file which includes the original        
illustration4       ,see #acice-;h4htm  
or #acice-;h4zip3                       
7http3_/_/www4ibiblio4org_/gutenberg_/#a
_/c_/i_/c_/acice_/acice-;h_/#acice-;h4ht
m7       or                             
7http3_/_/www4ibiblio4org_/gutenberg_/#a
_/c_/i_/c_/acice_/acice-;h4zip7         
,,the ,,mirror ,,of ,,literature1       
,,amusement1 ,,and ,,instruction4       
,,vol4 #ag1 ,no4 #dia4 ,,saturday1 ,,may
 #bh1 #ahca4 ,,price #b;d4           99 
99       99       99       99           
,,ampthill ,,house1 ,,the ,,seat ,,of   
,,lord ,,holland4    ,illustration      
,this is a delightful retreat for the   
statesman and man of                    
letters--distinctions which its         
illustrious occupant enjoys with high   
honour to his country and himself4      
,ampthill is throughout a never-tiring  
region of romantic beauties4 ,these were
 sung in some lines of great sweetness  
and poetical feeling1 a few years since 
by ,mr4 ,luttrell1 who appears to have  

taken his muse by the arm1 and wandered 
up and down1 describing the natural     
glories and olden celebrity of          
,ampthill4 ,we remember to have read his
 ,lines with unmixed pleasure4  ,the    
,engraving is copied from one of a      
,series of ,select ,illustrations of    
,bedfordshire2 the letter-press         
accompaniments being neatly written by  
the ,rev4 ,i4 ,d4 ,parry1 ,m4 ,a4 author
 of the ,history of ,woburn4 ,ampthill  
follows4  ,ampthill ,house1 now the seat
 of the ,right ,hon4 ,lord ,holland1 is 
a plain but very neat edifice1 built of 
good stone4 ,it was erected by the first
 ,lord ,ashburnham1 then the possessor  
of the estate1 in #afid4 ,it is situated
 rather below the summit of a hill1     
which rises at some little distance     
behind1 and much less elevated than the 
site of the old castle1 but has still a 
commanding situation in front1 and is   
sufficiently elevated to possess a great
 share of the fine view over the vale of
 ,bedford4 ,it is also well sheltered by

 trees1 though the passing traveller    
would have no idea of the magnificent   
lime alley1 which is concealed behind   
it4 ,the house has a long front1        
abundantly furnished with windows1 and  
has two deep and projecting wings4 ,in  
the centre is a plain angular pediment1 
bearing the late ,lord ,ossory's arms1  
and over the door is a small circular   
one1 pierced for an antique bust1 and   
supported by two three-quarter ,ionic   
pillars4 ,in this house is a small      
collection of paintings1 c41 principally
 portraits4  ,at the foot of the        
staircase is a large painting1 formerly 
in fresco at ,houghton ,house1 which was
 taken off the wall1 and put on canvass 
by an ingenious process of the late ,mr4
 ,salmon4 ,it represents a gamekeeper1  
or woodman1 taking aim with a cross-bow1
 full front1 with some curious          
perspective scenery1 #f feet by #i-a_/b 
feet4 ,we have heard a tradition1 that  
it is some person of high rank in       
disguise2 some say ,james ,i41 who was  

once on a visit at ,houghton4 ,from the 
propensities of gentle ,king ,jamie1    
this is not unlikely4  ,the pleasure    
ground at the back of the house1        
commands a pleasing1 extensive view2    
beyond this is the lime walk1 which is  
certainly one of the finest in          
,england4--,it is upwards of a quarter  
of a mile in length1 the trees in some  
parts1 finely arching2 and may be       
pronounced1 upon the whole1 superior to 
any walk in ,oxford or ,cambridge4  ,the
 park in which this house stands1 is    
well known1 from many descriptions1 to  
be a singularly picturesque and pleasing
 one4 ,it is1 at the same time1 a small 
one1 but the dimensions are concealed by
 the numerous and beautiful groups of   
trees with which it is studded4 ,the    
oaks are particularly celebrated for    
their great size and age1 several of    
them are supposed to be upwards of #ejj 
years old1 and some do not hesitate to  
say #a1jjj years2 the girth of many of  
them is ten yards1 or considerably more4

 ,a survey of this park1 by order of the
 ,conventional ,parliament1 in #afec1   
pronounced #bhg of these oaks as being  
hollow1 and too much decayed for the use
 of the navy4 ,the whole of these remain
 to this day1 and may1 perhaps1 continue
 two or three centuries longer2 some few
 of them have been scathed by lightning4
  ,behind the house1 near the entrance  
of the park from the turnpike-road1 are 
some ponds1 similar in appearance to    
those frequently seen adjoining ancient 
mansions2 above these1 at the edge of a 
precipice1 was the front of the ancient 
castle4 ,this building is doubtless that
 erected by ,lord ,fanhope1 at the      
beginning of the fifteenth century4 ,it 
was used as a royal resort by ,henry    
,,viii41 who was often here1 and by     
,queen ,catherine1 who resided here some
 time previous1 and during the time her 
divorce was in process at ,dunstable4   
,there are1 in the possession of ,lord  
,holland1 two ground plans of this      
castle1 which1 by the late ,lord        

,ossory1 were supposed to have been     
taken about the year #afaf1 at which    
time it was supposed the castle was     
demolished4 ,from these1 the following  
particulars of this building are        
collected3--,the area was a square of   
about #bbj feet2 in front was a large   
court1 #aae feet by #abj2 behind this   
were two very small ones1 each #de feet 
square2 and between these was an oblong 
courtyard4 ,between the front and back  
courts1 the building had two small      
lateral projections1 like the transepts 
of a church4 ,in front were two square  
projecting towers2 and round the        
building1 at irregular distances1 were  
nine others1 projecting1 of different   
shapes1 but principally five-sided      
segments of octagons--if this           
description be intelligible4 ,it was1   
probably1 from the general appearance of
 the plan1 intended more as a residence 
for a nobleman or prince1 than a        
fortress1 although the situation was    
favourable for defence4 ,the view in    

front is extremely beautiful for this   
part of the country4  ,lord ,ossory     
planted a grove of firs at the back of  
this spot1 and erected1 in #aggc1 in the
 centre1 a monument1 consisting of an   
octagonal shaft raised on four steps1   
surmounted by a cross1 bearing a shield 
with ,queen ,catherine's arms1 of       
,castile and ,arragon4 ,this was        
designed by ,mr4 ,essex1 the improver of
 ,king's ,college1 ,chapel1 and is very 
neat1 but of small dimensions4 ,on a    
tablet inserted in the base of the      
cross1 is the following inscription1    
from the pen of ,horace ,walpole1 ,earl 
of ,orford1 which when read on the spot1
 excites some degree of interest3--     
,in days of yore1 here ,ampthill's      
towers were seen1   ,the mournful refuge
 of an injured queen2   ,here flowed her
 pure1 but unavailing tears1   ,here    
blinded zeal sustained her sinking      
years4   ,yet ,freedom hence her radiant
 banner wav'd1   ,and ,love avenged a   
realm by priests enslav'd2   ,from      

,catherine's wrongs a nation's bliss was
 spread1   ,and ,luther's light from    
lawless ,henry's bed4  ,the possessors  
of ,ampthill are thus traced by ,mr4    
,parry3--  ,the survey of ,ampthill     
,park1 made by order of ,parliament1    
#afdi1 speaks of the castle as being    
long ago totally demolished4#a ,there   
was1 however1 what was called the ,great
 ,lodge1 or ,capital ,mansion4 ,king    
,james ,i4 gave the ,honour of ,ampthill
 to the ,earl of ,kelly4 ,it soon       
reverted to the ,crown4 ,in #afab1      
,thomas1 ,lord ,fenton1 and ,elizabeth  
his wife1 resigned the office of ,high  
,steward of the ,honour of ,ampthill to 
the ,king4 ,the following year the      
custody of the ,great ,park was granted 
to ,lord ,bruce1 whose family became    
lessees of the ,honour1 which they kept 
till #agch4 ,in the #agth century1 the  
,nicholls's became lessees of the ,great
 ,park under the ,bruces1 who reserved  
the office of ,master of the ,game4 ,the
 ,nicholls's resided at the ,capital    

,mansion4 ,after the ,restoration1      
,ampthill ,great ,park was granted by   
,charles ,,ii4 to ,mr4 ,john            
,ashburnham1 as some reward for his     
distinguished services to his father and
 himself 7vide ,hist4 ,eng47 ,the first 
,lord ,ashburnham built the present     
house1 in #afid4 ,in #agbj it was       
purchased of this family by ,viscount   
,fitzwilliam1 who sold it in #agcf to   
,lady ,gowran1 grandmother of the late  
,lord ,ossory1 who in #ahjj1 became     
possessed of the lease of the ,honour1  
by exchange with the ,duke of ,bedford4 
,his family name1 an ancient one in     
,ireland1 was ,fitzpatrick2 he was ,earl
 of ,upper ,ossory in ,ireland1 and     
,baron of the same in ,england4 ,he died
 in #ahah1 and was succeeded by ,lord   
,holland1 the present possessor1 who has
 also a fine old mansion at             
,kensington4#b      #a ,in ,peck's      
,desiderata ,curiosa1 is a list of      
salaries paid         in ,queen         
,elizabeth's time to the ,keepers1 c4 of

 all the ,royal         ,palaces and    
,castles4 ,at ,ampthill they were as    
follow3 ,keeper of         the ,manor   
,house1 #bl4 #acs4 #d;d41 ,great ,park1 
#dl41 with herbage and         pannage1 
#ael42 ,paler of the ,park1 #dl4 #aas4  
#d;d41 herbage and         pannage1     
#ael4      #b ,for an ,engraving of     
which see the ,mirror1 vol4 xiii4 p4    
#che4  ,the present ,lord ,holland1     
,henry ,richard ,vassal ,fox1 ,baron    
,holland of ,holland ,co4 ,lincoln1 and 
,foxley1 ,co4 ,wilts1 ,recorder of      
,nottingham1 ,f4,r4,s4,a42 was born     
,november #bc1 #aggc1 succeeded to the  
title in #aggd2 married1 #agig1         
,elizabeth1 a daughter of ,richard      
,vassal1 ,esq4         99       99      
99       99       99   ,,character ,,of 
,a ,,good ,,album4  7,for the ,mirror47 
--,here's a gem of beauty6   ,it        
sparkles with a pure and virgin lustre1 
,and many prize it much4  ,,old ,,poet4 
,there is something very interesting    
associated with a well-arranged and     

