file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #acdgf-;h4htm or #acdgf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/c_ /d_/g_/acdgf_/acdgf-;h_/#acdgf-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/c_ /d_/g_/acdgf_/acdgf-;h4zip7 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,alt]nate ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,high ,,pot5tial ,,& ,,high ,,frequ5cy ,a ,lecture ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,london by ,,nikola ,,tesla ,) a ,portrait & ,biographical ,sket* ( ! ,au?or ,,new ,,york #ahib ,biographical ,sket* ( ,nikola ,tesla4 ,:ile a l>ge portion ( ! ,european family has be5 surg+ we/w>d dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s1 settl+ ! va/ cont95ts ( ,am]ica1 ano!r1 b small]1 portion has be5 do+ fronti] "w 9 ! ,old ,_w1 protect+ ! re> by beat+ back ! unspeakable ,turk & reclaim+ gradually ! fair l&s t endure ! curse ( ,mohamm$an rule4 ,= a long "t ! ,slav p--:o1 aft] ! battle ( ,kosovopjolje1 9 :i* ! ,turks defeat$ ! ,s]vians1 retir$ to ! conf9es ( ! pres5t ,mont5egro1 ,dalmatia1 ,h]zegov9a & ,bosnia1 & ,bord]l& ( ,au/ria--knew :at x 0 to deal1 z our ,we/]n pione]s did1 ) foes ceaselessly frett+ aga9/ _! fronti]2 & ! races ( ^! c\ntries1 ?r\gh _! /r5u\s /ruggle aga9/ ! armies ( ! ,cresc5t1 h develop$ notable qualities ( brav]y & sagacity1 :ile ma9ta9+ a patriotism & indep5d5ce unsurpass$ 9 any o!r nation4 ,x 0 9 ?is int]e/+ bord] region1 & f among ^! valiant ,ea/]n folk1 t ,nikola ,tesla 0 born 9 ! ye> #aheg1 & ! fact t he1 to-day1 f9ds himself 9 ,am]ica & "o ( our =emo/ electricians1 is /rik+ evid5ce ( ! extraord9>y attractiv5ess alike ( electrical pursuits & ( ! c\ntry :]e electricity enjoys its wide/ application4 ,mr4 ,tesla's native place 0 ,smiljan1 ,lika1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 an eloqu5t cl]gyman ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 9 :i*1 by ! way1 8 family is /ill prom95tly repres5t$4 ,8 "m enjoy$ great fame ?r\gh\t ! c\ntryside = h] skill & orig9ality 9 ne$lework1 & d\btless transmitt$ h] +5uity to ,nikola2 ?\gh x naturally took ano!r & m mascul9e direction4 ,! boy 0 e>ly put to 8 books1 & ^u 8 fa!r's removal to ,gospic he sp5t f\r ye>s 9 ! public s*ool1 & lat]1 ?ree ye>s 9 ! ,real ,s*ool1 z x is call$4 ,8 escapades 7 su* z mo/ quick witt$ boys g ?r\gh1 al?\gh he v>i$ ! programme on "o occasion by gett+ imprison$ 9 a remote m\nta9 *apel r>ely visit$ = s]vice2 & on ano!r occasion by fall+ headlong into a huge kettle ( boil+ milk1 j drawn f ! pat]nal h]ds4 ,a ?ird curi\s episode 0 t connect$ ) 8 ef=ts to fly :51 attempt+ to navigate ! air ) ! aid ( an old umbrella1 he _h1 z might be expect$1 a v bad fall1 & 0 laid up = six weeks4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod he began to take delight 9 ari?metic & physics4 ,"o que] notion he _h 0 to "w out ev]y?+ by ?ree or ! p[] ( ?ree4 ,he 0 n[ s5t to an aunt at ,c>t/att1 ,croatia1 to f9i% 8 /udies 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,high] ,real ,s*ool4 ,x 0 !re t1 com+ f ! rural fa/nesses1 he saw a /eam eng9e = ! fir/ "t ) a pleasure t he rememb]s to ?is day4 ,at ,c>t/att he 0 s dilig5t z to compress ! f\r ye>s' c\rse into ?ree1 & graduat$ 9 #ahgc4 ,return+ home dur+ an epidemic ( *ol]a1 he 0 /rick5 d[n by ! disease & suff]$ s s]i\sly f ! consequ5ces t 8 /udies 7 int]rupt$ = fully two ye>s4 ,b ! "t 0 n wa/$1 = he _h become passionately fond ( exp]im5t+1 & z mu* z 8 means & leisure p]mitt$ devot$ 8 en]gies to electrical /udy & inve/igation4 ,up to ?is p]iod x _h be5 8 fa!r's int5tion to make a prie/ ( him1 & ! idea hung ov] ! "y physici/ l a v sword ( ,damocles4 ,f9ally he prevail$ ^u 8 wor?y b reluctant sire to s5d him to ,gratz 9 ,au/ria to f9i% 8 /udies at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 & to prep>e = "w z pr(essor ( ma!matics & physics4 ,at ,gratz he saw & op]at$ a ,gramme ma*9e = ! fir/ "t1 & 0 s /ruck ) ! objections to ! use ( commutators & bru%es t he made up 8 m9d !re & !n to rem$y t defect 9 dynamo-electric ma*9es4 ,9 ! second ye> ( 8 c\rse he ab&on$ ! int5tion ( becom+ a tea*] & took up ! eng9e]+ curriculum4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( abs5ce he return$ home1 sadly1 to see 8 fa!r die2 b1 hav+ resolv$ to settle d[n 9 ,au/ria1 & recogniz+ ! value ( l+ui/ic acquirem5ts1 he w5t to ,prague & !n to ,buda-,pe/h ) ! view ( ma/]+ ! languages he deem$ necess>y4 ,up to ?is "t he _h nev] realiz$ ! enorm\s sacrifices t 8 p>5ts _h made 9 promot+ 8 education1 b he n[ began to feel ! p9* & to gr[ unfamili> ) ! image ( ,francis ,joseph ,i4 ,!re 0 consid]able lag betwe5 8 dispat*es & ! correspond+ remittance f home2 & :5 ! ma!matical expression = ! value ( ! lag assum$ ! %ape ( an eight laid flat on its back1 ,mr4 ,tesla became a v fair example ( high ?9k+ & pla9 liv+1 b he made up 8 m9d to ! /ruggle & det]m9$ to g ?r\gh dep5d+ solely on 8 own res\rces4 ,n desir+ ! fame ( a fa/]1 he ca/ ab\t = a livelihood1 & ?r\gh ! help ( fri5ds he secur$ a b]? z assi/ant 9 ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t telegraphs4 ,! sal>y 0 five doll>s a week4 ,?is br\ght him into direct contact ) practical electrical "w & ideas1 b x is ne$less to say t 8 means did n admit ( mu* exp]im5t+4 ,by ! "t he _h extract$ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& squ>e & cube roots = ! public b5efit1 ! limitations1 f9ancial & o!rwise1 ( ! position _h become pa9fully app>5t1 & he conclud$ t ! be/ ?+ to d 0 to make a valuable inv5tion4 ,he proce$$ at once to make inv5tions1 b _! value 0 visible only to ! eye ( fai?1 & !y br\ght no gri/ to ! mill4 ,j at ?is "t ! telephone made its appe>ance 9 ,hung>y1 & ! success ( t great inv5tion det]m9$ 8 c>e]1 hopeless z ! pr(ession _h ?us f> seem$ to him4 ,he associat$ himself at once ) telephonic "w1 & made v>i\s telephonic inv5tions1 includ+ an op]ative repeat]2 b x did n take him long to discov] t1 be+ s remote f ! sc5es ( electrical activity1 he 0 apt to sp5d "t on aims & results already rea*$ by o!rs1 & to lose t\*4 ,long+ = new opportunities & anxi\s = ! developm5t ( :i* he felt himself possible1 if once he c\ld place himself )9 ! g5ial & direct influ5ces ( ! gulf /reams ( electrical ?\ght1 he broke away f ! ties & traditions ( ! pa/1 & 9 #ahha made 8 way to ,p>is4 ,arriv+ 9 t city1 ! ard5t "y ,likan obta9$ employm5t z an electrical eng9e] ) "o ( ! l>ge/ electric light+ companies4 ,! next ye> he w5t to ,/rasburg to in/all a plant1 & on return+ to ,p>is s\ght to c>ry out a numb] ( ideas t _h n[ rip5$ into inv5tions4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! rem>kable progress ( ,am]ica 9 electrical indu/ry attract$ 8 att5tion1 & once aga9 /ak+ ev]y?+ on a s+le ?r[1 he cross$ ! ,atlantic4 ,mr4 ,tesla buckl$ d[n to "w z soon z he l&$ on ^! %ores1 put 8 be/ ?\ght & skill into x1 & soon saw op5+s = 8 tal5t4 ,9 a %ort :ile a proposition 0 made to him to />t 8 own company1 &1 accept+ ! t]ms1 he at once work$ up a practical sy/em ( arc light+1 z well z a pot5tial me?od ( dynamo regulation1 :i* 9 "o =m is n[ kn[n z ! ?ird bru% regulation4 ,he also devis$ a !rmo-magnetic motor & o!r k9dr$ devices1 ab\t :i* little 0 publi%$1 ow+ to legal complications4 ,e>ly 9 #ahhg ! ,tesla ,electric ,company ( ,new ,york 0 =m$1 & n long aft] t ,mr4 ,tesla produc$ 8 admirable & epo*-m>k+ motors = multiphase alt]nat+ curr5ts1 9 :i*1 go+ back to 8 ideas ( long ago1 he evolv$ ma*9es hav+ nei!r commutator nor bru%es4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ab\t ! "t t ,mr4 ,tesla br\ght out 8 motors1 & read 8 ?\ghtful pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,pr(essor ,f]r>is1 9 ,europe1 publi%$ 8 discov]y ( pr9ciples analog\s to ^? enunciat$ by ,mr4 ,tesla4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,tesla 0 an indep5d5t inv5tor ( ?is rot>y field motor1 = al?\gh anticipat$ 9 dates by ,f]r>is1 he c\ld n h kn[n ab\t ,f]r>is' "w z x _h n be5 publi%$4 ,pr(essor ,f]r>is /at$ himself1 ) becom+ mode/y1 t he did n ?9k ,tesla c\ld h kn[n ( 8 7,f]r>is'7 exp]im5ts at t "t1 & adds t he ?9ks ,tesla 0 an indep5d5t & orig9al inv5tor ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,) su* an ackn[l$gm5t f ,f]r>is !re c be little d\bt ab\t ,tesla's orig9ality 9 ?is matt]4 ,mr4 ,tesla's "w 9 ?is field 0 wond]fully timely1 & its wor? 0 promptly appreciat$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,! ,tesla pat5ts 7 acquir$ by ! ,we/+h\se ,electric ,company1 :o und]took to develop 8 motor & to apply x to "w ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,its use 9 m9+1 & its employm5t 9 pr9t+1 v5tilation1 etc41 0 describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,! ,electrical ,_w "s ye>s ago4 ,! imm5se /imulus t ! ann\ncem5t ( ,mr4 ,tesla's "w gave to ! /udy ( alt]nat+ curr5t motors w\ld1 9 itself1 be en\gh to /amp him z a lead]4 ,mr4 ,tesla is only #ce ye>s ( age4 ,he is tall & sp>e ) a clean-cut1 ?91 ref9$ face1 & eyes t recall all ! /ories "o has read ( ke5ness ( vision & ph5om5al ability to see ?r\gh ?+s4 ,he is an omnivor\s read]1 :o nev] =gets2 & he possesses ! peculi> facility 9 languages t enables ! lea/ educat$ native ( ea/]n ,europe to talk & write 9 at lea/ half a doz5 tongues4 ,a m cong5ial companion _c be desir$ = ! h\rs :5 "o p\rs out he>t afflu5ce 9 discursive talk1 & :5 ! conv]sation1 deal+ at fir/ ) ?+s ne> at h& & next to u1 rea*es out & rises to ! great] que/ions ( life1 duty & de/9y4 ,9 ! ye> #ahij he sev]$ 8 connection ) ! ,we/+h\se ,company1 s9ce :i* "t he has devot$ himself entirely to ! /udy ( alt]nat+ curr5ts ( high frequ5cies & v high pot5tials1 ) :i* /udy he is at pres5t engag$4 ,no comm5t is necess>y on 8 int]e/+ a*ievem5ts 9 ?is field2 ! fam\s ,london lecture publi%$ 9 ?is volume is a pro( 9 itself4 ,8 fir/ lecture on 8 rese>*es 9 ?is new bran* ( electricity1 :i* he may be said to h creat$1 0 deliv]$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s on ,may #bj1 #ahia1 & rema9s "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ pap]s read be=e t society4 ,x w be f\nd repr9t$ 9 full 9 ,! ,electrical ,_w1 ,july #aa1 #ahia4 ,its publication excit$ su* int]e/ abroad t he receiv$ num]\s reque/s f ,engli% & ,fr5* electrical eng9e]s & sci5ti/s to repeat x 9 ^? c\ntries1 ! result ( :i* has be5 ! int]e/+ lecture publi%$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! pres5t lecture presupposes a k ( ! =m]1 b x may be read & und]/ood by any "o ev5 ?\gh he has n read ! e>li] "o4 ,x =ms a sort ( cont9uation ( ! latt]1 & includes *iefly ! results ( 8 rese>*es s9ce t "t4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,alt]nate ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,high ,,pot5tial ,,& ,,high ,,frequ5cy ,i _c f9d words to express h[ deeply ,i feel ! honor ( address+ "s ( ! =emo/ ?9k]s ( ! pres5t "t1 & s _m able sci5tific m51 eng9e]s & electricians1 ( ! c\ntry greate/ 9 sci5tific a*ievem5ts4 ,! results :i* ,i h ! honor to pres5t be=e su* a ga!r+ ,i _c call my own4 ,!re are among y n a few :o c lay bett] claim ?an myself on any feature ( m]it :i* ?is "w may conta94 ,i ne$ n m5tion _m names :i* are _w-kn[n--names ( ^? among y :o are recogniz$ z ! lead]s 9 ?is en*ant+ sci5ce2 b "o1 at lea/1 ,i mu/ m5tion--a "n :i* c\ld n be omitt$ 9 a demon/ration ( ?is k9d4 ,x is a "n associat$ ) ! mo/ beautiful inv5tion ev] made3 x is ,crookes6 ,:5 ,i 0 at college1 a good "t ago1 ,i read1 9 a translation 7= !n ,i 0 n famili> ) y\r magnific5t language71 ! description ( 8 exp]im5ts on radiant matt]4 ,i read x only once 9 my life--t "t--yet e detail ab\t t *>m+ "w ,i c rememb] ?is day4 ,few are ! books1 let me say1 :i* c make su* an impression ^u ! m9d ( a /ud5t4 ,b if1 on ! pres5t occasion1 ,i m5tion ?is "n z "o ( _m y\r in/itution c boa/ (1 x is because ,i h m ?an "o reason to d s4 ,= :at ,i h to tell y & to %[ y ?is ev5+ conc]ns1 9 a l>ge measure1 t same vague _w :i* ,pr(essor ,crookes has s ably explor$2 &1 m ?an ?is1 :5 ,i trace back ! m5tal process :i* l$ me to ^! advances--:i* ev5 by myself _c be consid]$ trifl+1 s9ce !y are s appreciat$ by y--,i believe t _! real orig91 t :i* />t$ me to "w 9 ?is direction1 & br\ght me to !m1 aft] a long p]iod ( con/ant ?\ght1 0 t fasc9at+ little book :i* ,i read _m ye>s ago4 ,& n[ t ,i h made a feeble ef=t to express my homage & ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to him & o!rs among y1 ,i w make a second ef=t1 :i* ,i hope y w n f9d s feeble z ! fir/1 to ent]ta9 y4 ,give me leave to introduce ! subject 9 a few words4 ,a %ort "t ago ,i _h ! honor to br+ be=e our ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s,a "s results !n arriv$ at by me 9 a novel l9e ( "w4 ,i ne$ n assure y t ! _m evid5ces :i* ,i h receiv$ t ,engli% sci5tific m5 & eng9e]s 7 int]e/$ 9 ?is "w h be5 = me a great rew>d & enc\ragem5t4 ,i w n dwell ^u ! exp]im5ts already describ$1 except ) ! view ( complet+1 or m cle>ly express+1 "s ideas advanc$ by me be=e1 & also ) ! view ( r5d]+ ! /udy "h pres5t$ self-conta9$1 & my rem>ks on ! subject ( ?is ev5+'s lecture consi/5t4 ,footnote ,a3 ,= ,mr4 ,tesla's ,am]ican lecture on ?is subject see ,,! ,,electrical ,,_w ( ,july #aa1 #ahia1 & = a report ( 8 ,fr5* lecture see ,,! ,,electrical ,,_w ( ,m>* #bf1 #ahib4 ,?is inve/igation1 !n1 x goes )\t say+1 deals ) alt]nat+ curr5ts1 &1 to be m precise1 ) alt]nat+ curr5ts ( high pot5tial & high frequ5cy4 ,j 9 h[ mu* a v high frequ5cy is ess5tial = ! production ( ! results pres5t$ is a "q :i* ev5 ) my pres5t exp]i5ce1 w\ld emb>rass me to answ]4 ,"s ( ! exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ ) l[ frequ5cies2 b v high frequ5cies are desirable1 n only on acc\nt ( ! _m effects secur$ by _! use1 b also z a conv5i5t means ( obta9+1 9 ! induction app>atus employ$1 ! high pot5tials1 :i* 9 _! turn are necess>y to ! demon/ration ( mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts "h contemplat$4 ,( ! v>i\s bran*es ( electrical inve/igation1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ & imm$iately ! mo/ promis+ is t deal+ ) alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! progress 9 ?is bran* ( appli$ sci5ce has be5 s great 9 rec5t ye>s t x ju/ifies ! mo/ sangu9e hopes4 ,h>dly h we become famili> ) "o fact1 :5 novel exp]i5ces are met ) & new av5ues ( rese>* are op5$4 ,ev5 at ?is h\r possibilities n dream$ ( be=e are1 by ! use ( ^! curr5ts1 p>tly realiz$4 ,z 9 nature all is ebb & tide1 all is wave motion1 s x seems t2 9 all bran*es ( indu/ry alt]nat+ curr5ts--electric wave motion--w h ! sway4 ,"o reason1 p]haps1 :y ?is bran* ( sci5ce is be+ s rapidly develop$ is to be f\nd 9 ! int]e/ :i* is atta*$ to its exp]im5tal /udy4 ,we w9d a simple r+ ( iron ) coils2 we e/abli% ! connections to ! g5]ator1 & ) wond] & delight we note ! effects ( /range =ces :i* we br+ into play1 :i* all[ u to trans=m1 to transmit & direct en]gy at w4 ,we arrange ! circuits prop]ly1 & we see ! mass ( iron & wires behave z ?\gh x 7 end[$ ) life1 sp9n+ a heavy armature1 ?r\gh invisible connections1 ) great spe$ & p[]--) ! en]gy possibly convey$ f a great di/ance4 ,we obs]ve h[ ! en]gy ( an alt]nat+ curr5t trav]s+ ! wire manife/s itself--n s mu* 9 ! wire z 9 ! surr\nd+ space--9 ! mo/ surpris+ mann]1 tak+ ! =ms ( heat1 light1 me*anical en]gy1 &1 mo/ surpris+ ( all1 ev5 *emical aff9ity4 ,all ^! obs]vations fasc9ate u1 & fill u ) an int5se desire to "k m ab\t ! nature ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,ea* day we g to our "w 9 ! hope ( discov]+1--9 ! hope t "s "o1 no matt] :o1 may f9d a solution ( "o ( ! p5d+ great problems1--& ea* succe$+ day we return to our task ) r5ew$ ardor2 & ev5 if we are unsuccessful1 our "w has n be5 9 va91 = 9 ^! /riv+s1 9 ^! ef=ts1 we h f\nd h\rs ( untold pleasure1 & we h direct$ our en]gies to ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,we may take--at r&om1 if y *oose--any ( ! _m exp]im5ts :i* may be p]=m$ ) alt]nat+ curr5ts2 a few ( :i* only1 & by no means ! mo/ /rik+1 =m ! subject ( ?is ev5+'s demon/ration3 !y are all equally int]e/+1 equally incit+ to ?\ght4 ,"h is a simple glass tube f :i* ! air has be5 p>tially exhau/$4 ,i take hold ( x2 ,i br+ my body 9 contact ) a wire convey+ alt]nat+ curr5ts ( high pot5tial1 & ! tube 9 my h& is brilliantly light$4 ,9 :atev] position ,i may put x1 :]ev] ,i may move x 9 space1 z f> z ,i c rea*1 its s(t1 pleas+ light p]si/s ) undim9i%$ brightness4 ,"h is an exhau/$ bulb susp5d$ f a s+le wire4 ,/&+ on an insulat$ support4 ,i grasp x1 & a plat9um button m\nt$ 9 x is br\ght to vivid inc&esc5ce4 ,"h1 atta*$ to a lead+ wire1 is ano!r bulb1 :i*1 z ,i t\* its metallic socket1 is fill$ ) magnific5t colors ( phosphoresc5t light4 ,"h /ill ano!r1 :i* by my f+]s' t\* ca/s a %ad[--! ,crookes %ad[1 ( ! /em inside ( x4 ,"h1 aga91 insulat$ z ,i /& on ?is plat=m1 ,i br+ my body 9 contact ) "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! second>y ( ?is induction coil--) ! end ( a wire _m miles long--& y see /reams ( light break =? f its di/ant end1 :i* is set 9 viol5t vibration4 ,"h1 once m1 ,i atta* ^! two plates ( wire gauze to ! t]m9als ( ! coil4 ,i set !m a di/ance ap>t1 & ,i set ! coil to "w4 ,y may see a small sp>k pass betwe5 ! plates4 ,i ins]t a ?ick plate ( "o ( ! be/ dielectrics betwe5 !m1 & in/ead ( r5d]+ altoge!r impossible1 z we are us$ to expect1 ,i aid ! passage ( ! dis*>ge1 :i*1 z ,i ins]t ! plate1 m]ely *anges 9 appe>ance & assumes ! =m ( lum9\s /reams4 ,is !re1 ,i ask1 c !re be1 a m int]e/+ /udy ?an t ( alt]nat+ curr5ts8 ,9 all ^! inve/igations1 9 all ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* are s v1 v int]e/+1 = _m ye>s pa/--ev] s9ce ! greate/ exp]im5t] :o lectur$ 9 ?is hall discov]$ its pr9ciple--we h _h a /eady companion1 an appliance famili> to e "o1 a play?+ once1 a ?+ ( mom5t\s importance n[--! induction coil4 ,!re is no de>] appliance to ! electrician4 ,f ! able/ among y1 ,i d>e say1 d[n to ! inexp]i5c$ /ud5t1 to y\r lectur]1 we all h pass$ _m delightful h\rs 9 exp]im5t+ ) ! induction coil4 ,we h wat*$ its play1 & ?\ght & pond]$ ov] ! beautiful ph5om5a :i* x disclos$ to our ravi%$ eyes4 ,s well kn[n is ?is app>atus1 s famili> are ^! ph5om5a to e "o1 t my c\rage ne>ly fails me :5 ,i ?9k t ,i h v5tur$ to address s able an audi5ce1 t ,i h v5tur$ to ent]ta9 y ) t same old subject4 ,"h 9 reality is ! same app>atus1 & "h are ! same ph5om5a1 only ! app>atus is op]at$ some:at diff]5tly1 ! ph5om5a are pres5t$ 9 a diff]5t aspect4 ,"s ( ! results we f9d z expect$1 o!rs surprise u1 b all captivate our att5tion1 = 9 sci5tific inve/igation ea* novel result a*iev$ may be ! c5tre ( a new dep>ture1 ea* novel fact le>n$ may lead to important developm5ts4 ,usually 9 op]at+ an induction coil we h set up a vibration ( mod]ate frequ5cy 9 ! prim>y1 ei!r by means ( an int]rupt] or break1 or by ! use ( an alt]nator4 ,e>li] ,engli% inve/igators1 to m5tion only ,spottiswoode & ,j4,e4,h4 ,gordon1 h us$ a rapid break 9 connection ) ! coil4 ,our k & exp]i5ce ( to-day enables u to see cle>ly :y ^! coils "u ! conditions ( ! te/s did n disclose any rem>kable ph5om5a1 & :y able exp]im5t]s fail$ to p]ceive _m ( ! curi\s effects :i* h s9ce be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts su* z p]=m$ ?is ev5+1 we op]ate ! coil ei!r f a specially con/ruct$ alt]nator capable ( giv+ _m ?\s&s ( rev]sals ( curr5t p] second1 or1 by disruptively dis*>g+ a cond5s] ?r\gh ! prim>y1 we set up a vibration 9 ! second>y circuit ( a frequ5cy ( _m hundr$ ?\s& or millions p] second1 if we s desire2 & 9 us+ ei!r ( ^! means we ent] a field z yet unexplor$4 ,x is impossible to pursue an inve/igation 9 any novel l9e )\t f9ally mak+ "s int]e/+ obs]vation or le>n+ "s useful fact4 ,t ?is /atem5t is applicable to ! subject ( ?is lecture ! _m curi\s & unexpect$ ph5om5a :i* we obs]ve af=d a conv9c+ pro(4 ,by way ( illu/ration1 take = in/ance ! mo/ obvi\s ph5om5a1 ^? ( ! dis*>ge ( ! induction coil4 ,"h is a coil :i* is op]at$ by curr5ts vibrat+ ) extreme rapidity1 obta9$ by disruptively dis*>g+ a ,leyd5 j>4 ,x w\ld n surprise a /ud5t 7 ! lectur] to say t ! second>y ( ?is coil consi/s ( a small l5g? ( comp>atively /\t wire2 x w\ld n surprise him 7 ! lectur] to /ate t1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! coil is capable ( giv+ any pot5tial :i* ! be/ insulation ( ! turns is able to )/&3 b al?\gh he may be prep>$1 & ev5 be indiff]5t z to ! anticipat$ result1 yet ! aspect ( ! dis*>ge ( ! coil w surprise & int]e/ him4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! dis*>ge ( an ord9>y coil2 x ne$ n be reproduc$ "h4 ,b1 by way ( contra/1 "h is a =m ( dis*>ge ( a coil1 ! prim>y curr5t ( :i* is vibrat+ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& times p] second4 ,! dis*>ge ( an ord9>y coil appe>s z a simple l9e or b& ( light4 ,! dis*>ge ( ?is coil appe>s 9 ! =m ( p[]ful bru%es & lum9\s /reams issu+ f all po9ts ( ! two /raight wires atta*$ to ! t]m9als ( ! second>y4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,dis*>ge ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,wires ,,) ,,frequ5cies ,,( ,a ,,few ,,hundr$ ,,?\s& ,,p] ,,second4 ,n[ comp>e ?is ph5om5on :i* y h j witness$ ) ! dis*>ge ( a ,holtz or ,wim%ur/ ma*9e--t o!r int]e/+ appliance s de> to ! exp]im5t]4 ,:at a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ^! ph5om5a6 ,& yet1 _h ,i made ! necess>y arrangem5ts--:i* c\ld h be5 made easily1 7 x n t !y w\ld int]f]e ) o!r exp]im5ts--,i c\ld h produc$ ) ?is coil sp>ks :i*1 _h ,i ! coil hidd5 f y\r view & only two knobs expos$1 ev5 ! ke5e/ obs]v] among y w\ld f9d x difficult1 if n impossible1 to di/+ui% f ^? ( an influ5ce or friction ma*9e4 ,?is may be done 9 _m ways--= in/ance1 by op]at+ ! induction coil :i* *>ges ! cond5s] f an alt]nat+-curr5t ma*9e ( v l[ frequ5cy1 & pref]ably adju/+ ! dis*>ge circuit s t !re are no oscillations set up 9 x4 ,we !n obta9 9 ! second>y circuit1 if ! knobs are ( ! requir$ size & prop]ly set1 a m or less rapid succession ( sp>ks ( great int5sity & small quantity1 :i* possess ! same brilliancy1 & are accompani$ by ! same %>p crackl+ s\nd1 z ^? obta9$ f a friction or influ5ce ma*9e4 ,ano!r way is to pass ?r\gh two prim>y circuits1 hav+ a common second>y1 two curr5ts ( a slightly diff]5t p]iod1 :i* produce 9 ! second>y circuit sp>ks occurr+ at comp>atively long int]vals4 ,b1 ev5 ) ! means at h& ?is ev5+1 ,i may succe$ 9 imitat+ ! sp>k ( a ,holtz ma*9e4 ,= ?is purpose ,i e/abli% betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! coil :i* *>ges ! cond5s] a long1 un/eady arc1 :i* is p]iodically int]rupt$ by ! upw>d curr5t ( air produc$ by x4 ,to increase ! curr5t ( air ,i place on ea* side ( ! arc1 & close to x1 a l>ge plate ( mica4 ,! cond5s] *>g$ f ?is coil dis*>ges into ! prim>y circuit ( a second coil ?r\gh a small air gap1 :i* is necess>y to produce a sudd5 ru% ( curr5t ?r\gh ! prim>y4 ,! s*eme ( connections 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,imitat+ ,,! ,,sp>k ,,( ,a ,,holtz ,,ma*9e4 ,g is an ord9>ily con/ruct$ alt]nator1 supply+ ! prim>y ,p ( an induction coil1 ! second>y ,s ( :i* *>ges ! cond5s]s or j>s ,,cc4 ,! t]m9als ( ! second>y are connect$ to ! inside coat+s ( ! j>s1 ! out] coat+s be+ connect$ to ! ends ( ! prim>y pp ( a second induction coil4 ,?is prim>y pp has a small air gap ab4 ,! second>y s ( ?is coil is provid$ ) knobs or sph]es ,,kk ( ! prop] size & set at a di/ance suitable = ! exp]im5t4 ,a long arc is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ,,ab ( ! fir/ induction coil4 ,,mm are ! mica plates4 ,ea* "t ! arc is brok5 betwe5 ,a & ,b ! j>s are quickly *>g$ & dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! prim>y pp1 produc+ a snapp+ sp>k betwe5 ! knobs ,,kk4 ,^u ! arc =m+ betwe5 ,a & ,b ! pot5tial falls1 & ! j>s _c be *>g$ to su* high pot5tial z to break ?r\gh ! air gap ab until ! arc is aga9 brok5 by ! draught4 ,9 ?is mann] sudd5 impulses1 at long int]vals1 are produc$ 9 ! prim>y pp1 :i* 9 ! second>y s give a correspond+ numb] ( impulses ( great int5sity4 ,if ! second>y knobs or sph]es1 ,,kk1 are ( ! prop] size1 ! sp>ks %[ mu* resemblance to ^? ( a ,holtz ma*9e4 ,b ^! two effects1 :i* to ! eye appe> s v diff]5t1 are only two ( ! _m dis*>ge ph5om5a4 ,we only ne$ to *ange ! conditions ( ! te/1 & aga9 we make o!r obs]vations ( int]e/4 ,:51 in/ead ( op]at+ ! induction coil z 9 ! la/ two exp]im5ts1 we op]ate x f a high frequ5cy alt]nator1 z 9 ! next exp]im5t1 a sy/ematic /udy ( ! ph5om5a is r5d]$ mu* m easy4 ,9 su* case1 9 v>y+ ! /r5g? & frequ5cy ( ! curr5ts ?r\gh ! prim>y1 we may obs]ve five di/9ct =ms ( dis*>ge1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 my =m] pap] on ! subject,a be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,may #bj1 #ahia4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,,! ,,electrical ,,_w1 ,july #aa1 #ahia4 ,x w\ld take too mu* "t1 & x w\ld lead u too f> f ! subject pres5t$ ?is ev5+1 to reproduce all ^! =ms1 b x seems to me desirable to %[ y "o ( !m4 ,x is a bru% dis*>ge1 :i* is int]e/+ 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,view$ f a ne> position x resembles mu* a jet ( gas escap+ "u great pressure4 ,we "k t ! ph5om5on is due to ! agitation ( ! molecules ne> ! t]m9al1 & we anticipate t "s heat mu/ be develop$ by ! impact ( ! molecules aga9/ ! t]m9al or aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 we f9d t ! bru% is hot1 & only a little ?