,,:at ,,! ,,s*ools ,,tea* ,,& ,,might ,,tea* by ,,frankl9 ,,bobbitt ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,educational ,adm9i/ration ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago #aiae ,,clevel& ,,education ,,survey ,leon>d ,p4 ,ayres1 ,director ,! ,survey ,committee ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,*>les ,e4 ,adams1 ,*airman ,?omas ,g4 ,fitzsimons ,myrta ,l4 ,jones ,bascom ,little ,victor ,w4 ,s9c]e ,ar?ur ,d4 ,baldw91 ,secret>y ,james ,r4 ,g>field1 ,c\nsel ,newton ,d4 ,bak]1 ,c\nsel ,ali5 ,t4 ,burns1 ,director ,,=eword ,?is report on ,:at ! ,s*ools ,tea* & ,might ,tea* is "o ( ! #be sections ( ! report ( ! ,education ,survey ( ,clevel& conduct$ by ! ,survey ,committee ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation 9 #aiae4 ,tw5ty-?ree ( ^! sections w be publi%$ z sep>ate monographs4 ,9 addition !re w be a l>g] volume giv+ a summ>y ( ! f9d+s & recomm5dations relat+ to ! regul> "w ( ! public s*ools1 & a second simil> volume giv+ ! summ>y ( ^? sections relat+ to indu/rial education4 ,copies ( all ^! publications may be obta9$ f ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation4 ,!y may also be obta9$ f ! ,division ( ,education ( ! ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a complete li/ w be f\nd 9 ! back ( ?is volume1 toge!r ) prices4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,=eword ,li/ ( ,tables ,prefatory ,/atem5t ,! ,po9t ( ,view ,read+ & ,lit]ature ,spell+ ,h&writ+ ,language1 ,composition1 ,gramm> ,ma!matics ,algebra ,geometry ,hi/ory ,civics ,geography ,draw+ & ,appli$ ,art ,manual ,tra9+ & ,h\sehold ,arts ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce ,high ,s*ool ,sci5ce ,physiology & ,hygi5e ,physical ,tra9+ ,music ,=eign ,languages ,diff]5tiation ( ,c\rses ,summ>y ,,li/ ,,( ,,tables ,,table #a4 ,"t giv5 to read+ & lit]ature #b4 ,sets ( supplem5t>y read+ books p] build+ #c4 ,weeks giv5 to read+ ( diff]5t books 9 ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce #d4 ,"t giv5 to spell+ #e4 ,"t giv5 to h&writ+ #f4 ,"t giv5 to language1 composition1 & gramm> #g4 ,"t giv5 to ari?metic #h4 ,"t giv5 to hi/ory #i4 ,"t giv5 to geography #aj4 ,"t giv5 to draw+ #aa4 ,"t giv5 to manual tra9+ #ab4 ,"t giv5 to sci5ce1 physiology1 hygi5e #ac4 ,"t giv5 to physical tra9+ #ad4 ,"t giv5 to music ,,prefatory ,,/atem5t ,= an und]/&+ ( "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is report x is necess>y to m5tion c]ta9 ( ! conditions "u :i* x 0 prep>$4 ,! pr9t$ c\rse ( /udy = ! elem5t>y s*ools to be f\nd 9 ,june1 #aiae1 ! "t ! facts 7 ga!r$ = ?is report1 0 prep>$ "u a =m] adm9i/ration4 ,:ile its ma9 outl9es 7 /ill held to1 x 0 be+ dep>t$ f 9 individual s*ools 9 _m respects4 ,except occasionally x 0 n possible to f9d record ( su* dep>tures4 ,x 0 believ$ t to accept ! pr9t$ manual z repres5t+ curr5t proc$ure w\ld d frequ5t inju/ice to ?\ghtful1 con/ructive work]s )9 ! sy/em4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t c\rses ( /udy = ! city cov] ! "w ( twelve s*ool ye>s 9 a score & m ( subjects1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh a hundr$ build+s4 ,only a small fraction ( ?is compreh5sive program is go+ on dur+ any week ( ! s*ool ye>2 & ( ?is fraction only a relatively small am\nt c\ld actually be visit$ by "o man 9 ! "t possible to devote to ! task4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( records ( "w done or ( "w project$1 unduly l>ge weight _h to be giv5 to ! recomm5dations set d[n 9 ! late/ publi%$ c\rse ( /udy manual4 ,new c\rses ( /udy 7 be+ plann$ = ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,?is 9 itself indicat$ t ! manual c\ld n long] be reg>d$ z an au?oritative expression ( ! ideas ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,yet ) ! exception ( a good ari?metic c\rse & c]ta9 excell5t beg9n+s ( a geography c\rse1 little indication c\ld be f\nd z to :at ! details ( ! new c\rses 7 to be4 ,! pres5t report has _h to be writt5 at a "t :5 ! adm9i/ration by its acts 0 reject+ ! c\rses ( /udy laid out 9 ! old manual1 & yet be=e ! new c\rses 7 =mulat$4 ,"u ! circum/ances x 0 n a safe "t = sett+ =? ! facts1 s9ce n ev5 ! adm9i/ration knew yet :at ! new c\rses 7 to be 9 _! details4 ,x 0 n a safe "t to be ei!r prais+ or blam+ c\rse ( /udy requirem5ts4 ,! situation 0 too un=m$ = ei!r4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! curriculum1 ! city 0 confess$ly on ! eve ( a l>ge con/ructive program4 ,its face 0 t[>d ! future1 & n t[>d ! pa/2 n ev5 t[>d ! pres5t4 ,x 0 felt t if ! brief space at ! disposal ( ?is report c\ld also look *iefly t[>d ! future1 & pres5t con/ructive recomm5dations conc]n+ ?+s t obs]vation indicat$ %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 x w\ld accompli% its l>ge/ s]vice4 ,! "t t ! au?or sp5t 9 ,clevel& 0 mo/ly us$ 9 obs]vations 9 ! s*ools1 9 consultation ) tea*]s & sup]visors1 & 9 o!rwise asc]ta9+ :at appe>$ to be ! ma9 outl9es ( practice 9 ! v>i\s subjects4 ,?is 0 ?\ght to be ! po9t at :i* fur!r con/ructive labors w\ld necess>ily beg94 ,! recomm5dation ( a ?+ 9 ?is report does n indicate t x has hi!rto be5 non-exi/5t or unrecogniz$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,! int5tion r is an economical use ( ! brief space at our disposal 9 call+ att5tion to :at appe> to be c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( curriculum-mak+ t seem n[adays m & m to be employ$ by judici\s con/ructive work]s4 ,! occasional po9t+ out ( incomplete developm5t ( ! "w ( ! sy/em is n to be reg>d$ z criticism4 ,bo? s*ool p & community %\ld rememb] t s9ce s*ools are to fit p = social conditions1 & s9ce ^! conditions are cont9ually *ang+1 ! "w ( ! s*ools mu/ correspond+ly *ange4 ,social gr[? is nev] complete2 x is especially rapid 9 our g5]ation4 ,! "w ( education 9 prep>+ = ^! ev]-new conditions c likewise nev] be complete1 cry/alliz$1 p]fect$4 ,x mu/ gr[ & *ange z fa/ z social conditions make su* *anges necess>y4 ,to po9t out su* fur!r gr[?-ne$s is n criticism4 ,! int5tion is to pres5t ! dis9t]e/$1 deta*$ view ( ! outsid] :o1 al?\gh he kn[s indef9itely less ?an ^? )9 ! sy/em ab\t ! details ( ! "w1 c (t5 get ! p]spective r bett] j because 8 m9d is n fill$ ) ! details4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,!re is an endless1 & p]haps worldwide1 controv]sy z to :at con/itutes ! ess5tials ( education2 & z to ! /eps to be tak5 9 ! tea*+ ( ^! ess5tials4 ,! safe plan = con/ructive work]s appe>s to be to avoid p]sonal educational philosophies & to read all ! ess5tials ( education )9 ! ne$s & processes ( ! community itself4 ,s9ce we are us+ ?is social po9t ( view 9 mak+ curriculum sugge/ions = ,clevel&1 x seems desirable fir/ to expla9 j :at we mean4 ,"s ( ! matt]s set d[n may appe> s obvi\s z n to require expression4 ,!y ne$1 h[ev]1 to be pres5t$ aga9 because ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y are lo/ sight ( 9 actual s*ool practice4 ,*ildr5 & y\? are expect$ z !y gr[ up to take on by easy /ages ! *>act]i/ics ( adul?ood4 ,at ! end ( ! process x is expect$ t !y w be able to d ! ?+s t adults d2 to ?9k z !y ?9k2 to be> adult responsibilities2 to be effici5t 9 "w2 to be ?\ghtful public-spirit$ citiz5s2 & ! l4 ,! individual :o rea*es ?is level ( atta9m5t is educat$1 ev5 ?\gh he may nev] h att5d$ s*ool4 ,! "o :o falls bel[ ?is level is n truly educat$1 ev5 ?\gh he may h _h a surplus ( s*ool+4 ,to br+ "o's nature to full maturity1 z repres5t$ by ! be/ ( ! adult community 9 :i* "o gr[s up1 is true education = life 9 t community4 ,any?+ less ?an ?is falls %ort ( its purpose4 ,any?+ o!r ?an ?is is education misdirect$4 ,9 v e>ly days1 :5 community life 0 simple1 practically all ( "o's education 0 obta9$ ?r\gh p>ticipat+ 9 community activities1 & )\t sy/ematic tea*+4 ,f t day to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! social _w has be5 gr[+ m complex4 ,adults h develop$ k9ds ( activities s complicat$ t y\? _c adequately ent] into !m & le>n !m )\t sy/ematic tea*+4 ,at fir/ ^! ?+s 7 few2 ) ! ye>s !y h gr[n v num]\s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! too-complicat$ activities 0 writt5 language--read+1 writ+1 spell+4 ,^! matt]s became necessities to ! adult _w2 b y\? "u ord9>y circum/ances c\ld n p>ticipate 9 !m z p]=m$ by adults suffici5tly to ma/] !m4 ,!y _h to be taught2 & ! s*ool !reby came into exi/5ce4 ,a second ?+ develop$ ab\t ! same "t 0 ! complicat$ numb] sy/em us$ by adults4 ,x 0 too difficult = y\? to ma/] ?r\gh p>ticipation only4 ,x too _h to be taught1 & x (f]$ a second task = ! s*ools4 ,9 ! e>ly s*ools ?is tea*+ ( ! s-call$ ,?ree ,r's 0 all t 0 ne$$1 because ^! 7 ! only adult activities t _h become s complicat$ z to require sy/ematiz$ tea*+4 ,o!r ?+s 7 /ill simple en\gh1 s t "y p c\ld ent] into !m suffici5tly = all necess>y education4 ,z community vision wid5$ & m5's affairs came to ext5d f> beyond ! horizon1 a ne$ arose = k ( ! outly+ _w4 ,?is k c\ld r>ely be obta9$ suffici5tly ?r\gh travel & obs]vation4 ,!re arose ! new ne$ = ! sy/ematic tea*+ ( geography4 ,:at _h hi!rto n be5 a human necessity & !re=e n an educational ess5tial became bo? because ( *ang$ social conditions4 ,look+ at education f ?is social po9t ( view x is easy to see t !re 0 a "t :5 no p>ticul> ne$ exi/$ = hi/ory1 draw+1 sci5ce1 vocational /udies1 civics1 etc41 beyond :at "o c\ld acquire by m+l+ ) "o's associates 9 ! community4 ,^! 7 !re=e n !n ess5tials = education4 ,x is j z easy to see t *ang$ social conditions ( ! pres5t make necess>y = e "o a full] & m sy/ematic range ( ideas 9 ea* ( ^! fields ?an "o c pick up incid5tally4 ,^! ?+s h !reby become educational ess5tials4 ,:e!r a ?+ today is an educational ess5tial or n seems to dep5d ^u two ?+s3 :e!r x is a human necessity today2 & :e!r x is s complex or inaccessible z to require sy/ematic tea*+4 ,! numb] ( ess5tials *anges f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,^? today :o proclaim ! ,?ree ,r's z ! sole ess5tials appe> to be call+ f out ! r di/ant pa/4 ,_m ?+s h s9ce become ess5tial2 & o!r ?+s are be+ add$ ye> by ye>4 ,! normal me?od ( education 9 ?+s n yet put into ! s*ools1 is p>ticipation 9 ^? ?+s4 ,"o gets 8 ideas f wat*+ o!rs & !n le>ns to d by do+4 ,!re is no reason to believe t z ! s*ool l5ds its help to "s ( ! m difficult ?+s1 ?is normal plan ( le>n+ c be set aside & ano!r sub/itut$4 ,( c\rse ! s*ools mu/ take 9 h& ! difficult portions ( ! process4 ,:]e complicat$ k is ne$$1 ! s*ools mu/ tea* t k4 ,:]e drill is requir$1 !y mu/ give ! drill4 ,b ! k & ! drill %\ld be giv5 9 _! relation to ! human activities 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,z ! s*ool helps "y p to take on ! nature ( adul?ood1 x w /ill d s by help+ !m to ent] adequately into ! activities ( adul?ood4 ,y\? w le>n to ?9k1 to judge1 & to d1 by ?9k+1 judg+1 & do+4 ,!y w acquire a s5se ( responsibility by be>+ responsibility4 ,!y w take on s]i\s =ms ( ?\ght by do+ ! s]i\s ?+s :i* require s]i\s ?\ght4 ,x _c be urg$ t "y p h a life ( _! own :i* is to be liv$ only = y\?'s sake & )\t ref]5ce to ! adult _w ab\t !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact *ildr5 & y\? are a "p ( ! total community ( :i* ! mature adults are ! natural & responsible lead]s4 ,at an e>ly age !y beg9 to p]=m adult activities1 to take on adult po9ts ( view1 to be> adult responsibilities4 ,naturally x is done 9 ways appropriate to _! natures4 ,at fir/ x is imitative play1 con/ructive play1 etc4--nature's me?od ( br++ *ildr5 to obs]ve ! s]i\s _w ab\t !m1 & to gird !mselves = ent]+ into x4 ,! next /age1 if normal opportunities are provid$1 is playful p>ticipation 9 ! activities ( _! eld]s4 ,?is *anges gradually into s]i\s p>ticipation z !y gr[ old]1 becom+ at ! end ( ! process responsible adult action4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e ! educational mat]ials & processes at any /age ( gr[? )\t look+ at ! same "t to t entire _w ( :i* y\? =ms a "p1 & 9 :i* ! nature & abilities ( _! eld]s po9t ! goal ( _! tra9+4 ,! social po9t ( view h]e9 express$ is sometimes *>act]iz$ z be+ utilit>ian4 ,x may be s2 b n 9 any n>r[ or undesirable s5se4 ,x dem&s t tra9+ be z wide z life itself4 ,x looks to human activities ( e type3 religi\s activities2 civic activities2 ! duties ( "o's call+2 "o's family duties2 "o's recreations2 "o's read+ & m$itation2 & ! re/ ( ! ?