,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dhd ,,new ,,york1 ,,april #aa1 #ahhe ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #dhd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,bridge ov] ! ,blaauw ,krantz ,rav9e1 ,cape ,colony4--#b engrav+s4 ,torp$o ,%ips4 ,! ,gas ,eng9e4--,by ,,dugald ,,cl]k4--,combu/ion eng9es4--,fir/ cyl9d] & pi/on eng9e4--,watt's exp]im5ts4--,fir/ gas eng9e4--,pr9ciples ( ! gas eng9e4 ,rapid ,con/ruction ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway4--,by ,e4,t4 ,,abbott4 ,! ,osgood ,mammo? ,excavator4--#c figures4 ,cap/an ,navigation on ! ,volga4--#d figures4 ,/eamboat ,equipm5t ( ,w> ,vessels4--,) engrav+ ( w9* = rais+ & l[]+ torp$o boats4 ,improv$ ,/eam ,trap4--#a engrav+4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology4--,critical ,me?ods ( ,detect+ ,errors 9 ,plane ,surfaces4--,by ,,john ,a4 ,,bra%e>4--#aa figures4 ,photometric ,/&>ds4--#i figures4 ,blea*+ or ,dye+ ,y>ns & ,goods 9 ,vacuo4--#a figure4 ,on ! ,m\ld+ ( ,porcela94--,by ,,*as4 ,,lau?4--,m\ld+ by pressure ( ! air4--,m\ld+ by vacuum4--,dry+ ! m\ld$ pieces4--#b figures4 ,photo-,tricycle ,app>atus4--#a figure4 ,a ,photo ,pr9t+ ,light4--#a figure4 ,a ,new ,act9omet]4 ,a/ronomical ,photography4 ,electricity z a ,prev5tive ( ,scale 9 ,boil]s4 ,,iii4 ,,decorative ,,art4--,alphabet design$ by ,godfrey ,sykes4--,an engrav+4 ,old ,wr\ght ,iron ,gate4--,an engrav+4 ,,iv4 ,,geology4--,! ,organization & ,plan ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4--,by ,j4,w4 ,,p[ell4--,a topographic map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,paleontology4--,*emi/ry4--,phy sical rese>*es4--,/ati/ics4--,libr>y4--,public ations4--,g5]al geology4--,economic geology4--,relation ( ! g5]al survey to ! ,/ate survey4 ,v4 ,,botany1 ,,etc4--,! ,sunfl[]s4--,annuals1 p]5nials1 etc4--#aa engrav+s4 ,lye's ,fu*sias4--#a engrav+4 ,,vi4 ,,hygi5e1 ,,etc4--,brief ,sanit>y ,matt]s 9 ,connection ) ,isolat$ ,c\ntry ,h\ses4--,by ,e4,w4 ,,b[dit*4 ,sanit>y ,cook+4--,by ,v4,l4 ,,opp5heim]4 ,"t requir$ to dige/ ,diff]5t ,foods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,blaauw ,,krantz ,,viaduct ,,9 ,,cape ,,colony4 ,?is viaduct is built ov] a rocky rav9e on ! railway f ,port ,alfr$ to ,graham/[n1 at a height ( ab\t #bjj ft4 f ! bottom4 ,its l5g? is #dhj ft4 #f 941 & ! wid? ( ! plat=m is #ae ft41 ! gauge ( ! railway be+ #c ft4 #f 94 ,! c5tral span ( ! viaduct is an ar* ( #bbj ft4 span betwe5 abutm5ts1 & ab\t #ij ft4 height2 ! rema9d] ( ! space on ea* side is divid$ into two spans by an iron pi] at a di/ance ( #fh ft4 f ! reta9+ wall4 ,^! pi]s are #cf ft4 #b 94 high1 & c>ry gird]s #add ft4 long1 balanc$ ea* on a pivot 9 ! c5t]4 ,"o end ( ^! gird]s is secur$ to ! reta9+ walls by means ( horizontal & v]tical an*orages1 :ile ! o!r end re/s 9 a slid+ be>+ on ! top flange ( ! ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,blaauw ,,krantz ,,rav9e1 ,,cape ,,colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,blaauw ,,krantz ,,rav9e1 ,,cape ,,colony4 ,9 design+ ! /ructure ! foll[+ po9ts _h to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,t1 on acc\nt ( ! great height above ! gr\nd1 & on acc\nt ( ! high price ( timb] at ! site1 ! /ructure c\ld be easily erect$ )\t ! use ( scaffold+ support+ x z a :ole4 7#b7 ,t1 on acc\nt ( ! high freights to ,port ,alfr$1 ! quantity ( iron 9 ! /ructure %\ld be z small z possible4 7#c7 ,t ! s+le p>ts ( ! pr9cipal span %\ld be easy to lift1 & t !re %\ld be z few ( !m z possible4 ,= ?is latt] reason mo/ ( !m 7 made 9 l5g?s ( #bj ft4 & m4 ,! "q ( economy ( mat]ial pres5t$ itself z a comp>ison betwe5 a few /&>d types1 viz41 ! gird] bridge ( small indep5d5t spans2 ! cantilev] bridge1 or ! cont9u\s gird] bridge 9 ?ree l>ge spans2 ! s+le gird] bridge ) "o l>ge span & sev]al small spans2 & ! ar* ) small gird] spans on ea* side4 ,! susp5sion bridge 0 left out ( "q z inadmissible4 ,a gird] bridge ) small indep5d5t spans on rock] pi]s w\ld probably h be5 ! mo/ economical1 ev5 tak+ into acc\nt ! great height ( ! pi]s ne> ! middle ( ! rav9e1 b !re w\ld h be5 "s difficulty 9 hold+ ^? pi]s 9 position until !y c\ld be secur$ to ! gird]s at ! top2 &1 moreov]1 su* a /ructure w\ld h be5 /rik+ly out ( h>mony ) ! "* ( ! site4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a cantilev] or cont9u\s gird] bridge 9 ?ree spans--al?\gh su* /ructures h be5 erect$ 9 simil> localities--c\ld n ent] into comp>ison ( simple economy ( mat]ial1 because su* a design w\ld entirely disreg>d ! anomaly t ! great] "p ( ! /ructure1 viz41 ! side spans1 be+ necess>ily con/ruct$ to c>ry across a l>ge space1 w\ld be too ne> ! gr\nd to ju/ify ! omission ( fur!r supports4 ,! "q 01 !re=e1 n>r[$ to a comp>ison betwe5 ! pres5t ar* & a c5tral indep5d5t gird] ( ! same span1 includ+ ! pi]s on :i* x re/s4 ,! small side spans c\ld obvi\sly be left out 9 ea* case4 ,! comp>ison 0 made ) a view n only to arrive at a decision 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 b also ( answ]+ ! "q ( ! economy ( ! ar* m g5]ally4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ! weights ( geometrically simil> /ructures ( ?ree diff]5t spans1 ( :i* ! second is ! "o "h describ$4 ,! s-call$ !oretical weight is t :i* ! /ructure w\ld h if no "p requir$ /iff5+1 leav+ out also all connections & all w9d brac+4 ,! mov+ load is tak5 at "o ton p] foot l9eal1 & ! /ra9 on ! iron at an av]age ( f\r tons p] squ>e in*4 ,! proportion ( ! gird] is tak5 at #a 9 #h4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,!oretical ,weight4 ,total ,weight4 ,span 9 ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,ar*4 ,gird]4 ,ar*4 ,gird]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajj #j4jgbd #j4affc #j4ahff #j4bddc #bbj #j4afei #j4daji #j4ddgf #j4gdfb #cjj #j4bdad #j4fdde #j4fdfd #a4behh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------,tons p] foot l9eal4------------- ,x c be se5 f ^! results t ! economical advantage ( ! ar* increases ) ! span4 ,9 small ar*es ?is advantage w\ld n be l>ge en\gh to c\nt]balance ! great] co/ ( manufacture2 b 9 ! ar* ( #bbj ft4 span ! advantage is already v m>k$4 ,if ! table 7 cont9u$1 x w\ld %[ t ! gird]1 ev5 if ! plat=m 7 artificially wid5$1 w\ld become impossible at a po9t :]e ! ar* c /ill be made )\t difficulty4 ,! calculations lead+ to ! above results w\ld occupy too mu* space to make x desirable on ?is occasion to produce !m4 ,our two views are f photographs4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,torp$o ,,%ips4 ,comm&] ,gallwey lately deliv]$ an int]e/+ lecture on ! use ( torp$oes 9 w> be=e ! royal ,u4,s4 ,in/itution1 ,london1 discuss$ ,h4,m4,s4 ,polyphemus1 & urg$ z argum5ts 9 h] favor3 #a4 ,t %e has v high spe$1 comb9$ ) fair maneuv]+ p[]s4 #b4 ,t %e c dis*>ge h] torp$oes ) c]ta9ty ei!r ahead or on ! beam :5 proce$+ at full spe$4 #c4 ,t h] crew & weapons ( def5se are protect$ by ! mo/ p]fect ( all armor possible1 namely1 #aj ft4 ( wat]4 #d4 ,t %e only pres5ts a m>k ( #d ft4 above ! wat] l9e4 ,!n1 he ask$1 ) :at weapon is ! ironclad go+ to vanqui% ^! torp$o rams8 ,guns _c hit h] :5 mov+ at spe$2 %e is pro( aga9/ ma*9e guns1 &1 be+ small]1 h&i]1 & fa/] ?an mo/ ironclads1 %\ld h a bett] *ance ) h] ram1 ! m especially z x is provid$ ) a weapon :i* has be5 scores ( times dis*>g$ ) c]ta9ty at #cjj y>ds4 ,! ironclad1 he answ]$1 mu/ use torp$oes1 & !n he ma9ta9$ t ! spe$ & h&9ess ( ! ,polyphemus w\ld enable h] to place h]self 9 positions :]e %e c\ld use h] own torp$o to advantage1 & be less likely to be hit h]self4 ,he !n call$ att5tion to ! necessity = well-protect$ conn+ t[]s 9 ^! %ips1 & prophesi$ t if a subm>9e %ip1 arm$ ) torp$oes1 be ev] built1 %e w be ! mo/ =midable antagoni/ an ironclad ev] _h2 & ! ne>] ! special torp$o %ip approa*es ?is desid]atum ! bett] %e w be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,plumb+ ,,te/4 ,a rec5t trial ( a smoke rocket = te/+ dra9s1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,cosmo ,jones 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 is des]v+ ( int]e/4 ,! "o fix$ ^u is #aj 94 long1 #b 94 9 diamet]1 & ) ! composition *>g$ r h>d1 s z to burn = t5 m9utes4 ,?is gives ! eng9e] "t to light ! fuse1 ins]t ! rocket 9 ! dra91 ins]t a plug beh9d x1 & walk ?r\gh ! h\se to see if ! smoke escapes into x at any po9t1 f9i%+ on ! ro(1 :]e he f9ds ! smoke issu+ 9 volumes f ! v5tilat+ pipes4 ,! h\se exp]im5t$ ^u _h ?ree v5tilat+ pipes1 & ! smoke issu$ 9 d5se masses f ea* ( !m1 b did n escape any:]e into ! h\se1 %[+ t ! pipes 7 s\nd4 ,if ! eng9e] wi%es to increase ! sev]ity ( ! te/1 he ?r[s a wet clo? ov] ! top ( ! v5tilat+ pipe1 & s gets a slight pressure ( smoke inside x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lecture by ,mr4 ,dugald ,cl]k1 be=e ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 ,oldham4 ,by ,,dugald ,,cl]k4 ,9 e>li] days ( me*anics1 be=e ! "w ( ! great ,scotti% eng9e]1 ,james ,watt1 ! crude /eam eng9es ( ! "t 7 kn[n z fire eng9es1 n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we n[ apply ! t]m to ma*9es = ! ext+ui%+ ( fires1 b z indicat+ ! s\rce f :i* ! p[] 0 d]iv$1 motive p[] eng9es d]iv+ _! vitality & /r5g? f fire4 ,! mod]n "n--/eam eng9e--to "s ext5t is a mislead+ "o1 di/ract+ ! m9d f ! s\rce ( p[] to ! m$ium :i* conveys ! p[]4 ,simil>ly ! "n ,gas ,eng9e masks ! fact ( ! motors s call$ be+ really fire or heat eng9es4 ,! gas eng9e is m emphatically a fire eng9e ?an ev] ! /eam eng9e has be54 ,9 x ! fire is n tam$ or dilut$ by indirect contact ) wat]1 b x is us$ direct2 ! fire1 in/ead ( be+ kept to ! boil] room1 is introduc$ direct into ! motor cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,?is at fir/ sight looks v absurd & impracticable2 difficulties at once become app>5t ( s ov]:elm+ a nature t ! problem seems almo/ an impossible "o2 yet ?is is :at has be5 successfully accompli%$ 9 ! gas eng9e4 ,eng9e]s accu/om$ to ! con/ruction ( /eam eng9es w\ld n _m ye>s ago h consid]$ any "o propos+ su* a ?+ z hav+ tak5 leave ( 8 s5ses4 ,! late ,sir ,william ,siem5s work$ = _m ye>s on combu/ion eng9es1 "s ( 8 pat5ts on ?is subject dat+ back to #ahfj4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a conv]sation ,i _h ) him on ! subject ( 8 e>li] pat5ts1 ,i ask$ him :y he _h entitl$ "o ( ^? pat5ts /eam eng9e improvem5ts :5 x 0 :olly conc]n$ ) a gas eng9e us+ hydrog5 & air 9 ! motive cyl9d]1 ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog5 tak+ place 9 ! motive cyl9d]4 ,he answ]$ me t 9 #ahfj he did n c>e to entitle 8 pat5t gas or combu/ion eng9e simply because eng9e]s at t "t w\ld h ?\ght him mad4 ,not)/&+ ?is widespread incr$ulity among eng9e]s1 & ! app>5t novelty ( ! gas eng9e idea1 fire or combu/ion eng9es h be5 propos$ long1 long ago4 ,! fir/ ,newcom5 /eam eng9e ev] set to "w 0 us$ by a ,mr4 ,back1 ( ,wolv]hampton1 9 ! ye> #agaa4 ,?irty-"o ye>s be=e ?is "t1 9 ,p>is--ye> #afhj--;,huygh5s pres5t$ a memoir to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces describ+ a me?od ( utiliz+ ! expansive =ce ( gunp[d]4 ,?is eng9e] is notable z be+ ! v fir/ to propose ! use ( a cyl9d] & pi/on1 z well z ! fir/ combu/ion eng9e ( a practical k9d4 ,! eng9e consi/s ( a v]tical op5 topp$ cyl9d]1 9 :i* works a pi/on2 ! pi/on is connect$ by a *a9 pass+ ov] a pulley above x to a heavy weight2 ! up/roke is accompli%$ by ! desc5t ( ! weight1 :i* pulls ! pi/on to ! top ( ! cyl9d]2 gunp[d] plac$ 9 a tray at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is n[ ignit$1 & expels ! air ) :i* ! cyl9d] is fill$ ?r\gh a %ift+ valve1 &1 aft] ! products ( combu/ion h cool$1 a p>tial vacuum takes place & ! atmosph]ic pressure =ces d[n ! pi/on to ! bottom ( its /roke1 dur+ :i* "w may be obta9$4 ,on ! bo>d ,i h made a sket* ( ?is eng9e4 ,"s ye>s previ\s to ,huygh5s' proposal1 ! ,abbe ,hautefeuille 7#afgh7 propos$ a gunp[d] eng9e )\t pi/on = pump+ wat]4 ,x is simil> to ,sav]y's /eam eng9e1 b us+ ! pressure ( ! explosion in/ead ( ! pressure ( /eam4 ,?is eng9e1 h[ev]1 _h no pi/on1 & 0 only applicable z a pump4 ,! ,sav]y pr9ciple /ill survives 9 ! action ( ! well-kn[n pulsomet] /eam pump4 ,d5ys ,pap91 ! pupil & assi/ant ( ,huygh5s1 cont9u$ exp]im5t+ ^u ! production ( motive p[]1 & 9 #afij publi%$ a description ( 8 attempts at ,leipzig1 entitl$ ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,secur+ ,*eaply ,motive ,p[] ( ,consid]able ,magnitude4 ,he m5tions ! gunp[d] eng9e1 & /ates t until n[ all exp]im5ts h be5 unsuccessful2 & aft] ! combu/ion ( ! explod$ p[d] !re always rema9s 9 ! cyl9d] "o-fif? ( its volume ( air4 ,= ! explosion ( ! gunp[d] he sub/itut$ ! g5]ation & cond5sation ( /eam1 heat+ ! bottom ( 8 cyl9d] by a fire2 a small quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 x 0 vaporiz$1 & !n on remov+ ! fire ! /eam cond5s$ & ! pi/on 0 =c$ d[n4 ,?is 0 sub/antially ! ,newcom5 /eam eng9e1 b )\t ! sep>ate boil]4 ,pap9 di$ ab\t ! ye> #agaj1 a disappo9t$ man1 ab\t ! same "t z ,newcom54 ,?omas ,newcom51 ironmong] & blacksmi?1 ( ,d>tm\?1 ,engl&1 _h fir/ succe$$ 9 gett+ 8 eng9e to "w4 ,! h>d fight to wre/ f nature a manageable motive p[] & to h>ness fire = indu/rial use 0 cont9u$ by ?is clev] blacksmi?1 & he succe$$ :5 ! m pr(\nd b less con/ructively skillful philosoph]s _h fail$4 ,! success ( ! /eam me?od & ! fight necess>y to p]fect x to ! utmo/ absorb$ ! en]gy ( mo/ able eng9e]s--,beighton1 ,john ,smeaton--accompli%+ mu* 9 apply+ & p]fect+ x be=e ! appe>ance ( ,james ,watt ^u ! sc5e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ,engl& alone ov] #b1jjj horse p[] ( ,newcom5 eng9es 7 at "w be=e ,watt comm5c$ 8 s]ies ( magnific5t inv5tions2 he comm5c$ exp]im5t+ on a ,newcom5 eng9e model 9 #agei at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 & 9 #aggd came to ,birm+ham1 ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,b\lton1 & #agha we f9d 8 beautiful d\ble act+ beam cond5s+ eng9e 9 successful "w4 ,f t "t until n[ ! /eam eng9e has /eadily advanc$1 increas+ 9 economy ( fuel f #aj lb4 ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r to ab\t #a lb4 p] horse p[] p] h\r1 :i* is ! be/ result ( to-day's /eam eng9e practice4 ,?is result1 accord+ to ! highe/ au?orities1 is s ne> to ! !oretical result possible f a /eam eng9e t fur!r improvem5t _c n[ be look$ =4 ,simultane\sly ) ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e1 inv5tors cont9u$ to /ruggle ) ! direct act+ combu/ion or gas eng9e1 (t5 )\t any def9ite und]/&+ ( :y !y %\ld attempt su* app>5t impossibilities1 b always by _! exp]im5ts & repeat$ failures increas+ k1 & =m+ a firm road ^u :i* ^? foll[+ !m travel$ to success4 ,9 #agia ,john ,b>b] obta9$ a pat5t = an eng9e produc+ inflammable gas1 mix+ x ) air1 ignit+ x1 & all[+ ! curr5t s produc$ to imp+e ^u a reaction :eel1 produc+ motion simil> to ! well kn[n ,aelopile1 :i* ,i h at "w ^u ! table4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ,murdo* 7,jas4 ,watt's assi/ant at ,birm+ham7 0 busy introduc+ coal gas into use = light+2 9 #agib ,b\lton & ,watt's works 7 light$ up ) coal gas4 ,f ?is "t _m gas eng9es 7 propos$1 & ! m impracticable combu/ion ( gunp[d] receiv$ less att5tion4 ,9 #agid ,?omas ,mead obta9$ a pat5t = an eng9e us+ ! int]nal combu/ion ( gas2 ! description is n a cle> "o1 8 ideas seem confus$4 ,9 ! same ye> ,rob]t ,/reet obta9$ a pat5t = an eng9e :i* is n unlike "s n[ 9 use4 ,! bottom ( a cyl9d]1 conta9+ a pi/on1 is heat$ by a fire1 a few drops ( spirits ( turp5t9e are introduc$ & evaporat$ by ! heat1 ! pi/on is drawn up1 & air ent]+ mixes ) ! inflammable vapor4 ,a light is appli$ at a t\* hole1 & ! explosion drives up ! pi/on1 :i*1 work+ on a lev]1 =ces d[n ! pi/on ( a pump = pump+ wat]4 ,robt4 ,/reet adds to 8 description a note3 ,! quantity ( spirits ( t> or turp5t9e to be made use ( is always proportional to ! conf9$ space1 9 g5]al ab\t #aj drops to a cubic foot4 ,?is eng9e is q a workable "o1 al?\gh ! arrangem5ts describ$ are v crude4 ,! fir/ gas eng9e t 0 actually at "w = "s ye>s2 & 0 appli$ to a v>iety ( purposes1 0 ,samuel ,bur5's4 ,8 pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #ahbc1 & 9 #ahbf he built a locomotive c>riage ) :i* he made sev]al exp]im5tal runs 9 ,london2 he also propell$ a vessel ) x ^u ! ,?ames1 & fitt$ up a l>ge eng9e = pump+ purposes4 ,a company 0 =m$ to introduce 8 eng9e1 b x prov$ too wa/eful ( fuel1 & ! company w5t into volunt>y liquidation4 ,l almo/ all eng9es ( ?is "t1 ! combu/ion ( gas & air 0 us$ to produce a vacuum1 ! pi/on be+ driv5 by atmosph]ic pressure4 ,bur5's locomotive c>riage 0 ?us 9 action ?ree ye>s be=e ! great trial 9 #ahbi1 f :i* ,george ,/eph5son em]g$ victori\s ) 8 wond]ful eng9e ,! ,rocket4 ,to ^? curi\s 9 ! matt]1 ,i may m5tion t ,s4 ,bur5's pat5ts are dat$ #ahbc1 ,no4 #d1hgd1 & #ahbf1 ,no4 #e1cej4 ,f ?is "t on1 a cont9u\s s]ies ( gas eng9e pat5ts appe>1 #bj eng9es be+ pat5t$ betwe5 #ahbf & #ahfj1 :i* is ! next date wor?y ( p>ticul> m5tion4 ,9 ?is ye>1 #ahfj1 ! fam\s ,l5oir eng9e appe>$4 ,! use ( high pressure /eam eng9es _h long be5 common1 & ,l5oir's eng9e 0 analog\s to ! high pressure eng9e1 z ,bur5's 0 to ! cond5s+ eng9e4 ,x creat$ a v g5]al int]e/1 & _m eng9es 7 con/ruct$ & us$ 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica2 x resembl$ v mu* 9 ext]nal appe>ance an ord9>y high pressure horizontal /eam eng9e1 & x 0 d\ble act+4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ six ye>s1 o!r #bj ,briti% pat5ts 7 grant$1 & ! gas eng9e pass$ f ! /ate ( a tr\blesome toy to a practicable & widely useful ma*9e4 ,f #agia to ! end ( #ahff1 9 all #df ,briti% pat5ts 7 grant$ = gas eng9es1 & 9 ^! pat5ts are to be f\nd ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! gas eng9es ( to-day are con/ruct$1 _m ye>s elaps+ be=e exp]i5ce en\gh 0 ga9$ to turn ! proposals ( ! old] inv5tors to practical acc\nt4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! pat5ts are3 ,no4 ,ye>4 ,rob]t ,/reet #a1ihc #agid ,direct-act+ eng9e4 ,samuel ,bur5 #d1hgd #ahbc ,vacuum eng9e4 ,samuel ,bur5 #e1cej #ahbf ,vacuum eng9e4 ,w4,l4 ,wright #f1ebe #ahcc ,direct-act+ eng9e4 ,wm4 ,b>nett #g1fae #ahch ,compression fir/ propos$4 ,b>sante ,matteucci #a1jgb #ahed ,rack clut* eng9e4 ,drake #efb #ahee ,direct-act+ eng9e4 ,l5oir #cce #ahfj ,d4,i4 eng9e1 electric ignition4 ,c4,w4 ,siem5s #b1jgd #ahfj ,compression1 con/ant pressure4 ,hugon #b1ijb #ahfj ,plat9um ignition4 ,mille9 #a1hdj #ahfa ,compression1 bo? con/ant vol4 & pressure4 ,f4,h4 ,w5ham #a1hgc #ahfd ,free pi/on4 ,hugon #ihf #ahfe ,flame ignition4 ,otto & ,lang5 #dcd #ahff ,rack & clut*1 flame ignition4 ,leav+ = ! pres5t ! hi/ory ( ! gas eng9e1 :i* br+s u to a /age comp>able to ! /ate ( ! /eam eng9e dur+ ! ,newcom5's "t1 x w be advisable to give "s consid]ation to ! pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! economical & effici5t work+ ( gas eng9es1 9 ord] to und]/& ! m rec5t developm5ts4 ,x has be5 se5 t gunp[d] 0 ! explosive us$ to produce a vacuum 9 ,huygh5s' eng9e1 & t x 0 ab&on$ 9 favor ( gas by ,bur5 9 #ahbc4 ,! reason ( dep>ture is v obvi\s3 a gunp[d] explosion & a gase\s explosion diff] 9 v important practical po9ts4 ,gunp[d] be+ a solid sub/ance is capable ( be+ pack$ into a v small space2 ! gas evolv$ by its decomposition is s great 9 volume t1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( any evolution ( heat1 a v high pressure w\ld result4 ,"o cubic in* ( gunp[d] conf9$ 9 a space ( "o cubic in* w\ld cause a pressure by ! gas x conta9s alone ( #ae1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 if ! heat+ effect be all[$ =1 pressures ( f\r times t am\nt1 or #fj1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 are easily acc\nt$ =4 ,^! pressures are f> too high = use 9 any eng9e1 & ! b>e possibility ( gett+ su* pressure by accid5t put gunp[d] q outside ! purpose ( ! eng9e]1 q ap>t f any "q ( comp>ative co/4 ,9 a prop] mixture ( inflammable gas & air is f\nd an exce$+ly safe explosive1 p]fectly manageable & q incapable ( produc+ pressures 9 any s5se dang]\s to a prop]ly con/ruct$ eng9e4 ,! pressure produc$ by ! explosion ( any mixture ( gas & air is /rictly det]m9$ & limit$1 :]eas ! pressure produc$ by ! explosion ( gunp[d] dep5ds greatly ^u ! relation betwe5 ! volume ( ! gunp[d] & ! space 9 :i* x is conf9$4 ,eng9es ( ! ,l5oir type are ! simple/ 9 idea & con/ruction2 9 !m a mixture ( gas & air is made 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pi/on /roke1 air be+ tak5 f ! atmosph]e & drawn into ! cyl9d] by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! pi/on4 ,at ! same "t gas ent]+ by a numb] ( holes1 & /ream+ into ! air to =m an explosive mixture1 ! movem5t ( a valve cuts (f ! supply1 & br+s ! ignit+ arrangem5t into action4 ,! pressure produc$ by ! explosion act+ ^u ! pi/on makes x complete its /roke1 :5 ! exhau/ valve op5s exactly z 9 ! /eam eng9e4 ,! ,l5oir & ,hugon eng9es1 ! e>li] =ms ( ?is type1 7 d\ble act+1 receiv+ two impulses = e revolution ( ! crank1 ! impulse diff]+ f t 9 a high pressure /eam eng9e 9 comm5c+ at half /roke4 ,! ,l5oir ignit+ arrangem5t 0 complicat$ & tr\blesome4 ,i h x ^u ! table2 ! mixture 0 ignit$ at ! prop] "t by ! electric sp>k produc$ f a prim>y batt]y & ,ruhmkorff coil4 ,! ,hugon eng9e 0 an advance 9 ?is respect1 us+ a flame ignit$1 & secur+ great] c]ta9ty ( action 9 a comp>atively simple mann]4 ,x is really a modification ( ,b>nett's light+ cock describ$ 9 8 pat5t ( #ahch4 ,o!r difficulties 7 f\nd 9 us+ ^! eng9es2 ! pi/ons became exce$+ly hot4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,l5oir l>g] eng9es1 x sometimes became r$ hot1 & caus$ complete ru9 ( ! cyl9d] by scor+ & cutt+ up4 ,hugon to prev5t ?is inject$ "s wat]4 ,9 ! all important "q ( economy1 ^! eng9es 7 f\nd griev\sly want+1 ,l5oir consum+ #ie cubic feet p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r2 ,hugon consum+ #he cubic feet p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r4 ,! surviv+ eng9es ( ?is type are only us$ = v small p[]s1 f "o to f\r man p[]1 or #a_/h to #a_/b horse1 ! mo/ widely kn[n ( ?is k9d be+ ! ,bis*(f1 :i* is v l>gely us$2 its consumption ( gas is ev5 great] ?an ! ,l5oir1 be+ #aaj cubic feet p] horse p[] p] h\r1 z te/$ ) a half-horse eng9e at a late exhibition ( gas app>atus at ,/ockport4 ,s l>ge a consumption ( gas prev5t$ ^! eng9es com+ into ext5d$ use = eng9es ( mod]ate p[]1 & l$ inv5tors to "w to obta9 bett] results4 ,! =ce g5]at$ by ! explosion ( a mixture ( gas & air is v %ort liv$1 & if x is to be fully utiliz$ mu/ be us$ quickly2 a high pressure is produc$1 b x v quickly disappe>s4 ,! quick] ! pi/on moves aft] ! maximum pressure is rea*$1 ! less w be ! loss ( heat to ! sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! flame :i* fills ! cyl9d] & causes ! increase ( pressure rapidly loses heat1 & ! pressure falls4 ,! idea ( us+ a free pi/on 0 propos$ z a rem$y2 x 0 ?