\ght leads u to ! conclusion t1 c\ld we b rea* suffici5tly high frequ5cies1 we c\ld produce a bru% :i* w\ld give int5se light & heat1 & :i* w\ld resemble 9 e p>ticul> an ord9>y flame1 save1 p]haps1 t bo? ph5om5a might n be due to ! same ag5t--save1 p]haps1 t *emical aff9ity might n be electrical 9 its nature4 ,z ! production ( heat & light is "h due to ! impact ( ! molecules1 or atoms ( air1 or some?+ else besides1 &1 z we c augm5t ! en]gy simply by rais+ ! pot5tial1 we might1 ev5 ) frequ5cies obta9$ f a dynamo ma*9e1 int5sify ! action to su* a degree z to br+ ! t]m9al to melt+ heat4 ,b ) su* l[ frequ5cies we w\ld h to deal always ) some?+ ( ! nature ( an electric curr5t4 ,if ,i approa* a conduct+ object to ! bru%1 a ?9 little sp>k passes1 yet1 ev5 ) ! frequ5cies us$ ?is ev5+1 ! t5d5cy to sp>k is n v great4 ,s1 = in/ance1 if ,i hold a metallic sph]e at "s di/ance above ! t]m9al y may see ! :ole space betwe5 ! t]m9al & sph]e illum9at$ by ! /reams )\t ! sp>k pass+2 & ) ! mu* high] frequ5cies obta9able by ! disruptive dis*>ge ( a cond5s]1 7 x n = ! sudd5 impulses1 :i* are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 sp>k+ w\ld n occur ev5 at v small di/ances4 ,h[ev]1 ) incomp>ably high] frequ5cies1 :i* we may yet f9d means to produce effici5tly1 & provid$ t electric impulses ( su* high frequ5cies c\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh a conductor1 ! electrical *>act]i/ics ( ! bru% dis*>ge w\ld completely vani%--no sp>k w\ld pass1 no %ock w\ld be felt--yet we w\ld /ill h to deal ) an electric ph5om5on1 b 9 ! broad1 mod]n int]pretation ( ! ^w4 ,9 my fir/ pap] be=e ref]r$ to ,i h po9t$ out ! curi\s prop]ties ( ! bru%1 & describ$ ! be/ mann] ( produc+ x1 b ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to endeavor to express myself m cle>ly 9 reg>d to ?is ph5om5on1 because ( its absorb+ int]e/4 ,:5 a coil is op]at$ ) curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy1 beautiful bru% effects may be produc$1 ev5 if ! coil be ( comp>atively small dim5sions4 ,! exp]im5t] may v>y !m 9 _m ways1 &1 if x 7 no?+ else1 !y af=d a pleas+ sight4 ,:at adds to _! int]e/ is t !y may be produc$ ) "o s+le t]m9al z well z ) two--9 fact1 (t5 bett] ) "o ?an ) two4 ,b ( all ! dis*>ge ph5om5a obs]v$1 ! mo/ pleas+ to ! eye1 & ! mo/ in/ructive1 are ^? obs]v$ ) a coil :i* is op]at$ by means ( ! disruptive dis*>ge ( a cond5s]4 ,! p[] ( ! bru%es1 ! abundance ( ! sp>ks1 :5 ! conditions are pati5tly adju/$1 is (t5 amaz+4 ,) ev5 a v small coil1 if x be s well insulat$ z to /& a diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( sev]al ?\s& volts p] turn1 ! sp>ks may be s abundant t ! :ole coil may appe> a complete mass ( fire4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! sp>ks1 :5 ! t]m9als ( ! coil are set at a consid]able di/ance1 seem to d>t 9 e possible direction z ?\gh ! t]m9als 7 p]fectly indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,z ! sp>ks w\ld soon de/roy ! insulation x is necess>y to prev5t !m4 ,?is is be/ done by imm]s+ ! coil 9 a good liquid insulator1 su* z boil$-out oil4 ,imm]sion 9 a liquid may be consid]$ almo/ an absolute necessity = ! cont9u$ & successful work+ ( su* a coil4 ,x is ( c\rse out ( ! "q1 9 an exp]im5tal lecture1 ) only a few m9utes at disposal = ! p]=mance ( ea* exp]im5t1 to %[ ^! dis*>ge ph5om5a to advantage1 z to produce ea* ph5om5on at its be/ a v c>eful adju/m5t is requir$4 ,b ev5 if imp]fectly produc$1 z !y are likely to be ?is ev5+1 !y are suffici5tly /rik+ to int]e/ an intellig5t audi5ce4 ,be=e %[+ "s ( ^! curi\s effects ,i mu/1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 give a %ort description ( ! coil & o!r app>atus us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! disruptive dis*>ge ?is ev5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,disruptive ,,dis*>ge ,,coil4 ,x is conta9$ 9 a box ,b 7,fig4 #c7 ( ?ick bo>ds ( h>d wood1 cov]$ on ! outside ) z9c %eet ,z1 :i* is c>efully sold]$ all ar\nd4 ,x might be advisable1 9 a /rictly sci5tific inve/igation1 :5 accuracy is ( great importance1 to d away ) ! metal cov]1 z x might introduce _m errors1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( its complex action ^u ! coil1 z a cond5s] ( v small capacity & z an electro/atic & electromagnetic scre54 ,:5 ! coil is us$ = su* exp]im5ts z are "h contemplat$1 ! employm5t ( ! metal cov] (f]s "s practical advantages1 b ^! are n ( suffici5t importance to be dwelt ^u4 ,! coil %\ld be plac$ symmetrically to ! metal cov]1 & ! space betwe5 %\ld1 ( c\rse1 n be too small1 c]ta9ly n less ?an1 say1 five c5timetres1 b mu* m if possible2 especially ! two sides ( ! z9c box1 :i* are at "r angles to ! axis ( ! coil1 %\ld be suffici5tly remote f ! latt]1 z o!rwise !y might impair its action & be a s\rce ( loss4 ,! coil consi/s ( two spools ( h>d rubb] ,,rr1 held ap>t at a di/ance ( #aj c5timetres by bolts c & nuts n1 likewise ( h>d rubb]4 ,ea* spool comprises a tube ,t ( approximately #h c5timetres inside diamet]1 & #c millimetres ?ick1 ^u :i* are screw$ two flanges ,,ff1 #bd c5timetres squ>e1 ! space betwe5 ! flanges be+ ab\t #c c5timetres4 ,! second>y1 ,,ss1 ( ! be/ gutta p]*a-cov]$ wire1 has #bf lay]s1 #aj turns 9 ea*1 giv+ = ea* half a total ( #bfj turns4 ,! two halves are w\nd oppositely & connect$ 9 s]ies1 ! connection betwe5 bo? be+ made ov] ! prim>y4 ,?is disposition1 besides be+ conv5i5t1 has ! advantage t :5 ! coil is well balanc$--t is1 :5 bo? ( its t]m9als ,t#a ,t#a are connect$ to bodies or devices ( equal capacity--!re is n mu* dang] ( break+ ?r\gh to ! prim>y1 & ! insulation betwe5 ! prim>y & ! second>y ne$ n be ?ick4 ,9 us+ ! coil x is advisable to atta* to bo? t]m9als devices ( ne>ly equal capacity1 z1 :5 ! capacity ( ! t]m9als is n equal1 sp>ks w be apt to pass to ! prim>y4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! middle po9t ( ! second>y may be connect$ to ! prim>y1 b ?is is n always practicable4 ,! prim>y ,,pp is w\nd 9 two p>ts1 & oppositely1 ^u a wood5 spool ,w1 & ! f\r ends are l$ out ( ! oil ?r\gh h>d rubb] tubes tt4 ,! ends ( ! second>y ,t#a ,t#a are also l$ out ( ! oil ?r\gh rubb] tubes t#a t#a ( great ?ickness4 ,! prim>y & second>y lay]s are insulat$ by cotton clo?1 ! ?ickness ( ! insulation1 ( c\rse1 be>+ "s proportion to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! turns ( ! diff]5t lay]s4 ,ea* half ( ! prim>y has f\r lay]s1 #bd turns 9 ea*1 ?is giv+ a total ( #if turns4 ,:5 bo? ! p>ts are connect$ 9 s]ies1 ?is gives a ratio ( conv]sion ( ab\t #a3b4g1 & ) ! prim>ies 9 multiple1 #a3e4d2 b 9 op]at+ ) v rapidly alt]nat+ curr5ts ?is ratio does n convey ev5 an approximate idea ( ! ratio ( ! ,e4,m4,fs4 9 ! prim>y & second>y circuits4 ,! coil is held 9 position 9 ! oil on wood5 supports1 !re be+ ab\t #e c5timetres ?ickness ( oil all r\nd4 ,:]e ! oil is n specially ne$$1 ! space is fill$ ) pieces ( wood1 & = ?is purpose pr9cipally ! wood5 box ,b surr\nd+ ! :ole is us$4 ,! con/ruction "h %[n is1 ( c\rse1 n ! be/ on g5]al pr9ciples1 b ,i believe x is a good & conv5i5t "o = ! production ( effects 9 :i* an excessive pot5tial & a v small curr5t are ne$$4 ,9 connection ) ! coil ,i use ei!r ! ord9>y =m ( dis*>g] or a modifi$ =m4 ,9 ! =m] ,i h introduc$ two *anges :i* secure "s advantages1 & :i* are obvi\s4 ,if !y are m5tion$1 x is only 9 ! hope t "s exp]im5t] may f9d !m ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,improv$ ,,dis*>g] ,,& ,,magnet4 ,"o ( ! *anges is t ! adju/able knobs ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #d71 ( ! dis*>g] are held 9 jaws ( brass1 ,,jj1 by spr+ pressure1 ?is all[+ ( turn+ !m successively into diff]5t positions1 & s do+ away ) ! t$i\s process ( frequ5t poli%+ up4 ,! o!r *ange consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( a /rong electromagnet ,,ns1 :i* is plac$ ) its axis at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! knobs ,a & ,b1 & produces a /rong magnetic field betwe5 !m4 ,! pole pieces ( ! magnet are movable & prop]ly =m$ s z to protrude betwe5 ! brass knobs1 9 ord] to make ! field z int5se z possible2 b to prev5t ! dis*>ge f jump+ to ! magnet ! pole pieces are protect$ by a lay] ( mica1 ,,mm1 ( suffici5t ?ickness4 s#a s#a & s#b s#b are screws = fa/5+ ! wires4 ,on ea* side "o ( ! screws is = l>ge & ! o!r = small wires4 ,,ll are screws = fix+ 9 position ! rods ,,rr1 :i* support ! knobs4 ,9 ano!r arrangem5t ) ! magnet ,i take ! dis*>ge betwe5 ! r\nd$ pole pieces !mselves1 :i* 9 su* case are insulat$ & pref]ably provid$ ) poli%$ brass caps4 ,! employm5t ( an int5se magnetic field is ( advantage pr9cipally :5 ! induction coil or trans=m] :i* *>ges ! cond5s] is op]at$ by curr5ts ( v l[ frequ5cy4 ,9 su* a case ! numb] ( ! fundam5tal dis*>ges betwe5 ! knobs may be s small z to r5d] ! curr5ts produc$ 9 ! second>y unsuitable = _m exp]im5ts4 ,! int5se magnetic field !n s]ves to bl[ out ! arc betwe5 ! knobs z soon z x is =m$1 & ! fundam5tal dis*>ges occur 9 quick] succession4 ,in/ead ( ! magnet1 a draught or bla/ ( air may be employ$ ) "s advantage4 ,9 ?is case ! arc is pref]ably e/abli%$ betwe5 ! knobs ,,ab1 9 ,fig4 #b 7! knobs ab be+ g5]ally jo9$1 or entirely done away )71 z 9 ?is disposition ! arc is long & un/eady1 & is easily affect$ by ! draught4 ,:5 a magnet is employ$ to break ! arc1 x is bett] to *oose ! connection indicat$ diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #e1 z 9 ?is case ! curr5ts =m+ ! arc are mu* m p[]ful1 & ! magnetic field ex]cises a great] influ5ce4 ,! use ( ! magnet p]mits1 h[ev]1 ( ! arc be+ replac$ by a vacuum tube1 b ,i h enc\nt]$ great difficulties 9 work+ ) an exhau/$ tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,arrangem5t ,,) ,,l[-,,frequ5cy ,,alt]nator ,,& ,,improv$ ,,dis*>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,dis*>g] ,,) ,,multiple ,,gaps4 ,! o!r =m ( dis*>g] us$ 9 ^! & simil> exp]im5ts is indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( brass pieces cc 7,fig4 #f71 ea* ( :i* comprises a sph]ical middle portion m ) an ext5sion e bel[--:i* is m]ely us$ to fa/5 ! piece 9 a la! :5 poli%+ up ! dis*>g+ surface--& a column above1 :i* consi/s ( a knurl$ flange f surm\nt$ by a ?read$ /em l c>ry+ a nut n1 by means ( :i* a wire is fa/5$ to ! column4 ,! flange f conv5i5tly s]ves = hold+ ! brass piece :5 fa/5+ ! wire1 & also = turn+ x 9 any position :5 x becomes necess>y to pres5t a fre% dis*>g+ surface4 ,two /\t /rips ( h>d rubb] ,,rr1 ) plan$ grooves gg 7,fig4 #g7 to fit ! middle portion ( ! pieces cc1 s]ve to clamp ! latt] & hold !m firmly 9 position by means ( two bolts ,,cc 7( :i* only "o is %[n7 pass+ ?r\gh ! ends ( ! /rips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,dis*>g] ,,) ,,multiple ,,gaps4 ,9 ! use ( ?is k9d ( dis*>g] ,i h f\nd ?ree pr9cipal advantages ov] ! ord9>y =m4 ,fir/1 ! dielectric /r5g? ( a giv5 total wid? ( air space is great] :5 a great _m small air gaps are us$ in/ead ( "o1 :i* p]mits ( work+ ) a small] l5g? ( air gap1 & t means small] loss & less det]ioration ( ! metal2 secondly by reason ( splitt+ ! arc up into small] arcs1 ! poli%$ surfaces are made to la/ mu* long]2 &1 ?irdly1 ! app>atus af=ds "s gauge 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,i usually set ! pieces by putt+ betwe5 !m %eets ( uni=m ?ickness at a c]ta9 v small di/ance :i* is kn[n f ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,william ,?omson to require a c]ta9 electromotive =ce to be bridg$ by ! sp>k4 ,x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$ t ! sp>k+ di/ance is mu* dim9i%$ z ! frequ5cy is increas$4 ,by tak+ any numb] ( spaces ! exp]im5t] has a r\gh idea ( ! electromotive =ce1 & he f9ds x easi] to repeat an exp]im5t1 z he has n ! tr\ble ( sett+ ! knobs aga9 & aga94 ,) ?is k9d ( dis*>g] ,i h be5 able to ma9ta9 an oscillat+ motion )\t any sp>k be+ visible ) ! nak$ eye betwe5 ! knobs1 & !y w\ld n %[ a v appreciable rise 9 temp]ature4 ,?is =m ( dis*>ge also l5ds itself to _m arrangem5ts ( cond5s]s & circuits :i* are (t5 v conv5i5t & "t-sav+4 ,i h us$ x pref]ably 9 a disposition simil> to t indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 :5 ! curr5ts =m+ ! arc are small4 ,i may "h m5tion t ,i h also us$ dis*>g]s ) s+le or multiple air gaps1 9 :i* ! dis*>ge surfaces 7 rotat$ ) great spe$4 ,no p>ticul> advantage 01 h[ev]1 ga9$ by ?is me?od1 except 9 cases :]e ! curr5ts f ! cond5s] 7 l>ge & ! keep+ cool ( ! surfaces 0 necess>y1 & 9 cases :51 ! dis*>ge n be+ oscillat+ ( itself1 ! arc z soon z e/abli%$ 0 brok5 by ! air curr5t1 ?us />t+ ! vibration at int]vals 9 rapid succession4 ,i h also us$ me*anical int]rupt]s 9 _m ways4 ,to avoid ! difficulties ) frictional contacts1 ! pref]r$ plan adopt$ 0 to e/abli% ! arc & rotate ?r\gh x at great spe$ a rim ( mica provid$ ) _m holes & fa/5$ to a /eel plate4 ,x is und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t ! employm5t ( a magnet1 air curr5t1 or o!r int]rupt]1 produces no effect wor? notic+1 unless ! self-induction1 capacity & resi/ance are s relat$ t !re are oscillations set up ^u ea* int]ruption4 ,i w n[ endeavor to %[ y "s ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! dis*>ge ph5om5a4 ,i h /ret*$ across ! room two ord9>y cotton cov]$ wires1 ea* ab\t #g metres 9 l5g?4 ,!y are support$ on insulat+ cords at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj c5timetres4 ,i atta* n[ to ea* ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil "o ( ! wires & set ! coil 9 action4 ,^u turn+ ! lights (f 9 ! room y see ! wires /rongly illum9at$ by ! /reams issu+ abundantly f _! :ole surface 9 spite ( ! cotton cov]+1 :i* may ev5 be v ?ick4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t is p]=m$ "u good conditions1 ! light f ! wires is suffici5tly int5se to all[ di/+ui%+ ! objects 9 a room4 ,to produce ! be/ result x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to adju/ c>efully ! capacity ( ! j>s1 ! arc betwe5 ! knobs & ! l5g? ( ! wires4 ,my exp]i5ce is t calculation ( ! l5g? ( ! wires leads1 9 su* case1 to no result :atev]4 ,! exp]im5t] w d be/ to take ! wires at ! />t v long1 & !n adju/ by cutt+ (f fir/ long pieces1 & !n small] & small] ones z he approa*es ! "r l5g?4 ,a conv5i5t way is to use an oil cond5s] ( v small capacity1 consi/+ ( two small adju/able metal plates1 9 connection ) ?is & simil> exp]im5ts4 ,9 su* case ,i take wires r %ort & set at ! beg9n+ ! cond5s] plates at maximum di/ance4 ,if ! /reams = ! wires increase by approa* ( ! plates1 ! l5g? ( ! wires is ab\t "r2 if !y dim9i% ! wires are too long = t frequ5cy & pot5tial4 ,:5 a cond5s] is us$ 9 connection ) exp]im5ts ) su* a coil1 x %\ld be an oil cond5s] by all means1 z 9 us+ an air cond5s] consid]able en]gy might be wa/$4 ,! wires lead+ to ! plates 9 ! oil %\ld be v ?91 heavily coat$ ) "s insulat+ comp\nd1 & provid$ ) a conduct+ cov]+--?is pref]ably ext5d+ "u ! surface ( ! oil4 ,! conduct+ cov] %\ld n be too ne> ! t]m9als1 or ends1 ( ! wire1 z a sp>k w\ld be apt to jump f ! wire to x4 ,! conduct+ coat+ is us$ to dim9i% ! air losses1 9 virtue ( its action z an electro/atic scre54 ,z to ! size ( ! vessel conta9+ ! oil1 & ! size ( ! plates1 ! exp]im5t] ga9s at once an idea f a r\gh trial4 ,! size ( ! plates 9 oil is1 h[ev]1 calculable1 z ! dielectric losses are v small4 ,9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t x is ( consid]able int]e/ to "k :at relation ! quantity ( ! light emitt$ be>s to ! frequ5cy & pot5tial ( ! electric impulses4 ,my op9ion is t ! heat z well z light effects produc$ %\ld be proportionate1 "u o!rwise equal conditions ( te/1 to ! product ( frequ5cy & squ>e ( pot5tial1 b ! exp]im5tal v]ification ( ! law1 :atev] x may be1 w\ld be exce$+ly difficult4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 at any rate1 & t is1 t 9 augm5t+ ! pot5tial & frequ5cy we rapidly int5sify ! /reams2 &1 ?\gh x may be v sangu9e1 x is surely n altoge!r hopeless to expect t we may succe$ 9 produc+ a practical illum9ant on ^! l9es4 ,we w\ld !n be simply us+ burn]s or flames1 9 :i* !re w\ld be no *emical process1 no consumption ( mat]ial1 b m]ely a transf] ( en]gy1 & :i* w\ld1 9 all probability emit m light & less heat ?an ord9>y flames4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,effect ,,produc$ ,,by ,,conc5trat+ ,,/reams4 ,! lum9\s int5sity ( ! /reams is1 ( c\rse1 consid]ably increas$ :5 !y are focus$ ^u a small surface4 ,?is may be %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,i atta* to "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil a wire w 7,fig4 #h71 b5t 9 a circle ( ab\t #cj c5timetres 9 diamet]1 & to ! o!r t]m9al ,i fa/5 a small brass sph]e s1 ! surface ( ! wire be+ pref]ably equal to ! surface ( ! sph]e1 & ! c5tre ( ! latt] be+ 9 a l9e at "r angles to ! plane ( ! wire circle & pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge is e/abli%$ "u prop] conditions1 a lum9\s holl[ cone is =m$1 & 9 ! d>k "o-half ( ! brass sph]e is /rongly illum9at$1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,by "s artifice or o!r1 x is easy to conc5trate ! /reams ^u small surfaces & to produce v /rong light effects4 ,two ?9 wires may ?us be r5d]$ int5sely lum9\s4 ,9 ord] to int5sify ! /reams ! wires %\ld be v ?9 & %ort2 b z 9 ?is case _! capacity w\ld be g5]ally too small = ! coil--at lea/1 = su* a "o z ! pres5t--x is necess>y to augm5t ! capacity to ! requir$ value1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! surface ( ! wires rema9s v small4 ,?is may be done 9 _m ways4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 ,i h two plates1 ,,rr1 ( h>d rubb] 7,fig4 #i71 ^u :i* ,i h glu$ two v ?9 wires ww1 s z to =m a "n4 ,! wires may be b>e or cov]$ ) ! be/ insulation--x is immat]ial = ! success ( ! exp]im5t4 ,well insulat$ wires1 if any?+1 are pref]able4 ,on ! back ( ea* plate1 indicat$ by ! %ad$ portion1 is a t9foil coat+ tt4 ,! plates are plac$ 9 l9e at a suffici5t di/ance to prev5t a sp>k pass+ f "o to ! o!r wire4 ,! two t9foil coat+s ,i h jo9$ by a conductor ,c1 & ! two wires ,i pres5tly connect to ! t]m9als ( ! coil4 ,x is n[ easy1 by v>y+ ! /r5g? & frequ5cy ( ! curr5ts ?r\gh ! prim>y1 to f9d a po9t at :i*1 ! capacity ( ! sy/em is be/ suit$ to ! conditions1 & ! wires become s /rongly lum9\s t1 :5 ! light 9 ! room is turn$ (f ! "n =m$ by !m appe>s 9 brilliant lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,wires ,,r5d]$ ,,int5sely ,,lum9\s4 ,x is p]haps pref]able to p]=m ?is exp]im5t ) a coil op]at$ f an alt]nator ( high frequ5cy1 z !n1 ow+ to ! h>monic rise & fall1 ! /reams are v uni=m1 ?\gh !y are less abundant !n :5 produc$ ) su* a coil z ! pres5t4 ,?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 may be p]=m$ ) l[ frequ5cies1 b mu* less satisfactorily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,lum9\s ,,discs4 ,:5 two wires1 atta*$ to ! t]m9als ( ! coil1 are set at ! prop] di/ance1 ! /reams betwe5 !m may be s int5se z to produce a cont9u\s lum9\s %eet4 ,to %[ ?is ph5om5on ,i h "h two circles1 ,c & c 7,fig4 #aj71 ( r /\t wire1 "o be+ ab\t #hj c5timetres & ! o!r #cj c5timetres 9 diamet]4 ,to ea* ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil ,i atta* "o ( ! circles4 ,! support+ wires are s b5t t ! circles may be plac$ 9 ! same plane1 co9cid+ z ne>ly z possible4 ,:5 ! light 9 ! room is turn$ (f & ! coil set to "w1 y see ! :ole space betwe5 ! wires uni=mly fill$ ) /reams1 =m+ a lum9\s disc1 :i* c\ld be se5 f a consid]able di/ance1 su* is ! int5sity ( ! /reams4 ,! out] circle c\ld h be5 mu* l>g] ?an ! pres5t "o2 9 fact1 ) ?is coil ,i h us$ mu* l>g] circles1 & ,i h be5 able to produce a /rongly lum9\s %eet1 cov]+ an area ( m ?an "o squ>e metre1 :i* is a rem>kable effect ) ?is v small coil4 ,to avoid unc]ta9ty1 ! circle has be5 tak5 small]1 & ! area is n[ ab\t #j4dc squ>e metre4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! vibration1 & ! quickness ( succession ( ! sp>ks betwe5 ! knobs1 affect to a m>k$ degree ! appe>ance ( ! /reams4 ,:5 ! frequ5cy is v l[1 ! air gives way 9 m or less ! same mann]1 z by a /eady diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 & ! /reams consi/ ( di/9ct ?reads1 g5]ally m+l$ ) ?9 sp>ks1 :i* probably correspond to ! successive dis*>ges occurr+ betwe5 ! knobs4 ,b :5 ! frequ5cy is extremely high1 & ! arc ( ! dis*>ge produces a v l\d b smoo? s\nd--%[+ bo? t oscillation takes place & t ! sp>ks succe$ ea* o!r ) great rapidity--!n ! lum9\s /reams =m$ are p]fectly uni=m4 ,to rea* ?is result v small coils & j>s ( small capacity %\ld be us$4 ,i take two tubes ( ?ick ,bohemian glass1 ab\t #e c5timetres 9 diamet] & #bj c5timetres long4 ,9 ea* ( ! tubes ,i slip a prim>y ( v ?ick copp] wire4 ,on ! top ( ea* tube ,i w9d a second>y ( mu* ?9n] gutta-p]*a cov]$ wire4 ,! two second>ies ,i connect 9 s]ies1 ! prim>ies pref]ably 9 multiple arc4 ,! tubes are !n plac$ 9 a l>ge glass vessel1 at a di/ance ( #aj to #ae c5timetres f ea* o!r1 on insulat+ supports1 & ! vessel is fill$ ) boil$ out oil1 ! oil rea*+ ab\t an in* above ! tubes4 ,! free ends ( ! second>y are lift$ out ( ! oil & plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r at a di/ance ( ab\t #aj c5timetres4 ,! ends :i* are scrap$ %\ld be dipp$ 9 ! oil4 ,two f\r-p9t j>s jo9$ 9 s]ies may be us$ to dis*>ge ?r\gh ! prim>y4 ,:5 ! necess>y adju/m5ts 9 ! l5g? & di/ance ( ! wires above ! oil & 9 ! arc ( dis*>ge are made1 a lum9\s %eet is produc$ betwe5 ! wires :i* is p]fectly smoo? & textureless1 l ! ord9>y dis*>ge ?r\gh a mod]ately exhau/$ tube4 ,i h purposely dwelt ^u ?is app>5tly insignificant exp]im5t4 ,9 trials ( ?is k9d ! exp]im5t] arrives at ! />tl+ conclusion t1 to pass ord9>y lum9\s dis*>ges ?r\gh gases1 no p>ticul> degree ( exhau/ion is ne$$1 b t ! gas may be at ord9>y or ev5 great] pressure4 ,to accompli% ?is1 a v high frequ5cy is ess5tial2 a high pot5tial is likewise requir$1 b ?is is a m]ely incid5tal necessity4 ,^! exp]im5ts tea* u t1 9 endeavor+ to discov] novel me?ods ( produc+ light by ! agitation ( atoms1 or molecules1 ( a gas1 we ne$ n limit our rese>* to ! vacuum tube1 b may look =w>d q s]i\sly to ! possibility ( obta9+ ! light effects )\t ! use ( any vessel :atev]1 ) air at ord9>y pressure4 ,su* dis*>ges ( v high frequ5cy1 :i* r5d] lum9\s ! air at ord9>y pressures1 we h probably (t5 occasion to witness 9 ,nature4 ,i h no d\bt t if1 z _m believe1 ! aurora borealis is produc$ by sudd5 cosmic di/urbances1 su* z eruptions at ! sun's surface1 :i* set ! electro/atic *>ge ( ! e>? 