,note3 ,! spell+ ( "s place names 9 !   
index diff]s       f t giv5 9 ! ma9     
text4      ,,h[ ,,to ,,obs]ve ,,9       
,,ar*aeology  ,sugge/ions = ,travell]s 9
 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/  ,,! ,,briti%    
,,museum  #aibj        ,,cont5ts        
,preface4  ,by ,sir ,f4 ,g4 ,keynon     
,,"p ,i  ,*apt]  ,i4   ,,introductory4  
,by ,g4 ,f4 ,hill ,*apt] ,,ii4          
,,me?od4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie    
,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,briti%           
,,in/itutions ,,& ,,societies ,,conc]n$ 
,,) ,,! ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,! ,,ne> ,,&  
,,middle ,,ea/  ,,li/ ,,( ,,!           
,,ar*aeological ,,jo9t ,,committee      
,,"p ,,ii  ,,introductory ,,note ,*apt] 
,i4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts4 ,*apt]   ,,ii4  
,,greece ,,prop]4 ,by ,t4 ,p4 ,droop    
,*apt]  ,,iii4 ,,asia  ,,m9or4 ,by ,j4  
,g4 ,c4 ,&]son & ,j4 ,l4 ,myres ,*apt]  
,,iv4 ,,cyprus4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,myres      
,*apt]    ,v4 ,,c5tral ,,& ,,nor?       
,,syria4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? ,*apt]      
,,vi4 ,,pale/9e4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,s4        
,macali/] ,*apt]  ,,vii4 ,,egypt4 ,by   

,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie ,*apt] ,,viii4  
,,mesopotamia4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,hall        
,,app5dix  ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,laws ,,(    
,,antiquities  ,,index     ,,li/ ,,(    
,,illu/rations ,,& ,,tables  ,"s        
,hi]oglyphic ,signs liable to be confus$
 ) ea* o!r ,fl9t ,implem5ts ,types (    
,greek ,pott]y1 c4 ,greek ,alphabets    
,asia ,m9or ,pott]y types ,hittite      
,inscriptions1 c4 ,bil+ual 7,greek &    
,cypriote7 ,d$ication to ,demet] &      
,p]sephone f ,curium ,syrian ,pott]y4   
,syrian ,weapons1 c4 ,we/ ,semitic      
,alphabets ,we/ ,semitic ,num]als       
,pale/9ian ,pott]y types ,egyptian      
,pott]y types ,mesopotamian ,pott]y1    
,seals1 c4 ,cunei=m & o!r ,scripts      
,,preface   ,?is ,h&book is int5d$      
prim>ily = ! use ( travell]s 9 ! ,ne> & 
,middle ,ea/ :o are int]e/$ 9           
antiquities )\t be+ already tra9$       
ar*aeologi/s4 ,x is ! outcome ( a       
recomm5dation made by ! ,ar*aeological  
,jo9t ,committee1 a body rec5tly        
e/abli%$1 on ! initiative ( ! ,briti%   

,academy & at ! reque/ ( ! ,=eign       
,(fice1 to focus ! k & exp]i5ce (       
,briti% s*ol>s & ar*aeologi/s & to place
 x at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5t :5 advice
 or in=mation is ne$$ ^u matt]s connect$
 ) ar*aeological sci5ce4 ,! ,committee  
is compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! pr9cipal
 ,engli% societies connect$ )           
,ar*aeology1 & x is hop$ t x may be     
recogniz$ z ! natural body ( ref]5ce1   
bo? = ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts & = ! public1
 on matt]s connect$ ) ar*aeological     
rese>* 9 =eign l&s4 ,x repres5ts no "o  
in/itution & no "o int]e/4 ,its purpose 
is to protect ! int]e/s ( ar*aeological 
sci5ce1 to secure a sane & enlight5$    
adm9i/ration ( antiquities 9 ! l&s :i*  
are n[ be+ m fully op5$ to rese>*1 & to 
promote ! advance ( k 9 ! sph]es to :i* 
its compet5ce ext5ds4  ,"o means ( s]v+ 
?is cause is to provide in=mation = !   
guidance ( travell]s 9 ! l&s (          
antiquity4 ,mu* k is lo/ because x comes
 9 ! way ( ^? :o d n "k h[ to pr(it by x
 or to record x4 ,accord+ly1 j z !      

,natural ,hi/ory ,museum has issu$ a    
s]ies ( pamphlets ( advice to !         
collectors ( natural hi/ory specim5s1 s 
x has be5 ?\ght t a h&book ( elem5t>y   
in=mation & advice may be f\nd ( s]vice 
by travell]s ) ar*aeological ta/es2 & ! 
,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum h und]tak5 
! publication ( x4 ,! h&book has be5    
prep>$ by a numb] ( p]sons1 ^: compet5ce
 is beyond dispute2 & ! ?anks ( all :o  
f9d x useful are due to ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4    
,hill 7:o has act$ z g5]al editor z well
 z "p au?or71 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s     
,petrie1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,pr(4 ,j4 
,l4 ,myres1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,c4 ,&]son1    
,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,droop1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4  
,macali/]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,hall1 ,mr4 ,a4 
,j4 ,b4 ,wace1 ,mr4 #j4 ,m4 ,dalton1    
,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,hobson1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4      
,=sdyke1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,r4   
,a4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 & ,pr(4  
,g4 ,a4 ,cooke4 ,ea* contributor has be5
 left consid]able latitude z to ! me?od 
( treatm5t ( ! subject allott$ to him1 &
 no attempt has be5 made to br+ ! v>i\s 

sections into uni=mity ( patt]n4 ,ow+ to
 ,pr(4 ,petrie's abs5ce 9 ,egypt1 x has 
n be5 possible to submit f9al pro(s ( 8 
contributions to him4  ,sugge/ions =    
improvem5t 9 future editions w be       
welcom$1 & w no d\bt be =?com+ z !      
result ( exp]i5ce4 ,mean:ile x is hop$ t
 ?is little book w accompany _m         
travell]s 9 =eign l&s1 & t ! lab\r      
exp5d$ on x w be> fruit 9 ! improv$     
obs]vation & record ( ar*aeological     
data1 9 e/abli%+ s\nd pr9ciples = !     
adm9i/ration ( antiquities1 & 9 en=c+   
prop] me?ods ( excavation & cons]vation4
 ,x may also be f\nd ( s]vice by ^? :o  
/udy ! results ( rese>* z !y appe> 9    
museums4  ,f4 ,g4 ,,k5yon4     ,,"p ,i  
,,*apt] ,i   ,,introductory   ,! h9ts   
:i* x is ! object ( ?is volume to convey
 are n meant = exp]i5c$ ar*aeologi/s4   
,!y are r address$ to ^? :o1 :ile anxi\s
 to obs]ve & record ! antiquities :i* !y
 may see on _! travels1 are likely1 ow+ 
to lack ( tra9+1 to miss ?+s t may be ( 
importance1 or1 hav+ obs]v$ !m1 to br+  

home an imp]fect record4 ,x is hop$ also
 t !y may cat* ! att5tion ( "s ( ^? :o  
are n int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 b1 com+ into 
possession ( antiquities1 may unwitt+ly 
d incalculable h>m by all[+ !m to be    
de/roy$ or disp]s$ be=e any record has  
be5 made4  ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! c\ntries 
) :i* we are conc]n$1 h _! ,laws (      
,antiquities4 ,x _c be too /rongly      
insi/$ t ^? laws1 ev5 if !y might be    
bett] ?an !y are1 %\ld be obey$ by !    
travell]4 ,he %\ld famili>ize himself ) 
_! ma9 provisions1 :i* are summ>iz$ 9 an
 ,app5dix4 ,! travell] :o makes x 8     
object to loot a c\ntry ( its           
antiquities1 smuggl+ objects out ( x &  
disguis+ ! s\rces f :i* !y are obta9$1  
does a di/9ct dis-s]vice to             
ar*aeological sci5ce4 ,al?\gh he may    
enri* collections1 public or private1   
half or m ?an half ( ! sci5tific value (
 8 acquisitions is de/roy$ by ! fact t  
_! prov5ance is kept secret or falsely  
/at$4 ,su* action is equival5t to te>+  
out :ole pages f a hi/ory & de/roy+ !m =

 ev]1 = ea* antiquity1 :atev] x may be1 
is 9 its way a "p ( hi/ory1 :e!r (      
politics1 arts1 or civilization4 ,= !   
same reason any?+ l unau?oriz$          
excavation1 especially by unskill$ h&s1 
is gravely to be deprecat$4 ,to dig an  
anci5t site unskilfully or )\t keep+ a  
prop] record is to oblit]ate "p ( a     
manuscript :i* no "o else w ev] be able 
to read4 ,! t5d5cy ( rec5t legislation  
is to all[ m g5]\s t]ms 9 ! matt] (     
lic5ces = export to excavators &        
collectors1 & ! h>%] provisions ( "s ( !
 exi/+ laws are likely soon to be am5d$4
  ,be=e leav+ home1 ! travell] w be well
 advis$ to make inquiries at ! museums  
or at ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ar*aeological   
societies :i* conc]n !mselves specially 
) ! places :i* he int5ds to visit4 ,a   
li/ ( ^! museums & societies is app5d$  
to ?is section 7p4 #bf74 ,x is h>dly    
necess>y to w>n him t ar*aeological     
tra9+ _c be acquir$ 9 a few days1 & t he
 w h to buy 8 exp]i5ce 9 v>i\s ways2 b !
 m "t he c devote to work+ ?r\gh !      

collections 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! m useful w  
be 8 obs]vations abroad4 ,he w be able  
to le>n :at k9d ( antiquities x is      
especially desirable to look =1 n m]ely 
) ! object ( fill+ gaps 9 ! public      
collections1 b = ! advancem5t (         
ar*aeological k 9 g5]al4  ,! object (   
ar*aeological travel & excavation is n  
to collect antiquities s t !y may be    
arrang$ accord+ to ! exi/+ catalogues ( 
museums1 b to collect fre% in=mation to 
amplify & correct :at we n[ "k1 to make 
our k ( ! pa/ m complete & useful4  ,on 
arrival 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 *oice1 he is     
recomm5d$ to cont9ue at ! ,national     
,museum ! /udy1 :i* we suppose he has   
already begun 9 ! museums at home1 ( !  
k9d ( antiquities :i* he is likely to   
come across4 ,b he %\ld also take an    
e>ly opportunity ( gett+ into t\* ) !   
local ,briti% ,ar*aeological ,s*ool or  
o!r simil> in/itution1 :]e he w receive 
advice :at to look = & :]e & h[ to look1
 & assi/ance 9 procur+ suitable         
equipm5t4 ,?us ! travell] :o />ts f     

,a!ns or ,j]usalem %\ld apply at !      
,briti% ,s*ool ( ,ar*aeology4 ,he may   
!re1 x he desires1 receive in/ruction 9 
any ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 9
 :i* a little practical demon/ration is 
wor? pages ( pr9t1 & w be giv5 all      
possible assi/ance 9 obta9+ su* articles
 ( equipm5t z are available on ! spot4  
7,photographic supplies & all sci5tific 
in/rum5ts %\ld be br\ght out f ,engl&47 
,! be/ maps ( ! di/rict w also be       
accessible = exam9ation 7b ! travell] is
 recomm5d$ to make inquiries 9 ?is      
respect be=e leav+ ,engl&72 ! libr>ies w
 provide ! lit]ature deal+ ) ! r\tes he 
proposes to take2 & su* a collection z !
 type-s]ies ( pott]y & ! ,f9lay         
collection ( prehi/oric antiquities at !
 ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns may be useful  
to supplem5t 8 previ\s /udies at        
museums1 & enable him to obs]ve )       
intellig5ce ! pot%]ds1 c41 t he may f9d 
on an anci5t site4 ,9 return1 he w be   
expect$ to report 8 results ei!r to !   
,s*ool or to "s o!r sci5tific society or

 museum at home4 ,x %\ld be unnecess>y  
to rem9d him t ! conditions ( ! law ( ! 
l& relat+ to ! report+ ( discov]ies to !
 compet5t au?orities %\ld be /rictly    
obs]v$4 ,su* au?orities %\ld also be    
in=m$ ( any de/ruction or removal (     
monum5ts :i* may be notic$4  ,ano!r     
matt] :i* %\ld n be neglect$ is ! obta9+
 ( su* lic5ces z may be requir$ by law =
 ! acquisition 9 ! c\ntry or export     
!refrom ( objects ( antiquity4 ,advice  
on ?is matt] c be obta9$ at ! local     
,s*ool or ,national ,museum4  ,x is     
possible t ! travell] w beg9 8 j\rney at
 a po9t o!r ?an ! capital4 ,inquiries   
%\ld be made at ! ,london head- qu>t]s (
 ! ,s*ools conc]n+ resid5ts at su*      
places :o may be able to give advice to 
int5d+ travell]s4  ,! travell] w        
d\btless br+ back ) him su* antiquities 
z he is p]mitt$ to export4 ,a ^w ( g5]al
 advice on ?is matt] may n be out (     
place "h4 ,! ess5tial value (           
antiquities1 ap>t f _! purely arti/ic   
int]e/1 lies 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y  

are f\nd4 ,! inexp]i5c$ travell] is apt 
to pick up a numb] ( objects haphaz>d1  
)\t accurately not+ _! f9d-spots1 & ev51
 gett+ tir$ ( !m1 z a *ild ( fl[]s t he 
has pick$1 to disc>d !m a mile or two   
away4 ,if ! fir/ act is a blund]1 !     
second is a crime2 x is bett] to leave  
!m ly+ 9 place4 ,= ! same reason1 x is  
highly desirable t objects f\nd toge!r  
7e4g4 ! cont5ts ( a tomb7 %\ld z f> z   
possible be kept toge!r1 or at lea/ t   
accurate record ( ! :ole gr\p %\ld be   
made1 s9ce ! ar*aeological value ( a f9d
 may dep5d on a s+le object1 app>5tly ( 
small importance4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 is m
 common1 or m di/ress+ to ! numismati/1 
?an ! division ( a ho>d ( co9s among    
v>i\s p]sons be=e !y h be5 exam9$ by an 
exp]t4 ,if !y mu/ be divid$1 good       
impressions %\ld at lea/ be made by "o (
 ! me?ods describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 &1 if 
! co9s are ( gold or silv]1 ! weights   
%\ld be not$4 ,?is %\ld be done ev5 if !
 co9s1 to ! inexp]i5c$ eye1 appe> to be 
all alike4 ,! k t any co9 f a ho>d may  

be ( great] value ?an a simil> co9 f\nd 
s+ly may induce f9d]s to report su* f9ds
 be=e disp]s+ !m4 ,:at applies to co9s  
is equally applicable1 9 v>i\s ways1 to 
all classes ( antiquities4  ,x is assum$
 t ! prim>y object ( ! travell] is n    
speculation 9 ! pecuni>y value ( !      
antiquities t he may acquire1 al?\gh he 
may be n unreasonably incl9$ to recov]  
"s ( 8 exp5ses by dispos+ ( objects :i* 
d n appeal to him4 ,%\ld t be s1 al?\gh 
! au?orities ( public museums obvi\sly  
_c be ag5ts or valu]s 9 su* transactions
 betwe5 ! own] & private collectors1 !y 
are z obvi\sly will+ to consid] (f]s :i*
 are made to _! museums 9 ! fir/ in/ance
 &1 if ! objects are n requir$ by !m1 to
 advise ! own] 9 :at qu>t] he may be    
likely to meet ) a pur*as]4     ,,*apt] 
,,ii   ,,me?od   #a4 ,outfit4  ,ea*     
travell] w require to provide = 8       
special int]e/s2 b = any ar*aeological  
"w ! foll[+ ?+s are desirable4 ,note-   
books ( squ>$ pap]4 ,draw+-blocks (     
blue-squ>$ pap]4 ,pap] = wet squeezes1 &

 = dry squeezes4 ,bru% = wet squeezes   
7spoke bru%74 ,"o or two s-metre tapes4 
,a few bamboo g>d5+ canes = m>k]s 9     
plann+4 ,divide "o 9 in*es or c5timetres
 = measur+ build+s4 ,a /eel rod1 #c ft4 
x #a in* = prob+4 ,field- glass1 or     
l[-p[] telescope4 ,prismatic compass )  
c>d p>tly black1 to see at night4 ,l>ge 
& small celluloid protractors = plott+  
angles on plans4 ,plott+-scale1 t5?s (  
in*es & millimetres4 ,maps ( ! di/rict1 
! be/ available4 ,an]oid b>omet]1 if    
collect+ fl9ts2 small size2 c be te/$ by
 obs]v+ 9 a tall lift1 or by putt+ 9 a  
tumbl] & press+ ! h& air-tight ov] !    
m\?4 ,! z]o error1 or absolute values1  
are n want$ = levell+1 only delicacy 9  
small v>iations4 ,magnifi]s1 a few      
pocket size2 w also s]ve = pres5ts4     
,indelible p5cils1 p5s1 & ink 9 /rong   
cork$ pocket bottle4 ,res]voir p5s dry  
up too mu* 9 "s climates4 ,*9a ink =    
p]man5t m>k+4 ,/rips ( adhesive pap]1   
ab\t a in* & a in*es wide1 to put r\nd  
objects = labell+4 ,/rong /eel pli]s1   

wire-cutt+4 ,a few pocket-knives w s]ve 
= pres5ts4 ,x is be/ to c>ry money 9 a  
little bag or screw ( pap]1 loose 9 !   
jacket pocket1 x 9 a risky di/rict4 ,x c
 !n be dropp$ on any al>m & pick$ up    
aft]w>ds4  ,photographic4#a ,9 !        
selection ( a cam]a mu* w dep5d ^u !    
nature ( ! "w to be und]tak51 !         
conditions ( travel1 & ! climate to :i* 
! cam]a w be expos$4 ,= accurate "w a /&
 cam]a is always to be pref]r$ to "o ( !
 h& v>iety1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to *oose 
an in/rum5t t is /rongly made & ( simple
 con/ruction4 ,! ess5tials ( a good /&  
cam]a are t x %all be rigid1 possess a  
ris+ & fall+ front1 a sw+ back1 & bell[s
 :i* w be capable ( ext5sion to fully   
d\ble ! focal l5g? ( ! l5s to be us$ )  
x4  #a,pr(4 ,petrie is n responsible =  
?is section1 :i* is due to ! k9d        
assi/ance ( "s pr(essional              
photograph]s4-,,ed4  ,! ris+ & fall+    
front gives a p[] ( modify+ ! field (   
view 9 a v]tical direction4 ,! sw+ back 
pres]ves ! v]ticality ( ar*itectural    

subjects4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 us$ ) ! pivots
 v]tical1 x is a help 9 focuss+ !       
subject4 ,! possible ext5sion ( !       
di/ance betwe5 ! l5s /op & ! gr\nd glass
 to twice ! focal l5g? 7:i* is z a rule 
! di/ance betwe5 ! same po9ts1 :5 a     
di/ant object is 9 focus7 enables a     
small subject to be reproduc$ 9 natural 
size4  ,= "w abroad :]e extremes (      
temp]ature or excessive v>iations h to  
be cont5d$ )1 a special tropical cam]a  
is suppli$ by mo/ ( ! lead+ mak]s4 ,its 
well-season$ h>d wood & metal- b\nd     
jo9ts r5d] x suitable = h>d we>1 & r$uce
 ! risk ( leakage ?r\gh w>p+ or %r9kage4
 ,! tripod /& %\ld be ( ! s-call$       
?reefold v>iety1 ) slid+ legs :i* c be  
adapt$ to brok5 gr\nd4 ,if a loose screw
 is us$ = atta*+ ! cam]a to ! /&1 a sp>e
 screw %\ld be kept 9 res]ve4 ,x is     
important t ?is /& %\ld be /rongly made1
 & light patt]ns subject to undue       
vibrations 9 ! w9d %\ld be disc>d$4 ,=  
photograph+ small objects 9 ! /udio1 a  
small table is m conv5i5t ?an a tripod  

support4 ,if ! cam]a w n sit flat on !  
table1 a b$ c easily be design$ = x4    
,bett] "w w be done if ?is is prep>$ 9  
advance ?an if an improvis$ support is  
us$4 ,z reg>ds ! size ( ! outfit1       
qu>t]-plate 7#c #a_/d x #d #a_/d in*es7 
w usually be f\nd to be l>ge en\gh = !  
travell]4 ,= any?+ 9 ! nature ( /udio "w
 9 a museum or 9 connexion ) an         
excavation a half-plate cam]a 7#f #a_/b 
x #d #c_/d in*es7 is m satisfactory4    
,:]e a h& cam]a is pref]r$ x %\ld be "o 
capable ( adju/m5t ( focus1 & "h aga91  
/r5g? & simplicity %\ld be look$ =4 ,x  
%\ld be provid$ ) effective tripod legs1
 = /udi$ exposures4 ,plates or flat     
films are pref]able to roll fills #b :i*
 are difficult to manipulate away f     
home4 ,flat films are less bulky & less 
breakable ?an glass1 & c be s5t by po/4 
,!y are suppli$ by ! mak]s 9 packs ( #ab
 = daylight load+ into a film-pack      
adapt]1 :i* mu/ be provid$ to take !    
place ( ! ord9>y d>k slides = glass     
plates4 ,! l5s %\ld be a mod]n          

ana/igmatic by a good mak]4 ,a focal    
l5g? ( ab\t six in*es w be be/ = a      
qu>t]-plate cam]a4 ,a bad l5s makes     
success impossible ev5 by accid5t4  #b  
,transcrib]'s note3 'fills' 9 ! orig9al 
text is possibly a mispr9t = 'films'4   
,! /ops w probably be ( ! ,iris patt]n1 
incorporat$ 9 ! l5s & s n likely to be  
lo/1 z (t5 happ5s ) loose /ops4  ,a few 
words on ! !ory & use ( ! /ops & on !   
,f-notation may be ( s]vice4 ,! spe$ ( a
 photographic l5s dep5ds on ! ratio ( ! 
effective ap]ture to ! focal l5g?4 ,?us 
any two l5ses us$ at ap]tures ( ,f_/#h1 
t is at ap]tures hav+ diamet]s "o-eigh? 
( _! respective focal l5g?s1 %\ld be ( !
 same spe$1 ?\gh bo? l5ses & ap]tures   
may be v diff]5t4 ,9 a giv5 l5s1 ! spe$ 
v>ies directly ) ! area ( ! ap]ture     
admitt+ ! light1 t is ) ! squ>e ( !     
diamet] ( ! ap]ture4 ,! s]ies ( /ops    
usually employ$ is calculat$ s t ea*    
ap]ture is half ! area ( ! prec$+4 ,/at$
 9 t]ms ( ! focal l5g? !y are kn[n z    
,f_/#e4f1 ,f_/#h1 ,f_/#aa4c1 ,f_/#af1   

,f_/#bb4f1 ,f_/#cb1 c4 ,s9ce ! squ>es ( 
^? numb]s1 #ca4d1 #fd1 #abg4g1 #bef1    
#eaj4g1 #ajbd are approximately ea*     
twice ! prec$+ numb] ( ! s]ies1 !       
ap]tures1 ,f7ocal l5g?71 divid$ by !    
successive numb]s z d5om9ators1 are ea* 
half ! area ( ! prec$+ & require twice !
 exposure1 ,f_/#af requires twice !     
'exposure ( ,f_/#aa4c1 & f\r times t (  
,f_/#h1 & s ?r\gh\t ! scale4  ,/ops are 
us$ to regulate ei!r 'dep? ( focus' or  
l5g? ( exposure4 ,! 'dep? ( focus' means
 ! di/ance be=e & beh9d ! po9t 9        
!oretically accurate focus1 at :i*      
objects are suffici5tly focuss$1 = !    
purpose ! photograph] has 9 view4 ,?is  
l5g? is greate/ :5 only ! c5tral portion
 ( ! l5s is 9 use4 ,x is greate/ ) a    
p9hole1 & lea/ ) a full ap]ture4 ,h5ce a
 small /op is requir$ if ! picture is to
 include ne> & f> objects1 :ile a l>ge  
ap]ture may be us$ if all ! subject is  
f> en\gh away to be 9 cle> focus--say m 
?an #be feet--or if x is a flat surface4
 ,! small /op is also requir$ :5 ! ris+ 

front or ! sw+ back is 9 use4 ,! p[] (  
regulat+ ! "t ( exposure is conv5i5t =  
%ort5+ long exposures 9 d>k int]iors1 or
 = l5g!n+ inconv5i5tly %ort exposures 9 
a bright light4  ,9 practice x w be be/ 
to become famili> ) ! use ( ab\t ?ree   
/ops1 say ! full ap]ture 7p]haps        
,f_/#e4f or ,f_/#h71 ,f_/#af1 & ,f_/#cb4
  ,= judg+ long exposures1 ! use ( an   
act9omet] 7issu$ 9 _m inexp5sive =ms7 is
 helpful4  ,a telephoto atta*m5t        
increases ! photograph]'s p[] ( r5d]+   
di/ant details on a l>ge scale4 ,!      
results are greatly sup]ior to          
enl>gem5ts ( a small plate4 ,x is1      
h[ev]1 useless 9 a w9d1 unless ! cam]a  
is specially support$1 & is o!rwise r   
tricky to use4 ,! travell] is /rongly   
advis$ to ma/] its managem5t at home4 ,x
 %\ld be adju/$ by ! mak] to ! cam]a =  
:i* x is int5d$4  ,unless a             
photograph]'s d>k room c be _h !        
develop+ ( ! bulk is be/ left until !   
return home1 b te/s %\ld be made to see 
t ! exposures are correct4 ,a piece (   

ruby fabric or ruby pap] ti$ ov] an     
electric light w give a safe light aft] 
d>k1 & ',scalol' or "s su* "o-solution  
develop] :i* requires m]ely ! addition (
 wat]1 w give all t is ne$$ = develop+4 
,= fix+ use #d oz4 hypo to a p9t ( wat]4
  ,9 w>m climates1 use cold wat]4 ,if x 
is n cool en\gh1 ! gelat9e ( ! negatives
 may give tr\ble4 ,9 t case1 get cold]  
wat]1 & use an alum ba?4 ,if wat] is    
preci\s1 plates c be suffici5tly wa%$ by
 mov+ !m =w>d 9 succession1 ?r\gh       
half-doz5 s\p plates fill$ ) wat]4  ,if 
habitual use is n made ( tabloid        
develop]s1 c41 x is advisable to h "s 9 
res]ve1 = use 9 ! case ( brok5 bottles &
 spilt solutions4   ,useful notes &     
maxims4  ,an ov]-expos$ plate gives no  
d>k %ad[s 9 ! pr9t4  ,an "u-expos$ plate
 gives no high lights4 ,:5 9 d\bt1 *oose
 ! risk ( ov]-exposure4  ,to te/ !      
safety ( y\r cam]a--,half draw ! %utt]1 
& expose "p ( ! plate 9 ! cam]a1 9 !    
sun%9e1 )\t uncapp+ ! l5s1 & develop4   
,to te/ ! safety ( y\r r$ light--,expose

 a plate1 divide x into two1 develop    
half 9 ! d>k1 & half = ! same "t1 ) !   
same solution by ! light y are te/+1 &  
comp>e ! results4 ,?is te/ is wor? mak+1
 z photograph]s are apt to give !mselves
 mu* discom=t f exagg]at$ caution4   #b4
 ,it9]>y4  ,:]e !re are effici5t maps ! 
only ne$ is to m>k 9 ! position ( any   
antiquities1 by cross-be>+s to cle>     
po9ts1 ) ! compass1 drawn 9 ) a %>p     
p5cil4 ,:]e ! maps are too small1 or    
defici5t1 a cont9u\s regi/] ( "t %\ld be
 made1 not+ ! m9ute ( />t+ & ( /opp+2   
?is ov] kn[n di/ances w s]ve to give !  
value ov] ! unkn[n4 ,note :e!r m\nt$ or 
walk+1 & ! compass be>+ ( ! track2 also 
! be>+s ( kn[n po9ts ar\nd1 :5ev] /opp+4
 ,)\t any kn[n be>+s pac+ & compass us$ 
c>efully may g ov] ! r\ghe/ gr\nd )\t   
five p] c5t4 error 9 ! day4  ,x is bett]
 :5 on unkn[n gr\nd to plot a map z y g1
 s t no misund]/&+ ( notes c arise aft]4
 ,if a squ>$ block _c be us$1 at lea/   
draw ! be>+s & di/ances r\ghly1 writ+ 9 
! am\nts4 ,?is %\ld be plott$ up        

accurately 9 ! ev5+4 ,a photograph may  
be un9telligible lat] 9 its detail4 ,x  
is be/ :]e kn[n features1 a temple1     
tombs1 c41 are 9 a view1 to sket* !     
outl9e :5 photograph+1 & write 9 !      
details1 s z to give a key to !         
photograph4 ,inquire ab\t antiquities   
:5ev] /opp+4 ,:5 camp+1 villag]s usually
 come up to see :o x is2 !n tell !m !   
directions ( ! places ar\nd4 ,!y w ask  
h[ y "k2 %[ !m ! map1 & !y are puzzl$2  
talk ov] all ! names a few miles r\nd1 &
 !n any?+ notable 9 ! di/rict may be    
rem>k$1 & inquiries made4 ,sev]al m5    
toge!r help ea* o!r to rememb]1 & br+   
out m rem>ks4 ,sometimes an intellig5t  
man w describe all ! antiquities he kn[s
 9 ! di/rict3 ?is %\ld be foll[$ closely
 on ! map1 & difficulties resolv$ at    
once1 s z to get a cle> record not$4  ,(
 c\rse1 enorm\s exagg]ations are met )1 
& n "o report 9 t5 w prove to be any?+4 
,track+ up ! s\rce ( b\ght antiquities  
is "o ( ! be/ me?ods1 & ! "o by :i*     
,naukratis 0 f\nd4  ,if travell+ by     

camel1 x is practicable to div]ge widely
 on foot1 if objects are look$ = well   
ahead4 ,a foot track div]g+ #d4e        
degrees1 & !n conv]g+ likewise1 w easily
 keep 9 t\* ) a baggage camel4 ,fix on !
 camp+-place 9 ! morn+1 & let e "o "k ( 
x1 s t if accid5tally p>t$ all c rejo9  
by night4   #c4 ,record+4  ,build+s or  
ru9s4 ,fix position by be>+s to mapp$   
po9ts2 also note be>+s ( any prom95t    
feature ne> by1 :i* may s]ve = f9d+ !   
position aga94 ,sket* a plan1 always    
nor? up 9 ! book1 note be>+ ( ma9 wall1 
& !n measure ) bamboo rod all orig9al   
dim5sions1 ) "s diagonals to fix angles2
 d n =get ! ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,x is   
be/ = a long l5g? to /ret* a tape1 pegg$
 d[n by ! r+1 & pull$ tight by h&3 read 
(f all positions ( doors1 w9d[s1        
cross-walls1 c41 on "o long l5g?1 & n z 
sep>ate %ort l5g?s4 ,if possible plot ! 
measures on squ>$ pap] z y g1 & !n any  
errors or omissions w be *eck$ at once4 
',e4 & ,o4,e4' has no place 9 a plan4   
,t[n m\nds4 ,e/imate height ov] b>e l&  

outside2 eye height is a trifle ov] five
 feet4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nd see :]e !    
horizon cuts ! %\ld] ( x to f9d eye     
height2 walk up to t po9t1 & sight ano!r
 five feet2 s on1 till y see ov] ! top4 
,if !re is any section1 by a /ream side1
 or digg+1 or l&-slip1 look = /rata1    
/one or brick walls & floor levels1 & = 
any di/9ctive pot%]ds2 obs]v+ levels z  
be=e4 ,look all ov] ! top = pot%]ds1 to 
f9d ! late/ p]iod ( ! t[n4 ,look ar\nd !
 m\nd = any e>ly pot%]ds4 ,%]ds on !    
slopes are wor? less2 z !y h probably   
slipp$ d[n4 ,r$ burnt brick 9 ,egypt is 
all ,roman or ,arab2 9 ,greece & ,asia  
,m9or1 r$ brick & mort> is ,roman1      
,byzant9e1 or lat]4  ,walk to ! middle (
 ! site or m\nd1 & see its ext5t4 ,!n   
walk r\nd ! wall l9e1 or circuit ( x1   
pac+ & compass not+1 to sket* ! %ape &  
size ( ! site3 especially look = any    
/raight l9es ( wall %[+4 ,sometimes a   
mud-brick wall may be entirely d5ud$    
away1 yet ! position is %[n by ! %>p    
edge ( ! /rew ( pot%]ds on ! surface4   

