,,production ,,notes3 ,a ,reply to ,dr ,lightfoot's ,essays by ,walt] ,r4 ,cassels 7#d-,sep-#ahbf to #aj-;,jun-#aijg7 ,orig9ally publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #ahhi4 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,dr ,,lightfoot',s ,,essays ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,sup]natural ,,religion ,,london #ahhi ,,introduction4 ,i s9c]ely rejoice t ,dr4 ,lightfoot has recov]$ f 8 rec5t illness4 ,( ?is re/oration ! vigor\s en]gy ( 8 preface to 8 republication ( ! ,essays on ,sup]natural ,religion af=ds decid$ evid5ce1 & ,i hope t no refutation ( ?is inf]5ce at lea/ may be possible1 h[ev] little we may agree on o!r po9ts4 ,x 0 natural t ,dr4 ,lightfoot %\ld n be av]se to pres]v+ ! m s]i\s "p ( ^! ,essays1 ! prep>ation ( :i* co/ him s mu* "t & tr\ble2 & ! republication ( ?is portion ( 8 reply to my volumes1 giv+ z x does ! mo/ eloqu5t & attractive /atem5t ( ! ecclesia/ical case1 mu/ be welcome to _m4 ,i _c b ?9k t x has be5 an error ( judgm5t & ( temp]1 h[ev]1 to h rescu$ f an ephem]al /ate ( exi/5ce & conf]r$ lit]>y p]man5ce on mu* 9 8 pres5t volume1 :i* is m]e p]sonal attack on 8 adv]s>y & a delib]ate attempt to discr$it a writ] ) :om he pret5ds to ent] into s]i\s argum5t4 ,a mat]ial "p ( ! volume is compos$ ( su* matt]4 ,i _c congratulate him on ! _s :i* he has display$4 ,p]sonally ,i am pr(\ndly indiff]5t to su* attempts at detraction1 & x is ) h]etical amusem5t t ,i contemplate ! l>ge "p :i* purely individual & irrelevant criticism is made to play 9 /uff+ out ! proportions ( or?odox argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ mom5t ( irritation1 ,i c well und]/& t h>d hitt+1 ev5 bel[ ! belt1 might be indulg$ 9 aga9/ my "w by an exasp]at$ !ologian--= ev5 a bi%op is a man1--b t su* attacks %\ld n only be p]petuat$1 b repeat$ aft] ye>s ( calm reflection1 is at once an error & a complim5t = :i* ,i 0 n prep>$4 ,any?+ to prev5t read]s f tak+ up ,sup]natural ,religion3 any misrepres5tation to prejudice !m aga9/ its /atem5ts4 ,elaborate lit]>y abuse aga9/ ! au?or is sub/itut$ = ! effective argum5ts aga9/ 8 reason+ :i* are unhappily want+4 ,9 ! lat] editions ( my "w1 ,i remov$ ev]y?+ t seem$ likely to irritate or to af=d op5+s = ! discussion ( m9or que/ions1 irrelevant to ! ma9 subject "u treatm5t4 ,:il/ ,dr4 ,lightfoot 9 _m cases po9ts out su* alt]ations1 he republi%es 8 orig9al attacks & demon/rates ! disp>ag+ purpose ( 8 ,essays by ! reit]at$ condemnation ( passages :i* _h s little to d ) ! argum5t t !y no long] exi/ 9 ! complete edition ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,c\ld !re be m palpable evid5ce ( ! frivol\s & sup]ficial "* ( 8 objections8 ,x is n too mu* to say t 9 no "p ( ^! ,essays has ,dr4 ,lightfoot at all s]i\sly ent]$ ^u ! fundam5tal proposition ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,he has elaborately criticis$ notes & ref]5ces3 he has discuss$ dates & unimportant details3 b z to ! "q :e!r !re is any evid5ce = miracles & ! reality ( alleg$ ,div9e ,revelation1 8 volume is an absolute blank4 ,bampton ,lectur]s & di/+ui%$ apologetic writ]s h frankly admitt$ t ! ,*ri/ian argum5t mu/ be recon/ruct$4 ,!y h felt ! positions1 =m]ly consid]$ to be impregnable1 crumbl+ away "u _! feet1 b no?+ c\ld m =cibly expose ! feebl5ess ( ! apologetic case ?an ?is volume ( ,dr ,lightfoot's ,essays4 ,! sub/antial correctness ( ! ma9 conclusions ( ,sup]natural ,religion is r5d]$ all ! m app>5t by ! reply to its reason+4 ,! eag]ness ) :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot & o!rs ru% up all ! side issues & turn _! backs ^u ! m important c5tral proposition is 9 ! highe/ degree rem>kable4 ,^? :o are 9 d\bt & :o h und]/ood :at ! problem to be solv$ really is w n get any help f 8 volume4 ,! republication ( ^! ,essays1 h[ev]1 has almo/ =c$ ^u me ! necessity ( likewise republi%+ ! reply ,i gave at ! "t ( _! appe>ance4 ,! fir/ ,essay appe>$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 & o!rs foll[$ 9 ! preface to ! six? edition ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 & 9 t & ! complete edition1 9 notes to ! portions attack$1 :]e reply seem$ necess>y4 ,i _c hope t read]s w ref] to ^! scatt]$ argum5ts1 & ?is volume is publi%$ ) ! view ( af=d+ a conv5i5t =m ( ref]5ce = ^? int]e/$ 9 ! discussion4 ,i add brief notes ^u ^? ,essays :i* did n require sep>ate treatm5t at ! "t1 & su* fur!r explanations z seem to me desirable = ! elucidation ( my /atem5ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! full discussion ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5ts mu/ /ill be s\ght 9 ! volumes ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 b ,i tru/ t ,i may h said en\gh "h to indicate ! nature ( 8 allegations & _! be>+ on my argum5t4 ,i h likewise ?\ght x "r to add ! ,conclusions1 )\t any alt]ation1 :i* 7 writt5 = ! complete edition1 :51 = ! fir/ "t1 hav+ exam9$ all ! evid5ce1 ,i 0 9 a position to w9d up ! case4 ,?is is all ! m necess>y z !y f9ally %[ ! inadequacy ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot's treatm5t4 ,b ,i h /ill m be5 mov$ to app5d ^! ,conclusions 9 ord] to put !m )9 easi] rea* ( ^? :o only possess ! e>li] editions1 :i* d n conta9 !m4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot aga9 reproa*es me ) my anonymity4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i am op5 to mu* rebuke = n hav+ ! c\rage ( my op9ions2 b ,i may di/9ctly say t ,i h always held t argum5ts ^u v s]i\s subjects %\ld be imp]sonal1 & nei!r ga9 weight by ! possession ( a di/+ui%$ "n nor lose by ! want ( x4 ,i leave ! ,bi%op any advantage he has 9 8 ?rone1 & ,i take my /& ^u ! basis ( reason & n ( reputation4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,dr4 ,,lightfoot',s ,,fir/ ,,essay ,,on ,,sup]natural ,,religion ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,eusebius--,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les ,,iii4 ,,polyc>p ,,( ,,smyrna ,,iv4 ,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis ,v4 ,,melito ,,( ,,s>dis--,,claudius ,,apoll9>is--,,polycrates ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,gaul ,,vii4 ,,tatian',s ,,diatess>on ,,viii4 ,,conclusions ,,endnotes ,,index4 ,i4 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,dr4 ,,lightfoot',s ,,fir/ ,,essay ,,on ,,sup]natural ,,religion4 ,endnote #a3a ,! function ( ! critic1 :5 rightly ex]cis$1 is s important1 t x is fitt+ t a review] s]i\sly exam9+ s]i\s "w %\ld receive s]i\s & respectful consid]ation1 h[ev] sev]e 8 rem>ks & h[ev] unpleasant 8 /rictures4 ,x is sc>cely possible t a man c s fully sep>ate himself f 8 "w z to judge fairly ei!r ( its effect z a :ole or its treatm5t 9 detail2 & 9 e und]tak+ ( any magnitude x is almo/ c]ta9 t flaws & mi/akes mu/ occur1 :i* c be/ be detect$ by ^? ^: p]ception has n be5 dull$ by cont9u\s & ov]-/ra9$ application4 ,no hone/ writ]1 h[ev] mu* he may w9ce1 c feel o!rwise ?an ?ankful to anyone :o po9ts out errors or mi/akes :i* c be rectifi$2 &1 = myself1 ,i may say t ,i desire no?+ m ?an su* frankness1 & ! fair refutation ( any argum5ts :i* may be fallaci\s4 ,reluctant z ,i mu/ ev] be1 !re=e1 to dep>t f ! attitude ( sil5t att5tion :i* ,i ?9k %\ld be ma9ta9$ by writ]s 9 ! face ( criticism1 or to int]rupt ! fair reply ( an oppon5t1 ! case is some:at diff]5t :5 criticism assumes ! vici\s tone ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's article ^u ,sup]natural ,religion 9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ! ,contempor>y ,review4 ,:il/ deliv]+ sev]e lectures ^u want ( c&\r & imp>tiality1 & prea*+ temp]ance & mod]ation1 ! practice ( ! prea*]1 z sometimes happ5s1 falls v %ort ( 8 precept4 ,! example ( mod]ation pres5t$ to me by my cl]ical critic does n seem to me v edify+1 8 imp>tiality does n appe> to be beyond reproa*1 & 9 8 tone ,i fail to recognise any ( ! ,greek3 epieikeia :i* ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold s ju/ly admires4 ,i %all n emulate ! _s ( t article1 & ,i tru/ t ,i %all n scant ! c\rtesy ) :i* ,i desire to treat ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 ^: ability ,i admire & ^: position ,i und]/&4 ,i %\ld n1 inde$1 consid] x necess>y at pres5t to notice 8 attack at all1 b t ,i p]ceive ! attempt to prejudice an audi5ce & div]t att5tion f ! issues ( a s]i\s argum5t by g5]al detraction4 ,! device is f> f new1 & ! tactics _c be pron\nc$ orig9al4 ,9 religi\s z well z legal controv]sy1 ! ?readb>e maxim3 ,a bad case--abuse ! pla9tiff's attorney1 rema9s 9 =ce2 & x is surpris+ h[ effectual ! simple practice /ill is4 ,if x 7 grant$1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ea* slip 9 translation1 ea* error 9 detail & ea* ov]sight 9 /atem5t1 ) :i* ,canon ,lightfoot reproa*es ,sup]natural ,religion 7 well f\nd$1 x mu/ be evid5t to any intellig5t m9d t ! mass ( su* a "w w\ld n really be affect$2 su* flaws--& :at book ( ! k9d escapes !m--:i* c mo/ easily be remov$1 w\ld n weak5 ! c5tral argum5t1 & aft] ! ,apologi/'s +5uity has be5 ex]t$ to ! utmo/ to black5 e blot1 ! basis ( ,sup]natural ,religion w\ld n be made "o :it m secure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 because ,i recognise t1 beh9d ?is skirmi%+ attack1 !re is ! con/ant ins9uation t mis/atem5ts h be5 detect$ :i* h a vital be>+ ^u ! "q at issue1 argum5ts wreck$ :i* are ( s]i\s importance1 & omissions indicat$ :i* *ange ! aspect ( reason+1 t ,i h ?