\ght t a pi/on connect$ to a crank 9 ! ord9>y mann] c\ld n move fa/ en\gh to utilize ! pressure be=e x 0 lo/4 ,_m inv5tors propos$ to p]=m "w ^u a pi/on free f any direct connection ) ! crank or %aft ( ! eng9e2 ! explosion aft] atta9+ its maximum pressure exp5ds its =ce 9 giv+ velocity to a pi/on2 ! velocity s acquir$ c>ries x on aga9/ atmosph]ic pressure until ! en]gy is all absorb$1 & a vacuum or deficit ( pressure exi/s 9 ! cyl9d] in/ead ( an excess ( pressure4 ,! return /roke is accompli%$ by ! atmosph]ic pressure1 & ! "w is n[ done ^u ! eng9e %aft on ! return only4 ,! me?od ( connect+ on ! return /roke :ile leav+ ! pi/on free on ! out /roke v>ies1 b 9 _m eng9es ! pr9ciple 0 ! same4 ,b>sante & ,matteucci1 ye> #aheg1 ,briti% pat5t ,no4 #a1fbe1 describe ! fir/ eng9e ( ?is k9d1 b ,messrs4 ,otto & ,lang5 7 ! fir/ to successfully ov]come all difficulties & make a m>ketable eng9e ( x4 ,_! pat5t 0 dat$ #ahff1 ,no4 #dcd4 ,to di/+ui% x f ,otto's lat] pat5ts1 x may be call$ ! rack & clut* eng9e4 ,! economy obta9$ by ?is eng9e 0 a great advance ^u ! ,l5oir4 ,accord+ to a te/ by ,pr(4 ,tresca1 at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg1 ! gas consum$ 0 #dd cubic feet p] indicat$ horse p[] p] h\r4 ,accord+ to te/s ,i h made myself 9 ,man*e/] ) a two horse p[] eng9e1 ,otto & ,lang5's free pi/on eng9e consumes #dj cubic feet p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r4 ,?is is less ?an "o-half ( ! gas us$ by ! ,hugon eng9e = "o horse p[]4 ,! ignit+ arrangem5t is a v good modification ( ,b>nett's light+ cock1 :i* ,i h expla9$ already1 b a slide valve is us$ in/ead ( a cock4 ,o!r eng9es c>ri$ out ! same pr9ciple 9 a diff]5t mann]1 includ+ ,gilles' eng9e1 b !y 7 n comm]cially s successful z ! ,otto & ,lang54 ,mr4 ,f4,h4 ,w5ham's eng9e 0 ( ?is type1 & 0 work+ 9 ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,w5ham in=m$ me1 9 #ahff1 8 pat5t be+ tak5 out 9 #ahfd4 ,! great objection to ?is k9d ( eng9e is ! irregul>ity & great noise 9 work+2 ?is 0 s great z to prev5t eng9es f be+ made l>g] ?an ?ree horse p[]4 ,! eng9e1 h[ev]1 did good "w1 & 0 l>gely us$ f #ahff until ! end ( #ahgf1 :5 ,mr4 ,otto produc$ 8 fam\s eng9e1 n[ kn[n z ,! ,otto ,sil5t ,gas ,eng9e4 ,9 ?is eng9e great economy is atta9$ )\t ! objectionable free pi/on by a me?od propos$ fir/ by ,burnett1 #ahch1 & also by a ,fr5*man1 ,mille91 9 #ahfa2 ?is me?od is compression be=e ignition4 ,o!r inv5tors also describ$ v cle>ly ! advantages to be expect$ f compression1 b none 7 able to make x comm]cially successful till ,mr4 ,otto4 ,to him belongs ! great cr$it ( inv5t+ a cycle ( op]ations capable ( realiz+ compression 9 a simple mann]4 ,/>t+ f ! same po9t z inv5tors did to produce ! free pi/on eng9e--namely1 t ! m quickly ! explosive =ce is utiliz$1 ! less w be ! loss1 & ! great] ! p[] produc$ f a quantity ( burn+ gas--x is evid5t t if any me?od c be discov]$ to increase ! pressure ^u ! pi/on )\t increas+ ! temp]ature ( ! flame caus+ ?is pressure1 !n a great ga9 w result1 & ! eng9e w conv]t m ( ! heat giv5 to x into "w4 ,?is is exactly :at is done by compression be=e ignition4 ,suppose we take a mixture ( gas & air ( su* proportions z to cause :5 explod$1 or r ignit$ 7because explosion is too /rong a t]m71 a pressure ( #de lb4 above atmosph]e1 or #fj lb4 p] squ>e in* absolute pressure4 ,!n ?is mixture1 if compress$ to half volume be=e ignit+ & kept at con/ant temp]ature1 w\ld give1 :5 ignit$1 a pressure ( #abj lb4 total1 or #aje lb4 above atmosph]e1 & ?is )\t any increase ( ! temp]ature ( ! flame4 ,! effect ( compression is to make a small pi/on d ! "w ( a l>ge "o1 & conv]t m heat into "w by less5+ ! loss ( heat ?r\gh ! walls ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 addition to ?is advantage1 great] expansions are made possible1 & !re=e greatly increase economy4 ,! ,otto eng9e mu/ be s famili> 9 appe>ance to all ( y1 t ,i ne$ h>dly tr\ble y ) details ( its ext]nal appe>ance4 ,i %all briefly describe its action4 ,its /rong po9ts & its weak po9ts are alike caus$ by its cycle4 ,"o cyl9d] & pi/on suffices to c>ry out its :ole action4 ,its cycle is3 ,fir/ out/roke1 gas & air suck$ into ! cyl9d]2 fir/ in/roke1 gas & air compress$ into space2 second out/roke1 impulse due to ignition2 second in/roke1 dis*>ge ( exhau/$ gases4 ,:5 work+ at full p[]1 x gets "o impulse = e two revolutions2 ?is seems to be a retrograde movem5t1 b1 not)/&+1 ! advantages obta9$ are v great4 ,! ignit+ arrangem5t is 9 ! ma9 simil> to t us$ on ! rack & clut* eng9e4 ,! eng9e has be5 exce$+ly successful1 & is v economical4 ,! ,otto compression eng9e consumes #ba cubic feet ( gas p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r1 & runs ) great smoo?ness4 ,9 #ahgf ,i comm5c$ my "w ^u gas eng9es1 & v soon conclud$ t ! compression sy/em 0 ! true l9e to proce$ ^u4 ,x took me two ye>s to produce a workable eng9e4 ,my ef=ts h always be5 direct$ t[>d produc+ an eng9e giv+ at lea/ "o impulse e revolution &1 if possible1 to />t )\t h& labor1 j z a /eam eng9e does4 ,my fir/ gas eng9e 0 runn+ 9 #ahgh1 & pat5t$ & exhibit$ 9 #ahgi4 ,x 0 fir/ exhibit$ at ! ,kilburn ,royal ,agricultural ,society's %[4 ,?is eng9e 0 self-/>t+1 gave an ignition at e revolution1 & ignit$ )\t ext]nal flame4 ,x consi/$ ( two cyl9d]s1 a motor1 & a compress+ pump1 ) a small int]m$iate res]voir4 ,suitable valves introduc$ ! mixture ( gas & air into ! pump1 & pass$ x :5 compress$ f ! res]voir to ! motor cyl9d]4 ,! ignit+ arrangem5t consi/$ ( a plat9um cage firmly fix$ 9 a valve port2 ?is cage 0 heat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by a flame ( gas & air mix$2 x became :ite hot 9 a few seconds1 & !n ! eng9e 0 />t$ by op5+ a valve4 ,! plat9um 0 kept hot by ! heat d]iv$ f ! successive ignitions1 &1 ! eng9e once />t$1 no fur!r ext]nal flame 0 requir$4 ,i h "h "o ( ^! plat9um cages :i* has be5 9 use4 ,f9d+ ?is me?od n well suit$ = small eng9es1 ,i produc$ ! eng9e :i* is at pres5t 9 ! m>ket "u my "n4 ,! cycle is diff]5t1 & is design$ = great] simplicity & ! avoidance ( back ignitions4 ,x also consi/s ( two cyl9d]s1 motor cyl9d] & ! displace or *>g+ cyl9d]4 ,!re is no int]m$iate res]voir4 ,! displace crank leads ! motor by a "r angle1 & takes into x ! mix$ *>ge ( gas & air1 9 "s cases tak+ air alone dur+ ! latt] "p ( its /roke4 ,! motor on ! out/roke crosses ,v-%ap$ p>ts ab\t f "o-six? to "o-sev5? f ! out end1 ! displac] *>ge n[ pass+ into ! motor cyl9d]1 displac+ ! exhau/ gases by ^! ports & fill+ ! cyl9d] & ! space at ! end ( x ) ! explosive mixture4 ,! introduction ( "s air 9 advance ( ! *>ge s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( cool+ d[n ! exhau/ gases & prev5t+ direct contact ( ! inflammable mixture ) flame :i* may l+] 9 ! cyl9d] f ! previ\s /roke4 ,! in/roke ( ! motor compresses ! *>ge into ! conical space at ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 &1 :5 fully compress$1 ignition is effect$ by means ( ! slide ,i h ^u ! table4 ,?is sy/em ( ignition has be5 f\nd v reliable1 & capable ( act+ z (t5 z #djj times p] m9ute1 :i* ! ,otto ignite is q incapable ( do+4 ,by ?is cycle ! advantages ( compression are ga9$ & "o /ep ne>] to ! /eam eng9e is atta9$1 t is1 an impulse is giv5 = e revolution ( ! eng9e4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ,i am able ) my eng9e to give a great] am\nt ( p[] = a comp>atively small weight4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,i h introduc$ a me?od ( self-/>t+2 9 ?is ,i believe ,i 0 ! fir/--ab\t #ajj ( my eng9es are n[ us+ self-/>t+4 ,! l>ge/ s+le eng9e ,i h yet made indicates #cj ,h4,p4 ,! consumption ( gas 9 ,glasg[ is3 ,cl]k eng9e consumes 9 ,glasg[ #ah cubic feet p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r2 ,cl]k eng9e consumes 9 ,man*e/] #bb cubic feet p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! ,otto eng9e & my own are ! only compression eng9es :i* h z yet made any success 9 ! m>ket4 ,o!r eng9es are be+ cont9ually prep>$1 gas eng9e pat5ts be+ tak5 out j n[ at ! rate ( #fj p] annum1 b none ( !m h be5 able z yet to get beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,! reason is simply ! great exp]i5ce necess>y to produce ^! ma*9es1 :i* seem s v simple2 b to ! inexp]i5c$ inv5tor ! subject fairly bri/les ) pitfalls4 ,i h "h sections ( "s ( ! e>li] eng9es1 includ+ ,dr4 ,siem5s' & ,messrs4 ,simon & ,bee*y4 ,al?\gh int]e/+ & conta9+ _m good po9ts1 ^! h n be5 practically successful4 ,! ,simon eng9e is an adaptation ( ! well-kn[n ,am]ican petroleum motor1 ! ,brayton1 ! only diff]5ce consi/+ 9 ! use ( /eam z well z flame4 ,dr4 ,siem5s work$ = "s tw5ty ye>s on gas eng9es1 b he aim$ r high at fir/ to atta9 ev5 mod]ate success4 ,_h he liv$1 ,i d\bt n b t he w\ld h succe$$ 9 introduc+ !m = l>ge p[]s4 ,9 #ahhb he in=m$ me t he _h 9 h& a set ( gas eng9es ( "s hundr$s ( horse p[] = use on bo>d %ip1 to be suppli$ ) gas f "o ( 8 gas produc]s modifi$ to suit ! alt]$ conditions4 ,summ>iz+ ! gr\nd ov] :i* we h pass$1 we f9d ! orig9 ( ! gas eng9e 9 ! m9ds ( ! same m5 z 7 fir/ to propose ! /eam eng9e1 ,huygh5s & ,pap91 #afhj & #afij4 ,great] me*anical difficulties & ignorance ( ! nature ( explosives caus$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! int]nal combu/ion idea1 & ! me*anical difficulties ) /eam be+ less1 ! /eam eng9e became successful1 & triumph$ ov] its rival4 ,! k & skill ga9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( /eam eng9es made x possible once aga9 to attack ! m difficult problem1 & simultane\sly ) ! introduction & p]fect+ ( ! /eam eng9e1 ! gas eng9e idea became m & m possible1 ! practicable /age comm5c+ ) ,l5oir & cont9u+ ) ,hugon1 ,mille91 ,otto & ,lang51 ,f4,h4 ,w5ham1 !n ,otto & ,cl]k4 ,9 #ahfj1 #ie cubic feet ( gas produc$ "o horse p[] = an h\r2 9 #ahfg1 #dj cubic feet accompli%$ ! same ?+2 & n[ 7#ahhe7 we c get "o horse p[] = an h\r = f #ae to #bj cubic feet ( gas1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! eng9e us$4 ,consid]$ z a heat eng9e1 ! gas eng9e is n[ twice z effici5t z ! v be/ mod]n /eam eng9e4 ,x is true ! fuel us$ at pres5t is m exp5sive ?an coal1 & = l>ge p[]s ! /eam eng9e is ! be/ because ( ?is4 ,b ! way is cle>+ to *ange ?is4 ,gas eng9es z at pres5t1 if suppli$ ) produc] gas1 produc$ direct f coal )\t leav+ any coke1 z is done 9 ! ,siem5s1 ! ,wilson1 & ! ,dawson produc]s1 w give p[] at "o-half ! co/ ( /eam p[]4 ,!y w use #g_/h ( a p\nd ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r1 in/ead ( #a-c_/d lb41 z is done 9 ! be/ /eam eng9es4 ,! only produc] t makes gas = gas eng9es at pres5t is ! ,dawson1 & 9 x an?racite is us$1 because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ rid ( ! t> com+ f ! ,siem5s & ,wilson produc]s1 us+ any ord9>y slack4 ,:5 ?is difficulty has be5 ov]come1 & t x w be ov]come !re c be no mann] ( d\bt1 gas eng9es w rapidly displace ! /eam eng9e1 because a gas eng9e ) a gas produc]1 produc+ gas f any ord9>y coal ) ! same ease z /eam is produc$ f a boil]1 w be mu* saf]1 & w use "o-half ! fuel ( ! v be/ /eam eng9es = equal p[]4 ,! fir/ co/ also w n be great] ?an t ( /eam4 ,! eng9e itself w be m exp5sive ?an a /eam eng9e ( equal p[]1 b ! gas produc] w be less exp5sive ?an ! boil] at pres5t4 ,p]fect z ! gas eng9e n[ is1 consid]$ z a ma*9e = conv]t+ heat into "w1 ! possibility ( great developm5t is n yet exhau/$4 ,its economy may be increas$ two or ev5 ?ree fold2 9 ?is lies ! brilliant future be=e x4 ,! /eam eng9e is ne>ly z p]fect z x c be made2 x approa*es v ne>ly ! possibility ( its !ory4 ,its defect does n lie 9 its me*anism1 b 9 ! v prop]ties ( wat] & /eam itself4 ,! loss ( heat :i* takes place 9 conv]t+ liquid wat] into gase\s /eam is s great t by f> ! great] portion ( ! heat giv5 out by ! fuel passes away ei!r 9 ! cond5s] or ! exhau/ ( a /eam eng9e2 b a small proportion ( ! heat is conv]t$ into "w4 ,! v be/ /eam eng9es conv]t ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ( ! heat giv5 !m into useful "w1 ! rema9+ #hi p] c5t4 be+ wa/$1 pr9cipally 9 ! exhau/ ( ! eng9e4 ,gas eng9es n[ conv]t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! heat giv5 to !m into "w1 & v probably w1 9 a few ye>s m1 conv]t #fj p] c5t4 into useful "w4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 is irresi/ible t1 :5 eng9e]s h ga9$ great] exp]i5ce ) gas eng9es & gas produc]s1 !y w displace /eam eng9es entirely = e use--mills1 locomotives1 & %ips4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rapid ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,canadian ,,pacific ,,railway4 ,by ,e4,t4 ,,abbott1 ,memb] ( ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,m9nesota4 ,read ,decemb] #ab1 #ahhd4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahha & #ahhb1 ! contract 0 let to ,messrs4 ,langdon1 ,%epp>d ,co41 ( ,m9neapolis1 to con/ruct dur+ ! work+ season ( ! latt] ye>1 or prior to ,janu>y #a1 #ahhc1 #ejj miles ( railroad on ! we/]n ext5sion ( ! above company2 ! contract be+ = ! grad+1 bridg+1 track-lay+1 & surfac+1 also includ+ ! lay+ ( ! necess>y depot sid+s & _! grad+4 ,! idea t any su* am\nt ( road c\ld be built 9 t c\ntry 9 t "t 0 look$ ^u by ! writ] h]e(1 z well z by railroad m5 g5]ally1 z a huge joke1 p]petrat$ to gull ! ,canadians4 ,at ! "t ! contract 0 let1 ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway 0 9 op]ation to ,br&on1 ! cross+ ( ! ,ass9ibo9e ,riv]1 #acb miles we/ ( ,w9nipeg4 ,! track 0 laid1 h[ev]1 to a po9t ab\t #ej miles we/ ( ?is1 & ! grad+ done g5]ally 9 an unf9i%$ /ate = ?irty miles fur!r4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ?+s :5 ! contract 0 ent]$ into to build #ejj miles--! ea/ end ( ! #ejj-mile contract be+ at ,/ation #d1ffj 7,/ation be+ at ,br&on7 & ext5d+ we/ to a few miles beyond ! ,saskat*ewan ,riv]4 ,! spr+ ( #ahhb op5$ 9 ! mo/ unpromis+ mann] = railroad op]ations1 be+ ! wette/ ev] kn[n 9 t c\ntry4 ,traffic ov] ! ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9neapolis ,manitoba ,railroad1 betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,w9nipeg1 0 entirely susp5d$ f ,april #ae to ! #bh?1 ow+ to ! floods on ! ,r$ ,riv] at ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,em]son1 a s]i\s bl[ to an e>ly />t1 z on ?is s+le track dep5d$ ! transportation ( all supplies1 m51 timb]1 & contractors' plant1 toge!r ) all track mat]ials 7except ties71 all ( ^! ?+s hav+ to come f or ?r\gh ,/4 ,paul & ,m9neapolis4 ,! writ] h]e( 0 appo9t$ a division eng9e]1 & report$ at ,w9nipeg ! #ae? ( ,april1 gett+ ?r\gh on ! la/ tra9 be=e ! ,/4 ,v9c5t flood4 ,no soon] 0 ! l9e op5 f ,/4 ,paul to ,w9nipeg ?an ! cotillon op5$ betwe5 ,w9nipeg & ,br&on1 ) a succession ( wa%\ts t defi$ & defeat$ all ef=ts to get tra9s ov]1 s x 0 n until ! fif? day ( ,may t ,i left ,w9nipeg to take *>ge ( ! second division ( #cj miles4 ,by extremely dizzy spe$ ,i 0 l&$ at ! end ( ! track1 #ahj miles f ,w9nipeg1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #i? 7#d days74 ,my outfit consi/$ ( ?ree assi/ant eng9e]s & ! necess>y p>aph]nalia = ?ree complete camps1 #cj days' provisions 7:i* turn$ out to be ab\t #bj71 #aa c>ts & ponies1 ! latt] be+ extremely poor aft] a w9t]'s diet on buffalo grass & no gra94 ,on ! #ah? day ( ,may ,i _h my division organiz$ & camps 9 runn+ ord]4 ,! c\ntry 0 lit]ally "u wat]1 dry gr\nd be+ ! exception1 & ,i look ^u ! feat ( gett+ across ! c\ntry at all z ! eng9e]+ triumph ( my life4 ,on ,may #bj a g5u9e blizz>d set 91 la/+ #bd h\rs1 sn[$ five in*es1 & froze ! sl\ghs ov] ) half an in* ( ice1 a decid$ly int]e/+ ev5t to ! writ]1 z he 0 #ah miles f ! ne>e/ wood1 !re=e lay 9 8 blankets & ate h>d tack4 ,i /abl$ my ponies 9 ! cook t5t1 & aft] !y _h lit]ally eat5 ( ! sod inside ! t5t1 ,i divid$ my floor ) !m4 ,on #bh? day ( ,may ,i saw ! fir/ contractor1 :o broke gr\nd at /ation #g1aej4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,june ,i 0 reliev$ f ?is division1 & ord]$ to take ! next1 #ej miles we/4 ,on ! #ac? day ( ,june gr\nd 0 brok5 on ?is division1 at /ation #h1jgj1 or only ab\t #fb miles we/ ( ! ea/ end ( ! #ejj-mile contract4 ,x look$ at ?is "t z ?\gh !y might build #aej miles1 b n m4 ,b f ?is "t on v rapid progress 0 made4 ,on ,july #ag ! track rea*$ /ation #g1jjj1 mak+ h[ev] up to ?is "t b ab\t #ej miles ( track-lay+1 includ+ t laid on ! old grade2 b l>ge =ces 7 put on to surfac+1 & ! track already laid 0 put 9 excell5t condition = gett+ mat]ial to ! front4 ,! wea!r f ?is until ! freez+-up 0 all t c\ld be desir$4 ,"w ceas$ ab\t ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 = ! season1 & ! f9al e/imate = ! "w 0 z foll[s3 #f1ajc1ihf cubic y>ds e>? excavation1 #b1cie1gej feet ,b4,m4 timb] 9 bridges & ! culv]ts1 #he1gjh l9eal feet pil+1 #dce miles ( track-lay+4 ,?is "w 0 all done 9 #ahb work+ days1 includ+ /ormy ones1 :5 little1 if any?+1 c\ld be done1 mak+ a daily av]age ( #cc1edh y>ds excavation1 #ac1aej feet ,b4,m4 timb]1 #dga feet pil+1 #b-ch_/ajj miles track-lay+4 ,we nev] _h an accurate =ce report made ( ! :ole l9e1 b r\ghly !re 7 employ$ #e1jjj m5 & #a1gjj teams4 ,! admirable organization ( ! contractors 0 some?+ wond]ful4 ,! grad+ "w 0 practically all done by sub-contractors1 ,messrs4 ,langdon1 ,%epp>d ,co4 conf9+ !mselves to putt+ 9 ! supplies & do+ ! bridge "w1 surfac+1 & track-lay+4 ,! grad+ =ces 7 scatt]$ along ab\t #aej miles ahead ( ! track & supply /ores1 e/abli%$ ab\t #ej miles ap>t1 & 9 no case 7 sub-contractors expect$ to haul supplies ov] #ajj miles4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 !re 7 f\r tra9s ( ab\t =ty wagons ea*1 haul+ supplies f ! end ( track to ! /ores4 ,z c be readily se51 ! vital po9t ( ! :ole "w1 & ! problem to solve1 0 food = m5 & horses4 #a1gjj bu%els ( oats e day & #ae1jjj p\nds ( provisions1 ,sundays & all1 = an entire season1 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w _h to come ab\t #agj miles by rail1 & !n be tak5 f #ej to #aej miles by teams across a wild]ness1 is on ! face ( x consid]able ( an und]tak+1 to say no?+ ab\t haul+ ! pile-driv]s1 piles1 & bridge-timb] !re4 ,to keep f delay+ ! track1 sid+s #a1ejj feet long 7 grad$1 ab\t #g miles ap>t4 ,a side-track crew1 toge!r ) an eng9e1 f\r flats1 & caboose1 7 always 9 read9ess2 & z soon z a sid+ 0 rea*$1 9 five h\rs ! swit*es w\ld be 91 & ! next day x w\ld be surfac$ & all 9 work+ ord]1 :5 ! op]at+ dep>tm5t w\ld fill x ) track mat]ial & supplies4 ,f ! head ( ! sid+ to ! end ( ! track ! gr\nd 0 9 h&s ( track-lay+ eng9e1 nev] go+ back ( ! la/ sid+ = supplies or mat]ial1 & my recollection is t !re 7 b six h\rs' delay to ! track f lack ( mat]ial ! :ole season1 at any rate up to "s "t 9 ,novemb]4 ,! track-lay+ crew 0 equal to #d miles p] day1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ #ib miles ( track 7 laid4 ,! ties 7 cut on ! l9e ( ! road ab\t #ajj miles ea/ ( ,w9nipeg1 s ! %orte/ di/ance any ties 7 haul$ 0 #bgj miles2 ! actual daily burd5 ( ! s+le track f ,w9nipeg we/ 0 #bd c>s /eel1 #bd c>s ties1 aside f ! transportation ( gra9 & provisions1 bridge mat]ial1 & lumb] = /ation h\ses4 ,! /ation build+s 7 kept "r up by ! company itself1 & a depot built ) rooms = ! ag5t e #ae miles1 or at e second sid+4 ,! importance ( keep+ ! build+s up ) ! track 0 impress$ on ! m9d ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ?is bran*1 &1 z a satire1 he telegraph$ ask+ p]mission to haul 8 /uff ahead ( ! track by teams1 he be+ on ! track-lay]s' heels ) 8 /ations & tanks ! :ole season4 ,! telegraph l9e 0 also built1 & kept "r up to ! end ( ! track1 ?ree or f\r miles be+ ! fur!/ !y 7 at any "t beh9d4 ,x might be suppos$ t "w done s rapidly w\ld n be well done1 b x is ! be/ built prairie road ,i "k ( on ?is cont95t4 ,x is built almo/ entirely free f cuts1 & ! "w is at lea/ #bj p] c5t4 heavi] ?an w\ld ord9>ily be made across ! same c\ntry 9 ! ,/ates1 on acc\nt ( sn[4 #b1fdj ties 7 laid to ! mile1 & ! track balla/+ kept well up ) ! lay+2 s well1 9 fact1 & s well done1 t z #ajj mile sections 7 complet$ s*$ule tra9s 7 put on #bj miles an h\r1 & ! op]at+ dep>tm5t _h no?+ to d b make a "t table2 ! road 0 built by ! con/ruction dep>tm5t be=e ! op]at+ dep>tm5t 0 ask$ to take x4 ,! eng9e]+ 0 organiz$ 9 divisions ( #cj miles ea*1 & z ea* 0 f9i%$ ! p>ties mov$ ahead aga9 to ! front1 ! eng9e]s usually f9d+ m5 sitt+ on _! %ovels wait+ = ! "w to be laid out = !m4 ,x 0 z mu* z ! locat+ p>ties c\ld d to keep out ( ! way ( ! con/ruction4 ,! roadb$ 0 built #ad ft4 wide 9 embankm5t & #bj 9 ! v few cuts !re 71 !re be+ no cuts ( any mom5t except ?r\gh ! ,coteaus & ! ,saskat*ewan cross+1 & ^! h s9ce be5 wid5$ out on acc\nt ( sn[1 s t ! road c be op]at$ ! ye> r\nd & ! buck+-sn[ acc\nt cut no figure 9 ! op]at+ exp5ses4 ,! c\ntry is a virg9 des]t4 ,f ,w9nipeg to ! ,pacific ,ocean !re are a few places t might atta9 to ! dignity ( an oasis--at ,br&on1 ,portage la ,prairie1 etc4--b x is g5]ally :at ,i %\ld call wor?less2 #ajj miles to wood & #ajj feet to wat] 0 ! g5]al exp]i5ce we/ ( ! ,moose jaw1 & ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/ are ! only ?ree 9 ! ye> t x is safe to bet y w n h sleigh+4 ,i burn$ wood & us$ /akes t 7 haul$ by c>ts #he miles1 & none any ne>]4 ,x is a matt] ( "s pride t bo? ! eng9e]+ & ! con/ruction 7 done by :at our ,canadian neighbors k9dly t]m$ ,yankee importations4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 "o ?+ t 9 ! build+ ( ?is road 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to any o!r ,pacific road ev] con/ruct$1 t is1 !re 0 no lawlessness1 no :isky1 & n ev5 a knock-d[n fight t ,i ev] he>d ( ! :ole season1 & ev5 9 ! mid/ ( #ab1jjj ,indians1 all arm$ ) ,w9*e/] rifles & pl5ty ( ammunition1 n "o ( ! locat+ or con/ruction p>ties ev] _h a milit>y escort1 nor 7 any depr$ations ev] committ$1 except ! runn+ (f ( a few horses1 :i* 7 usually recov]$2 & ,i ?9k !re 7 b two fatal accid5ts dur+ ! season1 "o man kill$ on ! ,gr& ,c\le ,bridge1 & ano!r f be+ kick$ by a horse4 ,! track 0 all laid f "o end1 & 9 no case 7 rails haul$ ahead by teams4 ,two iron c>s 7 us$1 ! empty return+ "o be+ turn$ up beside ! track to let ! load$ "o by4 ,! feat 9 rapid con/ruction accompli%$ by ?is company w nev] be duplicat$1 done z x 0 by a reckless exp5diture ( money1 ! ord]s to ! eng9e]s be+ to get !re reg>dless ( exp5se & horse-fle%2 if y kill$ a horse by h>d driv+1 8 h>ness w\ld fit ano!r1 & !re 0 no scrut9y be/[$ on v\*]s :5 ! "w 0 done2 & ,i mu/ pay ! tribute to ! company to say t ev]y?+ t money w\ld buy 0 s5t to make ! eng9e]s com=table4 ,x 0 bad en\gh at be/1 & ! ,*ief ,eng9e] 7,j4,c4 ,james7 rightly consid]$ t any exp5se be/[$ on ! eng9e]+ "p ( ! "w 0 a good inve/m5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,osgood ,,mammo? ,,excavator4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 we pres5t to our read]s a mammo? excavator1 built by ! ,osgood ,dr$ge ,company ( ,albany1 ,n4,y41 = ! ,pacific ,guano ,company ( ,cali=nia1 = uncov]+ _! phosphate deposits on ,*i%olm ,isl&1 ,s\? ,colombia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,osgood ,,mammo? ,,excavator4 ,9 ord] to br+ out m cle>ly ! pr9cipal problem involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is ma*9e1 we %all /ate fir/ ! propos$ me?od ( its op]ation4 ,?is is z foll[s1 viz43 ,! excavator is to dig a tr5* ?irty feet wide1 d[n to ! phosphate rock1 & ! entire l5g? ( ! b$--ab\t "o qu>t] ( a mile--dump+ ! e>? ( ! fir/ cut to "o side4 ,! phosphate is tak5 out beh9d ! excavator4 ,on rea*+ ! end ( ! b$1 ! excavator is rev]s$ & />ts back1 mak+ a second cut ?irty feet wide1 & dump+ n[ into ! cut f :i* ! phosphate has j be5 remov$4 ,9 ?is way ! entire b$ is trav]s$1 ! excavator turn+ ov] ! e>? 