,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,*9a ,,by ,,b]tr& ,,russell ,o4,m41 ,f4,k4,s4 ,london ,,george ,,all5 ,,unw9 ,,ltd ,,rusk9 ,,h\se ,,museum ,,/reet ,,fir/ ,,publi%$ ,,9 #aibb ,,second ,,impression #aiff ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,photoli?ography ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs ,,limit$ ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,=eword ,i4 ,,que/ions ,,ii4 ,,*9a ,,be=e ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,iii4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,! ,,we/]n ,,p[]s ,,iv4 ,,mod]n ,,*9a ,v4 ,,japan ,,be=e ,,! ,,re/oration ,,vi4 ,,mod]n ,,japan ,,vii4 ,,japan ,,& ,,*9a ,,be=e #aiad ,,viii4 ,,japan ,,& ,,*9a ,,dur+ ,,! ,,w> ,,ix4 ,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,conf]5ce ,x4 ,,pres5t ,,=ces ,,& ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,! ,,f> ,,ea/ ,,xi4 ,,*9ese ,,& ,,we/]n ,,civilization ,,contra/$ ,,xii4 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,"* ,,xiii4 ,,high] ,,education ,,9 ,,*9a ,,xiv4 ,,indu/rialism ,,9 ,,*9a ,,xv4 ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,*9a ,,app5dix ,,index ,! ,rul] ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean 0 ,% 7,he$less71 ! ,rul] ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean 0 ,h 7,sudd571 & ! ,rul] ( ! ,c5tre 0 ,*aos4 ,% & ,h 7 cont9ually meet+ 9 ! l& ( ,*aos1 :o treat$ !m v well4 ,!y consult$ toge!r h[ !y might repay 8 k9dness1 & said1 ,m5 all h sev5 orifices = ! purpose ( see+1 he>+1 eat+1 & brea?+1 :ile ?is poor ,rul] alone has n "o4 ,let u try & make !m = him4 ,accord+ly !y dug "o orifice 9 him e day2 & at ! end ( sev5 days ,*aos di$4--,*uang ,tze1 ,legge's translation4 ,! ,problem ( ,*9a ,,*apt] ,i ,,que/ions ,a ,european lately arriv$ 9 ,*9a1 if he is ( a receptive & reflective disposition1 f9ds himself confront$ ) a numb] ( v puzzl+ que/ions1 = _m ( :i* ! problems ( ,we/]n ,europe w n h prep>$ him4 ,russian problems1 x is true1 h important aff9ities ) ^? ( ,*9a1 b !y h also important diff]5ces2 moreov] !y are decid$ly less complex4 ,*9ese problems1 ev5 if !y affect$ no "o outside ,*9a1 w\ld be ( va/ importance1 s9ce ! ,*9ese are e/imat$ to con/itute ab\t a qu>t] ( ! human race4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 all ! _w w be vitally affect$ by ! developm5t ( ,*9ese affairs1 :i* may well prove a decisive factor1 = good or evil1 dur+ ! next two c5turies4 ,?is makes x important1 to ,europe & ,am]ica almo/ z mu* z to ,asia1 t !re %\ld be an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! que/ions rais$ by ,*9a1 ev5 if1 z yet1 def9ite answ]s are difficult to give4 ,! que/ions rais$ by ! pres5t condition ( ,*9a fall naturally into ?ree gr\ps1 economic1 political1 & cultural4 ,no "o ( ^! gr\ps1 h[ev]1 c be consid]$ 9 isolation1 because ea* is intimately b\nd up ) ! o!r two4 ,= my "p1 ,i ?9k ! cultural que/ions are ! mo/ important1 bo? = ,*9a & = mank9d2 if ^! c\ld be solv$1 ,i w\ld accept1 ) m or less equanimity1 any political or economic sy/em :i* m9i/]$ to t end4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 cultural que/ions h little int]e/ = practical m51 :o reg>d money & p[] z ! prop] ends = nations z = individuals4 ,! helplessness ( ! arti/ 9 a h>d-head$ bus9ess community has long be5 a commonplace ( noveli/s & moraliz]s1 & has made collectors feel virtu\s :5 !y b\ght up ! pictures ( pa9t]s :o _h di$ 9 p5ury4 ,*9a may be reg>d$ z an arti/ nation1 ) ! virtues & vices to be expect$ ( ! arti/3 virtues *iefly useful to o!rs1 & vices *iefly h>mful to oneself4 ,c ,*9ese virtues be pres]v$8 ,or mu/ ,*9a1 9 ord] to survive1 acquire1 in/ead1 ! vices :i* make = success & cause mis]y to o!rs only8 ,& if ,*9a does copy ! model set by all =eign nations ) :i* %e has deal+s1 :at w become ( all ( u8 ,*9a has an anci5t civilization :i* is n[ und]go+ a v rapid process ( *ange4 ,! traditional civilization ( ,*9a _h develop$ 9 almo/ complete indep5d5ce ( ,europe1 & _h m]its & dem]its q diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,we/4 ,x w\ld be futile to attempt to /rike a balance2 :e!r our pres5t culture is bett] or worse1 on ! :ole1 ?an t :i* sev5te5?-c5tury mission>ies f\nd 9 ! ,cele/ial ,empire is a "q z to :i* no prud5t p]son w\ld v5ture to pron\nce4 ,b x is easy to po9t to c]ta9 respects 9 :i* we are bett] ?an old ,*9a1 & to o!r respects 9 :i* we are worse4 ,if int]c\rse betwe5 ,we/]n nations & ,*9a is to be fruitful1 we mu/ cease to reg>d ourselves z mission>ies ( a sup]ior civilization1 or1 worse /ill1 z m5 :o h a "r to exploit1 oppress1 & sw9dle ! ,*9ese because !y are an inf]ior race4 ,i d n see any reason to believe t ! ,*9ese are inf]ior to ourselves2 & ,i ?9k mo/ ,europeans1 :o h any intimate k ( ,*9a1 w\ld take ! same view4 ,9 comp>+ an ali5 culture ) "o's own1 "o is =c$ to ask oneself que/ions m fundam5tal ?an any t usually arise 9 reg>d to home affairs4 ,"o is =c$ to ask3 ,:at are ! ?+s t ,i ultimately value8 ,:at w\ld make me judge "o sort ( society m desirable ?an ano!r sort8 ,:at sort ( ends %\ld ,i mo/ wi% to see realiz$ 9 ! _w8 ,diff]5t p w answ] ^! que/ions diff]5tly1 & ,i d n "k ( any argum5t by :i* ,i c\ld p]suade a man :o gave an answ] diff]5t f my own4 ,i mu/ !re=e be cont5t m]ely to /ate ! answ] :i* appeals to me1 9 ! hope t ! read] may feel likewise4 ,! ma9 ?+s :i* seem to me important on _! own acc\nt1 & n m]ely z means to o!r ?+s1 are3 k1 art1 in/9ctive happ9ess1 & relations ( fri5d%ip or affection4 ,:5 ,i speak ( k1 ,i d n mean all k2 !re is mu* 9 ! way ( dry li/s ( facts t is m]ely useful1 & /ill m t has no appreciable value ( any k9d4 ,b ! und]/&+ ( ,nature1 incomplete z x is1 :i* is to be d]iv$ f sci5ce1 ,i hold to be a ?+ :i* is good & delightful on its own acc\nt4 ,! same may be said1 ,i ?9k1 ( "s biographies & p>ts ( hi/ory4 ,to enl>ge on ?is topic w\ld1 h[ev]1 take me too f> f my !me4 ,:5 ,i speak ( art z "o ( ! ?+s t h value on _! own acc\nt1 ,i d n mean only ! delib]ate productions ( tra9$ arti/s1 ?\gh ( c\rse ^!1 at _! be/1 des]ve ! highe/ place4 ,i mean also ! almo/ unconsci\s ef=t aft] beauty :i* "o f9ds among ,russian peasants & ,*9ese coolies1 ! sort ( impulse t creates folk-songs1 t exi/$ among ourselves be=e ! "t ( ! ,puritans1 & survives 9 cottage g>d5s4 ,in/9ctive happ9ess1 or joy ( life1 is "o ( ! mo/ important widespread popul> goods t we h lo/ ?r\gh indu/rialism & ! high pressure at :i* mo/ ( u live2 its commonness 9 ,*9a is a /rong reason = ?9k+ well ( ,*9ese civilization4 ,9 judg+ ( a community1 we h to consid]1 n only h[ mu* ( good or evil !re is )9 ! community1 b also :at effects x has 9 promot+ good or evil 9 o!r communities1 & h[ f> ! good ?+s :i* x enjoys dep5d ^u evils else:]e4 ,9 ?is respect1 also1 ,*9a is bett] ?an we are4 ,our prosp]ity1 & mo/ ( :at we endeav\r to secure = ourselves1 c only be obta9$ by widespread oppression & exploitation ( weak] nations1 :ile ! ,*9ese are n /rong en\gh to injure o!r c\ntries1 & secure :atev] !y enjoy by means ( _! own m]its & ex]tions alone4 ,^! g5]al e?ical consid]ations are by no means irrelevant 9 consid]+ ! practical problems ( ,*9a4 ,our indu/rial & comm]cial civilization has be5 bo? ! effect & ! cause ( c]ta9 m or less unconsci\s beliefs z to :at is wor? :ile2 9 ,*9a "o becomes consci\s ( ^! beliefs ?r\gh ! spectacle ( a society :i* *all5ges !m by be+ built1 j z unconsci\sly1 ^u a diff]5t /&>d ( values4 ,progress & effici5cy1 = example1 make no appeal to ! ,*9ese1 except to ^? :o h come "u ,we/]n influ5ce4 ,by valu+ progress & effici5cy1 we h secur$ p[] & weal?2 by ignor+ !m1 ! ,*9ese1 until we br\ght di/urbance1 secur$ on ! :ole a peaceable exi/5ce & a life full ( enjoym5t4 ,x is difficult to comp>e ^! opposite a*ievem5ts unless we h "s /&>d ( values 9 our m9ds2 & unless x is a m or less consci\s /&>d1 we %all und]value ! less famili> civilization1 because evils to :i* we are n accu/om$ always make a /rong] impression ?an ^? t we h le>n$ to take z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! culture ( ,*9a is *ang+ rapidly1 & und\bt$ly rapid *ange is ne$$4 ,! *ange t has hi!rto tak5 place is traceable ultimately to ! milit>y sup]iority ( ! ,we/2 b 9 future our economic sup]iority is likely to be q z pot5t4 ,i believe t1 if ! ,*9ese are left free to assimilate :at !y want ( our civilization1 & to reject :at /rikes !m z bad1 !y w be able to a*ieve an organic gr[? f _! own tradition1 & to produce a v spl5did result1 comb9+ our m]its ) !irs4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two opposite dang]s to be avoid$ if ?is is to happ54 ,! fir/ dang] is t !y may become completely ,we/]niz$1 reta9+ no?+ ( :at has hi!rto di/+ui%$ !m1 add+ m]ely "o m to ! re/less1 intellig5t1 indu/rial1 & milit>i/ic nations :i* n[ afflict ?is un=tunate planet4 ,! second dang] is t !y may be driv51 9 ! c\rse ( resi/ance to =eign aggression1 into an int5se anti-=eign cons]vatism z reg>ds ev]y?+ except armam5ts4 ,?is has happ5$ 9 ,japan1 & x may easily happ5 9 ,*9a4 ,! future ( ,*9ese culture is intimately b\nd up ) political & economic que/ions2 & x is ?r\gh _! influ5ce t dang]s arise4 ,*9a is confront$ ) two v diff]5t gr\ps ( =eign ,p[]s1 on ! "o h& ! :ite nations1 on ! o!r h& ,japan4 ,9 consid]+ ! effect ( ! :ite races on ! ,f> ,ea/ z a :ole1 mod]n ,japan mu/ c\nt z a ,we/]n product2 !re=e ! responsibility = ,japan's do+s 9 ,*9a re/s ultimately ) h] :ite tea*]s4 ,nev]!less1 ,japan rema9s v unlike ,europe & ,am]ica1 & has ambitions diff]5t f !irs z reg>ds ,*9a4 ,we mu/ !re=e di/+ui% ?ree possibilities3 7#a7 ,*9a may become enslav$ to "o or m :ite nations2 7#b7 ,*9a may become enslav$ to ,japan2 7#c7 ,*9a may recov] & reta9 h] lib]ty4 ,tempor>ily !re is a f\r? possibility1 namely t a consortium ( ,japan & ! ,:ite ,p[]s may control ,*9a2 b ,i d n believe t1 9 ! long run1 ! ,japanese w be able to co-op]ate ) ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! long run1 ,i believe t ,japan mu/ dom9ate ! ,f> ,ea/ or g "u4 ,if ! ,japanese _h a diff]5t "* ?is w\ld n be ! case2 b ! nature ( _! ambitions makes !m exclusive & unneighb\rly4 ,i %all give ! reasons = ?is view :5 ,i come to deal ) ! relations ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,to und]/& ! problem ( ,*9a1 we mu/ fir/ "k some?+ ( ,*9ese hi/ory & culture be=e ! irruption ( ! :ite man1 !n some?+ ( mod]n ,*9ese culture & its inh]5t t5d5cies2 next1 x is necess>y to deal 9 outl9e ) ! milit>y & diplomatic relations ( ! ,we/]n ,p[]s ) ,*9a1 beg9n+ ) our w> ( #ahdj & end+ ) ! treaty conclud$ aft] ! ,box] ris+ ( #aijj4 ,al?\gh ! ,s9o-,japanese w> comes 9 ?is p]iod1 x is possible to sep>ate1 m or less1 ! actions ( ,japan 9 t w>1 & to see :at sy/em ! ,:ite ,p[]s w\ld h e/abli%$ if ,japan _h n exi/$4 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 ,japan has be5 ! dom9ant =eign influ5ce 9 ,*9ese affairs4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to und]/& h[ ! ,japanese became :at !y are3 :at sort ( nation !y 7 be=e ! ,we/ de/roy$ _! isolation1 & :at influ5ce ! ,we/ has _h ^u !m4 ,lack ( und]/&+ ( ,japan has made p 9 ,engl& bl9d to ,japan's aims 9 ,*9a1 & unable to appreh5d ! mean+ ( :at ,japan has done4 ,political consid]ations alone1 h[ev]1 w n suffice to expla9 :at is go+ on 9 relation to ,*9a2 economic que/ions are almo/ m important4 ,*9a is z yet h>dly indu/rializ$1 & is c]ta9ly ! mo/ important undevelop$ area left 9 ! _w4 ,:e!r ! res\rces ( ,*9a are to be develop$ by ,*9a1 by ,japan1 or by ! :ite races1 is a "q ( enorm\s importance1 affect+ n only ! :ole developm5t ( ,*9ese civilization1 b ! balance ( p[] 9 ! _w1 ! prospects ( peace1 ! de/9y ( ,russia1 & ! *ances ( developm5t t[>ds a bett] economic sy/em 9 ! advanc$ nations4 ,! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce has p>tly exhibit$ & p>tly conceal$ ! conflict = ! possession ( ,*9a betwe5 nations all ( :i* h gu>ante$ ,*9a's indep5d5ce & integrity4 ,its outcome has made x f> m difficult ?an be=e to give a hopeful answ] z reg>ds ,f> ,ea/]n problems1 & 9 p>ticul> z reg>ds ! "q3 ,c ,*9a pres]ve any %ad[ ( indep5d5ce )\t a great developm5t ( nationalism & milit>ism8 ,i _c br+ myself to advocate nationalism & milit>ism1 yet x is difficult to "k :at to say to patriotic ,*9ese :o ask h[ !y c be avoid$4 ,s f>1 ,i h f\nd only "o answ]4 ,! ,*9ese nation1 is ! mo/1 pati5t 9 ! _w2 x ?9ks ( c5turies z o!r nations ?9k ( decades4 ,x is ess5tially inde/ructible1 & c af=d to wait4 ,! civiliz$ nations ( ! _w1 ) _! blockades1 _! poison gases1 _! bombs1 subm>9es1 & negro armies1 w probably de/roy ea* o!r )9 ! next hundr$ ye>s1 leav+ ! /age to ^? ^: pacifism has kept !m alive1 ?\gh poor & p[]less4 ,if ,*9a c avoid be+ goad$ into w>1 h] oppressors may we> !mselves out 9 ! end1 & leave ! ,*9ese free to pursue humane ends1 in/ead ( ! w> & rap9e & de/ruction :i* all :ite nations love4 ,x is p]haps a sl5d] hope = ,*9a1 & = ourselves x is little bett] ?an despair4 ,b unless ! ,great ,p[]s le>n "s mod]ation & "s tol]ance1 ,i d n see any bett] possibility1 ?\gh ,i see _m t are worse4 ,our ,we/]n civilization is built ^u assumptions1 :i*1 to a psy*ologi/1 are rationaliz+s ( excessive en]gy4 ,our indu/rialism1 our milit>ism1 our love ( progress1 our mission>y zeal1 our imp]ialism1 our passion = dom9at+ & organiz+1 all spr+ f a sup]flux ( ! it* = activity4 ,! cre$ ( effici5cy = its own sake1 )\t reg>d = ! ends to :i* x is direct$1 has become some:at discr$it$ 9 ,europe s9ce ! w>1 :i* w\ld h nev] tak5 place if ! ,we/]n nations _h be5 slightly m indol5t4 ,b 9 ,am]ica ?is cre$ is /ill almo/ univ]sally accept$2 s x is 9 ,japan1 & s x is by ! ,bol%eviks1 :o h be5 aim+ fundam5tally at ! ,am]icanization ( ,russia4 ,russia1 l ,*9a1 may be describ$ z an arti/ nation2 b unlike ,*9a x has be5 gov]n$1 s9ce ! "t ( ,pet] ! ,great1 by m5 :o wi%$ to introduce all ! good & evil ( ! ,we/4 ,9 =m] days1 ,i might h _h no d\bt t su* m5 7 9 ! "r4 ,"s 7?\gh n _m7 ( ! ,*9ese return$ /ud5ts resemble !m 9 ! belief t ,we/]n pu% & hu/le are ! mo/ desirable ?+s on e>?4 ,i _c n[ take ?is view4 ,! evils produc$ 9 ,*9a by indol5ce seem to me f> less disa/r\s1 f ! po9t ( view ( mank9d at l>ge1 ?an ^? produc$ ?r\gh\t ! _w by ! dom9e]+ cocksur5ess ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! ,great ,w> %[$ t some?+ is wrong ) our civilization2 exp]i5ce ( ,russia & ,*9a has made me believe t ^? c\ntries c help to %[ u :at x is t is wrong4 ,! ,*9ese h discov]$1 & h practis$ = _m c5turies1 a way ( life :i*1 if x c\ld be adopt$ by all ! _w1 w\ld make all ! _w happy4 ,we ,europeans h n4 ,our way ( life dem&s /rife1 exploitation1 re/less *ange1 discont5t & de/ruction4 ,effici5cy direct$ to de/ruction c only end 9 annihilation1 & x is to ?is consummation t our civilization is t5d+1 if x _c le>n "s ( t wisdom = :i* x despises ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 on ! ,volga1 9 ! summ] ( #aibj1 t ,i fir/ realiz$ h[ pr(\nd is ! disease 9 our ,we/]n m5tality1 :i* ! ,bol%eviks are attempt+ to =ce ^u an ess5tially ,asiatic population1 j z ,japan & ! ,we/ are do+ 9 ,*9a4 ,our boat travell$ on1 day aft] day1 ?r\gh an unkn[n & my/]i\s l&4 ,our company 7 noisy1 gay1 qu>relsome1 full ( facile !ories1 ) glib explanations ( ev]y?+1 p]suad$ t !re is no?+ !y c\ld n und]/& & no human de/9y outside ! purview ( _! sy/em4 ,"o ( u lay at dea?'s door1 fight+ a grim battle ) weakness & t]ror & ! indiff]5ce ( ! /rong1 assail$ day & night by ! s\nds ( l\d-voic$ love-mak+ & trivial laught]4 ,& all ar\nd u lay a great sil5ce1 /rong z dea?1 unfa?omable z ! heav5s4 ,x seem$ t none _h leisure to he> ! sil5ce1 yet x call$ to me s insi/5tly t ,i grew deaf to ! h>angues ( propag&i/s & ! endless in=mation ( ! well-in=m$4 ,"o night1 v late1 our boat /opp$ 9 a desolate spot :]e !re 7 no h\ses1 b only a great s&bank1 & beyond x a r[ ( popl>s ) ! ris+ moon beh9d !m4 ,9 sil5ce ,i w5t a%ore1 & f\nd on ! s& a /range assemblage ( human be+s1 half-nomads1 w&]+ f "s remote region ( fam9e1 ea* family huddl$ toge!r surr\nd$ by all its belong+s1 "s sleep+1 o!rs sil5tly mak+ small fires ( twigs4 ,! flick]+ flames light$ up gn>l$1 be>d$ faces ( wild m51 /rong1 pati5t1 primitive wom51 & *ildr5 z s$ate & sl[ z _! p>5ts4 ,human be+s !y und\bt$ly 71 & yet x w\ld h be5 f> easi] = me to gr[ intimate ) a dog or a cat or a horse ?an ) "o ( !m4 ,i knew t !y w\ld wait !re day aft] day1 p]haps = weeks1 until a boat came 9 :i* !y c\ld g to "s di/ant place 9 :i* !y _h he>d--falsely p]haps--t ! e>? 0 m g5]\s ?an 9 ! c\ntry !y _h left4 ,"s w\ld die by ! way1 all w\ld suff] hung] & ?ir/ & ! scor*+ mid-day sun1 b _! suff]+s w\ld be dumb4 ,to me !y seem$ to typify ! v s\l ( ,russia1 unexpressive1 inactive f despair1 unhe$$ by ! little set ( ,we/]niz]s :o make up all ! p>ties ( progress or reaction4 ,russia is s va/ t ! articulate few are lo/ 9 x z man & 8 planet are lo/ 9 int]/ell> space4 ,x is possible1 ,i ?\ght1 t ! !ori/s may increase ! mis]y ( ! _m by try+ to =ce !m into actions contr>y to _! primeval in/9cts1 b ,i c\ld n believe t happ9ess 0 to be br\ght to !m by a gospel ( indu/rialism & =c$ lab\r4 ,nev]!less1 :5 morn+ came ,i resum$ ! int]m9able discussions ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory & ! m]its ( a truly popul> gov]nm5t4 ,^? ) :om ,i discuss$ _h n se5 ! sleep+ w&]]s1 & w\ld n h be5 int]e/$ if !y _h se5 !m1 s9ce !y 7 n mat]ial = propag&a4 ,b some?+ ( t pati5t sil5ce _h communicat$ itself to me1 some?+ lonely & unspok5 rema9$ 9 my he>t ?r\gh\t all ! com=table famili> intellectual talk4 ,& at la/ ,i began to feel t all politics are inspir$ by a gr9n+ devil1 tea*+ ! en]getic & quickwitt$ to torture submissive populations = ! pr(it ( pocket or p[] or !ory4 ,z we j\rney$ on1 f$ by food extract$ f ! peasants1 protect$ by an army recruit$ f among _! sons1 ,i wond]$ :at we _h to give !m 9 return4 ,b ,i f\nd no answ]4 ,f "t to "t ,i he>d _! sad songs or ! haunt+ music ( ! balalaika2 b ! s\nd m+l$ ) ! great sil5ce ( ! /eppes1 & left me ) a t]rible que/ion+ pa9 9 :i* ,occid5tal hopefulness grew pale4 ,x 0 9 ?is mood t ,i set out = ,*9a to seek a new hope4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*9a ,,be=e ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,:]e ! ,*9ese came f is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,_! e>ly hi/ory is kn[n only f _! own annals1 :i* ?r[ no light ^u ! "q4 ,! ,%u-,k+1 "o ( ! ,confucian classics 7edit$1 n compos$1 by ,confucius71 beg9s1 l ,livy1 ) leg5d>y acc\nts ( pr9ces ^: virtues & vices are int5d$ to supply edification or w>n+ to subsequ5t rul]s4 ,yao & ,%un 7 two model ,emp]ors1 ^: date 7if any7 0 some:]e 9 ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,! age ( ,yao & ,%un1 9 ,*9ese lit]ature1 means :at ! ,gold5 ,age mean ) u4 ,x seems c]ta9 t1 :5 ,*9ese hi/ory beg9s1 ! ,*9ese occupi$ only a small "p ( :at is n[ ,*9a1 along ! banks ( ! ,yell[ ,riv]4 ,!y 7 agricultural1 & _h already rea*$ a fairly high level ( civilization--mu* high] ?an t ( any o!r "p ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,! ,yell[ ,riv] is a fi]ce & t]rible /ream1 too swift = navigation1 turgid1 & full ( mud1 deposit+ silt ^u its b$ until x rises above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 :5 x sudd5ly alt]s its c\rse1 sweep+ away villages & t[ns 9 a de/ructive torr5t4 ,among mo/ e>ly agricultural nations1 su* a riv] w\ld h inspir$ sup]/iti\s awe1 & floods w\ld h be5 av]t$ by human sacrifice2 9 ! ,%u-,k+1 h[ev]1 !re is little trace ( sup]/ition4 ,yao & ,%un1 & ,y 7! latt]'s successor71 7 all occupi$ 9 combat+ ! inundations1 b _! me?ods 7 ^? ( ! eng9e]1 n ( ! miracle-work]4 ,?is %[s1 at lea/1 ! /ate ( belief 9 ! "t ( ,confucius4 ,! "* ascrib$ to ,yao %[s :at 0 expect$ ( an ,emp]or3-- ,he 0 rev]5tial1 intellig5t1 accompli%$1 & ?\ghtful--naturally & )\t ef=t4 ,he 0 s9c]ely c\rte\s1 & capable ( all complaisance4 ,! display ( ^! qualities rea*$ to ! f\r extremities ( ! empire1 & ext5d$ f e>? to heav54 ,he 0 able to make ! able & virtu\s di/+ui%$1 & !nce proce$$ to ! love ( ! n9e classes ( 8 k9dr$1 :o all became h>moni\s4 ,he also regulat$ & poli%$ ! p ( 8 doma91 :o all became brightly intellig5t4 ,f9ally1 he unit$ & h>moniz$ ! myriad ,/ates ( ! empire2 & lo6 ! black-hair$ p 7 trans=m$4 ,! result 0 univ]sal concord4#a ,! fir/ date :i* c be assign$ ) precision 9 ,*9ese hi/ory is t ( an eclipse ( ! sun 9 #ggf ,b4,c4#b ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! g5]al correctness ( ! records = consid]ably e>li] times1 b _! exact *ronology _c be fix$4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! ,*\ dyna/y1 :i* fell 9 #bdi ,b4,c4 & is suppos$ to h begun 9 #aabb ,b4,c41 0 already decl9+ 9 p[] z comp>$ ) a numb] ( nom9ally subord9ate feudal ,/ates4 ,! position ( ! ,emp]or at ?is "t1 & = ! next #ejj ye>s1 0 simil> to t ( ! ,k+ ( ,france dur+ ^? p>ts ( ! ,middle ,ages :5 8 au?ority 0 at its l[e/ ebb4 ,*9ese hi/ory consi/s ( a s]ies ( dyna/ies1 ea* /rong at fir/ & weak aft]w>ds1 ea* gradually los+ control ov] subord9ates1 ea* foll[$ by a p]iod ( an>*y 7sometimes la/+ = c5turies71 & ultimately succe$$ by a new dyna/y :i* tempor>ily re-e/abli%es a /rong ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,hi/orians always attribute ! fall ( a dyna/y to ! excessive p[] ( eunu*s1 b p]haps ?is is1 9 "p1 a lit]>y conv5tion4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! ,emp]or is n s mu* 8 political p[]1 :i* fluctuates ) ! /r5g? ( 8 p]sonality1 z c]ta9 religi\s pr]ogatives4 ,! ,emp]or is ! ,son ( ,heav52 he sacrifices to ,heav5 at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! e>ly ,*9ese us$ ,heav5 z synonym\s ) ,! ,supreme ,rul]1 a mono!i/ic ,god2#c inde$ ,pr(essor ,giles ma9ta9s1 by argum5ts :i* seem conclusive1 t ! correct translation ( ! ,emp]or's title w\ld be ,son ( ,god4 ,! ^w ,ti51 9 ,*9ese1 is us$ bo? = ! sky & = ,god1 ?\gh ! latt] s5se has become r>e4 ,! expression ,%ang ,ti1 :i* means ,supreme ,rul]1 belongs 9 ! ma9 to pre-,confucian times1 b bo? t]ms orig9ally repres5t$ a ,god z def9itely an?ropomorphic z ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4#d ,z "t w5t by ! ,supreme ,rul] became m %ad[y1 :ile ,heav5 rema9$1 on acc\nt ( ! ,imp]ial rites connect$ ) x4 ,! ,emp]or alone _h ! privilege ( wor%ipp+ ,heav51 & ! rites cont9u$ practically un*ang$ until ! fall ( ! ,man*u dyna/y 9 #aiaa4 ,9 mod]n times !y 7 p]=m$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,heav5 9 ,pek+1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful places 9 ! _w4 ,! annual sacrifice 9 ! ,temple ( ,heav5 repres5t$ almo/ ! sole (ficial survival ( pre-,confucian religion1 or inde$ ( any?+ t c\ld be call$ religion 9 ! /rict s5se2 = ,buddhism & ,taoism h nev] _h any connection ) ! ,/ate4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*9a is kn[n 9 "s detail f ! ye> #gbb ,b4,c41 because ) ?is ye> beg9s ,confucius' ,spr+s & ,autumns1 :i* is a *ronicle ( ! ,/ate ( ,lu1 9 :i* ,confucius 0 an (ficial4 ,"o ( ! odd ?+s ab\t ! hi/ory ( ,*9a is t aft] ! ,emp]ors h be5 succe$+ ea* o!r = m ?an #b1jjj ye>s1 "o comes to a rul] :o is kn[n z ! ,fir/ ,emp]or1 ,%ih ,huang ,ti4 ,he acquir$ control ov] ! :ole ,empire1 aft] a s]ies ( w>s1 9 #bba ,b4,c41 & di$ 9 #baj ,b4,c4 ,ap>t f 8 conque/s1 he is rem>kable = ?ree a*ievem5ts3 ! build+ ( ! ,great ,wall aga9/ ! ,huns1 ! de/ruction ( feudalism1 & ! burn+ ( ! books4 ,! de/ruction ( feudalism1 x mu/ be confess$1 _h to be repeat$ by _m subsequ5t rul]s2 = a long "t1 feudalism t5d$ to gr[ up aga9 :5ev] ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 0 9 weak h&s4 ,b ,%ih ,huang ,ti 0 ! fir/ rul] :o made 8 au?ority really effective ov] all ,*9a 9 hi/orical times4 ,al?\gh 8 dyna/y came to an end ) 8 son1 ! impression he made is %[n by ! fact t our ^w ,*9a is probably d]iv$ f 8 family "n1 ,ts9 or ,*9#e4 7,! ,*9ese put ! family "n fir/47 ,8 ,empire 0 r\ghly co-ext5sive ) :at is n[ ,*9a prop]4 ,! de/ruction ( ! books 0 a curi\s incid5t4 ,%ih ,huang ,ti1 z appe>s f 8 call+ himself ,fir/ ,emp]or1 dislik$ be+ rem9d$ ( ! fact t ,*9a _h exi/$ be=e 8 "t2 !re=e hi/ory 0 ana!ma to him4 ,moreov] ! lit]ati 7 already a /rong =ce 9 ! c\ntry1 & 7 always 7foll[+ ,confucius7 9 fav\r ( ! pres]vation ( anci5t cu/oms1 :]eas ,%ih ,huang ,ti 0 a vigor\s innovator4 ,moreov]1 he appe>s to h be5 un$ucat$ & n ( pure ,*9ese race4 ,mov$ by ! comb9$ motives ( vanity & radicalism1 he issu$ an edict decree+ t-- ,all (ficial hi/ories1 except ! memoirs ( ,ts9 78 own family71 %all be burn$2 except ! p]sons :o h ! (fice ( lit]ati ( ! great le>n+1 ^? :o 9 ! ,empire p]mit !mselves to hide ! ,%i-,k+1 ! ,%u-,k+ 7,confucian classics71 or ! disc\rses ( ! hundr$ s*ools1 mu/ all g be=e ! local civil & milit>y au?orities s t !y may be burn$4 ,^? :o %all d>e to discuss among !mselves ! ,%i-,k+ & ! ,%u-,k+ %all be put to dea? & _! corpses expos$ 9 a public place2 ^? :o %all make use ( antiquity to belittle mod]n times %all be put to dea? ) _! relations4444 ,?irty days aft] ! publication ( ?is edict1 ^? :o h n burn$ _! books %all be br&$ & s5t to =c$ lab\r4 ,! books :i* %all n be proscrib$ are ^? ( m$ic9e & ph>macy1 ( div9ation 4441 ( agriculture & ( arboriculture4 ,z = ^? :o desire to /udy ! laws & ord9ances1 let !m take ! (ficials z ma/]s4 7,cordi]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #bjc47 ,x w be se5 t ! ,fir/ ,emp]or 0 some?+ ( a ,bol%evik4 ,! ,*9ese lit]ati1 naturally1 h black5$ 8 memory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mod]n ,*9ese re=m]s1 :o h exp]i5c$ ! opposition ( old-fa%ion$ s*ol>s1 h a c]ta9 sympa?y ) 8 attempt to de/roy ! innate cons]vatism ( 8 subjects4 ,?us ,li ,ung ,b+#f says3-- ,no radical *ange c take place 9 ,*9a )\t enc\nt]+ ! opposition ( ! lit]ati4 ,?is 0 no less ! case !n ?an x is n[4 ,to aboli% feudalism by "o /roke 0 a radical *ange inde$4 ,:e!r ! *ange 0 = ! bett] or ! worse1 ! m5 ( lett]s took no "t to inquire2 :atev] 0 good en\gh = _! fa!rs 0 good en\gh = !m & _! *ildr54 ,!y f\nd num]\s au?orities 9 ! classics to support _! cont5tion & ^! !y freely quot$ to %[ t ,%ih ,huang ,ti 0 wrong4 ,!y cont9u$ to criticize ! gov]nm5t to su* an ext5t t some?+ _h to be done to sil5ce ! voice ( antiquity 444 ,z to h[ f> ?is decree 7on ! burn+ ( ! books7 0 en=c$1 x is h>d to say4 ,at any rate1 x exempt$ all libr>ies ( ! gov]nm5t1 or su* z 7 9 possession ( a class ( (ficials call$ ,po ,szu or ,le>n$ ,m54 ,if any real damage 0 done to ,*9ese lit]ature "u ! decree 9 "q1 x is safe to say t x 0 n ( su* a nature z lat] writ]s w\ld h u believe4 ,/ill1 ?is extreme measure fail$ to secure ! desir$ end1 & a numb] ( ! m5 ( lett]s 9 ,han ,yang1 ! capital1 0 subsequ5tly buri$ alive4 ,?is passage is writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( ,"y ,*9a1 :i* is anxi\s to assimilate ,we/]n le>n+ 9 place ( ! dead s*ol>%ip ( ! ,*9ese classics4 ,*9a1 l e o!r civiliz$ c\ntry1 has a tradition :i* /&s 9 ! way ( progress4 ,! ,*9ese h excell$ 9 /ability r ?an 9 progress2 !re=e ,"y ,*9a1 :i* p]ceives t ! adv5t ( indu/rial civilization has made progress ess5tial to cont9u$ national exi/5ce1 naturally looks ) a fav\rable eye ^u ,%ih ,huang ,ti's /ruggle ) ! reaction>y p$ants ( 8 age4 ,! v consid]able lit]ature :i* has come d[n to u f be=e 8 "t %[s1 9 any case1 t 8 edict 0 some:at ineffective2 & 9 fact x 0 repeal$ aft] tw5ty-two ye>s1 9 #aia4 ,b4,c4 ,aft] a brief reign by ! son ( ! ,fir/ ,emp]or1 :o did n inh]it 8 capacity1 we come to ! great ,han dyna/y1 :i* reign$ f #bjf ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #bbj4 ,?is 0 ! great age ( ,*9ese imp]ialism--exactly coeval ) ! great age ( ,rome4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! campaigns 9 ,nor!rn ,india & ,c5tral ,asia1 ! ,*9ese 7 br\ght into contact ) ,india1 ) ,p]sia1 & ev5 ) ! ,roman ,empire4#g ,_! relations ) ,india _h a pr(\nd effect ^u _! religion1 z well z ^u t ( ,japan1 s9ce !y l$ to ! introduction ( ,buddhism4 ,relations ) ,rome 7 *iefly promot$ by ! ,roman desire = silk1 & cont9u$ until ! rise ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,!y _h little importance = ,*9a1 ?\gh we le>n1 = example1 t ab\t ,a4,d4 #afd a treatise on a/ronomy 0 br\ght to ,*9a f ! ,roman ,empire4#h ,m>cus ,aurelius appe>s 9 ,*9ese hi/ory "u ! "n ,an ,tun1 :i* /&s = ,anton9us4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! ,*9ese acquir$ t imm5se pre/ige 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ :i* la/$ until ! arrival ( ,european armies & navies 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o is sometimes tempt$ to ?9k t ! irruption ( ! :ite man into ,*9a may prove almo/ z ephem]al z ! raids ( ,huns & ,t>t>s into ,europe4 ,! milit>y sup]iority ( ,europe to ,asia is n an et]nal law ( nature1 z we are tempt$ to ?9k2 & our sup]iority 9 civilization is a m]e delusion4 ,our hi/ories1 :i* treat ! ,m$it]ranean z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 give q a wrong p]spective4 ,cordi]1#i deal+ ) ! campaigns & voyages ( discov]y :i* took place "u ! ,han dyna/y1 says3-- ,! ,occid5tals h s+ul>ly contract$ ! field ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 !y h gr\p$ ar\nd ! p ( ,israel1 ,greece1 & ,rome ! little t !y knew ( ! expansion ( ! human race1 be+ completely ignorant ( ^! voyag]s :o pl\gh$ ! ,*9a ,sea & ! ,indian ,ocean1 ( ^! cavalcades across ! imm5sities ( ,c5tral ,asia up to ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! univ]se1 & at ! same "t a civilization diff]5t b c]ta9ly z develop$ z t ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 rema9$ unkn[n to ^? :o wrote ! hi/ory ( _! little _w :ile !y believ$ t !y1 7 sett+ =? ! hi/ory ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,9 our day1 ?is prov9cialism1 :i* impregnates all our culture1 is liable to h disa/r\s consequ5ces politically1 z well z = ! civilization ( mank9d4 ,we mu/ make room = ,asia 9 our ?\ghts1 if we are n to r\se ,asia to a fury ( self-ass]tion4 ,aft] ! ,han dyna/y !re are v>i\s %ort dyna/ies & p]iods ( disord]1 until we come to ! ,tang dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #fah-ijg74 ,"u ?is dyna/y1 9 its prosp]\s days1 ! ,empire acquir$ its greate/ ext5t1 & art & poetry rea*$ _! highe/ po9t4#aj ,! ,empire ( ,j5ghis ,khan 7di$ #abbg7 0 consid]ably great]1 & conta9$ a great "p ( ,*9a2 b ,j5ghis ,khan 0 a =eign conqu]or4 ,j5ghis & 8 g5]als1 />t+ f ,mongolia1 appe>$ z conqu]ors 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,russia4 ,?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,asia1 ,j5ghis de/roy$ e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! cities he captur$4 ,:5 ,m]v 0 captur$1 x 0 trans=m$ into a des]t & #gjj1jjj p 7 kill$4 ,b x 0 said t _m _h escap$ by ly+ among ! corpses & pret5d+ to be dead2 !re=e at ! capture ( ,ni%apur1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 x 0 ord]$ t all ! inhabitants %\ld h _! heads cut (f4 ,?ree pyramids ( heads 7 made1 "o ( m51 "o ( wom51 & "o ( *ildr54 ,z x 0 fe>$ t "s might h escap$ by hid+ und]gr\nd1 a deta*m5t ( soldi]s 0 left to kill any t might em]ge4#aa ,simil> horrors 7 enact$ at ,mosc[ & ,kieff1 9 ,hung>y & ,pol&4 ,yet ! man responsible = ^! massacres 0 s\ght 9 alliance by ,/4 ,l\is & ! ,pope4 ,! times ( ,j5ghis ,khan rem9d "o ( ! pres5t day1 except t 8 me?ods ( caus+ dea? 7 m m]ciful ?an ^? t h be5 employ$ s9ce ! ,armi/ice4 ,kublai ,khan 7di$ #abid71 :o is famili>1 at lea/ by "n1 ?r\gh ,m>co ,polo & ,col]idge2 0 ! gr&son ( ,j5ghis ,khan1 & ! fir/ ,mongol :o 0 ackn[l$g$ ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 :]e he ou/$ ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgg74 ,by ?is "t1 contact ) ,*9a _h some:at abat$ ! savag]y ( ! fir/ conqu]ors4 ,kublai remov$ 8 capital f ,k>a ,korom 9 ,mongolia to ,pek+4 ,he built walls l ^? :i* /ill surr\nd ! city1 & e/abli%$ on ! walls an obs]vatory :i* is pres]v$ to ?is day4 ,until #aijj1 two ( ! a/ronomical in/rum5ts con/ruct$ by ,kublai 7 /ill to be se5 9 ?is obs]vatory1 b ! ,g]mans remov$ !m to ,potsdam aft] ! suppression ( ! ,box]s4#ab ,i und]/& !y h be5 re/or$ 9 accordance ) "o ( ! provisions ( ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles4 ,if s1 ?is 0 probably ! mo/ important b5efit :i* t treaty secur$ to ! _w4 ,kublai plays ! same "p 9 ,japanese hi/ory t ,philip ,,ii plays 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,he prep>$ an ,inv9cible ,armada1 or r two successive armadas1 to conqu] ,japan1 b !y 7 defeat$1 p>tly by /orms1 & p>tly by ,japanese val\r4 ,aft] ,kublai1 ! ,mongol ,emp]ors m & m adopt$ ,*9ese ways1 & lo/ _! tyrannical vig\r4 ,_! dyna/y came to an end 9 #acgj1 & 0 succe$$ by ! pure ,*9ese ,m+ dyna/y1 :i* la/$ until ! ,man*u conque/ ( #afdd4 ,! ,man*us 9 turn adopt$ ,*9ese ways1 & 7 ov]?r[n by a patriotic revolution 9 #aiaa1 hav+ contribut$ no?+ notable to ! native culture ( ,*9a except ! pigtail1 (ficially ab&on$ at ! ,revolution4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! ,*9ese ,empire d[n to our own day is n to be attribut$ to any milit>y skill2 on ! contr>y1 consid]+ its ext5t & res\rces1 x has at mo/ times %[n itself weak & incompet5t 9 w>4 ,its s\!rn neighb\rs 7 ev5 less w>like1 & 7 less 9 ext5t4 ,its nor!rn & we/]n neighb\rs inhabit$ a b>r5 c\ntry1 l>gely des]t1 :i* 0 only capable ( support+ a v sp>se population4 ,! ,huns 7 defeat$ by ! ,*9ese aft] c5turies ( w>f>e2 ! ,t>t>s & ,man*us1 on ! contr>y1 conqu]$ ,*9a4 ,b !y 7 too few & too unciviliz$ to impose _! ideas or _! way ( life ^u ,*9a1 :i* absorb$ !m & w5t on its way z if !y _h nev] exi/$4 ,rome c\ld h surviv$ ! ,go?s1 if !y _h come alone1 b ! successive waves ( b>b>ians came too quickly to be all civiliz$ 9 turn4 ,*9a 0 sav$ f ?is fate by ! ,gobi ,des]t & ! ,tibetan upl&s4 ,s9ce ! :ite m5 h tak5 to com+ by sea1 ! old geographical immunity is lo/1 & great] en]gy w be requir$ to pres]ve ! national indep5d5ce4 ,9 spite ( geographical advantages1 h[ev]1 ! p]si/5ce ( ,*9ese civilization1 fundam5tally un*ang$ s9ce ! introduction ( ,buddhism1 is a rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,egypt & ,babylonia p]si/$ z long1 b s9ce !y fell !re has be5 no?+ comp>able 9 ! _w4 ,p]haps ! ma9 cause is ! imm5se population ( ,*9a1 ) an almo/ complete id5tity ( culture ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! population ( ,*9a is e/imat$ at ov] #ej millions1 ?\gh t5 ye>s lat]1 z a result ( deva/at+ w>s1 x is said to h sunk to ab\t #ag millions4#ac ,a c5sus has be5 tak5 at v>i\s times 9 ,*9ese hi/ory1 b usually a c5sus ( h\ses1 n ( individuals4 ,f ! numb] ( h\ses ! population is comput$ by a m or less d\btful calculation4 ,x is probable1 also1 t diff]5t me?ods 7 adopt$ on diff]5t occasions1 & t comp>isons betwe5 diff]5t enum]ations are !re=e r unsafe4 ,putnam ,weale#ad says3-- ,! fir/ c5sus tak5 by ! ,man*us 9 #afea1 aft] ! re/oration ( ord]1 return$ ,*9a's population at #ee million p]sons1 :i* is less ?an ! numb] giv5 9 ! fir/ c5sus ( ! ,han dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #a1 & ab\t ! same z :5 ,kublai ,khan e/abli%$ ! ,mongal dyna/y 9 #abie4 7,?is is presumably a mispr9t1 z ,kublai di$ 9 #abid47 ,?us we are fac$ by ! amaz+ fact t1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! toll ( life tak5 by int]nec9e & fronti] w>s 9 ,*9a 0 s great t 9 spite ( all t]ritorial expansion ! population = upw>ds ( sixte5 c5turies rema9$ m or less /ation>y4 ,!re is 9 all hi/ory no simil> record4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 came a va/ *ange4 ,?us ?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! celebrat$ ,man*u ,emp]or ,kang ,hsi1 9 #agbj1 ! population _h ris5 to #abe millions4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ! no less illu/ri\s ,*'i5 ,lung 7#agdc7 x 0 return$ at #ade millions2 t[>ds ! end ( 8 reign1 9 #aghc1 x _h d\bl$1 & 0 giv5 z #bhc millions4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*ia ,*'+ 7#ahab7 x _h ris5 to #cfj millions2 be=e ! ,taip+ rebellion 7#ahdb7 x _h gr[n to #dac millions2 aft] t t]rible ris+ x sunk to #bfa millions4 ,i d n ?9k su* def9ite /atem5ts are w>rant$4 ,! ,*9a ,ye> ,book = #aiai 7! late/ ,i h se57 says 7p4 #a73-- ,! tak+ ( a c5sus by ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ,we/]n nations has nev] yet be5 attempt$ 9 ,*9a1 & consequ5tly e/imates ( ! total population h v>i$ to an extraord9>y degree4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to a reliable e/imate is1 probably1 ! c5sus tak5 by ! ,m9*5gpu 7,m9i/ry ( ,int]ior7 9 #aiaj1 ! results ( :i* are embodi$ 9 a report submitt$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate at ,wa%+ton by ,mr4 ,raymond ,p4 ,t5ney1 a ,/ud5t ,int]pret] at ! ,u4,s4 ,legation1 ,pek+4444 ,x is po9t$ out t ev5 ?is c5sus c only be reg>d$ z approximate1 z1 ) few exceptions1 h\seholds & n individuals 7 c\nt$4 ,! e/imat$ population ( ! ,*9ese ,empire 7exclusive ( ,tibet7 is giv51 on ! basis ( ?is c5sus1 z #cbi1edb1jjj1 :ile ! population ( ,tibet is e/imat$ at #a1ejj1jjj4 ,e/imates :i* h be5 made at v>i\s o!r dates are giv5 z foll[s 7p4 #b73 ,a4,d4 ,a4,d4 #acha #ei1hej1jjj _/ #adc1abe1bbe #adab #ff1cgg1jjj #agfj--bjc1iaf1dgg #aehj #fj1fib1jjj #agfa #bje1bic1jec #affb #ba1jfh1jjj #agfb #aih1bad1eec #affh #be1chf1bji #agij #aee1bdi1hig _/ #bc1cab1bjj _/ #cjg1dfg1bjj #agaj --#bg1bda1abi #agib- #ccc1jjj1jjj #agaa #bh1bda1abi _/ #cfb1dfg1ahc #agcf #abe1jdf1bde #ahab--cfj1ddj1jjj _/ #aeg1cdc1ige #ahdb #dac1jba1jjj #agdc #adi1ccb1gcj #ahfh #djd1idf1ead #aej1bfe1dge #ahha #chj1jjj1jjj #agec #ajc1jej1fjj #ahhb #cha1cji1jjj #ahhe #cgg1fcf1jjj ,^! figures suffice to %[ h[ little is kn[n ab\t ! population ( ,*9a4 ,n only are widely div]g5t e/imates made 9 ! same ye> 7e4g4 #agfj71 b 9 o!r respects ! figures are incr$ible4 ,mr4 ,putnam ,weale might cont5d t ! drop f #fj millions 9 #aehj to #ba millions 9 #affb 0 due to ! w>s lead+ to ! ,man*u conque/4 ,b no "o c believe t betwe5 #agaa & #agcf ! population increas$ f #bh millions to #abe millions1 or t x d\bl$ betwe5 #agij & #agib4 ,no "o kn[s :e!r ! population ( ,*9a is increas+ or dim9i%+1 :e!r p 9 g5]al h l>ge or small families1 or any ( ! o!r facts t vital /ati/ics are design$ to elucidate4 ,:at is said on ^! subjects1 h[ev] dogmatic1 is no m ?an guess-"w4 ,ev5 ! population ( ,pek+ is unkn[n4 ,x is said to be ab\t #ijj1jjj1 b x may be any:]e betwe5 #hjj1jjj & a million4 ,z = ! population ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 x is probably safe to assume t x is betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ millions1 & some:at likely t x is bel[ ?ree hundr$ & fifty millions4 ,v little inde$ c be said ) confid5ce z to ! population ( ,*9a 9 =m] times2 s little t1 on ! :ole1 au?ors :o give /ati/ics are to be di/ru/$4 ,!re are c]ta9 broad features ( ! traditional ,*9ese civilization :i* give x its di/9ctive "*4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to select z ! mo/ important3 7#a7 ,! use ( ideograms in/ead ( an alphabet 9 writ+2 7#b7 ,! sub/itution ( ! ,confucian e?ic = religion among ! educat$ classes2 7#c7 gov]nm5t by lit]ati *os5 by exam9ation in/ead ( by a h]$it>y ari/ocracy4 ,! family sy/em di/+ui%es traditional ,*9a f mod]n ,europe1 b repres5ts a /age :i* mo/ o!r civilizations h pass$ ?r\gh1 & :i* is !re=e n di/9ctively ,*9ese2 ! ?ree *>act]i/ics :i* ,i h enum]at$1 on ! o!r h&1 di/+ui% ,*9a f all o!r c\ntries ( pa/ times4 ,some?+ mu/ be said at ?is /age ab\t ea* ( ! ?ree4 #a4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ! ,*9ese d n h lett]s1 z we d1 b symbols = :ole words4 ,?is has1 ( c\rse1 _m inconv5i5ces3 x means t1 9 le>n+ to write1 !re are an imm5se numb] ( diff]5t signs to be le>nt1 n only #bf z ) u2 t !re is no su* ?+ z alphabetical ord]1 s t diction>ies1 files1 catalogues1 etc41 are difficult to arrange & l9otype is impossible2 t =eign words1 su* z prop] names & sci5tific t]ms1 _c be writt5 d[n by s\nd1 z 9 ,european languages1 b h to be repres5t$ by "s elaborate device4#ae ,= ^! reasons1 !re is a movem5t = phonetic writ+ among ! m advanc$ ,*9ese re=m]s2 & ,i ?9k ! success ( ?is movem5t is ess5tial if ,*9a is to take h] place among ! bu/l+ hu/l+ nations :i* consid] t !y h a monopoly ( all excell5ce4 ,ev5 if !re 7 no o!r argum5t = ! *ange1 ! difficulty ( elem5t>y education1 :]e read+ & writ+ take s long to le>n1 w\ld be alone suffici5t to decide any believ] 9 democracy4 ,= practical purposes1 !re=e1 ! movem5t = phonetic writ+ des]ves support4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m consid]ations1 less obvi\s to a ,european1 :i* c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! ideographic sy/em1 to :i* some?+ ( ! solid /ability ( ! ,*9ese civilization is probably traceable4 ,to u1 x seems obvi\s t a writt5 ^w mu/ repres5t a s\nd1 :]eas to ! ,*9ese x repres5ts an idea4 ,we h adopt$ ! ,*9ese sy/em ourselves z reg>ds num]als2 #aibb1 = example1 c be read 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 or any o!r language1 ) q diff]5t s\nds1 b ) ! same mean+4 ,simil>ly :at is writt5 9 ,*9ese *>act]s c be read ?r\gh\t ,*9a1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( dialects :i* are mutually un9telligible :5 spok54 ,ev5 a ,japanese1 )\t kn[+ a ^w ( spok5 ,*9ese1 c read out ,*9ese script 9 ,japanese1 j z he c\ld read a r[ ( num]als writt5 by an ,engli%man4 ,& ! ,*9ese c /ill read _! classics1 al?\gh ! spok5 language mu/ h *ang$ z mu* z ,fr5* has *ang$ f ,lat94 ,! advantage ( writ+ ov] spee* is its great] p]man5ce1 :i* enables x to be a means ( communication betwe5 diff]5t places & diff]5t times4 ,b s9ce ! spok5 language *anges f place to place & f "t to "t1 ! *>act]i/ic advantage ( writ+ is m fully atta9$ by a script :i* does n aim at repres5t+ spok5 s\nds ?an by "o :i* does4 ,speak+ hi/orically1 !re is no?+ peculi> 9 ! ,*9ese me?od ( writ+1 :i* repres5ts a /age ?r\gh :i* all writ+ probably pass$4 ,writ+ ev]y:]e seems to h begun z pictures1 n z a symbolic repres5tation ( s\nds4 ,i und]/& t 9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics ! c\rse ( developm5t f ideograms to phonetic writ+ c be /udi$4 ,:at is peculi> 9 ,*9a is ! pres]vation ( ! ideographic sy/em ?r\gh\t ?\s&s ( ye>s ( advanc$ civilization--a pres]vation probably due1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! fact t ! spok5 language is monosyllabic1 un9flect$ & full ( homonyms4 ,z to ! way 9 :i* ! ,*9ese sy/em ( writ+ has affect$ ! m5tality ( ^? :o employ x1 ,i f9d "s sugge/ive reflections 9 an article publi%$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,/ud5ts' ,mon?ly 7,baltimore71 = ,febru>y #aibb1 by ,mr4 ,*i ,li1 9 an article on ,"s ,an?ropological ,problems ( ,*9a4 ,he says 7p4 #cbg73-- ,language has be5 traditionally treat$ by ,european sci5ti/s z a collection ( s\nds in/ead ( an expression ( some?+ inn] & deep] ?an ! vocal app>atus z x %\ld be4 ,! accumulative effect ( language-symbols ^u "o's m5tal =mulation is /ill an unexploit$ field4 ,divid+ ! _w culture ( ! liv+ races on ?is basis1 "o p]ceives a fundam5tal diff]5ce ( its types betwe5 ! alphabetical us]s & ! hi]oglyphic us]s1 ea* ( :i* has its own virtues & vices4 ,n[1 ) all respects to alphabetical civilization1 x mu/ be frankly /at$ t x has a grave & inh]5t defect 9 its lack ( solidity4 ,! mo/ civiliz$ portion "u ! alphabetical culture is also inhabit$ by ! mo/ fickl$ p4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n l& repeats ! same /ory ov] & ov] aga94 ,?us up & d[n ) ! ,greeks2 up & d[n ) ,rome2 up & d[n ) ! ,arabs4 ,! anci5t ,semitic & ,hametic peoples are ess5tially alphabetic us]s1 & _! civilizations %[ ! same lack ( solidity z ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,c]ta9ly ?is ph5om5on c be p>tially expla9$ by ! extra-fluidity ( ! alphabetical language :i* _c be dep5d$ ^u z a suitable organ to cons]ve any solid idea4 ,intellectual cont5ts ( ^! p may be lik5$ to wat]falls & cat>acts1 r ?an seas & oceans4 ,no o!r p is ri*] 9 ideas ?an !y2 b no p w\ld give up _! valuable ideas z quickly z !y d4444 ,! ,*9ese language is by all means ! c\nt]p>t ( ! alphabetic /ock4 ,x lacks mo/ ( ! virtues t are f\nd 9 ! alphabetic language2 b z an embodim5t ( simple & f9al tru?1 x is invuln]able to /orm & /ress4 ,x has already protect$ ! ,*9ese civilization = m ?an =ty c5turies4 ,x is solid1 squ>e1 & beautiful1 exactly z ! _s ( x repres5ts4 ,:e!r x is ! _s t has produc$ ?is language or :e!r ?is language has 9 turn acc5tuat$ ! _s rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves :olly to ! !ory "h set =?1 :i* is impregnat$ ) ,*9ese patriotism1 we mu/ nev]!less admit t ! ,we/]n] is unaccu/om$ to ! idea ( alphabetical civilization z m]ely "o k9d1 to :i* he happ5s to belong4 ,i am n compet5t to judge z to ! importance ( ! ideographic script 9 produc+ ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ,*9ese civilization1 b ,i h no d\bt t ?is importance is v great1 & is m or less ( ! k9d indicat$ 9 ! above quotation4 #b4 ,confucius 7,b4,c4 #eea-dgi7 mu/ be reckon$1 z reg>ds 8 social influ5ce1 ) ! f\nd]s ( religions4 ,8 effect on in/itutions & on m5's ?\ghts has be5 ( ! same k9d ( magnitude z t ( ,buddha1 ,*ri/1 or ,mahomet1 b curi\sly diff]5t 9 its nature4 ,unlike ,buddha & ,*ri/1 he is a completely hi/orical "*1 ab\t ^: life a great deal is kn[n1 & ) :om leg5d & my? h be5 less busy ?an ) mo/ m5 ( 8 k9d4 ,:at mo/ di/+ui%es him f o!r f\nd]s is t he inculcat$ a /rict code ( e?ics1 :i* has be5 respect$ ev] s9ce1 b associat$ x ) v little religi\s dogma1 :i* gave place to complete !ological scepticism 9 ! c\ntless g5]ations ( ,*9ese lit]ati :o rev]$ 8 memory & adm9i/]$ ! ,empire4 ,confucius himself belongs r to ! type ( ,lycurgus & ,solon ?an to t ( ! great f\nd]s ( religions4 ,he 0 a practical /atesman1 conc]n$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate2 ! virtues he s\ght to inculcate 7 n ^? ( p]sonal hol9ess1 or design$ to secure salvation 9 a future life1 b r ^? :i* lead to a peaceful & prosp]\s community "h on e>?4 ,8 outlook 0 ess5tially cons]vative1 & aim$ at pres]v+ ! virtues ( =m] ages4 ,he accept$ ! exi/+ religion--a r unemphatic mono!ism1 comb9$ ) belief t ! spirits ( ! dead pres]v$ a %ad[y exi/5ce1 :i* x 0 ! duty ( _! desc5dants to r5d] z com=table z possible4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 lay any /ress ^u sup]natural matt]s4 ,9 answ] to a "q1 he gave ! foll[+ def9ition ( wisdom3 ,to cultivate e>ne/ly our duty t[>ds our neighb\r1 & to rev]5ce spiritual be+s :ile ma9ta9+ always a due res]ve4#af ,b rev]5ce = spiritual be+s 0 n an active "p ( ,confucianism1 except 9 ! =m ( ance/or-wor%ip1 :i* 0 "p ( filial piety1 & ?us m]g$ 9 duty t[>ds "o's neighb\r4 ,filial piety includ$ ob$i5ce to ! ,emp]or1 except :5 he 0 s wick$ z to =feit 8 div9e "r--= ! ,*9ese1 unlike ! ,japanese1 h always held t resi/ance to ! ,emp]or 0 ju/ifi$ if he gov]n$ v badly4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,pr(essor ,giles#ag illu/rates ?is po9t3-- ,! ,emp]or has be5 uni=mly reg>d$ z ! son ( ,god by adoption only1 & liable to be displac$ f t position z a puni%m5t = ! (f5ce ( misrule4444 ,if ! rul] fail$ 9 8 duties1 ! obligation ( ! p 0 at an end1 & 8 div9e "r disappe>$ simultane\sly4 ,( ?is we h an example 9 a portion ( ! ,canon to be exam9$ by & by4 ,"u ! ye> #eeh ,b4,c4 we f9d ! foll[+ n>rative4 ,"o ( ! feudal pr9ces ask$ an (ficial1 say+1 ,h n ! p ( ! ,wei ,/ate done v wrong 9 expell+ _! rul]8 ,p]haps ! rul] himself1 0 ! reply1 may h done v wrong4444 ,if ! life ( ! p is impov]i%$1 & if ! spirits are depriv$ ( _! sacrifices1 ( :at use is ! rul]1 & :at c ! p d b get rid ( him8 ,?is v s5sible doctr9e has be5 accept$ at all times ?r\gh\t ,*9ese hi/ory1 & has made rebellions only too frequ5t4 ,filial piety1 & ! /r5g? ( ! family g5]ally1 are p]haps ! weake/ po9t 9 ,confucian e?ics1 ! only po9t :]e ! sy/em dep>ts s]i\sly f common s5se4 ,family feel+ has militat$ aga9/ public _s1 & ! au?ority ( ! old has increas$ ! tyranny ( anci5t cu/om4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 :5 ,*9a is confront$ ) problems requir+ a radically new outlook1 ^! features ( ! ,confucian sy/em h made x a b>ri] to necess>y recon/ruction1 & accord+ly we f9d all ^? =eign]s :o wi% to exploit ,*9a prais+ ! old tradition & d]id+ ! ef=ts ( ,"y ,*9a to con/ruct some?+ m suit$ to mod]n ne$s4 ,! way 9 :i* ,confucian emphasis on filial piety prev5t$ ! gr[? ( public _s is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /ory3#ah ,"o ( ! feudal pr9ces 0 boa/+ to ,confucius ( ! high level ( morality :i* prevail$ 9 8 own ,/ate4 ,among u "h1 he said1 y w f9d upright m54 ,if a fa!r has /ol5 a %eep1 8 son w give evid5ce aga9/ him4 ,9 my "p ( ! c\ntry1 repli$ ,confucius1 !re is a diff]5t /&>d f ?is4 ,a fa!r w %ield 8 son1 a son w %ield 8 fa!r4 ,x is ?us t uprightness w be f\nd4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ ?is /ory ) t ( ! eld] ,brutus & 8 sons1 ^u :i* we 9 ! ,we/ 7 all br\ght up4 ,*ao ,ki1 exp\nd+ ! ,confucian doctr9e1 says x is contr>y to filial piety to refuse a lucrative po/ by :i* to relieve ! indig5ce ( "o's ag$ p>5ts4#ai ,?is =m ( s91 h[ev]1 is r>e 9 ,*9a z 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! wor/ failure ( filial piety1 h[ev]1 is to rema9 )\t *ildr51 s9ce ance/ors are suppos$ to suff] if !y h no desc5dants to keep up _! cult4 ,x is probable t ?is doctr9e has made ! ,*9ese m prolific1 9 :i* case x has _h great biological importance4 ,filial piety is1 ( c\rse1 9 no way peculi> to ,*9a1 b has be5 univ]sal at a c]ta9 /age ( culture4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 c]ta9 o!rs1 :at is peculi> to ,*9a is ! pres]vation ( ! old cu/om aft] a v high level ( civilization _h be5 atta9$4 ,! