,transcrib]s note3 subscripts 9 ! text are repres5t$ by ,x m>kup ,a ,,book ,,( ,,exposition ,,edit$ ,,by ,,hom] ,,hea? ,,nug5t ,,lafl9 ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,engli% ,,at ,,! ,,r5ssela] ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itute #aibb ,,preface ,x is a pleasure to ackn[l$ge indebt$ness to my wife = assi/ance 9 edit+ & to ,dr4 ,ray ,palm] ,bak]1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,engli% at ! ,in/itute1 = sugge/ions & advice )\t :i* ?is collection w\ld h>dly h be5 made4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,me*anism ,,! ,,lev]s ,,or ,,! ,,human ,,body4 ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,kei? ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,ma*9e ,,! ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype4 ,,philip ,t4 ,,dodge ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,process ,,9 ,,nature ,,! ,,pea ,,weevil4 ,,jean ,,h5ri ,,fabre4 ,translat$ by ,b]n>d ,miall ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,manufactur+ ,,process ,,mod]n ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,butl] ,,pap] ,,company ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,,an ,,idea ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,relaxation4 ,,william ,,james ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion4 ,,*>les ,,proteus ,,/e9metz ,,biographical ,,& ,,critical ,,notes ,,introduction ,! articles "h pres5t$ are mod]n & unhackney$4 ,select$ prim>ily z models = tea*+ ! me?ods ( exposition employ$ 9 ! explanation ( me*anisms1 processes1 & ideas1 !y are nev]!less suffici5tly repres5tative ( c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 sci5ce to be ( intr9sic value4 ,inde$1 ea* au?or is a recogniz$ au?ority4 ,ano!r feature is wor?y ( m5tion4 ,al?\gh ! mat]ial cov]s s wide a field--anatomy1 zology1 physics1 psy*ology1 & appli$ sci5ce--t ! collection w appeal to in/ructors 9 e type ( college & te*nical s*ool1 ! selections are relat$ 9 su* a way z to produce an impression ( unity4 ,?is relation is app>5t betwe5 ! fir/ selection1 :i* deals ) ! /ud5t's body1 & ! ?ird1 :i* deals ) ano!r organism 9 nature4 ,! second & f\r? selections deal ) k9dr$ aspects ( mod]n indu/ry--! manufacture ( pap] & ! ,l9otype ma*9e1 by :i* x is us$4 ,! fif? selection is a prote/ aga9/ c]ta9 developm5ts ( ! indu/rial regime2 ! la/1 an attempt to reconcile ! _s ( sci5ce ) t ( religion4 ,:ile monotony has be5 avoid$1 ! essays =m a di/9ct unit4 ,9 mo/ cases1 selections are long] ?an usual1 long en\gh 9 fact to introduce a /ud5t to ea* field4 ,z a result1 he c be made to feel t e subject is ( importance & to realize t e *apt] conta9s a fund ( valuable in=mation4 ,in/ead ( confus+ him by hav+ him read tw5ty selections 91 let u say1 six weeks1 x is possible by assign+ b six 9 ! same p]iod1 to impress him def9itely ) ea*4 ,! text-book ma*9]y has be5 seque/]$ 9 ! ,biographical & ,critical ,notes at ! end ( ! book4 ,_! "* & position are int5d$ to p]mit in/ructors fre$om ( treatm5t4 ,"s may wi% to te/ a /ud5t's ability 9 ! use ( ref]5ce books by hav+ him report on allusions4 ,"s may wi% to expla9 ^! !mselves4 ,a few may f9d my exp]i5ce helpful4 ,= !m sugge/ions are includ$ 9 ! ,critical ,notes4 ,9 g5]al1 ,i h assum$ t in/ructors w pref] _! own me?ods & h tri$ to leave !m unhamp]$4 ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,me*anism ,,! ,,lev]s ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body#a ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? ,9 all ! =ego+ *apt]s we h be5 consid]+ only ! muscul> eng9es ( ! human ma*9e1 c\nt+ !m ov] & comp>+ _! con/ruction & _! me*anism ) ^? ( ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e ( a motor cycle4 ,b ( ! lev]s or crank-p9s ?r\gh :i* muscul> eng9es ex]t _! p[] we h said no?+ hi!rto4 ,nor %all we get any help by n[ sp5d+ "t on ! lev]s ( a motor cycle4 ,we h already confess$ t !y are arrang$ 9 a way :i* is q diff]5t f t :i* we f9d 9 ! human ma*9e4 ,9 ! motor cycle all ! lev]s are ( t complex k9d :i* are call$ :eels1 & ! jo9ts at :i* ^! lev]s "w are also circul>1 = ! jo9ts ( a motor cycle are ! surfaces betwe5 ! axle & ! bu%es1 :i* h to be kept con/antly oil$4 ,no1 we freely admit t ! sy/ems ( lev]s 9 ! human ma*9e are q unlike ^? ( a motor cycle4 ,!y are m simple1 & x is easy to f9d 9 our bodies examples ( all ! ?ree ord]s ( lev]s4 ,! jo9ts at :i* bony lev]s meet & move on ea* o!r are v diff]5t f ^? we f9d 9 motor cycles4 ,inde$1 ,i mu/ confess !y are n ne>ly s simple4 ,&1 la/ly1 ,i mu/ n =get to m5tion ano!r diff]5ce4 ,^! lev]s we are go+ to /udy are liv+--at lea/1 are s d5sely inhabit$ by myriads ( m9ute bone build]s t we mu/ speak ( !m z liv+4 ,i want to lay emphasis on t fact because ,i did n insi/ en\gh on ! liv+ nature ( muscul> eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,%[+ a *isel #aj in*es long us$ z a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,we are all well acqua9t$ ) lev]s4 ,we apply !m e day4 ,a box arrives ) its lid nail$ d[n2 we take a *isel1 use x z a lev]1 pry ! lid op51 & see no m>vel 9 :at we h done 7,fig4 #a74 ,& yet we !reby did ) ease :at w\ld h be5 impossible = u ev5 if we _h put out ! :ole ( our unaid$ /r5g?4 ,! use ( lev]s is an old discov]y2 m ?an #aejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ,engli%m51 liv+ on ,salisbury ,pla91 appli$ ! inv5tion :5 !y rais$ ! great /ones at ,/oneh5ge & at ,avebury2 m ?an #bjjj ye>s e>li] /ill1 ,egyptians employ$ x 9 rais+ ! pyramids4 ,ev5 at t "t m5 _h made great progress2 !y 7 already reap+ ! rew>ds ( discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,b none1 ,i am sure1 surpris$ !m m ?an ! discov]y ( ! lev]2 by its use "o man c\ld ex]t ! /r5g? ( a hundr$ m54 ,!y soon obs]v$ t lev]s c\ld be us$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 ,! in/ance already giv51 ! pry+ op5 ( a lid by us+ a *isel z a lev]1 is an example ( "o way 7,fig4 #a72 x is !n us$ z a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ ord]1 "o end ( ! lev] is appli$ to ! po9t ( resi/ance1 :i* 9 ! case j m5tion$ 0 ! lid ( ! box4 ,at ! o!r end we apply our /r5g?1 =ce1 or p[]4 ,! edge ( ! box aga9/ :i* ! *isel is work$ s]ves z a fulcrum & lies betwe5 ! h&le :]e ! p[] is appli$ & ! bevell$ edge :i* moves ! resi/ance or weight4 ,a pair ( ord9>y weigh+ scales also exemplifies ! fir/ ord] ( lev]s4 ,! knife edge on :i* ! beam is balanc$ s]ves z a fulcrum2 x is plac$ exactly 9 ! middle ( ! beam1 :i* we %all suppose to be #aj in*es long4 ,if we place a #a-lb4 weight 9 "o scale to repres5t ! resi/ance to be ov]come1 ! weight w be lift$ ! mom5t t a p\nd ( sug> has be5 plac$ 9 ! opposite scale--! sug> ?us repres5t+ ! p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we move ! knife-edge or fulcrum s t x is only #a in* f ! sug> end ( ! beam & #i in*es f ! weight end1 !n we f9d t we h to p\r 9 #i lb4 ( sug> to equalise ! #a-lb4 weight4 ,! *isel us$ 9 pry+ op5 ! box lid 0 #aj in*es long2 x 0 pu%$ "u ! lid = a di/ance ( #a in*1 leav+ #i in*es = use z a p[] lev]4 ,by us+ a lev] 9 ?is way1 we increas$ our /r5g? n9efold4 ,! long] we make ! p[] arm1 ! ne>] we pu% ! fulcrum t[>ds ! weight or resi/ance end1 ! great] becomes our p[]4 ,?is we %all f9d is a discov]y :i* ,nature made use ( _m millions ( ye>s ago 9 fa%ion+ ! body ( man & ( bea/4 ,:5 we apply our =ce to ! long end ( a lev]1 we increase our p[]4 ,we may also apply x1 z ,nature has done 9 our bodies1 = ano!r purpose4 ,we h j not$ t if ! weight end ( ! beam ( a pair ( scales is n9e times ! l5g? ( ! sug> end1 t a #a-lb4 weight w c\nt]poise #i lb4 ( sug>4 ,we also see t ! weight scale moves at n9e times ! spe$ ( ! sug> scale4 ,n[ x (t5 happ5s t ,nature wants to increase1 n ! p[]1 b ! spe$ ) :i* a load is lift$4 ,9 t case ! sug> scale is plac$ at ! long end ( ! beam & ! weight scale at ! %ort end2 x !n takes a #i-lb4 weight to raise a s+le p\nd ( sug>1 b ! sug> scale moves ) n9e times ! spe$ ( ! weight scale4 ,nature (t5 sacrifices p[] to obta9 spe$4 ,! arm is us$ z a lev] ( ?is k9d :5 a cricket ball is ?r[n4 ,no?+ c\ld look less l a pair ( scales ?an a man's head or skull1 & yet :5 we wat* h[ x is pois$ & ! mann] 9 :i* x is mov$1 we f9d t x1 too1 acts z a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! fulcrum on :i* x moves is ! atlas--! fir/ v]tebra ( ! sp9e 7,fig4 #b74 ,:5 a man /&s q erect1 ) ! head well ?r[n back1 ! e> passages are almo/ directly ov] ! fulcrum4 ,x w be conv5i5t to call t "p ( ! head :i* is beh9d ! e> passages ! po/-fulcral1 & ! "p :i* is 9 front ! pre-fulcral4 ,n[ ! face is atta*$ to ! pre-fulcral "p ( ! lev] & repres5ts ! weight or load to be mov$1 :ile ! muscles ( ! neck1 :i* repres5t ! p[]1 are yok$ to ! po/-fulcral end ( ! lev]4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! head s]ves z a crank-p9 = sev5 pairs ( neck muscles1 b 9 ,fig4 #b only ! *ief pair is drawn1 kn[n z ! complex muscles4 ,:5 t pair is set 9 action1 ! po/-fulcral end ( ! head lev] is tilt$ d[nw>ds1 :ile ! pre-fulcral end1 on :i* ! face is set1 is turn$ upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! skull z a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! complex muscles ?us tilt ! head backw>ds & ! face upw>ds1 b :]e are ! muscles :i* s]ve z _! oppon5ts or antagoni/s & rev]se ! movem5t8 ,9 a previ\s *apt] x has be5 %[n t e muscle has to "w aga9/ an oppon5t or antagoni/ muscle4 ,"h we seem to come across a defect 9 ! human ma*9e1 = ! great] /raight muscles 9 ! front ( ! neck1 :i* s]ve z oppos+ muscles1 are n only mu* small] b at a fur!r disadvantage by be+ yok$ to ! pre-fulcral end ( ! lev]1 v close to ! cup on :i* ! head rocks4 ,h[ev]1 if ! great] /raight muscles lose p[] by work+ on a v %ort lev]1 !y ga91 9 spe$2 we set !m quickly & easily into action :5 we give a nod ( recognition4 ,all ! /r5g? or p[] is yok$ to ! po/-fulcral end ( ! head2 ! pre-fulcral end ( its lev] is poorly gu>d$4 ,japanese wre/l]s "k ?is fact v well1 & seek to ga9 victory by press+ up ! poorly gu>d$ pre-fulcral lev] ( ! head1 ?us produc+ a deadly lock at ! fulcral jo9t4 ,inde$1 x w be f\nd t ^? :o use ! jiu-jitsu me?od ( fight+ h discov]$ a great deal ab\t ! con/ruction & weaknesses ( ! lev]s ( ! human body4 ,m]ely to poise ! head on ! atlas may seem to y z easy a matt] z balanc+ ! beam ( a pair ( scales on an upright support4 ,i am n[ go+ to %[ t a great numb] ( difficulties _h to be ov]come be=e our heads c\ld be safely pois$ on our necks4 ,! head _h to be balanc$ 9 su* a way t ?r\gh ! pivot or jo9t on :i* x re/s a safe passageway c\ld be secur$ = "o ( ! mo/ delicate & mo/ important ( all ! p>ts or /ructures ( ! human ma*9e4 ,we h nev] f\nd a good ,engli% "n = ?is /ructure1 s we use its clumsy ,lat9 "o--,m$ulla oblongata--or m$ulla = %ort4 ,9 ! m$ulla are plac$ (fices or c5tres :i* regulate ! vital op]ations c>ri$ on by ! he>t & by ! lungs4 ,x has also to s]ve z a passageway = ?\s&s ( delicate gossam]-l n]ve fibres pass+ f ! bra91 :i* fills ! :ole *amb] ( ! skull1 to ! sp9al cord1 situat$ 9 ! canal ( ! backbone4 ,by means ( ^! delicate fibres ! bra9 dispat*es messages :i* control ! muscul> eng9es ( ! limbs & trunk4 ,?r\gh x1 too1 asc5d c\ntless fibres along :i* messages pass f ! limbs & trunk to ! bra94 ,9 creat+ a movable jo9t = ! head1 !n1 a safe passage _h to be obta9$ = ! m$ulla--t "p ( ! great n]ve /em :i* jo9s ! bra9 to ! sp9al cord4 ,! m$ulla is "p ( ! bra9 /em4 ,?is 0 only "o ( ! difficulties :i* _h to be ov]come4 ,! eyes are set on ! pre-fulcral lev] ( ! head4 ,= our safety we mu/ be able to look 9 all directions--ov] ?is %\ld] or t4 ,we mu/ also be able to turn our heads s t our e>s may discov] 9 :i* direction a s\nd is rea*+ u4 ,9 fa%ion+ a fulcral jo9t = ! head1 !n1 two diff]5t objects _h to be secur$3 free mobility = ! head1 & a safe transit = ! m$ull>y "p ( ! bra9 /em4 ,h[ well ^! objects h be5 atta9$ is kn[n to all ( u1 = we c move our heads 9 ! free/ mann] & suff] no damage :atsoev]4 ,inde$1 s /rong & p]fect is ! jo9t t damage to x is "o ( ! mo/ uncommon accid5ts ( life4 ,let u see1 !n1 h[ ?is triumph 9 eng9e]+ has be5 secur$4 ,9 h] inv5tive moods ,nature always hits on ! simple/ plan possible4 ,9 ?is case %e adopt$ a ball-&-socket jo9t--! k9d by :i* old] a/ronom]s m\nt$ _! telescopes4 ,by su* a jo9t ! telescope becomes1 j z ! head is1 a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! eyeglass is plac$ at "o end ( ! lev]1 :ile ! object-glass1 :i* c be swept across ! face ( ! heav5s1 is plac$ at ! o!r or m di/ant end4 ,9 ! human body ! fir/ v]tebra ( ! backbone--! atlas--is trimm$ to =m a socket1 :ile an adjac5t "p ( ! base ( ! skull is %ap$ to play ! "p ( ball4 ,! k9d ( jo9t to be us$ hav+ be5 hit ^u1 ! next po9t 0 to secure a safe passage = ! bra9 /em4 ,t1 too1 0 work$ out 9 ! simple/ fa%ion4 ,! c5tral p>ts ( bo? ball & socket 7 cut away1 or1 to /ate ! matt] m exactly1 7 nev] =m$4 ,?us a passage 0 obta9$ "r ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! fulcral jo9t ( ! head4 ,! c5tre ( ! jo9t 0 select$ because :5 a lev] is set 9 motion ! "p at ! fulcrum moves lea/1 & ! m$ulla1 be+ plac$ at t po9t1 is lea/ expos$ to di/urbance :5 we b5d our heads backw>ds1 =w>ds1 or f side to side4 ,:5 we exam9e ! base ( ! skull1 all t we see ( ! ball ( ! jo9t are two knuckles ( bone 7,fig4 #c1 ,a71 cov]$ by smoo? slipp]y c>tilage or gri/le1 to :i* anatomi/s give ! "n ( occipital condyles4 ,if we 7 to try to complete ! ball1 ( :i* !y =m a "p1 we %\ld close up ! great op5+--! =am5 magnum--:i* provides a passageway = ! bra9 /em on its way to ! sp9al canal4 ,all t is to be se5 ( ! socket or cup is two holl[s on ! upp] surface ( ! atlas into :i* ! occipital condyles fit 7,fig4 #c1 ,b74 ,m]ely two p>ts ( ! brim ( ! cup h be5 pres]v$ to provide a socket = ! condyles or ball4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,a1 ,! op5+ 9 ! base ( ! skull1 by :i* ! bra9 /em passes to ! sp9al canal4 ,! two occipital condyles repres5t "p ( ! ball :i* fits into ! cup =m$ by ! atlas4 ,b1 ,! p>ts ( ! socket on ! r+ ( ! atlas4 ,z we b5d our heads1 ! occipital condyles revolve or glide on ! sockets ( ! atlas4 ,b :at w happ5 if we roll our heads backw>ds to su* an ext5t t ! bony edge ( ! op5+ 9 ! base ( ! skull is made to press h>d aga9/ ! bra9 /em & cru% x8 ,t1 ( c\rse1 w\ld mean in/ant dea?4 ,su* an accid5t has be5 made impossible 7#a7 by mak+ ! op5+ 9 ! base ( ! skull s mu* l>g] ?an ! bra9 /em t 9 extreme movem5ts !re c be no scissors-l action2 7#b7 ! muscles :i* move ! head on ! atlas arre/ all movem5ts long be=e ! dang]-po9t is rea*$2 7#c7 ev5 if ! muscles are caught (f _! gu>d1 z !y sometimes are1 c]ta9 /rong ligam5ts--fa/5+s ( t\gh fibres--are s set z automatically to jam ! jo9t be=e ! edge ( ! =am5 c come 9 contact ) ! bra9 /em4 ,^! are only "s ( ! devices :i* ,nature _h to contrive 9 ord] to secure a safe passageway = ! bra9 /em4 ,b 9 obta9+ safety = ! bra9 /em1 ! movem5ts ( ! head on ! atlas _h to be limit$ to m]e nodd+ or side-to-side b5d+4 ,! movem5ts :i* are s necess>y to u1 t ( turn+ our heads s t we c sweep our eyes along ! :ole /ret* ( ! skyl9e f "r to left1 & f left to "r1 7 r5d]$ impossible4 ,?is defect 0 also ov]come 9 a simple mann]4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 ! fir/ & second v]tebrae--! atlas & axis--7 s modifi$ t a turn+ movem5t c\ld take place betwe5 !m in/ead ( betwe5 ! atlas & skull4 ,:5 we turn or rotate our heads1 ! atlas1 c>ry+ ! skull ^u x1 sw+s or turns on ! axis4 ,:5 we se>* = ! mann] 9 :i* ?is has be5 accompli%$1 we see aga9 t ,nature has made use ( ! simple/ means at h] disposal4 ,:5 we exam9e a v]tebra 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction )9 an unborn animal1 we see t x is really made up by ! union ( f\r p>ts 7see ,fig4 #d73 a c5tral block :i* becomes ! body or support+ "p2 a "r & a left ar* :i* enclose a passage = ! sp9al cord2 &1 la/ly1 a f\r? "p 9 front ( ! c5tral block :i* becomes big & /rong only 9 ! fir/ v]tebra--! atlas4 ,:5 we look at ! atlas 7,fig4 #d71 we see t x is m]ely a r+ made up ( ?ree ( ! p>ts--! "r & left ar*es & ! f\r? elem5t1--b ! body is miss+4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #d1 ,b1 w %[ :at has become ( ! body ( ! atlas4 ,x has be5 jo9$ to ! c5tral block ( ! second v]tebra--! axis--& projects upw>ds )9 ! front "p ( ! r+ ( ! atlas1 & ?us =ms a pivot r\nd :i* rotatory movem5ts ( ! head c take place4 ,"h we h 9 ! atlas an approa* to ! =mation ( a :eel--a :eel :i* has its axle or pivot plac$ at "s di/ance f its c5tre1 & !re=e a complete revolution ( ! atlas is impossible4 ,a batt]y ( small muscles is atta*$ to ! lat]al lev]s ( ! atlas & c sw+ x freely1 & ! head :i* x c>ries1 a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees to bo? "r & left4 ,! ext5t ( ! movem5ts is limit$ by /\t *eck ligam5ts4 ,?us1 by ! simple exp$i5t ( all[+ ! body ( ! atlas to be /ol5 by ! axis1 a pivot 0 obta9$ r\nd :i* ! head c\ld be turn$ on a horizontal plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,a1 ,! orig9al p>ts ( ! fir/ or atlas v]tebra4 ,b1 ,%[+ ! body ( ! fir/ v]tebra fix$ to ! second1 ?us =m+ ! pivot on :i* ! head turns4 ,nature ?us set up a d\ble jo9t = ! movem5ts ( ! head1 "o betwe5 ! atlas & axis = rotatory movem5ts1 ano!r betwe5 ! atlas & skull = nodd+ & side-to-side movem5ts4 ,& all ^! %e increas$ by giv+ flexibility to ! :ole l5g? ( ! neck4 ,mak]s ( mod]n telescopes h imitat$ ! me?od ,nature inv5t$ :5 fix+ ! human head to ! sp9e4 ,_! in/rum5ts are m\nt$ ) a d\ble jo9t--"o = movem5ts 9 a horizontal plane1 ! o!r = movem5ts 9 a v]tical plane4 ,we ?us see t ! "y eng9e]1 z well z ! /ud5t ( m$ic9e1 c le>n some?+ f ! con/ruction ( ! human body4 ,9 l[ =ms ( v]tebrate animals l ! fi% & frog1 ! head is jo9$ directly to ! body1 !re be+ no neck4 ,no matt] :at "p ( ! human body we exam9e1 we %all f9d t its me*anical "w is p]=m$ by means ( bony lev]s4 ,hav+ se5 h[ ! head is mov$ z a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]1 we are n[ to *oose a "p :i* w %[ u ! plan on :i* lev]s ( ! second ord] "w1 & !re are _m reasons :y we %\ld select ! foot4 ,x is a "p :i* we are all famili> )2 e day we c see x at re/ & 9 action4 ,! foot1 z we h already not$1 s]ves z a lev] 9 walk+4 ,x is a b5t or ar*$ lev] 7,fig4 #f72 :5 we /& on "o foot1 ! :ole weight ( our body re/s on ! summit ( ! ar*4 ,we are ?us go+ to deal ) a lev] ( a complex k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,%[+ a *isel us$ z a lev] ( ! second ord]4 ,9 us+ a *isel to pry op5 ! lid ( a box1 we may use x z a lev] ei!r ( ! fir/ or ( ! second ord]4 ,we h already se5 7,fig4 #a7 t1 9 us+ x z a lev] ( ! fir/ ord]1 we pu%$ ! h&le d[nw>ds1 :ile ! bevell$ end 0 rais$1 =c+ op5 ! lid4 ,! edge ( ! box s]v$ z a re/ or fulcrum = ! *isel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] ins]t+ ! bevell$ edge "u ! lid1 we raise ! h&le in/ead ( depress+ x1 we *ange ! *isel into a lev] ( ! second ord]4 ,! lid is n n[ =c$ up on ! bevell$ edge1 b is rais$ on ! side ( ! *isel1 "s di/ance f ! bevell$ edge1 :i* ?us comes to repres5t ! fulcrum4 ,by us+ a *isel 9 ?is way1 we rev]se ! positions ( ! weight & fulcrum & turn x into a lev] ( ! second ord]4 ,suppose we pu% ! side ( ! *isel--:i* is #aj in*es long--"u ! lid to ! ext5t ( #a in*1 !n ! advantage we ga9 9 p[] is z #a to #aj2 we !reby increase our /r5g? t5fold4 ,if we pu% ! *isel "u ! lid = half its l5g?1 !n our advantage /&s z #aj to #e2 our /r5g? is only d\bl$4 ,if we pu% x /ill fur!r = two-?irds ( its l5g?1 !n our ga9 9 /r5g? is only z #aj to #f4f2 our p[] is increas$ by only "o-?ird4 ,n[ ?is has an important be>+ on ! problem we are go+ to inve/igate1 = ! weight ( our body falls on ! foot1 s t only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! lev]--t "p ( x :i* is =m$ by ! heel--projects beh9d ! po9t on :i* ! weight ( ! body re/s4 ,! /r5g? ( ! muscles :i* act on ! heel w be increas$ only by ab\t "o-?ird4 ,we h already se5 t a d\ble eng9e1 made up ( ! ga/rocnemius & soleus1 is ! p[] :i* is appli$ to ! heel :5 we walk1 & t ! pad ( ! foot1 ly+ across ! sole 9 l9e ) ! ball ( ! great toe1 s]ves z a fulcrum or re/4 ,! weight ( ! body falls on ! foot betwe5 ! fulcrum 9 front & ! p[] beh9d1 z 9 a lev] ( ! second ord]4 ,we h expla9$ :y ! p[] ( ! muscles ( ! calf is increas$ ! m ! weight ( ! body is %ift$ t[>ds ! toes1 b x is also evid5t t ! spe$ & ! ext5t to :i* ! body is lift$ are dim9i%$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! weight be %ift$ m t[>ds ! heel1 ! muscles ( ! calf1 al?