elegant album1 embodying passages of    
delicate taste and superior talent1 and 
containing the diversified1 playful1    
pointed1 eloquent1 and original papers1 
of a number of intellectual and         
distinguished contributors4  ,i had1 a  
short time ago1 one of these beautiful  
albums placed in my hand1 which was     
characterized by marked and pre-eminent 
excellencies4 ,in addition to its being 
bound in the most splendid manner1 and  
containing the most tasteful            
embellishments1 on paper exquisitely    
embossed1 it was adorned with           
appropriate contributions1 from the     
vigorous mind of ,mrs4 ,hannah          
,moore--from the pure and classic taste 
of the eloquent ,robert ,hall--from the 
fervid and poetic imagination of ,james 
,montgomery--and many an elegant and    
beauteous production1 communicated by   
our superior and ingenious writers4 ,it 
was deeply interesting to mark the      
specimens of penmanship which the       
various contributors furnished3 the bold

 hand of one--the neat style of         
another--the careless and dashing       
strokes of another--and the stiff1      
awkward1 and almost illegible writing of
 another4 ,i was much struck1 also1 with
 the variety of mind which the album    
exhibited3 on one page1 there was the   
comic strain of ,hood2 on another1 the  
pure and exquisite taste of ,campbell2  
on another1 the fire and vividness of   
,scott2 on another1 the minute and      
graphic painting of ,crabbe2 and on     
another1 the bold1 condensed1 and       
impassioned style1 in which ,byron so   
peculiarly excelled4  ,now1 if all      
albums could be of this character1 their
 value would be intrinsic and superior1 
and they would be permanently           
interesting1 because to them we could   
frequently recur with refreshing and    
peculiar enjoyment4 ,i regret1 however1 
to say1 that the majority of albums are 
comparatively valueless3 they are       
written with so much negligence2 many of
 the pieces are of so light and         

frivolous a character2 there is so much 
childish and mawkish sentimentality in  
numbers of the effusions poured forth2  
and there is so great a destitution of  
solid1 original1 and striking thought1  
that1 in my unpretending1 yet honest    
estimation1 the majority of albums are  
worth comparatively nothing4 ,a good    
album should contain pieces of genuine  
talent2 should be marked by no frivolity
 or childishness2 should be concise1    
pointed1 and powerful in its            
contributions2 and should embody        
valuable moral principle2 and1 to secure
 these excellencies1 the possessor of an
 elegant album should not place it in   
the hand of any1 accompanied with the   
request that a contribution be inserted1
 without ascertaining1 in the first     
instance1 that the person solicited is  
of genuine taste and talent1 and real   
principle2 because1 if these            
qualifications be not developed1 an     
album will be merely filled with        
trifling1 crude1 unconnected1 and       

worthless pieces--marked by no beauty1  
exhibiting no taste1 characterized by no
 originality1 and inculcating no        
valuable sentiment4  ,t4 ,w4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,,popular ,,superstitions4  7,for the   
,mirror47      ,no man will be found in 
whose mind airy notions do not sometimes
     tyrannize and force him to hope or 
fear beyond the limits of sober         
probability4--,,johnson4   ,the         
superstitions of nations must always be 
interesting1 since they afford a        
criterion of the progress that knowledge
 and reason have made4 ,to trace the    
origin of the belief that departed      
spirits revisit the earth1 a belief     
apparently so repugnant to reason and   
revelation1 must ever attract the       
attention of the curious4 ,for it is a  
question of importance to religion1 even
 although the existence of apparitions  
would not in the slightest degree       
invalidate those sacred writings on     
which the bases of religion are founded2

 on the contrary1 if the reality of     
apparitions 7that is of the existence of
 apparitions7 could be ascertained1     
another proof would be added to an      
immense weight of testimony of the      
ability possessed by the ,deity to      
arrest or alter what appears the        
ordinary course of nature4  ,the        
existence of apparitions has been       
acknowledged by many1 and a tendency    
towards a belief of them is to be       
remarked in many more4 ,ardent1 and what
 is stranger still1 since directly      
opposed to ardent1 morbid minds are too 
ready to embrace the pleasing dreadful  
thought1 and to this may be attributed  
the prevalence of this kind of          
superstition among the poets1 and all   
indeed of an enthusiastic temperament4#c
 ,some of the tales urged in defence of 
apparitions are upon a prim faci        
observation to be traced to an          
exuberance#d of imagination on the part 
of the ghost1 others that are plainly   
false1 and others that as they cannot be

 authenticated1 are not worthy of       
notice4 ,i shall here give what ,i      
consider an example of the former4      
#c ,dr4 ,johnson1 it is well known1 was 
a firm believer in         ghosts1 as   
the following extract will show3--,that 
the dead are         seen no more1 said 
,imlac1 ,i will undertake to maintain1  
against the concurrent and unvaried     
testimony of all ages1 and         of   
all nations4 99 99 99 ,this opinion     
which1 perhaps1 prevails as         far 
as human nature is diffused1 could      
become universal only by         its    
truth7673 those that never heard of one 
another would not         have agreed in
 a tale which nothing but experience    
could make         credible4--,rasselas1
 chap4 xxx4      #d ,when the           
grammarians could not interpret some    
word in a         sentence1 which they  
could make without it1 they used to     
attribute the unfortunate word to a     
natural redundancy in the               
language1 and in the same manner all    

ghost stories could be         solved by
 referring it to an exuberance1 c4 c4   
,during the celebrated ,peninsular      
campaign1 as a lady1 whose son1 a       
,french officer in ,spain1 was seated in
 her room1 she was astonished to        
perceive the folding doors at the bottom
 of the apartment slowly open1 and      
disclose to her eyes1 her son4 ,he      
begged her not to be alarmed1 and       
informed her that he had been just      
killed by a grape-shot1 and even showed 
her the wound in his side2 the doors    
closed again and she saw no more4 ,in a 
few days she received a letter1 which   
informed her that her son had fallen1   
after distinguishing himself in a most  
gallant manner1 and mentioning the time 
of his death1 which happened at         
precisely the same moment the apparition
 was seen by her6 ,and when ,i add that 
the lady was not at all addicted to     
superstition1 the strangeness of the    
occurrence is considerably increased4   
,what inference is to be drawn from this

 extraordinary tale8 ,i confess ,i      
cannot1 and do not1 believe that        
apparitions revisit the earth even at   
the glimpses o' the moon1 nor does this 
story at all change my opinion1 and for 
one grand reason1 which is this--,that  
it is highly improbable that the course 
of nature would be interrupted for the  
production of so insignificant an       
effect1 for it appears an unnecessary   
exertion of divine power1 when the good 
attained would be little or none4  ,let 
us1 therefore1 attribute it to a        
powerful imagination acting on a mind   
already affected with anxiety1 and ,i   
believe we shall have no occasion for   
yielding to the idea of an apparition to
 explain the circumstance4 ,i am        
acquainted with another tale of the same
 kind1 but ,i am debarred from relating 
it1 from my not being authorized to do  
so by the person1 a gentleman of large  
property in ,scotland1 to whom it       
occurred4 ,lord ,byron was much addicted
 to that species of superstition of     

which ,i am treating3 the gloomy idea of
 spirits revisiting the earth to gaze on
 those who they loved1 was congenial to 
his mind1 and an overheated fancy       
indulged beyond its due limits1         
converted the morbid visionary into the 
superstitious ascetic4  ,there is an    
account of a ghost related in the ,notes
 to ,moore's ,life of the ,noble ,poet  
7vol4 i47 ,i have mentioned1 which ,i   
shall detail here1 as it may have       
escaped the memory of some of your      
readers4 ,a captain of a merchant vessel
 was on a voyage to some port2 having   
retired to rest1 he was disturbed in the
 night by a horrid dream1 that his      
brother1 an officer in the navy was     
drowned4 ,he awoke and perceived        
something dark lying at the foot of the 
hammock1 and on putting out his hand    
discovered it was a naval uniform1 wet4 
,some days after this his dream was     
confirmed by a letter informing him of  
his brother's death by drowning4  ,at   
,oakhampton1 in ,devonshire1 there are  

the remains of a beautiful castle       
dismantled by ,henry ,,viii4 on the     
attainder of ,henry ,courtenay1 which is
 situated in a park1 concerning which   
many traditions exist1 one of which ,i  
will give here as it was told by a      
native4 ,a great many years ago1 there  
lived a lady at ,oakhampton ,castle1 who
 was famous for her love of cruelty and 
for unbounded ostentation4 ,this lady   
was killed1 and her ghost haunted some  
house in ,oakhampton much to the        
discomfiture of all the inhabitants     
thereof4 ,a conclave of most grave and  
reverend signiors was convoked1 who     
ordained that the disturbed spirit      
should every night pluck a blade of     
grass till all should be gathered4 ,and 
now1 every night at the chilly hour of  
midnight1 the lady in a splendid coach  
with four skeleton horses1 a skeleton   
coachman1 and skeleton footmen1 is to be
 seen in the park obeying the dictum of 
the ,oakhampton worthies4 ,this legend  
will be found1 ,i am told1 in ,fitz1 of 

