,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #gie ,,new ,,york1 ,m>* #bh1 #ahia4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi41 ,no4 #gie4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,aviculture4--,! ,effect on ,f[ls ( ,nitrog5\s & ,c>bonace\s ,rations4--,a v valuable report ^u ! effects ( diff]5t diet on *ick5s1 ) tables ( data4--#a illu/ration ,,ii4 ,,biography4--,n4,f4 ,burnham & 8 ,life ,"w4--,by ,w4,h4 ,,burnham4 --,! life ( "o ( ! e>lie/ turb9e :eel manufactur]s1 an inv5tor ( turb9e :eels & auxili>y ma*9]y4 --#a illu/ration ,,iii4 ,,botany4--,! ,s\rce ( ,*9ese ,g+]4--,an id5tification ( a long unkn[n plant ,,iv4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,a ,railway ?r\gh ! ,&es4--,an int]e/+ ent]prise n[ 9 progress 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) maps4--#b illu/rations ,*icago z a ,seaport4--,propos$ connection ( ,*icago ) ! wat]s ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 !reby plac+ x 9 wat] communication ) ! sea4--#b illu/rations ,float+ ,elevator & ,spoil ,di/ributor4--,a ma*9e = remov+ dr$g$ mat]ial f b>ges1 z employ$ on ! ,baltic ,sea ,canal ,works4--#aj illu/rations ,v4 ,,electricity4--,alt]nate ,curr5t ,cond5s]s4--,a valuable review ( ! difficulties ( con/ruct+ ^! cond5s]s4--,an important contribution to ! subject4--#a illu/ration ,electricity 9 ,transitu4--,f ,pl5um to ,vacuum4--,by ,pr(4 ,,william ,,crookes4--,cont9uation ( ?is important lecture ) pr(use illu/rations ( exp]im5ts4--#ad illu/rations ,! ,telegraphic ,communication betwe5 ,great ,brita91 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,ea/4--,by ,,george ,,walt] ,,niv54-- ,! eng9e]+ aspects ( electricity4--,! _w's cables & connections4--#b illu/rations ,,vi4 ,,horticulture4--,h]bace\s ,graft+4--,a hi!rto little practic$ & successful me?od ( treat+ h]bs1 ) curi\s results ,,vii4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,improv$ ,cold ,iron ,saw4--,! ,demon cold saw = cutt+ ,iron4--,its capacity & g5]al pr9ciples4--#a illu/ration ,,viii4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,h[ to ,prev5t ,hay ,fev]4--,by ,,alex&] ,,rixa4--,a sy/ematic treatm5t ( ?is v tr\blesome compla9t1 ) a special prescription & o!r treatm5t4 ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,bus9ess ,end ( ! ,am]ican ,newspap]4--,by ,a4,h4 ,,siegfri$4--,a graphic pres5tation ( ! te*nique ( ! newspap] (fice1 circulation ( ! ,am]ican pap]s1 me?ods ( pr9t+1 etc4 ,! ,new ,labor ,ex*ange at ,p>is4--,a new e/abli%m5t1 long dem&$ by ! labor+ population ( ,p>is4--,its scope & prospects4--#b illu/rations ,x4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,empress ( ,india4--,! pione] ( a fa/ mail s]vice to ply 9 connection ) ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway betwe5 ,vanc\v]1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4--#a illu/ration ,,xi4 ,,physics4--,/]eoscopic ,projections4--,a mo/ curi\s me?od ( secur+ /]eoscopic effects ) ! magic lant]n ^u ! scre51 involv+ ! use ( color$ spectacles by ! spectators4 --#a illu/ration ,,xii4 ,,te*nology4--,gase\s ,illum9ants4--,by ,pr(4 ,,vivian ,b4 ,,lewes4--,! fif? & la/ ( ,pr(4 ,lewes' ,society ( ,arts lectures1 conclud+ 8 review ( ! subject ( gas manufacture 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,labor ,,ex*ange ,,at ,,p>is4 ,!re w soon be inaugurat$ 7probably ab\t ! #ad? ( ,july7 a new e/abli%m5t t has long be5 dem&$ by ! labor+ population1 t is to say1 a new labor ex*ange1 ! build+s ( :i*1 situat$ on ,*ateau d',eau ,/reet1 are to succe$ ! provisional ex*ange in/all$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,le ,l\vre ,/reet4 ,! new /ructures h be5 erect$ f plans by ,mr4 ,b\v>d1 & occupy an area ( sev5te5 hundr$ met]s4 ,! ma9 "w is n[ entirely t]m9at$1 b ! int]ior decorations are n yet completely f9i%$4 ,! di/ribution comprises a va/ meet+ room1 committee rooms = ! v>i\s syndicates1 (fices 9 :i* ! workm5 ( ! v>i\s bodies ( trades w f9d in=mation & advice1 & w be enabl$ to be put 9 relation ) employ]s )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! m or less recomm5dable ag5cies to :i* !y h hi!rto be5 oblig$ to h rec\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,labor ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! in/itution1 if wisely conduct$1 is capable ( be>+ fruit & ought to d s1 & ! labor+ population ( ,p>is %\ld be grateful to ! municipal c\ncil = ! six million francs t our ediles h s g5]\sly vot$ = mak+ ?is int]e/+ "w a success4 ,on see+ ! precautions1 p]haps necess>y1 t ! labor] n[ takes aga9/ ! capitali/1 we _c help in/itut+ a comp>ison ) ! antique & solid organization ( labor t =m]ly gov]n$ ! trades unions4 ,ea* corporation possess$ a syndic *>g$ ) wat*+ ov] ! managem5t ( affairs1 & ov] ! receipts & ! use ( ! common res\rces4 ,^! syndics 7 appo9t$ = two ye>s1 & _h to make annually1 at lea/1 f\r visits to all ! ma/]s1 9 ord] to le>n h[ ! labor]s 7 treat$ & paid1 & h[ loyally ! regulations ( ! corporation 7 obs]v$4 ,!y r5d]$ an acc\nt ( ?is to ! fir/ assembly ( ! community & cit$ all ! ma/]s 9 fault4 ,evid5tly1 ! new ,labor ,ex*ange w n cause a revival ( ^! old ways ( do+ ?+s 7:i* p]haps may h _h some?+ ( good 9 !m71 b we may hope t labor]s w f9d 9 x protection aga9/ ^? :o w\ld require ( !m an excess ( "w1 z well z aga9/ ^? :o w\ld prea* idl5ess & revolt to !m4--,le ,monde ,illu/r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,labor ,,ex*ange--,,hall ,,= ,,meet+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,newspap]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a rec5t address be=e ! ,outlook ,club1 ( ,montclair1 ,n4,j4 ,by ,a4,h4 ,,siegfri$4 ,! controll+ motive & direct purpose ( ! av]age newspap] are f9ancial pr(it4 ,"o is n[ & !n f\nd$1 & conduct$ ev5 at a loss1 to s]ve p>ty1 social1 religi\s or o!r ends1 b :]e ! prim>y int5t is unselfi% !re rema9s hope = monet>y ga94 ,! fir/ newspap]s nev] dream$ ( tea*+ or influ5c+ m51 b 7 made to collect news & ent]ta9m5t & deal 9 !m z 9 any o!r commodity4 ,b because ?is 0 ! "w ( intellig5ce ^u intellig5ce1 & because ( conditions inh]5t 9 ?is k9d ( bus9ess1 x soon took high] =m & s]vice1 & came into responsibilities ( :i*1 9 its orig91 x _h tak5 no ?\ght4 ,w+ate's ,views & ,int]views on ,j\rnalism gives ! op9ions ( ! lead+ editors & publi%]s ( fifte5 ye>s ago ^u ?is po9t ( newspap] motive & "w4 ,! fir/ notable utt]ance 0 by ,mr4 ,:itelaw ,reid1 :o said ! idea & object ( ! mod]n daily newspap] are to collect & give news1 ) ! prompte/ & be/ elucidation & discussion !re(1 t is1 ! sell+ ( ^! 9 ! op5 m>ket2 prim>ily a m]*ant ( news4 ,sub/antially & di/9ctly ! same ideas 7 giv5 by ,william ,cull5 ,bryant1 ,h5ry ,watt]son1 ,samuel ,b[les1 ,*>les ,a4 ,dana1 ,h5ry ,j4 ,raymond1 ,horace ,:ite1 ,david ,g4 ,croly1 ,murat ,hal/ead1 ,fr$]ick ,hudson1 ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,e4,l4 ,godk91 ,manton ,m>ble1 ,p>ke ,godw91 ,george ,w4 ,smalley1 ,james ,gordon ,b5nett & ,horace ,greeley4 ,! book is fat ) discussion by ^! & o!r em95t newspap] m51 z to ! motives1 me?ods & e?ics ( _! pr(ession1 disclos+ high ideals & g5u9e seek+ ( good = all ! _w1 b ! :ole ( x at la/ re/s ^u prim>y motives & controll+ pr9ciples 9 n[ise diff]5t or bett] or worse ?an ^? ( ! ,produce ,ex*ange & ! dry goods di/rict1 ( ,wall ,/reet & ,broadway1 s t1 tak+ publications 9 ! lump1 x is nei!r untrue nor ung5]\s1 nor1 :5 fully consid]$1 is x surpris+1 to say t ! _w's do+1 fact & fancy are collect$1 report$1 discuss$1 sc&aliz$1 condemn$1 comm5d$1 support$ & turn$ back ^u ! _w z ! publi%]'s m]*&ise4 ,! =ce & rea* ( ?is controll+ motive elude ! reckon+ ( ! close/ obs]vation & ripe/ exp]i5ce1 b z some:at measur+ its /r5g? & p]vasiv5ess he>1 & = a mom5t ?9k1 ( ^! facts & figures4 ,! ,am]ican ,newspap] ,directory = #ahij1 accept$ z ! /&>d compil] & analy/ ( newspap] /ati/ics1 gives z ! numb] ( regul>ly issu$ publications 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & t]ritories1 #ag1gfj4 ,!n :5 we "k t ^! h an aggregate circulation = ea* sep>ate issue--n = ea* week1 or mon?1 or = a ye>1 b = ea* sep>ate issue ( ea* individual publication1 a total ( #da1ebd1jjj copies--_m ( !m repeat+ !mselves ea* day1 "s ea* alt]nate day1 "s ea* ?ird day & ! rema9d] ea* week1 mon? or qu>t]1 & t 9 a s+le ye> !y produce #c1dha1faj1jjj copies1 kn[+1 ?\gh dimly realiz+1 ?is trem5d\s output1 we h "s fa9t impression ( ! num]ical /r5g? ( ?is mighty =ce :i* holds close relation to & be>s /rong influ5ce ^u life1 ?\ght & "w1 & :i*1 measur$ by its units1 is z ! ,june leaves on ! trees--9 its va/ aggregate almo/ inconceivable2 a =ce expansive1 aggressive1 p]vasive2 go+ ev]y:]e2 /opp+ n[h]e2 ceas+ nev]4 ,i am to speak to y ( ,! ,bus9ess ,end ( ! ,am]ican newspap]2 t is ( ! "w ( ! publi%]'s dep>tm5t--n ! editor's4 ,at ! outset ,i am confront$ ) divisions & subdivisions ( ! subject s _m & s f> rea*+ t "r reg>d = "t compels ! m]e/ g5]alization2 b1 z be/ ,i c1 & z briefly z ,i c1 ,i %all speak ^u ! topic "u ?ree g5]al divisions3 ,fir/4--,! p]sonal & mat]ial =ces :i* make ! newspap]4 ,second4--,! s\rces ( rev5ue f ! jo9t work+ ( ^! =ces4 ,?ird4--,! direct (fice1 be>+ & influ5ce ( ^! =ces4 ,x is b natural t ! g5]al public has limit$ idea ( ! p]sonality & me*anism ( ! publication bus9ess1 = mu* ( its movem5t is at night1 & !re is sep>ation & isolation ( dep>tm5ts1 z well z complicat$ relation ( ! sev]al p>ts to ! :ole4 ,n _m ye>s ago a v few m5 & boys c\ld edit1 pr9t & di/ribute ! mo/ important ( newspap]s1 :]e n[ hundr$s are necess>y p>ts 9 a trem5d\s complexity4 ,b ev5 to-day1 ( ! ne>ly #ah1jjj publications 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 m ?an #aa1jjj are ( t class :i*1 9 all _! dep>tm5ts1 are op]at$ by f two to f\r or five p]sons1 & :i* furni% scant remun]ation ev5 = ^!4 ,among ! ?9 populations & 9 ! remote regions are ?\s&s ( weekly pap]s--& y may spell ! weekly ei!r ) a d\ble e or an ea--:]e !re are two m5 & a boy1 "o ( :om does a little writ+ & mu* scissor+1 loaf+ among ! corn] groc]ies & worse1 begg+ = subscrib]s1 button-hol+ = adv]tisem5ts1 & occasionally & indiscrim9at+ly ?ra%+ or be+ ?ra%$ by ! e/eem$ contempor>y or ! outrag$ citiz52 ! second ( :om sets ! type1 reads ! pro(s1 corrects !m m or less1 makes ! roll]s1 works ! old h& press1 & curses ! editor & ! boy imp>tially2 & ! ?ird ( :om sweeps ! (fice weekly1 bi-weekly or mon?ly1 inks ! =ms & sometimes pis !m1 c>ries ! pap]s1 & does g5]ally ! humble & div]sifi$ works ( ! pr9t]'s devil1 :ile betwe5 ! ?ree ! :ole ?+ p]iodically goes to ! ---- level pretty sure to be rea*$ n[ & !n by pap]s ( ?is class4 ,yet !re are _m ( ^! c\ntry pap]s t ,mr4 ,watt]son once /yl$ ! ,rural ,roo/]s :i* are useful & honor$1 & :i* actively employ z editors & publi%]s m5 ( fair culture & good common s5se1 ) typographical & me*anical assi/ants :o are wor?y ( _! craft4 ,b ! p]sonal work]s ^u ! great magaz9es & ! daily newspap]s are = ea* a battalion or a regim5t1 & 9 ! aggregate a va/ army4 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e regul>ly employs 9 its editorial dep>tm5t ?ree editors & eight editorial assi/ants1 ( :om five are wom52 9 ! art dep>tm5t two arti/s 9 *>ge & f\r assi/ants1 ( :om ?ree are wom52 9 ! bus9ess dep>tm5t fifty-eight p]sons1 m5 & wom5--a total ( sev5ty six p]sons employ$ on ! magaz9e regul>ly & :olly1 :ile ! pr9t]s & b9d]s engag$ 9 prep>+ a mon?ly edition ( #bjj1jjj magaz9es are at lea/ a duplicate ( ! numb] engag$ 9 ! editorial1 art & bus9ess divisions4 ,! actual work+ =ce ^u ! av]age l>ge daily newspap]1 z well z an outl9e idea ( ! "w done 9 ea* dep>tm5t1 & ( its unifi$ result 9 ! pr9t$ %eet1 z su* newspap]s are op]at$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,*icago & ,bo/on1 may be realiz$ f an exhibit ( ! exact curr5t /atus 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a well kn[n ,*icago pap]4 ,9 its editorial dep>tm5t !re are ! editor-9-*ief1 manag+ editors1 city editors1 telegraph editors1 ex*ange editors1 editorial writ]s1 special writ]s & ab\t ?irty report]s--#ef 9 all4 ,work+ 9 direct connection ) ?is dep>tm5t1 & z "p ( x1 are ?ree telegraph op]ators & n9e arti/s1 et*]s1 photograph]s & engrav]s2 9 ! ,wa%+ton (fice ?ree /aff correspond5ts1 & 9 ! ,milwaukee (fice "o su* correspond5t--mak+ = :at ,mr4 ,b5nett calls ! intellectual end a =ce ( #gb m51 :o are usually reg>d$ by ! bus9ess end z a necess>y evil1 to be f$ & clo!d1 b on ! :ole z h>dly wor? ! c\nt+4 ,9 ! bus9ess & me*anical dep>tm5ts ! m5 & wom5 & _! "w are ^!3 ,! bus9ess (fice1 = g5]al cl]ical "w1 receiv+ & c>+ = adv]tisem5ts1 receiv+ & disburs+ ca%1 & = ! g5]al bookkeep+1 employs #bd m5 & wom54 ,on ! city circulation1 /imulat+ & manag+ x )9 ! city & ! imm$iate vic9ity1 #aj p]sons4 ,on ! c\ntry circulation1 = h&l+ all out-(-t[n subscriptions & ord]s ( :olesale news ag5ts1 #cj p]sons4 ,on mail+ & deliv]y1 = s5d+ out by mail & express ( ! outside circulation1 & = di/ribution to city ag5ts & newsboys1 #ca p]sons4 ,9 ! ,new ,york (fice1 c>+ = ! pap]'s bus9ess ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 ! ,canadas1 ,great ,brita9 & ,europe1 two p]sons4 ,9 ! compos+ room1 :]e ! copy is put into type1 & 9 ! l9otype room1 :]e a "p ( ! type-sett+ is done by ma*9]y1 #ie p]sons4 ,9 ! /]eotype f\ndry1 :]e ! plates are ca/ 7= ! type itself nev] is put on ! press71 #aa p]sons4 ,9 ! press room1 :]e ! pr9t+1 fold+1 cutt+1 pa/+ & c\nt+ ( ! pap]s is done1 #cj p]sons4 ,9 ! eng9e & dynamo room1 #h p]sons4 ,9 ! c>e ( ! build+1 #c p]sons4 ,^! numb]s include only ! m9imum & always necess>y =ce1 & make an aggregate ( #caf p]sons daily & nightly engag$ = _! entire work+ "t1 & borne on a pay roll ( six ?\s& doll>s a week = sal>ies & wages alone4 ,b ?is takes no acc\nt ( special correspond5ts subject to in/ant call 9 sev]al hundr$ places ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 ( ,european correspond5ts2 ( #a1ijj news ag5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,we/2 ( #bjj city c>ri]s2 ( #db :olesale city deal]s1 ) _! horses & wagons2 ( #bjj bran* adv]tisem5t (fices ?r\gh\t ! city1 all connect$ ) ! ma9 (fice by telephone2 & ( m ?an #c #jjj news boys--all mak+ _! liv+1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 f "w ^u or bus9ess relations ) ?is "o pap]--a little army ( #f1cjj m51 wom51 & *ildr51 produc+ & di/ribut+ b "o ( ! #a1fbf daily newspap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! lead+ mat]ial =ces 9 newspap] production are type1 pap]1 & presses4 ,pr9t+ types are ca/ f a composition :i* is made "o-half ( lead1 "o-f\r? ( t91 & "o-f\r? ( antimony1 ?\gh ^! proportions are slightly r$uc$1 s z to admit :at ! *emi/ calls ( copp] a trace1 ! sum ( ^! p>ts aim+ at a metal :i* %all be h>d1 yet n brittle2 ductile1 yet t\gh2 fl[+ freely1 yet h>d5+ quickly4 ,body type1 t is1 ^? classes ev] se5 9 ord9>y pr9t1 aside f display & fancy /yles1 is 9 ?irte5 classes1 ! smalle/ te*nically call$ brilliant & ! l>ge/ great prim]4 ,9 ! read+ columns ( newspap]s b f\r classes are ord9>ily us$--agate = ! small adv]tisem5ts2 agate1 nonp>eil1 & m9ion = news1 miscellany1 etc41 & m9ion & brevi] = editorials--! m9ion be+ us$ = :at are call$ m9or editorials1 & ! brevi] = lead+ articles1 z to :i* x may be said t "y editorial writ]s consid] life v real & v e>ne/ until !y are promot$ f m9ion to brevi]4 ,a complete assortm5t ( any "o ( ^! classes is call$ a font1 ! av]age weight ( :i* is ab\t #hjj p\nds4 ,:]eas our alphabet has #bf lett]s1 ! compositor mu/ really use ( lett]s1 spaces1 acc5t m>ks1 & o!r *>act]s 9 an ,engli% font #aeb di/9ct types1 & 9 ea* font !re are #aie1jjj individual pieces4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( lett]s 9 a font belongs to small e--#ab1jjj2 & ! lea/ numb] to ! z--#bjj4 ,! lett]s1 *>act]s1 spaces1 etc41 are di/ribut$ by ! pr9t] 9 a pair ( cases1 ! upp] "o = capitals1 small capitals1 & v>i\s *>act]s1 hav+ #ih boxes1 & ! l[] "o1 = ! small lett]s1 punctuation m>ks1 etc41 hav+ #ed boxes4 ,a few newspap]s are us+ typesett+ ma*9es = all or "p ( _! composition4 ,! ,new ,york ,tribune is us+ ! ,l9otype ma*9e = all its typesett+ except ! display$ adv]tisem5ts1 & o!r pap]s are us+ x = a portion ( _! "w1 :ile /ill o!rs are us+ ! ,rog]s & v>i\s ma*9es1 ( :i* !re are already six or m4 ,x seems probable t )9 ! e>ly future newspap] composition w v g5]ally be done by ma*9]y4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t _m ( my he>]s ?is ev5+ "k little or no?+ ( ! processes ( ! pr9t]'s art1 & t "s exposition ( x may int]e/ a consid]able portion ( ?is audi5ce4 ,! va/ numb] ( ^! little mess5g]s ( ?\ght :i* are requir$ 9 a s+le mod]n daily newspap] is little kn[n to newspap] read]s4 ,set 9 ! mann] ( ord9>y read+1 a column ( ! ,new ,york ,tribune conta9s #ab1bjj pieces1 c\nt+ head l9es1 leads1 & s on2 :ile1 if set solidly 9 its m$ium-siz$ type1 !re are #ah1hjj pieces 9 "o column1 or ab\t #aac1jjj 9 a page1 or ab\t #a1ced1jjj 9 "o ( its ord9>y #ab-page issues4 ,a #cb-page ,sunday issue ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald conta9s ne>ly1 if n q1 #b1ejj1jjj di/9ct types & o!r pieces ( metal1 ea* ( :i* mu/ be sep>ately h&l$ betwe5 ?umb & f+] twice--once put into ! case & once tak5 out ( x--ea* issue ( ! pap]4 ,no "o inexp]i5c$ 9 ?is delicate "w has ! slighte/ conception ( ! int5sity ( att5tion1 fixity ( eye1 deftness ( t\*1 read9ess ( intellig5ce1 exhau/ion ( vitality1 & de/ruction ( bra9 & n]ve :i* ent]s into ! daily newspap] f type-sett]s alone4 ,ea* type is m>k$ ^u "o side by slight nicks1 by sight & t\* ( :i* ! compositor is guid$ 9 rapidly plac+ !m "r side up 9 ! l9e4 ,!y are tak51 "o by "o1 betwe5 ?umb & =ef+]1 :ile ! m9d n only spells out ea* ^w1 b is always c>ry+ phrases & :ole s5t5ces ahead ( ! f+]s1 & ea* lett]1 syllable & ^w is set 9 its ord] 9 l9es 9 ! compos+ /ick1 ea* l9e be+ spac$ out 9 ! /ick s z to exactly fit ! column wid?1 ?is process be+ repeat$ until ! /ick is full4 ,!n ! /ickful is empti$ ^u a galley4 ,!n1 :5 ! page or ! pap] is up1 z ! pr9t]s phrase x1 ! galleys are collect$1 & ! =eman makes up ! pages1 article by article1 z !y come to u 9 ! pr9t$ pap]--! prelim9>y processes ( pr9t+ pro(s f ! galleys1 read+ !m by ! pro( read]s1 :o m>k ! errors1 & mak+ ! corrections by ! compositors 7ea* "o correct+ 8 own "w71 hav+ be5 quietly & swiftly go+ on all ! :ile4 ,! page is made up on a portable slab ( iron1 ^u :i* x is s5t to ! /]eotyp+ room4 ,!re wet /]eotyp+ pap]1 sev]al %eets 9 ?ickness1 is laid ov] ! page1 & ?is almo/ pulpy pap] is rapidly & dext]\sly beat5 ev5ly all ov] ) /iff hair bru%es until ! s(t pap] is press$ d[n into all ! int]/ices betwe5 ! type2 !n ?is is cov]$ ) blankets & ! :ole is plac$ ^u a /eam *e/1 :]e x is subject$ to heat & pressure until ! wet pap] becomes p]fectly dry4 ,!n1 ?is dri$ & h>d5$ pap]1 call$ a matrix1 is plac$ 9 a circul> m\ld1 & melt$ /]eotype metal is p\r$ 9 & cool$1 result+ 9 ! circul> plate1 :i* is rapidly c>ri$ to ! press room1 clamp$ ^u its cyl9d]1 & :5 all ! cyl9d]s are fill$1 page by page 9 prop] sequ5ce1 ! pressman gives ! signal1 ! burr & :irr beg91 & m5 & sc>cely less s5ti5t ma*9es ent] ^u _! swift race = ! e>ly tra9s4 ,z a matt] ( g5]al int]e/ x may be rem>k$ t ?is :ole process ( /]eotyp+ a page1 f ! "t ! type leaves ! compos+ room until ! plate is clamp$ ^u ! press1 av]ages fifte5 m9utes1 & t cases are ^u record :5 ! complex task has be5 accompli%$ 9 elev5 m9utes4 ,! pap] is br\ght f ! mill tightly roll$ ^u wood5 or iron cores4 ,"s presses take pap] ! n>r[ way ( ! pap]1 rolls = :i* av]age betwe5 #fjj & #gjj p\nds4 ,o!rs "w ^u pap] ( d\ble ! wid? ( two pages1 t is1 f\r pages wide1 & !n ! rolls are sometimes z wide z six feet1 & h an av]age weight ( #a1cej p\nds4 ,ea* roll f :i* ! ,new ,york ,tribune is pr9t$ conta9s an unbrok5 %eet #bc1jjj feet 7#d-a_/c miles7 long4 ,a few h\rs be=e ! pap] is to be pr9t$1 an iron %aft hav+ j\rnal ends is pass$ ?r\gh ! core1 ! roll is plac$ 9 a frame :]e x may revolve1 ! end ( ! %eet is grasp$ by /eel f+]s & ! roll is unw\nd at a spe$ ( f #ac to #ae miles an h\r1 :ile a fan-l spray ( wat] plays ev5ly across its wid?1 s t ! entire %eet is unroll$1 damp5$1 = ! bett] tak+ ( ! impression to be made ^u x1 & firmly rew\nd1 all 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,ea* ( ^! rolls w make ab\t #g1fjj copies ( ! ,tribune4 ,:5 all is ready1 pap] & /]eotyp$ pages 9 place1 & all adju/m5ts c>efully att5d$ to1 ! almo/ ?9k+ ma*9e />ts at ! pressman's t\*1 & ) well nigh incr$ible spe$ pr9ts1 places %eet )9 %eet1 pa/es ! p>ts toge!r1 cuts1 folds & c\nts out ! complet$ pap]s ) an accuracy & con/ancy beyond ! p[] ( human eye & h&4 ,! pr9t+ press has held its own 9 ! rapid advance ( t wond]ful evolution :i*1 )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 9 e phase ( ?\ght & 9 e movem5t ( mat]ial =ces plac$ "u ! dom9ion ( m51 has almo/ made "o ( our ye>s ! equival5t ( "o ( ! old c5turies4 ,)9 av]age recollection ! s+le cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9e1 run by h& or /eam1 & able "u be/ conditions to pr9t "o side ( a ?\s& %eets 9 "o h\r1 0 ! m>vel ( mank9d4 ,9 #ahej1 "o su*1 t we />t$ 9 an ea/]n ,ohio t[n1 drew su* cr[ds ( wond]+ on-look]s t we 7 oblig$ to b> ! op5 doorway to keep !m at a di/ance :i* w\ld all[ ! a/oni%+ ?+ to "w at all4 ,to-day1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 five millions ( doll>s are inve/$ 9 ! build+ ( pr9t+ presses1 _m ( :i*1 by slighte/ viol5ce to figure ( spee*1 d ?9k & speak4 ,inspiration 0 n :olly a ?+ ( long-gone ages1 = if ev] m5 receiv$ into bra9 & work$ out ?r\gh h& ! div9e t\*1 !n 7 ,hoe1 & ,scott1 & ,campbell taught ( ,god4 ,"u exi/+ conditions newspap]s ( any importance1 9 ! small] cities1 use "o & sometimes two presses1 capable ( produc+ f #g1jjj to #i1jjj complete eight page pap]s ea* h\r1 ea* ma*9e co/+ f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj4 ,pap]s ( ! second class 9 ! l>ge cities use treble or quadruple ?is press capacity1 :ile ! great pap]s1 9 ! f\r or five lead+ cities1 h ma*9]y plants ( f f\r to t5 presses ( greate/ capacity1 co/+ f #cb1jjj to #ej1jjj ea*1 & able to produce pap]s ( ! diff]5t numb]s ( pages requir$1 at a spe$ ( f #bd1jjj to #ij1jjj f\r page %eets1 or ( f #bd1jjj to #dh1jjj eight1 t51 or twelve page %eets p] h\r1 ea* pap] complete z y receive x at y\r breakfa/ table--pr9t$1 pa/$1 cut & fold$1 & ! entire product = ! day accurately c\nt$ 9 lots ( t5s1 fifties1 hundr$s or ?\s&s1 z may be requir$ = in/antane\s deliv]y1 :ile1 z if to illu/rate & emphasize ! ev] upw>d tr5d ( public dem& = ! day's news1 quick & inclusive1 ,hoe ,co4 are n[ build+ ma*9es capable ( produc+ 9 all complet5ess #aej1jjj f\r page pap]s ea* h\r4 ,all ?is trem5d\s comb9ation ( bra91 n]ve1 muscle1 mat]ial1 ma*9]y & capital dep5ds = its movem5t & remun]ation ^u b two s\rces ( income--circulation & adv]tisem5ts--! unit measurem5ts ( :i* are inf9itesimal--= ! mo/ "p repres5t$ by :olesale prices2 f "o-half a c5t to two c5ts p] copy = ! daily newspap]1 & 9 l proportion = ! weeklies & mon?lies2 & by f "o-t5? ( a c5t to "o c5t p] l9e p] ?\s& ( circulation = adv]tis+ space4 ,v]ily1 9 a c]ta9 & l>ge s5se1 ! va/ publi%+ int]e/s re/ ^u drops ( wat] & gra9s ( s&4 ,"u "r conditions no k9d ( bus9ess or prop]ty is m valuable1 & yet no basis ( values is m intangible4 ,no?