 7#d7 ,prepositional phrase n modify+3 ,)9 ! rail+ sat1 to ! be/ ( my remembrance1 six quill-driv+ g5tlem52 ,at all ev5ts1 ! great man ( ! prophecy _h n yet appe>$4 7#e7 ,p>ticipial phrase3 ,b1 g5]ally speak+1 he clos$ 8 lit]>y toils at d9n]2 ,consid]+ ! burni% ( h] ,fr5* ta/es1 h] notic+ ev5 ?is is cr$itable4 7#f7 ,s+le words3 z1 ,oh1 yes6 ev]ybody knew !m2 ,no1 let him p]i%2 ,well1 he someh[ liv$ along2 ,:y1 gr&ma1 h[ y're w9k+6 ,n[1 ?is /ory runs ?us4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r caution4 ,!re are "s adv]bs1 su* z p]haps1 truly1 really1 und\bt$ly1 besides1 etc41 & "s conjunctions1 su* z h[ev]1 !n1 moreov]1 !re=e1 nev]!less1 etc41 t h an (fice 9 ! s5t5ce1 & %\ld n be confus$ ) ! words spok5 ( above4 ,! words well1 n[1 :y1 & s on1 are indep5d5t :5 !y m]ely arre/ ! att5tion )\t be+ necess>y4 ,,prepositional ,,phrases4 #cef4 ,9 _! use1 prepositional phrases may be1 7#a7 ,adjectival1 modify+ a n\n1 pron\n1 or ^w us$ z a n\n3 = example1 ,he took ! road to ,k+ ,ri*>d's pavilion2 ,i br+ reports on t subject f ,ascalon4 7#b7 ,adv]bial1 limit+ 9 ! same way an adv]b limits3 z1 ,all nature ar\nd him slept 9 calm moon%9e or 9 deep %ad[2 ,f> f ! madd+ cr[d's ignoble /rife4 7#c7 ,indep5d5t1 n dep5d5t on any ^w 9 ! s5t5ce 7= examples1 see ,sec4 #cee1 #d74 ,,p>ticiples ,,& ,,p>ticipial ,,phrases4 #ceg4 ,x w be helpful to sum up "h ! results ( our /udy ( p>ticiples & p>ticipial phrases1 & to set d[n all ! uses :i* are ( importance 9 analysis3-- 7#a7 ,! adjectival use1 already notic$1 z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,z a complem5t ( a transitive v]b1 & at ! same "t a modifi] ( ! object 7= an example1 see ,sec4 #cej1 #d74 7b7 ,z a modifi] ( subject1 object1 or complem5t 7see ,sec4 #cea1 #f74 7#b7 ,! adv]bial use1 modify+ ! pr$icate1 in/ances ( :i* 7 se5 9 ,sec4 #ceb1 #c4 ,9 ^! ! p>ticipial phrases connect closely ) ! v]b1 & !re is no difficulty 9 see+ t !y modify4 ,sid5ote3 ,^! ne$ close wat*+4 ,!re are o!r p>ticipial phrases :i* are us$ adv]bially1 b require some:at clos] att5tion2 ?us1 ,! lett] ( introduction1 conta9+ no matt]s ( bus9ess1 0 spe$ily run ?r\gh4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ! expression conta9+ no matt]s ( bus9ess does n describe lett]1 b x is equival5t to because x conta9$ no matt]s ( bus9ess1 & h5ce is adv]bial1 modify+ 0 spe$ily run ?r\gh4 ,notice ^! additional examples3-- ,be+ a great collector ( ev]y?+ relat+ to ,milton reason1 ,because ,i 01 etc41 ,i _h naturally possess$ myself ( ,ri*>dson ! pa9t]'s ?ick octavo volumes4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r writ] 0 valu$ by ! public1 bo? hav+ s9ce !y _h a long w>f>e to accompli% ( contumely & ridicule4 ,wilt ?\1 !re=e1 be+ n[ wis] z ?\ art 9 ?y ?\ghts1 suff] ,god to give by seem+ to refuse8 7#c7 ,:olly indep5d5t 9 mean+ & gramm>4 ,see ,sec4 #cee1 7#e71 & ^! additional examples3-- ,assum+ ! specific heat to be ! same z t ( wat]1 ! entire mass ( ! sun w\ld cool d[n to #ae1jjj ,fahr5heit 9 five ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is case except$1 ! ,fr5* h ! ke5e/ possible s5se ( ev]y?+ odi\s & ludicr\s 9 pos+4 ,,inf9itives ,,& ,,inf9itive ,,phrases4 #ceh4 ,! v>i\s uses ( ! inf9itive give consid]able tr\ble1 & !y w be pres5t$ "h 9 full1 or z ne>ly s z ! /ud5t w require4 ,i4 ,! v]bal use4 7#a7 ,complet+ an incomplete v]b1 b hav+ no o!r (fice ?an a v]bal "o4 7a7 ,) may 7might71 c 7c\ld71 %\ld1 w\ld1 seem1 ought1 etc43 ,my weekly bill us$ inv>iably to be ab\t fifty %ill+s2 ,!re1 my de>1 he %\ld n h kn[n !m at all2 ,he w\ld in/ruct h] 9 ! :ite man's religion1 & tea* h] h[ to be happy & good4 7b7 ,) ! =ms ( be1 be+ equival5t to a future ) obligation1 necessity1 etc43 z 9 ! s5t5ces1 ,+5uity & clev]ness are to be rew>d$ by ,/ate prizes2 ',! ,fair ,p5it5t' 0 to be act$ t ev5+4 7c7 ,) ! def9ite =ms ( g1 equival5t to a future3 ,i 0 go+ to repeat my remon/rances2 ,i am n go+ to diss]t on ,hood's humor4 7#b7 ,complet+ an incomplete transitive v]b1 b also belong+ to a subject or an object 7see ,sec4 #cdd = explanation ( ! complem5ts ( transitive v]bs73 ,i am con/ra9$ e mom5t to ackn[l$ge a high] orig9 = ev5ts 7reta9$ ) passive72 ,d !y n cause ! he>t to beat1 & ! eyes to fill8 #cei4 ,,ii4 ,! sub/antive use1 already exam9$2 b see ! foll[+ examples = fur!r illu/ration3-- 7#a7 ,z ! subject3 ,to h ! wall !re1 0 to h ! foe's life at _! m]cy2 ,to tea* is to le>n4 7#b7 ,z ! object3 ,i l to he> !m tell _! old /ories2 ,i don't wi% to detract f any g5tleman's reputation4 7#c7 ,z complem5t3 ,see examples "u 7#a71 above4 7#d7 ,9 apposition1 explanatory ( a n\n prec$+3 z1 ,%e =w>d$ to ! ,engli% lead]s a t\*+ invitation to unite ) ! ,fr5*2 ,he insi/$ on 8 "r to =get h]4 #cfj4 ,,iii4 ,! adjectival use1 modify+ a n\n t may be a subject1 object1 complem5t1 etc43 = example1 ,b !re 0 no "t to be lo/2 ,& n[ ,amyas _h "t to ask ,ayacanora ! mean+ ( ?is2 ,i h su* a desire to be well ) my public 7see also ,sec4 #cea1 #e74 #cfa4 ,,iv4 ,! adv]bial use1 :i* may be to express-- 7#a7 ,purpose3 ,! gov]nor1 ,don ,guzman1 sail$ to ! ea/w>d only ye/]day to look = y2 ,isn't x en\gh to br+ u to dea?1 to please t poor "y g5tleman's fancy8 7#b7 ,result3 ,don ,guzman returns to ! riv] m\? to f9d ! %ip a black5$ wreck2 ,:at he>t c\ld be s h>d z n to take pity on ! poor wild ?+8 7#c7 ,reason3 ,i am q sorry to "p ) !m2 ,are y mad1 to betray y\rself by y\r own cries8 ,m>ry1 hang ! idiot1 to br+ me su* /uff6 7#d7 ,degree3 ,we h won gold en\gh to s]ve u ! re/ ( our lives2 ,b ! poor lady 0 too sad to talk except to ! boys n[ & aga94 7#e7 ,condition3 ,y w\ld fancy1 to he> ,mc,orator aft] d9n]1 ! ,scot* fight+ all ! battles2 ,to say :at good ( fa%ion we c1 x re/s on reality 7! la/ is n a simple s5t5ce1 b x furni%es a good example ( ?is use ( ! inf9itive74 #cfb4 ,! fact t ! inf9itives 9 ,sec4 #cfa are us$ adv]bially1 is evid5t f ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ces4 ,:e!r ea* s5t5ce conta9+ an adv]bial inf9itive has ! mean+ ( purpose1 result1 etc41 may be f\nd out by turn+ ! inf9itive into an equival5t clause1 su* z ^? /udi$ "u subord9ate conjunctions4 ,to te/ ?is1 notice ! foll[+3-- ,9 7#a71 to look means t he might look2 to please is equival5t to t he may please1--bo? purpose clauses4 ,9 7#b71 to f9d %[s ! result ( ! return2 n to take pity is equival5t to t x w\ld n take pity4 ,9 7#c71 to "p means because ,i "p1 etc42 & to betray & to br+ express ! reason1 equival5t to t y betray1 etc4 ,9 7#d71 to s]ve & to talk are equival5t to z mu* gold z w s]ve u2 & too sad to talk also %[s degree4 ,9 7#e71 to he> means if y %\ld he>1 & to say is equival5t to if we say1--bo? express+ condition4 #cfc4 ,v4 ,! indep5d5t use1 :i* is ( two k9ds1-- 7#a7 ,?r[n loosely into ! s5t5ce2 z 9 ,sec4 #cee1 7#c74 7#b7 ,exclamatory3 ,i a philosoph]6 ,i advance pret5sions2 ',he to die6' resum$ ! bi%op4 7,see also ,sec4 #bfh1 #d47 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,analysis4 #cfd4 ,9 analyz+ simple s5t5ces1 give-- 7#a7 ,! pr$icate4 ,if x is an incomplete v]b1 give ! complem5t 7,secs4 #cdd & #cej7 & its modifi]s 7,sec4 #cea74 7#b7 ,! object ( ! v]b 7,sec4 #cdi74 7#c7 ,modifi]s ( ! object 7,sec4 #cea74 7#d7 ,modifi]s ( ! pr$icate 7,sec4 #ceb74 7#e7 ,! subject 7,sec4 #cdg74 7#f7 ,modifi]s ( ! subject 7,sec4 #cea74 7#g7 ,indep5d5t elem5ts 7,sec4 #cee74 ,?is is n ! same ord] t ! p>ts ( ! s5t5ce usually h2 b x is believ$ t ! /ud5t w proce$ m easily by f9d+ ! pr$icate ) its modifi]s1 object1 etc41 & !n f9d+ ! subject by plac+ ! "q :o or :at be=e x4 ,ex]cise 9 ,analyz+ ,simple ,s5t5ces4 ,analyze ! foll[+ accord+ to ! directions giv53-- #a4 ,our life is ,m>* wea!r1 savage & s]5e 9 "o h\r4 #b4 ,i w try to keep ! balance true4 #c4 ,! que/ions ( ,:5ce8 ,:at8 & ,:i!r8 & ! solution ( ^!1 mu/ be 9 a life1 n 9 a book4 #d4 ,! w>d meet+s on election days are n s(t5$ by any misgiv+ ( ! value ( ^! ballot+s4 #e4 ,our ,engli% ,bible is a wond]ful specim5 ( ! /r5g? & music ( ! ,engli% language4 #f4 ,?r\gh ! ye>s & ! c5turies1 ?r\gh evil ag5ts1 ?r\gh toys & atoms1 a great & b5efic5t t5d5cy irresi/ibly /reams4 #g4 ,to be hurri$ away by e ev5t1 is to h no political sy/em at all4 #h4 ,?is my/icism ! anci5ts call$ ec/asy1--a gett+-out ( _! bodies to ?9k4 #i4 ,he risk$ ev]y?+1 & sp>$ no?+1 nei!r ammunition1 nor money1 nor troops1 nor g5]als1 nor himself4 #aj4 ,we are always 9 p]il1 always 9 a bad plight1 j on ! edge ( de/ruction1 & only to be sav$ by inv5tion & c\rage4 #aa4 ,8 op9ion is always orig9al1 & to ! purpose4 #ab4 ,to ^! gifts ( nature1 ,napoleon add$ ! advantage ( hav+ be5 born to a private & humble =tune4 #ac4 ,! wat]1 l a wit*'s oils1 ,burnt gre5 & blue & :ite4 #ad4 ,we "o day descri$ "s %apeless object float+ at a di/ance4 #ae4 ,old ,adam1 ! c>rion cr[1 ,! old cr[ ( ,cairo2 ,he sat 9 ! %[]1 & let x fl[ ,"u 8 tail & ov] 8 cre/4 #af4 ,x co/s no m = a wise s\l to convey 8 quality to o!r m54 #ag4 ,x is easy to sug> to be sweet4 #ah4 ,at times ! black volume ( cl\ds ov]head seem$ r5t asund] by fla%es ( lightn+4 #ai4 ,! :ole figure & air1 good & amiable o!rwise1 might be call$ flabby & irresolute4 #bj4 ,i h he>d ,col]idge talk1 ) eag] en]gy1 two /rick5 h\rs1 & communicate no mean+ :atsoev] to any individual4 #ba4 ,! ^w consci5ce has become almo/ conf9$1 9 popul> use1 to ! moral sph]e4 #bb4 ,y may ramble a :ole day toge!r1 & e mom5t discov] some?+ new4 #bc4 ,%e _h gr[n up amid/ ! lib]al culture ( ,h5ry's c\rt a bold horsewoman1 a good %ot1 a graceful danc]1 a skill$ musician1 an accompli%$ s*ol>4 #bd4 ,h] aims 7 simple & obvi\s1--to pres]ve h] ?rone1 to keep ,engl& out ( w>1 to re/ore civil & religi\s ord]4 #be4 ,fair "n might he h h&$ d[n1 ,effac+ _m a /a9 ( =m] crime4 #bf4 ,( ! same gr&eur1 9 less h]oic & poetic =m1 0 ! patriotism ( ,peel 9 rec5t hi/ory4 #bg4 ,ox=d1 anci5t "m6 ho>y ) ance/ral honors1 "t-honor$1 &1 haply1 "t-%att]$ p[]--,i owe !e no?+6 #bh4 ,! villa91 ,i hate him & myself1 to be a reproa* to su* goodness4 #bi4 ,i d>e ?is1 ^u my own gr\nd1 & 9 my own g>d51 to bid y leave ! place n[ & =ev]4 #cj4 ,^u ?is %ore /ood1 ready to receive h]1 9 front ( all ?is mighty cr[d1 ! prime m9i/] ( ,spa91 ! same ,cond ,oliv>ez4 #ca4 ,great 0 _! surprise to see a "y (fic] 9 uni=m /ret*$ )9 ! bu%es ^u ! gr\nd4 #cb4 ,%e _h made a two days' m>*1 baggage f> 9 ! re>1 & no provisions b wild b]ries4 #cc4 ,?is amiable relative1 an eld]ly man1 _h b "o foible1 or p]haps "o virtue1 9 ?is _w4 #cd4 ,n[1 x w\ld n h be5 filial or ladylike4 #ce4 ,suppos+ ?is computation to be correct1 x mu/ h be5 9 ! latitude ( ,bo/on1 ! pres5t capital ( ,new ,engl&4 #cf4 ,! cry1 ,a /range vessel close abo>d ! frigate6 hav+ already fl[n d[n ! hat*es1 ! %ip 0 9 an upro>4 #cg4 ,b yield1 pr\d foe1 ?y fleet ,) ! crews at ,engl&'s feet4 #ch4 ,few 9 numb]1 & t numb] rapidly p]i%+ away ?r\gh sickness & h>d%ips2 surr\nd$ by a h[l+ wild]ness & savage tribes2 expos$ to ! rigors ( an almo/ arctic w9t]1--_! m9ds 7 fill$ ) doleful =ebod+s4 #ci4 ,li/ to ! m\rnful tradition /ill sung by ! p9es ( ! =e/4 #dj4 ,9 ! ,acadian l&1 on ! %ores ( ! ,bas9 ( ,m9as1 ,di/ant1 seclud$1 /ill1 ! little village ( ,gr&-,pr ,lay 9 ! fruitful valley4 #da4 ,mu/ we 9 all ?+s look = ! h[1 & ! :y1 & ! :]e=e8 ,,contract$ ,,s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,words left out aft] ?an or z4 #cfe4 ,"s s5t5ces look l simple ones 9 =m1 b h an ess5tial "p omitt$ t is s readily suppli$ by ! m9d z n to ne$ express+4 ,su* are ! foll[+3-- ,!re is no c\ntry m wor?y ( our /udy ?an ,engl& is wor?y ( our /udy4 ,! di/9ctions betwe5 !m d n seem to be s m>k$ z !y are m>k$ 9 ! cities4 ,to %[ t ^! words are really omitt$1 comp>e ) !m ! two foll[+3-- ,! nobility & g5try are m popul> among ! inf]ior ord]s ?an !y are 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is is n s univ]sally ! case at pres5t z x 0 =m]ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,s5t5ces ) l4 #cff4 ,z %[n 9 ,"p ,i4 7,sec4 #ccc74 ! expressions ( mann] introduc$ by l1 ?\gh (t5 treat$ z phrases1 are really contract$ clauses2 b1 if !y 7 exp&$1 z w\ld be ! connective in/ead ( l2 ?us1-- ,!y'll %9e o'er h] sleep1 l z a smile f ! we/ w\ld %9e4 ,f h] own lov$ isl& ( sorr[4 ,?is mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>efully discrim9at$ f cases :]e l is an adjective complem5t2 z1-- ,%e is l "s t5d] tree1 ! pride & beauty ( ! grove2 ,! ruby seem$ l a sp>k ( fire burn+ ^u h] :ite bosom4 ,su* contract$ s5t5ces =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 our /udy ( simple & complex s5t5ces4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,! simple s5t5ce ! basis4 #cfg4 ,our inve/igations h n[ includ$ all ! ma*9]y ( ! simple s5t5ce1 :i* is ! unit ( spee*4 ,our fur!r /udy w be 9 s5t5ces :i* are comb9ations ( simple s5t5ces1 made m]ely = conv5i5ce & smoo?ness1 to avoid ! tiresome repetition ( %ort ones ( monoton\s simil>ity4 ,next to ! simple s5t5ce /&s ! complex s5t5ce4 ,! basis ( x is two or m simple s5t5ces1 :i* are s unit$ t "o memb] is ! ma9 "o1--! backbone1--! o!r memb]s subord9ate to x1 or dep5d5t on x2 z 9 ?is s5t5ce1-- ,:5 su* a _s breaks =? into compla9t1 we are aw>e h[ great mu/ be ! suff]+ t extorts ! murmur4 ,! relation ( ! p>ts is z foll[s3-- we are aw>e :5 su* a _s breaks =? into compla9t1 h[ great mu/ be ! suff]+ t extorts ! murmur4 ,?is arrangem5t %[s to ! eye ! picture t ! s5t5ce =ms 9 ! m9d1--h[ ! fir/ clause is held 9 susp5se by ! m9d till ! second1 we are aw>e1 is tak5 92 !n we recognize ?is z ! ma9 /atem5t2 & ! next "o1 h[ great 444 suff]+1 drops into its place z subord9ate to we are aw>e2 & ! la/1 t 444 murmur1 logically dep5ds on suff]+4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ def9ition3-- ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #cfh4 ,a complex s5t5ce is "o conta9+ "o ma9 or indep5d5t clause 7also call$ ! pr9cipal proposition or clause71 & "o or m subord9ate or dep5d5t clauses4 #cfi4 ,! elem5ts ( a complex s5t5ce are ! same z ^? ( ! simple s5t5ce2 t is1 ea* clause has its subject1 pr$icate1 object1 complem5ts1 modifi]s1 etc4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce3 :]eas ! simple s5t5ce always has a ^w or a phrase = subject1 object1 complem5t1 & modifi]1 ! complex s5t5ce has /atem5ts or clauses = ^! places4 ,,clauses4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #cgj4 ,a clause is a division ( a s5t5ce1 conta9+ a v]b ) its subject4 ,h5ce ! t]m clause may ref] to ! ma9 division ( ! complex s5t5ce1 or x may be appli$ to ! o!rs1--! dep5d5t or subord9ate clauses4 ,sid5ote3 ,indep5d5t clause4 #cga4 ,a pr9cipal1 ma91 or indep5d5t clause is "o mak+ a /atem5t )\t ! help ( any o!r clause4 ,sid5ote3 ,dep5d5t clause4 ,a subord9ate or dep5d5t clause is "o :i* makes a /atem5t dep5d+ ^u or modify+ "s ^w 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9ds4 #cgb4 ,z to _! (fice 9 ! s5t5ce1 clauses are divid$ into ,,n\n1 ,,adjective1 & ,,adv]b clauses1 accord+ z !y are equival5t 9 use to n\ns1 adjectives1 or adv]bs4 ,n\n ,clauses4 #cgc4 ,n\n clauses h ! foll[+ uses3-- 7#a7 ,subject3 ,t su* m5 %\ld give prejudic$ views ( ,am]ica is n a matt] ( surprise4 7#b7 ,object ( a v]b1 v]bal1 or ! equival5t ( a v]b3 7a7 ,i confess ^! /ories1 = a "t1 put an end to my fancies2 7b7 ,i am aw>e ,i "k t a skillful illu/rator ( ! immortal b>d w\ld h swell$ ! mat]ials4 ,j z ! object n\n1 pron\n1 inf9itive1 etc41 is reta9$ aft] a passive v]b 7,sec4 #ceb1 #e71 s ! object clause is reta9$1 & %\ld n be call$ an adjunct ( ! subject2 = example1 ,we are p]suad$ t a ?read runs ?r\gh all ?+s2 ,i 0 told t ! h\se _h n be5 %ut1 night or day1 = a hundr$ ye>s4 7#c7 ,complem5t3 ,! t]ms ( admission to ?is spectacle are1 t he h a c]ta9 solid & intelligible way ( liv+4 7#d7 ,apposition4 7a7 ,ord9>y apposition1 explanatory ( "s n\n or its equival5t3 ,cecil's say+ ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ',i "k t he c toil t]ribly1' is an electric t\*4 7b7 ,aft] x introductory 7logically ?is is a subject clause1 b x is (t5 treat$ z 9 apposition ) x73 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( "s1 t ?is might be ! wild huntsman fam\s 9 ,g]man leg5d4 7#e7 ,object ( a preposition3 ,at l5g? he rea*$ to :]e ! rav9e _h op5$ ?r\gh ! cliffs4 ,notice t frequ5tly only ! introductory ^w is ! object ( ! preposition1 & ! :ole clause is n2 ?us1 ,! rocks pres5t$ a high imp5etrable wall1 ov] :i* ! torr5t came tumbl+4 #cgd4 ,"h are to be notic$ c]ta9 s5t5ces seem+ly complex1 ) a n\n clause 9 apposition ) x2 b logically !y are no?+ b simple s5t5ces4 ,b s9ce !y are complex 9 =m1 att5tion is call$ to !m "h2 = example1-- ,alas6 x is we ourselves t are gett+ buri$ alive "u ?is avalan*e ( e>?ly imp]t95ces4 ,to divide ?is into two clauses--7a7 ,x is we ourselves1 7b7 t are 444 imp]t95ces--w\ld be grammatical2 b logically ! s5t5ce is1 ,we ourselves are gett+ 444 imp]t95ces1 & x is 444 t is m]ely a framework us$ to effect emphasis4 ,! s5t5ce %[s h[ x may lose its pronom9al =ce4 ,o!r examples ( ?is con/ruction are1-- ,x is on ! und]/&+1 & n on ! s5tim5t1 ( a nation1 t all safe legislation mu/ be bas$4 ,!n x is t delib]ative ,eloqu5ce lays aside ! pla9 attire ( h] daily occupation4 ,ex]cise4 ,tell h[ ea* n\n clause is us$ 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,i felt t ,i brea!d an atmosph]e ( sorr[4 #b4 ,b ! fact is1 ,i 0 napp+4 #c4 ,%ak+ (f f my _s :at mu/ h be5 a dream1 ,i scann$ m n>r[ly ! aspect ( ! build+4 #d4 ,except by :at he c\ld see = himself1 he c\ld "k no?+4 #e4 ,:atev] he looks ^u discloses a second s5se4 #f4 ,x w n be pret5d$ t a success 9 ei!r ( ^! k9ds is q co9cid5t ) :at is be/ & inmo/ 9 8 m9d4 #g4 ,! reply ( ,socrates1 to him :o ask$ :e!r he %\ld *oose a wife1 /ill rema9s reasonable1 t1 :e!r he %\ld *oose "o or n1 he w\ld rep5t x4 #h4 ,:at hi/ory x _h1 h[ x *ang$ f %ape to %ape1 no man w ev] "k4 #i4 ,su* a man is :at we call an orig9al man4 #aj4 ,our curr5t hypo!sis ab\t ,mohamm$1 t he 0 a s*em+ impo/or1 a falsehood inc>nate1 t 8 religion is a m]e mass ( quack]y & fatuity1 beg9s really to be no long] t5able to any "o4 ,adjective ,clauses4 #cge4 ,z ! (fice ( an adjective is to modify1 ! only use ( an adjective clause is to limit or describe "s n\n1 or equival5t ( a n\n3 consequ5tly ! adjective may modify any n\n1 or equival5t ( a n\n1 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! adjective clause may be introduc$ by ! relative pron\ns :o1 :i*1 t1 b1 z2 sometimes by ! conjunctions :51 :]e1 :i!r1 :5ce1 :]e91 :]eby1 etc4 ,frequ5tly !re is no connect+ ^w1 a relative pron\n be+ und]/ood4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( adjective clauses4 #cgf4 ,adjective clauses may modify-- 7#a7 ,! subject3 ,! !mes x (f]s = contemplation are too va/ = _! capacities2 ,^? :o see ! ,engli%man only 9 t[n1 are apt to =m an unfavorable op9ion ( 8 social "*4 7#b7 ,! object3 ,f ?is piazza ,i*abod ent]$ ! hall1 :i* =m$ ! c5t] ( ! mansion4 7#c7 ,! complem5t3 ,! animal he be/rode 0 a brok5-d[n pl[-horse1 t _h outliv$ almo/ ev]y?