\gh los+ 9 p[]1 c lift _! load m quickly & to a great] ext5t4 ,we mu/ look closely at ! foot lev] if we are to und]/& x4 ,x is ar*$ or b5t2 ! front pill> ( ! ar* /ret*es f ! summit or key/one1 :]e ! weight ( ! body is pois$1 to ! pad ( ! foot or fulcrum 7,fig4 #f72 ! po/]ior pill>1 project+ z ! heel1 ext5ds f ! summit to ! po9t at :i* ! muscul> p[] is appli$4 ,a foot ) a %ort ant]ior pill> & a long po/]ior pill> or heel is "o design$ = p[]1 n spe$4 ,x is "o :i* w s]ve a hill-climb] well or a heavy1 corpul5t man4 ,! opposite k9d1 "o ) a %ort heel & a long pill> 9 front1 is well adapt$ = runn+ & spr9t+--= spe$4 ,n[1 we d f9d among ! v>i\s races ( mank9d t "s h be5 giv5 long heels1 su* z ! d>k-sk9n$ natives ( ,africa & ( ,au/ralia1 :ile o!r races h be5 giv5 relatively %ort1 /umpy heels1 ( :i* sort ! natives ( ,europe & ( ,*9a may be cit$ z examples4 ,) long heels less p[]ful muscul> eng9es are requir$1 & h5ce 9 d>k races ! calf ( ! leg is b ill develop$1 because ! muscles :i* move ! heel are small4 ,we mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t ! gait ( d>k-sk9n$ races is usually easy & graceful4 ,we ,europeans1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ %ort heels1 ne$ m p[]ful muscles to move !m1 & h5ce our calves are usually well develop$1 b our gait is apt to be j]ky4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,! bones =m+ ! ar* ( ! foot1 se5 f ! inn] side4 ,if we _h ! p[] to make our heels long] or %ort] at w1 we %\ld be able1 z is ! case 9 a motor cycle1 to alt] our spe$-ge> accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! road4 ,) a /eep hill 9 front ( u1 we %\ld adopt a long1 sl[1 p[]ful heel2 :ile go+ d[n an incl9e a %ort "o w\ld be/ suit our ne$s4 ,) its f\r-*ange spe$-ge> a motor cycle seems bett] adapt$ = easy & economical travell+ ?an ! human ma*9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! human ma*9e has no *ange ( ge>1 x has "o v m>vell\s me*anism--:i* we may call a comp5satory me*anism1 = want ( a %ort1 easy "n4 ,! m we walk1 ! m we g hill-climb+1 ! m p[]ful d ! muscul> eng9es ( ! heel become4 ,x is q diff]5t ) ! eng9e ( a motor cycle2 ! m x is us$1 ! m does x become worn out4 ,x is because a muscul> eng9e is liv+ t x c respond to "w by gr[+ /rong] & quick]4 ,i h no wi% to extol ! human ma*9e unduly1 nor to run d[n ! motor cycle because ( c]ta9 defects4 ,!re is "o defect1 h[ev]1 :i* is inh]5t 9 all motor ma*9es :i* man has inv5t$1 b f :i* ! human ma*9e is almo/ completely free4 ,we c illu/rate ! defect be/ by comp>+ ! movem5ts ( ! heel ) ^? ( ! crank-p9 ( an eng9e4 ,"o s]ves z ! lev] by :i* ! ga/rocnemius helps to propel ! body2 ! o!r s]ves ! same purpose 9 ! propulsion ( a motor cycle4 ,on ref]r+ to ,fig4 #g1 ,a1 ! read] w see t ! pi/on-rod & ! crank-p9 are 9 a /raight l9e2 9 su* a position ! eng9e is p[]less to move ! crank-p9 until ! fly:eel is />t$1 ?us sett+ ! crank-p9 9 motion4 ,once />t$1 ! lev]age increases1 until ! crank-p9 /&s at "r angles to ! pi/on-rod--a po9t ( maximum p[] :i* is rea*$ :5 ! pi/on is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 ,b4 ,!n ! lev]age decreases until ! second dead c5tre is rea*$ 7,fig4 #g1 ,c72 f t po9t ! lev]age is increas$ until ! second maximum is rea*$ 7,fig4 #g1 ,d71 :]eaft] x decreases until ! arrival at ! fir/ position completes ! cycle4 ,?us1 9 ea* revolution !re are two po9ts :]e all lev]age or p[] is lo/1 po9ts :i* are surm\nt$ because ( ! mom5tum giv5 by ! fly:eel4 ,cle>ly we %\ld get mo/ out ( an eng9e if x c\ld be kept work+ ne> ! po9ts ( maximum lev]age--) ! lev] z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to ! crank-p94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,%[+ ! crank-p9 ( an eng9e at3 ,a1 ,fir/ dead c5tre4 ,b1 ,fir/ maximum lev]age4 ,c1 ,second dead c5tre4 ,d1 ,second maximum lev]age4 ,n[1 we h se5 t ! t5don ( ,a*illes is ! pi/on cord1 & ! heel ! crank-p91 ( ! muscul> eng9e repres5t$ by ! ga/rocnemius & soleus4 ,9 ! /&+ po/ure ! heel slopes d[nw>ds & backw>ds1 & is ?us 9 a position1 z reg>ds its pi/on cord1 consid]ably beyond ! po9t ( maximum lev]age4 ,z ! heel is lift$ by ! muscles1 x gradually becomes horizontal & at "r angles to its t5don or pi/on cord4 ,z ! heel rises1 !n1 x becomes a m effective lev]2 ! muscles ga9 9 p[]4 ,! m ! foot is ar*$1 ! m obliquely is ! heel set & ! great] is ! /r5g? ne$$ to />t x mov+4 ,h5ce1 races l ! ,european & ,mongolian1 :i* h %ort z well z /eeply set heels1 ne$ l>ge calf muscles4 ,x is at ! end ( ! upw>d /roke t ! heel becomes mo/ effective z a lev]1 & x is j !n t we mo/ ne$ p[] to propel our bodies 9 a =w>d direction4 ,x w be not$ t ! heel1 unlike ! crank-p9 ( an eng9e1 nev] rea*es1 nev] ev5 approa*es1 t po9t ( p[]lessness kn[n to eng9e]s z a dead c5tre4 ,"w is always p]=m$ )9 ! limits ( ! mo/ effective work+ radius ( ! lev]4 ,x is a law = all ! lev]s ( ! body2 !y are set & mov$ 9 su* a way z to avoid ! occurr5ce ( dead c5tres4 ,?9k :at our condition w\ld h be5 7 ?is n s2 :y1 we %\ld require revolv+ fly-:eels set 9 all our jo9ts6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! ar* ( ! foot f ! inn] side1 %[+ "s ( ! muscles :i* ma9ta9 x4 ,ano!r prop]ty is ess5tial 9 a lev]3 x mu/ be rigid2 o!rwise x w b5d1 & p[] w be lo/4 ,n[1 if ! foot 7 a rigid lev]1 !re w\ld be miss+ two ( its mo/ useful qualities4 ,x c\ld no long] act z a spr+ or buff] to ! body1 nor c\ld x adapt its sole to ! v>i\s k9ds ( surfaces on :i* we h to tread or /&4 ,nature1 ) h] usual +5uity1 has succe$$ 9 comb9+ ^? oppos+ qualities--rigidity1 suppl5ess1 & ela/icity or spr+9ess--by resort+ to h] favorite device1 ! use ( muscul> eng9es4 ,! ar* is necess>ily con/ruct$ ( a numb] ( bones :i* c move on ea* o!r to a c]ta9 ext5t1 s t ! foot may adapt itself to all k9ds ( roads & pa?s4 ,x is true t ! bones ( ! ar* are loosely b\nd toge!r by passive ties or ligam5ts1 b z ^! _c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ at w1 ,nature _h to fall back on ! use ( muscul> eng9es = ! ma9t5ance ( ! foot z an ar*$ lev]4 ,"s ( ^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! foot1 !n1 is a lev] ( a v rem>kable k9d2 all ! "t we /& or walk1 its rigidity1 its p[] to s]ve z a lev]1 has to be ma9ta9$ by an elaborate batt]y ( muscul> eng9es all kept con/antly at "w4 ,no wond] our feet & legs become tir$ :5 we h to /& a great deal4 ,"s ( ^! eng9es1 ! l>g] ones1 are kept 9 ! leg1 b _! t5dons or pi/on cords desc5d bel[ ! ankle-jo9t to be fix$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! ar*1 & ?us help to keep x up 7,fig4 #h74 ,)9 ! sole ( ! foot has be5 plac$ an in/allation ( sev5te5 small eng9es1 all ( !m spr++ into action :5 we /& up1 ?us help+ to ma9ta9 ! foot z a rigid yet flexible lev]4 ,we h already se5 :y our muscles are s easily exhau/$ :5 we /& /ock-/ill2 !y !n get no re/ at all4 ,n[1 x sometimes happ5s 9 p :o h to /& = long p]iods at a /ret* t ^! muscul> eng9es :i* ma9ta9 ! ar* are ov]tax$2 ! ar* ( ! foot gives way4 ,! foot becomes flat & flexible1 & c no long] s]ve z a lev]4 ,_m m5 & wom5 ?us become p]man5tly crippl$2 !y _c /ep (f _! toes1 b mu/ %uffle along on ! inn] sides ( _! feet4 ,b if ! case ( ! ov]work$ muscles :i* ma9ta9 ! ar* is h>d 9 gr[n-up p1 x is ev5 h>d] 9 boys & girls :o h to /& q /ill = a long "t1 or :o h to c>ry su* burd5s z are beyond _! /r5g?4 ,:5 we are "y1 ! bony lev]s & muscul> eng9es ( our feet h n only _! daily "w to d1 b !y h cont9ually to effect ^? wond]ful alt]ations :i* we call gr[?4 ,h5ce1 ! muscul> eng9es ( "y p ne$ special c>e2 !y mu/ be giv5 pl5ty ( "w to d1 b t k9d ( active action :i* gives !m alt]nate /rokes ( "w & re/4 ,ev5 ! eng9e ( a motor cycle has ?ree /rokes ( play = "o ( "w4 ,our eng9es1 too1 mu/ h a lib]al supply ( ! "r k9d ( fuel4 ,b ev5 ) all ^? precautions1 we h to confess t ! muscul> eng9es ( ! foot d sometimes break d[n1 & ! lev]age ( ! foot becomes ?reat5$4 ,nor h we succe$$ 9 f9d+ out :y !y are s liable to break d[n 9 "s boys & girls & n 9 o!rs4 ,"s day we %all discov] ?is too4 ,we are n[ to look at ano!r "p ( ! human ma*9e s t we may /udy a lev] ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,! lev] =m$ by ! =e>m & h& w suit our purpose v well4 ,x is pivot$ or jo9t$ at ! elb[2 ! elb[ is its fulcrum 7,fig4 #i ,b74 ,at ! opposite end ( ! lev]1 9 !1 upturn$ palm ( ! h&1 we %all place a weight ( #a lb4 to repres5t ! load to be mov$4 ,! p[] :i* we are to yoke to ! lev] is a /rong muscul> eng9e we h n m5tion$ be=e1 call$ ! bra*ialis anticus1 or front bra*ial muscle4 ,x lies 9 ! upp] arm1 :]e x is fix$ to ! bone ( t "p--! hum]us4 ,x is atta*$ to "o ( ! bones ( ! =e>m--! ulna--j beyond ! elb[4 ,9 ! second ord] ( lev]1 we h se5 t ! muscle work$ on "o end1 :ile ! weight re/$ on ! lev] some:]e betwe5 ! muscul> atta*m5t & ! fulcrum4 ,9 lev]s ( ! ?ird ord]1 ! load is plac$ at ! end ( ! lev]1 & ! muscle is atta*$ some:]e betwe5 ! load & ! fulcrum 7,fig4 #i ,a74 ,9 ! example we are consid]+1 ! bra*ial muscle is atta*$ ab\t half an in* beyond ! fulcrum at ! elb[1 :ile ! total l5g? ( ! lev]1 measur$ f ! elb[ to ! palm1 is #ab in*es4 ,n[1 x is v evid5t t ! muscle or p[] be+ atta*$ s close to ! elb[1 works "u a great disadvantage z reg>ds /r5g?4 ,x c\ld lift a #bd-lb4 weight plac$ on ! =e>m directly ov] its atta*m5t z easily z a s+le p\nd weight plac$ on ! palm4 ,b1 !n1 !re is ?is advantage3 ! #a-lb4 weight plac$ 9 ! h& moves ) tw5ty-f\r times ! spe$ ( ! #bd-lb4 weight situat$ ne> ! elb[4 ,:at is lo/ 9 /r5g? is ga9$ 9 spe$4 ,:5ev] ,nature wi%es to move a light load quickly1 %e employs lev]s ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i;,a4--,a *isel us$ z a lev] ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,w1 weight2 ,p1 p[]2 ,f1 fulcrum4 ,we h (t5 to move our =e>m v quickly1 sometimes to save our lives4 ,! diff]5ce ( "o-hundr$? ( a second may mean life or dea? to u on ! face ( a cliff :5 we clut* at a bran* or jutt+ rock to save a fall4 ,! quickness ( a bl[ we give or f5d dep5ds on ! l5g? ( our rea*4 ,a long =e>m & h& are ill adapt$ = lift+ heavy burd5s2 /r5g? is sacrific$ if !y are too long4 ,h5ce1 we f9d t ! labor+ peoples ( ! _w--,europeans & ,mongolians--h usually %ort =e>ms & h&s1 :ile ! peoples :o live on su* b\nties z ,nature may provide = !m h relatively long =e>ms & h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i;,b4--,! =e>m & h& z a lev] ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,n[1 man diff]s f an?ropoid apes1 :i* are di/ant c\s9s ( 81 9 hav+ a =e>m :i* is consid]ably %ort] ?an ! upp] arm2 :]eas 9 an?ropoid apes ! =e>m is mu* ! long]4 ,t fact surprises u at fir/1 especially :5 we rememb] t an?ropoids sp5d mo/ ( _! lives among/ trees & use _! arms mu* m ?an _! legs 9 sw++ ! weight ( _! heavy bodies f bran* to bran* & f tree to tree4 ,a long =e>m & h& give !m a long & quick rea*1 s t !y c seize di/ant bran*es & sw+ !mselves along safely & at a good pace4 ,our fir/ ?\ght is to suppose t a long =e>m1 be+ a weak lev]1 w be ill adapt$ = climb+4 ,b :5 y look at ,fig4 #aj1 ! explanation becomes pla94 ,:5 a bran* is seiz$ by ! h&1 & ! :ole weight ( ! body is support$ f x1 ! entire ma*9]y ( ! arm *anges its action4 ,! =e>m is no long] ! lev] :i* ! bra*ial muscle moves 7,fig4 #aj71 b n[ becomes ! base f :i* x acts4 ,! "p :i* 0 its pi/on cord n[ s]ves z its base ( fixation1 & :at 0 its base ( fixation to ! hum]us becomes its pi/on cord4 ,! hum]us has become a lev] ( ! ?ird ord]2 its fulcrum is at ! elb[2 ! weight ( ! body is atta*$ to x at ! %\ld] & repres5ts ! load :i* has to be lift$4 ,we also notice t ! bra*ial muscle is atta*$ a long way up ! hum]us1 ?us increas+ its p[] v greatly1 al?\gh ! rate at :i* x helps 9 lift+ ! body is dim9i%$4 ,we c see1 !n1 :y ! hum]us is %ort & ! =e>m long 9 an?ropoid apes2 %ort5+ ! hum]us makes x m p[]ful z a lev] = lift+ ! body4 ,t is :y an?ropoids are /rong & agile tree-climb]s4 ,b !n wat* !m use ^? long h&s & =e>ms = ! v>i$ & precise movem5ts we h to p]=m 9 our daily lives1 & y w see h[ clumsy !y are4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,%[+ ! action ( ! bra*ialis anticus 9 ! arm ( an an?ropoid ape4 ,9 ! human ma*9e ! lev]s ( ! arm h be5 fa%ion$1 n = climb+1 b = "w ( ano!r k9d--! k9d :i* br+s u a livelihood4 ,we mu/ h p]fect control ov] our h&s2 ! long] ! lev] ( ! =e>m is made1 ! m difficult does control ( ! h& become4 ,h5ce1 9 ! human ma*9e ! =e>m is made relatively %ort & ! upp] arm long4 ,we h j se5 t ! bra*ial muscle c\ld at "o "t move ! =e>m & h&1 b t :5 !y are fix$ x c\ld !n use ! hum]us z a lev] & !reby lift ! weight ( ! body4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a metal eng9e :i* c\ld rev]se its action s t x c\ld act ?r\gh its pi/on-rod at "o "t & ?r\gh its cyl9d] at ano!r8 ,yet t is :at a great numb] ( ! muscul> eng9es ( ! human ma*9e d e day4 ,!re is ano!r little po9t1 b an important "o1 :i* ,i mu/ m5tion be=e ?is *apt] is f9i%$4 ,i h spok5 ( ! =e>m & h& z if !y =m$ a s+le solid lev]4 ,( c\rse t is n s2 !re are jo9ts at ! wri/ :]e ! h& c be mov$ on ! =e>m4 ,b :5 a weight is plac$ 9 ! h&1 ^! jo9ts became fix$ by ! action ( muscles4 ,! fix+ muscles are plac$ 9 ! =e>m1 bo? 9 front & beh9d1 & are set 9 action ! mom5t ! h& is load$4 ,! wri/ jo9t is fix$ j 9 ! same way z ! jo9ts ( ! foot are made rigid by muscles :5 x has to s]ve z a lev]4 ,ev5 :5 we take a p5 9 our h& & write1 ^! eng9es :i* balance & fix ! wri/ h to be 9 action all ! "t4 ,! /ead9ess ( our writ+ dep5ds on h[ delicately !y are balanc$4 ,l ! muscles ( ! foot1 ! fix]s ( ! wri/ may become ov]work$ & exhau/$1 z occasionally happ5s 9 m5 & wom5 :o d n hold _! p5s correctly & write = long spells day aft] day4 ,! break-d[n :i* happ5s 9 !m is call$ writ]'s cramp1 b x is a disa/] ( ! same k9d z t :i* ov]takes ! foot :5 its ar* collapses1 & its utility z a lev] is lo/4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,f ,! ,eng9es ( ! ,human ,body1 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii4 ,j4,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company1 ,philadelphia1 #aibj2 ,williams & ,norgate1 ,london1 #aibj4 ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,ma*9e ,,! ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype#b ,philip ,t4 ,dodge ,! ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ma*9e appe>$ 9 crude =m ab\t #ahhf4 ,?is ma*9e diff]s widely f all o!rs 9 t x is adapt$ to produce ! type-faces = ea* l9e prop]ly ju/ifi$ on ! edge ( a solid slug or l9otype4 ,^! slugs1 automatically produc$ & assembl$ by ! ma*9e1 are us$ 9 ! same mann] z o!r type-=ms1 :e!r = direct pr9t+ or = electrotyp+1 & are remelt$ aft] use4 ,,g5]al ,,organization ,! g5]al organization ( ! ma*9e w fir/ be describ$4 ,aft] ?is ! details w be m fully expla9$ & att5tion pla9ly direct$ to ! v>i\s p>ts :i* require special consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ma*9e conta9s1 z ! vital elem5t1 ab\t sixte5 hundr$ matrices1 su* z are %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ea* consi/+ ( a small brass plate hav+ 9 "o edge ! female "* or matrix prop]1 & 9 ! upp] end a s]ies ( tee?1 us$ z h]e9aft] expla9$ = di/ribut+ ! matrices aft] use to _! prop] places 9 ! magaz9e ( ! ma*9e4 ,!re are 9 ! ma*9e a numb] ( matrices = ea* lett] & also matrices repres5t+ special *>act]s1 & spaces or quadrats ( diff]5t ?icknesses = use 9 table-"w4 ,!re is a s]ies ( f+] keys repres5t+ ! v>i\s *>act]s & spaces1 & ! ma*9e is s organiz$ t on manipulat+ ! keys x selects ! matrices 9 ! ord] 9 :i* _! *>act]s are to appe> 9 pr9t1 & assembles !m 9 a l9e1 ) w$ge-%ap$ spaces or ju/ifi]s betwe5 ! words4 ,! s]ies ( matrices ?us assembl$ 9 l9e =ms a l9e matrix1 or1 9 o!r words1 a l9e ( female dies adapt$ to mold or =m a l9e ( rais$ type on a slug ca/ aga9/ ! matrices4 ,aft] ! matrix l9e is compos$1 x is automatically transf]r$ to ! face ( a slott$ mold into :i* molt5 type-metal is deliv]$ to =m a slug or l9otype aga9/ ! matrices4 ,?is done1 ! matrices are return$ to ! magaz9e & di/ribut$1 to be aga9 compos$ 9 new relations = succe$+ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #b illu/rates ! g5]al organization ( ! ma*9e4 ,a repres5ts an incl9$ *annell$ magaz9e 9 :i* ! matrices are /or$4 ,ea* *annel has at ! l[] end an escapem5t ,b to release ! matrices "o at a "t4 ,ea* ( ^! escapem5ts is connect$ by a rod ,c & int]m$iate devices to "o ( ! f+]-keys 9 ! keybo>d ,d4 ,^! keys repres5t ! v>i\s *>act]s z 9 a typewrit]4 ,! keys are depress$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! *>act]s & spaces are to appe>1 & ! matricies1 releas$ successively f ! l[] end ( ! magaz9e1 desc5d betwe5 ! guides ,e to ! surface ( an incl9$ travell+ belt ,f1 by :i* !y are c>ri$ d[nw>d & deliv]$ successively into a *annel 9 ! upp] "p ( ! assembl+ elevator ,g1 9 :i* !y are advanc$ by a />-%ap$ :eel1 se5 at ! "r4 ,! w$ge-%ap$ spaces or ju/ifi]s ,i are held 9 a magaz9e ,h1 f :i* !y are deliv]$ at prop] int]vals by f+]-key ,j 9 ! keybo>d1 s t !y may pass d[nw>d & assume _! prop] positions 9 ! l9e ( matrices4 ,:5 ! composition ( ! l9e is complet$1 ! assembl+ elevator ,g is rais$ & ! l9e is transf]r$1 z indicat$ by dott$ l9es1 fir/ to ! left & !n d[nw>d to ! ca/+ position 9 front ( ! slott$ mold seat$ 9 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! v]tical :eel ,k1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,! l9e ( matrices is press$ aga9/ & closes ! front ( ! mold1 ! *>act]s on ! matrices /&+ directly opposite ! slot 9 ! mold1 z %[n4 ,! back ( ! mold communicates ) & is clos$ by ! m\? ( a melt+-pot ,m1 conta9+ a supply ( molt5 metal & heat$ by a ,buns5 burn] und]nea?4 ,)9 ! pot is a v]tical pump-plung] :i* acts at ! prop] "t to drive ! molt5 metal ?r\gh ! p]=at$ m\? ( ! pot into ! mold & into all ! *>act]s 9 ! matrices4 ,! metal1 solidify+1 =ms a slug or l9otype be>+ on its edge1 9 relief1 type-*>act]s produc$ f ! matrices4 ,! matrices & ! pot are imm$iately sep>at$ f ! mold1 & ! mold :eel rotates until ! slug conta9$ 9 ! mold is pres5t$ 9 front ( an ejector blade1 :]e ! slug is eject$ f ! mold ?r\gh a pair ( knives1 :i* trim ! sides to ! requir$ size1 into ! receiv+ galley1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,aft] ! l9e ( matrices & spaces has s]v$ its purpose1 x is rais$ f ! ca/+ position & mov$ to ! "r1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es & arr[s 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! tee? 9 ! upp] ends ( ! matrices are engag$ ) a too!d b> ,r1 kn[n z ! second elevator4 ,?is elevator sw+s upw>d1 z %[n by dott$ l9es1 c>ry+ ! matrices to ! level ( ! upp] end ( ! magaz9e1 & leav+ ! spaces or ju/ifi]s beh9d to be transf]r$ to _! magaz9e ,h4 ,! di/ribut+ me*anism consi/s ess5tially ( a fix$ b> ,t1 ly+ 9 a horizontal position above ! upp] end ( ! magaz9e1 & hav+ along its l[] edge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 horizontal tee? to engage ! tee? 9 ! upp] end ( ! matrices & hold !m 9 susp5sion4 ,! tee? ( ! matrix = ea* lett] diff] 9 numb] or arrangem5t1 or bo?1 f ! tee? ( matrices be>+ o!r lett]s1 & ! tee? on ! l[] edge ( ! di/ributor b> are correspond+ly v>i$ 9 arrangem5t at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! l5g? ( ! b>4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,! matrices are mov$ =w>d into engagem5t ) ! di/ributor b> & also into engagem5t ) ! ?reads ( horizontal screws ,u1 :i* are ext5d$ p>allel ) ! di/ributor b> & con/antly rotat$ s t !y cause ! matrices to travel "o aft] ano!r along ! di/ributor & ov] ! m\?s ( ! *annels 9 ! magaz9es4 ,ea* matrix is held 9 susp5sion until x arrives ov] its prop] *annel1 :]e = ! fir/ "t its tee? be> su* relation to ^? ( ! b> t x is releas$ & p]mitt$ to fall into ! magaz9e4 ,! spe$ ( ! ma*9e1 :i* is commonly f f\r to five ?\s& ems p] h\r1 b :i* has rea*$ t5 ?\s& & upw>d 9 competitive trials1 is due to ! fact t ! matrices pursue a circulatory c\rse1 leav+ ! magaz9e at ! l[] end1 pass+ !nce to ! l9e & to ! ca/+ me*anism1 & f9ally return+ to ! top ( ! magaz9e4 ,?is p]mits ! composition ( "o l9e1 ! ca/+ ( ano!r1 & ! di/ribution ( a ?ird to proce$ simultane\sly4 ,,assembl+ ,,& ,,keybo>d ,,me*anisms ,! matrices pass ?r\gh ! magaz9e by gravity4 ,_! release is effect$ by me*anisms %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f1 :i* are v]tical sections ?r\gh ! magaz9e1 ! keybo>d1 & int]m$iate connections4 ,"u ea* *annel ( ! magaz9e1 !re is an escapem5t ,b1 consi/+ ( a small lev] rock+ at its c5tre on a horizontal pivot1 & c>ry+ at its opposite ends two dogs or pawls b1 b1 :i* are project$ up alt]nately into ! magaz9e by ! motion ( ! lev]4 ,! key-rod ,c1 susp5d$ f ! re> end ( ! escapem5t ,b1 t5ds to hold ! l[] pawl b 9 an elevat$ position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 s t x engages "u ! upp] e> ( ! =emo/ matrix to prev5t its escape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,:5 ! escapem5t ,b is rock$1 x )draws ! l[] pawl b1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 at ! same "t rais+ ! upp] pawl1 s t x engages & mom5t>ily arre/s ! next matrix4 ,z soon z ! fir/ matrix has escap$1 ! escapem5t resumes its orig9al position1 ! upp] pawl fall+1 :ile ! l[] "o rises s z to hold ! second matrix1 :i* assumes ! position previ\sly occupi$ by ! "o releas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,?us x is t ! alt]nate ris+ & fall+ ( ! two escapem5t pawls p]mits ! matrices to escape "o at a "t4 ,x is evid5t t ! escapem5ts c\ld be op]at$ directly by rods connect$ ) ! f+]-keys1 b ?is direct connection is objectionable because ( ! labor requir$ on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 & ! dang] t ! keys may n be fully depress$4 ,moreov]1 x is ess5tial t ! escapem5ts %\ld act individually ) mod]ate spe$ to ! end t ! matrices may be prop]ly engag$ & dis5gag$ by ! pawls4 ,= ^! reasons1 & to secure easy & uni=m action ( ! p>ts1 ! me*anism %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f is introduc$ betwe5 ! f+]-keys & escapem5ts4 ,! v]tical rods ,c1 :i* actuate ! escapem5ts1 are guid$ 9 ! ma9 frame1 & ea* is urg$ d[nw>d by a spr+ c4 ,ea* rod ,c t]m9ates directly ov] "o end ( a ris+ & fall+ yoke-b> c#b1 turn+ on a pivot c#c at ! opposite end4 ,ea* ( ! yokes c#b is slott$ v]tically to admit an ecc5tric c#d turn+ on a pivot !re94 ,a con/antly rotat+ rubb]-cov]$ roll c#e is ext5d$ across ! entire keybo>d b5ea? ! cams1 :i* /& normally z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 out ( contact ) ! roll4 ,:5 ! p>ts are 9 ?is position1 ! cam-yoke is su/a9$ at its free end by ! yoke-trigg] c#h1 & a cross-b> 9 ! cam engages a v]tical p9 c#g on ! frame1 :]eby ! cam is prev5t$ f fall+ on to ! roll]1 z x has a t5d5cy to d4 ,ea* ( ! yoke-trigg]s c#f is connect$ ) a v]tical b> c#h1 :i* is 9 turn connect$ to ! re> end ( a f+]-key lev] ,d4 ,! p>ts /& normally at re/ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! roll c#e turn+ freely "u ! cam )\t effect ^u x4 ,:5 ! f+]-key is depress$1 x raises ! b> c#h1 :i* 9 turn trips ! yoke-trigg] c#f f "u ! cam-yoke c#b1 p]mitt+ ! latt] to fall1 !reby l[]+ ! cam c#d into p]iph]al engagem5t ) ! rubb] roll1 at ! same "t dis5gag+ ! cam f ! /op-p9 c#g4 ,! roll1 engag+ frictionally ) ! cam1 causes ! latt] to turn on its c5tre 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,ow+ to ! ecc5tric %ape ( ! cam1 its rotation :ile re/+ on ! roll] causes x to lift ! yoke c#b above its orig9al position1 s t x acts ^u ! escapem5t rod ,c1 lift+ x & caus+ x to rev]se ! position ( ! escapem5t ,b1 to release ! matrix1 z pla9ly se5 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,:ile ?is is tak+ place1 ! yoke-trigg] c#f resumes its fir/ position1 z %[n 9 dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #f1 s t z ! rotat+ cam l[]s ! yoke1 x is aga9 support$ 9 its fir/ position1 ! cam at ! same "t turn+ =w>d by mom5tum out ( engagem5t ) ! roll until arre/$ 9 its orig9al position by ! p9 c#g4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! p>ts betwe5 ea* key lev] & escapem5t op]ate indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 s t a numb] ( cams may be 9 engagem5t ) ! roll]s at "o "t1 & a numb] ( escapem5ts at diff]5t /ages ( _! action at "o "t4 ,! matrices fall+ f ! magaz9e desc5d ?r\gh ! front *annels & are receiv$ on ! incl9$ belt ,f1 on :i* !y are c>ri$ ov] & guid$ on ! upp] r\nd+ surface ( ! assembl] entrance-block f#a1 by :i* !y are guid$ d[nw>d 9 front ( ! />-:eel f#b1 :i* pu%es !m =w>d "o aft] ano!r4 ,! spaces or ju/ifi]s ,i1 releas$ f _! magaz9e ,h1 z h]et(ore describ$1 desc5d into ! assembl] ,g 9 front ( ! />-:eel 9 ! same mann] z ! matrices4 ,! l9e 9 c\rse ( composition is su/a9$ at its front end by a yield+ f+] or resi/ant g1 secur$ to a horizontal assembl] slide g#b1 ! purpose ( ^! p>ts be+ to hold ! l9e toge!r 9 compact =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,z ! matrices approa* ! l9e1 _! upp] ends are c>ri$ ov] a spr+ g#c1 project+ ?r\gh ! assembl] face-plate f ! re>1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 its purpose be+ to hold ! matrices =w>d & prev5t !m f fall+ back 9 su* a mann] t succe$+ matrices & spaces or ju/ifi]s w pass improp]ly ahead ( !m4 ,! desc5d+ matrices also pass b5ea? a long dep5d+ spr+ g#d1 :i* %\ld be s adju/$ z b>ely to p]mit ! passage ( ! ?icke/ matrix4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,aft] ! composition ( ! l9e is complet$ 9 ! assembl+ elevator ,g1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 ! elevator is rais$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 s z to pres5t ! l9e betwe5 ! dep5d+ f+]s ( ! transf]-c>riage ,n1 :i* !n moves to ! left to ! position %[n by dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #i1 !reby br++ ! l9e into ! fir/ elevator ,o1 :i* !n desc5ds1 c>ry+ ! l9e ( matrices d[nw>ds1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 to its position 9 front ( ! mold & betwe5 ! conf9+ jaws ,p1 ,p1 m\nt$ 9 ! ma9 frame1 :i* det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! l9e4 ,figs4 #aa & #ab %[ ! ca/+ me*anism 9 v]tical section f front to re>4 ,:5 ! fir/ elevator ,o l[]s ! l9e1 z j describ$1 ! mold & ! pot ,m /& 9 _! re>w>d positions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! mold-c>ry+ :eel is su/a9$ by a horizontal slide1 & z soon z ! matrix l9e is l[]$ to ! ca/+ position1 a cam at ! re> pu%es ! slide & mold :eel =w>d until ! front face ( ! mold is clos$ tightly aga9/ ! re> face ( ! matrix l9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,:ile ?is is tak+ place1 ! pot1 hav+ its support+ legs m\nt$ on a horizontal %aft1 sw+s =w>d until its m\? is clos$ tightly aga9/ ! back ( ! mold1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,:ile ! p>ts are 9 ?is position1 ! ju/ify+ b> ,q is driv5 up & pu%es ! spaces or ju/ifi]s upw>d ?r\gh ! l9e ( matrices until ! l9e is exp&$ or