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans did n diff] f ! ,*9ese 9 ?is respect1 b z _! civilization advanc$ ! family became less & less important4 ,9 ,*9a1 ?is did n beg9 to happ5 until our own day4 ,:atev] may be said aga9/ filial piety c>ri$ to excess1 x is c]ta9ly less h>mful ?an its ,we/]n c\nt]p>t1 patriotism4 ,bo?1 ( c\rse1 err 9 inculcat+ duties to a c]ta9 portion ( mank9d to ! practical exclusion ( ! re/4 ,b patriotism directs "o's loyalty to a fight+ unit1 :i* filial piety does n 7except 9 a v primitive society74 ,!re=e patriotism leads mu* m easily to milit>ism & imp]ialism4 ,! pr9cipal me?od ( advanc+ ! int]e/s ( "o's nation is homicide2 ! pr9cipal me?od ( advanc+ ! int]e/ ( "o's family is corruption & intrigue4 ,!re=e family feel+ is less h>mful ?an patriotism4 ,?is view is borne out by ! hi/ory & pres5t condition ( ,*9a z comp>$ to ,europe4 ,ap>t f filial piety1 ,confucianism 01 9 practice1 ma9ly a code ( civiliz$ behavi\r1 deg5]at+ at times into an etiquette book4 ,x taught self-re/ra9t1 mod]ation1 & above all c\rtesy4 ,its moral code 0 n1 l ^? ( ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 s sev]e t only a few sa9ts c\ld hope to live up to x1 or s mu* conc]n$ ) p]sonal salvation z to be incompatible ) political in/itutions4 ,x 0 n difficult = a man ( ! _w to live up to ! m imp]ative p>ts ( ! ,confucian tea*+4 ,b 9 ord] to d ?is he mu/ ex]cise at all times a c]ta9 k9d ( self-control--an ext5sion ( ! k9d :i* *ildr5 le>n :5 !y are taught to behave4 ,he mu/ n break into viol5t passions2 he mu/ n be arrogant2 he mu/ save face1 & nev] inflict humiliations ^u defeat$ adv]s>ies2 he mu/ be mod]ate 9 all ?+s1 nev] c>ri$ away by excessive love or hate2 9 a ^w1 he mu/ keep calm reason always 9 control ( all 8 actions4 ,?is attitude exi/$ 9 ,europe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 b p]i%$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution3 romanticism1 ,r\sseau1 & ! guillot9e put an end to x4 ,9 ,*9a1 ?\gh w>s & revolutions h occurr$ con/antly1 ,confucian calm has surviv$ !m all1 mak+ !m less t]rible = ! p>ticipants1 & mak+ all :o 7 n imm$iately involv$ hold alo(4 ,x is bad mann]s 9 ,*9a to attack y\r adv]s>y 9 wet wea!r4 ,wu-,pei-,fu1 ,i am told1 once did x1 & won a victory2 ! beat5 g5]al compla9$ ( ! brea* ( etiquette2 s ,wu-,pei-,fu w5t back to ! position he held be=e ! battle1 & f\ght all ov] aga9 on a f9e day4 7,x %\ld be said t battles 9 ,*9a are seldom bloody47 ,9 su* a c\ntry1 milit>ism is n ! sc\rge x is ) u2 & ! diff]5ce is due to ! ,confucian e?ics4#bj ,confucianism did n assume its pres5t =m until ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d41 :5 ! p]sonal ,god 9 :om ,confucius _h believ$ 0 ?ru/ aside by ! philosoph] ,*u ,fu ,tze1#ba ^: int]pretation ( ,confucianism has ev] s9ce be5 recogniz$ z or?odox4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ! ,mongols 7#acgj71 ! ,gov]nm5t has uni=mly fav\r$ ,confucianism z ! tea*+ ( ! ,/ate2 be=e t1 !re 7 /ruggles ) ,buddhism & ,taoism1 :i* 7 connect$ ) magic1 & appeal$ to sup]/iti\s ,emp]ors1 q a numb] ( :om di$ ( dr9k+ ! ,taoi/ elixir ( life4 ,! ,mongol ,emp]ors 7 ,buddhi/s ( ! ,lama religion1 :i* /ill prevails 9 ,tibet & ,mongolia2 b ! ,man*u ,emp]ors1 ?\gh also nor!rn conqu]ors1 7 ultra-or?odox ,confucians4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y 9 ,*9a1 = _m c5turies1 = ! lit]ati to be pure ,confucians1 sceptical 9 religion b n 9 morals1 :ile ! re/ ( ! population believ$ & practis$ all ?ree religions simultane\sly4 ,! ,*9ese h n ! belief1 :i* we owe to ! ,jews1 t if "o religion is true1 all o!rs mu/ be false4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 !re appe>s to be v little 9 ! way ( religion 9 ,*9a1 ?\gh ! belief 9 magic l+]s on among ! un$ucat$4 ,at all times1 ev5 :5 !re 0 religion1 its int5sity 0 f> less ?an 9 ,europe4 ,x is rem>kable t religi\s scepticism has n l$1 9 ,*9a1 to any correspond+ e?ical scepticism1 z x has done repeat$ly 9 ,europe4 #c4 ,i come n[ to ! sy/em ( select+ (ficials by competitive exam9ation1 )\t :i* x is h>dly likely t s lit]>y & unsup]/iti\s a sy/em z t ( ,confucius c\ld h ma9ta9$ its hold4 ,! view ( ! mod]n ,*9ese on ?is subject is set =? by ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,republic ( ,*9a1 ,hsu ,%i-*ang1 9 8 book on ,*9a aft] ! ,w>1 pp4 #ei-fj4bb ,aft] consid]+ ! educational sy/em "u ! ,*\ dyna/y1 he cont9ues3 ,9 lat] p]iods1 9 spite ( m9or *anges1 ! importance ( moral virtues cont9u$ to be /ress$ ^u4 ,= in/ance1 dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ,tang ,dyna/y 7#fbg-fej ,a4,d471 ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,le>n+1 kn[n z ,kuo-tzu-*i51 0 compos$ ( f\r collegiate dep>tm5ts1 9 :i* e?ics 0 consid]$ z ! mo/ important ( all /udies4 ,x 0 said t 9 ! ,academy !re 7 m ?an ?ree ?\s& /ud5ts :o 7 able & virtu\s 9 ne>ly all respects1 :ile ! total enrolm5t1 includ+ aspirants f ,korea & ,japan1 0 z high z eight ?\s&4 ,at ! same "t1 !re 0 a sy/em ( elections ?r\gh :i* able & virtu\s m5 7 recomm5d$ by diff]5t di/ricts to ! ,emp]or = appo9tm5t to public (fices4 ,college tra9+ & local elections supplem5t$ ea* o!r1 b 9 bo? moral virtues 7 giv5 ! greate/ emphasis4 ,al?\gh ! ,imp]ial ,academy exi/s till ?is day1 x has nev] be5 z n\ri%+ z dur+ t p]iod4 ,= ?is *ange ! introduction ( ! competitive exam9ation or ,ko-* sy/em1 mu/ be held responsible4 ,! election sy/em furni%$ no fix$ /&>d = ! recomm5dation ( public s]vice c&idates1 &1 z a result1 t5d$ to create an ari/ocratic class f :i* alone 7 to be f\nd eligible m54 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,sung ,emp]ors 7#ifj-abgg ,a4,d47 aboli%$ ! elections1 set aside ! ,imp]ial ,academy1 & inaugurat$ ! competitive exam9ation sy/em 9 _! place4 ,! exam9ations 7 to supply bo? s*ol>s & practical /atesm51 & !y 7 p]iodically held ?r\gh\t ! lat] dyna/ies until ! introduction ( ! mod]n educational regime4 ,useless & /]eotyp$ z !y 7 9 lat] days1 !y once s]v$ "s useful purpose4 ,besides1 ! e?ical backgr\nd ( ,*9ese education _h already be5 s firmly e/abli%$1 t1 9 spite ( ! emphasis laid by ^! exam9ations on pure lit]>y atta9m5ts1 moral tea*+s h surviv$ till ?is day 9 family education & 9 private s*ools4 ,al?\gh ! sy/em ( aw>d+ ,gov]nm5t po/s = pr(ici5cy 9 exam9ations is mu* bett] ?an mo/ o!r sy/ems t h prevail$1 su* z nepotism1 brib]y1 ?reats ( insurrection1 etc41 yet ! ,*9ese sy/em1 at any rate aft] x assum$ its f9al =m1 0 h>mful ?r\gh ! fact t x 0 bas$ solely on ! classics1 t x 0 purely lit]>y1 & t x all[$ no scope :atev] = orig9ality4 ,! sy/em 0 e/abli%$ 9 its f9al =m by ! ,emp]or ,hung ,wu 7#acfh-acih71 & rema9$ un*ang$ until #aije4 ,"o ( ! fir/ objects ( mod]n ,*9ese re=m]s 0 to get x swept away4 ,li ,ung ,b+#bc says3 ,9 spite ( ! _m good ?+s t may be said to ! cr$it ( ,hung ,wu1 he w ev] be rememb]$ 9 connection ) a =m ( evil :i* has eat5 into ! v he>t ( ! nation4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em ( tri5nial exam9ations1 or r ! =m ( ,*9ese composition1 call$ ! ,essay1 or ! ,eight ,legs1 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 0 made ! basis ( all lit]>y conte/s4 ,x 0 s-nam$1 because aft] ! introduction ( ! !me ! writ] 0 requir$ to treat x 9 f\r p>agraphs1 ea* consi/+ ( two memb]s1 made up ( an equal numb] ( s5t5ces & words4 ,! !me 0 always *os5 f ei!r ! ,f\r ,books1 or ! ,five ,classics4 ,! writ] c\ld n express any op9ion ( 8 own1 or any views at v>iance ) ^? express$ by ,*u ,hsi & 8 s*ool4 ,all he 0 requir$ to d 0 to put ! few words ( ,confucius1 or :omsoev] x might be1 into an essay 9 con=mity ) ! prescrib$ rules4 ,degrees1 :i* 7 to s]ve z passports to ,gov]nm5t positions1 7 aw>d$ ! be/ writ]s4 ,to say t ! tra9+ af=d$ by ! "t requir$ to make a man effici5t 9 ! art ( su* writ+1 w\ld at ! same "t qualify him to hold ! v>i\s (fices "u ! ,gov]nm5t1 0 absurd4 ,b absurd z ! :ole sy/em 01 x 0 h&$ d[n to rec5t times f ! ?ird ye> ( ! reign ( ,hung ,wu1 & 0 n aboli%$ until a few ye>s ago4 ,no sy/em 0 m p]fect or effective 9 ret>d+ ! intellectual & lit]>y developm5t ( a nation4 ,) h] ,eight ,legs1 ,*9a long ago rea*$ ! l[e/ po9t on h] d[nhill j\rney4 ,x is l>gely on acc\nt ( ! long lease ( life t 0 grant$ to ?is rott5 sy/em t ! tea*+s ( ! ,sung philosoph]s h be5 s long v5]at$4 ,^! are ! words ( a ,*9ese patriot ( ! pres5t day1 & no d\bt1 z a mod]n sy/em1 ! ,eight ,legs des]ve all ! h>d ?+s t he says ab\t !m4 ,b 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 "o consid]s ! practicable alt]natives1 "o c see t !re 0 probably mu* to be said = su* a plan4 ,at any rate1 = good or evil1 ! exam9ation sy/em pr(\ndly affect$ ! civilization ( ,*9a4 ,among its good effects 73 ,a widely-diffus$ respect = le>n+2 ! possibility ( do+ )\t a h]$it>y ari/ocracy2 ! selection ( adm9i/rators :o mu/ at lea/ h be5 capable ( indu/ry2 & ! pres]vation ( ,*9ese civilization 9 spite ( b>b>ian conque/4 ,b1 l s mu* else 9 traditional ,*9a1 x has _h to be swept away to meet mod]n ne$s4 ,i hope no?+ ( great] value w h to p]i% 9 ! /ruggle to repel ! =eign exploit]s & ! fi]ce & cruel sy/em :i* !y miscall civilization4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,legge's ,%u-,k+1 p4 #ae4 ,quot$ 9 ,hir?1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ,*9a1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiaa--;a book :i* gives mu* useful critical in=mation ab\t e>ly ,*9a4 ,footnote #b3 ,hir?1 op4 cit4 p4 #agd4 #gge is (t5 wrongly giv54 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,hir?1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajj ff4 ,footnote #d3 ,on ?is subject1 see ,pr(essor ,giles's ,confucianism & its ,rivals1 ,williams ,norgate1 #aiae1 ,lecture ,i1 especially p4 #i4 ,footnote #e3 ,cf4 ,h5ri ,cordi]1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,*9e1 ,p>is1 #aibj1 vol4 i4 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #f3 ,outl9es ( ,*9ese ,hi/ory 7,%anghai1 ,comm]cial ,press1 #aiad71 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,hir?1 ,*9a & ! ,roman ,ori5t 7,leipzig & ,%anghai1 #ahhe71 an admirable & fasc9at+ monograph4 ,!re are allusions to ! ,*9ese 9 ,virgil & ,horace2 cf4 ,cordi]1 op4 cit41 i4 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #h3 ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #i3 ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,murdo*1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,japan 7vol4 i4 p4 #adf71 ?us describes ! greatness ( ! e>ly ,tang ,empire3 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#fah7 ,li ,yu51 ,pr9ce ( ,t'ang1 e/abli%$ ! illu/ri\s dyna/y ( t "n1 :i* cont9u$ to sway ! =tunes ( ,*9a = ne>ly ?ree c5turies 7#fah-ijh74 ,aft] a brilliant reign ( t5 ye>s he h&$ ov] ! imp]ial dignity to 8 son1 ,tai-tsung 7#fbg-fej71 p]haps ! greate/ mon>* ! ,middle ,k+dom has ev] se54 ,at ?is "t ,*9a und\bt$ly /ood 9 ! v =efront ( civilization4 ,%e 0 !n ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! mo/ enlight5$1 ! mo/ progressive1 & ! be/ gov]n$ empire1 n only 9 ,asia1 b on ! face ( ! globe4 ,tai-tsung's fronti]s rea*$ f ! conf9es ( ,p]sia1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,altai ( ! ,kirghis /eppe1 along ^! m\nta9s to ! nor? side ( ! ,gobi des]t ea/w>d to ! inn] ,h+-an1 :ile ,sogdiana1 ,khorassan1 & ! regions ar\nd ! ,h9du ,ru% also ackn[l$g$ 8 suz]a9ty4 ,! sov]eign ( ,nepal & ,magadha 9 ,india s5t envoys2 & 9 #fdc envoys appe>$ f ! ,byzant9e ,empire & ! ,c\rt ( ,p]sia4 ,footnote #aa3 ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 ii4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #dhd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,tru? ,ab\t ,*9a & ,japan4 ,george ,all5 ,unw91 ,ltd41 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #ae3 ,= example1 ! ne>e/ approa* t c\ld be made 9 ,*9ese to my own "n 0 ,lo-,su4 ,!re is a ^w ,lo1 & a ^w ,su1 = bo? ( :i* !re are *>act]s2 b no comb9ation ( *>act]s gives a bett] approximation to ! s\nd ( my "n4 ,footnote #af3 ,giles1 op4 cit41 p4 #gd4 ,pr(essor ,giles adds1 propos ( ! phrase ma9ta9+ always a due res]ve1 ! foll[+ footnote3 ,dr4 ,legge has 'to keep alo( f !m1' :i* w\ld be equival5t to 'h no?+ to d ) !m4' ,confucius seems r to h meant 'no famili>ity4' ,footnote #ag3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #ah3 ,giles1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #ai3 ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,z f> z anti-milit>ism is conc]n$1 ,taoism is ev5 m emphatic4 ,! be/ soldi]s1 says ,lao-,tze1 d n fight4 7,giles1 op4 cit4 p4 #aej47 ,*9ese armies conta9 _m good soldi]s4 ,footnote #ba3 ,giles1 op4 cit41 ,lecture ,,viii4 ,:5 ,*u ,fu ,tze 0 dead1 & 8 son-9-law 0 wat*+ beside 8 c(f91 a s+ul> incid5t occurr$4 ,al?\gh ! sage _h sp5t 8 life tea*+ t miracles are impossible1 ! c(f9 rose & rema9$ susp5d$ ?ree feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! pi\s son-9-law 0 horrifi$4 ,o my rev]$ fa!r-9-law1 he pray$1 d n de/roy my fai? t miracles are impossible4 ,:]eupon ! c(f9 sl[ly desc5d$ to e>? aga91 & ! son-9-law's fai? reviv$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,translat$ by ! ,bureau ( ,economic ,in=mation1 ,pek+1 #aibj4 ,footnote #bc3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #bcc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*9a ,,& ,,! ,,we/]n ,,p[]s ,9 ord] to und]/& ! int]national position ( ,*9a1 "s facts conc]n+ its n9ete5?-c5tury hi/ory are indisp5sable4 ,*9a 0 = _m ages ! supreme empire ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 embrac+ a va/ & f]tile area1 inhabit$ by an indu/ri\s & civiliz$ p4 ,ari/ocracy1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 came to an end be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( (ficials *os5 = _! pr(ici5cy 9 writ+ 9 a dead language1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,int]c\rse ) ! ,we/ 0 spasmodic & *iefly religi\s4 ,9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,buddhism 0 import$ f ,india1 & "s ,*9ese s*ol>s p5etrat$ to t c\ntry to ma/] ! !ology ( ! new religion 9 its native home1 b 9 lat] times ! int]v5+ b>b>ians made ! j\rney practically impossible4 ,ne/orian ,*ri/ianity rea*$ ,*9a 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & _h a good deal ( influ5ce1 b di$ out aga94 7,:at is kn[n on ?is subject is *iefly f ! ,ne/orian monum5t discov]$ 9 ,hsianfu 9 #afbe47 ,9 ! sev5te5? & e>ly eighte5? c5turies ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies acquir$ consid]able fav\r at ,c\rt1 because ( _! a/ronomical k & _! help 9 rectify+ ! irregul>ities & confusions ( ! ,*9ese cal5d>4#bd ,_! globes & a/rolabes are /ill to be se5 on ! walls ( ,pek+4 ,b 9 ! long run !y c\ld n resi/ qu>rels betwe5 diff]5t ord]s1 & 7 almo/ completely exclud$ f bo? ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ! ye> #agic1 a ,briti% ambassador1 ,"l ,mac>tney1 arriv$ 9 ,*9a1 to reque/ fur!r trade facilities & ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t ,briti% diplomatic repres5tative4 ,! ,emp]or at ?is "t 0 ,*i5 ,lung1 ! be/ ( ! ,man*u dyna/y1 a cultivat$ man1 a patron ( ! arts1 & an exquisite calligraphi/4 7,"o f9ds specim5s ( 8 writ+ 9 all sorts ( places 9 ,*9a47 ,8 reply to ,k+ ,george ,,iii is giv5 by ,backh\se & ,bl&4#be ,i wi% ,i c\ld quote x all1 b "s extracts mu/ suffice4 ,x beg9s3 ,y1 ,o ,k+1 live beyond ! conf9es ( _m seas1 nev]!less1 impell$ by y\r humble desire to p>take ( ! b5efits ( our civilization1 y h despat*$ a mission respectfully be>+ y\r memorial4444 ,to %[ y\r devotion1 y h also s5t (f]+s ( y\r c\ntry's produce4 ,i h read y\r memorial3 ! e>ne/ t]ms 9 :i* x is ca/ reveal a respectful humility on y\r "p1 :i* is highly praisewor?y4 ,he goes on to expla91 ) ! pati5t mann] appropriate 9 deal+ ) an importunate *ild1 :y ,george ,,iii's desires _c possibly be gratifi$4 ,an ambassador1 he assures him1 w\ld be useless1 =3 ,if y ass]t t y\r rev]5ce = our ,cele/ial ,dyna/y fills y ) a desire to acquire our civilization1 our c]emonies & code ( laws diff] s completely f y\r own t1 ev5 if y\r ,envoy 7 able to acquire ! rudim5ts ( our civilization1 y c\ld n possibly transplant our mann]s & cu/oms to y\r ali5 soil4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] adept ! ,envoy might become1 no?+ w\ld be ga9$ !reby4 ,sway+ ! wide _w1 ,i h b "o aim 9 view1 namely1 to ma9ta9 a p]fect gov]nance & to fulfil ! duties ( ! ,/ate2 /range & co/ly objects d n int]e/ me4 ,i 444 h no use = y\r c\ntry's manufactures4 444,x behoves y1 ,o ,k+1 to respect my s5tim5ts & to display ev5 great] devotion & loyalty 9 future1 s t1 by p]petual submission to our ,?rone1 y may secure peace & prosp]ity = y\r c\ntry h]eaft]4 ,he c und]/& ! ,engli% desir+ ! produce ( ,*9a1 b feels t !y h no?+ wor? hav+ to (f] 9 ex*ange3 ,our ,cele/ial ,empire possesses all ?+s 9 prolific abundance & lacks no product )9 its own bord]s4 ,!re 0 !re=e no ne$ to import ! manufactures ( outside b>b>ians 9 ex*ange = our own produce4 ,b z ! tea1 silk & porcela9 :i* ! ,cele/ial ,empire produces are absolute necessities to ,european nations & to y\rselves1 ! limit$ trade hi!rto p]mitt$ at ,canton is to cont9ue4 ,he w\ld h %[n less fav\r to ,"l ,mac>tney1 b ,i d n =get ! lonely remot5ess ( y\r isl&1 cut (f f ! _w by int]v5+ wa/es ( sea1 nor d ,i ov]look y\r excusable ignorance ( ! usages ( our ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,he concludes ) ! injunction3 ,trembl+ly obey & %[ no neglig5ce6 ,:at ,i want to sugge/ is t no "o und]/&s ,*9a until ?is docum5t has ceas$ to seem absurd4 ,! ,romans claim$ to rule ! _w1 & :at lay outside _! ,empire 0 to !m ( no acc\nt4 ,! ,empire ( ,*i5 ,lung 0 m ext5sive1 ) probably a l>g] population2 x _h ris5 to greatness at ! same "t z ,rome1 & _h n fall51 b inv>iably defeat$ all its enemies1 ei!r by w> or by absorption4 ,its neighb\rs 7 comp>atively b>b>\s1 except ! ,japanese1 :o acquir$ _! civilization by slavi% imitation ( ,*9a4 ,! view ( ,*i5 ,lung 0 no m absurd ?an t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 sigh+ = new worlds to conqu] :5 he _h nev] ev5 he>d ( ,*9a1 :]e ,confucius _h be5 dead already = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,nor 0 he mi/ak5 z reg>ds trade3 ,*9a produces ev]y?+ ne$$ = ! happ9ess ( its inhabitants1 & we h =c$ trade ^u !m solely = our b5efit1 giv+ !m 9 ex*ange only ?+s :i* !y w\ld d bett] )\t4 ,un=tunately = ,*9a1 its culture 0 defici5t 9 "o respect1 namely sci5ce4 ,9 art & lit]ature1 9 mann]s & cu/oms1 x 0 at lea/ ! equal ( ,europe2 at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,europe w\ld n h be5 9 any way ! sup]ior ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,!re is a museum 9 ,pek+ :]e1 side by side ) good ,*9ese art1 may be se5 ! pres5ts :i* ,l\is ,,xiv made to ! ,emp]or :5 he wi%$ to impress him ) ! spl5d\r ( ,le ,roi ,soleil4 ,comp>$ to ! ,*9ese ?+s surr\nd+ !m1 !y 7 tawdry & b>b>ic4 ,! fact t ,brita9 has produc$ ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 ,locke & ,hume1 & all ! o!r m5 :o h adorn$ lit]ature & ! arts1 does n make u sup]ior to ! ,*9ese4 ,:at makes u sup]ior is ,newton & ,rob]t ,boyle & _! sci5tific successors4 ,!y make u sup]ior by giv+ u great] pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( kill+4 ,x is easi] = an ,engli%man to kill a ,*9aman ?an = a ,*9aman to kill an ,engli%man4 ,!re=e our civilization is sup]ior to t ( ,*9a1 & ,*i5 ,lung is absurd4 ,:5 we _h f9i%$ ) ,napoleon1 we soon set to "w to demon/rate ?is proposition4 ,our fir/ w> ) ,*9a 0 9 #ahdj1 & 0 f\ght because ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t endeav\r$ to /op ! importation ( opium4 ,x end$ ) ! cession ( ,hong-,kong & ! op5+ ( five ports to ,briti% trade1 z well z 7soon aft]w>ds7 to ! trade ( ,france1 ,am]ica & ,sc&9avia4 ,9 #ahef-fj1 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* jo9tly made w> on ,*9a1 & de/roy$ ! ,summ] ,palace ne> ,pek+1#bf a build+ ^: arti/ic value1 on acc\nt ( ! treasures x conta9$1 mu/ h be5 ab\t equal to t ( ,sa9t ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice & mu* great] ?an t ( ,rheims ,ca!dral4 ,?is act did mu* to p]suade ! ,*9ese ( ! sup]iority ( our civilization s !y op5$ sev5 m ports & ! riv] ,yangtze1 paid an indemnity & grant$ u m t]ritory at ,hong-,kong4 ,9 #ahgj1 ! ,*9ese 7 ra% en\gh to murd] a ,briti% diplomat1 s ! rema9+ ,briti% diplomats dem&$ & obta9$ an indemnity1 five m ports1 & a fix$ t>iff = opium4 ,next1 ! ,fr5* took ,annam & ! ,briti% took ,burma1 bo? =m]ly "u ,*9ese suz]a9ty4 ,!n came ! w> ) ,japan 9 #ahid-e1 lead+ to ,japan's complete victory & conque/ ( ,korea4 ,japan's acquisitions w\ld h be5 mu* great] b = ! int]v5tion ( ,france1 ,g]many & ,russia1 ,engl& hold+ alo(4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( our support ( ,japan1 inspir$ by fe> ( ,russia4 ,x also l$ to an alliance betwe5 ,*9a & ,russia1 z a rew>d = :i* ,russia acquir$ all ! important rights 9 ,man*uria1 :i* pass$ to ,japan1 p>tly aft] ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 & p>tly aft] ! ,bol%evik revolution4 ,! next incid5t beg9s ) ! murd] ( two ,g]man mission>ies 9 ,%antung 9 #ahig4 ,no?+ 9 _! life became !m l ! leav+ ( x2 = if !y _h liv$ !y w\ld probably h made v few conv]ts1 :]eas by dy+ !y af=d$ ! _w an object-lesson 9 ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,! ,g]mans seiz$ ,kiao*[ ,bay & creat$ a naval base !re2 !y also acquir$ railway & m9+ rights 9 ,%antung1 :i*1 by ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles1 pass$ to ,japan 9 accordance ) ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts4 ,%antung !re=e became virtually a ,japanese possession1 ?\gh ,am]ica at ,wa%+ton has insi/$ ^u its re/itution4 ,! s]vices ( ! two mission>ies to civilization did n1 h[ev]1 end 9 ,*9a1 = _! dea? 0 con/antly us$ 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag dur+ ! fir/ debates on ! ,g]man ,big ,navy ,bills1 s9ce x 0 held t w>%ips w\ld make ,g]many respect$ 9 ,*9a4 ,?us !y help$ to exac]bate ! relations ( ,engl& & ,g]many & to ha/5 ! adv5t ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,!y also help$ to br+ on ! ,box] ris+1 :i* is said to h begun z a movem5t aga9/ ! ,g]mans 9 ,%antung1 ?\gh ! o!r ,p[]s emulat$ ! ,g]mans 9 e respect1 ! ,russians by creat+ a naval base at ,port ,ar?ur1 ! ,briti% by acquir+ ,wei-hai-wei & a sph]e ( influ5ce 9 ! ,yangtze1 & s on4 ,! ,am]icans alone held alo(1 proclaim+ ! policy ( ,*9ese integrity & ! ,op5 ,door4 ,! ,box] ris+ is "o ( ! few ,*9ese ev5ts t all ,europeans "k ab\t4 ,aft] we _h demon/rat$ our sup]ior virtue by ! sack ( ,pek+1 we exact$ a huge indemnity1 & turn$ ! ,legation ,qu>t] ( ,pek+ into a =tifi$ city4 ,to ?is day1 x is enclos$ by a wall1 fill$ ) ,european1 ,am]ican1 & ,japanese troops1 & surr\nd$ by a b>e space on :i* ! ,*9ese are n all[$ to build4 ,x is adm9i/]$ by ! diplomatic body1 & ! ,*9ese au?orities h no p[]s ov] anyone )9 its gates4 ,:5 "s unusually corrupt & traitor\s ,gov]nm5t is ov]?r[n1 its memb]s take refuge 9 ! ,japanese 7or o!r7 ,legation & s escape ! puni%m5t ( _! crimes1 :ile )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! ,legation ,qu>t] ! ,am]icans erect a va/ wireless /ation said to be capable ( communicat+ directly ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& s ! refutation ( ,*i5 ,lung is complet$4 ,out ( ! ,box] indemnity1 h[ev]1 "o good ?+ has come4 ,! ,am]icans f\nd t1 aft] pay+ all j claims = damages1 !y /ill _h a l>ge surplus4 ,?is !y return$ to ,*9a to be sp5t on high] education1 p>tly 9 colleges 9 ,*9a "u ,am]ican control1 p>tly by s5d+ advanc$ ,*9ese /ud5ts to ,am]ican univ]sities4 ,! ga9 to ,*9a has be5 enorm\s1 & ! b5efit to ,am]ica f ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,*9ese 7especially ! mo/ educat$ ( !m7 is incalculable4 ,?is is obvi\s to ev]yone1 yet ,engl& %[s h>dly any signs ( foll[+ suit4 ,to und]/& ! difficulties ) :i* ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t is fac$1 x is necess>y to realize ! loss ( fiscal indep5d5ce :i*1 ,*9a has suff]$ z ! result ( ! v>i\s w>s & treaties :i* h be5 =c$ ^u h]4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 ! ,*9ese _h no exp]i5ce ( ,european diplomacy1 & did n "k :at to avoid2 9 lat] days1 !y h n be5 all[$ to treat old treaties z scraps ( pap]1 s9ce t is ! pr]ogative ( ! ,great ,p[]s--a pr]ogative :i* e s+le "o ( !m ex]cises4 ,! be/ example ( ?is /ate ( affairs is ! ,cu/oms t>iff4#bg ,at ! end ( our fir/ w> ) ,*9a1 9 #ahdb1 we conclud$ a treaty :i* provid$ = a duty at treaty ports ( #e p] c5t4 on all imports & n m ?an #e p] c5t on exports4 ,?is treaty is ! basis ( ! :ole ,cu/oms sy/em4 ,at ! end ( our next w>1 9 #aheh1 we drew up a s*$ule ( conv5tional prices on :i* ! #e p] c5t4 0 to be calculat$4 ,?is 0 to be revis$ e t5 ye>s1 b has 9 fact only be5 revis$ twice1 once 9 #aijb & once 9 #aiah4bh ,revision ( ! s*$ule is m]ely a *ange 9 ! conv5tional prices1 n a *ange 9 ! t>iff1 :i* rema9s fix$ at #e p] c5t4 ,*ange 9 ! t>iff is practically impossible1 s9ce ,*9a has conclud$ comm]cial treaties involv+ a mo/-fav\r$-nation clause1 & ! same t>iff1 ) twelve ,/ates besides ,great ,brita91 & !re=e any *ange 9 ! t>iff requires ! unanim\s cons5t ( ?irte5 ,p[]s4 ,:5 =eign ,p[]s speak ( ! ,op5 ,door z a panacea = ,*9a1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,op5 ,door does no?+ to give ! ,*9ese ! usual autonomy z reg>ds ,cu/oms t is enjoy$ by o!r sov]eign ,/ates4#bi ,! treaty ( #ahdb on :i* ! sy/em re/s1 has no "t-limit ( provision = d5unciation by ei!r p>ty1 su* z o!r comm]cial treaties conta94 ,a l[ t>iff suits ! ,p[]s t wi% to f9d a m>ket = _! goods 9 ,*9a1 & !y h !re=e no motive = cons5t+ to any alt]ation4 ,9 ! pa/1 :5 we practis$ free trade1 we c\ld def5d ourselves by say+ t ! policy we =c$ ^u ,*9a 0 ! same z t :i* we adopt$ ourselves4 ,b no o!r nation c\ld make ?is excuse1 nor c we n[ t we h ab&on$ free trade by ! ,safegu>d+ ( ,indu/ries ,act4 ,! import t>iff be+ s l[1 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t is compell$1 = ! sake ( rev5ue1 to *>ge ! maximum ( #e p] c5t1 on all exports4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 h9d]s ! developm5t ( ,*9ese comm]ce1 & is probably a mi/ake4 ,b ! ne$ ( s\rces ( rev5ue is desp]ate1 & x is n surpris+ t ! ,*9ese au?orities %\ld consid] ! tax indisp5sable4 ,!re is also ano!r sy/em 9 ,*9a1 *iefly inh]it$ f ! "t ( ! ,taip+ rebellion1 namely ! erection ( int]nal cu/oms b>ri]s at v>i\s important po9ts4 ,?is plan is /ill adopt$ ) ! int]nal trade4 ,b m]*ants deal+ ) ! int]ior & s5d+ goods to or f a ,treaty ,port c escape int]nal cu/oms by ! paym5t ( half ! duty *>g$ "u ! ext]nal t>iff4 ,z ?is is g5]ally less ?an ! int]nal t>iff *>ges1 ?is provision fav\rs =eign produce at ! exp5se ( t ( ,*9a4 ,( c\rse ! sy/em ( int]nal cu/oms is bad1 b x is traditional1 & is def5d$ on ! gr\nd t rev5ue is indisp5sable4 ,*9a (f]$ to aboli% int]nal cu/oms 9 return = c]ta9 uni=m increases 9 ! import & export t>iff1 & ,great ,brita91 ,japan1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates cons5t$4 ,b !re 7 t5 o!r ,p[]s ^: cons5t 0 necess>y1 & n all c\ld be induc$ to agree4 ,s ! old sy/em rema9s 9 =ce1 n *iefly ?r\gh ! fault ( ! ,*9ese c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,x %\ld be add$ t int]nal cu/oms are collect$ by ! prov9cial au?orities1 :o usually int]cept !m & use !m = private armies & civil w>4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t is n /rong en\gh to /op ^! abuses4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,cu/oms is only p>tially 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*9ese4 ,by treaty1 ! ,inspector-,g5]al1 :o is at ! head ( ! s]vice1 mu/ be ,briti% s long z our trade ) ,*9a exce$s t ( any o!r treaty ,/ate2 & ! appo9tm5t ( all subord9ate (ficials is 9 8 h&s4 ,9 #aiah 7! late/ ye> = :i* ,i h ! figures7 !re 7 #g1ejj p]sons employ$ 9 ! ,cu/oms1 & ( ^! #b1jjj 7 non-,*9ese4 ,! fir/ ,inspector-,g5]al 0 ,sir ,rob]t ,h>t1 :o1 by ! unanim\s te/imony ( all p>ties1 fulfill$ 8 duties exce$+ly well4 ,= ! "t be+1 !re is mu* to be said = ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! ,*9ese h ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,inspector-,g5]al1 & c !re=e *oose a man :o is sympa!tic to _! c\ntry4 ,*9ese (ficials are1 z a rule1 corrupt & indol5t1 s t control by =eign]s is necess>y 9 creat+ a mod]n bureaucracy4 ,s long z ! =eign (ficials are responsible to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 n to =eign ,/ates1 !y fulfil a useful educative function1 & help to prep>e ! way = ! creation ( an effici5t ,*9ese ,/ate4 ,! problem = ,*9a is to secure practical & intellectual tra9+ f ! :ite nations )\t becom+ _! slaves4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is problem1 ! sy/em adopt$ 9 ! ,cu/oms has mu* to recomm5d x dur+ ! e>ly /ages4#cj ,at ! same "t1 !re are grave infr+em5ts ( ,*9ese indep5d5ce 9 ! pres5t position ( ! ,cu/oms1 ap>t altoge!r f ! fact t ! t>iff is fix$ by treaty = ev]4 ,mu* ( ! rev5ue d]ivable f cu/oms is mortgag$ = v>i\s loans & indemnities1 s t ! ,cu/oms _c be dealt ) f ! po9t ( view ( ,*9ese int]e/s alone4 ,moreov]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( an>*y1 ! ,cu/oms adm9i/ration c ex]cise consid]able control ov] ,*9ese politics by recogniz+ or n recogniz+ a giv5 de facto ,gov]nm5t4 7,!re is no ,gov]nm5t de jure1 at any rate 9 ! ,nor?47 ,at pres5t1 ! ,cu/oms ,rev5ue is )held 9 ! ,s\?1 & an artificial bankruptcy is be+ eng9e]$4 ,9 view ( ! reaction>y in/9cts ( diplomats1 ?is con/itutes a t]rible ob/acle to int]nal re=m4 ,x means t no ,gov]nm5t :i* is 9 e>ne/ 9 attempt+ to introduce radical improvem5ts c hope to enjoy ! ,cu/oms rev5ue1 :i* int]poses a =midable fiscal b>ri] 9 ! way ( recon/ruction4 ,!re is a simil> situation z reg>ds ! salt tax4 ,?is also 0 accept$ z security = v>i\s =eign loans1 & 9 ord] to make ! security acceptable ! =eign ,p[]s conc]n$ insi/$ ^u ! employm5t ( =eign]s 9 ! pr9cipal po/s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,cu/oms1 ! =eign inspectors are appo9t$ by ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 & ! situation is 9 all respects simil> to t exi/+ z reg>ds ! ,cu/oms4 ,! ,cu/oms & ! salt tax =m ! security = v>i\s loans to ,*9a4 ,?is1 toge!r ) =eign adm9i/ration1 gives opportunities ( int]f]5ce by ! ,p[]s :i* !y %[ no incl9ation to neglect4 ,! way 9 :i* ! situation is utiliz$ may be illu/rat$ by ?ree telegrams 9 ,! ,times :i* appe>$ dur+ ,janu>y ( ?is ye>4 ,on ,janu>y #ad1 #aibb1 ,! ,times publi%$ ! foll[+ 9 a telegram f its ,pek+ correspond5t3 ,x is curi\s to reflect t ?is c\ntry 7,*9a7 c\ld be r5d]$ completely solv5t & ! ,gov]nm5t provid$ ) a sub/antial income almo/ by a /roke ( ! =eign]'s p51 :ile )\t t /roke !re mu/ be bankruptcy1 pure & simple4 ,despite con/ant civil w> & political *aos1 ! ,cu/oms rev5ue consi/5tly gr[s1 & la/ ye> exce$$ all records by #a1jjj1jjj4 ,! increas$ duties sanction$ by ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce w provide suffici5t rev5ue to liquidate ! :ole =eign & dome/ic float+ debt 9 a v few ye>s1 leav+ ! spl5did salt surplus un5cumb]$ = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! difficulty is n to provide money1 b to f9d a ,gov]nm5t to :i* to entru/ x4 ,nor is !re any visible prospect ( ! removal ( ?is difficulty4 ,i v5ture to ?9k ,! ,times w\ld reg>d ! difficulty z remov$ if ! ,man*u ,empire 7 re/or$4 ,z to ! spl5did salt surplus1 !re are two telegrams f ! ,pek+ correspond5t to ,! ,times 7( ,janu>y #ab? & #bcrd1 respectively7 %[+ :at we ga9 by mak+ ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t artificially bankrupt4 ,! fir/ telegram 7s5t on ,janu>y #aj?7 is z foll[s3-- ,pres5t conditions 9 ,*9a are aptly illu/rat$ by :at is happ5+ 9 "o ( ! great salt rev5ue /ations on ! ,yangtsze1 ne> ,*9kiang4 ,t portion ( ! ,*9ese fleet fai?ful to ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t--! bett] half w5t ov] to ! ,canton ,gov]nm5t long ago--has dispat*$ a squadron ( gunboats to ! salt /ation & notifi$ ,pek+ t if #c1jjj1jjj 7ab\t #djj1jjj7 arre>s ( pay 7 n imm$iately =?com+ ! am\nt w\ld be =cibly recov]$ f ! rev5ue4 ,mean:ile ! imm5se salt traffic on ! ,yangtsze has be5 susp5d$4 ,! ,legations conc]n$ h n[ s5t an ,id5tic ,note to ! ,gov]nm5t w>n+ x ( ! necessity = imm$iately secur+ ! removal ( ! ob/ruction to ! traffic & to ! op]ations ( ! =eign collectorate4 ,! second telegram is equally int]e/+4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,! "q ( int]f]5ce ) ! ,salt ,gabelle is assum+ a s]i\s aspect4 ,! ,*9ese squadron ( gunboats ref]r$ to 9 my message ( ! #aj? is /ill block+ ! salt traffic ne> ,*+kiang1 :ile a new intrud] 9 ! %ape ( an ag5t ( ,wu-,pei-,fu ! ,lib]al milit>y lead] has in/all$ himself 9 ! collectorate at ,hank[1 & is endeav\r+ to appropriate ! receipts = 8 p[]ful ma/]4 ,! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,japanese ,m9i/]s accord+ly h aga9 address$ ! ,gov]nm5t1 giv+ notice t if ^! irregul> proce$+s d n cease !y w be compell$ to take indep5d5t action4 ,! ,reorganization ,loan ( #be1jjj1jjj is secur$ on ! salt rev5ues1 & int]f]5ce ) ! =eign control ( ! dep>tm5t con/itutes an infr+em5t ( ! loan agreem5t4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,*9a1 "s indep5d5t ( ,pek+1 o!rs n1 ! local ,tu*uns 7milit>y gov]nors7 imp\nd ! collections & mat]ially dim9i% ! total com+ "u ! control ( ! =eign inspectorate1 b ! balance rema9+ has be5 s l>ge1 & prote/ s useless1 t hi!rto all conc]n$ h consid]$ x exp$i5t to acquiesce4 ,b int]f]5ce at po9ts on ! ,yangtsze1 :]e naval =ce c be br\ght to be>1 is ano!r matt]4 ,! situation is int]e/+ 9 view ( ! amiable resolutions adopt$ at ,wa%+ton1 by :i* ! ,p[]s w\ld seem to h deb>r$ !mselves1 9 ! future1 f any active =m ( int]v5tion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 view ( ! ext5sive opposition to ! ,liang ,%ih-yi ,cab9et & ! pres5t int]f]5ce ) ! salt negotiations1 ! #ij1jjj1jjj 7#aa1jjj1jjj7 loan to be secur$ on ! salt surplus has be5 dropp$4 ,! problem ( h[ to wea!r ! new ye> settlem5t on ,janu>y #bh? rema9s unsolv$4 ,x is a pretty game3 creat+ artificial bankruptcy1 & !n inflict+ puni%m5t = ! result+ an>*y4 ,h[ regrettable t ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce %\ld attempt to int]f]e6 ,x is useless to d5y t ! ,*9ese h br\ght ^! tr\bles ^u !mselves1 by _! inability to produce capable & hone/ (ficials4 ,?is inability has its roots 9 ,*9ese e?ics1 :i* lay /ress ^u a man's duty to 8 family r ?an to ! public4 ,an (ficial is expect$ to keep all 8 relations suppli$ ) funds1 & !re=e c only be hone/ at ! exp5se ( filial piety4 ,! decay ( ! family sy/em is a vital condition ( progress 9 ,*9a4 ,all ,"y ,*9a realizes ?is1 & "o may hope t tw5ty ye>s h5ce ! level ( hone/y among (ficials may be n l[] 9 ,*9a ?an 9 ,europe--no v extravagant hope4 ,b = ?is purpose fri5dly contact ) ,we/]n nations is ess5tial4 ,if we insi/ ^u r\s+ ,*9ese nationalism z we h r\s$ t ( ,india & ,japan1 ! ,*9ese w beg9 to ?9k t :]ev] !y diff] f ,europe1 !y diff] = ! bett]4 ,!re is m tru? 9 ?is ?an ,europeans l to ?9k1 b x is n :olly true1 & if x comes to be believ$ our p[] = good 9 ,*9a w be at an end4 ,i h describ$ briefly 9 ?is *apt] :at ! ,*ri/ian ,p[]s did to ,*9a :ile !y 7 able to act indep5d5tly ( ,japan4 ,b 9 mod]n ,*9a x is ,japanese aggression t is ! mo/ urg5t problem4 ,be=e consid]+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ deal briefly ) ! rise ( mod]n ,japan--a q peculi> bl5d ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 :i* ,i hope is n prophetic ( ! bl5d to be ultimately a*iev$ 9 ,*9a4 ,b be=e pass+ to ,japan1 ,i w give a brief description ( ! social & political condition ( mod]n ,*9a1 )\t :i* ,japan's action 9 ,*9a w\ld be un9telligible4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bd3 ,9 #afia ! ,emp]or ,kang ,hsi issu$ an edict expla9+ 8 attitude t[>ds v>i\s religions4 ,( ,roman ,ca?olicism he says3 ,z to ! we/]n doctr9e :i* glorifies ,ti5 ,*u1 ! ,"l ( ! ,sky1 t1 too1 is het]odox2 b because its prie/s are ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ma!matics1 ! ,gov]nm5t makes use ( !m--a po9t :i* y soldi]s & p %\ld und]/&4 7,giles1 op4 cit4 p4 #beb47 ,footnote #be3 ,annals & ,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,pek+1 pp4 #cbb ff4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! ,summ] ,palace n[ %[n to t\ri/s is mod]n1 *iefly built by ! ,empress ,d[ag]4 ,footnote #bg3 ,!re is an admirable acc\nt ( ?is "q 9 ,*ap4 vii4 ( ,sih-,gung ,*5g's ,mod]n ,*9a1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #aiai4 ,footnote #bh3 ,a new revision has be5 decid$ ^u by ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce4 ,footnote #bi3 ,if y liv$ 9 a t[n :]e ! burgl>s _h obta9$ possession ( ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 !y w\ld v likely insi/ ^u ! policy ( ! ,op5 ,door1 b y might n consid] x :olly satisfactory4 ,su* is ,*9a's situation among ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! ,times ( ,novemb] #bf1 #aiba1 _h a lead+ article on ,mr4 ,well+ton ,koo's sugge/ion1 at ,wa%+ton1 t ,*9a ought to be all[$ to recov] fiscal autonomy z reg>ds ! t>iff4 ,mr4 ,koo did n deal ) ! ,cu/oms adm9i/ration1 nev]!less ,! ,times assum$ t 8 purpose 0 to get ! adm9i/ration into ! h&s ( ! ,*9ese on acc\nt ( ! opportunities ( lucrative corruption :i* x w\ld af=d4 ,i wrote to ,! ,times po9t+ out t !y _h confus$ ! adm9i/ration ) ! t>iff1 & t ,mr4 ,koo 0 deal+ only ) ! t>iff4 ,9 view ( ! fact t !y did n pr9t ei!r my lett] or any o!r to ! same effect1 are we to conclude t _! misrepres5tation 0 delib]ate & int5tional8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,*9a ,! position ( ,*9a among ! nations ( ! _w is q peculi>1 because 9 population & pot5tial /r5g? ,*9a is ! greate/ nation 9 ! _w1 :ile 9 actual /r5g? at ! mom5t x is "o ( ! lea/4 ,! int]national problems rais$ by ?is situation h be5 br\ght into ! =efront ( _w-politics by ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce4 ,:at settlem5t1 if any1 w ultimately be arriv$ at1 x is z yet impossible to =esee4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 broad facts & pr9ciples :i* no wise solution c ignore1 = :i* ,i %all try to give ! evid5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ *apt]s1 b :i* x may be z well to /ate briefly at ! outset4 ,fir/1 ! ,*9ese1 ?\gh z yet incompet5t 9 politics & backw>d 9 economic developm5t1 h1 9 o!r respects1 a civilization at lea/ z good z our own1 conta9+ elem5ts :i* ! _w greatly ne$s1 & :i* we %all de/roy at our p]il4 ,secondly1 ! ,p[]s h inflict$ ^u ,*9a a multitude ( humiliations & disabilities1 = :i* excuses h be5 f\nd 9 ,*9a's misde$s1 b = :i* ! sole real reason has be5 ,*9a's milit>y & naval weakness4 ,?irdly1 ! be/ ( ! ,great ,p[]s at pres5t1 9 relation to ,*9a1 is ,am]ica1 & ! wor/ is ,japan2 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*9a1 z well z 9 our own l>g] int]e/s1 x is an imm5se advance t we h ceas$ to support ,japan & h rang$ ourselves on ! side ( ,am]ica1 9 s f> z ,am]ica /&s = ,*9ese fre$om1 b n :5 ,japanese fre$om is ?reat5$4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ! long run1 ! ,*9ese _c escape economic dom9ation by =eign ,p[]s unless ,*9a becomes milit>y or ! =eign ,p[]s become ,sociali/ic1 because ! capitali/ sy/em involves 9 its v ess5ce a pr$atory relation ( ! /rong t[>ds ! weak1 int]nationally z well z nationally4 ,a /rong milit>y ,*9a w\ld be a disa/]2 !re=e ,socialism 9 ,europe & ,am]ica af=ds ! only ultimate solution4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 ,i come to ! !me ( ?is *apt]1 namely1 ! pres5t int]nal condition ( ,*9a4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ,*9a1 aft] hav+ an ,emp]or = =ty c5turies1 decid$1 elev5 ye>s ago1 to become a mod]n democratic republic4 ,_m causes l$ up to ?is result4 ,pass+ ov] ! fir/ #c1gjj ye>s ( ,*9ese hi/ory1 we arrive at ! ,man*u conque/ 9 #afdd1 :5 a w>like invad] f ! nor? succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ himself ^u ! ,dragon ,?rone4 ,he set to "w to induce ,*9ese m5 to we> pigtails & ,*9ese wom5 to h big feet4 ,aft] a "t a /atesmanlike compromise 0 arrang$3 pigtails 7 adopt$ b big feet 7 reject$2 ! new absurdity 0 accept$ & ! old "o reta9$4 ,?is *>act]i/ic compromise %[s h[ mu* ,engl& & ,*9a h 9 common4 ,! ,man*u ,emp]ors soon became almo/ completely ,*9ese1 b diff]5ces ( dress & mann]s kept ! ,man*us di/9ct f ! m civiliz$ p :om !y _h conqu]$1 & ! ,*9ese rema9$ inw>dly ho/ile to !m4 ,f #ahdj to #aijj1 a s]ies ( disa/r\s =eign w>s1 culm9at+ 9 ! humiliation ( ! ,box] "t1 de/roy$ ! pre/ige ( ! ,imp]ial ,family & %[$ all ?\ghtful p ! ne$ ( le>n+ f ,europeans4 ,! ,taip+ rebellion1 :i* la/$ = #ae ye>s 7#ahdi-fd71 is ?\ght by ,putnam ,weale to h dim9i%$ ! population by #aej millions1#ca & 0 almo/ z t]rible a bus9ess z ! ,great ,w>4 ,= a long "t x seem$ d\btful :e!r ! ,man*us c\ld suppress x1 & :5 at la/ !y succe$$ 7by ! help ( ,gordon7 _! en]gy 0 exhau/$4 ,! defeat ( ,*9a by ,japan 7#ahid-e7 & ! v5geance ( ! ,p[]s aft] ! ,box] ris+ 7#aijj7 f9ally op5$ ! eyes ( all ?\ghtful ,*9ese to ! ne$ = a bett] & m mod]n gov]nm5t ?an t ( ! ,imp]ial ,family4 ,b ?+s move sl[ly 9 ,*9a1 & x 0 n till elev5 ye>s aft] ! ,box] movem5t t ! revolution broke out4 ,! revolution ( #aiaa1 9 ,*9a1 0 a mod]ate "o1 simil> 9 _s to ours ( #afhh4 ,its *ief promot]1 ,sun ,yat ,s51 n[ at ! head ( ! ,canton ,gov]nm5t1 0 support$ by ! ,republicans1 & 0 elect$ provisional ,presid5t4 ,b ! ,no!rn ,army rema9$ fai?ful to ! dyna/y1 & c\ld probably h defeat$ ! revolution>ies4 ,its ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 ,yuan ,%ih-k'ai1 h[ev]1 hit ^u a bett] s*eme4 ,he made peace ) ! revolution>ies & ackn[l$g$ ! ,republic1 on condition t he %\ld be ! fir/ ,presid5t in/ead ( ,sun ,yat ,s54 ,yuan ,%ih-k'ai 01 ( c\rse1 support$ by ! ,legations1 be+ :at is call$ a /rong man1 i4e4 a believ] 9 blood & iron1 n likely to be l$ a/ray by talk ab\t democracy or fre$om4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! ,nor? has always be5 m milit>y & less lib]al ?an ! ,s\?1 & ,yuan ,%ih-k'ai _h creat$ out ( ,nor!rn troops :atev] ,*9a possess$ 9 ! way ( a mod]n army4 ,z he 0 also ambiti\s & trea*]\s1 he _h e quality ne$$ = inspir+ confid5ce 9 ! diplomatic corps4 ,9 view ( ! *aos :i* has exi/$ s9ce 8 dea?1 x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 some?+ to be said 9 fav\r ( 8 policy & me?ods4 ,a ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 aft] enact+ a provisional con/itution1 gave place to a duly elect$ ,p>liam5t1 :i* met 9 ,april #aiac to det]m9e ! p]man5t con/itution4 ,yuan soon began to qu>rel ) ! ,p>liam5t z to ! p[]s ( ! ,presid5t1 :i* ! ,p>liam5t wi%$ to re/rict4 ,! majority 9 ,p>liam5t 0 oppos$ to ,yuan1 b he _h ! prepond]ance 9 milit>y /r5g?4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 z 0 to be expect$1 con/itutionalism 0 soon ov]?r[n4 ,yuan made himself f9ancially indep5d5t ( ,p>liam5t 7:i* _h be5 duly end[$ ) ! p[] ( ! purse7 by uncon/itutionally conclud+ a loan ) ! =eign banks4 ,?is l$ to a revolt ( ! ,s\?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,yuan quickly suppress$4 ,aft] ?is1 by v>i\s /ages1 he made himself virtually absolute rul] ( ,*9a4 ,he appo9t$ 8 army lieut5ants milit>y gov]nors ( prov9ces1 & s5t ,nor!rn troops into ! ,s\?4 ,8 rgime might h la/$ b = ! fact t1 9 #aiae1 he tri$ to become ,emp]or1 & 0 met by a successful revolt4 ,he di$ 9 #aiaf--( a brok5 he>t1 x 0 said4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 no?+ b confusion 9 ,*9a4 ,! milit>y gov]nors appo9t$ by ,yuan refus$ to submit to ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t :5 8 /rong h& 0 remov$1 & _! troops t]roriz$ ! populations ^u :om !y 7 qu>t]$4 ,ev] s9ce !re has be5 civil w>1 n1 z a rule1 = any def9ite pr9ciple1 b simply to det]m9e :i* ( v>i\s rival g5]als %\ld gov]n v>i\s gr\ps ( prov9ces4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! issue ( ,nor? v]sus ,s\?1 b ?is has lo/ mo/ ( its con/itutional significance4 ,! milit>y gov]nors ( prov9ces or gr\ps ( prov9ces1 :o are call$ ,tu*uns1 gov]n despotically 9 defiance ( ,pek+1 & commit depr$ations on ! inhabitants ( ! di/ricts ov] :i* !y rule4 ,!y int]cept ! rev5ue1 except ! portions collect$ & adm9i/]$ by =eign]s1 su* z ! salt tax4 ,!y are nom9ally appo9t$ by ,pek+1 b 9 practice dep5d only ^u ! fav\r ( ! soldi]s 9 _! prov9ces4 ,! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t is ne>ly bankrupt1 & is usually unable to pay ! soldi]s1 :o live by loot & by su* portions ( ! ,tu*un's illgott5 weal? z he f9ds x prud5t to surr5d] to !m4 ,:5 any faction seem$ ne> to complete victory1 ! ,japanese support$ its oppon5ts1 9 ord] t civil discord might be prolong$4 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ,pek+1 ! ?ree mo/ important ,tu*uns met !re = a conf]5ce on ! division ( ! spoils4 ,!y 7 b>ely civil to ! ,presid5t & ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 :o /ill (ficially repres5t ,*9a 9 ! eyes ( =eign ,p[]s4 ,! un=tunate nom9al ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to pay to ^! ?ree wor?ies1 out ( a bankrupt treasury1 a sum :i* ! newspap]s /at$ to be n9e million doll>s1 to secure _! dep>ture f ! capital4 ,! l>ge/ %>e w5t to ,*ang-tso-l91 ! ,vic]oy ( ,man*uria & commonly said to be a tool ( ,japan4 ,8 %>e 0 paid to cov] ! exp5ses ( an exp$ition to ,mongolia1 :i* _h revolt$2 b no "o = a mom5t suppos$ t he w\ld und]take su* an exp$ition1 & 9 fact he has rema9$ at ,mukd5 ev] s9ce4#cb ,9 ! extreme s\?1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 e/abli%$ a ,gov]nm5t ( a diff]5t sort1 = :i* x is possible to h "s respect4 ,canton1 :i* has always be5 ! c5tre ( ,*9ese radicalism1 succe$$1 9 ! autumn ( #aibj1 9 ?r[+ (f ! tyranny ( its ,nor!rn g>rison & e/abli%+ a progressive effici5t ,gov]nm5t "u ! ,presid5cy ( ,sun ,yat ,s54 ,?is ,gov]nm5t n[ embraces two prov9ces1 ,kwangtung 7( :i* ,canton is ! capital7 & ,kwangsi4 ,= a mom5t x seem$ likely to conqu] ! :ole ( ! ,s\?1 b x has be5 *eck$ by ! victories ( ! ,nor!rn ,g5]al ,wu-,pei-,fu 9 ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,hunan4 ,its enemies allege t x *]i%es designs ( conque/1 & wi%es to unite all ,*9a "u its sway4#cc ,9 all asc]ta9able respects x is a ,gov]nm5t :i* des]ves ! support ( all progressive p4 ,pr(essor ,dewey1 9 articles 9 ! ,new ,republic1 has set =? its m]its1 z well z ! bitt] enmity :i* x has enc\nt]$ f ,hong-,kong & ! ,briti% g5]ally4 ,?is opposition is p>tly on g5]al pr9ciples1 because we dislike radical re=m1 p>tly because ( ! ,cassel agreem5t4 ,?is agreem5t--( a common type 9 ,*9a--w\ld h giv5 u a virtual monopoly ( ! railways & m9es 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kwangtung4 ,x _h be5 conclud$ ) ! =m] ,gov]nm5t1 & only await$ ratification1 b ! *ange ( ,gov]nm5t has made ratification impossible4 ,! new ,gov]nm5t1 v prop]ly1 is befri5d$ by ! ,am]icans1 & "o ( !m1 ,mr4 ,%ank1 conclud$ an agreem5t ) ! new ,gov]nm5t m or less simil> to t :i* we _h conclud$ ) ! old "o4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 did n support ,mr4 ,%ank1 :]eas ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t did support ! ,cassel agreem5t4 ,mean:ile we h lo/ a v valuable ?\gh v iniquit\s concession1 m]ely because we1 b n ! ,am]icans1 pref] :at is old & corrupt to :at is vigor\s & hone/4 ,i und]/&1 moreov]1 t ! ,%ank agreem5t laps$ because ,mr4 ,%ank c\ld n raise ! necess>y capital4 ,! an>*y 9 ,*9a is1 ( c\rse1 v regrettable1 & e fri5d ( ,*9a mu/ hope t x w be br\ght to an end4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to exagg]ate ! evil1 or to suppose t x is comp>able 9 magnitude to ! evils endur$ 9 ,europe4 ,*9a mu/ n be comp>$ to a s+le ,european c\ntry1 b to ,europe z a :ole4 ,9 ,! ,times ( ,novemb] #aa1 #aiba1 ,i notice a pessimi/ic article head$3 ,! ,p]il ( ,*9a4 ,a doz5 rival ,gov]nm5ts4 ,b 9 ,europe !re are mu* m ?an a doz5 ,gov]nm5ts1 & _! enmities are mu* fi]c] ?an ^? ( ,*9a4 ,! numb] ( troops 9 ,europe is enorm\sly great] ?an 9 ,*9a1 & !y are inf9itely bett] provid$ ) weapons ( de/ruction4 ,! am\nt ( fight+ 9 ,europe s9ce ! ,armi/ice has be5 incomp>ably m ?an ! am\nt 9 ,*9a dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,y may travel ?r\gh ,*9a f end to end1 & x is t5 to "o t y w see no signs ( w>4 ,*9ese battles are seldom bloody1 be+ f\ght by m]c5>y soldi]s :o take no int]e/ 9 ! cause = :i* !y are suppos$ to be fight+4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! inhabitants ( ,*9a1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 are happi]1 on ! av]age1 ?an ! inhabitants ( ,europe tak5 z a :ole4 ,x is cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t political re=m 9 ,*9a1 :5 x becomes possible1 w h to take ! =m ( a f$]al con/itution1 all[+ a v l>ge measure ( autonomy to ! prov9ces4 ,! division into prov9ces is v anci5t1 & prov9cial feel+ is /rong4 ,aft] ! revolution1 a con/itution m or less resembl+ our own 0 attempt$1 only ) a ,presid5t in/ead ( a ,k+4 ,b ! successful work+ ( a non-f$]al con/itution requires a homog5e\s population )\t mu* local feel+1 z may be se5 f our own exp]i5ce 9 ,irel&4 ,mo/ progressive ,*9ese1 z f> z ,i 0 able to judge1 n[ fav\r a f$]al con/itution1 leav+ to ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t n mu* except armam5ts1 =eign affairs1 & cu/oms4 ,b ! difficulty ( gett+ rid ( ! exi/+ milit>y an>*y is v great4 ,! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t _c disb& ! troops1 because x _c f9d ! money to pay !m4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to borr[ f abroad en\gh money to pay (f ! troops & e/abli% !m 9 new jobs4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r any ,p[] or ,p[]s w\ld make su* a loan )\t exact+ ! sacrifice ( ! la/ remnants ( ,*9ese indep5d5ce4 ,"o mu/ !re=e hope t someh[ ! ,*9ese w f9d a way ( escap+ f _! tr\bles )\t too mu* =eign assi/ance4 ,x is by no means impossible t "o ( ! ,tu*uns may become supreme1 & may !n make fri5ds ) ! con/itutionali/s z ! be/ way ( consolidat+ 8 influ5ce4 ,*9a is a c\ntry :]e public op9ion has great weight1 & :]e ! desire to be ?