+ b 8 usefulness2 ,x 0 su* an app>ition z is seldom to be met ) 9 broad daylight4 7#d7 ,o!r words3 ,he rode ) %ort /irrups1 :i* br\ght 8 knees ne>ly up to ! pommel ( ! saddle2 ,no :it anticipat+ ! oblivion :i* await$ _! names & feats1 ! *ampions advanc$ ?r\gh ! li/s2 ,*>ity cov]e? a multitude ( s9s1 9 ano!r s5se ?an t 9 :i* x is said to d s 9 ,scripture4 ,ex]cise4 ,pick out ! adjective clauses1 & tell :at ea* "o modifies2 i4e41 :e!r subject1 object1 etc4 #a4 ,!re 7 passages t rem9d$ me p]haps too mu* ( ,massillon4 #b4 ,i walk$ home ) ,calh\n1 :o said t ! pr9ciples :i* ,i _h av[$ 7 j & noble4 #c4 ,o!r m5 are l5ses ?r\gh :i* we read our own m9ds4 #d4 ,9 "o ( ^? cele/ial days :5 heav5 & e>? meet & adorn ea* o!r1 x seems a pity t we c only sp5d x once4 #e4 ,"o ( ! maid5s pres5t$ a silv] cup1 conta9+ a ri* mixture ( w9e & spice1 :i* ,r[5a ta/$4 #f4 ,no man is reason or illum9ation1 or t ess5ce we 7 look+ =4 #g4 ,9 ! mom5t :5 he ceases to help u z a cause1 he beg9s to help u m z an effect4 #h4 ,socrates took away all ignom9y f ! place1 :i* c\ld n be a prison :il/ he 0 !re4 #i4 ,?is is p]haps ! reason :y we s seldom he> gho/s except 9 our long-e/abli%$ ,dut* settlem5ts4 #aj4 ,f ! mom5t y lose sight ( ! l& y h left1 all is vacancy4 #aa4 ,nature wait$ tranquilly = ! h\r to be /ruck :5 man %\ld arrive4 ,adv]bial ,clauses4 #cgg4 ,! adv]b clause takes ! place ( an adv]b 9 modify+ a v]b1 a v]bal1 an adjective1 or an adv]b4 ,! /ud5t has met ) _m adv]b clauses 9 8 /udy ( ! subjunctive mood & ( subord9ate conjunctions2 b !y require c>eful /udy1 & w be giv5 9 detail1 ) examples4 #cgh4 ,adv]b clauses are ( ! foll[+ k9ds3 7#a7 ,,"t3 ,z we g1 ! mile/ones are grave-/ones2 ,he _h gone b a little way be=e he espi$ a f\l fi5d com+2 ,:5 he 0 come up to ,*ri/ian1 he beheld him ) a disda9ful c\nt5ance4 7#b7 ,,place3 ,:]ev] ! s5tim5t ( "r comes 91 x takes prec$5ce ( ev]y?+ else2 ,he w5t sev]al times to ,engl&1 :]e he does n seem to h attract$ any att5tion4 7#c7 ,,reason1 or ,,cause3 ,8 ,engli% editor lays no /ress on 8 discov]ies1 s9ce he 0 too great to c>e to be orig9al2 ,i give y joy t tru? is altoge!r :olesome4 7#d7 ,,mann]3 ,! k ( ! pa/ is valuable only z x leads u to =m j calculations ) respect to ! future2 ,aft] leav+ ! :ole p>ty "u ! table1 he goes away z if no?+ _h happ5$4 7#e7 ,,degree1 or ,,comp>ison3 ,!y all become wis] ?an !y 72 ,! "r conclusion is1 t we %\ld try1 s f> z we c1 to make up our %ortcom+s2 ,ma/] ,simon 0 9 z *irp+ a humor z a gras%opp] fill$ ) dew is2 ,! broad] _! education is1 ! wid] is ! horizon ( _! ?\ght4 ,! fir/ clause 9 ! la/ s5t5ce is dep5d5t1 express+ ! degree 9 :i* ! horizon1 etc41 is wid]4 7#f7 ,,purpose3 ,nature took u 9 h&1 %ap+ our actions1 s t we might n be end$ untimely by too gross disob$i5ce4 7#g7 ,,result1 or ,,consequ5ce3 ,he wrote on ! scale ( ! m9d itself1 s t all ?+s h symmetry 9 8 tablet2 ,! w9d[ 0 s f> sup]ior to e o!r 9 ! *ur*1 t ! vanqui%$ arti/ kill$ himself f mortification4 7#h7 ,,condition3 ,if we tire ( ! sa9ts1 ,%akespe>e is our city ( refuge2 ,:o c>es = t1 s ?\ ga9 aught wid] & nobl]8 ,y c die gr&ly1 & z goddesses w\ld die 7 goddesses mortal4 7#i7 ,,concession1 introduc$ by indef9ite relatives1 adv]bs1 & adv]bial conjunctions1--:oev]1 :atev]1 h[ev]1 etc43 ,b /ill1 h[ev] good %e may be z a witness1 ,joanna is bett]2 ,:atev] !re may rema9 ( illib]al 9 discussion1 !re is always some?+ illib]al 9 ! sev]] aspects ( /udy4 ,^! mean no matt] h[ good1 no matt] :at rema9s1 etc4 ,ex]cise4 ,pick out ! adv]bial clauses 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces2 tell :at k9d ea* is1 & :at x modifies3-- #a4 ,z ,i 0 cle>+ away ! we$s f ?is epitaph1 ! little sexton drew me on "o side ) a my/]i\s air1 & in=m$ me 9 a l[ voice t once ^u a "t1 on a d>k w9try night1 :5 ! w9d 0 unruly1 h[l+ & :i/l+1 bang+ ab\t doors & w9d[s1 & twirl+ wea!rcocks1 s t ! liv+ 7 fright5$ out ( _! b$s1 & ev5 ! dead c\ld n sleep quietly 9 _! graves1 ! gho/ ( hone/ ,pre/on 0 attract$ by ! well-kn[n call ( wait]1 & made its sudd5 appe>ance j z ! p>i% cl]k 0 s++ a /ave f ! mirrie g>l& ( ,capta9 ,dea?4 #b4 ,if ! *ildr5 ga!r$ ab\t h]1 z !y sometimes did1 ,pe>l w\ld gr[ positively t]rible 9 h] puny wra?1 snat*+ up /ones to fl+ at !m1 ) %rill1 incoh]5t exclamations1 t made h] "m tremble because !y _h s mu* ! s\nd ( a wit*'s ana!mas4 #c4 ,! spell ( life w5t =? f h] ev]-creative _s1 & communicat$ itself to a ?\s& objects1 z a tor* k9dles a flame :]ev] x may be appli$4 ,,analyz+ ,,complex ,,s5t5ces4 #cgi4 ,^! sugge/ions w be f\nd helpful3-- 7#a7 ,see t ! s5t5ce & all its p>ts are plac$ 9 ! natural ord] ( subject1 pr$icate1 object1 & modifi]s4 7#b7 ,fir/ take ! s5t5ce z a :ole2 f9d ! pr9cipal subject & pr9cipal pr$icate2 !n treat n\n clauses z n\ns1 adjective clauses z adjectives modify+ c]ta9 words1 & adv]b clauses z s+le modify+ adv]bs4 7#c7 ,analyze ea* clause z a simple s5t5ce4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,_c we conceive t ,od9 0 a reality8 we is ! pr9cipal subject2 _c conceive is ! pr9cipal pr$icate2 its object is t ,od9 0 a reality1 ( :i* clause ,od9 is ! subject1 etc4 #chj4 ,x is sometimes ( great advantage to map out a s5t5ce aft] analyz+ x1 s z to picture ! p>ts & _! relations4 ,to take a s5t5ce3-- ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! fault is 9 !mselves1 & t if ! *ur* & ! cat>act 7 9 ! habit ( giv+ away _! ?\ghts ) t ra% g5]osity :i* *>act]izes t\ri/s1 !y might p]haps say ( _! visitors1 ',well1 if y are ^? m5 ( :om we h he>d s mu*1 we are a little disappo9t$1 to tell ! tru?4' ,?is may be repres5t$ z foll[s3-- ,i _c help ?9k+ 7a7 ,,t ,,! ,,fault ,,is ,,9 ,,!mselves1 ,,& 7b7 ,,t ,,!y ,,might 7,,p]haps7 ,,say ,,( ,,_! ,,visitors 7a7 ,we are 7a little7 disappo9t$ ,o ,o b b j ,m j e o 7b7 ,if y are ^? m5 e c d c t i t f ,m i o ,( :om we h he>d s mu*4 e d4 r ,m o 7a7 ,if ! *ur* & 444 t ra% g5]osity d i f i e 7b7 ,:i* *>act]izes t\ri/s4 r ,,outl9e #cha4 7#a7 ,f9d ! pr9cipal clause4 7#b7 ,analyze x accord+ to ,sec4 #cfd4 7#c7 ,analyze ! dep5d5t clauses accord+ to ,sec4 #cfd4 ,?is ( c\rse includes dep5d5t clauses t dep5d on o!r dep5d5t clauses1 z se5 9 ! map 7,sec4 #chj74 #ajg ,ex]cises4 7a7 ,analyze ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,take ! place & attitude :i* belong to y4 #b4 ,t mood into :i* a fri5d br+s u is 8 dom9ion ov] u4 #c4 ,true art is only possible on ! condition t e tal5t has its apo!osis some:]e4 #d4 ,! deep eyes1 ( a light hazel1 7 z full ( sorr[ z ( inspiration4 #e4 ,%e is ! only *ur* t has be5 loyal to ! he>t & s\l ( man1 t has clung to h] fai? 9 ! imag9ation4 #f4 ,%e has nev] lo/ sight ( ! tru? t ! product human nature is compos$ ( ! sum ( fle% & _s4 #g4 ,b n[ t %e has become an e/abli%m5t1 %e beg9s to p]ceive t %e made a blund] 9 tru/+ h]self to ! intellect alone4 #h4 ,be=e long 8 talk w\ld w&] into all ! univ]se1 :]e x 0 unc]ta9 :at game y w\ld cat*1 or :e!r any4 #i4 ,! night prov$ unusually d>k1 s t ! two pr9cipals _h to tie :ite h&k]*iefs r\nd _! elb[s 9 ord] to descry ea* o!r4 #aj4 ,:e!r %e w\ld ev] awake seem$ to dep5d ^u an accid5t4 #aa4 ,"h lay two great roads1 n s mu* = travel]s t 7 few1 z = armies t 7 too _m by half4 #ab4 ,x 0 haunt$ to t degree by fairies1 t ! p>i% prie/ 0 oblig$ to read mass !re once a ye>4 #ac4 ,m ?an "o milit>y plan 0 ent]$ ^u :i* %e did n approve4 #ad4 ,z surely z ! wolf retires be=e cities1 does ! fairy seque/] h]self f ! haunts ( ! lic5s$ victual]4 #ae4 ,m4 ,mi*elet is anxi\s to keep u 9 m9d t ?is bi%op 0 b an ag5t ( ! ,engli%4 #af4 ,next came a wret*$ ,dom9ican1 t press$ h] ) an objection1 :i*1 if appli$ to ! ,bible1 w\ld tax e miracle ) uns\ndness4 #ag4 ,! read] ought to be rem9d$ t ,joanna ,d',arc 0 subject to an unusually unfair trial4 #ah4 ,n[1 _h %e really te/ifi$ ?is will+ness on ! scaffold1 x w\ld h argu$ no?+ at all b ! weakness ( a g5ial nature4 #ai4 ,& ^? w (t5 pity t weakness mo/1 :o w\ld yield to x lea/4 #bj4 ,:e!r %e said ! ^w is unc]ta94 #ba4 ,?is is %e1 ! %eph]d girl1 c\nselor t _h none = h]self1 :om ,i *oose1 bi%op1 = y\rs4 #bb4 ,_h !y be5 bett] *emi/s1 _h we be5 worse1 ! mix$ result1 namely1 t1 dy+ = !m1 ?#ajg e fl[] %\ld revive = u1 c\ld n h be5 effect$4 #bc4 ,i l t repres5tation !y h ( ! tree4 #bd4 ,he 0 :at our c\ntry p call an old "o4 #be4 ,he ?\ght n any evil happ5$ to m5 ( su* magnitude z false op9ion4 #ajg #bf4 ,^! ?+s we are =c$ to say1 if we mu/ consid] ! ef=t ( ,plato to dispose ( ,nature1--:i* w n be dispos$ (4 #bg4 ,he %[$ "o :o 0 afraid to g on foot to ,olympia1 t x 0 no m ?an 8 daily walk1 if cont9u\sly ext5d$1 w\ld easily rea*4 #bh4 ,:at c we see or acquire b :at we are8 #bi4 ,our eyes are hold5 t we _c see ?+s t />e u 9 ! face1 until ! h\r arrives :5 ! m9d is rip5$4 #cj4 ,!re is good reason :y we %\ld prize ?is lib]ation4 7b7 ,fir/ analyze1 !n map out z 9 ,sec4 #chj1 ! foll[+ complex s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,! way to speak & write :at %all n g out ( fa%ion1 is to speak & write s9c]ely4 #b4 ,! writ] :o takes 8 subject f 8 e>1 & n f 8 he>t1 %\ld "k t he has lo/ z mu* z he has ga9$4 #c4 ,no book1 said ,b5tley1 0 ev] writt5 d[n by any b itself4 #d4 ,t :i* we d n believe1 we _c adequately say1 ?\gh we may repeat ! words nev] s (t54 #e4 ,we say s because we feel t :at we love is n 9 y\r w1 b above x4 #f4 ,x makes no diff]5ce h[ _m fri5ds ,i h1 & :at cont5t ,i c f9d 9 conv]s+ ) ea*1 if !re be "o to :om ,i am n equal4 #g4 ,9 e troop ( boys t :oop & run 9 ea* y>d & squ>e1 a new-com] is z well & accurately weigh$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 & /amp$ ) 8 "r numb]1 z if he _h und]gone a =mal trial ( 8 /r5g?1 spe$1 & temp]4 ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ =m$4 #chb4 ,! comp\nd s5t5ce is a comb9ation ( two or m simple or complex s5t5ces4 ,:ile ! complex s5t5ce has only "o ma9 clause1 ! comp\nd has two or m indep5d5t clauses mak+ /atem5ts1 que/ions1 or comm&s4 ,h5ce ! def9ition1-- ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition4 #chc4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce is "o :i* conta9s two or m indep5d5t clauses4 ,?is leaves room = any numb] ( subord9ate clauses 9 a comp\nd s5t5ce3 ! requirem5t is simply t x h at lea/ two indep5d5t clauses4 ,examples ( comp\nd s5t5ces3-- ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 7#a7 ,simple s5t5ces unit$3 ,he is a palace ( sweet s\nds & sights2 he dilates2 he is twice a man2 he walks ) arms akimbo2 he soliloquizes4 7#b7 ,simple ) complex3 ,! trees ( ! =e/1 ! wav+ grass1 & ! peep+ fl[]s h gr[n intellig5t2 & he almo/ fe>s to tru/ !m ) ! secret :i* !y seem to invite4 7#c7 ,complex ) complex3 ,! p[] :i* resides 9 him is new 9 nature1 & none b he kn[s :at t is :i* he c d1 nor does he "k until he has tri$4 #chd4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t no?+ new is add$ to ! "w ( analysis already done4 ,! same analysis ( simple s5t5ces is repeat$ 9 7#a7 & 7#b7 above1 & :at 0 done 9 complex s5t5ces is repeat$ 9 7#b7 & 7#c74 ,! division into memb]s w be easi]1 = ! cord9ate indep5d5t /atem5ts are readily tak5 ap>t ) ! subord9ate clauses atta*$1 if !re are any4 ,?us 9 7#a71 ! semicolons cut ap>t ! indep5d5t memb]s1 :i* are simple /atem5ts2 9 7#b71 ! semicolon sep>ates ! fir/1 a simple memb]1 f ! second1 a complex memb]2 9 7#c71 & connects ! fir/ & second complex memb]s1 & nor ! second & ?ird complex memb]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,connectives4 #che4 ,! cord9ate conjunctions &1 nor1 or b1 etc41 introduce indep5d5t clauses 7see ,sec4 #big74 ,b ! conjunction is (t5 omitt$ 9 copulative & adv]sative clauses1 z 9 ,sec4 #chc 7#a74 ,ano!r example is1 ,only ! /> dazzles2 ! planet has a fa9t1 moon-l ray 7adv]sative74 ,sid5ote3 ,/udy ! ?\ght4 #chf4 ,! "o po9t t w give tr\ble is ! v>iable use ( "s connectives2 z b1 =1 yet1 :ile 7:il/71 h[ev]1 :]eas1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! are n[ conjunctions1 n[ adv]bs or prepositions2 o!rs sometimes cord9ate1 sometimes subord9ate conjunctions4 ,! /ud5t mu/ wat* ! logical connection ( ! memb]s ( ! s5t5ce1 & n ! =m ( ! connective4 ,ex]cise4 ,( ! foll[+ illu/rative s5t5ces1 tell :i* are comp\nd1 & :i* complex3-- #a4 ,speak y\r lat5t conviction1 & x %all be ! univ]sal s5se2 = ! inmo/ 9 due "t becomes ! outmo/4 #b4 ,i no long] wi% to meet a good ,i d n e>n1 = example1 to f9d a pot ( buri$ gold4 #c4 ,y\r goodness mu/ h "s edge to x--else x is none4 #d4 ,man does n /& 9 awe ( man1 nor is 8 g5ius admoni%$ to /ay at home1 b x goes abroad to beg a cup ( wat] ( ! urns ( o!r m54 #e4 ,a man _c speak b he judges himself4 #f4 ,9 y\r metaphysics y h d5i$ p]sonality to ! ,deity1 yet :5 ! dev\t motions ( ! s\l come1 yield to !m he>t & life4 #g4 ,i ?\ght t x 0 a ,sunday morn+ 9 ,may2 t x 0 ,ea/] ,sunday1 & z yet v e>ly 9 ! morn+4 #h4 ,we d5ote ! prim>y wisdom z intuition1 :il/ all lat] tea*+s are tuitions4 #i4 ,:il/ ! _w is ?us dual1 s is e "o ( its p>ts4 #aj4 ,!y measure ! e/eem ( ea* o!r by :at ea* has1 & n by :at ea* is4 #aa4 ,= ev]y?+ y h miss$1 y h ga9$ some?+ else2 & = ev]y?+ y ga91 y lose some?+4 #ab4 ,i sometimes seem$ to h liv$ = sev5ty or "o hundr$ ye>s 9 "o night2 nay1 ,i sometimes _h feel+s repres5tative ( a mill5nium1 pass$ 9 t "t1 or1 h[ev]1 ( a duration f> beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce4 #ac4 ,h[ev] "s may ?9k him want+ 9 zeal1 ! mo/ fanatical c f9d no ta9t ( apo/asy 9 any measure ( 84 #ad4 ,9 ?is mann]1 f a happy yet (t5 p5sive *ild1 he grew up to be a mild1 quiet1 unobtrusive boy1 & sun-br[n$ ) labor 9 ! fields1 b ) m intellig5ce ?an is se5 9 _m lads f ! s*ools4 ,,outl9e ,,= ,,analyz+ ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces4 #chg4 7i7 ,sep>ate x into its ma9 memb]s4 7#b7 ,analyze ea* complex memb] z 9 ,sec4 #cha4 7#c7 ,analyze ea* simple memb] z 9 ,sec4 #cfd4 ,ex]cise4 ,analyze ! foll[+ comp\nd s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,! ga9 is app>5t2 ! tax is c]ta94 #b4 ,if ,i feel ov]%ad[$ & outdone by great neighbors1 ,i c yet love2 ,i c /ill receive2 & he t love? make? 8 own ! gr&eur t he loves4 #c4 ,love1 & ?\ %alt be lov$4 #d4 ,all loss1 all pa91 is p>ticul>2 ! univ]se rema9s to ! he>t unhurt4 #e4 ,place y\rself 9 ! middle ( ! /ream ( p[] & wisdom :i* animates all :om x floats1 & y are )\t ef=t impell$ to tru?4 #f4 ,he tea*es :o gives1 & he le>ns :o receives4 #g4 ,:atev] he kn[s & ?9ks1 :atev] 9 8 appreh5sion is wor? do+1 t let him communicate1 or m5 w nev] "k & honor him aright4 #h4 ,/& aside2 give ^? m]its room2 let !m m\nt & exp&4 #i4 ,we see ! noble af> (f1 & !y repel u2 :y %\ld we intrude8 #aj4 ,we g to ,europe1 or we pursue p]sons1 or we read books1 9 ! in/9ctive fai? t ^! w call x out & reveal u to ourselves4 #aa4 ,a gay & pleasant s\nd is ! :ett+ ( ! scy! 9 ! morn+s ( ,june1 yet :at is m lonesome & sad ?an ! s\nd ( a :et/one or m[]'s rifle :5 x is too late 9 ! season to make hay8 #ab4 ,/rike1 says ! smi?1 ! iron is :ite2 keep ! rake1 says ! haymak]1 z nigh ! scy! z y c1 & ! c>t z nigh ! rake4 #ac4 ,tru/ m51 & !y w be true to y2 treat !m greatly1 & !y w %[ !mselves great1 ?\gh !y make an exception 9 y\r favor to all _! rules ( trade4 #ad4 ,on ! mo/ pr(itable lie ! c\rse ( ev5ts pres5tly lays a de/ructive tax2 :il/ frankness invites frankness1 puts ! p>ties on a conv5i5t foot+1 & makes _! bus9ess a fri5d%ip4 #ae4 ,! /urdie/ (f5d] ( y\r peace & ( ! neighborhood1 if y rip up 8 claims1 is z ?9 & timid z any2 & ! peace ( society is (t5 kept1 because1 z *ildr51 "o is afraid1 & ! o!r d>es n4 #af4 ,!y w %uffle & cr[1 crook & hide1 feign to confess "h1 only t !y may brag & conqu] !re1 & n a ?\ght has enri*$ ei!r p>ty1 & n an emotion ( brav]y1 mode/y1 or hope4 #ag4 ,! magic !y us$ 0 ! ideal t5d5cies1 :i* always make ! ,actual ridicul\s2 b ! t\gh _w _h its rev5ge ! mom5t !y put _! horses ( ! sun to pl[ 9 its furr[4 #ah4 ,come into port greatly1 or sail ) ,god ! seas4 #ai4 ,:5 y h *os5 y\r "p1 abide by x1 & d n weakly try to reconcile y\rself ) ! _w4 #bj4 ,times ( h]oism are g5]ally times ( t]ror1 b ! day nev] %9es 9 :i* ?is elem5t may n "w4 #ba4 ,life is a tra9 ( moods l a /r+ ( beads1 & z we pass ?r\gh !m !y prove to be _m-color$ l5ses :i* pa9t ! _w _! own hue1 & ea* %[s only :at lies at its focus4 #bb4 ,we see "y m5 :o owe u a new _w1 s readily & lavi%ly !y promise1 b !y nev] acquit ! debt2 !y die "y1 & dodge ! acc\nt2 or1 if !y live1 !y lose !mselves 9 ! cr[d4 #bc4 ,s does culture ) u2 x ends 9 heada*e4 #bd4 ,d n craze y\rself ) ?9k+1 b g ab\t y\r bus9ess any:]e4 #be4 ,?us j\rneys ! mighty ,ideal be=e u2 x nev] 0 kn[n to fall into ! re>4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,syntax4 ,,introductory4 ,sid5ote3 ,by way ( introduction4 #chh4 ,syntax is f a ,greek ^w mean+ ord] or arrangem5t4 ,syntax deals ) ! relation ( words to ea* o!r z compon5t p>ts ( a s5t5ce1 & ) _! prop] arrangem5t to express cle>ly ! int5d$ mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr\nd cov]$ by syntax4 #chj4 ,foll[+ ! ,lat9 me?od1 writ]s on ,engli% gramm> usually divide syntax into ! two g5]al heads1--agreem5t & gov]nm5t4 ,agreem5t is conc]n$ ) ! foll[+ relations ( words3 words 9 apposition1 v]b & subject1 pron\n & antec$5t1 adjective & n\n4 ,gov]nm5t has to d ) v]bs & prepositions1 bo? ( :i* are said to gov]n words by hav+ !m 9 ! objective case4 #cij4 ,consid]+ ! sc>city ( inflections 9 ,engli%1 x is cle> t if we m]ely foll[ ! ,lat9 treatm5t1 ! dep>tm5t ( syntax w be a small affair4 ,b !re is a good deal else to wat* 9 addition to ! few =ms2 = !re is an important & m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,lat9 & ,engli% syntax4 ,x is ?is3-- ,lat9 syntax dep5ds ^u fix$ rules gov]n+ ! use ( inflect$ =ms3 h5ce ! position ( words 9 a s5t5ce is ( little grammatical importance4 ,sid5ote3 ,ess5tial po9t 9 ,engli% syntax4 ,engli% syntax foll[s ! ,lat9 to a limit$ ext5t2 b its lead+ *>act]i/ic is1 t ,engli% syntax is f\nd$ ^u ! mean+ & ! logical connection ( words r ?an ^u _! =m3 consequ5tly x is q z necess>y to place words prop]ly1 & to ?9k cle>ly ( ! mean+ ( words1 z to /udy inflect$ =ms4 ,= example1 ! s5t5ce1 ,! savage "h ! settl] slew1 is ambigu\s4 ,savage may be ! subject1 foll[+ ! regul> ord] ( subject2 or settl] may be ! subject1 ! ord] be+ inv]t$4 ,9 ,lat91 di/9ct =ms w\ld be us$1 & x w\ld n matt] :i* "o /ood fir/4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y /udy syntax8 #cia4 ,!re is1 !n1 a d\ble reason = n omitt+ syntax z a dep>tm5t ( gramm>1-- ,fir/1 ,to /udy ! rules reg>d+ ! use ( inflect$ =ms1 "s ( :i* con=m to classical gramm>1 :ile "s are idiomatic 7peculi> to our own language74 ,second1 ,to f9d out ! logical me?ods :i* control u 9 ! arrangem5t ( words2 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! grammatical & ! logical conception ( a s5t5ce d n agree1 or :5 !y exi/ side by side 9 good usage4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! la/ rem>k1 take ! s5t5ce1 ,besides ^! fam\s books ( ,scott's & ,johnson's1 !re is a copi\s ',life' by ,%]idan4 ,9 ?is !re is a possessive =m1 & add$ to x ! preposition (1 also express+ a possessive relation4 ,?is is n logical2 x is n consi/5t ) ! g5]al rules ( gramm>3 b none ! less x is good ,engli%4 ,also 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,none rema9$ b he1 grammatical rules w\ld require him in/ead ( he aft] ! preposition2 yet ! expression is su/a9$ by good au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s rules n rigid4 #cib4 ,9 "s cases1 au?orities--t is1 /&>d writ]s--diff] z to :i* ( two con/ructions %\ld be us$1 or ! same writ] w use bo? indiff]5tly4 ,in/ances w be f\nd 9 treat+ ( ! pron\n or n\n ) a g]und1 pron\n & antec$5t1 sometimes v]b & subject1 etc4 ,:5 usage v>ies z to a giv5 con/ruction1 bo? =ms w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,sid5ote3 ,! basis ( syntax4 #cic4 ,our treatm5t ( syntax w be an endeavor to record ! be/ usage ( ! pres5t "t on important po9ts2 & no?