file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #aceji-;h4htm or #aceji-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ c_/e_/j_/aceji_/aceji-;h_/#aceji-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ c_/e_/j_/aceji_/aceji-;h4zip7 ,,grappling ,,with ,,the ,,monster or1 ,the ,curse and the ,cure of ,strong ,drink by ,t4 ,s4 ,,arthur ,author of ,ten ,nights in a ,bar-,room1 ,three ,years in a ,man-,trap1 ,cast ,adrift1 ,danger1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,monster',s ,,clutches4 ,body and ,brain on ,fire4 ,,introduction4 ,in preparing this1 his latest volume1 the author found himself embarrassed from the beginning1 because of the large amount of material which came into his hands1 and the consequent difficulty of selection and condensation4 ,there is not a chapter which might not have been extended to twice its present length1 nor a fact stated1 or argument used1 which might not have been supplemented by many equally pertinent and conclusive4 ,the extent to which alcohol curses the whole people cannot be shown in a few pages3 the sad and terrible history would fill hundreds of volumes4 ,and the same may be said of the curse which this poisonous substance lays upon the souls and bodies of men4 ,fearful as is the record which will be found in the chapters devoted to the curse of drink1 let the reader bear in mind that a thousandth part has not been told4 ,in treating of the means of reformation1 prevention and cure1 our effort has been to give to each agency the largest possible credit for what it is doing4 ,there is no movement1 organization or work1 however broad or limited in its sphere1 which has for its object the cure of drunkenness in the individual1 or the suppression of the liquor traffic in the ,state1 that is not contributing its measure of service to the great cause every true temperance advocate has at heart2 and what we largely need is1 toleration for those who do not see with us1 nor act with us in our special methods4 ,let us never forget the ,divine admonition--,forbid him not3 for he that is not against us is for us4 ,patience1 toleration and self-repression are of vital importance in any good cause4 ,if we cannot see with another1 let us be careful that1 by opposition1 we do not cripple him in his work4 ,if we can assist him by friendly counsel to clearer seeing1 or1 by a careful study of his methods1 gain a large efficiency for our own1 far more good will be done than by hard antagonism1 which rarely helps1 and too surely blinds and hinders4 ,our book treats of the curse and cure of drunkenness4 ,how much better not to come under the terrible curse6 ,how much better to run no risks where the malady is so disastrous1 and the cure so difficult6 ,to young men who are drifting easily into the dangerous drinking habits of society1 we earnestly commend the chapters in which will be found the medical testimony against alcohol1 and also the one on ,the ,growth and ,power of ,appetite4 ,they will see that it is impossible for a man to use alcoholic drinks regularly without laying the foundation for both physical and mental diseases1 and1 at the same time1 lessening his power to make the best of himself in his life-work2 while beyond this lies the awful risk of acquiring an appetite which may enslave1 degrade and ruin him1 body and soul1 as it is degrading and ruining its tens of thousands yearly4 ,it is sincerely hoped that many may be led by the facts here presented1 to grapple with the monster and to thus promote his final overthrow4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the ,monster1 ,strong ,drink ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,it ,curses the ,body ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,it ,curses the ,body--,continued ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,it ,curses the ,soul ,,chapter ,v4 ,not a ,food1 and very ,limited in its ,range as a ,medicine ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,growth and ,power of ,appetite ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,means of ,cure ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,inebriate ,asylums ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,reformatory ,homes ,,chapter ,x4 ,tobacco as an ,incitant to the ,use of ,alcoholic ,stimulants1 and an ,obstacle in the way of a ,permanent ,reformation ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,woman's ,crusade ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,reform ,clubs ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,gospel ,temperance ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,temperance ,coffee-,houses and ,friendly ,inns ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,temperance ,literature ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,license a ,failure and a ,disgrace ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,prohibition ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,in ,,the ,,monster',s ,,clutches ,,god',s ,,best ,,beverage1 ,,pure ,,water ,,heaping ,,burdens ,,upon ,,poverty ,,an ,,utter ,,wreck ,,take ,,warning ,,by ,,my ,,career ,,crazed ,,by ,,drink ,,alcohol ,,and ,,gambling 7#ab sequence pictures7 ,,four ,,stages ,,of ,,the ,,downward ,,course ,a ,,victim ,,of ,,the ,,drinking ,,club ,,financial ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,license ,,system ,woe unto him that giveth his neighbor drink1 that puttest thy bottle to him1 and makest him drunken also4--,,habakkuk ii1 #ae4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,monster1 ,,strong ,,drink4 ,there are two remarkable passages in a very old book1 known as the ,proverbs of ,solomon1 which cannot be read too often1 nor pondered too deeply4 ,let us quote them here3 #a4 ,wine is a mocker1 strong drink is raging2 and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise4 #b4 ,who hath woe8 who hath sorrow8 who hath contentions8 who hath babblings8 who hath wounds without cause8 who hath1 redness of eyes8 ,they that tarry long at the wine2 they that go to seek mixed wine4 ,look not thou upon the wine when it is red1 when it giveth his color in the cup1 when it moveth itself aright4 ,at the last it biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an adder4 ,it is many thousands of years since this record was made1 and to-day1 as in that far distant age of the world1 wine is a mocker1 and strong drink raging2 and still1 as then1 they who tarry long at the wine2 who go to seek mixed wine1 discover that1 at the last1 it biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an adder4 ,this mocking and raging6 ,these bitings and stingings6 ,these woes and woundings6 ,alas1 for the exceeding bitter cry of their pain1 which is heard above every other cry of sorrow and suffering4 ,,alcohol ,,an ,,enemy4 ,the curse of strong drink6 ,where shall we begin1 where end1 or how1 in the clear and truthful sentences that wrest conviction from doubt1 make plain the allegations we shall bring against an enemy that is sowing disease1 poverty1 crime and sorrow throughout the land8 ,among our most intelligent1 respectable and influential people1 this enemy finds a welcome and a place of honor4 ,indeed1 with many he is regarded as a friend and treated as such4 ,every possible opportunity is given him to gain favor in the household and with intimate and valued friends4 ,he is given the amplest confidence and the largest freedom2 and he always repays this confidence with treachery and spoliation2 too often blinding and deceiving his victims while his work of robbery goes on4 ,he is not only a robber1 but a cruel master2 and his bondsmen and abject slaves are to be found in hundreds and thousands1 and even tens of thousands1 of our homes1 from the poor dwelling of the day-laborer1 up to the palace of the merchant-prince4 ,,place ,,and ,,power ,,in ,,the ,,household4 ,of this fact no one is ignorant2 and yet1 strange to tell1 large numbers of our most intelligent1 respectable and influential people continue to smile upon this enemy2 to give him place and power in their households1 and to cherish him as a friend2 but with this singular reserve of thought and purpose1 that he is to be trusted just so far and no farther4 ,he is so pleasant and genial1 that1 for the sake of his favor1 they are ready to encounter the risk of his acquiring1 through the license they afford1 the vantage-ground of a pitiless enemy6 ,but1 it is not only in their social life that the people hold this enemy in favorable regard1 and give him the opportunity to hurt and destroy4 ,our great ,republic has entered into a compact with him1 and1 for a money-consideration1 given him the ,,freedom ,,of ,,the ,,nation2 so that he can go up and down the land at will4 ,and not only has our great ,republic done this but the ,states of which it is composed1 with only one or two exceptions1 accord to him the same freedom4 ,still more surprising1 in almost every town and city1 his right to plunder1 degrade1 enslave and destroy the people has been established under the safe guarantee of law4 ,let us give ourselves to the sober consideration of what we are suffering at his hands1 and take measures of defense and safety1 instead of burying our heads in the sand1 like the foolish1 ostrich1 while the huntsmen are sweeping down upon us4 ,,enormous ,,consumption4 ,only those who have given the subject careful consideration have any true idea of the enormous annual consumption1 in this country1 of spirits1 wines and malt liquors4 ,dr4 ,hargreaves1 in ,our ,wasted ,resources1 gives these startling figures3 ,it amounted in #ahgj to #gb1dbe1cec gallons of domestic spirits1 #ahh1ebg1abj gallons of fermented liquors1 #a1dda1gdg gallons of imported spirits1 #i1jhh1hid gallons of wines1 #cd1bci gallons of spirituous compounds1 and #a1jab1ged gallons of ale1 beer1 etc41 or a total of #bgb1ecj1ajg gallons for #ahgj1 with a total increase of #cj1jjj1jjj gallons in #ahga1 and of #ce1jjj1jjj gallons in addition in #ahgb4 ,all this in a single year1 and at a cost variously estimated at from six to seven hundred millions of dollars6 ,or1 a sum1 as statistics tell us1 nearly equal to the cost of all the flour1 cotton and woolen goods1 boots and shoes1 clothing1 and books and newspapers purchased by the people in the same period of time4 ,if this were all the cost8 ,if the people wasted no more than seven hundred millions of dollars on these beverages every year1 the question of their use would be only one of pecuniary loss or gain4 ,but what farther1 in connection with this subject1 are we told by statistics8 ,why1 that1 in consequence of using these beverages1 we have six hundred thousand drunkards2 and that of these1 sixty thousand die every year4 ,that we have over three hundred murders and four hundred suicides4 ,that over two hundred thousand children are left homeless and friendless4 ,and that at least eighty per cent4 of all the crime and pauperism of the land arises from the consumption of this enormous quantity of intoxicating drinks4 ,in this single view1 the question of intemperance assumes a most appalling aspect4 ,the ,,poverty ,,and ,,destitution found in so large a portion of our laboring classes1 and their consequent restlessness and discontent1 come almost entirely from the waste of substance1 idleness and physical incapacity for work1 which attend the free use of alcoholic beverages4 ,of the six or seven hundred millions of dollars paid annually for these beverages1 not less than two-thirds are taken out of the earnings of our artisans and laborers1 and those who1 like them1 work for wages4 ,,loss ,,to ,,labor4 ,but the loss does not1 of course1 stop here4 ,the consequent waste of bodily vigor1 and the idleness that is ever the sure accompaniment of drinking1 rob this class of at least as much more4 ,total abstinence societies1 building associations1 and the use of banks for savings1 instead of the dram-sellers' banks for losings1 would do more for the well-being of our working classes than all the trades-unions or labor combinations1 that ever have or ever will exist4 ,the laboring man's protective union lies in his own good common sense1 united with temperance1 self-denial and economy4 ,there are very many in our land who know this way2 and their condition1 as compared with those who know it not1 or knowing1 will not walk therein1 is found to be in striking contrast4 ,,taxation4 ,besides the wasting drain for drink1 and the loss in national wealth1 growing out of the idleness and diminished power for work1 that invariably follows the use of alcohol in any of its forms1 the people are heavily taxed for the repression and punishment of crimes1 and the support of paupers and destitute children4 ,a fact or two will give the reader some idea of what this enormous cost must be4 ,in ,the ,twentieth ,annual ,report of the ,executive ,committee of the ,prison ,association of ,new ,york1 is this sentence3 ,there can be no doubt that1 of all the proximate sources of crime1 the use of intoxicating liquors is the most prolific and the most deadly4 ,of other causes it may be said that they slay their thousands2 of this it may be acknowledged that it slays its tens of thousands4 ,the committee asked for the opinion of the jail officers in nearly every county in the ,state as to the proportion of commitments due1 either directly or indirectly1 to strong drink4 ,the whole number of commitments is given in these words3 ,not less than #fj1jjj to #gj1jjj or the sixtieth portion of the inhabitants of the ,state of ,new ,york human beings--men1 women and children--either guilty1 or arrested on suspicion of being guilty of crime1 pass every year through these institutions4 ,the answers made to the committee by the jail officers1 varied from two-thirds as the lowest1 to nine-tenths as the highest2 and1 on taking the average of their figures1 it gave seven-eighths as the proportion of commitments for crime directly ascribed to the use of intoxicating drinks6 ,taking this as the proportion of those who are made criminals through intemperance1 let us get at some estimate of the cost to tax-payers4 ,we find it stated in ,tract ,no4 #bh1 issued by the ,national ,temperance ,society1 that a committee was appointed by the ,ulster ,county ,temperance ,society1 in #ahfa1 for the express purpose of ascertaining1 from reliable sources1 the percentage on every dollar tax paid to the county to support her paupers and criminal justice4 ,the committee1 after due examination1 came to the conclusion that upwards of sixty cents on the dollar was for the above purpose4 ,this amount was required1 according to law1 to be paid by every tax-payer as a penalty1 or rather as a rum bill1 for allowing the liquor traffic to be carried on in the above county4 ,what is said of ,ulster ,county1 may1 more or less1 if a like examination were entered into1 be said of every other county1 not only in the ,state of ,new ,york1 but in every county in the ,united ,states4 ,from the same tract we take this statement3 ,in a document published by the ,legislature of the ,state of ,new ,york1 for #ahfc1 being the report of the ,secretary of the ,state to the ,legislature1 we have the following statements3 ',the whole number of paupers relieved during the same period1 was #bfa1beb4 ,during the year #ahfb1 #beg1ced4' ,these numbers would be in the ratio of one pauper annually to every fifteen inhabitants throughout the ,state4 ,in an examination made into the history of those paupers by a competent committee1 seven-eighths of them were reduced to this low and degraded condition1 directly or indirectly1 through intemperance4 ,,cursing ,,the ,,poor4 ,looking at our laboring classes1 with the fact before us1 that the cost of the liquor sold annually by retail dealers is equal to nearly #be for every man1 woman and child in our whole population1 and we can readily see why so much destitution is to be found among them4 ,throwing out those who abstain altogether2 the children1 and a large proportion of women1 and those who take a glass only now and then1 and it will be seen that for the rest the average of cost must be more than treble4 ,among working men who drink the cheaper beverages1 the ratio of cost to each cannot fall short of a hundred dollars a year4 ,with many1 drink consumes from a fourth to one-half of their entire earnings4 ,is it1 then1 any wonder that so much poverty and suffering are to be found among them8 ,,crime ,,and ,,pauperism4 ,the causes that produce crime and pauperism in our own country1 work the same disastrous results in other lands where intoxicants are used4 ,an ,english writer1 speaking of the sad effects of intemperance in ,great ,britain1 says3 ,one hundred million pounds1 which is now annually wasted1 is a sum as great as was spent in seven years upon all the railways of the kingdom--in the very heyday of railway projects2 a sum so vast1 that if saved annually1 for seven years1 would blot out the national debt6 ,another writer says1 that in the year #ahfe1 over #f1jjj1jjj1 or a tenth part of the whole national revenue1 was required to support her paupers4 ,dr4 ,lees1 of ,london1 in speaking of ,ireland1 says3 ,ireland has been a poor nation from want of capital1 and has wanted capital chiefly because the people have preferred swallowing it to saving it4 ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,holt1 chaplain of the ,birmingham ,workhouse1 says3 ,from my own experience1 ,i am convinced of the accuracy of a statement made by the late governor1 that of every one hundred persons admitted1 ninety-nine were reduced to this state of humiliation and dependence1 either directly or indirectly1 through the prevalent and ruinous drinking usages4 ,illustration3 ,,heaping ,,burdens ,,upon ,,poverty4 ,mr4 ,charles ,buxton1 ,m4,p41 in his pamphlet1 ,how to ,stop ,drunkenness1 says3 ,it would not be too much to say that if all drinking of fermented liquors could be done away1 crime of every kind would fall to a fourth of its present amount1 and the whole tone of moral feeling in the lower order might be indefinitely raised4 ,not only does this vice produce all kinds of wanton mischief1 but it has also a negative effect of great importance4 ,it is the mightiest of all the forces that clog the progress of good4 99 99 99 ,the struggle of the school1 the library and the church1 all united against the beer-shop and the gin-palace1 is but one development of the war between ,heaven and hell4 ,it is1 in short1 intoxication that fills our jails2 it is intoxication that fills our lunatic asylums2 it is intoxication that fills our work-houses with poor4 ,were it not for this one cause1 pauperism would be nearly extinguished in ,england4 ,,the ,,blight ,,everywhere4 ,we could go on and fill pages with corroborative facts and figures1 drawn from the most reliable sources4 ,but these are amply sufficient to show the extent and magnitude of the curse which the liquor traffic has laid upon our people4 ,its blight is everywhere--on our industries1 on our social life2 on our politics1 and even on our religion4 ,and1 now1 let us take the individual man himself1 and see in what manner this treacherous enemy deals with him when he gets him into his power4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,it ,,curses ,,the ,,body4 ,first as to the body4 ,one would suppose1 from the marred and scarred1 and sometimes awfully disfigured forms and faces of men who have indulged in intoxicating drinks1 which are to be seen everywhere and among all classes of society1 that there would be no need of other testimony to show that alcohol is an enemy to the body4 ,and yet1 strange to say1 men of good sense1 clear judgment and quick perception in all moral questions and in the general affairs of life1 are often so blind1 or infatuated here1 as to affirm that this substance1 alcohol1 which they use under the various forms of wine1 brandy1 whisky1 gin1 ale or beer1 is not only harmless1 when taken in moderation--each being his own judge as to what moderation means--but actually useful and nutritious6 ,until within the last fifteen or twenty years1 a large proportion of the medical profession not only favored this view1 but made constant prescription of alcohol in one form or another1 the sad results of which too often made their appearance in exacerbations of disease1 or in the formation of intemperate habits among their patients4 ,since then1 the chemist and the physiologist have subjected alcohol to the most rigid tests1 carried on often for years1 and with a faithfulness that could not be satisfied with guess work1 or inference1 or hasty conclusion4 ,,alcohol ,,not ,a ,,food ,,and ,,of ,,doubtful ,,use ,,as ,a ,,medicine4 ,as a result of these carefully-conducted and long-continued examinations and experiments1 the medical profession stands to-day almost as a unit against alcohol2 and makes solemn public declaration to the people that it is not shown to have a definite food value by any of the usual methods of chemical analysis or physiological investigations2 and that as a medicine its range is very limited1 admitting often of a substitute1 and that it should never be taken unless prescribed by a physician4 ,reports of these investigations to which we have referred have appeared1 from time to time1 in the medical journals of ,europe and ,america1 and their results are now embodied in many of the standard and most reliable treatises and text-books of the medical profession4 ,in this chapter we shall endeavor to give our readers a description of the changes and deteriorations which take place in the blood1 nerves1 membranes1 tissues and organs1 in consequence of the continued introduction of alcohol into the human body2 and in doing so1 we shall quote freely from medical writers1 in order that our readers may have the testimony before them in its directest form1 and so be able to judge for themselves as to its value4 ,,digestion4 ,and here1 in order to give those who are not familiar with1 the process of digestion1 a clear idea of that important operation1 and the effect produced when alcohol is taken with food1 we quote from the lecture of an ,english physician1 ,dr4 ,henry ,monroe1 on ,the ,physiological ,action of ,alcohol4 ,he says3 ,every kind of substance employed by man as food consists of sugar1 starch1 oil and glutinous matters1 mingled together in various proportions2 these are designed for the support of the animal frame4 ,the glutinous principles of food--fibrine1 albumen and casein--are employed to build up the structure2 while the oil1 starch and sugar are chiefly used to generate heat in the body4 ,the first step of the digestive process is the breaking up of the food in the mouth by means of the jaws and teeth4 ,on this being done1 the saliva1 a viscid liquor1 is poured into the mouth from the salivary glands1 and as it mixes with the food1 it performs a very important part in the operation of digestion1 rendering the starch of the food soluble1 and gradually changing it into a sort of sugar1 after which the other principles become more miscible with it4 ,nearly a pint of saliva is furnished every twenty-four hours for the use of an adult4 ,when the food has been masticated and mixed with the saliva1 it is then passed into the stomach1 where it is acted upon by a juice secreted by the filaments of that organ1 and poured into the stomach in large quantities whenever food comes in contact with its mucous coats4 ,it consists of a dilute acid known to the chemists as hydrochloric acid1 composed of hydrogen and chlorine1 united together in certain definite proportions4 ,the gastric juice contains1 also1 a peculiar organic-ferment or decomposing substance1 containing nitrogen--something of the nature of yeast--termed pepsine1 which is easily soluble in the acid just named4 ,that gastric juice acts as a simple chemical solvent1 is proved by the fact that1 after death1 it has been known to dissolve the stomach itself4 ,,alcohol ,,retards ,,digestion4 ,it is an error to suppose that1 after a good dinner1 a glass of spirits or beer assists digestion2 or that any liquor containing alcohol--even bitter beer--can in any way assist digestion4 ,mix some bread and meat with gastric juice2 place them in a phial1 and keep that phial in a sand-bath at the slow heat of #ih degrees1 occasionally shaking briskly the contents to imitate the motion of the stomach2 you will find1 after six or eight hours1 the whole contents blended into one pultaceous mass4 ,if to another phial of food and gastric juice1 treated in the same way1 ,i add a glass of pale ale or a quantity of alcohol1 at the end of seven or eight hours1 or even some days1 the food is scarcely acted upon at all4 ,this is a fact2 and if you are led to ask why1 ,i answer1 because alcohol has the peculiar power of chemically affecting or decomposing the gastric juice by precipitating one of its principal constituents1 viz41 pepsine1 rendering its solvent properties much less efficacious4 ,hence alcohol can not be considered either as food or as a solvent for food4 ,not as the latter certainly1 for it refuses to act with the gastric juice4 ',it is a remarkable fact1' says ,dr4 ,dundas ,thompson1 'that alcohol1 when added to the digestive fluid1 produces a white precipitate1 so that the fluid is no longer capable of digesting animal or vegetable matter4' ',the use of alcoholic stimulants1' say ,drs4 ,todd and ,bowman1 'retards digestion by coagulating the pepsine1 an essential element of the gastric juice1 and thereby interfering with its action4 ,were it not that wine and spirits are rapidly absorbed1 the introduction of these into the stomach1 in any quantity1 would be a complete bar to the digestion of food1 as the pepsine would be precipitated from the solution as quickly as it was formed by the stomach4' ,spirit1 in any quantity1 as a dietary adjunct1 is pernicious on account of its antiseptic qualities1 which resist the digestion of food by the absorption of water from its particles1 in direct antagonism to chemical operation4 ,,its ,,effect ,,on ,,the ,,blood4 ,dr4 ,richardson1 in his lectures on alcohol1 given both in ,england and ,america1 speaking of the action of this substance on the blood after passing from the stomach1 says3 ,suppose1 then1 a certain measure of alcohol be taken into the stomach1 it will be absorbed there1 but1 previous to absorption1 it will have to undergo a proper degree of dilution with water1 for there is this peculiarity respecting alcohol when it is separated by an animal membrane from a watery fluid like the blood1 that it will not pass through the membrane until it has become charged1 to a given point of dilution1 with water4 ,it is itself1 in fact1 so greedy for water1 it will pick it up from watery textures1 and deprive them of it until1 by its saturation1 its power of reception is exhausted1 after which it will diffuse into the current of circulating fluid4 ,it is this power of absorbing water from every texture with which alcoholic spirits comes in contact1 that creates the burning thirst of those who freely indulge in its use4 ,its effect1 when it reaches the circulation1 is thus described by ,dr4 ,richardson3 ,as it passes through the circulation of the lungs it is exposed to the air1 and some little of it1 raised into vapor by the natural heat1 is thrown off in expiration4 ,if the quantity of it be large1 this loss may be considerable1 and the odor of the spirit may be detected in the expired breath4 ,if the quantity be small1 the loss will be comparatively little1 as the spirit will be held in solution by the water in the blood4 ,after it has passed through the lungs1 and has been driven by the left heart over the arterial circuit1 it passes into what is called the minute circulation1 or the structural circulation of the organism4 ,the arteries here extend into very small vessels1 which are called arterioles1 and from these infinitely small vessels spring the equally minute radicals or roots of the veins1 which are ultimately to become the great rivers bearing the blood back to the heart4 ,in its passage through this minute circulation the alcohol finds its way to every organ4 ,to this brain1 to these muscles1 to these secreting or excreting organs1 nay1 even into this bony structure itself1 it moves with the blood4 ,in some of these parts which are not excreting1 it remains for a time diffused1 and in those parts where there is a large percentage of water1 it remains longer than in other parts4 ,from some organs which have an open tube for conveying fluids away1 as the liver and kidneys1 it is thrown out or eliminated1 and in this way a portion of it is ultimately removed from the body4 ,the rest passing round and round with the circulation1 is probably decomposed and carried off in new forms of matter4 ,when we know the course which the alcohol takes in its passage through the body1 from the period of its absorption to that of its elimination1 we are the better able to judge what physical changes it induces in the different organs and structures with which it comes in contact4 ,it first reaches the blood2 but1 as a rule1 the quantity of it that enters is insufficient to produce any material effect on that fluid4 ,if1 however1 the dose taken be poisonous or semi-poisonous1 then even the blood1 rich as it is in water--and it contains seven hundred and ninety parts in a thousand--is affected4 ,the alcohol is diffused through this water1 and there it comes in contact with the other constituent parts1 with the fibrine1 that plastic substance which1 when blood is drawn1 clots and coagulates1 and which is present in the proportion of from two to three parts in a thousand2 with the albumen which exists in the proportion of seventy parts2 with the salts which yield about ten parts2 with the fatty matters2 and lastly1 with those minute1 round bodies which float in myriads in the blood 7which were discovered by the ,dutch philosopher1 ,leuwenhock1 as one of the first results of microscopical observation1 about the middle of the seventeenth century71 and which are called the blood globules or corpuscles4 ,these last-named bodies are1 in fact1 cells2 their discs1 when natural1 have a smooth outline1 they are depressed in the centre1 and they are red in color2 the color of the blood being derived from them4 ,we have discovered in recent years that there exist other corpuscles or cells in the blood in much smaller quantity1 which are called white cells1 and these different cells float in the blood-stream within the vessels4 ,the red take the centre of the stream2 the white lie externally near the sides of the vessels1 moving less quickly4 ,our business is mainly with the red corpuscles4 ,they perform the most important functions in the economy2 they absorb1 in great part1 the oxygen which we inhale in breathing1 and carry it to the extreme tissues of the body2 they absorb1 in great part1 the carbonic acid gas which is produced in the combustion of the body in the extreme tissues1 and bring that gas back to the lungs to be exchanged for oxygen there2 in short1 they are the vital instruments of the circulation4 ,with all these parts of the blood1 with the water1 fibrine1 albumen1 salts1 fatty matter and corpuscles1 the alcohol comes in contact when it enters the blood1 and1 if it be in sufficient quantity1 it produces disturbing action4 ,i have watched this disturbance very carefully on the blood corpuscles2 for1 in some animals we can see these floating along during life1 and we can also observe them from men who are under the effects of alcohol1 by removing a speck of blood1 and examining it with the microscope4 ,the action of the alcohol1 when it is observable1 is varied4 ,it may cause the corpuscles to run too closely together1 and to adhere in rolls2 it may modify their outline1 making the clear-defined1 smooth1 outer edge irregular or crenate1 or even starlike2 it may change the round corpuscle into the oval form1 or1 in very extreme cases1 it may produce what ,i may call a truncated form of corpuscles1 in which the change is so great that if we did not trace it through all its stages1 we should be puzzled to know whether the object looked at were indeed a blood-cell4 ,all these changes are due to the action of the spirit upon the water contained in the corpuscles2 upon the capacity of the spirit to extract water from them4 ,during every stage of modification of corpuscles thus described1 their function to absorb and fix gases is impaired1 and when the aggregation of the cells1 in masses1 is great1 other difficulties arise1 for the cells1 united together1 pass less easily than they should through the minute vessels of the lungs and of the general circulation1 and impede the current1 by which local injury is produced4 ,a further action upon the blood1 instituted by alcohol in excess1 is upon the fibrine or the plastic colloidal matter4 ,on this the spirit may act in two different ways1 according to the degree in which it affects the water that holds the fibrine in solution4 ,it may fix the water with the fibrine1 and thus destroy the power of coagulation2 or it may extract the water so determinately as to produce coagulation4 ,,on ,,the ,,minute ,,circulation4 ,the doctor then goes on to describe the minute circulation through which the constructive material in the blood is distributed to every part of the body4 ,from this distribution of blood in these minute vessels1 he says1 the structure of organs derive their constituent parts2 through these vessels brain matter1 muscle1 gland1 membrane1 are given out from the blood by a refined process of selection of material1 which1 up to this time1 is only so far understood as to enable us to say that it exists4 ,the minute and intermediate vessels are more intimately connected than any other part with the construction and with the function of the living matter of which the body is composed4 ,think you that this mechanism is left uncontrolled8 ,no2 the vessels1 small as they are1 are under distinct control4 ,infinitely refined in structure1 they nevertheless have the power of contraction and dilatation1 which power is governed by nervous action of a special kind4 ,now1 there are certain chemical agents1 which1 by their action on the nerves1 have the power to paralyze and relax these minute blood-vessels1 at their extreme points4 ,the whole series of nitrates1 says ,dr4 ,richardson1 possess this power2 ether possesses it2 but the great point ,i wish to bring forth is1 that the substance we are specially dealing with1 alcohol1 possesses the self-same power4 ,by this influence it produces all those peculiar effects which in every-day life are so frequently illustrated4 ,,paralyzes ,,the ,,minute ,,blood-,,vessels4 ,it paralyzes the minute blood-vessels1 and allows them to become dilated with the flowing blood4 ,if you attend a large dinner party1 you will observe1 after the first few courses1 when the wine is beginning to circulate1 a progressive change in some of those about you who have taken wine4 ,the face begins to get flushed1 the eye brightens1 and the murmur of conversation becomes loud4 ,what is the reason of that flushing of the countenance8 ,it is the same as the flush from blushing1 or from the reaction of cold1 or from the nitrite of amyl4 ,it is the dilatation of vessels following upon the reduction of nervous control1 which reduction has been induced by the alcohol4 ,in a word1 the first stage1 the stage of vascular excitement from alcohol1 has been established4 ,,heart ,,disturbance4 ,the action of the alcohol extending so far does not stop there4 ,with the disturbance of power in the extreme vessels1 more disturbance is set up in other organs1 and the first organ that shares in it is the heart4 ,with each beat of the heart a certain degree of resistance is offered by the vessels when their nervous supply is perfect1 and the stroke of the heart is moderated in respect both to tension and to time4 ,but when the vessels are rendered relaxed1 the resistance is removed1 the heart begins to run quicker1 like a watch from which the pallets have been removed1 and the heart-stroke1 losing nothing in force1 is greatly increased in frequency1 with a weakened recoil stroke4 ,it is easy to account1 in this manner1 for the quickened heart and pulse which accompany the first stage of deranged action from alcohol1 and you will be interested to know to what extent this increase of vascular action proceeds4 ,the information on this subject is exceedingly curious and important4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the stage of primary excitement of the circulation thus induced lasts for a considerable time1 but at length the heart flags from its overaction1 and requires the stimulus of more spirit to carry it on in its work4 ,let us take what we may call a moderate amount of alcohol1 say two ounces by volume1 in form of wine1 or beer1 or spirits4 ,what is called strong sherry or port may contain as much as twenty-five per cent4 by volume4 ,brandy over fifty2 gin1 thirty-eight2 rum1 forty-eight2 whisky1 forty-three2 vin ordeinaire1 eight2 strong ale1 fourteen2 champagne1 ten to eleven2 it matters not which1 if the quantity of alcohol be regulated by the amount present in the liquor imbibed4 ,when we reach the two ounces1 a distinct physiological effect follows1 leading on to that first stage of excitement with which we are now conversant4 ,the reception of the spirit arrested at this point1 there need be no important mischief done to the organism2 but if the quantity imbibed be increased1 further changes quickly occur4 ,we have seen that all the organs of the body are built upon the vascular structures1 and therefore it follows that a prolonged paralysis of the minute circulation must of necessity lead to disturbance in other organs than the heart4 ,,other ,,organs ,,involved4 ,by common observation1 the flush seen on the cheek during the first stage of alcoholic excitation1 is presumed to extend merely to the parts actually exposed to view4 ,it cannot1 however1 be too forcibly impressed that the condition is universal in the body4 ,if the lungs could be seen1 they1 too1 would be found with their vessels injected2 if the brain and spinal cord could be laid open to view1 they would be discovered in the same condition2 if the stomach1 the liver1 the spleen1 the kidneys or any other vascular organs or parts could be exposed1 the vascular engorgement would be equally manifest4 ,in the lower animals1 ,i have been able to witness this extreme vascular condition in the lungs1 and there are here presented to you two drawings from nature1 showing1 one the lungs in a natural state of an animal killed by a sudden blow1 the other the lungs of an animal killed equally suddenly1 but at a time when it was under the influence of alcohol4 ,you will see1 as if you were looking at the structures themselves1 how different they are in respect to the blood which they contained1 how intensely charged with blood is the lung in which the vessels had been paralyzed by the alcoholic ,spirit4 ,,effect ,,on ,,the ,,brain4 ,i once had the unusual1 though unhappy1 opportunity of observing the same phenomenon in the brain structure of a man1 who1 in a paroxysm of alcoholic excitement1 decapitated himself under the wheel of a railway carriage1 and whose brain was instantaneously evolved from the skull by the crash4 ,the brain itself1 entire1 was before me within three minutes after the death4 ,it exhaled the odor of spirit most distinctly1 and its membranes and minute structures were vascular in the extreme4 ,it looked as if it had been recently injected with vermilion4 ,the white matter of the cerebrum1 studded with red points1 could scarcely be distinguished1 when it was incised1 by its natural whiteness2 and the pia-mater1 or internal vascular membrane covering the brain1 resembled a delicate web of coagulated red blood1 so tensely were its fine vessels engorged4 ,i should add that this condition extended through both the larger and the smaller brain1 the cerebrum and cerebellum1 but was not so marked in the medulla or commencing portion of the spinal cord4 ,,the ,,spinal ,,cord ,,and ,,nerves4 ,the action of alcohol continued beyond the first stage1 the function of the spinal cord is influenced4 ,through this part of the nervous system we are accustomed1 in health1 to perform automatic acts of a mechanical kind1 which proceed systematically even when we are thinking or speaking on other subjects4 ,thus a skilled workman will continue his mechanical work perfectly1 while his mind is bent on some other subject2 and thus we all perform various acts in a purely automatic way1 without calling in the aid of the higher centres1 except something more than ordinary occurs to demand their service1 upon which we think before we perform4 ,under alcohol1 as the spinal centres become influenced1 these pure automatic acts cease to be correctly carried on4 ,that the hand may reach any object1 or the foot be correctly planted1 the higher intellectual centre must be invoked to make the proceeding secure4 ,there follows quickly upon this a deficient power of co-ordination of muscular movement4 ,the nervous control of certain of the muscles is lost1 and the nervous stimulus is more or less enfeebled4 ,the muscles of the lower lip in the human subject usually fail first of all1 then the muscles of the lower limbs1 and it is worthy of remark that the extensor muscles give way earlier than the flexors4 ,the muscles themselves1 by this time1 are also failing in power2 they respond more feebly than is natural to the nervous stimulus2 they1 too1 are coming under the depressing influence of the paralyzing agent1 their structure is temporarily deranged1 and their contractile power reduced4 ,this modification of the animal functions under alcohol1 marks the second degree of its action4 ,in young subjects1 there is now1 usually1 vomiting with faintness1 followed by gradual relief from the burden of the poison4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,utter ,,wreck4 ,,effect ,,on ,,the ,,brain ,,centres4 ,the alcoholic spirit carried yet a further degree1 the cerebral or brain centres become influenced2 they are reduced in power1 and the controlling influences of will and of judgment are lost4 ,as these centres are unbalanced and thrown into chaos1 the rational part of the nature of the man gives way before the emotional1 passional or organic part4 ,the reason is now off duty1 or is fooling with duty1 and all the mere animal instincts and sentiments are laid atrociously bare4 ,the coward shows up more craven1 the braggart more boastful1 the cruel more merciless1 the untruthful more false1 the carnal more degraded4 ',in vino veritas' expresses1 even1 indeed1 to physiological accuracy1 the true condition4 ,the reason1 the emotions1 the instincts1 are all in a state of carnival1 and in chaotic feebleness4 ,finally1 the action of the alcohol still extending1 the superior brain centres are overpowered2 the senses are beclouded1 the voluntary muscular prostration is perfected1 sensibility is lost1 and the body lies a mere log1 dead by all but one-fourth1 on which alone its life hangs4 ,the heart still remains true to its duty1 and while it just lives it feeds the breathing power4 ,and so the circulation and the respiration1 in the otherwise inert mass1 keeps the mass within the bare domain of life until the poison begins to pass away and the nervous centres to revive again4 ,it is happy for the inebriate that1 as a rule1 the brain fails so long before the heart that he has neither the power nor the sense to continue his process of destruction up to the act of death of his circulation4 ,therefore he lives to die another day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is an outline of the primary action of alcohol on those who may be said to be unaccustomed to it1 or who have not yet fallen into a fixed habit of taking it3 ,for a long time the organism will bear these perversions of its functions without apparent injury1 but if the experiment be repeated too often and too long1 if it be continued after the term of life when the body is fully developed1 when the elasticity of the membranes and of the blood-vessels is lessened1 and when the tone of the muscular fibre is reduced1 then organic series of structural changes1 so characteristic of the persistent effects of spirit1 become prominent and permanent4 ,then the external surface becomes darkened and congested1 its vessels1 in parts1 visibly large2 the skin becomes blotched1 the proverbial red nose is defined1 and those other striking vascular changes which disfigure many who may probably be called moderate alcoholics1 are developed4 ,these changes1 belonging1 as they do1 to external surfaces1 come under direct observation2 they are accompanied with certain other changes in the internal organs1 which we shall show to be more destructive still4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,it ,,curses ,,the ,,body4--,,continued4 ,we have quoted thus freely in the preceding chapter1 in order that the intelligent and thoughtful reader1 who is really seeking for the truth in regard to the physical action of alcohol1 may be able to gain clear impressions on the subject4 ,the specific changes wrought by this substance on the internal organs are of a most serious character1 and should be well understood by all who indulge habitually in its use4 ,,effect ,,on ,,the ,,membranes4 ,the parts which first suffer from alcohol are those expansions of the body which the anatomists call the membranes4 ,the skin is a membranous envelope4 ,through the whole of the alimentary surface1 from the lips downward1 and through the bronchial passages to their minutest ramifications1 extends the mucous membrane4 ,the lungs1 the heart1 the liver1 the kidneys are folded in delicate membranes1 which can be stripped easily from these parts4 ,if you take a portion of bone1 you will find it easy to strip off from it a membranous sheath or covering2 if you examine a joint1 you will find both the head and the socket lined with membranes4 ,the whole of the intestines are enveloped in a fine membrane called peritoneum4 ,all the muscles are enveloped in membranes1 and the fasciculi1 or bundles and fibres of muscles1 have their membranous sheathing4 ,the brain and spinal cord are enveloped in three membranes2 one nearest to themselves1 a pure vascular structure1 a net-work of blood-vessels2 another1 a thin serous structure2 a third1 a strong fibrous structure4 ,the eyeball is a structure of colloidal humors and membranes1 and of nothing else4 ,to complete the description1 the minute structures of the vital organs are enrolled in membranous matter4 ,these membranes are the filters of the body4 ,in their absence there could be no building of structure1 no solidification of tissue1 nor organic mechanism4 ,passive themselves1 they1 nevertheless1 separate all structures into their respective positions and adaptations4 ,,membranous ,,deteriorations4 ,in order to make perfectly clear to the reader's mind the action and use of these membranous expansions1 and the way in which alcohol deteriorates them1 and obstructs their work1 we quote again from ,dr4 ,richardson3 ,the animal receives from the vegetable world and from the earth the food and drink it requires for its sustenance and motion4 ,it receives colloidal food for its muscles3 combustible food for its motion2 water for the solution of its various parts2 salt for constructive and other physical purposes4 ,these have all to be arranged in the body2 and they are arranged by means of the membranous envelopes4 ,through these membranes nothing can pass that is not1 for the time1 in a state of aqueous solution1 like water or soluble salts4 ,water passes freely through them1 salts pass freely through them1 but the constructive matter of the active parts that is colloidal does not pass2 it is retained in them until it is chemically decomposed into the soluble type of matter4 ,when we take for our food a portion of animal flesh1 it is first resolved1 in digestion1 into a soluble fluid before it can be absorbed2 in the blood it is resolved into the fluid colloidal condition2 in the solids it is laid down within the membranes into new structure1 and when it has played its part1 it is digested again1 if ,i may so say1 into a crystalloidal soluble substance1 ready to be carried away and replaced by addition of new matter1 then it is dialysed or passed through1 the membranes into the blood1 and is disposed of in the excretions4 ,see1 then1 what an all-important part these membranous structures play in the animal life4 ,upon their integrity all the silent work of the building up of the body depends4 ,if these membranes are rendered too porous1 and let out the colloidal fluids of the blood--the albumen1 for example--the body so circumstanced1 dies2 dies as if it were slowly bled to death4 ,if1 on the contrary1 they become condensed or thickened1 or loaded with foreign material1 then they fail to allow the natural fluids to pass through them4 ,they fail to dialyse1 and the result is1 either an accumulation of the fluid in a closed cavity1 or contraction of the substance inclosed within the membrane1 or dryness of membrane in surfaces that ought to be freely lubricated and kept apart4 ,in old age we see the effects of modification of membrane naturally induced2 we see the fixed joint1 the shrunken and feeble muscle1 the dimmed eye1 the deaf ear1 the enfeebled nervous function4 ,it may possibly seem1 at first sight1 that ,i am leading immediately away from the subject of the secondary action of alcohol4 ,it is not so4 ,i am leading directly to it4 ,upon all these membranous structures alcohol exerts a direct perversion of action4 ,it produces in them a thickening1 a shrinking and an inactivity that reduces their functional power4 ,that they may work rapidly and equally1 they require to be at all times charged with water to saturation4 ,if1 into contact with them1 any agent is brought that deprives them of water1 then is their work interfered with2 they cease to separate the saline constituents properly2 and1 if the evil that is thus started1 be allowed to continue1 they contract upon their contained matter in whatever organ it may be situated1 and condense it4 ,in brief1 under the prolonged influence of alcohol those changes which take place from it in the blood corpuscles1 and which have already been described1 extend to the other organic parts1 involving them in structural deteriorations1 which are always dangerous1 and are often ultimately fatal4 ,,action ,,of ,,alcohol ,,on ,,the ,,stomach4 ,passing from the effect of alcohol upon the membranes1 we come to its action on the stomach4 ,that it impairs1 instead of assisting digestion1 has already been shown in the extract from ,dr4 ,monroe1 given near the commencement of the preceding chapter4 ,a large amount of medical testimony could be quoted in corroboration1 but enough has been educed4 ,we shall only quote ,dr4 ,richardson on ,alcoholic ,dyspepsia3 ,the stomach1 unable to produce1 in proper quantity1 the natural digestive fluid1 and also unable to absorb the food which it may imperfectly digest1 is in constant anxiety and irritation4 ,it is oppressed with the sense of nausea2 it is oppressed with the sense of emptiness and prostration2 it is oppressed with a sense of distention2 it is oppressed with a loathing for food1 and it is teased with a craving for more drink4 ,thus there is engendered1 a permanent disorder which1 for politeness' sake1 is called dyspepsia1 and for which different remedies are often sought but never found4 ,antibilious pills--whatever they may mean--,seidlitz powders1 effervescing waters1 and all that pharmacopoeia of aids to further indigestion1 in which the afflicted who nurse their own diseases so liberally and innocently indulge1 are tried in vain4 ,i do not strain a syllable when ,i state that the worst forms