,,exposition    ,,of    ,,the           
,,apostles' ,,creed      ,by    ,,the   
,,rev4 ,,james ,,dodds1 ,d4,d4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,though ,i am an old ,doctor of         
,divinity1 to this day ,i have not      
got beyond the children's learning--the 
,ten ,commandments1 the      ,belief1   
and the ,lord's ,prayer2 and these ,i   
understand not so      well as ,i       
should1 though ,i study them daily1     
praying with my son      ,john and my   
daughter ,magdalen4--,,luther',s        
,table-,talk4               99       99 
99       99       99          ,,contents
      ,,editorial ,,note    ,,prefatory 
,,note    ,,introduction      ,,article 
#a ,i ,,believe ,,in ,,god ,,the        
,,father ,,almighty1 ,,maker ,,of       
,,heaven ,,and ,,earth        ,,section 
#a4 ,i ,,believe          #b4 ,,god     
#c4 ,,the ,,father          #d4         
,,almighty          #e4 ,,maker ,,of    
,,heaven ,,and ,,earth      #b ,,and    
,,in ,,jesus ,,christ ,,his ,,only ,,son

 ,,our ,,lord        ,,section          
#a4 ,,and ,,in ,,jesus ,,christ         
#b4 ,,jesus          #c4 ,,christ       
#d4 ,,his ,,only ,,son          #e4     
,,our ,,lord    #c ,,who ,,was          
,,conceived ,,by ,,the ,,holy ,,ghost1  
,,born ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,,mary    #d 
,,suffered ,,under ,,pontius ,,pilate1  
,,was ,,crucified1 ,,dead1 ,,and        
,,buried        ,,section          #a4  
,,suffered ,,under ,,pontius ,,pilate   
#b4 ,,was ,,crucified          #c4      
,,dead          #d4 ,,and ,,buried    #e
 ,,he ,,descended ,,into ,,hell1 ,,the  
,,third ,,day ,,he ,,rose ,,again ,,from
 ,,the ,,dead        ,,section          
#a4 ,,he ,,descended ,,into ,,hell      
#b4 ,,the ,,third ,,day ,,he ,,rose     
,,again ,,from ,,the ,,dead    #f ,,he  
,,ascended ,,into ,,heaven ,,and        
,,sitteth ,,on ,,the ,,right ,,hand ,,of
 ,,god  ,,the ,,father ,,almighty    #g 
,,from ,,thence ,,he ,,shall ,,come ,,to
 ,,judge ,,the ,,quick ,,and ,,the      
,,dead    #h ,i ,,believe ,,in ,,the    

,,holy ,,ghost    #i ,,the ,,holy       
,,catholic ,,church1 ,,the ,,communion  
,,of ,,saints        ,,section          
#a4 ,,the ,,holy ,,catholic ,,church    
#b4 ,,the ,,communion ,,of ,,saints     
#aj ,,the ,,forgiveness ,,of ,,sins     
#aa ,,the ,,resurrection ,,of ,,the     
,,body    #ab ,,and ,,the ,,life        
,,everlasting             99       99   
99       99       99      ,,appendix    
,,footnotes      ,,some ,,books ,,on    
,,the ,,apostles' ,,creed ,,or ,,bearing
 ,,upon ,,articles ,,thereof            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,editorial ,,note      ,dr4 ,dodds'    
,exposition of the ,apostles' ,creed    
will supply a real  need4 ,it contains a
 careful1 well-informed1 and            
well-balanced statement  of the         
doctrines of the ,church which are      
expressed or indicated in the  ,creed1  
and it will be helpful to many as       
arranging the passages of  ,scripture on
 which these doctrines rest4 ,though    
historical references  could have been  

easily made1 the ,editors agree with the
 author in  thinking that to insert them
 in the discussion of doctrines would   
have  probably perplexed the readers for
 whom the book is designed4    ,february
 #ahif4             99       99       99
       99       99          ,,prefatory 
,,note      ,the title and purpose of   
this ,handbook limit its subject matter 
to an  exposition of the doctrines which
 have place in the summary of belief    
termed the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,it is not
 meant to cover the whole field of      
,christian doctrine4    ,a history of   
the ,creed has not been attempted4      
,there is much that is  interesting in  
its origin and growth4 ,it did not come 
into existence all  at once1 but was    
built up from time to time by the       
insertion of clauses  formulated by     
,councils or by leading representatives 
of the ,christian  ,church4 ,the space  
available is not sufficient to include a
 history4    ,the ,handbook being not   
controversial but expository1 references

 to the  heretics and heresies that gave
 occasion for the articles which have   
place in the ,creed are few and brief4  
,,james ,,dodds4             99       99
       99       99       99             
,,the ,,apostles' ,,creed               
,,introduction      ,while the disciples
 had ,jesus with them1 there was no     
occasion for a  formal summary of the   
doctrines which ,his followers were     
called to  accept and to maintain4 ,he  
was present to resolve all doubts and   
settle  all difficulties1 so that when  
their faith was assailed or their       
teaching impugned they could refer to   
,him4 ,then1 as now1 faith had ,him  for
 its object1--with this difference1 that
 ,he was visibly at hand to  counsel and
 to direct1 while now ,he is passed into
 the heavens and  guides ,his people    
into all truth1 not by personal         
instruction but by  ,his invisible      
though ever present ,spirit4    ,another
 reason why ,jesus gave ,his disciples  
no creed may be found in the  fact that 

,his work was not finished until ,he had
 laid down ,his life1 and  that no creed
 could have been satisfactory which did 
not cover those  great unfulfilled      
events in ,his history that lie at the  
foundation of  the ,christian religion4 
,jesus did indeed require belief in     
,himself as a condition on which        
healing and salvation were bestowed4    
,unbelief hindered ,his work1 while     
faith in ,his ,messianic claims and     
mission never failed to secure a rich   
blessing to those who confessed ,him4   
,the faith which ,he recognised was  not
 the acceptance and confession of a     
summary of doctrine such as any  of the 
,creeds now existing1 but a simple      
statement of belief in ,himself  as the 
,son of ,god and the ,messiah4 ,on one  
occasion only does ,he appear  to have  
called for a confession which went      
further than this1 when1  having        
declared to ,martha the great doctrine  
of ,resurrection1 ,he put to  her the   
question1 ,believest thou this8#jja     

,after ,his death and resurrection1 when
 ,jesus charged ,his disciples to       
preach the ,gospel1 ,he bade them teach 
their followers to observe all  things  
whatsoever ,he had commanded them4#jjb  
,the ,apostles1 accordingly1  appear to 
have furnished the leaders of the       
churches they planted with  summaries of
 doctrine1 such as we find in the       
fifteenth chapter of  ,paul's first     
,epistle to the ,corinthians4#jjc ,paul 
seems to refer to  such a summary when  
he writes to the ,romans commending them
 for  obedience to the form of doctrine 
which was delivered them1#jjd and  when 
he bestows his benediction on those     
,galatians who walked according  to this
 rule4#jje ,it was1 doubtless1 such a   
compendium of doctrine he  had in view  
when he charged ,timothy to keep that   
which was committed to  his trust1      
contrasting this deposit with profane   
and vain babblings1  and oppositions of 
science falsely so called4#jjf ,the     
bearing of this  charge is made more    

emphatic when it is repeated by the     
,apostle in  connection with the        
exhortation1 ,hold fast the form of     
sound words1  which thou hast heard of  
me1 in faith and love which is in       
,christ  ,jesus4#jjg    ,it would thus  
appear that from ,apostolic times there 
existed a form of  words of the         
character of a creed1 which1 for some   
reason1 came to be  jealously guarded   
and concealed from all who were not     
,christians4 ,it was  perhaps ,paul's   
reference to the summary of doctrine as 
a deposit to be  carefully kept1 that   
led the early converts to regard it as a
 private  possession--a trust to be     
hidden in the heart and covered from    
unfriendly eyes4 ,the ,apostle did not  
mean that it should be so regarded1  but
 this interpretation given to his words1
 or some other cause1 led to  its being 
used as a watchword rather than as an   
open confession1 the  consequence of    
which is that in the writings of the    
earliest ,christian  fathers no         

statement of doctrines corresponding to 
a creed is found4    ,the absence of    
creeds or of allusions to them in the   
oldest ,christian  treatises gives      
seeming point to the objection urged by 
,professor  ,harnack and others against 
the ,apostles' ,creed as now held and   
interpreted by the ,church1 that it is  
not a correct summary of early          
,christian belief4 ,that such objections
 are not well founded will become       
apparent as the various articles of the 
,creed are considered in the  light of  
,apostolic teaching4 ,the absence of    
creeds in early ,christian  writings is 
sufficiently accounted for by the care  
with which the  summary was cherished as
 a secret trust1 to be treasured in the 
memory  but not to be written or        
otherwise profaned by publicity4    ,the
 word creed--derived from the ,latin    
credo1 ,i believe--is1  in its          
ecclesiastical sense1 used to denote a  
summary or concise  statement of        
doctrines formulated and accepted by a  

church4 ,although  usually connected    
with religious belief1 it has a wider   
meaning1 and  designates the principles 
which an individual or an associated    
body so  holds that they become the     
springs and guides of conduct4 ,some    
sects of  ,christians reject formal     
creeds and profess to find the          
,scriptures  sufficient for all purposes
 that creeds are meant to serve4 ,the   
,christian religion rests on ,christ1   
and the final appeal on any question  of
 doctrine must be to the ,scriptures    
which testify of ,him3 but it is  found 
that very different conclusions are     
often reached by those who  profess to  
ground their beliefs upon the same      
passages of the ,word of  ,god4 ,almost 
every heresy that has disturbed the     
unity of the ,church has  been advocated
 by men who appealed to ,scripture in   
confirmation of the  doctrines they     
taught4 ,the true teaching of the ,word 
of ,god is gathered  from careful and   
continuous searching of the ,scriptures1

 and there is  danger of fatal error    
when conclusions are drawn from isolated
 passages  interpreted in accordance    
with preconceived opinions4 ,it has been
 found  not only expedient but needful  
that the ,christian ,churches should set
  forth in creeds and confessions the   
doctrines which they believe the        
,scriptures affirm4 ,they are bound not 
only to accept ,scripture as the  rule  
of faith1 but to make known the sense in
 which they understand it4  ,as         
unlearned and unstable men wrest and    
subvert the ,sacred ,writings1 it  is   
fitting that those who are learned and  
not unstable should publish  sound      
expositions of their contents4 ,in the  
light of creeds1 converts  are enabled  
to test their own position1 and to put  
to proof the claims  of those who       
profess to be teachers of ,christian    
doctrine4    ,one of the most widely    
accepted of these forms is the          
,apostles' ,creed1  so called1 not      
because it was drawn up by1 or in the   

time of1 the  ,apostles--although there 
is a tradition to the effect that each  
of them  contributed a clause--but      
because it is in accordance with the sum
 of  ,apostolic teaching4 ,the history  
of this ,creed is not easily traced4    
,the  care with which it was guarded    
excluded it from the writings of the    
early fathers1 and it is impossible1    
therefore1 to assign to their  proper   
dates1 with certainty1 some of the      
articles of which it is  composed4      
,this1 however1 is evident1 that it came
 gradually into  existence1 clauses     
being added from time to time to guard  
the faithful  against false doctrine1 or
 to enable them to defend the orthodox  
belief4  ,it appears to have been the   
general creed of the ,christian ,church1
 in a  form very similar to that which  
it now bears1 from the close of the     
second century4#jjh ,at that time and   
afterwards it served not only as a  test
 of ,christian doctrine1 but was also   
used by catechists in training  and     

instructing candidates for admission to 
the ,church4    ,it is sometimes urged  
as an objection to this ,creed that it  
is not a  sufficiently comprehensive    
summary of ,christian doctrine4 ,those  
who  object to it on this ground should 
consider the purpose of creeds4 ,they   
were not meant to cover the whole field 
of ,christian faith1 but to  fortify    
believers against the teaching of       
heretics4 ,the ,apostles' ,creed  was   
not intended1 and does not profess1 to  
state all the things that  ,christians  
ought to believe4 ,there is no reference
 in it to ,scripture1  to ,inspiration1 
to ,prayer1 or to the ,sacraments4 ,it  
sets forth in a few  words1 distinct and
 easily remembered1 the existence and   
relations to  men of the three ,persons 
of the ,godhead--those facts and truths 
on  which all doctrine and duty rest1   
and from which they find development4   
,it is especially objected that there is
 no reference in this ,creed to  the    
atoning work of the ,lord ,jesus        

,christ4 ,but1 though not directly      
expressed1 this doctrine is really and  
substantially contained in it4  ,the    
,creed is the confession of those whose 
bond of union is common  faith in the   
,lord ,jesus ,christ as their ,saviour4 
,the articles which  treat of ,him and  
of ,his sufferings and work are         
intelligible only to  those who believe 
in the reality and efficacy of the      
,atonement4    ,the ,creed contains     
twelve articles1 and to each of these1  
and to every  part of it1 the words ,i  
believe belong4 ,one article relates to 
,god the  ,father1 six to ,god the ,son1
 one to ,god the ,holy ,ghost1 and four 
to the  ,holy ,catholic ,church and the 
privileges secured to its members4      
,these  articles are--        #a4 ,i    
believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty1  
,maker of heaven and          earth4    
#b4 ,and in ,jesus ,christ ,his only    
,son our ,lord1        #c4 ,who was     
conceived by the ,holy ,ghost1 born of  
the ,virgin ,mary1        #d4 ,suffered 

under ,pontius ,pilate1 was crucified1  
dead1 and          buried1        #e4   
,he descended into hell2 the third day  
,he rose again from the          dead1  
#f4 ,he ascended into heaven1 and       
sitteth on the right hand of ,god       
the ,father ,almighty2        #g4 ,from 
thence ,he shall come to judge the quick
 and the dead4        #h4 ,i believe in 
the ,holy ,ghost1        #i4 ,the ,holy 
,catholic ,church2 the ,communion of    
saints2        #aj4 ,the ,forgiveness of
 sins2        #aa4 ,the ,resurrection of
 the body1        #ab4 ,and the ,life   
,everlasting4    ,in estimating the     
value of creeds in the early ages of the
 ,christian  ,church1 it is important to
 bear in mind that the converts were    
almost  wholly dependent on oral        
instruction for their knowledge of      
,divine  truth4 ,copies of the ,old and 
,new ,testaments existed in manuscript  
only4  ,these were few in number1 and   
the cost of production placed them      
beyond  the reach of the great majority4

 ,a single copy served for a community  
or  a district in which the ,hebrew or  
the ,greek tongue was understood1 but   
in localities where other languages were
 in use the living voice was  needed to 
make revelation known4 ,it is only since
 the invention of  printing and the     
application of the steam-engine to the  
economical and  rapid production of     
books1 and since modern linguists have  
multiplied  the translations of the     
,bible1 that it has become in their own 
tongues  accessible to believers in all 
lands1 available for private perusal and
  family reading4 ,it was therefore a   
necessity that ,christians should       
possess a form of sound words1          
comprehensive enough to embody the      
leading doctrines of ,christianity1 yet 
brief enough to be easily  committed to 
memory4             99       99       99
       99       99          ,,article #a
      #a4 ,i believe in ,god the ,father
 ,almighty1 ,maker of heaven and earth  
,,section #a4--;,i ,,believe      ,the  

,creed is the expression of personal    
belief4 ,whether spoken in  private or  
in a public assembly1 it is the         
confession of the faith held  by each   
individual for himself4 ,each of us has 
a separate life1 and each  of us must   
personally accept ,god's message and    
express his own belief4  ,religion must 
influence men as units before it can    
benefit them in  masses4 ,faith that    
saves is a gift of ,god which every one 
must receive  for himself4 ,the faith of
 one is of no avail for another1        
therefore the  ,creed begins with the   
affirmation ,i believe4 ,in repeating it
 we  profess our own faith in what ,god 
has revealed concerning ,himself4    ,i 
believe4--,the ,apostles' ,creed is a   
declaration of things  which are most   
surely believed among us1 and its       
several parts or  articles are founded  
upon the contents of ,scripture1 which  
is our one  rule of faith4 ,it does not 
begin with the words ,i think or ,i     
know1 but with the statement ,i believe4

 ,belief is used in  various senses1 but
 here it means the assent of the mind   
and heart to  the doctrines expressed in
 the ,creed4 ,when we repeat the form we
 declare  that we accept and adopt all  
the statements which it covers4 ,with   
the  heart man believeth unto           
righteousness2 and with the mouth       
confession  is made4#jji    ,faith      
differs from knowledge4 ,there are some 
things which we know to be  true1 and   
there are others of which we say we     
believe them to be true4  ,there are    
certain truths which are termed         
axiomatic4 ,when the terms in  which    
they are expressed are understood1 the  
truth they convey is at  once admitted4 
,we know that two and two make four1 we 
know that two  straight lines cannot    
enclose a space2 but we do not know in  
the same  sense those things which the  
,creed affirms4 ,it deals with          
statements  that1 for the most part1    
have never been1 and cannot be1 tested  
by  sense1 and that cannot be           

demonstrated by such proof as will      
compel us  to accept them4 ,we believe  
them1 not because it is impossible to   
withhold our assent1 nor only because   
nature1 history1 and conscience  confirm
 them1 but on the ground of testimony4  
,faith cometh by hearing1  and hearing  
by the ,word of ,god4#jaj ,we believe   
because we are assured  on sufficient   
and competent authority that these      
things are so4 ,we know  that we live in
 a material universe1 but our knowledge 
does not extend  to the manner in which 
the universe came into being4 ,that is a
 matter of  belief4 ,through faith--not 
by ocular or logical proof1 but on      
testimony--we understand that the worlds
 were framed by the ,word of  ,god4#jaa 
,faith differs from opinion4 ,when a man
 believes his mind is made up4 ,by      
whatever process it may have been       
reached1 the conclusion commends  itself
 as one that is fixed and irreversible4 
,opinion1 on the other  hand1 is held   
loosely4 ,it is based not on certainty  

but on probability4  ,the possibility of
 error is recognised1 and the opinion is
 readily  surrendered when the grounds  
on which it was formed are seen to be   
insufficient or misleading4 ,a man1 says
 ,coleridge1 having seen a  million moss
 roses all red1 concludes from his own  
experience and that  of others that all 
moss roses are red4 ,that is a maxim    
with him--the  greatest amount of his   
knowledge upon the subject4 ,but it is  
only  true until some gardener has      
produced a white moss rose1--after which
  the maxim is good for nothing4#jab    
,the testimony on which faith rests is  
human or ,divine4 ,it is human in so    
far as it is based on human experience  
and observation4 ,it is ,divine in  so  
far as it rests upon the direct         
revelation of ,god4 ,faith in man is    
continually exercised in business and in
 all the departments of life4 ,it  is   
necessary to the very existence of      
society4 ,faith in ,god moves in        
another sphere4 ,its objects are not    

seen or temporal1 and they do not  rest 
for proof upon the testimony of man4 ,it
 receives and assents to  statements    
which are made on the authority of ,god1
 who knows all things1  who therefore   
cannot be deceived1 and who is truth and
 therefore cannot  deceive us4 ,on this 
,divine rock of faith1 and not upon her 
own  knowledge1 the ,christian ,church  
rests4 ,if we receive the witness of    
men1 the witness of ,god is greater4#jac
 ,among ,christian virtues faith  stands
 first4 ,it must precede everything     
else4 ,it is the foundation on  which   
all ,christian character and life are   
built4 ,he that cometh unto  ,god must  
believe that he is4#jad ,without faith  
it is impossible to  please ,god4#jae   
,that which ,christian faith realises   
and grasps is expressed in doctrine4    
,faith is not a separate and            
self-dependent grace4 ,its existence and
  growth arise from those things which  
are believed1 and therefore it is       
necessary to study and understand1 as   

far as we can1 the doctrines of  the    
,christian faith before we can possess  
or manifest belief4 ,it is  important   
that we should have a definite knowledge
 of these doctrines2  that we should    
study them in relation to the           
,scriptures upon which they  profess to 
be founded1 and that we should be in a  
position to defend  them against        
assailants4 ,thus faith will gather     
strength1 and believers  will be ready  
always to give an answer to every man   
that asketh them a  reason of the hope  
that is in them with meekness and       
fear4#jaf      ,,section                
#b4--;,,god--#jag      ,the existence of
 ,god is the basis of all religious     
belief4 ,if there is  no ,god1 there is 
no moral obligation4 ,if there is no    
,almighty ,being to  whom men owe       
existence1 and to whom they must give   
account1 worship is a  vain show and    
systems of religion are meaningless4    
,theologians1  therefore1 from the days 
of the first ,christian apologists to   

our own  time1 have endeavoured to      
establish by proof the doctrine of the  
,divine  existence4 ,to those who accept
 the authority of ,scripture the        
existence  of ,god is a fact which no   
argument can overthrow2 but as there are
 many  who reject this authority1       
evidence has been sought elsewhere than 
in  ,scripture to establish the         
doctrine4 ,the arguments for the ,being 
of ,god  are mainly threefold1 being    
drawn3 7a7 from the consciousness of    
mankind2 7b7 from the order and design  
that are manifest in the  universe2 and 
7c7 from the written revelation which   
claims to  have come to men from ,god   
,himself4    7a7 7,consciousness7 ,there
 is a wonderful agreement among men as  
to the existence of a great invisible   
,being by whom the world was  created   
and is governed1 and who charges        
,himself with the control and  guidance 
of its inhabitants and concerns4 ,in a  
land such as our own1 in  which         
,christianity has held place for many   

centuries1 belief in ,god1  however it  
may fail to produce holy living1 is     
almost universal4 ,this  belief         
exercises a strong influence1 and has   
contributed not a little to  the        
formation of our national character4 ,it
 is an atmosphere always  around us1    
sustaining and promoting the healthy    
life of those even who  are the least   
conscious of being affected by it4 ,the 
belief is indelibly  impressed upon our 
laws1 our literature1 and even our      
everyday  occupations4 ,it is stamped   
upon the relations men sustain to one   
another4 ,it is this which for one day  
weekly suspends labour that  ,christians
 may have leisure to worship ,god and to
 meditate upon the  duties they owe to  
,him4 ,it is in recognition of this that
 we see tall  spires pointing           
heavenward1 and churches opening their  
portals to the  inhabitants of crowded  
cities and to the dwellers in scattered 
villages4  ,in ,christian lands the     
consciousness of men bears testimony to 

the  existence of ,god1 but it is not in
 such lands only that this              
consciousness exists and confirms belief
 in the ,divine4 ,in the earliest       
times1 long before history began to be  
written1 such a consciousness was       
prevalent1 leading men to faith in and  
worship of a ,being or ,beings          
infinitely greater than themselves1     
present with them and presiding1  though
 invisibly1 over their destinies4 ,the  
study of ,comparative  ,religion has    
shown how nearly the primeval           
inhabitants of lands widely  distant    
from each other were at one in the views
 they had come to  entertain4 ,hymns1   
prayers1 precepts1 and traditions are   
found in the  sacred books of the great 
religions of the ,east1 and             
archaeologists have  deciphered on      
ancient monuments1 and traced in        
primitive religious  rites1 clear       
evidence of belief in the existence of  
the ,divine4 ,the  valleys of the ,nile1
 of the ,euphrates1 and of the ,tigris  

have revealed  facts for the            
theologian's benefit that are almost    
exhaustless4 ,in the  ,egyptian ,book of
 the ,dead1 and in the religious hymns  
and the ritual of  which they formed    
part in the sacred literature of        
,babylonia1 there is  proof that four   
thousand years ago hymns were sung in   
honour of the  gods1 and prayers were   
offered to propitiate them and secure   
their  favour4 ,but belief in ,god had  
place long before these hymns were sung 
or  these prayers offered4 ,this is     
shown by the existence of words in the  
most ancient hymns1 prayers1 and        
inscriptions which could not have been  
used unless the ideas which they        
conveyed had already existed in men's   
minds4 ,these words--some of which are  
preserved in modern tongues--when       
traced to their roots1 help greatly to  
explain the character of early          
religious thought1 and prove the        
existence of a widely diffused belief   
in the ,divine ,being and ,his          

government4 ,they serve as confirmation 
of a  belief1 which is in harmony with  
many facts1 that ,god had revealed      
,himself to humanity before ,he         
furnished the revelation which has come 
down to us4 ,words are not originated by
 accident4 ,they are expressions  of    
real existences1 and before they found  
place in hymns or prayers the  ideas    
which they denoted must have been       
matters of faith or knowledge to  those 
who used them4 ,before man is found     
professing faith in pagan  deities some 
idea of ,god must have existed in his   
mind4 ,men did not like  to retain ,god 
in their knowledge1 and so the idea of  
the ,divine became  perverted1 and in   
its first simplicity was lost1 and the  
multitude  followed numberless shadows  
all illusory and vain4 ,still1 there    
lingered remnants and traditions of     
belief in a ,divine ,creator and        
,governor which must have originated in 
such a primeval revelation as the  book 
of ,genesis records4 ,we find there the 

statement that ,god revealed  ,himself  
to our first parents by direct          
intercourse4 ,they heard and saw  and   
talked with ,god4 ,they therefore knew  
of the existence of ,god by  personal   
perception1 and the ideas they held     
regarding ,him were founded  on ,his own
 manifestation of ,himself4    ,closely 
connected with this consciousness is the
 sense of responsibility  universally   
prevalent4 ,there is a law written on   
the heart of every  rational human      
being1 under the guidance of which he   
recognises a  distinction between good  
and evil1 right and wrong4 ,he possesses
 a  faculty to which the name of        
conscience has been given1 that convicts
  him of sin when he violates1 and      
approves his conduct when he conforms   
to1 its dictates4 ,however much         
different peoples and different ages may
  be at variance in their particular    
ideas of what is right and what is      
wrong1 the conception itself has place  
in all of them4 ,there are certain      

fundamental notions as to what is just  
and what is unjust1 what is  virtuous   
and what is vicious1 that find universal
 or all but universal  acceptance4 ,this
 power of distinguishing between right  
and wrong  constitutes man a moral      
being1 and separates him by infinite    
distance  from the lower animals4 ,to   
the beasts that perish there is nothing 
right  or wrong4 ,they live altogether  
according to nature1 and have no        
responsibility4 ,man stands in a        
different relation to the ,lawgiver who 
bestowed on him the faculty of          
conscience and impressed on his soul a  
conviction that he will have to give    
account for all his actions4 ,the       
,being to whom he must give account is  
,god4    7b7 7,order7 ,another ground of
 this belief is the order manifest  in  
the universe4 ,there is a symmetry that 
pervades all material things  of which  
we have knowledge4 ,part is adapted to  
part2 objects are  accurately adjusted  
to each other2 wheels within wheels move

 smoothly2  every portion fits into and 
works in harmony with every other       
portion  without discord or jarring4 ,it
 is unthinkable that these effects      
should  be due to chance or to a cause  
that is without intelligence4 ,the      
perfect  arrangement of parts that work 
together must have been planned by a    
living ,being of infinite wisdom1       
knowledge1 and power4 ,this ,being1     
whose  creatures they are1 must exist4  
,behind the pervading order there must  
be  personality1 purpose1 and action4   
,the fool may say in his heart1 ,there  
is no ,god1 but1 as nature bears        
testimony to the existence of an        
omniscient and omnipotent ,creator1     
reason calls for another conclusion4    
7c7 7,scripture7 ,there is a limit to   
the knowledge of ,god which  the        
consciousness of man and the order and  
design in the universe  impart4 ,these  
serve to establish the truth that ,god  
is1 but they do not  convey the         
intimation that ,he is a moral ,governor

 and the rewarder of  them that         
diligently seek ,him4 ,they declare     
little of ,his character1 and  are      
silent as to many of the duties which   
,he requires4 ,to make ,god  known1 the 
teaching of conscience and of reason    
must be supplemented by  revelation4 ,it
 is in the ,bible that the believer     
finds the strongest  proofs of the      
existence of the ,divine ,being1 and    
from the ,bible he  obtains also the    
most comprehensive and satisfying view  
of the ,deity  and of man's relation to 
,him4 ,he there finds that what he has  
to believe  concerning ,god is1 that ,he
 is ,jehovah--the ,being infinitely and 
eternally perfect1 self-existent1 and   
self-sufficient2 the only living  and   
true ,god1 there being none beside ,him4
 ,the heathen believed in and           
worshipped many gods4 ,the untutored    
savage peopled the groves with  them1   
and the pagan philosopher built         
innumerable temples in their  honour4   
,the ,pantheons of ,greece and ,rome    

