,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hba ,,new ,,york1 ,septemb] #bf1 #ahia ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #hba4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,ar*itectural4--,! ,new ,labor ,ex*ange 9 ,p>is4--,) views ( ! int]ior & ext]ior ( ! build+ ,,ii4 ,electrical4--,! ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ( ,und]gr\nd ,circuits4--,by ,s4,b4 ,,f[l]4--,a compreh5sive article1 discuss+ at l5g? ! v>i\s devices = protect+ und]gr\nd circuits1 me?ods ( ins]t+ ! cables1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,eng9e]+4--,railroads to ! ,cl\ds4--,sket*es ( a numb] ( m\nta9 railroads ,,iv4 ,m>9e ,eng9e]+4--,! ,fr5* ,armor$ ,turret ,%ip ! ,m>ceau4--#a engrav+4--,a full description ( ! vessel1 giv+ dim5sions & co/ ,a ,review ( ,m>9e ,eng9e]+ dur+ ! ,pa/ ,decade4--,a pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,ble*ynb51 ( ,b>r[-9-,furness4--,?is pap]1 :i* is cont9u$ f ,supplem5t ,no4 #hbj1 treats on /eam pipes1 fe$ wat] heat+1 tw9 screws1 etc4 ,v4 ,miscellane\s4--,! ,little ,h\se4--,an article giv+ v>i\s h9ts ab\t ! arrangem5t & managem5t ( small dwell+s1 ) special view to ! be/ sanit>y arrangem5ts ,/ilt ,walk+4--,a sket*1 ) engrav+1 ( ,sylva9 ,dornon1 ! /ilt walk] ( ,l&es ,rema9s ( a ,roman ,villa 9 ,engl& ,gum ,arabic & its ,mod]n ,sub/itutes4--,a cont9uation ( a pap] by ,dr4 ,s4 ,rideal & ,w4,e4 ,y\le4--,) #bf tables ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,ext+ui%+ ,fires4--,inv5t$ by ,george ,dickson & ,david ,a4 ,jones1 ( ,toronto1 ,canada4--,app>atus design$ to utilize a mixture ( wat] & liquefi$ c>bonic acid ,,vi4 ,m$ic9e & ,hygi5e4--,! ,hygi5ic ,treatm5t ( ,obesity4--,by ,dr4 ,paul ,*ebon4--,me?ods ( eat+1 dr9k+1 & ex]cis+ = ! purpose ( r$uc+ fat4--,an ext5d$ article1 giv+ valuable in=mation to p tr\bl$ ) too mu* fle% ,,vii4 ,photography4--,spectroscopic ,det]m9ation ( ! ,s5sitiv5ess ( ,dry ,plates4--,a full description ( ! new plan ( ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,,williams1 = det]m9+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( dry plates by ! use ( a small direct vision pocket spectroscope ,,viii4 ,physics4--,a ,physical ,laboratory ,indicator4--,by ,j4,w4 ,,moore1 ( ,lafayette ,college4--#a engrav+4--,?is is a modification ( ! old peg bo>d adapt$ to use 9 ! laboratory4--,x indicates ! names ( ! memb]s ( ! class1 conta9s a full li/ ( ! exp]im5ts to be p]=m$1 ref]s ! /ud5t to ! book & page :]e in=mation 9 ref]5ce to exp]im5ts or app>atus may be f\nd1 x %[s :at exp]im5ts are to be p]=m$ by ea* /ud5t at a giv5 "t1 etc4 ,cailletet's ,cryog54--,a description1 ) "o engrav+1 ( ,mr4 ,cailletet's new app>atus = produc+ temp]atures f #gj degrees to #hj degrees ,c41 bel[ z]o1 ?r\gh ! expansion ( liquid c>bonic acid ,,ix4 ,te*nology4--,! ,manufacture ( ,roll ,t> ,pap]4--,an ext5d$ article conta9+ a hi/orical sket* & full in=mation z to ! mat]ials us$ & ! me?ods ( manufacture ,smokeless ,gunp[d]4--,by ,hudson ,maxim4--,a compreh5sive article on ! manufacture & use ( smokeless gunp[d]1 giv+ a sket* ( its hi/ory1 & describ+ ! me?ods ( manufacture & its *>act]i/ics ,me?od ( ,produc+ ,alcohol4--,a description ( an improv$ process = mak+ alcohol4--,inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,spr+]1 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,labor ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,labor ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,,! ,,new ,,labor ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,! new ,labor ,ex*ange is soon to be inaugurat$4 ,we give h]e) a view ( ! entrance facade ( ! meet+ hall4 ,! build+s1 :i* are ! "w ( ,mr ,b\v>d1 ar*itect1 ( ! city ( ,p>is1 are compris$ )9 ! block ( h\ses ^: %>p angle =ms ^u ,place de la ,republique1 ! int]section ( ,b\lev>d ,mag5ta & ,bondy /reet4 ,"o ( ! entrances ( ! ,ex*ange is on a level ) ?is /reet4 ,! ?ree o!rs are on ,*ateau d',eau /reet1 :]e ! facade ( ! edifice ext5ds = a l5g? ( "o hundr$ feet4 ,f ! facade & above ! balcony t projects f ! fir/ /ory1 /& out 9 bold relief ?ree heads surr\nd$ by foliage & fruit t dom9ate ! ?ree entrance doors4 ,^! sculptures repres5t ! ,republic betwe5 ,labor & ,peace4 ,! w9d[s ( ! upp] /ories are set )9 n9e r[s ( columns1 f betwe5 ! capitals ( :i* /& out ! names ( ! manufactur]s1 inv5tors1 & /atesm5 t h sprung f ! labor+ classes4 ,^u ! same l9e1 at ! two extremities ( ! facade1 two modillions1 trav]s$ ?r\gh _! c5t] by palms1 be> ! devices ,labor & ,peace4 ,above1 !re is a dial surm\nt$ by a %ield be>+ ! device ( ! city ( ,p>is4 ,! c5tral door ( ! gr\nd floor op5s ^u a l>ge ve/ibule1 ar\nd :i* are arrang$ symmetrically ! po/1 telegraph1 telephone1 & intellig5ce (fices1 etc4 ,beyond ! ve/ibule !re is a gall]y t leads to ! c5tral c\rt1 ^u ! site ( :i* has be5 erect$ ! gr& assembly hall4 ,?is latt]1 :i* measures #bj met]s 9 l5g?1 #bb 9 wid?1 & #f 9 height1 is light$ by a glaz$ ceil+1 & conta9s t5 r[s ( b5*es4 ,^! latt] conta9 #ijj seats1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( circul> /eps1 radiat+ ar\nd ! presid5t's plat=m1 :i* is "o met] 9 height4 ,a special comb9ation w p]mit ( increas+ ! numb] ( seats res]v$ = ! labor associations on occasions ( gr& reunions to #a1bjj4 ,! oak doors =m+ ! lat]al bays ( ! hall w op5 ^u ! two l>ge assembly rooms & ! ?ree wait+ rooms con/ruct$ ar\nd ! faces ( ! l>ge hall4 ,9 ! assembly rooms =m+ "o ) ! c5tral hall w take place ! delib]ations ( ! syndic *amb]s4 ,! walls ( ! hall w1 ere long1 receive decorative pa9t+s4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,roll ,,t> ,,pap]4 ,ro(+ pap] 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,sc&9avia e>ly z ! la/ c5tury1 ! inv5tion be+ accr$it$ to ,faxa1 an (ficial ( ! ,sw$i% ,admiralty4 ,! fir/ t> & gravel ro(s 9 ,sw$5 7 v defective4 ,! impregnation ( ! pap] ) a wat]-pro(+ liquid _h n be5 ?\ght (1 & ! ro(s 7 con/ruct$ by lay+ ov] ! raft]s a bo>d+1 ^u :i* ! unsaturat$ pap]1 ! sides ( :i* lapp$ ov] ! o!r1 0 fa/5$ ) %ort tacks4 ,! surface ( ! pap] 0 next coat$ ) heat$ p9e t> to make x wat]pro(4 ,! ?9 lay] ( t> 0 soon de/roy$ by ! wea!r1 s t ! pap]1 swell$ by ! absorption ( ra9 wat]1 lo/ its cohesiv5ess & 0 soon de/roy$ by ! elem5ts4 ,?is imp]fect me?od ( ro( cov]+ f\nd no great favor & 0 b seldom employ$4 ,9 ,g]many ! ar*itect ,gilly 0 fir/ to become int]e/$ 9 t> pap] ro(+1 & recomm5d$ x 9 8 ar*itecture = ! c\ntry4 ,nev]!less ! new /yle ( ro( cov]+ 0 b little employ$1 & 0 f9ally ab&on$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x 0 reviv$ aga9 9 #ahdj1 :5 p began to take a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 t> pap] ro(s1 ! me?od ( manufactur+ an imp]meable pap] be+ already s f> p]fect$ t ! squ>es ( pap] 7 dipp$ 9 t> until ?or\ghly saturat$4 ,! ro( con/ruct$ ( ^! wat]pro( pap] %eets prov$ itself to be a durable cov]+1 be+ unimp5etrable to atmosph]ic precipitations1 & soon sev]al factories comm5c$ manufactur+ ! pap]4 ,! product 0 improv$ cont9ually & its me?od ( manufacture p]fect$4 ,! good qualities ( t> pap] ro(s be+ recogniz$ by ! public1 !y 7 gradually adopt$4 ,! co/ly p9e t> 0 soon replac$ by ! *eap] coal t>4 ,squ>e %eets ( pap] 7 made at fir/2 !y 7 dipp$ suffici5tly long 9 ord9>y heat$ coal t>1 until p]fectly saturat$4 ,! excess ( t> 0 !n p]mitt$ to drip (f1 & ! %eets 7 dri$ 9 ! air4 ,! improvem5t ( pass+ !m ?r\gh roll]s to get rid ( ! surplus t> 0 res]v$ = a future "t1 :5 an ent]pris+ manufactur] comm5c$ to make endless t> pap] 9 place ( %eets4 ,special app>atus 7 con/ruct$ to impregnate ^! rolls ) t>2 !y 7 imp]fect at fir/1 b gradually improv$ to a high degree4 ,mu* progress 0 also made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ro(s1 & sev]al me?ods ( cov]+ 7 devis$4 ,! defects caus$ by ! old me?od ( nail+ ! t> pap] direct ^u ! ro( bo>d+ 7 correct$2 ! consequ5ce ( ?is me?od 0 t ! pap] 0 apt to te>1 caus$ by ! unequal expansion ( ! ro(+ bo>ds & pap]1 & ?is soon l$ to ! idea ( mak+ ! latt] indep5d5t ( ! =m] by nail+ ! sides ( ! pap] ^u /rips runn+ p>allel ) ! gable4 ,! use ( endless t> pap] prov$ to be an ess5tial advantage1 because ! numb] ( seams z well z places :]e x _h to be nail$ to ! ro( bo>d+ 0 l>gely decreas$4 ,! manufacture ( t> pap] has rema9$ at ab\t ! same /age & no ess5tial improvem5ts h be5 made up to ! pres5t4 ,z p>tial improvem5t may be m5tion$ ! prep>ation ( t>1 especially s9ce ! introduction ( ! t> di/ill]y1 & ! manufacture ( special ro( lacqu]s1 :i* h be5 us$ = coat+ 9 place ( ! coal t>4 ,z an ess5tial progress 9 ! t> pap] ro(+ may be m5tion$ ! inv5tion ( ! d\ble t> pap] ro(1 & ! wood cem5t ro(1 :i* is reg>d$ z an (f%oot4 ,! t> pap] indu/ry has1 )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s1 assum$ great dim5sions1 & ! pref]5ces = ?is ro(+ are ga9+ gr\nd daily4 ,9 view ( ! small weight ( ! cov]+ mat]ial1 ! wood con/ruction ( ! ro( c be mu* light]1 & ! build+ is !re=e less /ra9$ by ! weight ( ! ro( ?an "o ) ! o!r k9d1 s t ! out] walls ne$ n be z heavy4 ,consid]+ ! price1 ! pap] ro( is n only *eap] ?an o!r firepro( ro(s1 b its light weight makes x possible = ! :ole build+ to be con/ruct$ light] & *eap]4 ,! durability ( ! t> pap] ro( is satisfactory1 if c>efully made ( good mat]ial2 ! d\ble t> pap] ro(1 ! gravel d\ble ro(1 & ! wood cem5t ro( are di/+ui%$ by _! great durability4 ,^! ro(s may be us$ = all k9ds ( build+s1 & n only are factories1 /oreh\ses1 & c\ntry build+s cov]$ ) x1 b also _m dwell+s4 ,! mo/ /yli% resid5ces & villas are at pres5t be+ inclos$ ) ! m durable k9ds2 ! d\ble ro(1 ! gravel d\ble ro(1 & ! wood cem5t ro(4 ,= factory build+s1 :i* are con/antly %ak5 by ! vibrations ( ! ma*9]y1 ! t> pap] ro( is pref]able to any o!r4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 to :at degree t> pap] ro(s w\ld resi/ fire1 exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$ at ! in/igation ( "s ( ! l>g] manufactur]s ( ro(+ pap]1 9 ! pres5ce ( exp]ts1 ar*itects1 & o!rs1 embrac+ ! mo/ sev]e te/s1 & x 0 fully prov$ t ! t> pap] ro( is z firepro( z any o!r4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made 9 two diff]5t ways2 fir/1 ! read9ess ( ignition ( ! t> pap] ro( by a sp>k or flame f ! outside 0 consid]$1 &1 second1 x 0 te/$ 9 h[ f> x w\ld resi/ a fire 9 ! int]ior ( ! build+4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t a bright1 int5se fire c\ld be kept burn+ ^u ! ro( = "s "t1 )\t ignit+ ! woodwork ( ! ro(1 b heat f above caus$ "s ( ! m volatile con/itu5ts ( ! t> to be expell$1 :]eby small flames appe>$ ^u ! surface )9 ! limits ( ! fire2 ! ro(+ pap] 0 n completely de/roy$4 ,!re always rema9$ a cohesive sub/ance1 al?\gh x 0 *>r$ & friable1 :i* by reason ( its bad conductivity ( heat protect$ ! ro( bo>d+ to su* an ext5t t x 0 br[n$ only by ! develop$ t> vapors4 ,a fire 0 next />t$ )9 a build+ cov]$ ) a t> pap] ro(2 ! flame t\*$ ! ro( bo>d+1 :i* p>tly comm5c$ to *> & sm\ld]1 b ! bright burn+ ( ! wood 0 prev5t$ by ! air-tight condition ( ! ro(2 ! fire gases c\ld n escape f ! build+4 ,! smoke collect+ "u ! ro( prev5t$ ! entrance ( fre% air1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! want ( oxyg5 smo!r$ ! fire4 ,! ro(+ pap] rema9$ un*ang$4 ,by mak+ op5+s 9 ! sides ( ! build+ s t ! fire gases c\ld escape1 ! wood "p ( ! ro( 0 consum$1 b ! ro(+ pap] itself 0 only *>r$ & did n burn4 ,aft] remov+ ! fire 9 contact ) ! pap]1 ?is ceas$ burn+ at once & ev9c$ no disposition :atev] to spread4 ,9 l>ge conflagrations1 also1 ! t> pap] ro(s behav$ 9 id5tically a simil> mann]4 ,_m in/ances h occurr$ :]e ! t> pap] ro( prev5t$ ! fire f spread+ inside ! build+1 & develop+ ) suffici5t int5sity to "w injury4 ,z x is ( int]e/ to ! ro(] to "k ! mann] ( mak+ ! mat]ial he uses1 we give 9 ! foll[+ a %ort description ( ! manufacture ( ro(+ pap]4 ,at fir/1 :5 squ>e %eets 7 us$ exclusively1 ! raw pap] consi/$ ( ord9>y dipp$ or =m$ %eets4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 its manufacture 7 common wool5 rags & o!r mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! pulp f ! rags x is necess>y to cut !m s small t ! fabric is entirely dissolv$ & conv]t$ into %ort fib]s4 ,! rags are = ?is purpose fir/ cut into pieces1 :i* are aga9 r$uc$ by special ma*9es4 ,! rags are cut 9 a rag cutt+ ma*9e1 :i* 0 =m]ly con/ruct$ simil> to a fe$ cutt]2 lat] on1 m complicat$ ma*9es ( v>i\s con/ructions 7 employ$4 ,x is n our task to describe ! v>i\s k9ds1 b we rema9 cont5t ) ! g5]al rem>k t !y are all bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( caus+ revolv+ knives to op]ate ^u ! rags4 ,! c>eful cleans+ ( ! cut rags1 necess>y = ! manufacture ( pap]1 is n requir$ = ro(+ pap]4 ,x is suffici5t to r9se away ! s& & o!r solid extrane\s matt]4 ,! fur!r r$uction ( ! cut rags 0 =m]ly p]=m$ 9 a /amp mill1 :i* is no long] employ$1 ! pulp mill or rag eng9e be+ univ]sally us$4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is eng9e may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,a box or tr\gh ( wood1 iron1 or /one is by a p>tition divid$ into two p>ts :i* are connect$ at _! ends4 ,at "o side ^u ! bottom ( ! box lies an oakwood block1 call$ ! back fall4 ,9 a holl[ ( ?is back fall is sunk ! s-call$ plate1 furni%$ ) a numb] ( %>p /eel cutt]s or knives1 ly+ alongside ( ea* o!r4 ,a roll] ( solid oakwood1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is also furni%$ ) %>p /eel cutt]s or knives1 is fa/5$ ^u a %aft & revolves )9 ! holl[4 ,! j\rnal be>+s ( ! %aft are let into & fa/5$ 9 movable wood5 c>ri]s4 ,! c>ri]s ( ! be>+s may be rais$ & l[]$ by turn+ suitable ?umbscrews1 :]eby ! di/ance betwe5 ! roll] & ! back fall is increas$ or decreas$4 ,! :ole is above cov]$ ) a dome1 ! s-call$ case1 to prev5t ! ?r[+ out ( ! mass "u ! op]ation ( gr9d+4 ,! roll] is revolv$ ) a velocity ( f #ajj to #aej revolutions p] m9ute1 :]eby ! rags are suck$ 9 betwe5 ! roll] & ! back fall & cut & torn betwe5 ! knives4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! roll] & ! back fall is made z great z possible1 ! int5tion be+ less to cut ! rags ?an to wa% !m ?or\ghly4 ,! dirty wat] is !n drawn (f & replac$ by clean1 & ! space ( ! gr9d+ app>atus is less5$ gradually1 s z to cut ! rags betwe5 ! knives4 ,! mass is con/antly kept 9 motion & ea* piece ( rag passes repeat$ly betwe5 ! knives4 ,! case protects ! mass f be+ ?r[n out by ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,! "w ( beat+ ! rags is end$ 9 a few h\rs1 & ! ensu+ ?9 pa/e is drawn (f into ! pulp *e/1 ?is be+ a squ>e box l9$ ) lead4 ,f ! pulp *e/ x passes to ! =m ( ! pap] ma*9e4 ,?is =m consi/s ( an endless f9e web ( brass wire1 :i* revolves ar\nd roll]s4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is =m re/s ^u a numb] ( holl[ copp] roll]s1 :]eby a level place is =m$4 ,! =m revolves uni=mly ar\nd ! two end roll]s1 & has at ! same "t a vibratory motion1 by :i* ! pulp runn+ ^u ! =m is spread out uni=mly & conduct$ along1 m fl[+ on z ! latt] progresses4 ,! wat] escapes rapidly ?r\gh ! close wire web4 ,9 ord] to limit ! =m on ! sides two endless lea!r /raps revolve ar\nd ! roll]s on ea* side1 :i* t\* ) _! l[] p>ts ! =m on bo? sides & conf9e ! fluid )9 a prop] bread?4 ,! ?ickness ( ! pulp is regulat$ at ! head ( ! =m by a brass rule /&+ at a c]ta9 height2 its function is to level ! pulp & di/ribute x at a c]ta9 ?ickness4 ,! cont9ually mov+ pulp lay] assumes great] consi/5cy ! ne>] x approa*es to ! d&y roll4 ,?is is a cyl9d] cov]$ ) brass wire1 & is = ! purpose ( compress+ ! pap]1 aft] x has left ! =m1 & free x f a great "p ( ! wat]1 :i* escapes into a box4 ,! pap] is n[ fre$ ( a good deal ( ! fluid1 & assumes a consi/5cy ) :i* x is enabl$ to leave ! =m1 :i* n[ comm5ces to return und]nea? ! pap]1 pass+ on to an endless felt1 :i* revolves ar\nd roll]s & deliv]s x to two iron rolls4 ,! pap] passes ?r\gh a second pair ( iron roll]s1 ! int]iors ( :i* are heat$ by /eam4 ,^! roll]s cause ! la/ ( ! wat] to be evaporat$1 s t x c !n be roll$ ^u reels4 ,a special arrangem5t %aves ! edges to ! exact size requir$4 ,! pap] is made 9 diff]5t ?icknesses & designat$ by numb]s to ! size & weight4 ,wa/e pap]1 bookb9d]s' %av+s1 etc41 c be us$ = mak+ ! pap]4 ,z mu* wool z possible %\ld be employ$1 because ! wool fib] has a great] resi/ance ?an vegetable fib] to ! effects ( ! temp]ature4 ,by wool fib] is und]/ood ! horny sub/ance resembl+ hair1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! =m] has no m>r[y tissue4 ,! cov]+ pellicle ( ! wool fib] consi/s ( flat1 mo/ly elongat$ leaves1 ) m or less corn]s1 ly+ ov] ea* o!r l scales1 :i* makes ! surface ( ! fib] r\gh2 ?is condition1 toge!r ) ! incl9ation ( curl+1 r5d]s x capable ( felt+ readily4 ,pure wool consi/s ( a horny sub/ance1 conta9+ bo? nitrog5 & sulphur1 & dissolves 9 a pota% solution4 ,9 a clean condition1 ! wool conta9s f #j4c to #j4e p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,x is v hygroscopical1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances x conta9s f #ac to #af p] c5t4 humidity1 9 dry air f #g to #aa p] c5t41 :i* c be entirely expell$ at a temp]ature ( f #bbf to #bcj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,wool :5 ignit$ does n burn ) a bright flame1 z vegetable fib] does1 b consumes ) a feeble sm\ld]+ gl[1 soon ext+ui%es1 spread+ a disagreeable pung5t vapor1 z ( burn+ horn4 ,by plac+ a te/ tube ) a solution ( five p>ts cau/ic pota% 9 #ajj p>ts wat]1 a mixture ( vegetable fib]s & wool fib]s1 ! latt] dissolve if ! fluid is br\ght to boil+ above an alcohol flame1 :ile ! cotton & l95 fib]s rema9 intact4 ,! solubility ( ! wool5 fib]s 9 pota% lye is a ready means ( asc]ta9+ ! p]c5tage ( wool fib] 9 ! pap]4 ,an exhau/ive analysis ( ! latt] c be p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a kn[n quantity ( ! pap] is sl[ly dri$ 9 a dry+ app>atus at temp]ature ( #bcj ,fahr5heit1 until a sample weigh$ on a scale rema9s con/ant4 ,! loss ( weight indicates ! degree ( humidity4 ,to det]m9e ! a% p]c5tage1 ! sample is plac$ 9 a plat9um crucible1 & held ov] a lamp until all ! organic matt] is burn$ out & ! a% has assum$ a light color4 ,! cold a% is !n moi/5$ ) a c>bonate ( ammonia solution1 & ! crucible aga9 expos$ until x is d>k r$2 ! weight ( ! a% is !n tak54 ,to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( wool1 a sample ( ! pap] is dri$ at #bcj ,fahr5heit & weigh$1 boil$ 9 a porcela9 di% 9 pota% lye #ab ,b4 /rong1 & frequ5tly /irr$ ) a glass rod4 ,! wool fib] soon dissolves 9 ! pota% lye1 :ile ! vegetable fib] rema9s unalt]$4 ,! pulpy mass result+ is plac$ ^u a filt]1 dri$ at #bab ,fahr5heit1 & aft] ! pota% lye has dripp$ (f1 ! residue1 consi/+ ( vegetable fib] & e>?y a% +r$i5ts1 is wa%$ until ! wat] ceases to dissolve any?+4 ,! residue dri$ at #bab ,fahr5heit is weigh$ ) a filt]1 aft] :i* t ( ! latt] is d$uct$4 ,! loss ( weight exp]i5c$ is ess5tially equal to ! loss ( ! wool fib]4 ,if ! filtrate is saturat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! dissolv$ wool fib] sep>ates aga91 & aft] hav+ be5 collect$ ^u a weigh$ filt]1 x may be weigh$ & ! quantity asc]ta9$4 ,! weight ( ! m9]al sub/ances 9 ! raw pap] is asc]ta9$ by analyz+ ! a% 9 a mann] simil> to t above describ$4 ,! sev]al con/itu5ts ( ! a% & ! m9]al add$ to ! raw pap] are asc]ta9$ z foll[s3 ,suffici5t ( ! pap] is calc9$ 9 ! mann] describ$2 a kn[n quantity ( ! a% is weigh$ & ?r[n into a small porcela9 di% conta9+ a little di/ill$ wat] & an excess ( *emically pure hydro*loric acid4 ,9 ?is solution are dissolv$ ! c>bonates1 c>bonate ( lime1 c>bonate ( magnesia1 a little ( sulphate ( alum9a1 z well z metallic oxides1 :ile silicate ( magnesia1 silicic acid1 sulphate ( lime 7gypsum7 rema9 undissolv$4 ,! sub/ance is heat$ until ! wat] & excess ( free hydro*loric acid h be5 driv5 (f2 x is !n moi/5$ ) a little hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] & heat$4 ,! undissolv$ residue is by filt]+ sep>at$ f ! dissolv$1 ! filt] wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! wa% wat] add$ to ! filtrate4 ,! undissolv$ residue is dri$1 & aft] ! filt] has also be5 burn$ 9 due mann] & ! a% add$1 ! weight is asc]ta9$4 ,x consi/s ( clay1 s&1 silicic acid & gypsum4 ,! filtrate is !n p\r$ into a cyl9d] capable ( hold+ #ajj cubic c5timet]s1 & furni%$ ) a scale2 suffici5t di/ill$ wat] is !n add$ until ! well-%ak5 fluid measures precisely #ajj cubic c5timet]s4 ,by means ( ?is measur+ in/rum5t1 ! filtrate is !n divid$ into two equal portions4 ,"o ( ^! p>ts is 9 a beak] glass ov]-saturat$ ) *emically pure *loride ( ammonia1 :]eby any iron ( oxide pres5t & a little dissolv$ alum9a fall d[n z deposit4 ,! precipitate is sep>at$ by filt]+1 wa%$1 dri$ at #bab ,fahr5heit & weigh$4 ,to ! filtrate is !n add$ a solution ( oxalate ( ammonia until a :ite precipitate ( oxalate ( lime is =m$4 ,?is precipitate is sep>at$ by filt]+1 wa%$1 dri$ & :5 sep>at$ f ! filt]1 is collect$ ^u d>k sat9iz$ pap]2 ! filt] itself is burn$ & ! a% add$ to ! oxalate ( lime4 ,?is oxalate ( lime is !n heat$ to a d>k r$ heat 9 a plat9um crucible ) lid until ! oxalate ( lime is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime4 ,by ! addition ( a few drops ( c>bonate ( ammonia solution & ano!r slight heat+ ( ! crucible1 also ! cau/ic lime produc$ 9 ! filt] a% by heat+1 is reconv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime1 & aft] cool+ 9 ! exsiccator1 ! :ole cont5ts ( ! crucible is weigh$ z c>bonate ( lime1 aft] d$uct+ ! kn[n quantity ( filt] a%4 ,any magnesia pres5t 9 ! filtrate ( ! oxalate ( lime is by ! addition ( a solution ( phosphate ( soda sep>at$ z phosphate ( ammonia & magnesia1 aft] hav+ /ood tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) wat] to :i* a little *loride ( ammonia is add$1 dri$1 & aft] calc9+ ! fib] & add+ ! filt] a%1 gl[ heat$ 9 ! crucible4 ,! gl[$ sub/ance is weigh$ aft] cool+1 & is pyrophosphate ( magnesia1 f :i* ! magnesia or c>bonate ( magnesia is calculat$ /oi*iometrically4 ,all ! asc]ta9$ sums mu/ be multipli$ by #b1 if !y are to correspond to ! analyz$ & weigh$ quantity ( a%4 ,! second half ( ! filtrate is us$ = det]m9+ ! small quantity ( sulphate ( lime /ill conta9$ 9 ! hydro*lorate solution4 ,by add+ *loride ( b>ium solution ! sulphuric acid is b\nd to ! b>ytes & sulphate ( b>yta sep>ates z :ite precipitate4 ,?is is sep>at$ by filt]+1 wa%$1 dri$ & weigh$ 9 ! cu/om>y mann]4 ,f ! weight ( ! sulphate ( b>yta is !n comput$ ! weight ( sulphate ( lime1 :i* has pass$ ov] into solution4 ,! asc]ta9$ sum is also to be multipli$ ) #b4 ,! manufacture ( roll t> pap] f ! roll pap] 0 at fir/ f\nd to be difficult1 z x 0 impossible to subm]ge a surface l>g] ?an f t5 to fifte5 squ>e y>ds1 roll$ up1 9 ! t>1 because m w\ld h requir$ too l>ge a pan4 ,besides ?is1 ! pap] te>s easily1 :5 x is 9 ! hot t>4 ,all k9ds ( exp]im5ts 7 tri$1 9 ord] to impregnate ! surface ( ! pap] )\t employ+ too l>ge a pan4 ,! foll[+ me?od 0 tri$ at fir/3 ,! roll pap] 0 cut into l5g?s ( t5 y>ds1 :i* 7 roll$ up loosely1 s t a c]ta9 space 0 left betwe5 ! diff]5t coils4 ,^! loose rolls1 ( c\rse1 occupi$ mu* space & c\ld be put into ! t> only 9 a /&+ position1 because 9 a horizontal "o ! sev]al coils w\ld h press$ toge!r aga94 ,! loose roll 0 !re=e slipp$ ov] a v]tical iron rod fa/5$ into a circul> p]=at$ wood5 foot4 ,! upp] end ( ?is iron rod end$ 9 a r+1 9 :i* ! hook ( a *a9 or rope c\ld be fa/5$4 ,) ! aid ( a w9dlass ! roll 0 rais$ or l[]$4 ,:5 plac$ 9 ! pan ) boil+ t>1 x 0 left !re until ?or\ghly saturat$4 ,x 0 !n tak5 out1 plac$ ^u a table1 & ! excess ( t> all[$ to drip (f into a vessel und]nea?4 ,aft] p>tially dry+1 ! roll 0 spread out 9 op5 air1 occasionally turn$1 until suffici5tly dri$1 :5 x 0 roll$ up aga94 ,9 ord] to neutralize ! sme>y1 /icky condition ( ! surface & avoid ! disagreeable dry+ 9 op5 air1 ! exp]im5t ( /rew+ s& on ! /icky places 0 tri$ next4 ,! weight ( ! pap] 0 l>gely increas$ by ! s&1 & appe>$ consid]ably ?ick]4 ,= ?is reason ! me?od ( s&+ ! pap] 0 at once univ]sally adopt$4 ,to disp5se ) ! process ( p]mitt+ ! surplus t> to drip (f1 means 7 devis$ by :i* x 0 tak5 (f by scrap]s1 or by press+ ?r\gh roll]s4 ,! scrap]s1 two %>p edg$ rods fa/5$ across ! pan1 7 !n s plac$ t ! pap] 0 drawn ?r\gh !m4 ,! excess ( t> adh]+ to its surface 0 !reby scrap$ (f & ran back into ! pan4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 0 p]=m$ bett] & to m satisfaction by a pair ( roll]s fa/5$ to ! pan4 ,^! p]=m$ a d\ble duty2 ?or\ghly remov$ ! t> f ! surface & by reason ( _! pressure !y caus$ a m p]fect incorporation ( ! t> ) ! fib]s ( ! pap]4 ,f9ally1 diff]5t factories employ$ diff]5t me?ods ( manufacture1 "o ( :i* 0 to cut ! rolls into def9ite l5g?s ( ab\t t5 y>ds2 ^! 