+ 9 all trade or comm]ce is s difficult to e/abli% or m environ$ by competitions1 & yet1 once e/abli%$1 almo/ no?+ save int]ior dry rot c pull x d[n4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! judgm5t & favor ( ! million1 yet in/ances are few :]e any ext]nal =ce has s]i\sly & p]man5tly impair$ x4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ye>s h gone s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ numb] ( ! fir/ ,am]ican newspap]4 ,x 0 a mon?ly1 call$ ,publick ,occurr5ces1 bo? ,=eign & ,dome/ic1 fir/ pr9t$ ,septemb] #be1 #afij1 by ,ri*>d ,pi]ce1 & f\nd$ by ,b5jam9 ,h>ris4 ,at t "t public favor did seem to control newspap] int]e/s1 = t fir/ pap] ar\s$ antagonism1 & x 0 almo/ imm$iately suppress$ by ! au?orities4 ,only "o copy ( x is n[ 9 exi/5ce1 & t is 9 ,london4 ,! fir/ newspap] to live1 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 ! ,bo/on ,news ,lett]1 fir/ issu$ 9 #agjd & cont9u$ until #aggf4 ,new ,york's fir/ newspap]1 ! ,new ,york ,gazette1 appe>$ ,octob] #af1 #agbe4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! revolution !re 7 #cg newspap]s1 & 9 #ahjj !re 7 #bjj1 ( :i* sev]al 7 dailies4 ,9 #ahij !re 7 #ag1gfj1 ( :i* !re 7 #ac1afd weeklies1 #b1aia mon?lies1 #a1fbf dailies1 #bhj semi-mon?lies1 #bag semi-weeklies1 #abf qu>t]lies1 #hb bi-weeklies1 #ch bi-mon?lies1 & #cf tri-weeklies4 ,! circulations belong l>gely to ! weeklies1 mon?lies & dailies1 ! weeklies hav+ #bc1bbh1gej1 ! mon?lies #i1bde1gej1 ! dailies #f1fec1bej1 leav+ only #b1djj1jjj = all ! o!rs4 ,! l>ge/ def9itely asc]ta9able daily av]age circulation = "o ye>1 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 #bbb1gde4 ,only "o o!r daily pap] 9 ! _w has _h m--,le ,petit ,j\rnal1 9 ,p>is1 :i* really1 z we und]/& x1 is n a newspap]1 b :i* regul>ly pr9ts & sells = "o s\ m ?an #gej1jjj copies4 ,! l>ge/ ,am]ican weekly is ! ,y\?'s ,companion1 ,bo/on1 #dfa1dgj4 ,! l>ge/ mon?ly is ! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal1 ,philadelphia1 #edb1jjj4 ,! l>ge/ among ! bett] kn[n magaz9es is ! ,c5tury1 #bjj1jjj4 ,( ! daily pap]s :i* directly int]e/ u--^? ( ! city ( ,new ,york--! actual or approximate daily av]ages ( ! morn+ pap]s are giv5 by ,dau*y's ,newspap] ,catalogue = #ahia1 z foll[s3 ,tribune1 daily1 #hj1jjj2 ,sunday1 #he1jjj4 ,times1 daily1 #dj1jjj2 ,sunday1 #ee1jjj4 ,h]ald1 daily1 #ajj1jjj2 ,sunday1 #abj1jjj4 ,morn+ ,j\rnal1 #bjj1jjj4 ,press1 daily1 #he1jjj2 ,sunday1 #de1jjj4 ,sun1 daily1 #ij1jjj2 ,sunday1 #abj1jjj4 ,_w1 daily1 #ahb1jjj2 ,sunday1 #bge1jjj4 ,( ! aft]noon pap]s1 ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]1 #ae1jjj2 ,ev5+ ,po/1 #ah1jjj2 ,telegram1 #be1jjj2 ,graphic 7n ! old1 b a new "o71 #aj1jjj2 ,mail & ,express1 #dj1jjj2 ,news1 #agc1jjj2 ,ev5+ ,sun1 #ej1jjj2 ,ev5+ ,_w1 #afh1jjj4 ,! entire circulation ( ,new ,york dailies1 includ+ ) ^? nam$ o!rs ( m9or importance1 & ! ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,bohemian1 ,hebrew & ,spani% daily newspap]s1 is #a1edj1bjj copies4 ,obvi\sly1 !re is & mu/ be ceaseless1 incisive & m]ciless competition 9 secur+ & hold+ circulations1 z well z 9 ! outw>d /atem5ts made ( individual circulations to ^? :o pur*ase adv]tis+ space4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r =ms ( ent]prise1 !re are hone/1 clean-cut & bus9ess-l me?ods1 & !re are ! me?ods ( ! "t-s]v]1 ! trick/] & ! li>4 ,! va/ly great] numb] ( publications secure & hold _! cli5tage by mak+ ! be/ possible goods1 pu%+ !m ^u public patronage by aggressive & bus9ess-l means1 & sell+ at ! l[e/ price consi/5t ) excell5ce ( product & fairness alike to produc] & consum]4 ,b ( ! bas] sort !re are always en\gh to make rugg$ pa?s = ^? :o walk uprightly1 & to contribute to in/ability ( values on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r to flood+ ! c\ntry ) publications :i* ! home & ! _w w\ld be bett] )\t4 ,e great city has m ( ! rightly made & rightly sold pap]s ?an ( ! o!r sort1 & ! bus9ess man1 ! work+ man1 ! pr(essional man1 ! family1 no matt] ( :at ta/e1 or political fai?1 or economic bias1 or social /atus1 or f9ancial pl5ty or paucity1 c h ! daily visits ( newspap]s :i* are able1 brilliant1 compreh5sive1 clean & hone/4 ,b all ! "t1 ^! m5 & families w h press$ ^u _! att5tion & patronage1 by e device & artifice ( ! en]getic & m or less unscrupul\s publi%]1 o!r pap]s equally able & brilliant & compreh5sive1 b br++ also _! burd5 ( ne$less s5sationalism & m5dacity1 undue expansion ( all mann] ( sc&al1 amplification ( e detail & k9d ( crime1 & e phase ( cov]t innu5do or op5 attack ^u (ficial do+ & private "*--! :ole inf]nal mass procur$1 & /imulat$ & broadca/ among ! p by ! bus9ess end ( x1 ) ! "o & only int5t ( secur+ & hold+ circulation4 ,take a repres5tative & p]t95t example4 ,eight ye>s ago !re 7 9 ,new ,york t5 or elev5 /&>d newspap]s1 z ably & inclusively edit$ & z en]getically & successfully conduct$1 bus9ess-wise1 z !y are n[4 ,ev5 at _! wor/ !y 7 dec5tly m9dful ( life's proprieties & moralities & !y ?rove by legitimate sale ( ! mo/ & be/ news & ! be/ possible elucidation & discussion !re(4 ,! fa!r c\ld br+ ! pap] ( 8 *oice to 8 breakfa/ table ) no fe> t 8 own moral s5se & self-respect might be outrag$1 or t ! face ( 8 wife might be crimson$ & ! m9ds ( 8 *ildr5 bef\l$4 ,b !re came f out ( ! ,we/ new m5 & new =ces1 quick to see ! l>g] opportunity op5$ 9 ! v c5t] ( five millions ( p1 & almo/ 9 a night came ! metamorphosis ( ! old ,_w into ! new4 ,x 0 deftly giv5 out t exi/+ conditions 7 inadequate to ! bett] des]ts ( ! ,knick]bock]1 ! ,j]sey-man1 & ! ,yankee1 & t a new purveyor ( m highly season$ news & a m d\ghty *ampion ( _! rights & int]e/s 0 hi!r f ! l& ( life & movem5t--at two c5ts p] copy4 ,!re 0 a panic 9 ,new ,york newspap] c\nt+ rooms1 & prices tumbl$ 9 two days f ! ?ree & f\r c5ts ( fair pr(it to ! two & ?ree c5ts ( b>e co/ or less4 ,! new factors 9 demoralization c>$ no?+ = competition 9 prices or legitimate goods1 = !y _h o!r ideas ( coddl+ ! de> p4 ,ready to _! purpose lay dis9tegrat$ ,lib]ty1 wait+ = a rock ^u :i* to plant h] feet & raise h] tor*1 & ! new comb9ation betwe5 ! _w1 ! fle% & ! devil1 wait+ & ready = access to ! pockets ( ! public1 0 only too ready to set up ,lib]ty & itself at "o /roke1 if only ! jo9t op]ation c\ld be done )\t exp5se to itself4 ,! p said1 ,:at wond]ful ent]prise6 ,:at a g5]\s _s6 ,! comb9ation1 ) tongue 9 *eek & f+] laid alongside nose1 said to itself z x saw its circulation spr+ 9 "o b\nd f five figures into six1 ,v]ily we've got !re6 = ^! on ! ,hudson are great] gudgeons ?an are !y on ! ,mississippi4 ,f !n until n[1 ) an outw>d semblance & con/ant pret5se ( s]v+ ! p2 ) bl>e ( trumpet & rattle ( drum2 ) f9d+ ,/anley1 :o nev] _h be5 lo/2 ) scurry+ p]ipatetic petticoats ar\nd ! globe2 ) all mann] ( unpr(essional & illegitimate devices2 ) s-call$ conte/s & ) all mann] ( s*emes )\t limit 9 numb]1 k9d1 or degree2 ) e cunn+ly devis$ =m ( appeal to curiosity & cupidity--f !n until n[ t comb9ation has be5 /ruggl+ to hold & has held an audi5ce ( ! undiscrim9at+ & ! un?9k+4 ,b1 fur!r1 & worse1 a %ort-sight$ in/9ct ( self-pres]vation has l$ o!r pap]s to foll[ some:at at a di/ance 9 ?is demoraliz+ race4 ,none ( !m has gone to su* l5g?s1 b ! t5d5cy to lit]>y1 m5tal & moral dissipation induc$ by a hi!rto unkn[n =m ( competition has sw]v$ & l>gely reca/ ! me?ods ( e ,new ,york daily save only ! ,tribune1 ,times1 ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]1 & ,ev5+ ,po/1 :ile ! conv]se side ( secur+ bus9ess cli5tage is illu/rat$ 9 a way t w\ld be amus+ if x 7 n pa!tic1 by t abnormal & fanta/ic cross betwe5 news & pietetics :i* mails & expresses itself to ! truly good4 ,^! are =ms ( competition :i* ! bus9ess end ( legitimately conduct$ newspap]s is compell$ to meet4 ,9 a c]ta9 way ^! me?ods d succe$1 b h[1 & h[ long & h[ mu* %all !y succe$ except by unsettl+ ! m5tal & moral poise ( ! p1 & by sett+ a new & false pace = publi%]s ev]y:]e ^: ?\ghts take less acc\nt ( means ?an ( ends8 ,:i* %all we hold 9 high] e/eem & 9 our bus9ess patronage--,manton ,m>ble & ,hurlbut1 g5tlem51 s*ol>ly1 wise lead]s1 consci5ti\s tea*]s1 ) b>ely liv+ f9ancial income2 or _! successors1 p>v5us1 sup]ficial1 m]etrici\s1 false guides1 "t-s]v+ lead]s1 a ?\s& doll>s a day ( cle> pr(it1 h\s$ 9 ! t[] ( ,babel8 ,consid]$ 9 ! l>ge1 ! circulation side ( ! ,am]ican newspap] has _m indef5sible aspects4 ,z no?+ succe$s l success1 or ! appe>ance ( success1 ! pre/ige ( n a few newspap]s is m9i/]$ unto by rotund & deceptive repres5tations ( circulation4 ,!n1 z few c live1 mu* less pr(it1 on _! circulations alone1 x becomes greatly important to make ! adv]tis] see circulations ?r\gh ! l>ge end ( ! telescope1 & s ! f9e art ( tell+ tru? )\t ly+ is a live & p]5nial /udy 9 _m c\nt+ rooms4 ,discuss+ ! circulation "q n long ago ) ! head ( a lead+ religi\s pap]1 he told me t ! numb] ( copies he pr9t$ 0 a ?+ t he nev] /at$ def9itely1 because ! publi%]s ( ! o!r religi\s newspap]s li$ s ab\t _! circulations t he w\ld d himself inju/ice if he 7 to tell ! tru? ab\t 8 own4 ,! secul> pap]s %\ld set an example = _! religi\s bre?r51 b !y d n1 = f _m ( !m !re is ly+--sy/ematic1 p]si/5t1 & m or less colossal4 ,n long ago1 )9 a few days ( ea* o!r1 ?ree m5 :o 7 simultane\sly employ$ on a c]ta9 pap] told me _! actual circulation1 confid5tially1 too4 ,"o ( !m put x at #he1jjj1 ! second at #aaj1jjj1 & ! ?ird at #acj1jjj1 & ea* ( !m li$1 = _! ly+ 0 s div]sifi$ & ent]ta9+ t ,i felt a real int]e/ 9 secur+ ! tru?1 & s ,i took "s tr\ble to ask ! pressman ab\t x4 ,he told me1 v confid5tially1 t x 0 #abj1jjj--;& he li$4 ,by ?is "t my int]e/ 0 s height5$ t ,i told my p]sonal fri5d1 ! publi%]1 ab\t ! in>ti/ic & incoh]5t m5dacity ( 8 subord9ates1 :]eupon he laugh+ly %[$ me 8 circulation book1 :i* cle>ly1 & ,i h no d\bt tru?fully1 exhibit$ an av]age ( #hh1jjj4 ,! wick$ p>tn] is ne>ly always ready to %[ ! actual record ( ! c\nt+ ma*9es on ! presses1 & figures nev] lie b ! tru?-tell+ ma*9es :i* record actual "w ( ! impression cyl9d]s make no m5tion ( damag$ copies ?r[n aside1 ( sample copies1 files1 ex*anges1 copies kept aga9/ possible future ne$1 copies unsold1 copies nom9ally sold b soon] or lat] return$ & f9ally sold to ! junk %op1 & all t sort ( ?+4 ,"o pr9ts a l>ge extra issue on a c]ta9 day = "s bus9ess corporation :i* has its own purpose to s]ve by publication ( an article 9 its own int]e/1 :]eby _m ?\s&s ( copies are add$ to t day's normal output1 & he makes ! exceptional numb] = t day s]ve z ! expon5t ( 8 circulation until good =tune br+s him a simil> & possibly l>g] ord]1 & 8 circulation is report$ z /ill increas+4 ,ano!r /ruck a high-wat] m>k ( #aij1ejj ! day aft] ,mr4 ,clevel& 0 elect$1 & t has be5 ! impli$ measure ( circulation = ! la/ six ye>s4 ,ano!r1 dur+ a heat$ political campaign1 or a great f9ancial crisis1 or "s o!r dom9ant factor 9 public int]e/1 makes a l>ge & g5u9e tempor>y increase1 b ! highe/ m>k ga9$ does en=c$ duty 9 ! eyes ( ! m>9es until ano!r flood tide sweeps him to a great] transi5t height4 ,^! are types ( ! competitions ( ! circulation li>4 ,at ?is v h\r !re are f\r daily newspap]s ea* ( :i* has ! l>ge/ circulation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ! ne>ly #ah1jjj ,am]ican publications only #ajc furni% detail$1 op51 & entirely tru/wor?y /atem5ts ( circulation4 ,z to ! g5]al public ?is is no great matt]1 b to ! va/ numb] ( bus9ess m5 :o buy ! real or fanci$ publicity af=d$ by newspap] adv]tis+ x is ( exce$+ importance4 ,t ! l>ge buy]s ( adv]tis+ space are n m & (t5] sw9dl$ is because !y und]/& ! circulation extravaganza & buy space accord+ to _! und]/&+4 ,! "t is com+1 & x %\ld come soon1 :5 newspap] circulations %all be op5 to ! same inspection & publicity z is n[ ! case ) banks & insurance companies1 & :5 ! circulation li> & sw9dl] %all be am5able to ! same law & liable to ! same p5alty z /&s aga9/ & is visit$ ^u any o!r p]jur] & ?ief4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,hay ,,fev]4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,rixa1 ,m4,d41 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! ,may 7#ahij7 numb] ( ! ,!rapeutic ,gazette ,i furni%$ "s contribution to ! ,treatm5t ( ,hay ,fev]4 ,i report$ !re9 a favorable result 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is my/]i\s disease 9 ! exp]i5ce ( my la/ ye>'s cases4 ,my exp]i5ce ( ?is ye> is f> m gratify+1 & wor?y ( receiv+ a wide publicity4 ,i treat$ six cases 9 all1 f\r ( :i* h be5 habitual = ye>s to hay fev] prop] )\t complications1 :ile ! o!r two us$ to h ! disease aggravat$ ) reflex a/hma & bron*ial cat>rh4 ,i succe$$ 9 prev5t+ ! outbreak ( ! disease 9 e individual case4 ,! treatm5t ,i appli$ 0 v simple1 & consi/$ ( ! foll[+3 ,f ! fact t ,i _h kn[n all my pati5ts f previ\s ye>s1 ,i ord]$ !m to my (fice two weeks be=e ! usual onset ( ! disease4 ,i advis$ !m to irrigate ! nose ) a w>m solution ( *loride ( sodium f\r times a day--morn+1 noon1 ev5+1 & on retir+2 &1 a few m9utes aft] ! cleans+ ( ! p>ts1 _h ! n>es ?or\ghly spray$ ) p]oxide ( hydrog5 & c4p4 glyc]91 half & half4 ,^? subject to a conjunctivitis ,i prescrib$ a two p] c5t4 solution ( boric acid z a wa%4 ,at ?is p]iod no int]nal m$ication 0 giv51 b ?ree days previ\s to ! usual onset ( ! disease ,i prescrib$ ph5acet9 & salol1 five gra9s ( ea* ?ree times a day4 ,on ! respective expect$ days1 to ! great surprise ( all ! memb]s conc]n$ successively1 :o h be5 9 ! habit ( gett+ ! disease almo/ inv>iably at a c]ta9 date1 no hay fev] symptoms appe>$1 ?\gh ev]yone _h be5 ! victim ( ! disease = a great numb] ( ye>s1 v>y+ f five to n9ete5 ye>s' /&+4 ,x is self-und]/ood t ?is treatm5t 0 kept up all ?r\gh ! season1 &1 z no symptoms develop$1 ! applications 7 r$uc$1 t[>d ! t]m9ation1 to twice & once a day4 ,! int]nal m$ication1 h[ev]1 0 /opp$ aft] ! expiration ( ! fir/ week1 & all ! pati5ts c\ld att5d to _! v>i\s respective vocations1 some?+ !y nev] h be5 able to d 9 previ\s ye>s4 ,9 two cases1 ?\gh no nasal symptoms develop$1 ab\t two weeks aft] ! calculat$ onset1 slight symptoms ( a/hma made _! appe>ance4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c\ld easily suppress !m at ?is "t ) ! aid ( ! h& atomiz] & ozoniz]1 a v +5i\s little app>atus1 ( :i* ,i gave a ?or\gh description 9 my la/ ye>'s article4 ,i us$ ! ozone inhalations e f\r h\rs1 9 connection ) ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ! foll[+ prescription3 ,rx ,iodide ( ammonia1 #h2 ,fl4 ex4 quebra*o1 #cj2 ,fl4 ex4 gr9delia robu/a1 #ae2 ,tr4 lobelia1 #ab2 ,tr4 belladonna1 #h2 ,syr4 pruni1 virg41 q4s41 ad #abj4 ,sig4--,teaspoonful ?ree or m times dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,h[ev]1 t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? week1 especially 9 "o case--a /\t1 heavy-set g5tleman--v grave a/hmatic symptoms develop$1 :i* compell$ me to apply ,*apman's sp9al ice bag1 z well z resort to ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( l>ge doses ( code9e dur+ ! p>oxysm1 ) ! mo/ b5eficial result4 ,i gave also oxyg5 inhalations a fair trial 9 ! two cases4 ,i f9d !m to act v soo?+ly 9 ! simple a/hma1 facilitat+ respiration aft] a few m9utes2 b dur+ ! p>oxysmal /age !y _c be utiliz$1 = ! reason t respiration is %ort & rapid1 & does n p]mit ( a control 9 ! quantity ( ! gas to be inhal$4 ,consequ5tly1 x is ei!r ( little use z a rem$y2 or1 if too mu* is tak51 a disagreeable heada*e w be ! consequ5ce4 ,dur+ ! cat>rhal /age1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 v mild comp>$ ) la/ ye>1 ,i d]iv$ great b5efit f ! adm9i/ration ( code9e1 9 comb9ation ) t]p9e hydrate1 9 ! pill =m4 ,! code9e has ! advantage ov] all o!r opium prep>ations t x does n affect ! dige/ive organs1 & /ill acts 9 a soo?+ mann]4 ,:ile dur+ la/ ye>'s sickness my pati5ts lo/ f t5 to tw5ty p\nds ( _! bodily weight1 ?is ye> b "o lo/ eight p\nds & ! o!r five p\nds4 ,z ! etiology ( ?is tr\blesome disease is yet envelop$ 9 obscurity1 we may fairly conclude1 by ! success ( my treatm5t1 if x %\ld meet ) ! confirmation ( ! pr(ession1 t ! mu* pret5d$ s5sitive area1 situat$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,saj\s1 at ! po/]ior end ( ! inf]ior turb9at$ bones & ! correspond+ portion ( ! septum1 or1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,john ,mack5zie1 :o locates ?is area at ! ant]ior extremity ( ! inf]ior turb9at$ bone1 ne$ n necess>ily be remov$ or de/roy$ by caut]y1 9 ord] to accompli% a cure ( hay fev] prop]4 ,i exam9$ my pati5ts twice a week1 & ! close/ rh9oscopical exploration w\ld n reveal ! slighte/ pa?ological *ange 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! n>es4 ,n[1 :at is ! etiological factor ( ! disease8 ,is x a specific g]m convey$ by ! air to ! p>ts &--locus m9oris resi/5cia--deposit$ at ! pret5d$ area1 or is ! g]m9al matt] pres5t 9 ! nasal muc\s membrane ) c]ta9 p]sons1 & requires only at a c]ta9 "t & "u c]ta9 conditions physiological /imulation to manife/ p]iodical pa?ological *anges1 :i* give rise to ! tra9 ( symptoms call$ hay fev]8 ,dropp+ all hypo!tical reason+1 ,i ?9k "s outside vegetable g]m is caus+ ! disease 9 ^? pr$ispos$1 & p]oxide ( hydrog5 acts on !m z x does on ! pus corpuscles1 i4e41 drives !m out :5 & :]ev] x f9ds !m4 ,i hope ! pr(ession w give ?is new measure a ?or\gh trial & report _! results4--,!rapeutic ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,*9ese ,,g+]4 ,9 ! ,kew ,bullet9 = ,janu>y an int]e/+ acc\nt is giv5 ( ! id5tification ( ! plant yield+ ! rhizome employ$ to make ! well-kn[n ,*9ese pres]v$ g+]4 ,z long ago z #ahgh ,dr4 ,e4 ,p]cival ,wright1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 call$ ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,?iselton ,dy] to ! fact t ! pres]v$ g+] has v mu* l>g] rhizomes ?an ,z+ib] (fic9ale1 & t x 0 q improbable t x 0 ! product ( t plant4 ,! difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! plant arose f ! fact t1 l _m o!rs cultivat$ = ! root or tub]1 x r>ely fl[]s4 ,! fir/ fl[]+ plant 0 s5t to ,kew f ,jamaica by ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,hope ,g>d5 !re4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! plant has fl[]$ bo? at ,dom9ica 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,hong-,kong4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,=d1 ! director ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,hong-,kong1 has id5tifi$ ! plant z ,alp9ia ,galanga1 ! s\rce ( ! great] or ,java galangal root ( comm]ce4 ,mr4 ,watson1 ( ,kew1 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to sugge/ t ! ,*9ese g+] plant is probably a species ( ,alp9ia1 & possibly id5tical ) ! ,siam g+] plant1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,sir ,j4 ,hook] 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e 7tab4 #f1idf7 9 #ahhg z a new species "u ! "n ( ,alp9ia z+ib]9a4 ,mr4 ,j4,g4 ,bak]1 9 work+ up ! ,scitam9e = ! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t x is n di/9ct f ! ,alp9ia ,galanga1 ,willd4 ,! ,siam & ,*9ese g+]s are !re=e id5tical1 & bo? are ! produce ( ,alp9ia ,galanga1 ,willd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,float+ ,,elevator ,,& ,,spoil ,,di/ributor4 ,we illu/rate a float+ elevator & spoil di/ributor con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,a4,f4 ,smuld]s1 ,utre*t1 ,holl&1 = remov+ dr$g$ mat]ial out ( b>ges at ! ,baltic ,sea ,canal ,works4 ,we give a p]spective view %[+ ! app>atus at "w1 & on a page plate are giv5 plans1 longitud9al & cross sections1 ) details :i* are f ,eng9e]+4 ,! dr$g$ mat]ial is rais$ out ( ! laun*es or b>ges by means ( a d\ble rang$ bucket *a9 to a height ( #aj4e met]s 7#cd ft4 #e 947 above ! wat] l9e1 f :5ce x is pu%$ to ! place ( deposition by a heavy /ream ( wat] suppli$ by c5trifugal pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,float+ ,,elevator ,,& ,,spoil ,,di/ributor ,,= ,,! ,,baltic ,,sea ,,canal4 ,! necess>y ma*9]y & sup]/ructure are support$ on two vessels connect$1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #d & #e1 ) cross gird]s1 a suffici5t wid? be+ left betwe5 ea* vessel to =m a well l>ge en\gh = a b>ge to float into1 & = ! work+ ( ! bucket ladd] utiliz$ 9 rais+ ! mat]ial f ! b>ges4 ,! gird]s are brac$ toge!r & c>ry ! fram+ = ! bucket *a9s1 ge>s1 etc4 ,! port vessel is provid$ ) a comp\nd eng9e ( #aej indicat$ horse p[]1 ) injection cond5s] actuat+ two p[]ful c5trifugal pumps1 rais+ wat] :i* ent]s by a s]ies ( holes into ! bottom ( ! %oots und]nea? ! dr$g$ mat]ial1 c>ry+ ! mat]ial to ! conduit 7z indicat$ on ,fig4 #d & 9 detail on ,figs4 #f & #g74 ,a /eel boil] ( #hj squ>e met]s 7#hfj squ>e feet7 heat+ surface1 & #f atmosph]es 7#ij lb47 work+ pressure1 supplies /eam to ! eng9e4 ,=w>d on ! deck ( ! same vessel !re is a v]tical two-cyl9d] high pressure eng9e ( #cj indicat$ horse p[]1 :i* helps to br+ ! b>ge to ! desir$ position betwe5 ! p>allel vessels4 ,a horizontal two-cyl9d] eng9e ( ! same p[]1 fitt$ ) rev]s+ ge>1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! =emo/ iron gird]1 raises & l[]s ! bucket ladd] by ! int]position ( a /rongly fram$ cap/an1 z %[n on ,fig4 #e4 ,! ge>+ ?r\gh\t is ( friction pulleys & worm & worm:eel4 ,x is driv5 by belts4 ,9 ! />bo>d vessel !re is a comp\nd eng9e ( #ajj indicat$ horse p[]1 ) injection cond5s]1 work+ ! bucket *a9 by means ( belts & :eel ge>+1 z %[n on ,fig4 #b4 ,a m>9e boil] ( #df squ>e met]s 7#die squ>e feet7 heat+ surface & #f atmosph]es 7#ij lb47 work+ pressure1 supplies /eam4 ,9 ?is vessel1 x may be add$1 !re is a cab9 = ! crew4 ,! dim5sions ( ! vessels are z foll[s2 ,extreme l5g?1 #be met]s 7#hb ft472 bread?1 #d4e met]s 7#ad ft4 #i 9472 dep? 7m\ld$71 #b4g met]s 7#f ft4 #f 9472 av]age draught ( wat]1 #a4d met]s 7#d ft4 #g 9472 space betwe5 ! %ips1 #f4ee met]s 7#ba ft4 #f 947 ,! iron /ructure connect+ ! %ips is compos$ ( f\r upright box-=m /an*ions on bo? %ips1 connect$ at ! top by two /rong box gird]s ) tie pieces support+ ! ma9 fram+4 ,?is ma9 fram+1 also ( ! box gird] =m1 is /r5g!n$ ) angle irons & brac$ toge!r at ! tops by a plat=m support+ ! ge>+ ( ! bucket *a9s1 z %[n on ,fig4 #e4 ,! buckets h a capacity ( #afj lit]s 7#e4fe cubic feet7 & ! spe$ 9 travel is at ! rate ( #be to #cj buckets p] m9ute1 s t ) bo? ladd]s work+1 #ej to #fj buckets are dis*>g$ p] m9ute4 ,! top tumbl] %aft is plac$ at a height ( #ac met]s 7#db ft4 #h 947 above ! wat] l9e 7,fig4 #d71 & ! dr$ge conduit has a l5g? ( #ej met]s 7#afd ft471 ,fig4 #a4 ,! %oot+ is done at a height ( #h4e met]s 7#bg ft4 #aj 947 above ! wat] l9e1 & ! %oot cat*es ! dr$g$ products at a height ( #aj4e met]s 7#cd ft4 #e 947 above ! wat] l9e1 ! slid+ gradi5t be+ #d to #ajj4 ,! dr$ge conduit is c>ri$ by timb]work re/+ on two ( ! upright box =m /an*ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,float+ ,,elevator ,,& ,,spoil ,,di/ributor4 ,all cables are ( galvaniz$ /eel & provid$ ) op5 tw9 buckles4 ,! ma9 p>ts ( ! app>atus are ( /eel1 & all pieces subject to we> & te> are fitt$ ) bu%es s =m$ t !y c be easily replac$4 ,! quantity ( suitable soil remov$ by ^! app>atus am\nts to #cej cubic met]s 7#ab1cfj squ>e feet7 p] h\r4 ,f\r plants ( simil> con/ruction h be5 built = ! new ,baltic ,sea ,canal1 besides a fix$ elevator ( ! same p[] & disposition1 ) ! exception t ! top tumbl] %aft 0 susp5d$ at a height ( #af4a met]s 7#ea ft4 #aj 947 above ! wat] l9e1 & ! dr$ge conduit plac$ at a di/ance ( #ac met]s 7#dc ft47 f x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,cold ,,iron ,,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,cold ,,iron ,,saw4 ,! engrav+ giv5 h]e) %[s a g5]al view ( ! ,demon cold saw1 design$ = cutt+ iron1 mild /eel1 or o!r metals ( fairly l>ge sections1 t is1 up squ>e or r\nd1 & any rectangul> section up to #h 94 by #d 94 ,! mak]1 ,mr4 ,r4,g4 ,fiege1 ( ,london1 claims = ?is appliance t x is a cold iron saw1 at once p[]ful1 simple & effective4 ,x is always 9 read9ess = "w1 c be work$ by inexp]i5c$ workm54 ,! b$ plate has ,t slots1 to receive a p>allel vise1 :i* c be fix$ at any angle = angul> cutt+4 ,! articulat$ lev] c>ries a saw ( #aj 94 or #ab 94 diamet]1 on ! sp9dle ( :i* a bronze p9ion is fix$1 ge>+ ) ! worm %[n4 ,! latt] d]ives motion f a pair ( bevel :eels1 :i* are 9 turn actuat$ f ! pulley %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! lev] & ! saw connect$ ) x c be rais$ & held up by a pawl :ile ! "w is be+ fix$4 ,9 small "w ! weight ( ! lev] itself is f\nd suffici5t to fe$ ! saw1 b 9 heavi] "w x is f\nd necess>y to atta* a weight on ! end ( ! lev]4 ,! ma*9e is fitt$ ) fa/ & loose pulleys1 /rap =k & b>4 ,we are in=m$ t "o ( ^! ma*9es is capable ( mak+ #djj cuts ?r\gh b>s ( ,bessem] /eel #d 94 diamet]1 ea* cutt+ occupy+ six m9utes on an av]age1 )\t *ang+ ! saw4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,railway ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,&es4 ,! railway sy/em ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic is sep>at$ f ! ,*ilian sy/em by ! *a9 ( ! ,&es4 ,! ,engli% contractors1 ,messrs4 ,cl>k ,co41 h und]tak5 to connect !m by a l9e :i* />ts f ,m5doza1 ! t]m9us ( ! ,arg5t9e sy/em1 & ends at ,santa ,rosa 9 ,*ili1 ) a total l5g? ( #add miles4 ,! di/ance f ,bu5os ,ayres to ,valp>aiso w ?us be r$uc$ to #haf miles4 ,! ,arg5t9e l9es are ( #e4d foot gauge1 & ^? ( ,*ili ( #d4f foot4 ,! l9e 9 c\rse ( con/ruction trav]ses an extremely hilly region4 ,! />t+ & t]m9al po9ts are at ! levels ( #b1cch feet 7,m5doza7 & #b1gjf feet 7,santa ,rosa7 above ! sea2 ! l[e/ neck ( ! *a9 is at ! level ( #aa1bhg feet4 ,/udy hav+ %[n t a direction l9e )\t tunnels1 & ev5 ) ! /eepe/ gradi5ts = traction by adhesion1 w\ld lead to a consid]able l5g!n+ ( ! l9e1 & w\ld expose x to avalan*es & to ob/ructions by sn[1 !re 0 adopt$ ^u a c]ta9 l5g? a rack track ( ! ,abt sy/em1 ) gradi5ts ( #h p] c5t41 & ! neck is trav]s$ by a tunnel #c miles 9 l5g? & #a1ifh feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,! numb] & l5g? ( ! tunnels ^u ! two declivities1 moreov]1 are consid]able4 ,!y are all provid$ ) rack tracks4 ,! fir/ #hj miles1 />t+ f ,m5doza1 are exploit$ by adhesion1 ) maximum gradi5ts ( #b p] c5t4 ,^u ! rema9+ #fd miles1 traction c be effect$ ei!r by adhesion or racks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,region ,,trav]s$ ,,by ,,! ,,railway ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,&es4 ,! track is ( #c4bh foot gauge1 & ?is w necessitate trans-%ipm5ts ^u ! two sy/ems4 ,! rails weigh #ai p\nds to ! runn+ foot 9 ! p>ts :]e ! exploitation c be effect$ ei!r ?r\gh adhesion or racks1 & #ag p\nds 9 ^? 