\ght well ( may q possibly lead a successful milit>i/ into patriotic c\rses4 ,!re are1 at ! mom5t1 two ,tu*uns :o are m important ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,^! are ,*ang-tso-l9 & ,wu-,pei-,fu1 bo? ( :om h be5 already m5tion$4 ,*ang-tso-l9 is supreme 9 ,man*uria1 & /rong 9 ,japanese support2 he repres5ts all t is mo/ reaction>y 9 ,*9a4 ,wu-,pei-,fu1 on ! o!r h&1 is cr$it$ ) lib]al t5d5cies4 ,he is an able g5]al2 n long ago1 nom9ally at ! bidd+ ( ,pek+1 he e/abli%$ 8 au?ority on ! ,yangtze & 9 ,hunan1 !reby deal+ a bl[ to ! hopes ( ,canton4 ,x is n easy to see h[ he c\ld come to t]ms ) ! ,canton ,gov]nm5t1 especially s9ce x has alli$ itself ) ,*ang-tso-l91 b 9 ! re/ ( ,*9a he might e/abli% 8 au?ority & seek to make x p]man5t by be+ con/itutional 7see ,app5dix74 ,if s1 ,*9a might h a brea?+-space1 & a brea?+-space is all t is ne$$4 ,! economic life ( ,*9a1 except 9 ! ,treaty ,ports & 9 a few regions :]e !re are m9es1 is /ill :olly pre-indu/rial4 ,pek+ has ne>ly a million inhabitants1 & cov]s an enorm\s area1 ow+ to ! fact t all ! h\ses h only a gr\nd floor & are built r\nd a c\rty>d4 ,yet x has no trams or buses or local tra9s4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld see1 !re are n m ?an two or ?ree factory *imneys 9 ! :ole t[n4 ,ap>t f begg+1 trad+1 ?iev+ & ,gov]nm5t employm5t1 p live by h&icrafts4 ,! products are exquisite & ! "w less monoton\s ?an ma*9e-m9d+1 b ! h\rs are long & ! pay inf9itesimal4 ,sev5ty or eighty p] c5t4 ( ! population ( ,*9a are engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,rice & tea are ! *ief products ( ! s\?1 :ile :eat & o!r k9ds ( gra9 =m ! /aple crops 9 ! nor?4#cd ,! ra9fall is v great 9 ! s\?1 b 9 ! nor? x is only j suffici5t to prev5t ! l& f be+ a des]t4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ 9 ,*9a1 9 ! autumn ( #aibj1 a l>ge area 9 ! nor?1 ow+ to dr\ght1 0 afflict$ ) a t]rible fam9e1 ne>ly z bad1 probably1 z ! fam9e 9 ,russia 9 #aiba4 ,z ! ,bol%eviks 7 n conc]n$1 =eign]s _h no hesitation 9 try+ to br+ relief4 ,z = ! ,*9ese1 !y reg>d$ x passively z a /roke ( fate1 & ev5 ^? :o di$ ( x %>$ ?is view4 ,mo/ ( ! l& is 9 ! h&s ( peasant proprietors1 :o divide _! hold+s among _! sons1 s t ea* man's %>e becomes b>ely suffici5t to support himself & 8 family4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! ra9fall is less ?an usual1 imm5se numb]s p]i% ( />vation4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be possible1 = a "t1 to prev5t fam9es by m sci5tific me?ods ( agriculture1 & to prev5t dr\ghts & floods by af=e/ation4 ,m railways & bett] roads w\ld give a va/ly improv$ m>ket1 & might greatly enri* ! peasants = a g5]ation4 ,b 9 ! long run1 if ! bir?-rate is z great z is usually suppos$1 no p]man5t cure = _! pov]ty is possible :ile _! families cont9ue to be s l>ge4 ,9 ,*9a1 ,mal?us's !ory ( population1 accord+ to _m writ]s1 f9ds full scope4#ce ,if s1 ! good done by any improvem5t ( me?ods w lead to ! survival ( m *ildr51 involv+ a great] subdivision ( ! l&1 & 9 ! end1 a return to ! same degree ( pov]ty4 ,only education & a high] /&>d ( life c remove ! fundam5tal cause ( ^! evils4 ,& popul> education1 on a l>ge scale1 is ( c\rse impossible until !re is a bett] ,gov]nm5t & an adequate rev5ue4 ,ap>t ev5 f ^! difficulties1 !re does n exi/1 z yet1 a suffici5t supply ( compet5t ,*9ese tea*]s = a sy/em ( univ]sal elem5t>y education4 ,ap>t f w>1 ! impact ( ,european civilization ^u ! traditional life ( ,*9a takes two =ms1 "o comm]cial1 ! o!r intellectual4 ,bo? dep5d ^u ! pre/ige ( armam5ts2 ! ,*9ese w\ld nev] h op5$ ei!r _! ports to our trade or _! m9ds to our ideas if we _h n defeat$ !m 9 w>4 ,b ! milit>y beg9n+ ( our int]c\rse ) ! ,middle ,k+dom has n[ rec$$ into ! backgr\nd2 "o is n consci\s1 9 any class1 ( a /rong ho/ility to =eign]s z su*4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to make out a case = ! view t int]c\rse ) ! :ite races is prov+ a mis=tune to ,*9a1 b app>5tly ?is view is n tak5 by anyone 9 ,*9a except :]e unreason+ cons]vative prejudice outweighs all o!r consid]ations4 ,! ,*9ese h a v /rong in/9ct = trade1 & a consid]able intellectual curiosity1 to bo? ( :i* we appeal4 ,only a b>e m9imum ( common dec5cy is requir$ to secure _! fri5d%ip1 :e!r privately or politically4 ,& ,i ?9k _! ?\ght is z capable ( enri*+ our culture z _! comm]ce ( enri*+ our pockets4 ,9 ! ,treaty ,ports1 ,europeans & ,am]icans live 9 _! own qu>t]s1 ) /reets well pav$ & light$1 h\ses 9 ,european /yle1 & %ops full ( ,am]ican & ,engli% goods4 ,!re is g5]ally also a ,*9ese "p ( ! t[n1 ) n>r[ /reets1 gaily decorat$ %ops1 & ! ri* mixture ( smells *>act]i/ic ( ,*9a4 ,(t5 "o passes ?r\gh a gate1 sudd5ly1 f "o to ! o!r2 aft] ! *e]ful disord]$ beauty ( ! old t[n1 ,europe's ugly cleanl9ess & ,sunday-g-to-meet+ dec5cy make a /range complex impression1 half-love & half-hate4 ,9 ! ,european t[n "o f9ds safety1 spaci\sness & hygi5e2 9 ! ,*9ese t[n1 romance1 ov]cr[d+ & disease4 ,9 spite ( my affection = ,*9a1 ^! transitions always made me realize t ,i am a ,european2 = me1 ! ,*9ese mann] ( life w\ld n mean happ9ess4 ,b aft] mak+ all necess>y d$uctions = ! pov]ty & ! disease1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,*9ese life br+s m happ9ess to ! ,*9ese ?an ,engli% life does to u4 ,at any rate ?is seem$ to me to be true = ! m52 = ! wom5 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be true4 ,%anghai & ,ti5ts9 are :ite m5's cities2 ! fir/ sight ( ,%anghai makes "o wond] :at is ! use ( travell+1 because !re is s little *ange f :at "o is us$ to4 ,treaty ,ports1 ea* ( :i* is a c5tre ( ,european influ5ce1 exi/ practically all ov] ,*9a1 n only on ! sea coa/4 ,hank[1 a v important ,treaty ,port1 is almo/ exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ,*9a4 ,nor? & ,s\? ,*9a are divid$ by ! ,yangtze2 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,*9a are divid$ by ! r\te f ,pek+ to ,canton4 ,^! two divid+ l9es meet at ,hank[1 :i* has long be5 an important /rategical po9t 9 ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,f ,pek+ to ,hank[ !re is a railway1 =m]ly ,franco-,belgian1 n[ own$ by ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t4 ,f ,wu*ang1 opposite ,hank[ on ! s\!rn bank ( ! riv]1 !re is to be a railway to ,canton1 b at pres5t x only runs half-way1 to ,*ang%a1 also a ,treaty ,port4 ,! completion ( ! railway1 toge!r ) improv$ docks1 w greatly increase ! importance ( ,canton & dim9i% t ( ,hong-,kong4 ,9 ! ,treaty ,ports comm]ce is ! pr9cipal bus9ess2 b 9 ! l[] ,yangtze & 9 c]ta9 m9+ di/ricts !re are beg9n+s ( indu/rialism4 ,*9a produces l>ge am\nts ( raw cotton1 :i* are mo/ly manipulat$ by primitive me?ods2 b !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( cotton-mills on mod]n l9es4 ,if l[ wages meant *eap lab\r = ! employ]1 !re w\ld be little hope = ,lanca%ire1 because 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a ! cotton is gr[n on ! spot1 ! climate is damp1 & !re is an inexhau/ible supply ( indu/ri\s coolies ready to "w v long h\rs = wages ^u :i* an ,engli% work+-man w\ld f9d x lit]ally impossible to keep body & s\l toge!r4 ,nev]!less1 x is n ! und]paid ,*9ese coolie :om ,lanca%ire has to fe>1 & ,*9a w n become a =midable competitor until improvem5t 9 me?ods & education enables ! ,*9ese work]s to e>n good wages4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,*9a1 z 9 e o!r c\ntry1 ! beg9n+s ( indu/ry are sordid & cruel4 ,! intellectuals wi% to be told ( "s less horrible me?od by :i* _! c\ntry may be indu/rializ$1 b s f> none is 9 sight4 ,! intellig5tsia 9 ,*9a has a v peculi> position1 unlike t :i* x has 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,h]$it>y ari/ocracy has be5 practically ext9ct 9 ,*9a = ab\t #b1jjj ye>s1 & = _m c5turies ! c\ntry has be5 gov]n$ by ! successful c&idates 9 competitive exam9ations4 ,?is has giv5 to ! educat$ ! k9d ( pre/ige else:]e belong+ to a gov]n+ ari/ocracy4 ,al?\gh ! old traditional education is fa/ dy+ out1 & high] education n[ tea*es mod]n subjects1 ! pre/ige ( education has surviv$1 & public op9ion is /ill ready to be influ5c$ by ^? :o h intellectual qualifications4 ,! ,tu*uns1 _m ( :om1 includ+ ,*ang-tso-l91 h begun by be+ brig&s1#cf are1 ( c\rse1 mo/ly too /upid & ignorant to %>e ?is attitude1 b t 9 itself makes _! rgime weak & un/able4 ,! influ5ce ( ,"y ,*9a--i4e4 ( ^? :o h be5 educat$ ei!r abroad or 9 mod]n colleges at home--is f> great] ?an x w\ld be 9 a c\ntry ) less respect = le>n+4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ hopeful feature 9 ! situation1 because ! numb] ( mod]n /ud5ts is rapidly increas+1 & _! outlook & aims are admirable4 ,9 ano!r t5 ye>s or s !y w probably be /rong en\gh to reg5]ate ,*9a--if only ! ,p[]s w all[ t5 ye>s to elapse )\t tak+ any dra/ic action4 ,x is important to try to und]/& ! outlook & pot5tialities ( ,"y ,*9a4 ,mo/ ( my "t 0 sp5t among ^? ,*9ese :o _h _h a mod]n education1 & ,i %\ld l to give "s idea ( _! m5tality4 ,x seem$ to me t "o c\ld already di/+ui% two g5]ations3 ! old] m51 :o _h f\ght _! way ) great difficulty & almo/ 9 solitude out ( ! traditional ,confucian prejudices2 & ! y\ng] m51 :o _h f\nd mod]n s*ools & colleges wait+ = !m1 conta9+ a :ole _w ( mod]n-m9d$ p ready to give sympa?y & enc\ragem5t 9 ! inevitable fight aga9/ ! family4 ,! old] m5--m5 v>y+ 9 age f #cj to #ej--;h gone ?r\gh an inw>d & outw>d /ruggle resembl+ t ( ! rationali/s ( ,d>w9's & ,mill's g5]ation4 ,!y h _h1 pa9fully & ) inf9ite difficulty1 to free _! m9ds f ! beliefs in/ill$ 9 y\?1 & to turn _! ?\ghts to a new sci5ce & a new e?ic4 ,imag9e 7say7 ,plot9us recall$ f ! %ades & miracul\sly compell$ to respect ,mr4 ,h5ry ,=d2 ?is w give y "s idea ( ! c5turies across :i* ^! m5 h _h to travel 9 becom+ ,european4 ,"s ( !m are a little we>y ) ! ef=t1 _! =ces some:at sp5t & _! orig9ality no long] creative4 ,b ?is c a/oni% no "o :o realizes ! int]nal revolution !y h a*iev$ 9 _! own m9ds4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t an able ,*9aman1 :5 he ma/]s our culture1 becomes purely imitative4 ,?is may happ5 among ! second-rate ,*9ese1 especially :5 !y turn ,*ri/ians1 b x does n happ5 among ! be/4 ,!y rema9 ,*9ese1 critical ( ,european civilization ev5 :5 !y h assimilat$ x4 ,!y reta9 a c]ta9 cry/al c&\r & a t\*+ belief 9 ! efficacy ( moral =ces2 ! indu/rial revolution has n yet affect$ _! m5tal processes4 ,:5 !y become p]suad$ ( ! importance ( "s op9ion1 !y try to spread x by sett+ =? ! reasons 9 its fav\r2 !y d n hire ! front pages ( newspap]s = adv]tis+1 or put up on ho>d+s along ! railways ,s-&-s's op9ion is ! be/4 ,9 all ?is !y diff] greatly f m advanc$ nations1 & p>ticul>ly f ,am]ica2 x nev] occurs to !m to treat op9ions z if !y 7 soaps4 ,& !y h no admiration = ru?lessness1 or love ( bu/l+ activity )\t reg>d to its purpose4 ,hav+ ?r[n ov] ! prejudices 9 :i* !y 7 br\ght up1 !y h n tak5 on a new set1 b h rema9$ g5u9ely free 9 _! ?\ghts1 able to consid] any proposition hone/ly on its m]its4 ,! y\ng] m51 h[ev]1 h some?+ m ?an ! fir/ g5]ation ( mod]n intellectuals4 ,hav+ _h less ( a /ruggle1 !y h reta9$ m en]gy & self-confid5ce4 ,! c&\r & hone/y ( ! pione]s survive1 ) m det]m9ation to be socially effective4 ,?is may be m]ely ! natural "* ( y\?1 b ,i ?9k x is m ?an t4 ,"y m5 "u ?irty h (t5 come 9 contact ) ,we/]n ideas at a suffici5tly e>ly age to h assimilat$ !m )\t a great /ruggle1 s t !y c acquire k )\t be+ torn by spiritual conflicts4 ,& !y h be5 able to le>n ,we/]n k f ,*9ese tea*]s to beg9 )1 :i* has made ! process less difficult4 ,ev5 ! y\nge/ /ud5ts1 ( c\rse1 /ill h reaction>y families1 b !y f9d less difficulty ?an _! pr$ecessors 9 resi/+ ! claims ( ! family1 & 9 realiz+ practically1 n only !oretically1 t ! traditional ,*9ese rev]5ce = ! old may well be c>ri$ too f>4 ,9 ^! "y m5 ,i see ! hope ( ,*9a4 ,:5 a little exp]i5ce has taught !m practical wisdom1 ,i believe !y w be able to lead ,*9ese op9ion 9 ! directions 9 :i* x ought to move4 ,!re is "o traditional ,*9ese belief :i* dies v h>d1 & t is ! belief t correct e?ical s5tim5ts are m important !n detail$ sci5tific k4 ,?is view is1 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f ! ,confucian tradition1 & is m or less true 9 a pre-indu/rial society4 ,x w\ld h be5 upheld by ,r\sseau or ,dr4 ,johnson1 & broadly speak+ by ev]ybody be=e ! ,b5?amites4 ,we1 9 ! ,we/1 h n[ swung to ! opposite extreme3 we t5d to ?9k t te*nical effici5cy is ev]y?+ & moral purpose no?+4 ,a battle%ip may be tak5 z ! concrete embodim5t ( ?is view4 ,:5 we read1 say1 ( "s new poison-gas by means ( :i* "o bomb f an a]oplane c ext]m9ate a :ole t[n1 we h a ?rill ( :at we fondly believe to be horror1 b x is really delight 9 sci5tific skill4 ,sci5ce is our god2 we say to x1 ,?\gh ?\ slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 !e4 ,& s x slays u4 ,! ,*9ese h n ?is defect1 b !y h ! opposite "o1 ( believ+ t good int5tions are ! only ?+ really necess>y4 ,i w give an illu/ration4 ,=sy! ,%]fesee1 ,=e/ry ,advis] to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 gave an address at ! ,briti% ,legation 9 ,janu>y #aiai on ,"s ,national ,aspects ( ,=e/ry 9 ,*9a4#cg ,9 ?is address he proves 7s f> z a p]son ignorant ( =e/ry c judge7 t l>ge p>ts ( ,*9a :i* n[ lie wa/e are suitable = =e/ry1 t ! importation ( timb] 7e4g4 = railway sleep]s7 :i* n[ takes place is :olly unnecess>y1 & t ! floods :i* (t5 sweep away :ole di/ricts w\ld be l>gely prev5t$ if ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s f :i* ! riv]s come 7 reaf=e/$4 ,yet x is (t5 difficult to int]e/ ev5 ! mo/ re=m+ ,*9ese 9 af=e/ation1 because x is n an easy subject = e?ical en?usiasm4 ,trees are plant$ r\nd graves1 because ,confucius said !y %\ld be2 if ,confucianism dies out1 ev5 ^! w be cut d[n4 ,b public-spirit$ ,*9ese /ud5ts le>n political !ory z x is taught 9 our univ]sities1 & despise su* humble que/ions z ! utility ( trees4 ,aft] le>n+ all ab\t 7say7 ! prop] relations ( ! two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 !y g home to f9d t "s ,tu*un has dismiss$ bo? ,h\ses1 & is gov]n+ 9 a fa%ion n consid]$ 9 our text-books4 ,our !ories ( politics are only true 9 ! ,we/ 7if !re72 our !ories ( =e/ry are equally true ev]y:]e4 ,yet x is our !ories ( politics t ,*9ese /ud5ts are mo/ eag] to le>n4 ,simil>ly ! practical /udy ( indu/rial processes might be v useful1 b ! ,*9ese pref] ! /udy ( our !oretical economics1 :i* is h>dly applicable except :]e indu/ry is already develop$4 ,9 all ^! respects1 h[ev]1 !re is beg9n+ to be a m>k$ improvem5t4 ,x is sci5ce t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 our intellectual outlook & t ( ! ,*9ese intellig5tsia4 ,! ,*9ese1 ev5 ! mo/ mod]n1 look to ! :ite nations1 especially ,am]ica1 = moral maxims to replace ^? ( ,confucius4 ,!y h n yet grasp$ t m5's morals 9 ! mass are ! same ev]y:]e3 !y d z mu* h>m z !y d>e1 & z mu* good z !y mu/4 ,9 s f> z !re is a diff]5ce ( morals betwe5 u & ! ,*9ese1 we diff] = ! worse1 because we are m en]getic1 & c !re=e commit m crimes p] diem4 ,:at we h to tea* ! ,*9ese is n morals1 or e?ical maxims ab\t gov]nm5t1 b sci5ce & te*nical skill4 ,! real problem = ! ,*9ese intellectuals is to acquire ,we/]n k )\t acquir+ ! me*ani/ic outlook4 ,p]haps x is n cle> :at ,i mean by ! me*ani/ic outlook4 ,i mean some?+ :i* exi/s equally 9 ,imp]ialism1 ,bol%evism & ! ,y4,m4,c4,a42 some?+ :i* di/+ui%es all ^! f ! ,*9ese outlook1 & :i* ,i1 = my "p1 consid] v evil4 ,:at ,i mean is ! habit ( reg>d+ mank9d z raw mat]ial1 to be m\ld$ by our sci5tific manipulation into :atev] =m may happ5 to suit our fancy4 ,! ess5ce ( ! matt]1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual :o has ?is po9t ( view1 is ! cultivation ( w at ! exp5se ( p]ception1 ! f]v5t moral belief t x is our duty to =ce o!r p to realize our conception ( ! _w4 ,! ,*9ese intellectual is n mu* tr\bl$ by ,imp]ialism z a cre$1 b is vigor\sly assail$ by ,bol%evism & ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 to "o or o!r ( :i* he is too apt to fall a victim1 le>n+ a belief f ! "o 9 ! class-w> & ! dictator%ip ( ! communi/s1 f ! o!r 9 ! my/ic efficacy ( cold ba?s & dumb-bells4 ,bo? ^! cre$s1 9 _! ,we/]n adepts1 involve a contempt = ! re/ ( mank9d except z pot5tial conv]ts1 & ! belief t progress consi/s 9 ! spread ( a doctr9e4 ,!y bo? involve a belief 9 gov]nm5t & a life aga9/ ,nature4 ,?is view1 ?\gh ,i h call$ x me*ani/ic1 is z old z religion1 ?\gh me*anism has giv5 x new & m virul5t =ms4 ,! fir/ ( ,*9ese philosoph]s1 ,lao-,tze1 wrote 8 book to prote/ aga9/ x1 & 8 disciple ,*uang-,tze put 8 criticism into a fable#ch3-- ,horses h ho(s to c>ry !m ov] fro/ & sn[2 hair1 to protect !m f w9d & cold4 ,!y eat grass & dr9k wat]1 & fl+ up _! heels ov] ! *ampaign4 ,su* is ! real nature ( horses4 ,palatial dwell+s are ( no use to !m4 ,"o day ,po ,lo appe>$1 say+3 ,i und]/& ! managem5t ( horses4 ,s he br&$ !m1 & clipp$ !m1 & p>$ _! ho(s1 & put halt]s on !m1 ty+ !m up by ! head & %ackl+ !m by ! feet1 & dispos+ !m 9 /ables1 ) ! result t two or ?ree 9 e t5 di$4 ,!n he kept !m hungry & ?ir/y1 trott+ !m & gallop+ !m1 & groom+1 & trimm+1 ) ! mis]y ( ! tassell$ bridle be=e & ! fe> ( ! knott$ :ip beh9d1 until m ?an half ( !m 7 dead4 ,! pott] says3 ,i c d :at ,i w ) clay4 ,if ,i want x r\nd1 ,i use compasses2 if rectangul>1 a squ>e4 ,! c>p5t] says3 ,i c d :at ,i w ) wood4 ,if ,i want x curv$1 ,i use an arc2 if /raight1 a l9e4 ,b on :at gr\nds c we ?9k t ! natures ( clay & wood desire ?is application ( compasses & squ>e1 ( arc & l9e8 ,nev]!less1 e age extols ,po ,lo = 8 skill 9 manag+ horses1 & pott]s & c>p5t]s = _! skill ) clay & wood4 ,^? :o gov]n ! ,empire make ! same mi/ake4 ,al?\gh ,taoism1 ( :i* ,lao-,tze 0 ! f\nd] & ,*uang-,tze ! *ief apo/le1 0 displac$ by ,confucianism1 yet ! _s ( ?is fable has p5etrat$ deeply into ,*9ese life1 mak+ x m urbane & tol]ant1 m contemplative & obs]vant1 ?an ! fi]c] life ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,*9ese wat* =eign]s z we wat* animals 9 ! ,zoo1 to see :e!r !y dr9k wat] & fl+ up _! heels ov] ! *ampaign1 & g5]ally to d]ive amusem5t f _! curi\s habits4 ,unlike ! ,y4,m4,c4,a41 !y h no wi% to alt] ! habits ( ! =eign]s1 any m ?an we wi% to put ! monkeys at ! ,zoo into tr\s]s & /iff %irts4 ,& _! attitude t[>ds ea* o!r is1 z a rule1 equally tol]ant4 ,:5 !y became a ,republic1 in/ead ( cutt+ (f ! ,emp]or's head1 z o!r nations d1 !y left him 8 title1 8 palace1 & f\r million doll>s a ye> 7ab\t #fjj1jjj71 & he rema9s to ?is mom5t ) 8 (ficials1 8 eunu*s & 8 etiquette1 b )\t "o %r$ ( p[] or influ5ce4 ,9 talk+ ) a ,*9ese1 y feel t he is try+ to und]/& y1 n to alt] y or int]f]e ) y4 ,! result ( 8 attempt may be a c>icature or a panegyric1 b 9 ei!r case x w be full ( delicate p]ception & subtle hum\r4 ,a fri5d 9 ,pek+ %[$ me a numb] ( pictures1 among :i* ,i specially rememb] v>i\s birds3 a hawk swoop+ on a sp>r[1 an eagle clasp+ a big b\gh ( a tree 9 8 claws1 wat]-f[l /&+ on "o leg disconsolate 9 ! sn[4 ,all ^! pictures %[$ t k9d ( sympa!tic und]/&+ :i* "o feels also 9 _! deal+s ) human be+s--some?+ :i* ,i c p]haps be/ describe z ! anti!sis ( ,nietzs*e4 ,?is quality1 un=tunately1 is useless 9 w>f>e1 & =eign nations are do+ _! be/ to /amp x out4 ,b x is an inf9itely valuable quality1 ( :i* our ,we/]n _w has f> too little4 ,toge!r ) _! exquisite s5se ( beauty1 x makes ! ,*9ese nation q extraord9>ily lovable4 ,! injury t we are do+ to ,*9a is wanton & cruel1 ! de/ruction ( some?+ delicate & lovely = ! sake ( ! gross pleasures ( b>b>\s millionaires4 ,"o ( ! poems translat$ f ! ,*9ese by ,mr4 ,waley#ci is call$ ,bus9ess ,m51 & x expresses1 p]haps m accurately ?an ,i c\ld d1 ! respects 9 :i* ! ,*9ese are our sup]iors3-- ,bus9ess m5 boa/ ( _! skill & cunn+ ,b 9 philosophy !y are l little *ildr54 ,bragg+ to ea* o!r ( successful depr$ations ,!y neglect to consid] ! ultimate fate ( ! body4 ,:at %\ld !y "k ( ! ,ma/] ( ,d>k ,tru? ,:o saw ! wide _w 9 a jade cup1 ,by illum9$ conception got cle> ( heav5 & e>?3 ,on ! *>iot ( ,mutation ent]$ ! ,gate ( ,immutability8 ,i wi% ,i c\ld hope t "s respect = ! ,ma/] ( ,d>k ,tru? w\ld ent] into ! he>ts ( our apo/les ( ,we/]n culture4 ,b z t is out ( ! "q1 x is necess>y to seek o!r ways ( solv+ ! ,f> ,ea/]n "q4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,tru? ab\t ,*9a & ,japan1 ,all5 ,unw91 #aiba1 p4 #ad4 ,on ! o!r h& ,sih-,gung ,*5g 7,mod]n ,*9a1 p4 #ac7 says t x kill$ tw5ty million p1 :i* is ! m usual e/imate1 cf4 ,*9a ( ! ,*9ese by ,e4,t4,c4 ,w]n]1 p4 #bd4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! population 0 dim9i%$ is n accurately kn[n1 b ,i h no d\bt t #bj millions is ne>] ! tru? ?an #aej millions4 ,footnote #cb3 ,9 ,janu>y #aibb1 he came to ,pek+ to e/abli% a m subs]vi5t ,gov]nm5t1 ! dismissal ( :i* has be5 ord]$ by ,wu-,pei-,fu4 ,a cla% is imm95t4 ,see ,app5dix4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! blame = ?is is put ^u ,sun ,yat ,s51 :o is said to h made an alliance ) ,*ang-tso-l94 ,! be/ elem5t 9 ! ,canton ,gov]nm5t 0 said to be repres5t$ by ,sun's colleague ,g5]al ,*5g ,*iung ,m+1 :o is n[ report$ to h be5 dismiss$ 7,! ,times1 ,april #bd1 #aibb74 ,^! /atem5ts are app>5tly unf\nd$4 ,see ,app5dix4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! soya bean is rapidly becom+ an important product1 especially 9 ,man*uria4 ,footnote #ce3 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no accurate /ati/ics z to ! bir?-rate or ! dea?-rate 9 ,*9a1 & "s writ]s "q :e!r ! bir?-rate is really v l>ge4 ,f a privately pr9t$ pamphlet by my fri5d ,mr4 ,v4,k4 ,t+1 ,i le>n t ,dr4 ,l5nox1 ( ! ,pek+ ,union ,m$ical ,college1 f a c>eful /udy ( #d1jjj families1 f\nd t ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 7dead & liv+7 p] family 0 #b4a1 :ile ! infant mortality 0 #ahd4a4 ,o!r inve/igations are quot$ to %[ t ! bir?-rate ne> ,pek+ is betwe5 #cj & #ej4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( /ati/ics1 g5]alizations ab\t ! population "q 9 ,*9a mu/ be receiv$ ) extreme caution4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i repeat :at ev]ybody1 ,*9ese or =eign1 told me4 ,mr4 ,bl&1 p] contra1 describes ,*ang-tso-l9 z a poli%$ ,confucian4 ,contra/ p4 #ajd ( 8 ,*9a1 ,japan & ,korea ) pp4 #adc1 #adf ( ,coleman's ,! ,f> ,ea/ ,unveil$1 :i* gives ! view ( ev]ybody except ,mr4 ,bl&4 ,"l ,nor?cliffe _h an int]view ) ,*ang-tso-l9 report$ 9 ,! ,times rec5tly1 b he 01 ( c\rse1 unable to e/imate ,*ang-tso-l9's claims to lit]>y culture4 ,footnote #cg3 ,pr9t$ 9 ,*9a 9 #aiah1 publi%$ by ! ,pek+ ,lead]4 ,footnote #ch3 ,mus+s ( a ,*9ese ,my/ic1 by ,lionel ,giles 7,murray71 p4 #ff4 ,= ,legge's translation1 see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgg ( 8 ,texts ( ,taoism 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vol4 ,,xxxix4 ,footnote #ci3 ,waley1 #agj ,*9ese ,poems1 p4 #if4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,japan ,,be=e ,,! ,,re/oration ,= mod]n ,*9a1 ! mo/ important =eign nation is ,japan4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! "p play$ by ,japan1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( t c\ntry1 to :i* we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion4 ,9 read+ ! hi/ory ( ,japan1 "o ( ! mo/ amaz+ ?+s is ! p]si/5ce ( ! same =ces & ! same beliefs ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,japanese hi/ory practically beg9s ) a ,re/oration by no means unlike t ( #ahfg-h4 ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into ,japan f ,korea 9 #eeb ,a4,d4#dj ,at ! same "t & f ! same s\rce ,*9ese civilization became mu* bett] kn[n 9 ,japan ?an x _h be5 ?r\gh ! occasional int]c\rse ( =m] c5turies4 ,bo? novelties won fav\r4 ,two ,japanese /ud5ts 7foll[$ lat] by _m o!rs7 w5t to ,*9a 9 #fjh ,a4,d41 to ma/] ! civilization ( t c\ntry4 ,! ,japanese are an exp]im5tal nation1 & be=e adopt+ ,buddhism nationally !y ord]$ "o or two prom95t c\rti]s to adopt x1 ) a view to see+ :e!r !y prosp]$ m or less ?an ! adh]5ts ( ! traditional ,%9to religion4#da ,aft] "s vicissitudes1 ! exp]im5t 0 held to h fav\r$ ! =eign religion1 :i*1 z a ,c\rt religion1 acquir$ m pre/ige ?an ,%9to1 al?\gh ! latt] 0 nev] ou/$1 & rema9$ ! *ief religion ( ! peasantry until ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is rem>kable to f9d t1 z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,hideyo%i1 :o 0 ( peasant orig91 _h a mu* high] op9ion ( ! way ( ! gods 7:i* is :at ,%9to means7 ?an ( ,buddhism4#db ,probably ! revival ( ,%9to 9 mod]n times 0 facilitat$ by a cont9u+ belief 9 t religion on ! "p ( ! less noisy sections ( ! population4 ,b s f> z ! p m5tion$ 9 hi/ory are conc]n$1 ,buddhism plays a v mu* great] "p ?an ,%9to4 ,! object ( ! ,re/oration 9 #ahfg-h 01 at any rate 9 "p1 to re/ore ! con/itution ( #fde ,a4,d4 ,! object ( ! con/itution ( #fde ,a4,d4 0 to re/ore ! =m ( gov]nm5t t _h prevail$ 9 ! good old days4 ,:at ! object 0 ( ^? :o e/abli%$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! good old days1 ,i d n pr(ess to "k4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! c\ntry be=e #fde ,a4,d4 0 giv5 ov] to feudalism & int]nal /rife1 :ile ! p[] ( ! ,mikado _h sunk to a v l[ ebb4 ,! ,mikado _h _h ! civil p[]1 b _h all[$ great feudatories to acquire milit>y control1 s t ! civil gov]nm5t fell into contempt4 ,contact ) ! sup]ior civilization ( ,*9a made intellig5t p ?9k t ! ,*9ese con/itution des]v$ imitation1 along ) ! ,*9ese morals & religion4 ,! ,*9ese ,emp]or 0 ! ,son ( ,heav51 s ! ,mikado came to be desc5d$ f ! ,sun ,goddess4 ,! ,*9ese ,emp]or1 :5ev] he happ5$ to be a vigor\s man1 0 g5u9ely supreme1 s ! ,mikado mu/ be made s4 ,! simil>ity ( ! influ5ce ( ,*9a 9 produc+ ! ,re/oration ( #fde ,a4,d4 & t ( ,europe 9 produc+ ! ,re/oration ( #ahfg-h is set =? by ,murdo*#dc z foll[s3-- ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfc a b& ( f\r ,*o%u y\?s 7 smuggl$ on bo>d a ,briti% /eam] by ! aid ( k9d ,scotti% fri5ds :o sympa?iz$ ) _! endeav\r to proce$ to ,europe = purposes ( /udy4 ,^!1 fri5ds possibly did n "k t "s ( ! f\r _h be5 protagoni/s 9 ! burn+ d[n ( ! ,briti% ,legation on ,got5yama a few mon?s be=e1 & !y c]ta9ly c\ld nev] h suspect$ t ! real mission ( ! f\r y\?s 0 to ma/] ! secrets ( ,we/]n civilization ) a sole view ( driv+ ! ,we/]n b>b>ians f ! sacr$ soil ( ,japan4 ,pr9ce ,ito & ,m>quis ,in\ye--= !y 7 two ( ?is v5turesome qu>tette--h (t5 told ( _! rapid disillusionm5t :5 !y rea*$ ,london1 & saw ^! despis$ ,we/]n b>b>ians at home4 ,on _! return to ,japan !y at once became ! apo/les ( a new doctr9e1 & _! effective prea*+ has _h mu* to d ) ! pride ( place ,dai ,nippon n[ holds among ! ,great ,p[]s ( ! _w4 ,! two /ud5ts :o w5t to ,*9a 9 #fjh ,a4,d4 r5d]$ ev5 m illu/ri\s s]vice to _! c\ntry p]haps ?an ,ito & ,in\ye h done4 ,= at ! ,revolution ( #ahfh1 ! lead]s ( ! movem5t h>k$ back to ! #fde-fej ,a4,d4 p]iod = a good deal ( _! inspiration1 & ! real m5 ( political k at t "t 7 ! two ,national ,doctors4 ,politically1 :at 0 done 9 #fde ,a4,d4 & ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ 0 n unlike :at 0 done 9 ,france by ,l\is ,,xi & ,ri*elieu--curb+ ( ! great nobles & an exaltation ( ! sov]eign1 ) a sub/itution ( civil ju/ice = milit>y an>*y4 ,! movem5t 0 repres5t$ by its promot]s z a ,re/oration1 probably ) ab\t ! same am\nt ( tru? z 9 #ahfg4 ,at ! latt] date1 !re 0 re/oration s f> z ! p[] ( ! ,mikado 0 conc]n$1 b innovation z reg>ds ! introduction ( ,we/]n ideas4 ,simil>ly1 9 #fde ,a4,d41 :at 0 done ab\t ! ,mikado 0 a return to ! pa/1 b :at 0 done 9 ! way ( spread+ ,*9ese civilization 0 j ! opposite4 ,!re mu/ h be51 9 bo? cases1 ! same curi\s mixture ( antiqu>ian & re=m+ t5d5cies4 ,?r\gh\t subsequ5t ,japanese hi/ory1 until ! ,re/oration1 "o seems to see two opposite =ces /ruggl+ = ma/]y ov] p's m9ds1 namely ! ideas ( gov]nm5t1 civilization & art d]iv$ f ,*9a on ! "o h&1 & ! native t5d5cy to feudalism1 clan gov]nm5t1 & civil w> on ! o!r4 ,! conflict is v analog\s to t :i* w5t on 9 m$ival ,europe betwe5 ! ,*ur*1 :i* repres5t$ ideas d]iv$ f ,rome1 & ! turbul5t b>ons1 :o 7 /ruggl+ to pres]ve ! way ( life ( ! anci5t ,teutons4 ,h5ry ,,iv at ,canossa1 ,h5ry ,,ii do+ p5ance = ,becket1 repres5t ! triumph ( civilization ov] rude vig\r2 & some?+ simil> is to be se5 at int]vals 9 ,japan4 ,aft] #fde1 ! ,mikado's ,gov]nm5t _h real p[] = "s c5turies1 b gradually x fell m & m "u ! sway ( ! soldi]s4 ,s long z x _h weal? 7:i* la/$ long aft] x ceas$ to h p[]7 x cont9u$ to repres5t :at 0 mo/ civiliz$ 9 ,japan3 ! /udy ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 ! patronage ( art1 & ! attempt to pres]ve respect = some?+ o!r ?an brute =ce4 ,b ! ,c\rt nobles 7:o rema9$ ?r\gh\t q di/9ct f ! milit>y feudal *iefs7 7 s deg5]ate & feeble1 s /]eotyp$ & unprogressive1 t x w\ld h be5 q impossible = ! c\ntry to be gov]n$ by !m & ! sy/em !y repres5t$4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff]$ greatly f ! m$ival ,*ur*1 :i* no "o c\ld accuse ( lack ( vig\r1 al?\gh ! vig\r ( ! feudal ari/ocracy may h be5 ev5 great]4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! ,*ur* 9 ,europe usually defeat$ ! secul> pr9ces1 ! exact opposite happ5$ 9 ,japan1 :]e ! ,mikado & 8 ,c\rt sank into great] & great] contempt d[n to ! "t ( ! ,re/oration4 ,! ,japanese h a curi\s passion = sep>at+ ! real & ! nom9al ,gov]nm5ts1 leav+ ! %[ to ! latt] & ! sub/ance ( p[] to ! =m]4 ,fir/ ! ,emp]ors took to resign+ 9 fav\r ( _! infant sons1 & cont9u+ to gov]n 9 reality1 (t5 f "s mona/]y1 :]e !y _h become monks4 ,!n ! ,%ogun1 :o repres5t$ ! milit>y p[]1 became supreme1 b /ill gov]n$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! ^w ,%ogun m]ely means ,g5]al2 ! full title ( ! p :om we call ,%ogun is ,sei-i-,tai ,%ogun1 :i* means ,b>b>ian-subdu+ great ,g5]al2 ! b>b>ians 9 "q be+ ! ,a9us1 ! ,japanese aborig9es4 ,! fir/ to hold ?is (fice 9 ! =m :i* x _h at mo/ times until ! ,re/oration 0 ,m9amoto ,yoritomo1 on :om ! title 0 conf]r$ by ! ,mikado 9 #aaib4 ,b be=e long ! ,%ogun became ne>ly z mu* ( a figure-head z ! ,mikado4 ,cu/om conf9$ ! ,%ogunate to ! ,m9amoto family1 & ! actual p[] 0 wield$ by ,reg5ts 9 ! "n ( ! ,%ogun4 ,?is la/$ until ne> ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 x happ5$ t ,iyeyasu1 ! supreme milit>y comm&] ( 8 day1 belong$ to ! ,m9amoto family1 & 0 !re=e able to assume ! (fice ( ,%ogun himself4 ,he & 8 desc5dants held ! (fice until x 0 aboli%$ at ! ,re/oration4 ,! ,re/oration1 h[ev]1 did n put an end to ! practice ( a real ,gov]nm5t beh9d ! nom9al "o4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/] & 8 ,cab9et are pres5t$ to ! _w z ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 b ! real ,gov]nm5t is ! ,g5ro1 or ,eld] ,/atesm51 & _! successors1 ( :om ,i %all h m to say 9 ! next *apt]4 ,:at ! ,japanese made ( ,buddhism rem9ds "o 9 _m ways ( :at ! ,teutonic nations made ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity1 orig9ally1 7 v simil> 9 _s4 ,!y 7 bo? religions aim+ at ! a*ievem5t ( hol9ess by r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,!y bo? ignor$ politics & gov]nm5t & weal?1 = :i* !y sub/itut$ ! future life z :at 0 ( real importance4 ,!y 7 bo? religions ( peace1 tea*+ g5tl5ess & non-resi/ance4 ,b bo? _h to und]go great trans=mations 9 adapt+ !mselves to ! in/9cts ( w>like b>b>ians4 ,9 ,japan1 a multitude ( sects arose1 tea*+ doctr9es :i* diff]$ 9 _m ways f ,mahayana or?odoxy4 ,buddhism became national & milit>i/ic2 ! abbots ( great mona/]ies became important feudal *iefta9s1 ^: monks con/itut$ an army :i* 0 ready to fight on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,sieges ( mona/]ies & battles ) monks are ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,! ,japanese1 z e "o kn[s1 decid$1 aft] ab\t #ajj ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ,we/]n mission>ies & m]*ants1 to close _! c\ntry completely to =eign]s1 ) ! exception ( a v re/rict$ & closely sup]vis$ comm]ce ) ! ,dut*4 ,! fir/ arrival ( ! ,portuguese 9 ,japan 0 9 or ab\t ! ye> #aedc1 & _! f9al expulsion 0 9 ! ye> #afci4 ,:at happ5$ betwe5 ^! two dates is in/ructive = ! und]/&+ ( ,japan4 ,! fir/ ,portuguese br\ght ) !m ,*ri/ianity & fire-arms1 ( :i* ! ,japanese tol]at$ ! =m] = ! sake ( ! latt]4 ,at t "t !re 0 virtually no ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! v>i\s ,daimyo 7 engag$ 9 con/ant w>s ) ea* o!r4 ,! s\?-we/]n isl&1 ,kyu%u1 0 ev5 m indep5d5t ( su* c5tral au?ority z exi/$ ?an 7 ! o!r p>ts ( ,japan1 & x 0 9 ?is isl& 7conta9+ ! port ( ,nagasaki7 t ! ,portuguese fir/ l&$ & 7 ?r\gh\t *iefly active4 ,!y trad$ f ,macao1 br++ m]*&ise1 mat*-locks & ,jesuits1 z well z artill]y on _! l>g] vessels4 ,x 0 f\nd t !y atta*$ importance to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 & "s ( ! ,daimyo1 9 ord] to get _! trade & _! guns1 all[$ !mselves to be baptiz$ by ! ,jesuits4 ,! ,portuguese ( ^? days seem to h be5 g5u9ely m anxi\s to make conv]ts ?an to ext5d _! trade2 :51 lat] on1 ! ,japanese began to object to mission>ies :ile /ill desir+ trade1 nei!r ! ,portuguese nor ! ,spani>ds c\ld be induc$ to refra9 f help+ ! ,fa!rs4 ,h[ev]1 all might h gone well if ! ,portuguese _h be5 able to reta9 ! monopoly :i* _h be5 grant$ to !m by a ,papal ,bull4 ,_! monopoly ( trade 0 associat$ ) a ,jesuit monopoly ( mission>y activity4 ,b f #aeib onw>d1 ! ,spani>ds f ,manila compet$ ) ! ,portuguese f ,macao1 & ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan mission>ies1 br\ght by ! ,spani>ds1 compet$ ) ! ,jesuit mission>ies br\ght by ! ,portuguese4 ,!y qu>rell$ furi\sly1 ev5 at times :5 !y 7 suff]+ p]secution2 & ! ,japanese naturally believ$ ! accusations t ea* side br\ght aga9/ ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 :5 !y 7 %[n maps display+ ! ext5t ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa9's dom9ions1 !y became al>m$ = _! national indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #aeif1 a ,spani% %ip1 ! ,san ,felipe1 on its way f ,manila to ,acapulco1 0 becalm$ (f ! coa/ ( ,japan4 ,! local ,daimyo insi/$ on s5d+ m5 to t[ x into 8 h>b\r1 & gave !m in/ructions to run x agr\nd on a s&bank1 :i* !y did4 ,he !reupon claim$ ! :ole c>go1 valu$ at #fjj1jjj cr[ns4 ,h[ev]1 ,hideyo%i1 :o 0 rapidly acquir+ supreme p[] 9 ,japan1 ?\ght ?is too l>ge a w9dfall = a private citiz51 & _h ! ,spani% pilot int]view$ by a man nam$ ,masuda4 ,! pilot1 aft] try+ reason 9 va91 attempt$ intimidation4 ,he produc$ a map ( ! _w1 & on x po9t$ out ! va/ ext5t ( ! dom9ions ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,!reupon ,masuda ask$ him h[ x 0 s _m c\ntries _h be5 br\ght to ackn[l$ge ! sway ( a s+le man4444 ,our ,k+s1 said ?is outspok5 seaman1 beg9 by s5d+ into ! c\ntries !y wi% to conqu] religieux :o induce ! p to embrace our religion1 & :5 !y h made consid]able progress1 troops are s5t :o comb9e ) ! new ,*ri/ians1 & !n our ,k+s h n mu* tr\ble 9 accompli%+ ! re/4#dd ,z ,spa9 & ,portugal 7 at ?is "t bo? subject to ,philip ,,ii1 ! ,portuguese also suff]$ f ! suspicions eng5d]$ by ?is spee*4 ,moreov]1 ! ,dut*1 :o 7 at w> ) ,spa91 began to trade ) ,japan1 & to tell all !y knew aga9/ ,jesuits1 ,dom9icans1 ,franciscans1 & ,papi/s g5]ally4 ,a breezy ,elizabe?an sea capta91 ,w ,adams1 0 wreck$ 9 ,japan1 & on be+ int]rogat$ naturally gave a good ,briti% acc\nt ( ! au?ors ( ! ,armada4 ,z ! ,japanese _h by ?is "t ma/]$ ! use & manufacture ( fire-arms1 !y began to ?9k t !y _h no?+ m to le>n f ,*ri/ian nations4 ,mean:ile1 a succession ( ?ree great m5--,nobunaga1 ,hideyo%i1 & ,iyeyasu--_h succe$$ 9 unify+ ,japan1 de/roy+ ! quasi-indep5d5ce ( ! feudal nobles1 & e/abli%+ t reign ( int]nal peace :i* la/$ until ! ,re/oration--p]iod ( ne>ly two & a half c5turies4 ,x 0 possible1 !re=e1 = ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t to en=ce :atev] policy x *ose to adopt ) reg>d to ! =eign]s & _! religion4 ,! ,jesuits & ! ,fri>s betwe5 !m _h made a consid]able numb] ( conv]ts 9 ,japan1 probably ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 9 ! isl& ( ,kyu%u1 ! la/ region to be subdu$ by ,hideyo%i4 ,!y t5d$ to disloyalty1 n only on acc\nt ( _! ,*ri/ianity1 b also on acc\nt ( _! geographical position4 ,x 0 9 ?is region t ! revolt aga9/ ! ,%ogun began 9 #ahfg1 & ,satsuma1 ! *ief clan 9 ! isl& ( ,kyu%u1 has _h great p[] 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ev] s9ce ! ,re/oration1 except dur+ its rebellion ( #ahgg4 ,x is h>d to dis5tangle :at belongs to ,*ri/ianity & :at to m]e ho/ility to ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 9 ! movem5ts ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,iyeyasu decid$ to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians vigor\sly1 if possible )\t los+ ! =eign trade4 ,8 successors 7 ev5 m anti-,*ri/ian & less anxi\s = trade4 ,aft] an abortive revolt 9 #afcg1 ,*ri/ianity 0 /amp$ out1 & =eign trade 0 prohibit$ 9 ! mo/ vigor\s t]ms3-- ,s long z ! sun w>ms ! e>?1 let no ,*ri/ian be s bold z to come to ,japan1 & let all "k t if ,k+ ,philip himself1 or ev5 ! v ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians1 or ! great ,%aka contrav5e ?is prohibition1 !y %all pay = x ) _! heads4#de ,! p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh x 0 ru?less & exce$+ly cruel1 0 due1 n to religi\s intol]ance1 b solely to political motives4 ,!re 0 reason to fe> t ! ,*ri/ians might side ) ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 if he %\ld attempt to conqu] ,japan2 & ev5 if no =eign p[] int]v5$1 !re 0 reason to fe> rebellions ( ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! newly e/abli%$ c5tral p[]4 ,economic exploitation1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 did n yet exi/ ap>t f political dom9ation1 & ! ,japanese w\ld h welcom$ trade if !re _h be5 no dang] ( conque/4 ,!y seem to h ov]rat$ ! p[] ( ,spa91 :i* c]ta9ly c\ld n h conqu]$ !m4 ,japanese armies 71 9 ^? days1 f> l>g] ?an ! armies ( ,europe2 ! ,japanese _h le>nt ! use ( fire-arms2 & _! k ( /rategy 0 v great4 ,kyoto1 ! capital1 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ cities 9 ! _w1 hav+ ab\t a million inhabitants4 ,! population ( ,japan 0 probably great] ?an t ( any ,european ,/ate4 ,x w\ld !re=e h be5 possible1 )\t mu* tr\ble1 to resi/ any exp$ition t ,europe c\ld h s5t aga9/ ,japan4 ,x w\ld ev5 h be5 easy to conqu] ,manila1 z ,hideyo%i at "o "t ?\ght ( do+4 ,b we c well und]/& h[ t]rify+ w\ld be a map ( ! _w %[+ ! :ole ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica z belong+ to ,philip ,,ii4 ,moreov] ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t s5t pret5d$ conv]ts to ,europe1 :]e !y became prie/s1 _h audi5ce ( ! ,pope1 p5etrat$ into ! inmo/ c\ncils ( ,spa91 & ma/]$ all ! m$itat$ villa9ies ( ,european ,imp]ialism4 ,^! spies1 :5 !y came home & laid _! reports be=e ! ,gov]nm5t1 naturally increas$ its fe>s4 ,! ,japanese1 !re=e1 decid$ to h no fur!r int]c\rse ) ! :ite m54 ,& :atev] may be said aga9/ ?is policy1 ,i _c feel conv9c$ t x 0 unwise4 ,= ov] two hundr$ ye>s1 until ! com+ ( ,commodore ,p]ry's squadron f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahec1 ,japan enjoy$ complete peace & almo/ complete /agnation--! only p]iod ( ei!r 9 ,japanese hi/ory1 ,x !n became necess>y to le>n fre% lessons 9 ! use ( fire-arms f ,we/]n nations1 & to ab&on ! exclusive policy until !y 7 le>nt4 ,:5 !y h be5 le>nt1 p]haps we %all see ano!r p]iod ( isolation4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dj3 ,! be/ book kn[n to me on e>ly ,japan is ,murdo*'s ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 ,! volume deal+ ) ! e>li] p]iod is publi%$ by ,kegan ,paul1 #aiaj4 ,! *ronologically lat] volume 0 publi%$ e>li]2 its title is3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japan dur+ ! ,c5tury ( ,e>ly ,=eign ,int]c\rse 7#aedb--afea71 by ,james ,murdo* ,m4,a4 9 collaboration ) ,isoh ,yamagata4 ,kobe1 (fice ( ! ,japan ,*ronicle1 #aijc4 ,i %all allude to ^! volumes z ,murdo* ,i & ,murdo* ,,ii respectively4 ,footnote #da3 ,murdo* ,i4 pp4 #aac ff4 ,footnote #db3 ,ibid41 ,,ii4 pp4 #cge ff4 ,footnote #dc3 ,murdo* ,i4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,murdo*1 ,,ii1 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #de3 ,murdo* ,,ii1 p4 #ffg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,mod]n ,,japan ,! mod]n ,japanese nation is unique1 n only 9 ?is age1 b 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x comb9es elem5ts :i* mo/ ,europeans w\ld h suppos$ totally incompatible1 & x has realiz$ an orig9al plan to a degree h>dly kn[n 9 human affairs4 ,! ,japan :i* n[ exi/s is almo/ exactly t :i* 0 int5d$ by ! lead]s ( ! ,re/oration 9 #ahfg4 ,_m un=ese5 ev5ts h happ5$ 9 ! _w3 ,am]ican has ris5 & ,russia has fall51 ,*9a has become a ,republic & ! ,great ,w> has %att]$ ,europe4 ,b ?r\gh\t all ^! *anges ! lead+ /atesm5 ( ,japan h gone along ! road trac$ out = !m at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,meiji era1 & ! nation has foll[$ !m ) ev]-increas+ fai?fulness4 ,"o s+le purpose has animat$ lead]s & foll[]s alike3 ! /r5g!n+ & ext5sion ( ! ,empire4 ,to realize ?is purpose a new k9d ( policy has be5 creat$1 comb9+ ! s\rces ( /r5g? 9 mod]n ,am]ica ) ^? 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ! ,punic ,w>s1 unit+ ! mat]ial organization & sci5tific k ( pre-w> ,g]many ) ! outlook on life ( ! ,hebrews 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,! trans=mation ( ,japan s9ce #ahfg is amaz+1 & p h be5 duly amaz$ by x4 ,b :at is /ill m amaz+ is t su* an imm5se *ange 9 k & 9 way ( life %\ld h br\ght s little *ange 9 religion & e?ics1 & t su* *ange z x has br\ght 9 ^! matt]s %\ld h be5 9 a direction opposite to t :i* w\ld h be5 naturally expect$4 ,sci5ce is suppos$ to t5d to rationalism2 yet ! spread ( sci5tific k 9 ,japan has syn*roniz$ ) a great int5sification ( ,mikado-,wor%ip1 ! mo/ ana*roni/ic feature 9 ! ,japanese civilization4 ,= sociology1 = social psy*ology1 & = political !ory1 ,japan is an extraord9>ily int]e/+ c\ntry4 ,! syn!sis ( ,ea/ & ,we/ :i* has be5 effect$ is ( a mo/ peculi> k9d4 ,!re is f> m ( ! ,ea/ ?an appe>s on ! surface2 b !re is ev]y?+ ( ! ,we/ t t5ds to national effici5cy4 ,h[ f> !re is a g5u9e fusion ( ,ea/]n & ,we/]n elem5ts may be d\bt$2 ! n]v\s excitability ( ! p sugge/s some?+ /ra9$ & artificial 9 _! way ( life1 b ?is may possibly be a m]ely tempor>y ph5om5on4 ,?r\gh\t ,japanese politics s9ce ! ,re/oration1 !re are two sep>ate /r&s1 "o analog\s to t ( ,we/]n nations1 especially pre-w> ,g]many1 ! o!r inh]it$ f ! feudal age1 :i* is m analog\s to ! politics ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s d[n to #agde4 ,x is no "p ( my purpose to give a hi/ory ( mod]n ,japan2 ,i wi% only to give an outl9e ( ! =ces :i* control ev5ts & movem5ts 9 t c\ntry1 ) su* illu/rations z are necess>y4 ,!re are _m good books on ,japanese politics2 ! "o t ,i h f\nd mo/ in=mative is ,mc,laren's ,political ,hi/ory ( ,japan dur+ ! ,meiji ,era #ahfg-aiab 7,all5 & ,unw91 #aiaf74 ,= a picture ( ,japan z x appe>$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,meiji era1 ,lafcadio ,he>n is ( c\rse invaluable2 8 book ,japan1 ,an ,int]pretation %[s 8 dawn+ realization ( ! grim sides ( ! ,japanese "*1 aft] ! *]ry-blossom bus9ess has lo/ its novelty4 ,i %all n h mu* to say ab\t *]ry-blossom2 x 0 n fl[]+ :5 ,i 0 9 ,japan4 ,be=e1 #ahfg1 ,japan 0 a feudal f$]ation ( clans1 9 :i* ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,%ogun1 :o 0 ! head ( 8 own clan1 b _h by no means undisput$ sway ov] ! m p[]ful ( ! o!r clans4 ,!re _h be5 v>i\s dyna/ies ( ,%oguns at v>i\s times1 b s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,%ogunate _h be5 9 ! ,tokugawa clan4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,tokugawa ,%ogunate1 except dur+ its fir/ few ye>s1 ,japan _h be5 clos$ to =eign int]c\rse1 except = a /rictly limit$ comm]ce ) ! ,dut*4 ,! mod]n era 0 inaugurat$ by two *anges3 fir/1 ! compulsory op5+ ( ! c\ntry to ,we/]n trade2 secondly1 ! transf]5ce ( p[] f ! ,tokugawa clan to ! clans ( ,satsuma & ,*o%u1 :o h gov]n$ ,japan ev] s9ce4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ,japan or its politics & possibilities )\t realiz+ ! nature ( ! gov]n+ =ces & _! roots 9 ! feudal sy/em ( ! =m] age4 ,i w !re=e fir/ outl9e ^! int]nal movem5ts1 be=e com+ to ! "p :i* ,japan has play$ 9 int]national affairs4 ,:at happ5$1 nom9ally1 9 #ahfg 0 t ! ,mikado 0 re/or$ to p[]1 aft] hav+ be5 completely eclips$ by ! ,%ogun s9ce ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod1 ! ,mikado seems to h be5 reg>d$ by ! common p ) rev]5ce z a holy p]sonage1 b he 0 all[$ no voice 9 affairs1 0 treat$ ) contempt by ! ,%ogun1 0 sometimes depos$ if he misbehav$1 & 0 (t5 kept 9 great pov]ty4 ,( s little importance 0 ! ,imp]ial p]son 9 ! days ( e>ly =eign int]c\rse t ! ,jesuits h>dly knew ( ! ,emp]or's exi/5ce4 ,!y seem to h ?\ght ( him z a ,japanese c\nt]p>t ( ! ,pope ( ,rome1 except t he _h no aspirations = temporal p[]4 ,! ,dut* writ]s likewise 7 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ to ! ,%ogun z ,8 ,maje/y1 & on _! annual pilgrimage f ,da%ima to ,y$o1 ,kyoto 7:]e ! ,mikado liv$7 0 ! only city :i* !y 7 p]mitt$ to exam9e freely4 ,! privilege 0 probably accord$ by ! ,tokugawa to %[ ! =eign]s h[ lightly ! ,c\rt 0 reg>d$4 ,commodore ,p]ry deliv]$ to ! ,%ogun 9 ,y$o ! autograph lett] to ! ,emp]or ( ,japan1 f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & none ( ! ,ambassadors ( ! ,we/]n ,p[]s seem to h ent]ta9$ any suspicion t 9 deal+ ) ! au?orities 9 ,y$o !y 7 n approa*+ ! ?rone4 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts1 "s o!r explanation ( ! relations betwe5 ! ,%ogunate & ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt mu/ be s\ght ?an t :i* dep5ds ^u ! claim n[ made by ,japanese hi/orians ( ! (ficial type1 t ! ?rone1 ?r\gh\t ?is :ole p]iod1 0 div9ely pres]v$ by ! ,heav5ly ,gods4#df ,:at happ5$1 9 outl9e1 seems to h be5 a comb9ation ( v diff]5t =ces4 ,!re 7 antiqu>ians :o obs]v$ t ! ,mikado _h _h real p[] 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & :o wi%$ to rev]t to ! anci5t cu/oms4 ,!re 7 patriots :o 7 annoy$ ) ! ,%ogun = yield+ to ! pressure ( ! :ite m5 & conclud+ comm]cial treaties ) !m4 ,& !re 7 ! we/]n clans1 :i* _h nev] will+ly submitt$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,%ogun4 ,to quote ,mc,laren once m 7p4 #cc73-- ,! movem5t to re/ore ! ,emp]or 0 c\pl$ ) a =m ( ,*auv9ism or int5se nationalism :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! expression ,exalt ! ,emp]or6 ,away ) ! b>b>ians6 7,k9no6 ,joi67 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! ,dut* s*ol>s' "w 9 enlight5+ ! nation ^u ! subject ( =eign sci5tific atta9m5ts 0 ana!ma1 b a conclusion ( t k9d mu/ n be ha/ily arriv$ at4 ,! cry1 ,away ) ! b>b>ians6 0 direct$ aga9/ ,p]ry & ! envoys ( o!r =eign ,p[]s1 b !re 0 no?+ 9 t slogan :i* indicates a g5]al unwill+ness to emulate ! =eign]s' a*ievem5ts 9 armam5ts or milit>y tactics4 ,9 fact1 = a numb] ( ye>s previ\s to #ahec1 ,satsuma & ,*o%u & o!r we/]n clans _h be5 v busily engag$ 9 manufactur+ guns & practis+ gunn]y3 to t ext5t1 at any rate1 ! discov]ies ( ! /ud5ts ( ,european sci5ces _h be5 delib]ately us$ by ^? m5 :o 7 to be =emo/ 9 ! ,re/oration4 ,?is passage gives ! key to ! _s :i* has animat$ mod]n ,japan d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,re/oration 01 to a great] ext5t ?an is usually realiz$ 9 ! ,we/1 a cons]vative & ev5 reaction>y movem5t4 ,pr(essor ,murdo*1 9 8 au?oritative ,hi/ory ( ,japan1#dg says3-- ,9 ! int]pretation ( ?is sudd5 & />tl+ developm5t mo/ ,european writ]s & critics %[ !mselves s]i\sly at fault4 ,ev5 "s ( ! m intellig5t among !m f9d ! solution ( ?is port5t\s enigma 9 ! v sup]ficial & facile =mula ( imitation4 ,b ! ,japanese /ill reta9 _! own unit ( social organization1 :i* is n ! individual1 z ) u1 b ! family4 ,fur!rmore1 ! resemblance ( ! ,japanese adm9i/rative sy/em1 bo? c5tral & local1 to c]ta9 ,european sy/ems is n ! result ( imitation1 or borr[+1 or adaptation4 ,su* resemblance is m]ely an odd & =tuit\s resemblance4 ,:5 ! /atesm5 :o ov]?rew ! ,tokugawa rgime 9 #ahfh1 & aboli%$ ! feudal sy/em 9 #ahga1 7 call$ ^u to provide ! nation ) a new equipm5t ( adm9i/rative ma*9]y1 !y did n g to ,europe = _! models4 ,!y simply h>k$ back = "s elev5 or twelve c5turies 9 _! own hi/ory & resuscitat$ ! adm9i/rative ma*9]y t _h fir/ be5 in/all$ 9 ,japan by ! g5ius ( ,fujiw>a ,kamat>i & 8 coadjutors 9 #fde ,a4,d41 & m fully supplem5t$ & organiz$ 9 ! succe$+ fifty or sixty ye>s4 ,! pres5t ,imp]ial ,cab9et ( t5 ,m9i/]s1 ) _! dep>tm5ts & dep>tm5tal /aff ( (ficials1 is a modifi$ revival ( ! ,eight ,bo>ds adapt$ f ,*9a & e/abli%$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury4444 ,! pres5t adm9i/rative sy/em is inde$ ( ali5 prov5ance2 b x 0 nei!r borr[$ nor adapt$ a g5]ation ago1 nor borr[$ nor adapt$ f ,europe4 ,x 0 really a sy/em ( ho>y antiquity t 0 reviv$ to cope ) press+ mod]n exig5cies4 ,! outcome 0 t ! clans ( ,satsuma & ,*o%u acquir$ control ( ! ,mikado1 made 8 exaltation ! symbol ( resi/ance to ! =eign] 7) :om ! ,%ogun _h conclud$ unpopul> treaties71 & secur$ ! support ( ! c\ntry by be+ ! *ampions ( nationalism4 ,"u extraord9>ily able lead]s1 a policy 0 adopt$ :i* has be5 pursu$ consi/5tly ev] s9ce1 & has rais$ ,japan f be+ ! helpless victim ( ,we/]n gre$ to be+ "o ( ! greate/ ,p[]s 9 ! _w4 ,feudalisim 0 aboli%$1 ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 0 made omnipot5t1 a p[]ful army & navy 7 creat$1 ,*9a & ,russia 7 successively defeat$1 ,korea 0 annex$ & a protectorate e/abli%$ ov] ,man*uria & ,inn] ,mongolia1 indu/ry & comm]ce 7 develop$1 univ]sal compulsory education in/itut$2 & wor%ip ( ! ,mikado firmly e/abli%$ by tea*+ 9 ! s*ools & by pr(essorial patronage ( hi/orical my?s4 ,! artificial creation ( ,mikado-wor%ip is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( mod]n ,japan1 & a model to all o!r ,/ates z reg>ds ! me?od ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( rationalism4 ,!re is a v in/ructive little pamphlet by ,pr(essor ,b4,h4 ,*amb]la91 :o 0 ,pr(essor ( ,japanese & philosophy at ,tokyo1 & _h a k ( ,japanese :i* few ,europeans _h equall$4 ,8 pamphlet is call$ ,! ,inv5tion ( a ,new ,religion1 & is publi%$ by ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association4 ,he po9ts out t1 until rec5t times1 ! religion ( ,japan 0 ,buddhism1 to ! practical exclusion ( e o!r4 ,!re _h be51 9 v anci5t times1 a native religion call$ ,%9to1 & x _h l+]$ on obscurely4 ,b x is only dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s or s t ,%9to has be5 erect$ into a ,/ate religion1 & has be5 recon/ruct$ s z to suit mod]n requirem5ts4#dh ,x is1 ( c\rse1 pref]able to ,buddhism because x is native & national2 x is a tribal religion1 n "o :i* aims at appeal+ to all mank9d4 ,its :ole purpose1 z x has be5 develop$ by mod]n /atesm51 is to glorify ,japan & ! ,mikado4 ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 po9ts out h[ little rev]5ce !re 0 = ! ,mikado until "s "t aft] ! ,re/oration3-- ,! sob] fact is t no nation probably has ev] treat$ its sov]eigns m cavali]ly ?an ! ,japanese h done1 f ! beg9n+ ( au!ntic hi/ory d[n to )9 ! memory ( liv+ m54 ,emp]ors h be5 depos$1 emp]ors h be5 assass9at$2 = c5turies e succession to ! ?rone 0 ! signal = intrigues & sangu9>y broils4 ,emp]ors h be5 exil$2 "s h be5 murd]$ 9 exile4444 ,= long c5turies ! ,gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( ,mayors ( ! ,palace1 :o sub/itut$ "o infant sov]eign = ano!r1 g5]ally =c+ ea* to abdicate z he approa*$ man's e/ate4 ,at "o p]iod1 ^! ,mayors ( ! ,palace left ! ,desc5dant ( ! ,sun 9 su* di/ress t ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y & ! ,imp]ial ,pr9ces 7 oblig$ to ga9 a livelihood by sell+ _! autographs6 ,nor did any great p>ty 9 ! ,/ate prote/ aga9/ ?is condition ( affairs4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t reign 7t ( ,meiji7--! mo/ glori\s 9 ,japanese hi/ory--!re h be5 two rebellions1 dur+ "o ( :i* a rival ,emp]or 0 set up 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry1 & a ,republic proclaim$ 9 ano!r4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce1 ?