7 !n r]oll$ v loosely & imm]s$ 9 ! hot t> until suffici5tly saturat$4 ,! pap] 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]1 mu* pressure ex]t$1 & !n loosely roll$ up aga94 ,be+ t>r$ once1 x 0 !n laid into a second pan ) hot t>1 reel$ out aft] a "t1 /rewn ) s&1 & roll$ up aga94 ,ano!r me?od 0 to cut clo!s l9es into l5g?s ( ab\t fifte5 y>ds1 & at a di/ance ( two in*es h knots ti$ 9 !m4 ,! pap] 0 cut 9 l5g?s ( t5 or fifte5 y>ds1 ?ree pieces ( ! knott$ clo!s l9e 7 !n roll$ betwe5 ! loose coils ( pap]1 :i* 0 !n subm]g$ 9 ! t>1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! knots c\ld p5etrate ! pap]4 ,! pap] 0 next s&$ by p]mitt+ its l[] surface to pass ov] dry s& 9 a box /&+ on ! floor4 ,a workman roll$ (f ! pap]1 & ) 8 h& he /rews s& on ! upp] surface4 ,! roll+ tak+ place on ! edge ( a table1 by means ( a crank1 ! excess ( s& dropp$ (f4 ,x is said by ?is me?od two workm51 "o ( :i* t5ds to ! roll+ & s&+1 ! o!r turn+ ! crank1 c\ld turn out eighty rolls p] day4 ,?is me?od is /ill 9 use4 ,x is useless to describe ! _m antiquat$ me?ods 9 vogue 9 small] factories1 & x c tru?fully be said t ne>ly all ( !m are out ( date4 ,x appe>s to be ! fact ( almo/ all inv5tions t :5 r$uc$ to practical use1 ! arrangem5ts1 app>atus1 & work+ me?ods employ$ are g5]ally ( ! mo/ complicat$ nature1 & "t & exp]i5ce only w simplify !m4 ,?is has be5 also ! case ) ! me?ods 9 ! ro(+ pap] indu/ry1 :i* are at pres5t gradually be+ r$uc$ to a practical basis4 ,! me?od gradually adopt$ has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+4 ,! pan is ( a c]ta9 l5g?1 :]eby x becomes possible to saturate ! pap] by sl[ly draw+ x ?r\gh ! heat$ t>4 ,?is is ! *ief feature4 ,! "w is mu* simplifi$ !reby & ! workm5 ne$ n dip _! h&s into ! t> or soil !m ) x4 ,! "w ( impregnat+ has become mu* clean] & easi]1 :ile at ! same "t ! t> c be heat$ to a mu* high] temp]ature4 ,! pan is g5]ally fill$ ) di/ill$ coal t>1 & ! heat+ is regulat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! temp]ature ( ! impregnat+ mass is rais$ f> beyond #bab ,fahr5heit4 ,?is accel]ates ! p5etration1 :i* takes place m quickly z ! degree ( heat is rais$1 :i* may be almo/ up to ! boil+ po9t ( ! t>1 z at ?is degree ! pap] is n de/roy$ by ! heat4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! evaporation ( ! volatile +r$i5ts ( ! t>1 ! pan is cov]$ ) a %eet iron cov]1 ) a slot at ! place :]e ! pap] ent]s into ! impregnat+ mass & ano!r at ! place :]e x issues4 ,! t> is always kept at ! same level1 by occasional additions4 ,! roll ( pap] is m\nt$ ^u a %aft at ! back end ( ! pan1 & by suitable arrangem5t ( guide roll]s x unw9ds sl[ly1 passes into ! t> 9 :i* x is kept subm]g$4 ,! guide roll]s c be rais$ s t :5 a new roll] is set up !y c be rais$ out ( ! t>4 ,! end ( ! pap] is !n slipp$ und]nea? !m above ! surface ( ! t>1 :5 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! squeez+ roll]s1 x is fa/5$ to ! beam+ roll]1 & ! guide roll]s are subm]g$ aga94 ,a workman sl[ly turns ! crank ( ! beam+ roll]4 ,?is motion draws ! pap] sl[ly ?r\gh ! fluid1 ! roll at ! back end unw9d+4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! squeez+ roll]s are turn$ is regulat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! pap] rema9s suffici5tly long und]nea? ! fluid to be ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) x4 ,! workm5 quickly le>n by exp]i5ce h[ fa/ to turn ! crank4 ,! hott] ! t>1 ! m rapid ! saturation2 ! high degree ( heat expels ! air & evaporates ! hygroscopic fluid 9 ! pores ( ! pap]4 ,! /rong heat+ ( ! t> causes ano!r advantage connect$ ) ?is me?od4 ,! surface ( ! pap] z x issues f ! squeez+ roll]s is /ill v hot1 & a "p ( ! volatile oils evaporate v quickly at ?is high temp]ature4 ,! surface is !reby at once dri$ to a c]ta9 degree & at ! same "t receives a h&some lu/]1 z if x _h be5 coat$ ) a black lacqu]4 ,! pap] is s&$ 9 a v simple mann] )\t ! use ( me*anical app>atus2 z x is be+ wrapp$ into a coil1 x passes ) its l[] surface ov] a lay] ( s&1 :ile ! workman :o t5ds to roll+ up /rews ! inside ) s&4 ,! l[] surface is coat$ v equally4 ,c>e only be+ necess>y t ! s& lies smoo? & ev5 at all times4 ,:5 ! workman has roll$ up t5 or fifte5 y>ds1 he cuts x across ) a knife & /raight$ge1 s t ! pap] is cut at "r angles ) its sides4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t sorts ( ro(+ pap]1 accord+ to ! impregnat+ fluid us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! ord9>y t> pap] is t saturat$ ) cle> cold t>4 ,?is conta9s ! greate/ am\nt ( fluid +r$i5ts & is v raggy 9 a fre% condition4 ,x is easy to see t ! volatile hydroc>bons evaporate 9 a %ort "t1 & :5 expell$1 ! pap] becomes /iff] & app>5tly dri]4 ,?is dry+1 or ! volatilization ( ! hydroc>bons1 causes pores betwe5 ! fib]s ( ! pap]4 ,^! pores are highly injuri\s to x1 z !y facilitate a process ( decomposition :i* w ru9 x 9 a %ort "t4 ,ro(+ pap] c be call$ good only :5 x is ess5tially made f wool5 rags1 & conta9s ei!r v few or no e>?y additions4 ,x is beyond d\bt t ! durability ( a ro(+ pap] increases ) ! quality ( wool fib] x conta9s--vegetable fib]s & e>?y additions cause a direct injury4 ,repreh5sible altoge!r is any comb9ation ) lime1 ei!r 9 =m ( a c>bonate or sulphate1 because ! lime ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) ! decomposition products ( ! t>4 ,! g5]al nature ( gravel is too well kn[n to require description4 ,! gra9s ( qu>tz s& are ei!r %>p corn]$ or else r\nd$ pieces ( /one ( qu>tz1 occasionally mix$ ) gra9s ( o!r amorph\s pieces ( silica--su* z horn /one1 silici\s slate1 c>nelian1 etc42 aga91 ) lu/r\s pieces ( mica1 or r$ & :ite pieces ( feldsp>4 ,! gravel us$ = a t> pap] ro( mu/ be ( a special nature & be prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,! size ( its gra9s mu/ n exce$ a c]ta9 /&>d--say1 ! size ( a pea4 ,:5 f\nd 9 ! gravel bank1 x is frequ5tly mix$ ) clay1 etc41 & x _c be us$ 9 ?is condition = a ro(1 b mu/ be wa%$4 ,! ut5sils necess>y = ?is purpose are ( s simple & sugge/ive a nature t !y ne$ n be describ$4 ,slag is be+ successfully us$ 9 place ( ! gravel4 ,x is easily r$uc$ to suitable size1 by lett+ ! r$ hot mass1 z x runs f ! furnace1 run into a vessel ) wat]4 ,! sudd5 *ill+ ( ! slag causes x to bur/ into fragm5ts ( a %>p corn]$ /ructure4 ,x is next pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & ! suitably siz$ gravel makes an excell5t mat]ial1 z x gives a clean appe>ance to ! ro(4 ,! ?9k+ m9d c easily g "o /ep fur!r & imag9e t1 s9ce ! t> conta9s a numb] ( volatile hydroc>bons1 x might be made m adaptable = impregnation by pap] by di/ill+ x1 z by ?is process ! fluid w\ld lose its t5d5cy to evaporate & ! p]c5tage ( res9\s sub/ances increase4 ,s+ul> to say1 !re 0 a prejudice aga9/ ! employm5t ( di/ill$ t>1 ent]ta9$ by build]s & p :o _h no k ( *emi/ry4 ,increas+ intellig5ce & alt]$ bus9ess circum/ances1 h[ev]1 br\ght ab\t ! almo/ univ]sal employm5t ( di/ill$ t>1 & e l>ge factory uses x at pres5t4 ,! ro(+ pap] prep>$ ) di/ill$ t> is p]haps mo/ suitably call$ asphaltum pap]1 z ?is has be5 us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,x possesses prop]ties sup]ior to ! ord9>y t> pap]1 "o ( :i* is t imm$iately aft] its manufacture1 z soon z cold1 x is dry & ready = %ipm5t2 nor does x require to be kept 9 /ore = a l5g? ( "t1 & x has also a good1 firm body1 be+ z flexible & t\gh z lea!r4 ,x is v durable ^u ! ro(1 & rema9s flexible = a long "t4 ,x is true t asphaltum pap]s w always 9 a fre% /ate conta9 a small p]c5tage ( volatile +r$i5ts1 :i* aft] a :ile make x h>d & friable ^u ! ro(2 b1 by reason ( its great] p]c5tage ( res9\s compon5ts1 x w always pres]ve a sup]ior degree ( durability & become f> less por\s4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts by weight absorb #adj or #aej p>ts by weight ( coal t>4 ,a factory :i* di/ill$ a good /&>d t> = ro(+ pap] recov]$1 besides b5zole & naph?a1 also ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( creosote oil1 us$ = "o hundr$ p>ts raw pap]1 #agf4d p>tially di/ill$ t>4 ,exp]im5ts on a l>g] z well z a small] scale r$uc$ ?is quantity to an av]age ( #ada4e p>ts = "o hundr$ p>ts raw pap]4 ,! weight ( s&$ pap] is v v>iable1 z x dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! size ( ! s& gra9s4 ,x may be /at$ g5]ally t ! weight ( ! s& is z l>ge z t ( ! t>r$ pap]4 ,! k9ds ( ro(+ pap] saturat$ ) o!r additions besides coal t> =m a sep>ate class1 9 ord] to neutralize ! defects inh]5t 9 coal t>4 ,^! additions 7 orig9ally = ! purpose ( ?ick5+ ! pap] & mak+ x /iff] & dri]4 ,! mo/ ord9>y & *eape/ ?ick5] 0 ! coal pit*4 ,al?\gh ! res9\s sub/ances are increas$ !reby1 /ill ! light t> oils rema9 to evaporate1 & ! pap] prep>$ ) su* a sub/ance readily becomes h>d & brittle4 ,a bett] addition is ! natural asphaltum1 because x resi/s bett] ! de/roy+ influ5ce ( ! decomposition process1 & also1 to a c]ta9 degree1 protects ! coal t> 9 :i* x is dissolv$4 ,! addition ( natural asphaltum d\btless caus$ ! "n ( asphaltum ro(+ pap]4 ,res91 sulphur1 wood t> & o!r sub/ances 7 also us$ z additions2 ea* manufactur] kept 8 me?od secret1 h[ev]1 & simply po9t$ out by high s\nd+ title 9 :at mann] 8 pap] 0 compos$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ?is appellation 0 appli$ to ! ord9>y t> pap]2 ! impregnat+ sub/ance 0 mix$ only ) coal pit*1 or else a ro(+ pap] saturat$ ) di/ill$ t>4 ,! co/ly additions1 by ! use ( :i* a high grade ( ro(+ pap] c d\btless be produc$1 l>gely increas$ its price1 & on acc\nt ( ! con/ant fall ( prices ( ! article1 its use became r "o ( ^? ?+s m honor$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance1 & 0 disp5s$ ) :5ev] practicable4 ,! crude pap] is ! f\ndation ( ! ro(+ pap]4 ,! qualities ( a good1 unadult]at$ pap] h already be5 /at$4 ,at times1 ! crude pap] conta9s too _m e>?y +r$i5ts :i* impair ! cohesion ( ! felt$ fibr\s sub/ance1 & :i* especially ! c>bonate ( lime is v injuri\s1 z x readily effects ! decomposition ( ! coal t>4 ,! p]c5tage ( wool1 ^u :i* ! durability ( ! pap] dep5ds v l>gely1 is v small 9 "s ( ! pap] f\nd 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 place ( wool5 rags1 *eap sub/itutes h be5 us$1 su* z wa/e1 :i* conta9s vegetable fib]s4 ,s9ce ?is _c resi/ ! decomposition process = any l5g? ( "t1 x is evid5t t ! ro(+ pap] :i* conta9s a noticeable quantity ( vegetable fib]s _c be v durable4 ,to judge f ! endeavors made to improve ! coal t>1 x may be conclud$ t ?is mat]ial does n fully comply ) its function ( mak+ ! ro(+ pap] p]fectly & durably wat]pro(4 ,! coal t>1 be x ei!r crude or di/ill$1 is n a p]fect impregnat+ mat]ial1 & ! ro(+ pap]1 saturat$ ) x1 possesses sev]al defects4 ,let u 9 ! foll[+ try to asc]ta9 _! %ortcom+s1 & !n express our idea 9 :at mann] ! ro(+ pap] may be improv$4 ,x 0 previ\sly m5tion$ t e t> ro(+ pap] w1 aft] a great] or small] lapse ( "t1 assume a dry1 por\s1 friable condition1 caus$ by ! volatilization ( a "p ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! t>4 ,?is alt]ation is mat]ially assi/$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 :i* causes ! latt] to become res9\s & ex]ts a *emical influ5ce ^u !m4 ,by ! volatilization ( ! light] t> oils1 pores are g5]at$ betwe5 ! fib]s ( ! ro(+ pap]1 into :i* ! air & humidity p5etrate4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! greatly enl>g$ surface1 n only ! solid +r$i5ts ( ! t>1 :i* /ill rema9 unalt]$1 are expos$ to ! action ( ! oxyg51 b also ! fib]s ( ! ro(+ pap] are expos$ to decomposition4 ,h[ de/ructive ! alt]nat+ influ5ce ( ! oxyg5 & ! atmosph]ic precipitations are = ! ro(+ pap] w be %[n by ! foll[+ results ( te/s4 ,x w h be5 obs]v$ t ! ra9 wat] runn+ f an old pap] ro(1 especially aft] dry wea!r1 has a yell[i%1 sometimes a br[n yell[ color4 ,! supposition t ?is color$ ra9 wat] might conta9 decomposition products ( ! ro(+ pap] readily prompt$ itself1 & x has be5 collect$ & analyz$ at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,aft] a p]iod ( sev]al weeks ( fair wea!r dur+ ! summ]1 ra9 fell1 & ! sample ( wat] runn+ f a ro( 0 caught & evaporat$2 ! residue :5 dri$ weigh$ #a4fh grammes4 ,x 0 ( a br[ni% black color1 fusible 9 heat & readily soluble1 ) a yell[ br[n color 9 wat]4 ,! d>k br[n sub/ance readily dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 alcohol1 dilute acid1 hydro*loric acid1 sulphuric acid1 & decompos$ 9 nitric acid1 b did n dissolve 9 b5z9e or fat oil4 ,aft] sev]al days' ra9 dur+ ! summ]1 a quantity ( ! wat] 0 caught1 evaporat$1 & ! residue dri$4 ,its *>act]i/ics 7 simil> to ^? above m5tion$4 ,by an exp]im5t in/itut$ 9 wat] "u conditions simil> to ! fir/ m5tion$1 ! dry br[n sub/ance weigh$ #ga grammes4 ,x possess$ ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! solution effect$ ) wat] conta9+ "s aqua ammonia ( ! br[n sub/ance1 a :ite precipitate ( oxalate ( lime occurr$ :5 an oxalate ( ammonia solution 0 add$1 b ! br[n sub/ance rema9$ 9 solution4 ,a fur!r precipitation ( oxalate ( lime 0 produc$ by a solution ( oxalic acid1 b ! br[n organic sub/ance rema9$ 9 solution4 ,?is organic sub/ance be+ lib]at$ f ! lime 0 evaporat$1 & left a dry1 res9\s1 fusible br[ni% black sub/ance1 :i* also dissolv$ readily 9 wat]4 ,x w be se5 f ^! trials t ! sub/ance obta9$ f ! ra9 wat] runn+ f a pap] ro( is a comb9ation ( an organic acid ) lime1 :i* readily dissolves 9 wat]1 & t also ! free organic acid comb9$ ) ! lime dissolves easily 9 wat]4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ?is organic sub/ance or its comb9ation ) lime c only be answ]$ 9 "o way1 viz41 t x mu/ h be5 wa%$ by ! ra9 wat] out ( ! pap]4 ,b s9ce su* a solid sub/ance1 easily soluble 9 wat]1 is conta9$ nei!r 9 ! fre% ro(+ pap] nor 9 ! coal t>1 ! only d$uction is t x mu/ h aris5 by ! decomposition ( ! t>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! op]ation ( ! oxyg54 ,! lime comes f ! coat+ sub/ance ( ! ro(1 = :i* t> mix$ ) coal pit* 0 us$4 ,! latt] 0 fus$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,^! analyses fur!rmore %[ t ! =mation ( ! organic acid easily soluble 9 wat] dep5ds ^u ! season2 & t a l>g] quantity ( x is g5]at$ 9 w>m1 sunny wea!r ?an 9 cold1 )\t sun%9e4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! solid1 res9\s con/itu5ts ( ! coal t>1 to be by ! op]ation ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 alt]$ into su* products t are readily soluble 9 wat]1 makes ! t> v unsuitable z a saturative sub/ance = a ro(+ pap]4 ,h[ rapidly a pap] ro( c be ru9$ by ! g5]ation ( ?is injuri\s organic acid w be se5 f ! foll[+ calculation3 ,let u suppose t an av]age ( #acb gallons ( ra9 wat] falls ^u t5 squ>e feet ro( surface p] ye>1 & t ! ari?metical mean #j4icb ( ! l>ge/ 7#a4fhj7 & smalle/ numb] 7#j4ahd7 be ! quantity ( ! soluble br[n sub/ance :i* on an av]age is dissolv$ 9 "o qu>t ( ra9 wat]2 h5ce f t5 squ>e feet ( ro( surface are r9s$ away ) ! ra9 wat] p] ye> #dff grammes ( ! soluble decomposition products ( ! t>4 ,! oxidation process w n always occur z int5sely z by a pap] ro(1 t5 ye>s old & pa9t$ two ye>s ago1 :i* in/igat$ above describ$ exp]im5t4 ,z long z ! ro(+ pap] is fre% & less por\s1 especially if ! occurr+ pores are fill$ & clos$ aga9 by repeat$ coat+s1 oxidation w take place f> less rapidly4 ,besides ?is1 ! protective coat+ appli$ to ! ro( surface is expos$ mo/ to ?is oxidation process4 ,ev5 by assum+ ?is con/antly progressive de/ructive action ( ! oxyg5 on ! ro(+ pap] to be mu* less ?an above /at$1 we c readily imag9e t x mu/ be q l>ge4 ,if x is desir$ to produce a mat]ial free ( faults1 x is fir/ ( all indisp5sable t unobjectionable raw mat]ial be procur$4 ,coal t> 0 =m]ly us$ almo/ exclusively = ! coat+ ( a ro(4 ,x 0 heat$ & appli$ hot ^u ! surface4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! runn+ (f ( ! ?9ly fluid mass1 ! fre%ly coat$ surface 0 /rewn ) s&4 ,! mo/ volatile portion ( ! t> evaporat$ soon1 :]eby ! coat+ became ?ick] & f9ally dri$4 ,! bad prop]ties ( ! coal t>1 po9t$ out else:]e1 made x v unsuitable ev5 = ?is purpose1 & exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$ to comp\nd mixtures1 by add+ o!r +r$i5ts to ! t>1 t %\ld m fully comply ) its function4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al t ! coat+ masses = ro(s c be divid$ into two classes3 ei!r z lacqu]s or z cem5ts4 ,to ! =m] may be class$ ^? ( a fairly ?9ly fluid consi/5cy1 & :i* conta9 volatile oils 9 su* quantities t !y w dry quickly4 ,cem5ts are ^? ( a ?ickly fluid consi/5cy1 & are r5d]$ ?us fluid by heat+4 ,x is n necess>y t ! coat+ appli$ %\ld h>d5 quickly1 z x assumes soon aft] its application a firmness suffici5t to prev5t x f runn+ (f ! ro(4 ,coal t> is to be class$ among lacqu]s4 ,if x has be5 lib]at$ by di/illation f ! volatile oils1 x is made bett] suit$ = ! purpose ?an ! ord9>y k9d4 ,! mass conta9s mu* m asphaltum1 & aft] dry+1 :i* takes place soon1 x leaves a f> ?ick] lay] ^u ! ro( surface1 :ile ! pores1 :i* _h =m$ 9 ! ro(+ pap] consequ5t on dry+1 are bett] fill$ up4 ,nev]!less1 ! di/ill$ t> also has reta9$ ! prop]ty ( dry+ ) "t into a h>d1 vitre\s mass1 & ultimately to be de/roy$ by decomposition4--,! ,ro(]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,physical ,,laboratory ,,indicator4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! managem5t ( a physical laboratory are mu* great] ?an ^? ( a *emical "o4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t 9 ! latt] ! app>atus is less complicat$ & ! pieces less v>i$4 ,any contrivance t w r$uce ! labor & worry connect$ ) ! runn+ ( a laboratory is valuable4 ,a physical laboratory may be arrang$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! app>atus may be kept 9 a /ore room & su* z is ne$$ may be giv5 to ! /ud5t ea* day & remov$ aft] ! exp]im5ts are p]=m$2 or ! app>atus = ea* exp]im5t or sy/em ( exp]im5ts may be kept 9 a fix$ place 9 ! laboratory ready = assembl+2 = c]ta9 exp]im5ts ! app>atus may be kept 9 a fix$ place 9 ! laboratory & p]man5tly arrang$ = s]vice4 ,ea* /ud5t may h 8 own desk & app>atus or he may be requir$ to pass f desk to desk4 ,! latt] me?od is pref]able4 ,:5 a /ore room is us$ ! s]vices ( a man are requir$ to di/ribute & aft]w>d to collect4 ,if ! app>atus is p]man5tly di/ribut$1 a l>ge room is necess>y1 b ! labor ( collect+ & di/ribut+ is done away )4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al exp]im5ts int5d$ to %[ ! use ( measur+ in/rum5ts :i* all /ud5ts mu/ p]=m4 ,to illu/rate ! use ( ! indicator ,i h select$ an elem5t>y class1 al?\gh ! in/rum5t is equally applicable to all classes ( exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ select$ a suitable room1 tables may be plac$ aga9/ ! walls betwe5 ! w9d[s & at o!r conv5i5t places4 ,%all[ closets are built ^u ^! tables aga9/ ! wall2 !y h glass doors & are fitt$ ) %elves prop]ly spac$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( light wood5 boxes are prep>$1 numb]$ f "o up to ! limit ( ! /orage capacity ( ! closets4 ,a numb] correspond+ to t ^u ! box is plac$ ^u ! %elf1 s t ea* "o aft] removal may be return$ to its prop] place )\t difficulty4 ,on ! front ( ! box is a label ^u :i* is writt5 ! exp]im5t to be p]=m$ or ! "n ( ! app>atus ^: use is to be le>n$1 ref]5ces to v>i\s books1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! laboratory libr>y1 & ! app>atus necess>y = ! exp]im5t1 :i* ought to be f\nd 9 ! box4 ,if any p>ts ( ! app>atus are too l>ge to be plac$ 9 ! box1 ! label indicates by a numb] :]e x may be f\nd 9 ! /orage case4 ,x is evid5t t1 in/ead ( ! above arrangem5t1 all ! boxes c be /ack$ 9 piles 9 a g5]al /ore room4 ,! describ$ arrangem5t is pref]able1 z x prev5ts confusion 9 collect+ & di/ribut+ app>atus :5 ! class is l>ge4 ,! ,indicator 7see figure74--,"s device is evid5tly desirable to direct ! "w ( a laboratory ) ! lea/ tr\ble & friction possible4 ,i h f\nd t ! old fa%ion$ peg bo>d1 =m]ly us$ 9 s*ools to record ! dem]its ( s*ol>s1 modifi$ z 9 ! foll[+ description1 leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,! requirem5ts ( su* an in/rum5t are ^!3 ,x mu/ %[ ! names ( ! memb]s ( ! class2 x mu/ conta9 a full li/ ( ! exp]im5ts to be p]=m$2 x mu/ ref] ! /ud5t to ! book & page :]e in=mation 9 ref]5ce to ! exp]im5ts or app>atus may be f\nd2 x mu/ %[ :at exp]im5ts are to be p]=m$ by ea* /ud5t at a giv5 "t2 x mu/ give in=mation z to ! place 9 ! laboratory :]e ! app>atus is deposit$2 x mu/ %[ to ! in/ructor :at exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ by ea* /ud5t2 x mu/ prev5t ! assignm5t ( ! same exp]im5t to two /ud5ts2 x mu/ enable ! in/ructor to assign ! same exp]im5t to two or m /ud5ts2 x mu/ =m a complete record ( :at has be5 done1 :at "w is incomplete1 & :at exp]im5ts h n yet be5 assign$2 x mu/ also be s arrang$ t new exp]im5ts or sets ( exp]im5ts may be exhibit$4 ------------------------------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ------------------------------ #a 99 o o 99 o o o o #b 99 o 99 99 o o o o #c 99 99 99 o o o o #d o 99 99 o o o o #e o 99 99 99 99 o o #f o 99 99 o 99 o o #g o o 99 o o o o #h o o o 99 o o o #i o o o 99 o o o #aj o o o o o o o #aa o o o 99 o o 99 #ab o o 99 99 o #ac o o 99 o o o o o #ad o o 99 o o o o o #ae o o o o o o o #af o o 99 o o 99 -------------------------------------- ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 are c>ds ^u :i* are ! names ( /ud5ts4 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 are c>ds l ! "o describ$ 9 ! article4 ,! small circles 7o7 repres5t unassign$ exp]im5ts4 ,! black circles 7997 7slate nails7 repres5t "w done4 ,! caudate circles 77 7brass nail7 repres5t "w assign$4 ,! indicator consi/s ( a plank ( any conv5i5t l5g? & bread?4 ,! front surface is divid$ into squ>es ( su* size t ! pegs may be introduc$ & )drawn ) ease4 ,at ea* corn] ( ! squ>es holes are bor$ into :i* nails may be plac$4 ,!re is a blank bord] at ! top & ano!r on ! left side4 ,at ! top ( ea* v]tical column ( holes is plac$ a c>d hold]4 ,?is is made ( light t9 turn$ up on ! long edges--:i* are v]tical--& tack$ to ! bo>d4 ,opposite ea* horizontal r[ ( holes is a simil> t9 c>d hold]1 b ( great] l5g?1 & hav+ its l5g? horizontal4 ,! hold]s at ! top ( ! bo>d conta9 c>ds ^u :i* ! names ( ! class are writt54 ,c>ds1 l ! foll[+1 are prep>$ = ! horizontal hold]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,/ew>t ,gee #bbi ,physical ,manip4 #he ,int5sity ( ,gravity--,borda's ,me?od #ci ,glazebrook ,%aw #acb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,^! c>ds are numb]$ f "o to any desir$ numb] & are arrang$ 9 ! hold]s consecutively4 ,two k9ds ( nails are provid$ to fit ! holes 9 ! bo>d3 ,an ord9>y slate nail & a common picture frame nail ) a brass head4 ,! latt] indicates "w to be done1 ! =m] "w done4 ,to prep>e ! bo>d = s]vice1 brass head$ nails are plac$ opposite ea* exp]im5t1 & bel[ ! names1 c>e be+ tak5 n to h m ?an "o nail 9 ! same horizontal r[1 unless x is int5d$ t two p]sons or m are to "w ^u ! same exp]im5t4 ,!re w be no conflict :5 ! brass nails occupy diagonal l9es4 ,if !y d n1 a glance w %[ ! fact4 ,aft] an exp]im5t has be5 p]=m$ & a report made ^u ! usual blank1 ! brass nail is remov$ & a slate nail put 9 its place4 ,! bo>d w %[ by ! slate nails :at "w has be5 done by ea* /ud5t1 by ! brass nails :at is yet to be done1 & by ! empty holes1 exp]im5ts :i* h be5 omitt$ or are yet to be assign$4 ,a slate nail opposite an exp]im5t c>d indicates t t exp]im5t may n[ be assign$ to ano!r p]son4 ,x is evid5t t ! s*$ule = a :ole t]m may be arrang$ 9 a few m9utes & t ! daily *anges require v little "t4 ,! bo>d is hung 9 a conv5i5t place4 ,! /ud5t z he ent]s ! laboratory looks = 8 "n on ! upp] c>ds & "u x = ! fir/ brass nail 9 ! v]tical column3 to ! left he f9ds ! exp]im5t c>d4 ,on ! left h& end ( ! slip he sees ! book ref]5ces1 on ! "r h& end a numb]--#ci 9 ! sample c>d giv5 above4 ,kn[+ ! numb]1 he proce$s to a desk & f9ds a box numb]$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,he removes ! box f ! closet4 ,on ! label ( ! box is a li/ ( all ! app>atus necess>y1 :i* he w f9d 9 ! box2 ! label also conta9s ! book ref]5ces4 ,he p]=ms ! exp]im5t1 fills up a blank :i* he gives to ! in/ructor1 puts all ! mat]ials back 9 ! box1 replaces ! box 9 its prop] place 9 ! closet & proce$s ) ! next exp]im5t4 ,) ?is indicator !re is no difficulty 9 manag+ fifty /ud5ts or m4 ,comp>atively little app>atus ne$ be duplicat$4 ,:]e app>atus is fix$ aga9/ a wall a numb] may be tack$ ^u ! wall & a c>d conta9+ ! in=mation desir$4 ,! proc$ure is !n ! same z ) ! boxes4 ,! c>ds on ! bo>d be+ removable1 o!r ones may be ins]t$ conta9+ in=mation 9 ref]5ce to o!r boxes hav+ ! same numb] b conta9+ diff]5t mat]ials4 ,!re c be no successful tamp]+ ) ! bo>d1 = ! record ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ is ^u ! blanks :i* ! /ud5ts turn 9 & also 9 ! individual note books :i* are writt5 up & giv5 to ! in/ructor = daily exam9ation4 ,lafayette ,college4 ,j4,w4 ,,moore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,ext+ui%+ ,,fires ,?is is by ,george ,dickson1 ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 & ,david ,alanson ,jones4 ,a mixture ( wat] & liquefi$ c>bon dioxide ^u be+ dis*>g$ ?r\gh pipes at high pressure causes ! rapid expansion ( ! gas & conv]ts ! mixture into spray m or less froz51 & portions ( ! liquid c>bon dioxide are froz51 ow+ to its rapid expansion1 & are ?us ?r[n ^u ! fire 9 a solid /ate1 :]e said froz5 c>bon dioxide 9 its fur!r expansion n only acts to put out ! fire1 b cools ! surface ^u :i* x falls1 & ?us t5ds to prev5t reignition4 ,a repres5ts a receptacle suffici5tly /rong to /& a pressure ( n less ?an a ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,b ,b wat] receptacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,9 ! draw+s we h %[n two receptacles ,b & only "o receptacle ,a2 b we d n wi% to conf9e ourselves to any p>ticul> numb]1 nor d we wi% to conf9e ourselves to ! horizontal position 9 :i* ! receptacles are %[n4 ,c is a pipe lead+ f ! receptacle ,a to a po9t at or ne> ! bottom ( ! receptacle ,b4 ,f is a pipe ?r\gh :i* ! mixture ( wat] & liquefi$ gas f ! receptacle ,b is =c$ by ! expansion ( said liquefi$ gas1 ! said pipe tak+ ! mixture ( wat] & liquefi$ gas f ! bottom ( ! receptacle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,to use ! app>atus1 op5 ! /op cock ,d 9 ! pipe ,c1 lead+ to "o ( ! receptacles ,b1 :]eupon1 ow+ to ! l[] pressure 9 ! cyl9d] ,b1 ! liquid c>bon dioxide exp&s & rises to ! top ( ! cyl9d] ,a & =ces ! liquid c>bon dioxide into ! cyl9d] ,b1 ! same z ! sup]ior /eam ( a boil] =ces ! wat] ( ! boil] out :5 ! same is tapp$ bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,n[ ^u op5+ ! tap ,h1 ?is sup]ior gas =ces out ! mixture ( wat] & liquid c>bon dioxide1 :i* sudd5ly exp&+ causes portions ( ! globules ( liquefi$ gas to be froz51 & ^!1 be+ protect$ by a rapidly evaporat+ portion ( ! liquefi$ gas1 are ?r[n on ! fire 9 solid p>ticles4 ,at ! same "t ! wat] is bl[n into a spray1 :i* is m or less froz54 ,! fire is ?us rapidly ext+ui%$ by ! vaporization ( ! c>bon dioxide & wat] spray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,smokeless ,,gunp[d]4 ,,by ,,hudson ,,maxim4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s lead+ *emi/s h cont9u$ to exp]im5t ) a view to ! production ( a gunp[d] :i* %\ld be smokeless4 ,b n until ! la/ few ye>s has any consid]able degree ( success be5 atta9$4 ,to be smokeless1 a gunp[d] mu/ yield only gase\s products ( combu/ion4 ,none ( ! s-call$ smokeless p[d]s are entirely smokeless1 al?\gh "s ( !m are v ne>ly s4 ,! smoke ( common black gunp[d] is l>gely due to m9ute p>ticles ( solid matt] :i* float 9 ! air4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ! total products ( combu/ion ( black gunp[d] ( ord9>y composition consi/s ( potassium c>bonate 9 a f9ely divid$ condition & ( potassium sulphate1 :i* is produc$ *iefly by ! burn+ 9 ! air ( potassium sulphide1 ano!r production ( combu/ion1 z on ! outru%+ gases x is borne into ! air 9 a f9e /ate ( division4 ,ano!r cause = ! smoke ( gunp[d] is ! =mation ( small liquid vesicles :i* cond5se f "s ( ! products ( combu/ion ?r[n into ! air 9 a /ate ( vapor1 9 ! same mann] z vesicles ( aque\s vapor =m 9 ! air on ! escape ( highly heat$ /eam f ! :i/le ( a locomotive4 ,broadly speak+1 an explosive comp\nd is "o :i* conta9s1 )9 itself1 all ! elem5ts necess>y = its complete combu/ion1 & ^: heat$ gase\s products occupy va/ly m space ?an ! orig9al comp\nd4 ,su* comp\nd usually consi/s ( oxyg51 associat$ ) o!r elem5ts1 = :i* x has great aff9ity1 & f :i* x is held f m intimate union1 or direct *emical comb9ation1 "u normal conditions1 by be+ 9 comb9ation z well ) o!r elem5ts = :i* x has less aff9ity1 b :i* x readily gives up = ! /rong] aff9ities :5 explosion takes place1 ! o!r elem5ts ei!r comb9+ ) "o ano!r to =m new comp\nds or be+ set free 9 an uncomb9$ /ate4 ,an explosive is said to detonate :5 ! above *anges take place in/antane\sly1 ! action be+ transmitt$ ) ! spe$ ( electricity by a sort ( molecul> rhy?m f molecule to molecule ?r\gh\t ! entire sub/ance ( ! comp\nd4 ,an explosive is said to explode :5 ! above *anges d n occur in/antane\sly ?r\gh\t ! :ole sub/ance1 b ^: combu/ion takes place f ! surface inw>d ( ! p>ticles or gra9s ( :i* x is compos$1 ?us requir+ "s def9ite lapse ( "t4 ,! elem5ts ( an explosive comp\nd may be associat$ *emically z 9 nitro-glyc]9e & gun-cotton1 :i* are *emical comp\nds1 be+ ! results ( def9ite reactions4 ,or1 an explosive may be a m]e me*anical mixture ( diff]5t sub/ances compris+ ! necess>y elem5ts1 z is ord9>y black gunp[d]1 :i* is a comp\nd ( *>coal1 sulphur & saltpet]1 ! saltpet] supply+ ! necess>y oxyg54 ,no gunp[d] c be smokeless 9 :i* saltpet] or any oxyg5-be>+ salt hav+ a metallic base is employ$1 = :5 ! salt gives up its oxyg51 ! base comb9es ) o!r elem5ts to produce a sulphate1 a c>bonate1 or o!r salt1 :i*1 be+ solid1 produces smoke4 ,!re=e1 to be smokeless1 a gunp[d] mu/ conta9 no o!r elem5ts ?an oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & c>bon1 & 9 su* proportions t ! products ( combu/ion %all be :olly gase\s4 ,! nitric e!rs--gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e--con/itute su* explosive comp\nds4 ,^! sub/ances 7 =m]ly ?\ght to be nitro-sub/itution comp\nds1 b are n[ kn[n to belong to ! comp\nd e!rs ( nitric acid4 ,gun-cotton1 discov]$ by ,s*onbe91 9 #ahde1 has s9ce be5 look$ ^u z ! mo/ promis+ mat]ial = a smokeless gunp[d]1 x be+ a v p[]ful explosive & burn+ ) practically no smoke4 ,to-day1 gun-cotton1 9 "s =m or o!r1 con/itutes ! base ( sub/antially all ( ! smokeless p[d]s ) :i* h be5 atta9$ any consid]able degree ( success4 ,gun-cotton alone & 9 its fibr\s /ate has be5 f\nd to be too quick1 or viol5t1 = propulsive purposes1 su* z use 9 fire>ms2 z "u su* conditions ( conf9em5t x is v likely to detonate & bur/ ! gun4 ,h[ev]1 if gun-cotton be dissolv$ 9 a suitable solv5t1 :i* is capable ( be+ evaporat$ out1 su* z acetone1 or acetate ( e?yl1 :i* are v volatile1 x becomes1 :5 ?us dissolv$ & dri$1 a v h>d1 horn-l1 amorph\s sub/ance1 :i* may be us$ = a smokeless gunp[d]4 ,b ?is sub/ance tak5 alone is v difficult to m\ld or granulate1 & ! loss ( exp5sive solv5ts mu/ necess>ily be q consid]able4 ,:5 gun-cotton is r$uc$ to a collodial solid1 z above1 & us$ z a smokeless gunp[d]1 ! gra9s mu/ be made comp>atively small to insure prompt & c]ta9 ignition1 & consequ5tly ! pressures develop$ 9 ! gun are apt to be too great :5 *>ges suffici5tly l>ge are us$ to give desir$ velocities4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a comp\nd be made ( gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e1 9 ab\t equal p>ts1 by means ( a volatile solv5t or comb9+ ag5t1 su* z "o ( ! be=e m5tion$1 & ! solv5t evaporat$ out1 we obta9 practically a new sub/ance & "o :i*1 z reg>ds its explosive nature1 is q unlike ei!r ( its two con/itu5ts tak5 alone4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e1 fur!rmore1 be+ itself a solv5t ( gun-cotton1 mu* less ( ! volatile e!r is necess>y to r5d] ! comp\nd ( an amorph\s "*4 ,be+ q pla/ic ?is sub/ance may be wr\ght or m\ld$ into any desir$ size or =m ( gra94 ,?is simple comp\nd ( nitro-glyc]9e & gun-cotton1 or ) "s slight modifications1 has be5 f\nd1 :5 prop]ly granulat$1 to be ! mo/ smokeless p[d] t has yet be5 discov]$ or inv5t$4 ,if pure *emicals are employ$ 9 ! manufacture1 & ! gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e be made ( ! highe/ nitration & be/ quality1 we h a smokeless p[d] :i* w possess ! foll[+ desirable qualities3 #a/4 ,x is absolutely smokeless1 t is1 its products ( combu/ion are entirely gase\s4 #b;d4 ,its products ( combu/ion are 9 no way delet]i\s or unpleasant4 #c;d4 ,x is p]fectly safe to manufacture1 h&le & transport4 ,!re is no m dang] ( its explod+ accid5tally ?an !re w\ld be ( an explosion ( %av+s or sawdu/2 =1 unless well conf9$ & set (f ) a /rong prim]1 x w n explode at all4 ,9 ! op5 its combu/ion is s sl[ z to 9 no way resemble or p>take ( ! nature ( an explosion4 #d?4 ,x is p]fectly /able1 & w keep any l5g? ( "t absolutely )\t und]go+ any *ange :atev]1 "u all conditions ( temp]ature or exposure to :i* gunp[d] w\ld ev] be subject$4 #e?4 ,x is n hygroscopic1 & may be soak$ 9 wat] )\t be+ at all affect$ by x4 #f?4 ,x w n corrode ! c>tridge case4 #g?4 ,x w n f\l ! gun4 #h?4 ,x is sure ( ignition ) a good prim]1 & may be made to burn z sl[ly z desir$ by v>y+ ! "* & size ( ! gra9s4 ,inde$1 x may be made to burn s sl[ly z to fail ( complete combu/ion be=e ! bullet leaves ! gun1 & aft] fir+ sev]al r\nds1 p>tly burn$ pieces ( ! p[d] may be pick$ up 9 front ( ! gun4 #i?4 ,9 a %\ld] arm1 a velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second may be imp>t$ to ! bullet ) ?is p[d]1 & ) a pressure 9 ! *amb] ( ! gun ( n m ?an fifte5 ,engli% tons4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! gun1 c>tridge case1 prim]1 & projectile are adapt$ to ! use ( smokeless p[d]1 & ! granulation ( ! p[d] is adapt$ to !m4 ,if :at ,i h "h claim$ = ! above smokeless p[d] be true1 x w\ld appe> t x may be tak5 z really an ideal smokeless p[d]4 ,:y1 !n1 has x n already be5 univ]sally adopt$8 ,surely su* a p[d] is j :at e gov]nm5t is seek+4 ,9 reply to ?is1 let me say t1 9 ord] = ! above comp\nd to be an effective & successful smokeless p[d]1 ) ! manife/ation ( ! _m desirable qualities :i* ,i h recit$1 a great _m o!r conditions are necess>y1 "s ( :i* ,i w m5tion4 ,to arrive at ! k t ?is comp\nd w\ld con/itute ! be/ smokeless p[d] has requir$ a great deal ( exp]im5t+4 ,x 0 fir/ ?