,,cambridge ,,essays ,,on ,,education ,,edit$ ,,by ,a4,c4 ,,b5son1 ,c4,v4,o41 ,,ll4,d4 ,ma/] ( ,magdal5e ,college ,) an ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,visc\nt ,bryce1 ,o4,m4 #aiai ,,preface ,! s*eme ( publi%+ a volume ( essays deal+ ) und]ly+ aims & pr9ciples ( education 0 orig9at$ by ! ,univ]sity ,press ,syndicate4 ,x seem$ to promise some?+ bo? ( use & int]e/1 & ! fur!r arrangem5ts 7 entru/$ to a small ,committee1 ) myself z secret>y & act+ editor4 ,our idea has be5 ?is3 at a "t ( mu* educational ent]prise & unre/1 we believ$ t x w\ld be advisable to collect ! op9ions ( a few exp]i5c$ tea*]s & adm9i/rators ^u c]ta9 que/ions ( ! !ory & motive ( education :i* lie a little b5ea? ! surface4 ,to deal ) curr5t & practical problems does n seem ! fir/ ne$ at pres5t4 ,j n[1 "w is bo? common z well z fa%ionable2 mo/ p are do+ _! be/2 &1 if any?+1 ! dang] is t organisation %\ld outrun =esight & intellig5ce4 ,moreov] a weak5+ ( ! old compulsion ( ! classics has result$1 n 9 p]fect fre$om1 b 9 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( "s sci5tific en?usia/s simply to sub/itute compulsory sci5ce = compulsory lit]ature1 :5 ! real "q r is :e!r obligatory subjects %\ld n be dim9i%$ z f> z possible1 & m sympa!tic att5tion giv5 to faculty & aptitude4 ,we h attempt$ to avoid m]e curr5t controv]sial topics1 & to enc\rage our contributors to def9e z f> z possible ! aim & outlook ( education1 z ! ^w is n[ int]pret$4 ,we h n fur!r$ any educational conspiracy1 nor attempt$ any fusion ( view4 ,our plan has be5 fir/ to select "s ( ! mo/ press+ ( mod]n problems1 next to f9d well-equipp$ exp]ts & /ud5ts to deal ) ea*1 & !n to give ! v>i\s writ]s z free a h& z possible1 desir+ !m to speak ) ! utmo/ frankness & p]sonal c&\r4 ,we h n direct$ ! plan or treatm5t or scope ( any essay2 & my own editorial sup]vision has consi/$ m]ely 9 mak+ detail$ sugge/ions on small] po9ts1 9 exhort+ contributors to be punctual & dilig5t1 & g5]ally revis+ :at ! ,new ,te/am5t calls jots & tittles4 ,we h be5 v =tunate 9 meet+ ) b few refusals1 & our contributors readily respond$ to ! wi% :i* we express$1 t !y %\ld write f ! p]sonal r ?an f ! judicial po9t ( view1 & foll[ _! own *os5 me?od ( treatm5t4 ,we take ! opportunity ( express+ our obligations to all :o h help$ u1 & to ,visc\nt ,bryce = be/[+1 z few are s ju/ly entitl$ to d1 an educational b5$iction ^u our s*eme & volume4 ,a4,c4 ,,b5son ,,magdal5e ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,augu/ #ah1 #aiag ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,,visc\nt ,,bryce1 ,o4,m4 ,i4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,educational ,,re=m ,by ,,john ,,lewis ,,paton1 ,m4,a41 ,high ,ma/] ( ,man*e/] ,gramm> ,s*ool2 =m]ly ,fell[ ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,rugby ,s*ool1 ,head ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college ,s*ool ,,ii4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,,william ,,ralph ,,+e1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,/ ,paul's1 ,honor>y ,fell[ ( ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ( ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d2 =m]ly ,lady ,m>g>et ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,eton ,college1 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,h]t=d ,college1 ,ox=d ,,iii4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation ,by ,,ar?ur ,,*ri/oph] ,,b5son1 ,c4,v4,o41 ,,ll4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge2 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,eton ,college ,,iv4 ,,religion ,,at ,,s*ool ,by ,,william ,,wyam> ,,vaughan1 ,m4,a41 ,ma/] ( ,well+ton ,college2 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,clifton ,college1 & ,head ,ma/] ( ,giggleswick ,s*ool ,v4 ,,citiz5%ip ,by ,,alb]t ,,mansbridge1 ,m4,a41 ,jo9t-,secret>y ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,tutorial ,classes ,committee2 ,f\nd] & =m]ly ,secret>y ( ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association ,,vi4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,education ,by ,,n[ell ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,%]borne ,s*ool2 =m]ly ,fell[ ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,w9*e/] ,college ,,vii4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,education ,by ,,william ,,bateson1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director ( ! ,john ,innes ,horticultural ,in/itution1 ,honor>y ,fell[ ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge2 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,,viii4 ,,a?letics ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,blagd5 ,,malim1 ,m4,a41 ,ma/] ( ,haileybury ,college2 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,m>lbor\gh ,college1 ,head ,ma/] ( ,s$b]gh ,s*ool ,,ix4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,leisure ,by ,,john ,,had5 ,,badley1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,b$ales ,s*ool ,x4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,practical ,,life ,by ,sir ,,john ,,david ,,mcclure1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,,mus41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,mill ,hill ,s*ool ,,xi4 ,,tea*+ ,,z ,a ,,pr(ession ,by ,,frank ,,roscoe1 ,secret>y ( ! ,tea*]s ,regi/ration ,c\ncil ,,introduction ,9 times ( anxiety & discont5t1 :5 discont5t has eng5d]$ ! belief t great & widespread economic & social *anges are ne$$1 !re is a risk t m5 or ,/ates may act ha/ily1 ru%+ to new s*emes :i* seem promis+ *iefly because !y are new1 cat*+ at exp$i5ts t h a sup]ficial air ( practicality1 & =gett+ ! g5]al !ory ^u :i* practical plans %\ld be bas$4 ,at su* mom5ts !re is special ne$ = ! re/atem5t & en=cem5t by argum5t ( s\nd pr9ciples4 ,to su* pr9ciples s f> z !y relate to education x is ! aim ( ^! essays to recall ! public m9d4 ,!y cov] s _m bran*es ( educational !ory & deal ) !m s fully & cle>ly1 be+ ! "w ( skill$ & vigor\s ?9k]s1 t x w\ld be idle = me to ent] 9 a %ort introduction ^u ^? topics :i* !y h discuss$ ) special k f> great] ?an ,i possess4 ,all ,i %all attempt is to pres5t a few scatt]$ obs]vations on ! g5]al problems ( education z !y /& to-day4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^? problems1 viz41 h[ to provide elem5t>y in/ruction = ! :ole population1 is f> less urg5t n[ ?an x 0 fifty ye>s ago4 ,! ,act ( #ahgj1 foll[$ by ! ,act :i* made s*ool-att5dance compulsory1 has done its "w4 ,:at is want$ n[ is ,quality r ?an ,quantity4 ,quantity is d\btless ne$$ 9 "o respect4 ,*ildr5 ought to /ay long] at s*ool & ought to h m enc\ragem5t to cont9ue education aft] !y leave ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b x is *iefly an improvem5t 9 ! tea*+ t is want$1 & t ( c\rse means ! secur+ ( high] compet5ce 9 ! tea*] by rais+ ! remun]ation & ! /atus ( ! tea*+ pr(ession#a4 ,! next problem is h[ to f9d ! f9e/ m9ds among ! *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry & br+ !m by adequate tra9+ to ! highe/ effici5cy4 ,! sift+ out ( ^! be/ m9ds is a matt] ( educational organisation & ma*9]y2 & ! process w become ! easi] :5 ! elem5t>y tea*]s1 :o ought to be> a "p 9 select+ ^? :o are mo/ fitt$ to be s5t on to second>y s*ools1 h !mselves become bett] qualifi$ = ! task ( discrim9ation4 ,! "q h[ to tra9 ^! be/ m9ds :5 sift$ out w\ld lead me into ! tangl$ controv]sy z to ! respective educational values ( v>i\s subjects ( in/ruction1 a topic :i* ,i mu/ n deal ) "h4 ,:at ,i d wi% to dwell ^u is ! supreme importance to ! progress ( a nation ( ! be/ tal5t x possesses4 ,9 e c\ntry !re is a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! population :o are fitt$ by _! sup]ior intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 & =ce ( "* to be ! lead]s 9 e bran* ( action & ?\ght4 ,x is a small p]c5tage1 b x may be increas$ by discov]+ ability 9 places :]e ! conditions d n fav\r its developm5t1 & sett+ x :]e x w h a bett] *ance ( gr[?1 j z a se$l+ tree br\ght out ( ! dry %ade may %oot up :5 plant$ :]e sun & ra9 c rea* x freely4 ,i am n ?9k+ ( ^? exceptionally great & p[]ful m9ds1 ( :om !re may n be m ?an f\r or five 9 a g5]ation1 :o make brilliant discov]ies or *ange ! curr5ts ( ?\ght1 b r ( p]sons ( a capacity high1 if n q fir/ rate1 :i* enables !m1 grant$ fair *ances1 to rise quickly into positions :]e !y c effectively s]ve ! community4 ,^! m51 :atev] occupation !y foll[1 be x t ( ab/ract ?9k+1 or lit]>y production1 or sci5tific rese>*1 or ! conduct ( affairs1 :e!r comm]cial or political or adm9i/rative1 are ! dynamic /r5g? ( ! c\ntry :5 !y ent] manhood1 & its realis$ weal? :5 !y are 9 _! fulle/ vig\r ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,we ne$ m ( !m1 & m ( !m may be f\nd by tak+ pa9s4 ,! volume ( ?\ght cont9u\sly appli$ to ! "w ( life1 :e!r x be appli$ 9 ! libr>y or /udy or laboratory1 or 9 ! work%op or factory or c\nt+-h\se or c\ncil *amb]1 has n be5 keep+ pace ) ! gr[? ( our population1 our weal?1 our responsibilities4 ,x is n to-day suffici5t = ! increas+ va/ness & complexity ( ! problems t confront a great nation4 ,we 9 ,great ,brita9 h be5 too apt to rely ^u our en]gy & c\rage & practical res\rcefulness 9 em]g5cies1 & ?us h t5d$ to neglect ^? ef=ts to accumulate k1 & consid] h[ x c be mo/ usefully appli$1 :i* %\ld prec$e & accompany action4 ,?is defici5cy is happily "o t c be remov$1 :ile a want ( qualities :i* are ! gift ( nature is less curable4 ,! effici5cy :i* is on e "o's m\? _c be extemporis$ by ru%+ ha/ily into action1 h[ev] en]getic4 ,x is ! fruit ( pati5t & exact det]m9ation ( & reflection ^u ! facts to be dealt )4 ,! view t x 0 ! f9e/ m9ds t ought to be mo/ c>$ =1 & t to !m ( "r belong$ n m]ely lead]%ip1 b ev5 control also1 0 c>ri$ by ! anci5ts1 & especially by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 almo/ to excess4 ,_! ideal1 & inde$ t ( mo/ ,greek ?9k]s1 0 ! ma9t5ance among ! masses ( ! milit>y val\r & discipl9e :i* ! ,/ate ne$$ = its protection1 & ! cultivation among ! *os5 few ( ! highe/ intellectual & moral excell5ce4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 p[] z well z rank belong$ to two classes1 nobles & cl]gy1 ! ideal ( education took a religi\s col\r1 & t tra9+ 0 mo/ valu$ :i* made m5 loyal to ! ,*ur* & to s\nd doctr9e1 ) ! prospect ( bliss 9 ! _w to come4 ,9 our times1 educational ideals h become n m]ely m e>?ly b m mat]ial4 ,mod]n doctr9es ( equality h discr$it$ ! anci5t view t ! *ief aim ( in/ruction is to prep>e ! few ,wise & ,good = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is n m]ely ^u ?is _w b also ^u ! mat]ial ?+s ( ?is _w1 p[] & ! acquisition ( t]ritory1 indu/rial production1 comm]ce1 f9ance1 weal? & prosp]ity 9 all its =ms1 t ! mod]n eye is fix$4 ,!re has be5 a drift+ away f t respect = le>n+ :i* 0 /rong 9 ! ,middle ,ages & la/$ d[n into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 z 9 our own1 t :i* in/ruction & tra9+ may accompli% has be5 rat$ f> bel[ ! /&>d ( ! anci5ts4 ,yet 9 our own "t we h se5 two /rik+ examples to %[ t _! e/imate 0 h>dly too high4 ,?9k ( ! p[] :i* ! con/ant hold+ up1 dur+ long c5turies1 ( c]ta9 ideals & /&>ds ( conduct1 ex]t$ ^u ! ,japanese p1 in/ill+ s5tim5ts ( loyalty to ! sov]eign & inspir+ a c]ta9 conception ( *ivalric duty :i* ,europe did n rea* ev5 :5 mon>*y & *ivalry /ood highe/4 ,?9k ( t b\ndless devotion to ! ,/ate z an omnipot5t & all-absorb+ p[]1 sup]s$+ morality & suppress+ ! individual1 :i* )9 ! %ort span ( two g5]ations has tak5 possession ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! latt] case at lea/ ! incessant prea*+ & tea*+ ( a !ory :i* l[]s ! citiz5's indep5d5ce & individuality :ile x saps 8 moral s5se seems to u a misdirection ( educational ef=t4 ,b 9 x education has at lea/ display$ its p[]4 ,c a fair /atem5t ( ! educational ideals :i* we might "h & n[ set be=e ourselves be f\nd 9 say+ t !re are ?ree *ief aims to be s\ght z respects ^? we h call$ ! be/ m9ds8 ,"o aim is to fit m5 to be at lea/ explor]s1 ev5 if n discov]]s1 9 ! fields ( sci5ce & le>n+4 ,a second is to fit !m to be lead]s 9 ! field ( action1 lead]s n only by _! initiative & _! dilig5ce1 b also by ! p[] & ! habit ( turn+ a full /ream ( ?\ght & k ^u :atev] "w !y h to d4 ,a ?ird is to give !m ! ta/e =1 & ! habit ( enjoy+1 intellectual pleasures4 ,_m morali/s1 anci5t & mod]n1 h giv5 pleasure a bad "n1 because !y saw t ! mo/ allur+ & p[]fully s$uctive pleasures1 pleasures :i* appeal to all m5 alike1 7 indulg$ to excess1 & became a s\rce ( evil4 ,b m5 w h pleasure & ought to h pleasure4 ,! be/ way ( draw+ !m (f f ! m dang]\s pleasures is to tea* !m to enjoy ! bett] k9ds4 ,moreov] ! quiet] pleasures ( ! intellect mean ,re/1 & a great] fitness = resum+ "w4 ,! pity is t s _m s\rces capable ( af=d+ delight are ignor$ or imp]fectly appreciat$4 ,may n ?is be p>tly ! fault ( ! l9es :i* our education has foll[$8 ,p]haps "s k9ds ( /udy w\ld h f>$ bett] if _! def5d]s _h dwelt m ^u ! pleasure !y af=d & less ^u _! suppos$ utility4 ,! *ampions ( ,greek & ,lat9 h dilat$ on ! value ( gramm> z a m5tal discipl9e1 & argu$ t ! be/ way to acquire a good ,engli% /yle is to "k ! anci5t languages1 a proposition discr$it$ by _m examples to ! contr>y4 ,x is really ?is insi/5ce on grammatical m9utiae t has prov$ repell5t to "y p & sugge/$ ! dictum t x doesn't mu* matt] :at y tea* a boy s long z he hates x4 ,bett] _h x be51 ab&on+ ! notion t e "o %\ld le>n ,greek1 to dwell ^u ! b\ndless pleasure :i* m9ds ( imag9ation & lit]>y ta/e d]ive f c>ry+ 9 memory ! gems ( anci5t wisdom :i* are m easily rememb]$ because !y are n 9 our own language1 & ! f9e/ passages ( anci5t poetry4 ,!re are pl5ty ( ?+s--inde$ !re are f> m ?+s--9 mod]n lit]ature z noble & z beautiful z ! be/ ( ! anci5ts c give u4 ,b !y are n ! same ?+s4 ,! anci5t poets h ! fre%ness & ! fragrance ( ! spr+time ( ! _w #b4 ,or take ano!r sort ( in/ance4 ,take ! pleasures :i* nature spreads be=e u ) a g5]\s h&1 hills & fields & woods & rocks1 fl[]s & ! songs ( birds1 ! ev]-%ift+ aspects ( cl\ds & ( l&scapes "u light & %ad[4 ,h[ few p]sons 9 mo/ c\ntries--= !re is 9 ?is respect a diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t peoples--notice ^! ?+s4 ,ev]ybody sees !m few obs]ve !m or d]ive pleasure f !m4 ,is n ?is l>gely because att5tion has n be5 prop]ly call$ to !m8 ,!y h n be5 taught to look at natural objects closely & see ! v>iety !re is 9 !m4 ,p]sons 9 :om no ta/e = pictures has ev] be5 =m$ by _! hav+ be5 tak5 to see1 good pictures & told :at con/itutes m]it1 are1 :5 l$ into a picture gall]y1 usually int]e/$ 9 ! subjects4 ,!y l to see a sportsman %oot+ wild f[l1 or a battle sc5e1 or ev5 a prize fight1 or a "m t5d+ a sick *ild1 because ^! incid5ts appeal to !m4 ,b !y seldom see 9 a picture any?+ b ! subject2 !y d n appreciate3 imag9ative quality or composition1 or col\r1 or light & %ade or inde$ any?+ except exact imitation ( ! actual4 ,s 9 nature ! av]age man is2 /ruck by some?+ s exceptional z a l(ty rock1 l ,ailsa ,craig or ! ,ne$les (f ! ,isle ( ,wight1 or an eclipse ( ! moon1 or p]haps a blood-r$ sunset2 b he does n notice & consequ5tly draws no pleasure f l&scapes 9 g5]al1 :e!r noble2 or quietly beautiful4 ,! capacity = tak+ pleasure1 9 all ^! ?+s may n be abs5t4 ,!re is reason3 to ?9k t mo/ *ildr5 possess x1 because :5 !y are %[n h[ to obs]ve !y usually respond1 quickly p]ceiv+1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o fl[] & ano!r1 quickly1 ev5 :5 q "y1 le>n+ ! di/9ctive *>act]s & names ( ea*1 enjoy+ ! process ( recognis+ ea* :5 !y walk along ! lanes1 z inde$ e intellig5t *ild enjoys ! ex]cise ( its obs]v+ p[]s4 ,! disproportionate gr[? ( our urban population1 a ?+ regrettable 9 o!r respects also1 has no d\bt made x m difficult to give "y p a famili> k ( nature1 b ! facilities = go+ into ! c\ntry & ! happy l5g!n+ ( summ] holidays r5d] x easi] ?an =m]ly to provide opportunities = ,nature ,/udy1 :i*1 prop]ly conduct$1 is a recreation & n a lesson4 ,!re is no s\rce ( enjoym5t :i* la/s s ke5 all ?r\gh life or :i* fits "o bett] = o!r enjoym5ts1 su* z ^? ( art & ( travel4 ,( ! value ( ! habit ( al]t obs]vation = o!r purposes ,i say no?+1 wi%+ "h to insi/ only ^u :at x may d = delight4 ,x is (t5 alleg$ t 9 ,engl& boys & girls %[ less m5tal curiosity1 less desire = k ?an ^? ( mo/ ,european c\ntries1 or ev5 ?an ^? ( ! ?ree small] c\ntries nor? & we/ ( ,engl& 9 :i* ! ,celtic elem5t is /rong] ?an x is 9 ,s\? ,brita94 ,a p>allel *>ge has1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,engli% upp] & middle classes4 ,he decl>$ t !y c>e less = ! ?+s ( ! m9d & %[ less respect to em95ce 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature & art1 ?an is ! case else:]e1 z = in/ance 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 or ,italy 7to :i* "o may add ! ,unit$ ,/ates72 & he ?us expla9$ ! scanty int]e/ tak5 by ^! classes 9 educational progress4 ,%\ld ?is latt] *>ge be well f\nd$1 ! fact x notes w\ld t5d to p]petuate ! =m] evil1 = ! indiff]5ce ( p>5ts reacts ^u ! s*ool & ^u ! pupils4 ,! love ( k is s natural & awak5s s e>ly 9 ! normal *ild1 t ev5 if x be some:at less ke5 among ,engli% ?an among ,fr5* or ,scotti% *ildr51 we may well believe our defici5cies to be l>gely due to faulty & un/imulative me?ods ( tea*+1 & may tru/ t !y w dim9i% :5 ^! me?ods h be5 improv$4 ,if x be true t ! ,engli% public g5]ally %[ a want ( int]e/ 9 & fa9t appreciation ( ! value ( education1 ! /]n discipl9e ( w> w d some?+ to remove ?is indiff]5ce4 ,! comp>ative pov]ty & r$uction ( luxuri\s habits2 :i* ?is w> w br+ 9 its tra91 along ) a s5se ( ! ne$ t has aris5 = turn+ to ! fulle/ acc\nt all ! intellectual res\rces ( ! c\ntry s t x may ma9ta9 its place 9 ! _w1--^! ?+s may be expect$ to "w a *ange = ! bett]1 & lead p>5ts to set m /ore ^u ! m5tal & less ^u ! a?letic a*ievem5ts ( _! sons4 ,be ?is z x may1 no "o to-day d5ies t mu* rema9s to be done to spread a s5se ( ! value ( sci5ce = ^? bran*es ( indu/ry to :i* 7z especially to agriculture7 x has be5 imp]fectly appli$1 to /r5g!n & develop ! tea*+ ( sci5tific !ory z ! f\ndation ( te*nical & practical sci5tific "w1 & above all to equip ) ! l>ge/ measure ( k & by ! mo/ /imulat+ tra9+ ^? on :om nature has be/[$ ! mo/ vigor\s & flexible m9ds4 ,to-day e see t ! heads ( great bus9esses1 indu/rial & f9ancial1 are look+ out = m5 ( univ]sity di/9ction to be plac$ 9 responsible po/s--a ?+ :i* did n happ5 fifty ye>s ago--because ! conditions ( mod]n bus9ess h gr[n too intricate to be h&l$ by any b ! be/ tra9$ bra9s4 ,! same ne$ is at lea/ equally true ( _m bran*es ( t adm9i/rative "w :i* is n[ be+ ?ru/1 9 gr[+ volume1 ^u ! ,/ate & its (ficials4 ,if we feel ?is z respects ! int]nal economic life ( our c\ntry1 is x n true also ( ! int]national life ( ! _w8 ,9 ! /ress & competition ( our times1 ! future belongs to ! nations t recognise ! wor? ( ,k & ,?\ght1 & be/ und]/& h[ to apply ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! long run x is k & wisdom t rule ! _w1 n k only1 b k appli$ ) t wid? ( view & sympa!tic compreh5sion ( m51 & ( o!r nations1 :i* are ! ess5ce ( /atesman%ip4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is has be5 cle>ly se5 & admirably /at$ by ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,footnote #b3 ,take = in/ance ?is little fragm5t ( ,alcman3 ,greek3 ,ou m heti1 p>!nikai melig>ye/ im]ophnoi1 ,gyia ph]e9 dynatai4 ,bale d ,bale krylos ein1 ,hos t hepi kymatos han?os ham alkyonessi pottai ,nleges htor he*n haliporphyros ei>os hornis4 ,:at c be m exquisite ?an ! epi!ts 9 ! fir/ l9e1 or m fre% & delicate & t5d] 9 imag9ative quality ?an ! ?ree la/8 ,a mod]n poet ( equal g5ius w\ld treat ! topic ) equal =ce & grace1 b ! *>m1 ! untranslatable *>m ( antique simplicity1 w\ld be abs5t4 ,i ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,educational ,,re=m ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,paton ,high ,ma/] ( ,man*e/] ,gramm> ,s*ool ,! la/ c5tury1 ) all its brilliant a*ievem5t 9 sci5tific discov]y & increase ( production1 0 spiritually a failure4 ,! sadness ( t spiritual failure cru%$ ! he>t ( ,cl\gh1 turn$ ,c>lyle f a ?9k] into a scold1 & ,mat!w ,arnold f a poet into a writ] ( prose4 ,! secret ( failure 0 t ! great =ces :i* move mank9d 7 out ( t\* ) ea* o!r1 & furni%$ no mutual support4 ,art _h no vital relation ) indu/ry2 "w 0 dissociat$ f joy2 political economy 0 at issue ) humanity2 sci5ce 0 at dagg]s drawn ) religion2 action did n correspond to ?\ght1 be+ to seem+2 & f9ally ! individual 0 conceiv$ z hav+ claims & int]e/s at v>iance ) ! claims & int]e/s ( ! society ( :i* he =m$ a "p1 9 fact z /&+ out aga9/ x1 9 an opposition s %>ply m>k$ t "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s c\ld write a book ) ! title ,man v]sus ! ,/ate4 ,z a result1 nation 0 divid$ aga9/ nation1 lab\r aga9/ capital1 t[n aga9/ c\ntry1 sex aga9/ sex1 ! he>ts ( ! *ildr5 7 set aga9/ ! fa!rs1 ! ,*ur* f\ght aga9/ ! ,/ate1 &1 wor/ ( all1 ,*ur* f\ght aga9/ ,*ur*4 ,! discords ( ! great society 7 reflect inevitably 9 ! sph]e ( education4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools ( ! nation 7 divid$ into two conflict+ gr\ps1 & bo? 7 sep>at$ by an e/rang+ gulf f ! gramm> s*ools & high s*ools z ! gramm> s*ools 9 turn 7 %ut (f f ! public s*ools on ! "o h&1 & f ! s*ools ( art1 music1 & ( te*nology on ! o!r ,!re 0 no cohesion1 no conc]t$ ef=t1 no mutual support1 no great plan ( advance1 no homologat+ idea4 ,?is fact 9 itself is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ineffectiv5ess1 ! despond5cies1 ! ins9c]ities & ceaseless unre/ ( ,we/]n civilisation 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! tree ( human life _c fl[] & be> fruit = ! heal+ ( ! nations :5 its great life-=ces sp5d !mselves 9 mak+ w> on ea* o!r4 ,if ! exp]i5ce ( ! c5tury :i* lies be=e u is to be diff]5t1 x mu/ be made s by means ( education4 ,education is ! sci5ce :i* deals ) ! _w z x is capable ( becom+4 ,o!r sci5ces deal ) ?+s z !y are1 & =mulate ! laws :i* !y f9d to prevail 9 ?+s z !y are4 ,! eyes ( education are fix$ always ^u ! future1 & philosophy ( :atev] k9d1 directly adumbrates a ,utopia1 ?9ks on educational l9es4 ,! aim ( education mu/ !re=e be z wide z x is high1 x mu/ be co-ext5sive ) life4 ,! advance mu/ be along ! :ole front1 n on a small sector only4 ,william ,morris1 :5 he tri$ 8 h& at pa9t+1 us$ to say1 t :at bo!r$ him always 0 ! frame3 he c\ld n conceive ( art z some?+ fram$ (f & isolat$ f life4 ,j z ,william ,morris want$ to turn all life into art1 s ) education4 ,x _c be fram$ (f & deta*$ f ! l>g] aspects ( political & social well-be+2 x takes all life = its prov9ce4 ,x is n an end 9 itself1 any m ?an ! individuals ) :om x deals2 x acts ^u ! individual1 b ?r\gh ! individual x acts ^u ! mass1 & its aim is no?+ less ?an ! "r ord]+ ( human society4 ,to cope ) a task :i* c be /at$ 9 ^! t]ms1 education mu/ be free4 ,a new age po/ulates a new education4 ,! traditions :i* h dom9at$ hi!rto mu/ "o by "o be *all5g$ to r5d] acc\nt ( !mselves1 t :i* is good 9 !m mu/ be cons]v$ & assimilat$1 t :i* is effete mu/ be scrapp$ & reject$4 ,nei!r c ! adm9i/rative ma*9]y1 z x exi/s1 be tak5 = grant$2 unless x %[s ^? p[]s ( adaptation & gr[? :i* %[ x to be alive & n dead1 x too mu/ be scrapp$ & reject$2 new w9e is fatal to old sk9s4 ,education mu/ rega9 once m :at %e possess$ at ! "t ( ! ,r5asc5ce--! p[] ( direction2 %e mu/ be mi/ress ( h] fate4 ,fur!r1 if education is to be a =ce :i* makes = co-op]ation 9 place ( conflict1 %e mu/ n be divid$ aga9/ h]self4 ,%e mu/ leave beh9d =ev] ! sep>ations & snobb]ies1 ! misund]/&+s1 ! wordy battles belov$ ( p$ants & politicians4 ,! smoke & du/ ( controv]sy obscures h] vision1 & %e ne$s all h] en]gies to tackle ! great task :i* confronts h]4 ,9 ?is reg>d no?+ is s full ( promise = ! future z ! new s5se ( unity :i* is beg9n+ bo? to animate & actuate ! :ole tea*+ pr(ession1 f ! ,univ]sity to ! ,k9d]g>t51 & has already ev5tuat$ 9 ! =mation ( a ,tea*]s ,regi/ration ,c\ncil1 on :i* all sorts & conditions ( education are repres5t$4 ,! mat]iali/s h n be5 sl[ to see _! *ance1 to *all5ge ! old tradition ( lit]>y education1 & to urge ! claims ( sci5ce4 ,b ! aim :i* !y place be=e u is frankly /at$--x is ! acquisition ( weal?2 !y are on manna b5t & mortal ends1 & _! conception ( ! future is a _w 9 :i* "o nation competes aga9/ ano!r = ! acquisition ( m>kets & commodities4 ,9 effect1 !re=e1 mat]ialism *all5ges ! classics1 b x accepts ! self-seek+ ideals ( ! pa/ g5]ations1 & accepts also1 z an integral "p ( ! future1 ! scramble ( conflict+ int]e/s1 lab\r aga9/ capital1 nation aga9/ nation1 man aga9/ man4 ,n[ ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( ! g5u9e sci5tific m9d is ! p[] ( le>n+ by exp]i5ce4 ,real sci5ce nev] makes ! same mi/ake twice4 ,obvi\sly ! repetition ( ! pa/ c only ev5tuate 9 ! repetition ( ! pres5t4 ,& t is precisely :at education sets itself to c\nt]act4 ,! mat]iali/ =gets ?ree out/&+ & obvi\s facts4 ,fir/ly1 sci5ce _c be ! :ole ( k1 because sci5ce 79 8 limit$ s5se ( ! t]m7 deals only ) :at appe>s4 ,secondly1 p[] ( insight dep5ds n s mu* ^u ! s5ses z on moral qualities1 ! s5se ( sympa?y & ( fairness2 x ne$s self-discipl9e z well z k bo? ( oneself & "o's fell[-man4 ,h[ c a man1 says ,c>lyle1 )\t cle> vision 9 8 he>t fir/ ( all1 h any cle> vision 9 ! head8 ,eyes & e>s1 said ! anci5t philosoph]1 are bad witnesses = su* z h b>b>ian s\ls4 ,?irdly1 ! trag$y ( ! pa/ g5]ation 0 n its failure to accumulate weal?2 9 t respect x 0 m successful ?an any g5]ation :i* prec$$ x4 ,! trag$y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 t1 :5 x _h acquir$ weal?1 x _h no cle> idea1 ei!r individually or collectively1 :at to d ) x4 ,& yet ! h\se ( humanity faces bo? ways2 x looks out t[>ds ! _w ( appe>ances z well z to ! _w ( _s1 & is1 9 fact1 ! meet+-place ( bo?4 ,mat]ialism is n wrong because x deals ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,x is wrong because x deals ) no?+ else4 ,x is wrong1 also1 9 education because tak+ ! po9t ( view ( ! adult1 x makes ! mat]ial product itself ! all-important ?+4 ,9 e "r conception ( education ! *ild is c5tral4 ,! *ild is int]e/$ 9 ?+s4 ,x wants fir/ to s5se !m1 or z ,froebel w\ld say to make ! out] inn]2 x wants to play ) !m1 to con/ruct ) !m1 & along ! l9e ( ?is inw>d propulsion ! educational process has to act4 ,! ?+-/udies if "o may s t]m !m1 :i* h be5 introduc$ into ! curriculum1 su* z g>d5+1 manual tra9+ 7) c>dbo>d1 wood1 metal71 cook+1 pa9t+1 modell+1 games & dramatisation1 are x is true lat] introductions1 adopt$ ma9ly f utilit>ian motive2 & !y h be5 +raft$ on ! orig9al trunk1 be+ at fir/ reg>d$ z deta*able extras1 b !y quickly %[$ t !y 7 an organic "p ( ! real educative process2 !y h already react$ on ! o!r subjects ( ! curriculum1 & h1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( education become c5tral4 ,9 ! same way1 vocation is hav+ great influ5ce ^u ! high] t]m9al /ages ( education4 ,all ?is is "p ( ! mo/ important ( all correlations1 ! correlation ( s*ool ) life4 ,b ! *ild's int]e/ 9 ?+s is social4 ,?r\gh ! primitive occupations ( mank9d1 he is ent]+ /ep by /ep into ! h]itage ( ! race & into a ri*] full] p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! sci5ce :i* enli/s a *ild's int]e/ is n t :i* is pres5t$ f ! logical1 ab/ract po9t ( view4 ,! way 9 :i* ! *ild acquires x is ! same z t 9 :i* mank9d acquir$ x--8 occupation pres5ts c]ta9 difficulties1 to ov]come ^! difficulties he has to ex]cise 8 ?\ght1 he inv5ts & exp]im5ts2 & s ?\ght reacts ^u occupation1 occupation reacts ^u ?\ght4 ,& out ( t reciprocal action sci5ce is born4 ,9 ! same way 8 play is social--9 8 games too he ent]s into ! h]itage ( ! race1 & 9 play+ !m he is le>n+ unconsci\sly ! greate/ ( all arts1 ! art ( liv+ ) o!rs4 ,9 8 play z well z 9 8 s*ool "w ! l9es ( 8 natural developm5t %[ h[ he c be tra9$ to co-op]ate ) ! law ( human progress4 ,?is fitness & read9ess to co-op]ate ) ! great movem5t ( human progress1 all-r\nd fitness ( body1 m9d & _s1 provides ! =mula :i* fuses & reconciles two gr[+ t5d5cies 9 mod]n education4 ,!re is 9 ! fir/ place ! movem5t t[>ds self-expression & self-developm5t--po/ulat+ = ! s*ol> a l>g] measure ( lib]ty 9 ?\ght & action1 & self-direction ?an hi!rto--?is movem5t is repres5t$ ma9ly by ,dr ,montessori1 & by ,:at is & :at might be2 x is a movem5t :i* is spread+ upw>ds f ! infant s*ool to ! high] /&>ds4 ,side by side ) x is ! movem5t t[>ds ! full] developm5t ( corporate life 9 ! s*ool1 ! movem5t :i* tra9s ! *ild to put ! s*ool fir/ 9 8 ?\ghts1 to live = ! society to :i* he belongs & f9d 8 own p]sonal well-be+ 9 ! well-be+ ( t society4 ,?is has be51 ev] s9ce ,arnold1 s$ul\sly fo/]$ 9 ! games ( ! public s*ools1 & fruitful ( good results 9 t limit$ sph]e2 x has be5 appli$ ) conspicu\s success to ! developm5t ( self-gov]nm5t1 & x has rea*$ its fulle/ expression 9 ! little ,commonweal? ( ,mr ,hom] ,lane4 ,b we are beg9n+ to recognise its wid] applications1 x is capable ( trans=m+ ! _s ( ! class-room activities z well z ! activities ( a play+ field1 x is 9 e way z applicable to ! elem5t>y s*ool z to ,eton1 or ,rugby1 or ,h>r[1 & to girls z well z to boys4 ,^! two movem5ts t[>ds a full] lib]ty ( self-fulfilm5t1 & t[>ds a full] & /rong] social life1 are conv]g5t1 & supplem5t1 or r complem5t1 ea* o!r4 ,p]sonality1 aft] all1 is be/ def9$ z capacity = fell[%ip1 & only 9 ! social milieu c ! individual f9d 8 real self-fulfill+4 ,unless he functions socially1 ! individual develops into ecc5tricity1 negative criticism1 & ! cynical alo(ness ( ! sup]ior p]son4 ,on ! o!r h& )\t fre$om ( individual developm5t1 ! organisation ( life becomes ! dea? ( ! s\l4 ,prussia has %[n h[ ! psy*ology ( ! cr[d c be skilfully manipulat$ = ! mo/ s9i/] ends4 ,x is a happy om5 = our democracy t bo? ^! complem5t>y movem5ts are comb9$ 9 ! new life ( ! s*ools4 ,to bo? appeals1 ! appeal ( p]sonal fre$om1 & ! appeal ( ! corporate life1 ! ,briti% *ild is peculi>ly responsive4 ,r\nd ^! two heal?-c5tres ! =m ( ! new sy/em w take %ape & gr[4 ,& gr[? x mu/ be1 n build+4 ,! body is n built up on ! skeleton1 ! skeleton is secret$ by ! gr[+ body4 ,! hope ( education is 9 ! liv+ pr9ciple ( hope & en?usiasm1 :i* /ret*es out t[>ds p]fection4 ,"o di/ru/s in/9ctively at ! pres5t "t any?+ s*ematic4 ,!re are m51 able en\gh z organis]s1 :o w be ready to sit d[n & produce at two days' notice a full cut-&-dri$ s*eme ( educational recon/ruction4 ,!y w take our pres5t res\rces1 & make ! be/ ( !m1 no d\bt1 re-arrang+ & re-manipulat+ !m1 & mak+ !m g z f> z !y c4 ,!y w %ape ! :ole ?+ out 9 wood1 & ! result w be wood54 ,x w be /atic & /ratifi$1 ) no upw>d lift4 ,b t is n ! way4 ,education is a ?+ ( ! _s1 x is in/9ct ) life1 ,greek3 !rmon ti pragma z ,ari/otle w\ld say1 draw+ ^u res\rces t are n its own1 unse5 yet crescive 9 its faculty & 9 its gr[? tak+ to itself su* outw>d =m z x ne$s = ! purpose ( its inw>d life4 ,six ye>s at lea/ x w take = ! new _s to "w itself out into ! def9ite l>g] =ms4 ,t does n mean t x w come )\t h>d purposeful ?9k+ & mu* pati5t ef=t4 ,education does n happ5 any m ?an art happ5s1--& j z ) ! arts ( ! middle ages1 s ! well-be+ ( education dep5ds n on ! *ance appe>ance ( a few m5 ( g5ius b on ! "r tra9+ & love ( ! ord9>y workman = 8 "w4 ,education is a spiritual endeav\r1 & x w come1 z ! ?+s ( ! _s come1 ?r\gh pati5ce 9 well-do+1 ?r\gh conc5tration ( purpose on ! highe/1 ?r\gh draw+ cont9ually on ! inexhau/ible res\rces ( ! spiritual _w4 ,! supreme mak] is ! poet1 ! man ( vision4 ,= ! adm9i/rator1 ! task is diff]5t f :at x has be54 ,x is = him to wat* & help exp]im5ts1 to prev5t ! abuse ( fre$om1 n to pres]ve uni=mities b to select v>iations4 ,b he is h&l+ a p[] :i*1 z ,george ,m]$i? says1 is a heav5-s5t /eeple*as]1 & takes a fly+ leap ( ! ord9>y b>ri]s4 ,to-morr[ is ! day ( opportunity4 ,to-day is ! day ( prep>ation4 ,ye/]day's ideals h become ! practical politics ( ! pres5t h\r4 ,our c\ntrym5 recognise n[ z !y h nev] done be=e t ! problem ( national recon/ruction is 9 ! ma9 a problem ( national education3 ! future welf>e ( ! nation1 to use ,mr ,fi%]'s words1 dep5ds ^u its s*ools4 ,m5 make light n[ ( ! extra millions :i* a few ye>s ago seem$ to b> ! way ( progress4 ,at ! same "t ! discipl9e ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s has hamm]$ into u a new consci\sness ( national solid>ity & social obligation4 ,z ! :ole en]gies ( a unit$ p are at ?is mom5t conc5trat$ on ! duty ( de/ruction :i* is laid ^u u1 s aft] ! w> ) no less urg5cy & no less on5ess ( he>t ! :ole en]gies ( a unit$ nation mu/ be conc5trat$ on ! upbuild+ ( life4 ,t upbuild+ is to be economic z well z spiritual1 b ^? :o ?9k out mo/ deeply ! ne$ ( ! economic situation1 are mo/ surely conv9c$ t ! problems ( indu/ry & comm]ce are at ! bottom human problems & _c f9d solution )\t a new s5se ( co-op]ation & bro!rl9ess#a4 ,su* is ! ne$ & su* ! task4 ,engl& is look+ to h] s*ools z %e nev] did be=e4 ,! aim ( h] education mu/ be bo? high & wide1 high] ?an lucre1 wid] ?an ! nation4 ,& ! aim ( our education _c be fulfill$ until ! education ( o!r peoples is infus$ ) ! same _s4 ,education1 l f9ance1 mu/ be plann$ on int]national l9es by int]national cons5sus ) a view to _w peace4 ,only s c x fulfil ! ultimate end :i* already looms on ! horizon1 ,becom+ :5 ! "t has bir? ,a lev] to uplift ! e>? ,& roll x on ano!r c\rse4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr ,angus ,watson 9 ,eclipse or ,empire1 p4 #hh4 ,,ii ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,+e ,dean ( ,/ ,paul's ,! ideal object ( education is t we %\ld le>n all t x conc]ns u to "k1 9 ord] t !reby we may become all t x conc]ns u to be4 ,9 o!r words1 ! aim ( education is ! k n ( facts b ( values4 ,values are facts appreh5d$ 9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 & to ourselves4 ,! wise man is he :o kn[s ! relative values ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is k1 & 9 ! use made ( x1 is summ$ up ! :ole conduct ( life4 ,:at are ! ?+s :i* are be/ wor? w9n+ = _! own sakes1 & :at price mu/ ,i pay to w9 !m8 ,& :at are ! ?+s :i*1 s9ce ,i _c h ev]y?+1 ,i mu/ be cont5t to let g8 ,h[ c ,i be/ *oose among ! v>i\s subjects ( human int]e/1 & ! v>i\s objects ( human endeav\r1 s t my activities may help & n h9d] ea* o!r1 & t my life may h a unity1 or at lea/ a c5tre r\nd :i* my subord9ate activities may be gr\p$4 ,^! are ! *ief que/ions :i* a man w\ld ask1 :o desir$ to plan 8 life on rational pr9ciples1 & :om circum/ances all[$ to *oose 8 occupation4 ,he w\ld desire to "k himself1 & to "k ! _w1 9 ord] to give & receive ! be/ value = 8 soj\rn 9 x4 ,we ,engli% = ! mo/ "p accept ?is view ( education1 & we add t ! exp]i5ce ( life1 or :at we call k ( ! _w1 is ! be/ s*ool ( practical wisdom4 ,we d n h[ev] id5tify practical wisdom ) ! life ( reason b ) t empirical sub/itute = x :i* we call common s5se4 ,!re is 9 all classes a deep di/ru/ ( ideas1 (t5 am\nt+ to :at ,plato call$ misologia1 hatr$ ( reason4 ,an ,engli%man1 z ,bi%op ,creighton said1 n only has no ideas2 he hates an idea :5 he meets "o4 ,we disc\nt ! op9ion ( "o :o bases 8 judgm5t on fir/ pr9ciples4 ,we ?9k t we h obs]v$ t 9 high politics1 = example1 ! only irrep>able mi/akes are ^? :i* are made by logical intellectuali/s4 ,we w\ld r tru/ our =tunes to an hone/ opportuni/1 :o sees by a k9d ( intuition :at is ! next /ep to be tak51 & c>es = no logic except ! logic ( facts4 ,reason1 z ,ari/otle says1 moves no?+2 x c analyse & syn!sise giv5 data1 b only aft] isolat+ !m f ! liv+ /ream ( "t & *ange4 ,x turns a concrete situation into lifeless ab/ractions1 & juggles ) c\nt]s :5 x %\ld be obs]v+ realities4 ,our prejudices aga9/ logic z a pr9ciple ( conduct h be5 =tifi$ by our national exp]i5ce4 ,we are n a quick-witt$ race2 & we h succe$$ :]e o!rs h fail$ by d9t ( a k9d ( in/9ct = improvis+ ! "r c\rse ( action1 a gift :i* is ma9ly ! result ( c]ta9 elem5t>y virtues :i* we practise )\t ?9k+ ab\t !m1 ju/ice1 tol]ance1 & mod]ation4 ,^! qualities h1 we ?9k & ?9k truly1 be5 (t5 want+ 9 ! ,lat9 nations1 :i* pride !mselves on lucidity ( intellect & logical consi/5cy 9 ob$i5ce to g5]al pr9ciples4 ,rec5t philosophy has enc\rag$ ^! advocates ( common s5se1 :o h long be5 pragmati/s )\t kn[+ x1 to pr(ess _! fai? )\t %ame4 ,intellect has be5 disp>ag$ & in/9ct has be5 exalt$4 ,intuition is a saf] guide ?an reason1 we are told2 = intuition goes /raight to ! he>t ( a situation & has already act$ :ile reason is debat+4 ,mu* ( ?is new philosophy is a k9d ( high] obscurantism2 ! man 9 ! /reet applauds ,b]gson & ,william ,james because he dislikes sci5ce & logic1 & values w1 c\rage & s5tim5t4 ,he us$ to be fond ( repeat+ t ,wat]loo 0 won on ! play+ fields ( our public s*ools1 until x 0 pa9fully obvi\s t ,col5so & ,spion ,kop 7 lo/ 9 ! same place4 ,we h muddl$ ?r\gh s (t5 t we h come half to believe 9 a provid5ce :i* wat*es ov] un9tellig5t virtue4 ,be good1 sweet maid1 & let :o w be clev]1 we h said to ,britannia4 ,s we h acquiesc$ 9 be+ ! wor/ educat$ p we/ ( ! ,slav fronti]4 ,i d n wi% to dwell on ! disadvantages :i* we h ?us incurr$ 9 int]national competition--our inf]iority to ,g]many 9 *emi/ry1 & to almo/ e cont95tal nation 9 sci5tific agriculture4 ,?is lesson we are le>n+1 & are n likely to =get4 ,x is our spiritual loss :i* we ne$ to realise m fully4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! majority ( ,engli%m5 h no ?\ght-out purpose 9 life beyond ! call ( duty1 :i* is an empty ideal until we "k :at our duty is4 ,confusion ( means & ends is especially common 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,! passion = irrational accumulation is "o example ( ! error1 :i* causes ! grave/ social inconv5i5ce4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( social inju/ice & suff]+ is caus$ by ! un*eck$ indulg5ce ( ! acquisitive in/9ct by ^? :o h ! opportunity ( indulg+ x1 & :o h =m$ a bl9d habit ( indulg+ x4 ,no "o1 h[ev] selfi%1 :o _h =m$ any reasonable e/imate ( ! relative values ( life1 w\ld devote 8 :ole "t to ! economical exploitation ( 8 neighb\rs1 9 ord] to pile up ! in/rum5ts ( a full] life1 :i* he w nev] use4 ,to reg>d bus9ess z a k9d ( game is1 f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 "r1 & our nation ga9s greatly by apply+ ! e?ics ( sport to all our ext]nal activities2 b we err 9 liv+ = our games1 :e!r !y happ5 to be comm]ce or football4 ,a fri5d ( m9e expo/ulat$ ) a ,york%ire manufactur] :o 0 sp5d+ 8 old age 9 unnecess>y toil = ! b5efit ( a sp5d?rift heir4 ,! old man answ]$1 ,if x gives him half z mu* pleasure to sp5d my half million z x has giv5 me to make x1 ,i don't grudge x him4 ,t is n ! _s ( ! real mis] or ,mammon-wor%ipp]4 ,x is ! _s ( a natural ideali/ :o f want ( education has no rational /&>d ( good4 ,:5 su* a man int]v5es 9 educational matt]s1 he is sure to take ! /&po9t ( ! s-call$ practical man1 because he is bl9d to ! high] values ( life4 ,he w wi% to make k & wisdom in/rum5ts = ! production ( weal?1 or ! improvem5t ( ! mat]ial condition ( ! poor4 ,b k & wisdom refuse to be s treat$4 ,l goodness & beauty1 wisdom is "o ( ! absolute values1 ! div9e ideas4 ,z "o ( ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s said1 we mu/ n make our intellectual faculties ,gibeonites1 hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat] to ! w & affections4 ,wisdom mu/ be s\ght = its own sake or we %all n f9d x4 ,ano!r effect ( our misologia is ! degradation ( reasonable sympa?y into s5tim5talism1 :i* reg>ds pa9 z ! wor/ ( evils1 & endeav\rs always to remove ! effects ( folly & wrong-do+1 )\t inve/igat+ ! causes4 ,t su* s5tim5talism is (t5 k9d only to be cruel1 & t x frequ5tly robs hone/ ,pet] to pay di%one/ ,paul1 ne$s no demon/ration4 ,s5tim5talism does n believe t prev5tion is bett] ?an cure1 & practical politicians "k too well t a sci5tific treatm5t ( social maladies is out ( ! "q 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,o!rs become fanatics1 t is to say1 worldl+s :o are too n>r[ & viol5t to und]/& ! _w4 ,! root ( ! evil is t a :ole range ( ! high] values is inaccessible to ! majority1 because !y "k no?+ ( intellectual weal?4 ,& yet ! real weal? ( a nation consi/s 9 its impond]able possessions--9 ^? ?+s :]e9 "o man's ga9 is n ano!r man's loss1 & :i* are n prov$ incapable ( increase by any laws ( !rmo-dynamics4 ,an inexhau/ible treasure is freely op5 to all :o h pass$ ?r\gh a good c\rse ( m5tal tra9+1 a treasure :i* we c make our own accord+ to our capacities1 & our %>e ( :i* we w\ld n b>t] = any goods :i* ! law ( ! l& c give or take away4 ,! intellig5t man1 says ,plato1 w prize ^? /udies :i* result 9 8 s\l gett+ sob]ness1 righte\sness & wisdom1 & w less value ! o!rs4 ,! /udies :i* h ?is effect are ^? :i* tea* u to admire & und]/& ! good1 ! true & ! beautiful4 ,!y are1 may we n say1 humanism & sci5ce1 pursu$ 9 a _s ( admiration1 hope & love4 ,! tra9$ reason is dis9t]e/$ & fe>less4 ,x is n afraid ( public op9ion1 because x c\nts x a small ?