\ght x wor? my :ile at once to reply4 ,i %all endeav\r briefly to %[ t1 9 ?us attempt+ to sap ! /r5g? ( my position1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has only expos$ ! weakness ( 8 own4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot some:at scornfully says t he has ! mis=tune to dispute n a few propositions :i* 'mo/ critics' are agre$ 9 ma9ta9+4 ,he w probably f9d t mo/ critics1 = _! "p1 w n consid] x a v great mis=tune to diff] f a div9e :o has ! mis=tune ( diff]+ on s _m po9ts1 f mo/ critics4 ,! fir/ & mo/ vehem5t attack made ^u me by ,dr4 ,lightfoot is reg>d+ a highly important passage ( ,ir5aeus1 conta9+ a ref]5ce to "s o!r & unnam$ au?ority1 9 :i* he consid]s t ,i am q unconsci\s ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! inf9itive & indicative2 a po9t ^u :i* any fairly tra9$ s*oolboy w\ld decide aga9/ my reason+4 ,i _h f\nd fault ) ,tis*5dorf 9 ! text1 & ) ,dr4 ,we/cott 9 a note1 = ins]t+ ! words say !y1 & !y taught1 9 r5d]+ ! oblique con/ruction ( a passage ^: s\rce is 9 dispute1 )\t "s m>k or explanation1 9 ! total abs5ce ( ! orig9al1 t ^! special words 7 supplem5t>y & introduc$ by ! translator4 ,i %all speak ( ,tis*5dorf pres5tly1 & = ! mom5t ,i conf9e myself to ,dr4 ,we/cott4 ,ir5aeus 7,adv4 ,ha]4 v4 #cf1 #a7 makes a /atem5t z to :at ! presbyt]s say reg>d+ ! joys ( ! ,mill5nial k+dom1 & he !n proce$s 7 #b7 ) indirect con/ruction1 indicat+ a ref]5ce to "s o!r au?ority ?an himself1 to ! passage 9 "q1 9 :i* a say+ simil> to ,john xiv4 #b is introduc$4 ,?is passage is claim$ by ,tis*5dorf z a quotation f ! "w ( ,papias1 & is advanc$ 9 discuss+ ! evid5ce ( ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis4 ,dr4 ,we/cott1 )\t any explanation1 /ates 9 8 text3 ,9 addition to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k1 ,papias appe>s to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john2 #d3a & 9 a note on an e>li] page3 ,! passage quot$ by ,ir5aeus f '! ,eld]s' may probably be tak5 z a specim5 ( 8 /yle ( int]pretation2 #d3b & !n foll[s ! passage 9 :i* ! indirect con/ruction receives a specific direction by ! ins]tion ( !y taught4 #d3c ,nei!r ,dr4 ,we/cott nor ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes ! slighte/ allusion to ! fact t !y are almo/ alone 9 advanc+ ?is te/imony1 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot describes z hav+ a vital be>+ on ! ma9 "q at issue1 ! date ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! read] :o _h n ! "w ( ,ir5aeus be=e him to e/imate ! ju/ness ( ! ascription ( ?is passage to ,papias1 & :o 0 n acqua9t$ ) all ! circum/ances1 & ) ! /ate ( critical op9ion on ! po9t1 c\ld sc>cely1 on read+ su* /atem5ts1 und]/& ! real position ( ! case4 ,n[ ! facts are z foll[s3 ,r\? #d3d conjectur$ t ! :ole passage 9 ,ir5aeus 0 d]iv$ f ! "w ( ,papias1 & 9 ?is he 0 foll[$ by ,dorn]1 #d3e :o practically introduc$ ! sugge/ion to ! critics ( ,g]many1 ) :om x f\nd no fav\r1 & no "o :om ,i rememb]1 except ,tis*5dorf & p]haps ,pr(essor ,h(/$e de ,groot1 n[ s]i\sly supports ?is view4 ,zell]1 #e3a 9 8 celebrat$ treatise on ! ext]nal te/imony = ! f\r? ,gospel1 argu$ aga9/ ,dorn] t1 9 spite ( ! indirect con/ruction ( ! passage1 !re is n ! slighte/ c]ta9ty t ,ir5aeus did n himself int]polate ! words f ! f\r? ,gospel1 & he affirm$ ! fact t !re is no evid5ce :atev] t ,papias knew t "w4 ,ang]1 #e3b discuss+ ! evid5ce ( ! presbyt]s quot$ by ,ir5aeus 9 our ,gospels1 ref]s to ?is passage 9 a note ) m>k$ d\bt1 say+1 t =tasse 79 italics71 on acc\nt ! *ilia/ic tone ( ! passage1 x may1 z ,r\? conjectures1 be f ! "w ( ,papias2 b 9 ! text he po9ts out ! great caution ) :i* ^! quotations f ! presbyt]s %\ld be us$4 ,he says1 ,s$ 9 usu horum te/imoniorum faci5do cautissime v]s&um e/1 tum quod1 nisi omnia1 c]te pl]aque ab ,ir5aeo memorit] repetuntur1 tum quia hic illic inc]tissimum e/1 utrum ipse loquatur ,ir5aeus an presbyt]orum v]ba recitet4 ,mey]1 #e3c :o ref]s to ! passage1 rem>ks t x is d\btful :e!r ^! presbyt]s1 :om he does n connect ) ,papias1 d]iv$ ! say+ f ! ,gospel or f tradition4 ,rigg5ba* #e3d alludes to x m]ely to ab&on ! passage z evid5ce connect$ ) ,papias1 & only claims ! quotation1 9 an arbitr>y way1 z emanat+ f ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,pr(essor ,h(/$e de ,groot1 #e3e ! translator ( ,tis*5dorf's "w into ,dut*1 & 8 w>m admir]1 br+s =w>d ! quotation1 aft] him1 z ei!r belong+ to ! circle ( ,papias or to t ,fa!r himself4 ,hilg5feld #e3f di/9ctly sep>ates ! presbyt]s ( ?is passage f ,papias1 & ass]ts t !y may h liv$ 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury4 ,lu?>dt1 #f3a 9 ! new issue ( 8 y\?ful "w on ! f\r? ,gospel1 does n attempt to associate ! quotation ) ! book ( ,papias1 b m]ely argues t ! presbyt]s to :om ,ir5aeus 0 indebt$ = x =m$ a circle to :i* ,polyc>p & ,papias belong$4 ,zahn #f3b does n g beyond him 9 ?is4 ,dr4 ,davidson1 :ile argu+ t x is impossible to %[ t ! f\r 7,gospels7 7 curr5t z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #aej1 ref]s to ?is passage1 & says3 ,x is prec>i\s to inf] ) ,tis*5dorf ei!r t ,ir5aeus d]iv$ 8 acc\nt ( ! presbyt]s f ,papias's book1 or t ! au?ority ( ! eld]s c>ries u back to ! t]m9ation ( ! apo/olic times2 & he concludes3 ,is x n evid5t t ,ir5aeus employ$ x 7! ^w 'eld]s'7 loosely1 )\t an exact idea ( ! p]sons he meant8 #f3c ,9 ano!r place ,dr4 ,davidson /ill m directly says3 ,! second pro( is f\nd$ on a passage 9 ,ir5aeus :]e ! ,fa!r1 pr(ess+ to give an acc\nt ( ! es*atological tradition ( '! presbyt]1 a disciple ( ! ,apo/les1' introduces ! words1 '& t !re=e ! ,"l said1 ,9 my ,fa!r's h\se are _m mansions4' ,"h x is equally unc]ta9 :e!r a "w ( ,papias be meant z ! s\rce ( ! quotation1 & :e!r t ,fa!r did n ins]t some?+ ( 8 own1 or some?+ borr[$ else:]e1 & alt]$ accord+ to ! text ( ! ,gospel4 #f3d ,) ^! exceptions1 no critic seems to h consid]$ x wor? 8 :ile to ref] to ?is passage at all4 ,nei!r 9 consid]+ ! ext]nal evid5ces = ! antiquity ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 nor 9 discuss+ ! "q :e!r ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) x1 d apologetic writ]s l ,bleek1 ,ebr>d1 ,ol%aus51 ,gu]icke1 ,kir*h(]1 ,?i]s*1 or ,?oluck1 or imp>tial writ]s l ,cr$n]1 ,de ,wette1 ,gfrr]1 ,lcke1 & o!rs commit ! mi/ake ( ev5 allud+ to x1 al?\gh _m ( !m directly endeav\r to refute ! article ( ,zell]1 9 :i* x is cit$ & reject$1 & all ( !m po9t out s indirect an argum5t = 8 k ( ! ,gospel z ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius t ,papias made use ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4 ,inde$1 on nei!r side is ! passage introduc$ into ! controv]sy at all2 & :il/ s _m conclude positively t ,papias 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! utmo/ t is argu$ by ! majority ( apologetic critics is1 t 8 ignorance ( x is n actually prov$4 ,^? :o g fur!r & urge ! suppos$ use ( ! ,epi/le z te/imony 9 fav\r ( 8 also kn[+ ! ,gospel w\ld only too gladly h produc$ ?is passage1 if !y c\ld h ma9ta9$ x z tak5 f ! "w ( ,papias4 ,x w\ld n be p]missible to assume t any ( ! writ]s to :om we ref] 7 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! passage1 because !y are m5 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! subject g5]ally1 & mo/ ( !m directly ref] to ! article ( ,zell] 9 :i* ! quotation is discuss$4 ,?is is an in/ance 9 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has ! mis=tune to dispute n a few propositions1 :i* mo/ critics are agre$ 9 ma9ta9+4 ,i h no objection to 8 disput+ any?+4 ,all t ,i sugge/ desirable 9 su* a case is "s indication t !re is any?+ 9 dispute1 :i*1 ,i submit1 g5]al read]s c\ld sc>cely discov] f ! /atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,we/cott or ! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,n[ 9 reg>d to myself1 9 desir+ to avoid :at ,i object$ to 9 o!rs1 ,i may h gone to ! o!r extreme4 ,b al?\gh ,i p]haps too c>efully avoid$ any indication z to :o says t !re is ?is di/9ction ( dwell+1 c41 ,i did :at 0 possible to attract att5tion to ! actual indirect con/ruction1 a fact :i* mu/ h be5 pat5t1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot says1 to a fairly tra9$ s*oolboy4 ,i d\bly indicat$1 by a m>k & by add+ a note1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! s5t5ce1 & n only gave ! orig9al bel[1 b actually ins]t$ 9 ! text ! op5+ words1 ,greek3 e9ai de tn dia/oln tautn ts oikses1 = ! express purpose ( %[+ ! con/ruction4 ,t ,i did n myself mi/ake ! po9t is evid5t1 n only f ?is1 b f ! fact t ,i d n make any objection to ! translations ( ,tis*5dorf & ,dr4 ,we/cott1 beyond condemn+ ! unm>k$ introduction ( precise words1 & t ,i proce$ to argue t ! presbyt]s1 to :om ! passage is ref]r$1 are 9 no case necess>ily to be associat$ ) ! "w ( ,papias1 :i* w\ld h be5 m]e wa/e ( "t _h ,i int5d$ to ma9ta9 t ,ir5aeus quot$ direct f ! ,gospel4 ,an obs]vation made to me reg>d+ my note on ,dr4 ,we/cott1 %[$ me t ,i _h be5 misund]/ood1 & l$ me to ref] to ! place aga94 ,i imm$iately )drew ! note :i* _h be5 int]pret$ 9 a way v diff]5t f :at ,i _h int5d$1 & at ! same "t p]ceiv+ t my argum5t 0 obscure & liable to ! mis9t]pretation ( :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has made su* eag] use1 ,i myself at once reca/ x z well z ,i c\ld )9 ! limits at my comm&1 #h3a & ?is 0 already publi%$ be=e ,dr4 ,lightfoot's criticism appe>$1 & be=e ,i _h any k ( 8 articles4 #h3b ,) reg>d to ,tis*5dorf1 h[ev]1 ! validity ( my objection is practically admitt$ 9 ! fulle/ way by ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself4 ,tis*5dorf's words1 he says1 are 'und de%alb1 sag5 sie1 habe d] ,h]r d5 ,ausspru* ge?an4' ,he might h sp>$ ! 