\ght t gun-cotton colloid1 )\t any nitro-glyc]9e1 t is1 gun-cotton dissolv$ & dri$1 w\ld burn m sl[ly1 keep bett]1 & give bett] balli/ics ?an x w\ld if comb9$ ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x 0 also ?\ght t gun-cotton ( a high degree ( nitration :5 made into colloidal =m w\ld ev5 !n burn too quickly to be suitable = use 9 fire>ms4 ,consequ5tly1 ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 ) l[ grade gun-cotton1 :at is call$ collodion cotton1 su* z is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( celluloid4 ,b1 z ?is w\ld n explode )\t ! addition ( "s oxyg5-be>+ elem5t1 v>i\s oxyg5-be>+ salts 7 comb9$ ) x1 su* z nitrate ( potassium1 nitrate ( ammonia1 nitrate ( b>yta1 etc4 ,also a great _m ( ! fir/ smokeless p[d]s 7 made ( l[ grade gun-cotton comb9$ ) nitro-glyc]9e 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,^! p[d]s w\ld (t5 give v good results :5 fir/ made2 b l[ grade gun-cotton or di-nitro-cellulose1 z x is call$1 is a v un/able comp\nd1 & ^! p[d]s1 aft] giv+ v promis+ results1 7 f\nd to be con/antly und]go+ *ange1 soon] or lat] result+ 9 complete decomposition4 ,:5 nitro-glyc]9e 0 fir/ comb9$ ) gun-cotton 9 small quantities1 camphor 0 (t5 add$1 to less5 ! rapidity ( combu/ion :i* ! nitro-glyc]9e 0 suppos$ to imp>t & also to r5d] ! comp\nd m pla/ic1 & to t5d to prev5t ! decomposition ( ! l[ grade gun-cotton4 ,b camphor be+ volatile1 w\ld1 by its evaporation1 cause ! p[d] to con/antly *ange 9 "*4 ,ca/or oil has be5 f\nd to be a bett] dilu5t1 z ?is w n evaporate4 ,z all ( ! smokeless p[d]s made ( a l[ grade gun-cotton 7 f\nd to det]iorate & spoil1 exp]im5ts 7 made ) gun-cotton ( ! highe/ degree ( nitration1 bo? alone & 9 comb9ation ) nitro-glyc]9e4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 fir/ conduct$ 9 ,engl& by private p>ties & by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 :5 x 0 f\nd t high grade gun-cotton w\ld give excell5t results if made into a colloidal solid & us$ alone1 or 9 comb9ation ) c]ta9 o!r con/itu5ts4 ,) a view to sav+ ! l>ge quantity ( solv5ts necess>y to r$uce ! gun-cotton1 & to get a m prompt & c]ta9 ignition ) a l>g] gra91 exp]im5ts 7 cauti\sly made by ! admixture ( v>y+ proportions ( nitro-glyc]9e to ! gun-cotton :5 dissolv$1 or r along ) o!r solv5ts 9 ! process ( dissolv+ x4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t nitro-glyc]9e add$ 9 quantities1 ev5 equal 9 weight to ! gun-cotton itself1 did n mat]ially increase ! rapidity ( ! explosion ( ! comp\nd4 ,& x 0 also f\nd t high grade gun-cotton1 :5 comb9$ ) nitro-glyc]9e1 gave v mu* bett] results ?an l[ grade gun-cotton4 ,i h spok5 "h ( high & l[ grade gun-cotton1 :5 9 fact ! ^w gun-cotton %\ld be appli$ only to ! highe/ nitro-comp\nd ( cellulose4 ,! ^w gun cotton has always be5 r loosely us$4 ,pyroxyl9e w\ld be a bett] ^w1 z ?is applies to all grades4 ,:5 cotton fib] is soak$ 9 a l>ge excess ( a mixture ( ! /ronge/ nitric & sulphuric acids1 gun-cotton prop]1 or t ( ! highe/ grade1 is produc$4 ,:5 weak] acids are us$1 l[] grades ( nitro-cellulose are =m$4 ,! fir/ m5tion$ or highe/ grade gun-cotton1 :5 ?or\ghly fre$ f its acids1 has always prov$ to be a p]fectly /able comp\nd4 ,! l[] grades h always be5 f\nd to be un/able & subject to spontane\s decomposition4 ,nitro-glyc]9e has also be5 errone\sly ?\ght to be a v un/able comp\nd4 ,b exp]im5ts h prov$ t1 :5 made pure1 x is p]fectly /able4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ h[ ! k came to be arriv$ at t ! a=em5tion$ comp\nd ( highe/ grade nitro-glyc]9e & highe/ grade gun-cotton w\ld con/itute ! be/ basis = a smokeless p[d]1 ,i w n[ m5tion a few ( ! o!r conditions necess>y to success ) its use1 )\t assum+ t smokeless p[d] has yet pass$ its exp]im5tal /age1 & is beyond fur!r improvem5t4 ,nev]!less1 su* is ! comp\nd :i* has come to /ay z ! basis ( all smokeless p[d]s2 & any smokeless p[d]1 if a successful "o1 may be c\nt$ ^u z be+ made ( ?is comp\nd ( gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e1 or ( a colloid ( gun-cotton1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) dilu5ts1 oxyg5-be>+ salts1 or in]t matt]4 ,! fact t smokeless p[d] may /ill be said to be 9 some:at ( an exp]im5tal /age is n to admit t x is n a success4 ,fire>ms1 c>tridge cases1 & projectiles are also /ill 9 an exp]im5tal /age1 = !y are con/antly be+ improv$2 yet _! use has be5 a great success = a good _m ye>s4 ,! "q ( success ( a smokeless p[d] does n re/ alone ) ! p[d] itself4 ,! gun1 ! c>tridge case1 prim]1 & bullet h be5 z mu* ! subjects ( exp]im5ts 9 adapt+ !m to ! use ( smokeless p[d] z has ! smokeless p[d] 9 be+ adapt$ to !m4 ,to imp>t a velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second to a rifle ball1 ) correspond+ long range & accuracy ( flight1 has be5 a "q z mu* ( improvem5t 9 rifles & projectiles z 9 ! p[d]4 ,to give a velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second to a bullet1 requires a pressure ( at lea/ #ae ,engli% tons 9 ! *amb] ( a gun4 ,?is w\ld be a dang]\s pressure 9 an old-fa%ion$ %\ld] arm2 :ile a bullet made only ( lead w\ld /rip on /rik+ ! rifl+ & pass "r ?r\gh ! b>rel ( ! gun )\t tak+ any rot>y motion :atev]4 ,x might at fir/ seem t ! p[d] is ! only ?+ to be consid]$2 b high balli/ics c only be obta9$ :5 ev]y?+ else is adapt$ to its use4 ,! projectile1 ! c>tridge case1 ! fulm9at+ cap1 & ! gun h _h to be all built up toge!r1 & a v l>ge am\nt ( exp]im5t+ has be5 necess>y to det]m9e :at w\ld con/itute ! be/ projectile1 be/ c>tridge case1 be/ fulm9at+ cap1 & :at %\ld be ! "* ( ! rifl+ & ! quality & temp] ( ! /eel ( ! gun b>rel4 ,x has be5 necess>y fir/ to conduct exp]im5ts to te/ ! smokeless p[d]s = velocities & pressures1 & !n ) ! p[d]s te/ v>i\s k9ds ( projectiles & guns4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! high balli/ics :i* h be5 secur$1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to cov] ! bullet ) some?+ h>d] ?an lead & to rifle ! gun 9 a special mann]4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o 7 ! fir/ to def9itely adopt smokeless p[d]1 7 ! fir/ also to make a rifle1 projectile1 c>tridge case & prim] suit$ to its use4 ,to obta9 long range ) a small long bullet su* z is n[ us$1 x %\ld rotate at a v high spe$4 ,x is well kn[n to artill]i/s t a projectile ( f\r or m calib]s 9 l5g? has to be rotat$ at a mu* high] spe$ ?an "o ( half t l5g?1 9 ord] to keep ! projectile /iff 9 ! air1 & to prev5t x f end+ ov] 9 its flight4 ,to communicate ?is v high rot>y movem5t to ! bullet 9 ! in/ant ( "t dur+ :i* x is pass+ ?r\gh ! b>rel1 ! rifl+ ( ! gun has to ex]t an enorm\s torsion on ! bullet4 ,lead1 no matt] h[ h>d5$1 is n suffici5tly /rong1 z x w n only /rip & pass /raight ?r\gh ! gun )\t tak+ any rot>y movem5t :atev]1 b "u su* v high pressures x behaves l wax1 & is ?r[n f ! gun 9 a di/ort$ mass4 ,! ,fr5* cov] _! bullets ) ,g]man silv]1 a sub/ance made ( nickel1 z9c & copp]2 & 9 ord] to put z little /ra9 ^u ! rifl+ & projectile z possible1 ! rifl+ ( ! gun is made ) an increas+ twi/1 & has no %>p edges4 ,! ,fr5* rifle is made v /rong at ! bree* & is ( temp]$ /eel ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ?is way ! ,fr5* h made smokeless p[d] a success--a smokeless p[d] made sub/antially ( a "* su* z ,i h h]e9 describ$4 ,) smokeless p[d]1 ! ,fr5* rifle imp>ts a muzzle velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second to ! bullet1 ) a range ( ab\t #b1djj met]s4 ,if smokeless p[d] be divid$ into suffici5tly small gra9s to be ignit$ by an ord9>y fulm9at+ cap1 x w\ld burn too quickly1 !reby caus+ ! pressure to m\nt too high1 & )\t giv+ ! desir$ velocity4 ,consequ5tly v l>ge & /rong fulm9at+ caps h to be employ$4 ,smokeless p[d] is n ignit$ 9 ! same mann] z black p[d]4 ,some?+ besides ignition is necess>y4 ,black p[d] simply requires to be set on fire2 :ile a smokeless p[d]1 on ! contr>y1 n only requires t x be set on fire1 b t a c]ta9 degree ( pressure be set up inside ( ! c>tridge case4 ,= in/ance1 if a prim] ( a c]ta9 size %\ld be f\nd to op]ate p]fectly well1 giv+ prompt ignition 9 ! c>tridge case ( a rifle ( small calib]1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! same prim] w\ld n ignite a *>ge ( ! same p[d] if load$ into a gun ( "o in* calib]4 ,9 ! latt] case a few gra9s only ly+ ne> ! prim] w\ld be ignit$1 & ^! w\ld soon become ext+ui%$ by sudd5 release ( pressure br++ ab\t a cool+ effect due to expansion ( ! gases4 ,9 small c>tridges a l>ge fulm9at+ cap is all t is requir$1 b 9 l>ge c>tridges x is necess>y to resort to additional means ( ignition4 ,9 ,france1 :]e exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) a #cg millimet] ,maxim gun1 x 0 f\nd to be impracticable to use a fulm9at+ cap suffici5tly l>ge to ignite ! p[d] & cause x to burn4 ,!re=e1 a small ignition *>ge ( black p[d] 0 employ$1 x be+ put 9 a capsule or bag & plac$ next ! prim]4 ,on fir+ at ! rate ( #cjj r\nds p] m9ute1 ! black p[d]1 ?\gh small 9 quantity1 produc$ a cl\d ( smoke ?r\gh :i* x 0 q impossible to see4 ,! inv5tor ( ! gun !n prep>$ = ! ,fr5* "s waf]s ( pyroxyl9e canvas1 :i* 7 plac$ next to ! prim]1 secur+ !reby prompt ignition )\t ! production ( any smoke4 ,smokeless p[d]1 made z ,i h describ$1 _c be detonat$ by a fulm9at+ cap ( any size or by any means :atev]4 ,a l>ge *>ge ( fulm9ate ( m]cury plac$ inside ! c>tridge case next ! prim] w n detonate ! p[d]1 x s]v+ only to ignite x & cause x to explode4 ,b ev5 ?is w\ld n cause ! p[d] to explode except x be conf9$ beh9d a projectile1 t suffici5t pressure may be run up to make x burn 9 its own gases4 ,"s curi\s exp]im5ts ) smokeless p[d] may be tri$ ) a %ot gun4 ,if ! fulm9at+ cap be l>ge1 ! p[d] f9e1 ! wads num]\s & h>d & ! *>ge ( %ot heavy1 all be+ well ramm$ d[n1 & ! pap] case well spun ov] ! la/ pa/ebo>d wad1 a *>ge ( smokeless p[d] ab\t equal 9 weight to "o-half ( :at w\ld be employ$ ( black p[d] w\ld give ab\t ! same results z black p[d]4 ,b if ! *>ge ( %ot be omitt$1 ! prim] w only ignite ! p[d]1 & !re w be set up suffici5t pressure m]ely to ?r[ ! wads ab\t half way up ! b>rel ( ! gun1 :5 ! p[d] w g out4 ,n[ if ?is same *>ge ( p[d] be collect$ & reload$ into a new c>tridge case & well conf9$ beh9d wads & a *>ge ( %ot1 z above expla9$1 x w all burn1 giv+ ! same results z black p[d]4 ,attempts h be5 made to use ?is p[d] 9 pi/ols & revolv]s1 b "h x has prov$ a failure1 z ! pressure is n great en\gh to cause ! p[d] to be consum$1 unless x be 9 ! =m ( v f9e gra9s or du/1 9 :i* case ! pressure m\nts too high4 ,h[ev]1 ?is might be ov]come to a degree by mak+ ! p[d] por\s4 ,! *emical conditions ( ! p[d] might be ! same1 b ! physical conditions mu/ be diff]5t4 ,a p[d] suitable = %ot guns & pi/ols w\ld n be suitable = rifles4 ,"o n famili> ) ! *>act]i/ics ( smokeless p[d] w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to fail 9 8 fir/ attempt to fire x4 ,_m p]sons h be5 conv9c$ by _! fir/ exp]im5ts t ?is p[d] w\ld n burn at all 9 a gun1 any m ?an s mu* s&4 ,smokeless p[d] is consum$ ) a rapidity :i* accords ) ! conditions ( its conf9em5t4 ,!re=e1 ! bullets :i* h be5 exp]im5t$ ) by diff]5t gov]nm5ts h be5 ! cause ( mu* ( ! v>y+ pressures attribut$ to ! smokeless p[d]s4 ,! ,au/rians use ! ,mannli*] /eel jacket$ bullet4 ,! /eel cas+ or jacket is fir/ t9n$ on ! inside & !n ! lead is ca/ 91 ?us melt+ ! t9 & adh]+ firmly to ! jacket4 ,?is projectile sets up enorm\s friction 9 ! b>rel ( ! gun :5 us$ ) smokeless p[d]2 z ! smokeless p[d] leaves ! gun b>rel p]fectly clean & ! two /eel surfaces be+ 9 absolute contact cause trem5d\s friction2 & z ! coeffici5t ( friction v>ies ) e %ot1 ! pressure 9 ! gun con/antly v>ies greatly4 ,! ,g]man silv] cov]$ bullet us$ by ! ,fr5* has ! disadvantage t :5 fir+ rapidly ! *amb] ( ! b>rel becomes nickel plat$ & great friction is caus$1 m\nt+ up ! pressures & caus+ ! muzzle velocities to fall (f4 ,! ,au/rians1 9 ord] to prev5t _! /eel cas$ bullets f ru/+ & to less5 ! friction 9 ! b>rel ( ! gun1 cov] !m ) a heavy lubricant1 :i* gives ! c>tridges an unsightly appe>ance & causes !m to ga!r du/ & s&4 ,! ,fr5* employ a lubricant at ! base ( ! projectile1 ) a small copp] disk betwe5 ! same & ! p[d]4 ,col4 ,a4,r4 ,buff+ton1 comm&] ( ! ,national ,armory at ,spr+field1 ,mass41 has made a /eel cov]$ projectile :i* he prev5ts f ru/+ by black5+ by a nit] process4 ,sev]al grooves are press$ 9 ! base ( ! bullet :i* c>ry a lubricant1 & :5 ! bullet is ins]t$ 9 ! c>tridge case ! grooves are cov]$ by x4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! grooves prev5t ! lead fill+ f bur/+ ?r\gh ! /eel cas+1 leav+ ! latt] 9 ! b>rel1 z (t5 occurs ) ! ,au/rian & ,fr5* projectiles :5 us+ smokeless p[d]4 ,a new projectile has lately come out1 ! inv5tion ( ,capta9 ,edw>d ,pallis]1 ( ! ,briti% army4 ,?is bullet consi/s ( a jacket made ( v s(t ,sw$i% wr\ght iron1 coat$ ) z9c & fill$ ) lead1 ! lead be+ press$ into ?is jacket4 ,! bullet is corrugat$ at its base1 aft] ! mann] ( ! "o made by ,colonel ,buff+ton4 ,?is projectile has be5 exp]im5t$ ) v ext5sively by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 & at ! works ( ! ,maxim-,nord5felt ,guns & ,ammunition ,company1 9 ,engl&4 ,! z9c coat+ ( ! bullet is too s(t to /ick to ! b>rel ( ! gun1 & also 9 a measure acts z a lubricant4 ,?is projectile has giv5 bett] results ?an any o!r t has be5 exp]im5t$ )4 ,! great velocities & ! mo/ uni=m pressures by ! use ( smokeless p[d] h be5 atta9$ ) ?is ,pallis] bullet4 ,,noiselessness4 ,a great _m /ories h be5 told ab\t ! noiselessness ( smokeless p[d]4 ,b !re is no su* ?+ z a noiseless gunp[d]4 ,! report ( a gun *>g$ ) smokeless p[d] is v %>p1 & is z l\d z :5 black p[d] is us$1 yet ! volume ( s\nd is mu* less1 s t ! report _c be he>d at s great a di/ance4 ,! report ( a gun us+ smokeless p[d] is a s\nd ( mu* high] pit* ?an :5 black p[d] is us$1 & consequ5tly _c be he>d at s great a di/ance z ! l[] notes giv5 by black p[d]4 ,z smokeless p[d] ex]ts a mu* great] pressure ?an common black p[d] :5 burn$ 9 a gun1 "o w\ld naturally ?9k t ! recoil ( ! b>rel w\ld be great]1 ow+ to ! great] pressure ex]t$ by ! smokeless p[d] on ! base ( ! c>tridge case & ! bree* me*anism4 ,h[ev]1 su* is n ! fact2 = ! b>rel actually recoils v mu* less :5 smokeless p[d] is us$4 ,?is is due to ! sudd5ness ) :i* ! pressure is ex]t$ by smokeless p[d]1 x act+ m l a v %>p bl[ on ! metal1 :]eby m ( ! en]gy is conv]t$ into heat in/ead ( be+ sp5t 9 ov]com+ ! in]tia ( ! b>rel to give recoil4 ,simil>ly :5 smokeless p[d] is fir$ 9 a gun1 ! displacem5t ( ! air is s sudd5 t ! s\nd waves d n possess ! same amplitude ( recoil or vibration z is giv5 by black p[d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,und]gr\nd ,,circuits4 ,,by ,s4,b4 ,,f[l]4 ,! num]\s disa/r\s /orms ( ! la/ w9t] h br\ght out v vividly ! advantages ( hav+ all wires plac$ und]gr\nd1 & _m inquiries h be5 address$ to ! companies op]at+ und]gr\nd circuits z to _! success4 ,x is n probable t all ( ! answ]s to ^! inquiries h be5 ( ! mo/ favorable "*4 ,to _m c5tral /ation manag]s an und]gr\nd sy/em means frequ5t break-d[ns & int]ruptions ( s]vice1 )1 p]haps1 sl[ & exp5sive repairs1 :i* br+ 9 _! turn num]\s compla9ts1 loss ( cu/om]s1 & r$uc$ pr(its4 ,9 _m in/allations burn-outs bo? und]gr\nd & 9 ! /ation are frequ5t1 ) ! natural result t ! op]at+ ( circuits und]gr\nd is n !re consid]$ an unqualifi$ success4 ,! writ] has 9 m9d two v diff]5t exp]i5ces ) und]gr\nd cables4 ,sev]al miles ( cable 7 b\ght by a c]ta9 company1 c>efully laid1 & up to to-day n a s+le burn-out or int]ruption ( s]vice c be attribut$ to failure ( cables2 at ab\t ! same "t ano!r company b\ght ab\t an equal am\nt ( ! same k9d ( cable1 & 9 a comp>atively %ort "t ! curr5t _h to be %ut (f ! l9es & ! :ole in/allation repair$ & p>ts ( x replac$4 ,bo? ( ^! exp]i5ces h be5 repeat$ _m times & w be aga91 al?\gh x is simply a di/9ction betwe5 a good cable prop]ly laid & a good cable ru9$ by c>eless & incompet5t workman%ip4 ,e failure c be trac$ to poor "w 9 ! orig9al in/allation or to ! use ( a *eap cable1 bo? causes be+ due1 g5]ally1 to t false economy :i* looks = too quick returns4 ,a poorly insulat$ l9e wire & a poorly insulat$ cable are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 x is a fact t by ! use ( a good cable x is n difficult to con/ruct an und]gr\nd sy/em = light1 p[]1 telegraph or telephone uses t w be sup]ior to ov]head l9es 9 its s]vice & 9 co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,! ideal und]gr\nd sy/em mu/ h z a />t+ po9t a sy/em ( subways admitt+ ( ! easy draw+ 9 & out ( cables & af=d+ means ( mak+ subsidi>y connections readily & ) ! m9imum ( exp5se & int]ruption ( s]vice4 ,?is is practically accompli%$ by a subway consi/+ ( l9es ( pipe t]m9at+ at conv5i5t int]vals1 say at /reet int]sections1 9 manholes1 = conv5i5ce 9 jo9t+ & 9 runn+ out h\se connections4 ,^! pipes1 or ducts1 z !y are call$1 %\ld be = two k9ds ( s]vice2 ! l[] or deep] laid l9es = ! ma9 or trunk circuits1 & a second s]ies ( ducts laid ne>] ! surface1 runn+ into s]vice boxes plac$ ne> toge!r = l9es to h\se to h\se connections4 ,9 "s cities :]e x is all[$ to run ov]head l9es1 ! plan ( runn+ b "o s]vice connection 9 a block is foll[$1 all cu/om]s 9 ! block be+ suppli$ f a l9e run ov] ! h\setops or /rung on ! re> walls4 ,?is makes unnecess>y all subsidi>y ducts except a %ort "o f ! manhole to ! ne>e/ build+ 9 ! block1 & effects a consid]able sav+ 9 pipe1 s]vice boxes1 cables & labor4 ,! manholes %\ld h _! walls built up ( brick1 ! floors %\ld be ( concrete1 & !re %\ld be an inside lid :i* c be fa/5$ d[n & ! manhole ?us made wat]-tight4 ,= ducts wood1 iron or cem5t l9$ pipe may be us$4 ,to pres]ve ! wood x is g5]ally treat$ ) creosote1 :i*1 9 contact ) ! lead cov] ( ! cable1 sets up a *emical action1 result+ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! lead4 ,wood (f]s b little protection = ! cable1 z x is too easily damag$ & brok5 ?r\gh 9 ! frequ5t /reet op5+s made by companies op]at+ l9es ( pipe 9 ! /reets1 & z "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( a subway is t ( a protection to cables1 wood5 ducts h little to recomm5d !m except _! *eapness4 ,iron pipes are ei!r laid 9 tr5*es fill$ 9 ) e>? or are laid 9 cem5t4 ,iron pipe w ( c\rse ru/ out 9 "t1 & if absolute p]man5ce 9 con/ruction is desir$1 %\ld be laid 9 cem5t1 = aft] ! pipe ru/s out1 ! duct ( cem5t is /ill left4 ,h[ev]1 if we are go+ to ! exp5se ( lay+ 9 cem5t1 x w\ld be mu* pref]able to use cem5t l9$ pipe1 :i* is n only *eap] ?an iron pipe1 b makes ! mo/ p]fect cable conduit1 z x af=ds a p]fectly smoo? surface to draw ! cable ov] & give a good duct edge4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 small in/allations ( cable1 especially :]e additional connections w n be ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 to g to ! exp5se ( subways1 = cable may be safely laid 9 ! gr\nd 9 tr5*es fill$ 9 ) e>?1 or c be inclos$ 9 a pla9 wood5 box or a wood5 box fill$ ) pit*4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m localities :]e1 if ! cable is laid 9 contact ) ! e>?1 a *emical action w\ld take place :i* might result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! cable4 ,und]gr\nd cables are ( ! foll[+ classes3 #a4 ,rubb] insulat$ cables1 insulat$ ) rubb] or o!r homog5e\s mat]ial4 #b4 ,fibr\s cables1 s call$ f ! conductors be+ cov]$ ) "s fibr\s mat]ial1 z cotton or pap]1 :i* is saturat$ ) ! insulat+ mat]ial1 p>aff9e1 res9 oil1 or "s special comp\nd4 ,"u ?is latt] head is also includ$ ! dry core pap] cables4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to get ! cable drawn into ! ducts1 & on ! prop] accompli%m5t ( ?is dep5ds to a great ext5t ! success or failure ( ! :ole in/allation4 ,probably ! ducts h be5 wir$ :5 ! subway 0 con/ruct$1 b if n a wire mu/ be run ?r\gh z a means ( pull+ 9 ! draw rope4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( app>atus = gett+ a wire ?r\gh a duct--rods1 flexible tapes1 me*anical creep]s1 etc42 b probably ! be/ is ! sectional rod4 ,?is simply consi/s ( ?ree or f\r foot l5g?s ( h>d wood rods1 hav+ metal tips t screw into ea* o!r4 ,a rod is plac$ 9 a duct at a manhole1 "o screw$ to t1 bo? are pu%$ =w>d1 ano!r "o add$ & pu%$ =w>d1 & s on until !y ext5d ! entire l5g? ( ! duct4 ,!n ! wire is atta*$ & ! rods are pull$ out & deta*$ "o at a "t & ) ! la/ rod ! wire is ?r\gh4 ,at lea/ ,no4 #ad galvaniz$ iron or /eel wire %\ld be us$1 = any small] size _c be us$ a second "t1 z a rule4 ,9 />t+ to pull 9 ! draw rope a wire bru% %\ld be atta*$ to ! wire & to ?is aga9 ! rope1 & :5 ! bru% arrives at ! di/ant end ( ! duct x v likely w br+ ) x a miscellane\s collection ( mat]ial :i* = ! good ( ! cable _h bett] be 9 ! manhole ?an 9 ! duct4 ,! reel or drum c>ry+ ! cable %\ld be m\nt$ on :eels or jacks & plac$ on ! same side ( ! manhole z ! duct into :i* ! cable is to be drawn1 & mu/ always be s plac$ t ! cable w run (f ! top ( ! reel4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( atta*+ ! draw rope to ! cable4 ,z simple & /rong a me?od z any is to pun* two ( ^! holes ?r\gh ! cable1 lead & all1 & atta* ! rope by means ( an iron wire--"s ( ! draw wire w d--run ?r\gh ^! holes4 ,dep5d+ on ! l5g? & weight ( cable to be pull$ x c be drawn ei!r by h& or by a multiply+ w9*4 ,! rope %\ld run ?r\gh a block fa/5$ 9 ! manhole 9 su* a position t ! rope %all h a good /raightaway lead f ! m\? ( ! duct4 ,! /ra9 on ! cable %\ld be p]fectly uni=m & /eady2 if ! p[] is appli$ by a s]ies ( j]ks ei!r ! lead cov]+ may be pull$ ap>t or "s ( ! conductors brok54 ,at ! reel !re mu/ always be a l>ge en\gh numb] ( m5 to turn x & keep ! cable f rubb+ on any?+1 & 9 ! manhole "o or m m5 to see t ! cable fe$s into ! duct /raight & to guide x if necess>y4 ,if ! ducts are ( iron & are n p]fectly smoo? at ! ends1 ^! %\ld be made s ) a file1 & 9 addition a protector ( "s sort %\ld be plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( ! duct1 bo? above & bel[ ! cable4 ,six in*es ( lead pipe1 split l5g?wise & b5t ov] at "o end to prev5t be+ drawn into ! duct ) ! cable1 makes a v good protector4 ,! cable %\ld be reel$ (f ! drum j fa/ en\gh to prev5t any ( ! p[] us$ 9 pull+ ! cable ?r\gh ! duct be+ utiliz$ 9 unreel+ x4 ,if ?is latt] is all[$ to occur ! cable w be b5t too %ort & ! lead cov]+ buckl$ or brok51 & also ! cable may be jamm$ aga9/ ! upp] edge ( ! duct & p]haps cut ?r\gh4 ,if ! reel is all[$ to turn fa/] ?an ! cable is drawn 91 ! fir/ ?ree or f\r turns on ! reel w slack5 up1 & ! lead cov]+ may ei!r be d5t$ or cut ?r\gh by scrap+ on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! cable end :5 pull$ ?r\gh up to ! block is n long en\gh to b5d ar\nd ! hole m ?an half way1 ! rope %\ld be unfa/5$ f its end1 a l5g? ( rope ) a well fray$ out end %\ld be run ?r\gh ! block1 & by fa/5+ to ! cable close to ! duct1 ) a s]ies ( half hit*es1 z mu* slack z necess>y c be pull$ 94 ,if ?is is prop]ly manipulat$ !re ne$ n be a scrat* on ! cable1 b unless great c>e is tak5 ! lead may be press$ up into ridges & ! core itself damag$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! cable is drawn 91 if ! jo9t is n to be at once made1 ! op5 end or ends %\ld be cut (f & ! cable sold]$ up1 z mo/ cables are v susceptible to moi/ure & readily absorb wat] ev5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,:]e practicable x is always a good plan to pull ! cable ?r\gh z _m manholes z possible )\t cutt+ ! cable2 = ! jo9t is1 especially 9 telephone or telegraph cables1 ! weak po9t4 ,to d ?is ! rope %\ld be pull$ ?r\gh ! prop] duct 9 ! next section )\t unfa/5+ x f ! cable2 ! w9* %\ld be mov$ to ! next manhole1 & pull+ ?r\gh !n done z be=e4 ,!re %\ld always be a man 9 e hole ?r\gh :i* ! cable is runn+ to see t x does n b9d any:]e & to keep protectors ar\nd ! cable4 ,x is n advisable to pull m ?an "o cable into a duct1 & nev] advisable to pull a cable into a duct conta9+ ano!r cable1 b if two or m cables h to g into ! same duct1 !y %\ld always be drawn 9 toge!r4 ,lead cov]$ cables & ^? ) no lead on ! outside %\ld nev] be pull$ into ! same duct1 = if !y b9d any:]e ! s(t cable w suff] :]e two lead cov]$ cables w\ld get ?r\gh all "r4 ,"s manufactur]s are n[ putt+ on _! cables a tape or braid cov]+1 :i* saves ! lead _m bad bruises & cuts1 & is a valuable addition to a cable at v little additional exp5se4 ,practically all electric light & p[] cables are ei!r s+le or d\ble conductors1 & ! jo9t+ ( ^! is comp>atively a simple matt]1 al?\gh requir+ consid]able c>e4 ,! lead is cut back f ea* end ab\t f\r or five in*es1 & ! conductors b>$ ( insulation = two or ?ree in*es4 ,! b>e conductors %\ld be ?or\ghly t9n$ by dipp+ 9 ! metal pot or p\r+ ! melt$ sold] ov] !m4 ,a sp]m c&le is bett] ?an res9 or acid = any "p ( ! op]ations :]e sold] is us$4 ,a lead sleeve is "h slipp$ back ov] ! cable1 out ( ! way1 & ! ends ( ! conductors br\ght toge!r 9 a copp] sleeve :i* is !n sweat$ to a firm jo9t4 ,?is "p mu/ be z good a piece ( "w me*anically z electrically4 ,! b>e splice is !n wrapp$ tightly ) cotton or silk tape to a ?ickness slightly great] ?an t ( ! insulation ( ! cable1 & is ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! insulat+ comp\nd until all moi/ure previ\sly absorb$ by ! tape is driv5 (f4 ,! lead sleeve is !n br\ght ov] ! splice & wip$ to ! cable4 ,! jo9t is !n fill$ ) ! insulat+ comp\nd p\r$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! top ( ! sleeve2 ^! holes are !n clos$ & ! jo9t is complete1 & !re is no reason :y1 9 light & p[] cables1 t jo9t %\ld n be z p]fect z any o!r "p ( ! cable4 ,:5 ! cable ends are prep>$ = jo9t+ !y %\ld be hung up 9 su* a position t !y are 9 ! same plane1 bo? horizontal & v]tically1 & firmly secur$ !re1 s t :5 ! lead sleeve is wip$ on ! conductor may be 9 its exact c5t]1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to move ! cables aga9 until ! sleeve is fill$ & ! insulation suffici5tly cool$ to hold ! conductor 9 position4 ,x is also v important to see t !re are no %>p po9ts on ! conductors !mselves1 on ! copp] sleeve1 on ! edges ( ! lead cov]+ or on ! lead sleeve4 ,all ^! %\ld be made p]fectly smoo?1 = po9ts facilitate disruptive dis*>ges4 ,bran* jo9ts _h bett] be made z ,t-jo9ts r ?an z ,y-jo9ts1 = !y are bett] electrically & me*anically1 al?\gh !y occupy m room 9 ! manholes4 ,!y are ( c\rse made 9 ! same way z /raight jo9ts1 a lead ,t-sleeve be+ us$1 h[ev]4 ,= multiple arc circuits copp] ,t-sleeves & = s]ies circuits copp] ,l-sleeves are us$4 ,telephone & telegraph cables are made ( any requir$ gauge ( wire & ) f #a to #aej conductors 9 a cable4 ,9 jo9t+ ^! ! splices are nev] sold]$1 ! conductors be+ jo9$ ei!r ) a twi/ jo9t or ) ! s-call$ ,we/]n ,union splice4 ,ea* splice is cov]$ ) a cotton or silk sleeve or a wrapp+ ( tape1 ! latt] be+ pref]able1 al?