+ b important po9ts w be consid]$1 = x is easy to confuse a /ud5t ) too _m obtrusive don'ts4 ,! con/ructions pres5t$ z g5]al w be ju/ifi$ by quotations f mod]n writ]s ( ,engli% :o are reg>d$ z /&>d2 t is1 writ]s ^: /yle is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z sup]ior1 & ^: judgm5t1 !re=e1 w be accept$ by ^? 9 que/ ( au?oritative op9ion4 ,ref]5ce w also be made to spok5 ,engli% :5 its con/ructions diff] f ^? ( ! lit]>y language1 & to vulg> ,engli% :5 x pres]ves =ms :i* 7 once1 b are n n[1 good ,engli%4 ,x may be sugge/$ to ! /ud5t t ! only way to acquire correctness is to wat* good usage ev]y:]e1 & imitate x4 ,,n\ns4 #cid4 ,n\ns h no di/9ct =ms = ! nom9ative & objective cases3 h5ce no mi/ake c be made 9 us+ !m4 ,b "s rem>ks are requir$ conc]n+ ! use ( ! possessive case4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! possessive4 ,jo9t possession4 #cie4 ,:5 two or m possessives modify ! same n\n1 or indicate jo9t own]%ip or possession1 ! possessive sign is add$ to ! la/ n\n only2 = example1-- ,live y\r k+ & c\ntry's be/ support4--,,r[e4 ,woman1 s5se & nature's easy fool4--,,byron4 ,oliv] & ,boyd's pr9t+ (fice4--,,mccullo*4 ,adam & ,eve's morn+ hymn4--,,milton4 ,9 ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s ,sea ,voyage1 ,juletta tells1 etc4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,sep>ate possession4 #cif4 ,:5 two or m possessives /& be=e ! same n\n1 b imply sep>ate possession or own]%ip1 ! possessive sign is us$ ) ea* n\n2 z1-- ,he l&s u on a grassy /age1 ,safe f ! /orm's & prelate's rage4--,,m>vell ,:]e 7 ! sons ( ,pe]s & ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,anne's & ,george's "t8--,,?ack]ay4 ,levi's /ation 9 life 0 ! receipt ( cu/om2 & ,pet]'s1 ! %ore ( ,galilee2 & ,paul's1 ! ante*amb] ( ! ,high ,prie/4--,,rusk94 ,swift did n keep ,/ella's lett]s4 ,he kept ,bol+broke's1 & ,pope's1 & ,h>ley's1 & ,pet]bor\gh's4--,,?ack]ay4 ,an actor 9 "o ( ,morton's or ,kotzebue's plays4--,,macaulay4 ,putt+ ,mr4 ,mill's & ,mr4 ,b5?am's pr9ciples toge!r4 --,id4 #cig4 ,! possessive prec$+ ! g]und w be consid]$ "u ! possessive ( pron\ns 7,sec4 #djh74 ,,pron\ns4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,i4 ,,nom9ative ,,& ,,objective ,,=ms4 #cih4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 toge!r ) ! relative :o1 h sep>ate =ms = nom9ative & objective use1 !re are two g5]al rules t require att5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al rules4 7#a7 ,! nom9ative use is usually m>k$ by ! nom9ative =m ( ! pron\n4 7#b7 ,! objective use is usually m>k$ by ! objective =m ( ! pron\n4 ,^! simple rules are sometimes violat$ 9 spok5 & 9 lit]>y ,engli%4 ,"s ( ! violations are univ]sally condemn$2 o!rs are g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 sanction$4 ,sid5ote3 ,objective = ! nom9ative4 #cii4 ,! objective is sometimes f\nd in/ead ( ! nom9ative 9 ! foll[+ in/ances3-- 7#a7 ,by a common vulg>ism ( ignorance or c>elessness1 no notice is tak5 ( ! prop] =m to be us$ z subject2 z1-- ,he & me once w5t 9 ! dead ( w9t] 9 a "o-hoss %ay out to ,boonville4--,,:it*]1 ,b$ott ,pap]s4 ,x seems /range to me t !m t prea* up ! doctr9e don't admire "o :o c>rys x out4--,josiah ,all5s ,wife4 7#b7 ,by faulty analysis ( ! s5t5ce1 ! true relation ( ! words is misund]/ood2 = example1 ,:om ?9k ye t ,i am8 7,9 ?is1 :om is ! complem5t aft] ! v]b am1 & %\ld be ! nom9ative =m1 :o47 ,! "y ,h>p]1 :om !y agree 0 r nice-look+ 7:om is ! subject ( ! v]b 074 ,especially is ?is fault to be notic$ aft] an ellipsis ) ?an or z1 ! real ?\ght be+ =gott52 ?us1-- ,b ! consolation com+ f devotion did n g f> ) su* a "o z h]4--,,trollope4 ,?is %\ld be z %e1 because ! full expression w\ld be su* a "o z %e is4 #djj4 ,/ill1 ! la/ expression has ! support ( _m good writ]s1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ examples3-- ,%e 0 nei!r bett] br$ nor wis] ?an y or me4--,,?ack]ay4 ,no mighti] ?an ?yself or me4--,,%akespe>e4 ,l9'd ) ,giants deadli] ?an 'em all4--,,pope4 ,b he mu/ be a /rong] ?an !e4--,,s\!y4 ,n to r5d] up my s\l to su* z !e4--,,byron4 ,i %all n le>n my duty f su* z !e4--,,field+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a safe rule4 ,x w be saf] = ! /ud5t to foll[ ! g5]al rule1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,if s1 !y are yet holi] ?an we4--,,rusk94 ,:o w\ld suppose x is ! game ( su* z he8--,,dick5s4 ,d we see ,! robb] & ! murd'r] weak z we8 --,,milton4 ,i h no o!r sa9t ?an ?\ to pray to4--,,longfell[4 ,sid5ote3 ,?an :om4 #dja4 ,"o exception is to be not$4 ,! expression ?an :om seems to be us$ univ]sally in/ead ( ?an :o4 ,!re is no special reason = ?is1 b su* is ! fact2 = example1-- ,"o ,i rememb] especially1--"o ?an :om ,i nev] met a b&it m gallant4--,,?ack]ay4 ,! camp ( ,ri*>d ( ,engl&1 ?an :om none kn[s bett] h[ to d honor to a noble foe4--,,scott4 ,%e _h a companion :o _h be5 ev] agreeable1 & h] e/ate a /ew>d ?an :om no "o liv+ 0 suppos$ to be m compet5t4--,,p>ton4 ,sid5ote3 ,x 0 he or ,x 0 him8 #djb4 ,& !re is "o "q ab\t :i* gramm>ians are n agre$1 namely1 :e!r ! nom9ative or ! objective =m %\ld be us$ 9 ! pr$icate aft] 01 is1 are1 & ! o!r =ms ( ! v]b be4 ,x may be /at$ ) assurance t ! lit]>y language pref]s ! nom9ative 9 ?is in/ance1 z1-- ,= !re 0 little d\bt t x 0 he4--,,k+sley4 ,b /ill x is n %e4--,,macaulay4 ,& x 0 he ,t made ! %ip to g4 --,,col]idge4 ,9 spok5 ,engli%1 on ! o!r h&1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ! objective =m is regul>ly f\nd1 unless a special1 c>eful ef=t is made to adopt ! /&>d usage4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( spok5 ,engli% f conv]sations3-- ,rose ,satt]ne1 ! mayor's daught]8--,t's h]4--,,k+sley4 ,:o's !re8--,me1 ,patrick ! ,port]4--,,w9?rop4 ,if !re is any "o emb>rass$1 x w n be me4--,,wm4 ,,black4 ,! usage is too common to ne$ fur!r examples4 ,ex]cise4 ,correct ! italiciz$ pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 giv+ reasons f ! analysis ( ! s5t5ce3-- #a4 ,:om !y 7 ,i really _c specify4 #b4 ,tru? is mighti] ?an u all4 #c4 ,if !re ev] 0 a rogue 9 ! _w1 x is me4 #d4 ,!y 7 ! v two individuals :om we ?\ght 7 f> away4 #e4 ,seems to me z if !m z writes mu/ hev a k9d] gift fur x1 n[4 #f4 ,! sign ( ! ,good ,sam>itan is writt5 on ! face ( :omsoev] op5s to ! /rang]4 #g4 ,x is n me y are 9 love )4 #h4 ,y "k :om x is t y ?us *>ge4 #i4 ,! same aff9ity w ex]t its influ5ce on :omsoev] is z noble z ^! m5 & wom54 #aj4 ,x 0 him t ,horace ,walpole call$ a man :o nev] made a bad figure b z an au?or4 #aa4 ,we %all soon see :i* is ! fitte/ object ( scorn1 y or me4 ,sid5ote3 ,me 9 exclamations4 #djc4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! objective =m is us$ 9 exclamations :i* turn ! att5tion ^u a p]son2 z1-- ,unhappy me6 ,t ,i _c risk my own wor?less life4--,,k+sley ,alas6 mis]able me6 ,alas6 unhappy ,seors6--,id4 ,ay me6 ,i fondly dream--_h ye be5 !re4--,,milton4 ,sid5ote3 ,nom9ative = ! objective4 #djd4 ,! rule = ! objective =m is wrongly dep>t$ f-- 7#a7 ,:5 ! object is f> remov$ f ! v]b1 v]bal1 or preposition :i* gov]ns x2 z1 ,he t c d\bt :e!r he be any?+ or no1 ,i speak n to 7he %\ld be him1 ! object ( to72 ,i saw m5 v l him at ea* ( ! places m5tion$1 b n he 7he %\ld be him1 object ( saw74 7#b7 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 pairs ( pron\ns1 us$ aft] v]bs1 v]bals1 & prepositions1 z ?is f ,%akespe>e1 ,all debts are cle>$ betwe5 y & ,i 7= y & me72 or ?is1 ,let ?\ & ,i ! battle try 7= !e & me1 or u74 7#c7 ,by =gett+ ! con/ruction1 9 ! case ( words us$ 9 apposition ) ! object2 z1 ,ask ! murd]]1 he :o has /eep$ 8 h&s 9 ! blood ( ano!r 7in/ead ( him :o1 ! ^w be+ 9 apposition ) murd]]74 ,sid5ote3 ,exception #a1 :o int]rogative4 #dje4 ,! int]rogative pron\n :o may be said to h no objective =m 9 spok5 ,engli%4 ,we regul>ly say1 ,:o did y see8 or1 ,:o 7 !y talk+ to8 etc4 ,! m =mal ,to :om 7 !y talk+8 s\nds /ilt$ 9 conv]sation1 & is usually avoid$4 ,9 lit]>y ,engli% ! objective =m :om is pref]r$ = objective use2 z1-- ,kn[s he n[ to :om he lies "u obligation8--,,scott4 ,:at do? %e look on8 ,:om do? %e behold8--,,wordswor?4 ,yet ! nom9ative =m is f\nd q frequ5tly to divide ! "w ( ! objective use2 = example1-- ,my son is go+ to be m>ri$ to ,i don't "k :o4--,,goldsmi?4 ,:o h we "h8--,id4 ,:o %\ld ,i meet ! o!r day b my old fri5d4--,,/eele4 ,he ha? giv5 away half 8 =tune to ! ,"l kn[s :o4--,,k+sley4 ,:o h we got "h8--,,smollett4 ,:o %\ld we f9d !re b ,eu/a*e8--,,m>rvat4 ,:o ! devil is he talk+ to8--,,%]idan4 ,sid5ote3 ,exception #b1 b he1 etc4 #djf4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ usage to put ! nom9ative =m1 z well z ! objective1 aft] ! preposition b 7sometimes save72 z1-- ,all 7 knock$ d[n b u two4--,,k+sley4 ,?y %ores are empires1 *ang$ 9 all save !e4--,,byron4 ,ri* are ! sea gods3--:o gives gifts b !y8--,,em]son4 ,! ,*iefta9s !n ,return$ rejoic+1 all b he4 --,,s\!y ,no man /rikes him b ,i4--,,k+sley4 ,none1 save ?\ & ?9e1 ,i've sworn1 ,%all be left ^u ! morn4 ,,byron4 ,ex]cise4 ,correct ! italiciz$ pron\ns 9 ! foll[+1 giv+ reasons f ! analysis ( ! quotation3-- #a4 ,?\1 ,nature1 p>tial ,nature1 ,i arraign4 #b4 ,let y & ,i look at ^!1 = !y say !re are none su* 9 ! _w4 #c4 ,nons5se6 said ,amyas1 we c\ld kill e s\l ( !m 9 half an h\r1 & !y "k t z well z me4 #d4 ,m>kl&1 :o1 ) ,jort9 & ,?irlby1 ,johnson calls ?ree contempor>ies ( great em95ce4 #e4 ,!y are com+ = a visit to %e & ,i4 #f4 ,!y cr[n$ him long ago2 ,b :o !y got to put x on ,nobody seems to "k4 #g4 ,i exp]i5c$ little difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ among ! p$e/rians !y :o _h bus9ess ) ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 #h4 ,! great diff]5ce lies betwe5 ! labor] :o moves to ,york%ire & he :o moves to ,canada4 #i4 ,besides my fa!r & ,uncle ,haddock--he ( ! silv] plates4 #aj4 ,ye aga9/ ^: famili> names n yet ,! fatal a/]isk ( dea? is set1 ,ye ,i salute4 #aa4 ,x c't be wor? mu* to !y t hasn't l>n+4 #ab4 ,to s5d me away = a :ole ye>--,i :o _h nev] crept f "u ! p>5tal w+--0 a />tl+ idea4 ,,ii4 ,,possessive ,,=ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,z antec$5t ( a relative4 #djg4 ,! possessive =ms ( p]sonal pron\ns & also ( n\ns are sometimes f\nd z antec$5ts ( relatives4 ,?is usage is n frequ5t4 ,! antec$5t is usually nom9ative or objective1 z ! use ( ! possessive is less likely to be cle>4 ,we %\ld augur ill ( any g5tleman's prop]ty to :om ?is happ5$ e o!r day 9 8 draw+ room4--,,rusk94 ,= _! sakes ^: di/ance disabl$ !m f kn[+ me4--,c4,b4 ,,br[n4 ,n[ by ,8 "n t ,i mo/ rev]5ce 9 ,heav51 & by h]s :om ,i mo/ wor%ip on e>?4--,,scott4 ,he saw h] smile & slip money into ! man's h& :o 0 ord]$ to ride beh9d ! coa*4--,,?ack]ay4 ,he d\bt$ :e!r 8 signature ^: expectations 7 s mu* m b\nd$ w\ld avail4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,= boys ) he>ts z bold ,z 8 :o kept ! bridge s well4 --,,macaulay4 ,sid5ote3 ,prec$+ a g]und1--possessive1 or objective8 #djh4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* !re is "s v>iance 9 usage is su* a con/ruction z ?is3 ,we he>d ( ,br[n /udy+ law1 or ,we he>d ( ,br[n's /udy+ law4 ,t is1 %\ld ! possessive case ( a n\n or pron\n always be us$ ) ! g]und to indicate ! active ag5t8 ,closely scrut9iz+ ^! two s5t5ces quot$1 we might f9d a diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 say+ t 9 ! fir/ "o /udy+ is a p>ticiple1 & ! mean+ is1 ,we he>d ( ,br[n1 :o 0 /udy+ law2 & t 9 ! second1 /udy+ is a g]und1 object ( he>d (1 & modifi$ by ! possessive case z any o!r sub/antive w\ld be4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y bo? are f\nd4 ,b 9 common use !re is no su* di/9ction4 ,bo? types ( s5t5ces are f\nd2 bo? are g]unds2 sometimes ! g]und has ! possessive =m be=e x1 sometimes x has ! objective4 ,! use ( ! objective is old]1 & 9 keep+ ) ! old way ( reg>d+ ! p]son z ! *ief object be=e ! m9d3 ! possessive use is m mod]n1 9 keep+ ) ! disposition to proce$ f ! mat]ial ?+ to ! ab/ract idea1 & to make ! action sub/antive ! *ief idea be=e ! m9d4 ,9 ! examples quot$1 x w be notic$ t ! possessive ( ! pron\n is m common ?an t ( ! n\n4 ,sid5ote3 ,objective4 ,! la/ incid5t :i* ,i recollect1 0 my le>n$ & wor?y patron fall+ f a *air4--,,scott4 ,he spoke ( "s "o com+ to dr9k tea ) him1 & ask$ :y x 0 n made4--,,?ack]ay4 ,! old sexton ev5 express$ a d\bt z to ,%akespe>e hav+ be5 born 9 h] h\se4--,,irv+4 ,! fact ( ! ,romans n bury+ _! dead )9 ! city walls prop] is a /rong reason1 etc4--,,brew]4 ,i rememb] ,wordswor? once laugh+ly report+ to me a little p]sonal anecdote4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,"h ,i /ate !m only 9 brief1 to prev5t ! read] ca/+ ab\t 9 al>m = my ultimate mean+4--,,rusk94 ,we ?9k ) f> less pleasure ( ,cato te>+ out 8 entrails ?an ( ,russell say+1 z he turn$ away f 8 wife1 t ! bitt]ness ( dea? 0 pa/4--,,macaulay4 ,!re is actually a k9d ( sacr$ness 9 ! fact ( su* a man be+ s5t into ?is e>?4--,,c>lyle4 ,sid5ote3 ,possessive4 ,!re is no use = any man's tak+ up 8 abode 9 a h\se built ( glass4--,,c>lyle4 ,z to 8 hav+ good gr\nds on :i* to re/ an action = life4--,,dick5s4 ,! case 0 made kn[n to me by a man's hold+ out ! little creature dead4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,!re may be reason = a savage's pref]r+ _m k9ds ( food :i* ! civiliz$ man rejects4--,,?oreau4 ,x in=ms me ( ! previ\s circum/ances ( my lay+ aside my clo!s4--,c4 ,,brockd5 ,,br[n4 ,! two /rang]s gave me an acc\nt ( _! once hav+ be5 !mselves 9 a some:at simil> condition4--,,audubon4 ,!re 0 a *ance ( _! be+ s5t to a new s*ool1 :]e !re 7 exam9ations4--,,rusk9 ,?is c only be by 8 pref]r+ tru? to 8 pa/ appreh5sion ( tru?4--,,em]son ,,iii4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns ,,& ,,_! ,,antec$5ts4 #dji4 ,! pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son usually ref] back to "s prec$+ n\n or pron\n1 & ought to agree ) !m 9 p]son1 numb]1 & g5d]4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat* = ! real antec$5t4 ,!re are two con/ructions 9 :i* ! /ud5t w ne$ to wat* ! pron\n1--:5 ! antec$5t1 9 "o p]son1 is foll[$ by a phrase conta9+ a pron\n ( a diff]5t p]son2 & :5 ! antec$5t is ( su* a =m t ! pron\n foll[+ _c indicate exactly ! g5d]4 ,examples ( ^! con/ructions are1-- ,^? ( u :o c only ma9ta9 !mselves by cont9u+ 9 "s bus9ess or sal>i$ (fice4--,,rusk94 ,suppose ! life & =tune ( e "o ( u w\ld dep5d on 8 w9n+ or los+ a game ( *ess4--,,huxley4 ,if any "o did n "k x1 x 0 8 own fault4--,,cable4 ,ev]ybody _h 8 own life to ?9k (4--,,defoe4 #daj4 ,9 su* a case z ! la/ ?ree s5t5ces1--:5 ! antec$5t includes bo? mascul9e & fem99e1 or is a di/ributive ^w1 tak+ 9 ea* ( _m p]sons1--! pref]r$ me?od is to put ! pron\n foll[+ 9 ! mascul9e s+ul>2 if ! antec$5t is neut]1 prec$$ by a di/ributive1 ! pron\n w be neut] s+ul>4 ,! foll[+ are additional examples3-- ,! next correspond5t wants y to m>k out a :ole c\rse ( life = him4--,,holmes4 ,e city ?rew op5 its gates4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,e p]son :o turns ?is page has 8 own little di>y4--,,?ack]ay4 ,! pale realms ( %ade1 :]e ea* %all take ,8 *amb] 9 ! sil5t halls ( dea?4 --,,bryant4 ,sid5ote3 ,avoid$3 ,by us+ bo? pron\ns4 ,sometimes ?is is avoid$ by us+ bo? ! mascul9e & ! fem99e pron\n2 = example1-- ,n ! feeble/ gr&ame1 n a m[+ idiot1 b uses :at sp>k ( p]ception & faculty is left1 to *uckle & triumph 9 8 or h] op9ion4--,,em]son4 ,x is a game :i* has be5 play$ = untold ages1 e man & woman ( u be+ "o ( ! two play]s 9 a game ( 8 or h] own4--,,huxley4 ,by us+ ! plural pron\n4 #daa4 ,ano!r way ( ref]r+ to an antec$5t :i* is a di/ributive pron\n or a n\n modifi$ by a di/ributive adjective1 is to use ! plural ( ! pron\n foll[+4 ,?is is n consid]$ ! be/ usage1 ! logical analysis requir+ ! s+ul> pron\n 9 ea* case2 b ! con/ruction is frequ5tly f\nd :5 ! antec$5t includes or implies bo? g5d]s4 ,! mascul9e does n really repres5t a fem99e antec$5t1 & ! expression 8 or h] is avoid$ z be+ cumbr\s4 ,notice ! foll[+ examples ( ! plural3-- ,nei!r ( ! si/]s 7 v mu* deceiv$4--,,?ack]ay4 ,e "o mu/ judge ( _! own feel+s4--,,byron4 ,_h ! doctor be5 cont5t$ to take my d9+ tables1 z anybody 9 _! s5ses w\ld h done4--,,au/54 ,if ! "p des]ve any comm5t1 e consid]+ ,*ri/ian w make x !mselves z !y g4--,,defoe4 ,e p]son's happ9ess dep5ds 9 "p ^u ! respect !y meet 9 ! _w4--,,paley4 ,e nation h _! ref9em5ts--,,/]ne4 ,nei!r gave v5t to _! feel+s 9 words4--,,scott4 ,ea* ( ! nations act$ accord+ to _! national cu/om4--,,palgrave4 ,! sun1 :i* pleases ev]ybody ) x & ) !mselves4--,,rusk94 ,urg+ e "o )9 rea* ( y\r influ5ce to be neat1 & giv+ !m means ( be+ s4--,id4 ,ev]ybody w become ( use 9 _! own fitte/ way4--,id4 ,ev]ybody said !y ?\ght x 0 ! newe/ ?