elongat$ to fill completely ! gap betwe5 jaws ,p1 ,p4 ,9 ord] to secure exact alignm5t ( ! matrices v]tically & horizontally1 ! b> ,q acts repeat$ly on ! spaces1 & ! l9e is slightly unlock$ endwise & relock$4 ,?is is done t ! matrices may be tempor>ily releas$ to facilitate ! accurate adju/m5t dem&$4 ,:ile ! ju/ifi$ l9e is lock$ fa/ betwe5 ! jaws1 ! elevator1 & ! mold1 ! plung] m#b 9 ! pot desc5ds & drives ! molt5 metal be=e x ?r\gh ! sp\t or m\? ( ! pot into ! mold1 :i* is fill$ "u pressure1 s t a solid slug is produc$ aga9/ ! matrices4 ,! pot !n retreats1 & its m\? breaks away f ! back ( ! slug 9 ! mold1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! mold retreats to draw ! type-*>act]s on ! conta9$ slug out ( ! matrices4 ,! mold :eel n[ revolves1 c>ry+ ! re> edge ( ! slug pa/ a /ation>y trimm+-knife1 n %[n1 & ar\nd to ! position 9 front ( ! ejector1 z previ\sly describ$ & %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 :]eupon ! ejector advances & drives ! slug betwe5 two side trimm+-knives into ! galley at ! front4 ,,di/ribution ,aft] ! ca/+ action ! fir/ elevator ,o rises & c>ries ! matrix l9e above ! orig9al or compos+ level1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! l9e is !n drawn horizontally to ! "r until ! tee? ( ! matrices engage ! too!d elevator b> ,r1 :i* sw+s upw>d ) ! matrices1 ?us sep>at+ ! matrices f ! spaces or ju/ifi]s ,i1 :i* rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! frame1 s t !y may be pu%$ to ! "r1 z indicat$ by ! arr[1 into _! magaz9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,:5 ! l9e ( matrices is rais$ to ! di/ributor1 x is necess>y t ! matrices %all be sep>at$ & pres5t$ "o at a "t to ! di/ributor b>1 betwe5 ! ?reads ( ! horizontal c>ri]-screws4 ,?is is accompli%$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,a horizontal pu%] or l9e-%ift] ,s c>ries ! l9e ( matrices =w>d f ! elevator b> ,r into ! s-call$ di/ributor box1 conta9+ at its opposite sides two rails u1 hav+ ne> _! =w>d ends %\ld]s u#b1 aga9/ :i* ! =w>d matrix abuts s z to prev5t fur!r advance ( ! l9e1 :i* is urg$ con/antly =w>d by ! foll[] or l9e-%ift] ,s4 ,a v]tically reciprocat+ lift+ f+] ,v has its upp] end %\ld]$ to engage b5ea? ! =emo/ matrix1 s z to pu% x upw>d until its upp] e>s are lift$ above ! deta9+ %\ld] u#b1 s t !y may ride =w>d on ! upw>dly incl9$ inn] ends ( ! rails1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! matrices ?us lift$ are engag$ by ! screws & c>ri$ =w>d1 &1 z !y move =w>d1 !y are gradually rais$ by ! rails until ! tee? f9ally engage !mselves on ! di/ributor b> ,t1 f :i* !y are susp5d$ z !y are c>ri$ =w>d1 ov] ! m\? ( ! magaz9e1 until !y fall into _! respective *annels1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! di/ributor box also conta9s on opposite sides %ort] rails1 u#d1 adapt$ to engage ! l[] ends ( ! matrices1 to hold !m 9 position z !y are lift$4 ,! lift+ f+] ,v is m\nt$ on a horizontal pivot 9 "o end ( an elb[ lev] m\nt$ on pivot v#b & actuat$ by a cam on ! end ( "o ( ! c>ri]-screws1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #ae4 ,,trimm+-,,knives ,9 practice !re is occasionally f\nd a slight irregul>ity 9 ! ?ickness ( slugs1 & ?9 f9s are sometimes ca/ ar\nd ! =w>d edges4 ,= ! purpose ( r$uc+ !m to a uni=m ?ickness1 !y are driv5 on _! way to ! galley betwe5 two v]tical knives1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #d & #af4 ,! inn] knife is /ation>y1 b ! out] knife is adju/able 9 ord] t x may accommodate slugs ( diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,?is adju/m5t is made by ! knife be+ seat$ at its out] edge aga9/ a support+ b> or w$ge1 hav+ at opposite ends two incl9$ surfaces seat$ aga9/ support+ screws 9 ! knife-block4 ,a lev] engages a p9 on ! w$ge = ! purpose ( mov+ x endwise2 :5 mov+ 9 "o direction1 x =ces ! knife inw>d t[>d ! /ation>y knife1 & :5 mov$ 9 ! o!r direction1 x =ces x to retreat "u ! influ5ce ( a spr+ seat$ 9 ! block4 ,! w$ge is provid$ ) a s]ies ( tee? engag$ by a spr+-actuat$ p9 or dog1 :]eby ! w$ge & ! knife are /opp$ 9 prop] positions to insure ! exact space requir$ betwe5 ! two knives4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! back knife1 secur$ to ! frame = trimm+ ! base ( ! slug z x is c>ri$ pa/ by ! revolv+ :eel1 %\ld be kept mod]ately %>p & adju/$ s z to fit closely aga9/ ! back ( ! pass+ mold4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to ?is feature4 ,! edge ( ! knife mu/ be> uni=mly across ! face ( ! mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! front knives1 betwe5 :i* ! slug is eject$1 %\ld n be made too %>p4 ,aft] be+ %>p5$1 ! ?9 edge c be advantage\sly remov$ by ! use ( a ?9 oil/one appli$ aga9/ ! side face2 t is1 aga9/ ! face pa/ :i* ! slug is c>ri$4 ,! /ation>y or left-h& knife %\ld be s adju/$ z to align exactly ) ! inn] side ( ! mold4 ,"u prop] conditions ?is knife does n trim ! side face ( ! slug1 b acts only to remove any slight f9s or projections at ! front edge4 ,! "r-h& knife1 adju/able by means ( a w$ge & lev]1 %\ld /& exactly p>allel ) ! /ation>y knife4 ,x trims ! side ( ! slug on :i* ! ribs are =m$1 & x s]ves to br+ ! slug to ! exact ?ickness requir$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,f ,!odore ,l4 ,de ,v9ne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book ,composition1 pp4 #djc-dbe4 ,! ,c5tury ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,process ,,9 ,,nature ,,! ,,pea ,,weevil#c ,jean ,h5ri ,fabre ,peas are held 9 high e/eem by mank9d4 ,f remote ages man has endeavor$1 by c>eful culture1 to produce l>g]1 t5d]]1 & sweet] v>ieties4 ,( an adaptable "*1 "u c>eful treatm5t ! plant has evolv$ 9 a docile fa%ion1 & has end$ by giv+ u :at ! ambition ( ! g>d5] desir$4 ,to-day we h gone f> beyond ! yield ( ! ,v>rons & ,columelles1 & fur!r /ill beyond ! orig9al pea2 f ! wild se$s confid$ to ! soil by ! fir/ man :o ?\ght to scrat* up ! surface ( ! e>?1 p]haps ) ! half-jaw ( a cave-be>1 ^: p[]ful can9e too? w\ld s]ve him z a pl\gh%>e6 ,:]e is x1 ?is orig9al pea1 9 ! _w ( spontane\s vegetation8 ,our own c\ntry has no?+ resembl+ x4 ,is x to be f\nd else:]e8 ,on ?is po9t botany is sil5t1 or replies only ) vague probabilities4 ,we f9d ! same ignorance else:]e on ! subject ( ! majority ( our alim5t>y vegetables4 ,:5ce comes :eat1 ! bless$ gra9 :i* gives u bread8 ,no "o kn[s4 ,y w n f9d x "h1 except 9 ! c>e ( man2 nor w y f9d x abroad4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! bir?place ( agriculture1 no botani/ has ev] enc\nt]$ ! sacr$ e> gr[+ ( itself on unbrok5 soil4 ,b>ley1 oats1 & rye1 ! turnip & ! beet1 ! beetroot1 ! c>rot1 ! pumpk91 & s _m o!r vegetable products1 leave u 9 ! same p]plexity2 _! po9t ( dep>ture is unkn[n to u1 or at mo/ suspect$ beh9d ! imp5etrable cl\d ( ! c5turies4 ,nature deliv]$ !m to u 9 ! full vigor ( ! ?+ untam$1 :5 _! value z food 0 indiff]5t1 z to-day %e (f]s u ! sloe1 ! bullace1 ! blackb]ry1 ! crab2 %e gave !m to u 9 ! /ate ( imp]fect sket*es1 = u to fill out & complete2 x 0 = our skill & our labor pati5tly to induce ! n\ri%+ pulp :i* 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( capital1 ^: int]e/ is always increas+ 9 ! primordial bank ( ! till] ( ! soil4 ,z /oreh\ses ( food ! c]eal & ! vegetable are1 = ! great] "p1 ! "w ( man4 ,! fundam5tal species1 a poor res\rce 9 _! orig9al /ate1 we borr[$ z !y 7 f ! natural treasury ( ! vegetable _w2 ! p]fect$ race1 ri* 9 alim5t>y mat]ials1 is ! result ( our art4 ,if :eat1 peas1 & all ! re/ are indisp5sable to u1 our c>e1 by a j return1 is absolutely necess>y to !m4 ,su* z our ne$s h made !m1 incapable ( resi/ance 9 ! bitt] /ruggle = survival1 ^! vegetables1 left to !mselves )\t culture1 w\ld rapidly disappe>1 despite ! num]ical abundance ( _! se$s1 z ! fooli% %eep w\ld disappe> 7 !re no m %eep-folds4 ,!y are our "w1 b n always our exclusive prop]ty4 ,:]ev] food is amass$1 ! consum]s collect f ! f\r corn]s ( ! sky2 !y invite !mselves to ! fea/ ( abundance1 & ! ri*] ! food ! great] _! numb]s4 ,man1 :o alone is capable ( induc+ agr>ian abundance1 is by t v fact ! giv] ( an imm5se banquet at :i* legions ( fea/]s take _! place4 ,by creat+ m juicy & m g5]\s fruits1 he calls to 8 enclosures1 despite himself1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( hungry creatures1 aga9/ ^: appetites 8 prohibitions are helpless4 ,! m he produces1 ! l>g] is ! tribute dem&$ ( him4 ,:olesale agriculture & vegetable abundance favor our rival1 ! insect4 ,?is is ! imman5t law4 ,nature1 ) an equal zeal1 (f]s h] mighty brea/ to all h] nursl+s alike2 to ^? :o live by ! goods ( o!rs no less ?an to ! produc]s4 ,= u1 :o pl\gh1 s[1 & reap1 & we>y ourselves ) labor1 %e rip5s ! :eat2 %e rip5s x also = ! little ,cal5d]-beetle1 :i*1 al?\gh exempt$ f ! labor ( ! fields1 ent]s our gran>ies none ! less1 & !re1 ) its po9t$ beak1 nibbles our :eat1 gra9 by gra91 to ! husk4 ,= u1 :o dig1 we$1 & wat]1 b5t ) fatigue & burn$ by ! sun1 %e swells ! pods ( ! pea2 %e swells !m also = ! weevil1 :i* does no g>d5]'s "w1 yet takes its %>e ( ! h>ve/ at its own h\r1 :5 ! e>? is joyful ) ! new life ( spr+4 ,let u foll[ ! manoeuvres ( ?is insect :i* takes its ti! ( ! gre5 pea4 ,i1 a b5evol5t rate-pay]1 w all[ x to take its dues2 x is precisely to b5efit x t ,i h s[n a few r[s ( ! belov$ plant 9 a corn] ( my g>d54 ,)\t o!r invitation on my "p ?an ?is mode/ exp5diture ( se$-peas1 x arrives punctually dur+ ! mon? ( ,may4 ,x has le>n$ t ?is /ony soil1 rebelli\s at ! culture ( ! kit*5-g>d5]1 is be>+ peas = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 all ha/e !re=e x has hurri$1 an ag5t ( ! entomological rev5ue sy/em1 to dem& its dues4 ,:5ce does x come8 ,x is impossible to say precisely4 ,x has come f "s %elt]1 some:]e1 9 :i* x has pass$ ! w9t] 9 a /ate ( torpor4 ,! plane-tree1 :i* %$s its r9d dur+ ! heats ( ! summ]1 furni%es an excell5t refuge = homeless insects "u its p>tly deta*$ %eets ( b>k4 ,i h (t5 f\nd our weevil 9 su* a w9t] refuge4 ,%elt]$ "u ! dead cov]+ ( ! plane1 or o!rwise protect$ :ile ! w9t] la/s1 x awak5s f its torpor at ! fir/ t\* ( a k9dly sun4 ,! almanac ( ! in/9cts has ar\s$ x2 x kn[s z well z ! g>d5] :5 ! pea-v9es are 9 fl[]1 & seeks its favorite plant1 j\rney+ ?i!r f e side1 runn+ ) quick1 %ort /eps1 or nimbly fly+4 ,a small head1 a f9e sn\t1 a co/ume ( a%5 grey spr9kl$ ) br[n1 flatt5$ w+-cov]s1 a dumpy1 compact body1 ) two l>ge black dots on ! re> segm5t--su* is ! summ>y portrait ( my visitor4 ,! middle ( ,may approa*es1 & ) x ! van ( ! invasion4 ,!y settle on ! fl[]s1 :i* are n unlike :ite-w+$ butt]flies4 ,i see !m at ! base ( ! blossom or inside ! cavity ( ! keel ( ! fl[]1 b ! majority explore ! petals & take possession ( !m4 ,! "t = lay+ ! eggs has n yet arriv$4 ,! morn+ is mild2 ! sun is w>m )\t be+ oppressive4 ,x is ! mom5t ( nuptial flights2 ! "t ( rejoic+ 9 ! spl5dor ( ! sun%9e4 ,ev]y:]e are creatures rejoic+ to be alive4 ,c\ples come toge!r1 "p1 & re-=m4 ,:5 t[>ds noon ! heat becomes too great1 ! weevils retire into ! %ad[1 tak+ refuge s+ly 9 ! folds ( ! fl[]s ^: secret corn]s !y "k s well4 ,to-morr[ w be ano!r day ( fe/ival1 & ! next day also1 until ! pods1 em]g+ f ! %elt] ( ! keel ( ! fl[]1 are pla9ly visible1 enl>g+ f day to day4 ,a few gravid females1 m press$ = "t ?an ! o!rs1 confide _! eggs to ! gr[+ pod1 flat & meag] z x issues f its floral %ea?4 ,^! ha/ily laid bat*es ( eggs1 expell$ p]haps by ! exig5cies ( an ov>y incapable ( fur!r delay1 seem to me 9 s]i\s dang]2 = ! se$ 9 :i* ! grub mu/ e/abli% itself is z yet no m ?an a t5d] speck ( gre51 )\t firmness & )\t any f>9ace\s tissue4 ,no l>va c\ld possibly f9d suffici5t n\ri%m5t !re1 unless x wait$ = ! pea to mature4 ,b is ! grub capable ( fa/+ = any l5g? ( "t :5 once hat*$8 ,x is d\btful4 ,! little ,i h se5 tells me t ! newborn grub mu/ e/abli% itself 9 ! mid/ ( its food z quickly z possible1 & t x p]i%es unless x c d s4 ,i am !re=e ( op9ion t su* eggs z are deposit$ 9 immature pods are lo/4 ,h[ev]1 ! race w h>dly suff] by su* a loss1 s f]tile is ! little beetle4 ,we %all see directly h[ prodigal ! female is ( h] eggs1 ! majority ( :i* are de/9$ to p]i%4 ,! important "p ( ! mat]nal task is complet$ by ! end ( ,may1 :5 ! %ells are swoll5 by ! exp&+ peas1 :i* h rea*$ _! f9al gr[?1 or are b little %ort ( x4 ,i 0 anxi\s to see ! female ,bru*us at "w 9 h] quality ( ,curculionid1 z our classification decl>es h]4#d ,! o!r weevils are ,rhyncophora1 beak$ insects1 arm$ ) a drill ) :i* to prep>e ! hole 9 :i* ! egg is laid4 ,! ,bru*us possesses only a %ort sn\t or muzzle1 excell5tly adapt$ = eat+ s(t tissues1 b valueless z a drill4 ,! me?od ( in/all+ ! family is consequ5tly absolutely diff]5t4 ,!re are no indu/ri\s prep>ations z ) ! ,bal9idae1 ! ,l>9idae1 & ! ,rhyn*itides4 ,n be+ equipp$ ) a long oviscapt1 ! "m s[s h] eggs 9 ! op51 ) no protection aga9/ ! heat ( ! sun & ! v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl]1 & no?+ m p]il\s to ! eggs1 9 ! abs5ce ( special *>act]i/ics :i*1 w\ld enable !m to resi/ ! alt]nate trials ( heat & cold1 moi/ure & dr\ght4 ,9 ! c>ess+ sunlight ( t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ! "m runs up & d[n ! *os5 pod1 fir/ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r1 ) a j]ky1 caprici\s1 unme?odical gait4 ,%e repeat$ly extrudes a %ort oviduct1 :i* oscillates "r & left z ?\gh to graze ! sk9 ( ! pod4 ,an egg foll[s1 :i* is ab&on$ z soon z laid4 ,a ha/y t\* ( ! oviduct1 fir/ "h1 !n !re1 on ! gre5 sk9 ( ! pea-pod1 & t is all4 ,! egg is left !re1 unprotect$1 9 ! full sunlight4 ,no *oice ( position is made su* z might assi/ ! grub :5 x seeks to p5etrate its l>d]4 ,"s eggs are laid on ! swell+s creat$ by ! peas b5ea?2 o!rs 9 ! b>r5 valleys :i* sep>ate !m4 ,! fir/ are close to ! peas1 ! second at "s di/ance f !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! eggs ( ! ,bru*us are laid at r&om1 z ?\gh on ! w+4 ,we obs]ve a /ill m s]i\s vice3 ! numb] ( eggs is out ( all proportion to ! numb] ( peas 9 ! pod4 ,let u note at ! outset t ea* grub requires "o pea2 x is ! necess>y ration1 & is l>gely suffici5t = "o l>va1 b is n en\gh = sev]al1 nor ev5 = two4 ,"o pea to ea* grub1 nei!r m nor less1 is ! un*angeable rule4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d signs ( a procreative economy :i* w\ld impel ! female to take into acc\nt ! numb] ( peas conta9$ 9 ! pod :i* %e has j explor$2 we might expect h] to set a num]ical limit on h] eggs 9 con=mity ) t ( ! peas available4 ,b no su* limit is obs]v$4 ,! rule ( "o pea to "o grub is always contradict$ by ! multiplicity ( consum]s4 ,my obs]vations are unanim\s on ?is po9t4 ,! numb] ( eggs deposit$ on "o pod always exce$s ! numb] ( peas available1 & (t5 to a sc&al\s degree4 ,h[ev] meag] ! cont5ts ( ! pod1 !re is a sup]abundance ( consum]s4 ,divid+ ! sum ( ! eggs ^u su* or su* a pod by t ( ! peas conta9$ !re91 ,i f9d !re are five to eight claimants = ea* pea2 ,i h f\nd t51 & !re is no reason :y ?is prodigality %\ld n g /ill fur!r4 ,_m are call$1 b few are *os56 ,:at is to become ( all ^! sup]num]>ies1 p]=ce exclud$ f ! banquet = want ( space8 ,! eggs are ( a fairly bright amb] yell[1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 smoo?1 & r\nd$ at ! ends4 ,_! l5g? is at mo/ a tw5ty-fif? ( an in*4 ,ea* is affix$ to ! pod by means ( a slight network ( ?reads ( coagulat$ album54 ,nei!r w9d nor ra9 c loos5 _! hold4 ,! "m n infrequ5tly emits !m two at a "t1 "o above ! o!r2 n infrequ5tly1 also1 ! upp]mo/ ( ! two eggs hat*es be=e ! o!r1 :ile ! latt] fades & p]i%es4 ,:at 0 lack+ to ?is egg1 t x %\ld fail to produce a grub8 ,p]haps a ba? ( sunlight2 ! incubat+ heat ( :i* ! out] egg has robb$ x4 ,:e!r on acc\nt ( ! fact t x is %ad[$ by ! o!r egg1 or = o!r reasons1 ! eld] ( ! eggs 9 a gr\p ( two r>ely foll[s ! normal c\rse1 b p]i%es on ! pod1 dead )\t hav+ liv$4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is premature end2 sometimes ! two eggs develop equally well2 b su* cases are exceptional1 s t ! ,bru*id family w\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t half its dim5sions if ! b9>y sy/em 7 ! rule4 ,to ! detrim5t ( our peas & to ! advantage ( ! beetle1 ! eggs are commonly laid "o by "o & 9 isolation4 ,a rec5t em]g5ce is %[n by a little s9u\s ribbon-l m>k1 pale or :iti%1 :]e ! sk9 ( ! pod is rais$ & )]$1 :i* />ts f ! egg & is ! "w ( ! newborn l>va2 a sub-epid]mic tunnel along :i* ! grub works its way1 :ile seek+ a po9t f :i* x c escape into a pea4 ,?is po9t once atta9$1 ! l>va1 :i* is sc>cely a tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is :ite ) a black head1 p]=ates ! envelope & plunges into ! capaci\s holl[ ( ! pod4 ,x has rea*$ ! peas & crawls ^u ! ne>e/4 ,i h obs]v$ x ) ! magnifi]4 ,hav+ explor$ ! gre5 globe1 its new _w1 x beg9s to s9k a well p]p5dicul>ly into ! sph]e4 ,i h (t5 se5 x halfway 91 wriggl+ its tail 9 ! ef=t to "w ! quick]4 ,9 a %ort "t ! grub disappe>s & is at home4 ,! po9t ( entry1 m9ute1 b always easily recognizable by its br[n coloration on ! pale gre5 backgr\nd ( ! pea1 has no fix$ location2 x may be at almo/ any po9t on ! surface ( ! pea1 b an exception is usually made ( ! l[] half2 t is1 ! hemisph]e ^: pole is =m$ by ! support+ /em4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is portion t ! g]m is f\nd1 :i* w n be eat5 by ! l>va1 & w rema9 capable ( develop+ into a plant1 9 spite ( ! l>ge ap]ture made by ! em]g5ce ( ! adult insect4 ,:y is ?is p>ticul> portion left unt\*$8 ,:at are ! motives t safegu>d ! g]m8 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! ,bru*us is n consid]+ ! g>d5]4 ,! pea is meant = x & = no "o else4 ,9 refus+ ! few bites t w\ld lead to ! dea? ( ! se$1 x has no int5tion ( limit+ its de/ruction4 ,x ab/a9s f o!r motives4 ,let u rem>k t ! peas t\* lat]ally1 & are press$ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 s t ! grub1 :5 se>*+ = a po9t ( attack1 _c circulate at w4 ,let u also note t ! l[] pole exp&s into ! umbilical excresc5ce1 :i* is less easy ( p]=ation ?an ^? p>ts protect$ by ! sk9 alone4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! umbilicum1 ^: organization diff]s f t ( ! re/ ( ! pea1 conta9s a peculi> sap t is di/a/eful to ! little grub4 ,su*1 d\btless1 is ! reason :y ! peas exploit$ by ! ,bru*us are /ill able to g]m9ate4 ,!y are damag$1 b n dead1 because ! invasion 0 conduct$ f ! free hemisph]e1 a portion less vuln]able & m easy ( access4 ,moreov]1 z ! pea 9 its entirety is too l>ge = a s+le grub to consume1 ! consumption is limit$ to ! portion pref]r$ by ! consum]1 & ?is portion is n ! ess5tial portion ( ! pea4 ,) o!r conditions1 ) v mu* small] or v mu* l>g] se$s1 we %all obs]ve v diff]5t results4 ,if too small1 ! g]m w p]i%1 gnaw$ l ! re/ by ! insuffici5tly provision$ inmate2 if too l>ge1 ! abundance ( food w p]mit ( sev]al inmates4 ,exploit$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! pea1 ! cultivat$ vet* & ! broad bean af=d u an excell5t example2 ! small] se$1 ( :i* all b ! sk9 is dev\r$1 is left incapable ( g]m9ation2 b ! l>ge bean1 ev5 ?\gh x may h held a numb] ( grubs1 is /ill capable ( spr\t+4 ,kn[+ t ! pod always exhibits a numb] ( eggs greatly 9 excess ( ! enclos$ peas1 & t ea* pea is ! exclusive prop]ty ( "o grub1 we naturally ask :at becomes ( ! sup]flu\s grubs4 ,d !y p]i% outside :5 ! m precoci\s h "o by "o tak5 _! places 9 _! vegetable l>d]8 or d !y succumb to ! intol]ant tee? ( ! fir/ occupants8 ,nei!r explanation is correct4 ,let u relate ! facts4 ,on all old peas--!y are at ?is /age dry--f :i* ! adult ,bru*us has em]g$1 leav+ a l>ge r\nd hole ( exit1 ! magnify+-glass w %[ a v>iable numb] ( f9e r$di% punctuations1 p]=at$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,:at are ^! spots1 ( :i* ,i c\nt five1 six1 & ev5 m on a s+le pea8 ,x is impossible to be mi/ak53 !y are ! po9ts ( entry ( z _m grubs4 ,sev]al grubs h ent]$ ! pea1 b ( ! :ole gr\p only "o has surviv$1 fatt5$1 & atta9$ ! adult age4 ,& ! o!rs8 ,we %all see4 ,at ! end ( ,may1 & 9 ,june1 ! p]iod ( egg-lay+1 let u inspect ! /ill gre5 & t5d] peas4 ,ne>ly all ! peas invad$ %[ u ! multiple p]=ations already obs]v$ on ! dry peas ab&on$ by ! weevils4 ,does ?is actually mean t !re are sev]al grubs 9 ! pea8 ,yes4 ,sk9 ! peas 9 "q1 sep>ate ! cotyl$ons1 & break !m up z may be necess>y4 ,we %all discov] sev]al grubs1 extremely y\?ful1 curl$ up comma-wise1 fat & lively1 ea* 9 a little r\nd ni*e 9 ! body ( ! pea4 ,peace & welf>e seem to reign 9 ! little community4 ,!re is no qu>rell+1 no jeal\sy betwe5 neighbors4 ,! fea/ has comm5c$2 food is abundant1 & ! fea/]s are sep>at$ "o f ano!r by ! walls ( uneat5 sub/ance4 ,) ?is isolation 9 sep>ate cells no conflicts ne$ be fe>$2 no sudd5 bite ( ! m&ibles1 :e!r int5tional or accid5tal4 ,all ! occupants enjoy ! same rights ( prop]ty1 ! same appetite1 & ! same /r5g?4 ,h[ does ?is communal fea/ t]m9ate8 ,hav+ fir/ op5$ !m1 ,i place a numb] ( peas :i* are f\nd to be well peopl$ 9 a glass te/-tube4 ,i op5 o!rs daily4 ,9 ?is way ,i keep myself in=m$ z to ! progress ( ! v>i\s l>vae4 ,at fir/ no?+ notewor?y is to be se54 ,isolat$ 9 its n>r[ *amb]1 ea* grub nibbles ! sub/ance ar\nd x1 peacefully & p>simoni\sly4 ,x is /ill v small2 a m]e speck ( food is a fea/2 b ! cont5ts ( "o pea w n suffice ! :ole numb] to ! end4 ,fam9e is ahead1 & all b "o mu/ p]i%4 ,soon1 inde$1 ! aspect ( ?+s is entirely *ang$4 ,"o ( ! grubs--t :i* occupies ! c5tral position 9 ! pea--beg9s to gr[ m quickly ?an ! o!rs4 ,sc>cely has x surpass$ ! o!rs 9 size :5 ! latt] cease to eat1 & no long] attempt to burr[ =w>ds4 ,!y lie motionless & resign$2 !y die t g5tle dea? :i* comes to unconsci\s lives4 ,h5ce=? ! entire pea belongs to ! sole survivor4 ,n[ :at has happ5$ t ^! lives ar\nd ! privileg$ "o %\ld be ?us annihilat$8 ,9 default ( a satisfactory reply1 ,i w propose a sugge/ion4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! pea1 less rip5$ ?an ! re/ ( ! se$ by ! *emi/ry ( ! sun1 may !re n be a s(t] pulp1 ( a quality bett] adapt$ to ! infantile dige/ion ( ! grub8 ,!re1 p]haps1 be+ n\ri%$ by t5d]]1 sweet]1 & p]haps1 m ta/y tissues1 ! /oma* becomes m vigor\s1 until x is fit to und]take less easily dige/$ food4 ,a nursl+ is f$ on milk be=e proce$+ to bread & bro?4 ,may n ! c5tral portion ( ! pea be ! fe$+-bottle ( ! ,bru*id8 ,) equal rights1 fir$ by an equal ambition1 all ! occupants ( ! pea bore _! way t[>ds ! delici\s morsel4 ,! j\rney is labori\s1 & ! grubs mu/ re/ frequ5tly 9 _! provisional ni*es4 ,!y re/2 :ile re/+ !y frugally gnaw ! rip] tissues surr\nd+ !m2 !y gnaw r to op5 a way ?an to fill _! /oma*s4 ,f9ally "o ( ! excavators1 favor$ by ! direction tak51 atta9s ! c5tral portion4 ,x e/abli%es itself !re1 & all is ov]2 ! o!rs h only to die4 ,h[ are !y w>n$ t ! place is tak58 ,d !y he> _! bro!r gnaw+ at ! walls ( 8 lodg+8 c !y feel ! vibration set up by 8 nibbl+ m&ibles8 ,some?