9 :i* adhesion alone w be employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,direction ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,railway ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,&es4 ,! special locomotives = use on ! rack sections w weigh #de tons 9 s]vice & w haul #gj ton tra9s ov] gradi5ts ( #h p]c5t4 ,^? t are to be employ$ ^u ! p>ts :]e traction w be by adhesion w be locomotives ) five pairs ( :eels1 ?ree ( !m c\pl$4 ,! weight di/ribut$ ov] ^! latt] w be #bh tons4 ,^! eng9es w haul #adj ton tra9s ov] gradi5ts ( #b p] c5t4 ,! e>?work is n[ f9i%$ ov] two-?irds ( ! l5g?1 & ! track has be5 laid = a l5g? ( #eh miles f ,m5doza4 ,x is hop$ t x w be possible to op5 ! l9e to traffic z f> z to ! summit tunnels 9 #ahia1 & to f9i% ! tunnels 9 #ahic4 ,^! tunnels w h to be excavat$ ?r\gh h>d rock4 ,to ?is effect1 x is int5d$ to use drills actuat$ by electricity ?r\gh dynamos driv5 by wat]falls4 ,! ,f]r\x sy/em seems pref]able to ! ,br&t & o!r hydraulic sy/ems1 see+ ! dang] ( ! wat] be+ froz5 9 ! conduits plac$ outside ( ! tunnels4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,empress ,,( ,,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,briti% ,,pacific ,,l9e ,,empress ,,( ,,india4 ,! ,empress ( ,india is int5d$ to be ! pione] ( ?ree fa/ mail /eam]s1 built by ! ,b>r[ ,%ipbuild+ ,company = s]vice 9 connection ) ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway1 betwe5 ,vanc\v] & ! ports ( ,*9a & ,japan1 ?us =m+ ! la/ l9k 9 ! new r\te to ! ,ea/ ?r\gh ,briti% t]ritory4 ,h] si/] %ips1 ! ,empress ( ,*9a & ,empress ( ,japan1 are to be ready 9 ,april next4 ,^! ?ree %ips all fulfill ! requirem5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ( ! ,admiralty & ,lloyd's1 & are class$ z #ajj ,a#a4 ,!y w also be plac$ on ! li/ ( ,briti% arm$ cruis]s = s]vice z comm]ce protectors 9 "t ( w>4 ,= ?is s]vice ea* vessel is to be ?or\ghly fitt$4 ,!re are two plat=ms =w>d & two aft1 = m\nt+ #g 94 ,arm/rong guns4 ,^! weapons1 9 ! case ( ! ,empress ( ,india1 are already await+ ! vessel at ,vanc\v]4 ,! ,empress ( ,india is pa9t$ :ite all ov]1 has ?ree pole ma/s to c>ry =e & aft sails4 ,%e has two buff-color$ funnels & a clipp] /]n1 & 9 ext]nal build mu* resembles ! ,city ( ,rome4 ,h] l5g? ov] all is #dhe feet2 beam1 #ea feet2 dep?1 #cf feet2 & gross tonnage1 #e1ibj tons4 ,! hull1 ( /eel1 is divid$ into fifte5 comp>tm5ts by bulkheads1 & has a cellul> d\ble bottom #d feet 9 dep? & #g feet bel[ ! eng9e room4 ,!re are f\r complete decks4 ,! %ip is design$ to c>ry #bjj saloon pass5g]s1 #fj second cab91 & #ejj /e]age--^! la/ *iefly ,*9ese coolies1 = ^: special delectation an opium room has be5 provid$ on bo>d4--,daily ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*icago ,,z ,a ,,seaport4 ,! prairie l& 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 :i*1 sev5ty ye>s ago1 0 half morass f ! ov]fl[+ ( ! sluggi% creek1 ^: wat]s1 dur+ flood1 spread ov] ! l[-ly+1 level pla91 or 7 supplem5t$ 9 ! dry season by ! infl[ f ! lake1 %[$ no sign ( any future developm5t & prosp]ity4 ,! few /reets ( wood5 h\ses t _h be5 built by _! h&ful ( isolat$ inhabitants seem$ likely r to decay f neglect & des]tion ?an to increase1 & ultimately to be swept away by fire1 to make room = ! extravagant & gigantic build+s t to-day *>act]ize ,am]ican civilization & comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,ne>ly #a1jjj miles f ! ,atlantic1 a great] di/ance f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & #b1jjj miles f ! ,pacific1 no wild] dream c\ld h be5 imag9$ fifty ye>s ago ?an t ,*icago %\ld become a seaport1 ! volume ( ^: bus9ess %\ld be second only to t ( ,new ,york2 t =ty miles ( :>ves & docks l9+ ! bran*es ( ! riv] %\ld be insuffici5t = ! wants ( h] comm]ce1 & t none ( ! magnific5t lake frontage c\ld be sp>$ to supply ! dem&4 ,yet ?is is ! situation to-day1 ! difficulties ( :i* mu/ increase _m fold z ye>s pass & bus9ess gr[s1 unless "s *anges are made by :i* increas$ accommodation c be obta9$4 ,! nature ( ^! *anges has long engross$ ! att5tion ( ! municipality & _! eng9e]s1 & necessity is =c+ !m f discussion to action4 ,z su* action is likely to be tak5 soon1 ! subject is ( suffici5t int]e/ to ! ,engli% read] to devote "s space to its consid]ation4 ,! mo/ important problem1 h[ev]1 :i* ! works to be und]tak5--& :i* mu/ ( necessity be soon comm5c$--w h to solve1 is n "o ( :>f accommodation or ( increas$ facilities ( comm]ce4 ,x is ! bett] disposal ( ! sewage ( ! city1 ! sy/em 9 use at pres5t be+ inadequate1 & gr[+ m & m imp]fect z ! city & its population increase4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( ,*icago1 & inde$ long aft]1 ! sewage "q 0 treat$ ) primitive simplicity1 & ) a complete disreg>d ( sanit>y laws4 ,! riv] & ! lake 9 front ( ! city 7 close at h& & conv5i5t to receive all ! dis*>ge f ! dra9s t fl[$ into !m4 ,b ?is condition ( ?+s _h to come to an end1 = ! lake suppli$ ! population ) wat]1 & x became too contam9at$ = use4 ,to obta9 ev5 ?is tempor>y relief involv$ mu* ( ! gr\nd level ( ! city be+ rais$ to a height ( #ad ft4 above l[ wat]1 a great und]tak+ c>ri$ out a numb] ( ye>s ago4 ,to obta9 an adequate supply ( pure wat]1 ,mr4 ,e4,s4 ,*esbor\gh1 ! city eng9e]1 adopt$ ! +5i\s plan ( driv+ a long tunnel b5ea? ! b$ ( ! lake1 connect$ at ! out] end to an inlet t[] built 9 ! wat]1 & on %ore to pump+ eng9es4 ,?is plan prov$ s successful t x is n[ be+ repeat$ on a l>g] scale1 & ) a mu* long] tunnel1 to meet ! increas$ dem&s ( ! l>ge population4 ,b to improve ! sanit>y condition ( ! city has be5 a mu* m difficult und]tak+1 z may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ extract f an (ficial report3 ,! pres5t sanit>y condition calls l\dly = relief4 ,! pollution ( ! ,despla9es & ! ,ill9ois ,riv]s ext5ds #ha miles1 z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,fox 7see plan1 ,fig4 #a7 9 summ] l[ wat]1 & occasionally to ,peoria 7#aeh miles7 9 w9t]4 ,outside ( ! direct circulation ! riv] h>bor is indescribable4 ,! spew+ ( ! h>bor cont5ts into ! lake1 ! sew]s con/antly dis*>g+ !re91 cl\ds ! s\rce ( wat] supply 7! lake7 ) contam9ation4 ,relief to ,*icago & equity to h] neighbors is a necessity ( ! e>ly future4 ,to make ?is quotation cle> x is necess>y to expla9 ! actual condition ( ! ,*icago sewage "q4 ,long be=e ! pres5t metropolis _h arriv$ at ! title & dignity ( a city1 ! advantage to be d]iv$ f a wat]way betwe5 ,lake ,mi*igan & ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 & !nce to ! ,mississippi1 0 well und]/ood4 ,! s*eme 01 9 fact1 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance to call = legislation z e>ly z #ahbb1 9 :i* ye> an act 0 pass$ au?oriz+ ! con/ruction ( a canal hav+ ?is object4 ,x 0 n comm5c$1 h[ev]1 till #ahcf1 & 0 op5$ to navigation 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdh4 ,?is canal ext5d$ f ,*icago to ,la ,salle1 a di/ance ( #ig miles1 & x _h a fall ( #adf ft4 to l[ wat] 9 ! ,ill9ois ,riv] 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,x 0 only a small affair1 #f ft4 deep1 & #fj ft4 wide on ! surface2 ! locks 7 #aaj ft4 long & #ah ft4 wide4 ,! summit level1 :i* 0 only #h ft4 above ! lake1 0 #ba miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is limit$ wat]way rema9$ 9 use = a numb] ( ye>s1 until1 9 fact1 ! gr[? ( ,*icago r5d]$ x impossible to all[ ! sewage to fl[ any long] into ! lake4 ,9 #ahfe ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois sanction$ wid5+ & l[]+ ! canal s t x %\ld fl[ by gravity f ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! enl>gem5t 0 complet$ 9 #ahga1 by ! city ( ,*icago1 & ! sewage 0 !n dis*>g$ t[>d ! ,ill9ois ,riv]4 ,b ! fl[ 0 insuffici5t1 & 9 #ahha ! ,/ate call$ on ! city to supplem5t ! fl[ by pump+ wat] into ! canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,9 #ahhd1 eng9es deliv]+ #fj1jjj gallons a m9ute 7 set to "w & rem$i$ ! evil = a "t1 s f> z ! city ( ,*icago 0 conc]n$1 b ! l>ge dis*>ge ( sewage ?r\gh ! sluggi% curr5t ( ! canal & into ! ,ill9ois ,riv] prov$ a s]i\s & ev]-increas+ nuisance to ! inhabitants 9 ! adjo9+ di/ricts4 ,to enl>ge ! exi/+ canal1 increase ! volume & spe$ ( its dis*>ge1 & to alt] ! levels1 s t !re %all be a relatively rapid /ream fl[+ at all times f ,lake ,mi*igan1 appe>s ! only practical means ( af=d+ relief to ! city1 & immunity to o!r t[ns & villages ly+ along ! r\te ( ! /ream4 ,! physical nature ( ! c\ntry is well suit$ = c>ry+ out su* a project on a scale f> l>g] ?an t requir$ = sewage purposes1 & works ?us c>ri$ out w\ld1 to a small ext5t1 re/ore ! old wat] regime 9 ?is "p ( ! cont95t4 ,be=e ! va/ surface *anges produc$ dur+ ! la/ glacial p]iod1 ?ree ( ! great lakes--,mi*igan1 ,huron & ,sup]ior--dis*>g$ _! wat]s s\?w>d into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico by a broad riv]4 ,! accumulation ( glacial debris *ang$ all ?is2 ! s\!rn outlet 0 cut (f1 & a new "o to ! nor? 0 op5$ ne> :]e ,detroit /&s1 mak+ a *annel to ,lake ,erie1 :i* !n became ! outlet = ! :ole *a9 by way ( ,niag>a4 ,a v slight *ange 9 levels w\ld s]ve to re/ore ! pres5t regime4 ,ar\nd ,lake ,mi*igan ! l& has be5 slightly rais$1 ! summit above mean wat] level be+ only ab\t #h ft4 ,?irty miles f ! s\? %ore ! lake level is aga9 rea*$ at a po9t ne> ,lockport 7see ,fig4 #b72 ! fall !n becomes m m>k$4 ,at ,lake ,joliet1 #aj miles fur!r1 ! fall is #gg ft42 & at ,la ,salle1 #ajj miles f ,*icago1 ! total fall rea*es #adf feet4 ,at ,la ,salle ! ,ill9ois ,riv] is met1 & ?is /ream1 aft] a c\rse ( #bbe miles1 ent]s ! ,miss\ri4 ,9 ! :ole di/ance ! ,ill9ois ,riv] has a fall ( #bi ft4 ,x has a sluggi% curr5t2 an oozy b$ & b>s1 =m$ *iefly by tribut>ies1 ) natural dep?s ( #b ft4 to #d ft42 banks half way to high wat]s1 & l[ bottoms1 "o to six miles wide1 b\nd$ by t]races1 ov]fl[$ dur+ high wat] f #d ft4 to #ab ft4 deep1 & int]sect$ 9 dry seasons by lake1 bay\1 lagoon1 & m>%1 ! wreck ( a mighty pa/4 ,! rectification ( ! ,ill9ois & ! con/ruction ( a l>ge canal f ,la ,salle to ,lake ,mi*igan are1 !re=e1 all t is necess>y to op5 a wat]way to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & to make ,*icago d\bly a port2 on ! "o h&1 = ! enorm\s lake traffic n[ exi/+2 on ! o!r1 = ! trade t w\ld be creat$ 9 bo? directions1 nor?w>d to ,lake ,mi*igan1 & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is great s*eme has long occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,a bill 9 #ahhb au?oriz$ surveys = a canal f a po9t on ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 at or ne> ! t[n ( ,h5nep91 by ! mo/ practical r\te to ! ,mississippi ,riv] 444 & a survey ( ! ,ill9ois & ,mi*igan ,canal connect+ ! ,ill9ois ,riv] ) ,*icago1 & e/imates f its enl>gem5ts4 ,?is s*eme only contemplat$ navigation = boats up to #fjj tons4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,citiz5s' ,association1 ( ,*icago caus$ a report to be made = an ext5d$ plan4 ,! "n ( ,mr4 ,l4,e4 ,cooly1 at t "t municipal sanit>y eng9e]1 0 closely associat$ ) ?is report1 z x is at ! pres5t "t = ! agitation = c>ry+ out ! works4 ,?is report recomm5d$ t an ample *annel be creat$ f ,*icago to ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 suffici5t to c>ry away 9 a dilut$ /ate ! sewage ( a l>ge population4 ,t ?is *annel may be enl>g$ by ! ,/ate or national gov]nm5t to any requirem5t ( navigation or wat] supply = ! :ole riv]1 creat+ incid5tally a great wat] p[] 9 ! ,despla9es valley4 ,foll[+ ?is report & t ( a ,dra9age & ,wat] ,supply ,commission1 a bill 0 introduc$ into ,congress support+ ! recomm5dations t _h be5 made1 & provid+ ! f9ancial ma*9]y = c>ry+ x into execution4 ,s9ce t date mu* discussion has tak5 place1 & "s little action2 mean:ile ! sanit>y requirem5ts ( ! city are gr[+ m urg5t1 & ! pressure creat$ f ?is cause w en=ce "s decision be=e long4 ,:e!r ! new wat]way is to be practically an op5 sew] or a %ip canal rema9s yet to be se51 b x is tol]ably c]ta9 t its dim5sions & volume ( wat] mu/ approximate to ! latt]1 if ! l>ge populations ( o!r t[ns are to be satisfi$4 ,9 fact ! actual necessities are s great z reg>ds sectional area ( canal & fl[ ( wat]--at lea/ #fjj1jjj ft4 a m9ute--t comp>atively small extra outlay w\ld be ne$$ to complete ! %ip canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,! att5tion ( eng9e]s 9 ,*icago1 z well z ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 is consequ5tly closely direct$ at ! pres5t "t to su* a solution ( ! problem z %all secure to ,*icago su* a wat]way z w dispose ( ! sewage "q = v _m ye>s to come2 t %all relieve ! inhabitants on ! l9e ( ! canal f all nuisances aris+ f ! sewage disposal1 & %all provide a navigable *annel = vessels ( deep draught4 ,! maps1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 give an idea ( ! mo/ favor$ s*eme--t ( ,mr4 ,cooley4 ,z w be se51 ! canal comm5c+ ne> ! m\? ( ! ,*icago ,riv] passes ?r\gh a cut 9 ! l[ ridge =m+ ! summit level2 !n x runs to ,lake ,joliet1 & ?r\gh ! valleys ( ! ,despla9es & ,ill9ois ,riv]s1 to ! ,mississippi at ,grafton1 a di/ance ( #cbe miles4 ,! elevations & di/ances ( ! pr9cipal po9ts are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,l[ ,wat] ,miles f ,level bel[ ,high ,wat] ,lake ,*icago above ,l[ ,mi*igan4 ,datum4 ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ft4 ft4 ,lake ,mi*igan #d4g ,lake ,joliet #dj #gg #e to #f ,kankakee ,riv] #ea4cj #ic4gj #ah to #bj ,morris #fa #ajj4c #ba ,m>seilles #gg #ajb4h #d to #e ,ottawa #hd4e #acb4a #bf ,la ,salle #ajj4c #adf4f #bh ,h5nep9 #aae4h #adh4g #be ,peoria #afa4d #aea4c #ba ,m\? ( ! ,ill9ois #cbe #agb4d #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! project 9 contemplation provides t ! dep? ( ! canal z f> z ,lake ,joliet 7:i* is ab\t six miles long7 %all be n less ?an #bb ft41 & on to ,la ,salle n less ?an #ad ft4 at fir/1 ) facilities to increase x to #bb ft4 ,beyond ,la ,salle to ! m\? ( ! ,ill9ois1 dr$g+ & flu%+ by ! l>ge volume ( wat] p\r+ 9 f ,lake ,mi*igan w\ld make & ma9ta9 ultimately a simil> dep?4 ,z x appe>s recogniz$ t ! sewage *annel ( ,*icago mu/ be #ae ft4 deep1 & z provision is n[ be+ made all ov] ! great lake sy/em = vessels draw+ #bj ft4 ( wat]1 a comp>atively small additional outlay w\ld provide = a *annel available = ! l>ge/ lake vessels4 ,x is claim$ t by ! co-op]ation ( ! ,*icago municipality & ! g5]al gov]nm5t--! latt] to advance a sum ( n less ?an #ej1jjj1jjj--;a %ip 7& sanit>y7 canal #bb ft4 deep c\ld be made f ! lake to ,joliet1 ext5d$ !nce to ,utica1 #bj ft4 deep1 & f !re to ! ,mississippi1 #ad ft4 deep4 ,t su* a "w w\ld va/ly enhance ! comm]ce1 n only ( ,*icago1 b ( ! :ole section ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! canal w\ld pass1 admits ( b little d\bt1 & probably ! outlay w\ld be ju/ifi$ by results simil> to ^? a*iev$ ) o!r great canal works & rectifi$ riv]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! foll[+ figures1 %[+ ! tonnage c>ri$ 9 #ahhh-hi1 give "s idea ( ! volumes ( wat]-borne traffic 9 ,am]ica3 ,tons4 ,detroit ,riv] #ai1jii1jfj ,erie ,canal #e1cgj1cfi ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie #g1eaf1jbb ,well& ,canal #hbh1bga ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,canal #a1ejj1jif ,mississippi to ,new ,orleans #c1agg1jjj bel[ ,/4 ,l\is #hde1jjj ,ohio #b1bcf1iag ,*icago ,canal & lake #aa1jbi1ege ,except on ! ,mississippi1 x may be reckon$ t navigation is clos$ by ice dur+ five mon?s a ye>4 ,x may be m5tion$1 by way ( comp>ison1 t ! traffic on ! ,suez ,canal dur+ ! ye> #ahhh-hi 0 #f1fdj1hcd tons4 ,"o v int]e/+ po9t 9 connection ) ?is "w is ! effect t ! div]sion ( s l>ge a body ( wat] f ! lakes w h ^u _! regime4 ,at lea/ #aj1jjj cubic feet a second w\ld be tak5 f ,lake ,mi*igan & f9d its way into ! ,mississippi2 ?is is approximately #d p] c5t4 ( ! total am\nt t n[ passes ?r\gh ! ,/4 ,clair ,riv] & !nce ov] ,niag>a4 ,! foll[+ table gives "s p>ticul>s ( ! great lakes & ! dis*>ge f !m3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,cubic ,feet p] ,second4 ,elevation ,area ( ,area (--------------------- above ,bas91 ,lake1 ,lake4 ,mean ,tide4 ,squ>e ,squ>e ,ra9- ,evapo- ,dis- ,feet4 ,miles4 ,miles4 fall4 ration4*>ge4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sup]ior #fja4gh #ij1eje #ch1hge #ahg1chf #cd1die #hj1hgj ,huron & ,mi*4 #eha4bh #aba1ida #ej1djj #bfb1ifd #ff1gedbaf1dce ,erie #egb4hf #dj1bih #aj1jjj #if1fed #ac1hgjbce1egh ,ont>io #bdf4fa #ca1eeh #g1bbj #ge1fib #aj1efhbgb1jie ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! av]age v>iation 9 level ( ! lakes is f #ah 94 to #bd 94 dur+ ! ye>1 & ! range 9 evaporation f ye> to ye> is also v consid]able2 ?us ! evaporation p] second on ,huron & ,mi*igan1 z giv5 9 ! table above1 is ne>ly #fg1jjj ft41 b ! figures = ano!r ye> %[ ne>ly #hi1jjj ft4 p] second1 :i* w\ld repres5t a diff]5ce ( #f 94 9 wat] level4 ,z a dis*>ge ( #aj1jjj cubic feet a second into ! new canal w\ld l[] ! level ( ^! two lakes by #b4hg 94 9 a ye>1 x foll[s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ye> ( maximum & "o ( m9imum evaporation is m ?an twice z great z w\ld be requir$ = ! canal1 & ev5 "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions ! volume tak5 f ! :ole *a9 ( lakes w\ld n l[] !m an in*4 ,:5 ! v>iations 9 level due to diff]5t causes--ra91 w9d1 & evaporation be+ ! *ief--are tak5 into consid]ation1 ! effect ( #aj1jjj cubic feet a second ab/ract$ w\ld probably n be noticeable4 ,t ?is w\ld be s is ! op9ion1 aft] c>eful inve/igation1 ( _m em95t ,am]ican eng9e]s4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a simil> unanimity ( op9ion z to ! advantages t w\ld be obta9$ 9 ! condition ( ! ,mississippi by add+ to x a tribut>y ( su* importance z ! propos$ canal4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4,f4 ,,burnham ,,& ,,8 ,,life ,,"w4 ,by ,w4,h4 ,,burnham4 ,! inv5tor & pat5tee ( all wat] :eels kn[n z ! ,burham turb9e di$ f ,bright's disease ( ! kidneys at 8 home1 ,york1 ,pa41 ,dec4 #bb1 #ahij1 ag$ #fh ye>s #i mon?s & #i days4 ,he 0 born 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 ,m>* #ac1 #ahbb1 & 0 ( ,engli%-,iri% & ,fr5* desc5t4 ,8 fa!r 0 a millwright & ) him work$ at ! trade 9 ,orange c\nty1 ,n4,y41 until he 0 #af ye>s old4 ,he !n comm5c$ le>n+ ! wat*mak]s' bus9ess1 :i* he 0 oblig$ to rel9qui%1 aft] ?ree ye>s1 on acc\nt ( 8 heal?4 ,he !n w5t to ,laurel1 ,md41 9 #ahdd1 & engag$ ) ,patux5t ,co4 z m]cantile cl]k & bookkeep]4 ,9 #ahef he comm5c$ ! manufacture ( ! ,fr5* turb9e wat] :eel4 ,9 #ahgi he sold out 8 ,laurel int]e/s1 w5t to ,new ,york & comm5c$ manufactur+ 8 own pat5ts4 ,on ,may #bb1 #ahhc1 he f\nd$ ! ,drov]s' & ,me*anics' ,national ,bank ( ,york1 & 0 elect$ its fir/ presid5t1 :i* position he held at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,9 #ahha1 ) o!rs1 he built ! ,york op]a h\se1 at a co/ ( #dj1jjj4 ,he 0 a ,knight ,templ>1 & pa/ ma/] ( ! ,i4,o4,o4,f41 & pa/ sa*em ( ,r$ ,m54 ,illu/ration3 ,n4,f4 ,,burnham4 ,he 0 ! olde/ turb9e :eel manufactur] liv+1 hav+ be5 actually engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( turb9es s9ce #ahef4 ,he fir/ made & sold ! ,fr5* ,jonval turb9e1 :i* 0 !n ! be/ turb9e made1 b be+ complicat$ 9 con/ruction1 x soon wore out & leak$4 ,f ! exp]i5ce he _h f ?is :eel he inv5t$ & pat5t$ ,feb4 #bb1 #ahei1 8 improv$ ,jonval turb9e1 :i* 0 v simply con/ruct$ & yield$ a great] p]c5tage ( p[] ?an ! ,fr5* ,jonval turb9es4 ,hundr$s ( ^! improv$ :eels1 :i* 7 put 9 op]ation betwe5 ! ye>s #ahei & #ahfh1 are /ill 9 use4 7,we %[ no cut ( ?is :eel1 b x _h f\r *utes in/ead ( six1 z %[n 9 ,m>* #bd1 #ahfc1 pat5t47 ,! fir/ :eel 7#gb in*7 made aft] ! pat5t 0 grant$ 0 sold to ,brightwell ,davis1 ,f>mville1 ,va41 & put into _! fl\r mill "u six feet head4 ,9 #ahgj1 ,brightwell ,davis sold _! mill to ,scott ,davis4 ,aft]w>d ,g4,w4 ,davis own$ & op]at$ ! mill & put 9 "o #aheh pat5t ,new ,turb9e4 ,9 #ahhi ! ,f>mville ,mill ,company b\ght & remodel$ ! mill to roll] process & requir$ m p[] ?an ! old #ahef ,jonval turb9e & #ahfh ,new ,turb9e w\ld yield1 & on ,aug4 #cj1 #ahhi1 sold ! ,f>mville ,mill ,company two #ed in* new improv$ ,/&>d turb9es to displace ! two old :eels4 ,9 #ahfj he comm5c$ exp]im5t+ ) diff]5t =ms ( buckets & *utes1 & us$ six *utes in/ead ( f\r z fir/ made1 & 0 grant$ pat5t ,m>* #bd1 #ahfc4 ,?is addition ( *utes prov$ b5eficial1 z ! :eel work$ bett] ) ! gates p>tly op5$ ?an x did ) f\r *utes4 ,8 next inv5tion 0 grant$ him ,dec4 #bd1 #ahfg1 :i* he call$ ,burnham's improv$ c5tral & v]tical dis*>ge turb9e4 ,?is improvem5t consi/$ 9 mak+ ! guide blade /raight on ! outside 7in/ead ( r\nd+1 z !n made by all o!rs71 f inn] po9t back to bolt or gudgeon1 & ?ick en\gh at ! latt] po9t to let wat] pass )\t be+ ob/ruct$ by said bolt & ! arrangem5t = %ift+ ! wat] guides4 ,two #db-;in* :eels ( ?is patt]n 7 built & put into op]ation1 b !y soon comm5c$ leak+ wat] & became tr\blesome on acc\nt ( ! _m small pieces ( ca/+s & bolts1 & 7 ab&on$ z wor?less4 ,!re are sev]al manufactur]s ( ?is /yle ( :eel t adv]tise !m z simple & durable4 ,su* a complicat$ case ) twelve *utes _c be made to op]ate unless by a l>ge numb] ( ca/+s1 bolts & /uds4 ,) ^! adju/able wat] guides1 "o ( ! objects 0 obta9$4 ,admitt+ ! wat] to ! :eel ?r\gh *utes correspond+ 9 height to ! out] edge ( buckets expos$1 b n plac+ ! wat] aga9/ ! face ( ! buckets at "r angles ) ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 except :5 ! guide blades 7 full op5$1 = z ! guides are *ang$ s is ! curr5t ( ! wat] likewise *ang$4 ,aft] mak+ sev]al diff]5tly con/ruct$ :eels & te/+ !m a numb] ( times1 he select$ ! be/ "o & obta9$ a pat5t = x ,m>* #c1 #ahfh1 & call$ x new turb9e1 :i* he /ill fur!r improv$ & pat5t$ ,may #i1 #ahga4 ,?is new turb9e consi/$ ( ! =m] improv$ ,jonval :eel1 hub & buckets1 ) a new circul> case & new =m ( *utes1 hav+ a regi/] gate entirely surr\nd+ ! case & hav+ ap]tures correspond+ to ^? 