,fitzford1 by ,mrs4 ,bray4 ,i shall not 
comment on this1 as it evidently appears
 a wild legend1 on which we can found   
nothing4  ,there is another tale which  
,i shall recount here1 since ,i can     
vouch for its authenticity4  ,during the
 ,irish ,rebellion of #agih1 a gentleman
 went to take possession of a house in a
 lone district of ,ireland4 ,the house  
had been uninhabited for some time1 and 
was out of repair4 ,between nine and    
twelve at night1 when the gentleman had 
retired to rest1 he was alarmed by      
hearing a noise2 he listened1 the noise 
increased till the house rung with the  
repeated shocks2 he hastily sprung out  
of bed1 and imagining it was the        
,rebels1 he rushed into the room where  
his servant slept2 ,patrick1 get up1 the
 ,rebels are breaking in1 said he1      
,don't you hear the noise8 ,lord bless  
yer honor's worship and glory1 it's only
 the ,daunder4 ,daunder1 sir1 you rebel1
 the ,daunder1 what do you mean8 ,the   
servant explained that the knocking was 

regularly heard every night at the same 
time1 and such was the case4 ,various   
parts of the wall were pulled down1 and 
the house almost rebuilt1 but to no     
purpose4  ,foley ,place4 ,,an           
,,antiquary4         99       99        
99       99       99   ,,poems ,,by ,a  
,,king ,,of ,,persia4  7,to the         
,editor47   ,it is rather an unusual    
thing in the present age to hear of     
monarchs being authors1 and much more so
 of being poets4 ,it is true1 there have
 been instances of this kind in former  
times2 but perhaps none deserved more   
notice than ,fath ,ali ,shah1 the ,king 
of ,persia4 ,the author of a collection 
of elegies and sonnets1 ,mr4 ,scott     
,waring1 in his ,tour to ,sheeraz1 has  
exhibited a specimen of the king's      
amatory productions4 ,he also states    
that the government of ,kashan1 one of  
the chief cities in ,persia1 was the    
reward of the king to the person who    
excelled in poetical composition4  ,the 
four subjoined poems are the production 

of this celebrated monarch4  ,,william  
,,runting4    ,i4    ,she who is the    
object of my love   ,has just declared  
she will not grant me   ,another kiss1  
but at the price of my existence3   ,ah6
 why have ,i not a thousand lives1      
,that ,i might sacrifice them all on    
these conditions4      ,the flame which 
she has enkindled in my heart   ,is so  
bright1 that it dazzles the universe3   
,it is a torch enclosed within crystal4 
,this heart is a ,christian temple1     
,wherein ,beauty has established her    
sanctuary2   ,and the sighs which escape
 from it   ,are like the loud ringing   
bells4#e      ,ah6 too fascinating      
object6 how dangerous   ,are thy        
looks6--they wound indifferently   ,the 
hearts of young and old3 they are       
,more to be dreaded than the fatal      
arrows of the mighty ,toos4#f   ,delight
 us with a glimpse of thy lovely form2  
,charm our senses by the elegance of thy
 attitudes2   ,our hearts are           
transported by thy glances4   ,the proud

 peacock1 covered with confusion1       
,dares not display before thee the rich 
,and pompous variety of his plumage4    
,thy ebon ringlets are chains1 which    
hold   ,monarchs in captivity1 and make 
,them slaves to the power of thy charms4
      ,the dust on which thou treadest  
becomes an ornament1   ,worthy of the   
imperial diadem of ,caus4#g   ,haughty  
kings now prostrate themselves   ,before
 ,khacan1#h since he has obtained   ,a  
favourable look from the object of his  
love4     ,,ii4    ,that blessing which 
the fountain of life   ,bestowed in     
former ages on ,khezr#i   ,thy lips can 
communicate in a manner   ,infinitely   
more efficacious4   ,nature1 confounded 
at the aspect of thy lovely mouth1      
,conceals her rubies within a rock2--   
,our hearts1 ensnared by those eyes     
which express   ,all the softness of    
amorous intoxication1   ,are held       
captive in the dimples of thy chin4     
,love has excited in my soul a fire     
,which cannot be extinguished2--   ,my  

bosom is become red with flames1   ,like
 a parterre of roses2--   ,this heart is
 no longer mine3   ,it hangs suspended  
on the ringlets of thy hair--   ,and    
thou1 cruel fair6 thou piercest it      
,with a glance of thy cold disdain4     
,ah6 inquire not into the wretched4     
,khacan's fate3   ,thy waving locks have
 deprived him of reason2   ,but how many
 thousand lovers1 before him1   ,have   
fallen victims to the magic of thy      
beauty4     ,,iii4    ,my soul1         
captivated by thy charms1   ,wastes     
itself away in chains1 and bends beneath
   ,the weight of oppression4 ,thou hast
 said   ,love will bring thee to the    
tomb--arise1   ,and leave his dominions 
,but1 alas6   ,i wish to expire at thy  
feet1 rather than to abandon            
,altogether my hopes of possessing thee4
   ,i swear1 by the two bows that send  
forth   ,irresistible arrows from thine 
eyes1   ,that my days have lost their   
lustre3   ,they are dark as the jet of  
thy waving ringlets2   ,and the         

sweetness of thy lips far exceeds1   ,in
 the opinion of ,khacan1 all that   ,the
 richest sugar-cane has ever yielded4   
,,iv4    ,the humid clouds of spring    
float over the enamelled meads1   ,and1 
like my eyes1 dissolve in tears4   ,my  
fancy seeks thee in all places2 and the 
beauties   ,of ,nature retrace1 at every
 moment1   ,thy enchanting image4 ,but  
thou1 ,o cruel fair one6   ,thou        
endeavourest to efface from thy memory  
,the recollection of my ardent love--my 
tender constancy4      ,thy charms      
eclipse the growing tulip--   ,thy      
graceful stature puts to shame the lofty
 cyprus4   ,let every nymph1 although   
equal in beauty to ,shireen1#aj   ,pay  
homage to thy superiority2 and let all  
men   ,become like ,ferhad#aa of the    
mountain1   ,distracted on beholding thy
 loveliness4      ,how could the star of
 day have shone amidst the heavens1     
,if the moon of thy countenance had not 
concealed   ,its splendour beneath the  
cloud of a veil8   ,oh6 banish me not   

from thy sight2   ,command me--it will  
be charitable--   ,command me to die4   
,how long wilt thou reject the amorous  
solicitations   ,of thy ,khacan8 ,wilt  
thou drive him to madness   ,by thy     
unrelenting cruelty8 ,the doomed   ,to  
endless tears and lamentations4      #e 
,a person1 called the ,mawezn1 summons  
the people to prayers         from the  
tower1 at certain stated times1 by      
ringing bells4      #f ,toos1 the son of
 ,nouder1 makes a conspicuous figure    
among         the princes and warriors1 
celebrated by ,ferdoosi in his book of  
,kings4      #g ,caus supposed to have  
been ,darius the ,mede by some          
historians4      #h ,this poetical      
surname ,khacan1 adopted by ,fath ,ali  
,shah1         signifies emperor or     
king4      #i ,the prophet ,khezr 7whom 
some mistake for ,elias7 is said to     
have discovered and tasted the waters of
 immortality1 and         consequently  
to be exempt from death4      #aj       
,shireen1 the favourite of ,khosroo1 is 

no less celebrated         for her      
beauty than for the passion with which  
she inspired         ,ferhad4      #aa  
,of this unfortunate lover ,ferhad1 the 
romantic story has         been told by 
several distinguished writers4 ,the     
mountain to         which our royal poet
 alludes is the ,kooh ,bisetoon 7in the 
province of ,curdistan71 where are still
 visible many figures         sculptured
 in the rock1 which1 by the romances of 
,persia1 are         ascribed to the    
statuary ,ferhad4 ,among these          
sculptures1         travellers have     
noticed the representation of a         
female--according to local tradition1   
the fair ,shireen1 mistress         to  
,king ,khosroo1 and the fascinating     
object of ,ferhad's love4 ,as         a 
recompense for clearing a passage over  
the mountain of         ,bisetoon1 by   
removing immense rocks1 which obstructed
 the path         7a task of such labour
 as far exceeded the power of common    
mortals1 by ,ferhad1 however1 executed  

with ease71 the monarch         had     
promised to bestow ,shireen on the      
enamoured statuary4 ,but a         false
 report of the fair one's death having  
been communicated to         ,ferhad in 
a sudden manner1 he immediately         
destroyed himself2 and         the scene
 of this catastrophe is still shown     
among the recesses         of ,mount    
,bisetoon4         99       99       99 
99       99    ,,anecdote ,,gallery4    
,,the ,,late ,,princess ,,charlotte4    
7,from the ,life and ,correspondence of 
,sir ,thomas ,lawrence47   ,in #ahag1   
,sir ,thomas ,lawrence was commissioned 
to paint the portrait of the princess a 
second time1 and he staid at ,claremont 
during nine days4 ,he one morning filled
 up a few vacant hours in writing to his
 friend1 and his description of the     
habits of the newly-married and juvenile
 offsprings and heirs of royalty1 forms 
a calm1 unostentatious1 and delightful  
picture of domestic life4 ,how ill such 
pleasures would have been exchanged for 

the public splendour and costly         
amusements by which they were tempted4  
,it is a source of infinite             
gratification to lay before the country 
such a testimony to the disposition and 
virtues of one1 in whom centered so much
 of the public hope and love4           
,extracts from ,letters of ,sir ,thomas 
,lawrence4   ,i am now returned from    
,claremont1 my visit to which was       
agreeable to me in every respect2 both  
in what regarded myself1 my reception1  
and the complete success of my          
professional labours1 and in the        
satisfaction of seeing the perfect      
harmony in which this young couple now  
live1 and of observing the good         
qualities which promise to make it      
lasting4  ,the princess is1 as you know1
 wanting in elegance of deportment1 but 
has nothing of the hoyden or of that    
boisterous hilarity which has been      
ascribed to her3 her manner is          
exceedingly frank and simple1 but not   
rudely abrupt nor coarse2 and ,i have1  

in this little residence of nine days1  
witnessed undeniable evidence of an     
honest1 just1 ,english nature1 that     
reminded me1 from its immediate decision
 between the right and wrong of a       
subject1 and the downrightness of the   
feeling that governed it1 of the good   
king1 her grandfather4 ,if she does     
nothing gracefully1 she does everything 
kindly4  ,she already possesses a great 
deal of that knowledge of the past      
history of this country1 that ought to  
form a part of her peculiar education4  
,it is exceedingly gratifying to see    
that she both loves and respects ,prince
 ,leopold1 whose conduct1 indeed1 and   
character1 seem justly to deserve those 
feelings4 ,from the report of the       
gentlemen of his household1 he is       
considerate1 benevolent1 and just1 and  
of very amiable manners4 ,my own        
observation leads me to think1 that1 in 
his behaviour to her1 he is affectionate
 and attentive1 rational and discreet2  
and1 in the exercise of that judgment   