were crowded with the statues  of       
favourite deities4 ,the doctrine of one 
living and true ,god was  prominent in  
the revelation given to ,israel4 ,god's 
message by ,moses had  its              
foundation--truth in the proclamation3  
,hear1 ,o ,israel1 the ,lord our  ,god  
is one ,lord4#jah ,his glory and ,his   
work are shared by no other  being4 ,he 
is the absolute ,sovereign and ,lord of 
all creatures4 ,in the  ,bible1 too1 man
 learns that ,god is his own personal   
,god who cares for  him1 and to whom he 
owes love1 allegiance1 and obedience4   
,all who refuse  to believe in the      
existence of ,god reject the testimony  
of ,scripture  regarding ,him1 but to   
such as acknowledge its claim to be the 
,word of  ,god1 the evidence it supplies
 is convincing and all-sufficient4      
,examination of ancient heathen         
religions and of the views they set     
forth  regarding ,god shows clearly the 
distance at which they stand from the   
revelation of ,scripture4 ,the gods of  

the heathen were of like passions  with 
their worshippers--selfish1 cruel1      
vindictive1 and without regard  for     
equity or justice in their treatment of 
men4 ,the ,god of the ,bible1  on the   
other hand1 is a righteous ,god1        
merciful to ,his creatures1 and         
desirous of their temporal and eternal  
wellbeing1 and when ,he inflicts        
suffering it is not as a passionate     
,judge1 but as a ,father who chastens   
,his children for their profit4    ,the 
doctrine of the ,trinity of ,persons in 
the ,god-head1 though not  expressly    
stared in the ,creed1 is implied in the 
clauses which refer to  each of the     
,persons who compose it4 ,there is one  
,god1 but in the ,godhead  there are    
three ,persons1 the ,father1 the ,son1  
and the ,holy ,ghost1 whose  names      
indicate the relation in which each     
stands to the others4    ,each of the   
,persons is complete and perfect ,god4  
,while there are three  ,persons in the 
,godhead1 the same in substance1 equal  

in power and glory1  these three are    
one4 ,the doctrine thus stated is termed
 the doctrine of  the ,trinity4 ,this   
word is not found in ,scripture1 but the
 truth which it  expresses is set forth 
there1 dimly in the ,old ,testament1    
distinctly in  the ,new4 ,in the first  
chapter of ,genesis the word ,god is in 
the ,hebrew  a plural noun1 and yet it  
is used with a singular verb1 thus early
  seeming to intimate what afterwards is
 clearly made known1 that there is  a   
plurality of ,persons1 who yet          
constitute the one living and true ,god4
  ,the same indication of plurality in  
unity appears in the account of  man's  
creation3 ,let us make man4#jai ,this   
doctrine of the  ,trinity is essentially
 one of revelation4 ,natural religion   
testifies to  the existence1 the        
personality1 and the unity of ,god1 but 
fails to make  known that the unity of  
,god is a unity of three ,persons4 ,the 
doctrine  does not contradict reason1 it
 is above reason4    ,it is sometimes   

said that the doctrine of the ,trinity  
involves a  contradiction in affirming  
that three ,persons are one ,person4    
,this  charge misrepresents the         
doctrine4 ,trinitarians do not say that 
,father1  ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost are    
three ,persons in the sense in which    
three men  are three individuals4 ,they 
believe that there is one ,god1 and that
  ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost are   
yet so distinct that the ,father can    
address the ,son1 the ,son can address  
the ,father1 and the ,father can        
address and send the ,spirit4 ,god's    
ways are not as our ways4 ,he is not a  
man that ,he should be limited by the   
conditions of human relationships4      
,when we say there are three ,persons in
 the ,godhead1 we use a word  applicable
 to men1 which1 though the most fitting 
one at our disposal1  must come far     
short of fully describing the relations 
of ,father1 ,son1  and ,holy ,ghost to  
each other4 ,possessing no celestial    
language1 we  cannot fully describe or  

understand heavenly things4             
,,section #c4--,,the ,,father      ,the 
first ,person in the ,godhead is the    
,father4 ,this name may be viewed  7a7  
with reference to the second ,person1   
,jesus ,christ ,his only  ,son1 or 7b7  
as descriptive of ,his relation to      
believers in ,christ  ,jesus1 or 7c7 as 
indicating ,his universal ,fatherhood as
 the  ,author and the ,preserver of all 
intelligent creatures4 ,the relation in 
which the ,father stands to the ,son1   
that ,he is ,his ,father and has        
begotten ,him1 is one that we cannot    
explain4 ,any attempt to do so must  be 
arrogant and misleading1 for who by     
searching can find out  ,god8#jbj       
,secret things belong unto ,god1 but    
revealed things unto us  and our        
children4#jba ,the term ,father is a    
relative one and involves  the idea of  
sonship4 ,no one who accepts the        
teaching of ,scripture can  doubt that  
the ,father is ,god4 ,the statements as 
to ,his attributes and  universal       

government are so many and so strong    
that1 but for other  affirmations       
regarding ,deity1 we should naturally   
conclude that the  ,father alone is     
,god4 ,but the very name ,father        
corrects such a view1  and when we      
search the ,scriptures we find it       
untenable4 ,god is our  ,father1 but ,he
 was the ,father before ,he called man  
into being4 ,from  all eternity ,he was 
,father4 ,as from everlasting to        
everlasting ,he is  ,god1 so from       
everlasting to everlasting ,he is       
,father4 ,he did not become  ,father    
when ,his ,son assumed human nature1 but
 is such in virtue of ,his  eternal     
relation to the ,word as the ,son of    
,god4 ,it is the ,son's  existence that 
constitutes ,him ,father2 and that      
existence was in  eternity4 ,i and my   
,father are one1#jbb is the ,son's      
testimony to ,his  eternal ,sonship2 and
 when ,he prays ,his ,father to glorify 
,him1 ,he asks to  be glorified with the
 glory which ,he had with ,him before   

the world  was4#jbc ,there are other    
senses in which the first ,person of the
  ,godhead is termed ,father4 ,all men  
are declared to be ,his offspring1 and  
those who have received the ,spirit of  
adoption cry1 ,abba1 ,father1 and  are  
taught1 when they pray1 to say1 ,our    
,father4    ,in an exposition of the    
,creed the ,fatherhood in relation to   
men  generally1 or to believers in      
particular1 need not be considered4     
,here  the name is used to indicate the 
relation in which the ,first ,person    
stands to the ,second1 in virtue of     
which alone those who are adopted  into 
fellowship with the ,son become the     
children of ,god--the children  of      
,christ's ,father and their ,father4    
,the ,scriptures teach that the  ,father
 is ,god1 that the ,son is ,god1 and    
that the ,holy ,ghost is ,god4 ,at  the 
same time the doctrine of the ,divine   
,unity is affirmed4    ,the difficulty  
felt in connection with the doctrine of 
,trinity in ,unity  has led to attempts 

in ancient and modern times to show that
 those  passages of ,scripture in which 
it appears to be taught may be otherwise
  interpreted4 ,one explanation is1 from
 the name of its first exponent1  termed
 ,sabellianism1 or1 the doctrine of a   
,modal ,trinity4 ,the view which  it    
presents of the ,divine ,being is that  
the same ,person manifests  ,himself at 
one time and in one relation as ,father1
 at another time and  in another        
relation as ,son1 and at a different    
time and in another  relation as ,holy  
,ghost4 ,it attributes divinity to this 
,one ,divine ,person  in each of ,his   
manifestations1 but denies that there   
are three ,persons  in the ,godhead4    
,the facts of ,scripture do not accord  
with such a view of  the ,divine        
,personality4 ,we find each ,person     
addressing the ,others and  speaking of 
,himself and of ,them as distinct       
,persons4 ,each speaking of  ,himself   
says ,i4 ,the ,father says ,thou to the 
,son1 the ,son says ,thou  to the       

,father1 and the ,father and the ,son   
use the pronouns ,he and  ,him with     
reference to the ,spirit4 ,the ,father  
loves the ,son1 the ,son  loves the     
,father1 the ,spirit testifies of the   
,son4#jbd    ,in the ,athanasian ,creed 
we find the following statement of this 
doctrine3--        ,this is the         
,catholic ,faith1 that we worship one   
,god in ,trinity1      and ,trinity in  
,unity4 ,neither confounding the        
,persons nor      dividing the          
,substance4 ,for the ,person of the     
,father is one1 of      the ,son        
another1 of the ,holy ,ghost another4   
,but the divinity of      the ,father   
and the ,son and of the ,holy ,ghost is 
one1 the glory      equal1 the majesty  
equal4 ,such as is the ,father1 such    
also is      the ,son1 and such the     
,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,father is          
uncreated1 the      ,son is uncreated1  
the ,holy ,spirit is uncreated4 ,the    
,father is      infinite1 the ,son is   
infinite1 the ,holy ,ghost is infinite4 

,the      ,father is eternal1 the ,son  
is eternal1 the ,holy ,ghost is         
eternal4 ,and yet these are not three   
eternal ,beings but one      eternal    
,being4 ,as also there are not three    
uncreated beings1 nor      three        
infinite beings1 but one uncreated and  
one infinite      ,being4    ,it is     
sometimes said that the doctrine of the 
,trinity is of little  practical        
importance1 but such a view of it is    
inconsistent with the  teaching of      
,scripture1 and with the atoning work of
 ,christ4 ,it is the  ,divinity of the  
,son that gives efficacy to ,his        
sacrifice4 ,as sinners we  need pardon4 
,pardon must be preceded by             
propitiation1 and if ,christ is  not    
,divine there is no propitiation4 ,the  
doctrines of ,scripture are so  linked  
together that the rejection of one      
invalidates the others4 ,if we  deny the
 ,trinity we deny the ,gospel message of
 salvation1 and we  accordingly find    
that most of those who reject the       

doctrine of the  ,trinity do not believe
 in the reality and efficacy of         
,christ's  atonement4      ,,section    
#d4--;,,almighty      ,the term         
,almighty1 which occurs twice in the    
,creed1 represents two  ,greek words1   
the one denoting absolute dominion1 the 
other infinite  power in operation4     
,when we say that ,god the ,father is   
,almighty1 we  affirm that ,he is       
possessed of entire freedom of action1  
and that ,his  power is unlimited4 ,he  
cannot1 indeed1 act in opposition to    
,his own  nature4 ,in executing ,his    
eternal decrees none can stay ,his hand 
from  working1 but ,he can do nothing   
that would derogate from ,his eternal   
power and ,godhead4 ,such inability has 
its origin not in any limitation  of    
power1 or restriction imposed from      
without1 but in ,himself4 ,he knows  all
 things and so cannot be tempted of     
evil4 ,he can do whatever ,he  wills1   
but ,his will cannot contradict ,his    
character4    ,the statement that ,god  

is ,almighty implies that all beings are
 governed  and controlled by ,him4 ,all 
things1 save ,himself1 are ,his         
creatures and  subject to ,him4 ,even   
those things that seem to resist and    
defy ,his  authority are under ,his     
government4 ,rebellion serves but to    
make ,his  omnipotence more apparent1   
for ,he causeth the wrath of man to     
praise  ,him1 and the remainder of wrath
 ,he restraineth4#jbe ,he so governs the
  universe that all things work         
together1 and work together for good to 
them that love ,him4#jbf    ,when we    
say1 ,god the ,father ,almighty1 it is  
not meant that the ,son and  the ,holy  
,ghost are not ,almighty4 ,the ,father  
is ,almighty because ,he is  ,god1 the  
,son1 who is one with the ,father1 is   
,god and therefore ,almighty1  and the  
,holy ,ghost is also ,god and therefore 
,almighty4 ,in the unity of  the        
,godhead the same attributes mark the   
three ,persons4      ,,section          
#e4--,,maker ,,of ,,heaven ,,and ,,earth

      ,belief in the ,almighty power of 
,god is further declared by a confession
  of faith in ,him as the ,maker of     
heaven and earth1 and this is but a     
repetition of the statement contained in
 the first chapter of  ,genesis--the    
only account of ,creation which is      
fitted to solve all  difficulties and to
 meet all objections4 ,maker in this    
article is used  in the sense of        
,creator1 implying that heaven and earth
 were called into  existence out of     
nothing by the word of ,divine power2   
and by heaven and  earth are meant all  
creatures1 visible and invisible1 that  
have existed  or do exist4    ,those who
 object to the ,scripture statements    
regarding ,creation have  maintained    
views as to the origin of the material  
universe differing  largely from those  
held by persons who accept this article 
of the ,creed1  and differing also      
greatly from one another4 ,various      
solutions have been  given1 among which 
may be stated3--        7a7 ,the view of

 those who hold that all phenomena and  
all      existence originate in ,chance 
or a blind fortuitous concourse of      
atoms4 ,to state such a doctrine is to  
refute it4 ,no one      possessed of    
reason can believe in his heart that    
,intelligence      did not create and   
organise matter1 or that the material   
universe1 with all its adaptation of    
parts1 was evolved1 and is              
governed1 by chance or accident4 ,this  
theory1 if it is worthy of      the     
name1 seems to have been devised in     
order to evade the idea      that man is
 subject to ,divine government4         
7b7 ,another view is that all existence 
owes its origin to ,fate      or        
,necessity and is now held in its       
resistless grasp4 ,the      advocates of
 this theory are at variance among      
themselves4 ,one      school maintains  
that all things existed from eternity in
 their      present condition1 and are  
destined to continue as they are1       
controlled by relentless and undeviating

 necessity4 ,another      school--the   
ancient ,fatalists--held that at first  
there was a      fortuitous concourse of
 atoms and phenomena1 until ,fate or    
,chance decided the present order1 which
 became an established      necessity4  
,a third class hold doctrines of        
,development4 ,some of      them agree  
with the ancient ,fatalists in          
maintaining that      development1 in a 
fortuitous concourse and action of      
matter and      force1 issued in        
evolution or originated a course of     
evolution4      ,others again deny      
fortuitous concourse and affirm that    
this      process of evolution had no   
external beginning1 but has             
continued from eternity under the       
control of evolutionary law4      ,the  
term law as used by them has no specific
 meaning1 and is      simply an         
adaptation1 to a theory naturally       
atheistic1 of a word      which may     
serve to commend their doctrine4 ,the   
law of which      they speak has its    

origin in matter itself1 and is not     
under the      control of a ,supreme    
,intelligence4 ,that this is the fact is
      shown by the denial of free-will  
in man and of the      superintending   
providence of ,god2 of the efficacy of  
prayer and      of the forgiveness of   
sin2 and by the prominence given in     
their      writings to the absolute     
control of all things by undeviating1   
unchanging law4        7c7 ,a third view
 affirms that while there is a          
distinction      between the ,ego and   
the non-,ego 7the me and the not-me71 it
 is      impossible to know anything    
about either in its essence4 ,that      
they exist and that they are different  
are facts within our      knowledge1 but
 as to the absolute nature of mind and  
matter we      can discover and believe 
nothing4 ,the ultimate or absolute is   
beyond our reach1 as is the infinite and
 unconditioned4 ,we can      have no    
knowledge of ,first ,causes1 or of the  
,ultimate ,cause1 or      of the        

,absolute ,cause4 ,the infinite cannot  
even be apprehended1      and those who 
undertake to learn or to speculate      
regarding the      infinite engage in a 
task beyond their powers4 ,such         
knowledge is      not practical4 ,the   
term ,god is merely an expression for a 
mode      of the unknowable1 conveying  
no meaning to those who use it4 ,the    
view thus expressed originated in       
concessions unhappily made by           
certain writers1 as ,sir ,william       
,hamilton and ,dean ,mansel1 who1       
thinking to defend revealed religion1   
taught that reason cannot      know the 
,infinite1 and that therefore the       
,infinite must reveal      ,himself4    
,herbert ,spencer took advantage of this
 concession1 and      carried it to a   
logical conclusion1 when he argued that1
 if      reason could not know or       
apprehend the ,infinite by reason1      
neither could it by revelation4         
7d7 ,another class hold the view which  
is termed cosmogonies      than that of 

,moses1 whether contained in the sacred 
books of      religions that have long  
existed1 or professing to be based on   
modern scientific discovery1 raise      
difficulties that are      insuperable4 
,whence came matter if not from the     
creative word of      ,god8 ,to assign  
eternity to it is to invest it with an  
attribute      that is ,divine1 and     
,pantheists carry such an explanation to
 its      logical conclusion when they  
affirm that the universe is ,god4       
,the existence of a single atom is an   
unfathomable mystery4 ,man      cannot  
create or destroy even a particle of    
matter4 ,how      overwhelming1 then1 if
 we reject the simple statement of the  
,bible1 is the mystery of the great     
universe1 in whose extended      space  
suns1 planets1 stars1 and systems       
unceasingly revolve1 and      in which  
our own world is but a little speck4    
,all things created      point to ,god  
as their origin and source4 ,the        
invisible things      of him from the   

creation of the world are clearly seen1 
being      understood by the things that
 are made1 even his eternal power       
and ,godhead4#jbg    ,i asked the earth1
 wrote ,augustine in his ,confessions1  
and it  answered me1 ',i am not ,he4'   
,and whatsoever things are in it        
confirmed  the same4 ,i asked the sea   
and the deeps and the living creeping   
things1  and they answered1 ',we are not
 thy ,god1 seek above us4' ,i asked the 
morning air1 and the whole air with its 
inhabitants answered1  ',anaximenes was 
deceived1 we are not thy ,god4' ,i asked
 the heavens1 sun1  moon1 stars1 ',nor1'
 say they1 'are we the ,god whom thou   
seekest4' ,and ,i  replied unto all the 
things which encompass the door of my   
flesh1 ',ye  have told me of my ,god    
that ye are not ,he3 tell me something  
more of  ,him4' ,and they cried out with
 a loud voice1 ',he made us4'#jbh       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,article #b      ,and in ,jesus ,christ
 ,his only ,son our ,lord    ,,section  

#a4--;,,and ,,in ,,jesus ,,christ       
,the first article of the ,apostles'    
,creed has numerous adherents4 ,jews    
and ,christians are at one in affirming 
their belief in ,god the ,father        
,almighty1 ,maker of heaven and earth4  
,many too who1 unlike ,jews and         
,christians1 have not been favoured with
 a written revelation1 have yet  risen  
to the conception of such a ,divine     
,being as that article sets  forth4     
,mohammedans believe in an ,omnipotent  
,creator1 and many thoughtful  heathens 
have accepted and maintained the        
doctrine as an article of  faith4 ,it   
expresses a conviction reached by ,plato
 and ,aristotle1 by  ,seneca and        
,epictetus1 and is a truth proclaimed by
 ,old ,testament  prophets and ,new     
,testament saints4 ,no belief regarding 
things invisible  is more generally     
professed4    ,it is otherwise with the 
second article of the ,creed1 ,i believe
 in  ,jesus ,christ ,his only ,son our  
,lord1 which expresses doctrines so     

hotly  disputed that they prove the     
saying true1 ,this child is set for a   
sign  which shall be spoken against4#jbi
 ,it is rejected by the ,jew and the    
,mohammedan1 and finds opponents in many
 who profess to accept the  ,scriptures 
of the ,old and ,new ,testaments as a   
,divine revelation1 and to  regard the  
exemplary life of ,jesus as a model to  
be copied1 while they  deny ,his ,divine
 origin1 ,his sacrificial death1 and    
,his universal  authority4    ,the early
 controversies concerning the ,second   
,person of the ,trinity were  disputes  
regarding ,his nature and the relation  
in which ,he stands to the  ,father4    
,certain heretics affirmed that ,jesus  
was a mere man1 selected by  ,god and   
specially endowed with the gift of ,his 
,spirit4 ,others maintained  that       
,christ was not ,god1 but a created     
spirit1 nearest to the ,father in       
dignity1 who took upon ,him human       
nature1 and1 having finished the work   
appointed ,him on earth1 went up again  

to ,god the ,father4 ,one class1 the    
,ebionites1 regarded ,him as a being    
essentially human1 though begotten of   
the ,spirit1 by whom ,he was anointed   
above measure2 while another1 the       
,docetae1 regarded ,him as a ,divine    
,being seemingly bearing human form and 
united with the man ,jesus4 ,these views
 were finally rejected by the  ,catholic
 ,church1 because they conflicted with  
the ,word of ,god which  affirms the    
true ,divinity of the ,son of ,god1 the 
true humanity of the  ,son of ,man1 and 
the true union of the two natures of    
,god and man in ,one  ,person1 ,jesus   
,christ4    ,the ,gnostics1 who were the
 leaders in connection with such        
heretical  views1 are generally thought 
to date from the time of ,simon ,magus4 
,he  had been enrolled as a disciple of 
the ,apostles1 and1 professing faith  in
 ,christ1 was baptized by ,peter4 ,but  
he had joined the ,christian ,church    
for selfish ends1#jcj as ,luke's        
statements show4 ,hymenaeus1#jca        

,phygellus1 and ,hermogenes1#jcb        
referred to by ,paul in his second      
letter  to ,timothy1 are believed to    
have been ,gnostics1 and towards the    
close of  the first century ,cerinthus  
and ,ebion extended the system4#jcc     
,,section #b4--;,,jesus      ,jesus is  
the personal name of our ,lord4 ,in     
ancient times names had often  a meaning
 and importance which they do not carry 
now4 ,name means a  word by which any   
person or thing is known1 and names were
 originally  given from some quality    
attribute inherent in the person or     
thing to  which they were attached4     
,proper names among the ,hebrews had a  
deeper  meaning and a closer connection 
with character and condition than       
elsewhere4 ,the care that marks the     
,scriptures in recording the origin of  
names of individuals and places1 the    
frequent allusions to names as  having a
 special relation to character or       
qualities1 the solemnity with  which a  
change of name is stated as marking an  

epoch in the history of  individuals or 
nations1 and the frequency with which   
names are  associated with great events1
 with promises1 threats1 or prophecies1 
show the importance that was attached to
 them4 ,this feature is most  marked in 
the use by the ,jews of the word ,name  
in reference to ,god4  ,the ,name of the
 ,lord1 or an equivalent expression1    
constantly occurs  to denote ,god       
,himself4 ,his ,name is in ,scripture   
identified with ,his  character1 marking
 ,his attributes and ,his nature as     
distinguished from  all other beings4   
,the ,name1 ,jehovah1 by which ,god     
revealed ,himself to  ,moses was so     
closely identified by the ,jews with the
 ,divine ,personality  and ,holiness    
that it was never pronounced by them4   
,in ,old ,testament times the ,deliverer
 foretold as the object of faith and    
hope and love under the ,gospel         
,dispensation was announced by a        
declaration of ,his name4 ,his name     
shall be called ,wonderful1             

,counsellor1 the ,mighty ,god1 the      
,everlasting ,father1 the ,prince of    
,peace4#jcd ,immediately before ,he     
appeared a messenger was sent from      
heaven with the ,divine command1 ,thou  
shalt call his name ,jesus3 for he      
shall save his people from their        
sins4#jce ,the name is thus not the     
ascription to ,him of qualities evolved 
from our own conception of what  ,he is1
 or of what ,god is in ,him1 but ,god's 
disclosure of ,his infinite  love and of
 ,his purposes for man's salvation4 ,in 
,his ,divine power and by  ,his         
efficacious sacrifice ,he is ,jesus1 the
 ,saviour4 ,he does not save1 as  some  
who profess to be ,christians hold1 by  
the influence of ,his own  example and  
teaching only1 just as one man may be   
said to save another  whom he persuades 
to abandon evil habits and form good    
ones4 ,he is our  ,saviour because ,he  
died as a sacrifice for our sins4 ,had  
,he not expiated  our guilt by dying for
 us1 ,his example1 teaching1 and        

sympathy would  never have brought us   
salvation4    ,the name ,jesus is a     
human name4 ,in its ,hebrew form        
,joshua1 ,jehoshua1  ,hosea it had been 
borne by others4 ,we read of one ,jesus 
in the ,new  ,testament#jcf and of many 
in the pages of ,josephus4 ,in this     
respect1 as  in other particulars1      
,jesus was made like unto his brethren  
and bore a  human distinctive name4     
,jesus was accordingly the name given to
 ,him at  ,his circumcision1 by which   
,he was to be known in ,his family and  
among  the people of ,nazareth4 ,during 
,his ministry ,he was described as      
,jesus1  the prophet of ,nazareth of    
,galilee2#jcg and the title affixed to  
,his  cross by ,pilate was ,jesus of    
,nazareth1 the ,king of the ,jews4 ,yet1
 as  if to make emphatic the truth that 
,his humanity did not derogate from     
,his ,divine power and ,godhead1 the    
first ,evangelist1 who describes the    
angel's visit1 quotes in immediate      
connection ,isaiah's prophetic          

announcement1 ,they shall call his name 
,emmanuel1 which being  interpreted is1 
,,god with us4#jch ,in the name ,jesus  
thus bestowed we  have the announcement 
of ,himself as a personal ,saviour from 
sin1 in its  power and consequences4 ,of
 those who had borne it before ,him some
 were  raised up to deliver the people  
of their nation from suffering in time1 
but ,he came to be man's everlasting    
,saviour4 ,neither is there salvation   
in any other3 for there is none other   
name under heaven given among men1      
whereby we must be saved4#jci ,it is    
important therefore to bear in  mind    
that ,jesus is a name not only given to 
,him by ,god1 but a name  itself        
,divine2 not only the name by which1 as 
that of a ,mediator1 we  worship ,god1  
but the name under which1 as that of    
,god ,himself1 we  worship ,him4 ,god   
also hath highly exalted him1 and given 
him a name  which is above every name3  
that at the name of ,jesus every knee   
should  bow1 of things in heaven1 and   

things in earth1 and things under the   
earth2 and that every tongue should     
confess that ,jesus ,christ is ,lord1   
to the glory of ,god the ,father4#jdj   
,,section #c4--;,,christ      ,in       
ancient times no such appellations as   
those now termed surnames were  given to
 individuals4 ,one name only was        
distinctive4 ,both among the ,jews  and 
among the ,greeks this system of        
nomenclature prevailed1 family names    
being unknown4 ,it was different with   
the ,romans1 by many of whom more  names
 than one were borne4 ,in reading       
ancient ,greek history1 we find         
illustrious personages known by one name
 only1 as ,plato1 ,aristotle1           
,socrates1 ,solon4 ,the same feature    
marks early ,jewish history4 ,abraham1  
,isaac1 ,moses1 ,job were not known by  
any other names than these4  ,sometimes 
names were changed or modified in order 
to express some  speciality of character
 or achievement--,abram to ,abraham1    
,jacob to  ,israel1 ,hoshea to ,joshua4 

,in later times appellations descriptive
 of the  work or office of individuals  
were attached to their original names1  
as  in the cases of ,john the ,baptist1 
of ,matthew the ,publican1 and of our   
,lord ,himself1 ,jesus the ,christ4     
,this latter practice prevailed in early
  ,english history1 and famous kings    
appear bearing descriptive epithets in  
addition to their original single       
names--,alfred the ,great1 ,edward the  
,confessor1 ,william the ,conqueror4    
,christ is not a proper name but an     
official title4 ,although now often     
used to designate the person of the     
,lord ,jesus1 it was not so when ,he    
lived in the world4 ,as ,john was the   
,baptist or ,baptizer1 ,jesus was the   
,christ--the ,anointed4 ,the title is   
the ,greek equivalent of the ,hebrew    
,messiah1 and means the ,anointed4 ,it  
denotes that ,he who bore it was        
separated1 consecrated1 and invested    
with high office4 ,these  distinctions  
met in ,jesus1 rendering the title      

appropriate4    ,at the time of the     
birth of ,jesus1 the coming of a great  
deliverer was  at once the desire and   
the expectation not of ,jews only1 but  
of many  nations4 ,roman historians of  
that period tell us that a redeemer was 
to  make his appearance from among the  
nation of ,israel4 ,this belief was no  
doubt spread abroad by ,jewish exiles1  
who1 scattered through many lands1      
carried with them the hopes and         
prophecies which had been given from    
time to time to their own people4       
,that the expected ,messiah had come to 
the world bearing with ,him from  heaven
 a message of salvation was the cardinal
 doctrine of ,apostolic  preaching4 ,to 
accept ,jesus as the ,christ was to     
accept ,him as the  ,saviour and        
,deliverer4 ,when ,andrew found his     
brother ,simon he said to  him1 ,we have
 found the ,messias4#jda ,is not this   
the ,christ8#jdb  was the appeal of the 
woman of ,samaria to the people of her  
city2 and  the confession of ,peter that