\gh x /ates sob] hi/orical fact1 is sc>cely cr$ible to ^? :o only "k tw5tie?-c5tury ,japan4 ,! spread ( sup]/ition has gone p>i passu ) ! spread ( education1 & a revolt aga9/ ! ,mikado is n[ un?9kable4 ,"t & aga91 9 ! mid/ ( political /rife1 ! ,mikado has be5 induc$ to int]v5e1 & in/antly ! hotte/ combatants h submitt$ abjectly4 ,al?\gh !re is a ,diet1 ! ,mikado is an absolute rul]--z absolute z any sov]eign ev] has be54 ,! civilization ( ,japan1 be=e ! ,re/oration1 came f ,*9a4 ,religion1 art1 writ+1 philosophy & e?ics1 ev]y?+ 0 copi$ f ,*9ese models4 ,japanese hi/ory beg9s 9 ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 :]eas ,*9ese hi/ory goes back to ab\t #b1jjj ,b4,c41 or at any rate to some:]e 9 ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,?is 0 gall+ to ,japanese pride1 s an e>ly hi/ory 0 inv5t$ long ago1 l ! !ory t ! ,romans 7 desc5d$ f neas4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9 aga93-- ,! fir/ glimm] ( g5u9e ,japanese hi/ory dates f ! fif? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & ev5 ! acc\nts ( :at happ5$ 9 ! six? c5tury mu/ be receiv$ ) caution4 ,japanese s*ol>s "k ?is z well z we d2 x is "o ( ! c]ta9 results ( inve/igation4 ,b ! ,japanese bureaucracy does n desire to h ! light let 9 on ?is inconv5i5t circum/ance4 ,:ile grant+ a disp5sation re ! national my?ology1 prop]ly s call$1 x exacts belief 9 e iota ( ! national hi/oric leg5ds4 ,woe to ! native pr(essor :o /rays f ! pa? ( or?odoxy4 ,8 wife & *ildr5 7& 9 ,japan e man1 h[ev] "y1 has a wife & *ildr57 w />ve4 ,f ! late ,pr9ce ,ito's grossly mislead+ ,comm5t>y on ! ,japanese ,con/itution d[n to s*ool comp5diums1 ! absurd dates are ev]y:]e insi/$ ^u4 ,?is "q ( fictiti\s e>ly hi/ory might be consid]$ unimportant1 l ! fact t1 ) u1 p>sons h to pret5d to believe ! ,bible1 :i* "s p ?9k innocu\s4 ,b x is "p ( ! :ole sy/em1 :i* has a political object1 to :i* free ?\ght & free spee* are ru?lessly sacrific$4 ,z ?is same pamphlet says3-- ,%9to1 a primitive nature cult1 :i* _h fall5 into discr$it1 0 tak5 out ( its cupbo>d & du/$4 ,! common p1 x is true1 cont9u$ to place _! affections on ,buddhism1 ! popul> fe/ivals 7 ,buddhi/2 ,buddhi/ also ! temples :]e !y buri$ _! dead4 ,! gov]n+ class det]m9$ to *ange all ?is4 ,!y insi/$ on ! ,%9to doctr9e t ! ,mikado desc5ds 9 direct succession f ! native ,goddess ( ! ,sun1 & t ,he himself is a liv+ ,god on e>? :o ju/ly claims ! absolute fealty ( 8 subjects4 ,su* ?+s z laws & con/itutions are b free gifts on ,8 "p1 n 9 any s5se popul> rights4 ,( c\rse1 ! m9i/]s & (ficials1 high & l[1 :o c>ry on ,8 gov]nm5t1 are to be reg>d$ n z public s]vants1 b r z executants ( supreme--"o might say sup]natural--au?ority4 ,%9to1 because connect$ ) ! ,imp]ial family1 is to be alone hon\r$4 ,all ?is is n m]e !oriz+2 x is ! practical basis ( ,japanese politics4 ,! ,mikado1 aft] hav+ be5 = c5turies 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,tokugawa ,%oguns1 0 captur$ by ! clans ( ,satsuma & ,*o%u1 & has be5 9 _! keep+ ev] s9ce4 ,!y 7 repres5t$ politically by five m51 ! ,g5ro or ,eld] ,/atesm51 :o are sometimes miscall$ ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,only two /ill survive4 ,! ,g5ro h no con/itutional exi/5ce2 !y are m]ely ! p :o h ! e> ( ! ,mikado4 ,!y c make him say :atev] !y wi%2 !re=e !y are omnipot5t4 ,x has happ5$ repeat$ly t !y h _h aga9/ !m ! ,diet & ! :ole =ce ( public op9ion2 nev]!less !y h inv>iably be5 able to en=ce _! w1 because !y c\ld make ! ,mikado speak1 & no "o d>e oppose ! ,mikado4 ,!y d n !mselves take (fice2 !y select ! ,prime ,m9i/] & ! ,m9i/]s ( ,w> & ,m>9e1 & all[ !m to be> ! blame if any?+ goes wrong4 ,! ,g5ro are ! real ,gov]nm5t ( ,japan1 & w presumably rema9 s until ! ,mikado is captur$ by "s o!r clique4 ,f a patriotic po9t ( view1 ! ,g5ro h %[n v great wisdom 9 ! conduct ( affairs4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t if ,japan 7 a democracy its policy w\ld be m ,*auv9i/ic ?an x is4 ,apologi/s ( ,japan1 su* z ,mr4 ,bl&1 are 9 ! habit ( tell+ u t !re is a ,lib]al anti-milit>i/ p>ty 9 ,japan1 :i* is soon go+ to dom9ate =eign policy4 ,i see no reason to believe ?is4 ,und\bt$ly !re is a /rong movem5t = increas+ ! p[] ( ! ,diet & mak+ ! ,cab9et responsible to x2 !re is also a feel+ t ! ,m9i/]s ( ,w> & ,m>9e ought to be responsible to ! ,cab9et & ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 n only to ! ,mikado directly4#di ,b democracy 9 ,japan does n mean a dim9ution ( ,*auv9ism 9 =eign policy4 ,!re is a small ,sociali/ p>ty :i* is g5u9ely anti-,*auv9i/ & anti-milit>i/2 ?is p>ty1 probably1 w gr[ z ,japanese indu/rialism gr[s4 ,b s-call$ ,japanese ,lib]als are j z ,*auv9i/ic z ! ,gov]nm5t1 & public op9ion is m s4 ,inde$ !re h be5 occasions :5 ! ,g5ro1 9 spite ( popul> fury1 has sav$ ! nation f mi/akes :i* x w\ld c]ta9ly h committ$ if ! ,gov]nm5t _h be5 democratic4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! occasions 0 ! conclusion ( ! ,treaty ( ,portsm\?1 aft] ! ,s9o-,japanese w>1 :i* des]ves to be told z illu/rative ( ,japanese politics4#ej ,9 #aije1 aft] ! battles ( ,tsu%ima & ,mukd51 x became cle> to imp>tial obs]v]s t ,russia c\ld accompli% no?+ fur!r at sea1 & ,japan c\ld accompli% no?+ fur!r on l&4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 0 anxi\s to cont9ue ! w>1 hav+ gradually accumulat$ m5 & /ores 9 ,man*uria1 & greatly improv$ ! work+ ( ! ,sib]ian railway4 ,! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 on ! contr>y1 knew t x _h already a*iev$ all ! success x c\ld hope =1 & t x w\ld be extremely difficult to raise ! loans requir$ = a prolongation ( ! w>4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,japan appeal$ secretly to ,presid5t ,roosevelt reque/+ 8 good (fices = ! re/oration ( peace4 ,presid5t ,roosevelt !re=e issu$ invitations to bo? bellig]5ts to a peace conf]5ce4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 fac$ by a /rong peace p>ty & incipi5t revolution1 d>$ n refuse ! invitation1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t ! sympa?ies ( neutrals 7 on ! :ole ) ,japan4 ,japan1 be+ anxi\s = peace1 l$ ,russia to suppose t ,japan's dem&s w\ld be s excessive z to ali5ate ! sympa?y ( ! _w & af=d a complete answ] to ! peace p>ty 9 ,russia4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ,japanese gave out t !y w\ld absolutely insi/ ^u an indemnity4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h 9 fact resolv$1 f ! fir/1 n to insi/ on an indemnity1 b ?is 0 kn[n to v few p 9 ,japan1 & to no "o outside ,japan4 ,! ,russians1 believ+ t ! ,japanese w\ld n give way ab\t ! indemnity1 %[$ !mselves g5]\s z reg>ds all o!r ,japanese dem&s4 ,to _! horror & con/]nation1 :5 !y _h already pack$ up & 7 j ready to break up ! conf]5ce1 ! ,japanese ann\nc$ 7z !y _h f ! fir/ int5d$ to d7 t !y accept$ ! ,russian concessions & w\ld waive ! claim to an indemnity4 ,?us ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t & ! ,japanese p 7 alike furi\s1 because !y _h be5 trick$--! =m] 9 ! belief t x c\ld yield ev]y?+ except ! indemnity )\t br++ peace1 ! latt] 9 ! belief t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld nev] give way ab\t ! indemnity4 ,9 ,russia !re 0 revolution2 9 ,japan !re 7 riots1 furi\s diatribes 9 ! ,press1 & a *ange ( ,gov]nm5t--( ! nom9al ,gov]nm5t1 t is to say1 = ! ,g5ro cont9u$ to be ! real p[] ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ?is case1 !re is no d\bt t ! decision ( ! ,g5ro to make peace 0 ! "r "o f e po9t ( view2 !re is also v little d\bt t a peace advantage\s to ,japan c\ld n h be5 made )\t trick]y4 ,=eign]s unacqua9t$ ) ,japan1 kn[+ t !re is a ,diet 9 :i* ! ,l[] ,h\se is elect$1 imag9e t ,japan is at lea/ z democratic z pre-w> ,g]many4 ,?is is a delusion4 ,x is true t ,m>quis ,ito1 :o fram$ ! ,con/itution1 :i* 0 promulgat$ 9 #ahhi1 took ,g]many = 8 model1 z ! ,japanese h always done 9 all _! ,we/]niz+ ef=ts1 except z reg>ds ! ,navy1 9 :i* ,great ,brita9 has be5 copi$4 ,b !re 7 _m po9ts 9 :i* ! ,japanese ,con/itution diff]$ f t ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,rei*/ag 0 elect$ by manhood suffrage1 :]eas 9 ,japan !re is a prop]ty qualification :i* re/ricts ! fran*ise to ab\t #be p] c5t ( ! adult males4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a small matt] comp>$ to ! fact t ! ,mikado's p[] is f> less limit$ ?an t ( ! ,kais] 04 ,x is true t ,japan does n diff] f pre-w> ,g]many 9 ! fact t ,m9i/]s are n responsible to ! ,diet1 b to ! ,emp]or1 & are responsible sev]ally1 n collectively4 ,! ,w> ,m9i/] mu/ be a ,g5]al1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e mu/ be an ,admiral2 !y take _! ord]s1 n f ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 b f ! milit>y & naval au?orities respectively1 :o1 ( c\rse1 are "u ! control ( ! ,mikado4 ,b 9 ,g]many ! ,rei*/ag _h ! p[] ( ! purse1 :]eas 9 ,japan1 if ! ,diet refuses to pass ! ,budget1 ! ,budget ( ! previ\s ye> c be appli$1 & :5 ! ,diet is n sitt+1 laws c be enact$ tempor>ily by ,imp]ial decree--a provision :i* _h no analogue 9 ! ,g]man ,con/itution4 ,! ,con/itution hav+ be5 grant$ by ! ,emp]or ( 8 free grace1 x is consid]$ impi\s to criticize x or to sugge/ any *ange 9 x1 s9ce ?is w\ld imply t ,8 ,maje/y's "w 0 n :olly p]fect4 ,to und]/& ! ,con/itution1 x is necess>y to read x 9 conjunction ) ! au?oritative comm5t>y ( ,m>quis ,ito1 :i* 0 issu$ at ! same "t4 ,mr4 ,coleman v correctly summ>izes ! ,con/itution z foll[s#ea3-- ,article ,i ( ! ,japanese ,con/itution provides t ,! ,empire ( ,japan %all be reign$ ov] & gov]n$ by a l9e ( ,emp]ors unbrok5 = ages et]nal4 ,by reign$ ov] & gov]n$1 wrote ,m>quis ,ito 9 8 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,con/itution ( ,japan1 x is meant t ! ,emp]or on ,8 ,?rone comb9es 9 ,himself ! ,sov]eignty ( ! ,/ate & ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry & ( ,8 subjects4 ,article #c ( ! ,con/itution /ates t ! ,emp]or is sacr$ & inviolate4 ,m>quis ,ito's comm5t 9 explanation ( ?is is peculi>ly ,japanese4 ,he says1 ,! ,sacr$ ,?rone 0 e/abli%$ at ! "t :5 ! heav5s & e>? became sep>at$4 ,! ,empire is ,heav5-desc5d$1 div9e & sacr$2 ,he is pre-em95t above all ,8 subjects4 ,he mu/ be rev]5c$ & is inviolable4 ,he has1 inde$1 to pay due respect to ! law1 b ! law has no p[] to hold ,him acc\ntable to x4 ,n only %all !re be no irrev]5ce = ! ,emp]or's p]son1 b also %all ,he nei!r be made a topic ( d]ogatory comm5t nor "o ( discussion4 ,?r\gh ! ,con/itution ( ,japan ! ,japanese ,emp]or ex]cises ! legislative p[]1 ! executive p[]1 & ! judici>y p[]4 ,! ,emp]or convokes ! ,imp]ial ,diet1 op5s1 closes1 prorogues1 & dissolves x4 ,:5 ! ,imp]ial ,diet is n sitt+1 ,imp]ial ord9ances may be issu$ 9 place ( laws4 ,! ,emp]or has supreme control ( ! ,army & ,navy1 decl>es w>1 makes peace1 & concludes treaties2 ord]s amne/y1 p>don & commutation ( puni%m5ts4 ,z to ! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 ! ,con/itution ( ,japan1 ,article #ee1 says3 ,! respective ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate %all give _! advice to ! ,emp]or & be responsible = x4 ,ito's comm5t>y on ?is article indicates 8 int5tion 9 fram+ x4 ,:5 a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate errs 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 functions1 ! p[] ( decid+ ^u 8 responsibilities belongs to ! ,sov]eign ( ! ,/ate3 he alone c dismiss a ,m9i/] :o has appo9t$ him4 ,:o !n is x1 except ! ,sov]eign1 t c appo9t1 dismiss1 & puni% a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate8 ,! appo9tm5t & dismissal ( !m hav+ be5 includ$ by ! ,con/itution 9 ! sov]eign p[] ( ! ,emp]or1 x is only a legitimate consequ5ce t ! p[] ( decid+ z to ! responsibility ( ,m9i/]s is )held f ! ,diet4 ,b ! ,diet may put que/ions to ! ,m9i/]s & dem& op5 answ]s f !m be=e ! public1 & x may also pres5t addresses to ! ,sov]eign sett+ =? its op9ions4 ,! ,m9i/] ,presid5t ( ,/ate is to make repres5tations to ! ,emp]or on matt]s ( ,/ate1 & to indicate1 accord+ to ,8 pleasure1 ! g5]al c\rse ( ! policy ( ! ,/ate1 e bran* ( ! adm9i/ration be+ "u control ( ! said ,m9i/]4 ,! compass ( 8 duties is l>ge1 & 8 responsibilities _c b be proportionately great4 ,z to ! o!r ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 !y are sev]ally held responsible = ! matt]s )9 _! respective compet5cy2 !re is no jo9t responsibility among !m 9 reg>d to su* matt]s4 ,=1 ! ,m9i/] ,presid5t & ! o!r ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 be+ alike p]sonally appo9t$ by ! ,emp]or1 ! proce$+s ( ea* "o ( !m are1 9 e respect1 controll$ by ! w ( ! ,emp]or1 & ! ,m9i/] ,presid5t himself has no p[] ( control ov] ! po/s occupi$ by o!r ,m9i/]s1 :ile ! latt] ought n to be dep5d5t ^u ! =m]4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! ,cab9et is reg>d$ z con/itut+ a corporate body1 & ! ,m9i/]s are n held to take "p 9 ! conduct ( ! ,gov]nm5t ea* "o 9 an individual capacity1 b jo9t responsibility is ! rule4 ,! evil ( su* a sy/em is t ! p[] ( p>ty comb9ation w ultimately ov]rule ! supreme p[] ( ! ,sov]eign4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s c nev] be approv$ ( accord+ to our ,con/itution4 ,9 spite ( ! small p[]s ( ! ,diet1 x succe$$1 9 ! fir/ f\r ye>s ( its exi/5ce 7#ahij-id71 9 caus+ "s annoyance to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,until #ahid1 ! policy ( ,japan 0 l>gely controll$ by ,m>quis ,ito1 :o 0 oppos$ to milit>ism & ,*auv9ism4 ,! /atesm5 ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,meiji era 7 conc]n$ ma9ly ) introduc+ mod]n education & mod]n social organization2 !y wi%$ to pres]ve ,japanese indep5d5ce vis--vis ! ,we/]n ,p[]s1 b did n aim1 = ! "t be+1 at imp]iali/ expansion on _! own acc\nt4 ,ito repres5t$ ?is old] s*ool ( ,re/oration /atesm54 ,_! ideas ( /atecraft 7 9 ! ma9 d]iv$ f ! ,g]many ( ! 'eighties1 :i* 0 kept by ,bism>ck f undue adv5tur\sness4 ,b :5 ! ,diet prov$ difficult to manage1 !y rev]t$ to an e>li] phase ( ,bism>ck's c>e] = an example to imitate4 ,! ,prussian ,l&tag 7incr$ible z x may seem7 0 vigor\sly ob/rep]\s at ! "t :5 ,bism>ck fir/ rose to p[]1 b he tam$ x by glutt+ ! nation ) milit>y glory 9 ! w>s aga9/ ,au/ria & ,france4 ,simil>ly1 9 #ahid1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t emb>k$ on w> aga9/ ,*9a1 & in/antly secur$ ! en?usia/ic support ( ! hi!rto rebelli\s ,diet4 ,f t day to ?is1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t has nev] be5 vigor\sly oppos$ except = its good de$s 7su* z ! ,treaty ( ,portsm\?72 & x has aton$ = ^! by abundant int]national crimes1 :i* ! nation has always applaud$ to ! e*o4 ,m>quis ,ito 0 responsible = ! outbreak ( w> 9 #ahid4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds aga9 oppos$ to ! new policy ( pr$atory w>1 b 0 p[]less to prev5t x4#eb ,8 opposition1 h[ev]1 0 tiresome1 until at la/ he 0 murd]$ 9 ,korea4 ,s9ce ! outbreak ( ! ,s9o-,japanese w> 9 #ahid1 ,japan has pursu$ a consi/5t c>e] ( imp]ialism1 ) q extraord9>y success4 ,! nature & fruits ( t c>e] ,i %all consid] 9 ! next two *apt]s4 ,= ! "t be+1 x has arre/$ :atev] t5d5cy exi/$ t[>ds ! developm5t ( democracy2 ! ,diet is q z unimportant z ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,tudors4 ,:e!r ! pres5t sy/em w cont9ue = a long "t1 x is impossible to guess4 ,an unsuccessful =eign w> w\ld probably de/roy n only ! exi/+ sy/em1 b ! :ole unity & morale ( ! nation2 ,i d n believe t ,japan w\ld be z firm 9 defeat z ,g]many has prov$ to be4 ,diplomatic failure1 )\t w>1 w\ld probably produce a m ,lib]al regime1 )\t revolution4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o v explosive elem5t 9 ,japan1 & t is indu/rialism4 ,x is impossible = ,japan to be a ,great ,p[] )\t develop+ h] indu/ry1 & 9 fact ev]y?+ possible is done to increase ,japanese manufactures4 ,moreov]1 indu/ry is requir$ to absorb ! gr[+ population1 :i* _c emigrate to ,engli%-speak+ regions1 & w n emigrate to ! ma9l& ( ,asia because ,*9ese competition is too sev]e4 ,!re=e ! only way to support a l>g] population is to absorb x into indu/rialism1 manufactur+ goods = export z a means ( pur*as+ food abroad4 ,indu/rialism 9 ,japan requires control ( ,*9a1 because ,japan conta9s h>dly any ( ! raw mat]ials ( indu/ry1 & _c obta9 !m suffici5tly *eaply or securely 9 op5 competition ) ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,also dep5d5ce ^u import$ food requires a /rong navy4 ,?us ! motives = imp]ialism & navalism 9 ,japan are v simil> to ^? t h prevail$ 9 ,engl&4 ,b ?is policy requires high taxation1 :ile successful competition 9 neutral m>kets requires--or r1 is ?\ght to require--/>vation wages & long h\rs = op]atives4 ,9 ! cotton indu/ry ( ,osoka1 = example1 mo/ ( ! "w is done by girls "u f\rte51 :o "w elev5 h\rs a day & got1 9 #aiaf1 an av]age daily wage ( #e;d4#ec ,lab\r organization is 9 its infancy1 & s is ,socialism2#ed b bo? are c]ta9 to spread if ! numb] ( indu/rial work]s increases )\t a v m>k$ improvem5t 9 h\rs & wages4 ,( c\rse ! v rigidity ( ! ,japanese policy1 :i* has giv5 x its /r5g?1 makes x incapable ( adju/+ itself to ,socialism & ,trade ,unionism1 :i* are vigor\sly p]secut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,& on ! o!r h& ,socialism & ,trade ,unionism _c accept ,mikado-wor%ip & ! :ole f>rago ( my? ^u :i* ! ,japanese ,/ate dep5ds4#ee ,!re is !re=e a likelihood1 "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s h5ce--assum+ a peaceful & prosp]\s developm5t 9 ! meantime--( a v bitt] class conflict betwe5 ! prolet>ians on ! "o side & ! employ]s & bureaucrats on ! o!r4 ,if ?is %\ld happ5 to syn*ronize ) agr>ian discont5t1 x w\ld be impossible to =etell ! issue4 ,! problems fac+ ,japan are !re=e v difficult4 ,to provide = ! gr[+ population x is necess>y to develop indu/ry2 to develop indu/ry x is necess>y to control ,*9ese raw mat]ials2 to control ,*9ese raw mat]ials x is necess>y to g aga9/ ! economic int]e/s ( ,am]ica & ,europe2 to d ?is successfully requires a l>ge army & navy1 :i* 9 turn involve great pov]ty = wage-e>n]s4 ,& exp&+ indu/ry ) pov]ty = wage-e>n]s means gr[+ discont5t1 increase ( ,socialism1 dissolution ( filial piety & ,mikado-wor%ip 9 ! poor] classes1 & !re=e a cont9ually great] & great] m5ace to ! :ole f\ndation on :i* ! fabric ( ! ,/ate is built4 ,f )\t1 ,japan is ?reat5$ ) ! risk ( w> aga9/ ,am]ica or ( a revival ( ,*9a4 ,f )91 !re w be1 be=e long1 ! risk ( prolet>ian revolution4 ,f all ^! dang]s1 !re is only "o escape1 & t is a dim9ution ( ! bir?-rate4 ,b su* an idea is n m]ely abhorr5t to ! milit>i/s z dim9i%+ ! supply ( cannon-fodd]2 x is fundam5tally oppos$ to ,japanese religion & morality1 ( :i* patriotism & filial piety are ! basis4 ,!re=e if ,japan is to em]ge successfully1 a mu* m int5se ,we/]niz+ mu/ take place1 involv+ n only me*anical processes & k ( b>e facts1 b ideals & religion & g5]al outlook on life4 ,!re mu/ be free ?\ght1 scepticism1 dim9ution 9 ! int5sity ( h]d-in/9ct4 ,)\t ^!1 ! population "q _c be solv$2 & if t rema9s unsolv$1 disa/] is soon] or lat] inevitable4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #df3 ,mc,laren1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #dg3 ,kegan ,paul1 #aiaj1 vol4 i4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,:at popul> ,%9to1 z exp\nd$ by its village prie/s 9 ! old "t1 0 we simply d n "k4 ,our c>efully select$ & edit$ (ficial edition ( ,%9to is c]ta9ly n true aborig9al ,%9to z practis$ 9 ,yamato be=e ! introduction ( ,buddhism & ,*9ese culture1 & _m plausible argum5ts :i* disreg>d t indubitable fact lose mu* ( _! weight4 7,murdo*1 ,i1 p4 #agc n47 ,footnote #di3 ,! /r5g? ( ?is movem5t may1 h[ev]1 be d\bt$4 ,murdo* 7op4 cit4 i1 p4 #afb7 says3 ,at pres5t1 #aiaj1 ! ,w> ,(fice & ,admiralty are1 ( all ,m9i/ries1 by f> ! /ronge/ 9 ! ,empire4 ,:5 a p>ty ,gov]nm5t does by any /range hap make its appe>ance on ?o political /age1 ! ,m9i/]s ( ,w> & ( ,m>9e c af=d to reg>d its adv5t ) ! utmo/ ins\ciance4 ,= ?o mo/ extreme ( p>ty politicians readily & unhesitat+ly admit t ! affairs ( ! ,army & ,navy d n fall )9 ! sph]e ( p>ty politics1 b are ! exclusive conc]n ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ! ,emp]or ( ,japan4 ,on none 9 ! public s]vice ( ,japan are titles ( nobility1 high rank1 & /ill m sub/antial emolum5ts %[]$ ) a m lib]al h& ?an ^u ! great capta9s & ! great sailors ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ,*9a1 on ! o!r h&1 ! milit>y man is1 if n a p>iah1 at all ev5ts an exceptional b>b>ian1 :om policy makes x advisable to treat ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( graci\s1 albeit semi-contemptu\s1 condesc5sion4 ,footnote #ej3 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is tak5 f ,mc,laren1 op4 cit4 *aps1 xii4 & xiii4 ,footnote #ea3 ,! ,f> ,ea/ ,unveil$1 pp4 #beb-eh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,see ,mc,laren1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bhi4 ,footnote #ec3 ,coleman1 op4 cit4 *ap4 xxxv4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see an invaluable pamphlet1 ,! ,sociali/ & ,lab\r ,movem5ts 9 ,japan1 publi%$ by ! ,japan ,*ronicle1 #aiba1 = an acc\nt ( :at is happ5+ 9 ?is direction4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! ,times ( ,febru>y #g1 #aibb1 conta9s a telegram f its correspond5t 9 ,tokyo1 propos ( ! fun]al ( ,pr9ce ,yamagata1 ,*ief ( ! ,g5ro1 to ! foll[+ effect3-- ,to-day a voice 0 he>d 9 ! ,diet 9 opposition to ! grant ( exp5ses = ! ,/ate fun]al ( ,pr9ce ,yamagata4 ,! resolution1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ! memb] = ,osaka con/itu5cy1 :o is reg>d$ z ! spokesman ( ! s-call$ ,p>liam5t>y ,lab\r ,p>ty f\nd$ la/ ye>1 /ates t ! ,*ief ( ! ,g5ro 7,eld] ,/atesm57 did n r5d] true s]vice to ! ,/ate1 &1 al?\gh ! recipi5t ( ! highe/ dignities1 0 an enemy ( mank9d & suppressor ( democratic in/itutions4 ,! outcome 0 a =egone conclusion1 b ! fact t ! introduc] c\ld obta9 ! necess>y support to table ! resolution =mally 0 n ! lea/ int]e/+ feature ( ! incid5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,japan ,,& ,,*9a ,,be=e #aiad ,be=e go+ into ! detail ( ,japan's policy t[>ds ,*9a1 x is necess>y to put ! read] on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! habit ( ?9k+ ( ! ,yell[ ,races1 z ?\gh ,*9a & ,japan =m$ "s k9d ( unity4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 reasons :i*1 at fir/ sight1 w\ld lead "o to suppose t ,*9a & ,japan c\ld be tak5 9 "o gr\p 9 comp>ison ) ! races ( ,europe & ( ,africa4 ,to beg9 )1 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese are bo? yell[1 :i* po9ts to e?nic aff9ities2 b ! political & cultural importance ( e?nic aff9ities is v small4 ,! ,japanese ass]t t ! hairy ,a9us1 :o are l[ 9 ! scale ( b>b>ians1 are a :ite race ak9 to ourselves4 ,i nev] saw a hairy ,a9u1 & ,i suspect ! ,japanese ( malice 9 urg+ u to admit ! ,a9us z poor relations2 b ev5 if !y really are ( ,aryan desc5t1 t does n prove t !y h any?+ ( ! slighte/ importance 9 common ) u z comp>$ to :at ! ,japanese & ,*9ese h 9 common ) u4 ,simil>ity ( culture is inf9itely m important ?an a common racial orig94 ,x is true t ,japanese culture1 until ! ,re/oration1 0 d]iv$ f ,*9a4 ,to ?is day1 ,japanese script is practically ! same z ,*9ese1 & ,buddhism1 :i* is /ill ! religion ( ! p1 is ( ! sort d]iv$ orig9ally f ,*9a4 ,loyalty & filial piety1 :i* are ! f\ndations ( ,japanese e?ics1 are ,confucian virtues1 import$ along ) ! re/ ( anci5t ,*9ese culture4 ,b ev5 be=e ! irruption ( ,european influ5ces1 ,*9a & ,japan _h _h su* diff]5t hi/ories & national temp]am5ts t doctr9es orig9ally simil> _h develop$ 9 opposite directions4 ,*9a has be51 s9ce ! "t ( ! ,fir/ ,emp]or 7c4 #bjj ,b4,c471 a va/ unifi$ bureaucratic l& empire1 hav+ mu* contact ) =eign nations--,annamese1 ,burmese1 ,mongols1 ,tibetans & ev5 ,indians4 ,japan1 on ! o!r h&1 0 an isl& k+dom1 hav+ practically no =eign contact except ) ,korea & occasionally ) ,*9a1 divid$ into clans :i* 7 con/antly at w> ) ea* o!r1 develop+ ! virtues & vices ( feudal *ivalry1 b totally unconc]n$ ) economic or adm9i/rative problems on a l>ge scale4 ,x 0 n difficult to adapt ! doctr9es ( ,confucius to su* a c\ntry1 because 9 ! "t ( ,confucius ,*9a 0 /ill feudal & /ill divid$ into a numb] ( petty k+doms1 9 "o ( :i* ! sage himself 0 a c\rti]1 l ,goe! at ,weim>4 ,b naturally 8 doctr9es und]w5t a diff]5t developm5t f t :i* befel !m 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,9 old ,japan1 = in/ance1 loyalty to ! clan *iefta9 is ! virtue "o f9ds mo/ prais$2 x is ?is same virtue1 ) its scope enl>g$1 :i* has n[ become patriotism4 ,loyalty is a virtue naturally prais$ :]e conflicts betwe5 r\ghly equal =ces are frequ5t1 z !y 7 9 feudal ,japan1 & are 9 ! mod]n int]national _w4 ,9 ,*9a1 on ! contr>y1 p[] seem$ s secure1 ! ,empire 0 s va/ & immemorial1 t ! ne$ = loyalty 0 n felt4 ,security br$ a diff]5t set ( virtues1 su* z c\rtesy1 consid]at5ess1 & compromise4 ,n[ t security is gone1 & ! ,*9ese f9d !mselves plung$ into a _w ( w>r+ b&its1 !y h difficulty 9 develop+ ! patriotism1 ru?lessness1 & unscrupul\sness :i* ! situation dem&s4 ,! ,japanese h no su* difficulty1 hav+ be5 s*ool$ = j su* requirem5ts by _! c5turies ( feudal an>*y4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ,we/]n influ5ce has only acc5tuat$ ! previ\s diff]5ces betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan3 mod]n ,*9ese l our ?\ght b dislike our me*anism1 :ile mod]n ,japanese l our me*anism b dislike our ?\ght4 ,f "s po9ts ( view1 ,asia1 includ+ ,russia1 may be reg>d$ z a unity2 b f ?is unity ,japan mu/ be exclud$4 ,russia1 ,*9a1 & ,india conta9 va/ pla9s giv5 ov] to peasant agriculture2 !y are easily sway$ by milit>y empires su* z t ( ,j5ghis ,khan2 ) mod]n railways1 !y c\ld be dom9at$ f a c5tre m securely ?an 9 =m] times4 ,!y c\ld be self-subsi/5t economically1 & invuln]able to outside attack1 indep5d5t ( comm]ce1 & s /rong z to be indiff]5t to progress4 ,all ?is may come ab\t "s day1 if ,russia happ5s to develop a great conqu]or support$ by ,g]man organiz+ ability4 ,b ,japan /&s outside ?is ord] ( possibilities4 ,japan1 l ,great ,brita91 mu/ dep5d ^u comm]ce = p[] & prosp]ity4 ,z yet1 ,japan has n develop$ ! ,lib]al m5tality appropriate to a comm]cial nation1 & is /ill b5t ^u ,asiatic conque/ & milit>y pr[ess4 ,?is policy br+s ) x conflicts ) ,*9a & ,russia1 :i* ! pres5t weakness ( ^? ,p[]s has enabl$ ,japan1 hi!rto1 to conduct successfully4 ,b bo? are likely to recov] _! /r5g? soon] or lat]1 & !n ! ess5tial weakness ( pres5t ,japanese policy w become app>5t4 ,x results naturally f ! situation t ! ,japanese h two some:at incompatible ambitions4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y wi% to pose z ! *ampions ( ,asia aga9/ ! oppression ( ! :ite man2 on ! o!r h&1 !y wi% to be admitt$ to equality by ! :ite ,p[]s1 & to jo9 9 ! fea/ obta9$ by exploit+ ! nations t are ineffici5t 9 homicide4 ,! =m] policy %\ld make !m fri5dly to ,*9a & ,india & ho/ile to ! :ite races2 ! latt] policy has inspir$ ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance & its fruits 9 ! annexation ( ,korea & ! virtual annexation ( ,man*uria & ,inn] ,mongolia4 ,z a memb] ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 ( ! ,big ,five at ,v]sailles1 & ( ! ,big ,?ree at ,wa%+ton1 ,japan appe>s z "o ( ! ord9>y ,great ,p[]s2 b at o!r mom5ts ,japan aims at e/abli%+ a hegemony 9 ,asia by /&+ = ! emancipation f :ite tyranny ( ^? :o happ5 to be yell[ or br[n1 b n black4 ,c\nt ,okuma1 speak+ 9 ! ,kobe ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 said3 ,!re are ?ree hundr$ million natives 9 ,india look+ to u to rescue !m f ! ?raldom ( ,great ,brita94#ef ,:ile 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,i inquir$ ( innum]able ,engli%m5 :at advantage our ,gov]nm5t c\ld suppose t we d]iv$ f ! ,japanese ,alliance4 ,! only answ] t seem$ to me to supply an intelligible motive 0 t ! ,alliance some:at mitigates ! int5sity ( ,japanese anti-,briti% propag&a 9 ,india4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,japanese w\ld l to pose be=e ! ,indians z _! *ampions aga9/ :ite tyranny4 ,mr4 ,pooley#eg quotes ,dr4 ,i*imura ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,kyoto z giv+ ! foll[+ li/ ( :ite m5's s9s3-- 7#a7 ,:ite m5 consid] t !y alone are human be+s1 & t all col\r$ races belong to a l[] ord] ( civilization4 7#b7 ,!y are extremely selfi%1 insi/+ on _! own int]e/s1 b ignor+ ! int]e/s ( all :om !y reg>d z inf]iors4 7#c7 ,!y are full ( racial pride & conceit4 ,if any concession is made to !m !y dem& & take m4 7#d7 ,!y are extreme 9 ev]y?+1 exce$+ ! col\r$ races 9 greatness & wick$ness4 7#e7 ,!y wor%ip money1 & believ+ t money is ! basis ( ev]y?+1 w adopt any measures to ga9 x4 ,?is enum]ation ( our vices appe>s to me :olly j4 ,"o might h suppos$ t a nation :i* saw u 9 ?is light w\ld endeav\r to be unlike u4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! moral :i* ! ,japanese draw4 ,!y argue1 on ! contr>y1 t x is necess>y to imitate u z closely z possible4 ,we %all f9d t1 9 ! long catalogue ( crimes committ$ by ,europeans t[>ds ,*9a1 !re is h>dly "o :i* has n be5 equall$ by ! ,japanese4 ,x nev] occurs to a ,japanese1 ev5 9 8 wilde/ dreams1 to ?9k ( a ,*9aman z an equal4 ,& al?\gh he wants ! :ite man to reg>d himself z an equal1 he himself reg>ds ,japan z immeasurably sup]ior to any :ite c\ntry4 ,8 real desire is to be above ! :ites1 n m]ely equal ) !m4 ,c\nt ,okuma put ! matt] v simply 9 an address giv5 9 #aiac3-- ,! :ite races reg>d ! _w z _! prop]ty & all o!r races are greatly _! inf]iors4 ,!y presume to ?9k t ! rle ( ! :ites 9 ! univ]se is to gov]n ! _w z !y please4 ,! ,japanese 7 a p :o suff]$ by ?is policy1 & wrongfully1 = ! ,japanese 7 n inf]ior to ! :ite races1 b fully _! equals4 ,! :ites 7 defy+ de/9y1 & woe to !m4#eh ,x w\ld be easy to quote /atem5ts by em95t m5 to ! effect t ,japan is ! greate/ ( all nations4 ,b ! same c\ld be said ( ! em95t m5 ( all o!r nations d[n to ,ecuador4 ,x is ! acts ( ! ,japanese r ?an _! rhetoric t mu/ conc]n u4 ,! ,s9o-,japanese w> ( #ahid-e conc]n$ ,korea1 ) ^: int]nal affairs ,*9a & ,japan _h mutually agre$ n to int]f]e )\t fir/ consult+ ea* o!r4 ,! ,japanese claim$ t ,*9a _h infr+$ ?is agreem5t4 ,nei!r side 0 9 ! "r2 x 0 a w> caus$ by a conflict ( rival imp]ialisms4 ,! ,*9ese 7 easily & decisively defeat$1 & f t day to ?is h n v5tur$ to oppose any =eign ,p[] by =ce ( arms1 except un(ficially 9 ! ,box] rebellion4 ,! ,japanese 71 h[ev]1 prev5t$ f reap+ ! fruits ( _! victory by ! int]v5tion ( ,russia1 ,g]many & ,france1 ,engl& hold+ alo(4 ,! ,russians covet$ ,korea = !mselves1 ! ,fr5* came 9 z _! allies1 & ! ,g]mans presumably jo9$ !m because ( ,william ,,ii's dread ( ! ,yell[ ,p]il4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ?is int]v5tion made ! ,russo-,japanese w> inevitable4 ,x w\ld n h matt]$ mu* to ,japan if ! ,*9ese _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,korea1 b ! ,russians w\ld h con/itut$ a s]i\s m5ace4 ,! ,russians did n befri5d ,*9a = no?+2 !y acquir$ a lease ( ,port ,ar?ur & ,dalny 7n[ call$ ,dair571 ) railway & m9+ rights 9 ,man*uria4 ,!y built ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,railway1 runn+ "r ?r\gh ,man*uria1 connect+ ,port ,ar?ur & ,pek+ ) ! ,sib]ian ,railway & ,europe4 ,hav+ accompli%$ all ?is1 !y set to "w to p5etrate ,korea4 ,! ,russo-,japanese w> w\ld presumably n h tak5 place b = ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 conclud$ 9 #aijb4 ,9 ,briti% policy1 ?is ,alliance has always _h a some:at m9or place1 :ile x has be5 ! corn]-/one ( ,japanese =eign policy1 except dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 :5 ! ,japanese ?\ght t ,g]many w\ld w94 ,! ,alliance provid$ t1 9 ! ev5t ( ei!r ,p[] be+ attack$ by two ,p[]s at once1 ! o!r %\ld come to its assi/ance4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 orig9ally inspir$ by fe> ( ,russia1 & 0 fram$ ) a view to prev5t+ ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ev5t ( w> ) ,japan or ,engl&1 f call+ ^u ! help ( ,france4 ,9 #aijb we 7 ho/ile to ,france & ,russia1 & ,japan rema9$ ho/ile to ,russia until aft] ! ,treaty ( ,portsm\? _h be5 supplem5t$ by ! ,conv5tion ( #aijg4 ,! ,alliance s]v$ its purpose admirably = bo? p>ties dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese w>4 ,x kept ,france f jo9+ ,russia1 & !reby enabl$ ,japan to acquire comm& ( ! sea4 ,x enabl$ ,japan to weak5 ,russia1 ?us curb+ ,russian ambitions1 & mak+ x possible = u to conclude an ,ent5te ) ,russia 9 #aijg4 ,)\t ?is ,ent5te1 ! ,ent5te conclud$ ) ,france 9 #aijd w\ld h be5 useless1 & ! alliance :i* defeat$ ,g]many c\ld n h be5 creat$4 ,)\t ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 ,japan c\ld n h f\ght ,russia alone1 b w\ld h _h to fight ,france also4 ,?is 0 beyond h] /r5g? at t "t4 ,?us ! decisive /ep 9 ,japan's rise to greatness 0 due to our support4 ,! w> end$ ) a qualifi$ victory = ,japan4 ,russia r5\nc$ all int]f]5ce 9 ,korea1 surr5d]$ ,port ,ar?ur & ,dalny 7s9ce call$ ,dair57 to ! ,japanese1 & also ! railway z f> nor? z ,*ang*un4 ,?is "p ( ! railway1 ) a few bran* l9es1 has s9ce !n be5 call$ ! ,s\? ,man*urian ,railway4 ,f ,dair5 to ,*ang*un is #dcg miles2 ,*ang*un is #aej miles s\? ( ,h>b94 ,! ,japanese use ,dair5 z ! comm]cial port = ,man*uria1 res]v+ ,port ,ar?ur = purely naval purposes4 ,9 reg>d to ,korea1 ,japan has con=m$ /rictly to ,we/]n models4 ,dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 ! ,japanese made a treaty gu>antee+ ! indep5d5ce & integrity ( ,korea2 9 #aiaj !y annex$ ,korea2 s9ce !n !y h suppress$ ,korean nationali/s ) e imag9able sev]ity4 ,all ?is e/abli%es _! claim to be fully ! equals ( ! :ite m54 ,! ,japanese n m]ely hold ! ,s\? ,man*urian ,railway1 b h a monopoly ( railway con/ruction 9 ,s\? ,man*uria4 ,z ?is 0 practically ! beg9n+ ( ,japan's control ( l>ge regions 9 ,*9a by means ( railways monopolies1 x w be wor? :ile to quote ,mr4 ,pooley's acc\nt ( ! ,fa-ku-,m5 ,railway incid5t1#ei :i* %[s h[ ! ,s\? ,man*urian monopoly 0 acquir$3-- ,9 ,novemb] #aijg ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t sign$ a contract ) ,messrs ,paul+ & ,co4 = an ext5sion ( ! ,imp]ial ,*9ese railways nor?w>ds f ,hs9-m9-,tung to ,fa-ku-,m51 ! necess>y capital = ! "w be+ f\nd by ! ,briti% & ,*9ese ,corporation4 ,japan prote/$ aga9/ ! contract1 fir/ly1 on an alleg$ secret protocol annex$ to ! treaty ( ,pek+1 :i* 0 alleg$ to h said t '! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t %all n con/ruct any ma9 l9e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( or p>allel to ! ,s\? ,man*urian ,railway1 nor any bran* l9e :i* %\ld be prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( t railway'2 &1 secondly1 on ! ,conv5tion ( #aijb1 betwe5 ,*9a & ,russia1 t no railway %\ld be built f ,hs9-m9-,tung )\t ,russian cons5t4 ,z by ! ,treaty ( ,portsm\?1 ,japan succe$$ to ! ,russian rights1 ! project$ l9e c\ld n be built )\t h] cons5t4 ,h] diplomatic communications 7 exce$+ly (f5sive 9 tone1 & conclud$ ) a notification t1 if %e 0 wrong1 x 0 obvi\sly only ,russia :o c\ld rightfully take h] to task6 ,! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t bas$ its action 9 grant+ ! contract on ! clause ( ! #ahih contract = ! con/ruction ( ! ,*ung-hon-s to ,hs9-m9-,tung l9e1 "u :i* ,*9a specifically res]v$ ! "r to build ! ,fa-ku-,m5 l9e ) ! aid ( ! same contractors4 ,fur!r1 al?\gh by ! ,russo-,briti% ,note ( #ahih ,briti% subjects 7 specificially exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 railway con/ruction nor? ( ! ,great ,wall1 by ! ,additional ,note atta*$ to ! ,russo-,briti% ,note ! engagem5ts betwe5 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t & ! ,briti% & ,*9ese ,corporation 7 specifically res]v$ f ! purview ( ! agreem5t4 ,ev5 if ,japan1 z ! heir ( ,russia's assets & liabilities 9 ,man*uria1 _h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 h] prote/ by ! ,conv5tion ( #aijb & by ! ,russo-,briti% ,note ( #ahii1 %e _h n fulfill$ h] "p ( ! b>ga91 namely1 ! ,russian und]tak+ 9 ! ,note to ab/a9 f seek+ concession1 rights & privileges 9 ! valley ( ! ,yangtze4 ,h] reliance on ! secret treaty c>ri$ weight ) ,great ,brita91 b ) no "o else1 z may be gaug$ f ! records ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,a lat] claim advanc$ by ,japan t h] action 0 ju/ifi$ by ,article ,,vi ( ! ,treaty ( ,portsm\?1 :i* assign$ to ,japan all ,russian rights 9 ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,railway 7,s\? ,man*urian ,railway7 ') all rights & prop]ties app]ta9+ !reto1' 0 effectively answ]$ by ,*9a's citation ( ,articles ,,iii & ,,iv ( ! same ,treaty4 ,"u ! fir/ ( ^! articles x is decl>$ t ',russia has no t]ritorial advantages or pref]5tial or exclusive concessions 9 ,man*uria 9 impairm5t ( ,*9ese sov]eignty or inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple ( equal opportunity'2 :il/ ! second is a reciprocal engagem5t by ,russia & ,japan 'n to ob/ruct any g5]al measures common to all c\ntries :i* ,*9a may take = ! developm5t ( ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ,man*uria4' ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r a refusal to all[ ,*9a to build a railway on h] own t]ritory is or is n an impairm5t ( ,*9ese sov]eignty & :e!r su* a railway z t propos$ 0 n a measure = ! 'developm5t ( ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ,man*uria4' ,x is d\btful if ev5 ! ,russo-,japanese w> creat$ z mu* feel+ 9 ,*9a z did ! ,fa-ku-m5 incid5t4 ,japan's action 0 ( su* flagrant di%one/y & su* a cynical repudiation ( h] promises & pl$ges t h] cr$it receiv$ a bl[ f :i* x has nev] s9ce recov]$4 ,! abject failure ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to support its subjects' treaty rights 0 almo/ z mu* an eye-op5] to ! _w z ! prote/ f ,tokio4444 ,! me?ods :i* _h prov$ s successful 9 /opp+ ! ,fa-ku-m5 railway 7 equally successful 9 =c+ ! ab&onm5t ( o!r project$ railways4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,*9-*\-,aigun l9e & ! important ,antung-,mukd5 l9e4#fj ,! same alleg$ secret protocol 0 us$ equally brutally & successfully = ! acquisition ( ! ,new*wang l9e1 & p>ticipation 9 #aiji1 & ev5tual acquisition 9 #aiad1 ( ! ,*an-,*un-,kir9 l9es4 ,subsequ5tly by an agreem5t ) ,russia ! six? article ( ! ,russo-,*9ese ,agreem5t ( #ahif 0 con/ru$ to mean '! absolute & exclusive rights ( adm9i/ration )9 ! railway zone4' ,japan's sph]es ( influ5ce h be5 subsequ5tly ext5d$ to cov] ! :ole ( ,man*uria & ! :ole ( ,%antung--?\gh ! latt] has be5 nom9ally r5\nc$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,by su* me?ods z ! above1 or by loans to impecuni\s ,*9ese au?orities1 ! ,japanese h acquir$ va/ railway monopolies :]ev] _! influ5ce has p5etrat$1 & h us$ ! railways z a means ( acquir+ all real p[] 9 ! prov9ces ?r\gh :i* !y run4 ,aft] ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 ,russia & ,japan became firm fri5ds1 & agre$ to br+ pressure on ,*9a jo9tly 9 any matt] affect+ ,man*uria4 ,_! fri5d%ip la/$ until ! ,bol%evik revolution4 ,russia _h ent]$ into ext5sive obligations to support ,japan's claims at ! ,peace ,conf]5ce1 :i* ( c\rse ! ,bol%eviks repudiat$4 ,h5ce ! implacable ho/ility ( ,japan to ,soviet ,russia1 lead+ to ! support ( innum]able ,:ite filibu/]s 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic1 & to fri5d%ip ) ,france 9 all int]national que/ions4 ,z soon z !re began to be 9 ,*9a a revolution>y p>ty aim+ at ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,man*us1 ! ,japanese support$ x4 ,!y h cont9u\sly support$ ei!r or bo? sides 9 ,*9ese diss5sions1 z !y judg$ mo/ useful = prolong+ civil w> & weak5+ ,*9a politically4 ,be=e ! revolution ( #aiaa1 ,sun ,yat ,s5 0 sev]al times 9 ,japan1 & !re is evid5ce t z e>ly z #aijj he 0 obta9+ f9ancial support f "s ,japanese4#fa ,:5 ! revolution actually broke out1 ,japan endeav\r$ to support ! ,man*us1 b 0 prev5t$ f do+ s effectively by ! o!r ,legations4 ,x seems t ! policy ( ,japan at t "t1 z lat]1 0 to prev5t ! union ( ,nor? & ,s\?1 & to conf9e ! revolution to ! ,s\?4 ,moreov]1 rev]5ce = mon>*y made ,japan unwill+ to see ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a dispossess$ & 8 :ole c\ntry turn$ into a ,republic1 ?\gh x w\ld h be5 agreeable to see him weak5$ by ! loss ( "s s\!rn prov9ces4 ,mr4 ,pooley gives a good acc\nt ( ! actions ( ,japan dur+ ! ,*9ese ,revolution1 ( :i* ! foll[+ quotation gives ! gi/#fb3-- ,x ! ,g5ro comm5c$ ) a /atem5t f ,pr9ce ,katsura on ,decemb] #ah? #aiaa1 t ! "t = int]v5tion _h arriv$1 ) ! usual rid] = ! sake ( ! peace ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a private in/ruction to ,m4 ,iju91 ,japanese ,m9i/] 9 ,pek+1 :]eund] ! latt] on ,decemb] #bcrd categorically in=m$ ,yuan-%i-kai t "u no circum/ances w\ld ,japan recognize a republican =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ,*9a4444 ,9 connection ) ! peace conf]5ce held at ,%anghai1 ,mr4 ,matsui 7n[ ,japanese ,ambassador to ,france71 a tru/$ ,c\ncillor ( ! ,=eign ,(fice1 0 dispat*$ to ,pek+ to back ,m4 ,iju9 9 ! negotiations to uphold ! dyna/y4 ,simultane\sly1 ,mr4 ,d5ison1 ,legal ,advis] to ! ,japanese ,=eign ,(fice1 0 s5t to ,%anghai to negotiate ) ! rebel lead]s4 ,mr4 ,matsui's mission 0 to b>ga9 = ,japanese support ( ! ,man*us aga9/ ! rebels1 ,man*uria aga9/ ! ?rone2 ,mr4 ,d5ison's mission 0 to b>ga9 = ,japanese support ( ! rebels aga9/ ! ?rone1 recognition by ,pek+ ( ! ,s\!rn ,republic aga9/ virtually a ,japanese protectorate ( t ,republic & exclusive railway & m9+ concessions )9 its bord]s4 ,! rebels absolutely refus$ ,mr4 ,d5ison's (f]1 & s5t ! propos$ t]ms to ! ,russian ,m9i/] at ,pek+1 ?r\gh :om !y ev5tually saw ! light ( day4 ,ne$less to say ! ,japanese au?orities /r5u\sly d5i$ _! au!nticity4 ,! ,briti% ,legation1 h[ev]1 support$ ,yuan ,%i-k'ai1 aga9/ bo? ! ,man*us & ,sun ,yat ,s52 & x 0 ! ,briti% policy :i* won ! day4 ,yuan ,%i-k'ai became ,presid5t1 & rema9$ s until #aiae4 ,he 0 /rongly anti-,japanese1 & _h1 on t gr\nd1 be5 oppos$ z /rongly z ,japan d>$4 ,8 success 0 !re=e a bl[ to ! influ5ce ( ,japan 9 ,*9a4 ,if ! ,we/]n ,p[]s _h rema9$ free to make !mselves felt 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts w\ld d\btless h be5 mu* less fav\rable to ! ,japanese2 b ! w> came1 & ! ,japanese saw _! *ance4 ,h[ !y us$ x mu/ be told 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ef3 ,quot$ by ,a4,m4 ,pooley1 ,japan's ,=eign ,policy1 ,all5 ,unw91 #aibj1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #eg3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #af n4 ,footnote #eh3 ,pooley1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ei3 ,a4,m4 ,pooley1 ,japan's ,=eign ,policies1 pp4 #dh-ea4 ,footnote #fj3 ,?is l9e 0 subsequ5tly built by ! ,japanese4 ,footnote #fa3 ,pooley1 op4 cit41 pp4 #fg-h4 ,footnote #fb3 ,page #ff4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,japan ,,& ,,*9a ,,dur+ ,,! ,,w> ,! mo/ urg5t problem 9 ,*9a's relations ) =eign p[]s is ,japanese aggression4 ,orig9ally ,japan 0 less p[]ful ?an ,*9a1 b aft] #ahfh ! ,japanese rapidly le>nt f u :atev] we _h to tea* 9 ! way ( skilful homicide1 & 9 #ahid !y resolv$ to te/ _! new armam5ts ^u ,*9a1 j z ,bism>ck te/$ 8 on ,d5m>k4 ,! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t pres]v$ its traditional haught9ess1 & appe>s to h be5 q unaw>e ( ! defeat 9 /ore = x4 ,! "q at issue 0 ,korea1 ov] :i* bo? ,p[]s claim$ suz]a9ty4 ,at t "t !re w\ld h be5 no reason = an imp>tial neutral to take "o side r ?an ! o!r4 ,! ,japanese 7 quickly & completely victori\s1 b 7 oblig$ to fight ,russia be=e obta9+ secure possession ( ,korea4 ,! w> ) ,russia 7#aijd-e7 0 f\ght *iefly 9 ,man*uria1 :i* ! ,russians _h ga9$ z a rew>d = befri5d+ ,*9a4 ,port ,ar?ur & ,s\!rn ,man*uria up to ,mukd5 7 acquir$ by ! ,japanese z a result ( ! ,russo-,japanese w>2 ! re/ ( ,man*uria came "u ,japanese control z a result ( ,russia's collapse aft] ! ,great ,w>4 ,! nom9al sov]eignty 9 ,man*uria is /ill ,*9ese2 ! ,*9ese h ! civil adm9i/ration1 an army1 & ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,vic]oy4 ,b ! ,japanese also h troops 9 ,man*uria2 !y h ! railways1 ! indu/rial ent]prises1 & ! complete economic & milit>y control4 ,! ,*9ese ,vic]oy c\ld n rema9 9 p[] a week if he 7 displeas+ to ! ,japanese1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he takes c>e n to be4 7,see ,note ,a47 ,! same situation 0 be+ br\ght ab\t 9 ,%antung4 ,%antung br+s u to :at ,japan did 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,9 #aiad1 ,*9a c\ld easily h be5 induc$ to jo9 ! ,allies & to set to "w to turn ! ,g]mans out ( ,kiao-,*[1 b ?is did n suit ! ,japanese1 :o und]took ! "w !mselves & insi/$ ^u ! ,*9ese rema9+ neutral 7until #aiag74 ,hav+ captur$ ,ts+-tau1 !y pres5t$ to ! ,*9ese ! fam\s ,tw5ty-,"o ,dem&s1 :i* gave ! ,*9ese ,"q its mod]n =m4 ,^! dem&s1 z orig9ally pres5t$ 9 ,janu>y #aiae1 consi/$ ( five gr\ps4 ,! fir/ dealt ) ,%antung1 dem&+ t ,*9a %\ld agree 9 advance to :atev] t]ms ,japan might ultimately make ) ,g]many z reg>d$ ?is ,*9ese prov9ce1 t ! ,japanese %\ld h ! "r to con/ruct c]ta9 specifi$ railways1 & t c]ta9 ports 7unspecifi$7 %\ld be op5$ to trade2 also t no privileges 9 ,%antung %\ld be grant$ to any ,p[] o!r ?an ,japan4 ,! second gr\p conc]ns ,s\? ,man*uria & ,ea/]n ,inn] ,mongolia1 & dem&s :at is 9 effect a protectorate1 ) control ( railways1 complete economic fre$om = ,japanese ent]prise1 & exclusion ( all o!r =eign indu/rial ent]prise4 ,! ?ird gr\p gives ,japan a monopoly ( ! m9es & iron & /eel works 9 a c]ta9 region ( ! ,yangtze1#fc :]e we claim a sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,! f\r? gr\p consi/s ( a s+le dem&1 t ,*9a %all n c$e any h>b\r1 bay or isl& to any ,p[] except ,japan4 ,! fif? gr\p1 :i* 0 ! mo/ s]i\s1 dem&$ t ,japanese political1 f9ancial1 & milit>y advis]s %\ld be employ$ by ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t2 t ! police 9 important places %\ld be adm9i/]$ by ,*9ese & ,japanese jo9tly1 & %\ld be l>gely ,japanese 9 p]sonnel2 t ,*9a %\ld pur*ase f ,japan at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 ( h] munitions1 or obta9 !m f a ,s9o-,japanese ars5al to be e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a1 controll$ by ,japanese exp]ts & employ+ ,japanese mat]ial2 t ,japan %\ld h ! "r to con/ruct c]ta9 railways 9 & ne> ! ,yangtze valley2 t ,japan %\ld h indu/rial priority 9 ,fuki5 7opposite ,=mosa72 & f9ally t ! ,japanese %\ld h ! "r ( mission>y propag&a 9 ,*9a1 to spread ! k ( _! admirable e?ics4 ,^! dem&s involv$1 z is obvi\s1 a complete loss ( ,*9ese indep5d5ce1 ! clos+ ( important areas to ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & a special attack ^u ! ,briti% position 9 ! ,yangtze4 ,we1 h[ev]1 7 s busy ) ! w> t we _h no "t to ?9k ( keep+ ourselves alive4 ,al?\gh ! dem&s con/itut$ a grave m5ace to our trade1 al?\gh ! ,f> ,ea/ 0 9 an upro> ab\t !m1 al?