of confirmed indigestion originate in the practice that is here explained4 ,by this practice all the functions are vitiated1 the skin at one moment is flushed and perspiring1 and at the next moment it is pale1 cold and clammy1 while every other secreting structure is equally disarranged4 ,,tic-,,douloureux ,,and ,,sciatica4 ,nervous derangements follow as a matter of course1 for the delicate membranes which envelope and immediately surround the nervous cords1 are affected by the alcohol more readily than the coarser membranous textures of other parts of the body1 and give rise to a series of troublesome conditions1 which are too often attributed to other than the true causes4 ,some of these are thus described3 ,the perverted condition of the membranous covering of the nerves gives rise to pressure within the sheath of the nerve1 and to pain as a consequence4 ,to the pain thus excited the term neuralgia is commonly applied1 or 'tic2' or1 if the large nerve running down the thigh be the seat of the pain1 'sciatica4' ,sometimes this pain is developed as a toothache4 ,it is pain commencing1 in nearly every instance1 at some point where a nerve is inclosed in a bony cavity1 or where pressure is easily excited1 as at the lower jawbone near the centre of the chin1 or at the opening in front of the lower part of the ear1 or at the opening over the eyeball in the frontal bone4 ,,degeneration ,,of ,,the ,,liver4 ,the organic deteriorations which follow the long-continued use of alcoholic drinks are often of a serious and fatal character4 ,the same author says3 ,the organ of the body1 that1 perhaps1 the most frequently undergoes structural changes from alcohol1 is the liver4 ,the capacity of this organ for holding active substances in its cellular parts1 is one of its marked physiological distinctions4 ,in instances of poisoning by arsenic1 antimony1 strychnine and other poisonous compounds1 we turn to the liver1 in conducting our analyses1 as if it were the central depot of the foreign matter4 ,it is1 practically1 the same in respect to alcohol4 ,the liver of the confirmed alcoholic is1 probably1 never free from the influence of the poison2 it is too often saturated with it4 ,the effect of the alcohol upon the liver is upon the minute membranous or capsular structure of the organ1 upon which1 it acts to prevent the proper dialysis and free secretion4 ,the organ1 at first1 becomes large from the distention of its vessels1 the surcharge of fluid matter and the thickening of tissue4 ,after a time1 there follows contraction of membrane1 and slow shrinking of the whole mass of the organ in its cellular parts4 ,then the shrunken1 hardened1 roughened mass is said to be 'hob-nailed1' a common1 but expressive term4 ,by the time this change occurs1 the body of him in whom it is developed is usually dropsical in its lower parts1 owing to the obstruction offered to the returning blood by the veins1 and his fate is sealed4444 ,again1 under an increase of fatty substance in the body1 the structure of the liver may be charged with1 fatty cells1 and undergo what is technically designated fatty degeneration4 ,,how ,,the ,,kidneys ,,suffer4 ,the kidneys1 also1 suffer deterioration4 ,their minute structures undergo fatty modification2 their vessels lose their due elasticity of power of contraction2 or their membranes permit to pass through them the albumen from the blood4 ,this last condition reached1 the body loses power as if it were being gradually drained even of its blood4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,the vessels of the lungs are easily relaxed by alcohol2 and as they1 of all parts1 are most exposed to vicissitudes of heat and cold1 they are readily congested when1 paralyzed by the spirit1 they are subjected to the effects of a sudden fall of atmospheric temperature4 ,thus1 the suddenly fatal congestions of lungs which so easily befall the confirmed alcoholic during the severe winter seasons4 ,,organic ,,deteriorations ,,of ,,the ,,heart4 ,the heart is one of the greatest sufferers from alcohol4 ,quoting again from ,dr4 ,richardson3 ,the membranous structures which envelope and line the organ are changed in quality1 are thickened1 rendered cartilaginous and even calcareous or bony4 ,then the valves1 which are made up of folds of membrane1 lose their suppleness1 and what is called valvular disease is permanently established4 ,the coats of the great blood-vessel leading from the heart1 the aorto1 share1 not unfrequently1 in the same changes of structure1 so that the vessel loses its elasticity and its power to feed the heart by the recoil from its distention1 after the heart1 by its stroke1 has filled it with blood4 ,again1 the muscular structure of the heart fails1 owing to degenerative changes in its tissue4 ,the elements of the muscular fibre are replaced by fatty cells2 or1 if not so replaced1 are themselves transferred into a modified muscular texture in which the power of contraction is greatly reduced4 ,those who suffer from these organic deteriorations of the central and governing organ of the circulation of the blood learn the fact so insidiously1 it hardly breaks upon them until the mischief is far advanced4 ,they are1 for years1 conscious of a central failure of power from slight causes1 such as overexertion1 trouble1 broken rest1 or too long abstinence from food4 ,they feel what they call a 'sinking1' but they know that wine or some other stimulant will at once relieve the sensation4 ,thus they seek to relieve it until at last they discover that the remedy fails4 ,the jaded1 overworked1 faithful heart will bear no more2 it has run its course1 and1 the governor of the blood-streams broken1 the current either overflows into the tissues1 gradually damming up the courses1 or under some slight shock or excess of motion1 ceases wholly at the centre4 ,,epilepsy ,,and ,,paralysis4 ,lastly1 the brain and spinal cord1 and all the nervous matter1 become1 under the influence of alcohol1 subject alike to organic deterioration4 ,the membranes enveloping the nervous substance undergo thickening2 the blood-vessels are subjected to change of structure1 by which their resistance and resiliency is impaired2 and the true nervous matter is sometimes modified1 by softening or shrinking of its texture1 by degeneration of its cellular structure or by interposition of fatty particles4 ,these deteriorations of cerebral and spinal matter give rise to a series of derangements1 which show themselves in the worst forms of nervous diseases--epilepsy2 paralysis1 local or general2 insanity4 ,we have quoted thus largely from ,dr4 ,richardson's valuable lectures1 in order that our readers may have an intelligent comprehension of this most important subject4 ,it is because the great mass of the people are ignorant of the real character of the effects produced on the body by alcohol that so many indulge in its use1 and lay the foundation for troublesome1 and often painful and fatal diseases in their later years4 ,in corroboration of ,dr4 ,richardson's testimony against alcohol1 we will1 in closing this chapter1 make a few quotations from other medical authorities4 ,,farther ,,medical ,,testimony4 ,dr4 ,ezra ,m4 ,hunt says3 ,the capacity of the alcohols for impairment of functions and the initiation and promotion of organic lesions in vital parts1 is unsurpassed by any record in the whole range of medicine4 ,the facts as to this are so indisputable1 and so far granted by the profession1 as to be no longer debatable4 ,changes in stomach and liver1 in kidneys and lungs1 in the blood-vessels to the minutest capillary1 and in the blood to the smallest red and white blood disc disturbances of secretion1 fibroid and fatty degenerations in almost every organ1 impairment of muscular power1 impressions so profound on both nervous systems as to be often toxic--these1 and such as these1 are the oft manifested results4 ,and these are not confined to those called intemperate4 ,professor ,youmans says3 ,it is evident that1 so far from being the conservator of health1 alcohol is an active and powerful cause of disease1 interfering1 as it does1 with the respiration1 the circulation and the nutrition2 now1 is any other result possible8 ,dr4 ,f4,r4 ,lees says3 ,that alcohol should contribute to the fattening process under certain conditions1 and produce in drinkers fatty degeneration of the blood1 follows1 as a matter of course1 since1 on the one hand1 we have an agent that retains waste matter by lowering the nutritive and excretory functions1 and on the other1 a direct poisoner of the vesicles of the vital stream4 ,dr4 ,henry ,monroe says3 ,there is no kind of tissue1 whether healthy or morbid1 that may not undergo fatty degeneration2 and there is no organic disease so troublesome to the medical man1 or so difficult of cure4 ,if1 by the aid of the microscope1 we examine a very fine section of muscle taken from a person in good health1 we find the muscles firm1 elastic and of a bright red color1 made up of parallel fibres1 with beautiful crossings or striae2 but1 if we similarly examine the muscle of a man who leads an idle1 sedentary life1 and indulges in intoxicating drinks1 we detect1 at once1 a pale1 flabby1 inelastic1 oily appearance4 ,alcoholic narcotization appears to produce this peculiar conditions of the tissues more than any other agent with which we are acquainted4 ',three-quarters of the chronic illness which the medical man has to treat1' says ,dr4 ,chambers1 'are occasioned by this disease4' ,the eminent ,french analytical chemist1 ,lecanu1 found as much as one hundred and seventeen parts of fat in one thousand parts of a drunkard's blood1 the highest estimate of the quantity in health being eight and one-quarter parts1 while the ordinary quantity is not more than two or three parts1 so that the blood of the drunkard contains forty times in excess of the ordinary quantity4 ,dr4 ,hammond1 who has written1 in partial defense of alcohol as containing a food power1 says3 ,when ,i say that it1 of all other causes1 is most prolific in exciting derangements of the brain1 the spinal cord and the nerves1 ,i make a statement which my own experience shows to be correct4 ,another eminent physician says of alcohol3 ,it substitutes suppuration for growth4 99 99 ,it helps time to produce the effects of age2 and1 in a word1 is the genius of degeneration4 ,dr4 ,monroe1 from whom we have already quoted1 says3 ,alcohol1 taken in small quantities1 or largely diluted1 as in the form of beer1 causes the stomach gradually to lose its tone1 and makes it dependent upon artificial stimulus4 ,atony1 or want of tone of the stomach1 gradually supervenes1 and incurable disorder of health results4 99 99 99 ,should a dose of alcoholic drink be taken daily1 the heart will very often become hypertrophied1 or enlarged throughout4 ,indeed1 it is painful to witness how many persons are actually laboring under disease of the heart1 owing chiefly to the use of alcoholic liquors4 ,dr4 ,t4,k4 ,chambers1 physician to the ,prince of ,wales1 says3 ,alcohol is really the most ungenerous diet there is4 ,it impoverishes the blood1 and there is no surer road to that degeneration of muscular fibre so much to be feared2 and in heart disease it is more especially hurtful1 by quickening the beat1 causing capillary congestion and irregular circulation1 and thus mechanically inducing dilatation4 ,sir ,henry ,thompson1 a distinguished surgeon1 says3 ,don't take your daily wine under any pretext of its doing you good4 ,take it frankly as a luxury--one which must be paid for1 by some persons very lightly1 by some at a high price1 but always to be paid for4 ,and1 mostly1 some loss of health1 or of mental power1 or of calmness of temper1 or of judgment1 is the price4 ,dr4 ,charles ,jewett says3 ,the late ,prof4 ,parks1 of ,england1 in his great work on ,hygiene1 has effectually disposed of the notion1 long and very generally entertained1 that alcohol is a valuable prophylactic where a bad climate1 bad water and other conditions unfavorable to health1 exist2 and an unfortunate experiment with the article1 in the ,union army1 on the banks of the ,chickahominy1 in the year #ahfc1 proved conclusively that1 instead of guarding the human constitution against the influence of agencies hostile to health1 its use gives to them additional force4 ,the medical history of the ,british army in ,india teaches the same lesson4 ,but why present farther testimony8 ,is not the evidence complete8 ,to the man who values good health2 who would not lay the foundation for disease and suffering in his later years1 we need not offer a single additional argument in favor of entire abstinence from alcoholic drinks4 ,he will eschew them as poisons4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,it ,,curses ,,the ,,soul4 ,the physical disasters that follow the continued use of intoxicating beverages are sad enough1 and terrible enough2 but the surely attendant mental1 moral and spiritual disasters are sadder and more terrible still4 ,if you disturb the healthy condition of the brain1 which is the physical organ through which the mind acts1 you disturb the mind4 ,it will not have the same clearness of perception as before2 nor have the same rational control over the impulses and passions4 ,in what manner alcohol deteriorates the body and brain has been shown in the two preceding chapters4 ,in this one we purpose showing how the curse goes deeper than the body and brain1 and involves the whole man--morally and spiritually1 as well as physically4 ,,heavenly ,,order ,,in ,,the ,,body4 ,in order to understand a subject clearly1 certain general laws1 or principles1 must be seen and admitted4 ,and here we assume1 as a general truth1 that health in the human body is normal heavenly order on the physical plane of life1 and that any disturbance of that order exposes the man to destructive influences1 which are evil and infernal in their character4 ,above the natural and physical plane1 and resting upon it1 while man lives in this world1 is the mental and spiritual plane1 or degree of life4 ,this degree is in heavenly order when the reason is clear1 and the appetites and passions under its wise control4 ,but1 if1 through any cause1 this fine equipoise is disturbed1 or lost1 then a way is opened for the influx of more subtle evil influences than such as invade the body1 because they have power to act upon the reason and the passions1 obscuring the one and inflaming the others4 ,,mental ,,disturbances4 ,we know how surely the loss of bodily health results in mental disturbance4 ,if the seat of disease be remote from the brain1 the disturbance is usually slight2 but it increases as the trouble comes nearer and nearer to that organ1 and shows itself in multiform ways according to character1 temperament or inherited disposition2 but almost always in a predominance of what is evil instead of good4 ,there will be fretfulness1 or ill-nature1 or selfish exactions1 or mental obscurity1 or unreasoning demands1 or1 it may be1 vicious and cruel propensities1 where1 when the brain was undisturbed by disease1 reason held rule with patience and loving kindness4 ,if the disease which has attacked the brain goes on increasing1 the mental disease which follows as a consequence of organic disturbance or deterioration1 will have increased also1 until insanity may be established in some one or more of its many sad and varied forms4 ,,insanity4 ,it is1 therefore1 a very serious thing for a man to take into his body any substance which1 on reaching that wonderfully delicate organ--the brain1 sets up therein a diseased action2 for1 diseased mental action is sure to follow1 and there is only one true name for mental disease1 and that is insanity4 ,a fever is a fever1 whether it be light or intensely burning2 and so any disturbance of the mind's rational equipoise is insanity1 whether it be in the simplest form of temporary obscurity1 or in the midnight of a totally darkened intellect4 ,we are not writing in the interest of any special theory1 nor in the spirit of partisanship2 but with an earnest desire to make the truth appear4 ,the reader must not accept anything simply because we say it1 but because he sees it to be true4 ,now1 as to this matter of insanity1 let him think calmly4 ,the word is one that gives us a shock2 and1 as we hear it1 we almost involuntarily thank ,god for the good gift of a well-balanced mind4 ,what1 if from any cause this beautiful equipoise should be disturbed and the mind lose its power to think clearly1 or to hold the lower passions in due control8 ,shall we exceed the truth if we say that the man in whom this takes place is insane just in the degree that he has lost his rational self-control2 and that he is restored when he regains that control8 ,in this view1 the question as to the hurtfulness of alcoholic drinks assumes a new and graver aspect4 ,do they disturb the brain when they come in contact with its substance2 and deteriorate it if the contact be long continued8 ,fact1 observation1 experience and scientific investigation all emphatically say yes2 and we know that if the brain be disordered the mind1 will be disordered1 likewise2 and a disordered mind is an insane mind4 ,clearly1 then1 in the degree that a man impairs or hurts his brain--temporarily or continuously--in that degree his mind is unbalanced2 in that degree he is not a truly rational and sane man4 ,we are holding the reader's thought just here that he may have time to think1 and to look at the question in the light of reason and common sense4 ,so far as he does this1 will he be able to feel the force of such evidence as we shall educe in what follows1 and to comprehend its true meaning4 ,,no ,,substance ,,affects ,,the ,,brain ,,like ,,alcohol4 ,other substances besides alcohol act injuriously on the brain2 but there is none that compares with this in the extent1 variety and diabolical aspect of the mental aberrations which follow its use4 ,we are not speaking thoughtlessly or wildly2 but simply uttering a truth well-known to every man of observation1 and which every man1 and especially those who take this substance in any form1 should1 lay deeply to heart4 ,why it is that such awful and destructive forms of insanity should follow1 as they do1 the use of alcohol it is not for us to say4 ,that they do follow it1 we know1 and we hold1 up the fact in solemn warning4 ,,inherited ,,latent ,,evil ,,forces4 ,another consideration1 which should have weight with every one1 is this1 that no man can tell what may be the character of the legacy he has received from his ancestors4 ,he may have an inheritance of latent evil forces1 transmitted through many generations1 which only await some favoring opportunity to spring into life and action4 ,so long as he maintains a rational self-control1 and the healthy order of his life be not disturbed1 they may continue quiescent2 but if his brain loses its equipoise1 or is hurt or impaired1 then a diseased psychical condition may be induced and the latent evil forces be quickened into life4 ,no substance in nature1 as far as yet known1 has1 when it reaches the brain1 such power to induce ,,mental ,,and ,,moral ,,changes ,,of ,a ,,disastrous ,,character as alcohol4 ,its transforming power is marvelous1 and often appalling4 ,it seems to open a way of entrance into the soul for all classes of foolish1 insane or malignant spirits1 who1 so long as it remains in contact with the brain1 are able to hold possession4 ,men of the kindest nature when sober1 act often like fiends when drunk4 ,crimes and outrages are committed1 which shock and shame the perpetrators when the excitement of inebriation has passed away4 ,referring to this subject1 ,dr4 ,henry ,munroe says3 ,it appears from the experience of ,mr4 ,fletcher1 who has paid much attention to the cases of drunkards1 from the remarks of ,mr4 ,dunn1 in his ',medical ,psychology1' and from observations of my own1 that there is some analogy between our physical and psychical natures2 for1 as the physical part of us1 when its power is at a low ebb1 becomes susceptible of morbid influences which1 in full vigor1 would pass over it without effect1 so when the psychical 7synonymous with the moral7 part of the brain has its healthy function disturbed and deranged by the introduction of a morbid poison like alcohol1 the individual so circumstanced sinks in depravity1 and ,,becomes ,,the ,,helpless ,,subject ,,of ,,the ,,forces ,,of ,,evil1 which are powerless against a nature free from the morbid influences of alcohol4 ,illustration3 ,,take ,,warning ,,by ,,my ,,career4 ,different persons are affected in different ways by the same poison4 ,indulgence in alcoholic drinks may act upon one or more of the cerebral organs2 and1 as its necessary consequence1 the manifestations of functional disturbance will follow in such of the mental powers as these organs subserve4 ,if the indulgence be continued1 then1 either from deranged nutrition or organic lesion1 manifestations formerly developed only during a fit of intoxication may become permanent1 and terminate in insanity or dypso-mania4 ,m4 ,flourens first pointed out the fact that certain morbific agents1 when introduced into the current of the circulation1 tend to act primarily and specially on one nervous centre in preference to that of another1 by virtue of some special elective affinity between such morbific agents and certain ganglia4 ,thus1 in the tottering gait of the tipsy man1 we see the influence of alcohol upon the functions of the cerebellum in the impairment of its power of co-ordinating the muscles4 ,certain writers on diseases of the mind make especial allusion to that form of insanity termed ,,dypsomania1 in which a person has an unquenchable thirst for alcoholic drinks--a tendency as decidedly maniacal as that of homicidal mania2 or the uncontrollable desire to burn1 termed pyromania2 or to steal1 called kleptomania4 ,,homicidal ,,mania4 ,the different tendencies of homicidal mania in different individuals are often only nursed into action when the current of the blood has been poisoned with alcohol4 ,i had a case of a person who1 whenever his brain was so excited1 told me that he experienced a most uncontrollable desire to kill or injure some one2 so much so1 that he could at times hardly restrain himself from the action1 and was obliged to refrain from all stimulants1 lest1 in an unlucky moment1 he might commit himself4 ,townley1 who murdered the young lady of his affections1 for which he was sentenced to be imprisoned in a lunatic asylum for life1 poisoned his brain with brandy and soda-water before he committed the rash act4 ,the brandy stimulated into action certain portions of the brain1 which acquired such a power as to subjugate his will1 and hurry him to the performance of a frightful deed1 opposed alike to his better judgment and his ordinary desires4 ,as to pyromania1 some years ago ,i knew a laboring man in a country village1 who1 whenever he had had a few glasses of ale at the public-house1 would chuckle with delight at the thought of firing certain gentlemen's stacks4 ,yet1 when his brain was free from the poison1 a quieter1 better-disposed man could not be4 ,unfortunately1 he became addicted to habits of intoxication2 and1 one night1 under alcoholic excitement1 fired some stacks belonging to his employers1 for which1 he was sentenced for fifteen years to a penal settlement1 where his brain would never again be alcoholically excited4 ,,kleptomania4 ,next1 ,i will give an example of kleptomania4 ,i knew1 many years ago1 a very clever1 industrious and talented young man1 who told me that whenever he had been drinking1 he could hardly withstand1 the temptation of stealing anything that came in his way2 but that these feelings never troubled him at other times4 ,one afternoon1 after he had been indulging with his fellow-workmen in drink1 his will1 unfortunately1 was overpowered1 and he took from the mansion where he was working some articles of worth1 for which he was accused1 and afterwards sentenced to a term of imprisonment4 ,when set at liberty he had the good fortune to be placed among some kind-hearted persons1 vulgarly called teetotallers2 and1 from conscientious motives1 signed the ,,pledge1 now above twenty years ago4 ,from that time to the present moment he has never experienced the overmastering desire which so often beset him in his drinking days--to take that which was not his own4 ,moreover1 no pretext on earth could now entice him to taste of any liquor containing alcohol1 feeling that1 under its influence1 he might again fall its victim4 ,he holds an influential position in the town where he resides4 ,i have known some ladies of good position in society1 who1 after a dinner or supper-party1 and after having taken sundry glasses of wine1 could not withstand the temptation of taking home any little article not their own1 when the opportunity offered2 and who1 in their sober moments1 have returned them1 as if taken by mistake4 ,we have many instances recorded in our police reports of gentlemen of position1 under the influence of drink1 committing thefts of the most paltry articles1 afterwards returned to the owners by their friends1 which can only be accounted for1 psychologically1 by the fact that the will had been for the time completely overpowered by the subtle influence of alcohol4 ,,loss ,,of ,,mental ,,clearness4 ,that alcohol1 whether taken in large or small doses1 immediately disturbs the natural functions of the mind and body1 is now conceded by the most eminent physiologists4 ,dr4 ,brinton says3 ',mental acuteness1 accuracy of conception1 and delicacy of the senses1 are all so far opposed by the action of alcohol1 as that the maximum efforts of each are incompatible with the ingestion of any moderate quantity of fermented liquid4 ,indeed1 there is scarcely any calling which demands skillful and exact effort of mind and body1 or which requires the balanced exercise of many faculties1 that does not illustrate this rule4 ,the mathematician1 the gambler1 the metaphysician1 the billiard-player1 the author1 the artist1 the physician1 would1 if they could analyze their experience aright1 generally concur in the statement1 that a single glass will often suffice to take1 so to speak1 the edge off both mind and body1 and to reduce their capacity to something below what is relatively their perfection of work4' ,not long ago1 a railway train was driven carelessly into one of the principal ,london stations1 running into another train1 killing1 by the collision1 six or seven persons1 and injuring many others4 ,from the evidence at the inquest1 it appeared that the guard was reckoned sober1 only he had had two glasses of ale with a friend at a previous station4 ,now1 reasoning psychologically1 these two glasses of ale had probably been instrumental in taking off the edge from his perceptions and prudence1 and producing a carelessness or boldness of action which would not have occurred under the cooling1 temperate influence of a beverage free from alcohol4 ,many persons have admitted to me that they were not the same after taking even one glass of ale or wine that they were before1 and could not thoroughly trust themselves after they had taken this single glass4 ,,impairment ,,of ,,memory4 ,an impairment of the memory is among the early symptoms of alcoholic derangement4 ,this1 says ,dr4 ,richardson1 extends even to forgetfulness of the commonest things2 to names of familiar persons1 to dates1 to duties of daily life4 ,strangely1 too1 he adds1 this failure1 like that which indicates1 in the aged1 the era of second childishness and mere oblivion1 does not extend to the things of the past1 but is confined to events that are passing4 ,on old memories the mind retains its power2 on new ones it requires constant prompting and sustainment4 ,in this failure of memory nature gives a solemn warning that imminent peril is at hand4 ,well for the habitual drinker if he heed the warning4 ,should he not do so1 symptoms of a more serious character will1 in time1 develop themselves1 as the brain becomes more and more diseased1 ending1 it may be1 in permanent insanity4 ,,mental ,,and ,,moral ,,diseases4 ,of the mental and moral diseases which too often follow the regular drinking of alcohol1 we have painful records in asylum reports1 in medical testimony and in our daily observation and experience4 ,these are so full and varied1 and thrust so constantly on our attention1 that the wonder is that men are not afraid to run the terrible risks involved even in what is called the moderate use of alcoholic beverages4 ,in #ahgb1 a select committee of the ,house of ,commons1 appointed to consider the best plan for the control and management of habitual drunkards1 called upon some of the most eminent medical men in ,great ,britain to give their testimony in answer to a large number of questions1 embracing every topic within the range of inquiry1 from the pathology of inebriation to the practical usefulness of prohibitory laws4 ,in this testimony much was said about the effect of alcoholic stimulation on the mental condition and moral character4 ,one physician1 ,dr4 ,james ,crichton ,brown1 who1 in ten years' experience as superintendent of lunatic asylums1 has paid special attention to the relations of habitual drunkenness to insanity1 having carefully examined five hundred cases1 testified that alcohol1 taken in excess1 produced different forms of mental disease1 of which he mentioned four classes3 #a4 ,mania a potu1 or alcoholic mania4 #b4 ,the monomania of suspicion4 #c4 ,chronic alcoholism1 characterized by failure of the memory and power of judgment1 with partial paralysis--generally ending fatally4 #d4 ,dypsomania1 or an irresistible craving for alcoholic stimulants1 occuring very frequently1 paroxysmally1 and with constant liability to periodical exacerbations1 when the craving becomes altogether uncontrollable4 ,of this latter form of disease1 he says3 ,this is invariably associated with a certain impairment of the intellect1 and of the affections and the moral powers4 ,dr4 ,alexander ,peddie1 a physician of over thirty-seven years' practice in ,edinburgh1 gave1 in his evidence1 many remarkable instances of the moral perversions that followed continued drinking4 ,,relation ,,between ,,insanity ,,and ,,drunkenness4 ,dr4 ,john ,nugent said that his experience of twenty-six years among lunatics1 led him to believe that there is a very close relation between the results of the abuse of alcohol and insanity4 ,the population of ,ireland had decreased1 he said1 two millions in twenty-five years1 but there was the same amount of insanity now that there was before4 ,he attributed this1 in a great measure1 to indulgence in drink4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,mitchell1 ,commissioner of ,lunacy for ,scotland1 testified that the excessive use of alcohol caused a large amount of the lunacy1 crime and pauperism of that country4 ,in some men1 he said1 habitual drinking leads to other diseases than insanity1 because the effect is always in the direction of the proclivity1 but it is certain that there are many in whom there is a clear proclivity to insanity1 who would escape that dreadful consummation but for drinking2 excessive drinking in many persons determining the insanity to which they are1 at any rate1 predisposed4 ,the children of drunkards1 he further said1 are in a larger proportion idiotic than other children1 and in a larger proportion become themselves drunkards2 they are also in a larger proportion liable to the ordinary forms of acquired insanity4 ,dr4 ,winslow ,forbes believed that in the habitual drunkard the whole nervous structure1 and the brain especially1 became poisoned by alcohol4 ,all the mental symptoms which you see accompanying ordinary intoxication1 he remarks1 result from the poisonous effects of alcohol on the brain4 ,it is the brain which is mainly effected4 ,in temporary drunkenness1 the brain becomes in an abnormal state of alimentation1 and if this habit is persisted in for years1 the nervous tissue itself becomes permeated with alcohol1 and organic changes take place in the nervous tissues of the brain1 producing that frightful and dreadful chronic insanity which we see in lunatic asylums1 traceable entirely to habits of intoxication4 ,a large percentage of frightful mental and brain disturbances can1 he declared1 be traced to the drunkenness of parents4 ,dr4 ,d4,g4 ,dodge1 late of the ,new ,york ,state ,inebriate ,asylum1 who1 with4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,parrish1 gave testimony before the committee of the ,house of ,commons1 said1 in one of his answers3 ,with the excessive use of alcohol1 functional disorder will invariably appear1 and no organ will be more seriously affected1 and possibly impaired1 than the brain4 ,this is shown in the inebriate by a weakened intellect1 a general debility of the mental faculties1 a partial or total loss of self-respect1 and a departure of the power of self-command2 all of which1 acting together1 place the victim at the mercy of a depraved and morbid appetite1 and make him utterly powerless1 by his own unaided efforts1 to secure his recovery from the disease which is destroying him4 ,and he adds3 ,i am of opinion that there is a ,,great ,,similarity ,,between ,,inebriety ,,and ,,insanity4 ,i am decidedly of opinion that the former has taken its place in the family of diseases as prominently as its twin-brother insanity2 and1 in my opinion1 the day is not far distant when the pathology of the former will be as fully understood and as successfully treated as the latter1 and even more successfully1 since it is more within the reach and bounds of human control1 which1 wisely exercised and scientifically administered1 may prevent curable inebriation from verging into possible incurable insanity4 ,,general ,,impairment ,,of ,,the ,,faculties4 ,in a more recent lecture than the one from which we have quoted so freely1 ,dr4 ,richardson1 speaking of the action of alcohol on the mind1 gives the following sad picture of its ravages3 ,an analysis of the condition of the mind induced and maintained by the free daily use of alcohol as a drink1 reveals a singular order of facts4 ,the manifestation fails altogether to reveal the exaltation of any reasoning power in a useful or satisfactory direction4 ,i have never met with an instance in which such a claim for alcohol has been made4 ,on the contrary1 confirmed alcoholics constantly say that for this or that work1 requiring thought and attention1 it is necessary to forego some of the usual potations in order to have a cool head for hard work4 ,on the other side1 the experience is overwhelmingly in favor of the observation that the use of ,,alcohol ,,sells ,,the ,,reasoning ,,powers1 make weak men and women the easy prey of the wicked and strong1 and leads men and women who should know better into every grade of misery and vice4 99 99 99 ,if1 then1 alcohol enfeebles the reason1 what part of the mental constitution does it exalt and excite8 ,it excites and exalts those animal1 organic1 emotional centres of mind which1 in the dual nature of man1 so often cross and oppose that pure and abstract reasoning nature which lifts man above the lower animals1 and rightly exercised1 little lower than the angels4 ,,it ,,excites ,,man',s ,,worst ,,passions4 ,exciting these animal centres1 it lets loose all the passions1 and gives them more or less of unlicensed dominion over the man4 ,it excites anger1 and when it does not lead to this extreme1 it keeps the mind fretful1 irritable1 dissatisfied and captious4444 ,and if ,i were to take you through all the passions1 love1 hate1 lust1 envy1 avarice and pride1 ,i should but show you that alcohol ministers to them all2 that1 paralyzing the reason1 it takes from off these passions that fine adjustment of reason1 which places man above the lower animals4 ,from the beginning to the end of its influence it subdues reason and sets the passions free4 ,the analogies1 physical and mental1 are perfect4 ,that which loosens the tension of the vessels which feed the body with due order and precision1 and1 thereby1 lets loose the heart to violent excess and unbridled motion1 loosens1 also1 the reason and lets loose the passion4 ,in both instances1 heart and head are1 for a time1 out of harmony2 their balance broken4 ,the man descends closer and closer to the lower animals4 ,from the angels he glides farther and farther away4 ,a ,,sad ,,and ,,terrible ,,picture4 ,the destructive effects of alcohol on the human mind present1 finally1 the saddest picture of its influence4 ,the most sthetic artist can find no angel here4 ,all is animal1 and animal of the worst type4 ,memory irretrievably lost1 words and very elements of speech forgotten or words displaced to have no meaning in them4 ,rage and anger persistent and mischievous1 or remittent and impotent4 ,fear at every corner of life1 distrust on every side1 grief merged into blank despair1 hopelessness into permanent melancholy4 ,surely no ,pandemonium that ever poet dreamt of could equal that which would exist if all the drunkards of the world were driven into one mortal sphere4 ,illustration3 ,,crazed ,,by ,,drink4 ,god's rational offspring 444 become a brute4 ,as ,i have moved among those who are physically stricken with alcohol1 and have detected under the various disguises of name the fatal diseases1 the pains and penalties it imposes on the body1 the picture has been sufficiently cruel4 ,but even that picture pales1 as ,i conjure up1 without any stretch of imagination1 the devastations which the same agent inflicts on the mind4 ,forty per cent41 the learned ,superintendent of ,colney ,hatch1 ,dr4 ,sheppard1 tells us1 of those who were brought into that asylum in #ahgf1 were so brought because of the direct or indirect effects of alcohol4 ,if the facts of all the asylums were collected with equal care1 the same tale would1 ,i fear1 be told4 ,what need we further to show the destructive action on the human mind8 ,the ,pandemonium of drunkards2 the grand transformation scene of that pantomime of drink which commences with1 moderation6 ,let it never more be forgotten by those who love their fellow-men until1 through their efforts1 it is closed forever4 ,we might go on1 adding page after page of evidence1 showing how alcohol curses the souls1 as well as the bodies1 of men2 but enough has been educed to force conviction on the mind of every reader not already satisfied of its poisonous and destructive quality4 ,how light are all evils flowing from intemperance compared with those which it thus inflicts on man's higher nature4 ,what1 says ,dr4 ,w4,e4 ,channing1 is the great essential evil of intemperance8 ,the reply is given1 when ,i say1 that intemperance is the ,,voluntary ,,extinction ,,of ,,reason4 ,the great evil is inward or spiritual4 ,the intemperate man divests himself1 for a time1 of his rational and moral nature1 casts from himself self-consciousness and self-command1 brings on frenzy1 and by repetition of this insanity1 prostrates more and more his rational and moral powers4 ,he sins immediately and directly against the rational nature1 that ,divine principle which1 distinguishes between truth and falsehood1 between right and wrong action1 which1 distinguishes man from the brute4 ,this is the essence of the vice1 what constitutes its peculiar guilt and woe1 and what should particularly impress and awaken those who are laboring for its suppression4 ,other evils of intemperance are light compared with this1 and almost all flow from this2 and it is right1 it is to be desired that all other evils should be joined with and follow this4 ,it is to be desired1 when a man lifts a suicidal arm against his higher life1 when he quenches reason and conscience1 that he and all others should receive solemn1 startling warning of the greatness of his guilt2 that terrible outward calamities should bear witness to the inward ruin which he is working2 that the handwriting of judgment and woe on his countenance1 form and whole condition1 should declare what a fearful thing it is for a man1 ,god's rational offspring1 to renounce his reason1 and become a brute4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,not ,a ,,food1 ,,and ,,very ,,limited ,,in ,,its ,,range ,,as ,a ,,medicine4 ,the use of alcohol as a medicine has been very large4 ,if his patient was weak and nervous1 the physician too often ordered wine or ale2 or1 not taking the trouble to refer his own case to a physician1 the invalid prescribed these articles for himself4 ,if there was a failure of appetite1 its restoration was sought in the use of one or both of the above-named forms of alcohol2 or1 perhaps1 adopting a more heroic treatment1 the sufferer poured brandy or whisky into his weak and sensitive stomach4 ,protection from cold was sought in a draught of some alcoholic beverage1 and relief from fatigue and exhaustion in the use of the same deleterious substance4 ,indeed1 there is scarcely any form of bodily ailment or discomfort1 or mental disturbance1 for the relief of which a resort was not had to alcohol in some one of its many forms4 ,it is fair to say that1 as a medicine1 its consumption has far exceeded that of any other substance prescribed and taken for physical and mental derangements4 ,the inquiry1 then1 as to the true remedial value of alcohol is one of the gravest import2 and it is of interest to know that for some years past the medical profession has been giving this subject a careful and thorough investigation4 ,the result is to be found in the brief declaration made by the ,section on ,medicine1 of the ,,international ,,medical ,,congress1 which met in ,philadelphia in #ahgf4 ,this body was composed of about six hundred delegates1 from ,europe and ,america1 among them1 some of the ablest men in the profession4 ,realizing the importance of some expression in relation to the use of alcohol1 medical and otherwise1 from this ,congress1 the ,national ,temperance ,society laid before it1 through its ,president1 ,w4,e4 ,dodge1 and ,secretary1 ,j4,n4 ,stearns1 the following memorial3 ,the ,national ,temperance ,society sends greeting1 and respectfully invites from your distinguished body a public declaration to the effect that alcohol should be classed with other powerful drugs2 that1 when1 prescribed medicinally1 it should be with conscientious caution and a sense of grave responsibility2 that it is in no sense food to the human system2 that its improper use is productive of a large amount of physical disease1 tending to deteriorate the human race2 and to recommend1 as representatives of enlightened science1 to your several nationalities1 total abstinence from alcoholic beverages4 ,in response to this memorial1 the president of the society received from ,j4 ,ewing ,mears1 ,m4,d41 ,secretary of the ,section on ,medicine1 ,international ,congress1 the following official letter1 under date of ,september #ith1 #ahgf3 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,i am instructed by the ,section on ,medicine1 ,international ,medical ,congress1 of #ahgf1 to transmit to you1 as the action of the ,section1 the following conclusions adopted by it with regard to the use of alcohol in medicine1 the same being in reply to the communication sent by the ,national ,temperance ,society4 #a4 ,alcohol is not shown to have a definite food value by any of the usual methods of chemical analysis or physiological investigation4 #b4 ,its use as a medicine is chiefly that of a cardiac stimulant1 and often admits of substitution4 #c4 ,as a medicine1 it is not well fitted for self-prescription by the laity1 and the medical profession is not accountable for such administration1 or for the enormous evils arising therefrom4 #d4 ,the purity of alcoholic liquors is1 in general1 not as well assured as that of articles used for medicine should be4 ,the various mixtures1 when used as medicine1 should have definite and known composition1 and should not be interchanged promiscuously4 ,the reader will see in this no hesitating or halfway speech4 ,the declaration is strong and clear1 that1 as a food1 alcohol is not shown1 when subjected to the usual method of chemical or physiological investigation1 to have any food value2 and that1 as a medicine1 its use is chiefly confined to a cardiac stimulant1 and often admits of substitution4 ,a declaration like this1 coming1 as it does1 from a body of medical men representing the most advanced ideas held by the profession1 must have great weight with the people4 ,but we do not propose resting on this declaration alone4 ,as it was based on the results of chemical and physiological investigations1 let us go back of the opinion expressed by the ,medical ,congress1 and examine these results1 in order that the ground of its opinion may become apparent4 ,there was presented to this ,congress1 by a distinguished physician of ,new ,jersey1 ,dr4 ,ezra ,m4 ,hunt1 a paper on ,alcohol as a ,food and ,medicine1 in which the whole subject is examined in the light of the most recent and carefully-conducted experiments of ,english1 ,french1 ,german and ,american chemists and physiologists1 and their conclusions1 as well as those of the author of the paper1 set forth in the plainest manner4 ,this has since been published by the ,national ,temperance ,society1 and should be read and carefully studied by every one who is seeking for accurate information on the important subject we are now considering4 ,it is impossible for us to more than glance at the evidence brought forward in proof of the assertion that ,,alcohol ,,has ,,no ,,food ,,value1 and is exceedingly limited in its action as a remedial agent2 and we1 therefore1 urge upon all who are interested in this subject1 to possess themselves of ,dr4 ,hunt's exhaustive treatise1 and to study it carefully4 ,if the reader will refer to the quotation made by us in the second chapter from ,dr4 ,henry ,monroe1 where the food value of any article is treated of1 he will see it stated that every kind of substance employed by man as food consists of sugar1 starch1 oil and glutinous matter1 mingled together in various proportions2 these are designed for the support of the animal frame4 ,the glutinous principles of food--fibrine1 albumen and casein--are employed to build up the structure2 while the oil1 starch and sugar are chiefly used to generate heat in the body4 ,now1 it is clear1 that if alcohol is a food1 it will be found to contain one or more of these substances4 ,there must be in it either the nitrogenous elements found chiefly in meats1 eggs1 milk1 vegetables and seeds1 out of which animal tissue is built and waste repaired2 or the carbonaceous elements found in fat1 starch and sugar1 in the consumption of which heat and force are evolved4 ,the distinctness of these groups of foods1 says ,dr4 ,hunt1 and their relations to the tissue-producing and heat-evolving capacities of man1 are so definite and so confirmed by experiments on animals and by manifold tests of scientific1 physiological and clinical experience1 that no attempt to discard the classification has prevailed4 ,to draw so straight a line of demarcation as to limit the one entirely to tissue or cell production1 and the other to heat and force production through ordinary combustion1 and to deny any power of interchangeability under special demands or amid defective supply of one variety1 is1 indeed1 untenable4 ,this does not in the least invalidate the fact that we are able to use these as ascertained landmarks4 ,how these substances1 when taken into the body1 are assimilated1 and how they generate force1 are well known to the chemist and physiologist1 who is able1 in the light of well-ascertained laws1 to determine whether alcohol does or does not possess a food value4 ,for years1 the ablest men in the medical profession have given this subject the most careful study1 and have subjected alcohol to every known test and experiment1 and the result is that it has been1 by common consent1 excluded from the class of tissue-building foods4 ,we have never1 says ,dr4 ,hunt1 seen but a single suggestion that it could so act1 and this a promiscuous guess4 ,one writer 7,hammond7 thinks it possible that it may 'somehow' enter into combination with the products of decay in tissues1 and 'under certain circumstances might yield their nitrogen to the construction of new tissues4' ,no parallel in organic chemistry1 nor any evidence in animal chemistry1 can be found to surround this guess with the areola of a possible hypothesis4 ,dr4 ,richardson says3 ,alcohol contains no nitrogen2 it has none of the qualities of structure-building foods2 it is incapable of being transformed into any of them2 it is1 therefore1 not a food in any sense of its being a constructive agent in building up the body4 ,dr4 ,w4,b4 ,carpenter says3 ,alcohol cannot supply anything which is essential to the true nutrition of the tissues4 ,dr4 ,liebig says3 ,beer1 wine1 spirits1 etc41 furnish no element capable of entering into the composition of the blood1 muscular fibre1 or any part which is the seat of the principle of life4 ,dr4 ,hammond1 in his ,tribune ,lectures1 in which he advocates the use of alcohol in certain cases1 says3 ,it is not demonstrable that alcohol undergoes conversion into tissue4 ,cameron1 in his ,manuel of ,hygiene1 says3 ,there is nothing in alcohol with which any part of the body can be nourished4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,smith1 ,f4,r4,s41 says3 ,alcohol is not a true food4 ,it interferes with alimentation4 ,dr4 ,t4,k4 ,chambers says3 ,it is clear that we must cease to regard alcohol1 as in any sense1 a food4 ,not detecting in this substance1 says ,dr4 ,hunt1 any tissue-making ingredients1 nor in its breaking up any combinations1 such as we are able to trace in the cell foods1 nor any evidence either in the experience of physiologists or the trials of alimentarians1 it is not wonderful that in it we should find neither the expectancy nor the realization of constructive power4 ,not finding in alcohol anything out of which the body can be built up or its waste supplied1 it is next to be examined as to its heat-producing quality4 ,,alcohol ,,not ,a ,,producer ,,of ,,heat4 ,the first usual test for a force-producing food1 says ,dr4 ,hunt1 and that to which other foods of that class respond1 is the production of heat in the combination of oxygen therewith4 ,this heat means vital force1 and is1 in no small degree1 a measure of the comparative value of the so-called respiratory foods4 99 99 99 ,if we examine the fats1 the starches and the sugars1 we can trace and estimate the processes by which they evolve heat and are changed into vital force1 and can weigh the capacities of different foods4 ,we find that the consumption of carbon by union with oxygen is the law1 that heat is the product1 and that the legitimate result is force1 while the result of the union of the hydrogen of the foods with oxygen is water4 ,if alcohol comes at all under this class of foods1 we rightly expect to find some of the evidences which attach to the hydrocarbons4 ,what1 then1 is the result of experiments in this direction8 ,they have been conducted through long periods and with the greatest care1 by men of the highest attainments in chemistry and physiology1 and the result is given in these few words1 by ,dr4 ,h4,r4 ,wood1 ,jr41 in his ,materia ,medica4 ,no one has been able to detect in the blood any of the ordinary results of its oxidation4 ,that is1 no one has been able to find that alcohol has undergone combustion1 like fat1 or starch1 or sugar1 and so given heat to the body4 ,on the contrary1 it is now known and admitted by the medical profession that ,,alcohol ,,reduces ,,the ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,body1 instead of increasing it2 and it has even been used in fevers as an anti-pyretic4 ,so uniform has been the testimony of physicians