9 an extremely rapid vibration1 ! r$ gl[ obs]v$ is n conf9$ to ! upp] r>efi$ /rata ( ! air1 b ! dis*>ge trav]ses1 by reason ( its v high frequ5cy1 also ! d5se atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( a gl[1 su* z we ord9>ily produce 9 a slightly exhau/$ tube4 ,if ! frequ5cy 7 v l[1 or ev5 m s1 if ! *>ge 7 n at all vibrat+1 ! d5se air w\ld break d[n z 9 a lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,indications ( su* break+ d[n ( ! l[] d5se /rata ( ! air h be5 repeat$ly obs]v$ at ! occurr5ce ( ?is m>vel\s ph5om5on2 b if x does occur1 x c only be attribut$ to ! fundam5tal di/urbances1 :i* are few 9 numb]1 = ! vibration produc$ by !m w\ld be f> too rapid to all[ a disruptive break4 ,x is ! orig9al & irregul> impulses :i* affect ! in/rum5ts2 ! sup]impos$ vibrations probably pass unnotic$4 ,:5 an ord9>y l[ frequ5cy dis*>ge is pass$ ?r\gh mod]ately r>efi$ air1 ! air assumes a purpli% hue4 ,if by "s means or o!r we increase ! int5sity ( ! molecul>1 or atomic1 vibration1 ! gas *anges to a :ite color4 ,a simil> *ange occurs at ord9>y pressures ) electric impulses ( v high frequ5cy4 ,if ! molecules ( ! air ar\nd a wire are mod]ately agitat$1 ! bru% =m$ is r$di% or violet2 if ! vibration is r5d]$ suffici5tly int5se1 ! /reams become :ite4 ,we may accompli% ?is 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ! exp]im5t be=e %[n ) ! two wires across ! room1 ,i h endeavor$ to secure ! result by pu%+ to a high value bo? ! frequ5cy & pot5tial3 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! ?9 wires glu$ on ! rubb] plate ,i h conc5trat$ ! action ^u a v small surface--9 o!r words1 ,i h work$ ) a great electric d5sity4 ,a mo/ curi\s =m ( dis*>ge is obs]v$ ) su* a coil :5 ! frequ5cy & pot5tial are pu%$ to ! extreme limit4 ,to p]=m ! exp]im5t1 e "p ( ! coil %\ld be heavily insulat$1 & only two small sph]es--or1 bett] /ill1 two %>p-edg$ metal discs 7dd1 ,fig4 #aa7 ( no m ?an a few c5timetres 9 diamet]--%\ld be expos$ to ! air4 ,! coil "h us$ is imm]s$ 9 oil1 & ! ends ( ! second>y rea*+ out ( ! oil are cov]$ ) an air-tight cov] ( h>d rubb] ( great ?ickness4 ,all cracks1 if !re are any1 %\ld be c>efully /opp$ up1 s t ! bru% dis*>ge _c =m any:]e except on ! small sph]es or plates :i* are expos$ to ! air4 ,9 ?is case1 s9ce !re are no l>ge plates or o!r bodies ( capacity atta*$ to ! t]m9als1 ! coil is capable ( an extremely rapid vibration4 ,! pot5tial may be rais$ by increas+1 z f> z ! exp]im5t] judges prop]1 ! rate ( *ange ( ! prim>y curr5t4 ,) a coil n widely diff]+ f ! pres5t1 x is be/ to connect ! two prim>ies 9 multiple arc2 b if ! second>y %\ld h a mu* great] numb] ( turns ! prim>ies %\ld pref]ably be us$ 9 s]ies1 z o!rwise ! vibration might be too fa/ = ! second>y4 ,x occurs "u ^! conditions t mi/y :ite /reams break =? f ! edges ( ! discs & spread out phantom-l into space4 ,) ?is coil1 :5 fairly well produc$1 !y are ab\t #be to #cj c5timetres long4 ,:5 ! h& is held aga9/ !m no s5sation is produc$1 & a sp>k1 caus+ a %ock1 jumps f ! t]m9al only ^u ! h& be+ br\ght mu* ne>]4 ,if ! oscillation ( ! prim>y curr5t is r5d]$ int]mitt5t by "s means or o!r1 !re is a correspond+ ?robb+ ( ! /reams1 & n[ ! h& or o!r conduct+ object may be br\ght 9 /ill great] proximity to ! t]m9al )\t a sp>k be+ caus$ to jump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,phantom ,,/reams4 ,among ! _m beautiful ph5om5a :i* may be produc$ ) su* a coil ,i h "h select$ only ^? :i* appe> to possess "s features ( novelty1 & lead u to "s conclusions ( int]e/4 ,"o w n f9d x at all difficult to produce 9 ! laboratory1 by means ( x1 _m o!r ph5om5a :i* appeal to ! eye ev5 m ?an ^! "h %[n1 b pres5t no p>ticul> feature ( novelty4 ,e>ly exp]im5t]s describe ! display ( sp>ks produc$ by an ord9>y l>ge induction coil ^u an insulat+ plate sep>at+ ! t]m9als4 ,q rec5tly ,siem5s p]=m$ "s exp]im5ts 9 :i* f9e effects 7 obta9$1 :i* 7 se5 by _m ) int]e/4 ,no d\bt l>ge coils1 ev5 if op]at$ ) curr5ts ( l[ frequ5cies1 are capable ( produc+ beautiful effects4 ,b ! l>ge/ coil ev] made c\ld n1 by f>1 equal ! magnific5t display ( /reams & sp>ks obta9$ f su* a disruptive dis*>ge coil :5 prop]ly adju/$4 ,to give an idea1 a coil su* z ! pres5t "o w cov] easily a plate ( #a metre 9 diamet] completely ) ! /reams4 ,! be/ way to p]=m su* exp]im5ts is to take a v ?9 rubb] or a glass plate & glue on "o side ( x a n>r[ r+ ( t9foil ( v l>ge diamet]1 & on ! o!r a circul> wa%]1 ! c5tre ( ! latt] co9cid+ ) t ( ! r+1 & ! surfaces ( bo? be+ pref]ably equal1 s z to keep ! coil well balanc$4 ,! wa%] & r+ %\ld be connect$ to ! t]m9als by heavily insulat$ ?9 wires4 ,x is easy 9 obs]v+ ! effect ( ! capacity to produce a %eet ( uni=m /reams1 or a f9e network ( ?9 silv]y ?reads1 or a mass ( l\d brilliant sp>ks1 :i* completely cov] ! plate4 ,s9ce ,i h advanc$ ! idea ( ! conv]sion by means ( ! disruptive dis*>ge1 9 my pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! pa/ ye>1 ! int]e/ excit$ 9 x has be5 consid]able4 ,x af=ds u a means = produc+ any pot5tials by ! aid ( inexp5sive coils op]at$ f ord9>y sy/ems ( di/ribution1 &--:at is p]haps m appreciat$--x enables u to conv]t curr5ts ( any frequ5cy into curr5ts ( any o!r l[] or high] frequ5cy4 ,b its *ief value w p]haps be f\nd 9 ! help :i* x w af=d u 9 ! inve/igations ( ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce1 :i* a disruptive dis*>ge coil is capable ( excit+ 9 innum]able cases :]e ord9>y coils1 ev5 ! l>ge/1 w\ld utt]ly fail4 ,consid]+ its probable uses = _m practical purposes1 & its possible introduction into laboratories = sci5tific rese>*1 a few additional rem>ks z to ! con/ruction ( su* a coil w p]haps n be f\nd sup]flu\s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely necess>y to employ 9 su* a coil wires provid$ ) ! be/ insulation4 ,good coils may be produc$ by employ+ wires cov]$ ) sev]al lay]s ( cotton1 boil+ ! coil a long "t 9 pure wax1 & cool+ "u mod]ate pressure4 ,! advantage ( su* a coil is t x c be easily h&l$1 b x _c probably give z satisfactory results z a coil imm]s$ 9 pure oil4 ,besides1 x seems t ! pres5ce ( a l>ge body ( wax affects ! coil disadvantage\sly1 :]eas ?is does n seem to be ! case ) oil4 ,p]haps x is because ! dielectric losses 9 ! liquid are small]4 ,i h tri$ at fir/ silk & cotton cov]$ wires ) oil imm]sion1 b ,i h be5 gradually l$ to use gutta-p]*a cov]$ wires1 :i* prov$ mo/ satisfactory4 ,gutta-p]*a insulation adds1 ( c\rse1 to ! capacity ( ! coil1 & ?is1 especially if ! coil be l>ge1 is a great disadvantage :5 extreme frequ5cies are desir$2 b on ! o!r h&1 gutta-p]*a w )/& mu* m ?an an equal ?ickness ( oil1 & ?is advantage %\ld be secur$ at any price4 ,once ! coil has be5 imm]s$1 x %\ld nev] be tak5 out ( ! oil = m ?an a few h\rs1 else ! gutta-p]*a w crack up & ! coil w n be wor? half z mu* z be=e4 ,gutta-p]*a is probably sl[ly attack$ by ! oil1 b aft] an imm]sion ( eight to n9e mon?s ,i h f\nd no ill effects4 ,i h obta9$ 9 comm]ce two k9ds ( gutta-p]*a wire3 9 "o ! insulation /icks tightly to ! metal1 9 ! o!r x does n4 ,unless a special me?od is foll[$ to expel all air1 x is mu* saf] to use ! fir/ k9d4 ,i w9d ! coil )9 an oil tank s t all int]/ices are fill$ up ) ! oil4 ,betwe5 ! lay]s ,i use clo? boil$ out ?or\ghly 9 oil1 calculat+ ! ?ickness accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! turns4 ,!re seems n to be a v great diff]5ce :atev] k9d ( oil is us$2 ,i use p>aff9e or l9se$ oil4 ,to exclude m p]fectly ! air1 an excell5t way to proce$1 & easily practicable ) small coils1 is ! foll[+3 ,con/ruct a box ( h>d wood ( v ?ick bo>ds :i* h be5 = a long "t boil$ 9 oil4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be s jo9$ z to safely )/& ! ext]nal air pressure4 ,! coil be+ plac$ & fa/5$ 9 position )9 ! box1 ! latt] is clos$ ) a /rong lid1 & cov]$ ) closely fitt+ metal %eets1 ! jo9ts ( :i* are sold]$ v c>efully4 ,on ! top two small holes are drill$1 pass+ ?r\gh ! metal %eet & ! wood1 & 9 ^! holes two small glass tubes are ins]t$ & ! jo9ts made air-tight4 ,"o ( ! tubes is connect$ to a vacuum pump1 & ! o!r ) a vessel conta9+ a suffici5t quantity ( boil$-out oil4 ,! latt] tube has a v small hole at ! bottom1 & is provid$ ) a /opcock4 ,:5 a fairly good vacuum has be5 obta9$1 ! /opcock is op5$ & ! oil sl[ly f$ 94 ,proce$+ 9 ?is mann]1 x is impossible t any big bubbles1 :i* are ! pr9cipal dang]1 %\ld rema9 betwe5 ! turns4 ,! air is mo/ completely exclud$1 probably bett] ?an by boil+ out1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 gutta-p]*a coat$ wires are us$1 is n practicable4 ,= ! prim>ies ,i use ord9>y l9e wire ) a ?ick cotton coat+4 ,/r&s ( v ?9 insulat$ wires prop]ly int]lac$ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! be/ to employ = ! prim>ies1 b !y are n to be _h4 ,9 an exp]im5tal coil ! size ( ! wires is n ( great importance4 ,9 ! coil "h us$ ! prim>y is ,no4 #ab & ! second>y ,no4 #bd ,br[n ,%>pe gauge wire2 b ! sections may be v>i$ consid]ably4 ,x w\ld only imply diff]5t adju/m5ts2 ! results aim$ at w\ld n be mat]ially affect$4 ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? ^u ! v>i\s =ms ( bru% dis*>ge because1 9 /udy+ !m1 we n only obs]ve ph5om5a :i* please our eye1 b also af=d u food = ?\ght1 & lead u to conclusions ( practical importance4 ,9 ! use ( alt]nat+ curr5ts ( v high t5sion1 too mu* precaution _c be tak5 to prev5t ! bru% dis*>ge4 ,9 a ma9 convey+ su* curr5ts1 9 an induction coil or trans=m]1 or 9 a cond5s]1 ! bru% dis*>ge is a s\rce ( great dang] to ! insulation4 ,9 a cond5s] especially ! gase\s matt] mu/ be mo/ c>efully expell$1 = 9 x ! *>g$ surfaces are ne> ea* o!r1 & if ! pot5tials are high1 j z sure z a weight w fall if let g1 s ! insulation w give way if a s+le gase\s bubble ( "s size be pres5t1 :]eas1 if all gase\s matt] 7 c>efully exclud$1 ! cond5s] w\ld safely )/& a mu* high] diff]5ce ( pot5tial4 ,a ma9 convey+ alt]nat+ curr5ts ( v high t5sion may be injur$ m]ely by a bl[ hole or small crack 9 ! insulation1 ! m s z a bl[hole is apt to conta9 gas at l[ pressure2 & z x appe>s almo/ impossible to completely obviate su* little imp]fections1 ,i am l$ to believe t 9 our future di/ribution ( electrical en]gy by curr5ts ( v high t5sion liquid insulation w be us$4 ,! co/ is a great drawback1 b if we employ an oil z an insulator ! di/ribution ( electrical en]gy ) some?+ l #ajj1jjj volts1 & ev5 m1 become1 at lea/ ) high] frequ5cies1 s easy t !y c\ld be h>dly call$ eng9e]+ feats4 ,) oil insulation & alt]nate curr5t motors transmissions ( p[] c be effect$ ) safety & ^u an indu/rial basis at di/ances ( z mu* z a ?\s& miles4 ,a peculi> prop]ty ( oils1 & liquid insulation 9 g5]al1 :5 subject$ to rapidly *ang+ electric /resses1 is to disp]se any gase\s bubbles :i* may be pres5t1 & diffuse !m ?r\gh its mass1 g5]ally long be=e any injuri\s break c occur4 ,?is feature may be easily obs]v$ ) an ord9>y induction coil by tak+ ! prim>y out1 plugg+ up ! end ( ! tube ^u :i* ! second>y is w\nd1 & fill+ x ) "s fairly transp>5t insulator1 su* z p>aff9e oil4 ,a prim>y ( a diamet] some?+ l six millimetres small] ?an ! inside ( ! tube may be ins]t$ 9 ! oil4 ,:5 ! coil is set to "w "o may see1 look+ f ! top ?r\gh ! oil1 _m lum9\s po9ts--air bubbles :i* are caught by ins]t+ ! prim>y1 & :i* are r5d]$ lum9\s 9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5t bomb>dm5t4 ,! occlud$ air1 by its impact aga9/ ! oil1 heats x2 ! oil beg9s to circulate1 c>ry+ "s ( ! air along ) x1 until ! bubbles are disp]s$ & ! lum9\s po9ts disappe>4 ,9 ?is mann]1 unless l>ge bubbles are occlud$ 9 su* way t circulation is r5d]$ impossible1 a damag+ break is av]t$1 ! only effect be+ a mod]ate w>m+ up ( ! oil4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! liquid1 a solid insulation1 no matt] h[ ?ick1 7 us$1 a break+ ?r\gh & injury ( ! app>atus w\ld be inevitable4 ,! exclusion ( gase\s matt] f any app>atus 9 :i* ! dielectric is subject$ to m or less rapidly *ang+ electric =ces is1 h[ev]1 n only desirable 9 ord] to avoid a possible injury ( ! app>atus1 b also on acc\nt ( economy4 ,9 a cond5s]1 = in/ance1 z long z only a solid or only a liquid dielectric is us$1 ! loss is small2 b if a gas "u ord9>y or small pressure be pres5t ! loss may be v great4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! =ce act+ 9 ! dielectric may be1 x seems t 9 a solid or liquid ! molecul> displacem5t produc$ by ! =ce is small2 h5ce ! product ( =ce & displacem5t is insignificant1 unless ! =ce be v great2 b 9 a gas ! displacem5t1 & !re=e ?is product1 is consid]able2 ! molecules are free to move1 !y rea* high spe$s1 & ! en]gy ( _! impact is lo/ 9 heat or o!rwise4 ,if ! gas be /rongly compress$1 ! displacem5t due to ! =ce is made small]1 & ! losses are r$uc$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! succe$+ exp]im5ts ,i pref]1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! regul> & positive action1 to employ ! alt]nator be=e ref]r$ to4 ,?is is "o ( ! sev]al ma*9es con/ruct$ by me = ! purposes ( ^! inve/igations4 ,x has #chd pole projections1 & is capable ( giv+ curr5ts ( a frequ5cy ( ab\t #aj1jjj p] second4 ,?is ma*9e has be5 illu/rat$ & briefly describ$ 9 my fir/ pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,may #bj1 #ahia1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,a m detail$ description1 suffici5t to enable any eng9e] to build a simil> ma*9e1 w be f\nd 9 sev]al electrical j\rnals ( t p]iod4 ,! induction coils op]at$ f ! ma*9e are r small1 conta9+ f #e1jjj to #ae1jjj turns 9 ! second>y4 ,!y are imm]s$ 9 boil$-out l9se$ oil1 conta9$ 9 wood5 boxes cov]$ ) z9c %eet4 ,i h f\nd x advantage\s to rev]se ! usual position ( ! wires1 & to w9d1 9 ^! coils1 ! prim>ies on ! top2 ?is all[+ ! use ( a mu* bigg] prim>y1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 r$uces ! dang] ( ov]heat+ & increases ! output ( ! coil4 ,i make ! prim>y on ea* side at lea/ "o c5timetre %ort] ?an ! second>y1 to prev5t ! break+ ?r\gh on ! ends1 :i* w\ld surely occur unless ! insulation on ! top ( ! second>y be v ?ick1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be disadvantage\s4 ,:5 ! prim>y is made movable1 :i* is necess>y 9 "s exp]im5ts1 & _m times conv5i5t = ! purposes ( adju/m5t1 ,i cov] ! second>y ) wax1 & turn x (f 9 a la! to a diamet] slightly small] ?an ! inside ( ! prim>y coil4 ,! latt] ,i provide ) a h&le rea*+ out ( ! oil1 :i* s]ves to %ift x 9 any position along ! second>y4 ,i w n[ v5ture to make1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al manipulation ( induction coils1 a few obs]vations be>+ ^u po9ts :i* h n be5 fully appreciat$ 9 e>li] exp]im5ts ) su* coils1 & are ev5 n[ (t5 ov]look$4 ,! second>y ( ! coil possesses usually su* a high self-induction t ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire is inappreciable1 & may be s ev5 :5 ! t]m9als are jo9$ by a conductor ( small resi/ance4 ,if capacity is add$ to ! t]m9als1 ! self-induction is c\nt]act$1 & a /rong] curr5t is made to fl[ ?r\gh ! second>y1 ?\gh its t]m9als are insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,to "o entirely unacqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( alt]nat+ curr5ts no?+ w look m puzzl+4 ,?is feature 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! exp]im5t p]=m$ at ! beg9n+ ) ! top plates ( wire gauze atta*$ to ! t]m9als & ! rubb] plate4 ,:5 ! plates ( wire gauze 7 close toge!r1 & a small arc pass$ betwe5 !m1 ! arc prev5t$ a /rong curr5t f pass+ ?r\gh ! second>y1 because x did away ) ! capacity on ! t]m9als2 :5 ! rubb] plate 0 ins]t$ betwe51 ! capacity ( ! cond5s] =m$ c\nt]act$ ! self-induction ( ! second>y1 a /rong] curr5t pass$ n[1 ! coil p]=m$ m "w1 & ! dis*>ge 0 by f> m p[]ful4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 9 op]at+ ! induction coil is to comb9e capacity ) ! second>y to ov]come ! self-induction4 ,if ! frequ5cies & pot5tials are v high gase\s matt] %\ld be c>efully kept away f ! *>g$ surfaces4 ,if ,leyd5 j>s are us$1 !y %\ld be imm]s$ 9 oil1 z o!rwise consid]able dissipation may occur if ! j>s are greatly /ra9$4 ,:5 high frequ5cies are us$1 x is ( equal importance to comb9e a cond5s] ) ! prim>y4 ,"o may use a cond5s] connect$ to ! ends ( ! prim>y or to ! t]m9als ( ! alt]nator1 b ! latt] is n to be recomm5d$1 z ! ma*9e might be injur$4 ,! be/ way is und\bt$ly to use ! cond5s] 9 s]ies ) ! prim>y & ) ! alt]nator1 & to adju/ its capacity s z to annul ! self-induction ( bo? ! latt]4 ,! cond5s] %\ld be adju/able by v small /eps1 & = a f9] adju/m5t a small oil cond5s] ) movable plates may be us$ conv5i5tly4 ,i ?9k x be/ at ?is juncture to br+ be=e y a ph5om5on1 obs]v$ by me "s "t ago1 :i* to ! purely sci5tific inve/igator may p]haps appe> m int]e/+ ?an any ( ! results :i* ,i h ! privilege to pres5t to y ?is ev5+4 ,x may be q prop]ly rank$ among ! bru% ph5om5a--9 fact1 x is a bru%1 =m$ at1 or ne>1 a s+le t]m9al 9 high vacuum4 ,9 bulbs provid$ ) a conduct+ t]m9al1 ?\gh x be ( alum9ium1 ! bru% has b an ephem]al exi/5ce1 & _c1 un=tunately1 be indef9itely pres]v$ 9 its mo/ s5sitive /ate1 ev5 9 a bulb devoid ( any conduct+ electrode4 ,9 /udy+ ! ph5om5on1 by all means a bulb hav+ no lead+-9 wire %\ld be us$4 ,i h f\nd x be/ to use bulbs con/ruct$ z indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab ! bulb comprises an inc&esc5t lamp globe ,l1 9 ! neck ( :i* is seal$ a b>omet] tube b1 ! end ( :i* is bl[n out to =m a small sph]e s4 ,?is sph]e %\ld be seal$ z closely z possible 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge globe4 ,be=e seal+1 a ?9 tube t1 ( alum9ium %eet1 may be slipp$ 9 ! b>omet] tube1 b x is n important to employ x4 ,! small holl[ sph]e s is fill$ ) "s conduct+ p[d]1 & a wire w is cem5t$ 9 ! neck = ! purpose ( connect+ ! conduct+ p[d] ) ! g5]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,bulbs ,,= ,,produc+ ,,rotat+ ,,bru%4 ,! con/ruction %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac 0 *os5 9 ord] to remove f ! bru% any conduct+ body :i* might possibly affect x4 ,! bulb consi/s 9 ?is case ( a lamp globe ,l1 :i* has a neck n1 provid$ ) a tube b & small sph]e s1 seal$ to x1 s t two entirely indep5d5t comp>tm5ts are =m$1 z indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,:5 ! bulb is 9 use1 ! neck n is provid$ ) a t9foil coat+1 :i* is connect$ to ! g5]ator & acts inductively ^u ! mod]ately r>efi$ & highly conduct+ gas inclos$ 9 ! neck4 ,f !re ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! tube b into ! small sph]e s to act by induction ^u ! gas conta9$ 9 ! globe ,l4 ,x is ( advantage to make ! tube t v ?ick1 ! hole ?r\gh x v small1 & to bl[ ! sph]e s v ?94 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! sph]e s be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! globe ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,=ms ,,& ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,rotat+ ,,bru%4 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae & #af indicate diff]5t =ms1 or /ages1 ( ! bru%4 ,fig4 #ad %[s ! bru% z x fir/ appe>s 9 a bulb provid$ ) a conduct+ t]m9al2 b1 z 9 su* a bulb x v soon disappe>s--(t5 aft] a few m9utes--,i w conf9e myself to ! description ( ! ph5om5on z se5 9 a bulb )\t conduct+ electrode4 ,x is obs]v$ "u ! foll[+ conditions3 ,:5 ! globe ,l 7,figs4 #ab & #ac7 is exhau/$ to a v high degree1 g5]ally ! bulb is n excit$ ^u connect+ ! wire w 7,fig4 #ab7 or ! t9foil coat+ ( ! bulb 7,fig4 #ac7 to ! t]m9al ( ! induction coil4 ,to excite x1 x is usually suffici5t to grasp ! globe ,l ) ! h&4 ,an int5se phosphoresc5ce !n spreads at fir/ ov] ! globe1 b soon gives place to a :ite1 mi/y light4 ,%ortly aft]w>d "o may notice t ! lum9osity is unev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! globe1 & aft] pass+ ! curr5t = "s "t ! bulb appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,f ?is /age ! ph5om5on w gradually pass to t indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #af1 aft] "s m9utes1 h\rs1 days or weeks1 accord+ z ! bulb is work$4 ,w>m+ ! bulb or increas+ ! pot5tial ha/5s ! transit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,=ms ,,& ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,rotat+ ,,bru%4 ,:5 ! bru% assumes ! =m indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #af1 x maybe br\ght to a /ate ( extreme s5sitiv5ess to electro/atic & magnetic influ5ce4 ,! bulb hang+ /raight d[n f a wire1 & all objects be+ remote f x1 ! approa* ( ! obs]v] at a few paces f ! bulb w cause ! bru% to fly to ! opposite side1 & if he walks ar\nd ! bulb x w always keep on ! opposite side4 ,x may beg9 to sp9 ar\nd ! t]m9al long be=e x rea*es t s5sitive /age4 ,:5 x beg9s to turn ar\nd pr9cipally1 b also be=e1 x is affect$ by a magnet1 & at a c]ta9 /age x is susceptible to magnetic influ5ce to an a/oni%+ degree4 ,a small p]man5t magnet1 ) its poles at a di/ance ( no m ?an two c5timetres1 w affect x visibly at a di/ance ( two metres1 sl[+ d[n or accel]at+ ! rotation accord+ to h[ x is held relatively to ! bru%4 ,i ?9k ,i h obs]v$ t at ! /age :5 x is mo/ s5sitive to magnetic1 x is n mo/ s5sitive to electro/atic1 influ5ce4 ,my explanation is1 t ! electro/atic attraction betwe5 ! bru% & ! glass ( ! bulb1 :i* ret>ds ! rotation1 gr[s mu* quick] ?an ! magnetic influ5ce :5 ! int5sity ( ! /ream is increas$4 ,:5 ! bulb hangs ) ! globe ,l d[n1 ! rotation is always clockwise4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e x w\ld occur 9 ! opposite direction & on ! equator ! bru% %\ld n turn at all4 ,! rotation may be rev]s$ by a magnet kept at "s di/ance4 ,! bru% rotates be/1 seem+ly1 :5 x is at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce ( ! e>?4 ,x v likely rotates1 :5 at its maximum spe$1 9 syn*ronism ) ! alt]nations1 say #aj1jjj times a second4 ,! rotation c be sl[$ d[n or accel]at$ by ! approa* or rec$+ ( ! obs]v]1 or any conduct+ body1 b x _c be rev]s$ by putt+ ! bulb 9 any position4 ,:5 x is 9 ! /ate ( ! highe/ s5sitiv5ess & ! pot5tial or frequ5cy be v>i$ ! s5sitiv5ess is rapidly dim9i%$4 ,*ang+ ei!r ( ^! b little w g5]ally /op ! rotation4 ,! s5sitiv5ess is likewise affect$ by ! v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,to atta9 great s5sitiv5ess x is necess>y to h ! small sph]e s 9 ! c5tre ( ! globe ,l1 z o!rwise ! electro/atic action ( ! glass ( ! globe w t5d to /op ! rotation4 ,! sph]e s %\ld be small & ( uni=m ?ickness2 any dissymmetry ( c\rse has ! effect to dim9i% ! s5sitiv5ess4 ,! fact t ! bru% rotates 9 a def9ite direction 9 a p]man5t magnetic field seems to %[ t 9 alt]nat+ curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy ! positive & negative impulses are n equal1 b t "o always prepond]ates ov] ! o!r4 ,( c\rse1 ?is rotation 9 "o direction may be due to ! action ( two elem5ts ( ! same curr5t ^u ea* o!r1 or to ! action ( ! field produc$ by "o ( ! elem5ts ^u ! o!r1 z 9 a s]ies motor1 )\t necess>ily "o impulse be+ /rong] ?an ! o!r4 ,! fact t ! bru% turns1 z f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 9 any position1 w\ld speak = ?is view4 ,9 su* case x w\ld turn at any po9t ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is !n h>d to expla9 :y a p]man5t magnet %\ld rev]se ! rotation1 & "o mu/ assume ! prepond]ance ( impulses ( "o k9d4 ,z to ! causes ( ! =mation ( ! bru% or /ream1 ,i ?9k x is due to ! electro/atic action ( ! globe & ! dissymmetry ( ! p>ts4 ,if ! small bulb s & ! globe ,l 7 p]fect conc5tric sph]es1 & ! glass ?r\gh\t ( ! same ?ickness & quality1 ,i ?9k ! bru% w\ld n =m1 z ! t5d5cy to pass w\ld be equal on all sides4 ,t ! =mation ( ! /ream is due to an irregul>ity is app>5t f ! fact t x has ! t5d5cy to rema9 9 "o position1 & rotation occurs mo/ g5]ally only :5 x is br\ght out ( ?is position by electro/atic or magnetic influ5ce4 ,:5 9 an extremely s5sitive /ate x re/s 9 "o position1 mo/ curi\s exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ ) x4 ,= in/ance1 ! exp]im5t] may1 by select+ a prop] position1 approa* ! h& at a c]ta9 consid]able di/ance to ! bulb1 & he may cause ! bru% to pass (f by m]ely /iff5+ ! muscles ( ! arm4 ,:5 x beg9s to rotate sl[ly1 & ! h&s are held at a prop] di/ance1 x is impossible to make ev5 ! slighte/ motion )\t produc+ a visible effect ^u ! bru%4 ,a metal plate connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! coil affects x at a great di/ance1 sl[+ d[n ! rotation (t5 to "o turn a second4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t su* a bru%1 :5 we le>n h[ to produce x prop]ly1 w prove a valuable aid 9 ! inve/igation ( ! nature ( ! =ces act+ 9 an electro/atic or magnetic field4 ,if !re is any motion :i* is measurable go+ on 9 ! space1 su* a bru% ought to reveal x4 ,x is1 s to speak1 a beam ( light1 frictionless1 devoid ( in]tia4 ,i ?9k t x may f9d practical applications 9 telegraphy4 ,) su* a bru% x w\ld be possible to s5d dispat*es across ! ,atlantic1 = in/ance1 ) any spe$1 s9ce its s5sitiv5ess may be s great t ! slighte/ *anges w affect x4 ,if x 7 possible to make ! /ream m int5se & v n>r[1 its deflections c\ld be easily photograph$4 ,i h be5 int]e/$ to f9d :e!r !re is a rotation ( ! /ream itself1 or :e!r !re is simply a /ress travel+ ar\nd 9 ! bulb4 ,= ?is purpose ,i m\nt$ a light mica fan s t its vanes 7 9 ! pa? ( ! bru%4 ,if ! /ream itself 0 rotat+ ! fan w\ld be spun ar\nd4 ,i c\ld produce no di/9ct rotation ( ! fan1 al?\gh ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t repeat$ly2 b z ! fan ex]t$ a noticeable influ5ce on ! /ream1 & ! app>5t rotation ( ! latt] 01 9 ?is case1 nev] q satisfactory1 ! exp]im5t did n appe> to be conclusive4 ,i h be5 unable to produce ! ph5om5on ) ! disruptive dis*>ge coil1 al?