\gh ,am]ica took dra/ic diplomatic action aga9/ !m1 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george nev] he>d ( !m until !y 7 expla9$ to him by ! ,*9ese ,delegation at ,v]sailles4#fd ,he _h no "t to f9d out :at ,japan want$1 b _h "t to conclude a secret agreem5t ) ,japan 9 ,febru>y #aiag1 promis+ t :atev] ,japan want$ 9 ,%antung we w\ld support at ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4#fe ,by ! t]ms ( ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 ,japan 0 b\nd to communicate ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 fact1 ,japan communicat$ ! fir/ f\r gr\ps1 b n ! fif? & wor/1 ?us def9itely break+ ! treaty2#ff b ?is also1 "o mu/ suppose1 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george only discov]$ by *ance :5 he got to ,v]sailles4 ,*9a negotiat$ ) ,japan ab\t ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s1 & secur$ c]ta9 modifications1 b 0 f9ally compell$ to yield by an ultimatum4 ,!re 0 a modification z reg>ds ! ,hanyehp+ m9es on ! ,yangtze1 presumably to please u2 & ! specially obnoxi\s fif? gr\p 0 alt]$ into an ex*ange ( /udi\sly vague ,notes4#fg ,9 ?is =m1 ! dem&s 7 accept$ by ,*9a on ,may #i1 #aiae4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates imm$iately notifi$ ,japan t !y c\ld n recognize ! agreem5t4 ,at t "t ,am]ica 0 /ill neutral1 & 0 !re=e /ill able to d some?+ to fur!r ! objects = :i* we 7 suppos$ to be fight+1 su* z protection ( ! weak] nations4 ,9 #aiag1 h[ev]1 aft] ,am]ica _h ent]$ ! w> = self-det]m9ation1 x became necess>y to placate ,japan1 & 9 ,novemb] ( t ye> ! ,i%ii-,lans+ ,agreem5t 0 conclud$1 by :i* ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates recognizes t ,japan has special int]e/s 9 ,*9a1 p>ticul>ly = ! p>ts to :i* h] possessions are contigu\s4 ,! re/ ( ! agreem5t 7:i* is long7 consi/s ( empty v]biage4#fh ,i come n[ to ! ev5ts lead+ up to ,*9a's entry into ! w>4#fi ,9 ?is matt]1 ! lead 0 tak5 by ,am]ica s f> z sev]+ diplomatic relations 0 conc]n$1 b pass$ to ,japan z reg>ds ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 :5 ,am]ica broke (f diplomatic relations ) ,g]many1 ,presid5t ,wilson call$ ^u all neutrals to d likewise4 ,dr4 ,paul ,s4 ,re9s*1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9i/] 9 ,pek+1 proce$$ to act ) vig\r 9 accordance ) ?is policy4 ,he induc$ ,*9a fir/1 on ,febru>y #i1 #aiag1 to s5d a ,note ( expo/ulation to ,g]many on ! subject ( ! subm>9e campaign2 !n1 on ,m>* #ad?1 to break (f diplomatic relations4 ,! fur!r /ep ( decl>+ w> 0 n tak5 until ,augu/ #ad?4 ,! intrigues connect$ ) ^! ev5ts des]ve "s /udy4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! ,japanese 7 among ! ,allies1 ! ,*9ese _h n any /rong t5d5cy to take sides aga9/ ,g]many4 ,! ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,russians _h always desir$ ! p>ticipation ( ,*9a 7= reasons :i* ,i %all expla9 pres5tly71 & !re appe>s to h be5 "s sugge/ion1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 t ,*9a %\ld p>ticipate 9 return = our recogniz+ ,yuan ,%i-k'ai z ,emp]or4 ,^! sugge/ions1 h[ev]1 fell ?r\gh ow+ to ! opposition ( ,japan1 bas$ p>tly on ho/ility to ,yuan ,%i-k'ai1 p>tly on ! fe> t ,*9a w\ld be protect$ by ! ,allies if %e became a bellig]5t4 ,:51 9 ,novemb] #aiae1 ! ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,russian ,ambassadors 9 ,tokyo reque/$ ,japan to jo9 9 urg+ ,*9a to jo9 ! ,allies1 ,visc\nt ,i%ii said t ,japan consid]$ developm5ts 9 ,*9a z ( p>am\nt int]e/ to h]1 & %e mu/ keep a firm h& !re4 ,japan c\ld n reg>d ) equanimity ! organization ( an effici5t ,*9ese army su* z w\ld be requir$ = h] active p>ticipation 9 ! w>1 nor c\ld ,japan fail to reg>d ) uneas9ess a lib]ation ( ! economic activities ( #djj1jjj1jjj p4#gj ,accord+ly ! proposal laps$4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?r\gh\t ! w> ! ,japanese 7 9 a position to blackmail ! ,allies1 because _! sympa?ies 7 ) ,g]many1 !y believ$ ,g]many w\ld w91 & !y fill$ _! newspap]s ) scurril\s attacks on ! ,briti%1 accus+ !m ( c[>dice & milit>y incompet5ce4#ga ,b :5 ,am]ica sev]$ diplomatic relations ) ,g]many1 ! situation = ,*9a 0 *ang$4 ,am]ica 0 n b\nd to subs]vi5ce to ,japan1 z we 72 ,am]ica 0 n "o ( ! ,allies2 & ,am]ica _h always be5 ,*9a's be/ fri5d4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,*9ese 7 will+ to take ! advice ( ,am]ica1 & proce$$ to sev] diplomatic relations ) ,g]many 9 ,m>* #aiag4 ,dr4 ,re9s* 0 c>eful to make no promises to ! ,*9ese1 b ( c\rse he held out hopes4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 at t "t1 c\ld hone/ly hold out hopes1 because x 0 ignorant ( ! secret treaties & agreem5ts by :i* ! ,allies 7 b\nd4 ,! ,allies1 h[ev]1 c (f] no su* excuse = hav+ urg$ ,*9a to take ! fur!r /ep ( decl>+ w>4 ,russia1 ,france1 & ,great ,brita9 _h all sold ,*9a's rights to secure ! cont9u$ support ( ,japan4 ,9 ,may #aiaf1 ! ,japanese repres5t$ to ! ,russians t ,g]many 0 invit+ ,japan to make a sep>ate peace4 ,9 ,july #aiaf1 ,russia & ,japan conclud$ a secret treaty1 subsequ5tly publi%$ by ! ,bol%eviks4 ,?is treaty con/itut$ a sep>ate alliance1 b9d+ ea* to come to ! assi/ance ( ! o!r 9 any w>1 & recogniz+ t ! vital int]e/s ( "o & ! o!r ( !m require ! safegu>d+ ( ,*9a f ! political dom9ation ( any ?ird ,p[] :atsoev]1 hav+ ho/ile designs aga9/ ,russia or ,japan4 ,! la/ article provid$ t ! pres5t agreem5t mu/ rema9 pr(\ndly secret except to bo? ( ! ,high ,contract+ ,p>ties4#gb ,t is to say1 ! treaty 0 n communicat$ to ! o!r ,allies1 or ev5 to ,great ,brita91 9 spite ( ,article #c ( ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 :i* provides t ,! ,high ,contract+ ,p>ties agree t nei!r ( !m w1 )\t consult+ ! o!r1 ent] into a sep>ate agreem5t ) ano!r ,p[] to ! prejudice ( ! objects describ$ 9 ! preamble ( ?is ,agreem5t1 "o ( :i* objects 0 ! pres]vation ( equal opportunity = all ,p[]s 9 ,*9a & ( ! indep5d5ce & integrity ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,on ,febru>y #af1 #aiag1 at ! v "t :5 ,am]ica 0 urg+ ,*9a to sev] diplomatic relations ) ,g]many1 we conclud$ an agreem5t ) ,japan conta9+ ! foll[+ words3-- ,8 ,britannic ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t acc$es ) pleasure to ! reque/ ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 = an assurance t !y w support ,japan's claims 9 reg>d to ! disposal ( ,g]many's rights 9 ,%antung & possessions 9 ! isl&s nor? ( ! equator on ! occasion ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce2 x be+ und]/ood t ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t w1 9 ! ev5tual peace settlem5t1 treat 9 ! same _s ,great ,brita9's claims to ! ,g]man isl&s s\? ( ! equator4 ,! ,fr5* attitude ab\t ,%antung1 at ! same "t1 is indicat$ by ,notes :i* pass$ betwe5 ,france & ,japan at ,tokyo4#gc ,on ,febru>y #ai?1 ,b>on ,motono s5t a communication to ! ,fr5* & ,russian ,ambassadors /at+1 among o!r ?+s1 t ! ,imp]ial ,japanese ,gov]nm5t proposes to dem& f ,g]many at ! "t ( ! peace negotiations1 ! surr5d] ( ! t]ritorial rights & special int]e/s ,g]many possess$ be=e ! w> 9 ,%antung & ! isl&s belong+ to h] situat$ nor? ( ! equator 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! ,fr5* ,ambassador1 on ,m>* #bnd1 repli$ z foll[s3-- ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic is dispos$ to give ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t its accord 9 regulat+ at ! "t ( ! ,peace ,negotiations que/ions vital to ,japan conc]n+ ,%antung & ! ,g]man isl&s on ! ,pacific nor? ( ! equator4 ,x also agrees to support ! dem&s ( ! ,imp]ial ,japanese ,gov]nm5t = ! surr5d] ( ! rights ,g]many possess$ be=e ! w> 9 ?is ,*9ese prov9ce & ^! isl&s4 ,m4 ,bri& dem&s on ! o!r h& t ,japan give its support to obta9 f ,*9a ! break+ ( its diplomatic relations ) ,g]many1 & t x give ?is act desirable significance4 ,! consequ5ces 9 ,*9a %\ld be ! foll[+3 ,fir/1 h&+ passports to ! ,g]man diplomatic ag5ts & consuls2 ,second1 ! obligation ( all "u ,g]man jurisdiction to leave ,*9ese t]ritory2 ,?ird1 ! int]nm5t ( ,g]man %ips 9 ,*9ese ports & ! ultimate requisition ( ^! %ips 9 ord] to place !m at ! disposition ( ! ,allies1 foll[+ ! example ( ,italy & ,portugal2 ,f\r?1 requisition ( ,g]man comm]cial h\ses1 e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a2 =feit+ ! rights ( ,g]many 9 ! concessions %e possesses 9 c]ta9 ports ( ,*9a4 ,! ,russian reply to ,b>on ,motono's ,note to ! ,fr5* & ,russian ,ambassadors1 dat$ ,m>* #e1 #aiag1 0 z foll[s3-- ,9 reply to ! ,note ( ! ,japanese ,m9i/ry ( ,=eign ,affairs1 "u ! date ( ,febru>y #ai? la/1 ! ,russian ,embassy is *>g$ ) giv+ ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t ! assurance t x c entirely c\nt on ! support ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t ( ,russia ) reg>d to its desid]ata conc]n+ ! ev5tual surr5d] to ,japan ( ! rights belong+ to ,g]many 9 ,%antung & ( ! ,g]man ,isl&s1 occupi$ by ! ,japanese =ces1 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean to ! nor? ( ! ,equator4#gd ,x w be obs]v$ t1 unlike ,engl& & ,france1 ,russia dem&s no quid pro quo1 d\btless ow+ to ! secret treaty conclud$ 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,aft] ^! agreem5ts1 ,japan saw no fur!r objection to ,*9a's p>ticipation 9 ! w>4 ,! *ief inducem5t held out to ,*9a 0 ! hope ( recov]+ ,%antung2 b z !re 0 n[ no dang] ( ?is hope be+ realiz$1 ,japan 0 will+ t ,am]ica1 9 m or less hone/ ignorance1 %\ld un(ficially use ?is hope = ! p]suasion ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x is true t ,japan _h reason to fe> ,am]ica until ! la/ days ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce1 b ?is fe> 0 consid]ably dim9i%$ by ! conclusion ( ! ,lans+-,i%ii ,agreem5t 9 ,novemb] #aiag4 ,mean:ile ,japan _h discov]$ t ! "q ( ,*9a's entry into ! w> c\ld be us$ to increase int]nal /rife 9 ,*9a1 :i* has be5 "o ( ! aims ( ,japanese policy ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! revolution>y movem5t4#ge ,if ! ,*9ese _h n be5 int]f]$ ) at ?is "t1 !re 0 "s prospect ( _! succe$+ 9 e/abli%+ a /able democratic gov]nm5t4 ,yuan 0 dead1 & 8 successor 9 ! ,presid5cy1 ,li ,yuan ,hung1 0 a g5u9e con/itutionali/4 ,he reassembl$ ! ,p>liam5t :i* ,yuan _h dismiss$1 & ! "w ( draft+ a p]man5t con/itution 0 resum$4 ,! ,presid5t 0 oppos$ to sev]+ diplomatic relations1 &1 ( c\rse1 /ill m to decl>+ w>4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,tuan ,*ih-jui1 a milit>i/1 0 /rongly 9 fav\r ( w>4 ,he & 8 ,cab9et p]suad$ a consid]able majority ( bo? ,h\ses ( ! ,*9ese ,p>liam5t to side ) !m on ! "q ( sev]+ diplomatic relations1 & ! ,presid5t1 z 9 duty b\nd1 gave way on ?is issue4 ,on ! issue ( decl>+ w>1 h[ev]1 public op9ion 0 diff]5t4 ,x 0 ,presid5t ,wilson's summons to ! neutrals to foll[ him 9 break+ (f diplomatic relations t _h giv5 =ce to ! e>li] campaign2 b on ,june #e? ! ,am]ican ,m9i/]1 act+ on in/ructions1 pres5t$ a ,note to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t urg+ t ! pres]vation ( national unity 0 m important ?an entry into ! w>1 & sugge/+ ! desirability ( pres]v+ peace = ! pres5t4 ,:at _h happ5$ 9 ! meantime 0 t ! w> issue1 :i* might nev] h become acute b = ,presid5t's ,wilson's action1 _h be5 us$ by ! ,japanese to revive ! conflict betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 & to in/igate ! ,*9ese milit>i/s to uncon/itutional action4 ,sun ,yat ,s5 & mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn politicians 7 oppos$ to ! decl>ation ( w>2 ,sun's reasons 7 made kn[n 9 an op5 lett] to ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george on ,m>* #g?4 ,!y 7 ?or\ghly s\nd4#gf ,! ,cab9et1 on ,may #a/1 decid$ 9 fav\r ( w>1 b by ! ,con/itution a decl>ation ( w> requir$ ! cons5t ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! milit>i/s attempt$ to co]ce ,p>liam5t1 :i* _h a majority aga9/ w>2 b z ?is prov$ impossible1 !y br\ght milit>y =ce to be> on ! ,presid5t to compel him to dissolve ,p>liam5t uncon/itutionally4 ,! bulk ( ! ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t retir$ to ! ,s\?1 :]e !y cont9u$ to act z a ,p>liam5t & to reg>d !mselves z ! sole s\rce ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,aft] ^! v>i\s illegalities1 ! milit>y autocrats 7 /ill compell$ to deal ) "o ( _! numb]1 :o1 9 ,july1 effect$ a five days' re/oration ( ! ,man*u ,emp]or4 ,! ,presid5t resign$1 & 0 succe$$ by a p]son m agreeable to ! milit>i/s1 :o h h5ce=? gov]n$ 9 ! ,nor?1 sometimes )\t a ,p>liam5t1 sometimes ) a subs]vi5t uncon/itutional ,nor!rn ,p>liam5t4 ,!n at la/ !y 7 free to decl>e w>4 ,x 0 ?us t ,*9a ent]$ ! w> = democracy & aga9/ milit>ism4 ,( c\rse ,*9a help$ little1 if at all1 t[>ds ! w9n+ ( ! w>1 b t 0 n :at ! ,allies expect$ ( h]4 ,! objects ( ! ,european ,allies are disclos$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,note quot$ above4 ,we wi%$ to confiscate ,g]man prop]ty 9 ,*9a1 to expel ,g]mans liv+ 9 ,*9a1 & to prev5t1 z f> z possible1 ! revival ( ,g]man trade 9 ,*9a aft] ! w>4 ,! confiscation ( ,g]man prop]ty 0 duly c>ri$ out--n only public prop]ty1 b private prop]ty also1 s t ! ,g]mans 9 ,*9a 7 sudd5ly r$uc$ to begg>y4 ,ow+ to ! claims on %ipp+1 ! expulsion ( ! ,g]mans _h to wait till aft] ! ,armi/ice4 ,!y 7 s5t home ?r\gh ! ,tropics 9 ov]cr[d$ %ips1 sometimes ) only #bd h\rs' notice2 no degree ( h>d%ip 0 suffici5t to secure exemption4 ,! ,briti% au?orities insi/$ on expell+ delicate pregnant wom51 :om !y (ficially knew to be v likely to die on ! voyage4 ,all ?is 0 done aft] ! ,armi/ice1 = ! sake ( ,briti% trade4 ,! k9dly ,*9ese (t5 took ^u !mselves to hide ,g]mans1 9 h>d cases1 f ! m]ciless p]secution ( ! ,allies2 o!rwise1 ! mis]ies inflict$ w\ld h be5 mu* great]4 ,! confiscation ( private prop]ty dur+ ! w> & by ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles 0 a new dep>ture1 %[+ t on ?is po9t all ! bellig]5ts agre$ ) ! ,bol%eviks4 ,dr4 ,reid places side by side two /atem5ts1 "o by ,presid5t ,wilson :5 ask+ ,congress to agree to ! ,decl>ation ( ,w>3 ,we %all1 ,i feel confid5t1 conduct our op]ations z bellig]5ts )\t passion1 & ourselves obs]ve ) pr\d punctilio ! pr9ciples ( "r & fairplay we pr(ess to be fight+ =2 ! o!r by ,s5ator ,hit*cock1 :5 ! w> 0 ov]1 aft] a day sp5t ) ,presid5t ,wilson 9 le>n+ ! case = ratification ( ! ,v]sailles ,treaty3 ,?r\gh ! ,treaty1 we w yet get v mu* ( importance4444 ,9 violation ( all int]national law & treaties we h made disposition ( a billion doll>s ( ,g]man-own$ prop]ly "h4 ,! ,treaty validates all t4#gg ,! ,european ,allies secur$ v simil> advantages f induc+ ,*9a to ent] ! w> = righte\sness4 ,we h se5 :at ,engl& & ,france ga9$ by ! ,*9ese decl>ation ( w>4 ,:at ,japan ga9$ 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,! ,nor!rn milit>y faction1 :i* controll$ ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t1 0 completely dep5d5t ^u ,japan1 & c\ld d no?+ to resi/ ,japanese aggression4 ,all ! o!r ,p[]s 7 fully occupi$ ) ! w>1 & _h sold ,*9a to ,japan 9 return = ,japanese neutrality--= ,japan c h>dly be c\nt$ z a bellig]5t aft] ! capture ( ,ts+tau 9 ,novemb] #aiad4 ,! ,s\!rn ,gov]nm5t & all ! lib]al elem5ts 9 ! ,nor? 7 aga9/ ! clique :i* _h seiz$ ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,m>* #aiah1 milit>y & naval agreem5ts 7 conclud$ betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan1 ( :i* ! text1 nev] (ficially publi%$1 is giv5 by ,mill>d4#gh ,by ^! agreem5ts ! ,japanese 7 enabl$1 "u pret5ce ( milit>y ne$s 9 ,man*uria & ,mongolia1 to s5d troops into ,*9ese t]ritory1 to acquire control ( ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,railway & consequ5tly ( ,nor!rn ,man*uria1 & g5]ally to keep all ,nor!rn ,*9a at _! m]cy4 ,9 all ?is1 ! excuse ( op]ations aga9/ ! ,bol%eviks 0 v conv5i5t4 ,aft] ?is ! ,japanese w5t ahead gaily4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiah1 !y plac$ loans 9 ,*9a to ! ext5t ( ,y5 #bdf1jjj1jjj1gi i4e41 ab\t #be1jjj1jjj4 ,*9a 0 engag$ 9 civil w>1 & bo? sides 7 z will+ z ! ,european bellig]5ts to sell fre$om = ! sake ( victory4 ,un=tunately = ,japan1 ! side on :i* ,japan 0 fight+ 9 ! w> prov$ sudd5ly victori\s1 & "s portion ( ! en]gies ( ,europe & ,am]ica became available = hold+ ,japan 9 *eck4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 h[ev]1 ! effect ( ?is did n %[ itself until aft] ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles 0 conclud$4 ,dur+ ! peace negotiations1 ,engl& & ,france1 9 virtue ( secret agreem5ts1 7 compell$ to support ,japan4 ,presid5t ,wilson1 z usual1 sacrific$ ev]y?+ to 8 ,league ( ,nations1 :i* ! ,japanese w\ld n h jo9$ unless !y _h be5 all[$ to keep ,%antung4 ,! *apt] on ?is subject 9 ,mr4 ,lans+'s acc\nt ( ! negotiations is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 8 book4#hj ,by ,article #aef ( ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles1 ,g]many r5\nces1 9 fav\r ( ,japan1 all h] rights1 title1 & privileges 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%antung4#ha ,al?\gh ,presid5t ,wilson _h cons5t$ to ?is gross violation ( ju/ice1 ,am]ica refus$ to ratify ! ,treaty1 & 0 !re=e free to raise ! issue ( ,%antung at ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,*9ese delegates at ,v]sailles resi/$ ! clauses conc]n+ ,%antung to ! la/1 & f9ally1 enc\rag$ by a vigor\s agitation ( ,"y ,*9a1#hb refus$ to sign ! ,treaty4 ,!y saw no reason :y !y %\ld be robb$ ( a prov9ce z a rew>d = hav+ jo9$ ! ,allies4 ,all ! o!r ,allies agre$ to a proce$+ exactly z iniquit\s z x w\ld h be5 if we _h annex$ ,virg9ia z a rew>d to ! ,am]icans = hav+ help$ u 9 ! w>1 or ,france _h annex$ ,k5t on a simil> pretext4 ,mean:ile1 ,"y ,*9a _h discov]$ t x c\ld move ,*9ese public op9ion on ! anti-,japanese cry4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,pek+ 9 #aiai-bj 0 9 ! h&s ( ! pro-,japanese ,an ,fu p>ty1 b !y 7 =cibly eject$1 9 ! summ] ( #aibj1 l>gely ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,"y ,*9a agitation on ! soldi]s /ation$ 9 ,pek+4 ,! ,an ,fu lead]s took refuge 9 ! ,japanese ,legation1 & s9ce !n ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t has v5tur$ to be less subs]vi5t to ,japan1 hop+ always = ,am]ican support4 ,japan did ev]y?+ possible to consolidate h] position 9 ,%antung1 b always ) ! k t ,am]ica might re-op5 ! "q at any "t4 ,z soon z ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce 0 ann\nc$1 ,japan began fev]i%ly negotiat+ ) ,*9a1 ) a view to hav+ ! "q settl$ be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,conf]5ce4 ,b ! ,*9ese1 v wisely1 refus$ ! illusory concessions (f]$ by ,japan1 & insi/$ on almo/ unconditional evacuation4 ,at ,wa%+ton1 bo? p>ties agre$ to ! jo9t m$iation ( ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! pressure ( ,am]ican public op9ion caus$ ! ,am]ican ,adm9i/ration to /& firm on ! "q ( ,%antung1 & ,i und]/& t ! ,briti% delegation1 on ! :ole1 concurr$ ) ,am]ica4 ,"s concessions 7 made to ,japan1 b !y w n am\nt to mu* if ,am]ican int]e/ 9 ,%antung la/s = ano!r five ye>s4 ,on ?is subject1 ,i %all h m to say :5 ,i come to ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce4 ,!re is a "q ) :i* ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce det]m9$ n to conc]n itself1 b :i* nev]!less is likely to prove ( great importance 9 ! ,f> ,ea/--,i mean ! "q ( ,russia4 ,x 0 consid]$ good =m 9 diplomatic circles1 until ! ,g5oa ,conf]5ce1 to pret5d t !re is no su* c\ntry z ,russia1 b ! ,bol%eviks1 ) _! usual wick$ness1 h refus$ to fall 9 ) ?is pret5ce4 ,_! exi/5ce con/itutes an emb>rassm5t to ,am]ica1 because 9 a qu>rel ) ,japan ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld unavoidably f9d !mselves 9 unwill+ alliance ) ,russia4 ,! conduct ( ,japan t[>ds ,russia has be5 q z bad z t ( any o!r ,p[]4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,cze*o-,slovak revolt1 ! ,allies jo9tly occupi$ ,vladivo/ok1 b aft] a "t all )drew except ! ,japanese4 ,all ,sib]ia ea/ ( ,lake ,baikal1 includ+ ,vladivo/ok1 n[ =ms "o ,/ate1 ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic1 ) its capital at ,*ita4 ,aga9/ ?is ,republic1 :i* is practically ?\gh n !oretically ,bol%evik1 ! ,japanese h laun*$ a :ole s]ies ( m9iature ,kol*aks--,sem5ov1 ,horva?1 ,ung]n1 etc4 ,^! h all be5 defeat$1 b ! ,japanese rema9 9 milit>y occupation ( ,vladivo/ok & a great "p ( ! ,m>itime ,prov9ce1 ?\gh !y cont9ually affirm _! e>ne/ wi% to retire4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,bol%evik rgime ! ,russians lo/ ,nor!rn ,man*uria1 :i* is n[ controll$ by ,japan4 ,a bo>d consi/+ p>tly ( ,*9ese & p>tly ( reaction>y ,russians =ms ! directorate ( ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,railway1 :i* runs ?r\gh ,man*uria & connects ) ! ,sib]ian ,railway4 ,!re is n ?r\gh communication by rail betwe5 ,pek+ & ,europe z 9 ! days be=e #aiad4 ,?is is an extreme annoyance to ,european bus9ess m5 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 s9ce x means t lett]s or j\rneys f ,pek+ to ,london take five or six weeks in/ead ( a =tnight4 ,!y try to p]suade !mselves t ! fault lies ) ! ,bol%eviks1 b !y are gradually realiz+ t ! real cause is ! reaction>y control ( ! ,*9ese ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,mean:ile1 v>i\s ,am]icans are int]e/+ !mselves 9 ?is railway & endeav\r+ to get x int]nationaliz$4 ,motives simil> to ^? :i* l$ to ! ,v&]lip concession are =c+ fri5d%ip ) ,russia ^u all ,am]icans :o h ,sib]ian int]e/s4 ,if ,japan 7 engag$ 9 a w> ) ,am]ica1 ! ,bol%eviks w\ld 9 all likelihood seize ! opportunity to lib]ate ,vladivo/ok & recov] ,russia's =m] position 9 ,man*uria4 ,already1 accord+ to ,! ,times correspond5t 9 ,pek+1 ,out] ,mongolia1 a c\ntry ab\t z l>ge z ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many comb9$1 has be5 conqu]$ by ,bol%evik armies & propag&a4 ,! ,bol%eviks h1 ( c\rse1 ! en?usia/ic sympa?y ( ! y\ng] ,*9ese /ud5ts4 ,if !y c wea!r _! pres5t tr\bles1 !y h a good *ance ( be+ accept$ by all vigor\s progressive p 9 ,asia z ! lib]ators ( ,asia f ! tyranny ( ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,z !y 7 n invit$ to ,wa%+ton1 !y are n a p>ty to any ( ! agreem5ts rea*$ !re1 & x may turn out t !y w upset imp>tially ! ambitions ( ,japan1 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4#hc ,= ,am]ica1 no less ?an o!r ,p[]s1 has ambitions1 ?\gh !y are economic r ?an t]ritorial4 ,if ,am]ica is victori\s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,*9a w be ,am]icaniz$1 & ?\gh ! %ell ( political fre$om may rema91 !re w be an economic & cultural bondage b5ea? x4 ,russia is n /rong en\gh to dom9ate 9 ?is way1 b may become /rong en\gh to secure "s real fre$om = ,*9a4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is z yet no m ?an a possibility4 ,x is wor? rememb]+1 because ev]ybody *ooses to =get x1 & because1 :ile ,russia is treat$ z a p>iah1 no settlem5t ( ! ,f> ,ea/ c be /able4 ,b :at "p ,russia is go+ to play 9 ! affairs ( ,*9a x is z yet impossible to say4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fc3 ,on ?is subject ,george ,gleason1 ,:at ,%all ,i ,?9k ( ,japan8 pp4 #agd-e1 says3 ,?is p>agraph conc]ns ! iron & /eel mills at ! city ( ,hanyang1 :i*1 ) ,wu*ang & ,hangk[1 =m ! ,upp] ,yangtze comm]cial c5tre ) a population ( #a1ejj1jjj p4 ,! ,hanyep+ ,company owns a l>ge "p ( ! ,tayeh iron m9es1 eighty miles ea/ ( ,hangk[1 ) :i* !re are wat] & rail connections4 ,! ore is #fg p] c5t4 iron1 fills ! :ole ( a s]ies ( hills #ejj feet high1 & is suffici5t to turn out #a1jjj1jjj tons a ye> = #gjj ye>s4 ,probably an ov]/atem5t4 ,coal = ! furnaces is obta9$ f ,p+hsiang1 #bjj miles di/ant by wat]1 :]e 9 #aiac five ?\s& m9]s dug #fij1jjj tons4 ,japanese h e/imat$ t ! ve9 is capable ( produc+ ye>ly a million tons = at lea/ five c5turies4444 ,?us did ,japan attempt to ent] & control a vital spot 9 ! he>t ( ,*9a :i* = _m ye>s ,great ,brita9 has reg>d$ z h] special trade doma94 ,mr4 ,gleason is an ,am]ican1 n an ,engli%man4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ?is matt] is giv5 by ,mr4 ,coleman1 ,! ,f> ,ea/ ,unveil$1 *aps4 x4-xiv4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #bcb-c4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see lett] f ,mr4 ,eug5e ,*51 ,japan ,weekly ,*ronicle1 ,octob] #bj1 #aiba4 ,footnote #fe3 ,! ,notes embody+ ?is agreem5t are quot$ 9 ,pooley1 ,japan's ,=eign ,policies1 ,all5 ,unw91 #aibj1 pp4 #ada-b4 ,footnote #ff3 ,on ?is subject1 ,b>on ,haya%i1 n[ ,japanese ,ambassador to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 said to ,mr4 ,coleman3 ,:5 ,visc\nt ,kato s5t ,*9a a ,note conta9+ five gr\ps1 h[ev]1 & !n s5t to ,engl& :at purport$ to be a copy ( 8 ,note to ,*9a1 & t copy only conta9$ f\r ( ! gr\ps & omitt$ ! fif? altoge!r1 :i* 0 directly a brea* ( ! agreem5t conta9$ 9 ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 he did some?+ :i* ,i c no m expla9 ?an y c4 ,outside ( ! "q ( probity involv$1 8 action 0 unbelievably fooli% 7,! ,f> ,ea/ ,unveil$1 p4 #gc74 ,footnote #fg3 ,! dem&s 9 _! orig9al & revis$ =ms1 ) ! negotiations conc]n+ !m1 are pr9t$ 9 ,app5dix ,b ( ,democracy & ! ,ea/]n ,"q1 by ,?omas ,f4 ,mill>d1 ,all5 ,unw91 #aiai4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! texts conc]n$ 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! ,%antung "q are pr9t$ 9 ,s4,g4 ,*5g's ,mod]n ,*9a1 ,app5dix ii1 iii & ix4 ,= text ( ,i%ii-,lans+ ,agreem5t1 see ,gleason1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bad-f4 ,footnote #fi3 ,?ree books1 all by ,am]icans1 give ! secret & (ficial hi/ory ( ?is matt]4 ,!y are3 ,an ,am]ican ,diplomat 9 ,*9a1 by ,paul ,s4 ,re9s*1 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co41 #aibb2 ,democracy & ! ,ea/]n ,"q1 by ,?omas ,f4 ,mill>d1 ,all5 ,unw91 #aiai2 & ,*9a1 ,captive or ,free8 by ! ,rev4 ,gilb]t ,reid1 ,a4,m41 ,d4,d4 ,director ( ,int]national ,in/itute ( ,*9a1 ,all5 ,unw91 #aibb4 ,footnote #gj3 ,mill>d1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,pooley1 ,japan's ,=eign ,policies1 pp4 #bc ff2 ,coleman1 ,! ,f> ,ea/ ,unveil$1 *ap1 v41 & ,mill>d1 *ap4 iii4 ,footnote #gb3 ,mill>d1 pp4 #fd-ff4 ,footnote #gc3 ,reid1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aad-e2 ,*5g1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cdc-f4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,app5dix ,,iii ( ,*5g's ,mod]n ,*9a1 :i* conta9s ?is note 7p4 #cdf7 z well z ! o!r docum5ts relative to ! negotiations betwe5 ,japan & ! ,alli$ ,p[]s z to ! disposal ( ! ,g]man rights 9 respect ( ,%antung ,prov9ce1 & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s nor? ( ! ,equator4 ,footnote #ge3 ,! /ory ( ! /eps lead+ up to ,*9a's decl>ation ( w> is admirably told 9 ,reid1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hh-aji4 ,footnote #gf3 ,port ( ! lett] is quot$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #gg3 ,reid1 op4 cit4 p4 #afa4 ,*ap4 vii4 ( ?is book1 ,comm]cial ,rivalries z affect+ ,*9a1 %\ld be read by anyone :o /ill ?9ks t ! ,allies /ood = hone/y or m]cy or any?+ except money-grubb+4 ,footnote #gh3 ,app5dix ,c1 pp4 #dba-d4 ,footnote #gi3 ,a li/ ( ^! loans is giv5 by ,holl+ton ,k4 ,tong 9 an article on ,*9a's ,f9ances 9 #aiah 9 ,*9a 9 #aiah1 publi%$ e>ly 9 #aiai by ! ,pek+ lead]1 pp4 #fa-b4 ,! li/ & "s ( ! comm5ts appe> also 9 ,putnam ,weale's ,! ,tru? ab\t ,*9a & ,japan4 ,footnote #hj3 ,mr4 ,lans+'s book1 9 s f> z x deals ) ,japanese que/ions1 is sev]ely criticiz$ f a ,japanese po9t ( view 9 ,dr4 ,y4 ,soy$a's pamphlet ,%antung ,"q & ,japanese ,case1 ,league ( ,nations ,association ( ,japan1 ,june #aiba4 ,i d n ?9k ,dr4 ,soy$a's argum5ts are likely to appeal to anyone :o is n ,japanese4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see ! clauses conc]n+ ,%antung1 9 full1 9 ,*5g's ,mod]n ,*9a1 ,cl>5don ,press1 pp4 #cfj-a4 ,footnote #hb3 ,?is agitation is well describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,m4,t4,z4 ,tyau's ,*9a ,awak5$ 7,macmillan1 #aibb7 *ap1 ix41 ,! ,/ud5t ,movem5t4 ,footnote #hc3 ,soviet ,russia has address$ to ! ,p[]s a prote/ aga9/ ! discussion at ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce ( ! ,ea/ ,*9a ,railway1 a "q exclusively affect+ ,*9a & ,russia1 & decl>es t x res]ves = itself full lib]ty ( action 9 ord] to compel due def]5ce to ! rights ( ! ,russian lab\r+ masses & to make dem&s consi/5t ) ^? rights 7,daily ,h]ald1 ,decemb] #bb1 #aiba74 ,?is is ! new-/yle imp]ialism4 ,x 0 n ! ,russian lab\r+ masses1 b ! ,*9ese coolies1 :o built ! railway4 ,:at ,russia contribut$ 0 capital1 b "o is surpris$ to f9d ! ,bol%eviks consid]+ t ?is conf]s rights ^u !mselves z heirs ( ! capitali/s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,conf]5ce ,! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 & ! simultane\s conf]5ce1 at ,wa%+ton1 betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese1 h some:at modifi$ ! ,f> ,ea/]n situation4 ,! g5]al aspects ( ! new situation w be dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]2 = ! pres5t x is ! actual decisions arriv$ at 9 ,wa%+ton t conc]n u1 z well z _! effect ^u ! ,japanese position 9 ,sib]ia4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance has app>5tly be5 br\ght to an end1 z a result ( ! conclusion ( ! ,f\r ,p[] ,pact betwe5 ,am]ica1 ,great ,brita91 ,france & ,japan4 ,)9 ?is g5]al alliance ( ! exploit+ ,p[]s1 !re is a subord9ate gr\p+ ( ,am]ica & ,great ,brita9 aga9/ ,france & ,japan1 ! =m] /&+ = int]national capitalism1 ! latt] = national capitalism4 ,! situation is n yet pla91 because ,engl& & ,am]ica disagree z reg>ds ,russia1 & because ,am]ica is n yet prep>$ to take "p 9 ! recon/ruction ( ,europe2 b 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 at any rate1 we seem to h decid$ to seek ! fri5d%ip ( ,am]ica r ?an ( ,japan4 ,x may p]haps be hop$ t ?is w make our ,*9ese policy m lib]al ?an x has be54 ,we h ann\nc$ ! re/oration ( ,wei-hai-wei--a piece ( g5]osity :i* w\ld h be5 m impressive b = two facts3 fir/1 t ,wei-hai-wei is completely useless to u1 & secondly1 t ! lease _h only two m ye>s to run4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! lease1 9 fact1 x %\ld h be5 re/or$ z soon z ,russia lo/ ,port ,ar?ur1 h[ev] _m ye>s x /ill _h to run at t date4 ,"o v important result ( ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce is ! agreem5t n to =tify isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 ) c]ta9 specifi$ exceptions4 ,?is agreem5t1 if x is adh]$ to1 w make w> betwe5 ,am]ica & ,japan v difficult1 unless we 7 alli$ ) ,am]ica4 ,)\t a naval base some:]e ne> ,japan1 ,am]ica c\ld h>dly br+ naval =ce to be> on ! ,japanese ,navy4 ,x _h be5 ! int5tion ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t to =tify ,guam ) a view to turn+ x into a fir/-class naval base4 ,! fact t ,am]ica has be5 will+ to =go ?is int5tion mu/ be tak5 z evid5ce ( a g5u9e desire to pres]ve ! peace ) ,japan4 ,v>i\s small concessions 7 made to ,*9a4 ,!re is to be a revision ( ! ,cu/oms ,s*$ule to br+ x to an effective five p] c5t4 ,! =eign ,po/ ,(fices are to be aboli%$1 ?\gh ! ,japanese h insi/$ t a c]ta9 numb] ( ,japanese %\ld be employ$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,po/ ,(fice4 ,!y _h ! effront]y to pret5d t !y desir$ ?is = ! sake ( ! effici5cy ( ! po/al s]vice1 ?\gh ! ,*9ese po/ is excell5t & ! ,japanese is notori\sly "o ( ! wor/ 9 ! _w4 ,! *ief use to :i* ! ,japanese h put _! po/al s]vice 9 ,*9a has be5 ! importation ( morphia1 z !y h n all[$ ! ,*9ese ,cu/oms au?orities to exam9e p>cels s5t ?r\gh _! ,po/ ,(fice4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,japanese importation ( morphia into ,*9a1 z well z ! gr[? ( ! poppy 9 ,man*uria1 :]e !y h control1 has be5 a v s9i/] feature ( _! p5etration ( ,*9a4#hd ,( c\rse ! ,op5 ,door1 equality ( opportunity1 ! indep5d5ce & integrity ( ,*9a1 etc4 etc41 7 reaffirm$ at ,wa%+ton2 b ^! are m]e empty phrases devoid ( mean+4 ,f ! ,*9ese po9t ( view1 ! *ief a*ievem5t at ,wa%+ton 0 ! ,%antung ,treaty4 ,ev] s9ce ! expulsion by ! ,g]mans at ! end ( #aiad1 ! ,japanese _h held ,kiao*[ ,bay1 :i* includes ! port ( ,ts+tau2 !y _h /ation$ troops along ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,%antung ,railway2 & by ! treaty foll[+ ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s1 !y _h pref]5tial treatm5t z reg>ds all indu/rial und]tak+s 9 ,%antung4 ,! railway belong$ to !m by "r ( conque/1 & ?r\gh x !y acquir$ control ( ! :ole prov9ce4 ,:5 an excuse 0 ne$$ = increas+ ! g>rison1 !y suppli$ arms to brig&s1 & claim$ t _! int]v5tion 0 necess>y to suppress ! result+ disord]4 ,?is /ate ( affairs 0 legaliz$ by ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 ,am]ica & ,*9a 7 n p>ties4 ,! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 !re=e1 suppli$ an opportunity ( rais+ ! "q afre%4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x seem$ z if ! ,japanese w\ld h ?+s all _! own way4 ,! ,*9ese wi%$ to raise ! "q be=e ! ,conf]5ce1 :ile ! ,japanese wi%$ to settle x 9 direct negotiation ) ,*9a4 ,?is po9t 0 important1 because1 ev] s9ce ! ,lans+-,i%ii agreem5t1 ! ,japanese h tri$ to get ! ,p[]s to recognize1 9 practice if n 9 !ory1 an in=mal ,japanese ,protectorate ov] ,*9a1 z a fir/ /ep t[>ds :i* x 0 necess>y to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t ! ,japanese %\ld n be int]f]$ ) 9 _! diplomatic deal+s ) ,*9a4 ,! ,conf]5ce agre$ to ! ,japanese proposal t ! ,%antung "q %\ld n come be=e ! ,conf]5ce1 b %\ld be dealt ) 9 direct negotiations betwe5 ! ,japanese & ,*9ese4 ,! ,japanese victory on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 0 n complete1 because x 0 arrang$ t1 9 ! ev5t ( a deadlock1 ,mr4 ,hughes & ,sir ,ar?ur ,balf\r %\ld m$iate4 ,a deadlock1 ( c\rse1 soon occurr$1 & x !n appe>$ t ! ,briti% 7 no long] prep>$ to back up ! ,japanese :ole-he>t$ly1 z 9 ! old days4 ,! ,am]ican ,adm9i/ration1 = ! sake ( peace1 %[$ "s disposition to urge ! ,*9ese to give way4 ,b ,am]ican op9ion 0 r\s$ on ! ,%antung "q1 & x appe>$ t1 unless a solution m or less satisfactory to ,*9a 0 rea*$1 ! ,s5ate w\ld probably refuse to ratify ! v>i\s treaties :i* embodi$ ! "w ( ! ,conf]5ce4 ,!re=e1 at ! la/ mom5t1 ! ,am]icans /rongly urg$ ,japan to give way1 & we took ! same l9e1 ?\gh p]haps less /rongly4 ,! result 0 ! conclusion ( ! ,%antung ,treaty betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,by ?is ,treaty1 ! ,*9ese recov] ev]y?+ 9 ,%antung1 except ! private prop]ty ( ,japanese subjects1 & c]ta9 re/rictions z reg>ds ! railway4 ,! railway 0 ! great difficulty 9 ! negotiations1 s9ce1 s long z ! ,japanese c\ld control t1 !y w\ld h ! prov9ce at _! m]cy4 ,! ,*9ese (f]$ to buy back ! railway at once1 hav+ rais$ ab\t half ! money z a result ( a patriotic movem5t among _! m]*ants4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! ,japanese refus$ to agree to4 ,:at 0 f9ally done 0 t ! ,*9ese 7 compell$ to borr[ ! money f ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t to be repaid 9 fifte5 ye>s1 ) an option ( repaym5t 9 five ye>s4 ,! railway 0 valu$ at #ec1djj1jjj gold m>ks1 plus ! co/s involv$ 9 repairs or improvem5ts incurr$ by ,japan1 less det]ioration2 & x 0 to be h&$ ov] to ,*9a )9 n9e mon?s ( ! signature ( ! treaty4 ,until ! pur*ase price1 borr[$ f ,japan1 is repaid1 ! ,japanese reta9 a c]ta9 degree ( control ov] ! railway3 a ,japanese traffic manag] is to be appo9t$1 & two acc\ntants1 "o ,*9ese & ! o!r ,japanese1 "u ! control ( a ,*9ese ,presid5t4 ,x is cle> t1 on pap]1 ?is gives ! ,*9ese ev]y?+ five ye>s h5ce4 ,:e!r ?+s w "w out s dep5ds ^u :e!r1 five ye>s h5ce1 any ,p[] is prep>$ to =ce ,japan to keep h] ^w4 ,z bo? ,mr4 ,hughes & ,sir ,ar?ur ,balf\r /rongly urg$ ! ,*9ese to agree to ?is compromise1 x mu/ be assum$ t ,am]ica & ,great ,brita9 h "s responsibility = see+ t x is prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,9 t case1 we may p]haps expect t 9 ! end ,*9a w acquire complete control ( ! ,%antung railway4 ,on ! :ole1 x mu/ be said t ,*9a did bett] at ,wa%+ton ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,z reg>ds ! l>g] aspects ( ! new int]national situation aris+ out ( ! ,conf]5ce1 ,i %all deal ) !m 9 ! next *apt]4 ,b 9 our pres5t connection x is necess>y to consid] c]ta9 ,f> ,ea/]n que/ions n discuss$ at ,wa%+ton1 s9ce ! m]e fact t !y 7 n discuss$ gave !m a new =m4 ,! "q ( ,man*uria & ,inn] ,mongolia 0 n rais$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,x may !re=e be assum$ t ,japan's position !re is secure until su* "t z ! ,*9ese1 or ! ,russians1 or bo? toge!r1 are /rong en\gh to *all5ge x4 ,am]ica1 at any rate1 w n raise ! "q unless friction occurs on "s o!r issue4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,! ,sib]ian "q also 0 n settl$4 ,!re=e ,japan's ambitions 9 ,vladivo/ok & ! ,m>itime ,prov9ces w presumably rema9 un*eck$ except 9 s f> z ! ,russians unaid$ are able to *eck !m4 ,!re is a *ronic /ate ( semi-w> betwe5 ! ,japanese & ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic1 & !re seems no reason :y x %\ld end 9 any ne> future4 ,! ,japanese f "t to "t ann\nce t !y h decid$ to )draw1 b !y simultane\sly s5d fre% troops4 ,a conf]5ce betwe5 !m & ! ,*ita ,gov]nm5t has be5 tak+ place at ,dair51 & f "t to "t ann\ncem5ts h appe>$ to ! effect t an agreem5t has be5 rea*$ or 0 ab\t to be rea*$4 ,b on ,april #af? 7#aibb7 ! ,japanese broke up ! ,conf]5ce4 ,! ,times ( ,april #bg? conta9s bo? ! ,japanese & ! ,russian (ficial acc\nts ( ?is break up4 ,! ,japanese /atem5t is giv5 9 ,! ,times z foll[s3-- ,! ,japanese ,embassy communicates ! text ( a /atem5t giv5 out on ,april #bj? by ! ,japanese ,=eign ,(fice on ! ,dair5 ,conf]5ce4 ,x beg9s by recall+ t 9 response to ! repeat$ly express$ desire ( ! ,*ita ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t decid$ to ent] into negotiations4 ,! fir/ meet+ took place on ,augu/ #bf? la/ ye>4 ,! ,japanese dem&s includ$ ! non-en=cem5t ( communi/ic pr9ciples 9 ! ,republic aga9/ ,japanese1 ! prohibition ( ,bol%evi/ propag&a1 ! abolition ( m5ac+ milit>y e/abli%m5ts1 ! adoption ( ! pr9ciple ( ! op5 door 9 ,sib]ia1 & ! removal ( indu/rial re/rictions on =eign]s4 ,desir+ spe$ily to conclude an agreem5t1 s t ! )drawal ( troops might be c>ri$ out z soon z possible1 ,japan met ! wi%es ( ,*ita z f> z practicable4 ,?\gh1 f ! outset1 ,*ita press$ = a spe$y settlem5t ( ! ,nicolaievsk affair1 ,japan ev5tually agre$ to take up ! ,nicolaievsk affair imm$iately aft] ! conclusion ( ! basis agreem5t4 ,%e fur!r assur$ ,*ita t 9 settl+ ! affair ,japan _h no int5tion ( violat+ ! sov]eignty & t]ritorial integrity ( ,russia1 & t ! troops w\ld be spe$ily )drawn f ,saghal9 aft] ! settlem5t ( ! affair1 & t ,*ita'a wi%es 9 reg>d to ! transf] ( prop]ty n[ 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,japanese au?orities w\ld be met4 ,! #aa? ,division ( ! troops 9 ,sib]ia 0 orig9ally to be reliev$ dur+ ,april1 b if ! ,dair5 ,conf]5ce _h progress$ satisfactorily1 ! troops1 in/ead ( be+ reliev$1 w\ld h be5 s5t home4 ,japan !re=e intimat$ to ,*ita t %\ld ! basis agreem5t be conclud$ )9 a reasonable p]iod ^! troops w\ld be imm$iately )drawn1 & propos$ ! signature ( ! agreem5t by ! middle ( ,april1 s t ! prep>ations = ! relief ( ! said division might be disp5s$ )4 ,!reupon ,*ita n only propos$ ! imm$iate despat* ( ,*ita troops to ,vladivo/ok )\t wait+ = ! )drawal ( ! ,japanese troops1 b urg$ t ,japan %\ld fix a t9e-limit = ! complete )drawal ( all h] troops4 ,japan in=m$ ,*ita t ! )drawal w\ld be c>ri$ out )9 a %ort p]iod aft] ! conclusion ( ! detail$ arrangem5ts1 giv+ a def9ite p]iod z desir$1 & at ! same "t %e propos$ ! sign+ ( ! agreem5t drawn up by ,japan4 ,:]eas ,japan ?us ?r\gh\t ! negotiations ma9ta9$ a s9c]e & conciliatory attitude1 ! ,*ita delegates entirely ignor$ ! _s 9 :i* %e (f]$ concessions & br\ght up "o dem& aft] ano!r1 !reby try+ to ga9 "t4 ,n only did !y refuse to ent]ta9 ! ,japanese proposals1 b decl>$ t !y w\ld drop ! negotiations & return to ,*ita imm$iately4 ,! only conclusion f ?is attitude ( ! ,*ita ,gov]nm5t is t !y lack$ a s9c]e ef=t to br+ ! negotiations to fruition1 & ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t in/ruct$ its delegates to quit ,dair54 ,! ,russian (ficial acc\nt is giv5 by ,! ,times imm$iately bel[ ! above4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,on ,april #af? ! ,japanese broke up ! ,dair5 ,conf]5ce ) ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic4 ,! ,f> ,ea/]n ,delegation left ,dair54 ,agreem5t 0 rea*$ betwe5 ! ,japanese & ,russian ,delegations on ,m>* #cj? on all po9ts ( ! g5]al treaty1 b :5 ! "q ( milit>y evacuation 0 rea*$ ! ,japanese ,delegation propos$ a =mula p]mitt+ cont9u$ ,japanese int]v5tion4 ,betwe5 ,m>* #cj? & ,april #ae? ! ,japanese dragg$ on ! negotiations re milit>y conv5tion1 reproa*+ ! ,f> ,ea/]n delegates = mi/ru/+ ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,russian ,delegation decl>$ t ! g5]al treaty w\ld be sign$ only ^u obta9+ precise writt5 gu>antees ( ,japanese milit>y evacuation4 ,on ,april #ae? ! ,japanese ,delegation pres5t$ an ultimatum dem&+ a reply f ! ,f> ,ea/]n repres5tatives 9 half an h\r z to :e!r !y 7 will+ to sign a g5]al agreem5t ) new ,japanese conditions =bidd+ an increase 9 ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,navy & reta9+ a ,japanese milit>y mission on ,f> ,ea/]n t]ritory4 ,re evacuation1 ! ,japanese pres5t$ a ,note promis+ evacuation if n prev5t$ by un=ese5 circum/ances4 ,! ,russian ,delegation reject$ ?is ultimatum4 ,on ,april #af? ! ,japanese decl>$ ! ,dair5 ,conf]5ce brok5 up4 ,! ,japanese delegates left = ,tokyo1 & ,japanese troops rema9 9 ! zone e/abli%$ by ! agreem5t ( ,m>* #bi?4 ,read]s w believe "o or o!r ( ^! (ficial /atem5ts accord+ to _! prejudices1 :ile ^? :o wi% to ?9k !mselves imp>tial w assume t ! tru? lies some:]e betwe5 ! two4 ,= my "p1 ,i believe ! ,russian /atem5t4 ,b ev5 f ! ,japanese communiqu x is evid5t t :at wreck$ ! ,conf]5ce 0 ,japanese unwill+ness to evacuate ,vladivo/ok & ! ,m>itime ,prov9ce2 all t !y 7 will+ to give 0 a vague promise to evacuate "s day1 :i* w\ld h _h no m value ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one's promise to evacuate ,egypt4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ,conf]5ce w5t well = ,*ita until ! ,s5ate _h ratifi$ ! ,wa%+ton treaties4 ,aft] t1 ! ,japanese felt t !y _h a free h& 9 all ,f> ,ea/]n matt]s n dealt ) at ,wa%+ton4 ,! practical effect ( ! ,wa%+ton decisions w naturally be to make ! ,japanese seek comp5sation1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic1 = :at !y h _h to surr5d] 9 ,*9a4 ,?is result 0 to be expect$1 & 0 presumably =ese5 by ! assembl$ peacemak]s4#he ,x w be se5 t ! ,japanese policy involves ho/ility to ,russia4 ,?is is no d\bt "o reason = ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,japan & ,france4 ,ano!r reason is t bo? are ! *ampions ( nationali/ic capitalism1 z aga9/ ! int]national capitalism aim$ at by ,messrs4 ,morgan & ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 because ,france & ,japan look to _! armam5ts z ! *ief s\rce ( _! income1 :ile ,engl& & ,am]ica look r to _! comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to compute h[ mu* coal & iron ,france & ,japan h acquir$ 9 rec5t ye>s by means ( _! armies4 ,engl& & ,am]ica already possess$ coal & iron2 h5ce _! diff]5t policy4 ,an un9vit$ delegation f ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic at ,wa%+ton produc$ docum5ts t5d+ to %[ t ,france & ,japan came !re z secret allies4 ,al?\gh ! au!nticity ( ! docum5ts 0 d5i$1 mo/ p1 app>5tly1 believ$ !m to be g5u9e4 ,9 any case1 x is to be expect$ t ,france & ,japan w /& toge!r1 n[ t ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance has come to an end & ! ,anglo-,fr5* ,ent5te has become any?+ b cordial4 ,?us x is to be fe>$ t ,wa%+ton & ,g5oa h s[n ! se$s ( future w>s--unless1 by "s miracle1 ! civiliz$ nations %\ld gr[ we>y ( suicide4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hd3 ,see e4g4 *ap4 viii4 ( ,mill>d's ,democracy & ! ,ea/]n ,"q4 ,footnote #he3 ,i ought p]haps to confess t ,i h a bias 9 fav\r ( ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic1 ow+ to my fri5d%ip = _! diplomatic mission :i* 0 9 ,pek+ :ile ,i 0 !re4 ,i nev] met a m high-m9d$ set ( m5 9 any c\ntry4 ,& al?\gh !y 7 communi/s1 & knew ! views t ,i _h express$ on ,russia1 !y %[$ me great k9dness4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ^! c\rtesies h affect$ my view ( ! dispute betwe5 ,*ita & ,tokyo4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,pres5t ,,=ces ,,& ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,! ,,f> ,,ea/ ,! ,f> ,ea/]n situation is s complex t x is v difficult to guess :at w be ! ultimate outcome ( ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 & /ill m difficult to "k :at outcome we ought to desire4 ,i w endeav\r to set =? ! v>i\s factors ea* 9 turn1 n simplify+ ! issues1 b r aim+ at produc+ a c]ta9 hesitancy :i* ,i reg>d z desirable 9 deal+ ) ,*9a4 ,i %all consid] successively ! int]e/s & desires ( ,am]ica1 ,japan1 ,russia & ,*9a1 ) an attempt1 9 ea* case1 to gauge :at p>ts ( ^! v>i\s int]e/s & desires are compatible ) ! welf>e ( mank9d z a :ole4#hf ,i beg9 ) ,am]ica1 z ! lead+ _s 9 ! ,conf]5ce & ! dom9ant ,p[] 9 ! _w4 ,am]ican public op9ion is 9 fav\r ( peace1 & at ! same "t pr(\ndly p]suad$ t ,am]ica is wise & virtu\s :ile all o!r ,p[]s are fooli% & wick$4 ,! pessimi/ic half ( ?is op9ion ,i d n desire to dispute1 b ! optimi/ic half is m op5 to "q4 ,ap>t f peace1 ,am]ican public op9ion believes 9 comm]ce & indu/ry1 ,prote/ant morality1 a?letics1 hygi5e1 & hypocrisy1 :i* may be tak5 z ! ma9 +r$i5ts ( ,am]ican & ,engli% ,kultur4 ,e ,am]ican ,i met 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ) "o exception1 0 a mission>y = ,am]ican ,kultur1 :e!r nom9ally connect$ ) ,*ri/ian ,missions or n4 ,i ought to expla9 t :5 ,i speak ( hypocrisy ,i d n mean ! consci\s hypocrisy practis$ by ,japanese diplomats 9 _! deal+s ) ,we/]n ,p[]s1 b t deep]1 unconsci\s k9d :i* =ms ! *ief /r5g? ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ,lab\*]e's comm5t on ,mr4 ,glad/one1 t l o!r politicians he always _h a c>d up 8 sleeve1 b1 unlike ! o!rs1 he ?\ght ! ,"l _h put x !re4 ,?is attitude1 :i* has be5 *>act]i/ic ( ,engl&1 has be5 some:at *a/5$ among ourselves by ! satire ( m5 l ,b]n>d ,%aw2 b 9 ,am]ica x is /ill j z preval5t & self-confid5t z x 0 ) u fifty ye>s ago4 ,!re is mu* ju/ification = su* an attitude4 ,glad/onian ,engl& 0 m ( a moral =ce ?an ! ,engl& ( ! pres5t day2 & ,am]ica is m ( a moral =ce at ?is mom5t ?an any o!r ,p[] 7except ,russia74 ,b ! developm5t f ,glad/one's moral f]v\r to ! cynical imp]ialism ( 8 successors is "o :i* we c n[ see to be inevitable2 & a simil> developm5t is b\nd to take place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re=e1 :5 we wi% to e/imate ! desirability ( ext5d+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we h to take acc\nt ( ?is almo/ c]ta9 future loss ( idealism4 ,nor is idealism 9 itself always an unmix$ bless+ to its victims4 ,x is apt to be incompatible ) tol]ance1 ) ! practice ( live-&-let-live1 :i* alone c make ! _w endurable = its less pugnaci\s & en]getic inhabitants4 ,x is difficult = art or ! contemplative outlook to exi/ 9 an atmosph]e ( bu/l+ practical philan?ropy1 z difficult z x w\ld be to write a book 9 ! middle ( a spr+ clean+4 ,! ideals :i* inspire a spr+-clean+ are useful & valuable 9 _! place1 b :5 !y are n enri*$ by any o!rs !y are apt to produce a r bleak & uncom=table sort ( _w4 ,all ?is may seem1 at fir/ sight1 some:at remote f ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 b x is ess5tial if we are to take a j view ( ! friction betwe5 ,am]ica & ,japan4 ,i wi% to admit at once t1 hi!rto1 ,am]ica has be5 ! be/ fri5d ( ,*9a1 & ,japan ! wor/ enemy4 ,x is also true t ,am]ica is do+ m ?an any o!r ,p[] to promote peace 9 ! _w1 :ile ,japan w\ld probably fav\r w> if !re 7 a good prospect ( victory4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 ,i am glad to see our ,gov]nm5t mak+ fri5ds ) ,am]ica & ab&on+ ! milit>i/ic ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance4 ,b ,i d n wi% ?is to be done 9 a _s ( ho/ility to ,japan1 or 9 a bl9d reliance ^u ! future good int5tions ( ,am]ica4 ,i %all !re=e try to /ate ,japan's case1 al?\gh1 = ! pres5t1 ,i ?9k x weak] ?an ,am]ica's4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! pres5t ,am]ican policy1 bo? 9 reg>d to ,*9a & 9 reg>d to naval armam5ts1 :ile cle>ly good = ! _w1 is q z cle>ly 9 l9e ) ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,to take ! naval "q fir/3 ,am]ica1 ) a navy equal to our own1 w be q /rong en\gh to make our ,admiralty und]/& t x is out ( ! "q to g to w> ) ,am]ica1 s t ,am]ica w h z mu* control ( ! seas z !re is any po9t 9 hav+4#hg ,! ,am]icans are adamant ab\t ! ,japanese ,navy1 b v pliant ab\t ,fr5* subm>9es1 :i* only ?reat5 u4 ,control ( ! seas be+ secur$1 limitation ( naval armam5ts m]ely decreases ! co/1 & is an equal ga9 to all p>ties1 involv+ no sacrifice ( ,am]ican int]e/s4 ,to take next ! "q ( ,*9a3 ,am]ican ambitions 9 ,*9a are economic1 & require only t ! :ole c\ntry %\ld be op5 to ! comm]ce & indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! policy ( sph]es ( influ5ce is obvi\sly less advantage\s1 to s ri* & economically /rong a c\ntry z ,am]ica1 ?an ! policy ( ! univ]sal ,op5 ,door4 ,we _c !re=e reg>d ,am]ica's lib]al policy z reg>ds ,*9a & naval armam5ts z any reason = expect+ a lib]al policy :5 x goes aga9/ self-int]e/4 ,9 fact1 !re is evid5ce t :5 ,am]ican int]e/s or prejudices are involv$ lib]al & humanit>ian pr9ciples h no weight :atev]4 ,i w cite two in/ances3 ,panama tolls1 & ,russian trade4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! ,panama canal1 ,am]ica is b\nd by treaty n to discrim9ate aga9/ our %ipp+2 nev]!less a ,bill has be5 pass$ by a two-?irds majority ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 mak+ a discrim9ation 9 fav\r ( ,am]ican %ipp+4 ,ev5 if ! ,presid5t ultimately vetoes x1 its pres5t position %[s t at lea/ two-?irds ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %>e ,be?mann-,hollweg's view ( treaty obligations4 ,& z = trade ) ,russia1 ,engl& l$ ! way1 :ile ,am]ican ho/ility to ! ,bol%eviks rema9$ implacable1 & to ?is day ,gomp]s1 9 ! "n ( ,am]ican lab\r1 ?und]s aga9/ %ak+ h&s ) murd]4 ,x _c !re=e be said t ,am]ica is always hon\rable or humanit>ian or lib]al4 ,! evid5ce is t ,am]ica adopts ^! virtues :5 !y suit national or r f9ancial int]e/s1 b fails to p]ceive _! applicability 9 o!r cases4 ,i c\ld ( c\rse h giv5 _m o!r in/ances1 b ,i cont5t myself ) "o1 because x especially conc]ns ,*9a4 ,i quote f an ,am]ican weekly1 ,! ,freeman 7,novemb] #bc1 #aiba1 p4 #bdd73-- ,on ,novemb] #a/1 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t fail$ to meet an obligation ( #e1fjj1jjj1 due & payable to a l>ge bank+-h\se 9 ,*icago4 ,! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t _h facilitat$ ! negotiation ( ?is loan 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & n[1 9 fulfilm5t ( ! promise ( ,gov]nm5tal support 9 an em]g5cy1 an (ficial cablegram 0 laun*$ ^u ,pek+1 ) intimations t cont9u$ defalcation might h a mo/ s]i\s effect ^u ! f9ancial & political rat+ ( ! ,*9ese ,republic4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,am]ican bank]s ( ! new int]national consortium _h (f]$ to advance to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t an am\nt :i* w\ld cov] ! loan 9 default1 toge!r ) o!r obligations already 9 arre>s1 & /ill o!rs :i* w fall due on ,decemb] #a/2 & ?is proposal _h also receiv$ ! full & en]getic support ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate4 ,t is to say1 ,am]ican f9anci]s & politicians 7 at "o & ! same "t ! h]oes & villa9s ( ! piece2 hav+ co-op]at$ 9 ! creation ( a dang]\s situation1 !y came =w>d h&somely 9 ! h\r ( trial ) an (f] to save ,*9a f !mselves z x 71 if ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t w\ld only ent] into relations ) ! consortium1 & ?us prep>e ! way = ! ev5tual e/abli%m5t ( an ,am]ican f9ancial protectorate4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t1 aft] repeat$ negotiations1 _h decid$ n to accept loans f ! consortium on ! t]ms on :i* !y 7 (f]$4 ,9 my op9ion1 !re 7 v adequate gr\nds = ?is decision4 ,z ! same article 9 ! ,freeman concludes3-- ,if ?is plan is put ?r\gh1 x w make ! bank]s ( ! consortium ! virtual own]s ( ,*9a2 & among ^! bank]s1 ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! only ones :o are prep>$ to take full advantage ( ! situation4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 an attempt 0 made by ! consortium banks1 ) ! connivance ( ! ,briti% b n ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 to e/abli%1 by means ( ! ,conf]5ce1 "s measure ( int]national control ov] ,*9a4 ,9 ! ,japan ,weekly ,*ronicle = ,novemb] #ag1 #aiba 7p4 #gbe71 9 a telegram head$ ,int]national ,control ( ,*9a1 ,i f9d x report$ t ,am]ica is ?\ght to be seek+ to e/abli% int]national control1 & t ,mr4 ,well+ton ,koo told ! ,philadelphia ,public ,l$g]3 ,we suspect ! motives :i* l$ to ! sugge/ion & we ?or\ghly d\bt its feasibility4 ,*9a w bitt]ly oppose any ,conf]5ce plan to (f] ,*9a int]national aid4 ,he adds3 ,int]national control w n d4 ,*9a mu/ be giv5 "t & opportunity to f9d h]self4 ,! _w %\ld n mis9t]pret or exagg]ate ! mean+ ( ! convulsion :i* ,*9a is n[ pass+ ?r\gh4 ,^! are wise words1 ) :i* e true fri5d ( ,*9a mu/ agree4 ,9 ! same issue ( ! ,japan ,weekly ,*ronicle--:i*1 by ! way1 ,i consid] ! be/ weekly pap] 9 ! _w--,i f9d ! foll[+ 7p4 #gbh73-- ,mr4 ,l5nox ,simpson ,putnam ,weale is quot$ z say+3 ,! int]national bank]s h a s*eme = ! int]national control ( ,*9a4 ,mr4 ,lamont1 repres5t+ ! consortium1 (f]$ a sixte5-million-doll> loan to ,*9a1 :i* ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t refus$ to accept because ,mr4 ,lamont insi/$ t ! ,hukuang bonds1 ,g]man issue1 :i* _h be5 acquir$ by ! ,morgan ,company1 %\ld be paid out ( x4 ,mr4 ,lamont1 on he>+ ?is *>ge1 made an emphatic d5ial1 say+3 ,simpson's /atem5t is unqualifi$ly false4 ,:5 ?is man ,simpson talks ab\t resi/+ ! control ( ! int]national banks he is fanta/ic4 ,we don't want control4 ,we are anxi\s t ! ,conf]5ce result 9 su* a solution z w furni% full opportunity to ,*9a to fulfil h] own de/9y4 ,sagaci\s p w be incl9$ to conclude t s mu* ang] mu/ be due to be+ t\*$ on ! raw1 & t ,mr4 ,lamont1 if he _h _h no?+ to conceal1 w\ld n h spok5 ( a di/+ui%$ writ] & "o ( ,*9a's be/ fri5ds z ?is man ,simpson4 ,i d n pret5d t ! evid5ce aga9/ ! consortium is conclusive1 & ,i h n space "h to set x all =?4 ,b to any ,european radical ,mr4 ,lamont's /atem5t t ! consortium does n want control reads l a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,^? :o wi% to l5d to a ,gov]nm5t :i* is on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy1 mu/ aim at control1 =1 ev5 if !re 7 n ! incid5t ( ! ,*icago ,bank1 x w\ld be impossible to believe t ,messrs4 ,morgan are s purely philan?ropic z n to c>e :e!r !y get any int]e/ on _! money or n1 al?\gh emiss>ies ( ! consortium 9 ,*9a h spok5 z ?\gh ?is 7 ! case1 !reby greatly increas+ ! suspicions ( ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ! ,new ,republic = ,novemb] #cj1 #aiba1 !re is an article by ,mr4 ,brails=d entitl$ ,a ,new ,te*nique ( ,peace1 :i* ,i fe> is prophetic ev5 if n :olly applicable at ! mom5t :5 x 0 writt54 ,i expect to see1 if ! ,am]icans are successful 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,*9a compell$ to be ord]ly s z to af=d a field = =eign comm]ce & indu/ry2 a gov]nm5t :i* ! ,we/ w consid] good sub/itut$ = ! pres5t g-z-y-please an>*y2 a gradually increas+ fl[ ( weal? f ,*9a to ! inve/+ c\ntries1 ! *ief ( :i* is ,am]ica2 ! developm5t ( a sweat$ prolet>iat2 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! sub/itution ( ! ,am]ican civilization = ! ,*9ese2 ! de/ruction ( traditional beauty1 except = su* objets d'art z millionaires may ?9k x wor? :ile to buy2 ! gradual awak5+ ( ,*9a to h] exploitation by ! =eign]2 & "o day1 fifty or a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 ! massacre ( e :ite man ?r\gh\t ! ,cele/ial ,empire at a signal f "s va/ secret society4 ,all ?is is probably inevitable1 human nature be+ :at x is4 ,x w be done 9 ord] t ri* m5 may gr[ ri*]1 b we %all be told t x is done 9 ord] t ,*9a may h good gov]nm5t4 ,! def9ition ( ! ^w good is difficult1 b ! def9ition ( good gov]nm5t is z easy z ,a4,b4,c43 x is gov]nm5t t yields fat divid5ds to capitali/s4 ,! ,*9ese are g5tle1 urbane1 seek+ only ju/ice & fre$om4 ,!y h a civilization sup]ior to ours 9 all t makes = human happ9ess4 ,!y h a vigor\s movem5t ( "y re=m]s1 :o1 if !y are all[$ a little "t1 w revivify ,*9a & produce some?+ immeasurably bett] ?an ! worn-out gr9d+ me*anism t we call civilization4 ,:5 ,"y ,*9a has done its "w1 ,am]icans w be able to make money by trad+ ) ,*9a1 )\t de/roy+ ! s\l ( ! c\ntry4 ,*9a ne$s a p]iod ( an>*y 9 ord] to "w out h] salvation2 all great nations ne$ su* a p]iod1 f "t to "t4 ,:5 ,am]ica w5t ?r\gh su* a p]iod1 9 #ahfa-e1 ,engl& ?\ght ( int]v5+ to insi/ on good gov]nm5t1 b =tunately ab/a9$4 ,n[-a-days1 9 ,*9a1 all ! ,p[]s want to int]v5e4 ,am]icans recognize ?is 9 ! case ( ! wick$ ,old ,_w1 b are smitt5 ) bl9dness :5 x comes to _! own consortium4 ,all ,i ask ( !m is t !y %\ld admit t !y are z o!r m51 & cease to ?ank ,god t !y are n z ?is publican4 ,s mu* by way ( criticism by ,am]ica2 we come n[ to ! def5ce ( ,japan4 ,japan's relations ) ! ,p[]s are n ( h] own seek+2 all t ,japan ask$ ( ! _w 0 to be let alone4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n suit ! :ite nations1 among :om ,am]ica l$ ! way4 ,x 0 a ,unit$ ,/ates squadron "u ,commodore ,p]ry t fir/ made ,japan aw>e ( ,we/]n aggressiv5ess4 ,v soon x became evid5t t !re 7 only two ways ( deal+ ) ! :ite man1 ei!r to submit to him1 or to fight him ) 8 own weapons4 ,japan adopt$ ! latt] c\rse1 & develop$ a mod]n army tra9$ by ! ,g]mans1 a mod]n navy modell$ on ! ,briti%1 mod]n ma*9]y d]iv$ f ,am]ica1 & mod]n morals copi$ f ! :ole lot4 ,ev]ybody except ! ,briti% 0 horrifi$1 & call$ ! ,japanese yell[ monkeys4 ,h[ev]1 !y began to be respect$ :5 !y defeat$ ,russia1 & aft] !y _h captur$ ,ts+-tao & half-enslav$ ,*9a !y 7 admitt$ to equality ) ! o!r ,great ,p[]s at ,v]sailles4 ,! consid]ation %[n to !m by ! ,we/ is due to _! armam5ts alone2 none ( _! o!r good qualities w\ld h sav$ !m f be+ reg>d$ z nigg]s4 ,p :o h nev] be5 outside ,europe c h>dly imag9e ! int5sity ( ! col\r prejudice t :ite m5 develop :5 br\ght into contact ) any diff]5t pigm5tation4 ,i h se5 ,*9ese ( ! highe/ education1 m5 z cultur$ z 7say7 ,dean ,+e1 treat$ by greasy :ite m5 z if !y 7 dirt1 9 a way 9 :i*1 at home1 no ,duke w\ld v5ture to treat a cross+-sweep]4 ,! ,japanese are n treat$ 9 ?is way1 because !y h a p[]ful army & navy4 ,! fact t :ite m51 z individuals1 no long] d>e to bully individual ,japanese1 is important z a beg9n+ ( bett] relations t[>ds ! col\r$ races 9 g5]al4 ,if ! ,japanese1 by defeat 9 w>1 are prev5t$ f reta9+ ! /atus ( a ,great ,p[]1 ! col\r$ races 9 g5]al w suff]1 & ! tott]+ insol5ce ( ! :ite man w be re-e/abli%$4 ,also ! _w w h lo/ ! la/ *ance ( ! survival ( civilizations ( a diff]5t type f t ( ! indu/rial ,we/4 ,! civilization ( ,japan1 9 its mat]ial aspect1 is simil> to t ( ! ,we/1 ?\gh indu/rialism1 z yet1 is n v develop$4 ,b 9 its m5tal aspect x is utt]ly unlike ! ,we/1 p>ticul>ly ! ,anglo-,saxon ,we/4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,mikado1 z an actually div9e be+1 is successfully taught 9 e village s*ool1 & provides ! popul> support = nationalism4 ,! nationali/ic aims ( ,japan are n m]ely economic2 !y are also dyna/ic & t]ritorial 9 a m$ival way4 ,! morality ( ! ,japanese is n utilit>ian1 b int5sely ideali/ic4 ,filial piety is ! basis1 & includes patriotism1 because ! ,mikado is ! fa!r ( 8 p4 ,! ,japanese outlook has ! same k9d ( sup]/iti\s abs5ce ( realism t "o f9ds 9 ?irte5?-c5tury !ories z to ! relations ( ! ,emp]or & ! ,pope4 ,b 9 ,europe ! ,emp]or & ! ,pope 7 diff]5t p1 & _! qu>rels promot$ fre$om ( ?\ght2 9 ,japan1 s9ce #ahfh1 !y are comb9$ 9 "o sacr$ p]son1 & !re are no int]nal conflicts to produce d\bt4 ,japan1 unlike ,*9a1 is a religi\s c\ntry4 ,! ,*9ese d\bt a proposition until x is prov$ to be true2 ! ,japanese believe x until x is prov$ to be false4 ,i d n "k ( any evid5ce aga9/ ! view t ! ,mikado is div9e4 ,japanese religion is ess5tially nationali/ic1 l t ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,%9to1 ! ,/ate religion1 has be5 9 ! ma9 inv5t$ s9ce #ahfh1hh & propagat$ by education 9 s*ools4 7,!re 0 ( c\rse an old ,%9to religion1 b mo/ ( :at con/itutes mod]n ,%9toism is new47 ,x is n a religion :i* aims at be+ univ]sal1 l ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,islam2 x is a tribal religion1 only int5d$ to appeal to ! ,japanese4 ,buddhism subsi/s side by side ) x1 & is believ$ by ! same p4 ,x is cu/om>y to adopt ,%9to rites = m>riages & ,buddhi/ rites = fun]als1 because ,buddhism is consid]$ m suitable = m\rnful occasions4 ,al?\gh ,buddhism is a univ]sal religion1 its ,japanese =m is int5sely national1#hi l ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,_m ( its prie/s m>ry1 & 9 "s temples ! prie/hood is h]$it>y4 ,its dignit>ies rem9d "o vividly ( ,engli% ,ar*deacons4 ,! ,japanese1 ev5 :5 !y adopt indu/rial me?ods1 d n lose _! s5se ( beauty4 ,"o he>s compla9ts t _! goods are %oddy1 b !y h a rem>kable p[] ( adapt+ arti/ic ta/e to indu/rialism4 ,if ,japan 7 ri* x might produce cities z beautiful z ,v5ice1 by me?ods z mod]n z ^? ( ,new ,york4 ,indu/rialism has hi!rto br\ght ) x else:]e a ris+ tide ( ugl9ess1 & any nation :i* c %[ u h[ to make ?is tide rec$e des]ves our gratitude4 ,! ,japanese are e>ne/1 passionate1 /rong-will$1 amaz+ly h>d work+1 & capable ( b\ndless sacrifice to an ideal4 ,mo/ ( !m h ! correlative defects3 lack ( hum\r1 cruelty1 intol]ance1 & incapacity = free ?\ght4 ,b ^! defects are by no means univ]sal2 "o meets among !m a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 & wom5 ( q extraord9>y excell5ce4 ,& !re is 9 _! civilization z a :ole a degree ( vig\r & det]m9ation :i* comm&s ! highe/ respect4 ,! gr[? ( indu/rialism 9 ,japan has br\ght ) x ! gr[? ( ,socialism & ! ,lab\r movem5t4#ij ,9 ,*9a1 ! intellectuals are (t5 !oretical ,sociali/s1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( ,lab\r organizations !re is z yet little room = m ?an !ory4 ,9 ,japan1 ,trade ,unionism has made consid]able advances1 & e v>iety ( sociali/ & an>*i/ op9ion is vigor\sly repres5t$4 ,9 "t1 if ,japan becomes increas+ly indu/rial1 ,socialism may become a political =ce2 z yet1 ,i d n ?9k x is4 ,japanese ,sociali/s resemble ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 9 t !y d n %>e ! national sup]/itions4 ,!y are mu* p]secut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 b n s mu* z ,sociali/s 9 ,am]ica--s at lea/ ,i am in=m$ by an ,am]ican :o is 9 a position to judge4 ,! real p[] is /ill 9 ! h&s ( c]ta9 ari/ocratic families4 ,by ! con/itution1 ! ,m9i/]s ( ,w> & ,m>9e are directly responsible to ! ,mikado1 n to ! ,diet or ! ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,!y !re=e c & d p]si/ 9 policies :i* are dislik$ by ! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,= example1 if ! ,=eign ,(fice 7 to promise ! evacuation ( ,vladivo/ok1 ! ,w> ,(fice might nev]!less decide to keep ! soldi]s !re1 & !re w\ld be no con/itutional rem$y4 ,"s "p1 at lea/1 ( :at appe>s z ,japanese bad fai? is explicable 9 ?is way4 ,!re is ( c\rse a p>ty :i* wi%es to e/abli% real ,p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 b x is n likely to come into p[] unless ! exi/+ rgime suff]s "s sev]e diplomatic humiliation4 ,if ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce _h compell$ ! evacuation ( n only ,%antung b also ,vladivo/ok by diplomatic pressure1 ! effect on ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ,japan w\ld probably h be5 excell5t4 ,! ,japanese are firmly p]suad$ t !y h no fri5ds1 & t ! ,am]icana are _! implacable foes4 ,"o ga!rs t ! ,gov]nm5t reg>ds w> ) ,am]ica z unavoidable 9 ! long run4 ,! argum5t w\ld be t ! economic imp]ialism ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w n tol]ate ! indu/rial developm5t ( a =midable rival 9 ! ,pacific1 & t soon] or lat] ! ,japanese w be pres5t$ ) ! alt]native ( dy+ by />vation or on ! battlefield4 ,!n ,bu%ido w come into play1 & w lead to *oice ( ! battlefield 9 pref]5ce to />vation4 ,admiral ,sato#ia 7! ,japanese ,b]nh>di1 z he is call$7 ma9ta9s t abs5ce ( ,bu%ido 9 ! ,am]icans w lead to _! defeat1 & t _! money-grubb+ s\ls w be incapable ( endur+ ! h>d%ips & privations ( a long w>4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is romantic nons5se4 ,bu%ido is no use 9 mod]n w>1 & ! ,am]icans are q z c\rage\s & ob/9ate z ! ,japanese4 ,a w> might la/ t5 ye>s1 b x w\ld c]ta9ly end 9 ! defeat ( ,japan4 ,"o is con/antly rem9d$ ( ! situation betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many 9 ! ye>s be=e #aiad4 ,! ,g]mans want$ to acquire a colonial empire by means simil> to ^? :i* we _h employ$2 s d ! ,japanese4 ,we consid]$ su* me?ods wick$ :5 employ$ by =eign]s2 s d ! ,am]icans4 ,! ,g]mans develop$ _! indu/ries & r\s$ our ho/ility by competition2 ! ,japanese are simil>ly compet+ ) ,am]ica 9 ,f> ,ea/]n m>kets4 ,! ,g]mans felt !mselves encircl$ by our alliances1 :i* we reg>d$ z purely def5sive2 ! ,japanese1 simil>ly1 f\nd !mselves isolat$ at ,wa%+ton 7except = ,fr5* sympa?y7 s9ce ! sup]ior diplomatic skill ( ! ,am]icans has br\ght u ov] to _! side4 ,! ,g]mans at la/1 impell$ by t]rors l>gely ( _! own creation1 *all5g$ ! :ole _w1 & fell2 x is v mu* to be fe>$ t ,japan may d likewise4 ,! pros & cons are s famili> 9 ! case ( ,g]many t ,i ne$ n elaborate !m fur!r1 s9ce ! :ole argum5t c be transf]r$ bodily to ! case ( ,japan4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t1 :ile ,g]many aim$ at hegemony ( ! :ole _w1 ! ,japanese only aim at hegemony 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,am]ica & ,japan is sup]ficially economic1 b1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! economic rivalry is really a cloak = deep] passions4 ,japan /ill believes 9 ! div9e "r ( k+s2 ,am]ica believes 9 ! div9e "r ( comm]ce4 ,i h sometimes tri$ to p]suade ,am]icans t !re may be nations :i* w n ga9 by an ext5sion ( _! =eign comm]ce1 b ,i h always f\nd ! attempt futile4 ,! ,am]icans believe also t _! religion & morality & culture are f> sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,i reg>d ?is z a delusion1 ?\gh "o %>$ by almo/ all ,europeans4 ,! ,japanese1 pr(\ndly & ) all ! /r5g? ( _! be+1 long to pres]ve _! own culture & to avoid becom+ l ,europeans or ,am]icans2 & 9 ?is ,i ?9k we ought to sympa?ize ) !m4 ,! col\r prejudice is ev5 m int5se among ,am]icans ?an among ,europeans2 ! ,japanese are det]m9$ to prove t ! yell[ man may be ! equal ( ! :ite man4 ,9 ?is1 also1 ju/ice & humanity are on ! side ( ,japan4 ,?us on ! deep] issues1 :i* und]lie ! economic & diplomatic conflict1 my feel+s g ) ! ,japanese r ?an ) ! ,am]icans4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,japanese are always putt+ !mselves 9 ! wrong ?r\gh impati5ce & contempt4 ,!y ought to h claim$ = ,*9a ! same consid]ation t !y h extort$ t[>ds !mselves2 !n !y c\ld h become1 :at !y con/antly pr(ess to be1 ! *ampions ( ,asia aga9/ ,europe4 ,! ,*9ese are prone to gratitude1 & w\ld h help$ ,japan loyally if ,japan _h be5 a true fri5d to !m4 ,b ! ,japanese despise ! ,*9ese m ?an ! ,europeans d2 !y d n want to de/roy ! belief 9 ,ea/]n inf]iority1 b only to be reg>d$ z !mselves belong+ to ! ,we/4 ,!y h !re=e behav$ s z to cause a well-des]v$ hatr$ ( !m 9 ,*9a4 ,& ?is same behavi\r has made ! be/ ,am]icans z ho/ile to !m z ! wor/4 ,if ,am]ica _h _h none b base reasons = ho/ility to !m1 !y w\ld h f\nd _m *ampions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 z x is1 !y h practically none4 ,x is n yet too late2 x is /ill possible = !m to w9 ! affection ( ,*9a & ! respect ( ! be/ ,am]icans4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 !y w\ld h to *ange _! ,*9ese policy & adopt a m democratic con/itution2 b if !y d n a*ieve x1 !y w fall z ,g]many fell4 ,& _! fall w be a great mis=tune = mank9d4 ,a w> betwe5 ,am]ica & ,japan w\ld be a v t]rible ?+ 9 itself1 & a /ill m t]rible ?+ 9 its consequ5ces4 ,x w\ld de/roy ,japanese civilization1 ensure ! subjugation ( ,*9a to ,we/]n culture1 & laun* ,am]ica ^u a c>e] ( _w-wide milit>i/ic imp]ialism4 ,x is !re=e1 at all co/s1 to be avoid$4 ,if x is to be avoid$1 ,japan mu/ become m lib]al2 & ,japan w only become m lib]al if ! pres5t rgime is discr$it$ by failure4 ,!re=e1 9 ! int]e/s ( ,japan no less ?an 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*9a1 x w\ld be well if ,japan 7 =c$1 by ! jo9t diplomatic pressure ( ,engl& & ,am]ica1 to disgorge1 n only ,%antung1 b also all ( ,man*uria except ,port ,ar?ur & its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 7,i make ?is exception because ,i ?9k no?+ %ort ( actual w> w\ld lead ! ,japanese to ab&on ,port ,ar?ur47 ,our ,alliance ) ,japan1 s9ce ! end ( ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 has be5 an enc\ragem5t to ,japan 9 all t %e has done amiss4 ,n t ,japan has be5 worse ?an we h1 b t c]ta9 k9ds ( crime are only p]mitt$ to v great ,p[]s1 & h be5 committ$ by ! ,japanese at an e>li] /age ( _! c>e] ?an prud5ce w\ld w>rant4 ,our ,alliance has be5 a contributory cause ( ,japan's mi/akes1 & ! end+ ( ! ,alliance is a necess>y condition ( ,japanese re=m4 ,we come n[ to ,russia's "p 9 ! ,*9ese problem4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ,europe to reg>d ,russia z decrepit1 b ?is is a delusion4 ,true1 millions are />v+ & indu/ry is at a /&/ill4 ,b t does n mean :at x w\ld 9 a m highly organiz$ c\ntry4 ,russia is /ill able to /eal a m>* on u 9 ,p]sia & ,afghani/an1 & on ! ,japanese 9 ,out] ,mongolia4 ,russia is /ill able to organize ,bol%evik propag&a 9 e c\ntry 9 ,asia4 ,& a great "p ( ! effectiv5ess ( ?is propag&a lies 9 its promise ( lib]ation f ,europe4 ,s f>1 9 ,*9a prop]1 x has affect$ h>dly anyone except ! y\ng] /ud5ts1 to :om ,bol%evism appeals z a me?od ( develop+ indu/ry )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! /age ( private capitalism4 ,?is appeal w d\btless dim9i% z ! ,bol%eviks are m & m =c$ to rev]t to capitalism4 ,moreov]1 ,bol%evism1 z x has develop$ 9 ,russia1 is q peculi>ly inapplicable to ,*9a1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 7#a7 ,x requires a /rong c5traliz$ ,/ate1 :]eas ,*9a has a v weak ,/ate1 & is t5d+ m & m to f$]alism in/ead ( c5tralization2 7#b7 ,bol%evism requires a v great deal ( gov]nm5t1 & m control ( individual lives by ! au?orities ?an has ev] be5 kn[n be=e1 :]eas ,*9a has develop$ p]sonal lib]ty to an extraord9>y degree1 & is ! c\ntry ( all o!rs :]e ! doctr9es ( an>*ism seem to f9d successful practical application2 7#c7 ,bol%evism dislikes private trad+1 :i* is ! brea? ( life to all ,*9ese except ! lit]ati4 ,= ^! reasons1 x is n likely t ,bol%evism z a cre$ w make mu* progress 9 ,*9a prop]4 ,b ,bol%evism z a political =ce is n ! same ?+ z ,bol%evism z a cre$4 ,! argum5ts :i* prov$ successful ) ! ,ame] ( ,afghani/an or ! nomads ( ,mongolia 7 probably diff]5t f ^? employ$ 9 discussion ) ,mr4 ,lansbury4 ,! ,asiatic expansion ( ,bol%evik influ5ce is n a di/9ctively ,bol%evik ph5om5on1 b a cont9uation ( traditional ,russian policy1 c>ri$ on by m5 :o are m en]getic1 m intellig5t1 & less corrupt ?an ! (ficials ( ! ,ts>'s rgime1 & :o moreov]1 l ! ,am]icans1 believe !mselves to be engag$ 9 ! lib]ation ( mank9d1 n 9 m]e imp]iali/ic expansion4 ,?is belief1 ( c\rse1 adds enorm\sly to ! vig\r & success ( ,bol%evik imp]ialism1 & gives an impulse to ,asiatic expansion :i* is n likely to be soon sp5t1 unless !re is an actual re/oration ( ! ,ts>i/ rgime "u "s new ,kol*ak dep5d5t ^u ali5 arms = 8 ?rone & 8 life4 ,x is !re=e n at all unlikely1 if ! int]national situation develops 9 c]ta9 ways1 t ,russia may set to "w to rega9 ,man*uria1 & to recov] t influ5ce ov] ,pek+ :i* ! control ( ,man*uria is b\nd to give to any =eign ,p[]4 ,x w\ld probably be useless to attempt su* an ent]prise :ile ,japan rema9s unemb>rass$1 b x w\ld at once become feasible if ,japan 7 at w> ) ,am]ica or ) ,great ,brita94 ,!re is !re=e no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition t ,russia may1 )9 ! next t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 recov] ! position :i* %e held 9 relation to ,*9a be=e ! ,russo-,japanese w>4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ! ,russians h an in/9ct = colonization1 & h be5 trekk+ ea/w>d = c5turies4 ,?is t5d5cy has be5 int]rupt$ by ! disa/]s ( ! la/ sev5 ye>s1 b is likely to ass]t itself aga9 be=e long4 ,! hegemony ( ,russia 9 ,asia w\ld n1 to my m9d1 be 9 any way regrettable4 ,russia w\ld probably n be /rong en\gh to tyrannize z mu* z ! ,engli%1 ! ,am]icans1 or ! ,japanese w\ld d4 ,moreov]1 ! ,russians are suffici5tly ,asiatic 9 outlook & "* to be able to ent] into relations ( equality & mutual und]/&+ ) ,asiatics1 9 a way :i* seems q impossible = ! ,engli%-speak+ nations4 ,& an ,asiatic block1 if x c\ld be =m$1 w\ld be /rong = def5ce & weak = attack1 :i* w\ld make = peace4 ,!re=e1 on ! :ole1 su* a result1 if x came ab\t1 w\ld probably be desirable ,9 ! int]e/s ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,:at1 mean:ile1 is ,*9a's int]e/8 ,:at w\ld be ideally be/ = ,*9a w\ld be to recov] ,man*uria & ,%antung1 & !n be let alone4 ,! an>*y 9 ,*9a might take a long "t to subside1 b 9 ! end "s sy/em suit$ to ,*9a w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,! artificial end+ ( ,*9ese an>*y by outside int]f]5ce means ! e/abli%m5t ( "s sy/em conv5i5t = =eign trade & indu/ry1 b probably q unfitt$ to ! ne$s ( ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,! ,engli% 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,fr5* 9 ! eighte5?1 ! ,am]icans 9 ! n9ete5?1 & ! ,russians 9 our own day1 h pass$ ?r\gh ye>s ( an>*y & civil w>1 :i* 7 ess5tial to _! developm5t1 & c\ld n h be5 curtail$ by outside int]f]5ce )\t grave detrim5t to ! f9al solution4 ,s x is ) ,*9a4 ,we/]n political ideas h swept away ! old imp]ial sy/em1 b h n yet prov$ /rong en\gh to put any?+ /able 9 its place4 ,! problem ( trans=m+ ,*9a into a mod]n c\ntry is a difficult "o1 & =eign]s ought to be will+ to h "s pati5ce :ile ! ,*9ese attempt its solution4 ,!y und]/& _! own c\ntry1 & we d n4 ,if !y are let alone1 !y w1 9 ! end1 f9d a solution suitable to _! "*1 :i* we %all c]ta9ly n d4 ,a solution sl[ly rea*$ by !mselves may be /able1 :]eas "o prematurely impos$ by outside ,p[]s w be artificial & !re=e un/able4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v little hope t ! decisions rea*$ by ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce w p]man5tly b5efit ,*9a1 & a consid]able *ance t !y may d q ! rev]se4 ,9 ,man*uria ! /atus quo is to be ma9ta9$1 :ile 9 ,%antung ! ,japanese h made concessions1 ! value ( :i* only "t c %[4 ,! ,f\r ,p[]s--,am]ica1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,japan--h agre$ to exploit ,*9a 9 comb9ation1 n competitively4 ,!re is a consortium z reg>ds loans1 :i* w h ! p[] ( ! purse & w !re=e be ! real ,gov]nm5t ( ,*9a4 ,z ! ,am]icans are ! only p :o h mu* sp>e capital1 !y w control ! consortium4 ,z !y consid] _! civilization ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 !y w set to "w to turn ! ,*9ese into muscul> ,*ri/ians4 ,z ! f9anci]s are ! mo/ spl5did feature ( ! ,am]ican civilization1 ,*9a mu/ be s gov]n$ z to enri* ! f9anci]s1 :o w 9 return e/abli% colleges & hospitals & ,y4,m4,c4,a4's ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&1 & employ ag5ts to buy up ! arti/ic treasures ( ,*9a = sepulture 9 _! mansions4 ,*9ese intellect1 l t ( ,am]ica1 w be1 directly or indirectly1 9 ! pay ( ! ,tru/ magnates1 & !re=e no effective voice w be1 rais$ 9 fav\r ( radical re=m4 ,! inauguration ( ?is sy/em w be welcom$ ev5 by "s ,sociali/s 9 ! ,we/ z a great victory = peace & fre$om4 ,b x is impossible to make a silk purse out ( a s['s e>1 or peace & fre$om out ( capitalism4 ,! f\rfold agreem5t betwe5 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,am]ica & ,japan is1 p]haps1 a safegu>d ( peace1 b 9 s f> z x br+s peace ne>] x puts fre$om fur!r (f4 ,x is ! peace obta9$ :5 compet+ firms jo9 9 a comb9e1 :i* is by no means always advantage\s to ^? :o h pr(it$ by ! previ\s competition4 ,x is q possible to dom9ate ,*9a )\t infr++ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,op5 ,door4 ,?is pr9ciple m]ely ensures t ! dom9ation ev]y:]e %all be ,am]ican1 because ,am]ica is ! /ronge/ ,p[] f9ancially & comm]cially4 ,x is to ,am]ica's int]e/ to secure1 9 ,*9a1 c]ta9 ?+s consi/5t ) ,*9ese int]e/s1 & c]ta9 o!rs inconsi/5t ) !m4 ,! ,am]icans1 = ! sake ( comm]ce & good inve/m5ts1 w\ld wi% to see a /able gov]nm5t 9 ,*9a1 an increase 9 ! pur*as+ p[] ( ! p1 & an abs5ce ( t]ritorial aggression by o!r ,p[]s4 ,b !y w n wi% to see ! ,*9ese /rong en\gh to own & "w _! own railways or m9es1 & !y w res5t all attempts at economic indep5d5ce1 p>ticul>ly :5 7z is to be expect$7 !y take ! =m ( ,/ate ,socialism1 or :at ,l59 calls ,/ate ,capitalism4 ,!y w keep a dossi] ( e /ud5t educat$ 9 colleges "u ,am]ican control1 & w probably see to x t ^? :o pr(ess ,sociali/ or ,radical op9ions %all get no po/s4 ,!y w insi/ ^u ! /&>d ( hypocrisy :i* l$ !m to h\nd out ,gorky :5 he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y w de/roy beauty & sub/itute tid9ess4 ,9 %ort1 !y w insi/ ^u ,*9a becom+ z l z possible to ,god's own c\ntry1 except t x w n be all[$ to keep ! weal? g5]at$ by its indu/ries4 ,! ,*9ese h x 9 !m to give to ! _w a new contribution to civilization z valuable z t :i* !y gave 9 ! pa/4 ,?is w\ld be prev5t$ by ! dom9ation ( ! ,am]icans1 because !y believe _! own civilization to be p]fect4 ,! ideal ( capitalism1 if x c\ld be a*iev$1 w\ld be to de/roy competition among capitali/s by means ( ,tru/s1 b to keep alive competition among work]s4 ,to "s ext5t ,trade ,unionism has succe$$ 9 dim9i%+ competition among wage-e>n]s )9 ! advanc$ indu/rial c\ntries2 b x has only int5sifi$ ! conflict betwe5 work]s ( diff]5t races1 p>ticul>ly betwe5 ! :ite & yell[ races4#ib ,"u ! exi/+ economic sy/em1 ! competition ( *eap ,asiatic lab\r 9 ,am]ica1 ,canada or ,au/ralia might well be h>mful to :ite lab\r 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,b "u ,socialism an influx ( indu/ri\s1 skill$ work]s 9 sp>sely populat$ c\ntries w\ld be an obvi\s ga9 to ev]ybody4 ,"u ,socialism1 ! immigration ( any p]son :o produces m ?an he or %e consumes w be a ga9 to e o!r individual 9 ! community1 s9ce x increases ! weal? p] head4 ,b "u capitalism1 ow+ to competition = jobs1 a work] :o ei!r produces mu* or consumes little is ! natural enemy ( ! o!rs2 ?us ! sy/em makes = ineffici5t "w1 & creates an opposition betwe5 ! g5]al int]e/ & ! individual int]e/ ( ! wage-e>n]4 ,! case ( yell[ lab\r 9 ,am]ica & ! ,briti% ,dom9ions is "o ( ! mo/ un=tunate in/ances ( ! artificial conflicts ( int]e/ produc$ by ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,?is :ole "q ( ,asiatic immigration1 :i* is liable to cause tr\ble = c5turies to come1 c only be radically solv$ by ,socialism1 s9ce ,socialism alone c br+ ! private int]e/s ( work]s 9 ?is matt] into h>mony ) ! int]e/s ( _! nation & ( ! _w4 ,! conc5tration ( ! _w's capital 9 a few nations1 :i*1 by means ( x1 are able to dra9 all o!r nations ( _! weal?1 is obvi\sly n a sy/em by :i* p]man5t peace c be secur$ except ?r\gh ! complete subjection ( ! poor] nations4 ,9 ! long run1 ,*9a w see no reason to leave ! pr(its ( indu/ry 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s4 ,if1 = ! pres5t1 ,russia is successfully />v$ into submission to =eign capital1 ,russia also w1 :5 ! "t is ripe1 attempt a new rebellion aga9/ ! _w-empire ( f9ance4 ,i _c see1 !re=e1 any e/abli%m5t ( a /able _w-sy/em z a result ( ! syndicate =m$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,on ! contr>y1 we may expect t1 :5 ,asia has ?or\ghly assimilat$ our economic sy/em1 ! ,m>xian class-w> w break out 9 ! =m ( a w> betwe5 ,asia & ! ,we/1 ) ,am]ica z ! protagoni/ ( capitalism1 & ,russia z ! *ampion ( ,asia & ,socialism4 ,9 su* a w>1 ,asia w\ld be fight+ = fre$om1 b probably too late to pres]ve ! di/9ctive civilizations :i* n[ make ,asia valuable to ! human family4 ,inde$1 ! w> w\ld probably be s deva/at+ t no civilization ( any sort w\ld survive x4 ,to sum up3 ! real gov]nm5t ( ! _w is 9 ! h&s ( ! big f9anci]s1 except on que/ions :i* r\se passionate public int]e/4 ,no d\bt ! exclusion ( ,asiatics f ,am]ica & ! ,dom9ions is due to popul> pressure1 & is aga9/ ! int]e/s ( big f9ance4 ,b n _m que/ions r\se s mu* popul> feel+1 & among !m only a few are suffici5tly simple to be incapable ( misrepres5tation 9 ! int]e/s ( ! capitali/s4 ,ev5 9 su* a case z ,asiatic immigration1 x is ! capitali/ sy/em :i* causes ! anti-social int]e/s ( wage-e>n]s & makes !m illib]al4 ,! exi/+ sy/em makes ea* man's individual int]e/ oppos$1 9 "s vital po9t1 to ! int]e/ ( ! :ole4 ,& :at applies to individuals applies also to nations2 "u ! exi/+ economic sy/em1 a nation's int]e/ is seldom ! same z t ( ! _w at l>ge1 & !n only by accid5t4 ,int]national peace might conceivably be secur$ "u ! pres5t sy/em1 b only by a comb9ation ( ! /rong to exploit ! weak4 ,su* a comb9ation is be+ attempt$ z ! outcome ( ,wa%+ton2 b x c only dim9i%1 9 ! long run1 ! little fre$om n[ enjoy$ by ! weak] nations4 ,! ess5tial evil ( ! pres5t sy/em1 z ,sociali/s h po9t$ out ov] & ov] aga91 is production = pr(it in/ead ( = use4 ,a man or a company or a nation produces goods1 n 9 ord] to consume !m1 b 9 ord] to sell !m4 ,h5ce arise competition & exploitation & all ! evils1 bo? 9 int]nal lab\r problems & 9 int]national relations4 ,! developm5t ( ,*9ese comm]ce by capitali/ic me?ods means an increase1 = ! ,*9ese1 9 ! prices ( ! ?+s !y export1 :i* are also ! ?+s !y *iefly consume1 & ! artificial /imulation ( new ne$s = =eign goods1 :i* places ,*9a at ! m]cy ( ^? :o supply ^! goods1 de/roys ! exi/+ cont5tm5t1 & g5]ates a fev]i% pursuit ( purely mat]ial ends4 ,9 a sociali/ic _w1 production w be regulat$ by ! same au?ority :i* repres5ts ! ne$s ( ! consum]s1 & ! :ole bus9ess ( competitive buy+ & sell+ w cease4 ,until !n1 x is possible to h peace by submission to exploitation1 or "s degree ( fre$om by cont9ual w>1 b x is n possible to h bo? peace & fre$om4 ,! success ( ! pres5t ,am]ican policy may1 = a "t1 secure peace1 b w c]ta9ly n secure fre$om = ! weak] nations1 su* z ,*9ese4 ,only int]national ,socialism c secure bo?2 & ow+ to ! /imulation ( revolt by capitali/ oppression1 ev5 peace alone c nev] be secure until int]national ,socialism is e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hf3 ,! int]e/s ( ,engl&1 ap>t f ! "q ( ,india1 are r\ghly ! same z ^? ( ,am]ica4 ,broadly speak+1 ,briti% int]e/s are alli$ ) ,am]ican f9ance1 z aga9/ ! pacifi/ic & agr>ian t5d5cies ( ! ,middle ,we/4 ,footnote #hg3 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 s9ce ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 ! ,am]ican ,adm9i/ration has us$ ! naval ratio !re agre$ ^u to induce ,congress to cons5t to a l>g] exp5diture on ! navy ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 sanction$4 ,exp5diture on ! navy is unpopul> 9 ,am]ica1 b by its p>ade ( pacifism ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 enabl$ to extract ! necess>y money out ( ! pockets ( reluctant taxpay]s4 ,see ,! ,times' ,new ,york ,correspond5t's telegram 9 ,! ,times ( ,april #aj1 #aibb2 also ,april #ag & #bb4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,*amb]la91 ,! ,inv5tion ( a ,new ,religion1 publi%$ by ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,murdo*1 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 ,i4 pp4 #ejj ff4 ,footnote #ij3 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( ^! is giv5 9 ,! ,sociali/ & ,lab\r ,movem5t 9 ,japan1 by an ,am]ican ,sociologi/1 publi%$ by ! ,japan ,*ronicle4 ,footnote #ia3 ,au?or ( a book call$ ,if ,japan & ,am]ica ,fight4 ,footnote #ib3 ,! attitude ( :ite lab\r to t ( ,asia is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ telegram :i* appe>$ 9 ,! ,times = ,april #e1 #aibb1 f its ,melb\rne correspond5t3 ,a deputation ( %ipwrights & alli$ trades compla9$ to ,mr4 ,hughes1 ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 t f\r ,commonweal? %ips _h be5 repair$ at ,antw]p in/ead ( 9 ,au/ralia1 & t two _h be5 repair$ 9 ,india by black lab\r receiv+ eight annas 7#h;d47 a day4 ,:5 ! deputation rea*$ ! black lab\r allegation ,mr4 ,hughes jump$ f 8 *air & turn$ on 8 int]view]s )1 ',black lab\r be damn$4 ,g to bli!r+ blazes4 ,don't talk to me ab\t black lab\r4' ,hurry+ f ! room1 he pu%$ 8 way ?r\gh ! deputation4444 ,i d n g5]ally agree ) ,mr4 ,hughes1 b on ?is occasion1 deeply z ,i deplore 8 language1 ,i f9d myself 9 agreem5t ) 8 s5tim5ts1 assum+ t ! phrase black lab\r be damn$ is meant to conf] a bless+4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,*9ese ,,& ,,we/]n ,,civilization ,,contra/$ ,!re is at pres5t 9 ,*9a1 z we h se5 9 previ\s *apt]s1 a close contact betwe5 our civilization & t :i* is native to ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,x is /ill a d\btful "q :e!r ?is contact w bre$ a new civilization bett] ?an ei!r ( its p>5ts1 or :e!r x w m]ely de/roy ! native culture & replace x by t ( ,am]ica4 ,contacts betwe5 diff]5t civilizations h (t5 9 ! pa/ prov$ to be l&m>ks 9 human progress4 ,greece le>nt f ,egypt1 ,rome f ,greece1 ! ,arabs f ! ,roman ,empire1 m$ival ,europe f ! ,arabs1 & ,r5aissance ,europe f ! ,byzant9es4 ,9 _m ( ^! cases1 ! pupils prov$ bett] ?an _! ma/]s4 ,9 ! case ( ,*9a1 if we reg>d ! ,*9ese z ! pupils1 ?is may be ! case aga94 ,9 fact1 we h q z mu* to le>n f !m z !y f u1 b !re is f> less *ance ( our le>n+ x4 ,if ,i treat ! ,*9ese z our pupils1 r ?an vice v]sa1 x is only because ,i fe> we are untea*able4 ,i propose 9 ?is *apt] to deal ) ! purely cultural aspects ( ! que/ions rais$ by ! contact ( ,*9a ) ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ?ree foll[+ *apt]s1 ,i %all deal ) que/ions conc]n+ ! int]nal condition ( ,*9a1 return+ f9ally1 9 a conclud+ *apt]1 to ! hopes = ! future :i* are p]missible 9 ! pres5t difficult situation4 ,) ! exception ( ,spa9 & ,am]ica 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,i _c ?9k ( any in/ance ( two civilizations com+ into contact aft] su* a long p]iod ( sep>ate developm5t z has m>k$ ^? ( ,*9a & ,europe4 ,consid]+ ?is extraord9>y sep>at5ess1 x is surpris+ t mutual und]/&+ betwe5 ,europeans & ,*9ese is n m difficult4 ,9 ord] to make ?is po9t cle>1 x w be wor? :ile to dwell = a mom5t on ! hi/orical orig9s ( ! two civilizations4 ,we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica h a practically homog5e\s m5tal life1 :i* ,i %\ld trace to ?ree s\rces3 7#a7 ,greek culture2 7#b7 ,jewi% religion & e?ics2 7#c7 mod]n indu/rialism1 :i* itself is an outcome ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,we may take ,plato1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ,galileo z repres5t+ ^! ?ree elem5ts1 :i* h rema9$ s+ul>ly sep>able d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,f ! ,greeks we d]ive lit]ature & ! arts1 philosophy & pure ma!matics2 also ! m urbane portions ( our social outlook4 ,f ! ,jews we d]ive fanatical belief1 :i* its fri5ds call fai?2 moral f]v\r1 ) ! conception ( s92 religi\s intol]ance1 & "s "p ( our nationalism4 ,f sci5ce1 z appli$ 9 indu/rialism1 we d]ive p[] & ! s5se ( p[]1 ! belief t we are z gods1 & may ju/ly be1 ! arbit]s ( life & dea? = unsci5tific races4 ,we d]ive also ! empirical me?od1 by :i* almo/ all real k has be5 acquir$4 ,^! ?ree elem5ts1 ,i ?9k1 acc\nt = mo/ ( our m5tality4 ,no "o ( ^! ?ree elem5ts has _h any appreciable "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,*9a1 except t ,greece indirectly influ5c$ ,*9ese pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music4#ic ,*9a belongs1 9 ! dawn ( its hi/ory1 to ! great riv] empires1 ( :i* ,egypt & ,babylonia contribut$ to our orig9s1 by ! influ5ce :i* !y _h ^u ! ,greeks & ,jews4 ,j z ^! civilizations 7 r5d]$ possible by ! ri* alluvial soil ( ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,tigris1 s ! orig9al civilization ( ,*9a 0 r5d]$ possible by ! ,yell[ ,riv]4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,confucius1 ! ,*9ese ,empire did n /ret* f> ei!r to s\? or nor? ( ! ,yell[ ,riv]4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is simil>ity 9 physical & economic circum/ances1 !re 0 v little 9 common betwe5 ! m5tal outlook ( ! ,*9ese & t ( ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians4 ,lao-,tze#id & ,confucius1 :o bo? belong to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 h already ! *>act]i/ics :i* we %\ld reg>d z di/9ctive ( ! mod]n ,*9ese4 ,p :o attribute ev]y?+ to economic causes w\ld be h>d put to x to acc\nt = ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! anci5t ,*9ese & ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,babylonians4 ,= my "p1 ,i h no alt]native !ory to (f]4 ,i d n ?9k sci5ce c1 at pres5t1 acc\nt :olly = national "*4 ,climate & economic circum/ances acc\nt = "p1 b n ! :ole4 ,probably a great deal dep5ds ^u ! "* ( dom9ant individuals :o happ5 to em]ge at a =mative p]iod1 su* z ,moses1 ,mahomet1 & ,confucius4 ,! olde/ kn[n ,*9ese sage is ,lao-,tze1 ! f\nd] ( ,taoism4 ,lao ,tze is n really a prop] "n1 b means m]ely ! old philosoph]4 ,he 0 7accord+ to tradition7 an old] contempor>y ( ,confucius1 & 8 philosophy is to my m9d f> m int]e/+4 ,he held t e p]son1 e animal1 & e ?+ has a c]ta9 way or mann] ( behav+ :i* is natural to him1 or h]1 or x1 & t we ought to con=m to ?is way ourselves & enc\rage o!rs to con=m to x4 ,tao means way1 b us$ 9 a m or less my/ical s5se1 z 9 ! text3 ,i am ! ,way & ! ,tru? & ! ,life4 ,i ?9k he fanci$ t dea? 0 due to dep>t+ f ! way1 & t if we all liv$ /rictly accord+ to nature we %\ld be immortal1 l ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 lat] times ,taoism deg5]at$ into m]e magic1 & 0 l>gely conc]n$ ) ! se>* = ! elixir ( life4 ,b ,i ?9k ! hope ( escap+ f dea? 0 an elem5t 9 ,taoi/ philosophy f ! fir/4 ,lao-,tze's book1 or r ! book attribut$ to him1 is v %ort1 b 8 ideas 7 develop$ by 8 disciple ,*uang-,tze1 :o is m int]e/+ ?an 8 ma/]4 ,! philosophy :i* bo? advocat$ 0 "o ( fre$om4 ,!y ?\ght ill ( gov]nm5t1 & ( all int]f]5ces ) ,nature4 ,!y compla9$ ( ! hurry ( mod]n life1 :i* !y contra/$ ) ! calm exi/5ce ( ^? :om !y call$ ! pure m5 ( old4 ,!re is a flav\r ( my/icism 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tao1 because 9 spite ( ! multiplicity ( liv+ ?+s ! ,tao is 9 "s s5se "o1 s t if all live accord+ to x !re w be no /rife 9 ! _w4 ,b bo? sages h already ! ,*9ese *>act]i/ics ( hum\r1 re/ra9t1 & "u-/atem5t4 ,_! hum\r is illu/rat$ by ,*uang-,tze's acc\nt ( ,po-,lo :o und]/ood ! managem5t ( horses1 & tra9$ !m till five out ( e t5 di$4#ie ,_! re/ra9t & "u-/atem5t are evid5t :5 !y are comp>$ ) ,we/]n my/ics4 ,bo? *>act]i/ics belong to all ,*9ese lit]ature & art1 & to ! conv]sation ( cultivat$ ,*9ese 9 ! pres5t day4 ,all classes 9 ,*9a are fond ( laught]1 & nev] miss a *ance ( a joke4 ,9 ! educat$ classes1 ! hum\r is sly & delicate1 s t ,europeans (t5 fail to see x1 :i* adds to ! enjoym5t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,_! habit ( "u-/atem5t is rem>kable4 ,i met "o day 9 ,pek+ a middle-ag$ man :o told me he 0 academically int]e/$ 9 ! !ory ( politics2 be+ new to ! c\ntry1 ,i took 8 /atem5t at its face value1 b ,i aft]w>ds discov]$ t he _h be5 gov]nor ( a prov9ce1 & _h be5 = _m ye>s a v prom95t politician4 ,9 ,*9ese poetry !re is an app>5t abs5ce ( passion :i* is due to ! same practice ( "u-/atem5t4 ,!y consid] t a wise man %\ld always rema9 calm1 & ?\gh !y h _! passionate mom5ts 7be+ 9 fact a v excitable race71 !y d n wi% to p]petuate !m 9 art1 because !y ?9k ill ( !m4 ,our romantic movem5t1 :i* l$ p to l vehem5ce1 has1 s f> z ,i "k1 no analogue 9 _! lit]ature4 ,_! old music1 "s ( :i* is v beautiful1 makes s little noise t "o c only j he> x4 ,9 art !y aim at be+ exquisite1 & 9 life at be+ reasonable4 ,!re is no admiration = ! ru?less /rong man1 or = ! unre/ra9$ expression ( passion4 ,aft] ! m blatant life ( ! ,we/1 "o misses at fir/ all ! effects at :i* !y are aim+2 b gradually ! beauty & dignity ( _! exi/5ce become visible1 s t ! =eign]s :o h liv$ longe/ 9 ,*9a are ^? :o love ! ,*9ese be/4 ,! ,taoi/s1 ?\gh !y survive z magicians1 7 entirely ou/$ f ! fav\r ( ! educat$ classes by ,confucianism4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i am unable to appreciate ! m]its ( ,confucius4 ,8 writ+s are l>gely occupi$ ) trivial po9ts ( etiquette1 & 8 ma9 conc]n is to tea* p h[ to behave correctly on v>i\s occasions4 ,:5 "o comp>es him1 h[ev]1 ) ! traditional religi\s tea*]s ( "s o!r ages & races1 "o mu/ admit t he has great m]its1 ev5 if !y are ma9ly negative4 ,8 sy/em1 z develop$ by 8 foll[]s1 is "o ( pure e?ics1 )\t religi\s dogma2 x has n giv5 rise to a p[]ful prie/hood1 & x has n l$ to p]secution4 ,x c]ta9ly has succe$$ 9 produc+ a :ole nation possess$ ( exquisite mann]s & p]fect c\rtesy4 ,nor is ,*9ese c\rtesy m]ely conv5tional2 x is q z reliable 9 situations = :i* no prec$5t has be5 provid$4 ,& x is n conf9$ to "o class2 x exi/s ev5 9 ! humble/ coolie4 ,x is humiliat+ to wat* ! brutal insol5ce ( :ite m5 receiv$ by ! ,*9ese ) a quiet dignity :i* _c demean itself to answ] rud5ess ) rud5ess4 ,europeans (t5 reg>d ?is z weakness1 b x is really /r5g?1 ! /r5g? by :i* ! ,*9ese h hi!rto conqu]$ all _! conqu]ors4 ,!re is "o1 & only "o1 important =eign elem5t 9 ! traditional civilization ( ,*9a1 & t is ,buddhism4 ,buddhism came to ,*9a f ,india 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & acquir$ a def9ite place 9 ! religion ( ! c\ntry4 ,we1 ) ! intol]ant outlook :i* we h tak5 ov] f ! ,jews1 imag9e t if a man adopts "o religion he _c adopt ano!r4 ,! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 9 _! or?odox =ms1 are s fram$ t no man c accept bo?4 ,b 9 ,*9a ?is incompatibility does n exi/2 a man may be bo? a ,buddhi/ & a ,confucian1 because no?+ 9 ei!r is incompatible ) ! o!r4 ,9 ,japan1 simil>ly1 mo/ p are bo? ,buddhi/s & ,%9toi/s4 ,nev]!less !re is a temp]am5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ,buddhism & ,confucianism1 :i* w cause any individual to lay /ress on "o or o!r ev5 if he accepts bo?4 ,buddhism is a religion 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& ! ^w4 ,x has my/ic doctr9es & a way ( salvation & a future life4 ,x has a message to ! _w int5d$ to cure ! despair :i* x reg>ds z natural to ^? :o h no religi\s fai?4 ,x assumes an in/9ctive pessimism only to be cur$ by "s gospel4 ,confucianism has no?+ ( all ?is4 ,x assumes p fundam5tally at peace ) ! _w1 want+ only in/ruction z to h[ to live1 n enc\ragem5t to live at all4 ,& its e?ical in/ruction is n bas$ ^u any metaphysical or religi\s dogma2 x is purely mundane4 ,! result ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ^! two religions 9 ,*9a has be5 t ! m religi\s & contemplative natures turn$ to ,buddhism1 :ile ! active adm9i/rative type 0 cont5t ) ,confucianism1 :i* 0 always ! (ficial tea*+1 9 :i* c&idates = ! civil s]vice 7 exam9$4 ,! result is t = _m ages ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,*9a has be5 9 ! h&s ( lit]>y sceptics1 ^: adm9i/ration has be5 lack+ 9 ^? qualities ( en]gy & de/ructiv5ess :i* ,we/]n nations dem& ( _! rul]s4 ,9 fact1 !y h con=m$ v closely to ! maxims ( ,*uang-,tze4 ,! result has be5 t ! population has be5 happy except :]e civil w> br\ght mis]y2 t subject nations h be5 all[$ autonomy2 & t =eign nations h _h no ne$ to fe> ,*9a1 9 spite ( its imm5se population & res\rces4 ,comp>+ ! civilization ( ,*9a ) t ( ,europe1 "o f9ds 9 ,*9a mo/ ( :at 0 to be f\nd 9 ,greece1 b no?+ ( ! o!r two elem5ts ( our civilization1 namely ,judaism & sci5ce4 ,*9a is practically de/itute ( religion1 n only 9 ! upp] classes1 b ?r\gh\t ! population4 ,!re is a v def9ite e?ical code1 b x is n fi]ce or p]secut+1 & does n conta9 ! notion s94 ,except q rec5tly1 ?r\gh ,european influ5ce1 !re has be5 no sci5ce & no indu/rialism4 ,:at w be ! outcome ( ! contact ( ?is anci5t civilization ) ! ,we/8 ,i am n ?9k+ ( ! political or economic outcome1 b ( ! effect on ! ,*9ese m5tal outlook4 ,x is difficult to dissociate ! two que/ions altoge!r1 because ( c\rse ! cultural contact ) ! ,we/ mu/ be affect$ by ! nature ( ! political & economic contact4 ,nev]!less1 ,i wi% to consid] ! cultural "q z f> z ,i c 9 isolation4 ,!re is1 9 ,*9a1 a great eag]ness to acquire ,we/]n le>n+1 n simply 9 ord] to acquire national /r5g? & be able to resi/ ,we/]n aggression1 b because a v l>ge numb] ( p consid] le>n+ a good ?+ 9 itself4 ,x is traditional 9 ,*9a to place a high value on k1 b 9 old days ! k s\ght 0 only ( ! classical lit]ature4 ,n[adays x is g5]ally realiz$ t ,we/]n k is m useful4 ,_m /ud5ts g e ye> to univ]sities 9 ,europe1 & /ill m to ,am]ica1 to le>n sci5ce or economics or law or political !ory4 ,^! m51 :5 !y return to ,*9a1 mo/ly become tea*]s or civil s]vants or j\rnali/s or politicians4 ,!y are rapidly mod]niz+ ! ,*9ese outlook1 especially 9 ! educat$ classes4 ,! traditional civilization ( ,*9a _h become unprogressive1 & _h ceas$ to produce mu* ( value 9 ! way ( art & lit]ature4 ,?is 0 n due1 ,i ?9k1 to any decad5ce 9 ! race1 b m]ely to lack ( new mat]ial4 ,! influx ( ,we/]n k provides j ! /imulus t 0 ne$$4 ,*9ese /ud5ts are able & extraord9>ily ke54 ,high] education suff]s f lack ( funds & abs5ce ( libr>ies1 b does n suff] f any lack ( ! f9e/ human mat]ial4 ,al?\gh ,*9ese civilization has hi!rto be5 defici5t 9 sci5ce1 x nev] conta9$ any?+ ho/ile to sci5ce1 & !re=e ! spread ( sci5tific k enc\nt]s no su* ob/acles z ! ,*ur* put 9 its way 9 ,europe4 ,i h no d\bt t if ! ,*9ese c\ld get a /able gov]nm5t & suffici5t funds1 !y w\ld1 )9 ! next ?irty ye>s1 beg9 to produce rem>kable "w 9 sci5ce4 ,x is q likely t !y might out/rip u1 because !y come ) fre% ze/ & ) all ! ard\r ( a r5aissance4 ,9 fact1 ! en?usiasm = le>n+ 9 ,"y ,*9a rem9ds "o con/antly ( ! r5aissance _s 9 fifte5?-c5tury ,italy4 ,x is v rem>kable1 z di/+ui%+ ! ,*9ese f ! ,japanese1 t ! ?+s !y wi% to le>n f u are n ^? t br+ weal? or milit>y /r5g?1 b r ^? t h ei!r an e?ical & social value1 or a purely intellectual int]e/4 ,!y are n by any means uncritical ( our civilization4 ,"s ( !m told me t !y 7 less critical be=e #aiad1 b t ! w> made !m ?9k !re mu/ be imp]fections 9 ! ,we/]n mann] ( life4 ,! habit ( look+ to ! ,we/ = wisdom 01 h[ev]1 v /rong1 & "s ( ! y\ng] ones ?\ght t ,bol%evism c\ld give :at !y 7 look+ =4 ,t hope also mu/ be suff]+ disappo9tm5t1 & be=e long !y w realize t !y mu/ "w out _! own salvation by means ( a new syn!sis4 ,! ,japanese adopt$ our faults & kept _! own1 b x is possible to hope t ! ,*9ese w make ! opposite selection1 keep+ _! own m]its & adopt+ ours4 ,! di/9ctive m]it ( our civilization1 ,i %\ld say1 is ! sci5tific me?od2 ! di/9ctive m]it ( ! ,*9ese is a j conception ( ! ends ( life4 ,x is ^! two t "o mu/ hope to see gradually unit+4 ,lao-,tze describes ! op]ation ( ,tao z production )\t possession1 action )\t self-ass]tion1 developm5t )\t dom9ation4 ,i ?9k "o c\ld d]ive f ^! words a conception ( ! ends ( life z reflective ,*9ese see !m1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are v diff]5t f ! ends :i* mo/ :ite m5 set be=e !mselves4 ,possession1 self-ass]tion1 dom9ation1 are eag]ly s\ght1 bo? nationally & individually4 ,!y h be5 erect$ into a philosophy by ,nietzs*e1 & ,nietzs*e's disciples are n conf9$ to ,g]many4 ,b1 x w be said1 y h be5 comp>+ ,we/]n practice ) ,*9ese !ory2 if y _h comp>$ ,we/]n !ory ) ,*9ese practice1 ! balance w\ld h come out q diff]5tly4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a great deal ( tru? 9 ?is4 ,possession1 :i* is "o ( ! ?ree ?