9 ! case = admitt+ wat] to ! :eel4 ,?is regi/] gate 0 mov$ by means ( a segm5t & p9ion4 ,?is new turb9e soon ga9$ = itself a reputation enjoy$ by no o!r wat] :eel4 ,x 0 select$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 & put at "w 9 room #ahi1 to run a pump :i* =ces wat] to ! top ( ! build+4 ,x 0 likewise select$ by ! ,japan commission :5 !y 7 9 ?is c\ntry to select samples ( our be/ ma*9es4 ,he cont9u$ mak+ ! #ahfh pat5t & improv$ 9 #ahga new turb9e b a few ye>s1 = z long z he c\ld detect a defect 9 ! :eel1 case or gate1 he cont9u$ improv+ & simplify+ !m1 & 9 #ahgc he erect$ a v complete te/+ flume1 also made a v s5sitive dynamomet]1 x hav+ a comb9ation screw = tight5+ ! friction b&1 :i* requir$ #ajj turns to make "o in*1 & comm5c$ mak+ & exp]im5t+ ) diff]5t con/ruct$ turb9es4 ,he made five diff]5t :eels & made ov] a hundr$ te/s be=e he 0 satisfi$4 ,application 0 !n made = a pat5t1 :i* 0 grant$ ,m>* #ca1 #ahgd1 = 8 ,/&>d turb9e4 ,?is ,/&>d turb9e 0 a comb9ation ( 8 =m] improvem5ts1 ) ! cov] ext5d+ ov] top ( ! gate to prev5t x f tilt+1 & an ecc5tric :eel work+ 9 cam yoke to op5 & close ! gate4 ,?\s&s ( ,/&>d turb9es are to-day work+ & giv+ ! be/ satisfaction1 & we v5ture to say t n "o ( ! ,/&>d turb9es has be5 displac$ by any o!r make ( turb9e1 :i* gave bett] results = ! wat] us$4 ,9 #ahha he aga9 comm5c$ exp]im5t+ to f9d out h[ mu* wat] c\ld be put ?r\gh a :eel ( giv5 diamet]4 ,aft] mak+ & te/+ sev]al :eels x 0 f\nd t ! am\nt ( wat] ) full gate drawn nam$ 9 tables f\nd 9 ,burnham ,bros4' late/ catalogue = ea* size :eel yield$ #hd p] c5t4 & t ! wat] us$ ) #g_/h gate drawn yield$ ! same p]c5tage 7#hd71 or ) #c_/d gate #hb p] c5t41 #e_/h gate #gi1 & #a_/b gate #ge p] c5t4 ,a pat5t = ! me*anism 0 appli$ = & grant$ ,m>* #bg1 #ahhc1 & nam$ ,burnham's ,improv$ ,/&>d ,turb9e4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! brackets ) brass roll]s atta*$1 to prev5t ! gate f ris+ & tilt+ & rubb+ ! curb1 soon wore & all[$ ! gate to rub aga9/ ! curb1 & he exp]im5t$ ) sev]al devices ( gate arms4 ,:ile s engag$ he f\nd t ! great weight ( wat] on ! top ( ! cov] sprang x1 caus+ ! sleeve be>+ on ! "u side ( ! cov] to be ?r[n out ( place1 & ! gate press$ s h>d aga9/ ! case t x 0 almo/ impossible to move x1 & aft] ?or\ghly te/+ ) ! diff]5t devices ( gate arms1 application 0 made & pat5t grant$ = adju/able gate arms1 also = ! new worm gate ge>+ ,may #a1 #ahhh1 & nam$ ,burham's new improv$ /&>d turb9e4 ,?is he improv$ & pat5t$ ,may #ac1 #ahij1 to run on horizontal %aft4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgb he _h two pat5ts grant$ him = improvem5t 9 wat] :eels1 b nev] _h any :eels built ( t patt]n4 ,aft] complet+ & pat5ts grant$ = 8 new improv$ ,/&>d turb9e1 he 0 p]fectly satisfi$1 & (t5 rem>k$1 ,i _c improve on my regi/] gate turb9e any m1 z x is z ne> p]fection z c be made1 & he 0 fully conv9c$1 = ! pa/ ye> he 0 exp]im5t+ ) a cyl9d] gate turb9e1 & pat5t 0 grant$ ,oct4 #ba1 #ahij4 ,previ\sly he _h made a #bd-;in* :eel1 :i* 0 te/$ ,aug4 #ad1 #ahij1 at ,holyoke te/+ flume1 & gave fair results1 & at ! "t ( 8 demise he 0 hav+ made a new runn] = ! cyl9d] gate turb9e1 :i* we w complete & h te/$4 ,8 idea 0 to h u manufacture & sell regi/] & cyl9d] gate turb9es4 ,8 inv5tive p[]s 7 n conf9$ to wat] :eels1 = on ,feb4 #bc1 #ahhf1 pat5ts 7 grant$ him = automatic /eam eng9e1 gov]nor & lubricat+ device4 ,we also rememb] 9 ! ye> #ahgc or #ahgd1 :5 8 m9d 0 occupi$ ) 8 ,/&>d turb9e1 he 0 h9d]$ by "s device us$ n[ on locomotives ( ! pres5t con/ruction 7:at x 0 we are unable to say71 b :5 draught+ at 8 wat] :eel1 w\ld conflict ! two1 & by 8 invitation we wrote to a prom95t locomotive build] & _h him exam9e ! draw+s1 :i* he _h n fully complet$1 & sold same to him4 ,( ?is we only h a fa9t recollection1 b d recollect 8 say+3 ,well1 t is (f my m9d n[1 & ,i c devote x to ! f9i%+ ( my new :eel4--,am]ican ,mill]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alt]nate ,,curr5t ,,cond5s]s4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,physical ,society1 ,london1 ,mr4 ,james ,sw9burne read a pap] on alt]nate curr5t cond5s]s4 ,x is1 he said1 g5]ally assum$ t !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ comm]cial cond5s]s = high pressure alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,! fir/ difficulty is insulation1 = ! dielectric mu/ be v ?91 else ! volume ( ! cond5s] is too great4 ,"s dielectrics #j4b mm4 ?ick c be made to /& up to #h1jjj volts :5 9 small pieces1 b 9 complete cond5s]s a mu* great] m>g9 mu/ be all[$4 ,ano!r difficulty arises f absorption1 & :5ev] ?is occurs1 ! app>5t capacity is great] ?an ! calculat$4 ,suppos+ ! fib]s ( pap] 9 a pap] cond5s] to be conductors emb$d$ 9 insulat+ hydroc>bon1 !n e "t ! cond5s] is *>g$ ! fib]s h _! ends at diff]5t pot5tials1 s a curr5t passes to equalize !m & en]gy is lo/4 ,?is curr5t increases ! capacity4 ,"o cond5s] made ( pap] boil$ 9 ozok]ite took an abnormally l>ge curr5t & heat$ rapidly4 ,at a high temp]ature x gave (f wat]1 & ! p[] wa/$ & curr5t tak5 gradually decreas$4 ,:5 a ?9 plate ( mica is put betwe5 t9 foils1 x heats excessively2 & ! fall ( pot5tial ov] ! air films sep>at+ ! mica & foil is great en\gh to cause disruptive dis*>ge to ! surface ( ! mica4 ,!re appe>s to be a lum9\s lay] ( m9ute sp>ks "u ! foils1 & !re is a /rong smell ( ozone4 ,9 a dielectric :i* heats1 !re may be ?ree k9ds ( conduction1 viz41 metallic1 :5 an ord9>y conductor is emb$d$ 9 an insulator2 disruptive1 z probably occurs 9 ! case ( mica2 & electrolytic1 :i* might occur 9 glass4 ,9 a transp>5t dielectric ! conduction mu/ be ei!r electrolytic or disruptive1 o!rwise light vibrations w\ld be damp$4 ,! dielectric loss 9 a cable may be s]i\s4 ,calculat+ f ! wa/e 9 a cond5s] made ( pap] soak$ 9 hot ozok]ite1 ! loss 9 "o ( ! ,dept=d ma9s came out #g1jjj watts4 ,ano!r effect obs]v$ at ,dept=d is a rise ( pressure 9 ! ma9s4 ,!re is z yet no au?oritative /atem5t z to exactly :at happ5s1 & x is g5]ally assum$ t ! effect dep5ds on ! relation ( capacity to self-induction1 & is a sort ( resonator action4 ,?is w\ld ne$ a l>ge self-induction1 & a small *ange ( spe$ w\ld /op ! effect4 ,! foll[+ explanation is sugge/$4 ,:5 a cond5s] is put on a dynamo1 ! cond5s] curr5t leads relatively to ! electromotive =ce1 & !re=e /r5g!ns ! field magnets & increases ! pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,t#a & ,t#b are l>ge trans=m]s2 t#a & t#b are small trans=m]s or voltmet]s ,v#a & ,v#b4 ,! numb]s #a1 #d1 #a1 #be1 repres5t _! conv]sion ratios4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made = ! au?or by ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,b\rne4 ,a ,gramme alt]nator 0 c\pl$ to ! l[ pressure coil ( a trans=m]1 & a hot wire voltmet] put across ! prim>y circuit4 ,on putt+ a cond5s] on ! high pressure circuit1 ! voltmet] wire fus$4 ,! possibility ( mak+ an alt]nator excite itself l a s]ies ma*9e1 by putt+ a cond5s] on x1 0 po9t$ out4 ,pr(4 ,p]ry said x w\ld seem possible to obta9 en]gy f an alt]nator )\t excit+ ! magnets indep5d5tly1 ! field be+ altoge!r due to ! armature curr5ts4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne rem>k$ t ?is c\ld be done by mak+ ! rotat+ magnets a />-%ap$ mass ( iron4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson ?\ght ,mr4 ,sw9burne's e/imate ( ! loss 9 ! ,dept=d ma9s 0 r high4 ,he himself _h calculat$ ! p[] sp5t 9 *>g+ !m1 & f\nd x to be ab\t #af horse p[]1 & al?\gh a consid]able fraction might be lo/1 x w\ld n am\nt to n9e-sixte5?s4 ,he 0 surpris$ to he> t glass cond5s]s heat$1 & inquir$ :e!r ?is heat+ 0 due to fla%es pass+ betwe5 ! foil & ! glass4 ,mr4 ,a4,p4 ,trott] said ,mr4 ,f]ranti in=m$ him t ! capacity ( 8 ma9s 0 ab\t #a_/c micr(>ad p] mile1 ?us mak+ #b-a_/c micr(>ads = ! sev5 miles4 ,! heap+ up ( ! pot5tial only took place :5 trans=m]s 7 us$1 & n :5 ! dynamos 7 connect$ direct4 ,9 ! =m] case ! increase ( volts 0 proportional to ! l5g? ( ma9 us$1 & #h1ejj at ,dept=d gave #aj1jjj at ,london4 ,mr4 ,blakesley describ$ a simple me?od ( det]m9+ ! loss ( p[] 9 a cond5s] by ! use ( ?ree electrodynamomet]s1 "o ( :i* has its coils sep>ate4 ,( ^! coils1 "o is put 9 ! cond5s] circuit1 & ! o!r 9 s]ies ) a non-inductive resi/ance r1 %utt+ ! cond5s]4 ,if a#b be ! read+ ( a dynamomet] 9 ! %unt circuit1 & a#c t ( ! divid$ dynamomet]1 ! p[] lo/ is giv5 by r 7,ca#c - ,ba#b7 :]e ,b & ,c are ! con/ants ( ! in/rum5ts on :i* a#b & a#c are ! respective read+s4 ,pr(4 ,s4,p4 ,?ompson ask$ if ,mr4 ,sw9burne _h f\nd any dielectric :i* _h no absorption4 ,s f> z he 0 aw>e1 pure qu>tz cry/al 0 ! only sub/ance4 ,pr(4 ,=bes said ,dr4 ,hopk9son _h f\nd a glass :i* %[$ none4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ref]r+ to ! same subject1 said t _m ye>s ago he made "s te/s on glass bottles1 :i* %[$ no appreciable absorption4 ,sulphuric acid 0 us$ = ! coat+s1 & he f\nd !m to be completely dis*>g$ by an in/antane\s contact ( two balls4 ,! duration ( contact w\ld1 accord+ to "s rem>kable ma!matical "w done by ,h]tz 9 #ahhb1 be ab\t #j4jjjd second1 & ev5 ?is %ort "t suffic$ to dis*>ge !m completely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,leyd5 j>s ) t9foil coat+s %[$ consid]able absorption1 & ?is he ?\ght due to want ( close contact betwe5 ! foil & ! glass4 ,to te/ ?is he sugge/$ t m]cury coat+s be tri$4 ,mr4 ,kapp consid]$ ! loss ( p[] 9 cond5s]s due to two causes3 fir/1 t due to ! *>ge soak+ 92 & second1 to imp]fect ela/icity ( ! dielectric4 ,speak+ ( ! extraord9>y rise ( pressure on ! ,dept=d ma9s1 he said he _h obs]v$ simil> effects ) o!r cables4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts ! sp>k+ di/ance ( a #ad1jjj volt trans=m] 0 increas$ f #c_/af ( an in* to #a in* by connect+ ! cables to its t]m9als4 ,no diff]5ce 0 detect$ betwe5 ! sp>k+ di/ances at ! two ends ( ! cable1 nor 0 any rise ( pressure obs]v$ :5 ! cables 7 jo9$ direct on ! dynamo4 ,9 8 op9ion ! rise 0 due to "s k9d ( resonance1 & w\ld be a maximum = "s p>ticul> frequ5cy4 ,mr4 ,mordey m5tion$ a peculi> ph5om5on obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture ( 8 alt]nators4 ,ea* coil1 he said1 0 te/$ to d\ble ! pressure ( ! complet$ dynamo1 b :5 !y 7 all fitt$ toge!r1 _! insulation broke d[n at ! same volts4 ,! difficulty _h be5 ov]come by mak+ ! sep>ate coils to /& mu* high] pressures4 ,pr(4 ,ruck] call$ att5tion to ! fact t dielectrics alt] 9 volume "u electric /ress1 & said t if ! mat]ial 0 imp]fectly ela/ic1 "s loss w\ld result4 ,! presid5t said t1 z "s d\bt exi/$ z to :at ,mr4 ,f]ranti _h actually obs]v$1 he w\ld illu/rate ! arrangem5ts by a diagram4 ,speak+ ( cond5s]s1 he said he _h rec5tly tri$ lead plates 9 wat] to get l>ge capacities1 b s f> _h n be5 successful4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne1 9 reply+1 said he _h n made a p]fect cond5s] yet1 =1 al?\gh he _h "s :i* did n heat mu*1 !y made a great noise4 ,he did n see h[ ! rise ( pressure obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,f]ranti & ,mr4 ,kapp c\ld be due to resonance4 ,mr4 ,kapp's exp]im5t 0 n conclusive1 = ! l5g? ( sp>k is n an accurate measure ( electromotive =ce4 ,z reg>ds ,mr4 ,mordey's obs]vation1 he ?\ght ! action explicable on ! !ory ( ! lead+ cond5s] curr5t act+ on ! field magnets4 ,! same explanation is also applicable to ! ,dept=d case1 = :5 ! dynamo is direct on1 ! cond5s] curr5t is ab\t #aj amp]es1 & ?is ex]ts only a small influ5ce on ! /rongly magnetiz$ magnets4 ,:5 trans=m]s are us$1 ! field magnets are weak1 :ile ! cond5s] curr5t rises to #dj amp]es4 ,mr4 ,blakesley's me?od ( det]m9+ losses 01 he said1 inapplicable except :]e ! curr5ts 7 s9e functions ( ! "t2 & consequ5tly c\ld n be us$ to det]m9e loss due to hy/]esis 9 iron1 or 9 a transp>5t dielectric4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,telegraphic ,,communication ,,betwe5 ,,great ,,brita91 ,,europe1 ,,am]ica1 ,,& ,,! ,,ea/4 ,by ,,george ,,walt] ,,niv54 ,!re are at pres5t tw5ty-six subm>9e cable companies1 ! comb9$ capital ( :i* is ab\t =ty million p\nds /]l+4 ,_! rev5ue1 includ+ subsidies1 am\nts to #c1bjd1jfj42 & _! res]ves & s9k+ funds to #c1faj1jjj42 & _! divid5ds are f "o to #ad p] c5t4 ,! receipts f ! ,atlantic cables alone am\nt to ab\t #hjj1jjj4 annually4 ,! numb] ( cables laid d[n ?r\gh\t ! _w is #a1jde1 ( :i* #gih belong to gov]nm5ts & #bdg to private companies4 ,! total l5g? ( ^? cables is #abj1jgj nautical miles1 ( :i* #ajg1edf are own$ by private telegraph companies1 ne>ly all ,briti%2 ! rema9d]1 or #ab1ebd miles1 are own$ by gov]nm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,cables ,,f ,,great ,,brita9 ,,to ,,am]ica ,,& ,,! ,,cont95t4 ,! l>ge/ telegraphic organization 9 ! _w is t ( ! ,ea/]n ,telegraphic ,company1 ) sev5ty cables1 ( a total l5g? ( #ba1hei nautical miles4 ,! second l>ge/ is ! ,ea/]n ,ext5sion1 ,au/ralasia & ,*9a ,telegraph ,company1 ) tw5ty-two cables1 ( a total l5g? ( #ab1ieh nautical miles4 ,! ,ea/]n ,company "w all ! cables on ! way to ,bombay1 & ! ,ea/]n ,ext5sion ,company f ,madras ea/w>d4 ,! cables l&+ 9 ,japan1 h[ev]1 are own$ by a ,dani% company1 ! ,great ,nor!rn4 ,! ,engli% /ation ( ! ,ea/]n ,company is at ,por?curno1 ,cornwall1 & ?r\gh x pass mo/ ( ! messages = ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! ?ird l>ge/ cable company is ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 ) ?irte5 cables1 ( a total l5g? ( #aj1aif miles4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t has "o hundr$ & ?ree cables ar\nd our %ores1 ( a total l5g? ( #a1dhi miles4 ,if we include ,india & ! colonies1 ! ,briti% empire owns altoge!r two hundr$ & sixte5 cables ( a total l5g? ( #c1haa miles4 ,! longe/ gov]nm5t cable 9 ,briti% wat]s is t f ,s9clair ,bay1 ,wick1 to ,s&wick ,bay1 ,%etl&1 ( ! l5g? ( #abb miles1 & laid 9 #ahhe4 ,! %orte/ be+ f\r cables across ! ,gl\ce/] & ,%>pness ,canal1 at ! latt] place1 & ea* less ?an #cjj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,( gov]nm5t cables ! greate/ numb] is own$ by ,norway1 ) two hundr$ & ?irty-six1 av]ag+1 h[ev]1 less ?an a mile ea* 9 l5g?4 ,! greate/ mileage is own$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,france ) #c1bfi miles1 ( ! total l5g? ( fifty-"o cables4 ,! next be+ ,briti% ,india ) #a1gad miles1 & eighty-n9e cables2 & ,g]many ?ird ) #a1egj miles & =ty-?ree cables4 ,brita9 be+ f\r? ) n9ety miles less4 ,! olde/ cable /ill 9 use is ! "o t 0 fir/ laid1 t namely f ,dov] to ,calais4 ,x dates f #ahea4 ,! two next olde/ cables 9 use be+ ^? respectively f ,ramsgate to ,o/5d1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,cron/adt1 & bo? laid d[n 9 #ahec4 ,sev]al unsuccessful attempts 7 made to connect ,engl& & ,irel& by means ( a cable betwe5 ,holyhead & ,h[?2 b communication betwe5 ! two c\ntries 0 f9ally effect$ 9 #ahec1 :5 a cable 0 successfully laid betwe5 ,portpatrick & ,donaghadee 7#ca74 ,z %[+ "o ( ! dang]s to :i* cables laid 9 comp>atively %all[ wat]s are expos$1 we may relate ! curi\s accid5t t befell ! ,portpatrick cable 9 #ahgc4 ,dur+ a sev]e /orm 9 t ye> ! ,port ,glasg[ %ip ,m>seilles capsiz$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,portpatrick1 ! an*or fell out & caught on to ! telegraph cable1 :i*1 h[ev]1 gave way4 ,! %ip 0 aft]w>d captur$ & t[$ into ,ro!say ,bay1 9 an inv]t$ position1 by a ,gre5ock tug1 :5 "p ( ! cable 0 f\nd entangl$ ab\t ! an*or4 ,! smalle/ private companies are ! ,indo-,european ,telegraph ,company1 ) two cables 9 ! ,crimea1 ( a total l5g? ( f\rte5 & a half miles2 & ! ,riv] ,plate ,telegraph ,company1 ) "o cable f ,montevideo to ,bu5os ,ayres1 ?irty-two miles long4 ,! smalle/ gov]nm5t telegraph organization is t ( ,new ,cal$onia1 ) its "o solit>y cable "o mile long4 ,we w n[ proce$ to give a few p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! companies hav+ cables f ,europe to ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ important company is ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 ^: hi/ory is insep>ably connect$ ) t ( ! trials & /ruggles ( ! pione]s ( cable lay+4 ,its hi/ory beg9s 9 #ahea :5 ,tebets1 an ,am]ican1 & ,gisborne1 an ,engli% eng9e]1 =m$ ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company ( ,newf\ndl&1 & laid d[n twelve miles ( cable betwe5 ,cape ,breton & ,nova ,scotia4 ,?is company 0 %ortly aft]w>d dissolv$1 & its prop]ty transf]r$ to ! ,telegraphic ,company ( ,new ,york1 ,newf\ndl& & ,london1 f\nd$ by ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 & :o 9 #ahed obta9$ an ext5sion ( ! monopoly f ! gov]nm5t to lay cables4 ,a cable1 eighty-five miles long1 0 laid betwe5 ,cape ,breton & ,newf\ndl& 7#bb74 ,field !n came to ,engl& & float$ an ,engli% company1 :i* amalgamat$ ) ! ,am]ican "o "u ! title ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company4 ,! /ory ( ! lay+ ( ! ,atlantic cables ( #aheg & #ahfe1 _! success & failures1 has (t5 be5 told1 s we ne$ n g into any details4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t communication 0 fir/ e/abli%$ betwe5 ,val5tia & ,newf\ndl& on ,augu/ #e4 #aheh1 b ! cable ceas$ to transmit signals on ,septemb] #a1 foll[+4 ,dur+ t p]iod1 n9ety-sev5 messages _h be5 s5t f ,val5tia1 & two hundr$ & sixty-n9e f ,newf\ndl&4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! t5 ,atlantic cables n[ convey ab\t t5 ?\s& messages daily betwe5 ! two cont95ts4 ,! losses att5d+ ! lay+ ( ! #ahfe cable result$ 9 ! f9ancial ru9 ( ! ,atlantic company & its amalgamation ) ! ,anglo-,am]ican4 ,9 #ahff ! ,great ,ea/]n successfully laid ! fir/ cable = ! new company1 & ) ! assi/ance ( o!r vessels succe$$ 9 pick+ up ! brok5 end ( ! #ahfe cable & complet+ its connection ) ,newf\ndl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,ma9 ,,cables ,,f ,,europe ,,& ,,_! ,,connections ,,) ,,canada ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,ref]5ce to places--,a1 ,he>t's ,cont5t2 ,b1 ,plac5tia2 ,c1 ,/4 ,pet] ,miquelon2 ,d1 ,nor? ,sydney1 ,cape ,breton ,isl&2 ,e1 ,l\isb\rg2 ,f ,canso1 ,nova ,scotia2 ,g1 ,halifax2 ,h1 ,bird ,rock2 ,i1 ,madel9e ,isles2 ,j1 ,antico/i2 ,k1 ,*>lotte ,t[n1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d's ,isl&2 ,,lll1 ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! ?ree cables ( ?is company pres5tly 9 use & connect+ ,val5tia 9 ,irel& ) ,he>t's ,cont5t 9 ,newf\ndl&1 7 laid 9 #ahgc1 #ahgd1 & #ahhj2 & 7#a7 are respectively #ahhf1 #ahdf1 & #ahij nautical miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is company also owns ! longe/ cable 9 ! _w1 t namely f ,bre/ 9 ,france to ,/4 ,pi]re ,miquelon1 "o ( a small gr\p ( isl&s (f ! s\? coa/ ( ,newf\ndl& & :i*1 /range to say1 /ill belongs to ,france 7#f74 ,! l5g? ( ?is cable is #b1fhe nautical miles1 or #c1jib /atute miles4 ,x 0 laid 9 #ahfi4 ,!re are sev5 cables ( a total l5g? ( #aggc miles1 connect+ ,he>t's ,cont5t1 ,plac5tia ,bay & ,/4 ,pi]re1 ) ,nor? ,sydney1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,duxbury1 ne> ,bo/on1 belong+ to ! ,am]ican company4 ,communication is ma9ta9$ ) ,g]many & ! re/ ( ! ,cont95t by means ( a cable f ,val5tia to ,emd5 #hdf miles long 7#g72 & a cable f ,bre/ to ,salcombe1 ,devon1 connects ! ,/4 ,pi]re & ,bre/ cable ) ! ,london (fice ( ! company 7#aj74a ,footnote #a3 ,cables n fully describ$ 9 ! text1 ,map ,b4 ,eight cables at ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,company3 #g1 ,he>t's ,cont5t to ,plac5tia1 two cables2 #h1 ,plac5tia to ,/4 ,pi]re2 #i1 ,/4 ,pi]re to ,nor? ,sydney2 #aj1 ,plac5tia to ,nor? ,sydney1 two cables2 #aa1 ,/4 ,pi]re to ,duxbury2 #ah1 ,*>lotte's ,t[n to ,nova ,scotia2 #ai1 ,gov]nm5t ,cable1 ,nor? ,sydney to ,bird ,rock1 ,madel9e ,isles1 & ,antico/i2 #ba1 ,halifax & ,b]muda ,cable ,company's propos$ cable to ,b]muda4 ,! /ation ( ! ,direct ,unit$ ,/ates ,cable ,company is situat$ at ,ball9skelligs ,bay1 ,irel& 7#b74 ,its cable 0 laid 9 #ahgd-e1 & is #b1efe miles 9 l5g?4 ,! t]m9al po9t on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic is at ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia1 f :5ce ! cable is cont9u$ to ,rye ,bea*1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 a di/ance ( #ecf miles1 & !nce by a l& l9e ( #ejj miles to ,new ,york 7#ag74 ,! ,comm]cial ,cable ,company's /ation 9 ,irel& is at ,wat]ville1 a %ort di/ance f ,ball9skelligs 7#c74 ,x owns two cables laid 9 #ahhe2 ! nor!rn cable be+ #b1cej1 & ! s\!rn #b1chh miles long4 ,!y t]m9ate 9 ,am]ica at ,canso1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,f ,canso a cable is laid to ,rock=t1 ab\t ?irty miles s\? ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 a di/ance ( #eah miles 7#af71 & ano!r is laid to ,new ,york1 #hdj miles 9 l5g? 7#ae74 ,?is company has direct communication ) ! ,cont95t by means ( a cable f ,wat]ville to ,havre ( #eaj miles 7#i71 & ) ,engl& by a cable to ,we/on-sup]-,m>e1 ne> ,bri/ol1 ( #cbh miles 7#h74 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company 7! lessees ( ! l9es ( ! ,am]ican ,telegraph & ,cable ,company7 has two cables f ,s5n5 ,cove1 ,l&'s ,end1 to ,canso1 ,nova ,scotia 7#d74 ,! cable ( #ahha is #b1eca & t ( #ahhb is #b1egf miles 9 l5g?4 ,two cables 7 laid ,novemb]1 #ahhi1 betwe5 ,canso & ,new ,york 7#ad74 ,! ,compagnie ,franaise du ,telegraphe de ,p>is ,new ,york has a cable f ,bre/ to ,/4 ,pi]re ,miquelon ( #b1bdb miles 9 l5g? 7#e71 f !nce a cable is laid to ,l\isb\rg1 ,cape ,breton 7#ab71 & ano!r to ,cape ,cod 7#ac74 ,x has also a cable f ,bre/ to ,porcella ,cove1 ,cornwall 7#aa74 ,^? t5 cables own$ by ! six companies nam$1 ( ! total milage ( #bb1iei1 n c\nt+ connections1 repres5t ! entire direct communication betwe5 ! cont95ts ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a new company1 n includ$ 9 ! prec$+ /ati/ics1 proposes to lay a cable f ,we/port1 ,irel&1 to "s po9t 9 ! ,/raits ( ,belle ,isle on ! ,labrador coa/ 7,map ,a#cb1 ,map ,b#bj74 ,! /ation ( ! ,ea/]n ,telegraph ,company is at ,por?curno ,cove1 ,p5zance1 f :5ce x has two cables to ,lisbon1 "o laid 9 #ahhj1 #hej miles long1 ! o!r laid 9 #ahhg1 #hib miles long 7#ab71 & "o cable to ,vigo1 ,spa91 laid 9 #ahgc1 #fbb miles long 7#ac74 ,f ,lisbon ! cable is cont9u$ to ,gibralt> & ! ,ea/1 :i!r we ne$ n foll[ x1 our int5tion be+ to conf9e ourselves entirely to a brief acc\nt ( ^? cables communicat+ directly ) ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,z already /at$1 ?is company has altoge!r sev5ty cables1 ( a total l5g? ( ne>ly #bb1jjj miles4 ,! ,direct ,spani% ,telegraph ,company has a cable1 laid 9 #ahhd1 f ,k5na* ,cove1 ,cornwall1 to ,bilbao1 ,spa91 #dhf miles 9 l5g? 7#ad74 ,com+ n[ to %ort] cables connect+ ,brita9 ) ! ,cont95t1 we h ^? ( ! ,great ,nor!rn ,telegraph ,company1 namely1 ,pet]head to ,ek]sund1 ,norway1 #bfg miles 7#ae74 ,newbigg91 ne> ,newca/le1 to ,ar5dal1 ,norway1 #dbd miles1 & !nce to ,m>/r&1 ,sw$51 #ih miles4 ,two cables f ! same place 9 ,engl& to ,d5m>k 7,hir/als & ,sond]vig7 ( #dbj & #ccg miles respectively 7#ag & #ah74 ,! great ,nor!rn ,company has altoge!r tw5ty-two cables1 ( a total l5g? ( #f1aaj miles4 ,! l9e f ,newca/le1 is work$ direct to ,nyl/ud1 9 ,russia--a di/ance ( #hij miles--by means ( a relay or repeat]1 at ,go!nburg4 ,! relay is ! app>atus at :i* ! ,newca/le curr5t t]m9ates1 b 9 end+ !re x itself />ts a fre% curr5t on to ,russia4 ,! o!r cont95tal connections belong to ! gov]nm5t1 & are z foll[s3 two cables to ,g]many1 ,l[e/(t to ,nord]ney1 #bcb miles1 & to ,emd51 #bbf miles 7#ai & #bj74 ,two cables to ,holl&3 ,l[e/(t to ,z&voort1 laid 9 #aheh 7#ba71 & f ,b5acre1 ,kess+l&1 to ,z&voort 7#bb74 ,two cables to ,belgium3 ,ramsgate to ,o/5d 7#bc71 & ,dov] to ,furness 7#bd74 ,f\r cables to ,france3 ,dov] to ,calais1 laid 9 #ahea 7#be71 & to ,b\logne 7#bf71 laid 9 #ahei2 ,bea*y ,head to ,dieppe 7#bg71 & to ,havre 7#bh74 ,!re is a cable f ! ,dorset coa/ to ,ald]ney & ,gu]nsey1 & f ! ,devon coa/ to ,gu]nsey1 ,j]sey1 & ,c\tances1 ,france 7#bi & #cj74 ,a ^w n[ z to ! in/rum5ts us$ = ! transmission ( messages4 ,^? = cables are ( two k9ds1 ! mirror galvanomet] & ! siphon record]1 bo? ! product ( ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson's great inv5tive g5ius4 ,:5 ! ,calais-,dov] & o!r %ort cables 7 fir/ work$1 x 0 f\nd t ! ord9>y ne$le in/rum5t 9 use on l& l9es 0 n suffici5tly s5sitive to be affect$ tru/wor?ily by ! ord9>y curr5t x 0 possible to s5d ?r\gh a cable4 ,ei!r ! curr5t mu/ be increas$ 9 /r5g? or ! in/rum5ts us$ mu/ be m s5sitive4 ,! latt] alt]native 0 *os51 & ! mirror galvanomet] 0 ! result4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is in/rum5t works may be briefly describ$ ?us3 ! transmitt$ curr5t ( electricity causes ! deflection ( a small magnet1 to :i* is atta*$ a mirror ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 a beam ( light is reflect$ f a prop]ly arrang$ lamp1 by ! mirror1 on to a pap] scale4 ,! dots & da%es ( ! ,morse code are indicat$ by ! motions ( ! spot ( light to ! "r & left respectively ( ! c5t] ( ! scale4 ,! mirror galvanomet] is n[ almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! siphon record]4 ,?is is a some:at complicat$ app>atus1 ) ! details ( :i* we ne$ n tr\ble our read]s4 ,suffice x = u to expla9 t a susp5d$ coil is made to communicate its motions1 by means ( f9e silk fib]s1 to a v f9e glass siphon1 "o end ( :i* dips into an insulat$ metallic vessel conta9+ ink1 :ile ! o!r extremity re/s1 :5 no curr5t is pass+1 j ov] ! c5t] ( a pap] ribbon4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is 9 use ! ink is driv5 out ( ! siphon 9 small drops by means ( an electrical arrangem5t1 & ! ribbon und]nea? is at ! same "t caus$ to pass und]nea? its po9t by means ( clockwork4 ,if a curr5t be n[ s5t ?r\gh ! l9e1 ! siphon w move above or bel[ ! c5tral l9e1 ?us giv+ a p]man5t record ( ! message1 :i* ! mirror in/rum5t does n4 ,! waves writt5 by ! siphon above ! c5tral l9e correspond+ to ! dots ( ! ,morse code1 & ! waves und]nea? correspond+ to ! da%es4 ,! co/ ( ! transmission ( a cablegram v>ies f "o %ill+ p] ^w1 ! rate to ,new ,york & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 to t5 %ill+s & sev5 p5ce p] ^w1 ! rate to ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 ord] to m9imize t co/ z mu* z possible1 ! use ( codes1 :]eby "o ^w is made to d duty = a l5g?y phrase1 is mu* resort$ to4 ,( c\rse ^? code messages =m a s]ies ( words hav+ no app>5t relation to ea* o!r1 b occasionally que] s5t5ces result f ! *ance gr\p+ ( ! code words4 ,?us a c]ta9 tea firm 0 once a/oni%$ to receive f its ag5t abroad ! />tl+ code message--,unboil$ babies dete/$6 ,suppose we n[ foll[ ! adv5tures ( a few cablegrams 9 _! travels ov] ! _w4 ,a message to ,india f ,london by ! cable r\te requires to be transmitt$ eight times at ! foll[+ places3 ,por?curno 7,cornwall71 ,lisbon1 ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 ,alex&ria1 ,suez1 ,ad51 ,bombay4 ,a message to ,au/ralia has ?irte5 /oppages2 ! r\te tak5 beyond ,bombay be+ via ,madras1 ,p5ang1 ,s+apore1 ,banjoewangie & ,port ,d>w9 7,nor? ,au/ralia72 or f ,banjoewangie to ,roebuck ,bay 7,we/]n ,au/ralia74 ,to ,india by ! ,indo-,european l& l9es1 messages g ?r\gh ,emd51 ,w>saw1 ,odessa1 ,k]t*1 ,tiflis1 ,teh]an1 ,bu%ire 7,p]sian ,gulf71 ,jask & ,kurra*ee1 b only /op twice betwe5 ,london & ,teh]an--namely1 at ,emd5 & ,odessa4 ,messages f ,london to ,new ,york are transmitt$ only twice--at ! ,iri% or ,cornwall /ations1 & at ! /ations 9 ,canada4 ,ow+ to ! great competition = ! ,am]ican traffic1 ! s]vice betwe5 ,london1 ,liv]pool1 & ,glasg[ & ,new ,york is said to be mu* sup]ior to t betwe5 any two t[ns 9 ,brita94 ,! cables are ext5sively us$ by /ock brok]s1 & x is a common occurr5ce = "o to s5d a message & receive a reply )9 five m9utes4 ,dur+ breakages 9 cables messages h sometimes to take v circuit\s r\tes4 ,= in/ance1 dur+ ! two days1 ?ree ye>s ago1 t a trem5d\s /orm committ$ su* havoc among ! telegraph wires ar\nd ,london1 cutt+ (f all communication ) ! l9es connect$ ) ! ,*annel cables at ,dov]1 ,l[e/(t1 etc41 x 0 ( common occurr5ce = ,london m]*ants to communicate ) ,p>is ?r\gh ,new ,york4 ,! cablegram leav+ ,london go+ nor? to ,holyhead & ,irel&1 across ! ,atlantic to ,new ,york & back via ,/4 ,pi]re to ,bre/ & !nce on to ,p>is1 a total di/ance ( ab\t sev5 ?\s& miles4 ,?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ! great blizz>d cut (f all communication betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 messages 7 accept$ 9 ,new ,york1 s5t to ?is c\ntry1 & !nce back to ,bo/on4 ,"s "t ago ! cables betwe5 ,madeira & ,/4 ,v9c5t 7 out ( ord]1 cutt+ (f communication by ! direct r\te to ,brazil1 & a message to rea* ,rio ,janeiro _h to pass ?r\gh ,irel&1 ,canada1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ,galve/on1 !nce to ,v]a ,cruz1 ,guatemala1 ,nic>agua1 ,panama1 ,ecuador1 ,p]u1 ,*ili2 f ,valp>aiso across ! ,&es1 ?r\gh ! ,arg5t9e ,republic to ,bu5os ,ayres1 & !nce by ,ea/ ,coa/ cables to ,rio ,janeiro1 ! message hav+ trav]s$ a di/ance ( ab\t twelve ?\s& miles & hav+ pass$ ?r\gh tw5ty-f\r cables & "s v long l& l9es1 in/ead ( pass+1 _h x be5 possible to h s5t x by ! direct r\te1 ov] "o %ort l& l9e & six cables1 9 all "u six ?\s& miles4 ,p]haps "s ( our read]s may rememb] hav+ read 9 ! newspap]s ( ! result ( la/ ye>'s ,d]by hav+ be5 s5t f ,epsom to ,new ,york 9 fifte5 seconds1 & may be int]e/$ to "k h[ x 0 done4 ,a wire 0 laid f ne> ! w9n+ po/ on ! race c\rse to ! cable company's (fice 9 ,london1 & an op]ator 0 at ! in/rum5t ready to signal ! two or ?ree lett]s previ\sly arrang$ ^u = ea* horse imm$iately ! w9n] _h pass$ ! po/4 ,:5 ! race began1 ! cable company susp5d$ "w on all ! l9es f ,london to ,new ,york & kept op]ators at ! ,iri% & ,nova ,scotian /ations ready to transmit ! lett]s repres5t+ ! w9n+ horse imm$iately1 & )\t hav+ ! message writt5 out 9 ! usual way4 ,:5 ! race 0 f9i%$1 ! op]ator at ,epsom at once s5t ! lett]s repres5t+ ! w9n]1 & be=e he _h f9i%$ ! ?ird lett]1 ! op]ator 9 ,london _h />t$ ! fir/ "o to ,irel&4 ,! cl]k 9 ,irel& imm$iately on be>+ ! fir/ signal f ,london pass$ x on to ,nova ,scotia1 f :5ce x 0 aga9 pass$ on to ,new ,york4 ,! result be+ t ! "n ( ! w9n] 0 actually kn[n 9 ,new ,york be=e ! horses _h pull$ up aft] pass+ ! judge4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible t su* in=mation c\ld be transmitt$ su* a great di/ance 9 fifte5 seconds1 b :5 we get beh9d ! sc5es & see exactly h[ x is accompli%$1 & see h[ ! labor & "t ( signal+ c be economiz$1 we c easily realize ! fact4 ,! humors ( telegraphic mi/akes h (t5 be5 describ$2 we w conclude by giv+ only "o example4 ,a ,/4 ,l\is m]*ant _h gone to ,new ,york on bus9ess1 & :ile !re receiv$ a telegram f ! family doctor1 :i* ran3 ,y\r wife has _h a *ild1 if we c keep h] f hav+ ano!r to-night1 all w be well4 ,z ! little /rang] _h n be5 expect$1 fur!r inquiry 0 made & elicit$ ! fact t 8 wife _h simply _h a *ill6 ,?is important diff]5ce hav+ be5 caus$ simply by ! omission ( a s+le dot4 -4-4 4444 44 4-44 4-44 c h i l l *ill -4-4 4444 44 4-44 -44 c h i l d *ild --,h>dwicke's ,sci5ce-,gossip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,9 ,,transitu--,,f ,,pl5um ,,to ,,vacuum4#a ,footnote #a3 ,presid5tial address be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,london2 cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #gib1 page #abfef4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,if an idle pole1 ,c1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ab 7,p#j4jjja millimet] or #j4ac ,m71 protect$ all b ! po9t by a ?ick coat+ ( glass1 is br\ght into ! c5t] ( ! molecul> /ream 9 front ( ! negative pole1 ,a1 & ! :ole ( ! inside & outside ( ! tube walls are coat$ ) metal1 ,d1 ,d1 & e>!d s z to c>ry away ! positive electricity z rapidly z possible1 !n x is se5 t ! molecules leav+ ! negative pole & /rik+ ^u ! idle pole1 ,c1 on _! j\rney along ! tube c>ry a negative *>ge & communicate negative electricity to ! idle pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,pressure #j4jjja ,,mm4 #j4ac ,m4 ,?is tube is ( int]e/1 s9ce x is ! "o 9 :i* ,i 0 fir/ able to p]ceive h[1 9 my e>li] results1 ,i always obta9$ a positive *>ge f an idle pole plac$ 9 ! direct /ream f ! negative pole4 ,hav+ got s f>1 x 0 easy to devise a =m ( app>atus t completely v]ifi$ ! !ory1 & at ! same "t ?rew consid]ably m light ^u ! subject4 ,fig4 #ac1 a1 b1 c1 is su* a tube1 & 9 ?is model ,i h endeavor$ to %[ ! electrical /ate ( x at a high vacuum by m>k+ a numb] ( & - signs4 ,! exhau/ion has be5 c>ri$ to #j4jjja millimet]1 or #j4ac ,m1 & y see t 9 ! neighborhood ( ! positive pole1 & ext5d+ almo/ to ! negative1 ! tube is /rongly electrifi$ ) positive electricity1 ! negative atoms %oot+ out f ! negative pole 9 a rapidly dim9i%+ cone4 ,if an idle pole is plac$ 9 ! position %[n at ,fig4 #ac1 a1 ! impacts ( positive & negative molecules are ab\t equal1 & no decid$ curr5t w pass f x1 ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 to e>?4 ,?is is ! neutral po9t4 ,b if we imag9e ! idle pole to be z at ,fig4 #ac1 b1 !n ! positively electrifi$ molecules greatly prepond]ate ov] ! negative molecules1 & positive electricity is %[n4 ,if ! idle pole is n[ %ift$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ac1 c1 ! negative molecules prepond]ate1 & ! pole w give negative electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,a4--,,pressure #j4jjja ,,mm4 #j4ac ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,b4--,,pressure #j4jjja ,,mm4 #j4ac ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,c4--,,pressure #j4jjja ,,mm4 #j4ac ,m4 ,z ! exhau/ion proce$s1 ! positive *>ge 9 ! tube increases & ! neutral po9t approa*es clos] to ! negative pole1 & at a po9t j %ort ( non-conduction s greatly does ! positive electrification prepond]ate t x is almo/ impossible to get negative electricity f ! idle pole1 unless x actually t\*es ! negative pole4 ,?is tube is be=e y1 & ,i w n[ proce$ to %[ ! *ange 9 direction ( curr5t by mov+ ! idle pole4 ,i h n succe$$ 9 gett+ ! ,edison curr5t inc&esc5t lamps to *ange 9 direction at ev5 ! highe/ degree ( exhau/ion :i* my pump w produce4 ,! subject requires fur!r inve/igation1 & l o!r residual ph5om5a ^! discrepancies promise a ri* h>ve/ ( future discov]ies to ! exp]im5tal philosoph]1 j z ! wa/e products ( ! *emi/ h (t5 prov$ ! s\rce ( new & valuable bodies4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,radiant ,,matt]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic attributes ( radiant matt]--:5ce its "n--is t x moves 9 approximately /raight l9es & 9 a direction almo/ normal to ! surface ( ! electrode4 ,if we keep ! induction curr5t pass+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh a vacuum tube 9 ! same direction1 we c imag9e two ways 9 :i* ! action proce$s3 ei!r ! supply ( gase\s molecules at ! surface ( ! negative pole mu/ run %ort & ! ph5om5a come to an end1 or ! molecules mu/ f9d "s means ( gett+ back4 ,i w %[ y an exp]im5t :i* reveals ! molecules 9 ! v act ( return+4 ,"h is a tube 7,fig4 #ad7 exhau/$ to a pressure ( #j4jja millimet] or #a4c ,m4 ,9 ! middle ( ! tube is a ?9 glass diaphragm1 ,c1 pi]c$ ) two holes1 ,d & ,e4 ,at "o "p ( ! tube a concave pole1 ,a'1 is focus$ on ! upp] hole1 ,d1 9 ! diaphragm4 ,beh9d ! upp] hole & 9 front ( ! l[] "o are movable vanes1 ,f & ,g1 capable ( rotation by ! slighte/ curr5t ( gas ?r\gh ! holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad--,,pressure #j4jja ,,mm4 #a4c ,m4 ,on pass+ ! curr5t ) ! concave pole negative1 ! small ve9s rotate 9 su* a mann] z to prove t at ?is high exhau/ion a /ream ( molecules issues f ! l[] hole 9 ! diaphragm1 :ile at ! same "t a /ream ( fre%ly *>g$ molecules is =c$ by ! negative pole ?r\gh ! upp] hole4 ,! exp]im5t speaks = itself1 %[+ z =cibly z an exp]im5t c %[ t s f> ! !ory is "r4 ,?is view ( ! ultra-gase\s /ate ( matt] is advanc$ m]ely z a work+ hypo!sis1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 may be reg>d$ z a necess>y help to be reta9$ only s long z x proves useful4 ,9 exp]im5tal rese>* e>ly hypo!ses h necess>ily to be modifi$1 or adju/$1 or p]haps entirely ab&on$1 9 def]5ce to m accurate obs]vations4 ,dumas said1 truly1 t hypo!ses 7 l crut*es1 :i* we ?r[ away :5 we are able to walk )\t !m4 ,,radiant ,,matt] ,,& ,,radiant ,,electrode ,,matt]4 ,9 record+ my inve/igations on ! subject ( radiant matt] & ! /ate ( gase\s residues 9 high vacua "u electrical /ra91 ,i mu/ ref] to c]ta9 attacks on ! views ,i h prop\nd$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! que/ion+s are conta9$ 9 a volume ( ,physical ,memoirs1 select$ & translat$ f =eign s\rces "u ! direction ( ! ,physical ,society 7vol4 i41 "p #b74 ,?is volume conta9s two memoirs1 "o by ,hittorff on ! ,conduction ( ,electricity 9 ,gases1 & ! o!r by ,puluj on ,radiant ,electrode ,matt] & ! ,s-call$ ,f\r? ,/ate4 ,dr4 ,puluj's pap] conc]ns me mo/1 z ! au?or has set himself vigor\sly to ! task ( oppos+ my conclusions4 ,ap>t f my desire to keep controv]sial matt] out ( an address ( ?is sort1 "t w\ld n p]mit me to discuss ! po9ts rais$ by my critic2 ,i w1 !re=e1 only obs]ve 9 pass+ t ,dr4 ,puluj has no au?ority = l9k+ my !ory ( a f\r? /ate ( matt] ) ! highly transc5d5tal doctr9e ( f\r dim5sional space4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! mi/ak5 supposition t ,i h pron\nc$ ! ?ickness ( ! d>k space 9 a highly exhau/$ tube ?r\gh :i* an induction sp>k is pass$ to be id5tical ) ! natural mean free pa? ( ! molecules ( gas at t exhau/ion4 ,i c\ld quote num]\s passages f my writ+s to %[ t :at ,i meant & said 0 ! mean free pa? z amplifi$ & modifi$ by ! electrification4#b ,9 ?is view ,i am support$ by ,pr(4 ,s*u/]1#c :o1 9 a passage quot$ bel[1 di/9ctly admits t ! mean free pa? ( an electrifi$ molecule may diff] f t ( "o 9 its ord9>y /ate4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ?ickness ( ! d>k space surr\nd+ ! negative pole is ! measure ( ! mean l5g? ( ! pa? ( ! gase\s molecules betwe5 successive collisions4 ,! electrifi$ molecules are project$ f ! negative pole ) enorm\s velocity1 v>y+1 h[ev]1 ) ! degree ( exhau/ion & int5sity ( ! induction curr5t4--,phil4 ,trans41 "p i41 #ahgi1 p>4 #ecj4 ,! extra velocity ) :i* ! molecules reb\nd f ! excit$ negative pole keeps back ! m sl[ly mov+ molecules :i* are advanc+ t[>d ! pole4 ,! conflict occurs at ! b\nd>y ( ! d>k space1 :]e ! lum9\s m>g9 be>s witness to ! en]gy ( ! dis*>ge4--,phil4 ,trans41 "p i41 #ahgi1 p>4 #ejg4 ,"h1 !n1 we see ! induction sp>k actually illum9at+ ! l9es ( molecul> pressure caus$ by ! excitem5t ( ! negative pole4--,r4,i4 ,lecture1 ,friday1 ,april #d1 #ahgi4 ,! electrically excit$ negative pole supplies ! =ce majeure1 :i* entirely1 or p>tially1 *anges into a rectil9e> action ! irregul> vibration 9 all directions4--,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahhj4 page #dgb4 ,x is also probable t ! absolute velocity ( ! molecules is increas$ s z to make ! mean velocity ) :i* !y leave ! negative pole great] ?an t ( ord9>y gase\s molecules4--,phil4 ,trans41 "p ii41 #ahha1 p>4 #gai4 ,footnote #c3 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ext5t ( ! d>k space repres5ts ! mean free pa? ( ! molecules4444 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by o!rs t ! ext5t ( ! d>k space is really consid]ably great] ?an ! mean free pa? ( ! molecules1 calculat$ accord+ to ! ord9>y way4 ,my measurem5ts make x ne>ly tw5ty times z great4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n 9 itself a fatal objection2 =1 z we h se51 ! mean free pa? ( an ion may be diff]5t f t ( a molecule mov+ among o!rs4--,s*u/]1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 xlvii41 pp4 #eef-g4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,puluj & me lies 9 8 /atem5t t#d ! matt] :i* fills ! d>k space consi/s ( me*anical deta*$ p>ticles ( ! electrodes :i* are *>g$ ) /atically negative electricity1 & move progressively 9 a /raight direction4 ,footnote #d3 ,physical ,memoirs1 "p ii41 vol4 i41 p4 #bdd4 ,! p>agraph is italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,to ^! me*anically deta*$ p>ticles ( ! electrodes1 ( diff]5t sizes1 (t5 l>ge lumps1#e ,puluj attributes all ! ph5om5a ( heat1 =ce & phosphoresc5ce t ,i f "t to "t h describ$ 9 my sev]al pap]s4 ,footnote #e3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bdb4 ,puluj objects en]getically to my def9ition ,radiant ,matt]1 & !n proposes 9 its /ead ! mislead+ t]m ,radiant ,electrode ,matt]4 ,i say mislead+1 = :ile bo? 8 & my def9itions equally admit ! exi/5ce ( ,radiant ,matt]1 he drags 9 ! hypo!sis t ! radiant matt] is actually ! dis9tegrat$ mat]ial ( ! poles4 ,puluj decl>es t ! ph5om5a ,i h describ$ 9 high vacua are produc$ by 8 irregul>ly %ap$ lumps ( radiant electrode matt]4 ,my cont5tion is t !y are produc$ by radiant matt] ( ! residual molecules ( gas4 ,7 x n t 9 ?is case we c turn to exp]im5tal evid5ce1 ,i w\ld n m5tion ! subject to y4 ,on su* an occasion z ?is controv]sial matt] mu/ h no place2 !re=e ,i cont5t myself at pres5t by %[+ a few novel exp]im5ts :i* demon/ratively prove my case4 ,let me fir/ deal ) ! radiant electrode hypo!sis4 ,"s metals1 x is well kn[n1 su* z silv]1 gold or plat9um1 :5 us$ = ! negative electrode 9 a vacuum tube1 volatilize m or less rapidly1 coat+ any object 9 _! neighborhood ) a v ev5 film4 ,on ?is dep5ds ! well kn[n me?od ( electrically prep>+ small mirrors1 etc4 ,alum9um1 h[ev]1 seems exempt f ?is volatility4 ,h5ce1 & = o!r reasons1 x is g5]ally us$ = electrodes4 ,if1 !n1 ! ph5om5a 9 a high vacuum are due to ! electrode matt]1 ! m volatile ! metal us$1 ! great] %\ld be ! effect4#f ,footnote #f3 ,9 a valuable pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahij1 by ,pr(essors ,live+ & ,dew>1 on f9ely divid$ metallic du/ ?r[n (f ! surface ( v>i\s electrodes1 9 vacuum tubes1 !y f9d n only t du/1 h[ev] f9e1 susp5d$ 9 a gas w n act l gase\s matt] 9 becom+ lum9\s ) its *>act]i/ic spectrum 9 an electric dis*>ge1 b t x is driv5 ) extraord9>y rapidity out ( ! c\rse ( ! dis*>ge4 ,"h is a tube 7,fig4 #ae1 ,p#j4jjjfh millimet]1 or #j4i ,m71 ) two negative electrodes1 ,,aa'1 s plac$ z to protect two lum9\s spots on ! phosphoresc5t glass ( ! tube4 ,"o electrode1 ,a'1 is ( pure silv]1 a volatile metal2 ! o!r1 ,a1 is ( alum9um1 practically non-volatile4 ,a quantity ( electrode matt] w be %ot (f f ! silv] pole1 & practically none f ! alum9um pole2 b y see t 9 ea* case ! phosphoresc5ce1 ,,cc'1 is id5tical4 ,_h ! radiant electrode matt] be5 ! active ag5t1 ! m int5se phosphoresc5ce w\ld proce$ f ! m volatile pole4 ,a draw+ ( ano!r exp]im5tal piece ( app>atus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,a pe>-%ap$ bulb ( ,g]man glass has ne> ! small end an inn] concave negative pole1 ,a1 ( pure silv]1 s m\nt$ t its inv]t$ image is ?r[n ^u ! opposite end ( ! tube4 ,9 front ( ?is pole is a scre5 ( mica1 ,c1 hav+ a small hole 9 ! c5t]1 s t only a n>r[ p5cil ( rays f ! silv] pole c pass ?r\gh1 =m+ a bright spot1 ,d1 at ! f> end ( ! bulb4 ,! exhau/ion is ab\t ! same z 9 ! previ\s tube1 & ! curr5t has be5 all[$ to pass cont9u\sly = _m h\rs s z to drive (f a c]ta9 portion ( ! silv] electrode2 & ^u exam9ation x is f\nd t ! silv] has all be5 deposit$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! pole2 :ile ! spot1 ,d1 at ! f> end ( ! tube1 t has be5 cont9u\sly gl[+ ) phosphoresc5t light1 is practically free f silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,pressure #j4jjjfh ,,mm4 #j4i ,m4 ,! exp]im5t is too l5g?y = me to repeat x "h1 s ,i %all n attempt x2 b ,i h on ! table ! results = exam9ation4 ,! id5tity ( action ( silv] & alum9um 9 ! fir/ case1 & ! non-projection ( silv] 9 ?is second in/ance1 are 9 !mselves suffici5t to condemn ,dr4 ,puluj's hypo!ses1 s9ce !y prove t phosphoresc5ce is indep5d5t ( ! mat]ial ( ! negative electrode4 ,9 front ( me is a set ( tubes t to my m9d puts ! matt] :olly beyond d\bt4 ,! tubes conta9 no inside electrodes ) ! residual gase\s molecules2 & ) !m ,i w proce$ to give "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ radiant-matt] exp]im5ts )\t any inn] metallic poles at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,pressure #j4jjjfh ,,mm4 #j4i ,m4 ,9 all ^! tubes ! electrodes1 :i* are ( silv]1 are on ! outside1 ! curr5t act+ ?r\gh ! body ( ! glass4 ,! fir/ tube conta9s gas only slightly r>efi$ & at ! /ratification /age4 ,x is simply a clos$ glass cyl9d]1 ) a coat ( silv] deposit$ outside at ea* end1 & exhau/$ to a pressure ( #b millimet]s4 ,! outl9e ( ! tube is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,i pass a curr5t1 &1 z y see1 ! /ratifications1 ?