\gh e o!r ( ^! ph5om5a c be well produc$ by x--_m1 9 fact1 mu* bett] ?an ) coils op]at$ f an alt]nator4 ,x may be possible to produce ! bru% by impulses ( "o direction1 or ev5 by a /eady pot5tial1 9 :i* case x w\ld be /ill m s5sitive to magnetic influ5ce4 ,9 op]at+ an induction coil ) rapidly alt]nat+ curr5ts1 we realize ) a/oni%m5t1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! great importance ( ! relation ( capacity1 self-induction & frequ5cy z reg>ds ! g5]al result4 ,! effects ( capacity are ! mo/ /rik+1 = 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 s9ce ! self-induction & frequ5cy bo? are high1 ! critical capacity is v small1 & ne$ be b slightly v>i$ to produce a v consid]able *ange4 ,! exp]im5t] may br+ 8 body 9 contact ) ! t]m9als ( ! second>y ( ! coil1 or atta* to "o or bo? t]m9als insulat$ bodies ( v small bulk1 su* z bulbs1 & he may produce a consid]able rise or fall ( pot5tial1 & greatly affect ! fl[ ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! prim>y4 ,9 ! exp]im5t be=e %[n1 9 :i* a bru% appe>s at a wire atta*$ to "o t]m9al1 & ! wire is vibrat$ :5 ! exp]im5t] br+s 8 insulat$ body 9 contact ) ! o!r t]m9al ( ! coil1 ! sudd5 rise ( pot5tial 0 made evid5t4 ,i may %[ y ! behavior ( ! coil 9 ano!r mann] :i* possesses a feature ( "s int]e/4 ,i h "h a little light fan ( alum9ium %eet1 fa/5$ to a ne$le & arrang$ to rotate freely 9 a metal piece screw$ to "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil4 ,:5 ! coil is set to "w1 ! molecules ( ! air are rhy?mically attract$ & repell$4 ,z ! =ce ) :i* !y are repell$ is great] ?an t ) :i* !y are attract$1 x results t !re is a repulsion ex]t$ on ! surfaces ( ! fan4 ,if ! fan 7 made simply ( a metal %eet1 ! repulsion w\ld be equal on ! opposite sides1 & w\ld produce no effect4 ,b if "o ( ! oppos+ surfaces is scre5$1 or if1 g5]ally speak+1 ! bomb>dm5t on ?is side is weak5$ 9 "s way or o!r1 !re rema9s ! repulsion ex]t$ ^u ! o!r1 & ! fan is set 9 rotation4 ,! scre5+ is be/ effect$ by fa/5+ ^u "o ( ! oppos+ sides ( ! fan insulat$ conduct+ coat+s1 or1 if ! fan is made 9 ! %ape ( an ord9>y propell] screw1 by fa/5+ on "o side1 & close to x1 an insulat$ metal plate4 ,! /atic scre5 may1 h[ev]1 be omitt$1 & simply a ?ickness ( insulat+ mat]ial fa/5$ to "o ( ! sides ( ! fan4 ,to %[ ! behavior ( ! coil1 ! fan may be plac$ ^u ! t]m9al & x w readily rotate :5 ! coil is op]at$ by curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy4 ,) a /eady pot5tial1 ( c\rse1 & ev5 ) alt]nat+ curr5ts ( v l[ frequ5cy1 x w\ld n turn1 because ( ! v sl[ ex*ange ( air &1 consequ5tly1 small] bomb>dm5t2 b 9 ! latt] case x might turn if ! pot5tial 7 excessive4 ,) a p9 :eel1 q ! opposite rule holds good2 x rotates be/ ) a /eady pot5tial1 & ! ef=t is ! small] ! high] ! frequ5cy4 ,n[1 x is v easy to adju/ ! conditions s t ! pot5tial is normally n suffici5t to turn ! fan1 b t by connect+ ! o!r t]m9al ( ! coil ) an insulat$ body x rises to a mu* great] value1 s z to rotate ! fan1 & x is likewise possible to /op ! rotation by connect+ to ! t]m9al a body ( diff]5t size1 !reby dim9i%+ ! pot5tial4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! fan 9 ?is exp]im5t1 we may use ! electric radiomet] ) simil> effect4 ,b 9 ?is case x w be f\nd t ! vanes w rotate only at high exhau/ion or at ord9>y pressures2 !y w n rotate at mod]ate pressures1 :5 ! air is highly conduct+4 ,?is curi\s obs]vation 0 made conjo9tly by ,pr(essor ,crookes & myself4 ,i attribute ! result to ! high conductivity ( ! air1 ! molecules ( :i* !n d n act z indep5d5t c>ri]s ( electric *>ges1 b act all toge!r z a s+le conduct+ body4 ,9 su* case1 ( c\rse1 if !re is any repulsion at all ( ! molecules f ! vanes1 x mu/ be v small4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! result is 9 "p due to ! fact t ! great] "p ( ! dis*>ge passes f ! lead+-9 wire ?r\gh ! highly conduct+ gas1 in/ead ( pass+ (f f ! conduct+ vanes4 ,9 try+ ! prec$+ exp]im5t ) ! electric radiomet] ! pot5tial %\ld n exce$ a c]ta9 limit1 z !n ! electro/atic attraction betwe5 ! vanes & ! glass ( ! bulb may be s great z to /op ! rotation4 ,a mo/ curi\s feature ( alt]nate curr5ts ( high frequ5cies & pot5tials is t !y enable u to p]=m _m exp]im5ts by ! use ( "o wire only4 ,9 _m respects ?is feature is ( great int]e/4 ,9 a type ( alt]nate curr5t motor inv5t$ by me "s ye>s ago ,i produc$ rotation by induc+1 by means ( a s+le alt]nat+ curr5t pass$ ?r\gh a motor circuit1 9 ! mass or o!r circuits ( ! motor1 second>y curr5ts1 :i*1 jo9tly ) ! prim>y or induc+ curr5t1 creat$ a mov+ field ( =ce4 ,a simple b crude =m ( su* a motor is obta9$ by w9d+ ^u an iron core a prim>y1 & close to x a second>y coil1 jo9+ ! ends ( ! latt] & plac+ a freely movable metal disc )9 ! influ5ce ( ! field produc$ by bo?4 ,! iron core is employ$ = obvi\s reasons1 b x is n ess5tial to ! op]ation4 ,to improve ! motor1 ! iron core is made to encircle ! armature4 ,aga9 to improve1 ! second>y coil is made to ov]lap p>tly ! prim>y1 s t x _c free itself f a /rong inductive action ( ! latt]1 repel its l9es z x may4 ,once m to improve1 ! prop] diff]5ce ( phase is obta9$ betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y curr5ts by a cond5s]1 self-induction1 resi/ance or equival5t w9d+s4 ,i _h discov]$1 h[ev]1 t rotation is produc$ by means ( a s+le coil & core2 my explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 & lead+ ?\ght 9 try+ ! exp]im5t1 be+ t !re mu/ be a true "t lag 9 ! magnetization ( ! core4 ,i rememb] ! pleasure ,i _h :51 9 ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,ayrton1 :i* came lat] to my h&1 ,i f\nd ! idea ( ! "t lag advocat$4 ,:e!r !re is a true "t lag1 or :e!r ! ret>dation is due to eddy curr5ts circulat+ 9 m9ute pa?s1 mu/ rema9 an op5 "q1 b ! fact is t a coil w\nd ^u an iron core & trav]s$ by an alt]nat+ curr5t creates a mov+ field ( =ce1 capable ( sett+ an armature 9 rotation4 ,x is ( "s int]e/1 9 conjunction ) ! hi/orical ,arago exp]im5t1 to m5tion t 9 lag or phase motors ,i h produc$ rotation 9 ! opposite direction to ! mov+ field1 :i* means t 9 t exp]im5t ! magnet may n rotate1 or may ev5 rotate 9 ! opposite direction to ! mov+ disc4 ,"h1 !n1 is a motor 7diagrammatically illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag71 compris+ a coil & iron core1 & a freely movable copp] disc 9 proximity to ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,s+le ,,wire ,,& ,,no-,,wire ,,motor4 ,to demon/rate a novel & int]e/+ feature1 ,i h1 = a reason :i* ,i w expla91 select$ ?is type ( motor4 ,:5 ! ends ( ! coil are connect$ to ! t]m9als ( an alt]nator ! disc is set 9 rotation4 ,b x is n ?is exp]im5t1 n[ well kn[n1 :i* ,i desire to p]=m4 ,:at ,i wi% to %[ y is t ?is motor rotates ) "o s+le connection betwe5 x & ! g5]ator2 t is to say1 "o t]m9al ( ! motor is connect$ to "o t]m9al ( ! g5]ator--9 ?is case ! second>y ( a high-t5sion induction coil--! o!r t]m9als ( motor & g5]ator be+ insulat$ 9 space4 ,to produce rotation x is g5]ally 7b n absolutely7 necess>y to connect ! free end ( ! motor coil to an insulat$ body ( "s size4 ,! exp]im5t]'s body is m ?an suffici5t4 ,if he t\*es ! free t]m9al ) an object held 9 ! h&1 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! coil & ! copp] disc is set 9 rotation4 ,if an exhau/$ tube is put 9 s]ies ) ! coil1 ! tube lights brilliantly1 %[+ ! passage ( a /rong curr5t4 ,in/ead ( ! exp]im5t]'s body1 a small metal %eet susp5d$ on a cord may be us$ ) ! same result4 ,9 ?is case ! plate acts z a cond5s] 9 s]ies ) ! coil4 ,x c\nt]acts ! self-induction ( ! latt] & all[s a /rong curr5t to pass4 ,9 su* a comb9ation1 ! great] ! self-induction ( ! coil ! small] ne$ be ! plate1 & ?is means t a l[] frequ5cy1 or ev5tually a l[] pot5tial1 is requir$ to op]ate ! motor4 ,a s+le coil w\nd ^u a core has a high self-induction2 = ?is reason pr9cipally1 ?is type ( motor 0 *os5 to p]=m ! exp]im5t4 ,7 a second>y clos$ coil w\nd ^u ! core1 x w\ld t5d to dim9i% ! self-induction1 & !n x w\ld be necess>y to employ a mu* high] frequ5cy & pot5tial4 ,nei!r w\ld be advisable1 = a high] pot5tial w\ld endang] ! insulation ( ! small prim>y coil1 & a high] frequ5cy w\ld result 9 a mat]ially dim9i%$ torque4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t :5 su* a motor ) a clos$ second>y is us$1 x is n at all easy to obta9 rotation ) excessive frequ5cies1 z ! second>y cuts (f almo/ completely ! l9es ( ! prim>y--& ?is1 ( c\rse1 ! m1 ! high] ! frequ5cy--& all[s ! passage ( b a m9ute curr5t4 ,9 su* a case1 unless ! second>y is clos$ ?r\gh a cond5s]1 x is almo/ ess5tial1 9 ord] to produce rotation1 to make ! prim>y & second>y coils ov]lap ea* o!r m or less4 ,b !re is an additional feature ( int]e/ ab\t ?is motor1 namely1 x is n necess>y to h ev5 a s+le connection betwe5 ! motor & g5]ator1 except1 p]haps1 ?r\gh ! gr\nd3 = n only is an insulat$ plate capable ( giv+ (f en]gy into space1 b x is likewise capable ( d]iv+ x f an alt]nat+ electro/atic field1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! available en]gy is mu* small]4 ,9 ?is in/ance "o ( ! motor t]m9als is connect$ to ! insulat$ plate or body locat$ )9 ! alt]nat+ electro/atic field1 & ! o!r t]m9al pref]ably to ! gr\nd4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 t su* no-wire motors1 z !y might be call$1 c\ld be op]at$ by conduction ?r\gh ! r>efi$ air at consid]able di/ances4 ,alt]nate curr5ts1 especially ( high frequ5cies1 pass ) a/oni%+ fre$om ?r\gh ev5 slightly r>efi$ gases4 ,! upp] /rata ( ! air are r>efi$4 ,to rea* a numb] ( miles out into space requires ! ov]com+ ( difficulties ( a m]ely me*anical nature4 ,!re is no d\bt t ) ! enorm\s pot5tials obta9able by ! use ( high frequ5cies & oil insulation lum9\s dis*>ges might be pass$ ?r\gh _m miles ( r>efi$ air1 & t1 by ?us direct+ ! en]gy ( _m hundr$s or ?\s&s ( horse-p[]1 motors or lamps might be op]at$ at consid]able di/ances f /ation>y s\rces4 ,b su* s*emes are m5tion$ m]ely z possibilities4 ,we %all h no ne$ to transmit p[] 9 ?is way4 ,we %all h no ne$ to transmit p[] at all4 ,ere _m g5]ations pass1 our ma*9]y w be driv5 by a p[] obta9able at any po9t ( ! univ]se4 ,?is idea is n novel4 ,m5 h be5 l$ to x long ago by in/9ct or reason4 ,x has be5 express$ 9 _m ways1 & 9 _m places1 9 ! hi/ory ( old & new4 ,we f9d x 9 ! delightful my? ( ,an!us1 :o d]ives p[] f ! e>?2 we f9d x among ! subtile speculations ( "o ( y\r spl5did ma!maticians1 & 9 _m h9ts & /atem5ts ( ?9k]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,?r\gh\t space !re is en]gy4 ,is ?is en]gy /atic or k9etic8 ,if /atic our hopes are 9 va92 if k9etic--& ?is we "k x is1 = c]ta9--!n x is a m]e "q ( "t :5 m5 w succe$ 9 atta*+ _! ma*9]y to ! v :eelwork ( nature4 ,( all1 liv+ or dead1 ,crookes came ne>e/ to do+ x4 ,8 radiomet] w turn 9 ! light ( day & 9 ! d>kness ( ! night2 x w turn ev]y:]e :]e !re is heat1 & heat is ev]y:]e4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ?is beautiful little ma*9e1 :ile x goes d[n to po/]ity z ! mo/ int]e/+1 mu/ likewise be put on record z ! mo/ ineffici5t ma*9e ev] inv5t$6 ,! prec$+ exp]im5t is only "o ( _m equally int]e/+ exp]im5ts :i* may be p]=m$ by ! use ( only "o wire ) alt]nate curr5ts ( high pot5tial & frequ5cy4 ,we may connect an insulat$ l9e to a s\rce ( su* curr5ts1 we may pass an inappreciable curr5t ov] ! l9e1 & on any po9t ( ! same we are able to obta9 a heavy curr5t1 capable ( fus+ a ?ick copp] wire4 ,or we may1 by ! help ( "s artifice1 decompose a solution 9 any electrolytic cell by connect+ only "o pole ( ! cell to ! l9e or s\rce ( en]gy4 ,or we may1 by atta*+ to ! l9e1 or only br++ into its vic9ity1 light up an inc&esc5t lamp1 an exhau/$ tube1 or a phosphoresc5t bulb4 ,h[ev] impracticable ?is plan ( work+ may appe> 9 _m cases1 x c]ta9ly seems practicable1 & ev5 recomm5dable1 9 ! production ( light4 ,a p]fect$ lamp w\ld require b little en]gy1 & if wires 7 us$ at all we ought to be able to supply t en]gy )\t a return wire4 ,x is n[ a fact t a body may be r5d]$ inc&esc5t or phosphoresc5t by br++ x ei!r 9 s+le contact or m]ely 9 ! vic9ity ( a s\rce ( electric impulses ( ! prop] "*1 & t 9 ?is mann] a quantity ( light suffici5t to af=d a practical illum9ant may be produc$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to say ! lea/1 wor? :ile to attempt to det]m9e ! be/ conditions & to inv5t ! be/ appliances = atta9+ ?is object4 ,"s exp]i5ces h already be5 ga9$ 9 ?is direction1 & ,i w dwell on !m briefly1 9 ! hope t !y might prove useful4 ,! heat+ ( a conduct+ body inclos$ 9 a bulb1 & connect$ to a s\rce ( rapidly alt]nat+ electric impulses1 is dep5d5t on s _m ?+s ( a diff]5t nature1 t x w\ld be difficult to give a g5]ally applicable rule "u :i* ! maximum heat+ occurs4 ,z reg>ds ! size ( ! vessel1 ,i h lately f\nd t at ord9>y or only slightly diff]+ atmosph]ic pressures1 :5 air is a good insulator1 & h5ce practically ! same am\nt ( en]gy by a c]ta9 pot5tial & frequ5cy is giv5 (f f ! body1 :e!r ! bulb be small or l>ge1 ! body is br\ght to a high] temp]ature if inclos$ 9 a small bulb1 because ( ! bett] conf9em5t ( heat 9 ?is case4 ,at l[] pressures1 :5 air becomes m or less conduct+1 or if ! air be suffici5tly w>m$ z to become conduct+1 ! body is r5d]$ m int5sely inc&esc5t 9 a l>ge bulb1 obvi\sly because1 "u o!rwise equal conditions ( te/1 m en]gy may be giv5 (f f ! body :5 ! bulb is l>ge4 ,at v high degrees ( exhau/ion1 :5 ! matt] 9 ! bulb becomes radiant1 a l>ge bulb has /ill an advantage1 b a comp>atively slight "o1 ov] ! small bulb4 ,f9ally1 at excessively high degrees ( exhau/ion1 :i* _c be rea*$ except by ! employm5t ( special means1 !re seems to be1 beyond a c]ta9 & r small size ( vessel1 no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! heat+4 ,^! obs]vations 7 ! result ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ( :i* "o1 %[+ ! effect ( ! size ( ! bulb at a high degree ( exhau/ion1 may be describ$ & %[n "h1 z x pres5ts a feature ( int]e/4 ,?ree sph]ical bulbs ( #b in*es1 #c in*es & #d in*es diamet] 7 tak51 & 9 ! c5tre ( ea* 0 m\nt$ an equal l5g? ( an ord9>y inc&esc5t lamp filam5t ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,9 ea* bulb ! piece ( filam5t 0 fa/5$ to ! lead+-9 wire ( plat9um1 conta9$ 9 a glass /em seal$ 9 ! bulb2 c>e be+ tak51 ( c\rse1 to make ev]y?+ z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,on ea* glass /em 9 ! inside ( ! bulb 0 slipp$ a highly poli%$ tube made ( alum9ium %eet1 :i* fitt$ ! /em & 0 held on x by spr+ pressure4 ,! function ( ?is alum9ium tube w be expla9$ subsequ5tly4 ,9 ea* bulb an equal l5g? ( filam5t protrud$ above ! metal tube4 ,x is suffici5t to say n[ t "u ^! conditions equal l5g?s ( filam5t ( ! same ?ickness--9 o!r words1 bodies ( equal bulk--7 br\ght to inc&esc5ce4 ,! ?ree bulbs 7 seal$ to a glass tube1 :i* 0 connect$ to a ,spr5gel pump4 ,:5 a high vacuum _h be5 rea*$1 ! glass tube c>ry+ ! bulbs 0 seal$ (f4 ,a curr5t 0 !n turn$ on successively on ea* bulb1 & x 0 f\nd t ! filam5ts came to ab\t ! same brightness1 &1 if any?+1 ! smalle/ bulb1 :i* 0 plac$ midway betwe5 ! two l>g] ones1 may h be5 slightly bright]4 ,?is result 0 expect$1 = :5 ei!r ( ! bulbs 0 connect$ to ! coil ! lum9osity spread ?r\gh ! o!r two1 h5ce ! ?ree bulbs con/itut$ really "o vessel4 ,:5 all ! ?ree bulbs 7 connect$ 9 multiple arc to ! coil1 9 ! l>ge/ ( !m ! filam5t gl[$ brighte/1 9 ! next small] x 0 a little less bright1 & 9 ! smalle/ x only came to r$ness4 ,! bulbs 7 !n seal$ (f & sep>ately tri$4 ,! brightness ( ! filam5ts 0 n[ su* z w\ld h be5 expect$ on ! supposition t ! en]gy giv5 (f 0 proportionate to ! surface ( ! bulb1 ?is surface 9 ea* case repres5t+ "o ( ! coat+s ( a cond5s]4 ,accord+ly1 "t 0 less diff]5ce betwe5 ! l>ge/ & ! middle siz$ ?an betwe5 ! latt] & ! smalle/ bulb4 ,an int]e/+ obs]vation 0 made 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,! ?ree bulbs 7 susp5d$ f a /raight b>e wire connect$ to a t]m9al ( ! coil1 ! l>ge/ bulb be+ plac$ at ! end ( ! wire1 at "s di/ance f x ! smalle/ bulb1 & an equal di/ance f ! latt] ! middle-siz$ "o4 ,! c>bons gl[$ !n 9 bo? ! l>g] bulbs ab\t z expect$1 b ! smalle/ did n get its %>e by f>4 ,?is obs]vation l$ me to ex*ange ! position ( ! bulbs1 & ,i !n obs]v$ t :i*ev] ( ! bulbs 0 9 ! middle x 0 by f> less bright ?an x 0 9 any o!r position4 ,?is my/ify+ result 01 ( c\rse1 f\nd to be due to ! electro/atic action betwe5 ! bulbs4 ,:5 !y 7 plac$ at a consid]able di/ance1 or :5 !y 7 atta*$ to ! corn]s ( an equilat]al triangle ( copp] wire1 !y gl[$ ab\t 9 ! ord] det]m9$ by _! surfaces4 ,z to ! %ape ( ! vessel1 x is also ( "s importance1 especially at high degrees ( exhau/ion4 ,( all ! possible con/ructions1 x seems t a sph]ical globe ) ! refractory body m\nt$ 9 its c5tre is ! be/ to employ4 ,9 exp]i5ce x has be5 demon/rat$ t 9 su* a globe a refractory body ( a giv5 bulk is m easily br\ght to inc&esc5ce ?an :5 o!rwise %ap$ bulbs are us$4 ,!re is also an advantage 9 giv+ to ! inc&esc5t body ! %ape ( a sph]e1 = self-evid5t reasons4 ,9 any case ! body %\ld be m\nt$ 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! atoms reb\nd+ f ! glass collide4 ,?is object is be/ atta9$ 9 ! sph]ical bulb2 b x is also atta9$ 9 a cyl9drical vessel ) "o or two /raight filam5ts co9cid+ ) its axis1 & possibly also 9 p>abolical or sph]ical bulbs ) ! refractory body or bodies plac$ 9 ! focus or foci ( ! same2 ?\gh ! latt] is n probable1 z ! electrifi$ atoms %\ld 9 all cases reb\nd normally f ! surface !y /rike1 unless ! spe$ 7 excessive1 9 :i* case !y w\ld probably foll[ ! g5]al law ( reflection4 ,no matt] :at %ape ! vessel may h1 if ! exhau/ion be l[1 a filam5t m\nt$ 9 ! globe is br\ght to ! same degree ( inc&esc5ce 9 all p>ts2 b if ! exhau/ion be high & ! bulb be sph]ical or pe>-%ap$1 z usual1 focal po9ts =m & ! filam5t is heat$ to a high] degree at or ne> su* po9ts4 ,to illu/rate ! effect1 ,i h "h two small bulbs :i* are alike1 only "o is exhau/$ to a l[ & ! o!r to a v high degree4 ,:5 connect$ to ! coil1 ! filam5t 9 ! =m] gl[s uni=mly ?r\gh\t all its l5g?2 :]eas 9 ! latt]1 t portion ( ! filam5t :i* is 9 ! c5tre ( ! bulb gl[s f> m int5sely ?an ! re/4 ,a curi\s po9t is t ! ph5om5on occurs ev5 if two filam5ts are m\nt$ 9 a bulb1 ea* be+ connect$ to "o t]m9al ( ! coil1 &1 :at is /ill m curi\s1 if !y be v ne> toge!r1 provid$ ! vacuum be v high4 ,i not$ 9 exp]im5ts ) su* bulbs t ! filam5ts w\ld give way usually at a c]ta9 po9t1 & 9 ! fir/ trials ,i attribut$ x to a defect 9 ! c>bon4 ,b :5 ! ph5om5on occurr$ _m times 9 succession ,i recogniz$ its real cause4 ,9 ord] to br+ a refractory body inclos$ 9 a bulb to inc&esc5ce1 x is desirable1 on acc\nt ( economy1 t all ! en]gy suppli$ to ! bulb f ! s\rce %\ld rea* )\t loss ! body to be heat$2 f !re1 & f n[h]e else1 x %\ld be radiat$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q to rea* ?is !oretical result1 b x is possible by a prop] con/ruction ( ! illum9at+ device to approximate x m or less4 ,= _m reasons1 ! refractory body is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! bulb1 & x is usually support$ on a glass /em conta9+ ! lead+-9 wire4 ,z ! pot5tial ( ?is wire is alt]nat$1 ! r>efi$ gas surr\nd+ ! /em is act$ ^u inductively1 & ! glass /em is viol5tly bomb>d$ & heat$4 ,9 ?is mann] by f> ! great] portion ( ! en]gy suppli$ to ! bulb--especially :5 exce$+ly high frequ5cies are us$--may be lo/ = ! purpose contemplat$4 ,to obviate ?is loss1 or at lea/ to r$uce x to a m9imum1 ,i usually scre5 ! r>efi$ gas surr\nd+ ! /em f ! inductive action ( ! lead+-9 wire by provid+ ! /em ) a tube or coat+ ( conduct+ mat]ial4 ,x seems beyond d\bt t ! be/ among metals to employ = ?is purpose is alum9ium1 on acc\nt ( its _m rem>kable prop]ties4 ,its only fault is t x is easily fusible1 &1 !re=e1 its di/ance f ! inc&esc+ body %\ld be prop]ly e/imat$4 ,usually1 a ?9 tube1 ( a diamet] some:at small] ?an t ( ! glass /em1 is made ( ! f9e/ alum9ium %eet1 & slipp$ on ! /em4 ,! tube is conv5i5tly prep>$ by wrapp+ ar\nd a rod fa/5$ 9 a la! a piece ( alum9ium %eet ( ! prop] size1 grasp+ ! %eet firmly ) clean *amois lea!r or blott+ pap]1 & sp9n+ ! rod v fa/4 ,! %eet is w\nd tightly ar\nd ! rod1 & a highly poli%$ tube ( "o or ?ree lay]s ( ! %eet is obta9$4 ,:5 slipp$ on ! /em1 ! pressure is g5]ally suffici5t to prev5t x f slipp+ (f1 b1 = safety1 ! l[] edge ( ! %eet may be turn$ inside4 ,! upp] inside corn] ( ! %eet--t is1 ! "o :i* is ne>e/ to ! refractory inc&esc5t body--%\ld be cut out diagonally1 z x (t5 happ5s t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! int5se heat1 ?is corn] turns t[>d ! inside & comes v ne> to1 or 9 contact )1 ! wire1 or filam5t1 support+ ! refractory body4 ,! great] "p ( ! en]gy suppli$ to ! bulb is !n us$ up 9 heat+ ! metal tube1 & ! bulb is r5d]$ useless = ! purpose4 ,! alum9ium %eet %\ld project above ! glass /em m or less--"o in* or s--or else1 if ! glass be too close to ! inc&esc+ body1 x may be /rongly heat$ & become m or less conduct+1 :]eupon x may be ruptur$1 or may1 by its conductivity1 e/abli% a good electrical connection betwe5 ! metal tube & ! lead+-9 wire1 9 :i* case1 aga91 mo/ ( ! en]gy w be lo/ 9 heat+ ! =m]4 ,p]haps ! be/ way is to make ! top ( ! glass tube1 = ab\t an in*1 ( a mu* small] diamet]4 ,to /ill fur!r r$uce ! dang] aris+ f ! heat+ ( ! glass /em1 & also ) ! view ( prev5t+ an electrical connection betwe5 ! metal tube & ! electrode1 ,i pref]ably wrap ! /em ) sev]al lay]s ( ?9 mica1 :i* ext5ds at lea/ z f> z ! metal tube4 ,9 "s bulbs ,i h also us$ an outside insulat+ cov]4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks are only made to aid ! exp]im5t] 9 ! fir/ trials1 = ! difficulties :i* he enc\nt]s he may soon f9d means to ov]come 9 8 own way4 ,to illu/rate ! effect ( ! scre51 & ! advantage ( us+ x1 ,i h "h two bulbs ( ! same size1 ) _! /ems1 lead+-9 wires & inc&esc5t lamp filam5ts ti$ to ! latt]1 z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,! /em ( "o bulb is provid$ ) an alum9ium tube1 ! /em ( ! o!r has none4 ,orig9ally ! two bulbs 7 jo9$ by a tube :i* 0 connect$ to a ,spr5gel pump4 ,:5 a high vacuum _h be5 rea*$1 fir/ ! connect+ tube1 & !n ! bulbs1 7 seal$ (f2 !y are !re=e ( ! same degree ( exhau/ion4 ,:5 !y are sep>ately connect$ to ! coil giv+ a c]ta9 pot5tial1 ! c>bon filam5t 9 ! bulb provid$ ) ! alum9ium scre5 is r5d]$ highly inc&esc5t1 :ile ! filam5t 9 ! o!r bulb may1 ) ! same pot5tial1 n ev5 come to r$ness1 al?\gh 9 reality ! latt] bulb takes g5]ally m en]gy ?an ! =m]4 ,:5 !y are bo? connect$ toge!r to ! t]m9al1 ! diff]5ce is ev5 m app>5t1 %[+ ! importance ( ! scre5+4 ,! metal tube plac$ on ! /em conta9+ ! lead+-9 wire p]=ms really two di/9ct functions3 ,fir/3 x acts m or less z an electro/atic scre51 ?us economiz+ ! en]gy suppli$ to ! bulb2 &1 second1 to :atev] ext5t x may fail to act electro/atically1 x acts me*anically1 prev5t+ ! bomb>dm5t1 & consequ5tly int5se heat+ & possible det]ioration ( ! sl5d] support ( ! refractory inc&esc5t body1 or ( ! glass /em conta9+ ! lead+-9 wire4 ,i say sl5d] support1 = x is evid5t t 9 ord] to conf9e ! heat m completely to ! inc&esc+ body its support %\ld be v ?91 s z to c>ry away ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( heat by conduction4 ,( all ! supports us$ ,i h f\nd an ord9>y inc&esc5t lamp filam5t to be ! be/1 pr9cipally because among conductors x c )/& ! highe/ degrees ( heat4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! metal tube z an electro/atic scre5 dep5ds l>gely on ! degree ( exhau/ion4 ,at excessively high degrees ( exhau/ion--:i* are rea*$ by us+ great c>e & special means 9 connection ) ! ,spr5gel pump--:5 ! matt] 9 ! globe is 9 ! ultra-radiant /ate1 x acts mo/ p]fectly4 ,! %ad[ ( ! upp] edge ( ! tube is !n %>ply def9$ ^u ! bulb4 ,at a some:at l[] degree ( exhau/ion1 :i* is ab\t ! ord9>y non-/rik+ vacuum1 & g5]ally z long z ! matt] moves pr$om9antly 9 /raight l9es1 ! scre5 /ill does well4 ,9 elucidation ( ! prec$+ rem>k x is necess>y to /ate t :at is a non-/rik+ vacuum = a coil op]at$1 z ord9>ily1 by impulses1 or curr5ts1 ( l[-frequ5cy1 is n1 by f>1 s :5 ! coil is op]at$ by curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy4 ,9 su* case ! dis*>ge may pass ) great fre$om ?r\gh ! r>efi$ gas ?r\gh :i* a l[-frequ5cy dis*>ge may n pass1 ev5 ?\gh ! pot5tial be mu* high]4 ,at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressures j ! rev]se rule holds good3 ! high] ! frequ5cy1 ! less ! sp>k dis*>ge is able to jump betwe5 ! t]m9als1 especially if !y are knobs or sph]es ( "s size4 ,f9ally1 at v l[ degrees ( exhau/ion1 :5 ! gas is well conduct+1 ! metal tube n only does n act z an electro/atic scre51 b ev5 is a drawback1 aid+ to a consid]able ext5t ! dissipation ( ! en]gy lat]ally f ! lead+-9 wire4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is to be expect$4 ,9 ?is case1 namely1 ! metal tube is 9 good electrical connection ) ! lead+-9 wire1 & mo/ ( ! bomb>dm5t is direct$ ^u ! tube4 ,z long z ! electrical connection is n good1 ! conduct+ tube is always ( "s advantage1 = al?