which is sometimes brought in opposition
 to some little thoughtlessness1 he is  
so cheerful and slily humorous1 that it 
is evident 7at least it appears to me   
so7 that she is already more in dread of
 his opinion than of his displeasure4   
,their mode of life is very regular3    
they breakfast together alone about     
eleven3 at half-past twelve she came in 
to sit to me1 accompanied by ,prince    
,leopold1 who stayed great part of the  
time3 about three she would leave the   
painting-room1 to take her airing round 
the grounds in a low phaeton with her   
ponies1 the prince always walking by her
 side2 at five she would come in and sit
 to me till seven2 at six1 or before it1
 he would go out with his gun to shoot  
either hares or rabbits1 and return     
about seven or half-past2 soon after    
which we went to dinner1 the prince and 
princess appearing in the drawing-room  
just as it was served up4 ,soon after   
the dessert appeared1 the prince and    
princess retired to the drawing-room1   

whence we soon heard the piano          
accompanying their voices4 ,at his own  
time1 ,colonel ,addenbrooke1 the        
chamberlain1 proposed our going in1     
always1 as ,i thought1 to disturb them4 
,after coffee1 the card-table was       
brought1 and they sat down to whist1 the
 young couple being always partners1 the
 others changing4 ,you know my          
superiority at whist1 and the unfairness
 of my sitting down with unskilful      
players2 ,i therefore did not obey      
command1 and from ignorance of the      
delicacy of my motives1 am recommended  
to study ,hoyle before my second visit  
there next week1 which indeed must be a 
very short one4  ,the prince and        
princess retire at eleven o'clock4  ,we 
leave out the link in the narrative that
 connects this pleasant description with
 the melancholy scene described in the  
following 7for it is written in a sad   
taste7 and only add1 that the most      
amiable and beloved of women died within
 a month from the date of the above     

letter4  ,popular love and the          
enthusiasm of sorrow1 never towards     
greatness1 perhaps so real1 saw in her a
 promised ,elizabeth1 and while yet she 
lived it was a character which ,i should
 sincerely have assigned to her1 as that
 which she would most nearly have       
approached3 certain ,i am that she would
 have been a true monarch--have loved   
her people3 charity and justice1 high   
integrity 7as ,i have stated71 frankness
 and humanity1 were essentials and fixed
 in her character3 her mind seemed to   
have nothing of subtlety or littleness  
in it1 and she had all the courage of   
her station4  ,she once said1 ',i am a  
great coward1 but ,i bluster it out like
 the best of them till the danger's     
over4' ,i was told by one of the members
 of the council awaiting her delivery1  
that ,dr4 ,baillie came in1 and said in 
answer to some inquiries1 ',she's doing 
very well3 she'll not die of fear3 she  
puts a good ,brunswick face upon the    
matter4' ,she had a surprisingly quick  

ear1 which ,i was pleasantly warned of3 
whilst playing whist1 which being played
 for shillings1 was not the most silent 
game ,i ever witnessed1 she would       
suddenly reply to something that the    
baron or ,i would be talking of1 in the 
lowest tone1 at the end of the room1    
whilst her companions at the table were 
ignorant of the cause of her            
observations4  ,i have increased respect
 for the ,bishop of ,salisbury1 because 
he appeared to have fully performed his 
duty in her education4 ,she had1 as ,i  
have said1 great knowledge of the       
history of this country1 and in the     
businesses of life1 and a readiness in  
anecdotes of political parties in former
 reigns4  ,how often ,i see her now     
entering the room 7constantly on his    
arm7 with slow but firm step1 always    
erect--and the small but elegant        
proportion of her head to her figure1 of
 course more striking from her          
situation4 ,her features1 as you see1   
were beautifully cut2 her clear blue    

eye1 so open1 so like the fearless      
purity of truth1 that the most          
experienced parasite must have turned   
from it when he dared to lie4  ,i was   
stunned by her death3 it was an event in
 the great drama of life4 ,the return   
from ,elba6 ,waterloo6 ,st4 ,helena6    
,princess ,charlotte dead6--,i did not  
grieve1 ,i have not grieved half enough 
for her3 yet ,i never think of her1     
speak of her1 write of her without      
tears1 and have often1 when alone1      
addressed her in her bliss1 as though   
she now saw me1 heard me2 and it is     
because ,i respect her for her          
singleness of worth1 and am grateful for
 her past and meditated kindness4  ,her 
manner of addressing ,prince ,leopold   
was always as affectionate as it was    
simple--',my love2' and his always1     
',charlotte4' ,i told you that when we  
went in from dinner they were generally 
sitting at the pianoforte1 often on the 
same chair4 ,i never heard her play1 but
 the music they had been playing was    

always of the finest kind4  ,i was at   
,claremont1 on a call of inquiry1 the   
,saturday before her death4 ,her last   
command to me was1 that ,i should bring 
down the picture to give to ,prince     
,leopold upon his birthday1 the #afth of
 the next month4 99 99 99  ,if ,i do not
 make reply to different parts of your  
letter 7always satisfactory in a        
correspondence71 it is because ,i fear1 
having no long time to write in1 that ,i
 may lose something by delay1 in        
narrating the circumstances of my       
yesterday's visit to ,claremont1 when ,i
 was enabled through the gracious       
kindness of my sovereign1 to fulfil that
 promise so solemnly given and now      
become so sacred a pledge4  ,it was my  
wish that ,prince ,leopold should see   
the picture on his first entering the   
room to his breakfast1 and accordingly  
at seven o'clock ,i set off with it in a
 coach4 ,i got to ,claremont1 uncovered 
and placed it in the room in good time4 
,before ,i took it there1 ,i carried it 

in to ,colonel ,addenbrooke1 ,baron     
,hardenbroch1 and ,dr4 ,short1 who had  
been her tutor4 ,sir ,robert ,gardiner  
came in1 and went out immediately4 ,dr4 
,short looked at it for some time in    
silence1 but ,i saw his lips trembling1 
and his eyes filled to overflowing4 ,he 
said nothing1 but went out2 and soon    
after him ,colonel ,addenbrooke4 ,the   
baron and ,i then placed the picture in 
the prince's room4  ,when ,i returned to
 take my breakfast1 ,colonel            
,addenbrooke came in2 he said1 ',i don't
 know what to make of these fellows2    
there's ,sir ,robert ,gardiner swears he
 can't stay in the room with it3 that if
 he sees it in one room1 he'll go into  
another4'--,then there's ,dr4 ,short4 ,i
 said1 ,i suppose by your going out and 
saying nothing1 you don't like the      
picture4 ',like it1' he said1 7and he   
was blubbering7 ''tis so like her1 and  
so amiable1 that ,i could not stay in   
the room4'--,more passed on the subject1
 not worth detailing4 ,i learnt that the

 prince was very much overcome by the   
sight of the picture1 and the train of  
recollections that it brought with it4  
,colonel ,addenbrooke went in to the    
prince1 and returning shortly1 said1    
',the prince desires me to say how much 
obliged to you he is for this attention1
 that he shall always remember it4 ,he  
said1 ',do you think ,sir ,thomas       
,lawrence would wish to see me8 ,if he  
would1 ,i shall be very glad to see     
him4'--,i replied that ,i thought you   
would3 so if you like1 he will see you  
whenever you choose1 before your        
departure4' ,soon after1 ,i went in to  
him4 ,as ,i passed through the hall1    
,dr4 ,short came up to me1 7he had      
evidently been1 and was crying17 and    
thanked me for having painted such a    
picture4 ',no one is a better judge than
 ,i am1 sir1' and he turned away4  ,the 
prince was looking exceedingly pale2 but
 he received me with calm firmness1 and 
that low1 subdued voice that you know to
 be the effort at composure4 ,he spoke  

at once about the picture and of its    
value to him more than to all the world 
besides4 ,from the beginning to the     
close of the interview1 he was greatly  
affected4 ,he checked his first burst of
 affection1 by adverting to the public  
loss1 and that of the royal family4     
',two generations gone6--gone in a      
moment6 ,i have felt for myself1 but ,i 
have felt for the ,prince ,regent4 ,my  
,charlotte is gone from this country--it
 has lost her4 ,she was a good1 she was 
an admirable woman4 ,none could know my 
,charlotte as ,i did know her6 ,it was  
my happiness1 my duty to know her       
character1 but it was my delight4'      
,during a short pause ,i spoke of the   
impression it had made on me4 ',yes1 she
 had a clear1 fine understanding1 and   
very quick--she was candid1 she was     
open1 and not suspecting1 but she saw   
characters at the glance--she read them 
so true4 ,you saw her2 you saw something
 of us--you saw us for some days--you   
saw our year6 ,oh6 what happiness--and  

it was solid--it could not change1 for  
we knew each other--except when ,i went 
out to shoot1 we were together always1  
and we could be together--we did not    
tire4'  ,i tried to check this current  
of recollection1 that was evidently     
overpowering him 7as it was me7 by a    
remark on a part of the picture1 and    
then on its likeness to the youth of the
 old king4 ',ah6 and my child was like  
her1 for one so young1 7as if it had    
really lived in childhood47 ,for one so 
young it was surprisingly like--the     
nose1 it was higher than children's     
are--the mouth1 so like hers2 so cut    
7trying to describe its mouth on his    
own47 ,my grief did not think of it1 but
 if ,i could have had a drawing of it6  
,she was always thinking of others1 not 
of herself--no one so little            
selfish--always looking out for comfort 
for others4 ,she had been for hours1 for
 many hours1 in great pain--she was in  
that situation where selfishness must   
act if it exists--when good people will 