,look = any slag-heaps2 ^! are ! rema9s 
( lime burn+1 & %[ :]e /one build+s     
exi/$2 sometimes f\ndations /ill rema94 
,look = any rec5t pits or tr5*es2 ^! %[ 
:]e /one or burnt brick has be5 dug out 
9 mod]n times1 & may give ! position &  
plan ( a temple or *ur*4  ,see if any   
rubbi% m\nds c be trac$ outside ( ! t[n 
site2 usually m>k$ by a g5tle walk-up   
slope1 & a /eep ?r[n-d[n slope1 & ma9ly 
consi/+ ( pott]y1 e4g4 ,monte ,te/accio 
at ,rome1 & m\nds ea/ ( ,cairo4  ,t[n   
sites rise 9 ,egypt ab\t =ty in*es a    
c5tury1 by ! du/1 rubbi%1 & decay (     
mud-brick build+s4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! rise is
 five feet a c5tury1 ow+ to ! ra9s4     
,cemet]ies4 ,^! h g5]ally be5 m or less 
plund]$2 if rec5tly1 ! pits %[2 if      
anci5tly1 !re are scraps ( pott]y ly+   
ab\t4 ,if !re are pebbles or m>l ?r[n up
 f deep levels1 !re is evid5ce ( tombs1 
& !y may be unplund]$4 ,bl[n s& or grass
 may hide all trace ( tombs4 ,sometimes 
! :ole masonry ( a tomb may h be5       
remov$1 & ! gravel fill+-9 h spread s   

uni=mly t !re is no sign ( build+1      
al?\gh a c\rse or two ( /one may yet    
rema9 "u ! surface4 ,! surface ( gr\nd  
%\ld be closely look$ ov] at sunrise or 
sunset to %[ up ! slight holl[s or      
ridges by ! %ad[s4 ,aft] ra9 diff]5ces w
 (t5 appe> 9 ! dry+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,ask any 
"o ne> a site if he kn[s ( any "o gett+ 
/ones1 or bronze1 or plund] f tombs4    
,any?+ f\nd w probably be greatly       
exagg]at$1 & no cle> idea ( ! "t ( f9d+ 
c be rea*$2 yet any su* detail may be   
useful4  ,any l>ge t[n site mu/ h a     
cemet]y1 :i* is ne> x 9 mo/ cases4 ,9   
,egypt ! t[ns be+ 9 ! inundat$ l&1 !    
cemet]ies are at "s miles di/ant on !   
des]t4 ,! prehi/oric cemet]ies may be   
any:]e2 ! hi/oric cemet]ies are usually 
r\nd ! ends ( ! dyke roads1 :i* 7 ?r[n  
up 9 ! e>ly dyna/ies z irrigation dams1 
& /ill s]ve z ! roads ( ! c\ntry4 ,9    
,greek l&s cemet]ies are always outside 
a t[n1 usually by ! side ( ! roads4     
,caves %\ld always be c>efully explor$2 
! ro( & sides se>*$ = inscriptions or   

c>v+s2 rock pockets 9 ! sides exam9$2 & 
! floor dug ov] = pot%]ds & any small   
objects4 ,if !re are diff]5t /rata ^!   
%\ld be ea* remov$ sep>ately1 & ! dep? &
 positions ( objects not$4   #d4 ,me?ods
 ( ,plann+4  ,?\gh we _c "h give full   
te*nical details ( all ! me?ods = plans 
& surveys1 x w be useful to /ate ! scope
 ( ea* me?od1 s t !y may be kept 9 m9d1 
& :i*ev] is be/ suit$ to ! individual & 
8 "w may be provid$ =4   #a4 ,pla9 pac+4
 ,aft] pac+ l5g?s ( a few hundr$ feet1  
up & d[n hill & flat1 tape ! di/ances1 &
 le>n true value ( pace4 ,c>eful pac+ c 
be done to "o or two p] c5t4 ( ! :ole2 &
 prop]ly us$1 9 triangles1 may give a   
useful plan4   #b4 ,pac+ & compass4 ,?is
 cov]s l>ge spaces quickly1 b ! compass 
is less accurate ?an ! pace4   #c4      
,tape4 ,l9es ( tap+ mu/ be well plann$1 
) triangle ties to secure ! angles4     
,pull+ up /raight is difficult 9 a w9d1 
especially on brok5 gr\nd1 & "o p] c5t4 
error is q possible !n4 ,:5 work+ alone 
peg ! tape d[n by ! r+1 or r\nd a /one4 

#d4 ,tapes & cross l9es4 ,/ret* two /r+s
 cross+ squ>ely on ! gr\nd3 fix ! squ>e 
by lay+ a squ>$ draw+ block bel[ & look+
 at /r+s ov] x4 ,two help]s ea* hold a  
tape1 z]o on a /r+1 & ! two tapes are   
held toge!r by ! obs]v] & read (f1 giv+ 
! di/ance to ea* /r+2 ?is is to be      
plott$ at once on squ>$ pap]1 & ! plan  
is complet$ 9 detail z x progresses1 )\t
 any note- book or lat] plott+4 ,!      
help]s mu/ be capable ( hold+ ! tape    
squ>e to ! /r+4 ,good = sites up to two 
hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ feet4   #e4 ,plane
 table4 ,excell5t = "s gr\nd1 :]e       
objects are visible f a di/ance3 o!rwise
 x requires a m>k] put up at e po9t to  
be fix$4 ,cumbr\s to c>ry1 mu* sl[] ?an 
#d4   #f4 ,box sextant1 us$ z giv+      
angul> accuracy to any ( ! =ego+2 mo/   
useful ) tap+1 & 9 foll[+4   #g4        
,sextant & ?ree po9ts4 ,! mo/ rapid     
accurate me?od is to adopt ?ree po9ts   
visible all ov] ! gr\nd 7z trees or     
*imneys7 or set up ?ree m>k]s4 ,f9d %ape
 & size ( ?is triangle4 ,!n at any po9t 

take two angles visible betwe5 ! po9ts1 
& ?is fixes position ( obs]v]4 ,a l>ge  
site may h =ty po9ts fix$ 9 two h\rs ?us
 to ab\t #a 9 #ajjj4 ,= detail & plott+ 
see ,petrie1 ,me?ods & ,aims 9          
,ar*aeology4   #h4 ,!odolite4 ,= ! mo/  
accurate "w a !odolite is us$1 giv+     
po9ts to ab\t #a 9 #ejjj4 ,x is almo/   
ess5tial = any a/ronomical m]idian or   
latitude4  ,none ( ^! me?ods necessitate
 any help]1 except #d :i* ne$s two      
help]s4 ,! obs]vation is f ! po9t to be 
fix$ 9 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #g2 b x is to !
 po9t1 ne$+ signals or visible features 
on ! po9ts1 9 #e1 #f1 & #h1 & = ^?      
me?ods a l>ge /ock ( rods mu/ be tak51 &
 ! :ole gr\nd gone ov]1 be=e ! "w (     
obs]vation2 su* me?ods take f> m "t ?an 
! o!rs4 ,! able surveyor w "k by in/9ct 
h[ to use all ! inf]ior me?ods z        
supplem5ts to ! high]1 :5ev] "t dem&s & 
accuracy all[s4  ,:5 fir/ se>*+ a site1 
note ! direction ( any wall to ! horizon
 po9t1 & s see if o!r walls are p>allel4
  ,9 all cases a plumb l9e is want$ =   

al9+ f\ndations & scatt]$ blocks4       
,always c>ry six feet ( ?9 /r+1 & pick  
up ! ne>e/ suitable /one = a weight1 up 
to ?ree or f\r p\nds 9 a w9d4   #e4     
,draw+ & ,copy+4     ,inscriptions4 ,if 
!re is any *ance ( be+ int]rupt$ by any 
claimant1 or by cr[ds1 always make a h& 
copy at once1 z quickly z possible4     
,aft] a squeeze or photograph is tak51  
yet ! h& copy is (t5 ( value to expla9  
positions ( squeeze slips or detail (   
photographs4  ,if !re is no *ance (     
int]ruption1 !n a c>efully drawn copy   
full size %\ld be made4 ,= ?is a dry    
squeeze is ! gr\nd "w4 ,lay a %eet ( ?9 
pap]1 su* z ?9 wrapp+ or pla9 pap]1 on !
 /one1 & press all ! lett]s ov] ) !     
f+]s1 s z to make a %>p b5d2 a break 9 !
 deep holl[s does n matt]4 ,!n1 putt+ ! 
pap] on a draw+-bo>d or %eet ( millbo>d1
 cock x up s t ! %ad[ ( ! squeeze is    
se51 & draw ov] ! l9es 7/>t+ at "r      
base71 ref]r+ to ! /one :5ev] unc]ta94  
,?is is ! only "r way to copy           
hi]oglyphics by h&4 ,note t ! edges are 

usually r worn1 & ! drawn l9es %\ld be  
inside ! squeeze l9es4 ,if ! /one is    
l>ge1 sev]al less] %eets are be/4  ,:]e 
!re is writ+1 or ! relief is too fa9t to
 squeeze1 put ! pap] imm$iately bel[ !  
fir/ l9e1 & draw x sign = sign1 s t !   
spac+ is pres]v$ & no omission is       
possible4 ,fold back ! pap] z ea* l9e is
 copi$1 & s always keep ! copy+ close   
bel[ ! l9e ( inscription4  ,if ! signs  
are 9 an alphabet t is n famili>1 ref]  
to ! table ( alphabets4  ,sculpture     
,sculpture 9 l[ relief c be copi$ be/ by
 dry squeeze4 ,z ! connexion ( ! %eets  
us$ %\ld be exact1 put up ! fir/ %eet   
truly v]tical1 & m>k little p5cil       
crosses at ! corn]s on ! /one4 ,!n !    
corn]s ( successive %eets %\ld be fitt$ 
into ! angles ( ! crosses4 ,:5 ink+ 9 ! 
p5cil draw+s1 d n c>ry ! l9es )9 two    
in*es ( ! edges ( ! %eets4 ,!n place    
%eets edge to edge1 adju/ !m to fit z   
be/ !y may1 weight !m heavily ) books1  
turn back "o edge & weight x1 & !n slip 
a /rip ( wett$ adhesive pap] half-way "u

 ! edge t is d[n2 at once lib]ate ! edge
 t is up1 & dab 7n rub7 bo? heavily d[n 
on ! adhesive4 ,?is makes a jo9t free ( 
cockl+1 & :5 dry ! ink+ c be complet$   
across ! jo9t4 ,:]e !re is any col\r    
rema9+ on sculpture or inscription1 only
 dry squeez+ is p]missible4  ,:]e signs 
are worn or decay$ x is ne$ful to try   
v>i\s light+4 ,?is c be done 9 ! op5    
air1 by %ad+ ! "p by ! h&s plac$ ar\nd x
 z a sort ( tube1 ! head block+ out !   
light ov] ! tube4 ,!n quickly raise a h&
 alt]nately1 s z to rev]se ! oblique    
light+1 & wat* ! effect on ! sign4  ,if 
! /one has n too t5d] a face1 c>eful    
wa%+ (t5 br+s out an inscription2 & 9   
su* cases x is usually f> easi] to copy 
f a wet ?an f a dry /one4  ,if reliefs h
 be5 mu* wea!r$ !y c be made pla9 =     
photograph+ by lay+ horizontal & cov]+ )
 s&2 on wip+ away ! s& f ! relief !     
gr\nd w be left flat s&1 s hid+ !       
confus$ holl[s ( wea!r+4  ,! safe/ way =
 draw+s to travel is to po/ !m at !     
ne>e/ po/ direct to :]e !y w be work$   

up4 ,! ,po/al ,union takes rolls ( #ba  
cm4 ?ick1 #fj cm4 long1 up to #e kilos z
 p>cels1 or rolls ( #aj cm4 ?ick1 #ge   
cm4 long1 up to #b kilos by book po/ op5
 at ends4 ,?is is f> bett] ?an c>ry+    
rolls by h&4  ,wet squeez+4 ,:]e !re is 
no col\r1 & ! /one is /rong & n crumbl+1
 a wet squeeze is ! be/ copy4 ,!re are  
?ree purposes = x1 & ! me?od diff]s =   
ea*2 7#a7 ?9 s+le %eet kept fre% on !   
out] face = photograph+ lat]2 or 7#b7   
s+le %eet well beat5 9 & pat*$1 dep5d+  
on prick+ ! outl9es & h&-copy f x1 or   
black+ ov] ! relief on ! inn] side &    
photograph+2 or 7#c7 d\ble %eet h>d     
beat51 & pat*$ 9 ! holl[s1 = pla/] ca/+ 
aft]w>ds4  ,= 7#a7 !re is no ne$ to get 
an impression ( ! holl[s to ! bottom1 & 
! face ( ! pap] %\ld be smoo?4 ,a s(t   
pap]1 ) little or no size1 & a s(t      
clo!s-bru% w d well = ?is4 ,! %eet %\ld 
cov] ! :ole inscription1 or h z few     
jo9ts z may be4 ,! /one %\ld be dabb$ ) 
a wet bru% s z to saturate ! face1 !    
%eet ( pap] well soak$ 9 wat] laid ^u x1

 tak+ c>e n to leave bubbles1 & !n dabb+
 firmly ) ! bru% w drive ! pap] into !  
holl[s4 ,if ! /one is poli%$ or v smoo?1
 x is ne$ful to peel (f ! pap] :ile wet 
by hold+ two corn]s1 & lay x rev]s$ on a
 flat surface to dry2 if left on ! /one 
! contraction w de/roy ! impress4 ,out (
 doors ! pap] c be held d[n by pebbles  
ar\nd x1 or by s& on ! edges1 to prev5t 
! w9d cat*+ x4  7#b7 ,! /rong] squeeze  
%\ld be ( a t\gh pap] ) mod]ate siz+4   
,cut ! pap] to ! =m ( ! /one4 ,?ru/ x   
into a pail ( wat]1 knead x ab\t        
vigor\sly1 roll x into a ball & pummel  
x1 s z to break ! gra9 & let ! wat] well
 into x4 ,!n wet ! /one1 %ake out ! pap]
 l a wet h&k]*ief1 full ( creases1 lay x
 on ! /one & beg9 to beat x 9 ) a h>d1  
long spoke-bru%4 ,a few /rokes r\nd !   
edge w cat* x d[n s t ! w9d does n      
di/urb x4 ,!n beg9 to beat x heavily    
along ! top edge2 beat x to a pulp1 &   
pat* ) /rips left soak+ 9 ! wat] :]ev]  
breaks occur4 ,if ! /one is por\s ! pap]
 may "p f x1 especially if exp&$ by     

beat+2 ! only c\rse !n is to slu% m wat]
 on ! face s t x w g ?r\gh ! breaks &   
hold ! pap] d[n aga94 ,x may be ne$ful  
to slit ! pap] to let ! wat] g bel[ x4  
,beat d[n aga91 en\gh to fix x4  7#c7 ,=
 ca/+ purposes a f9al back+ %eet1       
mod]ately beat5 on1 is ne$$ to hold !   
squeeze toge!r & /iff5 x4 ,ei!r 7#b7 or 
7#c7 c be left on ! face ( ! /one till q
 dry1 & !n c>efully deta*$ by lift+ up f
 "o corn]1 & slipp+ a d9n]-knife or a   
slip ( wood "u ! pap] to lift any "p t  
/icks4  ,/iff squeezes z 7#c7 mu/ be    
pack$ flat2 ?91 z 7#a7 & sometimes 7#b71
 may be roll$ 9 a l>ge curve1 b ?is     
always det]iorates a squeeze4  ,= pla/] 
ca/+1 a squeeze %\ld be heat$ on a /ove 
& bru%$ ov] ) melt$ p>aff91 or bett]    
wax1 suffici5t to cov] ! face )\t *ok+ !
 f9] detail4 ,be=e ea* ca/ ! face %\ld  
be lightly oil$ ) a tuft ( wool4  ,small
 objects4 ,^! c be copi$ by a ?9 pap]   
squeeze1 & ! squeeze may be m\nt$ by    
pa/+ a c>d & lightly press+ ! squeeze   
back d[n on x4 ,?is w take out all      

cockl+ & make x lie flat = photograph+4 
,t9-foil is v h&y = squeezes1 & may be  
sav$ f *ocolate = ?is4 ,press x firmly  
on a co9 or seal ) a tuft ( wool1 or    
beat x ) a s(t too?-bru%1 be+ c>eful to 
avoid creases4 ,! foil %\ld !n be float$
 on wat]1 holl[ back up1 & blaz+        
seal+-wax dropp$ into x to back x4 ,!   
result+ positive c be !n /uck on c>d4   
,= pla/] ca/s ( co9s ! face %\ld be du/$
 ) ,fr5* *alk1 z also a smoo? b$ (      
pla/ic9e2 ! co9 c !n be press$ 9 safely 
)\t any possible risk1 & aft]w>d pla/]  
ca/ 9 ! m\ld4 ,seal+-wax is said to be  
%>p]1 b !re is a risk ( its /ick+ to !  
co94 ,if x is us$1 brea! h>d on ! co91  
or wet x1 be=e impress+2 & :5 fir/ set  
lift x slightly to deta* x1 & !n replace
 till cold4 ,or t9-foil may be us$1 z 9 
mak+ positives2 b1 in/ead ( float+ on   
wat]1 press pla/ic9e on ! foil :ile x is
 /ill on ! object4  ,= curv$ surfaces1 z
 cyl9d]s1 any ( ^! me?ods c be us$2 !   
pla/ic9e is ! m successful4  ,9 all ca/+
 ( pla/] on a small scale1 use a s(t    

camel-hair bru%4 ,mix ! pla/] 9 ! palm (
 ! h& ) a knife1 take up "s ( ! wette/  
to bru% ov] ! face ( ! m\lds 7a doz5    
sc>abs or small co9s done at once72 !n  
put he bru% 9 wat]1 & take up ?ick]     
pla/] ) a pocket-knife to drop on z a   
back+4 ,?is avoids air bubbles )\t us+  
too weak a pla/]4    ,copy+ hi]oglyphic 
inscriptions4 ,:]e possible a wet or a  
dry squeeze %\ld be tak5 ( any          
inscription4 ,:5 h& copy+ is necess>y1 !
 ma9 matt] is to get ! c>t\*es ( k+'s   
names accurately1 & ! date at ! beg9n+1 
exam9+ specially :e!r s+le /rokes1 ,i ,i
 ,i ,i1 h be5 connect$ above1 n n1 =m+ !
 t5 sign4 ,! ma9 difficulty = any "o n  
kn[+ ! #hjj signs is to di/+ui% betwe5  
^? t are alike1 especially :5 damag$4 ,=
 ?is purpose ! commone/ signs t may be  
confus$ are "h plac$ toge!r1 s t !      
ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce may be notic$4
 ,a small cross is plac$ "h by small    
po9ts ( di/9ction :i* might escape      
notice4  ,illu/ration ,i3 ,,"s          
,,hi]oglyphic ,,signs ,,liable ,,to ,,be

 ,,confus$ ,,) ,,ea* ,,o!r   #f4        
,photography4  ,! cam]a & mat]ial h be5 
describ$ "u outfit4  ,light+ &          
prep>ation ( objects is a ma9 elem5t (  
success4 ,:5 fir/ look+ ov] any ru9s1   
make a li/ ( e view want$1 ) ! "t ( day 
:5 ! sun w be "r = x4 ,!n foll[ !       
"t-table1 & s get ! be/ light+ all 9 "o 
day4  ,= movable /ones or figures place 
!m 9 half-%ade1 z a doorway1 & !n tilt e
 way until ! be/ light+ is f\nd1 fix !m 
9 t position1 & !n set up ! cam]a squ>e 
) !m4  ,! cam]a %\ld usually be fix$ to 
look d[nw>d v]tically1 & !n v>iation up 
to #dj degrees c be got by ! legs4 ,hold
 ! cam]a 9 ! "r position1 keep+ ! legs  
(f ! gr\nd1 & !n drop ! legs to f9d _!  
own place2 ?us v skew positions c be    
fix$ quickly4  ,small objects are be/   
laid on black velvet1 & tak5 v]tically4 
,scraps ( *>coal are useful to prop !m 9
 exact positions4 ,a %eet ( :ite pap]   
/uck on a leg ( ! /& may be useful to   
prev5t %ad[s be+ too heavy4 ,:]e outl9e1
 & n flat detail1 is want$1 !n a light  

gr\nd is be/2 ! mo/ p]fect is a %eet (  
gr\nd glass ) :ite pap] a foot or two   
bel[ x4 ,if ! gr\nd glass _c be _h1 a   
good sub/itute-also useful = a cam]a    
glass-is pla9 glass ) a %eet ( tissue   
pap] 7or ! pack+ pap] ( films7 /uck on )
 p>aff9 wax4  ,! dress+ ( objects to %[ 
up cle>ly is (t5 ne$ful4 ,incis$ objects
 c be fill$ 9 ) *>coal p[d] if light1 or
 *alk if d>k2 9 any case a co>se p[d]1 s
 z n to /a9 ! object4 ,= fa9t cutt+ on  
glass or cry/al g ov] ! l9es ) ',*9a ink
 9 a p51 s z to cov] !m4 ,h>d5 ! ink 9 !
 sun1 & !n g5tly wipe ) a damp f+] until
 all ! excess is remov$ & only !        
r\ghness ( ! l9es rema9s black4 ,on l>ge
 objects light du/ or s& is (t5 useful1 
to make relief cle>]4  ,= objects 9 a   
bad light1 or 9 ! int]ior ( tombs1      
reflect$ light mu/ be us$4 ,lids (      
biscuit t9s s]ve well2 a lid 9 ! sun    
sixty feet (f1 & ano!r lid reflect+ !   
light on to a wall1 w suffice = a two   
m9utes' exposure ( a sl[ plate4 ,?ree or
 f\r successive reflections into a      

totally d>k *amb] w suffice 9 five or   
six m9utes4  ,:5 an important subject _c
 be revisit$ x is well to take          
duplicates2 ! cam]a %\ld be %ift$       
lat]ally a few in*es = a ne> object1 or 
a few feet = a di/ant view1 & !n ! two  
films w =m a /]eograph1 if bo? succe$4  
,9 arrang+ gr\ps ( small objects1 put   
toge!r :at w g 9 a ?ree-in* circle1 &   
m9or pieces ar\nd1 & !n ! be/ 9 ! middle
 c be pr9t$ direct on lant]n slides4    
#g4 ,pres]vation & ,pack+4  ,:ile       
travell+ little c be done = pres]v+     
objects4 ,papyrus rolls %\ld be wrapp$  
at once 9 a damp h&k]*ief1 to be c>ri$1 
& !n wrapp$ 9 pap]1 pack$ 9 a t9 box1 & 
fill$ r\nd ) cotton wool4 ,small papyri 
c be safely damp$ 9 a wet clo?1 &       
flatt5$ out betwe5 ! leaves ( a book2   
secure "o edge /raight 9 ! h+e1 &       
gradually press flat & secure by advanc+
 leaves ov] x4 ,glass1 if p]fect1 %\ld  
be pack$ 9 t9s ) wool2 old food or      
tobacco t9s d well = t5d] ?+s4  ,fl9t   
implem5ts & co9s1 ?\gh h>dy1 %\ld be    

sav$ f gr9d+ by wrapp+ 9 wa/e pap]4     
,ivory1 if x has be5 buri$1 is v liable 
to flake4 ,! cure is to soak x 9 p>aff9 
wax2 b tempor>ily x is secur$ by w9d+   
cotton ?read r\nd x 9 _m directions4 ,"s
 ano9t x ) vasel9e1 b if vasel9e        
p5etrates ! ivory1 x w n take up p>aff9 
or gelat9e lat]4 ,t5d] wood may be      
likewise sav$4  ,a mu*-crack$ glaz$ j> 0
 pack$ by w9d+ /r+ r\nd x 9 all         
directions1 ) tufts ( wool "u ! /r+4  ,a
 :ole mummy 9 mo/ fragile condition1 s t
 x c\ld n be lift$1 0 made up solid )   
#dj lb4 ( p>aff9 wax :i* 0 melt$ out ( x
 aft]w>ds 9 ,engl&1 mak+ h>dly any      
*ange4 ,if contract$ burials %\ld be    
pres]v$1 du/ c>efully1 spla% on ab\t #e 
lb4 ( p>aff9 wax heat$ to smok+-po9t4   
,:5 cold1 deta* f soil1 turn ov]1 p>aff9
 ! l[] side1 & build up weak p>ts ) a   
sludge ( melt$ p>aff9 & s&1 ne>ly *ill$4
 ,ab\t #h to #aj lb4 ( wax w d ! :ole4  
,! skull %\ld be pack$ sep>ately4 ,pad  
all holl[s ( ! body ) s(t rag to spread 
pressure 9 pack+4 ,p>aff9 wax is ! be/  

pres]vative z x is t\gh1 & may be us$ z 
a coat ov] an object = safety4 ,:5 n    
ne$$ x c be cut away1 or melt$ away1 &  
clean$ (f completely ) b5zol4 ,x %\ld be
 melt$ 9 an iron saucepan1 z sold] w    
give way if x is sup]heat$4 ,z x melts  
at ab\t #abj degrees ,f41 & boils at    
ab\t #fjj degrees ,f41 x c be greatly   
sup]heat$1 & us$ :5 smok+1 s z to       
p5etrate deeply into wood or por\s      
mat]ial4 ,x is p]fect = /r5g!n+ skulls2 
mo/ rott5 examples slopp$ ) p>aff91 &   
f9ally s\s$ = a few seconds s z entirely
 to cov] ! bone 9 & out1 w travel       
safely1 if n cru%$4  ,boxes mu/ always h
 corn] po/s1 inside or out2 see t !     
sides are nail$ up to ! edges to ! po/s1
 or ! lid or bottom may "p by ! side    
splitt+4 ,see t all nails--except = !   
lid--are driv5 slant+ alt]nately "o way 
& rev]s$1 ?is prev5ts sides or bottom   
draw+ (f4 ,nail ! lid ) _m %ort nails1 s
 t x c be rais$ )\t splitt+4  ,to secure
 heavy objects 9 a mix$ box1 an inv]t$  
r\gh /ool is ! be/1 ! cross piece on !  

object bel[1 & ! sides com+ up to ! lid4
 ,if cross b>s are nail$ 9 a box1 damage
 may be done to an object 9 =c+ ! b>s   
loose4 ,x is (t5 be/ to put heavy &     
light ?+s 9 ! same box1 to equalize     
weights 9 j\rney+2 if well secur$1 a    
mix$ boxful travels well4 ,be v c>eful t
 a w$ge-%ap$ /one _c =ce itself loose by
 repeat$ jolts1 or x may split a box4   
,slabs ( /one ire be/ pack$ 9 op5 %all[ 
boxes face d[n on /raw or wool1 secur$  
by a few diagonal cross b>s on ! top1 z 
!n !y d n ne$ to be op5$ = cu/oms4 ,all 
/ones ( regul> =m %\ld be support$ at a 
fif? ( ! l5g? f ea* end4 ,no b$d+ on a  
box is wor? any?+1 z ! box w b5d m ?an !
 /one1 & ! /ra9 w all come on ! middle4 
,v heavy blocks are be/ ) sack+ on !    
face1 & rop$ r\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts4  ,pott]y
 is mo/ difficult to pack safely4 ,=    
l>ge j>s1 m>k ! po9ts ( contact on !    
box1 & nail on cu%ions ( old clo? /uff$ 
h>d ) /raw1 s z to pad ! j> on all      
sides2 make sure t x _c twi/ ab\t into a
 diagonal position (f ! pads4 ,long     

boxes1 five or six feet1 ) ?ree or f\r  
cross divisions1 are be/4 ,beg9 pack+1  
say f\r pots ) /raw1 at "o end ( ! box1 
press up a cross bo>d tight on !m1 &    
nail ?r\gh ! sides3 !n ano!r bat*       
likewise2 ab\t "o in* ?ick ( h>d-press$ 
/raw is ne$ful at ea* contact4 ,twi/    
/raw into r\gh b&s1 & w9d x r\nd ea*    
pot4 ,fill up corn]s to prev5t ! b&s    
%ift+ loose4 ,empty small t9s make good 
/uff+ = blank spaces4 ,old newspap]s    
torn to bits & roll$ into balls make    
good pack+ = pots & hold !m firmly1 b   
?is me?od is dang]\s if ! pack+ becomes 
wett$4 ,pots %\ld always be pack$ tight4
 ,old sack+ or cotton /uff may be ti$ on
 ov] ! m\? ( l>ge pots1 to prev5t /raw  
slipp+ 91 & loos5+ ! pack+4  ,bronzes & 
co9s %\ld n be clean$ 9 any way1 till 9 
a settl$ "w place4   #h4 ,=g]ies &4     
,buy+4  ,mo/ travell]s wi% to buy "s ?+s
 ( int]e/1 & 9 remote di/ricts !y may d 
good s]vice 9 rescu+ important objects  
:i* may be want$ 9 museums4 ,=g]ies are 
ubiquit\s1 ev5 9 mo/ obscure places 9 ! 