+ t x %\ld be judg$ by man's judgm5t2 its int]e/s are s mu* wid] ?an ! incid5ts ( a private c>e] t base self-c5tr$ indulg5ce & selfi% ambition are impossible to x4 ,x is sav$ f pett9ess1 f ignorance1 & f bigotry4 ,x w n fall a victim to ^? undiscipl9$ & disproportion$ en?usiasms :i* we call fads1 & :i* are a peculi> feature ( ,engli% & ,nor? ,am]ican civilisation4 ,su* re=ms z are c>ri$ out 9 ?is c\ntry are usually effect$ n by ! reason ( ! _m1 b by ! fanaticism ( ! few4 ,a j balance may on ! :ole be pres]v$1 b !re is n mu* balance 9 ! judgm5ts ( individuals4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ^: exhortations to 8 c\ntrym5 n[ seem almo/ prophetic1 drew a /rong contra/ betwe5 ! intellectual frivolity1 or r ins5sibility1 ( 8 c\ntrym5 & ! e>ne/ness ( ! ,g]mans4 ,he saw t ,engl& 0 sav$ a hundr$ ye>s ago by ! high _s & pr\d resolution ( a real ari/ocracy1 :i* nev]!less 01 l all ari/ocracies1 de/itute ( ideas4 ,our great families1 he %[s1 c\ld no long] save u1 ev5 if !y _h reta9$ _! influ5ce1 because p[] is n[ conf]r$ by discipl9$ k & appli$ sci5ce4 ,x is ! same w>n+ :i* ,george ,m]$i? reit]at$ ) increas+ e>ne/ness 9 8 late poems4 ,:at ,engl& ne$s1 he says1 is bra94 ,w>n h]1 ,b>d1 t ,p[] is press+ ,hotly = 8 dues ?is h\r1 ,tell h] t no drunk5 bless+ ,/ops ! onw>d m>* ( ,p[]1 ,has %e e>s to take =ew>n+s1 ,%e w cleanse h] ( h] /a9s1 ,fe$ & spe$ = brav] morn+s ,valor\sly ! gr[? ( bra9s4 ,p[]1 ! h>d man knit = action ,reads ea* nation on ! br[2 ,cripple1 fool1 & petrifaction ,fall to him--are fall+ n[4 ,& aga93 ,%e impi\s to ! ,"l ( ho/s ,! val\r ( h] (f-spr+ boa/s1 ,m9dless t n[ on l& & ma9 ,8 he$$ pray] is active bra94 ,^! fai?ful prophets 7 n he$$1 & we h _h to le>n our lesson 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,%e is a good tea*] b h] fees are v high4 ,! au?or ( ,fri5d%ip's ,g>l& end$ ) a despair+ appeal to ! democracy1 :5 8 j]emiads evok$ no response f ! upp] class1 :om he call$ b>b>ians1 or f ! middle class1 :om he reg>d$ z incurably vulg>4 ,! middle classes are apt to receive h>d measure2 !y h few fri5ds & _m critics4 ,we mu/ g back to ,euripides to f9d ! bold /atem5t t !y are ! be/ "p ( ! community & ! salvation ( ! ,/ate2 b x is1 on ! :ole1 true4 ,& our middle class is only sup]ficially vulg>4 ,vulg>ity1 z ,mr ,rob]t ,bridges has lately said1 is bl9dness to values2 x is spiritual dea?4 ,! middle class 9 ,mat!w ,arnold's "t 0 no d\bt deplorably bl9d to arti/ic values2 its productions survive to convict x ( :at he call$ ,phili/9ism2 b x is no long] devoid ( ta/e or indiff]5t to beauty4 ,& x has nev] be5 a contemptible arti/ 9 life4 ,mr ,bridges describes ! progress ( vulg>ity z an inv]t$ ,platonic progress4 ,we desc5d1 he says1 f ugly =ms to ugly conduct1 & f ugly conduct to ugly pr9ciples1 till we f9ally arrive at ! absolute ugl9ess :i* is vulg>ity4 ,?is id5tification ( ins5sibility to beauty ) moral bas5ess 0 some?+ ( a p>adox ev5 9 ,greece1 & does n fit ! ,engli% "* at all4 ,our t[ns are ugly en\gh2 our public build+s r\se no en?usiasm2 & _m ( our monum5ts & /a9$ glass w9d[s seem to %\t = a fri5dly ,zeppel9 to oblit]ate !m4 ,b we ,briti% h n desc5d$ to ugly conduct4 ,p]icles & ,plato w\ld h f\nd ! be>+ ( ?is p 9 its supreme trial m beautiful ?an ! ,p>!non itself4 ,! nation has %ak5 (f its vulg>ity ev5 m easily & completely ?an its slackness & self-indulg5ce4 ,we h borne ourselves ) a c\rage1 re/ra9t1 & dignity :i*1 a ,greek w\ld say1 c\ld h only be5 expect$ ( philosoph]s4 ,& we c]ta9ly are n a nation ( philosoph]s4 ,we mu/ n !n be too ha/y 9 call+ all contempt = intellect vulg>4 ,we h s9n$ by und]valu+ ! life ( reason2 b we are n really a vulg> p4 ,our secul> fai?1 ! real religion ( ! av]age ,engli%man1 has its c5tre 9 ! idea ( a g5tleman1 :i* has ( c\rse no ess5tial connection ) h]aldry or prop]ty 9 l&4 ,! upp] classes1 :o live by x1 are n vulg>1 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( ideas ) :i* ,mat!w ,arnold twits !m2 ! middle classes :o also respect ?is ideal1 are fur!r protect$ by s\nd moral traditions2 & ! l[] classes h a *e]y s5se ( hum\r :i* is a great antiseptic aga9/ vulg>ity4 ,b ?\gh ! ,poet ,laureate has n1 9 my op9ion1 hit ! m>k 9 call+ vulg>ity our national s91 he has done well 9 call+ att5tion to ! dang] :i* may beset educational re=m f :at we may call democratism1 ! t5d5cy to level d[n all sup]iorities 9 ! "n ( equality & good fell[%ip4 ,x is ! opposite fault to ! ari/ocraticism :i* beyond all else l$ to ! decl9e ( ,greek culture--! assumption t ! l[] classes mu/ rema9 exclud$ f intellectual & ev5 f moral excell5ce4 ,) u !re is a t5d5cy to condemn ideals ( self-culture :i* c be call$ ari/ocratic4 ,b we ne$ speciali/s 9 ?is z 9 e o!r field1 & ! populace mu/ le>n t !re is su* a ?+ z real sup]iority1 :i* has ! "r & duty to claim a scope = its full ex]cise4 ,! fa%ionable disp>agem5t ( reason1 & exaltation ( w1 feel+ or in/9ct w\ld be m dang]\s 9 a less sci5tific age4 ,! ,italian metaphysician ,aliotta has lately br\ght toge!r 9 "o survey ! num]\s lead]s 9 ! great reaction aga9/ sci5ce1 & !y are a =midable b&4 ,pragmati/s1 volunt>i/s1 activi/s1 subjective ideali/s1 emotional my/ics1 & religi\s cons]vatives1 h all jo9$ 9 assault+ ! =tress ( sci5ce :i* half a c5tury ago seem$ impregnable4 ,b ! besieg$ g>rison cont9ues to use its own me?ods & to tru/ 9 its own hypo!ses2 & ! results ju/ify ! confid5ce ) :i* ! assaults ( ! philosoph]s are ignor$4 ,we are told t ! sci5tific me?od is ultimately appropriate only to ! ab/ractions ( ma!matics4 ,b nature h]self seems to h a ta/e = ma!matical me?ods4 ,a sane idealism believes t ! et]nal v]ities are adumbrat$1 n trave/i$1 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 & does n =get h[ mu* ( :at we call obs]vation ( nature is demon/rably ! "w ( m9d4 ,! _w z kn[n to sci5ce is itself a spiritual _w f :i* c]ta9 valuations are1 = special purposes1 exclud$4 ,to d5y ! au?ority ( ! discursive reason1 :i* has its prop] prov9ce 9 ?is sph]e1 is to de/roy ! possibility ( all k4 ,nor c we1 )\t loss & dang]1 or in/9ct or intuition above reason4 ,in/9ct is a faculty :i* belongs to unprogressive species4 ,x is necess>ily unadaptable & unable to deal ) any new situation4 ,consecrat$ cu/om may keep ,*9ese civilisation safe 9 a /ate ( torpid immobility = five ?\s& ye>s2 b fifty ye>s ( ,europe w a*ieve m1 & w at la/ pres5t ,ca?ay ) ! alt]native ( mov+ on or mov+ (f4 ,in/9ct might lead u on if progress 7 an automatic law ( nature1 b ?is belief1 ?\gh widely held1 is %e] sup]/ition4 ,we h to conv]t ! public m9d 9 ?is c\ntry to fai? 9 tra9$ & discipl9$ reason4 ,we h to conv9ce our fell[-citiz5s n only t ! duty ( self-pres]vation requires u to be m5tally z well equipp$ z ! ,fr5*1 ,g]mans & ,am]icans1 b t a tra9$ intellig5ce is 9 itself m preci\s ?an rubies4 ,blake said t a fool %all nev] get to ,heav51 be he nev] s holy4 ,x is at any rate true t ignorance misses ! be/ ?+s 9 ?is life ,if ,engli%m5 w\ld only believe ?is1 ! :ole _s ( our education w\ld be *ang$1 :i* is mu* m important ?an to *ange ! subjects taught4 ,x does n matt] v mu* :at is taught2 ! important "q to ask is :at is le>nt4 ,?is is :y ! controv]sy ab\t religi\s education 0 ma9ly fatu\s4 ,! religi\s lesson c h>dly ev] make a *ild religi\s2 religion1 9 po9t ( fact1 is seldom taught at all2 x is caught1 by contact ) someone :o has x4 ,o!r subjects c be taught & c be le>nt2 b ! tea*+ w be /iff coll>-"w1 & ! le>n+ evanesc5t1 if ! pupil is n int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,& h[ little enc\ragem5t ! av]age boy gets at home to tra9 8 reason & =m intellectual ta/es6 ,he may probably be exhort$ to d well 9 8 exam9ation1 :i* means t he is to swall[ c>efully prep>$ gobbets ( crude in=mation1 to be pres5tly disgorg$ 9 ! same /ate4 ,! exam9ation sy/em fl\ri%es be/ :]e !re is no g5u9e desire = m5tal cultivation4 ,if !re 7 any widespread en?usiasm = k z an integral "p ( life ! revolt aga9/ ?is me*anical & comm]cialis$ sy/em ( te/+ results w\ld be univ]sal4 ,z ?+s are1 a clev] boy tra9s = an exam9ation z he tra9s = a race2 & goes out ( tra9+ z fa/ z possible :5 x is ov]4 ,mean:ile ! romance ( 8 life is c5tr$ 9 ^? m g5]\s & less individual competitions 9 ! gre5 fields1 :i* our s*ools & univ]sities h develop$ to su* p]fection4 ,9 classes :i* h small opportunities = physical ex]cises1 vic>i\s a?letics1 ) n a little bett+1 are a disa/r\s sub/itute4 ,b ! s\l is dy$ ! col\r ( its leisure ?\ghts4 ,z a man ?9ke? 9 8 he>t1 s is he4 ,?is is :y no *ange 9 ! curriculum c d mu* = education1 z long z ! pupils imbibe no respect = intellectual values at home1 & f9d none among _! s*ool-fell[s4 ,& yet ! capacity = real intellectual int]e/ is only lat5t 9 mo/ boys4 ,x c be k9dl$ 9 a :ole class by a ma/] :o really loves & believes 9 8 subject4 ,"s ( ! be/ public s*ool tea*]s 9 ! la/ c5tury 7 hot-temp]$ m5 ^: discipl9>y p]=mances 7 ludicr\s4 ,b !y 7 en?usia/ic humani/s1 & ke5 s*ol>s pass$ ye> by ye> out ( _! class-rooms4 ,! importance ( a good curriculum is (t5 exagg]at$4 ,b a bad selection ( subjects1 & a bad me?od ( tea*+ !m1 may condemn ev5 ! be/ tea*] to ineffectiv5ess4 ,no?+1 = example1 c well be m un9tellig5t ?an ! mann] ( tea*+ ! classics 9 our public s*ools4 ,! portions ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors con/ru$ dur+ a lesson are s %ort t ! boys c get no idea ( ! book z a :ole2 long be=e !y f9i% x !y are mov$ up into ano!r =m4 ,& ov] all ! tea*+ hangs ! m5ace ( ! imp5d+ exam9ation1 ! riddl+ ,sph9x :i*1 z ,seeley said 9 a tell+ quotation f ,sophocles1 =ces u to att5d to :at is at our feet1 neglect+ all else--all ! impond]ables 9 :i* ! true value ( education consi/s4 ,! tyranny ( exam9ations has an important influ5ce ^u ! *oice ( subjects z well z ^u ! mann] ( tea*+ !m2 = "s subjects1 :i* are rem>kably /imulat+ to ! m9d ( ! pupil1 are neglect$1 because !y are n well adapt$ = exam9ations4 ,among ^!1 un=tunately1 are our own lit]ature & language4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 ev5 9 a %ort essay :i* pr(esses to deal only ) g5]alities1 to make "s sugge/ions z to ! ma9 subjects :i* our education %\ld include4 ,z has be5 indicat$ already1 ,i w\ld divide !m into ma9 classes--sci5ce & humanism4 ,e boy %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 bo? bran*es up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,we mu/ firmly resi/ ^? :o wi% to make education purely sci5tific1 ^? :o1 9 ,bacon's words1 call ^u m5 to sell _! books & build furnaces1 quitt+ & =sak+ ,m9]va & ! ,muses & rely+ ^u ,vulcan4 ,we want no "y speciali/s ( twelve ye>s old2 & a y\? )\t a t9cture ( humanism c nev] become ,a man f\rsqu>e1 )\t5 flaw ywr\ght4 ,( ! tea*+ ( sci5ce ,i am n compet5t to speak4 ,b z an in/rum5t ( m9d-tra9+1 & ev5 ( lib]al education1 x seems to me to h a f> high] value ?an is usually conc$$ to x by humani/s4 ,to direct ! imag9ation to ! inf9itely great & ! inf9itely small1 to vi/as ( "t 9 :i* a ?\s& ye>s are z "o day2 to ! trem5d\s =ces imprison$ 9 m9ute p>ticles ( matt]2 to ! amaz+ complexity ( ! me*anism by :i* ! organs ( ! human body p]=m _! "w2 to analyse ! light :i* has travell$ = c5turies f "s di/ant />2 to retrace ! hi/ory ( ! e>? & ! evolution ( its inhabitants--su* /udies _c fail to elevate ! m9d1 & only prejudice w disp>age !m4 ,!y promote also a f9e respect = tru? & fact1 = ord] & outl9e1 z ! ,greeks said1 ) a :olesome dislike ( sophi/ry & rhetoric4 ,! air :i* bl[s ab\t sci5tific /udies is l ! air ( a m\nta9 top--?91 b pure & brac+4 ,& z a subject ( education sci5ce has a fur!r advantage :i* c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,x is 9 sci5ce t mo/ ( ! new discov]ies are be+ made4 ,! rapture ( ! =w>d view belongs to sci5ce m ?an to any o!r /udy4 ,we may take x z a well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple 9 education t ! mo/ advanc$ tea*]s %\ld be rese>*]s & discov]]s z well z lectur]s1 & t ! rank & file %\ld be le>n]s z well z in/ructors4 ,!re is no subject 9 :i* ?is ideal is s ne>ly atta9able z 9 sci5ce4 ,& yet sci5ce1 ev5 = its own sake1 mu/ n claim to occupy ! :ole ( education4 ,! m]e ,natur=s*] is apt to be a poor philosoph] himself1 & 8 pupils may turn out v poor philosoph]s inde$4 ,! laws ( psy*ical & spiritual life are n ! same z ! laws ( *emi/ry or biology2 & ! besett+ s9 ( ! sci5ti/ is to try to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 t]ms ( its orig9 in/ead ( 9 t]ms ( its full developm5t3 by _! roots1 he says1 & n by _! fruits1 ye %all "k !m4 ,?is is a contradiction ( ,ari/otle ,greek3 7h physis telos he/971 & ( a great] ?an ,ari/otle4 ,! tra9+ ( ! reason mu/ include ! /udy ( ! human m9d1 ! ?rone ( ! ,deity1 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic products4 ,besides sci5ce1 we mu/ h humanism1 z ! o!r ma9 bran* ( our curriculum4 ,! advocates ( ! old classical education h be5 gallantly fight+ a los+ battle = ov] half a c5tury2 !y are n[ prep>+ to accept inevitable defeat4 ,b _! cause is n lo/1 if !y w face ! situation fairly4 ,x is only lo/ if !y p]si/ 9 id5tify+ classical education ) l+ui/ic pr(ici5cy4 ,! /udy ( =eign languages is a fairly good m5tal discipl9e = ! majority2 = ! m9ority x may be ei!r m or less ?an a fair discipl9e4 ,b only a small fraction ( mank9d is capable ( en?usiasm = language1 = its own sake4 ,! art ( express+ ideas 9 appropriate & beautiful =ms is "o ( ! noble/ ( human a*ievem5ts1 & ! two classical languages conta9 _m ( ! f9e/ examples ( good writ+ t humanity has produc$4 ,b ! av]age boy is incapable ( appreciat+ ^! values1 & ! wa/e ( "t :i* might h be5 pr(itably sp5t is1 "u our pres5t sy/em1 mo/ deplorable4 ,x may also be ma9ta9$ t ! consci5ti\s editor & ! consci5ti\s tutor h betwe5 !m ru9$ ! classics z a m5tal discipl9e4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ,engli% comm5tator%ip 0 s poor t ! pupil _h to use 8 wits 9 read+ ! classics2 n[ if "o goes into an und]graduate's room1 "o f9ds him read+ ! text ) ! help ( a translation1 two editions ) notes1 & a lecture note-book4 ,no faculty is be+ us$ except ! memory1 :i* ,bi%op ,creighton calls ! mo/ wor?less ( our m5tal p[]s4 ,! practice ( prose & v]se composition1 (t5 ignorantly decri$1 has f> m educational value2 b x belongs to ! l+ui/ic art :i*1 if we are "r1 is n to be dem&$ ( all /ud5ts4 ,are we !n to re/rict ! /udy ( ! classics to ^? :o h a pretty ta/e = /yle8 ,if s1 ! cause ( classical education is inde$ lo/4 ,b ,i c see no reason :y "s ( ! great ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors %\ld n be read1 9 translations1 z "p ( ! normal tra9+ 9 hi/ory1 philosophy & lit]ature4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! loss :i* a great au?or necess>ily suff]s by translation2 b ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t ! av]age boy w\ld le>n f> m ( ,greek lit]ature1 & w\ld imbibe f> m ( ! ,greek _s1 by read+ ! :ole ( ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ! ,republic ( ,plato1 & "s ( ! plays 9 good translations1 ?an he n[ acquires by go+ ?r\gh ! classical mill at a public s*ool4 ,! classics1 l almo/ all o!r lit]ature1 mu/ be read 9 masses to be appreciat$4 ,boys ?9k !m dull ma9ly because ( ! absurd way 9 :i* !y are made to /udy !m4 ,i %all n make any ambiti\s attempt to sket* out a s*eme ( lit]>y /udies4 ,my subject is ! tra9+ ( ! reason4 ,b two pr9ciples seem to me to be ( prim>y importance4 ,! fir/ is t we %\ld /udy ! psy*ology ( ! develop+ reason at diff]5t ages1 & adapt our me?od ( tea*+ accord+ly4 ,! memory is at its be/ f ! age ( t5 to fifte51 or !reab\ts4 ,facts & dates1 & ev5 long pieces ( poetry1 :i* h be5 committ$ to memory 9 e>ly boyhood1 rema9 ) u z a possession = life4 ,we w\ld mo/ ( u give a great deal 9 middle age to recov] t a/oni%+ly ret5tive memory :i* we possess$ z little boys4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ratioc9ation at t age is difficult & irksome4 ,a "y boy w\ld r le>n tw5ty rules ?an apply "o pr9ciple4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ ye>s ( boyhood are ! "t = le>n+ by he>t4 ,quantities ( good poetry1 & useful facts ( all k9ds %\ld be entru/$ to ! boy's memory to keep3 w assimilate !m readily1 & )\t any m5tal ov]/ra94 ,b eight or t5 ye>s lat]1 cramm+ is injuri\s bo? to ! heal? & to ! intellect4 ,ye>s h br\ght1 if n ! philosophic m9d1 yet at any rate a m9d :i* c ?9k & argue4 ,! memory is weak] & ! process ( load+ x ) facts is m unpleasant4 ,at ?is /age ! :ole sy/em ( tea*+ %\ld be diff]5t4 ,"o great evil ( exam9ations is t !y prolong ! /age ( m]e memoris+ to an age at :i* x is n only useless b hurtful4 ,ano!r valuable guide is furni%$ by obs]v+ :at au?ors ! intellig5t boy likes & dislikes4 ,8 ta/e ought c]ta9ly to be consult$1 if our ma9 object is to int]e/ him 9 ! ?+s ( ! m9d4 ,! av]age intellig5t boy likes ,hom] & does n l ,virgil2 he is int]e/$ by ,tacitus & bor$ by ,cic]o2 he loves ,%akespe>e & revels 9 ,macaulay1 :o has a special aff9ity = ! et]nal s*oolboy4 ,my o!r pr9ciple is t s9ce we are tra9+ "y ,engli%m51 :om we hope to turn into true & loyal citiz5s1 we %all presumably f9d !m mo/ responsive to ! language1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory ( _! own c\ntry4 ,?is w\ld be a commonplace1 n wor? utt]+1 9 any o!r c\ntry2 9 ,engl& x is1 un=tunately1 f> f be+ g5]ally accept$ ,no?+ sets 9 a /rong] light ! in]tia & ?\ghtlessness1 n to say /upidity1 ( ! ,briti% "* 9 all matt]s outside ! doma9 ( mat]ial & moral int]e/s1 ?an our neglect ( ! magnific5t spiritual h]itage :i* we possess 9 our own hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,wordswor?1 9 "o ( ^? noble sonnets :i* are n[1 we are glad to he>1 be+ read by ?\s&s 9 ! tr5*es & by myriads at home1 proclaims 8 fai? 9 ! victory ( 8 c\ntry ov] ,napoleon because he ?9ks ( h] glori\s pa/4 ,we mu/ be free or die1 :o speak ! tongue ,t ,%akespe>e spake1 ! fai? & morals hold ,t ,milton held4 ,9 ev]y?+ we are sprung ,( ,e>?'s be/ blood1 h titles manifold4 ,x is a high boa/1 b x is true4 ,b :at h we done to fire ! imag9ation ( our boys & girls ) ! vision ( our great & anci5t nation1 n[ /ruggl+ = its exi/5ce8 ,:at h we taught !m ( ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 ( ,elizabe? & ,cromwell1 ( ,nelson & ,well+ton8 ,h we ev] tri$ to make !m und]/& t !y are call$ to be ! tempor>y cu/odians ( v glori\s traditions1 & ! tru/ees ( a spiritual weal? comp>$ ) :i* ! gold m9es ( ! ,r& are b dross8 ,d we ev5 tea* !m1 9 any rational mann]1 ! f9e old language :i* has be5 sl[ly p]fect$ = c5turies1 & :i* is n[ be+ us$ up & debas$ by ! rubbi%y newspap]s :i* =m almo/ ! sole read+ ( ! majority8 ,we h m>vell$ at ! sl[ness ) :i* ! masses realis$ t ! c\ntry 0 9 dang]1 & at ! /ubbornness ) :i* "s ( ! work+ class clung to _! sectional int]e/s & ambitions :5 ! v life ( ,engl& 0 at /ake4 ,9 ,france ! :ole p saw at once :at 0 ^u !m2 ! s+le ^w patrie 0 en\gh to unite !m 9 a common en?usiasm & /]n det]m9ation4 ,) u x 0 h>dly s2 _m good judges ?9k t b = ! ,lusitania outrage & ! ,zeppel9s1 "p ( ! population w\ld h be5 half-he>t$ ab\t ! w>1 & we %\ld h fail$ to give adequate support to our allies4 ,! cause is n selfi%ness b ignorance & want ( imag9ation2 & :at h we done to tap ! s\rces ( an intellig5t patriotism8 ,we are be+ sav$ n by ! reason$ conviction ( ! populace1 b by its native pugnacity & bull-dog c\rage4 ,?is is n ! place to g into details ab\t ,engli% /udies2 b c anyone d\bt t !y c\ld be made ! basis ( a f> bett] education ?an we n[ give 9 our s*ools8 ,we h especially to rememb] t !re is a real dang] ( ! mod]n ,engli%man be+ cut (f f ! liv+ pa/4 ,sci5tific /udies include ! e>li] phases ( ! e>?1 b n ! pa/ ( ! human race & ! ,briti% p4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 a valuable educator 9 ?is way1 especially :5 x includes an intellig5t k ! ,bible4 ,b ! secul> education ( ! masses is n[ s mu* sev]$ f ! /ream ( tradition & s5tim5t :i* unites u ) ! old] civilisations1 t ! v language ( ! ,*ur*es is becom+ un9telligible to !m1 & ! influ5ce ( organis$ religion t\*es only a dw9dl+ m9ority4 ,& yet ! pa/ lives 9 u all2 lives inevitably 9 its dang]s1 :i* ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( civilisation1 valu$ s slightly by u on its spiritual side1 c alone help u to surm\nt4 ,a nation l an individual1 mu/ wi% 8 days to be b\nd ea* to ea* by natural piety4 ,x too mu/ /rive to keep its memory gre51 to rememb] ! days ( old & ! ye>s t are pa/4 ,! ,jews h always _h1 9 _! sacr$ books1 a magnific5t embodim5t ( ! _s ( _! race2 & :o c say h[ mu* ( _! incomp>able t5acity & in]adicable hopefulness has be5 due to ! education ?us imp>t$ to e ,jewi% *ild8 ,we ne$ a ,bible ( ! ,engli% race1 :i* %all be h>dly less sacr$ to ea* succe$+ g5]ation ( "y ,britons ?an ! ,old ,te/am5t is to ! ,jews4 ,engl& ought to be1 & may be1 ! spiritual home ( "o qu>t] ( ! human race1 = ages aft] our task z a _w-p[] %all h be5 br\ght to a successful issue1 & aft] we 9 ?is little isl& h accept$ ! position ( "m to nations great] ?an ourselves4 ,b ,engl&'s future is preci\s only to ^? to :om h] pa/ is de>4 ,i am n sugge/+ t ! hi/ory & lit]atures ( o!r c\ntries %\ld be neglect$1 or t =eign languages %\ld =m no "p ( education4 ,b ! ma9 object is to turn out good ,engli%m51 :o may cont9ue wor?ily & ev5 develop fur!r a glori\s national tradition4 ,to d ?is1 we mu/ appeal con/antly to ! imag9ation1 :i* ,wordswor? has boldly call$ reason 9 h] mo/ exalt$ mood4 ,we may ?us br+ a little poetry & romance into ! monoton\s lives ( our h&-work]s4 ,x may well be t _! discont5t has m to d ) ! />v+ ( _! spiritual nature ?an we suppose4 ,= ! intellectual life1 l div9e philosophy1 is n dull & crabb$1 z fools suppose1 b musical z is ,apollo's lute4 ,c we end ) a def9ition ( ! happ9ess & well-be+1 :i* is ! goal ( education1 z ( all else t we try to d8 ,probably we _c d bett] ?an accept ! fam\s def9ition ( ,ari/otle1 :i* h[ev] we mu/ be c>eful to translate rightly4 ,happ9ess1 or well-be+1 is an activity ( ! s\l direct$ t[>ds excell5ce1 9 an unhamp]$ life4 ,happ9ess consi/s 9 do+ r ?an be+2 ! activity mu/ be t ( ! s\l--! :ole man act+ z a p]son2 x mu/ be direct$ t[>ds excell5ce--n exclusively moral virtue1 b ! be/ "w t we c d1 ( :atev] k9d2 & x mu/ be unhamp]$--we mu/ be giv5 ! opportunity ( do+ ! be/ t is 9 u to d4 ,to awak5 ! s\l2 to hold up be=e x ! images ( :atsoev] ?+s are true1 lovely1 noble1 pure1 & ( good report2 & to remove ! ob/acles :i* /unt & cripple ! m9d2 ?is is ! "w :i* we h call$ ! ,tra9+ ( ! ,reason4 ,,iii ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,b5son ,ma/] ( ,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge ,x might be ha/ily assum$ by a read] b5t on critical consid]ation1 t ! subject ( my essay _h a c]ta9 levity or fancifulness ab\t x4 ,works ( imag9ation1 z by a curi\s juxtaposition !y are call$1 are apt to lie "u an indef9able suspicion1 z includ+ unbus9esslike & romantic fictions1 ( :i* ! cle>-cut & well-balanc$ m9d mu/ bew>e1 except = ! sake1 p]haps1 ( ! franke/ & lea/ s]i\s k9d ( recreation4 ,consid]+ ! "p :i* ! be/ & noble/ works ( imag9ation mu/ always play 9 a lit]>y education1 x has (t5 surpris$ me to reflect h[ little scope ord9>y lit]>y ex]cises give = ! use ( t p>ticul> faculty4 ,! old !mes & v]ses aim$ at produc+ decor\s c5tos cull$ f ! works ( classical rhetoricians & poets4 ,no boy1 at lea/ 9 my day1 0 ev] enc\rag$ to take a l9e ( 8 own1 & to /rike out freely across c\ntry 9 pursuit ( imag9$ adv5tures4 ,ev5 ,engli% tea*+ 9 its e>li] /ages seldom aim$ at m ?an transcriptions ( actual exp]i5ce1 a day sp5t 9 ! c\ntry1 or a walk beside ! sea4 ,only q rec5tly h boys & girls be5 enc\rag$ to write poems & /ories out ( _! own imag9ations2 & ev5 n[ !re are pl5ty ( educational critics :o w\ld consid] su* ex]cises z dilettante ?+s lack+ 9 practical solidity4 ,b ,i desire 9 ?is essay to g fur!r back into ! roots ( ! subject1 & my fir/ position is pla9ly ?is2 t imag9ation1 pure & simple1 is a common en\gh faculty2 n p]haps ! creative imag9ation :i* c array sc5es ( life1 con/ruct romantic exp]i5ces1 & embody imag9>y *>act]s 9 dramatic situations1 b ! mu* simpl] sort ( imag9ation :i* takes pleasure 9 recall+ pa/ memories1 & 9 =eca/+ & anticipat+ int]e/+ ev5ts4 ,! boy :o1 we>y ( ! s*ool-t]m1 consid]s :at he w d on ! fir/ day ( ! holidays1 or :o anxi\sly =ebodes pat]nal displeasure1 is ex]cis+ 8 imag9ation2 & ! tru? is t ! faculty ( imag9ation plays an imm5se "p 9 all human happ9ess & unhapp9ess1 consid]+ t1 :5ev] we take refuge f ! pres5t 9 memories or 9 anticipations1 we are us+ x4 ,! fir/ po9t !n t ,i %all consid] is :e!r ?is re/less & influ5tial faculty ought n 9 any case to be tra9$1 s t x may n ei!r be atrophi$ or become ov]-dom9ant2 & ! second po9t w be ! fur!r consid]ation z to :e!r ! faculty ( creative imag9ation is a ?+ :i* %\ld be delib]ately develop$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 x seems to me simply extraord9>y t s little he$ is paid 9 education to ! us+ & controll+ ( :at is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t in/9ctive =ces ( ! m9d4 ,we take c>eful ?\ght h[ to /r5g!n & =tify ! body1 we g on to sp5d+ _m h\rs ^u putt+ memory ?r\gh its paces1 & 9 develop+ ! reason & ! intellig5ce2 we pass on f t to ex]cis+ & purify+ ! "* & ! w2 we try to make vice dete/able & virtue desirable4 ,b mean:ile1 :at is ! little m9d do+8 ,x submits to ! drudg]y impos$ ^u x1 x accommodates itself m or less to ! conditions ( its life2 x le>ns a c]ta9 conduct & demean\r = use 9 public4 ,yet all ! "t ! ?\ght ( ! boy is runn+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 secrecy1 consid]+ ! memories ( its exp]i5ce1 pleasant or unpleasant1 & com=t+ itself 9 t$i\s h\rs by fram+ little plans = ! future4 ,i rememb] my old s*oolma/]+ days1 & ! h\rs ,i sp5t ) a class ( boys sitt+ 9 front ( me2 h[ con/antly "o saw boys 9 ! mid/ ( _! "w1 ) p5 susp5d$ & page unturn$1 look up ) t expression d5ot+ t "s vision _h pass$ be=e ! inw>d eye--:i*1 z ,wordswor? ju/ly obs]ves1 con/itutes ! bliss ( solitude--oblit]at+ = a mom5t ! surr\nd+ sc5e4 ,i d n mean t ! ?\ght 0 a di/ant or an exalt$ "o--probably x 0 "s entirely trivial rem9isc5ce1 or ! anticipation ( "s com+ amusem5t4 ,b ,i d n ?9k ,i exagg]ate :5 ,i say t probably ! great] "p ( a human be+'s unoccupi$ h\rs1 & probably a consid]able "p ( ! h\rs suppos$ to be occupi$1 are sp5t 9 "s simil> ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,:at a confirmation ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ph5om5a ( sleep & dreams6 ,!n ! in/9ct is /eadily at "w1 nei!r rememb]+ nor anticipat+1 b weav+ toge!r ! results ( exp]i5ce into a self-taught tale4 ,& !n if "o consid]s lat] life1 x is no exagg]ation to say t ! great] "p ( human happ9ess & unhapp9ess consi/s 9 ! dwell+ ^u :at has be51 :at may be1 :at might be1 &1 alas1 9 our wor/ mom5ts1 ^u :at might h be5 ,my unhappie/ exp]i5ces1 said ,"l ,beaconsfield1 h be5 ^? :i* nev] happ5$2 & aga9 ! same acute critic ( life said t half ! clev] p he knew 7 "u ! impression t !y 7 hat$ & envi$1 ! o!r half t !y 7 admir$ & lov$2--& t nei!r 7 "r6 ,! imag9ative faculty !n is a species ( self-repres5tation1 ! p[] ( consid]+ our own life & position z f ! outside2 f x arise bo? ! *e]ful hopes & s*emes ( ! s\nd m9d1 & ! %ad[y anxieties & fe>s ( ! m9d :i* lacks robu/ness4 ,x c]ta9ly does seem s+ul> t ?is deep & p]si/5t elem5t 9 human life is left s untra9$ & unreg>d$1 to range at w1 to fe$ ^u itself4 ,all t ! tea*] does is to insi/ z f> z possible on a c]ta9 conc5tration ( ! m9d on bus9ess at p>ticul> times1 & if he has e?ical purposes at he>t1 he may sometimes speak to a boy on ! advisability ( n all[+ 8 m9d to dwell ^u base or s5sual ?\ghts2 b h[ little attempt is ev] made to tra9 ! m9d 9 delib]ate & cont9u\s self-control6 ,! late/ s*ool ( pa?ologi/s1 9 ! treatm5t ( obsess$ or insane p]sons1 pay v close att5tion to ! subjects ( _! dreams1 & attribute mu* n]ve-mis]y to ! atrophy1 or suppression by circum/ances1 ( in/9cts :i* betray !mselves 9 dreams4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! educators ( ! future mu/ someh[ contrive to d m--inde$ !y _c well d less ?an is actually done--9 tea*+ ! control ( t secret und]curr5t ( ?\ght 9 :i* happ9ess & unhapp9ess really reside4 ,^? :o h liv$ mu* ) boys w "k :at havoc susp5se or disappo9tm5t or anxiety or s5suality or unpopul>ity c make 9 an immature "*4 ,x seems to me t we ought n to leave all ?is )\t guidance or direction1 b to make a frontal attack ^u x4 ,i d n mean t x is necess>y to probe too deeply into ! imag9ation1 b ,i believe t ! subject %\ld be frankly spok5 ab\t1 & sugge/ions made4 ,! po9t is to get ! w to "w1 & to induce ! m9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 to realise & practise its p[] ( self-comm&2 & 9 ! second place1 to %[ t x is possible to evict an un:olesome ?\ght by ! delib]ate welcom+ & ent]ta9+ ( a :olesome "o4 ,! be/ ( all cures is to provide e boy ) "s occupation :i* he indubitably loves4 ,!re are a good _m boys ^: "w is n int]e/+ to !m1 & a c]ta9 numb] to :om ! prescrib$ games are a matt] ( r\t9e r ?an ( active pleasure4 ,inde$ x may be said t h>dly any boys enjoy ei!r "w or games 9 :i* !y see no possibility ( any p]sonal di/9ction4 ,x is !re=e ( great importance t e boy ^: *ances ( successful p]=mance are small %\ld be enc\rag$ to h a def9ite hobby2 = an occupation :i* ! m9d c rememb] ) pleasure & anticipate ) delight supplies ! food = ! re/less imag9ation1 :i* may o!rwise become dre>y f inaction1 or ta9t$ by ?\ghts ( bas] pleasure4 ,a s*oolma/] only salves 8 consci5ce by supply+ a /rict "t-table & regul> games4 ,a h\se ma/] ought to be mo/ c>eful 9 ! case ( boys ^: "w is languid & pr(ici5cy 9 games small1 to f9d out :at ! boy really likes & enjoys1 & to enc\rage x by e means 9 8 p[]4 ,t is ! be/ corrective1 to adm9i/] :olesome food = ! m9d to dige/4 ,b ,i believe t good tea*]s ought to g mu* fur!r1 & speak q pla9ly to boys1 f "t to "t1 on ! necessity ( practis+ control ( ?\ght4 ,my own exp]i5ce is t boys 7 always int]e/$ 9 any talk1 call x e?ical or religi\s1 :i* bas$ itself directly ^u _! own actual exp]i5ce4 ,i c conceive t a tea*] :o told a class to sit /ill = ?ree m9utes & ?9k ab\t any?+ !y pleas$1 & add$ t he w\ld !n h some?+ to tell !m1 might h an admirable object-lesson 9 gett+ !m to consid] h[ swift & f>-rang+ _! fancies _h be52 or aga9 he might practise !m 9 conc5tration ( ?\ght by ask+ !m to ?9k = five m9utes on a p]fectly def9ite ?+--to imag9e !mselves 9 a wood1 or by ! sea1 or 9 a *emi/'s %op1 let u say1 & !n gett+ !m to put d[n on pap] a li/ ( def9ite objects :i* !y _h imag9$4 ,! process c\ld be inf9itely ext5d$2 b if x 7 done ) "s regul>ity1 x w\ld c]ta9ly b possible to tra9 boys to conc5trate !mselves 9 reflection & recollect$ obs]vation4 ,or aga9 a quality might be prop\nd$1 su* z g5]osity or spitefulness1 & ! boys requir$ to con/ruct an imag9>y anecdote ( ! simple/ k9d to illu/rate x4 ,?is w\ld h ! effect ( tra9+ ! m9d at all ev5ts to focus itself1 & ?is is j :at drudg]y pure & simple w n d4 ,! aim is n to tra9 m]e memory or logical accuracy1 b to /r5g!n t great faculty :i* we loosely call imag9ation1 :i* is ! p[] ( evok+ m5tal images1 & ( migrat+ f ! pres5t into ! pa/ or ! future4 ,i believe x to be a v notable lack 9 our !ory ( education t s little attempt is made to br+ ! w to be> ^u :at may be call$ ! subconsci\s m9d4 ,x is t /range und]curr5t ( ?\ght :i* is s imprud5tly neglect$ :i* ?r[s up on its banks1 )\t any app>5t purpose or aim1 ! ideas & images :i* lurk )9 x4 ,i d n say t su* a tra9+ w\ld imm$iately give self-control1 b mo/ peoples' wor/ suff]+s are caus$ by :at is call$ hav+ some?+ on _! m9d2 & yet1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 ! process ( education1 no attempt :atev] is made1 except q incid5tally1 to dispossess ! /rong man arm$ by ! /rong] victor1 or to help immature m9ds to hold an unpleasant or a pleasant ?\ght at arm's l5g?1 or to tra9 !m 9 ! p[] ( resolutely sub/itut+ a curr5t ( m :olesome images4 ,! subconsci\s m9d is too (t5 treat$ z a ?+ beyond control1 & yet ! pa?ological p[] ( sugge/ion1 by :i* a ?\ght is implant$ l a se$ 9 ! m9d1 :i* pres5tly appe>s to be root$ & fl[]+1 ought to %[ u t we h )9 our rea* an extraord9>ily pot5t psy*ological implem5t4 ,s f> !n on ! m negative side4 ,i h indicat$ my /rong belief t mu* may be done to tra9 ! m9d 9 self-control4 ,inde$ our :ole education is built ^u ! fai? t we c1 p]haps n implant new faculties1 b develop dormant ones2 & ,i am p]suad$ t :5 future g5]ations come to survey our me?ods & processes ( education1 !y w reg>d ) deep bewild]m5t ! amaz+ fact t we appli$ s c>eful a tra9+ to o!r faculties1 & yet left s helplessly alone ! tra9+ ( ! imag9ative faculty1 ^u :i*1 z ,i h said1 our happ9ess & unhapp9ess ma9ly dep5d4 ,we mu/1 all ( u be aw>e ( ! fact t !re h be5 times 9 our lives :5 all 0 prosp]\s1 & :5 we 7 yet ov]%ad[$ ) dre>y ?\ghts2 or aga9 times :5 9 discom=t1 or "u ! %ad[ ( failure1 or at critical or tragic mom5ts1 we h _h an unreasonable al]tness & *e]fulness4 ,all t is due to ! subconsci\s m9d1 & we ought at lea/ to try exp]im5ts 9 mak+ x obey u bett]4 ,i n[ pass on to consid] a fur!r possibility1 & t is ( tra9+ & develop+ a high] sort ( creative imag9ation4 ,x is all 9 reality "p ( ! same subject1 because x seems to be c]ta9 t mo/ human be+s suff] by ! suppression or ! dormancy ( exi/+ faculties4 ,x is "h1 ,i believe1 t mu* ( our intellectual education fails1 f ! t5d5cy to direct s mu* att5tion to purely logical & reason+ faculties1 & to ! resolute subtraction f education ( pure & simple enjoym5t4 ,i us$ to try _m exp]im5ts z a s*oolma/]1 & ,i rememb] at "o "t brib+ a sl[ & un9tellig5t class into "s sort ( conc5tration by promis+ t ,i w\ld tell a /ory = a few m9utes at ! end ( s*ool1 if a bit ( "w _h be5 satisfactorily ma/]$4 ,x c]ta9ly produc$ a lot ( *e]ful ef=t2 my /ory 0 simple en\gh1 description z brief & vivid z ,i c\ld make x1 & brisk tangible incid5ts4 ,b ! sil5ce1 ! luxuri\s ab&onm5t ( small m9ds to an old] & m pictorial imag9ation1 ! danc+ light 9 op5 eyes1 did really give me = once a s5se ( p[] :i* ,i nev] _h 9 tea*+ ,lat9 ,prose or ! ,greek conditional s5t5ce4 ,i always told /ories = an h\r on ,sunday ev5+s to ! boys 9 my h\se1 & ?\gh few ( my intellectual & e?ical c\nsels are rememb]$ by old pupils1 ,i nev] met "o :o did pot recollect ! /ories4 ,n[ we h "h1 ,i believe1 a s\rce ( intellectual pleasure :i* is consi/5tly neglect$ & ev5 despis$4 ,x is reg>d$ z a m]e luxury2 b we d n make ! mi/ake ( sub/itut+ gymna/ics = games1 & remov+ ! pleasure ( p]sonal p]=mance4 ,:y c we n also d some?+ to enc\rage :at old ,hawtrey us$ s beautifully to call ! sweet pride ( au?or%ip8 ,! wor/ ( x all is t we look s mu* to tangible results4 ,i d n mean t we mu/ try to develop ,%akespe>es1 ,%elleys1 ,?ack]ays2 su* airy creatures h a way ( cat]+ = !mselves6 ,i d riot at all want to turn out a g5]ation ( ?ird-rate writ+ amateurs4 ,b _m boys h a di/9ct pleasure n only 9 li/5+ to imag9ations1 & rid+ l ! beetle on ! eng9e1 b 9 evok+ & realis+ "s little vision & creation ( _! own bra9s4 ,( c\rse !re are boys to :om m5tal activity is all ( ! nature ( a cross laid ^u !m = "s purpose1 wise or unwise4 ,b !re are also a good _m %y boys1 :o w n v5ture to make !mselves conspicu\s by lit]>y & imag9ative feats1 & :o yet if x 7 a matt] ( c\rse & wont1 w\ld ?r[ !mselves ) int5se pleasure into lit]>y creation4 ,! "w done1 = in/ance1 at ,%rewsbury1 at ! ,p]se ,s*ool1 at ,c>lisle ,gramm> ,s*ool1 9 ?is direction--,i d>esay x is done else:]e1 b ,i h se5 ! "w ( ^! ?ree s*ools ) my own eyes--%[ :at q av]age boys are capable ( 9 bo? ,engli% poetry & ,engli% prose4 ,"o ( ! be/ po9ts ( su* a sy/em ( lit]>y composition is t ev5 if sl[] boys _c effect mu*1 x gives a mo/ :olesome op5+ to ! creative faculties ( boys1 ^: m9ds1 if /ifl$ & compress$1 are mo/ likely to "w 9 un:olesome & torm5t+ directions4 ,my sugge/ion !n becomes "p ( a l>g] plea1 ! plea = m direct cultivation ( enjoym5t 9 education4 ,"s ( our wor/ mi/akes 9 education arise f our n bas+ x ^u ! actual ne$s & faculties ( human nature1 b ^u ! suppos$ con/itution ( a *ild con/ruct$ by ! />v$ imag9ation ( p$ants & morali/s & practical m54 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 cultivat+ intellectual & arti/ic pleasure is to build up ta/e out ( ! actual p]ceptions ( ! *ild4 ,t is a factor :i* has be5 mo/ /ubbornly & un9tellig5tly disreg>d$ 9 education4 ,developm5ts 9 "* are ( ! nature ( liv+ ?+s2 !y _c be sup]impos$ !y mu/ be root$ 9 ! temp]am5t & !y mu/ draw nurture & su/5ance out ( ! _s1 z ! se$ imbibes its sub/ance f ! unse5 soil & ! hidd5 wat]s4 ,b :at has be5 con/antly done is to introduce ! broade/ effects & ! simple/ romance1 directly & sudd5ly to ! bigge/ ma/]pieces4 ,! abs5ce ( all gradation & reconciliation has be5 *>act]i/ic ( our lit]>y education4 ,( c\rse !re is an initial difficulty 9 ! case ( ! classics1 t !re is v little 9 ei!r ,greek or ,lat9 :i* really appeals to an immature ta/e at all2 & su* books z might appeal to inquisitive & inexp]i5c$ m9ds1 su* z ,hom] or ! ,anabasis ( ,x5ophon1 are made unattractive by ! me?od ( giv+ su* %ort snippets1 & insi/+ on :at us$ to be call$ ?or\gh p>s+4 ,ev5 ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 let me say1 c\ld only prove a dre>ily bewild]+ book1 if read at ! rate ( tw5ty l9es a lesson1 & if ! pr9cipal t5ses ( all ! v]bs _h to be repeat$ correctly4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial1 if any love ( lit]ature is to be sup]9duc$1 t some?+ %\ld be read fa/ en\gh to give "s s5se ( cont9uity & range & horizon4 ,! practice ( diction>y-turn+ is suffici5t by itself to de/roy intellectual pleasure1 b x us$ to be def5d$ z a base sort ( bribe to /r5g!n memory3 x 0 argu$ t boys w\ld try to rememb] words to save !mselves ! tr\ble ( look+ !m up4 ,b ?is has no orig9 9 fact4 ,boys us$ n to be enc\rag$ to guess at words1 b to be puni%$ = %irk+ "w if !y _h n look$ !m out4 ,x is to be hop$ t ,engli% w be 9 ! future increas+ly taught 9 s*ools2 b ev5 s !re is ! dang] ( connect+ x too mu* ) erudition4 ,! old ,cl>5don ,press ,%akespe>e 0 an almo/ p]fect example ( h[ n to edit ,%akespe>e = boys2 ! introductions 7 le>n$ & s*ol>ly1 ! notes 7 cramm$ ) philology1 d]ivation1 illu/ration4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is a good deal t is int]e/+1 ev5 to small m9ds1 9 ! connection & d]ivation ( words1 if briskly communicat$4 ,mo/ boys are responsive to ! pleasure ( f9d+ a famili> ^w conceal$ "u a v>iation ( %ape2 b ?is %\ld be convey$ orally4 ,:at is really requisite is t boys %\ld be taught h[ to read a book intellig5tly4 ,9 deal+ ) classical books1 vocabul>y mu/ be always a difficulty1 & ,i myself v mu* d\bt ! advisability 9 ! case ( av]age boys ( attempt+ to tea* m ?an "o =eign language at a "t1 especially :5 9 deal+1 say1 ) ?ree k9dr$ languages1 su* z ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%1 ! same ^w1 su* z spiritus1 esprit1 & _s be> v diff]5t significations4 ,! great ne$ is t !re %\ld be "s "w go+ on 9 :i* ! boys %\ld n be consci\s ( dragg+ an ev]-increas+ burd5 ( memory4 ,let me take a concrete case4 ,a poem l ! ,morte d',ar?ur1 or ,! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1 is well )9 ! compreh5sion ( q small boys4 ,^! c\ld be read 9 a class1 aft] an introductory lecture z to date1 sc5e1 dramatis p]sonae1 ) p]fect ease1 words expla9$ z !y occurr$1 difficult passages p>aphras$1 & ! :ole action ( ! /ory c\ld pass rapidly be=e ! eye4 ,mo/ boys h a di/9ct pleasure 9 rhyme & metre4 ,( c\rse x is an imm5se ga9 if ! ma/] c really read 9 a spirit$ & mov+ mann]1 & a tra9+ 9 read+ al\d %\ld =m a "p ( e s*oolma/]'s outfit4 ,i %\ld wi% to see ?is read+ lesson a daily h\r = all y\ng] boys1 s z to =m a real basis ( education4 ,?ree ( ^! h\rs c\ld be giv5 to ,engli%1 & ?ree to ,fr5*1 = 9 ,fr5* !re is a wide range bo? ( simple n>rative /ories & hi/orical romances4 ,! aim to be kept 9 view w\ld be ! v simple "o ( prov+ t int]e/1 amusem5t & emotion c be d]iv$ f books :i*1 unassi/$1 only boys ( t\gh] intellectual fibre c\ld be expect$ to attack4 ,! p]sonalities ( ! au?ors ( ^! books %\ld be c>efully describ$1 & ! result ( su* read+1 p]sev]$ 9 /eadily1 w\ld be1 :at is "o ( ! mo/ /imulat+ rew>ds ( wid] k1 ! sudd5 realisation1 t is1 t books & au?ors are n lonely & isolat$ ph5om5a1 b t ! lit]ature ( a nation is l a bran*+ tree1 all connect$ & int]tw9$1 & t ! books ( a race mirror fai?fully & vividly ! ideas ( ! age out ( :i* !y sprang4 ,:at makes books dull is ! abs5ce ( any k by ! read] ( :y ! au?or 0 at ! tr\ble ( express+ himself 9 t p>ticul> way at t p>ticul> "t4 ,:51 z a small boy1 ,i read a book ( :i* ! :ole g5esis 0 obscure to me1 x us$ to appe> to me vaguely t x mu/ h be5 z disagreeable to ! au?or to write x z x 0 = me to read x4 ,b if x c be once grasp$ t books are ! outcome ( a writ]'s int]e/ or s5se ( beauty or emotion or joy1 ! :ole matt] we>s a diff]5t aspect4 ,! same pr9ciple applies ) j ! same =ce to hi/ory & geography2 bo? ( ^! /udies c be made int]e/+1 if !y are n reg>d$ z isolat$ gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 b are approa*$ f ! boy's own exp]i5ce z op5+ away & outw>ds f :at is go+ on ab\t him4 ,! object is or ought to be sl[ly to ext5d ! boy's horizon1 to %[ him t hi/ory holds ! se$s & roots ( ! pres5t1 & t geography is ! life-drama :i* he sees ab\t him1 enact+ itself "u diff]5t climatic & physiographical conditions4 ,! dre>9ess & dreadfulness ( k to ! immature m9d is because x repres5ts itself z a mass ( dry facts to be ma/]$ )\t hav+ any visible or tangible connection ) ! boy's own exp]i5ce4 ,! aim %\ld r be to tea* him to look ) ze/ & int]e/ at :at is go+ on outside 8 own n>r[ circle1 & to help him to move p]ceptively along ! pa?s ( "t & space :i* div]ge 9 all directions f ! sc5e :]e he f9ds himself4 ,x may be indisputably /at$ t all connect$ k is /imulat+1 & t all unconnect$ k is at be/ me*anical4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ fruitful ( all subjects is vivid biography1 & no s]i\s educator c\ld p]=m a m valuable task ?an 9 provid+ a s]ies ( biographies ( great m51 really intelligible to y\?ful m9ds4 ,z a rule1 biographies ( ! fir/ ord] require an am\nt ( detail$ k 9 ! read] :i* puts !m out ( ! rea* ( ill-/or$ m9ds4 ,b ,i h aga9 & aga9 f\nd ) boys t simple biographical lectures are among ! mo/ attractive ( all lessons4 ,at "o "t1 ) my private pupils1 ,i w\ld take a book at r&om out ( my %elves1 read an int]e/+ extract or two1 & !n say t ,i w\ld try to %[ :y ! au?or *ose su* a subject1 :y he wrote z he did1 & h[ x all sprang out ( 8 life & "* & circum/ances4 ,( c\rse ! difficulty 9 all ?is is t ! field ( k is s va/ & v>i\s1 :ile ! capacities ( boys are s small1 & ! "t to be sp5t on _! education s %ort1 t we quail be=e ! attempt to grapple ) ! problem4 ,we h moreov] a vague idea t ! well-in=m$ man ought to h a g5]al notion ( ! _w z x is1 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ! lit]ature ( ! ages2 & at ! same "t ! sci5ti/s are ma9ta9+ t a g5]al k ( ! laws & processes ( nature is ev5 m urg5tly ne$$4 ,i _c treat ( sci5ce "h1 b ,i fully subscribe to ! belief t a g5]al k ( sci5ce is ess5tial4 ,b ! result ( our believ+ t x is advisable to "k s mu*1 is t we attempt to spread ! ?9ne/ & drie/ pa/e ( k ov] ! m9d1 & all ! vivid life ( x evaporates 9 ! process4 ,! ?