+ ( ! k9d mu/ happ51 = f t mom5t !y make no attempt to burr[ fur!r4 ,)\t /ruggl+ aga9/ ! =tunate w9n]1 )\t seek+ to dislodge him1 ^? :i* are beat5 9 ! race give !mselves up to dea?4 ,i admire ?is c&id resignation on ! "p ( ! dep>t$4 ,ano!r condition--t ( space--is also pres5t z a factor4 ,! pea weevil is ! l>ge/ ( our ,bru*idae4 ,:5 x atta9s ! adult /age1 x requires a c]ta9 amplitude ( lodg+1 :i* ! o!r weevils d n require 9 ! same degree4 ,a pea provides x ) a suffici5tly spaci\s cell2 nev]!less1 ! cohabitation ( two 9 "o pea w\ld be impossible2 !re w\ld be no room1 ev5 7 ! two to put up ) a c]ta9 discom=t4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( an inevitable decimation1 :i* w suppress all ! competitors save "o4 ,n[ ! sup]ior volume ( ! broad bean1 :i* is almo/ z mu* belov$ by ! weevil z ! pea1 c lodge a consid]able community1 & ! solit>y c live z a c5obite4 ,)\t encroa*+ on ! doma9 ( _! neighbors1 five or six or m c f9d room 9 ! "o bean4 ,moreov]1 ea* grub c f9d its infant diet2 t is1 t lay] :i*1 remote f ! surface1 h>d5s only gradually & rema9s full ( sap until a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,?is inn] lay] repres5ts ! crumb ( a loaf1 ! re/ ( ! bean be+ ! cru/4 ,9 a pea1 a sph]e ( mu* less capacity1 x occupies ! c5tral portion2 a limit$ po9t at :i* ! grub develops1 & lack+ :i* x p]i%es2 b 9 ! bean x l9es ! wide adjo9+ faces ( ! two flatt5$ cotyl$ons4 ,no matt] :]e ! po9t ( attack is made1 ! grub has only to bore /raight d[n :5 x quickly rea*es ! s(t] tissues4 ,:at is ! result8 ,i h c\nt$ ! eggs adh]+ to a bean-pod & ! beans includ$ 9 ! pod1 & comp>+ ! two figures ,i f9d t !re is pl5ty ( room = ! :ole family at ! rate ( five or six dwell]s 9 ea* bean4 ,no sup]flu\s l>vae p]i% ( hung] :5 b>ely issu$ f ! egg2 all h _! %>e ( ! ample provision2 all live & prosp]4 ,! abundance ( food balances ! prodigal f]tility ( ! "m4 ,if ! ,bru*us 7 always to adopt ! broad bean = ! e/abli%m5t ( h] family1 ,i c\ld well und]/& ! exub]ant all[ance ( eggs to "o pod2 a ri* food/uff easily obta9$ evokes a l>ge bat* ( eggs4 ,b ! case ( ! pea p]plexes me4 ,by :at ab]ration does ! "m ab&on h] *ildr5 to />vation on ?is totally insuffici5t vegetable8 ,:y s _m grubs to ea* pea :5 "o pea is suffici5t only = "o grub8 ,matt]s are n s arrang$ 9 ! g5]al balance-%eet ( life4 ,a c]ta9 =esight seems to rule ov] ! ov>y s t ! numb] ( m\?s is 9 proportion to ! abundance or sc>city ( ! food consum$4 ,! ,sc>abaeus1 ! ,sphex1 ! ,necrophorus1 & o!r insects :i* prep>e & pres]ve alim5t>y provision = _! families1 are all ( a n>r[ly limit$ f]tility1 because ! balls ( dung1 ! dead or p>alyz$ insects1 or ! buri$ corpses ( animals on :i* _! (fspr+ are n\ri%$ are provid$ only at ! co/ ( labori\s ef=ts4 ,! ord9>y bluebottle1 on ! contr>y1 :i* lays h] eggs ^u but*]'s meat or c>rion1 lays !m 9 enorm\s bat*es4 ,tru/+ 9 ! inexhau/ible ri*es repres5t$ by ! corpse1 %e is prodigal ( (fspr+1 & takes no acc\nt ( numb]s4 ,9 o!r cases ! provision is acquir$ by audaci\s brig&age1 :i* exposes ! newly born (fspr+ to a ?\s& mortal accid5ts4 ,9 su* cases ! "m balances ! *ances ( de/ruction by an exagg]at$ flux ( eggs4 ,su* is ! case ) ! ,meloides1 :i*1 /eal+ ! goods ( o!rs "u conditions ( ! greate/ p]il1 are accord+ly end[$ ) a prodigi\s f]tility4 ,! ,bru*us kn[s nei!r ! fatigues ( ! labori\s1 oblig$ to limit ! size ( h] family1 nor ! mis=tunes ( ! p>asite1 oblig$ to produce an exagg]at$ numb] ( (fspr+4 ,)\t pa9ful se>*1 entirely at h] ease1 m]ely mov+ 9 ! sun%9e ov] h] favorite plant1 %e c insure a suffici5t provision = ea* ( h] (fspr+2 %e c d s1 yet is fooli% en\gh to ov]-populate ! pod ( ! pea2 a nurs]y insuffici5tly provid$1 9 :i* ! great majority w p]i% ( />vation4 ,?is ineptitude is a ?+ ,i _c und]/&2 x cla%es too completely ) ! habitual =esight ( ! mat]nal in/9ct4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! pea is n ! orig9al food plant ( ! ,bru*us4 ,! orig9al plant mu/ r h be5 ! bean1 "o se$ ( :i* is capable ( support+ a doz5 or m l>vae4 ,) ! l>g] cotyl$on ! cry+ disproportion betwe5 ! numb] ( eggs & ! available provision disappe>s4 ,moreov]1 x is indubitable t ! bean is ( e>li] date ?an ! pea4 ,its exceptional size & its agreeable flavor w\ld c]ta9ly h attract$ ! att5tion ( man f ! remote/ p]iods4 ,! bean is a ready-made m\?ful1 & w\ld be ( ! greate/ value to ! hungry tribe4 ,primitive man w\ld at an e>ly date h s[n x beside 8 wattl$ hut4 ,com+ f ,c5tral ,asia by long /ages1 _! wagons drawn by %aggy ox5 & roll+ on ! circul> discs cut f ! trunks ( trees1 ! e>ly immigrants w\ld h br\ght to our virg9 l&1 fir/ ! bean1 !n ! pea1 & f9ally ! c]eal1 t be/ ( safegu>ds aga9/ fam9e4 ,!y taught u ! c>e ( h]ds1 & ! use ( bronze1 ! mat]ial ( ! fir/ metal implem5t4 ,?us ! dawn ( civilization arose ov] ,france4 ,) ! bean did ^? anci5t tea*]s also involunt>ily br+ u ! insect :i* to-day disputes x ) u8 ,x is d\btful2 ! ,bru*idae seem to be indig5\s4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i f9d !m levy+ tribute f v>i\s indig5\s plants1 wild vegetables :i* h nev] tempt$ ! appetite ( man4 ,!y ab\nd 9 p>ticul> ^u ! great =e/ vet* 7,la?yrus latifolius71 ) its magnific5t heads ( fl[]s & long h&some pods4 ,! se$s are n l>ge1 be+ inde$ small] ?an ! g>d5 pea2 b1 eat5 to ! v sk91 z !y inv>iably are1 ea* is suffici5t to ! ne$s ( its grub4 ,we mu/ n fail to note _! numb]4 ,i h c\nt$ m ?an tw5ty 9 a s+le pod1 a numb] unkn[n 9 ! case ( ! pea1 ev5 9 ! mo/ prolific v>ieties4 ,consequ5tly ?is sup]b vet* is 9 g5]al able to n\ri% )\t mu* loss ! family confid$ to its pod4 ,:]e ! =e/ vet* is lack+1 ! ,bru*us1 none ! less1 be/[s its habitual prodigality ( eggs ^u ano!r vegetable ( simil> flavor1 b incapable ( n\ri%+ all ! grubs3 = example1 ! travell+ vet* 7,vicia p]egr9a7 or ! cultivat$ vet* 7,vicia saliva74 ,! numb] ( eggs rema9s high ev5 ^u insuffici5t pods1 because ! orig9al food-plant (f]$ a copi\s provision1 bo? 9 ! multiplicity & ! size ( ! se$s4 ,if ! ,bru*us is really a /rang]1 let u reg>d ! bean z ! orig9al food-plant2 if indig5\s1 ! l>ge vet*4 ,sometime 9 ! remote pa/ we receiv$ ! pea1 gr[+ x at fir/ 9 ! prehi/oric vegetable g>d5 :i* already suppli$ ! bean4 ,x 0 f\nd a bett] article ( diet ?an ! broad bean1 :i* to-day1 aft] su* good s]vice1 is comp>atively neglect$4 ,! weevil 0 ( ! same op9ion z man1 & )\t entirely =gett+ ! bean & ! vet* x e/abli%$ ! great] "p ( its tribe ^u ! pea1 :i* f c5tury to c5tury 0 m widely cultivat$4 ,to-day we h to %>e our peas2 ! ,bru*idae take :at !y ne$1 & be/[ _! leav+s on u4 ,?is prosp]ity ( ! insect :i* is ! (fspr+ ( ! abundance & equality ( our g>d5 products is f ano!r po9t ( view equival5t to decad5ce4 ,= ! weevil1 z = ourselves1 progress 9 matt]s ( food & dr9k is n always b5eficial4 ,! race w\ld pr(it bett] if x rema9$ frugal4 ,on ! bean & ! vet* ! ,bru*us f\nd$ colonies 9 :i* ! infant mortality 0 l[4 ,!re 0 room = all4 ,on ! pea-v9e1 delici\s ?\gh its fruits may be1 ! great] "p ( its (fspr+ die ( />vation4 ,! rations are few1 & ! hungry m\?s are multitud9\s4 ,we w l+] ov] ?is problem no long]4 ,let u obs]ve ! grub :i* has n[ become ! sole t5ant ( ! pea by ! dea? ( its bro!rs4 ,x has _h no "p 9 _! dea?2 *ance has favor$ x1 t is all4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! pea1 a weal?y solitude1 x p]=ms ! duty ( a grub1 ! sole duty ( eat+4 ,x nibbles ! walls enclos+ x1 enl>g+ its lodgm5t1 :i* is always entirely fill$ by its corpul5t body4 ,x is well %ap$1 fat1 & %9+ ) heal?4 ,if ,i di/urb x1 x turns g5tly 9 its ni*e & sways its head4 ,?is is its mann] ( compla9+ ( my importunities4 ,let u leave x 9 peace4 ,x pr(its s greatly & s swiftly by its position t by ! "t ! dog-days h come x is already prep>+ = its approa*+ lib]ation4 ,! adult is n suffici5tly well equipp$ to op5 = itself a way out ?r\gh ! pea1 :i* is n[ completely h>d5$4 ,! l>va kn[s ( ?is future helplessness1 & ) consummate art provides = its release4 ,) its p[]ful m&ibles x bores a *annel ( exit1 exactly r\nd1 ) extremely clean-cut sides4 ,! mo/ skilful ivory-c>v] c\ld d no bett]4 ,to prep>e ! door ( exit 9 advance is n en\gh2 ! grub mu/ also provide = ! tranquillity ess5tial to ! delicate processes ( nymphosis4 ,an intrud] might ent] by ! op5 door & injure ! helpless nymph4 ,?is passage mu/ !re=e rema9 clos$4 ,b h[8 ,z ! grub bores ! passage ( exit1 x consumes ! f>9ace\s matt] )\t leav+ a crumb4 ,hav+ come to ! sk9 ( ! pea1 x /ops %ort4 ,?is membrane1 semi-translucid1 is ! door to ! *amb] ( metamorphosis1 its protection aga9/ ! evil int5tions ( ext]nal creatures4 ,x is also ! only ob/acle :i* ! adult w enc\nt] at ! mom5t ( exit4 ,to less5 ! difficulty ( op5+ x1 ! grub takes ! precaution ( gnaw+ at ! inn] side ( ! sk91 all r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 s z to make a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! p]fect insect w only h to heave ) its %\ld] & /rike a few bl[s ) its head 9 ord] to raise ! circul> door & knock x (f l ! lid ( a box4 ,! passage ( exit %[s ?r\gh ! diaphan\s sk9 ( ! pea z a l>ge circul> spot1 :i* is d>k5$ by ! obscurity ( ! int]ior4 ,:at passes beh9d x is invisible1 hidd5 z1 x is beh9d a sort ( gr\nd-glass w9d[4 ,a pretty inv5tion1 ?is little clos$ por?ole1 ?is b>ricade aga9/ ! invad]1 ?is trap-door rais$ by a pu% :5 ! "t has come = ! h]mit to ent] ! _w4 ,%all we cr$it x to ! ,bru*us8 ,did ! +5i\s insect conceive ! und]tak+8 ,did x ?9k out a plan & "w out a s*eme ( its own devis+8 ,?is w\ld be no small triumph = ! bra9 ( a weevil4 ,be=e com+ to a conclusion1 let u try an exp]im5t4 ,i deprive c]ta9 occupi$ peas ( _! sk91 & ,i dry !m ) abnormal rapidity1 plac+ !m 9 glass te/-tubes4 ,! grubs prosp] z well z 9 ! intact peas4 ,at ! prop] "t ! prep>ations = em]g5ce are made4 ,if ! grub acts on its own inspiration1 if x ceases to prolong its bor+ directly x recognizes t ! out] coat+1 auscultat$ f "t to "t1 is suffici5tly ?91 :at w x d "u ! conditions ( ! pres5t te/8 ,feel+ itself at ! requisite di/ance f ! surface1 x w /op bor+2 x w respect ! out] lay] ( ! b>e pea1 & w ?us obta9 ! indisp5sable protect+ scre54 ,no?+ ( ! k9d occurs4 ,9 e case ! passage is completely excavat$2 ! entrance gapes wide op51 z l>ge & z c>efully execut$ z ?\gh ! sk9 ( ! pea 7 9 its place4 ,reasons ( security h fail$ to modify ! usual me?od ( "w4 ,?is op5 lodg+ has no def5ce aga9/ ! enemy2 b ! grub exhibits no anxiety on ?is score4 ,nei!r is x ?9k+ ( ! out] enemy :5 x bores d[n to ! sk9 :5 ! pea is intact1 & !n /ops %ort4 ,x sudd5ly /ops because ! innutriti\s sk9 is n to its ta/e4 ,we ourselves remove ! p>*m5t-l sk9s f a mess ( pease-pudd+1 z f a cul9>y po9t ( view !y are s mu* wa/e matt]4 ,! l>va ( ! ,bru*us1 l ourselves1 dislikes ! sk9 ( ! pea4 ,x /ops %ort at ! horny cov]+1 simply because x is *eck$ by an uneatable sub/ance4 ,f ?is av]sion a little miracle arises2 b ! insect has no s5se ( logic2 x is passively ob$i5t to ! sup]ior logic ( facts4 ,x obeys its in/9ct1 z unconsci\s ( its act z is a cry/al :5 x assembles1 9 exquisite ord]1 its battalions ( atoms4 ,soon] or lat] dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/ we see a %ad[y circle =m on ea* inhabit$ pea2 b only "o on ea* se$4 ,^! circles ( %ad[ m>k ! doors ( exit4 ,mo/ ( !m op5 9 ,septemb]4 ,! lid1 z ?\gh cut out ) a pun*1 deta*es itself cleanly & falls to ! gr\nd1 leav+ ! orifice free4 ,! ,bru*us em]ges1 fre%ly clad1 9 its f9al =m4 ,! wea!r is delightful4 ,fl[]s are abundant1 awak5$ by ! summ] %[]s2 & ! weevils visit !m 9 ! lovely autumn wea!r4 ,!n1 :5 ! cold sets 91 !y take up _! w9t] qu>t]s 9 any suitable retreat4 ,o!rs1 /ill num]\s1 are less ha/y 9 quitt+ ! native se$4 ,!y rema9 )9 dur+ ! :ole w9t]1 %elt]$ beh9d ! trap-door1 :i* !y take c>e n to t\*4 ,! door ( ! cell w n op5 on its h+es1 or1 to be exact1 w n yield along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 until ! w>m days return4 ,!n ! late arrivals w leave _! %elt] & rejo9 ! m impati5t1 & bo? w be ready = "w :5 ! pea-v9es are 9 fl[]4 ,to take a g5]al view ( ! in/9cts 9 _! inexhau/ible v>iety is1 = ! obs]v]1 ! great attraction ( ! entomological _w1 = n[h]e d we ga9 a cle>] sight ( ! wond]ful way 9 :i* ! processes ( life are ord]$4 ,?us reg>d$1 entomology is n1 ,i "k1 to ! ta/e ( ev]ybody2 ! simple creature absorb$ 9 ! do+s & habits ( insects is held 9 l[ e/eem4 ,to ! t]rible utilit>ian1 a bu%el ( peas pres]v$ f ! weevil is ( m importance ?an a volume ( obs]vations :i* br+ no imm$iate pr(it4 ,yet :o has told y1 ,o man ( little fai?1 t :at is useless to-day w n be useful to-morr[8 ,if we le>n ! cu/oms ( insects or animals1 we %all und]/& bett] h[ to protect our goods4 ,d n despise dis9t]e/$ k1 or y may rue ! day4 ,x is by ! accumulation ( ideas1 :e!r imm$iately applicable or o!rwise1 t humanity has done1 & w cont9ue to d1 bett] to-day ?an ye/]day1 & bett] to-morr[ ?an to-day4 ,if we live on peas & beans1 :i* we dispute ) ! weevil1 we also live by k1 t mighty knead+-tr\gh 9 :i* ! bread ( progress is mix$ & leav5$4 ,k is well wor? a few beans4 ,among o!r ?+s1 k tells u3 ,! se$sman ne$ n g to ! exp5se ( wag+ w> ^u ! weevil4 ,:5 ! peas arrive 9 ! gran>y1 ! h>m is already done2 x is irrep>able1 b n transmissible4 ,! unt\*$ peas h no?+ to fe> f ! neighborhood ( ^? :i* h be5 attack$1 h[ev] long ! mixture is left4 ,f ! latt] ! weevils w issue :5 _! "t has come2 !y w fly away f ! /oreh\se if escape is possible2 if n1 !y w p]i% )\t 9 any way attack+ ! s\nd peas4 ,no eggs1 no new g5]ation w ev] be se5 ^u or )9 ! dri$ peas 9 ! /oreh\se2 !re ! adult weevil c "w no fur!r mis*ief4 ,! ,bru*us is n a s$5t>y inhabitant ( gran>ies3 x requires ! op5 air1 ! sun1 ! lib]ty ( ! fields4 ,frugal 9 ev]y?+1 x absolutely disda9s ! h>d tissues ( ! vegetable2 its t9y m\? is cont5t ) a few honey$ m\?fuls1 enjoy$ ^u ! fl[]s4 ,! l>vae1 on ! o!r h&1 require ! t5d] tissues ( ! gre5 pea gr[+ 9 ! pod4 ,= ^! reasons ! gran>y kn[s no f9al multiplication on ! "p ( ! despoil]4 ,! orig9 ( ! evil is 9 ! kit*5-g>d54 ,x is !re t we ought to keep a wat* on ! misde$s ( ! ,bru*us1 7 x n = ! fact t we are ne>ly always weaponless :5 x comes to fight+ an insect4 ,inde/ructible by reason ( its numb]s1 its small size1 & its cunn+1 ! little creature laughs at ! ang] ( man4 ,! g>d5] curses x1 b ! weevil is n di/urb$2 x imp]turbably cont9ues its trade ( levy+ tribute4 ,happily we h assi/ants m pati5t & m cle>-sight$ ?an ourselves4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,augu/1 :5 ! mature ,bru*us beg9s to em]ge1 ,i notice a little ,*alcidian1 ! protector ( our peas4 ,9 my re>+-cages x issues "u my eyes 9 abundance f ! peas infe/$ by ! grub ( ! weevil4 ,! female has a r$di% head & ?orax2 ! abdom5 is black1 ) a long augur-l oviscapt4 ,! male1 a little small]1 is black4 ,bo? sexes h r$di% claws & ?read-l ant5nae4 ,9 ord] to escape f ! pea1 ! slay] ( ! weevil makes an op5+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! circul> trap-door :i* ! grub ( ! weevil prep>$ 9 view ( its future deliv]ance4 ,! sla9 has prep>$ ! way = ! slay]4 ,aft] ?is detail ! re/ may be div9$4 ,:5 ! prelim9>ies to ! metamorphosis are complet$1 :5 ! passage ( escape is bor$ & furni%$ ) its lid ( sup]ficial membrane1 ! female ,*alcidian arrives 9 a busy mood4 ,%e inspects ! peas1 /ill on ! v9e1 & enclos$ 9 _! pods2 %e auscultates !m ) h] ant5nae2 %e discov]s1 hidd5 "u ! g5]al envelope1 ! weak po9ts 9 ! epid]mic cov]+ ( ! peas4 ,!n1 apply+ h] oviscapt1 %e ?ru/s x ?r\gh ! side ( ! pod & p]=ates ! circul> trap-door4 ,h[ev] f> )drawn into ! c5tre ( ! pea1 ! ,bru*us1 :e!r l>vae or nymph1 is rea*$ by ! long oviduct4 ,x receives an egg 9 its t5d] fle%1 & ! ?+ is done4 ,)\t possibility ( def5ce1 s9ce x is by n[ a somnol5t grub or a helpless pupa1 ! embryo weevil is eat5 until no?+ b sk9 rema9s4 ,:at a pity t we _c at w assi/ ! multiplication ( ?is eag] ext]m9ator6 ,alas6 our assi/ants h got u 9 a vici\s circle1 = if we wi%$ to obta9 ! help ( any great numb] ( ,*alcidians we %\ld be oblig$ 9 ! fir/ place to bre$ a multiplicity ( ,bru*idae4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,f ,social ,life 9 ! ,insect ,_w1 translat$ by ,b]n>d ,miall1 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,! ,c5tury ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is classification is n[ sup]s$$2 ! ,pea & ,bee ,weevils--,bru*us pisi & ,bru*us l5ti--are class$ z ,bru*idae1 9 ! s]ies ( ,phytophaga4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r weevils are class$ z ,curculionidae1 s]ies ,rhyncophora4--7,trans47 ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,a ,,manufactur+ ,,process ,,mod]n ,,pap]-,,mak+#e ,j4,w4 ,butl] ,pap] ,company ,?\gh ! /eady m>* ( progress & inv5tion has giv5 to ! mod]n pap]-mak] m>vel\s ma*9es by :i* ! output is increas$ a ?\s&fold ov] t ( ! old1 sl[ me?ods1 he /ill has _m ( ! same difficulties to ov]come t confront$ 8 pr$ecessor4 ,:ile ! use ( wood pulp has greatly *ang$ ! conditions z reg>ds ! *eap] grades ( ?is /aple1 ! ragman is to-day almo/ z important to ! manufactur] ( ! high] grades z he 0 "o hundr$ ye>s ago :5 ! sav+ ( rags 0 inculcat$ z a dome/ic virtue & a patriotic duty4 ,me?ods h *ang$1 b ! mat]ial rema9s ! same4 ,9 a complete mod]n mill mak+ writ+ & o!r high-grade pap]s1 ! process beg9s ) unsightly rags z ! mat]ial f :i* to =m ! :ite %eets t are to receive ^u _! spotless poli%$ surface ! ?\ghts ( philosoph]s & /atesm51 ! t5d] messages ( affection1 ! c\nsels & admonitions ( m9i/]s1 ! decisions ( grave & le>n$ judges1 & all ! ,wisdom ( ?+s1 my/]i\s1 div9e1 t ,illu/ri\sly do? on pap] %9e1 z 0 duly set =? 9 rhyme by ! ,bo/on ,news ,lett] 9 #agfi4 ,! bell c>t w g ?r\gh ,bo/on ab\t ! end ( next mon?1 x ann\nc$1 & appeal$ to ! inhabitants ( t mod]n seat ( le>n+ & philosophy to save _! rags = ! occasion1 & ?us enc\rage ! indu/ry4 ,! rags d n come to ! mammo? factories ( to-day 9 bell c>ts1 b by ! c>load 9 huge bales ga!r$ f all sections ( ?is great ,republic1 z well z f l&s beyond ! ea/]n & we/]n oceans4 ,! squ>e1 compact1 /eam-compress$ bundles are c>ri$ by elevators well up t[>d ! top ( ! build+1 :]e !y await ! knife ( ! op5]4 ,:5 !y h be5 op5$1 ! fe$] ?r[s ! cont5ts by armfuls into ! ?ra%]4 ,! novice or layman1 ignorant ( ! /ate 9 :i* rags come to ! mill1 w f9d _! condition a mo/ unpleasant surprise1 especially disagreeable to 8 olfactory n]ves4 ,yet ! unsavory revelation comes ) m =ce a little f>!r on1 9 ! assort+-room4 ,! ?ra%] is a great cyl9drical receptacle1 revolv+ rapidly1 :i* is suppli$ ) long wood5 beat]s or arms pass+ ?r\gh a wood5 cyl9d] & driv5 by p[]4 ,:5 ! rags h be5 toss$ 91 !re ensues a great p\nd+ & ?ra%+1 & ! du/ is c>ri$ (f 9 suction air-tubes1 :ile ! :ipp$ rags are dis*>g$ & c>ri$ to ! sort+ & %r$d+ room4 ,"h ! rags are assort$ z to size1 condition1 & ! pres5ce ( buttons1 hooks & eyes1 or o!r mat]ial t mu/ be remov$4 ,!n ^? t ne$ fur!r att5tion are pass$ on to ! %r$d]s1 ^! z well z ! sort]s be+ wom54 ,! %r$d]s /& along a n>r[ c\nt]2 9 front ( ea* "o !re is fa/5$ a long scy!-blade ) its back t[>d ! op]ator & its po9t ext5d+ upw>d1 ! %ank be+ firmly fix$ to ! table or op]at+ bo>d4 ,"h buttons1 h>d seams1 & all simil> intrud]s are dispos$ (1 & ! l>g] pieces ( rags are cut into num]\s small ones on ! scy!-blades4 ,! rags ?us prep>$ are toss$ by ! wom5 into receptacles 9 ! tables4 ,! "w 9 ?is room is ! mo/ disagreeable & un:olesome 9 ! entire process ( manufacture1 & ?is despite ! fact t ^! rags1 too1 h be5 ?ra%$1 & fre$ f an am\nt ( du/ & dirt beyond belief4 ,:ile "o is wat*+ ! op]ations c>ri$ on "h1 x is impossible to repress ! wi% t rags might be b\ght o!rwise ?an by ! p\nd1 =1 un=tunately1 fil?1 du/1 & dirt weigh1 & to wa% rags only r$uces ! weight4 ,:ile ?is is a true reflection ( ! condition 9 ! av]age mill1 x is pleasant to "k1 h[ev]1 !re are o!rs ( ! high] class t are decid$ exceptions z f> z du/ & dirt are conc]n$4 ,su* are ! mills mak+ high-grade l$g] & bond pap]s1 z well z ! mill manufactur+ ! pap] t is us$ = ! pr9t+ ( our gre5backs1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,9 ^! exceptional mills ev]y?+ is neat & p]fectly clean1 all ! /ock us$ be+ new & fre% f ! cotton or l95 mills1 or f factories produc+ clo? goods1 l %irt & corset factories1 & o!rs ( ! same sort4 ,! sort+ & %r$d+ room is always l>ge & light1 ) w9d[s on all sides1 & well v5tilat$1 (f]+ a decid$ contra/ 9 _m respects to ! less cleanly mills fir/ ref]r$ to :]e ! wom5 mu/ we> bonnets or hoods = ! protection ( ! hair4 ,9 ei!r case ! process is c]ta9ly an improvem5t ov] ! old plan ( leav+ ! rags to decay 9 a cell> to exp$ite ! removal ( ! glut9\s matt] f !m4 ,f ! sort+ & %r$d+ room ! rags are convey$ to ! cutt]1 :]e !y are cut & *opp$ by revolv+ knives1 leav+ !m 9 small pieces & mu* fre] f du/ & grit4 ,v>i\s +5i\s devices are employ$ = remov+ metal & o!r h>d & injuri\s matt]1 magnetic bru%es s]v+ ?is purpose 9 "s mills4 ,:5 ! cutt] has f9i%$ its "w1 ! /ill v dirty rags g = a fur!r cleans+ to ! devil1 or :ipp]1 a holl[ cone ) spikes project+ )91 aga9/ :i* "w ! spikes ( a drum1 da%+ ! rags ab\t at great spe$4 ,human lives are (t5 fre$ ( _! bas] elem5ts & re/or$ to purity & beauty ?r\gh ! *a/5+ influ5ces ( tribulation or adv]sity2 9 l mann] ! :ipp] c>ries ! rags =w>d a /ep 9 ! process ( purification t is necess>y be=e !y c be br\ght to _! highe/ usefulness4 ,b ! cleans+ process1 :i* is only a prep>ation = :at is to foll[1 does n end ) ! :ipp]1 :i* has s]v$ m]ely to loos51 n to dislodge1 a great deal ( du/ & dirt4 ,! f9al op]ation 9 ! prelim9>y clean+ is p]=m$ by ! du/] prop]1 :i* is a conical revolv+ sieve4 ,z ! mass ( rags is toss$ & %ak5 ab\t1 ! loos5$ du/ is c>ri$ away by ! suction ( ! air1 :i* draws ! du/ p>ticles into tubes furni%$ ) suction fans4 ,9 mo/ mod]n mills ! rags are c>ri$ =w>d f ! du/] on an endless belt1 & a c>eful wat* is kept ^u !m z !y em]ge to detect ! pres5ce ( un*opp$ pieces1 buttons1 or o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,! j\rney ( ! rags ov] ?is endless belt or conveyor t]m9ates 9 a receiv+-room1 9 ! floor ( :i* !re are sev]al op5+s1 & imm$iately bel[ ^! ! m\?s ( ! dige/]s1 :i* are 9 a room b5ea?4 ,! dige/]s1 z !y are sugge/ively & appropriately t]m$1 are huge revolv+ boil]s1 usually upright1 :i* (t5 h z great a diamet] z eight feet1 ) a height ( tw5ty-two feet & a dige/ive capacity ( upw>d ( five tons ( rags ea*4 ,! rags t are to be cook$ are f$ 9 to ! dige/]s ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! floor1 & ! great movable manhole plates are !n put 9 place & clos$1 h]metically seal+ ! op5+s or m\?s ?r\gh :i* ! boil]s h be5 f$1 ^! hav+ fir/ be5 *>g$ ) a mix$ solution ( lime & soda & ) live hot /eam 9 lieu ( ga/ric juice z a dige/+ fluid & =ce4 ,9 "s mills ! boil]s are plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are 9 ! =m ( a l>ge ball or globe1 9 ei!r case be+ op]at$ 9 ! mann] describ$2 ^? ( upright =m1 h[ev]1 are mo/ commonly 9 use4 ,! rags are boil$ "u /eam pressure ( ab\t =ty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! cook+ is cont9u$ f twelve to f\rte5 h\rs4 ,x is "h t ! process ( clean+ beg9s 9 e>ne/2 & z ! mass ( rags is tumbl$ ab\t 9 its scald+ ba? ( /eam-heat$ lime-wat]1 or milk ( lime1 ! color+ & glut9\s matt]s1 z well z all o!r impurities1 are loos5$ f ! fib]s1 :i* are 9 ! end s cleans$ & purifi$ z to come =? un/a9$ & ( virg9 purity4 ,hav+ be5 suffici5tly boil$ & dige/$1 ! mu%y mat]ial1 /ill look+ d>k & =bidd+1 is empti$ onto ! floor bel[ or into receptacles plac$ directly b5ea? ! boil]s1 :]e ! color & dirt are all[$ to dra9 (f4 ,! mass is !n convey$ to ! wa%]s1 great tub-l receptacles1 :i* are kn[n z ,holl&]s1 f ! fact t ^! rag eng9es 7 inv5t$ 9 ,holl& ab\t ! ye> #agej ,a4,d4 ,!y are oval-%ap$ tubs1 ab\t tw5ty feet long1 n9e feet wide1 & ?ree feet high1 v>y+ some:at accord+ to ! conditions4 ,ea* tub is divid$ = two-?irds ( its l5g? by an upright p>tition1 or mid-fea!r1 z x is call$1 :i* makes a n>r[ c\rse ar\nd ! vat4 ,on "o side ( ! p>tition1 ! tub is rais$ 9 a half-circle1 close to :i* revolves an iron roll ab\t ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & cov]$ ) knives2 9 ! bottom ( ! tub1 & directly "u ! revolv+ roll1 is ano!r set ( knives call$ a b$-plate1 :i* is /ation>y1 & aga9/ :i* ! roll c be l[]$4 ,b let u n anticipate4 ,:5 ! empty+s f ! boil] h be5 ?r[n into ! wa%]1 a cont9u\s /ream ( wat] is turn$ 9 at "o end1 ! knife-roll hav+ be5 adju/$ s z to op5 up ! rags z !y are set 9 motion4 ,^! !n beg9 a lively *ase ar\nd ! edge ( ! vat1 ?r\gh ! race-c\rse =m$ by ! mid-fea!r1 & "u ! rag-op5+ knives1 :]e ! wat] is giv5 a *ance to wa% out all impurities1 !n on up ! incl9e ov] ! back-fall1 s-call$ f ! elevation 9 ! tub4 ,a cyl9d] ( wire-clo?1 p>tly imm]s$ 9 ! mov+ mass1 holds back ! n[ rapidly :it5+ fib]s1 :ile ! dirty wat] escapes into buckets inside ! wire-clo? drum1 & is dis*>g$ into & ?r\gh an escape-sp\t4 ,! heavy p>ticles ( dirt settle into :at is t]m$ a s&-trap at ! bottom ( ! tub4 ,z ! wat] cle>s1 ! roll is l[]$ clos] & clos] to ! bottom ( ! b$-plate1 9 ord] to op5 up ! fib]s m ?or\ghly = ! free circulation ( ! wat] among !m4 ,:5 ! sev]al ag5cies ( ! wa%] h accompli%$ _! purpose & ! wat] runs cle> & unsulli$1 a blea*+ mat]ial is put into ! mass1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( f two to six h\rs becomes z :ite z milk4 ,! dirty (fsc\r+s ( all ragdom1 fir/ se5 9 ! orig9al bales1 & ga!r$ f ! f\r corn]s ( ! globe1 h endur$ _m buffet+s1 _m bruis+s & tribulations1 & hav+ be5 wa%$ come =? pure1 sweet1 & clean4 ,f ! wa%]s ! rags are precipitat$ ?r\gh a trap into dra9]s1 :i* are *amb]s made ( /one & brick1 ) a false bottom ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is all[$ to dra94 ,?is rag pulp1 n[ call$ half /ock1 is kept 9 ?is receptacle until ! wat] & liquor are ?or\ghly dra9$ (f1 :5 x becomes a :ite & compact mass ( fib]s4 ,! rags %\ld /& 9 ! dra9]s = at lea/ "o week1 ?