 ,jesus was the ,christ1 was declared by
 our  ,lord to be a revelation not of   
flesh and blood1 but of ,his ,father in 
heaven4#jdc ,not ,apollos only1 but     
,paul and the other inspired teachers   
also1 set it before them as their       
appointed work1 to show by the          
,scriptures that ,jesus was ,christ4#jdd
 ,to confess that ,jesus was the        
,christ was an acknowledgment that in   
,him were vested all those  attributes  
and qualities which the ,old ,testament 
,scriptures ascribed to  ,messiah1 that 
,jesus of ,nazareth was the ,deliverer  
of whom the prophets  testified1 to     
whose coming all the holy men of old    
looked forward1 whom  prophets and kings
 desired to see1 and of whom all        
,scripture bore  witness4 ,it was the   
acknowledgment by the common people that
 ,jesus was  ,messiah that stirred the  
indignation of the ,jewish rulers4 ,they
 saw  that1 if this were conceded1 all  
,his claims must be held valid1 and     
accordingly the ,sanhedrim passed a     

resolution to the effect that1 if  any  
man did confess that ,jesus was ,christ1
 he should be put out of the            
synagogue4#jde    ,the name ,christ     
denotes the offices which ,jesus        
executes as our  ,redeemer4 ,three      
classes were set apart by anointing--the
 ,prophet1 who  made known the will of  
,god2 the ,priest1 who confessed sin and
 offered  sacrifice for the people2 and 
the ,king1 who acted as their leader and
  commander4 ,jesus was consecrated for 
,his work as our ,redeemer by           
anointing1 but not1 so far as we know1  
with material oil4 ,he who  anointed    
,him was ,god the ,father1 and the oil  
that descended upon ,him was  the ,holy 
,ghost1 of whose influence oil was the  
symbol4 ,god1 even thy  ,god1 hath      
anointed thee with the oil of gladness  
above thy  fellows4#jdf ,he fulfilled   
the office of a ,prophet by revealing   
the  ,father1 and making known the will 
of ,god for our salvation2 of a ,priest 
in the sacrifice of ,himself which ,he  

offered up to ,god for us1 and in  the  
intercession which ,he makes on our     
behalf at ,his ,father's right  hand2 of
 a ,king in the victory ,he won over    
man's enemies1 and in the  power ,he    
imparts to ,his people1 by which they   
overcome evil in  themselves and in the 
world4 ,it was not until after ,he had  
finished ,his  work that ,his followers 
so closely associated ,him with the     
,messiahship  as to speak of ,him not as
 ,jesus only1 nor as ,christ only1 but  
as ,jesus  ,christ4 ,this twofold name  
occurs very rarely in the ,gospels--once
 in  ,matthew1 once in ,mark1 never in  
,luke2 but in the ,epistles it is the   
name  by which ,he is designated and    
made known to the world4 ,to believe in 
,jesus ,christ is to accept ,him in all 
,his offices1 and to take home the      
truth which ,john had in view when he   
penned his ,gospel3 ,these are  written1
 that ye might believe that ,jesus is   
the ,christ1 the ,son of ,god2  and that
 believing ye might have life through   

his name4#jdg      ,,section #d4--;,,his
 ,,only ,,son      ,god is love4 ,love  
must have an object1 and from eternity  
the ,father was  not alone4 ,the        
only-begotten and well-beloved ,son was 
with ,him1 dwelt in  ,his bosom1 and    
shared ,his glory4 ,the ,filiation or   
,sonship of our ,lord  follows the      
statement of ,his proper name and the   
declaration of ,his  ,messiahship4 ,it  
is expressed in the designation1 ,only  
,son1 which is  ,his divine name1       
peculiar to ,himself1 incommunicable to 
any other being4  ,he is the ,son of the
 ,father1 and is ,his only ,son inasmuch
 as ,he alone  partakes of ,his ,divine 
nature1 and in this nature is the ,son4 
,the ,old  ,testament ,scriptures       
foretold that ,christ should be the ,son
 of ,god4 ,i  will declare the decree3  
the ,lord hath said unto me1 ,thou art  
my ,son2  this day have ,i begotten     
thee4#jdh ,isaiah wrote of ,him1 ,unto  
us a  child is born1 unto us a son is   
given3 and the government shall be upon 

his shoulder1 and his name shall be     
called ,wonderful1 ,counsellor1 the     
,mighty ,god1 the ,everlasting ,father1 
the ,prince of ,peace4#jdi ,the ,new    
,testament in various passages bears the
 same testimony4 ,in the  beginning1    
says ,john1 was the ,word1 and the ,word
 was with ,god1 and the  ,word was ,god2
 and the ,word1 he goes on to say1      
became flesh1 and  dwelt among us1 7and 
we beheld his glory1 glory as of the    
only begotten  from the ,father17 full  
of grace and truth4#jej ,the writer to  
the  ,hebrews makes a similar           
declaration3 ,god1 who at sundry times  
and in  divers manners spake in time    
past unto the fathers by the prophets1  
hath  in these last days spoken unto us 
by his ,son1 whom he hath appointed     
heir of all things1 by whom also he made
 the worlds2 who is the  brightness of  
his glory1 and the express image of his 
person4#jea ,it  has been noted that    
,christ1 in speaking to ,his disciples1 
never says  our ,father1 but either ,my 

,father1 or your ,father1 or both       
conjoined1 never leaving it to be       
inferred that ,god is in the same sense 
,his ,father and our ,father4 ,it       
appears from various passages in the    
,new  ,testament1 that when ,he came the
 ,jews identified ,messiah with the ,son
 of  ,god1 as when ,nathanael exclaimed1
 ,rabbi1 thou art the ,son of ,god2 thou
  art the ,king of ,israel2#jeb and when
 ,martha said1 ,i believe that thou  art
 the ,son of ,god1 which should come    
into the world4#jec ,he did not  first  
become the ,son of ,god when ,he took   
upon ,him the nature of man4 ,the       
,divine ,sonship existed in the         
beginning before ,he was the child of   
,mary1  the seed of the woman4 ,he was  
the ,son of ,god before the birth of    
,abraham3 before ,abraham was ,i am4#jed
 ,though ,john the ,baptist was  older  
than ,jesus1 and preceded ,him in ,his  
ministry1 ,jesus was yet  preferred in  
honour before him1 for he was before    
him4 ,the ,lord  possessed him in the   

beginning of his way1 before his works  
of  old4#jee ,in the relation of the    
,son to the ,father1 there is a mystery 
which we cannot solve4 ,who shall       
declare his generation8 ,earthly        
figures fail to set forth ,divine       
realities1 and as we are dependent upon 
human emblems for the conceptions we    
form of heavenly things1 we see  through
 a glass darkly4 ,but though we cannot  
fully understand the sense  in which our
 ,lord is the ,son of ,god1 we yet      
believe that ,he is so in a  manner     
analogous to that in which we are our   
fathers' sons--possessing  the same     
nature as ,his ,father1 and having that 
nature communicated to  ,him as the     
only-begotten ,son4 ,god has other sons4
 ,angels are termed sons  of ,god4 ,men 
are also ,his offspring1 and believers  
are now the sons of  ,god2 but ,jesus is
 ,god's son in a higher1 special1 and   
perfect sense4    ,that ,jesus claimed  
to be in this sense the ,son of ,god is 
clear from many  incidents in ,his      

history4 ,it was ostensibly on the      
ground that ,he  declared ,himself to be
 equal with ,god that ,he was arrested  
and  condemned by the ,jewish rulers4   
,the high priest put the question to    
,him  directly and solemnly1 ,i adjure  
thee by the living ,god1 that thou tell 
us whether thou be the ,christ1 the ,son
 of ,god4 ,the reply was distinct  and  
emphatic4 ,jesus said1 ,i am3 ,hereafter
 shall ye see the ,son of man  sitting  
on the right hand of power1 and coming  
in the clouds of  heaven4#jef ,there is 
no resisting the meaning which these    
words  convey4 ,the ,sonship they assert
 is very different from that which is   
implied when a mere man who fears ,god  
and keeps ,his commandments is said  to 
be a son of ,god4 ,it was a claim to the
 possession of ,divine  personality and 
power1 and was so understood by ,his    
accusers4 ,when  ,caiaphas heard the    
reply he accepted it in its full        
significance1  tearing his clothes and  
exclaiming1 ,he hath spoken blasphemy2  

what  further need have we of witnesses8
 behold1 now ye have heard his          
blasphemy4 ,what think ye8 ,they        
answered and said1 ,he is guilty of     
death4#jeg    ,his saying that ,he was  
the ,son of ,god was the blasphemy for  
which ,he  was condemned4 ,the horror1  
real or affected1 and the rent robes of 
the  high priest1 the verdict of the    
court1 and the contemptuous treatment to
  which ,jesus was afterwards subjected1
 leave no room for doubting that ,he    
declared ,himself to be the ,son of     
,god1 having at ,his disposal the powers
  of heaven and earth4      ,,section   
#e--,,our ,,lord      ,the last title of
 the ,second ,person is expressive of   
,his dominion4 ,the  name ,lord is the  
translation of a ,greek word1 which     
signifies ruling  or governing4 ,jesus  
,christ is not only a ,lord1 ,he rules  
by authority and  in a sense peculiar to
 ,himself1 so that ,he is commonly      
spoken of in the  ,new ,testament as the
 ,lord3 ,come1 see the place where the  

,lord  lay2#jeh ,they have taken the    
,lord out of the sepulchre2#jei ,i have 
received of the ,lord that which also ,i
 delivered unto you4 ,in the time  of   
,christ the title ,lord had for ,jews   
and ,jewish ,christians a special       
personal meaning4 ,the ,lord was in the 
,septuagint1 as it is still in  the     
,authorised ,english version of the ,old
 ,testament1 the translation of         
,jehovah4#jfj ,when1 therefore1 the     
,apostles used this title to  designate 
their ,master1 there is reason to think 
that they did so in the  full belief    
that ,he was one with the ,father4 ,this
 view is confirmed by  ,paul's          
statement4 ,to us there is but one ,god1
 the ,father1 of whom are  all things1  
and we in him2 and one ,lord ,jesus     
,christ1 by whom are all  things1 and we
 by him4#jfa ,as ,lord1 the government  
is upon ,his  shoulders1 ,his dominion  
is universal and ,his kingdom           
everlasting4 ,this  ,he claims for      
,himself ,all power is given unto me in 

heaven and in  earth2#jfb ,all things   
are delivered unto me of my ,father2#jfc
 ,the  ,father loveth the ,son1 and hath
 given all things into his hand4#jfd    
,god hath highly exalted him1 and given 
him a name above every name that  at the
 name of ,jesus every knee should bow1  
of things in heaven1 and  things in     
earth1 and things under the earth2 and  
that every tongue  should confess that  
,jesus ,christ is ,lord1 to the glory of
 ,god the  ,father4#jfe    ,while       
,christ is the ,lord of all1#jff the    
,creed yet sets forth the  truth that   
there is a special sense in which ,he is
 the ,lord of  believers1 our ,lord4    
,scripture recognises the existence in  
the universe of two great armies1       
marshalled under their respective       
leaders--one under the rule of ,jesus   
,christ1 the other under ,his adversary 
the ,devil1 otherwise termed ,satan1    
,apollyon1 and the ,old ,serpent4 ,these
 powers are in constant antagonism1  and
 every man takes his place in the army  

of ,christ or in that of ,satan4  ,those
 opposed to the ,lord are rebels who1   
except they repent1 must share  the doom
 of their leader in the place prepared  
for the devil and his  angels2 for ,he  
must reign until ,he hath put all ,his  
enemies under ,his  feet4 ,he is their  
,lord for their overthrow and           
destruction2 while to  those who are    
with ,him1--the called1 and chosen1 and 
faithful1#jfg--;,he is their ,lord to   
secure for them victory and  everlasting
 salvation4 ,when we use the expression 
our ,lord1 we declare  that we renounce 
other masters2 that we make no          
compromise with ,his  enemies1 and      
refuse to have fellowship with the      
unfruitful works of  darkness2 that1    
renouncing the ,devil and his works1    
rejecting the vain  pleasures1 pomps1   
and glories of the world1 and denying   
ourselves the  gratification of sinful  
desires1 we accept ,christ as our       
leader1 with  the determination         
expressed by the prophet1 ,o ,lord our  

,god1 other lords  beside thee have had 
dominion over us3 but by thee only will 
we make  mention of thy name4#jfh ,as   
the followers and subjects of an        
omnipotent1 righteous ,king we shall    
strive to bring into captivity  every   
thought to the obedience of ,christ4    
,it is noteworthy that a plural pronoun 
is used in this recognition of  ,christ 
as our ,lord1 while elsewhere throughout
 the ,creed the  confession of belief is
 personal1 ,i believe4 ,the plural form 
here  indicates that while in following 
,jesus we are separated from the world1 
we are gathered into the fellowship of  
the saints1 and are members of  the     
whole family in heaven and earth4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,article #c      ,who was conceived by 
the ,holy ,ghost1 born of the ,virgin   
,mary      ,the ,creed proceeds to      
declare belief in the doctrine of the   
,incarnation1  which is thus set forth  
in the ,shorter ,catechism3 ,christ1 the
 ,son of  ,god1 became man1 by taking to

 ,himself a true body1 and a reasonable 
soul1 being conceived by the power of   
the ,holy ,ghost1 in the womb of the    
,virgin ,mary1 and born of her1 yet     
without sin4#jfi    ,two ,evangelists   
record the miraculous birth of ,jesus4  
,mark and ,john do  not refer to it1 and
 their silence has led some opponents of
  ,christianity to discredit the        
statements of ,matthew and ,luke4 ,but  
while  there is no direct account given 
by ,mark or ,john of the miraculous     
conception and birth of ,jesus1 the fact
 of ,his ,divine descent is implied  in 
many portions of their ,gospels4 ,the   
words with which ,mark opens his        
narrative clearly express it1 ,the      
beginning of the gospel of ,jesus       
,christ1 the ,son of ,god2#jgj as does  
the statement he makes that at ,his     
baptism there came a voice from heaven  
saying1 ,thou art my beloved ,son1  in  
whom ,i am well pleased4#jga ,john is   
equally explicit in declaring  his      
belief in the ,divinity of ,jesus4 ,the 

opening words of his ,gospel  assert    
,his ,divine nature3 ,in the beginning  
was the ,word1 and the ,word  was with  
,god1 and the ,word was ,god4 ,the same 
was in the beginning with  ,god4 ,all   
things were made by him2 and without him
 was not anything made  that was        
made4#jgb    ,it is evident1 therefore1 
that each of the ,evangelists believed  
in the  ,divine origin of ,jesus1 for   
they would not have used such language  
regarding one who in their opinion was a
 mere man1 the son of ,joseph the       
carpenter and of ,mary his espoused     
wife4 ,matthew1 who wrote for ,jewish   
converts1 shows how fully the ,old      
,testament prophecy was accomplished    
that ,christ should be born1 not at     
,nazareth but at ,bethlehem1 and        
especially that ,isaiah's prophecy1     
,behold1 a virgin shall be with  child1 
and shall bring forth a son1 and they   
shall call his name  ,emmanuel1 which   
being interpreted is1 ,,god with us1#jgc
 was fulfilled  in the birth of ,jesus  

,christ4 ,luke1 who is termed by ,paul  
the beloved  physician1 gives the       
fullest account of the ,nativity4 ,his  
writings are  characterised by          
minuteness of detail and historical     
accuracy4 ,recent  investigations have  
shown that1 even in regard to matters   
about which he  was long thought to have
 been mistaken1 ,luke's statements are  
strictly  correct4#jgd    ,the story of 
the miraculous conception would not1    
without the strongest  corroborative    
evidence1 have commended itself to a man
 of his acumen  and his calling4 ,a     
physician by profession1 the companion  
of ,apostles1  and possessing singular  
penetration and sagacity1 he tells us   
that he  had received the facts he      
narrates from eye witnesses and         
competent  authorities4 ,for information
 as to the events connected with the    
birth  of her ,son1 ,luke would         
naturally have recourse to ,mary4 ,there
 is  evidence in his ,gospel that he had
 intimate knowledge of her private      

thoughts and actions4#jge ,lange1 in his
 ,life of ,jesus1 finds in the          
specialties of the narrative evidence of
 a woman's diction4#jgf ,be this  as it 
may1 the minuteness of detail1 the      
message of the angel ,gabriel1  the     
preservation of the sacred songs1 and of
 the thoughts and words of  the ,virgin1
 justify the belief that ,luke received 
his information from  herself4 ,when we 
find him assuring his friend ,theophilus
 that he himself  had perfect           
understanding of all things from the    
very first1 the  inference is natural   
that his information was obtained from  
the most  trustworthy sources4 ,there is
 no reason to doubt that ,mary was      
associated with the ,apostles of her    
,son1 and had opportunities of          
imparting information regarding ,him    
which no other could supply ,luke's     
account corresponds with that of ,john1 
to whose care ,jesus from the  ,cross   
committed ,his mother1 and who from that
 time took her unto his  own home4#jgg  

,it does not necessarily follow1 even if
 the information was supplied by  ,mary1
 that it is therefore to be accepted as 
true4 ,human witnesses are  not         
infallible or invariably honest1 and it 
is conceivable that ,mary may  have been
 a dreamer or a deceiver4 ,this article 
of the ,creed1  contradicting as it does
 the ordinary course of nature1 stands  
in need  of more than a historic        
statement4 ,jesus admitted that if ,his 
claims had  been supported by no other  
evidence than ,his own word1 the ,jews  
would  have had excuse for hesitating to
 accept ,him4 ,if1 said ,he1 ,i bear    
witness of myself1 my witness is not    
true1#jgh and therefore ,he  appealed to
 the testimony borne to ,his            
,messiahship by ,his ,father1 by  ,john 
the ,baptist1 by ,his miracles1 and by  
,his life4 ,all the evidence by  which  
the ,divine nature and mission of ,jesus
 were accredited goes to  support the   
account of ,his super natural birth4    
,that ,jesus was born of ,mary is a     

plain historic truth to which all must  
accord belief4 ,yes1 said ,renan1 who   
did not regard ,christ as the ,son  of  
,god1 this story of ,jesus is no fable1 
but a true history ,christ  really      
lived4 ,the miraculous birth was a      
fulfilment of prophecy4 ,when  the angel
 told ,mary that the child to be born of
 her would be the ,son of  ,god1 he     
cited ,isaiah's prophecy for the        
confirmation of her faith1 and  indeed  
the same truth had been foreshadowed    
when the promise was given  to ,eve that
 her seed should bruise the head of the 
serpent4 ,the first  ,adam had no human 
father4 ,he was the ,son of ,god4 ,it   
was therefore  fitting that the second  
,adam should resemble the first in this 
respect1  being in a sense infinitely   
higher than our first father the ,son of
 ,god1  ,his only ,son4 ,it was fitting 
too that ,he who was to assume the      
nature1  not of any branch of the human 
family but of universal man1 should be  
conceived by the ,holy ,ghost4 ,other   

faiths than ,christianity are limited   
in their adaptation to races4 ,the      
religion of ,mahomet is not practicable 
save in ,eastern latitudes4 ,the ,koran 
enjoins as duties practices that  cannot
 be carried out in ,western countries4  
,the faiths of ,brahma and  ,buddha find
 followers only under ,eastern skies1   
and even ,judaism  required observances 
which could be rendered at ,jerusalem   
only4 ,all  faiths but ,christianity are
 narrowed down by the nationalities of  
their  founders or adherents4 ,it is    
otherwise with the religion of ,jesus of
  ,nazareth4 ,he came from ,god with a  
mission and a message for the world4    
,in comparison with the severe          
requirements of the law and the grievous
  exactions of religions devised by men1
 ,his yoke is easy and ,his burden  is  
light4 ,with ,him there is neither      
,greek nor ,jew1 circumcision nor       
uncircumcision1 ,barbarian1 ,scythian1  
bond nor free4#jgi ,with ,him there  are
 no distinctions of sect1 or country1 or

 caste4 ,in every nation he  that       
feareth ,god and worketh righteousness  
is accepted with him4#jhj    ,in being  
born1 ,jesus assumed the nature of      
humanity1 and1 in so doing1  more than  
restored to man the likeness to ,god    
which our first parents  lost1 for      
themselves and their descendants1       
through the ,fall4 ,he thereby  made it 
possible for ,god to dwell with man1 and
 for man to rise into  communion with   
,god4 ,sin had effaced the ,divine      
image1 and no other than  the ,son of   
,god could give back to men the power to
 reflect in their own  lives the        
character of ,god4 ,his possession of   
the human nature gives us  confidence in
 approaching ,him1 by assuring us of    
,his brotherhood and  sympathy2 while   
,his possession of the ,divine nature   
assures us that ,he  can make ,his      
brotherhood and sympathy effectual4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,article #d      ,suffered under       
,pontius ,pilate1 was crucified1 dead1  

and buried    ,,section #a4--,,suffered 
,,under ,,pontius ,,pilate      ,the    
preceding articles of the ,creed appeal 
to faith4 ,they so far  transcend reason
 that they can be apprehended only when 
reason is  sustained by faith4 ,this    
article1 which affirms that ,jesus      
suffered  under ,pontius ,pilate1 was   
crucified1 dead1 and buried1 is a simple
  historical statement4 ,pilate is a    
historic person1 the details of whose   
life are recorded1 not in the ,gospels  
only1 but in secular history4  ,josephus
 records several incidents in the life  
of ,pilate which are  strikingly in     
accordance with his character as set    
forth in the ,gospels4  ,tacitus1 a     
,roman historian1 who wrote his ,annals 
soon after the  crucifixion of ,jesus1  
relates that1 while ,pilate was governor
 of ,judaea1  ,jesus ,christ was put to 
death4 ,the testimony of the ,gospels   
and the  statement of the ,creed are    
thus confirmed by the ,roman and the    
,jewish  historians4 ,but1 indeed1 the  

event itself is not the subject of      
controversy4 ,it is the conclusions     
drawn from it by the followers of       
,christ that are disputed4 ,christ      
crucified1 to the ,jews a               
stumbling-block1 and to the ,greeks     
foolishness1#jha still raises           
opposition and kindles hostility4       
,the name of ,pilate is inserted not    
with the view of branding him with      
infamy1 but in order to fix the date of 
the crucifixion of ,jesus4 ,it is  the  
only intimation of the time of ,his     
death that the ,creed contains4 ,it     
states that ,he was born1 and that ,his 
mother was the ,virgin ,mary1 and       
beyond this reference to ,pilate there  
is no intimation as to the time of  the 
nativity or the death4 ,bishop ,pearson 
writes3--,as the ,son of ,god1  by ,his 
deliberate counsel1 was sent into the   
world to die in the fulness  of time1 so
 it concerns the ,church to know the    
time in which ,he died4  ,and because   
the ancient custom of the world was to  

make computations by  the governors1 and
 refer their historical relations to the
 respective  times of their government1 
therefore1 that we might be properly    
assured  of the actions of our ,saviour 
which ,he did1 and of ,his              
sufferings1--that  is the actions which 
others did to ,him1--the present        
governor is named  in that form of      
speech which is proper to such          
historical or  chronological narrations 
when we affirm that ,he suffered under  
,pontius  ,pilate4#jhb ,from stating the
 birth of ,christ1 the ,creed passes by 
what  at first sight may seem an abrupt 
transition to ,his suffering1           
crucifixion1 and death4 ,there is no    
reference to ,his life or works1  though
 these differed so widely from those of 
ordinary men4 ,the reason  seems to be  
that the end for which ,he came into the
 world was to suffer  and die4 ,although
 ,he spake as never man spake1 and did  
the works no  other man did1 it was not 
in the first place to teach or to work  

miracles that ,he emptied ,himself of   
,his glory and came to earth1 but in    
order to suffer and die in the room and 
stead of sinners4 ,others had  been     
prophets and teachers1 others had worked
 miracles1 others had done  good in     
their day and generation1 but none save 
,jesus had come in his  own name or     
wielded power so marvellous as ,his4 ,no
 one could share with  ,him the work of 
suffering and dying for sinners4 ,he was
 lifted up that  ,he might draw all men 
unto ,him4 ,he suffered the just for the
 unjust1  that he might bring us to     
,god4#jhc ,on the cross ,he tasted death
 for  every man1 and made a sacrificial 
atonement for the sins of the world4    
,he was wounded for our transgressions1 
he was bruised for our  iniquities3 the 
chastisement of our peace was upon him2 
and with his  stripes we are healed4#jhd
 ,his dying was the leading thought and 
purpose of ,his life4 ,those who were   
with ,him fixed their eyes on ,his      
greatness as manifested in ,his wisdom  

and miracles1 and looked for ,his       
setting up a kingdom of this world1 but 
,he ,himself from the very  beginning   
knew that the path to be traversed by   
,him was one of agony and  death4 ,he   
was straitened until this baptism of    
suffering should be  accomplished4#jhe  
,at ,his first ,passover ,he had        
intimated that1 as ,moses  lifted up the
 serpent in the wilderness1 so the ,son 
of ,man should be  lifted up4 ,he used  
this expression lifted up three times1  
and an  ,evangelist gives the           
explanation3 ,this he said1 signifying  
what death  he should die4#jhf ,again   
and again ,he told the disciples that   
,he had  come to give ,his life a ransom
 for many1 that ,he was to be betrayed  
and  killed1 that as the ,good ,shepherd
 ,he would give ,his life for the       
sheep4#jhg ,he intimated that ,his death
 was in accordance with the  deliberate 
counsel and foreknowledge of ,his       
,father1 and with ,his own  free and    
full assent3 ,therefore doth my ,father 

love me1 because ,i lay  down my        
life4#jhh ,and when betrayal and        
apprehension brought ,his  ministry to a
 close1 ,he would allow no sword to be  
drawn in ,his defence1  but was brought 
as a lamb to the slaughter1 and as a    
sheep before her  shearers is dumb1 so  
he opened not his mouth4#jhi    ,the    
views which the ,jews entertained with  
regard to the triumphant  progress of   
,messiah did not accord with the        
statements of their  prophets4 ,the     
sacred writers who foretold ,his coming 
pointed indeed to  victory as the       
ultimate issue of ,his mission1 but they
 also clearly  associated ,his life with
 conflict and suffering4 ,from the first
  intimation of a ,deliverer1 which     
spoke of a heel bruised by man's        
malignant adversary1 there was indicated
 in every type and prophecy the  truth  
that ,messiah was to be a man of sorrows
 and acquainted with  grief1 whose      
triumph was to be achieved through      
suffering4 ,the  expectation current    

among the ,jews that deliverance would  
be wrought by  ,messiah1 without        
humiliation or suffering1 showed that   
they  misinterpreted the messages of the
 prophets4 ,familiar with the letter1   
they failed to grasp the spirit of the  
prophetical writings4 ,jesus laid  this 
ignorance to their charge when ,he said 
to them1 ,ye do err1 not  knowing the   
scriptures2#jij and ,he upbraided the   
two disciples on the  way to ,emmaus    
because they had failed to discover that
 their ,redeemer's  glory was to be won 
through conflict3 ,o fools1 and slow of 
heart to  believe all that the prophets 
have spoken3 ought not ,christ to have  
suffered these things1 and to enter into
 ,his glory8#jia    ,the suffering which
 ,jesus endured was both bodily and     
spiritual4  ,persecution followed ,him  
as a babe3 ,herod sought to slay ,him1  
and ,joseph  and ,mary had to flee into 
,egypt4#jib ,he was despised and        
rejected by  ,his countrymen4 ,his      
claims were refused by ,his kinsmen4 ,he