\gh consid]ably increas+ ! "t necess>y = mak+ ! jo9t4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t no ends ( wire are left /ick+ up1 = !y w surely "w _! way ?r\gh ! tape & gr\nds1 & crosses w be ! result4 ,! wires %\ld always be jo9$ lay] to lay] & ea* splice v tightly tap$ 9 ord] to get z mu* insulat+ comp\nd ar\nd ea* splice z possible 9 ! limit$ space4 ,! splices %\ld be brok5 z mu* z possible1 s z to avoid hav+ adjo9+ splices com+ ov] ea* o!r4 ,aft] ! jo9t has be5 saturat$ ) insulat+ comp\nd ! wires %\ld h an outside wrapp+ ( tape to keep !m 9 %ape1 & !n ! sleeve is wip$ on & fill$4 ,if ! insulation resi/ance ( ! jo9t$ telegraph or telephone cable is a qu>t] ( :at ! cable te/$ 9 ! factory1 x may be consid]$ t an exceptionally good piece ( "w has be5 done4 ,i h spok5 m p>ticul>ly ( fibr\s lead cov]$ cables1 z ! h&l+ ( !m includes practically e /ep ( ! "w on any o!r k9d ( und]gr\nd cable4 ,9 insulat+ dry core pap] cables a pap] sleeve is slipp$ ov] ! splice1 & 9 rubb] cables ! splice is wrapp$ ) rubb] tape2 all o!r details are ! same = ^! z = ! fibr\s cable4 ,9 ! lay+ ( light & p[] cables e jo9t1 z made1 %\ld be te/$ = insulation ) a ,?omson galvanomet]1 z ! insulation mu/ necess>ily be v high1 & if "o jo9t or section ( cable is any weak] ?an ano!r x may be v important 9 ! future to "k x4 ,all te/s mu/ be made aft] ! jo9t has cool$1 = :ile hot its insulation resi/ance w be v l[4 ,te/s = copp] resi/ance %\ld also be made to det]m9e if ! splices are electrically p]fect2 an imp]fect splice may cause consid]able tr\ble4 ,9 telegraph & telephone cables ! conductors %\ld be ( v s(t copp]1 = 9 /ripp+ ! conductor ( insulation x is v easy to nick ! wire1 & if ( h>d drawn copp] op5 wires w be ! result4 ,all "w %\ld be frequ5tly te/$ = cont9uity ) telephones1 magnetos1 or small portable galvanomet]s4 ,x is only necess>y to gr\nd ! conductors at "o end & try ea* wire at ! o!r end4 ,= ?is sort ( "w a telephone receiv] us$ ) "o cell ( "s dry batt]y is mo/ conv5i5t1 & has ! additional advantage ( af=d+ a means ( communication :ile te/+1 & is by f> ! be/ ?+ = id5tify+ & tagg+ conductors4 ,^! cables %\ld be frequ5tly te/$ dur+ ! progress ( ! "w = gr\nds & crosses ) a ,?omson in/rum5t1 & :5 ! cable is complete1 a c>eful s]ies ( te/s ( ! capacity1 insulation resi/ance1 & copp] resi/ance ( ea* wire %\ld be made & ! exact condition ( ! cable det]m9$ be=e x is put 9 s]vice1 & !reaft] an intellig5t ov]sight ( ! condition ( ! circuits c ?us be m readily ma9ta9$4 ,:]e a company has ext5sive und]gr\nd s]vice1 a regul> cable gang %\ld be 9 its employ1 = quick & safe h&l+ ( cables dem&s ! employm5t ( m5 accu/om$ to ! "w4 ,if ! cable has be5 prop]ly laid & te/s %[ x to be 9 good condition be=e curr5t is turn$ on1 almo/ ! only tr\ble to be anticipat$ w be due to me*anical injury4 ,disruptive dis*>ge1 punctur+ ! lead1 may occur2 b ! small *ance ( its occurr+ c be greatly less5$ by ! use ( "s k9d ( cable protector1 :i* w provide = ! sp>k an artificial pa? ( less resi/ance ?an ! dielectric ( ! cond5s]1 :i* ! cable 9 fact becomes4 ,if a fault sudd5ly develops on a circuit1 ! *ances are x w be f\nd 9 a manhole1 & an inspection ( ! cable 9 ! manhole w g5]ally reveal ! tr\ble )\t resort+ to locat+ ) a ,:eat/one bridge4 ,! cable is (t5 cut ?r\gh at ! edge ( ! duct1 or damag$ by some?+ fall+ on x1 or by "s "o walk+ all ov] x4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^!1 ! ducts %\ld always be fitt$ ) protectors bo? above & bel[ ! cable4 ,! cables %\ld nev] be left across ! manholes1 = !y !n answ] ! purpose ( a ladd]1 b %\ld be b5t1 ar\nd ! walls ( ! hole & securely fa/5$ ) lead /raps1 t !y may n be mov$ & ! lead gradually worn ?r\gh4 ,9 telegraph cables1 :5 "o or two conductors g1 x w probably be useless to look = tr\ble except ) in/rum5ts2 b if sev]al wires are lo/ at once x w probably be f\nd to be caus$ by me*anical injury1 :i* c be locat$ by inspection4 ,if x is ev] necess>y to loop out conductors1 a jo9t c be readily op5$ & ! conductors want$ pick$ out & connect$ into ! bran* cable & ! jo9t aga9 clos$ )\t di/urb+ ! work+ wires4 ,9 do+ ?is a split sleeve mu/ be us$1 & ! only additional precaution to be tak5 is 9 fill+ ! sleeve to h ! insulat+ comp\nd n hot en\gh to melt ! sold] & op5 up ! split 9 ! sleeve4 ,9 cutt+ 9 s]vice on light & p[] cables x is entirely practicable to d s )\t int]ruption ( s]vice on multiple arc circuits1 ev5 ^? ( v high voltage2 b !y require great precaution & involve consid]able risk to ! jo9t]1 & :]e possible ! circuit to :i* ! connection is to be made %\ld previ\sly be cut dead4 ,:]e ! voltage is n dang]\s to human life1 almo/ any s]vice connection c be made )\t int]ruption ( s]vice4 ,i h only indicat$ a v few ( ! op]ations t may be f\nd necess>y1 & ! probable causes ( tr\bles t may be enc\nt]$ 9 ! op]at+ ( und]gr\nd circuits1 believ+ t ! diff]5t problems t arise c1 ) a little exp]i5ce1 be successfully met by any "o :o has a fair k ( ! orig9al con/ruction ( cable l9es4--,electrical ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railroads ,,to ,,! ,,cl\ds4 ,if ,george ,/eph5son1 :5 he plac$ ! fir/ locomotive on ! track & gu>ante$ x a spe$ ( six miles an h\r1 c\ld h =ese5 t 9 less ?an eighty ye>s ! successors ( 8 rude ma*9e w\ld be climb+ ! sides ( m\nta9 ranges1 pi]c+ gorges hi!rto deem$ inaccessible1 cross+ rav9es on bridges high] ?an ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & trav]s+ ! b[els ( ! e>? by means ( tunnels1 no d\bt 8 big blue eyes w\ld h /ood out ) wond] & amazem5t4 ,b he =esaw no?+ ( ! k9d2 ! only problem pres5t 9 8 m9d 0 h[ to get goods f ! seaports 9 we/]n ,engl& to ,london z easily & *eaply z possible1 & to d ?is he sub/itut$ = horses1 :i* _h = #aej ye>s be5 draw+ c>s along wood5 or iron tracks1 ! wond]ful ma*9e :i* has revolutioniz$ ! freight & pass5g] traffic ( ! _w4 ,x 01 inde$1 impossible = any "o to =esee ! triumphs ( eng9e]+ :i* h accompani$ ! advances 9 transportation4 ,to ! eng9e] ( ! pres5t day !re are no impossibilities4 ,! eng9e] is a wiz>d at ^: comm& space & matt] are annihilat$4 ,! highe/ m\nta91 ! deepe/ valley1 has no t]rors = him4 ,he c bridge ! latt] & encircle or tunnel ! =m]4 ,! only requisites :i* he dem&s are t some?+ 9 8 l9e be ne$$1 & t ! money is =?com+ to defray ! exp5se1 & ! ?+ w be done4 ,b ! railroad he is ask$ to con/ruct mu/ be necess>y1 & ! necessity mu/ be pla9ly %[n1 or no funds w be advanc$2 & al?\gh ! !ory does n inv>iably hold good1 especially :5 a craze = railroad build+ is rag+1 z a rule no exp5se = ! con/ruction ( a road w be incurr$ )\t a prospect ( remun]ation4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( railroad communication has caus$ l9es to be con/ruct$ ?r\gh di/ricts :]e only a few ye>s ago ! ?+ w\ld h be5 deem$ impossible4 ,! ,pacific roads ( ?is c\ntry 7 a necessity long be=e _! con/ruction1 & 9 ! face ( difficulties almo/ insup]able 7 c>ri$ to successful completion4 ,s1 also1 ( ! railroads 9 ! ,&es ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! fam\s road f ,callao ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,p]u is "o ( ! highe/ m\nta9 roads 9 ! _w1 z well z ( ! mo/ difficult con/ruction4 ,! grades are (t5 ( #cjj feet & m to ! mile1 & :5 ! m\nta9s 7 rea*$ s great 7 ! difficulties ! eng9e]s 7 =c$ to confront t 9 "s places labor]s 7 l[]$ f cliffs by ropes 9 ord] t1 ) toil & difficulty1 !y might c>ve a foo?old 9 ord] to beg9 ! cutt+ = ! roadway4 ,9 "s sections tunnels are m num]\s ?an op5 cuts1 & s f> z ! road has gone sixty-"o tunnels1 great & small1 h be5 con/ruct$1 aggregat+ ov] #bj1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! road atta9s a height ( #ae1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & at ! highe/ po9t ( ! track is ab\t z high z ! topmo/ peak ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,x pi]ces ! range above x by a tunnel #c1hdg feet long4 ,! /]n necessities ( bus9ess compell$ ! con/ruction ( ?is road1 o!rwise x nev] w\ld h be5 begun4 ,! tunnels ( ! ,&es1 h[ev]1 d n be> comp>ison ) ! tunnels1 bridges1 & sn[ %$s ( ! ,union ,pacific1 nor d ev5 ^! comp>e ) ! va/ und]tak+s 9 ! ,alps--?ree great tunnels ( n9e to elev5 miles 9 l5g?1 :i* h be5 prep>$ = ! transit ( travel]s & freight4 ,! requirem5ts ( bus9ess necessitat$ ! pi]c+ ( ! ,alps1 & z soon z ! necessity 0 %[n1 funds 9 abundance 7 =?com+ = ! ent]prise4 ,b tunnel+ a m\nta9 is a diff]5t ?+ f climb+ x4 ,_m ye>s ago ! att5tion ( inv5tors 0 direct$ to ! practicability ( con/ruct+ a railroad up ! side ( a m\nta9 on grades :i*1 to an ord9>y eng9e1 7 q impossible4 ,! improvem5ts 9 locomotives tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s ago r5d]$ !m capable ( climb+ grades :i*1 9 ! e>ly days ( railroad eng9e]+1 7 deem$ out ( ! "q4 ,! improvem5ts prov$ a s]i\s /umbl+ block 9 ! way ( ! inv5tors1 :o f\nd t an ord9>y locomotive 0 able to climb a mu* /eep] grade ?an 0 commonly suppos$4 ,! fir/ railroads 7 laid almo/ level1 b x 0 soon discov]$ t a grade ( a few feet to ! mile 0 no imp$im5t to progress1 & gradually ! grade 0 /eep5$4 ,! inv5tors ( m\nta9 railroad transportation might h be5 disc\rag$ by ?is discov]y1 b x is a *>act]i/ic ( an inv5tor t he is n set back by opposition1 :i*1 9 fact1 only s]ves to /imulate 8 zeal4 ,! projectors ( incl9$ roads & m\nta9 eng9es kept /eadily on1 & 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates _m exp]im5tal roads 7 con/ruct$1 ea* ( a few hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1 & locomotive models 7 built & put 9 motion to ! amazem5t ( ! g5]al public1 :o je]$ alike at ! contrivances & ! contriv]s1 deem+ ! =m] impracticable & ! latt] crazy4 ,b ! idea ( build+ a road up ! side ( a hill 0 n to be dismiss$4 ,!re 0 money 9 x = ! successful man1 s ! cranky inv5tors kept on at "w 9 spite ( ! je]s ( ! rabble & ! disc\ragem5ts ( capitali/s loa? to inve/ _! money 9 an unc]ta9 s*eme4 ,to ! en]gy & p]sev]ance ( railroad inv5tors ! success ( ! m\nta9 railroad is due1 z also is ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s m\nta9 roads1 ( :i* ! road up ,mt4 ,wa%+ton1 f9i%$ 9 #ahfh1 0 ! fir/1 & ! road up ,pike's ,peak1 complet$ ! o!r day1 0 ! late/4 ,( all ! m\nta9 roads :i* h be5 con/ruct$ s9ce ! "o up ,mt4 ,wa%+ton 0 f9i%$1 ! be/ kn[n is t :i* asc5ds ! _w-fam\s ,rigi4 ,) ! exception ( ,mont ,blanc1 ,rigi is1 p]haps1 ! be/ kn[n ( any peak 9 ! ,alps1 ?\gh x is by no means ! highe/1 its summit be+ b #e1ije feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,al?\gh sc>cely m ?an a ?ird ( ! height ( "s o!r m\nta9s 9 ! ,alps1 x seems mu* high] because ( its isolat$ position4 ,/&+ z x does betwe5 lakes ,luc]ne1 ,zug1 & ,l[]tz1 x comm&s a s]ies ( f9e views 9 e direction1 & he :o looks f ! summit ( ,rigi1 if he does no o!r travel+ 9 ,switz]l&1 c ga9 a fair idea ( ! ,swiss m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,_m ( ! mo/ not$ peaks are 9 sight1 & f ! ,rigi c be se5 ! ?ree lakes b5ea?1 ! villages :i* "h & !re dot ! %ores1 &1 fur!r on1 ! mighty ,alps1 ) _! glaci]s & et]nal sn[s4 ,_m ye>s ago a hotel 0 built on ! summit ( ! ,rigi = ! b5efit ( ! t\ri/s :o daily flock$ to ?is rem>kable peak to enjoy ! b5efit ( its wond]ful sc5]y4 ,! m\nta9 is d5sely wood$ save :]e ! trees h be5 cut away to cle> ! l& = pa/ures4 ,! ease ( its asc5t by ! six or eight mule pa?s :i* _h be5 made1 ! gradual & almo/ regul> slope1 & ! ?rongs ( travel]s :o resort$ to x1 made x a favorable place = an exp]im5t1 & to ,rigi w5t ! eng9e]s 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! practicability ( su* a road4 ,! cr$it ( ! designs is due to a ,g]man eng9e] nam$ ,reg5ba*1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #ahfa1 design$ ! idea ( a m\nta9 road1 & drew up plans n only = ! b$ b also = ! eng9e & c>s4 ,! s*eme dragg$4 ,capitali/s 7 sl[ to inve/ _! money 9 :at !y deem$ a wild & impracticable und]tak+1 & ev5 ! own]s ( ! l& on ! ,rigi 7 reluctant = su* an exp]im5t to be tri$4 ,b ,reg5ba* p]sev]$1 & t[>d ! close ( ! decade ! inhabitants ( ,vitznau1 at ! base ( ! ,rigi1 7 a/oni%$ to see gangs ( labor]s beg9 ! "w ( mak+ a cle>+ ?r\gh ! =e/s on ! m\nta9 slope4 ,!y inquir$ :at x meant1 & 7 told t a road up ! ,rigi 0 to be made4 ,! ,vitznau]s 7 delight$1 = !y _h no roads1 & !re 0 n a :eel$ vehicle 9 ! t[n1 nor a highway by :i* x c\ld be br\ght ?i!r4 ,! idea ( a railroad 9 _! desolate m\nta9 region1 &1 above all1 a railroad up ! ,rigi1 nev] ent]$ _! heads1 & a report :i* "s "t aft] obta9$ curr5cy 9 ! t[n1 t ! labor]s 7 beg9n+ ! con/ruction ( a railroad1 0 greet$ ) a %\t ( d]ision4 ,nev]!less1 t 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,rigi l9e1 & 9 ,may1 #ahga1 ! road 0 op5$ = traffic4 ,x beg9s at ,vitznau1 on ,lake ,luc]ne1 & ext5ds to ! bord] ( ! canton & almo/ to ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,x is #ai1jjj feet long1 & dur+ t di/ance rises #d1jjj feet at an av]age grade ( #a foot 9 #d4 ,?\gh /eep1 x is by no means s mu* s z ! ,mt4 ,wa%+ton road1 :i* rises #e1bhe feet above ! sea1 at an av]age ( #a foot 9 #c4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 /ret*es ( ! ,rigi road at :i* ! grade is ab\t #a foot 9 #b1 :i* is believ$ to be ! /eepe/ 9 ! _w4 ,! ,rigi road has sev]al special features aside f its t]rific slopes :i* entitle x to be consid]$ a triumph ( ! eng9e]'s skill4 ,ab\t midway up ! m\nta9s ! build]s came to a solid mass ( rock1 :i* pres5t$ a b>ri] t to a surface road 0 impassable4 ,!y det]m9$ to tunnel x1 &1 aft] an enorm\s exp5diture ( labor1 f9i%$ an incl9$ tunnel #bbe feet 9 l5g?1 ( ! same gradi5t z ! road4 ,a gorge 9 ! side ( ! m\nta9 :]e a small /ream1 ! ,s*nurtobel1 _h cut itself a passage also h9d]$ _! way1 & 0 cross$ by a bridge ( lattice gird] "w 9 ?ree spans1 ea* #he feet long4 ,! entire roadb$1 f beg9n+ to end1 0 cut 9 ! solid rock4 ,a *annel 0 *isel$ out to admit ! c5tral beam1 :i* conta9s ! cogs fitt+ ! driv+ :eel ( ! locomotive4 ,! eng9e is 9 ! re> ( ! tra91 & pres5ts ! exce$+ly curi\s feature ( a boil] greatly incl9$1 9 ord] t at ! /eep] gradi5ts x may rema9 almo/ p]p5dicul>4 ,! coal & wat] are conta9$ 9 boxes ov] ! driv+ :eels1 s t all ! weight ( ! eng9e is really conc5trat$ on ! cogs--a precaution to prev5t _! slipp+4 ,! co/ ( ! road1 includ+ ?ree ( ^! /rangely con/ruct$ locomotives1 ?ree pass5g] coa*es1 & ?ree op5 wagons1 0 #bfj1jjj1 & x is a good pay+ inve/m5t4 ,! f>e dem&$ = ! trip up ! m\nta9s is #e francs1 :ile half t sum is requir$ = ! d[nw>d passage1 & ! road is annually trav]s$ by f #cj1jjj to #ej1jjj pass5g]s4 ,curi\s s5sations are produc$ by a ride up ?is rem>kable l9e4 ,! seats ( ! c>s are incl9$ l ! boil] ( ! locomotive1 & s long z ! c>s are on a level ! seats tilt at an angle :i* r5d]s x almo/ impossible to use !m4 ,b :5 ! />t is made ! frightful tilt places ! body 9 an upright position1 &1 ) ! eng9e 9 ! re>1 ! tra9 />ts up ! hill ) an easy1 glid+ motion1 pass+ up ! asc5t1 some:at /eep] ?an ! ro( ( a h\se1 )\t ! slighte/ app>5t ef=t4 ,b if ! go+ up excites tremor1 mu* m peculi> are ! feel+s ar\s$ on ! d[n grade4 ,! trip beg9s ) a g5tle desc5t1 & all at once ! travel] look+ ahead sees ! road app>5tly come an end4 ,on a ne>] approa* he is undeceiv$ & obs]ves be=e him a long decl9e :i* appe>s too /eep ev5 to walk d[n4 ,involunt>ily he cat*es at ! seats1 expect+ a great accel]ation ( spe$4 ,v n]v\s are 8 feel+s z ! tra9 approa*es ?is t]rible slope1 b on com+ to ! incl9e ! eng9e dips & goes on n a :it fa/] ?an be=e & n m rapidly on ! d[n ?an on ! up grade4 ,_m p are made sick by ! s5sation ( fall+ exp]i5c$ on ! d[n run4 ,"s fa9t1 & a few ye>s ago "o travel]1 suppos$ to be afflict$ ) he>t disease1 di$ ( fright :5 ! tra9 0 go+ ov] ! ,s*nurtobel bridge4 ,! dang] is really v slight1 !re n hav+ be5 a s]i\s accid5t s9ce ! road 0 op5$4 ,! att5dants are wat*ful1 ! brakes are /rong1 b ev5 ) all ^! safegu>ds1 m5 ( ! /eadie/ n]ves _c help wond]+ :at w\ld become ( !m 9 case any?+ w5t wrong4 ,bold z 0 ! project ( a railroad on ! ,rigi1 a /ill bold] s*eme 0 broa*$ t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 a d>+ g5ius propos$ a railroad up ,mt4 ,vesuvius4 ,a railroad up ! side ( an ord9>y m\nta9 seem$ haz>d\s en\gh1 b to build a l9e on ! slope ( a volcano1 :i* 9 its eruption _h buri$ cities1 & e few ye>s 0 subject to a viol5t spasm1 seem$ z haz>d\s z to tru/ ! rails ( an ord9>y l9e to ! rott5 riv] ice 9 spr+ "t4 ,! proposal 0 n1 h[ev]1 s impracticable z x look$4 ,:ile ! summit ( ,vesuvius *anges f "t to "t f ! frequ5t eruptions1 & v>ies 9 height & 9 ! size ( ! crat]1 ! g5]al slope & cont\r ( ! m\nta9 are ab\t ! same to-day z :5 ,vesuvius1 a wood$ hill1 ) a valley & lake 9 ! c5t] ( its quiesc5t crat]1 s]v$ z ! /ronghold ( ,sp>tacus & 8 rebel gladiators4 ,!re h be5 scores ( eruptions s9ce t 9 :i* ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii 7 ov]?r[n1 b ! sides ( ! m\nta9 h nev] be5 s]i\sly di/urb$4 ,a road on ,vesuvius gave promise ( be+ a good speculation4 ,naples & ! o!r resorts ( ! neighborhood annually attract$ _m ?\s&s ( visitors1 & a consid]able numb] ( ^! e ye> asc5d$ ! volcano1 ev5 :5 =c$ to cont5d ) all ! difficulties ( ! way4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 desir+ to asc5d1 b be+ unable or unwill+ to walk up1 a *air s]vice 0 e/abli%$--a peculi> *air be+ slung on poles & borne by port]s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! *air s]vice prov$ to be inadequate = ! numb]s :o desir$ to make ! asc5t1 & ! "t 0 deem$ fit = ! e/abli%m5t ( m spe$y communication4 ,not)/&+ ! necessity1 ! proposal to e/abli% a railroad met ) g5]al d]ision1 b ! s*eme 0 soon %[n to be p]fectly practicable1 & a beg9n+ 0 made 9 #ahgi4 ,! road is :at is kn[n z a cable road1 !re be+ a s+le sleep] ) ?ree rails1 "o on ! top :i* really bore ! weight1 & "o on ea* side ne> ! bottom1 :i* support$ ! :eels1 :i* com+ out f ! axle at a %>p angle1 prev5t$ ! vehicle f be+ ov]turn$4 ,! road cov]s ! la/ #d1jjj feet ( ! asc5t1 & ! p[] h\se is at ! bottom1 a /eel cable runn+ up1 pass+ r\nd a :eel at ! top & return+ to ! eng9e 9 ! p[] h\se4 ,! asc5t to ! l[] t]m9us ( ! road is made on mules or donkeys2 !n1 9 a com=table c>1 ! travel] is c>ri$ to a po9t n f> f ! crat]4 ,! c> is a comb9$ grip & a pass5g] c>1 simil> 9 "s po9ts to ! grip c> ( ! pres5t day1 :ile ! seats ( ! pass5g] portion are incl9$ z 9 ! c>s on ! ,rigi road4 ,b ! angle ( ! road be+ f ?irty-?ree to =ty-five degrees1 makes bo? asc5t & desc5t seem fe>fully p]il\s4 ,e precaution1 h[ev]1 is tak5 to insure ! safety ( pass5g]s2 ea* c> is provid$ ) sev]al /rong & indep5d5t brakes1 & ?us f> no accid5t wor? record+ has occurr$4 ,! road 0 op5$ 9 ,june1 #ahhj4 ,al?\gh !re h be5 sev]al consid]able eruptions s9ce t date1 none ( !m did any damage to ! l9e b :at 0 repair$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,! fa%ion ?us set w1 no d\bt1 be foll[$ 9 _m o!r qu>t]s4 ,:]ev] !re is suffici5t travel to pay work+ exp5ses & a pr(it on a /eep grade m\nta9 road x w probably be built4 ,already !re is talk ( a road on ,mont ,blanc1 ( ano!r up ! ,yungfrau1 & sev]al h be5 project$ 9 ! ,s*w>tz & ,h>tz m\nta9s4 ,a r\te on ,b5 ,nevis1 9 ,scotl&1 is already survey$1 & x is said surveys h also be5 made up ,sn[d51 ) a view to ! e/abli%m5t ( a road to ! summit ( ! highe/ ,wel% peak4 ,suffici5t travel is all t is necess>y1 & :5 t is gu>ante$1 :5ev] a m\nta9 possesses suffici5t int]e/ to induce p to make its asc5t 9 consid]able numb]s1 means ( transportation1 safe & spe$y1 w soon be provid$4 ,! mod]n eng9e] is able1 will+ & ready to build a road to ! top ( ,mt4 ,ev]e/ 9 ! ,himalayas if he is paid = do+ s4--,/4 ,l\is ,globe-,democrat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to clean hair bru%es1 wa% ) weak solution ( wa%+ soda1 r9se out all ! soda1 & expose to sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m>ceau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,armor$ ,,turret ,,%ip ,,m>ceau ,! ,m>ceau1 ! la/ ironclad complet$ & add$ to ! ,fr5* navy1 0 put 9 commission at ,t\lon 9 ,april la/1 & has lately left t t[n to jo9 ! ,fr5* squadron ( ! nor? at ,bre/4 ,! orig9al designs ( ?is %ip 7 prep>$ by ,m4 ,hu91 ( ! ,fr5* ,dep>tm5t ( ,naval ,con/ruction1 b s9ce ! lay+ d[n ( ! keel 9 ! ye> #ahhb !y h be5 v consid]ably modifi$1 & _m improvem5ts h be5 introduc$4 ,bo? %ip & eng9es 7 con/ruct$ by ! celebrat$ ,fr5* firm1 ! ,socit des ,=ges et ,*anti]s de la ,m$it]rane1 ! =m] at _! %ipy>d 9 ,la ,seyne & ! latt] at _! eng9e works 9 ,m>seilles4 ,! %ip 0 five ye>s 9 con/ruction on ! /ocks1 0 laun*$ 9 ,may1 #ahhg1 & n hav+ be5 put 9 commission until ! pres5t ye>1 0 ?us ne>ly n9e ye>s 9 con/ruction4 ,%e is a b>bette belt$ %ip ( some:at simil> design to ! ,fr5* ironclads ,mag5ta1 n[ be+ complet$ at ! ,t\lon ars5al1 & ! ,neptune1 9 con/ruction at ,bre/4 ,! hull is con/ruct$ p>tly ( /eel & p>tly ( iron1 & has ! pr9cipal dim5sions z foll[s4 ,l5g?1 #ccj ft4 at ! wat] l9e2 beam1 #ff ft4 outside ! armor2 draught1 #bg ft4 #f 94 aft42 displacem5t1 #aj1dcj ,engli% or #aj1fjj ,fr5* tons4 ,! eng9es are two 9 numb]1 "o driv+ ea* propell]2 !y are ( ! v]tical comp\nd type1 & on ! spe$ trials develop$ #aa1cjj indicat$ horse p[] "u =c$ & #e1ejj indicat$ horse p[] "u natural draught1 ! =m] giv+ a spe$ ( #af4b knots p] h\r ) #ij revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! boil]s are eight 9 numb]1 ( ! cyl9drical m>9e type1 & "w at a pressure ( #he4c lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,dur+ ! trials ! /e]+ p[]s ( ! %ip 7 f\nd to be excell5t1 b ! b[ wave is said1 by "o critic1 to h be5 v great4 ,! %ip is completely belt$ ) ,creusot /eel armor1 :i* v>ies 9 ?ickness f #i 94 =w>d to #ag 94 mid%ips4 ,9 addition to ?is belt ! %ip is protect$ by an armor$ deck ( #c 941 :ile ! b>bette gun t[]s are protect$ ) #ae 94 /eel armor ) a hood ( #b 94 to protect ! m5 aga9/ ma*9e gun fire4 ,z a fur!r means ( insur+ ! life ( ! %ip 9 combat & also aga9/ accid5ts at sea1 ! ,m>ceau is divid$ into #ajb wat]-tight comp>tm5ts & is fitt$ ) torp$o def5se nett+4 ,!re are two ma/s1 ea* c>ry+ d\ble milit>y tops2 & a conn+ t[] is m\nt$ on ea* ma/1 f ei!r ( :i* ! %ip may be work$ 9 "t ( action1 & bo? ( :i* are 9 telegraphic communication ) ! eng9e rooms & magaz9es4 ,provision is made = c>ry+ #fjj tons ( coal1 :i*1 at a spe$ ( #aj knots1 %\ld be suffici5t to supply ! boil]s = a voyage ( #d1jjj miles4 ,! armam5t ( ! ,m>ceau is good = ! tonnage ( ! %ip & consi/s pr9cipally ( f\r guns ( #cd c5timet]s 7#ac4ci 947 ( ! ,fr5* #ahhd model1 hav+ a weight ( #eb tons1 a l5g? ( #bh calib]s1 & be+ able to pi]ce #cj 94 ( iron armor at ! muzzle4 ,! projectiles weigh #ibd lb41 & are fir$ ) a *>ge ( #chg lb4 ( p[d]4 ,! muzzle velocity has be5 calculat$ to be #a1ifh ft4 p] second4 ,! guns are entirely ( /eel & are m\nt$ on ,canet c>riages 9 f\r b>bette t[]s1 "o =w>d1 "o aft1 & "o on ea* side amid%ips4 ,on ! fir+ trials bo? ! guns & all ! ,canet ma*9]y1 = work+ ! guns & hoi/+ ! ammunition1 gave v great satisfaction to all pres5t at ! "t4 ,9 addition to ! above f\r heavy guns !re are1 9 ! broadside batt]y1 sixte5 guns ( #ad c5timet]s 7#e4ea 9471 eight on ea* side1 & a gun ( equal calib] is m\nt$ "r =w>d on ! same deck4 ,! armam5t is complet$ by a l>ge numb] ( ,hot*kiss quick-fir+ & revolv] guns & f\r torp$o tubes1 "o =w>d1 "o aft1 & "o on ea* side4 ,! crew ( ! ,m>ceau has be5 fix$ at #fjj m51 & ! co/ is /at$ to h be5 ab\t #c1gej1jjj4--;,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #hbj1 page #acjig4 ,a ,,review ,,( ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pa/ ,,decade4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,july #bh1 #ahia4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,alfr$ ,,ble*ynd51 ,,( ,,b>r[-,,9-,,furness ,/eam ,pipes4--,! failures ( copp] /eam pipes on bo>d ! ,elbe1 ,lahn1 & o!r vessels h drawn s]i\s att5tion bo? to ! mat]ial & to ! modes ( con/ruction ( ! pipes4 ,! want ( ela/ic /r5g? 9 copp] is an important elem5t 9 ! matt]2 & ! ?ree foll[+ rem$ies h be5 propos$1 :ile /ill reta9+ copp] z ! mat]ial4 ,fir/1 9 view ( ! fact t 9 ! op]ation ( braz+ ! copp] may be s]i\sly injur$1 to use solid drawn tubes4 ,?is appe>s fairly to meet ! ma9 dang]s incid5tal to braz+2 b z solid drawn pipes ( ov] #g in*es diamet] are difficult to procure1 x h>dly meets ! case suffici5tly4 ,secondly1 to use electrically deposit$ tubes4 ,at fir/ mu* 0 promis$ 9 ?is direction2 b up to ! pres5t "t x c h>dly be reg>d$ z m ?an 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,?irdly1 to use ! ord9>y braz$ or solid drawn tubes1 & to re-en=ce !m by s]v+ ) /eel cord or /eel or copp] wire4 ,?is has be5 tri$1 & f\nd to answ] p]fectly4 ,= economical reasons1 z well z = insur+ ! m9imum ( torsion to ! mat]ial dur+ manufacture1 x is important to make z few b5ds z possible2 b 9 practice mu* less difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 s]v+ b5t pipes 9 a ma*9e ?an w\ld h be5 expect$4 ,disc>d+ copp]1 x has be5 propos$ to sub/itute /eel or iron4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! high] pressures1 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,taylor adopt$ wr\ght iron = /eam pipes4 ,"o fitt$ 9 ! ,cl>emont 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhb1 0 rec5tly remov$ f ! vessel = exp]im5tal purposes1 & 0 report$ ^u by ,mr4 ,magnus ,s&ison 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,nor!a/ ,coa/ ,in/itution ( ,eng9e]s & ,%ipbuild]s4#b ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ! facts4 ,! pipe 0 #e in*es ext]nal diamet]1 & #j4cge in* ?ick4 ,x 0 lap weld$ 9 ! works ( ,messrs4 ,a4 ,j4 ,/ew>t4 ,! flanges 7 screw$ on & braz$ ext]nally4 ,! pipe 0 n lagg$ or protect$ 9 any mann]4 ,aft] eight & a half ye>s' s]vice ! metal measur$ :]e cut #j4cb & #j4cge in* 9 ?ickness1 %[+ t ! wa/+ dur+ t "t _h be5 v slight4 ,! int]ior surface ( ! tube exhibit$ no signs ( pitt+ or corrosion4 ,x 0 cov]$ by a ?9 cru/ ( black oxide1 ! maximum ?ickness ( :i* did n exce$ #a_/cb in*4 ,:]e ! deposit 0 ?icke/ x 0 curi\sly /riat$ by ! action ( ! /eam4 ,on ! scale be+ remov$1 ! orig9al bloom on ! surface ( ! metal 0 expos$4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! dang] f corrosion ( iron /eam pipes is n borne out 9 _! actual use2 & h5ce s mu* ( ! way is cle>$ = a /rong] & m reliable mat]ial ?an copp]4 ,s f> ! s\rce ( dang] seems to be 9 ! weld1 :i* w\ld be inadmissible 9 l>g] pipes2 b !re is no reason :y ^! %\ld n be lapp$ & rivet$4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 a m promis+ way out ( ! difficulty 9 ! ,mannesmann /eel tubes :i* are n[ be+ spun out ( solid b>s1 s z to =m weldless tubes4 ,footnote #b3 ,transactions ,nor!a/ ,coa/ ,in/itution ( ,eng9e]s & ,%ipbuild]s1 vol4 #g1 #ahij-ia1 p4 #agi4 ,,table ,i4--,,t5sile ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,gun ,,metal ,,at ,,high ,,temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,composition ,temp]ature ,t5sile ,ela/ic ,elongation ( ( oil /r5g? limit 9 gun metal4 ba?4 p] squ>e p] squ>e l5g? ( in*4 in*4 #b in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] c5t4 ,fahr4 ,tons ,tons ,p] c5t4 ,copp] #hg _/ #ej #ab4cd #h4ch #ad4fd ,t9 #h _/ ,z9c #c ,lead #a #djj #aj4hc #f4cj #aa4gi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,copp] #hg _/ #ej #ac4hf #h4cc #bj4cj ,t9 #h ,z9c #e #deh #aj4gj #g4dc #ab4db ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ca/ /eel has be5 freely us$ by ! writ] = b5ds1 junction pieces1 etc41 ( /eam pipes1 z well z = /eam valve *e/s2 & except = ! fact t /eel mak]s' promises ( deliv]y are g5]ally bett] ?an _! p]=mance1 ! result has ?us f> be5 satisfactory 9 all respects4 ,^! 