+s t are done by ! complete man or woman4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,lit]ature ,! am\nt ( "t giv5 to read+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,clevel&1 & ! av]age "t 9 #ej o!r cities,a are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #a4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,read+ ,,& ,,lit]ature ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ---------------------------------------- ------- ,grade ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #cag #bff #dc #ca #b #cag #bce #cf #bf #c #bgi #ahh #cb #ba #d #aif #aec #bb #af #e #afa #abf #ah #ac #f #acf #aag #ae #ab #g #aeb #ih #ag #aj #h #aeb #ig #ag #aj ,total #agaj #abhj #be #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 s*ool life1 ea* pupil :o f9i%es ! elem5t>y grades 9 ,clevel& receives #agaj h\rs ( recitation & direct$ /udy 9 read+ z aga9/ an av]age ( #abhj h\rs 9 progressive cities 9 g5]al4 ,?is is an excess ( #dcj h\rs1 or #cd p] c5t4 ,! annual co/ ( tea*+ read+ be+ ab\t #fjj1jjj1 ?is repres5ts an excess annual inve/m5t 9 ?is subject ( "s #aej1jjj4 ,:e!r or n ?is excess inve/m5t 9 read+ is ju/ifi$ dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! way ! "t is us$4 ,if ! city is aim+ only at ! usual ma/]y ( ! me*anics ( read+ & ! usual introductory acqua9tance ) simple works ( lit]>y art1 x appe>s t ,clevel& is us+ m "t & labor ?an o!r cities consid] ne$ful4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is city is us+ ! excess "t = widely div]sifi$ read+ *os5 = its cont5t value 9 reveal+ ! great fields ( hi/ory1 indu/ry1 appli$ sci5ce1 mann]s & cu/oms 9 o!r l&s1 travel1 exploration1 inv5tions1 biography1 etc41 & 9 fix+ life-long habits ( intellig5t read+1 !n x is possible t x is j ?is excess "t t produces ! l>ge/ educational returns ^u ! inve/m5t4 ,footnote ,a3 ,h5ry ,w4 ,holmes1 ,"t ,di/ribution by ,subjects & ,grades 9 ,repres5tative ,cities4 ,9 ! ,f\rte5? ,ye> ,book ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,/udy ( ,education1 ,"p ,i1 #aiae4 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 f a c>eful /udy ( ! actual "w & an exam9ation ( ! pr9t$ docum5ts1 t ! *ief purpose ( tea*+ read+ 9 ?is city is1 to use ! t]m9ology ( its late/ manual1 easy expressive oral read+ 9 ri*1 well-modulat$ tone4 ,x is true t o!r aims are m5tion$1 su* z enl>gem5t ( vocabul>y1 ^w-/udy1 und]/&+ ( expressions & allusions1 acqua9tance ) ! lead+ au?ors1 appreciation ( beautiful expressions1 etc4 ,prop]ly emphasiz$1 ea* ( ^! purposes is valid2 b !re are o!r equally valid ends to be a*iev$ ?r\gh prop] *oice ( ! read+-cont5t t are n m5tion$4 ,!re is "h no criticism ( ! purposes long accept$1 b ( ! app>5t failure to recognize o!r equally important ones4 ,! "* ( ! read+-cont5t is ref]r$ to only 9 ! recomm5dation t 9 c]ta9 grades x %\ld relate to ! seasons & to special occasions4 ,ev5 9 ref]5ce to ! supplem5t>y read+1 :]e cont5t %\ld be ! fir/ conc]n1 ! only /atem5t ( purpose is t *ildr5 %\ld read = ! joy ( x4 ,un=tunately1 ?is mi/ak5 emphasis is n at all uncommon among ! s*ools ( ! nation4 ,h[ "o reads has receiv$ an undue am\nt ( att5tion2 :at "o reads 9 ! s*ool c\rses mu/ & w receive an increas+ly l>ge %>e ( "t & ?\ght1 9 ! new evaluation4 ,! use ( int]e/+ & valuable books = o!r educational purposes at ! same "t t !y are us$ = drill 9 ! me*anics ( read+ is com+ m & m to be recogniz$ z an improv$ mode ( proc$ure4 ,! me*anical side ( read+ is n !reby neglect$4 ,x is giv5 its prop] function & relation1 & c !re=e be bett] taught4 ,s f> z "o c see1 ,clevel& is attempt+ 9 ! read+ "w little m ?an ! traditional ?+4 ,! ?irty-f\r p] c5t excess "t may be ju/ifi$ by ! city on ! !ory t ! s*ools are commission$ to get ! "w done "o-?ird bett] ?an 9 ! av]age city4 ,! read+ te/s made by ! ,survey fail to reveal any su* sup]iority4 ,! city appe>s to be gett+ no bett] ?an av]age results4 ,c]ta9ly p %\ld read well & effectively 9 all ways 9 :i* !y w be call$ ^u to read 9 _! adult affairs4 ,= ! mo/ "p ?is means read+ = ideas1 sugge/ions1 & in=mation 9 connection ) ! ?+s involv$ 9 _! sev]al call+s2 9 connection ) _! civic problems2 = recreation2 & = su* g5]al social enlight5m5t z comes f newspap]s1 magaz9es1 & books4 ,mo/ read+ w be = ! cont5t4 ,x is desirable t ! read+ be easy & rapid1 & t "o ga!r 9 all ! ideas z "o reads4 ,because ( ! fact t oral read+ is sl[]1 m labori\s = bo? read] & li/5]1 & because ( ! pres5t easy accessibility ( pr9t$ matt]1 oral read+ is becom+ ( /eadily dim9i%+ importance to adults4 ,no long] %\ld ! c5tral educational purpose be ! developm5t ( expressive oral read+4 ,x %\ld be rapid & effective sil5t read+ = ! sake ( ! ?\ght read4 ,to tra9 an adult g5]ation to read = ! ?\ght1 s*ools mu/ give *ildr5 full practice 9 read+ = ! ?\ght 9 ! ways 9 :i* lat] z adults !y %\ld read4 ,aft] ! prim>y tea*]s h taught ! elem5ts1 ! "w %\ld be ma9ly volum9\s read+ = ! sake ( ent]+ into z mu* ( ! _w's ?\ght & exp]i5ce z possible4 ,! "w ought to be r m ext5sive ?an int5sive4 ,! *ief end %\ld be ! developm5t ( t wide social vision & und]/&+ :i* is s mu* ne$$ 9 ?is complicat$ cosmopolitan age4 ,:ile works ( lit]>y art %\ld con/itute a consid]able portion ( ! read+ program1 !y %\ld n monopolize ! program1 nor inde$ %\ld !y be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important "p ( x4 ,x is hi/ory1 travel1 curr5t news1 biography1 advance 9 ! _w ( indu/ry & appli$ sci5ce1 discussions ( social relations1 political adju/m5ts1 etc41 :i* adults ne$ mo/ly to read2 & x is by ! read+ ( ^! ?+s t *ildr5 =m desirable & valuable read+ habits4 ,! read+ curriculum ne$s to be look$ aft] 9 two important ways4 ,fir/1 social /&>ds ( judgm5t %\ld det]m9e ! nature ( ! read+4 ,! texts beyond ! prim>y grades are n[ = ! mo/ "p selections ( lit]>y art4 ,v little ( x has any consci\s relation1 imm$iate or remote1 to pres5t-day problems & conditions or ) _! hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,probably *ildr5 %\ld read _m m selections ( lit]>y art ?an are f\nd 9 ! textbooks & ! supplem5t>y sets n[ own$ by ! s*ools4 ,b c]ta9ly su* cultural lit]>y exp]i5ce ought n to cr[d out k9ds ( read+ t are ( mu* great] practical value4 ,illum9ation ( ! ?+s ( s]i\s importance 9 ! ev]yday _w ( human affairs %\ld h a l>ge place 9 read+ "w ( e s*ool4 ,x is true t ! supplem5t>y sets ( books h be5 *os5 *iefly = _! cont5t value4 ,_m are hi/orical1 biographical1 geographical1 sci5tific1 civic1 etc41 9 "*4 ,on ! side ( cont5t1 !y h advanc$ mu* f>!r ?an ! textbooks t[>d :at %\ld con/itute a prop] read+ c\rse4 ,un=tunately1 ! s*ools are v incompletely suppli$ ) ^! sets4 ,if we consid] all ! sets ( supplem5t>y read]s f\nd 9 #aj or m s*ools1 we f9d t few ( ^? assign$ = f\r?-grade read+ are f\nd 9 "o-qu>t] ( ! build+s & none are 9 half ( !m4 ,! same is true ( ! books = use 9 ! fif? & sev5? grades4 ,"s ( ! books = ! six? & eigh? grades are f\nd 9 m ?an half ( ! build+s1 b !re is none t is f\nd 9 z _m z ?ree-qu>t]s ( !m4 ,! second ?+ greatly ne$$ to improve ! read+ c\rse is m read+ practice4 ,"o le>ns to d a ?+ easily1 rapidly1 & effectively by practice4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 9 read+ %\ld !re=e provide ! opportunity = mu* practice4 ,at pres5t ! read+ texts us$ aggregate = ! eight grades "s #bajj pages4 ,a ?ird-grade *ild ought to read matt] suitable = its intellig5ce at #bj pages p] h\r1 & a gramm>-grade *ild at #cj to #dj pages p] h\r4 ,s9ce rapidity ( read+ is "o ( ! desir$ ends1 ! practice read+ %\ld be rapid4 ,at ! mod]ate rates m5tion$1 ! entire s]ies ( read+ texts ought to be read 9 "s #hj h\rs4 ,?is is #aj h\rs' practice = ea* ( ! eight s*ool ye>s1 an altoge!r insuffici5t am\nt ( rapid read+ practice4 ,( c\rse ! texts c be read twice1 or let u say ?ree times1 aggregat+ #cj h\rs ( practice p] ye>4 ,b ev5 ?is is n m ?an c\ld easily be accompli%$ 9 two or ?ree weeks ( ea* ( ! ye>s--always presum+ t ! read+ mat]ials are rightly adapt$ to ! m5tal maturity ( ! pupils4 ,?is leaves #ce weeks ( ! ye> unprovid$ =4 ,to make good ?is deficit1 ! build+s are furni%$ ) supplem5t>y books 9 sets suffici5tly l>ge to supply entire classes4 ,! av]age numb] ( su* sets p] build+ is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #b4--,,sets ,,( ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ ,,books ,,p] ,,build+ ,grade ,av]age numb] ( sets #a #aj4j #b #f4c #c #e4a #d #e4e #e #f4c #f #e4c #g #e4e #h #f4j ,a fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 or eigh?-grade /ud5t ought to be able to read all ! mat]ials suppli$ 8 grade1 bo? read+ texts & all k9ds ( supplem5t>y read+1 9 #dj or #ej h\rs4 ,he ought to d x easily 9 six weeks' "w1 )\t encroa*+ on recitation "t4 ,he c read all ( x twice 9 #aj weeks2 & ?ree times 9 #ad weeks4 ,aft] read+ ev]y?+ ?ree times ov]1 !re /ill rema9 #bd weeks ( ea* ye> unprovid$ =4 ,! reply ( tea*]s is t ! "w is s difficult t x has to be sl[$ d[n en\gh to consume ^! #bd weeks4 ,b is n ?is to admit t ! hill is too /eep1 t !re is too mu* dead pull1 & t ! mat]ials are ill-*os5 = practice 9 habits ( rapid intellig5t read+8 ,x is n by go+ sl[ t "o le>ns to g fa/4 ,q ! rev]se4 ,too (t5 ! s*ool runs on l[ spe$ ge> :5 x ought to be runn+ on high4 ,! l[ may be necess>y = ! />t+1 b n = ! runn+4 ,x may be necess>y 9 ! prim>y grades1 b n !reaft] = ^? :o h _h a normal />t4 ,read+ practice %\ld c]ta9ly make = increas$ spe$ 9 effective read+4 ,! actual "w 9 ! grades is v diff]5t f ! plan sugge/$4 ,9 tak+ up any selection = read+1 ! plan 9 mo/ s*ools is ab\t z foll[s3 #a4 ,a li/ ( ! unusual words met ) is writt5 on ! blackbo>d4 #b4 ,tea*] & pupils discuss ! mean+ ( ^! words2 b un=tunately words out ( ! context (t5 c>ry no mean+4 #c4 ,! words are m>k$ diacritically1 & pron\nc$4 #d4 ,pupils use ! words 9 s5t5ces4 ,! pupil frequ5tly has no?+ to say t involves ! ^w4 ,x is only giv5 an imitation ( a real use by be+ put into an artificial s5t5ce4 #e4 ,! oral read+ is begun4 ,"o pupil reads a p>agraph4 #f4 ,) ! book remov$1 ! mean+ ( ! p>agraph is !n reproduc$ ei!r by ! read] or "s o!r pupil4 ,?is "w is necess>ily p]functory because ! pupil kn[s he is n giv+ in=mation to anybody4 ,ev]ybody )9 he>+ already has ! mean+ fre% 9 m9d f ! previ\s read+4 ,! normal *ild _c "w up en?usiasm = oral reproduction "u su* conditions4 #g4 ,! p>agraph is analyz$ into its v>i\s elem5ts1 & ^! 9 turn are discuss$ 9 detail4 ,su* "w is n read+4 ,x is analysis4 ,a selection is n read1 x is analyz$4 ,! purpose ( real read+ is to ent] into ! ?\ght & emotional exp]i5ce ( ! writ]2 n to /udy ! me?ods by :i* ! au?or express$ himself4 ,! net result :5 ! "w is done z describ$ is to develop a critical consci\sness ( me?ods1 )\t help+ ! *ildr5 to ent] normally & rightly into ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ]4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,clevel& ne$ ?is g5u9e tra9+ 9 read+4 ,read+ 9 ! high s*ools ne$s v mu* ! same sort ( mod]nization4 ,!re are m k9ds ( lit]ature ?an classical belles-lettres1 & p]haps m important k9ds4 ,we w\ld n advocate a r$uction ( ! am\nt ( ae/hetic lit]ature4 ,inde$1 ! "y p ( ,clevel& ne$ to ent] into a f> wid] range ( su* lit]ature ?an is ! case at pres5t4 ,b ! read+ c\rses 9 high s*ools %\ld be built out 9 ways already recomm5d$ = elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! tra9+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be ma9ly 9 read+ & n 9 analysis4 ,! =m] is ( surpass+ importance to all p2 ! latt] is important only to c]ta9 speciali/s4 ,&1 :at is m1 fullness ( read+ & "r ways ( read+ w accompli% incid5tally mo/ ( ! ?+s aim$ at 9 ! analysis4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! read+ outl9e ( ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce is a fair sample ( :at ! city is do+4 ,note h[ mu* "t is giv5 to ! read+ & analysis ( ! few selections cov]$ 9 f\r ye>s4 ,,table #c4--,,weeks ,,giv5 ,,to ,,read+ ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,books ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,( ,,comm]ce ,weeks to read ,fir/ ,ye> ,a%mun's ,prose ,selections #i ,cricket on ! ,he>? #e ,sohrab & ,ru/um #c ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream #f ,ivanhoe #aa ,second ,ye> ,autobiography ( ,frankl9 #g ,idylls ( ! ,k+ #aj ,treasure ,isl& #g ,sket* ,book #g ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal #c ,?ird ,ye> ,silas ,m>n] #g ,iliad 7,bryant's--#d books7 #e ,wa%+ton's ,f>ewell ,address #e ,fir/ ,bunk] ,hill ,oration #f ,em]son's ,comp5sation #e ,roosevelt ,book #f ,f\r? ,ye> ,m>kham's ,! ,man ) ! ,hoe #b ,tale ( ,two ,cities #aj ,public ,duty ( ! ,educat$ ,man #d ,macbe? #aa ,self-,reliance #f ,:5 a %ort play ( a hundr$ pages l ,macbe? requires ne>ly ?ree mon?s = read+1 :5 almo/ two mon?s are giv5 to ,treasure ,isl& & ne>ly ?ree mon?s to ,ivanhoe1 cle>ly x is some?