in ,europe and this country as to the cooling effects of alcohol1 that ,dr4 ,wood says1 in his ,materia ,medica1 that it does not seem worth while to occupy space with a discussion of the subject4 ,liebermeister1 one of the most learned contributors to ,zeimssen's ,cyclopdia of the ,practice of ,medicine1 #ahge1 says3 ,i long since convinced myself1 by direct experiments1 that alcohol1 even in comparatively large doses1 does not elevate the temperature of the body in either well or sick people4 ,so well had this become known to ,arctic voyagers1 that1 even before physiologists had demonstrated the fact that alcohol reduced1 instead of increasing1 the temperature of the body1 they had learned that spirits lessened their power to withstand extreme cold4 ,in the ,northern regions1 says ,edward ,smith1 it was proved that the entire exclusion of spirits was necessary1 in order to retain heat under these unfavorable conditions4 ,,alcohol ,,does ,,not ,,give ,,strength4 ,if alcohol does not contain tissue-building material1 nor give heat to the body1 it cannot possibly add to its strength4 ,every kind of power an animal can generate1 says ,dr4 ,g4 ,budd1 ,f4,r4,s41 the mechanical power of the muscles1 the chemical 7or digestive7 power of the stomach1 the intellectual power of the brain--accumulates through the nutrition of the organ on which it depends4 ,dr4 ,f4,r4 ,lees1 of ,edinburgh1 after discussing the question1 and educing evidence1 remarks3 ,from the very nature of things1 it will now be seen how impossible it is that alcohol can be strengthening food of either kind4 ,since it cannot become a part of the body1 it cannot consequently contribute to its cohesive1 organic strength1 or fixed power2 and1 since it comes out of the body just as it went in1 it cannot1 by its decomposition1 generate heat-force4 ,sir ,benjamin ,brodie says3 ,stimulants do not create nervous power2 they merely enable you1 as it were1 to use up that which is left1 and then they leave you more in need of rest than before4 ,baron ,liebig1 so far back as #ahdc1 in his ,animal ,chemistry1 pointed out the fallacy of alcohol generating power4 ,he says3 ,the circulation will appear accelerated at the expense of the force available for voluntary motion1 but without the production of a greater amount of mechanical force4 ,in his later ,letters1 he again says3 ,wine is quite superfluous to man1 99 99 99 it is constantly followed by the expenditure of power--whereas1 the real function of food is to give power4 ,he adds3 ,these drinks promote the change of matter in the body1 and are1 consequently1 attended by an inward loss of power1 which ceases to be productive1 because it is not employed in overcoming outward difficulties--i4e41 in working4 ,in other words1 this great chemist asserts that alcohol abstracts the power of the system from doing useful work in the field or workshop1 in order to cleanse the house from the defilement of alcohol itself4 ,the late ,dr4 ,w4 ,brinton1 ,physician to ,st4 ,thomas'1 in his great work on ,dietetics1 says3 ,careful observation leaves little doubt that a moderate dose of beer or wine would1 in most cases1 at once diminish the maximum weight which a healthy person could lift4 ,mental acuteness1 accuracy of perception and delicacy of the senses are all so far opposed by alcohol1 as that the maximum efforts of each are incompatible with the ingestion of any moderate quantity of fermented liquid4 ,a single glass will often suffice to take the edge off both mind and body1 and to reduce their capacity to something below their perfection of work4 ,dr4 ,f4,r4 ,lees1 ,f4,s4,a41 writing on the subject of alcohol as a food1 makes the following quotation from an essay on ,stimulating ,drinks1 published by ,dr4 ,h4,r4 ,madden1 as long ago as #ahdg3 ,alcohol is not the natural stimulus to any of our organs1 and hence1 functions performed in consequence of its application1 tend to debilitate the organ acted upon4 ,alcohol is incapable of being assimilated or converted into any organic proximate principle1 and hence1 cannot be considered nutritious4 ,the strength experienced after the use of alcohol is not new strength added to the system1 but is manifested by calling into exercise the nervous energy pre-existing4 ,the ultimate exhausting effects of alcohol1 owing to its stimulant properties1 produce an unnatural susceptibility to morbid action in all the organs1 and this1 with the plethora superinduced1 becomes a fertile source of disease4 ,a person who habitually exerts himself to such an extent as to require the daily use of stimulants to ward off exhaustion1 may be compared to a machine working under high pressure4 ,he will become much more obnoxious to the causes of disease1 and will certainly break down sooner than he would have done under more favorable circumstances4 ,the more frequently alcohol is had recourse to for the purpose of overcoming feelings of debility1 the more it will be required1 and by constant repetition a period is at length reached when it cannot be foregone1 unless reaction is simultaneously brought about by a temporary total change of the habits of life4 ,owing to the above facts1 ,i conclude that the ,,daily ,,use ,,of ,,stimulants ,,is ,,indefensible ,,under ,,any ,,known ,,circumstances4 ,,driven ,,to ,,the ,,wall4 ,not finding that alcohol possesses any direct alimentary value1 the medical advocates of its use have been driven to the assumption that it is a kind of secondary food1 in that it has the power to delay the metamorphosis of tissue4 ,by the metamorphosis of tissue is meant1 says ,dr4 ,hunt1 that change which is constantly going on in the system which involves a constant disintegration of material2 a breaking up and avoiding of that which is no longer aliment1 making room for that new supply which is to sustain life4 ,another medical writer1 in referring to this metamorphosis1 says3 ,the importance of this process to the maintenance of life is readily shown by the injurious effects which follow upon its disturbance4 ,if the discharge of the excrementitious substances be in any way impeded or suspended1 these substances accumulate either in the blood or tissues1 or both4 ,in consequence of this retention and accumulation they become poisonous1 and rapidly produce a derangement of the vital functions4 ,their influence is principally exerted upon the nervous system1 through which they produce most frequent irritability1 disturbance of the special senses1 delirium1 insensibility1 coma1 and finally1 death4 ,this description1 remarks ,dr4 ,hunt1 seems almost intended for alcohol4 ,he then says3 ,to claim alcohol as a food because it delays the metamorphosis of tissue1 is to claim that it in some way suspends the normal conduct of the laws of assimilation and nutrition1 of waste and repair4 ,a leading advocate of alcohol 7,hammond7 thus illustrates it3 ',alcohol retards the destruction of the tissues4 ,by this destruction1 force is generated1 muscles contract1 thoughts are developed1 organs secrete and excrete4' ,in other words1 alcohol interferes with all these4 ,no wonder the author 'is not clear' how it does this1 and we are not clear how such delayed metamorphosis recuperates4 ,to take an agent which is ,,not ,,known ,,to ,,be ,,in ,,any ,,sense ,,an ,,originator ,,of ,,vital ,,force2 which is not known to have any of the usual power of foods1 and use it on the double assumption that it delays metamorphosis of tissue1 and that such delay is conservative of health1 is to pass outside of the bounds of science into the land of remote possibilities1 and confer the title of adjuster upon an agent whose agency is itself doubtful4 99 99 99 99 ,having failed to identify alcohol as a nitrogenous or non-nitrogenous food1 not having found it amenable to any of the evidences by which the food-force of aliments is generally measured1 it will not do for us to talk of benefit by delay of regressive metamorphosis unless such process is accompanied with something evidential of the fact--something scientifically descriptive of its mode of accomplishment in the case at hand1 and unless it is shown to be practically desirable for alimentation4 ,there can be no doubt that alcohol does cause defects in the processes of elimination which are natural to the healthy body and which even in disease are often conservative of health4 ,in the pent-in evils which pathology so often shows occurrent in the case of spirit-drinkers1 in the vascular1 fatty and fibroid degenerations which take place1 in the accumulations of rheumatic and scrofulous tendencies1 there is the strongest evidence that ,,alcohol ,,acts ,,as ,a ,,disturbing ,,element and is very prone to initiate serious disturbances amid the normal conduct both of organ and function4 ,to assert that this interference is conservative in the midst of such a fearful accumulation of evidence as to result in quite the other direction1 and that this kind of delay in tissue-change accumulates vital force1 is as unscientific as it is paradoxical4 ,dickinson1 in his able expose of the effects of alcohol1 7,lancet1 ,nov41 #ahgb17 confines himself to pathological facts4 ,after recounting1 with accuracy1 the structural changes which it initiates1 and the structural changes and consequent derangement and suspension of vital functions which it involves1 he aptly terms it the 'genius of degeneration4' ,with abundant provision of indisputable foods1 select that liquid which has failed to command the general assent of experts that it is a food at all1 and because it is claimed to diminish some of the excretions1 call that a delay of metamorphosis of tissue conservative of health6 ,the ostrich may bury his head in the sand1 but science will not close its eyes before such impalpable dust4 ,speaking of this desperate effort to claim alcohol as a food1 ,dr4 ,n4,s4 ,davis well says3 ,it seems hardly possible that men of eminent attainments in the profession should so far forget one of the most fundamental and universally recognized laws of organic life as to promulgate the fallacy here stated4 ,the fundamental law to which we allude is1 that all vital phenomena are accompanied by1 and dependent on1 molecular or atomic changes2 and whatever retards these retards the phenomena of life2 whatever suspends these suspends life4 ,hence1 to say that an agent which retards tissue metamorphosis is in any sense a food1 is simply to pervert and misapply terms4 ,well may the author of the paper from which we have quoted so freely1 exclaim3 ,strangest of foods6 most impalpable of aliments6 defying all the research of animal chemistry1 tasking all the ingenuity of experts in hypothetical explanations1 registering its effects chiefly by functional disturbance and organic lesions1 causing its very defenders as a food to stultify themselves when in fealty to facts they are compelled to disclose its destructions1 and to find the only defense in that line of demarcation1 more imaginary than the equator1 more delusive than the mirage1 between use and abuse4 ,that alcohol is not a food in any sense1 has been fully shown2 and now1 ,,what ,,is ,,its ,,value ,,as ,a ,,medicine8 ,our reply to this question will be brief4 ,the reader has1 already1 the declaration of the ,international ,medical ,congress1 that1 as a medicine1 the range of alcohol is limited and doubtful1 and that its self-prescription by the laity should be utterly discountenanced by the profession4 ,no physician who has made himself thoroughly acquainted with the effects of alcohol when introduced into the blood and brought in contact with the membranes1 nerves and organs of the human body1 would now venture to prescribe its free use to consumptives as was done a very few years ago4 ,in the whole management of lung diseases1 remarks ,dr4 ,hunt1 with the exception of the few who can always be relied upon to befriend alcohol1 other remedies have largely superseded all spirituous liquors4 ,its employment in stomach disease1 once so popular1 gets no encouragement1 from a careful examination of its local and constitutional effects1 as separated from the water1 sugar and acids imbibed with it4 ,,typhoid ,,fever4 ,it is in typhoid fever that alcohol has been used1 perhaps1 most frequently by the profession2 but this use is now restricted1 and the administration made with great caution4 ,prof4 ,a4,l4 ,loomis1 of ,new ,york ,city1 has published several lectures on the pathology and treatment of typhoid fever4 ,referring thereto1 ,dr4 ,hunt says3 ,no one in our country can speak more authoritatively1 and as he has no radical views as to the exclusion of alcohol1 it is worth while to notice the place to which he assigns it4 ,in the milder cases he entirely excludes it4 ,as a means of reducing temperature1 he does not mention it1 but relies on cold1 quinine1 and sometimes1 digitalis and quinine4 ,when1 about the third week1 signs of failure of heart-power begin to manifest themselves1 and the use of some form of stimulant seems to be indicated1 ,dr4 ,loomis gives the most guarded advice as to their employment4 ,never1 he says1 give a patient stimulants simply because he has typhoid fever4 ,and again1 ,where there is reasonable doubt as to the propriety of giving or withholding stimulants1 it is safer to withhold them4 ,he then insists that1 if stimulants are administered1 the patient should be visited every two hours to watch their effects4 ,it will thus be seen how guarded has now become the use of alcohol as a cardiac stimulant in typhoid fevers1 where it was once employed with an almost reckless freedom4 ,many practitioners have come to exclude it altogether1 and to rely wholly on ammonia1 ether and foods4 ,in ,cameron's ,hygiene is this sentence3 ,in candor1 it must be admitted that many eminent physicians deny the efficacy of alcohol in the treatment of any kind of disease1 and some assert that it is worse than useless4 ,,accumulative ,,testimony4 ,dr4 ,arnold ,lees1 ,f4,l4,s41 in a recent paper on the ,use and ,action of ,alcohol in ,disease1 assumes that the old use of alcohol was not science1 but a grave blunder4 ,prof4 ,c4,a4 ,parks says3 ,it is impossible not to feel that1 so far1 the progress of physiological inquiry renders the use of alcohol 7in medicine7 more and more doubtful4 ,dr4 ,anstie says3 ,if alcohol is to be administered at all for the relief of neuralgia1 it should be given with as much precision1 as to dose1 as we should use in giving an acknowledged deadly poison4 ,dr4 ,f4,t4 ,roberts1 an eminent ,english physician1 in advocating a guarded use of alcohol in typhoid fever1 says3 ,alcoholic stimulants are1 by no means1 always required1 and their indiscriminate use may do a great deal of harm4 ,in ,asiatic cholera1 brandy was formerly administered freely to patients when in the stage of collapse4 ,the effect was injurious1 instead of beneficial4 ,again and again1 says ,prof4 ,g4 ,johnson1 have ,i seen a patient grow colder1 and his pulse diminish in volume and power1 after a dose of brandy1 and1 apparently1 as a direct result of the brandy4 ,and ,dr4 ,pidduck1 of ,london1 who used common salt in cholera treatment1 says3 ,of eighty-six cases in the stage of collapse1 sixteen only proved fatal1 and scarcely one would have died1 if ,i had been able to prevent them from taking brandy and laudanum4 ,dr4 ,collenette1 of ,guernsey1 says3 ,for more than thirty years ,i have abandoned the use of all kinds of alcoholic drinks in my practice1 and with such good results1 that1 were ,i sick1 nothing would induce me to have resource to them--they are but noxious depressants4 ,as a non-professional writer1 we cannot go beyond the medical testimony which has been educed1 and we now leave it with the reader4 ,we could add many pages to this testimony1 but such cumulative evidence would add but little to its force with the reader4 ,if he is not yet convinced that alcohol has no food value1 and that1 as a medicine1 its range is exceedingly limited1 and always of doubtful administration1 nothing further that we might be able to cite or say could have any influence with him4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,growth ,,and ,,power ,,of ,,appetite4 ,one fact attendant on habitual drinking stands out so prominently that none can call it in question4 ,it is that of the steady growth of appetite4 ,there are exceptions1 as in the action of nearly every rule2 but the almost invariable result of the habit we have mentioned1 is1 as we have said1 a steady growth of appetite for the stimulant imbibed4 ,that this is in consequence of certain morbid changes in the physical condition produced by the alcohol itself1 will hardly be questioned by any one who has made himself acquainted with the various functional and organic derangements which invariably follow the continued introduction of this substance into the body4 ,but it is to the fact itself1 not to its cause1 that we now wish to direct the reader's attention4 ,the man who is satisfied at first with a single glass of wine at dinner1 finds1 after awhile1 that appetite asks for a little more2 and1 in time1 a second glass is conceded4 ,the increase of desire may be very slow1 but it goes on surely until1 in the end1 a whole bottle will scarcely suffice1 with far too many1 to meet its imperious demands4 ,it is the same in regard to the use of every other form of alcoholic drink4 ,now1 there are men so constituted that they are able1 for a long series of years1 or even for a whole lifetime1 to hold this appetite within a certain limit of indulgence4 ,to say ,so far1 and no farther4 ,they suffer ultimately from physical ailments1 which surely follow the prolonged contact of alcoholic poison with the delicate structures of the body1 many of a painful character1 and shorten the term of their natural lives2 but still they are able to drink without an increase of appetite so great as to reach an overmastering degree4 ,they do not become abandoned drunkards4 ,,no ,,man ,,safe ,,who ,,drinks4 ,but no man who begins the use of alcohol in any form can tell what1 in the end1 is going to be its effect on his body or mind4 ,thousands and tens of thousands1 once wholly unconscious of danger from this source1 go down yearly into drunkards' graves4 ,there is no standard by which any one can measure the latent evil forces in his inherited nature4 ,he may have from ancestors1 near or remote1 an unhealthy moral tendency1 or physical diathesis1 to which the peculiarly disturbing influence of alcohol will give the morbid condition in which it will find its disastrous life4 ,that such results follow the use of alcohol in a large number of cases1 is now a well-known fact in the history of inebriation4 ,during the past few years1 the subject of alcoholism1 with the mental and moral causes leading thereto1 have attracted a great deal of earnest attention4 ,physicians1 superintendents of inebriate and lunatic asylums1 prison-keepers1 legislators and philanthropists have been observing and studying its many sad and terrible phases1 and recording results and opinions4 ,while differences are held on some points1 as1 for instance1 whether drunkenness is a disease for which1 after it has been established1 the individual ceases to be responsible1 and should be subject to restraint and treatment1 as for lunacy or fever2 a crime to be punished2 or a sin to be repented of and healed by the ,physician of souls1 all agree that there is an inherited or acquired mental and nervous condition with many1 which renders any use of alcohol exceedingly dangerous4 ,the point we wish to make with the reader is1 that no man can possibly know1 until he has used alcoholic drinks for a certain period of time1 whether he has or has not this hereditary or acquired physical or mental condition2 and that1 if it should exist1 a discovery of the fact may come too late4 ,dr4 ,d4,g4 ,dodge1 late ,superintendent of the ,new ,york ,state ,inebriate ,asylum1 speaking of the causes leading to intemperance1 after stating his belief that it is a transmissible disease1 like scrofula1 gout or consumption1 says3 ,there are men who have an organization1 which may be termed an alcoholic idiosyncrasy2 with them the latent desire for stimulants1 if indulged1 soon leads to habits of intemperance1 and eventually to a morbid appetite1 which has all the characteristics of a diseased condition of the system1 which the patient1 unassisted1 is powerless to relieve--since the weakness of the will that led to the disease obstructs its removal4 ,again1 we find in another class of persons1 those who have had healthy parents1 and have been educated and accustomed to good social influences1 moral and social1 but whose temperament and physical constitution are such1 that1 when they once indulge in the use of stimulants1 which they find pleasurable1 they continue to habitually indulge till they cease to be moderate1 and become excessive drinkers4 ,a depraved appetite is established1 that leads them on slowly1 but surely1 to destruction4 ,a ,,dangerous ,,delusion4 ,in this chapter1 our chief purpose is to show the growth and awful power of an appetite which begins striving for the mastery the moment it is indulged1 and against the encroachments of which no man who gives it any indulgence is absolutely safe4 ,he who so regards himself is resting in a most dangerous delusion4 ,so gradually does it increase1 that few observe its steady accessions of strength until it has acquired the power of a master4 ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,burr1 in a paper on the pathology of drunkenness1 read before the ,american ,association for the ,cure of ,inebriates1 says1 in referring to the first indications of an appetite1 which he considers one of the symptoms of a forming disease1 says3 ,this early stage is marked by an occasional desire to drink1 which recurs at shorter and shorter intervals1 and a propensity1 likewise1 gradually increasing for a greater quantity at each time4 ,this stage has long been believed to be one of voluntary indulgence1 for which the subject of it was morally responsible4 ,the drinker has been held as criminal for his occasional indulgence1 and his example has been most severely censured4 ,this habit1 however1 must be regarded as the first intimation of the approaching disease--the stage of invasion1 precisely as sensations of mal-aise and chills usher in a febrile attack4 ,it is by no means claimed that in this stage the subject is free from responsibility as regards the consequences of his acts1 or that his case is to be looked upon as beyond all attempts at reclamation4 ,quite to the contrary4 ,this is the stage for active interference4 ,restraint1 prohibition1 quarantine1 anything may be resorted to1 to arrest the farther advance of the disease4 ,instead of being taught that the habit of occasional drinking is merely a moral lapsus 7not the most powerful restraining motive always71 the subject of it should be made to understand that it is the commencement of a malady1 which1 if unchecked1 will overwhelm him in ruin1 and1 compared with which1 cholera and yellow fever are harmless4 ,he should be impressed with the fact that the early stage is the one when recuperation is most easy--that the will then has not lost its power of control1 and that the fatal propensity is not incurable4 ,the duty of prevention1 or avoidance1 should be enforced with as much earnestness and vigor as we are required to carry out sanitary measures against the spread of small-pox or any infectious disease4 ,the subject of inebriety may be justly held responsible1 if he neglects all such efforts1 and allows the disease to progress without a struggle to arrest it4 ,the formative stage of inebriety continues for a longer or shorter period1 when1 as is well known1 more frequent repetitions of the practice of drinking are to be observed4 ,the impulse to drink grows stronger and stronger1 the will-power is overthrown and the entire organism becomes subject to the fearful demands for stimulus4 ,it is now that the stage of confirmed inebriation is formed1 and dypso-mania fully established4 ,the constant introduction of alcohol into the system1 circulating with the fluids and permeating the tissues1 adds fuel to the already enkindled flame1 and intensifies the propensity to an irresistible degree4 ,nothing now satisfies short of complete intoxication1 and1 until the unhappy subject of the disease falls senseless and completely overcome1 will he cease his efforts to gratify this most insatiable desire4 ,dr4 ,alexander ,peddie1 of ,edinburgh1 who has given twenty years of study to this subject1 remarked1 in his testimony before a ,committee of the ,house of ,commons1 that there seemed to be a peculiar elective affinity for the action of alcohol on the nervous system after it had found its way through the circulation into the brain1 by which the whole organism was disturbed1 and the man rendered less able to resist morbid influences of any kind4 ,he gave many striking instances of the growth and power of appetite1 which had come under his professional notice1 and of the ingenious devices and desperate resorts to which dypsomaniacs were driven in their efforts to satisfy their inordinate cravings4 ,no consideration1 temporal or spiritual1 had any power to restrain their appetite1 if1 by any means1 fair or foul1 they could obtain alcoholic stimulants4 ,to get this1 he said1 the unhappy subject of this terrible thirst will tell the most shameful lies--for no truth is ever found in connection with the habitual drunkard's state4 ,he never yet saw truth in relation to drink got out of one who was a dypsomaniac--he has sufficient reason left to tell these untruths1 and to understand his position1 because people in that condition are seldom dead drunk2 they are seldom in the condition of total stupidity2 they have generally an eye open to their own affairs1 and that which is the main business of their existence1 namely1 how to get drink4 ,they will resort to the most ingenious1 mean and degrading contrivances and practices to procure and conceal liquor1 and this1 too1 while closely watched2 and will succeed in deception1 although fabulous quantities are daily swallowed4 ,dr4 ,john ,nugent gives a case which came within his own knowledge1 of a lady who had been ,a ,,most ,,exemplary ,,nun for fifteen or twenty years4 ,in consequence of her devotion to the poor1 attending them in fevers1 and like cases1 it seemed necessary for her to take stimulants2 these stimulants grew to be habitual1 and she had been compelled1 five or six times1 to place herself in a private asylum4 ,in three or four weeks after being let out1 she would relapse1 although she was believed to be under the strongest influences of religion1 and of the most virtuous desires4 ,there had been developed in her that disposition to drink which she was unable to overcome or control4 ,the power of this appetite1 and the frightful moral perversions that often follow its indulgence are vividly portrayed in the following extract1 from an address by ,dr4 ,elisha ,harris1 of ,new ,york1 in which he discusses the question of the criminality of drunkenness4 ,let the fact be noticed that such is the lethargy which alcoholism produces upon reason and conscience1 that it is sometimes necessary to bring the offender to view his drunken indulgence as a crime4 ,we have known a refined and influential citizen to be so startled at the fact that he wished to destroy the lives of all persons1 even of his own family1 who manifested unhappiness at his intemperance1 that seeing this terrible criminality of his indulgence1 instantly formed1 and has forever kept1 his resolutions of abstinence4 ,we have known the hereditary dypsomaniac break from his destroyer1 and when tempted in secret by the monstrous appetite1 so grind his teeth and clinch his jaws in keeping his vows to taste not1 that blood dripped from his mouth and cold sweat bathed his face4 ,that man is a model of temperance and moral power to-day4 ,and it was the consciousness of personal criminality that stimulated these successful conflicts with the morbid appetite and the powers of the alcohol disease that had fastened upon them4 ,shall we hesitate to hold ourselves1 or to demand that communities shall hold every drunkard--not yet insane--responsible for every act of inebriety8 ,certainly1 it is not cruel or unjust to deal thus with drunkenness4 ,it is not the prison we open1 but conscience4 ,the danger in which those stand who have an ,,inherited ,,predisposition ,,to ,,drink1 is very great4 ,rev4 ,i4 ,willett1 ,superintendent of the ,inebriate's ,home1 ,fort ,hamilton1 ,kings ,county1 ,new ,york1 thus refers to this class1 which is larger than many think3 ,there are a host of living men and women to be found who never drank1 and who dare not drink1 intoxicating liquors or beverages1 because one or both of their parents were inebriates before they were born into the world2 and1 besides1 a number of these have brothers or sisters who1 having given way to the inherited appetite1 are now passing downward on this descending sliding scale4 ,the greater portion of them have already passed over the bounds of self-control1 and the varied preliminary symptoms of melancholy1 mania1 paralysis1 ideas of persecution1 etc41 etc41 are developing4 ,as to the question of responsibility1 each case is either more or less doubtful1 and can only be tested on its separate merits4 ,there is1 however1 abundant evidence to prove that this predisposition to inebriety1 even after long indulgence1 can1 by a skillful process of medication1 accompanied by either voluntary or compulsory restraint1 be subdued2 and the counterbalancing physical and mental powers can at the same time be so strengthened and invigorated as in the future to enable the person to resist the temptations by which he may be surrounded4 ,yea1 though the powers of reason may1 for the time being1 be dethroned1 and lunacy be developed1 these cases1 in most instances1 will yield to medical treatment where the surrounding conditions of restraint and careful nursing are supplemental4 ,we have observed that in many instances the fact of the patient being convinced that he is an hereditary inebriate1 has produced beneficial results4 ,summoning to his aid all the latent counterbalancing energies which he has at command1 and clothing himself with this armor1 he goes forth to war1 throws up the fortifications of physical and mental restraint1 repairs the breaches and inroads of diseased appetite1 regains control of the citadel of the brain1 and then1 with shouts of triumph1 he unfurls the banner of ',,victory6' ,dr4 ,wood1 of ,london1 in his work on insanity1 speaking on the subject of hereditary inebriety1 says3 ,instances are sufficiently familiar1 and several have occurred within my own personal knowledge1 where the father1 having died at any early age from the effects of intemperance1 has left a son to be brought up by those who have severely suffered from his excesses1 and have therefore the strongest motives to prevent1 if possible1 a repetition of such misery2 every pain has been taken to enforce sobriety1 and yet1 notwithstanding all precautions1 the habits of the father have become those of the son1 who1 never having seen him from infancy1 could not have adopted them from imitation4 ,everything was done to encourage habits of temperance1 but all to no purpose2 the seeds of the disease had begun to germinate2 a blind impulse led the doomed individual1 by successive and rapid strides1 along the same course which was fatal to the father1 and which1 ere long1 terminated in his own destruction4 ,how great and fearful the power of an appetite which cannot only enslave and curse the man over which it gains control1 but send its malign influence down to the second and third and fourth generations1 sometimes to the absolute ,,extinguishment ,,of ,,families6 ,morel1 a ,frenchman1 gives the following as the result of his observation of the hereditary effects of drunkenness3 ,first generation3 ,immorality1 depravity1 excess in the use of alcoholic liquors1 moral debasement4 ,second generation3 ,hereditary drunkenness1 paroxysms of mania1 general paralysis4 ,third generation3 ,sobriety1 hypochondria1 melancholy1 systematic ideas of being persecuted1 homicidal tendencies4 ,fourth generation3 ,intelligence slightly developed1 first accessions of mania at sixteen years of age1 stupidity1 subsequent idiocy and probable extinction of family4 ,dr4 ,t4,d4 ,crothers1 in an analysis of the hundred cases of inebriety received at the ,new ,york ,inebriate ,asylum1 gives this result3 ,inebriety inherited direct from parents was traced in twenty-one cases4 ,in eleven of these the father drank alone1 in six instances the mother drank1 and in four cases both parents drank4 ,in thirty-three cases inebriety was traced to ancestors more remote1 as grandfather1 grandmother1 etc41 etc41 the collateral branches exhibiting both inebriety and insanity4 ,in some instances a whole generation had been passed over1 and the disorders of the grandparents appeared again4 ,in twenty cases various neurosal disorders had been prominent in the family and its branches1 of which neuralgia1 chorea1 hysteria1 eccentricity1 mania1 epilepsy and inebriety1 were most common4 ,in some cases1 a wonderful periodicity in the outbreak of these disorders was manifested4 ,for instance1 in one family1 for two generations1 inebriety appeared in seven out of twelve members1 after they had passed forty1 and ended fatally within ten years4 ,in another1 hysteria1 chorea1 epilepsy and mania1 with drunkenness1 came on soon after puberty1 and seemed to deflect to other disorders1 or exhaust itself before middle life4 ,this occurred in eight out of fourteen1 extending over two generations4 ,in another instance1 the descendants of three generations1 and many of the collateral branches1 developed inebriety1 mental eccentricities1 with other disorders bordering on mania1 at about thirty-five years of age4 ,in some cases this lasted only a few years1 in others a lifetime4 ,and here let us say that in this matter of an inherited appetite there is a difference of views with some who believe that appetite is never transmitted but always acquired4 ,this difference of view is more apparent than real4 ,it is not the drunkard's appetite that is transmitted1 but the bias or proclivity which renders the subject of such an inherited tendency more susceptible to exciting causes1 and therefore in greater danger from the use of alcoholic drinks than others4 ,dr4 ,n4,s4 ,davis1 in an article in the ,washingtonian1 published at ,chicago1 presents the opposite view of the case4 ,the following extract from this article is well worthy to be read and considered3 ,if we should say that man is so constituted that he is capable of feeling weary1 restless1 despondent and anxious1 and that he instinctively desires to be relieved of these unpleasant feelings1 we should assert a self-evident fact4 ,and we should thereby assert all the instincts or natural impulse there is in the matter4 ,it is simply a desire to be relieved from unpleasant feelings1 and does not1 in the slightest degree1 indicate or suggest any particular remedy4 ,it no more actually suggests the idea of alcohol or opium than it does bread and water4 ,but if1 by accident1 or by the experience of others1 the individual has learned that his unpleasant feelings can be relieved1 for the time being1 by alcohol1 opium or any other exhilarant1 he not only uses the remedy himself1 but perpetuates a knowledge of the same to others4 ,it is in this way1 and this only1 that most of the nations and tribes of our race1 have1 much to their detriment1 found a knowledge of some kind of intoxicant4 ,the same explanation is applicable to the supposed 'constitutional susceptibility1' as a primary cause of intemperance4 ,that some persons inherit a greater degree of nervous and organic susceptibility than others1 and are1 in consequence of this greater susceptibility1 more readily affected by a given quantity of narcotic1 ansthetic or intoxicant1 is undoubtedly true4 ,and that such will ,,more ,,readily ,,become ,,drunkards1 if they once commence to use intoxicating drinks1 is also true4 ,but that such persons1 or any others1 have the slightest inherent or constitutional taste or any longing for intoxicants1 until they have acquired such taste or longing by actual use1 we find no reliable proof4 ,it is true that statistics appear to show that a larger proportion of the children of drunkards become themselves drunkards1 than of children born of total abstainers4 ,and hence the conclusion has been drawn that such children ,,inherited the constitutional tendency to inebriation4 ,but before we are justified in adopting such a conclusion1 several other important facts must be ascertained4 #ast4 ,we must know whether the mother1 while nursing1 used more or less constantly some kind of alcoholic beverage1 by which the alcohol might have impregnated the milk in her breasts and thereby made its early impression on the tastes and longings of the child4 #b;d4 ,we must know whether the intemperate parents were in the habit of frequently giving alcoholic preparations to the children1 either to relieve temporary ailments1 or for the same reason that they drank it themselves4 ,i am constrained to say1 that from my own observation1 extending over a period of forty years1 and a field by no means limited1 ,i am satisfied that nineteen out of every twenty persons who have been regarded as ,,hereditary inebriates have simply ,,acquired the disposition to drink by one or both of the methods just mentioned1 after birth4 ,the views here presented in no way lessen but really heighten the perils of moderate drinking4 ,it is affirmed that some persons inherit a greater degree of nervous and organic susceptibility than others1 and are1 in consequence1 more readily affected by a given quantity of narcotic1 ansthetic or intoxicant2 and that such will more readily become drunkards if they commence to use intoxicating drinks4 ,be the cause of this ,,inherited ,,nervous ,,susceptibility what it may1 and it is far more general than is to be inferred from the admission just quoted1 the fact stands forth as a solemn warning of the peril every man encounters in even the most moderate use of alcohol4 ,speaking of this matter1 ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,beard1 who is not as sound on the liquor question as we could wish1 says1 in an article on the ,causes of the ,recent ,increase of ,inebriety in ,america3 ,as a means of prevention1 abstinence from the habit of drinking is to be enforced4 ,such abstinence may not have been necessary for our fathers1 but it is rendered necessary for a large body of the ,american people on account of our greater nervous susceptibility4 ,it is possible to drink without being an habitual drinker1 as it is possible to take chloral or opium without forming the habit of taking these substances4 ,in certain countries and climates where the nervous system is strong and the temperature more equable than with us1 in what ,i sometimes call the temperate belt of the world1 including ,spain1 ,italy1 ,southern ,france1 ,syria and ,persia1 the habitual use of wine rarely leads to drunkenness1 and never1 or almost never1 to inebriety2 but in the intemperate belt1 where we live1 and which includes ,northern ,europe and the ,united ,states1 with a cold and violently changeable climate1 the habit of drinking either wines or stronger liquors is liable to develop in some cases a habit of intemperance4 ,notably in our country1 where nervous sensitiveness is seen in its extreme manifestations1 the majority of brain-workers are not safe so long as they are in the habit of even moderate drinking4 ,i admit that this was not the case one hundred years ago--and the reasons ,i have already given--it is not the case to-day in ,continental ,europe2 even in ,england it is not so markedly the case as in the northern part of the ,united ,states4 ,for those individuals who inherit a tendency to inebriety1 the only safe course is absolute abstinence1 especially in early life4 ,in the same article1 ,dr4 ,baird remarks3 ,the number of those in this country who cannot bear tea1 coffee or alcoholic liquors of any kind1 is very large4 ,there are many1 especially in the ,northern ,states1 who must forego coffee entirely1 and use tea only with caution2 either1 in any excess1 cause trembling nerves and sleepless nights4 ,the susceptibility to alcohol is so marked1 with many persons1 that no pledges1 and no medical advice1 and no moral or legal influences are needed to keep them in the paths of temperance4 ,such persons are warned by flushing of the face1 or by headache1 that alcohol1 whatever it may be to others1 or whatever it may have been to their ancestors1 is poison to them4 ,but1 in order to give a higher emphasis to precepts1 admonition and medical testimony1 we offer a single example of the enslaving power of appetite1 when1 to a predisposing hereditary tendency1 the excitement of indulgence has been added4 ,the facts of this case were communicated to us by a professional gentleman connected with one of our largest inebriate asylums1 and we give them almost in his very words in which they were related4 ,a ,,remarkable ,,case4 ,a clever1 but dissipated actor married clandestinely a farmer's daughter in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,the parents of the girl would not recognize him as the husband of their child2 rejecting him so utterly that he finally left the neighborhood4 ,a son born of this marriage gave early evidence of great mental activity1 and was regarded1 in the college where he graduated1 as almost a prodigy of learning4 ,he carried off many prizes1 and distinguished himself as a brilliant orator4 ,afterwards he went to ,princeton and studied for the ministry4 ,while there1 it was discovered that he was secretly drinking4 ,the faculty did everything in their power to help and restrain him2 and his co-operation with them was earnest as to purpose1 but not permanently availing4 ,the nervous susceptibility inherited from his father responded with a morbid quickness to every exciting cause1 and the moment wine or spirits touched the sense of smell or taste1 he was seized with an almost irresistible desire to drink to excess1 and too often yielded to its demands4 ,for months he would abstain entirely2 and then drink to intoxication in secret4 ,after graduating from ,princeton he became pastor of a church in one of the largest cities of ,western ,new ,york1 where he remained for two years1 distinguishing himself for his earnest work and fervid eloquence4 ,but the appetite he had formed was imperious in its demands1 and periodically became so strong that he lost the power of resistance4 ,when these periodic assaults of appetite came1 he would ,,lock ,,himself ,,in ,,his ,,room ,,for ,,days and satiate the fierce thirst1 coming out sick and exhausted4 ,it was impossible to conceal from his congregation the dreadful habit into which he had fallen1 and ere two years had elapsed he was dismissed for drunkenness4 ,he then went to one of the chief cities of the ,west1 where he received a call1 and was1 for a time1 distinguished as a preacher2 but again he fell into disgrace and had to leave his charge4 ,two other churches called him to fill the office of pastor1 but the same sad defections from sobriety followed4 ,for a considerable time after this his friends lost sight of him4 ,then he was found in the streets of ,new ,york ,city by the president of the college from which he had first graduated1 wretched and debased from drink1 coatless and hatless4 ,his old friend took him to a hotel1 and then brought his case to the notice of the people at a prayer-meeting held in the evening at one of the churches4 ,his case was immediately taken in hand and money raised to send him to the ,state ,inebriate ,asylum4 ,after he had remained there for a year1 he began to preach as a supply in a church a few miles distant1 going on ,saturday evening and returning on ,monday morning2 but always having an attendant with him1 not daring to trust himself alone4 ,this went on for nearly a whole year1 when a revival sprang up in the church1 which he conducted with great eloquence and fervor4 ,after the second week of this new excitement1 he began to lock himself up in his room after returning from the service1 and could not be seen until the next morning4 ,in the third week of the revival1 the excitement of the meetings grew intense4 ,after this he was only seen in the pulpit1 where his air and manner were wild and thrilling4 ,his friends at the asylum knew that he must be drinking1 and while hesitating as to their wisest course1 waited anxiously for the result4 ,one day he was grandly eloquent4 ,such power in the pulpit had never been witnessed there before--his appeals were unequalled2 but so wild and impassioned that some began to fear for his reason4 ,at the close of this day's services1 the chaplain of the institution of which he was an inmate1 returned with him to the asylum1 and on the way1 told him frankly that he was deceiving the people--that his eloquent appeals came not from the power of the ,holy ,spirit1 but from the excitement of drink2 and that all farther conduct of the meetings must be left in other hands4 ,on reaching the asylum he retired1 greatly agitated1 and soon after died from a stroke of apoplexy4 ,in his room many empty bottles1 which had contained brandy1 were found2 but the people outside remained in ignorance of the true cause of the marvelous eloquence which had so charmed and moved them4 ,we have already extended this chapter beyond the limit at first proposed4 ,our object has not only been to show the thoughtful and intelligent reader who uses alcoholic beverages1 the great peril in which he stands1 but to make apparent to every one1 how insidious is the growth and how terrible the power of this appetite for intoxicants2 an appetite which1 if once established1 is almost sure to rob its victim of honor1 pity1 tenderness and love2 an appetite1 whose indulgence too often transforms the man into a selfish demon4 ,think of it1 all ye who dally with the treacherous cup2 are not the risks you are running too great8 ,nay1 considering your duties and your obligations1 have you any right to run these risks8 ,and now that we have shown the curse of strong drink1 let us see what agencies are at work in the abatement1 prevention and cure of a disease that is undermining the health of whole nations1 shortening the natural term of human life1 and in our own country alone1 sending over sixty thousand men and women annually into untimely graves4 ,illustration3 ,satan sends his trusted servants1 ,alcohol and ,gambling1 out upon a mission4 ,illustration3 ,alcohol meets a bright young man and cultivates his acquaintance4 ,illustration3 ,alcohol introduces the youth to his old-time friend1 ,gambling4 ,illustration3 ,the mutual friends relieve the youth of his cash4 ,illustration3 ,alcohol and his victim have a jolly time4 ,illustration3 ,the young man comes to grief1 but ,alcohol sticks by him4 ,illustration3 ,they suggest an easy method for replenishing his exchequer4 ,illustration3 ,the mutual friends determine to follow him to the inmost cell of the prison4 ,illustration3 ,alcohol and ,gambling incite their victim to murder4 ,illustration3 ,they mock him when upon the scaffold4 ,illustration3 ,alcohol and ,gambling bury their victim in an untimely and dishonored grave4 ,illustration3 ,they report their success to ,satan and receive his congratulations4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,means ,,of ,,cure4 ,is this disease1 or vice1 or sin1 or crime of intemperance--call it by what name you will--increasing or diminishing8 ,has any impression been made upon it during the half-century in which there have been such earnest and untiring efforts to limit its encroachments on the health1 prosperity1 happiness and life of the people8 ,what are the agencies of repression at work2 how effective are they1 and what is each doing8 ,these are questions full of momentous interest4 ,diseases of the body1 if not cured1 work a steady impairment of health1 and bring pains and physical disabilities4 ,if their assaults be upon nervous centres1 or vital organs1 the danger of paralysis or death becomes imminent4 ,now1 as to this disease of intemperance1 which is a social and moral as well as a physical disease1 it is not to be concealed that it has invaded the common body of the people to an alarming degree1 until1 using the words of ,holy ,writ1 the whole head is sick and the whole heart faint4 ,nay1 until1 using a still stronger form of ,scriptural illustration1 ,from the sole of the foot even unto the head1 there is no soundness in it2 but wounds and bruises and putrifying sores4 ,in this view1 the inquiry as to increase or diminution1 assumes the gravest importance4 ,if1 under all the agencies of cure and reform which have been in active operation during the past fifty years1 no impression has been made upon this great evil which is so cursing the people1 then is the case indeed desperate1 if not hopeless4 ,but if it appears that1 under these varied agencies1 there has been an arrest of the disease here1 a limitation of its aggressive force there1 its almost entire extirpation in certain cases1 and a better public sentiment everywhere2 then1 indeed1 may we take heart and say ,god speed temperance work6 in all of its varied aspects4 ,,hopeful ,,signs4 ,and here1 at the outset of our presentation of some of the leading agencies of reform and cure1 let us say1 that the evidence going to show that an impression has been made upon the disease is clear and indisputable2 and that this impression is so marked as to give the strongest hope and assurance4 ,in the face of prejudice1 opposition1 ridicule1 persecution1 obloquy and all manner of discouragements1 the advocates of temperance have held steadily to their work these many years1 and now the good results are seen on every hand4 ,contrast the public sentiment of to-day with that of twenty1 thirty and forty years ago1 and the progress becomes at once apparent4 ,in few things is this so marked as in the changed attitude of the medical profession towards alcohol4 ,one of the most dangerous1 and1 at the same time1 one of the most securely intrenched of all our enemies1 was the family doctor4 ,among his remedies and restoratives1 wine1 brandy1 whisky and tonic ale all held a high place1 and were administered more frequently1 perhaps1 than any other articles in the ,materia ,medica4 ,the disease of his patients arrested by special remedies or broken by an effort of nature1 he too often commenced the administration of alcohol in some one or more of its disguised and attractive forms1 in order to give tone and stimulus to the stomach and nerves1 and as a general vitalizer and restorative4 ,the evil consequences growing out of this almost universal prescription of alcohol1 were of the most lamentable character1 and thousands and tens of thousands of men and women were betrayed into drunkenness4 ,but to-day1 you will not find a physician of any high repute in ,america or ,europe who will give it to his patients1 except in the most guarded manner and under the closest limitations2 and he will not consent to any self-prescription whatever4 ,,fruits ,,of ,,temperance ,,work4 ,is not this a great gain8 ,and it has come as the result of temperance work and agitation1 as ,dr4 ,henry ,monroe frankly admits in his lecture on the ,physiological ,action of ,alcohol1 where1 after stating that his remarks would not partake of the character of a total abstinence lecture1 but rather of a scientific inquiry into the mode of action of alcohol when introduced into the tissues of the body1 he adds3 ,nevertheless1 ,i would not have it understood that ,i1 in any way1 disparage