\gh x may n greatly economize en]gy1 /ill x protects ! support ( ! refractory button1 & is a means = conc5trat+ m en]gy ^u ! same4 ,to :atev] ext5t ! alum9ium tube p]=ms ! function ( a scre51 its usefulness is !re=e limit$ to v high degrees ( exhau/ion :5 x is insulat$ f ! electrode--t is1 :5 ! gas z a :ole is non-conduct+1 & ! molecules1 or atoms1 act z indep5d5t c>ri]s ( electric *>ges4 ,9 addition to act+ z a m or less effective scre51 9 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w1 ! conduct+ tube or coat+ may also act1 by reason ( its conductivity1 z a sort ( equaliz] or damp5] ( ! bomb>dm5t aga9/ ! /em4 ,to be explicit1 ,i assume ! action z foll[s3 ,suppose a rhy?mical bomb>dm5t to occur aga9/ ! conduct+ tube by reason ( its imp]fect action z a scre51 x c]ta9ly mu/ happ5 t "s molecules1 or atoms1 /rike ! tube soon] ?an o!rs4 ,^? :i* come fir/ 9 contact ) x give up _! sup]flu\s *>ge1 & ! tube is electrifi$1 ! electrification in/antly spread+ ov] its surface4 ,b ?is mu/ dim9i% ! en]gy lo/ 9 ! bomb>dm5t = two reasons3 fir/1 ! *>ge giv5 up by ! atoms spreads ov] a great area1 & h5ce ! electric d5sity at any po9t is small1 & ! atoms are repell$ ) less en]gy ?an !y w\ld be if !y w\ld /rike aga9/ a good insulator3 secondly1 z ! tube is electrifi$ by ! atoms :i* fir/ come 9 contact ) x1 ! progress ( ! foll[+ atoms aga9/ ! tube is m or less *eck$ by ! repulsion :i* ! electrifi$ tube mu/ ex]t ^u ! simil>ly electrifi$ atoms4 ,?is repulsion may p]haps be suffici5t to prev5t a l>ge portion ( ! atoms f /rik+ ! tube1 b at any rate x mu/ dim9i% ! en]gy ( _! impact4 ,x is cle> t :5 ! exhau/ion is v l[1 & ! r>efi$ gas well conduct+1 nei!r ( ! above effects c occur1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! few] ! atoms1 ) ! great] fre$om !y move2 9 o!r words1 ! high] ! degree ( exhau/ion1 up to a limit1 ! m tell+ w be bo? ! effects4 ,:at ,i h j said may af=d an explanation ( ! ph5om5on obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,crookes1 namely1 t a dis*>ge ?r\gh a bulb is e/abli%$ ) mu* great] facility :5 an insulator ?an :5 a conductor is pres5t 9 ! same4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! conductor acts z a damp5] ( ! motion ( ! atoms 9 ! two ways po9t$ out2 h5ce1 to cause a visible dis*>ge to pass ?r\gh ! bulb1 a mu* high] pot5tial is ne$$ if a conductor1 especially ( mu* surface1 be pres5t4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness ( "s ( ! rem>ks be=e made1 ,i mu/ n[ ref] to ,figs4 #ah1 #ai & #bj1 :i* illu/rate v>i\s arrangem5ts ) a type ( bulb mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,bulb ,,) ,,mica ,,tube ,,& ,,alum9ium ,,scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,improv$ ,,bulb ,,) ,,socket ,,& ,,scre54 ,fig4 #ah is a section ?r\gh a sph]ical bulb ,l1 ) ! glass /em s1 conta9+ ! lead+-9 wire w2 :i* has a lamp filam5t l fa/5$ to x1 s]v+ to support ! refractory button m 9 ! c5tre4 ,m is a %eet ( ?9 mica w\nd 9 sev]al lay]s ar\nd ! /em s1 & a is ! alum9ium tube4 ,fig4 #ai illu/rates su* a bulb 9 a some:at m advanc$ /age ( p]fection4 ,a metallic tube ,s is fa/5$ by means ( "s cem5t to ! neck ( ! tube4 ,9 ! tube is screw$ a plug ,p1 ( insulat+ mat]ial1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is fa/5$ a metallic t]m9al t1 = ! connection to ! lead+-9 wire w4 ,?is t]m9al mu/ be well insulat$ f ! metal tube ,s1 !re=e1 if ! cem5t us$ is conduct+--& mo/ g5]ally x is suffici5tly s--! space betwe5 ! plug ,p & ! neck ( ! bulb %\ld be fill$ ) "s good insulat+ mat]ial1 z mica p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,bulb ,,= ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,conduct+ ,,tube4 ,fig4 #bj %[s a bulb made = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,9 ?is bulb ! alum9ium tube is provid$ ) an ext]nal connection1 :i* s]ves to inve/igate ! effect ( ! tube "u v>i\s conditions4 ,x is ref]r$ to *iefly to sugge/ a l9e ( exp]im5t foll[$4 ,s9ce ! bomb>dm5t aga9/ ! /em conta9+ ! lead+-9 wire is due to ! inductive action ( ! latt] ^u ! r>efi$ gas1 x is ( advantage to r$uce ?is action z f> z practicable by employ+ a v ?9 wire1 surr\nd$ by a v ?ick insulation ( glass or o!r mat]ial1 & by mak+ ! wire pass+ ?r\gh ! r>efi$ gas z %ort z practicable4 ,to comb9e ^! features ,i employ a l>ge tube ,t 7,fig4 #ba71 :i* protrudes into ! bulb to "s di/ance1 & c>ries on ! top a v %ort glass /em s1 into :i* is seal$ ! lead+-9 wire w1 & ,i protect ! top ( ! glass /em aga9/ ! heat by a small1 alum9ium tube a & a lay] ( mica und]nea? ! same1 z usual4 ,! wire w1 pass+ ?r\gh ! l>ge tube to ! outside ( ! bulb1 %\ld be well insulat$--) a glass tube1 = in/ance--& ! space betwe5 ought to be fill$ out ) "s excell5t insulator4 ,among _m insulat+ p[d]s ,i h tri$1 ,i h f\nd t mica p[d] is ! be/ to employ4 ,if ?is precaution is n tak51 ! tube ,t1 protrud+ into ! bulb1 w surely be crack$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! heat+ by ! bru%es :i* are apt to =m 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 ne> ! exhau/$ globe1 especially if ! vacuum be excell5t1 & !re=e ! pot5tial necess>y to op]ate ! lamp v high4 ,fig4 #bb illu/rates a simil> arrangem5t1 ) a l>ge tube ,t protrud+ 9 to ! "p ( ! bulb conta9+ ! refractors button m4 ,9 ?is case ! wire lead+ f ! outside into ! bulb is omitt$1 ! en]gy requir$ be+ suppli$ ?r\gh cond5s] coat+s ,,cc4 ,! insulat+ pack+ ,p %\ld 9 ?is con/ruction be tightly fitt+ to ! glass1 & r wide1 or o!rwise ! dis*>ge might avoid pass+ ?r\gh ! wire w1 :i* connects ! inside cond5s] coat+ to ! inc&esc5t button m4 ,! molecul> bomb>dm5t aga9/ ! glass /em 9 ! bulb is a s\rce ( great tr\ble4 ,z illu/ration ,i w cite a ph5om5on only too frequ5tly & unwill+ly obs]v$4 ,a bulb1 pref]ably a l>ge "o1 may be tak51 & a good conduct+ body1 su* z a piece ( c>bon1 may be m\nt$ 9 x ^u a plat9um wire seal$ 9 ! glass /em4 ,! bulb may be exhau/$ to a fairly high degree1 ne>ly to ! po9t :5 phosphoresc5ce beg9s to appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,improv$ ,,bulb ,,) ,,non-,,conduct+ ,,button4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,type ,,( ,,bulb ,,)\t ,,lead+-,,9 ,,wire4 ,:5 ! bulb is connect$ ) ! coil1 ! piece ( c>bon1 if small1 may become highly inc&esc5t at fir/1 b its brightness imm$iately dim9i%es1 & !n ! dis*>ge may break ?r\gh ! glass some:]e 9 ! middle ( ! /em1 9 ! =m ( bright sp>ks1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! plat9um wire is 9 good electrical connection ) ! r>efi$ gas ?r\gh ! piece ( c>bon or metal at ! top4 ,! fir/ sp>ks are s+ul>ly bright1 recall+ ^? drawn f a cle> surface ( m]cury4 ,b1 z !y heat ! glass rapidly1 !y1 ( c\rse1 lose _! brightness1 & cease :5 ! glass at ! ruptur$ place becomes inc&esc5t1 or g5]ally suffici5tly hot to conduct4 ,:5 obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t ! ph5om5on mu/ appe> v curi\s1 & %[s 9 a /rik+ mann] h[ radically diff]5t alt]nate curr5ts1 or impulses1 ( high frequ5cy behave1 z comp>$ ) /eady curr5ts1 or curr5ts ( l[ frequ5cy4 ,) su* curr5ts--namely1 ! latt]--! ph5om5on w\ld ( c\rse n occur4 ,:5 frequ5cies su* z are obta9$ by me*anical means are us$1 ,i ?9k t ! rupture ( ! glass is m or less ! consequ5ce ( ! bomb>dm5t1 :i* w>ms x up & impairs its insulat+ p[]2 b ) frequ5cies obta9able ) cond5s]s ,i h no d\bt t ! glass may give way )\t previ\s heat+4 ,al?\gh ?is appe>s mo/ s+ul> at fir/1 x is 9 reality :at we might expect to occur4 ,! en]gy suppli$ to ! wire lead+ into ! bulb is giv5 (f p>tly by direct action ?r\gh ! c>bon button1 & p>tly by inductive action ?r\gh ! glass surr\nd+ ! wire4 ,! case is ?us analog\s to t 9 :i* a cond5s] %unt$ by a conductor ( l[ resi/ance is connect$ to a s\rce ( alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,z long z ! frequ5cies are l[1 ! conductor gets ! mo/1 & ! cond5s] is p]fectly safe3 b :5 ! frequ5cy becomes excessive1 ! role ( ! conductor may become q insignificant4 ,9 ! latt] case ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial at ! t]m9als ( ! cond5s] may become s great z to rupture ! dielectric1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! t]m9als are jo9$ by a conductor ( l[ resi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,effect ,,produc$ ,,by ,a ,,ruby ,,drop4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n necess>y1 :5 x is desir$ to produce ! inc&esc5ce ( a body inclos$ 9 a bulb by means ( ^! curr5ts1 t ! body %\ld be a conductor1 = ev5 a p]fect non-conductor may be q z readily heat$4 ,= ?is purpose x is suffici5t to surr\nd a conduct+ electrode ) a non-conduct+ mat]ial1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! bulb describ$ be=e 9 ,fig4 #ba1 9 :i* a ?9 inc&esc5t lamp filam5t is coat$ ) a non-conductor1 & supports a button ( ! same mat]ial on ! top4 ,at ! />t ! bomb>dm5t goes on by inductive action ?r\gh ! non-conductor1 until ! same is suffici5tly heat$ to become conduct+1 :5 ! bomb>dm5t cont9ues 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,a diff]5t arrangem5t us$ 9 "s ( ! bulbs con/ruct$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ?is in/ance a non-conductor m is m\nt$ 9 a piece ( common arc light c>bon s z to project "s small di/ance above ! latt]4 ,! c>bon piece is connect$ to ! lead+-9 wire pass+ ?r\gh a glass /em1 :i* is wrapp$ ) sev]al lay]s ( mica4 ,an alum9ium tube a is employ$ z usual = scre5+4 ,x is s arrang$ t x rea*es v ne>ly z high z ! c>bon & only ! non-conductor m projects a little above x4 ,! bomb>dm5t goes at fir/ aga9/ ! upp] surface ( c>bon1 ! l[] p>ts be+ protect$ by ! alum9ium tube4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! non-conductor m is heat$ x is r5d]$ good conduct+1 & !n x becomes ! c5tre ( ! bomb>dm5t1 be+ mo/ expos$ to ! same4 ,i h also con/ruct$ dur+ ^! exp]im5ts _m su* s+le-wire bulbs ) or )\t int]nal electrode1 9 :i* ! radiant matt] 0 project$ aga9/1 or focus$ ^u1 ! body to be r5d]$ inc&esc5t4 ,fig4 #bd illu/rates "o ( ! bulbs us$4 ,x consi/s ( a sph]ical globe ,l1 provid$ ) a long neck n1 on ! top1 = increas+ ! action 9 "s cases by ! application ( an ext]nal conduct+ coat+4 ,! globe ,l is bl[n out on ! bottom into a v small bulb b1 :i* s]ves to hold x firmly 9 a socket ,s ( insulat+ mat]ial into :i* x is cem5t$4 ,a f9e lamp filam5t f1 support$ on a wire w1 passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! globe ,l4 ,! filam5t is r5d]$ inc&esc5t 9 ! middle portion1 :]e ! bomb>dm5t proce$+ f ! l[] inside surface ( ! globe is mo/ int5se4 ,! l[] portion ( ! globe1 z f> z ! socket ,s rea*es1 is r5d]$ conduct+1 ei!r by a t9foil coat+ or o!rwise1 & ! ext]nal electrode is connect$ to a t]m9al ( ! coil4 ,! arrangem5t diagrammatically indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd 0 f\nd to be an inf]ior "o :5 x 0 desir$ to r5d] inc&esc5t a filam5t or button support$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! globe1 b x 0 conv5i5t :5 ! object 0 to excite phosphoresc5ce4 ,9 _m exp]im5ts 9 :i* bodies ( a diff]5t k9d 7 m\nt$ 9 ! bulb z1 = in/ance1 indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc1 "s obs]vations ( int]e/ 7 made4 ,x 0 f\nd1 among o!r ?+s1 t 9 su* cases1 no matt] :]e ! bomb>dm5t began1 j z soon z a high temp]ature 0 rea*$ !re 0 g5]ally "o ( ! bodies :i* seem$ to take mo/ ( ! bomb>dm5t ^u itself1 ! o!r1 or o!rs1 be+ !reby reliev$4 ,?is quality appe>$ to dep5d pr9cipally on ! po9t ( fusion1 & on ! facility ) :i* ! body 0 evaporat$1 or1 g5]ally speak+1 dis9tegrat$--mean+ by ! latt] t]m n only ! ?r[+ (f ( atoms1 b likewise ( l>g] lumps4 ,! obs]vation made 0 9 accordance ) g5]ally accept$ notions4 ,9 a highly exhau/$ bulb electricity is c>ri$ (f f ! electrode by indep5d5t c>ri]s1 :i* are p>tly ! atoms1 or molecules1 ( ! residual atmosph]e1 & p>tly ! atoms1 molecules1 or lumps ?r[n (f f ! electrode4 ,if ! electrode is compos$ ( bodies ( diff]5t "*1 & if "o ( ^! is m easily dis9tegrat$ ?an ! o!rs1 mo/ ( ! electricity suppli$ is c>ri$ (f f t body1 :i* is !n br\ght to a high] temp]ature ?an ! o!rs1 & ?is ! m1 z ^u an increase ( ! temp]ature ! body is /ill m easily dis9tegrat$4 ,x seems to me q probable t a simil> process takes place 9 ! bulb ev5 ) a homog5e\s electrode1 & ,i ?9k x to be ! pr9cipal cause ( ! dis9tegration4 ,!re is b\nd to be "s irregul>ity1 ev5 if ! surface is highly poli%$1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is impossible ) mo/ ( ! refractory bodies employ$ z electrodes4 ,assume t a po9t ( ! electrode gets hott]1 in/antly mo/ ( ! dis*>ge passes ?r\gh t po9t1 & a m9ute pat* is probably fus$ & evaporat$4 ,x is n[ possible t 9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5t dis9tegration ! spot attack$ s9ks 9 temp]ature1 or t a c\nt] =ce is creat$1 z 9 an arc2 at any rate1 ! local te>+ (f meets ) ! limitations incid5t to ! exp]im5t1 :]eupon ! same process occurs on ano!r place4 ,to ! eye ! electrode appe>s uni=mly brilliant1 b !re are ^u x po9ts con/antly %ift+ & w&]+ ar\nd1 ( a temp]ature f> above ! mean1 & ?is mat]ially ha/5s ! process ( det]ioration4 ,t "s su* ?+ occurs1 at lea/ :5 ! electrode is at a l[] temp]ature1 suffici5t exp]im5tal evid5ce c be obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,exhau/ a bulb to a v high degree1 s t ) a fairly high pot5tial ! dis*>ge _c pass--t is1 n a lum9\s "o1 = a weak invisible dis*>ge occurs always1 9 all probability4 ,n[ raise sl[ly & c>efully ! pot5tial1 leav+ ! prim>y curr5t on no m ?an = an in/ant4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t1 two1 ?ree1 or half a doz5 phosphoresc5t spots w appe> on ! globe4 ,^! places ( ! glass are evid5tly m viol5tly bomb>d$ ?an o!rs1 ?is be+ due to ! unev5ly di/ribut$ electric d5sity1 necessitat$1 ( c\rse1 by %>p projections1 or1 g5]ally speak+1 irregul>ities ( ! electrode4 ,b ! lum9\s pat*es are con/antly *ang+ 9 position1 :i* is especially well obs]vable if "o manages to produce v few1 & ?is indicates t ! configuration ( ! electrode is rapidly *ang+4 ,f exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d ,i am l$ to inf] t1 9 ord] to be mo/ durable1 ! refractory button 9 ! bulb %\ld be 9 ! =m ( a sph]e ) a highly poli%$ surface4 ,su* a small sph]e c\ld be manufactur$ f a diamond or "s o!r cry/al1 b a bett] way w\ld be to fuse1 by ! employm5t ( extreme degrees ( temp]ature1 "s oxide--z1 = in/ance1 zirconia--into a small drop1 & !n keep x 9 ! bulb at a temp]ature some:at bel[ its po9t ( fusion4 ,int]e/+ & useful results c no d\bt be rea*$ 9 ! direction ( extreme degrees ( heat4 ,h[ c su* high temp]atures be arriv$ at8 ,h[ are ! highe/ degrees ( heat rea*$ 9 nature8 ,by ! impact ( />s1 by high spe$s & collisions4 ,9 a collision any rate ( heat g5]ation may be atta9$4 ,9 a *emical process we are limit$4 ,:5 oxyg5 & hydrog5 comb9e1 !y fall1 metaphorically speak+1 f a def9ite height4 ,we _c g v f> ) a bla/1 nor by conf9+ heat 9 a furnace1 b 9 an exhau/$ bulb we c conc5trate any am\nt ( en]gy ^u a m9ute button4 ,leav+ practicability out ( consid]ation1 ?is1 !n1 w\ld be ! means :i*1 9 my op9ion1 w\ld enable u to rea* ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,b a great difficulty :5 proce$+ 9 ?is way is enc\nt]$1 namely1 9 mo/ cases ! body is c>ri$ (f be=e x c fuse & =m a drop4 ,?is difficulty exi/s pr9cipally ) an oxide su* z zirconia1 because x _c be compress$ 9 s h>d a cake t x w\ld n be c>ri$ (f quickly4 ,i endeavor$ repeat$ly to fuse zirconia1 plac+ x 9 a cup or arc light c>bon z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,x gl[$ ) a mo/ int5se light1 & ! /ream ( ! p>ticles project$ out ( ! c>bon cup 0 ( a vivid :ite3 b :e!r x 0 compress$ 9 a cake or made into a pa/e ) c>bon1 x 0 c>ri$ (f be=e x c\ld be fus$4 ,! c>bon cup conta9+ ! zirconia _h to be m\nt$ v l[ 9 ! neck ( a l>ge bulb1 z ! heat+ ( ! glass by ! project$ p>ticles ( ! oxide 0 s rapid t 9 ! fir/ trial ! bulb 0 crack$ almo/ 9 an in/ant :5 ! curr5t 0 turn$ on4 ,! heat+ ( ! glass by ! project$ p>ticles 0 f\nd to be always great] :5 ! c>bon cup conta9$ a body :i* 0 rapidly c>ri$ (f--,i presume because 9 su* cases1 ) ! same pot5tial1 high] spe$s 7 rea*$1 & also because1 p] unit ( "t1 m matt] 0 project$--t is1 m p>ticles w\ld /rike ! glass4 ,! be=e m5tion$ difficulty did n exi/1 h[ev]1 :5 ! body m\nt$ 9 ! c>bon cup (f]$ great resi/ance to det]ioration4 ,= in/ance1 :5 an oxide 0 fir/ fus$ 9 an oxyg5 bla/ & !n m\nt$ 9 ! bulb1 x melt$ v readily into a drop4 ,g5]ally dur+ ! process ( fusion magnific5t light effects 7 not$1 ( :i* x w\ld be difficult to give an adequate idea4 ,fig4 #bc is int5d$ to illu/rate ! effect obs]v$ ) a ruby drop4 ,at fir/ "o may see a n>r[ funnel ( :ite light project$ aga9/ ! top ( ! globe1 :]e x produces an irregul>ly outl9$ phosphoresc5t pat*4 ,:5 ! po9t ( ! ruby fuses ! phosphoresc5ce becomes v p[]ful2 b z ! atoms are project$ ) mu* great] spe$ f ! surface ( ! drop1 soon ! glass gets hot & tir$1 & n[ only ! out] edge ( ! pat* gl[s4 ,9 ?is mann] an int5sely phosphoresc5t1 %>ply def9$ l9e1 l1 correspond+ to ! outl9e ( ! drop1 is produc$1 :i* spreads sl[ly ov] ! globe z ! drop gets l>g]4 ,:5 ! mass beg9s to boil1 small bubbles & cavities are =m$1 :i* cause d>k color$ spots to sweep across ! globe4 ,! bulb may be turn$ d[nw>d )\t fe> ( ! drop fall+ (f1 z ! mass possesses consid]able viscosity4 ,i may m5tion "h ano!r feature ( "s int]e/1 :i* ,i believe to h not$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh ! obs]vations d n am\nt to a c]titude4 ,x appe>$ t "u ! molecul> impact caus$ by ! rapidly alt]nat+ pot5tial ! body 0 fus$ & ma9ta9$ 9 t /ate at a l[] temp]ature 9 a highly exhau/$ bulb ?an 0 ! case at normal pressure & application ( heat 9 ! ord9>y way--t is1 at lea/1 judg+ f ! quantity ( ! light emitt$4 ,"o ( ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ may be m5tion$ "h by way ( illu/ration4 ,a small piece ( pumice /one 0 /uck on a plat9um wire1 & fir/ melt$ to x 9 a gas burn]4 ,! wire 0 next plac$ betwe5 two pieces ( *>coal & a burn] appli$ s z to produce an int5se heat1 suffici5t to melt d[n ! pumice /one into a small glass-l button4 ,! plat9um wire _h to be tak5 ( suffici5t ?ickness to prev5t its melt+ 9 ! fire4 ,:ile 9 ! *>coal fire1 or :5 held 9 a burn] to get a bett] idea ( ! degree ( heat1 ! button gl[$ ) great brilliancy4 ,! wire ) ! button 0 !n m\nt$ 9 a bulb1 & ^u exhau/+ ! same to a high degree1 ! curr5t 0 turn$ on sl[ly s z to prev5t ! crack+ ( ! button4 ,! button 0 heat$ to ! po9t ( fusion1 & :5 x melt$ x did n1 app>5tly1 gl[ ) ! same brilliancy z be=e1 & ?is w\ld indicate a l[] temp]ature4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! obs]v]'s possible1 & ev5 probable1 error1 ! "q is1 c a body "u ^! conditions be br\ght f a solid to a liquid /ate ) evolution ( less light8 ,:5 ! pot5tial ( a body is rapidly alt]nat$ x is c]ta9 t ! /ructure is j>r$4 ,:5 ! pot5tial is v high1 al?\gh ! vibrations may be few--say #bj1jjj p] second--! effect ^u ! /ructure may be consid]able4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a ruby is melt$ into a drop by a /eady application ( en]gy4 ,:5 x =ms a drop x w emit visible & invisible waves1 :i* w be 9 a def9ite ratio1 & to ! eye ! drop w appe> to be ( a c]ta9 brilliancy4 ,next1 suppose we dim9i% to any degree we *oose ! en]gy /eadily suppli$1 &1 in/ead1 supply en]gy :i* rises & falls accord+ to a c]ta9 law4 ,n[1 :5 ! drop is =m$1 !re w be emitt$ f x ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( vibrations--! ord9>y visible1 & two k9ds ( invisible waves3 t is1 ! ord9>y d>k waves ( all l5g?s1 &1 9 addition1 waves ( a well def9$ "*4 ,! latt] w\ld n exi/ by a /eady supply ( ! en]gy2 /ill !y help to j> & loos5 ! /ructure4 ,if ?is really be ! case1 !n ! ruby drop w emit relatively less visible & m invisible waves ?an be=e4 ,?us x w\ld seem t :5 a plat9um wire1 = in/ance1 is fus$ by curr5ts alt]nat+ ) extreme rapidity1 x emits at ! po9t ( fusion less light & m invisible radiation ?an x does :5 melt$ by a /eady curr5t1 ?\gh ! total en]gy us$ up 9 ! process ( fusion is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,or1 to cite ano!r example1 a lamp filam5t is n capable ( )/&+ z long ) curr5ts ( extreme frequ5cy z x does ) /eady curr5ts1 assum+ t x be work$ at ! same lum9\s int5sity4 ,?is means t = rapidly alt]nat+ curr5ts ! filam5t %\ld be %ort] & ?ick]4 ,! high] ! frequ5cy--t is1 ! great] ! dep>ture f ! /eady fl[--! worse x w\ld be = ! filam5t4 ,b if ! tru? ( ?is rem>k 7 demon/rat$1 x w\ld be errone\s to conclude t su* a refractory button z us$ 9 ^! bulbs w\ld be det]iorat$ quick] by curr5ts ( extremely high frequ5cy ?an by /eady or l[ frequ5cy curr5ts4 ,f exp]i5ce ,i may say t j ! opposite holds good3 ! button )/&s ! bomb>dm5t bett] ) curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy4 ,b ?is is due to ! fact t a high frequ5cy dis*>ge passes ?r\gh a r>efi$ gas ) mu* great] fre$om ?an a /eady or l[ frequ5cy dis*>ge1 & ?is w say t ) ! =m] we c "w ) a l[] pot5tial or ) a less viol5t impact4 ,z long1 !n1 z ! gas is ( no consequ5ce1 a /eady or l[ frequ5cy curr5t is bett]2 b z soon z ! action ( ! gas is desir$ & important1 high frequ5cies are pref]able4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts a great _m trials 7 made ) all k9ds ( c>bon buttons4 ,electrodes made ( ord9>y c>bon buttons 7 decid$ly m durable :5 ! buttons 7 obta9$ by ! application ( enorm\s pressure4 ,electrodes prep>$ by deposit+ c>bon 9 well kn[n ways did n %[ up well2 !y black5$ ! globe v quickly4 ,f _m exp]i5ces ,i conclude t lamp filam5ts obta9$ 9 ?is mann] c be advantage\sly us$ only ) l[ pot5tials & l[ frequ5cy curr5ts4 ,"s k9ds ( c>bon )/& s well t1 9 ord] to br+ !m to ! po9t ( fusion1 x is necess>y to employ v small buttons4 ,9 ?is case ! obs]vation is r5d]$ v difficult on acc\nt ( ! int5se heat produc$4 ,nev]!less !re c be no d\bt t all k9ds ( c>bon are fus$ "u ! molecul> bomb>dm5t1 b ! liquid /ate mu/ be "o ( great in/ability4 ,( all ! bodies tri$ !re 7 two :i* )/ood be/--diamond & c>borundum4 ,^! two %[$ up ab\t equally1 b ! latt] 0 pref]able1 = _m reasons4 ,z x is m ?an likely t ?is body is n yet g5]ally kn[n1 ,i w v5ture to call y\r att5tion to x4 ,x has be5 rec5tly produc$ by ,mr4 ,e4,g4 ,a*eson1 ( ,monongahela ,city1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,x is int5d$ to replace ord9>y diamond p[d] = poli%+ preci\s /ones1 etc41 & ,i h be5 in=m$ t x accompli%es ?is object q successfully4 ,i d n "k :y ! "n c>borundum has be5 giv5 to x1 unless !re is some?+ 9 ! process ( its manufacture :i* ju/ifies ?is selection4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! inv5tor1 ,i obta9$ a %ort :ile ago "s samples :i* ,i desir$ to te/ 9 reg>d to _! qualities ( phosphoresc5ce & capability ( )/&+ high degrees ( heat4 ,c>borundum c be obta9$ 9 two =ms--9 ! =m ( cry/als & ( p[d]4 ,! =m] appe> to ! nak$ eye d>k color$1 b are v brilliant2 ! latt] is ( ne>ly ! same color z ord9>y diamond p[d]1 b v mu* f9]4 ,:5 view$ "u a microscope ! samples ( cry/als giv5 to me did n appe> to h any def9ite =m1 b r resembl$ pieces ( brok5 up egg coal ( f9e quality4 ,! majority 7 opaque1 b !re 7 "s :i* 7 transp>5t & color$4 ,! cry/als are a k9d ( c>bon conta9+ "s impurities2 !y are extremely h>d1 & )/& = a long "t ev5 an oxyg5 bla/4 ,:5 ! bla/ is direct$ aga9/ !m !y at fir/ =m a cake ( "s compactness1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! fusion ( impurities !y conta94 ,! mass )/&s = a v long "t ! bla/ )\t fur!r fusion2 b a sl[ c>ry+ (f1 or burn+1 occurs1 &1 f9ally1 a small quantity ( a glass-l residue is left1 :i*1 ,i suppose1 is melt$ alum9a4 ,:5 compress$ /rongly !y conduct v well1 b n z well z ord9>y c>bon4 ,! p[d]1 :i* is obta9$ f ! cry/als 9 "s way1 is practically non-conduct+4 ,x af=ds a magnific5t poli%+ mat]ial = /ones4 ,! "t has be5 too %ort to make a satisfactory /udy ( ! prop]ties ( ?is product1 b en\gh exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ 9 a few weeks ,i h exp]im5t$ ^u x to say t x does possess "s rem>kable prop]ties 9 _m respects4 ,x )/&s excessively high degrees ( heat1 x is little det]iorat$ by molecul> bomb>dm5t1 & x does n black5 ! globe z ord9>y c>bon does4 ,! only difficulty :i* ,i h f\nd 9 its use 9 connection ) ^! exp]im5ts 0 to f9d "s b9d+ mat]ial :i* w\ld resi/ ! heat & ! effect ( ! bomb>dm5t z successfully z c>borundum itself does4 ,i h "h a numb] ( bulbs :i* ,i h provid$ ) buttons ( c>borundum4 ,to make su* a button ( c>borundum cry/als ,i proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,i take an ord9>y lamp filam5t & dip its po9t 9 t>1 or "s o!r ?ick sub/ance or pa9t :i* may be readily c>boniz$4 ,i next pass ! po9t ( ! filam5t ?r\gh ! cry/als1 & !n hold x v]tically ov] a hot plate4 ,! t> s(t5s & =ms a drop on ! po9t ( ! filam5t1 ! cry/als adh]+ to ! surface ( ! drop4 ,by regulat+ ! di/ance f ! plate ! t> is sl[ly dri$ out & ! button becomes solid4 ,i !n once m dip ! button 9 t> & hold x aga9 ov] a plate until ! t> is evaporat$1 leav+ only a h>d mass :i* firmly b9ds ! cry/als4 ,:5 a l>g] button is requir$ ,i repeat ! process sev]al times1 & ,i g5]ally also cov] ! filam5t a c]ta9 di/ance bel[ ! button ) cry/als4 ,! button be+ m\nt$ 9 a bulb1 :5 a good vacuum has be5 rea*$1 fir/ a weak & !n a /rong dis*>ge is pass$ ?r\gh ! bulb to c>bonize ! t> & expel all gases1 & lat] x is br\ght to a v int5se inc&esc5ce4 ,:5 ! p[d] is us$ ,i h f\nd x be/ to proce$ z foll[s3 ,i make a ?ick pa9t ( c>borundum & t>1 & pass a lamp filam5t ?r\gh ! pa9t4 ,tak+ !n mo/ ( ! pa9t (f by rubb+ ! filam5t aga9/ a piece ( *amois lea!r1 ,i hold x ov] a hot plate until ! t> evaporates & ! coat+ becomes firm4 ,i repeat ?is process z _m times z x is necess>y to obta9 a c]ta9 ?ickness ( coat+4 ,on ! po9t ( ! coat$ filam5t ,i =m a button 9 ! same mann]4 ,!re is no d\bt t su* a button--prop]ly prep>$ "u great pressure--( c>borundum1 especially ( p[d] ( ! be/ quality1 w )/& ! effect ( ! bomb>dm5t fully z well z any?