be selfish1 because pain makes them     
so--and my ,charlotte was not--any grief
 could not make her so6 ,she thought our
 child was alive2 ,i knew it was not1   
and ,i could not support her mistake4 ,i
 left the room1 for a short time3 in my 
absence they took courage1 and informed 
her4 ,when she recovered from it1 she   
said1 ',call in ,prince ,leopold--there 
is none can comfort him but me6 ,my     
,charlotte1 my dear ,charlotte6 ,and    
now1 looking at the picture1 he said1   
,those beautiful hands1 that at the     
last1 when she was talking to others    
were always looking out for mine6'  ,i  
need not tell you my part in this       
interview2 he appeared to rely on my    
sharing his thoughts4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,towards 
the close of our interview1 ,i asked    
him1 'if the princess at the last felt  
her danger8' ,he said1 ',no2 my         
,charlotte thought herself very ill1 but
 not in danger4 ,and she was so well but
 an hour and a half after the           

delivery6--,and she said ,i should not  
leave her again--and ,i should sleep in 
that room--and she should have in the   
sofa bed--and she should have it where  
she liked--she herself would have it    
fixed4 ,she was strong1 and had so much 
courage1 yet once she seemed to fear4   
,you remember she was affected when you 
told her that you could not paint my    
picture just at that time2 but she was  
much more affected when we were         
alone--and ,i told her ,i should sit    
when we went to ,marlborough ,house     
after her confinement1 ',then1' she     
said1 'if you are to sit when you go to 
town1 and after my confinement--then ,i 
may never see that picture4' ,my        
,charlotte felt she never should4  ,more
 passed in our interview1 but not much  
more--chiefly1 my part in it4 ,at       
parting he pressed my hand firmly--held 
it long1 ,i could almost say            
affectionately1 ,i had been1 by all this
 conversation1 so impressed with esteem 
for him1 that an attempt to kiss his    

hand that grasped mine was resistless1  
but it was checked on both sides4 ,i but
 bowed--and he drew my hand towards him3
 he then bade me good by1 and on leaving
 the room turned back to give me a slow 
parting nod1--and though half blinded   
myself1 ,i was struck with the exceeding
 paleness of his look across the room4  
,his bodily health1 its youthfulness    
cannot sink under this heaviest         
affliction6 ,and his mind is rational2  
but when thus leaving the room1 his tall
 dark figure1 pale lace1 and solemn     
manner1 for the moment1 looked a        
melancholy presage4  ,i know that your  
good-nature will forgive my not         
answering your letter in detail1 since  
,i have refrained from it but to give   
you this narration of beings so         
estimable1 so happy1 and so parted4     
,prince ,leopold's voice is of very fine
 tone1 and gentle2 and its articulation 
exceedingly clear1 accurate1 and        
impressive1 without the slightest       
affectation4 ,you know that sort of     

reasoning emphasis of manner with which 
the tongue conveys whatever deeply      
interests the mind4 ,his ',my           
,charlotte6' is affecting2 he does not  
pronounce it as ',me ,charlotte1' but   
very simply and evenly1 ',my            
,charlotte4'         99       99        
99       99       99    ,,notes ,,of ,a 
,,reader4     ,,knowledge ,,for ,,the   
,,people4  ,part ,,vii4--,mechanics4    
,we quote a few articles from the       
,introductory portion1 illustrating the 
general principles of ,mechanical       
agencies4  ,why are we said to know of  
nothing which is absolutely at rest8    
,because the earth is whirling round its
 axis1 and round the sun2 the sun is    
moving round his axis1 and round the    
centre of gravity of the solar system2  
and1 doubtless1 round some more remote  
centre in the great universe1 carrying  
all his planets and comets about his    
path4 ,one of the grand laws of nature  
is1 that all bodies persevere in their  
present state1 whether of motion or     

rest1 unless disturbed by some foreign  
power4 ,motion1 therefore1 once began1  
would be continued for ever1 were it to 
meet with no interruption from external 
causes1 such as the power of gravity1   
the resistance of the medium1 c4 ,dr4   
,arnott adduces several familiar        
illustrations of motions and forces4    
,thus1 all falling and pressing bodies  
exhibit attraction in its simplest form4
 ,repulsion is instanced in explosion1  
steam1 the action of springs1 c4        
,explosion of gunpowder is repulsion    
among the particles when assuming the   
form of air4 ,steam1 by the repulsion   
among its particles1 moves the piston of
 the steam-engine4 ,all elasticity1 as  
seen in springs1 collision1 c4 belongs  
chiefly to repulsion4 ,a spring is      
often1 as it were1 a reservoir of force1
 kept ready charged for a purpose2 as   
when a gun-lock is cocked1 a watch wound
 up1 c4  ,why does a billiard ball stop 
when it strikes directly another ball of
 equal size1 and the second ball proceed

 with the whole velocity which the first
 had8  ,because the action which imparts
 the new motion is equal to the         
re-action which destroys the old4       
,although the transference of motion1 in
 such a case1 seems to be instantaneous1
 the change is really progressive1 and  
is as follows3--,the approaching ball1  
at a certain point of time1 has just    
given half of its motion to the other   
equal ball2 and if both were of soft    
clay1 they would then proceed together  
with half the original velocity2 but1 as
 they are elastic1 the touching parts at
 the moment supposed1 are compressed    
like a spring between the balls2 and by 
their expanding1 and exerting force     
equally both ways1 they double the      
velocity of the foremost ball1 and      
destroy altogether the motion in the    
other4  ,why does a walking stick help a
 man on a journey8  ,because he pushes  
against the ground with the stick1 which
 may be considered as compressing a     
spring between the earth and the end of 

his stick1 which spring is therefore    
pushing up as much as he pushes down2   
and if1 at the time1 he were balanced in
 the scales of a weighing beam1 he would
 find that he weighed just as much less 
as he were pressing with his stick4     
,why is sea-sickness produced on        
shipboard8  ,because man1 strictly to   
maintain his perpendicularity1 that is1 
to keep the centre of gravity always    
over the support of his body1 requires  
standards of comparison1 which he       
obtains chiefly by the perpendicularity 
or known position of things about him1  
as on land2 but on shipboard1 where the 
lines of the masts1 windows1 furniture1 
c4 are constantly changing1 his         
standards of comparison are soon lost or
 disturbed4 ,hence1 also1 the reason why
 persons unaccustomed to the motion of a
 ship1 often find relief by keeping     
their eyes directed to the fixed shore1 
where it is visible1 or by lying on     
their backs1 and shutting their eyes2   
and1 on the other hand1 the ill-effects 

of looking over the side of the vessel  
at the restless waves of the sea4  ,why 
is the pendulum a time-keeper8  ,because
 the times of the vibrations are very   
nearly equal1 whether it be moving much 
or little2 that is to say1 whether the  
arc described by it be large or small4  
,a common clock is merely a pendulum1   
with wheel-work attached to it1 to      
record the number of the vibrations2 and
 with a weight or spring1 having force  
enough to counteract the retarding      
effects of friction and the resistance  
of the air4 ,the wheels show how many   
swings or beats of the pendulum have    
taken place1 because at every beat1 a   
tooth of the last wheel is allowed to   
pass4 ,now1 if this wheel has sixty     
teeth1 as is common1 it will just turn  
round once for sixty beats of the       
pendulum1 or seconds2 and a hand fixed  
on its axis1 projecting through the     
dial-plate1 will be the second hand of  
the clock4 ,the other wheels are so     
connected with this first1 and the      

numbers of the teeth on them so         
proportioned1 that one turns sixty times
 slower than the first1 to fit its axis 
to carry a minute hand2 and another1 by 
moving twelve times slower still1 is    
fitted to carry an hour-hand4--,arnott4 
,why do clocks denote the progress of   
time8  ,because they count the          
oscillations of a pendulum2 and by that 
peculiar property of the pendulum1 that 
one vibration commences exactly where   
the last terminates1 no part of time is 
lost or gained in the juxtaposition 7or 
putting together7 of the units so       
counted1 so that the precise fractional 
part of a day can be ascertained1 which 
each such unit measures4 ,the origin of 
the pendulum is traced to ,galileo's    
observation of a hanging lamp in a      
church at ,pisa continuing to vibrate   
long and with singular uniformity1 after
 any accidental cause of disturbance4   
,hence he was led to investigate the    
laws of the phenomenon1 and out of what1
 in some shape or other1 had been before

 men's eyes from the beginning of the   
world1 his powerful genius extracted the
 most important results4 ,the invention 
of pendulum clocks took place about the 
middle of the seventeenth century2 and  
the honour of the discovery is disputed 
between ,galileo and ,huygens4 ,becher  
contends for ,galileo1 and states that  
one ,trifler made the first pendulum    
clock at ,florence1 under the direction 
of ,galileo ,galilei1 and that a model  
of it was sent to ,holland4 ,the        
,accademia del ,cimento also expressly  
declared1 that the application of the   
pendulum to the movement of a clock1 was
 first proposed by ,galileo1 and put in 
practice by his son1 ,vincenzo ,galileo1
 in #afdi4 ,huygens1 however1 contests  
the priority1 and made a pendulum clock 
before #afeh2 and he insists1 that if   
ever ,galileo had entertained such an   
idea1 he never brought it to perfection4
 ,beckmann says the first pendulum clock
 made in ,england1 was constructed in   
the year #affb1 by one ,tromantil1 a    