+ o!r ?an read+ t is be+ attempt$4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t ! high s*ools are att5d+ pr9cipally to ! me*anics ( expression & n to ! cont5t ( ! expression4 ,! relative emphasis %\ld be rev]s$4 ,! am\nt ( read+ 9 ! high s*ools %\ld be greatly increas$4 ,^? :o object t rapid "w is sup]ficial believe t "w mu/ be sl[ to be ?or\gh4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t sl[ "w is (t5 sup]ficial & t rapid "w is (t5 excell5t4 ,9 fact ! _w's be/ work]s are g5]ally rapid1 accurate1 & ?or\gh4 ,ask any bus9ess man ( wide exp]i5ce4 ,n[ leav+ aside pupils :o are sl[ by nature1 x c be affirm$ t pupils w acquire sl[1 ?or\gh habits or rapid1 ?or\gh habits accord+ to ! way !y are taught4 ,if !y are br\ght up by ! sl[ plan1 naturally :5 spe$$ up sudd5ly1 ! quality ( _! "w decl9es4 ,!y c be rapid1 accurate1 & ?or\gh only if su* /r5u\s "w beg9s e>ly & is cont9u$ consi/5tly4 ,sl[ habits are undesirable if bett] ones c j z well be implant$4 ,to avoid possible misund]/&+1 x ought to be /at$ t ! plan recomm5d$ does n mean less drill ^u ! me*anical side ( read+4 ,we are recomm5d+ a some:at m mod]niz$ k9d ( me*anics1 & a mu* m /r5u\s k9d ( drill4 ,! plan looks bo? t[>d m read+ & improv$ habits ( read+4 ,"o f9al sugge/ion f9ds "h its logical place4 ,be=e ! read+ "w ( elem5t>y or high s*ools c be mod]niz$1 ! city mu/ pur*ase ! books us$ 9 ! "w4 ,leav+ ! supply+ ( books to private pur*ase is ! l>ge/ s+le ob/acle 9 ! way ( progress4 ,m5 9 ! bus9ess _w w h no difficulty 9 see+ ! logic ( ?is4 ,:5 %oes1 = example1 7 made by h&1 ea* workman c\ld easily supply 8 own tools2 b n[ t elaborate ma*9]y has be5 devis$ = _! manufacture1 x has become s exp5sive t a ma*9e factory mu/ supply ! tools4 ,x is s 9 almo/ e field ( labor :]e effici5cy has be5 introduc$4 ,n[ ! books to be read are ! tools 9 ! tea*+ ( read+4 ,9 a =m] day :5 a ma/]y ( ! me*anics ( read+ 0 all t seem$ to be ne$$1 ! privately pur*as$ textbook c\ld suffice4 ,9 our day :5 o!r ends are set up beyond & above ^? ( =m] days1 a f> m elaborate & exp5sive equipm5t is requir$4 ,! city mu/ n[ supply ! educational tools4 ,x is well to face ?is issue c&idly & to /ate ! facts pla9ly4 ,relative failure c be ! only possible lot ( reluctant communities4 ,!y c c\nt on x ) ! same assurance z t ( a manufactur] ( %oes :o attempts to employ ! me?ods ( =m] days 9 competition ) mod]n me?ods4 ,9 ?is city ! exp5ditures = supplem5t>y textbooks h am\nt$ to some?+ m ?an #ca1jjj 9 ! pa/ #aj ye>s4 ,approximately "o-?ird ( ?is sum 0 sp5t 9 ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( ! decade & m ?an #bj1jjj 9 ! pa/ ?ree ye>s4 ,?is indicates ! rapid advance 9 ?is direction made "u ! pres5t s*ool adm9i/ration b ! supply ( books /ill falls f> %ort ( ! ne$s ( ! s*ools4 ,a fair />t has be5 made b no?+ %\ld be p]mitt$ to ob/ruct rapid progress 9 ?is direction4 ,,spell+ ,clevel& has set ap>t an av]age am\nt ( program "t = spell+4 ,possibly ! /udy might m accurately be call$ ^w-/udy1 s9ce x aims also at tra9+ = pronunciation1 syllabification1 vocabul>y ext5sion1 & etymology4 ,s9ce mu* ( ! read+ "t is giv5 to simil> ^w-/udy1 ! figures pres5t$ 9 ,table #d are really too small to repres5t actual practice 9 ,clevel&4 ,,table #d4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,spell+ ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ---------------------------------------- ------- ,grade ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #dg #ed #f4e #f4c #b #fc #ff #g4b #g4c #c #gi #gc #i4j #h4j #d #fc #fg #g4a #f4i #e #ea #fa #e4g #f4c #f #dg #eh #e4d #e4i #g #dg #eb #e4d #e4c #h #dg #ea #e4d #e4a ,total #ddd #dhb #f4e #f4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! g5]al plan ( ! c\rse is indicat$ 9 ! syllabus3 ,two words are made prom95t 9 ea* lesson4 ,_! pronunciation1 division into syllables1 d]ivation1 phonetic prop]ties1 oral & writt5 spell+ & mean+1 are all to be made cle> to pupils4 ,! tea*+ ( a new ^w may be done by us+ x 9 a s5t5ce2 by def9ition or description2 by giv+ a synonym or ! antonym2 by illu/ration ) object1 action or draw+2 & by etymology4 ,ea* lesson %\ld h also f eight to #bj subord9ate words tak5 f textbook or composition ex]cises4444 ,frequ5t supplem5t>y dictation1 ^w-build+ & phonic ex]cises %\ld be giv54 ,spell mu* orally4444 ,tea* a little daily1 te/ ?or\ghly1 drill int5sively1 & foll[ up words misspell$ p]si/5tly4 ,9 mo/ respects ! "w agrees ) ! usual practice 9 progressive cities3 ! tea*+ ( a few words 9 ea* lesson2 ! frequ5t & cont9u\s review ( words already taught2 tak+ ! words to be taught f ! language exp]i5ce ( ! pupils2 foll[+ up words actually misspell$2 /udy+ ! words f _m angles1 etc4 ,9 "s respects ! "w ne$s fur!r mod]nization4 ,! words *os5 = ! "w are n always ! ones mo/ ne$$4 ,:e!r *ildr5 or adults1 p ne$ to spell only :5 !y write4 ,!y ne$ to spell correctly ! words ( _! writ+ vocabul>y1 & !y ne$ to spell no o!rs4 ,m important /ill1 !y ne$ to acquire ! habit ( wat*+ _! spell+ z !y write2 ! habit ( spell+ e ^w ) c]ta9ty t x is correct1 & ! habit ( go+ to ^w-li/s or diction>y :5 !re is any d\bt4 ,?is developm5t ( ! habit ( wat*fulness ov] _! spell+ z !y write is ! pr9cipal ?+4 ,"o :o has x w always spell well4 ,9 case he has mu* writ+ to d1 x automatically leads to a con/ant r5ew+ ( 8 memory = words us$ & prev5ts =gett+4 ,! "o :o has only memoriz$ ^w-li/s1 ev5 ?\gh !y h be5 rigor\sly drill$1 inevitably =gets1 :e!r rapidly or sl[ly2 & 9 proportion z he lacks ?is g5]al habit ( wat*fulness1 deg5]ates 9 8 spell+4 ,! reason :y s*ools fail to ov]come ! frequ5t criticism t "y p d n spell well1 is because ( ! fact t !y h be5 try+ to tea* specific words r ?an to develop a g5]al & con/ant wat*fulness4 ,! fundam5tal tra9+ 9 spell+ is accompli%$ 9 connection ) composition1 lett]-writ+1 etc4 ,direct ^w-li/ /udy %\ld h only a second>y & supplem5tal place4 ,x is ne$$1 fir/1 = mak+ p consci\s ( ! lett] elem5ts ( words :i* are se5 z :oles 9 _! read+1 & = br++ !m to look closely into ! relations ( ^! lett] elem5ts2 second1 = develop+ a prelim9>y und]/&+ ( ! spell+ ( words us$2 & ?ird1 = drill ^u words commonly misspell$4 ,:ile a necess>y portion ( ! entire process1 x probably %\ld n require s mu* "t z is n[ giv5 to x & ! "t sav$ %\ld be devot$ to ! major task ( tea*+ spell+ wat*fulness 9 connection ) writ+ lett]s & compositions4 ,! great majority ( ! population ( ,clevel& w spell only z !y write lett]s1 receipts1 & simple memor&a4 ,!y d n ne$ to spell a wide vocabul>y ) complete accuracy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are classes ( p to :om a high degree ( spell+ accuracy cov]+ a fairly wide vocabul>y is an indisp5sable vocational necessity3 cl]ks1 copyi/s1 /5ograph]s1 correspond5ts1 compositors1 pro(-read]s1 etc4 ,^! p ne$ an int5sive specializ$ tra9+ 9 spell+ t is n ne$$ by ! mass ( ! population4 ,su* specializ$ vocational tra9+ %\ld be tak5 c>e ( by ! ,clevel& s*ools1 b x %\ld n be =c$ ^u all simply because ! few ne$ x4 ,! attempt to br+ all to ! high level ne$$ by ! few1 & ! failure to rea* ?is level1 is responsible = ! ju/ifiable criticism ( ! s*ools t ^? few :o ne$ to spell unusually well are imp]fectly tra9$4 ,! spell+ practice %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh ! high s*ool4 ,x is only necess>y = tea*]s to refuse to accept writt5 "w t conta9s any misspell$ ^w to =ce ^u /ud5ts ! habit ( wat*fulness ov] e ^w writt54 ,! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce is to be comm5d$ = mak+ spell+ a requir$ portion ( ! tra9+4 ,! c\rse ne$s to be m closely knit ) composition & bus9ess lett]-writ+4 ,,h&writ+ ,clevel& gives a consid]ably l>g] proportion ( "t to h&writ+ ?an ! av]age ( ! #ej cities4 ,,table #e4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,h&writ+ ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ---------------------------------------- ------- ,grade ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #dg #ej #f4e #f4g #b #fc #fj #g4b #f4g #c #fc #eb #g4b #e4g #d #fc #ec #g4b #e4e #e #fg #ej #f4d #e4a #f #dg #dg #e4d #d4h #g #dg #ci #e4d #c4i #h #cb #cg #c4f #c4g ,total #dai #chh #f4a #e4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! curriculum ( h&writ+ resolves itself ma9ly into que/ions ( me?od1 & ( /&>ds to be a*iev$ 9 ea* ( ! grades4 ,^! matt]s are treat$ int5sively 9 ! section ( ! survey report entitl$ ,measur+ ! ,"w ( ! ,public ,s*ools4 ,,language1 ,,composition1 ,,gramm> ,! s*ools devote ab\t ! usual am\nt ( "t to tra9+ = ! correct use ( ! "m tongue4 ,mo/ ( ! "t 9 int]m$iate & gramm> grades is devot$ to ,engli% gramm>4 ,composition receives only m9or att5tion4 ,,table #f4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,language1 ,,composition1 ,,& ,,gramm> ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ---------------------------------------- ------- ,grade ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #gi #ge #aj4i #h4f #b #ie #gi #aj4h #h4g #c #gi #id #i4j #aj4c #d #ajd #ajf #aa4h #aj4i #e #abj #aaf #ac4f #ab4j #f #abj #aah #ac4f #ab4b #g #abe #acd #ad4c #ac4g #h #abe #adb #ad4c #ad4a ,total #hdg #hfd #ab4c #aa4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,9 ! tea*+ ( gramm> too mu* /ress is plac$ on =ms & relations4 ,( c\rse x is expect$ t ?is k w be ( s]vice to ! pupils 9 _! ev]yday expression4 ,b su* practical application ( ! k is n ! ?+ t[>d :i* ! "w actually looks4 ,! end really a*iev$ is r ! ability to recite well on textbook gramm>1 & to pass good exam9ations 9 ! subject4 ,9 classes visit$ ! ?+ attempt$ 0 be+ done 9 a relatively effective way4 ,& :5 judg$ 9 ! light ( ! k9d ( education consid]$ be/ #bj ye>s ago1 ! "w is ( a sup]ior "*4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 facility 9 oral & writt5 expression is1 l ev]y?+ else1 ma9ly develop$ ?r\gh mu* practice4 ,! =m & /yle ( expression are p]fect$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! consci\s & unconsci\s imitation ( good models4 ,te*nical gramm> plays1 or %\ld play1 ! relatively m9or role ( assi/+ /ud5ts to elim9ate & to avoid c]ta9 types ( error4 ,s9ce gramm> has ?is p]fectly practical function to p]=m1 probably only ^? ?+s ne$$ %\ld be taught2 b m important /ill1 ev]y?+ taught %\ld be con/antly put to use by ! pupils 9 _! ov]sight ( _! own spee* & writ+4 ,only z k is put to "w1 is x really le>n$ or assimilat$4 ,! s*ools %\ld require mu* oral & writt5 expression ( ! pupils1 & %\ld en=ce con/ant wat*fulness ( _! own spee* on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,x is possible to require pupils to g ov] all ( _! writt5 "w & to exam9e x1 be=e h&+ x 91 9 ! light ( all ! grammatical rules !y h le>n$4 ,x is also possible = pupils to gu>d consci\sly aga9/ kn[n types ( error :i* !y are accu/om$ to make 9 _! oral recitations4 ,e recitation 9 :atev] subject provides opportunity = su* tra9+ 9 habits ( wat*fulness4 ,only z ! pupil is br\ght to d x himself1 )\t prompt+ on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 is 8 education accompli%$4 ,a limit$ am\nt ( sy/ematic grammatical tea*+ is a necess>y prelim9>y /ep4 ,! purpose is an introductory acqua9tance ) c]ta9 basic =ms1 t]m9ology1 relation%ips1 & grammatical p]spective4 ,?is %\ld be accompli%$ rapidly4 ,l ! prelim9>y survey 9 any field1 ?is /age ( ! "w w be relatively sup]ficial4 ,fullness & dep? ( und]/&+ w come ) application4 ,?is prelim9>y und]/&+ c n be le>n$ incid5tally4 ,su* a plan fails on ! side ( p]spective & relation%ip1 :i* are precisely ! ?+s 9 :i* ! prep>atory tea*+ ( ! subject %\ld be /rong4 ,?is prelim9>y tra9+ 9 te*nical gramm> ne$ n be ei!r s ext5sive or s int5sive z x is at pres5t4 ,an altoge!r disproportionate am\nt ( "t is n[ giv5 to x4 ,! "t sav$ ought to g to oral & writt5 expression1--composition1 we might call x1 except t ! ^w has be5 spoil$ because ( ! artificiality ( ! ex]cises4 ,! composition or expression mo/ to be recomm5d$ consi/s ( reports on ! supplem5t>y read+ 9 connection ) hi/ory1 geography1 indu/rial /udies1 civics1 sanitation1 etc42 & reports ( obs]vations on relat$ matt]s 9 ! community4 ,topics ( int]e/ & ( value are practically numb]less4 ,su* reports w usually be oral2 b (t5 !y w be writt54 ,expression occurs naturally & normally only :]e !re is some?+ to be discuss$4 ,! pres5t manual sugge/s compositions bas$ ^u *anges 9 trees1 dissem9ation ( se$s1 migration ( birds1 sn[1 ice1 cl\ds1 trees1 leaves1 & fl[]s4 ,?is type ( composition program "u pres5t conditions _c be a vital "o4 ,elem5t>y sci5ce is n taught 9 ! s*ools ( ,clevel&2 & s ! subject matt] ( ^! topics is n develop$4 ,fur!r1 x is ! _w ( human action1 reveal$ 9 hi/ory1 geography1 travels1 acc\nts ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 manufacture1 transportation1 etc41 t possesses ! great] value = ! purposes ( education1 z well z f> great] int]e/ = ! /ud5t4 ,probably little "t %\ld be set ap>t on ! program = composition4 ,! expression side ( all ! s*ool "w1 bo? 