9 great furr[s ?irty feet wide1 & giv+ an opportunity to simultane\sly get out all ! phosphate4 ,z w be se51 ! ma9 problem pres5t$ 0 to turn ! c> ar\nd at ea* end ( ! cut 9 a v limit$ space4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! c> is m\nt$ on a fix$ axle at ea* end & on a truck "u its c5t] ( gravity2 ?is is some:at =w>d ( ! geometrical c5t] ( ! c>4 ,! frame ( ! truck is circul>1 ?irte5 feet 9 diamet]1 made ( ,i beams curv$ to %ape4 ,! circle c>ries a track1 on :i* a r+ ( con$ roll]s revolves1 :i* 9 turn supports ! c>4 ,by pull+ out ! track f "u bo? ends ( ! c>1 ! :ole weight is balanc$ on ?is c5tral turntable truck1 ?us admitt+ ( ! c> be+ turn$1 end = end1 )9 its own l5g?4 ,?is me?od ( turn+ ! c>1 & ! size ( ! ma*9e1 are ! pr9cipal features4 ,! c> is #dj' #ac'1 ) ar*$ truss sides4 ,! track is sev5 feet gauge1 ! spread betwe5 tracks #bj feet1 ! height ( ! ,a frame #ch feet1 l5g? ( boom #dj feet1 sw++ 9 a circle ( #cj feet radius1 & ?r\gh two-?irds ( ! entire circle4 ,x has a /eel dipp] ( #df cubic feet capacity1 #a in* /eel *a9s1 #aj #ab d\ble cyl9d] hoi/+ eng9e1 & #f #h d\ble cyl9d] rev]sible cr[d+ eng9e4 ,! drums are fitt$ ) friction clut*es4 ,ow+ to ! great di/ance at :i* ! dipp] is h&l$1 its size is r$uc$1 & because x sw+s on ! arc ( s l>ge a circle ! capacity ( ?is ma*9e is only "o-half ( t ( ! ,no4 #a excavator built by ! ,osgood ,dr$ge ,company4 ,nev]!less x w d ! "w ( f #ge to #ajj m51 s9ce its capacity is f #hjj to #a1jjj cubic y>ds p] day1 ! am\nt ( rock uncov]$ dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! dep? ( e>? ov]ly+ x4 ,! excavator w dump #cj feet f ! c5t] l9e ( ! c>1 & #bf feet above ! track1 :i* is laid on ! rock4 ,total weight ab\t fifty tons4 ,! crew requir$ = its op]ation consi/s ( #a eng9e]1 #a fireman1 #a craneman1 & #d to #e pit m5 to t5d jacks1 move track1 etc4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! boil] connections are omitt$1 also ! h\s+ = ! protection ( ! crew4 ,! design is *>act]iz$ by ! evid5t c>e :i* has be5 be/[$ ^u secur+ simplicity & durability4--,am]ican ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,osgood ,,excavator4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,philadelphia1 ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,trautw9e1 ,jr41 exhibit$ & describ$ draw+s ( a l>ge l& dr$ge built by ! ,osgood ,dr$ge ,co41 ( ,albany1 ,new ,york1 = ! ,pacific ,guano ,co41 to be us$ 9 remov+ #h to #ae feet ( mat]ial f ! phosphate rock at ,bull ,riv]1 ,s4,c4 ,! m prom95t features ( ! ma*9e are ! c>-body1 ! wat] tank1 boil] & eng9e1 ! ,a frame 7s-call$ f its slight resemblance to ! lett] ,a71 ! boom1 ! dipp]-h&le2 & ! dipp]1 draw+s ( :i* 7 %[n & describ$ 9 detail4 ,be=e ! excavation is begun1 ! =w>d end ( ! c> 7! end ne>e/ ! dipp]7 is lift$ cle> ( ! track by means ( #c screw-jacks4 ,:5 ! ma*9e has excavat$ z f> 9 advance ( itself z ! l5g? ( ! boom & t ( ! dipp]-h&le w p]mit1 say ab\t #h feet1 ! c> is aga9 l[]$ to ! track1 ! screw-jacks remov$1 & ! c> is mov$ =w>d ab\t #h feet by w9d+ ! rope ^u ! drum1 ! o!r end ( ! rope be+ atta*$ to any suitable fix$ object ne> ! l9e ( ! track4 ,! =w>d end ( ! c> is !n aga9 lift$ by means ( ! #c screw-jacks1 & ! digg+ is resum$4 ,! ma*9e cuts a *annel f #be to #ce feet wide1 & deposits all ! dirt ^u "o side4 ,if necess>y1 x c dump e>? ab\t #be feet above ! track4 ,! m9]s foll[ 9 ! wake ( ! ma*9e1 gett+ out ! phosphate z fa/ z x is uncov]$4 ,:5 ! ma*9e rea*es ! end ( ! field x is l[]$ to ! track & ! screw-jacks are remov$4 ,%oes or skids are !n plac$ ^u ! track1 & ! :eels ( ! turntable are run up on !m4 ,?is lifts ! end :eels cle> ( ! track1 s t ! c> & ma*9e re/ entirely ^u ! turntable4 ,by n[ block+ ! turntable :eels & w9d+ up only "o ( ! ropes1 ! c> body & ! ma*9e are swung ar\nd end = end4 ,! digg+ is !n resum$ 9 ! opposite direction1 ! tempor>y track1 ^u :i* ! ma*9e travels1 be+ %ift$ to "o side1 s t ! second *annel is made alongside ( ! fir/4 ,! e>? remov$ 9 cutt+ ?is second *annel is dump$ into ! fir/ *annel1 ! phosphate 7z /at$ above7 hav+ be5 fir/ remov$4 ,! dipp] is ( plate /eel1 & holds #a cubic y>ds ( e>? :5 ev5 full4 ,! ma*9e is mann$ by an eng9e]1 a fireman1 & a dipp]-t5d]1 besides :i* f five to t5 labor]s are requir$4 ,^! look aft] ! track1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cap/an ,,navigation ,,on ,,! ,,volga4 ,on sev]al ( ! l>ge riv]s on ! ,cont95t1 ) rapid curr5ts1 cable t[age has be5 introduc$ 9 addition to ! old] me?ods ( transport+ m]*&ise by sail+ & /eam boats or by t[age ) screw or paddle tugs4 ,a *a9 or wire rope is laid on ! bottom ( ! riv] b$1 fix$ to an*ors at ! ends & pass$ ov] a *a9 pulley driv5 by ! /eam eng9e & guid$ by pulleys on ! /eam tug1 ! tug lift+ x out ( ! wat] at ! b[ & dropp+ x ov] ! /]n & w9d+ itself ) ! b>ges atta*$ to x along ! *a91 ! latt] be+ utiliz$ z a rule only = ! up j\rney1 :ile d[n ! riv] ! tugs are propell$ by paddles or screws1 & c t[ a suffici5t numb] ( b>ges ) ! assi/ance ( ! curr5t4 ,! sy/em has be5 f\nd advantage\s1 z1 al?\gh ! p[] requir$ = draw+ ! b>ges & tugs aga9/ ! curr5t is ( c\rse ! same 9 all cases1 ! slip & wa/e ( p[] by screws & paddles is avoid$4 ,! size ( ! screws or paddles is also limit$ by ! nature ( ! riv] & its traffic1 & ) cable t[age a l>g] numb] ( b>ges c be haul$1 :ile ! progress made is def9ite & !re is no drift+ back1 z occurs ) paddle or screw tugs :5 !y h tempor>ily to sl[ or /op _! eng9es on acc\nt ( pass+ vessels4 ,sev]al /reams1 z ! ,elbe1 ,rh9e1 & ,rhone1 h n[ su* cables laid = long di/ances 9 ^? p>ts ( ! riv]s :]e ! traffic is suffici5t to w>rant ! adoption ( ! sy/em4 ,:ile ?is has be5 introduc$ only dur+ ! la/ #af or #ah ye>s1 a simil> me?od ( transport+ m]*&ise has be5 9 use 9 ,russia on ! riv] ,volga = upw>d ( #dj ye>s4 ,navigation on ?is riv] is int]rupt$ = ab\t half ! ye> by ! ice1 & ! traffic is ( l>g] am\nt only dur+ "p ( ! summ]1 :ile ! l5g? ( ! riv] itself is v great1 s t lay+ d[n p]man5t cables w\ld n pay2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! curr5t is s /rong t t[age ( "s sort mu/ be resort$ to = ! transport ( l>ge quantities4 ,! problem has be5 solv$ by ! introduction ( ! cap/an navigation or t[age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cap/an ,,navigation ,,on ,,! ,,volga4 ,!re are two k9ds ( cap/ans 9 use1 "o actuat$ by horse-p[] & ! o!r by /eam eng9es4 ,a horse cap/an boat c>ries accord+ to size #aej to #bjj horses1 :i* are /abl$ 9 ! hold4 ,on deck a numb] ( horse ge>s are arrang$ at :i* ! horses "w4 ,! p[] ( ! sep>ate ge>s is transmitt$ to a ma9 %aft1 :i* is connect$ to ! drums t w9d on ! rope4 ,! horses "w "u an awn+ to protect !m f ! burn+ sun%9e1 & are *ang$ e ?ree h\rs4 ,eight & sometimes t5 horses "w at ea* horse ge>4 ,! horses are *ang$ )\t int]ruption ( ! "w1 ! ge>s be+ dis5gag$ f ! ma9 %aft 9 rotation & ! horses tak5 out & put 9 :ile ! ge> is /&+4 ,! horses are b\ght at ! place ( dep>ture 9 ! s\? ( ,russia & resold at ! de/9ation1 usually ,ni%ny-,novgorod1 at a fair pr(it1 ! cap/an boat c>ry+ fodd] & prov5d] = ! att5dants4 ,! cap/an is accompani$ by a /eam laun* :i* c>ries ! an*or & haws] =w>d 9 advance ( ! cap/an4 ,! latt] has a diamet] ( z mu* z #e 941 & is two to ?ree miles 9 l5g?4 ,! an*or is dropp$ by ! tug & ! haws] c>ri$ back to ! cap/an1 :]e x is atta*$ to "o ( ! rope drums1 & ! boat ) ! b>ges atta*$ to x t[$ along by ! horse ge>s describ$ above w9d+ on ! haws]4 ,! advance cont9ues )\t int]ruption day & night1 ! laun* tak+ a second an*or & haws] =w>d & dropp+ ! an*or 9 advance ( ! fir/ by a haws]'s l5g?1 s t :5 ! cap/an has w\nd up ! fir/ haws] x f9ds a second "o ready = atta*m5t to ! rope drum4 ,! laun* receives ! fir/ haws]1 picks up ! an*or1 & passes ! cap/an to drop x aga9 9 advance ( ! an*or previ\sly plac$1 & c>ries ! haws] back to ! cap/an1 & s on4 ,a cap/an t[s twelve or m b>ges1 plac$ 9 twos or ?rees beside & close beh9d ea* o!r1 ) a load ( a million p\nds1 or ab\t #af1jjj to #ag1jjj tons4 ,f ,a/ra*an & ! m\? ( ! ,kama ! cap/ans make dur+ ! season f ! beg9n+ ( ,may to ! end ( ,july 9 ! mo/ favorable case two j\rneys to ! fair ( ,ni%ny-,novgorod2 aft] ?is "t no m j\rneys are made1 z ! freights are want+4 ,at ! end ( ! up-/ream j\rney ! horses are sold1 z m5tion$ be=e1 & ! cap/an t[$ d[n /ream by ! /eam laun* to ,a/ra*an or ! ,kama m\?1 :]e mean:ile a fre% lot ( b>ges has be5 load$ & got ready1 a new supply ( horses is b\ght1 & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,besides ^! horse cap/ans !re are /eam cap/ans :i* are less complicat$ & h cond5s+ /eam eng9es ( ab\t #ajj horse p[]1 ! p[] be+ transmitt$ by ge>+ to ! rope drum4 ,! rope drum %aft projects on bo? sides beyond ! bo>ds ( ! boat1 & = ! return j\rney paddle :eels1 are put on to assi/ ! laun* 9 t[+ ! clumsy & big cap/an boat d[n ! riv]4 ,! /eam cap/ans t[ consid]ably l>g] masses ( goods ?an ! horse cap/ans & also travel some:at quick]1 s t ! laun* has sc>cely suffici5t "t to drop & raise ! an*ors & also to make d\ble ! j\rney4 ,we d n d\bt t ?is sy/em ( t[age might ) suitable modifications be advantage\sly employ$ on ! l>ge riv]s 9 ,am]ica & else:]e = ! sl[ transport ( l>ge quantities ( raw mat]ials & o!r bulky m]*&ise1 a l[ spe$ be+1 z is well kn[n1 mu* m economical ?an a high spe$1 z _m ( ! resi/ances increase z ! squ>e & ev5 high] p[]s ( ! velocity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eamboat ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,w> ,,vessels4 ,! l>g] %ips 9 ! navy1 & "s ( ! m rec5t small ones1 su* z ! new cruis]s ( ! ,phaeton class1 are fitt$ ) p[]ful /eam w9*es ( a type made by ,messrs4 ,belliss & ,co4 ,^! are us$ = lift+ ! p9naces & torp$o boats4 ,we give an illu/ration ( "o ( ^! w9*es4 ,! cyl9d]s are #f 94 9 diamet] & #aj 94 /roke4 ,! b>rel is groov$ = wire rope1 & is safe to raise ! second class /eel torp$o boats1 weigh+ ne>ly #ab tons z lift$4 ,! worm ge>+ is v c>efully cut1 s t ! "w c be done quietly & safely4 ,) ma*9]y ( ?is k9d a boat is soon put into ! wat]1 & z an arrangem5t is fitt$ = fill+ ! boat's boil]s ) hot wat] f ! %ip's boil]s1 ! small craft c be "u way 9 a v %ort "t f ! ord] be+ giv54 ,mr4 ,:ite is fitt+ comp\nd eng9es ) outside cond5s]s to boats z small z #ba ft4 long1 & we give a view ( a pair ( comp\nd eng9es ( a new design1 :i* ,messrs4 ,belliss are mak+ = ! boats ( ?is class4 ,! cyl9d]s are #d 94 & #g 94 9 diamet] by #e 94 /roke4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is well %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,on a trial rec5tly made1 a #be ft4 cutt] ) ?is type ( eng9es rea*$ a spe$ ( #g4d knots4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago ! late ,controll] ( ! ,navy1 ,admiral ,sir ,w4 ,h\/on ,/ew>t1 wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! relative consumption ( fuel 9 v>i\s classes ( small vessels4 ,an ord] 0 accord+ly s5t to ,portsm\?1 & a s]ies ( trials 7 made4 ,f ! (ficial reports ( ^! we extract ! in=mation conta9$ 9 tables ,f & ,g1 & we ?9k ! details _c fail to be ( int]e/ to our read]s4 ,! run ar\nd ! isl& 0 made 9 company ) o!r boats1 )\t /opp+1 & obs]vations 7 tak5 e half h\r4 ,! p[] giv5 out by ! eng9es 0 fairly con/ant ?r\gh\t4 ,! di/ance cov]$ 0 #ef knots1 & ! total am\nt ( fuel consum$1 includ+ t requir$ = rais+ /eam1 0 #a1bah lb4 ( coal & #hd lb4 ( wood4 ,! "t tak5 9 rais+ /eam to #fj lb4 pressure 0 =ty-?ree m9utes4 ,! rate ( consumption ( fuel is ( c\rse n ! l[e/ t c\ld be obta9$1 z a spe$ ( ov] #aj knots is high] ?an t at :i* ! ma*9]y c\ld be work$ mo/ economically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,w9* ,,= ,,hoi/+ ,,& ,,l[]+ ,,p9nacles ,,& ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,! trials aft]w>d made to f9d ! be/ results t c\ld be obta9$ 9 fuel consumption 7 r spoil$ by ! r\ghness ( ! wea!r on ! day !y 7 made4 ,! same boat 0 run = #aj miles ar\nd ! measur$ mile buoys 9 ,/okes ,bay4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results record$3 ,table ,f4--,report ( ,trials ( ,eng9es ( ,h4,m4 #dh ft4 ,tw9 ,screw ,/eam ,p9nace1 ,no4 #aaj4 ,date ,augu/ #d1 #ahha4 ,:]e tri$ ,r\nd ! ,isle ( ,wight ,draught ( wat] _/ ,=w>d #c ft4 94 ,aft #c ft4 #f 94 ,av]age boil] pressure #ajd4ha lb4 ,av]age pressure 9 receiv]s _/ ,/>bo>d #af4bg ,port #af4ed ,mean air pressure 9 /okehold #a4d 94 wat]4 ,vacuum 9 cond5s]1 av]age #bf4gb 94 ,wea!r b>omet] #cj4cg ,revolutions p] m9ute _/ ,/>bo>d #bdj4ge ,port #bea4ie lb4 ,mean pressure 9 cyl9d]s _/ ,/>bo>d _/ ,high #de4cc ,l[ #af4af ,port _/ ,high #dc4af ,l[ #ae4c ,indicat$ horse-p[] _/ ,/>bo>d _/ ,high #ah4bj ,l[ #af4cb ,port _/ ,high #ah4ac ,l[ #af4ag ,collective ,total #fh4hb ,spe$ by log #aj4ah knots4 ,=ce ( w9d ,"o4 ,sea ,smoo?4 ,quantity ( coal on bo>d #a ton4 ,description ,nixon's navigation4 ,consumption p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r #d4ag lb4 ,"t "u way #e hrs4 #cj m94 ,table ,g4--,report ( ,trial ( ,eng9es ( ,h4,m4 #dh ft4 ,/eam ,p9nace ,no4 #aaj4 ,:5 tri$ ,augu/ #c1 #ahha4 ,:]e tri$ ,/okes ,bay4 ,draught _/ ,=w>d #c ft4 #a 94 ,aft #c ft4 #c 94 ,av]age boil] pressure #ee4eb lb4 ,vacuum #be4ab 94 ,wea!r b>omet] #cj4ce ,revolutions p] m9ute _/ />bo>d #afe4ed port #afa4ee ,indicat$ horse-p[]#b _/ ,/>bo>d _/ ,high #e4je ,l[ #e4ec ,port _/ ,high #c4ge ,l[ #d4jb ,collective ,total #ah4ce ,spe$ ( vessel by log 7approximate7 #g4djd ,w9d _/ ,=ce #d to #e ,direction ,b[ & ,qu>t]4 ,/ate ( sea ,r\gh4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! seas break+ ov] ! boat1 a l>ge numb] ( diagrams 7 de/roy$1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! r\ghness ( ! wea!r1 c>ds 7 only tak5 ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! records ( p[] develop$ are !re=e n put =w>d z au?oritative4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject x may p]haps be ( int]e/ to give p>ticul>s ( a ,fr5* & ,am]ican /eam laun*2 ^! we extract f ! ,unit$ ,/ates (ficial report be=e m5tion$4 ,/eam ,laun* ( ! ,fr5* ,/eam] ,m\*e4 ,l5g? on l[ wat] level #bg ft4 #aj-a_/b 94 ,bread? #e ft4 #aa 94 ,dep? to rabbet ( keel #c ft4 #c-a_/c 94 ,draught ( wat] aft #b ft4 #a-a_/b 94 ,weight ( hull & fitt+s #b1fdf lb4 ,weight ( ma*9]y ) wat] 9 boil] #c1dgc lb4 ,! boat is built ( wood1 & copp]$4 ,! eng9e consi/s ( "o non-cond5s+ cyl9d]1 #g-a_/b 94 9 diamet] & #e4i 94 /roke4 ,! boil] has #d4c squ>e feet ( grate surface4 ,! screw is #ba-b_/c 94 9 diamet] by #dc4c 91 pit*4 ,! spe$ is #g knots p] h\r obta9$ ) #bde revolutions p] m9ute1 ! slip be+ #ai4g p] c5t4 ( ! spe$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates navy /eam cutt]s built at ! ,philadelphia navy y>d are ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 ,l5g? #bg ft4 #g 94 ,bread? #g ft4 #aj 94 ,dep? to rabbet ( keel #c ft4 #aa 94 ,displacem5t 7to two feet above rabbet ( keel7 #e4if tons4 ,weight ( hull & fitt+s #d1fge lb4 eng9e #a1bdj boil] #c1aab wat] 9 boil] & tanks #b1fif ,! eng9e has a s+le cyl9d] #h 94 9 diamet] & #h 94 /roke ( pi/on4 ,! screw is f\r blad$1 #d 94 long & #ca 94 9 diamet] by #de 94 pit*4 ,! foll[+ is ! p]=mance at draught ( wat] #b feet above rabbet ( keel3 ,boil] pressure #ij lb4 ,revolutions #cec ,spe$ #g4h knots4 ,indicat$ horse p[]4 #ec ,^! boats are ( #ahgj type1 b may be tak5 z typical ( a l>ge numb] ( /eam cutt]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy4 ,! naval au?orities h1 h[ev]1 be5 lately engag$ 9 ext5sive exp]im5ts ) comp\nd cond5s+ eng9es 9 small boats1 & ! results h prov$ s conclusively ! advantages ( ! latt] sy/em t x w d\btless be l>gely adopt$ 9 future4--,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,/eam ,,trap4 ,! illu/rations we give repres5t an expansion trap by ,mr4 ,hyde1 & made by ,mr4 ,s4 ,f>ron1 ,a%ton-"u-,lyne4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ?is arrangem5t is z 9 ,fig4 #a or ,fig4 #c1 ! c5t] view1 ,fig4 #b1 %[+ :at is ! c>d9al feature ( ! trap1 viz41 t x conta9s a collector = silt1 s&1 or s$im5t :i* is n1 z 9 mo/ o!r traps1 c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! valve ) ! efflux ( wat]4 ,! escape valve also is made v l>ge1 s t :ile ! trap may be made %ort1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! expansion pipe may n be long1 a tol]ably l>ge area ( outlet is obta9$ ) ! %ort lift due to ! small movem5t ( ! expansion pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,/eam ,,trap4 ,! object ( a /eam trap is = ! removal ( wat] ( cond5sation )\t all[+ ! escape ( /eam f dry+ app>atus & /eam pipes us$ = heat+1 p[]1 or o!r purposes4 ,"o ( ! plans employ$ is by an expansion pipe hav+ a valve fix$ to its end1 s t :5 ! pipe %ort5s f be+ cool]1 due to ! pres5ce ( ! wat]1 ! valve op5s & all[s ! escape ( ! wat] until ! /eam comes to ! trap1 :i*1 be+ hott]1 l5g!ns ! pipe & closes ! valve4 ,n[ ) ?is k9d ( trap1 &1 9 fact1 ) any v>iety ( trap1 we und]/& t x has be5 frequ5tly ! exp]i5ce ( ! us] to f9d 8 contrivance inop]ative because ! silt or s& t may be pres5t 9 ! pipes has be5 c>ri$ to ! valve & lodg$ !re by ! wat]1 caus+ x to /ick1 & ) expansion traps n to close prop]ly or to "w abnormally "s way or o!r4 ,! putt+ ( ^! contrivances to rights involves a c]ta9 am\nt ( tr\ble1 :i* is completely obviat$ by ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+s1 :i* is c]ta9ly a simple1 /rong1 & sub/antial article4 ,! foot ( ! trap is made ( ca/ iron1 ! seat ( ! valve be+ ( gun metal1 let into ! diaphragm1 ca/ inside ! holl[ cyl9d]4 ,! valve1 ,d1 is also ( gun metal1 & pass+ to outside ?r\gh a /uff+ box is connect$ to ! c5tral expansion pipe by a nut at ,e4 ,! valve is set by two brass nuts at ! top1 s z to be j tight :5 /eam hot2 if1 !n1 f ! pres5ce ( wat] ! trap is cool$1 ! pipe contracts & ! wat] escapes4 ,a mud door is provid$1 by :i* ! mud c be remov$ z requir$4 ,! silt or dirt t may be 9 ! pipes is c>ri$ to ! trap by ! wat]1 & is deposit$ 9 ! cavity1 z %[n1 ! wat] rises1 & :5 ! valve1 ,d1 op5s escapes at ! pipe1 ,f1 & may be all[$ to run to wa/e4 ,a pipe is n %[n atta*$ to ,f1 b ne$less to say "o may be connect$ & l$ any:]e1 provid$ ! /eam pressure is suffici5t4 ,= ?is purpose ! /uff+-box is provid$2 x is really n requir$ if ! wat] runs to wa/e1 z is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,to give our read]s "s idea ( ! dim5sions ( ! valve1 we may say t ! smalle/ size ( trap has #a 94 expansion pipe & a valve #c 94 diamet]1 ! next size #a 94 expansion pipe & a valve #d 94 diamet]1 & ! l>ge/ size has a pipe #a 94 & a valve #f 94 diamet]4 ,altoge!r1 ! contrivance has "s important practical advantages to recomm5d x4--,me*4 ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,critical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,detect+ ,,errors ,,9 ,,plane ,,surfaces4#c ,footnote #c3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,eng9e]s' ,society ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ,dec4 #aj1 #ahhd4 ,by ,,john ,a4 ,,bra%e>4 ,9 our /udy ( ! exact me?ods ( measurem5t 9 use to-day1 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5tific inve/igation1 we %\ld n =get t x has be5 a plant ( v sl[ gr[?1 & x is int]e/+ inde$ to glance along ! pa?way ( ! pa/ to see h[ /ep by /ep our micron ( to-day has be5 evolv$ f ! cubit1 ! h&'s bread?1 ! span1 &1 if y please1 ! b>leycorn ( our s*oolboy days4 ,x w\ld also be a pleasant task to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( ! gnomon ( ! ,*9ese1 ,egyptians1 & ,p]uvians1 ! sc>phie ( ,erato/h5es1 ! a/rolabe ( ,hipp>*us1 ! p>allactic rules ( ,ptolemy1 ,regimontanus ,purba*1 & ,wal!r1 ! sextants & quadrants ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 & ! modifications ( ^! v>i\s in/rum5ts1 ! inv5tion & use ( :i*1 f c5tury to c5tury1 br++ u at la/ to ! telescopic age1 or ! days ( ,lipp]%ay1 ,janns51 & ,galileo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,x w\ld also be a mo/ pleasant task to foll[ ! evolution ( our subject 9 ! new era ( inve/igation u%]$ 9 by ! inv5tion ( t m>vel\s in/rum5t1 ! telescope1 foll[$ closely by ! "w ( ,kepl]1 ,s*e9]1 ,cass9i1 ,huygh5s1 ,newton1 ,digges1 ,nonius1 ,v]ni]1 ,hall1 ,dollond1 ,h]s*el1 ,%ort1 ,bird1 ,ramsd51 ,tr\ghton1 ,smeaton1 ,fraunh(]1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 ea* ( :om has contribut$ a noble %>e 9 ! elim9ation ( s\rces ( error1 until to-day we are satisfi$ only ) units ( measurem5t ( ! mo/ exact & ref9$ nature4 ,al?