\gh fa9t1 are p]fectly =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,pressure #b ,,mm4 ,! next tube1 se5 9 outl9e 9 ,fig4 #ah1 %[s ! d>k space4 ,l ! fir/ x is a clos$ cyl9d] ( glass1 ) a c5tral ind5tation =m+ a k9d ( hang+ pocket & almo/ divid+ ! tube into two comp>tm5ts4 ,?is pocket1 silv]$ on ! air side1 =ms a holl[ glass diaphragm t c be connect$ electrically f ! outside1 =m+ ! negative pole1 ,a2 ! two ends ( ! tube1 also outw>dly silv]$1 =m ! positive poles1 ,b ,b4 ,i pass ! curr5t1 & y w see ! d>k space di/9ctly visible4 ,! pressure "h is #j4jgf millimet]1 or #ajj ,m4 ,! next /age1 deal+ ) m r>efi$ matt]1 is t ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,"h is an egg-%ap$ bulb1 %[n 9 ,fig #ai1 conta9+ "s pure yttria & a few r\gh rubies4 ,! positive electrode1 ,b1 is on ! bottom ( ! tube "u ! phosphoresc5t mat]ial2 ! negative1 ,a1 is on ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 ,see h[ well ! rubies & yttria phosphoresc5ce %[s "u molecul> bomb>dm5t1 at an int]nal pressure ( #j4jjjfh millimet]1 or #j4i ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,pressure #j4jgf ,,mm4 #ajj ,m4 ,a %ad[ ( an object inside a bulb c also be project$ on to ! opposite wall ( ! bulb by means ( an outside pole4 ,a mica cross is support$ 9 ! middle ( ! bulb 7,fig4 #bj71 & on connect+ a small silv]$ pat*1 ,a1 on "o side ( ! bulb ) ! negative pole ( ! induction coil1 & putt+ ! positive pole to ano!r pat* ( silv]1 ,b1 at ! top1 ! opposite side ( ! bulb gl[s ) a phosphoresc5t light1 on :i* ! black %ad[ ( ! cross seems %>ply cut out4 ,"h ! int]nal pressure is #j4jjjfh millimet]1 or #j4i ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,pressure #j4jjjfh ,,mm4 #j4i ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,pressure #j4jjjfh ,,mm4 #j4i ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,pressure #j4jja ,,mm4 #a4c ,m4 ,pass+ to ! next ph5om5on1 ,i proce$ to %[ ! production ( me*anical en]gy 9 a tube )\t int]nal poles4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba 7,p #j4jja millimet]1 or #a4c ,m74 ,x conta9s a light :eel ( alum9um1 c>ry+ vanes ( transp>5t mica1 ! poles1 ,a ,b1 be+ 9 su* a position outside t ! molecul> focus falls ^u ! vanes on "o side only4 ,! bulb is plac$ 9 ! lant]n & ! image is project$ on ! scre52 if ,i n[ pass ! curr5t1 y see ! :eels rotate rapidly1 rev]s+ 9 direction z ,i rev]se ! curr5t4 ,"h is an app>atus 7,fig4 #bb7 :i* %[s t ! residual gase\s molecules :5 br\ght to a focus produce heat4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube ) a bulb bl[n at "o end & a small bundle ( c>bon wool1 ,c1 fix$ 9 ! c5t]1 & exhau/$ to a pressure ( #j4jjjjgf millimet]1 or #j4a ,m4 ,! negative electrode1 ,a1 is =m$ by coat+ "p ( ! outside ( ! bulb ) silv]1 & x is 9 su* a position t ! focus ( rays falls ^u ! c>bon wool4 ,! positive electrode1 ,b1 is an out] coat+ at ! o!r end ( ! tube4 ,i pass ! curr5t1 & ^? :o are close may see ! bright sp>ks ( c>bon rais$ to inc&esc5ce by ! impact ( ! molecul> /ream4 ,y ?us h se5 t all ! old radiant matt] effects c be produc$ 9 tubes conta9+ no metallic electrodes to volatilize4 ,x may be sugge/$ t ! sides ( ! tube 9 contact ) ! outside poles become electrodes 9 ?is case1 & t p>ticles ( ! glass itself may be torn (f & project$ across1 & s produce ! effects4 ,?is is a /rong argum5t1 :i* =tunately c be te/$ by exp]im5t4 ,9 ! case ( ?is tube 7,fig4 #bc1 ,p #j4jjjfh millimet]1 or #j4i ,m71 ! bulb is made ( lead glass phosphoresc+ blue "u molecul> bomb>dm5t4 ,inside ! bulb1 completely cov]+ ! "p t w\ld =m ! negative pole1 ,a1 ,i h plac$ a sub/antial coat ( yttria1 s z to int]pose a lay] ( ?is e>? betwe5 ! glass & ! inside ( ! tube4 ,! negative & positive poles are silv] disks on ! outside ( ! bulb1 ,a be+ ! negative & ,b ! positive poles4 ,if1 !re=e1 p>ticles are torn (f & project$ across ! tube to cause phosphoresc5ce1 ^! p>ticles w n be p>ticles ( glass1 b ( yttria2 & ! spot ( phosphoresc5t light1 ,c1 on ! opposite side ( ! bulb w n be ! dull blue ( lead glass1 b ! gold5 yell[ ( yttria4 ,y see !re is no su* indication2 ! glass phosphoresces ) its usual blue gl[1 & !re is no evid5ce t a s+le p>ticle ( yttria is /rik+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,pressure #j4jjjjgf ,,mm4 #j4a ,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,pressure #j4jjjfh ,,mm4 #j4i ,m4 ,witness+ ^! effects ,i ?9k y w agree ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 adh]+ to my orig9al !ory1 t ! ph5om5a are caus$ by ! radiant matt] ( ! residual gase\s molecules1 & c]ta9ly n by ! torn-(f p>ticles ( ! negative electrode4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,9 ,,high ,,vacua4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! molecul> motions r5d]$ visible 9 a vacuum tube are n ! motions ( molecules "u ord9>y conditions1 b are comp\nd$ ( ^! ord9>y or k9etic motions & ! extra motion due to ! electrical impetus4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t 9 su* tubes a few molecules may trav]se m ?an a hundr$ times ! mean free pa?1 ) a correspond+ly increas$ velocity1 until !y are arre/$ by collisions4 ,inde$1 ! molecul> free pa? may v>y 9 "o & ! same tube1 & at "o & ! same degree ( exhau/ion4 ,v _m bodies1 su* z ruby1 diamond1 em]ald1 alum9a1 yttria1 sam>ia1 & a l>ge class ( e>?y oxides & sulphides1 phosphoresce 9 vacuum tubes :5 plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! /ream ( electrifi$ molecules proce$+ f ! negative pole4 ,! composition ( ! gase\s residue pres5t does n affect phosphoresc5ce2 ?us1 ! e>? yttria phosphoresces well 9 ! residual vacua ( atmosph]ical air1 ( oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bonic anhydride1 hydrog51 iod9e1 sulphur & m]cury4 ,) yttria 9 a vacuum tube1 ! po9t ( maximum phosphoresc5ce1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 lies on ! m>g9 ( ! d>k space4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #bd7 %[s approximately ! degree ( phosphoresc5ce 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a tube at an int]nal pressure ( #j4be millimet]1 or #ccj ,m4 ,on ! top y see ! positive & negative poles1 ,a & ,b1 ! latt] hav+ ! outl9e ( ! d>k space %[n by a dott$ l9e1 ,c4 ,! curve1 ,d ,e ,f1 %[s ! relative int5sities ( ! phosphoresc5ce at diff]5t di/ances f ! negative pole1 & ! position inside ! d>k space at :i* phosphoresc5ce does n occur4 ,! height ( ! curve repres5ts ! degree ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,! mo/ decisive effects ( phosphoresc5ce are rea*$ by mak+ ! tube s l>ge t ! walls are outside ! d>k space1 :ile ! mat]ial submitt$ to exp]im5t is plac$ j at ! edge ( ! d>k space4 ,hi!rto ,i h spok5 only ( ! phosphoresc5ce ( sub/ances plac$ "u ! negative pole4 ,b f num]\s exp]im5ts ,i f9d t bodies w phosphoresce 9 actual contact ) ! negative pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--,,pressure #j4be ,,mm4 #ccj ,m4 ,?is is only a tempor>y ph5om5on1 & ceases entirely :5 ! exhau/ion is pu%$ to a v high po9t4 ,! exp]im5t is "o sc>cely possible to exhibit to an audi5ce1 s ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) describ+ x4 ,a ,u-tube1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 has a flat alum9um pole1 9 ! =m ( a disk1 at ea* end1 bo? coat$ ) a pa9t ( phosphoresc5t yttria4 ,z ! r>efaction approa*es ab\t #j4e millimet] ! surface ( ! negative pole1 ,a1 becomes fa9tly phosphoresc5t4 ,on cont9u+ ! exhau/ion ?is lum9osity rapidly dim9i%es1 n only 9 int5sity b 9 ext5t1 contract+ m & m f ! edge ( ! disk1 until ultimately x is visible only z a bright spot 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is fact does n prop a rec5t !ory1 t z ! exhau/ion gets high] ! dis*>ge leaves ! c5t] ( ! pole & takes place only betwe5 ! edge & ! walls ( ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,if ! exhau/ion is fur!r pu%$1 !n1 at ! po9t :]e ! surface ( ! negative pole ceases to be lum9\s1 ! mat]ial on ! positive pole1 ,b1 comm5ces to phosphoresce1 increas+ 9 int5sity until ! tube refuses to conduct1 its greate/ brilliancy be+ j %ort ( ?is degree ( exhau/ion4 ,! probable explanation is t ! vagrant molecules ,i introduce 9 ! next exp]im5t1 happ5+ to come )9 ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( ! positive pole1 ru% viol5tly to x1 & excite phosphoresc5ce 9 ! yttria1 :ile los+ _! negative *>ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #gid1 page #abfij4 ,,gase\s ,,illum9ants4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lectures rec5tly deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,vivian ,b4 ,,lewes4 ,v4 ,hav+ n[ br\ght be=e y ! v>i\s me?ods by :i* ord9>y coal gas c be enri*$1 s z to give an increas$ lum9osity to ! flame1 ,i wi% n[ to discuss ! me?ods by :i* ! gas c be burnt1 9 ord] to yield ! greate/ am\nt ( light1 & also ! comp\nds :i* are produc$ dur+ combu/ion4 ,9 ! fir/ lecture1 :ile discuss+ ! !ory ( lum9\s flames1 ,i po9t$ out t1 9 an atmosph]ic burn]1 x 0 n ! oxyg5 ( ! air introduc$ comb9+ ) & burn+ up ! hydroc>bons1 & s prev5t+ ! sep>ation ( inc&esc5t c>bon1 :i* gave ! non-lum9\s flame1 b ! dilut+ action ( ! nitrog51 :i* act$ by increas+ ! temp]ature at :i* ! hydroc>bons are brok5 up1 & c>bon lib]at$1 a fact :i* 0 prov$ by obs]vation t heat+ ! mixture ( gas & air aga9 re/or$ ! lum9osity ( ! flame4 ,?is exp]im5t cle>ly %[s t temp]ature is a mo/ important factor 9 ! illum9at+ value ( a flame1 & ?is is /ill fur!r %[n by a /udy ( ! action ( ! dilu5ts pres5t 9 coal gas1 ! non-combu/ible ones be+ f> m delet]i\s ?an ! combu/ible1 z !y n only dilute1 b )draw heat4 ,any?+ :i* w increase ! temp]ature ( ! flame w also increase ! illum9at+ p[]1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! increase 9 temp]ature is n obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! too rapid combu/ion ( ! hydroc>bons4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ! exp]im5ts relat+ to ! action ( dilu5ts on flame1 already quot$1 oxyg51 :5 add$ to coal gas1 increases its illum9at+ value to a m>k$ & increas+ degree1 until a c]ta9 p]c5tage has be5 add$1 aft] :i* ! illum9at+ p[] is rapidly decreas$1 until ! po9t is rea*$ :5 ! mixture becomes explosive4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! add$ oxyg5 increases ! temp]ature ( ! flame by do+ ! "w ( ! air1 b )\t ! cool+ & dilut+ action ( ! nitrog52 :51 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 proportion is add$1 x beg9s to burn up ! heavy hydroc>bons1 & al?\gh ! temp]ature goes on increas+1 ! light-giv+ p[] is rapidly dim9i%$ by ! dim9ution ( ! am\nt ( free c>bon 9 ! flame4 ,x has be5 propos$ to c>buret & enri* poor coal gas by admixture ) x ( an oxy-oil gas made "u ,ta?am's pat5ts1 9 :i* crude oils are crack$ at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 & are !re mix$ ) f #ab to #bd p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 gas4 ,oil gas made at l[ temp]atures1 p] se1 is ( little use z an illum9ant1 z x burns ) a smoky flame1 & does n travel well1 b :5 mix$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( oxyg51 x gives a v brilliant :ite light1 & no smoke1 :ile z f> z exp]im5ts h at pres5t gone1 its travel+ p[]s are mu* improv$4 ,at fir/ sight x seems a dang]\s exp]im5t to mix a heavy hydroc>bon gas ) oxyg51 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t al?\gh hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide only ne$ to be mix$ ) half _! own volume ( oxyg5 to give a mo/ explosive mixture1 yet z ! numb] ( c>bon & hydrog5 atoms 9 ! combu/ible gas increase1 s does ! am\nt ( oxyg5 ne$$ to give explosion4 ,?us coal gas ne$s r m ?an its own volume1 & e?yl5e ?ree times its volume1 to give ! maximum explosive results1 :ile ^! mixtures beg9 to be explosive :5 #aj p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 is mix$ ) hydrog5 or wat] gas1 #cj p] c5t4 ) coal gas1 & ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( oil gas ( ! "* us$4 ,x is claim$ t if ?is gas 0 us$ z an enri*] ( coal gas1 #e p] c5t4 ( x w\ld increase ! lum9osity ( #af-;c&le gas by ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 has be5 obta9$ = "s "t pa/ f ! air on a comm]cial scale by ! ,br9 process1 & at ! pres5t "t !re seems e prospect ( our be+ able to obta9 oxyg5 at a rate ( ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,ano!r process by :i* ?is important result c also be obta9$ 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,tessie du ,mo?ay1 & has n[ j be5 reviv$4 ,x consi/s ( pass+ alt]nate curr5ts ( /eam & air ov] sodic manganate heat$ to dull r$ness 9 an iron tube2 ! process has nev] be5 comm]cially successful1 = ! reason t ! cont5ts ( ! tube fus$1 & fl[+ ov] ! surface ( ! iron rapidly de/roy$ ! tubes or retorts1 & also z soon z fusion took place1 ! mass became s d5se t x _h little or no action on ! air pass+ ov] x4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty has be5 p>tly ov]come by s prep>+ ! manganate z to prev5t fusion1 & to keep x 9 a spongy /ate1 :i* gives v high results1 & ! sub/ance be+ practically ev]la/+1 ! co/ ( production is extremely l[4 ,x is propos$ to fe$ ?is by a sep>ate sy/em ( pipes to small gas jets1 & by conv]t+ !m into practically oxyhydrog5 bl[ pipes1 to raise solid masses ( refractory mat]ial to inc&esc5ce1 & also by supply+ oxyg5 9 ! same way to oil lamps ( p>ticul> con/ruction1 to obta9 a v great increase 9 illum9at+ p[]4 ,:e!r ^! me?ods ( employ+ *eap oxyg5 w\ld be successful or n1 ,i d n wi% to discuss at ! pres5t "t1 b !re is no d\bt b t *eap oxyg5 w\ld be an enorm\s boon to ! gas manag]1 z by mix+ #j4h p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 ) 8 coal gas be=e purification1 he c\ld n only utilize ! me?od s successfully introduc$ by ,mr4 ,valon at ,ramsgate1 b c\ld also increase ! illum9at+ value ( 8 gas4 ,9 speak+ ( ! /ructure ( flame1 ,i po9t$ out t close to ! burn] f :i* ! gas giv+ ! flame is issu+1 a space exi/s 9 :i* no combu/ion is go+ on--9 o!r words1 a flame is nev] 9 contact ) ! rim ( ! burn]4 ,?is is be/ se5 :5 ! gas is turn$ l[--) a batsw+ burn]1 = in/ance--turn$ s l[ t only a small non-lum9\s flame is left1 ! space betwe5 burn] & flame w appe> z great z ! flame itself1 :ile1 if ! gas is mix$ ) an in]t dilu5t l c>bon dioxide1 ! space c be v mu* increas$4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 br\ght =w>d to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 b ! true "o is t ! burn] ab/racts s mu* heat f ! flame at t po9t t x is unable to burn !re1 & ?is c be prov$ by ! fact t :]e a cold object t\*es ! flame1 a divid+ space1 simil> to t notic$ betwe5 flame & burn]1 w always be obs]v$1 & ! cold] ! object & ! m dilut$ ! gas ! great] is ! obs]v$ space4 ,if a cold metal wire or rod is held 9 a non-lum9\s flame1 x causes an ext9ction ( ! gas = "s consid]able space ar\nd itself2 b z ! temp]ature ( ! rod rises1 ?is space becomes small] & small] until ! rod is heat$ to r$ness1 & !n ! flame comes 9 contact ) ! rod4 ,9 ! same way1 if ! burn] f :i* ! gas is issu+ be heat$ to r$ness1 ! space betwe5 burn] & flame disappe>s4 ,x has already be5 %[n t cool+ ! flame by an in]t dilu5t r$uces ! illum9at+ value1 & f9ally r5d]s x m lum9\s2 & we are n[ 9 a position to discuss ! po9ts :i* %\ld be aim$ at 9 ! con/ruction ( a good gas burn]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a s5sible dim9ution 9 light takes place :5 a metal burn] is employ$1 & ! l>g] ! surface & ?ickness ( ! metal ! worse w be its action on ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame2 b ?is cool+ action is only influ5c+ ! bottom ( ! flame1 s t ) a small flame ! total effect is v great1 & ) a v l>ge flame almo/ nil4 ,! fir/ po9t1 !re=e1 to att5d to is t ! burn] %all be made ( a good non-conductor4 ,9 ! next place1 ! fl[ ( ! gas mu/ be regulat$ to ! burn]1 z1 if y h a pressure high] ?an t = :i* ! burn] is con/ruct$1 y at once obta9 a ro>+ flame & a loss ( illum9at+ p[]1 z ! too rapid ru% ( gas f ! burn] causes a m+l+ ( gas & air & a consequ5t cool+ ( ! flame4 ,! tap also :i* regulates ! flame is bett] at a di/ance f ! burn] ?an close to x1 z any con/riction ne> ! burn] causes eddies1 :i* give an un/eady flame4 ,^! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n all burn]s1 & we w n[ take ! ord9>y =ms 9 detail4 ,9 ! ord9>y flat flame burn]1 giv5 a good non-conduct+ mat]ial1 & a well regulat$ gas supply1 little m c be done1 :ile burn+ x 9 ! ord9>y way1 to increase its lum9osity2 & x is ! l>ge surface ( flame expos$ to ! cool+ action ( ! air :i* causes ?is =m ( burn] to give ! l[e/ s]vice ( any p] cubic foot ( gas consum$4 ,mu* is done1 moreov]1 by faulty fitt+s & %ades1 to r$uce ! already poor light giv5 out1 because ! light-yield+ p[] ( ! flame l>gely dep5ds ^u its hav+ a well r\nd$ base & broad1 lum9\s zone2 & :5 a globe ) a n>r[ op5+ is us$ ) su* a flame--z is done 9 #ii out ( #ajj cases--! updraught drags ! flame out ( %ape1 & s]i\sly impairs its light-giv+ p[]s1 a tr\ble :i* c be got ov] by hav+ ! globe ) an op5+ at ! bottom n less ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & hav+ small %\ld]s fix$ to ! burn]1 :i* draw out ! flame & protect ! base f ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( draughts4 ,! ,arg& burn] diff]s f ! flat flame burn]s 9 t a circul> flame is employ$4 ,! air supply is regulat$ by a cyl9drical glass1 & ?is =m ( burn] gives a bett] s]vice ?an ! flat flame burn]1 z n only c ! supply ( gas & air be bett] adju/$1 b ! air be+ slightly w>m$ by ! hot glass adds to ! temp]ature ( ! flame1 :i* is also increas$ by radiation f ! opposite side ( ! flame itself4 ,! *ief loss ( light 9 su* a burn] dep5ds ^u ! fact t1 be+ circul>1 ! light f ! inn] surface has to pass ?r\gh ! wall ( flame1 & c>eful photometric exp]im5ts %[ t ! solid p>ticles pres5t 9 ! flame s r$uce its transp>5cy t a loss am\nt+ to ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( light takes place dur+ its transmission4 ,! height ( ! flame also mu/ be c>efully adju/$ to ! size ( ! flame1 z too long a *imney1 by increas+ ! air supply unduly1 cools1 & s l[]s ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! flame4 ,exp]im5ts ) c>buret$ wat] gas gave ! foll[+ results1 ) a consumption ( #e cubic feet p] h\r3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,size ( ,*imney4 ,height ( ,flame4 ,c&le ,p[]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #f ,x #a-g_/h #b-a_/b #ba #g ,x #a-g_/h #b-a_/d #ba4c #h ,x #a-g_/h #b-a_/h #bj4h #i ,x #a-g_/h #a-g_/h #ah4b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,= _m ye>s no advance 0 made ^u ^! =ms ( burn]1 b :51 t5 ye>s ago1 x 0 recogniz$ t any?+ :i* cools ! flame r$uces its value1 :ile any?+ :i* increases its temp]ature raises its illum9at+ p[]1 !n a *ange took place 9 ! =ms ( burn] 9 use1 & ! reg5]ative burn]s1 introduc$ by su* m5 z ,siem5s1 ,grim/on1 & ,b[]1 comm5c$ :at 0 really a revolution 9 gas light+4 ,by utiliz+ ! heat conta9$ 9 ! escap+ products ( combu/ion to raise ! temp]ature ( ! gas & air :i* are to ent] into comb9ation 9 ! flame1 an enorm\s increase 9 ! temp]ature ( ! solid p>ticles ( c>bon 9 ! flame is obta9$1 & a f> great] & :it] light is ! result4 ,! ,b[] lamp1 9 :i* 7at any rate 9 ! lat] =ms7 ! flame burns betwe5 a d[nw>d & an upw>d curr5t ( air1 0 "o ( ! fir/ produc$1 & s well has x be5 kept up to date t x /ill holds its own2 :ile z types ( ! inv]t$ cone reg5]ative burn]1 we may also take ! ,crom>ty & ,w5ham lights1 :i* h be5 foll[$ by a ho/ ( imitators1 & s closely are ! orig9al types adh]$ to t "o beg9s s]i\sly to wond] :at ! use ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice really is4 ,! ,s*ulke1 & ! la/ =m ( ,siem5s reg5]ative burn]1 h[ev]1 /& ap>t f all ! o!rs by deal+ ) flat & n conical flames1 & 9 bo? reg5]ation is c>ri$ on to a high degree4 ,! only drawback to ! reg5]ative burn] is t x is by f> ! be/ =m ( gas /ove z well z burn]1 & t ! am\nt ( heat ?r[n out by ! radiant solid matt] 9 ! flame is1 "u "s circum/ances1 an annoyance4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n =get t ?is is ! =m be/ adapt$ = ov]head burn]s1 & t ne>ly e =m ( reg5]ative lamp c be adapt$ z a v5tilat+ ag5t1 & t ) ! )drawal ( ! products ( combu/ion f ! air ( ! room1 ! great & only s]i\s objection to gas z an illum9ant disappe>s4 ,:5 coal gas is burn$1 ! hydrog5 is suppos$ to be entirely conv]t$ into wat] vapor1 & ! c>bon to f9ally escape into ! air z c>bon dioxide2 & if ?is 7 s1 e cubic foot ( gas consum$ w\ld produce approximately #j4eb cubic foot ( c>bon dioxide & #a4cd cubic feet ( wat] vapor1 :ile ! illum9at+ p[] yield$ by ! cubic foot ( gas w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) ! k9d ( burn] us$4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! ord9>y types ( burn] give ! foll[+ results3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,illum9at+ ,products ( ,combu/ion ,p[] 9 p] ,"n ( ,burn]4 ,c&les p] ,c&le ,p[]4 c4f4 ( gas ------------------------ ,consum$4 ,c>bon ,wat] ,dioxide4 ,vapor4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,batsw+4 #b4i #j4ah c4f4 #j4df c4f4 ,arg&4 #c4c #j4af c4f4 #j4dj c4f4 ,reg5]ative4 #aj4j #j4je c4f4 #j4ac c4f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,s t ! reg5]ative =ms ( burn]1 by giv+ ! greate/ illum9at+ p[] p] cubic foot ( gas consum$1 yield a small] am\nt ( vitiation to ! air p] c&le ( light emitt$4 ,an ord9>y room1 say #af' ,x #ab' ,x #aj'1 w\ld n be consid]$ prop]ly illum9at$ unless ! light 7 at lea/ equal to #cb c&le p[]2 & 9 ! table bel[ ! am\nt ( ! oxyg5 us$ up & ! products ( combu/ion =m$ by ea* class ( illum9ant & burn] 9 atta9+ ?is result are giv51 ! numb] ( adults :o w\ld exhale ! same am\nt dur+ respiration be+ also /at$4 ,f ^! data x appe>s1 accord+ to rules by :i* ! degree ( vitiation ( ! air 9 any conf9$ space is measur$ by ! am\nt ( oxyg5 us$ up & c>bon dioxide =m$1 t c&les are ! wor/ (f5d]s aga9/ heal? & com=t4 ,oil lamps come next1 & gas lea/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an assumption :i* practical exp]i5ce does n be> out4 ,discom=t & oppression 9 a room light$ by c&les or oil are less felt ?an 9 "o light$ by any ( ! old] =ms ( gas burn]2 & ! p>tial explanation ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 :5 a room is illum9at$ ) c&les or oil1 p are cont5t$ ) a feebl] & m local light ?an :5 us+ gas4 ,9 a room ( ! size describ$1 ! inmates w\ld be m likely to use two c&les plac$ ne> _! books1 or on a table1 ?an ?irty-two scatt]$ ab\t ! room4 ,moreov]1 ! am\nt ( wat] vapor giv5 (f dur+ ! combu/ion ( gas is great] ?an 9 ! case ( ! o!r illum9ants4 ,wat] vapor hav+ a great p[] ( absorb+ radiant heat f ! burn+ gas becomes heat$1 & diffus+ itself ab\t ! room1 causes great feel+ ( oppression2 ! air also be+ highly *>g$ ) moi/ure1 is unable to take up s rapidly ! wat] vapor :i* is always evaporat+ f ! surface ( our sk91 :]eby ! functions ( ! body receive a slight *eck1 result+ 9 a feel+ ( malaise4 ,add$ to ^!1 h[ev]1 is a f> m s]i\s factor :i* has1 up to ! pres5t1 be5 ov]look$1 & t is t an ord9>y gas flame1 9 burn+1 yields di/9ct quantities ( c>bon monoxide & acetyl5e1 ! prolong$ brea?