h&s ( peasants1 ei!r suppli$ by deal]s1 
or casually obta9$1 (t5 9 good fai?4 ,x 
is be/ to inquire ( local collectors &  
museums z to ! k9ds ( =g]ies met )4 ,!  
foll[+ notes are to %[ ! novice h[ f> he
 may g safely4  ,bronze figures ) a ?ick
 r$ pat9a1 :i* scales (f readily        
sometimes1 or ) ?ick gre5 pat9a crack$1 
or h>d gre5 or br[n pat9a1 are safe4 ,?9
 gre5 pat9a1 or b>e br[n or black metal 
is dubi\s4  ,papyri 9 roll1 flexible    
?\gh fragile1 9 kn[n ,greek or ,egyptian
 writ+1 are fairly safe4 ,lumps /uck    
toge!r1 br[n & scrappy1 are made up4    
,co9s _c be safely b\ght unless pat9at$1
 copp] or silv]4 ,only an exp]t c judge 
( gold or 'clean silv]4  ,jewell]y (    
small size1 z e>r+s & bracelets1 is     
g5]ally safe1 if ! age ( ! design is    
kn[n4 ,mod]n wire is always drawn1      
anci5t is irregul>4 ,look = concretions 
( lime 9 ! holl[s1 & = ! dull face ( old
 gold4 ,if once clean$ !re is little to 
di/+ui% old f mod]n gold4  ,/one vases  
if turn$ are ,roman or mod]n4 ,! anci5t 

irregul>ities %\ld be /udi$ f specim5s4 
,sc>abs ) nacre\s or decompos$ glaze 9 !
 holl[s 7z 9 ! deep cuts at ! side7 are 
safe2 also1 if !re are natural cracks by
 age1 :i* w\ld prev5t mod]n cutt+4 ,!re 
is a l>ge v>iety ( skilful =g]ies4      
,/one /atuettes3 a skill$ =g] may be    
paid up to #ajj p\nds = a figure to     
ord]4 ,only an exp]t c judge4  ,nev] buy
 9 ! dusk or 9 d>k rooms4 ,:5 buy+ nev] 
h any "o at h& :o calls att5tion to ?+s1
 nor let any att5dant int]f]e4 ,seem    
entirely unconc]n$4  ,get ! reputation (
 nev] advanc+ on (f]s1 or b>ga9+2 let   
tak+ or leav+ ?+s at once be ! rule4 ,"t
 & delays are money to ! travell]1 & x  
is wor? mu* to save "t 9 haggl+4 ,y\r   
donkey-boy w soon spread y\r "*4  ,:5   
(f]+ = s+le ?+s to a peasant1 put !     
money by ! side ( ! antiquity1 & say t  
he mu/ take "o or ! o!r3 f+]+ ! ca% is  
irresi/ible1 & no "t is lo/4  ,if x is  
likely t ! s\rce ( an object w n be     
truly /at$1 ! way is to make ! be/ guess
 y c1 & say x dogmatically3 ! pleasure (

 sett+ y "r w (t5 br+ out ! tru?1 or if 
y guess$ "r x w ga9 y cr$it & break d[n 
res]ve4  ,z a pr9ciple x is well to be  
look$ on z a lib]al buy]1 s z to        
enc\rage ! (f] ( antiquities4 ,a little 
m ?us sp5t w be a trifl+ extra on ! :ole
 j\rney1 & may l>gely increase ! results
 9 objects & in=mation = future "w4     
,?\gh prices c only be le>n$ by         
practice1 & !y v>y 9 "t & place1 yet !  
foll[+ scale may be tak5 z fairly safe4 
,bronze figures if good "w1 in*es high  
squ>$  %ill+s3 except 9 bad /ate1 or    
,osiris1 or bad clumsy "w1 or votive    
animals4  ,papyri or p>*m5t1 cont9u\s   
text1 #a p\nd a squ>e foot1 acc\nts1    
half or a ?ird4  ,jewell]y1 betwe5      
weight 9 co9 & d\ble t1 accord+ to "w4  
,sc>abs1 common b fair #bs41 names      
#bs4-#es42 up to #e p\nds or #aj p\nds  
if beautiful4 ,engrav$ gems1 small      
common ,roman1 #bs4-#ds4 9 ,london1 m 9 
,ea/2 = a fair ,greek #a p\nd-#aj p\nds4
  ,co9s (t5 high] 9 ! ,ea/ ?an 9        
,london4 ,9 ,greek l&s copp] co9s may be

 b\ght by weight1 & pick$ ov] at        
leisure1 & ! wor?less co9s reject$4 ,=  
s+le co9s fix a price1 say half a franc1
 & (f]s ( l>ge numb]s may come 91 f :i* 
! be/ c be *os5 & ! re/ refus$4  ,glass 
vases1 bl[n1 in*es high squ>$ at #d;d4  
or #f;d4 ea*4 ,col\r$ glass d\ble or    
triple4  ,u%abtis1 poor #as4-#ds41 fair 
#es4-#ajs41 f9e blue or engrav$ #a p\nd-
 #aj p\nds4     ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,*ief    
,,briti% ,,in/itutions ,,& ,,societies  
,,conc]n$ ,,) ,,! ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,!  
,,ne> ,,& ,,middle ,,ea/4  ,,london4    
,,briti% ,,museum1 ,bloomsbury1         
,w4,c4#a4 ,director1 ,sir ,f4 ,g4       
,k5yon1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,p4,b4,a4 ,keep] (   
,egyptian & ,assyrian ,antiquities1 ,sir
 ,erne/ ,wallis ,budge1 ,litt4,d4 ,keep]
 ( ,briti% & ,m$iaeval ,antiquities     
7includ+ ,prehi/oric ,antiquities1      
,e?nology1 & ,ori5tal ,antiquities7 ,sir
 ,h]cules ,read1 ,f4,b4,a41 ,p4,s4,a4   
,keep] ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1  
,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,m4,a4 ,keep] ( ,co9s1 ,g4
 ,f4 ,hill1 ,f4,b4,a4 ,keep] ( ,,mss41  

,j4 ,p4 ,gilson1 ,m4,a4 ,keep] (        
,ori5tal ,,mss4 & ,pr9t$ ,books4 ,l4 ,d4
 ,b>nett1 ,litt4,d4  ,,victoria ,,&     
,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,s4 ,k5s+ton1         
,s4,w4#g4 ,director1 ,sir ,cecil ,h>c\rt
 ,smi?1 ,c4,v4,o4 ,assi/ant ,keep] (    
,ar*itecture & ,sculpture1 ,e4 ,r4 ,d4  
,maclagan4 ,assi/ant ,keep] ( ,c]amics1 
,c4 ,h4 ,wylde4 ,keep] ( ,metalwork1 ,w4
 ,w4 ,watts4 ,keep] ( ,textiles1 ,a4 ,f4
 ,k5drick4 ,keep] ( ,woodwork1 ,e4 ,f4  
,/range1 ,c4,b4,e4  ,,briti% ,,academy1 
,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,piccadilly1 ,w4#a4    
,secret>y1 ,sir ,i4 ,gollancz1 ,litt4,d4
  ,,briti% ,,s*ool ,,at ,,a!ns1 #ai     
,bloomsbury ,squ>e1 ,w4,c4#a1 ,secret>y1
 ,john ,p5oyre1 ,c4,b4,e4  ,,briti%     
,,s*ool ,,9 ,,j]usalem1 c_/o4 ,pale/9e  
,exploration ,fund1 #b ,h9de ,/41       
,man*e/] ,squ>e1 ,w4 #a4 ,secret>y1     
,miss ,r4 ,woodley4  ,,briti% ,,s*ool   
,,at ,,rome1 #ai ,bloomsbury ,squ>e1    
,w4,c4#a4 ,secret>y ( ! ,faculty (      
,ar*aeology1 ,hi/ory & ,lett]s1 ,e4 ,j4 
,=sdyke4  ,,pale/9e ,,exploration       

,,fund1 #b ,h9de ,/41 ,man*e/] ,squ>e1  
,w4#a ,secret>y1 ,e4 ,w4 ,g4 ,ma/]man1  
,m4,d4  ,,egypt ,,exploration ,,society1
 #ac ,tavi/ock ,squ>e1 ,w4,c4#a4        
,secret>y1 ,miss ,jonas4  ,,egyptian    
,,rese>* ,,acc\nt ,,& ,,briti% ,,s*ool  
,,( ,,ar*aeology ,,9 ,,egypt4 ,hon4     
,director1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,f4 ,petrie1   
,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,univ]sity        
,college1 ,g[] ,/41 ,w4,c4#a4  ,,society
 ,,( ,,antiqu>ies ,,( ,,london1         
,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,w4#a4 ,secret>y1 ,c4  
,r4 ,pe]s1 ,f4,s4,a4  ,,royal ,,asiatic 
,,society1 #gd ,grosv5or ,/41 ,w4 #a4   
,secret>y1 ,miss ,eleanor ,hull4        
,,society ,,= ,,! ,,promotion ,,(       
,,hell5ic ,,/udies1 #ai ,bloomsbury     
,squ>e1 ,w4,c4#a4 ,secret>y & ,libr>ian1
 ,john ,p5oyre1 ,c4,b4,e4  ,,royal      
,,in/itute ,,( ,,briti% ,,ar*itects1 #i 
,conduit ,/41 ,w4#a4 ,secret>y1 ,ian    
,mac,alister4  ,,society ,,= ,,!        
,,promotion ,,( ,,roman ,,/udies1 #ai   
,bloomsbury ,squ>e1 ,w4,c4#a4 ,secret>y1
 ,miss ,m>g>et ,ramsay4  ,,royal        

,,an?ropological ,,in/itute1 #ej ,gt4   
,russell ,/41 ,w4,c4#a4 ,secret>ies1 ,h4
 ,s4 ,h>rison1 ,t4 ,a4 ,joyce1 ,o4,b4,e4
  ,,royal ,,numismatic ,,society1 #bb   
,russell ,squ>e1 ,w4,c4#a4 ,secret>ies1 
,j4 ,allan1 ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,morrieson4  
,,royal ,,geographical ,,society1 ,l[!r 
,lodge1 ,k5s+ton ,gore1 ,s4 ,w4 #g4     
,secret>y1 ,a4 ,r4 ,h9ks1 ,f4,r4,s4     
,,ar*aeological ,,jo9t ,,committee4     
,hon4 ,secret>y1 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,briti% 
,museum1 ,w4,c4#a4   ,,cambridge4       
,,museum ,,( ,,ar*aeology ,,&           
,,e?nology4 ,curator1 ,b>on ,a4 von     
,hugel4  ,,fitzwilliam ,,museum4        
,director1 ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell1 ,m4,a4    
,,ox=d4  ,,a%molean ,,museum4 ,keep]1   
,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,f4,b4,a4    
,,a!ns4  ,,briti% ,,s*ool4 ,director1   
,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,wace4   ,,j]usalem4        
,,briti% ,,s*ool4 ,director1 ,pr(4 ,j4  
,g>/ang4   ,,rome4  ,,briti% ,,s*ool1   
,valle ,giulia4 ,director1 ,?omas ,a%by1
 ,d4,litt4    ,,! ,,ar*aeological ,,jo9t
 ,,committee  ,society or o!r ,body4    

,repres5tatives4   ,briti% ,academy     
,sir ,f4 ,g4 ,k5yon1  ,k4,c4,b4         
7,*airman ( ,committee74                
,pr(4 ,p]cy ,g>dn]4                     
,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay4  ,royal           
,an?ropological ,in/itute               
,sir ,ev]>d ,im ,?urn4                  
,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,kei?4  ,society (         
,antiqu>ies                     ,sir    
,ar?ur ,evans4                          
,sir ,h]cules ,read4  ,royal ,in/itute (
 ,briti% ,ar*itects      ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4  
,le?aby4                                
,pr(4 ,a4 ,g4 ,dickie4  ,royal ,asiatic 
,society                      ,f4       
,legge4                                 
,r4 ,sewell4  ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns   
,j4 ,p4 ,droop4   ,byzant9e ,rese>*     
,fund                    ,sir ,h]cules  
,read4  ,egypt ,exploration ,society    
,sir ,f4 ,g4 ,k5yon1 ,k4,c4,b4          
,dr4 ,alan ,g>d9]4  ,egyptian ,rese>*   
,acc\nt                  ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s  
,petrie4                                
,pr(4 ,erne/ ,g>dn]4  ,society = !      

,promotion                  ,a4 ,h4     
,smi?4 ( ,hell5ic ,/udies               
,g4 ,f4 ,hill 7,hon4 ,sec4 (            
,committee74  ,briti% ,s*ool at         
,j]usalem                ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s  
,petrie4                                
,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,c4,m4,g4  ,royal       
,numismatic ,society                    
,pr(4 ,c4 ,oman1 ,m4,p4                 
,g4 ,f4 ,hill4  ,pale/9e ,exploration   
,fund                 ,dr4 ,g4 ,bu*anan 
,gray4                                  
,pr(4 ,a4 ,g4 ,dickie  ,society = !     
,promotion (               ,miss        
,g]trude ,bell4 ,roman ,/udies          
,o4 ,m4 ,dalton4                        
----------------------------------------
----  ,briti% ,museum                   
,sir ,f4 ,g4 ,k5yon1 ,k4,c4,b4          
,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum              
,sir ,cecil ,h>c\rt ,smi?1              
,c4,v4,o4    ,,"p ,,ii  ,,introductory  
,,note  ,! aim ( ! special sections     
conta9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii-,,viii is to    
describe1 n ! objects usually to be se5 

9 ,museums1 b only su* ?+s z w be f\nd  
ly+ out on m\nds & sites1 & z are m or  
less di/9ctive ( a p]iod4 ,?us c]ta9    
comp>atively trivial objects are nam$1  
because !y are peculi> to a p]iod1 &    
likely to be f\nd 9 a casual passage ov]
 a site1 :]eas o!r objects1 common to   
sev]al p]iods1 are ignor$4 ,only !      
di/9ctive1 key objects are m5tion$4 ,!  
great features ( ,greek ,art1 = in/ance1
 are n dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,ii2 nor are   
co9s1 ! probabilities ( f9d+ !m be+ too 
sl5d]1 & ! possibilities too wide4      
,nev]!less1 co9s :5 f\nd %\ld be        
c>efully quot$4 ,pott]y naturally takes 
! l>ge/ place1 z x 0 abundant1 & its    
fragm5ts are a good guide to p]iod1 &   
be+ practically inde/ructible & ( no    
intr9sic value are mo/ likely to be met 
)4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 pott]y made ) !   
use ( ! :eel & t made )\t is important  
to be not$4 ,! use ( ! :eel c usually be
 detect$ ?r\gh ! slight inequalities ( !
 clay t make a s]ies ( p>allel l9es on !
 inn] surface4 ,! diagrammatic          

repres5tations ( ! pot-=ms *>act]i/ic ( 
v>i\s p]iods or ( o!r objects rang+     
?r\gh a civilization ! ma9 features (   
:i* c be %[n 9 outl9e w1 x is hop$1 be  
f\nd useful4 ,simplifi$ tables (        
alphabets1 int5d$ to make x possible    
r\ghly to id5tify ! script1 if n ! date1
 ( an inscription1 are also giv54       
,,*apt] ,i   ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts  ,see   
,diagrams1 ,illu/rations ,,ii3 ,fl9t    
,implem5ts  ,z ! developm5t ( ,fl9t     
,implem5ts foll[s m or less ! same c\rse
 9 all ! di/ricts ) :i* ?is volume      
deals1 a g5]al description is giv5 "h1  
to avoid repetition 9 ! special         
sections4  ,! e>li] p]iods ( man are s  
remote t geological *anges1 wet1 &      
decay1 h remov$ ne>ly all 8 works except
 ! fl9t tools4 ,x is to ^! *iefly t we  
mu/ look = our k ( 8 abilities4 ,fl9ts  
are ne>ly all t we h = ! e>ly /ages1 to 
supply :at arts1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature    
give 9 lat] /ages4 ,to pres]ve & educe  
all we possibly c obta9 f _! situation1 
& purpose1 is a ma9 duty to hi/ory4 ,to 

de/roy or confuse ! evid5ce1 by remov+  
specim5s )\t a record1 or by %ift+ !m to
 a diff]5t place1 is a crime 9 sci5ce4  
,z !re is no temptation to ignorant     
peasants to move fl9ts until !y are     
induc$ by collectors1 s ! :ole fault ( !
 wreckage t has tak5 place 9 _m sites   
lies on ! plund]+ collector4 ,no money  
or rew>d %\ld be giv5 = any fl9ts2 a few
 f9e specim5s may be lo/1 b va/ly m h>m 
w\ld be done by enc\rag+ m]e raid+4  ,! 
p]iods & /yles t are n[ recogniz$ are   
%[n on ! diagram--& _! conditions 73    
,/yle              ,climate             
,sea level  ,eoli?ic 7,plioc5e7      8  
,ro/roc>9ate 7,crag7    8 ,/repyan      
w>m]                  l[] ,*ellean      
w>m                    l[ ,a*eulian     
cool]                  ris+ ,m\/]ian    
cold                    high            
,aurignacian              less cold     
l[] ,solutrean                w>m]      
l[ ,magdal5ian              cold]       
ris+ ,neoli?ic                          
z pres5t   ,diff]5ces ( heat may be #bj 

degrees or #cj degrees  or - ,diff]5ces 
( level may be #fjj-hjj ft4  or -  ,!   
in=mation requir$ ( all obs]v]s is !    
level & conditions ( all fl9t tools t !y
 may see or collect4  ,gravels conta9+  
tools may be surface gravels on a       
plateau2 note !n ! level1 & ! relation (
 !m to any cliffs2 d !y end abruptly at 
a cliff edge1 %[+ t ! valley 0 fill$ up2
 or d !y fade away to ! edge1 %[+ t !y  
are old] ?an ! valley erosion8 ,gravels 
may be ! fill+ up ( a valley :i* 0      
previ\sly erod$2 note ! highe/ level at 
:i* !y c be trac$2 (t5 little pockets ( 
deposit1 or traces ( s&y /rata1 c be    
f\nd cl++ high up on cliffs2 also note !
 dep?s 9 ! gravel at :i* any tools are  
f\nd4 ,any %ells or bones 9 ! gravels   
are ( ! greate/ value2 ! dep? at :i* !y 
are f\nd %\ld be writt5 on !m at once1 )
 ! locality4  ,surface fl9ts %\ld h     
levels not$ on !m4 ,if %>p !y %[ t      
probably subm]g5ce has n rea*$ t level  
s9ce2 if worn1 !n wat] has be5 up to a  
high] level1 f :i* !y h be5 wa%$ d[n4   

,levell+ may be read f a cont\r map1 if 
!re is su* available4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries x 
mu/ be done by read+ feet on an an]oid  
b>omet]1 set ) z]o ( level scale to #cj 
ins4 or #gfj mm4 ,!n visit z soon z     
possible "s po9t :]e a level is m>k$ on 
! map1 z a hill top1 & read ! b>omet]4  
,?is w give ! correction to be made to  
all ! previ\s notes4 ,if !re is no level
 record$1 get d[n to a /ream b$ 7! l>g] 
! bett]7 & read x !re1 record+ ! exact  
place on ! map4 ,! level may !n be work$
 out approximately by po9ts above & bel[
 on ! /ream1 = accurate read+1 hold !   
an]oid face up1 g5tly tap x1 & read2 !n 
face d[n simil>ly1 & take ! mean4 ,gu>d 
t ! w9d does n bl[ aga9/ any keyhole 9 !
 case4  ,p5cil all levels & localities  
on fl9ts z soon z f\nd4 ,ink 9 ! notes  
on ! lea/ prom95t p>ts ( ! fl9t1 9 small
 capital lett]s1 :5 9 camp1 ) wat]pro(  
,*9a ink4  ,/yles ( fl9t "w4 ,! ,eoli?s 
are worn pebbles1 *ipp$ z if = scrap+4  
,! ,ro/ro- c>9ate fl9ts f\nd at ! base (
 ! ,crag are long b>s ) a beak-end1     

suit$ = break+ up e>?4 ,! human orig9 ( 
bo? ( ^! classes is conte/$4 ,fl9ts (   
,/repy type are nodul> & p>tly trimm$   
into cutt+ edges1 ! smoo? surface be+   
left z a h&le4 ,! ,*elles types are     
rem>kable = regul>ity & f9e bold flak+2 
! worn butt 7?\gh be/ = h&l+7 0         
ev5tually flak$ away to obta9 an arti/ic
 uni=m f9i%4 ,! ,/4 ,a*eul s]ies has f9]
 flak+1 ! cru/ be+ completely remov$3   
!re is a t5d5cy to ovate or almond      
%apes1 & ! edges are (t5 curv$1 ! rev]se
 ,s-curve be+ pref]r$1 ,!y dim9i% 9 size
 t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,*elles & ,/4
 ,a*eul s]ies are core implem5ts1 made  
by deta*+ flakes2 & ! succe$+ 7,le      
,m\/i]7 me?od is to use ! flakes1       
g5]ally = scrap+4 ,! ,,la1 ,,em !       
diagram is transitional f ,/4 ,a*eul to 
,le ,m\/i]4 ,! =m m>k$ ,m is !          
pr$ecessor ( ! ,solutrean =m next bel[  
x4 ,! ,aurignacian is a small] flake    
indu/ry1 ) _m lumps m or less conical1 &
 (t5 ) c>eful p>allel flak+ or flut+4 ,!
 ,solutre culture br\ght 9 a new /yle1  

p>ticul>ly ?9 blades ) delicate surface 
flak+ :i* seems to h reappe>$ 9 ! late  
,neoli?ic4 ,! po9t$ bor]s1 c]ta9        
arr[-heads & m9utely *ipp$ rods ( fl9t  
are *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 & fl9ts ( ?is 
age are f\nd on ! ,egyptian & ,syrian   
des]ts4 ,long] blades1 sometimes v      
co>se1 ) ends worn by scrap+1 m>k !     
p]iod ( ,la ,madele9e4 ,!y are f\nd 9   
prehi/oric ,egyptian graves1 along )    
,neoli?ic knives & lances4 ,z a te*nical
 advance on flak+ by bl[s or pressure1  
gr9d+ & incid5tal poli%+ ( fl9t         
implem5ts are reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( !   
,neoli?ic p]iod2 & ! practice may h />t$
 9 areas devoid ( fl9t1 :]e x 0 necess>y
 to utilize local mat]ial t c\ld n be   
flak$ l fl9t4 ,9 ,europe g5]ally1 poli%$
 celts belong to ! ,megali?ic or late/  
division ( ! ,neoli?ic1 b ?is implem5t  
appe>$ mu* e>li]1 & 9 a s5se succe$$ !  
,palaeoli?ic h&-axe4 ,! latt] is n kn[n 
to h be5 haft$1 & its work+ edges 7 at !
 po9t$ end2 :]eas 9 ,neoli?ic times !   
implem5t _h become an axe 9 ! mod]n     

s5se1 ) ! po9t$ end ins]t$ 9 a haft1 & !
 cutt+ edge remov$ to ! broad] end4 ,!re
 are _m o!r ,neoli?ic types1 us$ ) or   
)\t a haft1 & only a small proportion 7 
f9i%$ by gr9d+ on s&/one4     ,,*apt]   
,,ii   ,,greece  ,see ! diagrams ( fl9t 
implem5ts1 ,illu/ration ,,ii ( pott]y1  
,illu/ration ,,iii2 & ( alphabets1      
,illu/ration ,,iv  ,! ,p]iods into :i* !
 subject mu/ be divid$ are r\ghly z     
foll[s3      ,i4  ,prehi/oric d[n to    
ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4     ,,ii4  ,prehi/oric
 ,greek d[n to ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4         
,,iii4  ,ar*aic ,greek #gjj-ejj ,b4,c4  
,,iv4  ,classical ,greek #ejj-cjj ,b4,c4
      ,v4  ,hell5i/ic aft] #cjj4        
,,vi4  ,roman4    ,,vii4  ,byzant9e4    
,i4 ,,prehi/oric   ,a4 ,,nor? ,,greece4 
,,neoli?ic4--,neoli?ic settlem5ts on l[ 
m\nds 7magh\les7 ris+ f ! pla9s4  ,/one 
implem5ts4 ,axes1 hamm]s1 *isels1 qu]ns1
 c4 ,fl9t *ips1 bone ne$les1 obsidian4  
,pott]y4 ,h&-made burni%$1 yell[1 br[n1 
black or r$4 ,h&les r>e4 ,holes 9 rim1  
or lugs pi]c$ = susp5sion1 ,e>lie/      

rema9s %[ pa9t$ %]ds4 ,long p]iod (     
unpa9t$ w>e foll[$4 ,patt]ns irregul>1  
rectangul> & curv$4 ,no naturalism4     
7,figs4 #a & #b47  ,w>e diff]s slightly 
) locality4 ,9 ,!ssaly f9e r$ w>e       
undecorat$ contempor>y ) r$ decoration  
on :ite4 ,*ocolate pa9t on deep buff    
foll[s4 ,incis$ w>e1 geometric patt]ns  
:ite rubb$ 94  ,figur9es4 ,rude clay4   
,/eatopyg\s4  ,?is civilization ext5d$ f
 nor!rn edge ( ,!ssaly z f> s\? z       
,*a]onea4 ,use ( bronze be=e end        
unc]ta94 ,civilization undi/urb$ by     
,aegean culture t spread ov] s\!rn      
,greece until j be=e bo? 7 swept away by
 iron-us+ p4   ,b4 ,,crete1 ,,aegean1   
,,s\? ,,greece4  ,,crete4  ,,neoli?ic4  
,black or r$ burni%$ pott]y4 ,,bronze   
,,age4  ,e>ly ,m9oan4 ,pa9t$ pott]y1 d>k
 pa9t on light gr\nd1 geometric designs4
 ,unpa9t$1 surface mottl$ r$ & black4   
,middle ,m9oan4 circa4 #cjjj            
,b4,c4--,:ite designs geometric on d>k  
gr\nd4 ,orange & crimson add$4 ,pott]y v
 ?9 & f9e 7,kam>es w>e74 ,patt]ns v     

v>i\s b n naturali/ic except 9 r>e      
in/ances4 7,figs4 #c & #d2 hat*$        
l9esr$47  ,late ,m9oan4 circa4 #aejj    
,b4,c4--,return to use ( light gr\nd4   
,br[n lu/r\s pa9t1 f9e surface to clay4 
,decoration naturali/ic1 fl[]s1         
cuttle-fi%1 %ells1 spirals1 ripple      
patt]ns1 :ite & orange dots & b&s       
occasionally sup]-impos$ on d>k glaze   
7,figs4 #g1 #aj1 & #ab74  ,:ite & orange
 disappe>4 ,decoration /iff] & m        
conv5tional4   ,,aegean4  ,,neoli?ic4   
,no?+ kn[n4  ,,bronze ,,age4            
,contempor>y ) ,e>ly ,m9oan4  ,pott]y ) 
geometric patt]ns normally d>k on light 
buff or r$di% co>se clay4 ,sometimes r$ 
or :ite on black burni%$ clay4  ,m>ble  
figur9es 'fiddle-%ap$' f ,naxos & ,p>os 
7,,iii1 ,fig4 #f74  ,contempor>y )      
,middle ,m9oan4  ,pott]y ) v pale       
sometimes gre5i% clay1 & grey black     
totally unlu/r\s pa9t4 ,patt]ns ma9ly   
geometric4 ,r sp>se decoration4 ,lat]1 )
 addition ( r$1 decoration becomes fully
 naturali/ic4 ,lilies & birds 9 r$ &    

black 7,melos7 7,,iii1 ,figs4 #e & #i2  
hat*$ l9esr$74 ,beak$ jugs 7,,iii1 ,fig4
 #e7 mo/ *>act]i/ic %ape ( ?is p]iod4   
,cretan influ5ce /rong 9 ,middle ,m9oan 
completely dr[n$ local ef=ts 9 fir/     
,late ,m9oan days4 ,!nce=w>d local w>e  
imitative4  ,,s\? ,,greece4  ,,neoli?ic4
 ,no?+ kn[n4  ,,bronze ,,age4 ,geometric
 ,w>e ) matt pa9t & pale clay           
correspond+ to t ( isl&s f\nd 9 ,argolid
 & ,boeotia4  ',urfirnis' ,w>e4         
,h&-made4 ,:ole vase cov]$ ) ?9 semi-   
lu/r\s wa% v>y+ f r$-br[n to black4     
,sometimes m]e sme>s4 ,ma9ly f\nd 9     
,boeotia1 b ext5ds nor? to valley (     
,sp]*eius & s\? to ,argolid4 ,date      
unc]ta91 b 9 ,boeotia evid5ce t x end$  
be=e rise ( ',m9yan' w>e4  ',m9yan      
,w>e4' ,grey unpa9t$ pott]y1 poli%$4 ,no
 decoration except 7r>ely7 incis$ l9es4 
,usually :eel-made4 ,*>act]i/ic %apes3  
,goblet ) tall r+$ /em 7,,iii1 ,fig4    
#ae72 wide op5 cup ) high h&les4        
,appe>s to range ,betwe5 ,middle ,m9oan 
,,ii & ,late ,m9oan ,,iii4  ,mo/ frequ5t

 9 ,boeotia to :i* x owes its "n4 ,f\nd 
z f> nor? z ,!ssaly & z f> s\? z ,crete4
 ,local imitations1 obvi\s b di/9ct1    
f\nd ) import$ specim5s 7,melos74       
,prov5ance unkn[n2 connexion ) ,troy    
suspect$4  ',myc5aean4' ,! ,cretan      
civilization swept ov] ,s\? ,greece 9 ! 
fir/ ,late ,m9oan p]iod4 ,*>act]iz$ by  
exub]ance bo? 9 %ape & ornam5t 7,,iii1  
,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ag74 ,bulk (
 :at is likely to be f\nd is ( late/    
p]iod :5 /yle has become conv5tionaliz$4
 ,comp>e ,fig4 #aa 7,myc5aean7 ) ,,iii1 
,fig4 #g ,late ,m9oan ,i4 ,*>act]i/ic   
%apes high goblet & '/irrup' vase       
7,,iii1 ,figs4 #ag & #af74  ,female clay
 figur9es common 7,,iii1 ,fig4 #ad71    
also animals1 ox54  ,objects ,*>act]i/ic
 ( ,aegean ,civilization4  ,seal ,/ones4
 ,r\nd or bean-%ap$1 pi]c$ = susp5sion1 
usually s(t /one1 e4g4 slate or /eatite4
 ,sometimes h>d1 z hematite or rock     
cry/al4 ,c>v$ ) naturali/ic designs3    
lions1 7,,iii1 ,fig4 #h71 /ags1 bulls1  
c[s or h9ds suckl+ _! "y1 cuttle-fi%1   

dolph9s1 c4 ,two animals rang$ l h]aldic
 support]s *>act]i/ic4  ,obsidian4      
,natural glass1 volcanic1 black4 ,s\rce 
,melos4 ,us$ = knives ?r\gh\t ,bronze   
,age4  ,*ips ( ,knife or razor blades1 &
 sometimes ! cores f :i* ^! 7 flak$1 may
 be pick$ up on any ,bronze ,age site1 &
 ev5 on ,!ssalian neoli?ic settlem5ts4  
,gli/5+ black unmi/akable4  ,t]ra-cotta 
lamps4 ,! *>act]i/ic lamp ( ! ,aegean   
civilization is op51 z oppos$ to !      
,greek & ,roman lamp :]e ! body is p>tly
 cov]$ 94  ,walls4 ,cyclopean walls (   
huge irregul> /ones4 ,also good         
squ>e-cut masonry4  ',corbell+' sy/em = 
ar*es1 ea* lay] ( /ones project+ inw>ds 
ov] ! "o bel[4 ,also us$ = ! vaults (   
',beehive' ,tombs t[>ds end ( p]iod4    
,illu/ration ,,iii3 ,,types ,,( ,,greek 
,,pott]y1 ,,etc4   ,,ii4 ,,prehi/oric   
,,greek   ,geometric or ,dipylon ,p]iod4
  ,pott]y4 ,iron ,age4 circ4 #ajjj      
,b4,c4--,absolute break 9 cont9uity f   
:at prec$$4 ,no naturalism4 ,preval5ce (
 geometric patt]ns 7,,iii1 ,figs4 #ah & 