\gh x w\ld be pleasant to review ! "w ( ^! pa/ ma/]s1 x is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t pap]1 & ev5 n[ ,i c only hope to call y\r att5tion to "o phase ( ?is important subject4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ,i h be5 practically int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ! production ( plane & curv$ surfaces p>ticul>ly = optical purposes1 i4e41 9 ! production ( su* surfaces free if possible f all traces ( error1 & x w be pleasant to me if ,i %all be able to add to ! int]e/ ( ?is association by giv+ y "s ( my own practical exp]i5ce2 & may ,i tru/ t x w be an inc5tive to all engag$ 9 k9dr$ "w to d t "w well8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! production ( a p]fectly plane surface1 !re are _m difficulties to cont5d )1 & x w n be possible 9 ! limits ( ?is pap] to discuss ! me?ods ( elim9at+ errors :5 f\nd2 b ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) giv+ a description ( v>i\s me?ods ( detect+ exi/+ errors 9 ! surfaces t are be+ work$1 :e!r1 = in/ance1 x be an error ( concavity1 convexity1 p]iodic or local error4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,a v excell5t me?od 0 devis$ by ! celebrat$ ,rosse1 :i* is frequ5tly us$ at ! pres5t "t2 & ^? em95t work]s1 ! ,cl>ks ( ,cambridge1 use a modification ( ! ,rosse me?od :i* 9 _! h&s is productive ( ! v highe/ results4 ,! device is v simple1 consi/+ ( a telescope 7a1 ,fig4 #a7 9 :i* ab]rations h be5 well correct$1 s t ! focal plane ( ! objective is z %>p z possible4 ,?is telescope is fir/ direct$ to a di/ant object1 pref]ably a cele/ial "o1 & focus$ = p>allel rays4 ,! surface1 b1 to be te/$ is n[ plac$ s t ! reflect$ image ( ! same object1 :atev] x may be1 c be obs]v$ by ! same telescope4 ,x is evid5t t if ! surface be a true plane1 its action ^u ! beam ( light t comes f ! object w be simply to *ange its direction1 b n di/urb or *ange x any o!r way1 h5ce ! reflect$ image ( ! object %\ld be se5 by ! telescope1 a1 )\t 9 any way *ang+ ! orig9al focus4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! suppos$ plane surface proves to be convex1 ! image w n be %>ply def9$ 9 ! telescope until ! eyepiece is mov$ away f ! object glass2 :ile if ! conv]se is ! case1 & ! suppos$ plane is concave1 ! eyepiece mu/ n[ be mov$ t[>d ! objective 9 ord] to obta9 a %>p image1 & ! am\nt ( convexity or concavity may be kn[n by ! *ange 9 ! focal plane4 ,if ! surface has p]iodic or irregul> errors1 no %>p image c be obta9$1 no matt] h[ mu* ! eyepiece may be mov$ 9 or out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,?is te/ may be made /ill m delicate by us+ ! obs]v+ telescope1 a1 at z l[ an angle z possible1 !reby br++ out ) /ill great] effect any error t may exi/ 9 ! surface "u exam9ation1 & is ! plan g5]ally us$ by ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons4 ,ano!r & v excell5t me?od is t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 9 :i* a second telescope1 b1 is introduc$4 ,9 place ( ! eyepiece ( ?is second telescope1 a diaphragm is introduc$ 9 :i* a numb] ( small holes are drill$1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 x1 or a slit is cut simil> to ! slit us$ 9 a spectroscope z %[n at y1 same figure4 ,! telescope1 a1 is n[ focus$ v accurately on a cele/ial or o!r v di/ant object1 & ! focus m>k$4 ,! object glass ( ! telescope1 b1 is n[ plac$ aga9/ & squ>e ) ! object glass ( telescope a1 & on look+ ?r\gh telescope a an image ( ! diaphragm ) its holes or ! slit is se54 ,?is diaphragm mu/ n[ be mov$ until a %>p image is se5 9 telescope a4 ,! two telescopes are n[ m\nt$ z 9 ,fig4 #b1 & ! plate to be te/$ plac$ 9 front ( ! two telescopes z at c4 ,x is evid5t1 z 9 ! =m] case1 t if ! surface is a true plane1 ! reflect$ image ( ! holes or slit ?r[n ^u x by ! telescope1 b1 w be se5 %>ply def9$ 9 ! telescope1 a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,if any error ( convexity exi/s 9 ! plate1 ! focal plane is di/urb$1 & ! eyepiece mu/ be mov$ out4 ,if ! plate is concave1 x mu/ be mov$ 9 to obta9 a %>p image4 ,irregul> errors 9 ! plate or surface w produce a blurr$ or indi/9ct image1 &1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 no am\nt ( focus+ w help matt]s4 ,^! me?ods are bo? good1 b are n satisfactory 9 ! highe/ degree1 & two or ?ree important factors b> ! way to ! v be/ results4 ,"o is t ! ab]rations ( ! telescopes mu/ be p]fectly correct$1 a v difficult matt] ( itself1 & requir+ ! highe/ skill ( ! optician4 ,ano!r1 ! fact t ! human eye w accommodate itself to small di/ances :5 sett+ ! focus ( ! obs]v+ telescope4 ,i h frequ5tly made exp]im5ts to f9d out h[ mu* ?is accommodation 0 9 my own case1 & f\nd x to am\nt to z mu* z #a_/dj ( an in*4 ,?is is no d\bt p>tly ! fault ( ! telescopes !mselves1 b unless ! eye is rigor\sly educat$ 9 ?is "w1 x is apt to accommodate itself to a small am\nt1 & w inv>iably d s if !re is a preconceiv$ notion or bias 9 ! direction ( ! accommodation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,talk+ ) ,pr(4 ,c4,a4 ,"y a few mon?s s9ce on ?is subject1 he rem>k$ t he notic$ t ! eye grew m exact 9 its dem&s z x grew old]1 9 reg>d to ! focal po9t4 ,a ?ird & v s]i\s objection to ! second me?od is caus$ by diffraction f ! edges ( ! holes or ! slit4 ,let me expla9 ?is briefly4 ,:5 light falls ^u a slit1 su* z we h "h1 x is turn$ out ( its c\rse2 z ! slit has two edges1 & ! light t falls on ei!r side is deflect$ bo? "r & left1 ! rays t cross f ! "r side ( ! slit t[>d ! left1 & f ! left side ( ! slit t[>d ! "r1 produce int]f]5ce ( ! wave l5g?s1 & :5 p]fect int]f]5ce occurs1 d>k l9es are se54 ,y c h a v pretty illu/ration ( ?is by cutt+ a f9e slit 9 a c>d & hold+ x sev]al in*es f ! eye1 :5 ! d>k l9es caus$ by a total ext9ction ( ! light by int]f]5ce may be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,if n[ y look t[>d ! edge ( a gas or lamp flame2 y w see a s]ies ( color$ b&s1 t br+ out ! ph5om5on ( p>tial int]f]5ce4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s ! difficulty 9 obta9+ a p]fect focus ( ! holes or ! slit 9 ! diaphragm1 z ! int]f]5ce fr+es are always m or less annoy+4 ,not)/&+ ^! defects ( ! two sy/ems ,i h m5tion$1 9 ! h&s ( ! practical workman !y are productive ( v good results1 & v _m excell5t surfaces h be5 made by _! use1 & we are n ju/ifi$ 9 ignor+ !m1 because !y are ! /epp+ /ones to lead u on to bett] ones4 ,9 my e>ly "w ,dr4 ,drap] sugge/$ a v excell5t plan = te/+ a flat surface1 :i* ,i briefly describe4 ,x is a well kn[n tru? t1 if an artificial /> is plac$ 9 ! exact c5t] ( curvature ( a truly sph]ical mirror1 & an eyepiece be us$ to exam9e ! image close beside ! s\rce ( light1 ! /> w be %>ply def9$1 & w be> v high magnification4 ,if ! eyepiece is n[ drawn t[>d ! obs]v]1 ! /> disk beg9s to exp&2 & if ! mirror be a truly sph]ical "o1 ! exp&$ disk w be equally illum9at$1 except ! out] edge1 :i* usually %[s two or m light & d>k r+s1 due to diffraction1 z already expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,n[ if we pu% ! eyepiece t[>d ! mirror ! same di/ance on ! opposite side ( ! true focal plane1 precisely ! same appe>ance w be not$ 9 ! exp&$ /> disk4 ,if we n[ place our plane surface any :]e 9 ! pa? ( ! rays f ! great mirror1 we %\ld h id5tically ! same ph5om5a repeat$4 ,( c\rse x is presum$1 & is necess>y1 t ! plane mirror %all be mu* less 9 area ?an ! sph]ical mirror1 else ! beam ( light f ! artificial /> w be %ut (f1 yet ,i may "h say t any "o "p ( a truly sph]ical mirror w act j z well z ! :ole surface1 !re be+ ( c\rse a loss ( light accord+ to ! area ( ! mirror %ut (f4 ,?is pr9ciple is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 :]e a is ! sph]ical mirror1 b ! s\rce ( light1 c ! eyepiece z us$ :5 ! plane is n int]pos$1 d ! plane introduc$ into ! pa? at an angle ( #de to ! c5tral beam1 & e ! position ( eyepiece :5 us$ ! ) ! plane4 ,:5 ! plane is n 9 ! way1 ! conv]g+ beam goes back to ! eyepiece1 c4 ,:5 ! plane1 d1 is introduc$1 ! beam is turn$ at a "r angle1 & if x is a p]fect surface1 n only does ! focal plane rema9 exactly ( ! same l5g?1 b ! exp&$ /> disks1 are simil> on ei!r side ( ! focal plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,i might g on to elaborate ?is me?od1 to %[ h[ x may be made /ill m exact1 b z x w come "u ! discussion ( sph]ical surfaces1 ,i w leave x = ! pres5t4 ,un=tunately = ?is process1 x dem&s a l>ge truly sph]ical surface1 :i* is j z difficult ( atta9m5t z any =m ( regul> surface4 ,we come n[ to an in/rum5t t does n dep5d ^u optical means = detect+ errors ( surface1 namely1 ! sph]omet]1 :i* z ! "n w\ld indicate means sph]e measure1 b x is ab\t z well adapt$ = plane z x is = sph]ical "w1 & ,pr(4 ,h>kness has be51 us+ "o = "s "t pa/ 9 det]m9+ ! errors ( ! plane mirrors us$ 9 ! transit ( ,v5us photographic in/rum5ts4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,sci5ce 9 ,philadelphia1 !re 0 q a discussion z to ! relative m]its ( ! sph]omet] te/ & ano!r =m :i* ,i %all pres5tly m5tion1 ,pr(4 ,h>kness claim+ t he c\ld1 by ! use ( ! sph]omet]1 detect errors bord]+ closely on "o five-hundr$-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,"s physici/s express d\bt on ?is1 b ,pr(4 ,h>kness has no d\bt work$ ) v s5sitive in/rum5ts1 & ov] v small areas at "o "t4 ,i h n _h occasion to use ?is in/rum5t 9 my own "w1 z a m simple1 delicate1 & effici5t me?od 0 at my comm&1 b = "o measurem5t ( convex surfaces ,i "k ( no?+ t c take its place4 ,i w briefly describe ! me?od ( us+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! usual =m ( ! in/rum5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d2 a is a /eel screw work+ 9 ! nut ( ! /\t tripod frame1 b2 c c c are ?ree legs ) c>efully prep>$ po9ts2 d is a divid$ /&>d to read ! :ole numb] ( revolutions ( ! screw1 a1 ! edge ( :i* also s]ves ! purpose ( a po9t] to read (f ! division on ! top ( ! mill$ head1 e4 ,/ill fur!r ref9em5t may be _h by plac+ a v]ni] "h4 ,to measure a plane or curv$ surface ) ?is in/rum5t1 a p]fect plane or p]fect sph]ical surface ( kn[n radius mu/ be us$ to det]m9e ! z]o po9t ( ! division4 ,tak+ = grant$ t we h ?is /&>d plate1 ! sph]omet] is plac$ ^u x1 & ! read+s ( ! divid$ head & indicator1 d1 not$ :5 ! po9t ( ! screw1 a1 j t\*es ! surface1 f4 ,h]e91 h[ev]1 lies ! great difficulty 9 us+ ?is in/rum5t1 i4e41 to "k ! exact in/ant ( contact ( ! po9t ( screw1 a1 on ! surface1 f4 ,_m devices h be5 add$ to ! sph]omet] to make x z s5sitive z possible1 su* z ! contact level1 ! electric contact1 & ! comp\nd lev] contact4 ,! latt] is probably ! be/1 & is made ess5tially z 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,i am indebt$ = ?is plan to ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,may]4 ,z 9 ! previ\s figure1 a is ! screw2 ?is screw is bor$ out1 & a c5tral /eel p9 turn$ to fit re/+ on a %\ld] at c4 ,! end ( d projects bel[ ! screw1 a1 & ! end1 e1 projects above ! mill$ head1 & ! knife edge or pivot po9t re/s aga9/ ! lev]1 f1 :i* 9 turn re/s aga9/ ! long lev]1 g1 ! po9t1 h1 ( :i* moves along ! division at j4 ,x is evid5t t if ! po9t ( ! p9 j t\*es ! plate1 no movem5t ( ! index lev]1 g1 w be se52 b if any pressure be appli$1 ! lev] w move ?r\gh a multipli$ arc1 ow+ to ! %ort fulcri ( ! two lev]s4 ,not)/&+ all ^! precautions1 we mu/ also take into acc\nt ! flexure ( ! mat]ial1 ! ela/icity ( ! po9ts ( contact1 & o!r idiosyncrasies1 & y c readily see t practice alone 9 an in/rum5t s delicate w br+ ab\t ! v be/ results4 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,may]'s me?od ( gett+ ov] ! great difficulty ( kn[+ :5 all f\r po9ts are 9 contact is q simple4 ,! /&>d plate is set on ! box1 g1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* acts z a resonat]4 ,! screw1 a1 is br\ght d[n until x t\*es ! plate4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! screw is en\gh to lift (f ei!r or all ( ! legs1 & ! plate is g5tly tapp$ ) ! f+]1 a rattle is he>d1 :i* is ! tell-tale ( imp]fect contact ( all ! po9ts4 ,! screw is n[ rev]s$ g5tly & sl[ly until ! mom5t ! rattle ceases1 & !n ! read+ is tak54 ,"h ! s5se ( he>+ is br\ght into play4 ,?is is also ! case :5 ! electric contact is us$4 ,?is is s arrang$ t ! in/ant ( t\*+ ( ! po9t ( screw1 a1 completes ! electric circuit1 9 :i* an electromagnet ( %ort ?ick wire is plac$4 ,at ! mom5t ( contact1 or p]haps a little be=e contact1 ! bell r+s1 & ! turn+ ( ! screw mu/ be in/antly /opp$4 ,"h are sev]al elem5ts t mu/ be rememb]$4 ,fir/1 x takes "t to set ! bell r++1 "t = ! s\nd to pass to ! e>1 "t = ! s5sation to be c>ri$ to ! bra91 "t = ! bra9 to s5d ^w to ! h& to cease turn+ ! screw1 &1 if y please1 x takes "t = ! h& to /op4 ,y may say1 ( :at use are su* ref9em5ts8 ,i may reply1 :at use is !re 9 try+ to d any?+ ! v be/ x c be done8 ,if our inve/igation ( nature's pr(\nd my/]ies c be p>tially solv$ ) good in/rum5tal means1 :at is ! result if we h bett] ones plac$ 9 our h&s1 & :at1 we ask1 if ! be/ are giv5 to ! physici/8 ,we h only to comp>e ! telescope ( ,galileo1 ! prism ( ,newton1 ! pile ( ,volta1 & :at 0 done ) !m1 to ! m>vel\s "w ( ! telescope1 spectroscope1 & dynamo ( to-day4 ,b ,i mu/ proce$4 ,x w be recogniz$ t 9 work+ ) ! sph]omet]1 only ! po9ts 9 actual contact c be measur$ at "o "t1 = y may see by ,fig4 #f t ! f\r po9ts1 a a a a1 may all be normal to a true plane1 & yet errors ( depression1 z at e1 or elevation1 z at b1 exi/ betwe5 !m1 s t ! in/rum5t mu/ be us$ ov] e available "p ( ! surface if x is to be te/$ rigor\sly4 ,z to h[ exact ?is me?od is ,i _c say f actual exp]i5ce1 z 9 my "w ,i h _h rec\rse to o!r me?ods t ,i %all describe4 ,i h already quot$ y ! words ( ,pr(4 ,h>kness4 ,dr4 ,ha/+s1 ^: practical z well z !oretical k is ( ! mo/ critical "*1 tells me t he consid]s x q easy to measure to #a_/hjjjj ( an in* ) ! ord9>y =m ( in/rum5t4 ,"h is a v f9e sph]omet] t ,dr4 ,ha/+s works ) f "t to "t1 & :i* he calls 8 /&>d sph]omet]4 ,x is delicately made1 its screw be+ #ej to ! in*1 or m exactly #j4jaiih in*1 or )9 #b_/ajjjjj ( be+ #a_/ej ( an in* pit*4 ,! pr9cipal screw has a po9t :i* is itself an indep5d5t screw1 t 0 put 9 to inve/igate ! errors ( ! ma9 screw1 b x 0 f\nd t ! error ( ?is screw 0 n z mu* z ! #j4jjjja ( an in*4 ,! head is divid$ into two hundr$ p>ts1 & by e/imation c be read to #a_/ajjjjj ( an in*4 ,its con/ants are kn[n1 & x may be und]/ood t x w\ld n d to h&le x v r\ghly4 ,i c\ld dwell "h long] on ?is fasc9at+ subject1 b mu/ ha/e4 ,i may add t if ?is sph]omet] is plac$ on a plate ( glass & exact contact obta9$1 & !n remov$1 & ! h& held ov] ! plate )\t t\*+ x1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! glass & t ( ! h& w\ld be suffici5t to di/ort ! surface en\gh to be readily recogniz$ by ! sph]omet] :5 replac$4 ,any "o desir+ to inve/igate ?is subject fur!r w f9d x fully discuss$ 9 t spl5did s]ies ( pap]s by ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,may] on ! m9ute measurem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce publi%$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5ts1 to :i* ,i 0 indebt$ ye>s ago = mo/ valuable in=mation1 z well z to mo/ enc\rag+ words f ,pr(4 ,?ur/on1 :om y all s well & favorably "k4 ,i n[ invite y\r att5tion to ! me?od = te/+ ! flat surfaces on :i* ,pr(4 ,r[l& rules ! beautiful diffraction grat+s n[ s well kn[n ov] ! sci5tific _w1 z also o!r plane surfaces = helio/ats1 etc41 etc4 ,i am n[ approa*+ ! bord] l& ( :at may be call$ ! ab/ruse 9 sci5ce1 9 :i* ,i humbly ackn[l$ge x w\ld take a va/ volume to conta9 all ,i don't "k2 yet ,i hope to make pla9 to y ?is mo/ beautiful & accurate me?od1 & = fe> ,i may =get to give due cr$it1 ,i w say t ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,ha/+s = x1 ) :om x 0 an orig9al discov]y1 ?\gh he told me he aft]w>d f\nd x _h be5 9 use by ,/e9heil1 ! celebrat$ optician ( ,muni*4 ,! pr9ciple 0 discov]$ by ! immortal ,newton1 & x %[s h[ mu* c be made ( ! ord9>y ph5om5a se5 9 our e-day life :5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! inve/igator4 ,we h all se5 ! beautiful play ( colors on ! soap bubble1 or :5 ! drop ( oil spreads ov] ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,place a l5s ( long curvature on a piece ( plane poli%$ glass1 &1 look+ at x obliquely1 a black c5tral spot is se5 ) r+s ( v>i\s wid? & color surr\nd+ x4 ,if ! l5s is a true curve1 & ! glass b5ea? x a true plane1 ^! r+s ( color w be p]fectly conc5tric & arrang$ 9 regul> decreas+ int]vals4 ,?is app>atus is kn[n z ,newton's color glass1 because he n only measur$ ! ph5om5a1 b e/abli%$ ! laws ( ! appe>ances pres5t$4 ,i w n[ endeavor to expla9 ! g5]al pr9ciple by :i* ?is ph5om5on is utiliz$ 9 ! te/+ ( plane surfaces4 ,suppose t we place on ! l[] plate1 l5ses ( con/antly increas+ curvature until t curvature becomes nil1 or 9 o!r words a true plane4 ,! r+s ( color w con/antly increase 9 wid? z ! curvature ( ! l5s increases1 until at la/ "o color alone is se5 ov] ! :ole surface1 provid$1 h[ev]1 ! same angle ( obs]vation be ma9ta9$1 & provid$ fur!r t ! film ( air betwe5 ! glasses is ( absolutely ! same relative ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,i say ! film ( air1 = ,i presume t x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to exclude p>ticles ( du/ s t absolute contact c\ld take place4 ,e>ly physici/s ma9ta9$ t absolute molecul> contact 0 impossible1 & t ! c5tral sep>ation ( ! glasses 9 ,newton's exp]im5t 0 #a_/bej1jjj ( an in*1 b ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson has %[n t ! sep>ation is caus$ by %r$s or p>ticles ( du/4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is sep>ation is equal ?r\gh\t1 we h ! ph5om5a z describ$2 b if ! du/ p>ticles are ?ick] "u "o side ?an ! o!r1 our ph5om5a w *ange to broad p>allel b&s z 9 ,fig4 #h1 ! broad] ! b&s ! ne>] ! absolute p>allelism ( ! plates4 ,9 ,fig4 #g let a & b repres5t ! two plates we are te/+4 ,rays ( :ite light1 c1 fall+ ^u ! upp] surface ( plate a1 are p>tially reflect$ (f 9 ! direction ( rays d1 b z ^! rays d n conc]n u n[1 ,i h n sket*$ !m4 ,"p ( ! light passes on ?r\gh ! upp] plate1 :]e x is b5t out ( its c\rse some:at1 &1 fall+ ^u ! l[] surface ( ! upp] plate1 "s ( ?is light is aga9 reflect$ t[>d ! eye at d4 ,z "s ( ! light passes ?r\gh ! upp] plate1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! film ( air betwe5 ! plates1 fall+ on ! upp] surface ( ! l[] "o1 ?is 9 turn is reflect$2 b z ! light t falls on ?is surface has _h to trav]se ! film ( air twice1 x is ret>d$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( half or :ole wave-l5g?s1 & ! beautiful ph5om5a ( int]f]5ce take place1 "s ( ! colors ( :ite light be+ oblit]at$1 :ile o!rs come to ! eye4 ,:5 ! position ( ! eye *anges1 ! color is se5 to *ange4 ,i h n "t to dwell fur!r on ?is "p ( my subject1 :i* is discuss$ 9 mo/ advanc$ works on physics1 & especially well describ$ 9 ,dr4 ,eug5e ,lommel's "w on ,! ,nature ( ,light4 ,i rem>k$ t if ! two surfaces 7 p]fectly plane1 !re w\ld be "o color se51 or else colors ( ! fir/ or second ord] w\ld arrange !mselves 9 broad p>allel b&s1 b ?is w\ld also take place 9 plates ( slight curvature1 = ! requirem5t is1 z ,i said1 a film ( air ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,y c see at once t ?is condition c\ld be obta9$ 9 a p]fect convex surface fitt+ a p]fect concave ( ! same radius4 ,=tunately we h a *eck to gu>d aga9/ ?is error4 ,to produce a p]fect plane1 ?ree surfaces mu/ be work$ toge!r1 unless we h a true plane to comm5ce )2 b to make ?is true plane by ?is me?od we mu/ "w ?ree toge!r1 & if ea* "o comes up to ! dem&s ( ?is mo/ rigor\s te/1 we may re/ assur$ t we h atta9$ a degree ( accuracy almo/ beyond human conception4 ,let me illu/rate4 ,suppose we h plates #a1 #b1 & #c1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,suppose #a & #b to be accurately convex & #c accurately concave1 ( ! same radius4 ,n[ x is evid5t t #c w exactly fit #a & #b1 & t #a & #b w sep>ately fit ,no4 #c1 b :5 #a & #b are plac$ toge!r1 !y w only t\* 9 ! c5t]1 & !re is no possible way to make ?ree plates co9cide :5 !y are alt]nately te/$ ^u "o ano!r ?an to make p]fect planes out ( !m4 ,z x is difficult to see ! colors well on metal surfaces1 a "o-color$ light is us$1 su* z ! sodium flame1 :i* gives to ! eye 9 our te/1 d>k & bright b&s in/ead ( color$ ones4 ,:5 ^! plates are work$ & te/$ ^u "o ano!r until !y all pres5t ! same appe>ance1 "o may be res]v$ = a te/ plate = future use4 ,"h is a small te/ plate made by ! celebrat$ ,/e9heil1 & "h two made by myself1 & ,i may be p>don$ 9 say+ t ,i 0 mu* gratifi$ to f9d ! co9cid5ce s ne>ly p]fect t ! limit+ error is mu* less ?an #j4jjjja ( an in*4 ,my assi/ant1 ) b a few mon?s' exp]i5ce1 has made q z accurate plates4 ,x is necess>y ( c\rse to h a glass plate to te/ ! metal plates1 z ! upp] plate mu/ be transp>5t4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ ) p]fect surfaces4 ,let u n[ see :at %all occur 9 surfaces t are n plane4 ,suppose we n[ h our p]fect te/ plate1 & x is laid on a plate t has a comp\nd error1 say depress$ at c5t] & edge & high betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,if ?is error is regul>1 ! c5tral b&s arrange !mselves z 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,y may n[ ask1 h[ are we to "k :at sort ( surface we h8 ,a ready solution is at h&4 ,! b&s always travel 9 ! direction ( ! ?icke/ film ( air1 h5ce on l[]+ ! eye1 if ! convex edge ( ! b&s travel 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 we are absolutely c]ta9 t t "p ( ! surface be+ te/$ is convex1 :ile if1 z 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! b&s1 ! concave edges advance1 we "k t "p is holl[ or too l[4 ,fur!rmore1 any small error w be rigor\sly detect$1 ) a/oni%+ cle>ness1 & "o ( ! gr&e/ qualities ( ?is te/ is ! abs5ce ( p]sonal equation2 =1 giv5 a p]fect te/ plate1 x won't lie1 nei!r w x exagg]ate4 ,i say1 won't lie1 b ,i mu/ gu>d ?is by say+ t ! plates mu/ co9cide absolutely 9 temp]ature1 & ! t\* ( ! f+]1 ! heat ( ! h&1 or any di/urbance :atev] w vitiate ! results ( ?is lovely process2 b m ( t at a future "t4 ,if our surface is plane to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! edge1 & is !re ov]correct$1 or convex1 ! te/ %[s x1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,if ! :ole surface is regul>ly convex1 !n conc5tric r+s ( a bread? det]m9$ by ! approa* to a p]fect plane are se54 ,if concave1 a simil> ph5om5on is exhibit$1 except 9 ! case ( ! convex1 ! broad] r+s are ne> ! c5t]1 :ile 9 ! concave !y are ne>] ! edge4 ,9 l[]+ ! eye :ile obs]v+ ! plates1 ! r+s ( ! convex plate w advance outw>d1 ^? ( ! concave inw>d4 ,x may be ask$ by ! me*anician1 ,c ?is me?od be us$ = te/+ our surface plates8 ,i answ] t ,i h f\nd ! scrap$ surface ( iron bright en\gh to te/ by sodium light4 ,my assi/ant 9 ! ma*9e "w scrap$ ?ree #h in* plates t 7 te/$ by ?is me?od & f\nd to be v excell5t1 ?\gh x mu/ be evid5t t a s+le cut ( ! scrap] w\ld *ange ! spot ov] :i* x pass$ s mu* z to entirely *ange ! appe>ance !re1 b ,i f\nd ,i c\ld use ! te/ to get ! g5]al outl9e ( ! surface "u process ( correction4 ,^! iron plates1 ,i w\ld say1 are simply us$ = prelim9>y =mation ( poli%]s4 ,i may h some?+ to say on ! "q ( surface plates 9 ! future1 z ,i h made "s int]e/+ /udies on ! subject4 ,i mu/ n[ br+ ?is pap] to a close1 al?\gh ,i _h int5d$ includ+ "s int]e/+ /udies ( curv$ surfaces4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 matt] en\gh 9 t subject ( itself1 especially :5 we connect x ) ! idiosyncrasies ( ! mat]ial we h to deal )1 a vital "p ( ! subject t ,i h n t\*$ ^u 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,y may n[ inquire1 ,h[ critical is ?is color te/8 ,to answ] ?is ,i fe> ,i %all tr5* ^u =bidd5 gr\nds1 b ,i call to my help ! words ( "o ( our be/ ,am]ican physici/s1 & ,i quote f a lett] 9 :i* he says by comb9$ calculation & exp]im5t ,i h f\nd ! limit+ error = :ite light to be #a_/ejjjjjjj ( an in*1 & = ,na or sodium light ab\t fifty times great]1 or less ?an #a_/hjjjjj ( an in*4 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,may] e/imat$ & demon/rat$ by actual exp]im5t t ! smalle/ black spot on a :ite gr\nd visible to ! nak$ eye is ab\t #a_/hjj ( an in* at ! di/ance ( normal vision1 namely1 #aj in*es1 & t a l9e1 :i* ( c\rse has ! elem5t ( ext5sion1 #a_/ejjj ( an in* 9 ?ickness c\ld be se54 ,9 our delicate color te/ we may decrease ! diamet] ( our black spot a ?\s& times & /ill its p]ception is possible by ! aid ( our mono*romatic light1 & we may dim9i% our l9e t5 ?\s& times1 yet f9d x j p]ceivable on ! bord] l& ( our te/ by :ite light4 ,d n presume ,i am s fooli% z to ev5 ?9k t ! human h&1 direct$ by ! human bra91 c ev] "w ! mat]ial at 8 comm& to su* a high /&>d ( exactness4 ,no2 f ! v nature ( ! mat]ial we h to "w )1 we are =bidd5 ev5 to hope = su* an a*ievem5t2 & c\ld x be possible t1 ?r\gh "s /roke ( good =tune1 we c\ld atta9 ?is high ideal1 x w\ld be b = a mom5t1 z f ! v nature ( our environm5t x w\ld be b an ignis fatuus4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 to ! e>ne/ m9d a delight 9 hav+ a high model ( excell5ce1 = z our model is s w our "w approximate2 & al?