+ is1 frankly1 f> too big to attempt2 &1 we mu/ h5ce=? set our faces aga9/ ! atta9m5t2 ( m]e k z ei!r advisable or possible4 ,:at we mu/ try to d is to educate ! faculties ( curiosity1 int]e/1 imag9ation & sympa?y2 we mu/ beg9 f ! boy himself1 & conduct him away f himself4 ,:at we really ought to aim at is to give him ! s5se t he is surr\nd$ by /range & beautiful my/]ies ( nature1 ( :i* he c himself obs]ve c]ta9 ph5om5a2 t human hi/ory1 z well z ! great _w ab\t him1 is cr[d$ ) int]e/+ & animat+ figures :o h lab\r$1 toil$1 lov$1 act$1 suff]$1 s9n$1 h felt ! impulse bo? ( base & selfi% desires1 b no less ( beautiful1 exalt$1 & inspir+ hopes4 ,we want to conv9ce ! "y t x is n well to be n>r[1 close-fi/$1 insol5t1 suspici\s1 petty1 self-satisfi$4 ,imag9ative sympa?y1 t is to be ! end ( all our ef=ts4 ,if we aim only at produc+ sympa?y1 we may get a vague s5tim5talism :i* is j di/ress$ by app>5t suff]+1 & anxi\s to relieve x mom5t>ily1 )\t reflect+ :e!r x is n ! outcome ( p]fectly curable faults ( sy/em & habit4 ,if we aim only at imag9ation1 !n we get a b>r5 arti/ic pleasure 9 dramatic situations & romantic effects4 ,:at we ought to aim at is ! sympa?y :i* pities & feels = o!rs1 z well z admires & imitates !m2 & ?is mu/ be re9=c$ by ! imag9ation :i* c conc]n itself ) ! causes ( :at o!rwise are b vague emotions4 ,we want to make boys on ! "o h& dete/ tyranny & high-h&$ness & bigotry & ru?less ex]cise ( p[]1 & on ! o!r h& mi/ru/ /upidity & ignorance & bas5ess & selfi%ness & suspici\sness4 ,! /udy ( high lit]ature is valuable n z a m]e ex]cise 9 erudition & l+ui/ic nicety & critical ta/e1 b because ! great books mirror be/ ! highe/ hopes & visions ( human nature4 ,! precise ext5t ( ! intellectual range matt]s v little1 comp>$ ) ! p]ceptiv5ess & emotion by :i* ! realisation ( o!r lives1 o!r ne$s1 o!r activities1 o!r problems are accompani$4 ,i mu/ n be suppos$1 9 say+ ?is1 to be leav+ out ( sight ! virile ex]cise ( logical & rational faculties2 b t is ano!r side ( education2 & ! grave defici5cy :i* ,i detect 9 ! old !ory 0 t practically all ! p[]s & devices ( education 7 devot$ to :at 0 call$ =tify+ ! m9d & mak+ x into a p]fect in/rum5t1 :ile !re 7 left out ( sight ! motives :i* 7 to guide ! use ( t in/rum5t1 & ! boy 0 l$ to suppose t he 0 to =tify 8 m9d solely = 8 own advantage4 ,?is individuali/ !ory mu/ someh[ be modifi$4 ,! aim ( ! process ,i h describ$ is n simply to indicate to ! boy ! am\nt ( selfi% pleasure :i* he c obta9 f lit]>y ma/]pieces2 x is r to %[ ! boy t he is n alone & isolat$1 9 a _w :]e x is advisable = him to take & keep all t he c2 b t he is "o ( a great fell[%ip ( emotions & int]e/s1 & t 8 happ9ess dep5ds ^u 8 becom+ aw>e ( ?is1 :ile 8 usefulness & nobl5ess mu/ dep5d ^u 8 dis9t]e/$ness1 & ^u ! ext5t to :i* he is will+ to %>e 8 advantages4 ,! tea*+ ( civics1 z x is call$1 may be ( "s use 9 ?is direction1 z %[+ a boy 8 po9ts ( contact ) society4 ,b no in/ruction 9 ! con/itution ( society is pr(itable1 unless someh[ or o!r ! dutiful motive is k9dl$1 & ! h]oic virtue ( s]vice made beautiful4 ,:5 !n ,i speak ( ! tra9+ ( ! imag9ation1 ,i really mean ! k9dl+ ( motive2 & "h aga9 ,i claim t ?is mu/ be bas$ on a boy's own exp]i5ce4 ,he und]/&s well en\gh ! possibility ( feel+ emotion 9 relation to a small circle1 8 home & 8 imm$iate fri5ds4 ,b he is probably1 l mo/ "y creatures1 & inde$ l a good _m eld]ly ones1 incl9$ to be suspici\s ( all t is /range & =eign1 & to anticipate ho/ility or indiff]5ce4 ,:at he w\ld will+ly %>e ) a relation or fri5d1 he eag]ly )holds f an outsid]4 ,to cultivate 8 imag9ative sympa?y1 to give him an insight into ! ways & ?\ghts ( o!r m51 to %[ to him t ! same qualities :i* evoke 8 tru/ & love are n ! monopoly ( 8 own small circle--?is is j :at mu/ be taught1 because x is exactly :at is n in/9ctively evolv$4 ,! tra9+ ( ! imag9ation !n is a delib]ate ef=t to p]suade ! "y to believe 9 ! real nobility & beauty ( life1 9 ! great ideas :i* are m\ld+ society & weld+ communities toge!r4 ,x _c be done 9 a ye> or a decade2 b x ought to be ! fir/ aim ( education to initiate ! imag9ation ( ! "y into ! idea ( fell[%ip1 & to make ! ?\ght ( selfi% individualism intol]able4 ,x is n p]haps ! only end ( education1 b ,i c h>dly believe t x has any nobl] or m sacr$ end4 ,,iv ,,religion ,,at ,,s*ool ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,vaughan ,! ,ma/] ( ,well+ton ,college ,aft] all1 h[ seldom does a ,*ri/ian education tea* "o any?+ wor? kn[+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! are ! words ( a man :om ! public s*ools are pr\d to claim1 a man :o has se5 ,*ri/ian education1 :e!r giv5 9 ! elem5t>y or 9 ! second>y s*ools te/$ by ! sl[ fires ( peace1 & by ! quick dev\r+ furnace ( w>4 ,!y seem at fir/ sight to be a v]dict ( guilty aga9/ ! tea*]s or ! sy/em 9 :i* !y play a "p4 ,t v]dict w n be accept$ )\t prote/ by ^? incrim9at$1 b ev5 ! prote/]s w feel "s compunction1 & n[ t !y c no long] "q ! h]oic /ud5t z to :at he means1 & g to him = advice z to ! rem$ies = ?is failure1 !y %\ld se>* _! he>ts & _! exp]i5ce = ! help he might h giv51 _h he n laid d[n 8 arms & 8 life on ! ,somme la/ autumn4 ,= long ! ne$ ( help has be5 felt4 ,! tea*+ ( religion may h be5 less talk$ & writt5 ab\t1 & less organis$ by societies & associations1 ?an h be5 o!r subjects dealt ) at s*ool1 b ! problem ( h[ be/ to make x a liv+ =ce 9 y\? & an endur+ =ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( life is (t5 wre/l$ ) at conf]5ces ( s*oolma/]s :i* d n publi% _! proce$+s1 & by little gr\ps ( m5 :o feel ! ne$ ( "o ano!r's help4 ,x is c]ta9ly always pres5t 9 ! m9ds1 if n 9 ! he>ts1 ( e head ma/]1 bo>d+-h\se ma/] & tutor 9 ,engl&4 ,^! "k well :at ! difficulties are2 ^! "k t a %ort cut to any subject is (t5 a long way r\nd3 t a %ort cut to religion leads too (t5 ei!r to a sl\gh ( d\bt or else to a ph>isaical hilltop1 f :i* !re is no pa? to ! great m\nta9s :]e ! ,holy ,_s really dwells4 ,x is nev] well to insi/ too mu* on difficulties1 b a b>e /atem5t ( ^? t surr\nd ?is subject is ne$$4 ,!re are ! difficulties ( c\rse common to e subject2 ! difficulty ( attract+ ! real tea*]1 keep+ him z a tea*]1 improv+ him z a tea*] :5 he has be5 attract$4 ,ev5 ^? :o />t out on _! c>e] ) a det]m9ation t ! tea*+ ( religion at all ev5ts %\ld h its full %>e ( _! "t & ?\ght1 f9d t z _! tea*+ life goes on & fre% duties cr[d 9 to usurp m & m all _! en]gies1 t ! "t !y c sp>e1 & ! ?\ght !y c give1 ei!r to ! prep>ation ( _! div9ity lessons1 or to ! enri*+ & cultivation ( _! own s\ls1 %r9k4 ,n[ & !n !y are cruelly disappo9t$ at ! result ( _! ef=ts z "s conspicu\s failure seems to prove _! tea*+ va92 !y are (t5 depress$ by ! app>5t apa?y ( ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 by _! manife/ reluctance ev5 to all[ o!rs to make ! new bottles :i* c alone hold ! new w9e4 ,s*oolma/]s belong to a devot$ & to a comp>atively le>n$ pr(ession4 ,!y %\ld belong1 especially ^? :o feel ! ne$s--& all mu/ to "s ext5t--( ! religi\s life ( ! s*ool1 also to a le>n+ pr(ession2 & _! le>n+ %\ld g beyond ! exp]i5ce ( boyi% fail+s1 & boyi% trag$ies1 & boyi% virtues ) :i* !y are almo/ daily br\ght into contact2 beyond ! diction>ies & h&books t enable ! ,bible lesson to be well prep>$2 x %\ld g out into ! books t deal ) ! philosophy & ! hi/ory ( religion--! books ( ,h>nack & ,ill+wor?1 ,hort & ,+e1 ,bevan & ,glov]1 & ( o!rs :o make u feel h[ n>r[ our outlook on our religion is4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be fooli% to drag our pupils ) u exactly to ! po9t to :i* ^! books may h br\ght u aft] _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 b x is ess5tial t we %\ld "k ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a di/ant po9t if we are to give to ^? we tea* any idea ( !re be+ beyond ! limits t !y c rea* at s*ool a great & wond]ful & inspir+ region :i* !y1 ) ! help ( su* lead]s z h be5 m5tion$ c1 nay mu/1 explore = !mselves if religion is to be some?+ m ?an m]e emotion1 fitful 9 its work+1 liable to succumb to all ! /rong] emotions ) :i* life attacks ! citadel ( ! s\l4 ,ano!r difficulty is t ! tea*] ( religion is be+ m cont9u\sly & se>*+ly te/$ ?an ! tea*] ( any o!r subject4 ,! man :o expatiates 9 ! =m-room on ! beauties ( lit]ature1 & is suspect$ ( nev] read+ a book is look$ ^u z m]ely a h>mless fraud by ^? he tea*es4 ,! man :o prea*es1 :e!r (ficially 9 ! pulpit or un(ficially 9 ! class-room or /udy1 a high /&>d ( conduct1 & is unsuccessful 9 8 own ef=ts to atta9 x1 depreciates = all ! value ( religion4 ,pati5ce & indu/ry & long-suff]+ & *>itabl5ess are virtues t be> ! hall m>k ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !y are virtues 9 :i* ! be/ m5 fail cont9ually1 are consci\s ( _! own failure & w\ld plead = m]ciful judgm5t4 ,if ! p>i% prie/ is expos$ to ! criticism ( ^? among :om he lives1 a /ill fi]c] light beats ^u ! pulpit or ! desk ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,8 consci\sness ( ?is sometimes leads him to r$uce 8 tea*+ to ! limits ( 8 practice1 in/ead ( ext5d+ ! =m] & hav+ fai? 9 8 p[] to br+ ! latt] up to ?is level4 ,inde$1 :5 tea*]s & ^? :o are taught are liv+ s close toge!r1 bo?1 f a n unwor?y fe> ( ins9c]ity1 are liable to make !mselves & _! ideals out to be worse ?an !y are4 ,x is sympa?y alone t c ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,inde$1 x is safe to say t )\t sympa?y--sympa?y t und]/&s difficulties1 work+ equally 9 ^? :o are old & ^? :o are "y--religion at s*ool mu/ be a v cauti\s & probably a v b>r5 p[]4 ,aga91 ! s*oolma/] is tempt$1 & ev5 :5 he is n tempt$ ! boys cr$it him ) yield+ to ! temptation to treat religion z a sup]-policeman3 some?+ to make discipl9e easy & consequ5tly to make 8 own life smoo?4 ,x is no good expla9+ too (t5 t ! aim is to get at religion ?r\gh discipl9e1 b ?is aim %\ld ev] be be=e u4 ,man _c too e>ly 9 life realise t discipl9e ( itself is valueless4 ,its ine/imable value 9 w>1 z 9 all ! activities ( life1 is due to its be+ ! necess>y prelim9>y prep>ation = c\rage\s action1 noble ?\ght1 wise self-control & unselfi% self-surr5d]4 ,b above all ^! difficulties1 dom9at+ !m all1 affect+ !m all1 p]haps poison+ !m all1 is ! fact1 n to be escap$ ?\gh x is (t5 ignor$1 t s _m ( ! traditions ( s*ool life1 z ( national life1 seem f\nd$ on a basis oppos$ to ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,x is v h>d to g ?r\gh a day ( our lives1 or ev5 a %ort railway j\rney1 & n (f5d aga9/ ! _s ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,old] p h nev] be5 able to solve ?is dilemma3 ! rul]s f9d x m difficult ?an ! rul$4 ,! :ole ( s*ool life is /imulat$ by ! pr9ciple ( competition1 & kept toge!r by a heal?y &1 on ! :ole1 a k9dly self-ass]tion :i* is h>d to reconcile ) ! ideals t are upheld 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,yet at s*ool1 q z mu* z 9 ! ,_w1 competition & self-ass]tion are temp]$ by abundant fri5dl9ess & g5]osity2 & at s*ool if n 9 ! _w1 !re are an increas+ numb] ( individuals :o h s mu* spiritual p[] t !y nev] ne$ to ex]cise ! m worldly p[] t cla%es ) ! ,beatitudes4 ,( ?is p[] boys seldom talk1 except to "s specially sympa!tic e> at "s specially he>t-op5+ mom5t1 b _m are dumbly aw>e ( x & !y cultivate x1 (t5 unconsci\sly b to ! great ga9 ( ^? ar\nd !m1 by pray] & fai?ful wor%ip4 ,b ev5 ^! ri*] natures are uncom=tably consci\s t !re is a conflict betwe5 :at ,*ri/ comm&s & :at ! _w advises4 ,t conflict w n cease until fai? has m p[] ov] our lives4 ,x _c gr[ naturally at s*ool among boys1 :5 x does n live 9 ! nation among m52 b x w\ld inde$ be fai?less to miss1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! _w's )]+ p[]1 any opportunity ( quick5+ pure religion among ! "y4 ,?\gh ^! opportunities v>y v mu* 9 ! day & ! bo>d+ s*ool1 !y may be said to occur3 7#a7 ,9 ! scripture lesson2 7#b7 ,9 ! s]vices :e!r held 9 *apel or1 z is (t5 ! case especially 9 day s*ools1 9 ! hall2 7#c7 ,9 ! prep>ation = confirmation2 7#d7 ,9 all lessons 9 & out ( s*ool4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at %\ld be taught 9 ! scripture lesson1 & :o %\ld tea* x4 ,x is easy en\gh to quote in/ances ( extraord9>y ignorance1 to argue t1 because a man :o is 9 ! tr5*es %ocks 8 *apla9 by 8 real or affect$ neglect ( ! facts ( ,bible hi/ory or ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 !re=e he has nev] _h an opportunity ( le>n+ !m2 t same man w\ld probably n give a mu* m impressive acc\nt ( ! pr(ane subjects 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,!re is1 too1 ! fact t a man may h =gott5 ev]y?+ ( a subject & yet may h le>nt mu* f x4 ,e tea*] kn[s ?is1 if e s*oolboy does n4 ,no "o %r9ks s mu* f reveal+ :at he kn[s z ! boy :o is consci\s t he has le>nt a ?+ & is n sure t he c %[ 8 k accurately4 ,no subject has be5 left s free f :at is suppos$ to be ! /]ilis+ influ5ce ( exam9ations z div9ity4 ,9 _m s*ools !re h be5 "o or two inspir+ tea*]s ( ?is subject :o ju/ify ?is sy/em1 b on ! :ole ! result does n confirm ! op9ion t all w\ld be well if we c\ld h complete fre$om f exam9ations4 ,if 9 ! future ! h>ve/ 9 religion is to be m wor?y ( ! se$ t is s[n & ! tr\ble ( cultivation1 we mu/ face ) m frankness1 especially 9 ! lat] ye>s ( a boy's life1 all ! difficulties t are pres5t$ by ! problems ( ! ,bible & ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,we mu/ h m c\rage 9 go+ beyond ! syllabuses t are drawn up by univ]sities & ecclesia/ical societies4 ,bo? h to play = safety1 b !y are dull c>ds t ?is /ake requires4 ,tea*]s h ov]come _! timidity 9 deal+ ) ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,v few n[ hesitate to take ! book ( ,g5esis1 &1 at all ev5ts if !y are deal+ ) a high =m1 !y let ! boys see t ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion is only app>5t1 & t ! victory ( sci5ce does n mean ! defeat ( religion4 ,if !y h be5 lucky en\gh to use ,driv]'s book on ,g5esis !y w h felt on sure gr\nd & any le>n] :o has half und]/ood x w h a %ield aga9/ "s ( ! weapons t assail$ & defeat$ 8 fa!r's g5]ation4 ,no tea*] n[ w\ld be afraid ( mak+ cle> ! problems pres5t$ by ! book ( ,daniel or ! book ( ,job1 b :5 ! ,new ,te/am5t is approa*$ mu* m diffid5ce is felt1 & inde$ ought to be felt4 ,diffid5ce ought n h[ev] to involve sil5ce4 ,a wise tea*] has said t x is n ! miracles ( ,*ri/ b 8 /&>d t keeps m5 away f 8 ,*ur*1 & !re=e outside ! influ5ce = :i* ! ,*ur* /&s4 ,true ?\gh ?is may be ( m5 z life goes on1 ( ! "y x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,9 ^? critical ye>s ( a man's religion--betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty-five--x is ! sudd5 or ! sl[-gr[+ d\bt ab\t ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z mu* z ! l(ty /&>d t ! ,foll[ me ( ,*ri/ requires1 t makes ! pr(ession & ev5 ! hold+ ( a religi\s fai? s h>d4 ,m & m are ! s*ools try+ to prep>e ^? 9 _! *>ge = ! p]ils t ?reat5 ! physical heal? & ! "* ( ! "y2 b x is tragic t !y %\ld be s unwill+ to face frankly ! p]ils t w sap ! man's fai?1 & s expose 8 s\l to ! assaults ( ! _w & ! devil4 ,x is v h>d to put oneself 9 ano!r's place2 p]haps h>d] = ! s*oolma/] ?an = any o!r man1 b :5 we are tea*+ su* a subject z religion--a subject ^: roots mu/ p]i% if !y _c draw moi/ure f ! spr+s ( s9c]ity1 we %\ld try to imag9e :at mu/ be ! feel+s ( ! ?\ghtful boy :5 he fir/ discov]s t ! lessons :i* he has s (t5 le>nt & ! ,cre$s t he has s (t5 repeat$ 7 tak5 by 8 tea*]s 9 a s5se :i* !y c>efully conceal$ f him4 ,m h>m is done by ! economy ( tru? ?an by ! sugge/ion ( d\bt4 ,x may be extraord9>ily difficult to treat ^! problems ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) becom+ rev]5ce2 b is x n true to say t ! day :5 x becomes easy to any man to d s w be ! day :5 he ought to /op deal+ ) !m8 ,! real irrev]5ce1 ! only irrev]5ce1 is ! glib confid5ce ( ! ignorant or ! cynical concealm5t ( "o :o kn[s b d>e n tell4 ,:at idea ( ! ,new ,te/am5t does ! av]age boy :o leaves1 say 9 ! fif? =m1 c>ry away ) him f 8 public s*ool8 ,he may "k t c]ta9 facts are told 9 "o ,gospel & n 9 ano!r2 t !re are c]ta9 inconsi/5cies 9 ! acc\nts giv5 by ! diff]5t ,synoptic ,gospels ( ! same miracle1 or :at is app>5tly ! same miracle4 ,he may be able to expla9 ! p>ables m fully ?an _! au?or ev] meant !m to be expla9$2 he may h at 8 f+]s' ends ,/ ,paul's j\rneys & ev5 h be5 ?rill$ by ,/ ,paul's %ipwreck1 b he w probably h miss$ ! mean+ ( ! good news = himself & ! p[] to treasure x = 8 life's /r5g?4 ,?is failure to appreciate & to accept ! *all5ge ( religion--a failure %[n lat] on 9 life 9 a c]ta9 diffid5ce ab\t =eign missions1 & 9 ! tol]ation ( social conditions t d5y ,*ri/ z flatly z ev] ,pet] did--is n ! fault ( ! s*ools alone4 ,! s*ools only reflect ! _w outside & ! homes f :i* !y are recruit$4 ,9 nei!r is !re z mu* light z !re %\ld be4 ,! difficulty ( ! vici\s circle dom9ates ?is z s _m o!r problems4 ,s*ool reacts on ! _w1 ! _w on ! home#a & ! home on s*ool1 ! blame _c be apportion$1 ne$ n be apportion$2 h[ ! circle c be brok5 x is mu* m important to det]m9e4 ,f "t to "t x has be5 brok51 s decisively too t = a :ile ! riddle seems solv$1 at all ev5ts ! old way is ab&on$ = ev]4 ,arnold's "w at ,rugby mu/ h involv$ su* a brea*4 ,8 "w has nev] _h to be done all ov] aga9 & !re h be5 _m to keep x 9 repair1 b x ne$s to be ext5d$ n[ 9 ! light ( new problems1 sci5tific1 social & int]national4 ,= ?is1 z = all o!r ext5sions1 c\rage is ne$$4 ,! c\rage to face ! difficulties t mod]n rese>* & mod]n ?\ght involve & ! c\rage to po9t out t our ,"l1 ?\gh 9 8 %ort c>e] he *ang$ ! bias ( m5's lives1 nev] claim$ to leave man a detail$ guide = conduct or = happ9ess4 ,x 0 to a simple society t he taught ! laws ( purity & love1 he did n ext5d ! range ( _! application beyond ! ne$s ( ! ,ph>isee1 ! ,sadducee1 ! ,scribe1 ! peasant & ! dwell] 9 ! little t[ns ?r\gh :i* he %$ ! light ( 8 pres5ce4 ,^! laws sanctify ! :ole ( life because !y dom9ate ! he>t1 f :i* all life mu/ spr+1 b !y d n answ] all que/ions ab\t all ! subord9ate prov9ces ( life4 ,! arts 9 _! n>r[ s5se1 philosophy1 ev5 pleasure1 !y pass by4 ,man w n neglect ! "o or di/ort ! o!r if he has really brea!d ! _s ( ,*ri/1 b at times ! urg5cy ( 8 ,ma/]'s bus9ess w seem to %ut !m out ( 8 life4 ,all ?is ne$s le>n+ by ! old1 & expla9+ to ! "y1 = o!rwise life w be "o-sid$1 & :5 ! day comes1 z come x mu/ to ^? :o ?9k1 :5 a *oice mu/ be made1 & !re seems no alt]native to foll[+ lit]ally 9 ,*ri/'s foot/eps & turn+ ! back on mu* ( ! beauty & ! ?rill ( ! _w1 bewild]m5t w seize ! *oos] & at ! be/ he w d$icate himself to a joyless & unattractive puritanism1 or surr5d] himself to a rudd]less voyage across ! ocean ( life4 ,religion at s*ool mu/ t\* ) its ref9+ p[] ! impulses1 ae/hetic & intellectual1 t become p[]ful 9 late boyhood & e>ly manhood4 ,if1 z s (t5 is ! case1 x ignores _! exi/5ce1 or endeav\rs to />ve !m1 !y may well ass]t !mselves ) fatal p[]1 to co>s5 & degrade ! :ole ( life4 ,! scripture lesson w inde$ miss its opportunity if x does n1 9 ! lat] /ages ( a boy's c>e]1 set him ?9k+ on ^! subjects1 & help him to a wise appreciation ( ! hol9ess ( beauty z well z ( ! beauty ( hol9ess4 ,to accompli% ?is task ! language ( ! ,bible itself gives noble help4 ,all ! qualities ( great lit]ature %9e =? f x & x %\ld put to %ame & flight ! tawdry & ! melodramatic4 ,x is an ill s]vice n to make all famili> ) ! actual words ( ,holy ,writ4 ,comm5t>ies & ,bible hi/ories may be at times conv5i5t tools1 b !y are only tools1 & accurate k ( :at !y tea* is no comp5sation = a want ( respectful famili>ity ) ! text itself4 ,h>dly less important = good & evil are ! *apel s]vices4 ,!y are mu* attack$4 ,x has be5 argu$ t public wor%ip is di/a/eful 9 lat] life because ( ! compulsory *apels ( boyhood4 ,if ?is 7 really s1 evid5ce %\ld be =?com+ t ^? :o come f s*ools :]e !re is no compulsory att5dance at *apel1 because !re is no *apel to att5d1 are m eag] to avail !mselves ( ! opportunities (f]$ by college *apels ?an are _! m *apel ridd5 contempor>ies4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 c be q satisfi$ t *apel s]vices are z helpful z !y might be4 ,! difficulty is h[ to improve !m4 ,! sugge/ion t !y %\ld all be volunt>y is at fir/ sight attractive b !re are two insup]able difficulties4 ,! "o is ! p[] ( fa%ion1 = x might well become fa%ionable 9 a c]ta9 h\se n to att5d *apel4 ,^? :o "k any?+ ( ! inside ( s*ools "k h[ su* a fa%ion w\ld det] _m ( ! be/ boys f go+1 & m>tyrdom ought n to be "p ( ! tra9+ ( s*ool life4 ,! o!r difficulty is m subtle1 b none ! less real x orig9ates 9 ! boys' q heal?y fe> ( claim+ m]it4 ,^? 9 au?ority1 if wise1 w\ld n c\nt att5dance at *apel = righte\sness1 b "s ( ! mo/ s5sitive boys might ?9k t !y w\ld d s1 & might /ay away 9 consequ5ce1 & ?us deprive !mselves ( some?+ !y really valu$4 ,two or ?ree1 n _m1 might come f a wrong motive1 & p]haps ^! w\ld /ay to pray1 b !y w\ld be no comp5sation = ! loss ( ! o!rs4 ,f "t to "t x is possible to h volunt>y s]vices1 & att5dance at ,holy ,communion %\ld always be volunt>y1 n only 9 "n b 9 fact4 ,on ! :ole x is bett] t a boy :o neglects ?is duty %\ld g on neglect+ x1 ?an t ^? :o come %\ld feel t _! pres5ce is not$ ) approval or ! rev]se4 ,b x is diff]5t ) ! daily s]vice4 ,irksome x may sometimes be1 n only to boys2 b half its virtue lies 9 ! fact t all are !re 9 body & may sometimes be !re 9 _s too4 ,! famili>ity ( ! (t-repeat$ pray]s & ! (t-sung hymns leads to inatt5tion p]haps1 b seldom1 x may be hop$1 to call\sness2 religi\s emotion may only occasionally be /irr$ b ! ?read ( natural piety1 b9d+ man to man & man to ,god1 is /r5g!n$1 z fre% /r&s are add$4 ,at ! lea/ x may be claim$ = ! *apel s]vices t !y rescue f our h\rs ( bus9ess "s m9utes ea* day 9 :i* our ?\ghts are free to make _! way to ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,*ri/'s promise to br+ re/ to ^? :o come to him has be5 fulfill$ 9 _m a s*ool *apel4 ,^? ( u :o h _h to pass ?r\gh ! valley ( sorr[ & temptation & lonel9ess--& :o has n8--"k t ?is is no mean claim4 ,boys1 ev5 m51 (t5 grumble at :at !y really value4 ,to d s is our national defect1 mislead+ to ! onlook]4 ,! tru? is1 we are s fe>ful ( be+ accus$ ( ca/+ our pe>ls be=e sw9e1 t we (t5 pret5d1 ev5 to ourselves1 t :at we "k to be ! mo/ preci\s pe>l 9 our possession is valueless4 ,mo/ ma/]s & boys w\ld agree t1 9 ! few weeks prec$+ confirmation1 ! religi\s life is deepe/ & mo/ s9c]e4 ,!re is a mov+ ( ! wat]s !n1 & _m make ! ef=t1 & /ep 91 & are made :ole = ! "t at all ev5ts4 ,z to :at exactly goes on 9 ! m9d ( anyone at su* a "t !re c be no c]ta9ty4 ,!re is ! obvi\s dang] ( a reaction1 &1 gu>d aga9/ x z "o may1 x exi/s & sometimes leads to disa/]2 b !re is ano!r dang] to :i* ! s*oolma/] is !n liable1 x is ! dang] ( mak+ confirmation an occasion = mu* talk on sexual difficulties4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! %\ld be fac$1 b at any "t r ?an at confirmation1 except s f> z !y occur q naturally 9 deal+ ) ! comm&m5ts4 ,x is a real disa/] = a *ild to associate ?is "t1 :5 he %\ld be try+ to %\ld] en?usia/ically 8 responsibilities z a citiz5 ( ,god's ,k+dom ^u e>?1 ) any p>ticul> s94 ,he mu/ inde$ ov]come evil1 b he mu/ ov]come x ) good4 ,x is on good t 8 eyes %\ld be fix$4 ,x is t[>ds ! ,"l ( all t is good t 8 he>t %\ld be uplift$4 ,anyone :o has _h to d ) ?is "t kn[s :at x means 9 a boy's religi\s life1 h[ reluctant he is to speak ( x1 h[ p]il\s x is to di/urb 8 reluctance by inquisitive "q or excessive exhortation4 ,he kn[s1 too1 h[ mu* 8 own nature has ga9$ by contact at su* times ) ! rev]5t /irr+s ( less _w-/a9$ s\ls1 h[ wondr\s has be5 ! spiritual refre%m5t t has come to him f ! unconsci\s witness ( ! y\ng] he>t4 ,= mo/ boys x is a loss n to be confirm$ at s*ool1 :i* = ! "t is ! c5tre ( _! en]gies1 _! hopes1 _! disappo9tm5ts & _! temptations2 b ! loss to ! ma/]s :o %>e _! prep>ation w\ld be irrep>able4 ,!y may sometimes blund] f want ( k & exp]i5ce1 b _! w to help is /rong1 & p]haps n lea/ p]suasive :5 *a/5$ by diffid5ce4 ,b all ^! scripture lessons1 *apel s]vices & confirmation prep>ation w be p[]less to produce a ,*ri/ian education1 if !y be n held toge!r by e lesson & by ! :ole life ( ! s*ool4 ,indu/ry & ob$i5ce1 tru?fulness & fidelity to duty1 unselfi%ness & ?or\ghness1 mu/ =m ! soil )\t :i* no religi\s plant c gr[2 & ^! are taught & le>nt 9 ! /ruggle ) ,lat9 prose1 or ma!matics1 or ,fr5* gramm>1 or sci5tific =mula2 z well z 9 ! cricket field1 on ! football gr\nd1 9 ! give & take1 ! pa9s & ! pleasures ( daily life4 ,x is h>d = u 9 ,engl& to imag9e a purely secul> education1 ! v build+s ( _m ( our s*ools w\ld prote/ aga9/ x2 p]haps x is equally difficult = u to realise h[ f> we fall %ort ( :at we might accompli% did ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity really in=m our lives4 ,to-day is our opportunity4 ,! claims ( education are be+ li/5$ to z !y nev] h be5 9 ,engl&4 ,money 9 millions is be+ promis$1 ! value ( ?is subject or t is be+ canvass$1 ! mo/ v5]able traditions are be+ %ak54 ,x is a "t ( hope1 b a "t ( dang] too4 ,all sorts ( plans are be+ =m$ = break+ d[n ! p>tition walls t divide man f man1 & class f class1 & nation f nation2 !re is only "o plan t w n leave ! gr\nd encumb]$ by ru9s4 ,t is ! plan ( :i* good m5 9 all ages h caught glimpses1 & :i* ! ,son ( ,man set out = u to foll[4 ,! p]il n[ lies1 n 9 ! fact ( no?+ be+ done1 b 9 "s />v$ idea ( a n>r[ patriotism4 ,! w> has surely taught two lessons2--"o t ! ef=ts we made be=e #aiad to gu>d our c\ntry f spiritual & moral foes 7 %amefully trivial comp>$ ) ^? we h made s9ce to keep our visible foe at bay2 ! o!r t our responsibilities = ! future1 if we are to ju/ify our claims to be ! *ampions ( ju/ice & weakness1 c nev] be borne unless we le>n ourselves1 & tea* ea* g5]ation z x gr[s up1 to face ! fi]ce light t %9es f heav54 ,all sorts ( devices1 ecclesia/ical & political h be5 adopt$ to break up t light & make x tol]able = our weak eyes4 ,m5 h be5 s afraid ( *ildr5 be+ bl9d$ by x t !y h all[$ !m to sit1 "s 9 d>kness1 & o!rs 9 ! twilight ( compromise4 ,x has be5 said t = ! av]age man 9 ! anci5t _w !re exi/$ two ma9 guides & sanctions = 8 conduct ( life1 namely ! welf>e ( 8 city1 & ! laws & traditions ( 8 ance/ors4 ,has ! av]age man mu* wis] guides or /rong] sanctions n[8 ,is a mu* nobl] appeal made to ! *ildr5 ( ,engl& ?an 0 made to ! *ildr5 ( ,a!ns8 ,j be=e ,jo%ua l$ 8 p ov] ! ,jordan1 he in/ruct$ !m h[ ! ark ( ! cov5ant 0 to g be=e !m & a space to be left betwe5 !m & x1 s t !y might "k ! way by :i* !y mu/ g1 = !y _h n pass$ ?is way be=e4 ,once aga9 a riv] ( decision has to be cross$1 a road has to be trodd5 along :i* m5 h n pass$ be=e4 ,:e!r we speak ( recon/ruction or a new />t or use any o!r metaphor to %[ our conviction t w> has *ang$ all ?+s1 ! idea is ! same4 ,we mu/ see to x t ! ark ( ! cov5ant is borne be=e our nation & our s*ools1 along ! way t is new & /ill full ( /ones ( /umbl+4 ,ei!r ! old l&m>ks h disappe>$ or a new l& has to be explor$4 ,someh[1 all ?+s h to be made new1 = ev5 ! spiritual ?+s h be5 de/roy$ or are f\nd want+4 ,x is to ! s*ools1 to ! homes1 to ! mo!rs ( ,engl& t ! ri*e/ opportunity comes4 ,if !y c solve ! difficulty ( mak+ ! ,*ri/ian education & ! ,*ri/ian life react ^u "o ano!r ! p>tition walls betwe5 religion & conduct w be brok5 d[n = e age4 ,int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 ^! walls h be5 built up1 p]haps by ! tea*]s & p>5ts1 c]ta9ly by ! conv5tions ( life4 ,! result is t ?\gh !re is m true religion 9 ! s*ools ?an is ackn[l$g$ by ^? outside & ?an ^? )9 c>e to boa/ (1 & ?\gh ! /&>d ( conduct is n ignoble1 !re is too little fusion2 bo? compon5ts are brittle1 !y _c /& ! /ra9 ( sudd5 temptation1 !y lack endur+ p[]4 ,no "o w =get h[ 9 ^? fir/ mon?s ( w>1 consolation 0 (f]$ ev5 f pulpits = all ! horrors & ! sadness & ! wa/e ( conflict 9 ! ?\ght t z a nation we %\ld be purg$ ( selfi%ness1 ( luxury1 ( s5suality1 ( all ! vices t peace eng5d]s4 ,t is surely a %ameful confession1 t our religion _h be5 9 va94 ,we _h to wait =1 & p>take 91 a ?ree ye>s' orgy ( cruelty & viol5ce to le>n :at our ,"l _h taught u 9 ?ree ye>s ( g5tl5ess4 ,if we are go+ to tea* ! same lessons ab\t w> :5 peace is made1 to keep alive ! fires ( hate1 & to keep sm\ld]+ ! emb]s ( suspicion1 we %all be confess+ t a ,*ri/ian education _c tea* u any?+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /ud5t 9 arms w\ld n h _h u despair4 ,peace :5 x comes w make dem&s on our =titude4 ,!re w be _m ly+ 9 ! no-man's l& betwe5 vice & virtue :o w ne$ to be rescu$ at great risk4 ,!re w be _m =lorn hopes to be l$ aga9/ disease1 ! fo/] *ild ( vice1 t has ga9$ /r5g? "u ! cov] ( w>4 ,! disappo9t+ days ( peace w give an opportunity = ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian qualities fully z great z ! brac+ days ( battle4 ,tea*]s w ne$ to gird up _! lo9s = ! task ( giv+ a wise welcome to ! ?\s&s t an awak5$ ,/ate w s5d to sit at _! feet1 & unless !y c give spiritual food z well z worldly wisdom & pay+ k1 ! s\ls ( ! new-com]s w be />v$ beyond ! rem$y ( any free meals4 ,h[ to spiritualise education is ! real problem1 = x is only by a spiritualis$ education t we c escape f ! avalan*e ( mat]ialism t is hang+ ov] ! ,european _w j n[4 ,no syllabus1 no act ( ,p>liam5t c d ?is4 ,!re is no royal road :i* all c travel4 ,x has be5 done1 to "s ext5t1 9 ! pa/1 & x w h to be done1 to a mu* great] ext5t1 9 ! future by ! layman & ! laywoman1 by ! tea*]s ( all d5om9ations1 by "s ev5 :om inspectors may consid] ineffici5t & :om *ildr5 may tol]ate z que]4 ,x w be done be/ by ! be/ tea*]s1 b all tea*]s c %>e 9 ! "w on ! "o condition t !y h consci\sly or unconsci\sly d$icat$ !mselves to ! task4 ,= a tea*] to write mu* ab\t x is impossible1 he mu/ "k h[ greatly he has fail$4 ,& he has n ! recomp5se t comes to _m :o fail1 9 ! %ape ( c]ta9 k :y success has be5 )held4 ,t 8 failure is %>$ by ^? :o /rive to make religion move ! _w ( m5 is no consolation4 ,inde$1 t ?\ght might make him hopeless did x n sugge/ t ! aims & me?ods ( bo? may be wrong4 ,x is possible to h hop$ too mu* f ! s*ool *apels be+ full1 x is possible to fe> too mu* f ! *ur*es be+ empty4 ,piety is no d\bt fo/]$ by att5dance at a religi\s s]vice1 b !re is "s di/ance betwe5 piety & true religion4 ,x w\ld probably n be untrue to say t ,*ri/ian education has seem$ m conc]n$ ) ! c]emonial duties ( religion ?an ) its spiritual en?usiasm1 m eag] ab\t fai? 9 "s p>ticul> explanation ( ! pa/ ?an ab\t fai? 9 a re-creation ( ! future1 m att5tive to ! ma*9]y ( ! organisation ( ! ,*ur* ?an to ! words & comm&s ( its ,f\nd]4 ,z ! ,*ur* has become m p[]ful 9 ! _w1 x has lo/ its p[] ov] m5's he>ts4 ,to "s x has seem$ an in/itution = ! relief ( pov]ty1 to o!rs ! support ( ! haves aga9/ ! h-nots1 b to too few has x be5 ! home ( spiritual adv5tures1 ! ma9ta9] ( spiritual values4 ,m5 h escap$ f ! rel5tless simplicity ( ! ,ma/]'s comm&s by att5tion to ! complicat$ ma*9]y :i* disreg>d ( !m has made necess>y4 ,?is may n h be5 consci\sly m>k$ by ! "y1 b ! atmosph]e ( religion t !y h _h to brea! has be5 ! tir$ atmosph]e ( ! ecclesia/ical work%op1 & n ! brac+ air ( free s]vice4 ,"s re/oration ( ! hopefulness ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians is ne$$2 hopefulness is n n[ ! note ( :at is taught1 ?\gh ) x is sometimes confus$ ! boi/]\s *e]fulness t is wrongly suppos$ to attract ! "y4 ,! appeal ( ! ,*ur* mu/ be bas$ on look+ =w>d1 n backw>d1 on hope1 r ?an on rep5tance4 ,! ,*ur* w h less to d ) ! _w ?an x _h 9 ! pa/1 because x w h %ak5 (f ! fett]s ( ! _w3 x w n be always expla9+ to ! "y h[ !y c enjoy ! _w & yet d5y ! _w3 x w n ne$ to expla9 itself s (t51 to insi/ s pa!tically on ! sup]iority ( its own *annels ( influ5ce1 b x w attract to itself1 or r to ! "w t x is try+ to d--= x w h =gott5 self--all ! adv5tur\s spirits :o are prep>$ to risk pa9 & failure z fell[-work]s 9 fulfill+ ! purposes ( ,god 9 ! _w4 ,:at is wor? kn[+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity is surely fir/ & =emo/ t x is a leav5 t might leav5 ! :ole _w2 & t until t leav5 works 9 ea* individual he>t1 9 ea* society1 :]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r1 ,*ri/'s pres5ce _c be claim$4 ,z ?is k is ga9$1 x w be possible = ! le>n] to "k 9 8 he>t1 & n m]ely by he>t1 :at is meant by ! great my/]i\s t]ms ,inc>nation1 ,atonem5t1 ,resurrection2 z ?is k is te/$ & prov$ true by exp]i5ce ( life1 ! mean+ & p[] ( pray] w become cle>]4 ,a clue w h be5 put into ! h& ( ea* z he travels along ! way :i* he has n pass$ h]et(ore4 ,x w n lead all by ! same pa? b x w lead all t[>ds t great & high m\nta91 :5ce t great city1 ! ,holy ,j]usalem may be se54 ,if ! tea*] is wise1 :5 ! m\nta9 top is nigh & be=e t vision breaks ^u 8 fell[-travell]'s sight1 he w /& aside ) ?ankful he>t1 & close 8 task ) ! pray] t ! ,glory ( ,god may %9e m brightly & m cont9u\sly on ! newcom]1 ?an x has %one on him4 ,footnote #a3 ,no?+ is said "h ab\t ! co-op]ation ( ! home ) ! s*ool4 ,9 religion z 9 all o!r matt]s x is assum$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! home _c be exagg]at$ b s*oolma/]s mu/ resi/ ! temptation to %ift ! burd5 ( responsibility = any failure on to o!r %\ld]s4 ,v ,,citiz5%ip ,by ,a4 ,,mansbridge ,f\nd] ( ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association ,i ,,direct ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,citiz5%ip ,!re is no in/itution 9 national life :i* c free itself f ! responsibility ( tra9+ = citiz5%ip ^? :o come "u its influ5ce1 :e!r !y be m5 or wom54 ,! problem is common to all in/itutions1 al?\gh x may pres5t itself 9 div]se =ms appropriate to v>y+ ages & exp]i5ces4 ,x is prim>ily ! problem ( all s*ools & places ( education4 ,! aim ( education1 accord+ to ,com5ius1 is to tra9 g5]ally all :o are born to all t is human4 ,f t def9ition x foll[s t ! purpose ( any s*ool mu/ be to be> its "p 9 develop+ to ! utmo/ ! p[]s ( body1 m9d & _s = ! common good4 ,x mu/ be to secure ! application ( ! f9e/ attributes ( ! race to ! "w ( develop+ citiz5%ip1 :i* is ! art ( liv+ toge!r on ! highe/ plane ( human life4 ,citiz5%ip is1 9 reality1 ! focus+ po9t ( all human virtues ?\gh x is (t5 illum9at$ by ! consci\sness ( a city n made ) h&s4 ,x repres5ts 9 a practical =m ! _s ( c\rage1 unselfi%ness & sympa?y consecrat$ to s]vice 9 "t ( w> & peace4 ,g5]ally speak+1 9 ,engl& & h] ,dom9ions1 citiz5%ip is develop$ 9 h>mony ) an ideal ( democracy4 ,! progress ( democracy is irresi/ible1 says ,de ,tocqueville1 because x is ! mo/ uni=m1 ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ p]man5t t5d5cy to be f\nd 9 hi/ory4 ,b its "r work+ is dep5d5t entirely ^u uplift n only ( m9d b ( _s4 ,! democratic community1 above all o!r communities1 mu/ h )9 itself s*ools :i* at "o & ! same "t imp>t in=mation conc]n+ ! !ory & me?ods ( its gov]nm5t & inspire consecration to social s]vice r ?an to individual welf>e1 s*ools :i* reveal ! transc5d5ce ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate z comp>$ ) ! int]e/s ( any individual or gr\p ( individuals )9 x4 ,! democratic ,/ate has be5 comp>$ to "o huge ,*ri/ian p]sonality1 "o mighty gr[? or /ature ( an hone/ man4 ,out ( ?is comp>ison arises ! idea ( citiz5%ip rea*+ out beyond ! b\nd>ies ( a s+le ,/ate--"o hone/ man among _m--& ?us responsibility is plac$ ^u ! s*ools to develop k (1 & sympa?y )1 ! activities & aspirations ( human life 9 _m nations4 ,! comity ( nations dep5ds directly ^u ! intellectual & spiritual hone/y :i* obta9s 9 ea* ( !m1 & true /r5g? ( nationality arises m f ! ex]cise ( ^! qualities ?an f ext5t ( area or ( productive p[]4 ,e subject taught 9 a s*ool %\ld s]ve ! ne$s ( ! l>g] citiz5%ip2 if x fails to d s x is ei!r wrongly taught or sup]flu\s4 ,social welf>e dep5ds ^u ! "r use ( k by ! individual1 h[ev] re/rict$ or develop$ t k may be1 :e!r x be acquir$ 9 elem5t>y s*ool or univ]sity4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion conc]n+ ! relative importance ( ! developm5t ( community _s 9 ! s*ools & ! introduction ( ! direct tea*+ ( citiz5%ip4 ,! me?ods are n mutually exclusive2 _! op]ations are di/9ct4 ,! s*ool :i* does n develop community _s1 :i* does n fit into its place 9 ! "w ( tra9+ ! complete man1 is obvi\sly imp]fect4 ,! same _c be said ( ! s*ool :i* does n provide direct in/ruction 9 citiz5%ip2 = tea*+ may be giv5 9 s _m indirect ways4 ,"s consid]ation ( :at has happ5$ 9 ?is connection bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica w p]haps be mo/ helpful1 al?\gh ! intangible nature ( ! results w\ld r5d] dang]\s any attempt to make def9ite pron\ncem5ts on _! success or failure4 ,l>gely z ! result ( ! realisation ( ! imm$iate relation%ip betwe5 national education & national productivity !re are abundant signs t ! ,engli% educational sy/em is ab\t to be develop$4 ,! ord9>y argum5t has be5 well put3 ,a new national _s has be5 ar\s$ 9 our p by ! w>2 if we are to recov] & improve our position at ! end ( ! w>1 t national _s mu/ be ma9ta9$2 = unless e man & woman comes to "k & feel t indu/ry1 agriculture1 comm]ce1 %ipp+1 & cr$it1 are national conc]ns1 & t education is a pot5t means = ! promotion ( ^! objects among o!rs1 we %all fail 9 ! great ef=t ( national recup]ation4 ,9 pla9] words1 our great firms w n make money1 wages w fall1 & wage-e>n]s w be out ( "w#a4 ,! possibility ( ! ext5sion ( ! educational sy/em to meet ! ne$s ( te*nical tra9+ ne$ n cause disquiet among ^? ^: desire is = fulness ( citiz5%ip1 if !y are prep>$ to insi/ t tea*]s %all be tra9$ on broad & compreh5sive l9es & t e vocational c\rse %all include in/ruction 9 direct citiz5%ip4 ,! argum5t is ready to h& & simple4 ,if all m5 & wom5 mu/ /rive to "w wisely & well1 s also %\ld !y le>n h[ to p>ticipate 9 ! gov]nm5t1 local & national1 :i* _! "w supports4 ,moreov] ! "r /udy ( a trade or pr(ession induces a p]ception ( ! int]-relation%ip ( all human activity4 ,on ! o!r h& x is important t vocational "w1 at lea/ s f> z x is c>ri$ out by manual tra9+1 %\ld be introduc$ into s*emes ( lib]al education4 ,9 ?is connection x is wor? recall+ t 9 a rec5t report1 ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education express$ ) complete conviction ! op9ion t manual tra9+ 0 indisp5sable 9 places ( second>y education3 ,we consid] t our second>y education has be5 too exclusively conc]n$ ) ! cultivation ( ! m9d by means ( books & ! in/ruction ( ! tea*]4 ,to ?is ess5tial aim !re mu/ be add$ z a condition ( balance & complet5ess t ( fo/]+ ^? qualities ( m9d & t skill ( h& :i* are evok$ by sy/ematic "w4 ,9 ?is way w\ld be g5]at$ t sympa!tic & und]/&+ contact betwe5 all bra9work]s & ! complete m5 :o "w ) bo? h&s & bra9 s /rongly plead$ = by ,pr(essor ,le?aby :o insi/s t "s tea*+ ab\t ! s]vice ( lab\r mu/ be got into all our educational s*emes4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! "q ( vocational tra9+ affects *iefly ! propos$ sy/em ( compulsory cont9uation s*ool education up to ! age ( eighte51 :i* has yet to be e/abli%$ = all boys & girls n 9 att5dance at second>y s*ools or :o h n complet$ a satisfactory p]iod ( att5dance#b4 ,! inadequacy ( ! p]iod ( education allott$ to ! va/ mass ( ! population & ! ne$ = educational re=m 9 _m directions c only be not$2 bo? ^! matt]s h[ev] affect citiz5%ip pr(\ndly4 ,x is ^u ! expectation ( e>ly developm5t on ! foll[+ l9es1 indicat$ )\t detail1 t our consid]ation ( ! possibilities ( s*ools 9 reg>d to citiz5%ip mu/ be bas$3 7#a7 ,a long] p]iod ( elem5t>y s*ool life dur+ :i* no *ild %all be employ$ = o!r ?an educational purposes4 7#b7 ,! e/abli%m5t ( compulsory cont9uation s*ools = all boys & girls up to ! age ( eighte51 ! h\rs ( att5dance to be all[$ out ( reasonable work+ h\rs4 7#c7 ,complete opportunity = qualifi$ boys & girls to cont9ue _! te*nical or humane /udies f ! elem5t>y s*ool to ! univ]sity4 7#d7 ,a di/9ct improvem5t 9 ! supply & p[] ( tea*]s1 *iefly z ! result ( bett] tra9+ 9 connection ) univ]sities & ! e/abli%m5t ( a remun]ation :i* w enable !m to live 9 ! mann] dem&$ by ! nature & responsibilities ( _! call+4 ,! two ma9 aspects ( ! developm5t ( citiz5%ip ?r\gh ! s*ools :i* h already be5 not$ may be summ>is$ z foll[s1 & may be consid]$ sep>ately3 7#a7 ,! direct tea*+ ( civics or ( citiz5%ip2 7#b7 ,! developm5t ?r\gh ! ord9>y s*ool community ( ! qualities ( ! good citiz54 ,footnote #a3 ,int]im ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ,s*ol>%ips = ,high] ,education1 ,may1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,f9al ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,juv5ile ,education 9 ,relation to ,employm5t aft] ! ,w>1 #aiag1 ,cd4 #heab4 ,! ,bill to make fur!r provision ) respect to ,education 9 ,engl& & ,wales & = purposes connect$ !re) ,bill #hi1 _h n be5 introduc$ by ,mr ,fi%] :5 ?is article 0 writt54 ,,! ,,direct ,,/udy ,,( ,,citiz5%ip ,! /udy 9 s*ools ( civic relations has be5 develop$ to a mu* great] ext5t 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is probably due l>gely to ! fact t ! ,am]ican ne$ is ! m obvi\s4 ,9 normal times1 !re is a con/ant influx ( p ( diff]5t nationalities to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :om x is ! aim ( ! gov]nm5t to make into ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,at ! same "t !re is 9 ,am]ica a great] disposition ?an 9 ,engl& to adapt ab/ract /udy to practical ends1 to l9k ! class-room to ! factory1 to ! city hall1 & to ! ,capitol itself4 ,z "o ( h] s*ol>s says3 ,bo? ! inspiration & ! romance ( ! s*ol>'s life lie 9 ! p]fect assurance t any tru?1 h[ev] remote or isolat$1 has its "p 9 ! unity ( ! _w ( tru? & its undream$ ( applicability to s]vice#a4 ,!re are 9 ,am]ica num]\s societies1 among !m ! ,national ,education ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 ! ,national ,municipal ,league1 ! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association1 :i* are work+ /eadily to make ! /udy ( civics an ess5tial feature ( e "p ( ! educational sy/em4 ,_! prime purposes are summ>is$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,to awak5 a k ( ! fact t ! citiz5 is 9 a social environm5t ^: laws b9d him = 8 own good2 7#b7 ,to acqua9t ! citiz5 ) ! =ms ( organisation & me?ods ( adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t 9 its sev]al dep>tm5ts#b4 ,!y claim t ?is c be/ be done by means ( br++ ! "y citiz5 into direct contact ) ! significant facts ( ! life ( 8 own local community & ( ! national community4 ,to indicate ?is m cle>ly !y h appli$ to ! /udy ! "n ( ,community ,civics4 ,! argum5t t a s5se ( unreality may arise z a result ( ! app>5t complet5ess ( k ga9$ 9 ! s*ool is met by ! close contact ma9ta9$ all ! "t ) ! community outside4 ,!re is unanimity ( op9ion t civics %all be taught f ! elem5t>y s*ool onw>ds3 ,we believe1 runs ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association1 t elem5t>y civics %\ld p]meate ! entire s*ool life ( ! *ild4 ,9 ! e>ly grades ! mo/ effective features ( ?is in/ruction w be directly connect$ ) ! tea*+ ( regul> subjects 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,?r\gh /ory1 poem & song !re is ! quick5+ ( ^? emotions :i* influ5ce civic life4 ,! works & biographies ( great m5 furni% _m opportunities = incid5tal in/ruction 9 civics4 ,! elem5ts ( geography s]ve to emphasise ! int]dep5d5ce ( m5--! v e>lie/ lesson 9 civic in/ruction4 ,a /udy ( pictures & ar*itecture ar\ses ! desire = civic beauty & ord]l9ess#c4 ,a rec5t inquiry by a ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association makes x q cle> t ! subject is actually taught 9 ! bulk ( ! elem5t>y & second>y s*ools ( ! v>i\s ,/ates & t g5]ally ! results are satisfactory1 or indicate cle>ly necess>y re=ms4 ,! difficulty ( provid+ suitable text-books is p>tly met by ! addition ( supplem5t>y local in=mation4 ,!re are v few colleges & univ]sities :i* d n provide c\rses 9 political sci5ce4 ,no claim is made t ! tea*+ ( civics makes ( necessity good citiz5s1 b m]ely t x makes ! good citiz5 into a bett] "o4 ,! ju/ification ( ! subject lies 9 its own cont5t4 ,x is a /udy ( an important phase ( human society &1 = ?is reason ! same value z elem5t>y sci5ce or hi/ory#d4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,am]ican reports1 an insi/5ce on ! p[] ( ! community ideal 9 ! s*ool & ! necessity = discipl9e 9 ! p]=mance ( s*ool duties & a due appreciation ( ! importance ( individual action 9 relation to ! class & to ! s*ool4 ,9 ,engl& !re has be5 mu* g5]al & uncoord9at$ advocacy ( ! direct tea*+ ( citiz5%ip1 b1 = v>i\s reasons1 x does n appe> to h be5 introduc$ g5]ally into ! s*ools1 nor does !re appe> to be any imm$iate likelihood ( developm5t 9 ! exi/+ s*ools4 ,! ,civic & ,moral ,education ,league made def9ite inquiry1 9 #aiae1 ( tea*]s & s*ools4 ,!y pron\nc$ ! results to be disappo9t+1 ?\gh !y com=t$ !mselves ) ! incontrov]tible dictum t ! p :o are do+ mo/ h lea/ "t to talk ab\t x4 ,z ! result ( _! inquiry1 !y drew up a /atem5t ( ! aims ( civics :i* 9 g5]al & 9 detail diff]$ little f ! ideas accept$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,if compulsory cont9u$ education is introduc$1 = boys & girls :o n[ h no s*ool education aft] ! elem5t>y s*ool1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! direct /udy %\ld be includ$ 9 "s =m or o!r be=e ! age ( eighte5 is rea*$1 & x is 9 connection ) ?is type ( s*ool r ?an 9 connection ) ! elem5t>y or second>y s*ool t con/ructive ef=ts %\ld be made4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,acl&1 :5 ,m9i/] = ,education1 introduc$ ! subject into ! ,elem5t>y ,code ( #ahie & provid$ a detail$ syllabus4 ,?is 0 g5]ally approv$ n only z ! action ( a progressive adm9i/rator b z an evid5ce ( ! new _s ( fre$om beg9n+ to reveal itself 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,!re are "s education au?orities1 l ! ,c\nty ( ,*e/]1 :i* enact t ! /udy ( citiz5%ip %all proce$ side by side ) religi\s education1 b ! majority leave x to ! tea*]s to d all t is necess>y by ! adaptation ( o!r subjects & ! developm5t ( s*ool _s4 ,! elaborate nature ( ,mr4 ,acl&'s syllabus t5d$ to defeat its object1 & "s held x to be psy*ologically uns\nd1 b !re has also be5 lack ( suitable text-books4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! :ole subject dep5ds peculi>ly ^u ! p]sonality ( ! tea*] :o feels no lack ( text-books if he is alive to ! int]e/ ( 8 lesson4 ,9 ,/udies 9 ,bo>d ,s*ools#e1 !re is a delightful /udy ( a lesson on ,rates to "y citiz5s ) ! altrui/ic text1 ,all = ,ea*1 ,ea* = ,all4 ,citiz5 ,c>rots1 a tir$ newspap] boy up e morn+ at five1 is reveal$ z respond+ ) great en?usiasm to ?is int]e/+ lesson :i* comm5ces ) a draw+ on a blackbo>d ( a regulation workh\se1 a bo>d s*ool1 a free libr>y1 a lamp po/1 a wat]-c>t1 a du/man1 a policeman1 a /eam roll]1 a navvy or two1 & a long-h&l$ %ovel /uck 9 a heap ( soil4 ,a hypo!tical pay] ( rates1 ,mrs ,smi?1 is reveal$ z gett+ a great deal = h] rates3 ,%e is protect$ f any h>m2 h] prop]ty is safe2 %e c walk ab\t ! /reets ) com=t by day or night2 h] dra9s are se5 to2 h] rubbi% is tak5 away = h]2 %e has books & newspap]s to read2 if %e has t5 *ildr51 %e c h !m well taught = no?+--s t if !y are will+ to le>n1 & att5d s*ool regul>ly1 !y c v easily make _! own liv+ :5 !y gr[ up2 if %e is ill1 %e c g to ! infirm>y = m$ic9e2 & if1 :5 %e gr[s old1 %e is unable to pay r5t or buy food or clo!s1 ^! ?+s are provid$ = h]4 ,& please1 sir1 ! ,p>ks1 int]ject$ ! eag] ,c>rots4 ,if ! def9ition ( a good citiz5 prop\nd$ by ,pr(essor ,ma/]man is true--t he is "o :o pays 8 rates )\t grumbl+--,citiz5 ,c>rots1 :atev] 8 disadvantages1 is intellectually anyh[ on ! way to become su* a citiz51 & c]ta9ly 9 ! sket*1 ,citiz5 ,c>rots is det]m9$ t ! rates %all be exp5d$ prop]ly because he himself w h a vote 9 lat] days4 ,x is probable t lessons su* z ^! are m frequ5t ?an ! "t-tables w\ld indicate4 ,!re are few head ma/]s ( elem5t>y s*ools :o w\ld disclaim ! adequate tea*+ ( citiz5%ip 9 _! s*ools4 ,!y w\ld expla9 t ! treatm5t ( hi/ory & geography proce$+ f local /&po9ts 0 effective 9 ?is direction1 & x is ! rule r ?an o!rwise = visits to be paid to places ( hi/oric int]e/ )9 rea* ( ! s*ools4 ,advantage is also tak5 ( su* days z ,empire ,day to /imulate int]e/ 9 ! ,/ate1 z well z to imp>t k conc]n+ its organisation4 ,all ?is is re9=c$ by ! use ( appropriate read+ books :i* are in/rum5ts ( indirect1 b n necess>ily less effective1 in/ruction4 ,! l>g] opportunities :i* second>y s*ools (f] h n be5 tak5 advantage ( to induce ! specific /udy ( civics to any great] ext5t t 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 al?\gh _m s*ools are able to devote at lea/ a p]iod ea* week to ! consid]ation ( curr5t ev5ts1 &1 naturally1 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & geography includes mu* m completely ! consid]ation ( in/itutions bo? at home & abroad4 ,! idea ( ! regional or local survey is ga9+ gr\nd & 9 "s respects x w prove to s]ve ! same purpose z ! ,community ,civics ( ! ,am]ican high s*ool4 ,!re h be5 attempts to introduce economics into ! second>y s*ool curriculum1 b !y h n p]si/$ to any ext5t4 ,9 ! ,memor&um ( ,curricula ( ,second>y ,s*ools issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education 9 #aiac1 x is sugge/$ t x w sometimes be desirable to provide1 = ^? :o propose on leav+ s*ool to ent] bus9ess1 a special comm]cial c\rse ) special /udy ( ! m te*nical side ( economic !ory & "s /udy ( political & con/itutional hi/ory4 ,= ! re/ !re is no m5tion ( ! subjects intimately connect$ ) gov]nm5t4 ,x is cle> t ! ,bo>d expects t out ( ! subjects ( ! ord9>y curriculum1 ) su* special ef=ts sugge/$ by public int]e/ z may f "t to "t occur1 ! /ud5t w ga9 a g5]al k ( ! affairs ( ! community r\nd ab\t1 "s k ( ! pr9ciples ( politics1 cle> ideas conc]n+ movem5ts = social re=m1 & "s acqua9tance ) int]national problems4 ,if he does s1 he w h secur$ a useful introduction to ! /udies associat$ ) adult life4 ,an intellig5t /udy ( languages w help mat]ially 9 ?is direction &1 :il/ ?is is specially true 9 ! cases ( ,greek & ,lat91 !re is no reason :y mod]n languages %\ld n s]ve ! same purpose4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 ! case t ! /udy ( ! hi/ory & in/itutions ( mod]n c\ntries is n associat$ suffici5tly ) ! /udy ( _! language4 ,! public & gramm> s*ools ( ,engl&1 z contra/$ ) ! new] second>y s*ools1 are m especially ! homes ( classical /udies1 & x is ?r\gh ! work+ ( ^! s*ools t ! k ( in/itutions 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome w h its greate/ effect on citiz5%ip4 ,! /udy ( political sci5ce z a specific subject is ga9+ gr\nd 9 univ]sities1 :il/ ! /udy ( ! ,empire & its in/itutions has naturally made rapid progress dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,!re may also be not$ di/9ct t5d5cies1 aris+ out ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! w>1 t[>ds ! f\ndation ( s*ools de/9$ to deal ) ! in/itutions & ! ?\ght ( =eign c\ntries4 ,9 ! s*ools ( economics & hi/ory !re is fulness ( attempt to /udy all t c be includ$ "u ! g5]ic title ( civics :i*1 aft] all1 may be def9$ z political & social sci5ce int]pret$ 9 imm$iate & practical ways4 ,footnote #a3 ,peabody1 ,! ,religion ( an ,educat$ ,man4 ,footnote #b3 ,ha9es1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,ha9es1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,footnote #d3 ,b\rne1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics 9 ! ,elem5t>y & ! ,second>y ,s*ool4 ,footnote #e3 ,*>les ,morley1 #ahig4 ,,ii ,,indirect ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,citiz5%ip ,aft] all is said & done ! ideal tra9+ = citiz5%ip 9 ! s*ools dep5ds m ^u ! wisdom eng5d]$ 9 ! pupil ?an ^u ! direct /udy ( civics4 ,if ! spirits ( m5 & wom5 are set 9 a "r direction !y w rea* out = k z = hid treasure4 ,wisdom is m mov+ ?an any motion2 %e passe? & goe? ?r\gh all ?+s by reason ( h] pur5ess#a4 ,x happ5s also 9 natural sequ5ce t ! _s develop$ 9 a s*ool w lead to ! con/ruction ( in/itutions 9 connection ) s*ool life calculat$ to secure its adequate expression4 ,elem5t>y s*ools1 h[ev]1 are mu* h&icapp$ 9 ?is way4 ,if x comes ab\t t "w o!r ?an educational or recreative is =bidd5 to *ildr5 dur+ ! ye>s ( att5dance at s*ool1 & also t ! p]iod ( s*ool life is l5g!n$1 !re w be opportunity = ! developm5t ( games on a self-gov]n+ basis4 ,elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 h a l>ge measure ( initiative2 all !y ne$ is a real *ance to ex]cise x4 ,!y w\ld will+ly make _! s*ools real c5tres ( *ild life4 ,_m *ildr5 at pres5t h little else ?an n>r[ t5em5ts & ! /reets1 out ( :i* influ5ces arise :i* w> cont9ually aga9/ ! social influ5ces ( ! s*ool4 ,! opportunity af=d$ by well-ord]$ leisure w\ld be acc5tuat$ by ! m complete op]ation ( movem5ts su* z boys' brigades1 boy sc\ts1 girl guides1 & ,*ur* lads' brigades1 :i* are 9 _! sev]al ways do+ mu* to develop citiz5%ip4 ,su* bodies are n[ 9 effect educational au?orities1 & classes are organis$ by !m 9 connection ) ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,!re h be5 _m attempts to introduce self-gov]n+ exp]im5ts into elem5t>y s*ools &1 :il/ !y h (t5 be5 defeat$ by reason ( ! immaturity ( ! *ildr51 yet "s ( !m h met ) great success4 ,! election ( monitors on ! l9es ( a g5]al election is an in/ance ( success 9 ?is direction4 ,! ideas :i* h aris5 f ! advocacy ( ! ,montessori sy/em h induc$ me?ods ( great] fre$om 9 connection ) _m aspects ( elem5t>y s*ool life4 ,! ,caldecott ,community1 deal+ ) work+-class *ildr5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/4 ,pancras1 has tri$ _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ( ! introduction ( *ildr5's c\rts ( ju/ice _h to be ab&on$1 b n until _m valuable lessons 9 *ild psy*ology _h be5 le>nt4 ,side by side ) ! elem5t>y s*ool1 !re are ris+ 9 ,engl& exp]im5ts simil> to ^? und]tak5 by su* organisations z ! ,s*ool ,city & ! ,george ,junior ,republics ( ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ notable among !m is ! ,little ,commonweal?1 ,dor*e/]1 :i* has a*iev$ a/oni%+ results ?r\gh ! process ( tak+ del9qu5t *ildr5 & all[+ !m self-gov]nm5t4 ,b1 hopeful z ! prospects are1 _! ultimate effect w be be/ e/imat$ :5 _! pupils1 re/or$ 9 y\? to ! hon\rable s]vice ( ! community1 are tak+ _! full %>e 9 life z adult citiz5s1 & naturally e c>e is tak5 9 ! organisation ( ^! in/itutions to ensure t ! transition f _! %elt]$ citiz5%ip to ! outside _w %all n be ( s abrupt a nature z to t5d to r5d] unreal & remote ! life 9 :i* ! *ildr5 h tak5 "p4 ,ne>ly all ( ! m rec5t exp]im5ts 9 reg>d to ! s*ool & its k9dr$ in/itutions are co-op]ative 9 pr9ciple & 9 me?od1 b x is probably ,utopian to conceive an educational me?od :i* %all a*ieve ! highe/ success )\t hav+ includ$ )9 x ! elem5t ( competition4 ,if competition is a me?od obta9+ outside ! s*ool x is b\nd to reproduce itself )9 x4 ,! only possible ?+ = ! s*ool to d is to re/rict ! influ5ce ( competition to ! *annels :]e x c be b5eficial4 ,! me?od by :i* elem5t>y s*ool *ildr5 pass to ! second>y s*ool is by means ( competitive s*ol>%ips4 ,9 common ) ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education x is necess>y to accept ! fact t at pres5t ! s*ol>%ip sy/em is too firmly root$ 9 ! mann]1 habits & "* ( ?is c\ntry to be dislodg$1 ev5 if x 7 ?rice condemn$ by !ory#b4 ,b1 9 ! int]e/s ( citiz5%ip1 s*ol>%ips %\ld be aw>d$ z ! result ( non-competitive te/s1 if only to secure t e *ild %all receive ! education = :i* he or %e is fitt$4 ,! /ress & /ra9 impos$ ^u _m :o climb ! ladd] ( education1 (t5 occasion$ by ! inadequacy ( ! s*ol>%ip = ! purposes to :i* x is to be appli$1 t5d to develop *>act]i/ics :i* are s /rongly individual z to be di/9ctly anti-social4 ,x is un=tunate t 9 _m subjects ( ! curriculum x is n m]ely bad =m to help "o's neighb\r b di/9ctly a s*ool s91 & ?is makes x necess>y = a balance to be /ruck by ! introduction ( subjects at :i* all c "w = ! good ( ! class or ! s*ool4 ,manual "w & local surveys are subjects ( ?is nature & %\ld be enc\rag$ side by side ) games ( :i* !re are ?ree ess5tial aspects3--! individual a*ievem5t1 ! w9n+ ( ! mat* or race1 & play+ ! game4 ,9 ref]5ce to citiz5%ip ! la/ ( ^! is ! only "o :i* ultimately matt]s4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! great public s*ools are ^? :i* are mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% boy life at its be/4 ,glory+ z !y d 9 a spl5did tradition1 !y h always _h 9 addition ! opportunity ( adapt+ !mselves to new ne$s4 ,_! re=m is always "u discussion & p]*ance !y are wait+ ev5 n[ = "s ,arnold or ,?r+ to lead !m 9 a new ,engl&1 = new x w inevitably be4 ,ev5 s1 ! s5se ( responsibility !y h develop$ has be5 translat$ into ! t]ms ( ,engli% gov]nm5t ov] half ! _w4 ,! objective ( ! public s*ool boy anxi\s to take a "p 9 gov]nm5t at home has always be5 p>liam5t1 or su* local in/itutions z dem& 8 s]vice 9 accordance ) ! tradition ( 8 family4 ,! t5d5cy to despise ! homely duties ( a city c\ncillor or poor law gu>dian is1 h[ev]1 pass+4 ,!re are few s*ools :i* d n welcome visitors to speak to ! boys :o h fir/-h& acqua9tance ) ! life ( ! poor or :o are inde$ ( t life !mselves4 ,9 ?is way boys get to realise1 z f> z x is possible ?r\gh sympa?y1 :at x means to be out ( "w1 :at x means to be hungry = unatta9able le>n+1 :at *ildr5 h to suff]1 &1 9 addition to ! practical int]e/ :i* _m boys imm$iately develop1 x _c be d\bt$ t _m ideals = ! conduct ( social life 9 ! future are conceiv$1 ev5 if dimly1 = ! fir/ "t4 ,?anks to ! unremitt+ ef=ts ( l>ge-m9d$ head ma/]s1 public s*ool boys m & m realise t !y are b5efici>ies ( ! _s ( a pa/ day1 n only 9 ! s5se ( ! creation ( a noble tradition b actually 9 reg>d to ! mat]ial provision ( build+s & ! f9ancial support ( tea*+4 ,!re is likely to be an ext5sion ( univ]sity education 9 ! ne> future4 ,! anci5t univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge ) _! great college sy/em w be /r5g!n$1 z w be ! univ]sities :i* 7 e/abli%$ at ! end ( ! n9ete5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5turies4 ,! dem& = ! bett] tra9+ ( tea*]s w result inevitably 9 ! creation ( m univ]sities4 ,! inadequate sum :i* ?is c\ntry has sp5t ^u univ]sity education up to ! pres5t w be greatly increas$4 ,z a direct result ( ! opportunity :i* univ]sity life gives to und]graduates = ! developm5t ( self-gov]n+ in/itutions1 !re c be little d\bt t ! univ]sity mu/ be reg>d$ above all o!r s*ools & mo/ in/itutions z p[]ful 9 ! developm5t ( good citiz5%ip4 ,! public s*ool tradition w be c>ri$ directly into ! old] univ]sities & 9 increas+ measure into ! new univ]sities z ! be/ _s ( ! public s*ools gradually p]meates ! :ole sy/em ( our education ev5 d[n to ! elem5t>y s*ools !mselves4 ,:5 ^! opportunities s lavi%ly provid$ = ! developm5t ( /ud5t life 9 its self-gov]n+ aspects are realis$ & :5 above x all !re /& great tea*]s 9 ! l9eage ( ^? describ$ by ,c>d9al ,newman 9 8 eulogy ( ,a!ns--! v pres5ce ( ,plato to ! /ud5t1 a /ay = 8 m9d to re/ on1 a burn+ ?\ght 9 8 he>t1 a bond ( union ) m5 l himself1 ev] aft]w>ds--little else c be desir$4 ,9 e univ]sity !re mu/ be su* tea*]s1 or univ]sities w t5d to fall to ! level ( ! life ab\t !m4 ,y c infuse1 said ,"l ,roseb]y at ! ,congress ( ! ,univ]sities ( ! ,empire1 "*1 & morals & en]gy & patriotism by ! tone & atmosph]e ( y\r univ]sity & y\r pr(essors4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 all ! old univ]sities ( ,europe--,bologna1 ,p>is1 ,prague1 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 etc4--mu/ be reg>d$ z def9ite & consci\s prote/s aga9/ ! divid+ & isolat+--! anti-civic--=ces ( ! p]iods ( _! in/itution4 ,!y repres5t hi/orically ! developm5t ( communities = common int]e/ & protection 9 ! great & holy cause ( ! pursuit ( le>n+1 & above all ?+s _! /ory is ! /ory ( ! gr[? ( ,european unity & citiz5%ip4 ,! feudal & ecclesia/ical ord] ( ! old m$iaeval _w 7 bo? alike ?reat5$ by ! p[] t _h s /rangely sprung up 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,feudalism re/$ on local isolation1 on ! sev]ance ( k+dom f k+dom & b>ony f b>ony1 on ! di/9ction ( blood & race1 on ! supremacy ( mat]ial or brute =ce1 on an allegiance det]m9$ by accid5ts ( place & social position4 ,! ,univ]sity1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a prote/ aga9/ ?is isolation ( man f man4 ,! smalle/ s*ool 0 ,european & n local#c4 ,! _s :i* is *>act]i/ic ( a univ]sity 9 its be/ aspects1 l9k$ ) ! _s :i* is inh]5t 9 ! ranks ( work+ p1 has on m occasions ?an "o set on foot movem5ts = ! education ( ! p4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable in/ances ( ?is unity f\nd expression at ! ,ox=d ,co-op]ative ,congress ( #ahhb1 :5 ,arnold ,toynbee urg$ co-op]ators to und]take ! education ( ! citiz54 ,by ?is he meant3 ! education ( ea* memb] ( ! community z reg>ds ! relation 9 :i* he /&s to o!r individual citiz5s & to ! community z a :ole4 ,we h ab&on$1 he said fur!r1 & rightly ab&on$ ! attempt to realise citiz5%ip by sep>at+ ourselves f society4 ,we w nev] ab&on ! belief t x has yet to be won amid ! /ress & confusion ( ! ord9>y _w 9 :i* we move4 ,f t day to ?is co-op]ators h always _h be=e !m an ideal ( education 9 citiz5%ip & h organis$ def9ite tea*+ ye> by ye>4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ev5 great] p[] lies 9 ! co-op]ation betwe5 ! pione]s ( ! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,movem5t at ,cambridge & ! work+ m51 p>ticul>ly ( ,ro*dale & ,nott+ham1 to be foll[$ lat] by t unprec$5t$ revival ( le>n+ among/ work+ p :i* took place 9 ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham 9 ! days be=e ! great coal /rike4 ,at a lat] date1 9 #aijc1 ! same k9d ( unit$ action gave rise to ! movem5t ( ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association1 :i* has always conceiv$ its purpose to be ! developm5t ( citiz5%ip 9 & ?r\gh education pursu$ 9 common by univ]sity man & work+ man alike4 ,! sy/em ( ,univ]sity ,tutorial ,classes orig9at$ by ?is ,association has be5 bas$ ^u an ideal ( citiz5%ip1 & n prim>ily ^u a det]m9ation to acquire k1 al?\gh x 0 cle>ly se5 t vague aspirations t[>ds good citiz5%ip )\t ! h>ness+ ( all available k to its cause w\ld be futile4 ,aft] exception has be5 made = ! body ( "y m5 & wom5 :o are det]m9$ to acquire te*nical education = ! laudable purpose ( advanc+ bo? _! position 9 life & _! utility to society1 x is cle> t no educational appeal to work+ m5 & wom5 w h ! lea/ effect if x is n direct$ t[>ds ! purpose ( enri*+ _! life1 & ?r\gh !m ! life ( ! community4 ,! pro( ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t1 aft] !y h /riv5 toge!r = ye>s 9 ,tutorial ,classes1 !y ask = no recognition--9 fact !y h decl9$ x :5 x has be5 (f]$--& h devot$ _! p[]s to volunt>y civic "w & ! "w ( ! associations or unions to :i* !y belong1 z well z 9 v _m in/ances1 to ! spread+ ( education ?r\gh\t ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y live4 ,x is l>gely due to ! leav5 ( educational en?usiasm :i* has ?us be5 g5]at$ t !re is a unanim\s movem5t on ! "p ( work+ p t[>ds a complete educational sy/em includ+ )9 x compulsory att5dance at cont9uation s*ools dur+ ! day4 ,! problems t h$ge ab\t cont9uation s*ools are _m1 b x is cle> t !y w be reg>d$ by educationi/s & by at lea/ "s employ]s z above all else tra9+ = citiz5%ip bas$ ^u ! vocation to :i* ! boy or girl may be devot+ himself or h]self 9 work+ h\rs4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! daily occupation1 divorc$ z x is f ! :ole _s & int5t ( appr5tice%ip1 w be broad5$ directly ! consid]ation ( daily "w is plac$ 9 ! cont9uation s*ool bo? on a high] plane & 9 a complete sett+4 ,! compulsory ev5+ s*ool w fail unless x induces a dem& = recreation ( a pure k9d :i* may be associat$ ) ! volunt>y ev5+ s*ool & cont9u$ along ! l9es ( /udy into ! ye>s ( adult life4 ,& ev5 if x is impossible = e /ud5t ( capacity 9 ! cont9uation s*ool to pass into ! univ]sity or te*nological college1 x may be hop$ t !re ne$ n fail to be opportunities = rea*+ ! heights ( asc]ta9$ k 9 ! ,univ]sity ,tutorial ,class4 ,9 ! future1 z n[1 only 9 great] degree1 su* classes w be reg>d$ z an ess5tial "p ( univ]sity "w1 & w provide opportunity = ! /udy ( ^? subjects :i* are mo/ ne>ly relat$ to citiz5%ip4 ,x is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association t e p]son1 :5 n "u ! p[] ( "s ho/ile ov]-ma/]+ influ5ce1 is ready to respond to an educational appeal4 ,n inde$ t all are ready or able to become s*ol>s1 b t all are anxi\s to look ) und]/&+ eyes at ! ?+s :i* are pure & beautiful4 ,tir$ m5 & wom5 are made bett] citiz5s if !y are tak51 z !y (t5 are1 to picture gall]ies & museums1 to places ( hi/oric int]e/ & ( sc5ic beauty1 & are help$ to und]/& !m by ! p[] ( a sympa!tic guide4 ,x is by ! ext5sion ( "w ( ?is sort1 :i* c be c>ri$ out almo/ to a limitless ext5t t ! true purpose ( social re=m w be be/ s]v$4 ,x is by su* means t ! press may be elevat$1 ! level ( ! c9ema rais$1 ! ef=ts ( ! demagogue neutralis$4 ,! ,work]s' ,educational ,association is bas$ ^u ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ool & ( ! associations ( work+ p1 notably ! co-op]ative societies & trade unions4 ,! democratic me?ods obta9+ 9 ^? associations h !mselves prov$ a valuable contribution to citiz5%ip1 & h det]m9$ ! democratic nature ( all adult education4 ,! "r & fre$om ( ! /ud5t to /udy :at he wi%es f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! reasonable dem& t man %all live out 8 life z he wills1 provid$ x moves 9 a true direction & is 9 h>mony ) ! ne$s & aspirations ( 8 fell[s4 ,x has seem$ 9 ?is review ( ! relation ( s*ools & places ( education to ! developm5t ( citiz5%ip t ! fact ( ! op]ation ( social influ5ces has be5 implicit at e po9t4 ,9 any case !re is1 & c be1 no d\bt t ! s*ool1 :il/ in/ant 9 its effect ^u ! m9d ( ! "t1 is always be+ ei!r h9d]$ or help$ by ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! society 9 :i* x is set4 ,! relations exi/+ betwe5 society & s*ool are reveal$ 9 a process ( action & reaction4 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt said t :atev] we wi% to see introduc$ into ! life ( a nation mu/ fir/ be introduc$ into its s*ools4 ,among o!r ?+s1 x is necess>y to develop 9 ! s*ools an appreciation ( all "w t is necess>y = human welf>e4 ,?is is ! crux ( all ef=t t[>ds citiz5%ip ?r\gh education4 ,9 ! long run !re c be no full citiz5%ip unless !re is fulness ( int5tion to discov] capacity & to develop x n = ! individual b = ! common good4 ,?is is prim>ily ! task ( an educational sy/em4 ,if a man is set to "w = :i* he is n fitt$1 :e!r x be ! "w ( a /ud5t or a m9]1 he is ?w>t$ 9 8 innate desire to atta9 to ! full expression ( 8 be+ 9 & ?r\gh association ) 8 fell[-m51 :]eas1 :5 a man is do+ ! "r "w1 t = :i* he has capacity1 he rejoices 9 8 lab\r & /rives cont9ually to p]fect x by developm5t ( all 8 p[]s4 ,! ex]cise ( good citiz5%ip foll[s naturally z ! inevitable result ( a rightly develop$ life4 ,x may n be ! citiz5%ip :i* is ex]cis$ by tak+ active & direct "p 9 me?ods ( gov]nm5t4 ,! son ( ,sira*1 m$itat+ on ! place ( ! craftsman1 said3 ,all ^! tru/ to _! h&s3 & e "o is wise 9 8 "w4 ,)\t ^! _c a city be inhabit$ 444 !y w ma9ta9 ! /ate ( ! _w1 & all _! desire is 9 ! "w ( _! craft#d4 ,! times are diff]5t & ! ne$s ( p h *ang$1 b ! true te/ ( a citiz5 may be m 9 ! heal?9ess ( dom9at+ purpose ?an 9 ! possession & satisfaction ( a v>iety ( desires4 ,to ma9ta9 ! /ate ( ! _w is no mean ambition4 ,if x is difficult = a man to become ! good citiz5 :5 employ$ on "w = :i* he is unfitt$1 x is ev5 m difficult = ! man to d s :o is set to %oddy "w or to "w :i* damages ! community4 ,! task laid ^u ! s*ool is heavy1 b x does n /& alone4 ,! family & ! ,*ur* are its natural allies 9 ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,all alike w make mi/akes1 b1 if !y cle>ly set be=e !m ! int5tion to d _! utmo/ to free ! capacity ( all = ! accompli%m5t ( ! good ( all1 wisdom w increase & _m trag$ies 9 life w be av]t$4 ,?us l(ty ideals h pres5t$ !mselves1 b !y w secure univ]sal admission ap>t f ! imm$iate practical consid]ations :i* bulk s l>gely & (t5 s falsely 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & :i* are frequ5tly sugge/$ by limitations ( f9ance & lack ( fai? 9 ! all-suffici5t p[] ( wisdom4 ,x is 9 ! consecration ( a p to its highe/ ideals t ! true city & ! true ,/ate become realis$ on e>? & ! measure ( its consecration1 9 spite ( all devices ( tea*+ or tra9+ h[ev] wise1 det]m9es ! true level ( citiz5%ip at any "t 9 any place4 ,footnote #a3 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 vii4 #bd4 ,footnote #b3 ,int]im ,report ( ! ,consultative ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education on ,s*ol>%ips = ,high] ,education1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #c3 ,j4,r4 ,gre51 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,footnote #d3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxxviii4 #ca-cd4 ,,"s ,,books ,,on ,,citiz5%ip #a;,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,assoc4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,gov]nm5t4 #aiaf4 ,macmillan4 #es4 #j;d4 net4 #a;,,bak]1 ,j4,h4 ,educational ,aims & ,civic ,ne$s4 #aiac4 ,longmans4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 #a;,,bal*1 ,g4,t4 ,! ,me?od ( ,tea*+ ,patriotism 9 ,public ,s*ools4 #ahij4 ,new ,york3 ,van ,no/r&4 #a;,,b\rne1 ,h4,e4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics4 #aiae4 ,longmans4 #fs4 #j;d4 net4 #a;,,dewey1 ,,john4 ,democracy & ,education4 #aiaf4 ,macmillan4 #fs4 #j;d4 net4 #a;,,dewey ,,john4 ,! ,s*ool & ,society4 #aiae4 ,*icago ,univ4 ,press4 #ds4 #j;d4 net4 #a;,,dewey1 ,,john & ,,evelyn4 ,s*ools ( ,to-,morr[4 #aiae4 ,d5t4 #es4 #j;d4 net4 ,,f9dlay1 ,j4,j4 ,! ,s*ool4 #aiab4 ,williams & ,norgate4 #as4 #c;d4 net4 #a;,,hall1 ,g4 ,,/anley4 ,educational ,problems4 #b vols4 #aiaa4 ,appleton4 #cas4 #f;d4 net4 ,*4 #bd4 ,civic ,education4 #a;,,h5d]son1 ,c4,h4 ,education & ! ,l>g] ,life4 #aijb4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton4 #fs4 #j;d4 #a;,,hughes1 ,e4,h4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,citiz5%ip4 #aiji4 ,bo/on3 ,wilde4 #fs4 #j;d4 ,,hughes1 ,m4,l4,v4 ,citiz5s ,to ,be4 #aiae4 ,con/able4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 #a;,,j5ks1 ,j4,w4 ,citiz5%ip & ! ,s*ools4 #aiji4 ,new ,york3 ,holt4 #fs4 #j;d4 ,,k]s*5/e9]1 ,,georg4 ,education = ,citiz5%ip4 ,tr4 ,a4,j4 ,pressl&4 #aiae4 ,h>rap4 #bs4 #j;d4 net4 ,! ,s*ools & ! ,nation4 #aiad4 ,macmillan4 #fs4 #j;d4 net4 #a,,monroe1 ,,paul4 7,ed47 ,cyclop$ia ( ,education4 #e vols4 ,macmillan4 #ajes4 #j;d4 net4 ,,morgan1 ,,alex&]4 ,education & ,social ,progress4 #aiaf4 ,longmans4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,ox=d & ,work+ ,class ,education4 ,cl>5don ,press1 #as4 net4 ,,pat]son1 ,,alex&]4 ,across ! ,bridges4 #aiab4 ,arnold4 #as4 #j;d4 net4 ,,sadl]1 ,m4,e4 7,ed474 ,cont9uation ,s*ools 9 ,engl& & ,else:]e4 #aijh4 ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,press4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,scott1 ,c4,a4 ,social ,education4 #aijh4 ,g9n4 #fs4 #j;d4 net4 ,,wallas1 ,,graham4 ,! ,great ,society4 #aiad4 ,macmillan4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,see also3 ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,reports4 ,civics & ,moral ,education ,league ,pap]s1 #f ,york ,build+s1 ,adelphi1 ,w4,c4 #b4 ,footnote #a3 ,am]ican4 ,,vi ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,education ,by ,,n[ell ,,smi? ,head ,ma/] ( ,%]borne ,s*ool ,education is a subject ^u :i* ev]yone--or at lea/ e p>5t--consid]s himself entitl$ to h op9ions & to express !m4 ,b educational treatises or ! consid]$ views ( educational exp]ts h a v limit$ popul>ity1 & 9 fact ar\se little int]e/ outside ! circle ( ! exp]ts !mselves4 ,ev5 ! av]age tea*]1 :o is himself1 if only he realis$ x1 inside ! circle1 pays little he$ to ! broad] aspects ( education1 *iefly1 no d\bt1 because 9 ! daily practice ( ! art ( education he _c /ep aside & see x z a :ole2 he _c see ! wood = ! trees4 ,! indiff]5ce ( laym5 h[ev] is ma9ly due to ! fact t educational !ory1 l o!r special subjects1 inevitably acquires a j>gon ( its own1 an indisp5sable %or?&1 z x 71 = exp]ts1 b f> too ab/ract & te*nical = outsid]s4 ,& 8 te*nical language too (t5 reacts ^u ! actual ideas ( ! educational !ori/1 :o t5ds to lose sight ( ! v>iety ( concrete boys & girls 9 8 ab/ract reason+s1 necess>y z ^! are4 ,we are apt to =get t :at is sauce = ! goose may n be sauce = ! g&]1 & /ill m p]haps t :at is sauce = ! swan may n be sauce = ei!r ( ^! humbl] b des]v+ f[l4 ,b x is c]ta9 t 9 discuss+ education we ought con/antly to envisage ! actual individuals to be educat$4 ,o!rwise our av]age pupil ( fifte5 plus is only too likely to become a m]e mon/] ( ! imag9ation1 & ! intellectual pabulum1 :i* we propose to (f]1 suit$ to ! dige/ion ( no human boy or girl 9 ?is v _w1 :i* is ! _w ( all ( u4 ,9 consid]+1 !n1 ! place ( lit]ature 9 education1 ,i propose to keep con/antly be=e my eyes ! p ) ^: education ,i am p]sonally famili>1 namely1 myself1 my *ildr51 & ! v>i\s types ( public s*ool boy :i* ,i h kn[n z boy1 z und]graduate1 z college tutor & z s*oolma/]4 ,i say v>i\s types ( public s*ool boy2 = al?\gh !re /ill is a public s*ool type 9 g5]al :i* is easily recognisable by c]ta9 m>k$ sup]ficial *>act]i/ics1 ! popul> notion t all public s*ool boys are v mu* alike 9 "* & outlook is a m]e delusion4 ,aga91 ,i propose1 :5 ,i speak ( lit]ature1 to mean lit]ature1 & n a comp5di\s t]m = any?+ t is n sci5ce4 ,! opposition t has 9 mod]n times be5 set up betwe5 sci5ce on ! "o h& & a jumble ( /udies labell$ ei!r lit]>y or humani/ic /udies on ! o!r is to my m9d :olly unf\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & de/ructive ( any lib]al view ( education4 ,x may p]haps be held t lit]ature 9 its mo/ lit]al s5se is a "n = any?+ t is express$ by means ( intelligible language--a use ( ! ^w :i* c]ta9ly admits ( no comp>ison ) ! mean+ ( sci5ce1 b :i* also leads to no ideas ( any educational int]e/4 ,b ,i take ! ^w lit]ature 9 its common acceptation2 &1 :ile admitt+ t ,i c give no precise & exhau/ive def9ition1 ,i w v5ture to describe x z ! expression ( ?\ght or emotion 9 any l+ui/ic =ms :i* h ae/hetic value4 ,?us ! subject-matt] ( lit]ature is only limit$ by exp]i5ce3 z ,emile ,faguet says some:]e--)\t claim+ to h made a discov]y--la littrature e/ une *ose qui t\*e t\tes *oses4 ,& ! tones ( lit]ature range f ,isaiah to ,wy*]ley1 f ,?ucydides to ,tol/oy2 its =ms f ,p9d> to a folk song1 f ,rac9e to ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 f ,gibbon to ,h]odotus or ,froiss>t4 ,& :ile no two p w\ld agree 9 draw+ ! l9e ( ae/hetic value :i* %\ld det]m9e :e!r any giv5 v]bal expression ( ?\ght or emotion 0 lit]ature or n--a fact :i* is n )\t importance 9 ! *oice ( books = =m+ ! ta/e ( our pupils--yet1 = ! purpose ( discuss+ ! place & function ( lit]ature 9 education1 we all "k well en\gh :at we mean by ! ^w 9 ! g5]al s5se :i* ,i h attempt$ to describe4 ,z ?is is n a tractate on education z a :ole1 ,i mu/ risk some?+ = ! sake ( brevity1 & w v5ture to lay d[n dogmatically t ! objects ( lit]>y /udies z a "p ( education are 7#a7 ! =mation ( a p]sonality fitt$ = civilis$ life1 7#b7 ! provision ( a p]man5t s\rce ( pure & inali5able pleasure1 & 7#c7 ! imm$iate pleasure ( ! /ud5t 9 ! process ( education4 ,none ( ^! objects is exclusive ( ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,!y _c 9 fact be sep>at$ 9 ! concrete4 ,b !y are suffici5tly diff]5t to be treat$ di/9ctly4 7#a7 ,h>dly anyone w\ld d5y t "s k & appreciation ( lit]ature is an indisp5sable "p ( a complete education4 ,! full memb] ( a civilis$ society mu/ be able to subscribe to ! famili> ,homo sum2 nihil humanum a me ali5um puto4 ,& lit]ature is obvi\sly "o ( ! greate/1 mo/ int5se1 & mo/ prolific int]e/s ( humanity4 ,!re h always be5 ?9k]s1 f ,plato d[nw>ds1 :o = moral or political reasons h view$ ! p[] ( lit]ature ) di/ru/3 b _! fe> is itself evid5ce ( t p[]4 ,?us lit]ature is a v important "p bo? ( ! pa/ & ( contempor>y life1 & no "o c ent] fully into ei!r )\t "s real k ( x4 ,a man may be a v great man or a v good man )\t any lit]>y culture2 he may d 8 c\ntry & ! _w imp]i%able s]vices 9 peace or w>4 ,b ! old] ! _w gr[s1 ! r>] mu/ ^! unlett]$ g5iuses become4 ,lit]ature 9 "o =m or ano!r--too (t5 no d\bt put to vile uses--has become s mu* "p ( ! v texture ( civilis$ life t a wide-awake m9d c sc>cely fail to take notice ( x4 ,& 9 any case we ne$ n consid] t k9d ( special g5ius :i* education does little ei!r to make or m>4 ,no "o is likely s]i\sly to d5y t = tak+ a full & intellig5t "p 9 ! normal life ( a civilis$ community--9 love & fri5d%ip1 9 ! family & 9 society1 9 ! /udy & practice ( citiz5%ip ( all degrees--"s lit]>y culture is absolutely necess>y2 nor inde$ t1 subject to a due balance ( qualities & acquirem5ts1 ! wid] & deep] ! lit]>y culture ! m valuable a memb] ( society ! possessor w be4 ,! lubricant ( society 9 all its functions1 :e!r ( bus9ess or leisure1 is sympa?y1 & a suffici5t quantity1 z x 71 ( sympa?y to lubricate ! complex me*anism ( civilis$ life c only be suppli$ by a widespread k ( ! be/1 & a great deal m ?an ! be/1 ( :at has be5 & is be+ ?\ght & said 9 ! _w4 ,p]sonal int]c\rse ) "o ano!r & a common appreh5sion ( ,god z our ,fa!r are ev5 m p[]ful s\rces ( sympa?y2 b lit]ature provides innum]able *annels = ! int]communication & di/ribution ( ^! s\rces1 )\t :i* ! sympa?ies ( individuals may be /rong & lively1 b w almo/ always be n>r[ly circumscrib$4 ,x is v true t to "k mank9d only ?r\gh books is no k ( mank9d at all2 b ev] s9ce man discov]$ h[ to p]petuate 8 utt]ances 9 writ+ x has be5 increas+ly true t lit]ature is ! pr9cipal means ( wid5+ & deep5+ su* k4 ,?is object ( lit]>y /udies1 ! =mation ( a p]sonality fitt$ = civilis$ life1 may be summ$ up 9 ! famili> graceful words ( ,ovid1 :o 0 ?9k+ almo/ entirely ( lit]ature :5 he wrote +5uas didicisse fidelit] artes ,emollit mores nec s9it esse f]os4 ,& x is only ! lack1 9 s _m ( ! greate/ writ]s1 & ! neglect1 9 s _m educators & educational sy/ems1 ( t due balance ( qualities & acquirem5ts ( :i* ,i spoke j n[1 :i* h induc$ 9 sup]ficial m9ds a di/ru/ & (t5 a contempt ( lit]ature z a subject ( education4 ,! good citiz5 or man ( ! _w--9 ! be/ s5se ( ! phrase--mu/ n be ! slave ( lit]>y proclivities to ! ru9 ( 8 functions z fa!r or husb& or fri5d or man ( action & affairs4 ,! _w ( lett]s1 if liv$ 9 too exclusively1 is an unreal _w1 ?\gh )\t x ! actual _w is almo/ mean+less4 ,n[ ! g5us irritabile vatum1 ev5 :5 _! ?\ghts1 z ,c>lyle put x1 enri* ! blood ( ! _w1 h v g5]ally appe>$ to ! pla9 man ( goodwill z v defective 9 ! art ( liv+4 ,if _! aspirations h be5 above ! /&>ds ( _! day1 _! practice has (t5 be5 bel[ !m 9 su* ess5tially social qualities z probity1 fai?fulness1 consid]ation = o!rs4 ,moreov] _! outlook ^u life1 int5se & inspir+ ?\gh x be1 is (t5 a v p>tial "o4 ,ev5 s1 x does n foll[ t because a poet or a philosoph] is n 9 e respect ! compleat g5tleman1 a citiz5 totus t]es atque rotundus1 8 works are n pr(itable = ! build+ up ( t "*4 ,if x did1 we mu/ by p>ity ( reason+ disc>d ! discov]ies ( a misan?ropic inv5tor & ! !ories ( a bigam\s *emi/4 ,we g to ,plato & ,catullus1 to ,%akespe>e & ,%elley1 = :at !y h to give3 if we g ) our own pet notions ( :at t ought to be1 we are naturally z disgu/$ z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 ) ,hom] & ,tol/oy ) ,%akespe>e4 ,tol/oy is inde$ a case 9 po9t4 ,he is "o ( ! giants ( lit]ature1 ^: ma/]pieces are already classics2 & ?is position is unaffect$ by ! v>i\s judgm5ts t may be =m$ ei!r ( 8 critical or ( 8 practical wisdom4 ,! lack !n ( a due balance ( qualities & acquirem5ts 9 s _m au?ors1 & we may add o!r arti/s1 is a cause1 b no ju/ification1 ( t belittlem5t & ev5 di/ru/ ( ! lit]>y side ( education :i* are on ! :ole m>k$ features ( ! ,engli% attitude to-day4 ,b a m pot5t cause & a real ju/ification ( ?is attitude is ! neglect ( due balance ( qualities & acquirem5ts by s _m educators & educational sy/ems4 ,great educators h !mselves r>ely be5 n>r[-m9d$ m52 b ! traditions !y h f\nd$ h gone ! way ( all traditions4 ,:at beg9s z an inspiration h>d5s into a =mula4 ,! ideals ( ! ,r5asc5ce 7 c>icatur$ 9 _! (fspr+ ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,n only did ! evolution ( mod]n life ) its cities1 its pr9t+ press1 its gunp[d]1 its /eam eng9e & ! re/1 de/roy ! ne$ ( ! well-to-d to be tra9$ 9 ! practical arts ( *ivalry1 ( ! *ase1 ( husb&ry1 ev5 ( music & design1 s t ! bodily activities ( boys became relegat$ to ! sph]e ( m]e games & pa/imes2 b z books usurp$ m & m ( ! h\rs ( boyhood1 s ! in/ructors ( y\? fell m & m into ! fatally easy pa? ( =mal & grammatical treatm5t4 ,! subject-matt] ( education 0 inde$ lit]ature1 & ! v noble/ lit]atures1 ma9ly ^? ( ,greece & ,rome3 b !re 0 little ( lit]>y or humane int]e/ ab\t ! /udy ( x2 its mean+ & _s 7 conceal$ f all b ! few :o c\ld surm\nt ! f5ces ( l+ui/ic p$antry & artificial te*nique ) :i* x 0 surr\nd$4 ,i d n "k :5 ! expression ! dead languages 0 inv5t$3 b c]ta9ly ,lat9 & ,greek h be5 treat$ z v dead languages by ! great majority ( tea*]s = a v long "t4 ,& z mod]n subjects1 hi/ory1 geography1 mod]n languages & lit]atures1 gradually ?ru/ _! way into ! curriculum1 ea* 0 subject$ z f> z possible to ! same mummification4 ,!re is a !ory /ill widely held among tea*]s t ! value ( a subject or ( a me?od ( in/ruction dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( drudg]y :i* x involves or ! degree ( repulsion :i* x excites4 ,! !ory re/s ^u a confusion betwe5 ! ideas ( discipl9e & puni%m5t1 :i* itself is probably due to ! /rongly ,judai/ic tone ( our s-call$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,at any rate1 f> too _m s*oolma/]s suff] f consci5ti\s scruples ab\t all[+ ! spirits ( fre$om1 initiative1 curiosity1 enjoym5t1 to bl[ ?r\gh _! class-rooms4 ,!re has be51 always to "s ext5t1 b ) ga!r+ =ce 9 rec5t ye>s1 a natural revolt aga9/ ?is mixture ( puritanism1 s*ola/icism1 & dilettantism1 :i* made ! intellectual side ( public s*ool education su* a failure except = ! few :o 7 born ) ! spoon ( s*ol>%ip 9 _! m\?s4 ,! irruption ( t turbul5t rascal1 natural sci5ce1 has p]haps _h mo/ to d ) humanis+ our humani/ic /udies4 ,x 0 a great /ep :5 boys :o c\ld n make v]ses 7 all[$ to make if x 0 b a smell2 & ev5 break+ a te/-tube once 9 a :ile is m educative ?an break+ ! g5d]-rules e day ( ! week4 ,_m ( my fri5ds1 :o label !mselves humani/s1 are 9 a panic ab\t ?is1 & look ^u me sadly z a r5egade because ,i1 :o owe almo/ ev]y?