#ai74 ,n mu* v>iety4 ,me&]s1 loz5ges1 & 
zigzags4 ,circles jo9$ by tang5ts       
replace ,myc5aean spirals4 ,ornam5t     
cr[d$4 ,r[s or s+le specim5s (          
long-legg$ wat] birds4 ,human figures   
r>e1 rude angul> silh\ettes4  ,local    
*>act]i/ics disc]nible 7e4g4 betwe5 w>e 
( ,!ssaly1 ,attica1 ,boeotia1 ,delphi1  
,argolid1 ,laconia1 ,!ra1 & ,crete71 b  
/rong family resemblance4 7,l[] specim5 
,,iii1 ,fig4 #ai *>act]i/ic ( ,boeotia47
 ,d>k pa9t on natural clay 7sometimes   
light5$ by a :ite slip1 e4 g4 ,laconia7 
diff]s di/9ctly f ,myc5aean4 ,%apes few]
 & curves less fl[+4 ,amphorae1 plates1 
b[ls1 & jugs4 ,trefoil lip to jug fir/  
appe>s4  ,t]ra-cotta loom weights f n[  
onw>ds (t5 pyramidal 9 =m & glaz$4      
,bronzes4 ,figur9es4 ,?ree types3--     
,human1 r>e 7z on vases74    ,quadrup$s1
 ma9ly horses4 ,cyl9drical muzzle & n>r[
    cyl9drical belly 7,,iii1 ,fig4 #bc74
    ,birds4 ,long neck & legs1 flat bill
 & body4 ,/&s to above1    flat1 squ>e  
or r\nd1 ) op5-"w snake or spiral4  ,p9s

 7to fa/5 dress at %\ld]74 ,long head ) 
small bosses l /rung beads sometimes    
sep>at$ by discs 7,,iii1 ,fig #ba74     
,sometimes l>g] flat disc at end ( head 
7(t5 miss+7 ,p9 itself usually iron1    
r>ely extant4  ,broo*es4   #a4 ,spiral  
type4 ,( wire coil$ into spirals4 ,made 
( "o1 two1 or ?ree wires cross+ ) two1  
f\r1 or six spirals respectively4 ,boss 
at c5tre4 ,spectacle type 7two spirals7 
common4 ,9 'spectacle' type 7sometimes v
 l>ge7 spiral purely utilit>ian1 giv+   
spr+ to ! p94 ,) f\r or m spirals !     
additions are ornam5t1 notewor?y 9 view 
( abs5ce ( spirals on pott]y4   #b4 ,b[ 
type4    7a7 ,high ar*$ b[ solid4    7b7
 ,ar*$ b[ holl[$ l boat inv]t$4 ,?is    
type (t5 has flat plate atta*$ to "o    
end1 l[] edge ( :i* is b5t to =m cat*4  
,plate incis$1 cross$ leaves1 %ips1     
horses1 or m54    7c7 ,ar*$ b[ consi/+ (
 cresc5t-%ap$ plate1 simil> incis$      
decoration4  ,pa/e ,beads4 ,a type      
pyramidal1 d>k ) yell[ spirals r\nd     
corn]s1 mu* resembl+ 'bull's eye'       

sweets1 0 common 9 ,laconia 7,,iii1     
,fig4#bg74  ,t]ra-cotta ,figur9es4      
,s]ies ( rude horses sometimes ) rid]s  
*>act]i/ic ( end ( p]iod4 ,*iefly f     
,boeotia4 ,pa9t$ l pott]y1 b *iefly 9   
l9es4   ,,iii4 ,,ar*aic ,,greek  ,a4    
,ori5talis+4  ,pott]y4 #gjj             
,b4,c4--,influ5ce f ,asia ,m9or4        
,recrudesc5ce !re ( _s ( ,myc5aean art8 
,lions1 /ags1 sph9xes1 sir5s1 ei!r 9    
procession or arrang$ 9 pairs l h]aldic 
support]s4  ,/yliz$ plant motifs 9      
decoration4 ,rays 7or fl[] petals7 ris+ 
f foot mo/ *>act]i/ic 7,,iii1 ,figs4    
#bd1 #bf1 & #bh74  ,use ( purple pa9t to
 supplem5t black bo? = details ( figures
 & = b& decoration4  ,geometric ornam5t 
7?\gh p]haps ) a diff]5ce7 survives to  
fill blank spaces on backgr\nds ( sc5es4
  ,v>ieties ( /yle4 ,bea/s drawn 9      
silh\ette1 heads outl9$1 eyes1 c41 drawn
 91 e>ly1 & ma9ly 9 ! isl&s 7,,iii1     
,fig4 #bi74 ,lat] :ole figures 9        
silh\ette ) details incis$1 p>ticul>ly  
id5tifi$ ) ,cor9?ian & ,boeotian &      

,laconian /yles 7,,iii1 ,fig4 #bf74     
,/yles mo/ likely to be f\nd on ! ma9l& 
are ',proto- ,cor9?ian' & ',cor9?ian'4  
',proto-,cor9?ian' 7also call$ ,argive  
,l9e>74 ,small vases1 v f9e pale clay4  
,decoration *iefly horizontal l9es v    
f9e4 ,rays f feet4 ,sometimes silh\ette 
animals r\nd %\ld]4  ,*>act]i/ic %apes3 
pe>-%ap$ aryballoi1 & leky?i ) conical  
body1 long neck1 & trefoil lip 7,,iii1  
,figs4 #bd & #be74  ',cor9?ian'4 ,clay  
pale buff to w>m biscuit col\r4 ,rays   
r\nd foot4 ,purple b&s4 ,r[s ( usual    
animals4 ,incisions4 ,details 9 purple4 
,gr\nd ornam5ts1 incis$ rosettes m or   
less c>efully drawn4 ,^! 9 great        
pr(usion leav+ v little b>e space4      
7,,iii1 ,fig4 #bf2 hat*$ l9espurple47   
,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod desire = a light     
gr\nd 0 felt1 & :]e ! natural col\r ( ! 
clay did n give suffici5t contra/ x 0   
cov]$ ) a /rip ( cream-or :ite clay     
7e4g4 ,rhodian1 ,naucratite1 ,laconian2 
see ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bh1 ,e>ly ,laconian   
,vase74  ,t]ra-cotta ,figur9es4 ,s]ies t

 culm9ates ) ,tanagra figures ( f\r?    
c5tury beg9s4 ,may be said always to be 
a /ep 9 advance ( contempor>y sculpture 
if any4  ,/atuettes r>e at ?is date1 b  
relief heads on flat plaques or on vase 
h&les common4 ,treatm5t ( hair usually  
resembles ,re/oration wig 7,,iii1 ,fig4 
#bj74 ,rosette frequ5t on %\ld]s        
repres5ts head ( bronze 7r>ely silv] or 
gold7 %\ld] p94  ,bronzes4 ,p9s 7to fa/5
 dress at %\ld]74 ,?ree l>ge bosses     
increas+ 9 size z !y ne> head replace _m
 small equal bosses ( prec$+ p]iod4     
,disc heavi] 7,,iii1 ,fig4 #bb74        
,broo*es4 ,spiral type has disappe>$4   
,c\*ant lion type ) snake tail has be5  
f\nd at ,olympia & ,sp>ta4 ,9 g5]al     
broo*es cease to be common4  ,plaques   
7d\btless affix$ to wood74 ,relief      
patt]ns ( guillo*es or r[s ( bosses4    
,figure sc5es simil> to ^? on pott]y4   
,*>act]i/ic ( sev5? c5tury4 ,*ance (    
pick+ up slight4  ,inscriptions4 ,e>lie/
 extant examples ( use ( ,greek script  
on /one may date f ?is p]iod4 ,=        

developm5ts1 see tables ( alphabets1    
,illu/ration ,,iv4   ,illu/ration ,,iv3 
,,greek ,,alphabets   ,b4 ,black ,figur$
 ,p]iod4  #fjj ,b4,c4--,pr$om9ance (    
,attic pott]y4 ,decay ( local /yles4    
,introduction ( r$ col\r+ into clay & ( 
sup]lative ,attic black glaze4  ,figure 
sc5es 7battle sc5es & sc5es f my?ology7 
l>gely pr$om9ate4 ,black silh\ettes1    
details m>k$ ) f9e incisions1 additions 
( purple & :ite 7latt] = l95 & fle% (   
wom574 ,elaborate palmettos *>act]i/ic  
7,,iii1 ,fig4 #ca74   ,,iv4 ,,classical 
,,greek  ,r$ ,figur$ ,p]iod4 #ebe ,b4,c4
 ,same clay & glaze1 b :ole vase cov]$ )
 glaze & figures res]v$ %[+ 9 col\r (   
clay1 details be+ add$ ) f9e-drawn l9es 
( glaze4  ,:ite ,attic ,vases4 ,! old]  
/yle ( figures drawn 9 outl9e on a light
 gr\nd 7e4 g4 ,naucratite & ,rhodian    
w>e71 ! space )9 outl9es be+ fill$ m or 
less ) wa% ( col\r1 surviv$ 9 ,a!ns side
 by side ) ! m usual black glaz$ w>e1 & 
9 ! fif? c5tury 0 p>ticul>ly affect$ = !
 class ( fun]>y leky?i1 vases made =    

(f]+ at a tomb 7,,iii1 ,fig4 #cj74      
,outl9es at fir/ drawn 9 black1 !n gold5
 br[n1 la/ly a dull r$4  ,miscellane\s4 
,walls4 ,six? c5tury4 ,*>act]i/ic type (
 polygonal wall1 ea* irregul> /one v    
c>efully fitt$ to its neighb\rs4        
,=tifications usually built ) squ>e t[]s
 & ba/ions project+ f ! curta94  ,r\nd  
wat* t[]s "h & !re to be met )4         
,bricks4 ,bak$ bricks r>ely us$ till    
,roman days4 ,bricks /amp$ by ,k+ ,nabis
 7e>ly second c5tury7 h be5 f\nd at     
,sp>ta4  ,t]ra-cotta ro( tiles          
7sometimes ) /amp$ inscriptions7 l>gely 
us$4  ,laconian ,pott]y ,*>act]i/ics4   
,fragm5ts ( black glaz$ ,attic w>e are !
 class ( rema9s easie/ to pick up on any
 ,greek inhabit$ site1 except p]haps 9  
,laconia1 :]e p]haps = political reasons
 ! local /yle 0 nev] ou/$ & pursu$ its  
natural process ( decay until ,hell5i/ic
 times4 ,use ( :ite slip ov] p9k clay   
complete at end ( sev5? c5tury1 !n      
p>tial2 ab&on$ by beg9n+ ( fif? c5tury4 
,*>act]i/ic patt]ns1 squ>es1 & dots     

7,,iii1 ,fig4 #bh7 sev5? c5tury2 lotus &
 pomegranates six? c5tury & fif? c5tury4
  #ejj ,b4,c4--,aft] ! end ( ! fif?     
c5tury1 manufacture ( vases at ,a!ns    
decay$4 ,supply *iefly f ,s\? ,italy4   
,gr[+ use ( additional :ite 7r>e 9      
,attic r$ figure vases71 sometimes      
addition ( detail 9 yell[i% br[n1 & a   
g5]al co>s5ess ( execution1 m>k ! *ange4
  ,t]ra-cotta figur9es 7figures (       
ev]yday life1 mo/ly female2 head- qu>t]s
 ,tanagra 9 ,boeotia7 preval5t4   ,v4   
,,hell5i/ic  #cjj ,b4,c4 ,side by side )
 decay ( r$-figure /yle appe> two       
classes ( vase t became v preval5t4 7#a7
 ,:ite designs1 (t5 floral1 on totally  
black gr\nd ( inf]ior dull glaze4 7#b7  
,black w>e decorat$ n by pa9t b by m\ld$
 figures & patt]ns4 ,also ! h&les (     
unpa9t$ j>s ) /amp$ impressions 7buff   
clay7 n uncommon4 ,prov5ance ma9ly      
,rhodes4   ,,vi4 ,,roman  ,hell5i/ic w>e
 7#b7 is =]unn] ( ,samian or ,aret9e r$ 
pott]y ) m\ld$ designs4 ,v widespread 9 
,greece 9 ,imp]ial days4   ,,vii4       

,,byzant9e ,,age  ,rema9s z f> z ! scope
 ( ?is section is conc]n$ are few4      
,fragm5ts ( pott]y may be f\nd at       
,sp>ta4 ,^! be> /rong resemblance to !  
contempor>y w>es f\nd 9 ,egypt belong+  
to ! e>ly ,mohamm$an p]iod4  ,transp>5t 
lu/r\s glaze4 ,gr\nd usually pale yell[ 
or cream1 sometimes pale gre54 ,designs 
*ildi% 9 "*4 ,lions1 birds1 human       
figures pa9t$ 9 br[n "u ! glaze or      
incis$ ?r\gh4     ,,*apt] ,,iii   ,,asia
 ,,m9or  ,see ! diagrams ( pott]y1      
,illu/ration ,v3 ,,asia ,,m9or ,,pott]y 
#a4 ,introductory4  ,travell]s are m    
likely to make new discov]ies else:]e   
?an on ! actual sites ( anci5t t[ns &   
villages4 ,9 _m cases ! site is f\nd to 
be entirely b>e ( all rema9s except     
sometimes small fragm5ts ( pott]y4 ,9   
g5]al1 inscrib$ & o!r /ones h be5 c>ri$ 
away to s]ve z build+ mat]ial = mosques1
 h\ses1 f\nta9s1 bridges1 c41 or z      
head/ones = graves 9 cemet]ies or = o!r 
utilit>ian purposes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 &  
ne> mod]n villages & t[ns t inscriptions

 are *iefly to be f\nd1 z well z small] 
antiquities1 su* z clay tablets1 pots or
 fragm5ts ( !m1 t]ra-cotta figures1     
co9s1 & s =?4 ,! small] articles may    
sometimes be f\nd 9 ! baza>s1 b !y are  
usually 9 ! h&s ( individuals4  ,x %\ld 
n be assum$ t inscriptions :i* are      
expos$ to public view h all be5 copi$2  
moreov]1 new /ones are con/antly be+    
turn$ up1 especially :]e build+ is go+  
on & :]e !re are old sites or cemet]ies 
close at h&4 ,great numb]s ( inscrib$   
/ones are hidd5 away 9 private dwell+s1 
:]e !y are difficult ( discov]y & (     
access4 ,travell]s %\ld take advantage (
 opportunities t may (f] ( exam9+       
antiquities 9 private h\ses1 & ( visit+ 
sites or monum5ts ab\t :i* in=mation may
 be receiv$1 p>ticul>ly if !y are a     
little (f ! beat5 track4 ,rew>d w (t5   
come 9 ! %ape ( valuable discov]ies1 (  
:i* _m rema9 to be made4 ,cilicia 9     
p>ticul> has be5 imp]fectly explor$1 &  
int]e/+ monum5ts & inscriptions1        
p>ticul>ly ,hittite1 may be f\nd !re4   

#b4 ,pott]y ,fabrics4  ,x is n yet      
possible to describe fully or accurately
 ! succession ( /yles1 or ev5 to assign 
all kn[n fabrics to _! prop] p]iods4 ,= 
?is reason1 ev5 ! mo/ fragm5t>y specim5s
 are ( int]e/1 provid$ only t3    7#a7 !
 out] surface is fairly well pres]v$1   
7#b7 ! place ( discov]y is kn[n4  ,all  
fragm5ts %[+ a rim or sp\t1 h&les or "p 
( a base1 %\ld be pres]v$ until !y c be 
comp>$ ) a m p]fect specim54  ,! foll[+ 
fabrics1 h[ev]1 are widely di/ribut$1 & 
usually seem to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i*
 !y are "h describ$3  ,a4 ,h&-made w>es1
 r\gh )91 b smoo? or burni%$ surface1   
self- col\r$ 7drab or br[n71 or         
int5tionally col\r$ black 7by *>r$ matt]
 9 ! clay1 or by a smoky fire71 or r$   
7by a cle> fire1 sometimes aid$ by a wa%
 or 'slip' ( m f]rug9\s clay74          
,sometimes a black w>e is 'ov]fir$' to  
an a%y grey4  ,9 su* w>es ornam5t is    
r>e1 & consi/s ma9ly ( 7a7 incis$ dots1 
da%es1 or l9es1 9 simple rectil9e>      
patt]ns 7*evrons1 zigzags1 loz5ges71 (t5

 enhanc$ by a :ite *alky fill+ 7,v1     
,figs #e- #h72 7b7 ridges or bosses     
modell$ 9 ! clay surface1 or adh]+ to x4
 ,! =ms are plump & globul>1 (t5        
r\nd-bottom$ or /&+ on %ort feet4 ,rims 
are abs5t or ill-develop$2 necks        
actually prolong$ into tr\gh-sp\ts or   
long beaks2 h&les are v simple & %ort4  
,vases are sometimes modell$ l animals1 
or h human faces or brea/s 7,v1 ,figs4  
#a-d74  ,^! w>es beg9 9 ! ,/one ,age1 & 
seem to pr$om9ate 9 ! e>ly & middle     
,bronze ,age4 ,locally !y may h la/$ ev5
 lat]1 b ! use ( ! pott]'s :eel spread  
rapidly 9 ! e>ly ,bronze ,age4  ,b4     
,h&-made w>es ( light-col\r$ clay1 )    
pa9t$ decoration1 usually 9 black or    
r$di%-br[n4 ,! pa9t is g5]ally )\t      
glaze1 b sometimes is decay$ & easily   
wa%es (f4  ,! =ms & ornam5ts resemble ^?
 ( class ,a1 b are less rude & m v>i$4  
,di/9ct rims & /&+-bases appe>1 & sp\ts 
give place to a p9*$ lip4  ,c4 ,h&-made 
w>es ( black or o!r d>k clay1 ) pa9t$   
decoration 9 :ite or o*re4 ,^! fabrics  

are r r>e1 & ! pa9t is easily wa%$ (f4  
,! =ms foll[ ^? ( class ,b4  ,classes ,b
 & ,c seem to beg9 e>ly 9 ! ,bronze     
,age1 & are gradually replac$ by !      
correspond+ :eel-made fabrics ( class   
,d4  ,d4 ,:eel-made pott]y beg9s 9 !    
,bronze ,age1 & is di/+ui%$ by its      
symmetrical =ms1 & by ! texture ( ! inn]
 surface1 especially ab\t ! rim & base1 
:]e ! pott]'s f+]s h graz$ ! :irl+ clay4
 ,self-col\r$ w>es /ill occur1 & are    
sometimes elegant 7'buc*]o' w>e72 b !   
improv$ furnaces n[ p]mit g5]al use (   
light-col\r$ clays1 suit$ to pa9t$      
decoration4 ,glaz$ pa9t is /ill r>e1 &  
may be tak5 z probable tok5 ( date n    
e>li] ?an ! end ( ! ,bronze ,age4 ,!    
glaze- pa9t$ w>es ( ! ,greek isl&-_w    
occasionally w&]$ to ! ma9l& a little   
e>li] ?an ?is1 b n f> f ! coa/4 ,on     
:eel-made pott]y ! ornam5t is ei!r 7a7  
appli$ :ile ! pot is on ! :eel1 &       
consequ5tly limit$ to l9es & b&s foll[+ 
! plane ( rotation1 or 7b7 add$         
aft]w>ds1 free-h&1 usually betwe5 su*   

b&s1 & especially on ! neck & %\ld]4    
,simple rectil9e> s*emes are commone/   
7panels1 loz5ges1 & triangles1 enri*$ ) 
lattice & *equ]s7 7,v1 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1  
#aa1 #ab72 ) ^! 9 ! ,e>ly ,iron ,age    
appe> little t>gets ( conc5tric circles 
drawn me*anically ) compasses 7,v1      
,figs4 #ac-ae72 also1 by degrees1 birds 
7,v1 ,fig4 #af71 animals1 & simple plant
 designs 7rosettes1 lotus1 palmette71 & 
occasionally human figures4 ,b z a rule1
 ! ma9l& pott]y is v simply decorat$1 & 
insul> imports are r>e1 except )9 ! area
 )9 ,greek colonization4  ,9 ! ,lat]    
,iron ,age or ,hi/oric ,p]iod1 f ! sev5?
 c5tury onw>d1 ! pot-fabrics ( ,asia    
,m9or rapidly assimilate two ma9 classes
 ( =eign fa%ions1 ,greek & ,ori5tal4    
,e4 ,! ,ori5tal types 7ma9ly f ,syria7  
are all plump & heavy look+1 usually 9  
co>se buff or cream-col\r$ w>e1 almo/   
)\t pa9t4 ,! ,greek =ms are m graceful1 
v>i$1 & specializ$2 light-col\r$ clays  
pr$om9ate1 ) simple b&s ( black         
ill-glaz$ pa9t1 absorb$ by ! inf]ior    

clays4  ,aft] ,alex&]'s "t ! ,greek & ! 
,ori5tal =ms became confus$2 ! g5]al    
level ( /yle & execution falls1 pa9t$   
decoration almo/ disappe>s1 & ! out]    
surface is (t5 ribb$ by unev5 pressure (
 ! f+]s on ! :irl+ clay4 ,?is fa%ion is 
a sign ( late ,hell5i/ic or             
,graeco-,roman date4  ,f4 ,mean:ile1 !  
black-glaz$ ,greek 7ma9ly ,a!nian7 w>es 
spread widely = table use1 & 7 imitat$  
locally f ! f\r? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! clay 
is pale or r$di% 7g5u9e ,greek fabrics  
are usually q r$ )97 & ! glaze ?ick1    
black1 & ( a brilliant glassy smoo?ness4
 ,imitations are ( all degrees (        
inf]iority4  ,g4 ,o!r late fabrics h    
smoo? ill-glaz$ surfaces1 ( v>i\s r$1   
br[n1 or *ocolate t9ts1 ov] h>d-bak$    
dull-fractur$ pa/e n unlike mod]n       
e>!nw>e1 b usually d>k-col\r$4 ,^! w>es 
beg9 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 & g on into !
 ,roman & e>ly ,byzant9e ,ages4 ,!y h   
sometimes a little ornam5t 9 a h>d :ite 
or cream 'slip' :i* /&s up above !      
surface ( ! vase4 ,^! fabrics are all = 

table use1 or = tomb-furniture1 & are   
usually ( small size4  ,h4 ,pott]y )    
vitre\s glaze l mod]n e>!nw>e only      
appe>s on ,byzant9e & ,turki% sites4    
,!re a few late ,greek & ,roman fabrics 
( glaz$ w>e1 mo/ly ( d>k br[n &         
olive-gre5 t9ts2 b !y are r>e1 & usually
 f\nd 9 tombs4 ,! e>li] glazes are      
appli$ directly to ! clay2 lat] a :ite  
or col\r$ slip is appli$ fir/1 & a cle> 
silice\s glaze ov] ?is4  #c4            
,inscriptions & ,monum5ts4  ,a4 ,hittite
 ,civilization4 7,see figures1          
,illu/ration ,,vi3 ,hittite             
,inscriptions1 etc47  7#a7 ,f #bjjj     
,b4,c4 onw>ds bak$ clay tablets )       
cunei=m 7or w$ge-%ap$7 writ+            
7,illu/ration ,,vi1 ,fig4 #a7 to be f\nd
 any:]e 9 ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 )9 !      
,halys b5d & s\? ( x1 9 ,s\!rn          
,cappadocia1 9 ,cilicia1 & 9 ,nor?      
,syria up to ! ,euphrates4  7#b7        
#ajjj-gjj ,b4,c4 probably3 inscriptions 
g5]ally cut on /one1 d>k & h>d 7black   
basalt71 or on ! liv+ rock1 9           

hi]oglyphic writ+4 ,! hi]oglyphs are    
ei!r cut 9 relief 7,,vi1 ,fig4 #d7 or   
incis$ 7,,vi1 ,fig4 #b74 ,f\nd 9 ! same 
region & sporadically we/ ( ! ,halys4   
7#c7 ,f #adjj ,b4,c4 & #ijj ,b4,c4      
onw>ds monum5ts & sculpture4 ,human     
figures are %ort & ?ick1 g5]ally we>+   
boots ) toes turn$ up 7,,vi1 ,fig4 #c47 
,f\nd 9 ! same regions z ! inscriptions 
& also we/ ( ! ,halys to ! sea4  ,b4    
,lydian inscriptions4  ,f ab\t #ejj     
,b4,c4 ,lett]s mo/ly l ,greek capitals  
7sometimes rev]s$72 7,illu/ration ,,iv1 
at bottom74  ,c4 ,lycian inscriptions & 
monum5ts4  ,f ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4          
inscriptions1 sometimes ) a ,greek      
translation4 7,,iv1 at bottom47         
,monum5ts1 mo/ly ) inscriptions1 are    
g5]ally tombs 9 /one1 built to imitate  
wood1 ) ! ends ( beams project+ or %[+4 
,d4 ,greek antiquities4  7#a7 ,e>ly     
p]iod to #cbc ,b4,c4 ! great ,greek     
colonies on ! seabo>d & 9 ! coa/ valleys
 really =m$ an outly+ "p ( ,greece1 & = 
!m ! section on ,greece %\ld be         

consult$4  7#b7 ,p]iods ( ,seleucid &   
,p]gam5e rule1 #cbc-acj ,b4,c4          
,inscriptions ( ^! p]iods to be f\nd    
mo/ly 9 ! coa/al region1 r>ely on !     
plateau4 ,*iefly royal ord9ances1 ?ank  
(f]+s1 municipal honor>y inscriptions1  
decrees1 cov5ants1 & ! l4  7#c7         
,graeco-,roman p]iod1 #acj ,b4,c4-,a4,d4
 #djj4 ,language ( inscriptions rema9s  
normally ,greek1 ?\gh ! lett]+ gradually
 assumes a diff]5t "* f c5tury to       
c5tury1 /eadily det]iorat+4 ,! ,phrygian
 language1 writt5 9 ,greek lett]s1      
survives = sev]al c5turies 9 epitaphs1  
"p ( ! inscription (t5 be+ 9 ,greek4    
,lat9 inscriptions are n common except 9
 ,roman colonies dur+ ! e>li] c5turies (
 _! exi/5ce4 ,else:]e !y are *iefly     
(ficial docum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds 7e4g4     
imp]ial ord9ances1 mile/ones usually (  
column> %ape ) ! ,emp]or's titles1      
b\nd>y /ones1 c471 or expressions (     
homage to ,emp]ors1 honor>y inscriptions
 to gov]nors & o!r (ficials1 d$ications1
 epitaphs1 c4 ,sometimes a ,greek v]sion

 is add$4  ,lat9 inscriptions ( !       
,republican p]iod 7record+ decrees ( !  
,s5ate7 are extremely r>e4              
,,illu/ration ,,vi3 ,,hittite           
,,inscriptions1 ,,etc4     ,,*apt] ,,iv 
,,cyprus  ,! travell] w f9d ! ,catalogue
 ( ! ,cyprus ,museum1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,myres 
& ,m4 ,ohnefals*-,ri*t] 7,ox=d1 #ahii7  
indisp5sable = ! /udy ( ,cypriote       
,antiquities4 ,ref]5ce may also be made 
to ,myres1 ,catalogue ( ! ,cesnola      
,collection ( ,antiquities f ,cyprus    
7,new ,york1 #aiad74 ,!y conta9 num]\s  
illu/rations ( types1 & make diagrams = 
! pres5t section unnecess>y4  ,!        
pr9cipal classes ( anci5t rema9s are z  
foll[s3  ,settlem5ts4 ,^! are usually   
mu* deva/at$ by ! removal ( build+      
mat]ials to m rec5t habitations2 or are 
obscur$ by mod]n t[ns & villages on !   
same site4 ,all f\ndations 9 squ>$      
masonry1 or compos$ ( unusually l>ge    
/ones1 %\ld be not$ & protect$ z f> z   
possible4 ,! frequ5t pres5ce ( l>ge     
build+ /ones1 & especially (            

ar*itectural fragm5ts1 9 rec5t          
h\se-walls probably indicates !         
neighb\rhood ( an anci5t build+3 & all  
recon/ructions & fre% f\ndation-tr5*es  
%\ld be kept "u obs]vation4 ,! pres5t   
,antiquity ,law provides = ! inspection 
& cu/ody ( anci5t rema9s s expos$3 !    
,curator ( ,anci5t ,monum5ts is *>g$ ) !
 sup]vision ( all build+s & monum5ts    
above gr\nd2 ! ,keep] ( ,antiquities = !
 cu/ody ( movable objects1 & = !        
regi/ration ( ^? already 9 private      
possession4 ,tak+ into consid]ation !   
utility ( good build+ mat]ial to !      
pres5t own]s ( su* sites1 active        
co-op]ation to pres]ve anci5t masonry is
 n to be expect$1 unless local          
patriotism & expectation ( traffic f    
t\ri/s c be enli/$ 9 support ( ,gov]nm5t
 regulations4 ,ar*itectural fragm5ts    
f\nd 9 recon/ruction are (t5 be/ pres]v$
 by arrang+ t !y %all be built          
conspicu\sly into "o ( ! new walls1 well
 above gr\nd-level1 or transf]r$ to !   
ne>e/ *ur* or s*ool-h\se4  ,sanctu>ies  

usually consi/ ( a wall$ enclosure      
conta9+ num]\s p$e/als & bases ( votive 
/atues & o!r monum5ts4 ,usually only !  
f\ndation-walls are ( /one1 z ! same    
sun-dri$ brick 0 commonly us$ 9 anci5t z
 9 mod]n times = ! sup]/ructure4 ,su*   
sites are (t5 v>y %all[1 & :5 !y occur 9
 ! op5 c\ntry are liable to be di/urb$  
by pl\gh+1 :5 ! small] /atuettes &      
t]ra-cotta figures may be turn$ up 9    
consid]able numb]s4 ,z mo/ ( our k ( !  
sculpture1 z well z ( ! religi\s        
obs]vances1 ( anci5t ,cyprus is d]iv$ f 
su* sites1 all su* indications %\ld be  
report$ at once to ! ,keep] (           
,antiquities1 & arrangem5ts made = !    
site to be exam9$ ) a view to excavation
 be=e x is cultivat$ fur!r4 ,! sculpture
 on ^! sites beg9s usually 9 ! sev5?    
c5tury ,b4,c42 be=e t p]iod t]ra-cotta  
figures 7 9 use z f> back z ! n9? or t5?
 c5tury4 ,figures ( ',mix$ ,ori5tal'    
/yle1 resembl+ ,assyrian or ,egyptian   
"w1 give place ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 to a    
prov9cial ,greek /yle1 :i* passes       

gradually into ,hell5i/ic &             
,graeco-,roman4 ,! mat]ial is almo/     
inv>iably ! s(t local lime/one1 & !     
workman%ip is (t5 clumsy2 b ev5 ! co>s] 
examples %\ld be treat$ c>efully1 z !y 7
 sometimes complet$ 9 col\rs :i* are    
easily de/roy$ by too vigor\s wa%+4 ,!  
fir/ clean+ %\ld be ) g5tly runn+ wat]  
only4  ,tombs are ( all p]iods1 & are   
f\nd n only ar\nd hi/orical sites &     
actual ru9s1 b also 9 localities :]e !  
settlem5t to :i* !y belong$ has :olly   
disappe>$4 ,?\gh simple graves 7 always 
9 use among ! poore/ folk1 ! commone/ =m
 ( tomb at all p]iods is a rock-cut     
*amb] ent]$ by a door 9 "o side1 to :i* 
access is giv5 by a %aft or slop+       
passage 7dromos7 cut likewise 9 ! rock4 
,! e>lie/ are b a few feet f ! surface1 
j deep en\gh to ensure a firm ro( to !  
*amb]2 lat] ! dep? is z mu* z #ab or #ae
 feet4 ,occasionally ! *amb]1 & ev5 !   
passage1 is built ( masonry & ro($ )    
/one slabs or a corbel vault1 & ! simple
 door-slab gives place to a /one door1  

h+$1 or slid+ 9 a groov$ frame4         
,cremation 0 occasionally practis$ 9 !  
,hell5i/ic ,age1 b ! regul> cu/om 0 to  
bury ! body2 dur+ ! ,bronze ,age 9 a    
sitt+ or a contract$ po/ure1 9 all lat] 
p]iods ly+ at full l5g?4 ,/one c(f9s    
7s>cophagi71 ) a lid1 7 us$ occasionally
 by ! ri* f ! six? c5tury onw>ds1 &     
wood5 c(f9s 9 ! ,graeco-,roman p]iod4   
,!re is always z ri* a tomb-equipm5t z !
 m\rn]s c\ld af=d1 ( p]sonal ornam5ts1  
wrea?s1 provisions1 weapons1 & o!r ge>1 
especially pott]y2 & t]ra-cotta figures 
( m51 animals1 furniture1 & o!r objects 
= ! use ( ! deceas$4 ,9 ,graeco-,roman  
tombs pott]y is supplem5t$ or replac$ by
 glass vessels1 & co9s are frequ5t1 &   
are important evid5ce ( date4 ,mo/ ( our
 k ( ,cypriote arts & indu/ries comes f 
?is tomb-equipm5t1 :i* %\ld !re=e if    
possible be pres]v$ entire & kept       
toge!r1 tomb by tomb2 n neglect+ !      
skeletons !mselves1 :i* are ( value to  
indicate *anges 9 ! isl& population4 ,! 
position ( tombs 0 (t5 m>k$ by          

grave/ones above gr\nd2 ^! rema9 scatt]$
 9 ! surface soil1 or collect$ to block 
! entrances to lat] tombs4 ,!y are      
frequ5tly inscrib$4 ,a v common =m 9    
,greco-,roman times is ! cippus1 a %ort 
column1 l an alt>4  ,pott]y & o!r       
objects f tombs1 & also f settlem5ts1 is
 classifi$ z foll[s3  ,/one ,age3 n     
cle>ly repres5t$ 9 ,cyprus2 b "s ( !    
e>lie/ tombs 7) rude v>ieties ( r$      
h&-made w>e7 conta9 no metallic objects1
 & may belong to ! late/ neoli?ic p]iod4
 ,/one implem5ts are v r>e1 & %\ld be   
c>efully record$1 ) a note ( ! spot :]e 
!y 7 f\nd4  ,bronze ,age1 e>ly p]iod    
7be=e #bjjj ,b4,c473 poli%$ r$ w>e1     
h&-made1 sometimes ) incis$ ornam5t     
fill$ ) :ite p[d]4  ,bronze ,age1 middle
 p]iod 7#bjjj-aejj ,b4,c473 poli%$ r$   
w>e1 & also :ite h&-made w>e ) pa9t$    
l9e> ornam5t 9 dull black or br[n4      
,bronze ,age1 late p]iod 7#aejj-abjj    
,b4,c473 deg5]ate poli%$ r$ & pa9t$ :ite
 w>e2 :eel-made :ite w>e ) pa9t$ ornam5t
 9 glaz$ black or br[n1 ( ! ',late      