'sag5 sie1' because ! ,g]man idiom 'habe' enables him to express ! ma9 fact t ! words 7 n ,ir5aeus's own )\t ?is addition4 ,writ+ ( a bro!r apologi/ ( c\rse he apologetically adds3 ,b he has n alt]$ any idea :i* ! orig9al conta9s4 #i3a ,i affirm1 on ! contr>y1 t he has v mat]ially alt]$ an idea--t1 9 fact1 he has w>p$ ! :ole argum5t1 = ,dr4 ,lightfoot has m]cifully omitt$ to po9t out t ! words j quot$ are introduc$ by ! di/9ct ass]tion t ,ir5aeus quotes ev5 out ( ! m\? ( ! presbyt]s1 ^? high au?orities ( ,papias4 ,! ,g]man apologi/1 !re=e1 n giv+ ! orig9al text1 n say+ a ^w ( ! adv]se judgm5t ( mo/ critics1 aft] fully r5d]+ ! con/ruction ( ,ir5aeus by ! habe1 quietly ins]ts say !y1 9 ref]5ce to ^! high au?orities ( ,papias1 )\t a h9t t ^! words are 8 own4 #i3b ,my argum5t briefly is1 t !re is no gr\nd = ass]t+ t ! passage 9 "q1 ) its ref]5ce to _m mansions1 0 d]iv$ f ! presbyt]s ( ,papias1 or f 8 book1 & t x is n a quotation f a "w :i* quotes ! presbyt]s z quot+ ^! words1 b "o made m directly by ,ir5aeus--n directly f ! ,gospel1 b probably f "s contempor>y1 & repres5t+ no?+ m ?an ! exegesis ( 8 own day4 ,! second po9t ( ,canon ,lightfoot's attack is 9 connection ) a discussion ( ! date ( ,celsus4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot quotes a passage f ,orig5 giv5 9 my "w1 #aj3a ^u :i* he comm5ts z foll[s3 ,on ! /r5g? ( ! passage s translat$1 our au?or supposes t ,orig5's impression conc]n+ ! date ( ,celsus _h mean:ile be5 'consid]ably modifi$1' & rem>ks t he n[ 'treats him z a contempor>y4' ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! t5ses1 on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds1 are freely h&l$ 9 ?is translation4 ,orig5 does n say ',celsus has promis$1' b ',celsus promises 7,greek3 epangellom5on7--i4e41 9 ! treatise be=e him1 ,orig5's k 0 pla9ly d]iv$ f ! book itself4 ,&1 aga91 he does n say ',if he has n fulfill$ 8 promise to write1' b ',if he did n write z he und]took to d' 7,greek3 egraps5 hupos*om5os72 nor ',if he has comm5c$ & f9i%$1' b ',if he comm5c$ & f9i%$' 7,greek3 arxam5os sunetelese74 ,?us ,orig5's language itself "h po9ts to a pa/ epo*1 & is 9 /rict accordance ) ! e>li] passages 9 8 "w4 #aj3b ,^! rem>ks1 & ! triumphant exclamation ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot at ! close t "h an elaborate argum5t is wreck$ on ?is rock ( gramm>1 convey a totally wrong impression ( ! case4 ,! argum5t reg>d+ ?is passage 9 ,orig5 occurs 9 a controv]sy betwe5 ,tis*5dorf & ,volkm>1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* ,i report2 #aj3c & to avoid anticipation ( ! po9t1 ,i promise to give ! passage 9 its place1 :i* ,i subsequ5tly d4 ,all ! complim5t>y obs]vations :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes ^u ! translation actually fall ^u ! head ( 8 bro!r apologi/1 ,tis*5dorf1 ^: r5d]+1 z he s mu* insi/s ^u x1 ,i m]ely reproduce4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,tis*5dorf attacks ,volkm> 9 connection ) ?is passage =cibly rem9ds me ( ! am5ities address$ to myself by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 :o seems unconsci\sly to h caught ! trick ( 8 precursor's scold+4 ,volkm> _h p>aphras$ ,orig5's words 9 a way ( :i* 8 critic disapprov$1 & ,tis*5dorf comm5ts z foll[s3 ,b "h aga9 we h to d ) no?+ else ?an a completely abortive fabrication1 a c]tificate ( our said critic's pov]ty4 ,= ! ass]tion d]iv$ f ! close ( ! "w ( ,orig5 re/s ^u gross ignorance or ^u int5tional deception4 ,! words ( ,orig5 to 8 patron ,ambrosius1 :o _h prompt$ him to ! composition ( ! :ole apology1 run z foll[s & "h ,i mu/ give ! ,g]man3 ',w5n dass ,celsus v]spro*5 hat' has promis$ 'j$5falls 9 se9em geg5 das ,*ri/5?um g]i*tet5 und von ,orig5es wid]legt5 ,bu*e7 no* e9e &]e ,s*rift na* dies] zu v]fass51 wor9 u4s4w4' ',w5n er nun diese zweite ,s*rift trotz se9es ,v]spre*5s ni*t ges*rieb5 hat' has n writt51 's g5gt es uns mit dies5 a*t ,b*]n auf se9e ,s*rift geantwortet zu hab54 ,w5n er ab] au* j5e unt]nomm5 und voll5det hat' has und]tak5 & complet$1 's treib das ,bu* auf und s*icke es1 damit wir au* d>auf antwort51' c4 #aa3a ,n[ ?is translation ( ,tis*5dorf is n made c>elessly1 b delib]ately1 = ! express purpose ( %[+ ! actual words ( ,orig51 & correct+ ! v]sion ( ,volkm>2 & he insi/s ^u ^! t5ses n only by ref]r+ to ! ,greek ( ^! special phrases1 b by aga9 contra/+ ) !m ! p>aphrase ( ,volkm>4 #aa3b ,:atev] disreg>d ( t5ses & free h&l+ ( ,orig5 !re may be "h1 !re=e1 are due to ,tis*5dorf1 :o may be consid]$ z good a s*ol> z ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 & n a less zeal\s apologi/4 ,in/ead ( dep5d+ on ! /r5g? ( ! passage s translat$1 h[ev]1 z ,canon ,lightfoot repres5ts1 my argum5t is indep5d5t ( ?is or any o!r v]sion ( ,orig5's words2 &1 9 fact1 ! po9t is only incid5tally introduc$1 & m z ! view ( o!rs ?an my own4 ,i po9t out #ab3a t ,orig5 evid5tly kn[s no?+ ( 8 adv]s>y3 & ,i add t x is almo/ impossible to avoid ! conviction t1 dur+ ! "t he 0 compos+ 8 "w1 8 impressions conc]n+ ! date & id5tity ( 8 oppon5t became consid]ably modifi$4 ,i !n proce$ to enum]ate "s ( ! reasons4 ,9 ! e>li] portion ( 8 fir/ book 7i4 #h71 ,orig5 has he>d t 8 ,celsus is ! ,epicurean ( ! reign ( ,hadrian & lat]1 b a little fur!r on 7i4 #fh71 he confesses 8 ignorance z to :e!r he is ! same ,celsus :o wrote aga9/ magic1 :i* ,celsus ! ,epicurean actually did4 ,9 ! f\r? book 7iv4 #cf7 he expresses unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ! ,epicurean ,celsus _h compos$ ! "w aga9/ ,*ri/ians :i* he is refut+1 & at ! close ( 8 treatise he treats him z a contempor>y1 =1 z ,i aga9 m5tion1 ,volkm> & o!rs ass]t1 on ! /r5g? ( ! passage 9 ! eigh? book & f o!r consid]ations1 t ,celsus really 0 a contempor>y ( ,orig54 ,i proce$ to argue t1 ev5 if ,celsus 7 ! ,epicurean fri5d ( ,lucian1 !re c\ld be no gr\nd = assign+ to him an e>ly date2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t s f> f be+ an ,epicurean1 ! ,celsus attack$ by ,orig5 evid5tly 0 a ,neo-,platoni/4 ,?is1 & ! circum/ance t 8 "w indicates a p]iod ( p]secution aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 leads to ! conclusion1 ,i po9t out1 t he mu/ be dat$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,my argum5t1 9 %ort1 sc>cely turns ^u ! passage 9 ,orig5 at all1 & t :i* r5d]s x incapable ( be+ wreck$ is ! fact t ,celsus nev] m5tions ! ,gospels1 & mu* less adds any?+ to our k ( _! au?ors1 :i* c entitle !m to great] cr$it z witnesses = ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,i d n int5d to b&y _m words ) ,canon ,lightfoot reg>d+ translations4 ,no?+ is s easy z to f9d fault ) ! r5d]+ ( passages f ano!r language1 or to po9t out v>iations 9 t5ses & expressions1 n 9 !mselves ( ! slighte/ importance to ! ma9 issue1 9 freely transf]r+ ! _s ( s5t5ces f _! natural context to an isolat$ position 9 quotation4 ,su* a p]sonal matt] z ,dr4 ,lightfoot's g5]al /rictures1 9 ?is respect1 ,i feel _c int]e/ ! read]s ( ?is ,review4 ,i am q ready to accept correction ev5 f an oppon5t :]e ,i am wrong1 b ,i am q cont5t to leave to ! judgm5t ( all :o w exam9e !m 9 a fair _s ! volum9\s quotations 9 my "w4 ,! 'high] criticism1' 9 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot seems to h indulg$ 9 ?is article1 sc>cely rises above ! correction ( an ex]cise or ! conjugation ( a v]b4 #ac3a ,i am extremely oblig$ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot = po9t+ out two cl]ical errors :i* _h escap$ me1 b :i* h be5 discov]$ & magnifi$ by 8 microscopic criticism1 & ?r[n at my head by 8 apologetic zeal4 ,! fir/ is 9 ref]5ce to :at he describes z a highly important "q ( ,biblical criticism4 ,9 speak+1 en passant1 ( a passage 9 ,john v4 #c1 #d1 9 connection ) ! ,age ( ,miracles1 ! words x is argu$ t 7 accid5tally omitt$ f vol4 i4 p4 #aac1 l9e #ai1 & ! s5t5ce %\ld read1 & x is argu$ t x 0 probably a lat] int]polation4 #ad3a ,9 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbj1 aft] aga9 m5tion+ ! rejection ( ! passage1 ,i proce$ to /ate my own p]sonal belief t ! words mu/ h ,orig9ally /ood 9 ! text1 because v4 #g indicates ! exi/5ce ( su* a context4 ,! second error is 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbc1 l9e #bd1 9 :i* only has be5 sub/itut$ = nev] 9 deciph]+ my ,,ms4 ,s9ce ?is is su* a common-place ( apologi/s1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot po9ts out1 surely he might h put a c\rte\s con/ruction ^u ! error1 in/ead ( v5t+ ^u me s mu* righte\s indignation4 ,i c assure him t ,i d n 9 ! slighte/ degree grudge him ! full b5efit ( ! argum5t t ! f\r? ,gospel nev] once di/+ui%es ,john ! ,bapti/ f ! ,apo/le ,john by ! addition ,greek3 ho ,bapti/s4 #ae3a ,i turn1 h[ev]1 to a m important matt]4 ,canon ,lightfoot attacks me 9 no measur$ t]ms = a criticism ^u ,dr4 ,we/cott's mode ( deal+ ) a piece ( in=mation reg>d+ ,basilides4 ,he says-- ,dr4 ,we/cott writes ( ,basilides z foll[s3-- ',at ! same "t he appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ,glaucias1 :o1 z well z ,/4 ,m>k1 0 an int]pret] ( ,/4 ,pet]4' 7',canon1' p4 #bfd7 ,! inv]t$ commas are giv5 "h z !y appe> 9 ,dr4 ,we/cott's book4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ,dr4 ,we/cott is simply