7 adopt$ because !re exi/$ "s d\bt z to ! /r5g? ( gun metal "u a high temp]ature2 & z ! data respect+ its /r5g? appe>$ ( a d\btful "*1 a s]ies ( c>eful te/s 7 made to det]m9e ! t5sile /r5g? ( gun metal :5 at atmosph]ic & high] temp]atures4 ,! te/ b>s 7 all #j4ge 9 diamet]1 or #j4ddag squ>e in* sectional area2 & ^? te/$ at ! high] temp]atures 7 brok5 :ile imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( oil at ! temp]ature "h /at$1 ea* l9e be+ ! mean ( f\r exp]im5ts4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 to give some:at great] fai? 9 gun metal z a mat]ial to be us$ "u a high] temp]ature2 b z /eel is mu* /rong]1 x is probably ! mo/ advisable mat]ial to use1 :5 ! "t necess>y to procure x c be all[$4 ,fe$ ,heat+4--,) ! d\ble object ( obviat+ /ra9 on ! boil] ?r\gh ! introduction ( ! fe$ wat] at a l[ temp]ature1 & also ( secur+ a great] economy ( fuel1 ! pr9ciple ( previ\sly heat+ ! fe$ wat] by auxili>y means has receiv$ consid]able att5tion1 & ! +5i\s me?od introduc$ by ,mr4 ,james ,weir has be5 widely adopt$4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! fact t1 if ! fe$ wat] z x is drawn f ! hot well be rais$ 9 temp]ature by ! heat ( a portion ( /eam introduc$ into x f "o ( ! /eam receiv]s1 ! decrease ( ! coal necess>y to g5]ate /eam f ! wat] ( ! high] temp]ature be>s a great] ratio to ! coal requir$ )\t fe$ heat+ ?an ! p[] :i* w\ld be develop$ 9 ! cyl9d] by t portion ( /eam w\ld be> to ! :ole p[] develop$ :5 pass+ all ! /eam ?r\gh all ! cyl9d]s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! fe$ is ( c\rse limit$ by ! temp]ature ( ! /eam 9 ! receiv] f :i* ! supply = heat+ is drawn4 ,suppos+1 = example1 a triple expansion eng9e 7 work+ "u ! foll[+ conditions )\t fe$ heat+3 ,boil] pressure1 #aej lb42--indicat$ horse p[] 9 high pressure cyl9d] #cih1 9 int]m$iate & l[ pressure cyl9d]s toge!r #gij1 total1 #a1ahh2 & temp]ature ( hot well #ajj ,fahr4 ,!n ) fe$ heat+ ! same eng9e might "w z foll[s3 ,! fe$ might be heat$ to #bbj ,fahr41 & ! p]c5tage ( /eam f ! fir/ receiv] requir$ to heat x w\ld be #ab4b p] c5t42 ! indicat$ horse p[] 9 ! high pressure cyl9d] w\ld be z be=e #cih1 & 9 ! int]m$iate & l[ pressure cyl9d]s x w\ld be #ab4b p] c5t1 less ?an be=e1 or #fid1 & ! total w\ld be #a1jib1 or #ib p] c5t4 ( ! p[] develop$ )\t fe$ heat+4 ,mean:ile ! heat to be add$ to ea* p\nd ( ! fe$ wat] at #bbj ,fahr4 = conv]t+ x into /eam w\ld be #a1jje units aga9/ #a1abe units ) fe$ at #ajj ,fahr41 equival5t to an exp5diture ( only #hi4d p] c5t4 ( ! heat requir$ )\t fe$ heat+4 ,h5ce ! exp5diture ( heat 9 relation to p[] w\ld be #hi4d #ib4j #ig4b p] c5t41 equival5t to a heat economy ( #b4h p] c5t4 ,if ! /eam = heat+ c be tak5 f ! l[ pressure receiv]1 ! economy is ab\t d\bl$4 ,o!r fe$ heat]s1 m or less ^u ! same pr9ciple1 h be5 introduc$4 ,also o!rs :i* heat ! fe$ 9 a s]ies ( pipes )9 ! boil]1 s t x is introduc$ into ! wat] 9 ! boil] practically at boil+ temp]ature2 ?is is economical1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! s5se t we> & te> ( ! boil] is sav$2 9 pr9ciple ! plan does n involve economy ( fuel4 ,auxili>y ,supply ( ,fre% ,wat]4--,intimately associat$ ) ! fe$ is ! means adopt$ = mak+ up ! losses ( fre% wat] due to leakage ( /eam f safety valves1 gl&s1 jo9ts1 etc41 & ( wat] dis*>g$ f ! air pumps4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is loss 0 regul>ly made up f ! sea1 ) ! result t ! wat] 9 ! boil]s 0 gradually increas$ 9 d5sity2 :5ce foll[$ deposit on ! int]nal surfaces1 & consequ5t loss ( effici5cy1 & dang] ( accid5t ?r\gh ov]heat+ ! plates4 ,) ! high] pressures n[ adopt$1 ! dang] aris+ f ov]heat+ is mu* m s]i\s1 & ! necessity is absolute ( ma9ta9+ ! heat+ surfaces free f deposit4 ,?is c be done only by fill+ ! boil] ) fre% wat] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ma9ta9+ x 9 t condition4 ,to d ?is two me?ods are adopt$1 ei!r sep>ately or 9 conjunction4 ,ei!r a res]ve supply ( fre% wat] is c>ri$ 9 tanks or ! supplem5t>y fe$ is di/ill$ f sea wat] by special app>atus provid$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! di/ill+ or evaporat+ app>atus advantage has be5 tak5 ( two important physical facts1 namely1 t1 if wat] be heat$ to a temp]ature high] ?an t correspond+ ) ! pressure on its surface1 evaporation w take place2 & t ! passage ( heat f /eam at "o side ( a plate to wat] at ! o!r is v rapid4 ,9 practice ! di/illation is effect$ by pass+ /eam1 say f ! fir/ receiv]1 ?r\gh a ne/ ( tubes inside a /ill or evaporator1 ( :i* ! /eam space is connect$ ei!r ) ! second receiv] or ) ! cond5s]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! /eam inside ! tubes be+ high] ?an t ( ! /eam ei!r 9 ! second receiv] or 9 ! cond5s]1 ! result is t ! wat] inside ! /ill is evaporat$1 & passes ) ! re/ ( ! /eam into ! cond5s]1 :]e x is cond5s$1 & s]ves to make up ! loss4 ,?is plan localizes ! tr\ble ( deposit1 & frees x f its dang]\s "*1 because an evaporator _c become ov]heat$ l a boil]1 ev5 ?\gh x be neglect$ until x salts up solid2 & if ! same precautions are tak5 9 work+ ! evaporator :i* us$ to be adopt$ ) l[ pressure boil]s :5 !y 7 f$ ) salt wat]1 no s]i\s tr\ble %\ld result4 ,:5 ! tubes d become incru/$ ) deposit1 !y c be ei!r )drawn or expos$1 z ! app>atus is g5]ally s arrang$2 & !y c !n be clean$4 ,screw ,propell]4--,9 ,mr4 ,m>%all's pap] ( #ahha x 0 said t ! screw propell] is /ill to a great ext5t an unsolv$ problem4 ,?is 0 at ! "t a fairly true rem>k4 ,x 0 true ! problem _h be5 made ! subject ( g5]al !oretical inve/igation by v>i\s em95t ma!maticians1 notably by ,pr(essor ,rank9e & ,mr4 ,william ,fr\de1 & ( special exp]im5tal inve/igation by v>i\s eng9e]s4 ,z examples ( ! latt] may be m5tion$ ! ext5d$ s]ies ( inve/igations 9 ! ,fr5* vessel ,pelican1 & ! s]ies made by ,mr4 ,i%]wood on a /eam laun* ab\t #ahgd4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 su* z !y 71 did little to br+ out g5]al facts & to r$uce ! subject to a practical analysis4 ,s9ce ! date ( ,mr4 ,m>%all's pap]1 ! lit]ature on ?is subject has gr[n rapidly1 &1 has be5 almo/ entirely ( a practical "*4 ,! screw has be5 made ! subject ( mo/ c>eful exp]im5ts4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made "u ! writ]'s direction 9 #ahha1 ) a l>ge numb] ( models1 ! prim>y object be+ to det]m9e :at value !re 0 9 a few ( ! v>i\s twi/s :i* inv5tive +5uity c give to a screw blade4 ,! results l$ ! exp]im5t]s to ! conclusion t 9 free wat] su* twi/s & curves are valueless z s]v+ to augm5t effici5cy4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 !n c>ri$ fur!r ) a view to det]m9e quantitative moduli = ! resi/ance ( screws ) diff]5t ratios ( pit* to diamet]1 or pit* ratios1 & aft]w>d ) diff]5t ratios ( surface to ! area ( ! circle describ$ by ! tips ( ! blades1 or surface ratios4 ,z ^! results h to "s ext5t be5 analyz$ & publi%$1 no fur!r ref]5ce ne$ be made to !m n[4 ,9 #ahhf1 ,mr4 ,r4,e4 ,fr\de publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects ! d$uctions drawn f an ext5sive s]ies ( trials made ) f\r models ( simil> =m & equal diamet]1 b hav+ diff]5t pit* ratios4 ,mr4 ,s4,w4 ,b>naby has publi%$ "s ( ! results ( exp]im5ts made "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,j4,i4 ,?ornycr(t2 & 9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #ahij he has also put ,mr4 ,r4,e4 ,fr\de's results into a %ape m suitable = comp>ison ) practice4 ,nor ought ,mr4 ,g4,a4 ,calv]t's c>efully plann$ exp]im5ts to pass unnotic$1 ( :i* an acc\nt 0 giv5 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects 9 #ahhg4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made on rectangul> bodies ) sections ( propell] blade =m1 mov$ ?r\gh ! wat] at v>i\s velocities 9 /raight l9es1 9 directions oblique to _! plane faces2 & f _! results an e/imate 0 =m$ ( ! resi/ance ( a screw4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results d$uc$ f exp]im5ts on model screws is t !y appe> to h practically equal effici5cies ?r\gh\t a wide range bo? 9 pit* ratio & 9 surface ratio2 s t great latitude is left to ! design] 9 reg>d to ! =m ( ! propell]4 ,ano!r important feature is t1 al?\gh ^! exp]im5ts are n a direct guide to ! selection ( ! mo/ effici5t propell] = a p>ticul> %ip1 !y supply ! means ( analyz+ ! p]=mances ( screws fitt$ to vessels1 & ( ?us indirectly det]m9+ :at are likely to be ! be/ dim5sions ( screw = a vessel ( a class ^: results are kn[n4 ,?us a great advance has be5 made on ! old me?od ( trial ^u ! %ip itself1 :i* 0 ! orig9 ( almo/ e conceivable errone\s view respect+ ! screw propell]4 ,! fact 0 lo/ sight ( t any modification 9 =m1 dim5sions1 or proportions ref]r$ only to t p>ticul> comb9ation ( %ip & propell]1 or to "o simil> !reto2 s some?+ l *aos 0 ! result4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be ! case mu* long]4 ,9 reg>d to ! mat]ials us$ = propell]s1 /eel has be5 l>gely adopt$ = bo? solid & loose-blad$ screws2 b unless protect$ 9 "s way1 ! tips ( ! blades are apt to corrode rapidly & become uns]viceable4 ,"o ( ! /rong] k9ds ( bronze is (t5 judici\sly employ$ = ! blades1 9 conjunction ) a /eel boss4 ,:]e ! fir/ extra exp5se c be af=d$1 bronze seems ! pref]able mat]ial2 ! ca/+s are ( a reliable "*1 & ! metal does n rapidly corrode2 ! bronze blades c !re=e ) safety be made light] ?an /eel blades1 :i* favors _! spr++ & accommodat+ !mselves m readily to ! v>i\s spe$s ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! wake4 ,?is might be expect$ to result 9 "s slight increase ( effici5cy2 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! writ] has nev] _h ! opportunity ( satisfactorily det]m9+ ! exact ext5t4 ,in/ances c be br\ght =w>d :]e bronze blades h be5 sub/itut$ = /eel or iron ) m>k$ly improv$ results2 b 9 cases ( ?is k9d :i* ! writ] has _h ! opportunity ( analyz+1 ! :ole improvem5t might be acc\nt$ = by ! modifi$ proportions ( ! screw :5 9 work+ condition4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? exp]im5t & practical work+ alike g to %[ t1 al?\gh ca/ iron & /eel blades z usually proportion$ are suffici5tly /iff to reta9 _! =m :ile at "w1 bronze blades1 be+ made mu* light]1 are n2 & ! result is t ! measur$ or set pit* is less ?an t :i* ! blades assume :ile at "w4 ,"s facts relative to ?is subject h already be5 giv5 9 a rec5t pap] by ! au?or4 ,tw9 ,screws4--,! great "q ( tw9 screw propulsion has be5 put to ! te/ ^u a l>ge scale 9 ! m]cantile m>9e1 or r 9 :at w\ld usually be t]m$ ! pass5g] s]vice4 ,:ile eng9e]s1 h[ev]1 are prep>$ to admit its advantages s f> z great] security f total breakd[n is conc]n$1 !re is by no means ?or\gh agreem5t z to :e!r s+le or tw9 screws h ! great] propulsive effici5cy4 ,:at is requir$ to =m a s\nd judgm5t ^u ! :ole "q is a s]ies ( examples ( tw9 & s+le screw vessels1 ea* ( :i* is kn[n to be fitt$ ) ! mo/ suitable propell] = ! type ( vessel & spe$2 & until ?is in=mation is available1 little c be said ^u ! subject ) any c]ta9ty4 ,s f> ! foll[+ l>ge pass5g] /eam]s1 p>ticul>s ( :i* are giv5 9 table ,,ii41 h be5 fitt$ ) tw9 screws4 ,x appe>s t be a curr5t op9ion t ! tw9 screw arrangem5t necessitates a great] weight ( ma*9]y4 ,?is is n necess>ily s1 h[ev]2 on ! contr>y1 ! opportunity is (f]$ = r$uc+ ! weight ( all t "p ( ! ma*9]y ( :i* ! weight relatively to p[] is inv]sely proportional to ! revolutions = a giv5 p[]4 ,?is c be r$uc$ 9 ! proportion ( #a to ! squ>e root ( #b1 t is #ga p] c5t4 ( its weight 9 ! s+le screw eng9e2 = s9ce approximately ! same total disk area is requir$ 9 bo? cases ) simil> proportion$ propell]s1 ! tw9s w "w at a great] spe$ ( revolution ?an ! s+le screw4 ,f a comm]cial po9t ( view !re ought to be little disagreem5t z to ! advantage ( tw9 screws1 s long z ! loss ( space incurr$ by ! necessity = d\ble tunnels is n important2 & = ! l>g] pass5g] vessels n[ built = ocean s]vice ! disadvantage %\ld n be great4 ,besides _! sup]iority 9 ! matt] ( immunity f total breakd[n1 & 9 greatly dim9i%$ weight ( ma*9]y1 !y also (f] ! opportunity ( r$uc+ to "s ext5t ! co/ ( ma*9]y4 ,a slightly great] eng9e room /aff is necess>y2 b ?is seems ( little importance comp>$ ) ! =ego+ advantages4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,pass5g] ,,/eam]s ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,tw9 ,,screws4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,l5g? ,cyl9d]s1 ,boil] ,indi- betwe5 two sets 9 all pressurecat$ ,vessels4 p]p5- ,beam4 cases4 p] horse- dicul>s4 ------------------ squ>e p[]4 ,diamet]s4 ,/roke4 in*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,feet4 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,lb4 ,city ( ,p>is4 #ebe #fc #de1 #ga1 #aac #fj #aej #bj1jjj ,city ( ,new ,york4_/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,teutonic4 #efe #eh #dc1 #fh1 #aaj #fj #ahj #ah1jjj ,maje/ic4 _/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,normannia4 #ejj #eg #dj1 #fg1 #ajf #ff #afj #aa1ejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,columbia4 #dfc #ee #da1 #ff1 #aja #ff #afj #ab1ejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,empress ( ,india4 ,empress ( ,japan4 #ddj #ea #cb1 #ea1 #hb #ed #afj #aj1abe ,empress ( ,*9a4_/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,orel4 #dae #dh #cd1 #ed1 #he #ea #afj #aj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,weight ( ,ma*9]y ,relatively to ,p[]4--,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! weight ( ma*9]y relatively to ! p[] develop$2 = ?is comp>ison has sometimes be5 adopt$ z ! /&>d ( excell5ce 9 design1 9 respect ( economy 9 ! use ( mat]ial4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 on :i* ?is has g5]ally be5 done is op5 to "s objections4 ,x has be5 usual to comp>e ! weight directly ) ! indicat$ horse-p[]1 & to express ! comp>ison 9 p\nds p] horse-p[]4 ,s long z ! ma*9]y ?us comp>$ is = vessels ( ! same class & work+ at ab\t ! same spe$ ( revolution1 no great fault c be f\nd2 b z spe$ ( revolution is a great factor 9 ! developm5t ( p[]1 & z x is (t5 dep5d5t on circum/ances altoge!r ext]nal to ! eng9e & conc]n+ r ! spe$ ( ! %ip1 ! eng9es fitt$ to high spe$ %ips w ?us g5]ally appe> to great] advantage ?an is _! due4 ,leav+ ! cond5s] out ( ! "q1 ! weight ( an eng9e w\ld be mu* bett] ref]r$ to cyl9d] capacity & work+ pressures1 :]e ^! are mat]ially diff]5t1 ?an directly to ! indicat$ p[]4 ,! advantages ( sav+ weight ( ma*9]y1 s long z x c be done ) effici5cy1 are well kn[n & ackn[l$g$4 ,if weight is to be r$uc$1 x mu/ be done by c>e 9 design1 n by r$uction ( /r5g?1 because safety & sav+ ( repairs are mu* m important ?an ! m]e capability ( c>ry+ a few tons m ( pay+ load4 ,x mu/ also be done ) economy2 b ?is is a matt] :i* g5]ally settles itself aright1 z no %ip[n] w pay m = a sav+ 9 weight ?an w br+ 9 a remun]ative int]e/ on 8 outlay4 ,9 8 pap] on ! weight ( ma*9]y 9 ! m]cantile m>9e1#c ,mr4 ,william ,boyd discuss$ ?is "q at "s l5g?1 & propos$ to atta9 ! end ( r$uc+ ! weight ( ma*9]y by ! legitimate me?od ( augm5t+ ! spe$ ( revolution & s develop+ ! requir$ p[] ) small] eng9es4 ,?is me?od1 :ile promis+1 is limit$ by ! effici5cy ( ! screw1 b may be adopt$ ) advantage s long z ! increase 9 spe$ ( revolution involves no su* *ange 9 ! screw z to r$uce its effici5cy z a propell]4 ,b :5 ! po9t is rea*$ beyond :i* a fur!r *ange involves loss ( propell+ effici5cy1 x is "t to /op2 & ! writ] v5tures to say t 9 _m c>go vessels n[ at "w ! limit has be5 rea*$1 :ile 9 _m o!rs x has c]ta9ly be5 pass$4 ,footnote #c3 ,transactions ,nor!a/ ,coa/ ,in/itution ( ,eng9e]s & ,%ipbuild]s1 vol4 #f1 #ahhi-ij1 p4 #bec4 ,economy ( ,fuel4--,com+ to ! highly important "q ( economy ( fuel1 ! av]age consumption ( coal p] indicat$ horse-p[] is #a4ebb lb4 p] h\r4 ,! av]age work+ pressure is #aeh4e lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,comp>+ ?is work+ pressure ) #gg4d lb4 9 #ahha1 a sup]ior economy ( #ai p] c5t4 might be expect$ n[1 on acc\nt ( ! high] pressure1 or tak+ ! #a4hbh lb4 ( coal p] h\r p] indicat$ horse-p[] 9 #ahha1 ! pres5t p]=mance "u simil> conditions %\ld be #a4dh lb4 p] h\r p] indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,x appe>s t ! work+ pressures h be5 increas$ twice 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & ne>ly ?ree times 9 ! la/ n9ete54 ,! coal consumptions h be5 r$uc$ #af4g p] c5t4 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s & #bg4i p] c5t4 9 ! la/ n9ete54 ,! revolutions p] m9ute h increas$ 9 ! ratios ( #ajj1 #aje1 #aad2 & ! pi/on spe$s z #ajj1 #abd1 #adj4 ,al?\gh x is q possible t ! fur!r inve/igations ( ! ,rese>* ,committee on ,m>9e ,eng9e ,trials may %[ t ! pres5t actual consumption ( coal p] indicat$ horse-p[] is und]/at$1 yet x is h>dly probable t ! relative results w be affect$ !reby4 ,dim5sions4--,9 ! matt] ( ! p[] put into individual vessels1 consid]able /rides h be5 made4 ,9 #ahha1 probably ! greate/ p[] :i* has be5 put into "o vessel 0 9 ! case ( ! ,arizona1 ^: ma*9]y indicat$ ab\t #f1cfj horse-p[]4 ,! foll[+ table gives an idea ( ! dim5sions & p[] ( ! l>g] ma*9]y 9 ! lat] pass5g] vessels3 ,,table ,,iii4--,,dim5sions ,,& ,,p[] ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,9 ,,lat] ,,pass5g] ,,vessels4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,l5g? ,ye>4 ,"n ( vessel4 ,diamet]s ( ( ,indicat$ cyl9d]s4 ,/roke4horsep[]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 #ahha ,alaska #fh1 #ajj1 #ajj #gb #aj1fhf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahha ,city ( ,rome #df1 #hf2 #df1 #hf2 #df1 #hf #gb #aa1hjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahha ,s]via #gb1 #ajj1 #ajj #gh #aj1cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahha ,livadia ya*t #fj1 #gh1 #gh2 #fj1 #gh1 #ci #ab1ejj #gh2 #fj1 #gh1 #gh _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahhc ,oregon #gj1 #ajd1 #ajd #gb #ac1cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahhd ,umbria #ga1 #aje1 #aje #gb #ad1cbj #ahhd ,etruria _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahhh ,city ( ,new ,york #de1 #ga1 #aac2 #fj #bj1jjj #ahhi ,city ( ,p>is _/ #de1 #ga1 #aac _/ ab\t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahhi ,maje/ic #dc1 #fh1 #aaj2 #fj #ah1jjj #ahhi ,teutonic _/ #dc1 #fh1 #aaj _/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 w> vessels ! increase has be5 equally m>k$4 ,9 #ahha ! maximum p[] seems to h be5 9 ! ,inflexible1 namely1 #h1dhe indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,! foll[+ w give an idea ( ! rec5t advance made3 ,h[e 7,admiral class71 #aa1fjj indicat$ horse-p[]2 ,italia & ,lepanto1 #ai1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]2 ,re ,umb]to1 #ai1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]2 ,blake & ,bl5heim 7build+71 #ah1jjj indicat$ horse-p[]2 ,s>degna 7build+71 #bb1hjj indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,x is ?us evid5t t !re are vessels at "w to-day hav+ ab\t ?ree times ! maximum p[] ( any be=e #ahha4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4--,! progress made dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s hav+ be5 sket*$ out1 h[ev] r\ghly1 ! g5]al conclusions may be /at$ briefly z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! work+ pressure has be5 ab\t d\bl$4 ,second1 ! increase ( work+ pressure & o!r improvem5ts h br\ght ) !m _! equival5t 9 economy ( coal1 :i* is ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,?ird1 m>k$ progress has be5 made 9 ! direction ( dim5sion1 m ?an twice ! p[] hav+ be5 put into individual vessels4 ,f\r?1 sub/antial advance has be5 made 9 ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( eng9e]+4 ,x only rema9s = ! writ] to ?ank ! v>i\s fri5ds :o h s k9dly furni%$ him ) data = "s ( ! tables :i* h be5 giv52 & to express ! hope t ! next t5 ye>s may be m>k$ by su* progress z has be5 witness$ 9 ! pa/4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 if future progress be equal 9 m]it or ratio1 x may well be less 9 quantity1 because advance becomes m difficult ( a*ievem5t z p]fection is m ne>ly approa*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,little ,,h\se4 ,,by ,m4,m4 ,"o ( ! highe/ m$ical au?orities is cr$it$ ) ! /atem5t t n9e-t5?s ( ! diseases t afflict humanity are caus$ by neglect to answ] ! calls ( ,nature4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is g5]ally admitt$1 b is usually attribut$ to individual indol5ce4 ,t1 d\btless1 has a great deal to d ) x1 b %\ld n "p ( ! blame be laid ^u ! (t5 unpleasant environm5ts1 :i* make u %r9k z f ! p]=mance ( a pa9ful duty8 ,9 social life1 unless f absolute necessity or *>ity1 p ( ref9$ habits d n call on ^? ^: surr\nd+s %ock _! s5se ( dec5cy2 b :5 !y g to pay ! calls ( ,nature1 !y are (t5 compell$ to visit h] 9 ! meane/ & mo/ (f5sive ( abodes2 built = h] by m5's h&s2 = ,nature h]self makes no su* mi/akes 9 conduct+ h] op]ations4 ,%e does n always surr\nd h]self ) ! pomp & pride ( life1 b %e inv>iably h$ges h]self 9 ) ! ?\s& dec5cies & ! pomp ( privacy4 ,b :at d we (t5 d8 ,we build :at is sometimes aptly t]m$ an out-h\se1 because x is plac$ s t ! delicate m9d$ among its frequ5t]s may be made ke5ly alive to ! fact t !y c be pla9ly se5 by e pass]-by & by e idle neighbor on ! look\t4 ,?is t9y build+ is seldom wea!rpro(2 ,9 consequ5ce1 ke5 cold w9ds f above1 bel[1 & all ar\nd f9d ready entrance1 *ill ! uncov]$ p]son1 frequ5tly *eck ! motions1 & make ! /rong z well z ! weak1 ! "y z well z ! old1 v sorry inde$ t !y are s (t5 uselessly oblig$ to answ] ! calls ( ,nature4 ,x is true1 ! floor is sometimes c>pet$ ) sn[1 b ! feet feel t to be b cold com=t1 ?\gh ! door may enjoy rattl+ its brok5 hasp & creak+ its loose h+es4 ,h[ (t51 too1 are ! nose & ! eye (f5d$ by disreg>d ( ! ,mosaic injunction1 f\nd 9 ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5? v]ses ( ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,deut]onomy6 ,( c\rse ?is injunction 0 address$ to a p :o _h be5 debas$ by slav]y1 b :o 7 be+ tra9$ to fit !m = _! high call+ z ! *os5 ( ,god2 b is n "s su* sanit>y regulation ne$$ 9 ^! times1 :5 a natural (fice is (t5 made s (f5sive to u by its environm5ts t x is difficult = u to believe t ,god made man a little l[] ?an ! angels1 or t ! human body is ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,dwell]s 9 ! ari/ocratic regions ( a well dra9$ city1 ^: weal? enables !m to surr\nd !mselves ) all devices t5d+ to a ref9$ seclusion1 may d\bt all ?is1 b sanit>y inspectors :o h made a r\nd ( domicili>y visits 9 ! suburbs1 or ! old]1 neglect$ p>ts ( a l>ge city1 ( to any "p ( a c\ntry t[n or village1 w readily affirm z to its g5]al tru?4 ,?is unp>donable neglect ( "o ( ! m9or dec5cies by ! mass ( ! p seems to be caus$ p>tly by a feel+ ( false %ame1 & p>tly by an idea t x is exp5sive & tr\blesome to make any *ange t w improve _! sanit>y condition or dignify _! daily lives4 ,! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,m\le1 ( ,=d+ton ,vic>age1 ,dorset%ire1 ,engl&1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to turn 8 att5tion to ?is matt]4 ,) ! ?reefold object ( improv+ ! sanit>y condition ( 8 p1 ref9+ _! habits1 & enri*+ _! g>d5s1 he inv5t$ :at he call$ ! dry e>? closet4 ,x is bas$ on ! p[] ( clay & ! decompos$ organic matt] f\nd 9 ! soil to absorb & reta9 all (f5sive odors & all f]tiliz+ matt]s2 & x consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( a me*anical contrivance 7atta*$ to ! ord9>y seat7 = measur+ out & dis*>g+ into ! vault or pan bel[ a suffici5t quantity ( sift$ dry e>? to entirely cov] ! solid ordure & to absorb ! ur9e4 ,! dis*>ge ( e>? is effect$ by an ord9>y pull-up1 simil> to t us$ 9 ! wat] closet1 or 79 ! self-act+ app>atus7 by ! ris+ ( ! seat :5 ! weight ( ! p]son is remov$4 ,! vault or pan "u ! seat is s arrang$ t ! accumulation c be remov$ at pleasure4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! e>? is dis*>g$ & ! evacuation cov]$1 all (f5sive exhalation entirely ceases4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances !re may be1 at times1 a slight odor z ( guano mix$ ) e>?1 b ?is is s trifl+ & s local t a commode arrang$ on ?is plan may1 )\t ! lea/ annoyance1 be kept 9 use 9 any room4 ,! dry e>? closet ( ! philan?ropic cl]gyman 0 f\nd to "w well1 & 0 acceptable to 8 p>i%ion]s4 ,"o reason :y x 0 s 0 because dry e>? 0 ready to h&1 or c\ld be easily procur$ 9 a c\ntry di/rict :]e labor 0 *eap4 ,b :]e labor 0 de> & dry e>? sc>ce1 ^? :o _h to pay = ! c>t+ ( ! e>? & ! removal ( ! deodoriz$ increm5t f\nd x bo? exp5sive & tr\blesome4 ,b a modification ( ?is dry e>? closet1 ! jo9t contrivance ( an ,engli% *ur* cl]gyman & 8 bro!r1 ! doctor1 resid5ts ( a ,canadian c\ntry t[n1 :o _h he>d ( ,m\le's inv5tion1 is a good sub/itute1 & is )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,?is w be briefly describ$4 ,! vault 0 dug z = an ord9>y closet1 ab\t fifte5 feet deep1 & a r\gh wood5 %ell fitt$ 94 ,ab\t f\r feet bel[ ! surface ( ?is wood5 %ell a /\t wide l$ge 0 firmly fa/5$ all ar\nd4 ,^u ?is l$ge a sub/antially made wood5 box 0 plac$1 j z we place a well fitt+ tray into our trunks4 ,ab\t ?ree feet ( ! back ( ! wood5 %ell 0 !n tak5 out1 leav+ ! back ( ! box expos$4 ,f ! c5t] ( ! back ( ! box a squ>e 0 cut out & a trap door fitt$ 9 & hasp$ d[n4 ,! t9y build+1 on :i* pa9s1 pa9t1 & inv5tive g5ius _h n be5 sp>$ to make x snug1 com=table1 well light$ & well v5tilat$1 0 plac$ securely on ?is vault4 ,aft] /ones _h be5 emb$d$ 9 ! e>? at ! back ( ! vault1 to keep x f fall+ ^u ! trap door1 two or ?ree heavy planks 7 laid across ! holl[ close to ! closet4 ,^! 7 fir/ cov]$ ) a b>r[ful ( e>? & !n ) a heap ( bru%wood4 ,)9 ! closet1 9 ! left h& corn]1 a tall wood5 box 0 plac$1 ab\t two-?irds full ( dry1 well sift$ wood a%es4 ,! box also conta9$ a small long-h&l$ fire %ovel4 ,:5 ab\t six in*es ( ! a%es _h be5 /rewn into ! vault ! closet 0 ready = use4 ,no2 n q2 = squ>es ( suitable pap] _h to be cut1 loop$ toge!r ) tw9e1 & hung )9 conv5i5t rea*+ di/ance ( ! "r h&2 also a little to ! left ( ?is pad ( pap]1 & above ! range ( sight :5 seat$1 a t5 p\nd pap] bag ( ! t\ghe/ texture _h to be hung by a loop on a nail driv5 into ! corn]4 ,at fir/ ! rector ?\ght t 8 gue/s w\ld be quick-witt$ en\gh to und]/& ! arrangem5t1 b :5 he f\nd t ! majority ( !m 71 z ! ,scot* say1 dull 9 ! uptak1 he _h to ?9k ( "s plan to en=ce 8 rules & regulations4 ,z by-^w-(-m\? in/ructions w\ld h be5 r emb>rass+ to bo? sides1 he tack$ up explicit writt5 ord]s1 :i* mu/ h provok$ _m a smile4 ,above ! b9 ( sift$ a%es he nail$ a c>d :i* in/ruct$ ,^? :o use ?is closet mu/ /rew two %ovelfuls ( a%es into ! vault4 ,above ! pad ( clean pap] he tack$ ! ?rifty prov]b3 ,wa/e n1 want n2 & above ! pap] bag he susp5d$ a c>d be>+ ?is w>n+3 ,all refuse pap] mu/ be put into ?is bag2 n a scrap ( clean or unclean pap] mu/ be ?r[n into ! vault4 ,?is _h ! desir$ effect4 ,"s complac5tly unit$ to humor _! ho/'s :im1 z !y call$ x1 & o!rs1 imm$iately recogniz+ its utility & dec5cy1 took notes ) a view to modify+ _! own closet arrangem5ts4 ,s>ah1 ! maid ( all "w1 caus$ a good deal ( amusem5t 9 ! family circle by writ+ h] in/ructions 9 blue p5cil on ! front ( ! a% b94 ,^! 73 ,/rew two %uffefuls ( a%es into ! volt1 b don't spill two %uffefuls onto ! floor4 ,by ord] ( ! ,gurl :o has to sweap up4 ,?is ord] 0 emphatically approv$ ( by ^? fa/idi\s ones :o didn't h to sweep up4 ,?is closet op5$ (f ! wood%$1 & besides be+ snugly wea!rpro( 9 itself1 0 %elt]$ on "o side by ! %$ & on ano!r by a high bo>d f5ce4 ,! o!r two sides 7 scre5$ f obs]vation by lattice "w1 outside ( :i* ev]gre5s 7 plant$ to give add$ seclusion & %ade4 ,a v5tilator 9 ! ro( & two sunny little w9d[s1 scre5$ at w f )9 by t9y ,v5etian %utt]s1 gave ample light & curr5ts ( fre% air4 ,= w9t] use1 ! rector's wife & daught]s made hook$ mats = floor & = foot support4 ,^! 7 hung up e night 9 ! %$ to air & put back fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+4 ,= ! great] protection & com=t ( invalids1 an old-fa%ion$ foot w>m]1 ) a h&le l a basket1 0 always at h& ready to be fill$ ) live coals & c>ri$ out4 ,! little place 0 always kept z exquisitely clean z ! da9ty1 old-fa%ion$ draw+ room1 & s vigilant 0 ! ov]see+ c>e be/[$ on e detail1 t ! mo/ delicate & acute s5se ( smell c\ld n detect ! slighte/ abid+ unpleasant odor4 ,! pap] bag 0 frequ5tly *ang$1 & e night ! accumulat$ cont5ts 7 burn$2 out ( doors 9 ! summ]1 & 9 ! kit*5 /ove--aft] a /rong draught _h be5 secur$--9 ! w9t]4 ,at /at$ times ! deodoriz$ mass ( solid increm5t--9 :i* !re 0 n or ought n to h be5 any refuse pap] to add useless bulk--0 spad$1 ?r\gh ! trap door1 out ( ! box 9 ! upp] "p ( ! vault1 into a :eelb>r[1 ?r[n ^u ! g>d5 soil1 & ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) x4 ,9 ?is cleans+ out process !re 0 little to (f5d1 s well _h ! a%es done _! conceal+ deodoriz+ "w4 ,9 us+ ?is modifi$ =m ( ,m\le's inv5tion1 x is n necess>y to dig a deep vault4 ,! rector1 giv5 to =eca/+1 ?