\gh bett] results are obta9$ if !y are left = a p]iod two or ?ree times z long1 z ! fib]s become m subdu$4 ,! process ( pap]-mak+ z x has already be5 describ$1 applies m p>ticul>ly to pap]s made f rags4 ,to-day1 a v l>ge proportion ( ! *eap] pap]s are made f wood1 ei!r entirely or 9 "p1 & ^! wood-made pap]s are subject$ to a diff]5t treatm5t1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w be made4 ,f ! dra9] ! mass is c>t$ to ! beat+ eng9e1 or beat]1 :i* is v simil> 9 con/ruction to ! wa%] j describ$4 ,! knives on ! roll 9 ! beat] are gr\p$ ?ree toge!r in/ead ( two1 & are plac$ ne>] ! bottom or b$-plate 9 ord] to sep>ate m ?or\ghly ! fib]s4 ,9 ! beat] are p]=m$ _m & v>y+ manipulations1 design$ n only to secure a m p]fect product b also to produce diff]5t v>ieties ( pap]4 ,x is ! !ory ( ! beat+ process t ! fib]s are n cut1 b are drawn out to _! utmo/ ext5t4 ,9 wat*+ ! op]ations ( ! beat]1 "o notices on ! surface ( ! sl[ly revolv+ mass ( fib]s1 float+ blu+1 su* z ! ?rifty h\sewife uses to :it5 f9e fabrics4 ,?is famili> ag5cy ( ! laundry is introduc$ into ! solution ( fib]s ) ! same end 9 view t is s\ght 9 ! wa%tub--to give ! cle> :ite color t is s desirable4 ,_m ( ! inv5tions & discov]ies by :i* ! _w has pr(it$ l>gely h be5 due prim>ily to "s =tunate accid5t1 & accord+ to a pretty /ory ^u :i* pap]-mak]s h set ! seal ( _! belief = m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 ! use ( blu+ 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! same way4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agdf1 s runs ! /ory1 a ,mrs4 ,button%aw1 ! wife ( an ,engli% pap]-mak]1 accid5tally dropp$ into a tub ( pulp ! bag ( blu+1 or its cont5ts1 :i* %e 0 ab\t to use 9 a wa%+ ( f9e l954 ,fright5$ at :at %e _h done & consid]+ x ! "p ( wisdom to keep sil5ce1 %e discreetly held h] peace & await$ results4 ,b :5 h] husb& _h express$ great wond] & admiration ov] ! pap] made f t p>ticul> pulp1 & _h sold x 9 ,london at an advance ( sev]al %ill+s ov] ! price ( 8 o!r pap]1 :i* _h n met ) any su* accid5t1 %e realiz$ t ! "t = sil5ce _h pass$4 ,h] acc\nt ( ! happy accid5t l$ h] grateful husb& to pur*ase a co/ly sc>let cloak = h] on 8 next visit to ,london t[n4 ,?is accid5t br\ght ab\t ano!r result :i* 0 to prove ( ine/imable value to ! future pap]-mak]--! use ( blu+ 9 pap] :5 especial :it5ess is desir$4 ,important z ! blu+ or color+ is1 h[ev]1 x is only "o ( ! num]\s op]ations or manipulations t take place 9 ! beat]4 ,_m ( ^!1 su* z eng9e-siz+ & body-color+1 require skill & con/ant wat*fulness4 ,"h1 too1 if any:]e1 adult]ation takes place4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to secure a f9e-appe>+ pap] at small co/1 & x is pr(itable to add to its weight4 ,9 su* cases a process ( load+ takes place "h1 & clay or *eap1 heavy fib]s are add$4 ,clay is ( value n only to increase ! weight b also to r5d] ! pap] m opaque1 s z to prev5t type or illu/rations f %[+ ?r\gh1 :ile at ! same "t x makes possible a smoo!r surface by fill+ ! pores 9 ! pap]4 ,b :ile x adds to ! weight1 clay mu/1 ( necessity1 weak5 ! pap]4 ,9 eng9e-siz+1 :i* is done 9 ! beat]1 ! size is ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! fib]s z ^! revolve or fl[ ar\nd ! eng9e4 ,?is siz+ r5d]s ! pap] m ne>ly imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a pap] t is siz$ & t has a repell5t surface :i* prev5ts ! ink f settl+ into x :5 x is writt5 ^u1 & an ord9>y blott+-pap] ) its absorb5t surface1 is due entirely to ! fact t ! =m] is mo/ c>efully treat$ ) siz+ bo? 9 ! beat+ eng9e & 9 ! size tub or vat ref]r$ to lat]1 :]eas 9 ! latt] pap] x is omitt$4 ,if ! pap] is to be t9t$ or body-color$1 colors made f anil9e are g5]ally us$4 ,only 9 ! highe/ grade ( writ+-pap] & 9 "s few pap]s t dem& colors fa/ to ! light is any o!r ord] ( color+ matt] employ$4 ,z may be easily imag9$1 consid]able skill is requir$ to secure exactly ! desir$ t9t1 & to get ! color+ matt] s ev5ly mix$ t ea* small fib] %all receive its prop] t9t1 & ?us to insure t ! pap] :5 f9i%$ %all be ( uni=m color & n pres5t a mottl$ appe>ance4 ,:5 ! op]ations ( ! beat+ eng9e h be5 complet$1 a mo/ int]e/+ process beg9s :i* m>ks a va/ advance ov] ! e>li] me?od ( =m+ ! %eets ( pap] ) m\ld & deckel1 /ra9+ (f ! wat]1 & %ak+ ! frame ) a quick motion to mat ! fib]s toge!r4 ,! pati5t /riv+ t[>d some?+ bett] :i* has m>k$ all ! c5turies s9ce man fir/ le>n$ to c>ve 8 rude records1 f9ds its consummation 9 ! process ( mak+ pap] 9 a cont9u\s web4 ,?is result is accompli%$ by a ma*9e fir/ inv5t$ by ,l\is ,rob]t1 a workman 9 a mill at ,enonnes1 ,france1 :o obta9$ a ,fr5* pat5t1 ) a b\nty ( eight ?\s& francs = its developm5t4 ,?is he lat] sold to ,m4 ,didot1 ! proprietor ( ! mill1 :o cross$ ! ,*annel into ,engl&1 :]e1 ) ! aid ( a skill$ me*anic1 ! ma*9e 0 9 a measure p]fect$1 & !n sold to ,h5ry & ,sealy ,f\rdr9i]4 ,!y1 ) ! fur!r aid ( ,bryan ,donk91 _! employee & exp]t eng9e]1 made _m additional improvem5ts1 & sank 9 ! ent]prise "s sixty ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 = :i* _! only rew>d 0 blight$ hopes & embitt]$ lives4 ,9 #ahdg ! ,london ,times made a fruitless appeal on behalf ( ! surviv+ bro!r1 :o 0 eighty ye>s ( age & 9 great pov]ty4 ,x is seldom t ! _w volunt>ily makes return to ^? :o h be/[$ ^u x great mat]ial or moral b5efits1 ?\gh x is ev] ready to exp5d its treasure = eng9es ( de/ruction & to magnify & rew>d ^? :o h be5 mo/ successful 9 de/roy+ human life4 ,! fir/ ma*9e mill 0 />t$ at ,frogmore1 ,h]tz1 ,engl&1 9 #ahjc1 :i* 0 ! ye> ( ! great ,l\isiana ,pur*ase by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is n difficult to say :i* ev5t has be5 productive ( ! great] & m b5eficial results to ?is nation4 ,?r\gh ?is inv5tion & its improvem5ts1 ! mod]n newspap] & magaz9e1 ) _! t5s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( copies daily1 h be5 made possible1 & m5 ( all classes h be5 br\ght 9 t\* ) ! be/ ?\ght ( ! day4 ,:atev] makes = great] intellig5ce & enlight5m5t ?r\gh\t a nation makes = ! great] /ability ( ! national life1 & gives new emphasis to ,bulw]'s words3 ,take away ! sword2 ,/ates c be sav$ )\t x--br+ ! p54 ,if to-day ! p[] ( ! p5 ov] ! sword is great] ?an x has ev] be5 be=e1 its increas$ & increas+ influ5ce mu/ be cr$it$ 9 l>ge measure to ! inv5tive g5ius & ! public-spirit$ ent]prise t has made possible ! great output ( our mod]n pap]-mills4 ,s ?or\ghly did ^! =ces d _! "w 9 ! beg9n+ t 9 ! c5tury t has elaps$ s9ce ! ,f\rdr9i] bro!rs sacrific$ !mselves & _! means 9 ! p]fect+ ( _! ma*9e1 !re h be5 really no *anges 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,^? t h be5 made h be5 9 ! nature ( fur!r developm5t & improvem5t1 su* z increas+ ! spe$ & wid5+ ! web1 !reby multiply+ ! product _m fold4 ,b let u resume ! int]e/+ j\rney ( ! rags1 :i* _h rea*$ a /ate ( purification & p]fection z pulp1 & :i* we left 9 ! beat]s4 ,9 "s grades ( pap] ! p]fect$ & prep>$ pulp is tak5 f ! beat]s & pass$ ?r\gh :at is kn[n z a ref9+ or ,jordan eng9e = ! purpose ( m ?or\ghly sep>at+ ! fib]s & r$uc+ !m to extreme f95ess4 ,! ref9+ eng9es are1 h[ev]1 us$ only 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 grades ( pap]4 ,! pulp is next tak5 f ! beat] or ref9+ eng9e1 z ! case may be1 to :at is call$ a /uff-*e/1 an inclos$ vat p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* a contrivance = %ak+ & %ift+1 prop]ly call$ an agitator1 keeps ! fib]s 9 susp5sion4 ,f ! /uff-*e/ ! mixture is pump$ into :at is kn[n z ! mix+ or regulat+ box4 ,"h ! /ream fir/ passes ov] ! s&-tables 9 a cont9u\s fl[4 ,^! are compos$ ( little tr\ghs ) cross-pieces1 & are cov]$ at ! bottom ) long-hair$ felt1 to cat* any s& or dirt t may /ill adh]e aft] ! num]\s op]ations to :i* ! pulp has be5 subject$4 ,! fl[ is !n =c$ ?r\gh ! scre51 :i* is a horizontal piece ( metal pi]c$ ) slots4 ,= v f9e pap] ^! slots are s small z to be only "o "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,!y are usually ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t4 ,?r\gh ^! t9y ap]tures ! fib]s mu/ f9d _! way1 leav+ beh9d 9 _! difficult passage all lumps1 dirt1 or knott$ fib]s :i* w\ld m> ! p]fection ( ! product t[>d :i* !y are t5d+4 ,a vibrat+ motion is giv5 to ! scre5 z ! fl[ passes ov] x1 or revolv+ /ra9]s may be us$4 ,:5 ! scre5 has f9i%$ its "w1 ! wat] c>ry+ ! pulp 9 solution fl[s 9 an ev5 /ream1 ! volume ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! wid? ( ! web ( pap] to be produc$1 ?r\gh a dis*>ge-cock onto ! ,f\rdr9i] or cyl9d] ma*9e1 z ! case may be1 ea* ( :i* w be duly describ$4 ,?is /ream has a filmy appe>ance & is ( div]se color1 dep5d+ ^u ! %ade ( pap] to be produc$4 ,f its consi/5cy1 :i* is ab\t t ( milk1 x is difficult to imag9e t x floats sep>ate p>ticles ( fib] 9 su* quantities z1 :5 ga!r$ on ! wire clo? & pass$ to a felt blanket & !n press$ betwe5 roll]s1 to =m 9 a second ( "t a broad web ( embryo pap] suffici5tly /rong & firm to take def9ite =m4 ,man's ma/]y ( ! process by :i* ?is />tl+ & wond]ful *ange is effect$ has come z "o ( ! rew>ds ( 8 long & pati5t /udy4 ,! ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e1 :i* pres]ves at lea/ ! "n ( ! ent]pris+ develop]s ( ! inv5tion1 takes up ! "w t 0 =m]ly done by ! mold]4 ,! wire clo? ^u :i* ! fib]s are dis*>g$ is an endless belt1 ! full wid? ( ! pap] ma*9e4 ,^u ?is ! fib]s spread out ev5ly1 be+ aid$ by a fan-%ap$ rubb] or oil clo?1 :i* deliv]s ! smoo? /ream "u a gate regulat$ to insure p]fect ev5ness & to fix uni=mly ! fib]s ( ! web n[ comm5c+ its f9al =mation4 ,deckel-/raps ( india-rubb] are fa/5$ on bo? sides ( ! wire scre51 & move ) x1 ?us hold+ ! wat]y pulp 9 place4 ,! deckel-/raps are adju/able & fix or regulate ! wid? ( ! pap]4 ,^! & ! gate1 or slic]1 are atta*$ to :at is t]m$ ! deckel-frame1 :i* corresponds to ! deckel us$ by pap]-mak]s 9 ! days :5 ! manufacture 0 c>ri$ on by h&4 ,z ! /ream fl[s onto ! endless belt ( wire clo?1 ! wat] :i* has borne ! fib]s filt]s into ! tr\gh b5ea?4 ,be+ *>g$ ) v f9e fib]s1 size1 color+ matt]1 & o!r simil> +r$i5ts1 x is c>ri$ back into ! pulp-*e/ to save ^! mat]ials1 z well z to contribute aga9 to ! extra supply ( wat] ne$$4 ,= ?is reason ! tr\gh into :i* x falls f ! revolv+ wire is call$ ! save-all4 ,a %ak+ motion is imp>t$ to ! wire f ! frame ^u :i* re/ ! rolls t keep x 9 its nev]-end+ r\nd4 ,?is aids 9 dra9+ away ! wat] & mats or int]laces ! fib]s toge!r4 ,at ! end ( ! save-all1 :]e ! fib]s are to leave ! wire = ! next /age ( _! j\rney1 suction-boxes are plac$1 provid$ ) an air-pump to take up ! surplus wat] t has n yet f\nd its way ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,betwe5 ^! suction-boxes above ! wire is a wire-cov]$ roll :i* impresses ! newly =m$ %eet2 ?is impression cyl9d] is call$ a d&y roll1 & x is f ?is t ! web receives ! m>k+s or impressions t *>act]ize diff]5t pap]s4 ,all wat]m>ks1 patt]ns1 & designs :i* x is desir$ to h appe> 9 ! pap] are put ^u ?is roll & "h impress$ ^u ! s(t %eet1 :i* is cl>ifi$ & left transp>5t at ! po9t ( contact4 ,?us ! impression is p]man5tly fix$ 9 ! fib]1 s t x c be se5 at any "t by hold+ ! %eet to ! light4 ,! p[] ( sugge/iv5ess is a quality :i* is highly e/eem$ :]ev] x is f\nd1 & :i* frequ5tly furni%es a /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,judg$ by su* a crit]ion1 ! impression cyl9d]1 or d&y roll1 has an add$ value1 = 9 all probability its op]ation sugge/$ ! idea ( pr9t+ f cyl9d]s1 z 9 our pres5t web or p]fect+ presses4 ,! matt$ pulp1 n[ hav+ suffici5t body1 passes on betwe5 two rolls cov]$ ) felt :i* deliv] ! web ( damp pap] ^u an endless belt ( moi/ felt1 :ile ! wire passes "u & back to cont9ue a fre% supply4 ,! pap] is z yet too fragile to travel alone1 & ! web felt c>ries x betwe5 two metal rolls call$ ! fir/ press-rolls4 ,^! squeeze out m wat]1 give a great] degree ( compactness to ! fib]s1 smoo? ! upp] surface1 & f9ally deliv] ! web ( pap] to a second felt apron :i* c>ries x "u & to ! back ( ! second press-rolls4 ,9 ?is way ! "u surface comes to ! top1 & is 9 its turn subject$ to ! smoo?+ process4 ,a delicate scrap] or blade1 ! l5g? ( ! press-rolls1 is s plac$ on ea* roll t %\ld ! endless web f any cause be brok51 ! blade may op]ate ) suffici5t =ce to prev5t ! wet pap] f cl++ to ! rolls & w9d+ ab\t !m4 ,f ?is po9t ! pap] travels alone1 hav+ become firm & /rong en\gh to su/a9 its own weight2 pass+ above ! second press-rolls1 x resumes its onw>d j\rney ar\nd ! dry+ cyl9d]s1 pass+ ov] & "u & ov] & "u4 ,! dry+ cyl9d]s are holl[ & heat$ by /eam1 _! temp]ature be+ regulat$ accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,^! dri]s1 made f iron or /eel1 are usually f ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet] & v>y 9 l5g? accord+ to ! wid? ( ! ma*9e4 ,!re are f twelve to fifty ( ^! cyl9d]s1 _! numb] dep5d+ ^u ! "* & weight ( ! pap] to be produc$1 v heavy %eets requir+ _m m dry+ cyl9d]s ?an %eets ( light] weight4 ,/range1 almo/ ph5om5al1 conditions come ab\t 9 ! trans=mation f filmy pulp to f9i%$ pap]4 ,a %eet :i*1 ?\gh =m$1 is at ! fir/ press-roll too fragile to c>ry its own weight1 becomes possess$ ( a f9al /r5g? & p[] t is almo/ incr$ible4 ,! myriad ( m9ute fib]s compos+ ! %eet1 ^u dry+ uni=mly1 possesses great aggregate /r5g?4 ,a %eet ( pap] yields readily to te>+1 b ! same %eet1 :5 a p]fectly ev5 t5sion is appli$1 w demon/rate t x is possess$ ( wond]ful resi/+ p[]4 ,9 evid5ce may be cit$ an in/ance t seems almo/ beyond belief4 ,?r\gh "s curi\s mi%ap a web ( heavy pap]1 9 fact1 bri/ol bo>d1 :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly =m$1 0 sudd5ly sup]heat$ & !n cool$ :ile /ill on ! dri]s4 ,?is 0 caus$ by a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( ! dri]s & result$ 9 ! sudd5 contraction ( ! web ( bri/ol2 ! /ra9 on ! ma*9e 0 s great t n only 7 ! driv+-cogs brok5 on two ( ! dri]s ar\nd :i* ! pap] 0 at ! mom5t pass+1 b ! dri]s !mselves 7 actually lift$ out ( place1 %[+ a resi/+ p[] 9 ! pap] ( at lea/ sev]al tons4 ,! pap] n[ passes to ! upright /ack ( rolls :i* are kn[n z cal5d]s4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f cal5dra2 a corruption ( cyl9drus1 a roll] or cyl9d]4 ,!y are simply roll]s revolv+ 9 contact1 & heat$ f ! int]ior by /eam4 ,^! cal5d]s are us$ = giv+ to ! pap] a smoo? & ev5 surface1 & are also employ$ 9 ! smoo?+ & f9i%+ ( clo?4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! pap] passes ?r\gh ^! cyl9d]s is rem>kable1 f "o hundr$ to five hundr$ feet runn+ ?r\gh & ov] ! ma*9e 9 a m9ute2 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ rec5t mills ! web is z wide z "o hundr$ & fifty-six in*es 7?irte5 feet72 ?is is v ne>ly d\ble ! av]age ma*9e wid? ( a v few ye>s ago1 :ile ! spe$ has increas$ 9 proportionate ratio2 only a few ye>s ago ! maximum spe$ 0 f two hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ feet p] m9ute2 at ?is writ+ 7#aijj7 !re are ma*9es 9 op]ation :i* run z high z five hundr$ feet p] m9ute4 ,b great z has be5 ! increase 9 ! production ( pap]1 ! dem& has kept pace /eadily4 ,! wond]ful product ( ! rag-bag holds an inv9cible position 9 ! _w's economy4 ,= ma*9e-f9i%$ book & pr9t pap]s1 z well z = o!r *eap] grades1 ! process ends ) ! cal5d]s1 aft] :i* ! pap] is slit into requir$ wid?s by disc-knives :i* are revolv+1 & s cut cont9u\sly4 ,pap] int5d$ = web newspap] presses is tak5 (f 9 cont9u\s rolls ( ! wid?s requir$1 v>y+ f sev5te5 to sev5ty-six in*es1 accord+ to ! size ( ! pap] to be pr9t$4 ,^! reels conta9 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five ?\s& l9eal feet ( pap]1 or f ?ree to five miles4 ,! am\nt ( pap] us$ 9 dissem9at+ ! news ( ! day is enorm\s2 sometimes "o or two mills are requir$ to manufacture ! supply = a s+le metropolitan daily1 :ile "o ,new ,york newspap] claims to h us$ f\r hundr$ & fifty tons ( pap] 9 "o ,*ri/mas edition1 :i* is ab\t f\r times ! am\nt ( its regul> daily consumption4 ,aft] hav+ be5 slit into ! prop] wid?s by ! revolv+ knives1 ord9>y flat & book pap]s are cut into %eets by a /raight knife revolv+ at prop] int]vals on a horizontal drum4 ,! pap]1 9 %eets1 is c>ri$ by a travell+ apron to a receiv+ table at ! end ( ! ma*9e1 :]e ! %eets z !y fall are c>efully exam9$ by exp]ts1 usually wom51 :o remove any t may be imp]fect4 ,! entire l5g? ( a pap] ma*9e1 f ! scre5s to ! cal5d]s1 is ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet1 :ile ! height v>ies1 ! av]age be+ ab\t t5 feet4 ,! ma*9es1 :ile necess>ily ( ! f9e/ adju/m5t1 are pond]\s & heavy1 weigh+ 9 "s cases z mu* z f\r hundr$ tons1 ?is be+ ! weight ( ! ma*9e itself1 exclusive ( its f\ndations4 ,! ma*9e-room is ( necessity well light$ & ?or\ghly v5tilat$1 & %\ld be kept clean ?r\gh\t1 z cleanl9ess is an ess5tial factor 9 ! mak+ ( good pap]4 ,:ile ! same g5]al process applies to all classes ( pap] made1 ! p>ticul> "* ( any pap] t is to be produc$ det]m9es exactly ! details ( ! process ?r\gh :i* x %all pass & regulates ! deviations to be made f ! g5]al op]ations 9 ord] to secure special results4 ,= example1 "s pap]s are want$ ) a r\gh or antique f9i%1 z x is call$2 9 su* cases cal5d]+ is omitt$4 ,ano!r special process is t by :i* ! pap] is made ) a ragg$ or deckel-edge2 ?is result is obta9$ 9 "s mills by play+ a /ream ( wat] ^u ! edge ( ! pulp1 cru%+ & ?9n+ x1 & ?us giv+ x a jagg$ appe>ance4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is deckel-edge pap] is be+ q ext5sively us$ 9 high-class bookwork4 ,9 ! case ( writ+ pap]s1 z has already be5 /at$ 9 ! description ( ! beat+ eng9es1 a vegetable siz+ made f res9\s matt] is introduc$ into ! pap] pulp :ile x is /ill 9 solution1 & mixes ) x ?or\ghly1 ?us fill+ m or less completely ! pores ( ! pulp fib]s4 ,?is is f\nd suffici5t = all ord9>y book-pap]s1 = pap]s t are to be pr9t$ ^u 9 ! usual way1 & = ! *eape/ grades ( writ+-pap]1 :]e ! requirem5ts are n v exact+ & :]e a curtailm5t ( exp5se is necess>y4 ,= ! high] grades ( writ+-pap]1 h[ev]1 a di/9ctly sep>ate & additional process is requir$4 ,^! pap]s :ile on ! ma*9e 9 web =m are pass$ ?r\gh a vat :i* is call$ ! size-tub1 & :i* is fill$ ) a liquid siz+ made ( gelat9e f clipp+s ( ! horns1 hides1 & ho(s ( cattle1 ?is gelat9e or glue be+ mix$ ) dissolv$ alum & made fluid 9 ! vat4 ,pap]s :i* are treat$ 9 ?is way are kn[n z animal1 or tub-siz$4 ,we h duly describ$ ma*9e-dri$ pap]s1 b ^! high] grades ( writ+-pap]s are dri$ by :at is kn[n z ! l(t1 or pole-dri$ process4 ,su* pap] is p]mitt$ to dry v sl[ly 9 a l(t specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 :]e x is hung on poles sev]al days1 dur+ :i* "t ! l(t is kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,fahr5heit4 ,ano!r detail ( consid]able importance is t ( ! f9i% or surface ( ! pap]4 ,:5 pap] ) a p>ticul>ly high or glossy surface is desir$1 x is subject$ to a sep>ate process1 aft] leav+ ! pap] ma*9e1 kn[n z sup]cal5d]+4 ,sup]cal5d]+ is effect$ by pass+ ! web ?r\gh a /ack ( rolls :i* are simil> to ! ma*9e cal5d]s already describ$4 ,^! rolls are compos$ ( metal cyl9d]s1 alt]nat+ ) rolls made ( solidifi$ pap] or cotton1 turn$ exactly true1 ! top & bottom rolls be+ ( metal & heavi] ?an ! o!rs2 a /ack ( sup]cal5d]s is necess>ily compos$ ( an odd numb] ( rolls1 z sev51 n9e1 or elev54 ,! pap] passes & repasses ?r\gh ^! cal5d]s until ! requisite degree ( smoo?ness & poli% has be5 acquir$4 ,! friction 9 ?is ma*9e produces s mu* electricity t gr\nd wires are (t5 us$ to c>ry x (f 9 ord] t ! pap] may n become s highly *>g$ z to attract du/ or cause ! %eets to cl+ toge!r4 ,:5 ! f9e poli% has be5 imp>t$1 ! rolls ( pap] g to ! cutt+ ma*9es1 :i* are automatic 9 action1 cutt+ regul> %eets ( ! requir$ l5g? z ! pap] is f$ to !m 9 a cont9u\s web4 ,9 ! manufacture ( "s high grades ( pap]1 su* z l95s & bonds1 :]e an especially f9e1 smoo? surface is requir$1 ! %eets aft] be+ cut are arrang$ 9 piles ( f twelve to fifte5 %eets1 plates ( z9c are ins]t$ alt]nately betwe5 !m1 & !y are subject$ to p[]ful hydraulic pressure4 ,?is process is t]m$ plat+1 & is1 ( c\rse1 v mu* m exp5sive ?an ! process ( sup]cal5d]+ describ$ above4 ,f ! cutt]s1 ! %eets are c>ri$ to ! inspectors1 :o are seat$ 9 a r[ along an ext5d$ bo>d table be=e two divisions ) p>titions t5 or twelve in*es high1 af=d+ spaces = ! %eets be=e & aft] sort+4 ,! "w ( inspection is p]=m$ by wom51 :o detect almo/ in/antly any blemi% or imp]fection 9 ! f9i%$ product z x passes ?r\gh _! h&s4 ,if ! pap] is to be rul$ = writ+ purposes1 x is !n tak5 to ! rul+ ma*9es1 :]e x is pass$ "u revolv+ discs or p5s1 set at regul> int]vals4 ,^! convey ! rul+ ink to ! pap] z x passes on ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 & ?us =m true & cont9u\s l9es4 ,if ! pap] is to be fold$ aft] rul+1 z 9 ! case ( f9e note-pap]s1 ! %eets pass on f ! rul+ ma*9e to ! fold+ ma*9es1 :i* are entirely automatic 9 _! action4 ,! pap] is /ack$ at ! back ( ! fir/ fold+ guide & is f$ 9 by ! action ( small rubb] roll]s :i* loos5 ea* %eet f ! "o b5ea?1 & pu% x =w>d until x is caught by ! fold+ app>atus4 ,man's me*anical +5uity has giv5 to ! ma*9es ( 8 inv5tion some?