illu/rat+ ! /atem5t ( ,basilides t ,glaucias 0 an int]pret] ( ,/4 ,pet] by ! simil> /atem5t ( ,papias & o!rs t ,/4 ,m>k 0 an int]pret] ( ! same apo/le--a v innoc5t piece ( in=mation1 "o w\ld suppose4 ,on ?is passage1 h[ev]1 our au?or rem>ks-- ',n[ we h "h aga9 an illu/ration ( ! same mislead+ sy/em :i* we h already condemn$1 & %all fur!r ref] to1 9 ! introduction aft] ,glaucias ( ! words :o1 z well z ,/4 ,m>k1 0 an int]pret] ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! words 9 italics are ! gratuit\s addition ( ,canon ,we/cott himself1 & c only h be5 ins]t$ = "o ( two purposes--7#a7 to ass]t ! fact t ,glaucias 0 actually an int]pret] ( ,pet]1 z tradition repres5t$ ,m>k to be2 or 7#b7 to ins9uate to unle>n$ read]s t ,basilides himself ackn[l$g$ ,m>k z well z ,glaucias z ! int]pret] ( ,pet]4 ,we c h>dly suppose ! fir/ to h be5 ! int5tion1 & we regret to be =c$ back ^u ! second1 & inf] t ! temptation to weak5 ! inf]5ces f ! appeal ( ,basilides to ! uncanonical ,glaucias1 by c\pl+ ) x ! allusion to ,m>k1 01 unconsci\sly1 no d\bt1 too /rong = ! apologi/4' 7',s4,r4' i4 p4 #dei7 ,dr4 ,we/cott's hon\r may safely be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,x /&s f> too high to be t\*$ by ins9uations l ^!4 ,i only call att5tion to ! fact t our au?or has remov$ ,dr4 ,we/cott's inv]t$ commas1 & !n f\nd$ on ! passage s manipulat$ a *>ge ( unfair deal+1 :i* c\ld only be su/a9$ 9 _! abs5ce1 & :i* ev5 !n no "o b himself w\ld h ?\ght (4 #af3a ,9 ord] to make ?is matt] cle>1 ,i mu/ v5ture m fully to quote ,dr4 ,we/cott's /atem5ts reg>d+ ,basilides4 ,dr4 ,we/cott says3 ,s9ce ,basilides liv$ on ! v]ge ( ! ,apo/olic times1 x is n surpris+ t he made use ( o!r s\rces ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e besides ! canonical books4 ,! belief 9 ,div9e ,inspiration 0 /ill fre% & real2 & ,eusebius relates t he set up imag9>y prophets1 ,b>cabbas & ,b>coph 7,p>*or7--'names to /rike t]ror into ! sup]/iti\s'--by ^: writ+s he support$ 8 peculi> views4 ,at ! same "t he appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ,glaucias1 :o1 z well z ,/4 ,m>k1 0 'an int]pret] ( ,/4 ,pet]2' #af3b & he also made use ( c]ta9 ',traditions ( ,mat?ias1' :i* claim$ to be gr\nd$ on 'private int]c\rse ) ! ,savi\r4' #af3c ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t he himself publi%$ a gospel--a ',life ( ,*ri/1' z x w\ld p]haps be call$ 9 our days1 or ',! ,philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity'--b he admitt$ ! hi/oric tru? ( all ! facts conta9$ 9 ! canonical gospels1 & us$ !m z ,scripture4 ,=1 9 spite ( 8 peculi> op9ions1 ! te/imony ( ,basilides to our 'ackn[l$g$' books is compreh5sive & cle>4 ,9 ! few pages ( 8 writ+s :i* rema91 !re are c]ta9 ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,luke1 & ,/4 ,john1 c4 ,& 9 a note ,dr4 ,we/cott adds1 ,! foll[+ examples w be suffici5t to %[ 8 mode ( quotation1 c4 #ag3a ,n a ^w ( qualification or d\bt is add$ to ^! extraord9>y /atem5ts1 = a full criticism ( :i* ,i mu/ beg ! read] to be good en\gh to ref] to ,sup]natural ,religion1 ii4 pp4 #da-ed4 ,sett+ aside "h ! important "q z to :at ! gospel ( ,basilides--to :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott gives ! fanciful names ( a ,life ( ,*ri/1 or ,philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity1 )\t a %ad[ ( evid5ce--really 01 x c\ld sc>cely be div9$1 = in/ance1 t ! /atem5t t ,basilides admitt$ ! hi/oric tru? ( all ! facts conta9$ 9 ! canonical gospels re/s solely ^u a s5t5ce 9 ! "w attribut$ to ,hippolytus1 to ! effect t1 aft] 8 g5]ation1 all ?+s reg>d+ ! ,savi\r--accord+ to ! foll[]s ( ,basilides--occurr$ 9 ! same way z !y are writt5 9 ! ,gospels4 ,aga91 x c\ld sc>cely be suppos$ by an ord9>y read] t ! ass]tion t ,basilides us$ ! canonical gospels--!re c]ta9ly 7 no canonical gospels 9 8 day--z ,scripture1 t 8 te/imony to our 'ackn[l$g$' books is compreh5sive & cle>1 & t 9 ! few pages ( 8 writ+s :i* rema9 !re are c]ta9 ref]5ces to ^? gospels1 :i* %[ 8 me?od ( quotation1 is n bas$ ^u any direct extracts f 8 writ+s1 b solely ^u passages 9 an epitome by ,hippolytus ( ! views ( ! s*ool ( ,basilides1 n ascrib$ directly to ,basilides himself1 b introduc$ by a m]e indef9ite ,greek3 phsi4 #ag3b ,:y1 ,i might enquire 9 ! ve9 ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 is n a syllable said ( all ?is1 or ( ! fact1 :i* completes ! sep>ation ( ^! passages f ,basilides1 t ! ,gno/icism describ$ by ,hippolytus is n t ( ,basilides1 b cle>ly ( a lat] type2 & t writ]s ( t p]iod1 & notably ,hippolytus himself1 7 9 ! habit ( putt+1 z x might seem1 by ! use ( an indef9ite he says1 s5tim5ts into ! m\? ( ! f\nd] ( a sect :i* 7 only express$ by 8 lat] foll[]s8 ,z ,dr4 ,lightfoot evid5tly highly values ! te/imony ( ,lu?>dt1 ,i w quote ! words ( t /aun* apologi/ to %[ t1 9 ?is1 ,i d n m]ely repres5t ! views ( a het]odox s*ool4 ,9 discuss+ ! suppos$ quotations f ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott repres5ts z c]ta9 ref]5ces to x by ,basilides himself1 ,lu?>dt says3 ,b to ?is is oppos$ ! consid]ation t1 z we "k f ,ir5aeus1 c41 ! orig9al sy/em ( ,basilides _h a duali/ic "*1 :il/ t ( ! ',philosophum5a' is pan!i/ic4 ,we mu/ recognise t ,hippolytus1 9 ! ',philosophum5a1' n unfrequ5tly makes ! f\nd] ( a sect responsible = t :i* 9 ! fir/ place conc]ns 8 disciples1 s t f ^! quotations only ! use ( ! ,johann9e ,gospel 9 ! s*ool ( ,basilides is und\bt$ly prov$1 b n on ! "p ( ! f\nd] himself4 #ah3a ,x is difficult to recognise 9 ?is fancy portrait ! ,basilides reg>d+ :om a l>ge body ( em95t critics conclude t he did n "k our ,gospels at all1 b made use ( an uncanonical "w1 supplem5t$ by traditions f ,glaucias & ,mat?ias2 b1 z if ! h]etic _h n be5 suffici5tly re/or$ to ! od\r ( sanctity1 ! additional t\* is giv5 9 ! passage m imm$iately be=e u4 ,dr4 ,we/cott conveys ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! s+le s5t5ce ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,greek3 ka?ap] ho ,basileids kan ,glaukian epigraphtai didaskalon1 hs au*\s9 autoi1 ton ,petr\ h]mnea1 #ai3a 9 ! foll[+ words2 & ,i quote ! /atem5t exactly z x has /ood 9 my text f ! v fir/1 9 ord] to %[ ! inv]t$ commas ^u :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot lays s mu* /ress z hav+ be5 remov$4 ,9 m5tion+ ?is fact ,canon ,we/cott says3 ,at ! same "t he appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ,glaucias1 :o1 z well z ,/4 ,m>k1 0 'an int]pret] ( ,/4 ,pet]4' #ai3b ,n[ we h "h1 aga91 an illu/ration1 c42 & !n foll[s ! passage quot$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,! positive =m giv5 to ! words ( ,clem5t1 & ! introduction ( ! words z well z ,/4 ,m>k1 seem at once to imp>t a full flav\r ( or?odoxy to ,basilides :i* ,i d n f9d 9 ! orig9al4 ,i confess t ,i fail to see any special virtue 9 ! inv]t$ commas2 b z ,dr4 ,lightfoot does1 let me po9t out to him t he comm5ces 8 quotation--^u ! /r5g? ( :i* he accuses me ( manipulat+ a passage1 & !n f\nd+ ^u x a *>ge ( unfair deal+--imm$iately aft] ! direct citation f ,dr4 ,we/cott's "w1 9 :i* ^? inv]t$ commas are giv54 ,! words !y m>k are a quotation f ,clem5t1 & 9 my re-quotation a few l9es l[] d[n !y are equally well indicat$ by be+ ! only words n put 9 italics4 ,! fact is1 t ,dr4 ,lightfoot has mi/ak5 & mis/at$ ! :ole case4 ,he has be5 s eag]ly look+ = ! mote 9 my eye t he has fail$ to p]ceive ! beam :i* is 9 8 own eye4 ,x is by ?is wond]ful illu/ration t he exemplifies ! elaborate loos5ess :i* p]vades ! critical portion ( ?is 7my7 book4 #ai3c ,x r exemplifies ! uncritical loos5ess :i* p]vades 8 own article4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says1 & says rightly1 t ,dr4 ,we/cott's hon\r may safely be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,x w\ld h be5 mu* bett] to h left x to take c>e ( itself1 inde$1 ?an tr\ble x by su* advocacy4 ,if any?+ c\ld *eck j or g5]\s expression1 x w\ld be ! tone adopt$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot2 b nev]!less ,i aga9 say1 9 ! mo/ unres]v$ mann]1 t nei!r 9 ?is in/ance nor 9 any o!r h ,i _h ! mo/ di/ant int5tion ( attribut+ corrupt motives to a man l ,dr4 ,we/cott1 ^: s+le-m9d$ness ,i recognise1 & = ^: e>ne/ "* ,i feel g5u9e respect4 ,! utmo/ t ,i h at any "t int5d$ to po9t out is t1 utt]ly possess$ z he is by or?odox views 9 g5]al1 & ( ! canon 9 p>ticul>1 he sees facts1 ,i consid]1 ?r\gh a dogmatic m$ium1 & unconsci\sly imp>ts 8 own peculi> col\r+ to /atem5ts :i* %\ld be m imp>tially made4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot w n ev5 give me cr$it = fairly /at+ ! argum5ts ( my adv]s>ies4 ,! au?or1 he says1 does inde$ s+le out f "t to "t ! weak] argum5ts ( 'apologetic' writ]s1 & on ^! he dwells at great l5g?2 b _! weighti] facts & l9es ( reason+ are altoge!r ignor$ by him1 ?\gh !y (t5 occur 9 ! same books1 & ev5 9 ! same contexts :i* he quotes4 #bj3a ,i am exce$+ly indebt$ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot = hav+ _h compassion ^u my incapacity to di/+ui% ^! argum5ts1 & = giv+ me samples ( ! weighti] facts & l9es ( reason+ ( apologi/s :i* ,i h ignor$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ) :i* he fav\rs me is 9 connection ) an ana*ronism 9 ! epi/le ascrib$ to ,polyc>p1 ,ignatius be+ spok5 ( 9 *apt] ?irte5 z liv+1 & in=mation reque/$ reg>d+ him & ^? :o are ) him2 :]eas 9 an e>li] passage he is repres5t$ z dead4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot reproa*es me3-- ,:y1 !n1 does he n notice ! answ] :i* he might h f\nd 9 any common s\rce ( in=mation1 t :5 ! ,lat9 v]sion 7! ,greek is want+ "h7 'de 8 qui cum eo sunt' is re-translat$ into ! orig9al language1 ,greek3 tois sun aut1 ! 