\ght t "s day 8 prop]ty might be b\ght by ^? :o pref]r$ ! old /yle1 b 8 bro!r1 ! doctor1 n tr\bl+ ab\t :at might be1 simply fitt$ 8 well made1 f\r feet deep box1 ) its trap door1 into a smoo?ly dug hole t exactly held x1 & set ! closet ov] x4 ,9 all o!r respects x 0 a model ( 8 bro!r's4 ,?is la/ is )9 ! rea* ( all1 ev5 ^? :o live 9 o!r p's h\ses2 =1 :5 !y f9d !mselves 9 possession ( an unspeakably f\l closet1 !y c cov] up ! old vault & set ! well clean$1 repair$1 fumigat$ closet ^u a vault fa%ion$ aft] ! doctor's plan4 ,a /\t drygoods box1 :i* c be b\ght = a trifle1 answ]s well = ?is purpose1 aft] a little t9k]+ to =m a trap door4 ,( c\rse1 dry e>? is by f> ! be/ deodoriz] & absorb5t1 b :5 x _c be easily & *eaply procur$1 well sift$ wood or coal a%es--wood pref]r$--is a good sub/itute4 ,! a%es mu/ be kept dry4 ,if !y are n1 !y lose _! absorb+1 deodoriz+ p[]s4 ,!y mu/ also be well sift$4 ,if !y are n1 ! c9d]s add a useless & v heavy bulk to ! increm5t4 ,an a% sift] c be made by knock+ ! bottom out ( a %all[ box1 /udd+ ! edge all r\nd ) tacks1 & us+ !m to cross & recross ) odd l5g?s ( /ovepipe wire to =m a sieve4--,! ,sanit>ian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,hygi5ic ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,obesity4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translat$ by ,mr4 ,jos4 ,helfman1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,paul ,,*]on4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly regulate ! regim5 ( ! obese1 x is fir/ necess>y to det]m9e ! s\rce ( ! sup]flu\s adipose ( ! organism1 s9ce ei!r ! album9oids or ! hydroc>bons may furni% fat4 ,alim5t>y fat becomes fix$ 9 ! tissues1 z has be5 prov$ by ,leb$e1 :o f$ dogs1 emaciat$ by long fa/1 ) meat :olly depriv$ ( fat1 & sub/itut$ = ! latt] l9se$ oil1 :5 he 0 able to recov] ! oil 9 ea* in/ance f ! animal2 p>allel exp]im5ts ) mutton fat1 9 lieu ( oil1 af=d$ l results4 ,h(fman also depriv$ dogs ( fat = a mon?1 caus+ !m to lose z high z tw5ty-two p\nds weight1 !n began n\ri%+ ) bacon fat ) b little lean2 ! quantity ( fat =m$ 9 five days1 9 ! dog t lo/ tw5ty-two p\nds1 0 m ?an ?ree p\nds1 :i* c\ld h be5 d]iv$ only f ! bacon fat4 ,x has be5 /at$1 h[ev]1 t alim5t>y fat seems to pres]ve f de/ruction ! fat ( ! organism :i* arises f o!r s\rces4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is a fact t ! pre-exi/5ce ( fat fur!rs ! accumulation ( m adipose2 or 9 o!r words1 fat induces fatt5+6 ,t adipose may be =m$ ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( album9\s matt]s 7meat7 is an extremely important coroll>y1 "o e/abli%$ beyond cavil by ,pett9k(] & ,voit1 9 an indirect way1 by fir/ e/imat+ ! nitrog5 & c>bon +e/$1 & second ! am\nt elim9at$4 ,giv+ a dog meat t 0 :olly depriv$ ( fat1 !y f\nd x impossible to recov] m ?an a portion ( ! conta9$ c>bon2 h5ce "s mu/ necess>ily h be5 utiliz$ 9 ! organism1 & ?is w\ld be possible only by ! trans=mation ( ! c>bon into fat6 ,x goes )\t say+1 h[ev]1 t ! am\nt ( adipose ?us deposit$ is meag]4 ,o!r facts also plead 9 favor ( ! trans=mation ( a portion ( album5 into fat )9 ! economy1 notably ! *ang+ ( a portion ( dead organism into :at is kn[n z cadav]ic fat1 & ! v rapid fatty deg5]ation ( organs t sup]v5es ^u c]ta9 =ms ( poison+1 z by phosphorus4 ,! c>bohydrates1 or m prop]ly speak+ hydroc>bons1 are reg>d$ by all physiologi/s z specially capable ( produc+ fat1 & num]\s alim5t>y exp]im5ts h be5 und]tak5 to prove ?is po9t4 ,*aniewski1 ,meissl1 & ,munk obta9$ results t evid5c$1 app>5tly1 sug> & />* provide m fat ?an d ! album9oids4 ,voit1 h[ev]1 disapproves ?is1 ma9ta9+ ! great] "p ( ! hydroc>bons is burn$ 7furni%es fuel = ! imm$iate evolution ( =ce71 & t fat _c be /or$ up unless a due proportion ( album9oids is also adm9i/]$4 ,he believes ! hydroc>bons ex]t a direct influ5ce only2 be+ m oxidizable ?an fats1 !y gu>d ! latt] f oxidation4 ,?is protective role ( ! hydroc>bons applies also to ! album9oids4 ,we may believe1 !n1 t ! ?ree great classes ( alim5t yield fat1 9 "s degree2 t alim5t>y fat may be fix$ 9 ! tissues2 & t hydroc>bons favor ! deposition ( adipose ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,x is well und]/ood t fat may disappe> ) great rapidity "u c]ta9 conditions2 _m maladies are accompani$ by spe$y emaciation2 !re=e1 z fat nev] passes into ! secretions1 at lea/ n 9 appreciable quantities1 x probably und]goes trans=mation1 p]haps by oxidation or a =m ( f]m5tation1 ! f9al results ( :i* are1 directly or indirectly1 wat] & cadav]ic acid4 ,x is c]ta9 ! process ( oxidation favors ! de/ruction ( adipose1 & t ev]y?+ :i* inhibits su* de/ruction t5ds to fat accumulation4 ,s9ce ! e>lie/ p]iod ( hi/ory1 !re seems to h be5 an anxiety to secure "s regim5 ( g5]al application t w\ld r$uce or combat obesity4 ,?us ,hippocrates says3 ,fat p1 & all ^? :o w\ld become lean1 %\ld p]=m labori\s tasks :ile fa/+1 & eat :ile /ill brea?less f fatigue1 )\t re/1 & aft] hav+ drunk dilut$ w9e n v cold4 ,_! meats %\ld be prep>$ ) sesamum1 ) sweets1 & o!r simil> sub/ances1 & ^! di%es %\ld be free f fat4 ,9 ?is mann] "o w be satiat$ ?r\gh eat+ less4 ,b1 besides1 "o %\ld take only "o meal2 take no ba?2 sleep on a h>d b$2 & walk z mu* z may be4 ,h[ mu* has m$ical sci5ce ga9$ 9 ?is direction dur+ ! int]val ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s8 ,let u see3 ,fir/ among mod]ns to seek to e/abli% on a sci5tific basis a regim5 = ! obese1 0 ,dancel1 :o =bade fats1 />*y foods1 etc41 prescrib$ s\ps & aque\s alim5t1 & r$uc$ ! quantity ( bev]age to ! l[e/ possible limit2 at ! same "t he employ$ frequ5t & pr(use purgation4 ,?is regim51 :i* p]mits1 at mo/1 b sev5 to twelve ounces ( fluid at ea* repa/1 is some:at difficult to foll[1 ?\gh x may be obta9$1 gradually1 ) ease4 ,dr4 ,con/ant9e ,paul records a case 9 :i* ?is regim51 gradually induc$1 & foll[$ = t5 ye>s1 rew>d$ ! pati5t ) mod]ate fle% & mo/ excell5t heal?4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 a mode ( treatm5t in/itut$ 9 "o ,bant+1 by ,dr4 ,h>vey1 :]eby ! =m] 0 decreas$ 9 weight =ty p\nds1 has obta9$ some:at wide celebrity2 & :at is m rem>kable1 x is kn[n z ,bant+ism1 tak+ its "n f ! pati5t in/ead ( ! physician :o orig9at$ x4 ,! diet>y is z foll[s3 ,breakfa/4--,five to six ounces ( lean meat1 broil$ fi%1 or smok$ bacon--veal & pork int]dict$2 a cup ( tea or c(fee )\t milk or sug>2 "o ounce ( toa/ or dry biscuit 7crack]s74 ,d9n]4--,five or six ounces ( lean meat or fi%--exclud+ eel1 salmon1 & h]r+2 a small quantity ( vegetables1 b no potatoes1 p>snips1 c>rots1 beets1 peas1 or beans2 "o ounce ( toa/1 fruit1 or f[l2 two glasses ( r$ w9e--be]1 *ampagne1 & port =bidd54 ,tea4--,two or ?ree ounces ( fruit2 "o k9d ( pa/ry2 "o cup ( tea4 ,supp]4--,?ree or f\r ounces ( lean beef or fi%2 "o or two glasses ( r$ w9e4 ,at b$-"t4--,grog )\t sug> 7:isky & wat]1 or rum & wat]71 & "o or two glasses ( %]ry or ,bordeaux4 ,bant+ism1 to be effective1 mu/ be mo/ closely foll[$1 :51 un=tunately also1 x proves extremely debilitat+2 x is suitable only = /urdy1 h>d rid+ gluttons ( ! ,squire ,we/]n type4 ,! pati5t rapidly loses /r5g? z well z fle%1 & spe$ily acquires an unconqu]able repugnance to ! diet>y4 ,fur!r1 f a /rictly physiological po9t ( view1 ! quantity ( meat is greatly 9 excess1 :ile ) ! cessation ( ! regim51 ! fat quickly reappe>s4 ,next ,eb/e9 =mulat$ a diet>y t is c]ta9ly mu* bett] tol]at$ ?an t ( ,h>vey & ,bant+1 & yields z good1 or ev5 bett]1 results4 ,he all[s pati5ts to take a def9ite quantity--two to two & a half ounces-( fat daily1 9 ! =m ( bacon or butt] :i*1 !oretically at lea/1 (f]s sev]al advantages3 ,x dim9i%es ! s5sations ( hung] & ?ir/1 & plays a special role ) respect to ! album9oids2 ! latt] may ?us be assimilat$ by ! economy )\t be+ resolv$ into fat1 & ?us ! adipose ( ! organism at ?is p]iod is drawn ^u )\t subsequ5t r5ewal4 ,! foll[+ is ! outl9e3 ,breakfa/4--,at #f a4m4 9 summ]2 #g3cj 9 w9t]3--,eight ounces ( black tea )\t ei!r milk or sug>2 two ounces ( :ite bread or toa/1 ) a copi\s lay] ( butt]4 ,d9n]4--#b p4m43--,a modicum ( beef m>r[ s\p2 f\r ounces ( meat1 pref]ably ( fatty "*2 mod]ate quantity ( vegetable1 especially ! legum9es1 b no potatoes or any?+ conta9+ />*2 raw fruits 9 season1 & cook$ fruits 7/ew$1 )\t sug>72 two or ?ree glasses ( light w9e z a bev]age1 & aft] eat+1 a cup ( black tea )\t sug>4 ,supp]4--#g3cj p m43--,an egg1 bit ( fat roa/1 ham1 or bacon2 a slice ( :ite bread well butt]$2 a l>ge cup ( black tea )\t milk or sug>2 f "t to "t1 *eese & fre% fruits4 ,g]ma9 ,see sugge/s z a modification ( ?is regim51 ! abundant use ( bev]age1 ! addition ( gelat9s1 & at times small doses ( potassium iodide 9 tw5ty cases he claims con/ant & relatively prompt results4 ,:atev] may be urg$ = ,eb/e9's sy/em--& x has af=d$ mo/ excell5t results to ,unna & to ,lube1 z well z its au?or--x c]ta9ly exposes ! pati5t to ! t]rors ( dyspepsia1 :5 ! r\t9e mu/ ne$s be int]rupt$ or modifi$2 h5ce x is n always to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,z betwe5 dyspepsia & obesity1 !re are few1 ,i fancy1 :o w\ld n pref] ! latt]4 ,ano!r sy/em t has acquir$ no little celebrity1 & :i* has = its aim ! r$uction z f> z possible ( alim5t>y hydroc>bons :ile p]mitt+ a c]ta9 proportion ( fat1 is t1 ( ,d5ne?1 :i* necess>ily foll[s some:at closely ! l9es laid d[n by ,eb/e94 ,o]tels' treatm5t1 some:at widely kn[n1 & n )\t due measure ( fame1 is bas$ ^u a s]ies ( measures hav+ z object ! )drawal f bo? circulation & ! economy at l>ge1 z mu* ( ! fluids z possible4 ,x is especially adapt$ = ! relief ( ^? obese :o are suff]+ fatty deg5]ation ( ! he>t4 ,! m5u is z foll[s3 ,breakfa/4--,p\r to five ounces ( tea or c(fee ) a little milk2 two to two & a half ounces bread4 ,d9n]4--,?ree or f\r ounces ( roa/ or boil$ meat1 or mod]ately fat food2 fi%1 slightly fat2 salad & vegetables at pleasure2 "o & a half ounces ( bread 79 c]ta9 cases z mu* z ?ree ounces ( f>9ace\s food may be p]mitt$72 ?ree to six ounces ( fruit2 at times a little pa/ry = dess]t4--,9 summ]1 if fruit is n obta9able1 six to eight ounces ( light w9e may be all[$4 ,tea1--,a cupful 7f\r to five ounces7 ( tea or c(fee1 ) a trifle ( milk1 z at breakfa/2 "o & ?ree-f\r?s ounces ( bread2 & exceptionally 7& at mo/7 six ounces ( wat]4 ,supp]4--,"o to two s(t boil$ eggs2 f\r or five ounces ( meat2 "o & ?ree f\r?s ounces ( bread2 a trifle ( *eese1 salad1 or fruit2 six to eight ounces ( light w9e dilut$ ) an eigh? volume ( wat]4 ,! quantity ( bev]age may be slightly augm5t$ at ea* meal if necess>y1 especially if !re is no morbid he>t tr\ble4 ,s*w5n+] 7,bism>ck's physician71 :o op5$ a l>ge sanit>ium ne> ,b]l9 a few ye>s s9ce = ! treatm5t ( ! obese1 employs ,o]tel's treatm5t1 modifi$ 9 t an abundance ( bev]age is p]mitt$1 provid$ x is n indulg$ 9 at meals2 x is =bidd5 until two h\rs aft] eat+4 ,bo? ,o]tel's & ,s*w5n+]'s me?ods h procur$ grave dyspepsias1 & fatal album9urias z well1 accord+ to ,mey] & ,ros5field4 ,x has be5 *>g$ ! all[ance ( bev]age ^u :i* ,s*w5n+] lays s mu* /ress 9 ! treatm5t at 8 sanit>ium has a pecuni>y basis1 9 o!r words a commission ^u ! sale ( w9es4#b ,footnote #b3 ,! sanit>ium is own$ by a /ock company1 ,s*w5n+] be+ m]ely ,m$ical ,director4--,,ed4 ,?us1 x w be obs]v$ t :ile "s =bid bev]age1 o!rs r insi/ ^u its employm5t 9 great] or less quantities4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x w\ld seem b rational1 be=e und]tak+ to relieve obesity1 to e/abli% its exact nature1 & also ! role tak5 by fluids 9 ! ph5om5a ( nutrition4 ,physiologi/s g5]ally admit wat] facilitates nutritive ex*anges1 :i* is expla9$ by ! elim9ation ( a l>ge quantity ( ur9e2 ! exp]im5ts ( ,g5? & ,rob9 9 ?is direction appe> conclusive4 ,bis*(f1 ,voit1 & ,h]mann h %[n t wat] increases1 n alone ! elim9ation ( ur9e1 b also ( sodium *loride1 phosphoric acid1 etc4 ,grigoriantz obs]v$ augm5tation ( dis9tegration :5 ! quantity ( bev]age exce$$ =ty-six to eighty ounces 7#a1djj to #b1djj cubic c5timet]s7 p] diem4 ,opp5heim1 ,fra5kel1 & ,debove1 :ile believ+ wat] has b little influ5ce ^u ! ex*anges1 admit x c]ta9ly ne$ n dim9i% ! latt]2 & ,debove & ,flam5t1 aft] adm9i/]+ wat] 9 quantities v>y+ f two to eight p9ts p] diem1 conclud$ t ur9e 0 dim9i%$ bel[ ! =m] figure1 :ile above ! latt] x increas$ some:at1 be+ dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt +e/$4 ,x 0 on ! /r5g? ( ! =ego+ t ,lallem& decl>$ wat] to h no influ5ce ^u ! ex*anges4 ,! results claim$ by ,opp5heim1 ,debove1 et al4 7 imm$iately *all5g$--& x is n[ g5]ally admitt$1 n )\t "s ju/ice--by ,g]ma9 ,see4 ,x seems c]ta91 to say ! lea/1 t wat] tak5 dur+ ! repa/ does t5d to augm5t ! quantity & facilitate ! elim9ation ( ur9e4 ,abundance ( bev]age1 moreov]1 pres5ts o!r advantages1 9 t x facilitates dige/ion by reason ( its dilu5t action1 a fact well wor? be>+ 9 m9d :5 treat+ ! obese :o are possess$ ( g\ty dia!sis1 & ^: kidneys are accord+ly encumb]$ ) uric & oxalic acids4 ,! =ego+ pres5ts ! gr\nd ^u :i* ,g]ma9 ,see p]mits an abundance ( bev]age2 b he also expresses /rong res]vation z reg>ds be] & alcohol1 ei!r ( :i* 7m especially ! =m]7 t5ds to ! production ( adipose4 ,9 8 op9ion1 ! only bev]age ( ! alcoholic class t is at all p]missible1 & !n only = cases suff]+ f fatty he>t1 is a little liqueur or dilut$ w9e4 ,c(fee & tea he comm5ds highly1 & recomm5ds ! +e/ion ( l>ge quantities at high temp]ature1 bo? dur+ ! repa/s & _! int]vals4 ,c(fee 9 l>ge doses is und\bt$ly a means ( de-nutrition1 & s1 too1 9 no less ext5t1 is tea2 bo? act vigor\sly ow+ to ! conta9$ alkaloids1 ?\gh1 to be sure1 !y sometimes1 at fir/1 t5d to insomnia & palpitation1 to :i* no att5tion ne$ be paid1 h[ev]4 ,! treatm5t outl9$ by ,see is3 #a4 ,a physiological regim5 compris+ f\r to five ounces ( nitrog5\s pr9ciples z d]iv$ f eight to t5 ounces animal muscle & album9ates2 ?ree to six ounces ( fat2 eight to t5 ounces ( hydroc>bons z yield$ by t5 to twelve ounces ( sug> or />* food4 ,^! proportions to be modifi$ 9 su* mann] t ! musculo-album9ates %all n s5sibly exce$ ! normal ratio1 = meat 9 excess itself furni%es fat dur+ trans=mation4 ,! fatty sub/ances ( easy dige/ion may1 )\t inconv5i5ce1 be utiliz$ 9 doses ( two to ?ree ounces4 ,! hydroc>bons %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,z = ! h]bace\s elem5ts1 !y conta9 no?+ nutritive4 #b4 ,bev]age1 f> f be+ suppress$1 %\ld be augm5t$1 9 ord] to facilitate /oma*al dige/ion & promote g5]al nutrition1 ?\gh alcoholic liquids mu/ be inhibit$2 likewise m9]al wat]s1 except1 p]haps1 = occasional use4 ,bo? %\ld be replac$ by infusions ( c(fee or tea1 tak5 z hot z c be drank4 ,h5ri* ,kis* insi/s t any me?od :i* promises rapid & m>k$ decrease ( adipose mu/1 p] se1 be objectionable1 ev5 if n positively injuri\s1 s9ce x t5ds to provoke g5]al tr\bles ( nutrition4 ,he sugge/s t fir/ ! fats & hydroc>bons be r$uc$ z little z possible2 t a mod]ate mix$ regim5 is requir$1 conta9+ a prepond]ance ( album51 small quantities ( hydroc>bons & gelat9\s matt]s1 ) b v little fat4 ,c]ta9 fatty meats1 h[ev]1 %\ld be g5]ally int]dict$1 su* z pork sausage1 smok$ beef tongue1 goose brea/1 smok$ ham1 fat salmon1 & h]r+ 9 any =m4 ,eggs1 h[ev]1 may be p>tak5 ( 9 mod]ation1 giv+ pref]5ce to ! album5 ov] ! yelk4 ,f>9ace\s foods1 9 ! ma91 %\ld be reject$1 ev5 bread be+ all[$ only 9 small quantities1 & !n pref]ably 9 ! =m ( toa/4 ,*eese likewise conta9s too mu* fat2 & mu%rooms are s ri* 9 hydroc>bons t !y %\ld be reject$4 ,condim5ts1 wat]1 vegetable acids 7v9eg>s except$7 may be p]mitt$2 especially p]nici\s is v9eg> :]e !re is any t5d5cy to g\t or gravel4 ,all fatty bev]ages--b\illon1 unskimm$ milk1 *ocolate1 or cacao--& all alcoholics1 are hurtful2 breakfa/ tea is und\bt$ly ! be/ bev]age1 b1 aft] a little1 is advantage\sly replac$ by light :ite w9e dilut$ ) wat]4 ,kis* believes 9 a free & abundant use ( wat] by ! obese1 especially :]e !re is a t5d5cy to ple?ora1 s9ce ?is fluid facilitates oxidation z ! result ( absorption2 ?us he advocates ! inhibition ( l>ge quantities ( cold wat] by all1 save ^? pres5t+ evid5ce ( c>diac insuffici5cy4 ,9 %ort1 8 regim5 is bas$ ^u ! adm9i/ration ( a l>ge quantity ( album51 l t ( ,h>vey-,bant+4 ,e4 ,munk recomm5ds an almo/ id5tical diet>y1 save t he pref]s great mod]ation 9 fluids employ$ z bev]age4 ,m4 ,rob9 has s\ght to h>monize ! oppos+ views reg>d+ fluids1 & !re=e decl>es obesity arises f two di/9ct s\rces3 #a4 ,augm5tation ( assimilation4 #b4 ,r$uc$ disassimilation4 ,9 ! =m]1 he insi/s wat] mu/ be int]dict$1 :ile 9 ! latt] x may be all[$ ad libitum4 ,aga91 9 ord] to recognize ! exact v>iety ( obesity1 he divides 8 pati5ts into ?ree classes1 ea* recognizable by ! volume ( urea excret$4 ,9 ! fir/ !re is an increase above normal2 9 ! second ! volume ( urea is /ation>y2 9 ! ?ird decreas$1 increas$1 or /ation>y4 ,:5 ! urea is /ation>y1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly ! case1 x is necess>y to calculate ! coeffici5t ( oxidation2 t is1 ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! solid matt]s ( ! ur9e & ! urea4 ,! elevation ( ! coeffici5t is prima facie evid5ce ! obesity is due to excess ( assimilation1 :ile depression ( ! coeffici5t indicates default ( assimilation4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 wat] & liquids mu/ be d5i$ z f> z possible1 ! same z if !re 0 no augm5tation ( urea2 9 ! second1 ! same z if !re 0 dim9ution ( urea1 ! pati5ts may be p]mitt$ to imbibe fluids at pleasure4 ,= ! obese f default ( disassimilation1 ,rob9 recomm5ds a regim5 ( gre5 vegetables & bread *iefly--! latt] 9 small quantities1 h[ev]1 & fluids z may be desir$4 ,by ?is means1 on "o occasion1 he 0 able 9 ! c\rse ( "o mon? to dim9i% ! weight ( a female pati5t by twelve & a half p\nds1 h] measurem5t ar\nd ! wai/ at ! same "t decreas+ #e4b in*es & across ! /oma* #d4h in*es4 ,m4 ,de ,/4 ,g]ma9 a*iev$ good results by comb9+ judici\s ex]cise ) mod]ate alim5tation1 exclud+ w9e & bread4 ,m4 ,duj>d9 ,beaumetz1 :o pr(esses to h giv5 mo/ close & c>eful /udy & att5tion to regim5 = ! obese1 outl9es ! foll[+1 provid$ !re is no evid5ce ( fatty deg5]ation ( he>t4 ,breakfa/ 7at #h a4 m47--,?ree-f\r?s ( an ounce ( bread en flute--t is ab\nd+ ) cru/2 "o & a half ounces ( cold meat1 ham or beef1 six ounces weak black tea1 sans sug>4 ,lun* 7at #a p4m47--,an ounce & a half to two ounces ( bread1 or a rag\t1 or two eggs2 ?ree ounces gre5 vegetables2 "o-half ounce ( *eese2 fruits at discretion4 ,d9n] 7at #g p4m47--,an ounce & a half to two ounces ( bread2 ?ree to f\r ounces ( meat1 or rag\t2 ditto ( gre5 vegetables1 salad1 half an ounce ( *eese1 fruit ad libitum4 ,at meal times ! pati5t may take only a glass & a half ( liquid--approximately t5 ounces--?\gh a great] am\nt may be p]mitt$ if he ab/a9s dur+ ! int]vals4 ,special alim5t>y regim51 h[ev]1 does n con/itute ! sole treatm5t ( obesity4 ,concurr5tly mu/ be employ$ a numb] ( practical adjuvants :i* are (t5times ( ! utmo/ assi/ance4 ,= "o ?+1 ex]cise is indisp5sable2 all au?orities agree on ?is po9t4 ,! ex]cise tak5 9 ! gymnasium is "o ( ! be/1 notably ! wall ex]cise1 :i* is m p>ticul>ly suit$ to ^? afflict$ ) p5dul\s & protub]ant abdom5s z ! result ( feebl5ess ( ! hypoga/ric muscles1 to accumulation ( fat "u ! sk9 & 9 ! om5tum1 & to dilation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,9 ! wall ex]cise1 ! pati5t /&s erect aga9/ an absolutely /raight & plumb wall1 lifts 8 h&s 7c>ry+ a weight7 /raight ov] ! head1 & causes !m to describe a semicircle =w>d4 ,zantz p>ticul>ly insi/s ^u arm & leg ex]cise = ! obese1 especially ! =m]1 s9ce ) ! same am\nt ( ef=t a l>g] am\nt ( oxyg5 is consum$ ?an is possible by ! latt]4 ,h[ev]1 ( :atev] "*1 ! ex]cise %\ld be cont9u$ to ! po9t ( fatigue or dyspnoea--?ree ?\s& movem5ts daily1 gradually increas$ to tw5ty-five ?\s&1 if ! sy/em c be> x2 & "u su* conditions1 n only is !re consumption ( hydroc>bons1 b !re is provid$ a v]itable gre$ = air t augm5ts wa/e4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,o]tel indicate t loss ( weight due to fatigu+ ex]cise arises m p>ticul>ly f dehydration1 :i* is made good by absorption ( ! fluids employ$ z bev]age2 ! fluids are claim$ by ,g]ma9 ,see to act z accel]ants ( oxidation4 ,dur+ ex]cise !re is obvi\sly m abundant absorption ( oxyg51 & consequ5tly great] elim9ation ( c>bonic acid1 & z a consequ5ce 7z %[n by rese>*es ( ,voit71 ! res]ve fat ( ! economy is attack$ & dim9i%$2 9 int5se labor !re is an av]age h\rly consumption ( ab\t #h4b p]c5t4 ( fat4 ,fur!r physical activity is useful 9 ex]cis+ ! volunt>y muscles1 & ?us oppos+ ! invasion by int]/itial fat ( ! muscle fibrils4 ,extreme ex]cise also1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ex]ts a favorable influ5ce on ! c>diac muscle1 augm5t+ bo? its nutrition & its capacity = labor4 ,) ! anmic obese1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to be mo/ circumspect 9 prescrib+ =c$ ex]cise2 also ) ! eld]ly obese possess$ ( enfeebl$ or fatty he>t4 ,hydro!rapy1 especially 9 ! =m ( cold d\*es1 p>ticul>ly :5 comb9$ ) massage1 is (t5 ( consid]able value 9 reliev+ obesity2 ! me?od ( ,h>mman1 ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 :i* has 9 _m in/ances induc$ rapid loss ( adipose1 is ( ?is class4 ,tepid sal9e ba?s & vapor ba?s h _m advocates1 & may af=d mat]ial aid :5 ! he>t & circulation d n inhibit _! employm5t4 ,hot ba?s elevate ! temp]ature ( ! body & increase ! organic ex*anges1 h5ce1 z ,b]t & ,reyn>d h po9t$ out1 t5d to ! elim9ation ( oxyg5 & c>bonic acid2 b :5 employ$1 ! pati5t %\ld be introduc$ :ile ! temp]ature is bel[ #acj ,f41 :5 x may be gradually rais$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty or =ty m9utes to #adj ,f4 ,x has already be5 intimat$1 ! *ief feature ( ! treatm5t ( obesity is accel]ation ( ! ex*anges2 & ?is is 9 ! ma9 true1 ?\gh x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile !re are obese :o excrete little urea & h a depress$ c5tral n]v\s temp]ature1 _m may be azoturic1 & besides elim9ate phosphate 9 excess1 :5 an oxidat+ treatm5t w n only fail1 b prove positively injuri\s4 ,! bile ?r[s out fat1 !re=e1 to accel]ate nutritive oxidations1 ! liv] & n]v\s sy/em mu/ be act$ ^u1 i4e41 /imulat$4 ,ev]y?+ t t5ds to dim9i% ! activity ( ! =m]1 or depress ! latt]1 mu/ be avoid$4 ,h5ce intellectual labor %\ld be enc\rag$1 or 9 lieu !re(1 travel advis$4 ,ex]cise %\ld be tak5 *iefly :ile fa/+2 ! limits ( sleep conf9$ to /rict necessity1 & sie/as aft] meals & dur+ ! day /rictly =bidd52 ! sk9 /imulat$ by hydro-!rapeutic measures1 includ+ massage "u cold affusions1 dur+ w>m salt ba?s1 etc4 ,to increase ! activity ( ! liv]1 salicylate ( soda may (t5 be advantage\sly adm9i/]$ = its *olagogue effect2 or resort may be _h to sal9e purgatives su* z are af=d$ by ! spr+s ( ,m>i5bad1 ,kiss5g51 ,homburg1 ,c>lsbad1 ,brides1 ,hunyadi1 or ,*atel-,guyon2 & x is some:at rem>kable t :ile und]go+ a c\rse ( ^! wat]s1 !re is (t5 no appreciable *ange 9 weight or obesity1 ?\gh ! decrease becomes mo/ m>k$ almo/ imm$iately ^u cessation ( treatm5t4 ,ev]y?+ t5d+ to increas$ or full] respiration is to be enc\rag$1 = ! fats are ?us suppli$ ) oxyg51 ha/5+ _! dis9tegration & consumption4 ,direct m$ic9al treatm5t pres5ts no v wide scope4 ,b\*>d imag9es lime wat] may be useful by accel]at+ nutrition1 b ?is is problematical1 s9ce fat 9 emulsion or 9 droplets does n burn4 ,nev]!less1 alkalies 9 g5]al1 alkal9e c>bonates1 liquor potassa1 soaps1 etc41 aid 9 r5d]+ fat m soluble1 & consequ5tly m susceptible to attack4 ,! alkal9e wat]s1 h[ev]1 are mu* less active 9 obesity ?an ! sal9e m9]al wat]s1 unless1 z sometimes happ5s1 !re is a complication ( diabetes & obesity4 ,purgatives are always m or less useful1 & (t5 requir$ to be r5ew$ ) all ! regul>ity ( habit4 ,!n too1 ! iodides1 especially iodide ( sodium or potassium1 z recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,g]ma9 ,see1 frequ5tly prove ( excell5t s]vice by aid+ elim9ation & facilitat+ ! mutations4 ,accord+ to ,kis*1 ! cold m9]al wat]s conta9+ an abundance ( sulphate ( soda1 l ,hunyadi & ,m>i5bad1 are to be pref]r$ to ! hot m9]al wat]s1 su* z ,c>lsbad1 because ( _! less] irritant action on ! vascul> sy/em1 & because !y /rongly excite diuresis ?r\gh _! l[ temp]ature & conta9$ c>bonic acid2 ,c>lsbad des]ves pref]5ce only :5 obesity is comb9$ ) uric acid calculi1 or ) diabetes4 ,= v anmic p]sons1 h[ev]1 ! weak alkal9e & sal9e wat]s %\ld be select$2 or !y %\ld conf9e !mselves to *alybeate wat]s conta9+ an excess ( sulphate ( soda4 ,wat] conta9+ sulphate ( soda is also indicat$ z a bev]age :]e !re are tr\bles ( ! circulatory app>atus2 x is contra9dicat$ only 9 acc5tuat$ art]io-scl]osis4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i f9d ! sugge/ion ( ,m4 ,duj>d9-,beaumetz1 t ! obese %\ld be divid$ into two gr\ps1 a mo/ practical "o1 = "s are /rong & vigor\s--great eat]s1 p]haps ev5 gluttons--:ile o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are feeble & debilitat$1 ) fle% s(t & flaccid2 & ^u ! =m] may be impos$ all ! rigors ( ! r$uc+ sy/em1 :ile ! latt] mu/ be dealt ) m c>efully4 ,9 g5]al1 x mu/ be not$1 ! regim5 prescrib$ = ! obese is insuffici5t1 z ! foll[+ table prep>$ by ,m4,c4 ,paul abundantly proves3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,au?or4 ,album9\s ,fatty ,matt]s4 ,matt]s4 ,hydroc>bons4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,voit4 #aah #dj #aej ,h>vey-,bant+4 #agj #aj #hj ,eb/e94 #ajj #he #ej ,o]tel4 #aee-agi #be-da #gj-aaj ,kis* 7ple?oric74 #afj #aj #hj 7anmic74 #bjj #ab #ajj ,normal ration4 #abd #ee #dee ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,!re is1 !re=e1 z ,duj>d9-,beaumetz ass]ts1 autophagia 9 ! obese1 & all ^! v>ieties ( treatm5t h b "o end1 viz43 ,r$uction ( ! daily ration4 ,b ! quantity ( n\ri%m5t %\ld n be too greatly curtail$1 =1 manife/ly1 if ! fat disappe>s ! m surely1 ! muscles 7ri* 9 album57 und]go too rapid modification4 ,x is progressive action t %\ld always be s\ght4 ,! quantity ( alim5t may be r$uc$ ei!r by impos+ an always uni=m regim51 :i* soon begets anorexia & disgu/1 or by )hold+ f ! food a consid]able quantity ( fat1 or1 f9ally1 by =bidd+ bev]age dur+ meals4 ,emaciation is obta9$ readily en\gh 9 ei!r way1 & dem&s only ! con/ant ex]cise ( w p[] on ! "p ( ! pati5t2 b unhappily1 sev]e regim5 _c always be prescrib$4 ,:5 ! obese pati5t has pass$ ! age ( =ty2 :5 ! he>t suff]s f deg5]ation2 or :5 ! he>t is anmic--9 all1 rigor\s treatm5t w s]ve to /ill fur!r enfeeble ! c5tral organ ( circulation1 & t5d to precipitate accid5ts t1 by all means1 are to be avoid$4 ,9 su* cases1 by n treat+ ! obesity1 ! days ( ! pati5t w be prolong$4 ,9 deg5]ation ( ! he>t1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( ,eb/e9 may be tri$2 & :5 !re is r5al calculi & g\ty dia!sis1 t ( ,g]ma9 ,see may prove satisfactory4 ,p>is1 ,france4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/ilt ,,walk+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sylva9 ,,dornon1 ,,! ,,/ilt ,,walk] ,,( ,,l&es4 ,sylva9 ,dornon1 ! /ilt walk] ( ,l&es1 />t$ f ,p>is on ! #ab? ( la/ ,m>* = ,mosc[1 & rea*$ ! end ( 8 j\rney at ! end ( a fifty-eight days' walk4 ,?is long j\rney ^u /ilts con/itutes a g5u9e curiosity1 n only to ! ,russians1 to :om ?is sort ( locomotion is unkn[n1 b also to _m ,fr5*m54 ,walk+ on /ilts1 9 fact1 :i* 0 common tw5ty ye>s ago 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,france1 is gradually t5d+ to become a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! wa/es ( ,gascony x 0 =m]ly a means ( locomotion adapt$ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,! wa/e l&s 7 !n great level pla9s cov]$ ) /unt$ bu%es & dry hea?4 ,moreov]1 on acc\nt ( ! p]meability ( ! subsoil1 all ! declivities 7 trans=m$ into m>%es aft] ! slighte/ fall ( ra94 ,!re 7 no roads ( any k9d1 & ! population1 rely+ ^u %eep rais+ = a liv+1 0 mu* scatt]$4 ,x 0 evid5tly 9 ord] to be able to move ar\nd "u ^! v peculi> conditions t ! %eph]ds devis$ & adopt$ /ilts4 ,! /ilts ( ,l&es are call$1 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry1 t*angues1 :i* signifies big legs1 & ^? :o use !m are call$ t*angus4 ,! /ilts are pieces ( wood ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 provid$ ) a %\ld] & /rap to support ! foot4 ,! upp] "p ( ! wood is flatt5$ & re/s aga9/ ! leg1 :]e x is held by a /rong /rap4 ,! l[] "p1 t :i* re/s ^u ! e>?1 is enl>g$ & is sometimes /r5g!n$ ) a %eep's bone4 ,! ,l&ese %eph]d is provid$ ) a /aff :i* he uses = num]\s purposes1 su* z a po9t ( support = gett+ on to ! /ilts & z a crook = direct+ 8 flocks4 ,aga91 be+ provid$ ) a bo>d1 ! /aff con/itutes a com=table seat adapt$ to ! height ( ! /ilts4 ,re/+ 9 ?is mann]1 ! %eph]d seems to be ^u a gigantic tripod4 ,:5 he /ops he knits or he sp9s ) ! di/aff ?ru/ 9 8 girdle4 ,8 usual co/ume consi/s ( a sort ( jacket )\t sleeves1 made ( %eep sk91 ( canvas gait]s1 & ( a drugget cloak4 ,8 head ge> consi/s ( a b]et or a l>ge hat4 ,?is acc\t]m5t 0 =m]ly complet$ by a gun to def5d ! flock aga9/ wolves1 & a /ove = prep>+ meals4 ,! aspect ( ! ,l&eses is d\btless mo/ picturesque1 b _! pov]ty is extreme4 ,!y are g5]ally sp>e & sickly1 !y are poorly f$ & are prey$ ^u by fev]4 ,m\nt$ on _! /ilts1 ! %eph]ds ( ,l&es drive _! flocks across ! wa/es1 go+ ?r\gh bu%es1 bru% & pools ( wat]1 & trav]s+ m>%es ) safety1 )\t hav+ to seek roads or beat5 footpa?s4 ,moreov]1 ?is elevation p]mits !m to easily wat* _! %eep1 :i* are (t5 scatt]$ ov] a wide surface4 ,9 ! morn+ ! %eph]d1 9 ord] to get on 8 /ilts1 m\nts by a ladd] or seats himself ^u ! sill ( a w9d[1 or else climbs ^u ! mantel ( a l>ge *imney4 ,ev5 9 a flat c\ntry1 be+ seat$ ^u ! gr\nd1 & hav+ fix$ 8 /ilts1 he easily rises ) ! aid ( 8 /aff4 ,to p]sons accu/om$ to walk+ on foot1 x is evid5t t locomotion ^u /ilts w\ld be some:at appall+4 ,"o may judge by :at results f ! fall ( a p$e/rian :at dang] may result f a fall f a pair ( /ilts4 ,b ! %eph]ds ( ,l&es1 accu/om$ f _! *ildhood to ?is sort ( ex]cise1 acquire an extraord9>y fre$om & skill !re94 ,! t*angu kn[s v well h[ to pres]ve 8 equilibrium2 he walks ) great /rides1 /&s upright1 runs ) agility1 or executes a few feats ( true acrobatism1 su* z pick+ up a pebble f ! gr\nd1 pluck+ a fl[]1 simulat+ a fall & quickly ris+1 runn+ on "o foot1 etc4 ,! spe$ t ! /ilt walk]s atta9 is easily expla9$4 ,al?