+ t seems almo/ l human intellig5ce1 & 9 ! case ( ! fold+ ma*9e1 ! action is s regul> & p]fect t !re seems to be no ne$ ( an att5dant1 save to furni% a con/ant supply ( %eets4 ,! fold+ complet$1 cutt+ ma*9es are aga9 br\ght into requisition1 to cut & trim ! %eets to ! size ( fold$ note or lett]-pap]1 :i* is ! f9al op]ation be=e !y are s5t out into ! _w on _! mission ( usefulness4 ,! f9i%$ pap] may or may n h pass$ ?r\gh ! rul+ & fold+ process1 b 9 ei!r case x goes f ! cutt]s to ! wrapp]s & pack]s1 & !n to ! %ipp+-cl]ks1 all ( :om p]=m ! duties indicat$ by _! names4 ,! wond]ful trans=mation wr\ght by ! magic w& ( sci5ce & human inv5tion is complete1 & :at came into ! factory z great bales ( (f5sive rags1 disgu/+ to sight & smell1 goes =? z delicate1 beautiful1 p]fect$ pap]1 r$eem$ f fil?1 & glorifi$ into a high & noble use4 ,purity & beauty h come f :at 0 f\l & un:olesome2 ! highly useful has be5 summon$ =? f ! seem+ly useless2 a product t is "o ( ! ess5tial factors 9 ! _w's progress1 & t promises to s]ve an ev]-increas+ purpose1 has be5 develop$ f a mat]ial t app>5tly held n ! slighte/ promise4 ,well might ! ,bo/on ,news ,lett] ( #agfi exclaim 9 qua9t old rhyme3 ,rags are z beauties :i* conceald lie1 ,b :5 9 pap]1 *>m+ to ! eye6 ,pray save y\r rags1 new beauties to discov]1 ,= ( pap] truly e "o's a lov]2 ,by ! p5 & press su* k is display$ ,z w\ld n exi/ if pap] 0 n made4 ,& well may man pride himself on ?is a*ievem5t1 ?is m>vel\s trans=mation1 :i* repres5ts ! fruitage ( c5turies ( /riv+ & endeavor6 ,up to ?is po9t ! ref]5ce has be5 almo/ entirely to pap] made f rags1 b radical improvem5ts h be5 made1 caus$ by ! introduction ( wood pulp1 & ^! are ( su* importance t ! acc\nt w\ld n be complete )\t "s m5tion ( !m4 ,^! *anges are ma9ly 9 ! me?ods ( manipulat+ ! wood to obta9 ! pulp1 = :5 t is ready1 ! process f & includ+ ! wa%]s & beat]s1 is v simil> to t already describ$4 ,all pap]s1 :e!r made f rags or wood1 dep5d ^u vegetable fib] = _! sub/ance & fundam5tal base1 & x is f\nd t ! diff]5t fib]s us$ 9 pap]-mak+1 :5 f9ally subdu$1 d n diff]1 9 fact1 :e!r obta9$ f rags or f ! tree gr[+ 9 ! =e/4 ,9 ! latt] case ! raw wood is subject$ to *emical treatm5t :i* de/roys all res9\s & =eign matt]s1 leav+ m]ely ! cellul> tissue1 :i*1 x is f\nd1 does n diff] 9 sub/ance f ! cell tissue obta9$ aft] treat+ rags4 ,9 ei!r case ?is cellul> tissue1 ?r\gh ! treatm5t to :i* ! raw mat]ial is subject$1 becomes p]fectly pla/ic or moldable1 & :ile ! pap] made f "o diff]s slightly 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics f ! pap] made f ! o!r1 !y are nev]!less v simil>1 & x might be safe to pr$ict t fur!r p]fect+ ( processes w ev5tually make !m practically alike4 ,! woods us$ = ?is purpose are pr9cipally popl> & spruce1 & !re are ?ree classes ( ! wood pulp3 7#a7 me*anical wood1 7#b7 soda process wood1 & 7#c7 sulphite wood pulp4 ,! fir/ me?od 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahdd4 ,! logs are hewn 9 ! =e/1 r\ghly b>k$1 & %ipp$ to ! factory1 :]e ! fir/ op]ation is to cut !m up by /eam saws into blocks ab\t two feet 9 l5g?4 ,any b>k t may /ill cl+ to ! log is remov$ by a rapidly revolv+ corrugat$ :eel ( /eel1 :ile ! l>g] blocks are split by a /eam splitt]4 ,! next /age ( _! j\rney takes ^! blocks to a great mill/one set p]p5dicul>ly in/ead ( horizontally4 ,"h a v /rong & +5i\s ma*9e receives "o block at a "t1 & ) an automatically ela/ic pressure holds x sidewise aga9/ ! mill/one1 :i*1 l ! mills ( ! gods1 gr9ds exce$+ f9e1 & ) ! aid ( con/antly fl[+ wat] rapidly r$uces ^! blocks to a pulpy =m4 ,?is pulp is c>ri$ into tanks1 f :i* x is pass$ betwe5 roll]s1 :i* leave x 9 ?ick1 damp %eets1 :i* are fold$ up ev5ly = %ipm5t1 or = /orage = future use4 ,if a pap]-mill is op]at$ 9 connection ) ! pulp-mill1 ! wood pulp is n necess>ily roll$ out 9 %eets1 b is pump$ directly f ! tanks to ! beat]s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( pulp by ! o!r processes1 ! blocks are fir/ ?r[n into a *ipp+ ma*9e ) great :eels1 ! %ort1 slant+ knives ( :i* quickly cut ! blocks into small *ips4 ,9 ! soda process1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,mel9] 9 ,france 9 #ahfe1 ! *ips f spruce & popl> logs are boil$ "u pressure 9 a /rong solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,:5 sulphite wood pulp is to be prep>$1 ! *ips are convey$ f ! *ipp] into hopp]s 9 ! upp] "p ( ! build+4 ,"h !y are ?r[n into great upright iron boil]s or dige/]s *>g$ ) lime-wat] & f$ ) ! fumes ( sulphur :i* is burn$ = ! purpose 9 a furnace adjo9+ ! build+ & :i* ?us =ms acid sulphide ( lime4 ,! sulphite process 0 orig9ally inv5t$ by a celebrat$ ,philadelphia *emi/1 b 0 p]fect$ 9 ,europe4 ,! cook+1 or boil+1 to :i* ! wood is subject$ 9 bo? ! soda & sulphite processes1 effects a complete sep>ation ( all res9\s & =eign sub/ances f ! f9e & true cell tissue1 or cellulose1 :i* is left a pure fib]1 ready = use z describ$4 ,9 ! case ( all fib]s1 :e!r rag or wood1 pa9/ak+ "w c\nts1 & ! excell5ce ( ! pap] is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! "t & c>e giv5 to ! r$uction ( ! pulp f ! orig9al raw mat]ial4 ,*emical wood pulp ( ! be/ quality makes an excell5t product1 & is l>gely us$ = bo? pr9t & book pap]2 x is frequ5tly mix$ ) rag pulp1 mak+ a pap] t c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f t made entirely f f9e rags1 ?\gh x is n ( ! prop] firmness = ! be/ flat or writ+ pap]s4 ,all ord9>y newspap]s1 z well z "s ( ! *eap] grades ( book & wrapp+ pap]1 are made entirely f wood1 ! sulphite or soda process supply+ ! fib]1 & gr\nd wood be+ us$ z a fill]4 ,9 ! av]age newspap] ( to-day's issue1 tw5ty-five p] c5t ( sulphite fib] is suffici5t to c>ry sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! gr\nd wood fill]4 ,! value ( ! idea is an economical "o entirely1 z ! gr\nd wood employ$ co/s less ?an any o!r ( ! compon5t p>ts ( a pr9t-pap] %eet4 ,! cyl9d] ma*9e1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made e>li] 9 ! *apt]1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahji by a prom95t pap]-mak] ( ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,john ,dick9son4 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 a cyl9d] cov]$ ) wire clo? revolves ) its l[] portion dipp+ into a vat ( pulp1 :ile by suction a p>tial vacuum is ma9ta9$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 caus+ ! pulp to cl+ to ! wire until x is convey$ to a cov]$ cyl9d]1 :i* takes x up & c>ries x =w>d 9 a mann] simil> to ! sy/em already describ$4 ,?is ma*9e is employ$ 9 mak+ /raw-bo>d & o!r heavy & *eap grades ( pap]4 ,g5]\s ,"m ,nature1 :o supplies man's wants 9 su* b\ntiful fa%ion1 has furni%$ on h] pla9s & 9 h] =e/s an abundance ( mat]ial t may be trans=m$ into ?is f9e product ( human +5uity4 ,esp>to1 a ,spani% grass gr[n 9 ,s\? ,africa1 has ent]$ l>gely into ! mak+ ( pr9t-pap] 9 ,engl&4 ,mix$ ) rags x makes an excell5t product1 b ! *emicals requir$ to free x f res9 & gritty silica are exp5sive1 :ile ! co/ ( importation has r5d]$ its use 9 ,am]ica impractical4 ,flax1 hemp1 manila1 jute & /raw1 & ( c\rse old pap] t has be5 once us$1 are ext5sively employ$ 9 ?is manufacture1 ! process beg9n+ ) ! *emical treatm5t & boil+ t are f\nd necess>y 9 ! manipulation ( rags4 ,! successful use ( ^! mat]ials has met dem&s t w\ld n o!rwise h be5 suppli$4 ,z a result1 ! price has be5 s *eap5$ t ! dem& = pap] has greatly increas$1 & its use has be5 ext5d$ to _m & v>i\s purposes4 ,_m additional items ( int]e/ might be describ$ 9 connection ) ! me?ods ( manufactur+ pap]1 b z ?is "w is int5d$ = ! g5]al read]1 r ?an = ! manufactur]1 ^? wi%+ fur!r in=mation are ref]r$ to te*nical works on ! subject4 ,! be/ l95 rags are us$ = ! highe/ grades ( writ+ & bond pap]s1 :ile ord9>y note1 lett]1 & flat pap]s are made f cotton rags4 ,9 "s mills1 su* z ! gov]nm5t mill at ,dalton1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ! gov]nm5t pap] is made = banknotes1 & 9 o!rs :]e ! f9e/ l$g] pap]s are manufactur$1 none b new1 clean rags are us$4 ,^! come f ! remnants left 9 ! mak+ ( l95 goods4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t mill :]e is made ! pap] = our national curr5cy1 or gre5backs1 !re is a special atta*m5t on ! ma*9e = introduc+ into ! pap] ! silk ?reads t are always to be se5 9 our pap] money4 ,?is atta*m5t is j above ! wire on ! ma*9e1 & consi/s ( a little conduct+ tr\gh1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s1 f a receptacle ne> ! ma*9e1 a /ream ( wat] hold+ ! silk ?reads 9 solution4 ,! tr\gh ext5ds across ! ma*9e1 & is provid$ at int]vals ) op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! %ort pieces ( silk ?read are automatically releas$1 & spr9kl$ cont9u\sly onto ! web ( pulp z x passes b5ea?4 ,! pap] is ?us di/+ui%$1 & infr+em5t & possible c\nt]feit+ are made extremely difficult by ! fact t ! gov]nm5t absolutely =bids ! mak+ ( pap] by o!rs "u a simil> process1 z well z ! production ( any pap] conta9+ ^! silk ?reads4 ,! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to any?+ t bord]s on infr+em5t ( our v>i\s money issues1 bo? metal & curr5cy1 are mo/ rigid2 any?+ approa*+ a simil>ity ( impression is prohibit$1 & a cut1 /amp1 or impression ( any "* t approa*es 9 its appe>ance any money issue ( our gov]nm5t is consid]$ a violation ( ! law aga9/ c\nt]feit+1 & is dealt ) sev]ely4 ,! gov]nm5t takes ! same uncompromis+ position 9 reg>d to ! fabrics us$ 9 pr9t+ its pap]-money issues1 & x w be quickly se5 t ! silk ?read process describ$ above x is s great a v>iation f any?+ requir$ 9 ! m]cantile _w t x w\ld be difficult to produce a pap] at all simil> )\t an ult]ior purpose be+ at once app>5t4 ,= ?is reason ! silk ?read int]sp]sion is 9 reality a v effective m$ium 9 prev5t+ c\nt]feit+1 n only on acc\nt ( its peculi> appe>ance b also because ( ! elaborate me?ods necess>y 9 its production4 ,9 ^? mills mak+ ! f9e/ grades ( pap]1 mu* ( ! process ( ?ra%+1 beat+1 du/+1 & clean+ necess>y 9 ! ord9>y mill is omitt$4 ,! cleanl9ess & brightness :i* are rea*$ only at ! wa%] & beat] eng9es 9 ! process ( manufactur+ ! l[] grades ( pap] f *eap] rags1 prevail at e /ep 9 ^! high] grade mills4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 mak+ good pap]1 especially ! bett] grades1 is an abundance ( pure wat]1 & spr+-wat]1 :]e available1 is pref]r$4 ,! ef=t has be5 made 9 ! description giv5 to cov] ! process ( mak+ pap] f ! crude/ rags4 ,9 enum]at+ ! sev]al k9ds ( pap] 9 ano!r *apt]1 brief ref]5ce w be made to ! v>y+ me?ods requir$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 no attempt has be5 made to cov] m ?an ! pr9cipal divisions or v>ieties ( pap]--writ+1 pr9t1 & wrapp+ pap]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) *>act]i/ic ent]prise1 leads ! _w 9 pap]-mak+1 supply+ ab\t "o-?ird ( all t is us$ on ! globe4 ,! city ( ,holyoke1 9 ,massa*usetts1 is ! greate/ pap] c5t] 9 ! _w1 turn+ out ea* work+-day "s two hundr$ tons ( pap]1 ne>ly "o-half ( :i* is tub-siz$1 l(t-dri$ writ+s4 ,! region 9 ! vic9ity ( ,holyoke is dott$ ) pap]-mills1 & )9 a few miles ( ! city is made ab\t "o-half ( all ! l(t-dri$ writ+s produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! t9y acorn plant$ two c5turies ago has wax$ ) ! ye>s1 ga9+ /r5g? & vigor ) ! increas+ /r5g? ( ! nation1 till n[ x has become a giant oak1 ^: bran*es ext5d to ! l&s beyond ! seas4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #e3 ,f ,! ,/ory ( ,pap]-mak+1 ,*apt] ,v4,j4,w4 ,butl] ,pap] ,company1 ,*icago1 #aija4 ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,,an ,,idea ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,relaxation#f ,william ,james ,i wi% 9 ! foll[+ h\r to take c]ta9 psy*ological doctr9es & %[ _! practical applications to m5tal hygi5e1--to ! hygi5e ( our ,am]ican life m p>ticul>ly4 ,our p1 especially 9 academic circles1 are turn+ t[>ds psy*ology n[adays ) great expectations2 &1 if psy*ology is to ju/ify !m1 x mu/ be by %[+ fruits 9 ! p$agogic & !rapeutic l9es4 ,! read] may possibly h he>d ( a peculi> !ory ( ! emotions1 commonly ref]r$ to 9 psy*ological lit]ature z ! ,lange-,james !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 our emotions are ma9ly due to ^? organic /irr+s t are ar\s$ 9 u 9 a reflex way by ! /imulus ( ! excit+ object or situation4 ,an emotion ( fe>1 = example1 or surprise1 is n a direct effect ( ! object's pres5ce on ! m9d1 b an effect ( t /ill e>li] effect1 ! bodily commotion :i* ! object sudd5ly excites2 s t1 7 ?is bodily commotion suppress$1 we %\ld n s mu* feel fe> z call ! situation fe>ful2 we %\ld n feel surprise1 b coldly recognize t ! object 0 inde$ a/oni%+4 ,"o en?usia/ has ev5 gone s f> z to say t :5 we feel sorry x is because we weep1 :5 we feel afraid x is because we run away1 & n conv]sely4 ,"s ( y may p]haps be acqua9t$ ) ! p>adoxical =mula4 ,n[1 :atev] exagg]ation may possibly lurk 9 ?is acc\nt ( our emotions 7& ,i d\bt myself :e!r ! exagg]ation be v great71 x is c]ta9 t ! ma9 core ( x is true1 & t ! m]e giv+ way to te>s1 = example1 or to ! outw>d expression ( an ang]-fit1 w result = ! mom5t 9 mak+ ! inn] grief or ang] m acutely felt4 ,!re is1 accord+ly1 no bett] kn[n or m g5]ally useful precept 9 ! moral tra9+ ( y\?1 or 9 "o's p]sonal self-discipl9e1 ?an t :i* bids u pay prim>y att5tion to :at we d & express1 & n to c>e too mu* = :at we feel4 ,if we only *eck a c[>dly impulse 9 "t1 = example1 or if we only don't /rike ! bl[ or rip out ) ! compla9+ or insult+ ^w t we %all regret z long z we live1 our feel+s !mselves w pres5tly be ! calm] & bett]1 ) no p>ticul> guidance f u on _! own acc\nt4 ,action seems to foll[ feel+1 b really action & feel+ g toge!r2 & by regulat+ ! action1 :i* is "u ! m direct control ( ! w1 we c indirectly regulate ! feel+1 :i* is n4 ,?us ! sov]eign volunt>y pa? to *e]fulness1 if our spontane\s *e]fulness be lo/1 is to sit up *e]fully1 to look r\nd *e]fully1 & to act & speak z if *e]fulness 7 already !re4 ,if su* conduct does n make y soon feel *e]ful1 no?+ else on t occasion c4 ,s to feel brave1 act z if we 7 brave1 use all our w to t end1 & a c\rage-fit w v likely replace ! fit ( fe>4 ,aga91 9 ord] to feel k9dly t[>d a p]son to :om we h be5 inimical1 ! only way is m or less delib]ately to smile1 to make sympa!tic inquiries1 & to =ce ourselves to say g5ial ?+s4 ,"o he>ty laugh toge!r w br+ enemies into a clos] communion ( he>t ?an h\rs sp5t on bo? sides 9 inw>d wre/l+ ) ! m5tal demon ( un*>itable feel+4 ,to wre/le ) a bad feel+ only p9s our att5tion on x1 & keeps x /ill fa/5$ 9 ! m9d2 :]eas1 if we act z if f "s bett] feel+1 ! old bad feel+ soon folds its t5t l an ,arab1 & sil5tly /eals away4 ,! be/ manuals ( religi\s devotion accord+ly reit]ate ! maxim t we mu/ let our feel+s g1 & pay no reg>d to !m :atev]4 ,9 an admirable & widely successful little book call$ ,! ,*ri/ian's ,secret ( a ,happy ,life1 by ,mrs4 ,hannah ,:itall ,smi?1 ,i f9d ?is lesson on almo/ e page4 ,act fai?fully1 & y really h fai?1 no matt] h[ cold & ev5 h[ dubi\s y may feel4 ,x is y\r purpose ,god looks at1 writes ,mrs4 ,smi?1 n y\r feel+s ab\t t purpose2 & y\r purpose1 or w1 is !re=e ! only ?+ y ne$ att5d to4444 ,let y\r emotions come or let !m g1 j z ,god pleases1 & make no acc\nt ( !m ei!r way4444 ,!y really h no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,!y are n ! indicators ( y\r spiritual /ate1 b are m]ely ! indicators ( y\r temp]am5t or ( y\r pres5t physical condition4 ,b y all "k ^! facts already1 s ,i ne$ no long] press !m on y\r att5tion4 ,f our acts & f our attitudes ceaseless inp\r+ curr5ts ( s5sation come1 :i* help to det]m9e f mom5t to mom5t :at our inn] /ates %all be3 t is a fundam5tal law ( psy*ology :i* ,i w !re=e proce$ to assume4 ,a ,vi5nese neurologi/ ( consid]able reputation has rec5tly writt5 ab\t ! ,b9n5leb51 z he t]ms x1 or buri$ life ( human be+s4 ,no doctor1 ?is writ] says1 c get into really pr(itable relations ) a n]v\s pati5t until he gets "s s5se ( :at ! pati5t's ,b9n5leb5 is1 ( ! sort ( unutt]$ inn] atmosph]e 9 :i* 8 consci\sness dwells alone ) ! secrets ( its prison-h\se4 ,?is inn] p]sonal tone is :at we c't communicate or describe articulately to o!rs2 b ! wrai? & gho/ ( x1 s to speak1 are (t5 :at our fri5ds & intimates feel z our mo/ *>act]i/ic quality4 ,9 ! unheal?y-m9d$1 ap>t f all sorts ( old regrets1 ambitions *eck$ by %ames & aspirations ob/ruct$ by timidities1 x consi/s ma9ly ( bodily discom=ts n di/9ctly localiz$ by ! suff]]1 b bre$+ a g5]al self-mi/ru/ & s5se t ?+s are n z !y %\ld be ) him4 ,half ! ?ir/ = alcohol t exi/s 9 ! _w exi/s simply because alcohol acts z a tempor>y anae/hetic & effac] to all ^! morbid feel+s t nev] ought to be 9 a human be+ at all4 ,9 ! heal?y-m9d$1 on ! contr>y1 !re are no fe>s or %ames to discov]2 & ! s5sations t p\r 9 f ! organism only help to swell ! g5]al vital s5se ( security & read9ess = any?+ t may turn up4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! effects ( a well-ton$ motor-app>atus1 n]v\s & muscul>1 on our g5]al p]sonal self-consci\sness1 ! s5se ( ela/icity & effici5cy t results4 ,!y tell u t 9 ,norway ! life ( ! wom5 has lately be5 entirely revolutioniz$ by ! new ord] ( muscul> feel+s ) :i* ! use ( ! ski1 or long sn[-%oes1 z a sport = bo? sexes1 has made ! wom5 acqua9t$4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago ! ,norwegian wom5 7 ev5 m ?an ! wom5 ( o!r l&s vot>ies ( ! old-fa%ion$ ideal ( fem99ity1 ! dome/ic angel1 ! g5tle & ref9+ influ5ce sort ( ?+4 ,n[ ^! s$5t>y fireside tabby-cats ( ,norway h be5 tra9$1 !y say1 by ! sn[-%oes into li! & audaci\s creatures1 = :om no night is too d>k or height too giddy1 & :o are n only say+ good-bye to ! traditional fem99e pallor & delicacy ( con/itution1 b actually tak+ ! lead 9 e educational & social re=m4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! t5nis & tramp+ & skat+ habits & ! bicycle-craze :i* are s rapidly ext5d+ among our de> si/]s & daught]s 9 ?is c\ntry are go+ also2 to lead to a s\nd] & he>ti] moral tone1 :i* w s5d its tonic brea? ?r\gh all our ,am]ican life4 ,i hope t "h 9 ,am]ica m & m ! ideal ( ! well-tra9$ & vigor\s body w be ma9ta9$ neck by neck ) t ( ! well-tra9$ & vigor\s m9d z ! two coequal halves ( ! high] education = m5 & wom5 alike4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,briti% ,empire lies 9 ! /r5g? ( "* ( ! individual ,engli%man1 tak5 all alone by himself4 ,& t /r5g?1 ,i am p]suad$1 is p]5nially n\ri%$ & kept up by no?+ s mu* z by ! national wor%ip1 9 :i* all classes meet1 ( a?letic outdoor life & sport4 ,i recollect1 ye>s ago1 read+ a c]ta9 "w by an ,am]ican doctor on hygi5e & ! laws ( life & ! type ( future humanity4 ,i h =gott5 its au?or's "n & its title1 b ,i rememb] well an awful prophecy t x conta9$ ab\t ! future ( our muscul> sy/em4 ,human p]fection1 ! writ] said1 means ability to cope ) ! environm5t2 b ! environm5t w m & m require m5tal p[] f u1 & less & less w ask = b>e brute /r5g?4 ,w>s w cease1 ma*9es w d all our heavy "w1 man w become m & m a m]e director ( nature's en]gies1 & less & less an ex]t] ( en]gy on 8 own acc\nt4 ,s t1 if ! homo sapi5s ( ! future c only dige/ 8 food & ?9k1 :at ne$ w he h ( well-develop$ muscles at all8 ,& :y1 pursu$ ?is writ]1 %\ld we n ev5 n[ be satisfi$ ) a m delicate & intellectual type ( beauty ?an t :i* pleas$ our ance/ors8 ,nay1 ,i h he>d a fanciful fri5d make a /ill fur!r advance 9 ?is new-man direction4 ,) our future food1 he says1 itself prep>$ 9 liquid =m f ! *emical elem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 peps9at$ or half-dige/$ 9 advance1 & suck$ up ?r\gh a glass tube f a t9 c1 :at ne$ %all we h ( tee?1 or /oma*s ev58 ,!y may g1 along ) our muscles & our physical c\rage1 :ile1 *all5g+ ev5 m & m our prop] admiration1 w gr[ ! gigantic domes ( our crania1 ar*+ ov] our spectacl$ eyes1 & animat+ our flexible little lips to ^? floods ( le>n$ & +5i\s talk :i* w con/itute our mo/ cong5ial occupation4 ,i am sure t y\r fle% creeps at ?is apocalyptic vision4 ,m9e c]ta9ly did s2 & ,i _c believe t our muscul> vigor w ev] be a sup]fluity4 ,ev5 if ! day ev] dawns 9 :i* x w n be ne$$ = fight+ ! old heavy battles aga9/ ,nature1 x w /ill always be ne$$ to furni% ! backgr\nd ( sanity1 s]5ity1 & *e]fulness to life1 to give moral ela/icity to our disposition1 to r\nd (f ! wiry edge ( our fretfulness1 & make u good-humor$ & easy to approa*4 ,weakness is too apt to be :at ! doctors call irritable weakness4 ,& t bless$ int]nal peace & confid5ce1 t acquiesc5tia 9 seipso1 z ,sp9oza us$ to call x1 t wells up f e "p ( ! body ( a muscul>ly well-tra9$ human be+1 & soaks ! indwell+ s\l ( him ) satisfaction1 is1 q ap>t f e consid]ation ( its me*anical utility1 an elem5t ( spiritual hygi5e ( supreme significance4 ,& n[ let me g a /ep deep] into m5tal hygi5e1 & try to enli/ y\r insight & sympa?y 9 a cause :i* ,i believe is "o ( p>am\nt patriotic importance to u ,yankees4 ,_m ye>s ago a ,scotti% m$ical man1 ,dr4 ,cl\/on1 a mad-doctor z !y call him !re1 or :at we %\ld call an asylum physician 7! mo/ em95t "o 9 ,scotl&71 visit$ ?is c\ntry1 & said some?+ t has rema9$ 9 my memory ev] s9ce4 ,y ,am]icans1 he said1 we> too mu* expression on y\r faces4 ,y are liv+ l an army ) all its res]ves engag$ 9 action4 ,! dull] c\nt5ances ( ! ,briti% population betok5 a bett] s*eme ( life4 ,!y sugge/ /ores ( res]v$ n]v\s =ce to fall back ^u1 if any occasion %\ld arise t requires x4 ,?is inexcitability1 ?is pres5ce at all times ( p[] n us$1 ,i reg>d1 cont9u$ ,dr4 ,cl\/on1 z ! great safegu>d ( our ,briti% p4 ,! o!r ?+ 9 y gives me a s5se ( insecurity1 & y ought someh[ to tone y\rselves d[n4 ,y really d c>ry too mu* expression1 y take too int5sely ! trivial mom5ts ( life4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,cl\/on is a tra9$ read] ( ! secrets ( ! s\l z express$ ^u ! c\nt5ance1 & ! obs]vation ( 8 :i* ,i quote seems to me to mean a great deal4 ,& all ,am]icans :o /ay 9 ,europe long en\gh to get accu/om$ to ! _s1 t reigns & expresses itself !re1 s unexcitable z comp>$ ) ours1 make a simil> obs]vation :5 !y return to _! native %ores4 ,!y f9d a wild-ey$ look ^u _! compatriots' faces1 ei!r ( too desp]ate eag]ness & anxiety or ( too int5se responsiv5ess & good-w4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ! m5 or ! wom5 %[ x mo/4 ,x is true t we d n all feel ab\t x z ,dr4 ,cl\/on felt4 ,_m ( u1 f> f deplor+ x1 admire x4 ,we say3 ,:at intellig5ce x %[s6 ,h[ diff]5t f ! /olid *eeks1 ! codfi% eyes1 ! sl[1 inanimate demeanor we h be5 see+ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles6 ,int5sity1 rapidity1 vivacity ( appe>ance1 are inde$ ) u some?+ ( a nationally accept$ ideal2 & ! m$ical notion ( irritable weakness is n ! fir/ ?+ sugge/$ by !m to our m9d1 z x 0 to ,dr4 ,cl\/on's4 ,9 a weekly pap] n v long ago ,i rememb] read+ a /ory 9 :i*1 aft] describ+ ! beauty & int]e/ ( ! h]o9e's p]sonality1 ! au?or summ$ up h] *>ms by say+ t to all :o look$ ^u h] an impression z ( bottl$ lightn+ 0 irresi/ibly convey$4 ,bottl$ lightn+1 9 tru?1 is "o ( our ,am]ican ideals1 ev5 ( a1 "y girl's "*6 ,n[ x is mo/ ungraci\s1 & x may seem to "s p]sons unpatriotic1 to criticise 9 public ! physical peculi>ities ( "o's own p1 ( "o's own family1 s to speak4 ,besides1 x may be said1 & said ) ju/ice1 t !re are pl5ty ( bottl$-lightn+ temp]am5ts 9 o!r c\ntries1 & pl5ty ( phlegmatic temp]am5ts "h2 & t1 :5 all is said & done1 ! m or less ( t5sion ab\t :i* ,i am mak+ su* a fuss is a small item 9 ! sum total ( a nation's life1 & n wor? solemn treatm5t at a "t :5 agreeable r ?an disagreeable ?+s %\ld be talk$ ab\t4 ,well1 9 "o s5se ! m or less ( t5sion 9 our faces & 9 our unus$ muscles is a small ?+3 n mu* me*anical "w is done by ^! contractions4 ,b x is n always ! mat]ial size ( a ?+ t measures its importance3 (t5 x is its place & function4 ,"o ( ! mo/ philosophical rem>ks ,i ev] he>d made 0 by an unlett]$ workman :o 0 do+ "s repairs at my h\se _m ye>s ago4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 he said1 :5 y g to ! bottom ( x4 ,b :at little !re is1 is v important4 ,& ! rem>k c]ta9ly applies to ?is case4 ,! g5]al ov]-contraction may be small :5 e/imat$ 9 foot-p\nds1 b its importance is imm5se on acc\nt ( its effects on ! ov]-contract$ p]son's spiritual life4 ,?is foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce f ! !ory ( our emotions to :i* ,i made ref]5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article4 ,= by ! s5sations t s incessantly p\r 9 f ! ov]-t5se excit$ body ! ov]-t5se & excit$ habit ( m9d is kept up2 & ! sultry1 ?reat5+1 exhau/+1 ?und]\s inn] atmosph]e nev] q cle>s away4 ,if y nev] :olly give y\rself up to ! *air y sit 91 b always keep y\r leg- & body-muscles half contract$ = a rise2 if y brea! eighte5 or n9ete5 in/ead ( sixte5 times a m9ute1 & nev] q brea! out at t1--:at m5tal mood c y be 9 b "o ( inn] pant+ & expectancy1 & h[ c ! future & its worries possibly =sake y\r m9d8 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ c !y ga9 admission to y\r m9d if y\r br[ be unruffl$1 y\r respiration calm & complete1 & y\r muscles all relax$8 ,n[ :at is ! cause ( ?is abs5ce ( repose1 ?is bottl$-lightn+ quality 9 u ,am]icans8 ,! explanation ( x t is usually giv5 is t x comes f ! extreme dryness ( our climate & ! acrobatic p]=mances ( our !rmomet]1 c\pl$ ) ! extraord9>y progressiv5ess ( our life1 ! h>d "w1 ! railroad spe$1 ! rapid success1 & all ! o!r ?