\gh we may g on approximat+ our ideal =ev]1 we c nev] hope to rea* t :i* has be5 set = u by ! great ,ma/] ,workman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,gas ,,light+4 ,,photometrical ,,/&>ds4 ,9 c>ry+ out a s]ies ( photometrical exp]im5ts lately1 ,i f\nd t x 0 a matt] ( consid]able difficulty to keep ! flames ( ! /&>d c&les always at _! prop] di/ance f ! light to be measur$1 because ! wick 0 cont9ually *ang+ its position 7( c\rse c>ry+ ! flame ) x71 & ?us practically l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! scale ( ! photomet]1 accord+ z ! flame 0 c>ri$ ne>] to or f>!r f ! light at ! o!r end ( ! scale4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to obta9 a correct idea ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is v>iation ( ! position ( ! wick might influ5ce ! read+s ( ! photomet] scale1 ,i took a cont9u\s numb] ( photographs ( ! flame ( a c&le :ile x 0 burn+ 9 a room q free f draught2 no o!r p]son be+ 9 x dur+ ! exp]im5t except a photograph]1 :o plac$ s5sitive dry plates 9 a firmly fix$ cam]a1 & *ang$ !m aft] an exposure ( #cj seconds4 ,9 do+ ?is he 0 c>eful to keep close to ! cam]a1 & di/urb ! air ( ! room z little z possible4 ,9 front ( ! c&le a plumb-l9e 0 susp5d$1 & rema9$ immovable ov] its c5t] dur+ ! :ole op]ation4 ,! c&le 0 all[$ to get itself into a normal /ate ( burn+1 & !n ! wick 0 align$1 z %[n 9 ! photographs ,nos4 #a & #b1 aft] :i* x 0 left to itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,photometrical ,,/&>ds4 ,) ^! photographs 7repres5t$ 9 ! cuts7 ,i beg to h& y full-siz$ draw+s ( ! scales ( a #ajj in* ,evans & a #fj in* ,le!by photomet]1 9 ord] to give y\r read]s an opportunity ( e/imat+ = !mselves ! effect :i* su* v>iations f ! true di/ance betwe5 ! /&>d light & t to be measur$1 z %[n 9 ?is s]ies ( photographs1 mu/ ex]cise on photometrical obs]vations made by ! aid ( ei!r ( ! in/rum5ts nam$4 ,w4 ,,sugg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,blea*+ ,,or ,,dye+-,,y>ns ,,& ,,goods ,,9 ,,vacuo4 ,illu/ration ,_m attempts h be5 made to facilitate ! p5etration ( textile fabrics by ! dye+ & blea*+ solutions1 ) :i* !y require to be treat$1 by c>ry+ out ! treatm5t 9 vacuo1 i4e41 9 su* app>atus z %all all[ ( ! air be+ )drawn4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+--,au/rian ,pat4 ,jan4 #ae1 #ahhd--;al?\gh n ess5tially diff]5t f ^? already 9 use1 embodies1 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry says1 "s important improvem5ts 9 detail4 ,x consi/s ( a drum ,a1 ! sides ( :i* are con/ruct$ ( /\t nett+1 c>ri$ on a v]tical axis work+ ?r\gh a /uff+-box1 :i* is fitt$ 9 ! bottom ( ! out] or conta9+ vessel or keir ,b4 ,! air c be exhau/$ f ,b by means ( an air pump4 ,a conta9s a c5tral division ,p1 also con/ruct$ ( nett+1 into :i* is ins]t$ ! extremity ( ! tube ,r1 aft] be+ twice b5t at a "r angle4 ,p is also 9 direct connection ) ! efflux tube ,e1 ,e & ,r s]v+ to convey ! dye or blea* solutions to & f ! res]voir ,c4 ,! comb9ation ( ! rot>y motion communicat$ to ,a1 :i* conta9s ! goods to be dy$ or blea*$1 ) ! v ?or\gh p5etration & circulation ( ! liquids effect$ by means ( ! vacuum e/abli%$ 9 ,b1 is f\nd to be em95tly favorable to ! rapidity & ev5ness ( ! dye or blea*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,m\ld+ ,,( ,,porcela94 ,by ,,*as4 ,,lau?4 ,! op]ation ( m\ld+ pres5ts num]\s advantages ov] o!r me?ods ( %ap+ porcela91 = by ?is process we avoid irregul>ities ( =m1 twi/+1 & visible seams1 & c manufacture ?9 pieces1 z well z pieces ( l>ge dim5sions1 ( a purity ( =m t x is impossible to obta9 o!rwise4 ,! me?od ( m\ld+ small objects has be5 describ$ ) suffici5t detail 9 te*nical works1 b su* is n ! case ) reg>d to l>ge ones1 & = ?is reason x w be ( int]e/ to quote "s practical obs]vations f a note t has be5 s5t me by ,mr4 ,con/ant9e ,r5>d1 :o1 = sev]al ye>s1 has _h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! m\ld+ rooms ( ! ,sevres works4 ,! process ( m\ld+ consi/s 9 p\r+ porcela9 pa/e1 ?9n$ ) wat]1 into v dry pla/] m\lds4 ,?is mixture gradually h>d5s aga9/ ! por\s sides ) :i* x is 9 contact1 &1 :5 ! ?ickness ( ! h>d5$ lay] is judg$ suffici5t1 ! m\ld is empti$ by inv]t+ x4 ,! excess ( ! liquid pa/e is ?us elim9at$1 :ile ! ?ick] p>ts rema9 adh]5t to ! pla/]4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 ! absorption ( ! wat] cont9u+1 ! pa/e s %r9ks 9 dry+ z to all[ ! object to deta* itself f ! m\ld4 ,z may be se51 no?+ is simpl] :5 x conc]ns pieces ( small dim5sions2 b ! same is n ! case :5 we h to m\ld a l>ge "o4 ,9 ?is case we _c get rid ( ! liquid pa/e by turn+ ! m\ld upside d[n1 because ( ! latt]'s size1 &1 on ano!r h&1 x is necess>y to take special precautions aga9/ ! subsid5ce ( ! pa/e4 ,rec\rse is !re=e _h to ano!r me?od4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 an ap]ture is =m$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! m\ld ?r\gh :i* ! liquid may fl[ at ! desir$ mom5t4 ,aft]w>d1 9 ord] to prev5t ! solidifi$ b /ill slightly s(t pa/e f settl+ "u its own weight at ?is mom5t1 x is support$ by direct+ a curr5t ( compress$ air into ! m\ld1 or1 ?r\gh atmosph]ic pressure1 by =m+ a vacuum 9 ! metallic jacket 9 :i* ! m\ld is inclos$4 ,! hi/ory & description ( ^! processes h be5 sev]al times giv51 & ,i %all !re=e n dwell ^u !m1 b %all at once proce$ to make kn[n ! new po9ts t ,mr4 ,r5>d has communicat$ to me4 ,! fir/ po9t to :i* x is well to direct ! manufactur]'s att5tion is ! prep>ation ( ! pla/] m\lds4 ,:5 x conc]ns an object ( l>ge dim5sions1 ( a vase a y>d 9 height1 = example1 ! m\ld] is oblig$ to cut ! =m or core horizontally into ?ree p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is m\ld$ sep>ately4 ,to ?is effect1 x is plac$ ^u a core frame & surr\nd$ ) a cyl9d] ( %eet z9c4 ,! workman p\rs ! pla/] into ! space betwe5 ! latt] & ! core1 &1 :ile do+ s1 mu/ /ir ! mass v rapidly ) a /ick1 s t at ! mom5t ! pla/] sets1 x %all be z homog5e\s z possible4 ,9 spite ( su* precautions1 x is impossible to prev5t ! d5se/ p>ts ( ! pla/] f deposit+ fir/1 ?r\gh ! action ( gravity4 ,^! w naturally precipitate ^u ! table or ^u ! slant+ sides ( ! core1 & ! m\ld w !re=e pres5t great inequalities z reg>ds porosity4 ,s9ce ?is defect exi/s 9 ea* ( ! pieces t h be5 prep>$ 9 succession1 x w be se5 t :5 !y come to be sup]pos$ = ! m\ld+ ( ! piece1 ! m\ld z a :ole w be =m$ ( zones ( diff]5t porosities1 :i* w absorb wat] f ! pa/e unequally4 ,f>!r along we %all see ! inconv5i5ces t result f ?is1 & ! mann] ( avoid+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! m\ld1 :5 f9i%$1 is dri$ 9 a /ove4 ,"u su* circum/ances x (t5 happ5s t !re =ms ^u ! surface ( ! pla/] a h>d cru/ :i*1 al?\gh x is ( no importance z reg>ds ! outside ( ! m\ld1 is prejudicial to ! int]ior because x consid]ably dim9i%es its absorb+ p[]4 ,?is tr\ble may be avoid$ by coat+ ! surfaces t x is necess>y to pres]ve ) cle> liquid pa/e2 b ,mr4 ,r5>d advises t ! m\ld be clos$ h]metically1 s t ! int]ior %all be kept f contact ) w>m air4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to prev5t ! pla/] f h>d5+1 z a result ( too quick a desiccation4 ,i n[ come to ! op]ation ( m\ld+4 ,9 ! v fir/ place1 x is necess>y to exam9e :e!r x is well to adopt ! arrangem5t by pressure ( air or by vacuum4 ,! =m ( ! objects w det]m9e ! *oice4 ,a v op5 piece1 l a b[l1 mu/ be m\ld$ by vacuum1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( hold+ ! clos+ disk 9 place if x be ( v l>ge dim5sions4 ,! same is ! case ) l>ge vases ( wood =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 an elongat$ piece tap]+ f above is m easily m\ld$ by pressure ( ! air1 z are also ovoid vessels #af to #bj in*es 9 height4 ,9 any case x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! op]ation by vacuum %\ld be pref]r$ e "t ! =m ( ! objects is adapt$ to x1 because ?is process p]mits ( foll[+ & direct+ ! dry+1 :ile ) pressure x is impossible to see any?+ :5 once ! app>atus is clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,m\ld+ by ,pressure ( ! ,air4--,! pla/] m\ld hav+ be5 put 9 place ^u ! m\ld bo>d1 & ! liquid pa/e hav+ be5 long & ?or\ghly /irr$ 9 ord] to make x homog5e\s1 & get rid ( ! air bubbles1 we op5 ! cock t puts ! pa/e res]voir 9 communication ) ! l[] "p ( ! m\ld1 c>e hav+ be5 tak5 be=eh& to p\r a few p9ts ( wat] into ! bottom ( ! m\ld4 ,! pa/e 9 asc5d+ pu%es ?is wat] ahead ( x1 & ?is slightly wets ! pla/] & makes ! pa/e rise regul>ly4 ,:5 ! m\ld is entirely fill$1 ! pa/e is /ill all[$ to fl[ until x slightly exce$s ! upp] level1 &1 spread+ out ov] ! entire ?ickness ( ! pla/]1 =ms a sort ( ?ick flange4 ,! absorption ( ! liquid beg9s almo/ imm$iately1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! level l[]s4 ,a new quantity ( pa/e is introduc$1 & we cont9ue ?us1 9 regulat+ its fl[ s z to keep ! m\ld always full4 ,?is op]ation is prolong$ until ! lay] is judg$ to be suffici5tly ?ick1 ?is dep5d+ ^u ! dim5sions1 =m1 or con/ruction ( ! vessel4 ,! op]ation may take f "o to five h\rs4 ,! desir$ ?ickness hav+ be5 obta9$1 x becomes a "q ( all[+ ! pa/e to desc5d & at ! same "t to support ! piece by air pressure4 ,! flange spok5 ( above is quickly cut1 & ! pa/e is made to rise aga9 = ! la/ "t1 9 ord] to =m a new flange1 b "o t ?is "t w be extremely ?92 !n a p]=at$ disk design$ = =m+ ! top jo9t1 & act+ z a conduit = ! air1 is plac$ ^u ! m\ld4 ,?is disk is fa/5$ d[n ) a screw press1 & :5 ! app>atus is ?us arrang$ ! eduction cock is op5$1 & ! air pump maneuv]$4 ,if ! flange did n exi/1 ! air w\ld ent] betwe5 ! m\ld & ! piece at ! fir/ /rokes ( ! pi/on1 & ! piece w\ld be inevitably brok54 ,its object1 !n1 is to =m a h]metical jo9t1 al?\gh x mu/ at ! same "t pres5t b a slight resi/ance1 s9ce1 z soon z ! liquid pa/e has fl[$ out1 ! piece beg9s to %r9k1 & x is necess>y t at ! fir/ movem5t d[nw>d x %all be able to dis5gage itself1 s9ce x w\ld o!rwise crack4 ,z soon z ! piece beg9s to deta* itself f ! m\ld ! air ent]s ! app>atus1 & ! pressure gauge connect$ ) ! air pump beg9s to l[]4 ,x is !n necess>y1 )\t a mom5t's loss ( "t1 to remove ! screw press1 ! disk1 & ! upp] "p ( ! m\ld itself1 9 ord] to facilitate z mu* z possible ! contraction ( ! piece4 ,f9ally1 an h\r or an h\r & a half lat]1 x is necess>y to remove ! l[] "p ( ! m\ld1 ?is be+ done 9 support+ ! entire affair by ! middle4 ,! piece & :at rema9s ( ! m\ld are1 9 reality1 susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,all ^! prep>ations are design$ to prev5t crack+4 ,m\ld+ by ,vacuum4--,! op]ation by vacuum foll[s ! same phases z ^? j describ$4 ,x is well1 9 ord] to h a v ev5 surface1 n to =m a vacuum until ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! pa/e has be5 made to asc5d4 ,)\t su* a precaution ! imp]fections 9 ! m\ld w be %[n on ! surface ( ! object by undulations t are irrem$iable4 ,! fir/ flange or ve9 mu/ be pres]v$1 & x is cut (f at ! mom5t ! piece is deta*$4 ,m\ld+ by vacuum1 aside f ! advantages not$ above1 p]mits ( giv+ ! pieces a great] ?ickness ?an is obta9$ 9 ! pressure process4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r5>d1 :5 x is desir$ to exce$ "o in* at ! base ( ! piece 7! maximum ?ickness usually obta9$71 ! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,! piece is m\ld$ normally1 & x is support$ by a vacuum2 b1 at ! mom5t at :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 x w\ld be deta*$1 ! pa/e is made to asc5d a second "t1 :5 ! fir/ lay] 7already ?ick & dry7 acts z a sort ( supplem5t>y m\ld1 & p]mits ( increas+ ! ?ickness by ab\t #b_/e ( an in*4 ,! piece is held1 z at fir/1 by vacuum1 & ! pa/e is introduc$ aga9 until ! desir$ ?ickness is obta9$4 ,:atev] be ! c>e tak51 accid5ts are frequ5t 9 bo? processes4 ,!y are due1 9 g5]al1 to ! irregul> contraction ( ! pieces1 caus$ by a want ( homog5e\sness 9 ! pla/] ( ! m\lds4 ,9 fact1 z ! absorption ( ! wat] does n proce$ regul>ly ov] ! entire surface ( ! piece1 zones ( dry pa/e are f\nd 9 contact ) o!rs t are /ill s(t1 & h5ce ! =mation ( folds1 & f9ally ! crack+ & break+ ( ! piece4 ,! jo9ts ( ! m\lds are also a cause ( frequ5t loss1 on acc\nt ( ! m>ks t !y leave1 & t injure ! beauty ( ! =m z well z ! purity ( ! pr(ile4 ,mr4 ,r5>d has devis$ a rem$y = all su* inconv5i5ces4 ,he takes unglaz$ musl91 cuts x into /rips1 &1 be=e beg9n+ op]ations1 fixes x ) a little liquid pa/e to ! int]ior ( ! m\ld4 ,?is light fabric 9 no wise prev5ts ! absorption ( ! wat]1 & s ! op]ation goes on z usual2 b1 at ! mom5t ( contraction1 ! piece ( porcela9 be+1 s to speak1 support$ by ! musl91 comes put ( ! m\ld m easily & ) extreme regul>ity4 ,"u su* circum/ances all trace ( ! jo9t disappe>s1 ! imp]fections 9 ! m\ld are unatt5d$ ) dang]1 & ! l>ge/ pieces are m\ld$ ) entire safety4 ,9 a ^w1 we h "h a v important improvem5t 9 ! process ( m\ld+4 ,! use ( musl9 is to be recomm5d$1 n only 9 ! manufacture ( vases1 b also 9 ! difficult prep>ation ( l>ge porcela9 plates4 ,x is likewise advantage\s 9 ! m\ld+ ( c]ta9 pieces ( sculpture t are n v delicate1 &1 f9ally1 x is v useful :5 we h to d ) a damag$ m\ld1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ repair$ ) pla/]1 c be fix$ ) well gr\nd wet s& cov]$ ) a /rip ( musl94 ,dry+ ( ! ,m\ld$ ,pieces4--,:5 ! m\ld$ pieces become ( a prop] consi/5cy 9 ! m\ld1 !y are expos$ to ! air & !n tak5 to ! dry+ room4 ,b1 z ) pla/]1 ! surface ( ! pa/e dries v quickly1 & ?is inconv5i5ce 7:i* am\nts to no?+ 9 pieces t are to be poli%$7 is v great 9 pieces t c>ry ornam5ts 9 relief1 s9ce ! f9i%+ ( ^! is mu* m difficult1 ! h>d5$ pa/e works badly1 & frequ5tly flakes (f4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 x suffices to du/ ! places to be pres]v$ ) p[d]$ dry pa/e4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photo-,,tricycle ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,photo-,,tricycle ,,app>atus4 ,?is consi/s ( a portable fold+ cam]a1 ) screw focus+ arrangem5t1 sw+ back1 & an adapt] frame plac$ 9 ! position ( ! focus scre51 all[+ ! d>k slide to be ins]t$ s z to give ! horizontal or v]tical position to ! dry plate :5 9 ! cam]a4 ,to ! front & base-bo>d a brass swivel$ side b>1 made collapsible by means ( a c5t] slot1 is atta*$ by h+es1 & ?is r5d]s ! cam]a rigid :5 op5 or secure :5 clos$4 ,! base-bo>d is support$ on a brass plate )9 :i* is ins]t$ a ball-&-socket 7or univ]sal jo9t 9 a new =m71 p]mitt+ ! cam]a to be tilt$ to any necess>y angle1 & fix$ 9 su* position at w4 ,! :ole app>atus is m\nt$ ^u a brass telescopic draw-/&1 :i*1 by means ( clamps1 is atta*$ to ! /e]+ h&le or o!r conv5i5t "p ( ! tricycle1 pref]ably ! =m made by ,messrs4 ,rudge ,co41 ( ,cov5try1 repres5t$ 9 ! cut4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,photo ,,pr9t+ ,,light4 ,illu/ration ,a pr9t+ frame is plac$ 9 ! c>ri]1 & expos$ to ! light ( a gas burn] kept at a fix$ di/ance1 beh9d :i* is a sph]ical reflector4 ,! same frame may be us$ = o!r purposes4-,photographic ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,act9omet]4 ,a sel5ium act9omet] has be5 describ$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus 9 a communication f ,m4 ,morize1 ( ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,! in/rum5t is us$ to measure ! act9ic p[] ( sunlight :5 ! sun is at v>i\s altitudes2 b ! same pr9ciple is applicable to o!r light s\rces4 ,! s5sitive "p ( ! app>atus consi/s ( a cyl9d] =m$ ( #ch disks ( copp]1 isolat$ f ea* o!r by z _m disks ( mica4 ,! latt] be+ ( small] diamet] ?an ! copp] disks1 ! annul> spaces betwe5 ! two are fill$ ) sel5ium1 by ! simple process ( rubb+ a /ick ( ?is sub/ance ov] ! edges1 & aft]w>d g5tly w>m+4 ,! sel5ium !n pres5ts a grayi% appe>ance1 & is ready = use4 ,connection is made by conductors1 on opposite sides1 ) ! odd & ev5 numb]s ( ! disks1 :i* dim9i%es ! resi/ance ( ! sel5ium4 ,! cyl9d] ?us =m$ is insulat$ by glass supports 9 ! inside ( a vacuum tube1 = ! purpose ( pres]v+ x f ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( d>k rays4 ,! :ole is plac$ ^u a /&1 & %ield$ f reflect$ light1 b fully expos$ to t :i* is to be measur$ = act9ic int5sity4 ,if n[ a con/ant curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus1 z indicat$ by a galvanomet]1 ! v>iations ( ! latt] w %[ ! effect produc$ ^u ! sel5ium4 ,a scale mu/ be prep>$1 ) ! z]o po9t at ! greate/ possible resi/ance ( ! sel5ium1 :i* corresponds ) absolute d>kness4 ,! greate/ effect ( ! light w\ld be to annul ! resi/ance ( ! sel5ium4 ,consequ5tly1 ! cyl9d] mu/ be )drawn f ! circuit to repres5t ?is effect2 & ! maximum deviation ( ! galvanomet] is !n to be obs]v$1 & m>k$ #ajj4 ,by divid+ ! range ( ! galvanomet] ?us obta9$ into #ajj equal p>ts1 ! requisite act9ometric scale w be e/abli%$4 ,9 practice1 ! ,clamond batt]y is us$ to supply ! con/ant curr5t requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,a/ronomical ,,photography4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 or r decades ( ye>s1 x has become r a trite say+ t to advance f> 9 any bran* ( physical rese>* a fair pr(ici5cy 9 no inconsid]able numb] ( ! si/] sci5ces is an absolute necessity4 ,b if ?is is true 9 g5]al1 none1 ,i ?9k1 w "q ! ass]tion t a pr(ici5t 9 any ( ! physical sci5ces mu/ be fairly conv]sant ) photography z a sci5ce1 or at lea/ z an art4 ,if we take = example a sci5ce :i* has ( late ye>s made rapid /rides bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 we %all n h f> to g to f9d conv9c+ pro( t a great portion ( ! be/ "w t is be+ done by its vot>ies is effect$ by ! aid ( photography4 ,"o em95t a/ronom] has q lately gone s f> z to decl>e t we no long] require obs]v]s ( ! heav5s1 b t _! place c be bett] suppli$ by ! gelat9e plate ( ! photograph]2 & 8 words h be5 e*o$ by o!rs n less able ?an himself4 ,aboli% ! obs]v]1 & sub/itute ! s5sitive plate1 is a s5sational =m ( express+ ! revolution 9 obs]vational a/ronomy t is tak+ place "u our eyes2 b1 al?\gh x sugge/s a va/ am\nt ( tru?1 x might leave ^u ! m9d an exagg]at$ impression inimical to ! be/ int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,! aw>d ( ! highe/ di/9ction 9 a/ronomy1 ! gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 two ye>s 9 succession1 to ^? :o h be5 mo/ successful 9 cele/ial photography is no d\btful sign ( ! great value atta*$ to su* "w4 ,la/ ye> x 0 ,mr4 ,common :o receiv$ ! highe/ te/imony ( ! m]it due to 8 spl5did photographs ( ! nebula ( ,orion2 & ?is ye> ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 :o has drawn mu* att5tion to cele/ial photography1 by 8 successful attempts to picture ! sol> corona 9 full daylight1 has receiv$ a simil> ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 labors 9 photograph+ ! spectra ( />s & comets & nebul4 ,an adequate idea ( ! progress a/ronomy is n[ mak+ by aid ( photography c only be =m$ by a compreh5sive view ( all t is be+ at pres5t attempt$2 b a rapid glance at "s ( ! "w may prep>e ! way = a m ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 ! a/ronom]s :o _h advanc$ _! sci5ce by aid ( photography 7 few 9 numb]1 & _! results are soon enum]at$4 ,"s good pictures ( ! sol> corona tak5 dur+ sol> eclipses1 a s]ies or two ( sun-spot photographs1 & a v limit$ numb] ( successful attempts made ^u ! moon1 & planets1 & /> clu/]s1 7 all ! fruits ( _! labors4 ,b n[ ea* mon? we le>n ( "s new & effici5t labor] 9 ?is field1 :i* gives promise ( s ri* a h>ve/4 ,ea* day ! sun is photograph$ at ,gre5wi*1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 9 ,india1 & at ! ,physical ,obs]vatory ( ,potsdam1 & ?us a sure record is obta9$ ( all ! spots ^u its surface1 :i* may s]ve = ! /udy ( ! p]iodicity ( its *anges1 & = _! probable connection ) ! important ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism & meteorology4 ,9 ,france ! spl5did sun-pictures obta9$ by ,dr4 ,janss5 at ! ,physical ,obs]vatory ( ,meudon h ?r[n into ! %ade all o!r attempts at a photographic /udy ( ! mo/ delicate features ( ! sol> surface4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s has %[n t x is possible to obta9 a daily photographic record ( ! sol> prom95ces1 & only lately he has secur$ results t ju/ifi$ a special exp$ition to ! ,alps to photograph ! sun's corona1 & he has n[ mov$ ! ,admiralty to grant a subsidy to ,dr4 ,gill1 ! gov]nm5t a/ronom] at ! ,cape1 by aid ( :i* ,mr4 ,woods c c>ry on ! exp]im5ts t 7 s enc\rag+ la/ summ] 9 ,switz]l&4 ,we may1 !n1 reasonably hope to obta9 be=e long a daily picture ( ! sun & a photographic record ( its prom95ces1 & ev5 ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! sol> corona2 b ! preci\s mom5ts ( ea* sol> eclipse w always be invaluable = pictur+ ^? wondr\s details 9 ! corona t are n[ %[n u by photography1 & :i* c be obta9$ by photography alone4 ,aga91 h[ v mu* is to be le>nt 9 sol> physics f ! m>vel\s photographs ( ! sun's spectrum exhibit$ la/ summ] by ,pr(essor ,r[l&2 photographs t %[ z _m z "o hundr$ & fifty l9es betwe5 ,h & ,k1 & :i* he is /ill labor+ to improve6 ,! ext5sion1 too1 ( ! visible sol> spectrum into ! ultra-violet by ,corun1 ,masc>t1 & o!rs1 adds mu* to our k ( ! sun2 :ile ! photographs ( ,abney 9 ! ultr>$ increase our in=mation 9 a direction less expect$ & c]ta9ly less easy ( atta9m5t4 ,bo? ^! ext5sions we f9d mo/ ably utiliz$ 9 ! rec5t discussion ( ! v int]e/+ photographs ( ! spectra ( ! prom95ces & ( ! corona tak5 dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,may #ah1 #ahhb2 & ! photographic results ( ?is eclipse af=d ample pro( t we c n only obta9 pictures ( ! corona by photography t x w\ld be impossible o!rwise to procure1 b also t 9 a few seconds in=mation conc]n+ ! nature ( ! sol> atmosph]e may be furni%$ by photography t x w\ld o!rwise take c5turies to accumulate1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,! advantages to be ga9$ by accurate photographs ( ! moon & planets1 t w p]mit great enl>gem5ts1 are too obvi\s to call = l5g!n$ notice 9 su* a rapid sket* z ! pres5t2 = x is pr9cipally 9 ! obs]vation ( details t ! eye _c grasp ) ! requir$ delicacy1 or ) suffici5t rapidity1 t photography is s ess5tial = rapid & sure progress4 ,l ! sket*es ( a sol> eclipse1 ! draw+s t are made ( comets1 & /ill m ( nebul1 ev5 by ! mo/ accompli%$ arti/s1 are all1 to say ! lea/1 op5 to d\bt 9 _! delicate details4 ,& ! tru? ( ?is is s obvi\s1 t x is ! express$ op9ion ( an able a/ronom] t a s+le photograph ( ! nebula ( ,orion1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,common1 w\ld be ( m value to po/]ity ?an ! collective draw+s ( ?is int]e/+ object s c>efully made by ,rosse1 ,bond1 ,sec*i1 & s _m o!rs4 ,ano!r mo/ important bran* ( a/ronomy1 t is receiv+ v great att5tion at pres5t1 is ! mapp+ ( ! />ry heav5s2 & h]e9 photography w p]haps d its be/ "w = ! a/ronom]4 ,! trial /> map by ! bro!rs ,h5ry1 ( a portion ( ! ,milky ,way1 :i* !y felt unable to obs]ve satisfactorily by ! ord9>y me?ods1 is s ne> absolute p]fection t x alone proves ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! photographic me?od 9 ! =mation ( /> maps4 ,=tunately ?is subject1 :i* is z va/ z x is fundam5tal1 is be+ tak5 up vigor\sly4 ,! ,h5ries are produc+ a special l5s = ! "w2 ,mr4 ,grubb is con/ruct+ a special ,cassgra9 reflector = ,mr4 ,rob]ts ( ,maghull2 & ! ,admiralty h in/ruct$ ,mr4 ,woods to make ?is "p ( 8 "w at ! ,cape ,obs]vatory1 "u ! able direction ( ,dr4 ,gill4 ,besides /> maps1 clu/]s1 too1 & special portions ( ! heav5s are be+ photograph$ by ! ,rev4 ,t4,e4 ,esp91 ( ,we/ ,kirby2 & su* pictures w be ( ! greate/ value1 n only 9 fix+ ! position at a giv5 date1 b also aid+ 9 ! det]m9ation ( magnitude1 color1 v>iability1 prop] motion1 & ev5 ( ! orbits ( d\ble & multiple />s1 & ! possible discov]y ( new planets & telescopic comets4 ,su* are "s ( ! _m bran*es ( a/ronomy t are receiv+ ! mo/ valuable aid at pres5t f photography2 b ! v value ( ! gift t is be/[$ %\ld make exagg]ation an impossibility4 ,photography c well af=d to be g5]\s1 b x mu/ fir/ be j1 9 its e/imate ( ! "w t has /ill to be done 9 a/ronomy indep5d5tly ( its aid2 & al?