the moral efforts made by total abstainers who1 years ago1 amid good report and evil report1 stood in the front of the battle to war against the multitude of evils occasioned by strong drink2--all praise be due to them for their noble and self-denying exertions6 ,had it not been for the successful labors of these moral giants in the great cause of temperance1 presenting to the world in their own personal experiences many new and astounding physiological facts1 men of science would1 probably1 never have had their attention drawn to the topic4 ,then1 as a result of temperance work1 we have a more restrictive legislation in many ,states1 and prohibitory laws in ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont and ,maine4 ,in the ,state of ,maine1 a prohibitory law has been in operation for over twenty-six years2 and so salutary has been the effect as seen in the ,,reduction ,,of ,,poverty1 ,,pauperism ,,and ,,crime1 that the ,legislature1 in ,january1 #ahgg1 added new and heavier penalties to the law1 both ,houses passing on the amendment without a dissenting voice4 ,in all that ,state there is not1 now1 a single distillery or brewery in operation1 nor a single open bar-room4 ,forty years ago the pulpit was almost silent on the subject of intemperance and the liquor traffic2 now1 the church is fast arraying itself on the side of total abstinence and prohibition1 and among its ministers are to be found many of our most active temperance workers4 ,forty or fifty years ago1 the etiquette of hospitality was violated if wine1 or cordial1 or brandy were not tendered4 ,nearly every sideboard had its display of decanters1 well filled1 and it was almost as much an offense for the guest to decline as for the host to omit the proffered glass4 ,even boys and girls were included in the custom2 and tastes were acquired which led to drunkenness in after life4 ,all this is changed now4 ,the curse of the liquor traffic is attracting1 as never before1 the attention of all civilized people2 and national1 ,state and local legislatures and governments are appointing commissions of inquiry1 and gathering data and facts1 with a view to its restriction4 ,and1 more hopeful than all1 signs are becoming more and more apparent that the people are everywhere awakening to a sense of the dangers that attend this traffic4 ,enlightenment is steadily progressing4 ,reason and judgment2 common sense and prudence1 are all coming to the aid of repression4 ,men see1 as they never saw before1 how utterly evil and destructive are the drinking habits of this and other nations2 how they weaken the judgment and deprave the moral sense2 how they not only take from every man who falls into them his ability to do his best in any pursuit or calling1 but sow in his body the germs of diseases which will curse him in his later years and abridge their term4 ,other evidences of the steady growth among the people of a sentiment adverse to drinking might be given4 ,we see it in the almost feverish response that everywhere meets the strong appeals of temperance speakers1 and in the more pronounced attitude taken by public and professional men4 ,,judges ,,on ,,the ,,bench and preachers from the pulpit alike lift their voices in condemnation4 ,grand juries repeat and repeat their presentations of liquor selling and liquor drinking as the fruitful source of more than two-thirds of the crimes and miseries that afflict the community2 and prison reports add their painful emphasis to the warning of the inquest4 ,the people learn slowly1 but they are learning4 ,until they will that this accursed traffic shall cease1 it must go on with its sad and awful consequences4 ,but the old will of the people has been debased by sensual indulgence4 ,it is too weak to set itself against the appetite by which it has become enslaved4 ,there must be a new will formed in the ground of enlightenment and intelligence2 and then1 out of knowing what is right and duty in regard to this great question of temperance and restriction1 will come the will to do4 ,and when we have this new will resting in the true enlightenment of the people1 we shall have no impeded action4 ,whatever sets itself in opposition thereto must go down4 ,and for this the time is coming1 though it may still be far off4 ,of its steady approach1 the evidences are many and cheering4 ,meanwhile1 we must work and wait4 ,if we are not yet strong enough to drive out the enemy1 we may limit his power1 and do ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,healing ,,and ,,saving4 ,what1 then1 is being done in this work of healing and saving8 ,is there1 in fact1 any cure for the dreadful malady of drunkenness8 ,are men ever really saved from its curse8 and1 if so1 how is it done1 and what are the agencies employed8 ,among the first of these to which we shall refer1 is the pledge4 ,as a means of reform and restriction1 it has been used by temperance workers from the beginning1 and still holds a prominent place4 ,seeing that only in a complete abstinence from intoxicating drinks was there any hope of rescue for the drunkard1 or any security for the moderate drinker1 it was felt that under a solemn pledge to wholly abstain from their use1 large numbers of men would1 from a sense of honor1 self-respect or conscience1 hold themselves free from touch or taste4 ,in the case of moderate drinkers1 with whom appetite is yet under control1 the pledge has been of great value2 but almost useless after appetite has gained the mastery4 ,in a simple pledge there is no element of self-control4 ,if honor1 self-respect or conscience1 rallying to its support in the hour of temptation1 be not stronger than appetite1 it will be of no avail4 ,and it too often happens that1 with the poor inebriate1 these have become blunted1 or well-nigh extinguished4 ,the consequence has been that where the pledge has been solely relied upon1 the percentage of reform has been very small4 ,as a first means of rescue1 it is invaluable2 because it is1 on the part of him who takes it1 a complete removal of himself from the sphere of temptation1 and so long as he holds himself away from the touch and taste of liquor1 he is safe4 ,if the pledge will enable him to do this1 then the pledge will save him4 ,but it is well known1 from sad experience1 that only a few are saved by the pledge4 ,the strength that saves must be something more than the external bond of a promise2 it must come from within1 and be grounded in a new and changed life1 internally as well as externally4 ,if the reformed man1 after he takes his pledge1 does not endeavor to lead a better moral life--does not keep himself away from old debasing associations--does not try1 earnestly and persistently1 to become1 in all things1 ,a ,,truer1 ,,purer1 ,,nobler ,,man1 then his pledge is only as a hoop1 that any overstrain may break1 and not an internal bond1 holding in integrity all things from the centre to the circumference of his life4 ,so well is this now understood1 that little reliance is had on the pledge in itself1 though its use is still general4 ,it is regarded as a first and most important step in the right direction4 ,as the beginning of a true and earnest effort on the part of some unhappy soul to break the bonds of a fearful slavery4 ,but few would think of leaving such a soul to the saving power of the pledge alone4 ,if other help came not1 the effort would be1 except in rare cases1 too surely1 all in vain4 ,the need of something more reliable than a simple pledge has led to other means of reform and cure1 each taking character and shape from the peculiar views of those who have adopted them4 ,inebriate ,asylums and ,reformatory ,homes have been established in various parts of the country1 and through their agency many who were once enslaved by drink are being restored to society and good citizenship4 ,in what is popularly known as the ,gospel ,temperance movement1 the weakness of the pledge1 in itself1 is recognized1 and1 ,god being my helper1 is declared to be the ultimate and only sure dependence4 ,it is through this abandonment of all trust in the pledge1 beyond a few exceptional cases1 that reformatory work rises to its true sphere and level of success4 ,and we shall now endeavor to show what is being done in the work of curing drunkards1 as well in asylums and ,reformatory ,homes1 as by the so-called ,gospel methods4 ,in this we shall1 as far as possible1 let each of these important agencies speak for itself1 explaining its own methods and giving its own results4 ,all are accomplishing good in their special line of action2 all are saving men from the curse of drink1 and the public needs to be more generally advised of what they are doing4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,inebriate ,,asylums4 ,the careful observation and study of inebriety by medical men1 during the past twenty-five or thirty years1 as well in private practice as in hospitals and prisons1 has led them to regard it as1 in many of its phases1 a disease needing wise and careful treatment4 ,to secure such treatment was seen to be almost impossible unless the subject of intemperance could be removed from old associations and influences1 and placed under new conditions1 in which there would be no enticement to drink1 and where the means of moral and physical recovery could be judiciously applied4 ,it was felt that1 as a disease1 the treatment of drunkenness1 while its subject remained in the old atmosphere of temptation1 was as difficult1 if not impossible1 as the treatment of a malarious fever in a miasmatic district4 ,the result of this view was the establishment of ,inebriate ,asylums for voluntary or enforced seclusion1 first in the ,united ,states1 and afterwards in ,england and some of her dependencies4 ,in the beginning1 these institutions did not have much favor with the public2 and1 as the earlier methods of treatment pursued therein were1 for the most part1 experimental1 and based on a limited knowledge of the pathology of drunkenness1 the beneficial results were not large4 ,still1 the work went on1 and the reports of cures made by the ,new ,york ,state ,asylum1 at ,binghampton1 the pioneer of these institutions1 were sufficiently encouraging to lead to their establishment in other places2 and there are now in this country as many as from twelve to fifteen public and private institutions for the treatment of drunkenness4 ,of these1 the ,new ,york ,state ,inebriate ,asylum1 at ,binghampton2 the ,inebriate ,home1 at ,fort ,hamilton1 ,long ,island2 and the ,home for ,incurables1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 are the most prominent4 ,at ,hartford1 ,conn41 the ,walnut ,hill ,asylum has recently been opened for the treatment of inebriate and opium cases1 under the care of ,dr4 ,t4,d4 ,crothers4 ,the ,pinel ,hospital1 at ,richmond1 ,va41 chartered by the ,state1 in #ahgf1 is for the treatment of nervous and mental diseases1 and for the reclamation of inebriates and opium-eaters4 ,in ,needham1 ,mass41 is the ,appleton ,temporary ,home1 where a considerable number of inebriates are received every year4 ,besides these1 there are private institutions1 in which dypsomaniac patients are received4 ,the methods of treatment differ according to the views and experience of those having charge of these institutions4 ,up to this time a great deal of the treatment has been experimental2 and there is still much difference of opinion among physicians and superintendents in regard to the best means of cure4 ,but1 on two important points1 all are nearly in agreement4 ,the first is in the necessity for an immediate and ,,absolute ,,withdrawal ,,of ,,all ,,intoxicants ,,from ,,the ,,patient1 no matter how long he may have used them2 and the second in the necessity of his entire abstinence therefrom after leaving the institution4 ,the cure never places a man back where he was before he became subject to the disease2 and he can never1 after his recovery1 taste even the milder forms of alcoholic beverage without being exposed to the most imminent danger of relapse4 ,the great value of an asylum where the victim of intemperance can be placed for a time beyond the reach of alcohol is thus stated by ,dr4 ,carpenter3 ,vain is it to recall the motives for a better course of conduct1 to one who is already familiar with them all1 but is destitute of the will to act upon them2 the seclusion of such persons from the reach of alcoholic liquors1 for a sufficient length of time to free the blood from its contamination1 to restore the healthful nutrition of the brain and to enable the recovered mental vigor to be wisely directed1 seems to afford the only prospect of reformation3 and this cannot be expected to be permanent1 unless the patient determinately adopts and steadily acts on the resolution to abstain from that which1 if again indulged in1 will be poison1 alike to his body and to his mind4 ,in the study of inebriety and the causes leading thereto1 much important information has been gathered by the superintendents and physicians connected with these establishments4 ,dr4 ,d4,g4 ,dodge1 late ,superintendent of the ,new ,york ,state ,inebriate ,asylum1 read a paper before the ,american ,association for the ,cure of ,inebriates1 in #ahgf1 on ,inebriate ,asylums and their ,management1 in which are given the results of many years of study1 observation and experience4 ,speaking of the causes leading to drunkenness1 he says3 ,occupation has a powerful controlling influence in developing or warding off the disease4 ,in-door life in all kinds of business1 is a predisposing cause1 from the fact that nearly the whole force of the stimulant is concentrated and expended upon the brain and nervous system4 ,a proper amount of out-door exercise1 or labor1 tends to throw off the stimulus more rapidly through the various functional operations of the system4 ,occupation of all kinds1 mental or muscular1 assist the nervous system to retard or resist the action of stimulants--other conditions being equal4 ,want of employment1 or voluntary idleness is the great nursery of this disease4 ,,tobacco4 ,the use of tobacco predisposes the system to alcoholism1 and it has an effect upon the brain and nervous system similar to that of alcohol4 ,the use of tobacco1 if not prohibited1 should be discouraged4 ,the treatment of inebriates can never be wholly successful until the use of tobacco in all forms is absolutely dispensed with4 ,statistics show that inebriety oftenest prevails between the ages of thirty and forty-five4 ,the habit seldom culminates until thirty1 the subject to this age generally being a moderate drinker2 later in life the system is unable to endure the strain of a continued course of dissipation4 ,like all hereditary diseases1 intemperance is transmitted from parent to child as much as scrofula1 gout or consumption4 ,it observes all the laws in transmitting disease4 ,it sometimes overleaps one generation and appears in the succeeding1 or it will miss even the third generation1 and then reappear in all its former activity and violence4 ,hereditary inebriety1 like all transmissible diseases1 gives the least hope of permanent cure1 and temporary relief is all that can generally be reasonably expected4 ,another class possesses an organization which may be termed an alcoholic idiosyncrasy2 with them the latent desire for stimulants1 if indulged1 soon leads to habits of intemperance1 and eventually to a morbid appetite1 which has all the characteristics of a diseased condition of the system1 which the patient1 unassisted1 is powerless to relieve1 since the weakness of will that led to the disease obstructs its removal4 ,the second class may be subdivided as follows3 ,first1 those who have had healthy and temperate parents1 and have been educated and accustomed to good influences1 moral and social1 but whose temperament and physical constitution are such that when they once indulge in the use of stimulants1 which they find pleasurable1 they continue to habitually indulge till they cease to be moderate1 and become excessive drinkers4 ,a depraved appetite is established that leads them on slowly1 but surely1 to destruction4 ,temperaments have much to do with the formation of the habit of excessive drinking4 ,those of a nervous temperament are less likely to contract the habit1 from the fact that they are acutely sensitive to danger1 and avoid it while they have the power of self-control4 ,on the other hand1 those of a bilious1 sanguine and lymphatic temperament1 rush on1 unmindful of the present1 and soon become slaves to a depraved and morbid appetite1 powerless to stay1 or even to check their downward course4 ,as we cannot speak of the treatment pursued in inebriate asylums from personal observation1 we know of no better way to give our readers correct impressions on the subject1 than to quote still farther from ,dr4 ,dodge4 ,for a better understanding1 he says1 of the requisite discipline demanded in the way of remedial restraint of inebriates1 we notice some of the results of chronic inebriation affecting more particularly the brain and nervous system--which1 in addition to the necessary medical treatment1 necessitates strict discipline to the successful management of these cases4 ,,results ,,of ,,chronic ,,inebriation4 ,we have alcoholic epilepsy1 alcoholic mania1 delirium tremens1 tremors1 hallucinations1 insomnia1 vertigo1 mental and muscular debility1 impairment of vision1 mental depression1 paralysis1 a partial or total loss of self-respect and a departure of the power of self-control4 ,many minor difficulties arise from mere functional derangement of the brain and nervous system1 which surely and rapidly disappear when the cause is removed4 ,the general rule1 on the reception of a patient1 is to cut off at once and altogether the use of alcohol in every form4 ,more1 says the doctor1 can be done by diet and medicine1 than can be obtained by a compromise in the moderate use of stimulants for a limited period4 ,it is a mistake1 he adds1 to suppose that any special danger arises from stopping the accustomed stimulus4 ,alcohol is a poison1 and we should discontinue its use at once1 as it can be done with safety and perfect impunity1 except in rare cases4 ,to secure all the benefits to be derived from medical treatment1 we should have1 says ,dr4 ,dodge1 institutions for the reception of inebriates1 where total abstinence can be rigidly1 but judiciously enforced for a sufficient length of time1 to test the curative powers of absolute restraint from all intoxicating drinks4 ,when the craving for stimulants is irresistible1 it is useless to make an attempt to reclaim and cure the drunkard1 unless the detention is compulsory1 and there is complete restraint from all spirituous or alcoholic stimulants4 ,,removal ,,from ,,temptation4 ,in regard to the compulsory power that should inhere in asylums for the cure of drunkenness1 there is little difference of opinion among those who have had experience in their management4 ,they have more faith in time than in medicine1 and think it as much the duty of the ,state to establish asylums for the treatment of drunkenness as for the treatment of insanity4 ,the length of time necessary to cure inebriation1 says ,dr4 ,dodge1 is a very important consideration4 ,a habit covering five1 ten1 fifteen or twenty years1 cannot be expected to be permanently eradicated in a week or a month4 ,the fact that the excessive use of stimulants for a long period of time has caused a radical change1 physically1 mentally and morally1 is not only the strongest possible proof that its entire absence is necessary1 but1 also1 that it requires a liberal allowance of time to effect a return to a normal condition4 ,the shortest period of continuous restraint and treatment1 as a general rule1 should not be less than six months in the most hopeful cases1 and extending from one to two years with the less hopeful1 and more especially for the class of periodical drinkers1 and those with an hereditary tendency4 ,a well-directed inebriate asylum not only affords1 says the same authority1 effectual removal of the patient from temptations and associations which surrounded him in the outer world1 but by precept and example it teaches him that he can gain by his reformation1 not the ability to drink moderately and with the least safety1 but the power to abstain altogether4 ,with the restraint imposed by the institution1 and the self-restraint accepted on the part of the patient1 are remedial agents from the moment he enters the asylum1 growing stronger and more effective day by day1 until finally he finds total abstinence not only possible1 but permanent4 ,with this much gained in the beginning1 the asylum is prepared to assist in the cure by all the means and appliances at its command4 ,with the co-operation of the patient1 and such medicinal remedies and hygienic and sanitary measures as may be required1 the most hopeful results may be confidently looked for4 ,,the ,,hygienic ,,and ,,sanitary ,,measures consist in total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages2 good nourishing diet2 well ventilated rooms2 pure1 bracing air2 mental rest1 and proper bodily exercise4 99 99 99 ,every patient should be required to conform to all rules and regulations which have for their object the improvement of his social1 moral and religious condition4 ,he must begin a different mode of life1 by breaking up former habits and associations2 driving from the mind the old companions of an intemperate life2 forming new thoughts1 new ideas and new and better habits1 which necessitates a new life in every respect4 ,this is the aim and object of the rules for the control and government of inebriates4 ,to assist in this work1 inebriate institutions should have stated religious services1 and all the patients and officers should be required to attend them1 unless excused by the medical officer in charge1 for sickness1 or other sufficient cause4 ,,the ,,binghampton ,,asylum4 ,of all the inebriate asylums yet established1 the one at ,binghampton1 ,new ,york1 has been1 so far1 the most prominent4 ,it is here that a large part of the experimental work has been done2 and here1 we believe1 that the best results have been obtained4 ,this asylum is a ,state ,institution1 and will accommodate one hundred and twenty patients4 ,in all cases preference must be given to indigent inebriates1 who may be sent to the asylum by county officers1 who are required to pay seven dollars a week for the medical attendance1 board and washing1 of each patient so sent4 ,whenever there are vacancies in the asylum1 the superintendent can admit1 under special agreement1 such private patients as may seek admission1 and who1 in his opinion1 promise reformation4 ,the building is situated on an eminence two hundred and fifty feet above the ,susquehanna ,river1 the scenery stretching far up and down the valley1 having features of uncommon beauty and grandeur4 ,each patient has a thoroughly warmed and ventilated room1 which1 from the peculiar situation of the house1 commands a wide view of the adjoining country4 ,the tables are supplied with a variety and abundance of good food1 suitable in every respect to the wants of the patients1 whose tastes and needs are carefully considered4 ,amusements of various kinds1 including billiards1 etc41 are provided within the building1 which afford pleasure and profit to the patients4 ,out-door pastimes1 such as games of ball and croquet1 and other invigorating sports1 are encouraged and practised4 ,the asylum grounds embrace over four hundred acres1 part of which are in a state of cultivation4 ,the remainder diversified in character1 and partly consisting of forest4 ,gentlemen who desire to place themselves under the care of the asylum1 may enter it without any other formality than a compliance with such conditions as may be agreed upon between themselves and the superintendent4 ,the price of admission varies according to location of rooms and attention required4 ,persons differ so widely in their circumstances and desires1 that the scale of prices has been fixed at from ten to twenty-five dollars per week1 which includes board1 medical attendance1 washing1 etc4 ,in all cases the price of board for three months must be paid in advance4 ,from one of the annual reports of this institution now before us1 we learn that the number of patients treated during the year was three hundred and thirty-six1 of whom one hundred and ninety-eight were discharged with great hopes of permanent reformation4 ,fifty-eight were discharged unimproved4 ,the largest number of patients in the asylum at one time was a hundred and five4 ,,saving ,,and ,,reforming ,,influences4 ,of those discharged--two hundred and fifty-six in number--eighty-six were of a nervous temperament1 ninety-eight sanguine and seventy-two bilious4 ,in their habits1 two hundred and thirty-four were social and twenty-two solitary4 ,out of the whole number1 two hundred and forty-four used tobacco--only twelve being free from its use4 ,of these1 one hundred and sixty had been constant and ninety-six periodical drinkers4 ,serious affliction1 being unfortunate in business1 love matters1 prosperity1 etc41 were given as reasons for drinking by one hundred and two of the patients4 ,one hundred and twenty-two had intemperate parents or ancestors4 ,one hundred and forty were married men and one hundred and sixteen single4 ,their occupations were varied4 ,merchants1 fifty-eight2 clerks1 thirty-five2 lawyers1 seventeen2 book-keepers1 sixteen2 manufacturers1 eight2 bankers and brokers1 eight2 machinists1 seven2 mechanics1 six2 farmers1 six2 clergymen1 five2 editors and reporters1 five1 etc4 ,in regard to some of the special influences brought to bear upon the patients in this institution1 we have the following4 ,it is from a communication 7in answer to a letter of inquiry7 received by us from ,dr4 ,t4,d4 ,crothers1 formerly of ,binghampton1 but now superintendent of the new ,walnut ,hill ,asylum1 at ,hartford1 ,connecticut3 ,you have failed to do us credit1 he says1 in supposing that we do not use the spiritual forces in our treatment4 ,we depend largely upon them4 ,we have a regularly-appointed chaplain who lives in the building21 and gives his entire time to the religious culture of the patients4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,bush was with us eight years4 ,he died a few months ago4 ,he was very devoted to his work1 and the good he did1 both apparent to us and unknown1 was beyond estimate4 ,his correspondence was very extensive1 and continued for years with patients and their families4 ,he was the counselor and adviser of many persons who did not know him personally1 but through patients4 ,i have seen letters to him from patients in all conditions asking counsel1 both on secular and spiritual matters2 also the most heart-rending appeals and statements of fathers1 mothers1 wives and children1 all of which he religiously answered4 ,he urged that the great duty and obligation of every drunkard was to take care of his body2 to build up all the physical1 to avoid all danger1 and take no risks or perils2 that his only help and reliance were on ,god and good health2 that with regular living and healthy surroundings1 and a mind full of faith and hope in spiritual realities1 the disorder would die out4 ,our new chaplain holds daily service1 as usual1 and spends much of his time among the patients4 ,he lives in the building1 pronounces grace at the table and is personally identified as a power to help men towards recovery4 ,quite a large number of patients become religious men here4 ,our work and its influences have a strong tendency this way4 ,i believe in the force of a chaplain whose daily walk is with us2 who1 by example and precept1 can win men to higher thoughts4 ,he is the receptacle of secrets and much of the inner life of patients that physicians do not reach4 ,in another letter to us1 ,dr4 ,crothers says3 ,every asylum that ,i know of is doing good work1 and should be aided and encouraged by all means4 ,the time has not come yet1 nor the experience or study to any one man or asylum1 necessary to build up a system of treatment to the exclusion of all others4 ,we want many years of study by competent men1 and the accumulated experience of many asylums before we can understand the first principles of that moral and physical disorder we call drunkenness4 ,,treatment4 ,as to the treatment and the agents governing it1 we recognize in every drunkard general debility and conditions of nerve and brain exhaustion1 and a certain train of exciting causes which always end in drinking4 ,now1 if we can teach these men the 'sources of danger1' and pledge them and point them to a higher power for help1 we combine both spiritual and physical means4 ,we believe that little can be expected from spiritual aids1 or pledges1 or resolves1 unless the patient can so build up his physical as to sustain them4 ,give a man a healthy body and brainpower1 and you can build up his spiritual life2 but all attempts to cultivate a power that is crushed by diseased forces will be practically useless4 ,call it a vice or a disease1 it matters not1 the return to health must be along the line of natural laws and means4 ,some men will not feel any longing for drink unless they get in the centre of excitement1 or violate some natural law1 or neglect the common means of health4 ,now1 teach them these exciting causes1 and build up their health1 and the pledge will not be difficult to keep4 ,this asylum is a marvel4 ,it is1 to-day1 successful4 ,other asylums are the same1 and we feel that we are working in the line of laws that are fixed1 though obscure4 ,,deeply ,,interesting ,,cases4 ,the records of this institution furnish cases of reform of the most deeply interesting character4 ,here are a few of them3 ,,case ,no4 #a4 ,a ,southern planter who had become a drunkard was brought to this asylum by his faithful colored man4 ,in his fits of intoxication he fell into the extraordinary delusion that his devoted wife was unfaithful2 and so exasperated did he become when seized by this insane delusion1 that he often attempted her life4 ,she was at last obliged to keep out of his way whenever he came under the influence of liquor4 ,when sober1 his memory of these hallucinations was sufficiently distinct to fill him with sorrow1 shame and fear2 for he sincerely loved his wife and knew her to be above reproach4 ,after the war1 during which he held the position of a general in the ,southern army1 he became very much reduced in his circumstances1 lost heart and gave himself up to drink4 ,the friends of his wife tried to prevail on her to abandon him2 but she still clung to her husband1 though her life was often in danger from his insane passion4 ,four years of this dreadful experience1 in which she three times received serious personal injuries from his hands1 and then the old home was broken up1 and he went drifting from place to place1 a human ship without a rudder on temptation's stormy sea2 his unhappy wife following him1 more or less1 in secret1 and often doing him service and securing his protection4 ,in the spring of #ahgd1 his faithful colored man brought him to the asylum at ,binghampton1 a perfect wreck4 ,his wife came1 also1 and for three months boarded near the institution1 and1 without his knowledge1 watched and prayed for him4 ,after a few weeks' residence1 the chaplain was able to lead his mind to the consideration of spiritual subjects1 and to impress him with the value of religious faith and the power of prayer4 ,he became1 at length1 deeply interested2 read many religious books1 and particularly the ,bible4 ,at the end of three months his wife came to see him1 and their meeting was of a most affecting character4 ,a year later1 he left the asylum and went to a ,western city1 where he now resides--a prosperous and happy man4 ,,case ,,no4 #b4 ,a clergyman of fortune1 position and education lost his daughter1 and began to drink in order to drown his sorrow4 ,it was in vain that his wife and friends opposed1 remonstrated1 implored and persuaded2 he drank on1 the appetite steadily increasing1 until he became its slave4 ,his congregation dismissed him2 his wife died of a broken heart2 he squandered his fortune2 lost his friends1 and1 at last1 became a street reporter for some of the ,new ,york papers1 through means of which he picked up a scanty living4 ,from bad to worse1 he swept down rapidly1 and1 for some offense committed while drunk1 was1 at last1 sent for three months to the ,state prison4 ,on coming out1 and returning to the city1 he became a fish-peddler1 but continued to drink desperately4 ,one day he was picked up in the street in a state of dead intoxication and taken to the hospital1 where he was recognized by the doctor1 who had him sent to ,binghampton as a county patient4 ,here he remained for over a year1 submitting himself to the regime1 and coming under the salutary influences of the institution1 and making an earnest1 prayerful and determined effort at reform4 ,at the end of this period he left the asylum to enter upon the duties of a minister in the far ,west2 and to-day he is the president of a new college1 and a devout and earnest man6 ,he attributes his cure to the influence of the late chaplain1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bush1 and to the new life he was able to lead under the protecting influences and sanitary regulations of the asylum4 ,this is a meagre outline of a very remarkable case4 ,,case ,,no4 #c4 ,a poor farmer's boy acquired1 while in the army1 an inordinate appetite for drink4 ,he was sent to the ,new ,york ,inebriate ,asylum1 but was expelled because he made no effort to reform4 ,six months afterwards he joined a temperance society1 and kept sober for a year2 but fell1 and was again sent to the asylum4 ,this time he made an earnest effort1 and remained at the asylum for seven months1 when he was offered a situation in ,chicago1 which he accepted4 ,for a year he held this place1 then relapsed and came back to the asylum1 where he stayed for over twelve months4 ,at the end of that time he returned to ,chicago and into his old situation4 ,he is now a member of the firm1 and an active temperance man1 with every prospect of remaining so to the end of his life4 ,,the ,,care ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,drunkards4 ,the subject of the care and treatment of habitual drunkards is attracting more and more attention4 ,they form so large a non-producing1 and often vicious and dangerous class of half-insane men1 that considerations of public and private weal demand the institution of some effective means for their reformation1 control or restraint4 ,legislative aid has been invoked1 and laws submitted and discussed2 but1 so far1 beyond sentences of brief imprisonment in jails1 asylums and houses of correction1 but little has really been done for the prevention or cure of the worst evil that inflicts our own and other civilized nations4 ,on the subject of every man's liberty to get drunk1 and waste his substance and abuse and beggar his family1 the public mind is peculiarly sensitive and singularly averse to restrictive legislation4 ,but a public sentiment favorable to such legislation is steadily gaining ground2 and to the formation and growth of this sentiment1 many leading and intelligent physicians1 both in this country and ,great ,britain1 who have given the subject of drunkenness as a disease long and careful attention1 are lending all their influence4 ,it is seen that a man who habitually gets drunk is dangerous to society1 and needs control and restraint as much as if he were insane4 ,,legislative ,,control4 ,in #ahge1 a deputation1 principally representative of the medical profession1 urged upon the ,british ,government the desirability of measures for the control and management of habitual drunkards4 ,on presenting the memorial to the ,secretary of ,state for the ,home ,department1 ,sir ,thomas ,watson1 ,m4,d41 observed3 ,that during his very long professional life he had been incredulous respecting the reclamation of habitual drunkards2 but his late experience had made him sanguine as to their cure1 with a very considerable number of whom excessive drinking indulged in as a vice1 developed itself into a most formidable bodily and mental disease4 ,in the early part of ,february1 #ahgg1 ,a ,bill to ,facilitate the ,control and ,care of ,habitual ,drunkards1 was introduced into the ,house of ,commons4 ,it is supposed to embody the latest and most practical methods of dealing legally with that class1 and is of unusual interest from the fact that it was prepared under the direction of a society for the promotion of legislation for the cure of habitual drunkards1 recently organized in ,london1 in which are included some of the most learned1 influential and scientific men of the ,kingdom4 ,this bill provides for the establishment of retreats or asylums1 public or private1 into which drunkards may be admitted on their own application1 or to which they may be sent by their friends1 and where they can be held by law for a term not exceeding twelve months4 ,in the ,state of ,connecticut1 there is a law which may be regarded as embodying the most advanced legislation on this important subject4 ,the first section is as follows3 ,whenever any person shall have become an habitual drunkard1 a dypsomaniac1 or so far addicted to the intemperate use of narcotics or stimulants as to have lost the power of self-control1 the ,court of ,probate for the district in which such person resides1 or has a legal domicil1 shall1 on application of a majority of the selectmen of the town where such person resides1 or has a legal domicil1 or of any relative of such person1 make due inquiry1 and if it shall find such person to have become an habitual drunkard1 or so far addicted to the intemperate use of narcotics or stimulants as to have lost the power of self-control1 then said court shall order such person to be taken to some inebriate asylum within this ,state1 for treatment1 care and custody1 for a term not less than four months1 and not more than twelve months2 but if said person shall be found to be a dypsomaniac1 said term of commitment shall be for the period of three years3 provided1 however1 that the ,court of ,probate shall not in either case make such order without the certificate of at least two respectable practising physicians1 after a personal examination1 made within one week before the time of said application or said commitment1 which certificate shall contain the opinion of said physicians that such person has become1 as the case may be1 a dypsomaniac1 an habitual drunkard1 or has1 by reason of the intemperate use of narcotics or stimulants1 lost the power of self-control1 and requires the treatment1 care and custody of some inebriate asylum1 and shall be subscribed and sworn to by said physicians before an authority empowered to administer oaths4 ,,loss ,,to ,,the ,,state ,,in ,,not ,,establishing ,,asylums ,in a brief article in the ,quarterly ,journal of ,inebriety1 for #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,dodge thus emphasizes his views of the importance to the ,state of establishing asylums to which drunkards may be sent for treatment3 ,every insane man who is sent to an asylum1 is simply removed from doing harm1 and well cared for1 and rarely comes back to be a producer again4 ,but inebriates 7the hopeful class7 promise immeasurably more in their recovery4 ,they are1 as inebriates1 non-producers and centres of disease1 bad sanitary and worse moral surroundings4 ,all their career leads down to crime and poverty4 ,the more drunkards1 the more courts of law1 and almshouses1 and insane asylums1 and greater the taxes4 ,statistics show that from fifty to sixty per cent4 of crime is due to drunkenness2 and we all know how large poverty is due to this cause4 ,drunkenness is alone responsible for from twenty to twenty-five per cent4 of all our insane4 ,we assert1 and believe it can be proved1 that reclaiming the drunkard is a greater gain to the ,state1 practical and immediate1 than any other charity4 ,it is a low estimate to say it costs every county in the ,state three hundred dollars yearly to support a drunkard2 that is1 this amount1 and more1 is diverted from healthy channels of commerce1 and is1 practically1 lost to the ,state4 ,at an inebriate asylum1 but little over that amount would1 in a large majority of cases1 restore them as active producers again4 ,figures cannot represent the actual loss to society1 nor can we compute the gain from a single case cured and returned to normal life and usefulness4 ,inebriety is sapping the foundation of our ,government1 both ,state and ,national1 and unless we can provide means adequate to check it1 we shall leave a legacy of physical1 moral and political disease to our descendants1 that will ultimately wreck this country4 ,inebriate asylums will do much to check and relieve this evil4 ,we conclude this chapter1 which is but an imperfect presentation of the work of our inebriate asylums1 by a quotation from the ,quarterly ,journal of ,inebriety1 for ,september1 #ahgg4 ,this periodical is published under the auspices of ,the ,american ,association for the ,cure of ,inebriates4 ,the editor1 ,dr4 ,crothers1 says3 ,we publish in this number1 reports of a large number of asylums from all parts of the country1 indicating great prosperity and success1 notwithstanding the depression of the times4 ,among the patients received at these asylums1 broken-down merchants1 bankers1 business men1 who are inebriates of recent date1 and chronic cases that have been moderate drinkers for many years1 seem to be more numerous4 ,the explanation is found in the peculiar times in which so many of the business men are ruined1 and the discharge of a class of employees whose uncertain habits and want of special fitness for their work make them less valuable4 ,both of these classes drift to the inebriate asylum1 and1 if not able to pay1 finally go to insane hospitals and disappear4 ,another class of patients seem more prominent this year1 namely1 the hard-working professional and business men1 who formerly went away to ,europe1 or some watering-place1 with a retinue of servants2 now they appear at our retreats1 spend a few months1 and go away much restored4 ,the outlook was never more cheery than at present1 the advent of several new asylums1 and the increased usefulness of those in existence1 with the constant agitation of the subject among medical men at home and abroad1 are evidence of great promise for the future4 ,of the ,journal we can only say that1 as the organ of the ,american ,association for the ,cure of ,inebriates1 it will represent the broadest principles and studies which the experience of all asylums confirm1 and independent of any personal interest1 strive to present the subject of inebriety and its treatment in its most comprehensive sense4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,reformatory ,,homes4 ,differing in some essential particulars from inebriate asylums or hospitals for the cure of drunkenness as a disease1 are the institutions called ,homes4 ,their name indicates their character4 ,it is now about twenty years since the first of these was established4 ,it is located at #da ,waltham ,street1 ,boston1 in an elegant and commodious building recently erected1 and is called the ,washingtonian ,home4 ,the superintendent is ,dr4 ,albert ,day4 ,in #ahfc1 another institution of this character came into existence in the city of ,chicago4 ,this is also called the ,washingtonian ,home4 ,it is situated in ,west ,madison ,street1 opposite ,union ,park4 ,the building is large and handsomely fitted up1 and has accommodations for over one hundred inmates4 ,prof4 ,d4 ,wilkins is the superintendent4 ,in #ahgb ,the ,franklin ,reformatory ,home1 of ,philadelphia1 was established4 ,it is located at ,nos4 #iaa1 #iac and #iae ,locust ,street1 in a well-arranged and thoroughly-furnished building1 in which all the comforts of a home may be found1 and can accommodate over seventy persons4 ,mr4 ,john ,graff is the superintendent4 ,as we have said1 the name of these institutions indicates their character4 ,they are not so much hospitals for the cure of a disease1 as homes of refuge and safety1 into which the poor inebriate1 who has lost or destroyed his own home1 with all its good and saving influences1 may come and make a new effort1 under the most favoring influences1 to recover himself4 ,the success which1 has attended the work of the three institutions named above1 has been of the most gratifying character4 ,in the ,,washingtonian ,,home ,,at ,,boston1 drunkenness has been regarded as a malady1 which may be cured through the application of remedial agencies that can be successfully employed only under certain conditions2 and these are sought to be secured for the patient4 ,the home and the hospital are1 in a certain sense1 united4 ,while we are treating inebriety as a disease1 or a pathological condition1 says the superintendent1 in his last report1 there are those who regard it as a species of wickedness or diabolism1 to be removed only by moral agencies4 ,both of these propositions are true in a certain sense4 ,there is a difference between sin and evil1 but the line of demarkation is1 as yet1 obscure1 as much so as the line between the responsibility and irresponsibility of the inebriate4 ,doubtless1 the good work done in this excellent institution is due1 in a large measure1 to the moral and religious influences under which the inmates are brought4 ,nature is quick to repair physical waste and deterioration1 when the exciting causes of disease are removed4 ,the diseased body of the drunkard1 as soon as it is relieved from the poisoning influence of alcohol1 is restored1 in a measure1 to health4 ,the brain is clear once more1 and the moral faculties again able to act with reason and conscience4 ,and here comes in the true work of the ,home1 which is the restoration of the man to a state of rational self-control2 the quickening in his heart of old affections1 and the revival of old and better desires and principles4 ,,beneficial ,,results4 ,among the beneficial results of our labor1 says ,dr4 ,day1 we see our patients developing a higher principle of respect for themselves and their friends4 ,this1 to us1 is of great interest4 ,we see indications convincing us that the mind1 under our treatment1 awakens to a consciousness of what it is1 and what it is made for4 ,we see man becoming to himself a higher object1 and attaining to the conviction of the equal and indestructible of every being4 ,in them1 we see the dawning of the great principle advocated by us continually1 viz41 ,that the individual is not made to be the instrument of others1 but to govern himself by an inward law1 and to advance towards his proper perfections2 that he belongs to himself and to ,god1 and to no human superior4 ,in all our teachings we aim to purify and ennoble the character of our patients by promoting in them true virtue1 strong temperance proclivities and a true piety2 and to accomplish these ends we endeavor to stimulate their own exertions for a better knowledge of ,god1 and for a determined self-control4 ,and again he says3 ,almost every day we hear from some one who has been with us under treatment1 who has been cured4 ,their struggles had been fierce1 and the battle sometimes would seem to be against them2 but1 at last1 they have claimed the victory4 ,in my experience1 ,i have found that so long as the victim of strong drink has the will1 feeble as it may be1 to put forth his efforts for a better life1 an #d his constant struggle is in the right direction1 he is almost sure to regain his will power1 and succeed in overcoming the habit4 ,by exercise1 the will gains strength4 ,the thorns in the flesh of our spiritual nature will be plucked out1 the spiritual life will be developed1 and our peace shall flow as the river4 ,this condition we constantly invoke1 and by all the means within our reach we try to stimulate the desire for a better life4 ,i am pleased to say our efforts in this direction have not been in vain4 ,for nearly twenty years we have been engaged in this work1 and we have now more confidence in the means employed than at any other period4 ,situated1 as we are1 in the midst of a great city1 with a ,christian sympathy constantly active and co-operating with us1 no one can remain in the institution without being the recipient of beneficial influences1 the effect of which is salutary in the extreme4 ,i am fully satisfied that the ',washingtonian ,home' is greatly indebted to these moral agencies for its success4 ,the following letter1 received by us1 from ,otis ,clapp1 who has been for sixteen years president of the ,washingtonian ,home1 will give the reader a still clearer impression of the workings of that institution4 ,it is in answer to one we wrote1 asking for information about the institution in which he had been interested for so many years3 ,,boston1 ,august #ith1 #ahgg4 ,,dear ,,sir3--,your letter is received1 and ,i am glad to learn that your mind is directed to the subject of the curse and cure of drunkenness4 ,this is one of the largest of human fields to work in4 ,the ',washingtonian ,home' was commenced in a very humble way1 in ,november1 #aheg4 ,an act of incorporation was obtained from the ,state1 ,march #bfth1 #ahei4 ,the institution has1 therefore1 been in existence nearly twenty years4 ,my connection with it has been for eighteen years--sixteen years as president4 ,during the period of its existence the whole number of patients has been five thousand three hundred and forty-eight4 ,of this number1 the superintendent1 ,dr4 ,day1 estimates the cured at one-half4 ,of the remainder1 it is estimated that one-half1 making one-quarter of the whole1 are greatly improved4 ,you say1 ',i take the general ground1 and urge it strongly upon the reader that1 without spiritual help--regeneration1 in a1 word--there is1 for the confirmed inebriate1 but little hope1 and no true safety4' ,in this ,i fully concur4 ,i believe in using all the agencies--medical1 social1 moral and religious--to bear upon the patient1 and to encourage him to follow the 'straight and narrow way4' ,with this view1 a morning service is held each day2 a ,sunday evening service at six o'clock1 and every ,friday evening a meeting1 where patients relate their experience1 and encourage each other in gaining power over the enemy4 ,i have had much experience and abundant evidence that these meetings are of great value1 for the reason that the patients are the principal speakers1 and can do more to encourage each other than those outside of their own ranks4 ,these meetings are usually attended by about equal numbers of both sexes1 and1 with fine music1 can be kept up with interest indefinitely4 ,it would be1 in my judgment1 a matter of wide economy for the intelligent citizens of every city1 with twenty thousand or more inhabitants1 to establish a home1 or asylum for inebriates4 ,let those who favor sobriety in the community1 take a part in it1 and they will soon learn how to reach the class who needs assistance4 ,a large1 old-fashioned house can be leased at small expense1 and the means raised by contributions of money and other necessary articles to start4 ,the act of doing this will soon enable those engaged in the work to learn what the wants are1 and how to meet them4 ,it is only obeying the command1 ',go out into the highways and hedges and compel them to come in1 that my house may be filled4' ,this is the ,master's work1 and those who hear this invitation1 as well as those who accept it1 will share in its blessings4 ,those who cultivate the spirit of 'love to ,god1 and good-will to their fellow-men1' will be surprised to see how much easier it is to do these things when they try1 than when they only think about them4 ,much1 