+s we "k s well by he>t4 ,well1 our climate is c]ta9ly excit+1 b h>dly m s ?an t ( _m p>ts ( ,europe1 :]e nev]!less no bottl$-lightn+ girls are f\nd4 ,& ! "w done & ! pace ( life are z extreme 9 e great capital ( ,europe z !y are "h4 ,to me bo? ( ^! pret5d$ causes are utt]ly insuffici5t to expla9 ! facts4 ,to expla9 !m1 we mu/ g n to physical geography1 b to psy*ology & sociology4 ,! late/ *apt] bo? 9 sociology & 9 psy*ology to be develop$ 9 a mann] t approa*es adequacy is ! *apt] on ! imitative impulse4 ,fir/ ,bagehot1 !n ,t>de1 !n ,royce & ,baldw9 "h1 h %[n t inv5tion & imitation1 tak5 toge!r1 =m1 "o may say1 ! entire w>p & wo( ( human life1 9 s f> z x is social4 ,! ,am]ican ov]-t5sion & j]k9ess & brea?lessness & int5sity & agony ( expression are prim>ily social1 & only second>ily physiological1 ph5om5a4 ,!y are bad habits1 no?+ m or less1 br$ ( cu/om & example1 born ( ! imitation ( bad models & ! cultivation ( false p]sonal ideals4 ,h[ are idioms acquir$1 h[ d local peculi>ities ( phrase & acc5t come ab\t8 ,?r\gh an accid5tal example set by "s "o1 :i* /ruck ! e>s ( o!rs1 & 0 quot$ & copi$ till at la/ e "o 9 ! locality *im$ 94 ,j s x is ) national tricks ( vocalization or intonation1 ) national mann]s1 fa%ions ( movem5t & ge/ure1 & habitual expressions ( face4 ,we1 "h 9 ,am]ica1 ?r\gh foll[+ a succession ( patt]n-sett]s :om x is n[ impossible to trace1 & ?r\gh influ5c+ ea* o!r 9 a bad direction1 h at la/ settl$ d[n collectively into :at1 = bett] or worse1 is our own *>act]i/ic national type1--a type ) ! production ( :i*1 s f> z ^! habits g1 ! climate & conditions h _h practically no?+ at all to d4 ,?is type2 :i* we h ?us rea*$ by our imitativ5ess1 we n[ h fix$ ^u u1 = bett] or worse4 ,n[ no type c be :olly disadvantage\s2 b1 s f> z our type foll[s ! bottl$-lightn+ fa%ion1 x _c be :olly good4 ,dr4 ,cl\/on 0 c]ta9ly "r 9 ?9k+ t eag]ness1 brea?lessness1 & anxiety are n signs ( /r5g?3 !y are signs ( weakness & ( bad co-ord9ation4 ,! ev5 =ehead1 ! slab-l *eek1 ! codfi% eye1 may be less int]e/+ = ! mom5t2 b !y are m promis+ signs ?an int5se expression is ( :at we may expect ( _! possessor 9 ! long run4 ,y\r dull1 unhurri$ work] gets ov] a great deal ( gr\nd1 because he nev] goes backw>d or breaks d[n4 ,y\r int5se1 convulsive work] breaks d[n & has bad moods s (t5 t y nev] "k :]e he may be :5 y mo/ ne$ 8 help1--he may be hav+ "o ( 8 bad days4 ,we say t s _m ( our fell[-c\ntrym5 collapse1 & h to be s5t abroad to re/ _! n]ves1 because !y "w s h>d4 ,i suspect t ?is is an imm5se mi/ake4 ,i suspect t nei!r ! nature nor ! am\nt ( our "w is acc\ntable = ! frequ5cy & sev]ity ( our breakd[ns1 b t _! cause lies r 9 ^? absurd feel+s ( hurry & hav+ no "t1 9 t brea?lessness & t5sion1 t anxiety ( feature & t solicitude = results1 t lack ( inn] h>mony & ease1 9 %ort1 by :i* ) u ! "w is s apt to be accompani$1 & f :i* a ,european :o %\ld d ! same "w w\ld n9e times out ( t5 be free4 ,^! p]fectly wanton & unnecess>y tricks ( inn] attitude & out] mann] 9 u1 caught f ! social atmosph]e1 kept up by tradition1 & idealiz$ by _m z ! admirable way ( life1 are ! la/ /raws t break ! ,am]ican camel's back1 ! f9al ov]fl[]s ( our measure ( we> & te> & fatigue4 ,! voice1 = example1 9 a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( u has a tir$ & pla9tive s\nd4 ,"s ( u are really tir$ 7= ,i d n mean absolutely to d5y t our climate has a tir+ quality72 b f> m ( u are n tir$ at all1 or w\ld n be tir$ at all unless we _h got into a wret*$ trick ( feel+ tir$1 by foll[+ ! preval5t habits ( vocalization & expression4 ,& if talk+ high & tir$1 & liv+ excit$ly & hurri$ly1 w\ld only enable u to d m by ! way1 ev5 :ile break+ u d[n 9 ! end1 x w\ld be diff]5t4 ,!re w\ld be "s comp5sation1 "s excuse1 = go+ on s4 ,b ! exact rev]se is ! case4 ,x is y\r relax$ & easy work]1 :o is 9 no hurry1 & q ?\ghtless mo/ ( ! :ile ( consequ5ces1 :o is y\r effici5t work]2 & t5sion & anxiety1 & pres5t & future1 all mix$ up toge!r 9 our m9d at once1 are ! sure/ drags ^u /eady progress & h9drances to our success4 ,my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 an excell5t obs]v]1 :o came "h rec5tly1 has writt5 "s notes on ,am]ica to ,g]man pap]s4 ,he says 9 sub/ance t ! appe>ance ( unusual en]gy 9 ,am]ica is sup]ficial & illusory1 be+ really due to no?+ b ! habits ( j]k9ess & bad co-ord9ation = :i* we h to ?ank ! defective tra9+ ( our p4 ,i ?9k myself t x is high "t = old leg5ds & traditional op9ions to be *ang$2 & t1 if any "o %\ld beg9 to write ab\t ,yankee ineffici5cy & feebl5ess1 & inability to d any?+ ) "t except to wa/e x1 he w\ld h a v pretty p>adoxical !sis to su/a91 ) a great _m facts to quote1 & a great deal ( exp]i5ce to appeal to 9 its pro(4 ,well1 my fri5ds1 if our de> ,am]ican "* is weak5$ by all ?is ov]-t5sion1--& ,i ?9k1 :atev] res]ves y may make1 t y w agree z to ! ma9 facts1--:]e does ! rem$y lie8 ,x lies1 ( c\rse1 :]e lay ! orig9s ( ! disease4 ,if a vici\s fa%ion & ta/e are to blame = ! ?+1 ! fa%ion & ta/e mu/ be *ang$4 ,&1 ?\gh x is no small ?+ to inoculate sev5ty millions ( p ) new /&>ds1 yet1 if !re is to be any relief1 t w h to be done4 ,we mu/ *ange ourselves f a race t admires j]k & snap = _! own sakes1 & looks d[n ^u l[ voices & quiet ways z dull1 to "o t1 on ! contr>y1 has calm = its ideal1 & = _! own sakes loves h>mony1 dignity1 & ease4 ,s we g back to ! psy*ology ( imitation aga94 ,!re is only "o way to improve ourselves1 & t is by "s ( u sett+ an example :i* ! o!rs may pick up & imitate till ! new fa%ion spreads f ea/ to we/4 ,"s ( u are 9 m favorable positions ?an o!rs to set new fa%ions4 ,"s are mu* m /rik+ p]sonally & imitable1 s to speak4 ,b no liv+ p]son is sunk s l[ z n to be imitat$ by somebody4 ,?ack]ay some:]e says ( ! ,iri% nation t !re nev] 0 an ,iri%man s poor t he didn't h a /ill poor] ,iri%man liv+ at 8 exp5se2 &1 surely1 !re is no human be+ ^: example doesn't "w contagi\sly 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,! v idiots at our public in/itutions imitate ea* o!r's peculi>ities4 ,&1 if y %\ld individually a*ieve calmness & h>mony 9 y\r own p]son1 y may dep5d ^u x t a wave ( imitation w spread f y1 z surely z ! circles spread outw>d :5 a /one is dropp$ into a lake4 ,=tunately1 we %all n h to be absolute pione]s4 ,ev5 n[ 9 ,new ,york !y h =m$ a society = ! improvem5t ( our national vocalization1 & "o p]ceives its ma*9ations already 9 ! %ape ( v>i\s newspap] p>agraphs int5d$ to /ir up dissatisfaction ) ! awful ?+ t x is4 ,&1 bett] /ill ?an t1 because m radical & g5]al1 is ! gospel ( relaxation1 z "o may call x1 prea*$ by ,miss ,annie ,payson ,call1 ( ,bo/on1 9 h] admirable little volume call$ ,p[] ,?r\gh ,repose1 a book t ought to be 9 ! h&s ( e tea*] & /ud5t 9 ,am]ica ( ei!r sex4 ,y ne$ only be foll[]s1 !n1 on a pa? already op5$ up by o!rs4 ,b ( "o ?+ be confid5t3 o!rs /ill w foll[ y4 ,& ?is br+s me to "o m application ( psy*ology to practical life1 to :i* ,i w call att5tion briefly1 & !n close4 ,if "o's example ( easy & calm ways is to be effectively contagi\s1 "o feels by in/9ct t ! less volunt>ily "o aims at gett+ imitat$1 ! m unconsci\s "o keeps 9 ! matt]1 ! m likely "o is to succe$4 ,become ! imitable ?+1 & y may !n dis*>ge y\r m9ds ( all responsibility = ! imitation4 ,! laws ( social nature w take c>e ( t result4 ,n[ ! psy*ological pr9ciple on :i* ?is precept reposes is a law ( v deep & widespread importance 9 ! conduct ( our lives1 & at ! same "t a law :i* we ,am]icans mo/ griev\sly neglect4 ,/at$ te*nically1 ! law is ?is3 t /rong feel+ ab\t "o's self t5ds to arre/ ! free association ( "o's objective ideas & motor processes4 ,we get ! extreme example ( ?is 9 ! m5tal disease call$ melan*olia4 ,a melan*olic pati5t is fill$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) int5sely pa9ful emotion ab\t himself4 ,he is ?reat5$1 he is guilty1 he is doom$1 he is annihilat$1 he is lo/4 ,8 m9d is fix$ z if 9 a cramp on ^! feel+s ( 8 own situation1 & 9 all ! books on insanity y may read t ! usual v>i$ fl[ ( 8 ?\ghts has ceas$4 ,8 associative processes1 to use ! te*nical phrase1 are inhibit$2 & 8 ideas /& /ock-/ill1 %ut up to _! "o monoton\s function ( reit]at+ inw>dly ! fact ( ! man's desp]ate e/ate4 ,& ?is inhibitive influ5ce is n due to ! m]e fact t 8 emotion is pa9ful4 ,joy\s emotions ab\t ! self also /op ! association ( our ideas4 ,a sa9t 9 ec/asy is z motionless & irresponsive & "o-idea'd z a melan*oliac4 ,&1 )\t go+ z f> z ec/atic sa9ts1 we "k h[ 9 e "o a great or sudd5 pleasure may p>alyze ! fl[ ( ?\ght4 ,ask "y p return+ f a p>ty or a spectacle1 & all excit$ ab\t x1 :at x 04 ,oh1 x 0 f9e6 x 0 f9e6 x 0 f9e6 is all ! in=mation y are likely to receive until ! excitem5t has calm$ d[n4 ,probably e "o ( my he>]s has be5 made tempor>ily half-idiotic by "s great success or piece ( good =tune4 ,good6 ,,good6 ,,good6 is all we c at su* times say to ourselves until we smile at our own v fooli%ness4 ,n[ f all ?is we c draw an extremely practical conclusion4 ,if1 namely1 we wi% our tra9s ( ideation & volition to be copi\s & v>i$ & effective1 we mu/ =m ! habit ( free+ !m f ! inhibitive influ5ce ( reflection ^u !m1 ( egoi/ic pre-occupation ab\t _! results4 ,su* a habit1 l o!r habits1 c be =m$4 ,prud5ce & duty & self-reg>d1 emotions ( ambition & emotions ( anxiety1 h1 ( c\rse1 a ne$ful "p to play 9 our lives4 ,b conf9e !m z f> z possible to ! occasions :5 y are mak+ y\r g5]al resolutions & decid+ on y\r plan ( campaign1 & keep !m out ( ! details4 ,:5 once a decision is rea*$ & execution is ! ord] ( ! day1 dismiss absolutely all responsibility & c>e ab\t ! outcome4 ,unclamp1 9 a ^w1 y\r intellectual & practical ma*9]y1 & let x run free2 & ! s]vice x w d y w be twice z good4 ,:o are ! s*ol>s :o get rattl$ 9 ! recitation-room8 ,^? :o ?9k ( ! possibilities ( failure & feel ! great importance ( ! act4 ,:o are ^? :o d recite well8 ,(t5 ^? :o are mo/ indiff]5t4 ,_! ideas reel !mselves out ( _! memory ( _! own accord4 ,:y d we he> ! compla9t s (t5 t social life 9 ,new ,engl& is ei!r less ri* & expressive or m fatigu+ ?an x is 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w8 ,to :at is ! fact1 if fact x be1 due unless to ! ov]-active consci5ce ( ! p1 afraid ( ei!r say+ some?+ too trivial & obvi\s1 or some?+ ins9c]e1 or some?+ unwor?y ( "o's int]locutor1 or some?+ 9 "s way or o!r n adequate to ! occasion8 ,h[ c conv]sation possibly /e] itself ?r\gh su* a sea ( responsibilities & inhibitions z ?is8 ,on ! o!r h&1 conv]sation does fl\ri% & society is refre%+1 & nei!r dull on ! "o h& nor exhau/+ f its ef=ts on ! o!r1 :]ev] p =get _! scruples & take ! brakes (f _! he>ts1 & let _! tongues wag z automatically & irresponsibly z !y w4 ,!y talk mu* 9 p$agogic circles to-day ab\t ! duty ( ! tea*] to prep>e = e lesson 9 advance4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is useful4 ,b we ,yankees are assur$ly n ^? to :om su* a g5]al doctr9e %\ld be prea*$4 ,we are only too c>eful z x is4 ,! advice ,i %\ld give to mo/ tea*]s w\ld be 9 ! words ( "o :o is h]self an admirable tea*]4 ,prep>e y\rself 9 ! subject s well t x %all be always on tap3 !n 9 ! class-room tru/ y\r spontaneity & fl+ away all fur!r c>e4 ,my advice to /ud5ts1 especially to girl-/ud5ts1 w\ld be some:at simil>4 ,j z a bicycle-*a9 may be too tight1 s may "o's c>efulness & consci5ti\sness be s t5se z to h9d] ! runn+ ( "o's m9d4 ,take1 = example1 p]iods :5 !re are _m successive days ( exam9ation p5d+4 ,"o ounce ( good n]v\s tone 9 an exam9ation is wor? _m p\nds ( anxi\s /udy = x 9 advance4 ,if y want really to d y\r be/ at an exam9ation1 fl+ away ! book ! day be=e1 say to y\rself1 ,i won't wa/e ano!r m9ute on ?is mis]able ?+1 & ,i don't c>e an iota :e!r ,i succe$ or n4 ,say ?is s9c]ely & feel x2 & g out & play1 or g to b$ & sleep1 & ,i am sure ! results next day w enc\rage y to use ! me?od p]man5tly4 ,i h he>d ?is advice giv5 to a /ud5t by ,miss ,call1 ^: book on muscul> relaxation ,i quot$ a mom5t ago4 ,9 h] lat] book1 entitl$ ,z a ,matt] ( ,c\rse1 ! gospel ( moral relaxation1 ( dropp+ ?+s f ! m9d1 & n c>+1 is prea*$ ) equal success4 ,n only our prea*]s1 b our fri5ds ! !osophi/s & m9d-cur]s ( v>i\s religi\s sects are also h>p+ on ?is /r+4 ,& ) ! doctors1 ! ,dels>teans1 ! v>i\s m9d-cur+ sects1 & su* writ]s z ,mr4 ,dress]1 ,pr5tice ,mul=d1 ,mr4 ,horace ,flet*]1 & ,mr4 ,tr9e to help1 & ! :ole b& ( s*ooltea*]s & magaz9e-read]s *im+ 91 x really looks z if a good />t might be made 9 ! direction ( *ang+ our ,am]ican m5tal habit into some?+ m indiff]5t & /rong4 ,worry means always & inv>iably inhibition ( associations & loss ( effective p[]4 ,( c\rse1 ! sov]eign cure = worry is religi\s fai?2 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 y also "k4 ,! turbul5t bill[s ( ! fretful surface leave ! deep p>ts ( ! ocean undi/urb$1 & to him :o has a hold on va/] & m p]man5t realities ! h\rly vicissitudes ( 8 p]sonal de/9y seem relatively insignificant ?+s4 ,! really religi\s p]son is accord+ly un%akable & full ( equanimity1 & calmly ready = any duty t ! day may br+ =?4 ,?is is *>m+ly illu/rat$ by a little "w ) :i* ,i rec5tly became acqua9t$1 ,! ,practice ( ! ,pres5ce ( ,god1 ! ,be/ ,rul] ( a ,holy ,life1 by ,bro!r ,lawr5ce1 be+ ,conv]sations & ,lett]s ( ,ni*olas ,h]man ( ,lorra9e1 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4#g ,i extract a few passages1 ! conv]sations be+ giv5 9 indirect disc\rse4 ,bro!r ,lawr5ce 0 a ,c>melite fri>1 conv]t$ at ,p>is 9 #afff4 ,he said t he _h be5 footman to ,m4 ,fieub]t1 ! ,treasur]1 & t he 0 a great awkw>d fell[1 :o broke ev]y?+4 ,t he _h desir$ to be receiv$ into a mona/]y1 ?9k+ t he w\ld !re be made to sm>t = 8 awkw>dness & ! faults he %\ld commit1 & s he %\ld sacrifice to ,god 8 life1 ) its pleasures2 b t ,god _h disappo9t$ him1 he hav+ met ) no?+ b satisfaction 9 t /ate4444 ,t he _h long be5 tr\bl$ 9 m9d f a c]ta9 belief t he %\ld be damn$2 t all ! m5 9 ! _w c\ld n h p]suad$ him to ! contr>y2 b t he _h ?us reason$ ) himself ab\t x3 ,i engag$ 9 a religi\s life only = ! love ( ,god1 & ,i h endeavor$ to act only = ,him2 :atev] becomes ( me1 :e!r ,i be lo/ or sav$1 ,i w always cont9ue to act purely = ! love ( ,god4 ,i %all h ?is good at lea/1 t till dea? ,i %all h done all t is 9 me to love ,him 444 ,t s9ce !n he _h pass$ 8 life 9 p]fect lib]ty & cont9ual joy4 ,t :5 an occasion ( practic+ "s virtue (f]$1 he address$ himself to ,god1 say+1 ',"l1 ,i _c d ?is unless ,?\ enable/ me'2 & t !n he receiv$ /r5g? m ?an suffici5t4 ,t1 :5 he _h fail$ 9 8 duty1 he only confess$ 8 fault1 say+ to ,god1 ',i %all nev] d o!rwise1 if ,y leave me to myself3 x is ,y :o mu/ h9d] my fail+1 & m5d :at is amiss4' ,t aft] ?is he gave himself no fur!r uneas9ess ab\t x4 ,t he _h be5 lately s5t into ,burgundy to buy ! provision ( w9e = ! society1 :i* 0 a v unwelcome task = him1 because he _h no turn = bus9ess1 & because he 0 lame1 & c\ld n g ab\t ! boat b by roll+ himself ov] ! casks4 ,t1 h[ev]1 he gave himself no uneas9ess ab\t x1 nor ab\t ! pur*ase ( ! w9e4 ,t he said to ,god1 ',x 0 8 bus9ess he 0 ab\t1' & t he aft]w>d f\nd x well p]=m$4 ,t he _h be5 s5t into ,auv]gne1 ! ye> be=e1 ^u ! same acc\nt2 t he c\ld n tell h[ ! matt] pass$1 b t x prov$ v well4 ,s1 likewise1 9 8 bus9ess 9 ! kit*5 7to :i* he _h naturally a great av]sion71 hav+ accu/om$ himself to d ev]y?+ !re = ! love ( ,god1 & ) pray] ^u all occasions1 = 8 grace to d 8 "w well1 he _h f\nd ev]y?+ easy dur+ fifte5 ye>s t he _h be5 employ$ !re4 ,t he 0 v well pleas$ ) ! po/ he 0 n[ 91 b t he 0 z ready to quit t z ! =m]1 s9ce he 0 always pleas+ himself 9 e condition1 by do+ little ?+s = ! love ( ,god4 ,t ! goodness ( ,god assur$ him ,he w\ld n =sake him utt]ly1 & t ,he w\ld give him /r5g? to be> :atev] evil ,he p]mitt$ to happ5 to him2 &1 !re=e1 t he fe>$ no?+1 & _h no occasion to consult ) anybody ab\t 8 /ate4 ,t1 :5 he _h attempt$ to d x1 he _h always come away m p]plex$4 ,! simple-he>t$ness ( ! good ,bro!r ,lawr5ce1 & ! relaxation ( all unnecess>y solicitudes & anxieties 9 him is a refre%+ spectacle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ne$ ( feel+ responsible all ! livelong day has be5 prea*$ long en\gh 9 our ,new ,engl&4 ,long en\gh exclusively1 at any rate1--& long en\gh to ! female sex4 ,:at our girl-/ud5ts & wom5-tea*]s mo/ ne$ n[adays is n ! exac]bation1 b r ! ton+-d[n ( _! moral t5sions4 ,ev5 n[ ,i fe> t "s "o ( my fair he>]s may be mak+ an undy+ resolve to become /r5u\sly relax$1 co/ :at x w1 = ! rema9d] ( h] life4 ,x is ne$less to say t t is n ! way to d x4 ,! way to d x1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 is g5u9ely n to c>e :e!r y are do+ x or n4 ,!n1 possibly1 by ! grace ( ,god1 y may all at once f9d t y are do+ x1 &1 hav+ le>n$ :at ! trick feels l1 y may 7aga9 by ! grace ( ,god7 be enabl$ to g on4 ,& t some?+ l ?is may be ! happy exp]i5ce ( all my he>]s is1 9 clos+1 my mo/ e>ne/ wi%4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 ,f ,talks to ,tea*]s on ,psy*ology & to ,/ud5ts on ,"s ( ,life's ,problems4 ,h5ry ,holt & ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,footnote #g3 ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,company1 ,new ,york 7,,au?or74 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion#h ,*>les ,proteus ,/e9metz ,! problem ( religion--t is1 ( ! relations ( man ) ! sup]natural1 ) ,god & immortality1 ) ! s\l1 our p]sonality or ! ego1 & its exi/5ce or nonexi/5ce aft] dea?--is ! greate/ & deepe/ :i* ev] confront$ mank9d4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( human k1 sci5ce c give no def9ite & f9al conclusions on ^! subjects1 because ( ! limitations inh]5t 9 sci5ce4 ,we mu/ realize t all our k & in=mation & ! entire /ructure ( sci5ce are ultimately d]iv$ f ! p]ceptions ( our s5ses & !reby limit$ 9 ! same mann] & to ! same ext5t z our s5se p]ceptions & our intellect are limit$4 ,! success or failure ( sci5tific a*ievem5t l>gely dep5ds on ! ext5t to :i* we c ab/ract--t is1 make our obs]vations & conclusions indep5d5t ( ! limitations ( ! human m9d4 ,b !re are limitations inh]5t 9 ! human m9d beyond :i* our intellect _c rea*1 & !re=e sci5ce does n & _c %[ u ! _w z x actually is1 ) its true facts & laws1 b only z x appe>s to u )9 ! inh]5t limitations ( ! human m9d4 ,! greate/ limitation ( ! human m9d is t all its p]ceptions are f9ite1 & our intellect _c grasp ! conception ( inf9ity4 ,! same limitation !re=e applies to ! _w z x appe>s to our reason+ intellect1 & 9 ! _w ( sci5ce !re is no inf9ity1 & conceptions su* z ,god & ! immortality ( ! ego are beyond ! realm ( empirical sci5ce4 ,sci5ce deals only ) f9ite ev5ts 9 f9ite "t & space1 & ! f>!r we pass onw>d 9 space or "t1 ! m unc]ta9 becomes ! sci5tific reason+1 until1 9 try+ to approa* ! inf9ite1 we are lo/ 9 ! fog ( unreasonable contradiction1 beyond sci5ce--t is1 transc5d5tal4 ,?us1 we may nev] "k & und]/& ! inf9ite1 :e!r 9 nature1 9 ! ultimate d$uctions f ! laws ( nature 9 "t & 9 space1 or beyond nature1 on su* transc5d5tal conceptions z ,god & immortality4 ,b we may approa* ^! subjects z f> z ! limitations ( our m9d p]mit1 rea* ! bord] l9e beyond :i* we _c g1 & s d]ive "s und]/&+ ( h[ f> ^! subjects may appe> nonexi/+ or unreasonable1 m]ely because !y are beyond ! limitations ( our intellect4 ,!re appe> to me two promis+ directions ( approa*--fir/1 f ! complex ( ?\ght & rese>*1 :i* 9 physics has culm9at$ 9 ! !ory ( relativity2 &1 second1 9 a /udy ( ! gaps f\nd 9 ! /ructure ( empirical sci5ce & :at !y may tea* u4 ,all ev5ts ( nature occur 9 space & 9 "t4 ,:atev] we p]ceive1 :atev] record we receive ?r\gh our s5ses1 always is atta*$ to1 & conta9$ 91 space & "t4 ,b are space & "t real exi/+ ?+s8 ,h !y an absolute reality outside ( our m9d1 z a "p or framework ( nature1 z entities--t is1 ?+s t are8 ,or are !y m]ely a conception ( ! human m9d1 a =m giv5 by ! "* ( our m9d to ! ev5ts ( nature--t is1 to ! hypo!tical cause ( our s5se p]ceptions8 ,kant1 ! greate/ & mo/ critical ( all philosoph]s1 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 7,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft71 concludes t space & "t h no absolute exi/5ce1 b are categories--t is1 =ms 9 :i* ! human m9d conceives 8 relation to nature4 ,! same idea is express$ by ! poet-philosoph] ,goe! 9 8 dramatic autobiography ,fau/ 79 ! second "p71 :5 he ref]s to ! ,mtt]1 to ! m>riage ( ,a*illes & ,hel5a outside ( all "t4 ,x is f\nd 9 anci5t "t4 ,s ,revelation speaks ( !re %\ld be "t no long] 7hoti *ronos ouketi e/ai74 ,! "w ( ! great ma!maticians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--,gauss1 ,riemann1 ,lobats*efsky1 ,bolyai--(f]$ fur!r evid5ce t space is n an empirical d$uction f nature1 b a conception ( ! m9d1 by %[+ t v>i\s =ms ( space c be conceiv$1 diff]+ f "o ano!r & f ! =m 9 :i* ! m9d has ca/ ! ev5ts ( nature 7! ,euclidean space74 ,f9ally1 physical sci5ce1 9 ! !ory ( relativity1 has d$uc$ ! same conclusions3 space & "t d n exi/ 9 nature by !mselves1 z empty space & empty "t1 b _! exi/5ce is only due to ?+s & ev5ts z !y occur 9 nature4 ,!y are relative 9 ! relation betwe5 u & ! ev5ts ( nature1 s mu* s t !y are n fix$ & inv>iable 9 _! prop]ties1 b dep5d ^u ! obs]v] & ! conditions ( obs]vation4 ,we c get an idea ( h[ utt]ly our p]ception ( nature dep5ds on ! p>ticul> =m ( our "t conception by pictur+ to ourselves h[ nature w\ld look if our "t p]ception 7 #ajj1jjj times fa/]1 or #ajj1jjj times sl[]4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ) our s5se p]ceptions #ajj1jjj times fa/]1 all ev5ts 9 nature w\ld appe> to u #ajj1jjj times sl[]4 ,?is w\ld !n be a /ation>y & immovable _w4 ,! only motion :i* we c\ld see ) our eyes w\ld be t ( ! cannon ball1 :i* w\ld crawl sl[ly along1 at less ?an a snail's pace4 ,! express tra9 go+ at sixty miles p] h\r w\ld appe> to /& /ill1 & delib]ate exp]im5t be requir$ to discov] its motion4 ,by not+ its position on ! track1 & not+ x aga9 aft] a p]iod ( "t z long z five m9utes appe>s to u n[1 we %\ld f9d its position *ang$ by ?ree in*es4 ,x w\ld be a dang]\s _w1 z !re w\ld be _m objects--n di/+ui%able to ! s5ses f o!r h>mless objects--contact ) :i* w\ld be dang]\s1 ev5 fatal2 & "o & ! same object 7z ! express tra97 might sometimes be h>mless 7:5 at re/71 sometimes dang]\s 7:5 9 motion71 )\t our s5ses be+ able to see any diff]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) our s5se p]ceptions #ajj1jjj times sl[]1 all ev5ts 9 nature w\ld appe> to u to occur #ajj1jjj times fa/]4 ,!re w\ld be little re/ 9 nature1 & we %\ld see plants1 & ev5 /ones1 move4 ,we %\ld obs]ve1 9 a p]iod ( "t n long] ?an a m9ute or two appe> to u n[1 a plant />t f se$1 gr[ up1 fl[]1 br+ fruit1 & die4 ,sun & moon w\ld be lum9\s b&s trav]s+ ! sky2 day & night alt]nate seconds ( light & d>kness4 ,mu* ( nature1 all mov+ ?+s1 w\ld be invisible to u4 ,if ,i mov$ my arm1 x w\ld disappe>1 to reappe> aga9 :5 ,i held x /ill4 ,x w\ld be a usual occurr5ce to h somebody sudd5ly appe> & j z sudd5ly disappe> f our mid/1 or to see only a "p ( a body4 ,! vani%+ & ! appe>ance ( objects w\ld be common occurr5ces 9 nature2 & we %\ld speak ( vani%+ & appe>+1 in/ead ( mov+ & /opp+4 ,collisions1 usually h>mless1 ) invisible objects w\ld be common occurr5ces4 ,z se51 nature & its laws w\ld appe> to u v diff]5t f :at we f9d !m n[1 ) our pres5t "t p]ception4 ,?us philosophy1 ma!matics1 & physical sci5ce agree t space & "t _c be entities1 b are conceptions ( ! human m9d 9 its relation to nature4 ,b :at does ?is mean1 & :at conclusions foll[ f x8 ,! space ( our conception is ?ree-dim5sional--t is1 ext5d$ 9 ?ree directions4 ,= in/ance1 ! nor?