\gh ! old] sci5ce po9ts ) j pride to :at is be+ done = h] by h] y\ng] si/]1 /ill %e mu/ n =get t n[1 z 9 ! future1 %e mu/ dep5d l>gely = h] progress1 n only on ! skill ( ! photograph] & ! ma!matician1 b also on ! tra9$ eye & e> & h& ( h] own indefatigable obs]v]s4--,s4,j4 ,p]ry1 ,s4,j41 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,z ,a ,,prev5tive ,,( ,,scale ,,9 ,,boil]s4 ,! m9]al s$im5t t g5]ally /icks to ! sides ( /eam boil]s1 & ! pres5ce ( :i* is fraught ) ! utmo/ dang]1 result+ 9 _m in/ances 9 great injury to life & prop]ty1 besides eat+ away ! sub/ance ( ! iron plate1 0 ref]r$ to 9 a pap] lately read by ,m4 ,jeannolle be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 :i* ! au?or describ$ a new me?od = keep+ boil]s clean4 ,?is me?od is z foll[s3 ,! inside ( a /eam boil] is plac$1 by means ( piles ( a c]ta9 p[]1 9 reciprocal communication1 ! curr5t pass+ at "o end ?r\gh positive1 & at ! o!r ?r\gh negative1 wires4 ,9 incru/$ /eam boil]s1 at a temp]ature rang+ f #bab to #cjj ,fahr41 & a pressure ( f #cj to #ij lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 ! curr5t ?us eng5d]$ decomposes ! accumulat$ salts1 & precipitates !m1 f :i* !y may easily be remov$1 ei!r by means ( a special siphon or by means ( "s o!r me*anical process4 ,:5 boil]s are free f fur1 & :]e x is int5d$ to keep !m free f su*1 a cont9u\s curr5t may be set up1 by means ( :i* ! s$im5t>y salts may be decompos$1 & a precipitate produc$ 9 a pulv]iz$ =m1 :i* c be remov$ ) equal facility4 ,f a s]ies ( m9ute exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,jeannolle1 x appe>s t 9 ord] to r5d] ! v>i\s actions ( electricity1 p]fect1 x is necess>y to coat ei!r ) r$ lead or ) pulv]iz$ iron1 or ) any o!r conductor ( electricity1 an op]ation :i* mu/ be repeat$ :5ev] ! boil] is empti$ ) a view to clean+ out4 ,! above sy/em ,is be+ advantage\sly appli$ 9 ,calais = remov+ ! incru/ations ( boil]s4 ,! two poles ( a batt]y ( t5 to twelve ,buns5 elem5ts are appli$ to ! ends ( ! boil]s1 & aft] ?irty to =ty h\rs ! deposits fall f ! sides to ! bottom4 ,:5 a boil] has be5 ?us cle>$1 ! =mation ( new deposits may be prev5t$ by apply+ a mu* less en]getic curr5t "u ! same conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alphabet ,,design$ ,,by ,,godfrey ,,sykes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,decorative ,,art4--,,alphabet ,,design$ ,,by ,,godfrey ,,sykes4 ,among ! _m designs :i* h be5 issu$ by ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum au?orities is ! alphabet :i* we h illu/rat$ "h to-day4 ,! lett]s appe> frequ5tly among ! decorations ( ! museum build+s1 especially 9 ! refre%m5t rooms & ! ,c]amic gall]y1 :]e long inscriptions 9 glaz$ t]ra cotta =m ornam5tal friezes4 ,! alphabet has also be5 engrav$ to sev]al sizes1 & is us$ = ! initial lett]s 9 ! v>i\s (ficial books & art publications relat+ to ! museum1 :i* are publi%$ by ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4--,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,old ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,gate ,?is gate =ms ! entrance to ,scrapt(t ,hall1 a build+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 n[ ! seat ( ,capta9 ,b>clay1 & :i* /&s at ab\t five miles f ,leice/]1 ,engl&4--,! ,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,brief ,,sanit>y ,,matt]s ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,isolat$ ,,c\ntry ,,h\ses4#d ,footnote #d3 ,read be=e ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,april #ahhd ,j\rnal ,a4 ( ,e4 ,societies4 ,by ,e4,w4 ,,b[dit*1 ,c4,e4 ,i am unable to tell y :at is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/ practice1 = ,i am n sure !re are any def9itely e/abli%$ rules2 !re=e ,i c only expla9 my ways ( do+ su* "w1 :i*1 ?\gh ,i try to make z complete & at ! same "t z simple z possible1 ,i "k to be f> f p]fect4 ,plumb+ & dra9age "w has gr[n up unconsci\sly ) my l&scape g>d5+1 & n f9d+ any texts or practice t seem$ :olly satisfactory1 ,i h be5 =c$ to devise new arrangem5ts f "t to "t1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! case 9 h&4 ,to give all ! details ( h\se plumb+ ?is ev5+1 or any "o ev5+1 w\ld be impossible1 = lack ( "t1 & n wor? :ile ev5 if !re 0 "t1 z mu* ( x w\ld prove matt] ( little or no int]e/4 ,i w conf9e my rem>ks1 !re=e1 to c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! "w :]e my practice diff]s1 ,i believe1 ess5tially f t ( mo/ eng9e]s1 & :]e p]haps my exp]i5ce1 if ( no assi/ance to o!r memb]s ( ! ,society1 may excite _! fri5dly criticism 9 su* a way z to help me4 ,!re are two k9ds ( c\ntry places t ,i am liable to be call$ ^u to prescribe =3 ,fir/4 ,a new place :]e no?+ has be5 arrang$4 ,second4 ,an old place :]e ! occupants h be5 tr\bl$ ei!r by _! outside arrangem5ts or by fixtures or pipes )94 ,"u ! fir/ head let u suppose a small tract ( p]haps two acres ( l& 9 "s inl& t[n1 :]e ! family int5ds to live b six mon?s 9 ! ye>1 ?\gh !y are liable to reside !re ! :ole twelve4 ,!re are no sew]s & no public wat]4 ,! soil is a /iff1 ret5tive clay1 r wet 9 spr+4 ,! desire is express$ to h plumb+ & dra9age t %all be z inexp5sive z possible1 b t %all be entirely safe4 ,9 consid]+ ! arrangem5ts inside ! h\se1 ,i f9d myself 9 ! same pr$icam5t z ! ,fr5* surgeon1 a speciali/ ^u sett+ ! bones ( ! arm1 :o1 :5 a pati5t 0 br\ght him ) 8 "r arm broke1 express$ 8 sorr[ at be+ unable to be ( assi/ance1 z 8 specialty 0 ! left arm4 ,i h endeavor$ to po/ myself ?or\ghly ^u h\se plumb+1 b confess to only kn[+ p>tially ab\t ! wa/es2 ! supplies ,i d n feel compet5t to pass ^u4 ,"o class ( annoyance caus$ by plumb+1 p]haps ! pr9cipal "o1 is due to ! soil pipe or "s ( its fitt+s4 ,second quality ( iron1 poor hang+1 insuffici5t calk+1 c>eless me*anics1 putty1 cem5t1 rag1 or pap] jo9ts--all ^! & a doz5 o!r ?+s are liable to be s\rces ( tr\ble4 ,subord9ate wa/es are apt to be annoy+1 occasionally1 too1 to a less ext5t4 ,! me*anical "w c always be sup]9t5d$1 & )9 c]ta9 limits may be made secure & tight2 n s easy1 h[ev]1 ) ! mat]ials4 ,!re is seldom a valid excuse = ev] mak+ wa/e pipes1 )9 a build+1 ( any?+ b metal4 ,e>!n tile is frequ5tly us$2 also1 to a limit$ ext5t1 brick1 /one1 & wood2 twice ,i h f\nd canvas--all ^!1 h[ev]1 are inf]ior1 & %\ld nev] be accept$ or specifi$4 ,! writ] believes t at ! pres5t "t1 h]eab\ts1 lead & iron are m us$ = wa/es ?an any o!r mat]ials1 & are f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory on ! :ole4 ,"o or two arrangem5ts1 relative to ! wa/es1 ,i h made use ( t are n1 s f> z kn[n1 9 g5]al use1 & t may n be ! be/1 ?\gh !y h s]v$ me _m good turns1 & ,i h n succe$$ 9 devis+ any bett]4 ,soil pipe1 z x is usually put 91 is apt to be ( ca/ iron1 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & is kn[n 9 ! m>ket z heavy or extra heavy4 ,= "s ye>s ! t>-coat$ or black enamel$ pipe has be5 ! favorite1 z be+ ! m reliable1 ! writ] 9 common ) o!rs mak+ use ( ! same freely1 until "o day a crack$ elb[1 t> coat$1 0 detect$4 ,s9ce t "t pla91 unt>r$ pipe has be5 specifi$1 & subject$ to ! s-call$ k]os5e te/1 :i* consi/s ( swabb+ out ea* pipe ) k]os5e or oil & !n all[+ x to /& = a few h\rs4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w conv9ce any "o t :5 a pipe is asphalt$ or t> coat$ x is v difficult to detect ei!r s& holes or small cracks1 & ! difficulty ( prop] calk+ is increas$1 z lead does n cl+ s well to ! t> z to pla9 iron4 ,at pres5t1 ! k]os5e te/1 s f> z ! writ] is conc]n$1 is a misnom]1 because raw l9se$ oil is us$ exclusively z giv+ m satisfactory results1 & be+ less tr\blesome to apply4 ,i h "h a l5g? ( ! ord9>y heavy #d comm]cial soil pipe1 pla91 & select$ at r&om4 ,ye/]day noon ,i _h x oil$ at my (fice1 9 ord] to be ready = to-night1 & y see1 by ! *alk m>ks ,i h made1 j :]e ! leaks 7 & _! area4 ,i may say "h t a s\nd pipe ( ?is calib] & /&>d weight is ! exception r ?an ! rule1 & x 0 select$ = ?is exp]im5t m]ely to try & %[ ! reaction a little bett] ?an ! heavi] pipe might4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is nature ,i h c>ri$ along = ! pa/ two ye>s1 & ,i am glad to say t1 s9ce ,i began1 ! quality ( ! soil pipe furni%$ by ! deal]s = my "w seems appreciably bett] ?an at fir/4 ,:e!r ! poor] pipe is /ill made & sold to o!r cu/om]s ,i h no means ( kn[+2 probably x is1 h[ev]4 ,a l>ge quantity ( ! pipe is n[ be+ te/$ at my sugge/ion by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,con/ruction ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 at ,baltimore4 ,i h n yet he>d ! results f him1 b d\btless !y w be int]e/+4 ,a brief summ>y ( ! results may be ( "s int]e/4 ,! diff]5t mak]s ( soil pipe g5]ally us$ by plumb]s h]eab\ts are3 ,mott ,company1 ,ab5dro?1 ,blakslee1 ,dighton1 ,phillips ,we$51 & ,b>tlett1 ,hayw>d ,co4 ,on #d extra heavy pipe my results h be5 z foll[s3 ,p]c5tage pass$ z good1 s+le hub4 #fj p] ct4 to #gj p] ct4 ,p]c5tage pass$ z good1 d\ble4 #bj p] ct4 to #hj p] ct4 ,p]c5tage pass$ special ca/+s1 includ+ ,y's & ,t's4 #fj p] ct4 #e pipe extra heavy3 ,p]c5tage pass$ z good1 s+le hub4 #be p] ct4 to #ce p] ct4 ,p]c5tage pass$ z good1 d\ble4 ,no record4 ,p]c5tage special ca/+s1 includ+ ,y's & ,t's4 #fj p] ct4 ,x has be5 /at$ to me by deal]s t ! t> coat+ does away ) ! necessity ( any su* te/ z ! oil2 :ile ,i am n prep>$ to ackn[l$ge or d5y ! /atem5t1 x is well kn[n t mu* poor pipe is t>-coat$ & sold 9 ! m>ket z good1 & :5 coat$ x is almo/ impossible to detect any b v defective "w4 ,! price cu/om]s are oblig$ to pay = soil pipe1 ei!r heavy or extra heavy1 is v high inde$1 ev5 tak+ (f ! disc\nts1 & am\nts 7z ,i figure x7 to #gj p] long ton = #d pipe4 ,! pres5t rate = ! be/ wat] pipe ( ! same calib] is ab\t #ch 7n[ #bi7 p] long ton1 & ! additional *>ge = soil pipe %\ld gu>antee ! v be/ iron 9 ! m>ket1 ?\gh x appe>s to be r>ely furni%$4 ,x is ass]t$ t all soil pipe is te/$ to a #ej-p\nd wat] pressure4 ,i beg leave to "q ! absolute tru? ( ?is1 unless x be ackn[l$g$ t pipe is sold indiscrim9ately1 :e!r x be>s ! te/ or n1 = m ?an once ,i h f\nd a s+le l5g? ( soil pipe 7#e feet7 t c\ld n be> ! pressure ( a column ( wat] ( its own height )\t leak+4 ,hav+ obta9$ a satisfactory lot ( soil pipe & fitt+s1 ! next tr\ble comes ) ! lead calk+4 ,un=tunately1 x is frequ5tly f\nd t v %all[ jo9ts are made in/ead ( deep ones1 & h>d lead us$ in/ead ( s(t4 ,my rule is1 s(t lead1 two runn+s & two calk+s4 ,by s(t lead ,i mean pig lead1 & by h>d lead ,i mean old pipe & scrap lead t may h be5 melt$ a doz5 times4 ,incid5tally x may be rem>k$ t x is q difficult to calk a tight jo9t on ! heavy pipe2 ! process w crack ! hub4 ,! fixtures us$ 9 a h\se are ( m9or importance--!re are doz5s ( good patt]ns ( e class4 ,if !y are c>efully put 91 & provid$ ) suitable traps plac$ j z close to ! fixture z possible1 ! result w usually be satisfactory4 ,v few in/ances occur :]e traps are plac$ z close to ! fixtures !y s]ve z !y might be1 & yet a v %ort l5g? ( untrapp$ pipe1 :5 f\l$1 w sometimes smell dreadfully4 ,a set b[l ) trap two feet away may become 9 "t a great nuisance if n prop]ly us$4 ,a case 9 po9t :]e ! fixture 0 us$ bo? z a b[l & a ur9al 0 9 a few mon?s exce$+ly (f5sive--a fact l>gely 7?\gh n :olly7 due to its d\ble s]vice4 ,i h nev] met two sanit>ians :o agre$ ^u ! same wat]-closets1 b[ls1 faucets1 traps1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 ! soil pipe w be c>ri$1 ( full size1 ?r\gh ! ro(1 & suffici5tly high to cle> all w9d[s4 ,avoid multiplicity ( fixtures or pipes2 cut (f all fixtures n us$ at lea/ twice a week1 le/ _! traps dry out2 h all plumb+ z simple z possible1 & try & get x all locat$ s t outside air c be got directly into all closets & ba?-rooms4 ,z f> z possible1 set y\r fixtures 9 glass r ?an tiles or wood4 ,c>ry ! l[] end ( ! ma9 dra9 at lea/ five feet beyond ! cell> walls ( ! build+1 ( ca/ iron4 ,let u n[ look at ! outside "w4 ,! ma9 dra9 7c>ry+ ev]y?+ except ! kit*5 & pantry s9ks7 goes ?r\gh a v5tilat$ runn+ trap4 ,an indirect fre% air inlet is provid$ on ! h\se side ( ! trap 7example71 to prev5t annoyance f puff+ or pump+1 or1 bett] /ill1 a pipe correspond+ to ! soil pipe is c>ri$ up on ! outside ( ! h\se4 ,! runn+ trap v5tilator %\ld be ( ! same diamet] z ! ma9 dra9 7#d in*71 & s]ve z a ma9 dra9 v5t also4 ,c>ry ?is pipe on ! outside ( ! h\se z high z ! top ( ! *imney4 ,a grease-trap %\ld be provid$ = ! kit*5 & pantry s9ks4 ,=m]ly my cu/om 0 to put 9 brick receptacles2 x is n[ to put 9 ,portl& cem5t traps 7,h5d]son patt]n71 ?\gh p]haps ,i may succe$ 9 devis+ a ca/-iron "o t w answ] bett]4 ,! brick ones 7 occasionally heav$ by ! fro/1 & crack$2 ! ,portl& cem5t ones answ] bett]1 & :5 ?or\ghly pa9t$ ) r$ lead d n soak an appreciable quantity ( sewage to be (f5sive1 b are too high pric$ 7#bh ea*74 ,i h made "o or two patt]ns = ca/-iron ones1 b none z yet t ,i feel satisfi$ )4 ,beyond ! runn+ trap an ,akron pipe %\ld convey ! sewage to a tank or cesspool4 ,our supposable case is ! second mo/ difficult to take c>e (4 ,! wor/ w\ld be l$ge4 ,we h to cont5d )1 h[ev]1 h>d1 wet1 imp]vi\s clay4 ,! be/ way und\bt$ly is to und]dra9 ! l&1 & !n to di/ribute ! sewage on ! pr9ciple ( int]mitt5t d[nw>d filtration4 ,?is is r exp5sive1 & a cu/om] is r>ely will+ to pay ! bills = ! same4 ,i %\ld always advise x z ! be/2 b :]e n all[$ to d s1 ,i h _h fair success ) %all[ ,fr5* dra9s connect+ ) ! tank or cesspool4 ,siphon tanks1 su* z are advis$ by _m sanit>ians1 t 7 us$ fir/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,w>+1 ,i h n be5 v successful )4 ,ob/ructions get into ! siphon & /op x up1 or x gets *ok$ ) grease4 ,i pref] a tight tank1 provid$ ) a tell-tale1 & t is to be op5$ ei!r by a valve op]at$ by h&1 or t is arrang$ ) a /&+ ov]fl[ l a ba? tub1 & t c be rais$ & secur$ by a hook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sanit>y ,,cook+4#e ,footnote #e3 ,read be=e ! ,indiana ,/ate ,sanit>y ,society1 ,seym\r1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahhd4--,! ,sanit>ian4 ,by ,,virg9ia ,l4 ,,opp5heim]1 ,m4,d41 ,seym\r1 ,ind4 ,we may live )\t poetry1 music1 & art1 ,we may live )\t consci5ce1 & live )\t he>t1 ,we may live )\t fri5ds1 ,we may live )\t books1 ,b civiliz$ man _c live )\t cooks4 ,we may live )\t books-- ,:at is k b griev+8 ,we may live )\t hope-- ,:at is hope b deceiv+8 ,we may live )\t love--:at is passion b p9+8 ,b :]e is ! man t c live )\t d9+8 ,?us sai? ! poet1 & =?) turns ! _w ov] into ! h&s ( ! cook4 ,& into :at bett] h&s c\ld y fall8 ,to y1 my fat1 jolly1 f\r-meals-a-day fri5d1 ,mr4 ,g\rm&1 b m especially to y1 my somb]1 lean1 dyspeptic1 two-meals-a-day fri5d1 ,mr4 ,grumbl]1 ! cook is inde$ a valuable fri5d4 ,! cook wields a scept] t is only second 9 p[] to t ( love2 & ev5 love has become s\r$ ?r\gh ! evil in/rum5tality ( ! good-look+ or bad-cook+ cook4 ,?is is no je/1 x is a v sad fact4 ,n[1 ! "q arises1 h[ c ! cook pres]ve ! heal? ( h] patrons1 ma9ta9 happ9ess 9 ! family1 & yet n ?r[ ! g\rm&s into bankruptcy8 ,v simple1 ,i assure y4 #a4 ,y mu/ h ! cook4 ,i mean by ?is1 t n e "o c occupy t important (fice4 ,! greate/ consid]ation 9 ! qualities ( a cook is1 does %e l ! "w8 ,no "o c fulfill ! duties ( any notewor?y (fice unless he labors at !m ) vim & will+ness4 #b4 ,y mu/ h good articles ( food orig9ally4 #c4 ,z our hone/ ,iago said1 ,y mu/ h *ange4 ,:5 "o arrives at adult age1 he %\ld h le>n$ by exp]i5ce :at articles ( food d1 & :at articles ( food d n1 agree ) him1 & to %un ! latt]1 no matt] h[ da9tily s]v$ or h[ tempt+ ! circum/ances4 ,! man :o kn[s t pates de foie gras1 or ! liv]s ( abnormally fatt5$ geese1 disagree ) him1 & /ill eats !m1 is n to be piti$ :5 all ! horrors ( dyspepsia ov]take him4 ,! cook+ ( any article ( food has evid5tly mu*1 v mu*1 to d ) its dige/ibility4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to tea* cook+1 b m]ely to give "s g5]al h9ts z to ! be/ z well z ! simple/ me?ods ( prep>+ /aple articles ( food4 ,! same articles ( food c & %\ld be prep>$ diff]5tly on ea* day ( ! week4 ,*anges ( diet are too likely to be und]e/imat$4 ,by con/ant *ange ! dige/ive organs 9 ! av]age p]son are prev5t$ f hav+ t repulsion ( food :i*1 to a great] or less ext5t1 is likely to result f a sam5ess ( diet cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,we (t5 he> f our sci5tific m5 t ?is or t article ( food is excell5t = muscle1 ano!r = bra91 ano!r = bone1 etc41 etc4 ,n[1 /ubborn facts are l /one walls1 aga9/ :i* !ories (t5 butt out _! beauty & _! p[]4 ,x is well kn[n to almo/ e "o n[adays t well-cook$ food1 :e!r x be potatoes1 meat & bread1 fi%1 or any?+ else wor?y ! "n ( food1 w well ma9ta91 indef9itely1 ei!r ! philosoph] or ! hodc>ri]4 ,_m ( y "k1 & all ( y ought to "k1 t ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts ( ne>ly all our foods are />* & album54 ,/>* is ! pr9cipal nutritive +r$i5t ( vegetables & bread/uffs4 ,album5 is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( meats1 eggs1 milk1 & o!r animal d]ivatives4 ,/>* nev] ent]s ! sy/em z />*1 b mu/ fir/ be conv]t$ into sug> ei!r 9 ! body or out ( x4 ,! process ( ?is trans=mation ( />* into sug> is beautifully exemplifi$ 9 c]ta9 plants1 su* z ! beet1 ! s-call$ sug> cane1 & o!r gr[?s4 ,! "y plant is1 to a great ext5t1 compos$ ( />*2 z ! plant gr[s old]1 a sub/ance is produc$ :i* is call$ dia/ase4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ?is dia/ase ! />* is conv]t$ into a peculi> non-cry/allizable sub/ance call$ dextr9e1 & z ! plant matures1 ?is dextr9e is trans=m$ into cry/allizable sug>4 ,dextr9e is a sub/ance t c be produc$ f />* by ! action ( dilute acids1 alkalies1 & malt extract1 & by roa/+ x at a temp]ature betwe5 #bhd & #ccj ,f41 till x is ( a light br[n color1 & has ! odor ( ov]bak$ bread4 ,a simple =m ( dextr9e may be f\nd 9 ! br[n cru/ ( bread--t sweeti% sub/ance t gives ! cru/ its agreeable flavor4 ,pure dextr9e is an insipid1 odorless1 yell[i%-:ite1 transluc5t sub/ance1 :i* dissolves 9 wat] almo/ z readily z sug>4 ,z /at$ above1 x is easily conv]t$ into dextrose1 or glucose1 z x is usually nam$4 ,?is glucose is (t5 sold "u ! "n ( sug>1 & is ! same aga9/ :i* s _m ( ! newspap]s wag$ su* a w> a ye> or two ago4 ,^! critics 7 evid5tly1 = ! mo/ "p1 p]sons :o knew little ab\t ! subject4 ,glucose1 if free f sulphuric acid or o!r *emicals1 is z h>mless z any o!r =m ( sug>4 ,mo/ ( our c&ies conta9 m or less ( x1 & are 9 e way z satisfactory z :5 manufactur$ :olly f o!r sug>s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 self-evid5t t1 z sug> is a necess>y article ( food1 ! process :i* aids ! trans=mation ( our />*y foods mu/ necess>ily aid dige/ion4 ,d n und]/& me to say by ?is t1 if all our />*y foods 7 conv]t$ into sug>1 _! dige/ion w\ld !reby be complet$4 ,z ,i /at$ a mom5t ago1 ?is sweet food1 if tak5 into ! /oma* day aft] day1 w\ld soon cause t p>ticul> organ to rebel aga9/ ?is sam5ess ( diet4 ,9 ord] ! m cle>ly to illu/rate ?is po9t1 ,i w briefly %[ y h[ "s ( ! e-day articles ( food c be ea* day diff]5tly prep>$1 & ?us be r5d]$ m palatable1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 m dige/ible2 = x is a demon/rat$ fact t savory foods are f> m easily dige/$ ?an ! same foods unsavor$4 ,! art ( s]v+ & arrang+ di%es = ! table is an accompli%m5t 9 itself4 ,x is v reasonable t all ?+s t g to make up beauty & h>mony at ! d9n] table %\ld add _! full quota to ! appetite1 &1 ,i 0 ab\t to say1 to ! dige/ion2 b w qualify ! /atem5t by say+1 to ! dige/ion if ! appetite be n porc9e4 ,our commone/ article ( food is ! potato4 ,let u see h[ potatoes--:i* conta9 only tw5ty p] c5t4 ( />*1 z aga9/ eighty-eight p] c5t4 9 rice1 & sixty-six p] c5t4 9 :eat fl\r--c be prep>$ z j m5tion$4 ,we w look = a mom5t at ! mann] 9 :i* !y are usually s]v$ by ! av]age cook3 #a1 boil$ ) _! jackets on2 #b1 roa/$ 9 ! emb]s2 #c1 roa/$ ) meat2 #d1 fri$2 #e1 ma%$2 #f1 salad4 #a4 ,potatoes boil$ 9 _! jackets are excell5t if prop]ly prep>$4 ,b !re's ! rub4 ,! tr\ble is1 !y are too (t5 all[$ to boil sl[ly & too long1 & ?us become wat]-soak$1 soggy1 & solid1 & proportionately indige/ible4 ,!y %\ld be put ov] a brisk fire1 & kept at a brisk boil till done2 !n dra9 (f ! wat]1 spr9kle a little salt ov] !m1 & return to ! fire a mom5t to dry ?or\ghly1 :5 y w f9d !m bur/+ ) _! :ite1 mealy cont5ts4 #b4 ,roa/$ potatoes are g5]al favorites1 & v dige/ible4 ,a m agreeable flavor is imp>t$ to !m if roa/$ 9 hot emb]s 7wood fire71 c>e be+ us$ to keep !m cov]$ ) ! hot emb]s4 #c4 ,fri$ potatoes1 z !y are v g5]ally s]v$1 are almo/ z dige/ible z rocks1 b n s tempt+ 9 all _! grease-dripp+ beauty z ! latt]4 ,_m ( y h d\btless se5 ! potatoes neatly slic$ & dump$ into a fry+ pan full ( hot l>d1 :]e !y 7 p]mitt$ to s9k or float1 & soak & sob = ab\t a half h\r or m4 ,:5 s]v$1 !y pres5t$ ! picturesque spectacle ( m9iature potato isl&s float+ at lib]ty 9 a sea ( yell[ grease4 ,n[1 if any ( y c reli% & dige/ su* a mess z t1 ,i w\ld advise y to leave ?is clime1 & eat tall[ c&les ) ! ,esquimaux4 ,if y are fond ( fri$ potatoes1 cook !m 9 ?is way3 ,take :at boil$ potatoes are left f breakfa/ or d9n]2 :5 cold1 remove ! jackets1 & cut into ?9 slices1 season ) salt1 pepp]1 & a little ,cay5ne2 h ready a hot fry+ pan1 ) en\gh meat dripp+s or sweet l>d to cov] ! bottom2 put 9 ! potatoes & fry a ri* br[n1 /irr+ con/antly ) a knife to prev5t burn+4 ,s]ve v hot4 #d4 ,ma%$ potatoes w be discuss$ fur!r on4 #e4 ,potato salads are appetiz+ & piquant1 because !y are usually made up ) /rong condim5ts1 onions1 etc4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 n v dige/ible 9 !