of course1 depends upon the superintendent1 who needs to possess those genial qualities which readily win the confidence and good-will of patients1 and which he readily turns to account1 by encouraging them to use the means which the ,creator has given them to co-operate in curing themselves4 ,the means of cure are in the patient's own hands1 and it is quite a gift to be able to make him see it4 ,,the ,,washingtonian ,,home ,,at ,,chicago is on the same plan1 in all essential respects1 with that of ,boston2 and the reports show about the same average of cures and beneficial results4 ,how the patient is treated in this ,home may be inferred from the following extract from an article on ,the ,cause1 ,effect and ,cure of ,inebriety1 from the pen of ,prof4 ,d4 ,wilkins1 the superintendent1 which appeared in a late number of ,the ,quarterly ,journal of ,inebriety4 ,in answer to the question1 ,how can we best save the poor drunkard1 and restore him to his manhood1 his family and society1 he says3 ,money1 friends1 relatives and all have forsaken him1 his hope blasted1 his ambition gone1 and he feels that no one has confidence in him1 no one cares for him4 ,in this condition he wends his way to an institution of reform1 a penniless1 homeless1 degraded1 lost and hopeless drunkard4 ,here is our subject1 how shall we save him8 ,he has come from the squalid dens1 and lanes of filth1 of misery1 of want1 of debauchery and death2 no home1 no sympathy and no kind words have greeted him1 perhaps1 for years4 ,he is taken to the hospital4 ,a few days pass1 and he awakes from the stupidity of drink1 and as he opens his eyes1 what a change6 ,he looks around1 kind and gentle voices welcome him1 his bed is clean and soft1 the room beautiful1 tasteful and pleasant in its arrangements1 the superintendent1 the physician1 the steward and the inmates meet him with a smile and treat him as a brother4 ,he is silent1 lost in meditation4 ,thoughts of other days1 of other years1 pass through his mind in quick succession as the tears steal gently down his cheeks4 ,he talks thus to himself3 ',i am mistaken4 ,somebody does care for the drunkard4 ,and if somebody cares for me1 ,i ought to care for myself4' ,here reform first commences4 ,in a few days1 when free1 to some extent1 from alcohol1 he is admitted to the freedom of the institution4 ,as he enters the reading-room1 the library1 the amusement1 the gymnasium1 dining-room and spacious halls1 the conviction becomes stronger and stronger that somebody is interested in the inebriate1 and he should be interested in himself4 ,then comes the lessons of the superintendent4 ,he is taught that he cannot be reformed1 but that he can reform himself4 ,that ,god helps those only who help themselves4 ,that he must ignore all boon companions of the cup as associates1 all places where liquor is kept and sold1 that1 in order to reform himself1 he must become a reformer1 labor for the good of his brother2 in short1 he must shun every rivulet that leads him into the stream of intemperance1 and as a cap-stone which completes the arch1 that he must look to ,him from whence cometh all grace and power to help in time of need4 ,as he converses with those that are strong in experience1 listens to the reading of the ,holy ,scriptures in the morning devotions1 joins in the sweet songs of ,zion and unites in unison with his brother inmates in saying the ,lord's ,prayer1 as he hears the strong experiences in the public meetings and secret associations of those who have remained firm for one1 two1 three1 and up to ten or fifteen years1 little by little his confidence is strengthened1 and almost before he is aware1 the firm determination is formed and the resolve made1 ,i will drink no more4 ,as week after week1 and month after month1 glides pleasantly away1 these resolutions become stronger and stronger1 and by thus educating his intellect and strengthening his moral power1 the once hopeless1 disheartened and helpless one regains his former manhood and lost confidence1 and becomes a1 moral1 independent1 reformed man4 ,perhaps the most difficult thing in this work of reform1 is to convince our inmates that resolving to stop drinking1 or even stopping drinking for the time being1 is not reforming4 ,those admitted1 generally1 in about two weeks1 under the direction of a skillful physician1 and the nursing of a faithful steward1 recover so as to sleep well and eat heartily1 and their wills1 seemingly1 are as strong as ever4 ,feeling thus1 they often leave the institution1 sobered up1 not reformed1 and when the periodical time arrives1 or temptation comes1 they have no moral power to resist1 and they rush back to habits of intoxication4 ,they forget that the will is like a door on its hinges1 with the animal desires1 appetites1 evil inclinations and passions attached to one side1 leading them into trouble and making them unhappy1 unless they are held by the strong power of the sense of moral right attached to the other side1 and that for years they have been stifling and weakening this power1 until its strength is almost1 if not entirely1 gone1 and that the only way they can possibly strengthen it1 independent of the grace of ,god1 is by education1 moral light and testing it under circumstances so favorable that it will not yield4 ,it took years of disobedience to destroy the moral power1 and it will take years of obedience to restore it again4 ,the inebriate must be taught that he can refrain from drink only as he strengthens this moral power1 and this requires time and trial4 ,here is just where we1 as superintendents1 or reformers1 assume great responsibility4 ,to understand just when to test1 and how much temptation can be resisted by those under our charge1 requires much wisdom and great experience4 ,from this extract the reader will learn something of the influences which are brought to bear upon the inmates of a home for the reformation of inebriates2 and he will see how much reliance is placed on moral and religious agencies4 ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,reformed4 ,from the ,chicago ,home is issued a monthly paper called ,the ,washingtonian1 devoted to the interest of the institution and to temperance4 ,in this appear many communications from those who are1 or have been1 inmates4 ,we make a few selections from some of these1 which will be read with interest3 ,when ,i came into the ,home1 mind1 memory1 hope and energy were shattered4 ,the only animating thought remaining to me was a misty speculation as to where the next drink was to come from4 ,i had a kind of feeble perception that a few days more of the life ,i was leading must end my earthly career1 but ,i didn't care4 ,as to the 'hereafter'--that might take care of itself2 ,i had no energy to make any provision for it4 ,to-day1 how different6 ,a new man1 utterly defiant of the devil and all 'his works and pomps1' ,i am ready and eager to take my place once more in the battle of life2 atone for the miserable time gone by2 to take again the place in the world ,i had forfeited1 bearing ever in my breast the beautiful maxims of the ,german poet and philosopher1 ,schiller3 ',look not sorrowfully into the past2 it comes not back again4 ,wisely improve the present2 it is thine4 ,go forth to meet the shadowy future without fear1 and with a manly heart4' ,another writes3 ,i have been true and faithful to my promise1 and have not touched or tampered with the curse since the first morning ,i entered the ,home1 ten months ago to-day1 and1 ,mr4 ,superintendent1 ,i shall never drink again as long as ,i live4 ,my whole trust and hope is in ,god1 who made me live1 move and have my being2 and as long as ,i trust in ,him--and which ,i am thoroughly satisfied ,i always shall--,i will be crowned with success in each and every good effort ,i make4 99 99 99 ,the day ,i reached here1 my little ones were out of town1 but were telegraphed for at once4 ,they came in the next morning1 and1 oh6 how my heart rejoiced to see they knew and loved me4 ,they came to my arms and threw their little arms around my neck1 and hugged and kissed me until ,i wept with joy4 ,they begged of me never to leave them again1 and ,i never shall4 ,my dear father1 mother and all now wish me to stay with them1 for they feel ,i can now be as great a comfort as ,i once1 ,i might say1 was a terror to them4 ,thank ,god1 ,i can prove a comfort to them1 and my daily life shall be such that they never can do without me4 ,praises be to ,god for ,his goodness and mercy to me1 and for showing and guiding me in the straight path1 that which leadeth1 at last1 to an everlasting life with4 ,him and ,his redeemed in that great and glorious kingdom above4 ,another writes1 two years after leaving the ,home3 ,in different places where ,i lived1 ,i was generally a moving spirit in everything of a literary character1 and1 from a naturally social1 convivial disposition1 enjoyed the conversation and society of literary men over a glass of beer more than any other attraction that could have been presented4 ,for years1 this continued1 ,i1 all the time1 an active spirit in whatever church ,i was a member of1 and an active worker in whatever ,i engaged in1 thereby always commanding a prominent position wherever ,i was4 ,thus matters progressed till ,i was about twenty-seven1 and then ,i began to realize my position2 but1 alas1 when it was too late4 ,the kindly admonition of friends and my own intelligence began to tell me the story1 and then how ,i struggled for months and months--a naturally sensitive nature only making me worse--till1 at last1 the conviction forced itself upon me that1 for me there was no redemption1 that ,i was bound1 hand and foot1 perfectly powerless1 and then ,i was forced to accept the fact4 ,my only desire then was to save those dear to me from any knowledge of the truth2 for this reason ,i chose ,chicago for my home4 ,not wishing to take my own life in my hands1 ,i was simply waiting for the moment when1 having gone lower and lower1 it would1 at last1 please ,god to relieve me of my earthly sufferings4 ,oh6 the mental agonies ,i endured6 ,too true is it that the drunkard carries his hell around with him4 ,at any moment ,i was perfectly willing to die1 perfectly willing to trust whatever might be before me in the other world1 feeling it could be no worse4 ,at last1 by ,god's grace1 ,i was directed to the ',washingtonian ,home1' and there1 for the first time1 ,i learned that ,i could be free2 and in this knowledge lies the power of the ,home4 ,the ,home took hold of me and bade me be a man1 and directed me to ,god for help2 and1 at the same time1 told me to work out my own salvation4 ,its teachings were not in vain2 and to-day ,i can look up and ask ,god's blessing on you all for your kind labors4 ,but for that ,home1 ,i should1 to-day1 have been filling a dishonored grave4 ,and another says3 ,it is now over five years since ,i applied to ,mr4 ,drake for admission to the ,home4 ,i was then prostrated1 both physically and mentally1 to that degree that ,i had scarcely strength to drag myself along1 or moral courage enough to look any decent man in the face4 ,i was often assured that to quit whisky would kill me4 ,i thought there was a probability of that2 but1 on the other hand1 there was a certainty that to continue it would kill me4 ,i resolved to make one more effort and die sober1 for ,i never expected to live2 had no hope of that4 ,from the day ,i entered the ,home ,i have been a changed man4 ,the encouragement and counsel ,i received there1 gave me strength1 to keep the resolution ,i had formed1 and which ,i have kept to the present moment1 viz3 ,,to ,,drink ,,no ,,more6 ,ever since ,i left ,chicago1 ,i have held a respectable position2 and now hold the principal position in a house of business1 the doors of which ,i was forbidden to enter six years ago4 ,i do not write this in any spirit of self-laudation1 but simply to lay the honor where it belongs--at the door of the ',washingtonian ,home4' ,the following from the experience of one of the inmates of the ,chicago ,home1 will give the reader an idea of the true character of this and similar institutions1 and of the way in which those who become inmates are treated4 ,a lady who took an interest in the writer1 had said to him1 ,you had better go to the ,washingtonian ,home4 ,what followed is thus related3 ,,how ,i ,,was ,,treated ,,in ,,the ,,home4 ,i looked at her in surprise4 ,send me to a reformatory8 ,i told her that ,i did not think that ,i was sunk so low1 or bound so fast in the coils of the 'worm of the still1' that it was necessary for me1 a young man not yet entered into the prime of manhood1 to be confined in a place designed for the cure of habitual drunkards4 ,i had heard vague stories1 but nothing definite concerning the ,home1 and thought that the question was an insult1 but ,i did not reply to the question4 ,all that night my thoughts would revert to the above question4 ,my life past since ,i had become a devotee of the 'demon of strong drink1' passed in review before my mind4 ,what had ,i gained8 ,how improved8 ,what had ,i obtained by it8 ,and the answer was nothing4 ,then ,i asked myself1 ,what had ,i lost by it8 ,and the answer came to me with crushing force1 everything that maketh life desirable4 ,starting out young in years into the busy highways of the world1 with a good fortune1 bright prospects and a host of friends to aid and cheer me on1 ,i had lost ,,all in my love for strong drink1 and at times ,i thought and felt that ,i was a modern ,ishmael4 ,the lady1 the next morning1 again returned to the attack1 and then1 not thinking it an insult1 but a benefit1 to be conferred on me1 ,i yielded a willing acquiescence4 ,that same evening1 with a slow step and aching head1 ,i walked up ,madison ,street towards the ,washingtonian ,home1 with thoughts that ,i would be considered by the officers of the institution as a sort of a felon1 or1 if not that1 at least something very near akin to the brute1 and it was with a sinking heart that ,i pushed open the main door and ascended the broad1 easy stairs to the office4 ,i asked if the superintendent was in1 and the gentlemanly clerk at the desk told me that he was1 and would be down immediately1 meanwhile telling me to be seated4 ,after the lapse of a few minutes1 the superintendent1 ,mr4 ,wilkins1 came into the office1 his countenance beaming with benevolence4 ,he took the card that ,i had brought with me1 read it1 and1 turning round to where ,i sat1 with a genial smile lighting up his countenance1 with outstretched hand1 greeted me most kindly and introduced me to the gentlemen present4 ,i was dumbfounded1 and it was with great difficulty that ,i restrained myself from shedding tears4 ,it was the very opposite of the reception that ,i had pictured that ,i would receive1 and ,i found that ,i was to be treated as a human being and not as a brute4 ,with a smile1 the superintendent addressed me again1 and told me to follow him2 and it was with a lighter heart and spirits that ,i ascended the second flight of stairs than the first1 ,i can assure you4 ,i was brought to the steward1 who also greeted me most kindly1 conversed with me a short time1 fixed up some medicine for me and then took me into the hospital4 ,by the word 'hospital1' dear reader1 you must not take the usual definition of all that word implies1 but in this case1 take it as a moderate-sized room with eight or nine beds1 covered with snow-white sheets and coverlids1 and filled with air of the purest2 no sickly smells or suffering pain to offend the most delicate4 ,after a most refreshing night's rest--the first that ,i had had in three or four long1 weary months--,i arose1 and for a few moments could not realize where ,i was1 but memory came back1 and ,i fell on my knees and gave thanks to ,god that ,i had fallen into the hands of the ',good ,samaritans4' ,after breakfast1 ,i went with great diffidence into the common sitting-room1 where there was about ten of the inmates sitting smoking1 playing checkers1 etc4 ,i did not know how ,i would be received here1 but as soon as ,i entered ,i was greeted most kindly and told to make myself at home4 ,it seemed as if my cup was full and running over1 and for a few moments ,i could scarcely speak1 and ,i thought that the institution's motto must be founded on the ,saviour's command to ',love one another4' ,the first day ,i was not allowed to go down to the dining-room1 ,i still being under the care of the hospital steward4 ,the second day ,i was discharged from the hospital1 assigned a most comfortable and cheerful furnished bed-room1 and allowed the liberty of the whole building1 and the day passed pleasantly4 ,the next morning1 at about six1 ,i was awakened by the clangor of a bell shaken by a vigorous arm4 ,hurriedly dressing1 ,i descended to the wash-room and performed my ablutions1 and then waited for the next step4 ,half an hour having elapsed1 the bell was rung a second time1 and we all entered what is called the service-room4 ,shortly after ,mr4 ,wilkins and his family entered2 the superintendent read a chapter of the ,bible1 the inmates sung a hymn1 accompanied on the organ by ,miss ,clara ,wilkins2 after a short prayer1 the inmates marched in single file to the head of the room1 where ,mr4 ,wilkins stood1 his kind face actually beaming1 and with extended hand greeted every individual inmate4 ,after leaving him we marched to the other side of the room1 where we also received a cheery 'good morning1' and cordial grasp of the hand from the estimable and motherly wife of the superintendent4 ,to describe one day is sufficient to picture the manner in which the inmates of the ,home 7and ,i sincerely believe that 'home' is the right designation for it7 pass their time4 ,i have never felt happier or more contented even in my most prosperous days than ,i have in these few short days that ,i have been an inmate of the ,washingtonian ,home4 ,in this institution1 according to the last annual report1 two thousand two hundred and fifty-two persons have been treated since it was opened4 ,of these1 one thousand one hundred and eighteen1 or over sixty per cent41 are said to have remained sober1 or nearly so1 up to this time4 ,during the last year two hundred and fifty-eight patients were under treatment 7one-third free patients74 ,of these only thirty had relapsed1 the others giving great promise of recovery4 ,the ,philadelphia institution1 known as the ,,franklin ,,reformatory ,,home ,,for ,,inebriates1 has been in existence over five years4 ,it was organized in ,april1 #ahgb4 ,in this institution intemperance is not regarded as a disease1 which may be cured through hygienic or medical treatment1 but as a sin1 which must be repented of1 resisted and overcome through the help of ,god4 ,in order to place the inebriate1 who honestly desires to reform and lead a better life1 under conditions most favorable to this work of inner reformation and true recovery1 all the external associations and comforts of a pleasant home are provided1 as with the two institutions whose record of good results has just been made4 ,its administrative work and home-life vary but little from that of the ,homes in ,boston and ,chicago4 ,but it is differenced from them and other institutions which have for their aim the cure of inebriety1 in its rejection of the disease theory1 and sole reliance on moral and spiritual agencies in the work of saving men from the curse of drink4 ,it says to its inmates1 this appetite for drink is not a disease that medicine can cure1 or change1 or eradicate4 ,new sanitary conditions1 removal from temptations1 more favorable surroundings1 congenial occupation1 improved health1 a higher self-respect1 a sense of honor and responsibility1 and the tenderness and strength of love for wife and children1 may be powerful enough as motives to hold you always in the future above its enticements4 ,but1 trusting in these alone1 you can never dwell in complete safety4 ,you need a deeper work of cure than it is possible for you to obtain from any earthly physician4 ,only ,god can heal you of this infirmity4 ,a ,,religious ,,home4 ,while never undervaluing external influences1 and always using the best means in their power to make their institution a home in all that the word implies1 the managers have sought to make it distinctively something more--a religious home4 ,they rely for restoration chiefly on the reforming and regenerating power of ,divine grace4 ,until a man is brought under spiritual influences1 they do not regard him as in safety2 and the result of their work so far only confirms them in this view4 ,they say1 that in almost every case where an inmate has shown himself indifferent1 or opposed to the religious influences of the ,home1 he has1 on leaving it1 relapsed1 after a short period1 into intemperance1 while the men who have stood firm are those who have sought help from ,god1 and given their lives to ,his service4 ,under this view1 which has never been lost sight of from the beginning1 in the work of the ,franklin ,home1 and which is always urged upon those who seek its aid in their efforts to reform their lives1 there has come to be in the institution a pervading sentiment favorable to a religious life as the only safe life1 and all who are brought within1 the sphere of its influence soon become impressed with the fact4 ,and it is regarded as one of the most hopeful of signs when the new inmate is drawn into accord with this sentiment1 and as a most discouraging one if he sets himself in opposition thereto4 ,,who ,,are ,,received ,,into ,,the ,,franklin ,,home4 ,as in other institutions1 the managers of this one have had to gain wisdom from experience4 ,they have learned that there is a class of drinking men for whom efforts at recovery are almost useless2 and from this class they rarely now take any one into the ,home4 ,men of known vicious or criminal lives are not received4 ,nor are the friends of such as indulge in an occasional drunken debauch permitted to send them there for temporary seclusion4 ,none are admitted but men of good character1 in all but intemperance2 and these must be sincere and earnest in their purpose to reform4 ,the capacity of an institution in which the care1 and service1 and protection of a home can be given1 is too small for mere experiment or waste of effort4 ,there are too many who are anxious1 through the means offered in a place like this1 to break the chains of a debasing habit1 and get back their lost manhood once more1 to waste effort on the evil-minded and morally depraved1 who only seek a temporary asylum and the opportunity for partial recovery1 but with no purpose of becoming better men and better citizens4 ,apart from the fruitlessness of all attempts to permanently restore such men to sobriety1 it has been found that their presence in the ,home has had an injurious effect2 some having been retarded in recovery through their influence1 and others led away into vicious courses4 ,there is a chapel in the building1 capable of holding over two hundred persons4 ,in this1 ,divine worship is held every ,sunday afternoon4 ,a minister from some one of the churches is usually in attendance to preach and conduct the services4 ,it rarely happens that the chapel is not well filled with present and former inmates of the ,home1 their wives1 children and friends4 ,every evening1 at half-past nine o'clock1 there is family prayer in the chapel1 and every ,sunday afternoon the president1 ,mr4 ,s4,p4 ,godwin1 has a class for ,bible study and instruction in the same place4 ,on ,tuesday evenings there is a conversational temperance meeting2 and on ,thursday evening of each week the ,godwin ,association1 organized for mutual help and encouragement1 holds a meeting in the chapel4 ,,use ,,of ,,tobacco ,,discouraged4 ,the attending physician1 ,dr4 ,robert ,p4 ,harris1 having given much thought and observation to the effects of tobacco on the physical system1 and its connection with inebriety1 discourages its use among the inmates1 doing all in his power1 by advice and admonition1 to lead them to abandon a habit that not only disturbs and weakens the nervous forces1 but too often produces that very condition of nervous exhaustion which leads the sufferer to resort to stimulation4 ,in many cases where men1 after leaving the ,home1 have stood firm for a longer or shorter period of time1 and then1 relapsing into intemperance1 have again sought its help in a new effort at reformation1 he has been able to find the cause of their fall in an excessive use of tobacco4 ,dr4 ,harris is well assured1 from a long study of the connection between the use of tobacco and alcohol1 that1 in a very large number of cases tobacco has produced the nervous condition which led to inebriety4 ,and he is satisfied that1 if men who are seeking to break away from the slavery of drink1 will give up their tobacco and their whisky at the same time1 they will find the work easier1 and their ability to stand by their good resolutions1 far greater4 ,see the next chapter for a clear and concise statement1 from the pen of ,dr4 ,harris1 of the effects of tobacco1 and the obstacles its use throws in the way of men who are trying to reform4 ,,what ,,has ,,been ,,accomplished4 ,the results of the work done in this ,home are of the most satisfactory kind4 ,from the fifth annual report1 we learn that there have been received into the ,home1 since its commencement1 seven hundred and forty-one persons4 ,of these1 the report gives three hundred and fifty-four as reformed1 and one hundred and three as benefited4 ,two hundred and ninety-seven were free patients4 ,,woman',s ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,home4 ,in the management of this ,home there is1 beside the board of directors1 an auxiliary board of twenty-six lady managers1 who supervise the work of the ,home1 and see to its orderly condition and the comfort of the inmates4 ,through visiting and relief committees the families of such of the inmates as need temporary care and assistance are seen1 and such help and counsel given as may be required4 ,an extract or two from the reports of this auxiliary board will not only give an idea of the religious influences of the institution1 but of what is being done by the woman's branch of the work4 ,says the secretary1 ,mrs4 ,e4,m4 ,gregory1 in her last annual report3 ,the religious influence exerted by this institution by means of its ,sunday evening services1 its ,bible class and its frequent temperance meetings1 which are cordially open to all1 is silently1 but1 we think1 surely making itself felt among those brought within its reach1 and establishing the highest and strongest bond among those whose natural ties are often unhappily severed by intemperance4 ,we find whole families1 long unused to any religious observance1 now regularly1 for years1 accompanying the husband and father to this place of worship1 and joining devoutly in the exercises4 ,especial emphasis is laid upon the doctrine that the only foundation for a thorough1 enduring reformation is found in a radical change of heart1 a preparation for the future life by a conscientious1 persistent effort to lead a ,christ-like life here4 ,one result of this teaching is found in the fact that several of the inmates1 not in the first pleasant excitement of their rescue from the immediate horrors of their condition1 but after long and faithful observance of their pledge and constant attendance upon the religious instruction of the ,home1 have voluntarily and with solemn resolve united themselves to some ,christian church1 and are devoting a large share of their time and means to the work of bringing in their old companions to share this great salvation4 ,when1 in our visits among their families1 we hear of those who formerly spent all their earnings at the saloon1 bringing nothing but distress and terror into their homes1 now walking the streets all day in search of work1 without dinner themselves1 because the 'wife and children need what little there is in the house2' and another1 not only denying himself a reasonable share of the scanty food1 but nursing a sick wife and taking entire care of the children and house1 hastening out1 when relieved awhile by a kindly neighbor1 to do 'anything to bring in a little money'--when we see changes like these1 accompanied by patience and cheerfulness1 and a growing sense of personal responsibility1 we thankfully accept them as proofs of the genuineness of the work and hopefully look for its continuance4 ,,touching ,,incidents4 ,in a previous report1 speaking of the visits made to the families of inmates1 she says3 ,in no case has a visit ever been received without expression of absolute pleasure1 and especially gratitude1 for 'what the ,home has done for me and mine4' ,although1 unhappily1 there are instances of men having1 through stress of temptation1 violated their pledges1 it is believed that not one case has occurred of a family1 once brought together through the influence of the ,home1 again being separated by the return to intemperance of the husband and father1 and the results of their faithfulness are to be seen in the growing comfort and happiness of those dependent on them4 ,an aged mother1 not only bowed down with the weight of seventy years1 but heart-sick with the 'hope deferred' of ever finding her intemperate son1 heard of him at last1 as rescued by the ,home2 and1 being brought to the ,sunday and evening services1 met him there1 'clothed and in his right mind4' ,the tears streamed down her face1 as she said3 ',that man is forty years old1 and ,i've been a widow ever since he was a baby1 and ,i've wept over him often and often1 and to-day ,i've shed tears enough to bathe him from head to foot1 but1 oh6 thank the ,lord6 these are such happy tears6' ,said one wife3 ',some days1 these hard times1 we have enough to eat1 and some days we don't2 but all the time ,i'm just as happy as ,i can be6 ',i wish you could see my children run1 laughing1 to the door when their father comes home4 ,oh6 he is another man from what he was a year ago2 he is so happy at home with us now1 and always so patient and kind6 ',do tell us if there isn't something2--if it is ever so little--that we women can do for the ,home2 we never can forget what it has done for us6' ,such words1 heard again and again with every variety of expression1 attests the sincerity of those who1 in widely differing circumstances1 perhaps1 have yet this common bond1 that through this instrumentality1 they are rejoicing over a husband1 a father1 a son1 'which was dead1 and is alive--was lost1 and is found4' ,surely1 such proof of the intrinsic worth of a work like this1 is beyond all expression--full of comfort and encouragement to persevere4 ,again3 ,through their instrumentality families long alienated and separated have been happily brought together4 ,this branch of the ladies' work has been peculiarly blest2 and their reward is rich in witnessing not only homes made happier through their labors1 but hearts so melted by their personal kindness1 and by the ,gospel message which they carry1 that husbands and wives1 convicted of the sinfulness of their neglect of the great salvation1 come forward to declare themselves soldiers of the cross1 and unite with the ,christian church4 ,,the ,,testimony ,,of ,,inmates4 ,as the value of this and similar institutions is best seen in what they have done and are doing1 we give two extracts from letters received from men who have been reformed through the agency of the ,home in ,philadelphia4 ,in the first1 the writer says3 ,it has now been nearly two years since ,i left the ,franklin ,home4 ,i had been a drinking man ten years1 and it got such a hold on me that ,i could not resist taking it4 ,i had tried a number of times to reform1 and at one time1 was in the ,dashaway's ,home1 in ,california1 where they steep everything in liquor1 but when ,i came out ,i still had the desire to drink1 and only kept from it for nine months4 ,i again commenced1 and kept sinking lower and lower1 till ,i lost my friends1 and felt there was no hope for me4 ,on the #cast day of ,may1 #ahgc1 ,i came to the ,franklin ,home1 and have never tasted intoxicating liquor since1 which is the longest time ,i was ever without it since ,i commenced to drink4 ,i feel now that ,i will never drink again1 as ,i do not associate with drinking men1 or go to places where liquor is sold4 ,it was so different at the ,home from anything ,i had ever met or heard of1 that ,i went away with more strength to resist than ever before4 ,when ,i came to the ,home ,i could not get a position in ,philadelphia1 nobody having confidence in me4 ,since then ,i have been engaged as foreman in a manufacturing establishment1 by the very man that had discharged me several times for drinking1 and have been with him a year4 ,i feel more happy and contented now than any time in ten years past1 and if ,i had a friend who ,i found this was taking hold of1 ,i would bring him to the ,home1 for ,i believe any one that is sincere can be reformed1 and ,i would recommend any man that needs and desires to reform to go to the ,home1 as ,i did4 ,,after ,,five ,,years4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,samuel ,p4 ,godwin1 ,president of the ,franklin ,home1 an old inmate1 five years after his reformation1 says3 ,i received your kind letter and recognized in it the challenge of the ever-watchful sentinel1 ',how goes the night1 brother8' ,i answer back1 ',all is well4' ,i am delighted to hear of the continued success of 'my second mother1' the ,home1 and the ,association1 my brothers2 and ,i thank ,god1 who is encouraging you all in your efforts for fallen men1 by showing you the ripening fruits of your labor--efforts and labors that are inspired by a love of ,god that enables you to see in every fallen man the soul made like unto ,his own image4 ,the ,home and all its workers1 its principles1 the endless and untiring efforts made1 challenge the wonder and admiration of every ,christian heart4 ,its grand results will admit of but one explanation1 that ',it is ,god's work4' ,we1 the reclaimed1 can never give expression to the grateful emotions of our hearts4 ,we can only let our lives be its best eulogy4 ,we hope to vindicate in the future1 as we have in the past1 7by adhering to its principles7 the great ,christian truth1 the grace of ,god is all-powerful1 all-saving4 ,oh6 what has not the ,home done for us all6 ,it sought us amid temptations1 misery and sorrow1 and took us into its warm and fond embrace1 clearing away the debris that intemperance and misfortune had piled up1 tearing down all false theories of disease and seizing our convictions4 ,it reached down into our hearts by its admirable practical mode of imparting its principles1 impressing all its lessons with the examples of living1 active men1 who1 through its aid1 accepting its teachings and practicing them1 have become reformed men--in a word1 conquerors of self4 ,by its love1 fostering care and ever-watchful solicitude for us1 it has awakened the lessons of love and faith learned at a dear mother's knee in childhood1 which1 if forgotten for a time1 were never entirely dead1 and required but just such an influence to warm them into life4 ,it enables me to say to you now1 at the end of five years1 ,i have been a total abstinence man for that time1 and by and with the help of ,god1 ,i will die that4 ,but enough has been educed to show the importance of this and other ,homes for the recovery of inebriates1 and to direct public attention to their great value4 ,those already established should be liberally sustained by the communities in which they are located1 and similar institutions should be organised and put in operation in all the larger cities of the ,union4 ,thousands of outcast1 helpless1 perishing men1 who1 but for the fatal habits they have acquired1 would be good and useful citizens1 might1 if this were done1 be every year restored to themselves1 their families and to society4 ,if we cannot1 as yet1 stay the curse that is upon our land1 let us do all in our power to heal what has been hurt1 and to restore what has been lost4 ,in every truly reformed man1 the temperance cause gains a new and valuable recruit4 ,the great army that is to do successful battle with the destroying enemy that is abroad in the land1 will come chiefly from the ranks of those who have felt the crush of his iron heel4 ,so we gain strength with every prisoner that is rescued from the enemy2 for every such rescued man will hate this enemy with an undying hatred1 and so long as he maintains his integrity1 stand fronting him in the field4 ,dr4 ,harris1 the attending physician of the ,franklin ,reformatory ,home1 whose long experience and careful observation enable him to speak intelligently as to the causes which lead to relapses among reformed men1 has kindly furnished us with the following suggestions as to the dangers that beset their way4 ,the doctor has done a good service in this4 ,to be forewarned is to be forearmed4 ,we are also indebted to him for the chapter on ,tobacco as an ,incitant to the ,use of ,alcoholic ,stimulant1 which immediately follows this one1 and which was especially prepared by him for the present volume4 ,,dangers ,,that ,,beset ,,the ,,reformed ,,inebriate4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,r4,p4 ,,harris4 ,come1 take a drink4--,how pernicious is this treating generosity of the inebriate1 and how important to the reformed to be firm in declining his invitation4 ,to hesitate1 is1 in most cases1 to yield4 ,old companions4--,these should be avoided1 and made to understand that their company is not congenial2 and new and safe ones should be selected4 ,attacks of sickness4--,a quondam inebriate should never employ a physician who drinks1 and should always tell his medical attendant that he cannot take any medicine containing alcohol4 ,it is very unsafe to resort to essence of ginger1 paregoric1 spirits of lavender or burnt brandy1 and friends very injudiciously1 sometimes1 recommend remedies that are dangerous in the extreme4 ,we saw one man driven into insanity by his employer recommending him a preparation of rhubarb1 in ,jamaica spirits1 which he took with many misgivings1 because1 six years before he had been a drunkard4 ,the old appetite was revived in full force at once4 ,diarrhoea can be much better treated without tinctures and essences than with them1 as proved by the large experience of the ,franklin ,home1 where they are never prescribed4 ,bad company of either sex4--,remember what is said of the strange woman in ,proverbs v41 #c-ab2 and the advice given in the first ,psalm4 ,lust has driven to drunkenness and death many a promising case of reform4 ,entering a tavern4--,it is never safe to buy a cigar1 take a glass of lemonade1 eat a plate of oysters or even drink water at a bar where liquors are sold4 ,the temptation1 and revival of old associations1 are too much for weak human nature to withstand4 ,politics1 military organizations1 etc4--,many a man has been made a drunkard by the war1 or by becoming an active politician4 ,associations of men leading to excitement of any kind stimulate them to invite each other to drink as a social custom4 ,former inebriates should avoid all forms of excitement4 ,said a former politician1 who has not drank for five years3 ,if ,i was to go back to politics1 and allow matters to take their natural course1 ,i should soon drift again into drunkenness4 ,idleness1 says the ,french proverb1 is the mother of all vices2 hence the advantage and importance of being actively employed4 ,working in communities4--,there are no men more inclined to drunkenness than shoemakers1 hatters and those in machine shops4 ,shoemakers are especially difficult to reform1 as they incite each other to drink1 and club together and send out for beer or whisky4 ,use of excessive quantities of pepper1 mustard and horse-radish4--,no person can use biting condiments to the same degree as drunkards2 and reformed men must largely moderate their allowance1 if they expect to keep their appetite under for something stronger4 ,tavern-keepers understand that salt and peppery articles1 furnished gratis for lunch1 will pay back principal and profit in the amount they induce men to drink4 ,loss of money or death in the family4--,these are among the most severe of all the trials to be encountered by the reformed drunkard4 ,hazardous ventures in stocks or business are dangerous in the extreme4 ,without the grace of ,god in the heart1 and the strength that it gives in times of depression of spirits under severe trial1 there are few reformed men who can bear1 with any safety1 the loss of a wife or very dear child4 ,thousands who have1 for the time1 abandoned the habit have returned to it to drown1 in unconsciousness1 their feeling of loss2 hence the great and vital importance of an entire change of heart to enable a man to go to his faith for consolation1 and to look to ,god for help in times of trial and temptation4 ,illustration3 ,,boyhood4 ,the first ,step4 ,illustration3 ,,youth4 ,the ,second ,step4 ,illustration3 ,,manhood4 ,a ,confirmed ,drunkard4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,age4 ,a ,total ,wreck4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,tobacco ,,as ,,an ,,incitant ,,to ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,alcoholic ,,stimulants1 ,,and ,,an ,,obstacle ,,in ,,the ,,way ,,of ,a ,,permanent ,,reformation4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,r4,p4 ,,harris1 ,,physician ,,of ,,the ,,franklin ,,reformatory ,,home4 ,when we consider the almost universal use of tobacco1 especially in the form of smoking1 among our male population1 it is not to be wondered at that this powerful poison has come to be regarded as an innocent and almost necessary vegetable production1 not to be used as food exactly1 but greatly allied to it as an article of daily consumption4 ,few stop to reason about its properties or effects2 they remember1 perhaps1 how sick they were made by the first chew or smoke1 but this having long passed1 believe that as their systems have become accustomed1 apparently1 to the poison1 it cannot be doing them any real injury4 ,when we reflect that tobacco contains from one to nearly seven per cent1 of nicotine--one of the most powerful vegetable poisons known--a few drops of which are sufficient to destroy life1 it is not difficult to perceive that this faith in the innocence begotten of use must be fallacious4 ,we have met with instances where the poisonous effects of tobacco were manifest after every smoke1 even where the attempt to accustom the system to its use had been persevered in for many years2 and yet the men never realized what was the matter with them1 until they had1 under medical advice1 ceased to use the drug4 ,before the discovery of ansthetics1 tobacco was used as a remedy to produce relaxation in cases of strangulated hernia2 and although very cautiously administered in the form of tea1 or smoke per rectum1 proved fatal in many instances4 ,as little as twelve grains in six ounces of water having thus acted2 and from half a drachm to two drachms in a number of instances4 ,when men chew as high as a pound and a quarter of strong navy tobacco a week1 or three packages of fine-cut in a day1 it must certainly tell upon them sooner or later2 or even in much less quantity4 ,if men used tobacco in moderation1 there would be much less objection to it1 if it was not so intimately ,,associated ,,with ,,the ,,habit ,,of ,,drinking4 ,this is recognized by the trade1 in the fact that we see many tobacco stores as the entrance to drinking saloons4 ,ninety-three per cent4 of the men who have been admitted to the ,franklin ,reformatory ,home used tobacco1 and eighty per cent4 of them chewed it4 ,there may be possibly as high as ninety-three per cent4 of male adults who smoke1 but eighty per cent4 of chewers is undoubtedly a large proportion as compared with those in the same ranks of society who do not drink4 ,although the poisonous symptoms of tobacco are1 in a great degree1 the same in different persons at the inception of the habit1 the effects vary materially in after years according to the quantity and variety used1 the form employed and the habits and temperament of the user4 ,one man will chew a paper a week1 another four1 many use one a day1 and a few from one and a half to three a day1 besides smoking4 ,occasionally1 but very rarely1 we find a man who limits himself to one cigar a day1 a number allow themselves but three1 but of later years even these are moderate compared with those who use eight1 ten or more4 ,there are many men who1 for years1 preserve a robust1 hale appearance under both tobacco and whisky1 who are1 notwithstanding their apparent health1 steadily laying the foundation of diseased heart1 or ,,derangement ,,of ,,the ,,digestive ,,organs or nervous system from the former1 or an organic fatal disease of the liver or kidneys from the latter4 ,healthy-looking men are often rejected by examiners of life insurance companies because of irregular and intermittent action of the heart from tobacco2 and equally robust subjects are forced to abandon the habit because of tremors1 vertigo or a peculiar form of dyspepsia4 ,we have known men who died from the use of tobacco1 and others who met a like fate from whisky1 who were never fully in the state denominated drunk4 ,men may earn a hobnail liver and dropsy by the constant1 steady use of alcoholic drink taken systematically1 so as always to keep within the limits of intoxication2 or they may1 in the same way1 get a diabetes or ,bright's disease4 ,abundant testimony in regard to the effects of tobacco in creating an appetite for strong drink has been given by the inmates of the ,franklin ,home4 ,in a few exceptional cases the use of tobacco does not appear to create any sense of thirst2 and this is specially the case with the smokers who do not spit when smoking4 ,some men seem to be free from any alcoholic craving when using tobacco1 and say that when they commence to drink they give up the drug for the time being4 ,these are exceptional cases1 for excess in drinking generally leads to an excess in the use of tobacco1 often to double the amount ordinarily employed4 ,we have often been told by moderate drinkers1 that they frequently ,,felt ,a ,,desire ,,for ,a ,,little ,,whisky ,,after ,a ,,smoke1 and they have confessed that they were only saved from a habit of drinking to excess by the fact that they had no innate fondness for alcoholic stimulation4 ,unfortunately1 there is a large and increasing class of men who1 finding that water does not1 but that alcohol does1 relieve the dryness of throat and diseased thirst resulting from tobacco1 are led1 little by little1 into the habit of using whisky to excess4 ,such men1 after1 it may be1 a long abstinence1 are not unfrequently led back into their old habits by an attack of nervousness1 resulting from a temporary excessive use of tobacco1 and a feeling that all that is wanting to relieve this is a glass of whisky1 which being taken1 at once determines a debauch of long or short duration1 according to the habits and character of the party4 ,many a so-called periodical drinker fixes the return of his period by an act of this kind1 and with such cases it is all-important to their permanent reformation1 that they should cease entirely and forever from the use of tobacco4 ,we have1 in a few instances1 prevailed upon men to do this1 but in a large majority of cases1 where they have admitted the connection between the two habits1 in their own person1 or volunteered to tell how much tobacco had acted in forming and keeping up their appetite for whisky1 they have failed in being able to sum up sufficient resolution to abandon the use of the drug1 saying that they felt the importance of the step1 and would be glad to be able to give it up1 but that the habit was ,,ten ,,times ,,as ,,difficult ,,to ,,conquer ,,as ,,that ,,of ,,whisky-,,drinking4 ,all that we have been able to accomplish in such cases has been to check the excessive use4 ,we have repeatedly assured men1 after a careful examination of their peculiar cases1 that they would certainly drink again unless they gave up their tobacco1 and have seen this opinion verified1 because they took no heed to the warning4 ,we have also been gratified in a few instances by hearing a man say that he felt confident that he could never have accomplished his reformation as he had done1 if he had not taken the advice given him about abandoning his tobacco4 ,in contrast with the men of weak purpose1 we have to admire one who had resolution enough to break off the three habits of opium-eating1 whisky-drinking and tobacco-chewing--no trifling matter--when the first was of ten and the last of more than thirty years' duration4 ,we have been repeatedly asked which was the most injurious1 smoking or chewing1 and have replied1 that everything depended upon the amount of nicotine absorbed in the process1 and the loss to the system in the saliva spit out4 ,men have died from the direct effect of excessive smoking1 and quite recently a death in a child was reported from the result of blowing soap-bubbles with an old wooden pipe4 ,we have known a little boy to vomit from drawing air a few times through the empty meerschaum pipe of his ,german teacher4 ,the smoking of two pipes as the first essay1 very nearly caused the death of a young man1 whose case was reported by ,dr4 ,marshall ,hall4 ,the least poisonous tobaccos are those of ,syria and ,turkey1 but the cigarettes made of them in the ,east and imported into this country are said to be impregnated with opium4 ,virginia tobacco1 for the pipe or chewing1 contains a large percentage of nicotine1 and the former is often impregnated with foreign matters1 recognizable by the choking effect of the smoke when inhaled1 or by the removal of the epithelium 7outer skin7 of the tongue at the point under the end of the pipe-stem4 ,if we fail in our efforts to reform the tobacco habit1 the next best thing to do1 is to show men what the nature and capabilities of the poison are1 and endeavor to persuade them to use the milder varieties and in a moderate quantity4 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,curses ,,of ,,the ,,rising ,,generation is the passion for imitating and acquiring the evil habits of men1 under an impression that it hastens their approach to manhood4 ,weak1 frail1 delicate boys1 with inherited tendencies to disease1 who should1 by all means1 never use tobacco1 or anything injurious1 are often as obstinately bent upon learning to smoke1 in spite of medical advice1 as those in whom a moderate use would be far less objectionable4 ,a recent observer1 in examining into the cases of thirty-eight boys who had formed the habit of using tobacco1 found that twenty-seven of them had also a fondness for alcoholic stimulants4 ,a large proportion of the ,franklin ,home inmates attribute their habit of drinking to the effects of company2 many commenced in the army1 and many were induced to drink at first by invitation4 ,if smoking was a solitary habit1 it would be less likely to lead to drinking2 but the same companionship1 and habits of treating prevail1 as in the saloon1 and the step from the estaminet to the bar-room under invitation1 is an easy one1 where the diseased thirst1 so often induced by tobacco1 favors the movement to treat4 ,we have no prejudice against tobacco1 other than what would naturally arise in the mind from a careful examination of the effects of the poison in hundreds of cases4 ,we have seen large1 hale-looking men forced in time to abandon1 although very reluctantly1 the use of tobacco in every form2 and the most bitter enemy we have ever met to the vile weed as he termed it1 was a physician1 who had been forced to give up chewing on account of the state of his heart1 after