,dutchman2 but ,grignon affirms that the
 first pendulum clock was made in       
,england1 by ,robert ,harris1 in #afda1 
and erected in ,inigo ,jones's church of
 ,st4 ,paul1 ,covent-garden4  ,why does 
the pendulum move faster in proportion  
as its journey is longer8  ,because1 in 
proportion as the arc described is more 
extended1 the steeper are its beginning 
and ending2 and the more rapidly1       
therefore1 the pendulum falls down at   
first1 sweeps along the intermediate    
space1 and stops at last4--,arnott4     
,why is it extremely difficult to       
ascertain the exact length of the       
pendulum8  ,because of the various      
expansion of metals1 respecting which no
 two pyrometers agree2 the changeable   
nature of the atmosphere2 the           
uncertainty as to the true level of the 
sea2 the extreme difficulty of measuring
 accurately the distance between the    
point of suspension and the centre of   
oscillation1 and even of finding that   
centre2 also the variety of terrestrial 

attraction1 from which cause the motions
 of the pendulum are also liable to     
variation1 even in the same latitude4   
,in pursuing his researches1 ,capt4     
,kater discovered that the motions of   
the pendulum are affected by the nature 
of the strata over which it vibrates4   
,why is the iron rim of a coach wheel   
heated before putting on8  ,because the 
expansion of the metal occasioned by the
 heat1 facilitates the operation of     
putting on the iron1 while the          
contraction which follows1 brings the   
joints of the wooden part together2 and 
thus1 binding the whole1 gives great    
strength to the wheel4  ,why does a     
bottle of fresh water1 corked and let   
down #cj or #dj feet into the sea1 often
 come up again with the water saltish1  
although the cork be still in its place8
  ,because the cork1 when far down1 is  
so squeezed as to allow the water to    
pass in or out by its sides1 but on     
rising1 it resumes its former size4     
,why do bubbles rise on a cup of tea    

when a lump of sugar is dropped into it8
  ,because the sugar is porous1 and the 
air which filled its pores then escapes 
to the surface of the tea1 and the      
liquid takes its place4  ,why is there  
an opening in the centre of the upper   
stone of a corn mill8  ,because through 
this opening the grain is admitted and  
kept turning round between the stones1  
and is always tending and travelling    
outwards1 until it escapes as flour from
 the circumference4  ,why does water    
remain in a vessel which is placed in a 
sling and made to describe a circle8    
,because the water1 by its inertia of   
straightness1 or centrifugal 7or        
centre-flying7 force1 tends more away   
from the centre of motion towards the   
bottom of the vessel1 than towards the  
earth by gravity4  ,why does a young    
quadruped walk much sooner than a child8
  ,because a body is tottering in       
proportion to its great altitude and    
narrow base4 ,now1 the child has this   
latter1 and learns to walk but slowly1  

because of the difficulty1 perhaps in   
ten or twelve months1 while the young of
 quadrupeds1 having a broad supporting  
base1 are able to stand1 and even to    
move about almost immediately2 but it is
 the noble prerogative of man to be able
 to support his towering figure with    
great firmness1 on a very narrow base1  
and under constant change of            
attitude4--,arnott4         99       99 
99       99       99    ,,fine ,,arts4  
,,the ,,royal ,,academy4  7,from a      
,correspondent47   ,the exhibition of   
works of art in the ,royal ,academy this
 year is equal to any preceding1 except 
in the department of portraiture2 nor is
 this deficiency by any means           
extraordinary1 when we consider the     
severe loss the arts have sustained by  
the death of ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence4 ,we
 much regret that1 out of one thousand  
two hundred and thirty-four productions1
 we can only enumerate a very small     
number for want of space3  ,no4 #aa4    
,dutch ,coast--very fine and transparent

 in the colouring2 painted by ,a4 ,w4   
,callcott1 ,r4 ,a4  #af4 ,a ,subject    
from the ,winter's ,tale--good4 ,w4 ,h4 
,worthington4  #ee4 ,progress of        
,civilization--painted for the          
,mechanics' ,institute at ,hull4 ,this  
work is admirably conceived1 and        
reflects great credit on the talents of 
,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,briggs4  #ef4 ,mary ,queen
 of ,scots meeting the ,earl of         
,bothwell between ,stirling and         
,edinburgh4 ,mr4 ,cooper has treated    
this subject with his usual care1 and   
appears to have delineated the costume  
very accurately4 ,the horses are        
spirited1 and finely executed4  #fb4    
,portrait of ,lady ,lyndhurst--painted  
very much in the manner of ,rembrandt1  
by ,d4 ,wilkie1 ,r4 ,a4  #fe and #ff4   
,portraits of their ,majesties--painted 
for the ,corporation of the ,trinity    
,house1 by ,sir ,william ,beechy4  #gh4 
,an ,italian ,family1 by ,c4 ,l4        
,eastlake1 is an interesting picture1   
and extremely rich in colour4  #gi4 ,the

 ,maid of ,judith waiting outside the   
tent of ,holofernes1 till her ,mistress 
had consummated the deed that delivered 
her country from its invaders3 a        
wonderful production1 by ,etty4  #hd4   
,scene near ,hastings4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,j4    
,judkin4  #hf4 ,interior of a           
,highlander's ,house--very fine4 ,edwin 
,landseer4  #aje4 ,portrait of ,miss    
,eliza ,cooper--a chaste and            
highly-finished production1 by ,sir ,m4 
,a4 ,shee4  ,messrs4 ,pickersgill1      
,turner1 ,reinagle1 ,hilton1 ,newton1   
,constable1 ,good1 ,daniell1 ,clint1    
,kidd1 ,howard1 ,phillips1 and ,elford1 
have also some excellent pictures in the
 exhibition4  ,may #ad1 #ahca4  ,g4 ,w4 
,n4         99       99       99        
99       99    ,,spirit ,,of ,,the      
,,public ,,journals     ,,billington4   
7,print her name in grand capitals1 ,mr4
 ,compositor7--,billington returned from
 ,italy6 ,my father1 who remembered1 ,i 
suspect1 the beautiful woman more than  
the accomplished singer1 determined to  

hear again her ,mandane2 and sorely     
against my will1 ,i rather think to     
prevent the chance of my doing mischief 
at home1 forced me to go along with him4
 ,with listless and unwilling ears ,i   
listened to her and ,mrs4 ,mountain1    
that second best of ,english singers    
throughout ,fair ,aurora4 ,gradually1   
however1 and involuntarily1 ,i became   
pleased1 interested1 delighted2 and when
 the encored ,soldier tired was ended1  
had ,i but possessed so much ,italian1  
,sono anch'io ,cantatore would have     
burst from my lips with as much fervour 
and devotedness of resolution as the    
,sono anch'io ,pittore of the artist4   
,from this moment never had ,i three    
shillings and sixpence in my pocket1 and
 either ,billington's or ,braham's name 
in the bills of the night1 that ,i was  
not to be seen planted in the front row 
of the pit1 looking over the leader's   
book1 and taking the only lessons ,i    
ever received in music4 ,the opera over1
 no farce1 however laughable1 not even  

the ,turnpike ,gate with ,joe ,munden's 
,crack1 had the power to detain me in   
the house4--,my time of imitation was   
arrived1 and ,i sallied forth to alarm  
watchmen with the last division of the  
,soldier tired1 affront my friends by   
saluting them with ,adieu thou dreary   
pile1 or annoy my father with shouting  
,the ,austrian trumpet's loud alarms at 
a moment when1 with all the fervour of  
true ,john ,bull anti-gallicanism1 he   
was lamenting over ,ulm and ,austerlitz2
 execrating ,mack1 pitying ,francis and 
,alexander1 and cursing the victorious  
,napoleon by all his gods4--,harmonicon1
 ,no4 #da4         99       99       99 
99       99   ,,sufficing ,,reasons     
,,for ,,shaking4   ,at a charity        
concert1 given some time since in the   
sister island1 one of the reverend      
directors1 or stewards1 was shocked at a
 long shake made by a juvenile chorister
 in the passage and they were sore      
afraid in the ,messiah1 and remonstrated
 with the boy's instructor on the       

impropriety of such an ornament to such 
words4  ,and is it in regard to the     
shake you'd be spaking1 sir8 replied the
 master4 ,sure and if ye were sore      
afraid yourself1 would not ye be        
shaking8 ,ay1 ,i'll be your bail that   
you would1 and shaking in your shoes    
too6 ,plase to leave me and my pupil    
alone3 many a one will be coming        
to-morrow twenty and thirty miles1 every
 inch of it1 to hear ,master ---- sing1 
that would not step out twenty yards to 
hear you prache4--,ibid4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,calculating ,,notes4--,,paganini4     
,stephen ,storace had a remarkably good 
head for figures4 ,when a boy1 his      
passion for calculation was beyond all  
belief4 ,michael ,kelly says1 he has    
been known to multiply four figures by  
four figures1 by memory1 in three       
minutes4 ,when young1 ,kelly tells us1  
,storace was so astonished that fifty   
guineas should be paid for singing a    
song1 that he counted the notes in it1  

and calculated the amount of each at    
#ds4 #aj;d4  ,this passion for          
calculating the value of notes 7musical 
ones7 has seized a ,parisian dilettante1
 who1 according to the ,furet de        
,londres1 has been fixing the price of  
every note and rest in certain pieces   
played by ,paganini recently1 at a      
concert given at the ,opera at ,paris1  
which produced him #af1ejj francs4 ,the 
following is the result3--,he performed1
 during the evening1 three pieces1 each 
occupying five pages of music1 of about 
#ia bars to the page4 ,the fifteen pages
 thus contained #a1cfe bars1 by which   
the #af1ejj francs are to be divided4   
,the quotient will be #ab francs for    
each bar1 or the proportions will be as 
follows3--,for a semibreve1 #ab;f42 a   
minim #f;f42 a crotchet1 #c;f42 a       
quaver1 #a;f4 #ej;c42 a semiquaver1 #ae 
sous2 a demisemiquaver1 #g-a_/b sous4   
,and1 on the other hand1 for a minim    
rest1 #f;f42 a crotchet rest1 #c;f42 c4 
,there would still remain out of the    

#af1ejj francs1 #dbj1 which is exactly  
the price of such a violin as the       
,conservatory awards as a prize to its  
most distinguished pupils4  ,all this   
may be play to ,paganini1 but           
destruction to less fortunate musicians1
 for he swallows up all that would      
otherwise be distributed among many4 ,an
 ,english violinist must work many long 
laborious days and nights before he can 
scrape together six hundred and         
eighty-seven pounds sterling--the sum1  
it seems1 which the lucky ,italian gets 
by a single concert6--,ibid4         99 
99       99       99       99    ,,the  
,,selector ,,and ,,literary ,,notices   
,,of ,,new ,,works4     ,,freemasonry4  
,in a neat volume1 called ,the          
,freemasons' ,pocket ,companion1 of size
 to fit the waistcoat pocket1 we find   
the following brief sketch of the       
,history of ,freemasonry in ,england4   
,this little ,manual is ,by a ,brother  
of the ,apollo ,lodge1 #gaa1 ,oxford1   
who acknowledges his obligation to      