'ana*ronism' altoge!r disappe>s8 #ba3a ,z ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n app>5tly atta* mu* weight to my replies1 ,i v5ture to give my reasons = n tr\bl+ my read]s ) ?is argum5t 9 words :i*1 ,i hope1 may f9d m fav\r ) him4 ,dr4 ,donaldson1 9 8 able "w on ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature & ,doctr9e1 says3 ,9 ! n9? *apt] ,ignatius is spok5 ( z a m>tyr1 an example to ! ,philippians ( pati5ce 444 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ,polyc>p reque/s in=mation ) reg>d to ',ignatius & ^? ) him4' ,^! words occur only 9 ! ,lat9 translation ( ! epi/le4 ,to get rid ( ! difficulty :i* !y pres5t1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! words 'de 8 qui cum eo sunt' are a wrong r5d]+ ( ! ,greek ,greek3 p]i ton met' aut\4 ,& !n ! words are suppos$ to mean1 'conc]n+ ,ignatius 7( ^: dea? ,i he>d1 b ( :i* ,i wi% p>ticul>s7 & ^? :o 7 ) him4' ,b ev5 ! ,greek c\ld n be =c$ into su* a mean+ z ?is2 &1 moreov]1 !re is no reason to impugn ! ,lat9 translation1 except ! peculi> difficulty pres5t$ by a comp>ison ) ! n9? *apt]4 #ba3b ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 does impugn x4 ,x is app>5tly 8 habit to impugn translations4 ,he accuses ! anci5t ,lat9 translator ( freely h&l+ ! t5ses ( a ,greek text :i* ! critic himself has nev] se54 ,"h x is ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5t :i* is wreck$ ^u ?is rock ( gramm>4 ,! next example ( ! weighti] facts & l9es ( reason+ ( apologi/s :i* ,i h ignor$ is z foll[s3-- ,aga91 :5 he devotes m ?an =ty pages to ! discussion ( ,papias1 :y does he n ev5 m5tion ! view ma9ta9$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott & o!rs 7& c]ta9ly sugge/$ by a /rict int]pretation ( ,papias' own words71 t ?is fa!r's object1 9 8 ',exposition1' 0 n to con/ruct a new evangelical n>rative1 b to int]pret & to illu/rate by oral tradition "o already ly+ be=e him 9 writt5 docum5ts8 ,?is view1 if correct1 entirely alt]s ! relation ( ,papias to ! writt5 ,gospels2 & its discussion 0 a matt] ( ess5tial importance to ! ma9 "q at issue4 #bb3a ,i reply t ! object ( my "w 0 n to discuss views advanc$ )\t a %ad[ ( evid5ce1 contradict$ by ! words ( ,papias himself1 & absolutely incapable ( pro(4 ,my object 0 ! mu* m practical & direct "o ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ,papias af=ds any evid5ce ) reg>d to our ,gospels :i* c\ld w>rant our believ+ 9 ! occurr5ce ( miracul\s ev5ts = :i* !y are ! pr9cipal te/imony4 ,ev5 if x c\ld be prov$1 :i* x _c be1 t ,papias actually _h writt5 docum5ts be=e him1 ! cause ( our ,gospels w\ld n be "o jot advanc$1 inasmu* z x c\ld n be %[n t ^! docum5ts 7 our ,gospels2 & ! av[$ pref]5ce ( ,papias = tradition ov] books1 s cle>ly express$1 implies any?+ b respect = any writt5 docum5ts ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4 ,h[ev] important su* a discussion may appe> to ,dr4 ,lightfoot 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r evid5ce1 x is absolutely devoid ( value 9 an enquiry into ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,! next sample ( ^! ignor$ weighti] facts & l9es ( reason+ giv5 by ,dr4 ,lightfoot is ! foll[+3 ,aga91 :5 he reproduces ! ,tb+5 fallacy respect+ '! /rong prejudice' ( ,hegesippus aga9/ ,/4 ,paul1 & quotes ! (t5-quot$ passage f ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 9 :i* ?is writ] ref]s to ! language ( ,hegesippus condemn+ ! use ( ! words1 ',eye ha? n se51' c41 :y does he n /ate t ^! words 7 employ$ by h]etical tea*]s to ju/ify _! rites ( initiation1 & consequ5tly 'apologetic' writ]s cont5d t ,hegesippus ref]s to ! words1 n z us$ by ,/4 ,paul1 b z misappli$ by ^! h]etics8 ,s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,tb+5 int]pretation1 ?is s+le notice contradicts ev]y?+ else :i* we n[ ( ! op9ions ( ,hegesippus1 ! view ( 'apologi/s' might1 p]haps1 h be5 wor? a mom5t's consid]ation4 #bc3a ,i reply1 :y does ?is punctili\s objector omit to po9t out t ,i m]ely m5tion ! anti-,paul9e int]pretation incid5tally 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 #bc3b & aft] a few words z to ! s\rce ( ! quotation 9 ,cor4 ii4 #i1 ,i proce$3 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n conc]n u "h1 & we h m]ely to exam9e '! say+ ( ! ,"l1' :i* ,hegesippus opposes to ! passage1 ',bless$ are y\r eyes1' c41 ?is be+1 9 fact1 ! sole object ( my quotation f ,/ephanus ,gob>us8 ,:y does he n also /ate t ,i di/9ctly ref] to ,tis*5dorf's d5ial t ,hegesippus 0 oppos$ to ,paul8 ,& :y does he n fur!r /ate t1 in/ead ( be+ ! s+le notice f :i* ! view ( ! anti-,paul9e feel+s ( ,hegesippus is d]iv$1 t conclusion is bas$ ^u ! :ole t5d5cy ( ! fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s :i* rema98 ,x 0 n my purpose to ent] into any discussion ( ! feel+ aga9/ ,paul ent]ta9$ by a l>ge section ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,:at ,i h to say ^u t subject w appe> 9 my exam9ation ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,& aga91 says ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 proce$+ ) 8 samples ( ignor$ weighti] l9es ( reason+1 9 ! elaborate exam9ation ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's evangelical quotations 444 our au?or frequ5tly ref]s to ,dr4 ,we/cott's book to c5sure x1 & _m comp>atively insignificant po9ts are discuss$ at great l5g?4 ,:y1 !n1 does he n once m5tion ,dr4 ,we/cott's argum5t f\nd$ on ! loos5ess ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t z ?r[+ "s light on ! degree ( accuracy :i* he might be expect$ to %[ 9 quot+ ! ,gospels8 ,a read] fre% f ! p]usal ( ,sup]natural ,religion w h 8 eyes op5$ z to ! "* ( ,ju/9's m9d :5 he turns to ,dr4 ,we/cott's book1 & f9ds h[ ,ju/9 int]weaves1 misnames1 & misquotes passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x _c be said t ^! are unimportant po9ts4 #bd3a ,n[ ! fact is1 t 9 ! fir/ #aje pages ( my exam9ation ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,i d n once ref] 9 my text to ,dr4 ,we/cott's "w2 & :5 ,i f9ally d s x is = ! purposes ( discuss+ :at seem$ to me a s+ul> argum5t1 dem&+ a mom5t's att5tion4 #bd3b ,dr4 ,we/cott1 :il/ ma9ta9+ t ,ju/9's quotations are d]iv$ f our ,gospels1 argues t only 9 sev5 passages out ( ! v num]\s citations 9 8 writ+s does ,ju/9 pr(ess to give ! exact words record$ 9 ! ',memoirs4' #bd3c ,! reason :y ,i d n feel x at all necess>y to discuss ! o!r views ( ,dr4 ,we/cott "h m5tion$ is practically giv5 9 ! f9al s5t5ce ( a note quot$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 #bd3d :i* s5t5ce he has ?\ght x "r to omit4 ,! note is z foll[s1 & ! s5t5ce to :i* ,i ref] is put 9 italics3 ,= ! argum5ts ( apologetic criticism1 ! read] may be ref]r$ to ,canon ,we/cott's "w ',on ! ,canon1' pp4 #aab-aci4 ,dr4 ,we/cott does n attempt to d5y ! fact t ,ju/9's quotations are diff]5t f ! text ( our ,gospels1 b he acc\nts = 8 v>iations on gr\nds :i* are purely imag9>y4 ,x is evid5t t s long z !re are su* v>iations to be expla9$ away1 at lea/ no pro( ( id5tity is possible4 #bd3e ,x w be obs]v$ t al?\gh ,i d n discuss ,dr4 ,we/cott's views1 ,i po9t$ly ref] ^? :o desire to "k :at ! argum5ts on ! o!r side are to 8 "w4 ,let me repeat1 once = all1 t my object 9 exam9+ ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs is n to =m !ories & conjectures z to :at docum5ts !y may possibly h us$1 b to asc]ta9 :e!r !y af=d any positive evid5ce reg>d+ our exi/+ ,gospels1 :i* c w>rant our believ+1 ^u _! au?ority1 ! miracul\s cont5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,any argum5t t1 al?\gh ,ju/91 = in/ance1 nev] once names any ( our ,gospels1 & out ( v num]\s quotations ( say+s ( ,jesus v r>ely inde$ quotes any?+ :i* has an exact p>allel 9 ^? ,gospels1 yet he may h made use ( our ,gospels1 because he also frequ5tly misquotes passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is wor?less = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( su* an enquiry1 ,i probably g mu* fur!r into ! exam9ation ( ,ju/9's ,memoirs ?an 0 at all necess>y4 ,space1 h[ev]1 =bids my fur!r dwell+ on ^! in/ances1 reg>d+ :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,9 e in/ance :i* ,i h select$--& to :i* ,i h repli$--^! omitt$ consid]ations vitally affect ! ma9 "q at issue4 #be3a ,if ,dr4 ,lightfoot _h devot$ half ! "t to ma/]+ :at ! ma9 "q at issue really is1 :i* he has wa/$ 9 f9d+ m9ute faults 9 me1 he might h sp>$ himself ! tr\ble ( giv+ ^! in/ances at all4 ,if su* consid]ations h vital importance1 ! position ( ! "q may easily be und]/ood4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 evid5tly seems to suppose t ,i c be *>g$ ) want ( c&\r & ( fulness1 because ,i d n reproduce e %r$ & tatt] ( apologetic reason+ :i* div9es cont9ue to flaunt ab\t aft] o!rs h reject$ !m z useless4 ,he aga9 accuses me1 9 connection ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 ( sy/ematically ignor+ ! argum5ts ( apologetic writ]s1 & he repres5ts my "w z ! v rev]se ( full & imp>tial4 ,once or twice1 inde$1 he says1 he fa/5s on passages f su* writ]s1 t he may make capital ( !m2 b _! ma9 argum5ts rema9 :olly unnotic$4 #bf3a ,i confess t ,i f9d x some:at difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? out ( :i* ,i am said to make capital & ^? :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot *>act]ises z _! ma9 argum5ts1 if ,i am to judge by ! samples ( !m :i* he gives me4 ,= in/ance1 #bf3b he asks :y1 :5 ass]t+ t ! ,synoptics cle>ly repres5t ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus z hav+ be5 limit$ to a s+le ye>1 & 8 prea*+ z conf9$ to ,galilee & ,j]usalem1 :il/ ! f\r? ,gospel di/ributes ! tea*+ ( ,jesus betwe5 ,galilee1 ,sam>ia1 & ,j]usalem1 makes x ext5d ov] ?ree ye>s1 & ref]s to ?ree passov]s sp5t by ,jesus at ,j]usalem3 ,:y !n1 he asks1 does he n add t 'apologetic' writ]s ref] to su* passages z ,matt4 xiii4 #cg 7comp4 ,luke xiii4 #cd71 ',o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem 444 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r'8 ,"h ! expression 'h[ (t51' x is cont5d$1 obliges u to po/ulate o!r visits1 probably sev]al visits1 to ,j]usalem1 :i* are n record$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels !mselves4 ,& x may be sugge/$ also t ! twice-repeat$ notice ( "t 9 ! context ( ,/4 ,luke1 ',i d cures to-day & to-morr[1 & ! ?ird day ,i %all be p]fect$1' ',i mu/ walk to-day & to-morr[ & ! day foll[+1' po9ts to ! v duration ( our ,"l's m9i/ry1 z indicat$ by ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,if s1 ! co9cid5ce is ! m rem>kable because x does n appe> t ,/4 ,luke himself1 :ile word+ ^! prophetic words1 0 aw>e ( _! full hi/orical import4 #bg3a ,n[ x might h /ruck ,dr4 ,lightfoot t if anyone mak+ an enquiry into ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation 7 oblig$1 9 ord] to escape *>ges ( want ( c&\r1 fulness1 & imp>tiality1 or ins9uations ( ignorance1 to reproduce & refute all apologetic argum5ts l ?is1 ! duration ( mod]n life w\ld sc>cely suffice = ! task2 & if !y %\ld be writt5 e "o1 ,i suppose t ev5 ! _w itself c\ld n conta9 all ! books t %\ld be writt54 ,x is v "r t anyone believ+ x valid %\ld advance ?is or any o!r reason+ 9 reply to objections1 or 9 support ( op9ions2 b is x n some:at unreasonable vehem5tly to condemn a writ] = n exhau/+ himself1 & 8 read]s1 by discuss+ pleas :i* are n only uns\nd 9 !mselves1 b irrelevant to ! direct purpose ( 8 "w8 ,i h only advanc$ objections aga9/ ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* seem to me unrefut$ by any ( ! explanations (f]$4 ,let me n[ turn to m important in/ances4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot asks3 ,:y1 :5 he is endeav\r+ to m9imise1 if n d5y1 ! ,hebraic "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 does he :olly ignore ! inve/igations ( ,lu?>dt & o!rs1 :i* 7z 'apologi/s' v5ture to ?9k7 %[ t ! :ole texture ( ! language ! f\r? ,gospel is ,hebraic8 #bg3b ,n[ my /atem5ts ) reg>d to ! language ( ! ,apocalypse & f\r? ,gospel are z foll[s4 ,( ! ,apocalypse ,i say3 ,! language 9 :i* ! book is writt5 is ! mo/ ,hebrai/ic ,greek ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 #bh3a & fur!r on3 ,! b>b>\s ,hebrai/ic ,greek & abrupt1 inelegant diction are natural to ! unlett]$ fi%]man ( ,galilee4 #bh3b ,( ! ,gospel ,i say3 ,in/ead ( ! ,hebrai/ic ,greek & h>% diction :i* might be expect$ f ! unlett]$ & ignorant #bh3c fi%]man ( ,galilee1 we f9d1 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! pure/ & lea/ ,hebrai/ic ,greek ( any ( ! ,gospels 7"s p>ts ( ! ?ird synoptic1 p]haps1 alone except$71 & a ref9em5t & beauty ( composition ^: *>m has captivat$ ! _w1 c4 #bh3d ,9 ano!r place ,i say3 ,! language 9 :i* ! ,gospel is writt51 z we h already m5tion$1 is mu* less ,hebraic ?an t ( ! o!r ,gospels1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( p>ts ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 & its ,hebraisms are n on ! :ole great] ?an 0 almo/ inv>iably ! case ) ,hell5i/ic ,greek2 b its composition is di/+ui%$ by peculi> smoo?ness1 grace1 & beauty1 & 9 ?is respect x is assign$ ! fir/ rank among/ ! ,gospels4 #bh3e ,i believe t ,i d n say ano!r ^w z to ! texture ( ! language ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & x w be obs]v$ t my rem>ks are almo/ :olly limit$ to ! comp>ative quality ( ! ,greek ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,apocalypse & ,synoptics on ! o!r1 & t !y d n exclude ,hebraisms4 ,! views express$ might be support$ by numb]less au?orities4 ,z ,dr4 ,lightfoot accuses me ( :olly ignor+ ! results at :i* ,lu?>dt & o!rs h arriv$1 ,i w quote :at ,lu?>dt says ( ! two works3 ,! diff]5ce ( ! language1 z well 9 reg>d to gramm> & /yle z to doctr9e1 is1 ( c\rse1 9 a high degree rem>kable 444 ,z reg>ds gramm>1 ! ,gospel is writt5 9 correct1 ! ,apocalypse 9 incorrect ,greek4 ,he argues t ?is is a consequ5ce ( sov]eign fre$om 9 ! latt]1 & t f ! nature ( ! composition ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse wrote 9 an artificial /yle1 & c\ld bo? h spok5 & writt5 o!rwise4 ,! errors are n errors ( ignorance1 b int5tional emancipations f ! rules ( gramm> 7671 9 imitation ( anci5t prophetic /yle4 ,pres5tly he proce$s3 ,if1 !n1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,apocalypse is writt5 9 worse ,greek & less correctly ?an its au?or 0 able to speak & write1 ! "q1 on ! h&1 is1 :e!r ! ,gospel is n 9 too good ,greek to be cr$it$ to a born ,jew & ,pale/9ian4 ,lu?>dt ma9ta9s t ! /yle ( ! ,gospel betrays ! born ,jew1 & c]ta9ly n ! ,greek1 b ! =ce :i* he int5ds to give to all ?is reason+ is cle>ly indicat$ by ! conclusion at :i* he f9ally arrives1 t ! l+ui/ic gulf betwe5 ! ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse is n impassable4 #bi3a ,?is result f s /aun* an apologi/1 obvi\sly to m9imise ! ,hebraic "* ( ! ,apocalypse1 is n aft] all s /rik+ly diff]5t f my repres5tation4 ,take aga9 ! op9ion ( s em95t an apologi/ z ,bleek3 ,! language ( ! ,apocalypse 9 its :ole "* is beyond comp>ison h>%]1 r\gh]1 loos]1 & pres5ts gross] incorrectness ?an any o!r book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :il/ ! language ( ! ,gospel is c]ta9ly n pure ,greek1 b is beyond comp>ison m grammatically correct4 #bi3b ,i am m]ely reply+1 to ! /atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 & n argu+ afre% reg>d+ ! language ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 or ,i might produce v diff]5t argum5ts & au?orities1 b ,i may rem>k t ! critical dilemma :i* ,i h repres5t$1 9 review+ ! f\r? ,gospel1 is n m]ely dep5d5t ^u l+ui/ic consid]ations1 b arises out ( ! aggregate & conflict+ ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! ,apocalypse on ! "o h& & ! ,gospel on ! o!r4 ,space only all[s ( my ref]r+ to "o o!r in/ance4 #cj3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot says-- ,if by any *ance he condesc5ds to discuss a "q1 he takes c>e to fa/5 on ! lea/ likely solution ( 'apologi/s' 7e4g4 ! id5tification ( ,sy*> & ,%e*em71 #cj3b omitt+ altoge!r to notice o!rs4 ,9 a note ,dr4 ,lightfoot adds3-- ,travell]s & 'apologi/s' alike n[ m commonly id5tify ,sy*> ) ! village be>+ ! ,arabic "n ,ask>4 ,?is fact is n m5tion$ by our au?or4 ,he says moreov]1 ',x is admitt$ t !re 0 no su* place 7z ,sy*>1 ,greek3 ,su*r71 & apologetic +5uity is sev]ely tax$ to expla9 ! difficulty4' ,?is is altoge!r untrue4 ,o!rs besides 'apologi/s' po9t to passages 9 ! ,talmud :i* speak ( '! well ( ,su*> 7or ,so*> or ,si*>72' see ,neubau]1 ',la ,gographie du ,talmud1' p4 #afi f4 ,our au?or ref]s 9 8 note to an article by ,delitzs*1 7',zeits*r4 ,j4 ,lu?4 ,!ol41' #ahef1 p4 #bdj f47 ,he _c h read ! article1 = ^! ,talmudic ref]5ces are its ma9 purport4 #cj3c ,i may p]haps be all[$ to ref]1 fir/1 to ! two s5t5ces :i* ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( putt+ 9 italics4 ,if x be possible = an apologi/ to apologise1 an apology is surely due to ! read]s ( ! ,contempor>y ,review1 at lea/1 = ?is /yle ( criticism1 to :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 !y are z little accu/om$ z ,i am myself4 ,!re is no satisfy+ ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,i give him ref]5ces1 & he accuses me ( lit]>y br[beat+ & subtle intimidation2 ,i d n give ref]5ces1 & he gives me ! lie4 ,i ref] to ! article ( ,delitzs* 9 support ( my specific /atem5t t he rejects ! id5tification ( ,sy*> ) ,si*em1 & app>5tly because ,i d n quote ! :ole /udy ,dr4 ,lightfoot c\rte\sly ass]ts t ,i _c h read x4 #ca3a ,my /atem5t #ca3b is1 t x is admitt$ t !re 0 no su* place z ,sy*>--,i ought to h add$1 except by apologi/s :o nev] admit any?+--b ,i ?