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool & 9 ! high s*ool1 %\ld be us$ to give ! necess>y practice4 ,! te*nical matt]s ne$$ c be taught 9 occasional p]iods set aside = t specific purpose4 ,! isolation ( ! composition "w cont9ues ?r\gh ! academic high s*ools & 9 consid]able degree ?r\gh ! te*nical high s*ools also4 ,9 ! high s*ools ! expression "w probably ne$s to be develop$ *iefly 9 ! classes 9 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 indu/rial /udies1 comm]cial & indu/rial geography1 physics1 etc41 :]e ! /ud5ts h an abundance ( ?+s to discuss4 ,probably f\r-fif?s ( all ( ! tra9+ 9 ,engli% expression 9 ! high s*ools %\ld be accompli%$ 9 connection ) ! oral & writt5 "w ( ! o!r subjects4 ,,ma!matics ,to ari?metic1 ! ,clevel& s*ools are devot+ a some:at l>g] proportion ( "t ?an ! av]age ( cities4 ,,table #g4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,ari?metic ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ------- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #ch #fj #e4b #f4i #b #acf #if #ae4e #aj4g #c #adb #aca #af4c #ad4d #d #aeb #adi #ag4b #ae4d #e #adb #add #ag4a #ad4i #f #aee #adf #ag4e #ae4j #g #adb #adj #af4a #ad4d #h #aeh #adb #ag4i #ad4a ,total #ajfe #ajjh #ae4e #ac4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,t ev]ybody %\ld be well gr\nd$ 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations ( ari?metic is s obvi\s z to require no discussion4 ,beyond ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 difficult problems arise4 ,! probabilities are t ! social & vocational conditions ( ! com+ g5]ation w require t ev]ybody be m ma!matical-m9d$ ?an at pres5t4 ,! cont5t ( ma!matics c\rses is to be det]m9$ by human ne$s4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal ne$s ( ! age ^u :i* we are n[ ent]+ is accurate quantitative ?9k+ 9 ! fields ( "o's vocation1 9 ! sup]vision ( our _m co-op]ative gov]nm5tal labors1 9 our economic ?9k+ ) ref]5ce to taxation1 exp5ditures1 insurance1 public utilities1 civic improvem5ts1 p5sions1 corporations1 & ! multitude ( o!r civic & vocational matt]s4 ,j z ! ?\ght involv$ 9 physics1 a/ronomy1 or eng9e]+ ne$s to be put 9 ma!matical t]ms 9 ord] t x may be us$ effectively1 s mu/ x be ) effective vocational1 civic1 & economic ?9k+ 9 g5]al4 ,our *ief ne$ is n s mu* ! ability to d calculations z x is ! ability to ?9k 9 figures & ! habit ( ?9k+ 9 figures4 ,calculations1 :ile indisp5sable1 are incid5tal to m important matt]s4 ,naturally be=e "o is prep>$ to use ma!matical =ms ( ?\ght 9 consid]+ ! _m social & vocational problems1 he mu/ h ma/]$ ! fundam5tals4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool1 at z e>ly an age z practicable1 %\ld c]ta9ly give ! necess>y prelim9>y k ( & practice 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations ( ari?metic4 ,?is %\ld be done ) a high degree ( ?or\ghness1 b x %\ld always be kept 9 m9d t ?is is only a prelim9>y ma/]y ( ! alphabet ( ma!matical ?9k+4 ,! o!r "p ( our problem is a developm5t ( ! quantitative aspects ( ! vocational1 economic1 & civic subjects4 ,"o f9ds cle> recognition ( ?is 9 ,clevel& 9 ! new ari?metic manual4 ,! foll[+ quotations are typical3 ,! important problem ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades is to enable ! pupils to und]/& & deal intellig5tly ) ! mo/ important social in/itutions ) :i* ari?metical processes are associat$4 ,9 discuss+ ! tea*+ ( ! ma!matical aspect ( insurance1 we f9d ?is /atem5t3 ,ow+ to ! important place ?is subject holds 9 life1 we %\ld emphasize its in=mational value r ?an its ma!matical cont5t4 ,"u taxation & rev5ue3 ,if ! g5]al features ( ?is subject are pres5t$ f ! /&po9t ( civics1 ! pupils %\ld h no difficulty 9 solv+ ! problems z no new pr9ciple is introduc$4 ,"u /ocks & bonds3 ,pupils %\ld be taught to "k :at a corporation is1 its *ief (fic]s1 h[ x is organiz$1 :at /ocks & bonds are1 & h[ divid5ds are decl>$ & paid1 9 s f> z su* k is ne$$ by ! g5]al public4 ,^! /atem5ts indicate a recognition ( ! mo/ important pr9ciple t %\ld control 9 ! developm5t ( all ( ! ma!matics1 elem5t>y & second>y1 beyond ! prelim9>y tra9+ ne$$ = accuracy & rapidity 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations4 ,:5 ?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ ?r\gh to its logical conclusion1 x w be obs]v$ t mo/ ( ^! developm5ts w n take place )9 ! ari?metic class1 b 9 ! v>i\s o!r subjects4 ,ari?metic tea*+1 l ! tea*+ ( p5man%ip1 etc41 is = ! purpose ( giv+ tools t are to be us$ 9 matt]s t lie beyond4 ,! full developm5t w take place )9 ^! v>i\s o!r fields4 ,= ! pres5t1 x probably w be well = ! s*ools to develop ! matt]s bo? )9 ! ari?metic classes & 9 ! o!r classes4 ,nei!r be+ complete at pres5t1 ea* w t5d to complete ! o!r4 ,on ! side ( ! prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations1 ! pres5t ari?metic c\rse ( /udy is on ! :ole ( a sup]ior "*4 ,x provides = mu* drill1 & = a great v>iety ( drill4 ,x emphasizes rapidity1 accuracy1 & ! confid5ce t comes to pupils f *eck+ up _! results4 ,x holds fa/ to fundam5tals1 disp5s+ ) mo/ ( ! ?+s ( little practical use4 ,x provides easy advances f ! simple to ! complicat$4 ,! field ( numb] is explor$ 9 a great v>iety ( directions s t pupils are made to feel at home 9 ! subject4 ,"o l>ge defect is ! lack ( pr9t$ ex]cise mat]ials1 ! use ( :i* w\ld result 9 greatly increas$ effectiv5ess4 ,su* pr9t$ mat]ials ought to be furni%$ 9 great abundance4 ,,algebra ,9 ! report ( ! ,educational ,commission ( ,clevel&1 #aijf1 we f9d ! foll[+ v significant s5t5ces relative to ! c\rse ( /udy = ! propos$ high s*ool ( comm]ce3 ,an entirely new c\rse ( /udy %\ld be made out = ?is s*ool4 ,subjects :i* h be5 consid]$ necess>y 9 a high s*ool1 because !y t5d to develop ! m9d1 %\ld n = ?is reason only be plac$ 9 a comm]cial c\rse4 ,subjects %\ld n be giv5 because !y /r5g!n ! m9d1 b ! subjects :i* are necess>y 9 ?is c\rse %\ld be giv5 9 su* a way z to /r5g!n ! m9d4 ,! ma!matics 9 ?is s*ool %\ld consi/ ( bus9ess ari?metic & m5suration4 ,we c see no reason = giv+ ^! /ud5ts ei!r algebra or geometry4 ,b !y %\ld be taught %ort & practical me?ods ( work+ bus9ess problems4 ,we f9d "h a recomm5dation s9ce c>ri$ out t indicates a cle> recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( adaptation ( ! c\rse ( /udy to actual ne$s4 ,c>ri$ out to its logical conclusion1 & appli$ to ! entire city sy/em1 x raises que/ions z to ! advisability ( requir+ algebra ( girls 9 any ( ! high s*ool c\rses2 or ( requir+ x ( t l>ge numb] ( boys look+ =w>d to vocations t d n involve ! g5]aliz$ ma!matics ( algebra4 ,n[ ei!r ! comm]cial /ud5ts d ne$ algebra or a l>ge proportion ( ^! o!rs d n ne$ x4 ,x seems advisable "h to d no?+ m ?an to pres5t ! "q z "o :i* ! city ne$s to inve/igate4 ,! pres5t practice1 9 ,clevel& z else:]e1 reveals inconsi/5cy4 ,9 "o or ! o!r ( ! s*ools a wrong c\rse is probably be+ foll[$4 ,! curr5t t5d5cy 9 public education is t[>d agreem5t ) ! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ! ,clevel& ,educational ,commission1 & t[>d a gr[+ & consi/5t application ( x4 ,diff]5tiation 9 ! ma!matics ( diff]5t classes ( pupils is necess>y4 ,! public s*ools ought to give ! same ma!matics to all up to t level :]e ! ne$ is common to all4 ,beyond t po9t1 ma!matics ne$s to be adapt$ to ! probable future activities ( ! individual4 ,!re are ^? :o w ne$ to rea* ! high] levels ( ma!matical ability4 ,o!rs w h no su* ne$4 ,!re is a gr[+ belief t ev5 = ^? :o are 9 ne$ ( algebra ! subject is n at pres5t organiz$ 9 desirable ways4 ,x is ?\ght t1 on ! "o h&1 x %\ld be knit up 9 f> l>g] measure ) practical matt]s1 & on ! o!r1 x %\ld be develop$ 9 connection ) geometry & trigonometry4 ,! te*nical high s*ools ( ,clevel& h adopt$ ?is =m ( organization4 ,_! ma!matics is probably greatly 9 advance ( t ( ! academic s*ools4 ,,geometry ,=m /udy %\ld beg9 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & x %\ld develop ?r\gh ! grades & high s*ool 9 ways simil> to ! ari?metic1 & 9 conjunction ) ! ari?metic1 draw+1 & con/ruction "w4 ,s9ce geometrical =ms involve num]ical relations1 !y supply good mat]ials to use 9 mak+ numb] relations concrete & cle>4 ,?is is n[ done 9 develop+ ideas ( fractions1 multiplication1 division1 ratio1 p] c5t1 etc4 ,x %\ld be done mu* m fully & v>i\sly ?an at pres5t & = ! d\ble purpose ( practis+ ! =m-ideas z well z ! numb]-ideas4 ,ari?metic /udy & =m-/udy c well gr[ up toge!r1 gradually m]g+ into ! comb9$ algebra & geometry s f> z /ud5ts ne$ to rea* ! high] levels ( ma!matical g5]alization4 ,at ! same "t t ?is is be+ develop$ 9 ! ma!matics classes1 developm5t %\ld also be go+ on 9 ! classes ( draw+1 design1 & con/ruction4 ,! alphabet ( =m-/udy w ?us be taught 9 sev]al ( ! /udies4 ,! application w be made 9 practical design1 9 me*anical & free-h& draw+1 9 con/ructive labor1 9 ! graphical repres5tation ( social1 economic1 & o!r facts ( life4 ,! application comes n s mu* 9 ! developm5t ( practical problems 9 ! ma!matics classes z 9 ! developm5t ( ! =m aspect ( ^? o!r activities t involve =m4 ,we h "h po9t$ to :at appe>s to be 9 progressive s*ools a gr[+ program ( "w4 ,ev]y:]e x is yet some:at vague & in*oate4 ,9 connection ) ! ari?metic1 ! draw+1 ! con/ruction & art "w1 & ! ma!matics ( ! te*nical high s*ools1 x appe>s to be develop+ 9 ,clevel& 9 a vigor\s & heal?y mann]4 ,,hi/ory ,! curriculum mak]s = elem5t>y education d n seem to h plac$ a high valuation ^u hi/ory4 ,app>5tly x has n be5 consid]$ an ess5tial /udy ( high wor?1 l read+1 writ+1 spell+1 gramm>1 & ari?metic4 ,to hi/ory are allott$ b #bij h\rs 9 ,clevel&1 z aga9/ #dif h\rs 9 ! av]age ( #ej progressive ,am]ican cities4 ,?is discrepancy %\ld give ! city pause & conc]n4 ,if a mi/ake is be+ made1 x is m likely to be on ! "p ( an individual city ?an ^u t ( #ej cities4 ,! probability is t ,clevel& is giv+ too little "t to ?is subject4 ,,table #h4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,hi/ory ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ------- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #j #bg #j4j #c4a #b #j #ca #j4j #c4d #c #ai #ce #b4a #c4h #d #be #eg #b4i #e4h #e #be #fg #b4i #f4i #f #ea #ga #e4g #g4c #g #he #ia #i4g #i4b #h #he #aag #i4g #aa4f ,total #bij #dif #d4b #f4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! treatm5t 9 ! c\rse ( /udy manual indicates t x is a neglect$ subject4 ,( ! #ajh pages1 x receives an aggregate ( less ?an two4 ,! p]functory assignm5t ( "w = ! sev5? grade is typical3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,hi/ory ,b ,assignm5t4 ,mace's ,hi/ory1 pp4 #a-abd inclusive4 ,que/ions & sugge/$ collat]al read+ f\nd 9 ,app5dix may be us$ z tea*] directs4 ,a ,assignm5t4 ,mace's ,hi/ory1 pp4 #abe-aig4 ,make use ( que/ions & sugge/$ collat]al read+ at y\r own option4 ,= fif? & six? grades !re is assign$ a small hi/ory text ( #bjj pages = "o or two lessons p] week4 ,! two ye>s ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades are devot$ to ! ma/]y ( ab\t #ejj pages ( text4 ,:ile !re is incid5tal ref]5ce to collat]al read+1 z a matt] ( fact ! s*ools are n suppli$ ) ! necess>y mat]ials = ?is collat]al read+ 9 ! gramm> grades4 ,! true "* ( ! "w is really indicat$ by ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! eigh?-grade hi/ory assignm5t3 ,! text ( our book %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,9 discuss+ ! situation1 ! fir/ ?+ to :i* we mu/ call att5tion is ! great value ( hi/ory = an und]/&+ ( ! multitude ( complicat$ social problems met ) by all p 9 a democracy4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e all p are ! rul]s1 all ne$ a good und]/&+ ( ! social1 political1 economic1 indu/rial1 & o!r problems ) :i* we are cont9ually confront$4 ,x is true ! ?