,oliver and ,preston1 an article on     
,masonry1 in the ,encyclopdia           
,britannica1 c43--  ,in ,britain1 we are
 informed that ,st4 ,alban1 the first   
martyr for ,christianity in this        
country1 was a great patron of the      
masons1 and procured leave from the     
,king or ,emperor ,carausius for a      
general meeting or assembly to be held  
by them1 and higher wages to be given   
them4 ,but we have no good reason1 ,i   
think1 to believe that these masons had 
much connexion with our fraternity1 nor 
that freemasonry was introduced into    
,britain before the time of ,st4        
,austin1 who1 with forty more monks1    
among whom the sciences were preserved1 
was commissioned by ,pope ,gregory to   
baptize ,ethelbert1 ,king of ,kent4     
,about this time appeared those trading 
associations of architects who travelled
 over ,europe1 patronised by the ,see of
 ,rome4 ,the difficulty of obtaining    
expert workmen for the many pious works 
raised at that time in honour of        

religion1 made it prudent to encourage1 
by peculiar privileges1 those bodies of 
men1 who had devoted themselves to the  
study and practice of architecture4     
,accordingly they were allowed to have  
their own government without opposition1
 and no others were permitted to work on
 any building with which they were      
concerned4 ,they were under regular     
command1 divided into lodges1 with a    
master and wardens in each1 and dwelt in
 an encampment near the building they   
were employed to erect4  ,it is not in  
my power to trace the progress of these 
lodges of masons in any connected       
history1 but ,i will proceed with the   
accounts we have of the masons in       
,england from the time of ,st4 ,austin4 
,by them the old cathedral of           
,canterbury was built1 in #fjj2 ,st4    
,paul's1 ,london1 #fjd2 and ,st4        
,peter's1 ,westminster1 #fje2 with many 
others4 ,in the year #fhj some more     
expert brethren from ,france were formed
 into a lodge1 under the direction of   

,bennet1 ,abbot of ,wirral1 who was     
appointed superintendent of the masons  
by ,kinred1 ,king of ,mercia4 ,from this
 time1 however1 little is known of the  
fraternity1 until the year #hef1 when   
,st4 ,swithin was the superintendent1   
appointed by ,ethelwolf2 from which time
 it gradually improved till the year    
#hgb1 when ,king ,alfred took the       
command of it4 ,upon his death1 in #ijj1
 when ,edward succeeded to the throne1  
and ,ethred1 ,prince of ,mercia1        
patronised the society1 ,edward was     
succeeded1 in #ibd1 by his son1         
,athelstan1 whose brother1 ,edwin1      
procured from the king a charter for the
 masons1 by which they were empowered to
 meet annually in a general assembly1   
and to have power to regulate their own 
order4 ,and1 according to this charter1 
the first grand lodge of ,england met at
 ,york1 in #ibf4 ,but here it is to be  
remarked that the grand lodge is not to 
be understood as the same in those times
 that it is now2 it was not then        

restricted to the masters and wardens of
 private lodges1 but was open to as many
 of the fraternity as could attend3 for1
 until late years1 the grand lodge as   
now constituted did not exist1 but there
 was but one family of masons2 and any  
sufficient number of masons met         
together1 with the consent of the civil 
magistrate1 to practise the rites of    
masonry1 without warrant of constitution
 as a lodge4  ,on the death of ,prince  
,edwin1 ,athelstan himself presided over
 the lodges2 but after his decease1 we  
know little of the state of the masons  
in ,britain1 except that they were      
governed by ,dunstan1 ,archbishop of    
,canterbury1 in #ifj1 and ,edward the   
,confessor in #ajda4 ,but in #ajff1     
,william the ,conqueror appointed       
,gondulph1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 to    
preside over the society4 ,in #aajj1    
,henry the ,first patronised them2 and  
in #aace1 during the reign of ,stephen1 
the society was under the command of    
,gilbert de ,clare1 ,marquess of        

,pembroke4  ,from the year #aaee to     
#aaii1 the fraternity was under the     
command of the grand master of the      
knights templars4  ,in #aaii1 ,peter de 
,colechurch was appointed grand master2 
and the society continued to increase   
and flourish in the successive reigns of
 ,henry ,,iii41 ,edward ,i41 ,edward    
,,ii41 and ,edward ,,iii4 ,this last    
prince revised the constitutions of the 
order1 and appointed deputies to        
superintend the fraternity1 one of whom 
was ,william  ,wykeham1 afterwards      
,bishop of ,winchester4 ,he continued   
grand master under the reign of ,richard
 ,,ii42 was succeeded by ,thomas ,fitz  
,allen1 ,earl of ,surrey1 in ,henry     
,,iv4's reign2 and on ,henry ,v4's      
accession1 ,chichely1 ,archbishop of    
,canterbury1 presided over the society4 
,we have records of a lodge held at     
,canterbury1 under his patronage1 where 
,thos4 ,stapylton was master1 and the   
names of the wardens and other brethren 
are given4 ,this was in #adbi1 four     

years after an act of parliament1 passed
 early in the reign of ,henry ,,vi41    
against the meetings of the society1    
which was caused by the enmity of       
,cardinal ,beaufort1 ,bishop of         
,winchester1 towards ,humphrey1 ,duke of
 ,gloucester1 the king's uncle1 a great 
patron of the craft4 ,but this act was  
never enforced1 and in #addb the king   
was himself initiated1 and he patronised
 the society4  ,in the meantime1 under  
the auspices of ,james ,i4 of ,scotland1
 masonry flourished in that country4 ,it
 had been nursed1 during the wars which 
ravaged ,europe1 in the humble village  
of ,kilwinning1 in the west of the      
country2 from whence it at length burst 
forth1 and communicated its light to the
 lodges in the south4 ,the records of   
this lodge actually go back to the      
beginning of the fifteenth century1 as  
also do those of a lodge in or near     
,edinburgh4 ,and about this time the    
,scottish king appointed a fee to be    
paid by every master to the grand       

master1 who was chosen by the grand     
lodge4 ,james ,,ii4 of ,scotland made   
the grand mastership hereditary1 and    
conferred it on the ,st4 ,clairs of     
,roslin1 in which family it continued   
till #agcf1 when the then representative
 of the family1 being old and childless1
 resigned it into the hands of the grand
 lodge1 then first established on its   
present footing1 by whom he was         
re-elected grand master for life4       
,during the civil wars in ,england      
masonry declined2 but on the accession  
of ,henry ,,vii41 in #adhe1 it revived  
again1 under the patronage of the grand 
master of the order of ,st4 ,john1 at   
,rhodes1 who1 in #aejj1 chose ,king     
,henry their protector4 ,in #aejb this  
king presided in person in a lodge of   
master masons1 and proceeded in ample   
form to lay the foundation of the       
chapel1 at the east end of ,westminster 
,abbey1 which bears his name4  ,the     
fraternity continued to flourish in the 
next reigns2 and in the reign of        

,elizabeth1 about #aeej1 ,sir ,thos4    
,sackville1 then grand master1 assembled
 the general lodge at ,york1 which is   
said to have roused the jealousy of the 
queen2 and she intended to break up the 
meeting1 but being informed that they   
did not meddle with politics1 she       
withdrew her orders1 and permitted them 
to meet unmolested4 ,sackville was      
succeeded by ,sir ,thomas ,gresham1 in  
the south1 who built the ,royal         
,exchange1 and by ,francis ,russell1    
,earl of ,bedford1 in the north4        
,masonry continued to flourish in the   
next reign1 under ,inigo ,jones1 as     
grand master1 till #afah1 when the ,earl
 of ,pembroke succeeded him2 and after  
some more changes1 ,jones again was     
elected1 and continued to preside till  
his death1 in #afdf4 ,but the civil war 
again obstructed the progress of the    
order1 until the ,restoration1 when it  
revived under the auspices of ,charles  
,,ii4  ,in #affc1 the ,earl of ,st4     
,alban's was elected grand master1 who  

appointed ,mr4 7afterwards ,sir         
,christopher7 ,wren his deputy2 which   
office he held until #afhe1 when he was 
himself appointed to the grand chair4   
,during his deputy-ship he erected many 
noble buildings1 particularly the       
cathedral of ,st4 ,paul's4  ,the short  
reign of ,james ,,ii4 was not favourable
 to the order of masons2 nor did it     
begin again to revive for many years4   
,king ,william ,,iii4 was initiated     
privately in #afie1 and approved the    
choice of ,sir ,christopher ,wren as    
grand master2 but shortly after1 and    
during the whole reign of ,queen ,anne1 
the society decreased gradually1 for the
 grand master's age prevented his       
attending regularly1 and the annual     
feasts were neglected4  ,on the         
accession1 therefore1 of ,geo4 ,i4 the  
masons in ,london determined to revive1 
if possible1 the grand lodge and the    
communications of the society under a   
new grand master1 ,sir ,christopher     
,wren being dead4 ,in ,february1 #agag1 

accordingly1 the only four lodges then  
existing in ,london met1 and voting the 
oldest master mason1 constituted        
themselves a grand lodge2 and on ,st4   
,john ,baptist's day1 meeting again1    
they elected ,anthony ,sayer1 ,esq41    
grand master1 and he was regularly      
installed by the grand master who had   
before been voted into the chair4  ,mr4 
,sayer was succeeded by ,george ,payne1 
,esq41 in #agah1 who collected all the  
records of the society--by which means  
some copies of the old ,gothic          
constitutions were produced and         
arranged4 ,in #agai1 ,dr4 ,desaguliers  
was grand master1 and by his activity   
the order made great progress2 and at   
the feast of his installation1 the      
custom of drinking healths was first    
introduced4 ,in the next1 year1 under   
,mr4 ,payne again1 the fraternity       
sustained a great loss by the burning of
 some valuable manuscripts1 by some too 
scrupulous brethren2 and next year1 the 
,duke of ,montague was proposed for1 and