+ ( :i* 9 ! smalle/ traces produces heada*e & g5]al physical discom=t1 :ile its effect ^u plant life is equally m>k$4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,remov$ ,,f ,,! ,,air1 ,,& ,,c>bon ,,dioxide ,,& ,,wat] ,,vapor ,,g5]at$ ,,to ,,give ,,an ,,illum9ation ,,equal ,,to #cb ,,c&le ,,p[]4 7,! am\nt ( light requir$ 9 a room #af' ,x #ab' x #aj'47 ,quantity ( ,products ( ,combu/ion ,mat]ials ,oxyg5 ,c>bon ,illum9ant ,us$ ,remov$ ,wat] ,vapor ,dioxide ,adults ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sp]m ,c&les #c1hdj gra9s#ai4bg c4f4#ac4ab c4f4 #ac4ab c4f4 #ba4h ,p>aff9 ,oil #a1ihd #ab4dh c4f4 #g4jd c4f4 #h4if c4f4 #ad4i ,gas 7,london7-- ,burn]s3 ,batsw+ #aa c4f4 #ac4jf c4f4#ad4gb c4f4 #e4gf c4f4 #i4f ,arg& #i4g c4f4 #aa4eb c4f4#ab4hj c4f4 #e4ab c4f4 #h4e ,reg5]ative #c4b c4f4 #c4fh c4f4 #d4af c4f4 #a4fj c4f4 #b4f ,ev] s9ce ! /ructure ( flame has be5 not$ & discuss$1 x has be5 accept$ z a fact beyond dispute t ! out] almo/ invisible zone :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! air & ! lum9\s zone ( ! flame is ! area ( complete combu/ion1 & t "h ! unburnt remnants ( ! flame gases1 meet+ ! air1 freely take up oxyg5 & are conv]t$ into ! comp>atively h>mless products ( combu/ion1 c>bon dioxide & wat] vapor1 :i* only ne$ p>tial removal by any haphaz>d process ( v5tilation to keep ! air ( ! room fit to support animal life4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 long d\bt$ ?is fact1 & at l5g?1 by a delicate process ( analysis h be5 able to confirm my suspicions4 ,! out] zone ( a lum9\s flame is n ! zone ( complete combu/ion2 x is a zone 9 :i* lum9osity is de/roy$ 9 exactly ! same way t x is de/roy$ 9 ! ,buns5 burn]2 t is ! air p5etrat+ ! flame s dilutes & cools d[n ! out] lay] ( inc&esc5t gas t x is r5d]$ non-lum9\s1 :ile "s ( ! gas s9ks bel[ ! po9t at :i* x is capable ( burn+1 ) ! result t consid]able quantities ( ! products ( incomplete combu/ion c>bon monoxide & acetyl5e escape into ! air1 & r5d] x actively injuri\s4 ,i h prov$ ?is by tak+ a small plat9um pipe1 ) a circul> loop on ! end1 ! int]ior ( ! loop be+ pi]c$ ) m9ute holes1 & by mak+ a circul> flame burn )9 ! loop s t ! non-lum9\s zone ( ! flame j t\*$ ! inside ( ! loop1 & !n by aspiration s g5tle z n to di/ort ! %ape ( ! flame1 )draw+ ! gases escap+ f ! out] zone4 ,on analyz+ ^! by a delicate process1 :i* w be describ$ else:]e1 ,i arriv$ at ! foll[+ results3 ,,gases ,,escap+ ,,f ,,! ,,out] ,,zone ,,( ,,flame4 ,lum9\s4 ,buns54 ,nitrog54 #gf4fab #hj4bdb ,wat] vapor4 #ad4gjb #ac4cde ,c>bon dioxide4 #b4bja #d4iff ,c>bon monoxide4 #a4ahi #j4jjf ,oxyg54 #b4cjj #a4dcj ,m>% gas4 #j4jgb #j4jjc ,hydrog54 #b4hhh #j4jjh ,acetyl5e4 #j4jcf ,nil4 ------- ------- #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj ,! gases leav+ ! lum9\s flame %[ t ! dilut+ action ( ! nitrog5 is s great t consid]able quantities ev5 ( ! highly inflammable & rapidly burn+ hydrog5 escape combu/ion1 :ile ! products ( incomplete combu/ion are pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to acc\nt p]fectly = ! delet]i\s effects ( gas burn]s 9 ill-v5tilat$ rooms4 ,! analyses also br+ out v cle>ly ! fact t1 al?\gh ! dilution ( coal gas by air 9 atmosph]ic burn]s is suffici5t to prev5t ! decomposition ( ! heavy hydroc>bons ) lib]ation ( c>bon1 & s de/roy lum9osity1 yet ! pres5ce ( ! extra supply ( oxyg5 does make ! combu/ion f> m p]fect1 s t ! products ( incomplete combu/ion are h>dly to be f\nd 9 ! escap+ gases4 ,^! exp]im5ts are ( ! grave/ import1 z !y %[ m cle>ly ?an has ev] be5 done be=e ! absolute necessity = special & p]fect v5tilation :]e coal gas is employ$ = ! illum9ation ( our dwell+ rooms4 ,:5 coal gas 0 fir/ employ$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury z an illum9at+ ag5t1 ! l[ pit* ( ! old fa%ion$ rooms1 & ! excess ( impurities 9 ! gas1 r5d]$ x imp]ative t ! products ( combu/ion ( ! sulphur-lad5 gas %\ld be conduct$ f ! ap>tm5t1 & = ?is purpose arrangem5ts ( tubes ) funnel %ap$ op5+s 7 susp5d$ ov] ! burn]s4 ,! noxi\s gases 7 ?us convey$ ei!r to ! flue or op5 air2 b ?is type ( v5tilator 0 unsightly 9 ! extreme1 & "s few attempts 7 made to replace x by a m elegant arrangem5t1 z 9 ! v5tilat+ lamp inv5t$ by ,f>aday1 & 9 ! adaptation ( ! same pr9ciple by ,mr4 ,i4,o4,n4 ,rutt]1 :o /rove = _m ye>s to direct att5tion to ! necessity ( remov+ ! products ( combu/ion f ! room4 ,b ) ! increase ( ! gas indu/ry1 ! me?ods = purify+ ! coal gas became gradually m & m p]fect1 :ile ! rooms 9 ! mod]n h\ses 7 made m l(ty2 & ! products ( combu/ion be+ mix$ ) a l>g] volume ( air1 & n conta9+ s _m delet]i\s con/itu5ts1 became1 if n mu* less noxi\s1 at all ev5ts less p]ceptible to ! nose4 ,z soon z ?is po9t 0 rea*$1 ! v5tilat+ tubes 7 disc>d$1 & f t day to ?is ! air ( our dwell+ rooms has be5 contam9at$ by illum9ants1 ) h>dly an ef=t to alleviate ! effect produc$ ^u heal?4 ,i say h>dly an ef=t1 = ! ,messrs4 ,boyle tri$1 by _! conc5tric tube v5tilators1 to meet ! difficulty1 :ile ,mr4 ,de la ,g>de & ,mr4 ,hammond h ea* con/ruct$ lamps m or less on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,rutt] lamp2 b ei!r f _! be+ some:at unsightly1 or f _! dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( light giv5 out1 none ( !m h met ) any degree ( success4 ,9 places ( public ent]ta9m5t1 :]e l>ge quantities ( coal gas are consum$ = illum9at+ purposes1 ! absolute necessity = special v5tilation gave rise to ! sun burn]1 ) its v5tilat+ %aft4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 gives b a v poor illum9at+ p[] p] cubic foot ( gas consum$1 due p>tly to ! cool+ ( ! flame by ! curr5t ( air produc$1 & p>tly to its di/ance f ! objects to be illum9at$4 ,! great difficulty :i* 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( v5tilation has oppos$ itself to ! adoption ( prop] arrangem5ts = remov+ ! products ( combu/ion has be5 ! necessity ( br++ ! tube to c>ry (f ! gases l[ d[n into ! room1 & ( incas+ ! burn] 9 su* a way t none ( ! products %\ld escape2 b ) ! pres5t revolution 9 gas burn]s ?is necessity is entirely done away )1 & ! reg5]ative burn] (f]s ! means n only ( remov+ all ! products ( combu/ion b also ( effect+ ?or\gh v5tilation ( ! room itself1 z exp]im5ts made "s few ye>s ago %[$ me t a v5tilat+ reg5]ative burn]1 burn+ #bj cubic feet ( gas p] h\r & prop]ly fitt$1 w n only remove all its own products ( combu/ion1 b also ov] #e1jjj cubic feet p] h\r ( ! vitiat$ air f ! upp] "p ( ! room4 ,i am q aw>e t _m reg5]ative lamp mak]s raise v>i\s objections to fitt+ v5tilat+ lamps1 ^! be+ *iefly due to ! fact t x requires consid]able tr\ble to fit !m prop]ly2 b ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh to %[ ! absolute necessity ( "s su* sy/em1 & :5 !re is a g5]al dem& = v5tilat+ lamps1 eng9e]+ skill w soon f9d means to ov]come any slight difficulties :i* exi/4 ,hav+ dispos$ 9 a few words ( a subject :i*1 if fully treat$1 w\ld occupy a long c\rse ( lectures by itself1 ,i w pass on to ! consid]ation ( gas z at pres5t us$ z a fuel4 ,!re is no d\bt t gas is ! mo/ conv5i5t & 9 _m ways "o ( ! be/ =ms ( fuel = heat+ & cook+ purposes1 & ! ef=ts :i* all l>ge gas companies are n[ mak+ to popul>ize & increase ! use ( gas = su* purposes w und\bt$ly be> fruit 9 ! future4 ,b be=e ! day c come = gas to be us$ 9 ?is way on a l>ge scale1 !re is "o fact :i* ! gas manag] & gas /ove manufactur] mu/ cle>ly realize & submit to1 & t is t no gas /ove or gas wat] heat]1 ( any con/ruction1 %\ld be s5t out or fitt$ )\t j z great c>e be+ tak5 to provide = ! c>ry+ away ( ! products ( combu/ion z if an ord9>y fuel range 0 be+ fitt$4 ,d n = "o mom5t all[ y\rself to be p]suad$ t1 because a gas /ove or geys] does n s5d out a mass ( black smoke1 ! products ( combu/ion c be neglect$ & ) safety all[$ to m+le ) ! atmosph]e we are to brea!4 ,sc>cely a w9t] passes b "o or m dea?s are record$ f ! products ( combu/ion giv5 (f f v>i\s =ms ( wat] heat]s us$ 9 ba? rooms2 sc>cely a cook]y class is giv51 ) gas /oves1 t "o or m ladies d n h to leave suff]+ f an int5se heada*e1 & (t5 9 an almo/ fa9t+ condition4 ,& ! same cause :i* br+s ab\t ^! extreme cases1 on a small] scale causes su* physical discom=t to _m delicately organiz$ p]sons t a l>ge class exi/ :o absolutely & resolutely decl9e to h gas z an illum9ant or fuel 9 any ( _! liv+ rooms2 & if ! use ( gas1 m especially z fuel1 is to be ext5d$1 & if gas is to hold its own 9 ! future aga9/ su* rivals z ! electric light1 !n ^? int]e/$ 9 gas & gas /oves mu/ face ! problem1 & by improv+ ! me?ods ( burn+ & us+ gas d away ) ! pres5t s]i\s drawbacks :i* exi/ to its use4 ,! feel+ has gradually be5 ga9+ gr\nd 9 ! public m9d t1 :5 atmosph]ic burn]s & o!r devices = burn+ coal gas are employ$ = heat+ purposes1 c]ta9 delet]i\s products ( incomplete combu/ion f9d _! way into ! air1 & t ?is takes place to a consid]able ext5t is %[n by ! facts br\ght =w>d 9 a pap] read by ,mr4 ,william ,?omson be=e ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,mr4 ,?omson attempt$ to sep>ate & det]m9e ! quantity ( c>bon monoxide & hydroc>bons pres5t 9 ! flue gases f v>i\s =ms ( gas /oves & burn]s1 b1 l e o!r obs]v] :o has attempt$ to solve ?is mo/ difficult problem1 he f\nd x s beset ) difficulties t he _h to ab&on x1 & cont5t$ himself ) det]m9+ ! total am\nts ( c>bon & hydrog5 escap+ 9 an unburn$ condition1 exp]im5ts :i* %[$ t ! combu/ion ( gas 9 /oves = heat+ purposes is mu* m incomplete ?an "o _h be5 9 ! habit ( suppos+1 b 8 exp]im5ts give no clew z to :e!r ! incompletely burn$ matt] consi/$ ( su* delet]i\s gases z c>bon monoxide & acetyl5e1 or comp>atively h>mless gases1 su* z m>% gas & hydrog54 ,aft] consid]able "w ^u ! subject1 ,i h succe$$ 9 do+ ?is by a v delicate process ( analysis1 & ,i n[ wi% to lay "s ( my results be=e y4 ,if a cold sub/ance1 metal or non-metal1 be plac$ 9 a flame1 :e!r x be lum9\s or non-lum9\s1 x w be obs]v$ t !re is a cle> space1 9 :i* no combu/ion is tak+ place1 =m$ r\nd ! cool surface1 & t z ! body gets heat$ s ?is space gets less & less until1 :5 ! sub/ance is at ! same temp]ature z ! flame itself1 !re is contact betwe5 ! two4 ,moreov]1 :5 a lum9\s flame is employ$ 9 ?is exp]im5t ! space /ill exi/s betwe5 ! cool body & ! flame1 b y also notice t ! lum9osity is decreas$ ov] a /ill l>g] area al?\gh ! flame exi/s4 ,?is mean+ t1 9 imm$iate contact ) ! cold body1 ! temp]ature is s r$uc$ t ! flame _c exi/1 & s is ext+ui%$ ov] a small area2 :ile ov] a /ill l>g] space ! temp]ature is s r$uc$ t x is n hot en\gh to br+ ab\t decomposition ( ! heavy hydroc>bons ) lib]ation ( c>bon to ! same ext5t z 9 hott] portions ( ! flame4 ,n[1 inasmu* z :5 wat] is heat$ or boil$ 9 an op5 vessel1 ! temp]ature _c rise above #ajj;,c41 & z ! temp]ature ( an ord9>y flame is ov] #a1jjj;,c41 x is evid5t t ! burn+ gas c nev] be 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! vessel1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! gas is put out be=e combu/ion is complet$1 & ! unburn$ gas & products ( incomplete combu/ion f9d _! way into ! air & r5d] x p]fectly unfit = respiration4 ,! portion ( ! flame :i* is suppos$ to be ! hotte/ is ab\t half an in* above ! tip ( ! inn] zone ( ! flame1 & x is at ?is po9t t mo/ vessels conta9+ wat] to be heat$ are made to imp+e on ! flame2 & x is ?is portion ( ! flame1 also1 :i* is utiliz$ = rais+ v>i\s solids to a temp]ature at :i* !y radiate heat4 ,9 ord] to ga9 an insight into ! am\nt ( contam9ation :i* ! air und]goes :5 a geys] or cook+ /ove is at "w1 ,i h det]m9$ ! composition ( ! products ( combu/ion1 & ! unburn$ gases escap+ :5 a vessel conta9+ wat] at ! ord9>y temp]atures is heat$ up to ! boil+ po9t by a gas flame1 ! vessel be+ plac$1 9 ! fir/ case1 half an in* above ! inn] cone ( ! flame1 & 9 ! second1 at ! extreme out] tip ( ! flame4 ,,gases ,,escap+ ,,dur+ ,,*eck$ ,,combu/ion4 ,buns5 flame4 ,lum9\s flame4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,inn]4 ,out]4 ,inn]4 ,out]4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,nitrog5 #ge4ge #gi4ag #gg4eb #fi4da ,wat] vapor #ac4dg #ad4bi #aa4hj #ai4bd ,c>bon dioxide #b4ii #e4ac #d4ic #h4ch ,c>bon monoxide #c4fi ,nil4 #b4de #b4eh ,m>% gas #j4ea #j4ca #j4ie #j4ci ,acetyl5e #j4jd ,nil4 #j4bg ,nil4 ,hydrog5 #c4ee #j4dg #b4jh ,nil4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,^! figures are ( ! greate/ int]e/1 z !y %[ conclusively t ! extreme top ( ! ,buns5 flame is ! only portion ( ! flame :i* c be us$ = heat+ a solid sub/ance )\t lib]at+ delet]i\s gases2 & ?is corroborates ! previ\s exp]im5t on ! gases 9 ! out] zone ( a flame1 :i* %[$ t ! out] zone ( a ,buns5 flame is ! only place :]e complete combu/ion is approa*$4 ,moreov]1 ?is sets at re/ a "q :i* has be5 ov] & ov] aga9 "u discussion1 & t is :e!r x is bett] to use a lum9\s or a non-lum9\s flame = heat+ purposes4 ,us+ a lum9\s flame1 x is impossible to prev5t a deposit ( c>bon1 :i* is kept by ! flame at a r$ heat on its out] surface1 & ! c>bon dioxide =m$ by ! complete combu/ion ( ! c>bon already burn$ up 9 flame is r$uc$ by ?is back to c>bon monoxide1 s t ev5 9 ! extreme tip ( a lum9\s flame x is impossible to heat a cool body )\t giv+ rise to c>bon monoxide1 al?\gh acetyl5e be+ abs5t1 gas /oves1 9 :i* small flat flame burn]s are us$1 h n t subtile & p5etrat+ odor :i* m>ks ! ord9>y atmosph]ic burn] /ove1 ) ! combu/ion *eck$ j at ! "r spot = ! =mation ( ! greate/ volume ( noxi\s products4 ,x is ! contact ( ! body to be heat$ ) ! flame be=e combu/ion is complete :i* gives rise to ! greate/ mis*ief2 any cool+ ( ! flame ext+ui%es a portion ( ! flame1 & ! gases pres5t 9 ! flame at ! mom5t ( ext9ction creep along ! cool$ surface & escape combu/ion4 ,dr4 ,blo*mann has %[n ! composition ( ! gases 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,buns5 flame to be z foll[s3 ,height above tube4 ,9 tube4 #a in*4 #b in*4 #c in*4 ,complete combu/ion ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,air ) #ajj vols4 gas #bec4i #bhd4g #bhd4e #dhd4c #fjh4h ,hydrog5 #dh4f #cf4d #ag4g #af4a ,nil4 ,m>% gas #ci4j #dj4a #bh4j #e4g ,nil4 ,c>bon monoxide #b4i #b4b #ai4i #ab4g ,nil4 ,olefiant gas #d4j #c4d #b4b ,nil4 ,nil4 ,buteyl5e #c4j #b4e #a4f ,nil4 ,nil4 ,oxyg5 #eb4g #eb4j #ba4g ,nil4 ,nil4 ,nitrog5 #aii4a #bbc4h #bbe4i #chb4d #dhb4c ,c>bon dioxide #j4h #c4e #ac4j #da4g #fb4d ,wat] vapor #c4a #aa4h #de4h #aaf4a #ada4b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,:i* results %[ t x w\ld be impossible to *eck ! flame any:]e %ort ( ! extreme tip 7:]e complete combu/ion is approximately tak+ place71 )\t lib]at+ delet]i\s products4 ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh to %[ t no gas /ove1 geys] or gas cook+ /ove %\ld be us$ )\t ample & ?or\gh means ( v5tilation be+ provid$1 & no trace ( ! products ( combu/ion %\ld be all[$ to escape into ! air2 until ?is is done1 ! use ( improp] =ms ( /oves w cont9ue to inflict s]i\s injury on ! heal? ( ! p us+ !m1 & ?is w gradually result 9 ! ab&onm5t ( gas z a fuel1 in/ead (1 z %\ld be ! case1 its com+ into g5]al use4 ,! ,engli% h\sehold] is f> too prone to accept :at is (f]$ to him1 )\t us+ 8 own common s5se1 & w buy ! article :i* tickles 8 eye ! mo/ & 8 pocket ! lea/1 on ! b>e assurance ( ! %opkeep]1 :o is only anxi\s to sell2 b :5 he f9ds t heal? & com=t are 9 jeop>dy1 & has disc>d$ ! gas /ove1 x w take ye>s ( labor to conv9ce him t x 0 ! misuse ( gas :i* caus$ ! tr\ble4 ,already signs are n want+ t ! employ]s ( gas /oves are beg9n+ to fight %y ( !m1 & ,i e>ne/ly hope t ! gas manag]s ( ! k+dom w br+ pressure to be> ^u ! /ove manufactur]s to give prop] att5tion to ?is all important "q4 ,s /rongly d ,i feel ! importance ( ?is "q to ! gas _w & ! public1 t ,i freely (f] to analyze ! products ( combu/ion giv5 (f by any gas /ove or wat] heat] s5t to me at ,gre5wi* dur+ ! next six mon?s1 on "o condition1 & t is t ! results1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t1 w be publi%$ 9 a pap] be=e ?is ,society1 :i* has always be5 9 ! front :5 matt]s ( great sanit>y importance to ! public _h to be tak5 up4 ,& if aft] t ! public l to buy =ms ( app>atus :i* h n be5 c]tifi$1 x is _! own fault2 b ,i d ?9k t ! mak] ( any /ove or geys] :i* causes a dea? %\ld be put ^u 8 trial = manslaught]4 ,9 conclusion1 let u consid] = a mom5t :at is likely to be ! future ( gas dur+ ! next half c5tury4 ,! labor tr\bles1 bad z !y are & h be51 w n cease = _m a we>y ye>4 ,! victims ( imp]fect education 7m dang]\s ?an none at all1 z1 :ile de/roy+ natural in/9ct1 x leaves no?+ 9 its place7 w /ill li/5 & be l$ by ! baneful influ5ce ( irresponsible demagogues1 :o c>e = naught s long z !y c read _! own inflammatory utt]ances 9 ! local press1 & ga9 a tempor>y notoriety at ! exp5se ( ! poor fools ^: cause !y pr(ess to s]ve4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ?is w be t e labor-sav+ contrivance t c w be press$ into ! gas manag]'s s]vice2 & t1 al?\gh coal 7( a poor] class ?an at pres5t us$7 w /ill be employ$ z a s\rce ( gas1 ! pres5t retort sett+ w quickly give way to incl9$ retorts on ! ,coze pr9ciple2 :ile1 in/ead ( ! pres5t wa/eful me?od ( qu5*+ ! r$ hot coke1 x w be %ot direct into ! g5]ator ( ! wat] gas plant1 & ! wat] gas c>buret$ ) ! b5z5e hydroc>bons d]iv$ f ! smoke ( ! bla/ furnace & coke ov51 or f ! creosote oil ( ! t> di/ill]1 by ! process =e%ad[$ 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ces ( my la/ lecture4 ,x w !n be mix$ ) ! gas f ! retorts1 & w supply a f> high] illum9ant ?an we at pres5t possess4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 su* z ,s\? ,wales1 :]e gas coal is de>1 & an?racite & ba/>d coals are *eap1 wat] gas highly c>buret$ w entirely supplant coal gas1 ) a sav+ ( fifty p] c5t4 on ! prices n[ exi/+ 9 ^? di/ricts4 ,:ile ^! *anges h be5 go+ on1 & :ile improv$ me?ods ( manufacture h be5 t5d+ to ! *eap5+ ( gas1 x w h be5 /eadily gr[+ 9 public favor z a fuel2 & if 9 ye>s to come ! g5]ation ( electricity %\ld h be5 s *eap5$ z to all[ x to successfully compete ) gas z an illum9ant1 ! gas works w /ill be f\nd z busy z ( yore1 ! hold] ( gas %>es z cont5t$ z to-day2 = ) a desire = a pur] atmosph]e & a :ite mi/ in/ead ( a yell[ fog1 gas w h l>gely supplant$ coal z a fuel1 & gas /oves1 prop]ly v5tilat$ & free f ! reproa*es ,i h hurl$ at !m to-night1 w burn a gas f> high] 9 its heat+ p[]1 f> bett] 9 its p[] ( be>+ illum9at+ hydroc>bons1 & free f poison\s con/itu5ts4 ,:5 ! dem& = x arises1 hydrog5 gas c be made z *eaply z wat] gas itself1 & :5 "t is ripe = a fuel gas = use 9 ! h\se1 x is hydrog5 & n wat] gas :i* w =m its basis4 ,) c>buret$ wat] gas & #bj p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide we are /ill bel[ ! limit ( dang]1 b a pure wat] gas ) ov] #dj p] c5t4 ( ! same insidi\s elem5t ( dang] w nev] be tol]at$ 9 our h\seholds4 ,already a pat5t has be5 tak5 by ,messrs4 ,crookes & ,ric>de-,seav] = purify+ wat] gas f c>bon monoxide1 & conv]t+ x ma9ly into hydrog5 by pass+ x at a high temp]ature ?r\gh a mixture ( lime & soda lime1 a process :i* is *emically p]fect1 z ! mo/ exp5sive portion ( ! mat]ial us$ c\ld be recov]$2 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! labor m>ket x is n practical1 z = ! mak+ ( e #ajj1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 fifte5 tons ( mat]ial w\ld h to be h&l$1 ! co/ ( labor alone be+ suffici5t to prev5t its be+ adopt$2 moreov]1 hydrog5 c be made f> *eap] directly4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ( gas mak+1 ! manufacture ( hydrog5 by ! passage ( /eam ov] r$-hot iron has be5 ov] & ov] aga9 moot$1 & attempt$ on a l>ge scale1 b sev]al factors h comb9$ to r5d] x futile4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = e #dgh4e cubic feet ( hydrog5 made "u p]fect !oretical conditions nev] likely to be obta9$ 9 practice1 #ef lb4 ( iron 7 conv]t$ into ! magnetic oxide1 & z !re 0 no ready sale = ?is article1 ?is alone w\ld prev5t its be+ us$ z a *eap s\rce ( hydrog52 ! next po9t 0 t :5 /eam 0 pass$ ov] ! r$-hot iron1 ! temp]ature 0 s rapidly l[]$ t ! g5]ation ( gas c\ld only g on = a v %ort p]iod1 :ile1 f9ally1 ! swell+ ( ! mass 9 ! retort & fusion ( "s ( ! magnetic oxide into ! side r5d]s ! removal ( ! sp5t mat]ial almo/ an impossibility4 ,^! difficulties c1 h[ev]1 be got ov]4 ,take a fire clay retort1 six feet long & a foot 9 diamet]1 & cap x ) a ca/+ be>+ two outlet tubes clos$ by screw valves1 :ile a simil> tube leads f ! bottom ( ! retort4 ,inclose ?is retort by a furnace *amb] ( iron l9$ ) fire brick1 leav+ a space ( two feet six in*es r\nd ! retort1 & connect ! top ( ! furnace *amb] ) "o op5+ at ! top ( ! upright retort1 :ile air bla/s lead into ! bottom ( ! furnace *amb]1 bel[ rock+ fire b>s1 :i* />t at bottom ( ! retort1 & slope upw>d1 to leave room = a% holes clos$ by gas tight cov]s4 ,! retort is fill$ ) iron or /eel bor+s1 alone if pure hydrog5 is requir$1 or ca/ into balls ) pit* if a little c>bon monoxide is n a drawback1 z 9 f\ndry "w4 ,! furnace *amb] is n[ fill$ ) coke1 f$ 9 ?r\gh manholes1 or hopp]s1 9 ! top1 & ! fuel be+ ignit$1 ! bla/ is turn$ on1 & ! mixture ( nitrog5 & c>bon monoxide passes ov] ! iron1 heat+ x to a r$ heat1 :ile ! fuel 9 contact ) ! retort does ! same ?+4 ,:5 ! fuel & retort full ( iron are at a *]ry-r$ heat1 ! air bla/ is cut (f1 & ! pipe connect+ ! furnace & retort1 toge!r ) ! pipe 9 connection ) ! bottom ( ! retort1 are clos$1 & /eam1 sup]heat$ by pass+ ?r\gh a pipe l$ r\nd ! retort or int]ior wall ( ! furnace1 is inject$ at ! bottom ( ! r$-hot mass ( iron1 :i* decomposes x1 =m+ magnetic oxide ( iron & hydrog51 :i* escapes by ! second tube at ! top ( ! retort1 & is l$ away ei!r to a c>buret+ *amb] if requir$ = illum9ation1 or direct to ! ga%old] if want$ z a fuel4 ,! mass ( inc&esc5t fuel 9 ! furnace *amb]1 surr\nd+ ! retort1 keep+ up ! temp]ature ( retort & iron suffici5tly long to enable ! decomposition to be complet$4 ,! hydrog5 & /eam valves are n[ clos$ & ! air bla/ turn$ on4 ,! hot c>bon monoxide pass+ ov] ! hot magnetic oxide quickly r$uces x d[n to metallic iron1 :i*1 be+ 9 a spongy condition1 acts m freely on ! /eam dur+ lat] makes ?an x did at fir/1 & be+ infusible at ! temp]ature employ$1 may be us$ = a practically unlimit$ p]iod4 ,:at m simple me?od ?an ?is c\ld be desir$8 ,"h we h ! =mation ( ! mo/ valuable ( all fuel gases at ! co/ ( ! coke & /eam us$1 a gas also :i* has d\ble ! c>ry+ p[] = hydroc>bon vapors possess$ by coal gas1 :ile its combu/ion gives rise to no?+ b wat] vapor4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( lectures ,i h left mu* unsaid & undone :i* ,i %\ld h lik$ to h _h "t to accompli%1 & if ,i h be5 oblig$ to leave out ( consid]ation _m important po9ts1 x is ! "t at my disposal & n my w :i* is to blame4 ,& n[1 9 conclusion1 ,i wi% to express my ?anks to my assi/ants1 ,messrs4 ,j4,a4 ,fo/] & ,j4,b4 ,w>d51 :o h he>tily co-op]at$ ) me 9 mu* ( ! "w embodi$ 9 ^! lectures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/]eoscopic ,,projections4 ,! celebrat$ philosoph] ,bacon1 ! f\nd] ( ! exp]im5tal me?od1 claim$ t we see bett] ) "o eye ?an ) two1 because ! att5tion is m conc5trat$ & becomes pr(\nd]4 ,on look+ 9 a mirror1 says he1 we may obs]ve t1 if we %ut "o eye1 ! pupil ( ! o!r dilates4 ,to ?is "q3 ,b :y1 !n1 h we two eyes8 he responds3 ,9 ord] t "o may rema9 if ! o!r gets injur$4 ,despite ! reason+ ( ! le>n$ philosoph]1 we may be p]mitt$ to believe t ! reason t we h two eyes is = see+ bett] & especially = p]ceiv+ ! effects ( p]spective & ! relief ( objects4 ,we h no int5tion ( sett+ =? "h ! !ory ( b9ocul> vision2 "o simple exp]im5t w p]mit any "o to see t ! real place ( an object is poorly e/imat$ ) "o eye4 ,seat$ be=e a desk1 p5 9 h&1 sudd5ly close "o eye1 &1 at ! same "t1 /ret* out ! arm 9 ord] to dip ! p5 9 ! ink/&2 y w fail n9e times out ( t54 ,x is n 9 "o day t ! effects ( b9ocul> vision h be5 e/abli%$1 = ! anci5ts made _m obs]vations on ! subject4 ,x 0 9 #aeic t ! celebrat$ ,italian physici/ ,porta 0 ! fir/ to give an accurate figure ( two images se5 by ea* eye sep>ately1 b he desir$ no app>atus t p]mitt$ ( recon/itut+ ! relief on look+ at !m4 ,^? savants :o1 aft] him1 occupi$ !mselves ) ! "q1 treat$ x no fur!r ?an f a !oretical po9t ( view4 ,x 0 n till #ahch t ! ,engli% physici/ ,:eat/one con/ruct$ ! fir/ /]eoscopic app>atus p]mitt+ ( see+ ! relief on exam9+ simultane\sly ) ea* ( ! eyes two diff]5t images ( an object1 "o hav+ ! p]spective t ! "r eye p]ceives1 & ! o!r t ! left eye p]ceives4 ,?is app>atus is describ$ 9 almo/ all treatises on physics4 ,we may m]ely recall ! fact t x op]at$ by reflection1 t is to say1 ! two images 7 se5 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( two mirrors mak+ an angle ( #de degrees4 ,! in/rum5t 0 v cumb]some & n v practical4 ,ano!r ,engli% physici/1 ,david ,brew/]1 9 #ahdd devis$ ! /]eoscope t we all "k2 b1 :at is a curi\s ?