+ !re4--,,w5dell ,,phillips4 ,/ruggl+ = life1 ea* almo/ bur/+ _! s9ews to =ce ! o!r (f4--,,pauld+4 ,:osoev] ha? any gold1 let !m break x (f4--,bible4 ,nobody kn[s :at x is to lose a fri5d1 till !y h lo/ him4--,,field+4 ,:]e %e 0 gone1 or :at 0 become ( h]1 no "o c\ld take ^u !m to say4--,,%]idan4 ,i d n mean t ,i ?9k any "o to blame = tak+ due c>e ( _! heal?4--,,addison4 ,ex]cise4--,9 ! above s5t5ces1 unless bo? g5d]s are impli$1 *ange ! pron\n to agree ) its antec$5t4 ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,i4 ,,re/rictive ,,& ,,unre/rictive ,,relatives4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at ^! t]ms mean4 #dab4 ,z to _! conjunctive use1 ! def9ite relatives :o1 :i*1 & t may be cord9at+ or re/rictive4 ,a relative1 :5 cord9at+1 or unre/rictive1 is equival5t to a conjunction 7&1 b1 because1 etc47 & a p]sonal pron\n4 ,x adds a new /atem5t to :at prec$es1 t be+ consid]$ already cle>2 z1 ,i gave x to ! begg>1 :o w5t away4 ,?is means1 ,i gave x to ! begg> we "k :i* "o1 & he w5t away4 ,a relative1 :5 re/rictive1 introduces a clause to limit & make cle> "s prec$+ ^w4 ,! clause is re/rict$ to ! antec$5t1 & does n add a new /atem5t2 x m]ely c\ples a ?\ght necess>y to def9e ! antec$5t3 z1 ,i gave x to a begg> :o /ood at ! gate4 ,x def9es begg>4 #dac4 ,x is sometimes cont5d$ t :o & :i* %\ld always be cord9at+1 & t always re/rictive2 b1 accord+ to ! practice ( e mod]n writ]1 ! usage mu/ be /at$ z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,a loose rule ! only "o to be =mulat$4 ,:o & :i* are ei!r cord9at+ or re/rictive1 ! ta/e ( ! writ] & reg>d = euphony be+ ! guide4 ,t is 9 mo/ cases re/rictive1 ! cord9at+ use n be+ (t5 f\nd among c>eful writ]s4 ,ex]cise4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples1 tell :e!r :o1 :i*1 & t are re/rictive or n1 9 ea* in/ance3-- ,sid5ote3 ,:o4 #a4 ,"h he is n[6 cri$ ^? :o /ood ne> ,erne/4--,,haw?orne4 #b4 ,he c\ld ov]he> ! rem>ks ( v>i\s individuals1 :o 7 comp>+ ! features ) ! face on ! m\nta9 side4--,id4 #c4 ,! p>ticul> record+ angel :o he>d x pret5d$ n to und]/&1 or x might h gone h>d ) ! tutor4--,,holmes4 #d4 ,yet h[ _m are !re :o up1 d[n1 & ov] ,engl& are say+1 etc4--,h4,w4 ,,bee*] #e4 ,a grizzly-look+ man appe>$1 :om we took to be sixty or sev5ty ye>s old4--,,?oreau4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i*4 #f4 ,! volume :i* ,i am j ab\t t]m9at+ is almo/ z mu* ,engli% hi/ory z ,dut*4--,,motley4 #g4 ,on he>+ _! plan1 :i* 0 to g ov] ! ,cordill]as1 %e agre$ to jo9 ! p>ty4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #h4 ,ev5 ! wild /ory ( ! incid5t :i* _h imm$iately occasion$ ! explosion ( ?is madness fell 9 ) ! univ]sal pro/ration ( m9d4--,id4 #i4 ,_! colloquies are all gone to ! fire except ?is fir/1 :i* ,mr4 ,h>e has pr9t$4--,,c>lyle4 #aj4 ,!re is a p>ticul> sci5ce :i* takes ^! matt]s 9 h&1 & x is call$ logic4--,,newman4 ,sid5ote3 ,t4 #aa4 ,s diff]5t f ! wild1 h>d-m\!d horses at ,we/port1 t 7 (t5 vici\s4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #ab4 ,he 0 (t5 tempt$ to pluck ! fl[]s t rose ev]y:]e ab\t him 9 ! greate/ v>iety4--,,addison4 #ac4 ,he felt a gale ( p]fumes brea?+ ^u him1 t grew /rong] & sweet] 9 proportion z he advanc$4--,id4 #ad4 ,) n>r[ %\ld]s1 long arms & legs1 h&s t dangl$ a mile out ( 8 sleeves4--,,irv+4 ,,ii4 ,,relative ,,& ,,antec$5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rule4 #dad4 ,! g5]al rule is1 t ! relative pron\n agrees ) its antec$5t 9 p]son & numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 :at s5se true4 ,?is _c be true z to ! =m ( ! pron\n1 z t does n v>y = p]son or numb]4 ,we say ,i1 y1 he1 !y1 etc41 :o2 ^! or t :i*1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 ! relative c>ries ov] ! agreem5t f ! antec$5t be=e to ! v]b foll[+1 s f> z ! v]b has =ms to %[ its agreem5t ) a sub/antive4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,he t writes to himself writes to an et]nal public1 t is inv>iable z to p]son & numb]1 b1 because ( its antec$5t1 x makes ! v]b ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,notice ! agreem5t 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,!re is n "o ( ! company1 b myself1 :o r>ely speak at all1 b speaks ( him z t sort1 etc4--,,addison4 ,o ,"t6 :o "k'/ a l5i5t h& to lay ,s(te/ on sorr['s w\nd4--,,b[les4 ,let u be ( good *e]1 rememb]+ t ! mis=tunes h>de/ to be> are ^? :i* nev] come4--,,l[ell4 ,sid5ote3 ,a disput$ po9t4 #dae4 ,?is prep>es ! way = ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! vex$ que/ions1--:e!r we %\ld say1 "o ( ! f9e/ books t has be5 publi%$1 or1 "o ( ! f9e/ books t h be5 publi%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o ( 444 plural t :o1 or :i* 444 s+ul> or plural4 ,! pale realms ( %ade1 :]e ea* %all take ,8 *amb] 9 ! sil5t halls ( dea?4 --,,bryant4 ,bo? con/ructions are frequ5tly f\nd1 ! reason be+ a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! antec$5t4 ,"s consid] x to be "o book ( ! f9e/ books1 ) "o z ! pr9cipal ^w1 ! true antec$5t2 o!rs reg>d books z ! antec$5t1 & write ! v]b 9 ! plural4 ,! latt] is r m frequ5t1 b ! =m] has good au?ority4 ,! foll[+ quotations %[ bo? sides3-- ,sid5ote3 ,plural4 ,he 0 "o ( ! v few comm&]s :o appe> to h %[n equal skill 9 direct+ a campaign1 9 w9n+ a battle1 & 9 improv+ a victory4--,,lecky4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s :o h ev] liv$4--,j4,t4,,morse1 ,jr41 ,frankl94 ,x is "o ( ^? p]iods :i* %9e ) an unnatural & delusive spl5dor4--,,macaulay4 ,a v little enc\ragem5t br\ght back "o ( ^? ov]fl[s :i* make "o m a%am$1 etc4--,,holmes4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o believe t ! real w nev] f9d an irremovable basis till x re/s on ! ideal4--,,l[ell4 ,fr5* lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5cies t h ev] exi/$4--,m4 ,,arnold4 ,:at man's life is n ov]tak5 by "o or m ( ^? tornadoes t s5d u out ( our c\rse8--,,?ack]ay4 ,he is "o ( ^? t des]ve v well4--,,addison4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+ul>4 ,! fi]y y\? 444 /ruck d[n "o ( ^? :o 0 press+ h>de/4--,,scott4 ,he appe>$ to me "o ( ! noble/ creatures t ev] 01 :5 he d]id$ ! %ams ( society4--,,h[ells4 ,a r>e ,r\ndab\t p]=mance1--"o ( ! v be/ t has ev] appe>$ 9 ?is s]ies4--,,?ack]ay4 ,valanc\rt 0 ! h]o ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s romances :i* ev] 0 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4--,id4 ,x is "o ( ! errors :i* has be5 dilig5tly propagat$ by design+ writ]s4--,,irv+4 ,i am go+ to breakfa/ ) "o ( ^! fell[s :o is at ! ,piazza ,hotel4--,,dick5s4 ,! ,economy ( ! ,animal ,k+dom is "o ( ^? books :i* is an honor to ! human race4--,,em]son4 ,tom ,puzzle is "o ( ! mo/ em95t imme?odical disputants ( any t has fall5 "u my obs]vation4--,,addison4 ,! ri*ly canopi$ monum5t ( "o ( ! mo/ e>ne/ s\ls t ev] gave itself to ! arts4--,,rusk94 ,,iii4 ,,omission ,,( ,,! ,,relative4 #daf4 ,al?\gh ! omission ( ! relative is common :5 x w\ld be ! object ( ! v]b or preposition express$1 !re is an omission :i* is n frequ5tly f\nd 9 c>eful writ]s2 t is1 :5 ! relative ^w is a pron\n1 object ( a preposition und]/ood1 or is equival5t to ! conjunction :51 :]e1 :5ce1 & su* l3 z1 ,he return$ by ! same r\te by :i* he came2 ,india is ! place 9 :i*1 or :]e he di$4 ,notice ^! s5t5ces3-- ,9 ! po/ure ,i lay1 ,i c\ld see no?+ except ! sky4--,,swift4 ,?is is he t %\ld m>%al u ! way we 7 go+4--,,em]son4 ,b ,i by backw>d /eps w\ld move2 ,&1 :5 ?is du/ falls to ! urn1 ,9 t same /ate ,i came1 return4--,,vaughan4 ,welcome ! h\r my ag$ limbs ,are laid ) !e to re/4--,,burns4 ,! night 0 conclud$ 9 ! mann] we began ! morn+4--,,goldsmi?4 ,! same day ,i w5t abo>d we set sail4--,,defoe4 ,! vulg> hi/orian ( a ,cromwell fancies t he _h det]m9$ on be+ ,protector ( ,engl&1 at ! "t he 0 pl[+ ! m>% l&s ( ,cambridge%ire4--,,c>lyle4 ,to pass "u ! canvas 9 ! mann] he _h ent]$ requir$ "t & att5tion4--,,scott4 ,ex]cise4--,9 ! above s5t5ces1 ins]t ! omitt$ conjunction or phrase1 & see if ! s5t5ce is made cle>]4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,relative ,,z ,,aft] ,,same4 #dag4 ,x is v r>ely t we f9d su* s5t5ces z1-- ,he consid]$444me z 8 appr5tice1 & accord+ly expect$ ! same s]vice f me z he w\ld f ano!r4--,,frankl94 ,?is has ! same effect 9 natural faults z maim+ & mutilation produce f accid5ts4--,,burke4 ,sid5ote3 ,! regul> con/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 ,! usual way is to use ! relative z aft] same if no v]b foll[s z2 b1 if same is foll[$ by a complete clause1 z is n us$1 b we f9d ! relative :o1 :i*1 or t4 ,rememb] ?is applies only to z :5 us$ z a relative4 ,examples ( ! use ( z 9 a contract$ clause3-- ,look+ to ! same end z ,turn]1 & work+ 9 ! same _s1 he1 ) ,turn]1 0 a discov]]1 etc4--,r4,w4 ,,*ur*4 ,!y believe ! same ( all ! works ( art1 z ( knives1 boats1 look+-glasses4--,,addison4 ,examples ( relatives foll[+ same 9 full clauses3-- ,sid5ote3 ,:o4 ,?is is ! v same rogue :o sold u ! spectacles4 --,,goldsmi?4 ,! same p]son :o _h clapp$ 8 ?rill+ h&s at ! fir/ repres5tation ( ! ,tempe/4--,,macaulay4 ,sid5ote3 ,t4 ,i rubb$ on "s ( ! same o9tm5t t 0 giv5 me at my fir/ arrival4--,,swift4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i*4 ,= ! same s\nd is 9 my e>s ,:i* 9 ^? days ,i he>d4--,,wordswor?4 ,) ! same m9ut5ess :i* h] pr$ecessor _h exhibit$1 %e pass$ ! lamp ov] h] face & p]son4--,,scott4 ,v4 ,,misuse ,,( ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,anacolu?ic use ( :i*4 #dah4 ,!re is n[ & !n f\nd 9 ! pages ( lit]ature a con/ruction :i* imitates ! ,lat91 b :i* is usually c>efully avoid$4 ,x is a use ( ! relative :i* s z to make an anacolu?on1 or lack ( prop] connection betwe5 ! clauses2 = example1-- ,:i*1 if ,i _h resolv$ to g on )1 ,i might z well h /aid at home4--,,defoe ,:i* if he attempt$ to d1 ,mr4 ,bill+s v[$ t he w\ld foll[ him to ,j]usalem4--,,?ack]ay4 ,we "k n ! incantation ( ! he>t t w\ld wake !m2--:i* if !y once he>d1 !y w\ld />t up to meet u 9 ! p[] ( long ago4--,,rusk94 ,he deliv]$ ! lett]1 :i* :5 ,mr4 ,?ornhill _h read1 he said t all submission 0 n[ too late4--,,goldsmi?4 ,b /ill ! h\se affairs w\ld draw h] !nce2 ,:i* ev] z %e c\ld ) ha/e dispat*1 ,%e'd come aga94--,,%akespe>e4 ,z ! s5t5ces /&1 :i* really has no (fice 9 ! s5t5ce3 x %\ld be *ang$ to a demon/rative or a p]sonal pron\n1 & ?is be plac$ 9 ! prop] clause4 ,ex]cise4--,rewrite ! above five s5t5ces s z to make ! prop] grammatical connection 9 ea*4 ,sid5ote3 ,& :o1 & :i*1 etc4 #dai4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( expression :i* slips into ! l9es ( ev5 /&>d au?ors1 b :i* is always reg>d$ z an ov]sight & a blemi%4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce af=ds an example3 ,! ri* are n[ engag$ 9 di/ribut+ :at rema9s among ! poor] sort1 & :o are n[ ?r[n ^u _! compassion4 ,! tr\ble is t su* conjunctions z &1 b1 or1 etc41 %\ld connect expressions ( ! same k9d3 & :o makes u look = a prec$+ :o1 b none is express$4 ,!re are ?ree ways to rem$y ! s5t5ce quot$3 ?us1 7#a7 ,among ^? :o are poor1 & :o are n[1 etc42 7#b7 ,among ! poor] sort1 :o are n[ ?r[n1 etc42 7#c7 ,among ! poor] sort1 n[ ?r[n ^u _!1 etc4 ,t is1-- ,sid5ote3 ,direction = rewrit+4 ,express bo? relatives1 or omit ! conjunction1 or leave out bo? connective & relative4 ,ex]cise4 ,rewrite ! foll[+ examples accord+ to ! direction j giv53-- ,sid5ote3 ,& :o4 #a4 ,he/] be/[$ all h] means on wret*es less mis]able ?an h]self1 & :o n unfrequ5tly insult$ ! h& t f$ !m4--,,haw?orne4 #b4 ,) an albatross p]*$ on 8 %\ld]1 & :o might be introduc$ to ! congregation z ! imm$iate organ ( 8 conv]sion4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #c4 ,aft] ?is came ,elizabe? h]self1 !n 9 ! full gl[ ( :at 9 a sov]eign 0 call$ beauty1 & :o w\ld 9 ! l[e/ walk ( life h be5 truly judg$ to possess a noble figure4--,,scott4 #d4 ,?is 0 a g5tleman1 once a great favorite ( ,m4 le ,conte1 & 9 :om ,i myself 0 n a little int]e/$4--,,?ack]ay4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :o4 #e4 ,yond] woman 0 ! wife ( a c]ta9 le>n$ man1 ,engli% by "n1 b :o _h long dwelt 9 ,am/]dam4--,,haw?orne4 #f4 ,dr4 ,f]guson consid]$ him z a man ( a p[]ful capacity1 b ^: m9d 0 ?r[n (f its j bias4--,,scott4 ,sid5ote3 ,or :o4 #g4 ,:at knight s crav51 !n1 exclaims ! *ivalr\s ,v5etian1 t he w\ld n h be5 m ?an a mat* = ! /\te/ adv]s>y2 or :o w\ld n h lo/ 8 life a ?\s& times soon] ?an return di%onor$ by ! lady ( 8 love8--,,prescott4 ,sid5ote3 ,& :i*4 #h4 ,!re are peculi> quav]s /ill to be he>d 9 t *ur*1 & :i* may ev5 be he>d a mile (f4--,,irv+4 #i4 ,! old ,briti% tongue 0 replac$ by a debas$ ,lat91 l t spok5 9 ! t[ns1 & 9 :i* inscriptions are f\nd 9 ! we/]n c\nties4--,,pe>son4 #aj4 ,i %all h complete copies1 "o ( signal int]e/1 & :i* has nev] be5 describ$4--,,motley4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :i*4 #aa4 ,a mock]y1 inde$1 b 9 :i* ! s\l trifl$ ) itself6--,,haw?orne4 #ab4 ,i saw ^u ! left a sc5e f> diff]5t1 b :i* yet ! p[] ( dreams _h reconcil$ into h>mony4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,sid5ote3 ,or :i*4 #ac4 ,he acc\nt$ ! fair-spok5 c\rtesy1 :i* ! ,scot* _h le>n$1 ei!r f imitation ( _! frequ5t allies1 ! ,fr5*1 or :i* might h aris5 f _! own pr\d & res]v$ "*1 z a false & a/uci\s m>k1 etc4--,,scott4 ,sid5ote3 ,t 444 & :i*1 etc4 #dbj4 ,ak9 to ! above is ano!r fault1 :i* is likewise a v>iation f ! be/ usage4 ,two diff]5t relatives are sometimes f\nd ref]r+ back to ! same antec$5t 9 "o s5t5ce2 :]eas ! bett] practice is to *oose "o relative1 & repeat ?is = any fur!r ref]5ce4 ,ex]cise4 ,rewrite ! foll[+ quotations by repeat+ "o relative in/ead ( us+ two = ! same antec$5t3-- ,sid5ote3 ,t 444 :o4 #a4 ,/ill 9 ! confid5ce ( *ildr5 t tread )\t fe> e *amb] 9 _! fa!r's h\se1 & to :om no door is clos$4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #b4 ,^? r5[n$ m5 t 7 our ance/ors z mu* z y\rs1 & ^: examples & pr9ciples we inh]it4--,,bee*]4 #c4 ,! ,tree ,igdrasil1 t has its roots d[n 9 ! k+doms ( ,hela & ,dea?1 & ^: b\ghs ov]spread ! highe/ heav56--,,c>lyle4 ,sid5ote3 ,t 444 :i*4 #d4 ,*ri/ianity is a religion t reveals m5 z ! object ( ,god's inf9ite love1 & :i* comm5ds him to ! unb\nd$ love ( 8 bre?r54--,w4,e4 ,,*ann+4 #e4 ,he flung into lit]ature1 9 8 ,mephi/opheles1 ! fir/ organic figure t has be5 add$ = "s ages1 & :i* w rema9 z long z ! ,prome!us4--,,em]son4 #f4 ,gut5burg might also h /ruck out an idea t surely did n require any extraord9>y +5uity1 & :i* left ! mo/ important difficulties to be surm\nt$4--,,hallam4 #g4 ,d me ! ju/ice to tell me :at ,i h a title to be acqua9t$ )1 & :i* ,i am c]ta9 to "k m truly f y ?an f o!rs4--,,scott4 #h4 ,he w d ?is amiable little s]vice out ( :at "o may say old civilization has e/abli%$ 9 place ( goodness ( he>t1 b :i* is p]haps n s diff]5t f x4--,,h[ells4 #i4 ,9 my native t[n ( ,salem1 at ! head ( :at1 half a c5tury ago1 0 a bu/l+ :>f1--b :i* is n[ burd5$ ) decay$ wood5 w>eh\ses4--,,haw?orne4 #aj4 ,8 recollection ( :at he consid]$ z extreme presumption 9 ! ,knight ( ! ,leop>d1 ev5 :5 he /ood high 9 ! roles ( *ivalry1 b :i*1 9 8 pres5t condition1 appe>$ an insult suffici5t to drive ! fi]y mon>* into a fr5zy ( passion4--,,scott ,sid5ote3 ,t :i* 444 :at4 #aa4 ,he1 n[ )\t any ef=t b t :i* he d]iv$ f ! sill1 & :at little 8 feet c\ld secure ! irregul> crevices1 0 hung 9 air4--,w4,g4 ,,simms4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* z 444 :i*4 #ab4 ,x rose into a ?rill+ passion1 su* z my he>t _h always dimly crav$ & hung]$ aft]1 b :i* n[ fir/ int]pret$ itself to my e>4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #ac4 ,i recomm5d "s hone/ manual call+1 su* z !y h v probably be5 br$ to1 & :i* w at lea/ give !m a *ance ( becom+ ,presid5t4--,,holmes4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* z 444 :om4 #ad4 ,i grudge ! doll>1 ! dime1 ! c5t1 ,i give to su* m5 z d n belong to me1 & to :om ,i d n belong4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,:i* 444 t 444 t4 #ae4 ,t evil influ5ce :i* c>ri$ me fir/ away f my fa!r's h\se1 t hurri$ me into ! wild & undige/$ notion ( mak+ my =tune1 & t impress$ ^! conceits s =cibly ^u me4--,,defoe4 ,,adjective ,,pron\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,ea* o!r1 "o ano!r4 #dba4 ,! /ud5t is sometimes tr\bl$ :e!r to use ea* o!r or "o ano!r 9 express+ reciprocal relation or action4 ,:e!r ei!r "o ref]s to a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons or objects1 :e!r or n ! two are equival5t1 may be ga!r$ f a /udy ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,!y ,erne/ & ! poet l$ "o ano!r1 z x 71 into ! high pavilion ( _! ?\ghts4--,,haw?orne4 ,m5 take ea* o!r's measure :5 !y meet = ! fir/ "t4--,,em]son4 ,y ruffian6 d y fancy ,i =get t we 7 fond ( ea* o!r8--,,?ack]ay4 ,engl& 0 !n divid$ betwe5 k+s & ,druids1 always at w> ) "o ano!r1 c>ry+ (f ea* o!r's cattle & wives4--,,brew] ,! topics foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! happie/ ord]4--,,macaulay4 ,! ,pe]s at a conf]5ce beg9 to pommel ea* o!r4--,id4 ,we call ourselves a ri* nation1 & we are fil?y & fooli% en\gh to ?umb ea* o!r's books out ( circulat+ libr>ies4--,,rusk94 ,! real h>d%ips ( life are n[ com+ fa/ ^u u2 let u n increase !m by diss5sion among ea* o!r4--,,goldsmi?4 ,9 a mom5t we 7 all %ak+ h&s ) "o ano!r4--,,dick5s4 ,! unju/ pur*as] =ces ! two to bid aga9/ ea* o!r4--,,rusk94 ,sid5ote3 ,di/ributives ei!r & nei!r4 #dbb4 ,by _! orig9al mean+1 ei!r & nei!r ref] to only two p]sons or objects2 z1 = example1-- ,"s "o mu/ be poor1 & 9 want ( 8 gold--or 8 corn4 ,assume t no "o is 9 want ( ei!r4--,,rusk9 ,_! ,erne/'s & ! poet's m9ds accord$ into "o /ra91 & made delightful music :i* nei!r c\ld h claim$ z all 8 own4--,,haw?orne4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( any4 ,sometimes ^! are made to ref] to sev]al objects1 9 :i* case any %\ld be us$ in/ead2 z1-- ,0 x ! w9t]'s /orm8 0 x h>d labor & sp>e meals8 0 x disease8 0 x ! tomahawk8 ,is x possible t nei!r ( ^! causes1 t n all comb9$1 7 able to bla/ ?is bud ( hope8--,,ev]ett4 ,once ,i took su* delight 9 ,montaigne 4442 be=e t1 9 ,%akespe>e2 !n 9 ,plut>*2 !n 9 ,plot9us2 at "o "t 9 ,bacon2 aft]w>ds 9 ,goe!2 ev5 9 ,bett9e2 b n[ ,i turn ! pages ( ei!r ( !m languidly1 :il/ ,i /ill *]i% _! g5ius4--,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,any usually plural4 #dbc4 ,! adjective pron\n any is ne>ly always reg>d$ z plural1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,if any ( y h be5 accu/om$ to look ^u ^! h\rs z m]e vision>y h\rs1 ,i besee* y1 etc4--,,bee*] ,:5ev]1 dur+ 8 /ay at ,yu/e1 any ( 8 fri5ds _h di$1 he _h be5 punctual 9 do+ honor to _! memory4--,,/irl+4 ,b ,i enjoy ! company & conv]sation ( its inhabitants1 :5 any ( !m are s good z to visit me4--,,frankl94 ,d y ?9k1 :5 ,i spoke anon ( ! gho/s ( ,pryor's *ildr51 ,i mean t any ( !m are dead8--,,?ack]ay4 ,9 e>li] ,mod]n ,engli%1 any 0 (t5 s+ul>2 z1-- ,if any1 speak2 = him h ,i (f5d$4--,,%akespe>e4 ,if any ( y lack wisdom1 let him ask ( ,god4--,bible4 ,v r>ely ! s+ul> is met ) 9 lat] times2 z1-- ,"h is a poet d\btless z mu* affect$ by 8 own descriptions z any t reads !m c be4--,,burke4 ,sid5ote3 ,caution4 ,! above in/ances are to be di/+ui%$ f ! adjective any1 :i* is plural z (t5 z s+ul>4 ,sid5ote3 ,none usually plural4 #dbd4 ,! adjective pron\n none is1 9 ! prose ( ! pres5t day1 usually plural1 al?