+ to a classical education1 am ready 7!y ?9k7 to sell ! pass ( compulsory ,greek to a horde ( money-grubb+ b>b>ians :o w turn our fl[]y groves ( ,academe into m]e factories ( comm]cial effici5cy4 ,b fe> is a trea*]\s guide4 ,!y are ! victims ( t ab/ract g5]alisation ( :i* ,i spoke at ! outset4 ,i *eck _! =ebod+s by ref]5ce to concrete p]sonalities1 myself1 my *ildr51 & ! hundr$s ( boys ,i h kn[n4 ,& ,i see m & m pla9ly1 z ,i /udy ! inf9ite v>iety ( our m5tal l9eam5ts & ! common /ock ( human nature & civilis$ society :i* unites u1 t lit]ature is a p]man5t & indisp5sable & ev5 inevitable elem5t 9 our education2 & t moreov] x c only h free scope & gr[? 9 ! exp&+ p]sonality ( ! "y 9 a due & !re=e a v>y+ h>mony ) o!r int]e/s4 ,i & my *ildr5 & my s*oolboys h eyes & e>s & h&s--& ev5 legs6 ,we h1 z ,ari/otle rightly saw1 an appetite = k1 & t appetite _c be satisfi$1 ?\gh x may be *ok$1 by a sole diet ( lit]ature4 ,we h desires ( _m k9ds dem&+ satisfaction & requir+ gov]nm5t4 ,we h a s5se ( duty & vocation3 we "k t we & our families mu/ eat to live & to c>ry on ! race4 ,we res5t1 9 our in>ticulate way1 ^! sne]s at our ,phili/9ism1 comm]cialism1 a?leticism1 mat]ialism1 f dim-ey$ p$ants on ! "o h& & sup]ior p]sons on ! o!r1 :o h evid5tly =gott51 if !y ev] saw1 ! :ole purport ( t ,greek lit]ature ! "n ( :i* !y take 9 va94 ,no6 ,la littrature e/ une *ose qui t\*e t\tes *oses2 b if we are to %ut our eyes to all ! ?+s :i* evoke x1 x becomes :at x is to s _m1 ^: education has be5 9 "n pr$om9antly lit]>y1 a tale told by an idiot1 full ( s\nd & fury1 signify+ no?+4 7#b7 ,! argum5t has already ins5sibly l$ u to treat by implication ! second1 & inde$ ! ?ird ( our assum$ objects4 ,b 9 our mod]n insi/5ce ^u social relations & citiz5%ip--a v prop] insi/5ce1 /ill too mu* w>p$ & hamp]$ by selfi%ness & prejudice--!re is a real dang] ( our =gett+ h[ mu* ( our consci\s exi/5ce is pass$1 9 a true s5se1 at leisure & alone4 ,x is our ideal on ! "o side to be all ?+s to all m53 & = any approa* to ?is ideal1 z we h se51 ! k & sympa?y born ( lit]ature are indisp5sable4 ,b on ! o!r side no man or woman is completely fitt$ out )\t provision = ! blank spaces1 ! passages & wait+ rooms1 z x 71 to say no?+ ( ! actual recreation rooms ( ! h\se ( life4 ,& !re is no provision s abundant1 s accessible to all1 s p]man5t1 s indep5d5t ( =tune1 & at once s mell[+ & =tify+1 z lit]ature4 ,our happ9ess or discont5t dep5ds f> m1 ?an on any?+ else1 on ! habitual occupation ( our m9d :5 x is free to *oose its occupation4 ,&1 s9ce ?\ght is in/antane\s1 ev5 ! busie/ ( u has f> m ( t fre$om ?an he kn[s :at to d ) unless he has a m5tal treasury f :i* he c at w br+ =? ?+s new & old4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! importance ( hobbies 9 a man's own life--& ( c\rse indirectly 9 8 relations ) 8 fell[s4 ,a s+le hobby is dang]\s4 ,y ride x to dea? or x becomes y\r ma/]4 ,y ne$ at lea/ a pair ( !m 9 ! /able4 ,:at !y are mu/ dep5d1 y say1 ^u ! temp]am5t1 ! b5t ( ! individual4 ,true3 b our ma9 responsibility z educators consi/s 9 our b5d+ ( ! twig4 ,x is n temp]am5t nor de/9y :i* r5d]s s _m m5 & wom5 unable to fill _! leisure mom5ts ) any?+ m exhil>at+ ?an1 gossip1 grumbl+1 or p]petual bridge4 ,p]haps ! greate/ bless+ :i* a p>5t or a tea*] c conf] on a boy or girl is discreet1 unpriggi%1 & unpatronis+1 enc\ragem5t & guidance 9 ! discov]y & developm5t ( hobbies3 & if ,i may v5ture on a piece ( advice to anyone :o ne$s x1 ,i %\ld say3 ,try to secure t ev]yone gr[s up ) at lea/ two hobbies2 & :atev] "o ( !m may be1 let ! o!r be lit]ature1 or "s bran* ( lit]ature4 ,dreams1 books1 are ea* a _w2 & books1 we "k1 ,are a sub/antial _w1 bo? pure & good2 ,r\nd ^!1 ) t5drils /rong z fle% & blood1 ,our pa/ime & our happ9ess w gr[4 7#c7 ,at ?is po9t ,i c imag9e someone1 :o recognises ! importance ( lit]>y culture 9 ! equipm5t ( a man or woman ( ! _w1 & p]haps feels ev5 m /rongly ! tru? summ$ up 9 ^! l9es ( ,wordswor?1 express+ ! d\bt :e!r ! second at lea/ ( ^! objects c be secur$1 or w n r be preclud$1 by admitt+ ! /udy ( lit]ature z su* into ! s*ool curriculum4 ,?is d\bt1 :i* ,i h he>d express$ by _m lov]s ( lit]ature1 notably by ! late ,canon ,a+]1 is n lightly to be disreg>d$4 ,x is to be met1 h[ev]1 9 my op9ion1 by keep+ cle>ly be=e our eyes ! ?ird ( ! objects :i* we assum$ to be aim$ at by lit]>y /udies z a bran* ( education--! imm$iate pleasure ( ! /ud5t4 ,! two objects :i* we h already discuss$ are ult]ior objects1 :i* %\ld be "p ( ! fundam5tal fai? ( ! tea*]2 b :ile ! tea*] is 9 contact ) 8 pupils !y %\ld be =gott5 9 ! gl[+ conviction t ! /udy ( lit]ature is1 at t v mom5t1 ! mo/ delightful ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,( c\rse we all "k1 or %\ld "k1 t ?is is ! only attitude ( m9d = ! be/ tea*+ 9 any subject :atev]4 ,x takes a great deal m ?an en?usiasm to make a compet5t tea*]2 & x is easy to prep>e pupils successfully = almo/ any writt5 exam9ation )\t any en?usiasm = any?+ except success4 ,b1 cramm+ ap>t1 a bor$ tea*] is inevitably a bor+ "o3 & :ile un=tunately ! conv]se is n univ]sally true & an en?usia/ic tea*] may fail to communicate 8 en?usiasm1 yet x is q c]ta9 t y _c communicate en?usiasm if y are n possess$ ( x4 ,b ?is en?usiasm1 indisp5sable = ! be/ tea*+ ( any?+1 is1 s to speak1 d\bly indisp5sable = ev5 compet5t tea*+ ( lit]ature4 ,on ! "o h& ! ult]ior objects ( ! /udy1 ( :i* ,i h tri$ to indicate ! importance1 are ( an impalpable k9d4 ,i d\bt if !re is any subject ( ! curriculum :i* x w\ld be s difficult to comm5d to an un9t]e/$ pupil by an appeal to simple utilit>ian motives4 ,on ! o!r h& !re cl+s to lit]ature1 & p>ticul>ly to poetry1 :i* is ! qu9tess5ce ( lit]ature1 an air ( pleasure-seek+1 ( holiday1 ( irresponsibility & deta*m5t f ! "w-a-day _w1 :i* mu/ captivate ! /ud5t1 or else ! /udy itself w seem v poor fool+ comp>$ ) football or hockey4 ,if ! attitude ( ! tea*] reflects ! old "q ( ! ,lat9 ,gramm> ,:y %\ld ,i tea* y lett]s8 he w\ld bett] turn to "s o!r subject :i* 8 pupils w m easily recognise z appropriate to s*ool h\rs4 ,:at's ,hecuba to him1 or he to ,hecuba1 ,t he %\ld weep = h]-- unless inde$ he be a c&idate = ,responsions8 ,ah6 x is j z ,i expect$1 says my fri5d ,orbilius at ?is po9t3 ?is lit]ature-lesson ( y\rs is to be m]e play1 a 's(t-option' = our mod]n y\?1 :o is n to be made to /& up to ! tussle ) ,lat9 prose or rid]s 9 geometry4 ,s(tly1 my fri5d6 ,x is q true t ^? tw9 eng9es ( education1 classics & ma!matics1 are adapt$ p>tly by long practice1 b p>tly1 z ,i too believe1 by _! v nature1 to discipl9e ! y\?ful m9d to habits ( intellectual hone/y1 ( accuracy1 ( indu/ry & p]sev]ance4 ,x is true t !y accompli% "s ( ?is discipl9e--?\gh at :at a co/6--9 ! h&s ( indiff]5t tea*]s4 ,x is true t e o!r subject ( ! usual curriculum is mu* m obvi\sly liable ?an !y are to ! dang]s ( idl5ess1 unreality1 false pret5ce2 & t ! sc(fs1 = in/ance1 ab\t play+ ) te/-tubes1 trac+ maps1 di%+ up hi/ory notes1 are 9 fact too (t5 des]v$4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 if ! object to be atta9$ is a wor?y "o1 x is our bus9ess to face ! dang]s ( ! road1 & n to give up ! object4 ,if a k & love ( lit]ature is "p ( ! bir?right ( our *ildr51 & a "p :i*1 z ?+s are1 v _m ( !m w nev] obta9 away f s*ool1 !n we tea*]s mu/ /rive to give x !m1 ev5 if ! process seems %ock+ly frivol\s to ! gramm>ian or ! geometrician4 ,&1 secondly1 x is n true t ! /udy ( lit]ature1 ev5 9 ! "m tongue1 _c be a discipl9e & a delight toge!r4 ,! two are v f> f incompatible3 inde$ t discipl9e is mo/ effective :i* is almo/ or q unconsci\sly self-impos$ 9 ! joy\s ex]cise ( "o's own faculties4 ,! g5u9e football] & ! g5u9e s*ol> w bo? agree ) ,f]d9& ! lov]1 t ,!re be "s sports are pa9ful1 & _! lab\r ,delight 9 !m sets (f4 ,& ! lab\r ( ! boy or girl :o is really wrapp$ up 9 a play ( ,%akespe>e or is /riv+ to express ! gr[+ s5se ( beauty 9 fitt+ =ms ( language1 is no less truly spiritual discipl9e because x is felt n z pa9 b z int]e/ & delight4 ,x is =tunately no "p ( my bus9ess to endeav\r to in/ruct tea*]s 9 ! me?ods ( imp>t+ ! love & k ( lit]ature4 ,b ! value ( lit]>y /udies 9 education dep5ds s mu* ^u ! _s 9 :i* !y are pursu$ t ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ a few m words on ! practical side ( ! subject4 ,i h already repeat$ ! truism t no "o c imp>t en?usiasm :o is n himself possess$ ( x3 b ev5 ! lov] ( lit]ature sometimes lacks t cle> consci\sness ( aim1 & t sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! p]sonality ( 8 pupil2 :i* are bo? ess5tial to successful tea*+4 ,j z ! clev] "y graduate is tempt$ to dictate 8 own admirable hi/ory notes to a class ( boys1 or to puzzle !m ) ! late/ !ories 9 ar*aeology or philosophy1 s ! lit]>y tea*] is apt to dazzle 8 pupils ) brilliant b to !m un9telligible criticism1 or to surfeit !m ) lit]>y hi/ory1 or to impose ^u !m an inappropriate lit]>y diet because x happ5s to suit 8 matur] ta/e or ev5 8 caprice4 ,no "o is likely to d5y t su* errors are possible2 b ,i %\ld n v5ture to speak s decid$ly1 if ,i 7 n aw>e ( hav+ too (t5 fall5 into !m myself4 ,& ! only safegu>d = ! tea*] is ! famili> ,keep y\r eye on ! object--& t 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,we mu/ h a cle> conception ( our aim1 & also a liv+ sympa?y ) our pupils4 ,i h attempt$ to indicate ! aim1 ! equipm5t ( boy or girl = civilis$ life & = spiritual enjoym5t4 ,x w be sympa?y ) our pupils :i* w *iefly dictate bo? ! me?od & ! mat]ial ( our in/ruction4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( education ?is sympa?y is g5]ally to be f\nd ei!r 9 p>5ts1 if !y are fond ( lit]ature1 or 9 ! tea*]1 :o is usually ( ! m sympa!tic sex4 ,! /ories & poetry (f]$ to *ildr5 n[adays seem to be1 z a rule1 sympa!tically1 if sometimes r uncritically1 *os54 ,! importance ( voice & e> 9 receiv+ ! due impression ( lit]ature is recognis$2 & ! value ( ! *ild's own expression ( its imag9ations & its s5se ( rhy?m & assonance is und]/ood4 ,probably m tea*]s ?an ,mr4 ,lamborn supposes w\ld he>tily subscribe to ! fai? :i* gl[s 9 8 delightful little book ,! ,rudim5ts ( ,criticism1 ?\gh !re mu/ be v few :o w\ld n be /imulat$ by read+ x4 ,x is :5 we come to ! middle /age1 at any rate ( boyhood--= ( girls' s*ools ,i am n qualifi$ to speak--t !re is a good deal to be done be=e ! cultivation ( lit]>y ta/e1 & all t ?is c>ries ) x1 w be successfully pursu$4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! ,lat9 & ,greek classics 71 = ! few :o really absorb$ !m1 bo? a pot5t inspiration & an unrivall$ discipl9e 9 ta/e3 b x is notewor?y h[ few ev5 ( ! lite acquir$ & reta9$ t lively & g5]\s love ( lit]ature :i* w\ld h enabl$ !m to s[ se$s ( ! div9e fire f> & wide--( joy 9 wide/ commonalty spread4 ,consid]+ ! int5sity ) :i* ! classics h be5 /udi$ 9 ! old univ]sities & public s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! f9e fl[] ( s*ol>%ip a*iev$1 ! sure t\* ( /yle & criticism1 "o _c help be+ amaz$ at ! l[ /&>d ( lit]>y culture 9 ! rank & file ( ! classes f :i* ?is lite has be5 drawn4 ,h[ r>e has be5 ! p[]1 or ev5 app>5tly ! desire1 ( a ,bradley or a ,v]rall or a ,murray1 to c>ry ! fl[] ( _! classical culture into ! fields ( mod]n lit]>y /udy6 ,& h[ few & fumbl+ ! attempts ( ord9>y classical tea*]s to tra9 _! pupils 9 ! appreciation ( our ,engli% lit]ature6 ,9 rec5t ye>s a new type ( lit]>y tea*]s has be5 ris+1 :o owe little1 at any rate directly1 to ! old classical tra9+2 & al?\gh _! zeal is (t5 undiscipl9$ & n accord+ to k1 ) !m lies ! future hope ( lit]>y tra9+ 9 our s*ools4 ,!y br+ to _! task an en?usiasm :i* 0 too (t5 lack+ 9 ! gr& old =tify+ classical curriculum2 b x is to be hop$ t1 z ! importance ( _! subject becomes m & m recognis$1 !y w a*ieve a me?od :i* w embody all t 0 valuable1 :ile disc>d+ mu* t 0 n>r[ & p$antic1 9 classical tea*+4 ,& 9 p>ticul> may !y all realise1 z _m already d1 :at ! classical tea*]1 h[ev] unconsci\sly1 held z an axiom1 t 9 ord] to ent] into ! _s ( lit]ature1 to appreciate /yle1 to und]/& 9 any true s5se ! mean+ ( great au?or's1 x is n en\gh = pupils to li/5 & to read1 & !n p]haps to write essays ab\t :at !y h he>d & read4 ,!y mu/ also make some?+1 ex]cise t creative1 & at ! same "t imitative1 arti/ic faculty1 :i* surely is ! motive p[] ( mo/ ( our progress1 at lea/ 9 e>ly life4 ,no?+ has /ruck me m =cibly ?an ! int5se int]e/ :i* boys w take 9 _! own crude ef=ts at writ+ a poem or a /ory or essay1 :ile !y are /ill q unable to appreciate ) discrim9ation1 or ev5 to enjoy ) any su/a9$ feel+1 ! poetry or prose ( ! great ma/]s4 ,n t !re is any?+ surpris+ 9 ?is4 ,i "k v well t x 0 writ+ ,lat9 v]ses t taught me to appreciate ,virgil1 & writ+ juv5ile epics t l$ me up to ,milton4 ,b x is an ord] ( progress :i* we s*oolma/]s are apt to ov]look1 expect+ our pupils to appreciate :at we "k to be good "w be=e !y h t elem5t>y1 b mo/ fruitful1 exp]i5ce :i* c only come f h&l+ ! tools ( ! craft4 ,! creative & imitative impulse w die d[n 9 ! great majority2 & we %all n make ! mi/ake ( cont9u+ to exact =mal composition f matur] pupils1 :o no long] f9d x any?+ b a drag ^u _! progress along ! unfold+ vi/as ( k & appreciation4 ,our object is n to increase ! numb] ( writ]s1 already f> too l>ge1 b to increase ! numb] ( read]s1 :i* c nev] be too l>ge1 to raise ! /&>d ( lit]>y ta/e1 & s to spread pure enjoym5t & all ! b5efits to society :i* joy1 & joy alone1 conf]s4 ,inspir$ ) su* an aim1 common s5se & sympa?y w enable u to ov]come ! difficulties & avoid ! pitfalls :i* und\bt$ly beset ! tea*+ ( t mo/ necess>y1 mo/ delightful1 b mo/ elusive & impond]able subject1 ! appreciation ( lit]ature4 ,,vii ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,education ,by ,w4 ,,bateson ,director ( ! ,john ,innes ,horticultural ,in/itution ,t second>y education 9 ,engl& fails to d :at x might is sc>cely 9 dispute4 ,! magnitude ( ! failure w be appreciat$ by ^? :o "k :at o!r c\ntries accompli% at a fraction ( ! co/4 ,beyond ! admission t some?+ is s]i\sly wrong !re is little agreem5t4 ,we are told t ! curriculum is too exclusively classical1 t ! classes are too l>ge1 ! tea*+ too dull1 ! boys too mu* away f home1 ! exam9ation-sy/em too oppressive1 a?letics ov]done4 ,all ^! ?+s are probably true4 ,ea* cause contributes 9 its degree to ! lam5table result4 ,yet1 z x seems to me1 we may remove !m all )\t mak+ any great improvem5t4 ,all ! circum/ances may be v>i$1 b t intellectual apa?y :i* has become s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% life1 especially ( ,engli% public & social life1 may n improbably cont9ue4 ,:y nations pass into ^! morbid phases no "o c tell4 ,! _s ( ! age1 t pol>isation ( society z ,t>de#a us$ to call x1 9 a def9ite direction1 is br\ght ab\t by no cause t c be nam$ z yet4 ,x w rema9 beyond volitional control at lea/ until we get "s real insight into social physiology4 ,t ! attitude or pose ( ! av]age ,engli%man t[>ds education1 k1 & le>n+ is l>gely a ph5om5on ( infecti\s imitation we "k4 ,b ev5 if we c\ld "n ! orig9al1 p]haps real1 p]haps fictional1 p]son--= 9 all likelihood !re 0 su* an "o--:om ,engli% society 9 its folly unconsci\sly select$ z a model1 ! k w\ld advance u little4 ,! psy*ology ( imitation is /ill imp5etrable & likely to rema9 s4 ,! simple int]pretation ( our tr\bles z a =m ( slo?--a travell+ along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance--c sc>cely be ma9ta9$4 ,= fir/ !re h be5 times :5 le>n+ & sci5ce 7 ! fa%ion4 ,:e!r society b5efit$ directly !refrom may1 9 pass+1 be d\bt$1 b c]ta9ly le>n+ did4 ,secondly !re are pl5ty ( m5 :o "u ! pressure ( fa%ion devote mu* ef=t to ! improvem5t ( _! =m 9 fatu\s sports1 :i* o!rwise appli$ w\ld g a consid]able way 9 ! improvem5t ( _! m9ds & 9 wid5+ _! range ( int]e/s4 ,( late ?+s h become worse4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a p]functory & sup]ficial acqua9tance ) rec5t sci5tific discov]y 0 n unusual among ! upp] classes1 & ! sci5tific _w 0 occasionally visit$ ev5 by ! augu/4 ,^! sl5d] connections h long s9ce )]$ away4 ,?is decl9e 9 ! public e/imation ( sci5ce & sci5tific m5 has co9cid$ ) a great increase bo? 9 ! numb] ( sci5tific /ud5ts & 9 ! provision = tea*+ sci5ce4 ,x has occurr$ also 9 ! p]iod dur+ :i* some?+ ( ! full spl5d\r & p[] ( sci5ce has begun to be reveal$4 ,great regions ( k h be5 p5etrat$ by ! human m9d4 ,! p[]s ( man ov] nature h be5 multipli$ a hundr$fold4 ,! fate ( nations hangs lit]ally on ! issue ( contempor>y exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory2 b ^? :o gov]n ! ,empire are q cont5t to "k no?+ ( all ?is4 ,int]communication betwe5 gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts & sci5tific advis]s has ( c\rse mu* develop$4 ,t1 ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 inevitable4 ,o!rwise ! ,empire might h collaps$ long s9ce4 ,exp]ts 9 ! sci5ces are f "t to "t invit$ to conf] ) heads ( ,dep>tm5ts & ev5 ,cab9et ,m9i/]s1 expla9+ to !m1 z be/ !y may1 ! rudim5ts ( _! respective /udies1 b su* occasional night-s*ool talks to ! great are an inadequate recognition ( ! position ( sci5ce 9 a mod]n ,/ate4 ,sci5ce is n a mat]ial to be b\ght r\nd ! corn] by ! dram1 b ! "o p]man5t & indisp5sable light 9 :i* e action & e policy mu/ be judg$4 ,to sci5tific m5 ?is is s evid5t t !y are unable to imag9e :at ! _w looks l to o!r p4 ,!y _c realise t by a majority ( ev5 ! educat$ classes ! ph5om5a ( nature & ! affairs ( mank9d are /ill se5 ?r\gh ! old scre5s ( my/]y & sup]/ition4 ,! man ( sci5ce reg>ds nature z 9 great & ev] increas+ measure a soluble problem4 ,= ! layman su* inquiries are ei!r indiff]5t & some:at absurd1 or1 if !y attract 8 att5tion at all1 are int]e/+ only z possible s\rces ( pr(it4 ,i suspect t ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two classes ( m9d is n to any great degree a product ( education4 ,x is contempor>y commonplace t if sci5ce 7 m prom95t 9 our educational sy/em ev]ybody w\ld le>n x & ?+s w\ld come all "r4 ,t int]e/ 9 sci5ce w\ld be ext5d$ is probable4 ,!re is 9 ! population a residuum ( :i* we w speak lat]1 :o w\ld pr(it by ! opportunity2 b t ! cong5itally unsci5tific1 ! section f :i* ! heads ( gov]nm5t temporal & spiritual1 ! lawy]s1 adm9i/rators1 politicians1 ! classes ^u ^: m9ds ! public life ( ?is c\ntry almo/ :olly dep5ds1 w\ld by imbibition ( sci5tific diet at any p]iod ( life1 h[ev] e>ly1 be ess5tially alt]$ seems 9 a high degree unlikely4 ,( ! conv]se case we h long exp]i5ce1 & ,i w\ld ask ^? :o ent]ta9 su* sangu9e expectations1 :e!r ! results ( adm9i/]+ lit]ature to sci5tific boys give mu* enc\ragem5t to _! views4 ,?is consid]ation br+s u to ! "o h>d1 physiological fact t %\ld =m ! f\ndation ( all educational s*emes3 ! cong5ital div]sity ( ! individual types4 ,education has too long be5 reg>d$ z a k9d ( cook]y3 put 9 su* & su* +r$i5ts 9 giv5 proportions & a def9ite product w em]ge4 ,b liv+ ?+s h n ! uni=mity :i* ?is !ory ( education assumes4 ,our population is a m$ley ( _m k9ds :i* w cont9ue het]og5e\s1 to :atev] sy/em ( education !y are submitt$1 j z v>i\s types ( animals ma9ta9 _! sev]al *>act]i/ics ?\gh n\ri%$ on id5tical food1 or z y may see v>i\s sorts ( apples rema9+ p]fectly di/9ct ?\gh graft$ on ! same /ock4 ,_! div]sity is cong5ital4 ,accord+ to ! proposal ( ! re=m]s ! natural sci5ces %\ld be univ]sally taught & be giv5 capital importance 9 ! exam9ations = ! gov]nm5t s]vices1 b1 cordially z we may approve ! sugge/ion1 we ought to consid] :at exactly its adoption is likely to effect4 ,! int5tion ( ! proposal is d\btless t our public s]vants1 especially ! highe/ ( !m1 %all1 :ile pres]v+ ! great qualities !y n[ possess1 add also a k ( sci5ce & especially sci5tific habits ( m9d4 ,su* is ! ample proposition t hope makes4 ,does exp]i5ce ( m5 accord ) x at all8 ,education1 :e!r we l x or n1 is a selective ag5cy4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! *ange propos$ w s5sibly alt] ! *>act]s ( ! gr\p on :om our *oice at pres5t falls4 ,r1 if =c$ ^u an unwill+ community1 mu/ x act by sub/itut+ ano!r gr\p4 ,! mo/ probable result w\ld n be t ! type ( m5 :o n[ fill great positions w\ld become sci5tific1 b r t _! places w\ld be tak5 by m5 ( an altoge!r di/9ct m5tal type4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! two types ( m5 meet b little4 ,!y sc>cely "k ea* o!r4 ,_! diff]5ces are pr(\nd1 affect+ ?\ghts1 ways ( look+ at ?+s1 & m5tal int]e/s ( e k9d4 ,if ei!r c\ld = a mom5t see ! _w ) ! vision ( ! o!r he w\ld be amaz$1 b to d s he w\ld ne$ at lea/ to be born aga91 & probably1 z ,samuel ,butl] rem>k$1 ( diff]5t p>5ts4 ,no d\bt ! abl] man ( ei!r type c\ld le>n ) m or less ef=t or unread9ess ! subject-matt] & pr9ciples ( ! o!r's bus9ess1 b any "o :o has wat*$ ! habits ( ! two classes w p]ceive t = !m 9 any real s5se to ex*ange int]e/s1 or t ei!r %\ld adopt ! s*eme ( proportion :i* ! o!r assigns to ! ev5ts ( nature & ( life1 a metamorphosis well nigh miracul\s mu/ be presuppos$4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,london speak+ lately on behalf ( ! ,national ,mission said t nature help$ him to believe 9 ,god1 & z evid5ce = 8 belief ref]r$ to ! fact t we are n bl[n (f ?is e>? z x ru%es ?r\gh space1 decl>+ t ?is cata/rophe _h be5 av]t$ because ,"s "o _h wrapp$ sev5ty miles ( atmosph]e r\nd our planet#b4 ,does any "o ?9k t ! ,bi%op's slip 0 9 fact due to want ( sci5tific tea*+ at ,m>lbor\gh8 ,8 *ances ( kn[+ ab\t ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 etc41 etc41 h be5 z good z ^? ( _m famili> ) ! accept$ v]sion4 ,i w\ld r suppose t su* sublun>y problems _h n int]e/$ him 9 ! lea/1 & t he no m c>$ h[ we happ5 to /ick on ! e>?'s surface ?an ,/ ,paul c>$ h[ a gra9 ( :eat or any o!r se$ g]m9ates b5ea? x1 :5 he simil>ly 0 betray$ into an un=tunate illu/ration4 ,s too on ! fam\s occasion--always cit$ 9 ^! debates--:5 a ,home ,secret>y def5d$ ! ,gov]nm5t = hav+ p]mitt$ ! importation ( fats into ,g]many on ! gr\nd t ! discov]y t glyc]9e c\ld be made f fat 0 a rec5t advance 9 *emi/ry1 he 0 n %[+ ! defects ( a lit]>y education s mu* z a want ( int]e/ 9 ! problems ( nature1 & ! subject-matt] ( sci5ce at l>ge4 ,x is to be presum$ inde$ t nei!r fats1 nor glyc]9e1 nor ! dep5d5t problem h[ liv+ bodies are relat$ to ! _w !y inhabit1 _h ev] be=e seem$ to him int]e/+4 ,nor c we suppose !y w\ld1 ev5 if *emi/ry 7 sub/itut$ = ,greek 9 ,responsions4 ,! difficulty 9 obta9+ full recognition = sci5ce lies deep] ?an ?is4 ,x is a "p ( public op9ion or ta/e :i* may well survive *anges 9 ! educational sy/em4 ,blund]s ab\t sci5ce l ^? illu/rat$ above are soon excus$4 ,few ?9k mu* ! worse ( ! p]petrators1 :]eas a correspond+ oblivi\sness to language1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & inde$ to le>n+ o!r ?an _! own :i* we ( ! sci5tific frat]nity h agre$ to condone 9 our memb]s is incompatible ) public life ( a high ord]4 ,bo? classes h _! disabilities4 ,t ( ! sci5tific side is well express$ 9 an incid5t :i* befell ! late ,pr(essor ,hales4 ,exam9+ 9 ! ,little-,g viva voce1 he ask$ a c&idate1 ) ref]5ce to "s l9e 9 a ,greek play1 :at passage 9 ,%akespe>e x recall$ to him1 & receiv$ ! answ] ,please1 sir1 ,i am a ma!matical man4 ,"s1 no d\bt1 w\ld r ignore gravitation4 ,:51 = example1 "o he>s1 z ,i did n long s9ce1 sev]al sci5tific /ud5ts own 9 p]fect s9c]ity t !y c\ld n recall any?+ ab\t ,ananias & ,sapphira & ano!r1 m enlight5$1 say t he 0 sure ,ananias 0 a "n = a li> ?\gh he c\ld n tell :y1 "o is driv5 to admit t ignorance ( ?is special b n uncommon k9d does imply m ?an inability to rememb] an old leg5d4 ,we may be reluctant to confess ! fact1 b ?\gh mo/ sci5tific m5 h "s recreation1 (t5 ev5 arti/ic 9 nature1 we h ) r>e exceptions )drawn f ! _w 9 :i* lett]s1 hi/ory & ! arts h imm$iate value1 & simple allusions to ^! topics f9d u want+4 ,( ! two k9ds ( disability :i* is ! m grave8 ,truly gross ignorance ( sci5ce d>k5s m ( a man's m5tal horizon1 & 9 its possible be>+ on ! de/9ies ( a race is f> m dang]\s ?an ev5 total bl9dness to ! c\rse ( human hi/ory & endeav\r2 & yet x is difficult to "q ! popul> v]dict t to "k no?+ ( gravitation ?\gh ridicul\s is v5ial1 :ile to "k no?+ ( ,ananias is an (f5ce :i* c nev] be =giv54 ,t is ! real difficulty4 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry h def9itely pref]r$ ! unsci5tific type1 hold+ ! o!r virtually 9 contempt4 ,_! *oice may be "r or wrong1 b t x is rev]sible seems unlikely4 ,su* revolutions 9 public op9ion are r>e ev5ts4 ,democracy moreov] inevitably wor%ips & is sway$ by ! spok5 ^w4 ,z inevitably1 ! range & purposes ( sci5ce daily m & m transc5d ! compreh5sion--ev5 ! educat$ compreh5sion--( ! vulg>1 :o w ( c\rse elevate ! nimble & v]satile1 speak+ a famili> language1 above dull & in>ticulate natural philosoph]s4 ,9 ^! discussions !re is a disposition to =get h[ v l>gely natural sci5ce is already includ$ 9 ! educational curriculum bo? at s*ools & univ]sities4 ,s*ools subsidis$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education are oblig$ to provide sci5ce-tea*+4 ,! public s*ools h equipm5t1 9 "s cases a sup]b equipm5t1 = tea*+ at lea/ physics & *emi/ry4 ,at ! new] univ]sities !re are great & vigor\s s*ools ( sci5ce4 ,( ! old univ]sities ,cambridge /&s out z a *ief c5tre ( sci5tific activity4 ,9 sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce ,cambridge is )\t "q pre-em95t4 ,! end[m5ts bo? ( ! univ]sity & ! colleges are freely us$ = ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces4 ,n only 9 ^! mat]ial ways are sci5tific /udies 9 no s5se neglect$1 b ! position ( ! sci5ces is recognis$ & ev5 envi$ by ^? :o foll[ o!r k9ds ( le>n+4 ,! sci5tific s*ools ( ,cambridge =m p]haps ! dom9ant =ce among ! resid5t body ( ! univ]sity1 & except by virtue ( "s great increase 9 ! end[m5ts1 x w\ld be impossible to ext5d fur!r ! sci5tific side ( ,cambridge & /ill ma9ta9 o!r =ms ( intellectual activity 9 su* proportion z to pres]ve t heal?y co-ord9ation :i* is ! life ( a great univ]sity4 ,at ,ox=d ! case is no d\bt v diff]5t4 ,! measure 9 :i* ! sci5ces are e/eem$ appe>s only too pla9ly 9 ! small proportion ( ,fell[%ips fill$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,progress has nev]!less begun4 ,at ! rem>kable ,conf]5ce call$ 9 ,may1 #aiaf1 to prote/ aga9/ ! neglect ( sci5ce x 0 noticeable t ! speak]s 71 9 ov]:elm+ majority1 ,ox=d m5#c4 ,among ! educational in/itutions ( ,engl& !re is no g5]al neglect to provide tea*+ ( natural sci5ce & mu* ( ! language us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! problem ( re=m is n really 9 accord ) fact4 ,probably no boy able to af=d a good second>y s*ool1 c]ta9ly none able to proce$ to a univ]sity1 is deb>r$ f sci5tific tea*+ m]ely because x does n =m an integral "p ( ! curriculum4 ,?is alone suffices to prove t ! real cause ( ! deplorable neglect ( sci5ce is to be s\ght else:]e4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty is t :i* has be5 already indicat$1 t public ta/e & judgm5t delib]ately pref]s ! type kn[n z lit]>y1 or z x might ) m propriety be designat$1 vocal4 ,9 ! s*ools !re is no lack ( sci5ce tea*+1 b ! small p]c5tage ( boys ^: m9ds develop e>ly & ^: g5]al capacity = le>n+ & aptitude = affairs m>k !m out z lead]s1 r>ely h mu* in/9ct = sci5ce1 & avoid su* tea*+1 f9d+ x irksome & unsatisfy+4 ,^! x is1 :o go+ aft]w>ds to ! univ]sities1 9 prepond]at+ numb]s to ,ox=d1 make = !mselves a cong5ial atmosph]e1 di/urb$ only by fa9t ripples ( t va/ intellectual r5asc5ce 9 :i* ! new %ape ( civilisation is =m+4 ,) self-complac5cy un%ak51 !y assume 9 due c\rse *>ge ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! ,press1 & 9 g5]al ! lead]%ip ( ! c\ntry4 ,z lawy]s & j\rnali/s !y d our talk+ = u1 let :o w d ! ?9k+4 ,obs]ve t _! /r5g? lies 9 ! possession ( a special gift1 :i* "u ! conditions ( democratic gov]nm5t has a prodigi\s opportunity4 ,uncom=table z ! reflection may be1 x is n to be d5i$ t ! c\ntries 9 :i* sci5ce has already atta9$ ! greate/ influ5ce & recognition 9 public affairs are ,g]many & ,japan1 :]e ! op9ions ( ! ignorant are n invit$4 ,b facts mu/ be recognis$1 & our gov]nm5t is likely to rema9 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h ! gift ( spee*4 ,a g5]al sub/itution ( sci5tific m5 = ! vocal c\ld sc>cely be a*iev$1 ev5 if ! *ange 7 desirable4 ,! utmo/ limit ( success :i* ! conditions admit is "s inoculation ( sci5tific int]e/ & ideas ^u ! susceptible memb]s ( ! classes already pref]r$4 ,t a l>ge proportion ( ^? p]sons are 9 ! biological s5se resi/ant to all su* influ5ces mu/ be expect$4 ,grant+ h[ev] t a section p]haps ev5 ! majority1 ( our ,greek3 belti/oi may prove unam5able to ! influ5ces ( sci5ce no "o c d\bt t "u ! pres5t sy/em ( education a proportion ( n un9tellig5t boys 9 practice h little option4 ,f e>lie/ y\? classics are (f]$ to !m z almo/ ! sole vehicle ( education4 ,!y d suffici5tly well 9 classics1 z !y probably w\ld on any o!r curriculum1 to ju/ify !mselves & _! advis]s 9 ?9k+ t !y h made a good beg9n+ to :i* x is saf] to /ick4 ,! sy/em has a huge mom5tum1 & s1 hold+ to ! great :eel t goes up ! hill1 !y let x draw !m aft]4 ,9 _! prote/ aga9/ ! monotony ( ! c\rses provid$ = "y boys ! re=m]s are "r4 ,! tr\ble is n t sci5ce is n taught 9 ! s*ools1 b t 9 s*ools ( ! highe/ type1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 ! "y boys are n (f]$ x4 ,realis+ ! det]m9ism :i* mod]n biological k has compell$ u to accept1 we suspect t ! p[] ( education to modify ! de/9ies ( individuals is relatively small4 ,abrogat+ l>g] hopes we recognise education 9 its two sci5tific aspects1 z a selective ag5cy1 b equally z a provision ( opportunity4 ,9 view !re=e ( ! cong5ital div]sity ( ! individual types1 t provision %\ld be z div]se & manifold z possible1 & ! v fir/ ess5tial 9 an adequate s*eme ( education is t to ! m9ds ( ! "y some?+ ( ev]y?+ %\ld be (f]$1 "s "p ( all ! k9ds ( intellectual su/5ance 9 :i* ! m9ds ( m5 h gr[n & rejoic$4 ,t %\ld be ! ideal4 ,no?+ ( v>i$ /imulus or attraction t c be (f]$ %\ld be )held4 ,s only w ! "y m9d discov] its aptitudes & p[]s4 ,?is ideal education %\ld br+ all into contact ) beauty z se5 fir/ 9 lit]ature1 anci5t & mod]n1 ) ! great models ( art & ! patt]ns ( nobility ( ?\ght & ( conduct2 & no less %\ld x %[ to all ! tru? ( ! natural _w1 ! *angeless sy/ems ( ! univ]se1 z reveal$ 9 a/ronomy or 9 *emi/ry1 some?+ too ( ! tru? ab\t life1 :at we animals really are1 :at our place & :at our p[]s1 a tru? ung>bl$ :e!r by prud]y or my/icism4 ,b pres5t$ ) ?is ideal ! s*oolma/] w reply t some?+ ( ev]y?+ means no?+ ?or\gh4 ,i "k ! objection & :at x commonly /&s =4 ,x is ! cloak & pretext = t accurs$ p$antry & cant :i* turns e sort ( tea*+ to a blight4 ,?or\ghness is ! excuse = giv+ boys gramm> & accid5ce 9 ! "n ( ,greek3 diagrams1 =mulae & num]ical examples 9 ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,/ripp$ ( disguise ?is love ( ?or\ghness is no?+ b an indol5t resolve to make ?+s easy = ! tea*]1 &1 worse /ill1 = ! exam9]4 ,live tea*+ is h>d "w4 ,x dem&s cont9ual fre%ness & a m9d al]t4 ,! dulle/ man c he> irregul> v]bs1 & ) ! book he kn[s :e!r !y are said "r or wrong1 b to take a text & %[ :at ! passage means to ! _w1 to recon/ruct ! sc5e & ! conditions 9 :i* x 0 writt51 to %[ ! orig9s & ! fruits ( ideas or ( discov]ies1 dem& qualities ( a v diff]5t ord]4 ,! plea = ?or\ghness may no d\bt be (f]$ 9 p]fect s9c]ity4 ,!re are pl5ty ( m51 especially among ^? :o desire ! (fice ( a p$agogue1 ^: field ( vision is con/rict$ to a slit4 ,if !y 7 pa9t]s _! "w w\ld be 9 ! slang ( ! day1 tight4 ,"o small gr\p ( facts !y see h>d & %>p1 )\t atmosph]e or value4 ,_! own k hav+ no capacity = ext5sion1 no wid? or relation%ip to ! _w at l>ge1 !y _c imag9e t bread? 9 itself may be a m]it4 ,adepts 9 a petty erudition )\t vital antec$5ts or consequ5ces1 !y w\ld will+ly see ! _w %rivel to ! dim5sions ( _! own l&scape4 ,anticipat+ "h ! applause ( ! re=m+ p>ty1 to avoid misappreh5sion let x be expressly obs]v$ t p$antry ( ?is sort is 9 no s5se ! special pr]ogative ( tea*]s ( classics4 ,we meet x ev]y:]e4 ,among tea*]s ( sci5ce ! type ab\nds1 & f ! pap]s set 9 any ,natural ,sci5ces ,tripos1 n to speak ( s*ol>%ip exam9ations ( e k9d1 x w\ld be possible to extract "q aft] "q t ought nev] to h be5 set1 ref]r+ to ?+s t ne$ nev] h be5 taught1 & k t no "o b a p$ant w\ld dream ( c>ry+ 9 8 head = a week4 ,! spl5did purpose :i* sci5ce s]ves is ! inculcation ( pr9ciple & balance1 n facts4 ,!re is some?+ horrible & t]rify+ 9 ! doctr9e s (t5 prea*$1 reit]at$ ( c\rse by speak] aft] speak] at ! ,neglect ( ,sci5ce meet+1 t sci5ce is to be pref]r$ because ( its utility4 ,if ! *oice 7 really betwe5 dead classics & dead sci5ce1 or if sci5ce is to be vivifi$ by an infusion ( comm]cial1 utilit>ian _s1 !n a ?\s& times r let u keep to ! classics z ! /aple ( education4 ,!y at lea/ h no use4 ,at lea/ !y hold ! keys to ! glori\s places1 to ! fulness ( lit]ature & to ! ?\ghtful spee* ( all k9dr$ nations1 nor are !y demean$ ) sordid1 %op-keep] utility4 ,?is 0 pla9ly 9 ! m9d ( ! ,poet ,laureate1 :o speak+ at ! meet+ ,i h ref]r$ to1 said well t a m]ely utilit>ian sci5ce c nev] w9 ! spiritual respect ( mank9d4 ,! ma9 objection t ! humani/s make to ! introduction ( natural sci5ce z a necess>y subject ( education1 is1 he decl>$1 t sci5ce is n spiritual1 t x does n "w 9 ! sph]e ( ideas4 ,he w5t on v prop]ly to %[ h[ p]v]se is su* a repres5tation ( sci5ce1 b1 alas1 9 fur!r recomm5dation ( sci5ce z a safe subject ( in/ruction he add$ t ! antagonism ( sci5ce to religion is end$1 & t ! conte/ _h be5 a pass+ phase4 ,read+ ?is we may wond] :e!r we are 9 fairness entitl$ to ,dr ,bridges's approval4 ,ta/es sweet ! wat] ) su* specks ( e>?8 ,s9ce he spoke ( ! unsci5tific attitude ( ,pr(essor ,huxley z a ?+ ( ! pa/1 c&\r obliges u to insi/ emphatically t ! /ruggle cont9ues & mu/ p]petually be r5ew$4 ,huxley 0 oppos+ ! tea*+ ( sci5ce to t ( revelation4 ,9 ^! days ! gr\nd has %ift$1 & sup]natural tea*+s make pref]ably _! def5ce by an appeal to intuition & o!r obscure ph5om5a :i* c be tru/$ to defy inve/igation4 ,aga9/ all su* apocryphal glosses ( evid5tial tru? sci5ce prote/s ) equal vehem5ce1 & 7 ,huxley "h he w\ld treat ,b]gson & 8 allies ) ! same scorn & contumely t he met$ out to ! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d on ! notori\s occasion to :i* ,dr ,bridges made ref]5ce4 ,z well might we decorate our writ+s ) ,plant9 title-pages1 %[+ ! au?or embrac$ by angels & inspir+ muses1 z recomm5d ourselves 9 ^! disguises4 ,agno/icism is ! v life & ma9spr+ ( sci5ce4 ,n m]ely z to ! sup]natural b z to ! natural _w mu/ sci5ce believe no?+ save "u compulsion4 ,little ( value has a man got f sci5ce :o has n le>n$ to be sl[ ( fai?4 ,^? e>ly lessons 9 ! /udy ( ! natural _w w be ! be/ :i* mo/ frankly decl>e our ignorance1 excit+ ! m9d to attack ! unkn[n by %[+ h[ soon ! fronti] ( k is rea*$4 ,we don't "k %\ld be ev] 9 ! m\? ( ! tea*]1 foll[$ sometimes by we may f9d out yet4 ,n m]ely to ! inve/igator b to ! pupil ! int]e/ ( sci5ce is /ronge/ 9 ! gr[+ edges ( k4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be transport$ ?i!r ) ! briefe/ possible delay4 ,details ( ^? p>ts ( sci5ce :i* by pres5t means ( inve/igation are work$ out & r$uc$ to g5]al expressions are dull & lifeless4 ,_m & _m a boy has be5 repell$1 ga!r+ f :at he he>s 9 class t sci5ce is a catalogue ( names & facts int]m9able4 ,9 *ildhood he may h felt curiosity ab\t nature & ! common impulse to wat* & collect1 b :5 he beg9s sci5tific lessons he discov]s too (t5 t !y relate n ev5 to ! k9d ( fact :i* nature is = him1 or to ! subjects ( 8 e>ly curiosity & wond]1 b to ?+s t h no obvi\s int]e/ at all1 measurem5ts ( me*anical =ces1 reaction-=mulae1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,all ^!1 x is true1 man has gradually accumulat$ ) inf9ite lab\r2 ^u !m1 & ( su* mat]ials has ! great fabric ( sci5ce be5 re>$3 b to insi/ t ! approa*es to sci5ce %all be op5 only to ^? :o w surm\nt ^! gratuit\s ob/acles is m]e p]v]sity4 ,m5's m9ds d n "w 9 t way4 ,h[ _m w\ld discov] ! gr&eur ( a ,go?ic build+ if !y 7 prev5t$ f see+ "o until !y c\ld "w out /resses & /ra9s1 date m\ld+s1 & ev5 p]haps cut templates8 ,mo/ ( u1 to be sure1 enjoy ! ca!drals m :5 we acquire "s su* k1 & ^? :o are to be ar*itects mu/ acquire x1 b we c sc>cely be a/oni%$ if beg9n]s turn away 9 disgu/ f sci5ce pres5t$ on ^? t]ms4 ,x is f consid]ations ( ?is k9d t ,i am l$ to believe t = mo/ boys ! easie/ & mo/ attractive introduction to sci5ce is f ! biological side4 ,admitt$ly *emi/ry is ! m fundam5tal /udy1 & "s rudim5t>y *emical notions mu/ be imp>t$ v e>ly1 b if ! framework subject-matt] be animals & plants1 v s5sible progress 9 realis+ :at sci5ce means & aims at do+ w h be5 made be=e ! ?+s ( daily life are left beh9d4 ,^! fir/ =mal lessons 9 sci5ce %\ld cont9ue & ext5d ! boy's own attempts to f9d out h[ ! _w is made4 ,i %all be *>g$ ) runn+ c\nt] bo? to common s5se & to au?ority 9 express+ p>5!tically ! fur!r conviction t1 9 biology at lea/1 laboratory "w is n[ l>gely ov]done4 ,:e!r ?is is s at s*ools ,i _c tell1 b at ! univ]sities :ole morn+s & aft]noons sp5t 9 mak+ elaborate prep>ations1 draw+s & s]ies ( sections1 are frequ5tly wa/$4 ,^! c\rses 7 devis$ ) ! highe/ motives4 ,/ud5ts 7 to f9d out ev]y?+ = !mselves4 ,g5]ally !y are do+ no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x may h be5 s once1 b ) text-books p]fect$ & tea*+ /]eotyp$1 ! m indu/ri\s are slavi%ly v]ify+ :at has be5 v]ifi$ repeat$ly1 or at be/ acquir+ manipulative skill4 ,! re/ are do+ no?+ :atev]4 ,!y w\ld be bett] employ$ tak+ a walk1 devill+ = "s inve/igator1 br[s+ 9 museums or libr>ies1 or ev5 argu+ ) ea* o!r4 ,c]ta9ly a few lessons 9 ! use ( indexes & books ( ref]5ce w\ld be f> m valuable4 ,/ud5ts ( e grade mu/ ( c\rse d "s laboratory "w1 & all %\ld see z mu* mat]ial z possible4 ,my prote/ is solely aga9/ ^? long1 torpid h\rs compulsorily giv5 to lab\r :i* w lead to no?+ ( novelty1 & s]ves only to tea* :at c be got readily 9 o!r ways4 ,!re are a few ^: s\ls crave su* employm5t4 ,by all means let !m foll[ x4 ,b :atev] is good = matur] /ud5ts1 biology = s*oolboys %\ld be ( a less academic ca/4 ,! natural hi/ory ( animals & plants has ! obvi\s m]it t x prolongs ! inborn curiosity ( y\?1 t its subject-matt] is univ]sally at h&1 accessible 9 holidays & 9 ! abs5ce ( tea*]s or laboratories1 & be/ ( all t ?r\gh biological /udy ! significance ( sci5ce appe>s imm$iately1 disclos+ ! true /ory ( man's relation to ! _w4 ,f natural hi/ory ! transition to ! o!r sci5ces1 especially to *emi/ry & physics1 is easy & aga9 natural4 ,9 ! /udy ( life _m ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ^? sci5ces are met ) on ! ?re%old1 & boys ^: aptitudes are r ( ! physical ord] w at once feel ! impulse to foll[ nature f t aspect4 ,biology is ! m inclusive /udy4 ,a man may be a good *emi/ & miss ! broad mean+ ( sci5ce altoge!r1 be+ sometimes inde$ m devoid ( su* compreh5sion ?an _m a philosoph] fre% f ,classical ,greats4 ,9 appeal+ = a progress f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul> ,i am n bl9d to ! dang]s4 ,biology = ! "y readily deg5]ates into a mawki% nature-/udy1 or all-=-!-be/ claptrap ab\t adaptation1 b a sure rem$y is ! /rong tonic ( agno/icism1 tea*+ "o ( ! be/ lessons sci5ce has to (f]1 ! resolute rejection ( au?ority4 ,"s take com=t 9 ! hope t all subjects may be taught z bran*es ( sci5ce1 b ! fact t mu/ p]man5tly po/pone arrival at ?is educational ,utopia is t a great proportion ( tea*]s are n & c nev] be made sci5tific4 ,no?+ proce$+ f su* p]sons w by ! work+ ( any s*$ule1 regulation1 or ev5 ,ord] ( ! ,bo>d be ev] made to be> any col\rable resemblance to sci5ce4 ,moreov] z has already be5 indicat$1 !re are pl5ty ( pupils also :o w fl\ri% & probably rea* _! highe/ developm5t taught by unsci5tific m51 pupils ^: m9ds w\ld be /]ilis$ or />v$ by t v n\ri%m5t :i* to our ?9k+ is ! m g5]\s4 ,7 we a homog5e\s population "o diet = all might be ju/ifiable1 b z ?+s are1 we %\ld (f] ! greate/ possible v>iety4 ,f ,r\sseau onw>ds educationi/s1 d]iv+ _! views1 ,i suppose1 f "s metaphysical or !ological conception ( human equality1 speak cont9ually ( ! m9d ( ! *ild z if ! "y ( our species con=m$ to a s+le type4 ,if ! g5]al spread ( biological k s]ves m]ely to expose t fooli% assumption !re w\ld be progress to record4 ,dr ,blakeslee#d1 a well-kn[n ,am]ican biologi/1 lately gave a good illu/ration ( ?is4 ,9 a pap] on education he %[$ photographs ( two v>ieties ( maize4 ,! ripe fruits ( bo? are col\rless if _! %ea?s be unbrok54 ,! "o1 if expos$ to ! light be=e rip5+1 by rupture ( its %ea?1 turns r$4 ,! second1 o!rwise indi/+ui%able1 acquires no r$ col\r ?