 endured the  contradiction of          
sinners4#jic ,he took our infirmities   
and bare our  sicknesses4 ,he hungered  
and thirsted and was weary2 ,he was spit
 upon1  buffeted1 and scourged4 ,the    
cross on which ,he was to suffer was    
laid  upon ,his shoulders1 till ,his    
exhausted frame broke down2 and on      
,calvary  a thorny crown was set upon   
,his brow1 and the cruel nails pierced  
,his  hands and ,his feet4 ,but the     
sorrow within ,his soul was worse to    
bear  than bodily buffering4 ,travail of
 soul was the consummation of ,his      
afflictions1 and while we do not read of
 a groan wrung from ,him by  bodily     
torture1 soul-trouble led ,him to ask   
,his ,father with strong  crying and    
tears1 as ,his frame was agonized and   
,his sweat was like  drops of blood--,if
 it be possible1 let this cup pass from 
me4#jid ,as  man's ,saviour ,jesus was  
made perfect through suffering4#jie ,we 
have  not an high priest which cannot be
 touched with the feeling of our        

infirmities2 but was in all points      
tempted like as we are1 yet without     
sin4#jif ,the world is full of          
suffering1 and ,he alone can understand 
and sympathise with it who has          
experienced it4 ,it is the knowledge    
that  their ,divine ,saviour is their   
,brother-man that gives to believing    
sufferers boldness and confidence as    
they draw nigh to the throne of  grace4 
,,section #b4--,,was ,,crucified        
,prophecy in the sense of prediction is 
a very interesting and important  branch
 of ,christian evidence4 ,old ,testament
 prophets foretold minute  events in the
 history of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1   
such as ,his lineal  descent1 the place 
and time of ,his birth1 its miraculous  
character1 ,his  death1 ,his burial1    
,his three days' sojourn in the         
sepulchre1 the casting  of lots for ,his
 raiment1 the piercing of ,his hands and
 feet1 ,his last  exclamation1 ,his     
resurrection and ascension4 ,whatever   
view may be taken  as to the dates of   

the various books of ,scripture1 it must
 be admitted  that the whole body of the
 ,old ,testament was in circulation     
among the  ,jews hundreds of years      
before the birth of ,christ4 ,there can 
be no doubt  that these prophecies were 
separated by great distance in time from
 the  events predicted4 ,even the       
,septuagint ,version1 which is a ,greek 
translation from the original ,hebrew   
,scriptures1 existed at ,alexandria     
about two hundred years before ,his     
advent4    ,one of the most striking    
features of ,old ,testament prediction  
is its  bearing upon the closing scenes 
of ,christ's history4 ,in its types as  
well as in its prophecies ,his death was
 foreshadowed1 and the  humiliating and 
ignominious treatment to which ,he was  
subjected minutely  described4 ,the     
predictions involved events that        
appeared contradictory  and paradoxical 
until their fulfilment furnished the    
key4 ,he ,himself  told the disciples   
again and again that ,he should be      

crucified4 ,this  form of execution was 
a ,roman punishment reserved for slaves 
and the  vilest criminals2 and the fact 
that ,jesus was subjected to it depended
  on a combination of events which no   
mere human sagacity could have          
foreseen4 ,it required that1 though he  
should be apprehended1 accused1  tried1 
and found guilty by ,jews1 ,his         
death-sentence should be inflicted  by  
,gentiles2 that the ,roman governor of  
,judaea should1 against his  better     
judgment1 surrender to the clamorous cry
 of a mob who demanded  that the        
prisoner should be crucified4 ,it       
required that the betrayal and          
condemnation of ,jesus should take place
 during the ,passover week1 when  it was
 unlawful for the ,jews to put any man  
to death4 ,the excuse of the  ,jewish   
rulers1 that they could not inflict     
death1 did not mean that this  power had
 been withdrawn from them1 but that it  
was against their law to  exercise it   
then4 ,had the season been different1   

had the ,jews themselves  carried out   
the sentence of death1 it would have    
been accomplished not  by crucifixion1  
but by stoning4 ,such an execution would
 not have  fulfilled prophecy or have   
been associated with the ignominy that  
marked  the ,roman death-penalty4 ,thus 
the ,scripture was fulfilled in ,him1   
,cursed is every one that hangeth on a  
tree4#jig ,there is but one  explanation
 that meets these facts1 which is that  
they were directed by  the counsel and  
foreknowledge of ,god1 and that holy men
 of ,god spake as  they were moved by   
the ,holy ,ghost4    ,the death of      
,jesus by crucifixion fulfilled in a    
wonderful manner the  types and figures 
of the ,old ,testament4 ,he applied the 
type of the  brazen serpent to ,his     
death on the cross on which ,he was to  
be lifted  up1 and from which ,he was to
 exercise ,his healing power on those   
whom  sin had bitten4 ,the surrender of 
,isaac by ,abraham1 when he that had    
received the promises offered up his    

only begotten son1 prefigured the       
unspeakable gift by the ,father1 who    
spared not ,his own ,son1 and the       
self-surrender of the ,son1 who gave    
,himself for us4 ,as ,isaac went forth  
bearing the wood on which he was to be  
offered1 he was a type of ,him who  went
 forth from ,jerusalem to ,calvary      
bearing ,his cross4 ,had ,his sentence  
been any other than death by            
crucifixion1 ,he would not have come    
under  the doom which required that a   
prisoner should bear his cross4 ,the    
,paschal ,lamb1 of which not a bone was 
to be broken1 prefigured the  ,antitype 
in ,his exemption from the treatment to 
which the two thieves  crucified with   
,him were subjected4 ,in crucifixion ,he
 was numbered with  the transgressors   
and associated with accursed criminals1 
and so  prophecy received fulfilment4   
,it is a standing testimony at once to  
the reality of ,christ's suffering1  and
 to the power which ,he exercises over  
men's minds and consciences1  that from 

being associated with shame and scorn1  
the sign of the cross  has been elevated
 to the highest place of honour and     
dignity4 ,through  his reverence for    
,jesus1 ,constantine the ,great1 the    
first ,christian  ,emperor of ,rome1    
abolished crucifixion4 ,it is recognised
 that through  ,christ's death upon the 
cross man obtains all that makes life   
precious4  ,instead of being regarded   
with scorn1 a cross is the coveted      
emblem now  of valour and exalted       
achievement4 ,the instrument wherewith  
capital  punishment was inflicted on    
abandoned criminals has come to be an   
ornament of monarchs4 ,such a change is 
to be explained only by the fact  that  
it is the sign of ,christ's redeeming   
sacrifice1 and that to  multitudes who  
glory in the ,cross1 ,he who suffered   
the painful death on  ,calvary is the   
power of ,god and the wisdom of ,god    
unto salvation4      ,,section          
#c4--;,,dead      ,the death of ,jesus  
,christ was the result of ,his being    

crucified4 ,when ,he  died1 the great   
sacrifice for the sins of the world was 
accomplished4  ,death was necessary for 
the completion of ,his work1 and this   
was the  fact most prominent in ,old    
,testament type and prophecy4 ,without  
shedding of blood is no remission1#jih  
and it was to ,his death as the         
procuring cause of salvation that the   
,apostles directed their converts4  ,to 
the ,corinthians ,paul wrote1 ,i        
delivered unto you first of all that    
which ,i also received1 how that ,christ
 died for our sins according to  the    
scriptures4#jii ,it was necessary that  
the lamb which formed the  chief part of
 the ,passover meal should be slain1 and
 so ,messiah was  brought as a lamb to  
the slaughter1 and when ,john saw ,him  
in vision it  was as a ,lamb that had   
been slain4#ajj ,it is the death of     
,jesus that we  commemorate in the      
,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,the 
bread represents  ,his body broken for  
us2 the wine1 ,his blood which was shed 

for many  for the remission of sins4#aja
 ,we are reconciled to ,god by the death
  of ,his ,son4#ajb ,we have redemption 
through his blood1 even the  forgiveness
 of sins4#ajc ,statements such as these 
fail to convey any  meaning if ,christ  
did not really die on the cross1 or if  
salvation comes  to us in any other way 
than through ,his death as an atoning   
sacrifice4  ,of the reality of the death
 there is abundant evidence4 ,it is     
recorded  that1 after six hours of      
suffering on the cross1 ,jesus gave up  
the  ghost4 ,the soldiers did not break 
,his legs as they did in the case of    
the malefactors1 because they saw and   
pronounced ,him dead already2 but  one  
of them inflicted a spear-wound with a  
force that would have caused  death had 
any life remained4 ,the result was an   
outflow of blood and  water1 of itself  
sufficient evidence that death had done 
its work upon  the ,sufferer4 ,before   
,pilate permitted the body of ,jesus to 
be delivered  to ,joseph1 he was careful

 to make sure1 by questioning the       
centurion in  charge1 that the wonderful
 prisoner who had caused him so great   
anxiety  was dead4 ,thus ,messiah was   
cut off1 but not for ,himself4 ,he stood
 in the  room and stead of sinners1 and1
 though ,himself without sin1 ,he tasted
  death for every man4 ,he was delivered
 for our offences4 ,the ,lord laid  on  
him the iniquity of us all4 ,his death  
was not the result of  unavoidable      
circumstances1 for it pleased the ,lord 
to bruise ,him2 and  ,his sacrifice was 
voluntary1 for ,he said1 ,i lay down my 
life 444 no man  taketh it from me4#ajd 
,the penalty of death which ,he endured 
did not  pertain to ,him but to those   
for whom ,he died4 ,he bore our sins in 
his  own body on the tree4#aje ,we are  
justified by his blood4#ajf ,god  hath  
set him forth to be a propitiation      
through faith in his blood1 to  declare 
his righteousness for the remission of  
sins that are past1  through the        
forbearance of ,god 444 that he might be

 just1 and the  justifier of him that   
believeth in ,jesus4#ajg ,therefore as  
by the  offence of one judgment came    
upon all men to condemnation2 even so by
  the righteousness of one the free gift
 came upon all men to  justification of 
life4 ,for as by one man's disobedience 
many were made  sinners1 so by the      
obedience of one shall many be made     
righteous4#ajh    ,in the statement that
 ,jesus ,christ was dead1 the ,creed    
affirms the  reality of ,christ's death 
in opposition to certain early heretics1
 the  ,docetae1 who said that ,his death
 was not real but only apparent4 ,a     
similar view has been adopted by some   
modern writers1 who assert that  what   
the witnesses of the crucifixion saw was
 not death but a swoon1  from which1    
through the ministry of ,his disciples1 
,jesus was restored  after ,he had been 
taken down from the cross4 ,it is urged 
in support of  this view that a         
crucified criminal did not usually die  
as ,jesus is said  to have died1 six    

hours after ,he was crucified1 but      
lingered on for  days1 before being     
relieved from his sufferings by death4  
,jesus' legs  were not broken by the    
soldiers1 because they believed ,him to 
be dead1  but--say those who deny the   
reality of the death--the soldiers were 
mistaken1 the seeming lifelessness was  
not real1 and recovery soon  followed1  
so complete that ,he was able to appear 
in public on the third  day4    ,in     
considering this statement1 we must take
 into account the physical  condition of
 ,jesus when ,he was crucified4 ,on the 
night of ,his betrayal1  and after ,his 
apprehension1 ,he had been subjected to 
intense suffering  in body and to sorrow
 of soul such as human thought cannot   
conceive4 ,in  ,gethsemane ,he had      
passed through an experience of agony   
from which ,he  must have risen         
weakened1 to endure new forms of        
suffering4 ,he had been  scourged by    
,roman soldiers1 whose cruel loaded     
weapons inflicted wounds  that left deep

 scars upon ,his flesh and caused       
intense pain and  exhaustion4 ,his hands
 and feet had been fixed to the cross   
with nails4  ,he had been crowned with  
thorns and mocked and hooted by a       
reckless mob4  ,he had been hurried from
 the ,sanhedrim to the ,judgment-hall1  
and had  carried the cross until ,he    
sank beneath its weight4 ,he had for six
 hours  endured intense suffering from  
pain and thirst1 and when1 after a      
strong  ,roman soldier had thrust a     
spear into ,his side1 ,he was taken down
 from  the cross1 and declared by the   
centurion and his company to be dead1   
,he  was laid without food1 and remained
 for two nights and a day1 in a cold    
rock-sepulchre1 whose door was barred by
 a great stone1 sealed1 and  guarded by 
soldiers4 ,suppose for a moment that    
,jesus had survived this  terrible      
ordeal of suffering1 and that1 having   
eluded ,his ,roman guard  and ,his      
,jewish persecutors1 ,he had again      
entered into ,jerusalem1 it must  have  

been as a weak1 disabled invalid1 not as
 a man possessing normal  strength and  
vigour4 ,yet on the third day ,he showed
 ,himself alive1  bearing no traces of  
the suffering ,he had endured except the
 marks of  ,his wounds4 ,the feet that  
had been pierced bore ,him from         
,jerusalem to  ,emmaus1 a journey of    
threescore furlongs2 and ,he passed from
 place to  place with a swiftness of    
movement and a superiority to obstacles 
that  filled the disciples with         
amazement4    ,in the light of these    
facts1 the view we have been considering
 is  utterly untenable4 ,it is no matter
 for wonder that ,jesus1 after such     
exhaustion1 died six hours after ,he had
 been lifted up on the cross4 ,the      
circumstances which preceded ,his dying 
are not consistent with the  opinion    
that while in the sepulchre ,he         
recovered from a swoon4 ,it is not      
possible to conceive that a man1 wounded
 and bruised--,his hands1 feet1  and    
side pierced with nails and spear--could

 appear so soon1 bright and  radiant1   
strong and vigorous1 undistressed by    
pain or weakness1 and  possessing power 
of movement not only restored1 but      
marvellously  augmented4 ,if ,jesus was 
not really dead1 no explanation can be  
given  of ,his disappearance from       
history4 ,if ,he had really lived as a  
man after  ,his crucifixion1 we should  
have looked for a fresh outbreak of     
persecution directed against ,him4 ,we  
have ,his own testimony by the  ,spirit1
 ,i am he that liveth1 and was dead4#aji
      ,,section #d4--;,,and ,,buried    
,isaiah thus prophesied regarding the   
burial of the ,messiah3 ,he was cut  off
 out of the land of the living 444 and  
he made his grave with the  wicked1 and 
with the rich in his death4#aaj ,in     
ordinary circumstances1  the body of a  
crucified person would not have received
 burial4 ,it was  the ,roman custom to  
leave the bodies of slaves and          
criminals1 who alone  were subjected to 
this punishment1 suspended on the cross1

 a prey to  beasts and birds1 and when  
these and the elements had done their   
work  upon the flesh1 the remains were  
ignominiously cast out4 ,the ,jews1 who 
inflicted capital punishment not by     
crucifixion but by stoning1 did not     
thus deal with the bodies of            
malefactors2 but1 as the law directed1  
gave  them burial on the night of       
execution4#aaa ,the presence of dead    
bodies  in the neighbourhood of         
,jerusalem during the ,passover festival
 was  regarded as a defilement1 and     
steps were taken to have those of ,jesus
  and the malefactors removed4 ,the     
,jews could not themselves dispose of   
the bodies1 because they would have     
sustained pollution by contact with     
them1 and also because they had made    
over to the ,romans the execution of    
the death-sentence4 ,the ,jews          
therefore1 because it was the           
preparation1  that the bodies should not
 remain upon the cross on the ,sabbath  
day1  7for that ,sabbath day was an high

 day17 besought ,pilate that their legs 
might be broken1 and that they might be 
taken away4#aab ,this request  was      
granted1 but1 through the interposition 
of ,joseph1 a rich man of               
,arimathaea--to whom1 as a member of the
 supreme council1 the resolution  for   
the removal of the bodies would be      
known--that of ,jesus escaped the       
ignominious treatment to which the      
others were subjected4 ,he came and     
went in boldly unto ,pilate and craved  
the body of ,jesus1 securing for it  an 
honourable burial such as the ,jews had 
not contemplated4 ,pilate  gave the body
 to ,joseph1 and he bought fine linen1  
and took ,him down  and wrapped ,him in 
the linen and laid ,him in a sepulchre1 
which was hewn  out of a rock4#aac      
,it was a new sepulchre1 where never man
 had yet lain4#aad ,in ,joseph's  holy  
task there was associated with him      
,nicodemus1 who brought costly  spices  
wherewith to embalm the body1 as the    
manner of the ,jews is to  bury4 ,the   

disciples of ,jesus do not appear to    
have shared in this work1  which was    
watched from a distance by certain women
 from ,galilee1 who  followed and saw   
where ,he was laid4 ,they1 too1 made    
ready spices and  ointment with which to
 honour the body of the ,lord2 but when 
they came  to the tomb on the morning of
 the first day of the week1 they found  
it  empty1 for ,jesus had risen4 ,it is 
not without meaning that the tomb in    
which the body of ,jesus was laid was a 
new one4 ,it was thus impossible  to    
affirm that any other than ,he had      
opened a way out of its dark  recess1   
the conqueror of death4    ,such was the
 wonderful combination of circumstances 
that led to the  fulfilment of ,isaiah's
 prophecy1 ,he made his grave with the  
wicked1 and  with the rich in his death4
 ,the ,jews desired that ,he should be  
buried  with the wicked4 ,when they     
besought ,pilate to remove the bodies1  
they  wished that ,jesus and the        
malefactors should be laid together4 ,if

 the  ,jewish rulers had not parted with
 their right to dispose of the bodies1  
the three who had been crucified        
together would have been consigned to   
the burying-ground set apart for the    
interment of ,jewish criminals2 but  it 
was the ,divine decree that ,jesus      
should make ,his grave with the rich1   
and therefore the event was so overruled
 that the bodies of ,jesus and  the     
malefactors were at the disposal not of 
the ,jews1 but of the ,roman  governor1 
who delivered the body of ,jesus to the 
rich ,joseph4 ,while1  therefore1 ,jesus
 was executed in such a way that1 but   
for the  intervention of the ,jews and  
,pilate and ,joseph1 ,he would have been
  buried with criminals1 he made his    
grave with the rich in his death4  ,thus
 ,he who had humbled ,himself in dying  
was honoured in ,his burial4  ,joseph   
and ,nicodemus were timid men4 ,the one 
was a secret disciple and  the other1   
through fear of the ,jews1 came to      
,jesus by night4 ,though  members of the

 ,sanhedrim1 they had lacked courage to 
defend ,jesus when  ,he was under trial2
 but now1 grown bold1 they identified   
themselves with  ,him4    ,the sepulchre
 was carefully watched4 ,the ,jews1     
thinking that they might  hear something
 about the resurrection of ,him whom    
they called that  deceiver1 went to     
,pilate and made known their fear that  
the disciples  would steal ,his body and
 say that ,he had risen from the        
dead4#aae ,the  ,roman governor made    
light of their apprehension1 and said to
 them1  perhaps sarcastically1 ,ye have 
a watch3 make it as sure as ye can4 ,so 
they went1 and made the sepulchre sure1 
sealing the stone1 and setting a        
watch1#aaf--proceedings which eventually
 furnished strong confirmation  of the  
reality of ,christ's death1 burial1 and 
resurrection4             99       99   
99       99       99          ,,article 
#e      ,he descended into hell2 the    
third day ,he rose again from the dead  
,,section #a4--;,,he ,,descended ,,into 

,,hell      ,it is somewhat startling to
 find in the ,creed this statement      
regarding  our ,lord1 ,he descended into
 hell4 ,the clause1 which was one of the
  latest admitted into the ,creed1 was  
derived from another creed known as     
that of ,aquileia1 compiled in the      
fourth century4 ,it does not appear in  
the ,nicene ,creed1 but it has a place  
in the ,thirty-nine ,articles of the    
,church of ,england1 where we read1 ,as 
,christ died for us1 and was  buried1 so
 also it is to be believed that ,he went
 down into ,hell4 ,the  ,westminster    
,divines1 who gave the ,creed a place at
 the close of their  ,shorter           
,catechism1 appended a note explanatory 
of the clause to this  effect1 ,that is1
 continued in the state of the dead1 and
 under the  power of death1 until the   
third day4    ,the word hell is used in 
various senses in the ,old ,testament4  
,sometimes it means the grave1 sometimes
 the abode of departed spirits          
irrespective of character1 sometimes the

 place in which the wicked are          
punished4    ,in the ,english ,new      
,testament1 also1 the word hell has not 
in every  place the same meaning4 ,it   
represents two different nouns in the   
original ,greek--,gehenna and ,hades4   
,gehenna was the name of a deep1  narrow
 valley1 bordered by precipitous rocks1 
in the neighbourhood of  ,jerusalem1    
which had been desecrated by human      
sacrifices in the time of  idolatrous   
kings1 and afterwards became the        
depository of city refuse  and of the   
offal of the temple sacrifices4 ,the    
other noun1 rendered by  the same       
,english word ,hell1 is ,hades1 which   
means covered1  unseen or hidden4 ,hades
 is the abode of disembodied spirits    
until  the resurrection4 ,the ,jews     
believed it to consist of two parts1 one
  blissful1 which they termed           
,paradise--the abode of the faithful2   
the  other ,gehenna1 in which the wicked
 are retained for judgment4 ,lazarus    
and ,dives were both in ,hades1 but     

separated from each other by an         
impassable gulf1 the one in an abode of 
comfort1 the other in a place of        
torment4#aag    ,as long as the spirit  
tabernacles in the body there are tokens
 of its  presence in the visible life   
which is sustained through its union    
with  the body4 ,but when it departs    
from its dwelling-place in the flesh1   
death and corruption begin their work on
 the body4 ,death is complete  only when
 the spirit has departed1 and it is     
probable that this  statement in the    
,creed was meant to express in the      
fullest terms that  ,christ's death was 
real4 ,as man ,he had taken to ,himself 
a true body and  a reasonable soul1 and 
when ,his body was crucified and dead1  
,his spirit  passed1 as other human     
spirits pass at death1 into ,hades4 ,it 
is not  without a meaning that we read1 
,when ,jesus had cried with a loud      
voice1  he gave up the ghost4#aah ,ghost
 is simply spirit1 and in ,his case1 as 
in that of every man1 there was a true  

departure of the soul from the  body at 
death4 ,it was with ,his spirit that    
,his last thought in life was  occupied4
 ,he knew that though it was to depart  
from the battered1  bruised tabernacle  
of ,his body1 it was not to pass out of 
,his ,father's  sight or ,his ,father's 
care4 ,father1 into thy hands ,i commend
 my  spirit1#aai were ,his last words on
 the cross4    ,the descent into hell is
 not referred to in the ,westminster    
,confession1  but in the ,larger        
,catechism this statement is found3     
,christ's  humiliation after ,his death 
consisted in ,his being buried1 and     
continuing in the state of the dead1 and
 under the power of death1 till  the    
third day1 which hath been otherwise    
expressed in these words1 ',he          
descended into hell'#abj ,what the      
,westminster ,divines meant was1 that   
while ,christ's body was laid in the    
grave ,his spirit passed from the       
visible to the invisible world1 that1 as
 ,he shared the common lot of men  in   

the death and burial of ,his body1 so   
,he shared their common lot in  passing 
as a spirit into the abode of spirits4  
,the statement of this  clause follows  
naturally what is said of the body of   
,jesus in that which  precedes it4 ,as  
,his body was crucified1 dead1 and      
buried1 so ,his spirit  passed into the 
abode of spirits4 ,in all things it     
behoved him to be  made like unto ,his  
brethren4#aba    ,those who maintain    
that the spirit of ,christ descended    
into hell in a  sense peculiar to       
,himself1 ground their opinion upon     
certain passages of  ,scripture4 ,psalm 
xvi4 #aj--,thou wilt not leave my soul  
in hell1 nor wilt  thou suffer thine    
,holy ,one to see corruption--is quoted 
in support of  this opinion1 but does   
not really justify it4 ,it expresses the
  confidence of the speaker1 that ,god  
will not deliver ,his soul to the  power
 of ,sheol 7the ,hebrew word equivalent 
to the ,greek ,hades71 or  suffer ,his  
body to see corruption1 and in this     

sense the passage is  quoted by ,peter1 
as a proof from prophecy of the         
resurrection of ,christ4  ,ephesians iv4
 #i is also regarded as giving sanction 
to this view--,now  that he ascended1   
what is it but that he also descended   
first into the  lower parts of the      
earth8 ,by the lower parts of the earth 
some  understand parts lower than the   
earth1 but such a view rests on a       
strained interpretation of the passage4 
,paul's argument is that ascent  to     
heaven must have been made by one who1  
before ascending1 was below4  ,christ   
had come down from heaven to earth1 and 
was below therefore1 he  argues1 ,christ
 is the subject of the prophecy he has  
quoted4 ,he it was  that hid ascended up
 on high1 not the ,father1 who is       
everywhere4#abb    ,in ,isaiah xliv4 #bc
 we have corroboration of this view3    
,sing1 ,o ye  heavens 444 shout1 ye     
lower parts of the earth4 ,here lower   
parts  means simply the earth beneath2  
that is1 beneath the heavens4    ,the   

most difficult and important passage    
bearing on the clause is #a  ,peter iii4
 #ah1 #ai4 ,being put to death in the   
flesh1 but quickened by  the spirit by  
which also he went and preached to the  
spirits in prison4  ,in the ,revised    
,version the rendering is not by but in1
 which  referring to the word           
spirit1--not the third ,person of the   
,godhead1  but the human spirit of      
,jesus--in which spirit1 separated from 
the body  yet instinct with immortal    
life1 ,he went and preached to the      
spirits in  prison1 or rather to the    
spirits in custody4 ,the passage marks  
an  antithesis between flesh and spirit4
 ,in ,christ's flesh4 ,he was put  to   
death4 ,his enemies killed ,his body1   
but ,his soul was as beyond their       
power4 ,his body was dead1 but in the   
abode of souls ,his spirit was  alive   
and active4    ,so far there is here    
simply the statement that our ,lord's   
disembodied  spirit passed to ,hades1   
but the ,apostle adds that ,he preached 

to the  spirits in prison1 and it is    
inferred by some that ,he preached      
repentance1 but this is an assumption   
for which there is no ,scripture        
warrant4 ,we are not told what was the  
subject of ,christ's preaching4 ,he  had
 finished ,his work on earth1 had atoned
 for sin1 had overcome death  and       
conquered ,satan4 ,even angels did not  
fully know the work of grace  and       
salvation which ,christ accomplished for
 man1 and it is not likely  that the    
spirits of departed antediluvians and   
patriarchs understood its  greatness4   
,the least in the ,kingdom of ,heaven   
knows more than the  greatest of        
patriarchs or prophets knew4 ,while in  
the flesh they had  seen ,his day afar  
off1 and1 as disembodied spirits1 they  
knew that  ,messiah by suffering and    
dying was to work out their redemption1 
but  before the work was finished       
neither men nor angels understood the   
mystery of it1 and what is more likely  
than that the completion of ,his        

redeeming work was first made known to  
them in the spirit by the  ,redeemer    
,himself8 ,if we accept this view1 the  
preaching to the spirits  in prison was 
the intimation to those already blessed1
 who had while on  earth repented and   
believed1 that ,messiah by dying had    
brought in  everlasting salvation for   
,his people4    ,there is still a       
difficulty in ,peter's words4 ,christ is
 said to have  preached to those who    
were disobedient in the days of ,noah4  
,peter says  that in the writings of    
,paul there are some things hard to be  
understood1 but what he himself writes  
regarding ,christ's work in ,hades  is  
also difficult1 and the passage has     
found a great variety of                
interpretations4 ,it would seem to imply
 that ,christ in the spirit  carried a  
special message to the antediluvians who
 had been disobedient  and had perished 
in the ,flood4 ,what that message was we
 are not told1  and human conjecture may
 not supply what the ,spirit of ,god has

 seen fit  to conceal4 ,while the       
passage is a difficult one1 the         
inference is not  warranted which some  
have drawn from it1 that those who are  
disobedient  to ,christ and reject ,his 
,gospel may1 though they die impenitent1
  nevertheless obtain salvation after   
death4 ,the plain teaching of           
,scripture is that it is appointed unto 
men once to die1 and after that  the    
judgment4#abc ,and whatever the         
statement of ,peter may mean1 it does   
not sanction belief in purgatory or in  
universal restoration4 ,romanists  teach
 that the department of ,hades to which 
the spirit of our ,lord  descended was  
that in which dwelt the souls of        
believers who died before  the time of  
,christ1 and that the object of ,his    
descent was the  deliverance and        
introduction into heaven of the pious   
dead who had been  imprisoned in the    
,limbus ,patrum1 as they term that      
portion of ,hades  which these occupied4
 ,this they say was the triumph of      