\gh x is hi/orically a contraction ( ne n 7n "o74 ,examples ( its use are1-- ,9 e>ne/1 if ev] man 02 z none ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s 74--,,c>lyle4 ,none ( ,nature's p[]s d bett] s]vice4--,,pr(4 ,,dana ,"o man answ]s "s "q :i* none ( 8 contempor>ies put1 & is isolat$4--,,em]son4 ,none obey ! comm& ( duty s well z ^? :o are free f ! obs]vance ( slavi% bondage4--,,scott4 ,d y ?9k1 :5 ,i spoke anon ( ! gho/s ( ,pryor's *ildr51 ,i mean t any ( !m are dead8 ,none are1 t ,i "k (4--,,?ack]ay4 ,e>ly apples beg9 to be ripe ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/2 b ,i ?9k none ( !m are s good to eat z "s to smell4--,,?oreau4 ,! s+ul> use ( none is (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,bible2 z1-- ,none ( !m 0 cleans$1 sav+ ,naaman ! ,syrian4--,,luke iv #bg ,also ! s+ul> is sometimes f\nd 9 pres5t-day ,engli% 9 prose1 & less r>ely 9 poetry2 = example1-- ,p]haps none ( our ,presid5ts s9ce ,wa%+ton has /ood s firm 9 ! confid5ce ( ! p4--,,l[ell ,9 signal none 8 /e$ %\ld sp>e4--,,scott ,l ! use ( any1 ! pron\n none %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! adjective none1 :i* is us$ absolutely1 & h5ce is m likely to confuse ! /ud5t4 ,comp>e ) ! above ! foll[+ s5t5ces hav+ ! adjective none3-- ,reflect+ a summ] ev5+ sky 9 its bosom1 ?\gh none no sky 0 visible ov]head4--,,?oreau ,! holy fires 7 suff]$ to g out 9 ! temples1 & none no fires 7 light$ 9 _! own dwell+s4--,,prescott ,sid5ote3 ,all s+ul> & plural4 #dbe4 ,! pron\n all has ! s+ul> con/ruction :5 x means ev]y?+2 ! plural1 :5 x means all p]sons3 = example1-- ,sid5ote3 ,s+ul>4 ,! light troops ?\ght 444 t all 0 lo/4--,,palgrave ,all 0 won on ! "o side1 & all 0 lo/ on ! o!r4--,,bayne ,hav+ done all t 0 j t[>d o!rs4--,,napi] ,sid5ote3 ,plural4 ,b ! ,k+'s treatm5t ( ! great lords w be judg$ l5i5tly by all :o rememb]1 etc4--,,pe>son4 ,:5 all 7 gone1 fix+ 8 eyes on ! mace1 etc4--,,l+>d ,all :o did n und]/& ,fr5* 7 compell$1 etc4--,mc,m,a,s,t,e,r4 ,sid5ote3 ,somebody's else1 or somebody else's8 #dbf4 ,! comp\nds somebody else1 any "o else1 nobody else1 etc41 are treat$ z units1 & ! apo/rophe is regul>ly add$ to ! f9al ^w else in/ead ( ! fir/4 ,?ack]ay has ! expression somebody's else1 & ,=d has nobody's else1 b ! regul> usage is %[n 9 ! foll[+ selections3-- ,a boy :o is fond ( somebody else's p5cil case4--,g4 ,,eliot4 ,a suit ( clo!s l somebody else's4--,,?ack]ay4 ,draw+ (f 8 gloves & w>m+ 8 h&s be=e ! fire z b5evol5tly z if !y 7 somebody else's4--,,dick5s4 ,c]ta9ly n6 nor any "o else's ropes4--,,rusk94 ,aga91 my pronunciation--l ev]yone else's--is 9 "s cases m ar*aic4--,,sweet4 ,!n ev]ybody want$ "s ( somebody else's4--,,rusk94 ,8 hair444curl$ once all ov] x 9 long t5drils1 unlike anybody else's 9 ! _w4--,n4,p4 ,,willis4 ,ye see1 !re a9't no?9' wakes folks up l somebody else's want9' :at y've got4--,,mrs4 ,,/[e4 ,,adjectives4 ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,adjectives ,,) ,,n\ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,^! sort1 all mann] (1 etc4 #dbg4 ,! /atem5t t adjectives agree ) _! n\ns 9 numb] is re/rict$ to ! words ?is & t 7) ^! & ^?71 z ^! are ! only adjectives t h sep>ate =ms = s+ul> & plural2 & x is only 9 "o set ( expressions t ! concord seems to be violat$1--9 su* z ^! sort ( books1 ^? k9d ( trees1 all mann] ( m52 ! n\ns be+ s+ul>1 ! adjectives plural4 ,^! expressions are all b univ]sal 9 spok5 ,engli%1 & may be f\nd n infrequ5tly 9 lit]>y ,engli%2 = example1-- ,^! k9d ( knaves ,i "k1 :i* 9 ?is pla9ness ,h>bor m craft1 etc4--,,%akespe>e ,all ^! sort ( ?+s4--,,%]idan4 ,i hop$ we _h done ) ^? sort ( ?+s4--,,mulo*4 ,y h be5 s us$ to ^? sort ( imp]t95ces4--,,sydney ,,smi?4 ,:itefield or ,wesley1 or "s o!r su* great man z a bi%op1 or ^? sort ( p4--,,field+4 ,i always delight 9 ov]?r[+ ^? k9d ( s*emes4--,,au/54 ,!re are wom5 z well z m5 :o c ?or\ghly enjoy ^? sort ( romantic spots4--,saturday ,review1 ,london4 ,! libr>y 0 op51 ) all mann] ( amus+ books4--,,rusk94 ,accord+ to ! approv$ usage ( ,mod]n ,engli%1 ea* "o ( ! above adjectives w\ld h to be *ang$ to ! s+ul>1 or ! n\ns to ! plural4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory ( ?is con/ruction4 ,! reason = ! preval5ce ( ^! expressions mu/ be s\ght 9 ! hi/ory ( ! language3 x _c be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t ! adjective is made plural by ! attraction ( a n\n foll[+4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ! s\rce4 ,9 ,old & ,middle ,engli%1 9 keep+ ) ! cu/om ( look+ at ?+s concretely r ?an 9 ! ab/ract1 !y said1 n all k9ds ( wild animals1 b alles cunnes wilde deor 7wild animals (-e-k9d74 ,?is ! mod]n expression rev]ses4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] =m4 ,b 9 e>ly ,middle ,engli% ! mod]n way ( reg>d+ su* expressions also appe>$1 gradually displac+ ! old4 ,sid5ote3 ,! result4 ,consequ5tly we h a confus$ expression4 ,we keep ! =m ( logical agreem5t 9 /&>d ,engli%1 su* z1 ,?is sort ( trees %\ld be plant$2 b at ! same "t ! n\n foll[+ k9d ( is felt to be ! real subject1 & ! adjective is1 9 spok5 ,engli%1 made to agree ) x1 :i* acc\nts = ! con/ruction1 ,^! k9d ( trees are be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,a "q4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( ! logical con/ruction is se5 :5 we wi% to use a pr$icate ) numb] =ms4 ,%\ld we say1 ,?is k9d ( rules are ! be/1 or ,?is k9d ( rules is ! be/8 ,k9d or sort may be treat$ z a collective n\n1 & 9 ?is way may take a plural v]b2 = example1 ,burke's s5t5ce1 ,a sort ( unc]ta9 s\nds are1 :5 ! necess>y dispositions concur1 m al>m+ ?an a total sil5ce4 ,,comp>ative ,,& ,,sup]lative ,,=ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! comp>ative degree4 #dbh4 ,! comp>ative degree ( ! adjective 7or adv]b7 is us$ :5 we wi% to comp>e two objects or sets ( objects1 or "o object ) a class ( objects1 to express a high] degree ( quality2 z1-- ,:i* is ! bett] able to def5d himself1--a /rong man ) no?+ b 8 fi/s1 or a p>alytic cripple encumb]$ ) a sword :i* he _c lift8--,,macaulay4 ,( two su* lessons1 :y =get ,! nobl] & ! manli] "o8 --,,byron4 ,we may well d\bt :i* has ! /rong] claim to civilization1 ! victor or ! vanqui%$4--,,prescott4 ,a brav] ne'er to battle rode4--,,scott4 ,he is tall]1 by almo/ ! bread? ( my nail1 ?an any ( 8 c\rt4--,,swift4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r aft] ! comp>ative =m4 #dbi4 ,:5 an object is comp>$ ) ! class to :i* x belongs1 x is regul>ly exclud$ f t class by ! ^w o!r2 if n1 ! object w\ld really be comp>$ ) itself3 ?us1-- ,! "* ( ,lady ,ca/lewood has requir$ m delicacy 9 its manipulation ?an p]haps any o!r :i* ,?ack]ay has drawn4--,,trollope4 ,i us$ to wat* ?is patri>*al p]sonage ) liveli] curiosity ?an any o!r =m ( humanity4--,,haw?orne4 ,ex]cise4 ,see if ! ^w o!r %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,!re 0 no man :o c\ld make a m graceful b[ ?an ,mr4 ,h5ry4--,,wirt4 #b4 ,i am conc]n$ to see t ,mr4 ,g>y1 to :om ,dante owes m ?an ev] poet ow$ to translator1 has sanction$1 etc4--,,macaulay4 #c4 ,!re is no c\ntry 9 :i* weal? is s s5sible ( its obligations z our own4--,,l[ell4 #d4 ,?is is m s9c]ely done 9 ! ,sc&9avian ?an 9 any my?ology ,i "k4--,,c>lyle4 #e4 ,9 ,?addeus ( ,w>saw !re is m cry+ ?an 9 any novel ,i rememb] to h read4--,,?ack]ay4 #f4 ,! h]oes ( ano!r writ] ,coop] are q ! equals ( ,scott's m52 p]haps ,lea!r-/ock+ is bett] ?an any "o 9 ,scott's lot4--,id4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! sup]lative degree4 #dcj4 ,! sup]lative degree ( ! adjective 7or adv]b7 is us$ regul>ly 9 comp>+ m ?an two ?+s1 b is also frequ5tly us$ 9 comp>+ only two ?+s4 ,examples ( sup]lative ) sev]al objects3-- ,x is a case ( :i* ! simple/ /atem5t is ! /ronge/4--,,macaulay4 ,ev5 ,dodd himself1 :o 0 "o ( ! greate/ humbugs :o ev] liv$1 w\ld n h _h ! face4--,,?ack]ay4 ,to ! man :o plays well1 ! highe/ /akes are paid4--,,huxley4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]lative ) two objects4 ,comp>e ! fir/ ?ree s5t5ces 9 ,sec4 #dbh ) ! foll[+3-- ,:i* d y love be/ to behold1 ! lamb or ! lion8 --,,?ack]ay4 ,:i* ( ^! me?ods has ! be/ effect8 ,bo? ( !m are ! same to ! s5se1 & diff] only 9 =m4--,,dr ,,blair4 ,rip 0 "o ( ^? 444 :o eat :ite bread or br[n1 :i*ev] c be got easie/4--,,irv+4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ! man ( wisdom or ! man ( folly contribut$ mo/ to ! amusem5t ( ! p>ty4--,,scott4 ,!re 0 an int]val ( ?ree ye>s betwe5 ,m>y & ,anne4 ,! elde/1 ,m>y1 0 l ! ,/u>ts--! y\ng] 0 a fair ,engli% *ild4--,,mrs4 ,,oliphant4 ,( ! two great p>ties :i* at ?is h\r almo/ %>e ! nation betwe5 !m1 ,i %\ld say t "o has ! be/ cause1 & ! o!r conta9s ! be/ m54--,,em]son4 ,9 all disputes betwe5 ,/ates1 ?\gh ! /ronge/ is ne>ly always ma9ly 9 ! wrong1 ! weak] is (t5 s 9 a m9or degree4--,,rusk94 ,%e ?\ght him & ,olivia extremely ( a size1 & w\ld bid bo? to /& up to see :i* 0 ! talle/4--,,goldsmi?4 ,^! two prop]ties seem ess5tial to wit1 m p>ticul>ly ! la/ ( !m4--,,addison4 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 ro>$ ,goodman ,br[n :5 ! w9d laugh$ at him4 ,let u see :i* w laugh l\de/4--,,haw?orne4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\ble comp>ative & sup]lative4 #dca4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's "t x 0 q common to use a d\ble comp>ative & sup]lative by us+ m or mo/ be=e ! ^w already hav+ -er or -e/4 ,examples f ,%akespe>e are1-- ,h[ mu* m eld] art ?\ ?an ?y looks6--,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,nor t ,i am m bett] ?an ,prosp]o4--,tempe/4 ,come y m ne>]4--,hamlet4 ,) ! mo/ bolde/ & be/ he>ts ( ,rome4--,j4 ,cs>4 ,also f ! same p]iod1-- ,imitat+ ! mann] ( ! mo/ anci5te/ & f9e/ ,grecians4--,,b5 ,,jonson4 ,aft] ! mo/ /raite/ sect ( our religion4--,bible1 #afaa4 ,su* expressions are n[ he>d only 9 vulg> ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ examples are us$ purposely1 to repres5t ! *>act]s z ignorant p]sons3-- ,! artful saddl] p]suad$ ! "y travel] to look at ! mo/ conv5i5te/ & h&some/ saddle t ev] 0 se54--,,bulw]4 ,!re's no?+ comes out b ! mo/ l[e/ /uff 9 nature2 n a bit ( high life among !m4--,,goldsmi?4 ,,?ree ,,fir/ ,,or ,,fir/ ,,?ree8 #dcb4 ,z to ^! two expressions1 ov] :i* a little w> has s long be5 buzz+1 we ?9k x n necess>y to say m ?an t bo? are 9 good use2 n only s 9 popul> spee*1 b 9 lit]>y ,engli%4 ,in/ances ( bo? are giv5 bel[4 ,! mean+ int5d$ is ! same1 & ! read] gets ! same idea f bo?3 h5ce !re is prop]ly a p]fect lib]ty 9 ! use ( ei!r or bo?4 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ ?ree1 etc4 ,= ,c>lyle1 & ,secret>y ,wals+ham also1 h be5 help+ !m he>t & s\l = ! la/ two ye>s4--,,k+sley4 ,! delay 9 ! fir/ ?ree l9es1 & conceit 9 ! la/1 j> ^u u con/antly4--,,rusk94 ,! la/ doz5 miles be=e y rea* ! suburbs4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,mank9d = ! fir/ sev5ty ?\s& ages ate _! meat raw4--,,lamb4 ,! fir/ tw5ty numb]s 7 express$ by a correspond+ numb] ( dots4 ,! fir/ five _h specific names4--,,prescott4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ree fir/1 etc4 ,^! are ! ?ree fir/ ne$s ( civiliz$ life4--,,rusk94 ,he has already f9i%$ ! ?ree fir/ /icks ( x4--,,addison4 ,9 my two la/ y _h s mu* ( ,lismahago t ,i suppose y are glad he is gone4--,,smollett4 ,i h n numb]$ ! l9es except ( ! f\r fir/ books4 --,,c[p]4 ,! sev5 fir/ c5turies 7 fill$ ) a succession ( triumphs4--,,gibbon4 ,,articles4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ite article4 #dcc4 ,! def9ite article is repeat$ be=e ea* ( two modifi]s ( ! same n\n1 :5 ! purpose is to call att5tion to ! n\n express$ & ! "o und]/ood4 ,9 su* a case two or m sep>ate objects are usually indicat$ by ! sep>ation ( ! modifi]s4 ,examples ( ?is con/ruction are1-- ,sid5ote3 ,) a s+ul> n\n4 ,! m]it ( ! ,b>b1 ! ,spani%1 & ! ,engli% bre$ is d]iv$ f a mixture ( ,arabian blood4--,,gibbon4 ,! righte\s man is di/+ui%$ f ! unrighte\s by 8 desire & hope ( ju/ice4--,,rusk94 ,he seem$ defici5t 9 sympa?y = concrete human ?+s ei!r on ! sunny or ! /ormy side4--,,c>lyle4 ,x is difficult to imag9e a great] contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second "p ( ! volume4--,! ,nation1 ,no4 #aejh4 ,sid5ote3 ,) a plural n\n4 ,!re 0 also a fundam5tal diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r ! e>lie/ cleavage 0 betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn languages4--,,taylor1 ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans4 #dcd4 ,! same repetition ( ! article is sometimes f\nd be=e n\ns alone1 to di/+ui% cle>ly1 or to emphasize ! mean+2 z1-- ,9 e l9e ( ! ,philip & ! ,saul1 ! greate/ poems1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4--,,macaulay4 ,he is ma/] ( ! two-fold ,logos1 ! ?\ght & ! ^w1 di/9ct1 b insep>able f ea* o!r4--,,newman4 ,! fl[]s1 & ! pres5ts1 & ! trunks & bonnet boxes 444 hav+ be5 arrang$1 ! h\r ( p>t+ came4--,,?ack]ay4 ,sid5ote3 ,! n repeat$4 ,"o object & sev]al modifi]s1 ) a s+ul> n\n4 #dce4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! article is n repeat$ be=e ea* ( two or m adjectives1 z 9 ,sec4 #dcc1 b is us$ ) "o only2 z1-- ,or fancie/ ?\ ! r$ & yell[ ,clo!s-scre5 yond] is b ( ,to-day1 )\t a ,ye/]day or a ,to-morr[8--,,c>lyle4 ,! l(ty1 melodi\s1 & flexible language4--,,scott4 ,! faire/ & mo/ lov+ wife 9 ,greece4--,,t5nyson4 ,sid5ote3 ,mean+ same z 9 ,sec4 #dcc1 ) a plural n\n4 ,nei!r c !re be a mu* great] resemblance betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n g5]al views ( ! t[n4--,,halliwell-,,phillipps4 ,at ,talav]a ! ,engli% & ,fr5* troops = a mom5t susp5d$ _! conflict4--,,macaulay4 ,! ,crusades br\ght to ! ris+ commonweal?s ( ! ,adriatic & ,tyrrh5e seas a l>ge increase ( weal?4--,id4 ,"h ! y\? ( bo? sexes1 ( ! high] & middl+ ord]s1 7 plac$ at a v t5d] age4--,,prescott4 ,sid5ote3 ,indef9ite article4 #dcf4 ,! indef9ite article is us$1 l ! def9ite article1 to limit two or m modifi$ n\ns1 only "o ( :i* is express$4 ,! article is repeat$ = ! purpose ( sep>at+ or emphasiz+ ! modifi$ n\ns4 ,examples ( ?is use are1-- ,we %all live a bett] & a high] & a nobl] life4--,,bee*]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! products ( a well-discipl9$ & ^? ( an uncultivat$ und]/&+ is (t5 & admirably exhibit$ by our great dramati/4--,s4,t4 ,,col]idge4 ,let u suppose t ! pill>s succe$ ea* o!r1 a r\nd & a squ>e "o alt]nately4--,,burke4 ,z if ! diff]5ce betwe5 an accurate & an inaccurate /atem5t 0 n wor? ! tr\ble ( look+ into ! mo/ common book ( ref]5ce4--,,macaulay4 ,to e room !re 0 an op5 & a secret passage4--,,johnson4 ,notice t 9 ! above s5t5ces 7except ! fir/7 ! n\n express$ is 9 contra/ ) ! modifi$ n\n omitt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,"o article ) sev]al adjectives4 #dcg4 ,usually ! article is n repeat$ :5 ! sev]al adjectives unite 9 describ+ "o & ! same n\n4 ,9 ! s5t5ces ( ,secs4 #dcc & #dcf1 "o n\n is express$2 yet ! same ^w und]/ood ) ! o!r adjectives has a diff]5t mean+ 7except 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ,sec4 #dcf74 ,b 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 z 9 ! fir/ ?ree ( ,sec4 #dce1 ! adjectives assi/ ea* o!r 9 describ+ ! same n\n4 ,x is easy to see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! expressions a r$-&-:ite g]anium1 & a r$ & a :ite g]anium4 ,examples ( sev]al adjectives describ+ ! same object3-- ,to inspire u ) a free & quiet m9d4--,b4 ,,jonson4 ,"h & !re a desolate & un9habit$ h\se4--,,dick5s4 ,james 0 decl>$ a mortal & bloody enemy4--,,macaulay4 ,s w]t ?\ born into a tuneful /ra91 ,an e>ly1 ri*1 & inexhau/$ ve94 --,,dryd54 ,sid5ote3 ,= rhetorical effect4 #dch4 ,! indef9ite article 7comp>e ,sec4 #dcd7 is us$ to l5d special emphasis1 int]e/1 or cle>ness to ea* ( sev]al n\ns2 z1-- ,james 0 decl>$ a mortal & bloody enemy1 a tyrant1 a murd]]1 & a usurp]4--,,macaulay4 ,?\ ha/ spok5 z a patriot & a ,*ri/ian4--,,bulw]4 ,he saw him 9 8 m9d's eye1 a collegian1 a p>liam5t man--a ,b>onet p]haps4--,,?ack]ay4 ,,v]bs4 ,,concord ,,( ,,v]b ,,& ,,subject ,,9 ,,numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a broad & loose rule4 #dci4 ,9 ,engli%1 ! numb] ( ! v]b foll[s ! mean+ r ?an ! =m ( its subject4 ,x w n d to /ate z a g5]al rule t ! v]b agrees ) its subject 9 p]son & numb]4 ,?is 0 spok5 ( 9 ,"p ,i41 ,sec4 #bgf1 & ! foll[+ illu/rations prove x4 ,! /atem5ts & illu/rations ( c\rse ref] to su* v]bs z h sep>ate =ms = s+ul> & plural numb]4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+ul> v]b4 #ddj4 ,! s+ul> =m ( ! v]b is us$-- ,sid5ote3 ,subject ( s+ul> =m4 7#a7 ,:5 ! subject has a s+ul> =m & a s+ul> mean+4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ! e>lie/ ,am]ican l&4--,,agassiz4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly a happy fell[ at ?is "t4--,g4 ,,eliot4 ,he sees t x is bett] to live 9 peace4--,,coop]4 ,sid5ote3 ,collective n\n ( s+ul> mean+4 7#b7 ,:5 ! subject is a collective n\n :i* repres5ts a numb] ( p]sons or ?+s tak5 z "o unit2 z1-- ,! l>g] bre$ ( camels is capable ( transport+ a weight ( a ?\s& p\nds4--,,gibbon4 ,ano!r s*ool pr(esses entirely opposite pr9ciples4--,! ,nation4 ,9 ?is "w !re 0 gr\p$ ar\nd him a score ( m54--,w4 ,,phillips ,a numb] ( jewel$ pat]no/]s 0 atta*$ to h] girdle4--,,fr\de4 ,some?+ l a horse load ( books has be5 writt5 to prove t x 0 ! beauty :o blew up ! booby4--,,c>lyle ,?is usage1 l "s o!rs 9 ?is s]ies1 dep5ds mo/ly on ! writ]'s own judgm5t4 ,ano!r writ] might1 = example1 pref] a plural v]b aft] numb] 9 ,fr\de's s5t5ce above4 ,sid5ote3 ,s+ul>s connect$ by or or nor4 7#c7 ,:5 ! subject consi/s ( two or m s+ul> n\ns connect$ by or or nor2 z1-- ,x is by no means sure t ei!r our lit]ature1 or ! great intellectual life ( our nation1 has got already1 )\t academies1 all t academies c give4--,m4 ,,arnold4 ,jesus is n dead1 nor ,john1 nor ,paul1 nor ,mahomet4 --,,em]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,plural =m & s+ul> mean+4 7#d7 ,:5 ! subject is plural 9 =m1 b repres5ts a numb] ( ?