+s t ,lao-,tze wi%es u to =ego1 is c]ta9ly de> to ! he>t ( ! av]age ,*9aman4 ,z a race1 !y are t5aci\s ( money--n p]haps m s ?an ! ,fr5*1 b c]ta9ly m ?an ! ,engli% or ! ,am]icans4 ,_! politics are corrupt1 & _! p[]ful m5 make money 9 disgraceful ways4 ,all ?is x is impossible to d5y4 ,nev]!less1 z reg>ds ! o!r two evils1 self-ass]tion & dom9ation1 ,i notice a def9ite sup]iority to ourselves 9 ,*9ese practice4 ,!re is mu* less desire ?an among ! :ite races to tyrannize ov] o!r p4 ,! weakness ( ,*9a int]nationally is q z mu* due to ?is virtue z to ! vices ( corruption & s on :i* are usually assign$ z ! sole reason4 ,if any nation 9 ! _w c\ld ev] be too pr\d to fight1 t nation w\ld be ,*9a4 ,! natural ,*9ese attitude is "o ( tol]ance & fri5dl9ess1 %[+ c\rtesy & expect+ x 9 return4 ,if ! ,*9ese *ose1 !y c\ld be ! mo/ p[]ful nation 9 ! _w4 ,b !y only desire fre$om1 n dom9ation4 ,x is n improbable t o!r nations may compel !m to fight = _! fre$om1 & if s1 !y may lose _! virtues & acquire a ta/e = empire4 ,b at pres5t1 ?\gh !y h be5 an imp]ial race = #b1jjj ye>s1 _! love ( empire is extraord9>ily slight4 ,al?\gh !re h be5 _m w>s 9 ,*9a1 ! natural outlook ( ! ,*9ese is v pacifi/ic4 ,i d n "k ( any o!r c\ntry :]e a poet w\ld h *os51 z ,po-,*ui did 9 "o ( ! poems translat$ by ,mr4 ,waley1 call$ by him ,! ,old ,man ) ! ,brok5 ,arm1 to make a h]o ( a recruit :o maim$ himself to escape milit>y s]vice4 ,_! pacifism is root$ 9 _! contemplative outlook1 & 9 ! fact t !y d n desire to *ange :atev] !y see4 ,!y take a pleasure--z _! pictures %[--9 obs]v+ *>act]i/ic manife/ations ( diff]5t k9ds ( life1 & !y h no wi% to r$uce ev]y?+ to a preconceiv$ patt]n4 ,!y h n ! ideal ( progress :i* dom9ates ! ,we/]n nations1 & af=ds a rationalization ( our active impulses4 ,progress is1 ( c\rse1 a v mod]n ideal ev5 ) u2 x is "p ( :at we owe to sci5ce & indu/rialism4 ,! cultivat$ cons]vative ,*9ese ( ! pres5t day talk exactly z _! e>lie/ sages write4 ,if "o po9ts out to !m t ?is %[s h[ little progress !re has be51 !y w say3 ,:y seek progress :5 y already enjoy :at is excell5t8 ,at fir/1 ?is po9t ( view seems to a ,european unduly indol5t2 b gradually d\bts z to "o's own wisdom gr[ up1 & "o beg9s to ?9k t mu* ( :at we call progress is only re/less *ange1 br++ u no ne>] to any desirable goal4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ :at ! ,*9ese h s\ght 9 ! ,we/ ) :at ! ,we/ has s\ght 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese 9 ! ,we/ seek k1 9 ! hope--:i* ,i fe> is usually va9--t k may prove a gateway to wisdom4 ,:ite m5 h gone to ,*9a ) ?ree motives3 to fight1 to make money1 & to conv]t ! ,*9ese to our religion4 ,! la/ ( ^! motives has ! m]it ( be+ ideali/ic1 & has inspir$ _m h]oic lives4 ,b ! soldi]1 ! m]*ant1 & ! mission>y are alike conc]n$ to /amp our civilization ^u ! _w2 !y are all ?ree1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 pugnaci\s4 ,! ,*9ese h no wi% to conv]t u to ,confucianism2 !y say religions are _m1 b reason is "o1 & ) t !y are cont5t to let u g our way4 ,!y are good m]*ants1 b _! me?ods are q diff]5t f ^? ( ,european m]*ants 9 ,*9a1 :o are p]petually seek+ concessions1 monopolies1 railways1 & m9es1 & endeav\r+ to get _! claims support$ by gunboats4 ,! ,*9ese are n1 z a rule1 good soldi]s1 because ! causes = :i* !y are ask$ to fight are n wor? fight+ =1 & !y "k x4 ,b t is only a pro( ( _! reasonabl5ess4 ,i ?9k ! tol]ance ( ! ,*9ese is 9 excess ( any?+ t ,europeans c imag9e f _! exp]i5ce at home4 ,we imag9e ourselves tol]ant1 because we are m s ?an our ance/ors4 ,b we /ill practise political & social p]secution1 & :at is m1 we are firmly p]suad$ t our civilization & our way ( life are immeasurably bett] ?an any o!r1 s t :5 we come across a nation l ! ,*9ese1 we are conv9c$ t ! k9de/ ?+ we c d to !m is to make !m l ourselves4 ,i believe ?is to be a pr(\nd mi/ake4 ,x seem$ to me t ! av]age ,*9aman1 ev5 if he is mis]ably poor1 is happi] ?an ! av]age ,engli%man1 & is happi] because ! nation is built ^u a m humane & civiliz$ outlook ?an our own4 ,re/lessness & pugnacity n only cause obvi\s evils1 b fill our lives ) discont5t1 incapacitate u = ! enjoym5t ( beauty1 & make u almo/ incapable ( ! contemplative virtues4 ,9 ?is respect we h gr[n rapidly worse dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,i d n d5y t ! ,*9ese g too f> 9 ! o!r direction2 b = t v reason ,i ?9k contact betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ is likely to be fruitful to bo? p>ties4 ,!y may le>n f u ! indisp5sable m9imum ( practical effici5cy1 & we may le>n f !m some?+ ( t contemplative wisdom :i* has enabl$ !m to p]si/ :ile all ! o!r nations ( antiquity h p]i%$4 ,:5 ,i w5t to ,*9a1 ,i w5t to tea*2 b e day t ,i /ay$ ,i ?\ght less ( :at ,i _h to tea* !m & m ( :at ,i _h to le>n f !m4 ,among ,europeans :o _h liv$ a long "t 9 ,*9a1 ,i f\nd ?is attitude n uncommon2 b among ^? ^: /ay is %ort1 or :o g only to make money1 x is sadly r>e4 ,x is r>e because ! ,*9ese d n excel 9 ! ?+s we really value--milit>y pr[ess & indu/rial ent]prise4 ,b ^? :o value wisdom or beauty1 or ev5 ! simple enjoym5t ( life1 w f9d m ( ^! ?+s 9 ,*9a ?an 9 ! di/ract$ & turbul5t ,we/1 & w be happy to live :]e su* ?+s are valu$4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld hope t ,*9a1 9 return = our sci5tific k1 may give u some?+ ( h] l>ge tol]ance & contemplative peace ( m9d4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,cordi]1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #cfh1 & ,giles1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #id3 ,) reg>d to ,lao-,tze1 ! book :i* be>s 8 "n is ( d\btful au!nticity1 & 0 probably compil$ two or ?ree c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,cf4 ,giles1 op4 cit41 ,lecture ,v4 ,footnote #ie3 ,quot$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 pp4 #hb-c4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,*9ese ,,"* ,!re is a !ory among ,occid5tals t ! ,*9aman is inscrutable1 full ( secret ?\ghts1 & impossible = u to und]/&4 ,x may be t a great] exp]i5ce ( ,*9a w\ld h br\ght me to %>e ?is op9ion2 b ,i c\ld see no?+ to support x dur+ ! "t :5 ,i 0 work+ 9 t c\ntry4 ,i talk$ to ! ,*9ese z ,i %\ld h talk$ to ,engli% p1 & !y answ]$ me mu* z ,engli% p w\ld h answ]$ a ,*9ese :om !y consid]$ educat$ & n :olly un9tellig5t4 ,i d n believe 9 ! my? ( ! ,subtle ,ori5tal3 ,i am conv9c$ t 9 a game ( mutual deception an ,engli%man or ,am]ican c beat a ,*9ese n9e times out ( t54 ,b z _m comp>atively poor ,*9ese h deal+s ) ri* :ite m51 ! game is (t5 play$ only on "o side4 ,!n1 no d\bt1 ! :ite man is deceiv$ & sw9dl$2 b n m ?an a ,*9ese m&>9 w\ld be 9 ,london4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s ab\t ! ,*9ese is _! p[] ( secur+ ! affection ( =eign]s4 ,almo/ all ,europeans l ,*9a1 bo? ^? :o come only z t\ri/s & ^? :o live !re = _m ye>s4 ,9 spite ( ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 ,i c recall h>dly a s+le ,engli%man 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ :o lik$ ! ,japanese z well z ! ,*9ese4 ,^? :o h liv$ long among !m t5d to acquire _! outlook & _! /&>ds4 ,new arrivals are /ruck by obvi\s evils3 ! begg>s1 ! t]rible pov]ty1 ! preval5ce ( disease1 ! an>*y & corruption 9 politics4 ,e en]getic ,we/]n] feels at fir/ a /rong desire to re=m ^! evils1 & ( c\rse !y ought to be re=m$4 ,b ! ,*9ese1 ev5 ^? :o are ! victims ( prev5table mis=tunes1 %[ a va/ passive indiff]5ce to ! excitem5t ( ! =eign]s2 !y wait = x to g (f1 l ! eff]vesc5ce ( soda-wat]4 ,& gradually /range hesitations creep into ! m9d ( ! bewild]$ travell]2 aft] a p]iod ( indignation1 he beg9s to d\bt all ! maxims he has hi!rto accept$ )\t "q4 ,is x really wise to be always gu>d+ aga9/ future mis=tune8 ,is x prud5t to lose all enjoym5t ( ! pres5t ?r\gh ?9k+ ( ! disa/]s t may come at "s future date8 ,%\ld our lives be pass$ 9 build+ a mansion t we %all nev] h leisure to inhabit8 ,! ,*9ese answ] ^! que/ions 9 ! negative1 & !re=e h to put up ) pov]ty1 disease1 & an>*y4 ,b1 to comp5sate = ^! evils1 !y h reta9$1 z indu/rial nations h n1 ! capacity = civiliz$ enjoym5t1 = leisure & laught]1 = pleasure 9 sun%9e & philosophical disc\rse4 ,! ,*9ese1 ( all classes1 are m laught]-lov+ ?an any o!r race ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$2 !y f9d amusem5t 9 ev]y?+1 & a dispute c always be s(t5$ by a joke4 ,i rememb] "o hot day :5 a p>ty ( u 7 cross+ ! hills 9 *airs--! way 0 r\gh & v /eep1 ! "w = ! coolies v sev]e4 ,at ! highe/ po9t ( our j\rney1 we /opp$ = t5 m9utes to let ! m5 re/4 ,in/antly !y all sat 9 a r[1 br\ght out _! pipes1 & began to laugh among !mselves z if !y _h n a c>e 9 ! _w4 ,9 any c\ntry t _h le>n$ ! virtue ( =e?\ght1 !y w\ld h devot$ ! mom5ts to compla9+ ( ! heat1 9 ord] to increase _! tip4 ,we1 be+ ,europeans1 sp5t ! "t worry+ :e!r ! automobile w\ld be wait+ = u at ! "r place4 ,well-to-d ,*9ese w\ld h />t$ a discussion z to :e!r ! univ]se moves 9 cycles or progresses by a rectil9e> motion2 or !y might h set to "w to consid] :e!r ! truly virtu\s man %[s complete self-abnegation1 or may1 on occasion1 consid] 8 own int]e/4 ,"o comes across :ite m5 occasionally :o suff] "u ! delusion t ,*9a is n a civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,su* m5 h q =gott5 :at con/itutes civilization4 ,x is true t !re are no trams 9 ,pek+1 & t ! electric light is poor4 ,x is true t !re are places full ( beauty1 :i* ,europeans it* to make hide\s by digg+ up coal4 ,x is true t ! educat$ ,*9aman is bett] at writ+ poetry ?an at rememb]+ ! sort ( facts :i* c be look$ up 9 ,:itak]'s ,almanac4 ,a ,european1 9 recomm5d+ a place ( resid5ce1 w tell y t x has a good tra9 s]vice2 ! be/ quality he c conceive 9 any place is t x %\ld be easy to get away f4 ,b a ,*9aman w tell y no?+ ab\t ! tra9s2 if y ask1 he w tell y wrong4 ,:at he tells y is t !re is a palace built by an anci5t emp]or1 & a retreat 9 a lake = s*ol>s we>y ( ! _w1 f\nd$ by a fam\s poet ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,x is ?is outlook t /rikes ! ,we/]n] z b>b>ic4 ,! ,*9ese1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 h an imp]turbable quiet dignity1 :i* is usually n de/roy$ ev5 by a ,european education4 ,!y are n self-ass]tive1 ei!r individually or nationally2 _! pride is too pr(\nd = self-ass]tion4 ,!y admit ,*9a's milit>y weakness 9 comp>ison ) =eign ,p[]s1 b !y d n consid] effici5cy 9 homicide ! mo/ important quality 9 a man or a nation4 ,i ?9k t1 at bottom1 !y almo/ all believe t ,*9a is ! greate/ nation 9 ! _w1 & has ! f9e/ civilization4 ,a ,we/]n] _c be expect$ to accept ?is view1 because x is bas$ on traditions utt]ly diff]5t f 8 own4 ,b gradually "o comes to feel t x is1 at any rate1 n an absurd view2 t x is1 9 fact1 ! logical outcome ( a self-consi/5t /&>d ( values4 ,! typical ,we/]n] wi%es to be ! cause ( z _m *anges z possible 9 8 environm5t2 ! typical ,*9aman wi%es to enjoy z mu* & z delicately z possible4 ,?is diff]5ce is at ! bottom ( mo/ ( ! contra/ betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,we 9 ! ,we/ make a feti% ( progress1 :i* is ! e?ical cam\flage ( ! desire to be ! cause ( *anges4 ,if we are ask$1 = in/ance1 :e!r ma*9]y has really improv$ ! _w1 ! "q /rikes u z fooli%3 x has br\ght great *anges & !re=e great progress4 ,:at we believe to be a love ( progress is really1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 a love ( p[]1 an enjoym5t ( ! feel+ t by our fiat we c make ?+s diff]5t4 ,= ! sake ( ?is pleasure1 a "y ,am]ican w "w s h>d t1 by ! "t he has acquir$ 8 millions1 he has become a victim ( dyspepsia1 compell$ to live on toa/ & wat]1 & to be a m]e spectator ( ! fea/s t he (f]s to 8 gue/s4 ,b he consoles himself ) ! ?\ght t he c control politics1 & provoke or prev5t w>s z may suit 8 inve/m5ts4 ,x is ?is temp]am5t t makes ,we/]n nations progressive4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 ambiti\s m5 9 ,*9a1 b !y are less common ?an among ourselves4 ,& _! ambition takes a diff]5t =m--n a bett] =m1 b "o produc$ by ! pref]5ce ( enjoym5t to p[]4 ,x is a natural result ( ?is pref]5ce t av>ice is a widespread fail+ ( ! ,*9ese4 ,money br+s ! means ( enjoym5t1 !re=e money is passionately desir$4 ,) u1 money is desir$ *iefly z a means to p[]2 politicians1 :o c acquire p[] )\t mu* money1 are (t5 cont5t to rema9 poor4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! tu*uns 7milit>y gov]nors71 :o h ! real p[]1 almo/ always use x = ! sole purpose ( amass+ a =tune4 ,_! object is to escape to ,japan at a suitable mom5t2 ) suffici5t plund] to enable !m to enjoy life quietly = ! re/ ( _! days4 ,! fact t 9 escap+ !y lose p[] does n tr\ble !m 9 ! lea/4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t su* politicians1 :o spread deva/ation only 9 ! prov9ces committ$ to _! c>e1 are f> less h>mful to ! _w ?an our own1 :o ru9 :ole cont95ts 9 ord] to w9 an election campaign4 ,! corruption & an>*y 9 ,*9ese politics d mu* less h>m ?an "o w\ld be incl9$ to expect4 ,b = ! pr$atory desires ( ! ,great ,p[]s--especially ,japan--! h>m w\ld be mu* less ?an is done by our own effici5t ,gov]nm5ts4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! activities ( a mod]n ,gov]nm5t are h>mful2 !re=e ! worse !y are p]=m$1 ! bett]4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e ! ,gov]nm5t is lazy1 corrupt1 & /upid1 !re is a degree ( individual lib]ty :i* has be5 :olly lo/ 9 ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! laws are j z bad z else:]e2 occasionally1 "u =eign pressure1 a man is imprison$ = ,bol%evi/ propag&a1 j z he might be 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,b ?is is q exceptional2 z a rule1 9 practice1 !re is v little int]f]5ce ) free spee* & a free ,press4#if ,! individual does n feel oblig$ to foll[ ! h]d1 z he has 9 ,europe s9ce #aiad1 & 9 ,am]ica s9ce #aiag4 ,m5 /ill ?9k = !mselves1 & are n afraid to ann\nce ! conclusions at :i* !y arrive4 ,individualism has p]i%$ 9 ! ,we/1 b 9 ,*9a x survives1 = good z well z = evil4 ,self-respect & p]sonal dignity are possible = e coolie 9 ,*9a1 to a degree :i* is1 among ourselves1 possible only = a few lead+ f9anci]s4 ,! bus9ess ( sav+ face1 :i* (t5 /rikes =eign]s 9 ,*9a z ludicr\s1 is only ! c>ry+-out ( respect = p]sonal dignity 9 ! sph]e ( social mann]s4 ,ev]ybody has face1 ev5 ! humble/ begg>2 !re are humiliations t y mu/ n inflict ^u him1 if y are n to outrage ! ,*9ese e?ical code4 ,if y speak to a ,*9aman 9 a way t transgresses ! code1 he w laugh1 because y\r words mu/ be tak5 z spok5 9 je/ if !y are n to con/itute an (f5ce4 ,once ,i ?\ght t ! /ud5ts to :om ,i 0 lectur+ 7 n z indu/ri\s z !y might be1 & ,i told !m s 9 j ! same words t ,i %\ld h us$ to ,engli% /ud5ts 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,b ,i soon f\nd ,i 0 mak+ a mi/ake4 ,!y all laugh$ uneasily1 :i* surpris$ me until ,i saw ! reason4 ,*9ese life1 ev5 among ! mo/ mod]niz$1 is f> m polite ?an any?+ to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 int]f]es ) effici5cy1 & also 7:at is m s]i\s7 ) s9c]ity & tru? 9 p]sonal relations4 ,if ,i 7 ,*9ese1 ,i %\ld wi% to see x mitigat$4 ,b to ^? :o suff] f ! brutalities ( ! ,we/1 ,*9ese urbanity is v re/ful4 ,:e!r on ! balance x is bett] or worse ?an our frankness1 ,i %all n v5ture to decide4 ,! ,*9ese rem9d "o ( ! ,engli% 9 _! love ( compromise & 9 _! habit ( b[+ to public op9ion4 ,seldom is a conflict pu%$ to its ultimate brutal issue4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,man*u ,emp]or may be tak5 z a case 9 po9t4 ,:5 a ,we/]n c\ntry becomes a ,republic1 x is cu/om>y to cut (f ! head ( ! depos$ mon>*1 or at lea/ to cause him to fly ! c\ntry4 ,b ! ,*9ese h left ! ,emp]or 8 title1 8 beautiful palace1 8 troops ( eunu*s1 & an income ( sev]al million doll>s a ye>4 ,he is a boy ( sixte51 liv+ peaceably 9 ! ,=bidd5 ,city4 ,once1 9 ! c\rse ( a civil w>1 he 0 nom9ally re/or$ to p[] = a few days2 b he 0 depos$ aga91 )\t be+ 9 any way puni%$ = ! use to :i* he _h be5 put4 ,public op9ion is a v real =ce 9 ,*9a1 :5 x c be r\s$4 ,x 01 by all acc\nts1 ma9ly responsible = ! d[nfall ( ! ,an ,fu p>ty 9 ! summ] ( #aibj4 ,?is p>ty 0 pro-,japanese & 0 accept+ loans f ,japan4 ,hatr$ ( ,japan is ! /ronge/ & mo/ widespread ( political passions 9 ,*9a1 & x 0 /irr$ up by ! /ud5ts 9 fi]y orations4 ,! ,an ,fu p>ty _h1 at fir/1 a great prepond]ance ( milit>y /r5g?2 b _! soldi]s melt$ away :5 !y came to und]/& ! cause = :i* !y 7 expect$ to fight4 ,9 ! end1 ! oppon5ts ( ! ,an ,fu p>ty 7 able to ent] ,pek+ & *ange ! ,gov]nm5t almo/ )\t fir+ a %ot4 ,! same influ5ce ( public op9ion 0 decisive 9 ! tea*]s' /rike1 :i* 0 on ! po9t ( be+ settl$ :5 ,i left ,pek+4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* is always impecuni\s1 ow+ to corruption1 _h left its tea*]s unpaid = _m mon?s4 ,at la/ !y /ruck to en=ce paym5t1 & w5t on a peaceful deputation to ! ,gov]nm5t1 accompani$ by _m /ud5ts4 ,!re 0 a cla% ) ! soldi]s & police1 & _m tea*]s & /ud5ts 7 m or less sev]ely w\nd$4 ,?is l$ to a t]rific outcry1 because ! love ( education 9 ,*9a is pr(\nd & widespread4 ,! newspap]s clam\r$ = revolution4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h j sp5t n9e million doll>s 9 corrupt paym5ts to ?ree ,tu*uns :o _h desc5d$ ^u ! capital to extort blackmail4 ,x c\ld n f9d any col\rable pretext = refus+ ! few hundr$ ?\s&s requir$ by ! tea*]s1 & x capitulat$ 9 panic4 ,i d n ?9k !re is any ,anglo-,saxon c\ntry :]e ! int]e/s ( tea*]s w\ld h r\s$ ! same degree ( public feel+4 ,no?+ a/oni%es a ,european m 9 ! ,*9ese ?an _! pati5ce4 ,! educat$ ,*9ese are well aw>e ( ! =eign m5ace4 ,!y realize acutely :at ! ,japanese h done 9 ,man*uria & ,%antung4 ,!y are aw>e t ! ,engli% 9 ,hong-,kong are do+ _! utmo/ to br+ to naught ! ,canton attempt to introduce good gov]nm5t 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!y "k t all ! ,great ,p[]s1 )\t exception1 look ) gre$y eyes ^u ! undevelop$ res\rces ( _! c\ntry1 especially its coal & iron4 ,!y h be=e !m ! example ( ,japan1 :i*1 by develop+ a brutal milit>ism1 a ca/-iron discipl9e1 & a new reaction>y religion1 has succe$$ 9 hold+ at bay ! fi]ce lu/s ( civiliz$ indu/riali/s4 ,yet !y nei!r copy ,japan nor submit tamely to =eign dom9ation4 ,!y ?9k n 9 decades1 b 9 c5turies4 ,!y h be5 conqu]$ be=e1 fir/ by ! ,t>t>s & !n by ! ,man*us2 b 9 bo? cases !y absorb$ _! conqu]ors4 ,*9ese civilization p]si/$1 un*ang$2 & aft] a few g5]ations ! invad]s became m ,*9ese ?an _! subjects4 ,man*uria is a r empty c\ntry1 ) abundant room = colonization4 ,! ,japanese ass]t t !y ne$ colonies = _! surplus population1 yet ! ,*9ese immigrants into ,man*uria exce$ ! ,japanese a hundr$fold4 ,:atev] may be ! tempor>y political /atus ( ,man*uria1 x w rema9 a "p ( ,*9ese civilization1 & c be recov]$ :5ev] ,japan happ5s to be 9 difficulties4 ,! ,*9ese d]ive su* /r5g? f _! f\r hundr$ millions1 ! t\ghness ( _! national cu/oms1 _! p[] ( passive resi/ance1 & _! unrivall$ national cohesiv5ess--9 spite ( ! civil w>s1 :i* m]ely ruffle ! surface--t !y c af=d to despise milit>y me?ods1 & to wait till ! fev]i% en]gy ( _! oppressors %all h exhau/$ itself 9 int]nec9e combats4 ,*9a is mu* less a political entity ?an a civilization--! only "o t has surviv$ f anci5t times4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,confucius1 ! ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 ,p]sian1 ,mac$onian1 & ,roman ,empires h p]i%$2 b ,*9a has p]si/$ ?r\gh a cont9u\s evolution4 ,!re h be5 =eign influ5ces--fir/ ,buddhism1 & n[ ,we/]n sci5ce4 ,b ,buddhism did n turn ! ,*9ese into ,indians1 & ,we/]n sci5ce w n turn !m into ,europeans4 ,i h met m5 9 ,*9a :o knew z mu* ( ,we/]n le>n+ z any pr(essor among ourselves2 yet !y _h n be5 ?r[n (f _! balance1 or lo/ t\* ) _! own p4 ,:at is bad 9 ! ,we/--its brutality1 its re/lessness1 its read9ess to oppress ! weak1 its preoccupation ) purely mat]ial aims--!y see to be bad1 & d n wi% to adopt4 ,:at is good1 especially its sci5ce1 !y d wi% to adopt4 ,! old indig5\s culture ( ,*9a has become r dead2 its art & lit]ature are n :at !y 71 & ,confucius does n satisfy ! spiritual ne$s ( a mod]n man1 ev5 if he is ,*9ese4 ,! ,*9ese :o h _h a ,european or ,am]ican education realize t a new elem5t1 is ne$$ to vitalize native traditions1 & !y look to our civilization to supply x4 ,b !y d n wi% to con/ruct a civilization j l ours2 & x is precisely 9 ?is t ! be/ hope lies4 ,if !y are n goad$ into milit>ism1 !y may produce a g5u9ely new civilization1 bett] ?an any t we 9 ! ,we/ h be5 able to create4 ,s f>1 ,i h spok5 *iefly ( ! good sides ( ! ,*9ese "*2 b ( c\rse ,*9a1 l e o!r nation1 has its bad sides also4 ,x is disagreeable to me to speak ( ^!1 z ,i exp]i5c$ s mu* c\rtesy & real k9dness f ! ,*9ese1 t ,i %\ld pref] to say only nice ?+s ab\t !m4 ,b = ! sake ( ,*9a1 z well z = ! sake ( tru?1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to conceal :at is less admirable4 ,i w only ask ! read] to rememb] t1 on ! balance1 ,i ?9k ! ,*9ese "o ( ! be/ nations ,i h come across1 & am prep>$ to draw up a grav] indictm5t aga9/ e "o ( ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,%ortly be=e ,i left ,*9a1 an em95t ,*9ese writ] press$ me to say :at ,i consid]$ ! *ief defects ( ! ,*9ese4 ,) "s reluctance1 ,i m5tion$ ?ree3 av>ice1 c[>dice & call\sness4 ,/range to say1 my int]locutor1 in/ead ( gett+ angry1 admitt$ ! ju/ice ( my criticism1 & proce$$ to discuss possible rem$ies4 ,?is is a sample ( ! intellectual integrity :i* is "o ( ,*9a's greate/ virtues4 ,! call\sness ( ! ,*9ese is b\nd to /rike e ,anglo-,saxon4 ,!y h none ( t humanit>ian impulse :i* leads u to devote "o p] c5t4 ( our en]gy to mitigat+ ! evils wr\ght by ! o!r n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ,= in/ance1 we h be5 =bidd+ ! ,au/rians to jo9 ) ,g]many1 to emigrate1 or to obta9 ! raw mat]ials ( indu/ry4 ,!re=e ! ,vi5nese h />v$1 except ^? :om x has pleas$ u to keep alive f philan?ropy4 ,! ,*9ese w\ld n h _h ! en]gy to />ve ! ,vi5nese1 or ! philan?ropy to keep "s ( !m alive4 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ,*9a1 millions 7 dy+ ( fam9e2 m5 sold _! *ildr5 into slav]y = a few doll>s1 & kill$ !m if ?is sum 0 unobta9able4 ,mu* 0 done by :ite m5 to relieve ! fam9e1 b v little by ! ,*9ese1 & t little vitiat$ by corruption4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t ! ef=ts ( ! :ite m5 7 m effective 9 soo?+ _! own consci5ces ?an 9 help+ ! ,*9ese4 ,s long z ! pres5t bir?-rate & ! pres5t me?ods ( agriculture p]si/1 fam9es are b\nd to occur p]iodically2 & ^? :om philan?ropy keeps alive ?r\gh "o fam9e are only too likely to p]i% 9 ! next4 ,fam9es 9 ,*9a c be p]man5tly cur$ only by bett] me?ods ( agriculture comb9$ ) emigration or bir?-control on a l>ge scale4 ,educat$ ,*9ese realize ?is1 & x makes !m indiff]5t to ef=ts to keep ! pres5t victims alive4 ,a great deal ( ,*9ese call\sness has a simil> explanation1 & is due to p]ception ( ! va/ness ( ! problems involv$4 ,b !re rema9s a residue :i* _c be s expla9$4 ,if a dog is run ov] by an automobile & s]i\sly hurt1 n9e out ( t5 pass]s-by w /op to laugh at ! poor brute's h[ls4 ,! spectacle ( suff]+ does n ( itself r\se any sympa!tic pa9 9 ! av]age ,*9aman2 9 fact1 he seems to f9d x mildly agreeable4 ,_! hi/ory1 & _! p5al code be=e ! revolution ( #aiaa1 %[ t !y are by no means de/itute ( ! impulse ( active cruelty2 b ( ?is ,i did n myself come across any in/ances4 ,& x mu/ be said t active cruelty is practis$ by all ! great nations1 to an ext5t conceal$ f u only by our hypocrisy4 ,c[>dice is prima facie a fault ( ! ,*9ese2 b ,i am n sure t !y are really lack+ 9 c\rage4 ,x is true t1 9 battles betwe5 rival tu*uns1 bo? sides run away1 & victory re/s ) ! side t fir/ discov]s ! flight ( ! o!r4 ,b ?is proves only t ! ,*9ese soldi] is a rational man4 ,no cause ( any importance is involv$1 & ! armies consi/ ( m]e m]c5>ies4 ,:5 !re is a s]i\s issue1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,tai-,p+ rebellion1 ! ,*9ese are said to fight well1 p>ticul>ly if !y h good (fic]s4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n ?9k t1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,anglo-,saxons1 ! ,fr5*1 or ! ,g]mans1 ! ,*9ese c be consid]$ a c\rage\s p1 except 9 ! matt] ( passive endurance4 ,!y w endure torture1 & ev5 dea?1 = motives :i* m5 ( m pugnaci\s races w\ld f9d insuffici5t--= example1 to conceal ! hid+-place ( /ol5 plund]4 ,9 spite ( _! comp>ative lack ( active c\rage1 !y h less fe> ( dea? ?an we h1 z is %[n by _! read9ess to commit suicide4 ,av>ice is1 ,i %\ld say1 ! grave/ defect ( ! ,*9ese4 ,life is h>d1 & money is n easily obta9$4 ,= ! sake ( money1 all except a v few =eign-educat$ ,*9ese w be guilty ( corruption4 ,= ! sake ( a few p5ce1 almo/ any coolie w run an imm95t risk ( dea?4 ,! difficulty ( combat+ ,japan has aris5 ma9ly f ! fact t h>dly any ,*9ese politician c resi/ ,japanese bribes4 ,i ?9k ?is defect is probably due to ! fact t1 = _m ages1 an hone/ liv+ has be5 h>d to get2 9 :i* case x w be less5$ z economic conditions improve4 ,i d\bt if x is any worse n[ 9 ,*9a ?an x 0 9 ,europe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i h n he>d ( any ,*9ese g5]al m corrupt ?an ,m>lbor\gh1 or ( any politician m corrupt ?an ,c>d9al ,dubois4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q likely t *ang$ indu/rial conditions w make ! ,*9ese z hone/ z we are--:i* is n say+ mu*4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! ,*9ese z !y are 9 ord9>y life1 :5 !y appe> z m5 ( active & sceptical intellig5ce1 b ( some:at sluggi% passions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r side to !m3 !y are capable ( wild excitem5t1 (t5 ( a collective k9d4 ,i saw little ( ?is myself1 b !re c be no d\bt ( ! fact4 ,! ,box] ris+ 0 a case 9 po9t1 & "o :i* p>ticul>ly affect$ ,europeans4 ,b _! hi/ory is full ( m or less analog\s di/urbances4 ,x is ?is elem5t 9 _! "* t makes !m incalculable1 & makes x impossible ev5 to guess at _! future4 ,"o c imag9e a section ( !m becom+ fanatically ,bol%evi/1 or anti-,japanese1 or ,*ri/ian1 or devot$ to "s lead] :o w\ld ultimately decl>e himself ,emp]or4 ,i suppose x is ?is elem5t 9 _! "* t makes !m1 9 spite ( _! habitual caution1 ! mo/ reckless gambl]s 9 ! _w4 ,& _m emp]ors h lo/ _! ?rones ?r\gh ! =ce ( romantic love1 al?\gh romantic love is f> m despis$ ?an x is 9 ! ,we/4 ,to sum up ! ,*9ese "* is n easy4 ,mu* ( :at /rikes ! =eign] is due m]ely to ! fact t !y h pres]v$ an anci5t civilization :i* is n indu/rial4 ,all ?is is likely to pass away1 "u ! pressure ( ! ,japanese1 & ( ,european & ,am]ican f9anci]s4 ,_! art is already p]i%+1 & be+ replac$ by crude imitations ( second-rate ,european pictures4 ,mo/ ( ! ,*9ese :o h _h a ,european education are q incapable ( see+ any beauty 9 native pa9t+1 & m]ely obs]ve contemptu\sly t x does n obey ! laws ( p]spective4 ,! obvi\s *>m :i* ! t\ri/ f9ds 9 ,*9a _c be pres]v$2 x mu/ p]i% at ! t\* ( indu/rialism4 ,b p]haps some?+ may be pres]v$1 some?+ ( ! e?ical qualities 9 :i* ,*9a is supreme1 & :i* ! mod]n _w mo/ desp]ately ne$s4 ,among ^! qualities ,i place fir/ ! pacific temp]1 :i* seeks to settle disputes on gr\nds ( ju/ice r ?an by =ce4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! ,we/ w all[ ?is temp] to p]si/1 or w =ce x to give place1 9 self-def5ce1 to a frantic milit>ism l t to :i* ,japan has be5 driv54 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #if3 ,?is vexes ! =eign]s1 :o are attempt+ to e/abli% a v sev]e ,press c5sor%ip 9 ,%anghai4 ,see ,! ,%anghai ,pr9t$ ,matt] ,bye-,law4 ,holl+ton ,k4 ,tong1 ,review ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,april #af1 #aibb4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,high] ,,education ,,9 ,,*9a ,*9a1 l ,italy & ,greece1 is frequ5tly misjudg$ by p]sons ( culture because !y reg>d x z a museum4 ,! pres]vation ( anci5t beauty is v important1 b no vigor\s =w>d-look+ man is cont5t to be a m]e curator4 ,! result is t ! be/ p 9 ,*9a t5d to be ,phili/9es z reg>ds all t is pleas+ to ! ,european t\ri/4 ,! ,european 9 ,*9a1 q ap>t f int]e/$ motives1 is apt to be ultra-cons]vative1 because he likes ev]y?+ di/9ctive & non-,european4 ,b ?is is ! attitude ( an outsid]1 ( "o :o reg>ds ,*9a z a c\ntry to be look$ at r ?an liv$ 91 z a c\ntry ) a pa/ r ?an a future4 ,patriotic ,*9ese naturally d n view _! c\ntry 9 ?is way2 !y wi% _! c\ntry to acquire :at is be/ 9 ! mod]n _w1 n m]ely to rema9 an int]e/+ survival ( a by-gone age1 l ,ox=d or ! ,yell[/one ,p>k4 ,z ! fir/ /ep to ?is end1 !y d all !y c to promote high] education1 & to increase ! numb] ( ,*9ese :o c use & appreciate ,we/]n k )\t be+ ! slaves ( ,we/]n follies4 ,:at is be+ done 9 ?is direction is v int]e/+1 & "o ( ! mo/ hopeful ?+s happ5+ 9 our n v *e]ful epo*4 ,!re is fir/ ! old traditional curriculum1 ! le>n+ by rote ( ! classics )\t explanation 9 e>ly y\?1 foll[$ by a m intellig5t /udy 9 lat] ye>s4 ,?is is exactly l ! traditional /udy ( ! classics 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x exi/$1 = example1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,m5 ov] ?irty1 ev5 if1 9 ! end1 !y h secur$ a ?or\ghly mod]n education1 h almo/ all begun by le>n+ read+ & writ+ 9 old-fa%ion$ s*ools4 ,su* s*ools /ill =m ! majority1 & give mo/ ( ! elem5t>y education t is giv54 ,e *ild has to le>n by he>t e day "s portion ( ! classical text1 & repeat x out l\d 9 class4 ,z !y all repeat at ! same "t1 ! d9 is deaf5+4 7,9 ,pek+ ,i liv$ next to "o ( ^! s*ools1 s ,i c speak f exp]i5ce47 ,! numb] ( p :o are taught to read by ^! me?ods is consid]able2 9 ! l>ge t[ns "o f9ds t ev5 coolies c read z (t5 z n4 ,b writ+ 7:i* is v difficult 9 ,*9ese7 is a mu* r>] accompli%m5t4 ,probably ^? :o c bo? read & write =m ab\t five p] c5t1 ( ! population4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( normal s*ools = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s on mod]n l9es1 :i* grew out ( ! edict ( #aije aboli%+ ! old exam9ation sy/em & proclaim+ ! ne$ ( educational re=m1 has done mu*1 & w d mu* m1 to trans=m & ext5d elem5t>y education4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics %[+ ! increase 9 ! numb] ( s*ools1 tea*]s1 & /ud5ts 9 ,*9a are tak5 f ,mr4 ,tyau's ,*9a ,awak5$1 p4 #d3-- #aiaj #aiad #aiag #aiai ,numb] ( ,s*ools #db1ddd #ei1gif #abh1jdh #acd1jjj ,numb] ( ,tea*]s #ahe1eff #bjj1jjj #cbf1dag #cbf1jjj ,numb] ( ,/ud5ts #a1fbe1ecd #c1hdi1eed #d1bfi1aig #d1ejj1jjj ,consid]+ t ! ye>s conc]n$ are ye>s ( revolution & civil w>1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! progress %[n by ^! figures is v rem>kable4 ,!re are s*emes = univ]sal elem5t>y education1 b s f>1 ow+ to ! di/urb$ condition ( ! c\ntry & ! lack ( funds1 x has be5 impossible to c>ry !m out except 9 a few places on a small scale4 ,!y w\ld1 h[ev]1 be soon c>ri$ out if !re 7 a /able gov]nm5t4 ,! traditional classical education 01 ( c\rse1 n int5d$ to be only elem5t>y4 ,! am\nt ( ,*9ese lit]ature is enorm\s1 & ! old] texts are extremely difficult to und]/&4 ,!re is scope1 )9 ! tradition1 = all ! indu/ry & erudition ( ! f9e/ r5aissance s*ol>s4 ,le>n+ ( ?is sort has be5 respect$ 9 ,*9a = _m ages4 ,"o meets old s*ol>s ( ?is type1 to ^: op9ions1 ev5 9 politics1 x is cu/om>y to def]1 al?\gh !y h ! innoc5ce & unworldl9ess ( ! old-fa%ion$ don4 ,!y rem9d "o almo/ ( ! m5 :om ,lamb describes 9 8 essay on ,ox=d 9 ! ,vacation--le>n$1 lovable1 & s9c]e1 b utt]ly lo/ 9 ! mod]n _w1 bas+ _! op9ions ( ,socialism1 = example1 on :at "s elev5?-c5tury philosoph] said ab\t x4 ,! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! type ( high] education t !y repres5t are exactly ! same z ^? = & aga9/ a classical education 9 ,europe1 & "o is driv5 to ! same conclusion 9 bo? cases3 t ! exi/5ce ( speciali/s hav+ ?is type ( k is highly desirable1 b t ! ord9>y curriculum = ! av]age educat$ p]son %\ld take m acc\nt ( mod]n ne$s1 & give m in/ruction 9 sci5ce1 mod]n languages1 & contempor>y int]national relations4 ,?is is ! view1 s f> z ,i c\ld discov]1 ( all re=m+ educationi/s 9 ,*9a4 ,! second k9d ( high] education 9 ,*9a is t initiat$ by ! mission>ies1 & n[ almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,am]icans4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ,am]ica's position 9 ,*9ese education 0 acquir$ ?r\gh ! ,box] indemnity4 ,mo/ ( ! ,p[]s1 at t "t1 if _! own acc\nt is to be believ$1 dem&$ a sum repres5t+ only actual loss & damage1 b ! ,am]icans1 accord+ to _! critics1 dem&$ 7& obta9$7 a va/ly l>g] sum1 ( :i* !y g5]\sly devot$ ! surplus to educat+ ,*9ese /ud5ts1 bo? 9 ,*9a & at ,am]ican univ]sities4 ,?is c\rse ( action has abundantly ju/ifi$ itself1 bo? politically & comm]cially2 a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( po/s 9 ,*9a g to m5 :o h come "u ,am]ican influ5ce1 & :o h come to believe t ,am]ica is ! "o true fri5d ( ,*9a among ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,"o may take z typical ( ,am]ican "w ?ree in/itutions ( :i* ,i saw a c]ta9 am\nt3 ,ts+-,hua ,college 7ab\t t5 miles f ,pek+71 ! ,pek+ ,union ,m$ical ,college 7connect$ ) ! ,rockefell] ,hospital71 & ! s-call$ ,pek+ ,univ]sity4 ,ts+-,hua ,college1 delightfully situat$ at ! foot ( ! ,we/]n hills1 ) a numb] ( f9e solid build+s1#ig 9 a good ,am]ican /yle1 owes its exi/5ce entirely to ! ,box] indemnity money4 ,x has an atmosph]e exactly l t ( a small ,am]ican univ]sity1 & a 7,*9ese7 ,presid5t :o is an almo/ p]fect reproduction ( ! ,am]ican ,college ,presid5t4 ,! tea*]s are p>tly ,am]ican1 p>tly ,*9ese educat$ 9 ,am]ica1 & !re t5ds to be m & m ( ! latt]4 ,z "o ent]s ! gates1 "o becomes aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( e virtue usually abs5t 9 ,*9a3 cleanl9ess1 punctuality1 exactitude1 effici5cy4 ,i _h n mu* opportunity to judge ( ! tea*+1 b :atev] ,i saw made me ?9k t ! in/itution 0 ?or\gh & good4 ,"o great m]it1 :i* belongs to ,am]ican in/itutions g5]ally1 is t ! /ud5ts are made to le>n ,engli%4 ,*9ese diff]s s pr(\ndly f ,european languages t ev5 ) ! mo/ skilful translations a /ud5t :o kn[s only ,*9ese _c und]/& ,european ideas2 !re=e ! le>n+ ( "s ,european language is ess5tial1 & ,engli% is f> ! mo/ famili> & useful ?r\gh\t ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! /ud5ts at ,ts+-,hua ,college le>n ma!matics & sci5ce & philosophy1 & broadly speak+1 ! m elem5t>y p>ts ( :at is commonly taught 9 univ]sities4 ,_m ( ! be/ ( !m g aft]w>ds to ,am]ica1 :]e !y take a ,doctor's degree4 ,on return+ to ,*9a !y become tea*]s or civil s]vants4 ,und\bt$ly !y contribute greatly to ! improvem5t ( _! c\ntry 9 effici5cy & hone/y & te*nical intellig5ce4 ,! ,rockefell] ,hospital is a l>ge1 conspicu\s build+1 repres5t+ an int]e/+ attempt to comb9e some?+ ( ,*9ese beauty ) ,european utilit>ian requirem5ts4 ,! gre5 ro(s are q ,*9ese1 b ! walls & w9d[s are ,european4 ,! attempt is praisewor?y1 ?\gh p]haps n :olly successful4 ,! hospital has all ! mo/ mod]n sci5tific app>atus1 b1 ) ! monopoli/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company1 x refuses to let its app>atus be ( use to anyone n connect$ ) ! hospital4 ,! ,pek+ ,union ,m$ical ,college tea*es _m ?+s besides m$ic9e--,engli% lit]ature1 = example--& app>5tly tea*es !m well4 ,!y are necess>y 9 ord] to produce ,*9ese physicians & surgeons :o w rea* ! ,european level1 because a good k ( "s ,european language is necess>y = m$ic9e z = o!r k9ds ( ,european le>n+4 ,& a s\nd k ( sci5tific m$ic9e is1 ( c\rse1 ( imm5se importance to ,*9a1 :]e !re is no sort ( sanitation & epidemics are frequ5t4 ,! s-call$ ,pek+ ,univ]sity is an example ( :at ! ,*9ese h to suff] on acc\nt ( extra-t]ritoriality4 ,! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t 7s at lea/ ,i 0 told7 _h already e/abli%$ a univ]sity 9 ,pek+1 fully equipp$ & /aff$1 & kn[n z ! ,pek+ ,univ]sity4 ,b ! ,me?odi/ mission>ies decid$ to give ! "n ,pek+ ,univ]sity to _! s*ools1 s ! already exi/+ univ]sity _h to alt] its "n to ,gov]nm5t ,univ]sity4 ,! case is exactly z if a collection ( old-fa%ion$ ,*9am5 _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,london to tea* ! doctr9e ( ,confucius1 & _h be5 able to =ce ,london ,univ]sity to ab&on its "n to !m4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n wi% to raise ! "q ( extra-t]ritoriality1 ! m s z ,i d n ?9k x c be ab&on$ = "s ye>s to come1 9 spite ( ! abuses to :i* x sometimes gives rise4 ,return$ /ud5ts 7i4e4 /ud5ts :o h be5 at =eign univ]sities7 =m a def9ite set 9 ,*9a4#ih ,!re is 9 ,pek+ a ,return$ ,/ud5ts' ,club1 a *>m+ place4 ,x is cu/om>y among ,europeans to speak ill ( return$ /ud5ts1 b = no good reason4 ,!re are occasionally disagreem5ts betwe5 diff]5t sections2 9 p>ticul>1 ^? :o h be5 only to ,japan are n reg>d$ q z equals by ^? :o h be5 to ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,my impression 0 t ,am]ica puts a m def9ite /amp ^u a /ud5t ?an any o!r c\ntry2 c]ta9ly ^? return+ f ,engl& are less ,angliciz$ ?an ^? return+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ,am]icaniz$4 ,to ! ,*9aman :o wi%es to be mod]n & up-to-date1 skyscrap]s & hu/le seem romantic1 because !y are s unlike 8 home4 ,! old traditions :i* cons]vative ,europeans value are su* a mu%room gr[? comp>$ to ^? ( ,*9a 7:]e au!ntic desc5dants ( ,confucius ab\nd7 t x is useless to attempt t way ( impress+ ! ,*9ese4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! conv]sation 9 ,eo!n betwe5 ! ,engli% c\ntry g5tleman & ! ,pa%a1 9 :i* ! ,pa%a praises ,engl& to ! refra93 ,buzz1 buzz1 all by /eam2 :ir1 :ir1 all on :eels1 :ile ! ,engli%man keeps say+3 ,tell ! ,pa%a t ! ,briti% yeoman is /ill1 ?ank ,god1 ! ,briti% yeoman4 ,al?\gh ! educational "w ( ! ,am]icans 9 ,*9a is on ! :ole admirable1 no?+ direct$ by =eign]s c adequately satisfy ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,*9ese h a civilization & a national temp]am5t 9 _m ways sup]ior to ^? ( :ite m54 ,a few ,europeans ultimately discov] ?is1 b ,am]icans nev] d4 ,!y rema9 always mission>ies--n ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh !y (t5 ?9k t is :at !y are prea*+1 b ( ,am]icanism4 ,:at is ,am]icanism8 ,clean liv+1 clean ?9k+1 & pep1 ,i ?9k an ,am]ican w\ld reply4 ,?is means1 9 practice1 ! sub/itution ( tid9ess = art1 cleanl9ess = beauty1 moraliz+ = philosophy1 pro/itutes = concub9es 7z be+ easi] to conceal71 & a g5]al air ( be+ fe>fully busy = ! leisurely calm ( ! traditional ,*9ese4 ,voltaire--t h>d5$ old cynic--laid x d[n t ! true ends ( life are aim] et p5s]4 ,bo? are common 9 ,*9a1 b nei!r is compatible ) pep4 ,! ,am]ican influ5ce1 !re=e1 inevitably t5ds to elim9ate bo?4 ,if x prevail$ x w\ld1 no d\bt1 by means ( hygi5e1 save ! lives ( _m ,*9am51 b w\ld at ! same "t make !m n wor? sav+4 ,x _c !re=e be reg>d$ z :olly & altoge!r satisfactory4 ,! be/ ,*9ese educationi/s are aw>e ( ?is1 & h e/abli%$ s*ools & univ]sities :i* are mod]n b "u ,*9ese direction4 ,9 ^!1 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! tea*]s are ,european or ,am]ican1 b ! _s ( ! tea*+ is n t ( ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 ,"o c nev] rid oneself ( ! feel+ t ! education controll$ by :ite m5 is n dis9t]e/$2 x seems always design$1 unconsci\sly 9 ! ma91 to produce conv5i5t tools = ! capitali/ p5etration ( ,*9a by ! m]*ants & manufactur]s ( ! nation conc]n$4 ,mod]n ,*9ese s*ools & univ]sities are s+ul>ly diff]5t3 !y are n hotb$s ( rabid nationalism z !y w\ld be 9 any o!r c\ntry1 b in/itutions :]e ! /ud5t is taught to ?9k freely1 & 8 ?\ghts are judg$ by _! intellig5ce1 n by _! utility to exploit]s4 ,! outcome1 among ! be/ "y m51 is a really beautiful intellectual dis9t]e/$ness4 ,! discussions :i* ,i us$ to h 9 my sem9> 7consi/+ ( /ud5ts belong+ to ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t ,univ]sity7 c\ld n h be5 surpass$ any:]e = ke5ness1 c&\r1 & fe>lessness4 ,i _h ! same impression ( ! ,sci5ce ,society ( ,nank+1 & ( all simil> bodies :]ev] ,i came across !m4 ,!re is1 among ! "y1 a passionate desire to acquire ,we/]n k1 toge!r ) a vivid realization ( ,we/]n vices4 ,!y wi% to be sci5tific b n me*anical1 indu/rial b n capitali/ic4 ,to a man !y are ,sociali/s1 z are mo/ ( ! be/ among _! ,*9ese tea*]s4 ,!y respect ! k ( ,europeans1 b quietly put aside _! arrogance4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! purely ,*9ese mod]n educational in/itutions1 su* z ! ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t ,univ]sity1 leave mu* to be desir$ f ! po9t ( view ( in/ruction2 !re are no adequate libr>ies1 ! tea*+ ( ,engli% is n suffici5tly ?or\gh1 & !re is n en\gh m5tal discipl9e4 ,b ^! are ! faults ( y\?1 & are unimportant comp>$ ) ! pr(\ndly humani/ic attitude to life :i* is =m$ 9 ! /ud5ts4 ,mo/ ( ! faults may be trac$ to ! lack ( funds1 because ! ,gov]nm5t--lov$ by ! ,p[]s on acc\nt ( its weakness--has to "p ) all its funds to ! milit>y *iefta9s :o fight ea* o!r & plund] ! c\ntry1 z 9 ,europe--= ,*9a mu/ be comp>$ ) ,europe1 n ) any "o ( ! petty ,/ates into :i* ,europe is unhappily divid$4 ,! /ud5ts are n only full ( public _s !mselves1 b are a p[]ful =ce 9 ar\s+ x ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,:at !y did 9 #aiai1 :5 ,v]sailles aw>d$ ,%angtung to ,japan1 is well told by ,mr4 ,tyau 9 8 *apt] on ,! ,/ud5t ,movem5t4 ,& :at !y did 0 n m]ely political4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,tyau 7p4 #adf73-- ,hav+ ar\s$ ! nation1 prev5t$ ! signature ( ! ,v]sailles ,treaty & assi/$ ! m]*ants to en=ce ! ,japanese boycott1 ! /ud5ts !n direct$ _! en]gies to ! enlight5m5t ( _! less educat$ bro!rs & si/]s4 ,= in/ance1 by issu+ publications1 by popul> lectures %[+ !m ! real situation1 int]nally z well z ext]nally2 b especially by e/abli%+ free s*ools & ma9ta9+ !m out ( _! own funds4 ,no praise c be too high = su* self-sacrifice1 = ! /ud5ts g5]ally also tea* 9 ^! s*ools4 ,! s*eme is endors$ ev]y:]e ) ! greate/ en?usiasm1 & 9 ,pek+ alone x is e/imat$ t fifty ?\s& *ildr5 are b5efit$ by su* education4 ,"o ?+ :i* came z a surprise to me 0 to f9d t1 z reg>ds mod]n education "u ,*9ese control1 !re is complete equality betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,! position ( wom5 9 ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t ,univ]sity is bett] ?an at ,cambridge4 ,wom5 are admitt$ to exam9ations & degrees1 & !re are wom5 tea*]s 9 ! univ]sity4 ,! ,girls' ,high] ,normal ,s*ool 9 ,pek+1 :]e prospective wom5 tea*]s are taught1 is a mo/ excell5t & progressive in/itution1 & ! _s ( free inquiry among ! girls w\ld horrify mo/ ,briti% head mi/resses4 ,!re is a movem5t 9 fav\r ( co-education1 especially 9 elem5t>y education1 because1 ow+ to ! inadequate supply ( s*ools1 ! girls t5d to be left out altoge!r unless !y c g to ! same s*ool z ! boys4 ,! fir/ "t ,i met ,pr(essor & ,mrs4 ,dewey 0 at a banquet 9 ,*ang-%a1 giv5 by ! ,tu*un4 ,:5 ! "t came = aft]-d9n] spee*es1 ,mrs4 ,dewey told ! ,tu*un t 8 prov9ce mu/ adopt co-education4 ,he made a /atesmanlike reply1 say+ t ! matt] %\ld receive 8 be/ consid]ation1 b he fe>$ ! "t 0 n ripe 9 ,hunan4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 cle> t ! matt] 0 )9 ! sph]e ( practical politics4 ,at ! "t1 be+ new to ,*9a & hav+ imag9$ ,*9a a some:at backw>d c\ntry1 ,i 0 surpris$4 ,lat] on ,i realiz$ t re=ms :i* we only talk ab\t c be actually c>ri$ out 9 ,*9a4 ,education controll$ by mission>ies or cons]vative :ite m5 _c give :at ,"y ,*9a ne$s4 ,aft] ?r[+ (f ! native sup]/itions ( c5turies1 x w\ld be a dismal fiasco to take on ! ,european sup]/itions :i* h be5 disc>d$ "h by all progressive p4 ,x is only :]e progressive ,*9ese !mselves are 9 control t !re is scope = ! r5aissance _s ( ! y\ng] /ud5ts1 & = t free _s ( sceptical inquiry by :i* !y are seek+ to build a new civilization z spl5did z _! old civilization 9 its be/ days4 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ,pek+1 ! ,gov]nm5t tea*]s /ruck1 n = high] pay1 b = pay1 because _! sal>ies _h n be5 paid = _m mon?s4 ,accompani$ by "s ( ! /ud5ts1 !y w5t on a deputation to ! ,gov]nm5t1 b 7 repuls$ by soldi]s & policem51 :o clubb$ !m s sev]ely t _m _h to be tak5 to hospital4 ,! incid5t produc$ su* univ]sal fury t !re 0 ne>ly a revolution1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ha/5$ to come to t]ms ) ! tea*]s ) all possible spe$4 ,! mod]n tea*]s h beh9d !m all t is virile1 en]getic1 & public-spirit$ 9 ,*9a2 ! gang ( b&its :i* controls ! ,gov]nm5t has beh9d x ,japanese money & ,european intrigue4 ,am]ica occupies an int]m$iate position4 ,"o may say broadly t ! old traditional education1 ) ! milit>y gov]nors & ! ,briti% & ,japanese influ5ce1 /&s = ,cons]vatism2 ,am]ica & its comm]ce & its educational in/itutions /& = ,lib]alism2 :ile ! native mod]n education1 practically ?\gh n !oretically1 /&s = ,socialism4 ,incid5tally1 x alone /&s = intellectual fre$om4 ,! ,*9ese are a great nation1 incapable ( p]man5t suppression by =eign]s4 ,!y w n cons5t to adopt our vices 9 ord] to acquire milit>y /r5g?2 b !y are will+ to adopt our virtues 9 ord] to advance 9 wisdom4 ,i ?9k !y are ! only p 9 ! _w :o q g5u9ely believe t wisdom is m preci\s ?an rubies4 ,t is :y ! ,we/ reg>ds !m z unciviliz$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ig3 ,x %\ld be said t "o sees j z f9e build+s 9 purely ,*9ese in/itutions1 su* z ,pek+ ,gov]nm5t ,univ]sity & ,nank+ ,tea*]s' ,tra9+ ,college4 ,footnote #ih3 ,mr4 ,tyau 7op4 cit4 p4 #bg7 quotes f ,:o's ,:o ( ,am]ican ,return$ ,/ud5ts1 a classification ( ! occupations ( #eif ,*9ese :o h return$ f ,am]ican univ]sities4 ,! l>g] items are3 ,9 education1 #ch z adm9i/rators & #aig z tea*]s2 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice1 #abi 9 executive (fices 7!re are also ?ree memb]s ( ,p>liam5t & f\r judges72 #ie eng9e]s2 #ce m$ical practition]s 7includ+ d5ti/s72 #fj 9 bus9ess2 & #ba social & religi\s work]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! total numb] ( ,*9ese hold+ univ]sity degrees 9 ,am]ica is #a1gjj1 & 9 ,great ,brita9 #djj 7ib474 ,?is disproportion is due to ! m lib]al policy ( ,am]ica 9 ! matt] ( ! ,box] indemnity4 ,9 #aiaf !re 7 #bib ,*9ese univ]sity /ud5ts 9 ,great ,brita91 & ,mr4 ,tyau 7p4 #bh7 gives a classification ( !m by _! subjects4 ,! l>g] gr\ps are3 ,m$ic9e1 #ej2 law & economics1 #dg2 eng9e]+1 #db2 m9+1 #bb2 natural sci5ce 7includ+ *emi/ry & geology1 :i* are classifi$ sep>ately71 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,indu/rialism ,,9 ,,*9a ,*9a is z yet only slightly indu/rializ$1 b ! indu/rial possibilities ( ! c\ntry are v great1 & x may be tak5 z ne>ly c]ta9 t !re w be a rapid developm5t ?r\gh\t ! next few decades4 ,*9a's future dep5ds z mu* ^u ! mann] ( ?is developm5t z ^u any o!r s+le factor2 & ,*9a's difficulties are v l>gely connect$ ) ! pres5t indu/rial situation4 ,i w !re=e fir/ briefly describe ?is situation1 & !n consid] ! possibilities ( ! ne> future4 ,we may take railways & m9es z ! f\ndation ( a nation's indu/rial life4 ,let u !re=e consid] fir/ ! railways & !n ! m9es1 be=e go+ on to o!r matt]s4 ,:5 railways 7 new1 ! ,man*u ,gov]nm5t1 l ! univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge 7:i* x resembl$ 9 _m ways71 object$ to !m1 & did all x c\ld to keep !m at a di/ance4#ii ,9 #ahge a %ort l9e 0 built by =eign]s f ,%anghai to ,woosung1 b ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t 0 s %ock$ t x caus$ x to be de/roy$4 ,9 #ahha ! fir/ p]man5t railway 0 con/ruct$1 b n v mu* 0 accompli%$ until aft] ! ,japanese ,w> ( #ahid-e4 ,! ,p[]s !n ?\ght t ,*9a 0 break+ up1 & ent]$ ^u a scramble = concessions & sph]es ( influ5ce4 ,! ,belgians built ! important l9e f ,pek+ to ,hank[2 ! ,am]icans obta9$ a concession = a ,hank[-,canton railway1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has only be5 con/ruct$ z f> z ,*ang%a4 ,russia built ! ,man*urian ,railway1 connect+ ,pek+ ) ! ,sib]ian ,railway & ) ,europe4 ,g]many built ! ,%antung ,railway1 f ,ts+tau to ,ts9anfu4 ,! ,fr5* built a railway 9 ! s\?4 ,engl& s\ght to obta9 a monopoly ( ! railways 9 ! ,yangtze valley4 ,all ^! railways 7 to be own$ by =eign]s & manag$ by =eign (ficials ( ! respective c\ntries :i* _h obta9$ ! concessions4 ,! ,box] ris+1 h[ev]1 made ,europe aw>e t "s caution 0 ne$$ if ! ,*9ese 7 n to be exasp]at$ beyond endurance4 ,aft] ?is1 own]%ip ( new railways 0 left to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 b ) s mu* =eign control z to rob x ( mo/ ( its value4 ,by ?is "t1 ,*9ese public op9ion _h come to realize t !re mu/ be railways 9 ,*9a1 & t ! real problem 0 h[ to keep !m "u ,*9ese control4 ,9 #aijh1 ! ,ti5ts9-,puk[ l9e & ! ,%anghai-,hang*[ l9e 7 sanction$1 to be built by ! help ( =eign loans1 b ) all ! adm9i/rative control 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,pek+-,hank[ l9e 0 b\ght back by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! ,pek+-,kalgan l9e 0 con/ruct$ by ! ,*9ese )\t =eign f9ancial assi/ance4 ,( ! big ma9 l9es ( ,*9a1 ?is left n mu* =eign control outside ! ,man*urian ,railway 7,*9ese ,ea/]n ,railway7 & ! ,%antung ,railway4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ma9ly "u =eign control & mu/ n[ be reg>d$ z p]man5tly lo/1 until su* "t z ,*9a becomes /rong en\gh to defeat ,japan 9 w>2 & ! :ole ( ,man*uria has come m or less "u ,japanese control4 ,b ! ,%antung ,railway1 by ! agreem5t rea*$ at ,wa%+ton1 is to be b\ght back by ,*9a--five ye>s h5ce1 if all goes well4 ,?us1 except 9 regions practically lo/ to ,*9a1 ! ,*9ese n[ h control ( all _! m important railways1 or w h be=e long4 ,?is is a v hopeful feature ( ! situation1 & a di/9ct cr$it to ,*9ese sagacity4 ,putnam ,weale 7,mr4 ,l5nox ,simpson7 /rongly urges--q rightly1 z ,i ?9k--! great importance ( nationaliz+ all ,*9ese railways4 ,at ,wa%+ton rec5tly1 he help$ to secure ! ,%antung ,railway aw>d1 & to conc5trate att5tion on ! railway z ! ma9 issue4 ,writ+ e>ly 9 #aiai1 he said#ajj3-- ,! key to ! prop] control ( ,*9a & ! build+-up ( ! new ,republican ,/ate is ! railway key4444 ,! revolution ( #aiaa1 & ! acceptance 9 pr9ciple ( ,we/]n ideas ( popul> gov]nm5t1 remov$ ! dang] ( =eign prov9ces be+ c>v$ out ( ! old ,man*u ,empire4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 left beh9d a m subtle weapon4 ,?is weapon is ! railway4 ,russia ) h] ,man*urian ,railway s*eme taught ,japan ! new me?od4 ,japan1 by ! ,treaty ( ,portsm\? 