,m9oan' or ',myc5aean' /yle introduc$ f 
! ,aegean2 v>i\s h&-made w>es ( =eign   
/yles1 probably f ,syria or ,asia ,m9or4
  ,9 ^! p]iods1 weapons1 implem5ts1 &   
ornam5ts are ( copp] 7) bronze 9 !      
'late' p]iod72 gold occurs r>ely2       
t]ra-cotta figures are few & rude2      
engrav$ seals are cyl9drical l ^? (     
,babylonia4  ,e>ly ,iron ,age3 :eel-made
 pott]y1 ei!r :ite or bright r$1 ) pa9t$
 geometrical ornam5t 9 black 7supplem5t$
 on ! :ite w>e ) purple-r$72 !re is also
 a black fabric imitat+ metallic =ms4   
,! e>ly p]iod 7#abjj-ajjj ,b4,c47 m>ks !
 transition f bronze to iron implem5ts1 
) survival ( ,myc5aean decoration on !  
pott]y1 & replacem5t ( cyl9drical by    
conical seals4  ,! middle p]iod         
7#ajjj-gej ,b4,c47 has purely           
geometrical decoration3 t]ra-cotta      
figures are modell$ rudely by h&1 &     
pa9t$ l ! pott]y4  ,! late p]iod        
7#gej-ejj ,b4,c47 %[s =eign influ5ces f 
,greece & f ,pho5icia or ,egypt1 compet+
 ) & enri*+ ! native geometrical /yle4  

,sc>ab seals1 blue-glaze beads1 & o!r   
p]sonal ornam5ts1 & silv] objects1      
appe>4 ,t]ra-cotta figures /amp$ 9 a    
m\ld occur side by side ) modell$4      
,hell5ic ,age1 ) increas+ influ5ce (    
,greek arts & indu/ries4  ,e>ly or      
,hell5ic p]iod 7#ejj-cjj ,b4,c473 !     
native pott]y deg5]ates1 & ,greek vases 
& t]ra-cottas are import$ & imitat$2    
jewell]y ( gold & silv] is fairly common
 & ( good quality2 ) engrav$ seals set 9
 signet r+s3 ! bronze mirrors are       
circul>1 ) a h&le-spike4  ,middle or    
,hell5i/ic p]iod 7#cjj-ej ,b4,c473 !    
native pott]y is almo/ :olly replac$ by 
imitations ( =ms f o!r p>ts ( ! ,greek  
_w1 especially f ,syria & ,asia ,m9or3  
l>ge h&l$ w9e-j>s 7amphorae7 are common3
 t]ra-cottas & jewell]y also foll[      
,greek /yles3 col\r$ /ones are set 9 r+s
 & e>-r+s4  ,late or ,graeco-,roman     
p]iod 7#ej ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #djj73 pott]y  
is p>tly replac$ by vessels ( bl[n      
glass3 clay lamps1 r$-glaz$ jugs1 s     
call$ 'te>-bottles' ( sp9dle-%apes1     

e>-r+s ( beads /rung on wire1 bronze r+s
 & bracelets1 circul> mirrors )\t h&les1
 & bronze co9s are *>act]i/ics4         
,byzant9e ,age 7aft] ,a4,d4 #djj73      
,*ri/ian burial 9 surface graves        
sup]s$es ! use ( rock-hewn tombs3 fun]>y
 equipm5t goes out ( use1 except a few  
p]sonal ornam5ts1 :i* are ( mean        
appe>ance1 & may be> ,*ri/ian symbols4  
,dome/ic pott]y is co>se1 ungraceful1 & 
frequ5tly ribb$ on ! outside4 ,clay     
lamps h long nozzles1 & ,*ri/ian        
symbols4 ,glass becomes clumsy & less   
common2 & glaz$ b[ls & cups come into   
use4 ,occasional ri* f9ds ( silv] plate 
7salv]s1 cups1 spoons1 c47 & p]sonal    
ornam5ts1 h be5 made among ,byzant9e    
ru9s4  ,on m$iaeval & lat] sites1 v>i\s 
glaz$ fabrics ( pott]y are f\nd1 &      
occasionally examples ( ! glaz$ & pa9t$ 
jugs1 plates1 & tiles kn[n to collectors
 z ',rhodian' or ',damascus' w>e4       
,inscriptions occur on settlem5t-sites1 
9 sanctu>ies & associat$ ) tombs3       
usually cut on slabs or blocks ( s(t    

lime/one1 ?\gh m>ble & o!r h>d] /ones 7 
us$ 9 ,hell5i/ic & ,roman times4        
,besides ! ord9>y ,greek 7see           
,illu/ration ,,iv71 & ,roman alphabets !
 ,pho5ician alphabet 7see ,illu/rations 
,x & ,,xi7 0 9 use at ,kition 7,l>naca71
 9 ! great sanctu>ies at ,idalion       
7,dali71 & occasionally else:]e2 & f    
e>ly times until ! f\r? c5tury a        
syllab>y peculi> to ,cyprus1 (t5 v      
rudely hewn1 9 irregul> l9es1 on        
ill-%ap$ blocks4 ,su* ',cypriote        
inscriptions' 7see accompany+           
,illu/ration ,,vii7 are ( great value & 
int]e/1 & h be5 (t5 ov]look$ among      
build+ mat]ial drawn f old sites4 ,9 all
 d\btful cases1 a 'squeeze' %\ld be made
 by "o ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p (
 ?is volume & submitt$ to ! ,keep] (    
,antiquities4 ,! /amp$ inscriptions on !
 h&les ( w9e-j>s are wor? pres]v+1 z    
evid5ce = ! c\rse ( trade4  ,co9s 7     
issu$ 9 ,cyprus f ! six? c5tury onw>d2  
fir/ 9 silv]2 lat] 79 ! f\r? c5tury     
,b4,c47 occasionally 9 gold1 & f ! f\r? 

c5tury commonly 9 copp]4 ,a ,ptolemaic  
co9age succe$$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury t ( !    
local rul]s2 ! ,roman co9age1 )         
inscriptions sometimes 9 ,greek1        
sometimes 9 ,lat91 la/s f ,augu/us to ! 
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,co9s ( !       
,byzant9e ,emp]ors & ( ! ,lusignan ,k+s 
are common4  ,,illu/ration ,,vii3       
,,bil+ual 7,,greek ,,& ,,cypriote7      
,,d$ication ,,to ,,demet] ,,&           
,,p]sephone ,,f ,,curium4      ,,*apt]  
,v    ,,c5tral ,,& ,,nor? ,,syria  ,see 
! diagrams ( fl9t implem5ts1            
,illu/ration ,,ii2 ( pott]y & weapons1  
c41 ,,viii  ,,ix2 ( alphabets1 ,x  ,,xi4
  ,! foll[+ notes are to be accept$ z   
only a r\gh & imp]fect guide1 s9ce no "p
 ( ,syria1 nor? ( ,pale/9e1 has be5     
widely or m9utely explor$1 & !          
ar*aeology ( ! e>lie/ p]iod1 9 ,c5tral  
,syria1 = example1 is almo/ unkn[n4  ,! 
p]iods into :i* ! ar*aeological hi/ory (
 ,syria %\ld be divid$ are r\ghly1 z    
foll[s3      ,i4 ,neoli?ic & ,*alcoli?ic
 ,age1 to ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4    ,,ii4    

,bronze ,age or ,e>ly ,hittite1 to ab\t 
#aajj ,b4,c4   ,,iii4 ,iron ,age or     
,late ,hittite1 to ab\t #eej ,b4,c4     
,,iv4 ,p]sian ,p]iod1 to ab\t #ccj      
,b4,c4     ,v4 ,hell5i/ic ,p]iod1 to    
ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4    ,,vi4 ,roman ,p]iod4
   ,,vii4 ,byzant9e ,p]iod4   ,i4       
,neoli?ic4  ,no purely ,neoli?ic sites  
yet kn[n1 b l[e/ /rata ( rema9s at      
,sakjegozu & ,s9j]li1 on ! ,c>*emi%     
citadel1 & 9 c]ta9 kilns at ,yunus ne>  
by1 & also pot-burials among h\se rema9s
 are ( ?is ,age4 7,b see ,*apt] ,,viii1 
,mesopotamia1 ^: ,neoli?ic p]iod is     
simil>47  ,/one implem5ts3 z 9 ,greece1 
includ+ obsidian ( v cle> texture1      
probably ( inn] ,asiatic1 n ,aegean     
production4 ,bone ne$les & o!r          
implem5ts4  ,pott]y4 ,f\r v>ieties h be5
 obs]v$3 7#a7 buff gr\nd ) simple l9e>  
decoration appli$ direct on ! gritty    
body-clay 9 lu/reless pigm5ts1 black1   
*ocolate-br[n1 or r$1 accord+ to ! fir+2
 7#b7 gre5i%-buff face1 h&-poli%$1 )    
poly*rome v>ni% decoration ( v&ykes &   

o!r geometric motives2 7#c7 mono*rome1  
black to grey1 n burni%$1 b sometimes   
decorat$ ) incis$ l9e> patt]ns2 7#d7    
pla9 r$ or buff 7e4g4 l>ge urns 9 :i*   
,neoli?ic burials 7 f\nd on ! ,c>*emi%  
citadel74 ,all pott]y h&-made4          
,figur9es3 rude clay & /one figur9es are
 likely to occur1 b h z yet be5 f\nd v  
r>ely 9 ,neoli?ic /rata4  ,copp]        
implem5ts3 traces obs]v$ at ,c>*emi%3 to
 be look$ =4   ,,ii4 ,bronze ,age 7,e>ly
 ,hittite74  7a7 ,e>ly p]iod to ab\t    
#aejj ,b4,c4 ,ci/-graves made ( r\gh    
/one slabs1 ne> crude brick h\ses4      
,conjunction ( su* slabs ) bricks w\ld  
be an indication ( an e>ly ,bronze ,age 
site4 ,r>e pot-burials survive4         
,implem5ts4 ,spe>-heads ( long tap]+ =m 
r\nd$ %>ply at ! base :i* has long tang 
7,,ix1 ,fig4 #e73 pok]-l butts 7,,ix1   
,fig4 #b73 knives ) curv$ tangs3        
'toggle' p9s3 all bronze 7b a silv]     
toggle-p9 has be5 f\nd7 7,,ix1 ,figs4   
#a1h74  ,pott]y4 ,all :eel-made b r\gh3 
light r$ or buff fac$ ( r$di% clay3     

decoration r>e & only 9 simple zigzags  
or waves 9 r$di%-br[n pigm5t3 long-/emm$
 vases ( '*ampagne-glass' =m are common 
7,,viii1 ,fig4 #d73 r>ely a creamy slip 
is appli$ to ! r$ clay4  7b7 ,lat]      
p]iod4 ,ci/-graves ap>t f h\ses1 9      
cemet]ies4  ,implem5ts4 ,long n>r[ celts
 (t5 rivet$3 spe>-heads1 leaf-%ap$ or   
triangul> 7,,ix1 ,figs4 #c1 #f1 #aj73   
axe-heads ) socket1 swell+ blade & curv$
 cutt+ edge3 p9s bo? 'toggle' & unpi]c$1
 /raight & b5t ov]4  ,pott]y4           
,:eel-made1 well pott$1 & commonly      
r+-burni%$1 ! process beg9n+ at ! base (
 a vase & climb+ spirally3 little pa9t$ 
decoration3 face usually dusky br[n ov] 
p9ki% body clay1 b r$ & yell[-:ite fac$ 
w>es also f\nd3 %apes1 mo/ly b[ls1 op5 &
 half clos$3 r+ feet1 b no h&les to     
vases3 only occasionally lug-e>s 7,,ix1 
,figs4 #a1b1c1e1f74 ,rims well turn$ ov]
 belong to ! late/ p]iod1 9 :i*         
elaborate r+-burni%+ is common4  ,beads1
 c4 ,diamond-%ap$1 ) incis$ decoration1 
9 clay or /one1 common4 ,p5dants1 c41 ( 

%ell1 lapis lazuli1 cornelian1 cry/al4  
,cyl9d]s1 ( rude design l ,babylonian   
,fir/ ,dyna/y1 9 /one & bone4           
,sp9dle-:orls 9 /eatite & clay4         
,,illu/ration ,,viii3 ,,syrian ,,pott]y 
,,iii4 ,iron ,age 7,late ,hittite74  ,to
 ?is belong ! mass ( ',hittite' rema9s 9
 ,syria4 ,graves are unl9$ pits1 ) urn  
burials1 ! corpse hav+ be5 cremat$4     
,cyl9d]s1 c41 %[+ traces ( fire1 w      
belong to ?is ,age4  ,implem5ts &       
weapons4 ,arr[-heads ( bronze3          
spe>-heads ( bronze & iron3 axes1       
knives1 & picks ( iron 7m9iature models 
occur 9 graves73 dagg]s ( iron4         
,fibulae1 ( bronze1 semicircul> &       
triangul> 7z 9 ,asia ,m9or7 7,,ix1      
,figs4 #d1 #i1 #aa73 pla9 armlets (     
bronze3 p9s1 spatulae1 c41 ( bronze3 ?9 
applique ornam5ts4 ,bronze b[ls 7gilt7 )
 gadroon or lotus ornam5t 7m\ld$7 9 lat]
 p]iod4 ,/eatite c5s]s1 9 =m ( a cup    
held by a human h&1 are n uncommon      
7,,ix1 ,fig4 #g74  ,pott]y4 ,tall       
n>r[-m\!d urns1 ba?-%ap$ vessels1 &     

bell-krat]s common 7,,viii1 ,fig4 #aj73 
trefoil-m\? o5o*oae & hydriae2 also     
amphorae 7,,viii1 ,fig4 #g74  ,9 e>li]  
p]iod1 :ite or drab slipp$ surface )    
geometric patt]ns 7r>ely rude birds7 9  
black4 ,9 lat] p]iod1 p9ki% glaze )     
geometric patt]ns 9 black-br[n1         
conc5tric circles be+ a common motive4  
,tripod b[ls 9 unslipp$ 'kit*5' w>e     
7,,viii1 ,fig4 #h74 ,blue or gre5i%     
glaz$ alb>elli1 ) :ite1 br[n1 or yell[  
b&s1 occur 7z 9 ,rhodes74  ,figur9es4   
,drab clay1 pa9t$ ) r$ or black b&s &   
details4 ,two types3 7a7 ,horsem52 7b7  
,goddesses ( column> %ape1 (t5 ) fl[]   
headdresses1 & sometimes c>ry+ a *ild4  
,seals1 c4 ,sc>abs ) designs ( ,egyptian
 appe>ance3 cyl9d]s1 /eatite or 7m      
commonly7 glaz$ pa/e1 lightly & (t5     
scrat*ily engrav$3 h>d /one seals f9ely 
engrav$3 flatt5$ sph]oids 9 /eatite )   
,hittite symbols on bo? faces1          
inscriptions be+ (t5 g>bl$4             
,inscriptions4 ,mo/ ( ^? 9 ,hittite     
script1 bo? reliev$ & incis$1 f\nd 9    

,syria1 are ( ?is ,age1 b *iefly ( !    
e>li] "p ( x 7cf4 ,illu/ration ,,vi74   
,^? 9 ,semitic *>act]s beg9 9 ?is ,age2 
& to its lat] "p 7#h?-#g? c5ts47 belong 
important ,aramaic inscriptions1 e4g4 ! 
,b>-,rekub monum5ts ( ,s9j]li 7,%amal74 
,see tables ( lett]-=ms app5d$ to       
,pale/9e section1 ,illu/rations ,x      
,,xi4   ,,iv4 ,p]sian ,p]iod4   ,import$
 ,egyptian & ,egypto-,pho5ician objects 
7bronze b[ls z 9 ,age ,,iii3 sc>abs3    
figure-amulets71 ,rhodian 7pott]y71     
,attic 7co9s1 small black-figure vases1 
c474  ,weapons & implem5ts4 ,iron4 ,long
 swords3 spe>heads1 socket$1 (t5 ) squ>e
 or diamond mid-rib3 %ort d\ble-edg$    
dagg]s ) r\nd pommels3 *apes 7bronze7 ) 
m\ld$ or beat5 relief-"w3 knives1 small 
& slightly curv$3 arr[-heads 7usually   
bronze & triangul>73 horse- bits        
7usually bronze7 ) heavy knobb$         
side-b>s3 e>-r+s1 wire armlets & p9s    
7g5]ally pla97 ( bronze3 fibulae z 9    
,age ,,iii3 circul> mirrors1 pla91 (    
bronze3 anklets ( heavy bronze3         

kohl-pots1 bronze1 ( holl[ cyl9drical   
=m1 ) pla9 /icks4  ,pott]y4 ,z 9 ,age   
,,ii1 pla91 poli%$1 r>ely r+-burni%$1 b 
( less c>eful workman%ip 7,,viii1 ,fig4 
#i47 ,glaz$ alb>elli1 'pilgrim-         
bottles'1 aryballi1 c41 7z 9 ,age ,,iii7
 common4 ,:ite-yell[ slipp$ w>e ) b&s ( 
black survives r>ely f ,age ,,iii4      
,/one vessels4 ,b[ls on inv]t$ cup-%ap$ 
feet n uncommon 7,,viii1 ,fig4 #aa74    
,beads & seals4 ,eye-beads 9 mosaic     
glass1 & o!r glass beads 7h>d /one &    
bronze m r>ely73 conoid seals 9 h>d     
cry/all9e /ones1 usually engrav$ )      
figure pray+ to ! ,moon-god3 also s(t   
/one1 glass & pa/e conoids4 ,sc>abs &   
sc>aboids 9 pa/e4 ,cyl9d]s become sc>ce4
   ,v4 ,hell5i/ic4 ,,vi4 ,roman4 ,,vii4 
,byzant9e4  ,mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ic ,syrian 
products ( all ^! ,p]iods d n diff]     
mat]ially f ^? f\nd 9 o!r ,ea/          
,m$it]ranean l&s1 e4g4 ,greece & ,asia  
,m9or4 ,! *ange to ,p]sian 7,sassanian7 
types comes 9 ! late sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4
  ,two classes ( objects1 examples ( !  

fir/ ( :i* are mo/ly ( ,age ,,iii1 b may
 be ,p]sian1 ,hell5i/ic1 or ev5 ,roman1 
are v commonly met ) 9 ,syria3  #a4     
,figur9es1 s+le or 9 pairs or ?rees1 (  
bronze or t]ra-cotta1 repres5t+         
cult-types4 ,mo/ common is a /&+ god )  
peak$ cap1 %ort tunic1 & arm rais$ 9 act
 ( smit+3 a seat$ goddess also common3  
figures ( animals1 especially a bull2 & 
phallic objects 7^! ma9ly ,roman74  #b4 
,glass pla9 7iridesc5t f decay71 ribb$1 
or m\ld$1 9 great v>iety ( =ms-b[ls1    
jugs1 cups1 c4 ,mo/ly late ,hell5i/ic1  
,roman1 & ,byzant9e1 & especially common
 & ( f9e quality 9 ! ,orontes valley4   
,p>ti-col\r$ glass 7) :ite or yell[ b&s 
& ?reads7 is e>li] 7,p]sian ,p]iod74    
,pa9t$ & enamell$ glass ) gilt or       
poly*rome designs is lat] 7n9? to       
fifte5? c5tury1 ,arab74  ,,illu/ration  
,,ix3 ,,syrian ,,weapons1 ,,etc4        
,,*apt] ,,vi   ,,pale/9e  ,see !        
diagrams ( fl9t implem5ts1 ,illu/rations
 ,,ii2 pott]y1 ,,xii2 alphabets1 ,,xiv  
,,xv4   ,i4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4  #a4     

,/udy ( ! pott]y ( ! c\ntry1 n m]ely f  
books b f actual specim5s1 is an        
absolutely ess5tial prelim9>y4 ,)\t an  
acqua9tance ) ?is bran* ( ,pale/9ian    
ar*aeology1 s ?or\gh t any %]d pres5t+ !
 lea/ "* c be imm$iately assign$ to its 
prop] p]iod1 no field rese>* ( any value
 c be c>ri$ out4 7,see fur!r ,v bel[47  
#b4 ,a k ( ! v>i\s ,semitic alphabets is
 necess>y = copy+ inscriptions4 ,unless 
! travell] be also acqua9t$ ) !         
languages he _h bett] be cauti\s ab\t   
copy+ ,semitic inscriptions2 )\t su* k  
he runs ! risk ( confus+ diff]5t        
,semitic lett]s1 :i* (t5 closely        
resemble "o ano!r4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 be  
able to make squeezes & photographs4  ,!
 foll[+ are ! languages & scripts :i*   
may be f\nd 9 ,pale/9ian ,epigraphy4    
,egyptian1 9 ,hi]oglyphics4             
,greek4 ,babylonian ,cunei=m4           
,lat94 ,assyrian ,cunei=m4              
,arabic1 9 ,cufic script4 ,hebrew1 9    
anci5t script4               ,arabic1 9 
mod]n script4 ,hebrew1 9 squ>e "*4      

,arm5ian 79 mosaic ,pho5ician4          
pavem5ts1 also graffiti ,moabite4       
9 ,*ur* ( ,holy ,aramaic4               
,sepul*re74  ,tables ( ! *ief alphabetic
 & num]al =ms ( ! ,we/ ,semitic scripts 
are giv5 9 ,illu/rations ,x  ,,xi2 = !  
,greek1 see ,illu/ration ,,iv4  #c4 ,!  
travell] %\ld h _h practice 9 mak+      
measur$ draw+s ( build+s4  #d4 ,= "s    
bran*es ( "w a good k ( ,arabic is      
indisp5sable--n ! mis]able pidg9 j>gon  
usually spok5 by ,europeans1 nor yet !  
highly complex lit]>y language1 :i* is  
un9telligible to ! ord9>y native1 b !   
colloquial ( ! c\ntry1 spok5            
grammatically & prop]ly pron\nc$4 ,"w   
done ?r\gh dragomans is nev] entirely   
satisfactory1 because x requires !      
unatta9able condition t ! dragoman %\ld 
be z mu* a sci5tific /ud5t ( an?ropology
 & ( ar*aeology z ! travell] himself4   
#e4 ,! /ud5t = :om ^! pages are writt5  
%\ld n attempt any excavation1 unless he
 has be5 tra9$ "u a practical excavator1
 & has le>nt h[ "w1 :i* is ess5tially & 

inevitably de/ructive ( evid5ce1 c be   
made to yield pr(itable fruit4 ,!re is  
pl5ty ( "w t c be done on ! surface ( ! 
gr\nd )\t excavation4  ,illu/rations ,x 
,,xi3 ,table ( ,we/ ,semitic ,alphabets 
,num]als4  ,,ii4 ,sites ( ,t[ns &       
,villages4  #a4 ,nom5clature4 ,! sites (
 anci5t t[ns & villages are usually     
conspicu\s 9 ,pale/9e1 & are recogniz$ 9
 ! local nom5clature4 ,!y are d5ot$ by !
 words tall1 plural tulul1 mean+ 'm\nd'1
 & khirbah1 plural khirab mean+ 'ru9'4  
,^! words are commonly spelt 9 ,engli%  
tell & khirbet 7less correctly khurbet7 
& we use ^! m famili> =ms "h4 ,z a rule1
 ?\gh n inv>iably1 ! s5se ( ^! t]ms is  
di/+ui%$4 ,a tell is a site repres5t$ by
 a m\nd ( /ratifi$ accumulation1 !      
result ( occupation ext5d+ ov] _m       
c5turies1 & easily recognizable among   
natural hillocks by its regul> %ape1    
smoo? sides1 & flat top4 ,a khirbet is a
 field ( ru9s 9 :i* !re is little or no 
/ratification4 ,ne>ly all ! sites ( !   
latt] type are ! rema9s ( villages n    

old] ?an ! ,byzant9e or ,roman p]iod4   
#b4 ,id5tification ( anci5t sites4 ,?is 
is a task less easy ?an x appe>s to be1 
& _m ( ! curr5t id5tifications (        
,biblical sites call = revision4        
,simil>ity ( "n1 on :i* mo/ ( ^!        
id5tifications dep5d1 is apt to be      
mislead+2 9 _m cases sites id5tifi$ ?us 
) ,old ,te/am5t places are n old] ?an ! 
,byzant9e ,p]iod4 #a ,?is simil>ity ( "n
 may sometimes be a m]e accid5t2 x may  
also sometimes be acc\nt$ = by a        
transf]5ce ( site1 ! inhabitants hav+ = 
"s special reason mov$ _! t[n to a new  
situation4 ,9 su* cases ! tell repres5t+
 ! old] site may p]haps await           
id5tification 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9      
attempt+ to e/abli% id5tifications1 !   
date ( ! site1 z det]m9$ f ! pot%]ds1 & 
its suitability to ! record$ hi/ory ( ! 
anci5t site 9 "q1 are elem5ts ( equal   
importance ) its "n4  #a ,an example is 
,khirbet ,teku'a1 long id5tifi$ ) !     
,biblical ,tekoa4  ,note3 ,! travell]   
%\ld be caution$ aga9/ emb>k+ on ! /udy 

( place-names1 id5tification (          
scriptural sites1 c41 be=e ma/]+ !      
pr9ciples ( ,arabic phonetics4 ,_m ( !  
attempts made at r5d]+ ! names (        
,pale/9ian place-names 9 ,european books
 are simply grotesque4 ,! foll[+ are !  
*ief pitfalls3   7#a7 ,confusion ( !    
v[els1 ! pronunciation ( :i* is obscure4
  7#b7 ,! consonant 'a91 to :i* !       
untra9$ ,european e> is deaf1 & :i* 9   
consequ5ce is (t5 omitt$4 ,less         
frequ5tly x may be ov]-consci5ti\sly    
ins]t$ 9 a place :]e x does n exi/4     
,sometimes ! 'a9 & its associat$ v[el   
are transpos$ 7z ,m'alula = ,ma'lula7   
mak+ unpron\nceable comb9ations (       
consonants4  7#c7 ,! lett] kaf1 (t5     
dropp$ 9 pronunciation1 & !re=e (t5     
omitt$4  7#d7 ,! lett] gha91 :i* an     
unaccu/om$ e> confuses ) ei!r g or r4   
7#e7 ,! r$uplicat$ lett]s1 :i* a        
,european is apt to he> & to write z    
s+le4  7#f7 ,! nuances betwe5 ! diff]5t 
d1 h1 k1 t1 & s s\nds4  #c4             
,surface-exploration ( a tell4 ,!       