+ ne$$ is an und]/&+ ( pres5t conditions1 b !re is no bett] key to a "r und]/&+ ( our pres5t conditions ?an hi/ory furni%es4 ,"o comes to und]/& a pres5t situation by obs]v+ h[ x has come to be4 ,hi/ory is "o ( ! mo/ important me?ods ( social analysis4 ,! hi/ory %\ld be s taught t x w h a demon/rably practical purpose4 ,9 draw+ up c\rses ( /udy 9 ! subject = ! gramm> grades & ! high s*ool1 ! fir/ task %\ld be an analysis ( pres5t-day social conditions1 ! prop] und]/&+ ( :i* requires hi/orical backgr\nd4 ,once hav+ discov]$ ! li/ ( social topics1 x is possible to f9d hi/orical read+s :i* w %[ h[ pres5t conditions h gr[n up out ( e>li] ones4 ,look$ at f a practical po9t ( view1 ! hi/ory %\ld be develop$ on ! basis ( topics1 a great abundance ( read+ be+ provid$ = ea* ( ! topics4 ,we h 9 m9d su* topics z ! foll[+3 ,sociological ,aspects ( ,w> ,t]ritorial ,expansion ,race ,problems ,t>iff & ,free ,trade ,transportation ,money ,sy/ems ,our ,insul> ,possessions ,gr[? ( ,population ,tru/s ,banks & ,bank+ ,immigration ,capital & ,labor ,education ,inv5tions ,suffrage ,c5tralization ( ,gov]nm5t ,/rikes & ,lock\ts ,panics & ,bus9ess ,depressions ,comm]ce ,taxation ,manufactur+ ,labor ,unions ,=eign ,comm]ce ,agriculture ,po/al ,s]vice ,army ,gov]nm5t ,control ( ,corporations ,municipal ,gov]nm5t ,navy ,factory ,labor ,wages ,c\rts ( ,law ,*>ities ,crime ,fire ,protection ,roads & ,road ,transportation ,newspap]s & ,magaz9es ,national ,def5se ,cons]vation ( ,natural ,res\rces ,liquor ,problems ,p>ks & ,playgr\nds ,h\s+ ,conditions ,m9+ ,heal?1 ,sanitation1 etc4 ,p5sions ,unemploym5t ,*ild ,labor ,wom5 9 ,indu/ry ,co/ ( ,liv+ ,pure ,food ,control ,sav+s ,banks ,wat] ,supply ( ,cities ,prisons ,recreations & ,amusem5ts ,co-op]ative ,buy+ & ,sell+ ,insurance ,hospitals ,aft] draw+ up su* li/s ( topics = /udy1 !y %\ld be assign$ to gramm> grades & high s*ool accord+ to ! degree ( maturity necess>y = _! compreh5sion4 ,naturally z mu* z possible %\ld be cov]$ 9 ! gramm> grades4 ,su* z _c be cov]$ !re %\ld be cov]$ z e>ly z practicable 9 ! high s*ool1 s9ce s l>ge a numb] ( /ud5ts drop out1 & all ne$ ! "w4 ,( c\rse1 ?is w\ld involve a radical revision ( ! high s*ool c\rses 9 hi/ory4 ,x is n "h recomm5d$ t any su* *anges be attempt$ abruptly4 ,!re are too _m o!r conditions t require readju/m5t at ! same "t4 ,x mu/ all be a gradual gr[?4 ,naturally1 /ud5ts mu/ h "s famili>ity ) ! g5]al "t relations ( hi/ory & ! g5]al *ronological movem5ts ( affairs be=e !y c und]/& ! m or less specializ$ treatm5t ( individual topics4 ,prelim9>y /udies are !re=e bo? necess>y & desirable 9 ! int]m$iate & gramm> grades = ! purpose ( giv+ ! g5]al backgr\nd4 ,dur+ ^! grades a great weal? ( hi/orical mat]ials %\ld be /or$ up4 ,pupils %\ld acquire mu* famili>ity ) ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t ori5tal nations1 ,judea1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ! /ates ( mod]n ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! purpose %\ld be to give a g5]al1 & 9 ! beg9n+ a relatively sup]ficial1 ov]view ( ! _w's hi/ory = ! sake ( p]spective4 ,! read+ %\ld be biographical1 anecdotal1 ?rill+ dramas ( human a*ievem5t1 ri* ) human int]e/4 ,x %\ld be at e /age ( ! "w on ! level ) ! und]/&+ & degree ( maturity ( ! pupils1 s t mu* read+ c be cov]$ rapidly4 ,giv5 ! prop] conditions--*iefly an abundance ( ! prop] books suppli$ 9 sets l>ge en\gh = classes--pupils c cov] a l>ge am\nt ( gr\nd1 obta9 a weal? ( hi/orical exp]i5ce1 & acquire a great quantity ( useful in=mation1 ! ma9 outl9es ( :i* are rememb]$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,!y c 9 ?is mann] lay a broad hi/orical f\ndation = ! /udy ( ! social topics t %\ld beg9 by ! sev5? grade & cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! high s*ool4 ,! textbooks ( ! pres5t type c be employ$ z a "p ( ?is prelim9>y tra9+4 ,read 9 _! entirety & read rapidly1 !y give "o t p]spective :i* comes f a compreh5sive view ( ! entire field4 ,b !y are too brief1 ab/ract1 & b>r5 to af=d valuable concrete hi/orical exp]i5ce4 ,!y are excell5t ref]5ce books = ga9+ & keep+ hi/orical p]spective4 ,read+ ( ! "* t we h "h call$ prelim9>y %\ld n cease z ! o!r hi/orical /udies are tak5 up4 ,! g5]al /udies %\ld c]ta9ly cont9ue = "s portion ( ! "t ?r\gh ! gramm> grades & high s*ool1 b x probably %\ld be ma9ly sup]vis$ read+ ( int]e/+ mat]ials r ?an recitation & exam9ation "w4 ,we w\ld recomm5d t ! high s*ools give c>eful att5tion to ! recomm5dation ( ! ,national ,education ,association ,committee on ! ,reorganization ( ! ,second>y ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ,hi/ory4 ,,civics ,civic tra9+ sc>cely f9ds a place ^u ! elem5t>y s*ool program4 ,! manual sugge/s t "o-qu>t] ( ! hi/ory "t--#aj to #bj m9utes p] week--9 ! fif? & six? grades %\ld be giv5 to a discussion ( su* civic topics z ! dep>tm5t ( public s]vice1 /reet clean+1 g>bage disposal1 heal? & sanitation1 ! city wat] supply1 ! mayor & ! c\ncil1 ! treasur]1 & ! auditor4 ,! topics are important1 b ! "t all[$ is inadequate & ! pupils ( ^! grades are s immature t no f9al treatm5t ( su* complicat$ matt]s is possible4 ,= sev5? & eigh? grades1 ! manual makes no ref]5ce to civics4 ,?is is ! m surpris+ because ,clevel& is a city 9 :i* !re has be5 no end ( civic discussion & progressive human-welf>e ef=t4 ,! extraord9>y value ( civic education 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 z a means ( fur!r+ civic welf>e1 %\ld h receiv$ m decid$ recognition4 ,! elem5t>y tea*]s & pr9cipals ( ,clevel& might pr(itably make su* a civic survey z t made 9 ,c9c9nati z ! me?od ( discov]+ ! topics t %\ld ent] into a gramm> grade c\rse4 ,! heavy emphasis ^u ?is subject %\ld be res]v$ = ! lat] grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,9 ! high s*ools1 a little is be+ accompli%$4 ,9 ! academic high s*ools1 ^? :o take ! classical c\rse receive no civics :atev]4 ,x is n ev5 elective = !m4 ,^? :o take ! sci5tific or ,engli% c\rses may take civics z a half-ye> elective4 ,9 ! te*nical high s*ools x is requir$ ( all = a half-ye>4 ,! c\rse is (f]$ only 9 ! s5ior ye>1 except 9 ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 :]e x is (f]$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,z a result ( ^! v>i\s circum/ances1 ! majority ( /ud5ts :o ent] & complete ! c\rse 9 ! high s*ools ( ,clevel& receive no civic tra9+ :atev]--n ev5 ! inadequate half-ye> ( "w t is available = a few4 ,:e!r ! defici5cies "h po9t$ out are s]i\s or n dep5ds 9 l>ge measure ^u ! "* ( ! o!r social subjects1 su* z hi/ory & geography4 ,if ^! are develop$ 9 full & concrete ways1 !y illum9e l>ge numb]s ( our difficult social problems4 ,x is probable t ! l>g] "p ( ! in=mational portions ( civic tra9+ %\ld be imp>t$ ?r\gh ^! o!r social subjects4 ,:e!r v mu* ( ?is is actually done at pres5t is d\btful2 = ! hi/ory tea*+1 z has already be5 not$1 is mu* und]develop$1 & :ile some:at fur!r advanc$1 geography "w is /ill f> f adequate at ! "t ?is report is writt54 ,,geography ,geography 9 ,clevel& is giv5 ! cu/om>y am\nt ( "t1 ?\gh x is di/ribut$ ov] ! grades 9 a some:at unusual way4 ,x is exceptionally heavy 9 ! int]m$iate grades & correspond+ly light 9 ! gramm> grades4 ,z geography1 l all o!r subjects1 is m & m humaniz$ & socializ$ 9 its ref]5ce1 mu* m "t w be call$ = 9 ! la/ two gramm> grades4 ,,table #i4---,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,geography ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ------- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #j #af #j4j #a4h #b #j #g #j4j #j4h #c #bh #ej #c4b #e4d #d #aja #hc #aa4d #h4e #e #abe #ajb #ad4c #aa4b #f #abe #ajg #ad4c #aa4j #g #eg #ih #f4d #i4i #h #eg #gf #f4d #g4f ,total #dic #eci #g4b #g4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,z laid out 9 ! manual n[ sup]s$$1 & z obs]v$ 9 ! regul> classrooms1 ! "w has be5 =bidd+ly =mal4 ,9 ! ma9 x has consi/$ ( ! tea*] assign+ to ! pupils a c]ta9 numb] ( p>agraphs or pages 9 ! textbook z ! next lesson1 & !n que/ion+ !m next day to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ?is pr9t$ mat]ial !y h rememb]$ & h[ well4 ,x has n consi/$ ( /imulat+ & guid+ ! *ildr5 t[>d intellig5t inquisitiv5ess & inquir+ int]e/ z to ! _w1 & ! skies above1 & wat]s r\nd ab\t1 & ! conditions ( nature t limit & %ape ! developm5t ( mank9d4 ,t ! latt] is ! prop] end ( geographical tea*+ is be+ recogniz$ 9 develop+ ! new c\rse ( /udy 9 ?is subject4 ,indu/ries1 comm]ce1 agriculture1 & modes ( liv+ are becom+ ! c5t]s ab\t :i* geographic ?\ght & exp]i5ce are ga!r$4 ,! be/ "w n[ be+ done "h is ?or\ghly mod]n4 ,un=tunately x is n yet great 9 am\nt 9 ev5 ! be/ ( ! s*ools1 /ill less 9 ! majority4 ,b ! direction ( progress is unmi/akable & unque/ionably correct4 ,z 9 ! read+1 s 9 geography1 "r developm5t ( ! c\rse ( /udy mu/ dep5d 9 l>ge measure ^u ! mat]ial equipm5t t is at ! same "t provid$4 ,x s\nds l a legitimate evasion to say t education is a spiritual process1 & t good tea*]s & will+1 ob$i5t1 & indu/ri\s pupils are ab\t all t is requir$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 j z mod]n bus9ess has f\nd x necess>y to in/all "o-hundr$-doll> typewrit]s to take ! place ( ! p5ny quill p5s1 s mu/ education1 to be effici5t1 develop & employ ! elaborate tools ne$$ by new & complex mod]n conditions1 & set aside ! tools t 7 adequate 9 a simpl] age4 ,! prop] tea*+ ( geography requires an abundance ( read+ mat]ials ( ! type t w p]mit pupils to ent] vividly into ! v>i$ exp]i5ce ( all classes ( p 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! supplem5t>y books n[ furni%$ ! s*ools1 only a beg9n+ has be5 made4 ,! s*ools ne$ #aj times z mu* geographical read+ z t n[ f\nd 9 ! be/ equipp$ s*ool4 ,x w\ld be well to drop ! t]m supplem5t>y4 ,?is read+ %\ld be ! basic geographic exp]i5ce1 ! fundam5tal in/rum5t ( ! tea*+4 ,all else is supplem5t>y4 ,! textbook !n becomes a ref]5ce book ( maps1 *>ts1 summ>ies1 & a treatm5t = ! sake ( p]spective4 ,maps1 globes1 pictures1 /]eoscopes1 /]eopticon1 mov+-picture ma*9e1 models1 diagrams1 & museum mat]ials1 are all = ! purpose ( develop+ ideas & imag]y ( details4 ,! read+ %\ld become & rema9 fundam5tal & c5tral4 ,! quantity requir$ is s great z to make x necess>y = ! city to furni% ! books4 ,:ile ! v>i\s o!r ?+s enum]at$ are necess>y = complete effectiv5ess1 _m ( !m c\ld well wait until ! read+ mat]ials are suffici5tly suppli$4 ,9 ! high s*ools ! cle> t5d5cy is to introduce m ( ! indu/rial & comm]cial geography & to dim9i% ! "t giv5 to ! less valuable physiography4 ,! developm5t is n yet vigor\s4 ,! high s*ool geography dep>tm5ts1 s f> z obs]v$1 h n yet altoge!r atta9$ ! social po9t ( view4 ,b !y are mov+ 9 t direction4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y n[ ne$ /imulation2 & on ! o!r1 to be suppli$ ) ! m advanc$ k9ds ( su* mat]ial equipm5t z already sugge/$ = ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,,draw+ ,,& ,,appli$ ,,art ,! elem5t>y s*ools are giv+ ! usual proportion ( "t to draw+ & appli$ art4 ,! "t is di/ribut$1 h[ev]1 9 a some:at unusual1 b probably ju/ifiable1 mann]4 ,:]eas ! subject usually receives m "t 9 ! prim>y grades ?an 9 ! gramm> grades1 9 ,clevel&1 9 q ! rev]se way1 ! subject receives its greate/ emphasis 9 ! high] grades4 ,,table #aj4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,draw+ ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ------- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #dg #ih #f4e #aa4c #b #dg #ed #e4c #f4j #c #dg #ef #e4c #f4b #d #dg #ec #e4c #e4e #e #eg #ej #f4d #e4b #f #eg #ej #f4d #e4a #g #eg #ej #f4d #e4j #h #eg #di #f4d #d4i ,total #daf #dfj #f4a #f4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,draw+ has be5 taught 9 ,clevel& z a regul> portion ( ! curriculum s9ce #ahdi4 ,x has !re=e _h "t = sub/antial gr[?2 & x appe>s to h be5 successful4 ,rec5t developm5ts 9 ! ma9 h be5 :olesome & 9 l9e ) be/ mod]n progress4 ,! c\rse ?r\gh\t attempts to develop an und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! pr9ciples ( graphic art plus ability to use ^! pr9ciples ?r\gh practical application 9 con/ructive activities ( an endlessly v>i$ sort4 ,occasionally ! "w appe>s falsetto & ev5 s5tim5tal4 ,x is (t5 appli$ 9 artificial s*oolroom ways to ?+s )\t significance4 ,g5]al grade tea*]s _c be speciali/s 9 ! multiplicity ( ?+s dem&$ ( !m2 x is n !re=e surpris+ t !y sometimes lack skill1 insight1 +5uity1 & res\rcefulness4 ,too (t5 ! tea*]s d n realize t ! /udy ( draw+ & design is = ! s]i\s purpose ( giv+ to pupils a language & =m ( ?\ght ( ! greate/ practical significance 9 our pres5t age4 ,! result is a n infrequ5t use ( s*oolroom ex]cises t d n greatly aid ! pupils z !y ent] ! busy _w ( practical affairs4 ,^! %ortcom+s indicate incomplet5ess 9 ! developm5t4 ,:]e ! tea*+ is at its be/ 9 bo? ! elem5t>y & high s*ools ( ,clevel&1 ! "w exhibits balanc$ und]/&+ & complete mod]nness4 ,! ?