\ght t 9 say+3 & apologetic +5uity is sev]ely tax$ to expla9 ! difficulty1 ,i _h suffici5tly except$ apologi/s1 & indicat$ t _m ass]tions & conjectures are advanc$ by !m = t purpose4 ,i m5tion t ! conjecture :i* id5tifies ,sy*> & ,si*em is reject$ by "s1 ref] to ,cr$n]'s supposition t ! alt]ation may be due to "s error committ$ by a secret>y 9 writ+ d[n ! ,gospel f ! dictation ( ! ,apo/le1 & t ,si*em is meant1 & ,i /ate ! nickname hypo!sis ( ,h5g/5b]g & o!rs4 ,x is und5iable t1 ) ! exception ( "s vague ref]5ces 9 ! ,talmud to a some:at simil>1 b n id5tical1 "n1 ! locality ( :i* is q unc]ta91 no place be>+1 or hav+ borne1 ! designation ( ,sy*> is kn[n4 ,! ord9>y apologetic !ory1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot may f9d 9 any common s\rce ( in=mation1--,dr4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 = in/ance--is ! delightfully compreh5sive "o3 ,sy*> 0 ei!r a "n appli$ to ! t[n ( ,%e*em1 or x 0 an indep5d5t place4 ,?is au?ority1 h[ev]1 goes clean aga9/ ,dr4 ,lightfoot's ass]tion1 = x cont9ues3 ,! fir/ ( ^! alt]natives is n[ almo/ univ]sally accept$4 ,lightfoot #cb3a consid]$ ,sy*> a m]e alt]ation ( ! "n ,si*em1 bo? repres5t+ ! same place4 ,he f\nd a ref]5ce 9 ! ,talmud to ,a9 ,soc>1 & ) great hesitation he associat$ ! "n ) ,sy*>4 ,may we n v5ture to r5d] x ! well ( ,sy*>8 ,& aft] detail$ extracts & explanations he says3 ,& n[ let ! read] give u 8 judgm5t z to its "n & place1 :e!r x do? n seem to h "s relation ) our 'well ( ,sy*>4' ,x may be disput$ on ei!r side4 ,wiesel]1 :o fir/1 9 m rec5t times1 develop$ ! conjectures ( ,lightfoot1 argues3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re c be no d\bt t by ,greek3 ,su*> ,si*em is meant1 & he adds1 a few l9es aft]3 ,reg>d+ ?is !re is no controv]sy among/ int]pret]s4 ,he totally rejects ! idea ( su* 9 alt]ation ( ! "n occurr+ 9 translation1 :i* he says is unprec$5t$4 ,he !re=e concludes t 9 ,greek3 ,su*> we h ano!r "n = ,si*em4 ,he m]ely submits ?is1 h[ev]1 z a new hypo!sis to ! judgm5t ( ! read]1 #cb3b :i* alone %[s ! unc]ta9ty ( ! sugge/ion4 ,lightfoot & ,wiesel] are sub/antially foll[$ by ,ol%aus51 #cb3c ,de ,wette1 #cb3d ,hug1 #cb3e ,buns51 #cb3f ,rigg5ba*1 #cb3g ,godet1 #cb3h & o!rs4 ,bleek1 #cb3i 9 spite ( ! argum5ts ( ,delitzs* & ,ewald1 & _! ,talmudic rese>*es1 consid]s t ! old t[n ( ,si*em is meant4 ,delitzs*1 #cb3aj ,ewald1 #cb3aa ,lange1 #cb3ab ,mey]1 #cb3ac & o!rs ?9k t ,sy*> 0 ne> to1 b di/9ct f1 ,si*em4 ,lcke #cc3a is v undecid$4 ,he recognises ! extraord9>y diff]5ce 9 ! "n ,sy*>4 ,he does n fav\rably receive ,lightfoot's argum5ts reg>d+ an alt]ation ( ! "n ( ,si*em1 nor 8 conjectures z to ! relation ( ! place m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud to ,si*em1 :i* he ?9ks is v d\btful1 & he seems to incl9e r to an accid5tal corruption ( ,si*em into ,sy*>1 al?\gh he feels ! great difficulties 9 ! way ( su* an explanation4 ,ewald condemns ! ,talmudis*e ,/udi5 ( ,delitzs* z g5]ally m complicat+ ?an cle>+ up difficulties1 & 8 views z commonly incorrect1 &1 :il/ agree+ ) him t ,sy*> _c be ! same place z ,si*em1 he po9ts out t ! site ( ! valley ( ! well ( ! ,talmud is c]ta9ly d\btful4 #cc3b ,he expla9s 8 own views1 h[ev]1 m cle>ly 9 ano!r place3-- ,t ?is 7,sy*>7 _c be ! l>ge1 anci5t ,sikhem1 :i*1 at ! "t :5 ! ,gospel 0 writt51 0 probably already g5]ally call$ ,neapolis 9 ,greek writ+s1 has be5 already /at$2 x is ! place /ill call$ ) an alt]$ ,arabic "n ,al ',ask>1 ea/ ( ,napls4 ,x is inde$ difficult to prove t ,sy*> c\ld /& = ,sikhem1 ei!r ?r\gh *ange ( pronunciation1 or = any o!r reason1 & ! addition ,greek3 legom5 does n indicate1 "h any m ?an 9 xi4 #ed1 s l>ge & g5]ally kn[n a t[n z ,sikhem4 or ,flavia ,neapolis4 #cc3c ,mr4 ,s&ay1 #cc3d ( ^: able "w ,dr4 ,lightfoot directly speaks1 says3-- ,! "n ,sy*> is n ! common "o1 ,si*em1 b is a mock title 7'li>' or 'drunk>d'7 t 0 giv5 to ! t[n by ! ,jews4 #cc3e ,?is is a cle> rem9isc5ce ( ! v]nacul> t ! ,apo/le spoke 9 8 y\?1 & is a /rong t\* ( nature4 ,x is n q c]ta9 t ! "n ,sy*> has ?is =ce1 b ! hypo!sis is 9 itself m likely ?an1 c4444 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 by any means improbable t ,sy*> may repres5t1 n ,si*em1 b ! mod]n village ,ask>1 :i* is some:at ne>] to ,jacob's ,well4 ,to quote "o ( ! late/ travell]s & apologi/s1 ,dr4 ,f>r> says3 ,f :at ! "n ,sy*> is d]iv$ is unc]ta94 ,! ^w ,greek3 legom5os 9 ,/4 ,john seems to imply a sobriquet4 ,x may be 'a lie1' 'drunk51' or 'a sepul*re4' ,sy*> may possibly h be5 a village ne>] ! well ?an ,si*em1 on ! site ( ! village n[ call$ ,el ,ask>4 #cd3a ,z ,dr4 ,lightfoot specially m5tions ,neubau]1 8 op9ion may be sub/antially giv5 9 a s+le s5t5ce3 ,la ,mis*na m5tionne un endroit appel 'la pla9e d',en-,sokh]1' qui e/ peut-tre le ,sy*> de l',evangile4 ,he _h a few l9es be=e said3 ,il e/ donc plus logique de ne pas id5tifi] ,sy*> avec ,si*em4 #cd3b ,n[1 ) reg>d to all ^! !ories1 & especially 9 s f> z !y connect ,sy*> ) ,el ,ask>1 let me quote a few m words 9 conclusion1 f a common s\rce ( in=mation3-- ,on ! o!r h& !re is an etymological difficulty 9 ! way ( ?is id5tification4 ',ask> beg9s ) ! lett] ',a91 :i* ,sy*> does n appe> to h conta9$2 a lett] too /ubborn & endur+ to be easily ei!r dropp$ or assum$ 9 a "n 444 ,^! consid]ations h be5 /at$ n s mu* ) ! hope ( lead+ to any conclusion on ! id5tity ( ,sy*>1 :i* seems hopeless1 z ) ! desire to %[ t ! ord9>y explanation is n ne>ly s obvi\s z x is usually assum$ to be4 #cd3c ,mr4 ,grove is v "r4 ,i h be5 c>eful only to quote f writ]s :o are ei!r apologetic1 or f> f belong+ to het]odox s*ools4 ,is x n p]fectly cle> t no place ( ! "n ( ,sy*> c be reasonably id5tifi$8 ,! case1 9 fact1 simply /&s ?us3--,z ! ,gospel m5tions a t[n call$ ,sy*>1 apologi/s ma9ta9 t !re mu/ h be5 su* a place1 & attempt by v>i\s !ories to f9d a site = x4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ev5 9 ! days ( ,/4 ,j]ome !re 0 no real trace ( su* a t[n1 & apologi/s & travell]s h n s9ce be5 able to discov] x1 except 9 _! own imag9ations4 ,) reg>d to ! ins9uation t ! ref]5ces giv5 9 my notes con/itute a subtle mode ( intimidation & lit]>y br[beat+1 ,canon ,lightfoot omits to say t ,i z fully & c&idly ref] to ^? :o ma9ta9 views :olly diff]5t f my own1 z to ^? :o support me4 ,x is v possible1 consid]+ ! numb] ( ^! ref]5ces1 t ,i may h committ$ "s errors1 & ,i c only say t ,i %all v ?ankfully receive f ,dr4 ,lightfoot any corrections :i* he may be good en\gh to po9t out4 ,in/ead ( intimidation & br[beat+1 my sole desire has be5 to indicate to all :o may be anxi\s fur!r to exam9e que/ions 9 debate1 works 9 :i* !y may f9d !m discuss$4 ,x is "t t ! sy/em ( advanc+ apologetic op9ions ) p]fect assurance1 & )\t a h9t t !y are disput$ by anyone1 %\ld come to an end1 & t e>ne/ m5 %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,z ,dr4 ,mozley rightly & hone/ly says3 ,! majority ( mank9d1 p]haps1 owe _! belief r to ! outw>d influ5ce ( cu/om & education ?an to any /rong pr9ciple ( fai? )92 & x is to be fe>$ t _m1 if !y came to p]ceive h[ wond]ful :at !y believ$ 01 w\ld n f9d _! belief s easy & s matt]-(-c\rse a ?+ z !y appe> to f9d x4 #cf3a ,i %all n "h foll[ ,dr4 ,lightfoot into 8 g5]al rem>ks reg>d+ my 'conclusions1' nor %all ,i proce$1 9 ?is article1 to discuss ! dilemma 9 :i* he attempts to involve me ?r\gh 8 misund]/&+ & consequ5t mis/atem5t1 ( my views reg>d+ ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,i am almo/ incl9$ to ?9k t ,i c h ! pleasure ( agree+ ) him 9 "o important po9t1 at lea/1 be=e com+ to a close4 ,:5 ,i read ! curi\sly modifi$ /atem5t t ,i h /udi\sly avoid$ committ+ myself to a belief 9 a univ]sal ,fa!r1 or a moral ,gov]nor1 or ev5 9 a ,p]sonal ,god1 x seems cle> to me t ! ,sup]natural ,religion ab\t :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has be5 writ+ _c be my "w1 b is simply a "w ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,t "w _c possibly h conta9$1 = in/ance1 ! *apt] on ,an?ropomorphic ,div9ity1 #cf3b 9 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 ,i /udi\sly commit myself to v decid$ disbelief 9 su* a ,p]sonal ,god z he means4 ,9 no way inconsi/5t ) t *apt] are my conclud+ rem>ks1 contra/+ ) ! spasmodic ,jewi% ,div9ity a ,supreme ,be+ manife/$ 9 ! op]ation ( inv>iable laws--^: v inv>iability is ! gu>antee ( b5efic5ce & security4 ,if ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 convict+ me ( inconsi/5cy 9 ^? f9al expressions1 !re c\ld be no d\bt :i* view mu/ logically be ab&on$1 & x w\ld be a new s5sation to secure ! approval ( a div9e by ! unhesitat+ de/ruction ( ! la/ page ( my "w4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 aga91 ref]s to ,mr4 ,mill's ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 b he does n appe> to h v deeply /udi$ t "w4 ,i confess t ,i d n entirely agree ) "s views !re9 express$1 & ,i hope t1 h]eaft]1 ,i may h an opportunity ( expla9+ :at !y are2 b ,i am surpris$ t ,dr4 ,lightfoot has fail$ to obs]ve h[ s+ul>ly t great ,?9k] supports ! g5]al results ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 to ! po9t ev5 ( a frequ5t agreem5t almo/ 9 words4 ,if ,dr4 ,lightfoot _h /udi$ ,mill a little m closely1 he w\ld n h committ$ ! s]i\s error ( argu+3 ,obvi\sly1 if ! au?or has e/abli%$ 8 conclusions 9 ! fir/ "p1 ! second & ?ird are altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,x is some:at /range1 !re=e1 t m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole "w %\ld be devot$ to ?is ne$less task4 #cg3a ,n[ my argum5t 9 ! fir/ "p is n t miracles are impossible--a !sis :i* x is q unnecess>y to ma9ta9--b ! mu* m simple "o t miracles are antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,hav+ %[n t !y are s1 & appreciat$ ! true nature ( ! allegation ( miracles1 & ! am\nt ( evid5ce requisite to e/abli% x1 ,i proce$ to exam9e ! evid5ce :i* is actually produc$ 9 support ( ! ass]tion t1 al?