\gh uncov]$ to ! full sun4 ,if ^! maizes 7 two boys1 n improbably ! "o w\ld be can$ = fail+ to respond to treatm5t s efficaci\s 9 ! case ( ! o!r4 ,:5 we he> t su* a man has develop$ too exclusively "o side ( 8 nature1 ) :at propriety d we assume t he _h any o!r side to develop8 ,or :5 we say t su*-&-su* a c\rse ( /udy t5ds to make boys too exclusively lit]>y1 or sci5tific1 or :at n1 d we n really mean t x provides too exclusively = ^? ^: aptitudes are ( ^! respective k9ds8 ,liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( a mongrel population we note ! div]s p[]s ( our fell[s & we ?\ghtlessly imag9e t if some?+ diff]5t _h happ5$ to u1 we c't say :at1 we %\ld h be5 able to rival !m4 ,a little hone/ exam9ation ( our p[]s %[s h[ va9 are su* suppositions4 ,! "r c\rse is to make "s provision = all sorts1 s9ce unsci5tific tea*+ & unsci5tific p]sons w rema9 ) u always4 ,tea*+ ( ?is univ]sal & undiff]5tiat$ sort1 provid$ = all 9 common1 %\ld be cont9u$ up to ! age at :i* pupils beg9 to %[ _! ta/es & aptitudes1 9 g5]al ab\t #af1 aft] :i* /age su* latitude ( *oice %\ld be giv5 z ! res\rces ( ! s*ool c provide4 ,( :at %\ld ! undiff]5tiat$ tea*+ consi/8 ,com+ f a cultivat$ home a boy ( #aj may be expect$ to h le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( ,lat91 & at lea/ "o mod]n language1 pref]ably ,fr5*1 colloquially1 ari?metic1 outl9es ( geography1 tales f ,plut>* & f o!r hi/ories4 ,go+ to a prep>atory s*ool he w read easy ,lat9 texts ) translations & notes2 ,fr5* books1 geography includ+ ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy1 beg9n+ also algebra & geometry4 ,at #ab dropp+ ,fr5* except p]haps a read+ once a week1 he w beg9 ,greek1 by means ( easy passages aga9 ) ! translations beside him1 cont9u+ ! re/ z be=e4 ,transf]r$ at #ad-a_/b to a public s*ool he w g on ) ,lat91 />t+ ,lat9 prose1 ,greek texts1 aga9 read fa/ ) translations4 ,he w n[ h 8 fir/ =mal introduction to sci5ce 9 ! guise ( biology1 lead+ up to lessons & demon/rations 9 *emi/ry & physics4 ,at ab\t #af-a_/b he may drop classics or ma!matics accord+ z 8 ta/es h decl>$ !mselves1 add+ mod]n languages in/ead1 cont9u+ sci5ce 9 all cases1 great] or less 9 am\nt accord+ to 8 proclivities4 ,boys ) special ma!matical ability w ( c\rse ne$ special treatm5t4 ,moreov] provision ( ,g]man = all has av[$ly n be5 made4 ,= all x is desirable & = _m indisp5sable4 ,b z ! numb] :o read x = pleasure1 nev] v l>ge1 seems likely to dim9i%1 ,g]man may p]haps be res]v$ z a tool1 ! use ( :i* mu/ be acquir$ :5 necess>y4 ,su* a s*eme1 ,i submit1 makes no impossible dem& on ! "t-table1 all[+ inde$ _m sp>e h\rs = accessory subjects su* z read+s 9 ,engli% or hi/ory4 ,note ! ma9 features ( ?is programme4 ,! "t = ?+s wor? le>n+ is f\nd by dropp+ gramm> z a subject ( special /udy4 ,!re are to be no lessons 9 gramm> or accid5ce z su*1 nor ( c\rse any v]se compositions except = old] boys specialis+ 9 classics4 ,ma!matics also is treat$ z a subject :i* ne$ n be c>ri$ beyond ! rudim5ts unless ma!matical or physical ability is %[n4 ,= o!r boys x leads lit]ally n[h]e1 be+ a road impassable4 ,all ! languages are to be taught z we le>n !m 9 lat] life1 :5 ! desire or necessity arises1 by means ( easy passages ) ! translation at our side4 ,our pres5t practice n only fails to tea* languages b x succe$s 9 tea*+ h[ n to le>n a language4 ,:o ?9ks ( beg9n+ ,russian by /udy+ ! aspects ( ! v]bs1 or by committ+ to memory ! #bh p>adigms :i* ,g]man gramm>ians h devis$ on ! analogy ( ,lat9 decl5sions8 ,auxili>y v]bs are ! p$agogue's delight1 b :o beg9s ,spani% by try+ to discrim9ate betwe5 t5] & hab]1 or s] & e/>1 or :o le>ns tables ( exceptions to improve 8 ,fr5*8 ,^! ?+s come by use or n at all4 ,if languages are treat$ n z lessons b z vehicles ( spee*1 & if ! au?ors are read s t we may f9d out :at !y say & h[ !y say x1 & at su* a pace t we foll[ ! tra9 ( ?\ght or ! /ory1 all :o h any s5se ( language at all c att5d & ) pleasure too4 ,:at *ance has a boy ( enjoy+ an au?or :5 he kn[s him only z a task to be dron$ ?r\gh1 ?irty l9es at a "t8 ,small blame to ! pupil :o nev] discov]s t ! great au?ors 7 m5 ( l passions ) ourselves1 t ! ,hom]ic songs 7 made to be %\t$ at fea/s to h]oes full ( dr9k & glory1 t ,h]odotus is tell+ ( wond]s t 8 fri5ds1 & we too1 want to he>1 t 9 ! trag$ies we he> ! voice ( ,sophocles dictat+1 *ok$ ) emotion & te>s2 t ev5 ,roman hi/orians wrote because !y _h some?+ to tell1 & ,caes>1 dull pros] t he is1 compos$ ! ,comm5t>ies n to provide u ) /yle or grammatical curiosities1 b z a record ( extraord9>y ev5ts4 ,to get into t\* ) any au?or he mu/ be read at a good pace1 & by read+ ( t k9d !re is pl5ty ( "t = a boy be=e he rea*es #ag to make acqua9tance ) mu* ( ! be/ lit]ature bo? ( ,greek & ,lat94 ,education mu/ be br\ght up to date2 b if 9 accompli%+ t1 we lose ,greek1 x w h be5 sacrific$ to ob/9ate =malism & p$agogic tradition4 ,! def5ce ( classics z a basis ( education is g5]ally misrepres5t$ by oppon5ts4 ,! unique value ( ! classics is n 9 any begett+ ( lit]>y /yle4 ,we are ?9k+ ( read]s n ( writ]s4 ,mu* ( ! be/ lit]ature is ! "w ( unlett]$ m51 z !y nev] tire ( tell+ u1 b x is = ! enjoym5t & und]/&+ ( books & ( ! _w t cont9uity ) ! pa/ %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,john ,bunyan wrote /]l+ prose1 kn[+ no language b 8 own4 ,b h[ mu* c\ld he read8 ,:at judgm5ts c\ld he =m8 ,we want also to keep classics & especially ,greek z ! b\ntiful s\rce ( mat]ial & ( col\r1 decoration = ! jejune lives ( common m54 ,if classics cease to be g5]ally taught & become ! appanage ( a few s*ol>s1 ! gulf betwe5 ! lit]>y & ! sci5tific w be made /ill wid]4 ,milton w ne$ m explanatory notes ?an ,o4 ,h5ry4 ,:o w tr\ble ab\t u sci5tific /ud5ts !n8 ,we %all be m>k$ (f f ! beg9n+1 & 9 ! _w ( laboratories ,hector1 ,antigone & ,p]icles w soon %>e ! fate ( poor ,ananias & ,sapphira4 ,i come n[ to ! grave/ "p ( ! :ole "q4 ,we plead = ! pres]vation ( lit]ature1 especially classical lit]ature1 z ! /aple ( education 9 ! "n ( beauty & und]/&+3 b no less d we dem& sci5ce 9 ! "n ( tru? & advancem5t4 ,giv5 t our dem& succe$s1 :at consequ5ces may we expect8 ,no?+ imm$iate1 z ,i fe>4 ,9 op5+ ! discussion x 0 argu$ t ev5 if sci5tific k be widely diffus$1 any great *ange 9 ! composition ( ! rul+ classes is sc>cely atta9able "u pres5t conditions ( social organisation4 ,ev5 if sci5ce /& equal ) classics 9 exam9ations = ! s]vices ! g5]al t5or ( ! public m9d w 9 all likelihood be undi/urb$4 ,yet x is = su* a revolution t sci5ce really calls1 & come x w 9 any community dom9at$ by natural k4 ,sci5ce saves u f blund]s ab\t glyc]9e1 %[s h[ to economise fuel & to make artificial nitrates1 b ^!1 ?\gh !y decide national de/9ies1 are m]ely ! %eaf ( ! wave-(f]+3 ! h>ve/ is beh9d4 ,= natural k is de/9$ to give man n only a direct control ( ! mat]ial _w b new int]pretations ( high] problems4 ,?\gh we 9 ,engl& make a /& ^u ! anci5t way1 peoples else:]e w move on4 ,^? :o h grasp$ ! mean+ ( sci5ce1 especially biological sci5ce1 are feel+ aft] new rules ( conduct4 ,! old crit]ia bas$ on ignorance h little wor?4 ,rights1 :e!r ( p]sons or ( nations1 may be ab/ractions well-f\nd$ 9 law or philosophy1 b ! mod]n _w soon] or lat] w annul !m4 ,! g5]al ignorance ( sci5ce has la/$ s long t we h virtually two codes ( "r & duty1 t f\nd$ on natural tru? & t emanat+ f tradition1 :i* almo/ alone f9ds public expression 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:e!r we look at ! cruelty :i* passes = ju/ice 9 our crim9al c\rts1 at ! prolongation ( suff]+ :i* cu/om dem&s z a "p ( m$ical e?ics1 at ?is v "q ( education1 or inde$ at any problem ( social life1 we see ahead & "k t sci5ce proclaims wis] & g5tl] cre$s4 ,:5 9 ! wid] sph]e ( national policy we read ! decl>$ ideals ( /atesm51 we turn away ) a %rug4 ,!y bid u exalt national s5tim5t z a purify+ & r$eem+ influ5ce1 & 9 ! next brea? proclaim t ! sole way to av]t ! ru9 n[ m5ac+ ! _w is to gu>antee to all nations fre$om to develop1 unh9d]$1 un?reat5$1 unafraid4 ,s1 =soo?1 are we to end w>4 ,nature laughs at su* dreams4 ,! life ( "o is ! dea? ( ano!r4 ,:]e are ! teem+ populations ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e ! civilisations ( ,mexico or ( ,p]u1 :]e are ! blackfell[s ( ,au/ralia8 ,s9ce means ( subsi/5ce are limit$1 ! fancy t "o gr\p c increase or develop save at ! exp5se ( ano!r is an illusion1 in/antly dissipat$ by appeal to biological fact1 nor w\ld a biologi/-/atesman look = p]man5t /ability 9 a multiplication ( compet+ communities1 "s vigor\s1 o!rs wor?less1 b all gr[+ 9 population4 ,r mu/ a p famili> ) sci5ce see h[ small & ephem]al a ?+ is ! pride ( nations1 kn[+ t bo? ! peace ( ! _w & ! progress ( civilisation are to be s\ght n by ! h>d5+ ( national b\nd>ies b 9 ! sub/itution ( cosmopolitan = national aspiration4 ,footnote #a3 ,les ,lois de l',imitation1 #aiaa1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #b3 ,report$ 9 ,ev5+ ,/&>d1 #aa ,sept4 #aiaf4 ,footnote #c3 ,two ,cambridge m5 spoke1 "o be+ ,"l ,rayleigh1 ! ,*airman1 & t5 ,ox=d m51 besides "o orig9ally ,cambridge1 = sev]al ye>s an ,ox=d pr(essor4 ,footnote #d3 ,j\rn4 ( ,h]$ity1 ,,viii4 #aiag1 p4 #ec4 ,,viii ,,a?letics ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,malim ,ma/] ( ,haileybury ,college ,at a conf]5ce held by ! ,froebel ,society 9 ,janu>y1 #aiag1 ! subject = discussion 0 ! employm5t ( wom5 tea*]s 9 boys' s*ools4 ,) "s ( ! que/ions consid]$1 :e!r wom5 %\ld h %ort] h\rs ?an m51 :e!r !y are capable ( en=c+ discipl9e1 & ! l1 ,i am n n[ conc]n$2 b ,i 0 int]e/$ to he> f "o speak] aft] ano!r t a woman 0 at a real disadvantage 9 a boys' s*ool1 because %e c\ld n take "p 9 ! games4 ,! speak]s did n come f ! public s*ools1 ^: devotion to a?letics con/itutes1 we are sometimes told1 a public dang]1 b ma9ly f prim>y & second>y day s*ools 9 ,london4 ,b none ! less x 0 assum$ t a boy's games are an ess5tial "p ( 8 education4 ,! same assumption is made by ! manag]s ( boys' clubs & simil> organisations :i* are endeav\r+ to c>ry on ! education ( boys :o h left ! elem5t>y s*ools at ! age ( f\rte54 ,9 spite ( ! great difficulty ( f9d+ gr\nds to play on 9 ! neighb\rhood ( great t[ns1 cricket & football are enc\rag$ by any possible means among ! work+ lads ( our indu/rial c5tres4 ,games are m & m be+ reg>d$ z a desirable elem5t 9 ! education ( ! ,briti% boy1 & are provid$ = him & organis$ = him by ^? responsible = 8 environm5t4 ,b ?is is q a mod]n developm5t4 ,i h be5 told by "o :o 0 at ,m>lbor\gh 9 ! v e>ly days ( t s*ool1 t s f> 7 ! au?orities f provid+ any means ( play+ cricket1 t ! boys !mselves 7 oblig$ to subscribe small sums = ! pur*ase ( ! necess>y mat]ial4 ,! book conta9+ ! names ( ! subscrib]s fell into ! h&s ( ! head ma/]1 :o gat$ = ! t]m all boys on ! li/1 assum+ )\t inquiry t !y 7 ! cli5ts ( a juv5ile bookmak]4 ,:5 we ask :y we h come to reg>d games z a "p ( a boy's education1 we %all naturally answ] fir/ t a full education is conc]n$ ) ! prop] developm5t ( ! body4 ,= ?is purpose we may employ ! old fa%ion$ gymna/ic ex]cises1 ! mod]n ,sw$i% ex]cises or outdoor games4 ,& ( ^! ! greate/ is games4 ,s f>1 says ,dr4 ,saleeby1 z true race culture is conc]n$1 we %\ld reg>d our muscles m]ely z s]vants or in/rum5ts ( ! w4 ,s9ce we h le>nt to employ ext]nal =ces = our purposes1 ! m]e bulk ( a muscle is n[ a matt] ( little importance4 ,( ! utmo/ importance1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! p[] to coord9ate & graduate ! activity ( our muscles1 s t !y may become highly tra9$ s]vants4 ,?is is a matt] h[ev] n ( muscle at all1 b ( n]v\s education4 ,its f\ndation _c be laid by me*anical ?+s1 l dumb-bells & ex]cises1 b by games 9 :i* w & purpose & co-ord9ation are incessantly employ$4 ,9 o!r words ! only physical culture wor? talk+ ab\t is n]v\s culture4 ,! pr9ciples "h laid d[n are daily defi$ 9 v l>ge measure 9 our nurs]ies1 our s*ools & our b>rack y>ds4 ,! play ( a *ild1 spontane\s & purposeful1 is supremely human & *>act]i/ic4 ,al?\gh :5 consid]$ f ! outside1 x is simply a means ( muscul> developm5t1 prop]ly consid]$ x is really ! means ( n]v\s developm5t4 ,"h we see muscles us$ z human muscles %\ld be us$1 z in/rum5ts ( m9d4 ,9 s*ools ! same pr9ciples %\ld be recognis$4 ,f ! biological & psy*ological po9t ( view1 ! play+ field is imm5sely sup]ior to ! gymnasium#a4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to "u-e/imate ! value ( ! ,sw$i% sy/em ( physical ex]cises4 ,its object is n ! abnormal developm5t ( muscle1 b ! production ( a heal?y1 al]t & well balanc$ body4 ,! milit>y au?orities 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s h be5 confront$ ) ! problem ( re/or+ promptness ( movem5t1 erectness ( c>riage1 poise & flexibility to numb]s ( m5 ^: muscles h be5 giv5 a "o-sid$ developm5t by ! con/ant p]=mance ( "o k9d ( manual "w1 or h gr[n flabby by long sitt+ at a desk1 & ! task w\ld h be5 mu* less successfully tackl$ )\t ! aid ( ! ,sw$i% me?ods4 ,9 s*ools ^! ex]cises may be us$ ) real b5efit giv5 two conditions1 small classes & a really skill$ in/ructor4 ,= ! value a boy d]ives f ! ex]cises1 to a v l>ge ext5t dep5ds ^u himself1 on ! conc5tration ( 8 own w4 ,x is almo/ impossible to make sure 9 a l>ge class t ?is conc5tration is giv51 & any k9d ( ex]cise done )\t purpose or resolution rapidly deg5]ates into ! mo/ useless ge/iculations4 ,b ?\gh we may use physical ex]cises z an aid1 ,i %\ld be sorry to see !m ev] reg>d$ z a sub/itute = games4 ,ev5 suppos+ t !y 7 an adequate sub/itute 9 ! developm5t ( ! body 7:i* ,i d\bt7 !y _c claim to h an effect at all comp>able to t ( games 9 ! developm5t ( "*4 ,sometimes ! mo/ extravagant claims are put =w>d on behalf ( a?letics z a s*ool ( "*1 almo/ z extravagant z are ! t]ms 9 :i* at o!r times ! brutal a?lete is d5\nc$4 ,i don't ?9k x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t a?letes *]i% high] ideals or are m humble-m9d$ ?an _! less muscul> fell[s2 ,i d\bt if !y become m *>itable 9 _! judgm5ts or m lib]al 9 _! giv+4 ,we mu/ c>efully limit ! claims we make1 & !n we %all f9d t we h sur] gr\nds to g on4 ,:at virtues c we reasonably suppose to be develop$ by games8 ,fir/ ,i %\ld put physical c\rage4 ,x c]ta9ly requires c\rage to coll> a fa/ & heavy oppon5t at football1 to fall on ! ball at ! feet ( a *>g+ pack or to /& up to fa/ b[l+ on a bumpy wicket4 ,s*oolboy op9ion is rightly intol]ant ( a funk1 & we %\ld n atta* too small a value to ?is fir/ ( ! manly virtues4 ,consid]+ z we mu/ ! virtues :i* we are to develop 9 a nation1 we realise t = ! security ( ! nation c\rage 9 h] "y m5 is indisp5sable4 ,t x has be5 br$ 9 ! sons ( ,engl& is atte/$ by ! fields ( ,fl&]s & ! bea*es ( ,gallipoli4 ,we %all !re=e give no he$ to ^? :o decry ! dang] ( "s s*oolboy games4 ,= we %all rememb] t j z few ?+s t are wor? ga9+ c be won )\t toil1 s !re are "s ?+s :i* c only be won by tak+ risks4 ,few ?+s are less attractive 9 a boy ?an ! habit ( play+ = safety2 9 ! old prud5ce is natural & p]haps admirable1 9 ! "y x is precoci\s & unlovely4 ,b we ne$ n introduce unnecess>y risk by ! mat*+ ( boys ( unequal size & age4 ,! practice1 = example1 ( h\se games 9 :i* ! boys ( "o h\se play toge!r1 )\t reg>d to size or skill1 is v mu* inf]ior to an organisation ( games by means ( sets1 grad$ solely by ! pr(ici5cy :i* boys h %[n4 ,9 ea* set boys are mat*$ ) o!rs ^: skill approximates to _! own2 !y are n ov]p[]$ by ! /r5g? ( old] boys & c get ! prop] enjoym5t f ! display ( su* skill z !y possess4 ,& z we desire our games to fo/] ! _s t faces dang]1 s we %all wi% !m to fo/] ! _s t faces h>d%ip1 ! _s ( endurance4 ,t is :y ,i ?9k t golf & lawn t5nis are n fit s*ool games2 !y are n pa9ful en\gh4 ,i am afraid we ought on ! same gr\nd to let racquets g1 ?\gh = tra9+ 9 al]tness & %e] skill1 9 ! nice h>mony ( eye & h& racquets has no equal4 ,b cricket1 football1 hockey1 fives c all be pa9ful en\gh2 (t5 victory is only to be won by a cl9*+ ( ! tee? & ! /]ne/ resolve to /ick to x 9 face ( exhau/ion4 ,?is is ! m]it ( two =ms ( a?letics :i* h be5 (t5e/ ! subject ( attack1 r[+ & runn+4 ,bo? ( c\rse %\ld be c>efully wat*$ by ! s*ool doctor2 = bo? c>eful tra9+ is necess>y4 ,b a sport :i* enc\rages boys to d5y !mselves luxuries1 to scorn ease1 to conqu] bodily we>9ess by ! ex]cise ( ! w1 is n "o :i* %\ld be bani%$ because = "s ! _s has triumph$ to ! hurt ( ! fle%4 ,9 a self-indulg5t age :5 sometimes x has seem$ t ! gibe ( our enemies is true1 t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,engli% ^w is com=t1 x is good to reta9 9 our s*ools "s =ms ( activity 9 :i* com=t is nev] consid]$ at all4 ,! ,i?aca :i* 0 ,greek3 haga? koyrotrophos 0 also ,greek3 tr*eia4 ,aga9 no boy c meet ) real a?letic success :o has n le>nt to control 8 temp]4 ,x is n m]ely t public op9ion despises ! man :o is a bad los]2 b t to lose y\r temp] v (t5 means to lose ! game4 ,x may be true t a ,rugby =w>d does n develop 8 f9e/ game until an oppon5t's elb[ has met 8 nose & giv5 an extra spice to 8 onslaught4 ,b 9 ! majority ( conte/s ! man :o keeps 8 head w w94 ,notably ?is is true 9 box+1 a f9e in/rum5t ( education1 :atev] may be ! objections to ! prize r+4 ,s dispassionate a sci5ti/ z ,pr(essor ,hall 9 8 monum5tal "w on ,adolesc5ce1 describes box+ z a manly art1 a sup]b s*ool = quickness ( eye & h&1 decision1 full ( w & self-control4 ,! mom5t ?is is lo/1 /++ puni%m5t foll[s4 ,h5ce x is ! sure/ ( all cures = excessive irascibility1 & has be5 f\nd to h a mo/ b5eficial effect ^u a peevi% or unmanly disposition4 ,b p]haps ! be/ lesson t a boy c le>n f 8 games1 is ! lesson t he mu/ play = 8 side & n = himself4 ,he does n always le>n x2 ! cricket] :o plays = 8 av]age1 ! ?ree-qu>t]s :o tries to score himself1 are n unkn[n1 ?\gh boyi% op9ion rightly condemns !m4 ,popul> s*ool e?ics are ?or\ghly s\nd on ?is po9t1 & x is ! virtue ( int]-s*ool & int]-h\se competitions1 t 9 !m a boy le>ns :at x is to =get self & to ?9k ( a cause4 ,!re is a society outside himself :i* has its claim ^u him1 ^: victory is 8 victory1 ^: defeat is 8 defeat4 ,:e!r victory comes ?r\gh him or ?r\gh ano!r1 is no?+ s long z victory be won2 lat] 9 life m5 may play games = _! heal?'s sake or = enjoym5t1 b !y lose t ?rill ( int5se patriotism1 ! m int5se because ( ! smallness ( ! society t ar\ses x1 ) :i* !y battl$ 9 ! mud ( "s ,novemb] day = ! hon\r ( _! s*ool or h\se4 ,small wond] t :5 s*ool-fell[s meet aft] ye>s ( sep>ation1 ! memories to :i* !y mo/ gladly return1 are ! memories ( h>d-won victories & manfully conte/$ defeats4 ,b victory mu/ be won by fair means4 ,!re is a /ory 7possibly )\t hi/orical f\ndation7 t a =eign visitor to ,ox=d said t ! ?+ t /ruck him mo/ 9 t great univ]sity 0 ! fact t !re 7 #cjjj m5 !re :o w\ld r lose a game ?an w9 x by unfair means4 ,x w\ld be absurd to pret5d t t _s is univ]sal3 ! comm]cial organisation ( pr(essional football & ! developm5t ( bett+ h gone a long way to degrade a noble sport4 ,b ! /&>d ( fair play 9 s*ool games is high1 & x is ! enc\ragem5t ( ?is _s by cricket & football t r5d]s !m s valuable an aid 9 ! activities ( boys' clubs 9 artisan di/ricts4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! preval5ce ( ?is g5]\s temp] among our troops has be5 a real h&icap 9 w>2 t we h too mu* reg>d$ ho/ilities z a game 9 :i* !re 7 c]ta9 rules to be obs]v$1 & t :5 we f\nd ourselves mat*$ aga9/ a foe ^: object 0 to w9 by any means1 fair or f\l1 ! soldi]s :o 7 fett]$ by ! scruples ( hon\r 7 necess>ily inf]ior to _! unscrupul\s foe4 ,x has p]haps yet to be prov$ t 9 ! long run ! un*ivalr\s fight] always w9s1 & ,i d\bt :e!r any ( u w\ld really pref] t ev5 9 w> we %\ld set aside ! scruples ( fair play4 ,b 9 ! arts & pursuits ( peace t man is be/ equipp$ to play a noble "p :o realises t !re are rules 9 ! great game ( life :i* an hon\rable man w respect1 t !re are advantages :i* he mu/ n take4 ,h[ (t5 does "s r in>ticulate h]o1 :o has refus$ "s tempt+ prospect or spurn$ "s speci\s (f]1 expla9 8 act ( self-d5ial by ! simple phrase ( 8 boyhood1 ,i ?\ght x wasn't q play+ ! game4 ,s*oolboy hon\r is n always a faultless ?+2 sometimes x means ! hid+ ( real iniquity4 ,b ! hon\r ( ! play+ field is a g5]\s code1 & to h le>nt its rules is to h le>nt ! be/ t ! public op9ion ( a boy community c tea*4 ,! *airman ( a great eng9e]+ firm rec5tly told ! ,incorporat$ ,association ( ,headma/]s1 t :5 he w5t to ,ox=d to get recruits = 8 firm1 he did n look = m5 :o _h got a ,fir/ 9 ,greats1 b = m5 :o w\ld h got a ,fir/1 if !y _h work$4 ,= ^! m5 _h probably giv5 a good deal ( _! "t to r[+ or games & _h !reby le>nt some?+ ( ! art ( deal+ ) m54 ,! /ud5t :o /icks to 8 books le>ns _m lessons1 b n ?is4 ,to be capta9 ( a h\se or ( a s*ool1 & to d x well is to practise ! art ( gov]n+ on a small scale4 ,a sore temptation to ! s*oolma/] is to int]f]e too mu* 9 s*ool games4 ,he sees obvi\s mi/akes be+ made1 wrong tactics be+ adopt$1 ! wrong sides *os51 & he longs to int]f]e4 ,he is anxi\s = victories1 & =gets t aft] all victories are a v second>y bus9ess1 t games are only a means1 n an end1 t if he does n let ! boys really gov]n & make _! mi/akes1 ! game is fail+ to provide ! tra9+ t x ought to give4 ,x is und\bt$ t s*ools :i* are c>efully coa*$ by compet5t play]s1 :]e ! responsibility is l>gely tak5 out ( ! capta9's h&s1 are m likely to w9 _! mat*es4 ,b mu* is lo/1 ?\gh ! game may be won4 ,! /rong capta9 :o goes 8 own way1 *ooses 8 own side1 frames 8 own tactics & inspires ! :ole team ) 8 own _s1 has _h a practical tra9+ 9 ! managem5t ( m5 :i* w /& him 9 good /ead 9 ! great] affairs ( life4 ,we are n v well satisfi$ said a ,w> ,(fice (ficial1 ) ! /amp ( "y (fic] we are gett+4 ,_m ( !m nev] seem to h play$ a game 9 _! lives1 ?\gh !y are fir/-rate ma!maticians4 ,& !re is no d\bt t :e!r = w> or peace ma!matics is n a sub/itute = lead]%ip4 ,c\rage1 endurance1 self-control1 public _s1 fair play1 lead]%ip1 ^! are ! virtues :i* we f9d may be enc\rag$ by ! practice ( games at s*ool4 ,x is n a complete li/ ( ! ,*ri/ian virtues1 p]haps r we might call !m ,pagan virtues1 b x is a f9e li/ = all t4 ,& ! be/ ( x is t !y are z x 7 unconsci\sly le>nt1 acquir$ by practice1 n by inculcation4 ,! boy :o foll[s virtue = its own sake w\ld be1 ,i fe>1 a sad prig1 b ! boy :o foll[s a football = ! sake ( 8 h\se1 may develop virtue & enjoy ! process4 ,b :at are we to put on ! o!r side ( ! acc\nt8 ,if x be true t a?letics is a f9e s*ool = "*1 :at is ! gr\nd = ! frequ5t compla9t t ! public s*ools make a feti% ( a?leticism8 ,:at precisely is ! compla9t8 ,x is ?is1 t boys reg>d1 & are enc\rag$ to reg>d _! games z ! mo/ important side ( _! s*ool life1 t _! int]e/ 9 !m is s ov]p[]+ t !y h no int]e/ left = ! developm5t ( ! intellect or ! acquisition ( k1 t prom95t a?letes1 n brilliant s*ol>s1 are ! h]oes ( a boy community1 & t 9 consequ5ce _m m5 ( ! bett] n\ri%$ classes1 aft] !y h left s*ool1 look ^u _! amusem5ts z ! ma9 bus9ess ( life1 give to !m ! indu/ry & conc5tration :i* %\ld be be/[$ ^u sci5ce1 lett]s or indu/ry1 & swell ! ranks ( ! amiable & incompet5t amateur4 ,x is argu$ t s*ools are conv]t$ into pleasant a?letic clubs1 & t boys1 in/ead ( le>n+ !re to "w1 m]ely le>n to play4 ,n[ ?is is a s]i\s indictm5t2 x is a good ?+ to le>n to play1 b x is n ! only ?+ a s*ool %\ld tea*4 ,rid+1 %oot+ & speak+ ! tru? may h be5 an adequate curriculum = an anci5t ,p]sian1 b x w\ld n provide a suffici5t equipm5t to enable a man to face ! /ress ( mod]n competition1 or to und]/& ! developm5ts ( ! sci5ce & indu/ry ( to-day4 ,is too mu* "t giv5 to ! play+ ( games8 ,9 w9t] "t ,i %\ld say ,no4 ,i suppose t if we include tea*+ h\rs & prep>ation1 a boy sp5ds "s six h\rs a day on 8 intellectual "w1 or if y pref]1 he is suppos$ to sp5d t "t4 ,a game ( football two or ?ree times a week1 does n la/ m ?an an h\r & a qu>t]2 if y add a lib]al all[ance = *ang+ & ba?s1 two h\rs is ! :ole "t occupi$4 ,a game ( fives or a physical drill class ne$ n dem& m ?an an h\r4 ,! game t really wa/es "t--& ,i am sorry to admit x--is cricket4 ,i am n ?9k+ s mu* ( ! long waits 9 ! pavilion :5 two batsm5 on a side are well set1 & ! re/ h no?+ to d b to applaud4 ,i see no way out ( t difficulty1 s long z wickets are prep>$ z !y are n[ by arti/ic gr\ndsm54 ,i am ?9k+ r ( ! excessive practice at nets4 ,an en?usia/ic h\se capta9 is apt to believe t by assidu\s practice ! mo/ unlikely & awkw>d recruit c be conv]t$ into a useful batsman1 & ! result is t he w drive all 8 h\se day aft] day to ! nets1 until !y beg9 to loa! ! sight ( a cricket ball4 ,we %\ld recognise t cricket is a game = ! few2 ! majority ( boys c nev] make good cricket]s4 ,& happy are ^? s*ools :i* are ne> a riv] & c provide an alt]native ex]cise 9 ! summ]1 :i* does n require exceptional quickness ( eye & wri/ & does provide a spl5did discipl9e ( body & _s4 ,9 ! summ] x is well to exempt all boys f cricket1 :o h really a ta/e = natural hi/ory or photography4 ,summ] half-holidays are emphatically ! "t = hobbies1 & x is a s]i\s *>ge aga9/ our games if !y are organis$ to su* a pit* t hobbies are practically prohibit$4 ,! zeal\s capta9 w object t su* slack+ is de/roy+ ! _s ( ! h\se4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to po9t out to him t ! unwill+ play] nev] makes a good play]1 & t su* a boy may be f9d+ 8 prop] developm5t 9 ! pursuit ( butt]flies1 a developm5t :i* he w\ld nev] ga9 by unsuccessful & involunt>y cricket4 ,h\se ma/]s too are apt to compla9 t fre$om = hobbies is subv]sive ( discipl9e1 & to quote ! old adage ab\t ,satan & idle h&s4 ,t !re is risk1 is n to be d5i$4 ,b y _c run a s*ool )\t tak+ risks4 ,our :ole sy/em ( leav+ ! gov]nm5t l>gely 9 ! h&s ( boys is full ( risks4 ,sometimes x br+s %ipwreck2 m (t5 x does n4 ,= 9 ! majority ( cases ! policy ( confid5ce is ju/ifi$ by results4 ,!re is "o way ( wa/+ "t t is he>tily to be condemn$1 ! wa/e involv$ 9 look+ on4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t if all a?letic conte/s took place )\t a r+ ( spectators1 we %\ld get all ! good ( games & v little ( ! evil4 ,c]ta9ly pr(essional football w\ld lose its black] sides if !re 7 no gate money & no bett+4 ,few m5 or boys are ! worse = play+ games2 x is ! applause ( ! mob t turns _! heads4 ,b ,i am afraid ,i am n logical en\gh to say t ,i w\ld =bid boys to wat* mat*es aga9/ ano!r s*ool2 ! emotions t lead to ! brea?less hu% 9 ! ,close are s comp\nd$ ( patriotism & jeal\sy = ! hon\r ( ! s*ool1 t !y are f> f ignoble4 ,b ,i w\ld n h boys compell$ to wat* ! games aga9/ clubs & o!r non-s*ool teams4 ,above all1 if !y wat*1 !y mu/ h a run or a game to /ir _! own blood4 ,! half-holiday mu/ n be sp5t 9 %iv]+ on a t\*l9e & !n cr[d+ r\nd a fire4 ,t ! a?lete is a s*ool h]o & ! s*ol> is n1 is mo/ c]ta9ly true4 ,! s*ol> may once 9 a way reflect glory on ! s*ool by success 9 an exam9ation1 b g5]ally he is reg>d$ z a self-reg>d+ p]son1 :o is n likely to help to w9 ! mat*es ( ! ye>4 ,b ! h]o-wor%ip is n undiscrim9at+2 conceit1 selfi%ness1 surl9ess w g f> to nullify ! influ5ce ( physical /r5g? & skill4 ,boys' admiration = physical pr[ess is natural & n unheal?y4 ,! h>m is done by ! adv]tisem5t giv5 to su* pr[ess by fooli% eld]s4 ,=emo/ among su* unwise influ5ces ,i %\ld put ! press4 ,ev5 mode/ boys may beg9 to ?9k _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! field are ( public importance :5 !y f9d _! names 9 pr9t4 ,"s pap]s publi% portraits ( prom95t play]s1 or a s]ies ( articles on ,football at ,x-- or ,! prospects ( ! ,cricket ,season at ,y--4 ,! sugge/ion t !re is a public :i* is int]e/$ 9 ! features ( a s*oolboy capta91 or wi%es to "k ! me?ods ( tra9+ & coa*+ :i* h l$ to ! success ( a s*ool fifte51 is likely to give boys an entirely exagg]at$ notion ( _! own importance & to ju/ify 9 _! m9ds ! d$ication ( a great deal ( "t to ! successes :i* receive ?is k9d ( public recognition4 ,next !re is ! p>5t4 ,our ev] active critics are apt to =get t s*ools are to a l>ge ext5t mirrors1 reflect+ ! tone & op9ion ( ! homes f :i* boys come4 ,! p>5t :o says :5 ! boy jo9s ! s*ool1 ,i d n m9d :e!r he gets 9 ! six?1 b ,i want to see him 9 ! elev51 is by no means an uncommon p>5t4 ,i h no objection to 8 want+ to see 8 boy 9 ! elev51 ! deplorable ?+ is t he is indiff]5t to intellectual progress4 ,i h he>d an eld] bro!r say1 ,tom has n got into 8 h\se elev5 yet1 b he br\ght home a prize la/ t]m4 ,i h writt5 to tell him he mu/ *ange all t1 we c't h him disgrac+ ! family4 ,:5 a c&idate has fail$ to qualify = admission to ! s*ool at ! entrance exam9ation1 ,i h _h lett]s ( surpris$ & pa9$ prote/1 po9t+ out t ,jack is an exceptionally promis+ cricket]4 ,x is assum$ t we %\ld be only too glad to welcome ! a?lete )\t reg>d to 8 /&>d ( "w4 ,if we c\ld get ! majority ( p>5ts to recognise ! s*oolma/]'s po9t ( view1 t :ile games are an important elem5t ( education1 !y are only "o elem5t1 & t !re are o!rs :i* mu/ n be neglect$1 we %\ld h made a real /ep =w>d t[>ds ! elim9ation ( ! excessive rev]5ce paid to ! a?lete4 ,aft] ! press & ! p>5t comes mill9]y4 ,p]haps x is ,utopian to sugge/ t caps c be entirely aboli%$2 b ! ent]prise ( hab]da%]s & ! weakness ( s*ool au?orities h l$ to a multiplication ( blaz]s1 ribbons1 caps1 j]seys1 /ock+s1 badges1 sc>ves & ! l1 :i* c]ta9ly t5d to m>k (f ! successful play] f 8 fell[s1 & to make him a cynosure ( ! vulg> & an object ( complac5t admiration to himself4 ,success 9 games %\ld be its own rew>d4 ,9 "s cases x c]ta9ly is4 ,& ! p>adox is t v (t5 x is ^? :o are lea/ b\ntifully end[$ by nature :o pr(it mo/4 ,"s !re are :o h su* natural gifts ( /r5g? & dext]ity1 t f ! fir/ !y c excel at any game4 ,triumphs come to !m )\t h>d /ruggle1 & !y brea! ! inc5se ( applause4 ,b o!rs h a clumsi] h&1 a sl[] foot1 & yet !y h a det]m9ation to excel1 a resolution 9 /ick+ to _! task t br+s !m at ! la/ to a fair measure ( skill4 ,su* a boy is already rew>d$ by ! t\gh5+ ( ! w t p]sev]ance br+s3 he does n ne$ a ribbon on 8 sweat]4 ,to give ! o!r1 ! natural a?lete1 a col\r$ sc>f1 is to run ! risk ( mak+ him ov]-value ! gifts he owes to nature4 ,!re is no reason :y a boy :o excels 9 games %\ld n excel 9 "w4 ,! two are n compet+ sides ( education1 !y are complem5t>y4 ,! s*oolma/]'s ideal is t 8 boys %\ld ga9 ! advantages ( bo?4 ,! a?lete :o neglects 8 "w1 gr[s up ) a poorly furni%$ m9d & an untra9$ judgm5t4 ,! /ud5t :o neglects 8 games1 gr[s up )\t ! n]v\s developm5t t fits 8 body to be ! in/rum5t ( 8 w1 & )\t ! k ( m5 & ! habit ( deal+ ) m5 :i* are indisp5sable 9 _m call+s4 ,x has be5 prov$ aga9 & aga9 t x is possible to get ! advantages ( bo? ^! sides ( s*ool life4 ,!re is no reason :y ! play+ ( s*ool games %\ld be any?+ b a help to ! intellectual developm5t ( a boy4 ,b ! con/ant talk+ ab\t games is by no means h>mless1 ?\gh x is true boys might be talk+ ( worse ?+s4 ,x is relat$ t a ,fr5* educational critic 0 once descant+ to an ,engli% head ma/] on ! monotony ( ! conv]sation ( ,engli% public s*ool boys3 !y talk ( no?+ b football4 ,b :5 he 0 ask$1 ,& ( :at d ,fr5* s*ool boys g5]ally talk8 he 0 sil5t4 ,b if cricket %op saves u f worse topics1 x c]ta9ly is de/ructive ( rational conv]sation on subjects ( m g5]al int]e/4 ,9 great bo>d+ s*ools we collect a population ( boys "u q abnormal conditions1 cut (f = ! great] "p ( _! social life f int]c\rse ) old] p4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a g5]al exp]i5ce t boys :o h be5 at day s*ools & are ! sons ( intellig5t p>5ts1 h _! m9ds m awak5$ to ! que/ions ( ! day 9 politics1 or art1 or lit]ature ?an boys ( equal ability :o h be5 at a bo>d+ s*ool4 ,!y h _h ! advantage ( he>+ _! fa!r & 8 fri5ds discuss+ topics :i* are outside ! range ( s*ool life4 ,bo>d+ s*ools are (t5 built 9 "s c\ntry place away f ! surg+ life ( t[ns1 :]e ! noise ( political /rife & ! ro> ( ! traffic ( ! _w are b dimly he>d4 ,9 su* seclusion ! life ( ! s*ool1 p>ticul>ly ! active life ( ! play+ fields1 occupies ! focus ( a boy's consci\sness4 ,! geographical conditions t5d to n>r[ ! range ( 8 int]e/s1 & he rema9s a boy :5 o!rs are gr[+ to be m54 ,^? :o h ! wid] ta/es1 are det]r$ f talk+ ab\t !m by ! ev] pres5t fe> ( side4 ,!y w talk freely to a ma/] ( ar*itecture or music or ,japanese pr9ts1 b !y are *>y ( betray+ ^! en?usiasms to _! fell[s4 ,& ma/]s are n free f blame3 ,i suppose we all ( u sometimes b[ d[n 9 ! h\se ( ,rimmon1 & :5 ! conv]sation langui%es at ! tea-table1 fall back on a discussion ( ! la/ h\se mat*4 ,x is ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & aft] a /r5u\s day's "w x is n easy to ma9ta9 a monologue ab\t ,home ,rule4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! boons ( ! w> is t x has ou/$ games f ! =emo/ place z a topic ( conv]sation4 ,i h n notic$ t !y are less ke5ly play$1 al?\gh ! increase ( milit>y "w has dim9i%$ ! "t giv5 to !m2 b !y h ceas$ to monopolise ! ?\ghts ( boys4 ,! problem !n ( r$uc+ ! absorption 9 games is ! problem ( f9d+ & provid+ o!r absorb+ int]e/s4 ,we _c1 =tunately1 always h ! c\nt]-irritant ( w>4 ,:]e we fail n[1 is t ! intellectual tra9+ ( a boy does n int]e/ him en\gh 9 mo/ cases to give him subjects ( conv]sation out ( s*ool4 ,we give "s few new int]e/s by means ( societies1 lit]>y1 antiqu>ian or sci5tific4 ,b ! ma9 problem is to make e boy see t ! "w he does 9 s*ool is connect$ ) 8 life1 t x is meant to op5 to him ! %ut doors ar\nd him ?r\gh :i* he may g out into all ! highways & byways ( ! _w4 ,d s*ool games produce ! man :o reg>ds games z ! ma9 bus9ess ( life8 ,we mu/ emphasise ma94 ,x is c]ta9 t !y d enc\rage ,engli%m5 to devote "s "p ( _! work+ life to heal?y ex]cise--& few1 ,i suppose1 w\ld wi% !m to d o!rwise4 ,! ,indian civilian does n make a worse judge = play+ polo1 nor is ,b59 worse adm9i/]$ s9ce golf-l9ks 7 laid out !re4 ,b !re are m5 :o nev] outgr[ ! boyi% n>r[ness ( view t games are ! ?+s t matt] mo/4 ,^! rema9 ! rul+ passion1 because no /rong] passion comes to drive x out4 ,= ?is ! s*ools mu/ be> "p ( ! blame1 = !y h n taught cle>ly en\gh t a?letics are a means b n an end4 ,n all ! blame1 = surely "s mu/ re/ on a society :i* tol]ates ! idl]1 & has no reproa* = ! man :o says ,i live only = hunt+ & golf4 ,& "h z else:]e1 ,i believe we are judg$ m by a few failures ?an by _m successes4 ,we c all ( u 9 our exp]i5ce recall _m an hone/ a?lete :o is n[ do+ spl5did s]vice to ,*ur* or ,/ate1 d\ghty curates1 self-sacrific+ doctors1 soldi]s :o are real lead]s ( m54 ,:5 !y became m5 !y put away *ildi% ?+s1 b !y h n =gott5 :at !y owe to ! discipl9e ( _! boyi% games4 ,games are n ! fir/ ?+ 9 life = !m n[1 b !y h no d\bt t !y c d _! "w bett] f an occasional aft]noon's play4 ,!y see ?+s 9 _! "r proportion1 because !y "k t ! fir/ ?+ is to h a job & d x well4 ,if we c tea* boys to beg9 to und]/& t tru? :ile !y are at s*ool1 we %all h exorcis$ ! bogey ( a?leticism4 ,i %\ld expect to f9d 7?\gh ,i d n "k7 t ! au?orities at ,osborne & ,d>tm\? d n ne$ to bo!r _! m9ds ab\t t bogey4 ,_! boys play games ) all a sailor's he>t9ess1 b _! ambition is n to be a fir/-class a?lete1 b to be a fir/-class sailor1 & ! games take _! prop] place4 ,x may be desirable to r$uce ! "t devot$ to games1 ?\gh z ,i h said ,i d\bt if !re is any ne$ to d s1 except = cricket4 ,x may be t we %\ld give m "t to h&icraft1 or milit>y drill4 ,b ^! ?+s w n *ange ! _s4 ,:at we ne$ to d is to make cle>] ! object ( education 9 :i* a?letics =m a "p1 t !re may be m s5se ( reality 9 ! boy's s*ool "t1 m und]/&+ t he is at s*ool to fit himself manfully & capably to play 8 "p on ! wid] /age ( life4 ,footnote #a3 ,c4,w4 ,saleeby1 ,p>5?ood & ,race ,culture1 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 ,,ix ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,leisure ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,badley ,head ,ma/] ( ,b$ales ,s*ool ,to tea* a s5sible use ( leisure1 heal?y bo? = m9d & body1 is by no means ! lea/ important "p ( education4 ,nor is x by any means ! lea/ press+1 or ! lea/ difficult1 ( s*ool problems4 ,loaf+ at times t h no recognis$ duties assign$ !m1 is g5]ally a sign ( slackness 9 "w & play z well2 & if we d n f9d occupation = ?\ghts & h&s1 ! rhyme tells u :o w4 ,! devils ( cruelty & uncleanness w be ready to ent] ! empty h\se1 & fill x at lea/ ) un:olesome talk1 & ?\ghtless if n ill-natur$ ragg+4 ,yet "w & games1 :atev] ke5ness we ar\se & enc\rage 9 ^!1 _c fill a boy's :ole "t & ?\ghts--or1 if !y d1 8 life1 :e!r he is /ud5t or a?lete1 or ev5 ! occasional comb9ation ( bo?1 is /ill a n>r[ "o & likely to get n>r[] z ye>s g by4 ,if life to ! un$ucat$ means a s\lless r\nd ( lab\r v>i$ by ! public-h\se & ! pictures1 s to ! half-educat$ x is apt1 except 9 w> "t1 to mean ! (fice & ! club1 ) int]e/s t d n g beyond golf & motor+ & bridge4 ,if our lives are empti] & our int]e/s n>r[] ?an !y ne$ be1 x is p>tly ! result ( a n>r[ & unsatisfy+ education1 :i* leaves half our p[]s undevelop$ & int]e/s unt\*$1 & too (t5 only succe$s 9 giv+ u a di/a/e = ^? :i* x t\*es4 ,bo? = ! sake ( ! pres5t1 !re=e1 to avoid ! dang]s ( unfill$ leisure1 & /ill m = ! sake ( ! future1 ! wise s*oolma/] does all he c to fo/]1 9 addition to ke5ness 9 ! regul> "w & games1 int]e/s1 bo? individual & social1 ( o!r k9ds z well4 ,he w make opportunities = v>i\s h&icrafts3 he w try to /imulate l9es ( inve/igation n arrang$ = 9 ! class-r\t9e2 he w enc\rage ! =mation ( societies bo? = discussion & active pursuits1 = in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is essay to sugge/ :at1 along ^! l9es1 is possible 9 ! s*ool4 ,b ! reasons s f> giv5 = ! enc\ragem5t ( leisure-"t int]e/s are ma9ly negative4 ,9 ord] to realise to ! full ! importance ( ?is side ( education1 we mu/ look r at _! positive value4 ,f :i*ev] po9t ( view "o looks at x1 physical1 intellectual1 or social1 ?is value is n small4 ,"s ( ^! int]e/s contribute directly to heal? 9 be+ outdoor pursuits2 & ^!1 9 n lett+ games furni% ! only motive & means ( ex]cise1 c help to e/abli% habits & motives ( no little help 9 lat] life1 :5 games are no long] easy to keep up4 ,& ev5 9 ! ye>s :5 ! call ( games is /ronge/1 "s rivalry ( o!r outdoor pursuits is useful z a prev5tive ( absorption 9 a?leticism1 easily c>ri$ to excess at s*ool s z to %ut out f9] int]e/s & influ5ces4 ,x 0 a consci\sness ( ?is t l$ ,capta9 ,scott1 9 ! lett] writt5 9 ^? la/ h\rs among ! ,ant>ctic sn[s1 ?9k+ ( 8 boy at home1 & ! education t he wi%$ = him1 to write3 ,make ! boy int]e/$ 9 natural hi/ory1 if y c2 x is bett] ?an games3 !y enc\rage x 9 "s s*ools4 ,besides heal?--& heal?1 we mu/ rememb]1 is n only a bodily matt]1 b dep5ds on m5tal z well z bodily activity1 & on ! enjoym5t ( ! activity t comes f its be+ ma9ly volunt>y--! pursuits t we are consid]+ c d mu* to tra9 skill ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! class-"w repres5ts ! m9imum t we expect a boy to "k2 b !re is mu* t necess>ily lies outside x ( h>dly less value4 ,_m a boy le>ns z mu* f ! hobby on :i* he sp5ds 8 free "t z f ! "w he does 9 class4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 su* a free-"t hobby reveals ! b5t t might o!rwise h gone undiscov]$1 & det]m9es ! *oice ( a special l9e ( "w = ! future c>e]4 ,b ! *ief value ( su* int]e/s lies r 9 _! influ5ce on o!r "w1 & on ! g5]al developm5t ( "*4 ,9 giv+ scope = _m k9ds ( skill1 !y are help+ ! intellectual tra9+2 & h[ev] ready we may be to pay lip-s]vice to ! pr9ciple ( le>n+ by do+1 & to admit ! educational importance ( ! h& 9 bra9-developm5t1 9 mo/ ( our s*ool "w we /ill ignore ^! ?+s1 s f> z any practical application ( !m is conc]n$4 ,"o is sometimes tempt$ to wond] if 9 ! future !re may n be s complete a reaction f our pres5t ideas & me?ods z to make :at are n[ reg>d$ z m]e hobbies ! ma9 matt] ( education1 & to relegate mu* ( ! pres5t s*ool c\rse1 z ! writ+ ( v]ses has already be5 relegat$1 to ! category ( optional side-%[s4 ,at any rate ^! free-"t int]e/s c supply a v useful /imulus to mu* ( ! r\t9e "w4 ,9 ^! a boy may f9d himself = ! fir/ "t1 & discov]1 despite 8 exp]i5ce 9 class1 t he is no fool4 ,or at lea/ he may f9d !re a c5tre ( int]e/1 o!rwise lack+1 r\nd :i* o!r int]e/s c gr\p1 & to :i* k obta9$ 9 v>i\s class-subjects c atta* itself1 & s get = him a mean+ & a use4 ,& fur!r1 if we d n make ! mi/ake ( n>r[+ ! range ( *oice1 & all[1 at any rate at fir/1 a succession ( int]e/s1 ! v range & v>iety ( ^! pursuits is an antidote aga9/ ! t5d5cy to e>ly specialisation1 enc\rag$ by s*ol>%ip & entrance exam9ations1 :i* is "o ( ! dang]s aga9/ :i* we ne$ to be on our gu>d4 ,if1 !re=e1 )\t m]e dissipation ( int]e/1 we c wid5 ! range ( m5tal activities & enc\rage1 by discussions1 essays1 lectures & s =?1 read+ r\nd & outside ! subjects dealt ) 9 class1 ?is is all to ! good4 ,& all ?is has a social z well z an individual aspect4 ,! meet+s = ! purposes j m5tion$1 z well z ^? = ent]ta9m5t1 h1 l games1 a real educational value1 & d mu* to cem5t ! comrade%ip ( common int]e/s & common aims t is "o ( ! be/ ?+s s*ool has to give4 ,& n only among ^? ( ! same age4 ,^! are ?+s 9 :i* ! example & influ5ce ( ! old] are p>ticul>ly helpful to ! y\ng]4 ,!y c become1 l ! games1 & p]haps to an ev5 great] ext5t1 "o ( ! int]e/s t help to b9d toge!r pa/ & pres5t memb]s ( a s*ool4 ,& !y af=d an opportunity = ma/]s to meet boys on a m p]sonal & fri5dly foot+1 & to get ! mutual k & respect :i* are all-important if education is to be1 9 ,?r+'s def9ition1 a transmission ( life ?r\gh ! liv+ to ! liv+4 ,t ! organisation ( leisure-"t pursuits is ( ! utmo/ help to ! s*ool z well z to ! boy1 is ! unanim\s v]dict ( ! s*ools 9 :i* x has long be5 a tradition4 ,! ma/] :o has _h *>ge1 = ! pa/ five-&-tw5ty ye>s1 ( ?is organisation 9 "o su* s*ool writes t !re !y consid] su* pursuits z ! v life-blood ( ! s*ool1 & ! only rational me?od ( ma9ta9+ discipl9e4 ,if :at has "h be5 said is admitt$1 x is pla9 t to tea*1 by e means 9 our p[]1 ! use ( leisure1 is "o ( ! mo/ important ?