+ ne$$ is fur!r expansion ( ! be/1 & ! ext5sion ( ?is type ( "w ?r\gh specially tra9$ dep>tm5tal tea*]s to all p>ts ( ! city4 ,!re %\ld be a l>g] am\nt ( active co-op]ation betwe5 ! tea*]s ( art & design & ! tea*]s ( manual tra9+2 also betwe5 bo? sets ( tea*]s & ! g5]al community4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,arts ,9 ! gramm> grades manual & h\sehold tra9+ receives an av]age proportion ( ! "t4 ,9 ! grades be=e ! sev5?1 ! subject receives consid]ably less ?an ! usual am\nt ( "t4 ,,table #aa4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ----- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #cb #db #d4c #d4h #b #cb #dg #c4e #e4a #c #cb #dj #c4e #d4e #d #cb #de #c4e #d4f #e #ch #ej #d4c #e4b #f #ch #eg #d4c #e4h #g #fc #gb #g4a #g4a #h #fc #gd #g4a #g4d ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #ccj #dbg #d4h #e4f ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,x is easy to see ! social & educational ju/ification ( c\rses 9 sew+1 cook+1 h\sehold sanitation1 h\sehold decoration1 etc41 = ! girls4 ,!y assi/ 9 ! tra9+ = complicat$ vocational activities p]=m$ 9 "s degree at lea/ by mo/ wom54 ,:]e wom5 are s situat$ t !y d n actually p]=m !m1 !y ne$1 = prop]ly sup]vis+ o!rs & = mak+ intelligible & appreciative use ( ! labors ( o!rs1 a consid]able und]/&+ ( ^! v>i\s matt]s4 ,:]e ?is "w = girls is at its be/ 9 ,clevel&1 x appe>s to be ( a sup]ior "*4 ,^? :o are 9 *>ge ( ! be/ are 9 a position to advise z to fur!r ext5sions & developm5ts4 ,x is n difficult to disc]n c]ta9 ( ^!4 ,x w\ld appe>1 = example1 t sew+ %\ld f9d "s place at lea/ 9 ! "w ( sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,! girl :o does n g on to high s*ool is greatly 9 ne$ ( m advanc$ tra9+ 9 sew+ ?an c be giv5 9 ! six? grade4 ,ea* build+ hav+ a h\sehold arts room %\ld possess a sew+ ma*9e or two1 at ! v lea/4 ,! academic high s*ools are n[ plann+ to (f] c\rses 9 dome/ic sci5ce4 ,z 9 ! te*nical high s*ools1 all ( ?is "w %\ld involve z l>ge a degree ( normal responsibility z possible4 ,we omit discussion "h ( ! specializ$ vocational tra9+ ( wom51 s9ce ?is is h&l$ 9 o!r reports ( ! ,survey4 ,:5 we turn to ! manual tra9+ ( ! boys1 we are confront$ ) problems ( mu* great] difficulty4 ,wom5's h\sehold occupations1 s f> z reta9$ 9 ! home1 are unspecializ$4 ,ea* well-tra9$ h\sehold work] does or sup]vises mu* ! same range ( ?+s z e o!r4 ,to give ! entire range ( h\sehold occupations to all girls is a simple & logical arrangem5t4 ,b man's labor is greatly specializ$ ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is no l>ge remnant ( unspecializ$ labor common to all1 z 9 ! case ( wom54 ,to all girls we give simply ?is unspecializ$ remnant1 s9ce x is l>ge & important4 ,b 9 ! case ( m5 ! unspecializ$ field has disappe>$4 ,!re is no?+ ( labor to give to boys except t :i* has become specializ$4 ,a fundam5tal problem arises4 ,%all we give boys access to a v>iety ( specializ$ occupations s t !y may become acqua9t$1 ?r\gh responsible p]=mance1 ) ! wide & div]sifi$ field ( man's labor8 ,or %all we give !m "s less specializ$ sample out ( t div]sifi$ field s t !y may obta91 ?r\gh contact & exp]i5ce1 "s k ( ! ?+s t make up ! _w ( productive labor8 ,clevel&'s reply1 to judge f actual practices1 is t a s+le sample w be suffici5t = all except ^? :o att5d te*nical & special s*ools4 ,! city has !re=e *os5 jo9]y & cab9et-mak+ z ?is sample4 ,9 ! fif? & six? grades "w beg9s 9 simple knife-"w = an h\r a week "u ! direction ( wom5 tea*]s4 ,9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades x becomes b5*work = an h\r & a half p] week1 & is taught by a special manual tra9+ tea*]1 always a man4 ,9 ! academic high s*ools ! c\rses 9 jo9]y & cab9et-mak+ br+ ! pupils to great] pr(ici5cy1 b d n greatly ext5d ! c\rse 9 wid?4 ,mu* ( ?is "w is ( a r =mal "*1 app>5tly look+ t[>d t manual discipl9e =m]ly call$ tra9+ ( eye & h&1 in/ead ( consci\sly answ]+ to ! dem&s ( social purposes4 ,! regul> tea*]s look ^u ! fif? & six? grade sloyd99sic :i* !y tea* ) no great en?usiasm4 ,sev5? & eigh? grade tea*]s d n greatly value ! "w4 ,! h\sehold arts c\rses = ! girls h social purposes 9 view4 ,z a result !y are kept vitaliz$1 & are gr[+ increas+ly vital 9 ! "w ( ! city4 ,is x n possible also to vitalize ! manual tra9+ ( ! boys--unspecializ$ pre-vocational tra9+1 we ought to call x--by giv+ x social purpose8 ,! pr9cipal ( "o ( ! academic high s*ools emphasiz$ 9 conv]sation ! value ( manual tra9+ = vocational guidance--a social purpose4 ,x p]mitt$ boys1 he said1 to try !mselves out & to f9d _! vocational ta/es & aptitudes4 ,! purpose is und\bt$ly a valid "o4 ,! limitation ( ! me?od is t jo9]y & cab9et-mak+ _c help a boy to try himself out = metal "w1 pr9t+1 g>d5+1 tailor+1 or comm]cial "w4 ,if vocational guidance is to be a controll+ social purpose1 ! manual tra9+ "w w h to be made m div]sifi$ s t "o c try out 8 ta/es & abilities 9 a numb] ( l9es4 ,&1 moreov]1 ea* k9d ( "w mu/ be kept z mu* l responsible "w out 9 ! _w z possible4 ,9 keep+ "w normal1 ! ma9 ?+ is t ! pupils be> actual responsibility = ! do+ ( actual "w4 ,?is is r difficult to arrange2 b x is necess>y be=e ! activities c be lift$ above ! level ( ! usual manual tra9+ %op4 ,! e>lie/ /ages ( ! tra9+ w naturally be ^u :at is little m ?an a play level4 ,x is well = s*ools to give free re9 to ! con/ructive in/9ct & to provide ! fulle/ & wide/ possible opportunities = its ex]cise4 ,b if boys are to try out _! aptitudes = "w & _! ability to be> responsibility 9 "w1 !n !y mu/ try !mselves out on ! "w level4 ,let ! manual tra9+ actually look t[>d vocational guidance2 ! social purpose involv$ w vitalize ! "w4 ,!re is a /ill m compreh5sive social purpose :i* ! city %\ld consid]4 ,ow+ to ! int]dep5d5ce ( human affairs1 m5 ne$ to be broadly in=m$ z to ! great _w ( productive labor4 ,mo/ ( our civic & social problems are at bottom indu/rial problems4 ,j z we use indu/rial hi/ory & indu/rial geography z means ( giv+ y\? a wide vision ( ! fields ( man's "w1 s mu/ we also use actual practical activities z means ( mak+ him famili> 9 a concrete way ) mat]ials & processes 9 _! details1 ) ! nature ( "w1 & ) ! nature ( responsibility4 ,on ! play level1 !re=e1 con/ructive activities %\ld be ri*ly div]sifi$4 ,?is div]sity ( opportunity %\ld cont9ue to ! "w level4 ,"o _c really "k ! nature ( "w or ( "w responsibility except z x is le>n$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,let ! manual tra9+ adopt ! social purpose "h m5tion$1 provide ! opportunities1 means1 & processes t x dem&s1 & ! "w w be wondr\sly vitaliz$4 ,x is well to m5tion t ! program sugge/$ is a complicat$ "o on ! side ( its !ory & a difficult "o on ! side ( its practice4 ,9 ! plann+ x is well to look to ! :ole program4 ,9 ! "w itself x is well to rememb] t "o /ep at a "t1 & t secure1 is a good way to avoid /umbl+4 ,pr9t+ & g>d5+ are two ?+s t might well be add$ to ! manual tra9+ program4 ,bo? are already 9 ! s*ools 9 "s degree4 ,!y might well be consid]$ z desirable portions ( ! manual tra9+ ( all4 ,!y l5d !mselves r easily to responsible p]=mance on ! "w level4 ,!re are innum]able ?+s t a s*ool c pr9t = use 9 its "w4 ,9 s do+1 pupils c be giv5 some?+ o!r ?an play4 ,also 9 ! home g>d5+1 sup]vis$ = educational purposes1 x is possible to introduce normal "w-motives4 ,by ! "t ! city has develop$ ^! two ?+s x w h at ! same "t develop$ ! insight necess>y = attack+ m difficult problems4 ,,elem5t>y ,,sci5ce ,?is subject f9ds no place ^u ! program4 ,no elaborate argum5t %\ld be requir$ to conv9ce ! au?orities 9 *>ge ( ! s*ool sy/em ( a mod]n city l ,clevel& t 9 ?is ultra-sci5tific age ! *ildr5 :o d n g beyond ! elem5t>y s*ool--& !y con/itute a majority--ne$ to possess a work+ k ( ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce if !y are to make _! lives effective4 ,! future citiz5s ( ,clevel& ne$ to "k some?+ ab\t electricity1 heat1 expansion & contraction ( gases & solids1 ! me*anics ( ma*9es1 di/illation1 common *emical reactions & a ho/ ( o!r ?+s ab\t sci5ce t are b\nd to come up 9 ! day's "w 9 _! v>i\s activities4 ,consid]$ f ! practical /&po9t ( actual human ne$s1 ! pres5t almo/ complete neglect ( elem5t>y sci5ce is indef5sible4 ,! m9ute am\nt ( su* tea*+ n[ introduc$ 9 ! language lessons = composition purposes is s small z to be almo/ negligible4 ,! topics are n *os5 = _! be>+ ^u human ne$s4 ,!re is no laboratory "w4 ,naturally mu* ( ! elem5t>y sci5ce to be taught %\ld be introduc$ 9 connection ) practical situations 9 kit*51 s*ool g>d51 %op1 sanitation1 etc4 ,c]ta9ly ! appli$ sci5ce %\ld be z full z possible4 ,b prelim9>y to ?is !re ought to be sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! elem5ts ( v>i\s sci5ces 9 rapid ways = ov]view & p]spective4 ,to try to tea* ! elem5ts only incid5tally z !y are appli$ is to fail to see !m 9 _! relations1 & !re=e to fail 9 und]/&+ !m4 ,int5sive /udies by way ( fill+ 9 ! details may well be 9 "p incid5tal4 ,b sy/ematic sup]ficial introductory "w is ne$$ by way ( giv+ pupils _! be>+s 9 ! v>i\s fields ( sci5ce4 ,! t]m sup]ficial is us$ advis$ly4 ,!re is an introductory /age 9 ! tea*+ ( e su* subject :5 ! "w %\ld be sup]ficial & ext5sive4 ,?is /age paves ! way = dep? & int5sity1 :i* mu/ be rea*$ be=e education is accompli%$4 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,sci5ce ,hav+ no elem5t>y sci5ce 9 ! grades1 "o naturally expects to f9d 9 ! high s*ool a good introductory c\rse 9 g5]al sci5ce1 simil> 9 organization to t sugge/$ = ! elem5t>y /age4 ,b n[h]e is !re any?+ t ev5 remotely sugge/s su* a c\rse4 ,/ud5ts :o take ! classical c\rse get _! fir/ glimpse ( mod]n sci5ce 9 ! ?ird or f\r? high s*ool ye>1 :5 !y h an opportunity to elect a c\rse 9 physics or *emi/ry ( ! usual traditional /amp4 ,no opportunity is giv5 !m = s mu* z a glimpse ( ! _w's biological backgr\nd4 ,^? :o take ! sci5tific or ,engli% c\rse h access to physical geography & to an anemic biological c\rse entitl$1 ,physiology & ,botany1 :i* few take4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce h _! fir/ contacts ) mod]n sci5ce 9 a requir$ c\rse 9 *emi/ry 9 ! ?ird ye>1 & elective physics 9 ! f\r? ye>4 ,9 ! te*nical high s*ools ! fir/ sci5ce = ! boys is sy/ematic *emi/ry 9 ! second ye> & physics 9 ! ?ird4 ,!y h no opportunity ( contact ) any biological sci5ce4 ,! girls h botany & physiology 9 _! fir/ ye>4 ,! city ne$s to organize prelim9>y "w 9 g5]al sci5ce = ! purpose ( pav+ ! way to ! m int5sive sci5ce "w ( ! lat] ye>s4 ,a portion ( ?is %\ld be f\nd 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool & taught by dep>tm5tal sci5ce tea*]s2 & a portion 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! high s*ool4 ,z junior high s*ools are develop$1 mo/ ( ?is "w %\ld be includ$ 9 _! c\rses4 ,z to ! lat] organization ( ! "w1 ! two te*nical high s*ools cle>ly indicate ! mod]n tr5d ( relat+ ! sci5ce tea*+ to practical labors4 ,:at is ne$$ is a wid] expansion ( ?is phase ( ! "w )\t los+ sight ( ! ne$ at ! same "t = a sy/ematic & g5]al tea*+ ( ! sci5ces4 ,x is a difficult task to make ! sci5ce tea*+ vital & mod]n = ! academic high s*ools1 s9ce !y h s few contacts ) ! practical labors ( ! _w4 ,clevel& ne$s to see its s*ools m z a "p ( ! _w ( affairs1 & n s mu* z a ho?\se nurs]y isolat$ f ! _w & its vital int]e/s4 ,,physiology ,,& ,,hygi5e ,tea*+ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to heal? is giv5 b a meagre am\nt ( "t 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,:ile ! s*ool program %[s "o #ae-m9ute p]iod ea* week 9 ! fir/ f\r grades1 & "o #cj-m9ute p]iod ea* week 9 ! f\r upp] grades1 x appe>s t 9 actual practice ! subject receives ev5 less "t ?an ?is4 ,9 ! attempt to obs]ve ! class "w 9 physiology & hygi5e1 a memb] ( ! ,survey /aff w5t on "o day to f\r diff]5t classrooms at ! h\r s*$ul$ on ! program4 ,9 two cases ! "t 0 giv5 ov] to gramm>1 9 "o to ari?metic1 & 9 "o to music4 ,?is repres5ts practice t is n unusual4 ,! subject gets pu%$ (f ! program by "o ( ! s-call$ ess5tials4 ,x is difficult to see :y heal?-tra9+ is n an ess5tial4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 ,febru>y #h1 #aiae1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,fr$]ick wrote3 ,! tea*+ ( physiology & hygi5e %\ld become a matt] ( s]i\s mom5t 9 our c\rse ( /udy4 ,at pres5t x is n sy/ematically pres5t$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools3 & 9 ! high s*ools x is an elective /udy only 9 ! s5ior ye>4 ,my judgm5t is t x %\ld become a def9ite "p ( ! program1 z a requir$ /udy 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,! small nom9al am\nt ( "t z comp>$ ) ! "t usually exp5d$ is p>tially %[n 9 ,table #ab4 ,pr(essor ,holmes' figures = ! #ej cities include elem5t>y sci5ce along ) ! physiology & hygi5e4 ,,table #ab4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,sci5ce1 ,,physiology1 ,,hygi5e ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ----- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #aj #cg #a4c #d4c #b #aj #da #a4a #d4e #c #aj #dj #a4a #d4d #d #aj #cg #a4a #c4h #e #ai #cd #b4a #c4e #f #ai #dj #b4a #d4b #g #ai #de #b4a #d4e #h #ai #eg #b4a #e4g ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #aaf #cca #a4g #d4d ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,9 addition to ! "w ( ! regul> tea*]s 9 ?is subject1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( in/ruction is giv5 by ! s*ool physicians & nurses4 ,9 8 report to ! ,bo>d1 #aiac1 ,dr4 ,pet]son writes3 ,heal? in/ruction is giv5 by doctors & nurses 9 p]sonal talks to pupils1 talks to :ole s*ools1 too?