\gh ! angle ( ! legs at e /ep is less ?an t ( ord9>y walk+ ) ! feet on ! gr\nd1 ! sides prolong$ by ! /ilts are five or six feet ap>t at ! base4 ,x w be se5 t ) /eps ( su* a l5g?1 di/ances mu/ be rapidly cov]$4 ,:51 9 #ahjh1 ! ,empress ,joseph9e w5t to ,bayonne to rejo9 ,napoleon ,i1 :o resid$ !re by reason ( ! affairs ( ,spa91 ! municipality s5t an escort ( "y ,l&ese /ilt walk]s to meet h]4 ,on ! return1 ^! foll[$ ! c>riages ) ! greate/ facility1 al?\gh ! horses w5t at a full trot4 ,dur+ ! /ay ( ! empress1 ! %eph]ds1 m\nt$ ^u _! /ilts1 mu* amus$ ! ladies ( ! c\rt1 :o took delight 9 mak+ !m race1 or 9 ?r[+ money ^u ! gr\nd & see+ sev]al ( !m g = x at once1 ! result be+ a scramble & a skillful & cunn+ onset1 (t5 accompani$ ) falls4 ,up to rec5t ye>s sc>cely any m]ry-mak+s occurr$ 9 ! villages ( ,gascony t 7 n accompani$ ) /ilt races4 ,! prizes usually consi/$ ( a gun1 a %eep1 a cock1 etc4 ,! "y p vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 spe$ & agility1 & plucky "y girls (t5 took "p 9 ! conte/s4 ,"s ( ! municipalities ( ! environs ( ,bayonne & ,bi>ritz /ill organize /ilt races1 at ! p]iod ( ! influx ( travel]s2 b ! latt] claim t ! /iltsm5 ?us pres5t$ are n g5u9e ,l&ese %eph]ds1 b simple sup]num]>ies recruit$ at haz>d1 & 9 mo/ cases f among /roll+ acrobats4 ,! /ilt walk]s ( ,l&es n only atta9 a great spe$1 b are capable ( travel+ long di/ances )\t appreciable fatigue4 ,=m]ly1 on ! m>ket days at ,bayonne & ,bordeaux1 long files ( peasants 7 se5 com+ 9 on /ilts1 &1 al?\gh !y 7 load$ ) bags & baskets1 !y came f ! villages situat$ at #aj1 #ae1 or #bj leagues di/ance4 ,to-day ! sight ( a /ilt walk] is a curiosity almo/ z great at ,bordeaux z at ,p>is4 ,! peasant ( ,l&es n[ comes to ! city 9 a wagon or ev5 by railway4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,villa ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,l9coln%ire ,*ronicle writes3 ,= "s weeks pa/1 rema9s ( a ,roman villa h be5 expos$ to view by ,mr4 ,ramsd5's m9]s 9 ,greetwell ,fields4 ,f1 ! ext5t ( ! tesselat$ pavem5ts laid b>e !re is h>dly any d\bt t 9 ! ,greetwell ,fields1 9 c5turies long gone by1 !re /ood a ,roman mansion1 :i* = magnitude 0 p]haps unrival$ 9 ,engl&4 ,six ye>s ago ,i drew att5tion to x4 ,! digg+ = iron ore soon aft] ?is 0 br\ght to a /&/ill by ! company1 :i* at ! "t 0 work+ ! m9es1 ceas+ _! op]ations4 ,!n ! prop]ty came into o!r h&s1 & s9ce !n m ext5sive basem5t floors ( ! villa h f "t to "t be5 laid b>e1 & f t5tative explorations :i* h be5 j made1 /ill m floors rema9 to be uncov]$ :i* may be ( a mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive "*4 ,:at a pity x is t ! inhabitants ( ,l9coln h n made an ef=t to pres]ve ^! preci\s relics ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,roman occupation1 an occupation to :i* ,engl& owes s mu*4 ,f ! ,romans ! p ( ?is c\ntry inh]it ! /urdy self-reliance & p]sev]ance 9 action :i* h help$ to make ,engl& :at x is1 & f ! ,romans too1 9 a great degree1 does ,engl& also inh]it h] coloniz+ in/9cts1 :i* impel h] p to cov] ! wa/e places ( ! _w ) colonies4 ,if ! ,roman rema9s :i* h be5 s abundantly discov]$ ( late ye>s 9 ,l9coln & its vic9ity _h be5 collect$ & laid out = exhibition1 !y w\ld h =m$ a mo/ int]e/+ collection ( antiquities wor?y ( ! t[n1 & well wor? %[+ to visitors :o n[ annually make ,l9coln a visitation4 ,al?\gh ^! relics ( a remote age are be+ dug up & are be+ de/roy$1 x is n ! fault ( ,mr4 ,ramsd51 = he n only pres]v$ !m z long z he conv5i5tly c\ld1 b he also _h ! soil remov$ f ov] !m1 & _h !m ?or\ghly wa%$1 9 ord] t p might h an opportunity ( see+ _! ext5t & beauty4 ,"o ( ^! pat*es ( pavem5t ext5d$ #dh y>ds nor?w>d f :at might be call$ ! ma9 build+1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 brok5 up4 ,?is /rip 0 #ac ft4 9 bread?1 & d[n its c5t] ran an intricate patt]n work$ 9 blue tess]4 ,! patt]n is mu* us$ 9 ^! days 9 fabrics & works ( art1 & is1 ,i ?9k1 call$ ! ,grecian or ,roman key patt]n4 ,on ea* side ( ?is ran alt]nately broad ribbons ( :ite & n>r[] ribbons ( r$ tess]4 ,!re is also ano!r /rip ( pavem5t to ! s\? ( ! prec$+ pat*1 :i* has be5 laid b>e to ! ext5t ( #bg y>ds4 ,?is pat* is ab\t #aj ft4 9 bread?1 & its we/]n portion is cut up 9 neat patt]ns1 :i* %[ t !y =m$ ! floors ( rooms4 ,f ! ea/]n extremity ( ^! floors evid5tly ano!r long /rip ( #dh or #ej y>ds /ill rema9s to be uncov]$4 ,d\btless !re are o!r rema9s b5ea? ! gr\nd :i* w be laid b>e z ! "w ( m9+ goes on4 ,all ^! floors 7 n deep] ?an f #ah to #cj in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! bones ( animals & o!r relics h be5 f\nd 9 ! cov]+ soil & h be5 turn$ up by ! m9]s f "t to "t4 ,! pavem5t is all work$ out ) cubes1 v>y+ 9 size f an in* & a half to two in*es squ>e1 ea* piece be+ plac$ 9 position ) mo/ c>eful exactness4 ,! /rip :i* ext5ds #dh y>ds & is #ac ft4 wide runs due nor? & s\?4 ,!re is a second pat*1 runn+ ea/ & we/1 & ?is is #bg ft4 long by #aj ft4 wide1 :ile a ?ird is #bg ft4 long by #aa ft4 wide1 ?is also runn+ 9 a nor!rn direction4 ,to ! nor? ( ?is latt] piece1 & sep>at$ only by ab\t two feet 7ab\t ! wid? ( a wall1 :i* v possibly 0 ! orig9al division71 !re is a /rip ( tess] #af ft4 wide1 :i* _h be5 laid b>e #dj y>ds4 ,x 0 ?\ght probable t at ! end ( ! la/ nam$ /rip /ill ano!r pat* w\ld be f\nd4 ,mr4 ,ramsd51 ! manag] ( ! ,iron/one ,works1 is keep+ a plan ( ! :ole ( ! pavem5t1 :i* he is color+ 9 exact imitation ( ! orig9al "w4 ,?is1 :5 complet$1 w be mo/ int]e/+1 & he w be q will+ to %[ x to any "o desir\s ( inspect+ ! same4 ,_m p]sons h paid a visit to ! spot :]e ! discov]ies h be5 made1 & surprise is inv>iably express$ at ! magnitude & beautiful symmetry ( ! "w4 ,sev]al int]e/+ fragm5ts ( ,roman "w h be5 br\ght to light 9 ! c\rse ( excavations t are be+ made = build+ purposes at ,twy=d1 ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,ab\t a mon? ago1 a pav$ way1 compos$ entirely ( small r$ tiles1 six feet 9 wid? & ext5d+ probably a consid]able di/ance 7a l5g? ( #ad ft4 0 uncov]$71 0 f\nd :ile digg+ on ! site = fl9ts4 ,! m rec5t excavations are #bj ft4 we/ ( ?is passage1 & !re is n[ to be se51 9 a v p]fect /ate ( pres]vation1 an ov5 or kiln ) ?ree op5+s4 ,five y>ds away f ?is is a *amb] ab\t eight feet squ>e1 pav$ ) tiles1 & ! sides coat$ ) a r$di% pla/]4 ,on "o side is a l$ge #ae 94 f ! gr\nd1 ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! *amb]2 on ! floor is a sunk *annel ) an op5+ at ! end = ! wat] to escape4 ,?is *amb] evid5tly repres5ts ! ba?4 ,portions ( ! divid+ walls ( ! diff]5t *amb]s h also be5 discov]$1 toge!r ) v>i\s bones1 tee?1 horns & ornam5ts1 b v few co9s4 ,x is probable t an alt]ation 9 ! plans ( ! h\se :i* 0 ab\t to be built on ! spot w be made s z to pres]ve all ! m int]e/+ features ( ^! rema9s 9 ! basem5t4 ,^! discov]ies 7 made at a dep? ( only two or ?ree feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & are )9 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile ( o!r ,roman rema9s :i* 7 simil>ly br\ght to light a few mon?s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #hcj1 page #acaaj4 ,,gum ,,arabic ,,& ,,its ,,mod]n ,,sub/itutes4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,london1 #ahia4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ,,by ,,dr4 ,s4 ,,rideal ,,& ,w4,e4 ,,y\le4 ,subjo9$ is a table giv+ ! absolute viscosity ( v>i\s gums4 ,a comp>ison ( ! uncorrect$ viscosities ) ! correct$ %[s ! great importance ( ,slotte's correction = dextr9s & inf]ior gum arabics2 9 o!r words1 = solutions ( l[ viscosity1 :ile x w be obs]v$ to h little influ5ce ^u ! uncorrect$ eta obta9$ = ! ,ghatti gums & ! be/ samples ( gum arabic4 ,,table ,,( ,,absolute ,,viscosities ,,( #aj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,gum ,,& ,,dextr9 ,,solutions4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,sample4 eta eta ,z ,wat] ,uncorrect$4 ,correct$4 #ajj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gum arabic4444444444 #j4ahgf #j4ahef #a1bcc ,cape gum444444444444 #j4aege #j4aeee #a1jbi ,indian gum4444444444 #j4jedj #j4jdgj #caa ,ea/]n gum444444444 #j4jfhi #j4jfci #dag ,gum arabic4444444444 #j4jeej #j4jdhj #cag ,s5egal4444444444444 #j4jdid #j4jdaj #bga ,s5egal4444444444444 #j4jdfh #j4jchj #bea ,s5egal4444444444444 #j4jfbg #j4jeeg #cfd ,gum arabic4444444444 #j4jeaa #j4jdcj #bhe ,wat]444444444444444 #j4jadi #j4jabd #ajj ,ghatti44444444444444 #j4bijc #j4bhhj #b1cbb ,ghatti1 #e p] c5t44 #j4jijc #j4jhbh #fhh ,ghatti1 #e p] c5t44 #j4acia #j4acej #a1jhi ,ghatti1 #e p] c5t44 #j4agie #j4agfj #a1dbj ,ghatti1 #e p] c5t44 #j4aebg #j4adhe #a1aih ,ghatti1 #e p] c5t44 #j4aaci #j4ajhc #hgc ,ghatti1 #e p] c5t44 #j4adai #j4acfi #a1ajd ,dextr94444444444444 #j4jcih #j4jbee #afi ,dextr94444444444444 #j4jcda #j4jaif #abi ,dextr94444444444444 #j4jdee #j4jchj #cjf ,gum sub/itute444444 #j4jcah #j4jbbd #ahj ,gum sub/itute444444 #j4jcah #j4jbbd #ahj ,amrad444444444444444 #j4jgic #j4jgjh #egj ,au/ralian4444444444 #j4jcgh #j4jbhc #bbh ,au/ralian4444444444 #j4jcfe #j4jbfh #baf ,brazilian44444444444 #j4jffh #j4jfbg #ejf ,brazilian44444444444 #j4jeaf #j4jdde #cei ,ghatti44444444444444 #j4cfcf #j4cfba #b1ibj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,9 ! column = eta correct$ ! diff]5ces due to ! use ( diff]5t in/rum5ts are ( c\rse elim9at$4 ,! absolute viscosity ( wat] at #ae ,c4 det]m9$ 9 f\r diff]5t in/rum5ts is %[n bel[4 ,poiseuille's value = wat] be+ #j4jabb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,in/rum5t4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- eta corrtd4 #j4jaji #j4jaahe #j4jabd #j4jabj ( wat]4 ,k#a value44 #j4jjjjjjhih #j4jjjjjjhfc #j4jjjjjjicb #j4jjjjjjeb ,k#b value44 #j4bce #j4bage #j4bbf #j4jbjd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! above values = v>i\s gums & dextr9s 7 obta9$ at a con/ant temp]ature ( #ae ,c4 & are comp>$ ) wat] at t temp]ature4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] surr\nd+ ! bulbs %\ld be adju/$ = ea* s]ies ( exp]im5ts to ! temp]ature at :i* ! absolute viscosity ( ! wat] 0 det]m9$4 ,z f> z we h asc]ta9$1 9 gum solutions !re is a /eady dim9ution 9 viscosity ) increase ( temp]ature until a c]ta9 temp]ature is rea*$1 beyond :i* increase ( heat does n m>k$ly influ5ce ! viscosity1 & x is possible t above ?is critical po9t1 z we may t]m x1 ! gum solutions once m beg9 to increase 9 viscosity4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! viscosity becomes /ation>y v>ies some:at ) diff]5t gums1 b broadly speak+ x lies betwe5 #fj ,c4 & #ij ,c41 no gums %[+ any m>k$ decrease 9 viscosity betwe5 #hj ,c4 & #ij ,c4 ,! exp]im5ts we h made 9 ?is direction 7 conduct$ z foll[s4 ,! #cjj c4c4 bottle conta9+ ! gum 0 plac$ 9 a capaci\s beak] full ( hot wat]1 & ! viscosity in/rum5t 0 also surr\nd$ ) wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,!rmomet]s 7 susp5d$ bo? 9 ! beak] & ! out] j>4 ,! viscosity at ! highe/ temp]ature obta9$1 ab\t #ij ,c41 0 !n tak5 & repeat$ = e fall ( #d ,c4 till ! wat] rea*$ ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! values s obta9$ gradually dim9i%$ ) ! increase ( temp]ature4 ,f ! eta values obta9$ ! ,z values 7 calculat$1 us+ wat] at #ae ,c4 z a /&>d4 ,f ! ,z values ?us obta9$ tak5 z ! ord9ate1 & ! temp]ature ( ea* exp]im5t z ! abscissa1 curves 7 plott$ out embody+ ! results1 examples ( :i* are giv5 bel[4 ,! curves yield$ by ?ree gums #b1 #g1 & #h *ang$ betwe5 #ij ,c & #ajj ,c41 :ile gum sample #d has a curve b5d+ betwe5 #fj ,c4 & #gj ,c4 ,exp]im5tally ?is increase ( viscosity ( ! latt] gum above #fj ,c4 0 confirm$1 b ! critical po9t ( ! o!r solutions tri$ approa*es too ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t ( wat] = exp]im5ts to be conduct$ ) accuracy1 z ! temp]ature ( ! bulbs dim9i%es s5sibly :ile ! exp]im5t is be+ made4 ,if viscosity values h be5 det]m9$ x is possible to calculate ! rema9+ or int]m$iate values = ,z at any p>ticul> temp]ature f ! g5]al equation-- ,zt ,a ,bt ,ct ,z an example ( ! mode ( calculation we may quote ! foll[+4 ,a gum gave ! foll[+ values = ,z at ! temp]ature /at$3 ,gum4 #ej ,c4 ,z#ej #bbh ,gum4 #cj ,c4 ,z#cj #cci ,gum4 #bj ,c4 ,z#bj #dab f :i* ! con/ants-- ,a #eib4ii ,b -#aj4baec ,c #j4jehc c be obta9$1 & ?us ! value ( ,zt = any requir$ temp]ature4 ,! numb]s calculat$ = gums all po9t to a dim9ution 9 viscosity up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !n a gradual increase4 ,a comp>ison ( "s ( ! figures actually obta9$ 9 "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 comp>$ ) ! calculat$ figures = ! same temp]ature1 %[s _! g5]al agreem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,curves %[+ viscosity *ange ) temp]ature = ?ree typical gums4 ,a--,arabic ,,vii4 ,b--,s5egal ,,viii4 ,c--,ghatti #ae4 ,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,^u ,,viscosity--,,gum ,,vii4 --------------------------------------- ,temp]ature4 eta,z f\nd4,z calculat$4 --------------------------------------- ,c #ej #j4jbhc #bbh #bbh4jj #de #j4jcje #bdf #bdf4ee #db #j4jceb #bhd #bff4ge #ch #j4jcfh #big #bhi4jj #cd #j4jdaj #ccj #cac4jf #cj #j4jdai #cci #cci4jj #bf #j4jdde #cei #cfg4hj #bb #j4jdib #cih #cif4dg #bj #j4jeaa #dab #dab4jj #ah #j4jeca #dbh #dbh4jj --------------------------------------- ,,effect ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,^u ,,viscosity4--,,gum ,,viii4 --------------------------------------- ,temp]ature4 eta,z f\nd4,z calculat$4 --------------------------------------- ,c4 #ej #j4jdcj #cdg #cdg #df #j4jdge #chc #cga4ad #db #j4jejb #dje #cig4ji #ch #j4jeaj #daa #dbd4gc #cd #j4jege #dfc #ded4jf #cj #j4jfjb #dhe #dhe #bf #j4jfcg #eac #eag4hb #bb #j4jffg #ech #eeb4be #bj #j4jgjg #egj #egj #ah #j4jgee #fji #ehc4jg --------------------------------------- ,! con/ants = ! fir/ gum are ^? giv5 9 ! prec$+ column1 :ile = ! latt] !y 7-- ,a #gga4i3 ,b -#aa4ae3 ,c #j4jec ,z w be obs]v$1 ! effect ( heat appe>s to be ! same ^u ! two typical gum arabics quot$ above1 an increase ( temp]ature f #ah ,c4 to #ej ,c4 decreas+ ! viscosity by ne>ly "o half 9 bo? cases1 & ! same seems to be true ( mo/ gum arabics4 ,r\ghly also ! same holds good = ,ghattis1 z ! foll[+ numb]s %[3 ------------------------------------- ,gum4 ,z at #ah ,c4 ,z at #ej ,c4 ------------------------------------- ,gum arabic4 #ajaf #egi ,gum arabic4 #dbh #bbh ,gum arabic4 #fji #cdg ,gum arabic4 #eha #beh ,ghatti4 #egb #cjf ,ghatti4 #ghb #dah --------------------------------------- ,! foll[+ table %[s ! effect ( heat ^u ! viscosity ( a typical ,ghatti3 ,,ghatti ,,gum ,,no4 #ae4--,,viscosity4 ----------------------- ,temp]ature4 eta ,z4 ----------------------- ,c4 #ej #j4jeag #dah #df #j4jeha #dfh #db #j4jfbh #ejf #ch #j4jgbf #ehe #cd #j4jghh #fce #cj #j4jheg #fia #bf #j4jhhi #gag #bb #j4jiai #gda #bj #j4jidf #gfc #ah #j4jifd #ggg ----------------------- ,!re is !re=e no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! behavior ( a ,ghatti & a gum arabic on heat+4 ,"s int]e/+ results1 h[ev]1 7 obta9$ by heat+ gums1 bo? ,ghattis & arabics1 at a fix$ temp]ature = ! same "t1 cool+1 & !n aft] mak+ ! solutions up to ! orig9al volume tak+ _! viscosities at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,! effect ( heat+ = two h\rs to #fj ,c41 #hj ,c41 or #ajj ,c4 0 a small p]man5t alt]ation 9 viscosity ( ! solution1 & x w\ld !re=e seem desirable t gum solutions %\ld be made up cold to get ! maximum results4 ,! foll[+ numb]s illu/rate ?is *ange1 viz43 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,aft] heat+ to ,gum ,arabic ,)\t --------------------- #aj ,p] ,c5t4 heat4 #fj;,c4 #hj;,c4 #ajj;,c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,z at #ah;,c #egj #dfh #dgj #eag ,z at #cj;,c #dhe #djj #dbb #dci ,z at #ej;,c #cdg #bhg #beh #cja ,ghatti gum ,no4 #ae1 #e p] c5t4 ,z at #ah;,c4 #a1ajd #ghj #ffj #geh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! v>iation ( viscosity ) /r5g? ( solution 0 also /udi$ ) "o or two typical gums4 ,a #aj p] c5t4 is inv>iably m ?an twice z visc\s z a #e p] c5t4 solution4 ,! foll[+ curve 0 obta9$ f "o ( ! ,ghattis4 ,simil> results 7 %[n by o!r gums4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>iation ( ,viscosity1 ) ,dilution4 ,ghatti ,no4 #hhh4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t /rong solutions1 say ( #ej p] c5t4 /r5g?1 w\ld be m alike 9 viscosity ?an solutions ( #e p] c5t4 /r5g? ( ! same gums4 ,9 o!r words1 ! viscosity ( a gum solution %\ld be tak5 z ne>ly z possible to ! /r5g? x is us$ at1 to obta9 an exact quantitative idea ( its gumm+ value4 ,! obs]vation ( ?is fact 0 "o ( ! circum/ances :i* decid$ u to use #e p] c5t4 solutions = ! det]m9ation ( ,ghatti gum viscosities1 ! ratio betwe5 ! #e p] c5t4 & #aj p] c5t4 solutions ( gum arabics be+ r\ghly ! same z t betwe5 ! respective weights requir$ = gumm+ solutions ( equal value4 ,f obs]vation ( ! g5]al nature ( ! solutions ( ,ghatti gums1 & f ! fact t :5 all[$ to /& portions ( ! app>5tly insoluble matt] pass$ into solution1 ! hypo!sis sugge/$ itself t met>ab9 0 soluble 9 arab91 al?\gh insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,if ?is hypo!sis 7 correct1 x w\ld expla9 ! app>5t anomaly ( ,ghattis giv+ solutions ( high] viscosity ?an gum arabics1 al?\gh !y leave insoluble matt] beh9d4 ,! increase 9 viscosity w\ld be due to ! ?ick5+ ( ! arabic acid by ! met>ab94 ,moreov]1 ! solutions yield$ by v>i\s ,ghattis leav+ insoluble matt] beh9d w\ld be all ( ! same k9d1 viz41 a saturat$ solution ( met>ab9 9 arab9 m or less dilut$ by wat]4 ,/ill fur!r1 if ! insoluble residue ( a ,ghatti be ! residual met>ab9 ov] & above t requir$ to saturate ! arab91 !n x w be possible to dissolve ?is by ! addition ( m arab9 9 ! =m ( ord9>y gum arabic4 ,9 ord] to see if ?is 7 ! case ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$4 ,equal p>ts ( a ,ghatti & ( a gum arabic 7 gr\nd up toge!r & dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! result+ solution 0 cle>4 ,x 0 dilut$ until ( #aj p] c5t4 /r5g?1 & its viscosity !n tak53 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,conta9s #ej p] ,c5t4 ,ghatti4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,a4 ,pressure #bjj mm eta ,z4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c #j4beag #b1jcj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! viscosity ( ?is solution !re=e 0 consid]ably great] ?an ! mean viscosity ( ! #aj p] c5t4 solutions ( ! ,ghatti & ! gum arabic1 viz41 7#j4bhh #j4jfcf7_/b #j4ageh = ! calculat$ eta4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! increase 9 viscosity is due to ! solution ( ! met>ab94 ,next a solution 0 made f a mixture ( #gj p] c5t4 ,ghatti & #cj p] c5t4 gum arabic4 ,?is 0 also cle> & gave a consid]ably high] viscosity ?an ! previ\s solution4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,conta9s #gj p] ,c5t4 ,ghatti4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,b4 ,pressure #bjj mm eta ,z4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c #j4cagg #b1efb ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,x w be obvi\s t ! increase ( viscosity ov] ! previ\s solution 9 ?is case mu/ be due to ! small] am\nt ( ! ?9 gum arabic :i* is pres5t1 i4e41 9 ! fir/ case !re is m gum arabic ?an is requir$ to dissolve ! :ole ( ! insoluble met>ab94 ,fur!r exp]im5ts %[$ t ?is is also true ( ! second mixture1 z ! viscosities ( ! foll[+ mixtures illu/rate3 ---------------------------------------- ,/r5g? ( ,solution4 eta ,z4 ---------------------------------------- ,c4 #hj p] c5t4 ,ghatti4 #j4cfdb #b1icg ,d4 #ge p] c5t4 ,ghatti4 #j4ccjie #b1ffi ,e4 #gg4e p] c5t4 ,ghatti4#j4dhfj #c1hai ---------------------------------------- ,?is la/ solution ,e we call$ = conv5i5ce ! maximum viscosity solution1 z we believe x to be a #aj p] c5t4 solution conta9+ arab9 v ne>ly saturat$ ) met>ab94 ,z w be obs]v$1 its viscosity diff]s widely f ^? ( solutions ,c & ,d1 betwe5 :i* x lies 9 p]c5tage ( ,ghatti4 ,! fir/ nam$ solution ,c conta9s too little ( gum arabic to dissolve ! :ole ( ! met>ab94 ,consequ5tly !re is a residue left undissolv$1 :i* ( c\rse dim9i%es its viscosity4 ,! second solution ,d is too l[ 9 viscosity1 z x /ill conta9s too mu* ( ! weak gum arabic1 & z w be se5 fur!r on1 a v slight *ange 9 ! proportions increases or decreases ! viscosity enorm\sly4 ,we next tri$ a s]ies ( simil> exp]im5ts ) a ,ghatti conta9+ f> less insoluble residue & :i* consequ5tly w\ld require less gum arabic to produce a p]fect solution4 ,mixtures 7 made 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 viz43 ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- #ac4c p] ,c5t4 ,ghatti4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,f4 ,pressure #bjj mm4 eta ,z4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #j4jigf #ghg ---------------------------------------- ----- ---------------------------------------- ----- ----- #hf4f p] ,c5t4 ,ghatti4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,g4 ,pressure #bjj mm4 eta ,z4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #j4dccf #c1dig ---------------------------------------- ----- ,?is latt] solution is approa*+ fairly closely to our maximum viscosity ) ! previ\s ,ghatti1 & probably a v slight decrease 9 ! am\nt ( gum arabic w\ld br+ ab\t ! requir$ increase 9 viscosity4 ,:5 ^! exp]im5ts 7 fir/ comm5c$ we 7 /ill "u ! impression1 :i* sev]al mon?s' exp]i5ce ( work+ ) gums _h produc$1 namely1 t ! ,ghattis 7 q di/9ct 9 _! prop]ties to ord9>y gum arabics4 ,b ! new hypo!sis1 & ! exp]im5ts und]tak5 to confirm x1 %[$ cle>ly t if ! viscosity ( a gum solution dep5ds on ! ratio ( met>ab9 to arab91 !n !re is no absolute l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 a ,ghatti & a gum arabic4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a con/ant gradation betwe5 gum arabic & ,ghattis1 d[n to su* gums z *]ry gum1 consi/+ :olly ( met>ab9 & q insoluble 9 wat]4 ,!re=e ^? gum arabics :i* are l[ 9 viscosity consi/ ( ne>ly pure arab91 :ile z ! viscosity increases s does ! am\nt ( met>ab91 until we come to ,ghattis :i* conta9 m met>ab9 ?an _! arab9 c hold 9 solution1 :5 _! viscosity goes d[n aga94 ,f ^! obs]vations x w\ld foll[1 t by tak+ a gum ( less viscosity ?an ! gum arabic previ\sly us$ to dissolve ! ,ghatti1 less ( x w\ld be requir$ to d ! same "w4 ,we confirm$ ?is sugge/ion exp]im5tally by tak+ ano!r gum arabic ( viscosity #j4jeeg at #ae ,c4 ,a mixture conta9+ #ic4c p] c5t4 ( ?is ,ghatti & #f4g p] c5t4 ( our ?9ne/ gum arabic gave a cle> solution :i* _h ! highe/ viscocity we h yet obta9$ = a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ------------------------------------- ,h4 ,pressure #bjj mm4 eta ,z4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #j4eebe #d1def ------------------------------------- ,?is gum arabic may be reg>d$ z ne>ly pure arab9 7z calcium & potassium1 etc41 salt74 ,by dilut+ ! new maximum viscosity solution1 !re=e1 ) ! #aj p] c5t4 solution ( ! gum arabic 9 fix$ proportions we obta9 a s]ies ( viscosities :i* are %[n 9 ! foll[+ curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,curve ,%[+ ,influ5ce ( ,ghatti ^u ,viscosity4 ,besides obta9+ ?is curve = *ange 9 viscosity f maximum am\nt ( met>ab9 to no met>ab9 at all1 we also trac$ ! decrease 9 viscosity ( ! maximum solution by dilution ) wat]4 ,! foll[+ numb]s 7 ?us obta9$1 & plott$ out into a curve4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is curve1 we are n[ 9 a position to foll[ up ! hypo!sis by calculat+ ! surplus am\nt ( insoluble matt] 9 a ,ghatti4 ,=1 let x be conc$$ t ! solution ( any ,ghatti leav+ an insoluble residue is a mixture ( arab9 & met>ab9 9 ! same ratio z our maximum solution1 only m dilut$ ) wat]1 !n f ! f\nd viscosity we obta9 a po9t on ! curve = dilution1 :i* gives ! p]c5tage ( dissolv$ matt]4 ,n[ to %[ ! use ( ?is3 ,! ,z value = a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( ! second ,ghatti at #ae ,c4 is #b1idj4 ,?is corresponds on ! curve to #h4d dissolv$ matt]4 #aj - #h4d #a4f grammes 9 #aj grammes1 :i* is insoluble4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,viscosity ,,) ,,dilution--,,maximum ,,solution4 #ae ,c4 ,,temp]ature4 ----------------------------------- ,p]c5tage4 eta ,z4 ----------------------------------- #aj #j4eebej #d1def #i #j4dbhej #c1def #h #j4ceabj #b1hcb #g #j4bgffj #b1bcj #f #j4bbbij #a1gig #e #j4afhaj #a1cee #d #j4aahdb #iee #c #j4jhjbj #fdg #b #j4jfaij #dii #a #j4jcfaj #bia ----------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,curve ( ,v>iation 9 ,viscosity on ,dilution ( ! ,maximum ,solution4 ,we h already %[n t a maximum viscosity solution ( ?is gum is =m$ :5 #f4g p] c5t1 ( ?9 gum arabic is add$ to x1 & !re=e #f4g p>ts ( a ?9 gum arabic are requir$ to br+ #af p>ts ( met>ab9 into solution4 ,a conv5i5t rule1 !re=e1 9 ord] to obta9 complete solution ( a ,ghatti gum is to add half ! weight 9 ?9 gum ( ! insoluble met>ab9 f\nd f ! viscosity det]m9ation4 ,b ! portion ( ! gum :i* dissolv$ is made up 9 a simil> mann] 7be+ a dilut$ maximum solution74 ,!re=e ! #hd p] c5t4 ( soluble matt] conta9s #eh p>ts ( met>ab91 & ! total met>ab9 9 ?is gum is #eh #af #gd p] c5t1 on ! dry gum4 ,) ^! solutions ( high viscosity "s o!r "w 0 done :i* may be ( int]e/4 ,! temp]ature curves ( ! mixtures m>k$ ,e1 ,g1 & ,f 7 obta9$ betwe5 #fj ,c4 & #ae ,c4 ,! two =m] curves %[$ a direction practically p>allel to t at ! #aj p] c5t4 solutions1 & z !y 7 approa*+ to ! maximum solution1 ?is is :at "o w\ld expect4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,sk9n]1 ( ,cambridge1 0 also good en\gh to det]m9e ! electrical resi/ances ( ^! solutions & ! ,ghattis & gum arabics employ$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,! electrical resi/ance ( ^! gum solutions /eadily dim9i%es z ! temp]ature increases1 & ! curve is simil> to ^? obta9$ = rate ( *ange ) temp]ature4 ,al?\gh ! curves run 91 r\ghly1 ! same direction1 !re does n appe> to be any exact ratio betwe5 ! viscosities ( two gums say at #ae ,c4 & _! electrical resi/ances at ! same temp]ature2 h5ce x w\ld n seem possible to sub/itute a det]m9ation ( ! electrical resi/ance = ! viscosity det]m9ation4 ,! results appe> to be greatly influ5c$ by ! am\nt ( m9]al matt] pres5t1 gums ) ! greate/ a% giv+ l[] resi/ances4 ,exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) two ,ghattis & two gum arabics1 besides ! mixtures m>k$ ,e1 ,f1 & ,h4 ,comp>ison ( ! electrical resi/ances ) ! viscosities at #ae ,c4 %[s ! abs5ce ( any fix$ ratio betwe5 !m4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,gum or ,c4 ,ohms ,z ,viscosity ,mixture4 ,resi/ance4 at #ae ,c4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,ghatti1 #a #aj #e1ffg #a1dij ,ghatti1 #b #ae #b1bbj #b1idj ,arabic #a #ae #a1cej #fje ,arabic #b #aj #b1jba #ddi ,mixture ,f #ae #a1icj #ghg ,mixture ,e #aa4c #b1jeh #c1iai ---------------------------------------- --- ,:ile p]=m+ ^! exp]im5ts1 an attempt 0 made to obta9 an a%-free gum1 9 ord] to comp>e its viscosity ) t ( ! same gum 9 its natural /ate4 ,a gum l[ 9 a% 0 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution p\r$ on to a dialyz]1 & suffici5t hydro*loric acid add$ to conv]t ! salts into *lorides4 ,:5 ! dialyz$ gum solution ceas$ to conta9 any trace ( *lorides1 x 0 made up to a #aj p] c5t4 solution1 & its viscosity det]m9$ "u #ajj mm4 pressure1 giv+ ! foll[+ results at #ae ,c43 ------------------------------------ -------- eta ,z ------------------------------------ ,natural gum44444 #j4jeegj #ddi ,a%-free gum44 #j4jedca #dch ------------------------------------ ,?us %[+ t ! viscosity ( pure arab9 is almo/ id5tical ) t ( its salts 9 gum4 ,! yield ( furfuraldehyde by ! break+ d[n ( arab9 & met>ab9 0 ?