+1 he c\ld n succe$ 9 hav+ x con/ruct$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x 0 n at fir/ appreciat$4 ,x 0 n till #ahej t he br\ght x to ,p>is1 :]e x 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,soleil & 8 son-9-law ,duboscq4 ,abbot ,moigno & ! two celebrat$ opticians succe$$1 n )\t "s difficulty1 9 hav+ x exam9$ by ! (ficial savants2 b1 at ! great exposition ( #ahea1 x 0 rem>k$ by ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 & f ?is mom5t ,messrs4 ,soleil ,duboscq succe$$ ) difficulty only 9 satisfy+ ! num]\s ord]s t came f all p>ts4 ,z photography p]mitt$ ( easily mak+ id5tical images1 b ) diff]5t p]spective1 x contribut$ greatly to ! dissem9ation ( ! app>atus4 ,! /]eoscope1 su* z we "k x1 pres5ts ! inconv5i5ce ( be+ incapable ( be+ us$ by b "o p]son at once4 ,sev]al inv5tors h endeavor$ to r5d] ! /]eoscopic images visible to sev]al spectators at ! same "t4 ,9 #aheh1 ,mr4 ,claudet conceiv$ ! idea ( project+ ! two /]eoscopic images ^u gr\nd glass 9 sup]pos+ !m4 ,! relief 0 se51 x appe>s1 b we _c v well expla9 :y2 ! idea1 h[ev]1 _h no outcome1 because ! image1 be+ q small1 c\ld be obs]v$ by b ?ree or f\r p]sons at once4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,d',almeida1 a ,fr5* physici/1 :o t[>d ! same epo* solv$ ! problem 9 a mo/ admirable mann]1 & we _c expla9 :y 8 process 7t requir$ no special app>atus7 fell into ! desuetude f :i* ,mr4 ,molt5i has j rescu$ x & obta9$ mu* success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/]eoscopic ,,projections ,?is is 9 :at x consi/s3 ,! impression ( ! relief appe>s :5 ea* eye sees t "o ( ! two images :i* pres5ts ! p]spective t x w\ld p]ceive if x saw ! real object4 ,if we take two transp>5t /]eoscopic images & place ea* ( !m 9 a projection lant]n1 9 su* a way t !y c be sup]pos$ ^u ! scre51 we %all obta9 !reby a s+le image4 ,x w always be a little light & s(t1 z ! sup]position _c be effect$ accurately1 ! p]spective n be+ ! same = ea* ( !m4 ,x is a "q n[ to make ea* eye see ! "o ( ! two images prop] to x4 ,to ?is effect1 ,mr4 ,d',almeida conceiv$ ! v +5i\s idea ( plac+ gre5 glass 9 ! lant]n 9 front ( ! image hav+ ! p]spective ( ! "r eye1 & a r$ glass 9 front ( ! o!r image4 ,z gre5 & r$ are complem5t>y colors1 ! result 0 n *ang$ ^u ! scre52 !re 0 a little less light1 t 0 all4 ,b if1 at ?is mom5t1 ! spectator places a gre5 glass be=e 8 "r eye & a r$ "o be=e 8 left1 he w f9d himself 9 ! condition desir$ = realiz+ ! effect s\ght4 ,ea* eye w !n see only ! image respond+ to ! coloration *os51 &1 z x is precisely ! "o :i* has ! p]spective prop] to x1 ! relief appe>s imm$iately4 ,! effect is /rik+4 ,we p]ceive a diffus$ image ^u ! scre5 ) ! nak$ eye1 b z soon z we use "o special eye-glass ! relief appe>s ) z mu* di/9ctness z 9 ! be/ /]eoscope4 ,"o mu/ n1 = example1 rev]se 8 eye-glass1 = if 7?+s be+ arrang$ z we h said7 he looks ?r\gh a r$ glass be=e 8 "r eye1 & ?r\gh a gre5 "o be=e 8 left1 x is ! image c>ry+ ! p]spective design$ = ! "r eye t w be se5 by ! left eye1 & reciprocally4 ,!re is !n produc$1 especially ) c]ta9 images1 a v curi\s effect ( rev]s$ p]spective1 ! backgr\nd com+ to ! front4 ,n[ t photography is )9 e "o's rea*1 & t _m amateurs are mak+ /]eopticon views & own projection lant]ns1 we are p]suad$ t ! exp]im5t w be mu* m successful ?an x =m]ly 04 ,an assemblage ( p]sons all provid$ ) color$ eye-glasses is q curi\s to contemplate4 ,our engrav+ repres5ts a /]eopticon seance1 & ! draughtsman has well r5d]$ ! effect ( ! two lum9\s & diff]5tly color$ fascicles sup]pos$ ^u ! scre54 ,9 a prec$+ note ^u ! same subject1 ,mr4 ,hospitali] rem>k$ t ^u comb9+ ^! effects ( p]spective ) ^? ( ! prax9oscope1 :i* give ! s5sation ( motion1 we w\ld obta9 entirely new effects4 ,x w\ld be p]haps complicat$ z to ! in/allation1 & especially z to ! mak+ ( ! images1 b1 9 c]ta9 special cases 7= giv+ ! effect ( a ma*9e 9 motion1 = example71 x might r5d] g5u9e s]vices4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,effect ,,on ,,f[ls ,,( ,,nitrog5\s ,,& ,,c>bonace\s ,,rations4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is article is cond5s$ by p]mission f a !sis prep>$ = ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce 9 ,agriculture1 by ,james ,edw>d ,rice1 a graduate ( ! class ( #ahij4 ,! "w 0 plann$ & :olly c>ri$ out 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann] by ,mr4 ,rice "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! ,director4 ,! results h be5 ?\ght wor?y ( publication 9 ! ,cornell ,/ation ,bullet94 ,on ,july #b1 #ahhi1 t5 ,plym\? ,rock h5s1 "o ye> old1 & z ne>ly z possible ( uni=m size1 7 select$ f a flock ( ?irty-five4 ,at ! same "t t5 *ick5s1 hat*$ f ! same h5s mat$ ) a ,plym\? ,rock cock1 7 simil>ly *os54 ,! *ick5s 7 ab\t six weeks old1 heal?y & vigor\s & ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,up to ! "t ( pur*ase bo? h5s & *ick5s _h full run ( ! f>m4 ,! h5s =ag$ = !mselves & 7 giv5 no food2 ! *ick5s _h be5 f$ corn meal d\gh1 s\r milk & table scraps4 ,a prelim9>y fe$+ trial 0 cont9u$ = tw5ty-five days1 dur+ :i* "t bo? h5s & *ick5s 7 conf9$1 all toge!r1 9 a fairly well light$ & v5tilat$ room1 & f$ a great v>iety ( food1 9 ord] t all %\ld g into ! fe$+ trial z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same condition4 ,dur+ ?is prelim9>y fe$+ bo? h5s & *ick5s increas$ 9 live weight4 ,! t5 h5s f a total ( #dd lb4 #ab oz4 to #dg lb4 #a4e oz41 or #c4ge oz4 ea*1 & laid #ic eggs4 ,! *ick5s f a total ( #i lb4 #ae oz4 to #ah lb41 or #ab4i oz4 ea*4 ,food1 %ells & wat] 7 kept con/antly be=e ! f[ls4 ,bas9s :i* conta9$ ! food & wat] 7 kept )9 a box con/ruct$ ( la?1 s arrang$ t ! f[ls c\ld rea* betwe5 ! slats & procure food & dr9k )\t wa/+ or soil+4 ,july #bf? ! h5s & *ick5s 7 ea* sep>at$ into two lots ( five ea*1 z foll[s3 ,h5s1 nitrog5\s ration1 weigh$ #bc lb4 #h4e oz4 ,h5s1 c>bonace\s ration1 weigh$ #bc lb4 #i oz4 ,*ick5s1 nitrog5\s ration1 weigh$ #h lb4 #ae oz4 ,*ick5s1 c>bonace\s ration1 weigh$ #i lb4 #a oz4 ,! f\r lots 7 plac$ 9 sep>ate p5s :]e !y rema9$ dur+ ! entire exp]im5t1 :i* la/$ #abe days4 ,!y 7 f$ & wat]$ once daily1 & an acc\nt kept ( ! food eat5 & wat] drank4 ,at ea* fe$+ ! food & wat] rema9+ 7 weigh$ back & d$uct$ f ! am\nt *>g$ at ! previ\s fe$+4 ,! h5s & *ick5s f$ a nitrog5\s ration 7 giv5 daily all !y w\ld eat ( ! foll[+ mixture3 #a_/c "p :eat bran1 #a_/c "p :eat %orts1 #a_/c "p cotton se$ meal1 #b p>ts skimm$ milk1 & w be designat$ ,lot ,i4 ,! h5s & *ick5s f$ a c>bonace\s ration 7 giv5 daily all !y w\ld eat ( a ration ( crack$ maize & maize d\gh1 & w be designat$ ,lot ,,ii4 ,bo? gr\ps 7 giv5 a small am\nt ( gre5 clov] z long z x la/$1 & aft]w>d cabbage4 ,= conv5i5ce ! exp]im5t 0 divid$ into five p]iods ( tw5ty five days4 ,,food ,,consum$ ,,& ,,increase ,,9 ,,live ,,weight4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod all ! f[ls seem$ 9 good heal? except ! c>bonace\s f$ *ick5s2 !y1 dur+ ?is z 9 all succe$+ p]iods1 7 re/less & peevi%1 always mop+ or hunt+ = some?+ to eat1 ?\gh _! tr\gh 0 fill$4 ,:5 f$ !y w\ld gre$ily take a few m\?fuls & !n1 ) _! hung] /ill unappeas$1 w\ld leave ! di%4 ,!y always ate rav5\sly ! gre5 food :i* 0 giv5 !m1 z did ! h5s & *ick5s ( ,lot ,i4 ,! h5s ( ,lot ,,ii41 on ! contr>y1 seem$ q will+ to squat ab\t ! p5 & subsi/ on ! maize diet1 & /rangely en\gh c>$ little = gre5 food4 ,! cle> maize diet 0 accompani$ by su* ill effects t ! *ick5s ( ea* lot1 aft] ! fir/ p]iod1 7 giv5 daily ea* "o-f\r? ounce ( :eat1 & ! h5s ea* "o ounce4 ,! :eat 0 increas$ dur+ ! f\r? & fif? p]iods 9 ! case ( ! *ick5s to "o ounce ea*4 ,dur+ ! second p]iod "o ( ! *ick5s f$ nitrog5\s food1 & dur+ ! ?ird p]iod ano!r ( ! same lot 7 tak5 ill & remov$ f ! exp]im5t4 ,bo? seem$ to be suff]+ f impact$ crops1 z ! /oma* & gizz>d 9 ea* case 7 f\nd to be empty4 ,! fact t ! sick *ick5s dislik$ ! nitrog5\s ration1 & s9ce ! fir/ p]iod ! am\nt ( food eat5 by ! h5s & *ick5s ( ,lot ,i _h cont9ually decreas$1 l$ to ! belief t _! food might be too nitrog5\s1 & z dur+ ! la/ days ( ! ?ird p]iod "o ( ! h5s 9 ,lot ,i 0 also ill1 x 0 decid$ to discont9ue ! use ( cotton se$ meal & to use l9se$ meal in/ead4 ,! h5 recov]$ soon aft] ! *ange 9 food4 ,! supply ( skim milk runn+ %ort 9 ! la/ two p]iods1 wat] 0 us$ in/ead 9 mix+ ! ration ( ! lots f$ nitrog5\s food4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? p]iod "o-half ( ! l9se$ meal 9 ! ration ( ,lot ,i 0 remov$1 & cotton se$ meal sub/itut$4 ,?is comb9ation seem$ a happy "o1 = on ?is ration bo? h5s & *ick5s made l>ge ga9s4 ,at ! end ( ! exp]im5t little diff]5ce c\ld be se5 9 ! h5s ( ! two gr\ps2 b ! two lots ( *ick5s 7 9 /rik+ contra/4 ,:ile ! *ick5s f$ on nitrog5\s food 7 l>ge1 plump1 heal?y1 active1 & well fea!r$1 ! *ick5s f$ on a c>bonace\s ration 7 9 g5]al mu* small]1 sickly1 & 9 sev]al cases almo/ de/itute ( fea!rs4 ,two ( !m _h p]fectly b>e backs1 & s rav5\s 7 !y = fle% & blood t !y began eat+ "o ano!r4 ,! inability ( ! *ick5s f$ on a c>bonace\s diet to ?r[ out new fea!rs & ! ability ( ! *ick5s f$ on a nitrog5\s diet to gr[ an enorm\s coat ( fea!rs is a spl5did illu/ration ( ! effect ( ! composition ( ! food 9 supply+ c]ta9 requirem5ts ( animal gr[?4 ,x 0 pla9 to see t maize1 ev5 :5 assi/$ by a small am\nt ( :eat & gre5 clov]1 c\ld n supply suffici5t nitrog5 = ! gr[? ( fea!rs4 ,x w ?us be se5 t :ile bo? lots ( h5s lo/ weight dur+ ! exp]im5t1 ! loss 0 slightly great] ) ^? f$ nitrog5\s food1 b ^! produc$ by f> ! mo/ eggs4 ,! *ick5s f$ on nitrog5\s food j ab\t d\bl$ 9 weight1 :ile ^? f$ c>bonace\s food only add$ ab\t "o-?ird to _! weight4 ,,production ,,( ,,eggs4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week ! c>bonace\s f$ h5s laid ?ree eggs :ile ! o!rs laid two4 ,! two gr\ps 71 !re=e1 practically ev5ly divid$ at ! />t z to ! condition ( ! lay+ /age4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ p]iod ! nitrog5\s f$ h5s _h laid =ty-?ree eggs & ! c>bonace\s f$ h5s _h laid tw5ty4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty-five days ! =m] laid ?irty & ! latt] six2 dur+ ! ?ird p]iod ! =m] laid six & ! latt] n any4 ,f ?is "t on no eggs 7 receiv$ f ei!r gr\p4 ,! decl9e 9 egg production 0 probably due 9 l>ge "p to ! fact t ! h5s began to m\lt dur+ ! second p]iod1 & cont9u$ to d s dur+ ! re/ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! eggs laid by ! nitrog5\s f$ h5s 7 ( small size1 hav+ a disagreeable flavor & smell1 wat]y album51 an especially small1 d>k color$ yolk1 ) a t5d] vitell9e membrane1 :i* turn$ black aft] be+ kept sev]al weeks4 ,:ile ! eggs ( ! c>bonace\s f$ h5s 7 l>ge1 ( f9e flavor1 ( natural smell1 l>ge normal album51 an especially l>ge1 ri* yell[ yolk1 ) /rong vitell9e membrane1 :i* 0 p]fectly pres]v$ aft] be+ kept = weeks 9 ! same br9e ) ! o!r eggs4 ,,total ,,food ,,consum$ ,,dur+ ,,exp]im5t4 ,lot4 ,i4--,nitrog5\s4 ,lot4 ,,ii4--,c>bonace\s4 ,h5s4 99,*icks ,h5s4 ,*icks4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 ,bran4 #bi4ij #ba4he ,maize4 #hb4ae #ea4cj ,%orts4 #bi4ij #ba4he ,gre5 clov]4 #ah4ge #ah4ge ,cotton se$ meal4 #ba4dh #ac4bd ,cabbage4 #af4jj #af4jj ,l9se$ meal4 #h4dc #h4fa ,:eat #ae4fc #aa4ga ,skimm$ milk4 #aje4di #fa4cc ,:eat4 #ae4fc #aa4ga ,gre5 clov]4 #ah4ge #ah4ge ,cabbage4 #af4jj #af4jj ,total4 #bde4eh #agc4cd ,total4 #acb4ec #ib4gf ,nutritive ratio4 #a3c4a #a3c ,nutritive ratio4 #a3g4h #a3h 99 ,calculat$ = five *icks1 bas$ ^u ! am\nt eat5 by ! ?ree aft] ! two sick 7 remov$4 ,,eggs ,,laid ,,& ,,ga9 ,,9 ,,weight--,,h5s4 ,lot ,i4 ,lot ,,ii4 ,nitrog5\s4 ,c>bonace\s4 ,live weight1 ,july #bf4 #bc4ec #bc4ef ,novemb] #bg4 #ba4ca #bb4jj ,loss4 #b4bb #a4ef ,numb] ( eggs laid4 #gi4jj #bf4jj ,weight lb4 #h4be #b4ib ,av]age weight ( eggs1 oz4 #a4fg #a4hj ,ga9 9 weight1 includ+ eggs1 lb4 #f4jc #a4cf ,,ga9 ,,9 ,,live ,,weight--,,*ick5s4 ,lot ,i4 ,lot ,,ii4 ,nitrog5\s4 ,c>bonace\s4 ,live weight1 ,july #bf4 #h4id #i4jf ,novemb] #bg4 #ag4hi #ab4fc ,ga91 lb4 #h4ie #c4eg p] c5t4 #ajj4aa #ci4dj ,samples ( ! eggs f ea* lot ( f[ls 7 privately m>k$ & sold to a bo>d+ h\se :]e ! cook did n "k t ! eggs 7 und]go+ a te/4 ,on meet+ ! cook sev]al days lat] ! foll[+ words 7 he>d3 ,d y expect me to cook su* eggs z ^!6 ,ab\t e o!r "o is spoil$4 ,on exam9ation ( ! ov>ies aft] slaught]+1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ! case ( "o ( ! c>bonace\s f$ h5s ! ovules 7 9 a m advanc$ /age1 b on ! :ole ! nitrog5\s f$ h5s 7 mu* ne>] ! lay+ p]iod4 ,) ?is s+le exception1 ! clu/]s ( ovules 9 ! c>bonace\s f$ h5s 7 uni=mly small4 ,nei!r gr\p w\ld h laid "u any probability = sev]al weeks4 ,x w\ld seem f ^! facts1 toge!r ) ! fact t dur+ ! exp]im5t ! nitrog5\s f$ h5s laid m ?an ?ree times z _m eggs1 t a nitrog5\s ration /imulates egg production4 ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,slaught]+4 ,on ,novemb] #bg ! f[ls 7 slaught]$4 ,ea* f[l 0 weigh$1 wrapp$ 9 a bag to prev5t fl\nd]+1 & kill$ by sev]+ an art]y 9 ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! blood 0 caught 9 a glass j>4 ,! f[ls 7 !n pick$ & ! fea!rs weigh$1 aft] :i* ! body 0 laid op5 longitud9ally by cutt+ alongside ! /]num & ?r\gh ! back bone4 ,:5 all _h be5 ?us prep>$1 !y 7 hung up 9 gr\ps to be photograph$1 b ! photographs 7 q unsatisfactory s f> z %[+ ! relative proportions ( fat & lean4 ,! accompany+ draw+ made f ! photograph %[s ! relative developm5t ( an av]age pair ( *ick5s4 ,att5tion is p>ticul>ly call$ to ! ?ighs4 ,illu/ration ,"o-half ( ea* f[l 0 te/$ by cook+ = flavor1 succul5ce1 & t5d]ness4 ,! o!r half 0 c>efully prep>$ = *emical analysis by sep>at+ ! meat f ! bones4 ,! fle% 0 ?or\ghly mix$ & run ?r\gh a sausage cutt]1 mix$ aga91 & ! process repeat$ ?ree times4 ,f diff]5t p>ts ( ?is mixture a l>ge sample 0 tak51 f :i* ! *emi/ took 8 samples = analysis4 ,! "r tibia ( ea* f[l 0 te/$ = /r5g? by plac+ x across two p>allel b>s & susp5d+ a wire on its c5t]1 on :i* 7 plac$ small weights until ! bone gave way4 ,,dress$ ,,weight1 ,,int]nal ,,organs1 ,,etc4 ,h5s4 ,*ick5s4 ,lot ,i4 ,lot ,,ii4 ,lot ,i4 ,lot ,,ii4 ,nitro- ,c>bon- ,nitro- ,c>bon- g5\s4 ace\s4 g5\s4 ace\s4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 ,live weight4 #ba4ca #bb4j #ag4hi #ab4fc ,dress$ weight4 #ad4hf #ae4ji #ab4ja #h4hi p] c5t4 #fi4g #fh4f #fg4a #gj4e ,weight ( blood4 #j4ge #j4ff #j4ee #j4cd fea!rs4 #a4da #a4be #a4bh #j4ff inte/9al fat4 #j4ei #a4ih #j4cd #j4ff (fal4 #c4gj #c4jb #c4fb #b4jh bones4 #c4dg #c4fc #c4ah #b4fi fle%4 #aa4ci #aa4dg #h4ic #f4bj ,! break+ /ra9 ( ! "r tibia 0 z foll[s = ! h5s & *ick5s ( ! v>i\s lots3 ,av]age h5s1 nitrog5\s4 #dh4af c>bonace\s4 #ea4gd *ick5s1 nitrog5\s4 #df4fd c>bonace\s4 #ca4ah ,!re 0 little diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! bones ( ! h5s1 und\bt$ly because ! bones 7 mature be=e ! fe$+ began1 & 7 little affect$ by ! fe$+4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! bones ( ! *ick5s f$ on nitrog5\s food 7 almo/ fifty p] c5t4 7#di4f7 /rong] ?an ^? f$ c>bonace\s food4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ! fle%1 z %[n by ! analysis ( ,mr4 ,w4,p4 ,cutt]1 is giv5 bel[3 ,h5s4 ,*ick5s4 ,lot ,i4 ,lot ,,ii4 ,lot ,i4 ,lot ,,ii4 ,nitro- ,c>bon- ,nitro- ,c>bon- g5\s4 ace\s4 g5\s4 ace\s4 ,album9oids4 #dc4ha #be4ac #eb4jj #cj4jf ,fat4 #ab4ei #bj4gf #e4ed #aa4cd ,! fle% ( ea* gr\p 0 submitt$ to a numb] ( p]sons = a cook+ te/1 & ! almo/ unanim\s v]dict 0 t ! fle% ( ! f[ls f$ a nitrog5\s ration 0 d>k] color$1 m succul5t1 m t5d]1 & bett] flavor$1 ?\gh on ?is la/ !re 0 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,,conclusions4 ,s f> z x is w>rantable to draw any conclusions f a s+le exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld seem t3 ,*ick5s f$ on an exclusive corn diet w n make a satisfactory developm5t1 p>ticul>ly ( fea!rs4 ,! bones ( *ick5s f$ ^u a nitrog5\s ration are fifty p] c5t4 /rong] ?an ^? f$ ^u a c>bonace\s ration4 ,h5s f$ on a nitrog5\s ration lay _m m eggs b ( small] size & poor] quality ?an ^? f$ exclusively on corn4 ,h5s f$ on corn1 :ile n suff]+ 9 g5]al heal?1 become sluggi%1 deposit l>ge masses ( fat on ! int]nal organs1 & lay a few eggs ( l>ge size & excell5t quality4 ,! fle% ( nitrog5\s f$ f[ls conta9s m album9oids & less fat ?an ^? f$ on a c>bonace\s ration1 & is d>k] color$1 juici] & t5d]]4 ,i4,p4 ,,rob]ts1 ,director4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]bace\s ,,graft+4 ,my att5tion has be5 call$ a numb] ( times to ! unsatisfactory records & directions conc]n+ ! graft+ ( h]bace\s plants4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 v little att5tion giv5 to ! subject1 & ! scant discussions ( x are mo/ly copi$ f "o au?or to ano!r4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i made "s attempts at h]bace\s graft+1 b x 0 n until la/ w9t] t exp]im5ts 7 s]i\sly und]tak54 ,! "w 0 put 9 ! h&s ( ,j4,r4 ,lo*>y z a subject = a graduat+ !sis4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 prim>ily = ! purpose ( le>n+ ! be/ me?ods ( graft+ h]bs1 b a second>y & m important object 0 ! /udy ( ! reciprocal influ5ces ( /ock & cion1 p>ticul>ly 9 relation to v>iegation & coloration4 ,?is second feature ( ! "w is /ill "u way1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 & we hope = def9ite results 9 a few ye>s4 ,z a matt] ( imm$iate advantage1 h[ev]1 h]bace\s graft+ has its uses1 p>ticul>ly 9 secur+ diff]5t k9ds ( foliage & fl[]s ^u ! same plant4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 gr[+ a half doz5 k9ds or colors1 on g]aniums1 *rysan!mums1 or o!r plants f "o /ock ( ! respective species4 ,six hundr$ grafts 7 made 9 our trials la/ w9t]4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! wood mu/ be some:at h>d5$ to secure be/ results4 ,! v s(t & flabby %oots are likely to be injur$ 9 ! op]ation ( graft+1 & union does n take place readily4 ,vigor\s coleus /ocks1 ?ree mon?s old1 gave be/ results if cut to )9 two or ?ree in*es ( ! pot & all or ne>ly all ! leaves remov$ f ! /ump4 ,g]aniums1 be+ h>d] 9 wood1 made good unions at almo/ any place except on ! s(t gr[+ po9ts4 ,! /ock mu/ n h ceas$ gr[?1 h[ev]4 ,mo/ ( ! leaves %\ld be kept d[n on ! /ock4 ,cions an in* or two long 7 usually tak5 f firm gr[+ tips1 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z 9 ! mak+ ( cutt+s4 ,sometimes an eye ( ! old wood 0 us$1 & 9 mo/ cases union took place & a new %oot arose f ! bud4 ,! leaves 7 usually p>tly remov$ f ! cion4 ,v>i\s /yles ( graft+ 7 employ$1 ( :i* ! common cleft & ! v5e] or side graft 7 p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,9 mo/ in/ances x 0 only necess>y to b9d ! p>ts toge!r snugly ) bass or raffia4 ,9 "s s(t wood$ plants1 l coleus1 a cov]+ ( common graft+ wax ov] ! b&age 0 an advantage1 probably because x prev5t$ ! dry+ out ( ! p>ts4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 wax injur$ ! tissues :]e x ov]rea*$ ! b&age4 ,sphagnum moss 0 us$ 9 _m cases ti$ 9 a small mass ab\t ! union1 b unless ! p>ts 7 well b&ag$ ! cion s5t roots into ! moss & did n unite1 & 9 no case did moss appe> to possess decid$ advantages4 ,be/ results 7 obta9$ by plac+ ! plants at once 9 a propagat+ frame1 :]e a damp & conf9$ atmosph]e c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 "s plants1 successful unions 7 made 9 ! op5 gre5h\se1 b !y 7 plac$ 9 %ade & kept spr9kl$ = a day aft] ! grafts 7 made4 ,! op]ation %\ld always be p]=m$ quickly to prev5t flagg+ ( ! cions4 ,or1 if ! cions _c be us$ at once1 !y may be ?ru/ into s& or moss 9 ! same mann] z cutt+s1 & kept = sev]al days4 ,9 "o s]ies1 tomato & potato cutt+s1 :i* _h flagg$ 9 ! cutt+ b$1 reviv$ :5 graft$4 ,& cutt+s :i* _h be5 transport$ 9 ! mail = ?ree days grew readily1 b !y 7 9 good condition :5 receiv$4 ,! mealy bugs 7 p>ticul>ly tr\blesome ^u ^! graft$ plants1 = !y delight$ to crawl "u ! b&ages & suck ! juices f ! w\nd$ surfaces4 ,al?\gh x is =eign to ! purpose ( ?is note1 x may be wor? :ile to m5tion a few ( ! plants ^u :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,sections 7 tak5 ( _m ( ! grafts & microscopic exam9ations made to det]m9e ! ext5t ( cell union4 ,coleuses ( _m k9ds 7 us$1 ) uni=m success1 & ! cions ( "s ( !m 7 vigor\s a ye> aft] be+ set4 ,ev5 ires9e 7bett] kn[n z ,a*yran!s ,v]s*affeltii7 unit$ ) coleus & grew = a "t4 ,zonale g]aniums bloom$ ^u ! common rose g]anium4 ,tomatoes ^u potatoes & potatoes ^u tomatoes grew well & 7 transplant$ to ! op5 gr\nd1 :]e !y grew1 fl[]$ & fruit$ until kill$ by fro/4 ,! tomato-on-potato plants bore good tomatoes above & good potatoes b5ea?1 ev5 ?\gh no spr\ts f ! potato /ock 7 all[$ to gr[4 ,pepp]s unit$ ) tomatoes & tomatoes unit$ ) pepp]s4 ,egg plants1 tomatoes & pepp]s grew ^u ! ,european husk tomato or alkek5gi 7,physalis ,alkek5gi74 ,pepp]s & egg plants unit$ ) ea* o!r reciprocally4 ,a coleus cion 0 plac$ ^u a tomato plant & 0 simply b\nd ) raffia4 ,! cion rema9$ gre5 & heal?y1 & at ! end ( =ty-eight days ! b&age 0 remov$1 b x 0 f\nd t no union _h tak5 place4 ,ag]atums unit$ ^u ea* o!r ) difficulty4 ,*rysan!mums unit$ readily4 ,a bean plant1 be>+ two p>tially gr[n beans1 *anc$ to gr[ 9 a *rysan!mum pot4 ,! /em be>+ ! pods 0 in>*$ into ! *rysan!mum4 ,union took place readily1 b ! beans turn$ yell[ & di$4 ,pumpk9 v9es unit$ ) squa% v9es1 cucumb]s ) cucumb]s1 muskmelons ) wat]melons1 & muskmelons1 wat]melons & cucumb]s ) ! wild cucumb] or balsam apple 7,e*9ocy/is lobata74 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! "w 0 ! graft+ ( "o fruit ^u ano!r1 z a tomato fruit ^u a tomato fruit or a cucumb] ^u ano!r cucumb]4 ,?is "w is /ill "u progress & x promises "s int]e/+ results 9 a new & unexpect$ direction1 reports ( :i* may be expect$ lat]4--,cornell ,/ation ,bullet94 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,humor\s ,,heal? ,,(fic]4 ,! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? rec5tly took ,heal? ,(fic] ,davis1 ( ,close ,village1 to task = fail+ to s5d 9 8 weekly reports4 ,8 reply 0 unique4 ,he says3 ,!re has n be5 en\gh sickness "h ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s to d mu* good4 ,! physicians f9d "t to g to ,milwaukee on excursions1 s]ve z jurors 9 ju/ice c\rts1 sit ar\nd on drygoods boxes1 & beg tobacco1 *ew gum1 & swap lies4 ,a few sporadic cases ( measles h exi/$1 b !y 7 treat$ mo/ly by old wom51 & no dea?s occurr$4 ,!re 0 an und]tak] 9 ! village1 b he is n[ 9 ! ,/ate prison4 ,x is hop$ & expect$ :5 gre5 truck gets ar\nd1 melons pl5ty1 & cucumb]s 9 abundance1 t some?+ may revive bus9ess4 ,if x does1 ,i w let y "k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,! 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y ,i1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fice1 #fbb ,,& #fbd ,f ,,/41 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4