/ratification c r>ely be /udi$ on !     
surface only3 sup]ficial indications (  
?is are obscur$ by ! pl\gh1 wea!r1      
vegetation1 & ! activities ( mod]n      
natives :o grub = build+-/one & = !     
*ance ( buri$ treasure4 ,only by tr5*+ c
 ! /rata be expos$4 ,an exception to ?is
 rule is af=d$ by ,tell el-,hesy        
7,la*i%7 explor$ by ,dr4 ,petrie 9      
#ahij- #a3 "h ! erosion ( a /ream _h    
expos$ en\gh ( ! /rata = a              
reconnaissance4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! 
mo/ t a visitor c hope to d is to pick  
up /ray antiquities on ! surface ( !    
gr\nd1 & asc]ta9 !refrom ! limits (     
date4  ,! *ief clue is af=d$ by ! pott]y
 7see bel[1 ,v71 %]ds ( :i*1 l>ge &     
small1 are /rewn 9 consid]able numb]s on
 e anci5t site4 ,sc>abs1 seals1 bronze  
implem5ts1 iron fragm5ts1 beads1 bone   
ornam5ts1 & ! l may also be notic$4 ,a  
tra9$ eye is ess5tial ev5 = su* surface 
f9ds3 "o man may walk ov] a m\nd & f9d  
no?+1 ano!r may walk 9 8 /eps & ga!r q  
an int]e/+ h>ve/ ( small objects4       

,surface indications ( buri$ build+s 7or
 r f\ndations7 may be not$ bo? on ! top 
& on ! sides ( a tell4 ,l9es ( wall may 
n infrequ5tly be trac$4 ,(t5 !          
vegetation gr[+ on ! surface indicates !
 pres5ce ( /ructures und]nea? 7ei!r by  
burnt-up pat*es amid luxuriant gr[?s1 or
 vice v]sa74  #d4 ,surface exploration (
 a khirbet4 ,! task "h is1 g5]ally      
sneak+1 simpl]4 ,9 a khirbet !re is     
usually no great dep? ( accumulation2   
inde$1 ! b>e rock frequ5tly crops up 9 !
 middle ( su* a site4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 z 
a rule only "o hi/orical p]iod          
repres5t$4 ,pot%]ds1 co9s 7,roman1      
,jewi%1 ,byzant9e1 e>ly ,islamic1       
sometimes ,crusad]71 tess]ae ( mosaic   
pavem5ts1 fragm5ts ( iron nails1 beads1 
m9ute metal ornam5ts 7z bronze wire     
f+]-r+s7 are to be pick$ up on khirbet  
sites4  ,! rema9s ( walls are usually m 
easily traceable 9 khirbet ?an 9 tell   
sites1 ?\gh mu* damage has be5 done by  
qu>ry+ = mod]n build+s4 ,^! walls %\ld  
be c>efully exam9$3 build+s o!r ?an m]e 

h\ses 7*ur*es1 synagogues1 ba?s7 may    
sometimes be detect$4 ,ci/]ns %\ld be   
not$4 ,"s ( ^! are n v obvi\s & !       
travell] %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ fall+  
into !m4  ,all /ones %\ld be exam9$1 z  
!re is a *ance ( f9d+ inscriptions4  #e4
 ,9 all "w on anci5t sites ! inve/igator
 mu/ make a po9t ( not+ ev]y?+1         
irrespective ( its app>5t importance1 & 
( c>efully tra9+ a critical judgem5t 9  
int]pret+ 8 obs]vations4 ,x is          
impossible to lay d[n g5]al pr9ciples t 
gov]n e case completely3 e site pres5ts 
its own individual problems4   ,,iii4   
,rock-cut ,tombs4  #a4 ,all ,pale/9e is 
honeycomb$ ) rock-cut tombs1 :i* =m a   
fasc9at+ & inexhau/ible field ( /udy4   
,un=tunately all t are 9 ! lea/ degree  
visible h long ago be5 rifl$1 & 9 rec5t 
ye>s ^? pe/s1 ! curio-hunt+ t\ri/s1 h   
done incalculable h>m by /imulat+ !     
native tomb-robb] & deal]4  #b4 ,!      
explor] ( rock-cut tombs mu/ be         
indiff]5t to mud1 damp1 evil smells1    
noxi\s insects1 & o!r discom=ts1 & he   

mu/ be prep>$ to squeeze ?r\gh v n>r[   
passages1 mu* clogg$ ) e>?4 ,he is      
recomm5d$ to be on 8 gu>d aga9/         
scorpions & snakes4  #c4 ,a plan &      
v]tical section ( ! tomb %\ld be drawn4 
,! measurem5ts %\ld be tak5 c>efully1 n 
only = ! sake ( ! accuracy ( ! plan1 b  
also = metrological purposes4  #d4 ,!   
rock outside ! entrance ( ! tomb-*amb]  
%\ld be exam9$4 ,x (t5 %[s rebat+ or o!r
 cutt+1 design$ to receive ! f\ndations 
( a masonry mausoleum 7resembl+ 9 g5]al 
/yle ! rock-hewn monum5ts 9 ! ,k$ron    
,valley at ,j]usalem74 ,z a rule su*    
/ructures h be5 entirely de/roy$ = !    
sake ( _! /ones4  #e4 ,! tool-m>ks ( !  
tomb-qu>ri]s %\ld be exam9$1 z !y       
sometimes reveal int]e/+ te*nical po9ts4
  #f4 ,e in* ( ! surface ( ! excavation1
 inside & out1 mu/ be exam9$ = ornam5ts1
 symbols1 or inscriptions4 ,^! may be   
ei!r cut or pa9t$1 & (t5 are v          
inconspicu\s4 ,ornam5ts are usually     
floral 9 type1 ?\gh 9 late tombs        
figure-subjects are occasionally to be  

f\nd4 ,symbols are ei!r ,jewi% 7! sev5- 
bran*$ c&le/ick7 or ,*ri/ian 7! cross1  
,a-omega1 or ! l74 ,inscriptions are n  
necess>ily =mally cut3 !y are sometimes 
m]e scrat*$ graffiti1 :i* w\ld be sure  
to escape notice unless c>efully look$ =
 7z 9 ! s-call$ ',tombs ( ! ,prophets'  
on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives74  #g4 ,dat+ (     
tombs4 ,! savage rifl+ to :i* ,pale/9ian
 tombs h be5 subject$ has mu* r$uc$ !   
mat]ial available = dat+ !m4 ,! foll[+  
g5]al pr9ciples apply to ,s\!rn         
,pale/9e3 ^? 9 ,nor!rn ,pale/9e & ,syria
 /ill await a m exact /udy3  ,! e>lie/  
tombs kn[n 9 ! c\ntry 7 m]e natural     
caves1 into :i* ! dead 7 ca/1 (t5 v     
unc]emoni\sly4  ,9 ! ,second ,semitic   
,p]iod 7circa #ahjj-adjj ,b4,c47 hewn   
*amb]s began to be us$4 ,^! are 9 ! =m (
 cyl9drical %afts ) a doorway at !      
bottom lead+ sideways into !            
burial-*amb]4 ,natural caves are /ill   
frequ5tly us$4  ,9 ! ,?ird ,semitic     
,p]iod 7circa #adjj-ajjj ,b4,c47 ! %aft3
 =m disappe>s & an artificial cave1     

rudely hewn out1 takes its place4 ,!    
entrance is 9 ! side ( ! *amb]1 ?\gh n  
necess>ily at ! level ( ! floor4 ,rude  
%elves = ! reception ( ! bodies are     
sometimes1 b n always1 cut 9 ! sides ( !
 *amb]4  ,9 ! ,f\r? ,semitic ,p]iod     
7circa #ajjj-eej ,b4,c47 ! tomb- *amb]s 
are ( ! same k9d1 b are z a rule small]4
  ,9 ,s\!rn ,pale/9e ! well-made        
tomb-*amb]s1 su* z are to be se5 9 great
 numb]s ar\nd ,j]usalem1 are all        
po/-exilic4 ,!re is an imm5se v>iety 9  
plan1 "s tombs be+ s+le *amb]s1 o!rs    
complications ( sev]al *amb]s4 ,! late  
excavation absurdly call$ ! ',tombs ( ! 
,k+s' at ,j]usalem is q a labyr9? (     
rockcut *amb]s4 ,9 explor+ su* a        
/ructure a c>eful se>* %\ld be made =   
devices = delud+ ?ieves3 special        
precautions are sometimes tak5 to       
conceal ! entrance to inn] gr\ps (      
*amb]s4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ examples (  
?is 9 ! cemet]y 9 ! ,wadi er-,rababi1   
s\? ( ,j]usalem4 ,h[ev]1 all tombs ( ?is
 p]iod fall into two gr\ps1 kok tombs & 

arcosolium tombs4 ,9 ! =m] ! receptacles
 = bodies are ( ! k9d kn[n by ! ,hebrew 
"n kokim--%afts1 ( a size to accommodate
 "o body 7sometimes l>ge en\gh = two or 
?ree7 driv5 horizontally into ! wall ( !
 *amb]4 ,9 ! normal kok tomb-*amb] !re  
are n9e kokim1 ?ree 9 ea* wall except ! 
wall conta9+ ! entrance doorway4 ,b !re 
are _m o!r arrangem5ts4 ,9 ! ',tombs ( !
 ,judges' !re is a d\ble r[ ( kokim 9 ! 
entrance *amb]4 ,! explor] %\ld n =get t
 a kok sometimes conta9s a secret       
entrance to fur!r *amb]s at its inn]    
end4 ,9 arcosolium tombs ! receptacles  
are b5*es cut 9 ! wall1 l ! b]?s 9 a    
/eam]'s cab94 ,^! are sometimes sunk1 s 
z to resemble rock-cut s>cophagi4  ,!   
late tombs r\nd ,j]usalem are 9 ! =m (  
caves driv5 horizontally into !         
hill-sides4 ,fur!r s\?1 e4g4 9 ! region 
r\nd ,beit ,jibr91 !y are m frequ5tly   
sunk v]tically1 ! entrance be+ 9 ! ro( (
 ! burial *amb]1 or approa*$ by a squ>e 
%aft 7a rev]sion to ! ,second ,semitic  
=m1 except t ^! latt] h r\nd %afts74    

,,iv4 ,caves4 ,! hi/ory ( ! artificial  
caves hewn 9 ! s(t lime/one ( ,pale/9e1 
is q unkn[n4 ,! caves ( ! neighb\rhood (
 ,beit ,jibr9 provide ample mat]ial =   
sev]al mon?s' exploration4  ,?\gh !     
caves are labyr9?9e !re is little fe> ( 
an explor] los+ 8 way3 he %\ld1 h[ev]1  
be well provid$ ) lights1 z x w\ld be   
extremely awkw>d to be left 9 ! inn]mo/ 
recess ( a cave consi/+ ( t5 or a doz5  
*amb]s unit$ by n>r[ creep- passages1   
)\t adequate illum9ation4 ,!re are      
occasionally unexpect$ & dang]\s        
pitfalls3 & hy5as & s]p5ts (t5 %elt] 9 !
 caves4 ,! pres5t writ] has explor$ _m (
 !m entirely alone1 b ?is is1 on ! :ole1
 n to be recomm5d$4  ,besides plann+ !  
cave1 its walls %\ld be se>*$ =         
inscriptions1 c4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1   
h[ev]1 t ^! may h be5 add$ at any "t & d
 n necess>ily belong to ! orig9al       
excavation4 ,symbols1 app>5tly ( a      
phallic nature1 are sometimes cut on !  
walls1 z well z crosses & o!r ,*ri/ian  
devices1 & ,cufic inscriptions4         

,frequ5tly ! walls are pitt$ ) ! loculi 
( a columb>ium1 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe> to be 
too small to receive c9]>y urns & mu/ be
 int5d$ = "s o!r purpose4   ,v4 ,pott]y4
   ,ow+ to ! importance ( ! subject a   
special section on ,pott]y is giv5 "h1 &
 ! two accompany+ plates 7,,xii7 %[ "s (
 ! commone/ types ( vessels4 ,b ! /ud5t 
_c le>n all he w ne$ to "k ( ,pale/9ian 
pott]y f a few pages ( pr9t4 ,a         
repres5tative s]ies ( specim5s w be f\nd
 9 ! ,j]usalem ,museum3 he may supplem5t
 8 /udy ( ^! by ! p]usal ( reports on   
excavations1 su* z ,petrie1 ,tell       
el-,hesy 7pp4 #dj-ej72 ,bliss1 ,a ,m\nd 
( ,_m ,cities 7passim72 ,excavations 9  
,pale/9e 7pp4 #ga-ada72 ,macali/]1      
,excavation ( ,gez] 7vol4 ii1 pp4       
#abh-bci2 & plates72 ,sell91 ,j]i*o2    
,s*uma*]1 ,tell et-,mutasellim4         
,pre-,semitic ,p]iod 7d[n to circa #bjjj
 ,b4,c474 ,w>e h&-modell$1 )\t :eel1    
co>se1 gritty1 & g5]ally s(t-bak$ & v   
por\s4 ,! section ( a clean fracture is 
usually ( a dirty yell[i% col\r1        

resembl+ 9 appe>ance co>se oatmeal      
porridge4 ,bases usually flat1          
loop-h&les or wavy h&les on ! bodies ( !
 vessels3 m\?s wide & lips curv$ outw>d4
 ,! body ( ! vessel (t5 decorat$ ) drip 
l9es or ) a criss- cross1 9 r$ pa9t4    
,fir/ ,semitic ,p]iod 7circa #bjjj-ahjj 
,b4,c474 ,simil> to ! la/3 b ! pott]'s  
:eel is us$1 & horizontal pa9t$ & m\ld$ 
rope-l ornam5t also f\nd4 ,comb$ ornam5t
 & burni%$ l9es frequ5t4  ,second       
,semitic ,p]iod 7circa #ahjj-adjj       
,b4,c474 ,dur+ ?is p]iod imports f      
,egypt1 ,crete1 ! ,aegean ,sea1 &       
especially ,cyprus 7 common1 & pot%]ds  
orig9at+ 9 ^? c\ntries are frequ5tly to 
be pick$ up3 also local imitations ( ^! 
=eign w>es4 ,! w>e ( ?is p]iod is on !  
:ole well- ref9$ & well-modell$3 ! mo/  
graceful %apes1 9 jugs & b[ls1 belong to
 x4 ,elaborate poly*rome decoration1    
includ+ figures ( birds4 ,b little m\ld$
 ornam5t4  ,?ird ,semitic ,p]iod 7circa 
#adjj-ajjj ,b4,c474 ,! same =eign       
influ5ces are traceable1 b r z rem9isc5t

 local imitations ?an z direct imports4 
,late ,m9oan ,myc5aean %]ds are1 h[ev]1 
frequ5t4 ,! %apes ( vessels are less    
arti/ic ?an 9 ! prec$+ p]iod3 ! pa9t$   
ornam5t is also deg5]at$1 be+ trac$ 9   
wiry l9es r ?an 9 ! bold wa% ( ! prec$+ 
p]iod4  ,f\r? ,semitic ,p]iod 7circa    
#ajjj-eej ,b4,c474 ,late ,cypriote      
imports4 ,! local w>e v poor1 co>se1    
gritty1 in>ti/ic4 ,no pa9t$ ornam5t     
except m]e l9es3 clumsy m\ld$ ornam5t   
frequ5t4  ,po/-,exilic & ,hell5i/ic     
,p]iod 7circa #eej-ajj ,b4,c474 ,imports
 f ,greece 7sometimes fragm5ts ( black  
or r$ figur$ vases1 or leky?oi7 & f !   
,aegean ,isl&s 7especially w9e-j>s f    
,rhodes3 /amp$ h&les ( su* are frequ5t74
 ,! native w>e is easily recognizable by
 its smoo?ness & h>dness2 :5 /ruck ) a  
/ick a %]d emits a musical cl9k4 ,!     
vessels are v fair imitations (         
classical models1 occasionally ) pa9t$  
ornam5t1 b m frequ5tly m\ld$4  ,roman & 
,byzant9e ,p]iod 7circa #ajj            
,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #fjj74 ,! unmi/akable "* (

 ! w>e ( ?is p]iod is ! ribb$ surface1 )
 :i* ne>ly all vessels are decorat$4    
,fragm5ts ( ribb$ pott]y are /rewn almo/
 ov] all ,pale/9e4 ,ornam5t consi/+ (   
repeat$ impressions ( /amps n[ beg9s to 
appe>4 ,lamps ) decoration1             
inscriptions1 ,*ri/ian or ,jewi% symbols
 common4 ,glass vessels also frequ5t4   
,arab ,p]iod 7circa ,a4,d4 #fjj onw>ds74
 ,! e>ly ,arab w>e (t5 be>s pa9t$       
decoration s+ul>ly l t on ,second &     
,?ird ,semitic pott]y1 b a fatty soapy  
texture *>act]izes ! ,arab w>e1 :i* is  
abs5t f ! e>li] %]ds4 ,!re is likewise a
 complete abs5ce ( repres5tation (      
natural =ms 7birds & ! l74 ,9 or ab\t ! 
,crusad] p]iod ! use ( ornam5tal glaze  
makes its appe>ance4   ,illu/ration     
,,xii3 ,,pale/9ian ,,pott]y ,,types     
,,vi4 ,sanctu>ies4  ,! hill-top %r9es1  
n[ consecrat$ to sa9ts ( ,islam1 are    
d\btless 9 orig9 anci5t ,canaanite high 
places4 ,!re is "h a ri* b a v difficult
 field = inve/igation4 ,! difficulty    
lies 9 7a7 ga9+ ! confid5ce ( ^? to :om 

! sanctu>ies are holy1 & 7b7 gu>d+ aga9/
 wilful or unconsci\s deception4 ,only  
long resid5ce & frequ5t int]c\rse1 ) !  
,muslim population w make x possible =  
any "o to obta9 really tru/wor?y        
in=mation z to ! traditions or ! sites (
 ^! anci5t sanctu>ies4 ,a k ( ,arabic is
 ess5tial = a /udy ( ! sites !mselves1 z
 !re are frequ5tly inscriptions cut or  
pa9t$ on ! walls :i* %\ld be /udi$4 ,!  
casual travell] _c hope to c>ry out     
rese>*es ( any value on ^! anci5t sites4
  ,sometimes ! build+s are ,crusad]s'   
*ur*es trans=m$4 ,! "o really c]ta9 fact
 z to masonry dress+ 9 ,pale/9e may "h  
conv5i5tly be notic$--t ,crusad]        
/ructures are built ( well- squ>$ /ones 
) a plane surface f9i%$ (f ) a dress+   
consi/+ ( v f9e diagonal l9es4 ,once    
se51 ?is masonry dress+ is absolutely   
unmi/akable4  ,build+s ?us id5tifi$ z   
,crusad] %\ld be exam9$ = masons' m>ks4 
,,vii4 ,miscellane\s4   ,! foll[+ are "s
 o!r types ( anci5t rema9s ) :i* !      
travell] may meet almo/ any:]e 9        

,pale/9e3  7#a7 ,prehi/oric 7,/one ,age7
 sites4 ,m>k$ by be+ /rewn ) fl9t       
implem5ts & *ips3 see a f9e collection 9
 ! ,museum ( ! ,assumptioni/s           
7,notre-,dame de ,france7 at ,j]usalem4 
,specim5s %\ld be collect$ & ! site     
mapp$4  7#b7 ,dolm5s4 ,frequ5t ea/ (    
,jordan2 r>e1 ?\gh n unkn[n1 9 ,we/]n   
,pale/9e4 ,%\ld be measur$1 photograph$1
 describ$1 & mapp$4  7#c7 ,rock-cutt+s (
 v>i\s k9ds1 :i* %\ld be measur$1       
plann$1 & mapp$4 ,among ^! ! commone/   
are3  7a7 ,ci/]ns 7usually bottle-%ap$1 
a n>r[ neck exp&+ bel[74  7b7           
,cup-m>k+s1 common ev]y:]e4 ,(t5        
associat$ ) ci/]ns4  7c7 ,w9e & olive   
presses3 !re is a great v>iety 9 =m1 b  
!y g5]ally consi/ ( two ess5tial p>ts--a
 %all[ press+- vat on :i* ! fruit 0     
cru%$1 & a deep] receiv+-vat 9 :i* !    
express$ juice 0 collect$4 ,! vats are  
(t5 l9$ ) cem5t conta9+ datable pot%]ds1
 & are sometimes pav$ ) mosaic tess]ae4 
7d7 ,qu>ries4  7#d7 ,sacr$ trees &      
bu%es1 recogniz$ by ! rags ) :i* !y are 

fe/oon$4 ,%\ld be photograph$ & mapp$1 &
 _! leg5ds asc]ta9$1 subject to !       
cautions giv5 above "u ! head (         
,sanctu>ies4  7#e7 ,ca/les & *ur*es1    
usually ( ! ,crusad] p]iod3 e>ly        
,s>ac5ic build+s4 ,%\ld be record$ by   
means ( plans1 photographs1 measur$     
draw+s1 & writt5 descriptions4  7#f7    
,mosaic pavem5ts1 usually belong+ to    
,byzant9e build+s2 %\ld be record$ by   
means ( col\r$ draw+s4     ,,*apt] ,,vii
  ,,egypt   ,see ! diagrams ( fl9t      
implem5ts1 ,illu/ration ,,ii2 pott]y1   
,illu/ration ,,xiii2 & ! table (        
hi]oglyphic signs liable to be confus$ )
 ea* o!r1 ,illu/ration ,i  ,fir/        
,prehi/oric ,age1 #hjjj8-gjjj8 ,b4,c4   
,cemet]ies ( r\nd or oval pits on !     
des]t2 no t[ns kn[n4 ,r$ fac$ pott]y1   
(t5 ) lu/r\s black top1 e>lie/ ) patt]ns
 ( :ite slip l9es3 all h&-made4 ,block  
figures ( ivory or pa/e4 ,combs ) long  
tee? & animal tops4  ,second ,prehi/oric
 ,age1 #gjjj8-eejj ,b4,c4 ,graves1 squ>e
 pits4 ,r$ fac$1 & mu* co>se br[n       

pott]y4 ,buff ) r$ pa9t+ ( cordage1     
spirals1 & %ips4 ,pot =ms copi$ f /one4 
,"s pots globul> ) wavy l$ge h&les1     
*ang+ to cyl9d]s ) wavy b&4 ,slate      
palettes 9 all prehi/oric p]iods4  ,e>ly
 ,dyna/ies1 #eejj-dgjj ,b4,c4 ,t[ns &   
cemet]ies4 ,great ma/abas ( brick4      
,wood5 c(f9s beg94 ,great j>s2 h>d1     
:eel-made pott]y4 ,glaz$ tiles1 c4 ,/one
 b[ls common4 ,cyl9d] seal+s on clay4   
,pyramid ,p]iod1 ,,iv-,vl ,dyna/ies1    
#dgjj-djjj ,b4,c4 ,sculptur$ /one       
tomb-*apels4 ,diorite b[ls4 ,?ick br[n  
pot (f]+ b[ls4 ,lime/one /atues1 pa9t$4 
,cornelian amulets 9 /r+s4  ,vl-,,xi    
,dyna/ies1 #dbjj-cfjj ,b4,c4 ,copp]     
mirrors beg94 ,buttons1 wide face1      
un-,egyptian "w4 ,pott]y models ( h\ses 
plac$ on grave edge4  ,middle ,k+dom1   
,xll-,,xiii ,dyna/ies1 #cfjj-bijj ,b4,c4
 ,brick pyramids4 ,l>ge rock            
tomb-*apels1 pa9t$4 ,h>d drab pott]y4   
,alaba/] kohl-pots1 good =ms4 ,globul>  
beads1 l>ge2 cornelian1 ame?y/1 & gre5  
glaze4 ,scroll patt]n sc>abs4           

,,xiv-,,xvii ,dyna/ies4 #bijj-afjj      
,b4,c4 ,small flasks ) h&les1 black )   
prick$ patt]ns4 ,co>sely cut sc>abs4    
,%ell beads4  ,new ,k+dom ,,xviii-,,xxi 
,dyna/ies1 #aehg-ieb ,b4,c4 ,small pa9t$
 tombs4 ,pott]y1 r$ face black edge to  
#aejj2 buff1 r$ & black l9es to #adjj2  
blue b&s #adjj-abjj4 ,h>d poli%$ drab1  
ab\t #adjj-acej4 ,glass beads1 c41      
abundant #adjj-acjj4 ,glaze deep blue   
#aejj1 brilliant blue #adjj1 poor blue  
#acjj1 gre5 #abjj3 deep blue u%abtis    
#aajj1 pale & r\gh #ajjj4 ,u%abtis1 /one
 or wood engrav$ #aeej-adej1 pott]y     
#adej to v co>se #abej1 wood v co>se by 
#abej2 glaz$ f9e #acjj1 decl9e to small 
r\gh lumps #hjj4 ,beads1 m9ute col\r$   
glaze & /one to #adej1 ?9 discs         
#adej-acej1 col\r$ pa/es r$ & blue #adej
 to #acjj1 yell[ glass ma9ly #acjj-     
#abjj1 poor glaze aft] #abjj4 ,alaba/]  
kohl-pots1 clumsy =ms to #adej2 tubes ( 
/one1 glaze1 wood1 or re$ #adej-abjj4   
,buba/ites1 ,,xxii-,,xxv ,dyna/ies1     
#iej-ffd ,b4,c4 ,clumsy l>ge j>s1 wid5+ 

to bottom1 small h&les4 ,gre5 glaz$     
figures ( cat-head goddess1 cats1 pigs1 
& sacr$ eyes2 co>se glass beads1 yell[ &
 black3 copp] wire bracelets4 ,glass    
beads ) blue spots 9 circles ( br[n &   
:ite4 ,sc>abs co>se & wor/ at #gej4 ,f9e
 "w reviv$ at #gjj by ,e?iopians4       
,glazes dull1 dirty1 gre54 ,glass       
unkn[n4 ,c(f9s v r\ghly pa9t$4  ,saites1
 ,,xxvi-,,xxx ,dyna/ies1 #ffd-cdb ,b4,c4
 ,pott]y clumsy1 mo/ly r\gh3 "s ?91     
smoo? r$4 ,greek influ5ce2 silv] co9s f 
#ejj onw>d4 ,iron tools beg9n+4 ,glaze  
pale greyi% & olive3 "s f9e blue at     
#cej4 ,no glass4 ,bronze figures common4
 ,u%abtis ) back pi] & be>d2 f9e #fej to
 poor at #cej4  ,ptolemies1 #ccb-cj     
,b4,c4 ,pott]y clumsy & small4 ,_m      
,rhodian j>s ) ,greek /amp$ h&les4      
,glazes1 d>k violet & yell[-gre54 ,glass
 reviv$ = inlay figures 9 %r9es3 m9ute  
mosaic beg9s4 ,glaz$ beads sc>ce1 no    
sc>abs4 ,l>ge copp] co9s1 silv]         
tetradra*ms1 base 9 lat] "t1 & concave  
on rev]se4  ,romans1 #cj ,b4,c4-,a4,d4  

#fda4 ,! e>li] half1 to ,a4,d4 #cjj4    
,l>ge br[n amphorae1 peg bottoms2 ribb$ 
aft] #ahj1 wide ribb+ at fir/1 !n n>r[]4
 ,glass bl[n2 f9e :ite & cut facets 9   
#a/ c5t42 holl[ brims #bnd-#d?2 /ems &  
press$ feet1 #crd-#d?4 ,glass mosaic #a/
 c5t42 co>s] wall mosaic #bnd c5t4      
,glaze co>se blue1 on ?ick clumsy b[ls &
 jugs4 ,r$ brick build+s z well z mud   
brick1 co9s3 billon tetradra*ms 9 #a/   
c5t41 almo/ copp] 9 #bnd1 small copp]   
dumps 9 #crd1 lead5 tok5s f ,a4,d4 #ahj 
to #bfj4 ,"s l>ge copp] 9 #a/ & #bnd1   
?9n] ?an ! ,ptolemaic4 ,pot%]ds us$ =   
writ+ receipts & lett]s4 ,abundance (   
m\ld$ t]ra- cottas1 & small lamps4      
,roman1 ,second ,p]iod1 ,a4,d4 #cjj-fda4
 ,! ,con/ant9ian ,age br+s 9 new /yles4 
,mu* salmon-col\r$ h>d pott]y1 ma9ly    
platt]s & flat di%es4 ,br[n amphorae s(t
 & small]1 ) n>r[ ribb+4 ,no glaze4 ,mu*
 v ?9 glass4 ,co9s3 little ?9 flat      
copp]1 z 9 re/ ( ,empire1 end+ ab\t     
#dej4 ,no ,egyptian co9age1 except a v  
few r\gh lumps f ,ju/9ian to ,h]aclius1 

,i,b on back4 ,lett]s writt5 on pot%]ds 
& flakes ( lime/one4  ,r$ brick !       
mat]ial = all l>ge build+s4 ,lime/one   
capitals ( debas$ leafage4 ,rudely cut  
relief patt]ns 9 wood4 ,co>sely c>v$ &  
turn$ bone or ivory4 ,pott]y 9 ,byzant9e
 ,age ) :ite fac+ & rudely pa9t$        
figures4 ,textiles1 ) embroid]y 9       
col\rs1 & especially purple discs )     
?read designs ( ! e>li] ,arab p]iod4 ,a 
*>act]i/ic ( late ,roman & ,arab m\nds  
is ! organic smell4  ,muhammadan ,p]iod4
 ,sev5? to fifte5? c5turies4 ,*>act]iz$ 
by great am\nts ( glaz$ pott]y4 ,small] 
antiquities f\nd 9 cemet]ies or on ru9$ 
sites1 ! e>lie/ transitional1 & relat$  
to ,coptic examples ( ! same k9ds4      
,pott]y3 lamps at fir/ cont9ue ,*ri/ian 
=ms & are unglaz$2 aft]w>ds long sp\t$  
lamps ( d>k gre5 glaze4 ,fragm5ts (     
vessels1 c41 f ! rubbi% heaps ( old     
,cairo are glaz$2 a typical fai5ce has a
 s(t s&y body ( light col\r ) pa9t$     
designs 9 blue or blue & br[n )         
transp>5t glaze4 ,^? ( ! ,mamluk p]iod1 