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 !y are s palatable t we _c easily disp5se ) !m2 b1 aft] eat+ !m1 if y expect to h inw>d peace1 ei!r split wood1 walk eight & a half miles1 or take "s o!r light ex]cise4 ,m palatable1 & proportionately dige/ible1 are ! foll[+ me?ods ( cook+ ?is useful vegetable3 #a1 ,s>atoga potatoes2 #b1 a la maitre d'hotel2 #c1 potato croquettes2 #d1 potatoes & cream2 #e1 a la ,lyonnaise4 #a4 ,= ,s>atogas1 p>e & slice y\r potatoes z ?9 z possible1 dropp+ !m into cold wat] 9 :i* is dissolv$ a t9y piece ( alum to make !m crisp4 ,let !m rema9 9 ! wat] = an h\r or long]4 ,dra91 & wipe p]fectly dry ) a tea t[el4 ,h ready a quantity ( boil+ l>d4 ,drop !m 91 & fry a delicate br[n4 ,dra9 all grease f !m1 spr9kle ) salt1 & s]ve4 ,"h1 9 ! crisp slices1 y w h ! mu* desir$ dextr9e4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 y\r potato is already half dige/$4 ,eat ?ree or f\r potatoes prep>$ ?us1 & y feel no inconv5i5ce2 b h[ w\ld y feel did y dev\r ?ree soggy1 wat]-soak$ boil$ potatoes8 #b4 ,= a la maitre d'hotel1 p>e ! potatoes1 cut into pieces half an in* wide1 & ! l5g? ( ! potato2 drop into cold wat] until want$ 7an h\r or s72 !n dra91 & fry 9 boil+ l>d4 ,j z !y beg9 to br[n take !m out ) a skimm]2 let !m slightly cool2 !n put back1 & fry a ri* br[n4 ,?is makes !m puff up1 & v attractive4 #c4 ,= croquettes1 take f9ely ma%$ potatoes1 & mix ) salt1 pepp]1 & butt]1 & sweet milk or cream en\gh to moi/5 ?or\ghly4 ,mix ) ?is "o well-beat5 egg1 & =m into small balls1 tak+ c>e to h !m smoo?4 ,h ready "o plate ) a beat5 egg ^u x1 & ano!r ) crack] crumbs4 ,dip ea* ball into ! egg1 & !n into ! crumbs1 & br[n nicely4 ,lay ! croquettes on br[n pap] fir/1 to get rid ( any sup]flu\s grease1 !n s]ve on a napk94 #d4 ,potatoes & cream are prep>$ by m9c+ cold boil$ potatoes f9e1 putt+ !m 9 a spid] ) a little melt$ butt] 9 x1 & lett+ !m fry slightly1 keep+ !m well cov]$4 ,add a v small piece ( fre% butt]1 season ) pepp] & salt1 & p\r ov] !m cream or ri* milk4 ,let !m boil up once1 & s]ve4 ,?is is a v nice di%1 & may be safely tak5 into delicate /oma*s4 #e4 ,a la ,lyonnaise is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,take five cold potatoes1 "o onion1 butt]1 salt1 & pepp]4 ,slice ! onion f9ely1 & fry x 9 butt] until x beg9s to take color2 add ! slic$ potatoes1 salt & pepp] to ta/e1 & keep %ak+ ! saucepan until !y are some:at br[n$4 ,s]ve hot4 ,a few r&om rem>ks ab\t ! prep>ation ( album9\s foods4 ,if ! album5 9 food is h>d5$ by prolong$ cook+1 x is r5d]$ less in/ead ( m dige/ible4 ,!re=e1 ! s-call$ well-cook$ meats are really badly-cook$ meats4 ,meats %\ld be only half done1 or r>e4 ,to d ?is prop]ly1 x is necess>y to cook ) a quick fire4 ,/eaks %\ld be broil$1 n fri$4 ,i am 9 accord ) a well-kn[n orator1 :o said1 rec5tly1 t ! p]son :o fries a /eak %\ld be arre/$ = cruelty to humanity4 ,"s few meats %\ld always be well cook$ be=e eat+4#f ,footnote #f3 ,^! are ! exceptions4 ,pork1 on acc\nt ( ! preval5ce ( disease 9 hogs1 %\ld be well done4 ,! same law holds good ) eggs z ) meats4 ,a h>d-boil$ egg is only fit = ! /oma* ( an o/ri*2 x 0 nev] int5d$ by nature to adorn ! human /oma*4 ,!re are v _m ways ( prep>+ eggs--by fry+1 bak+1 poa*+1 %irr+1 etc4 ,i w only describe briefly a few simple me?ods ( mak+ omelets4 ,9 mak+ ?is elegant di%1 nev] use m ?an ?ree eggs to an omelet4 ,pla9 omelet3 ,sep>ate ! :ites & yolks2 add a teaspoonful ( wat] to ! :ites1 & beat to a /iff fro?2 add to ! yolks a teaspoonful ( wat]1 & beat until light2 !n season ) salt1 & ab\t two tablespoonfuls ( cream or ri* milk4 ,h y\r spid] v hot2 turn y\r :ites & yolks toge!r1 & /ir lightly to mix !m2 place a bit ( butt] 9 ! spid]1 & imm$iately p\r 9 y\r eggs4 ,:5 set 7:i* takes f t5 to tw5ty seconds1 & be c>eful t x does n br[n too mu*71 fold toge!r 9 a half moon1 remove x1 spr9kle ) p[d]$ sug>1 & s]ve on a hot plate4 ,x %\ld be eat5 imm$iately4 ,fruit omelets are made by plac+ pres]v$ fruits or jellies betwe5 ! folds4 ,bak$ omelets are prep>$ z above1 ) ! addition ( plac+ 9 ! ov5 & all[+ to br[n slightly4 ,fr5* omelet is prep>$ 9 ?is way3 ,take a half cup ( boil+ milk ) a half teaspoonful ( butt] melt$ 9 x2 p\r ?is ov] "o-half cup ( bread crumbs 7light bread72 add salt1 pepp]1 & ! yolks ( ?ree eggs beat5 v light2 mix ?or\ghly2 & la/ly1 add ! :ites :ipp$ to a /iff fro?4 ,/ir lightly1 & fry 9 butt]4 ,:5 ne>ly done1 fold toge!r 9 a half moon1 & s]ve imm$iately4 ,& ?us we might cont9ue ad inf9itum1 b1 z 0 /at$ be=e1 x is n my object to in/ruct y 9 special cook+1 b to illu/rate 9 ?is mann] h[ mu* easi] x is1 to bo? ! cook & y\r /oma*s1 to prep>e heal?ful di%es ?an to d ! rev]se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,to ,,dige/ ,,diff]5t ,,foods4 ,! ,monitor de la ,salud conta9s 9 a rec5t numb] ! results ( "s exp]im5ts lately made by ,e4 ,jess5 on ! "t requir$ = ! dige/ion ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food4 ,! /oma* ( ! p]son on :om ! exp]im5ts 7 made 0 empti$ by means ( a pump2 #ajj grammes1 equal to #a1edd gra9s1 or ab\t #b-b_/c ounces1 ( meat1 f9ely *opp$ & mix$ ) ?ree times ! quantity ( wat]1 7 introduc$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 consid]$ end$ :5 ! matt]1 on removal by ! pump1 0 f\nd to conta9 no muscul> fibre4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! gramme weighs ne>ly #ae-a_/b gra9s1 & ! cubic c5tigramme is equal to #a gramme4 ,! #b-b_/c ounces ( meat 7 !re=e mix$ ) ne>ly eight ounces ( wat]1 be=e be+ introduc$ into ! /oma*4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,beef1 raw1 & f9ely *opp$4 #b h\rs4 half cook$4 #b well cook$4 #c slightly roa/$4 #c well roa/$4 #d ,mutton1 raw4 #b ,veal4 #b ,pork4 #c ,! dige/ibility ( milk 0 exam9$ 9 ! same way4 ,! quantity us$ 0 regulat$ s t ! nitrog5 %\ld be ! same z 9 ! #ajj grammes ( beef4 #fjb cubic c5timet]s1 ne>ly sixte5 ounces1 ( c['s milk1 n boil$1 requir$4 #c h\rs #fjb cubic c5timet]s1 boil$4 #d #fjb s\r4 #c #fge skimm$4 #c #fef goat's milk1 n boil$4 #c 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,organization ,,& ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey4#g ,footnote #g3 ,communicat$ to ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ! ,octob] meet+ 9 #ahhd4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,,p[ell4 ,a ,sci5tific in/itution or bureau op]at+ "u gov]nm5t au?ority c be controll$ by /atute & by sup]ior adm9i/rative au?ority b to a limit$ ext5t4 ,^! op]ations are practically c>ri$ on by speciali/s1 & !y c be controll$ only 9 _! f9ancial op]ations & 9 ! g5]al purposes = :i* inve/igations are made4 ,_! me?ods ( inve/igation are _! own--orig9ate ) !mselves1 & are c>ri$ out by !mselves4 ,b 9 relation to ! sci5tific op]ations ( su* a gov]nm5t in/itution1 !re is an un(ficial au?ority :i*1 ?\gh n imm$iately felt1 ultimately /eps 9 to approve or condemn1 viz41 ! body ( sci5tific m5 ( ! c\ntry2 & ?\gh _! au?ority is n ex]cis$ antec$5tly & at e /age ( ! "w1 yet x is s pot5t t no national sci5tific in/itution c gr[ & prosp] )\t _! approval1 b mu/ soon] or lat] fall & p]i% unless su/a9$ by _! /rong influ5ce4 ,z director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ,i deeply realize t ,i owe allegiance to ! sci5tific m5 ( ! c\ntry1 & = ?is reason ,i desire to pres5t to ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces ! organization & plan ( op]ations ( ! ,survey4 ,a ,,topographic ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/atus4 ,s\nd geologic rese>* is bas$ on geography4 ,)\t a good topographic map geology _c ev5 be ?or\ghly /udi$1 & ! publication ( ! results ( geologic inve/igation is v imp]fect )\t a good map2 b ) a good map ?or\gh inve/igation & simple1 intelligible publication become possible4 ,impell$ by ^! consid]ations1 ! ,survey is mak+ a topographic map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! geographic basis ( ?is map is a trigonometric survey by :i* datum po9ts are e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 t is1 base-l9es are measur$ & a triangulation ext5d$ !refrom4 ,?is trigonometric "w is execut$ on a scale only suffici5tly ref9$ = map-mak+ purposes1 & w n be directly useful = geodetic purposes 9 det]m9+ ! figure ( ! e>?4 ,! hypsometric "w is bas$ ^u ! railroad levels ( ! c\ntry4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry1 !re is a sy/em ( railroad l9es1 con/itut+ a net-"w4 ,! levels or pr(iles ( ^! roads h be5 e/abli%$ ) reasonable accuracy1 & z !y cross ea* o!r at a multiplicity ( po9ts1 a sy/em ( *ecks is af=d$1 s t ! railroad surface ( ! c\ntry c be det]m9$ !refrom ) all ! accuracy necess>y = ! mo/ ref9$ & elaborate topographic maps4 ,f su* a hypsometric basis ! reliefs = ! :ole c\ntry are det]m9$1 by runn+ l9es ( levels1 by trigonometric con/ruction1 & 9 m\nta9\s regions by b>ometric obs]vation4 ,! prim>y triangulation hav+ be5 made1 ! topography is execut$ by a v>iety ( me?ods1 adapt$ to ! peculi> conditions f\nd 9 v>i\s portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ! plane-table is us$4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! topograph]s ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ! plane-table is n simply a portable draught+ table = ! field2 x is practically an in/rum5t ( triangulation1 & all m9or positions ( ! details ( topography are det]m9$ ?r\gh its use by trigonometric con/ruction4 ,! scale on :i* ! map is made is v>iable4 ,9 "s portions ( ! prairie region1 & 9 ! region ( ! great pla9s1 ! topography & ! geology alike are simple1 & maps on a comp>atively small scale are suffici5t = practical purposes4 ,= ^! di/ricts x is propos$ to con/ruct ! %eets ( ! map on a scale ( #a-bej1jjj1 or ab\t f\r miles to ! in*4 ,9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ! ,we/ ! geology is m complex1 & ! topography m intricate2 b to a l>ge ext5t ^! regions are un9habit$1 & to a m limit$ ext5t un9habitable4 ,x w\ld !re=e n be wise to make a topographic or geologic survey ( ! c\ntry on an excessively elaborate plan4 ,ov] mu* ( ?is area ! %eets ( ! map w also be con/ruct$ on a scale ( #a-bej1jjj1 b 9 special di/ricts t scale w be increas$ to #a-abe1jjj1 & 9 ! case ( important m9+ di/ricts *>ts w be con/ruct$ on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,9 ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates two scales are adopt$4 ,9 ! less d5sely populat$ c\ntry a scale ( #a-abe1jjj is us$2 9 ! m d5sely populat$ regions a scale ( #a-fb1ejj is adopt$1 or ab\t "o mile to ! in*4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry a few special di/ricts ( great importance1 because ( complex geologic /ructure1 d5se population1 or o!r condition1 w require *>ts on /ill l>g] scales4 ,! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( ,alaska1 is ab\t ?ree million squ>e miles1 & a map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 con/ruct$ on ! plan set =? above1 w require n less ?an #b1fjj %eets4 ,x may ultimately prove to require m ?an t1 f ! fact t ! areas to be survey$ on ! l>g] scale h n be5 fully det]m9$4 ,besides ! numb] ( %eets 9 ! g5]al map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re w be sev]al hundr$ special maps on l>ge scales1 z above describ$4 ,su* is a brief outl9e ( ! plan s f> z x has be5 develop$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be /at$ t ! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be complet$1 ) ! pres5t organization ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 ab\t #bd ye>s2 b x is greatly to be desir$ t ! "t = its completion may be mat]ially dim9i%$ by increas+ ! topographic =ce ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,we ought to h a good topographic map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ye> #aijj4 ,ab\t "o-fif? ( ! :ole area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( ,alaska1 has be5 complet$ on ! above plan4 ,?is includes all geographic "w done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! auspices ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t & "u ! auspices ( ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! map h]e) %[s ^? areas t h be5 survey$ by v>i\s organizations on su* a scale & 9 su* a mann] t ! "w has be5 accept$ z suffici5t = ! purposes ( ! ,survey4 ,mu* o!r "w has be5 done1 b n ) suffici5t ref9em5t & accuracy to be ( pres5t value1 ?\gh su* "w subs]v$ its purpose 9 its "t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! map w %[ t ! triangulation ( ! v>i\s organizations is already l>gely 9 advance ( ! topography4 ,! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be a great atlas divid$ into %eets z above indicat$4 ,9 all ( ^? areas :]e ! survey is on a scale ( #a-bej1jjj1 a page ( ! atlas w pres5t an area ( "o degree 9 longitude & "o degree 9 latitude4 ,:]e ! scale is #a-abe1jjj1 a page ( ! atlas-%eet w repres5t "o-f\r? ( a degree4 ,:]e ! scale is #a-fb1ejj1 ! atlas-%eet w repres5t "o-sixte5? ( a degree4 ,! degree %eet w be designat$ by two numb]s--"o repres5t+ latitude1 ! o!r longitude4 ,:]e ! %eets repres5t fractional degrees1 !y w be label$ ) ! same numb]s1 ) ! addition ( ! description ( ! prop] fractional "p4 ,! organization1 z at pres5t e/abli%$1 execut+ ?is "w1 is z foll[s3 ,fir/1 an a/ronomic & comput+ division1 ! (fic]s ( :i* are engag$ 9 det]m9+ ! geographic coord9ates ( c]ta9 prim>y po9ts4 ,second1 a triangulation corps engag$ 9 ext5d+ a sy/em ( triangulation ov] v>i\s portions ( ! c\ntry f measur$ base-l9es4 ,?ird1 a topographic corps1 organiz$ into tw5ty-sev5 p>ties1 scatt]$ ov] v>i\s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 is ! plan = ! map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! organization by :i* x is to be made4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,gannett is ! ,*ief ,geograph]4 ,,paleontology4 ,be=e giv+ ! outl9e ( ! plan = ! g5]al geologic survey1 x w be bett] to expla9 ! accessory plans & organizations4 ,!re are 9 ! ,survey1 z at pres5t organiz$1 ! foll[+ paleontologic laboratories3 #a4 ,a laboratory ( v]tebrate paleontology = =mations o!r ?an ! ,quat]n>y4 ,9 connection ) ?is laboratory !re is a corps ( paleontologi/s4 ,pr(essor ,o4,c4 ,m>% is 9 *>ge4 #b4 ,!re is a laboratory ( inv]tebrate paleontology ( ,quat]n>y age1 ) a corps ( paleontologi/s1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,dall be+ 9 *>ge4 #c4 ,!re is a laboratory ( inv]tebrate paleontology ( ,c5ozoic & ,mesozoic age1 ) a corps ( paleontologi/s4 ,dr4 ,c4,a4 ,:ite is 9 *>ge4 #d4 ,!re is a laboratory ( inv]tebrate paleontology ( ,paleozoic age1 ) a corps ( paleontologi/s4 ,mr4 ,c4,d4 ,walcott is 9 *>ge4 #e4 ,!re is a laboratory ( fossil botany1 ) a corps ( paleobotani/s1 ,mr4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d be+ 9 *>ge4 ,! paleontologi/s & paleobotani/s connect$ ) ! laboratories above describ$1 /udy & discuss 9 reports ! fossils collect$ by ! g5]al geologi/s 9 ! field4 ,!y also supplem5t ! "w ( ! field geologi/s by mak+ special collections 9 important di/ricts & at critical horizons2 b ! paleontologi/s are n held responsible = areal & /ructural geology on ! "o h&1 & ! geologi/s are n held responsible = paleontology on ! o!r h&4 ,9 addition to ! l>ge numb] ( paleontologi/s on ! regul> "w ( ! ,geological ,survey1 z above describ$1 sev]al paleontologi/s are engag$ f "t to "t to make special /udies4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,!re is a *emic laboratory atta*$ to ! ,survey1 ) a l>ge corps ( *emi/s engag$ 9 a great v>iety ( rese>*es relat+ to ! con/itution ( wat]s1 m9]als1 ores1 & rocks4 ,a "p ( ! "w ( ?is corps is to /udy ! me?ods ( metamorphism & ! p>ag5esis ( m9]als1 & 9 ?is connection ! *emi/s d "w 9 ! field2 b to a l>ge ext5t !y are occupi$ ) ! /udy ( ! mat]ials collect$ by ! field geologi/s4 ,pr(essor ,f4,w4 ,cl>ke is 9 *>ge ( ?is dep>tm5t4 ,,physical ,,rese>*es4 ,!re is a physical laboratory 9 ! ,survey1 ) a small corps ( m5 engag$ 9 c]ta9 physical rese>*es ( prime importance to geologic philosophy4 ,^! rese>*es are exp]im5tal1 & relate to ! effect ( temp]atures1 pressures1 etc41 on rocks4 ,?is laboratory is "u ! *>ge ( ! *ief *emi/4 ,,li?ology4 ,!re is a li?ologic laboratory 9 ! ,survey1 ) a l>ge corps ( li?ologi/s engag$ 9 ! microscopic /udy ( rocks4 ,^! li?ologi/s are field geologi/s1 :o exam9e ! collections made by !mselves4 ,,/ati/ics4 ,!re is 9 ! ,survey a division ( m9+ /ati/ics1 ) a l>ge corps ( m5 engag$ 9 /ati/ic "w1 ! results ( :i* are publi%$ 9 an annual report entitl$ ,m9]al ,res\rces4 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,williams1 ,jr41 is ! ,*ief ,/ati/ician ( ! ,survey4 ,,illu/rations4 ,!re is 9 ! ,survey a division organiz$ = ! purpose ( prep>+ illu/rations = paleontologic & geologic reports4 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,holmes is 9 *>ge ( ?is division4 ,illu/rations w n h]eaft] be us$ = embelli%m5t1 b w be /rictly conf9$ to ! illu/ration ( ! text & ! pres5tation ( su* facts z c be be/ exhibit$ by figures & diagrams4 ,all illu/rations w1 z f> z possible1 be produc$ by relief me?ods1 su* z wood-engrav+1 photo-engrav+1 etc4 ,z l>ge numb]s ( ! reports ( ! ,survey are publi%$1 ?is plan is dem&$ = economic reasons2 b !re is ano!r consid]ation believ$ to be ( /ill great] importance2 illu/rations made on /one _c be us$ aft] ! fir/ edition1 z !y det]iorate some:at by "t1 & x is cu/om>y to use ! same li?ographic /one = v>i\s purposes f "t to "t4 ,! illu/rations made = ! reports ( ! ,survey1 if on relief-plates t c be *eaply electrotyp$1 c be us$ aga9 :5 ne$$4 ,?is is especially desirable 9 paleontology1 :]e previ\sly publi%$ figures c be introduc$ = comp>ative purposes4 ,!re are two me?ods ( /udy+ ! ext9ct life ( ! globe4 ,fossils are indices ( geological =mations1 & mu/ be gr\p$ by =mations to subs]ve ! purpose ( geologi/s4 ,fossils also h _! biologic relations1 & %\ld be /udi$ & arrang$ 9 biologic gr\ps4 ,"u ! plan adopt$ by ! ,survey1 ! illu/rations c be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = su* purposes :5 ne$$1 z reproduction c be made at ! small co/ ( electrotyp+4 ,^! same illu/rations c be us$ by ! public at l>ge 9 sci5tific p]iodicals1 text-books1 etc4 ,all ! illu/rations made by ! ,geological ,survey are held = ! public to be us$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,libr>y4 ,! libr>y ( ! ,survey n[ conta9s m ?an #be1jjj volumes1 & is rapidly gr[+ by means ( ex*anges4 ,x is f\nd necess>y to pur*ase b few books4 ,! libr>ian1 ,mr4 ,c4,c4 ,d>w91 has a corps ( assi/ants engag$ 9 bibliographic "w4 ,x is propos$ to prep>e a catalogue ( ,am]ican & =eign publications ^u ,am]ican geology1 :i* is to be a g5]al au?ors' catalogue4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is propos$ to publi% bibliographies prop] ( special subjects con/itut+ integral p>ts ( ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,,publications4 ,! publications ( ! ,survey are 9 ?ree s]ies3 ,annual ,reports1 ,bullet9s1 & ,monographs4 ,! ,annual ,report con/itutes a "p ( ! ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior = ea* ye>1 b is a di/9ct volume4 ,?is conta9s a brief summ>y ( ! purposes1 plans1 & op]ations ( ! ,survey1 prep>$ by ! ,director1 & %ort adm9i/rative reports f ! *iefs ( divisions1 ! :ole foll[$ by sci5tific pap]s4 ,^! pap]s are select$ z be+ ^? ( mo/ g5]al int]e/1 ! object be+ to make ! ,annual ,report a some:at popul> acc\nt ( ! do+s ( ! ,survey1 t x may be widely read by ! intellig5t p ( ! c\ntry4 ,( ?is #e1fej copies are publi%$ z a "p ( ! ,secret>y's report1 & are di/ribut$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 ,s5ators1 & ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 & an extra edition is annually ord]$ ( #ae1jjj copies1 di/ribut$ by ! ,survey & memb]s ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,f\r annual reports h be5 publi%$2 ! fif? is n[ 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]4 ,! ,bullet9s ( ! ,survey are %ort pap]s1 & ?r\gh !m some:at spe$y publication is atta9$4 ,ea* bullet9 is devot$ to "s specific topic1 9 ord] t ! mat]ial ultimately publi%$ 9 ! bullet9s c be classifi$ 9 any mann] desir$ by sci5tific m54 ,n9e bullet9s h be5 publi%$1 & sev5 are 9 press4 ,! bullet9s already publi%$ v>y 9 size f #e to #cbe pages ea*2 !y are sold at ! co/ ( press-"w & pap]1 & v>y 9 price f five to tw5ty c5ts ea*2 #d1ijj copies ( ea* bullet9 are publi%$2 #a1ijj are di/ribut$ by ,congress1 #c1jjj are held = sale & ex*ange by ! ,geological ,survey4 ,! ,monographs ( ! ,survey are qu>to volumes4 ,by ?is me?od ( publication ! m important & elaborate pap]s are giv5 to ! public4 ,six monographs1 ) two atlases1 h be5 issu$2 five monographs1 ) two atlases1 are 9 press2 #a1ijj copies ( ea* monograph are di/ribut$ by ,congress2 #c1jjj are held = sale & ex*ange by ! ,survey at ! co/ ( press-"w1 pap]1 & b9d+4 ,!y v>y 9 price f #a4je to #aa4 ,! *iefs ( divisions sup]vise ! publications t orig9ate 9 _! sev]al corps4 ,! g5]al editorial sup]vision is ex]cis$ by ! ,*ief ,cl]k ( ! ,survey1 ,mr4 ,james ,c4 ,pill+4 ,,g5]al ,,geology4 ,9 organiz+ ! g5]al geologic "w1 x became necess>y1 fir/1 to consid] :at _h already be5 done 9 v>i\s portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & = ?is purpose ! compilation ( a g5]al geologic map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 begun1 toge!r ) a ,!saurus ( ,am]ican =mations4 ,9 addition to ?is ! bibliographic "w previ\sly describ$ 0 initiat$1 s t ! lit]ature relat+ to ,am]ican geology %\ld be readily accessible to ! work]s 9 ! ,survey4 ,at ?is po9t x became necess>y to consid] ! be/ me?ods ( apportion+ ! "w2 t is1 ! be/ me?ods ( divid+ ! geologic "w into p>ts to be assign$ to ! diff]5t corps ( obs]v]s4 ,a /rictly geographic apportionm5t 0 n deem$ wise1 f ! fact t an unsci5tific division ( labor w\ld result1 & ! same classes ( problems w\ld to a l>ge ext5t be relegat$ to ! sev]al corps op]at+ 9 field & 9 ! laboratory4 ,x 0 ?