+ we "k4 ,! difficulty is t ! b9d+ mat]ial gives way1 & ! c>borundum is sl[ly ?r[n (f aft] "s "t4 ,z x does n seem to black5 ! globe 9 ! lea/1 x might be f\nd useful = coat+ ! filam5ts ( ord9>y inc&esc5t lamps1 & ,i ?9k t x is ev5 possible to produce ?9 ?reads or /icks ( c>borundum :i* w replace ! ord9>y filam5ts 9 an inc&esc5t lamp4 ,a c>borundum coat+ seems to be m durable ?an o!r coat+s1 n only because ! c>borundum c )/& high degrees ( heat1 b also because x seems to unite ) ! c>bon bett] ?an any o!r mat]ial ,i h tri$4 ,a coat+ ( zirconia or any o!r oxide1 = in/ance1 is f> m quickly de/roy$4 ,i prep>$ buttons ( diamond du/ 9 ! same mann] z ( c>borundum1 & ^! came 9 durability ne>e/ to ^? prep>$ ( c>borundum1 b ! b9d+ pa/e gave way mu* m quickly 9 ! diamond buttons3 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i attribut$ to ! size & irregul>ity ( ! gra9s ( ! diamond4 ,x 0 ( int]e/ to f9d :e!r c>borundum possesses ! quality ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,"o is1 ( c\rse1 prep>$ to enc\nt] two difficulties3 fir/1 z reg>ds ! r\gh product1 ! cry/als1 !y are good conduct+1 & x is a fact t conductors d n phosphoresce2 second1 ! p[d]1 be+ exce$+ly f9e1 w\ld n be apt to exhibit v prom95tly ?is quality1 s9ce we "k t :5 cry/als1 ev5 su* z diamond or ruby1 are f9ely p[d]$1 !y lose ! prop]ty ( phosphoresc5ce to a consid]able degree4 ,! "q pres5ts itself "h1 c a conductor phosphoresce8 ,:at is !re 9 su* a body z a metal1 = in/ance1 t w\ld deprive x ( ! quality ( phosphoresc5ce1 unless x is t prop]ty :i* *>act]izes x z a conductor8 = x is a fact t mo/ ( ! phosphoresc5t bodies lose t quality :5 !y are suffici5tly heat$ to become m or less conduct+4 ,!n1 if a metal be 9 a l>ge measure1 or p]haps entirely1 depriv$ ( t prop]ty1 x %\ld be capable ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,!re=e x is q possible t at "s extremely high frequ5cy1 :5 behav+ practically z a non-conductor1 a metal or any o!r conductor might exhibit ! quality ( phosphoresc5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x be entirely incapable ( phosphoresc+ "u ! impact ( a l[-frequ5cy dis*>ge4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r possible way h[ a conductor might at lea/ appe> to phosphoresce4 ,consid]able d\bt /ill exi/s z to :at really is phosphoresc5ce1 & z to :e!r ! v>i\s ph5om5a compris$ "u ?is head are due to ! same causes4 ,suppose t 9 an exhau/$ bulb1 "u ! molecul> impact1 ! surface ( a piece ( metal or o!r conductor is r5d]$ /rongly lum9\s1 b at ! same "t x is f\nd t x rema9s comp>atively cool1 w\ld n ?is lum9osity be call$ phosphoresc5ce8 ,n[ su* a result1 !oretically at lea/1 is possible1 = x is a m]e "q ( pot5tial or spe$4 ,assume ! pot5tial ( ! electrode1 & consequ5tly ! spe$ ( ! project$ atoms1 to be suffici5tly high1 ! surface ( ! metal piece aga9/ :i* ! atoms are project$ w\ld be r5d]$ highly inc&esc5t1 s9ce ! process ( heat g5]ation w\ld be incomp>ably fa/] ?an t ( radiat+ or conduct+ away f ! surface ( ! collision4 ,9 ! eye ( ! obs]v] a s+le impact ( ! atoms w\ld cause an in/antane\s fla%1 b if ! impacts 7 repeat$ ) suffici5t rapidity !y w\ld produce a cont9u\s impression ^u 8 ret9a4 ,to him !n ! surface ( ! metal w\ld appe> cont9u\sly inc&esc5t & ( con/ant lum9\s int5sity1 :ile 9 reality ! light w\ld be ei!r int]mitt5t or at lea/ *ang+ p]iodically 9 int5sity4 ,! metal piece w\ld rise 9 temp]ature until equilibrium 0 atta9$--t is until ! en]gy cont9u\sly radiat$ w\ld equal t int]mitt5tly suppli$4 ,b ! suppli$ en]gy might "u su* conditions n be suffici5t to br+ ! body to any m ?an a v mod]ate mean temp]ature1 especially if ! frequ5cy ( ! atomic impacts be v l[--j en\gh t ! fluctuation ( ! int5sity ( ! light emitt$ c\ld n be detect$ by ! eye4 ,! body w\ld n[1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! en]gy is suppli$1 emit a /rong light1 & yet be at a comp>atively v l[ mean temp]ature4 ,h[ c\ld ! obs]v] call ! lum9osity ?us produc$8 ,ev5 if ! analysis ( ! light w\ld tea* him some?+ def9ite1 /ill he w\ld probably rank x "u ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,x is conceivable t 9 su* a way bo? conduct+ & non-conduct+ bodies may be ma9ta9$ at a c]ta9 lum9\s int5sity1 b ! en]gy requir$ w\ld v greatly v>y ) ! nature & prop]ties ( ! bodies4 ,^! & "s =ego+ rem>ks ( a speculative nature 7 made m]ely to br+ out curi\s features ( alt]nate curr5ts or electric impulses4 ,by _! help we may cause a body to emit m light1 :ile at a c]ta9 mean temp]ature1 ?an x w\ld emit if br\ght to t temp]ature by a /eady supply2 &1 aga91 we may br+ a body to ! po9t ( fusion1 & cause x to emit less light ?an :5 fus$ by ! application ( en]gy 9 ord9>y ways4 ,x all dep5ds on h[ we supply ! en]gy1 & :at k9d ( vibrations we set up3 9 "o case ! vibrations are m1 9 ! o!r less1 adapt$ to affect our s5se ( vision4 ,"s effects1 :i* ,i _h n obs]v$ be=e1 obta9$ ) c>borundum 9 ! fir/ trials1 ,i attribut$ to phosphoresc5ce1 b 9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts x appe>$ t x 0 devoid ( t quality4 ,! cry/als possess a notewor?y feature4 ,9 a bulb provid$ ) a s+le electrode 9 ! %ape ( a small circul> metal disc1 = in/ance1 at a c]ta9 degree ( exhau/ion ! electrode is cov]$ ) a milky film1 :i* is sep>at$ by a d>k space f ! gl[ fill+ ! bulb4 ,:5 ! metal disc is cov]$ ) c>borundum cry/als1 ! film is f> m int5se1 & sn[-:ite4 ,?is ,i f\nd lat] to be m]ely an effect ( ! bright surface ( ! cry/als1 = :5 an alum9ium electrode 0 highly poli%$ x exhibit$ m or less ! same ph5om5on4 ,i made a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) ! samples ( cry/als obta9$1 pr9cipally because x w\ld h be5 ( special int]e/ to f9d t !y are capable ( phosphoresc5ce1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ conduct+4 ,i c\ld n produce phosphoresc5ce di/9ctly1 b ,i mu/ rem>k t a decisive op9ion _c be =m$ until o!r exp]im5t]s h gone ov] ! same gr\nd4 ,! p[d] behav$ 9 "s exp]im5ts z ?\gh x conta9$ alum9a1 b x did n exhibit ) suffici5t di/9ctness ! r$ ( ! latt]4 ,its dead color bright5s consid]ably "u ! molecul> impact1 b ,i am n[ conv9c$ x does n phosphoresce4 ,/ill1 ! te/s ) ! p[d] are n conclusive1 because p[d]$ c>borundum probably does n behave l a phosphoresc5t sulphide1 = example1 :i* c\ld be f9ely p[d]$ )\t impair+ ! phosphoresc5ce1 b r l p[d]$ ruby or diamond1 & !re=e x w\ld be necess>y1 9 ord] to make a decisive te/1 to obta9 x 9 a l>ge lump & poli% up ! surface4 ,if ! c>borundum proves useful 9 connection ) ^! & simil> exp]im5ts1 its *ief value w be f\nd 9 ! production ( coat+s1 ?9 conductors1 buttons1 or o!r electrodes capable ( )/&+ extremely high degrees ( heat4 ,! production ( a small electrode capable ( )/&+ enorm\s temp]atures ,i reg>d z ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! manufacture ( light4 ,x w\ld enable u to obta91 by means ( curr5ts ( v high frequ5cies1 c]ta9ly #bj times1 if n m1 ! quantity ( light :i* is obta9$ 9 ! pres5t inc&esc5t lamp by ! same exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,?is e/imate may appe> to _m exagg]at$1 b 9 reality ,i ?9k x is f> f be+ s4 ,z ?is /atem5t might be misund]/ood ,i ?9k x necess>y to expose cle>ly ! problem ) :i* 9 ?is l9e ( "w we are confront$1 & ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 a solution w be arriv$ at4 ,any "o :o beg9s a /udy ( ! problem w be apt to ?9k t :at is want$ 9 a lamp ) an electrode is a v high degree ( inc&esc5ce ( ! electrode4 ,!re he w be mi/ak54 ,! high inc&esc5ce ( ! button is a necess>y evil1 b :at is really want$ is ! high inc&esc5ce ( ! gas surr\nd+ ! button4 ,9 o!r words1 ! problem 9 su* a lamp is to br+ a mass ( gas to ! highe/ possible inc&esc5ce4 ,! high] ! inc&esc5ce1 ! quick] ! mean vibration1 ! great] is ! economy ( ! light production4 ,b to ma9ta9 a mass ( gas at a high degree ( inc&esc5ce 9 a glass vessel1 x w always be necess>y to keep ! inc&esc5t mass away f ! glass2 t is1 to conf9e x z mu* z possible to ! c5tral portion ( ! globe4 ,9 "o ( ! exp]im5ts ?is ev5+ a bru% 0 produc$ at ! end ( a wire4 ,?is bru% 0 a flame1 a s\rce ( heat & light4 ,x did n emit mu* p]ceptible heat1 nor did x gl[ ) an int5se light2 b is x ! less a flame because x does n scor* my h&8 ,is x ! less a flame because x does n hurt my eye by its brilliancy8 ,! problem is precisely to produce 9 ! bulb su* a flame1 mu* small] 9 size1 b incomp>ably m p[]ful4 ,7 !re means at h& = produc+ electric impulses ( a suffici5tly high frequ5cy1 & = transmitt+ !m1 ! bulb c\ld be done away )1 unless x 7 us$ to protect ! electrode1 or to economize ! en]gy by conf9+ ! heat4 ,b z su* means are n at disposal1 x becomes necess>y to place ! t]m9al 9 a bulb & r>efy ! air 9 ! same4 ,?is is done m]ely to enable ! app>atus to p]=m ! "w :i* x is n capable ( p]=m+ at ord9>y air pressure4 ,9 ! bulb we are able to int5sify ! action to any degree--s f> t ! bru% emits a p[]ful light4 ,! int5sity ( ! light emitt$ dep5ds pr9cipally on ! frequ5cy & pot5tial ( ! impulses1 & on ! electric d5sity ( ! surface ( ! electrode4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to employ ! smalle/ possible button1 9 ord] to pu% ! d5sity v f>4 ,"u ! viol5t impact ( ! molecules ( ! gas surr\nd+ x1 ! small electrode is ( c\rse br\ght to an extremely high temp]ature1 b ar\nd x is a mass ( highly inc&esc5t gas1 a flame photosph]e1 _m hundr$ times ! volume ( ! electrode4 ,) a diamond1 c>borundum or zirconia button ! photosph]e c be z mu* z "o ?\s& times ! volume ( ! button4 ,)\t mu* reflect+ "o w\ld ?9k t 9 pu%+ s f> ! inc&esc5ce ( ! electrode x w\ld be in/antly volatiliz$4 ,b aft] a c>eful consid]ation he w\ld f9d t1 !oretically1 x %\ld n occur1 & 9 ?is fact--:i*1 h[ev]1 is exp]im5tally demon/rat$--lies pr9cipally ! future value ( su* a lamp4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! bomb>dm5t beg9s1 mo/ ( ! "w is p]=m$ on ! surface ( ! button1 b :5 a highly conduct+ photosph]e is =m$ ! button is comp>atively reliev$4 ,! high] ! inc&esc5ce ( ! photosph]e ! m x approa*es 9 conductivity to t ( ! electrode1 & ! m1 !re=e1 ! solid & ! gas =m "o conduct+ body4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! fur!r is =c$ ! inc&esc5ce ! m "w1 comp>atively1 is p]=m$ on ! gas1 & ! less on ! electrode4 ,! =mation ( a p[]ful photosph]e is consequ5tly ! v means = protect+ ! electrode4 ,?is protection1 ( c\rse1 is a relative "o1 & x %\ld n be ?\ght t by pu%+ ! inc&esc5ce high] ! electrode is actually less det]iorat$4 ,/ill1 !oretically1 ) extreme frequ5cies1 ?is result mu/ be rea*$1 b probably at a temp]ature too high = mo/ ( ! refractory bodies kn[n4 ,giv51 !n1 an electrode :i* c )/& to a v high limit ! effect ( ! bomb>dm5t & outw>d /ra91 x w\ld be safe no matt] h[ mu* x is =c$ beyond t limit4 ,9 an inc&esc5t lamp q diff]5t consid]ations apply4 ,!re ! gas is n at all conc]n$3 ! :ole ( ! "w is p]=m$ on ! filam5t2 & ! life ( ! lamp dim9i%es s rapidly ) ! increase ( ! degree ( inc&esc5ce t economical reasons compel u to "w x at a l[ inc&esc5ce4 ,b if an inc&esc5t lamp is op]at$ ) curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy1 ! action ( ! gas _c be neglect$1 & ! rules = ! mo/ economical work+ mu/ be consid]ably modifi$4 ,9 ord] to br+ su* a lamp ) "o or two electrodes to a great p]fection1 x is necess>y to employ impulses ( v high frequ5cy4 ,! high frequ5cy secures1 among o!rs1 two *ief advantages1 :i* h a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! economy ( ! light production4 ,fir/1 ! det]ioration ( ! electrode is r$uc$ by reason ( ! fact t we employ a great _m small impacts1 in/ead ( a few viol5t ones1 :i* %att] quickly ! /ructure2 secondly1 ! =mation ( a l>ge photosph]e is facilitat$4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! det]ioration ( ! electrode to ! m9imum1 x is desirable t ! vibration be h>monic1 = any sudd5ness ha/5s ! process ( de/ruction4 ,an electrode la/s mu* long] :5 kept at inc&esc5ce by curr5ts1 or impulses1 obta9$ f a high-frequ5cy alt]nator1 :i* rise & fall m or less h>monically1 ?an by impulses obta9$ f a disruptive dis*>ge coil4 ,9 ! latt] case !re is no d\bt t mo/ ( ! damage is done by ! fundam5tal sudd5 dis*>ges4 ,"o ( ! elem5ts ( loss 9 su* a lamp is ! bomb>dm5t ( ! globe4 ,z ! pot5tial is v high1 ! molecules are project$ ) great spe$2 !y /rike ! glass1 & usually excite a /rong phosphoresc5ce4 ,! effect produc$ is v pretty1 b = economical reasons x w\ld be p]haps pref]able to prev5t1 or at lea/ r$uce to ! m9imum1 ! bomb>dm5t aga9/ ! globe1 z 9 su* case x is1 z a rule1 n ! object to excite phosphoresc5ce1 & z "s loss ( en]gy results f ! bomb>dm5t4 ,?is loss 9 ! bulb is pr9cipally dep5d5t on ! pot5tial ( ! impulses & on ! electric d5sity on ! surface ( ! electrode4 ,9 employ+ v high frequ5cies ! loss ( en]gy by ! bomb>dm5t is greatly r$uc$1 =1 fir/1 ! pot5tial ne$$ to p]=m a giv5 am\nt ( "w is mu* small]2 &1 secondly1 by produc+ a highly conduct+ photosph]e ar\nd ! electrode1 ! same result is obta9$ z ?\gh ! electrode 7 mu* l>g]1 :i* is equival5t to a small] electric d5sity4 ,b be x by ! dim9ution ( ! maximum pot5tial or ( ! d5sity1 ! ga9 is effect$ 9 ! same mann]1 namely1 by avoid+ viol5t %ocks1 :i* /ra9 ! glass mu* beyond its limit ( ela/icity4 ,if ! frequ5cy c\ld be br\ght high en\gh1 ! loss due to ! imp]fect ela/icity ( ! glass w\ld be entirely negligible4 ,! loss due to bomb>dm5t ( ! globe may1 h[ev]1 be r$uc$ by us+ two electrodes in/ead ( "o4 ,9 su* case ea* ( ! electrodes may be connect$ to "o ( ! t]m9als2 or else1 if x is pref]able to use only "o wire1 "o electrode may be connect$ to "o t]m9al & ! o!r to ! gr\nd or to an insulat$ body ( "s surface1 z1 = in/ance1 a %ade on ! lamp4 ,9 ! latt] case1 unless "s judgm5t is us$1 "o ( ! electrodes might gl[ m int5sely ?an ! o!r4 ,b on ! :ole ,i f9d x pref]able :5 us+ su* high frequ5cies to employ only "o electrode & "o connect+ wire4 ,i am conv9c$ t ! illum9at+ device ( ! ne> future w n require = its op]ation m ?an "o lead1 &1 at any rate1 x w h no lead+-9 wire1 s9ce ! en]gy requir$ c be z well transmitt$ ?r\gh ! glass4 ,9 exp]im5tal bulbs ! lead+-9 wire is mo/ g5]ally us$ on acc\nt ( conv5i5ce1 z 9 employ+ cond5s] coat+s 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb1 = example1 !re is "s difficulty 9 fitt+ ! p>ts1 b ^! difficulties w\ld n exi/ if a great _m bulbs 7 manufactur$2 o!rwise ! en]gy c be convey$ ?r\gh ! glass z well z ?r\gh a wire1 & ) ^! high frequ5cies ! losses are v small4 ,su* illum9at+ devices w necess>ily involve ! use ( v high pot5tials1 & ?is1 9 ! eyes ( practical m51 might be an objectionable feature4 ,yet1 9 reality1 high pot5tials are n objectionable--c]ta9ly n 9 ! lea/ z f> z ! safety ( ! devices is conc]n$4 ,!re are two ways ( r5d]+ an electric appliance safe4 ,"o is to use l[ pot5tials1 ! o!r is to det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! app>atus s t x is safe no matt] h[ high a pot5tial is us$4 ,( ! two ! latt] seems to me ! bett] way1 = !n ! safety is absolute1 unaffect$ by any possible comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* might r5d] ev5 a l[-pot5tial appliance dang]\s to life & prop]ty4 ,b ! practical conditions require n only ! judici\s det]m9ation ( ! dim5sions ( ! app>atus2 !y likewise necessitate ! employm5t ( en]gy ( ! prop] k9d4 ,x is easy1 = in/ance1 to con/ruct a trans=m] capable ( giv+1 :5 op]at$ f an ord9>y alt]nate curr5t ma*9e ( l[ t5sion1 say #ej1jjj volts1 :i* might be requir$ to light a highly exhau/$ phosphoresc5t tube1 s t1 9 spite ( ! high pot5tial1 x is p]fectly safe1 ! %ock f x produc+ no inconv5i5ce4 ,/ill1 su* a trans=m] w\ld be exp5sive1 & 9 itself ineffici5t2 &1 besides1 :at en]gy 0 obta9$ f x w\ld n be economically us$ = ! production ( light4 ,! economy dem&s ! employm5t ( en]gy 9 ! =m ( extremely rapid vibrations4 ,! problem ( produc+ light has be5 lik5$ to t ( ma9ta9+ a c]ta9 high-pit* note by means ( a bell4 ,x %\ld be said a b>ely audible note2 & ev5 ^! words w\ld n express x1 s wond]ful is ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! eye4 ,we may deliv] p[]ful bl[s at long int]vals1 wa/e a good deal ( en]gy1 & /ill n get :at we want2 or we may keep up ! note by deliv]+ frequ5t g5tle taps1 & get ne>] to ! object s\ght by ! exp5diture ( mu* less en]gy4 ,9 ! production ( light1 z f> z ! illum9at+ device is conc]n$1 !re c be only "o rule--t is1 to use z high frequ5cies z c be obta9$2 b ! means = ! production & conveyance ( impulses ( su* "* impose1 at pres5t at lea/1 great limitations4 ,once x is decid$ to use v high frequ5cies1 ! return wire becomes unnecess>y1 & all ! appliances are simplifi$4 ,by ! use ( obvi\s means ! same result is obta9$ z ?\gh ! return wire 7 us$4 ,x is suffici5t = ?is purpose to br+ 9 contact ) ! bulb1 or m]ely 9 ! vic9ity ( ! same1 an insulat$ body ( "s surface4 ,! surface ne$1 ( c\rse1 be ! small]1 ! high] ! frequ5cy & pot5tial us$1 & necess>ily1 also1 ! high] ! economy ( ! lamp or o!r device4 ,?is plan ( work+ has be5 resort$ to on sev]al occasions ?is ev5+4 ,s1 = in/ance1 :5 ! inc&esc5ce ( a button 0 produc$ by grasp+ ! bulb ) ! h&1 ! body ( ! exp]im5t] m]ely s]v$ to int5sify ! action4 ,! bulb us$ 0 simil> to t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai1 & ! coil 0 excit$ to a small pot5tial1 n suffici5t to br+ ! button to inc&esc5ce :5 ! bulb 0 hang+ f ! wire2 & incid5tally1 9 ord] to p]=m ! exp]im5t 9 a m suitable mann]1 ! button 0 tak5 s l>ge t a p]ceptible "t _h to elapse be=e1 ^u grasp+ ! bulb1 x c\ld be r5d]$ inc&esc5t4 ,! contact ) ! bulb 01 ( c\rse1 q unnecess>y4 ,x is easy1 by us+ a r l>ge bulb ) an exce$+ly small electrode1 to adju/ ! conditions s t ! latt] is br\ght to bright inc&esc5ce by ! m]e approa* ( ! exp]im5t] )9 a few feet ( ! bulb1 & t ! inc&esc5ce subsides ^u 8 rec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,bulb ,,)\t ,,lead+-,,9 ,,wire1 ,,%[+ ,,effect ,,( ,,project$ ,,matt]4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 :5 phosphoresc5ce 0 excit$1 a simil> bulb 0 us$4 ,"h aga91 orig9ally1 ! pot5tial 0 n suffici5t to excite phosphoresc5ce until ! action 0 int5sifi$--9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 to pres5t a diff]5t feature1 by t\*+ ! socket ) a metallic object held 9 ! h&4 ,! electrode 9 ! bulb 0 a c>bon button s l>ge t x c\ld n be br\ght to inc&esc5ce1 & !reby spoil ! effect produc$ by phosphoresc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,improv$ ,,exp]im5tal ,,bulb4 ,aga91 9 ano!r ( ! e>ly exp]im5ts1 a bulb 0 us$ z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 by t\*+ ! bulb ) "o or two f+]s1 "o or two %ad[s ( ! /em inside 7 project$ aga9/ ! glass1 ! t\* ( ! f+] produc+ ! same result z ! application ( an ext]nal negative electrode "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,9 all ^! exp]im5ts ! action 0 int5sifi$ by augm5t+ ! capacity at ! end ( ! lead connect$ to ! t]m9al4 ,z a rule1 x is n necess>y to resort to su* means1 & w\ld be q unnecess>y ) /ill high] frequ5cies2 b :5 x is desir$1 ! bulb1 or tube1 c be easily adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,improv$ ,,bulb ,,) ,,int5sify+ ,,reflector4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd1 = example1 an exp]im5tal bulb ,l is %[n1 :i* is provid$ ) a neck n on ! top = ! application ( an ext]nal t9foil coat+1 :i* may be connect$ to a body ( l>g] surface4 ,su* a lamp z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be may also be light$ by connect+ ! t9foil coat+ on ! neck n to ! t]m9al1 & ! lead+-9 wire w to an insulat$ plate4 ,if ! bulb /&s 9 a socket upright1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 a %ade ( conduct+ mat]ial may be slipp$ 9 ! neck n1 & ! action ?us magnifi$4 ,a m p]fect$ arrangem5t us$ 9 "s ( ^! bulbs is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,9 ?is case ! con/ruction ( ! bulb is z %[n & describ$ be=e1 :5 ref]5ce 0 made to ,fig4 #ai4 ,a z9c %eet ,z1 ) a tubul> ext5sion ,t1 is slipp$ ov] ! metallic socket ,s4 ,! bulb hangs d[nw>d f ! t]m9al t1 ! z9c %eet ,z1 p]=m+ ! d\ble (fice ( int5sifi] & reflector4 ,! reflector is sep>at$ f ! t]m9al t by an ext5sion ( ! insulat+ plug ,p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,phosphoresc5t ,,tube ,,) ,,int5sify+ ,,reflector4 ,a simil> disposition ) a phosphoresc5t tube is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! tube ,t is prep>$ f two %ort tubes ( a diff]5t diamet]1 :i* are seal$ on ! ends4 ,on ! l[] end is plac$ an outside conduct+ coat+ ,c1 :i* connects to ! wire w4 ,! wire has a hook on ! upp] end = susp5sion1 & passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! inside tube1 :i* is fill$ ) "s good & tightly pack$ insulator4 ,on ! outside ( ! upp] end ( ! tube ,t is ano!r conduct+ coat+ ,c#a ^u :i* is slipp$ a metallic reflector ,z1 :i* %\ld be sep>at$ by a ?ick insulation f ! end ( wire w4 ,! economical use ( su* a reflector or int5sifi] w\ld require t all en]gy suppli$ to an air cond5s] %\ld be recov]able1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re %\ld n be any losses1 nei!r 9 ! gase\s m$ium nor ?r\gh its action else:]e4 ,?is is f> f be+ s1 b1 =tunately1 ! losses may be r$uc$ to any?+ desir$4 ,a few rem>ks are necess>y on ?is subject1 9 ord] to make ! exp]i5ces ga!r$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations p]fectly cle>4 ,suppose a small helix ) _m well insulat$ turns1 z 9 exp]im5t ,fig4 #ag1 has "o ( its ends connect$ to "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! induction coil1 & ! o!r to a metal plate1 or1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 a sph]e1 insulat$ 9 space4 ,:5 ! coil is set to "w1 ! pot5tial ( ! sph]e is alt]nat$1 & ! small helix n[ behaves z ?\gh its free end 7 connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! induction coil4 ,if an iron rod be held )9 ! small helix x is quickly br\ght to a high temp]ature1 indicat+ ! passage ( a /rong curr5t ?r\gh ! helix4 ,h[ does ! insulat$ sph]e act 9 ?is case8 ,x c be a cond5s]1 /or+ & return+ ! en]gy suppli$ to x1 or x c be a m]e s9k ( en]gy1 & ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t det]m9e :e!r x is m "o or ! o!r4 ,! sph]e be+ *>g$ to a high pot5tial1 x acts inductively ^u ! surr\nd+ air1 or :atev] gase\s m$ium !re might be4 ,! molecules1 or atoms1 :i* are ne> ! sph]e are ( c\rse m attract$1 & move ?r\gh a great] di/ance ?an ! f>!r ones4 ,:5 ! ne>e/ molecules /rike ! sph]e !y are repell$1 & collisions occur at all di/ances )9 ! inductive action ( ! sph]e4 ,x is n[ cle> t1 if ! pot5tial be /eady1 b little loss ( en]gy c be caus$ 9 ?is way1 = ! molecules :i* are ne>e/ to ! sph]e1 hav+ _h an additional *>ge imp>t$ to !m by contact1 are n attract$ until !y h p>t$1 if n ) all1 at lea/ ) mo/ ( ! additional *>ge1 :i* c be accompli%$ only aft] a great _m collisions4 ,f ! fact t ) a /eady pot5tial !re is b little loss 9 dry air1 "o mu/ come to su* a conclusion4 ,:5 ! pot5tial ( ! sph]e1 in/ead ( be+ /eady1 is alt]nat+1 ! conditions are entirely diff]5t4 ,9 ?is case a rhy?mical bomb>dm5t occurs1 no matt] :e!r ! molecules aft] com+ 9 contact ) ! sph]e lose ! imp>t$ *>ge or n2 :at is m1 if ! *>ge is n lo/1 ! impacts are only ! m viol5t4 ,/ill if ! frequ5cy ( ! impulses be v small1 ! loss caus$ by ! impacts & collisions w\ld n be s]i\s unless ! pot5tial 7 excessive4 ,b :5 extremely high frequ5cies & m or less high pot5tials are us$1 ! loss may be v great4 ,! total en]gy lo/ p] unit ( "t is proportionate to ! product ( ! numb] ( impacts p] second1 or ! frequ5cy & ! en]gy lo/ 9 ea* impact4 ,b ! en]gy ( an impact mu/ be proportionate to ! squ>e ( ! electric d5sity ( ! sph]e1 s9ce ! *>ge imp>t$ to ! molecule is proportionate to t d5sity4 ,i conclude f ?is t ! total en]gy lo/ mu/ be proportionate to ! product ( ! frequ5cy & ! squ>e ( ! electric d5sity2 b ?is law ne$s exp]im5tal confirmation4 ,assum+ ! prec$+ consid]ations to be true1 !n1 by rapidly alt]nat+ ! pot5tial ( a body imm]s$ 9 an insulat+ gase\s m$ium1 any am\nt ( en]gy may be dissipat$ into space4 ,mo/ ( t en]gy !n1 ,i believe1 is n dissipat$ 9 ! =m ( long e!r waves1 propagat$ to consid]able di/ance1 z is ?\ght mo/ g5]ally1 b is consum$--9 ! case ( an insulat$ sph]e1 = example--9 impact & collisional losses--t is1 heat vibrations--on ! surface & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sph]e4 ,to r$uce ! dissipation x is necess>y to "w ) a small electric d5sity--! small] ! high] ! frequ5cy4 ,b s9ce1 on ! assumption be=e made1 ! loss is dim9i%$ ) ! squ>e ( ! d5sity1 & s9ce curr5ts ( v high frequ5cies involve consid]able wa/e :5 transmitt$ ?r\gh conductors1 x foll[s t1 on ! :ole1 x is bett] to employ "o wire ?an two4 ,!re=e1 if motors1 lamps1 or devices ( any k9d are p]fect$1 capable ( be+ advantage\sly op]at$ by curr5ts ( extremely high frequ5cy1 economical reasons w make x advisable to use only "o wire1 especially if ! di/ances are great4 ,:5 en]gy is absorb$ 9 a cond5s] ! same behaves z ?\gh its capacity 7 increas$4 ,absorption always exi/s m or less1 b g5]ally x is small & ( no consequ5ce z long z ! frequ5cies are n v great4 ,9 us+ extremely high frequ5cies1 &1 necess>ily 9 su* case1 also high pot5tials1 ! absorption--or1 :at is "h meant m p>ticul>ly by ?is t]m1 ! loss ( en]gy due to ! pres5ce ( a gase\s m$ium--is an important factor to be consid]$1 z ! en]gy absorb$ 9 ! air cond5s] may be any fraction ( ! suppli$ en]gy4 ,?is w\ld seem to make x v difficult to tell f ! measur$ or comput$ capacity ( an air cond5s] its actual capacity or vibration p]iod1 especially if ! cond5s] is ( v small surface & is *>g$ to a v high pot5tial4 ,z _m important results are dep5d5t ^u ! correctness ( ! e/imation ( ! vibration p]iod1 ?is subject dem&s ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y ( o!r inve/igators4 ,to r$uce ! probable error z mu* z possible 9 exp]im5ts ( ! k9d allud$ to1 x is advisable to use sph]es or plates ( l>ge surface1 s z to make ! d5sity exce$+ly small4 ,o!rwise1 :5 x is practicable1 an oil cond5s] %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce4 ,9 oil or o!r liquid dielectrics !re are seem+ly no su* losses z 9 gase\s m$ia4 ,x be+ impossible to exclude entirely ! gas 9 cond5s]s ) solid dielectrics1 su* cond5s]s %\ld be imm]s$ 9 oil1 = economical reasons if no?+ else2 !y c !n be /ra9$ to ! utmo/ & w rema9 cool4 ,9 ,leyd5 j>s ! loss due to air is comp>atively small1 z ! t9foil coat+s are l>ge1 close toge!r1 & ! *>g$ surfaces n directly expos$2 b :5 ! pot5tials are v high1 ! loss may be m or less consid]able at1 or ne>1 ! upp] edge ( ! foil1 :]e ! air is pr9cipally act$ ^u4 ,if ! j> be imm]s$ 9 boil$-out oil1 x w be capable ( p]=m+ f\r times ! am\nt ( "w :i* x c = any l5g? ( "t :5 us$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & ! loss w be inappreciable4 ,x %\ld n be ?\ght t ! loss 9 heat 9 an air cond5s] is necess>ily associat$ ) ! =mation ( visible /reams or bru%es4 ,if a small electrode1 inclos$ 9 an unexhau/$ bulb1 is connect$ to "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil1 /reams c be se5 to issue f ! electrode & ! air 9 ! bulb is heat$2 if1 in/ead ( a small electrode1 a l>ge sph]e is inclos$ 9 ! bulb1 no /reams are obs]v$1 /ill ! air is heat$4 ,nor %\ld x be ?