-s\? direction1 ! ea/-we/ direction1 & ! up-d[n direction4 ,any place or po9t 9 space ?us is locat$1 relative to "s o!r po9t1 by giv+ its ?ree di/ances f ! latt]1 9 ?ree 7arbitr>ily *os57 directions4 ,"t has only "o dim5sion--t is1 ext5ds 9 "o direction only1 f ! pa/ to ! future--& a mom5t or po9t 9 "t ?us is locat$1 ) ref]5ce to ano!r po9t 9 "t1 by "o "t di/ance4 ,b !re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 our space conception & our "t conception1 9 t we c pass ?r\gh "t only 9 "o direction1 f ! pa/ to ! future1 :ile we c pass ?r\gh space 9 any direction1 f nor? to s\?1 z well z f s\? to nor?--t is1 "t is irrev]sible1 fl[s uni=mly 9 "o direction1 :ile space is rev]sible1 c be trav]s$ 9 any direction4 ,?is means t :5 we ent] a ?+ 9 space1 z a h\se1 we c approa* x1 pass ?r\gh x1 leave x1 come back to x1 & ! ?+ !re=e appe>s p]man5t to u1 & we "k1 ev5 :5 we h left ! h\se & d n see x any m1 t x /ill exi/s1 & t we c g back to x aga9 & ent] x4 ,n s ) "t4 ,on approa*+ a ?+ 9 "t1 an ev5t su* z a human life1 x ext5ds f a po9t 9 "t--bir?--ov] a l5g? ( "t--! life--to an end po9t 9 "t--dea?--j z ! h\se 9 space ext5ds f a po9t 9 space--say ! nor? wall--ov] a l5g? ( space--its ext5t--to an end po9t 9 space--say ! s\? wall4 ,b :5 we pass beyond ! end po9t ( an ev5t 9 "t--! dea? ( a life--we _c g back to ! ev5t any m2 ! ev5t has ceas$1 end$1 ! life is ext9ct4 ,b let u imag9e t ! same irrev]sibility appli$ to ! conception ( space--t is1 t we c\ld move ?r\gh space only f nor? to s\?1 & n 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!n a ?+ 9 space1 z a h\se1 w\ld n exi/ = u until we approa*$ x4 ,:5 we 7 approa*+ x1 x w\ld fir/ appe> indi/9ctly1 & m & m di/9ctly ! ne>] we approa*$ x1 j z an ev5t 9 "t does n exi/ until we rea* ! po9t ( its beg9n+1 b may appe> 9 anticipation1 9 "t p]spective1 :5 we approa* x1 ! m di/9ctly1 ! clos] we approa* x1 until we rea* ! ?re%old ( ! "t span cov]$ by ! ev5t1 & ! ev5t beg9s to exi/1 ! life is born4 ,s to u1 if we c\ld move only f nor? to s\?1 ! h\se w\ld beg9 to exi/ only :5 we rea*$ its nor? door4 ,t po9t w\ld be ! bir? ( ! h\se4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! span ( space cov]$ by ! h\se--?is w\ld = u be its exi/5ce1 its life1 & :5 we /epp$ out ( ! s\? door ! h\se w\ld cease to exi/ = u1 we c\ld nev] ent] x & turn back to x aga9--t is1 x w\ld be dead & ext9ct1 j z ! life :5 we pass beyond its end po9t 9 "t4 ,?us bir? & dea?1 appe>ance & ext9ction ( an ev5t 9 "t1 z our life1 are ! same z ! beg9n+ & end po9t ( a ?+ 9 space1 l a h\se4 ,b ! h\se appe>s to u to exi/ p]man5tly1 :e!r we are 9 x1 )9 ! l5g? betwe5 beg9n+ & end po9t1 or n2 :ile ! ev5t 9 "t1 our life1 appe>s to u to exi/ only dur+ ! l5g? ( "t :5 we are betwe5 its beg9n+ & its end po9t 9 "t1 & be=e & aft] x does n exi/ = u1 because we _c g back to x or ahead into x4 ,b assume "t 7 rev]sible1 l space--t is1 we c\ld g ?r\gh x 9 any direction4 ,!re w\ld !n be no su* ?+ z bir? or orig91 & dea? or ext9ction1 b our life w\ld exi/ p]man5tly1 z a "p or span ( "t1 j z ! h\se exi/s z a "p or section ( space1 & ! "q ( immortality1 ( ext9ction or nonext9ction by dea?1 w\ld !n be mean+less4 ,we %\ld n exi/ outside ( ! span ( "t cov]$ by our life1 j z we d n exi/ outside ( ! "p ( space cov]$ by our body 9 space1 & to rea* an ev5t1 z our life1 we %\ld h to g to ! "p ( space & to ! "p ( "t :]e x occurs2 b !re w\ld be no m ext9ction ( ! life by go+ beyond its l5g? 9 "t z !re is ext9ction ( a h\se by go+ outside ( its door1 & ev]y?+1 l a human be+1 w\ld h f\r ext5sions or dim5sions--?ree ext5sions 9 space & "o 9 "t4#i ,if space & "t1 & !re=e ! *>act]i/ics ( space & "t1 are n real ?+s or entities1 b conceptions ( ! human m9d1 !n ^? transc5d5tal que/ions1 z t ( immortality aft] dea? & exi/5ce be=e bir?1 are n problems ( fact 9 nature or outside ( nature1 b are mean+less1 j z ! "q :e!r a h\se exi/s = an obs]v] outside ( ! space cov]$ by x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! que/ions ( bir? & dea?1 ( ext9ction or immortality1 are m]ely ! incid5tal results ( ! peculi>ity ( our conceptions ( "t1 ! peculi>ity t ! "t ( our conceptions is irrev]sible1 fl[s cont9u\sly at a uni=m rate 9 ! same direction f ! pa/ to ! future4 ,b if "t has no reality1 is n an exi/+ entity1 !n ^! transc5d5tal problems result+ f our "t conception1 ( ext9ction or immortality1 h no real exi/5ce1 b are really ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 & cease to exi/ if we g beyond ! limitations ( our m9d1 beyond our peculi> "t conception4 ,x is int]e/+ to realize t ! mod]n developm5t ( sci5ce1 9 ! relativity !ory1 has prov$ n only t "t is n real1 b a conception1 b also has prov$ t ! "t ( our conception does n fl[ uni=mly at con/ant rate f pa/ to future1 b t ! rate ( ! fl[ ( "t v>ies ) ! conditions2 ! rate ( "t fl[ ( an ev5t sl[s d[n ) ! motion relative to ! ev5t4 ,b ! conception ( a rev]sal ( ! fl[ ( "t is no m illogical ?an ! conception ( a *ange ( ! rate ( ! fl[ ( "t4 ,x is inconceivable1 because x is beyond ! limitations ( our m9d4 ,?us we see t ! que/ions ( life & dea?1 ( ext9ction & immortality1 are n absolute problems1 b m]ely ! result ( ! limitations ( our m9d 9 its conception ( "t1 & h no exi/5ce outside ( u4 ,aft] all1 to "s ext5t we conceive "t z rev]sible1 9 ! conception ( hi/orical "t4 ,9 hi/ory we g back 9 "t at our w1 & trav]se ) ! m9d's eye ! times ( ! pa/1 & we !n f9d t dea? & ext9ction d n exi/ 9 hi/ory1 b ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 ! lives ( ^? :o made hi/ory1 exi/ j z mu* outside ( ! span ( "t ( _! physiological life--t is1 are immortal 9 hi/orical "t4 ,!y may fade & become m indi/9ct ) ! di/ance 9 "t1 j z ?+s 9 space become m indi/9ct ) ! di/ance 9 space1 b !y c be br\ght back to full cle>ness & di/9ction by aga9 approa*+ ! ?+s & ev5ts1 ! =m] mov+ ?r\gh space1 ! latt] mov+ ?r\gh ! hi/orical "t--t is1 by look+ up & /udy+ ! hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,,! ,,entity ,x ,sci5tifically1 life is a physico-*emical process4 ,trans=mations ( matt]1 ) :i* ! *emi/ deals1 & trans=mations ( en]gy1 ) :i* ! physici/ deals1 are all t is compris$ 9 ! ph5om5on ( life2 & m9d1 intellect1 s\l1 p]sonality1 ! ego1 are m]e functions ( ! physico-*emical process ( life1 vani%+ :5 ?is process ceases1 b are n a "p ( ! trans=mations ( matt] & ( en]gy4 ,if y ?us speak ( m5tal en]gy1 x sci5tifically is a misnom]1 & m9d is n en]gy 9 ! physical s5se4 ,x is true t m5tal ef=t1 intellectual "w1 is accompani$ by trans=mations ( matt]1 *emical *anges 9 ! bra91 & by trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,b ! m5tal activity is n a "p ( ! en]gy or ( ! matt] :i* is trans=m$1 b ! balance ( en]gy & ( matt] closes4 ,9 ! en]gy trans=mations accompany+ m5tal activity1 j z mu* en]gy ( "o =m appe>s z en]gy ( "s o!r =m is consum$1 & ! m5tal activity is no "p ( ! en]gy4 ,9 ! trans=mations ( matt] accompany+ m5tal activity1 j z mu* matt] ( "o =m appe>s z matt] ( "s o!r =m is consum$1 & ! m5tal activity is no "p ( ei!r--t is1 nei!r en]gy nor matt] has be5 trans=m$ into m5tal activity1 nor has en]gy or matt] be5 produc$ by m5tal activity4 ,all attempts to acc\nt = ! m5tal activity z produc$ by ! exp5diture ( physical en]gy1 or z produc+ physical en]gy--t is1 ex]t+ =ces & action--h fail$ & mu/ fail1 & s mu/ any attempt to record or obs]ve & measure m5tal activity by physical me?ods--t is1 me?ods s5sitive to ! action ( physical =ces4 ,b :at1 !n1 is m9d8 ,is x a m]e ph5om5on1 accompany+ ! physico-*emical reactions ( life & vani%+ ) ! end ( ! reaction1 j z ! ph5om5on ( a flame may accompany a *emical reaction1 & vani% :5 ! reaction is complet$8 ,or is m9d an entity1 j l ! entity en]gy & ! entity matt]1 b diff]+ f ei!r ( !m--9 %ort1 a ?ird entity8 ,we h comp>$ m9d ) ! ph5om5on ( a flame accompany+ a *emical reaction2 b1 aft] all1 ! flame is n a m]e ph5om5on1 b is an entity1 is en]gy4 ,m ?an once1 9 ! app>5tly cont9u\s & unbrok5 /ructure ( sci5ce1 wide gaps h be5 discov]$ into :i* new sections ( k fitt$1 sections ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h nev] be5 suspect$4 ,s 9 ,m5delejeff's ,p]iodic ,sy/em ( ! ,elem5ts all *emical elem5ts fitt$ 9 )\t gaps--9 a cont9u\s s]ies 7except a few miss+ l9ks1 :i* 7 gradually discov]$ & fill$ 974 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole gr\p ( six noble gases1 f helium to emanium1 7 discov]$ & fitt$ into ! p]iodic sy/em at a place :]e nobody _h suspect$ a gap4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( su* unsuspect$ gaps 9 ! /ructure ( sci5ce is ! foll[+1 because ( its p]t95cy to ! subject ( our discussion4 ,9 /udy+ ! trans=mations ( matt]1 ! *emi/ records !m by equations ( ! =m3 7#a7 #b;,h#b ,o#b #b;,h#b,o1 :i* means3 ,two gram molecules ( hydrog5 ,h#b7b ,x #b #d grams7 & #a gram molecule ( oxyg5 ,o#b7a ,x #cb grams71 comb9e to #b gram molecules ( wat] vapor ,h#b,o 7#b ,x #ah #cf grams74 ,= ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s *emi/s wrote & accept$ ?is equation2 innum]able times x has be5 exp]im5tally prov$ by comb9+ #d p>ts ( hydrog5 & #cb p>ts ( oxyg5 to #cf p>ts ( wat] vapor2 s t ?is *emical equation w\ld appe> z correct & unque/ionable z any?+ c be4 ,nev]!less1 x is wrong1 or r incomplete4 ,x does n give ! :ole ev5t1 b omits an ess5tial "p ( x1 & n[ we write x3 7#b7 #b;,h#b ,o#b #b;,h#b,o #bic1jjj ,j41 :i* means3 ,! matt] & en]gy ( #b gram molecules ( hydrog51 & ! matt] & en]gy ( #a gram molecule ( oxyg51 comb9e to ! matt] & en]gy ( #b gram molecules ( wat] vapor & #bic1jjj j\les1 or units1 ( free en]gy4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s ! *emi/s ?us saw only ! mat]ial trans=mation z repres5t$ by equation 7#a71 b ov]look$ & did n recognize ! en]gy trans=mation co9cid5t ) ! trans=mation ( matt]1 ?\gh e "t ! exp]im5t 0 made1 ! #bic1jjj ,j4 ( en]gy 9 equation 7#b7 made !mselves felt z flame1 z heat & me*anical =ce1 sometimes ev5 explosively %att]+ ! conta9] 9 :i* ! exp]im5t 0 made4 ,b ! flame & ! explosion appe>$ only z an incid5tal ph5om5on )\t significance1 z x repres5ts & conta9s no "p ( ! matt]1 b equation 7#a7 gives ! complete balance ( matt] 9 trans=mation4 ,x 0 mu* lat] t ! sci5ti/s realiz$ ! significance ( ! flame accompany+ ! mat]ial trans=mation z n a m]e incid5tal ph5om5on1 b z ! manife/ation ( ! entity en]gy1 p]man5t & inde/ructible1 l matt]1 & ! complete equation 7#b7 appe>$1 giv+ ! balance ( en]gy z well z ! balance ( matt]--t is1 co9cid5t ) ! trans=mation ( matt] is a trans=mation ( en]gy1 & bo? are indissoluble f ea* o!r1 ei!r involves ! o!r1 & bo? may be call$ diff]5t aspects ( ! same ph5om5on4 ,b we h se51 :5 m5tal activity occurs 9 our m9d1 *emical & physical trans=mations accompany x1 are co9cid5t ) x1 & app>5tly indissoluble f x4 ,does !re possibly exi/ ! same relation betwe5 m5tal activity & ! trans=mations ( en]gy & matt]1 z we h se5 to exi/ betwe5 ! latt] two8 ,are m5tal activity1 en]gy trans=mation1 & trans=mation ( matt] ?ree aspects ( ! same bio*emical ph5om5on8 ,if = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s equation 7#a7 0 consid]$ complete1 until we f\nd t "o side 0 incomplete1 & arriv$ at ! m complete equation 7#b71 ! "q may well be rais$3 ,is equation 7#b7 complete1 deal+ z x does ) two entities1 matt] & en]gy1 or is x n possibly /ill incomplete1 & a ?ird entity %\ld appe> 9 ! equation1 an entity ,x1 z ,i may call x1 diff]+ f en]gy & f matt]1 j z en]gy & matt] diff] f ea* o!r1 & !re=e n recognizable & measurable by ! means :i* measure en]gy or matt]1 j z en]gy _c be measur$ by ! same means z matt]8 ,t is1 ! complete equation ( trans=mation w\ld read3 7#c7 #b;,h#b ,o#b #b;,h#b,o #bic1jjj ,j4 ,x1 involv+ all ?ree entities1 matt]1 en]gy1 & m9d1 p]ta9+1 respectively1 to ! realm ( *emi/ry1 ( physics1 & ( psy*ology1 or possibly a broad] sci5ce ( :i* psy*ology is "o bran*4 ,!re is no sci5tific evid5ce :atsoev] ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ?ird entity1 ,x1 b all our d$uctions h be5 by analogy1 :i* proves no?+--t is1 by speculation1 dream+1 & unavoidably s--s9ce 9 ^! conceptions we are close to ! bord] l9e ( ! human m9d :]e logical reason+ loses itself 9 ! fog ( contradiction4 ,b at ! same "t !re is no evid5ce aga9/ ! conception ( an entity ,x2 x is n illogical1 at lea/ no m s ?an all su* g5]al conceptions1 no m s ?an1 = in/ance1 t ( en]gy or ( matt]4 ,z empirical sci5ce deals ) en]gy & matt]1 & entity ,x is nei!r1 x c\ld n be obs]v$ by any ( ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal physics or *emi/ry4 ,if m9d is a ?ird entity1 correlat$ ) ! entities ( en]gy & ( matt]1 we %\ld expect t m5tal activity1 or entity ,x1 %\ld occur n only 9 ! highly complex trans=mations ( en]gy & ( matt] tak+ place 9 ! bra9s ( ! highe/ ord]s ( liv+ be+s1 b t entity ,x %\ld appe> 9 all physico-*emical reactions1 j z en]gy trans=mations always occur 9 trans=mations ( matt]1 & inv]sely4 ,b ?is seems n s1 & 9 mo/ ( ! trans=mations ( en]gy & ( matt] entity ,x does n appe>4 ,h[ev]1 we h no satisfactory means ( recogniz+ entity ,x1 no me?ods ( /udy+ x4 ,!re=e1 x may well be t x is notic$ only 9 ^? r>e in/ances :5 x appe>s ( high int5sity1 b 9 mo/ reactions entity ,x may be s small or appe> 9 su* way z to escape obs]vation by ! means & by ! me?ods n[ available4 ,l en]gy or matt]1 entity ,x may h _m =ms 9 :i* x is n recogniz$ by u1 j z = a long "t ! flame 0 n recogniz$ z ! entity en]gy4 ,to illu/rate1 aga9 by analogy3 ,9 _m trans=mations ( matt]1 inde$1 9 mo/ ( ! m complex ones ( ! organic _w1 ! concurr5t en]gy trans=mation is ( su* sl[ness & ( su* l[ int5sity t x appe>s nonexi/+1 & c be discov]$ & measur$ only by ! delicate exp]im5ts devis$ by sci5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 ! en]gy may appe> 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,?us ! #bic1jjj ,j4 ( en]gy 9 equation 7#b7 may appe> z heat1 or z electrical en]gy1 or z a comb9ation ( heat1 light1 s\nd1 & me*anical en]gy4 ,n[ assume t we c\ld obs]ve & notice only "o ( ! =ms ( en]gy--= in/ance1 only electrical en]gy4 ,we %\ld !n f9d t 9 ! equation 7#a7 we only sometimes get en]gy--t is1 electrical en]gy--"u special peculi> conditions1 b usually d n seem to get any ( ! entity en]gy1 simply because we d n recognize x 9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s4 ,analog\sly1 !re might be a t]m ( entity ,x 9 all trans=mations1 ev5 su* simple ones z equation 7#c71 b entity ,x may appe> 9 a f> diff]5t1 simpl] =m4 ,x w\ld mean t m9d is only "o =m ( entity ,x1 p]haps ! high-grade =m1 z x appe>s 9 highly complex reactions4 ,9 ! simpl] physico-*emical processes ( nature1 entity ,x also w\ld appe>1 b 9 o!r1 simpl] =ms4 ,x w\ld mean t ?+s su* z m9d & intellect are n limit$ to ! high] liv+ be+s1 b *>act]i/ics ak9 !reto w\ld be f\nd grad+ d[n ?r\gh\t all liv+ & inanimate nature4 ,?is does n appe> unreasonable :5 we consid] t "s *>act]i/ics ( life are f\nd ?r\gh\t all nature1 ev5 9 ! cry/al :i*1 9 its "m liquor1 repairs a lesion1 heals a w\nd1 or :i*1 9 ! colloidal solution1 may be poison$ by prussic acid4 ,assume1 !n1 t m9d1 intellect1 p]sonality1 ! ego1 7 =ms ( a ?ird entity1 an entity ,x1 correlat$ 9 nature ) ! entities en]gy & matt]4 ,!n1 j z en]gy & matt] cont9u\sly *ange _! =ms1 s ) ! trans=mations ( en]gy & ( matt]1 entity ,x w\ld cont9u\sly *ange1 disappe> 9 "o =m & reappe> 9 ano!r =m4 ,entity ,x c\ld !re=e n exi/ p]man5tly 9 "o & ! same =m1 & ! p]man5cy ( ! ego--t is1 immortality--w\ld /ill be illogical1 w\ld n exi/ )9 ! realm ( sci5ce1 b w\ld c>ry u beyond ! limitations ( ! human m9d into ! unkn[able4 ,p]man5cy ( ! ego--t is1 individual immortality--w\ld require a =m ( entity ,x1 9 :i* x is n fur!r trans=mable4 ,?is w\ld be ! case if ! trans=mations ( entity ,x are n completely rev]sible1 b t5d "o def9ite direction1 f l[]-grade to high]-grade =ms1 & ! latt] ?us w\ld gradually build up to increas+ p]man5cy4 ,!re is no?+ unreasonable 9 ?is1 b a simil> condition--9 ! rev]se direction--exi/s ) ! trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,!y also are n completely rev]sible1 b t5d 9 a def9ite direction1 f high]- to l[]-grade =m--unavailable heat en]gy 7! increase ( entropy by ! second law ( !rmodynamics74 ,?us 9 inf9ite "t ! univ]se %\ld come to a /&/ill1 9 spite ( ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy1 by all en]gy becom+ unavailable = fur!r trans=mation--t is1 becom+ dead en]gy4 ,if entity ,x exi/$1 c\ld x n also h become unavailable = fur!r trans=mation by rea*+ its maximum high-grade =m & ?us become n susceptible to fur!r *ange--t is1 immortal--j z ! unavailable heat ( ! physici/ is immortal1 & n capable ( fur!r trans=mation8 ,"h we are aga9 9 ! fog ( illogic1 beyond ! limitations4 ,h[ev]1 x s\nds famili> to ! ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/4 ,physics & *emi/ry obvi\sly c\ld n deal ) entity ,x1 & ! mo/ delicate & s5sitive physical or *emical in/rum5ts c\ld get no indication ( x1 & all attempts at inve/igation by physical or *emical means ?us mu/ be doom$ to failure4 ,b su* inve/igations ( entity ,x belong to ! realm ( ! sci5ce ( psy*ology1 or1 r1 a broad] sci5ce1 ( :i* psy*ology is "o bran* deal+ ) "o =m ( entity ,x1 m9d1 j z1 = in/ance1 electro-physics is "o bran* ( ! broad] sci5ce ( physics1 deal+ ) electrical en]gy1 :ile physics deals ) all =ms ( en]gy4 ,9 conclud+1 ,i wi% to say t no?+ 9 ! prec$+ speculations c possibly enc\rage spiritism or o!r pseudo-sci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 f ! prec$+ x is obvi\s t ! alleg$ manife/ations ( spiritism mu/ be fake or self-deception1 s9ce !y are manife/ations ( en]gy4 ,entity ,x1 if x exi/s1 c]ta9ly is n en]gy1 & !re=e c\ld n manife/ itself z su*4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,f ,h>p]s ,magaz9e = ,febru>y1 #aibb4 ,footnote #i3 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! relativity !ory leads to ! conception ( a symmetrical f\r-dim5sional _w space 7,m9k[ski71 9 :i* 9 g5]al ea* ( ! f\r dim5sions comprises space & "t conceptions1 & ! segregation into ?ree dim5sions ( space & "o dim5sion ( "t occurs only "u special conditions ( obs]vation4 7,,au?or47 ,,biographical ,,& ,,critical ,,notes ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,kei?1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 born 9 ,ab]de51 #ahff1 0 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de52 at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london2 & at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,f #ahii to #aijb1 he 0 ,secret>y ( ! ,anatomical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 & 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute f #aiab to #aiad4 ,at pres5t he is ,hunt]ian ,pr(essor & ,cons]vator ( ,museum1 ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,london1 & also holds ! ,full]ian ,pr(essor%ip ( ,physiology1 ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,beg9n+ ) 8 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,an?ropoid ,apes 9 #ahif1 he has produc$ "s t5 volumes4 ,among !m are ,human ,embryology & ,morphology 7#aija72 ,anci5t ,types ( ,man 7#aiaa72 ,! ,human ,body 7#aiab72 ,m5d]s ( ! ,maim$ 7#aiai72 & ,nationality & ,race 7#aibj74 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #aiba4 ,! ,lev]s ( ! ,human ,body is helpful 9 illu/rat+ ! value ( diagrams & ( analogy 9 ! exposition ( a me*anism4 ,x may be us$ also = tea*+ ! /ud5t to adapt 8 "w to ! audi5ce1 =1 al?\gh prep>$ at fir/ = an immature audi5ce1 its mat]ial has s9ce be5 s adapt$ t 9 addition to ! g5]al read] x is ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! physician & to ! eng9e]4 ,! s]ies ( volumes 9 :i* ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book ,composition appe>s1 is b "o ( ! di/+ui%$ s]vices 9 improv+ ! practice ( typography r5d]$ by ,,!odore ,,l[ ,,de ,,v9ne 7#ahbh-aiad74 ,at 8 invitation1 ! *apt]1 ,me*anical ,composition1 0 contribut$ by ,,philip ,t4 ,,dodge1 ,presid5t ( ! ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ,company4 ,! ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype1 :i* is tak5 f ,mr4 ,dodge's *apt]1 is well adapt$ = tea*+ ! correlation ( diagrams & text 9 ! exposition ( me*anisms & ma*9es4 ,"s idea ( ! l5g? ( ,,jean ,,h5ri ,,fabre',s life 7#ahbc-aiae7 may be obta9$ :5 we recall t 8 place z a sci5ti/ 0 e/abli%$ e>ly en\gh = ,victor ,hugo to ref] to him z ! insects' ,hom] & = ,d>w9 to ref] to him 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species z t incomp>able obs]v]4 ,by #ahda1 ,fabre _h escap$ f ! pov]ty ( 8 boyhood & _h qualifi$ z a pupil tea*] at ! ,normal ,college at ,vaucluse4 ,lat]1 he became ,pr(essor ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry at ! lyce ( ,ajaccio &1 by #aheb1 held a simil> position at ,avignon4 ,! great] "p ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 ! /udy ( insects4 ,! results are record$ 9 sev]al volumes4 ,an int]e/+ ,life1 writt5 by ! ,abb ,augu/9 ,fabre & translat$ by ,mr4 ,miall1 0 publi%$ 9 #aiba4 ,! ,pea ,weevil1 :i* (f]s an example ( ! exposition ( a process a*iev$ by imp]sonal n>ration1 %\ld prove especially helpful 9 %[+ ! /ud5t h[ int]e/ may be secur$ 9 su* "w4 ,! ,j4,w4 ,,butl] ,,pap] ,,company1 :i* publi%$ ! little volume f :i* ! selection is tak51 is recogniz$ z an important factor 9 ! indu/ry4 ,mod]n ,pap]-mak+ may be utiliz$ 9 tea*+ ! emphasis plac$ on *ronological ord] 9 ! imp]sonal n>ration ( a process2 ! explanation ( ma*9es by g5]aliz$ description 9 su* n>ration2 & ! me?ods employ$ 9 expla9+ alt]nate or p>allel /eps 9 ! process4 ,,william ,,james 7#ahdb-aiaj71 l 8 equally di/+ui%$ bro!r1 receiv$ 8 elem5t>y education 9 ,new ,york ,city & 9 ,europe4 ,f #ahfa to #ahfc1 he /udi$ at ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 leav+ to jo9 ! ,?ay] ,exp$ition to ,brazil4 ,he 0 graduat$ 9 #ahgj f ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool &1 two ye>s lat]1 0 appo9t$ ,in/ructor 9 ,anatomy & ,physiology4 ,9 #ahhe1 :ile ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ! ,m$ical ,s*ool1 he 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,8 lat] "w at ! ,univ]sity is well-kn[n4 ,among 8 publi%$ works are 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7#ahhi72 ,! ,w to ,believe 7#ahig72 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce 7#aijb72 ,pragmatism 7#aijg72 ,memories & ,/udies 7#aiaa72 & ,essays 9 ,radical ,empiricism 7#aiab74 ,8 ,lett]s1 edit$ by 8 son1 appe>$ 9 #aibj4 ,! ,gospel ( ,relaxation (f]s a model 9 ! adaptation ( sci5tific mat]ial to a lay audi5ce1 ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* ! au?or makes cle> ! ,lange-,james ,!ory by concrete examples & practical applications4 ,,*>les ,,proteus ,,/e9metz 7#ahfe-71 born 9 ,breslau1 ,g]many1 0 educat$ at ,breslau1 ,b]l91 & ,zuri*4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s he has be5 ,consult+ ,eng9e] to ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 & = tw5ty ye>s ,pr(essor ( ,electro-physics at ,union ,univ]sity4 ,besides sev]al au?oritative volumes on subjects )9 8 field1 he is ! au?or ( ,am]ica & ! ,new ,epo* 7#aijf7 & is a frequ5t contributor to lit]>y z well z to te*nical j\rnals4 ,sci5ce & ,religion may be us$ to %[ ! /ud5t h[ ev5 s te*nical a topic z ! ,e9/e9 ,!ory may be r5d]$ concrete = ! g5]al read] ?r\gh analogy & specific examples4