& probably "s ( e>li] date1 %[ a g5]al  
resemblance to ,we/]n ,asiatic          
contempor>y w>es1 due to importation (  
pott]s f ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,p]sia  
7betwe5 twelf? & fifte5? c5turies74 ,o!r
 v>ieties h decoration 9 metallic lu/re 
on an opaque :ite t9 glaze2 o!rs aga9 h 
mono*rome glazes imitat+ import$ ,*9ese 
w>es4 ,inscriptions v r>e4 ,glass3 if   
f\nd1 is 9 fragm5ts2 ri* col\r$ enamel  
designs are seldom e>li] ?an ! ?irte5?  
c5tury4 ,textiles3 *iefly f\nd 9 small  
pieces2 ! col\rs ri*2 ornam5t consi/+ ( 
geometrical designs & ,cufic            
inscriptions4 ,any silk1 or pr9t$       
patt]ns1 %\ld be secur$4  ,no in=mation 
ab\t papyri is giv5 "h1 = ! reason t any
 site conta9+ !m %\ld n be t\*$ except  
by a tra9$ excavator4  ,,illu/ration    
,,xiii3 ,,egyptian ,,pott]y ,,types     
,,*apt] ,,viii   ,,mesopotamia   ,see ! 
diagrams ( fl9t implem5ts1 ,illu/ration 
,,ii2 pott]y & brick-=ms1 ,illu/ration  
,,xiv2 cunei=m signs1 & o!r scripts     
,illu/ration ,,xv4   ,mesopotamian      

antiquities are ne>ly always f\nd 9     
,tells1 or artificial m\nds1 :i* are !  
sites ( anci5t t[ns or temples4 ,!      
surr\nd+ pla9 = a di/ance ( sev]al      
hundr$ y>ds out1 :e!r /eppe-des]t or    
untill$ l&1 w usually be f\nd to be     
productive ( antiquities1 ei!r a few    
in*es or few feet deep or1 9 ! case ( ! 
dess]t1 actually ly+ ^u ! surface4 ,^!  
are usually ! result ( ra9/orms wa%+ out
 antiquities f ! tell itself4 ,ea* tell 
or ganglion ( connect$ tells usually has
 a numb] ( small subsidi>y tells r\nd   
ab\t x1 ! sites ( small isolat$ build+s 
or villages connect$ ) ! c5tral         
settlem5t4 ,orig9ally ! settlem5ts 7    
built ^u natural rises ( ! gr\nd :i*    
/ood up z isl&s 9 ! f5-c\ntry4          
,visitors %\ld give ! local names (     
tells 9 ,arabic *>act]s1 :5 possible1 s 
t mi/akes 9 translit]ation into ,engli% 
may be avoid$4 ,antiquities b\ght 9 !   
neighb\rhood ( a tell %\ld be not$ z    
com+ f t neighb\rhood4 ,depr$ations by  
,arabs 7or by o!rs67 %\ld be not$1 &    

report$ to ! ne>e/ ,political ,(fic] or 
,inspector ( ,antiquities4 ,! b>b>\s    
practice ( =cibly dislodg+ inscrib$     
bricks f walls1 z trophies & 's\v5irs'1 
:i* has unhappily be5 common dur+ ! w>1 
%\ld nev] be imitat$ & always           
disc\nt5anc$ z mu* z possible4  ,o!r    
good spots = antiquities ?an tells are  
r>e4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s & /ony c\ntry ( !    
,nor? we may meet ) rock- sculptures1 z 
at ,bavian1 & ^! %\ld always be record$ 
by a travell]1 ev5 if he is n c]ta9 t !y
 h n be5 rem>k$ be=e3 some?+ new may    
turn up at any "t4 ,antiquities acquir$ 
9 ! neighb\rhood ( su* monum5ts %\ld be 
not$1 & _! precise place ( orig9        
asc]ta9$1 if possible1 z 9 ?is way !    
site ( "s anci5t settlem5t adjo9+ !     
monum5t may be id5tifi$4 ,! op5         
ru9-fields1 or ,khurbas1 *>act]i/ic (   
,pale/9e are n usual1 except 9 ! case ( 
,p>?ian or ,sassanian palace ru9s su* z 
,ctesiphon1 ,hatra1 or ,ukheidhir1 :i* 7
 (t5 ab&on$ almo/ z soon z !y 7 built1 s
 t no lat] population c\ld pile up      

rubbi%-heaps or graves above !m4  ,9    
ord] to aid ! visitor to get "s idea ( !
 age ( a tell or o!r site f !           
antiquities f\nd on its surface & its   
neighb\rhood1 & s to be able to give "s 
idea ( :at is likely to be f\nd 9 x1 !  
foll[+ h9ts h be5 drawn up4  ,9 ! fir/  
place1 mo/ ( ! surface rema9s1 are1 z   
else:]e1 pott]y %]ds4 ,^! %\ld tell u _!
 date by _! appe>ance4 ,x mu/ be said1  
h[ev]1 t our exp]i5ce on ! subject ( !  
developm5t ( ,mesopotamian pott]y is    
limit$4 ,ow+ to ! att5tion (            
,assyriologi/s hav+ be5 s long focuss$  
on ! /udy ( ! cunei=m records1 to !     
neglect ( g5]al ar*aeology1 we h no?+ l 
! k ( ^! ?+s t we h 9 ,egypt or 9       
,greece4 ,su* m9utiae ( in=mation z our 
common k ( c]amic developm5t 9 ,egypt or
 9 ,greece gives u ) reg>d to ^!        
c\ntries1 enabl+ u to date sites ) great
 accuracy1 are n vet available =        
,mesopotamia4 ,& if = ?is reason all    
possible in=mation z to ! objects f\nd  
on ar*aeological sites is desirable1 x  

is also impossible yet to give ! visitor
 any absolute guide to ! di/9ctive      
appe>ance ( pott]y at e p]iod4 ,! ma9   
p]iods are kn[n4 ,! 'prehi/oric'1 !     
,sum]ian1 ! late ,babylonian1 & !       
,p>?ian /yles are easily di/+ui%able4   
,if a visitor is able to tell u t       
su*-&-su* a m\nd is prehi/oric or is    
,p>?ian1 or t settlem5ts ( bo? p]iods   
exi/$ on x1 ?is is :at we want4 ,"o ( ! 
mo/ g5]al ( crit]ia ) reg>d to pott]y is
 :e!r x is glaz$ or n4 ,if glaz$1 x is1 
g5]ally speak+1 late4 ,o!r ?+s besides  
pott]y are ( c\rse f\nd1 & ! pres5ce or 
! abs5ce ( metal1 & ! occurr5ce ( /one  
implem5ts1 are important4 ,b x mu/ be   
rememb]$ t /one 0 us$ long into !       
',bronze' ,age1 & contemporane\sly )    
copp]4 ,!re is no sudd5 break betwe5 !  
two p]iods4 ,fragm5ts ( %ell &          
"m-(-pe>l1 (t5 ) incis$ designs1 are v  
*>act]i/ic ( ! e>lie/ p]iod4 ,co9s are (
 late date2 a tell ) co9s on x is c]ta9 
to conta9 build+s z late z ! f\r? or    
?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 7?\gh x may also     

conta9 f> old] build+s z well74 ,"o ( ! 
mo/ useful crit]ia ( age is3 ,bricks4 ,!
 =m ( ! brick is a v good guide to date4
 ,! ,babylonians us$ bo? kiln-bak$ &    
crude bricks4 ,! olde/ type1 :e!r bak$  
or crude1 is plano-convex 9 =m1 &       
un9scrib$4 ,! mort> is bitum54 ,lat] on 
rectangul> bricks1 (t5 squ>e1 made 9    
m\lds1 7 introduc$4 ,^! usually bore !  
"n ( ! royal build]4 ,lat] on bricks    
became g5]ally oblong & mu* l our own4  
,9 ! six? c5tury ! squ>e %ape 0 reviv$4 
,bo? %apes 7 9 use at ! ,nebu*adnezz>   
p]iod4 ,glaz$ bricks 7 !n common4 ,"u ! 
,p]sians mort> took ! place ( bitum54   
,"u ! ,p>?ians & ,sassanians1 bricks 7  
yell[1 oblong1 small1 & v h>d4 ,details 
w be f\nd bel[1 ,! names ( v>i\s        
excavat$ sites are giv5 9 brackets z !  
'classical' s\rces ( in=mation on c]ta9 
po9ts1 & z ! places f :i*               
type-antiquities h come to our ,museums4
 ,anci5t names are 9 capitals2 museums 9
 italics4   ,i4 ,,prehi/oric 787 ,,age3 
,*alcoli?ic 7a5eoli?ic7 p]iod1 be=e     

#cejj ,b4,c4  ,until q rec5tly no traces
 ( ! ,/one ,age _h be5 discov]$ 9       
,babylonia o!r ?an a few possible       
palaeoli?s ly+ on ! surface ( ! des]t3  
all traces ( a ,neoli?ic ,age 7 suppos$ 
to h be5 buri$ b5ea? ! alluvium ( !     
valley4 ,9 ,assyria1 h[ev]1 neoli?ic    
traces 9 ! %ape ( obsidian flakes _h be5
 discov]$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+ 9 
! c\rse ( 8 excavation ( ! m\nd (       
,kuyunjik 7,,n9eveh71 besides fragm5ts (
 pa9t$ pott]y resembl+ ^? f ! e>lie/    
deposits 9 ,asia ,m9or & ^? f\nd by !   
,am]ican geologi/ ,pumpelly 9 8 digg+s 9
 ! kurgans ( ,turke/an1 7to :i* he      
assign$ an extremely remote date        
,b4,c474 ,9 ,p]sia1 & ab\t ! head ( !   
,p]sian ,gulf1 some:at simil> pott]y 0  
discov]$ by de ,morgan & ! o!r ,fr5*    
excavators at ,susa1 ,tepe ,musyan1 ,b&>
 ,bu%ir1 & o!r places3 "h aga9 ! dates 7
 put at a v remote p]iod4 ,) ! exception
 ( a few fl9t saw-blades f ,w>ka #a1    
,f>a1 ,zurghul1 & ,babylon #b1 no simil>
 rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ,babylonia until1 

9 #aiah1 ,capt4 ,r4 ,campbell ,?ompson1 
explor+ on behalf ( ! ,briti% ,museum1  
discov]$ fl9t & obsidian flakes & pa9t$ 
pott]y ly+ on ! surface ( ! des]t at    
,tell ,abu ,%ahre9 7,,eridu71 & also at 
,tell ,muqayy> 7,,ur74 ,! cont9u$       
excavations c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4   
,hall = ! ,museum 9 #aiai h produc$ m ( 
! same evid5ce f bo? places1 besides a  
new 'prehi/oric' site at ,tell          
el-,ma'ab$ or ,tell el-',obeid ne> ,ur4 
,x seems t ^! antiquities date f ! v end
 ( ! neoli?ic1 or r to ! succe$+        
'*alcoli?ic'1 age2 :e!r !y are really   
prehi/oric1 z reg>ds ,babylonian hi/ory1
 mu/ until m evid5ce f /ratifi$ deposits
 is f\nd rema9 undecid$4 ,!y prove !    
occupation ( ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf at
 ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory by a p ^: primitive  
art 0 closely ak9 to t ( e>ly ,elam1 &  
di/9ct f t ( ! ,sum]ians4  #a ,f\nd by  
,l(tus 9 #ahed3 _! e>ly date 0 n        
recogniz$ at ! "t4 #b ,koldewey1        
,excavations at ,babylon1 ,e4,t41 p4    
#bfa1 fig4 #ahb4 ,koldewey curi\sly     

speaks ( ! saw-blades z 'palaeoli?ic4'  
,!y are1 ( c\rse1 no?+ ( ! sort4        
,*>act]i/ics3 fl9t1 *]t1 obsidian1 gre5 
& r$ jasp]1 & qu>tz-cry/al flakes1      
arr[heads1 cores1 & saw-blades4 ,*]t &  
lime/one r\gh hoe-blades 7easily mi/ak5 
= palaeoli?ic implem5ts2 !y are1 h[ev]1 
mu* flatt]72 poli%$ s]p5t9e or jasp]    
celts2 l5toid 7l5til-%ap$71 amygdaloid  
7almond-%ap$71 & discoid beads (        
cornelian1 cry/al1 obsidian1 c41        
unpoli%$2 nails ( transluc5t qu>tz &    
obsidian 7obvi\sly imitations ( metal   
types72 h>d grey pott]y sickles1 pott]y 
cones ( v>i\s sizes1 & pott]y objects l 
gigantic nails b5t up at ! ends2 pott]y 
pa9t$ ) designs 9 black1 usually        
geometrical 7see illu/ration ,,xiv1     
,fig4 #a71 b sometimes %[+ plant-=ms or 
ev5 animals4 ,?is w>e is (t5 v f9e1 s   
mu* s z to look z if :eelmade4 ,! %apes 
are *iefly b[ls 7(t5 closely resembl+   
e>ly ,egyptian /one b[l types71 pots )  
susp5sion-h&les or lugs1 & sp\t$        
'kettles'4 ,all ^! objects are at       

,%ahre9 & el-',obeid f\nd ly+ on ! des]t
 surface at ! di/ance ( #ej or #ajj y>ds
 f ! tell2 !y are suppos$ to h be5 wa%$ 
out ( ! l[] /rata ( ! latt] by ra9s4    
,objects ( ?is k9d %\ld be record$ f any
 site1 & ! neighb\rhood ( a des]t tell  
%\ld always be se>*$ = !m4              
,,illu/ration ,,xiv ,,mesopotamian      
,,pott]y1 ,,seals1 ,,etc4  ,,illu/ration
 ,,xv3 ,,cunei=m ,,& ,,o!r ,,scripts4   
,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,bronze 7,copp]7 ,,age3   
,fir/ ,sum]ian 7pre-,s>gonic7 ,p]iod2 c4
 #cejj-cjjj ,b4,c4 ,e>lie/ ,sum]ian     
civilization4  ,typical sites4 ,old]    
/rata at ,telloh 7,,laga%72 ,f>a        
7,,%uruppak72 ,tell ',obeid 7anci5t "n z
 yet unkn[n72 ,%ahre9 7,,eridu74        
,*>act]i/ics4 ,writ+4 ,fir/ appe>ance ( 
script1 already conv5tionaliz$ f        
pictographs4 ,cut on /one & incis$ on   
clay tablets & bricks ( *>act]i/ic e>ly 
/yle4 ,brick build+s1 ) cr5ellat$ walls 
7until ! discov]y ( ,tell ',obeid       
suppos$ to date only f ! lat] ,sum]ian  
p]iod7 ( typical plano-convex bricks1   

bak$ or crude1 usually ) ?umb-m>k d[n   
l5g? ( convex side 7,%ahre971 or ) two  
?umb-holes 7= c>ry+ ! brick :5 wet871 or
 v5t-holes 7',obeid72 at fir/ un9scrib$1
 lat] ) long inscriptions2 measur+ #aj x
 #f x #b-b #a_/d ins4 7,%ahre971 & #h x 
#f x #b-b #a_/d ins4 7',obeid72 poorly  
%ap$ & bak$ 7see ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #c74      
,bitum5 us$ = mort>2 laid v ?ick4 ,h>d  
:ite /ucco on int]nal faces ( crude     
brick h\se walls1 (t5 decorat$ ) r$1    
:ite1 & black pa9t$ horizontal /ripes   
7,%ahre947 ,pott]y4 ,:eel & h&-made2    
drab1 f9e or co>se pa/e1 unpa9t$ &      
usually undecorat$4 ,typical %apes3 7see
 ,,xiv1 ,figs4 #b abc7 mo/ly h&leless   
vases1 & cups1 & sp\t$ 'kettles' 7aga9  
(t5 resembl+ e>ly ,egyptian types74     
,metals3 ,copp]4 ,ext5sive use3 l>ge    
copp] figures ( animals1 heads ca/1     
bodies ( copp] plates fa/5$ by nails ov]
 a core ( clay ) a mixture ( bitum5 &   
/raw2 ! figures h eyes1 tongues1 & tee? 
( r$ & :ite /one & nacre 7,tell         
',obeid72 goat's head ) inlaid eyes (   

nacre 7,f>a74 ,o!rwise ord9>y treatm5t (
 eye %[s a numb] ( wr9kle l9es r\nd x1 &
 x is always disproportionately l>ge    
7bull's heads1 ,tell ',obeid & ,telloh74
 ,small fragm5ts ( copp] or bronze on ! 
surface ( a tell %\ld nev] be neglect$1 
z !re may be en\gh 9 any fragm5t to give
 an idea ( possible ar*aic rema9s )9 !  
tell4  ,silv]4 ,r>e4 ,f9e engrav$ vase (
 ,entem5a 7,telloh1 ,l\vre74  ,gold4 ,n 
uncommon4 ,copp] nails ) gold-plat$     
heads 7,%ahre974  ,/one4 ,portrait      
figures 9 r\nd 7,bismaya1 ,telloh1 c471 
usually repres5t+ m51 ) face & head     
%av52 v prom95t l>ge curv$ nose2 usually
 squatt+ ) arms cross$1 sometimes /&+2  
only g>m5t a kilt app>5tly made ( locks 
( natural wool4 ,usually inscrib$ 9     
ar*aic *>act]s on back ( %\ld]s4        
,mat]ial3 a grey or a :ite lime/one mo/ 
usual2 tufa & dol]ite also us$4         
,reliefs3 l>ge /elae 7,/ele ( !         
,vultures2 ,telloh1 ,l\vre1 fragm5t 9   
,b4 ,m471 completely inscrib$2 small    
relief plaques1 inscrib$ 7,telloh1      

,l\vre74 ,fl9t c>v$ & engrav$ cyl9d]-   
seals1 ( lime/one1 black basalt1 jasp]1 
diorite1 c4 ,vases1 b[ls1 & cups        
7usually fragm5t>y71 ( :ite & p9k       
lime/one & breccia4 ,maceheads (        
breccia1 granite1 c41 ( same type z !   
e>ly ,egyptian 7,%ahre974  ,%ell4 ,v    
l>gely us$ = decoration2 small plaques (
 nacre (t5 engrav$ ) sc5es ( m5         
wor%ipp+1 c4 7,telloh72 tessellat$      
pill>s ) nacre plaques 7',obeid74       
,seal-cyl9d]s ( %ell4  ,wood4 ,r>ely    
survives2 small beams plat$ ) copp]     
7',obeid74  ,burials4 ,pott]y c(f9s )   
lids1 mat burials2 bodies contract$2    
fun]>y furniture1 copp]1 /one or pott]y 
dr9k+ cups held ne> m\?3 copp] weapons1 
fi%-hooks1 net weights2 beads ( agate1  
lapis1 %ell 7unpoli%$72 col\r-di%es1    
7,f>a74 7,! idea t ! ,babylonians ev]   
burnt _! dead is n[ discr$it$2 ! suppos$
 'fire-necropoles' at ,zurghul1 c41 are 
n sub/antiat$47  ,! burials are h>d to  
di/+ui% f simil> contract$ int]m5ts (   
lat] date1 except t ! furniture is m    

abundant 9 e>ly times & mat graves are  
unusual 9 lat] days ,m\nds ( ?is age may
 be kn[n by ! occurr5ce on ! surface (  
scraps ( oxydiz$ copp]1 nails1 c42      
%ell-fragm5ts2 undecorat$ light drab    
%]ds2 & ! typical small plano-convex    
bricks4   ,,iii4 ,,middle ,,bronze      
,,age4 #a4 ,e>ly ,semitic or ,akkadian  
7,s>gonid7 p]iod2 c4 #cjjj-bejj ,b4,c4  
,*>act]i/ics4 ,less crude /yle ( art3   
developm5t ( writ+ 7see ,,xiv1 ,fig4    
#a72 fir/ inscrib$ clay tablets ( usual 
/yle2 beg9n+s ( cunei=m1 develop$ f !   
ar*aic semi-pictographic "*4 ,bricks    
/ill plano-convex2 /amp$ inscriptions   
beg94 ,/one maceheads ( same type z     
e>li]4 ,l>ge & well-cut cyl9d]-seals (  
f9e lime/one1 lapis1 diorite1 granite1 &
 %ell are *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod3 !y are  
g5]ally ( an easily recognizable =m     
7reel-%ap$7 ) sides %[+ a m>k$ concavity
 7see ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #e74 ,! great        
developm5t ( art is %[n by ! /ele (     
,n>am-,s9 7,l\vre7 f\nd at ,susa4 ,n _m 
m\nds ( ?is p]iod h be5 dug4  #b4 ,lat] 

,sum]ian 7,gudea7 & e>ly ,semitic       
,babylonian 7,hammurabi7 p]iods2 c4     
#bejj-ahjj ,b4,c4  ,*>act]i/ics4        
,typical ',gudea' /yle ( sculpture1 9   
r\nd & relief 7,telloh1 ,l\vre72        
mat]ials h>d diorite1 dol]ite & basalt z
 well z lime/one3 *>act]i/ic treatm5t ( 
eye ) heavily m>k$ br[s3 elaborate ti>as
 & head-dresses ( female figures1 c4 ,v 
high developm5t4 ,regul> use ( cunei=m  
on clay tablets & cones 7see ,,xv1      
,figs4 #ac-ae72 non-cunei=m "* 79 a     
develop$ =m7 /ill us$ 9 brick /amps     
7,,xv1 ,fig4 #aj7 & on /one monum5ts4   
,bricks 7,,xiv1 ,fig4 #d7 n[ rectangul> 
& well made1 ei!r squ>e 7#ad ins41      
usually1 by #b #a_/b ins4 ?ick7 or      
oblong 7#aa #a_/b x #h x #b #a_/b ins41 
or #aj x #e x #b #a_/b ins47 ) /amps or 
incis$ inscriptions ( ,ur-,engur1       
,dungi1 ,bur-,s91 ,gudea & o!r k+s      
7,,xv1 ,fig4 #aj71 f ,ur1 ,%ahre91      
,telloh1 ,niff]1 c4 ,bricks ( ,bur-,s9 f
 ,%ahre9 (t5 h inscription-/amps also on
 ! small] sides 7?ickness74 ,great      

build+s ( crude & bak$ brick 7,telloh1  
,ur72 temple-t[]s 7ziggurats7 ( crude   
brick fac$ ) burnt brick 7,ur1 ,%ahre91 
,niff]74 ,t[n ru9s ( ,hammurabi's age   
7,babylon73 crude brick3 plans always   
confus$ & haphaz>d4 ,bitum5 /ill us$ =  
mort>4 ,burials1 contract$1 (t5 9 d\ble 
pots 7m\? to m\?71 seal$ ) bitum54 ,) ! 
bodies are f\nd l>ge numb]s ( agate &   
cornelian beads1 unpoli%$4  ,m\nds ( ?is
 p]iod may be recogniz$ by ! typical    
squ>e or oblong bricks 7(t5 )           
?umb-holes71 ) /amps ( k+s' names1 c41 9
 non-cunei=m *>act]s1 or ) h&-incis$    
inscriptions 9 e>ly cunei=m1 made :ile !
 clay 0 wet2 clay tablets or cones      
inscrib$ 9 e>ly cunei=m2 copp] nails 7^?
 ) gold- plat$ heads f\nd at ,%ahre9 may
 also date f ?is "t72 drab or black     
pott]y %]ds ) impress$ or incis$        
designs1 g5]ally r\gh & evid5tly made ) 
a piece ( /ick or ! ?umb-nail2 r\gh /one
 qu]n-slabs ) rubb]s1 gr9d+ &           
hamm]-/ones1 c42 & ! burials describ$   
above 7^!1 h[ev]1 also occur 9 lat]     

times74   ,,iv4 ,,lat] ,,bronze ,,age3  
,kassite1 ,middle ,babylonian1 & ,e>ly  
,assyrian p]iods2 c4 #ahjj- #ajjj ,b4,c4
  ,*>act]i/ics4 ,/abilization (         
,babylonian art2 typical ',kassite'     
cyl9d]-seals ) /raight sides 7,,xiv1    
,fig4 #f72 disappe>ance ( old           
non-cunei=m "* ) gradual disuse (       
,sum]ian2 e>ly /one-cut inscriptions 9  
cunei=m 7see ,,xv1 ,fig4 #af2 an        
,elamite inscription74 ,occasional & r>e
 appe>ance ( glaz$ pott]y 7imitation (  
,egyptian71 & multi-col\r$ glass2 e>ly  
,assyrian sculpture 7^? unv]s$ 9 m9utiae
 ( ,mesopotamian art w only be able to  
tell ?is e>li] "w f ! lat] by ! e>li]   
/yle ( ! accompany+ inscriptions74 ,n _m
 m\nds ( ?is p]iod h be5 dug4   ,v4     
,,e>ly ,,iron ,,age3 #a4 ,late          
,babylonian & ,assyrian p]iods2 c4      
#ajjj-edj ,b4,c4  ,*>act]i/ics4 ,fl\ri%+
 p]iod ( ,assyrian art & writ+ 7=       
details see ! ar*aeological books1 :i*  
are v full on ?is p]iod74 ,m\nds may be 
kn[n by ! occurr5ce ( fragm5ts ( granite

 or basalt b[l-qu]ns1 (t5 ) feet2 pieces
 or :ole vases ( ! multi-col\r$ opaque  
glass usually call$ ',pho5ician' 7:i*   
are already f\nd 9 ! prec$+ p]iod72     
alaba/] pots2 /raight- sid$ cyl9d] seals
 7see ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #f72 ,syrian conical 
seals ( /eatite 7,,xiv1 ,fig4 #g72 small
 & rude clay figures ( deities1 su* z   
,i%t> or ,papsukal 7! gu>dian (         
build+s71 & animals1 su* z horses1 %eep1
 doves1 ducks1 c42 bronze p9s1 (t5 )    
birds on ! heads2 bak$ clay tablets ( ! 
f9e ,kuyunjik type 7see ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ab2
 script1 ,fig4 #ag72 pott]y lamps ) long
 protrud+ curv$ nozzles2 pott]y vases   
simple & undecorat$ save by incis$ l9es1
 z = _m c5turies pa/ 7= types see ,,xiv1
 ,figs4 #i a b c d72 light-blue glaz$   
w>e introduc$ f ,egypt t[>ds end (      
p]iod2 poly*rome glaz$ w>e ) designs (  
rosettes1 *evrons7 c41 some:at e>li]2   
l>ge pots )\t feet common = /orage (    
gra9 & oil1 sometimes = tablets3 m\? (t5
 clos$ ) a brick4 ,/one pi?oi are also  
f\nd4 ,v]tical dra9s or s9ks1 made ( a  

numb] ( pott]y cyl9drical drums1 fitt+  
on top ( or into "o ano!r1 are f\nd     
ev]y:]e on t[n-m\nds ( ?is p]iod2       
visitors %\ld avoid tumbl+ into !m1 z !y
 are (t5 op5 or only cov]$ by a v ?9    
cru/ ( e>?4 ,usually !y are p]=at$ to   
all[ ( soak+ into ! surr\nd+ e>?1 & are1
 :5 excavat$ :ole1 g5]ally f\nd capp$   
by1 a beehive-%ap$ p]=at$ cov]4         
,sometimes ^! dra9s 7 made ( old pots ) 
_! l[] p>ts brok5 (f1 & fitt$ into "o   
ano!r4 ,secul> build+s 7 ( burnt brick2 
sacr$ build+s usually ( crude brick1 f  
religi\s cons]vatism4 ,crude bricks     
ne>ly always oblong2 burnt bricks squ>e 
7#ad ins47 or oblong 7#ix#fx#c ins474 ,!
 burnt brick ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s "t is    
extraord9>ily f9e & h>d1 & !            
bitum5-mort> s f9ely spread z to be     
almo/ invisible 7,babylon74 ,walls ( ?is
 reign h a rock-l solidity & t5acity t  
%\ld make !m easily recognizable4 ,^? ( 
imm$iately prec$+ reigns %[ ! bitum5 f> 
m cle>ly1 & ! bricks are usually n z    
f9ely made z ,nebu*adnezz>'s2 at        

,babylon ! latt]'s "w is ?us at once    
di/+ui%able f t ( ,nabopolass>4 ,a      
typical brick- inscription (            
,nebu*adnezz> is illu/rat$ above1 ,,xv1 
,fig4 #aa4 ,x is 9 ! reviv$ ar*aic      
script1 always us$ = ?is purpose by !   
late ,babylonian k+s4 ,use ( col\r$     
glaz$ brick is *>act]i/ic ( p]iod2 (t5  
relief figures ( animals are made up (  
glaz$ bricks ea* specially m\ld$ = its  
prop] position & numb]$ 7,i%t> ,gate1   
,babylon74 ,royal palaces 7 (t5 decorat$
 ) reliefs depict+ conque/s1 c41 c>v$ on
 slabs ( alaba/r9e m>ble plac$ along !  
brick walls1 ) great /atues ( human-    
head$ bulls 7,*]ubim71 c4 7,nimrud      
,,calah1 ,kuyunjik ,,n9eveh1 ,khorsabad4
 ,brit4 ,mus4 & ,l\vre47 ,burials       
usually 9 drab clay pot-c(f9s 7l>nakes7 
) cov]s2 bodies /ill contract$2 fun]>y  
furniture scanty1 consi/+ *iefly ( p9s1 
beads1 an occasional cyl9d]-seal1 & a   
few pots 7,,xiv1 ,figs4 #i a b c d74    
,ribb$ pots ) blue 7wea!r$ gre57 glaze1 
(t5 pit*$ bo? )9 & )\t1 7 also employ$  

t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod1 inv]t$ ov] !     
bodies4 ,also an?ropoid pott]y          
s>cophagi1 an idea import$ f ,egypt4    
,*ild burials 9 b[ls4 ,iron objects     
sometimes buri$ ) ! dead2 (t5 f\nd 9    
palace-ru9s 7weapons1 horse-furniture1  
c474 ,bronze commonly us$ = gates1 door1
 bolts1 c4 7,gates ( ,%almanes]'s       
palace2 ,brit4 ,mus474  #b4 ,p]sian     
7,a*aem5ian7 p]iod3 c4 #edj-ccj ,b4,c4  
,?is p]iod is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ! less
 frequ5t use ( bronze1 ! introduction ( 
co9age1 & ! developm5t ( ! simplifi$    
,p]sian cunei=m writ+ 7nev] on tablets1 
only on /one monum5ts2 see ,,xv1 ,fig4  
#ah74 ,bitum5 ceas$ to be us$ z mort> 9 
build+s4 ,p]sian walls 7e4 g4 ! ,apadana
 at ,babylon7 are easily di/+ui%$ by !  
use ( clay mort>1 & ! unusual ?ickness (
 ! mort>-c\rses betwe5 ! bricks4        
,burials 9 %all[ tr\gh-l pott]y c(f9s1 )
 ! bodies at full l5g?1 b ) ! knees     
slightly flex$ 7^! cont9u$ dur+ ! next  
p]iod74   ,,vi4 ,,middle ,,iron ,,age3  
#a4 ,greek & ,p>?ian p]iods2 c4 #ccj    