\ght possibly to be ( "s value 9 diff]5tiat+ ! natural gums f "o ano!r1 b we h n succe$$ 9 obta9+ results ( mu* value4 #j4b gramme ( a gum 7 heat$ ) #ajj c4c4 ( #ae p] c5t4 sulphuric acid = ab\t #b h\rs 9 an ,erl5mey] flask ) a reflux cond5s]4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( "t1 fur!r treat+ did n increase ! am\nt ( furfuraldehyde produc$4 ,! acid liquid1 :i* 0 g5]ally yell[ 9 color1 0 !n cool$ & neutraliz$ ) /rong cau/ic soda4 ,! neutral or v fa9tly alkal9e solution 0 !n di/ill$ almo/ to dryness1 :5 practically ! :ole ( ! furfuraldehyde comes ov]4 ,! color produc$ by ! gum di/illate ) anil9e acetate c n[ be comp>$ ) t obta9$ f "s /&>d sub/ance treat$ simil>ly4 ,! body we h tak5 z a /&>d is ! di/illate f ! same weight ( cane sug>4 ,! t9t obta9$ ) ! /&>d 0 !n comp>$ ) t yield$ by ! gum di/illate f :i* ! respective ratios ( furfuraldehyde are obta9$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s "s ( ^! results3 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,comp>ative ,yield ,am\nt ( ,sub/ance4 ( ,furfuraldehyde4 ,glucose ,produc$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cane sug> #a4jj 44 ,/>* #j4ej 44 ,gum arabic #a4cc #cd4gb ,gum arabic #a4bj #dc4fe ,ghatti1 #a #a4jj #bf4gh ,ghatti1 #b #a4cc #bb4hf ,met>ab9 #a4ge 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! am\nt ( r$uc+ sug> calculat$ z glucose is also app5d$4 ,?is 0 e/imat$ 9 ! residue left 9 ! flask aft] di/illation by ,fehl+'s solution 9 ! usual way4 ,! yields ( furfuraldehyde w\ld appe> to h no def9ite relation to ! o!r *emical data ab\t a gum1 su* z ! pota% & b>yta absorptions or ! sug> produc$ on inv]sion4 ,! action ( gum solutions ^u pol>iz$ light is int]e/+1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t arab9 is itself /rongly lvo-rotatory alpha,d -#ii1 :ile c]ta9 gums are di/9ctly dextro-rotatory4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t "s o!r body besides arab9 is pres5t 9 ! gum4 ,we h det]m9$ ! rotatory p[] ( a numb] ( gum solutions1 ! results ( :i* are subjo9$4 ,on fir/ comm5c+ ! exp]im5ts we exp]i5c$ great difficulty f ! nature ( ! solutions4 ,mo/ ( !m are di/9ctly yell[ 9 color & almo/ opaque to light1 ev5 9 dilute solutions su* z #e p]c5t4 ,we f\nd x necess>y fir/ to blea* ! gums by a special process2 #e grammes ( gum are dissolv$ 9 ab\t #dj c4c4 ( lukew>m wat]1 !n a drop ( potassium p]manganate is add$1 & ! solution is heat$ on a wat] ba? ) con/ant /irr+ until ! p]manganate is decompos$ & ! solution becomes br[n4 ,a drop ( sodium hydrog5 sulphate is n[ add$ to de/roy excess ( p]manganate4 ,at ! same "t ! solution becomes p]fectly colorless4 ,x c n[ be cool$ d[n & made up to #ajj c4c41 yield+ a #e p] c5t4 solution ( :i* ! rotatory p[] c be tak5 ) ease4 ,us+ a #bj mm4 tube & :ite light ! above numb]s 7 obta9$4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,gum or ,dextr94 ,solution us$4 alpha,d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,p] ,c5t4 ,ad51 #a #e - #cc4h ,cape1 #b #e #bh4f ,indian1 #c #e #ff4b ,ea/]n1 #d #e - #bf4j ,ea/]n1 #e #e - #cj4f ,s5egal1 #f #e - #ag4f ,s5egal1 #g #e - #ah4d ,s5egal1 #h #b - #ai4f ,s5egal1 #i #e - #ch4b ,s5egal1 #aj #e - #be4h ,amrad #b #eg4f ,au/ralian1 #a #e - #bh4b ,au/ralian1 #b #e - #bf4d ,brazilian1 #a #b - #cf4h ,brazilian1 #b #b #ba4j ,dextr91 #a #e #adh4j ,dextr91 #b #e #acc4b ,ghatti1 #a #e - #ci4b ,ghatti1 #b #e - #hj4d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,^! numb]s d n %[ any m>k$ connection betwe5 ! viscosity1 etc41 ( a gum & its specific rotatory p[]4 ,:5 gum arabic solution is treat$ ) alcohol ! gum is precipitat$ entirely if a l>ge excess ( _s be us$4 ,) a view to see+ if ! precipitate yield$ by ! p>tial precipitation ( a gum solution 0 id5tical 9 prop]ties to ! orig9al gum1 we exam9$ sev]al su* precipitates f v>i\s gums to asc]ta9 _! rotatory p[]4 ,we f\nd 9 ea* case t ! specific rotatory p[] ( ! alcohol precipitate r$issolv$ 9 wat] 0 n ! same z t ( ! orig9al gum4 ,9 o!r words ^! gums conta9$ at lea/ two bodies ( diff]5t rotatory p[]s1 ( :i* "o is m soluble 9 alcohol ?an ! o!r4 ,o',sullivan obta9$ simil> results ) pure arab94 ,! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 7a47 ,five grammes ( a dextro-rotatory gum 7,no4 #c 9 table7 7 dissolv$ 9 #bj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,to ! solution 0 add$ #ij c4c4 ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! :ite precipitate :i* =m$ 0 ?r[n on to a t>$ filt] & wa%$ ) #cj c4c4 m alcohol4 ,! total filtrate !re=e 0 #adj c4c4 ,! precipitate 0 dri$ & weigh$ #b4gid grammes or #ee4hh p] c5t4 ( ! total gum4 ,! precipitate 0 !n r$issolv$ 9 wat]1 blea*$ z be=e & dilut$ to a #e p] c5t4 solution4 ,?is 0 !n exam9$ 9 ! pol>imet]4 ,read+s gave ! value alpha,d #eh4d4 ,! previ\s rotatory p[] ( ! gum 0 #ff4 ,n[ ! alcohol 0 driv5 (f f ! filtrate1 :i*1 all[+ = ! #aa4ie p] c5t4 ( wat] 9 ! gum1 %\ld conta9 #cb4ag p] c5t4 ( gum4 ,! alcohol-free liquid 0 !n dilut$ to a kn[n volume 7= #e p] c5t1 solution71 & alpha,j f\nd to be #eg4g4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 !n repeat$ aga91 us+ #e grammes ( ,no4 #c1 :5 #c4ehje grammes ( precipitate 7 obta9$1 us+ ! same volumes ( alcohol & wat]4 ,! precipitate gave alpha,j #eg4d2 ! filtrate treat$ z be=e1 only ! p]c5tage ( gum dissolv$ be+ directly det]m9$ in/ead ( be+ calculat$ by diff]5ce1 gave alpha,j #eb4e4 7b47 ,ano!r gum 7,no4 #i7 ) alpha,j -#ch4b & conta9+ #ac4hf p] c5t1 ( moi/ure1 gave #b4ccae grms4 ( precipitate :5 simil>ly treat$4 ,! precipitate gave :5 r$issolv$ 9 wat] alpha,j -#bj4h4 ,! filtrate conta9+ #ci4e p] c5t1 real gum gave alpha,j -#fg4e1 s t ! lea/ lvo-rotatory gum4 0 precipitat$ by ! alcohol4 ,! ,ghattis app>5tly are all lvo-rotatory1 & give mu* less alcoholic precipitates ?an ! gum arabic4 ,! precipitation moreov] 0 9 ! opposite direction1 t is1 ! mo/ lvo-rotatory gum 0 ?r[n d[n by ! alcohol4 ,! app5d$ table %[s ! nature ( ! precipitates & ! respective am\nts f two ,ghattis & two gum arabics4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! angle ( rotation 9 ?ree ( ! cases is decid$ly less bo? = precipitate & filtrate ?an = ! orig9al solution3 ,,specific ,,rotatory ,,p[]s ,,( ,,gums4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gum ,weight ,weight ,weight alpha,jalpha,j alpha,j us$4 ,gum ,alcohol ,gum ,orig9al ,alcohol ,filtrate4 ,wak54 ,precip-,filtrate ,gum4 ,precipitate4 itate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,grms4 _/a444444 #e #b4gidj #a4idae #eh4d #ec4g #c #ff4b b444444 #e #c4ehje #j4hiaj #eg4d -#eb4e _/a444444 #e #b4ccae #b4cgcf -#bj4h -#fg4e #i -#ch4b b444444#d4ifbj #b4ccaj #b4dahj -#ai4d -#fc4d _/a4#c4dijj #j4cibe #b4gibj -#ajd4b -#gf4j ,ghatti -#adj4h b4#c4bdej #j4dfje #b4hche -#ajf4j -#gb4d _/a4#b4beej #j4bijj #a4hjgh -#ajf4jd #fh4j ,ghatti -#adg4je b4#b4ffce #j4bhde #b4ccfj -#ajb4jd -#ff4b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! hygrometric nature ( a gum or dextr9 is a po9t ( consid]able importance :5 ! mat]ial is to be us$ = adhesive purposes4 ,! app>atus :i* we f9ally adopt$ aft] _m trials = te/+ ?is prop]ty consi/s simply ( a t9plate box ab\t #a ft4 squ>e1 ) two holes ( #b 94 diamet] bor$ 9 opposite sides4 ,?r\gh ^! holes is pass$ a piece ( wide glass tub+ #ah 94 long4 ,?is is fitt$ ) ,india rubb] corks at ea* end1 "o s+le & ! o!r d\ble bor$4 ,?r\gh ! d\ble bor$ cork goes a glass tube to a ,w\lffe's bottle conta9+ w>m wat]4 ,a !rmomet] is pass$ into ! int]ior ( ! tube by ! second hole4 ,! o!r /opp] is connect$ by glass tub+ to a pump1 & ?us draws w>m air lad5 ) moi/ure ?r\gh ! tube4 ,pap]s gumm$ ) ! gums or dextr9s1 etc41 to be te/$ are plac$ 9 ! tube & ! w>m moi/ air pass$ ov] !m = v>y+ p]iods1 & _! pron5ess to become /icky not$ f "t to "t4 ,by ?is means ! gums c be classifi$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y succumb$ to ! comb9$ influ5ces ( heat & moi/ure4 ,we f9d t 9 resi/+ su* influ5ces any natural gum is bett] ?an a dextr9 or a gum sub/itute conta9+ dextr9 or gelat94 ,! ,ghattis are especially good 9 )/&+ climatic *anges4 ,dextr9s conta9+ mu* />* are less hygroscopic ?an ^? :i* are ne>ly free f x1 z ! same conditions :i* promote ! complete conv]sion ( ! />* into dextr9 also favor ! production ( sug>s1 & x is to ^! sug>s probably t comm]cial dextr9 owes its hygroscopic nature4 ,we h be5 9 "p able to confirm ^! results by a s]ies ( te/s ( ! same gums 9 ,india1 b h n yet obta9$ in=mation z to _! behavior 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye>4 ,! f]m5tation ( natural gum solutions is accompani$ by a decrease 9 ! viscosity ( ! liquid & ! sep>ation ( a portion ( ! gum 9 lumps4 ,app>5tly ^? gums :i* conta9 mo/ sug>1 z indicat$ by _! r$uction ( ,fehl+'s solution1 are ! mo/ susceptible to ?is *ange4 ,oxalic acid is =m$ by ! f]m5tation1 :i* by comb9ation ) ! lime pres5t r5d]s ! f]m5t+ liquid turbid1 & also "s volatile acid1 probably acetic4 ,we h made "s exp]im5ts ) a gum :i* readily f]m5t$--9 a week--z to ! respective value ( v>i\s antiseptics 9 ret>d+ ! f]m5tation4 ,portions ( ! gum solutions 7 mix$ ) small quantities ( m5?ol1 ?ymol1 salol1 & sac*>9 9 alkal9e solution1 also ) boric acid1 sodium phosphate1 & pota% alum 9 aque\s solution4 ,)9 a week a gr[? appe>$ 9 a portion to :i* no antiseptic _h be5 add$2 ! o!rs rema9$ cle>4 ,aft] ov] five mon?s ! solutions 7 aga9 exam9$1 :5 ! foll[+ results 7 obs]v$3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,antiseptics4 ,solution aft] ,five ,mon?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,m5?ol 9 ,,koh44444 ,"s gr[? at bottom1 upp] lay] cle>4 ,?ymol 9 ,,koh44444 ,gr[? at top1 gum :ite & opaque4 ,salol 9 ,,koh44444444 ,gr[? at top1 gum black & opaque ,sac*>9 9 ,,koh 444 ,:ite gr[? at top4 ,boric acid444444444444 ,rema9$ cle>2 did n smell4 ,sodium phosphate 444 ,slight gr[? at top4 ,pota% alum444444444 ,slight gr[? at top4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! solution to :i* no antiseptic _h be5 add$ 0 ( c\rse q putrid1 & gave ! reactions = acetic acid4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is pap] we h giv5 a %ort acc\nt ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! m important gum sub/itutes4 ,! foll[+ additional notes may be ( int]e/4 ,! a%es ( mo/ gum sub/itutes1 consi/+ *iefly ( dextr91 are *>act]iz$ by ! high p]c5tage ( *lorides !y conta91 due no d\bt to ! use ( hydro*loric acid 9 _! prep>ation4 ,! soluble con/itu5ts ( ! a% consi/ ( neutral alkal9e salts1 b z a rule no alkal9e c>bonates1 & x is ?us possible to demon/rate ! abs5ce ( any natural gum 9 su* a comp\nd4 ,we h seldom notic$ ! pres5ce ( any sulphates 9 su* a%es1 b :5 sulphur\s or sulphuric acids h be5 us$ 9 ! />* conv]sion x w be f\nd 9 small quantities4 ,we h already po9t$ out t ! pota% absorption value ( a gum is l[ & t dextr9s give high numb]s1 b ! latt] v>y v consid]ably1 & z ! />* & sug> pres5t also influ5ce ! pota% absorption value1 x does n give in=mation ( mu* s]vice4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! k9d ( results obta9$3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,sample4 ,,koh ,/>*4 ,real ,gum4 absorb$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p] ,c5t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,dextr91 #a #be4dj #a4ii 44 ,dextr91 #b #ai4gj #ac4ac 44 ,dextr91 #c #g4eg #bd4gb 44 ,artificial gum1 #a #ai4gj #aj4ih #i4jj ,artificial gum1 #b #ac4gj #h4je #bc4ej ,/>* #i4dc #ajj4jj ,none ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! b>yta absorptions seem to be *iefly due to ! quantity ( />* pres5t 9 ! composition3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sample4 ,/>*4 ,ba,o absorb$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p] ,c5t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,dextr91 #a #a4ii #a4ge ,dextr91 #b #ac4ac #c4ec ,dextr91 #c #bd4gb #e4fd ,/>* #ajj4jj #bc4fa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! viscosity ( a dextr9 or artificial gum is det]m9$ 9 exactly ! same way z a natural gum1 us+ #aj p] c5t4 solutions4 ,x w\ld probably be an improvem5t to use #aj p] c5t4 solutions = _m ( ! dextr9s1 z !y are :5 l[ 9 />* extremely ?94 ,! hygroscopic nature ( dextr9s r5d]s !m unsuitable = =eign "w1 b :5 ! quantity ( />* is appreciable1 bett] results are obta9able4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( unalt]$ />* is usually accompani$ ) a small p]c5tage ( sug>1 & no d\bt ?is is ! explanation ( ?is fact4 ,an admixture conta9+ natural gum ( c\rse behav$ bett] ?an :5 no su* gum is pres5t4 ,bodies l arabol made up ) wat] & conta9+ gelat9 are v hygroscopic :5 dry1 al?\gh z sold !y lose wat] on exposure to ! air4 ,gum sub/itutes consi/+ entirely ( "s =m ( gelat9 ) wat]1 l fi% glue1 are also some:at hygroscopic :5 dri$4 ,! behavior ( ^! artificial gums & dextr9s on exposure to a w>m moi/ atmosph]e c be det]m9$ 9 ! same app>atus z describ$ = gums4 ,! process we h adopt$ = e/imat+ ! glucose />* & dextr9 9 comm]cial gum sub/itutes is bas$ on ,c4 ,han(sky's me?od = ! assay ( brew]s' dextr9s 7?is ,j\rnal1 #h1 #efa74 ,a weigh$ quantity ( ! dextr9 is dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 filt]$ f any insoluble />*1 & !n ! glucose det]m9$ directly 9 ! cle> filtrate by ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! real dextr9 is det]m9$ by inv]t+ a portion ( ! filt]$ liquid ) ,h,cl1 & !n det]m9+ its r$uc+ p[]4 ,! />* is e/imat$ by inv]t+ a portion ( ! solid dextr91 & det]m9+ ! glucose =m$ by ,fehl+4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! am\nts due to ! orig9al glucose & ! inv]t$ dextr9 pres5t1 ! residue is calculat$ z />*4 ,a det]m9ation ( ! acidity ( ! solution is also made ) dec9ormal soda1 & results return$ 9 numb] ( c4c4 alkali requir$ to neutralize #ajj grammes ( ! dextr94 ,results we h obta9$ us+ ?is me?od are embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,analysis ,,( ,,gum ,,sub/itutes ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 ,glucose4 ,dextr94 ,/>*4 ,moi/ure4 ,gum1 ,a%4 ,acidity4 c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- cc4 #a #h4ib #ha4eg #a4ii #aj4ab ,none #j4bjg #eg4c #b #g4ai #ga4df #ac4ac #aj4dj ,none #j4abj #dd4h #c #a4bi #fi4db #bd4gb #d4ag #a4ab #j4bhj #e4bb #d #h4dj #fj4ih #aj4ih #aj4ji #i4jb #j4ecj #bj4j #e #aj4fj #dd4ih #h4je #ab4bj #bc4eg #j4fjj #eb4j #f #ad4hj #aa4eg #cf4df #cd4hg #a4hi #j4ehj #h4j #g #h4jj #bi4fa #bf4gh #cc4ih #j4hh #j4gej #hh4j #h #b4bi #eb4ch #cg4fe ,none #g4cce #j4cae #i4f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! sub/itute is made by admixture ) gelat9 or liquid glue ! quantity ( o!r organic matt] obta9$ c be *eck$ by a ,kjeldahl det]m9ation ( ! total nitrog54 ,if a natural gum is add$1 x w be p>tially conv]t$ into sug> :5 ! filt]$ liquid is inv]t$1 & s make ! dextr9 det]m9ation slightly too high4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,cailletet',s ,,cryog54 ,! cryog51 a new app>atus con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,ducretet1 f in/ructions giv5 by ,mr4 ,cailletet1 is design$ = effect+ a fall ( temp]ature ( f #gj to #hj ,c4 bel[ z]o1 ?r\gh ! expansion ( liquid c>bonic acid4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two conc5tric vessels hav+ an annul> space betwe5 !m ( a few c5timet]s4 ,a worm1 ,s1 is plac$ 9 ! int]nal vessel ,r4 ,all ?is is ( nickel plat$ copp]4 ,! worm1 ,s c>ries1 at ,ro'1 an expansion cock & ends1 at ,o 9 ! annul> space1 ,r'4 ,a v /rong tube is fix$ to ! cock1 ,ro'1 & to ! ajutage1 ,a'4 ,x receives ! tube1 ,tu1 :i*1 at ! "t ( an exp]im5t1 is c\pl$ ) ! cyl9d] ( c>bonic acid1 ,,co4 ,a tubulure1 ,d1 usually clos$ by a plug1 ,bo1 communicates ) ! inn] receptacle1 ,r4 ,?is is capable ( s]v+ 9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9 cond5sation4 ,! table1 ,ta1 ( ! tripod receives ! v>i\s vessels or bottles = ! cond5s$ products4 ,! entire app>atus is plac$ 9 a box1 ,b1 l9$ ) silk wa/e & provid$ ) a cov]1 ,c1 ( ! same /ructure4 ,ap]tures1 ,?1 ,ro1 & ,t1 all[ ( ! passage ( a key = act+ ^u ! cock1 ,ro'1 z well z ( !rmomet]s & /irr]s if !y are necess>y4 ,:5 x is desir$ to op]ate1 ! int]nal vessel1 ,r1 is fill$ ) alcohol 7#c qu>ts = ! ord9>y model74 ,?is s]ves z a refrig]ant ba? = ! exp]im5ts to be made4 ,! worm1 ,s1 hav+ be5 put 9 communication ) ! c>bonic acid cyl9d]1 ,,co1 ! cock1 ,ro1 ( ! latt] is turn$ full on4 ,! cock ( ! worm1 :i* is clos$1 is op5$ slightly4 ,! vaporization & expansion ( ! liquid c>bonic acid cause x to congeal 9 ! =m ( sn[1 :i* di/ributes itself & circulates 9 ! worm1 ,s1 & !n 9 ,r4 ,! flakes ?us com+ 9 contact ) ! metallic sides ( ,s rapidly return to ! gase\s /ate & produce an en]getic refrig]ation4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! annul> space1 ,r'1 are plac$ fragm5ts ( sponge impregnat$ ) alcohol4 ,! sn[ t has trav]s$ ! worm )\t vaporiz+ rea*es ,r'4 & dissolves 9 ?is alcohol1 & ! refrig]ation t results !refrom completes ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature4 ,! gas f9ally escapes at ,o1 & !n ?r\gh ! b5t tube1 ,t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cailletet',s ,,cryog54 ,! app>atus may be con/ruct$ ) an inv]se circulation1 ! c>bonic acid !n ent]+ ! annul> vessel1 ,r1 directly1 & aft]w>d ! worm1 ,s1 :5ce x escapes to ! ext]ior ( ! app>atus4 ,! expansion cock sometimes becomes ob/ruct$ by ! solidification ( ! sn[4 ,x w !n suffice to wait until ! circulation becomes re-e/abli%$ ( itself4 ,x may be br\ght ab\t by giv+ ! cock1 ,ro'1 a few turns ) ! wood5 h&l$ key t s]ves to maneuv] ! latt]4 ,x is n necess>y to h a l>ge dis*>ge ( c>bonic acid1 & consequ5tly ! expansion cock ne$s to be op5$ b a little bit4 ,a few m9utes suffice to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! alcohol ba? to #gj1 ) an output ( ab\t f #d to #e lb4 ( liquid c>bonic acid4 ,:5 ! circulation is arre/$1 ! app>atus ?us surr\nd$ by its isolat+ protective jackets becomes heat$ aga9 ) extreme sl[ness4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 x 0 obs]v$ t at ! end ( n9e h\rs ! temp]ature ( ! alcohol _h ris5 b f #gj to #bb4 ,on inject+ a v small quantity ( liquid c>bonic acid f "t to "t1 a s5sibly con/ant & extremely l[ temp]ature may be ma9ta9$ indef9itely4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,me?od ,,( ,,produc+ ,,alcohol4 ,9 c>ry+ out my improv$ process 9 & ) ! app>atus employ$ 9 ord9>y comm]cial di/ill]ies1 says ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,spr+]1 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,o41 ,i pref]ably employ sep>ate vats or tubs = ! nitric acid solution & ! mat]ial to be treat$1 & a conv5i5t arrangem5t is to locate ! nitric acid tub directly "u ! gra9 tub1 s t "o may dis*>ge into ! o!r4 ,9 ! upp] vat is plac$ ! f>9ace\s mat]ial1 pref]ably gr\nd1 ?or\ghly /eep$ 9 ?ree times its weight ( wat]1 &1 :]e :ole gra9 is us$1 pref]ably cook$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,! vat into :i* ! dilute acid is plac$ is an ord9>y cook+ tub ( suitable mat]ial to resi/ ! acid1 provid$ ) clos$ /eam coils & also nozzles = ! dis*>ge ( /eam into ! conta9$ mass4 ,into ?is vat is plac$ = ea* "o hundr$ p>ts ( ! gra9 to be treat$ "o "p ( comm]cial nitric acid dilut$ ) fifty p>ts ( wat] & br\ght to a /ate ( ebullition & agitation by ! /eam coils & ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! nozzles1 ! latt] be+ regulat$ s t ! ga9 by cond5sation ( /eam approximately equals ! loss by evaporation4 ,! f>9ace\s cont5ts ( ! upp] vat are all[$ to fl[ sl[ly into ! nitric acid solution :ile ! ebullition & agitation ( ! mass is cont9u$4 ,?is condition is !n ma9ta9$ = six to eight h\rs1 aft] :i* ! mass is all[$ to /& = "o day or until ! sac*>ification becomes complete4 ,! conv]sion c be foll[$ by ! iod9e te/ = int]m$i>y dextr9s & ! alcohol te/ = dextr94 ,aft] ! sac*>ification is complete ,i may p>tially or :olly neutralize ! nitric acid1 pref]ably ) potassium or ,ammonium c>bonate1 pref]ably employ+ only "o-half ! am\nt necess>y to neutralize ! orig9al quantity ( nitric acid us$1 s t ! mass n[ ready to und]go f]m5tation has an acid reaction4 ,! purpose 9 view "h is to keep ! peptones 9 solution also1 because an acid m$ium is be/ adapt$ to ! propagation ( ! yea/ cells4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to ev5 p>tially neutralize ! nitric acid1 b x is pref]able4 ,yea/ is n[ add$1 & ! rema9+ processes are simil> to ^? g5]ally employ$ 9 di/ill]ies1 except+ t j prior to di/illation potassium c>bonate suffici5t to neutralize ! rema9+ nitric acid is add$1 9 ord] to avoid corrosion ( ! /ill & correct ! acid reaction ( ! slop4 ,z a v>iant ( ! process ,i sometimes add to ! usual am\nt ( nitric acid an additional "o "o-hundr$? "p ( phosphoric acid on acc\nt ( its b5eficial nutritive p[]s--t is to say1 to "o hundr$ p>ts ( gra9 "o "p ( nitric acid & "o "o-hundr$? "p ( phosphoric acid4 ,:ile my improv$ process is bas$ on ! well-kn[n conv]t+ p[] ( acids on />*1 ,i am n aw>e t x has ev] be5 appli$ 9 ! mann] & = ! purposes ,i h describ$4 ,= example1 sulphuric & hydro*loric1 also sulphuric & nitric1 acids h be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( glucose2 b 9 e su* case ! result+ products 7 n capable ( sup]s$+ ^? obta9$ by ! exi/+ me?ods ( sac*>ification us$ 9 di/ill]ies4 ,9 my process1 on ! o!r h&1 ! product is s capable4 ,n only may malt$ gra9 be entirely omitt$1 b m f]m5table products are =m$ & ! products ( f]m5tation are pur]4 ,! sac*>ification be+ m complete1 !re are less int]m$i>y & nonf]m5table dextr9s1 & ! yield ( spirits is !re=e increas$4 ,malt$ gra9 be+ omitt$ or us$ 9 r$uc$ quantity1 !re is less lactic acid & few or =eign f]m5ts to contam9ate ! f]m5t+ mass2 also1 ! =mation ( high] alcohols ?an ! e?yl alcohol is almo/ totally suppress$4 ,consequ5tly ! f9al yield ( spirits is pur] 9 quality & requires little or no fur!r purification4 ,also1 fur!r1 ! nitrates !mselves act+ z nutri5ts to ! yea/ cells1 ^! become m active & require less nutrition to be tak5 f ! gra94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spectroscopic ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,( ,,dry ,,plates4 ,aft] describ+ o!r me?ods ( det]m9+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( plates1 ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,williams1 9 ! ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photo41 ?us expla9s 8 plan4 ,i w n[ expla9 ! me?od ,i adopt to asc]ta9 ! relative s5sitiv5ess ( plates to daylight4 ,procure a small direct vision pocket spectroscope1 hav+ adju/able slit & slid+ focus4 ,to ! front ( any ord9>y cam]a t w ext5d to sixte5 or eighte5 in*es1 fit a tempor>y front ( s(t p9e half an in* ?ick1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ?is bore neatly ) a c5t] bit a hole ( su* diamet] z w take ! eye end ( ! spectroscope2 unscrew ! eyehole1 & pu% ! tube into ! hole 9 wood1 bu%+ ! hole1 if necess>y1 ) a /rip ( black velvet glu$ 9 to make a tight fit4 ,by fix+ ! small] tube 9 ! front ( cam]a we c focus by slid+ ! out] tube !reon2 if we fix ! l>g] tube 9 ! front1 we %\ld h to focus inside ! cam]a1 obvi\sly mo/ inconv5i5t 9 practice4 ,place ! front c>ry+ ! spectroscope 9 situ 9 ! cam]a1 & rack ! latt] out to its full ext5t2 po9t ! cam]a t[>d a bright sky1 or ! sun itself1 if y c1 :ile y endeavor to get a good focus4 ,! spectrum w be se5 on ! gr\nd glass1 probably equal 9 dim5sions to t ( a qu>t] plate4 ,proce$ to focus by slid+ ! out] tube to & fro until ! colors are q cle> & di/9ct1 & at same "t screw d[n ! slit until ! ,fraunh(] l9es appe>4 ,by us+ ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & focus+ c>efully1 & adju/+ ! slit to ! correct wid?1 ! l9es c be got fairly %>ply4 ,slide y\r front s t ! spectrum falls on ! gr\nd glass 9 j su* a position z a qu>t] plate glass w\ld occupy :5 9 ! d>k slide1 & arrange matt]s s t ! r$ comes to y\r left1 & ! violet to ! "r1 & inv>iably adopt t plan4 ,x is advisable to include ! d\ble ,h l9es 9 ! violet on ! "r h& edge ( y\r plate4 ,!y af=d an un]r+ po9t f :i* y c calculate backw>d1 f9d+ ,g1 ,f1 ,e1 etc41 by _! relative positions to ! violet l9es4 ,o!rwise y may be mi/ak5 z to :at portion ( ! spectrum y are really photograph+4 ,! r$ %\ld j be se5 along ! left edge ( ! qu>t] plate4 ,:5 all is arrang$ ?us1 y utilize ?ree-f\r?s ( y\r plate ) ! spectrum1 ) j a little cle> glass at ea* end4 ,be=e di/urb+ ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus1 x is desirable to scrat* a m>k on ! slid+ tube1 & make a memor&um ( ! position ( all ! p>ts1 s t !y may be tak5 away & replac$ exactly & ?us save "t 9 future4 ,to take a photograph ( ! spectrum1 put a qu>t] plate 9 ! d>k slide & place 9 cam]a2 po9t ! cam]a t[>d a bright sky1 or :ite cl\d1 ne> ! sun--n at ! sun1 z !re is consid]able difficulty 9 keep+ ! direct rays exactly 9 ! axis ( ! spectroscope--draw ! %utt]1 & give1 say1 sixty seconds4 ,on developm5t1 y w probably obta9 a good spectrum at ! fir/ trial4 ,! duration ( exposure mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! brightness ( ! day2 b if ! exp]im5ts are to h relative values1 ! p]iod ( exposure mu/ be di/9ctly not$1 & comp>isons made = a normal exposure ( sixty seconds1 n9ety seconds1 two m9utes or m1 j accord+ to :atev] object "o has 9 view 9 mak+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,) a giv5 exposure ! results w v>y ) ! light & ! wid? ( ! slit1 z well z be+ influ5c$ by ! "* ( ! in/rum5t itself4 ,fur!r1 all su* exp]im5ts %\ld be made ) a normal develop]1 & developm5t cont9u$ = a def9ite "t4 ,! only exception to ?is rule w\ld be 9 ! ev5t ( wi%+ to asc]ta9 ! utmo/ t c\ld be got out ( a plate1 b1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! develop] ought nev] to v>y1 nor yet ! duration ( developm5t4 ,to try ! effect ( v>i\s develop]s1 or v>y+ "t 9 developm5t1 a dep>ture mu/ be made ( su* a nature z w\ld op]ate to br+ out ^u ea* plate1 or piece ( a plate1 ! utmo/ x w\ld develop %ort ( fog1 aga9/ :i* caution mu/ be adopt$ 9 all spectrum exp]im5ts4 ,on developm5t1 say = "o1 two1 or ?ree m9utes1 wa% (f & fix4 ,y w recognize ! ,h violet l9es & ! o!rs to ! left1 & ?is exp]im5t %[s :at is ! s5sitiv5ess ( ?is p>ticul> plate to ! v>i\s regions ( ! spectrum ) ?is p>ticul> app>atus1 & ) a normal exposure & developm5t4 ,s f>1 ?is tea*es v little2 x m]ely indicates t ?is p>ticul> plate is s5sitive or ins5sitive to c]ta9 rays ( color$ light4 ,to make ?is tea*+ ( any value1 we mu/ in/itute comp>isons4 ,accord+ly1 in/ead ( simply expos+ "o plate1 suppose we cut a /rip f two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 half a doz5 diff]5t plates1 & arrange !m side by side1 horizontally1 9 ! d>k slide1 s t ! spectrum falls ^u ! :ole :5 !y are plac$ 9 ! cam]a & expos$4 ,!re is really no difficulty 9 cutt+ /rips a qu>t] ( an in* wide1 ! l5g?way ( a qu>t] plate4 ,lay ! gelat9e plate film up1 & hold a /raight edge on x firmly1 s t :5 we use a suitable diamond we c pl[ ?r\gh ! film & cut a /rip :i* w break (f easily betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,a qu>t] plate c ?us be cut up into /rips to yield ab\t a doz5 comp>ative exp]im5ts4 ,:5 cut & snapp$ (f1 m>k ea* ) p5cil ) su* a di/+ui%+ m>k z %all be cle>ly se5 aft] fix+4 ,! cut up /rips c be kept 9 ! mak]'s plate box4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! deep d[n und]gr\nd electric railway 9 ,london has s f> prov$ an unpr(itable conc]n = its /ockhold]s4 ,x is #c miles long1 t\*es "s ( ! greate/ po9ts ( traffic1 b someh[ or o!r p won't patronize x4 ,! total receipts = ! la/ six mon?s 7 a little "u #ajj1jjj1 & !y only c>ri$ sev5te5 p]sons p] tra9 mile4 ,on ?is road ! pass5g]s are c>ri$ on elevators up & d[n f ! /reet level to ! c>s4 ,! poor results s f> make ! /ockhold]s sick ( ! project ( ext5d+ ! road4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,value ,conta9$ 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,munn ,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,magaz9e ( ,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,l>ge/ ,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,build+2 ,,edition ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs1 ,munn2 ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s' ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 ,i :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 f>e invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,publi%$ ,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,! ,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t4 ,janu>y ,i1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,! ,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,comb9$ ,rates4--,"o copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican & "o copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts6 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co41 9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 cont9ue to exam9e improvem5ts1 & to act z ,solicitors ( ,pat5ts = ,inv5tors4 ,9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess !y h _h =ty-five ye>s exp]i5ce1 & n[ h unequal$ facilities = ! prep>ation ( ,pat5t ,draw+s1 ,specifications1 & ! prosecution ( ,applications = ,pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also att5d to ! prep>ation ( ,caveats1 ,copyrights = ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignm5ts1 & ,reports on ,infr+em5ts ( ,pat5ts4 ,all bus9ess intru/$ to !m is done ) special c>e & promptness1 on v reasonable t]ms4 ,a pamphlet s5t free ( *>ge1 on application1 conta9+ full in=mation ab\t ,pat5ts & h[ to procure !m2 directions conc]n+ ,labels1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,pat5ts1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infr+em5ts1 ,assignm5ts1 ,reject$ ,cases4 ,h9ts on ! ,sale ( ,pat5ts1 etc4 ,we also s5d1 free ( *>ge1 a ,synopsis ( ,=eign ,pat5t ,laws1 %[+ ! co/ & me?od ( secur+ pat5ts 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,solicitors ,,( ,,pat5ts1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,bran* ,(fices4--,nos4 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/reet1 ,pacific ,build+1 ne> #g? ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4