9 #aije1 n only inh]it$ ! ri*] half ( ! ,man*urian railways1 b 0 able to put into practice a new te*nique1 bas$ on a mixture ( twi/$ economics1 police control1 & milit>y g>risons4 ,out ( ?is grew ! latt]-day highly develop$ railway-zone :i*1 to all int5ts & purposes1 creates a new type ( =eign enclave1 subv]sive ( ! ,*9ese ,/ate4 ,! especial evil to-day is t ,japan has transf]r$ f ,man*uria to ,%antung ?is new te*nique1 :i* 444 %e w ev5tually ext5d into ! v he>t ( intramural ,*9a 444 & also into extramural ,*ihli & ,inn] ,mongolia 7?us outflank+ ,pek+7 unless %e is summ>ily arre/$4 ,at all co/s ?is mu/ be /opp$4 ,! me?od ( do+ s is easy3 ,x is to h x laid d[n categorically1 & accept$ by all ! ,p[]s1 t h5ce=? all railways on ,*9ese soil are a vital portion ( ,*9ese sov]eignty & mu/ be controll$ directly f ,pek+ by a ,national ,railway ,bo>d2 t /ationma/]s1 p]sonnel & police1 mu/ be ,*9ese citiz5s1 te*nical =eign help be+ limit$ to a set /&>d2 & t all railway concessions are h5ce=? to be consid]$ simply z build+ concessions :i* mu/ be h&$ ov]1 section by section1 z !y are built1 to ! ,national ,railway ,bo>d4 ,if ! ,%antung ,railway ,agreem5t is loyally c>ri$ out1 ?is re=m--z to ^: importance ,i q agree ) ,putnam ,weale--w h be5 practically complet$ five ye>s h5ce4 ,b we mu/ expect ,japan to adopt e possible means ( avoid+ ! c>ry+ out ( h] promises1 f in/igat+ ,*9ese civil w> to ! murd]+ ( ,japanese employees by ,japanese secret ag5ts masqu]ad+ z ,*9ese4 ,!re=e1 until ! ,*9ese actually h complete control ( ! ,%antung ,railway1 we _c feel confid5t t !y w ev] get x4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! ,*9ese run railways badly4 ,! ,kalgan ,railway1 :i* !y built1 is j z well built z ^? con/ruct$ by =eign]s2 & ! l9es "u ,*9ese adm9i/ration are admirably manag$4 ,i quote f ,mr4 ,tyau#aja ! foll[+ /ati/ics1 :i* ref] to ! ye> #aiai3 ,gov]nm5t railways1 9 op]ation1 #fjbg kilometres2 "u con/ruction1 #chc kilometres2 private & prov9cial railways1 #ggc kilometres2 concession$ railways1 #c1ghj kilometres4 ,total1 #aj1ifc kilometres1 or #f1heb miles4 7,! concession$ railways are ma9ly ^? 9 ,man*uria & ,%antung1 ( :i* ! fir/ mu/ be reg>d$ z def9itely lo/ to ,*9a1 :ile ! second is probably recov]$4 ,! problem ( concession$ railways has !re=e no long] ! importance t x _h1 ?\gh1 by deta*+ ,man*uria1 ! =eign railway has %[n its p[] = evil74 ,z reg>ds f9ancial results1 ,mr4 ,tyau gives ! foll[+ figures = ! pr9cipal ,/ate railways 9 #aiah3-- ,"n ( ,l9e4 ,kilometres ,ye> ,p] c5t1 e>n$ ,op]at$4 ,complet$4 on ,inve/m5t4 ,pek+-,mukd5 #ihg #ahig #bb4g ,pek+-,hank[ #acjf #aije #ae4h ,%anghai-,nank+ #cbg #aijh #f4b ,ti5ts9-,puk[ #aajg #aiab #f4b ,pek+-,suiyuan #dij #aiae #e4f ,subsequ5t ye>s1 = :i* ,i h n ! exact figures1 h be5 less prosp]\s4 ,i _c discov] any evid5ce ( incompet5ce 9 ,*9ese railway adm9i/ration4 ,on ! contr>y1 mu* has be5 done to ov]come ! evils due to ! fact t ! v>i\s l9es 7 orig9ally con/ruct$ by diff]5t ,p[]s1 ea* foll[+ its own cu/oms1 s t !re 0 no uni=mity1 & goods trucks c\ld n be mov$ f "o l9e on to ano!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 urg5t ne$ ( fur!r railways1 especially to op5 up ! we/ & to connect ,canton ) ,hank[1 ! pr(it ( :i* w\ld probably be enorm\s4 ,m9es are p]haps z important z railways1 = if a c\ntry all[s =eign control ( its m9]al res\rces x _c build up ei!r its indu/ries or its munitions to ! po9t :]e !y w be indep5d5t ( =eign fav\r4 ,b ! situation z reg>ds m9+ is at pres5t f> f satisfactory4 ,mr4 ,julean ,arnold1 ,am]ican ,comm]cial ,atta* at ,pek+1 writ+ e>ly 9 #aiai1 made ! foll[+ /atem5t z reg>ds ,*9a's m9]al res\rces3-- ,*9a is fav\r$ ) a wond]ful weal? 9 coal & 9 a good supply ( iron ore1 two ess5tials to mod]n indu/rial developm5t4 ,to indicate h[ little ,*9a has develop$ its m>vell\s weal? 9 coal1 ?is c\ntry import$1 dur+ #aiag1 #ad1jjj1jjj tons4 ,x is e/imat$ t ,*9a produces n[ #bj1jjj1jjj tons annually1 b x is suppos$ to h ri*] res\rces 9 coal ?an has ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i*1 9 #aiah1 produc$ #fej1jjj1jjj tons4 ,9 iron ore x has be5 e/imat$ t ,*9a has #djj1jjj1jjj tons suitable = furnace reaction1 & an additional #cjj1jjj1jjj tons :i* might be work$ by native me?ods4 ,dur+ #aiag1 x is e/imat$ t ,*9a's production ( pig iron 0 #ejj1jjj tons4 ,! developm5ts 9 ! iron & /eel indu/ry 9 ,*9a are mak+ rapid /rides1 & a few ye>s h5ce x is expect$ t ! production ( pig iron & ( f9i%$ /eel w be sev]al millions ( tons annually4444 ,9 antimony & t9 ,*9a is also p>ticul>ly ri*1 & consid]able progress has tak5 place 9 ! m9+ & smelt+ ( ^! ores dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,*9a %\ld jeal\sly safegu>d its m9]al weal?1 s z to pres]ve x = ! c\ntry's welf>e4#ajb ,! ,*9a ,ye> ,book = #aiai gives ! total ,*9ese production ( coal = #aiad z #f1cae1gce tons1 & ( iron ore at #dfh1ich tons4#ajc ,comp>+ ^! ) ,mr4 ,arnold's figures = #aiag1 namely #bj1jjj1jjj tons ( coal & #ejj1jjj tons ( pig iron 7n iron ore71 x is evid5t t great progress 0 made dur+ ^? ?ree ye>s1 & !re is e reason to ?9k t at lea/ ! same rate ( progress has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,! ma9 problem = ,*9a1 h[ev]1 is n rapid developm5t1 b national developm5t4 ,japan is poor 9 m9]als1 & has set to "w to acquire z mu* z possible ( ! m9]al weal? ( ,*9a4 ,?is is important to ,japan1 = two diff]5t reasons3 fir/1 t only indu/rial developm5t c support ! gr[+ population1 :i* _c be induc$ to emigrate to ,japanese possessions on ! ma9l&2 secondly1 t /eel is an indisp5sable requisite = imp]ialism4 ,! ,*9ese are pr\d ( ! ,kiangnan dock & eng9e]+ works at ,%anghai1 :i* is a ,gov]nm5t conc]n1 & has prov$ its capacity = %ipbuild+ on mod]n l9es4 ,x built f\r %ips ( #aj1jjj tons ea* = ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,s4,g4 ,*5g#ajd says3-- ,= ! con/ruction ( ^! %ips1 mat]ials 7 mo/ly suppli$ by ,*9a1 except /eel1 :i* _h to be %ipp$ f ,am]ica & ,europe 7! /eel produc$ 9 ,*9a be+ s limit$ 9 quantity1 t aft] a c]ta9 am\nt is export$ to ,japan by virtue ( a previ\s contract1 little is left = home consumption74 ,consid]+ h[ ri* ,*9a is 9 iron ore1 ?is /ate ( affairs ne$s explanation4 ,! explanation is valuable to anyone :o wi%es to und]/& mod]n politics4 ,! ,*9a ,ye> ,book = #aiaiaje 7a "w z little conc]n$ ) politics z ,:itak]'s ,almanack7 gives a li/ ( ! five pr9cipal iron m9es 9 ,*9a1 ) "s in=mation ab\t ea*4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important are ! ,tayeh m9es1 work$ by ! ,hanyehp+ ,iron & ,coal ,co41 ,ltd41 :i*1 z ! read] may rememb]1 0 ! subject ( ! ?ird gr\p 9 ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s4 ,! total am\nt ( ore 9 sight is e/imat$ by ! ,*9a ,ye> ,book at #ej1jjj1jjj tons1 d]iv$ *iefly f two m9es1 9 "o ( :i* ! ore yields #fe p] c5t4 ( iron1 9 ! o!r #eh to #fc p] c5t4 ,! output = #aiaf is giv5 z #fjc1gcb tons 7x has be5 greatly increas$ s9ce !n74 ,! ,ye> ,book proce$s3 ,japanese capital is inve/$ 9 ! ,company1 & by ! agreem5t betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan ( ,may #aiae aft] ! ultimatum :i* en=c$ ! revis$ ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s1 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t und]took n to conv]t ! ,company into a ,/ate-own$ conc]n nor to compel x to borr[ money f o!r ?an ,japanese s\rces4 ,x %\ld be add$ t !re is a ,japanese acc\ntant & a ,japanese te*nical advis]1 & t pig-iron & ore1 up to a specifi$ value1 mu/ be sold to ! ,imp]ial ,japanese works at mu* bel[ ! m>ket price1 leav+ a paltry residue = sale 9 ! op5 m>ket4#ajf ,! second item 9 ! ,*9a ,ye> ,book's li/ is ! ,tungkuan ,%an m9es4 ,all t is said ab\t ^! is z foll[s3 ,tungl+ di/rict on ! ,yangtze1 #ee miles above ,wuhu1 ,anhui prov9ce4 ,a concession to "w ^! m9es1 grant$ to ! ,london & ,*9a ,syndicate 7,briti%7 9 #aijd1 0 surr5d]$ 9 #aiaj = ! sum ( #eb1jjj1 & ! m9es 7 transf]r$ to a ,*9ese ,company to be =m$ = _! exploitation4 ,^! m9es1 !re=e1 are 9 ,*9ese h&s4 ,i d n "k :at _! capacity is suppos$ to be1 & 9 view ( ! price at :i* !y 7 sold1 x _c be v great4 ,! capital ( ! ,hanyehp+ ,co4 is #bj1jjj1jjj1 :i* is consid]ably m ?an #eb1jjj4 ,?is 0 ! only "o ( ! five iron m9es m5tion$ 9 ! ,ye> ,book :i* 0 n 9 ,japanese h&s at ! "t :5 ! ,ye> ,book 0 publi%$4 ,next comes ! ,tao*ung ,iron ,m9e1 ,anhui prov9ce4 ,! concession :i* 0 grant$ to ! ,s9o-,japanese ,indu/rial ,developm5t ,co4 w be work$ by ! ,ori5t ,/eel ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,! m9e is said to conta9 #fj1jjj1jjj tons ( ore1 conta9+ #fe p] c5t4 ( pure iron4 ,! plan ( op]ations provides = ! production ( pig iron at ! rate ( #agj1jjj tons a ye>1 a /eel mill ) a capacity ( #ajj1jjj tons ( /eel +ots a ye>1 & a ca/+ & =g+ mill to produce #ge1jjj tons a ye>4 ,! f\r? m9e is at ,*9l+*51 9 ,%antung1 work$ 9 conjunction ) ! ,h5g%an ,colli]y by ! railway4 ,i presume x is to be sold back to ,*9a along ) ! railway4 ,! fif? & la/ m9e m5tion$ is ! ,p5hsihu ,m9e1 "o ( ! mo/ promis+ m9es 9 ! n9e m9+ areas 9 ,s\? ,man*uria1 :]e ! ,japanese are p]mitt$ by an ex*ange ( ,notes betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese ,gov]nm5ts 7,may #be1 #aiae7 to prospect = & op]ate m9es4 ,! seam ( ?is m9e ext5ds f ne> ,liaoyang to ! neighb\rhood ( ,p5hsihu1 & 9 size is pron\nc$ equal to ! ,tayeh m9e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is m9e1 also1 0 acquir$ by ! ,japanese z a result ( ! ultimatum en=c+ ! ,tw5ty-"o ,dem&s4 ,! ,ye> ,book adds3 ,! ,japanese ,navy is pur*as+ "s ( ! ,p5hsihu output4 ,osaka ironworks plac$ an ord] = #ae1jjj tons 9 #aiae & ! ars5al at ,osaka 9 ! same ye> accept$ a t5d] = ,p5hsihu iron4 ,x w be se5 f ^! facts t1 z reg>ds iron1 ! ,*9ese h all[$ ! ,japanese to acquire a position ( vantage f :i* !y c only be ou/$ ) great difficulty4 ,nev]!less1 x is absolutely imp]ative t ! ,*9ese %\ld develop an iron & /eel indu/ry ( _! own on a l>ge scale4 ,if !y d n1 !y _c pres]ve _! national indep5d5ce1 _! own civilization1 or any ( ! ?+s t make !m pot5tially ( value to ! _w4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! *ief reason = :i* ! ,japanese desire ,*9ese iron is 9 ord] to be able to exploit & tyrannize ov] ,*9a4 ,confucius1 ,i und]/&1 says no?+ ab\t iron m9es2#ajg !re=e ! old-fa%ion$ ,*9ese did n realize ! importance ( pres]v+ !m4 ,n[ t !y are awake to ! situation1 x is almo/ too late4 ,i %all come back lat] to ! "q ( :at c be done4 ,= ! pres5t1 let u cont9ue our survey ( facts4 ,x may be presum$ t ! population ( ,*9a w always be ma9ly agricultural4 ,tea1 silk1 raw cotton1 gra91 ! soya bean1 etc41 are crops 9 :i* ,*9a excels4 ,9 production ( raw cotton1 ,*9a is ! ?ird c\ntry 9 ! _w1 ,india be+ ! fir/ & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! second4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 room = great progress 9 agriculture1 b indu/ry is vital if ,*9a is to pres]ve h] national indep5d5ce1 & x is indu/ry t is our pres5t topic4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,tyau3 ,at ! end ( #aiaf ! numb] ( factory h&s 0 (ficially e/imat$ at #efj1jjj & t ( m9e work]s #djf1jjj4 ,s9ce !n no (ficial returns = ! :ole c\ntry h be5 publi%$ 444 b p]haps a million ea* w\ld be an approximate figure = ! pres5t numb] ( factory op]atives & m9e work]s4#ajh ,( c\rse1 ! h\rs are v long & ! wages v l[2 ,mr4 ,tyau m5tions z specially mod]n & praisewor?y c]ta9 textile factories :]e ! wages range f #ae to #de c5ts a day4#aji 7,! c5t v>ies 9 value1 b is always some:]e betwe5 a f>?+ & a halfp5ny47 ,no d\bt z indu/ry develops ,socialism & lab\r unre/ w also develop4 ,if ,mr4 ,tyau is to be tak5 z a sample ( ! mod]n ,*9ese gov]n+ classes1 ! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t t[>ds ,lab\r w be v illib]al4 ,mr4 ,tyau's outlook is t ( an ,am]ican capitali/1 & %[s ! ext5t to :i* he has come "u ,am]ican influ5ce1 z well z t ( cons]vative ,engl& 7he is an ,,ll4,d4 ( ,london74 ,mo/ ( ! ,"y ,*9ese ,i came across1 h[ev]1 7 ,sociali/s1 & x may be hop$ t ! traditional ,*9ese dislike ( uncompromis+ fi]c5ess w make ! ,gov]nm5t less savage aga9/ ,lab\r ?an ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,am]ica & ,japan4 ,!re is room = ! developm5t ( a great textile indu/ry 9 ,*9a4 ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( mod]n mills1 & no?+ b ent]prise is ne$$ to make ! indu/ry z great z t ( ,lanca%ire4 ,%ipbuild+ has made a good beg9n+ 9 ,%anghai1 & w\ld probably develop rapidly if ,*9a _h a fl\ri%+ iron & /eel indu/ry 9 native h&s4 ,! total exports ( native produce 9 #aiai 7 j "u #bjj1jjj1jjj 7#fcj1jjj1jjj taels71 & ! total imports slightly l>g]4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to consid] su* /ati/ics 9 taels1 because curr5cy fluctuations make ! results deceptive :5 reckon$ 9 /]l+4 ,! tael is n a co91 b a c]ta9 weight ( silv]1 & !re=e its value fluctuates ) ! value ( silv]4 ,! ,*9a ,ye> ,book gives imports & exports ( ,*9ese produce = #aijb z #cbe million taels & #bad million taels respectively2 = #aiaa1 z #dhb & #cgg2 = #aiag1 z #egg & #dfb2 = #aibj1 z #gfb & #eda4 7,! correspond+ figures 9 p\nds /]l+ = #aiaa are #fd millions & #ej millions2 = #aiag1 #abd millions & #ii1ijj1jjj47 ,x w ?us be se5 t1 al?\gh ! =eign trade ( ,*9a is /ill small 9 proportion to population1 x is increas+ v fa/4 ,to a ,european x is always surpris+ to f9d h[ little ! economic life ( ,*9a is affect$ by su* incid5ts z revolutions & civil w>s4 ,c]ta9 pr9ciples seem to em]ge f a /udy ( ! ,*9ese railways & m9es z ne$+ to be adopt$ by ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t if national indep5d5ce is to be pres]v$4 ,z reg>ds railways1 nationalization is obvi\sly desirable1 ev5 if x some:at ret>ds ! build+ ( new l9es4 ,railways n 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t w be controll$1 9 ! end if n 9 ! beg9n+1 by =eign]s1 :o w ?us acquire a p[] ov] ,*9a :i* w be fatal to fre$om4 ,i ?9k we may hope t ! ,*9ese au?orities n[ realize ?is1 & w h5ce=? act ^u x4 ,9 reg>d to m9es1 developm5t by ! ,*9ese !mselves is urg5t1 s9ce undevelop$ res\rces tempt ! gre$ ( ! ,great ,p[]s1 & developm5t by =eign]s makes x possible to keep ,*9a enslav$4 ,x %\ld !re=e be enact$ t1 9 future1 no sale ( m9es or ( any int]e/ 9 m9es to =eign]s1 & no loan f =eign]s on ! security ( m9es1 w be recogniz$ z legally valid4 ,9 view ( extra-t]ritoriality1 x w be difficult to induce =eign]s to accept su* legislation1 & ,consul> ,c\rts w n readily admit its validity4 ,b1 z ! example ( extra-t]ritoriality 9 ,japan %[s1 su* matt]s dep5d ^u ! national /r5g?2 if ! ,p[]s fe> ,*9a1 !y w recognize ! validity ( ,*9ese legislation1 b if n1 n4 ,9 view ( ! ne$ ( rapid developm5t ( m9+ by ,*9ese1 x w\ld probably be unwise to nationalize all m9es "h & n[4 ,x w\ld be bett] to provide e possible enc\ragem5t to g5u9ely ,*9ese private ent]prise1 & to (f] ! assi/ance ( geological & m9+ exp]ts1 etc4 ,! ,gov]nm5t %\ld1 h[ev]1 reta9 ! "r 7a7 to buy out any m9+ conc]n at a fair valuation2 7b7 to "w m9]als itself 9 cases :]e ! private own]s fail to d s1 9 spite ( exp]t op9ion 9 fav\r ( _! be+ work$4 ,^! p[]s %\ld be widely ex]cis$1 & z soon z m9+ has rea*$ ! po9t compatible ) national security1 ! m9es %\ld be all nationaliz$1 except :]e1 z at ,tayeh1 diplomatic agreem5ts /& 9 ! way4 ,x is cle> t ! ,tayeh m9es mu/ be recov]$ by ,*9a z soon z opportunity (f]s1 b :5 or h[ t w be x is z yet impossible to say4 ,( c\rse ,i h be5 assum+ an ord]ly gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a1 b )\t t no?+ vigor\s c be done to repel =eign aggression4 ,?is is a po9t to :i*1 along ) o!r g5]al que/ions connect$ ) ! indu/rializ+ ( ,*9a1 ,i %all return 9 my la/ *apt]4 ,x is said by ,europeans :o h bus9ess exp]i5ce 9 ,*9a t ! ,*9ese are n good at manag+ l>ge jo9t-/ock companies1 su* z mod]n indu/ry requires4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 !y are prov]bially hone/ 9 bus9ess1 9 spite ( ! corruption ( _! politics4 ,b _! successful bus9esses--s "o ga!rs--d n usually ext5d beyond a s+le family2 & ev5 !y are apt to come to grief soon] or lat] ?r\gh nepotism4 ,?is is :at ,europeans say2 ,i _c speak f my own k4 ,b ,i am conv9c$ t mod]n education is v quickly *ang+ ?is /ate ( affairs1 :i* 0 connect$ ) ,confucianism & ! family e?ic4 ,_m ,*9ese h be5 tra9$ 9 bus9ess me?ods 9 ,am]ica2 !re are ,colleges ( ,comm]ce at ,woosung & o!r places2 & ! patriotism ( ,"y ,*9a has l$ m5 ( ! highe/ education to devote !mselves to indu/rial developm5t4 ,! ,*9ese are no d\bt1 by temp]am5t & tradition1 m suit$ to comm]ce ?an to indu/ry1 b contact ) ! ,we/ is rapidly introduc+ new aptitudes & a new m5tality4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e reason to expect1 if political conditions are n too adv]se1 t ! indu/rial developm5t ( ,*9a w proce$ rapidly ?r\gh\t ! next few decades4 ,x is ( vital importance t t developm5t %\ld be controll$ by ! ,*9ese r ?an by =eign nations4 ,b t is "p ( ! l>g] problem ( ! recov]y ( ,*9ese indep5d5ce1 ) :i* ,i %all deal 9 my la/ *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ii3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese railways1 see ,tyau1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahc ff4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,*9a 9 #aiah4 ,publi%$ by ! ,pek+ ,lead]1 pp4 #de-f4 ,footnote #aja3 ,op4 cit4 *ap4 xi4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,*9a 9 #aiah1 p4 #bf4 ,!re is p]haps "s mi/ake 9 ! figures giv5 = iron ore1 z ! ,tayeh m9es alone are e/imat$ by "s to conta9 #gjj1jjj1jjj tons ( iron ore4 ,coleman1 op cit4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,page #fc4 ,! #aibb ,ye> ,book gives #ai1ejj1jjj tons ( coal production4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,mod]n ,*9a1 p1 #bfe4 ,footnote #aje3 ,pages #gd-e4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,coleman1 op4 cit4 *ap4 xiv4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,x seems x w\ld be inaccurate to ma9ta9 t !re is no?+ on ! subject 9 ! ,gospels4 ,an em95t ,am]ican div9e po9t$ out 9 pr9t1 z reg>ds ! advice aga9/ lay+ up treasure :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt1 t mo? & ru/ d n get at ,mr4 ,rockefell]'s oil wells1 & ?ieves d n (t5 break ?r\gh & /eal a railway4 ,:at ,jesus condemn$ 0 ho>d+ weal?4 ,see ,upton ,s9clair1 ,! ,pr(its ( ,religion1 #aiah1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,page #bcg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,page #bah4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,*9a ,9 ?is *apt] ,i propose to take1 z f> z ,i am able1 ! /&po9t ( a progressive & public-spirit$ ,*9ese1 & consid] :at re=ms1 9 :at ord]1 ,i %\ld advocate 9 t case4 ,to beg9 )1 x is cle> t ,*9a mu/ be sav$ by h] own ef=ts1 & _c rely ^u outside help4 ,9 ! int]national situation1 ,*9a has _h bo? good & bad =tune4 ,! ,great ,w> 0 un=tunate1 because x gave ,japan tempor>ily a free h&2 ! collapse ( ,ts>i/ ,russia 0 =tunate1 because x put an end to ! secret alliance ( ,russians & ,japanese2 ! ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance 0 un=tunate1 because x compell$ u to abet ,japanese aggression ev5 aga9/ our own economic int]e/s2 ! friction betwe5 ,japan & ,am]ica 0 =tunate2 b ! agreem5t arriv$ at by ! ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 ?\gh mom5t>ily advantage\s z reg>ds ,%antung1 is likely1 9 ! long run1 to prove un=tunate1 s9ce x w make ,am]ica less will+ to oppose ,japan4 ,= reasons :i* ,i set =? 9 ,*ap4 ,x41 unless ,*9a becomes /rong1 ei!r ! collapse ( ,japan or h] unque/ion$ asc5d5cy 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ is almo/ c]ta9 to prove disa/r\s to ,*9a2 & "o or o!r ( ^! is v likely to come ab\t4 ,all ! ,great ,p[]s1 )\t exception1 h int]e/s :i* are incompatible1 9 ! long run1 ) ,*9a's welf>e & ) ! be/ developm5t ( ,*9ese civilization4 ,!re=e ! ,*9ese mu/ seek salvation 9 _! own en]gy1 n 9 ! b5evol5ce ( any outside ,p[]4 ,! problem is n m]ely "o ( political indep5d5ce2 a c]ta9 cultural indep5d5ce is at lea/ z important4 ,i h tri$ to %[ 9 ?is book t ! ,*9ese are1 9 c]ta9 ways1 sup]ior to u1 & x w\ld n be good ei!r = !m or = u if1 9 ^! ways1 !y _h to desc5d to our level 9 ord] to pres]ve _! exi/5ce z a nation4 ,9 ?is matt]1 h[ev]1 a compromise is necess>y4 ,unless !y adopt "s ( our vices to "s ext5t1 we %all n respect !m1 & !y w be increas+ly oppress$ by =eign nations4 ,! object mu/ be to keep ?is process )9 ! n>r[e/ limits compatible ) safety4 ,fir/ ( all1 a patriotic _s is necess>y--n1 ( c\rse1 ! bigot$ anti-=eign _s ( ! ,box]s1 b ! enlight5$ attitude :i* is will+ to le>n f o!r nations :ile n will+ to all[ !m to dom9ate4 ,?is attitude has be5 g5]at$ among educat$ ,*9ese1 & to a great ext5t 9 ! m]*ant class1 by ! brutal tuition ( ,japan4 ,! dang] ( patriotism is t1 z soon z x has prov$ /rong en\gh = successful def5ce1 x is apt to turn to =eign aggression4 ,*9a1 by h] res\rces & h] population1 is capable ( be+ ! greate/ ,p[] 9 ! _w aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is mu* to be fe>$ t1 9 ! process ( becom+ /rong en\gh to pres]ve _! indep5d5ce1 ! ,*9ese may become /rong en\gh to emb>k ^u a c>e] ( imp]ialism4 ,x _c be too /rongly urg$ t patriotism %\ld be only def5sive1 n aggressive4 ,b ) ?is proviso1 ,i ?9k a _s ( patriotism is absolutely necess>y to ! reg5]ation ( ,*9a4 ,indep5d5ce is to be s\ght1 n z an end 9 itself1 b z a means t[>ds a new bl5d ( ,we/]n skill ) ! traditional ,*9ese virtues4 ,if ?is end is n a*iev$1 political indep5d5ce w h little value4 ,! ?ree *ief requisites1 ,i %\ld say1 are3 7#a7 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an ord]ly ,gov]nm5t2 7#b7 indu/rial developm5t "u ,*9ese control2 7#c7 ,! spread ( education4 ,all ^! aims w h to be pursu$ concurr5tly1 b on ! :ole _! urg5cy seems to me to come 9 ! above ord]4 ,we h already se5 h[ l>ge a "p ! ,/ate w h to take 9 build+ up indu/ry1 & h[ impossible ?is is :ile ! political an>*y cont9ues4 ,funds = education on a l>ge scale are also unobta9able until !re is good gov]nm5t4 ,!re=e good gov]nm5t is ! pr]equisite ( all o!r re=ms4 ,indu/rialism & education are closely connect$1 & x w\ld be difficult to decide ! priority betwe5 !m2 b ,i h put indu/rialism fir/1 because1 unless x is develop$ v soon by ! ,*9ese1 =eign]s w h acquir$ su* a /rong hold t x w be v difficult inde$ to ou/ !m4 ,^! reasons h decid$ me t our ?ree problems ought to be tak5 9 ! above ord]4 #a4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an ord]ly gov]nm5t4--,at ! mom5t ( writ+1 ! condition ( ,*9a is z an>*ic z x has ev] be54 ,a battle betwe5 ,*ang-tso-l9 & ,wu-,pei-,fu is imm95t2 ! =m] is usually consid]$1 ?\gh falsely accord+ to "s good au?orities1 ! mo/ reaction>y =ce 9 ,*9a2 ,wu-,pei-,fu1 ?\gh ,! ,times calls him ! ,lib]al lead]1 may well prove no m satisfactory ?an ,lib]al lead]s ne>] home4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t1 if he w9s1 he may be true to 8 promises & convoke a ,p>liam5t = all ,*9a2 b x is at lea/ equally possible t he may n4 ,9 any case1 to dep5d ^u ! fav\r ( a successful g5]al is z prec>i\s z to dep5d ^u ! b5evol5ce ( a =eign ,p[]4 ,if ! progressive elem5ts are to w91 !y mu/ become a /rong organiz$ =ce4 ,s f> z ,i c discov]1 ,*9ese ,con/itutionali/s are do+ ! be/ ?+ t is possible at ! mom5t1 namely1 conc]t+ a jo9t programme1 involv+ ! convok+ ( a ,p>liam5t & ! cessation ( milit>y usurpation4 ,union is ess5tial1 ev5 if x involves sacrifice ( *]i%$ beliefs on ! "p ( "s4 ,giv5 a programme ^u :i* all ! ,con/itutionali/s are unit$1 !y w acquire great weight 9 public op9ion1 :i* is v p[]ful 9 ,*9a4 ,!y may !n be able1 soon] or lat]1 to (f] a high con/itutional position to "s p[]ful g5]al1 on condition ( 8 ceas+ to dep5d ^u m]e milit>y =ce4 ,by ?is means !y may be able to turn ! scales 9 fav\r ( ! man !y select1 z ! /ud5t agitation turn$ ! scales 9 ,july #aibj 9 fav\r ( ,wu-,pei-,fu aga9/ ! ,an ,fu p>ty4 ,su* a policy c only be successful if x is comb9$ ) vigor\s propag&a1 bo? among ! civilian population & among ! soldi]s1 & if1 z soon z peace is re/or$1 "w is f\nd = disb&$ soldi]s & pay = ^? :o are n disb&$4 ,?is raises ! f9ancial problem1 :i* is v difficult1 because =eign ,p[]s w n l5d except 9 return = "s fur!r sacrifice ( ! remnants ( ,*9ese indep5d5ce4 7,= reasons expla9$ 9 ,*ap4 ,x41 ,i d n accept ! /atem5t by ! ,am]ican consortium bank]s t a loan f !m w\ld n involve control ov] ,*9a's int]nal affairs4 ,!y may n mean control to be involv$1 b ,i am conv9c$ t 9 fact x w\ld be47 ,! only way out ( ?is difficulty t ,i c see is to raise an int]nal loan by appeal+ to ! patriotism ( ,*9ese m]*ants4 ,!re is pl5ty ( money 9 ,*9a1 b1 v naturally1 ri* ,*9ese w n l5d to any ( ! brig&s :o n[ control ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! "t comes to draft a p]man5t ,con/itution1 ,i h no d\bt t x w h to be f$]al1 all[+ a v l>ge measure ( autonomy to ! prov9ces1 & res]v+ = ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t few ?+s except cu/oms1 army & navy1 =eign relations & railways4 ,prov9cial feel+ is /rong1 & x is n[1 ,i ?9k1 g5]ally recogniz$ t a mi/ake 0 made 9 #aiab 9 n all[+ x m scope4 ,:ile a ,con/itution is be+ draft$1 & ev5 aft] x has be5 agre$ ^u1 x w n be possible to rely ^u ! inh]5t pre/ige ( ,con/itutionalism1 or to leave public op9ion )\t guidance4 ,x w be necess>y = ! g5u9ely progressive p ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to unite 9 a /rongly discipl9$ society1 arriv+ at collective decisions & en=c+ support ( ^? decisions ^u all its memb]s4 ,?is society w h to w9 ! confid5ce ( public op9ion by a v rigid avoidance ( corruption & political pr(ite]+2 ! slighte/ failure ( a memb] 9 ?is respect mu/ be visit$ by expulsion4 ,! society mu/ make itself obvi\sly ! *ampion ( ! national int]e/s z aga9/ all self-seek]s1 speculators & toadies to =eign ,p[]s4 ,x w ?us become able au?oritatively to comm5d or condemn politicians & to wield great influ5ce ov] op9ion1 ev5 9 ! army4 ,!re exi/s 9 ,"y ,*9a en\gh en]gy1 patriotism & hone/y to create su* a society & to make x /rong ?r\gh ! respect :i* x w comm&4 ,b unless enlight5$ patriotism is organiz$ 9 "s su* way1 its p[] w n be equal to ! political problems ) :i* ,*9a is fac$4 ,soon] or lat]1 ! encroa*m5ts ( =eign ,p[]s ^u ! sov]eign rights ( ,*9a mu/ be swept away4 ,! ,*9ese mu/ recov] ! ,treaty ,ports1 control ( ! t>iff1 & s on2 !y mu/ also free !mselves f extra-t]ritoriality4 ,b all ?is c probably be done1 z x 0 9 ,japan1 )\t (f5d+ =eign ,p[]s 7except p]haps ! ,japanese74 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to complicate ! e>ly /ages ( ,*9ese recov]y by measures :i* w\ld antagonize =eign ,p[]s 9 g5]al4 ,russia 0 9 a /rong] position = def5ce ?an ,*9a1 yet ,russia has suff]$ t]ribly f ! univ]sal ho/ility provok$ by ! ,bol%eviks4 ,giv5 good gov]nm5t & a developm5t ( ,*9a's res\rces1 x w be possible to obta9 mo/ ( ! ne$$ concessions by purely diplomatic means2 ! re/ c wait = a suitable opportunity4 #b4 ,indu/rial developm5t4--,on ?is subject ,i h already writt5 9 ,*ap4 ,,xiv42 x is c]ta9 g5]al aspects ( ! subject t ,i wi% to consid] n[4 ,= reasons already giv51 ,i hold t all railways ought to be 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 & t all successful m9es ought to be pur*as$ by ! ,/ate at a fair valuation1 ev5 if !y are n ,/ate-own$ f ! fir/4 ,contracts ) =eign]s = loans ought to be c>efully drawn s z to leave ! control to ,*9a4 ,!re w\ld n be mu* difficulty ab\t ?is if ,*9a _h a /able & ord]ly gov]nm5t2 9 t case1 _m =eign capitali/s w\ld be will+ to l5d on good security1 )\t exact+ any "p 9 ! managem5t4 ,e possible diplomatic me?od %\ld be employ$ to break d[n su* a monopoly z ! consortium seeks to acquire 9 ! matt] ( loans4 ,giv5 good gov]nm5t1 a l>ge am\nt ( ,/ate ent]prise w\ld be desirable 9 ,*9ese indu/ry4 ,!re are _m argum5ts = ,/ate ,socialism1 or r :at ,l59 calls ,/ate ,capitalism1 9 any c\ntry :i* is economically b n culturally backw>d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is easi] = ! ,/ate to borr[ ?an = a private p]son2 9 ! second place1 x is easi] = ! ,/ate to engage & employ ! =eign exp]ts :o are likely to be ne$$ = "s "t to come2 9 ! ?ird place1 x is easi] = ! ,/ate to make sure t vital indu/ries d n come "u ! control ( =eign ,p[]s4 ,:at is p]haps m important ?an any ( ^! consid]ations is t1 by und]tak+ indu/rial ent]prise f ! fir/1 ! ,/ate c prev5t ! gr[? ( _m ( ! evils ( private capitalism4 ,if ,*9a c acquire a vigor\s & hone/ ,/ate1 x w be possible to develop ,*9ese indu/ry )\t1 at ! same "t1 develop+ ! ov]we5+ p[] ( private capitali/s by :i* ! ,we/]n nations are n[ bo? oppress$ & misl$4 ,b if ?is is to be done successfully1 x w require a great *ange 9 ,*9ese morals1 a developm5t ( public _s 9 place ( ! family e?ic1 a transf]5ce to ! public s]vice ( t hone/y :i* already exi/s 9 private bus9ess1 & a degree ( en]gy :i* is at pres5t r>e4 ,i believe t ,"y ,*9a is capable ( fulfill+ ^! requisites1 spurr$ on by patriotism2 b x is important to realize t !y are requisites1 & t1 )\t !m1 any sy/em ( ,/ate ,socialism mu/ fail4 ,= indu/rial developm5t1 x is important t ! ,*9ese %\ld le>n to become te*nical exp]ts & also to become skill$ work]s4 ,i ?9k m has be5 done t[>ds ! =m] ( ^! ne$s ?an t[>ds ! latt]4 ,= ! latt] purpose1 x w\ld probably be wise to import skill$ workm5--say f ,g]many--& cause !m to give in/ruction to ,*9ese workm5 9 any new bran* ( indu/rial "w t x might be desir$ to develop4 #c4 ,education4--,if ,*9a is to become a democracy1 z mo/ progressive ,*9ese hope1 univ]sal education is imp]ative4 ,:]e ! bulk ( ! population _c read1 true democracy is impossible4 ,education is a good 9 itself1 b is also ess5tial = develop+ political consci\sness1 ( :i* at pres5t !re is almo/ none 9 rural ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese !mselves are well aw>e ( ?is1 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! f9ances x is impossible to e/abli% univ]sal elem5t>y education4 ,until x has be5 e/abli%$ = "s "t1 ,*9a mu/ be1 9 fact1 if n 9 =m1 an olig>*y1 because ! un$ucat$ masses _c h any effective political op9ion4 ,ev5 giv5 good gov]nm5t1 x is d\btful :e!r ! imm5se exp5se ( educat+ su* a va/ population c\ld be borne by ! nation )\t a consid]able indu/rial developm5t4 ,su* indu/rial developm5t z already exi/s is ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s1 & its pr(its provide w>%ips = ! ,japanese1 or mansions & d9n]s = ,briti% & ,am]ican millionaires4 ,if its pr(its are to provide ! funds = ,*9ese education1 indu/ry mu/ be 9 ,*9ese h&s4 ,?is is ano!r reason :y indu/rial developm5t mu/ probably prec$e any complete s*eme ( education4 ,= ! pres5t1 ev5 if ! funds exi/$1 !re w\ld n be suffici5t tea*]s to provide a s*oolma/] 9 e village4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 su* an en?usiasm = education 9 ,*9a t tea*]s are be+ tra9$ z fa/ z is possible ) su* limit$ res\rces2 inde$ a great deal ( devotion & public _s is be+ %[n by ,*9ese educators1 ^: sal>ies are usually _m mon?s 9 arre>s4 ,*9ese control is1 to my m9d1 z important 9 ! matt] ( education z 9 ! matt] ( indu/ry4 ,= ! pres5t1 x is /ill necess>y to h =eign in/ructors 9 "s subjects1 ?\gh ?is necessity w soon cease4 ,=eign in/ructors1 h[ev]1 provid$ !y are n too num]\s1 d no h>m1 any m ?an =eign exp]ts 9 railways & m9es4 ,:at does h>m is =eign managem5t4 ,*9ese educat$ 9 mission s*ools1 or 9 lay e/abli%m5ts controll$ by =eign]s1 t5d to become de-nationaliz$1 & to h a slavi% attitude t[>ds ,we/]n civilization4 ,?is unfits !m = tak+ a useful "p 9 ! national life1 & t5ds to und]m9e _! morals4 ,also1 oddly en\gh1 x makes !m m cons]vative 9 purely ,*9ese matt]s ?an ! "y m5 & wom5 :o h _h a mod]n education "u ,*9ese auspices4 ,europeans 9 g5]al are m cons]vative ab\t ,*9a ?an ! mod]n ,*9ese are1 & !y t5d to convey _! cons]vatism to _! pupils4 ,& ( c\rse _! :ole influ5ce1 unavoidably if involunt>ily1 militates aga9/ national self-respect 9 ^? :om !y tea*4 ,^? :o desire to d rese>* 9 "s academic subject w1 = "s "t to come1 ne$ a p]iod ( resid5ce 9 "s ,european or ,am]ican univ]sity4 ,b = ! great majority ( univ]sity /ud5ts x is f> bett]1 if possible1 to acquire _! education 9 ,*9a4 ,return$ /ud5ts h1 to a rem>kable ext5t1 ! /amp ( ! c\ntry f :i* !y h return$1 p>ticul>ly :5 t c\ntry is ,am]ica4 ,a society su* z 0 =e%ad[$ e>li] 9 ?is *apt]1 9 :i* all really progressive ,*9ese %\ld comb9e1 w\ld enc\nt] difficulties1 z ?+s /&1 f ! div]g5cies 9 national bias betwe5 /ud5ts return$ f 7say7 ,japan1 ,am]ica & ,g]many4 ,giv5 "t1 ?is difficulty c be ov]come by ! increase 9 purely ,*9ese univ]sity education1 b at pres5t ! difficulty w\ld be s]i\s4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 two ?+s are ne$$3 inspir+ lead]%ip1 & a cle> conception ( ! k9d ( civilization to be aim$ at4 ,lead]%ip w h to be bo? intellectual & practical4 ,z reg>ds intellectual lead]%ip1 ,*9a is a c\ntry :]e writ]s h enorm\s influ5ce1 & a vigor\s re=m] possess$ ( lit]>y skill c\ld c>ry ) him ! great majority ( ,"y ,*9a4 ,m5 ) ! requisite gifts exi/ 9 ,*9a2 ,i might m5tion1 z an example p]sonally kn[n to me1 ,dr4 ,hu ,suh4#aaj ,he has great le>n+1 wide culture1 rem>kable en]gy1 & a fe>less passion = re=m2 8 writ+s 9 ! v]nacul> inspire en?usiasm among progressive ,*9ese4 ,he is 9 fav\r ( assimilat+ all t is good 9 ,we/]n culture1 b by no means a slavi% admir] ( our ways4 ,! practical political lead]%ip ( su* a society z ,i conceive to be ne$$ w\ld probably dem& diff]5t gifts f ^? requir$ 9 an intellectual lead]4 ,x is !re=e likely t ! two c\ld n be comb9$ 9 "o man1 b w\ld ne$ m5 z diff]5t z ,l59 & ,k>l ,m>x4 ,! aim to be pursu$ is ( importance1 n only to ,*9a1 b to ! _w4 ,out ( ! r5aissance _s n[ exi/+ 9 ,*9a1 x is possible1 if =eign nations c be prev5t$ f work+ havoc1 to develop a new civilization bett] ?an any t ! _w has yet kn[n4 ,?is is ! aim :i* ,"y ,*9a %\ld set be=e itself3 ! pres]vation ( ! urbanity & c\rtesy1 ! c&\r & ! pacific temp]1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*9ese nation1 toge!r ) a k ( ,we/]n sci5ce & an application ( x to ! practical problems ( ,*9a4 ,( su* practical problems !re are two k9ds3 "o due to ! int]nal condition ( ,*9a1 & ! o!r to its int]national situation4 ,9 ! =m] class come education1 democracy1 ! dim9ution ( pov]ty1 hygi5e & sanitation1 & ! prev5tion ( fam9es4 ,9 ! latt] class come ! e/abli%m5t ( a /rong gov]nm5t1 ! developm5t ( indu/rialism1 ! revision ( treaties & ! recov]y ( ! ,treaty ,ports 7z to :i* ,japan may s]ve z a model71 & f9ally1 ! creation ( an army suffici5tly /rong to def5d ! c\ntry aga9/ ,japan4 ,bo? classes ( problems dem& ,we/]n sci5ce4 ,b !y d n dem& ! adoption ( ! ,we/]n philosophy ( life4 ,if ! ,*9ese 7 to adopt ! ,we/]n philosophy ( life1 !y w\ld1 z soon z !y _h made !mselves safe aga9/ =eign aggression1 emb>k ^u aggression on _! own acc\nt4 ,!y w\ld repeat ! campaigns ( ! ,han & ,tang dyna/ies 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 & p]haps emulate ,kublai by ! invasion ( ,japan4 ,!y w\ld exploit _! mat]ial res\rces ) a view to produc+ a few bloat$ plutocrats at home & millions dy+ ( hung] abroad4 ,su* are ! results :i* ! ,we/ a*ieves by ! application ( sci5ce4 ,if ,*9a 7 l$ a/ray by ! lure ( brutal p[]1 %e might repel h] enemies outw>dly1 b w\ld h yield$ to !m inw>dly4 ,x is n unlikely t ! great milit>y nations ( ! mod]n _w w br+ ab\t _! own de/ruction by _! inability to ab/a9 f w>1 :i* w become1 ) e ye> t passes1 m sci5tific & m deva/at+4 ,if ,*9a jo9s 9 ?is madness1 ,*9a w p]i% l ! re/4 ,b if ,*9ese re=m]s c h ! mod]ation to /op :5 !y h made ,*9a capable ( self-def5ce1 & to ab/a9 f ! fur!r /ep ( =eign conque/2 if1 :5 !y h become safe at home1 !y c turn aside f ! mat]iali/ic activities impos$ by ! ,p[]s1 & devote _! fre$om to sci5ce & art & ! inauguration ( a bett] economic sy/em--!n ,*9a w h play$ ! "p 9 ! _w = :i* %e is fitt$1 & w h giv5 to mank9d z a :ole new hope 9 ! mom5t ( greate/ ne$4 ,x is ?is hope t ,i wi% to see inspir+ ,"y ,*9a4 ,?is hope is realizable2 & because x is realizable1 ,*9a des]ves a =emo/ place 9 ! e/eem ( e lov] ( mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aaj3 ,an acc\nt ( a portion ( 8 "w w be f\nd 9 ,tyau1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dj ff4 ,,app5dix ,:ile ! above pages 7 go+ ?r\gh ! ,press1 "s important developm5ts h tak5 place 9 ,*9a4 ,wu-,pei-,fu has defeat$ ,*ang-tso-l9 & made himself ma/] ( ,pek+4 ,*ang has retreat$ t[>ds ,man*uria ) a brok5 army1 & proclaim$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,man*uria4 ,?is might suit ! ,japanese v well1 b x is h>dly to be suppos$ t ! o!r ,p[]s w\ld acquiesce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n unlikely t ,*ang may lose ,man*uria also1 & cease to be a factor 9 ,*9ese politics4 ,= ! mom5t1 ,wu-,pei-,fu controls ! great] "p ( ,*9a1 & 8 int5tions become important4 ,! ,briti% 9 ,*9a h1 = "s ye>s1 befri5d$ him1 & ?is fact col\rs all ,press telegrams appe>+ 9 our newspap]s4 ,accord+ to ,! ,times1 he has pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( ! reassembl+ ( ! old all-,*9a ,p>liam5t1 ) a view to ! re/oration ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,?is is a measure 9 :i* ! ,s\? c\ld concur1 & if he really adh]es to ?is int5tion he has x 9 8 p[] to put an end to ,*9ese an>*y4 ,! ,times ,pek+ correspond5t1 telegraph+ on ,may #cj1 reports t ,wu-,pei-,fu decl>es t if ! old ,p>liam5t w reassemble & "w 9 national int]e/s he w support x up to ! limit1 & fight any ob/ructioni/s4 ,on ,may #ah1 ! same correspond5t telegraph$ t ,wu-,pei-,fu is l5d+ 8 support to ! unification movem5ts1 & has f\nd common gr\nd = action ) ,*5 ,*iung ,m+1 :o is ,sun's colleague at ,canton & is engag$ 9 civil w> ) ,sun1 :o is imp]iali/ic & wants to conqu] all ,*9a = 8 gov]nm5t1 said to be alone con/itutional4 ,! programme agre$ ^u betwe5 ,wu & ,*5 ,*iung ,m+ is giv5 9 ! same telegram z foll[s3 ,local self-gov]nm5t %all be e/abli%$ & magi/rates %all be elect$ by ! p2 ,di/rict police %all be creat$ "u ,di/rict ,bo>ds subject to ,c5tral ,prov9cial ,bo>ds2 ,civil gov]nors %all be responsible to ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 n to ! ,tu*uns2 a national army %all be creat$1 controll$ & paid by ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t2 ,prov9cial police & g5d>m]ie1 n ! ,tu*uns or ! army1 %all be responsible = peace & ord] 9 ! prov9ces2 ! :ole nation %all agree to recall ! old ,p>liam5t & ! re/oration ( ! ,provisional ,con/itution ( ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,republic2 ,taxes %all be collect$ by ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 & only a /ipulat$ sum %all be grant$ to ea* prov9ce = exp5ses1 ! balance to be =w>d$ to ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t z "u ! ,*+ dyna/y2 ,af=e/ation %all be und]tak51 indu/ries e/abli%$1 highways built1 & o!r measures tak5 to keep ! p on ! l&4 ,?is is an admirable programme1 b x is impossible to "k h[ mu* ( x w ev] be c>ri$ out4 ,mean:ile1 ,sun ,yat ,s5 is /ill at w> ) ,wu-,pei-,fu4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 ! ,briti% ,press t !re 0 an alliance betwe5 ,sun & ,*ang1 b x seems !re 0 little m ?an a common ho/ility to ,wu4 ,sun's fri5ds ma9ta9 t he is a g5u9e ,con/itutionali/1 & t ,wu is n to be tru/$1 b ,*5 ,*iung ,m+ has a bett] reputation ?an ,sun among re=m]s4 ,! ,briti% 9 ,*9a all praise ,wu & hate ,sun2 ! ,am]icans all praise ,sun & decry ,wu4 ,sun und\bt$ly has a pa/ record ( g5u9e patriotism1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ,canton ,gov]nm5t has be5 ! be/ 9 ,*9a4 ,:at appe>s 9 our newspap]s on ! subject is c]ta9ly design$ to give a falsely unfav\rable impression ( ,canton4 ,= example1 9 ,! ,times ( ,may #ae1 a telegram appe>$ f ,hong-,kong to ! foll[+ effect3 ,i le>n t ! troops ( ,sun ,yat ,s51 ,presid5t ( ,s\? ,*9a1 :i* are /at$ to be m>*+ nor? f ,canton1 are a rabble4 ,_m are )\t weapons & a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! uni=ms are m]ely rags4 ,!re is no discipl9e1 & gambl+ & opium-smok+ are rife4 ,nev]!less1 on ,may #cj1 ,! ,times _h to confess t ?is army _h won a brilliant victory1 captur+ ! mo/ important /ronghold 9 ,kiangsi1 toge!r ) #dj field guns & l>ge quantities ( munitions4 ,! situation mu/ rema9 obscure until m detail$ news has arriv$ by mail4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! ,canton ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! victory ( ,*5 ,*iung ,m+1 w come to t]ms ) ,wu-,pei-,fu1 & w be /rong en\gh to compel him to adh]e to ! t]ms4 ,x is to be hop$ also t ,*ang's proclamation ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,man*uria w n be seiz$ ^u by ,japan z an excuse = a m complete absorption ( t c\ntry4 ,if ,wu-,pei-,fu adh]es to ! decl>ation quot$ above1 !re c be no patriotic reason :y ,canton %\ld n co-op]ate ) him2 on ! o!r h&1 ! milit>y /r5g? ( ,canton makes x m likely t ,wu w f9d x prud5t to adh]e to 8 decl>ation4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a bett] *ance ?an !re 0 be=e ! defeat ( ,*ang = ! unification ( ,*9a & ! end+ ( ! ,tu*uns' tyranny4 ,b x is z yet no m ?an a *ance1 & ! future is /ill problematical4 ,june #ba1 #aibb4 ,,index ,academy1 ,imp]ial1 #dd ,adams1 ,w1 #id ,afghani/an1 #age ,a9u1 #aag ,am]ica1 #ag1 #ed1 #fc1 #fi1 #acd1 #acf1 #ade ff41 #aei ff & naval policy1 #afa-b & trade ) ,russia1 #afb-c & ,*9ese f9ance1 #afc-e1 #bdd & ,japan1 #afg ff4 ,am]icanism1 #bba ,ance/or-wor%ip1 #ci ,an ,fu ,p>ty1 #ade1 #bje1 #bdc ,anglo-,japanese ,alliance1 #abj1 #abc1 #acc1 #acg1 #adi1 #age ,annam1 #eb ,arnold1 ,julean1 #bca ,art1 #aa1 #ab1 #bh1 #ahi ,au/ralia1 #aha ,backh\se1 #di ,balf\r1 #aeb1 #aec ,b5?amites1 #hj ,bir?-rate-- 9 ,*9a1 #gc 9 ,japan1 #aaf ,bism>ck1 #aab1 #acj ,bl&1 #di1 #gg n1 #ajg ,bol%eviks1 #ag1 #ah1 #abh1 #acf1 #adc1 #adf ff41 #age ff41 #bde ,bol%evism1 #hb 9 ,*9a1 #age1 #aid1 #bjd ,books1 burn+ (1 #bd ff4 ,box] ris+1 #ec1 #ed1 #bbg indemnity1 #ed1 #bag ,brails=d1 #aff ,buddhism1 #bg1 #ca1 #dh1 #aij 9 ,japan1 #hf ff41 #ia1 #aje1 #afi ,burma1 #eb ,bu%ido1 #agb ,canada1 #aha ,canton1 #ej1 #fh1 #ga1 #ge1 #bjg ,capitalism1 #agi ,cassel agreem5t1 #fi ,*amb]la91 ,pr(4 ,b4,h41 #ajc1 #aje ,*ang*un1 #abd ,*ang-tso-l91 #fh1 #ga1 #gg1bdb1 #bec ,*ao ,ki1 #dj ,*5 ,*iung ,m+1 #fh1 #bec-e ,*51 ,eug5e1 #acc n4 ,*5g1 ,s4,g41 #ee n41 #fe1 #acd n41 #aci n41 #bcb ,*i5 ,lung1 ,emp]or1 #di ff4 ,*i ,li1 ,mr41 #cg ,*9a-- e>ly hi/ory1 #ba ,s ff4 d]ivation ( "n1 #bd population1 #ca-d ,ye> ,book1 #cb produce1 #gb influ5ce on ,japan1 #hf ff41#ajd & ! w>1 #acd ff4 ,po/ ,(fices1 #aej ,*9ese-- "* (1 #aii-bac love ( laught]1 #ahh-i1 #bjj dignity1 #bjb pacifism1 #aie1 #bac call\sness1 #bji c[>dice1 #baj av>ice1 #baa pati5ce1 #bjf excitability1 #bab ,*+kiang1 #fj ,*9l+*5 m9e1 #bcd ,*ita1 #adf1 #aed ,*o%u1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf ,*\ dyna/y1 #bb ,*ri/ianity 9 ,japan1 #ib ff4 ,*uang ,tze1 #h1 #hb1 #ahh1 #aib ,*u ,fu ,tze1 #dc ,*u ,hsi1 #df ,civilization-- alphabetical1 #cg ,*9ese1 #ahg ff4 ,european1 #ahf ,coal 9 ,*9a1 #acb n41 #bca ff4 ,coleman1 #gg n41 #aaj1 #acb n41 #acc n4 ,col\r prejudice1 #afh1 #agc & lab\r1 #aha ff4 ,confucius1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #ch1 #ahg1 #bjh ,confucianism1 #cd1 #ch ff41 #aij 9 ,japan1 #aah ,consortium1 #ad1 #afc ff41 #agi1 #bdd ,cordi]1 ,h5ri1 #bd n41 #be1 #bg n41 #bh1 #cj n41 #ca n41 #ahg n4 ,cotton1 #gf1 #bce indu/ry 9 ,osaka1 #aad ,cu/oms-- ,*9ese1 #ee ff41 on exports1 #ef int]nal1 #ef-g ,dair51 #abc ,conf]5ce at1 #aed ff4 ,d5ison1 #abi ,dewey1 ,pr(essor1 #fi1 #bbd ,mrs41 #bbd ,diet1 ,japanese1 #aji ff4 ,dut* 9 ,japan1 #id ff41 #ajj ,education1 #dd ff41 #gf ff41 #aic1 #bad-bbe1 #bdg ff4 /ati/ics (1 #bae classical1 #bae-g ,european & ,am]ican1 #bag-ba mod]n ,*9ese1 #bba ff4 ( wom51 #bbc-d ,effici5cy1 cre$ (1 #ag ,eight ,legs1 #de1 #df ,emp]or ( ,*9a #bb ff1 #ci1 #hc1 #hh1 #bje ,fir/1 #bd ff4 ,empress ,d[ag]1 #eb n4 ,exam9ation1 competitive1 #cd1 #dd ff1 #gf ,face1 #bjd ,fam9es 9 ,*9a1 #gb1 #baj ,f> ,ea/]n ,republic1 #adj1 #aed ,f$]alism 9 ,*9a1 #gj1 #bdd ,feudalism-- 9 ,*9a1 #bd1 #bf 9 ,japan1 #hi ff4 ,filial ,piety1 #ci ff41 #fa & patriotism1 #da 9 ,japan1 #aah1 #afi ,=eign ,trade /ati/ics1 #bcf-g ,=e/ry1 #hj ,f\rte5 ,po9ts1 #ec ,france1 #eb1 #ec1 #abc & ,%antung1 #acg-h & ,japan1 #aeg ,fuki51 #acb ,galileo1 #ahf ,g5oa ,conf]5ce1 #adf ,g5ro1 !1 #ia1 #ajf ff41 #abh ,george ,,iii1 #di ,g]many1 #cj1 #ec1 #aji1 #ach1 #agb prop]ty 9 ,*9a dur+ w>1 #ada ff4 ,giles1 ,lionel1 #hb n4 ,giles1 ,pr(essor1 #bc1 #ci1 #dc n41 #di n41 #ahg n4 ,glad/one1 #aeg1 #afj ,gleason1 #acb n41 #acd n4 ,gobi des]t1 #ca ,gomp]s1 #afc ,great ,brita9-- & ,*9a1 #eb ff4 & ,%antung1 #acg ,great ,wall1 #bd ,greeks1 #ahf ,guam1 #aej ,han dyna/y1 #bg ,hanyehp+ ,co41 #acb n41 #bcb-c ,h>t1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #eg ,haya%i1 #acc n4 ,he>n1 ,lafcadio1 #ii ,heav5 79 ,*9ese religion71 #bc1 #dc ,temple (1 #bc1 #bd ,hideyo%i1 #hg1 #ic1 #id ,hir?1 #bb n41 #bc n41 #bg n4 ,hong ,kong1 #eb1 #fi1 #ge1 #bjg ,hsu ,%i-*ang1 ,presid5t1 #dd ,hughes1 ,premi]1 #aha n4 ,hughes1 ,secret>y1 #aeb1 #aec ,hung ,wu1 ,emp]or1 #de ,huns1 #bd1 #bg1 #ca ,hu ,suh1 #bej ,i*imura1 ,dr41 #aba ,ideograms1 #cd ff4 ,immigration1 ,asiatic1 #aha ff4 ,imp]ialism4 #hb ,india1 #bg1 #bi1 #dh1 #aai1 #abj ,indu/rialism1 #ahf 9 ,*9a1 #ge1 #gf1 #bab1 #bbf-ci1 #bde ff4 9 ,japan1 #aad ,in\ye1 #hh ,intellig5tsia 9 ,*9a1 #gf ,iron 9 ,*9a1 #aca1 #acb n41 #bca ff4 ,japanese control (1 #bcb ff4 ,i%ii1 #ace4 ,see also ,lans+-,i%ii ,agreem5t4 ,ito1 #hh4 #aji ff lyeyasu1 #ia1 #id1 #ie ,japan1 #ad1 #ae1 #bg1 #cj1 #eb1 #ec1 #fb1 #fc1 #hf-age e>ly hi/ory1 #hf ff4 con/itution1 #aji ff4 w> ) ,*9a1 #aac1 #abb1 #acj w> ) ,russia1 #ajh1 #abc1 #acj clan loyalty1 #aah loyalty to ,allies1 #acf hegemony 9 ,asia1 #abj loans to ,*9a 9 #aiah1 #adc ,socialism 91 #aad1 #agj ,j5ghis ,khan1 #bh ff4 ,jews1 #ahf ,kang ,hsi1 ,emp]or1 #di n4 ,k>a ,korum1 #cj ,kato1 #acc n4 ,kiangnan ,dock1 #bcb ,kiao*[1 #ec1 #aca1 #aea ,kieff1 #bi ,koo1 ,mr4 ,well+ton1 #eh n41 #afd ,korea1 #ec1 #hf1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd ,kublai ,khan1 #bi1 #cj ,kyoto1 #if ,kyu%u1 #ib1 #id ,lama ,religion1 #dc ,lamont1 #afe ,lans+1 #add ,lans+-,i%ii ,agreem5t1 #acd1 #aci1 #aea ,lao-,tze1 #dc1 #hb1 #ahg1 #aid ,legge1 #bb n41 #ci n41 #hb n4 ,l591 #ahj1 #bej1 ,l5nox1 ,dr41 #gc n4 ,lit]ati1 #be1 #bf1 #ch ff4 ,li ,ung ,b+1 #bf1 #de ,li ,yuan ,hung1 ,presid5t1 #adj ff4 ,li ,yu51 #bh n4 ,lloyd ,george1 #acc1 #adj1 #aeg ,l\is ,,xiv41 #ea ,l\is1 ,sa9t1 #bi ,macao1 #fb ,mac>tney1 #di ,mal?us1 #gc ,man*u dyna/y1 #cj1 #ca1 #dc1 #fd ,man*uria1 #ec1 #fh1 #abj1 #abc1 #abg1 #acj1 #adf1 #aed1 #agg1 #agh1 #bjg ,manila1 #ic ,m>co ,polo1 #bi ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #bg ,m>x1 #bej ,masuda1 #ic ,mc,laren1 #ih1 #ajc n4 ,me*ani/ic ,outlook1 #ha ff4 ,m]v1 #bi ,mikado1 #hg1 #ii1 #ajf wor%ip (1 #ih1 #ajc1 #afh-i ,milit>ism1 #af1 #db1 #dc n4 ,mill>d1 #acd n41 #adc1 #aea n4 ,m9amoto ,yoritomo1 #ij ,m9es1 #bcj ff4 ,m+ dyna/y1 #cj ,mission>ies1 #aif ,roman ,ca?olic1 #dh1 #di n4 9 ,japan1 #ib ff4 ,mongol dyna/y1 #bh ff41 #dc ,mongolia1 #bi1 #dc1 #abj1 #adg1 #aed ,morgan1 ,j4,p41 #aeg1 #afe ,morphia1 #aej ,mosc[1 #bi ,mukd51 #acj ,murdo*1 #bh n41 #hf n41 #aja1 #ajg n4 ,nationalism1 #af ,ne/orianism1 #dh ,nicolaievsk1 #aee ,nietzs*e1 #hd1 #aid ,ni%apur1 #bi ,nobunaga1 #id ,nor?cliffe1 ,"l1 #gg n4 ,obs]vatory1 ,pek+1 #cj1 #di ,okuma1 #abj1 #abb ,op5 ,door1 #ee1 #afb1 #agi ,opium1 #eb ,panama ,tolls1 #afb ,pek+1 #cj1 #cd1 #eb1 #gb ,legation ,qu>t]1 #ed ,union ,m$ical ,college1 #gc1 #bai ,gov]nm5t ,univ]sity1 #bag n41 #bbb ,girls' ,high ,normal ,s*ool1 #bbd ,p5hsihu m9e1 #bcd ,p]ry1 ,commodore1 #if1 #ajj1 #afg ,p]sia1 #bg1 #bi1 #age ,phonetic writ+1 #ce ,plato1 #ahf ,po ,*ui1 #aie ,po ,lo1 #hc ,pooley1 #abj n41 #aba1 #abd1 #abh1 #acc n4 ,pope1 ,!1 #bi1 #afi ,port ,ar?ur1 #ed1 #abc1 #acj1 #aej1 #age ,portsm\?1 ,treaty (1 #ajh-i1 #abe ,portuguese1 #ib ff4 ,progress1 #ac1 #aif1 #bjb ,putnam ,weale1 #cb1 #cc1 #fe1 #adc n41 #afe1 #bbh ,railways1 #bbf ff4 nationalization (1 #bbh ff4 /ati/ics (1 #bcj ,*9ese ,ea/]n1 #abc1 #abf1 #adc1 #adf1 #bbg ,fa-ku-,m51 #abd ,hank[-,canton1 #bbg ,pek+-,kalgan1 #bbg1 #bbi ,pek+-,hank[1 #bbg ,%antung1 #aea ff41 #bbg ,sib]ian1 #adf1 #bbg ,s\? ,man*urian1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf ,ti5ts9-,puk[1 #bbg ,reid1 ,rev4 ,gilb]t1 #acd n41 #aci n4 #adb ,re9s*1 #acd n41 #ace1 #acf ,re/oration 9 ,japan1 #hg1 #ig #h4 ,revolution ( #aiaa1 #cj1 #fe ff4 & ,japan1 #abh ff4 ,rockefell] ,hospital1 #bah ,rome1 #bg1 #ea ,roosevelt1 #ajh ,r\sseau1 #db ,russia1 #ae1 #ah-bj1 #bi1 #ec1 #ajh1 #aai1 #abg1 #adf ff41 #age ff4 w> ) ,japan1 #ajh1abc1 #acj secret treaty ) ,japan1 #acf & ,%antung1 #ach-i ,salt tax1 #ei1 #fj ,san ,felipe1 #ic ,sato1 ,admiral1 #agb ,satsuma1 #id1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf ,sci5ce1 #ea1 #hj1 #ha1 #ahf1 #aic ,%ank1 ,mr41 #fi ,%antung1 #ec1 #abg1 #aca ff41 #agh secret treaties conc]n+1 #acg 9 ,v]sailles ,treaty1 #add & ,wa%+ton ,conf]5ce1 #ade1 #aea ff4 ,%aw1 ,b]n>d1 #afj ,%]fesee1 #hj ,%ih ,huang ,ti1 ,see ,emp]or1 ,fir/ ,%i-,k+1 #be ,%9to1 #hg ff41 #ajc1 #aje1 #afi 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