+s a s*ool has to d4 ,we might1 !re=e1 turn at once to ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s means = su* tea*+ t exp]i5ce has %[n to be practicable 9 ! s*ool4 ,b be=e do+ s1 !re is yet ano!r reason1 ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ( all1 to be urg$ = reg>d+ ?is z a side ( education fully z necess>y1 at ! pres5t "t above all1 z ^? sides t none w\ld "q4 ,great z is ! direct & imm$iate value ( ! int]e/s & occupations ?us to be enc\rag$1 _! indirect influ5ce is m valuable /ill1 if !y tea* n only h&9ess & adaptiv5ess1 b also call =? initiative & individuality1 & s help to develop ! complete & _m-sid$ human p]sonality :i* is ! cr[n & purpose ( education z ( life4 ,we d n n[ ?9k ( education z m]ely book-le>n+1 nor ev5 z conc]n$ only ) m9d & body1 or only z fitt+ prep>ation = skill$ "w & cultur$ leisure2 b r z ! developm5t ( ! :ole human be+1 ) all 8 possibilities1 int]e/s1 & motives1 z well z p[]s1 8 feel+s & imag9ation no less ?an reason & w4 ,9 a ^w1 education is tra9+ = life1 ) all t ?is connotes1 &1 z we le>n to live only by liv+1 mu/ be ?\ght ( n m]ely z prep>ation = life1 b z a life itself4 ,pla9ly1 if we give x a mean+ z wide z ?is1 a great "p ( education lies outside ! s*ool1 9 ! influ5ces ( ! home surr\nd+s &1 aft] s*ool1 ( occupation & ! :ole social environm5t4 ,b dur+ ! s*ool ye>s--& !y are ! mo/ impressionable ( all--x is ! s*ool life t is = mo/ ! *ief =mative influ5ce2 & n[ m necess>ily s ?an ev]4 ,:51 a few g5]ations back1 life 0 /ill1 9 ! ma91 life 9 ! c\ntry1 & mo/ ?+s 7 /ill made at home or 9 ! village1 ! mo/ important "p ( education lay1 except = a few1 outside ! s*ool4 ,n[ x is ! o!r way4 ,t[n life1 ! replac+ ( home-made by factory-made goods1 ! disappe>ance ( ! be/ "p ( home life be=e ! dem&s ( indu/ry on ! "o side & ! gr[? ( luxury on ! o!r--^! ?+s are signs ( a t5d5cy t has swept away mo/ ( ! practical home-education1 & ?r[n x all ^u ! s*ool4 ,& ! s*ools h ev5 yet h>dly realis$ ! full mean+ ( ?is *ange4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to provide only a "p ( education--! specially intellectual &1 9 ! public s*ools at lea/1 ! physical side--we h n[ to ?9k ( ! :ole nature ( ! gr[+ boy or girl1 &1 by ! environm5t & ! occupations we provide1 to appeal to int]e/s & motives1 & give occasion = ! "r use ( p[]s1 t may o!rwise be undevelop$ or misus$4 ,a s*ool _c n[ consi/ m]ely ( class-rooms & play+ fields4 ,?is is recognis$ by ! addition ( laboratories & work%ops1 gymnasium1 swimm+-ba?1 lecture-hall1 museum1 art-s*ool1 music-rooms--all n[ ess5tials ( a day s*ool z mu* z ( a bo>d+ s*ool4 ,b _m ( ^! ?+s are /ill only p>tially made use (1 & are apt to be reg>d$ r z ornam5tal excresc5ces1 to be us$ by ! few :o h a special b5t t way1 at an extra *>ge1 ?an z an integral "p ( education = all4 ,all ! int]e/s & means ( tra9+ t !y repres5t1 & o!rs z well1 ne$ to be br\ght m into ! daily r\t9e2 to "s ext5t 9 place ( ! too exclusively lit]>y1 or at lea/ booki%1 tra9+1 t has hi!rto be5 ! /aple ( education1 b m1 p]haps1 s9ce x is n possible to include 9 ! regul> curriculum all t is ( value1 z optional subjects & free-"t occupations1 ?\gh organis$ z "p ( ! s*ool c\rse4 ,= x is n only ! few :o already "k _! b5t :o ne$ opportunity to be made = foll[+ x1 b r ^? :o w n discov] _! p[]s )\t practice1 or _! int]e/s )\t sugge/ion or enc\ragem5t4 ,9 ?is respect ! w> has br\ght opportunities ( no little value to ! s*ool1 n only 9 ! absorb+ int]e/ 9 ! w> itself & ! desire = k & read9ess = ef=t t x awak5s1 b also 9 ! dem&s x has made = practical "w ( _m k9ds t boys & girls c d1 & ! lessons ( s]vice t x has taught4 ,"w on ! l& & 9 ! %ops1 = ^? ^: s*ool "t is already too %ort1 is a curtailm5t1 only to be made z a la/ resort1 ( ! k9d ( le>n+ !y w h no o!r opportunity to acquire2 b x gives to ! public s*oolboy ! feel+ ( reality t mo/ ( 8 s*ool "w lacks4 ,su* opportunities ( do+ :at is se5 to be productive & necess>y "w1 are1 l ! mak+ ( ?+s = ^? at ! front1 & = ! w\nd$1 bo? 9 !mselves & 9 ! motives t inspire !m1 a valuable "p ( education t %\ld n be =gott5 :5 ! pres5t ne$ = !m is ov]4 ,if1 !n1 by ! fulle/ use ( leisure occupations1 we are1 l ,cann+1 to call 9 a new _w to r$ress ! balance ( ! old1 :at1 9 actual practice1 is possible 9 ! s*ool8 ,= an answ] to ?is "q "o has only to see :at is done 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 9 :i* ! use ( leisure 9 ^! ways has always be5 a /rongly m>k$ feature long be=e x 0 tak5 up by o!rs1 ) a tradition1 inde$1 9 ! old] s*ools1 ( sixty or a hundr$ ye>s ( accumulat$ exp]i5ce beh9d x4 ,in/ead ( s+l+ out1 = description ( ! use x makes ( leisure1 any "o s*ool 9 :i* x might be suppos$ t !re 7 special conditions pres5t1 x w be be/ to enum]ate ! v>i\s activities t h long be5 practis$ 9 sev]al diff]5t s*ools4 ,( ^? select$ = ! purpose n all are connect$ ) ! ,society ( ,fri5ds2 "s are = boys & "s = girls only1 & "s co-educational2 b alike 9 be+ bo>d+ s*ools1 & 9 keep+ _! boys & girls f an e>ly age until1 at ! end ( _! s*ool life1 !y g on to ! univ]sity or to _! bus9ess or pr(essional tra9+4 ,a few ( ! pursuits to be m5tion$ are obvi\sly m appropriate = boys1 o!rs = girls2 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? t are foll[$ 9 s*ools = boys & ^? = girls are surpris+ly small1 & to give sep>ate li/s w\ld only involve mu* ne$less repetition4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 x may be well to gr\p ! v>i\s activities accord+ z !y are ma9ly outdoor or indoor occupations4 ,9 ! outdoor gr\p1 games & sports ne$ n be includ$1 z be+1 9 mo/ cases1 z mu* a "p ( ! ord9>y s*ool c\rse z ! class-"w4 ,!y only become free-"t pursuits1 9 ! s5se "h int5d$1 9 s f> z practice = !m is optional1 & a l>ge am\nt ( free "t sp5t ^u x4 ,?us1 = example1 :ile swimm+ is1 or %\ld be1 compulsory = all1 & a regul> "t f\nd = x 9 ! s*ool "t-table1 x is entirely a volunt>y matt] to g 91 z 9 _m s*ools a l>ge numb] d1 = ! te/s ( ! ,royal ,humane ,society4 ,ap>t f games1 ! outdoor pursuit t occupies ! l>ge/ place is probably1 9 mo/ ( ^! s*ools1 "s bran* ( natural hi/ory 7:i* may p]haps be held to include geology z well z ! /udy ( plant & animal life7--n s mu* by ! mak+ ( collections1 ?\gh ?is usually s]ves z a beg9n+1 z by ! keep+ ( di>ies1 notes ( obs]vations illu/rat$ by draw+s & photographs1 & exp]im5tal "w1 9 connection1 p]haps1 ) "w done 9 sci5ce classes4 ,simil>ly 9 ! /udy ( ar*aeology1 visits to places ( int]e/--!re are always _m old *ur*es )9 rea*1 if n o!r build+s ( equal int]e/--give matt] = writt5 notes z well z = draw+s & photographs2 & 9 at lea/ "o case1 ! fact t ! neighb\rhood is ri* 9 ,roman rema9s has giv5 opportunity1 "u ! guidance ( a ke5 classical ar*aeologi/1 = ! lay+ b>e ( m ?an "o ,roman villa1 & = mak+ int]e/+ additions to ! s*ool museum4 ,besides _! use 9 ! s]vice ( o!r pursuits1 sket*+ & photography also h _m vot>ies = _! own sake1 ?\gh ! =m] is usually m dep5d5t on enc\ragem5t f above4 ,!n !re is g>d5+4 ,! t5ure ( a plot ( gr\nd is a joy to _m *ildr52 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 "s exp]i5ce1 & "s exp]im5tal "w1 9 ! gr[+ ( ! mo/ necess>y food plants1 z well z fl[]s1 %\ld =m "p ( ! education ( all at a c]ta9 /age1 :e!r 9 s*ool "t or 9 free "t4 ,= "s1 :]e ! conditions are fav\rable1 ?is c be ext5d$ to ! c>e ( fruit-trees1 bees1 p\ltry1 & to "s k9ds ( f>m-"w4 ,! ne$s ( w>-"t h br\ght some?+ ( ?is into _m s*ools1 to ! real ga9 ( education1 n[ & lat]1 if x c be reta9$1 at lea/ z a possibility ( *oice4 ,s also ) ! c>e ( ! play+ fields3 ! m t ! "w ne$$ = a game is ?r[n ^u ! play]s !mselves1 ! m does x contribute to education4 ,& s too ) con/ructive "w ( any k9d t1 ) "s help ( sugge/ion or direction1 is )9 ! compass ev5 ( comp>atively unskill$ lab\r4 ,a l5g?y li/ c\ld be giv5 ( ?+s accompli%$ 9 ?is way1 ) an educational value all ! great] = _! practical purpose1 f ,rusk9's fam\s road d[n to ! la/ field levell$ & pavilion built or %$ put up1 by volunt>y ef=t & 9 "t f\nd by ! work]s )\t encroa*+ on regul> s*ool "w4 ,& la/ly1 an outdoor occupation = free "t :i*1 9 ! e>li] days ( s*ool life1 we %all d well to enc\rage--bo? = its own value & ! manifold int]e/s t x enc\rages & lessons t x tea*es1 & also = its be>+ on que/ions ( national s]vice t w rema9 to be answ]$ aft] ! w>--is ! wide range ( activities compris$ 9 sc\t+1 und\bt$ly "o ( ! *ief educational advances ( our "t4 ,:atev] diff]5ces ( views !re may be on ! wid] que/ions ( milit>y s]vice = national def5ce1 & ( mak+ milit>y tra9+ a specific "p ( education1 few c d5y t1 ) a view to national s]vice ( "s k9d1 ! use made by ,sir ,rob]t ,bad5-,p[ell ( in/9cts natural to all at a p>ticul> /age ( gr[?1 by an organisation :i* c be kept entirely free f ! fail+s ( milit>ism1 is a developm5t ( ! utmo/ educational1 z well z national1 value4 ,if a s*ool already develops1 by o!r means1 all ! activities tra9$ by sc\t+1 & utilises 9 o!r ways ! in/9cts & motives to :i* x makes appeal1 !re may be little or no?+ to be ga9$ by its adoption4 ,b ( h[ _m s*ools c ?is be said8 ,= ! re/ x und\bt$ly (f]s a way ( do+1 at ! /age ( gr[? = :i* x is be/ fitt$1 mu* ( :at1 if !re is any tru? 9 :at has be5 urg$ above1 is1 f ! po9t ( view ( individual developm5t1 ( great] importance n[ ?an ev] be=e4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 x w g f> to solve ! problem ( national s]vice1 & to remove ! ne$ = conscription 9 ! cont95tal =m1 !re is e reason to give x a prom95t place 9 ! activities enc\rag$1 if n insi/$ ^u1 at s*ool4 ,let u n[ turn to ! gr\p ( indoor pursuits1 :i*1 if !y h n q s direct a be>+ ^u heal?1 are 9 ano!r way ev5 m important2 = a l>ge "p ( leisure1 ev5 at s*ool & /ill m1 9 all probability1 aft]w>ds1 falls at times & "u conditions t make "s indoor occupation necess>y1 & ! wa/e or misuse ( ^! times is likely to be great]4 ,9 ?is gr\p c]ta9 ?+s ne$ be no m ?an m5tion$1 z ei!r apply+1 at any giv5 "t1 only to a few pick$ individuals1 or else likely1 9 ! majority ( s*ools1 to be made a regul> "p ( ! s*ool r\t9e2 su* z1 ( ! "o k9d1 ! edit+ ( ! s*ool magaz9e1 or memb]%ip ( ! s*ool fire-brigade ) ! frequ5t practices t ?is involves2 or1 ( ! o!r k9d1 special gymna/ics 7includ+ su* ?+s z box+ & f5c+71 or lectures & conc]ts & o!r ent]ta9m5ts giv5 to ! s*ool1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? giv5 by memb]s ( x1 ! prep>ation = :i* gives occupation be=eh& to mu* ( _! leisure4 ,( ! free-"t pursuits m prop]ly s call$1 9 :i* _m c %>e1 ! commone/ are probably ! v>i\s s*ool societies4 ,mo/ s*ools h "o or m debat+ societies1 ) meet+s at regul> int]vals ?r\gh\t ! w9t] t]ms1 = ! discussion ( que/ions ( g5]al or special int]e/2 ! difficulty be+ m (t5 to f9d a subject ?an speak]s4 ,_m also h ,essay or ,lit]>y societies1 = read+ pap]s & discuss+ ! books & writ]s treat$ (1 :i* involve a consid]able am\nt ( previ\s read+4 ,besides ^! mo/ s*ools n[ h simil> societies1 9 addition to ^? = c>ry+ out ! field-"w already m5tion$1 = hold+ lectures & discussions on v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,"s also h a musical society = ga9+ full] acqua9tance ) ! works ( ! *ief compos]s2 & a dramatic society = read+ & act+ plays z occasion all[s4 ,alli$ ) ^! int]e/s is volunt>y laboratory "w 9 "s bran* ( sci5ce1 bo? by individuals & gr\ps1 :i* may n unfairly be dignifi$ ) ! "n ( rese>*1 ev5 if x is only ! re-discov]y ( :at has be5 work$ out by o!rs4 ,9 "s s*ools special provision is made = enc\rag+ optional "w ( ?is k9d 9 a/ronomy2 9 o!rs x may be wireless telegraphy1 or ! use ( vegetable dyes1 & s =?4 ,9 "s ( ?is "w ev5 ! y\ng] c take "p2 & ( ! _m reasons = its enc\ragem5t n ! lea/ is ! wide field x op5s to individual initiative4 ,besides all ^! m specially intellectual int]e/s1 & ( /ill wid] appeal1 v>i\s k9ds ( h&icrafts af=d abundant occupation1 "s = ! long] & "s also = ! %ort] p]iods ( leisure4 ,wood-"w1 c>v+1 "w 9 metal or lea!r1 pott]y1 basket-plait+1 bookb9d+1 ne$lework & embroid]y1 knitt+1 nett+ hammocks & s =?--! only limit to ! numb] ( su* crafts is ! limit to ! k & en]gy ( ^? :o c />t & direct !m1 & to ! space available1 z "s c only be c>ri$ on 9 rooms res]v$ = su* "w4 ,s1 too1 ) v>i\s k9ds ( art-"w--draw+1 modell+1 lett]+1 mak+ po/]s = ent]ta9m5ts2 or music1 bo? individual & conc]t$1 or*e/ra practice1 "p-s++1 glee-clubs & s on2 or morrice & o!r folk-dances1 n[ happily be+ widely reviv$4 ,& la/ly !re are indoor games1 "s ( :i*1 l *ess 7c>ds are probably be/ conf9$ to ! sanatorium71 h a high tra9+ value1 & o!rs af=d a useful occasional outlet to high spirits2 & ent]ta9m5ts got up by "s society1 or p]haps by a s+le =m1 = ! re/ ( ! h\se or s*ool1 su* z a conc]t or play or ev5 an occasional fancy-dress dance1 ! prep>ation = :i* w happily occupy free "t = z long be=eh& z is all[$1 & does mu* to enc\rage +5uity1 especially if /rict conditions are impos$ t all t is requir$ mu/ be made = ! purpose & n b\ght4 ,b by ?is "t _m que/ions w h aris5 9 ! m9d ( ! read]1 especially if mu* ( :at has be5 enum]at$ lies outside 8 s*ool exp]i5ce2 que/ions t dem& an imm$iate answ]4 ,ev5 if all ?is free-"t "w & play may h a c]ta9 value1 h[ c "t be f\nd = x )\t encroa*+ on ! regul> "w & games :i*1 aft] all1 mu/ be ! ma9 conc]n ( ! s*ool8 ,& ev5 suppos+ t "t c\ld be f\nd = bo?1 w n all ?is volunt>y activity & pleasure-"w absorb ! int]e/s & en]gies t ought to be giv5 to ! m s]i\s1 if less attractive1 /udies8 ,& aga91 h[ c all ?is wide range ( activity be controll$8 ,:o is go+ to tea*1 or look aft]1 all ^! ?+s8 ,h[ are !y to be kept go+8 ,are !y1 or any ( !m1 to be compulsory1 or is a boy or girl to be all[$ to d any?+ or no?+1 or to flit1 butt]fly-fa%ion1 f "o to ano!r1 le>n+ no?+ except to fritt] away en]gy 9 endless m5tal dissipation8 ,only a brief answ] c be attempt$ to ^! que/ions4 ,x might inde$ be giv5 9 ! answ] to ! old puzzle1 solvitur ambul&o2 =1 giv5 a cle> aim & common s5se1 mo/ difficulties 9 education disappe> z "o goes on4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a "q ( educational values2 t settl$1 matt]s ( detail soon settle !mselves4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 x w be pla9 t ! writ] is "o ( ^? :o ?9k ^! volunt>y free-"t activities ( su* value t !y are will+1 9 ord] to make room = !m1 to jettison "s ( ! traditions t h ga!r$ ab\t s*ool "w & games4 ,let ! morn+ h\rs be res]v$ = ! sev]] k9ds ( class "w1 b let ! aft]noons be ma9ly giv5 to active pursuits ( o!r k9ds z well z games2 & on "o ( !m at lea/ let exp$itions 9 pursuit ( ! outdoor int]e/s above outl9$ be an alt]native to ! games *os5 by ! ke5 play]s1 or compulsory = ^? )\t an equival5t hobby4 ,!n1 too1 9 ! ev5+s let prep>ation be v>i$ ) h&icrafts 7! result w be an intellectual ga9 r ?an loss71 & "t be res]v$ = ! meet+s ( societies or = ent]ta9m5ts4 ,x may be well to say "h t :ile e "o ( ! ?+s above m5tion$ is an actual fact 9 "s s*ool1 9 none1 probably1 are all attempt$ at once1 nor1 ( c\rse1 d any ( _! memb]s take up _m ( ^! pursuits at ! same "t2 b x is surpris+ h[ mu* c be done by treat+ a "p ( "s aft]noons & ev5+s 9 ! week z leisure "t = ^! pursuits4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !re is usually a p>ticul> memb] ( ! ,/aff ^: task x is1 ei!r p]man5tly or 9 rotation1 to see :at is be+ done1 to give sugge/ions & enc\ragem5t to beg9n]s1 & to see1 if necess>y1 t fre$om does n mean disord]4 ,naturally1 9 ! case ( h&icrafts1 o!rs also take "p z actual tea*]s or at lea/ z fell[-work]s2 b ?\gh x is g5]ally helpful = memb]s ( ! ,/aff to jo9 9 all su* "w & 9 discussions1 ! aim ( x all is likely to be m fully atta9$ if z mu* z possible ( ! organisation & direction is left to memb]s ( ! s*ool4 ,s1 too1 ) ! "q ( compulsion4 ,n all h s /rong a b5t z to "k :at !y want to d1 & sometimes int]e/s come only by actual exp]i5ce4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to h an und]/&+ t1 at c]ta9 times1 all mu/ foll[ "s "o ( ! possible occupations2 b ! m x c be left to ! individual *oice1 & ! wid] ! range ( *oice1 ! bett] = ! purpose we h 9 view4 ,n all c\ntry rambles ne$ h a def9ite object1 nor all "t be actively fill$ t might be left = read+4 ,b )\t a def9ite object few w make a habit ( walk+1 or le>n to "k & love ! c\ntry2 & n all1 especially :]e !re is a multiplicity ( o!r int]e/s1 w =m ! habit ( read+ unless regul> times are set ap>t = x1 times :5 books mu/ be read & n m]ely magaz9es4 ,h[ f> fre$om ( *ange f "o occupation to ano!r is desirable is l>gely an individual "q4 ,! y\ng] ne$ to try _m ?+s be=e !y c settle d[n to "o1 9 ord] to discov] _! real int]e/s & to ex]cise _! faculties4 ,b x is well to h a /rict limit to ! numb] ( ?+s t may be tak5 up at once1 & a fix$ l5g? ( "t to be giv5 to ea* be=e x may be replac$ by ano!r4 ,) ! old]1 ?is1 z a rule1 settles itself1 on ! "o h& by gr[+ int]e/ 9 "o or two directions1 & on ! o!r by ! increas+ dem&s ( ! s*ool "w & approa*+ exam9ations4 ,x is ! y\ng]1 !re=e1 :o ne$ mo/ enc\ragem5t4 ,9 s*ools :]e1 z said above1 !re is a long tradition ( su* free-"t "w1 !re is ! less ne$ = any?+ beyond sugge/ions & g5]al sup]vision4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! x is f\nd helpful to h1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 talks ^u ! subject by "s memb] ( ! ,/aff1 or an old boy p]haps :o has devot$ himself to "s p>ticul> bran*1 9 ord] to expla9 :at c be done & ! /&>d to be ma9ta9$4 ,9 sev]al ( !m prizes are (f]$ e ye>1 ei!r by ! s*ool or by ! ,old ,s*ol>s' ,association or by individual old s*ol>s1 = good "w 9 _m ( ! categories m5tion$ above2 ^! 9 "s s*ools be+ ! only prizes giv54 ,9 "s cases !y are money prizes1 z 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( "w ! tools or mat]ials us$ are co/ly2 9 o!rs ! prizes are n giv5 to individuals1 b 9 ! =m ( a trophy to ! =m or h\se t %[s up ! be/ record = ! t]m or ye>2 9 o!rs1 aga91 ! ne$ ( prizes is n felt1 b int]e/ & ke5ness to ma9ta9 a good /&>d are kept up by ! public %[1 held ea* ye>1 ( "w done 9 leisure "t4 ,&1 x may be add$1 a great /imulus 9 itself is ! wid] fre$om t c be e>n$ by ^? :o foll[ c]ta9 bran*es ( /udy1 9 ! way1 = in/ance1 ( exp$itions1 on foot or by bicycle1 to places :]e !y c be pursu$4 ,b ) all ?is !re is1 ( c\rse1 ! dang] t s mu* en]gy may be absorb$ 9 ^! pursuits t little is left = ! ord9>y s*ool "w4 ,9 "s few cases1 :]e !re is a /rong natural b5t & ! free-"t pursuit is a s]i\s object ( /udy1 ?is may be a ?+ n to be disc\rag$1 z x w provide ! true/ means ( education4 ,b 9 mo/ cases c>e is ne$$ to see t ! due proportion is kept1 & especially t m]e amusem5t is n all[$ to occupy ! :ole ( leisure1 /ill less to di/ract ?\ght & ef=t f s]i\s "w4 ,by mak+ ent]ta9m5ts1 :i* might1 if too frequ5t or too elaborate1 h ?is effect1 dep5d5t on ! s*ool "w be+ well done1 ?is dang] c be m9imis$4 ,= ! re/1 if free-"t "w is f\nd to take ! fir/ place 9 a boy's ?\ghts1 may n ?is be a sign t ! ord9>y curriculum & me?ods ( tea*+ are capable ( improvem5t1 & t m use ( ^! natural int]e/s may ) advantage be made 9 class "t z well8 ,n t "w ( any k9d c be all pleasure or always outw>dly int]e/+2 !re is pl5ty ( h>d spade-"w ne$$ 9 any /udy s]i\sly foll[$1 9 class or out4 ,b if 9 education ke5ness is ! fir/ ess5tial & p]sonality ! f9al aim1 int]e/ & fre$om mu/ h a l>g] place ?an is usually all[$ !m 9 ! class-room if ! real education is n to c5tre 9 ! self-*os5 & self-direct$ pursuits ( leisure4 ,"o ^w m4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t all t has be5 describ$ is only possible1 or only ne$$1 9 ! bo>d+ s*ool or only = a specially leisur$ class4 ,if1 z has "h be5 urg$1 ^! activities & int]e/s =m an integral "p ( education 9 its fulle/ mean+1 !y are j z necess>y 9 ! day s*ool & _c be left to *ance & ! home to see to4 ,& ( all ! ne$$ re=ms 9 elem5t>y education1 among/ ! mo/ ne$$ is ! great] utilisation ( ! active int]e/s & in/9cts ( *ildr51 9 a tra9+ t w\ld h a wid] outlook & a clos] be>+1 ?r\gh practical exp]i5ce1 bo? on ! "w ( life & ! use ( leisure4 ,x ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,practical ,,life ,by ,,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,e ,head ,ma/] ( ,mill ,hill ,s*ool ,i ,x is1 p]haps1 ! *ief glory ( ! ,ideal ,commonweal? t ea* & e memb] !re( is f\nd 9 8 "r place4 ,8 pr(ession is also 8 vocation2 9 x is 8 pride2 ?r\gh x he atta9s to ! joie de vivre2 by x he makes 8 contribution to ! happ9ess ( 8 fell[s & to ! welf>e & progress ( ! ,/ate4 ,! contemplation ( ! ,ideal1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to be nature's anodyne = exp]i5ce ( ! ,actual4 ,9 practical life1 all attempts1 h[ev] e>ne/ & cont9u\s1 to realise ?is ideal are fru/rat$ by "o or m ( _m difficulties2 & ?\gh ! ,mill5nium foll[s h>d ^u ,armag$don1 we _c assume t 9 ! p]iod vaguely kn[n z aft] ! w> ^! difficulties w be few] 9 numb] or less 9 magnitude4 ,"s ( ! m obvi\s may be briefly consid]$4 ,9 !ory1 e *ild is good = some?+2 9 practice1 all ef=ts to discov] = :at "s *ildr5 are good prove unavail+4 ,! napk9 may be %ak5 nev] s vigor\sly1 b ! tal5t rema9s hidd54 ,9 e s*ool !re are _m hone/ fell[s :o seem to h no decid$ b5t 9 any direction1 & :o w\ld probably d equally well1 or equally badly1 9 any "o ( half-a-doz5 diff]5t employm5ts4 ,"s ( ^! boys are /eady1 reliable1 n unduly av]se f lab\r1 will+--ev5 anxi\s--to be guid$ & to c>ry out in/ructions1 yet are q unable to manife/ a pref]5ce = any "o k9d ( "w4 ,o!rs1 aga91 %[ real en?usiasm = a bus9ess or pr(ession1 b d n possess ^? qualities :i* are ess5tial to success !re92 yet !y are all[$ to foll[ _! suppos$ b5t1 & sp5d ! priceless ye>s ( adolesc5ce 9 ! a*ievem5t ( co/ly failure4 ,_m a promis+ me*anic has be5 spoil$ by ! ill-consid]$ attempts to make a passable eng9e]2 & ! annals ( e pr(ession ab\nd 9 p>allel in/ances ( misdirect$ zeal4 ,9 say+ ?is1 h[ev]1 "o w\ld n wi% to und]value en?usiasm1 nor to d5y t x sometimes reveals or develops lat5t & unsuspect$ tal5ts4 ,! life-"w ( _m is det]m9$ l>gely1 if n entirely1 by :at may be t]m$ family consid]ations4 ,!re is room = a boy 9 ! bus9ess ( 8 fa!r or "s o!r relative4 ,! fitness ( ! boy = ! p>ticul> employm5t is n1 z a rule1 s]i\sly consid]$2 x is held1 p]haps1 to be suffici5tly prov$ by ! fact t he is 8 fa!r's son4 ,he is m likely to be call$ ^u to recognise ! special disp5sations ( a b5efic5t ,provid5ce on 8 behalf4 ,x is natural t a man %\ld wi% ! fruits ( 8 lab\r to b5efit 8 family 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 at any rate2 & ! desire to set 8 *ildr5 well on ! road ( life's j\rney seems entirely laudable4 ,x is easy to hold :at o!rs h won1 to build on f\ndations :i* o!rs h laid1 & to d ?is ) all _! exp]i5ce & goodwill to aid him4 ,h5ce :5 ! fa!r retires he has ! solid satisfaction ( kn[+ t ,resign$ unto ! ,heav5ly ,w1 ,8 son keeps on ! bus9ess /ill4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ?is policy is (t5 successful2 b x is equally und5iable t x is directly responsible = ! pres5ce ( _m incompet5t m5 9 positions :i* none b ! mo/ compet5t %\ld occupy4 ,!re are _m long-e/abli%$ firms ha/5+ to decay because ev5 !y are n /rong en\gh to )/& ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( successive infusions ( new 7& "y7 blood4 ,_m1 too1 are det]r$ f und]tak+ cong5ial "w by reason ( ! inadequate income to be d]iv$ !refrom1 & ! unsatisfactory prospects :i* x pres5ts4 ,let x suffice to m5tion ! tea*+ pr(ession1 :i* fails to attract 9 any consid]able numb]s ! "r k9d ( m5 & wom54 ,a l>ge proportion ( its memb]s did n become tea*]s f delib]ate *oice1 b1 hav+ fail$ 9 _! attempt to secure o!r employm5t1 7 =c$ to betake !mselves to ! ev]-op5 portals ( ! great ,refuge = ! ,de/itute1 & become tea*]s 7or1 at lea/1 become classifi$ z su*74 ,true !re are a few prizes 9 ! pr(ession1 & to "s ( ! rude donati ! ,*ur* holds out a help+ h&2 b ! lay memb]s _c look =w>d ev5 to ! cong5ial gloom ( a ,colonial ,bi%opric4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are attract$ to employm5ts 7= :i* !y may h no special aptitude7 by ! l>ge sal>ies or pr(its :i* are to be e>n$ !re91 (t5 ) b little tr\ble or previ\s tra9+--or s1 at lea/1 !y believe4 ,! idea ( vocation is q obscur$1 & a man's occupation is 9 effect ! %orte/ di/ance f pov]ty :i* he _c endure1 to weal? & leisure :i* he may n "k h[ to use4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 too1 t a "y man is unable to af=d ei!r ! "t or ! exp5se necess>y to qualify = ! pr(ession :i* he desires to ent]1 & = :i* he is well adapt$ by 8 tal5ts & temp]am5t4 ,n a few pref] 9 su* circum/ances to play = safety1 & secure a po/ 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice4 ,x is pla9 f su* consid]ations z ^! t all attempts to realise ! ,utopian ideal mu/ ne$s be1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 b v p>tially successful4 ,politics are n ! only sph]e 9 :i* action is "o long second-be/4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible at ! pres5t "t to tra9 ea* y\? = t call+ :i* 8 own gifts & temp]am5t1 or ! reason$ judgm5t ( 8 p>5ts1 select$ z 8 life-"w1 x is v f> f c]ta9 t he w\ld ultimately f9d himself engag$ !re94 ,engli% in/itutions are l>gely bas$ on ! doctr9e ( individual lib]ty1 & ^? /atutes :i* e/abli% or safegu>d individual rights are n unju/ly reg>d$ z ! bulw>ks ( ! ,con/itution4 ,b ! inali5able "r ( a fa!r to *oose a pr(ession = 8 son1 or ( ! son to *oose "o = himself1 is (t5 ex]cis$ )\t any real inquiry into ! conditions ( success 9 ! pr(ession select$4 ,h5ce ! frequ5t compla9ts ab\t ! ov]cr[d+ ( ! pr(essions ei!r 9 c]ta9 localities or 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,! ,b> af=ds a gl>+ example4 ,!re be _m :i* are br$ unto ! law1 yet is ! law n bread unto !m4 ,! numb] ( recruits :i* any "o bran* ( indu/ry requires 9 a s+le ye> is n con/ant1 &1 9 "s cases1 is subject to great fluctuations2 yet !re are few or no /ati/ics available = ! guidance ( ^? :o are specially conc]n$ ) t bran*1 or :o are consid]+ ! desirability ( ent]+ x4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,employm5t ,ex*anges is a tacit admission ( ! ne$ ( su* /ati/ics1 &--?\gh less c]ta9ly--( ! duty ( ! ,gov]nm5t to provide !m4 ,yet ev5 if !y 7 provid$ x seems beyond dispute t1 9 ! abs5ce ( /rong pressure or compulsion f ! ,/ate1 ! *oice ( individuals w\ld n always be 9 accordance ) ! national ne$s4 ,! entry to c]ta9 pr(essions--= in/ance t ( m$ic9e--is mo/ prop]ly safegu>d$ by regulations & re/rictions impos$ by bodies to :i* ! ,/ate has delegat$ c]ta9 p[]s & duties4 ,x may happ5 t 9 "o ( ^! pr(essions ! numb] ( memb]s is greatly 9 excess1 or falls f> %ort ( ! national requirem5ts2 yet nei!r ,/ate nor ,pr(essional ,c\ncil has p[] to refuse admission to any duly qualifi$ c&idate1 or to compel c]ta9 select$ p to und]go ! tra9+ necess>y = qualification4 ,x is q conceivable1 h[ev]1 t circum/ances might arise :i* w\ld r5d] su* action n m]ely desirable b absolutely ess5tial to ! national well-be+2 inde$ x is at lea/ arguable t su* circum/ances h already aris54 ,! popul> doctr9e ( ! e>ly ,victorian era1 t ! welf>e ( ! community c\ld be/ be secur$ by all[+ e man to seek 8 own int]e/s 9 ! way *os5 by himself1 has be5 greatly modifi$ or :olly ab&on$4 ,s f> are we f believ+ t national effici5cy is to be atta9$ by individual lib]ty t "s are 9 real dang] ( reg>d+ ! two z ess5tially antagoni/ic4 ,! nation1 z a :ole1 support$ ! ,legislature 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( compulsory milit>y s]vice2 x did s )\t en?usiasm & only because ( ! g5]al conviction t su* a policy 0 dem&$ by ! magnitude ( ! issues at /ake4 ,britons h always be5 ready1 ev5 eag]1 to give _! lives = _! c\ntry2 b1 ev5 n[1 mo/ ( !m pref] t ! obligation to d s %\ld be a moral1 r ?an a legal "o4 ,! doctr9e ( individual lib]ty implies ! m9imum ( ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,h5ce !re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e s mu* has be5 left to individual initiative & volunt>y ef=t z 9 ,engl&2 &1 ?\gh ( late ! numb] ( ,gov]nm5t (ficials has greatly increas$1 x /ill rema9s true t an enorm\s am\nt ( important "w1 ( a k9d :i* is else:]e done by sal>i$ s]vants ( ! ,/ate1 is 9 ! h&s ( volunt>y associations or ( m5 :o1 ?\gh appo9t$ or recognis$ by ! ,/ate1 receive no sal>y = _! s]vices4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t ! "w has be51 on ! :ole1 well done4 ,a traditional practice ( su* a k9d _c be 7& ought n to be7 ab&on$ at once or )\t c>eful consid]ation2 yet ! *ang$ conditions ( dome/ic & int]national politics r5d] "s modification necess>y4 ,if ! ,legislature has protect$ ! pur*as]--9 spite ( ! doctr9e ( caveat emptor--by enactm5ts aga9/ adult]ation ( food1 & has 9 addition1 creat$ ma*9]y to en=ce ^? enactm5ts1 are n we ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ t x %all also protect u aga9/ incompet5ce1 especially 9 cases :]e ! effects1 ?\gh n s obvi\s1 are ev5 m h>mful to ! community ?an ^? :i* spr+ f impure food8 ,! prev5tion ( ov]cr[d+ 9 occupations w\ld seem to be ! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate q z mu* z is ! prev5tion ( ov]cr[d+ 9 dwell+-h\ses & factories4 ,! be/ int]e/s ( ! nation dem& t ! entrance to ! tea*+ pr(ession--to take "o example out ( _m--%\ld be safegu>d$ at lea/ z c>efully z ! entrance to m$ic9e or law4 ,! supreme importance ( ! functions ex]cis$ by tea*]s is f> f be+ g5]ally realis$1 ev5 by tea*]s !mselves2 yet ^u ! effective realisation ( t importance ! future welf>e ( ! nation l>gely dep5ds4 ,d\btless mo/ ( u w\ld pref] t ! supply ( tea*]s %\ld be ma9ta9$ by volunt>y enli/m5t1 & t _! tra9+ %\ld be und]tak51 l t ( m$ical /ud5ts1 by in/itutions :i* owe _! orig9 to private or public b5efic5ce r ?an to ! ,/ate2 nev]!less1 ! obligation to secure adequate numb]s ( suitable c&idates & to provide = _! pr(essional tra9+ re/s ultimately on ! ,/ate4 ,! obligation has be5 p>tially recognis$ z f> z elem5t>y education is conc]n$1 b x is by no means conf9$ to t bran*4 ,x is well to realise at ?is po9t t ! effici5t dis*>ge ( ! duty ?us impos$ w ( necessity involve a mu* great] degree ( compulsion on bo? tea*]s & pupils ?an has hi!rto be5 employ$4 ,! t]rible spectacle ( ! unutilis$ res\rces ( humanity1 :i* ev]y:]e confronts u 9 ! l>g] relations ( our national life1 has be5 responsible = c]ta9 t5tatives :i* h ei!r fail$ altoge!r to a*ieve _! object1 or h be5 b p>tially successful4 ,mu* has be5 he>d ( ! educational ladd]--incid5tally x may be not$ t ! educational sieve is equally necess>y1 ?\gh n equally popul>--& "s attempts h be5 made to enable a boy or girl ( p>ts to climb f ! elem5t>y s*ool to ! univ]sity )\t excessive difficulty4 ,to supplem5t ! gl>+ defici5cies ( elem5t>y education a few--ridicul\sly few--cont9uation s*ools h be5 e/abli%$4 ,t ^! & simil> measures h fail$ ( success is l>gely due to ! fact t ! ,/ate has be5 cont5t to provide facilities1 b has refra9$ f ex]cis+ t degree ( compulsion :i* alone c\ld ensure t !y w\ld be utilis$ by ^? = ^: b5efit !y 7 creat$4 ,su* cont9uation s*ools z ,engl& possesses1 says a ,g]man critic1 are )\t ! indisp5sable condition ( compulsion4 ,! re=ms rec5tly outl9$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education %[ t he1 at any rate1 admits ! criticism to be well gr\nd$4 ,a sy/em :i* compels a *ild to att5d s*ool until he is f\rte5 & !n leaves him to 8 own res\rces c d little to create1 & less to satisfy1 a ?ir/ = k4 ,dur+ ! mo/ critical ye>s ( 8 life--f\rte5 to eighte5--he is left )\t guidance1 )\t discipl9e1 )\t ideals1 (t5 )\t ev5 ! desire ( rememb]+ or us+ ! little he kn[s4 ,he is l$1 z x 71 to ! ?re%old ( ! temple1 b ! fa/-clos$ door =bids him to ent] & behold ! glories ( ! int]ior4 ,ye> by ye> !re is an appall+ wa/e ( good human mat]ial2 & ?\s&s ( ^? :om nature int5d$ to be capta9s ( indu/ry are relegat$1 9 consequ5ce ( undevelop$ or imp]fectly tra9$ capacity1 to ! ranks1 or become hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]4 ,_m drift ) o!r gr\ps ( human wa/age to ! unemploy$1 !nce to ! unemployable1 & s to ! gutt] & ! grave4 ,! poor we h always ) u2 b ! wa/rel--l ! paup]--is a "w ( art1 ! creation ( wa/eful sympa?y & legislative ineffici5cy4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 9 speak+ ( ! ,/ate to avoid ! error ( suppos+ t x is a div9ely appo9t$ entity1 end[$ ) p[] & wisdom f on high4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! nation 9 m9iature4 ,ev5 if ! ,legislature 7 compos$ exclusively ( ! highe/ wisdom1 ! mo/ enlight5$ patriotism 9 ! c\ntry1 its enactm5ts mu/ ne$s fall %ort ( its own /&>ds1 & be b little 9 advance ( ^? ( ! av]age ( ! nation4 ,x mu/ /ill ackn[l$ge ) ,solon4 ,^! are n ! be/ laws ,i c\ld make1 b !y are ! be/ :i* my nation is fitt$ to receive4 ,we _c blame ! ,/ate )\t1 9 fact1 condemn+ ourselves4 ,! abs5ce ( any widespread en?usiasm = education1 or appreciation ( its possibilities2 ! claims ( ve/$ int]e/s2 ! exig5cies ( ,p>ty ,gov]nm5t2 &1 above all1 ! murd]\s t5acity ( individual rights h prov$ well-nigh insup]able ob/acles 9 ! pa? ( true educational re=m4 ,on ! :ole we h receiv$ z good laws z we h des]v$4 ,! *ang$ conditions due to ! w>1 & ! *ang$ temp] ( ! nation af=d a unique opportunity = wis] c\nsels1 &--to "s ext5t--gu>antee t !y %all receive c>eful & sympa!tic consid]ation4 ,x may be object$1 h[ev]1 t 9 tak+ ! tea*+ pr(ession to exemplify ! duty ( ! ,/ate to assume responsibility = bo? individual & community1 we h *os5 a case :i* is exceptional r ?an typical2 t _m1 p]haps mo/1 ( ! o!r vocations may be safely left to !mselves1 or1 at lea/ left to develop along _! own l9es ) ! m9imum ( ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !re is =ce 9 ^! objections4 ,x %\ld suffice1 h[ev]1 to rem>k t1 if ! duty ( ! ,/ate to secure ! effici5cy ( its memb]s 9 _! sev]al call+s be admitt$1 ! "q ( ! ext5t to :i*1 & ! mann] 9 :i* control is ex]cis$ is "o ( detail r ?an ( pr9ciple1 & may !re=e be settl$ by ! common s5se & practical exp]i5ce ( ! p>ties *iefly conc]n$4 ,a mu* m difficult problem is sure to arise1 soon] or lat]1 9 connection ) ! utilisation ( effici5ts4 ,"s few ye>s ago ! pres5t ,prime ,m9i/] call$ att5tion to ! wa/e ( p[] involv$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ! ri*4 ,!y receive1 he said1 ! be/ t money c buy2 _! bodies & bra9s are discipl9$2 & !n !y devote !mselves to a life ( idl5ess4 ,x is a /upid wa/e ( fir/-class mat]ial4 ,in/ead ( contribut+ to ! "w ( ! _w1 !y kill _! "t by te>+ along roads at p]il\s spe$1 or d no?+ at enorm\s exp5se4 ,x has ne$$ ! bloodie/ w> 9 hi/ory to reveal ! spl5did h]oism lat5t 9 "y m5 ( ?is class4 ,:o c )hold f !m gratitude1 hon\r1 nay ev5 rev]5ce8 ,b ! problem /ill rema9s h[ are ! priceless qualities1 :i* h be5 s freely devot$ to ! national welf>e on ! battlefield1 to be utilis$ = ! great] works ( peace :i* await u8 ,are we to recognise ! "r to be idle z well z ! "r to "w8 ,is !re to be a k9d ( second ,!llusson ,act1 direct$ aga9/ accumulations ( leisure8 ,or are we to attempt ! discov]y ( "s great pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,spiritual ,en]gy1 by ! application ( :i* ^! m5 may make a contribution wor?y ( !mselves to ! national life & "*8 ,:o c answ]8 ,b ?\gh x is freely admitt$ on all h&s t "s *eck ^u aggressive individualism is imp]atively necess>y1 & t x is no long] possible to rely entirely ^u volunt>y organisations h[ev] useful1 !re are n a few ( our c\ntrym5 :o view ) grave conc]n any increase 9 ! p[] & au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y po9t out t su* increase t5ds inevitably t[>ds ! despotism ( an olig>*y1 & t su* a despotism1 h[ev] b5evol5t 9 its inception1 ru?lessly sacrifices individual int]e/s & lib]ty to ! real or suppos$ good ( ! ,/ate2 t ev5 :]e con/itutional =ms rema9 ! _s :i* animat$ !m has dep>t$2 t (ficialism & bureaucracy ) _! att5dant evils become supreme1 & t ! national "* /eadily det]iorates4 ,!y w>n u t we may pay too high a price ev5 = organisation & effici5cy2 &1 ?\gh x is natural t we %\ld admire c]ta9 qualities :i* we d n possess1 we ought n to ov]look ! fact t ^? me?ods :i* h produc$ ! mo/ p]fect national organisation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w are also responsible = orgies ( brutality )\t p>allel among civilis$ peoples4 ,t su* w>n+s are ne$ful _c be d\bt$2 b may x n be urg$ t !y indicate dang]s incid5t to a c\rse ( action r ?an ! inevitable consequ5ces !re(8 ,9 adapt+ ourselves to new conditions we mu/ ne$s take risks4 ,no ,briti% ,gov]nm5t c\ld /amp out volunt>yism ev5 if x wi%$ to d s2 & none has yet manife/$ any su* desire4 ,! nation does n want t k9d ( national unity ( :i* ,g]many is s pr\d1 & :i* seems s admirably adapt$ to h] ne$s2 = ! ,engli% "* & g5ius re/ ^u a conception ( fre$om :i* r5d]s su* a unity =eign & ev5 repulsive to its temp]4 ,:atev] be ! *anges :i* lie be=e u1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,/ate is ! "o =m ( idolatry into :i* ! ,briti% p are lea/ likely to fall4 ,,ii ,! rec5t adaptation ( factories & work%ops to ! production ( w> mat]ial is only typical ( :at goes on ye> by ye> 9 peace "t1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 to a less degree & 9 less dramatic fa%ion4 ,n only are m5 con/antly adapt+ !mselves & _! ma*9]y to *ang$ conditions ( production1 b !y are apply+ ! exp]i5ce & skill ga9$ 9 ! pursuit ( "o occupation to ! problems ( ano!r = :i* x has be5 ex*ang$4 ,! comp>ative ease ) :i* ?is is done is evid5ce ( ! widespread exi/5ce ( t gift :i* our enemies call ! p[] ( muddl+ ?r\gh1 b :i* has be5 t]m$--)\t :olly sacrific+ tru? to polit5ess--! concurr5t adaptability to environm5t4 ,! ,briti% sailor z h&y man has few equals & no sup]iors1 & he is1 9 "s sort1 typical ( ! nation4 ,! te/imony ( ,?ucydides to ,!mi/ocles 7,greek3 krati/os d oytos aytos*$iaze9 ta deonta eg5eto7 might ) equal or ev5 great] tru? be appli$ to _m ,engli%m5 to-day4 ,z ?is p[] ,greek3 aytos*$iaze9 ta deonta 9 ! pres5t w> sav$ ! ,allies f defeat at ! outset1 s we hope & believe x w c>ry !m on to victory at ! la/4 ,yet x becomes a sn>e if x leads its possessor to neglect prep>ation or despise organisation1 = nei!r ( :i* c x ev] be an entirely satisfactory sub/itute1 albeit a v co/ly "o4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld recognise t any sy/em ( tra9+ :i* s]i\sly impairs ?is p[] t5ds to deprive u ( "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( our national assets4 ,x foll[s t1 = ! majority at lea/1 exclusive or excessive specialisation 9 tra9+--vocational or o!rwise--s f> f be+ an advantage1 is a positive drawback2 =1 z we h se51 a l>ge proportion ( our y\? manife/ no m>k$ b5t 9 any p>ticul> direction1 & ( ^? :o d b a small proportion are capable ( t hyp]trophy :i* ! highe/ specialisation dem&s4 ,x is important to rememb] t1 ?\gh s*ool life is a prep>ation = practical life1 vocational education ought n to beg9 until a comp>atively late /age 9 a boy's c>e]1 if inde$ x beg9s at all :ile he rema9s at s*ool4 ,on ?is x w\ld seem t all pr(essional bodies are agre$2 = ! entrance exam9ations1 :i* !y h accept$ or e/abli%$ are all fram$ to te/ a boy's g5]al education & n 8 k ( ! special subjects to :i* he w aft]w>ds devote himself4 ,! evils ( premature specialisation are too well kn[n to require ev5 enum]ation1 & !y are increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ if t premature specialisation is vocational4 ,! importance ( te*nical tra9+ z ! means :]eby a man is enabl$ rightly to use ! h\rs ( "w c h>dly be exagg]at$2 b ! value ( 8 "w1 8 wor? to 8 fell[s1 & 8 rank 9 ! scale ( manhood dep5d1 to at lea/ an equal degree1 ^u ! way 9 :i* he uses ! h\rs ( leisure4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ ( ! _m functions ( a good s*ool to tra9 its memb]s to a wise use ( leisure2 & ?\gh ?is is n always a*iev$ by direct means ! result is none ! less valuable4 ,9 e call+ !re mu/ ne$s be mu* ( :at c only be to all save its mo/ en?usia/ic devotees--&1 at times1 ev5 to !m--dull r\t9e & drudg]y4 ,a man _c d 8 be/1 or be 8 be/1 unless he is able to ov]come ! p>alys+ influ5ces ?us br\ght to be> ^u him by secur+ m5tal & spiritual fre%ness & /imulus2 9 o!r words 8 inw>d man mu/ be r5ew$ day by day4 ,!re are _m ag5cies :i* may contribute to su* a result2 b s*ool memories1 s*ool fri5d%ips1 s*ool int]e/s take a =emo/ place among !m4 ,_m boys by ! "t !y leave s*ool h develop$ an int]e/ or hobby--lit]>y1 sci5tific or practical2 & ! hobby has an e?ical1 z well z an economic value4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,excessive devotion to ,bread ,/udies1 :e!r volunt>y or compulsory1 t5ds to make a man's vocation ! prison ( 8 s\l4 ,pr(essor ,euck5 rec5tly told 8 c\ntrym5 t ! great] _! p]fection 9 "w grew1 ! small] grew _! s\ls4 ,any rational int]e/1 !re=e1 :i* helps a man to %ake (f 8 fett]s1 helps also to pres]ve 8 humanity & to keep him 9 t\* ) 8 fell[s4 ,dr ,a4,c4 ,b5son tells ( a di/+ui%$ ,fr5*man :o rem>k$ to him1 ,9 ,france a boy goes to s*ool or college1 & p]haps does 8 be/4 ,b he does n get ! sort ( passion = ! hon\r & prosp]ity ( 8 s*ool or college :i* y ,engli% seem to feel4 ,x is ?is wondr\s faculty ( inspir+ unselfi% devotion :i* makes our s*ools ! spiritual p[]-h\ses ( ! nation4 ,?is love = an ab/raction1 :i* ev5 ! dulle/ boys feel1 is ! beg9n+ ( mu* t makes ,engli% life sweet & pure4 ,x is ! same _s :i*1 9 lat] ye>s1 moves m5 to d su* spl5did volunt>y "w = _! *ur*1 _! t[n1 _! c\ntry1 & ev5 9 "s cases leads !m to take ! :ole _w = _! p>i%4 ,h[ev] mu* we may /rive to rea* ! beautiful ,montessori ideal1 ! fact rema9s t !re mu/ be "s lessons1 "s duties1 :i* ! pupil he>tily dislikes & w\ld gladly avoid if he c\ld2 b !y mu/ be done promptly & satisfactorily1 &1 if n *e]fully1 at lea/ )\t audible murmur+4 ,ev5tually he may1 & (t5 does1 come to l !m2 at any rate he realises t !y are n set be=e him 9 ord] to irritate or puni% him1 b z "p ( 8 s*ool tra9+4 ,x w be agre$ t ! acquirem5t ( a habit ( do+ di/a/eful ?