years of indulgence4 ,we have seen many such instances1 and1 in one case1 the abandonment of the habit entirely cured a dyspepsia of twenty-eight years' standing4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,woman',s ,,crusade4 ,for every one saved through the agency of inebriate asylums and reformatory homes1 hundreds are lost and hundreds added yearly to the great army of drunkards4 ,good and useful as such institutions are1 they do not meet the desperate exigencies of the case4 ,something of wider reach and quicker application is demanded4 ,what shall it be8 ,in prohibition many look for the means by which the curse of drunkenness is to be abated4 ,but1 while we wait for a public sentiment strong enough to determine legislation1 sixty thousand unhappy beings are yearly consigned to drunkards' graves4 ,what have temperance men accomplished in the fifty years during which they have so earnestly opposed the drinking usages of society and the traffic in alcoholic drinks8 ,and what have they done for the prevention and cure of drunkenness8 ,in limiting the use of intoxicants1 in restricting the liquor traffic and in giving a right direction to public sentiment1 they have done a great and good work2 but their efforts to reclaim the fallen drunkard have met with sad discouragements4 ,in the work of prevention1 much has been accomplished2 in the work of cure1 alas6 how little4 ,the appetite once formed1 and the unhappy victim finds himself under the control of a power from which he can rarely get free4 ,pledges1 new associations1 better and more favorable surroundings1 all are tried1 and many are saved2 but the number of the saved are few in comparison with those who1 after a season of sobriety1 fall back into their old ways4 ,in all these many years of untiring efforts to lift up and save the fallen1 what sad disappointments have met our earnest and devoted temperance workers4 ,from how many fields1 which seemed full of a rich promise1 have they gathered only a meagre harvest4 ,but still they have worked on1 gaining strength from defeat and disappointment2 for they knew that the cause in which they were engaged was the cause of ,god and humanity1 and that in the end it must prevail4 ,meantime1 the bitter1 half-despairing cry1 ,o ,lord1 how long6 was going up from the lips of brokenhearted wives and mothers all over the land1 and year by year this cry grew deeper and more desperate4 ,all hope in man was failing from their hearts4 ,they saw restrictive legislation here and there1 and even prohibition2 but1 except in a few cases1 no removal of the curse2 for behind law1 usage1 prejudice1 interest and appetite the traffic stood intrenched and held its seat of power4 ,at last1 in the waning years of the first century of our nation's existence1 their failing hope in man died utterly1 and with another and deeper and more despairing cry1 the women of our land sent up their voices to ,god4 ,not now saying ,o ,lord1 how long6 but ,lord1 come to our help against the mighty6 ,what followed is history4 ,the first result of this utter abandonment of all hope in moral suasion or legal force1 and of a turning to ,god in prayer and faith1 was that strange1 intense1 impulsive movement known as the ,woman's ,crusade4 ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,crusade4 ,let us briefly give the story of its initiation late in the month of ,december1 #ahgc4 ,dr4 ,dio ,lewis1 in a lecture which he had been engaged to deliver at ,hillsboro1 ,ohio1 related how1 forty years before1 his pious mother1 the wife of a drunkard1 who was struggling to feed1 clothe and educate her five helpless children1 went1 with other women who had a similar sorrow with her own1 to the tavern-keeper who sold their husbands drink1 and1 kneeling down in his bar-room1 prayed with and for him1 and besought him to abandon a business that was cursing his neighbors and bringing want and suffering into their homes4 ,their prayers and entreaties prevailed4 ,after telling this story of his mother1 the lecturer asked all the women present who were willing to follow her example to rise1 and in response1 nearly the entire audience arose4 ,a meeting was then called for the next morning1 to be held in the ,presbyterian church4 ,dr4 ,lewis was a guest at the old mansion of ,ex-,governor ,trimble1 father of ,mrs4 ,e4,j4 ,thompson1 a most cultivated1 devoted ,christian woman1 mother of eight children4 ,she was not present at the lecture1 but prepared1 as she writes1 as those who watch for the morning1 for the first gray light upon this dark night of sorrow4 ,few comments were made in our house1 she continues1 upon this new line of policy until after breakfast the next morning1 when1 just as we gathered about the hearth-stone1 my daughter ,mary said1 very gently3 ',mother1 will you go the meeting this morning8' ,hesitatingly ,i replied3 ',i don't know yet what ,i shall do4' ,my husband1 fully appreciating the responsibility of the moment1 said3 ',children1 let us leave your mother alone2 for you know where she goes with all vexed questions2' and pointing to the old family ,bible1 left the room4 ,the awful responsibility of the step that ,i must needs next take was wonderfully relieved by thought of the 'cloudy pillar' and 'parted waters' of the past2 hence1 with confidence1 ,i was about turning my eye of faith 'up to the hills1' from whence had come my help1 when1 in response to a gentle tap at my door1 ,i met my dear ,mary1 who1 with her ,bible in hand and tearful eyes1 said3 ',mother1 ,i opened to ,psalm cxlvi41 and ,i believe it is for you4' ,she withdrew and ,i sat down to read the wonderful message from ,god4 ,as ,i read what ,i had so often read before1 the ,spirit so strangely 'took of the things of ,god1' and showed me new meanings1 ,i no longer hesitated1 but1 in the strength thus imparted1 started to the scene of action4 ,upon entering the church1 ,i was startled to find myself chosen as leader4 ,the old ,bible was taken down from the desk1 and ,psalm cxlvi4 read4 ,mrs4 ,general ,mc,dowell1 by request1 led in prayer1 and1 although she had never before heard her own voice in a public prayer1 on this occasion 'the tongue of fire' sat upon her1 and all were deeply affected4 ,mrs4 ,cowden1 our ,methodist minister's wife1 was then requested to sing to a familiar air-- ',give to the winds thy fears6 ,hope1 and be undismayed2 ,god hears thy sighs and counts thy tears3 ,he will lift up thy head4' ,and while thus engaged1 the women 7seventy-five in number7 fell in line1 two and two1 and proceeded first to the drug stores and then to the hotels and saloons4 ,thus began this memorable ,crusade1 which was maintained in ,hillsboro for over six months1 during which time the saloons were visited almost daily4 ,within two days1 the women of ,washington ,court-,house1 a neighboring town1 felt the inspiration of their sisters1 and inaugurated the movement there4 ,a description of what was done at this place will afford the reader a clear impression of the way in which the ,crusaders worked1 and the results that followed their efforts4 ,we quote from the account given by ,mrs4 ,m4,v4 ,ustick3 ,after an hour of prayer1 forty-four women filed slowly and solemnly down the aisle and started forth upon their strange mission1 with fear and trembling1 while the male portion of the audience remained at church to pray from the success of this new undertaking2 the tolling of the church-bell keeping time to the solemn march of the women1 as they wended their way to the first drug store on the list 7the number of places within the city limits where intoxicating drinks were sold was fourteen--eleven saloons and three drug stores74 ,here1 as in every place1 they entered singing1 every woman taking up the sacred strain as she crossed the threshold4 ,this was followed by the reading of the appeal and prayer1 and then earnest pleading to desist from their soul-destroying traffic and to sign the dealers' pledge4 ,thus1 all the day long1 going from place to place1 without stopping even for dinner or lunch1 till five o'clock1 meeting with no marked success2 but invariably courtesy was extended to them4 ,the next day an increased number of women went forth1 leaving the men in the church to pray all day long4 ,on this day the contest really began1 and at the first place the doors were found locked4 ,with hearts full of compassion1 the women knelt in the snow upon the pavement to plead for the ,divine influence upon the heart of the liquor-dealer1 and there held their first street prayer-meeting4 ,the ,sabbath was devoted to a union mass-meeting4 ,monday1 ,december #bith1 is one long to be remembered in ,washington as the day on which occurred the first surrender ever made by a liquor-dealer of his stock of liquors of every kind and variety to the women1 in answer to their prayers and entreaties1 and by them poured into the street4 ,nearly a thousand men1 women and children witnessed the mingling of beer1 ale1 wine and whisky1 as they filled the gutters and were drunk up by the earth1 while bells were ringing1 men and boys shouting1 and women singing and praying to ,god1 who had given the victory4 ,on the fourth day1 the campaign reached its height2 the town being filled with visitors from all parts of the country and adjoining villages4 ,another public surrender and another pouring into the street of a larger stock of liquors than on the day before1 and more intense excitement and enthusiasm4 ,in eight days all the saloons1 eleven in number1 had been closed1 and the three drug stores pledged to sell only on prescription4 ,early in the third week the discouraging intelligence came that a new man had taken out license to sell liquor in one of the deserted saloons1 and that he was backed by a whisky house in ,cincinnati to the amount of five thousand dollars to break down this movement4 ,on ,wednesday1 #adth of ,january1 the whisky was unloaded at his room4 ,about forty women were on the ground and followed the liquor in1 and remained holding an uninterrupted prayer-meeting all day and until eleven o'clock at night4 ,the next day--bitterly cold--was spent in the same place and manner1 without fire or chairs1 two hours of that time the women being locked in1 while the proprietor was off attending a trial4 ,on the following day1 the coldest of the winter of #ahgd1 the women were locked out1 and remained on the street holding religious services all day long4 ,next morning a tabernacle was built in the street just in front of the house1 and was occupied for the double purpose of watching and praying through the day2 but before night the sheriff closed the saloon1 and the proprietor surrendered4 ,a short time afterwards1 on a dying bed1 this four-day's liquor-dealer sent for some of these women1 telling them their songs and prayers had never ceased to ring in his ears1 and urging them to pray again in his behalf2 so he passed away4 ,from this beginning the new temperance movement increased and spread with a marvelous rapidity4 ,the incidents attendant on the progress of the ,crusade were often of a novel and exciting character4 ,such an interference with their business was not to be tolerated by the liquor men2 and they soon began to organize for defense and retaliation4 ,they not only had the law on their side1 but in many cases1 the administrators of the law4 ,yet it often happened1 in consequence of their reckless violations of statutes made to limit and regulate the traffic1 that dealers found themselves without standing in the courts1 or entangled in the meshes of the very laws they had invoked for protection4 ,in the smaller towns the movement was1 for a time1 almost irresistible2 and in many of them the drink traffic ceased altogether4 ,but when it struck the larger cities1 it met with impediments1 against which it beat violently for awhile1 but without the force to bear them down4 ,our space will not permit us to more than glance at some of the incidents attendant on this singular crusade4 ,the excitement that followed its inauguration in the large city of ,cleveland was intense4 ,it is thus described by ,mrs4 ,sarah ,k4 ,bolton in her history of the ,woman's ,crusade1 to which we have already referred3 ,,how ,,the ,,crusaders ,,were ,,treated4 ,the question was constantly asked3 ',will the women of a conservative city of one hundred and fifty thousand go upon the street as a praying-band8' ,the liquor-dealers said3 ',send committees of two or three and we will talk with them2 but coming in a body to pray with us brands our business as disreputable4' ,the time came when the ,master seemed to call for a mightier power to bear upon the liquor traffic1 and a company of heroic women1 many of them the wives of prominent clergymen1 led by ,mrs4 ,w4,a4 ,ingham1 said3 ',here am ,i2 the ,lord's will be done4' ,on the third day of the street work1 the whisky and beer interest seemed to have awakened to a full consciousness of the situation4 ,drinkers1 dealers and roughs gathered in large numbers on the street to wait for the praying women4 ,a mob1 headed by an organization of brewers1 rushed upon them1 kicking them1 striking them with their fists and hitting them with brickbats4 ,the women were locked in a store away from the infuriated mob1 who1 on the arrival of a stronger body of police1 were dispersed1 cursing and yelling as they went4 ,the next day1 taking their lives in their hands1 a larger company of women went out1 and somewhat similar scenes were enacted4 ,meantime1 public meetings1 called in the churches1 were so crowded that standing room could not be found4 ,the clergy1 as one man1 came to the front4 ,business men left their stores and shops1 ministers their studies1 and a thousand manly men went out to defend the praying women4 ,the military companies were ordered to be in readiness1 resting on their arms2 the police force was increased1 and the liquor interest soon made to feel that the city was not under its control4 ,the mob never again tried its power4 ,for three months1 with scarcely a day's exception1 the praying-bands1 sometimes with twenty in each1 working in various parts of the city2 sometimes with five hundred1 quietly and silently1 two by two1 forming a procession over a quarter of a mile in length1 followed by scores in carriages1 who could not bear the long walks1 went from saloon to saloon1 holding services where the proprietors were willing1 and in warehouses which were thrown open to them1 or in vacant lots near by1 when they were unwilling4 ,men took off their hats1 and often wept as the long procession went by4 ,little children gathered close to the singers1 and catching the words1 sang them months afterwards in their dingy hovels4 ,haggard women bent their heads as they murmured with unutterable sadness1 ',you've come too late to save my boy or my husband4' ,many saloon-keepers gave up their business and never resumed it4 ,many who had lost all hope because of the appetite which bound them1 heard from woman's lips the glad tidings of freedom in ,christ1 and accepted the liberty of the ,gospel4 ,in many other places the crusaders met with violence from exasperated liquor-dealers and their brutish associates4 ,a pail of cold water was thrown into the face of a woman in ,clyde1 ,ohio1 as she knelt praying in front of a saloon4 ,dirty water was thrown by pailfuls over the women at ,norwalk4 ,at ,columbus1 a saloon-keeper assaulted one of the praying-band1 injuring her seriously4 ,in ,cincinnati1 forty-three women were arrested by the authorities for praying in the street and lodged in jail4 ,in ,bellefontaine1 a large liquor-dealer declared that if the praying-band visited him he would use powder and lead2 but the women1 undeterred by his threat1 sang and prayed in front of his saloon every day for a week1 in spite of the insults and noisy interferences of himself and customers4 ,at the end of that time the man made his appearance at a mass-meeting and signed the pledge2 and on the following ,sunday attended church for the first time in five years4 ,,decline ,,of ,,the ,,crusading ,,spirit4 ,from ,ohio the excitement soon spread to other ,western ,states1 and then passed east and south1 until it was felt in nearly every ,state in the ,union2 but it did not gain force by extension4 ,to the sober1 second-thought of those who had1 in singleness of heart1 self-consecration and trust in ,god1 thrown themselves into this work because they believed that they were drawn of the ,spirit1 came the perception of other1 better and more orderly ways of accomplishing the good they sought4 ,if ,god were1 indeed1 with them--if it was ,his ,divine work of saving human souls upon which they had entered1 ,he would lead them into the right ways1 if they were but willing to walk therein4 ,of this there came to them a deep assurance2 and in the great calm that fell after the rush and excitement and wild confusion of that first movement against the enemy1 they heard the voice of ,god calling to them still4 ,and1 as they hearkened1 waiting to be led1 and willing to obey1 light came1 and they saw more clearly4 ,not by swift1 impetuous impulse1 but through organization and slow progression was the victory to be won4 ,in the language of ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 in her history of ,the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union1 to be found in the ,centennial temperance volume3 ,the women who went forth by an impulse sudden1 irresistible1 divine1 to pray in the saloons1 became convinced1 as weeks and months passed by1 that theirs was to be no easily-won victory4 ,the enemy was rich beyond their power to comprehend4 ,he had upon his side the majesty of the law1 the trickery of politics and the leagued strength of that almost invincible pair--appetite1 avarice4 ,he was persistent1 too1 as fate2 determined to fight it out on that line to the last dollar of his enormous treasure-house and the last ounce of his power4 ,but these women of the ,crusade believed in ,god1 and in themselves as among ,his appointed instruments to destroy the rum-power in ,america4 ,they loved ,christ's cause2 they loved the native land that had been so mindful of them2 they loved their sweet and sacred homes2 and so it came about that1 though1 they had gone forth only as skirmishers1 they soon fell into line of battle2 though they had ignorantly hoped to take the enemy by a sudden assault1 they buckled on the armor for the long campaign4 ,the woman's praying-bands1 earnest1 impetuous1 inspired1 became the woman's temperance unions1 firm1 patient1 persevering4 ,the praying-bands were without leadership1 save that which inevitably results from 'the survival of the fittest2' the woman's unions are regularly officered in the usual way4 ,they first wrought their grand pioneer work in sublime indifference to prescribed forms of procedure--'so say we all of us' being the spirit of 'motions' often made1 seconded and carried by the chair1 while the assembled women nodded their earnest acquiescence2 the second are possessed of good1 strong constitutions 7with by-laws annexed71 and follow the order of business with a dutiful regard to parliamentary usage4 ,in the first1 women who had never lifted up their voices in their own church prayer-meetings stood before thousands and 'spoke as they were moved2' in the second1 these same women with added experience1 and a host of others who have since enlisted1 impress the public thought and conscience by utterances carefully considered4 ,the praying-bands1 hoping for immediate victory1 pressed their members into incessant service2 the woman's unions1 aware that the battle is to be a long one1 ask only for such help as can be given consistently with other duties4 ,as the result of this intelligent effort at effective organization by the women who inaugurated and were prominent in the ,crusade1 we have ,the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union1 with its auxiliary and local unions in nearly every ,state2 one of the most efficient agencies in the practical work of temperance reform which the country has yet seen4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,woman',s ,,national ,,christian ,,temperance ,,union4 ,during the summer of #ahgd1 when the reaction which had checked the ,crusade was recognized as something permanent by the more thoughtful and observant of the women who had been engaged in it1 they paused for deliberation1 and took counsel together4 ,great victories had been won in the brief season during which they were masters of the field2 and now that the enemy had rallied his forces1 and intrenched himself behind law1 public opinion1 politics and the ,state1 should they weakly give up the contest8 ,not so4 ,they had discovered wherein the weakness1 as well as the strength1 of their enemy lay1 and had come into a new perception of their own powers and resources4 ,,organization4 ,the first step taken was to call conventions in the various ,states where the ,crusade had been active4 ,these were attended by delegates chosen by the local praying-bands4 ,the result was the organization1 in some of the ,states1 of what were known as ,temperance ,leagues4 ,afterwards the word ,unions was substituted for ,leagues4 ,having organized by ,states1 the next thing was to have a ,national ,union4 ,in ,august of that year1 the first ,national ,sunday-,school ,assembly was held at ,chautauqua ,lake1 near ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,many of the most earnest workers in the temperance ,crusade1 from different parts of the ,united ,states1 and from the various denominations of ,christians1 were present1 and the conviction was general that steps should at once be taken towards forming a ,national ,league1 in order to make permanent the work that had already been done4 ,after much deliberation1 a committee of organization was appointed1 consisting of a woman from each ,state4 ,this committee issued a circular letter1 asking the various ,woman's ,temperance ,leagues to hold meetings1 for the purpose of electing one woman from each ,congressional district as a delegate to a ,national ,convention1 to be held in ,november1 at ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,a single paragraph from this circular will show the spirit that animated the call4 ,it is hardly necessary to remind those who have worked so nobly in the grand temperance uprising that in union and organization are its success and permanence1 and the consequent redemption of this land from the curse of intemperance4 ,in the name of our ,master--in behalf of the thousands of women who suffer from this terrible evil1 we call upon all to unite in an earnest1 continued effort to hold the ground already won1 and move onward together to a complete victory over the foes we fight4 ,delegates representing sixteen ,states were present at the convention1 which held its first session in ,cleveland1 commencing on the #ahth of ,november1 #ahgd1 and lasting for three days4 ,prominent among its members were active leaders of the ,crusade1 but1 besides these1 says ,miss ,willard1 there were present many thoughtful and gifted women1 whose hearts had been stirred by the great movement1 though until now they had lacked the opportunity to identify themselves with it4 ,mrs4 ,jennie ,f4 ,willing presided over the convention1 which was one of the most earnest and enthusiastic ever held4 ,a constitution was adopted1 also a plan of organization intended to reach every hamlet1 town and city in the land4 ,there was a declaration of principles1 of which ,christianity alone could have furnished the animus4 ,an appeal to the women of our country was provided for2 another to the girls of ,america2 a third to lands beyond the sea2 a memorial to ,congress was ordered1 and a deputation to carry it appointed2 a ,national temperance paper1 to be edited and published by women1 was agreed upon1 also a financial plan1 asking for a cent a week from members2 and last1 not least1 was appointed a special committee on temperance work among the children4 ,four large mass-meetings were held during the convention1 all of them addressed by women4 ,mrs4 ,annie ,wittenmyer1 of ,philadelphia1 was elected president2 ,miss ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 of ,chicago1 corresponding secretary2 ,mrs4 ,mary ,c4 ,johnson1 of ,brooklyn1 recording secretary2 ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,ingham1 of ,cleveland1 treasurer1 with one vice-president from each ,state represented in the convention4 ,the spirit of this assembly of workers is shown in the closing resolution1 which it adopted unanimously3 ,resolved1 ,that1 recognizing the fact that our cause is1 and is to be1 combated by mighty1 determined and relentless forces1 we will1 trusting in ,him who is the ,prince of ,peace1 meet argument with argument1 misjudgment with patience1 denunciation with kindness1 and all our difficulties and dangers with prayer4 ,,first ,,year',s ,,work4 ,during the first year six ,state organizations were added to the number represented in the beginning1 including scores of local unions4 ,a monthly paper was established2 a deputation of women sent to ,congress with a memorial1 to which hundreds of thousands of signatures had been obtained1 asking for inquiry and legislation in regard to the liquor traffic2 a manual of ,hints and ,helps1 concerning methods of temperance work1 prepared and issued2 and other agencies of reform1 and for the extermination of the liquor traffic1 set in motion4 ,the reports from ,state ,unions1 made to the first annual meeting1 held in ,cincinnati1 ,november1 #ahge1 were1 in most cases1 highly encouraging4 ,in ,ohio1 a large number of local unions were formed1 nearly two hundred friendly inns established1 while reading-rooms1 juvenile societies and young people's leagues were reported as multiplying all over the ,state4 ,indiana showed effective work in the same direction2 so did ,illinois4 ,in both of these ,states many local unions1 reform clubs and juvenile organizations came into existence1 while the work of temperance agitation was carried on with untiring vigor4 ,iowa reported fifty local unions1 eleven juvenile societies1 seven reform clubs and six coffee-houses and reading-rooms4 ,but1 how better can we sum up the results of this year's work1 and how better give a clear idea of the new forces which were coming into the field under the leadership of women1 than by giving an extract from the first annual report of the corresponding secretary1 ,miss ,frances ,e4 ,willard3 ,briefly to recapitulate1 bringing out salient features1 ,maine has given1 since the ,crusade1 the idea of the temperance camp-meeting1 which1 though not original with us1 has been rendered effective largely through the efforts of our own workers4 ,connecticut influences elections1 has availed itself of petitions and given us the best form on record4 ,new ,york has kept alive the visitation of saloons1 and proved1 what may we never forget1 that this is always practicable1 if conducted wisely4 ,in the relief and rescue branches of our work1 the ,empire ,state is perhaps without a rival4 ,the women of ,pennsylvania have bearded the gubernatorial lion in his den1 and the ,hartranft veto had the added sin of women's prayers and tears denied4 ,maryland and the ,district of ,columbia prove that the ,north must look to her laurels when the ,south is free to enter on our work4 ,as for ,ohio1 as ,daniel ,webster said of the old ,bay ,state1 ',there she stands2 look at her6'--foremost among leaders in the new ,crusade4 ,michigan is working bravely amid discouragements4 ,illinois has given us the most promising phase of our juvenile work1 and leads off in reform clubs4 ,our best organized ,states are ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania and ,iowa4 ,by reason of their multiplied conventions of ,state1 district and county1 their numerous auxiliaries1 their petitions and their juvenile work1 ,ohio and ,indiana bear off the palm1 and stand as the banner ,states of our ,union up to this time1 each of them having as many as two hundred and fifty auxiliaries4 ,our review develops the fact that of the forty-seven ,states and ,territories forming the ,united ,states1 twenty-two ,states have formed temperance unions auxiliary to the ,woman's ,national ,union4 ,of the twenty-five not yet organized1 twelve are ,southern ,states and eight are ,territories2 while of the remaining five1 three are about to organize ,state unions1 and have already flourishing local unions4 ,so1 that1 without exaggeration1 we may say we have fairly entered into the land to possess it4 ,to bring about this vast result of organization1 and to maintain it1 there have been held 7not to mention conventions of districts and counties1 the name of which is legion17 forty-five ,state conventions of women1 almost all within the last year4 ,the number of written communications sent out during the year from our ,western office to women in every ,state in the ,union1 is nearly five thousand4 ,this is exclusive of 'documents1' which have gone by the bushel from the ,eastern and ,western offices1 and also of the incessant correspondence of our president4 ,either president or secretary has spoken in nearly every ,state in which our organization exists4 ,during the summer months1 conventions1 camp-meetings and local auxiliaries in large numbers have been addressed by officers of our ,national and ,state ,unions in all of the ,eastern and ,middle and in many of the ,western ,states4 ,noteworthy in our history for the year1 is the monster petition circulated in nearly every ,state1 presented to ,congress on our behalf by ,senator ,morton1 of ,indiana1 and defended in an eloquent speech before the ,finance ,committee by our president4 ,,the ,,second ,,year',s ,,work4 ,the second annual meeting of the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union was held in ,newark1 ,n4,j41 in ,october1 #ahgf4 ,from the reports made to this meeting1 we take the following interesting statements1 showing how actively the work1 for which this great ,national ,association was organized1 has been prosecuted4 ,twenty-two ,state unions were represented at this meeting1 and local unions were reported as having been formed for the first time in ,tennessee1 ,louisiana and ,arkansas1 preparatory to ,state organizations4 ,an ,international ,temperance ,convention of women had been held in the ,academy of ,music1 ,philadelphia1 from which resulted an ,international ,woman's ,temperance ,union4 ,a summary of the work of the year says3 ,in almost every organized ,state1 the request of our ,national ,committee that ministerial1 medical and educational associations be asked to declare their position in relation to temperance reform has been complied with4 ,in every instance1 the ladies have been courteously received1 and in no case has the declaration of opinion been adverse1 and in many1 most hopeful to our cause4 ,the letter of ,mrs4 ,wittenmyer to the ,international ,medical ,convention recently held in ,philadelphia1 secured the important declaration against alcohol made by that body4 ,in ,february1 our president1 accompanied by ,mrs4 ,mary ,r4 ,denman1 ,president of ,new ,jersey ,w4,t4,u41 made a trip to ,kentucky1 ,tennessee and ,louisiana1 in the endeavor to enlist our ,southern sisters in the temperance work4 ,large meetings were addressed and several local unions organized4 ,in the month1 of ,may thirty-six temperance meetings were held in the ,state of ,ohio1 by the corresponding secretary1 who has also made a trip through ,michigan1 and spoken in all the ,eastern1 ,middle and several of the ,western ,states since the last meeting4 ,our recording secretary1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,c4 ,johnson1 has visited ,great ,britain1 by invitation of ,christian women there1 for the purpose of introducing our ,gospel work4 ,going in the spirit of the ,crusade1 ,mrs4 ,johnson's labors have awakened an earnest spirit of inquiry and activity among the thoughtful and comparatively leisure class4 ,during her six months' absence in ,england and ,ireland1 she addressed one hundred and twenty-one audiences and conducted forty prayer-meetings4 ',mother ,stewart1' of ,ohio1 has also visited ,england and ,scotland this year1 under the auspices of the ,good ,templars1 and much good has resulted from her labors4 ,our union has circulated the petition to ,congress for a ,commission of ,inquiry into the costs and results of the liquor traffic in ,america1 and to the ,centennial ,commissioners praying them not to allow the sale of intoxicants on the ,exposition grounds4 ,the desired ,commission of ,inquiry has been ordered by the ,senate in response to the wish of the united temperance societies of the land1 but the subject did not come before the ,house at the last session4 ,our paper has constantly increased in its hold upon the local unions1 whose devotion to its interests augurs well for its future success4 ,the number of documents scattered among our auxiliaries cannot be accurately stated1 but is not less than twelve or fifteen thousand1 and the correspondence of the officers by letter and postal-card1 will not fall short of the same estimate4 ,to correct misapprehensions1 it should1 perhaps1 be stated that no officer of the ,national ,union has received a dollar for services or traveling expenses during the year4 ,a ,,working ,,organization4 ,to meet annually in convention and pass resolutions and make promises is one thing2 to do practical and effective work all through the year is quite another4 ,and it is just here that this new temperance organization exhibits its power4 ,the women whom it represents are very much in earnest and mean work4 ,what they resolve to do1 if clearly seen to be in the right direction1 will hardly fail for lack of effort4 ,in their plan of work1 one branch particularly embraces the children4 ,if the rising generation can not only be pledged to abstinence2 but so carefully instructed in regard to the sin and evil of intemperance1 and their duty1 when they become men and women1 to make war upon the liquor traffic1 and to discountenance all form of social drinking1 then an immense gain will be had for the cause in the next generation1 when the boys and girls of to-day will hold the ballots1 make the laws1 give direction to public sentiment and determine the usages of society4 ,,looking ,,after ,,the ,,children4 ,to what extent1 then1 are the ,state and local unions looking after the children8 ,writing1 as we now are1 before the third annual meeting of the ,national ,union1 and1 therefore1 without a general report of the year's work before us1 we are unable to give a statement in full of the important temperance work which has been done with and for the rising generation4 ,but1 from official and other reliable sources of information1 we are in possession of facts of a most gratifying character4 ,in the ,state of ,minnesota1 as the result of woman's efforts1 they have had for several years a ,sunday-,school ,temperance ,league1 and their last annual report gives seventeen thousand as the number of children already pledged to abstain from all intoxicants as a beverage4 ,says their report for #ahgg1 ,we have carried the work into sixty-one new schools1 held sixty-three anniversary meetings and temperance concerts1 instigated about one thousand addresses in the ,sunday-schools1 secured six thousand six hundred and seventy-four signers to our pledges1 and one thousand and fifteen to our constitution4 ,in most of the larger towns throughout the ,united ,states where active local unions exist1 juvenile unions1 bands of hope or temperance associations by some other name1 have been formed among the children4 ,these have1 in many cases1 a large membership2 often as high as from five to six hundred4 ,in ,rockford1 ,ill41 the juvenile union numbers over eight hundred boys and as many girls4 ,the pledge taken by these children includes1 in some localities1 tobacco and profanity as well as intoxicants4 ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,reform ,,and ,,rescue4 ,in the work of reform and rescue1 the ,state and local unions are very active1 especially in the larger towns and cities4 ,in the smaller towns1 religious temperance meetings are held weekly1 and in the larger cities1 daily1 and sometimes twice a day4 ,chicago has as many as eighteen meetings every week4 ,in ,chapters ,,xix4 and ,,xx4 of the first part of this volume1 we have described at length1 and from personal observation1 the way in which these temperance prayer-meetings are generally conducted1 and the means used for lifting up and saving the poor drunkard4 ,what are known as ,reform ,clubs1 have grown out of the efforts made of these praying women1 to hold in safety the men whom they have been able to rescue4 ,these clubs are numerous in ,new ,england and the ,western ,states1 and have a large membership1 which is composed exclusively of reformed men4 ,the common platform upon which they all stand is3 #a4 ,total abstinence4 #b4 ,reliance upon ,god's help in all things4 #c4 ,missionary work to induce others to sign the pledge4 ,in ,newark1 ,n4,j41 there is a club with a membership of over six hundred reformed men1 nearly all of whom have been rescued in the past three years1 through the efforts of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union of that city4 ,in an interview with ,mrs4 ,wittenmyer1 ,president of the ,national ,union1 who had received reports of the third year's work from the various unions1 we learned that1 after deducting from the returns all who were known to have broken the pledge1 ten thousand remained as the number reported to have been saved during the year1 and who were still standing in the strength which ,god had given them4 ,the larger part of these rescued men had united themselves with the church1 and were earnestly endeavoring to lead ,christian lives4 ,,keeping ,,alive ,a ,,sentiment ,,adverse ,,to ,,the ,,liquor ,,traffic4 ,another and most important branch of the work of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 is that of arousing1 keeping alive and intensifying a sentiment adverse to the liquor traffic4 ,so long as the ,state and ,national ,governments give the sanction of law to this traffic1 they find their efforts to save the fallen1 utterly unavailing in far too many instances4 ,in an appeal made by the women of the ,state ,union to the voters of ,massachusetts1 under date of ,august #aeth1 #ahgg1 the curse of this traffic is exhibited in words of solemn earnestness4 ,the document is strong and convincing1 yet temperate and respectful4 ,we copy it entire as presenting arguments and considerations which every humane and ,christian voter in the land should lay deeply to heart3 ,the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union comes to you with a solemn and earnest appeal4 ,our mission is the redemption of the ,commonwealth from the curse of intemperance4 ,during the past year we have labored incessantly for this end1 and have expended nearly twenty thousand dollars in efforts to rescue the perishing1 and to educate public sentiment in favor of total abstinence4 ,in this work we have met numerous obstacles--the apathy of the people1 the inherited and depraved appetites of drunkards1 and the perilous social customs of the day1 which are indorsed by the practice of many otherwise excellent people4 ,worse than all these combined is the influence of the licensed dram-shop4 ,we can arouse the indifferent to action2 we can enkindle in the drunkard aspirations for a better life than that of debauchery2 we hope1 in time1 by constant agitation1 to change the social customs of the day4 ,but against the influence of the licensed dram-shop we are powerless4 ,we have no ability to cope with this most formidable enemy of virtue1 prosperity and good order4 ,a long and bitter experience compels us to say that the most untiring efforts to reclaim the drunkard have1 in many instances1 proved unavailing1 because his demoralized will has been powerless to resist the temptations placed in his path by the sanction of the ,state4 ,worse1 if possible1 even than this--the licensed dram-shop is instrumental in creating a new generation of drunkards4 ,for thither resort our young men1 the future hope of the country1 who speedily fall before the seductions of the place1 their habits of sobriety are subverted1 their moral sense is blunted1 their will palsied1 and they drift rapidly into the appalling condition of habitual drunkenness4 ,the licensed dram-shops are recruiting offices1 where another army of drunkards is enlisted1 to fill the ranks depleted by dishonored deaths--and the great ,commonwealth extends over them the gis of its protection1 indorsing them by the sanction of law4 ,the people of ,massachusetts drink annually twenty-five million dollars' worth of intoxicating liquors4 ,only ,god can furnish the statistics of sorrow1 poverty1 disease1 vice and crime1 begotten by this fearful consumption of strong drink4 ,under these discouraging circumstances1 men of ,massachusetts1 we appeal to you6 ,the licensed dram-shop is the creature of political action4 ,we are wholly destitute of political power1 by which it must be overthrown4 ,anguished by the peril of fathers and brothers1 husbands and sons1 we appeal to you to make good the oft-repeated assertion that the men of the ,state represent and protect the women of the ,state at the ballot-box4 ,we beseech you to make earnest efforts to secure the repeal of the license law at the next election1 and the enactment of a law prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage4 ,we are sure we speak the sentiment of the ,christian people of this ,state1 and of all who stand for morality1 thrift1 virtue and good order1 when we say that the great ,state of ,massachusetts should not take sides with the drunkard-maker against his victim4 ,if either is to be protected by law1 it should be the drunkard1 since he is the weaker1 rather than the rumseller1 who persistently blocks the pathway of reform4 ,we know that we utter the voice of the majority of the women of the ,state when we plead the cause of prohibition--and the women of ,massachusetts outnumbers its men by more than sixty thousand4 ,it is women who are the greatest sufferers from the licensed dram-shops of the community--and we pray you1 therefore1 voters of ,massachusetts1 to take such action that the law which protects these drinking shops may be blotted from the statute book at the next election4 ,this appeal from the ,christian women of ,massachusetts is signed by ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,livermore1 ,president1 and ,mrs4 ,l4,b4 ,barrett1 ,secretary of the ,state branch of the ,woman's ,national ,temperance ,union1 and shows the animating spirit of that body4 ,no one can read it without a new impression of the wickedness of a traffic that curses everything it touches4 ,but not alone in ,massachusetts are the women of the ,union using their efforts to shape public opinion and influence the ballot4 ,in all the ,states where unions exist1 this part of the work is steadily prosecuted2 and it cannot be long ere its good results will become manifest at the polls in a steadily increasing anti-license vote1 and1 ultimately in the ranging of ,state after ,state with ,maine1 ,vermont and ,new ,hampshire on the side of prohibition4 ,,influence ,,on ,,the ,,medical ,,profession4 ,in still another direction important gains have been realized4 ,but for the efforts of the ,woman's ,national and ,state ,temperance ,unions we should scarcely have had the declaration of the ,international ,medical ,congress of #ahgf1 adverse to the use of alcohol as food or medicine4 ,early in their work1 the women of the ,union1 seeing how largely the medical prescription of alcohol was hurting the cause of temperance1 and being in possession of the latest results of chemical and physiological investigation in regard to its specific action on the body1 sent delegations to various ,state medical associations at their annual meetings1 urging them to pass resolutions defining its true status as a food or a medicine and discouraging its use in the profession4 ,with most of these medical associations they found a respectful hearing2 and their presentation of the matter had the effect of drawing to the subject the attention of a large number of medical men who had not1 from old prejudices1 or in consequence of their absorption in professional duties1 given careful attention to the later results of scientific investigation4 ,as a consequence1 many physicians who had been in the habit of ordering alcoholic stimulants for weak or convalescent patients1 gave up the practice entirely2 while those who still resorted to their use1 deemed it safest to be more guarded in their administration than heretofore4 ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,international ,,medical ,,congress4 ,but the crowning result of this effort to induce the medical profession to limit or abandon the prescription of alcohol1 came when the ,international ,congress1 one of the largest and ablest medical bodies ever convened1 made1 through its ,section on ,medicine1 the brief1 but clear and unequivocal declaration already given in a previous chapter1 and at once and forever laid upon alcohol the ban of the profession4 ,official communications were addressed to this body by the ,national ,temperance ,society1 through its president1 ,hon4 ,wm4 ,e4 ,dodge1 by the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 through its president1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,wittenmyer1 and by the ,new ,york ,friends' ,temperance ,union1 asking from it a declaration as to the true character of alcohol and its value in medicine4 ,the following is the full text of the memorial of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union3 ,to the ,chairman and ,members of the ,international ,medical ,congress3 ,,honored ,,sirs3--,i take the liberty1 as a representative of the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union of the ,united ,states1 to call your attention to the relation of the medical use of alcohol to the prevalence of that fearful scourge1 intemperance4 ,the distinguished ,dr4 ,mussey said1 many years ago3 ',so long as alcohol retains a place among sick patients1 so long there will be drunkards4' ,dr4 ,rush wrote strongly against its use as early as #agij4 ,and at one time the ,college of ,physicians at ,philadelphia memorialized ,congress in favor of restraining the use of distilled liquors1 because1 as they claimed1 they were 'destructive of life1 health and the faculties of the mind4' ',a ,medical ,declaration1' published in ,london1 ,december1 #ahgb1 asserts that 'it is believed that the inconsiderate prescription of alcoholic liquids by medical men for their patients has given rise1 in many instances1 to the formation of intemperate habits4' ,this manifesto was signed by over two hundred and fifty of the leading medical men of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,when the nature and effects of alcohol were little known1 ft was thought to be invaluable as a medicine4 ,but in the light of recent scientific investigations1 its claims have been challenged and its value denied4 ,we are aware that the question of the medical use of alcohol has not been fully decided1 and that there is a difference of opinion among the ablest medical writers4 ,but we notice that as the discussion and investigation goes on1 and the new facts are brought out1 its value as a remedial agent is depreciated4 ,a great many claims have been brought forward in its favor1 but one by one they have gone down under the severe scrutiny of scientific research1 until only a few points are left in doubt4 ,in view of this1 and the startling fact that tens of thousands die annually from its baneful effects1 we earnestly urge you to give the subject a careful examination4 ,you have made the study of the physical nature of man your life-work1 and you are the trusted advisers of the people in all matters pertaining to the treatment of diseases and the preservation of life and health4 ,you are1 therefore1 in a position to instruct and warn the masses in regard to its indiscriminate use1 either as a medicine or a beverage4 ,we feel sure that1 true to your professional honor1 and the grave responsibilities of your distinguished position1 you will search out and give us the facts1 whatever they may be4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,victim ,,of ,,the ,,drinking ,,club4 ,if you should appoint a standing committee from your own number1 of practical scientific men1 who would give time and thought to this question1 it would be very gratifying to the one hundred thousand women ,i represent1 and most acceptable to the general public4 ,i am1 with high considerations of respect1 ,your obed't servant1 ,,annie ,,wittenmyer1 ,pres't ,w4 ,nat4 ,chris4 ,temp4 ,union4 ,philadelphia1 ,sept4 #fth1 #ahgf4 ,how was this memorial received8 ,scarcely had it been presented ere a member moved that it be laid on the table without reading2 but ere the vote could be taken the voice of another member rose clear and strong in the question whether that body could afford to treat a hundred thousand ,american women with such a discourtesy6 ,and the motion to lay on the table was lost4 ,a vote to refer to the ,section on ,medicine was largely carried2 and to that section the petitioners took their case1 and were not only accorded a gracious and respectful hearing1 but1 after a full discussion of the subject1 a declaration against the use of alcohol1 as a substance both hurtful and dangerous--possessing no food value whatever1 and as a medicine1 being exceedingly limited in its range4 ,all the points in reply were passed upon unanimously by the section to which the matter was referred1 and afterwards by the ,congress in full session1 with but a single dissenting vote1 and the result officially communicated to the president of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union4 ,an official notification of the action of the ,congress was also sent to ,hon4 ,wm4 ,e4 ,dodge1 president of the ,national ,temperance ,society4 ,other aspects of the work of this young and vigorous organization might be given2 but enough has been presented to show that its agency in temperance reform is already far-reaching and powerful2 and to give assurance that if the spirit which has influenced and directed its counsels so wisely from the beginning1 can be maintained1 it will achieve still greater and more important victories for the cause of temperance4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,reform ,,clubs4 ,these differ in some aspects from most of the associations which1 prior to their organization1 had for their object the reformation of men who had fallen into habits of drunkenness4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of the reform club is its religious spirit1 its dependence upon ,god and its reliance upon prayer4 ,the first movement in this direction was made in ,gardiner1 ,maine1 in ,january1 #ahgb1 by ,mr4 ,i4,k4 ,osgood4 ,he says of himself that in fifteen years he had run down from a moderate and fashionable drinker of wine1 to a constant and immoderate drinker of the vilest spirits2 and from the condition of a respectable business man to one of misery and destitution4 ,coming back to his wretched home late one night1 he saw through the window his poor wife sitting lonely and sorrowful1 waiting for his return4 ,the sight touched his heart and caused him to reflect1 and then to resolve1 that ,god being his helper he would never drink again4 ,that resolution he found himself able1 by ,god's help1 to keep4 ,a few months later he began the work of trying to reform others4 ,his first effort was with a lawyer1 an old friend1 who was as much reduced by drink as he had been4 ,after much entreaty1 this man consented to break off drinking and sign the pledge4 ,mr4 ,osgood then drew up the following call for a meeting which both signed3 ,,reformers' ,,meeting4--,there will be a meeting of reformed drinkers at ,city ,hall1 ,gardiner1 on ,friday evening1 ,january #aith1 at seven o'clock4 ,a cordial invitation is extended to all occasional drinkers1 constant drinkers1 hard drinkers and young men who are tempted to drink4 ,come and hear what rum has done for us4 ,a crowd came to the ,city ,hall4 ,the two men addressed the meeting with great earnestness1 and then offered the pledge1 which was signed by eight of their old drinking companions4 ,these organized themselves into a reform club1 which soon reached a hundred members1 all of whom had been men of intemperate habits4 ,the movement soon attracted attention in other places1 especially among drinking men1 and clubs multiplied rapidly throughout the ,state4 ,in a few months1 the aggregate membership reached nearly twenty thousand4 ,in ,june of the following year1 ,mr4 ,osgood began his work in ,massachusetts1 under the auspices of the ,massachusetts ,temperance ,alliance1 organizing about forty clubs1 one of which1 in ,haverill1 numbered over three thousand members4 ,in ,new ,hampshire and ,vermont1 many clubs were organized by ,mr4 ,osgood and some of his converts4 ,,dr4 ,,henry ,a4 ,,reynolds4 ,another effective worker in the field is ,dr4 ,henry ,a4 ,reynolds1 of ,bangor1 ,maine1 where he was born in #ahci4 ,in #ahfc1 he graduated from the ,medical ,college of ,harvard ,university1 and was assistant surgeon in the ,first ,maine ,regiment1 heavy artillery1 during two years of the war1 receiving an honorable discharge4 ,he then entered upon the practice of medicine in his native city1 and continued therein until #ahgd4 ,but he had inherited a taste for strong drink1 through the indulgence of which he became its abject slave4 ,after many efforts at reform which proved of no avail1 he resolved to look to ,almighty ,god1 and ask for strength to overcome his dreadful appetite4 ,about this time there was1 in the city of ,bangor1 a band of ,christian women who met frequently to pray for the salvation of the intemperate4 ,at one of their meetings1 the doctor presented himself--it was two days after he had knelt alone in his office and prayed to ,god for help--and publicly signed the pledge4 ,sympathy for those who were in the dreadful slough from which he had been lifted1 soon began stirring in his heart1 and he sought1 by various methods1 to influence and save them4 ,after working for several months1 with only partial success1 it became evident1 that for sure and permanent work1 there must be organization1 and he conceived the plan of a reform club made up exclusively of those who had been drinking men2 believing1 as he did1 that there must exist between two men who had once been intemperate1 a sympathy which could not exist between a man who has1 and one who has never1 drank to excess4 ,as soon as this matter became clear to him1 ,dr4 ,reynolds1 by notice in a daily paper1 invited the drinking men of the city to meet him at a certain place4 ,eleven men responded to the call1 and the ,bangor ,reform ,club1 the first of its kind1 was organized1 ,september #ajth1 #ahgd1 with ,dr4 ,henry ,a4 ,reynolds as president4 ,the motto of the new organization was1 ,dare to do ,right4 ,filled with the true missionary spirit1 this little band held other meetings1 and did their utmost to bring in new members1 and so successful were their efforts1 that in a few weeks their membership swelled to hundreds1 and the whole city was in a state of excitement over the new and strange work which had been inaugurated4 ,from ,bangor1 the excitement soon spread through the ,state4 ,dr4 ,reynolds1 believing that ,god had called him to the work of saving men from intemperance and leading them to ,christ1 gave up his profession and threw himself into the work of preaching temperance and organizing reform clubs4 ,within a year forty-five thousand reformed men were gathered into clubs in the ,state of ,maine4 ,in ,august1 #ahge1 at a meeting of the ,national ,christian ,temperance ,camp-,meeting ,association1 held at ,old ,orchard1 ,maine1 where temperance workers from all parts of the country had congregated1 the president of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union of ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 learned of the great work of reform progressing in ,maine under the leadership of ,dr4 ,reynolds1 and invited him to introduce his work in ,massachusetts by holding a series of meetings in ,salem during the month of ,september4 ,so the work began in the ,old ,bay ,state1 and within a year1 forty thousand men of that ,commonwealth1 who had been habitual drinkers1 were organized into reform clubs4 ,,formation ,,of ,,clubs4 ,the method pursued by ,dr4 ,reynolds in the formation of these clubs is very simple4 ,there is a constitution with by-laws1 to which the following pledge is prefixed3 ,having seen and felt the evils of intemperance1 therefore1 ,resolved1 ,that we1 the undersigned1 for our own good1 and the good of the world in which we live1 do hereby promise and engage1 with the help of ,almighty ,god1 to abstain from buying1 selling or using alcoholic or malt beverages1 wine and cider included4 ,article ,,iii4 of the constitution gives the qualification for membership3 ,all male persons of the age of eighteen or upwards1 who have been in the habit of using intoxicating liquor to a greater or less extent1 are eligible to membership in this club4 ,after organizing a club of persons who have been addicted to drink1 ,dr4 ,reynolds appeals to the ,christian women of the locality to throw around them the shield of their care and sympathy1 and urges upon the people at large the necessity of upholding and encouraging them in every possible way4 ,the meetings of the clubs are held at least once during the week1 in the evenings2 and on ,sunday afternoons or evenings1 the clubs1 with the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,unions1 hold public religious temperance meetings1 which are often crowded to overflowing4 ,the order of exercises at these public meetings consist of prayer1 reading of ,scripture and brief addresses by reformed men1 interspersed with the singing of such hymns as ,rock of ,ages1 ,hold the ,fort1 ,i ,need ,thee ,every ,hour1 etc4 ,brief addresses are the rule1 and a hymn is usually sung between each address4 ,the badge worn by members of these reformed clubs is a red ribbon4 ,their motto is ,dare to do ,right4 ,one of the first fruits of the establishment of a reform club in any locality1 is an increase in church attendance1 and a decrease in the tax rate4 ,in many towns where they exist1 liquor-selling has become unprofitable1 and liquor-drinking a custom that hurts a man's social standing4 ,from the ,east1 ,dr4 ,reynolds extended his labors into the ,west1 where his work has been chiefly confined to the ,state of ,michigan4 ,in a letter to the ,union1 the organ of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 under date of ,july1 #ahgg1 the aspect and results of ,dr4 ,reynolds's work in that ,state are thus referred to by a correspondent from ,evanston3 ,his plan is to take a ,state and settle down in it 'to stay' until it capitulates to the red-ribbon pledge4 ,none but men over eighteen years of age are allowed to sign this pledge4 ,eighty thousand men in ,michigan1 to-day1 wear the ribbon1 which is a token of their signature--all of them have been drinking men4 ',none others need apply' as members of ,dr4 ,reynolds's ,reform ,clubs4 ,his method is to speak in a general way to the public on the evening of his arrival--his meetings being held in a hall and thoroughly announced4 ,the next afternoon1 the doctor addresses women1 chiefly from the medical point of view4 ,if they have not a ,w4,t4,u4 he organizes one4 ,the second night he talks to the public generally again1 and organizes his club1 then goes on his way1 and leaves the town rejoicing4 ,the doctor is thoroughly business-like and methodical4 ,there is no doubt about his securing1 in every ,state he visits1 the same results as in ,michigan1 for his ability is marked1 his experience growing1 his sincerity complete and all his work is 'begun1 continued and ended' in a firm reliance upon ,god4 ,to give an idea of the excitement created by the presence of ,dr4 ,reynolds in any community1 and of the results of his efforts to reclaim intemperate men1 we copy the following brief reference to his work in the spring of #ahgg3 ,it is impossible to give figures1 for there are additions every day of hundreds in the ,state1 and the climax of enthusiasm is by no means reached in any town while ,dr4 ,reynolds is there4 ,in ,jackson1 ,sabbath evening1 ,february #aath1 two months after the organization of the club1 ,union ,hall was so packed that the galleries settled and were cleared1 and hundreds could not gain admittance4 ,as the result of ten days' work in ,saginaw ,valley--at the three cities--7,bay ,city1 ,saginaw ,city and ,east ,saginaw71 the clubs number about three thousand men4 ,from there1 ,dr4 ,reynolds went to ,lansing1 our capital1 and at the first signing1 two hundred and forty-five joined the club1 which is far up in the hundreds now4 ,the last and greatest victory is ,detroit4 ,slow1 critical1 conservative1 staid1 not-any-shams-for-me ,detroit4 ,friday and ,saturday nights there were crowded houses4 ,sabbath afternoon1 two thousand five hundred men together1 and a club of three hundred and forty-five formed4 ,sabbath evening1 no room could hold the people1 and the club reached nearly nine hundred4 ,it is safe to say to-day that a thousand men in the city of ,detroit are wearing the red ribbon4 ,dr4 ,reynolds has done another grand work1 and that is in bringing up the ,w4,c4,t4 ,unions4 ,everywhere this follows1 churches are packed with women4 ,dr4 ,reynolds tells them how they can help the men and their families1 and they fall into line by the hundreds4 ,three hundred have enlisted in ,bay ,city1 four hundred in ,lansing1 two hundred in ,east ,saginaw1 and so on1 all over the ,state4 ,the establishment of reform clubs has been more general in ,new ,england and the ,western ,states than in other parts of the country1 though their organization in some of the ,middle ,states has been attended with marked success4 ,vermont has a large number of clubs1 the membership ranging from one hundred to fifteen hundred4 ,,francis ,,murphy4 ,the work of ,francis ,murphy1 which1 has been attended with such remarkable fervors of excitement in nearly every community where he has labored1 is not so definite in its purpose1 nor so closely organized1 nor so permanent in its results as that of ,dr4 ,reynolds4 ,he draws vast assemblies1 and obtains large numbers of signers to his pledge1 which1 reads3 ,with malice towards none and charity for all1 ,i1 the undersigned1 do pledge my word and honor1 ,god helping me1 to abstain from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage1 and that ,i will1 by all honorable means1 encourage others to abstain4 ,an ,irishman by birth1 and full of the warm impulse and quick enthusiasm of his people1 he has thrown himself into the work of temperance reform with an earnestness that commands a hearing1 and with an ardor of appeal and solicitation that is1 for the time1 almost irresistible4 ,in the fall of #ahfi1 ,francis ,murphy found himself in the cell of a prison in the city of ,portland1 ,maine1 to which he had been committed for drunkenness4 ,he had been a liquor-seller1 commencing the work as a sober man with a good character1 and ending it in ruin to himself and family1 and with the curse of the drunkard's appetite upon him4 ,a ,christian gentleman1 ,captain ,cyrus ,sturdevant1 had obtained permission of the authorities to visit the jail and talk and pray with the prisoners4 ,this brought him into personal contact with ,mr4 ,murphy1 who was not only deeply humiliated at the disgrace into which his intemperate life had brought him1 but almost in despair4 ,he tells the story of this part of his life with a moving eloquence4 ,capt4 ,sturdevant1 after some solicitation1 induced him to leave his cell one ,sunday morning and attend religious services with the prisoners4 ,he was in a state of mind to be deeply impressed by these services1 and the result was a solemn resolution to walk1 with ,god's help1 in a new and better way4 ,while yet a prisoner1 he began his work of trying to save men from the curse of drink1 and to lead them to enter upon a religious life2 and his influence with his fellow-prisoners was very marked and for good4 ,on leaving the jail1 he began at once his efforts to rescue others from the slavery from which he had escaped4 ,his first appearance as a lecturer was in the city of ,portland4 ,the effort was well received by the audience1 and at its close he found himself an object of special interest4 ,from this time1 he gave himself almost wholly to the cause of temperance4 ,after working for a time in ,portland1 and assisting in the organization of a reform club1 he extended his efforts to other parts of the ,state of ,maine1 and afterwards to ,new ,hampshire and the adjoining ,states1 in which1 he labored for nearly three years with marked and often extraordinary success4 ,from ,new ,england1 ,mr4 ,murphy went1 on invitation1 to the ,west1 and was very active there1 especially in ,iowa and ,illinois1 in which ,states he aroused the people1 and was instrumental in the organization of large numbers of local societies and reform clubs4 ,in the winter of #ahgf-g1 his work in ,pittsburgh was attended with remarkable results2 over sixty thousand signatures were obtained to his pledge1 and over five hundred saloons in ,allegheny and neighboring counties closed their doors for want of patronage4 ,the succeeding spring and summer ,mr4 ,murphy spent in ,philadelphia1 where the excitement was almost as great as it had been in ,pittsburgh4 ,but1 as in the last-named city1 too large a portion of the harvest which had been reaped was left to perish on the ground for lack of the means1 or the will1 to gather and garner it4 ,the real substantial and enduring work here has been that of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union2 which not only held its meetings daily during the exciting time of the ,murphy meetings1 but has held them daily ever since1 keeping1 all the while1 hand and heart upon the men who are trying in earnest to reform1 and helping1 encouraging and protecting them by all the means in their power4 ,mr4 ,murphy continues to work in various parts of the country1 attracting large audiences wherever he appears1 and leading thousands to sign his pledge4 ,he has done and is still doing good service in the cause to which he is so earnestly devoting himself4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,gospel ,,temperance4 ,as we have seen in the chapters on the ,crusade1 the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 and the ,reform ,clubs1 this new temperance movement1 which has attained in the last few years such large dimensions1 has in it many of the features of a religious revival4 ,on this account1 and to distinguish it from all preceding efforts to break down the liquor traffic and save the drunkard1 it has been called a ,gospel temperance movement4 ,its chief reliance with many has been on prayer and faith1 as agencies by which the mighty power of ,god could be so determined as not only to save the drunkard from the curse of his debasing appetite1 but to so move and act upon the liquor-seller as to lead him to abandon his accursed traffic4 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,prayer ,,and ,,faith ,,alone4 ,at the commencement of this movement1 which took the form of what is known as the ,woman's ,crusade1 the power of prayer seemed for awhile to be an almost irresistible force4 ,thousands and tens of thousands of men were1 as they felt assured in their hearts1 freed in an instant of time from an appetite which had been growing and strengthening for years1 until it held complete mastery over them2 and this in answer to the prayer of faith4 ,and hundreds of saloon and tavern-keepers abandoned their evil work1 because1 as was believed1 ,god1 in answer to the prayers of pious men and women1 had turned upon them the influences of ,his ,holy ,spirit1 and constrained them to this abandonment4 ,for awhile this power of prayer was regarded as the force that was to break down the liquor traffic1 and rescue the people from the curse of appetite4 ,if prayer were persistent enough1 and faith strong enough1 ,god would come to the rescue1 overthrow the enemy1 and redeem and save the wretched victims he was holding in such cruel bondage4 ,but1 as time moved on1 and the enemy1 whose ranks were at first thrown into confusion1 rallied his forces and held himself secure against renewed attack1 there came a doubt in the minds of many as to the value of prayer and faith1 as the sole agency by which the rule of the demon of intemperance was to be overthrown2 and the same doubt came as to the power of prayer and faith alone to work the removal of an appetite for drink1 when it was found by sad experience that of the thousands of men who signed the pledge under religious excitement1 and made public declaration that1 through faith in ,christ1 they had been healed of their infirmity1 only a few were able to stand in the hour of temptation2 and these stood fast because they rested in no vain security4 ,they knew1 from an inner conviction1 that appetite had not been destroyed2 and that1 in some unguarded moment1 it would spring upon and endeavor to enslave them again4 ,but1 with ,god's help1 they had resolved to hold it in check4 ,humbly they looked to ,him for strength--meantime watching1 as well as praying--to fight and overcome when their hour of trial and darkness came4 ,so they stood ever on guard2 and ,god gave them the strength they asked for1 and victory after victory1 until their enemy was under their feet2 not dead1 but held there by the power which is given to every one who will use it against the enemies of his soul4 ,,prayer ,,supplemented ,,by ,,organized ,,work4 ,not so much dependence on prayer and faith now as on organized work in the natural plane of means and forces4 ,this came as an orderly sequence1 and gave to the cause of ,gospel temperance a surer foundation to rest upon1 and a larger promise of success4 ,there was no turning away from ,god2 no weakness of faith in ,his ,divine power and readiness to save2 but clearer light as to ,his ways with man1 and as to how ,he is able to save1 to the uttermost1 all who come unto ,him4 ,the instances going to show that men were not cured of the appetite for strong drink in a moment of time by prayer and faith1 were too many and too sorrowful not to force this conviction upon the mind of every thoughtful and observant ,christian man and woman4 ,and1 so1 even while many sincere and self-devoted workers in this cause still hold to the view that ,god can1 and will1 if the faith be strong enough1 change a man in an instant of time1 and with no co-operation of his own beyond this act of faith1 from vileness to purity--from a love of evil to a love of good--the sounder1 safer and more ,scriptural doctrine that1 if a man would be saved from the enemies of his soul1 he must fight and overcome them in the strength which ,god gives to all who will ask and receive1 is the one now more generally preached to reformed men2 and1 as a result1 the number of those who stand fast in the new life to which they have attained1 is steadily increasing4 ,,the ,,appetite ,,for ,,drink ,,not ,,taken ,,away ,,in ,a ,,moment4 ,still1 far too widely in this ,gospel work of saving fallen men from the power of appetite1 is the delusive idea held out that if a man will give his heart to ,christ1 as it is called2 that is1 pray humbly1 sincerely and in faith to have his sins forgiven1 and his soul purified from all evil by an application of ,divine grace2 ,god will1 in answer to this prayer alone1 and in an instant of time1 take away the appetite for drink which has been for years gradually gaining the mastery over him4 ,we have heard a man declare1 in the presence of an assemblage of men who had been slaves to drink1 and who were seeking for a way of escape1 that ,god had1 in answer to his prayers1 destroyed in a moment the appetite which had long held him in a close bondage2 and that1 if they would come to ,him and give ,him their hearts1 ,he would work in them the same miracle of spiritual healing4 ,as we listened to his confident speech1 we felt how great was the danger in which he himself stood1 and how much better it would have been for his hearers if he had kept silent4 ,,how ,,many ,,are ,,really ,,saved4 ,facts are solid things1 and weigh heavily in the scale of argument4 ,they are not always pleasant to look at2 but it is weakness to ignore them4 ,let us take a few facts in connection with this ,gospel temperance work4 ,the first of these came to our knowledge while we were revolving the contents of this chapter1 and before we had commenced writing it4 ,a leading temperance worker1 who was an active participant in the ,murphy movement1 and who holds that there is for the confirmed drunkard no hope or safety but in the power of religion1 stated to us that during the ,moody and ,sankey revival in ,philadelphia1 something over two hundred drunken men were reclaimed and converted2 changed in heart1 as it was declared1 and saved by the power of ,god4 ,these were gathered together on a certain evening in one of the churches1 and the gentleman to whom we have referred was among those who addressed them4 ,the poor1 weak1 and in too many instances1 friendless and homeless men were talked to1 and then committed to ,god in prayer4 ,they had ,his grace in their hearts--had been saved through prayer and faith--and would ,he not care for1 protect and defend them8 ,alas1 for the sequel6 ,of all these two hundred converted and saved men1 who had1 in a moment of time1 been changed from servants of sensuality and sin into children of ,god1 their souls made whiter than snow1 not over five or six can to-day be found in the ranks of sober men6 ,in and around ,pittsburgh1 during the religious temperance revival which1 under ,francis ,murphy1 wrought such marvels in that city and neighborhood1 over fifty thousand signatures were obtained to the pledge1 the signers1 in a large number of cases1 professing faith in ,christ1 and having an inner assurance1 as they believed1 that ,he would keep them1 by the power of ,his grace1 from again falling into the sin and misery of intemperance4 ,but1 to-day1 only a small proportionate number can be found out of this great multitude who are standing fast by their profession4 ,a like result has followed the great ,gospel work of ,mr4 ,murphy in ,philadelphia4 ,of the thirty or forty thousand who signed the pledge and professed to be saved through faith in ,christ1 the number of men who have been rescued from drunkenness can scarcely be counted by hundreds2 and of these the large proportion owe their salvation to the natural safeguards and orderly external conditions which were brought to the aid of spiritual resolve and spiritual forces4 ,when the excitement of these great revivals was over1 and the contagious enthusiasm had died away1 and men fell back into their old ways1 amid old surroundings and temptations1 each alone in the house of his own real life1 then came ,,the ,,trial ,,and ,,the ,,test1 and it was found that to depend on grace alone1 and the inner change it had effected in answer to prayer1 was to rest1 too often1 in a vain security4 ,the new convert was the same as to the essential evil quality of his life as before his conversion--or turning round to go the other way--and if he stood still where he had turned1 and did not1 in a new life of practical obedience to ,divine laws1 walk forward in the ,heavenly road1 his conversion would avail him nothing4 ,not that he was left alone by ,god to stand or fall as he might4 ,no human heart ever felt even the faintest motions of that ,divine pity1 and compassion1 and yearning to save his lost and perishing children1 which is felt by our ,heavenly ,father1 who is very love itself4 ,but ,he cannot save humanity by destroying it1 and this destruction would take place the moment he touched man's freedom to choose between good and evil4 ,of his own will1 man has turned away from ,god2 and of his own will he must return to ,him if ever he return at all4 ,the way of return has been opened and made plain1 and ,god is forever calling and entreating ,his poor1 wandering ones to come back1 and offering them strength to walk1 and weapons to fight1 and armor for defense4 ,but ,he cannot walk for them1 nor fight for them1 nor defend them unless they put on the armor ,his mercy supplies4 ,they must1 of themselves1 using the strength ,he gives them1 walk in the ,heavenly way2 and with the sword of ,divine truth ,he places in their hands1 do battle with the enemies of their souls4 ,there is no other means of attaining ,heaven4 ,this strength to walk and fight and overcome1 is the ,divine grace that saves4 ,it is the free gift of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ2 the very power of ,god unto salvation4 ,,the ,,divine ,,grace ,,that ,,saves4 ,it is by the application of this ,divine grace that men are saved from their sins and from the power of hell4 ,but they can never receive it as passive subjects4 ,they must take it and apply it in and of themselves1 and use it as if it were their own2 yet never forgetting that it is the gift of ,god1 and never ceasing to acknowledge and thank ,him for ,his infinite goodness and mercy in teaching their hands to war2 in girding them with strength unto the battle1 and in giving them a lamp unto their feet and a light unto their path1 so that they may walk in safety4 ,if salvation were of grace alone1 as so many teach in this ,gospel temperance work1 what need of sword1 or armor1 or a lamp unto the feet8 for if1 in answer to prayer and faith1 a man's evil nature is instantly changed1 he is no longer subject to temptation1 and cannot1 therefore1 enter into combat with evil2 and if ,god lift him out of the darkness of his carnal nature into the light of regeneration solely in answer to prayer1 what need of any lamp unto his feet or light unto his path8 ,he is no longer a pilgrim and a wayfarer1 journeying heavenward through an enemy's land4 ,we press this subject on the reader's attention1 because so much of success or failure in this great ,gospel temperance work depends on a right understanding of spiritual laws and a true comprehension of the means of salvation4 ,holding1 as we do1 that1 for the thousands and hundreds of thousands of unhappy and wretched men and women in our land who have become the almost helpless slaves of an appetite which is rarely1 if ever1 wholly destroyed1 no true succor lies in anything but ,divine grace and help1 we feel that a great responsibility rests with all who1 in the providence of ,god1 have been drawn into this work4 ,referring to the loose1 and we cannot help saying hurtful teachings of too many temperance revivalists1 ,rev4 ,charles ,i4 ,warren1 writing in the ,new ,york ,christian ,advocate1 says3 ,religious conversion1 all are agreed1 is the first necessity for all men1 and especially for inebriates1 as the surest hope of a real and permanent reformation of life4 ,and intemperate men1 especially those who become demented rather than demonized1 it is well known1 are always easily moved by religious influences1 even when so drunk that they would wisely be deemed incompetent to execute a will for the disposal of earthly property1 and incapable of giving testimony in a court of law4 ,yet1 this idea of a spiritual renovation of the heart1 while the head is too intoxicated to apprehend a moral obligation1 is almost beyond rational belief4 ,it is difficult to conceive that any man1 in such a state of voluntarily-induced imbecility1 too drunk to hold intelligent converse with men1 can be competent to transact business with ,god1 to receive and answer those calls from the ,holy ,spirit that decide the eternal destinies of the soul4 ,and he adds3 ,we judge instinctively that all men1 intemperate or sober1 must work out their own salvation with fear1 while ,god works in them to will and to do4 ,this is the key-note to the whole subject of spiritual regeneration4 ,it is active co-operation2 work1 conflict1 victory2 and this down on the sphere of common life1 and in the midst of temptation--not out of the world1 but in the world2 not something done in and for a man while he waits in prayer on ,god1 but after he has fought his battle with some enemy of his soul1 and overcome in the strength which ,god has given him in answer to prayer4 ,only they who have fought and conquered can possess the land and dwell there in safety4 ,,an ,,unsound ,,and ,,dangerous ,,doctrine4 ,in a meeting at which we were present1 and where from one to two hundred reformed men were gathered for religious worship1 and for help and counsel1 the hymn commencing ,prone to wander1 ,lord ,i feel it1 was sung4 ,at its close1 a man rose from his seat and entered his protest against the singing of that hymn any more4 ,it is not true1 he said1 that the man whom ,god has converted feels any proneness to wander4 ,he had had the grace of ,god in his soul for--we don't remember how many years--and he could testify that the desire to wander from ,god's commandments had been wholly removed4 ,he1 therefore1 repeated his protest against the use of a hymn containing a sentiment so dishonorable to a truly saved ,christian4 ,as he sat down1 a very young man arose and added the weight of his testimony to the assertion of his older ,christian brother4 ,he also1 in answer to prayer1 as he confidently asserted1 had attained unto that higher life which is not only free from sin1 but from even the desire to wander from the ways of holiness4 ,as we looked into and read the faces of these two men1 we sighed for what we saw therein1 and pitied them for the peril in which they stood4 ,but our greater concern was for the poor1 weak1 almost helpless ones we saw around us1 and for the effect of this delusive error which had been so needlessly thrown into their minds4 ,if any of them should rest in the belief that they1 too1 had1 by the grace of ,god1 been wholly set free from the bondage of sin2 that the appetite for drink and the lust of all evil had been extinguished1 and their proneness to wander from ,god taken away in simple answer to prayer1 then would their danger1 we felt1 be so imminent as to leave but little room for hope of their standing in the new life4 ,a stumbling-block had been laid in their way over which they must almost surely fall4 ,we are writing for the help and safety of men for whom there is but little or no hope of rescue from the depths of evil and sensuality into which they have fallen1 except in a truly religious life2 not a life of mere faith1 and sentiment and fancied holiness1 but of earnest conflict and daily right living4 ,a life in which not only intemperance is to be shunned1 as a sin against ,god1 but every impure and evil desire of the heart1 and every thought and purpose of wrong to the neighbor4 ,and1 believing as we do1 that ,god's grace and power can only be given to those who will take it as active subjects--not mere passive recipients--and by using it as if it were their own1 avail themselves of its purifying and regenerating influence1 we can do no less than question and reject any doctrine that even seems to give a different impression1 as delusive and exceedingly dangerous4 ,to make ,gospel temperance the true power of ,god unto the salvation of intemperate men1 we must have in it1 and with it1 the ,gospel of conflict with evil1 the ,gospel of daily right living1 the ,gospel of love to the neighbor and the ,gospel of common sense4 ,and these are coming more and more into the work1 which is widening and increasing1 and every year adding thousands upon thousands to the number of those who are saved from the curse of drink4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,temperance ,,coffee-,,houses ,,and ,,friendly ,,inns4 ,the cure of a drunkard is always attended with peculiar difficulties4 ,the cost is often great4 ,sometimes cure is found to be impossible4 ,a hundred may be protected from the ravages of intemperance at the cost of saving one who has fallen a victim to the terrible malady4 ,an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure4 ,while so much is being done to reform and save the drunkard1 the work of prevention has not been forgotten4 ,great good has been accomplished in this direction through the spread of total-abstinence principles4 ,in this the various temperance organizations have done much1 and especially with the rising generation4 ,but1 so long as men are licensed by the ,state to sell intoxicating drinks1 the net of the tempter is spread on every hand1 and thousands of the weak and unwary are yearly drawn therein and betrayed to their ruin4 ,in our great cities large number of men who have to do business at points remote from their dwellings1 are exposed to special temptations4 ,the down-town lunch-room and dining-room have1 in most cases1 their drinking bars2 or1 if no bar is visible1 the bill of fare offers in too many cases1 any kind of intoxicating beverage that may be desired4 ,thousands of men are1 in consequence1 yearly led away from sobriety4 ,seeing this1 efforts have been made during the past few years to establish1 cheap temperance coffee-houses1 where workingmen and others may get a good noonday lunch1 or a morning and evening meal at a trifling cost4 ,in all cases1 these have been found of great service to the cause of temperance4 ,a pint mug of excellent coffee1 with sugar and milk1 and a large1 sweet roll1 costing five cents1 are found to make a far better and healthier lunch than the highly-seasoned hashes and scraps called free lunches1 which must be washed down by a1 five or ten-cent glass of liquor4 ,,the ,,experiment ,,in ,,philadelphia4 ,the success which has attended the establishment of cheap temperance coffee-houses in this city 7,philadelphia71 is quite remarkable4 ,in the fall of #ahgd1 ,joshua ,l4 ,baily1 one of our active1 clear-headed merchants1 who had been for many years an earnest temperance man1 determined to give the cheap coffee-house experiment a fair trial1 cost what it might2 for he saw that if it could be made successful1 it would be a powerful agency in the work of prevention4 ,he began in a modest way1 taking a small store at the corner of ,market and ,fifteenth ,streets1 and fitting it up in a neat and attractive manner4 ,with a few pounds of coffee1 and a few dozens of rolls1 the place was opened1 the single attendant1 a woman1 acting the double part of cook and waiter4 ,for five cents a pint mug of the best ,java coffee1 with milk and sugar1 and a good-sized roll1 were furnished4 ,from the very start ,the ,workingmen's ,central ,coffee-,house1 as ,mr4 ,baily called it1 was successful4 ,in the immediate neighborhood five hundred workmen were employed on the city buildings1 and opposite stood the ,pennsylvania ,railroad freight depot1 to which came daily about the same number of men--draymen1 teamsters and others4 ,it took but a few days to so crowd the new coffee-room at the usual lunching time as to require an additional assistant4 ,from day to day the business went on increasing1 until more help and larger accommodations became necessary4 ,soon a complete kitchen had to be built in the basement1 and the adjoining store added1 in order to meet the steadily-enlarging demands upon the new establishment4 ,the fame of the good coffee1 which was better than most people found at home1 spread far and near1 and larger and larger numbers of clerks1 workingmen and others1 turned their steps daily1 at lunch time1 towards the ,central ,coffee-,house4 ,it was so much better than the poor stuff served in most of the eating-houses2 and1 with the sweet roll added1 so much better than the free lunch and glass of beer or whisky with which too many had been accustomed to regale themselves4 ,,signal ,,success4 ,steadily swelled the tide of custom4 ,within a year a third store1 adjoining1 was added4 ,but the enlarged premises soon proved inadequate to the accommodation of the still-increasing crowd4 ,at this writing ,the ,central is from six to seven times larger than when first opened2 and there lunch in its rooms1 daily1 nearly two thousand persons4 ,one room has been fitted up for ladies exclusively1 in which from forty to fifty can lunch at one time4 ,but ,mr4 ,baily looked beyond the cheap coffee and rolls by which he was able to keep so many away from bar-rooms and restaurants where liquor was sold4 ,he believed in other influences and safeguards4 ,and to this end1 and at his own cost1 he fitted up the various rooms over the seven stores extending along ,market ,street from ,fifteenth to ,broad1 in which the coffee-rooms are located1 and set them apart for various uses4 ,here is a lecture-hall1 capable of seating four hundred persons2 a free reading-room1 well warmed and lighted and supplied with the best daily newspapers1 ,american and ,english illustrated publications1 and the standard periodicals2 besides four other rooms that will hold from seventy to one hundred persons1 which are used for various meeting purposes1 all in connection with temperance4 ,five regular services are held in the lecture-room every week1 viz43 ,bible ,reading1 on ,sunday afternoon2 ,temperance ,experience meeting1 on ,monday evening2 ,prayer and ,praise meeting1 ,tuesday evening2 ,gospel ,temperance meeting1 on ,thursday evening2 and ,youths' ,temperance meeting1 ,friday evening4 ,these meetings are often crowded1 and1 like the coffee-rooms below1 attract audiences made up from every rank in society4 ,at many of these meetings1 ,mr4 ,baily presides in person4 ,encouraged by the success of this first effort1 ,mr4 ,baily opened another cheap coffee-house in the very centre of the wholesale trade of the city1 where thousands of clerks1 workingmen and merchants were in the habit of resorting for lunch or dinner to the restaurants and bar-rooms in the neighborhood4 ,this1 located at ,no4 #ca ,south ,fourth ,street1 he called ,the ,model ,coffee-,house4 ,,crowded ,,from ,,the ,,first4 ,from the first it was crowded even to an uncomfortable extent4 ,the demands of its patrons soon rendered larger quarters a necessity4 ,a new building was erected specially adapted to the purpose1 many novel features being introduced which a twelve-month's experience had suggested4 ,the new ,model opened ,june #ast1 #ahgf4 ,many persons thought it was too large1 and that it would never be filled4 ,but it was thronged on the day of opening1 and on every day since the demands upon it have been fully up to its capacity4 ,the number lunching here daily is about three thousand4 ,in the establishment of the coffee-houses there were1 of course1 many mistakes1 the results of inexperience4 ,many things had to be unlearned as well as many learned4 ,but mistakes were promptly corrected4 ,with the growth of the work1 ability to provide for it seemed to keep pace1 and modifications in the management were adopted as necessity dictated4 ,not much was anticipated at the commencement beyond furnishing a mug of coffee and a roll of bread1 but it soon became apparent that something more than this was needed4 ,to meet this necessity1 the coffee-house bill of fare was greatly extended1 and now quite a variety of nutritious and substantial dishes are provided1 and each at the uniform price of five cents4 ,the main feature--the coffee--is1 however1 preserved4 ,a full pint mug of the best ,java 7equal to two ordinary cups7 with pure1 rich milk and white sugar1 and two ounces of either wheat or brown bread1 all for five cents1 is the every-day lunch of many a man who1 but for this provision1 would be found in the dram shop4 ,no dish1 as we have said1 costs over five cents1 which is the standard price the year round1 whatever the fluctuations of markets may be4 ,in addition to the bread and coffee already mentioned for five cents1 the bill of fare comprises puddings of rice1 tapioca and corn starch1 baked apples dressed with sugar and milk1 all sorts of pies 7half a pie being given for a portion71 mushes of cracked wheat1 corn and oatmeal1 dumplings1 eggs1 potatoes1 beans1 ham1 corned beef1 liver1 scrapple1 sausage1 custards1 soups1 pickles and1 in season1 fresh fruits4 ,of bread1 there are ,boston and ,philadelphia brown1 wheat1 ,philadelphia and ,vienna rolls4 ,a pint glass of milk with a roll1 costs five cents2 butter three cents1 and extra rolls one cent each2 so that for ten or fifteen cents a man gets a full luncheon1 as every portion of food is equal to a large saucer heaped4 ,these establishments require1 of course1 the most methodical1 orderly and careful management1 with capable matrons at the head of each1 and a steward or superintendent to make intelligent purchases4 ,at the ,model ,coffee-,house1 there are nearly fifty employees1 and1 excepting three or four men1 they are girls and women4 ,the upper rooms of the building are for the lodgings1 offices1 laundry and drawing-room1 for the use of the employees4 ,the girls1 who are mostly of country birth and training1 are thus furnished with a good and safe home1 where they have books and music1 large and well-furnished chambers1 a good table--they dine at one family table in their own dining-room--and have their washing and ironing done in the house4 ,they are required to be neat and tidy in appearance1 respectable and discreet in character and manner4 ,,the ,,good ,,done4 ,the good that is done through an instrumentality like this can never be fully known4 ,of those who are drawn into paths of safety1 we do not so often hear as of those who are led astray4 ,but enough is already known of the good done by these two coffee-houses to give large encouragement for their establishment in other localities and other cities4 ,hundreds of young men who had fallen into the dangerous habit of taking a glass of beer every day with their lunch1 now take a fragrant cup of coffee instead1 and find themselves better for the change2 hundreds more who had begun to feel the insidious encroachments of appetite1 have been able to get out of the way of temptation4 ,the question that naturally arises with all who look practically at this matter is1 whether there is any profit in the business of keeping a cheap temperance coffee-house8 ,can a pint of coffee1 with sugar1 milk and a two-ounce roll of bread1 be furnished for five cents and leave any margin for profit8 ,mr4 ,baily's experiment has proved that it can4 ,,friendly ,,inns4 ,but not alone in ,philadelphia is the cheap coffee-house to be found4 ,there are hundreds of them in our various towns and cities1 though none on so large a scale as here2 and they are rapidly multiplying and doing good4 ,the ,friendly ,inn1 and ,the ,holly-,tree ,inn1 are places somewhat similar in character1 but partaking more of the nature of an inn than a simple eating-house4 ,these have1 usually1 a pleasant parlor1 with light1 and warmth1 and books1 into which1 any one may come and pass the evening1 instead of drifting into a saloon1 and where cheap meals and lodgings can be had if needed4 ,in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,christian temperance work1 which is very large and effective1 is carried on almost entirely in connection with ,friendly ,inns1 of which there are five4 ,a chapel1 reading-room1 sleeping apartments and a cheap restaurant are maintained in connection with each of these inns4 ,the women engaged in the cause of ,gospel temperance in that city regard them as most valuable auxiliaries to the spiritual work in which they are engaged4 ,in a large number of cases1 they have been the direct means of bringing men in whom few traces of goodness could at first be discerned in such contact with religious influences as to win them over to a better life4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,temperance ,,literature4 ,the greatest and most effective agency in any work of enlightenment and reform is the press4 ,by it the advanced thinker and ,christian philanthropist is able to speak to the whole people1 and to instruct1 persuade and influence them4 ,he can address the reason and conscience of thousands1 and even of hundreds of thousands of people to whom he could never find access in any other way1 and so turn their minds to the right consideration of questions of social interest in regard to which they had been1 from old prejudices or habits of thinking1 in doubt or grievous error4 ,no cause has been more largely indebted to the press than that of temperance reform4 ,from the very beginning of agitation on the subject of this reform1 the press has been used with great efficiency2 and to-day1 the literature of temperance is a force of such magnitude and power1 that it is moving whole nations1 and compelling ,parliaments1 ,chambers of ,deputies and ,houses of ,congress to consider the claims of a question which1 if presented fifty years ago1 would have been treated1 in these grave assemblages1 with levity or contempt4 ,for many years after the reform movement began in this country1 the press was used with marked effect4 ,but as most of the books1 pamphlets and tracts which were issued came through individual enterprise1 the editions were often small and the prices high2 and as the sale of such publications was limited1 and the profit1 if any1 light1 the efforts to create a broad and comprehensive temperance literature met with but feeble encouragement4 ,but in #ahfe1 a convention was called to meet at ,saratoga to consider the subject of a national organization so comprehensive and practical that all the friends of temperance in religious denominations and temperance organizations could unite therein for common work4 ,out of this convention grew the ,,national ,,temperance ,,society ,,and ,,publication ,,house1 which began1 at once1 the creation of a temperance literature worthy of the great cause it represented4 ,the president of this society is ,hon4 ,william ,e4 ,dodge1 of ,new ,york4 ,the vice-presidents are ninety-two in number1 and include some of the most distinguished men in the country2 clergymen1 jurists1 statesmen1 and private citizens eminent for their public spirit and philanthropy4 ,it has now been in existence some twelve years4 ,let us see what it has done in that time for temperance literature and the direction and growth of a public sentiment adverse to the liquor traffic4 ,we let the efficient corresponding secretary and publishing agent1 ,j4,n4 ,stearns1 speak for the association he so ably represents4 ,its rooms are at ,no4 #eh ,reade ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,referring to the initial work of the society1 ,it was resolved1 says ,mr4 ,stearns1 that the publishing agent should keep 'all the temperance literature of the day4' ,this was found to consist of less than a dozen different publications in print1 and these of no special value4 ,all the plates of valuable works before in existence were either shipped across the water or melted up and destroyed4 ,the society commenced at once to create a literature of its own1 but found it was not the work of a moment4 ,the first publication outside of its monthly paper1 was a four-page tract by ,rev4 ,t4,l4 ,cuyler1 ,d4,d41 in ,february1 #ahff1 entitled ',a ,shot at the ,decanter1' of which about two hundred thousand copies have been published4 ,,first ,,book ,,published4 ,the first book was published in ,may of the same year1 entitled1 ',scripture ,testimony against ,intoxicating ,wine4' ,prizes were offered for the best tracts and books1 and the best talent in the land sought and solicited to aid in giving light upon every phase of the question4 ,the result has been that an immense mass of manuscripts have been received1 examined1 assorted1 some approved and many rejected1 and the list of publications has gone on steadily increasing1 until in the eleven years it amounts to four hundred and fifty varieties upon every branch1 of the temperance question4 ,there were over twenty separate so-called secret temperance societies1 each with a different ritual and constitution1 with subordinate organizations scattered all over the land4 ,these contained probably about one million of members4 ,then there were churches1 open societies1 ,state temperance unions1 etc41 each operating independently and with no common bond of union4 ,some were for moral suasion alone1 others for political action1 while others were for both united4 ,the great need for some national organization which should be a common centre and ground of union1 a medium of communication between all1 and to aid1 strengthen and benefit every existing organization and denomination1 was felt all over the land4 ,this society was organized to supply such a need4 ,it is both a society and a publication house4 ,the need and demand came from every quarter for facts1 statistics1 arguments and appeals upon every phase of the question1 in neat1 cheap and compact form1 which1 could be sent everywhere and used by everybody4 ,public opinion had settled down against us1 and light was needed to arouse it to right action4 ,the pulpit and the platform were to be supplemented by the press1 which1 henceforth1 was to be used in this great and rapidly strengthening cause1 as in every other1 to reach the individuals and homes of every portion of the land4 ,,after ,,twelve ,,years4 ,twelve years have passed--years of anxious preparation and toil1 of seed-planting and sowing1 and they have been improved4 ,this society now publishes books and tracts upon the moral1 economical1 physiological1 political1 financial1 religious1 medical and social phases of the reform4 ,we have the writings of over two hundred different persons in almost every walk and station in life4 ,we already have a literature of no mean character4 ,its influence is not only felt in every ,state and ,territory in the land1 but in every country on the globe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among the early publications of the society were those printed upon ',the ,adulteration of ,liquors1' ',the ,physiological ,action of ,alcohol1' ',alcohol3 ,its ,nature and ,effects1' ',alcohol3 ,its ,place and ,power1' ',is ,alcohol ,food8' ,text-,book of ,temperance1' etc41 followed later by ',bacchus ,dethroned1' ',the ,medical ,use of ,alcohol1' ',is ,alcohol a ,necessary of ,life8' ',our ,wasted ,resources1' ',on ,alcohol1' ',prohibition does ,prohibit1' ',fruits of the ,liquor ,traffic1' ',the ,throne of ,iniquity1' ',suppression of the ,liquor ,traffic1' ',alcohol as a ,food and ,medicine1' etc4 ,the truths of these books and pamphlets1 which have been reproduced in a thousand ways in sermons1 addresses1 newspapers1 etc41 have already permeated the community to such an extent as to bear much fruit4 ,in the creation of a literature for children1 the society early issued ,the ,youths' ,temperance ,banner1 a paper for ,sunday-schools4 ,this has attained a circulation of nearly one hundred and fifty thousand copies monthly4 ,it has also created a ,sunday-school temperance library1 which numbers already as many as seventy bound1 volumes2 editions of which reaching in the aggregate to one hundred and eighty-three thousand five hundred and seventy-six volumes have already been sold4 ,the society also publishes a monthly paper called the ,national ,temperance ,advocate1 which has a wide circulation4 ,,remarkable ,,growth ,,of ,,temperance ,,literature4 ,the number of books1 pamphlets and tracts which have been issued by the ,national ,temperance ,society during the twelve years of its existence1 is four hundred and sixty1 some of them large and important volumes4 ,to this extraordinary production and growth of temperance literature in the past twelve years are the people indebted for that advanced public sentiment which is to-day gathering such force and will4 ,and here1 let us say1 in behalf of a society which has done such grand and noble work1 that from the very outset it has had to struggle with pecuniary difficulties4 ,referring to the difficulties and embarrassments with which the society has had to contend from the beginning1 the secretary says3 ,the early financial struggles of the society are known only to a very few persons4 ,it was deemed best by the majority of the board not to let the public know our poverty4 ,looking back over the eleven years of severe struggles1 pecuniary embarrassments1 unexpected difficulties1 anxious days1 toiling1 wearisome nights1 with hopes of relief dashed at almost every turn1 surrounded by the indifference of friends1 and with the violent opposition of enemies1 we can only wonder that the society has breasted the storm and is saved from a complete and total wreck4 99 99 99 ,this society never was endowed1 never had a working capital1 never has been the recipient of contributions from churches or of systematic donations from individuals4 ,it never has had a day of relief from financial embarrassment since its organization2 and yet there never has been a day but that the sum of ten thousand dollars would have lifted it out of its embarrassments and started it with a buoyant heart on towards the accomplishment of its mission4 ,and he adds3 ,notwithstanding all these constant and ever-pressing financial embarrassments1 the society has never faltered for one moment1 but has gone steadily on doing its appointed work1 exploring new fields1 and developing both old and new truths and documents and principles1 and it stands to-day the strongest and most solid and substantial bulwark against intemperance in the land4 ,a ,,most ,,important ,,agency4 ,as the most important of all the agencies now used for the suppression of the liquor traffic1 and as the efficient ally of all let us rally to the support of our great publication house and see that it has ampler means for the work in which it is engaged4 ,there are hundreds of thousands of men and women in our land who are happy and prosperous to-day because of what this society has done in the last twelve years to create a sentiment adverse to the traffic and to the drinking usages of society4 ,its work is so silent and unobtrusive in comparison1 with that of many other efficient1 but more limited instrumentalities1 that we are apt to lose sight of its claims1 and to fail in giving an adequate support to the very power1 which is1 in a large measure1 the source of power to all the rest4 ,if we would war successfully with our strong and defiant enemy1 we must look to it that the literature of temperance does not languish4 ,we are not making it half as efficient as it might be4 ,here we have a thoroughly organized publication house1 with capable and active agents1 which1 if the means were placed at its disposal1 could flood the country with books1 pamphlets and tracts by millions every year2 and we leave it to struggle with embarrassments1 and to halting and crippled work4 ,this is not well4 ,our literature is our right arm in this great conflict1 and only in the degree that we strengthen this arm will we be successful in our pursuit of victory4 ,illustration3 ,,financial ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,license ,,system4 ,whatever revenue license pays the ,state is fully counterbalanced by the increased cost of jails1 poorhouses and police1 for which the patient public pays immense taxation4 ,the moral burdens from the infamous traffic are all additional to the financial4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,license ,a ,,failure ,,and ,a ,,disgrace4 ,for over two hundred years in this country1 and for a much longer period of time in ,great ,britain and some of the countries of ,continental ,europe1 attempts have been made to protect the people against the evils of intemperance by restrictive liquor laws4 ,but as these laws were permissive and not prohibitory1 the evil was not restrained4 ,nay1 its larger growth came as the natural consequence of such laws1 for they not only gave to a few men in every community the right to live and grow rich by doing all in their power to increase the evil1 but threw around them the protection of the ,state2 so leaving the people powerless in their hands4 ,,history ,,of ,,license ,,in ,,massachusetts4 ,the history of all restrictive laws which have stopped short of absolute prohibition1 is a history of the saddest of failures1 and shows that to license an evil is to increase its power4 ,judge ,robert ,c4 ,pitman1 in his ,alcohol and the ,state1 an exceedingly valuable discussion of the ,problem of ,law as ,applied to the ,liquor ,traffic1 gives an instructive history of the license laws of ,massachusetts from early colonial times down to the year #ahgg4 ,the experience of ,massachusetts is that of every other community1 ,state or nation1 which has sought to repress drunkenness and its attendant evils by the enactment of license laws2 and we ask the reader's earnest and candid consideration of the facts we shall here present4 ,as early as #afcf1 an effort was made in the ,old ,colony to lessen intemperance by the passage of a restrictive law1 declaring ,that none be suffered to retail wine1 strong water or beer1 either within doors or without1 except in inns or victualing-houses allowed4 ,that this law did not lessen the evil of drunkenness is plain from the fact that1 in #afdf1 in the preamble to a new liquor law it was declared by the ,massachusetts colony that1 ,forasmuch as drunkenness is a vice to be abhorred of all nations1 especially of those who hold out and profess the ,gospel of ,christ1 and seeing any strict law will not prevail unless the cause be taken away1 it is1 therefore1 ordered by this ,court1--,what8 ,entire prohibition of the sale of intoxicating drinks8 ,no4 ,only1 ,that no merchant1 cooper or any other person whatever1 shall1 after the first day of the first month1 sell any wine under one-quarter of a cask1 neither by quart1 gallon or any other measure1 but only such taverners as are licensed to sell by the gallon4 ,and in order still further to protect and encourage the publican in his ,tested and exclusive right1 it was further enacted that1 ,any taverners or other persons who shall inform against any transgressor1 shall have one-half of the fines for his encouragement4 ,this law contained a section which forbids any person licensed to sell strong waters1 or any private housekeeper to permit any person to sit drinking or tippling strong waters1 wine or strong beer in their houses4 ,,the ,,evil ,,still ,,increasing4 ,still the evil of drunkenness went on increasing under the license system1 until in #afib1 we find in a preamble to certain more stringent laws for the regulation of the traffic1 this sad confession3 ,and forasmuch as the ancient1 true and principal use of inns1 taverns1 ale-houses1 victualing-houses and other houses for common entertainment is for receipt1 relief and lodging of travelers and strangers1 and the refreshment of persons on lawful business4 99 99 99 ,and not for entertainment and harboring of lewd or idle people to spend or consume their time or money there2 therefore1 to prevent the mischief and great disorders happening daily by abuse of such houses1 ,it is further enacted1 etc4--not prohibition of the sale2 but further restrictions and penalties4 ,how far these restrictions and penalties were effective1 appears from the statue of #afie1 in the preamble of which is a complaint that divers persons who had obtained license to sell liquor to be taken away and not drunk in their houses1 did1 notwithstanding1 give entertainment to persons to sit drinking and tippling there1 while others who have no license at all are yet so hardy as to run upon the law1 to the great increase of drunkenness and other debaucheries4 ,these colonial fathers1 in their efforts to lessen the evil of drinking by restrictive license1 for which a fee to the ,state was required1 opened a door for the unlicensed dram-shop1 which was then1 as it is now1 one of the worst forms of the liquor traffic1 because it is in the hands of more unscrupulous persons1 too many of whom are of the lowest and vilest class1 and whose tippling-houses are dens of crime and infamy as well as drunkenness4 ,how this was in the colony of ,massachusetts under license in #afie is seen above1 and further appears in this recital taken from the statute to further limit the spread of drunkenness1 wherein it refers to divers ill-disposed and indigent persons1 the pains and penalties in the laws already made not regarding1 who are so hardy as to presume to sell and retail strong beer1 ale1 cider1 sherry wine1 rum or other strong liquors or mixed drinks1 and to keep common tippling-houses1 thereby harboring and entertaining apprentices1 ,indians1 negroes and other idle and dissolute persons1 tending to the ruin and impoverishment of families1 and all impieties and debaucheries1 and if detected are unable to pay their fine4 ,all such were sentenced to the whipping-post4 ,three years later1 the curse of the licensed traffic had so augmented that another effort was made for its regulation by the enactment of a new and more comprehensive law entitled1 ,an ,act for the ,inspecting and ,suppressing of ,disorders in ,licensed ,houses4 ,,worse ,,and ,,worse4 ,how successful the good people of ,massachusetts were in holding in check and regulating the evil which they had clothed with power by license1 appears in the preamble to a new ,act passed in #agaa1 ,for reclaiming the over great number of licensed houses1 many of which are chiefly used for revelling and tippling1 and become nurseries of intemperance and debauchery1 indulged by the masters and keepers of the same for the sake of gain4 ,so it went on1 from bad to worse1 under the ,colonial ,government1 until #aghg1 when the ,state constitution was adopted4 ,to what a frightful magnitude the evil of drunkenness1 provided for and fostered by license1 had grown1 appears from an entry in the diary of ,john ,adams1 under date of ,february #bith1 #agfj1 in which he says that few things were so fruitful of destructive evils as licensed houses4 ,they had become1 he declares1 the eternal haunts of loose1 disorderly people of the town1 which renders them offensive and unfit for the entertainment of any traveler of the least delicacy4 99 99 99 ,young people are tempted to waste their time and money1 and to acquire habits of intemperance and idleness1 that we often see reduce many to beggary and vice1 and lead some of them1 at least1 to prison and the gallows4 ,in entering upon her career as a ,state1 ,massachusetts continued the license system1 laying upon it many prudent restrictions1 all of which were of no avail1 for the testimony is complete as to the steady increase of drunkenness1 crime and debauchery4 ,,testimony ,,of ,,john ,,adams4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,rush1 in #ahaa1 ,john ,adams says3 ,fifty-three years ago ,i was fired with a zeal1 amounting to enthusiasm1 against ardent spirits1 the multiplication of taverns1 retailers1 dram-shops and tippling-houses4 ,grieved to the heart to see the number of idlers1 thieves1 sots and consumptive patients made for the physicians in these infamous seminaries1 ,i applied to the ,court of ,sessions1 procured a ,committee of ,inspection and ,inquiry1 reduced the number of licensed houses1 etc41 but ,i only acquired the reputation of a hypocrite and an ambitious demagogue by it4 ,the number of licensed houses was soon reinstated2 drams1 grog and sotting were not diminished1 and remain to this day as deplorable as ever4 ,,opening ,a ,,wider ,,door4 ,in #ahaf1 so demoralized had the sentiment of the people become1 and so strong the liquor interest of the ,state1 that the saving provision in the license laws1 which limited the sale of liquor to inns and taverns1 was repealed1 and licenses were granted to common victualers1 who shall not be required to furnish accommodations for travelers2 and also to confectioners on the same terms as to inn-keepers2 that is1 to sell and to be drunk on the premises4 ,this change in the license laws of ,massachusetts was declared1 by ,judge ,aldrich1 in #ahfg1 to be one of the most fruitful sources of crime and vice that ever existed in this ,commonwealth4 ,up to as late as #ahcb1 attempts were continued to patch up and amend the license laws of the ,state2 after that they were left1 for a time1 to do their evil work1 all efforts to make them anything but promoters of drunkenness1 crime and poverty being regarded as fruitless4 ,miserable in principle1 says ,judge ,pitman1 license laws were found no less inefficient in practice4 ,meantime1 the battle against the liquor traffic had been going on in various parts of the ,state4 ,in #ahce1 a law was secured by which the office of county commissioner 7the licensing authority7 was made an elective office2 heretofore it had been held by appointment4 ,this gave the people of each county a local control over the liquor question1 and in the very first year the counties of ,plymouth and ,bristol elected boards committed to the policy of no license4 ,other counties followed this good example2 and to bar all questions of the right to refuse every license by a county1 the power was expressly conferred by a law passed in #ahcg4 ,a ,,change ,,for ,,the ,,better4 ,the good results were immediately apparent in all places where license to sell intoxicating drinks was refused4 ,after a thorough investigation of the matter1 the ,judiciary ,committee of the ,legislature reported the evidence to be perfectly incontrovertable1 that the good order and the physical and moral welfare of the community had been promoted by refusing to license the sale of ardent spirits2 and that although the laws have been and are violated to some extent in different places1 the practice soon becomes disreputable and hides itself from the public eye by shrinking into obscure and dark places2 that noisy and tumultuous assemblies in the streets and public quarrels cease where license is refused2 and that pauperism has very rapidly diminished from the same cause4 ,an attempt to prohibit entirely the retail liquor traffic was made in #ahch1 by the passage of what was known as the ,fifteen-,gallon ,law1 which forbade the sale of spirituous liquors in a less quantity than fifteen gallons1 which had to be carried away all at one time2 except by apothecaries and practicing physicians1 who might sell for use in the arts and for medicinal purposes4 ,but this law remained in operation only a year and a half2 when1 in concession to the liquor interest of the ,state1 which had been strong enough to precipitate a political revolution and get its own men in the legislature1 it was repealed4 ,but the ,state1 says ,judge ,pitman1 while the memory of license was fresh1 was not to fall again under its sway4 ,the struggle for local prohibition was at once renewed1 and in a few years license had ceased throughout the ,commonwealth4 ,the statement may surprise many2 but ,i have the authority of the city clerk of ,boston for saying1 that 'no licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted in ,boston between #ahda and #aheb4' 99 99 99 ,and so the chapter of license was apparently closed4 ,it had not only had its 'day1' but its centuries in court2 and the well-nigh unanimous verdict was3 'disgrace--failure' ,so strong was this conviction in the minds of the people of ,massachusetts1 that ,governor ,bullock1 in #ahfa1 while acting as chairman of the ,judiciary ,committee of the ,house1 gave it expression in these notable words3 ,it may be taken as the solemnly declared1 judgment of the people of the ,commonwealth1 that the principle of licensing the traffic in intoxicating drinks as a beverage1 and thus giving legal sanction to that which is regarded in itself as an evil1 is no longer admissible in morals or in legislation ,,the ,,liquor ,,power ,,in ,,the ,,ascendant ,,again4 ,but in #ahfh1 adverse influences prevailed1 and after all her sad and disgraceful experience1 ,massachusetts abandoned her prohibition of the traffic and went back to license again2 but the evil consequences began to show themselves so quickly that the law was repealed in less than a year4 ,governor ,claflin1 in his message to the legislature in ,january1 #ahfi1 thus speaks of the effect of the new license law3 ,the increase of drunkenness and crime during the last six months1 as compared with the same period of #ahfg1 is very marked and decisive as to the operation of the law4 ,the ,state prisons1 jails and houses of correction are being rapidly filled1 and will soon require enlarged accommodation if the commitments continue to increase as they have since the present law went in force4 ,while the chaplain of the ,state prison in his annual report for #ahfh1 says3 ,the prison never was so full as at the present time4 ,if the rapidly increasing tide of intemperance1 so greatly swollen by the present wretched license law1 is suffered to rush on unchecked1 there will be a fearful increase of crime1 and the ,state must soon extend the limits of the prison1 or create another4 ,this law was repealed1 as we have seen4 ,a year of its bitter fruit was enough for the people4 ,,submitting ,,again ,,to ,,the ,,yoke4 ,but1 strange to say1 after all she has suffered from license laws1 the old ,bay ,state has again submitted to the yoke1 and is once more in the hands of the great liquor interest4 ,in #ahgd1 she drifted out from the safe harbor of prohibition1 and we find her1 to-day1 on the stormy and storm-wrecked sea of license4 ,a miserable attempt has been made by the friends of this law to show that its action has been salutory in ,boston1 the headquarters of the liquor power1 in the diminution of dram-shops and arrests for drunkenness4 ,water may run up hill in ,boston2 but it obeys the law of gravitation in other places4 ,we leave the reader to draw his own conclusions from this extract from the report of the ,license ,commissioners of that city1 made ,february #ast1 #ahgg3 ,it must be admitted that the business of liquor-selling in this city is1 to a very large extent1 in the hands of irresponsible men and women1 whose idea of a license law ends with the simple matter of paying a certain sum1 the amount making but little difference to them1 provided they are left to do as they please after payment4 ,besides the saloons and bar-rooms1 which are open publicly1 the traffic in small grocery stores1 in cellars and in dwelling-houses1 in some parts of the city1 is almost astounding4 ,the ,sunday trade is enormous1 and it seems as if there were not hours enough in the whole round of twenty-four1 or days enough in the entire week to satisfy the dealers4 ,the experience of ,massachusetts is1 as we have already said1 the experience of every community1 ,state or nation in which an effort has been made to abridge the evils of intemperance by licensing the dram-shop4 ,and to whom and to what class of citizens does the ,state accord1 under license1 the privilege of making gain out of the people's loss8 ,for whom is every interest in the nation taxed and every industry hurt8 ,for whom are the houses of the poor made poorer2 and the supply of bread diminished8 ,for whom are a crime-assaulted and pauper-ridden people driven to build jails and poor-houses1 and insane asylums1 and maintain courts and juries and a vast army of police1 at the cost of millions of dollars every year8 ,for great benefactors to whom the nation owes a debt of gratitude8 ,for men who are engaged in great industrial or commercial enterprises8 ,promoters of education8 leaders in the great march of civilization8 ,even if this were so1 better not to have accepted the service than pay for it at so fearful a cost4 ,who and what are these men8--this great privileged class8 ,let us see4 ,in ,boston1 we have the testimony of the ,license ,commissioners that liquor-selling is in the hands of irresponsible men and women1 who pay a license for the privilege of doing as they please after payment4 ,and for the maintenance of these irresponsible men and women in their right to corrupt and degrade the people1 a forced tax is laid on every bit of property and every interest in the great city of ,boston6 ,what was the tax on tea to this8 ,and yet1 ,boston patiently submits6 ,is it better in ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,cincinnati1 ,chicago or any other of our large cities8 ,not a whit6 ,in some it is worse1 even1 than in the capital of the old ,bay ,state4 ,in one of these last-mentioned cities1 where1 under the license system so dear to politicians1 and for which they are chiefly responsible1 between seven and eight thousand places in which liquor is sold at retail exist1 an effort was made in #ahgf to ascertain the character and antecedents of every person engaged in dram-selling4 ,we are not able to say how carefully or thoroughly the investigation was pursued1 but it was in the hands of those who meant that it should be complete and accurate4 ,one fact elicited was1 that the proportion of native-born citizens to the whole number engaged in the business was less than one-sixth4 ,another was1 that over six thousand of these dram-sellers belonged to the criminal class1 and had suffered imprisonment1 some for extended terms in the ,state prison4 ,and another was1 that nearly four thousand of the drinking-places which had been established under the fostering care of ,state license laws were houses of ill-fame as well6 ,comment is unnecessary4 ,we cannot lessen the evil nor abate the curse of drunkenness so long as we license a traffic1 which1 from its essential hostility to all the best interests of society1 naturally falls into the hands of our worst citizens1 who persistently violate every salutory and restrictive feature in the laws which give their trade a recognized existence4 ,what then8 ,is there any remedy short of ,prohibition8 ,we believe not4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,prohibition4 ,it has taken nearly half a century to convince the people that only in total abstinence lies any hope of cure for the drunkard4 ,when this doctrine was first announced1 its advocates met with opposition1 ridicule and even insult4 ,now it has almost universal acceptance4 ,the effort to hold an inebriate's appetite in check by any restriction that included license1 has1 in all cases1 proved so signal a failure1 that the letting down1 or tapering off process has been wholly abandoned in inebriate asylums4 ,there is no hope1 as we have said1 but in complete abstinence4 ,,no ,,remedy ,,but ,,prohibition4 ,is there any other means of cure for national drunkenness8 ,the remedy of license has been found as valueless for the whole people as restriction for the individual4 ,appetite1 when once depraved1 becomes1 in the individual1 lawless1 exacting and unscrupulous2 not hesitating to trample on duty1 justice1 humanity and every public and private virtue4 ,it will keep no faith2 it will hold to no pledge1 however solemnly taken4 ,it must be wholly denied or it will be wholly master4 ,as in the individual1 so in the nation1 ,state or community4 ,appetite loses nothing by aggregation2 nor are the laws of its action changed4 ,if not denied by prohibition in the ,state1 as by total abstinence in the individual1 it will continue to entail upon the people loss and ruin and unutterable woes4 ,license1 restrictive permission1 tax1 all will be vain in the future as they have been in the past4 ,there is no hope1 no help1 no refuge in anything but ,prohibition6 ,and here we art met by two questions1 fairly and honestly asked4 ,first4 ,is prohibition right in the abstract as a legislative measure8 ,second4 ,can prohibitory laws be enforced1 and will they cure the evil of drunkenness8 ,first1 as to the question of legislative action4 ,can the ,state forbid the sale of intoxicating drinks as a beverage without violating the natural right of certain citizens1 engaged in the manufacture and sale of these articles1 to supply them to customers who wish to purchase8 ,we answer1 that no man has a natural right to do wrong2 that is1 to engage in any pursuit by which he makes gain out of loss and injury to his neighbor4 ,the essential principle of government is the well-being of the people4 ,it guarantees to the weak1 security against the strong2 it punishes evil doers1 and seeks to protect its citizens from the evil effects of that unscrupulous selfishness in the individual which would trample on the rights of all the rest in its pursuit of money or power4 ,now1 if it can be shown that the liquor traffic is a good thing2 that it benefits the people2 makes them more prosperous and happy2 improves their health2 promotes education and encourages virtue1 then its right to exist in the community has been established4 ,or1 even if the good claimed for it be only negative instead1 of positive1 its right must still be unquestioned4 ,but what if it works evil and only evil in the ,state8 ,what if it blights and curses every neighborhood1 and town1 and city1 and nation in which it exists2 laying heavy taxes upon the people that it may live and flourish1 crippling all industries2 corrupting the morals of the people2 enticing the young from virtue2 filling jails1 and poor-houses1 and asylums with a great army of criminals1 paupers and insane men and women1 yearly extinguishing the light in thousands of happy homes8 ,what then8 ,does this fruit of the liquor traffic establish its right to existence and to the protection of law8 ,let the reader answer the question for himself4 ,that it entails all of these evils1 and many more1 upon the community1 cannot and will not be denied4 ,that it does any good1 cannot be shown4 ,fairly1 then1 it has no right to existence in any government established for the good of the people2 and in suppressing it1 no wrong can be done4 ,,prohibition ,,not ,,unconstitutional4 ,how the question of prohibition is regarded by the highest legal authority in the ,united ,states will appear from the following opinions officially given by four of the ,justices of our ,supreme ,court4 ,they are expressed in no doubtful or hesitating form of speech3 ,chief ,justice ,taney said3 ,if any ,state deems the retail and internal traffic in ardent spirits injurious to its citizens1 and calculated to produce idleness1 vice or debauchery1 ,i see nothing in the ,constitution of the ,united ,states to prevent it from regulating or restraining the traffic1 or from prohibiting it altogether1 if it thinks proper4--#e ,howard1 #egg4 ,hon4 ,justice ,mc,lean said3 ,a license to sell is a matter of police and revenue within the power of the ,state4--#e ,ibid41 #ehi4 ,if the foreign article be injurious to the health and morals of the community1 a ,state may prohibit the sale of it4 ,hon4 ,justice ,catron said3 ,if the ,state has the power of restraint by license to any extent1 she may go to the length of prohibiting sales altogether4--#e ,ibid41 #faa4 ,hon4 ,justice ,grier said3 ,it is not necessary to array the appalling statistics of misery1 pauperism and crime which have their origin in the use and abuse of ardent spirits4 ,the police power1 which is exclusively in the ,state1 is competent to the correction of these great evils1 and all measures of restraint or prohibition necessary to effect that purpose are within the scope of that authority4--,ibid41 #ecb4 ,that the ,state has a clear right to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks1 because this sale not only hurts all other interests1 but destroys the health and degrades the morals of the people1 has been fully shown4 ,the question next to be considered is1 ,can prohibitory laws be enforced8 and if so1 will they remove from the people the curse of drunkenness8 ,,can ,,prohibitory ,,laws ,,be ,,enforced8 ,as to the complete enforcement of any salutory law1 that depends mainly on the public sentiment regarding it1 and on the organized strength of its opposers4 ,if the common sentiment of the people were in favor of every man's liberty to steal whatever he could lay his hands on1 it would be found very difficult to convict a rogue1 no matter how clearly expressed the law against stealing4 ,a single thief in the jury-box could defeat the ends of justice4 ,a hundred loop-holes for escape can always be found in the provisions of a law with which the majority of the people are not in sympathy4 ,indeed1 it often happens that such loop-holes are provided by the law-makers themselves2 and this is especially true in too many of the laws made for the suppression of the liquor trade4 ,is this an argument against the enactment of laws to protect the people from great wrongs--especially the weaker and more helpless ones8 ,to the half-hearted1 the indifferent and the pusillanimous--yes6 ,but with brave1 true men1 who have at heart the best interests of humanity1 this can only intensify opposition to wrong1 and give strength for new efforts to destroy its power4 ,these have an undying faith in the ultimate victory of good over evil1 and mean1 so far as they are concerned1 that the battle shall continue until that victory is won4 ,judge ,pitman has eloquently expressed this sentiment in the closing pages of his recent work1 to which we have more than once referred4 ,speaking of those who distrust the practicability of securing such legislation as will effectually destroy the liquor trade1 he says3 ,they are appalled at the power of the traffic4 ,they see that it has uncounted wealth at its command2 that it is organized and unscrupulous2 that it has the support of fierce appetite behind it and the alliance of every evil lust2 that it is able to bribe or intimidate the great political parties4 ,all this is true2 but still it is not to be the final victor4 ,it has all the elemental moral forces of the human race against it1 and though their working be slow1 and their rate of progress dependent on human energy and fidelity1 the ultimate result is as certain as the action of the law of gravity in the material universe4 ,wealth may be against us2 rank may affect to despise us2 but the light whose dawn makes a new morning in the world1 rarely shines from palace or crown1 but from the manger and the cross4 ,before the aroused consciences of the people1 wielding the indomitable will of a ,state1 the destroyers of soul and body shall go down forever4 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,prohibitory ,,laws ,,when ,,enforced4 ,it remains now to show how far prohibitory laws1 when enforced1 have secured the end for which they were created4 ,on this point1 the evidence is clear and satisfactory4 ,in ,vermont1 a prohibitory law has existed for over twenty-three years4 ,in some parts of the ,state it is rigidly enforced2 in others with less severity4 ,judge ,peck1 of the ,supreme ,court says3 ,the law has had an effect upon our customs1 and has done away with that of treating and promiscuous drinking4 99 99 99 ,in attending court for ten years1 ,i do not remember to have seen a drunken man4 ,in ,st4 ,johnsbury1 where there is a population of five thousand1 the law has been strictly enforced2 and the testimony in regard to the town is this3 ,there is no bar1 no dram-shop1 no poor1 and no policeman walks the streets4 ,it is the workingman's paradise4 ,connecticut enacted a prohibitory law in #ahed4 ,in #ahee1 ,governor ,dutton said1 in his annual message to the ,general ,assembly3 ,there is scarcely an open grog-shop in the ,state1 the jails are fast becoming tenantless1 and a delightful air of security is everywhere enjoyed4 ,in ,meriden1 the chaplain of the reform school testified that crime had diminished seventy-five per cent4 ,in ,new ,london1 the jail was tenantless4 ,in ,norwich1 the jails and almshouses were reported as almost empty4 ,but in #ahgc1 the liquor influence was strong enough in the legislature to substitute license for prohibition4 ,the consequence was an immediate increase of drunkenness and crime4 ,two years afterwards1 the ,secretary of ,state declared that there was a greater increase of crime in one year under license than in seven years under prohibition4 ,vineland1 ,new ,jersey1 has a population of ten thousand4 ,absolute prohibition is the law of that community4 ,one constable1 who is also overseer of the poor1 is sufficient to maintain public order4 ,in #ahge1 his annual report says3 ,we have practically no debt4 99 99 99 ,the police expenses of ,vineland amount to seventy-five dollars a year1 the sum paid to me1 and our poor expenses are a mere trifle4 ,in ,potter ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 there has been a prohibitory law for many years4 ,hon4 ,john ,s4 ,mann says3 ,its effect1 as regards crime1 is marked and conspicuous4 ,our jail is without inmates1 except the sheriff1 for more than half the time4 ,other instances of local prohibition in this country could be given1 but these are sufficient4 ,bessbrook1 a town in ,ireland of four thousand inhabitants1 has no liquor-shop1 and whisky and strong drink are strictly prohibited4 ,there is no poor-house1 pawn-shop or police-station4 ,the town is entirely free from strife1 discord or disturbance4 ,in the county of ,tyrone1 ,ireland1 no drinking house is allowed4 ,in #ahgj1 ,right ,hon4 ,claude ,hamilton said3 ,at present there is not a single policeman in that district4 ,the poor-rates are half what they were before1 and the magistrates testify to the great absence of crime4 ,in many parts of ,england and ,scotland there is local prohibition1 and the uniform testimony as to the absence of pauperism and crime is as unequivocal as that given above4 ,,the ,,maine ,,law--,,its ,,complete ,,vindication4 ,but it is to the ,state of ,maine1 where a prohibitory law has existed for over a quarter of a century1 and where prohibition has been put to the severest tests1 that we must look for the more decisive proofs of success or failure4 ,on the evidence which ,maine furnishes1 the advocates of legal suppression are content to rest their case4 ,in order to get a brief1 but thoroughly accurate and reliable history of the ,maine law1 we addressed a letter to ,hon4 ,neal ,dow1 of ,portland1 ,maine1 asking him to furnish us1 for this volume1 with the facts and evidence by which our readers could for themselves judge whether the law were a dead letter1 as some asserted1 or effective and salutory4 ,in reply1 ,mr4 ,dow has kindly furnished us with the following deeply interesting and important communication3 ,,testimony ,,of ,,hon4 ,,neal ,,dow4 ,,portland1 ,october #abth1 #ahgg4 ,t4,s4 ,,arthur1 ,,esq43 ,dear ,sir--,i will gladly furnish you with a brief history of the ,maine ,law1 and a statement of its operation and effects in ,maine1 in the hope that the wide circulation of the work you have in preparation may serve to correct the mistaken notion that prevails1 to the effect that the law has failed of any useful result1 and that the liquor traffic is carried on as extensively in ,maine as ever it had been1 with all its baleful effects upon the moral and material interests of the ,state4 ,in the old time the people of ,maine were as much addicted to the use of strong drinks as those of any other part of the country2 and the effects of this shocking habit were seen everywhere in shabby buildings1 neglected farms and in wide-spread poverty4 ,there were1 in this ,state1 magnificent forests of the best pine timber in the world4 ,the manufacture of this timber into lumber of various descriptions1 and the sale of it1 were the leading industries of ,maine4 ,the products of our vast forests were sent chiefly to the ,west ,india ,islands1 and the returns were mostly in rum and in molasses1 to be converted into rum by our own distilleries1 of which there were many among us1 in various parts of the ,state--seven of them in this city1 running night and day4 ,this rum1 almost the whole of it1 whether imported or home-made1 was consumed among our own people4 ,it was sent in the way of trade and in exchange for lumber into every part of our territory2 not a town or village1 or rural district escaped1 however remote or thinly populated it might be4 ,the result of this was1 that almost the entire value of all this vast industry went down the throats of our people in the shape of rum1 either imported or home-made4 ,i have heard men say who had been extensively engaged in this lumber trade1 that ,maine is not a dollar the richer1 and never was1 on account of this immense business2 but that the people were poorer in consequence of it1 and more miserable than they would have been if the pine forests had been swept away by a great conflagration4 ,the effects of this course of trade were seen everywhere throughout the ,state4 ,in scarcely any part of it was there any evidence of business prosperity or thrift1 but1 generally1 there was abundant evidence of poverty1 untidiness and decay4 ,in the lumbering towns and villages1 where the innumerable saw-mills were1 the greatest bustle and activity prevailed4 ,the air resounded with the loud noises coming from these mills4 ,night and day they were run1 never ceasing until the logs were worked up4 ,relays of hands were employed at all these lumbering centres1 so that the saw-mills never stopped even for an hour during the season1 except for some occasional repairs4 ,all these men drank rum2 a quart a day per man was a moderate quantity2 but a great many of them required two quarts a day4 ,the result of this was1 that the entire wages of the men were consumed in drink1 except a meagre share that went to the miserable wives and children at home4 ,everywhere throughout the ,state the results of this way of life was to be seen--in the general poverty of the people1 and in the shabbiness of all their surroundings4 ,but some persons conceived the idea that all this evil was not necessary and inevitable2 that it came from the liquor traffic1 which might be prohibited and suppressed1 as lottery-tickets1 gambling-houses and impure books and pictures had already been4 ,and they devoted themselves constantly and industriously to the work of correcting the public opinion of the people as to the liquor traffic by demonstrating to them that this trade was in deadly hostility to every interest of the ,state1 while no good came from it1 nor could come from it1 to ,state or people4 ,this educational work was carried on persistently for years2 meetings were held by these persons in every little country-church and town-house1 and in every little wayside school-house1 where the farmers and their wives and children assembled at the call of these missionaries1 to listen to their burning denunciation of the liquor traffic1 which lived only by spreading poverty1 pauperism1 suffering1 insanity1 crime and premature death broadcast over the ,state4 ,the result of this teaching was1 that the public opinion of the ,state became thoroughly changed as to the character of the liquor traffic and its relation to the public prosperity and welfare4 ,when we thought the time had come for it1 we demanded of the ,legislature that the law of license1 then upon the statute books1 which represented the public opinion of the old time1 should be changed for a law of prohibition1 representing the improved public opinion of the present time2 and1 after two unsuccessful attempts to procure such a law1 we obtained what we desired1 an act of absolute prohibition to the manufacture and sale of strong drink--a measure for which we had labored long and industriously for many years4 ,at the time of the enactment of this statute1 now known as the ,,maine ,,law the world over1 the liquor traffic was carried on extensively in the ,state1 wholesale and retail1 precisely as it is now in ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania and in every other ,state where that trade is licensed and protected by the law4 ,the ,maine ,law went into operation immediately upon its approval by the ,governor1 and by its provisions1 liquors kept for sale everywhere1 all over the ,state1 were liable to be seized1 forfeited and destroyed1 and the owners to be punished by fine and imprisonment4 ,the municipal authorities of the cities and towns allowed the dealers a reasonable time to send away their stocks of liquors to other ,states and countries1 where their sale was permitted by the law4 ,the liquor-traders availed themselves of this forbearance of the authorities1 and did generally send their stock of liquors out of the ,state4 ,the open sale of liquors came instantly to an end throughout all our territory1 and where it continued1 it was done secretly1 as other things are done in violation of law4 ,the manufacture of intoxicating liquors was entirely stopped1 so that in all the ,state there was absolutely none produced1 except cider1 which might be made and used for vinegar4 ,the effect of this policy of prohibition to the liquor traffic was speedily visible in our work-houses1 jails and houses of corrections4 ,the jail of ,cumberland ,county1 the most populous of the ,state1 had been badly over-crowded1 but within four months of the enactment of the law there were but five prisoners in it1 three of whom were liquor-sellers1 put in for violation of the law4 ,the jails of ,penobscot2 ,kennebec1 ,franklin1 ,oxford and ,york were absolutely empty4 ,the inmates of the work-houses were greatly reduced in number1 and in some of the smaller towns pauperism ceased entirely4 ,but1 during all this time1 in every part of the country1 reports were industriously circulated that the law was inoperative for good1 and that liquors were sold in ,maine as freely and in as large quantities as before the law4 ,these false statements were industriously and persistently made everywhere by those interested in the liquor trade1 and by those impelled by appetite or passion4 ,it is sufficient for me to say here that the ,maine ,law1 from the first1 has been as faithfully executed as our other criminal laws have been1 though there has been1 at certain times1 and in certain localities1 considerable complicity with the violators of it1 on the part of many officers of the law1 so that the ,legislature has at last provided heavy penalties for the punishment of prosecuting officers1 justices of the peace and judges of municipal and police courts1 in case of failure in their duty4 ,i am glad to be able to say that the judges of our higher courts have1 from the first1 been true to their duty in the administration of this law1 as of all others4 ,in much the larger part of ,maine1 in all the rural districts1 in the villages and smaller towns1 the liquor traffic is absolutely unknown2 no such thing as a liquor-shop exists there1 either open or secret4 ,the traffic lingers secretly only in the larger towns and cities1 where it leads a precarious and troubled life--only among the lowest and vilest part of our foreign population4 ,nowhere in the ,state is there any visible sign of this horrible trade4 ,the penalties of the law1 as they now stand1 are sufficient to extinguish the traffic in all the small towns1 and to drive it into dens and dark corners in the larger towns4 ,the people of ,maine now regard this trade as living1 where it exists at all1 only on the misery and wretchedness of the community4 ,they speak of it everywhere1 in the press1 on the platform1 and in legislative halls1 as the gigantic crime of crimes1 and we mean to treat it as such by the law4 ,for some years after the enactment of the law1 it entered largely into the politics of the ,state4 ,candidates were nominated by one party or the other with reference to their proclivities for rum or their hostility to it1 and the people were determined in their votes1 one way or the other1 by this consideration4 ,now1 the policy of prohibition1 with penalties stringent enough to be effective1 has become as firmly settled in this ,state as that of universal education or the vote by ballot4 ,the ,republican party1 in its annual conventions1 during all these years1 has affirmed1 unanimously1 its adhesion to prohibition and the vigorous enforcement of laws to that end2 and the ,democratic party1 in its annual convention of this year1 rejected1 by an immense majority1 and with enthusiastic cheers1 a resolution1 proposed from the floor1 in favor of license4 ,the original ,maine ,law was enacted by a vote in the ,house of eighty-six to forty1 and in the ,senate by eighteen to ten4 ,there have been several subsequent liquor laws1 all in the direction of greater stringency2 and the ,legislature of this year enacted an additional law1 with penalties much more stringent than any which had preceded it1 without a dissenting vote4 ,no one can mistake the significance of this fact2 it was an unanimous affirmation of adhesion to the policy of prohibition1 after a steady trial of it and experience of its results for more than a quarter of a century4 ,and1 since that time1 the people have passed upon it at the late annual election by an approval of the policy and of the men who favor it--by an immense majority4 ,if it be conceded that the people of ,maine possess an ordinary share of intelligence and common sense1 this result would be impossible1 unless the effect of prohibition had been beneficial to the ,state and to them4 ,while we were earnestly at work in bringing up the public opinion of the ,state to the point of demanding the prohibition of the liquor traffic1 as a more important political and social question than any other or all others1 ,i was startled at hearing a gentleman of the town of ,raymond declare that in his town the people consumed in strong drink its entire valuation in every period of eighteen years eight months and twenty-five days6 ,here are the figures1 he said2 ,i know the quantity of liquor brought into the town annually4 ,i am so situated that ,i am able to state this accurately1 beyond all possibility of doubt1 except that liquors may be brought here by other than the ordinary mode of transportation without my knowledge2 but the quantities stated in this paper 7which he held in his hand71 and their cost are within my knowledge4 ,this was part of a speech to his fellow-townsmen1 and his statement was admitted to be true4 ,now there is not a drop of liquor sold in that town1 and there has not been any sold there for many years4 ,this statement may strike us at first blush to be tremendously exaggerated1 that the people of any locality should consume in strong drink the entire value of its real estate and personal property in every period of less than twenty years4 ,but let us examine it4 ,we learn from the ,bureau of ,statistics that the annual liquor bill of the ,united ,states is seven hundred millions of dollars4 ,this does not include the enormous quantity of crooked whisky which has been put upon the market with or without the knowledge1 consent1 assent or complicity of our public officers1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,the drink bill of the ,united ,kingdom1 with a population smaller than ours1 is more than this by many millions4 ,this valuation--seven hundred millions of dollars--is the price1 by the quantity1 taken from the figures as they come into the public office1 while the cost to the consumers is vastly greater4 ,now1 this sum with annual compound interest for ten years1 amounts to the enormous figure of eight billions nine hundred and forty-four millions one hundred and forty-one thousands of dollars--almost nine thousand millions of dollars6 ,for twenty years the amount is twenty-five billions two hundred and forty-five millions six hundred and eighty-one thousands of dollars4 ,twenty-five thousand two hundred and forty-five millions of dollars and more2 actually as much1 within a fraction1 as the entire value of the personal and landed property of the ,united ,states6 ,my friend of ,raymond may well be credited in the statement made to his fellow-townsmen4 ,now1 as the result of the ,maine ,law1 in ,maine1 the wealth and prosperity of the people have greatly increased4 ,this can be seen in every part of the ,state1 and is obvious to the most casual observer who knew what ,maine was before the law of prohibition and knows what it has been since and down to the present time4 ,evidences of industry1 enterprise and thrift everywhere1 instead of the general poverty1 unthrift and shabbiness of the old rum-time4 ,the share of ,maine of the ,national drink-bill would be about thirteen millions of dollars1 and but for the ,maine ,law1 we should be consuming our full proportion2 but now ,i feel myself fully warranted in saying that we do not expend in that way one-tenth of that sum4 ,a mayor of the city of ,portland1 in a message to the ,city ,council1 said3 ,the quantity of liquor now sold is not one-fiftieth part as much as it was before the enactment of the law4 ,the difference1 whatever it may be1 between the sum we should waste in strong drink1 but for the law1 and that which we actually squander in that way1 we have in our pockets1 in our savings banks and in our business1 so that ,maine has suffered far less1 financially1 during this crisis than any other part of the country4 ,i have said the drink-bill of ,maine1 but for prohibition1 would be about thirteen millions of dollars annually1 in proportion to that of the whole country4 ,now1 this sum1 with annual compound interest at six per cent41 in ten years will amount to one hundred and seventy millions three hundred and nineteen thousand five hundred and twenty-eight dollars1 and in twenty years to four hundred and sixty-three millions eight hundred and fifty-four thousand four hundred and twenty dollars--more than twice the entire valuation of the ,state by the estimate made in #ahgj1 which was two hundred and twenty-four millions eight hundred and twenty-two thousand nine hundred and thirteen dollars4 ,there was a reason then for the fact1 that in the old rum-time the people of ,maine were poor and unthrifty in every way--and for that other fact1 that now they are prosperous and flourishing1 with a better business than that of any other ,state1 proportionately4 ,notwithstanding the fact that in ,portland a great conflagration destroyed ten millions of dollars in #ahff1 burned down half the town1 and turned ten thousand people out of doors1 the prosperity of the city has been steadily on the increase4 ,its valuation1 in #ahfj1 was twenty-one millions eight hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars1 and in #ahgj1 twenty-nine millions four hundred and thirty-nine thousand two hundred and fifty-seven dollars4 ,in the last year the increase in valuation1 in spite of the hard times1 was four hundred and eighty thousand dollars1 while ,boston1 with free rum1 has lost more than eight millions1 and ,new ,york and ,brooklyn has experienced an immense depreciation4 ,i think ,i have said enough to satisfy every intelligent1 unprejudiced man that the absolute prohibition and suppression of the liquor traffic has been in the highest interest of our ,state and people4 ,i am very truly1 yours1 ,,neal ,,dow4 ,and here we close our discussion of the most important of all the social questions that are to-day before the people2 and1 in doing so1 declare it as our solemn conviction1 that until the liquor traffic is abolished1 and the evils with which it curses the people removed1 all efforts at moral reforms must languish1 and the ,church find impediments in her way which cannot be removed4 ,the ,,curse is upon us1 and there is but one ,,cure3 ,total ,abstinence1 by the help of ,god1 for the individual1 and ,prohibition for the ,state4