\ght be/ to divide ! "w1 z f> z possible1 by subject-matt] r ?an by t]ritorial areas2 yet to "s ext5t ! two me?ods ( division w co9cide4 ,!re are 9 ! ,survey at pres5t3 ,fir/1 a division ( glacial geology1 & ,pr(4 ,t4,c4 ,*amb]l91 =m]ly ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,wiscons9 is at its head1 ) a /rong corps ( assi/ants4 ,!re is an important field = :i* def9ite provision has n yet be5 made1 namely1 ! /udy ( ! loess t con/itutes ! bluff =mations ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,b z ?is loess proves to be intimately associat$ ) ! glacial =mations ( ! same region1 x is probable t x w ev5tually be relegat$ to ! glacial division4 ,p]haps ! division may ev5tually gr[ to su* an ext5t t its field ( op]ations w include ! :ole ,quat]n>y geology4 ,second1 a division ( volcanic geology is organiz$1 & ,capt4 ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,dutton1 ( ! ,ordnance ,corps ( ! ,army1 is plac$ 9 *>ge1 also ) a /rong corps ( assi/ants4 ,?ird & f\r?1 two divisions h be5 organiz$ to prosecute "w on ! ar*an rocks1 embrac+ )9 _! field n only all rocks ( ar*an age1 b all metamorphic cry/all9e s*i/s1 ( :atev] age !y may be f\nd4 ,! fir/ division has = its *ief ,pr(4 ,raphael ,pumpelly1 assi/$ by a corps ( geologi/s1 & ! field ( 8 "w is ! cry/all9e s*i/s ( ! ,appala*ian region1 or ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ext5d+ f nor!rn ,new ,engl& to ,georgia4 ,he w also include 9 8 /udies c]ta9 paleozoic =mations :i* are imm$iately connect$ ) ! cry/all9e s*i/s & involv$ 9 _! orographic /ructure4 ,! second division = ! /udy ( ?is class ( rocks is 9 *>ge ( ,pr(4 ,rol& ,d4 ,irv+1 ) a corps ( geologi/s1 & 8 field ( op]ation is 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior region4 ,x is n propos$ at pres5t to und]take ! /udy ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,fif?1 ano!r division has be5 organiz$ = ! /udy ( ! areal1 /ructural1 & hi/orical geology ( ! ,appala*ian region1 ext5d+ f ! ,atlantic1 we/w>d1 to ! zone :i* sep>ates ! m\nta9 region f ! great valley ( ! ,mississippi4 ,mr4 ,g4,k4 ,gilb]t has *>ge ( ?is "w1 & has a l>ge corps ( assi/ants4 ,six?1 x seem$ desirable1 p>tly = sci5tific reasons & p>tly = adm9i/rative reasons1 t a ?or\gh topographic & geologic survey %\ld be made ( ! ,yell[/one ,p>k1 & ,mr4 ,arnold ,hague is 9 *>ge ( ! "w1 ) a corps ( assi/ants4 ,:5 x is complet$1 8 field w be exp&$ s z to include a l>ge "p ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 b ! ext5t ( ! field is n yet det]m9$4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! g5]al geologic "w relat+ to ^? areas :]e ! t]ranes are compos$ ( fossilif]\s =mations is v imp]fectly & incompletely organiz$4 ,! reason = ?is is tw(old3 ,fir/1 ! "w _c be p]=m$ v successfully until ! maps are made2 second1 ! ,geological ,survey is necess>ily div]t+ mu* ( its =ce to ! con/ruction ( maps1 & _c ) pres5t appropriations exp& ! geologic corps s z to ext5d sy/ematic "w 9 ! field ov] ! entire c\ntry4 ,,economic ,,geology4 ,"u ! organic law ( ! ,geological ,survey1 inve/igations 9 economic geology are re/rict$ to ^? ,/ates & ,t]ritories 9 :i* !re are public l&s2 ! ext5sion ( ! "w into ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates includ$ only t "p relat+ to g5]al geology4 ,two m9+ divisions are organiz$4 ,"o1 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,beck]1 ) headqu>t]s at ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 is at ! pres5t "t engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! quicksilv] di/ricts ( ,cali=nia4 ,! o!r1 "u *>ge ( ,mr4 ,s4,f4 ,emmons1 ) headqu>t]s at ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 is engag$ 9 /udy+ v>i\s m9+ di/ricts 9 t ,/ate1 includ+ silv]1 gold1 iron1 & coal areas4 ,ea* division has a corps ( assi/ants4 ,! lignite coals ( ! upp] ,miss\ri1 also1 are "u inve/igation by ,mr4 ,bailey ,willis1 ) a corps ( assi/ants4 ,,employes4 ,! employes on ! ,geological ,survey at ! close ( ,septemb]1 #ahhd1 7 z foll[s3 ,appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate 7,director71 #a4 ,appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,director ( ! ,survey1 #acd4 ,employ$ by ! *iefs ( p>ties 9 ! field1 #adh4 ,,appo9tm5ts4 ,?ree classes ( appo9tm5ts are made on ! ,survey4 ,! /atute provides t ! sci5tific employes ( ! ,geological ,survey %all be select$ by ! ,director1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 exclusively = _! qualifications z pr(essional exp]ts4 ,! provisions ( ?is /atute apply to all ^? cases :]e sci5tific m5 are employ$ :o h e/abli%$ a reputation1 & 9 ask+ = _! appo9tm5t ! ,director specifically /ates 8 reasons1 sett+ =? ! "w 9 :i* ! p]son is to be employ$1 toge!r ) 8 qualifications1 especially enum]at+ & *>act]iz+ 8 publi%$ works4 ,on su* recomm5dations appo9tm5ts are inv>iably made4 ,"y m5 :o h n e/abli%$ a reputation 9 sci5tific rese>* are select$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission on special exam9ation1 ! pap]s = :i* are prep>$ 9 ! ,geological ,survey4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ! employes1 h[ev]1 are tempor>y1 be+ engag$ = s]vices la/+ = a few days or a few mon?s only1 l>gely 9 ! field1 & com+ "u two classes3 ,skill$ labor]s & common labor]s4 ,su* p]sons are employ$ by ! ,director or by ! heads ( divisions1 & are dis*>g$ f ! s]vice :5 no long] ne$$4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,director is responsible = ! selection ( ! employes1 directly = ^? :om he recomm5ds = appo9tm5t1 & indirectly = ^? select$ by ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission1 z he p]man5tly reta9s 9 ! "w4 ,if1 !n1 improp] p]sons are employ$1 x is :olly ! ,director's fault4 ,! appropriations made = ! ,geological ,survey = ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahhe1 aggregate ! sum ( #ejd1jdj4 ,?is sum does n include ! am\nt appropriat$ = e?nologic rese>*es--#dj1jjj4 ,nor are ! exp5ses = engrav+ & pr9t+ paid = f ! above appropriations1 b f appropriations made = ! "w "u ! direction ( ! public pr9t]4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! am\nt ne$$ = engrav+ & pr9t+ = ! same fiscal ye> w exce$ #bjj1jjj4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,survey ,,to ,,/ate ,,surveys4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey is on fri5dly relations ) ! v>i\s ,/ate ,surveys4 ,betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t ,survey & ! ,/ate ,survey ( ,new ,york1 !re is direct co-op]ation4 ,! ,/ate ,survey ( ,p5nsylvania has r5d]$ valuable assi/ance to ! ,gov]nm5t ,survey1 & negotiations h be5 ent]$ into = clos] relations & m ?or\gh co-op]ation4 ,! ,/ate ,surveys ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,k5tucky1 & ,alabama are also co-op]at+ ) ! ,gov]nm5t ,survey1 & ! director ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,survey is do+ all )9 8 p[] to revive ,/ate ,surveys4 ,! field = geologic rese>* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ( great magnitude1 & ! be/ results c be accompli%$ only by ! labors ( _m sci5tific m5 engag$ = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,= ?is reason x is believ$ t surveys %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 all ( ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,!re is "w en\gh = all1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( local surveys w\ld greatly assi/ ! g5]al "w prosecut$ "u ! auspices ( ! gov]nm5t1 & prev5t x f fall+ into p]functory *annels4 ,its vigor & heal? w d\btless be promot$ by all ?or\gh local rese>*4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to sci5tific m5 to "k t ! ,director f9ds t 9 pres5t+ ! g5]al results1 int]e/s1 & ne$s ( ! ,survey to ,congress1 & to ,committees ( ,congress1 a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! value ( sci5tific rese>* is %[n by ! /atesm5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,que/ions relat+ to imm$iately economic values are ask$1 z !y %\ld be2 b que/ions relat+ to s\nd adm9i/ration1 wise me?ods ( inve/igation1 & important sci5tific results are vigor\sly urg$1 & ! pr9ciple is recogniz$ t all s\nd sci5tific rese>* conduces to ! welf>e ( ! p1 n only by increas+ k1 b ultimately by affect+ all ! indu/ries ( ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,g>d54 ,,! ,,sunfl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[] ,,( ,,helian?us ,,argophyllus4 ,! g5us ,helian?us is almo/ entirely ,nor?-,am]ican1 & = ! di/9ction & limitation ( its species we are indebt$ to ! labor ( ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 n[ univ]sally recogniz$ z ! highe/ au?ority on ,nor? ,am]ican plants4 ,9 ! rec5tly publi%$ second "p ( 8 ,synoptical ,flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica he has describ$ ?irty-n9e species1 six ( :i* are annual4 ,! synonyms & cross-nam+ adopt$ by previ\s au?ors h l$ to mu* confusion1 :i* probably w n n[ be altoge!r cle>$ up1 = ,dr4 ,gray w>ns u t ! *>act]s ( "s ( ! species are v>iable1 especially 9 cultivation4 ,x may be add$ t "s at lea/ ( ! species readily =m hybrids4 ,!re is always m or less difficulty ) a v>iable g5us 9 mak+ g>d5 plants fit wild specific types1 b 9 ! foll[+ notes ,i h describ$ no k9ds :i* ,i h n myself cultivat$1 select+ ! be/ =ms & giv+ !m ! names assign$ sev]ally by ,dr4 ,gray to ! species to :i* our g>d5 plants seem to come ne>e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,helian?us ,,argophyllus1 ,,%[+ ,,habit ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,helian?us multiflorus1 or1 accord+ to ,asa ,gray1 speak+ botanically1 ,h4 decapetalus hort4 v>4 multiflorus1 is m5tion$ fir/1 because x is ! subject ( ! color$ illu/ration4 ,! "n multiflorus is e/abli%$ by long usage1 & p]haps 0 orig9ally giv5 9 contra/ to ! few-fl[]$ habit ( ,h4 annuus1 = ! type ( ! species is m florif]\s ?an ! v>iety ( :i* ,asa ,gray says t x is kn[n only 9 cultivation f e>ly times1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f decapetalus1 a /atem5t :i* g>d5]s w\ld h>dly h accept$ on less indisputable au?ority1 z !y w all ?9k ! habit & appe>ance ( ! two plants widely diff]5t4 ,! v>iety multiflorus has sev]al =ms2 ! commone/ =m is d\ble1 ! disk be+ fill$ ) ligules mu* %ort] ?an ^? ( ! ray fl[]s1 aft] ! =m ( _m daisy-l composites4 ,9 ?is d\ble =m ! day fl[]s are (t5 want+4 ,x is common also on old plants 9 poor soils to see d\ble & s+le fl[]s f ! same root4 ,9 ! s+le =ms ! size ( ! fl[]s v>ies1 ! diff]5ce be+ due to cultivation z (t5 z to k9d4 ,i h obta9$ by f> ! f9e/ fl[]s by ! foll[+ treatm5t3 ,9 e>ly spr+1 :5 ! "y %oots are ab\t an in* high1 cut "s (f1 ea* ) a portion ( "y root1 & plant !m s+ly 9 deep ri* soil1 & a %elt]$ b n %ad$ situation4 ,by ,augu/ ea* w h made a l>ge bu%1 bran*+ out f "o /alk at ! base1 ) f ?irty to =ty fl[]s op5 at a "t1 ea* #e in*es across4 ,! same plants if well dress$ produce good fl[]s ! second season1 b aft] t ! /alks become cr[d$1 & ! fl[]s deg5]ate4 ,! same treatm5t suits mo/ ( ! p]5nial sunfl[]s4 ,! foll[+ k9ds are m5tion$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ,asa ,gray's book3 ,illu/ration3 ,,helian?us ,,multiflorus1 ,,%[+ ,,habit ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,,annuals4 ,h4 argophyllus 7:ite-leav$1 n argyrophyllus1 silv]-leav$1 z writt5 9 "s catalogues74--,an annual ) woolly leaves1 neat] & less co>se ?an ,h4 annuus1 ) :i* x is said soon to deg5]ate 9 g>d5s if gr[n toge!r ) x4 ,h4 annuus4--,! well kn[n sunfl[] 9 endless v>ieties1 "o ( ! mo/ elegant hav+ pale lemon-color$ fl[]s2 ^!1 too1 liable to pass into ! common type if gr[n 9 ! same g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,helian?us ,,orgyalis1 ,,%[+ ,,habit ,,( ,,gr[? ,,9 ,,autumn4 ,h4 debilis v>4 cucum]ifolius4--,i h nev] se5 ! typical species1 b ! v>iety 0 introduc$ a few ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ( ,ipswi*1 f ^: se$ ,i h gr[n x4 ,x becomes #d feet or #e feet high1 ) irregul>ly too!d deltoid leaves & spott$ /alks1 mak+ a widely bran*$ bu% & be>+ well-%ap$ gold5 fl[]s m ?an #c in*es across1 ) black disks4 ,x crosses ) any p]5nial sunfl[] t gr[s ne> x1 simulat+ _! fl[]s 9 an annual =m4 ,i _h a v f9e cross ) x & ,h4 annuus1 b ! fl[]s ( ?is produc$ no good se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,j]usalem ,,arti*oke 7,,helian?us ,,tub]osus74 ,,p]5nials4 ,h4 orgyalis 7! fa?om-high sunfl[]74--,! "n is f> )9 ! true measure1 :i* is (t5 #i feet or #aj feet4 ,a v di/9ct species1 increas+ v sl[ly at ! root & ?r[+ all its gr[+ ef=ts upw>d4 ,! long l9e> ribbon leaves1 (t5 exce$+ a foot1 spread+ 9 wavy masses r\nd ! tall /em1 :i* has a palm-l tuft ( !m at ! summit1 are a m ornam5tal feature ?an ! fl[]s1 :i* are mod]ate 9 size & come late 9 ! axils ( ! upp] leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,helian?us ,,annuus ,,globulus ,,fi/ulosus4 ,h4 angu/ifolius4--,a neat & elegant species1 :i* ,i fir/ rais$ f se$ s5t by ,mr4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ( ,ipswi*4 ,x has a v bran*+ habit q f ! base l a well-gr[n bu% ( ! common wallfl[]4 ,! fl[]s are abundant1 ab\t #b in*es across1 ) a black disk4 ,! plant1 ?\gh a true h]b1 nev] comes up 9 my g>d5 ) m ?an "o /alk ea* ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,helian?us ,,rigidus 7,,syn4 ,,h>palium ,,rigidum74 ,h4 rigidus is well kn[n z ! be/ ( ! p]5nial sunfl[]s1 & has _m synonyms1 ! commone/ ,h>palium rigidum4 ,x ne$ n be describ$1 b "o or two ?+s ab\t x may be not$4 ,! %oots1 :i* come up a y>d or m f la/ ye>'s /alk1 may be transplant$ z soon z !y appe> )\t injury to ! fl[]+1 b if put back to ! old c5t]1 ! soil1 :i* %\ld be deep & light1 ought to be enri*$4 ,! species is v>iable1 & improv$ =ms may be expect$1 z x produces se$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! numb] ( ray fl[]s is (t5 v l>ge4 ,i h "o =m :i* has sev]al r[s ( !m1 ne>ly hid+ ! disk4 ,a v>iety is figur$ 9 ,botanical ,magaz9e1 tab4 #b1ffh1 "u ! "n ( ,h4 atro-rub5s4 ,ano!r comes 9 ! same s]ies1 tab4 #b1jbj1 z ,h4 diffusus4 ,o!r synonyms are ,h4 missuricus & ,h4 miss\ri5sis4 ,its native range ext5ds across ,nor? ,am]ica 9 longitude1 & cov]s _m degrees ( latitude4 ,x likes a dry soil4 ,9 wet soil & wet seasons ! fl[]-/alk is apt to )] 9 ! middle1 & ! bud falls ov] & p]i%es prematurely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,sunfl[] 7,h4 ,,annuus7 ,,%[+ ,,habit ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,h4 ,ltiflorus4--,"u ?is "n we gr[ 9 ,engl& a tall1 mu*-bran*$1 late fl[]+ k9d1 ) smoo? & v /\t & /iff /alks1 sometimes black1 sometimes gre54 ,x increases at ! base ( ! /alks2 x makes close gr[?1 & %[s little disposition to run at ! root4 ,! fl[]s are r small1 n m ?an #i in*es across1 b s durable & s well display$ by ! num]\s spread+ bran*es z to make ! plant v useful = late decoration4 ,i own t ,i _c id5tify ?is plant ) ! ltiflorus ( ,asa ,gray1 :i* he tells u resembles tall =ms ( ,h4 rigidus1 ) r\gh /alks1 & be>s fl[]s ) num]\s rays #a in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[] ,,( ,,helian?us ,,annuus4 ,h4 occid5talis4--,rec5tly introduc$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ( ,ipswi*1 :o gave me ! plant two ye>s ago4 ,x is a neat species1 gr[+ ab\t #b feet high1 well bran*$1 & produc+ at ! end ( ,july abundance ( fl[]s ab\t #b in*es across4 ,! l[] leaves are small & broad1 ) long /alks1 ovate 9 =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,helian?us ,,multiflorus ,,fl-,,pl4 ,h4 mollis1 s call$ f ! s(t :ite d[n ) :i* ! leaves are cov]$1 gr[s ab\t #d feet high4 ,leaves l>ge1 ovate1 & sessile2 gr[? ( ! plant upright1 ) h>dly any bran*es2 fl[]s pale yell[1 ab\t #c in*es across1 n v ornam5tal4 ,cultivat$ at ,kew1 :5ce ,i _h x4 ,h4 giganteus gr[s #aj feet high2 /em mu* bran*$ & dispos$ to curve4 ,fl[]s ab\t #b in*es across1 produc$ abundantly 9 ,augu/2 rays n>r[ & po9t$1 cupp$1 ) ! ends turn+ outw>d2 leaves lanceolate & sessile2 root/ock creep+1 =m+ tub]\s ?ick5+s at ! base ( ! /ems1 :i* ,asa ,gray tells u 7 ! ,indian potato ( ! ,ass9ibo9e tribe1 m5tion$ by ,d\glas1 :o call$ ! plant ,h4 tub]osus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,full ,,siz$ ,,fl[] ,,( ,,helian?us ,,multiflorus4 ,h4 maximiliani4--,half ! height ( ! la/1 :i* x resembles1 b ! /em is /\t]1 ! leaves l>g]1 z are also ! fl[]s1 :i* are produc$ lat]4 ,x is n s florif]\s & ornam5tal z ! la/4 ,h4 lvigatus4--,smoo? /alk$1 v di/9ct1 does n spread at ! roots1 :i* are compos$ ( f9] fib]s ?an ^? ( mo/ ( ! g5us2 /alks sl5d] & black1 gr[+ closely toge!r1 bran*$ ne> ! summit1 #e feet high2 leaves n>r[ly lanceolate & acute2 fl[]s pl5tiful & ab\t #b in*es across2 rays few1 & disk small4 ,we are w>n$ t ! foll[+ species are difficult ( extrication1 ei!r conflu5t or mix$ by int]cross+4 ,h4 doronicoides4--,i place ?is ! ?ird 9 m]it among p]5nial sunfl[]s1 ,h4 rigidus & ,h4 multiflorus be+ fir/ & second4 ,x is #f feet or #g feet high1 upright 9 gr[?1 ) _m /alks4 ,fl[]s #c in*es across1 produc$ f ! end ( ,july to ! end ( ,septemb]1 bright gold5 yell[2 leaves l>ge1 ovate1 tap]+ f ! middle to bo? ends2 /alk leaves sessile & ne>ly connate1 t is1 clasp+ ! /alk by _! opposite base4 ,! plant spreads rapidly by runn+ root/ocks1 & rip5s se$ 9 abundance4 ,figur$ z ,h4 pubesc5s 9 ,botanical ,magaz9e1 tab4 #b1ggh4 ,h4 div>icatus resembles ! la/1 b is inf]ior1 be+ a small] plant 9 all p>ts1 especially 9 ! fl[]s1 :i* come out a mon? lat]4 ,! caul9e leaves are /alk$ & div]ge widely1 :i* habit gives its "n to ! plant4 ,a casual obs]v] w\ld h>dly notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is species & ! la/1 b :5 gr[n toge!r ! sup]iority ( doronicoides z a g>d5 plant is at once evid5t4 ,h4 /rumosus4--,fully #f feet high2 gr[? upright2 root/ock less spread+ ?an ! la/ two2 leaves on v %ort /alks1 broade/ at ! base1 ovate tap]+ by a long n>r[ po9t2 fl[] disk n>r[1 b rays l>ge & orange-yell[2 fl[]s %[y1 #c in*es across2 !y come out late 9 ,augu/4 ,i _h ?is plant f ,kew4 ,! %ape ( ! leaves w\ld h l$ me r to ref] x to ,h4 tra*elifolius1 a closely alli$ species4 ,h4 decapetalus4--,five feet high2 fl[]s f end ( ,july2 makes a d5se =e/ ( weak1 sl5d] /alks1 mu* bran*$ at ! top2 spreads fa/2 leaves s]rate1 oblong-ovate1 r l>ge2 fl[]s abundant1 pale yell[1 ab\t #b in*es across2 rays ne>ly always m ?an t51 9 spite ( ! "n4 ,h4 tub]osus4--,! well-kn[n ,j]usalem arti*oke2 n a plant gr[n = ornam5t1 be+ too co>se & late 9 fl[]+1 b sev]al ?+s 9 its hi/ory may be m5tion$1 z ,dr4 ,asa ,gray has sp5t labor & /udy ov] x4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 cultivat$ by ! natives be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ! edible tub]s are ?\ght to be a developm5t ( cultivation4 ,=ms ( x )\t tub]\s roots are f\nd wild1 b :e!r indig5\s to ! place or deg5]ate f cultivation 0 = long unc]ta94 ,sev]al species ( ,helian?us h a t5d5cy to produce simil> fle%y tub]s at ! top ( ! roots4 ,dr4 ,gray us$ to ref] ! orig9 ( ?is species to ,h4 doronicoides1 b x is n[ believ$ by him to be a di/9ct species1 ?\gh "o ( :i* x is difficult to id5tify ) c]ta9ty ! typical =m4 ,i omitt$ to say t ! ^w ,helian?us is ,greek = sunfl[]4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s' c>eful obs]vation1 ,i believe ! notion t ! fl[]s keep _! face to ! sun is q a delusion4 ,edge ,hall4 ,c4 ,,wolley ,,dod4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,quick ,,filt]4--,! ,druggi/s ,circul> recomm5ds *amois sk91 free f ?9 places2 cut x ( ! desir$ size2 wa% x 9 a weak solution ( sal soda1 or any alkali1 to remove ! grease1 & r9se ?or\ghly 9 cold wat] be=e us+4 ,t9ctures1 elixirs1 sirups1 & ev5 mucilages are filt]$ rapidly4 ,a p9t ( ! ?icke/ sirup w run ?r\gh 9 f\r or five m9utes4 ,by wa%+ ?or\ghly aft] ea* "t ( us+1 x w la/ a long "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lye',s ,,fu*sias4 ,! gr\p ( fu*sias %[n 9 our engrav+ repres5ts a collection ( n9e specim5s rais$ & exhibit$ by t well kn[n cultivator1 ,mr4 ,james ,lye1 ( ,clyffe ,hall ,g>d5s1 ,m>ket ,lav+ton1 at an exhibition held 9 ,ba? 9 ,septemb] la/1 & :i* receiv$ ! fir/ prize 9 ! premi] class = t numb] ( plants4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ ,mr4 ,lye has exhibit$ fu*sias at exhibitions held at ,ba?1 ,tr[bridge1 ,devizes1 ,calne1 ,*ipp5ham1 & else:]e2 on all occasions /ag+ specim5s ( a high ord] ( m]it2 b ! plants appe>+ 9 our illu/ration 7 univ]sally reg>d$ z ! be/ he _h ev] plac$ 9 an exhibition t5t4 ,s mu* 7 ! committee ( ! ,ba? %[ pleas$ ) ! specim5s t !y engag$ ! s]vices ( a photograph] to make a picture ( !m on ! spot2 b aft] be+ two h\rs mak+ ! attempt1 no satisfactory result occurr$4 ,aft] ! plants 7 tak5 back to ,clyffe ,hall1 !y 7 photograph$ z se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,"s idea ( _! height & dim5sions c be realiz$ by a comp>ison ) ! /ature ( ,mr4 ,lye1 :o is /&+ by 8 plants1 & :o is ( av]age height4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t previ\s to be+ photograph$ !y _h travel$ by road f ,m>ket ,lav+ton to ,ba? & back1 a di/ance ( #eb miles1 9 addition to hav+ be5 exhibit$ two days4 ,!y return$ to _! home app>5tly little ! worse = we>1 :i* immunity f h>m is no d\bt ow+ to ! admirable sy/em ( ty+ adopt$ by ,mr4 ,lye4 ,x is sometimes said t ! act ( try+ 9 ! fl[]+ %oots 9 ?is mann] gives ! plants a some:at sev]ely =mal appe>ance1 b !re is an abundance ( heal?y foliage & a wond]ful pr(usion ( f9ely develop$ fl[]s1 %[+ ! mo/ c>eful & pa9/ak+ cultivation4 ,x is only ^? :o are privileg$ to see ^! unrival$ plants :o c appreciate !m at _! prop] wor?4 ,x has be5 /at$ already t ! v>ieties figur$ are all ( ,mr4 ,lye's own rais+1 :i* facts atte/s to ! value ( 8 se$l+s1 _m ( :i* he has produc$4 ,f\r ( ^! are d>k v>ieties1 viz41 ,b\ntiful1 ,*>m+1 ,elegance1 & ! ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,hay--! latt] "o ( ! olde/1 b "o ( ! free/1 & sc>cely )\t an equal = its great fre$om ( bloom4 ,! rema9+ five are light v>ieties1 viz41 ,lye's ,favorite1 ,h>riet ,lye1 ,/> ( ,wilts1 ,p9k ,p]fection1 & ,beauty ( ! ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mr4 ,,lye',s ,,fus*ias4 ,! specim5s figur$ av]age f two to five ye>s ( age4 ,x is really m>vel\s :at ,mr4 ,lye c d ) a fu*sia 9 two ye>s2 & le/ x might be suppos$ t he has pl5ty ( glass accommodation1 & c keep 8 plants "u glass cont9u\sly1 x is due to him x %\ld be /at$ t he is v defici5t 9 h\se accommodation1 hav+ b two small h\ses1 9 "o ( :i* 7an old h\se7 he w9t]s 8 plants & br+s !m on until he c place !m ) safety 9 ! op5 air 9 e>ly summ]4 ,8 me?od ( treat+ ! specim5s z set =? 9 8 own words may prove helpful to "s ( our read]s3 ,aft] ! plants h done fl[]+1 say ab\t ! ?ird week 9 ,octob]1 ,i cut !m back into ! %ape be/ fitt$ to =m symmetrical specim5s1 & keep !m dry = a week or t5 days1 to *eck ! ble$+ ( sap :i* foll[s2 aft] t ,i give a little wat] j to />t !m into gr[?1 s z to make %oots ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 9 ord] to keep ! old wood active & liv+4 ,i keep !m 9 a cold h\se1 & give b v little wat] until ! fir/ or second week 9 ,febru>y1 :5 ,i %ake ! old soil f ! roots1 & re-pot !m into a fre% compo/ made up ( ?ree p>ts good loam1 "o "p well decompos$ manure1 & "o "p leaf-m\ld & peat1 ) a good bit ( silv] or sea s& to keep x op54 ,9 ord] to make l>ge specim5s1 !y are %ift$ z soon z ! pots are fill$ ) roots4 ,ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,june ,i place !m out ( doors on a bord] some:at %elt]$1 & syr+e ! plants freely e day dur+ hot wea!r to keep ! foliage clean & heal?y4 ,i top !m back till ab\t sev5 or eight weeks be=e ,i want to %[ !m1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! v>iety1 z "s ( !m require x to be done m freely ?an o!rs4 ,i give !m liquid manure1 us+ :at ,i get f ! c[s1 :i* ) "s soot is put into a tub1 & all[$ to /& a week or t5 days be=e us+1 & ,i give !m a good dose once a week z !y %[ signs ( fl[]+4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve 8 plants f ! effects ( hail & v heavy ra9s1 a r\gh framework is erect$1 & ov] ?is is /ret*$ "s floral %ad+1 :i* c be readily remov$ :5 requir$2 x also s]ves ! purpose ( %ad+ ! plants f ! sun 9 v hot & scor*+ wea!r4 ,dur+ 8 c>e] z an exhibitor ( fu*sias ,mr4 ,lye has tak5 ne>ly "o hundr$ fir/ prizes--a measure ( success :i* fully ju/ifies ! be/[al ( ! title ( be+ ! ,*ampion ,fu*sia ,gr[] ( 8 day4--,r4,d4 9 ,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,publi%$ ,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,! ,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,! ,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,comb9$ ,rates--,"o copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican & "o copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #dj ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4