+s to be tak5 toge!r z =m+ "o unit2 = example1-- ,?irty-f\r ye>s affects "o's remembrance ( "s circum/ances4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,betwe5 ourselves1 ?ree p\nds five %ill+s & two p5ce is no bad day's "w4--,,goldsmi?4 ,e tw5ty paces gives y ! prospect ( "s villa2 & e f\r h\rs1 t ( a l>ge t[n4--,,montague ,two ?irds ( ?is is m9e by "r4--,,%]idan ,! s+ul> =m is also us$ ) book titles1 o!r names1 & o!r s+ul>s ( plural =m2 z1-- ,politics is ! only field n[ op5 = me4--,,:itti]4 ,sesame & ,lilies is ,rusk9's cre$ = "y girls4--,critic1 ,no4 #fgd ,! ,?ree ,pigeons expects me d[n e mom5t4--,,goldsmi?4 ,sid5ote3 ,sev]al s+ul> subjects to "o s+ul> v]b4 7#e7 ,) sev]al s+ul> subjects n disjo9$ by or or nor1 9 ! foll[+ cases3-- 7a7 ,jo9$ by &1 b consid]$ z mean+ ab\t ! same ?+1 or z mak+ up "o g5]al idea2 z1-- ,9 a ^w1 all 8 conv]sation & k has be5 9 ! female _w--,,addison4 ,! /r5g? & gl>e ( ea* color is consid]ably abat$4--,,burke ,to imag9e t debat+ & logic is ! triumph4--,,c>lyle ,9 a _w :]e ev5 to fold & seal a lett] adroitly is n ! lea/ ( accompli%m5ts4--,,de ,,qu9cey ,! g5ius & m]it ( a ris+ poet 0 celebrat$4--,,gibbon4 ,:5 ! cause ( ages & ! fate ( nations hangs ^u ! ?read ( a debate4--,j4,q4 ,,adams4 7b7 ,n jo9$ by a conjunction1 b ea* "o emphatic1 or consid]$ z appositional2 = example1-- ,! unb\ght grace ( life1 ! *eap def5se ( nations1 ! nurse ( manly s5tim5t & h]oic ent]prise1 is gone4--,,burke4 ,a fev]1 a mutilation1 a cruel disappo9tm5t1 a loss ( weal?1 a loss ( fri5ds1 seems at ! mom5t unpaid loss4--,,em]son ,! au?or1 ! wit1 ! p>tisan1 ! f9e g5tleman1 does n take ! place ( ! man4--,id4 ,to receive pres5ts or a bribe1 to be guilty ( collusion 9 any way ) a suitor1 0 puni%$1 9 a judge1 ) dea?4--,,prescott4 ,sid5ote3 ,subjects aft] ! v]b4 ,?is use ( sev]al subjects ) a s+ul> v]b is especially frequ5t :5 ! subjects are aft] ! v]b2 z1-- ,!re is a "r & a wrong 9 !m4--,m ,,arnold4 ,!re is a mov+ tone ( voice1 an impassion$ c\nt5ance1 an agitat$ ge/ure4--,,burke ,!re 0 a /eel headpiece1 a cuirass1 a gorget1 & greaves1 ) a pair ( gauntlets & a sword hang+ b5ea?4--,,haw?orne4 ,!n comes ! ,:y1 sir6 & ! ,:at !n1 sir8 & ! ,no1 sir6--,,macaulay4 ,= wide is he>d ! ?und]+ fray1 ,! r\t1 ! ru91 ! dismay4 --,,scott4 7c7 ,jo9$ by z well z 79 ?is case ! v]b agrees ) ! fir/ ( ! two1 no matt] if ! second is plural72 ?us1-- ,asia1 z well z ,europe1 0 dazzl$4--,,macaulay4 ,! olde/1 z well z ! newe/1 w9e ,beg9s to /ir itself4 --,,longfell[4 ,h] back1 z well z sides1 0 l to crack4--,,butl]4 ,! ,epic1 z well z ! ,drama1 is divid$ into trag$y & ,com$y4--,,field+ 7d7 ,:5 ea* ( two or m s+ul> subjects is prec$$ by e1 ea*1 no1 _m a1 & su* l adjectives4 ,e fop1 e boor1 e valet1 is a man ( wit4--,,macaulay4 ,e s\nd1 e e*o1 0 li/5$ to = five h\rs4--,,de ,,qu9cey ,e dome & holl[ has ! figure ( ,*ri/4--,,rusk94 ,ea* p>ticul> hue & t9t /&s by itself4--,,newman4 ,e law & usage 0 a man's exp$i5t4--,,em]son4 ,"h is no ru91 no discont9uity1 no sp5t ball4--,id4 ,e week1 nay1 almo/ e day1 0 set d[n 9 _! cal5d> = "s appropriate celebration4--,,prescott4 ,sid5ote3 ,plural v]b4 #dda4 ,! plural =m ( ! v]b is us$-- 7#a7 ,:5 ! subject is plural 9 =m & 9 mean+2 z1-- ,^! bits ( wood 7 cov]$ on e squ>e4--,,swift4 ,f>1 f> away ?y *ildr5 leave ! l&4--,,goldsmi?4 ,! ,arabian poets 7 ! hi/orians & morali/s4--,,gibbon4 7#b7 ,:5 ! subject is a collective n\n 9 :i* ! individuals ( ! collection are ?\ght (2 z1-- ,a multitude g mad ab\t x4--,,em]son4 ,a great numb] ( p 7 collect$ at a v5due4--,,frankl94 ,all our h\sehold are at re/4--,,col]idge4 ,a p>ty ( workm5 7 remov+ ! horses4--,,lew ,,wallace ,! frat]nity 7 incl9$ to claim = him ! honors ( canonization4--,,scott4 ,! travel]s1 ( :om !re 7 a numb]4--,b4 ,,taylor4 7#c7 ,:5 ! subject consi/s ( sev]al s+ul>s connect$ by &1 mak+ up a plural subject1 = example1-- ,only ,vice & ,mis]y are abroad4--,,c>lyle ,b its au?or%ip1 its date1 & its hi/ory are alike a my/]y to u4--,,fr\de4 ,8 clo!s1 %irt1 & sk9 7 all ( ! same color--,,swift4 ,ari/otle & ,long9us are bett] und]/ood by him ?an ,littleton or ,coke4--,,addison4 ,sid5ote3 ,conjunction omitt$4 ,! conjunction may be omitt$1 z 9 ,sec4 #ddj 7#e1 b71 b ! v]b is plural1 z ) a subject ( plural =m4 ,a %ady grove1 a gre5 pa/ure1 a /ream ( fre% wat]1 are suffici5t to attract a colony4--,,gibbon4 ,! ,dauph91 ! ,duke ( ,b]ri1 ,philip ( ,anj\1 7 m5 ( insignificant *>act]s4--,,macaulay 7#d7 ,:5 a s+ul> is jo9$ ) a plural by a disjunctive ^w1 ! v]b agrees ) ! "o ne>e/ x2 z1-- ,"o or two ( ^! p]haps survive4--,,?oreau4 ,"o or two p]sons 9 ! cr[d 7 insol5t4--,,fr\de4 ,"o or two ( ! ladies 7 go+ to leave4--,,addison ,"o or two ( ^! old ,cromwellian soldi]s 7 /ill alive 9 ! village4--,,?ack]ay ,"o or two ( :om 7 m ent]ta9+4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,b notice ! con/ruction ( ?is1-- ,a ray or two w&]s into ! d>kness4--,,rusk94 ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,v]b ,,& ,,subject ,,9 ,,p]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al usage4 #ddb4 ,if !re is only "o p]son 9 ! subject1 ! end+ ( ! v]b indicates ! p]son ( its subject2 t is1 9 ^? few cases :]e !re are =ms = diff]5t p]sons3 z1-- ,nev] once did/ ?\ revel 9 ! vision4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,romanism wisely provides = ! *ildi% 9 m54--,,l[ell4 ,x ha? be5 said my ,"l w\ld nev] take ! oa?4--,,?ack]ay4 ,sid5ote3 ,second or ?ird & fir/ p]son 9 ! subject4 #ddc4 ,if ! subject is made up ( ! fir/ p]son jo9$ ) ! second or ?ird by &1 ! v]b takes ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ p]son1 ! subject be+ really equival5t to we2 z1-- ,i flatt] myself y & ,i %all meet aga94--,,smollett4 ,y & ,i are f>m]s2 we nev] talk politics4--,d ,,web/]4 ,ah1 bro!r6 only ,i & ?\ ,are left ( all t circle n[4 --,,:itti]4 ,y & ,i are tol]ably mode/ p4--,,?ack]ay4 ,cocke & ,i h felt x 9 our bones--,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le ,sid5ote3 ,) adv]sative or disjunctive connectives4 #ddd4 ,:5 ! subjects1 ( diff]5t p]sons1 are connect$ by adv]sative or disjunctive conjunctions1 ! v]b usually agrees ) ! pron\n ne>e/ to x2 = example1-- ,nei!r y nor ,i %\ld be a bit ! bett] or wis]4--,,rusk94 ,if %e or y are resolv$ to be mis]able4--,,goldsmi?4 ,no?+ :i* ,mr4 ,pattison or ,i h said4--,m4 ,,arnold4 ,n ,altamont1 b ?\1 had/ be5 my "l4--,,r[e4 ,n ,i1 b ?\1 8 blood do/ %$4--,,byron4 ,?is con/ruction is at ! be/ a little awkw>d4 ,x is avoid$ ei!r by us+ a v]b :i* has no =ms = p]son 7z1 ,he or ,i c g1 ,%e or y may be sure1 etc471 or by re>rang+ ! s5t5ce s z to ?r[ ea* subject be=e its prop] p]son =m 7z1 ,y w\ld n be wis]1 nor %\ld ,i2 or1 ,i h nev] said s1 nor has %e74 ,sid5ote3 ,exceptional examples4 #dde4 ,! foll[+ illu/rate exceptional usage1 :i* x is prop] to m5tion2 b ! /ud5t is caution$ to foll[ ! regul> usage r ?an ! unusual & irregul>4 ,ex]cise4 ,*ange ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces to accord ) /&>d usage1 z illu/rat$ above 7,secs4 #ddj-ddd73-- #a4 ,& %>p ,adv]sity w tea* at la/ ,man1--&1 z we w\ld hope1--p]haps ! devil1 ,t nei!r ( _! intellects are va/4 --,,byron4 #b4 ,nei!r ( !m1 9 my op9ion1 give s accurate an idea ( ! man z a /atuette 9 bronze4--,,trollope4 #c4 ,h[ ea* ( ^! pr(essions are cr[d$4--,,addison4 #d4 ,nei!r ( _! c\nselors 7 to be pres5t4--,id4 #e4 ,ei!r ( !m are equally good to ! p]son to :om !y are significant4--,,em]son4 #f4 ,nei!r ! r$ nor ! :ite are /rong & gl>+4--,,burke4 #g4 ,a lampoon or a satire d n c>ry 9 !m robb]y or murd]4--,,addison4 #h4 ,nei!r ( ! si/]s 7 v mu* deceiv$4--,,?ack]ay4 #i4 ,nor wood1 nor tree1 nor bu% are !re1 ,h] c\rse to int]cept4--,,scott4 #aj4 ,bo? dea? & ,i am f\nd et]nal4--,,milton4 #aa4 ,9 asc5d+ ! ,mississippi ! p>ty 0 (t5 oblig$ to wade ?r\gh morasses2 at la/ !y came ^u ! di/rict ( ,little ,prairie4--,g4 ,,bancr(t4 #ab4 ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole nation seems to be runn+ out ( _! wits4--,,smollett4 ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,t5ses 7,,v]bs ,,& ,,v]bals74 ,sid5ote3 ,lack ( logical sequ5ce 9 v]bs4 #ddf4 ,if "o or m v]bs dep5d on "s lead+ v]b1 ea* %\ld be 9 ! t5se t w convey ! mean+ int5d$ by ! writ]4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce f ,defoe1 ,i expect$ e wave w\ld h swall[$ u up1 ! v]b expect$ looks =w>d to some?+ 9 ! future1 :ile w\ld h swall[$ repres5ts some?+ complet$ 9 pa/ "t3 h5ce ! mean+ int5d$ 01 ,i expect$ e wave w\ld swall[ etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,also 9 v]bals4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 ! inf9itive also fails to express ! exact ?\ght3-- ,i _h hop$ nev] to h se5 ! /atues aga94--,,macaulay4 ,! tr\ble is ! same z 9 ! previ\s s5t5ce2 to h se5 %\ld be *ang$ to to see1 = exact connection4 ,( c\rse1 if ! purpose 7 to repres5t a prior fact or complet$ action1 ! p]fect inf9itive w\ld be ! v ?+4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t su* s5t5ces z ^? j quot$ are 9 keep+ ) ! old] idea ( ! unity ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! pres5t rule is rec5t4 ,ex]cise4 ,expla9 :e!r ! v]bs & inf9itives 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces convey ! "r mean+2 if n1 *ange !m to a bett] =m3-- #a4 ,i gave "o qu>t] to ,ann1 mean+1 on my return1 to h divid$ ) h] :atev] might rema94--,,de ,,qu9cey #b4 ,i c't sket* ,! ,five ,drap]s1 444 b c look & be ?ankful to h se5 su* a ma/]piece4--,,?ack]ay4 #c4 ,he w\ld h done m wisely to h left !m to f9d _! own apology ?an to h giv5 reasons :i* seem$ p>adoxes4--,r4,w4 ,,*ur*4 #d4 ,! propositions ( ,william are /at$ to h conta9$ a proposition = a compromise4--,,palgrave #e4 ,b ,i f\nd ,i want$ a /ock ( words1 :i* ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld h acquir$ be=e t "t4--,,frankl9 #f4 ,i c\ld ev5 h suff]$ !m to h brok5 ,ev]et ,duck+'s head4--,,irv+4 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9itions4 #ddg4 ,direct disc\rse--t is1 a direct quotation or a direct "q--means ! id5tical words ! writ] or speak] us$2 z1-- ,i hope y h n kill$ him8 said ,amyas4--,,k+sley4 ,indirect disc\rse means report$ spee*1--! ?\ghts ( a writ] or speak] put 9 ! words ( ! "o report+ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,two samples ( indirect disc\rse4 #ddh4 ,indirect disc\rse may be ( two k9ds3-- 7#a7 ,foll[+ ! ?\ghts & also ! exact words z f> z consi/5t ) ! rules ( logical sequ5ce ( v]bs4 7#b7 ,m]ely a concise repres5tation ( ! orig9al words1 n attempt+ to foll[ ! entire quotation4 ,! foll[+ examples ( bo? are f ,de ,qu9cey3-- ,sid5ote3 ,indirect4 #a4 ,reyes rem>k$ t x 0 n 9 8 p[] to oblige ! cl]k z to t1 b t he c\ld oblige him by cutt+ 8 ?roat4 ,sid5ote3 ,direct4 ,8 exact words 71 ,i _c oblige y 4441 b ,i c oblige y by cutt+ y\r ?roat4 ,sid5ote3 ,indirect4 ,h] prud5ce :isp]$ et]nally1 t safety !re 0 none = h] until %e _h laid ! ,atlantic betwe5 h]self & ,/4 ,seba/ian's4 ,sid5ote3 ,direct4 ,%e ?\ght to h]self1 ,safety !re is none = me until ,i h laid1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y ( ! expressions4 #b4 ,!n he laid b>e ! unp>allel$ +ratitude ( su* a /ep4 ,oh1 ! unse5 treasure t _h be5 sp5t ^u t girl6 ,oh1 ! untold sums ( money t he _h sunk 9 t unhappy speculation6 ,sid5ote3 ,direct synopsis4 ,! sub/ance ( 8 lam5tation 01 ,oh1 unse5 treasure has be5 sp5t ^u t girl6 ,untold sums ( money h ,i sunk1 etc4 #ddi4 ,f ^! illu/rations w be readily se5 ! grammatical *anges made 9 transf]r+ f direct to indirect disc\rse4 ,rememb] ! foll[+ facts3-- 7#a7 ,usually ! ma91 introductory v]b is 9 ! pa/ t5se4 7#b7 ,! indirect quotation is usually introduc$ by t1 & ! indirect "q by :e!r or if1 or regul> int]rogatives4 7#c7 ,v]bs 9 ! pres5t-t5se =m are *ang$ to ! pa/-t5se =m4 ,?is includes ! auxili>ies be1 h1 w1 etc4 ,! pa/ t5se is sometimes *ang$ to ! pa/ p]fect4 7#d7 ,! pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]sons are all *ang$ to ! ?ird p]son4 ,sometimes x is cle>] to introduce ! antec$5t ( ! pron\n in/ead4 ,o!r examples ( indirect disc\rse h be5 giv5 9 ,"p ,i41 "u int]rogative pron\ns1 int]rogative adv]bs1 & ! subjunctive mood ( v]bs4 ,ex]cise4 ,rewrite ! foll[+ extract f ,irv+'s ,sket* ,book1 & *ange x to a direct quotation3-- ,he assur$ ! company t x 0 a fact1 h&$ d[n f 8 ance/or ! hi/orian1 t ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s _h always be5 haunt$ by /range be+s2 t x 0 affirm$ t ! great ,h5drick ,hudson1 ! fir/ discov]] ( ! riv] & c\ntry1 kept a k9d ( vigil !re e tw5ty ye>s1 ) 8 crew ( ! ,half-moon1 be+ p]mitt$ 9 ?is way to revisit ! sc5es ( 8 ent]prise1 & keep a gu>dian eye ^u ! riv] & ! great city call$ by 8 "n2 t 8 fa!r _h once se5 !m 9 _! old ,dut* dresses play+ at n9ep9s 9 a holl[ ( ! m\nta92 & t he himself _h he>d1 "o summ] aft]noon1 ! s\nd ( _! balls1 l di/ant peals ( ?und]4 ,,v]bals4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>eless use ( ! p>ticipial phrase4 #dej4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate a misuse ( ! p>ticipial phrase3-- ,pleas$ ) ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 my fir/ collection 0 ( ,john ,bunyan's works4--,b4 ,,frankl94 ,my f>m consi/$ ( ab\t tw5ty acres ( excell5t l&1 hav+ giv5 a hundr$ p\nds = my pr$ecessor's goodwill4--,,goldsmi?4 ,^u ask+ h[ he _h be5 taught ! art ( a cognosc5te s sudd5ly1 he assur$ me t no?+ 0 m easy4--,id4 ,hav+ ?us run ?r\gh ! causes ( ! sublime1 my fir/ obs]vation w be f\nd ne>ly true4--,,burke ,he !re=e rema9$ sil5t till he _h repeat$ a pat]no/]1 be+ ! c\rse :i* 8 confessor _h enjo9$4--,,scott ,comp>e ) ^! ! foll[+3-- ,sid5ote3 ,a correct example4 ,go+ ye/]day to d9e ) an old acqua9tance1 ,i _h ! mis=tune to f9d 8 :ole family v mu* deject$4--,,addison4 ,sid5ote3 ,notice ?is4 ,! tr\ble is1 9 ! s5t5ces fir/ quot$1 t ! ma9 subject ( ! s5t5ce is n ! same ^w t w\ld be ! subject ( ! p>ticiple1 if ?is 7 exp&$ into a v]b4 ,sid5ote3 ,correction4 ,consequ5tly "o ( two c\rses mu/ be tak51--ei!r *ange ! p>ticiple to a v]b ) its appropriate subject1 leav+ ! pr9cipal /atem5t z x is2 or *ange ! pr9cipal proposition s x %all make logical connection ) ! p>ticipial phrase4 ,= example1 ! fir/ s5t5ce w\ld be1 ei!r ,z ,i 0 pleas$1 444 my fir/ collection 01 etc41 or ,pleas$ ) ! ',pilgrim's ,progress1' ,i made my fir/ collection ,john ,bunyan's works4 ,ex]cise4--,rewrite ! o!r f\r s5t5ces s z to correct ! c>eless use ( ! p>ticipial phrase4 ,,inf9itives4 ,sid5ote3 ,adv]b betwe5 to & ! inf9itive4 #dea4 ,!re is a con/ruction :i* is becom+ m & m common among good writ]s1--! plac+ an adv]b betwe5 to ( ! inf9itive & ! inf9itive itself4 ,! practice is condemn$ by _m gramm>ians1 :ile def5d$ or excus$ by o!rs4 ,/&>d writ]s (t5 use x1 & (t51 purposely or n1 avoid x4 ,! foll[+ two examples %[ ! adv]b be=e ! inf9itive3-- ,sid5ote3 ,! m common usage4 ,he h&l$ x ) su* nicety ( address z suffici5tly to %[ t he fully und]/ood ! bus9ess4--,,scott4 ,x is a solemn1 univ]sal ass]tion1 deeply to be kept 9 m9d by all sects4--,,rusk94 ,?is is ! m common arrangem5t2 yet frequ5tly ! desire seems to be to get ! adv]b snugly aga9/ ! inf9itive1 to modify x z closely & cle>ly z possible4 ,ex]cise4 ,9 ! foll[+ citations1 see if ! adv]bs c be plac$ be=e or aft] ! inf9itive & /ill modify x z cle>ly z !y n[ d3-- #a4 ,!re are1 !n1 _m ?+s to be c>efully consid]$1 if a /rike is to succe$4--,,laughl94 #b4 ,t ! m9d may n h to g backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ord] to rightly connect !m4--,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 #c4 ,x may be easi] to be> along all ! qualifications ( an idea 444 ?an to fir/ imp]fectly conceive su* idea4--id4 #d4 ,9 works ( art1 ?is k9d ( gr&eur1 :i* consi/s 9 multitude1 is to be v cauti\sly admitt$4--,,burke4 #e4 ,t virtue :i* requires to be ev] gu>d$ is sc>cely wor? ! s5t9el4--,,goldsmi?4 #f4 ,burke said t su* little arts & devices 7 n to be :olly condemn$4--,! ,nation1 ,no4 #aecc4 #g4 ,i wi% ! read] to cle>ly und]/&4--,,rusk94 #h4 ,transactions :i* seem to be mo/ widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r4--,,dr4 ,,blair4 #i4 ,w\ld e>ne/ly advise !m = _! good to ord] ?is pap] to be punctually s]v$ up4--,,addison4 #aj4 ,a little sket* ( 81 9 :i* a cannon ball is suppos$ to h j c>ri$ (f ! head ( an aide-de-camp4--,,trollope4 #aa4 ,! ladies seem to h be5 expressly creat$ to =m helps meet = su* g5tlem54--,,macaulay4 #ab4 ,suffici5t to disgu/ a p ^: mann]s 7 beg9n+ to be /rongly t9ctur$ ) au/]ity4--,id4 #ac4 ,! spirits1 !re=e1 ( ^? oppos$ to !m seem$ to be consid]ably damp$ by _! cont9u$ success4--,,scott4 ,,adv]bs4 ,sid5ote3 ,position ( only1 ev51 etc4 ,a v c>eful writ] w s place ! modifi]s ( a v]b t ! read] w n mi/ake ! mean+4 ,! rigid rule 9 su* a case w\ld be1 to put ! modifi] 9 su* a position t ! read] n only c und]/& ! mean+ int5d$1 b _c misund]/& ! ?\ght4 ,n[1 :5 su* adv]bs z only1 ev51 etc41 are us$1 !y are usually plac$ 9 a /rictly correct position1 if !y modify s+le words2 b !y are (t5 remov$ f ! exact position1 if !y modify phrases or clauses3 = example1 f ,irv+1 ,! site is only to be trac$ by fragm5ts ( bricks1 *9a1 & e>!nw>e4 ,"h only modifies ! phrase by fragm5ts ( bricks1 etc41 b x is plac$ be=e ! inf9itive4 ,?is misplacem5t ( ! adv]b c be detect$ only by analysis ( ! s5t5ce4 ,ex]cise4 ,tell :at ! adv]b modifies 9 ea* quotation1 & see if x is plac$ 9 ! prop] position3-- #a4 ,only ! "n ( "o obscure epigrammati/ has be5 embalm$ = u 9 ! v]ses ( 8 rival4--,,palgrave4 #b4 ,d y rememb] pea %oot]s8 ,i ?9k we only _h !m on go+ home = holidays4--,,?ack]ay4 #c4 ,irv+ c\ld only live v mode/ly4 ,he c\ld only af=d to keep "o old horse4--,id4 #d4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is ma*9]y c\ld only be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ ! motive p[] to h be5 /eam4--,,w5dell ,,phillips4 #e4 ,su* disputes c only be settl$ by arms4--,id4 #f4 ,i h only not$ "o or two topics :i* ,i ?