\ght t ! temp]ature ( an air cond5s] w\ld give ev5 an approximate idea ( ! loss 9 heat incurr$1 z 9 su* case heat mu/ be giv5 (f mu* m quickly1 s9ce !re is1 9 addition to ! ord9>y radiation1 a v active c>ry+ away ( heat by indep5d5t c>ri]s go+ on1 & s9ce n only ! app>atus1 b ! air at "s di/ance f x is heat$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! collisions :i* mu/ occur4 ,ow+ to ?is1 9 exp]im5ts ) su* a coil1 a rise ( temp]ature c be di/9ctly obs]v$ only :5 ! body connect$ to ! coil is v small4 ,b ) app>atus on a l>g] scale1 ev5 a body ( consid]able bulk w\ld be heat$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! body ( a p]son2 & ,i ?9k t skill$ physicians might make obs]vations ( utility 9 su* exp]im5ts1 :i*1 if ! app>atus 7 judici\sly design$1 w\ld n pres5t ! slighte/ dang]4 ,a "q ( "s int]e/1 pr9cipally to meteorologi/s1 pres5ts itself "h4 ,h[ does ! e>? behave8 ,! e>? is an air cond5s]1 b is x a p]fect or a v imp]fect "o--a m]e s9k ( en]gy8 ,!re c be little d\bt t to su* small di/urbance z might be caus$ 9 an exp]im5t ! e>? behaves z an almo/ p]fect cond5s]4 ,b x might be diff]5t :5 its *>ge is set 9 vibration by "s sudd5 di/urbance occurr+ 9 ! heav5s4 ,9 su* case1 z be=e /at$1 probably only little ( ! en]gy ( ! vibrations set up w\ld be lo/ into space 9 ! =m ( long e!r radiations1 b mo/ ( ! en]gy1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld sp5d itself 9 molecul> impacts & collisions1 & pass (f into space 9 ! =m ( %ort heat1 & possibly light1 waves4 ,z bo? ! frequ5cy ( ! vibrations ( ! *>ge & ! pot5tial are 9 all probability excessive1 ! en]gy conv]t$ into heat may be consid]able4 ,s9ce ! d5sity mu/ be unev5ly di/ribut$1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! irregul>ity ( ! e>?'s surface1 or on acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! atmosph]e 9 v>i\s places1 ! effect produc$ w\ld accord+ly v>y f place to place4 ,consid]able v>iations 9 ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! atmosph]e may 9 ?is mann] be caus$ at any po9t ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! v>iations may be gradual or v sudd51 accord+ to ! nature ( ! g5]al di/urbance1 & may produce ra9 & /orms1 or locally modify ! wea!r 9 any way4 ,f ! rem>ks be=e made "o may see :at an important factor ( loss ! air 9 ! neighborhood ( a *>g$ surface becomes :5 ! electric d5sity is great & ! frequ5cy ( ! impulses excessive4 ,b ! action z expla9$ implies t ! air is insulat+--t is1 t x is compos$ ( indep5d5t c>ri]s imm]s$ 9 an insulat+ m$ium4 ,?is is ! case only :5 ! air is at some?+ l ord9>y or great]1 or at extremely small1 pressure4 ,:5 ! air is slightly r>efi$ & conduct+1 !n true conduction losses occur also4 ,9 su* case1 ( c\rse1 consid]able en]gy may be dissipat$ into space ev5 ) a /eady pot5tial1 or ) impulses ( l[ frequ5cy1 if ! d5sity is v great4 ,:5 ! gas is at v l[ pressure1 an electrode is heat$ m because high] spe$s c be rea*$4 ,if ! gas ar\nd ! electrode is /rongly compress$1 ! displacem5ts1 & consequ5tly ! spe$s1 are v small1 & ! heat+ is insignificant4 ,b if 9 su* case ! frequ5cy c\ld be suffici5tly increas$1 ! electrode w\ld be br\ght to a high temp]ature z well z if ! gas 7 at v l[ pressure2 9 fact1 exhau/+ ! bulb is only necess>y because we _c produce 7& possibly n convey7 curr5ts ( ! requir$ frequ5cy4 ,return+ to ! subject ( electrode lamps1 x is obvi\sly ( advantage 9 su* a lamp to conf9e z mu* z possible ! heat to ! electrode by prev5t+ ! circulation ( ! gas 9 ! bulb4 ,if a v small bulb be tak51 x w\ld conf9e ! heat bett] ?an a l>ge "o1 b x might n be ( suffici5t capacity to be op]at$ f ! coil1 or1 if s1 ! glass might get too hot4 ,a simple way to improve 9 ?is direction is to employ a globe ( ! requir$ size1 b to place a small bulb1 ! diamet] ( :i* is prop]ly e/imat$1 ov] ! refractory button conta9$ 9 ! globe4 ,?is arrangem5t is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,lamp ,,) ,,auxili>y ,,bulb ,,= ,,conf9+ ,,! ,,action ,,to ,,! ,,c5tre4 ,! globe ,l has 9 ?is case a l>ge neck n1 all[+ ! small bulb b to slip ?r\gh4 ,o!rwise ! con/ruction is ! same z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 = example4 ,! small bulb is conv5i5tly support$ ^u ! /em s1 c>ry+ ! refractory button m4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! alum9ium tube a by sev]al lay]s ( mica ,m1 9 ord] to prev5t ! crack+ ( ! neck by ! rapid heat+ ( ! alum9ium tube ^u a sudd5 turn+ on ( ! curr5t4 ,! inside bulb %\ld be z small z possible :5 x is desir$ to obta9 light only by inc&esc5ce ( ! electrode4 ,if x is desir$ to produce phosphoresc5ce1 ! bulb %\ld be l>g]1 else x w\ld be apt to get too hot1 & ! phosphoresc5ce w\ld cease4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t usually only ! small bulb %[s phosphoresc5ce1 z !re is practically no bomb>dm5t aga9/ ! out] globe4 ,9 "s ( ^! bulbs con/ruct$ z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh ! small tube 0 coat$ ) phosphoresc5t pa9t1 & beautiful effects 7 obta9$4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! inside bulb l>ge1 9 ord] to avoid undue heat+1 x answ]s ! purpose to make ! electrode m l>g]4 ,9 ?is case ! bomb>dm5t is weak5$ by reason ( ! small] electric d5sity4 ,_m bulbs 7 con/ruct$ on ! plan illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,"h a small bulb b1 conta9+ ! refractory button m1 ^u be+ exhau/$ to a v high degree 0 seal$ 9 a l>ge globe ,l1 :i* 0 !n mod]ately exhau/$ & seal$ (f4 ,! pr9cipal advantage ( ?is con/ruction 0 t x all[$ ( rea*+ extremely high vacua1 &1 at ! same "t use a l>ge bulb4 ,x 0 f\nd1 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ces ) bulbs su* z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi1 t x 0 well to make ! /em s ne> ! seal at e v ?ick1 & ! lead+-9 wire w ?91 z x occurr$ sometimes t ! /em at e 0 heat$ & ! bulb 0 crack$4 ,(t5 ! out] globe ,l 0 exhau/$ only j en\gh to all[ ! dis*>ge to pass ?r\gh1 & ! space betwe5 ! bulbs appe>$ crimson1 produc+ a curi\s effect4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 ! exhau/ion 9 globe ,l 0 v l[1 & ! air good conduct+1 x 0 f\nd necess>y1 9 ord] to br+ ! button m to high inc&esc5ce1 to place1 pref]ably on ! upp] "p ( ! neck ( ! globe1 a t9foil coat+ :i* 0 connect$ to an insulat$ body1 to ! gr\nd1 or to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! coil1 z ! highly conduct+ air weak5$ ! effect some:at1 probably by be+ act$ ^u inductively f ! wire w1 :]e x ent]$ ! bulb at e4 ,ano!r difficulty--:i*1 h[ev]1 is always pres5t :5 ! refractory button is m\nt$ 9 a v small bulb--exi/$ 9 ! con/ruction illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi1 namely1 ! vacuum 9 ! bulb b w\ld be impair$ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,lamp ,,) ,,indep5d5t ,,auxili>y ,,bulb4 ,! *ief idea 9 ! two la/ describ$ con/ructions 0 to conf9e ! heat to ! c5tral portion ( ! globe by prev5t+ ! ex*ange ( air4 ,an advantage is secur$1 b ow+ to ! heat+ ( ! inside bulb & sl[ evaporation ( ! glass ! vacuum is h>d to ma9ta91 ev5 if ! con/ruction illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh be *os51 9 :i* bo? bulbs communicate4 ,b by f> ! bett] way--! ideal way--w\ld be to rea* suffici5tly high frequ5cies4 ,! high] ! frequ5cy ! sl[] w\ld be ! ex*ange ( ! air1 & ,i ?9k t a frequ5cy may be rea*$ at :i* !re w\ld be no ex*ange :atev] ( ! air molecules ar\nd ! t]m9al4 ,we w\ld !n produce a flame 9 :i* !re w\ld be no c>ry+ away ( mat]ial1 & a que] flame x w\ld be1 = x w\ld be rigid6 ,) su* high frequ5cies ! in]tia ( ! p>ticles w\ld come into play4 ,z ! bru%1 or flame1 w\ld ga9 rigidity 9 virtue ( ! in]tia ( ! p>ticles1 ! ex*ange ( ! latt] w\ld be prev5t$4 ,?is w\ld necess>ily occur1 =1 ! numb] ( ! impulses be+ augm5t$1 ! pot5tial en]gy ( ea* w\ld dim9i%1 s t f9ally only atomic vibrations c\ld be set up1 & ! motion ( translation ?r\gh measurable space w\ld cease4 ,?us an ord9>y gas burn] connect$ to a s\rce ( rapidly alt]nat+ pot5tial might h its effici5cy augm5t$ to a c]ta9 limit1 & ?is = two reasons--because ( ! additional vibration imp>t$1 & because ( a sl[+ d[n ( ! process ( c>ry+ (f4 ,b ! r5ewal be+ r5d]$ difficult1 & r5ewal be+ necess>y to ma9ta9 ! burn]1 a cont9u$ increase ( ! frequ5cy ( ! impulses1 assum+ !y c\ld be transmitt$ to & impress$ ^u ! flame1 w\ld result 9 ! ext9ction ( ! latt]1 mean+ by ?is t]m only ! cessation ( ! *emical process4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! case ( an electrode imm]s$ 9 a fluid insulat+ m$ium1 & surr\nd$ by indep5d5t c>ri]s ( electric *>ges1 :i* c be act$ ^u inductively1 a suffici5tly high frequ5cy ( ! impulses w\ld probably result 9 a gravitation ( ! gas all ar\nd t[>d ! electrode4 ,= ?is x w\ld be only necess>y to assume t ! indep5d5t bodies are irregul>ly %ap$2 !y w\ld !n turn t[>d ! electrode _! side ( ! greate/ electric d5sity1 & ?is w\ld be a position 9 :i* ! fluid resi/ance to approa* w\ld be small] ?an t (f]$ to ! rec$+4 ,! g5]al op9ion1 ,i d n d\bt1 is t x is out ( ! "q to rea* any su* frequ5cies z might--assum+ "s ( ! views be=e express$ to be true--produce any ( ! results :i* ,i h po9t$ out z m]e possibilities4 ,?is may be s1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations1 f ! obs]vation ( _m ph5om5a ,i h ga9$ ! conviction t ^! frequ5cies w\ld be mu* l[] ?an "o is apt to e/imate at fir/4 ,9 a flame we set up light vibrations by caus+ molecules1 or atoms1 to collide4 ,b :at is ! ratio ( ! frequ5cy ( ! collisions & t ( ! vibrations set up8 ,c]ta9ly x mu/ be incomp>ably small] ?an t ( ! knocks ( ! bell & ! s\nd vibrations1 or t ( ! dis*>ges & ! oscillations ( ! cond5s]4 ,we may cause ! molecules ( ! gas to collide by ! use ( alt]nate electric impulses ( high frequ5cy1 & s we may imitate ! process 9 a flame2 & f exp]im5ts ) frequ5cies :i* we are n[ able to obta91 ,i ?9k t ! result is producible ) impulses :i* are transmissible ?r\gh a conductor4 ,9 connection ) ?\ghts ( a simil> nature1 x appe>$ to me ( great int]e/ to demon/rate ! rigidity ( a vibrat+ gase\s column4 ,al?\gh ) su* l[ frequ5cies z1 say #aj1jjj p] second1 :i* ,i 0 able to obta9 )\t difficulty f a specially con/ruct$ alt]nator1 ! task look$ disc\rag+ at fir/1 ,i made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,! trials ) air at ord9>y pressure l$ to no result1 b ) air mod]ately r>efi$ ,i obta9 :at ,i ?9k to be an unmi/akable exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! prop]ty s\ght =4 ,z a result ( ?is k9d might lead able inve/igators to conclusions ( importance ,i w describe "o ( ! exp]im5ts p]=m$4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 a tube is slightly exhau/$ ! dis*>ge may be pass$ ?r\gh x 9 ! =m ( a ?9 lum9\s ?read4 ,:5 produc$ ) curr5ts ( l[ frequ5cy1 obta9$ f a coil op]at$ z usual1 ?is ?read is in]t4 ,if a magnet be approa*$ to x1 ! "p ne> ! same is attract$ or repell$1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce ( ! magnet4 ,x occurr$ to me t if su* a ?read w\ld be produc$ ) curr5ts ( v high frequ5cy1 x %\ld be m or less rigid1 & z x 0 visible x c\ld be easily /udi$4 ,accord+ly ,i prep>$ a tube ab\t #a in* 9 diamet] & #a metre long1 ) outside coat+ at ea* end4 ,! tube 0 exhau/$ to a po9t at :i* by a little work+ ! ?read dis*>ge c\ld be obta9$4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ "h t ! g5]al aspect ( ! tube1 & ! degree ( exhau/ion1 are q diff]5t ?an :5 ord9>y l[ frequ5cy curr5ts are us$4 ,z x 0 f\nd pref]able to "w ) "o t]m9al1 ! tube prep>$ 0 susp5d$ f ! end ( a wire connect$ to ! t]m9al1 ! t9foil coat+ be+ connect$ to ! wire1 & to ! l[] coat+ sometimes a small insulat$ plate 0 atta*$4 ,:5 ! ?read 0 =m$ x ext5d$ ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! tube & lo/ itself 9 ! l[] end4 ,if x possess$ rigidity x resembl$1 n exactly an ela/ic cord /ret*$ tight betwe5 two supports1 b a cord susp5d$ f a height ) a small weight atta*$ at ! end4 ,:5 ! f+] or a magnet 0 approa*$ to ! upp] end ( ! lum9\s ?read1 x c\ld be br\ght locally out ( position by electro/atic or magnetic action2 & :5 ! di/urb+ object 0 v quickly remov$1 an analog\s result 0 produc$1 z ?\gh a susp5d$ cord w\ld be displac$ & quickly releas$ ne> ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,9 do+ ?is ! lum9\s ?read 0 set 9 vibration1 & two v %>ply m>k$ nodes1 & a ?ird indi/9ct "o1 7 =m$4 ,! vibration1 once set up1 cont9u$ = fully eight m9utes1 dy+ gradually out4 ,! spe$ ( ! vibration (t5 v>i$ p]ceptibly1 & x c\ld be obs]v$ t ! electro/atic attraction ( ! glass affect$ ! vibrat+ ?read2 b x 0 cle> t ! electro/atic action 0 n ! cause ( ! vibration1 = ! ?read 0 mo/ g5]ally /ation>y1 & c\ld always be set 9 vibration by pass+ ! f+] quickly ne> ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 ,) a magnet ! ?read c\ld be split 9 two & bo? p>ts vibrat$4 ,by approa*+ ! h& to ! l[] coat+ ( ! tube1 or insulat$ plate if atta*$1 ! vibration 0 quick5$2 also1 z f> z ,i c\ld see1 by rais+ ! pot5tial or frequ5cy4 ,?us1 ei!r increas+ ! frequ5cy or pass+ a /rong] dis*>ge ( ! same frequ5cy correspond$ to a tight5+ ( ! cord4 ,i did n obta9 any exp]im5tal evid5ce ) cond5s] dis*>ges4 ,a lum9\s b& excit$ 9 a bulb by repeat$ dis*>ges ( a ,leyd5 j> mu/ possess rigidity1 & if de=m$ & sudd5ly releas$ %\ld vibrate4 ,b probably ! am\nt ( vibrat+ matt] is s small t 9 spite ( ! extreme spe$ ! in]tia _c prom95tly ass]t itself4 ,besides1 ! obs]vation 9 su* a case is r5d]$ extremely difficult on acc\nt ( ! fundam5tal vibration4 ,! demon/ration ( ! fact--:i* /ill ne$s bett] exp]im5tal confirmation--t a vibrat+ gase\s column possesses rigidity1 might greatly modify ! views ( ?9k]s4 ,:5 ) l[ frequ5cies & insignificant pot5tials indications ( t prop]ty may be not$1 h[ mu/ a gase\s m$ium behave "u ! influ5ce ( enorm\s electro/atic /resses :i* may be active 9 ! int]/ell> space1 & :i* may alt]nate ) inconceivable rapidity8 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an electro/atic1 rhy?mically ?robb+ =ce--( a vibrat+ electro/atic field--w\ld %[ a possible way h[ solids might h =m$ f ! ultra-gase\s ut]us1 & h[ transv]se & all k9ds ( vibrations may be transmitt$ ?r\gh a gase\s m$ium fill+ all space4 ,!n1 e!r might be a true fluid1 devoid ( rigidity1 & at re/1 x be+ m]ely necess>y z a connect+ l9k to enable int]action4 ,:at det]m9es ! rigidity ( a body8 ,x mu/ be ! spe$ & ! am\nt ( mov+ matt]4 ,9 a gas ! spe$ may be consid]able1 b ! d5sity is exce$+ly small2 9 a liquid ! spe$ w\ld be likely to be small1 ?\gh ! d5sity may be consid]able2 & 9 bo? cases ! in]tia resi/ance (f]$ to displacem5t is practically nil4 ,b place a gase\s 7or liquid7 column 9 an int5se1 rapidly alt]nat+ electro/atic field1 set ! p>ticles vibrat+ ) enorm\s spe$s1 !n ! in]tia resi/ance ass]ts itself4 ,a body might move ) m or less fre$om ?r\gh ! vibrat+ mass1 b z a :ole x w\ld be rigid4 ,!re is a subject :i* ,i mu/ m5tion 9 connection ) ^! exp]im5ts3 x is t ( high vacua4 ,?is is a subject ! /udy ( :i* is n only int]e/+1 b useful1 = x may lead to results ( great practical importance4 ,9 comm]cial app>atus1 su* z inc&esc5t lamps1 op]at$ f ord9>y sy/ems ( di/ribution1 a mu* high] vacuum ?an obta9$ at pres5t w\ld n secure a v great advantage4 ,9 su* a case ! "w is p]=m$ on ! filam5t & ! gas is little conc]n$2 ! improvem5t1 !re=e1 w\ld be b trifl+4 ,b :5 we beg9 to use v high frequ5cies & pot5tials1 ! action ( ! gas becomes all important1 & ! degree ( exhau/ion mat]ially modifies ! results4 ,z long z ord9>y coils1 ev5 v l>ge ones1 7 us$1 ! /udy ( ! subject 0 limit$1 because j at a po9t :5 x became mo/ int]e/+ x _h to be int]rupt$ on acc\nt ( ! non-/rik+ vacuum be+ rea*$4 ,b pres5tly we are able to obta9 f a small disruptive dis*>ge coil pot5tials mu* high] ?an ev5 ! l>ge/ coil 0 capable ( giv+1 &1 :at is m1 we c make ! pot5tial alt]nate ) great rapidity4 ,bo? ( ^! results enable u n[ to pass a lum9\s dis*>ge ?r\gh almo/ any vacua obta9able1 & ! field ( our inve/igations is greatly ext5d$4 ,?9k we z we may1 ( all ! possible directions to develop a practical illum9ant1 ! l9e ( high vacua seems to be ! mo/ promis+ at pres5t4 ,b to rea* extreme vacua ! appliances mu/ be mu* m improv$1 & ultimate p]fection w n be atta9$ until we %all h disc>d$ ! me*anical & p]fect$ an electrical vacuum pump4 ,molecules & atoms c be ?r[n out ( a bulb "u ! action ( an enorm\s pot5tial3 ?is w be ! pr9ciple ( ! vacuum pump ( ! future4 ,= ! pres5t1 we mu/ secure ! be/ results we c ) me*anical appliances4 ,9 ?is respect1 x might n be out ( ! way to say a few words ab\t ! me?od (1 & app>atus =1 produc+ excessively high degrees ( exhau/ion ( :i* ,i h avail$ myself 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations4 ,x is v probable t o!r exp]im5t]s h us$ simil> arrangem5ts2 b z x is possible t !re may be an item ( int]e/ 9 _! description1 a few rem>ks1 :i* w r5d] ?is inve/igation m complete1 might be p]mitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,= ,,obta9+ ,,high ,,degrees ,,( ,,exhau/ion4 ,! app>atus is illu/rat$ 9 a draw+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,s repres5ts a ,spr5gel pump1 :i* has be5 specially con/ruct$ to bett] suit ! "w requir$4 ,! /op-cock :i* is usually employ$ has be5 omitt$1 & in/ead ( x a holl[ /opp] s has be5 fitt$ 9 ! neck ( ! res]voir ,r4 ,?is /opp] has a small hole h1 ?r\gh :i* ! m]cury desc5ds2 ! size ( ! outlet o be+ prop]ly det]m9$ ) respect to ! section ( ! fall tube t1 :i* is seal$ to ! res]voir in/ead ( be+ connect$ to x 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is arrangem5t ov]comes ! imp]fections & tr\bles :i* (t5 arise f ! use ( ! /opcock on ! res]voir & ! connection ( ! latt] ) ! fall tube4 ,! pump is connect$ ?r\gh a ,u-%ap$ tube t to a v l>ge res]voir ,r#a4 ,especial c>e 0 tak5 9 fitt+ ! gr9d+ surfaces ( ! /opp]s p & p#a1 & bo? ( ^! & ! m]cury caps above !m 7 made exceptionally long4 ,aft] ! ,u-%ap$ tube 0 fitt$ & put 9 place1 x 0 heat$1 s z to s(t5 & take (f ! /ra9 result+ f imp]fect fitt+4 ,! ,u-%ap$ tube 0 provid$ ) a /opcock ,c1 & two gr\nd connections g & g#a--"o = a small bulb b1 usually conta9+ cau/ic pota%1 & ! o!r = ! receiv] r1 to be exhau/$4 ,! res]voir ,r#a 0 connect$ by means ( a rubb] tube to a slightly l>g] res]voir ,r#b1 ea* ( ! two res]voirs be+ provid$ ) a /opcock ,c#a & ,c#b1 respectively4 ,! res]voir ,r#b c\ld be rais$ & l[]$ by a :eel & rack1 & ! range ( its motion 0 s det]m9$ t :5 x 0 fill$ ) m]cury & ! /opcock ,c#b clos$1 s z to =m a ,torricellian vacuum 9 x :5 rais$1 x c\ld be lift$ s high t ! m]cury 9 res]voir ,r#a w\ld /& a little above /opcock ,c#a2 & :5 ?is /opcock 0 clos$ & ! res]voir ,r#b desc5d$1 s z to =m a ,torricellian vacuum 9 res]voir ,r#a1 x c\ld be l[]$ s f> z to completely empty ! latt]1 ! m]cury fill+ ! res]voir ,r#b up to a little above /opcock ,c#b4 ,! capacity ( ! pump & ( ! connections 0 tak5 z small z possible relatively to ! volume ( res]voir ,r#a1 s9ce1 ( c\rse1 ! degree ( exhau/ion dep5d$ ^u ! ratio ( ^! quantities4 ,) ?is app>atus ,i comb9$ ! usual means indicat$ by =m] exp]im5ts = ! production ( v high vacua4 ,9 mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts x 0 conv5i5t to use cau/ic pota%4 ,i may v5ture to say1 9 reg>d to its use1 t mu* "t is sav$ & a m p]fect action ( ! pump insur$ by fus+ & boil+ ! pota% z soon z1 or ev5 be=e1 ! pump settles d[n4 ,if ?is c\rse is n foll[$ ! /icks1 z ord9>ily employ$1 may give moi/ure (f at a c]ta9 v sl[ rate1 & ! pump may "w = _m h\rs )\t rea*+ a v high vacuum4 ,! pota% 0 heat$ ei!r by a _s lamp or by pass+ a dis*>ge ?r\gh x1 or by pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh a wire conta9$ 9 x4 ,! advantage 9 ! latt] case 0 t ! heat+ c\ld be m rapidly repeat$4 ,g5]ally ! process ( exhau/ion 0 ! foll[+3--,at ! />t1 ! /op-cocks ,c & ,c#a be+ op51 & all o!r connections clos$1 ! res]voir ,r#b 0 rais$ s f> t ! m]cury fill$ ! res]voir ,r#a & a "p ( ! n>r[ connect+ ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,:5 ! pump 0 set to "w1 ! m]cury w\ld1 ( c\rse1 quickly rise 9 ! tube1 & res]voir ,r#b 0 l[]$1 ! exp]im5t] keep+ ! m]cury at ab\t ! same level4 ,! res]voir ,r#b 0 balanc$ by a long spr+ :i* facilitat$ ! op]ation1 & ! friction ( ! p>ts 0 g5]ally suffici5t to keep x almo/ 9 any position4 ,:5 ! ,spr5gel pump _h done its "w1 ! res]voir ,r#b 0 fur!r l[]$ & ! m]cury desc5d$ 9 ,r#a & fill$ ,r#b1 :]eupon /opcock ,c#b 0 clos$4 ,! air adh]+ to ! walls ( ,r#a & t absorb$ by ! m]cury 0 c>ri$ (f1 & to free ! m]cury ( all air ! res]voir ,r#b 0 = a long "t work$ up & d[n4 ,dur+ ?is process "s air1 :i* w\ld ga!r bel[ /opcock ,c#b1 0 expell$ f ,r#b by l[]+ x f> en\gh & op5+ ! /opcock1 clos+ ! latt] aga9 be=e rais+ ! res]voir4 ,:5 all ! air _h be5 expell$ f ! m]cury1 & no air w\ld ga!r 9 ,r#b :5 x 0 l[]$1 ! cau/ic pota% 0 resort$ to4 ,! res]voir ,r#b 0 n[ aga9 rais$ until ! m]cury 9 ,r#a /ood above /opcock ,c#a4 ,! cau/ic pota% 0 fus$ & boil$1 & ! moi/ure p>tly c>ri$ (f by ! pump & p>tly re-absorb$2 & ?is process ( heat+ & cool+ 0 repeat$ _m times1 & ea* "t1 ^u ! moi/ure be+ absorb$ or c>ri$ (f1 ! res]voir ,r#b 0 = a long "t rais$ & l[]$4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! moi/ure 0 c>ri$ (f f ! m]cury1 & bo? ! res]voirs 7 9 prop] condition to be us$4 ,! res]voir ,r#b 0 !n aga9 rais$ to ! top1 & ! pump 0 kept work+ = a long "t4 ,:5 ! highe/ vacuum obta9able ) ! pump _h be5 rea*$ ! pota% bulb 0 usually wrapp$ ) cotton :i* 0 spr9kl$ ) e!r s z to keep ! pota% at a v l[ temp]ature1 !n ! res]voir ,r#b 0 l[]$1 & ^u res]voir ,r#a be+ empti$ ! receiv] r 0 quickly seal$ up4 ,:5 a new bulb 0 put on1 ! m]cury 0 always rais$ above /opcock ,c#a :i* 0 clos$1 s z to always keep ! m]cury & bo? ! res]voirs 9 f9e condition1 & ! m]cury 0 nev] )drawn f ,r#a except :5 ! pump _h rea*$ ! highe/ degree ( exhau/ion4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve ?is rule if x is desir$ to use ! app>atus to advantage4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t ,i 0 able to proce$ v quickly1 & :5 ! app>atus 0 9 p]fect ord] x 0 possible to rea* ! phosphoresc5t /age 9 a small bulb 9 less ?an #ae m9utes1 :i* is c]ta9ly v quick "w = a small laboratory arrangem5t requir+ all 9 all ab\t #ajj p\nds ( m]cury4 ,) ord9>y small bulbs ! ratio ( ! capacity ( ! pump1 receiv]1 & connections1 & t ( res]voir ,r 0 ab\t #a-bj1 & ! degrees ( exhau/ion rea*$ 7 necess>ily v high1 ?\gh ,i am unable to make a precise & reliable /atem5t h[ f> ! exhau/ion 0 c>ri$4 ,:at impresses ! inve/igator mo/ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]i5ces is ! behavior ( gases :5 subject$ to great rapidly alt]nat+ electro/atic /resses4 ,b he mu/ rema9 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! effects obs]v$ are due :olly to ! molecules1 or atoms1 ( ! gas :i* *emical analysis discloses to u1 or :e!r !re ent]s into play ano!r m$ium ( a gase\s nature1 compris+ atoms1 or molecules1 imm]s$ 9 a fluid p]vad+ ! space4 ,su* a m$ium surely mu/ exi/1 & ,i am conv9c$ t1 = in/ance1 ev5 if air 7 abs5t1 ! surface & neighborhood ( a body 9 space w\ld be heat$ by rapidly alt]nat+ ! pot5tial ( ! body2 b no su* heat+ ( ! surface or neighborhood c\ld occur if all free atoms 7 remov$ & only a homog5e\s1 incompressible1 & ela/ic fluid--su* z e!r is suppos$ to be--w\ld rema91 = !n !re w\ld be no impacts1 no collisions4 ,9 su* a case1 z f> z ! body itself is conc]n$1 only frictional losses 9 ! inside c\ld occur4 ,x is a /rik+ fact t ! dis*>ge ?r\gh a gas is e/abli%$ ) ev] increas+ fre$om z ! frequ5cy ( ! impulses is augm5t$4 ,x behaves 9 ?is respect q contr>ily to a metallic conductor4 ,9 ! latt] ! imp$ance ent]s prom95tly into play z ! frequ5cy is increas$1 b ! gas acts mu* z a s]ies ( cond5s]s w\ld3 ! facility ) :i* ! dis*>ge passes ?r\gh seems to dep5d on ! rate ( *ange ( pot5tial4 ,if x act s1 !n 9 a vacuum tube ev5 ( great l5g?1 & no matt] h[ /rong ! curr5t1 self-induction c\ld n ass]t itself to any appreciable degree4 ,we h1 !n1 z f> z we c n[ see1 9 ! gas a conductor :i* is capable ( transmitt+ electric impulses ( any frequ5cy :i* we may be able to produce4 ,c\ld ! frequ5cy be br\ght high en\gh1 !n a que] sy/em ( electric di/ribution1 :i* w\ld be likely to int]e/ gas companies1 might be realiz$3 metal pipes fill$ ) gas--! metal be+ ! insulator1 ! gas ! conductor--supply+ phosphoresc5t bulbs1 or p]haps devices z yet un9v5t$4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible to take a holl[ core ( copp]1 r>efy ! gas 9 ! same1 & by pass+ impulses ( suffici5tly high frequ5cy ?r\gh a circuit ar\nd x1 br+ ! gas inside to a high degree ( inc&esc5ce2 b z to ! nature ( ! =ces !re w\ld be consid]able unc]ta9ty1 = x w\ld be d\btful :e!r ) su* impulses ! copp] core w\ld act z a /atic scre54 ,su* p>adoxes & app>5t impossibilities we enc\nt] at e /ep 9 ?is l9e ( "w1 & !re9 lies1 to a great ext5t1 ! claim ( ! /udy4 ,i h "h a %ort & wide tube :i* is exhau/$ to a high degree & cov]$ ) a sub/antial coat+ ( bronze1 ! coat+ all[+ b>ely ! light to %9e ?r\gh4 ,a metallic clasp1 ) a hook = susp5d+ ! tube1 is fa/5$ ar\nd ! middle portion ( ! latt]1 ! clasp be+ 9 contact ) ! bronze coat+4 ,i n[ want to light ! gas inside by susp5d+ ! tube on a wire connect$ to ! coil4 ,any "o :o w\ld try ! exp]im5t = ! fir/ "t1 n hav+ any previ\s exp]i5ce1 w\ld probably take c>e to be q alone :5 mak+ ! trial1 = fe> t he might become ! joke ( 8 assi/ants4 ,/ill1 ! bulb lights 9 spite ( ! metal coat+1 & ! light c be di/9ctly p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,a long tube cov]$ ) alum9ium bronze lights :5 held 9 "o h&--! o!r t\*+ ! t]m9al ( ! coil--q p[]fully4 ,x might be object$ t ! coat+s are n suffici5tly conduct+2 /ill1 ev5 if !y 7 highly resi/ant1 !y ought to scre5 ! gas4 ,!y c]ta9ly scre5 x p]fectly 9 a condition ( re/1 b n by f> p]fectly :5 ! *>ge is surg+ 9 ! coat+4 ,b ! loss ( en]gy :i* occurs )9 ! tube1 not)/&+ ! scre51 is occasion$ pr9cipally by ! pres5ce ( ! gas4 ,7 we to take a l>ge holl[ metallic sph]e & fill x ) a p]fect incompressible fluid dielectric1 !re w\ld be no loss inside ( ! sph]e1 & consequ5tly ! inside might be consid]$ z p]fectly scre5$1 ?