,christ to which  ,paul refers in       
,ephesians iv4 #h1 when1 quoting the    
#fhth ,psalm1 he tells  us that ,he     
ascended up on high1 leading captivity  
captive4    ,according to the           
,romanists1 ,hades consists of three    
divisions--heaven1  hell1 and purgatory4
 ,heaven is the most blessed abode      
reserved for three  classes of          
persons3--#ast1 ,those ,old ,testament  
saints whose spirits were  detained in  
custody until ,christ arose1 when they  
were led out by ,him in  triumph2 #bnd1 
,those who in this life attain to       
perfection in holiness2  and #crd1      
,those believers in ,christ1 who1 having
 died in a state of  imperfection1 have 
made satisfaction for their sins and    
receive  cleansing through endurance of 
the fires of purgatory4 ,hell is the    
abode  of endless torment1 where        
heretics and all who die in mortal sin  
suffer  eternally4 ,purgatory is        
supposed to complete the atonement of   
,christ4  ,his work delivers from       

original sin and eternal punishment1 but
  satisfaction for actual transgression 
is not complete until after the         
endurance of temporal punishments and   
the pains of purgatory4 ,the ,church  of
 ,rome claims the right to prescribe the
 nature and extent of such  punishments1
 and having devised a complicated system
 of indulgences1  penances1 and masses1 
professes to hold the ,keys of ,heaven  
and to  possess authority to regulate   
penalties and obtain pardon for the     
living  and the dead4 ,such claims are  
unfounded and false4 ,god alone can     
forgive  sin1 and ,he recognises only   
two classes--the righteous and the      
wicked--here and hereafter2 and only two
 everlasting  dwelling-places--heaven   
and hell4 ,the ,romanist doctrine has no
 authority  in ,scripture1 but is of    
heathen origin1 being derived from the  
,egyptians  through the ,greeks and     
,romans1 and having been current        
throughout the  ,roman ,empire4 ,its    
effect has been the aggrandisement and  

enrichment of  the papal priesthood and 
the subjection of the people4 ,it       
contradicts  the ,word of ,god1 which   
declares that there is no condemnation  
to the  believer in ,christ ,jesus2 that
 he hath eternal life2 that for him to  
depart is to be with ,christ1 to enjoy  
unalloyed1 unending blessedness4        
,protestants1 therefore1 hold that the  
souls of believers are at their  death  
made perfect in holiness1 and do        
immediately pass into  glory4#abd       
,between those who hold the doctrine of 
purgatory and believers in  universal   
restoration1 there is not a little in   
common4 ,universalists  reject the      
,atonement1 and say that ,god always    
punishes men for their  sins4 ,the      
wicked must expect to suffer in the next
 world1 but the mercy  of ,god will     
follow them1 the punishment endured will
 in time effect  deliverance1 and the   
result will finally be the restoration  
of all to  purity and happiness4 ,they  
thus maintain with regard to all1 what  

,romanists hold respecting those who    
pass to purgatory1 and both are to  be  
answered in the same way4 ,we cannot    
make satisfaction1 and we need  not1 for
 ,jesus has borne our sins in his own   
body on the tree4#abe ,by  this one     
offering he hath perfected for ever them
 that are sanctified2  so that there    
remaineth no more sacrifice for sins1   
but a certain  fearful looking for of   
judgment and fiery indignation1 which   
shall  devour the adversaries4#abf      
,this clause has place in the ,creed as 
a protest against the heresy of         
,apollinaris1 a ,bishop of ,laodicea1   
who taught that ,christ did not assume  
a human soul when ,he became incarnate4 
,he thus denied the perfect  manhood of 
,christ1 and in support of ,his doctrine
 appealed to the fact  that the         
,scripture says1#abg ,the ,word 7in     
,greek1 ,logos7 was made  flesh1 ,god   
was manifest in the flesh1 while it is  
never said that ,he  was made spirit4   
,he sought to establish a connection    

between the ,divine  ,logos and human   
flesh of such a kind that all the       
attributes of ,god  passed into the     
human nature and all the human          
attributes into the  ,divine1 while both
 together merged in one nature in       
,christ1 who1 being  neither man nor    
,god1 but a mixture of ,god and man1    
held a middle place4  ,his heresy found 
many supporters1 though it was promptly 
met by ,gregory  ,nazianzen1 who showed 
that the term flesh is used in          
,scripture to  denote the whole human   
nature1 and that when ,christ became    
incarnate ,he  took upon ,him the       
complete nature of humanity1 untainted  
by sin4 ,only  thus could ,he be        
qualified to become man's ,saviour1 for 
only a perfect  man can be a full and   
complete ,redeemer4 ,man's spirit1 his  
most noble  element1 stands in need of  
redemption as well as his body1 for all 
its  faculties are corrupted by sin4    
,in affirming that ,jesus descended into
 hell1 this clause of the ,creed        

declares that ,he possessed the complete
 nature of humanity2 that ,his  true    
body died1 and that ,his reasonable soul
 departed to ,hades4      ,,section     
#b4--,,the ,,third ,,day ,,he ,,rose    
,,again ,,from ,,the ,,dead#abh      ,on
 the morning of the first day of the    
week1 thenceforth hallowed as the       
,lord's ,day--the ,christian            
,sabbath--the soul of ,jesus left       
,hades1 and  once more and for ever     
entered the body1 and formed with it the
  perfected humanity of the ,word made  
flesh4 ,the resurrection of ,jesus  is a
 well-attested fact of history4 ,the    
close-sealed1 sentinelled  sepulchre1   
the broken seal1 the stone rolled away1 
the trembling guard1  the empty tomb1   
and the many appearances of ,jesus to   
the women1 the  disciples1 the brethren1
 and last of all to ,saul of ,tarsus1   
prove that  ,he had risen4#abi    ,the  
,resurrection was a fulfilment of ,old  
,testament prophecy4 ,peter thus        
interprets ,psalm xvi4 #aj1 ,for thou   

wilt not leave my soul in hell2  neither
 wilt thou suffer thine ,holy ,one to   
see corruption1 affirming  that ,david  
in that ,psalm speaks of the            
,resurrection of ,christ4#acj  ,jesus   
,himself often foretold1 both           
figuratively and directly1 ,his own     
resurrection1 as when ,he spoke of the  
coming destruction of the ,temple1  and 
connected it with the death and         
resurrection of ,his body2#aca or  when 
,he told the disciples that in a little 
while they should not see  ,him1 and    
again in a little while they should see 
,him4#acb ,the place  which this        
doctrine holds in the ,christian faith  
is shown by the  numerous references to 
it in the ,epistles4    ,the ,apostles  
had not grasped the statements of       
,christ in such a way as  to lead them  
to look with confidence for ,his return1
 or to gather hope  of ,his             
resurrection4 ,on the contrary1 they did
 not expect ,his  resurrection1 and1    
when they heard of it1 they could not   

believe it to  be real4#acc ,yet1       
convinced by the evidence of their own  
senses1 they  came to hold it fast as   
the fact that crowned all their hopes in
 life  and death4 ,although the         
preaching of ,jesus and the             
,resurrection  exposed them to          
persecution and martyrdom1 they         
nevertheless continued  to proclaim a   
risen ,lord4 ,if ,christ is not risen1  
says ,paul1 then is  our preaching vain1
 and your faith is also vain1#acd and he
 goes on to  admit that if the          
,resurrection had not taken place1 he   
was altogether  mistaken in the view of 
,god's character set forth in his       
preaching and  epistles4 ,peter makes a 
similar statement3 ,we are begotten     
again unto a  lively hope by the        
resurrection of ,jesus ,christ4#ace ,it 
is ,his victory  over death that        
confirms the truth of ,his claims4 ,he  
is proved to be the  ,son of ,god by    
,his resurrection from the dead4#acf ,so
 important a fact  was it regarded in   

connection with their work1 that when   
they met to  select a successor to      
,judas in the apostolic college1 it was 
held to be  essential that no one should
 be appointed who was not able to       
testify  that he had seen the risen     
,lord4#acg ,paul regarded this doctrine 
as so  necessary1 that he made it the   
basis of faith and salvation3 ,if thou  
shalt confess with thy mouth the ,lord  
,jesus1 and shalt believe in thine      
heart that ,god hath raised him from the
 dead1 thou shalt be saved4#ach    ,the 
life of ,paul is an unanswerable        
argument for the truth of the           
,resurrection4 ,not only did he preach  
this as the central doctrine of         
,christianity2 he maintained it at the  
cost of all that1 before his            
conversion1 he had held dear4 ,he was   
not a man to give his faith to such  a  
doctrine without overwhelming evidence  
of its truth4 ,as ,saul of ,tarsus  he  
had been in the fullest confidence of   
the ,jewish rulers1 and knew all  that  

they could urge against the reality of  
the ,resurrection1 but their  arguments 
had no weight with one who had seen the 
risen ,lord on the way  to ,damascus4   
,the importance of the ,resurrection of 
,christ as an argument for the  ,divine 
origin of ,christianity is recognised   
alike by those who receive  and by those
 who reject it4 ,negative criticism has 
assailed the doctrine  and has devised  
ingenious theories to explain on natural
 grounds the  testimony on which it is  
received4 ,the diversity of such        
explanations  goes far to refute them1  
and their utter failure to account for  
the  marvellous effects which the       
appearances of the risen ,jesus produced
 on  the witnesses1 or for the place    
which the doctrine held in their        
teaching1 has tended rather to establish
 than to discredit the reality  of the  
,resurrection4    ,various sceptical    
theories1 to which much importance was  
attached for a  time1 are now almost    
forgotten4 ,the ,mythical theory fails  

to account for  the immediate effect    
produced by belief in the ,resurrection4
 ,myths  require time for their growth  
and development1 but the disciples of   
,jesus set the ,resurrection in the     
forefront from the very first4 ,on the  
day of ,pentecost ,peter sounded the    
keynote of ,apostolic preaching when  he
 declared1 ,this ,jesus hath ,god raised
 up1 whereof we all are  witnesses4 ,and
 so from this time forward1 with great  
power gave the  ,apostles witness of the
 resurrection of the ,lord ,jesus4 ,the 
historical  fact not only rests upon the
 most irresistible evidence2 it is the  
very  corner-stone of the whole fabric  
of ,gospel teaching4    ,another view of
 the testimony for the ,resurrection has
 found advocates  who claim that it     
explains1 without having recourse to    
supernaturalism1  the belief of the     
disciples and others in the doctrine4   
,with some minor  differences of detail1
 they agree in attributing the          
persistency of  those who said that they

 had seen ,jesus alive1 to the          
impression  produced on them by ,his    
wonderful personality4 ,this1 they hold1
 was so  strong that the effect         
continued after ,his death1 and the     
disciples saw  visions of ,him so vivid 
that they believed them to be real      
appearances4  ,he had filled so much of 
their lives while ,he was with them1    
that they  were unable to realise ,his  
departure1 and retained ,his image in   
their  hearts continually4 ,exalted and 
excited feeling projected ,his figure so
  that they saw ,him apparently restored
 to life4    ,a theory such as this will
 not stand1 in the face of the evidence 
for  the ,resurrection4 ,it was no      
subjective impression1 but the ,saviour 
,himself1 that brought conviction to the
 minds of the numerous witnesses4  ,it  
was no apparition1 it was a body that   
they saw and handled and tested  and    
proved to be of flesh and blood4 ,they  
heard their ,master speak1 and  saw ,him
 eat2 and at frequent intervals for     

forty days ,he showed ,himself  to them4
 ,sometimes ,he was seen by one1        
sometimes by many2 and before ,his      
ascension ,he charged them to carry on  
the work ,he had committed to them3  to 
feed ,his sheep1 to feed ,his lambs1 to 
go into all the world and  preach the   
,gospel to every creature4 ,him1 said   
,peter1 ,god raised up  on the third    
day1 and showed him openly2 not to all  
the people1 but unto  witnesses chosen  
before of ,god1 even to us1 who did eat 
and drink with  him after he rose from  
the dead4#aci    ,what they saw was the 
true body of their ,lord1 the same that 
had been  crucified1 dead1 and buried1  
but a marvellous change had passed over 
it4  ,it was now possessed of spiritual 
qualities1 suddenly appearing1  suddenly
 vanishing2 now felt to be made of flesh
 and bones1 and now  passing through    
closed doors1 or walking upon water4 ,it
 was no longer  subject to natural law  
as it had been before the ,resurrection2
 and when  the disciples beheld the     

,lord1 they had not only proof of ,his  
continued  existence1 of ,his being ,god
 as well as man1 and of ,god's seal     
having  been set upon ,his atoning      
work1--they had also an intimation of   
what  life hereafter will be for ,his   
followers1 who shall be like ,him1 for  
they shall see ,him as ,he is4    ,how  
full and widespread was the belief in   
the ,resurrection of ,jesus in  the     
hearts of those who were its witnesses1 
is apparent not only from  the fact that
 the great theme of their preaching was 
,jesus and the  resurrection1 but is    
also evident from the importance they   
attached to  the ,lord's ,day and the   
,lord's ,supper4 ,these institutions    
have a direct  connection with the      
,resurrection1 the former having been   
substituted for  the ,jewish ,sabbath   
expressly on the ground that on that day
 the ,lord  rose2 the latter1 while it  
commemorates ,his death1 sets forth also
 ,his  resurrection life4             99
       99       99       99       99    

,,article #f      ,he ascended into     
heaven1 and sitteth on the right hand of
      ,god the ,father ,almighty        
,forty days after ,his resurrection     
,jesus charged the ,apostles1 in the    
last words ,he is known to have spoken  
on earth1 to testify of ,him  throughout
 the world1 and assured them that they  
should receive power  through the       
descent of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,this     
last-recorded utterance  called ,his    
,church to missionary enterprise3 ,ye   
shall be witnesses unto  me both in     
,jerusalem1 and in all ,judaea1 and in  
,samaria1 and unto the  uttermost part  
of the earth4#adj ,it is when believers 
in ,christ are  faithful in the         
performance of this duty that fulfilment
 of the promise  may be confidently     
looked for1 ,lo1 ,i am with you alway1  
even unto the  end of the world4#ada    
,we are told that1 when ,jesus had      
spoken these things1 ,he led them out   
as far as to ,bethany1 and he lifted up 
his hands1 and blessed them4 ,and  it   

came to pass1 while he blessed them1 he 
was parted from them1 and  carried up   
into heaven4#adb    ,ascension is the   
completion of ,resurrection4 ,if he were
 on earth1 says  the author of the      
,epistle to the ,hebrews1 he should not 
be a  priest4#adc ,no part of ,his work 
would have corresponded to that of the  
high priest1 who1 when he had offered up
 sacrifice1 passed into the holy  place 
with the blood of the victim1 and laid  
it upon the altar4 ,the act  thus       
foreshadowed in the type was            
accomplished when our great ,high       
,priest passed into the heavens1 and    
entered not into the holy places  made  
with hands1 which are the figure of the 
true2 but into heaven  itself1 now to   
appear in the presence of ,god for      
us4#add    ,the ,ascension took place in
 open day and in the sight of the       
,apostles4  ,while they beheld1 he was  
taken up4#ade ,that they might be       
witnesses  of the fact1 it was necessary
 that they should see ,him go up from   

earth4  ,unlike the ,ascension1 the     
,resurrection of ,christ took place     
unseen by  mortal eye4 ,eye-witnesses of
 ,his rising from the dead were not     
needed4  ,the fact that they had seen   
,jesus after ,he rose qualified them to 
be  witnesses of ,his ,resurrection1 but
 it was only because they had seen ,him 
taken up that they could bear personal  
testimony to ,his ,ascension4    ,thus  
our ,lord ascended into heaven1 and     
sitteth on the right hand of  ,god the  
,father ,almighty4 ,this ,article       
expresses the honour and dignity  of    
,his ,person and character4 ,to sit on  
the right hand is an honour  reserved   
for the most favoured4#adf ,when the    
,scriptures speak of the  right hand of 
,god1 it is meant that1 as the right    
hand among men is the  place of honour1 
power1 and happiness1 so to sit on the  
right hand of  ,god is to obtain the    
place of highest glory1 power1 and      
satisfaction4    ,at ,god's right hand  
our ,lord entered into everlasting and  

perfect glory  and dominion4 ,being one 
with the ,father1 all that is the       
,father's is  ,his4 ,he is exalted a    
,prince and a ,saviour1 having an       
eternal life and  all the fulness of the
 ,godhead dwelling in ,him bodily4 ,the 
,father  ,himself gave ,him the place at
 ,his right hand1 having highly exalted 
,him  and given ,him a name which is    
above every name4 ,none can dethrone    
,him or  successfully plot against ,his 
kingdom4 ,no weapon1 carnal or          
spiritual1  can ever prevail against    
,him4 ,it is this that gives to         
,christianity its  stability and power1 
for ,christianity is ,christ ,himself   
sitting at the  right hand of ,god4 ,the
 ascended ,christ exercises absolute    
authority and  unlimited dominion4 ,the 
,father on whose right hand the ,son    
sits is1 in  this clause1 as in that    
which stands at the beginning of the    
,creed1  termed the ,father ,almighty4  
,though the distinction is not apparent 
in  the ,english version of the ,creed1 

,almighty in the original ,greek is in  
these clauses expressed by two different
 words4 ,in the earlier clause1  the    
word so rendered signifies ,god's       
supreme1 universal dominion1 while  here
 the word employed denotes the fact that
 ,his power and operation are  always   
efficacious and irresistible1 and that  
all things are under ,his  absolute     
control4 ,this word ,almighty warrants  
the belief which the  clause declares1  
that the ,son1 sitting on the right hand
 of the ,father1  possesses absolute and
 universal power1 and that in executing 
,his office  as ,mediator none can      
resist or oppose ,him4    ,the word     
sitteth is expressive not so much of the
 attitude as of the  settled and        
continuous character of ,christ's       
exaltation4 ,at ,god's right  hand in   
heaven ,he executes the offices of      
,prophet1 ,priest1 and ,king1 as  ,he   
did on earth4 ,the prophet1 as teacher  
of the revealed truth1 held  office in  
,old ,testament times2 and when ,jesus  

entered on ,his public  ministry1 it was
 as a ,divinely-accredited teacher that 
,he claimed to be  received4 ,he brought
 out of ,his treasury things new and    
old1 and  exhorted men to hear1 believe1
 and obey ,him4 ,by ,his words and ,his 
life1  ,he made known the will of ,god  
for man's salvation2 and when ,he was   
lifted up upon the cross1 it was to the 
end that1 by the sacrifice ,he  offered 
and the truth ,he taught1 ,he might draw
 all men unto ,him4 ,he  brought life   
and immortality to light1 and since ,his
 departure ,he has  not ceased to be the
 ,teacher and the ,guide of all who     
receive ,him4 ,his  word abides with us1
 and ,his first gift to the ,church     
after ,he rose was  the ,holy ,ghost1   
who came to lead men to all truth4 ,when
 the ,lord  ascended on high ,he        
received gifts for men1 and he gave     
some1 apostles2  and some1 prophets2 and
 some1 evangelists2 and some1 pastors   
and  teachers2 for the perfecting of the
 saints1 for the work of the  ministry1 

for the edifying of the body of         
,christ4#adg ,it is in ,him  that all   
,christian teaching originates1 and     
through ,his ,spirit that it  takes hold
 of men's hearts4 ,our ,lord does not   
indeed now appear in  visible form1     
speaking face to face with men as ,he   
did in ,palestine1 but  ,he speaks in   
and through every believer who in ,his  
name seeks to win  souls for ,his       
,kingdom4 ,paul recognised this when he 
wrote to the  ,corinthians1 ,now then we
 are ambassadors for ,christ1 as though 
,god did  beseech you by us3 we pray you
 in ,christ's stead1 be ye reconciled to
  ,god4#adh    ,in ,his exaltation1     
,christ executes the office of a        
,priest4 ,the functions  of the ,jewish 
high priest were not limited to the     
offering of sacrifice4  ,when he had    
made an end of offering1 he carried the 
blood of the victim  into the ,holy     
,place and made intercession for the    
sins of the  congregation4 ,as the      
mediator between ,god and ,his people1  

he thus  foreshadowed the work of ,him  
who is a priest for ever1 after the     
order  of ,melchizedek1--succeeding     
none1 and being succeeded by none1 in   
,his  priestly office4 ,as the high     
priest's work was partly without and    
partly  within the ,holy ,place1 so     
,christ's priestly work is twofold1     
consisting  of ,his satisfaction for sin
 upon earth and ,his intercession in    
heaven4  ,christ our ,passover is       
sacrificed for us4 ,he was once offered 
to bear  the sins of many1 thereby      
satisfying ,divine justice and          
reconciling men  to ,god4 ,after having 
as our great ,high ,priest offered the  
sacrifice of  ,himself1 ,he passed into 
the heavens4 ,there ,he makes continual 
intercession for us4    ,at the right   
hand of ,god ,he exercises kingly       
prerogatives also4 ,he was  anointed to 
the royal office at ,his baptism1 when  
the ,holy ,ghost  descended on ,him4#adi
 ,when by death ,he overcame him who had
 the power  of death2 when ,he rose from

 the grave and announced to ,his        
disciples  that all power was given ,him
 in heaven and earth1 ,he asserted ,his 
kingly  office2 and when ,god1 having   
raised ,him from the dead1 set ,him at  
,his  own right hand in heavenly places1
 far above all principalities1 and      
powers1 and might1 and dominion1 and    
every name that is named1 not only  in  
this world1 but also in that which is to
 come1 all things were put  under ,his  
feet1 ,he was given to be ,head over all
 things to the  church1#aej and received
 dominion and glory and a kingdom4 ,he  
must  reign until all ,his enemies are  
under ,his feet4 ,to which of the angels
  said he at any time1 ,sit on my right 
hand1 until ,i make thine enemies  thy  
footstool8#aea             99       99  
99       99       99          ,,article 
#g    ,from thence ,he shall come to    
judge the quick and the dead      ,this 
clause of the ,creed points to the      
future4 ,as those who saw ,jesus  ascend
 stood gazing up1 two heavenly          

messengers in white apparel  appeared   
and said to them1 ,this same ,jesus1    
which is taken up from you  into heaven1
 shall so come in like manner as ye have
 seen him go into  heaven4#aeb ,jesus   
,himself often warned the disciples that
 the time was  at hand when ,he should  
leave them and return to ,his ,father1  
but that ,his  departure was not to be  
final1 for ,he would come again to      
gather all  nations before ,him1 and to 
judge the quick and the dead4 ,he       
comforted  them by the statement that   
,his going away was expedient for them4 
,i go  to prepare a place for you4 ,i   
will come again1 and receive you unto   
myself4#aec ,but the return was not to  
be only for the reception of the        
faithful into ,his kingdom and glory1   
but for judgment upon all mankind4  ,the
 ,son of man shall come in the glory of 
his ,father with his angels2  and then  
shall he reward every man according to  
his works4#aed  ,behold1 he cometh with 
clouds2 and every eye shall see him1 and

 they  also which pierced him3 and all  
kindreds of the earth shall wail because
  of him4#aee    ,the time of ,christ's 
return to judgment has not been         
revealed4 ,of that  day and hour knoweth
 no man1 no1 not the angels of heaven1  
but my ,father  only4#aef ,the first    
,christians looked for it with joyous   
expectation1  believing that their ,lord
 and ,master would speedily appear and  
redress  their wrongs4 ,cruelly         
persecuted by ,jew and ,gentile1 it is  
no wonder  that ,apostles and other     
believers associated the second advent  
with  emancipation and victory1 and     
termed it ,that blessed hope1 the       
glorious  appearing of the great ,god   
and our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4#aeg    
,under the  influence of false teachers1
 this expectation gave rise to unhealthy
  excitement and consequent disorder in 
the ,church4 ,in his second ,epistle  to
 the ,thessalonians ,paul set himself   
earnestly to counteract their  teaching4
 ,he indignantly repudiated the doctrine

 attributed to him1  apparently in      
connection with a forged epistle1 and he
 supplied a test  by which the          
genuineness of his letters might be     
proved4    ,the mistake of the          
,thessalonians has often been repeated4 
,attempts have  been made to fix the    
time of the ,lord's second coming1 and  
the work of  predicting goes on busily  
still4 ,enthusiasts and impostors have  
been  more or less successful in finding
 credulous followers4 ,again and again  
the progress of time has falsified such 
predictions1 but would-be  prophets have
 not been discouraged by the blunders of
 their  predecessors4    ,all men1 quick
 and dead1 are to be brought before the 
,judgment-seat1 the  faithful that they 
may be raised to everlasting            
blessedness1 and the  wicked to be      
dismissed to everlasting punishment4    
,paul describes the  events of the great
 day of ,christ's appearing as it will  
affect the  saints4 ,the ,lord himself  
shall descend from heaven with a shout1 

with  the voice of the archangel1 and   
with the trump of ,god3 and the dead in 
,christ shall rise first3 then we which 
are alive and remain shall be  caught up
 together with them in the clouds1 to   
meet the ,lord in the  air4#aeh ,he     
gives a similar description to the      
,corinthians3 ,we shall  not all sleep1 
but we shall all be changed1 in a       
moment1 in the  twinkling of an eye1 at 
the last trump3 for the trumpet shall   
sound1 and  the dead shall be raised    
incorruptible1 and we shall be          
changed4#aei  ,he commanded us to       
testify1 says ,peter1 that it is he     
which was  ordained of ,god to be the   
,judge of quick and dead4#afj ,and ,paul
 writes  to ,timothy that the ,lord     
,jesus ,christ shall judge the quick and
 the  dead at his appearing4#afa    ,the
 most awful descriptions of the         
,judgment1 as it will affect the        
wicked1 are given by the ,lord ,jesus   
,himself4 ,in ,matthew xxv4 we have a   
series of images1 in which the terrors  

of the great day of the ,lord  are set  
forth4 ,the virgins that go out to meet 
the ,bridegroom1 the  servants with     
their talents1 the ,judge dividing all  
brought before ,him  as a shepherd      
divideth the sheep from the goats1 are  
warnings of the  certainty and severity 
of judgment1 and of the doom reserved   
for the  ungodly4    ,the ,father       
judgeth no man1 but hath committed all  
judgment unto the  ,son4#afb ,as ,god1  
,he has all things naked and open before
 ,him4 ,as man1  ,he became subject to  
human conditions1 and was in all points 
tempted as  we are1 yet without sin4    
,our ,judge knows our frame1 our        
temptations1 our  weakness1 our         
difficulties2 and in the ,judgment1 as  
in ,his life on  earth1 ,he will not    
break the bruised reed1 or apply to     
men's conduct a  harsher measure than   
they have merited4 ,judgment will begin 
at the house  of ,god1 and sentence on  
the ungodly will be severe in proportion
 to  knowledge1 privilege1 and          

opportunity4 ,men will be judged by     
their  works1 and in this doctrine of   
,scripture there is no opposition to    
that  of justification by faith4 ,men   
cannot be justified by their own works1 
but if ,christ be in them and the       
,spirit of ,god dwell in their hearts1  
then1 being dead to sin1 they follow    
holiness4 ,the distinction between  the 
children of ,god and the children of the
 devil is this1 that the  former class  
bring forth the fruits of righteousness1
 and the latter the  fruits of sin4 ,a  
good man out of the good treasure of the
 heart  bringeth forth good things3 and 
an evil man out of the evil treasure    
bringeth forth evil things4#afc ,in the 
,judgment the works of every man  shall 
be brought to light1 whether they be    
good or evil4 ,there is  nothing        
covered1 that shall not be revealed2 and
 hid1 that shall not be  known4#afd ,the
 just shall be rewarded1 not on account 
of their good  works1 but because of the
 atonement and righteousness of ,christ2

 yet  their works will be the test of   
their sanctification and the proof that 
they are members of ,christ and         
regenerated by ,his ,spirit4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,,article #h    ,i believe in the ,holy 
,ghost      ,the eighth article of the  
,creed declares belief in the third     
,divine  ,person--the ,holy ,ghost4     
,the words ,i believe1 implied in every 
clause1 are here repeated1 to  mark the 
transition from the ,second to the      
,third ,person of the ,trinity4         
,while this doctrine underlies all the  
teaching of the ,old ,testament         
,scriptures1 it was yet in a measure not
 understood or realised by the  ,jews1  
and as ,christ came to make known the   
,father1 so to ,him we owe also  the    
full revelation of the ,holy ,spirit4   
,prophets and ,psalmists had  glimpses  
of the doctrine1 but they lived in the  
twilight1 and saw  through a glass      
darkly many truths now clearly made     
known4    ,while we speak freely of     

spiritual life1 our conception of it is 
so  vague that we are apt to overlook1  
or to regard lightly1 the work of the   
,holy ,spirit in redemption4 ,the       
disciples of ,john1 whom ,paul met at   
,ephesus1 believed in ,jesus and had    
been baptized1 and yet they told the    
,apostle that they had not so much as   
heard whether there was any ,holy       
,ghost4#afe ,john tells us that even    
while ,jesus was on earth the ,holy     
,ghost was not yet given1 because that  
,jesus was not yet glorified4#aff       
,that the ,holy ,ghost is a ,person1 and
 not1 as some hold1 a mere energy or    
influence proceeding from the ,father1  
or from the ,father and the ,son1 is    
apparent from the passages of ,scripture
 which refer to ,him4 ,an energy  has no
 existence independent of the agent1 but
 this can not be  maintained with       
reference to the ,holy ,ghost4 ,he is   
associated as a  ,person with ,persons4 
,in the baptismal formula and in the    
apostolic  benediction the ,holy ,spirit

 is spoken of in the same terms as the  
,father  and the ,son1 and is therefore 
a ,person as they are ,persons4 ,he is  
said  to possess will and understanding4
 ,he is said to teach1 to testify1 to   
intercede1 to search all things1 to     
bestow and distribute spiritual  gifts  
according to ,his will4    ,the ,holy   
,ghost addresses the ,father1 and is    
therefore not the ,father4 ,he          
intercedes with the ,father1 and so is  
not a mere energy of the ,father4       
,jesus promised to send the ,spirit from
 the ,father1 but the ,father could  not
 be sent from or by ,himself4 ,it is    
said that the ,spirit when ,he came     
would not speak of ,himself--a statement
 that cannot apply to the  ,father2 and 
while ,christ promised to send the      
,spirit1 ,he did not promise  to send   
the ,father4    ,the ,holy ,ghost is not
 the ,son1 for the ,son says ,he will   
send ,him4 ,he is  another ,comforter1  
who speaks and acts as a person4 ,the   
,holy ,ghost  said1 ,separate me        