 accepted the chair of grand master4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,in #agbf1 the masons of ,wales attached
 themselves to the grand lodge of       
,england1 and the office of provincial  
master was instituted soon after4 ,the  
,society was introduced into ,india in  
#agbh1 and the grand lodge of ,america  
constituted1 by warrant from ,london1 in
 #agce2 and that of ,holland1 at        
,hamburgh1 in the same year4 ,in #agch1 
the ,book of ,constitutions was         
published2 the grand lodge of ,prussia  
constituted under the ,scotch           
constitution1 and has ever since        
flourished in that country2 and in      
#aggd1 the grand lodge of ,antigua was  
established1 by warrant from the grand  
lodge of ,england4  ,correspondence was 
opened with the grand lodge of ,france  
in #agfh2 with that of ,holland in      
#aggj2 and that of ,berlin in #aggf4 ,on
 the #ast of ,may1 #agge1 the           
foundation-stone of the ,freemasons'    
,hall was laid2 and the building was    

opened and dedicated in solemn form on  
the #bcrd of ,may1 #aggf1 ,lord ,petre  
being then grand master4  ,in #aggi1 a  
correspondence was established with the 
grand lodge of ,germany2 and in #aghb an
 attempt was made to open one with those
 of ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,this was   
not then effected2 but in #ahjc         
explanations were made to the grand     
lodge of ,scotland regarding the schism 
in ,england2 in consequence of which1   
two years after1 the wished for union   
was accomplished2 and in #ahjh the same 
gratifying proposals were made from     
,ireland1 and accepted with cordiality4 
,meantime1 the same brotherly           
communication had been instituted with  
,sweden in #agii1 and ,prussia in #ahje4
  ,while these friendly communications  
with foreign brethren were going on1    
masonic benevolence1 ever privately     
exercised1 had made a public exertion in
 favour of the children of deceased     
brethren at home1 in the establishment  
of the charity for female children1 in  

#aghh2 of the masonic society for the   
relief of sick1 lame1 or distressed     
brethren1 and their widows1 children1 or
 orphans1 in #agii4 ,in the year #ahaf  
freemasonry was revived in ,russia1     
under the patronage of the emperor1 and 
communications forwarded from the grand 
lodge at ,st4 ,petersburgh to that in   
,london4         99       99       99   
99       99    ,,manners  ,,customs ,,of
 ,,all ,,nations4     ,,water ,,at      
,,shaftesbury4   ,motcomb1 half a mile  
north from ,shaftesbury1 is noted for   
containing the wells from which the     
inhabitants of ,shaftesbury are supplied
 with water4 ,great numbers of the      
inhabitants get their living by carrying
 water1 for which they have three       
halfpence or twopence the horse load4   
,on this account there is a particular  
custom yearly observed1 according to    
ancient agreement1 dated #affb1 between 
the ,lord of the ,manor of ,gillingham1 
and the ,mayor and ,burgesses of        
,shaftesbury4 ,the ,mayor is obliged1   

the ,monday before ,holy ,thursday1 to  
dress up a prize bezon1 or bizant1      
somewhat like a ,may garland in form1   
with gold and peacocks' feathers1 and   
carry to ,enmori ,green1 half a mile    
below the town in ,motcomb1 as an       
acknowledgment for the water1 together  
with a raw calf's head1 a pair of       
gloves1 a gallon of beer or ale1 and two
 penny loaves of white wheaten bread1   
which the steward receives and carries  
away for his own use4 ,the ceremony     
being over1 the bizant is restored to   
the ,mayor1 and brought back by one of  
his officers with great solemnity4 ,this
 bizant is generally so richly adorned  
with plate and jewels1 borrowed from the
 neighbouring gentry1 as to be worth not
 less than #a1ejj4  ,c4 ,d4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,,trinity ,,term ,,ends #aath ,,june4   
7,for the ,mirror47   ,on this day1 says
 ,brady1 in his ,calendaria1 ,trinity   
,term ends2 and immediately on the      
rising of the ,court1 commences that    

cessation from legal business           
emphatically denominated the 'long      
vacation1' or that space which our      
ancestors have wisely left undisturbed  
by law concerns1 that the people may be 
the better able to attend to the        
different harvests throughout the       
kingdom4 ,thus the activity and bustle  
of the ,inns of ,court suddenly subside 
into a want of occupation1 not unaptly  
displayed in the following anonymous    
parody3--    ,my lord now quits his     
venerable seat1     ,the six clerk on   
his padlock turns the key1   ,from      
business hurries to his snug retreat1   
,and leaves vacation and the town to me4
    ,now all is hush'd--asleep the eye  
of care--     ,and ,lincoln's ,inn a    
solemn stillness holds1   ,save where   
the porter whistles o'er the square1    
,or our dog barks1 or basket-woman      
scolds3    ,save that from yonder pump  
and dusty stair     ,the moping         
shoe-black and the laundrymaid          
,complain of such as from the town      

repair1     ,and leave their little     
quarterage unpaid4  ,h4 ,b4 ,a4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,spirit ,,of ,,discovery4     ,,the    
,,river ,,niger4   ,a ,second ,edition  
of the ,literary ,gazette of ,saturday  
last enables us to lay before our       
readers the following important         
discovery3--  ,we have the gratification
 to state1 that the great question      
respecting the course of the ,niger1    
which has puzzled geography and         
literature for many centuries1 has at   
last been determined by ,british courage
 and perseverance4 ,we have just        
received the annexed letter from our    
esteemed and intelligent friend1 ,mr4   
,fisher1 surgeon of the ,atholl1 well   
known to the world for his own          
interesting voyages and travels2 and we 
lose no time in communicating the       
important information to the public1    
through the pages of the ,literary      
,gazette4      ,his ,majesty's ,ship    
,atholl1 at ,sea1 ,bight of ,biafra1    

,feb4 #b1 #ahca4  ,dear ,sir1--,i take  
the opportunity of writing you a few    
lines1 by a vessel that we have just now
 met on her way to ,england4 ,my object 
in writing in this hasty manner is to   
acquaint you that the grand geographical
 problem respecting the termination of  
the ,niger is at length solved4  ,the   
,landers1 after having reached ,youri1  
embarked in a canoe on the ,niger1 or1  
as it is called there1 the ,quarra1 and 
came down the stream until they reached 
the sea1 in the ,bight of ,biafra4 ,the 
branch by which they came to the coast  
is called the ,nun1 or ,brasse ,river1  
being the first river to the eastward of
 ,cape ,formosa4 ,on their way down the 
river they were attacked by the ,hibboos
 7a fierce nation that inhabit its      
banks71 and made prisoners1 or rather   
captives2 but the ,king of ,brasse      
happening to be in that country buying  
slaves1 got them released1 by giving the
 price of six slaves for each of them4  
,in the scuffle that ensued at the time 

they were taken1 one of them lost his   
journal4  ,whilst at ,youri they got the
 ,prayerbook that belonged to ,mr4      
,anderson1 the brother-in-law and       
fellow-traveller of the celebrated      
,mungo ,park4 ,they were upwards of a   
month at ,fernando ,po1 whence they     
embarked1 about ten days ago1 in an     
,english merchant-vessel bound to ,rio  
,janeiro1 on their way to ,england4     
,from their taking that circuitous      
route1 ,i am in hopes that this will    
reach you before they arrive1 by which  
you will probably have it in your power 
to give the first news of this important
 discovery4  ,i do not recollect of any 
thing else to acquaint you with that is 
worthy of notice2 and even if ,i did1 ,i
 have no time to mention it1 as the boat
 by which ,i send this 7to the vessel7  
is just this moment ordered away4  ,i   
must therefore bid you adieu for the    
present2 and believe me1 dear sir1 yours
 very sincerely4  ,,alexander ,,fisher4 
99       99       99       99       99  

,,the ,,gatherer4    ,a snapper up of   
unconsidered trifles4  ,,shakspeare4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,epitaph      ,on a ,porter who died   
suddenly under a load4     ,pack'd up   
within these dark abodes1   ,lies one1  
in life inur'd to loads1   ,which oft he
 carried 'tis well known1   ,till ,death
 pass'd by and threw him down2   ,when  
he that carried loads before1   ,became 
a load which others bore   ,to this his 
inn--where1 as they say1   ,they leave  
him till another day4         99        
99       99       99       99   ,,royal 
,,oaths4   ,in former times sovereign   
princes had their favourite oaths1 which
 they made use of on all occasions when 
their feelings or passions were excited4
 ,the oaths of the ,english monarchs are
 on record1 and a list of them might    
easily be made1 by having recourse to   
the ancient writers of our history1 from
 the conquest to the reign of           
,elizabeth1 who did not scruple1 pia    
regina1 et bona mater1 of the ,church of

 ,england as she was1 to swear by ,god's
 wounds1 an oath issuing at this time   
frequently from vulgar mouths1 but      
softened down to zounds4  ,brantome1 who
 lived in the court of ,francis the     
,first1 contemporary with ,henry the    
,eighth of ,england1 has recorded the   
oaths of four succeeding monarchs       
immediately preceding his time4 ,he     
tells us that ,louis the ,eleventh swore
 by ,god's ,easter2 ,charles the        
,eighth1 by ,god's light2 ,louis the    
,twelfth used an oath1 still common     
among the ,french rabble1 ,the ,devil   
take me2 but the oath of ,francis the   
,first was polished enough for the      
present day3 it was1 ,on the word of a  
gentleman4  ,k----ll1 ,norfolk4  ,c4 ,h4
 ,b4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,printed and ,published by 
,j4 ,,limbird1 #adc1 ,strand1 7near     
,somerset ,house17 ,london2 sold by     
,,ernest ,,fleischer1 #fbf1 ,new        
,market1 ,leipsic2 ,g4 ,g4 ,,bennis1    
#ee1 ,rue ,neuve1 ,st4 ,augustin4       

,paris2 and by all ,newsmen and         
,booksellers4