+s1 ev5 "u compulsion1 because !y are "p ( "o's duty is no bad prep>ation = a life 9 :i* mo/ days br+ _! quota ( unpleasant duties :i* _c be avoid$1 delegat$1 or po/pon$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 !re is a real dang]--9 "s qu>t]s at lea/--( unduly emphasis+ ! specifically vocational1 or practical side ( education4 ,! man ( affairs kn[s little or no?+ ( "y m9ds & _! limitations1 ( ! conditions "u :i* tea*+ is done1 or ( ! educational values ( ! v>i\s /udies 9 a s*ool curriculum4 ,he is prone to *oose subjects *iefly or solely because ( _! imm$iate practical utility4 ,?us 9 8 view ! *ief reason = le>n+ a mod]n language is t bus9ess communications w !reby be facilitat$4 ,"o c\ld wi% t he w\ld be cont5t to indicate ! end :i* he has 9 view1 & :i* he sees cle>ly1 & leave ! means ( obta9+ x to ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! tea*]2 = 9 education1 z 9 o!r sph]es ( action1 ! obvi\s way is r>ely ! "r way1 & v (t5 ! way ( disa/]4 ,yet x is a di/9ct ga9 to h ! practical man br\ght into ! adm9i/ration ( educational affairs2 = tea*]s are1 z a rule1 too little 9 contact ) ! _w ( comm]ce to "k mu* ( ! ne$s & ideas ( bus9ess m54 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education has already e/abli%$ a ,consultative ,committee ( ,educationi/s4 ,:y %\ld n a simil> /&+ ,committee1 consi/+ ( repres5tatives ( ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce ( ! c\ntry be also appo9t$8 ,su* a ,committee c\ld r5d]1 z c\ld no o!r body1 invaluable s]vice to ! cause ( education4 ,f a rec5t article by ,pr(essor ,leacock we le>n t "s tw5ty ye>s ago !re 0 a consid]able *ange 9 ! ,canadian s*ools & univ]sities4 ,! railroad magnate1 ! corporation manag]1 ! promot]1 ! multi=m director1 & all ! re/ ( ! gr\p kn[n z capta9s ( indu/ry1 began to besiege ! univ]sities clam\r+ = practical tra9+ = _! sons4 ,mr ,leacock tells ( a great & fam\s ,canadian public s*ool1 :i* he att5d$1 at :i* practical bank+ 0 taught s resolutely t !y _h wire grat+s & little wickets1 books labell$ ) ! utmo/ correctness1 & all mann] ( real-look+ ?+s4 ,x all came to an end1 & n[ x appe>s t 9 ,canada !y are beg9n+ to f9d t ! great ?+ is to give a s*oolboy a m9d t w d any?+2 :5 ! "t comes y w tra9 y\r bank] 9 a bank4 ,x may be t ev]ybody has n recognis$ ?is1 & t ! railroad magnates & ! re/ ( !m are n yet fully conv9c$2 b ,mr ,leacock decl>es t ! mo/ successful s*ools ( comm]ce w n n[ attempt to tea* ! me*anism ( bus9ess1 because ! solid1 or?odox /udies ( ! univ]sity programme1 tak5 9 suitable1 selective gr\ps1 (f] ! mo/ practical tra9+ 9 reg>d to intellectual equipm5t1 t ! _w has yet devis$4 ,to ! same purport is ! evid5ce giv5 by ,mr ,h4,a4 ,rob]ts1 ,secret>y ( ! ,cambridge ,appo9tm5ts ,bo>d 7see ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce tak5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,civil ,s]vice1 #bbnd ,novemb] #aiab-ac? ,decemb] #aiab1 pp4 #ff-gc74 ,! :ole ( ?is te/imony des]ves c>eful /udy4 ,= "s few ye>s pa/ ! heads ( ! great bus9ess firms1 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 h be5 apply+ 9 ev] increas+ numb]s to ,cambridge 7& to ,ox=d also1 ?\gh 9 ?is case /ati/ics d n appe> to be available7 = m5 to take *>ge ( dep>tm5ts & ag5cies2 to become1 9 fact1 capta9s ( indu/ry4 ,9 ! ye> be=e ! w> 7#aiac-ad7 ab\t #ace m5 7 transf]r$ f ,cambridge ,univ]sity to comm]cial po/s ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,bo>d#a4 ,"o might naturally suppose t ! majority ( ^! 7 sci5ce m52 on ! contr>y1 ow+ no d\bt to ! great] numb] ( o!r po/s op5 to !m1 !y 7 few] ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,graduates f e ,tripos are f\nd 9 ! #ace 9 numb]s r\ghly proportional to ! numb]s 9 ! v>i\s ,tripos li/s4 ,%ortly be=e ! w> an adv]tisem5t ( an important manag]%ip ( "s works--9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 if ,i rememb] rightly--end$ ) ! intimation t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 pref]5ce w\ld be giv5 to a man :o _h tak5 a good degree 9 ,classical ,hon\rs4 ,t mo/ ( su* m5 are successful 9 _! occupations might be deem$ to be prov$ by ! /eady increase 9 ! numb] ( applications made = _! s]vices4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 m def9ite evid5ce available4 ,a memb] ( "o ( ! l>ge/ bus9ess firms 9 ! c\ntry te/ifi$ to ! same ,royal ,commission t ( ! #df ,cambridge m5 :o _h be5 tak5 into 8 employm5t dur+ ! previ\s sev5 ye>s #dc _h done excell5tly well1 two _h left be=e _! probation>y p]iod 0 end$ to take up o!r "w2 & "o only _h prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,?is evid5ce c\ld easily be supplem5t$ did space p]mit4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t 9 _m call+s :at is want$--to beg9 )1 at any rate--is n s mu* te*nical k z tra9$ intellig5ce4 ,ano!r reason = ?us *oos+ univ]sity m5 is n difficult to discov]4 ,:5 ,mr ,w4,l4 ,hi*5s 7,*airman ( ,cammell1 ,laird & ,co47 address$ ! ,incorporat$ ,association ( ,headma/]s 9 ,janu>y la/ he decl>$ t 9 *oos+ univ]sity graduates = bus9ess he look$ out = ! man :o might h got a ,fir/ 9 ,greats or hi/ory1 if he _h work$--a man :o _h o!r int]e/s z well1 :o 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,common ,room1 :o _h be5 pleasant 9 ! ,common ,room1 or on ! riv]1 or r[$ 9 8 college ,eight1 or _h done some?+ else :i* %[$ t he c\ld get on ) 8 fell[-m54 ,9 bus9ess gett+ on means gett+ on ) m54 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,mr ,hi*5s is s valuable t ,i _c d bett] ?an quote fur!r4 ,a big indu/rial organisation su* z my firm1 has1 or %\ld h ?ree ma9 sub-divisions--! manufactur+ bran*1 ! comm]cial bran*1 & ! rese>* or laboratory bran*4444 ,i w n deal ) ! rank & file1 b ) ! bett] educat$ appr5tices1 :o expect to rise to positions ( responsibility4 ,on ! work%op side1 we pref] t ! lads %\ld come to u betwe5 sixte5 & sev5te51 &1 if possible 7aft] s]v+ an appr5tice%ip 9 ! %ops & draw+ (fice71 t !y %\ld !n g to a univ]sity & take an eng9e]+ c\rse4 ,on ! comm]cial side also we pref] to get ! boys betwe5 sixte5 & sev5te54 ,we h rec5tly1 h[ev]1 res]v$ a limit$ numb] ( vacancies = univ]sity m54 ,! rese>* dep>tm5t also is1 9 ! ma91 recruit$ f univ]sity m54 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t1 :]eas ! rese>* m5 %\ld h receiv$ a sci5tific tra9+ at ! univ]sity we require no specialis$ education 9 ! case ( univ]sity m5 jo9+ ! comm]cial side4 ,specialis$ education at s*ool is ( no practical value4 ,!re is ample "t aft] a boy has />t$ bus9ess to acquire all ! te*nical k t 8 bra9 is capable ( assimilat+4 ,:at we want :5 we take a boy is to assure ourselves t he has ability & moral /r5g? ( "*1 & ,i submit t ! true function ( education is to tea* him h[ to le>n & h[ to live--n h[ to make a liv+4 ,we are int]e/$ naturally to "k t a boy has an aptitude = languages or ma!matics1 b x is immat]ial to u :e!r he has acquir$ 8 aptitude1 say = le>n+ languages1 ?r\gh le>n+ ,lat9 & ,greek or ,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,! educational value is p>am\nt1 ! vocational negligible4 ,if1 !re=e1 mod]n languages are taught because !y w be useful 9 lat] life1 :ile ,lat9 & ,greek are omitt$ because !y h no practical use1 al?\gh _! educational value may be great]1 y w be b>t]+ away ! boy's rightful h]itage ( k = a mess ( pottage4 ,!re are d\btless _m diff]5t op9ions z to ! be/ way ( tra9+ boys to become eng9e]s1 & 9 giv+ ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce ,mr ,hi*5s does n claim t he is voic+ ! unanim\s & well-consid]$ judgm5ts ( ! :ole pr(ession4 ,8 /atem5t t specialis$ education at s*ool is ( no practical value to u w\ld c]ta9ly be *all5g$ by ^? s*ools :i* possess a /rong1 well-organis$ eng9e]+ side = _! eld] boys4 ,b !re w\ld be sub/antial unanimity--begott5 ( long & (t5 bitt] exp]i5ce--9 fav\r ( 8 plea t a s\nd g5]al education up to ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te5 at any rate1 is an indisp5sable condition ( satisfactory vocational tra9+4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 says ,mr ,hi*5s1 t ! t5d5cy ( mod]n education is (t5 9 ! wrong direction--t too little att5tion is giv5 to ! f\ndations :i* lie buri$ out ( sight1 bel[ ! gr\nd1 & too mu* to a %[y sup]/ructure4 ,we pay too mu* he$ to ! p>5ts :o want an imm$iate return 9 k9d on _! money1 & =get t education consi/s 9 till+ ! gr\nd & s[+ ! se$--=get1 too1 t ! se$ mu/ gr[ ( itself4 ,x w\ld appe> f :at has already be5 said t ?\gh ! necessity = vocational tra9+ exi/s 9 mo/1 if n 9 all cases1 ! "t 9 a boy's life at :i* su* tra9+ ought to beg9 is f> f be+ ! same = all call+s4 ,ev5 :]e !re is g5]al agreem5t z to ! normal age1 exceptional circum/ances or exceptional ability may ju/ify ! po/ponem5t ( vocational in/ruction to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an w\ld usually be desirable4 ,?us ! fact t two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession graduat$ z ,s5ior ,wrangl] & ,s5ior ,classic respectively1 w n ju/ify ! av]age m$ical /ud5t 9 wait+ until he is tw5ty-?ree be=e comm5c+ 8 pr(essional tra9+4 ,if x be true t 9 "s qu>t]s specialis$ education has be5 dem&$ = "y boys1 x is equally true t _m y\?s pass ?r\gh s*ool & ent] ! univ]sity )\t any cle> idea ( :i!r !y are t5d+4 ,?is unc]ta9ty may be due to a belief t some?+ is sure to turn up1 to ! magnitude ( _! all[ances & ! ease ( _! circum/ances1 occasionally1 p]haps1 to excessive timidity or und]e/imation ( _! p[]s2 b1 f :atev] cause x spr+s1 su* an attitude ( m9d is deplorable 9 itself1 & fraught ) grave moral dang]s4 ,x ought to be possible 9 ! case ( a boy ( sixte5 or sev5te5 to say ) "s approa* to c]ta9ty1 = :at employm5ts he is q unsuitable1 & to indicate ! g5]al direction1 at lea/1 9 :i* he %\ld seek 8 life-"w4 ,! onus ( *oice is too (t5 laid ^u ! boy himself2 & ! =m 9 :i* ! "q is put--,:at w\ld y l to be8--makes him ! judge n only ( 8 own desires & abilities1 b also ( ! conditions ( call+s ) :i* he c1 at be/1 be b imp]fectly acqua9t$4 ,!re is "h f9e scope = ! co-op]ation ( p>5ts & tea*]s n only ) ea* o!r b ) ! v>i\s pr(essional & bus9ess organisations4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! duty ( a head ma/] to obs]ve & /udy ! boys committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,x is equally important t he %\ld ext5d t /udy & obs]vation to _! p>5ts--z an act ( ju/ice to ! boys1 if = no o!r reason4 ,b !re are o!r reasons4 ,!re is k to be gott5 f e p>5t--or at lea/ f e fa!r--ab\t 8 pr(ession or bus9ess--k :i*1 z a rule1 he is q will+ to imp>t4 ,if1 9 addition1 a head ma/] avails himself ( ! opportunities ( gett+ into t\* ) m5 ( affairs1 lead]s ( comm]ce1 pr(essional m5 ( all k9ds1 8 advice to p>5ts z to suitable c>e]s = _! sons becomes enorm\sly m valuable4 ,at ! v lea/ he may save !m f "s ( ! m flagrant =ms ( error2 = in/ance1 he may conv9ce !m t !re are o!r & m valuable indications ( fitness = eng9e]+ ?an ! ability to take a bicycle to pieces1 & a desire to see ! :eels g r\nd2 & t a boy :o is good at sums w n1 ( necessity1 make a good acc\ntant4 ,9 %ort1 he may prev5t !m f mi/ak+ a hobby = a vocation4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is connection x may be not$ t #dc p] c5t4 ( ! memb]s ( ,tr9ity ,college--:]e ! normal numb] ( und]graduates 9 resid5ce is ov] #fjj--on leav+ ! univ]sity devote !mselves to bus9ess4 ,,iii ,x ought to be cle>ly /at$ t 9 writ+ ( s*ools ,i h _h 9 m9d ^? :i* are usually kn[n z public s*ools2 = 9 ! g5]al prep>ation = practical life ! public s*ool boy enjoys _m advantages :i* d n fall to ! lot ( 8 less-fav\r$ bro!r 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,n only does 8 education cont9ue = "s ye>s long]1 b x is conduct$ along broad] l9es1 & gives him a great] v>iety ( k & a wid] outlook4 ,he comes1 too1 z a rule1 f ^? classes ( ! community 9 :i* !re are long /&+ traditions ( discipl9e1 culture1 & :at may be call$ ! _s ( noblesse oblige4 ,^! traditions d n1 ( !mselves1 keep him f folly1 idl5ess1 or ev5 vice2 b !y d help him to endure h>d%ip1 to submit to au?ority1 to cultivate ! corporate _s1 to ma9ta9 c]ta9 /&>ds ( s*oolboy hon\r1 &1 z he himself w\ld say1 to play ! game4 ,?\gh 9 ! class-room x may be t appeals are l>gely made to individualism & selfi%ness1 yet on ! play+ fields he le>ns some?+ ( ! value ( co-op]ation & ! virtue ( unselfi%ness4 ,f ! v fir/ he beg9s to develop a s5se ( civic & collective responsibility1 &1 9 8 lat] ye>s at s*ool1 he f9ds t z a prefect or monitor he has a direct %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! community ( :i* he is a memb]1 & a direct responsibility = its welf>e4 ,nor does ?is s5se ( corporate life die out :5 he leaves1 = !n ! ,old ,boys' ,association claims him1 & adds a new int]e/ to ! pa/1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! old inspiration = ! future4 ,) ! elem5t>y s*ool boy x is n s4 ,to him1 z to 8 p>5ts1 ! primal curse is pa9fully real3 "w is ! sole & n always effectual means ( w>d+ (f />vation4 ,he realises t z soon z ! law p]mits he is to be turn$ into money & mu/ ne$s become a wage-e>n]4 ,z a contributor to ! family ex*equ] he claims a voice 9 8 own gov]nm5t1 & resi/s all ! attempts ( p>5ts1 ma/]s1 or ! ,/ate itself to encroa* ^u 8 lib]ty4 ,he beg9s "w ) bo? m9d & body immature & ill-tra9$4 ,!re has be5 little to tea* him esprit de corps2 he has nev] felt ! sob]+ influ5ce ( responsibility2 ! only discipl9e he has exp]i5c$ is t ( ! class-room1 = ! ,o4,t4,c4 & organis$ games are to him unkn[n2 & :5 he leaves !re is v r>ely any ,association ( ,old ,boys to keep him 9 t\* ) 8 fell[s or ! s*ool4 ,"h & !re volunt>y organisations su* z ! ,boy ,sc\ts h done some?+--?\gh little--to improve 8 lot2 b1 9 ! ma91 ! evils are unt\*$4 ,to f9d ! rem$y = !m is n ! lea/ ( ! _m great problems ( ! future4 ,! improvem5t ( any "o bran* ( indu/ry ultimately means ! improvem5t ( ^? engag$ !re94 ,sci5tific agriculture1 = example1 is h>dly possible until we h sci5tific agriculturi/s4 ,9 l mann] real success 9 practical life dep5ds on ! temp] & "* ( ! practition] ev5 m ?an ^u 8 te*nical equipm5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree great ob/acles to ! progress ( ! nation z a :ole1 ob/acles :i* c only be remov$ v gradually1 & by ! cont9u\s action ( _m moral =ces4 ,we are f> too little conc]n$ ) intellectual int]e/s4 ,no nation1 ,i imag9e1 says ,mr ,temple1 has ev] gone s f> z ,engl& 9 its neglect ( & contempt = ! intellect4 ,if goodness ( "* means ! capacity to s]ve our nation z useful citiz5s1 x is unobta9able by any "o :o is cont5t to let 8 m9d slumb]4 ,!n aga9 we suff] f ! l[ ideal :i* leads u to wor%ip success4 ,f 8 e>lie/ ye>s a boy le>ns f 8 surr\nd+s1 if n by actual precept1 to /rive n s mu* to be some?+ z somebody4 ,! love ( p[] r ?an fame may be ! la/ infirmity ( noble m9ds1 b x is probably ! fir/ infirmity ( _m ignoble ones4 ,h]e9 lies ! ju/ification ( ! criticism ( a fri5dly ali54 ,y pride y\rselves on y\r incorruptibility1 & q rightly2 = 9 ,engl& !re is probably less actual brib]y by means ( money ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,b y c all be brib$ by p[]4 ,la/ly 7to quote ,mr ,hi*5s yet once m71 ,/rong pressure is be+ br\ght to be> to comm]cialise our education1 to make x a pay+ proposition1 to make x subs]vi5t to ! ,god ( ,weal? & ?us conv]t u into a money-mak+ mob4 ,rusk9 has said t 'no nation c la/ t has made a mob ( itself4' ,above all a nation _c la/ z a money-mak+ mob4 ,x _c ) impunity--x _c ) exi/5ce--g on despis+ lit]ature1 despis+ sci5ce1 despis+ art1 despis+ nature1 despis+ compassion1 & conc5trat+ its s\l on p5ce4 ,,xi ,,tea*+ ,,z ,a ,,pr(ession ,by ,,frank ,,roscoe ,secret>y ( ! ,tea*]s ,regi/ration ,c\ncil ,! title ( ?is *apt] is prophetic r ?an descriptive = al?\gh tea*]s (t5 claim = _! "w a pr(essional /atus & f9d _! claim recognis$ by ! common use ( ! phrase tea*+ pr(ession yet x mu/ be admitt$ t tea*]s d n =m a true pr(essional body4 ,!y include 9 _! ranks in/ructors ( all types1 f ! univ]sity pr(essor to ! private tea*] or pr(essor ( music4 ,_! t]ms ( engagem5t & rate ( remun]ation exhibit e possible v>iety4 ,_! fitness to und]take ! "w ( tea*+ is n te/$ specifically1 save 9 ! case ( c]ta9 classes ( tea*]s 9 public elem5t>y s*ools1 nor is !re any g5]al agreem5t z to ! prop] nature & scope ( su* a te/1 c\ld "o be devis$4 ,usually1 x is true1 ! prospective employ] dem&s evid5ce t ! int5d+ tea*] has "s k ( ! subject he is to tea*4 ,he may seek to satisfy himself t ! applicant has o!r desirable qualities1 p]sonal & physical1 :i* w fit him to take an active & useful "p 9 s*ool "w4 ,^! inquiries1 h[ev]1 w h little or no ref]5ce to 8 skill 9 tea*+1 ap>t f :at is call$ discipl9e or =m managem5t4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( a true pr(ession are n easily def9$1 b x may be assum$ t !y include ! exi/5ce ( a body ( sci5tific pr9ciples z ! f\ndation ( ! "w & ! ex]cise ( "s measure ( control by ! pr(ession itself 9 reg>d to ! qualifications ( ^? :o seek to ent] its ranks4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ^! two *>act]i/ics may be said to m>k (f a true pr(ession f a bus9ess or trade4 ,! skill$ craftsman or artisan may belong to a union :i* seeks to control ! entrance to its ranks1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! memb] ( ! ,amalgamat$ ,society ( ,eng9e]s & ! memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s is t ! =m] belongs to a body *iefly conc]n$ ) ! application ( c]ta9 me?ods :ile ! latt] belongs to "o :i* is conc]n$ ) ^? me?ods1 n only 9 _! application b also 9 _! orig9 & developm5t4 ,x is recognis$ t !re is a body ( sci5tific k und]ly+ ! practice ( eng9e]+1 & ! v>i\s pr(essional in/itutions ( eng9e]s seek to ext5d ?is k1 :ile claim+ also ! "r to asc]ta9 ! qualifications ( ^? :o desire to become memb]s ( _! pr(ession4 ,! same is true 9 diff]5t ways ) reg>d to ! pr(essions ( law & m$ic9e4 ,x is to be not$ also t )9 ^! pr(essions ! admitt$ memb] is on a foot+ ( equality ) all 8 colleagues save only s f> z 8 pr(essional skill & em95ce entitle him to special consid]ation4 ,x w be se5 at once t !re are great difficulties to be ov]come be=e tea*+ c be truly describ$ z a pr(ession4 ,! div]sity ( ! "w is s great t x may be held t tea*+ is n "o call+ b a bl5d ( _m4 ,x is difficult to f9d any common l9k betwe5 ! univ]sity pr(essor1 ! head ma/] ( a great public s*ool1 an in/ructor 9 physical tra9+1 & a k9d]g>t5 tea*]4 ,x is n easy to br+ toge!r ! head ma/] ( a prep>atory s*ool1 work+ 9 complete indep5d5ce1 & ! head ma/] ( a public elem5t>y s*ool1 deal+ ) pupils ( ab\t ! same age z ^? 9 ! prep>atory s*ool1 b controll$ & direct$ by an elect$ public au?ority "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,yet despite ^! app>5t div]g5ces ( aim all tea*]s may be reg>d$ z pursu+ ! same end4 ,!y are engag$ 9 br++ to be> ^u _! pupils c]ta9 =mal & purposeful influ5ces ) ! object ( enabl+ !m to play _! "p 9 ! bus9ess ( life4 ,su* =mal influ5ces are second$ by c\ntless in=mal ones4 ,s*ool & univ]sity alone d n make ! complete man & x is an important "p ( ! tea*]'s task to second 8 direct & purposeful tea*+ by ! influ5ce ( 8 own p]sonality & conduct1 & by secur+ t ! =m or s*ool is 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al aim ( 8 "w4 ,skill 9 imp>t+ in/ruction is by no means ! :ole ( ! equipm5t requir$ by a tea*]4 ,x is inde$ possible to give a good lesson or a s]ies ( good lessons & yet to fail 9 ! real "w ( tea*+4 ,9 "s bran*es f> too mu* /ress has be5 laid on ! m purely te*nical & me*anical attributes ( good tea*+ z di/9ct f ! f9] & m p]man5t qualities su* z intellectual /imulus1 ! awak5+ ( a _s ( inquiry1 & ! developm5t ( a true corporate s5se4 ,by way ( excuse x may be said t tea*+ has t5d$ to become a =m ( drill *iefly 9 ^? s*ools :]e ! classes h be5 too l>ge to p]mit ( any?+ bett] ?an rigid discipl9e & a con/ant att5tion to ! le>n+ ( facts4 ,tea*]s 9 su* circum/ances are gravely h&icapp$ 9 all ! m endur+ & important p>ts ( _! "w4 ,v l>ge s*ools & classes ( an unwieldy size t5d to turn ! tea*] into a m]e drill s]geant4 ,:ile full provision %\ld always be made = ! ex]cise ( ! tea*]'s individuality !re mu/ be s\ght "s unify+ pr9ciple 9 all =ms ( tea*+ "w4 ,unless x is agre$ t ! imp>t+ ( in/ruction dem&s special skill z di/9ct f k ( ! subject-matt] we %all be driv5 to accept ! view t ! tea*]1 z su*1 des]ves no m consid]ation ?an any casual work]4 ,no claim to rank z a pr(ession c be ma9ta9$ on behalf ( tea*]s if x is held t _! "w may be und]tak5 ) no m prep>ation ?an is involv$ 9 ! /udy ( ! subject or subjects !y purpose to tea*4 ,a true pr(ession implies a my/]y or at lea/ an art or craft & "s k ( ?is w\ld seem to be ess5tial = tea*]s if !y are to h pr(essional /atus4 ,! difficulty 9 ?is connection is t ! pr9ciples ( tea*+ h n yet be5 work$ out satisfactorily4 ,our k ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d develops v sl[ly & ^? :o c>ry out inve/igations 9 ?is field ( rese>* are few 9 numb]4 ,_! conclusions are n necess>ily relat$ to tea*+ practice b cov] a wid] field4 ,! /udy ( appli$ psy*ology ) special ref]5ce to ! "w ( ! tea*] ne$s to be enc\rag$ s9ce x w s]ve to enl>ge t body ( sci5tific pr9ciple :i* %\ld =m ! basis ( tea*+ "w4 ,x is by no means necess>y1 or ev5 desirable1 t tea*]s %\ld be expect$ to sp5d _! "t 9 psy*ological rese>*4 ,_! bus9ess is to tea* & ?is requires t !y %\ld devote !mselves to apply+ 9 practice ! tru?s asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by ! psy*ologi/s4 ,= ?is purpose x w be necess>y t !y %\ld "k some?+ ( ! me?od by :i* ^! tru?s are s\ght & prov$4 ,x is also an advantage = tea*]s to le>n some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( education1 n z a s]ies ( biographies ( s-call$ ,great ,educators b r ) ! object ( le>n+ :at has be5 sugge/$ & attempt$ 9 =m] times4 ,su* a k furni%es ! tea*] ) ! necess>y p[] to deal ) new proposals & ) ! _m sy/ems & me?ods :i* are cont9ually aris+4 ,in/ead ( becom+ an eag] advocate ( e novelty or adopt+ an attitude ( indiscrim9ate scepticism he w be 9 "s measure able to e/imate ! true m]it ( new proposals1 & 8 k ( m5tal op]ations w s]ve z an aid 9 judg+ :e!r !y h any g]m ( s\nd pr9ciple4 ,! alt]native plan ( leav+ ! tea*] to le>n 8 craft solely by practice (t5 has ! result ( conf9+ him too closely to n>r[ & /]eotyp$ me?ods1 bas$ ei!r on ! imp]fect recollection ( 8 own s*ooldays1 or on ! me?od ( "s o!r tea*]4 ,imitation is cramp+ & s]ves to de/roy ! qualities ( initiative & adaptability :i* are indisp5sable to success 9 tea*+4 ,x w be not$ t no extravagant dem& is put =w>d on behalf ( :at is call$ tra9+ 9 tea*+4 ,! me?ods ( tra9+ hi!rto practis$ h be5 bas$ too frequ5tly on ! assumption t x is possible to fa%ion a tea*] f ! outside1 z x 71 by caus+ him to att5d lectures on psy*ology & tea*+ me?od & to he> a c\rse ( demon/ration lessons4 ,?is plan may fail completely s9ce x is possible to write excell5t exam9ation answ]s on ! subjects nam$ & ev5 to give a prep>$ lesson reasonably well )\t be+ fitt$ to und]take ! *>ge ( a =m4 ,x %\ld be recognis$ t ! practice ( tea*+ c be acquir$ only 9 ! class-room "u conditions :i* are normal & !re=e entirely diff]5t f ^? exi/+ 9 ! practis+ s*ool ( a tra9+ college4 ,:5 ?is tru? is fully appreh5d$ we may expect to f9d t ! "y tea*] is requir$ to sp5d 8 fir/ ye> 9 a s*ool :]e ! head ma/] & "o or m memb]s ( ! regul> /aff are qualifi$ to guide 8 e>ly ef=ts & to e/abli% ! necess>y l9k betwe5 8 k ( !ory & 8 requirem5ts 9 practice4 ,! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,education 9 ! univ]sities %\ld be enc\rag$ to develop sy/ematic rese>* into ! pr9ciples ( tea*+ & %\ld be 9 close t\* ) ! s*ools 9 :i* tea*]s are receiv+ _! practical tra9+4 ,! plan sugge/$ w be free f ! reproa* (t5 levell$ aga9/ ! exi/+ me?od ( tra9+ tea*]s1 namely1 t x is too !oretical & produces p :o c talk glibly ab\t education )\t be+ able to manage a class4 ,x w also recognise ! tru? t ! "y tea*] has mu* to le>n 9 reg>d to ! art or craft ( tea*+ & t !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* he mu/ "k & foll[ if he is to be successful 9 8 *os5 "w4 ,! application ( ^! pr9ciples to 8 own circum/ances is a matt] ( practice1 = 9 tea*+1 z 9 any o!r art1 ! elem5t ( p]sonality f> outweighs 9 its importance any matt] ( =mal te*nique or special me?od4 ,! asc]ta9$ & accept$ pr9ciples und]ly+ all tea*+ %\ld be kn[n & !reaft] ! tea*] %\ld develop 8 own me?od1 reflect+ 9 8 practice ! b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,! recognition ( a pr9ciple does n ( necessity involve uni=mity 9 practice4 ,fre$om 9 execution is possible only )9 ! limits ( an art4 ,! problem is to def9e ^! limits 9 su* a lib]al mann] z w all[ = v>iety & individual expression4 ,! say+ t tea*]s are born1 n made1 is "o :i* may be made ( ^? :o practise any art1 b ! poet or pa9t] c ex]cise 8 innate gifts only )9 c]ta9 limits & ) reg>d to c]ta9 rules4 ,x is no less fatal to 8 art = him to ab&on all rules ?an x is = him to accept e rule slavi%ly & apply x to himself )\t intellig5ce4 ,! acceptance ( ! pr9ciple t !re is an art or at lea/ a craft ( tea*+ is a condition prec$5t to any attempt to make tea*+ a pr(ession 9 reality z well z 9 "n4 ,! fur!r requirem5t is t ^? :o are engag$ 9 tea*+ %\ld h "s p[] ( controll+ ! conditions "u :i* !y "w & m especially ( te/+ ! qualifications ( ^? :o desire to jo9 _! ranks4 ,?is dem&s a recognition ( ! ess5tial unity ( all tea*+ "w & a consequ5t ef=t to br+ all tea*]s toge!r z memb]s ( "o body1 possess+ a c]ta9 unity or solid>ity 9 spite ( its app>5t div]sities4 ,to =m su* a body is a task ( great difficulty s9ce ! v>i\s types ( tea*]s h 9 ! pa/ t5d$ to sep>ate !mselves into gr\ps1 ea* hav+ its own association & ma*9]y = ! protection ( its own int]e/s4 ,ap>t f ! tea*+ /affs ( ! v>i\s univ]sities1 !re are 9 ,engl& & ,wales ov] fifty associations ( tea*]s1 rang+ f ! ,national ,union ( ,tea*]s ) ov] n9ety ?\s& subscrib+ memb]s to bodies numb]+ only a few score adh]5ts4 ,^! associations reflect ! great div]sity ( tea*+ "w already describ$1 b all alike are seek+ to promote fre$om = ! tea*] 9 8 "w & to advance pr(essional objects4 ,su* aspirations h be5 9 ! m9ds ( tea*]s = _m ye>s & f "t to "t attempts h be5 made to realise !m by e/abli%+ a pr(essional ,c\ncil ) its necess>y adjunct ( a ,regi/] ( qualifi$ p]sons4 ,sev5ty ye>s ago ! ,college ( ,preceptors1 ) its grades ( ,associate1 ,lic5tiate & ,fell[1 sugge/+ a comp>ison ) ! ,college ( ,physicians1 0 e/abli%$ ) ! object ( rais+ ! /&>d ( ! pr(ession by provid+ a gu>antee ( fitness & respectability4 ,! ,college ,regi/] 0 to conta9 ! names ( all ^? :o 7 qualifi$ to conduct s*ools1 & admission to ! ,regi/] 0 controll$ by ! ,college itself 9 ord] to provide a means ( exclud+ all :o 7 likely to br+ discr$it ^u ! call+ ( a tea*] by reason ( _! ineffici5cy or misconduct4 ,! s*eme ?us laun*$ 01 h[ev]1 n compreh5sive1 s9ce x conc]n$ *iefly ! tea*]s :o conduct$ private s*ools & did n contemplate ! inclusion ( ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 univ]sities1 public s*ools1 or ! elem5t>y s*ools work+ "u ! !n rec5tly e/abli%$ s*eme ( ,/ate grants4 ,tea*]s 9 s*ools ( ?is la/ description 7 app>5tly int5d$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ! day to be reg>d$ z civil s]vants1 appo9t$ & paid by ! ,/ate4 ,subsequ5t legislation modifi$ ?is arrangem5t1 b tea*]s 9 s*ools receiv+ gov]nm5t grants are /ill subject to a measure ( control1 & ^? 9 public elem5t>y s*ools are lic5s$ by ! ,/ate be=e be+ all[$ to tea*4 ,x w be se5 t ! ef=t to organise a tea*+ pr(ession 0 hamp]$ f ! />t by ! fact t tea*]s 7 n entirely free to set up _! own conditions1 s9ce ! ,/ate _h already tak5 *>ge ( "o bran*1 :ile fur!r difficulties arose f ! v>i$ "* ( diff]5t =ms ( tea*+ "w & f ! circum/ance t "s ( ^! =ms 7 traditionally associat$ ) memb]%ip ( ano!r pr(ession1 t ( a cl]gyman4 ,h5ce x 0 t despite sev]al attempts to in/itute a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s & to organise a pr(ession ! difficulties seem$ to be insurm\ntable4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfi & #ahii sev]al bills 7 introduc$ 9 ,p>liam5t ) ! object ( sett+ up a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s b all met ) opposition & 7 ab&on$4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education ,act ( #ahii gave p[]s = con/itut+ by ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil a ,consultative ,committee to advise ! ,bo>d on any matt] ref]r$ to ! ,committee & also to frame1 ) ! approval ( ! ,bo>d1 regulations = a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s4 ,x 0 n until #aijb t an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil e/abli%$ a ,regi/ration ,c\ncil & laid d[n regulations = ! in/itution ( a ,regi/]4 ,! ,c\ncil ?us e/abli%$ consi/$ ( twelve memb]s1 six ( :om 7 nom9at$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education :ile "o 0 elect$ by ea* ( ! foll[+ bodies3 ! ,headma/]s' ,conf]5ce1 ! ,headma/]s' ,association1 ! ,head ,mi/resses' ,association1 ! ,college ( ,preceptors1 ! ,tea*]s' ,guild1 & ! ,national ,union ( ,tea*]s4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil 7 to hold (fice = ?ree ye>s1 & aft]w>ds1 on #a ,april1 #aije1 ! con/itution ( ! ,c\ncil 0 to be revis$4 ,! duty assign$ to ! ,c\ncil 0 t ( e/abli%+ & keep+ a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s 9 accordance ) ! regulations fram$ by ! ,consultative ,committee & approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,subject to ! approval ( ! ,bo>d ! ,c\ncil 0 emp[]$ to appo9t (fic]s & to pay !m4 ,! income 0 to be provid$ by fees = regi/ration & ! acc\nts 7 to be audit$ & publi%$ annually by ! ,bo>d to :om ! ,c\ncil 0 also requir$ to submit a report ( its proce$+s once a ye>4 ,"u ?is s*eme a ,regi/] 0 set up1 ) two columns1 ,a & ,b4 ,9 ! =m] 7 plac$ ! names ( all tea*]s :o _h obta9$ ! gov]nm5t c]tificate z tea*]s 9 public elem5t>y s*ools4 ,?is involv$ no application or paym5t by su* tea*]s1 :o 7 ?us regi/]$ automatically4 ,column ,b 0 res]v$ = tea*]s 9 second>y s*ools1 public & private4 ,regi/ration 9 ^! cases 0 volunt>y & dem&$ ! paym5t ( a regi/ration fee ( "o gu9ea 9 addition to evid5ce ( acceptable qualification 9 reg>d to academic /&+ & pr(essional tra9+4 ,al?\gh tea*]s ( exp]i5ce 7 admitt$ on easi] t]ms ! regulations 7 int5d$ to ensure t1 aft] a giv5 date1 ev]ybody :o 0 accept$ = regi/ration %\ld h pass$ satisfactorily ?r\gh a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 tea*+4 ,z design$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,column ,b furni%$ no place = tea*]s ( special subjects & x became necess>y to in/itute supplem5tal ,regi/]s 9 reg>d to music & o!r bran*es :i* _h come to =m "p ( ! ord9>y curriculum ( a second>y s*ool4 ,! s*eme ?us provid$ a ,regi/] divid$ into gr\ps accord+ to ! nature ( ! accept$ applicant's "w4 ,su* an arrangem5t pres5t$ _m difficulties s9ce x ignor$ all univ]sity tea*]s & assign$ ! o!rs to diff]5t categories dep5d+ 9 "s in/ances on ! type ( s*ool 9 :i* !y *anc$ to be work+ & 9 o!rs on ! subject :i* !y happ5$ to be tea*+4 ,a pr(essional ,regi/] con/ruct$ on ^! l9es _h ! seem+ advantage ( supply+ in=mation z to ! type ( "w = :i* ! individual tea*] 0 be/ fitt$4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 held t ! division ( tea*]s into categories 0 uns\nd 9 pr9ciple & ! tea*]s 9 public elem5t>y s*ools 7 n sl[ to res5t ! sugge/ion t !y belong$ to an inf]ior rank & 7 prop]ly to be excus$ ! paym5t ( a fee4 ,!y po9t$ out t _m ( _! numb] held academic qualifications :i* 7 high] ?an ^? requir$ to secure admission to ,column ,b :]e9 "s elev5 ?\s& tea*]s _h be5 regi/]$1 ( :om n m ?an "o half 7 graduates4 ,! views ?us express$ 7 %>$ by _m o!r tea*]s & x spe$ily became manife/ t ! propos$ ,regi/] c\ld n succe$4 ,9 ! ,annual ,report ( #aije ! ,c\ncil /at$ t "u exi/+ conditions x 0 n practicable to frame & publi% an alphabetical ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s su* z appe>$ to be contemplat$ 9 ! ,act ( #ahii4 ,9 ,june1 #aijf1 ! ,bo>d ( ,education publi%$ a memor&um /at+ ! reasons :i* _h l$ x to take ! opportunity af=d$ by imp5d+ legislation to aboli% ! ,regi/]1 & 9 ! ,education ,bill ( #aijf a clause 0 ins]t$ :i* remov$ f ! ,consultative ,committee ! obligation to frame a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s4 ,?is clause 0 /rongly oppos$ by _m associations ( tea*]s4 ,x 0 urg$ by ^! bodies t al?\gh "o s*eme _h fail$ yet a ,regi/] 0 /ill possible & desirable4 ,x 0 held by _m t ! task assign$ to ! ,regi/ration ,c\ncil _h be5 an impossible "o s9ce ! conditions ( sup]vision & control impos$ "u ! ,act ( #ahii left ! ,c\ncil v little fre$om & :olly preclud$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a self-gov]n+ pr(ession4 ,! g5]al op9ion seem$ to be t any future ,regi/] mu/ be 9 "o column avoid+ any attempt to divide ^? regi/]$ into diff]5t classes & t any future ,c\ncil mu/ be z indep5d5t & widely repres5tative z possible4 ,?is op9ion f\nd expression & (ficial sanction 9 a memor&um issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education 9 #aiaa aft] sev]al conf]5ces _h be5 held = ! purpose ( promot+ a new regi/ration s*eme4 ,! memor&um /at$ t3 ,x %\ld n be s mu* ! k9ds ( tea*]s likely to be mo/ rapidly or easily admitt$ to ! ,regi/] t %\ld specially det]m9e ! composition ( ! ,c\ncil b r ! l>g] & m g5]al conception ( ! unification ( ! ,tea*+ ,pr(ession4 ,?is new & wid] idea s]v$ to gov]n ! =mation ( ! ,tea*]s ,regi/ration ,c\ncil :i* 0 e/abli%$ by an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil ( ,febru>y1 #aiab4 ,! body con/itut$ by ?is ,ord] consi/s :olly ( tea*]s & includes elev5 repres5tatives ( ea* ( ! foll[+ classes3 ! ,tea*+ ,/affs ( ,univ]sities1 ! ,associations ( ,tea*]s 9 ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 ! ,associations ( ,tea*]s 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 & ! ,associations ( ,tea*]s ( ,speciali/ ,subjects4 ,! ,c\ncil ?us numb]s =ty-f\r & x is ord]$ t ! *airman %all be elect$ by ! ,c\ncil f outside its own body4 ,at lea/ "o woman mu/ be elect$ by ea* appo9t+ body :i* s5ds m ?an "o repres5tative to ! ,c\ncil provid$ t ! body includes wom5 among its memb]s4 ,x w be se5 t ! con/itution aim$ at =m+ a ,c\ncil :olly indep5d5t & ?or\ghly repres5tative4 ,?is quality 0 fur!r ensur$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( t5 committees1 repres5t+ v>i\s =ms ( speciali/ tea*+ & provid+ t any conditions ( regi/ration fram$ by ! ,c\ncil %\ld be submitt$ to ^! committees be=e publication4 ,! fir/ ,c\ncil "u ?is s*eme 0 =m$ 9 #aiab & held (fice = ?ree ye>s z prescrib$ by ! ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil4 ,! *airman 0 ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,a4,h4 ,dyke ,acl& & ! memb]s includ$ ! ,vice-,*ancellors ( sev]al univ]sities & repres5tatives ( =ty-two associations ( tea*]s4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! ,c\ncil 0 to devise conditions ( regi/ration & ^! 7 fram$ dur+ #aiac1 be+ publi%$ at ! end ( t ye>4 ,!y provide 9 ! fir/ place t up to ! end ( #aibj any tea*] may be admitt$ to regi/ration :o produces evid5ce ( hav+ taught "u circum/ances approv$ by ! ,c\ncil = a m9imum p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,reg>d = exi/+ int]e/s l$ to ! sett+ up ( a p]iod ( grace be=e ! full conditions ( regi/ration came into =ce4 ,aft] #aibj1 h[ev]1 ^! become m /r+5t & require t be=e be+ admitt$ to regi/ration ! tea*] %all produce evid5ce ( k & exp]i5ce1 :ile all save univ]sity tea*]s are also requir$ to h und]tak5 a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 tea*+4 ,"u bo? ! tempor>y & lat] arrangem5t ! m9imum age = regi/ration is tw5ty-five & ! fee is a s+le paym5t ( "o gu9ea4 ,!re is no annual subscription4 ,! second ,c\ncil 0 elect$ 9 #aiae & appo9t$ z its *airman ,dr ,mi*ael ,e4 ,sadl]1 ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,le$s4 ,up to ! middle ( ,july1 #aiaf1 ! numb] ( tea*]s admitt$ to ! ,regi/] 0 #ag1fbh & ! names ( ^! 7 includ$ 9 ! ,(ficial ,li/ ( ,regi/]$ ,tea*]s issu$ by ! ,c\ncil at ! beg9n+ ( #aiag4 ,! ,regi/] itself is too volum9\s = publication s9ce x comprises all ! p>ticul>s :i* an accept$ applicant has submitt$4 ,all regi/]$ tea*]s receive a copy ( _! own regi/] entry toge!r ) a c]tificate ( regi/ration4 ,x w be se5 t ! task ( receiv+ & consid]+ applications = regi/ration =ms an important "p ( ! ,c\ncil's "w4 ,b x is by no means its *ief function4 ,z is %[n 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,education memor&um already quot$ ! ,c\ncil is int5d$ to promote ! unification ( ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,! ,regi/] is no?+ m ?an ! symbol ( ?is unity & ! ,c\ncil is *>g$ ) ! important task ( express+ ! views ( tea*]s z a body on all matt]s conc]n+ _! "w4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! spee* made by ! ,m9i/] ( ,education at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,aft] welcom+ ! memb]s he add$3 ,! object ( ! ,c\ncil w\ld be n only ! =mation ( a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s4 ,!re 7 _m o!r sph]es & fields ( usefulness = a ,c\ncil repres5tative ( ! ,tea*+ ,pr(ession4 ,he hop$ t !y w\ld be able to speak ) "o voice z repres5t+ ! ,tea*+ ,pr(ession1 & t ! ,bo>d w\ld be able to consult ) !m4 ,s long z he 0 head ( ! ,bo>d !y w\ld always be mo/ anxi\s to co-op]ate ) ! ,c\ncil & w\ld atta* due weight to _! views4 ,he hop$ t !y on _! side w\ld realise "s ( ! ,bo>d's difficulties & t ! atmosph]e ( fri5dly relation%ip :i* he tru/$ _h already be5 e/abli%$ w\ld cont9ue4 ,! functions ( ! ,c\ncil are ?us se5 to ext5d beyond ! m]e compilation ( a ,regi/] ( ,tea*]s & to include con/ant co-op]ation ) ^? engag$ 9 educational adm9i/ration4 ,9 view ( ! desire :i* is n[ g5]ally express$ = a clos] union betwe5 ! directive & executive elem5ts 9 all bran*es ( indu/ry x is safe to assume t ! ,tea*]s' ,c\ncil w gr[ /eadily 9 importance1 especially if x is se5 to h ! support ( all tea*]s4 ,mean:ile x furni%es ! framework ( a possible tea*+ pr(ession & gives promise ( secur+ = ! tea*] a def9ite /atus by e/abli%+ a /&>d ( atta9m5t & qualification4 ,m ?an ?is w be requir$1 h[ev]1 if ! "w ( tea*+ is to be plac$ on its prop] level 9 public e/eem4 ,^? :o und]take ! "w mu/ be l$ to look = some?+ m ?an mat]ial ga94 ,! tea*] ne$s a s5se ( vocation no less ?an ! cl]gyman or doctor4 ,x has be5 said t tea*+ is ! noble/ ( pr(essions b ! sorrie/ ( trades & ! abs5ce ( any real en?usiasm = ! "w inevitably produces an attitude ( m9d :i* is ali5 to ! _s ( a real tea*]4 ,! mat]ial rew>d ( ! tea*] has accurately reflect$ ! want ( public e/eem atta*+ to 8 "w4 ,= ! mo/ "p a meagre pittance has be5 all t he c\ld anticipate & ?is has l$ to a /eady decl9e 9 ! numb] ( recruits4 ,a pr(ession %\ld furni% a reasonable prospect ( a c>e] & a fair *ance ( ga9+ di/9ction4 ,su* opportunities h be5 f> too few 9 tea*+ to attract able & ambiti\s "y m5 9 adequate numb]4 ,! rem$y is to op5 e bran* ( educational "w & adm9i/ration to ^? :o h prov$ !mselves to be effici5t tea*]s4 ,! national welf>e dem&s t ^? :o are to be *>g$ ) ! task ( tra9+ future citiz5s %\ld be drawn f ! mo/ able ( our "y p1 to :om tea*+ %\ld (f] a c>e] n less attractive ?an o!r call+s4 ,9 p>ticul> ! tea*] %\ld be reg>d$ z a memb] ( a pr(ession & tru/$ to c>ry out 8 duties 9 a responsible mann]4 ,excessive sup]vision & inspection w t5d to disc\rage & ev5tually de/roy t quality ( initiative :i* is indisp5sable 9 all tea*+4 ,fre$ f ! monet>y c>es :i* n[ oppress him1 def9itely e/abli%$ z a memb] ( a pr(ession hav+ "s voice 9 its own conc]ns1 enc\rag$ to ex]cise 8 art "u conditions ( ! greate/ possible fre$om1 & provid$ ) reasonable opportunity = advancem5t1 ! tea*] w be able to take up 8 "w 9 a new _s4 ,we may !n dem& f new-com]s a s5se ( vocation & expect ) "s ju/ification t tea*]s w be able to avoid ! pr(essional groove :i* is h>dly to be escap$ & :i* is q inevitable if ! conditions ( "o's "w preclude opportunity = ma9ta9+ fre%ness ( m9d & a v>iety ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,su* limitations z accompany inadequate sal>ies1 lack ( prospects & abs5ce ( pr(essional /atus conv]t tea*+ into a dull me*anic art & deprive x ( its *ief elem5ts ( enjoym5t1 namely ! free ex]cise ( p]sonality & ! recurr+ satisfaction ( see+ m9ds develop "u in/ruction1 s t we are consci\s ( our "p 9 help+ ! future citiz5s to make ! mo/ ( _! lives4 ,x is ?is p[] ( impress+ "o's own p]sonality on ! pliable m9d ( y\? :i* br+s at once ! greate/ responsibility & ! highe/ rew>d to ! tea*] & atta*es to 8 task a true pr(essional "* s9ce x may n be und]tak5 fitt+ly by any :o *]i% l[ aims or despise _! "w4