,b4,c4-#bbj ,a4,d4  ,*>act]i/ics4 ,sudd5
 deg5]ation & disappe>ance ( ! anci5t   
native civilization & art2 imitation (  
,greek culture1 ,greek build+s 7!atre at
 ,babylon71 & inscriptions2 ,greek      
leg5ds on ,p>?ian co9s2 ,p>?ian k+s call
 !mselves ',philhell5es'2 ,graeco-,roman
 ar*itecture imitat$ 7,hatra74          
,graeco-,roman t]ra- cottas1 pott]y     
lamps1 pilgrim-flasks & bone-c>v+s2     
classical seal gems2 ,roman glass2      
fragm5ts ( imitation ( classical        
sculpture 9 m>ble 7! mat]ial be+ adopt$ 
z well z ! /yle72 &1 ( c\rse1 co9s--^!  
are *>act]i/ic rema9s f\nd on m\nds (   
?is p]iod4 ,ab\t l#jj ,b4,c4 ! use (    
cunei=m 0 giv5 up2 clay tablets 7 no    
long] us$4 ,aramaic became ! usual =m ( 
writ+2 ink us$ on %]ds2 wax tablets4    
,small b[ls (t5 f\nd ) ink-writt5       
incantations 9 ,judaeo-,aramaic 7see    
,,xv1 ,fig4 #ai74 ,m\nds ( ?is p]iod are
 p]haps mo/ easily recogniz$ by !       
quantities ( deep-blue glaz$ %]ds f\nd  
ly+ ab\t on !m4 ,! glaze is r ?91 laid  

on a co>se drab w>e1 & is (t5 crack$4 ,!
 blue is v f9e1 rivall+ ! old ,egyptian4
 ,burials ( ?is p]iod are (t5 f\nd 9    
7besides ! %all[ pott]y c(f9s m5tion$   
above7 rectangul> oblong boxes ( ?9     
co>se w>e ) light friable blue glaze    
7,babylon71 or 7lat]7 9 slipp]-%ap$     
c(f9s 7possibly ,sassanian7 ( ! same    
w>e1 rudely decorat$ ) human figures    
7w>riors7 9 relief1 on panels 7,w>ka74  
,! blue glaze has (t5 *ang$ to a d>k    
gre51 especially 9 ! case ( ! ,w>ka     
slipp]-c(f9s4 ,! lids are cem5t$ to !   
c(f9s4 ,int]nm5ts are n[ full l5g?1 !   
old cu/om ( contraction hav+ be5        
entirely ab&on$ #a4 ,gold ornam5ts &    
pieces ( gold leaf1 gold fillets1 c41   
are n unfrequ5tly f\nd ) ! bodies1      
besides armlets1 toe & f+] r+s1 c41 (   
silv] & bronze1 ! f+]-r+s usually (     
ord9>y ,roman types2 pott]y1 lamps1 &   
glass vessels4 ,^! c(f9s are (t5 9 brick
 vaults1 usually plac$ haphaz>d 9 !     
gr\nd1 z 9 e>li] times4 ,bricks small1  
h>d1 & yell[4  #a ,! we/]n cu/om (      

cremation 0 nev] adopt$1 9 spite ( !    
,hell5ization ( culture4 ,x (f5d$ bo?   
,babylonian & ,iranian s5tim5t1 al?\gh !
 ,p>?ians 7 nev] v or?odox foll[]s (    
,ahuramazda1 & v5]at$ 7at lea/          
platonically7 ! mo/ popul> deities ( !  
,greek pan!on4   #b4 ,sassanian ,p]iod2 
c4 #bbj-fej ,a4,d4  ,*>act]i/ics4       
,reaction t[>ds ,ori5tal motives 9 art3 
a typical antika ( ! p]iod is !         
,sassanian seal ( cornelian1 *alc$ony1  
or haematite1 9 %ape sometimes a r+1 m  
(t5 a flat sph]e ) "o-?ird cut (f to =m 
a seal-base1 p]=at$ = /r++ 7see ,,xiv1  
,fig4 #h71 & inscrib$ 9 ,pehlevi 7see   
,,xv1 ,fig4 #bj7 a script t to !        
unitiat$ looks v l ,cufie ,arabic3 !    
language is ,old-,p]sian1 :i* 0 spok5 by
 ! c\rt (ficials at ,ctesiphon1 !       
language ( ! p be+ ,aramaic4 ,sculpture 
b>b>iz$1 b ) a picturesque "* ( its own 
7,nakh%-i- ,ru/am1 ,tak-i-,bo/an71      
sometimes rem9isc5t ( ,indian "w4       
,ar*itecture3 ,p>?ian-,roman traditions 
7,ctesiphon74 ,pott]y usually glaz$ blue

 7?ick] glaze74 ,unglaz$ b[ls ) ,hebrew 
& ,m&aitic magical inscriptions4 ,bronze
 no long] us$ except = co9s4 ,objects f 
m\nds v l ^? ( prec$+ age1 b less (     
,roman orig94 ,n mu* kn[n ( burials2 !  
,w>ka slipp]-c(f9s usually reg>d$ z     
,p>?ian may possibly be ( e>ly          
,sassanian age4   ,,vii4 ,,lat] ,,iron  
,,age3 ,muhammadan ,p]iod2 c4 #fej-aejj 
,a4,d4#a  ,*>act]i/ics4 ,developm5t (   
art "u ,p]sian influ5ce till ,t>t>      
conque/ 9 ?irte5? c5tury3 ! de/ruction &
 depopulation ( ! c\ntry at t "t br\ght 
all real arti/ic developm5t to an end4  
,fl\ri%+ p]iod3 ! ',abbasid ,khalifate3 
n9? c5tury3 ,h>un al-,ra%id4 ,ru9s ( !  
anci5t city & palaces ( ,sam>ra3 halls )
 modell$ & pa9t$ pla/]-decorations1 n   
only geometrical b also 7,p]sian        
het]odox influ5ce7 repres5t+ trees1     
birds1 c4 ,no m sculpture 9 r\nd or     
relief ( human figures or animals4 ,!   
only survival ( classical tradition w\ld
 appe> to be to "s ext5t 9 ar*itecture3 
,greek ar*itects4  ,co9s3 ?9 gold1 &    

silv]1 ) ,cufic inscriptions only 7see  
,,xv1 ,fig4 #ba74 ,m\nds ( ?is p]iod may
 be kn[n by fragm5ts ( m>ble- c>v+ )    
,cufic inscriptions1 pla/]work1 ,arab & 
,p]sian vase & tile fragm5ts 9 ?ick     
blue1 gre51 yell[1 or br[n glaze1       
metallic lu/re-glaze1 c41 v>iegat$ glass
 bangles1 & r+s2 bits ( cl\dy :ite glass
 7f lamps72 fragm5ts ( wood1 c>v$ &     
inlaid ) bone1 nacre1 c41 9 geometrical 
patt]ns2 textile fragm5ts1 7:i* are     
naturally n commonly f\nd 9 old] m\nds71
 c4  ,no?+ is said ) reg>d to burials z 
^! may n be t\*$4  #a ,! limit ( age :i*
 con/itutes an 'antiquity' = legal      
purposes is fix$ 9 mo/ antiquity-laws at
 #aejj ,a4,d4     ,,app5dix  ,,laws ,,( 
,,antiquities   ,! foll[+ brief notes on
 ! ,laws ( ,antiquities 9 =ce 9 ! v>i\s 
t]ritories ) :i* ?is book is conc]n$ mu/
 n be tak5 z absolv+ ! travell] f !     
necessity ( consult+ ! full text ( !    
laws4 ,at ! "t ( go+ to press1 ! ,turki%
 ,law presumably prevails 9 su* p>ts ( !
 ,turki% ,empire z are n occupi$ by !   

troops ( ! ,ent5te2 9 ! rema9d]1        
tempor>y regulations are 9 =ce :i* w    
d\btless be modifi$ :5 ! new gov]nm5ts  
are e/abli%$2 & x is possible t !       
,turki% ,law itself may be br\ght into  
great] h>mony ) mod]n ideas4  ,! ,greek 
,law ( ,antiquities4  ,greek1 #bd ,july 
#ahii1 ,a!ns1 ,greek #ahhi4  ,all       
antiquities f\nd are ! prop]ty ( !      
,gov]nm5t & are controll$ by an         
,ar*aeological ,commission1 consi/+ ( ! 
,ephor ,g5]al ( ,antiquities & ! ephors 
( ! ar*aeological collections 9 ,a!ns4  
,fix$ antiquities mu/ be report$ by !   
discov]] to ! ,ephor ,g5]al or "o ( !   
ephors ( antiquities or o!r (ficial4    
,damag+ ( ru9s or rema9s ( monum5ts is  
=bidd54 ,own]s ( ! l& on :i* portable   
antiquities desirable = ! ,national     
,museums are f\nd are comp5sat$ to !    
ext5t ( half _! value4 ,any p]son :o    
f9ds antiquities on 8 l& mu/ report !m  
)9 five days1 on pa9 ( confiscation4 ,! 
same applies to any "o :o f9ds          
antiquities on ano!r p]son's l&1 or 9   

any o!r way comes into possession (     
antiquities4 ,in=m]s aga9/ brea*es ( !  
law are rew>d$ by ! am\nt ( !           
comp5sation due to ^? :o keep ! law4    
,objects n consid]$ wor? keep+ by !     
,museums are return$ to ! own] ( ! l&4  
,excavations1 ev5 on private prop]ty1   
mu/ be au?oriz$ by ! ,m9i/ry (          
,education4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has ! "r (     
expropriat+ l& = purposes ( excavation4 
,9 ,gov]nm5t excavations1 ! own] ( ! l& 
receives "o-?ird ( ! value ( ! objects  
consid]$ wor? keep+ by ! ,museums4      
,secret excavation is puni%$ by         
confiscation ( ! f9ds1 imprisonm5t &    
tempor>y loss ( civil rights4 ,9        
au?oriz$ excavations by a l&[n] or 8    
repres5tative ! excavator receives half 
! value ( ! f9ds tak5 by ! ,museums4    
,any "o attempt+ to excavate on ano!r   
man's l& is puni%$ by imprisonm5t4      
,antiquities f\nd 9 ! c\ntry may n be   
export$ 7on pa9 ( imprisonm5t or f9e &  
tempor>y loss ( civil rights7 )\t       
p]mission1 :i* is only grant$ = objects 

n consid]$ by ! ,ar*aeological          
,commission to be ( use to ! ,museums4  
,su* objects on export are subject to a 
tax ( #aj p]c5t4 ad valorem unless      
decl>$ entirely valueless by !          
,commission4 ,antiquities import$ into !
 c\ntry mu/ be decl>$ 9 ! ,cu/oms ,h\se 
& report$ to ! ,ephor ,g5]al (          
,antiquities1 a descriptive catalogue 9 
duplicate be+ s5t1 & _c be re- export$  
)\t p]mission1 :i* is obta9$ by produc+ 
! articles ) ! orig9al catalogue to !   
,ephor ,g5]al2 if n report$ !y are      
reg>d$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! c\ntry4  ,!  
,turki% ,law ( ,antiquities4  ,loi sur  
les ,antiquites promulguee le #bi ,sef] 
#acbd 7#aj ,avril #acbb74 ,extrait du   
,levant ,h]ald du #h1 #i1 #aa et #ac    
,ju9 #aijf4 ,con/ant9ople1 ,imprim]ie du
 ,levant ,h]ald1 ,p]a1 #aijf4           
,antiquities are controll$ by !         
,director-,g5]al ( ! ,imp]ial ,museums &
 a ,commission1 ! ,directors ( ,public  
,in/ruction 9 ! prov9ces act+ z ag5ts4  
,all anci5t monum5ts & objects 7includ+ 

^? ( ,islamic date7 are ! prop]ty ( !   
,gov]nm5t4 ,any fix$ antiquities        
discov]$ mu/ be report$ "u pa9 ( f9e )9 
#ae days to ! (ficial 9 *>ge (          
antiquities1 or 9 8 abs5ce to ! ne>e/   
civil or milit>y (ficial4 ,puni%m5t by  
f9e & imprisonm5t is inflict$ = de/roy+ 
or injur+ monum5ts1 measur+ or mak+     
impressions )\t au?orization4           
,transportable antiquities f\nd on a    
man's l& mu/ be report$ by him )9 a     
week4 ,! l&[n] receives half ! value (  
objects ?us report$ & b\ght by ! ,/ate2 
objects n report$ are confiscat$1 & !   
l&[n] f9$4 ,?is clause applies to ^? :o 
f9d antiquities on l& belong+ to o!r    
private p]sons or to ! ,/ate4           
,excavation is ! exclusive privilege ( !
 ,museums1 b firmans may be obta9$ by   
sci5tific societies & speciali/s4       
,unau?oriz$ excavation is puni%$ by     
imprisonm5t & confiscation4 ,! ,/ate has
 ! "r ( mak+ prelim9>y s\nd+s & (       
expropriation4 ,applications = leave to 
excavate mu/ be made to ! ,m9i/] (      

,public ,in/ruction4 ,all f9ds belong to
 ! ,/ate4 ,unau?oriz$ deal+ 9           
antiquities is puni%able by f9e1        
imprisonm5t1 & confiscation4            
,exportation ( antiquities f\nd 9 !     
,empire is =bidd54 ,antiquities import$ 
mu/ be report$ to ! directorate (       
antiquities1 & may n be s5t f "o "p ( ! 
,empire to ano!r1 or re-export$1 )\t    
p]mission f ! ,director-,g5]al4  ,!     
,cypriote ,law ( ,antiquities4  ,to     
,consolidate & ,am5d ! ,law relat+ to   
,anci5t ,monum5ts & ,antiquities1 & to  
provide ,museums4 ,law no4 ,,iv ( #aije4
 ,see ,sir ,j4 ,t4 ,hut*9son & ,s4      
,fi%]1 ,! ,/atute ,laws ( ,cyprus1      
#ahgh-aijf 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4        
#eie-fjh4  ,objects lat] ?an ! ,turki%  
conque/1 & co9s ( ,byzant9e or lat]     
times1 are n deem$ to be antiquities4   
,all undiscov]$ antiquities ( movable "*
 are ! prop]ty ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 all       
immovable antiquities are also ! prop]ty
 ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 unless "s p]son %all be 
! own] ( !m4 ,all antiquities mu/ be    

report$ by ! p]son 9 possession ( !m to 
! ,museum ,committee1 on pa9 (          
confiscation2 antiquities f\nd except 9 
! c\rse ( au?oriz$ excavations mu/ be   
report$ )9 five days to ! ,di/rict      
,commission]1 ,"o-?ird ( su* movable    
antiquities is tak5 by ! ,gov]nm5t1     
"o-?ird by ! f9d]1 & "o-?ird by ! own] (
 ! l&4 ,damage to anci5t monum5ts is    
puni%$ by f9e or imprisonm5t or bo?4    
,unau?oriz$ excavation1 ev5 on l&       
belong+ to ! excavator1 & ! pur*as+ (   
objects illegally excavat$1 are puni%$  
by f9e or imprisonm5t or bo?4           
,application = leave to excavate mu/ be 
made to ! ,*ief ,secret>y = ,gov]nm5t4  
,all antiquities f\nd 9 excavation      
belong to ! ,gov]nm5t2 only duplicates1 
& objects n requir$ by ! ,museum1 are   
giv5 to ! excavator4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has ! 
"r to expropriate l& = ! purpose (      
excavations4 ,! ,museum ,committee may  
acquire ! int]e/s ( any private p]son 9 
an antiquity on paym5t ( comp5sation4   
,if ! sum agre$ on is n paid )9 six     

mon?s1 ! ,museum ,committee loses all "r
 to its acquisition4 ,export (          
antiquities is =bidd5 except ) !        
p]mission ( ! ,high ,commission]1 :i* is
 grant$ only = objects n requir$ by !   
,museum or = antiquities ! int]e/s 9 :i*
 ! ,museum ,committee has fail$ to      
acquire 9 ! mann] describ$4   ,!        
,egyptian ,law ( ,antiquities4  ,la     
,n\velle ,loi sur les ,antiquites de    
l',egypte et ses annexes4 ,s]vice des   
,antiquites4 ,le ,caire1 ,imprim]ie de  
l',in/itut francais d'ar*eologie        
ori5tala4 #aiac4  ,all antiquities      
belong to ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate has ! "r (  
expropriat+ gr\nd conta9+ antiquities4  
,transportable antiquities :5 f\nd mu/  
be report$ to ne>e/ adm9i/rative        
au?ority or ag5ts ( ! ,s]vice (         
,antiquities3 ! f9d] receives half !    
objects ?us report$ or _! value4        
,excavation1 deal+ 9 antiquities1 &     
exportation are =bidd5 unless "u        
au?orization4 ,de/ruction ( & damage to 
antiquities is puni%able by f9e &       

imprisonm5t4 ,applications = leave to   
export or to excavate %\ld be made to ! 
,director-,g5]al ( ,s]vice (            
,antiquities4 ,a tax ( #a #a_/b p] c5t4 
is levi$ on ! decl>$ value ( objects    
pass$ = export4 ,leave to excavate is   
grant$ only to savants recomm5d$ by     
,gov]nm5ts or le>n$ societies1 or to    
private p]sons pres5t+ prop] gu>antees4 
,! excavator pays ! co/ ( gu>d+ ! site4 
,! ,gov]nm5t takes half ! portable      
objects f\nd4   ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( a   
,model ,law ( ,antiquities = ! ,ne> &   
,middle ,ea/4  ,! foll[+ /atem5t (      
,pr9ciples :i* %\ld =m ! f\ndation ( !  
,laws ( ,antiquities to be enact$ = !   
v>i\s ,prov9ces =m]ly "u ,turki% rule 0 
drawn up by an ,int]national ,committee 
9 ,p>is & recomm5d$ to ! ,commission =  
regulat+ ! ,m&ates "u ! ,league (       
,nations4 ,x foll[s closely !           
,recomm5dations ( ! ,ar*aeological ,jo9t
 ,committee on ! same subject4 ,x 0     
propos$ at ! same "t t ! ,treaty )      
,turkey %\ld enjo9 ! adoption by t ,p[] 

( a ,law ( ,antiquities on ! same l9es3 
,pr9cipes du reglem5t devant etre adopte
 p> *acune des ,puissances m&ataires4   
#a4 ',,antiquity' signifie t\te         
con/ruction1 t\t produit de l'activite  
huma9e1 ant]ieur a l'annee #agjj4  #b1  
,t\te p]sonne qui1 ayant dec\v]t une    
antiquite1 la signal]a a un employe du  
,dep>tem5t des ,antiquites du pays1 s]a 
recomp5see suivant la valeur de l'objet1
 le pr9cipe a adopt] devant etre d'agir 
p> enc\ragem5t plutot que p> m5ace4  #c4
 ,aucun objet antique ne p\rra etre v5du
 sauf au ,dep>tem5t des ,antiquites du  
pays1 mais si ce ,dep>tem5t r5once a    
l'acqu]ir la v5te en devi5dra libre4    
,aucune antiquite ne p\rra sortir du    
pays sans un p]mis d'exportation dudit  
,dep>tem5t4  #d4 ,t\te p]sonne qui1     
expres ou p> neglig5ce1 detruira ou     
det]ior]a un objet ou une con/ruction   
antique1 devra etre passible d'une pe9e 
a fix] p> l'autorite du pays4  #e4      
,aucun deblaiem5t ni aucune f\ille ayant
 p\r objet la re*]*e d'antiquites ne    

s]ont p]mis s\s pe9e d'am5dc1 sauf aux  
p]sonnes autorisees p> le ,dep>tem5t des
 ,antiquites du pays4  #f4 ,des         
conditions equitables devront etre      
fixees p> *aque ,puissance m&ataire p\r 
l'expropriation temporaire ou p]man5te  
des t]ra9s qui p\rrai5t (frir un int]et 
hi/orique ou ar*eologique4  #g4 ,les    
autorisations p\r les f\illes ne devront
 etre accordees qu'aux p]sonnes qui     
(fr5t des g>anties suffisantes          
d'exp]i5ce ar*eologique4 ,aucune des    
,puissances m&ataires ne devra1 en      
accordant ces autorisations1 agir de    
facon a ec>t]1 sans motif valable1 les  
savants des autres nations4   #h4 ,les  
produits des f\illes p\rront etre       
divises entre le f\illeur et le         
,dep>tem5t des ,antiquites de *aque pays
 dans une proportion fixee p> ce        
,dep>tem5t4 ,si1 p\r des raisons        
sci5tifiques1 la division ne semble pas 
possible1 le f\illeur devra recevoir1 au
 lieu d'une p>tie de la tr\vaille1 une  
ju/e indemnite4     ,,index  ,abu       

,%ahre91 #he1 #hh1 #ij4 ,a*aem5ian p]iod
 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ic4 ,aegean1          
prehi/oric age 9 ! #cf f3 pott]y 9      
,pale/9e1 #gc4 ,a5eoli?ic2 see          
,*alcoli?ic4 ,akkadian p]iod1 #ij4      
,alphabets3 see ,inscriptions4 ,aramaic 
inscriptions1 #fb1 #ff2 9 ,mesopotamia1 
#ic4 ,ar*aeological ,jo9t ,committee1   
#ch4 ,ar*es1 corbell$1 #dj4 ,arcosolium 
tombs1 #ga f4 ,asia ,m9or1 #dg ff4      
,assyrian p]iod1 #ia4 ,attic pott]y1 #dd
 f4  ,babylon4 #he1 #ij1 #ib f4         
,babylonian p]iod1 #ia4 ,b&> ,bu%ir1    
#he4 ,b>omet]1 #aj1 #cc4 ,bavian1 #hc4  
,beads3 ,cypriote1 #ef3 ,egyptian1 #gh  
f42 ,greek1 #da2 ,hittite1 #fj2         
,mesopotamian1 #hh ff42 ,syrian1 #fd4   
,belt ,jibr91 #gc4 ,bitum5 9            
,mesopotamia1 #hd1 #hh4 ,black-figur$   
,greek pott]y1 #dd4 ,bricks1 #ad f42 9  
,egypt1 #hb2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #hd-ic4    
,bronze ,age3 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #dh2 9     
,cyprus1 #ef2 9 ,greece1 #cf f42 9      
,mesopotamia1 #hh2 9 ,syria1 #fj4       
,bronze1 =g]ies 91 #bd4 ,broo*es        

7fibulae73 ,greek1 #dj1 #dd2 9 ,syria1  
#fa f4 ,buba/ites1 #gi4 ,build+s1       
record+ (1 #ad4 ,burials3 see ,tombs4   
,buy+1 advice ab\t4 #bd f4  ,calah1 #ib4
 ,cam]a1 #aj f4 ,ca/+ 9 pla/]1 #ai4     
,caves1 #ae1 #gb4 ,cemet]ies1 #ae1 #ee1 
#gj1 #gh3 see also ,tombs4 ,*alcoli?ic  
p]iod3 9 ,mesopotamia1 #he3 9 ,syria1   
#ei f4 ,ci/]ns 9 ,pale/9e1 #gg4 ,co9s2 9
 ,cyprus1 #eh2 9 ,egypt1 #gi2 9         
,mesopotamia1 #hd1 #ib ff42 =g]ies (1   
#bd2 mak+ impressions (1 #ai f2 record+ 
f9ds (1 #i4 ,combs1 ,egyptian1 #gh4     
,committee1 ,ar*aeological ,jo9t1 #bh4  
,compass1 prismatic1 #aj4 ,copp]3 9     
,mesopotamia1 #hh f42 9 ,syria1 #fj4    
,copy+1 #ag ff4 ,corbell$ ar*es1 #dj4   
',cor9?ian' pott]y1 #da4 ,crete1 #cf2   
pott]y f1 9 ,pale/9e1 #gc4 ,crusad]s'   
*ur*es 9 ,pale/9e1 #gf4 ,ctesiphon1 #hd1
 #id4 ,cunei=m inscriptions3 9 ,asia    
,m9or1 #ea2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ij ff4     
,cup-m>k+s 9 ,pale/9e1 #gg4 ,cyclopean  
walls1 #dj ,cyl9d]s & cyl9d]-seal+s3 9  
,cyprus1 #ef2 9 ,egypt1 #gh2 ,hittite1  

#fj1 #fb1 #fd2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #hi ff4  
,cyprus1 #ed ff42 ,law ( ,antiquities1  
#ig2 pott]y f1 9 ,pale/9e1 #gc4         
,dipylon p]iod1 #dj4 ,dolm5s 9 ,pale/9e1
 #gg4 ,draw+ & copy+1 #ag f4  ,egypt1   
#gh-hb2 ,law ( ,antiquities1 #ih4       
,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 #bj2 pott]y 9   
,pale/9e1 #gc2 sc>abs imitat$ 9 ,syria1 
#fb2 /one b[ls1 ,mesopotamian pott]y    
types resembl+1 #hh4 ,eridu1 #he1 #hh4  
,excavations3 laws controll+1 #ie ff42  
unau?oriz$1 #g4  ,f>a1 #he1 #hh f4      
,fibulae3 see ,broo*es4 ,figur9es3      
,cypriote1 #ee2 ,greek1 #ce1 #dj f41 #dd
 f42 ,syrian1 #fj1 #fb1 #fd4 ,f9ds1     
importance ( n break+ up1 #i4 ,fl9t     
implem5ts1 #bi ff43 see also ,/one ,age4
 ,=g]ies1 #bd f4  ,geometric bronze age 
w>e 9 ,greece1 #cf2 p]iod1 #dj4 ,glass2 
9 ,cyprus1 #eg2 9  ,egypt1 #gh ff42 9   
,mesopotamia1 #ia2 9 ,syria1 #fd4       
,glaze1 ,egyptian1 #gh f42 imitat$ 9    
,babylonia1 #ia4 ,greece1 #ce ff41 ,law 
( ,antiquities1 #ie4  ,hatra1 #hd4      
,hebrew alphabets1 #ff4 ,hi]oglyphics1  

copy+ (1 #ag1 #bj2 ,hittite1 #ea1 #fb4  
,hill sanctu>ies 9 ,pale/9e1 #gf4       
,hittite antiquities3 9 ,asia ,m9or1    
#ea2 9 ,syria1 #ei ff4  ,inscriptions3  
copy+ (1 #ag1 #bj f42 ,aramaic1 #fc1    
#ff1 #ic2 cunei=m1 #ea1 #hg1 9 ,cyprus1 
#eg1 ,greek1 #dd1 #ea f2 ,hittite1 #ea1 
#fb2 ,lat91 #ec2 ,lycian1#ea2 ,lydian1  
#ea2 9 ,pale/9ian tombs1 #ga2 ,semitic1 
#fb1 #ff f41 #hg4 ,in/itutions1         
ar*aeological1 #bf f4 ,iron ,age3 9     
,asia ,m9or1 #ej2 9 ,cyprus1 #ef2 9     
,greece1 #dj2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ia-ic2 9 
,syria1 #fj1 #fb4 ,it9]>y1 record+ (1   
#ac f4  ,jewell]y1 =g$1 #bd4  ,kassite  
p]iod1 #ia4 ,khirbet 7khirbah71 #fh ff4 
,khorsabad1 #ib4 ,kohl-pots1 #fb1gh f4  
,kok tombs1 #ga f4 ,kuyunjik1 #he1 #ib4 
,laconian pott]y1 #de4 ,laga%1 #hh4     
,lamps1 ,aegean1 #cg4 ,lat9 inscriptions
 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #ec4 ,laws (            
,antiquities1 #g1 #ie ff4 ,levell+1 #cc4
 ,lic5ces = acquir+ antiquities1 #i4    
,lycian inscriptions & monum5ts1 #ea4   
,lydian inscriptions1 #ea4  ,ma'ab$1    

,tell el-1 #he4 ,ma/abas1 #gh4 ,mapp+1  
#ac4 ,mesopotamia1 #hc ff4 ,m9oan ,age4 
#cf2 pott]y 9 ,pale/9e1 #gc4 ',m9yan'   
w>e1 #cg4 ,mort>1 bitum51 #hd1 #ij1 #ib4
 ,mosaic1 #gg1 #gi4 ,m\nds1 #ad3 see    
also ,tell4 ,muqayy>1 ,tell1 #he4       
,museums1 use (1 #g f4 ',myc5aean' ,age1
 #cg2 pott]y 9 ,pale/9e1 #gc4           
,nak%-i-,ru/am1 #id4 ,neoli?ic ,age3 see
 ,/one ,age4 ,niff]1 #ij4 ,nimrud1 #ib4 
,n9eveh1 #he1 #ib4 ,num]als1 ,we/       
,semitic1 #fg4  ',obeid1 ,tell el-1 #he1
 #hh f4 ,obsidian3 ,aegean1 #cg2        
,mesopotamian1 #he1 #hh4 ,olive-presses 
9 ,pale/9e1 #gg4 ,ori5taliz+ ,greek     
antiquities1 #da1 #dd4 ,outfit1 #aj f4  
,pack+ ( antiquities1 #bb f4 ,pale/9e1  
#fe ff4 ,papyri1 =g$1 #bd4 ,p>aff9-wax1 
#bb f4 ,p>?ian p]iod 9 ,mesopotamia1    
#ic4 ,pehlevi script1 #ic f4 ,p]sian    
p]iod3 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ib2 9 ,syria1   
#fb4 ,photography1 #aj f41 #ba f4       
,phrygian inscriptions1 #ee4 ,p9s3      
,greek1 #dj1 #dd2 ,hittite1 #fj1 #fb2   
,mesopotamian1 #ia4 ,place-names1       

,ea/]n1 #fh f41 #hc4 ,plann+1 #ad1 #af  
f4 ,pla/] ca/+1 #ai f4 ,pott]y1 passim2 
h&-made & :eel-made1 #bi1 #di f2        
importance (1 #bi4 #hd2 pack+ (1 #bc4   
,pres]vation ( antiquities1 #bb f4      
',proto-,cor9?ian' pott]y1 #da4         
,ptolemaic p]iod1 #gi4  ,r$-figur$      
,greek pott]y1 #dd4 ,rhodian j>-h&les3 9
 ,egypt1 #gi2 9 ,pale/9e1 #gc4 ,rock-cut
 tombs1 #gj f4 ,rock-sculptures 9       
,mesopotamia1 #hc4  ,saites1 #gi4       
,sam>ra1 #id4 ,sanctu>ies3 9 ,cyprus1   
#ed f42 9 ,pale/9e1 #gf4 ,s>gonid p]iod1
 #ij4 ,sassanian p]iod1 #ic f4 ,sc>abs3 
9 ,cyprus1 #ef2 9 ,egypt1 #gh2 9 ,syria1
 #fb1 #fd2 =g$1 #bd4 ,s*ools (          
ar*aeology1 #h1 #bf f4 ,sculpture1      
squeez+ (1 #ah4 ,seals3 ,aegean1 #cg2   
,hittite1 #fb2 ,mesopotamian1 #hf1 #hi1 
#ia2 ,sassanian1 #ic2 ,syrian1 ( ,p]sian
 p]iod1 #fd3 see also ,cyl9d]s1 ,sc>abs4
 ,semitic inscriptions1 #fb1 #fe-g1 #hg4
 ,%ahre91 ,tell ,abu1 #he1 #hh1 #ij4    
,%uruppak1 #hh4 ,s9j]li1 #ei1 #fb4      
,sites1 id5tification (1 #fh4           

,societies1 ar*aeological1 #h1 #bf f4   
,squeez+1 #ag ff4 ,/one ,age1 #bi ff42 9
 ,asia ,m9or1 #dh2 9 ,cyprus1 #ef2 9    
,greece1 #ce f42 9 ,mesopotamia1 #hd f41
 #hh2 9 ,pale/9e1 #gf2 9 ,syria1 #ei f4 
,sum]ian p]iod1 #hh ff4 ,susa1 #he4     
,syria1 ,c5tral & ,nor?1 #ei;ff4        
,tak-i-,bo/an1 #id4 ,tall3 see ,tell4   
,telephotography1 #ab4 ,tell 7m\nd71 #fh
 f41 #hc4 ,telloh1 #hh ff4 ,tepe        
,musyan1 #he4 ,t]ra-cottas2 see         
,figur9es4 ,trees1 sacr$1 #gg4 ,tombs & 
burials3 9 ,cyprus1 #ee2 9 ,mesopotamia4
 #hi-id2 '( ! ,k+s'1 at ,j]usalem1 #ga2 
rockcut1 9 ,pale/9e1 #gj f42 9 ,syria1  
#ei f3 see also ,cemet]ies4 ,turki% ,law
 ( ,antiquities1 #if4  ,ukheidir1 #hd4  
,ur1 #he1 #ij4 ',urfirnis' w>e1 #cg4    
,u%abtis1 #gh f4  ,w>ka1 #he1 #ic f4    
,w9e-presses 9 ,pale/9e1 #gg4  ,zurghul1
 #he1 #hi4