,barnabas and ,saul for the work        
where-unto ,i have  called them4#afg    
,the arguments for the distinct         
personality of the ,holy ,ghost prove   
also  that ,he is ,god4 ,the baptismal  
formula and the apostolic benediction   
assume ,his ,divinity4 ,the words of    
,christ with reference to the sin       
against the ,holy ,ghost imply that ,he 
is ,god1 and ,peter affirms this        
doctrine when1 having accused ,ananias  
of lying to the ,holy ,ghost1 he  adds1 
,thou hast not lied unto men1 but unto  
,god4#afh ,paul also  asserts it when1  
in arguing against sins of the flesh1 he
 affirms that  the body is the temple of
 the ,holy ,ghost1 and also declares of 
it that  the temple of ,,god is holy4   
,divine properties are ascribed to the  
,holy  ,spirit4 ,thus ,omnipotence is   
attributed to ,him--,the ,spirit shall  
quicken your mortal bodies1#afi         
,omniscience--,the ,spirit searcheth    
all things1#agj ,omnipresence--,whither 
shall ,i go from thy  ,spirit8#aga      

,divinity is attributed to the third    
,person in the  statement that holy men 
of ,god spake as they were moved by the 
,holy  ,ghost1#agb taken in connection  
with the other statement1 all           
,scripture is given by inspiration of   
,god4#agc    ,jesus was conceived by the
 ,holy ,ghost1 and1 because of this1    
though born  of a woman1 ,he was in ,his
 human nature the ,son of ,god4 ,the    
,holy ,ghost  shall come upon thee 444  
therefore also that holy thing which    
shall be  born of thee shall be called  
the ,son of ,god4#agd ,each of the three
  ,persons has part in the work of      
redemption4 ,the ,father gave the ,son1 
and  accepted ,him as man's ,sinbearer  
and ,sacrifice2 the ,son gave ,himself1 
and  assumed human nature that ,he might
 suffer and die in the room and stead   
of sinners1 and the ,holy ,ghost applies
 to men the work of redeeming  love1    
taking of the things of ,christ and     
making them known1#age till  they       
produce repentance1 faith1 and          

salvation4 ,the ,father's gift of the   
,son and the ,son's sacrifice of        
,himself are of the past2 the work of   
the  ,holy ,spirit has gone on day by   
day1 ever since the risen and glorified 
,redeemer sent ,him to make ,his people 
ready for the place which ,he is        
preparing for them4 ,it is through ,him 
that we understand the ,scriptures1  and
 receive power to fear ,god and keep    
,his commandments4 ,he comes to  human  
hearts1 and when ,he enters ,he banishes
 discord and bestows  happiness and     
peace4 ,then with the heart man         
believeth unto  righteousness1 and the  
fruits of the ,spirit are manifested in 
his life4  ,the love of the ,father and 
the redemption secured by the ,son's    
,incarnation and ,passion fail to affect
 us if we have not our share in  the    
,spirit's sanctification4 ,there is a   
sense in which the ,holy ,ghost  comes  
nearer to us1 if we may so speak1 than  
the other ,persons of the  ,godhead4 ,if
 we are true believers1 the ,holy ,ghost

 is enthroned in our  hearts4 ,he       
dwelleth with you1 and shall be in      
you4#agf ,our bodies  become the temples
 of the ,holy ,ghost4#agg ,it is through
 ,him that the  ,father and the ,son    
come and make their abode in the        
faithful4#agh ,we  are made an          
habitation of ,god through the          
,spirit4#agi ,if any man  have not the  
,spirit of ,christ1 he is none of       
his4#ahj ,when we consider  the work ,he
 carries on in convicting men of sin1 of
 righteousness1 and  of judgment1 and in
 converting1 guiding1 and comforting    
those whom ,he  influences1 we can      
understand that it was expedient for us 
that ,christ  should go away1 in order  
that the ,comforter might come4#aha ,if 
we are  receiving and resting on ,jesus 
as our ,saviour1 then ,his ,spirit is   
within  us as the earnest of our        
inheritance4#ahb ,his presence imparts  
power  such as no spiritual enemy can   
resist4 ,how different were the         
,apostles  before and after they had    

received the gift of the ,spirit6 ,one  
of them  who1 before1 denied ,christ    
when challenged by a maid1 afterwards   
proclaimed boldly in the presence of the
 hostile ,jewish council1 ,we  ought to 
obey ,god rather than men4#ahc ,those   
who1 when ,he was  apprehended1 had     
forsaken ,him and fled1 gathered courage
 to brave kings  and rulers as they     
preached salvation through ,him4 ,the   
disciples1 who1  in accordance with     
,christ's injunction1 awaited the       
descent of the  ,spirit1 were on the day
 of ,pentecost clothed with power before
 which  bigotry and selfishness passed  
into faith and charity and              
self-surrender2 and there was won on    
that day for the ,church a triumph  such
 as the might of ,god alone could have  
secured--a triumph which the  ministry  
of the ,spirit1 whenever it is          
recognised and accepted1 is  always     
powerful to repeat and to surpass4      
,all good comes to man through the      
,spirit4 ,every inspiration of every    

individual is from ,him1 the ,lord and  
,giver of light1 and life1 and          
understanding4 ,every good thought that 
rises within us1 every unselfish  motive
 that stimulates us1 every desire to be 
holy1 every resolve to do  what is      
right1 what is brave1 or noble1 or      
self-sacrificing1 comes to  man from the
 ,holy ,ghost4 ,he is instructing and   
directing us not only on  special       
occasions1 as when we read the ,bible or
 meet for worship1 but  always1 if we   
will listen for ,his voice4 ,his        
personal indwelling in man1  as         
,counsellor and ,guide1 is the          
fulfilment of the promise--,i will dwell
  in them1 and walk in them4 ,he will   
guide you into all truth is an          
assurance of counsel and victory that is
 ever receiving fulfilment1 and  that   
cannot be broken4#ahd             99    
99       99       99       99           
,,article #i    ,the ,holy ,catholic    
,church1 the ,communion of ,saints      
,,section #a4--,,the ,,holy ,,catholic  

,,church      ,in the clause of the     
,creed which expresses belief in ,jesus 
,christ1 ,he is  called our ,lord ,and  
in ,jesus ,christ our ,lord4 ,that ,he  
is their ,lord is  declared by          
believers1 when they term the society of
 which they are  members the ,church4   
,this word is derived from the ,greek   
kurios1  ,lord1 in the adjectival form  
kuriakos1 of or belonging to the        
,lord--the ,scottish word kirk being    
therefore a form nearer the  original   
than the equivalent term ,church4 ,the  
,greek word translated  church occurs   
only three times in the ,gospels4 ,in   
,english the word is  used in different 
senses1 all of them1 however1 pointing  
to the ,lord  ,jesus as their source and
 sanction4 ,by church1 we sometimes mean
 a  building set apart for ,christian   
worship4 ,the ,jew had his ,tabernacle  
in  the ,wilderness1 his ,temple at     
,jerusalem1 and his ,synagogue in the   
,provinces2 the ,mohammedan has his     
,mosque1 and the ,brahmin his ,pagoda2  

but the ,christian has his ,church1 in  
whose very name his ,lord is  honoured4 
,sometimes the word denotes the         
,christians of a specified city  or     
locality--the ,church at ,ephesus1 the  
,church at ,corinth4 ,sometimes it  is  
limited to a number of ,christians      
meeting for worship in a house1 as  in  
,romans xvi4 #e and in ,philemon4#ahe   
,sometimes ,church denotes a  particular
 denomination of ,christians1 as the    
,presbyterian ,church1 the  ,episcopal  
,church4 ,sometimes it expresses the    
distinctive form which  ,christianity   
assumes in a particular nation--the     
,church of ,england1 the  ,church of    
,scotland4 ,in the ,creed the ,holy     
,catholic ,church means the  whole body 
of believers in the ,lord ,jesus        
,christ1 all who anywhere and           
everywhere are looking to ,him for      
salvation1 and are bringing forth the   
fruits of holiness to ,his praise and   
glory4    ,the ,lord ,jesus ,christ did 
not1 during ,his ministry1 set up a     

,church as  an outward organisation4 ,he
 was ,himself to be the ,church's       
foundation2  but in order to be         
qualified for this office it was        
necessary that ,he  should first lay    
down ,his life4 ,the work of building   
and extending1 in  so far as it was to  
be effected by human agency1 must be    
undertaken by  others after ,his        
departure4 ,he came to fulfil the law1  
and so ,he was not  sent save to the    
lost sheep of the house of ,israel4 ,he 
worshipped1  accordingly1 in the ,jewish
 temple and synagogues1 observed the    
sacraments and festivals of the ,old    
,testament ,church1 and during ,his     
earthly ministry bade ,his disciples    
observe and do whatsoever the men  who  
sat in ,moses' seat commanded4 ,the     
faithful saying1 worthy of all          
acceptation1 with which the ,christian  
,church was to be charged as ,god's     
message to the world1 was not yet       
published1 for ,christ had still to     
suffer and enter into ,his glory1 and   

the ,holy ,ghost had yet to be sent  by 
the ,father before the standard of the  
,church could be set up4 ,while  the    
,church rests on ,christ1 it is founded 
upon ,his ,apostles also1 to  whom ,he  
committed the work for which ,he had    
prepared them1 and for which  ,he was   
still further to qualify them by        
bestowing power from on high4  ,the     
gifts which ,he received for men when   
,he ascended were needed to  equip them 
for the work of founding that ,church1  
which became a  possibility only through
 ,his death and resurrection4 ,applying 
to them  the redemption purchased by    
,christ1 the ,holy ,ghost wrought in and
 with  them1 and crowned their labours  
with success4 ,the ,christian ,church   
was  set up on the day of ,pentecost1   
when the ,holy ,ghost came down upon a  
band of believers assembled at          
,jerusalem waiting for the promise of   
the  ,father4 ,under ,his inspiration   
,peter preached the first ,christian    
sermon  with such power that the same   

day there were added unto the ,church   
three  thousand souls4    ,the ,church  
is termed the ,holy ,catholic ,church4  
,when the epithet holy  is applied to   
the ,church1 it is not meant that all   
who profess faith in  ,jesus ,christ and
 are in connection with the visible     
,church1 are holy1 or  that any of them 
are altogether holy4 ,our ,lord taught  
that while in the  world ,his ,church   
would contain a mixture of good and bad4
 ,he likened it  to a net in which good 
and bad fishes are caught1 and to a     
field in  which wheat and tares grow    
together4 ,though all are called to be  
saints1  there is not a just man upon   
earth that doeth good1 and sinneth      
not4#ahf ,the sanctification of         
believers is the work of the ,holy      
,spirit1 effected not by a momentary act
 but by degrees1 and never  perfected in
 this life4    ,upon all who truly      
receive the ,lord ,jesus a change is    
wrought by the  ,holy ,spirit of ,god1  
which results in holiness4 ,looking unto

 ,jesus1 they  behold as in a glass the 
glory of the ,lord1 and are changed into
 the  same image4 ,the transformation   
which they undergo extends to every part
  of their being4 ,the subject of       
sanctification is the whole man4 ,the   
understanding1 will1 conscience1 memory1
 affections are all renewed in  their   
operations1 and the members of the body 
become instruments of  righteousness    
unto holiness4 ,as believers are enabled
 to die unto sin1  they live unto       
righteousness4 ,being renewed in the    
inner man by the  ,divine ,spirit1 they 
bring forth the fruits of the ,spirit4  
,their desire  is after holiness1 for   
they know that the restoration of       
holiness is the  end for which ,jesus   
died and for which the ,spirit works4   
,christ loved  the church1 and gave     
himself for it2 that he might sanctify  
and cleanse  it with the washing of     
water by the word1 that he might present
 it to  himself a glorious church1 not  
having spot1 or wrinkle1 or any such    

thing2 but that it should be holy and   
without blemish4#ahg ,now1 the  ,church 
is marred by many blemishes1 but her    
imperfection is for a time  only4 ,when 
her period of work and probation is     
accomplished she will be  purged and    
perfected1 and will be a church without 
spot or wrinkle4  ,meantime she is the  
,holy ,church because her ,head is holy1
 and because  she is called out of the  
world and consecrated to the service of 
,god4  ,she is holy because she is the  
body of ,christ1 of whose fulness she   
receives1 and whose graces she reflects1
 and because it is through her          
teaching1 prayers1 and institutions that
 the ,holy ,spirit usually works  and   
influences men to follow holiness4 ,the 
ministry1 the preaching1 the            
sacraments1 the laws1 and the discipline
 of the ,church have as their end  the  
turning of men from their sins and      
persuading them to follow  holiness4    
,the ,christian ,church is a ,catholic  
,church4 ,the word ,catholic means      

universal1 and implies that1 unlike the 
,jewish ,church1 which was narrow  and  
local1 requiring admission to earthly   
citizenship as the condition  of        
receiving spiritual privilege1 the      
,church of ,christ is coextensive  with 
humanity1 and accessible to all4 ,the   
,master's charge was that the  ,gospel  
should be preached to every creature4   
,the ,church's field is the  world1 and 
her commission sets before her as a duty
 that she shall go  into all the world  
bearing the glad tidings of salvation4  
,the disciples  did not at first realise
 this comprehensiveness of the new      
faith4 ,even  after his address on the  
day of ,pentecost1 ,peter had not risen 
above his  ,jewish prejudices4 ,it was  
not until after he beheld in vision the 
great  sheet let down from heaven1 and  
was forbidden to regard anything which  
,god had cleansed as common or unclean1 
that the fulness of the ,gospel         
dispensation was understood by him1 and 
he discovered to his  astonishment that 

,god is no respecter of persons1 but    
that in every  nation he that feareth   
,him and worketh righteousness is       
acceptable to  ,him4#ahh    ,the        
,catholic ,church is ,one4 ,it is the   
,holy ,catholic ,church1 one in  its    
origin as the household of ,god built   
upon the foundation of the  ,apostles   
and ,prophets1 ,jesus ,christ being the 
chief corner-stone2#ahi  one body1 with 
one hope1 one ,lord1 one faith1 one     
baptism4#aij ,the  distinctive marks of 
the true ,church are allegiance to one  
,lord1  confession of a common creed1   
and participation in the same           
,sacraments4    ,the unity of the       
,catholic ,church is quite compatible   
with the existence  of separate         
organisations that differ in regard to  
details of government  or worship4      
,there is no outward organisation which 
possesses a monopoly  of ,christian     
truth and privilege4 ,while all who hold
 the ,head stand  fast in one spirit1   
they are not all enrolled as members of 

one  ecclesiastical body1 or subject to 
the authority of one earthly ruler4     
,their citizenship is in heaven2 not in 
,rome or in any city of this  world4    
,the claim asserted by the ,bishops of  
,rome to be infallible  representatives 
of ,christ and exclusive possessors of  
the keys of the  kingdom of heaven1 to  
whom all men owe allegiance1 and whose  
decrees and  discipline cannot be       
questioned without sin1 has no support  
in  ,scripture1 which1 while it enjoins 
unity of spirit1 never prescribes       
uniformity of organisation4    ,what the
 ,romanist claims for the ,pope is      
virtually claimed for the  ,church by   
some who reject ,papal authority4 ,by   
the ,church they mean one  visible body 
of ,christians under the same           
ecclesiastical constitution  and        
government1 and they maintain that the  
right to expound with  authority the    
will of ,god is vested in this body1 and
 that private  judgment must be         
subordinated to its decisions4 ,to      

constitute the ,church  they say there  
must be bishops at its head1 ordained by
 men whose  ecclesiastical orders have  
come down from apostolic times in       
unbroken  succession4 ,without this     
apostolical succession1 it is affirmed1 
there  can be no ,church1 no true       
ordination1 no valid or effectual       
administration of sacraments4    ,such a
 definition of the ,catholic ,church    
excludes from participation in  the     
ordinary means of grace the whole body  
of ,presbyterians1 nearly all  the      
,protestant ,churches of ,europe1 and   
all who refuse to admit direct          
transmission of orders from the         
,apostles as a primary condition of the 
,church's existence4 ,carried to its    
logical conclusion1 it would exclude    
even those who maintain it2 for all     
attempts to trace back a continuous  and
 complete series of ordinations from    
modern times to the apostolic  age fail 
to show an unbroken line4 ,it is        
therefore not possible for any  bishop  

or minister in ,christendom to be       
certain that1 in this sense1 he  is a   
successor of the ,apostles4 ,the        
,catholic ,church is not exclusively    
,episcopalian or ,presbyterian or       
,congregational4 ,it is found in all    
,christian communities1 and maintains   
its identity in all4 ,it is said by     
,paul to be made up of them that are    
sanctified in ,christ ,jesus1 called  to
 be saints1 with all that call upon the 
name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ  in    
every place1 their ,lord and ours4#aia  
,as it is not the ,pope that  admits to1
 or excludes from1 heaven1 so it is not 
the prerogative of any  church to bestow
 or to withhold salvation4 ,the right of
 private  judgment1 asserted and secured
 by the ,scottish ,reformers1 is one    
which  we are not only entitled but     
bound to exercise4 ,we must search the  
,scriptures for ourselves1 that in their
 light we may prove all things  and hold
 fast that which is good4 ,a famous     
saying of ,ignatius1 who first  applied 

the term ,catholic to the ,church1      
supplies the true description  of a     
living church--,wherever ,jesus ,christ 
is1 there is the ,catholic  ,church4#aib
      ,,section #b4--,,the ,,communion  
,,of ,,saints      ,this article appears
 to have first found place in the ,creed
 as a protest  against the tenets of a  
sect called the ,donatists1 from        
,donatus their  leader4 ,he seceded     
7#cad ,a4,d47 from the ,christian       
,church in ,north ,africa1  carrying    
with him numerous followers1 and set up 
a new church  organisation1 claiming for
 it place and authority as the only     
,church of  ,christ4 ,circumstances put 
powers of excommunication and           
persecution at  his disposal1 which he  
directed against those who refused to   
become his  followers4    ,augustine was
 for a time a ,donatist1 but his        
truth-loving spirit soon  discovered the
 real character of ,donatus1 and then he
 became his active  and uncompromising  
opponent4 ,it was probably as a protest 

against the  arrogance of the           
,donatists1 and in deference to         
,augustine's wish1 that  the clause was 
inserted4 ,in this profession it is     
declared that the ,holy  ,catholic      
,church is one not in virtue of outward 
forms1 or even through  perfect         
agreement among its members upon all    
details of doctrine1 but  because of the
 holiness of those who compose it4 ,it  
refuses to  excommunicate any who hold  
fast the form of sound words1 and who   
adhere  to one ,lord1 one faith1 one    
baptism1 one ,god and ,father of all4   
,it is a  brotherhood of which all who  
have the spirit of ,christ are members4 
,differences in colour1 or country1 or  
rank do not suffice to separate  those  
who are the body of ,christ and members 
in particular4 ,the spirit  of          
,christian fellowship that marks the    
saints finds fitting expression  in the 
noble words of ,augustine1 ,in things   
essential1 unity2 in things  doubtful1  
liberty2 in all things1 charity4    ,the

 primary meaning of the word saint is a 
person consecrated or set  apart4 ,in   
this sense all baptized persons who are 
professing members of  the ,church of   
,christ are saints4 ,in the ,new        
,testament the whole body of  professing
 ,christians resident in a city or      
district are called saints1  although   
some among them may have been unworthy2 
just as in the ,old  ,testament the     
prophets even in degenerate times termed
 the people of  ,israel an holy nation1 
that is1 a nation separated from the    
rest of  the world and consecrated to   
,god's service4 ,thus we read that      
,peter  visited the saints which dwelt  
at ,lydda4#aic ,paul speaks of a        
collection for the poor saints at       
,jerusalem1 and writes letters to all   
the saints in ,achaia1#aid to all the   
saints in ,christ ,jesus at  ,philippi1 
and to the saints at ,ephesus2 and ,jude
 speaks of the faith  once delivered to 
the saints4 ,in these passages the title
 is applied to  all who were in outward 

fellowship with the ,christian ,church4 
,the term saint is used also in a more  
restricted sense4 ,as they were  not all
 ,israel who were of ,israel1 and as not
 every one that saith  ,lord1 ,lord     
shall enter into the kingdom of heaven1 
so all who are  enrolled as members of  
the ,christian ,church do not lead      
saintly lives1  and those only are truly
 saints who are striving to live godly  
in ,christ  ,jesus1 and to be holy1 even
 as ,he who hath called them is holy4   
,this  clause of the ,creed expresses   
the doctrine that ,christians ought to  
have  fellowship one with another1 and  
that there ought to be harmonious       
relations and stimulating communion     
between their several churches and      
congregations--such fellowship and      
communion as may lead the world to      
believe that they are one in ,christ1   
and that1 though compelled by           
circumstances to assemble in different  
places and to form separate  societies1 
they are1 nevertheless1 all members of  

one body1 of which  ,jesus ,christ is   
the ,head2 all stones in one building1  
of which ,he is the  chief              
,corner-stone2 all branches in one true 
vine1 of which ,he is the  ,stem2 and   
all animated and directed by the same   
,spirit4 ,thus regarded1  the clause is 
a protest against the exclusiveness     
which often marks  ,christian churches1 
and is a recognition of the spirit of   
charity4    ,the extent of this         
,communion of the ,saints is not        
revealed4 ,much of it  is spiritual1 and
 is therefore invisible to us4 ,god     
alone marks in full  measure the        
fellowship of the churches1 and is      
acquainted with the  character and      
conduct of all their members4 ,he knew  
the seven thousand  in ,israel who had  
never bowed the knee to ,baal1 and the  
real1 though  unrecognised1 communion   
they had with one another in their      
common  fidelity and prayer to ,him2 but
 ,elijah did not know how much true     
fellowship he had1 when he denounced the

 idolatries of ,jezebel and  pleaded    
with ,god for ,israel4 ,the ignorance of
 the prophet1 who thought  he was the   
only faithful ,israelite1 has its       
counterpart in our own  times4 ,god     
knows1 but we do not know1 how many     
faithful saints there are  in the world 
who are in fellowship with one another  
because they are in  fellowship with    
,him4 ,we are excluded by many barriers 
from the knowledge  of our brethren and 
sisters in ,christ ,jesus4 ,natural and 
moral  difficulties stand in the way1   
hindering this knowledge2 differences in
  language1 in environment1 in habits   
and modes of thought1 and other         
limitations1 disable us for truly       
gauging the character of those with     
whom we are brought into close contact4 
,communion is nevertheless real  and    
true4 ,the members of the ,church of the
 living ,god1 however they may  be      
scattered and divided1 have communion   
and fellowship with the ,father1  the   
,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost2 and being in

 fellowship with ,god1 they are  of one 
mind1 and are knit together by common   
faith and mutual sympathy4  ,they are   
all one with the same ,head1 and they   
have all one hope of their  calling4    
,our ,lord brought life and immortality 
to light1 and taught men that  between  
the ,church militant and the ,church    
triumphant there is  indissoluble       
fellowship4 ,those who followed holiness
 in this life are  saints still in the  
life to which they have passed4 ,in the 
,epistle to  the ,hebrews1 believers are
 told that they are come to the general 
assembly and church of the firstborn1   
which are written in heaven 444  and to 
the spirits of just men made            
perfect4#aie    ,while the clause was   
probably inserted at first to vindicate 
the  doctrine of communion of saints in 
this life1 it has long been regarded  as
 extending to a communion subsisting    
between the spirits of just men  made   
perfect and followers of the ,lord      
,jesus ,christ who are still on  earth4 