-bru% drills conduct$ 9 _m s*ools1 & 9 visits into ! homes by ! nurses4 ,consci\s ef=t is cont9ually made by all doctors & nurses to inspire to "r liv+ all ( ! *ildr5 ) :om !y come 9 contact4 ,look+ some:at to ! future1 x c be affirm$ t ! s*ool physicians & nurses are ! ones :o ought to give ! tea*+ 9 ?is subject4 ,aft] giv+ ! prelim9>y ideas 9 ! classrooms1 !y alone are 9 position to foll[ up ! v>i\s matt]s & see t ! ideas are assimilat$ ?r\gh be+ put into practice bo? at s*ool & at home4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 #af physicians & #bg nurses h #ge1jjj *ildr5 to inspect1 ( :om m ?an half h defects t require foll[+ up4 ,x is a physical impossibility = !m to d mu* tea*+ until ! =ce ( s*ool nurses is greatly increas$4 ,= ! pres5t c]ta9 ?+s may well be done3 #a4 ,a c\rse 9 hygi5e & sanitation1 bas$ ^u an abundance ( read+1 %\ld be drawn up & taught by ! regul> tea*]s 9 ! gramm> s*ool grades4 ,?is c\rse %\ld be look$ ^u z m]ely prelim9>y to ! m sub/antial portions ( education 9 ?is field4 ,! physicians & nurses %\ld select ! read+s & sup]vise ! c\rse to see t ! mat]ials are cov]$ consci5ti\sly & n slight$4 #b4 ,! s*ools %\ld arrange = practical applications ( ! prep>atory k 9 z _m ways z possible4 ,*ildr5 9 relays c look aft] ! v5tilation1 temp]ature1 humidity1 du/1 light1 & o!r sanit>y conditions ( s*ool-rooms & gr\nds4 ,!y c make sanit>y surveys ( _! home di/rict2 engage 9 anti-fly1 anti-mosquito1 anti-dirt1 & o!r campaigns2 & report--= cr$it possibly--practical sanit>y & hygi5ic activities c>ri$ on outside ( s*ool4 ,only z k is put to "w is x assimilat$ & ! prime purpose ( education accompli%$4 #c4 ,! corps ( s*ool nurses %\ld be gradually enl>g$1 & aft] a "t !y c be giv5 any ne$$ tra9+ = tea*+ t w enable !m1 z ! "w is dep>tm5taliz$ 9 ! gramm> grades1 to become dep>tm5tal tea*]s 9 ?is subject = a portion ( _! "t4 ,_! foll[-up "w w always give !m _! *ief educational opportunity2 b to prep>e = ?is ! classwork mu/ give "s sy/ematiz$ prep>atory ideas4 ,9 ! high s*ools1 tra9+ ( boys 9 hygi5e & sanitation is little develop$4 ,! only ?+ (f]$ !m is an elective half-ye> c\rse 9 physiology 9 ! s5ior ye> ( ! sci5tific & ,engli% c\rses 9 ! academic high s*ools4 ,9 ! classical c\rse1 & 9 ! te*nical & comm]cial s*ools1 !y h n ev5 ?is4 ,physiology is requir$ ( girls 9 ! te*nical s*ools1 & is elective 9 all b ! classical c\rse 9 ! o!rs4 ,:ile 9 "o or two ( ! high s*ools !re is tra9+ 9 actual hygi5e & sanitation1 9 mo/ cases x is physiology & anatomy ( a sup]ficial prelim9>y type :i* is n put to use & :i* !re=e mo/ly fails ( normal assimilation4 ,! ?+s recomm5d$ = ! elem5t>y s*ools ne$ to be c>ri$ out 9 ! high s*ools also4 ,,physical ,,tra9+ ,! city gives slightly m ?an ! usual am\nt ( "t to physical tra9+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,except = fir/ & second grades1 :]e a slightly l>g] am\nt is set aside = ! purpose1 pupils are expect$ to receive "o h\r p] week4 ,,table #ac4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,physical ,,tra9+ ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ----- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #fc #df #h4g #e4d #b #ed #da #f4b #d4e #c #ch #dj #d4d #d4e #d #ch #dj #d4c #d4b #e #ch #ch #d4c #d4j #f #ch #dj #d4c #d4b #g #ch #ch #d4c #c4g #h #ch #ci #d4c #d4j ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #cde #cbb #e4j #d4b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ev5 ?\gh x is a little above ! av]age am\nt ( "t1 x is nev]!less too little4 ,a week consi/s ( #afh h\rs4 ,aft] d$uct+ #ab h\rs a day = sleep1 meals1 etc41 !re rema9 #hd h\rs p] week to be us$4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ?is 0 l>gely us$ = physical play4 ,"u ! artificial conditions ( mod]n city life1 ! nature ( *ildr5 is n *ang$4 ,!y /ill ne$ huge am\nts ( active physical play = :olesome developm5t4 ,mo/ ( ?is !y w get away f ! s*ool1 b z urban conditions take away prop] play opportunities1 ! loss 9 l>ge degree has to be made good by sy/ematic community ef=t 9 e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ playgr\nds & playrooms = #ab mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,! s*ool & its imm$iate environm5t is ! logical place = ?is developm5t4 ,! c\rse ( /udy lays out a s]ies ( obsolesc5t ,sw$i% gymna/ics = ea* ( ! ye>s4 ,! "w obs]v$ 0 me*anical1 p]functory1 & lack+ 9 vitality4 ,s&wi*$ 9 betwe5 exhau/+ intellectual drill1 x has ! value ( giv+ a little relief & re/4 ,?is is good1 b x is n suffici5tly positive to be call$ physical tra9+4 ,v desirable improvem5ts 9 ! c\rse are be+ advocat$ by ! directors & sup]visors ( ! "w4 ,!y are recomm5d+1 & introduc+ :]e conditions w p]mit1 ! use ( games1 a?letics1 folk dances1 etc4 ,! movem5ts %\ld be promot$ by ! city 9 e possible way4 ,at pres5t ! regul> tea*]s z a rule h n ! necess>y po9t ( view & d n suffici5tly value ! "w4 ,special tea*]s & play lead]s ne$ to be employ$4 ,mat]ial facilities %\ld be ext5d$ & improv$4 ,"s ( ! s*ool gr\nds are too small2 ! surfac+ is n always well adapt$ to play2 (t5 app>atus is n suppli$2 indoor playrooms are insuffici5t 9 numb]1 etc4 ,^! v>i\s ?+s ne$ to be suppli$ be=e ! physical tra9+ curriculum c be mod]niz$4 ,9 ! high s*ools two p]iods ( physical tra9+ p] week 9 academic & comm]cial s*ools1 & ?ree or f\r p]iods p] week 9 ! te*nical s*ools1 are prescrib$ = ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! c\rse4 ,9 ! la/ two ye>s x is omitt$ f ! program 9 all b ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 :]e x is optional4 ,) "o or two exceptions1 ! little giv5 is ma9ly indoor gymna/ics ( a =mal sort ow+ to ! g5]al lack ( suffici5tly l>ge a?letic fields1 t5nis c\rts1 baseball diamonds1 & o!r necess>y facilities4 ,special comm5dation mu/ be accord$ ! home-room basis ( organiz+ ! a?letics ( ! te*nical high s*ools4 ,probably no plan any:]e employ$ comes ne>] to rea*+ ! entire /ud5t body 9 a vital way4 ,) ! exceptions ref]r$ to1 x seems t ! city has n suffici5tly consid]$ ! indisp5sable ne$ ( huge am\nts ( physical play on ! "p ( adolesc5ts z ! basis ( full & life-long physical vitality4 ,high s*ool /ud5ts repres5t ! be/ y\? ( ! community4 ,_! effici5cy is c]ta9ly ! greate/ s+le asset ( ! new g5]ation4 ,!re are scores ( o!r exp5sive ?+s t ! city c bett] af=d to neglect4 ,! "o ?+ x c lea/ af=d to sacrifice on ! alt> ( economy is ! vitality ( its citiz5s ( tomorr[4 ,,music ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ,clevel& is giv+ consid]ably m ?an ! av]age am\nt ( "t to music4 ,9 ! high s*ools1 except = a "o-h\r optional c\rse 9 ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 ! subject is develop$ only incid5tally & giv5 no cr$it4 ,x is entirely p]t95t to inquire :y music %\ld be s important = ! gramm> s*ool age & !n lose all ( ?is importance z soon z ! high s*ool is rea*$4 ,,table #ad4--,,"t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,music ,h\rs p] ye> ,p] c5t ( grade "t ,grade ---------------------------------------- ----- ,clevel& #ej cities ,clevel& #ej cities ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #dg #de #f4e #e4b #b #ed #dh #f4a #e4c #c #ed #dg #f4a #e4a #d #ed #dh #f4a #d4i #e #ea #de #e4g #d4g #f #ea #de #e4g #d4f #g #ea #de #e4g #d4d #h #ea #dd #e4g #d4d ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #dac #cfg #f4j #d4h ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! probability is ei!r t x is ov]-valu$ = ! elem5t>y s*ool & %\ld receive dim9i%$ "t2 or x is "u-valu$ = ! high s*ool & %\ld be giv5 ! dignity & ! consid]ation ( a cr$it c\rse1 z x is 9 _m progressive high s*ools4 ,x _c be urg$ t ! subject is f9i%$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,pupils 9 fact receive only an introductory tra9+ 9 vocal music4 ,! :ole field ( in/rum5tal music rema9s unt\*$4 ,x seems ! city ought to consid] ! "q ( :e!r ! c\rse ought n to be mu* exp&$ & cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! high s*ool p]iod z an elective subject4 ,h[ev]1 9 consid]+ ! "q x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t !re are v _m ?+s ( m importance & ( f> m press+ imm$iate necessity4 ,,=eign ,,languages ,g]man has long be5 taught 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,until less ?an #aj ye>s ago x 0 taught 9 all grades beg9n+ ) ! fir/4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 conf9$ to ! f\r upp] grades4 ,beg9n+ ) ! pres5t ye>1 x is taught only 9 ! sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,! situation is s well pres5t$ 9 ! report ( ! ,educational ,commission ( #aijf t fur!r discussion "h is unnecess>y4 ,!y summ>ize _! discussion ( ! tea*+ ( ,g]man 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools z foll[s3 ,su* tea*+ orig9at$ 9 a nationali/ic feel+ & dem& on ! "p ( ,g]man immigrants1 & n 9 any educational or p$agogical necessity4 ,x aim$ to induce ! *ildr5 ( ,g]mans to att5d ! public s*ools1 :]e !y w\ld le>n ,engli% & be soon] ,am]icaniz$4 ,= #ae ye>s n[ #be ye>s pa/1 ,g]man immigration has almo/ ceas$1 & o!r ,european nationalities1 z ! ,bohemians1 ,poles1 & ,italians1 h tak5 _! place num]ically4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! e>li] ,g]man immigrants are already ,am]icaniz$ & use ! ,engli% language freely1 & ^? lat] born1 ( ! second & ?ird g5]ations1 no long] ne$ to be taught ,g]man 9 ! s*ools beg9n+ at six ye>s ( age4 ,x is demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce & by abundant te/imony t *ildr5 nei!r f ,g]man nor f ,engli%-speak+ families really le>n mu* ,g]man 9 ! prim>y & gramm> grades1 t is1 f six to #ac ye>s ( age4 ,h5ce ! ,commission recomm5ds t ! tea*+ ( ,g]man 9 ^! grades be discont9u$ & t ! ,g]man language be taught only 9 ! high s*ools4 ,x is admitt$ t ^? :o beg9 ,g]man 9 ! high s*ool1 aft] ! second ye>1 c keep up ) & d z good "w 9 ! same classes z ^? :o h _h eight ye>s ( ,g]man 9 ! prim>y & gramm> grades & two ye>s 9 ! high s*ools4 ,! =m ( argum5t t once 0 valid = includ+ ,g]man 9 ! elem5t>y c\rse ( /udy may n[ be valid = ,poli%1 ,hung>ian1 ,bohemian & ,italian1 = ! *ildr5 ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( ^! nationalities4 ,prop]ly done1 x is a means ( prev5t+ ! *ildr5's drift+ f ! p>5tal moor+s4 ,aft] ! fir/ g5]ation1 x w\ld n be ne$$4 ,x is impossible1 9 ! limit$ space at our disposal1 to discuss compreh5sively s complicat$ a topic z =eign languages 9 ! high s*ool4 ,"o gr\p ( educators /urdily def5ds ! traditional classical c\rse1 ) its great emphasis on ,greek & ,lat91 :ile ano!r gr\p z urg5tly insi/s t if any =eign languages are taught1 !y mu/ be ! mod]n ones4 ,^! oppos+ s*ools ( ?\ght are pr(\ndly s9c]e 9 _! conflict+ beliefs4 ,ea* side is absolutely c]ta9 t x is "r & is unalt]ably ( ! op9ion t !re is no o!r side ( ! "q to be ev5 s mu* z consid]$4 ,any?+ t agrees ) its own side is bas$ on reason2 any?+ oppos$ is b ignorant prejudice4 ,"u ! circum/ances ! dis9t]e/$ outsid] may well suspect t :]e !re is s mu* s9c]ity & conviction1 !re mu/ be mu* tru? on bo? sides4 ,& und\bt$ly ?is is ! case4 ,lat9 is a liv+ language 9 our c\ntry 9 t x provides half ( our vocabul>y4 ,pupils :o w\ld "k ,engli% well %\ld h a good k ( ?is liv+ ,lat94 ,if ! ,lat9i/s w\ld %ift _! gr\nd to ?is liv+ ,lat9 & provide means ( tea*+ x fully & effectively = mod]n purposes1 x is possible t ! oppos+ s*ools ( ?\ght might "h f9d common gr\nd ^u :i* all c\ld /& ) "s degree ( com=t & tol]ation4 ,:5 ,lat9 /udy ( ! "* "h sugge/$ is devis$1 x ought to be op5$ up to ! /ud5ts ( all c\rses z an elective1 s t x c\ld be tak5 by all :o wi% a full appreciation & und]/&+ ( _! semi-,lat9 "m tongue4 ,su* a /udy ought to be requir$ ( ! cl]ical /ud5ts ( ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 all w h to wait until ! ,lat9i/s h provid$ ! plans & ! mat]ials4 ,9 ! new s-call$ ,engli% c\rse 9 ! academic high s*ools requir$ =eign languages are omitt$ entirely4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s ,g]man or ,spani% is made elective4 ,?is gives rise to sev]al que/ions4 ,if ! =eign language is /udi$ simply z prep>ation = ! leisure occupation ( read+ its lit]ature--! only value ( ! c\rse 9 ! case ( mo/ :o take x--:y %\ld n ,fr5* be elective also8 ,by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! _w's lit]atures1 outside ( ! ,engli%1 is ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,spani% has b a small lit]ature2 & :ile ,g]many has excell$ 9 _m ?+s1 belles-lettres is n "o ( !m4 ,ano!r "q relates to ! plac+ ( ^! electives4 ,if "o is to /udy a =eign language at all1 x is usually ?