\gh ! pot5tial be v rapidly alt]nat+4 ,ev5 7 ! sph]e fill$ ) oil1 ! loss w\ld be incomp>ably small] ?an :5 ! fluid is replac$ by a gas1 = 9 ! latt] case ! =ce produces displacem5ts2 t means impact & collisions 9 ! inside4 ,no matt] :at ! pressure ( ! gas may be1 x becomes an important factor 9 ! heat+ ( a conductor :5 ! electric d5sity is great & ! frequ5cy v high4 ,t 9 ! heat+ ( conductors by lightn+ dis*>ges air is an elem5t ( great importance1 is almo/ z c]ta9 z an exp]im5tal fact4 ,i may illu/rate ! action ( ! air by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,i take a %ort tube :i* is exhau/$ to a mod]ate degree & has a plat9um wire runn+ ?r\gh ! middle f "o end to ! o!r4 ,i pass a /eady or l[ frequ5cy curr5t ?r\gh ! wire1 & x is heat$ uni=mly 9 all p>ts4 ,! heat+ "h is due to conduction1 or frictional losses1 & ! gas ar\nd ! wire has--z f> z we c see--no function to p]=m4 ,b n[ let me pass sudd5 dis*>ges1 or a high frequ5cy curr5t1 ?r\gh ! wire4 ,aga9 ! wire is heat$1 ?is "t pr9cipally on ! ends & lea/ 9 ! middle portion2 & if ! frequ5cy ( ! impulses1 or ! rate ( *ange1 is high en\gh1 ! wire might z well be cut 9 ! middle z n1 = practically all ! heat+ is due to ! r>efi$ gas4 ,"h ! gas might only act z a conductor ( no imp$ance div]t+ ! curr5t f ! wire z ! imp$ance ( ! latt] is enorm\sly increas$1 & m]ely heat+ ! ends ( ! wire by reason ( _! resi/ance to ! passage ( ! dis*>ge4 ,b x is n at all necess>y t ! gas 9 ! tube %\ld he conduct+2 x might be at an extremely l[ pressure1 /ill ! ends ( ! wire w\ld be heat$--z1 h[ev]1 is asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce--only ! two ends w\ld 9 su*1 case n be electrically connect$ ?r\gh ! gase\s m$ium4 ,n[ :at ) ^! frequ5cies & pot5tials occurs 9 an exhau/$ tube occurs 9 ! lightn+ dis*>ges at ord9>y pressure4 ,we only ne$ rememb] "o ( ! facts arriv$ at 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations1 namely1 t to impulses ( v high frequ5cy ! gas at ord9>y pressure behaves mu* 9 ! same mann] z ?\gh x 7 at mod]ately l[ pressure4 ,i ?9k t 9 lightn+ dis*>ges frequ5tly wires or conduct+ objects are volatiliz$ m]ely because air is pres5t & t1 7 ! conductor imm]s$ 9 an insulat+ liquid1 x w\ld be safe1 = !n ! en]gy w\ld h to sp5d itself some:]e else4 ,f ! behavior ( gases to sudd5 impulses ( high pot5tial ,i am l$ to conclude t !re c be no sur] way ( div]t+ a lightn+ dis*>ge ?an by af=d+ x a passage ?r\gh a volume ( gas1 if su* a ?+ c be done 9 a practical mann]4 ,!re are two m features ^u :i* ,i ?9k x necess>y to dwell 9 connection ) ^! exp]im5ts--! radiant /ate & ! non-/rik+ vacuum4 ,any "o :o has /udi$ ,crookes' "w mu/ h receiv$ ! impression t ! radiant /ate is a prop]ty ( ! gas insep>ably connect$ ) an extremely high degree ( exhau/ion4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 an exhau/$ vessel are limit$ to ! "* & capacity ( ! app>atus :i* is made use (4 ,i ?9k t 9 a bulb a molecule1 or atom1 does n precisely move 9 a /raight l9e because x meets no ob/acle1 b because ! velocity imp>t$ to x is suffici5t to propel x 9 a s5sibly /raight l9e4 ,! mean free pa? is "o ?+1 b ! velocity--! en]gy associat$ ) ! mov+ body--is ano!r1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances ,i believe t x is a m]e "q ( pot5tial or spe$4 ,a disruptive dis*>ge coil1 :5 ! pot5tial is pu%$ v f>1 excites phosphoresc5ce & projects %ad[s1 at comp>atively l[ degrees ( exhau/ion4 ,9 a lightn+ dis*>ge1 matt] moves 9 /raight l9es z ord9>y pressure :5 ! mean free pa? is exce$+ly small1 & frequ5tly images ( wires or o!r metallic objects h be5 produc$ by ! p>ticles ?r[n (f 9 /raight l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,bulb ,,%[+ ,,radiant ,,lime ,,/ream ,,at ,,l[ ,,exhau/ion4 ,i h prep>$ a bulb to illu/rate by an exp]im5t ! correctness ( ^! ass]tions4 ,9 a globe ,l 7,fig4 #ca7 ,i h m\nt$ ^u a lamp filam5t f a piece ( lime l4 ,! lamp filam5t is connect$ ) a wire :i* leads into ! bulb1 & ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! latt] is z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai1 be=e describ$4 ,! bulb be+ susp5d$ f a wire connect$ to ! t]m9al ( ! coil1 & ! latt] be+ set to "w1 ! lime piece l & ! project+ p>ts ( ! filam5t f are bomb>d$4 ,! degree ( exhau/ion is j su* t ) ! pot5tial ! coil is capable ( giv+ phosphoresc5ce ( ! glass is produc$1 b disappe>s z soon z ! vacuum is impair$4 ,! lime conta9+ moi/ure1 & moi/ure be+ giv5 (f z soon z heat+ occurs1 ! phosphoresc5ce la/s only = a few mom5ts4 ,:5 ! lime has be5 suffici5tly heat$1 en\gh moi/ure has be5 giv5 (f to impair mat]ially ! vacuum ( ! bulb4 ,z ! bomb>dm5t goes on1 "o po9t ( ! lime piece is m heat$ ?an o!r po9ts1 & ! result is t f9ally practically all ! dis*>ge passes ?r\gh t po9t :i* is int5sely heat$1 & a :ite /ream ( lime p>ticles 7,fig4 #ca7 !n breaks =? f t po9t4 ,?is /ream is compos$ ( radiant matt]1 yet ! degree ( exhau/ion is l[4 ,b ! p>ticles move 9 /raight l9es because ! velocity imp>t$ to !m is great1 & ?is is due to ?ree causes--to ! great electric d5sity1 ! high temp]ature ( ! small po9t1 & ! fact t ! p>ticles ( ! lime are easily torn & ?r[n (f--f> m easily ?an ^? ( c>bon4 ,) frequ5cies su* z we are able to obta91 ! p>ticles are bodily ?r[n (f & project$ to a consid]able di/ance2 b ) suffici5tly high frequ5cies no su* ?+ w\ld occur3 9 su* case only a /ress w\ld spread or a vibration w\ld be propagat$ ?r\gh ! bulb4 ,x w\ld be out ( ! "q to rea* any su* frequ5cy on ! assumption t ! atoms move ) ! spe$ ( light2 b ,i believe t su* a ?+ is impossible2 = ?is an enorm\s pot5tial w\ld be requir$4 ,) pot5tials :i* we are able to obta91 ev5 ) a disruptive dis*>ge coil1 ! spe$ mu/ be q insignificant4 ,z to ! non-/rik+ vacuum1 ! po9t to be not$ is t x c occur only ) l[ frequ5cy impulses1 & x is necessitat$ by ! impossibility ( c>ry+ (f en\gh en]gy ) su* impulses 9 high vacuum s9ce ! few atoms :i* are ar\nd ! t]m9al ^u com+ 9 contact ) ! same are repell$ & kept at a di/ance = a comp>atively long p]iod ( "t1 & n en\gh "w c be p]=m$ to r5d] ! effect p]ceptible to ! eye4 ,if ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! t]m9als is rais$1 ! dielectric breaks d[n4 ,b ) v high frequ5cy impulses !re is no necessity = su* break+ d[n1 s9ce any am\nt ( "w c be p]=m$ by cont9ually agitat+ ! atoms 9 ! exhau/$ vessel1 provid$ ! frequ5cy is high en\gh4 ,x is easy to rea*--ev5 ) frequ5cies obta9$ f an alt]nator z "h us$--a /age at :i* ! dis*>ge does n pass betwe5 two electrodes 9 a n>r[ tube1 ea* ( ^! be+ connect$ to "o ( ! t]m9als ( ! coil1 b x is difficult to rea* a po9t at :i* a lum9\s dis*>ge w\ld n occur ar\nd ea* electrode4 ,a ?\ght :i* naturally pres5ts itself 9 connection ) high frequ5cy curr5ts1 is to make use ( _! p[]ful electro-dynamic inductive action to produce light effects 9 a seal$ glass globe4 ,! lead+-9 wire is "o ( ! defects ( ! pres5t inc&esc5t lamp1 & if no o!r improvem5t 7 made1 t imp]fection at lea/ %\ld be done away )4 ,foll[+ ?is ?\ght1 ,i h c>ri$ on exp]im5ts 9 v>i\s directions1 ( :i* "s 7 indicat$ 9 my =m] pap]4 ,i may "h m5tion "o or two m l9es ( exp]im5t :i* h be5 foll[$ up4 ,_m bulbs 7 con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb & ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 ,fig4 #cb a wide tube ,t 0 seal$ to a small] ,w-%ap$ tube ,u1 ( phosphoresc5t glass4 ,9 ! tube ,t 0 plac$ a coil ,c ( alum9ium wire1 ! ends ( :i* 7 provid$ ) small sph]es t & t#a ( alum9ium1 & rea*$ into ! ,u tube4 ,! tube ,t 0 slipp$ into a socket conta9+ a prim>y coil ?r\gh :i* usually ! dis*>ges ( ,leyd5 j>s 7 direct$1 & ! r>efi$ gas 9 ! small ,u tube 0 excit$ to /rong lum9osity by ! high-t5sion curr5ts induc$ 9 ! coil ,c4 ,:5 ,leyd5 j> dis*>ges 7 us$ to induce curr5ts 9 ! coil ,c1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to pack ! tube ,t tightly ) insulat+ p[d]1 z a dis*>ge w\ld occur frequ5tly betwe5 ! turns ( ! coil1 especially :5 ! prim>y 0 ?ick & ! air gap1 ?r\gh :i* ! j>s dis*>g$1 l>ge1 & no little tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,electro-,,dynamic ,,induction ,,tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc--;,,electro-,,dynamic ,,induction ,,lamp4 ,9 ,fig4 #cc is illu/rat$ ano!r =m ( ! bulb con/ruct$4 ,9 ?is case a tube ,t is seal$ to a globe ,l4 ,! tube conta9s a coil ,c1 ! ends ( :i* pass ?r\gh two small glass tubes t & t#a1 :i* are seal$ to ! tube ,t4 ,two refractory buttons m & m#a are m\nt$ on lamp filam5ts :i* are fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! wires pass+ ?r\gh ! glass tubes t & t#a4 ,g5]ally 9 bulbs made on ?is plan ! globe ,l communicat$ ) ! tube ,t4 ,= ?is purpose ! ends ( ! small tubes t & t#a 7 j a trifle heat$ 9 ! burn]1 m]ely to hold ! wires1 b n to int]f]e ) ! communication4 ,! tube ,t1 ) ! small tubes1 wires ?r\gh ! same1 & ! refractory buttons m & m#a1 0 fir/ prep>$1 & !n seal$ to globe ,l1 :]eupon ! coil ,c 0 slipp$ 9 & ! connections made to its ends4 ,! tube 0 !n pack$ ) insulat+ p[d]1 jamm+ ! latt] z tight z possible up to v ne>ly ! end1 !n x 0 clos$ & only a small hole left ?r\gh :i* ! rema9d] ( ! p[d] 0 introduc$1 & f9ally ! end ( ! tube 0 clos$4 ,usually 9 bulbs con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc an alum9ium tube a 0 fa/5$ to ! upp] end s ( ea* ( ! tubes t & t#a1 9 ord] to protect t end aga9/ ! heat4 ,! buttons m & m#a c\ld be br\ght to any degree ( inc&esc5ce by pass+ ! dis*>ges ( ,leyd5 j>s ar\nd ! coil ,c4 ,9 su* bulbs ) two buttons a v curi\s effect is produc$ by ! =mation ( ! %ad[s ( ea* ( ! two buttons4 ,ano!r l9e ( exp]im5t1 :i* has be5 assidu\sly foll[$1 0 to induce by electro-dynamic induction a curr5t or lum9\s dis*>ge 9 an exhau/$ tube or bulb4 ,?is matt] has receiv$ su* able treatm5t at ! h&s ( ,pr(4 ,j4,j4 ,?omson t ,i c\ld add b little to :at he has made kn[n1 ev5 _h ,i made x ! special subject ( ?is lecture4 ,/ill1 s9ce exp]i5ces 9 ?is l9e h gradually l$ me to ! pres5t views & results1 a few words mu/ be devot$ "h to ?is subject4 ,x has occurr$1 no d\bt1 to _m t z a vacuum tube is made long] ! electromotive =ce p] unit l5g? ( ! tube1 necess>y to pass a lum9\s dis*>ge ?r\gh ! latt]1 gets cont9ually small]2 !re=e1 if ! exhau/$ tube be made long en\gh1 ev5 ) l[ frequ5cies a lum9\s dis*>ge c\ld be induc$ 9 su* a tube clos$ ^u itself4 ,su* a tube might be plac$ ar\nd a ball or on a ceil+1 & at once a simple appliance capable ( giv+ consid]able light w\ld be obta9$4 ,b ?is w\ld be an appliance h>d to manufacture & extremely unmanageable4 ,x w\ld n d to make ! tube up ( small l5g?s1 because !re w\ld be ) ord9>y frequ5cies consid]able loss 9 ! coat+s1 & besides1 if coat+s 7 us$1 x w\ld be bett] to supply ! curr5t directly to ! tube by connect+ ! coat+s to a trans=m]4 ,b ev5 if all objections ( su* nature 7 remov$1 /ill1 ) l[ frequ5cies ! light conv]sion itself w\ld be ineffici5t1 z ,i h be=e /at$4 ,9 us+ extremely high frequ5cies ! l5g? ( ! second>y--9 o!r words1 ! size ( ! vessel--c be r$uc$ z f> z desir$1 & ! effici5cy ( ! light conv]sion is increas$1 provid$ t means are inv5t$ = effici5tly obta9+ su* high frequ5cies4 ,?us "o is l$1 f !oretical & practical consid]ations1 to ! use ( high frequ5cies1 & ?is means high electromotive =ces & small curr5ts 9 ! prim>y4 ,:5 he works ) cond5s] *>ges--& !y are ! only means up to ! pres5t kn[n = rea*+ ^! extreme frequ5cies--he gets to electromotive =ces ( sev]al ?\s&s ( volts p] turn ( ! prim>y4 ,he _c multiply ! electro-dynamic inductive effect by tak+ m turns 9 ! prim>y1 = he arrives at ! conclusion t ! be/ way is to "w ) "o s+le turn--?\gh he mu/ sometimes dep>t f ?is rule--& he mu/ get along ) :atev] inductive effect he c obta9 ) "o turn4 ,b be=e he has long exp]im5t$ ) ! extreme frequ5cies requir$ to set up 9 a small bulb an electromotive =ce ( sev]al ?\s&s ( volts he realizes ! great importance ( electro/atic effects1 & ^! effects gr[ relatively to ! electro-dynamic 9 significance z ! frequ5cy is increas$4 ,n[1 if any?+ is desirable 9 ?is case1 x is to increase ! frequ5cy1 & ?is w\ld make x /ill worse = ! electro-dynamic effects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is easy to exalt ! electro/atic action z f> z "o likes by tak+ m turns on ! second>y1 or comb9+ self-induction & capacity to raise ! pot5tial4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t1 9 r$uc+ ! curr5t to ! smalle/ value & increas+ ! pot5tial1 ! electric impulses ( high frequ5cy c be m easily transmitt$ ?r\gh a conductor4 ,^! & simil> ?\ghts det]m9$ me to devote m att5tion to ! electro/atic ph5om5a1 & to endeavor to produce pot5tials z high z possible1 & alt]nat+ z fa/ z !y c\ld be made to alt]nate4 ,i !n f\nd t ,i c\ld excite vacuum tubes at consid]able di/ance f a conductor connect$ to a prop]ly con/ruct$ coil1 & t ,i c\ld1 by conv]t+ ! oscillatory curr5t ( a cond5s] to a high] pot5tial1 e/abli% electro/atic alt]nat+ fields :i* act$ ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( a room1 light+ up a tube no matt] :]e x 0 held 9 space4 ,i ?\ght ,i recogniz$ t ,i _h made a /ep 9 advance1 & ,i h p]sev]$ 9 ?is l9e2 b ,i wi% to say t ,i %>e ) all lov]s ( sci5ce & progress ! "o & only desire--to rea* a result ( utility to m5 9 any direction to :i* ?\ght or exp]im5t may lead me4 ,i ?9k t ?is dep>ture is ! "r "o1 = ,i _c see1 f ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a :i* manife/ !mselves z ! frequ5cy is increas$1 :at !re w\ld rema9 to act betwe5 two circuits convey+1 = in/ance1 impulses ( sev]al hundr$ millions p] second1 except electro/atic =ces4 ,ev5 ) su* trifl+ frequ5cies ! en]gy w\ld be practically all pot5tial1 & my conviction has gr[n /rong t1 to :atev] k9d ( motion light may be due1 x is produc$ by trem5d\s electro/atic /resses vibrat+ ) extreme rapidity4 ,( all ^! ph5om5a obs]v$ ) curr5ts1 or electric impulses1 ( high frequ5cy1 ! mo/ fasc9at+ = an audi5ce are c]ta9ly ^? :i* are not$ 9 an electro/atic field act+ ?r\gh consid]able di/ance1 & ! be/ an unskill$ lectur] c d is to beg9 & f9i% ) ! exhibition ( ^! s+ul> effects4 ,i take a tube 9 ! h& & move x ab\t1 & x is light$ :]ev] ,i may hold x2 ?r\gh\t space ! invisible =ces act4 ,b ,i may take ano!r tube & x might n light1 ! vacuum be+ v high4 ,i excite x by means ( a disruptive dis*>ge coil1 & n[ x w light 9 ! electro/atic field4 ,i may put x away = a few weeks or mon?s1 /ill x reta9s ! faculty ( be+ excit$4 ,:at *ange h ,i produc$ 9 ! tube 9 ! act ( excit+ x8 ,if a motion imp>t$ to ! atoms1 x is difficult to p]ceive h[ x c p]si/ s long )\t be+ arre/$ by frictional losses2 & if a /ra9 ex]t$ 9 ! dielectric1 su* z a simple electrification w\ld produce1 x is easy to see h[ x may p]si/ indef9itely1 b v difficult to und]/& :y su* a condition %\ld aid ! excitation :5 we h to deal ) pot5tials :i* are rapidly alt]nat+4 ,s9ce ,i h exhibit$ ^! ph5om5a = ! fir/ "t1 ,i h obta9$ "s o!r int]e/+ effects4 ,= in/ance1 ,i h produc$ ! inc&esc5ce ( a button1 filam5t1 or wire enclos$ 9 a tube4 ,to get to ?is result x 0 necess>y to economize ! en]gy :i* is obta9$ f ! field & direct mo/ ( x on ! small body to be r5d]$ inc&esc5t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! task appe>$ difficult1 b ! exp]i5ces ga!r$ p]mitt$ me to rea* ! result easily4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd & ,fig4 #ce two su* tubes are illu/rat$ :i* are prep>$ = ! occasion4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd a %ort tube ,t#a1 seal$ to ano!r long tube ,t1 is provid$ ) a /em s1 ) a plat9um wire seal$ 9 ! latt]4 ,a v ?9 lamp filam5t l is fa/5$ to ?is wire1 & connection to ! outside is made ?r\gh a ?9 copp] wire w4 ,! tube is provid$ ) outside & inside coat+s1 ,c & ,c#a respectively1 & is fill$ z f> z ! coat+s rea* ) conduct+1 & ! space above ) insulat+ p[d]4 ,^! coat+s are m]ely us$ to enable me to p]=m two exp]im5ts ) ! tube--namely1 to produce ! effect desir$ ei!r by direct connection ( ! body ( ! exp]im5t] or ( ano!r body to ! wire w1 or by act+ inductively ?r\gh ! glass4 ,! /em s is provid$ ) an alum9ium tube a1 = purposes be=e expla9$1 & only a small "p ( ! filam5t rea*es out ( ?is tube4 ,by hold+ ! tube ,t#a any:]e 9 ! electro/atic field ! filam5t is r5d]$ inc&esc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,tube ,,) ,,filam5t ,,r5d]$ ,,inc&esc5t ,,9 ,,an ,,electro/atic ,,field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,crookes' ,,exp]im5t ,,9 ,,electro/atic ,,field4 ,a m int]e/+ piece ( app>atus is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! con/ruction is ! same z be=e1 only in/ead ( ! lamp filam5t a small plat9um wire p1 seal$ 9 a /em s1 & b5t above x 9 a circle1 is connect$ to ! copp] wire w1 :i* is jo9$ to an inside coat+ ,c4 ,a small /em s#a is provid$ ) a ne$le1 on ! po9t ( :i* is arrang$ to rotate v freely a v light fan ( mica v4 ,to prev5t ! fan f fall+ out1 a ?9 /em ( glass g is b5t prop]ly & fa/5$ to ! alum9ium tube4 ,:5 ! glass tube is held any:]e 9 ! electro/atic field ! plat9um wire becomes inc&esc5t1 & ! mica vanes are rotat$ v fa/4 ,int5se phosphoresc5ce may be excit$ 9 a bulb by m]ely connect+ x to a plate )9 ! field1 & ! plate ne$ n be any l>g] ?an an ord9>y lamp %ade4 ,! phosphoresc5ce excit$ ) ^! curr5ts is incomp>ably m p[]ful ?an ) ord9>y app>atus4 ,a small phosphoresc5t bulb1 :5 atta*$ to a wire connect$ to a coil1 emits suffici5t light to all[ read+ ord9>y pr9t at a di/ance ( five to six paces4 ,x 0 ( int]e/ to see h[ "s ( ! phosphoresc5t bulbs ( ,pr(essor ,crookes w\ld behave ) ^! curr5ts1 & he has _h ! k9dness to l5d me a few = ! occasion4 ,! effects produc$ are magnific5t1 especially by ! sulphide ( calcium & sulphide ( z9c4 ,f ! disruptive dis*>ge coil !y gl[ int5sely m]ely by hold+ !m 9 ! h& & connect+ ! body to ! t]m9al ( ! coil4 ,to :atev] results inve/igations ( ?is k9d may lead1 _! *ief int]e/ lies = ! pres5t 9 ! possibilities !y (f] = ! production ( an effici5t illum9at+ device4 ,9 no bran* ( electric indu/ry is an advance m desir$ ?an 9 ! manufacture ( light4 ,e ?9k]1 :5 consid]+ ! b>b>\s me?ods employ$1 ! deplorable losses incurr$ 9 our be/ sy/ems ( light production1 mu/ h ask$ himself1 ,:at is likely to be ! light ( ! future8 ,is x to be an inc&esc5t solid1 z 9 ! pres5t lamp1 or an inc&esc5t gas1 or a phosphoresc5t body1 or some?+ l a burn]1 b incomp>ably m effici5t8 ,!re is little *ance to p]fect a gas burn]2 n1 p]haps1 because human +5uity has be5 b5t ^u t problem = c5turies )\t a radical dep>ture hav+ be5 made--?\gh ?is argum5t is n devoid ( =ce-b because 9 a burn] ! high] vibrations c nev] be rea*$ except by pass+ ?r\gh all ! l[ ones4 ,= h[ is a flame produc$ unless by a fall ( lift$ weights8 ,su* process _c be ma9ta9$ )\t r5ewal1 & r5ewal is repeat$ pass+ f l[ to high vibrations4 ,"o way only seems to be op5 to improve a burn]1 & t is by try+ to rea* high] degrees ( inc&esc5ce4 ,high] inc&esc5ce is equival5t to a quick] vibration2 t means m light f ! same mat]ial1 & t1 aga91 means m economy4 ,9 ?is direction "s improvem5ts h be5 made1 b ! progress is hamp]$ by _m limitations4 ,disc>d+1 !n1 ! burn]1 !re rema9 ! ?ree ways fir/ m5tion$1 :i* are ess5tially electrical4 ,suppose ! light ( ! imm$iate future to be a solid r5d]$ inc&esc5t by electricity4 ,w\ld x n seem t x is bett] to employ a small button ?an a frail filam5t8 ,f _m consid]ations x c]ta9ly mu/ be conclud$ t a button is capable ( a high] economy1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! op]ation ( su* a lamp to be effectively ov]come4 ,b to light su* a lamp we require a high pot5tial2 & to get ?is economically we mu/ use high frequ5cies4 ,su* consid]ations apply ev5 m to ! production ( light by ! inc&esc5ce ( a gas1 or by phosphoresc5ce4 ,9 all cases we require high frequ5cies & high pot5tials4 ,^! ?\ghts occurr$ to me a long "t ago4 ,incid5tally we ga91 by ! use ( v high frequ5cies1 _m advantages1 su* z a high] economy 9 ! light production1 ! possibility ( work+ ) "o lead1 ! possibility ( do+ away ) ! lead+-9 wire1 etc4 ,! "q is1 h[ f> c we g ) frequ5cies8 ,ord9>y conductors rapidly lose ! facility ( transmitt+ electric impulses :5 ! frequ5cy is greatly increas$4 ,assume ! means = ! production ( impulses ( v great frequ5cy br\ght to ! utmo/ p]fection1 e "o w naturally ask h[ to transmit !m :5 ! necessity arises4 ,9 transmitt+ su* impulses ?r\gh conductors we mu/ rememb] t we h to deal ) pressure & fl[1 9 ! ord9>y int]pretation ( ^! t]ms4 ,let ! pressure increase to an enorm\s value1 & let ! fl[ correspond+ly dim9i%1 !n su* impulses--v>iations m]ely ( pressure1 z x 7--c no d\bt be transmitt$ ?r\gh a wire ev5 if _! frequ5cy be _m hundr$s ( millions p] second4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be out ( "q to transmit su* impulses ?r\gh a wire imm]s$ 9 a gase\s m$ium1 ev5 if ! wire 7 provid$ ) a ?ick & excell5t insulation = mo/ ( ! en]gy w\ld be lo/ 9 molecul> bomb>dm5t & consequ5t heat+4 ,! end ( ! wire connect$ to ! s\rce w\ld be heat$1 & ! remote end w\ld receive b a trifl+ "p ( ! en]gy suppli$4 ,! prime necessity1 !n1 if su* electric impulses are to be us$1 is to f9d means to r$uce z mu* z possible ! dissipation4 ,! fir/ ?\ght is1 employ ! ?9ne/ possible wire surr\nd$ by ! ?icke/ practicable insulation4 ,! next ?\ght is to employ electro/atic scre5s4 ,! insulation ( ! wire may be cov]$ ) a ?9 conduct+ coat+ & ! latt] connect$ to ! gr\nd4 ,b ?is w\ld n d1 z !n all ! en]gy w\ld pass ?r\gh ! conduct+ coat+ to ! gr\nd & no?+ w\ld get to ! end ( ! wire4 ,if a gr\nd connection is made x c only be made ?r\gh a conductor (f]+ an enorm\s imp$ance1 or ?\gh a cond5s] ( extremely small capacity4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n d away ) o!r difficulties4 ,if ! wave l5g? ( ! impulses is mu* small] ?an ! l5g? ( ! wire1 !n correspond+ %ort waves w be s5t up 9 ! conduct+ coat+1 & x w be m or less ! same z ?\gh ! coat+ 7 directly connect$ to e>?4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to cut up ! coat+ 9 sections mu* %ort] ?an ! wave l5g?4 ,su* an arrangem5t does n /ill af=d a p]fect scre51 b x is t5 ?\s& times bett] ?an none4 ,i ?9k x pref]able to cut up ! conduct+ coat+ 9 small sections1 ev5 if ! curr5t waves be mu* long] ?an ! coat+4 ,if a wire 7 provid$ ) a p]fect electro/atic scre51 x w\ld be ! same z ?\gh all objects 7 remov$ f x at inf9ite di/ance4 ,! capacity w\ld !n be r$uc$ to ! capacity ( ! wire itself1 :i* w\ld be v small4 ,x w\ld !n be possible to s5d ov] ! wire curr5t vibrations ( v high frequ5cies at enorm\s di/ance )\t affect+ greatly ! "* ( ! vibrations4 ,a p]fect scre5 is ( c\rse out ( ! "q1 b ,i believe t ) a scre5 su* z ,i h j describ$ telephony c\ld be r5d]$ practicable across ! ,atlantic4 ,accord+ to my ideas1 ! gutta-p]*a cov]$ wire %\ld be provid$ ) a ?ird conduct+ coat+ subdivid$ 9 sections4 ,on ! top ( ?is %\ld be aga9 plac$ a lay] ( gutta-p]*a & o!r insulation1 & on ! top ( ! :ole ! armor4 ,b su* cables w n be con/ruct$1 = ere long intellig5ce--transmitt$ )\t wires--w ?rob ?r\gh ! e>? l a pulse ?r\gh a liv+ organism4 ,! wond] is t1 ) ! pres5t /ate ( k & ! exp]i5ces ga9$1 no attempt is be+ made to di/urb ! electro/atic or magnetic condition ( ! e>?1 & transmit1 if no?+ else1 intellig5ce4 ,x has be5 my *ief aim 9 pres5t+ ^! results to po9t out ph5om5a or features ( novelty1 & to advance ideas :i* ,i am hopeful w s]ve z />t+ po9ts ( new dep>tures4 ,x has be5 my *ief desire ?is ev5+ to ent]ta9 y ) "s novel exp]im5ts4 ,y\r applause1 s frequ5tly & g5]\sly accord$1 has told me t ,i h succe$$4 ,9 conclusion1 let me ?ank y mo/ he>tily = y\r k9dness & att5tion1 & assure y t ! honor ,i h _h 9 address+ su* a di/+ui%$ audi5ce1 ! pleasure ,i h _h 9 pres5t+ ^! results to a ga!r+ ( s _m able m5--& among !m also "s ( ^? 9 ^: "w = _m ye>s pa/ ,i h f\nd enlight5m5t & con/ant pleasure--,i %all nev] =get4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,correct$ ! foll[+ typesett+ errors3 #a7 'preceiv$' to 'p]ceiv$'1 page #af4 #b7 'di%>g+' to 'dis*>g+'1 page #cj4 #c7 'p>k' to 'sp>k'1 page #cc4 #d7 'pssition' to 'position'1 page #ej4 #e7 'to ? opposite side' to 'to ! opposite side'1 page #ef4 #f7 's resses' to '/resses'1 page #adg4