,the passage last quoted justifies the  
inference that death does  not suspend  
the fellowship which believers in ,jesus
 ,christ have with  ,him1 their common  
,lord4 ,death separates the soul from   
the body1 but it  does not cut off the  
dead from communion with the ,father or 
the ,son4 ,he  who is the ,god of       
,abraham1 of ,isaac1 and of ,jacob is   
the ,god not of the  dead1 but of the   
living4 ,of the whole family of the     
saints1 some are in  heaven and some on 
earth1 and1 between those who are there 
and those who  are here1 there is       
communion4 ,since the heavenly ,church  
received ,abel as  its first member1    
there has been unceasing fellowship     
between militant  and glorified saints4 
,those who are here are shut out by the 
tabernacle  of the body from personal   
intercourse with the souls of the       
departed1  but are yet in a fellowship  
with them that is very real and         
precious4  ,the holy dead act upon the  
living1 and1 it may be1 are reacted upon

 in  ways we do not understand4 ,of     
,abel we are told that being dead1 he   
yet  speaketh4#aif ,those whom death has
 taken do not cease to exert an         
influence on the lives of friends left  
behind4 ,their example1 their good      
deeds1 their writings1 the undying      
consequences of what they did while  on 
earth affect us4 ,the veil which death  
interposes between us and them  hinders 
us from witnessing their spirit life1   
and we know not whether1  or in what    
measure1 or how1 they contemplate us4   
,we do not go to them to  ask them to   
intercede for us with the ,father1 for  
we believe there is  but one ,mediator  
between ,god and man4 ,we do not invest 
them with  attributes which belong to   
,god alone2 all that we are warranted to
 say  about their relation to us is1    
that what is revealed does not forbid1  
but rather encourages1 the thought that 
they are interested in us and  concerned
 for our happiness4 ,if the angels      
rejoice over the conversion  of a       

sinner1 are we to think that the spirits
 of just men made perfect  are strangers
 to this joy8 ,they are within the veil1
 we cannot see them1  but we know they  
are in communion with ,god4 ,the        
condition of the  departed saints is one
 of waiting as well as of progress4     
,they have not  attained to fruition4   
,there are doctrines which to them1 as  
to us1 are  still matters not of        
experience but of faith and hope4 ,the  
souls of the  martyrs seen by ,john     
under the altar were in a state of      
expectation1  desiring and pleading as  
when in the flesh they had desired and  
pleaded  for the consummation of        
,messiah's kingdom2 and from them the   
,apostle  heard the cry ascend1 ,how    
long1 ,o ,lord8#aig ,saints here and    
saints  who have passed through the     
valley into the unseen must surely hold 
many  beliefs in common4 ,both alike    
believe the promises of ,god1 and       
anticipate the glorious consummation for
 which they wait and watch1 when  the   

kingdoms of this world shall become the 
kingdoms of the living ,god4  ,they     
believe in the resurrection of the body 
and in its reunion with the  soul for   
ever4 ,they have common affections4     
,their love is given to the  same ,god4 
,they have community of worship1 and    
have communion in  thanksgiving1 praise1
 and1 may we not say1 in prayer for the 
overthrow  of the kingdom of darkness   
and the advent of the kingdom of glory8 
,as  those who are still in the body    
keep the ,new ,testament feast1 they    
feel  that there is fellowship between  
them and saints departed1 seeing that   
they honour the same ,saviour1 glory in 
the same cross1 partake of the  same    
heavenly food1 and look for the same    
inheritance of perfect  blessedness4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,article #aj    ,the ,forgiveness of   
,sins      ,the ,creed acknowledges ,god
 as the ,father ,almighty1 ,maker of    
heaven and  earth2 but there is another 
relation which ,he sustains to ,his     

creatures  besides those of ,creator and
 ,father4 ,in ,scripture ,he is         
represented as  the ,king1 ,ruler1      
,governor of the universe1 who imposes  
laws upon all ,his  creatures1 and      
requires of them scrupulous obedience4  
,with the exception  of man1 the visible
 creatures have these laws1 from which  
they cannot  swerve1 within their       
constitutions4 ,the planet never        
deviates from its  appointed orbit2 the 
insect1 the bird1 the beast all live in 
strict  accordance with their instincts2
 but1 unlike them1 man possesses freedom
  of will and power of choice4 ,this    
freedom1 if rightly exercised1 is a     
noble possession1 but1 perverted1 it is 
an instrument of destruction4  ,the     
lower animals cannot sin because the law
 of their lives is within  them1        
constraining them to act in accordance  
with its dictates4 ,upon  man1 free to  
choose1 ,god imposed law4 ,with freedom 
of will he received  the gift of        
conscience1 which1 enabling him to      

distinguish between right  and wrong1   
invested him with responsibility1 and   
made disobedience sin4  ,that he can sin
 is his patent of nobility1 that he does
 sin is his ruin  and disgrace4    ,the 
effect of sin is separation from ,god1  
who can have no fellowship  with evil1  
for sin is the abominable thing which   
,he hates1 and on which  ,he cannot even
 look4 ,a breach1 altogether irreparable
 on man's part1 was  made between man   
and his ,creator when the first         
transgression of the law  of ,god took  
place4 ,the impulse of every sinner1    
which only ,divine power  can overcome1 
is to flee from ,god4 ,hence arises the 
necessity for  reconciliation1 and for  
the intervention of ,god to effect it4  
,that the  unity thus broken may be     
restored1 expiation must be made by one 
possessing the nature of the being that 
had sinned1 and yet1 by ,his  possession
 of the ,divine nature1 investing that  
expiation with  illimitable worth1 so   
that all sin may be covered1 and every  

sinner find  a way of escape from the   
power and the penal consequences of     
transgression4 ,these conditions meet in
 the ,lord ,jesus ,christ and in ,him   
alone4 ,that ,god might1 without        
compromising ,his attributes1 be enabled
  to bring man back into fellowship with
 ,himself1 ,he spared not ,his own      
,son1 and the ,son freely gave ,himself 
to suffering and death for the  world's 
redemption4    ,in the felt necessity of
 atonement1 which has associated        
sacrifice with  every religion devised  
by man1 we have evidence of the         
universality of  sin4 ,all feel its     
crushing pressure1 and fear the         
punishment which1  conscience assures   
them1 is deserved and inevitable4 ,the  
heathen  confesses it as he prostrates  
himself before the image of his god1 or 
immolates himself or his fellow-man upon
 his altar2 and the ,christian  feels   
and confesses it as1 fleeing for refuge1
 he finds pardon and  cleansing in the  
blood of ,jesus ,christ4    ,sin is     

original or actual1 the former inherited
 from our parents1 the  latter1 personal
 transgression of the ,divine law4      
,every man descending  from ,adam by    
ordinary generation is born with the    
taint of original sin4  ,as the         
representative head of humanity1 ,adam  
transmitted to all his  descendants the 
nature that his sin had polluted4 ,the  
fountain of life  was poisoned at its   
source1 and when ,adam begat children   
they were born  in his likeness4 ,by one
 man sin entered into the world1 and    
death by  sin2 and so death passed upon 
all men4 ,death reigned 444 even over   
them that had not sinned after the      
similitude of ,adam's transgression4    
,by one man's disobedience many were    
made sinners4#aih    ,actual sin        
consists in breaking any law of ,god    
made known to us by  ,scripture1        
conscience1 or reason4 ,it assumes many 
forms4 ,there are sins  of thought1 of  
word1 of deed2 sins of commission1 or   
doing what ,god  forbids2 of omission1  

or leaving undone what ,god commands2   
sins to which  we are tempted by the    
world1 the flesh1 or the devil2 sins    
directly  against ,god2 sins that wrong 
our neighbours1 and that ruin ourselves2
  sins of pride1 covetousness1 lust1    
gluttony1 anger1 envy1 sloth4 ,in many  
things we sin1 and ,if we say that we   
have no sin1 we deceive ourselves1  and 
the truth is not in us4#aii    ,man's   
sinfulness is set forth in ,scripture by
 a great variety of  figures4 ,the word 
rendered sin means the missing of a mark
 or aim4 ,sin  is sometimes described as
 ignorance1 sometimes as defeat1        
sometimes as  disobedience4 ,the        
definition of the ,shorter ,catechism is
 clear and  comprehensive4 ,sin is any  
want of conformity unto1 or             
transgression of1  the law of ,god4#bjj 
,the taint of original sin1 extending to
 man's  whole nature1 inclines him to   
act in opposition to the law of ,god1   
and  every concession to his corrupt    
desire1 in thought1 word1 or deed1 is   

actual sin4 ,because of it he is not    
subject to the law of ,god1 neither1    
indeed1 can be4    ,sin is always spoken
 of in ,scripture as followed by        
punishment or by  pardon4 ,there is no  
middle way4 ,salvation for man must     
therefore involve  deliverance from     
condemnation4    ,the word which        
expresses man's liability to punishment 
is guilt1 and  only a religion which    
makes known how he may be set free from 
guilt will  suit his necessities4 ,we   
cannot set ourselves free from          
condemnation4  ,man1 says the           
,confession of ,faith1 by his fall into 
a state of sin1  hath wholly lost all   
ability of will to any spiritual good   
accompanying  salvation2 so1 as a       
natural man1 being altogether averse    
from that good1  and dead in sin1 is not
 able1 by his own strength1 to convert  
himself1  or prepare himself            
thereunto4#bja ,forgiveness of sin must 
come from  ,god4 ,there is nothing in   
nature or in human experience to warrant

 hope  of pardon4 ,nature never forgives
 a trespass against her law4 ,the       
opportunity that is lost does not       
return4 ,the mistake by which a life is 
marred cannot be undone4 ,the           
constitution shattered by intemperance  
cannot be restored1 the birthright      
bartered for a mess of pottage is  gone 
for ever1 and no bitter tears or        
supplications have power to bring  it   
back4 ,whether we repent of it or not1  
every sin we commit leaves its  dark    
mark behind1 and in this life at least  
the stain can never be  effaced2 and yet
 we believe in the forgiveness of sin   
through the grace  of ,god4    ,the     
forgiveness of sin is a free gift       
purchased by the ,lamb of ,god that     
taketh away the sin of the world1 who by
 ,his ,cross and ,passion obtained  for 
men this unspeakable benefit1 and       
commanded that repentance and  remission
 of sins should be preached in ,his name
 among all nations4#bjb    ,in order    
that the grace of ,god may bring        

salvation1 it is required that  there   
shall be 7a7 ,repentance4 ,in ,scripture
 repentance is set forth as  necessarily
 preceding pardon3 ,jesus began to      
preach1 and to say1  ,repent4#bjc ,peter
 said unto them1 ,repent4#bjd ,him hath 
,god exalted  with his right hand to be 
a ,prince and a ,saviour1 for to give   
repentance  to ,israel1 and forgiveness 
of sins4#bje ,repentance begins in      
contrition4 ,godly sorrow for sin       
worketh repentance to salvation4#bjf    
7b7 ,before the good gift of ,god can be
 received1 it is necessary that  we     
confess our sin4 ,it is when we confess 
our sins that we obtain  forgiveness and
 cleansing4 ,if we confess our sins1 he 
is faithful and  just to forgive us our 
sins1 and to cleanse us from all        
unrighteousness4#bjg ,to produce        
conviction and confession is the work   
of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,he reveals to the 
sinner the sinfulness of his life1  and 
so works in him repentance4 7c7 ,another
 requirement is unfeigned  faith4 ,he   

that cometh to ,god must believe that he
 is1 and that he is a  rewarder of them 
that diligently seek ,him4 ,without     
faith it is  impossible to please       
him4#bjh ,being justified by faith1 we  
have peace  with ,god through our ,lord 
,jesus ,christ4#bji ,let him ask in     
faith1  nothing doubting3 for he that   
doubteth is like the surge of the sea   
driven by the wind and tossed4 ,for let 
not that man think that he shall        
receive anything of the ,lord4#baj 7d7  
,there must be also humble1  earnest    
resolution to be obedient to the will of
 ,god4 ,the forgiveness  secured by the 
death of ,jesus is more than mere       
deliverance from the  penalty of sin or 
the acquittal of the sinner4 ,it is the 
remission of  sins1 the putting away of 
the sin4 ,with pardon there is a renewal
 of the  inner man4 ,return to holiness 
is secured1 and the lost image of ,god  
is  restored to man1 so that he dies to 
sin and lives unto holiness4 ,nothing   
less than this will satisfy the true    

penitent1 who asks for more than        
pardon1 whose cry is1 ,create in me a   
clean heart1 ,o ,god2 and renew a  right
 spirit within me4#baa ,it is not       
sufficient to be set free from          
punishment1 there must be the abiding   
desire to have the life conformed  to   
the ,divine will4 ,the grace of ,god    
that bringeth salvation teaches  and    
enables all who receive it to deny      
ungodliness and worldly lusts1  and to  
live soberly1 righteously1 and godly in 
this present world4#bab             99  
99       99       99       99           
,,article #aa    ,the ,resurrection of  
the ,body      ,,animism--the doctrine  
of the continuous existence1 after      
death1 of the  disembodied human        
spirit--has a place in the majority of  
religious  systems2 but belief in the   
resurrection of the body is almost      
peculiar  to the ,christian faith4 ,in  
,old ,testament times the hope of       
immortality  for body and soul seldom   
found expression4 ,job seems to have had

 at  least a glimpse of the doctrine1   
although his words in the original do   
not express it so strongly as those of  
the ,english version3 ,i know that  my  
redeemer liveth1 and that he shall stand
 at the latter day upon the  earth3 and 
though after my skin worms destroy this 
body1 yet in my flesh  shall ,i see     
,god4#bac ,in the ,psalms there are     
various intimations that  faithful      
servants of ,god looked for a future    
life in which the body as  well as the  
spirit should find place4 ,isaiah       
prophesied1 ,thy dead men  shall live1  
my dead body shall arise4 ,awake and    
sing1 ye that dwell in  dust3 for thy   
dew is as the dew of herbs1 and the     
earth shall cast out  the dead4#bad     
,daniel still more emphatically         
declares1 ,many of them  that sleep in  
the dust of the earth shall awake1 some 
to everlasting  life1 and some to shame 
and everlasting contempt4#bae ,the story
 in the  second book of ,maccabees of   
the seven martyr-brothers1 who would not

  accept life from the tyrant on        
condition of denying their ,god1 proves 
that they were strengthened to endure by
 the sure hope of a better              
resurrection4 ,one of them thus         
confessed his faith3 ,thou like a fury  
takest us out of this present life1 but 
the ,king of the world shall  raise us  
up1 who have died for ,his laws1 unto   
everlasting life4 ,another  of the      
brothers1 about to have his tongue      
plucked out and his hands cut  off1     
holding forth his hands manfully1 said  
courageously1 ,these ,i had  from heaven
 444 and from ,him ,i hope to receive   
them again4 ,their  mother1 who is      
thought to have been one of the saints  
that in the  ,epistle to the ,hebrews   
are said to have been tortured1 not     
accepting  deliverance1 encouraged her  
sons to be faithful unto death by       
telling  them that ,god who had given   
them life at the first would restore it4
 ,i  am sure1 she said1 that ,he will of
 ,his own mercy give you breath and     

life again as ye now regard not your own
 selves for ,his laws'  sake4#baf ,the  
,pharisees in the days of our ,lord held
 by the doctrine1  which the ,sadducees1
 who rejected belief in angels and      
spirits1 denied4  ,the belief expressed 
by ,martha when she said of her brother 
,lazarus1 ,i  know that he shall rise   
again in the resurrection at the last   
day1#bag  was in all likelihood current 
in her time4 ,it may have been to       
impress  the truth of resurrection-life 
for the body that ,enoch1 before the    
flood1 and ,elijah1 in later ,old       
,testament times1 were translated2 but  
it  is in the ,new ,testament1 in words 
spoken by the ,lord ,jesus1 that        
resurrection is fully revealed4 ,marvel 
not at this1 said ,he to the  ,jews2 for
 the hour is coming in the which all    
that are in the graves  shall hear the  
voice of the ,son of man1 and shall come
 forth2 they that  have done good1 unto 
the resurrection of life2 and they that 
have done  evil1 unto the resurrection  

of damnation4#bah ,in reply to the      
,sadducees1 who attempted to ridicule   
,his statements regarding  resurrection1
 ,he said1 ,ye do err1 not knowing the  
,scriptures1 nor the  power of ,god2#bai
 and ,he put them to silence by showing 
that the truth  of resurrection was     
implied in the name by which ,god       
revealed ,himself to  ,israel1 ,i am the
 ,god of ,abraham1 and of ,isaac1 and of
 ,jacob4 ,he showed  ,his power over the
 dead body1 and furnished assurance of  
resurrection1  by raising the dead4 ,he 
thus restored the daughter of ,jairus   
and the son  of the widow of ,nain1 and 
raised ,lazarus from the tomb four days 
after  he had died4 ,in ,his own        
resurrection we have the most signal    
pledge of  our bodily immortality4 ,when
 ,he arose triumphant from the grave and
  showed ,himself alive by many         
infallible proofs1 ,he manifested ,his  
power  as the conqueror of death4    ,it
 is clearly taught in ,scripture that   
there is to be a general  resurrection  

of the righteous and the wicked4 ,in    
addition to texts  already quoted1 we   
find ,john declaring1 ,i saw the dead1  
small and  great1 stand before ,god1 444
 and the sea gave up the dead which were
 in  it2 and death and hell delivered up
 the dead which were in them2#bbj  and  
,paul writes to the ,thessalonians1 ,we 
that are alive1 that are left  unto the 
coming of the ,lord1 shall in no wise   
precede them that are  fallen asleep 444
 and the dead in ,christ shall rise     
first4#bba    ,the resurrection is      
associated with the second coming of    
,christ4 ,it is  ,his voice that shall  
awake the dead1 and the angels who will 
accompany  ,him are to gather them from 
the four winds of heaven to the         
judgment-seat of ,christ1 that everyone 
may receive the things done in  his     
body1 according to that he hath done1   
whether it be good or  bad4#bbb    ,in  
resurrection1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy  
,ghost take part4 ,god the ,father1  who
 both raised up the ,lord1 and will also

 raise up us by his own  power3#bbc ,god
 the ,son3 ,as the ,father raiseth up   
the dead1 and  quickeneth them2 even so 
the ,son quickeneth whom he will3#bbd   
,god the  ,holy ,ghost1 who1 as the     
,giver of life1 by ,his special action  
will raise  our bodies3 ,he that raised 
up ,christ from the dead shall also     
quicken  your mortal bodies by his      
,spirit that dwelleth in you4#bbe ,the  
,lord  ,jesus ,christ is the meritorious
 cause of resurrection3 ,by man came    
death1 by man came also the resurrection
 of the dead4 ,for as in ,adam all  die1
 even so in ,christ shall all be made   
alive4#bbf ,his resurrection  is the    
pledge and the pattern of ours4 ,if we  
have been planted together  in the      
likeness of his death1 we shall be also 
in the likeness of his                  
resurrection4#bbg    ,christianity      
teaches that the body as well as the    
soul is redeemed by  the ,lord ,jesus   
,christ1 the ,saviour of the body4#bbh  
,we are called to  glorify ,god in our  

bodies1 which are temples of the ,holy  
,ghost1 and we  must give account for   
the deeds done in and through the body1 
as well as  for those sins which are    
rather of the mind and will than of the 
body4  ,the body will be raised and will
 be judged4 ,god will bring to light all
  hidden things--actions forgotten by   
ourselves1 deeds of which the world     
knows nothing1 as well as those which   
memory retains and the world knows  of4 
,before that great and notable day our  
bodies as well as our souls  must have  
been purged1 else we shall never see    
,god4 ,the bodies of the  unjust will   
rise2 but theirs will be resurrection to
 shame and  everlasting contempt4    ,it
 is fitting that reward or punishment   
should be the portion of the  same souls
 and bodies that have been faithful or  
unfaithful4 ,christ rose  in the same   
body as ,he had before ,his death1 and  
so shall we4 ,how this  is to be        
accomplished we cannot tell1 but with   
,god all things are  possible1 and faith

 rests with confidence in ,his power and
 in ,his ,word4  ,we wait for a         
,saviour1 the ,lord ,jesus ,christ3 who 
shall fashion anew  the body of our     
humiliation1 that it may be conformed to
 the body of his  glory4#bbi ,while the 
body is the same as that in which the   
soul  tabernacled1 it will undergo      
transformation4 ,christ will renew the  
bodily as well as the spiritual nature  
of ,his people4 ,every part of  their   
being will be transformed1 and their    
bodies1 like ,christ's1 will  be        
spiritual bodies4 ,we are to be         
sanctified wholly2 our whole spirit  and
 soul and body preserved blameless unto 
,his coming4#bcj ,in this  present life 
the body builds up a character which it 
will retain  throughout eternity4 ,every
 act we do affects it1 not for the time 
only1  but for ever4 ,the lost soul will
 assume the polluted body1 and while it 
may shrink in horror from the union1    
will find no way of escape4 ,he  that is
 filthy1 let him be filthy still3 and he

 that is holy1 let him be  holy         
still4#bca ,whatsoever a man soweth that
 shall he also  reap1#bcb and the       
harvest will abide with him for ever4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,article #ab    ,and the ,life         
,everlasting      ,the great truth      
affirmed in the concluding article of   
the ,creed is the  ,life ,everlasting3  
,the wages of sin is death2 but the gift
 of ,god is  eternal life4#bcc ,this    
life will be the portion of all who are 
acquitted in the day of judgment1 and   
they will then enter upon new           
experiences4 ,death and hell shall be   
cast into the lake of fire1 and the     
redeemed1 no longer subject to          
imperfection1 decay1 or death1 shall be 
raised to the right hand of the ,father1
 where there is fulness of joy2  to     
partake of those pleasures for evermore 
which have been purchased for  them by  
the blood of the ,lamb4    ,it is       
interesting to note the gradual         
development of this doctrine1  which was

 first fully expressed by ,him who      
brought life and immortality  to light4 
,we have the statement of the writer to 
the ,hebrews that the  faith of ,old    
,testament saints had in view the       
continuance of life after  death in a   
better country1 that is1 an heavenly4   
,whether this faith  grasped the        
doctrine of bodily resurrection1 in     
addition to that of the  immortality of 
the soul1 we are not told4 ,it is       
remarkable that  throughout the books of
 ,moses there is an absence of reference
 to the  future life as a motive to holy
 living4 ,prosperity and adversity in   
this  life are set forth as the reward  
or punishment of conduct1 leading to    
the inference1 either that retribution  
in the future life was not  revealed1 or
 that it exercised little practical     
influence4 ,as time  passed the doctrine
 of everlasting life for body and soul  
emerged in the  ,psalms and in the      
prophetical writings1 but sometimes side
 by side with  such gloomy views        

regarding death and its consequences as 
to leave the  impression that belief in 
it was weak and fitful4 ,in the long    
period  that passed between the time    
when ,old ,testament prophecy ceased and
 the  advent of ,christ1 the fierce     
persecutions to which the ,jews were    
subjected appear to have strengthened   
their faith in a future life of         
blessedness1 in which the body1         
delivered from the grave and again      
united to the soul1 shall participate4  
,the author of the ,apocryphal ,book    
termed ,the ,wisdom of ,solomon thus    
records his belief3--        ,the souls 
of the righteous are in the hand of     
,god1      ,and no torment shall touch  
them4      ,in the eyes of the foolish  
they seemed to have died2      ,and     
their departure was accounted to be     
their hurt1      ,and their journeying  
away from us to be their ruin1      ,but
 they are in peace4      ,for even if in
 the sight of men they be punished1     
,their hope is full of immortality3     

,and having borne a little chastening   
they shall receive great good2          
,because ,god made trial of them1 and   
found them worthy of ,himself4      ,as 
gold in the furnace ,he proved them1    
,and as a whole burnt offering ,he      
accepted them4      ,and in the time of 
their visitation they shall shine forth1
      ,and as sparks among stubble they 
shall run to and fro4      ,they shall  
judge nations1 and have dominion over   
peoples2      ,and the ,lord shall reign
 over them for evermore4      ,they that
 trust in ,him shall understand truth1  
,and the faithful shall abide with ,him 
in love2      ,because grace and mercy  
are to ,his chosen4#bcd    ,again he    
writes3--        ,the righteous live for
 ever1      ,and in the ,lord is their  
reward1      ,and the care for them with
 the ,most ,high4      ,therefore shall 
they receive the crown of royal dignity 
,and the diadem of beauty from the      
,lord's hand4#bce    ,the happiness of  
the kingdom of heaven is in ,scripture  

termed life1  because it constitutes the
 life for which man was created4 ,being 
made in  the likeness of ,god1 his      
nature can obtain full satisfaction1 and
 his  powers will expand into fruition1 
only when he enters upon a life which   
resembles1 in proportion to its measure 
and capacity1 the life of ,god4  ,jesus 
spoke of regeneration as entering into  
life4 ,those who receive the  ,gospel   
message and walk in the footsteps of    
,christ are said to be born  again--to  
receive in their conversion the         
beginning of a new existence1  of which 
the entrance of the infant into the     
world is a fitting emblem4  ,they       
possess now not only a natural life1 but
 a life hid with ,christ in  ,god1 which
 is a pledge to them that when he who is
 their life shall  appear1 they also    
shall appear with him in glory4#bcf     
,knowledge of ,god  the ,father and of  
,jesus ,christ1 imparted by the ,holy   
,spirit1 is said by  our ,lord to be    
,life ,eternal4 ,this is life eternal1  

to know thee the  only true ,god1 and   
,jesus ,christ1 whom thou hast sent4#bcg
    ,standing at the end of the ,creed1 
this article expresses the  consummation
 of the work accomplished for man by the
 ,three ,persons of  the ,godhead4 ,the 
,father created man and breathed into   
his nostrils the  breath of life1 that  
he might glorify ,god and enjoy ,him for
 ever2 and  when1 through the fall1 man 
had forfeited the gift of life1 ,god    
spared  not ,his own ,son1 that1 through
 ,his dying1 pardon and blessed life    
might  be brought within the reach of   
the fallen2 the ,son assumed human      
nature  and suffered and died1 that ,he 
might deliver men from death1 temporal  
and eternal1 and procure for them       
everlasting life2 the ,holy ,ghost1 the 
,giver of life1 sanctifies the believer 
and makes him meet for the  inheritance 
of the saints4 ,all the means of grace  
were given for the  purpose of          
convincing and converting men1 and of   
preparing them for  entrance into and   

enjoyment of the blessed life in        
eternity4    ,the ,everlasting ,life of 
the ,creed covers more than the         
immortality of  the soul4 ,even heathens
 grasped in some measure the fact that  
the spirit  of man survives separation  
from the body2 but life for the body in 
reunion with the soul is a doctrine of  
revelation4 ,in the ,pagan world        
various conflicting beliefs were held as
 to the condition of men after  death4  
,some thought that existence terminated 
at death2 others that men  then lost    
their personality and were absorbed into
 the deity2 and others  that the spirit 
was released by death and then entered  
on a separate  existence1 possessed of  
personality and capable of enjoyment2   
but of the  ,christian doctrine of      
resurrection-life for soul and body in  
abiding  reunion they were altogether   
ignorant4 ,those consolations which     
,christianity brings to the mourner were
 unknown4 ,there is an interesting      
letter extant which was written to      