\ght be/ to beg9 e>li] ?an ! ?ird ye> ( ! high s*ool1 s z to f9i% ^! simple matt]s t c be done by *ildr5 & ga9 "t 9 ! lat] ye>s = ! m complicat$ matt]s t require mature judgm5t4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,c\rses ,c\rses ( tra9+ bas$ ^u human ne$s %\ld be div]sifi$ :]e conditions are div]sifi$4 ,uni=m c\rses ( /udy = all s*ools )9 a city 7 ju/ifiable 9 a =m] simpl] age1 :5 ! s*ools 7 c>+ only = ne$s t 7 common to all classes4 ,b z ne$s h diff]5tiat$ 9 our l>ge indu/rial cities1 c\rses ( tra9+ mu/ also become diff]5tiat$4 ,9 ,clevel& ?is pr9ciple has be5 recogniz$ 9 organiz+ ! "w ( ! special s*ools & classes4 ,= all ! regul> elem5t>y s*ools1 h[ev]1 a uni=m c\rse ( /udy has be5 us$4 ,"u ! pres5t adm9i/ration1 pr9cipals & tea*]s are nom9ally p]mitt$ wide latitude 9 its adm9i/ration4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is fre$om is tak5 away by two ?+s4 ,"o is ! use by ! city ( ! plan ( leav+ textbooks to private pur*ase4 ,= p]fectly obvi\s reasons1 s long z textbooks are privately pur*as$1 a uni=m s]ies ( textbooks mu/ be def9itely prescrib$ = ! entire city4 ,uni=m textbooks d n necess>ily en=ce a uni=m curriculum4 ,9 usual practice1 h[ev]1 !y d en=ce x z completely z a prescrib$ uni=m c\rse ( /udy manual4 ,z ! s*ools ( diff]5t sections ( ! city are all[$ to exp]im5t & to develop v>iations f ! c\rse ( /udy1 !y %\ld be all[$ great] fre$om 9 *oos+ ! textbooks t w be/ s]ve 9 tea*+ _! c\rses4 ,! second condition en=c+ a uni=m c\rse ( /udy 9 c]ta9 subjects is ! use ( uni=m exam9ations 9 ^? subjects4 ,we w\ld m]ely sugge/ "h t x is possible to use sup]visory exam9ations )\t mak+ !m uni=m = all s*ools4 ,diff]5t types ( s*ool may well h diff]5t types ( exam9ation4 ,diff]5t social classes (t5 exi/ )9 ! same s*ool4 ,adm9i/rative limitations probably mu/ prev5t ! use ( m ?an "o c\rse ( /udy 9 a s+le elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b z ! "w ( ! gramm> grades is dep>tm5taliz$1 & z junior high s*ools are develop$1 x w become possible to (f] alt]native c\rses 9 ^! grades4 ,^? practically c]ta9 ( go+ on to high] educational "w requir+ =eign languages & high] ma!matics %\ld probably be p]mitt$ to beg9 ^! /udies by ! six? or sev5? grade4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are practically c]ta9 to drop out ( s*ool at ! end ( ! gramm> grades or junior high s*ool %\ld h full opportunities = appli$ sci5ce1 appli$ design1 practical ma!matics1 civics1 hygi5e1 vocational /udies1 etc4 ,:5 ! necess>y /udies are once organiz$ & dep>tm5tal "w introduc$1 x is n difficult to arrange = ! necess>y diff]5tiation ( c\rses 9 ! same s*ool4 ,f9ally1 c\rses ( /udy %\ld provide = *ildr5 ( diff]+ natural ability4 ,extra mat]ials & opportunities %\ld be provid$ = *ildr5 ( l>ge capacity2 & abbreviat$ c\rses = ^? ( less ?an normal ability4 ,9 dep>tm5taliz$ gramm> grades & junior high s*ools ?is c be tak5 c>e ( r easily by p]mitt+ ! bright] pupils to c>ry m /udies ?an normal1 & ! backw>d ones a small] numb] ?an normal4 ,"u ! pres5t elem5t>y s*ool organization ) classes s l>ge & ) s _m ?+s = ! tea*]s to d1 x is practically impossible to effect su* desirable diff]5tiations4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! fundam5tal social po9t ( view ( ?is discussion ( ! c\rses ( /udy ( ! ,clevel& s*ools is t effective tea*+ is prep>ation = adult life ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 ! activities ( life4 #b4 ,! s*ools ( ,clevel& devote f> m "t to read+ ?an d ^? ( ! av]age city4 ,9 too l>ge measure ?is "t is employ$ 9 ma/]+ ! me*anics ( read+ & 9 ! analytical /udy ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! words are comb9$ 9 s5t5ces & ! s5t5ces 9 p>agraphs4 ,! ma9 object ( ! read+ %\ld be ! ma/]y ( ! ?\ght r ?an ! /udy ( ! con/ruction4 ,?r\gh x ! *ildr5 %\ld ga9 life-long habits ( explor+1 ?r\gh read+1 ! great fields ( hi/ory1 indu/ry1 appli$ sci5ce1 life 9 o!r l&s1 travel1 inv5tion1 biography1 & :olesome fiction4 ,to ?is end ! "w %\ld be made m ext5sive & less int5sive4 ,z an indisp5sable means t[>d ?is end ! books %\ld be suppli$ by ! s*ools in/ead ( be+ pur*as$ by ! p>5ts4 #c4 ,! tea*+ ( spell+ %\ld aim to give ! pupils complete ma/]y ov] ^? words :i* !y ne$ to use 9 writ+ & x %\ld in/il 9 !m ! p]man5t habit ( wat*+ _! spell+ z !y write4 ,drill on li/s ( isolat$ words %\ld give way to practice 9 spell+ correctly e ^w 9 ev]y?+ writt54 ,! diction>y habit %\ld be cultivat$1 & e writt5 lesson %\ld be a spell+ lesson4 #d4 ,! "t devot$ to language1 composition1 & gramm> is ab\t ! same z 9 ! av]age city4 ,! *ief result ( ! "w z done 9 ,clevel& is to enable ! pupil to recite well on textbook gramm> & to pass exam9ations 9 ! subject4 ,! "w 9 te*nical gramm> %\ld be cont9u$ = ! purpose ( giv+ ! pupils a f\ndation acqua9tance ) =ms1 t]ms1 relations1 & grammatical p]spective1 b ?is tra9+ ne$ n be s ext5sive & int5sive z at pres5t4 ,! "t sav$ %\ld be giv5 to oral & writt5 expression 9 connection ) ! read+ ( hi/ory1 geography1 indu/rial /udies1 civics1 sanitation1 & ! l4 ,facility & accuracy 9 oral & writt5 expression are develop$ ?r\gh practice r ?an ?r\gh precept4 ,!y are p]fect$ ?r\gh ! consci\s & unconsci\s imitation ( good models r ?an ?r\gh ! advanc$ /udy ( te*nical gramm>4 ,only z k is put to "w is x really le>n$ or assimilat$4 #e4 ,clevel& gives m "t to ma!matics ?an does ! av]age city4 ,! cont5t ( c\rses 9 ma!matics is to be det]m9$ by human ne$s4 ,a fundam5tal ne$ ( our sci5tific age is m accurate quantitative ?9k+ ab\t our vocations1 civic problems1 taxation1 income1 insurance1 exp5ditures1 public improvem5ts1 & ! multitude ( o!r public & private problems involv+ quantities4 ,we ne$ to ?9k accurately & easily 9 quantities1 proportions1 =ms1 & relation%ips4 ,ari?metic tea*+1 l ! tea*+ ( p5man%ip1 is = ! purpose ( provid+ tools to be us$ 9 matt]s t lie beyond4 ,! pres5t c\rse ( /udy is ( sup]ior "*1 provid+ = effici5t elem5t>y tra9+ & disp5s+ ) mo/ ( ! ?+s ( little practical use4 ,! greate/ improvem5t 9 ! "w is to be f\nd 9 its fur!r c>ry+ ov] into ! o!r fields ( s*ool "w & 9 apply+ x 9 o!r classes z well z 9 ! ari?metic class4 ,9 ! advanc$ classes ma!matics %\ld be diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( diff]5t pupils4 ,algebra %\ld be m closely relat$ to practical matt]s & develop$ 9 connection ) geometry & trigonometry4 #f4 ,hi/ory receives mu* less att5tion 9 ?is city ?an 9 ! av]age city4 ,! "* ( ! "w is really indicat$ by ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! eigh?-grade hi/ory assignm5t3 ,! text ( our book %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,! "w is too brief1 ab/ract1 & b>r5 to help ! pupils t[>d an und]/&+ ( ! social1 political1 economic1 & indu/rial problems ) :i* we are confront$4 ,x %\ld be amply supplem5t$ by a wide range ( read+ on social welf>e topics4 ,?is read+ %\ld be biographical1 anecdotal1 ?rill+ dramas ( human a*ievem5t1 ri* ) human int]e/4 ,x %\ld be at e /age on ! level ) ! und]/&+ & degree ( maturity ( ! pupils s t mu* read+ c be cov]$ rapidly4 #g4 ,9 ,clevel&1 :]e !re has be5 an almo/ unequall$ am\nt ( civic discussion & progressive human-welf>e ef=t1 ! tea*+ ( civics 9 ! public s*ools receives too little att5tion4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! pr9cipals & tea*]s make su* a civic survey z t made 9 ,c9c9nati z ! me?od ( discov]+ ! topics t %\ld ent] into a gramm>-grade c\rse4 ,n mu* civics tea*+ %\ld be attempt$ 9 ! int]m$iate grades1 b x %\ld be giv5 9 ! high] grades4 #h4 ,a new c\rse ( /udy 9 geography is n[ be+ put into use4 ,! "w z laid out 9 ! old manual & z se5 9 ! classrooms has be5 =bidd+ly =mal4 ,x has ma9ly consi/$ ( ! tea*] assign+ to ! pupils a c]ta9 numb] ( p>agraphs or pages 9 ! textbook z ! next lesson1 & !n que/ion+ !m next day to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ?is pr9t$ mat]ial !y h rememb]$ & h[ well4 ,! new c\rse ( /udy recognizes1 on ! contr>y1 t ! prop] end ( geographical tea*+ is r to /imulate & guide ! *ildr5 t[>d an inquir+ int]e/ z to h[ ! _w is made1 & ! skies above1 & ! wat]s r\nd ab\t1 & ! conditions ( nature t limit & det]m9e 9 a measure ! developm5t ( mank9d4 ,to atta9 ?is ideal w require 9 e s*ool #aj times z adequate provision ( geographical read+ & geographical mat]ial z is n[ f\nd 9 ! be/ equipp$ s*ool4 #i4 ,draw+ & appli$ art h be5 taught 9 ,clevel& s9ce #ahdi4 ,! object ( ! tea*+ is to develop an und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! pr9ciples ( graphic art & ability to use ^! pr9ciples 9 practical applications4 ,:]e ?is "w is done be/1 x %[s1 9 bo? ! elem5t>y & high s*ools1 balanc$ und]/&+ & complete mod]nness4 ,:at is ne$$ is ext5sion ( ?is be/ type ( "w to all p>ts ( ! city ?r\gh specially tra9$ dep>tm5tal tea*]s4 #aj4 ,:]e tea*+ ( h\sehold arts is at its be/ 9 ,clevel&1 x is ( a sup]ior "* & %\ld be ext5d$ along l9es n[ be+ foll[$4 ,manual tra9+ = boys %\ld be ext5d$ & broad5$ ) a view to giv+ ! pupils real contact ) m types ( indu/ry ?an ^? repres5t$ by ! pres5t woodwork4 #aa4 ,elem5t>y sci5ce f9ds no place 9 ! c\rse ( /udy ( ,clevel&4 ,! future citiz5s ( ,clevel& w ne$ an und]/&+ ( electricity1 heat1 expansion & contraction ( gases & solids1 ! me*anics ( ma*9es1 di/illations1 common *emical reactions1 & ! multitude ( o!r matt]s ( sci5ce met ) daily 9 _! activities4 ,! s*ools %\ld help supply ?is ne$4 #ab4 ,tea*+ 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to heal? is assign$ little "t 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & ! "t t is assign$ to x is frequ5tly giv5 to some?+ else4 ,! subject gets pu%$ (f ! program by "o ( ! s-call$ ess5tials4 ,a c\rse 9 hygi5e %\ld be drawn up1 & practical applications ( ! "w %\ld be arrang$ ?r\gh hav+ pupils look aft] ! sanit>y conditions ( rooms & gr\nds4 ,! s*ool doctors & nurses %\ld help 9 ?is tea*+ & practice4 #ac4 ,physical tra9+ is giv5 ab\t z mu* "t z 9 ! av]age city1 b )\t adequate facilities = outdoor & indoor plays & games4 ,at pres5t ! "w is too l>gely ( ! =mal gymna/ic type4 ,desirable improvem5ts 9 ! c\rse are be+ advocat$ by ! directors & sup]visors ( ! "w4 ,!y are recomm5d+ & introduc+1 :]e conditions w p]mit1 ! use ( games1 a?letics1 folk dances1 & ! l4 ,! movem5t %\ld be promot$ 9 e possible way4 #ad4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ,clevel& gives m ?an ! av]age am\nt ( "t to music1 b 9 ! high s*ools ! subject is develop$ only incid5tally & is giv5 no cr$it4 ,x is a "q :e!r ?is arrangem5t is ! "r "o1 & 9 consid]+ possible ext5sions x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re are o!r subjects ( f> m press+ imm$iate necessity4 #ae4 ,x is impossible 9 ?is brief report to discuss adequately s complicat$ a matt] z t ( ! tea*+ ( =eign languages 9 ! high s*ools1 b "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! que/ions at issue h be5 indicat$ z matt]s :i* ! s*ool au?orities %\ld cont9ue to /udy until satisfactory solutions are rea*$4 #af4 ,:]e s*ool "w 9 ,clevel& is backw>d1 x is because x has n yet tak5 on ! social po9t ( view4 ,:]e x is progressive1 x is be+ develop$ on ! basis ( human ne$s4 ,!re is mu* ( bo? k9ds ( "w 9 ,clevel&4 #ag4 ,9 a city ) a population s div]sifi$ z is t ( ,clevel&1 progress %\ld be made /eadily & consci\sly away f city-wide uni=mity 9 c\rses ( /udy & me?ods ( tea*+4 ,!re %\ld be progressive diff]5tiation ( c\rses to meet ! widely v>y+ ne$s ( ! diff]5t sorts ( *ildr5 9 diff]5t sections ( ! city4 ,,clevel& ,,education ,,survey ,,reports ,^! reports c be secur$ f ! ,survey ,committee ( ! ,clevel& ,f\ndation1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,!y w be s5t po/paid = #be c5ts p] volume ) ! exception ( ,measur+ ! ,"w ( ! ,public ,s*ools by ,judd1 ,! ,clevel& ,s*ool ,survey by ,ayres1 & ,wage ,e>n+ & ,education by ,lutz4 ,^! ?ree volumes w be s5t = #ej c5ts ea*4 ,all ( ^! reports may be secur$ at ! same rates f ! ,division ( ,education ( ! ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,*ild ,acc\nt+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools--,ayres4 ,educational ,ext5sion--,p]ry4 ,education ?r\gh ,recreation--,johnson4 ,f9anc+ ! ,public ,s*ools--,cl>k4 ,heal? ,"w 9 ! ,public ,s*ools--,ayres4 ,h\sehold ,arts & ,s*ool ,lun*es--,b\ghton4 ,measur+ ! ,"w ( ! ,public ,s*ools--,judd4 ,ov]cr[d$ ,s*ools & ! ,platoon ,plan--,h>twell4 ,s*ool ,build+s & ,equipm5t--,ayres4 ,s*ools & ,classes = ,exceptional ,*ildr5--,mit*ell4 ,s*ool ,organization & ,adm9i/ration--,ayres4 ,! ,public ,libr>y & ! ,public ,s*ools--,ayres & ,mc,kinnie4 ,! ,s*ool & ! ,immigrant--,mill]4 ,! ,tea*+ ,/aff--,jessup4 ,:at ! ,s*ools ,tea* & ,might ,tea*--,bobbitt4 ,! ,clevel& ,s*ool ,survey 7,summ>y7--,ayres4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boys & ,girls 9 ,comm]cial ,"w--,/ev5s4 ,dep>tm5t ,/ore ,occupations--,o',le>y4 ,dressmak+ & ,mill9]y--,bryn]4 ,railroad & ,/reet ,transportation--,flem+4 ,! ,build+ ,trades--,%aw4 ,! ,g>m5t ,trades--,bryn]4 ,! ,metal ,trades--,lutz4 ,! ,pr9t+ ,trades--,%aw4 ,wage ,e>n+ & ,education 7,summ>y7--,lutz4