\ght mo/ likely to int]e/ an ,am]ican read]4--,n4,p4 ,,willis4 #g4 ,! sil5ce ( ! fir/ night at ! f>mh\se1--/illness brok5 only by two :ippoorwills4--,,higg9son4 #h4 ,my ma/]1 to avoid a cr[d1 w\ld suff] only ?irty p at a "t to see me4--,,swift4 #i4 ,9 relat+ ^! & ! foll[+ laws1 ,i w\ld only be und]/ood to mean ! orig9al in/itutions4--,id4 #aj4 ,! p]fect lovel9ess ( a woman's c\nt5ance c only consi/ 9 t maje/ic peace :i* is f\nd$ 9 ! memory ( happy & useful ye>s4--,,rusk94 #aa4 ,9 "o ( ^? cele/ial days x seems a pov]ty t we c only sp5d x once4--,,em]son4 #ab4 ,my "l 0 only anxi\s z long z 8 wife's anxi\s face or behavior seem$ to upbraid him4--,,?ack]ay4 #ac4 ,he %\t$ 9 ^? cle>1 pi]c+ tones t c\ld be ev5 he>d among ! ro>+ ( ! cannon4--,,coop]4 #ad4 ,8 suspicions 7 n ev5 excit$ by ! om9\s face ( ,gr>d4--,,motley4 #ae4 ,dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 adm9i/ration1 he sc>cely befri5d$ a s+le man ( g5ius4--,,macaulay4 #af4 ,i nev] rememb] to h felt an ev5t m deeply ?an 8 dea?4--,,sydney ,,smi?4 #ag4 ,8 la/ j\rney to ,cannes1 :5ce he 0 nev] de/9$ to return4--,,mrs4 ,,grote4 ,,use ,,( ,,d\ble ,,negatives4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old usage4 #dec4 ,9 ,old & ,middle ,engli%1 two negatives /r5g!n$ a negative idea2 = example1-- ,he nev]e yet no vile9eye ne sayde1 ,9 al 8 lyf unto no man] wight4--,,*auc]4 ,no sonne1 7 he nev] s old ( ye>es1 might n m>ry4 --,,as*am4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is equival5t to ,he didn't nev] say no villa9y 9 all 8 life to no mann] ( man1--f\r negatives4 ,?is idiom 0 common 9 ! old] /ages ( ! language1 & is /ill kept 9 vulg> ,engli%2 z1-- ,i tell y %e a9' be5 n[h> ef %e don' "k we all4 --,,page1 9 ,ole ,virg9ia4 ,!re w]5't no pies to equal h]s4--,,mrs4 ,,/[e4 ,sid5ote3 ,exceptional use4 ,!re are sometimes f\nd two negatives 9 mod]n ,engli% ) a negative effect1 :5 "o ( ! negatives is a connective4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n common4 ,i nev] did see him aga91 nor nev] %all4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,h[ev]1 ,i did n act s ha/ily1 nei!r4--,,defoe4 ,! prosp]ity ( no empire1 nor ! gr&eur ( no k+1 c s agreeably affect1 etc4--,,burke4 ,sid5ote3 ,regul> law ( negative 9 mod]n ,engli%4 ,b1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,lat9 syntax1 ! usual way ( reg>d+ ! "q n[ is1 t two negatives are equival5t to an affirmative1 d5y+ ea* o!r4 ,!re=e1 if two negatives are f\nd toge!r1 x is a sign ( ignorance or c>elessness1 or else a purpose to make an affirmative effect4 ,9 ! latt] case1 "o ( ! negatives is (t5 a prefix2 z 9frequ5t1 uncommon4 ,ex]cise4 ,tell :e!r ! two or m negatives are prop]ly us$ 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 & :y3-- #a4 ,! r$ m5 7 n s infrequ5t visitors ( ! ,engli% settlem5ts4--,,haw?orne4 #b4 ,huldy 0 s up to ev]y?+ ab\t ! h\se1 t ! doctor didn't miss no?9' 9 a temporal way4--,,mrs4 ,,/[e4 #c4 ,h] y\ng] si/] 0 a wide-awake girl1 :o hadn't be5 to s*ool = no?+4--,,holmes4 #d4 ,y w f9d no battle :i* does n exhibit ! mo/ cauti\s circumspection4--,,bayne4 #e4 ,n only c\ld man n acquire su* in=mation1 b ought n to labor aft] x4--,,grote4 #f4 ,!re is no ?\ghtful man 9 ,am]ica :o w\ld n consid] a w> ) ,engl& ! greate/ ( calamities4--,,l[ell4 #g4 ,9 ! execution ( ?is task1 !re is no man :o w\ld n f9d x an ardu\s ef=t4--,,hamilton4 #h4 ,a weapon1 said ! ,k+1 well wor?y to conf] honor1 nor has x be5 laid on an undes]v+ %\ld]4--,,scott4 ,,conjunctions4 ,sid5ote3 ,& :o1 & :i*4 #ded4 ,! s5t5ces giv5 9 ,secs4 #dai & #dbj on ! connect+ ( pron\ns ) diff]5t expressions may aga9 be ref]r$ to "h1 z ! use ( ! conjunction1 z well z ( ! pron\n1 %\ld be scrut9iz$4 ,sid5ote3 ,*oice & prop] position ( correlatives4 #dee4 ,! mo/ frequ5t mi/akes 9 us+ conjunctions are 9 h&l+ correlatives1 especially bo? 444 &1 nei!r 444 nor1 ei!r 444 or1 n only 444 b1 n m]ely 444 b 7also74 ,! foll[+ examples illu/rate ! correct use ( correlatives z to bo? *oice ( words & position3-- ,:e!r at w> or at peace1 !re we 71 a /&+ m5ace to all e>?ly p>adises ( t k9d4--,,l[ell4 ,^! idols ( wood c nei!r he> nor feel4--,,prescott4 ,bo? ! common soldi]y & _! lead]s & comm&]s l[]$ on ea* o!r z if _! union _h n be5 m ess5tial ?an ev]1 n only to ! success ( _! common cause1 b to _! own safety4--,,scott4 ,sid5ote3 ,?+s to be wat*$4 ,9 ^! examples x w be notic$ t nor1 n or is ! prop] correlative ( nei!r2 & t all correlatives 9 a s5t5ce ought to h correspond+ positions3 t is1 if ! la/ prec$es a v]b1 ! fir/ ought to be plac$ be=e a v]b2 if ! second prec$es a phrase1 ! fir/ %\ld also4 ,?is is necess>y to make ! s5t5ce cle> & symmetrical4 ,sid5ote3 ,correction4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,i am nei!r 9 spirits to enjoy x1 or to reply to x1 bo? ( ! above requirem5ts are violat$4 ,! ^w nei!r 9 su* a case _h bett] be *ang$ to n 444 ei!r1--,i am n 9 spirits ei!r to enjoy x1 or to reply to x4 ,besides nei!r 444 or1 ev5 nei!r 444 nor is (t5 *ang$ to n--ei!r 444 or ) advantage1 z ! negation is sometimes too f> f ! v]b to :i* x belongs4 ,a n\n may be prec$$ by "o ( ! correlatives1 & an equival5t pron\n by ! o!r4 ,! s5t5ce1 ,?is loose & inaccurate mann] ( speak+ has misl$ u bo? 9 ! !ory ( ta/e & ( morals1 may be *ang$ to ,?is loose 444 misl$ u bo? 9 ! !ory ( ta/e & 9 t ( morals4 ,ex]cise4 ,correct ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,an ord9>y man w\ld nei!r h incurr$ ! dang] ( succor+ ,essex1 nor ! disgrace ( assail+ him4--,,macaulay4 #b4 ,^? ogres w /ab ab\t & kill n only /rang]s1 b !y w outrage1 murd]1 & *op up _! own k94--,,?ack]ay4 #c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ 7:i* 0 nei!r pursu$ ) t s]i\sness or t dev\t m9d :i* su* a /udy requires7 ! y\? f\nd himself1 etc4--,id4 #d4 ,i c\ld nei!r be> walk+ nor rid+ 9 a c>riage ov] its pebbl$ /reets4--,,frankl94 #e4 ,"s exceptions1 t c nei!r be dissembl$ nor elud$1 r5d] ?is mode ( reason+ z indiscreet z x is sup]flu\s4--,,gibbon4 #f4 ,!y w1 too1 n m]ely int]e/ *ildr51 b gr[n-up p]sons4--,we/m9/] ,review4 #g4 ,i _h ev5 ! satisfaction to see h] lavi% "s k9d looks ^u my un=tunate son1 :i* ! o!r c\ld nei!r extort by 8 =tune nor assiduity4--,,goldsmi?4 #h4 ,?is 0 done probably to %[ t he 0 nei!r a%am$ ( 8 "n or family4--,,addison4 ,sid5ote3 ,try & = try to4 #def4 ,occasionally !re is f\nd ! expression try & in/ead ( ! bett] au?oriz$ try to2 z1-- ,we w try & avoid p]sonalities altoge!r4--,,?ack]ay4 ,did any ( y ev] try & read ,blackmore's ,poems8--,id4 ,try & avoid ! pron\n4--,,ba94 ,we w try & get a cle>] notion ( !m4--,,rusk94 ,sid5ote3 ,b :at4 #deg4 ,in/ead ( ! subord9ate conjunction t1 b1 or b t1 or ! negative relative b1 we sometimes f9d ! bulky & ne$less b :at4 ,n[1 x is possible to use b :at :5 :at is a relative pron\n1 z1 ,he nev] _h any money b :at he absolutely ne$$2 b 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces :at usurps ! place ( a conjunction4 ,ex]cise4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 sub/itute t1 b1 or b t = ! words b :at3-- #a4 ,! doctor us$ to say 'twas h] "y he>t1 & ,i don't "k b :at he 0 "r4--,s4,o4 ,,jewett4 #b4 ,at ! fir/ /roke ( ! pickax x is t5 to "o b :at y are tak5 up = a trespass4--,,bulw]4 #c4 ,!re are few p]sons ( di/9ction b :at c hold conv]sation 9 bo? languages4--,,swift4 #d4 ,:o kn[s b :at !re might be ,engli% among ^? sun-br[n$ half-nak$ masses ( pant+ wret*es8--,,k+sley4 #e4 ,no little w\nd ( ! k9d ev] came to him b :at he disclos$ x at once4--,,trollope4 #f4 ,!y are n s di/ant f ! camp ( ,salad9 b :at !y might be 9 a mom5t surpris$4--,,scott4 ,,prepositions4 #deh4 ,z to ! plac+ ( a preposition aft] its object 9 c]ta9 cases1 see ,sec4 #cje4 ,sid5ote3 ,betwe5 & among4 #dei4 ,9 ! prim>y mean+ ( betwe5 & among !re is a %>p di/9ction1 z already se5 9 ,sec4 #cac2 b 9 ,mod]n ,engli% ! diff]5ce is n s m>k$4 ,betwe5 is us$ mo/ (t5 ) two ?+s only1 b /ill x is frequ5tly us$ 9 speak+ ( sev]al objects1 "s relation or connection betwe5 two at a "t be+ impli$4 ,among is us$ 9 ! same way z amid 7?\gh n ) exactly ! same mean+71 sev]al objects be+ spok5 ( 9 ! aggregate1 no sep>ation or division by twos be+ impli$4 ,examples ( ! di/9ctive use ( ! two words3-- ,sid5ote3 ,two ?+s4 ,! cont5tions t arise betwe5 ! p>son & ! squire4--,,addison4 ,we reckon$ ! improvem5ts ( ! art ( w> among ! triumphs ( sci5ce4--,,em]son4 ,examples ( ! loos] use ( betwe53-- ,sid5ote3 ,a numb] ( ?+s4 ,natural objects affect u by ! laws ( t connection :i* ,provid5ce has e/abli%$ betwe5 c]ta9 motions ( bodies4--,,burke4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 9 natural end[m5t are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) _! common weal?4--,,em]son4 ,!y ma9ta9 a good correspond5ce betwe5 ^? weal?y societies ( m5 t are divid$ f "o ano!r by seas & oceans4--,,addison4 ,look+ up at its deep-po9t$ por*es & ! d>k places betwe5 _! pill>s :]e !re 7 /atues once4--,,rusk9 ,:at h ,i1 a soldi] ( ! ,cross1 to d ) recollections ( w> betwixt ,*ri/ian nations8--,,scott4 ,sid5ote3 ,two gr\ps or "o & a gr\p4 ,also betwe5 may express relation or connection 9 speak+ ( two gr\ps ( objects1 or "o object & a gr\p2 z1-- ,a c\ncil ( w> is go+ on beside ! wat* fire1 betwe5 ! ?ree adv5tur]s & ! fai?ful ,yeo4--,,k+sley4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 tea*]s sacr$ or lit]>y1--betwe5 poets l ,h]b]t & poets l ,pope1--betwe5 philosoph]s l ,sp9oza1 ,kant1 & ,col]idge1 & philosoph]s l ,locke1 ,paley1 ,mack9to%1 & ,/ew>t1 etc4 --,,em]son4 #dfj4 ,c]ta9 words are foll[$ by p>ticul> prepositions4 ,"s ( ^! words %[ by _! composition :at preposition %\ld foll[4 ,su* are absolve1 involve1 diff]5t4 ,"s ( !m h1 by cu/om1 come to take prepositions n 9 keep+ ) ! orig9al mean+ ( ! words4 ,su* are d]ogatory1 av]se4 ,_m words take "o preposition to express "o mean+1 & ano!r to convey a diff]5t mean+2 z1 correspond1 conf]4 ,& yet o!rs may take sev]al prepositions indiff]5tly to express ! same mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ,i43 ,words ) p>ticul> prepositions4 #dfa4 ,,li/ ,i4 ,absolve f4 ,conv]sant )4 ,abhorr5t to4 ,dep5d5t on 7^u74 ,accord )4 ,diff]5t f4 ,acquit (4 ,diss5t f4 ,aff9ity betwe54 ,d]ogatory to4 ,av]se to4 ,deprive (4 ,be/[ on 7^u74 ,indep5d5t (4 ,con=m to4 ,involve 94 ,comply )4 ,diff]5t to is frequ5tly he>d 9 spok5 ,engli% 9 ,engl&1 & sometimes creeps into /&>d books1 b x is n good usage4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ,,ii43 ,words tak+ diff]5t prepositions = diff]5t mean+s4 #dfb4 ,,li/ ,,ii4 ,agree ) 7a p]son74 ,diff] f 7note bel[74 ,agree to 7a proposal74 ,diff] ) 7note bel[74 ,*ange = 7a ?+74 ,disappo9t$ 9 7a ?+ ,*ange ) 7a p]son74 obta9$74 ,*ange to 7become74 ,disappo9t$ ( 7a ?+ n ,conf] ) 7talk )74 obta9$74 ,conf] on 7^u7 7give to74 ,reconcile to 7note bel[74 ,confide 9 7tru/ 974 ,reconcile ) 7note bel[74 ,confide to 7intru/ to74 ,a ta/e ( 7food74 ,correspond ) 7write to74 ,a ta/e = 7art1 etc474 ,correspond to 7a ?+74 ,correspond ) is sometimes us$ ( ?+s1 z mean+ to be 9 keep+ )4 ,diff] f is us$ 9 speak+ ( unlik5ess betwe5 ?+s or p]sons2 diff] f & diff] ) are bo? us$ 9 speak+ ( p]sons disagree+ z to op9ions4 ,reconcile to is us$ ) ! mean+ ( resign$ to1 z1 ,! exile became reconcil$ to 8 fate2 also ( p]sons1 9 ! s5se ( mak+ fri5ds )1 z1 ,! k+ is reconcil$ to 8 m9i/]4 ,reconcile ) is us$ ) ! mean+ ( make to agree )1 z1 ,! /atem5t mu/ be reconcil$ ) 8 previ\s conduct4 ,sid5ote3 ,li/ ,,iii43 ,words tak+ anyone ( sev]al prepositions = ! same mean+4 #dfc4 ,,li/ ,,iii4 ,die by1 die =1 die f1 die (1 die )4 ,expect (1 expect f4 ,"p f1 "p )4 ,illu/rations ( die (1 die f1 etc43-- ,sid5ote3 ,die (4 ,! au?or di$ ( a fit ( apoplexy4--,,boswell4 ,p d n die ( trifl+ little colds4--,,au/5 ,fifte5 (fic]s di$ ( fev] 9 a day4--,,macaulay4 ,x w\ld take me long to die ( hung]4--,g4 ,,eliot4 ,%e di$ ( h>d "w1 privation1 & ill treatm5t4--,,burnett4 ,sid5ote3 ,die f4 ,%e saw h] husb& at la/ lit]ally die f hung]4--,,bulw]4 ,he di$ at la/ )\t disease1 simply f old age4 --,a!num4 ,no "o di$ f want at ,longfeld4--,*amb]s' ,j\rnal4 ,sid5ote3 ,die )4 ,%e w\ld h be5 ready to die ) %ame4--,g4 ,,eliot4 ,i am positively dy+ ) hung]4--,,scott4 ,i ?\ght ! two ,miss ,flambor\ghs w\ld h di$ ) laugh+4--,,goldsmi?4 ,i wi% t ! happie/ "h may n die ) envy4--,,pope4 ,sid5ote3 ,die =4 79 behalf (74 ,take ?\ght & die = ,cs>4--,,%akespe>e4 ,"o ( !m said he w\ld die = h]4--,,goldsmi?4 ,x is a man ( quality :o dies = h]4--,,addison4 ,sid5ote3 ,die =4 7because (74 ,:o1 z ,c]vantes in=ms u1 di$ = love ( ! fair ,m>cella4--,,field+4 ,"s (fic]s _h di$ = want ( a morsel ( bread4--,,macaulay4 ,sid5ote3 ,die by4 7mat]ial cause1 in/rum5t74 ,if ,i meet ) any ( 'em1 !y %all die by ?is h&4 --,,?ack]ay4 ,he mu/ purge himself to ! satisfaction ( a vigilant tribunal or die by fire4--,,macaulay4 ,he di$ by suicide be=e he complet$ 8 eighte5? ye>4--,,%aw4 #dfd4 ,illu/rations ( expect (1 expect f3-- ,sid5ote3 ,expect (4 ,:at d ,i expect ( ,dubl98--,pun*4 ,t is m ?an ,i expect$ ( y4--,,scott4 ,( ,doctor ,p4 no?+ bett] 0 to be expect$4--,,poe4 ,n kn[+ :at might be expect$ ( m5 9 g5]al4--,g4 ,,eliot4 ,sid5ote3 ,expect f4 ,%e w expect m att5tion f y1 z my fri5d4--,,walpole4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 grace & decorum h>dly to be expect$ f a man4--,,macaulay4 ,i h long expect$ some?+ rem>kable f y4--,g4 ,,eliot4 #dfe4 ,"p ) is us$ ) bo? p]sons & ?+s1 b "p f is less (t5 f\nd 9 speak+ ( ?+s4 ,illu/rations ( "p )1 "p f3-- ,sid5ote3 ,"p )4 ,he 0 fond ( ev]ybody t he 0 us$ to1 & hat$ to "p ) !m4--,,au/54 ,clevel& 0 sorry to "p ) him4--,,bulw]4 ,i c "p ) my *ildr5 = _! good4--,,dick5s4 ,i "p ) all t grew s ne> my he>t4--,,wall]4 ,sid5ote3 ,"p f4 ,to "p f y w\ld be mis]y4--,,m>ryat4 ,i h j se5 h]1 j p>t$ f h]4--,,bulw]4 ,burke p>t$ f him ) deep emotion4--,,macaulay4 ,8 preci\s bag1 :i* he w\ld by no means "p f4--,g4 ,,eliot4 ,sid5ote3 ,k9d 9 y1 k9d ( y4 #dff4 ,) words imply+ behavior or disposition1 ei!r ( or 9 is us$ indiff]5tly1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ quotations3-- ,sid5ote3 ,(4 ,x 0 a little bad ( y4--,,trollope4 ,h[ cruel ( me6--,,coll9s4 ,he did n ?9k x h&some ( y4--,,bulw]4 ,b ?is is idle ( y4--,,t5nyson4 ,sid5ote3 ,94 ,v natural 9 ,mr4 ,hampd54--,,c>lyle4 ,x w be any?+ b %rewd 9 y4--,,dick5s4 ,t is v unreasonable 9 a p]son s "y4--,,beaconsfield4 ,i am wa/+ y\r :ole morn+--too bad 9 me4--,,bulw]4 ,miscellane\s ,examples = ,correction4 #a4 ,c y imag9e ,indians or a semi-civiliz$ p engag$ on a "w l ! canal connect+ ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ seas8 #b4 ,9 ! friction betwe5 an employ] & workman1 x is commonly said t 8 pr(its are high4 #c4 ,none ( !m are 9 any wise will+ to give 8 life = ! life ( 8 *ief4 #d4 ,t :i* c be done ) p]fect conv5i5ce & )\t loss1 is n always ! ?+ t mo/ ne$s to be done1 or :i* we are mo/ imp]atively requir$ to d4 #e4 ,art is nei!r to be a*iev$ by ef=t ( ?9k+1 nor expla9$ by accuracy ( speak+4 #f4 ,to su* z !e ! fa!rs owe _! fame4 #g4 ,we tread ^u ! anci5t granite t fir/ divid$ ! wat]s into a nor!rn & s\!rn ocean4 #h4 ,?\ tread'/1 ) s]aphims1 ! va/ abyss4 #i4 ,eu/ace _h slipp$ (f 8 long cloak1 ?r[n x ov] ,amyas's head1 & ran up ! alley4 #aj4 ,?is n>rative1 t$i\s p]haps1 b :i* ! /ory r5d]s necess>y1 may s]ve to expla9 ! /ate ( intellig5ce betwixt ! lov]s4 #aa4 ,to ! %ame & et]nal infamy ( :omsoev] %all turn back f ! pl[ on :i* he ha? laid 8 h&6 #ab4 ,! noise ( va/ cat>acts1 rag+ /orms1 ?und]1 or artill]y1 awake a great & awful s5sation 9 ! m9d4 #ac4 ,! mat]ials & ornam5ts ought nei!r to be :ite1 nor gre51 nor yell[1 nor blue1 nor ( a pale r$4 #ad4 ,?is does n prove t an idea ( use & beauty are ! same ?+1 or t !y are any way dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 #ae4 ,& 7 ,i any?+ b :at ,i am1 ,i w\ld wi% me only he4 #af4 ,b e man may "k1 & mo/ ( u d "k1 :at is a j & unju/ act4 #ag4 ,y h se5 ,cassio & %e toge!r4 #ah4 ,we %all %ortly see :i* is ! fitte/ object ( scorn1 y or me4 #ai4 ,ri*>d gl>$ r\nd him ) an eye t seem$ to seek an enemy1 & f :i* ! angry nobles %runk appall$4 #bj4 ,x comes to :omsoev] w put (f :at is =eign & pr\d4 #ba4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! j & unju/ proc$ure does n lie 9 ! numb] ( m5 hir$1 b 9 ! price paid to !m4 #bb4 ,! effect ( proportion & fitness1 s f> at lea/ z !y proce$ f a m]e consid]ation ( ! "w itself1 produce approbation1 ! acquiesc5ce ( ! und]/&+4 #bc4 ,:5 ! glass or liquor are transp>5t1 ! light is sometimes s(t5$ 9 ! passage4 #bd4 ,= !re nor yew nor cypress spread _! gloom4 #be4 ,e "o ( ^! lett]s are 9 my "n4 #bf4 ,nei!r ( !m are rem>kable = precision4 #bg4 ,squ>es1 triangles1 & o!r angul> figures1 are nei!r beautiful to ! sight nor feel+4 #bh4 ,!re is n "o 9 a ?\s& ( ^! human s\ls t c>es to ?9k :]e ?is e/ate is1 or h[ beautiful x is1 or :at k9d ( life !y are to lead 9 x4 #bi4 ,dryd5 & ,r[e's mann] are q out ( fa%ion4 #cj4 ,we 7 only p]mitt$ to /op = refre%m5t once4 #ca4 ,! sight ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! meals 7 s]v$ 7 en\gh to turn our /oma*4 #cb4 ,! moody & savage /ate ( m9d ( ! sull5 & ambiti\s man are admirably drawn4 #cc4 ,surely none ( our read]s are s un=tunate z n to "k "s man or woman :o c>ry ?is atmosph]e ( peace & good-w ab\t ) !m4 7,sec4 #daa47 #cd4 ,friday1 :om he ?9ks w\ld be bett] ?an a dog1 & almo/ z good z a pony4 #ce4 ,t night e man ( ! boat's crew1 save ,amyas1 7 d[n ) rag+ fev]4 #cf4 ,^! k9d ( books fill up ! long tape/ry ( hi/ory ) little bits ( detail :i* give human int]e/ to x4 #cg4 ,i nev] rememb] ! hea!r s ri* & abundant4 #ch4 ,^! are scatt]$ along ! coa/ = sev]al hundr$ miles1 9 conditions ( life t seem =bidd+ en\gh1 b :i* are accept$ )\t compla9t by ! inhabitants !mselves4 #ci4 ,betwe5 ea* 0 an int]val :]e lay a musket4 #dj4 ,he _h f\r *ildr51 & x 0 confid5tly expect$ t !y w\ld receive a =tune ( at lea/ #bjj1jjj betwe5 !m4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,m = conv5i5ce ?an = absolute accuracy1 ! /ages ( our language h be5 r\ghly divid$ into ?ree3-- 7#a7 ,old ,engli% 7) ,anglo-,saxon7 d[n to ! twelf? c5tury4 7#b7 ,middle ,engli%1 f ab\t ! twelf? c5tury to ! sixte5? c5tury4 7#c7 ,mod]n ,engli%1 f ab\t #aejj to ! pres5t "t4 ,,index4 ,,! ,,numb]s ,,ref] ,,to ,,pages4 ,a1 orig9 (1 #aai4 syntax (1 #caj4 uses (1 #abd4 ,absolute1 nom9ative1 #dg4 ,ab/ract n\ns1 #bj4 ) article1 #be1 #abd4 ,active voice1 #acc4 ,address1 nom9ative (1 #dg4 ,adjective clauses1 #bfj4 ,adjective pron\ns1 demon/rative1 #ij4 di/+ui%$ f adjectives1 #hi4 di/ributive1 #ia4 num]al1 #ib4 ,adjectives1 adv]bs us$ z1 #aaf4 z complem5ts1 #bci4 comp>ison (1 #ajg4 def9ition (1 #ih4 demon/rative1 #ajb4 f n\ns1 us$ z n\ns1 #bg4 function (1 #ig4 h[ to p>se1 #aae1 #aaf4 9 pr$icate1 #bci4 n comp>$1 #aji4 ( quality1 #ii4 ( quantity1 #aja4 ord9al1 #ajc4 plural (1 #ajf4 pronom9al1 #ajd4 syntax (1 #cjc4 ,adv]bial clauses1 #bfb4 ,adv]bial objective1 #dh1 #bdb4 ,adv]bs1 betwe5 to & inf9itive1 #cbc4 classes (1 #ahe1 #ahg4 def9ition (1 #ahd4 di/+ui%$ f adjectives1 #aij4 h[ to p>se1 #aia4 position (1 9 s5t5ce1 #cbe4 same =m z adjectives1 #aij4 syntax (1 #cbe4 us$ z adjectives1 #aaf4 us$ z n\ns1 #bg4 :at !y modify1 #ahc4 ,adv]sative conjunction1 #aid4 ,aft]1 uses (1 #aad1 #aie1 #bjg4 ,aga9/1 uses (1 #bjg4 ,agreem5t1 k9ds (1 #bge4 ( adjective ) n\n1 #cjc4 ( p]sonal pron\n ) antec$5t1 #bhg4 ( relative pron\n ) antec$5t1 #bia4 ( v]b ) subject1 #adh1 #caf4 ,all1 syntax (1 #cjb4 ,alms1 #db4 ,alt]native conjunctions1 #aid1 #cbh4 ,among1 betwe51 #bjg1 #cca4 ,an4 ,see ,a4 ,anacolu?on ) :i*1 #bie4 ,analysis1 def9ition (1 #bca4 ( complex s5t5ces1 #bfd4 ( comp\nd s5t5ces1 #bga4 ( simple s5t5ces1 #beb4 ,& :o1 & :i*1 #bif4 ,antec$5t1 agreem5t ( pron\n &4 ,see ,agreem5t4 def9ition (1 #gd4 ( x1 #fg4 ( p]sonal pron\ns1 #gd1 #bhg4 ( :i*1 #gi4 ,any1 z adjective1 #aja4 z pron\n1 #ij4 syntax (1 #cjj4 ,apo/rophe 9 possessive1 #ea4 ,apposition1 words 91 #dg1 #di1 #fg1 #bdj4 ,are1 d]ivation (1 #aej4 ,arrangem5t 9 syntax1 #bge4 ,articles1 def9ite1 #abj4 def9ition (1 #abj4 h[ to p>se1 #abg4 indef9ite1 #abd4 syntax (1 #cji4 ,z1 aft] same1 #bid4 uses (1 #hd1 #bbe4 ,z if1 z ?