,cicero1 the ,roman orator1 by a friend 
who sought to comfort him after the     
death of his daughter ,julia1 in  which 
the consolation tendered strikingly     
marks the distinction between  ,pagan   
and ,christian views regarding death4   
,cicero was reminded by his  friend that
 even solid and substantial cities1 such
 as those whose  ruined remains were to 
be seen in ,asia ,minor1 were doomed to 
decay and  destruction2 and if so1 it   
could not be thought that man's frail   
body  can escape a similar experience4  
,this is poor comfort in comparison with
  the hope of glory which sustains the  
,christian under trial4 ,he knows not   
only that his soul shall live for ever1 
but that the life of eternity is  one in
 which the body too1 then incapable of  
pain1 weariness1 or death1  shall have  
part4 ,we know that if our earthly house
 of this tabernacle  were dissolved1 we 
have a building of ,god1 an house not   
made with hands1  eternal in the        
heavens4#bch    ,everlasting existence  

after resurrection will be the portion  
of the  righteous and the wicked4       
,attempts have been made to explain away
  various emphatic ,scripture statements
 regarding the doom of the ungodly1     
with the view of lessening its terrors2 
but1 if we are to accept the  plain     
meaning of these statements1 there seems
 to be no reasonable  interpretation of 
them which gives sanction to the belief 
that this doom  can be escaped4    ,what
 is called the doctrine of ,conditional 
,immortality finds not a few  advocates 
and adherents1 who hold that existence  
in the future state is  exclusively for 
the faithful1 and that the sentence to  
be executed upon  the wicked at death or
 at judgment is annihilation4 ,a        
different belief1  termed ,the ,larger  
,hope1 is maintained by others1 who     
affirm that the  punishment to which    
those dying impenitent are to be        
subjected will in  time work reformation
 and cleansing1 after which1 restored to
 ,god's  favour1 they will enter upon a 

life of happiness4    ,it is a strong   
argument against such doctrines that the
 same word which  our ,lord employs to  
describe the permanent blessedness of   
the redeemed  is used by ,him to denote 
the punishment of the wicked4 ,the      
reward and  the punishment are both     
declared by ,him to be everlasting or   
eternal4  ,the same ,greek word is in   
the ,english ,new ,testament sometimes  
rendered  eternal and sometimes         
everlasting4 ,the portion of the        
righteous will be  life--life           
everlasting2 that of the wicked is      
described as consisting1  not in        
annihilation or in terminable suffering1
 but in everlasting  destruction from   
the presence of the ,lord1 and from the 
glory of his  power4#bci    ,while this 
article may be regarded as bearing upon 
the doom of the  ungodly1 it is rather  
to be viewed as affirming the eternal   
blessedness  of the risen saints4 ,the  
everlasting life begins on earth1 but is
  perfected only in eternity4 ,it is    

sometimes spoken of as a present        
possession3 ,he that heareth my word1   
and believeth on him that sent me1  hath
 everlasting life1 and shall not come   
into condemnation2 but is  passed from  
death unto life4#bdj ,again it is spoken
 of as a reward in  futurity3 ,he shall 
receive an hundredfold now in this time 
444 and in  the world to come eternal   
life4#bda ,our knowledge of what that   
life  will be is very limited4 ,human   
words cannot describe it2 human beings  
in  this life cannot understand it4 ,we 
know that it will arise from  knowledge 
of ,god4 ,men will be equal to the      
angels who see ,god4 ,now we  see       
through a glass darkly1#bdb but we know 
that1 when he shall  appear1 we shall be
 like him2 for we shall see him as he   
is4#bdc    ,statements regarding the    
happiness of the saints are in          
,scripture  expressed sometimes in      
negative and sometimes in positive      
terms4 ,in the  new heavens and the new 
earth the redeemed shall hunger no more1

  neither thirst any more2#bdd ,there   
shall be no night there2 and they  need 
no candle1 neither light of the sun2 for
 the ,lord ,god giveth them  light4#bde 
,pain and sorrow and death can never    
touch them2 they shall  be delivered    
from perplexing doubts1 from all misery 
and trouble4 ,care  and anxiety shall be
 banished for ever1 and ,god will wipe  
away all tears  from every eye4         
,there are also many positive statements
 regarding the future life4 ,not  only  
will there be the absence of all that is
 painful and productive of  sorrow2     
those for whom it is prepared shall     
enter into rest4 ,they shall  possess   
abiding peace1 and the joy of their     
,lord will become their own4  ,their    
bodies shall be like ,christ's own      
glorious body1 which1 when  transfigured
 on ,tabor1 shone as the sun1 and was   
white as the light4  ,they shall be     
satisfied1 when they awake1 with the    
,divine likeness4#bdf  ,they shall shine
 as the brightness of the firmament1 and

 as the stars  for ever and ever4#bdg   
,they shall sit down with ,christ upon  
,his  throne1 and shall be rulers over  
cities4 ,they are as the angels of ,god 
in heaven4#bdh ,in the many mansions of 
the ,father's house there will  be a    
place for every saint4 ,each will be    
rewarded according to his  works4 ,some 
are to be raised to higher glory than   
others--some are to  have authority over
 ten cities1 and some are to bear rule  
over five--but  all the saints will be  
happy in the eternal enjoyment of ,god's
 favour1  which is life2 and of ,his    
loving kindness1 which is better than   
life4             99       99       99  
99       99          ,,appendix         
,the1 following arrangement is from     
,professor ,lumby's ,history of the     
,creeds4 ,it shows that the portions of 
the ,apostolic ,creed which do  not     
appear in the earlier forms are very    
few4 ,irenaeus omits the  conception by 
the ,holy ,ghost1 while ,tertullian     
inserts it4 ,neither ,creed  contains   

the first part of the fifth article1 and
 in both the ninth and  tenth are       
wanting4 ,with these exceptions the     
substance of the ,apostles'  ,creed was 
in circulation as early as ,a4,d4 #ahj4 
,,the ,,apostles' ,,creed4              
,,creeds ,,of ,,st4 ,,irenaeus          
,,creeds ,,of ,,tertullian              
7,a4,d4 #ahj74                 7,a4,d4  
#bjj74    #a4 ,i believe in ,god the    
,i believe in one ,god1       ,i believe
 in one ,god1  ,father ,almighty1 ,maker
      the ,father ,almighty1 who    the 
,creator of the  of heaven and earth3   
made heaven and earth2      world1 who  
produced all                            
out of nothing 444    #b4 ,and in ,jesus
 ,christ      ,and in one ,christ       
,jesus1    ,and in the ,word ,his ,son  
,his only ,son our ,lord1      the ,son 
of ,god our         ,jesus ,christ1     
,lord1    #c4 ,who was conceived by     
,who was made flesh of      ,who through
 the ,spirit  the ,holy ,ghost1 born of 
the ,virgin2                and ,power  

of ,god the  the ,virgin ,mary1         
,father descended into                  
the ,virgin ,mary1 was                  
made flesh in her womb1                 
and born of her2    #d4 ,suffered under 
,and in ,his suffering        ,was fixed
 on the cross  ,pontius ,pilate1 was    
under ,pontius ,pilate2     under       
,pontius ,pilate2  crucified1 dead1 and 
was dead and buried2  buried1    #e4 ,he
 descended into        ,and in ,his     
rising from      ,rose again the third  
hell2 the third day ,he      the dead2  
day2  rose again from the  dead1    #f4 
,he ascended into         ,and in ,his  
ascension in     ,was taken into heaven1
  heaven1 and sitteth on      the flesh2
                  and sat down at the   
the right hand of ,god                  
right hand of ,god2  the ,father        
,almighty2    #g4 ,from thence ,he shall
     ,and in ,his coming from      ,he  
will come to judge  come to judge the   
quick     heaven 444 that ,he may       
the wicked to eternal  and the dead4    

execute just judgment on    fire4       
all4    #h4 ,i believe in the ,holy     
,and in the ,holy ,ghost4      ,and in  
the ,holy ,spirit  ,ghost2              
sent by ,christ4    #i4 ,the ,holy      
,catholic  ,church2 the ,communion of   
saints2    #aj4 ,the ,forgiveness of    
sins2    #aa4 ,the ,resurrection of     
,and that ,christ shall       ,and that 
,christ will1  the body2                
come from heaven to         after the   
revival of                              
raise up all flesh 444      both body   
and soul with  #ab4 ,and the            
and to adjudge the          the         
restoration of the  ,life ,everlasting4 
impious and unjust 444      flesh1      
receive ,his holy                       
to eternal fire1 and to     ones into   
the enjoyment                           
give to the just and        of life     
eternal and the                         
holy immortality and        promises of 
heaven4                                 
eternal glory4             99       99  

99       99       99                    
,,transcriber',s ,,changes3--           
,footnote #jaf amended from #a ,peter   
iii4 #a4 to #a ,peter iii4 #ae4         
,footnote #aih amended from #a ,rom v4  
#ai to ,rom v4 #ai    ,footnote #bdc    
amended from #b ,john iii4 #b to #a     
,john iii4#b4             99       99   
99       99       99        ,,footnotes 
,footnote #jja3 ,john xi4 #be1 #bf4     
,footnote #jjb3 ,matt1 xxviii4 #bj4     
,footnote #jjc3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-d4      
,footnote #jjd3 ,rom4 vi4 #ag4          
,footnote #jje3 ,gal4 vi4 #af4          
,footnote #jjf3 #a ,tim4 vi4 #bj4       
,footnote #jjg3 #b ,tim4 i4 #ac1 #ad4   
,footnote #jjh3 ,see ,appendix          
,footnote #jji3 ,rom4 x4 #aj4           
,footnote #jaj3 ,rom4 x4 #ag4           
,footnote #jaa3 ,heb4 xi4 #c4           
,footnote #jab3 ,table-,talk1 #aheb1 p4 
#add4    ,footnote #jac3 #a ,john v4 #i4
    ,footnote #jad3 ,heb4 xi4 #f4       
,footnote #jae3 ,heb4 xi4 #f4           
,footnote #jaf3 #a ,peter iii4 #ae4     

,footnote #jag3 ,see ,handbook of       
,christian ,evidences1 ,principal       
,stewart1  chap4 i4    ,footnote #jah3  
,deut4 vi4 #d4    ,footnote #jai3 ,gen4 
i4 #bf2 iii4 #bb2 xi4 #g4 ,different    
views have been  taken of these         
passages4 ,some commentators think the  
plural forms  represent the plural of   
majesty4 ,there is1 however1 no         
indication in the  ,old ,testament or in
 ancient monumental inscriptions that   
sovereigns had  adopted this style of   
speech4 ,nebuchadnezzar and ,darius     
begin their  proclamations with the     
singular first personal pronoun ,i2 not 
with the  plural ,we which modern kings 
assume4 ,on the ,moabite stone ,mesha   
uses  ,i1 not ,we1 throughout the       
inscription in which he records his     
achievements4 ,another view is that     
,moses1 accustomed to hear of the       
numerous gods of ,egypt1 used the plural
 inadvertently4 ,this supposition  does 
not accord with any view of inspiration 
held by evangelical  churches4 ,the     

interpretation which regards the        
passages as early  indications of the   
doctrine of the ,trinity is simple and  
natural1 and  accords with the principle
 of gradual revelation which is apparent
 in  ,scripture4    ,footnote #jbj3 ,job
 xi4 #g4    ,footnote #jba3 ,deut4 xxix4
 #bi4    ,footnote #jbb3 ,john x4 #cj4  
,footnote #jbc3 ,john xvii4 #e4         
,footnote #jbd3 ,see ,hodge's           
,systematic ,theology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddd4 
,footnote #jbe3 ,psalm lxxvi4 #aj4      
,footnote #jbf3 ,rom4 viii4 #bh4        
,footnote #jbg3 ,rom4 i4 #bj4           
,footnote #jbh3 ,confessions1 ,bk4 x4   
chap4 vi4    ,footnote #jbi3 ,luke ii4  
#cd4    ,footnote #jcj3 ,acts viii4     
,footnote #jca3 #b ,tim4 ii4 #ag4       
,footnote #jcb3 #b ,tim4 i4 #ae4        
,footnote #jcc3 ,see ,landmarks of      
,church ,history1 by ,professor ,cowan1 
,d4,d41 p4 #af4    ,footnote #jcd3      
,isaiah ix4 #f4    ,footnote #jce3      
,matt4 i4 #ba4    ,footnote #jcf3 ,col4 
iv4 #aa4    ,footnote #jcg3 ,matt4 xxi4 

#aa4    ,footnote #jch3 ,matt4 i4 #bc4  
,footnote #jci3 ,acts iv4 #ab4          
,footnote #jdj3 ,phil4 ii4 #i-aa4       
,footnote #jda3 ,john i4 #da4           
,footnote #jdb3 ,john iv4 #bi4          
,footnote #jdc3 ,matt4 xvi4 #af1 #ag4   
,footnote #jdd3 ,acts xviii4 #bh4       
,footnote #jde3 ,john ix4 #bb4          
,footnote #jdf3 ,psalm xlv4 #g2 ,heb4 i4
 #i4    ,footnote #jdg3 ,john xx4 #ca4  
,footnote #jdh3 ,psalm ii4 #g4          
,footnote #jdi3 ,isaiah ix4 #f4         
,footnote #jej3 ,john i4 #a1 #ad        
7,r4,v474    ,footnote #jea3 ,heb4 i4   
#a-c4    ,footnote #jeb3 ,john i4 #di4  
,footnote #jec3 ,john xi4 #bg4          
,footnote #jed3 ,john viii4 #eh4        
,footnote #jee3 ,prov4 viii4 #bb1 #cj4  
,footnote #jef3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fc2 ,mark 
xiv4 #fa4    ,footnote #jeg3 ,matt4     
xxvi4 #fe1 #ff4    ,footnote #jeh3      
,matt4 xxviii4 #f4    ,footnote #jei3   
,john xx4 #b4    ,footnote #jfj3 #a     
,cor4 xi4 #bc4    ,footnote #jfa3 #a    
,cor4 viii4 #f4    ,footnote #jfb3      

,matt4 xxviii4 #ah4    ,footnote #jfc3  
,matt4 xi4 #bg4    ,footnote #jfd3 ,john
 iii4 #ce4    ,footnote #jfe3 ,phil4 ii4
 #i-aa4    ,footnote #jff3 ,acts x4 #cf4
    ,footnote #jfg3 ,rev4 xvii4 #ad4    
,footnote #jfh3 ,isaiah xxvi4 #ac4      
,footnote #jfi3 ,ques4 #bb4    ,footnote
 #jgj3 ,mark i4 #a4    ,footnote #jga3  
,mark i4 #aa4    ,footnote #jgb3 ,john  
i4 #a-c4    ,footnote #jgc3 ,isaiah vii4
 #ad4    ,footnote #jgd3 ,see ,the      
,origin and ,connection of the ,gospels 
of ,matthew1  ,mark1 and ,luke1 and ,the
 ,voyage and ,shipwreck of ,st4 ,paul1  
by ,mr4  ,smith of ,jordanhill4         
,footnote #jge3 ,luke i4 #bi1 ii4 #ai1  
#ea4    ,footnote #jgf3 ,vol4 i4 p4     
#cgf4    ,footnote #jgg3 ,john xix4 #bf1
 #bg    ,footnote #jgh3 ,john v4 #ca    
,footnote #jgi3 ,col4 iii4 #aa4         
,footnote #jhj3 ,acts x4 #ce4           
,footnote #jha3 #a ,cor4 i4 #bc4        
,footnote #jhb3 ,pearson ,on the ,creed1
 vol4 i4 p4 #ccg4    ,footnote #jhc3 #a 
,peter iii4 #ah4    ,footnote #jhd3     

,isaiah liii4 #e4 ,in this chapter1     
which all the earlier  ,jewish          
authorities understood to refer to      
,messiah1 there are no fewer  than      
eleven expressions which clearly        
describe the vicarious character  of    
these sufferings4 ,see ,speaker's       
,commentary1 in loco4    ,footnote #jhe3
 ,luke xii4 #ej4    ,footnote #jhf3     
,john xii4 #cc4    ,footnote #jhg3      
,matt4 xx4 #bh2 xvii4 #bb2 xxvi4 #b2    
,john x4 #aa4    ,footnote #jhh3 ,john  
x4 #ag4    ,footnote #jhi3 ,isaiah liii4
 #g4    ,footnote #jij3 ,matt4 xxii4    
#bi4    ,footnote #jia3 ,luke xxiv4 #be1
 #bf4    ,footnote #jib3 ,matt4 ii4     
#ac-ae4    ,footnote #jic3 ,john i4 #aa2
 ,john vii4 #e2 ,heb4 xii4 #c4          
,footnote #jid3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ci4       
,footnote #jie3 ,heb4 ii4 #aj4          
,footnote #jif3 ,heb4 iv4 #ae4          
,footnote #jig3 ,gal4 iii4 #ac4         
,footnote #jih3 ,heb4 ix4 #bb4          
,footnote #jii3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c4        
,footnote #ajj3 ,rev4 v4 #f4            

,footnote #aja3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bf1 #bh4  
,footnote #ajb3 ,rom4 v4 #aj4           
,footnote #ajc3 ,col4 i4 #ad4           
,footnote #ajd3 ,john x4 #ag1 #ah4      
,footnote #aje3 #a ,peter ii4 #bd4      
,footnote #ajf3 ,rom4 v4 #i4            
,footnote #ajg3 ,rom4 iii4 #be1 #bf4    
,footnote #ajh3 ,rom4 v4 #ah1 #ai4      
,footnote #aji3 ,rev4 i4 #ah4           
,footnote #aaj3 ,isaiah liii4 #h1 #i4   
,footnote #aaa3 ,deut4 xxi4 #bb1 #bc4   
,footnote #aab3 ,john xix4 #ca4         
,footnote #aac3 ,mark xv4 #df4          
,footnote #aad3 ,luke xxiii4 #ec        
7,r4,v474    ,footnote #aae3 ,matt4     
xxvii4 #fc1 #fd4    ,footnote #aaf3     
,matt4 xxvii4 #fe1 #ff4    ,footnote    
#aag3 ,luke xvi4 #ai-bf4    ,footnote   
#aah3 ,mark xv4 #cg4    ,footnote #aai3 
,luke xxiii4 #df4    ,footnote #abj3    
,ques4 #ej4    ,footnote #aba3 ,heb ii4 
#ag4    ,footnote #abb3 ,john iii4 #ac4 
,footnote #abc3 ,heb4 ix4 #bg4          
,footnote #abd3 ,s4,c4 ,ques4 #cg4      
,footnote #abe3 #a ,peter ii4 #bd4      

,footnote #abf3 ,heb4 x4 #ad1 #bf1 #bg4 
,footnote #abg3 ,john i42 #a ,tim4 iii4 
,footnote #abh3 ,see ,principal         
,stewart's ,handbook of ,christian      
,evidences1 chap4 vi4    ,footnote #abi3
 ,jesus appears to have shown ,himself  
during the forty days  after ,his       
,resurrection at least ten times1 viz4--
    #a4 ,to ,mary ,magdalene1 ,mark xvi4
 #i2 ,john xx4 #aa-ah4    #b4 ,to two   
disciples1 ,mark xvi4 #ab2 ,luke xxiv4  
#ac-cb4    #c4 ,to ,peter on same day1  
,luke xxiv4 #cd2 ,cor4 xv4 #e4    #d4   
,to ten ,apostles1 ,thomas only being   
absent1 ,john xx4 #ai-be4    #e4 ,to all
 the ,apostles1 ,mark xvi4 #ad2 ,john   
xx4 #bf-bi2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #g4    #f4 ,to 
the women at the sepulchre1 ,matt1      
xxviii4 #i1 #aj4    #g4 ,to the         
,apostles1 and at this time probably to 
five hundred others1 on  a mountain in  
,galilee1 ,matt1 xxviii4 #af-bj2 #a     
,cor4 xv4 #f4    #h4 ,to seven disciples
 at ,tiberias1 ,john xxi4 #a-bd4    #i4 
,to ,james1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #g4    #aj4 ,to

 the ,apostles at ,his ,ascension1 ,mark
 xvi4 #ae-ah3 ,luke xxiv4 #dd-ej2  ,acts
 i4 #d-h2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #g4    ,these    
seem to be all the appearances recorded1
 but there were probably  many others1  
,acts i4 #c4 ,after ,his ,ascension ,he 
appeared to ,saul of  ,tarsus1 ,acts ix4
 #c-ah2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #h4 ,he was seen by
 ,stephen also1 ,acts  vii4 #ee1 #ef4   
,footnote #acj3 ,acts ii4 #be-cb4       
,footnote #aca3 ,john ii4 #ai4          
,footnote #acb3 ,john xvi4 #af4         
,footnote #acc3 ,for proof of this1 see 
,mark xvi4 #a2 ,luke xxiii4 #ef and     
xxiv4 #a2 ,luke xxiv4 #aa2 ,john xx4 #i2
 ,john xx4 #aa-ah2 ,luke xxiv4 #ac-cb2  
,mark xvi4 #ac2 ,luke xxiv4 #cg1 #da2   
,john xx4 #be2 ,mark xvi4 #ad2 ,matt4   
xxviii4 #ag4    ,footnote #acd3 #a ,cor4
 xv4 #ad4    ,footnote #ace3 #a ,peter  
i4 #c4    ,footnote #acf3 ,rom4 i4 #d4  
,footnote #acg3 ,acts i4 #bb4           
,footnote #ach3 ,rom4 x4 #i4            
,footnote #aci3 ,acts x4 #dj1 #da4      
,footnote #adj3 ,acts i4 #h4            

,footnote #ada3 ,matt1 xxviii4 #bj4     
,footnote #adb3 ,luke xxiv4 #ej1 #ea4   
,footnote #adc3 ,heb4 viii4 #d4         
,footnote #add3 ,heb4 ix4 #bd4          
,footnote #ade3 ,acts i4 #i4            
,footnote #adf3 #a ,kings ii4 #ai2      
,psalm xvi4 #aa2 ,heb4 ix4 #bd4         
,footnote #adg3 ,ephes4 iv4 #aa1 #ab4   
,footnote #adh3 #b ,cor4 v4 #bj4        
,footnote #adi3 ,matt4 iii4 #af2 ,acts  
x4 #ch4    ,footnote #aej3 ,ephes4 i4   
#bb4    ,footnote #aea3 ,heb4 i4 #ac4   
,footnote #aeb3 ,acts i4 #aa4           
,footnote #aec3 ,john xiv4 #b1 #c4      
,footnote #aed3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bg4        
,footnote #aee3 ,rev4 i4 #g4            
,footnote #aef3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #cf4       
,footnote #aeg3 ,titus ii4 #ac4         
,footnote #aeh3 #a ,thess4 iv4 #af1 #ag4
    ,footnote #aei3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ea1   
#eb4    ,footnote #afj3 ,acts x4 #db4   
,footnote #afa3 #b ,tim4 iv4 #a4        
,footnote #afb3 ,john v4 #bb4           
,footnote #afc3 ,matt4 xii4 #ce         
,footnote #afd3 ,matt4 x4 #bf4          

,footnote #afe3 ,acts xix4 #b4          
,footnote #aff3 ,john vii4 #ci4         
,footnote #afg3 ,acts xiii4 #b4         
,footnote #afh3 ,acts v4 #d4            
,footnote #afi3 ,rom viii4 #aa4         
,footnote #agj3 #a ,cor4 ii4 #aj4       
,footnote #aga3 ,ps4 cxxxix4 #g4        
,footnote #agb3 #b ,peter #a1 #ba4      
,footnote #agc3 #b ,tim iii4 #af4       
,footnote #agd3 ,luke i4 #ce4           
,footnote #age3 ,john xvi4 #ae4         
,footnote #agf3 ,john xiv4 #ag4         
,footnote #agg3 #a ,cor4 vi4 #ai4       
,footnote #agh3 ,john xiv4 #bc4         
,footnote #agi3 ,ephes4 ii4 #bb4        
,footnote #ahj3 ,rom4 viii4 #i4         
,footnote #aha3 ,john xxi4 #g4          
,footnote #ahb3 ,ephes4 i4 #ad4         
,footnote #ahc3 ,acts v4 #bi4           
,footnote #ahd3 #b ,cor4 vi4 #af2 ,john 
xvi4 #ac4    ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,the  
,new ,testament and its ,writers1 by    
,dr4 ,m',clymont  7,guild ,library71 p  
#abc1 note #a4    ,footnote #ahf3       
,eccles4 vii4 #bj4    ,footnote #ahg3   

,ephes4 v4 #be-bg4    ,footnote #ahh3   
,acts x4 #cd1 #ce 7,r4,v474    ,footnote
 #ahi3 ,ephes4 ii4 #bj4    ,footnote    
#aij3 ,ephes4 iv4 #d-f4    ,footnote    
#aia3 #a4 ,cor4 i4 #b 7,r4,v474         
,footnote #aib3 ,epistle to ,smyrna1 c4 
#h4    ,footnote #aic3 ,acts ix4 #cb4   
,footnote #aid3 #b ,cor4 i4 #a4         
,footnote #aie3 ,heb4 xii4 #bc4         
,footnote #aif3 ,heb4 xi4 #d4           
,footnote #aig3 ,rev4 vi4 #aj4          
,footnote #aih3 ,rom4 v4 #ai            
,footnote #aii3 #a ,john i4 #h4         
,footnote #bjj3 ,ques4 #ad4    ,footnote
 #bja3 ,chap4 ix4    ,footnote #bjb3    
,luke xxiv4 #dg4    ,footnote #bjc3     
,matt4 iv4 #ag4    ,footnote #bjd3 ,acts
 ii4 #ch4    ,footnote #bje3 ,acts v4   
#ca4    ,footnote #bjf3 #b ,cor4 vii4   
#aj4    ,footnote #bjg3 #a ,john i4 #h4 
,footnote #bjh3 ,heb4 xi4 #f4           
,footnote #bji3 ,rom4 v4 #a4            
,footnote #baj3 ,james i4 #f1 #g        
7,r4,v474    ,footnote #baa3 ,psalm li4 
#aj4    ,footnote #bab3 ,titus ii4 #ab4 

,footnote #bac3 ,job xix4 #be4          
,footnote #bad3 ,isaiah xxvi4 #ai4      
,footnote #bae3 ,dan4 xii4 #b4          
,footnote #baf3 #b ,maccabees1 chap4    
vii4    ,footnote #bag3 ,john xi4 #bd4  
,footnote #bah3 ,john v4 #bh1 #bi4      
,footnote #bai3 ,matt4 xxii4 #bi4       
,footnote #bbj3 ,rev4 xx4 #ab1 #ac4     
,footnote #bba3 #a ,thess4 iv4 #ae1 #ag 
7,r4,v474    ,footnote #bbb3 #b ,cor4 v4
 #aj4    ,footnote #bbc3 #a ,cor4 vi4   
#ad4    ,footnote #bbd3 ,john v4 #ba4   
,footnote #bbe3 ,rom4 viii4 #aa4        
,footnote #bbf3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ba1 #bb4  
,footnote #bbg3 ,rom4 vi4 #e4           
,footnote #bbh3 ,ephes4 v4 #bc4         
,footnote #bbi3 ,phil4 iii4 #bj1 #ba    
7,r4,v474    ,footnote #bcj3 #a ,thess4 
v4 #bc4    ,footnote #bca3 ,rev4 xxii4  
#aa4    ,footnote #bcb3 ,gal4 vi4 #g4   
,footnote #bcc3 ,rom4 vi4 #bc4          
,footnote #bcd3 ,wisdom1 chap4 iii4 #a-i
 7,r4,v474    ,footnote #bce3 ,chap4 v4 
#ae1 #af 7,r4,v474    ,footnote #bcf3   
,col4 iii4 #d4    ,footnote #bcg3 ,john 

xvii4 #c4    ,footnote #bch3 #b ,cor4 v4
 #a4    ,footnote #bci3 #b ,thess4 i4   
#i4    ,footnote #bdj3 ,john v4 #bd4    
,footnote #bda3 ,mark x4 #cj4           
,footnote #bdb3 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab4     
,footnote #bdc3 #a ,john iii4 #b4       
,footnote #bdd3 ,rev4 vii4 #af4         
,footnote #bde3 ,rev4 xxii4 #e4         
,footnote #bdf3 ,psalm xvii4 #ae4       
,footnote #bdg3 ,dan4 xii4 #c4          
,footnote #bdh3 ,matt4 xxii4 #cj4       
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,,some ,,books  ,,on  ,,the ,,apostles' 
,,creed ,,or ,,bearing  ,,upon          
,,articles ,,thereof      #a4 ,the      
,history of the ,apostles' ,creed4      
,anon4 #agai4    #b4 ,an ,exposition of 
the ,creed4 ,by ,john ,pearson1 ,d4,d41 
,bishop of  ,chester4 #ahbj4    #c4 ,an 
,exposition of the ,creed4 ,by ,robert  
,leighton1 ,archbishop of  ,glasgow4    
#ahbe4    #d4 ,the ,creeds of the       
,church in their ,relation to the ,word 
of ,god4  ,hulsean ,lecture1 #aheg4 ,by 
,charles ,anthony ,swainson4    #e4     

,lectures in ,divinity4 ,by ,george     
,hill1 ,d4,d4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcg4 #dth   
edition4    #f4 ,the ,fatherhood of     
,god4 ,by ,thomas ,j4 ,crawford1 ,d4,d41
 ,professor of  ,divinity in the        
,university of ,edinburgh4 #ahfg4    #g4
 ,theism1 being the ,baird ,lecture for 
#ahgf4 ,by ,robert ,flint1 ,d4,d41      
,professor of ,divinity in the          
,university of ,edinburgh4 #ahgg4    #h4
 ,anti-,theistic ,theories1 being the   
,baird ,lecture for #ahgg4 ,by ,robert  
,flint1 ,d4,d4 #ahgi4    #i4 ,the       
,historic ,faith4 ,by ,b4,f4 ,westcott1 
,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,bishop of  ,durham4 
#ahhc4    #aj4 ,the ,creeds of          
,christendom4 ,by ,philip ,schaff1      
,d4,d41 #ahgg4    #aa4 ,the ,history of 
the ,creeds4 ,by ,j4 ,rawson ,lumby1    
,d4,d4 #ahhg4    #ab4 ,an ,exposition of
 the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,by ,j4,e4      
,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #ahhh4    #ac4 ,the      
,foundations of the ,creed4 ,by ,harvey 
,goodwin1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41  ,bishop of
 ,carlisle4 #ahhi4    #ad4 ,outlines of 

,christian ,doctrine4 ,by the ,rev4     
,h4,c4,g4 ,moule1 ,m4,a4  #ahhi4    #ae4
 ,the ,faith of the ,gospel4 ,by ,arthur
 ,james ,mason1 ,b4,d4 #ahhi4    #af4   
,rudiments of ,theology4 ,by ,john      
,pilkington ,norris1 ,d4,d4    #ag4 ,the
 ,creed in ,scotland4 ,by ,james        
,rankin1 ,d4,d4 #ahij4    #ah4 ,the     
,apostles' ,creed4 ,sermons by ,robert  
,eyton4 #ahij4    #ai4 ,christian       
,theism4 ,by ,c4,a4 ,row1 ,m4,a4 #ahij4 
#bj4 ,christianity in ,relation to      
,science and ,morals4 ,by ,malcolm      
,mac,coll1 ,m4,a4 #ahia4    #ba4        
,primary ,convictions4 ,by ,william     
,alexander1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,bishop of       
,derry4 #ahic4    #bb4 ,the ,apostles'  
,creed1 its ,relation to ,primitive     
,christianity4 ,by  ,h4,b4 ,swete1      
,d4,d4 #ahid4    #bc4 ,the ,nicene      
,creed4 ,by ,h4,m4 ,thomson1 ,m4,a4     
#ahid4    #bd4 ,dissertations on        
,subjects connected with the            
,incarnation4 ,by  ,charles ,gore1      
,m4,a4 #ahie4    #be4 ,defence of the   

,christian ,faith4 ,by ,professor ,f4   
,godet4 #ahie4      ,,the ,,end         
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