\gh1 #aih4 ,at1 uses (1 #bjh4 ,auxili>y v]bs1 #adh4 ,bad1 comp>ison (1 #aaj4 ,be1 conjugation (1 #adi4 uses (1 #aej4 ,bett]1 be/1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,betwe54 ,see ,among4 ,bre?r51 #ci4 ,bridegroom1 #cg4 ,b1 uses (1 #hd1 #bbd4 ) nom9ative ( pron\n1 #bhc4 ,b :at1 #ccj4 ,by1 uses (1 #baj4 ,c1 c\ld1 #afa4 ,case1 def9ition (1 #df4 ,case1 d\ble possessive1 ( n\ns1 #ed4 ( pron\ns1 #fd4 =ms1 numb] (1 9 ,old & ,mod]n ,engli%1 #df4 nom9ative1 ( n\ns1 #dg4 ( pron\ns1 #fb1 #bgi4 objective1 ( n\ns1 #dh4 ( pron\ns1 #ff1 #bgi4 possessive1 ( n\ns1 #di1 #bgh4 ( pron\ns1 #fc4 syntax (1 #bgh4 ,cause1 clauses (1 #bfb4 conjunctions (1 #aid1 #aie4 ,*]ub1 plurals (1 #de4 ,*ildr51 #ci4 ,clause1 adjective1 #bfj4 adv]b1 #bfb4 def9ition (1 #beg4 k9ds (1 #beg4 n\n1 #beh4 ,cleave1 =ms (1 #aeh4 ,clomb1 #aeg4 ,clo?s1 clo!s1 #dc4 ,collective n\ns1 #ah4 syntax (1 & v]b1 #cab1 #cae4 ,colloquial ,engli%1 #ab4 ,common n\ns1 #ah4 d]iv$ f mat]ial1 #bd4 d]iv$ f prop]1 #bc4 ,comp>ative & sup]lative1 d\ble1 #aac1 #cjg4 syntax (1 #cjg4 ,comp>ison1 defective1 #aaa4 def9ition (1 #ajh4 degrees (1 #ajh4 irregul>1 #aaj4 ( adjectives1 #ajg4 ( adv]bs1 #ahi4 syntax (1 #cje4 ,complem5t ( pr$icate1 #bci4 ,complem5t>y inf9itive1 #bdh4 ,complex s5t5ce1 analysis (1 #bfd4 def9ition (1 #beg4 ,comp\nd n\ns1 plural (1 #dc4 possessive (1 #ec4 ,comp\nd pr$icate & subject1 #bdd4 ,comp\nd s5t5ce1 #bfh4 analysis (1 #bga4 ,concessive clause1 9 analysis1 #bfc4 ) subjunctive1 #adc4 ,concord4 ,see ,agreem5t4 ,conditional clause1 9 analysis1 #bfc4 ) subjunctive1 #ach4 ,conditional conjunctions1 #aif4 ,conditional s5t5ces1 #aci4 ,conjugation1 def9ition (1 #adi4 ( be1 #adi4 ( o!r v]bs1 #aea4 ,conjunctions1 & o!r p>ts ( spee*1 same words1 #aie1 #bjg4 cord9ate1 #aid4 correlative1 #aid4 def9ition (1 #aic4 h[ to p>se1 #aii4 subord9ate1 #aie4 syntax (1 #cbh4 ,conjunctive adv]bs1 #ahh4 ,conjunctive pron\n4 ,see ,relative pron\n4 ,contract$ s5t5ces1 analysis (1 #bee4 ,cord9ate clauses1 #bfi4 ,cord9ate conjunctions4 ,see ,conjunctions4 ,cord9at+ vs4 re/rictive use ( relative pron\ns1 #bhi4 ,copulative conjunction1 #aid4 ,c\ld4 ,see ,c4 ,dative case1 9 ,old ,engli%1 replac$ by objective1 #ff4 ,decl>ative s5t5ce1 #bca4 ,decl5sion ( int]rogative pron\ns1 #gc4 ,decl5sion1 ( n\ns1 #ea4 ( p]sonal pron\ns1 #fj4 ( relative pron\ns1 #hj4 ,defective v]bs1 #afj4 ,def9ite article4 ,see ,articles4 ,def9ite t5ses1 #adh1 #aeb4 ,degree1 adv]bs (1 #ahe4 ,degrees4 ,see ,comp>ison4 ,demon/rative adjectives1 #ajb4 syntax (1 #cjc4 ,demon/rative pron\ns1 #ij4 ,dep5d5t clause4 ,see ,subord9ate clause4 ,descriptive adjectives1 #ii4 ,descriptive use ( n\ns1 #bf4 ,dice1 dies1 #dc4 ,die by1 =1 f1 (1 )1 #ccc4 ,direct disc\rse1 #cbj4 ,direct object1 vs4 indirect1 #dh1 #bdb4 reta9$ ) passive v]b1 #bdb4 ,di/ributive adjectives1 #ajb4 syntax (1 #bhg1 #cae4 ,di/ributive pron\ns1 #ia4 syntax (1 #bhh1 #cjj4 ,d\ble comp>ative4 ,see ,comp>ative4 ,d\ble possessive4 ,see ,case4 ,drake1 duck1 #ce4 ,drank1 drunk1 #aeh4 ,ea*1 adjective1 #ajb4 pron\n1 #ij1 #ib4 syntax (1 #bhg4 ,ea* o!r1 "o ano!r1 #ib1 #bii4 ,eat 7t71 #aeh4 ,eaves1 #db4 ,ei!r1 z adjective1 #ajb4 syntax (1 #bhg4 z conjunction1 #aid4 syntax (1 #cbh4 z pron\n1 #ij1 #ib4 syntax (1 #cjj4 ,eld]1 old]1 #aaj1 #aab4 ,elem5ts ( ! s5t5ce1 #bcd1 #beg4 ,ellipsis1 a s\rce ( error 9 pron\ns1 #bhj4 9 complex s5t5ce1 #bee4 ',em1 orig9 (1 #fb4 ,empress1 #cd4 -,en1 add$ to plural1 #ci4 fem99e suffix1 #cb4 plural suffix1 orig9al1 #ch4 ,engli%1 lit]>y1 spok51 vulg>1 #ab4 p]iods (1 #cc4 ,enl>gem5t ( pr$icate1 #bda4 ( subject1 object1 complem5t1 #bdj4 -,es orig9al ( possessive end+1 #ea4 plural suffix1 #dj4 -,ess1 fem99e suffix1 #cc4 ,e1 adjective1 #ajb4 syntax (1 #bhg4 ,expect (1 expect f1 #ccd4 ,expect$ to h gone1 etc41 #cai4 ,factitive object1 #dh1 #bce4 ,f>!r1 fur!r1 #aaj1 #aab1 #ahi4 ,fem99e1 #cj4 ,few1 a few1 #abf4 ,fir/1 #ajc1 #aab4 ,fir/ two1 two fir/1 etc41 #cjh4 ,fi%1 fi%es1 #dc4 ,=1 r$undant1 ) inf9itive1 us$ z a n\n1 #bab1 #bch4 uses (1 #baa4 ,=eign plurals1 #de4 ,=m]1 !1 adjective1 #ajb4 pron\n1 #ia4 ,f1 uses (1 #bab4 ,fur!r4 ,see ,f>!r4 ,future t5se1 #adg1 #aeb4 ,future p]fect1 #adh1 #aeb4 ,g&]1 goose1 #cf4 ,g5d]1 common g5d]1 #ca4 def9ition (1 #cj4 di/+ui%$ f sex1 #cj4 9 ,engli%1 z comp>$ ) o!r languages1 #bi4 modes ( m>k+1 9 n\ns1 #cb4 ( p]sonal pron\ns1 #fj4 ( relative pron\ns1 #hj4 ,g5ii1 g5iuses1 #dc4 ,g]und1 di/+ui%$ f p>ticiple & v]bal n\n1 #agg4 =ms (1 #agf4 9 syntax1 possessive case )1 #bhe4 ,girl1 #ce4 ,got1 #aei4 ,gov]nm5t1 def9ition (1 k9ds (1 #bge4 ,gramm>1 basis (1 #ab4 def9ition (1 #ab4 divisions (1 #ac4 op9ions on1 #i4 prov9ce (1 #aj4 ,h1 an be=e1 #abj4 ,_h bett]1 _h r1 #age4 ,hang$1 hung1 #aei4 ,he1 %e1 x1 #fa4 ,8 = its1 #fa4 ,husb&1 #cf4 ,i1 p]sonal pron\n1 #fj4 ,imp]ative mood1 #add4 ( fir/ p]son1 #ade4 ,imp]ative s5t5ce1 #bca4 ,imp]fect p>ticiple1 #agc4 ,indef9ite adjective1 #aja4 ,indef9ite article4 ,see ,articles4 ,indef9ite pron\n1 #ic4 ,indef9ite use ( y1 y\r1 #fg4 ,indep5d5t clause1 #beg4 ,indep5d5t elem5ts1 #bde4 ,indexes1 indices1 #dc4 ,indicative mood1 uses (1 #acf4 ,indirect disc\rse1 #cbj4 ,indirect object4 ,see ,direct object4 ,indirect que/ions4 ,see ,que/ions4 ,inf9itive1 active1 ) passive mean+1 #agf4 n a mood1 #aec4 syntax (1 #cai1 #cbc4 uses (1 #bdh4 -,+ words1 summ>y (1 #agh4 ,int]jections1 #bbg4 ,int]rogative adjectives1 #aje4 ,int]rogative adv]bs1 #ahh4 ,int]rogative pron\ns1 #gb4 decl5sion (1 #gc4 9 indirect que/ions1 #he4 syntax (1 #bhc4 ,int]rogative s5t5ce1 #bca1 #bcc4 ,intransitive v]bs1 #aca4 made transitive1 #aca4 ,irregul>ities 9 syntax1 #bgf4 ,irregul>ly comp>$ adjectives1 #aaj4 adv]bs1 #ahi4 ,x1 uses (1 #fg4 ,x 0 me1 etc41 #fc1 #bha4 ,its1 hi/ory (1 #fa4 ,k9d1 ^! k9d1 etc41 #cjc4 ,k9e1 d\ble plural1 #ci4 ,k+1 que51 #cf4 ,lady1 "l1 #cf4 ,la/1 late/1 #aaj1 #aac4 ,latt]1 !1 adjective1 #ajb1 #aac4 pron\n1 #ia4 ,lay1 lie1 #agj4 ,less1 less]1 #aaj4 ,lie4 ,see ,lay4 ,l1 syntax (1 #bbg4 uses (1 #bbf4 ,lit]>y ,engli%1 #ab4 ,little1 a little1 #abf4 ,logic vs4 =m1 9 syntax1 #bgf4 ,logical subject & pr$icate1 #bde4 ,"l4 ,see ,lady4 -,ly1 words 91 #aij4 ,madam1 #cf4 ,mann]1 adv]bs (1 #ahe1 #ahh4 conjunctions (1 #aie4 ,_m1 comp>ison (1 #aaj1 #aab4 ,_m a1 #abf4 ,mapp+ out s5t5ces1 #bef1 #bfe4 ,m>e1 #cf4 ,ma/]1 mi/ress1 #cd4 ,may1 might1 #afj4 ,means1 con/ruction (1 #da4 ,mighty z adv]b1 #ahg4 ,m9e1 ( m9e1 #fd4 ,modifi]1 adv]b1 position (1 #cbe4 ,modifi]s4 ,see ,enl>gem5t4 ,mood1 def9ition (1 #ace4 imp]ative1 #add4 indicative1 #acf1 #acg4 subjunctive1 #acg-add4 -,mo/1 9 sup]latives1 #aac1 #aad1 #ahi4 ,mu*1 comp>ison (1 #aaj1 #aab1 #ahi4 ,mu/1 #afa4 ,ne>1 ne>]1 nigh1 etc41 #aaj1 #aab4 ,negative1 d\ble1 #cbf4 ,nei!r1 adjective1 #ajb4 syntax (1 #bhg4 conjunction1 #aid4 syntax (1 #cbh4 pron\n1 #ij1 #ib4 syntax (1 #cjj4 ,neut] n\ns1 def9ition (1 #cj4 or g5d] n\ns1 accord+ to use1 #cj4 two k9ds (1 #cb4 ,news1 #da4 ,no 9 analysis1 #bdf4 ,nom9ative4 ,see ,case4 ,none1 syntax (1 #cja4 ,nor1 #aid1 #cbh4 ,n a1 etc4 #abf4 ,n\n clause1 #beh4 ,n\ns1 #ag4 ab/ract1 #bj4 become half ab/ract1 #be1 #abd4 become prop]1 #be4 =mation (1 #ba4 case (1 #df4 collective1 #ai4 common1 #ah4 def9ition (1 #ag4 descriptive1 #bf4 g5d] (1 #bi4 h[ to p>se1 #ef4 k9ds (1 #ag mat]ial1 #ai4 become class n\ns1 #bd1 #abe4 neut]1 us$ z g5d] n\ns1 #cj4 numb] 91 #ch4 once s+ul>1 n[ plural1 #db4 o!r words us$ z1 #bg4 plural1 h[ =m$1 #ch-da4 ( ab/ract1 #da ( comp\nd1 etc4 #dc4 ( =eign1 #de4 ( lett]s & figures1 #df4 ( mat]ial1 #da4 ( prop]1 #da4 same z s+ul>1 #ci4 two =ms (1 #db ) titles1 #dd4 prop]1 #ah4 become common1 #bc4 syntax (1 #bgh4 use ( possessive =m (1 #bgh1 #bhe4 ) def9ite article1 #aba4 ) diff]5t mean+ 9 plural1 #db4 ) indef9ite article1 #abd4 ,n\ns1 ) no s+ul>1 #db4 ) "o plural1 two mean+s1 #dc4 ) plural =m1 s+ul> mean+1 #da4 ) s+ul> or plural con/ruction1 plural =m1 #da4 ,n[ z conjunction1 #aie1 #aif4 ,numb]1 def9ition (1 etc41 9 n\ns4 ,see ,n\ns4 9 adjectives1 #ajf4 9 pron\ns1 p]sonal1 #fj4 9 v]bs1 #adh4 ,num]al adjectives1 def9ite1 #aja4 di/ributive1 #ajb4 indef9ite1 #aja4 ,num]al pron\ns1 #ib4 ,object1 adv]bial1 #dh4 def9ition (1 #dh4 direct & indirect1 #dh4 9 analysis1 #bce4 ( preposition4 ,see ,preposition4 modifi]s (1 #bdj4 reta9$ ) passive v]b1 #bdb4 ,objective case1 adv]bial1 dative1 #dh1 #bdb4 9 spok5 ,engli%1 #bha4 in/ead ( nom9ative1 #bgi4 nom9ative in/ead (1 #bhb4 ( n\ns1 #dh4 ( pron\ns1 #ff4 syntax (1 #bgi4 ,(1 uses (1 #bac4 ,old]4 ,see ,eld]4 ,omission ( relative pron\n1 #hg1 #bic4 ,on1 ^u1 uses (1 #baf4 ,"o1 def9ite num]al adjective1 #aja4 indef9ite pron\n1 #id4 possessive (1 #ic ,"o ano!r4 ,see ,ea* o!r4 ,"o 7!71 ! o!r1 z adjective1 #ajc4 z pron\n1 #ia4 ,only1 z conjunction1 #aid4 position (1 z adv]b1 #cbe ,ord]1 a "p ( syntax1 #bge4 inv]t$1 9 analysis1 #bcc1 #bcg4 ,ord9al adjectives1 treatm5t (1 #ajc4 ,o!r ) comp>atives1 #cjf4 ,ought1 #afa4 ,our1 ours1 #fd4 ,ourself1 #fi4 ,ox51 #ch4 ,pa9s1 #da4 ,p>s+1 models =1 #ef1 #aag4 ( adjectives1 #aae1 #aaf4 ( adv]bs1 #aia4 ( articles1 #abg4 ( conjunctions1 #aii4 ( n\ns1 #ef4 ( prepositions1 #bai4 ( pron\ns1 #ie4 ( relatives1 #hj4 ( v]b phrases1 #ahj4 ( v]bals1 #aha4 ( v]bs1 #agi4 "s idioms n p>s$1 #ef4 :at x is1 #ef4 ,"p f1 "p )1 #cce4 ,p>ticipial adjective1 #ajj4 ,p>ticipial phrase1 #bdg4 ,p>ticiple1 def9ition (1 #agb4 di/+ui%$ f o!r -+ words1 #agg4 =ms (1 #agd4 k9ds (1 #agc4 syntax (1 #cbb4 uses (1 #aej1 #agb4 ,p>ts ( spee*1 article includ$ 91 #aai4 words us$ z v>i\s1 #bg1 #bh4 ,passive voice1 #acd4 ,peas1 pease1 #dc4 ,p5ce1 p5nies1 #dc4 ,p]son1 agreem5t ( v]b & subject 91 #cag4 ( n\ns1 #ei4 ( pron\ns1 #ei4 ( v]bs1 #adh4 ,p]sonal pron\n1 absolute use (1 #fc4 agreem5t (1 ) antec$5t1 #bhg4 z pr$icate nom9ative1 #bha4 case (1 #fb4 comp\nd1 or reflexive1 #fi4 uses (1 #gj4 def9ition (1 #ei4 d\ble possessive (1 #fd4 'em & !m1 #fb4 hi/ory (1 #fa4 objective (1 = nom9ative 9 spok5 ,engli%1 #fc1 #bha4 syntax (1 #bha4 table (1 #fj4 triple possessive (1 #fd4 uses ( x1 #fg4 ,p]sonification1 ( ab/ract n\ns1 #be4 ( o!r n\ns1 #cg4 ,phrase1 def9ition (1 #bcf4 k9ds (1 #bcf4 inf9itive1 #bdh4 p>ticipial1 #bdg4 prepositional1 #bdg4 ,place1 adv]bs (1 #ahe1 #ahh4 conjunctions (1 #aie4 prepositions (1 #bjf4 ,plural1 ( adjectives1 #ajf4 syntax (1 #cjc4 ( n\ns4 ,see ,n\ns4 ( pron\ns1 #fj1 #fa4 ,politics1 s+ul> or plural1 #da4 ,positive degree4 ,see ,comp>ison4 ,possessive1 appositional1 ( n\ns1 #di4 z antec$5t ( relative1 #bhe4 d\ble1 ( n\ns1 #ed4 d\ble1 ( pron\ns4 ,see ,p]sonal pron\n4 objective & subjective1 #ej4 ( comp\nd n\ns1 #ec4 ( indef9ite pron\n1 #cjc4 omission ( s 9 s+ul>1 #eb4 orig9 ( 's1 #ea4 syntax (1 #bgh4 ) modifi$ n\n omitt$1 #ec4 ) two objects1 #bgh4 ,pr$icate1 complem5t (1 #bce4 complete1 #bde4 def9ition (1 #bcb4 logical vs4 simple1 #bde4 modifi]s (1 #bda4 ,prefixes1 g5d] %[n by1 #cb4 ,prepositions1 c]ta91 ) c]ta9 words1 #ccb4 classification (1 #bjf4 def9ition (1 #bjc4 foll[$ by possessive case1 #ed1 #fd4 by nom9ative case1 #bhc4 h[ to p>se1 #bai4 objects (1 #bjc4 position (1 #bjb4 relations express$ by c]ta91 #bjh4 same words z o!r p>ts ( spee*1 #ahg1 #aie1 #bjg4 syntax (1 #cca4 uses (1 #abi1 #acb1 #bje4 v>i\s1 ) same mean+1 #ccc4 ,pres5t t5se us$ z future1 #adg4 ,pretty z adv]b1 #ahf4 ,pronom9al adjectives1 int]rogative1 #aje4 relative1 #ajd4 :at1 exclamatory1 #aje4 ,pron\ns1 #eh4 adjective1 #hi4 all1 s+ul> & plural1 #cjb4 any1 usually plural1 #cjj4 ea* o!r1 "o ano!r1 #bii4 ei!r1 nei!r1 ) v]bs1 #cjj4 none1 usually plural1 #cja4 somebody else's1 #cjc4 def9ition (1 #eh4 h[ to p>se1 #ie4 indef9ite1 #ic4 int]rogative1 #gb4 :o z objective1 #bhc4 p]sonal1 #ei4 aft] ?an1 z1 #bhj4 antec$5ts (1 #bhg4 nom9ative & objective1 =ms (1 #bgi4 nom9ative =m (1 aft] b1 #bhd4 objective =m (1 = pr$icate nom9ative1 #bha4 objective =m (1 9 exclamations1 #bhb4 possessive =m (1 z antec$5t ( relative1 #bhe4 possessive =m (1 ) g]und1 #bhf4 relative1 #gd4 agreem5t (1 ) antec$5t1 #bia4 anacolu?on ) :i*1 #bie4 & :o1 & :i*1 #bif4 z1 t1 :o1 & :i* aft] same1 #bie4 h[ to p>se1 #hj4 omission (1 #hg1 #bic4 re/rictive & unre/rictive1 #bhi4 two relatives1 same antec$5t1 #big4 syntax (1 #bgi4 usefulness (1 #eh4 ,prop] n\ns4 ,see ,n\ns4 ,purpose1 clauses (1 #bfc4 conjunctions (1 #aie4 ,quality1 adjectives (1 #ii4 ,quantity1 adjectives (1 #aja4 ,que/ions1 direct & indirect1 adv]bs 91 #ahh4 pronom9al adjectives 91 #aje4 pron\ns 91 #he4 indirect1 subjunctive 91 #adb4 ,quotations4 ,see ,direct disc\rse4 ,rank1 adjectives ( same & diff]5t1 #aae4 ,r1 #ahi4 ,reflexive pron\ns1 hi/ory (1 #fi4 h[ =m$1 #fi4 ,reflexive use ( p]sonal pron\n1 #fh4 ,relative pron\n1 #gd4 b & z1 #hd4 di/+ui%$ f int]rogative1 9 indirect que/ions1 #he4 function (1 #gd4 indef9ite or comp\nd1 #hc4 omission (1 #hg1 #bic4 re/rictive use (1 #bhi4 syntax (1 #bhi4 use (1 #gd4 ,result1 clauses (1 #bfc4 conjunctions (1 #aif4 ,reta9$ object1 #bdb4 ,ri*es1 #db4 ,s1 plural suffix1 #dj4 ',s1 possessive end+1 #ea4 ,same z1 t1 :o1 :i*1 #bid4 ,sat1 sate1 #aei4 ,see+1 conjunction1 #aie1 #aif4 ,self 9 reflexive pron\n1 #fi4 ,s5t5ces1 analysis ( complex1 #bf ( comp\nd1 #bga4 ( elliptical1 #bee4 ( simple1 #beb4 complex 9 =m1 simple 9 effect1 #bei4 ,s5t5ces1 def9ition (1 #bca4 k9ds (1 #bca4 ,sequ5ce ( t5ses1 #cai4 ,set1 sit1 #agj4 ,sex & g5d]1 #bi4 ,%all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld1 #afb4 ,%e>1 =ms (1 #aei4 ,%ot1 %ots1 #dc4 ,simple s5t5ce4 ,see ,s5t5ces4 ,s+ul> numb]1 #ch4 ,sir1 #cf4 ,somebody else's1 etc41 #cjc4 ,sort1 ^! sort1 #cjc4 ,spell+ becom+ phonetic 9 v]bs1 #afi4 ,sp9/]1 #cc4 ,split inf9itive1 #cbc4 ,spok5 ,engli%1 #ab4 -,/]1 fem99e suffix1 use (1 9 ,middle ,engli%1 #cb4 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 #cc4 ,subject1 complete1 #bde4 def9ition (1 #bcc4 grammatical vs4 logical1 #fg1 #bde1 #beh4 modifi]s (1 #bdj4 ?+s us$ z1 #bcg1 #beh4 ,subjunctive mood1 def9ition (1 #acg4 gradual disuse (1 #add4 uses (1 9 lit]>y ,engli%1 #ach4 9 spok5 ,engli%1 #add4 ,subord9ate clause1 #beg4 adjective1 #bfj4 adv]b1 #bfb4 def9ition (1 #beg4 h[ to di/+ui%1 #bgj4 k9ds (1 #beg4 n\n1 #beh4 o!r names =1 #beg4 ,su* z adv]b1 #ahf4 ,su* a1 #abf4 ,suffix -en4 ,see -,en4 -s1 -es1 #ch4 ,suffixes1 =eign1 #cc4 ,sup]lative degree1 d\ble1 #cjg4 9 mean+1 n 9 =m1 #ajg4 n sugge/+ comp>ison1 #aji4 ( adjectives1 #ajh4 ( adv]bs1 #ahi4 syntax (1 #cjf4 ) two objects1 #cjf4 ,syntax1 basis (1 #bgg4 def9ition (1 #bge4 9 ,engli% n same z 9 classical languages1 #bge4 ,t5se1 def9ition (1 #adg4 ,t5ses1 def9ite1 mean+ (1 #adh4 9 ,mod]n ,engli%1 made up ( auxili>ies1 #adg4 numb] (1 9 ,old ,engli%1 #adg4 sequ5ce (1 #cai4 table (1 #aeb4 ,?an me1 ?an :om1 #bhj4 ,t1 omission (1 :5 subject1 #hh4 :5 object1 #hg4 relative1 re/rictive1 & cord9at+1 #bhi1 #bij4 t 444 & :i*1 #big4 uses (1 #bbb4 ,t1 ?is1 z adjectives1 #ajf4 z adv]bs1 #ahf4 hi/ory ( plural (1 #ajf4 ,!1 z article1 #abj4 z adv]b1 #abc1 #ahf4 hi/ory (1 #aai4 syntax (1 #cji4 ,_!1 !y1 #fa4 ,!n1 ! !n k+1 etc41 #aaf4 ,!re introductory1 #aia4 ,^! k9d1 syntax (4 ,see ,k9d4 ,^!1 ?is1 ^?4 ,see ,t1 hi/ory (4 ,?\1 ?y1 !e1 uses (1 #fa4 ,"t1 adv]bs (1 #ahe1 #ahh4 conjunctions (1 #aie4 prepositions (1 #bjg4 ,to1 be=e inf9itive1 #age4 9 exclamations1 #age4 omitt$ ) c]ta9 v]bs1 #age4 uses (1 z preposition1 #bag4 ,t'o!r1 ! to!r1 #aai4 -,trix1 fem99e suffix1 #cc4 ,try &1 try to1 #ccj4 ,two fir/1 fir/ two1 etc41 #cjh4 ,"u1 adjective1 #aad4 ,^u1 uses (4 ,see ,on4 ,upp]1 #aad4 ,utt]1 utt]mo/1 #aaa1 #aad4 ,v]b phrases1 #abh4 p>s+ (1 #ahj4 ,v]bal n\n1 #bj4 di/+ui%$ f o!r -+ words1 #ba1 #agc4 ,v]bals1 cleft inf9itive1 #cbc4 g]und1 #agf4 h[ to p>se1 #aha4 inf9itive1 #agd1 #bdh4 k9ds (1 #agb4 p>ticiple1 #agb4 c>elessly us$1 #cbb4 uses (1 9 analysis1 #bdg4 syntax (1 #cbb4 ,v]bs1 agreem5t (1 ) subject 9 numb]1 #cab-caf4 9 p]son1 #cag4 auxili>y1 #adh4 conjugation (1 #adi4 defective1 #afj4 def9ition (1 #abi4 h[ to p>se1 #agi4 9 indirect disc\rse1 #cbj4 intransitive1 made transitive1 #aca4 mood (1 #ace4 ( incomplete pr$ication1 #aej1 #bcf4 passive =m1 active mean+1 #aea4 p]son & numb] (1 #adh4 reta9$ object ) passive1 #bdb4 /rong1 def9ition (1 #aed4 rem>ks on c]ta91 #aeg4 table (1 #aee4 syntax (1 #cab4 t5se (1 #adg4 sequ5ce (1 #cai4 transitive & intransitive1 #acj4 voice (1 #acc4 weak1 def9ition (1 #aed4 spell+ (1 #afi4 table ( irregul>1 #afg4 ,vix51 #cc4 ,vocative nom9ative1 #dg4 9 analysis1 #bde4 ,voice1 active1 #acc4 passive1 #acd4 ,v[el *ange1 pa/ t5se ( v]bs =m$ by1 #aed4 plural =m$ by1 #ci4 ,vulg> ,engli%1 #ab4 ,weak v]bs1 regul>1 irregul>1 #afg4 spell+ (1 becom+ phonetic1 #afi4 ,w5t1 #aei4 ,:at1 uses (1 #bbc4 b :at1 #ccj4 :at a1 #aje4 #abf4 ,:]eby1 :]eto1 etc41 #he4 ,:e!r1 conjunction1 #aid4 int]rogative pron\n1 #gb4 ,:i*1 antec$5t (1 #gi4 z adjective1 #ajd1 #aje4 z relative pron\n1 #ge4 9 indirect que/ions1 #he4 indef9ite relative1 #hc4 int]rogative pron\n 9 direct que/ions1 #gb4 syntax (1 #bie-bii4 ^:1 possessive (1 #gh4 ,:o1 z relative1 #ge4 9 direct que/ions1 #gb4 9 indirect que/ions1 #he4 indef9ite relative1 #hc4 objective1 9 spok5 ,engli%1 #gc4 ref]r+ to animals1 #gg4 syntax (1 #bif1 #bii4 ,wid[]1 #cg4 ,wife1 #cf4 ,w1 w\ld4 ,see ,%all4 ,wit*1 wiz>d1 #cf4 ,)1 uses (1 #bah4 ,woman1 #cb4 ,words 9 -+1 #agh4 9 -ly1 #aij4 ,worse1 wors]1 #aaa4 ,y1 plural ( n\ns end+ 94 #dj4 ,yes 9 analysis1 #bdf4 ,yon1 yond]1 #ajc4 ,y1 s+ul> & plural1 #fa4 ,y\rs1 ( y\rs1 #fd4 ,y\rself1 y\rselves1 #gj4