\gh miracles are antec$5tly incr$ible1 !y nev]!less took place4 ,mr4 ,mill cle>ly supports me 9 ?is c\rse4 ,he /ates ! ma9 pr9ciple ( my argum5t ?us3 ,a revelation1 !re=e1 _c be prov$ div9e unless by ext]nal evid5ce2 t is1 by ! exhibition ( sup]natural facts4 ,& we h to consid]1 :e!r x is possible to prove sup]natural facts1 & if x is1 :at evid5ce is requir$ to prove !m4 #cg3b ,mr4 ,mill decides t x is possible to prove ! occurr5ce ( a sup]natural fact1 if x actually occurr$1 & aft] %[+ ! great prepond]ance ( evid5ce aga9/ miracles1 he says3 ,aga9/ ?is weight ( negative evid5ce we h to set su* positive evid5ce z is produc$ 9 atte/ation ( exceptions2 9 o!r words1 ! positive evid5ces ( miracles4 ,& ,i h already admitt$ t ?is evid5ce might conceivably h be5 su* z to make ! exception equally c]ta9 ) ! rule4 #ch3a ,mr4 ,mill's op9ion ( ! evid5ce actually produc$ is n flatt]+1 & may be comp>$ ) my results3 ,b ! evid5ce ( miracles1 at lea/ to ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians1 is n1 9 our day1 ( ?is cog5t description4 ,x is n ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 b ( witnesses1 & ev5 ?is n at fir/ h&1 b re/+ on ! atte/ation ( books & traditions4 ,& ev5 9 ! case ( ! orig9al eye-witnesses1 ! sup]natural facts ass]t$ on _! alleg$ te/imony are n ( ! transc5d5t "* suppos$ 9 our example1 ab\t ! nature ( :i*1 or ! impossibility ( _! hav+ _h a natural orig91 !re c\ld be little room = d\bt4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! record$ miracles are1 9 ! fir/ place1 g5]ally su* z x w\ld h be5 extremely difficult to v]ify z matt]s ( fact1 & 9 ! next place1 are h>dly ev] beyond ! possibility ( hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t by human means or by ! spontane\s ag5cies ( nature4 #ch3b ,x is to sub/antiate ! /atem5ts made "h1 &1 9 fact1 to confirm ! philosophical conclusion by ! hi/orical pro(1 t ,i ent] into an exam9ation ( ! f\r ,gospels1 z ! *ief witnesses = miracles4 ,to ^? :o h already asc]ta9$ ! frivol\s nature ( t te/imony x may1 no d\bt1 seem useless lab\r to exam9e x 9 detail2 b x is sc>cely conceivable t an ecclesia/ic :o pr(esses to base 8 fai? ^u ^? records %\ld repres5t su* a process z useless4 ,9 endeav\r+ to place me on ! =ks ( a dilemma1 9 fact1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has betray$ t he altoge!r fails to appreciate ! "q at issue1 or to compreh5d ! position ( miracles 9 relation to philosophical & hi/orical enquiry4 ,in/ead ( be+ altoge!r sup]flu\s1 my exam9ation ( witnesses1 9 ! second & ?ird p>ts1 has m correctly be5 repres5t$ by able critics z incomplete1 f ! omission ( ! rema9+ docum5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i =esaw1 & myself to "s degree admitt$1 ! ju/ice ( ?is argum5t2 #ci3a b my "w be+ already bulky en\gh1 ,i res]v$ to ano!r volume ! completion ( ! enquiry4 ,i _c close ?is article )\t express+ my regret t s mu* :i* is p]sonal & unwor?y has be5 introduc$ into ! discussion ( a great & pr(\ndly important subject4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot is too able & too e>ne/ a man n to recognise t no occasional errors or faults 9 a writ] c really affect ! validity ( 8 argum5t1 & in/ead ( m]e g5]al & desultory ef=ts to d "s damage to me1 x w\ld be mu* m to ! purpose 7 he s]i\sly to endeav\r to refute my reason+4 ,i h no desire to escape h>d hitt+ or to avoid fair fight1 & ,i feel unfeign$ respect = _m ( my critics :o1 diff]+ toto coelo f my views1 h ) vigor\s ability attack$ my argum5ts )\t altoge!r =gett+ ! c\rtesy due ev5 to an enemy4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot w n f9d me inatt5tive to c\rte\s reason+1 nor indiff]5t to e>ne/ criticism1 &1 :atev] he may ?9k1 ,i promise him t no "o w be m ready respectfully to foll[ e s]i\s l9e ( argum5t ?an ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,eusebius--,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les4 ,endnote #dj3a ,?is "w has sc>cely yet be5 twelve mon?s be=e ! public1 b bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica & else:]e x has be5 subject$ to su* wide & se>*+ criticism by writ]s ( all %ades ( op9ion1 t ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to make a few rem>ks1 & to review "s ( my ,review]s4 ,i mu/ fir/1 h[ev]1 beg leave to express my gratitude to t l>ge majority ( my critics :o h be/[$ g5]\s comm5dation ^u ! "w1 & lib]ally enc\rag$ its completion4 ,i h to ?ank o!rs1 :o1 diff]+ totally f my conclusions1 h nev]!less temp]ately argu$ aga9/ !m1 = ! c\rtesy ) :i* !y h treat$ an oppon5t ^: views mu/ necess>ily h (f5d$ !m1 & ,i c only say t1 :il/ su* a c\rse has comm&$ my unfeign$ respect1 x has c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ ! att5tion ) :i* ,i h foll[$ _! argum5ts4 ,!re are two s]i\s misappreh5sions ( ! purpose & l9e ( argum5t ( ?is "w :i* ,i desire to correct4 ,"s critics h object$ t1 if ,i _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! proposition advanc$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 ! second & ?ird p>ts ne$ n h be5 writt53 9 fact1 t ! hi/orical argum5t aga9/ miracles is only necess>y 9 consequ5ce ( ! failure ( ! philosophical4 ,n[ ,i cont5d t ! hi/orical is ! necess>y complem5t ( ! philosophical argum5t1 & t bo? are equally requisite to complet5ess 9 deal+ ) ! subject4 ,! prelim9>y affirmation is n t miracles are impossible1 b t !y are antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,! c\nt]-allegation is t1 al?\gh miracles may be antec$5tly incr$ible1 !y nev]!less actually took place4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y1 n only to e/abli% ! antec$5t incr$ibility1 b to exam9e ! validity ( ! allegation t c]ta9 miracles occurr$1 & ?is involves ! hi/orical enquiry into ! evid5ce = ! ,gospels :i* occupies ! second & ?ird p>ts4 ,inde$1 _m w n ackn[l$ge ! case to be complete until o!r witnesses are que/ion$ 9 a succe$+ volume4 444 ,! second po9t to :i* ,i desire to ref] is a /atem5t :i* has frequ5tly be5 made t1 9 ! second & ?ird p>ts1 ,i endeav\r to prove t ! f\r canonical ,gospels 7 n writt5 until ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,?is error is ( c\rse closely connect$ ) t :i* has j be5 discuss$1 b x is difficult to und]/& h[ anyone :o _h tak5 ! slighte/ tr\ble to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! argum5t1 & to /ate x fairly1 c\ld h fall5 into x4 ,! fact is t no attempt is made to prove any?+ ) reg>d to ! ,gospels4 ,! evid5ce = !m is m]ely exam9$1 & x is f\nd t1 s f> f _! af=d+ suffici5t te/imony to w>rant belief 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( miracles decl>$ to be antec$5tly incr$ible1 !re is n a c]ta9 trace ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels = a c5tury & a half aft] ^? miracles are alleg$ to h occurr$1 & no?+ :atev] to atte/ _! au!nticity & tru?4 ,?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f an endeav\r to e/abli% "s special !ory ( my own1 & x is because ?is l9e ( argum5t has n be5 und]/ood1 t "s critics h express$ surprise at ! decisive rejection ( m]e conjectures & possibilities z evid5ce4 ,9 a case ( su* importance1 no te/imony :i* is n cle> & indubitable c\ld be ( any value1 b ! evid5ce producible = ! canonical ,gospels falls v f> %ort ev5 ( ord9>y requirem5ts1 & 9 relation to miracles x is sc>cely des]v+ ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,x has be5 argu$ t1 ev5 if !re be no evid5ce = our special gospels1 ,i admit t gospels v simil> mu/ e>ly h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & t ^! equally repres5t ! same prevail+ belief z ! canonical ,gospels3 consequ5tly t ,i m]ely *ange1 )\t %ak+1 ! witnesses4 ,^? :o advance ?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 totally ov]look ! fact t x is n ! reality ( ! sup]/iti\s belief :i* is 9 "q1 b ! reality ( ! miracles1 & ! suffici5cy ( ! witnesses to e/abli% !m4 ,:at su* objectors urge practically am\nts to ?is3 t we %\ld believe 9 ! actual occurr5ce ( c]ta9 miracles contradictory to all exp]i5ce1 out ( a mass ( false miracles :i* are report$ b nev] really took place1 because "s unkn[n p]sons 9 an ignorant & sup]/iti\s age1 :o give no evid5ce ( p]sonal k1 or ( c>eful inve/igation1 h writt5 an acc\nt ( !m1 & o!r p]sons1 equally ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 h believ$ !m4 ,i v5ture to say t no "o :o advances ! argum5t to :i* ,i am ref]r+ c h realis$ ! nature ( ! "q at issue1 & ! relation ( miracles to ! ord] ( nature4 ,! la/ ( ^! g5]al objections to :i* ,i ne$ n[ ref] is ! /atem5t1 t ! difficulty ) reg>d to ! ,gospels comm5ces precisely :]e my exam9ation ends1 & t ,i am b\nd to expla9 h[1 if no trace ( _! exi/5ce is previ\sly discov]able1 ! f\r ,gospels are sudd5ly f\nd 9 g5]al circulation at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & quot$ z au?oritative docum5ts by su* writ]s z ,ir5aeus4 ,my reply is t x is totally unnecess>y = me to acc\nt = ?is4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( pseudonymic lit]ature 9 ! second c5tury1 & ) ! rapid circulation & ready acceptance ( spuri\s works t5d+ to edification1 c\ld = a mom5t reg>d ! canonical position ( any ,gospel at ! end ( t c5tury ei!r z evid5ce ( its au!nticity or e>ly orig94 ,t :i* conc]ns u *iefly is n evid5ce reg>d+ ! end ( ! second b ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,ev5 if we took ! /atem5ts ( ,ir5aeus & lat] ,fa!rs1 l ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t1 ,t]tullian & ,orig51 ab\t ! ,gospels1 !y are absolutely )\t value except z p]sonal op9ion at a late date1 = :i* no suffici5t gr\nds are %[n4 ,( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ^? ,gospels !re is n a di/9ct trace1 except ( a nature :i* altoge!r discr$its !m z witnesses = miracles4 ,aft] hav+ c>efully weigh$ ! argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$ aga9/ ?is "w1 ,i v5ture to express /r5g!n$ conviction ( ! tru? ( its conclusions4 ,! be/ & mo/ p[]ful reasons :i* able div9es & apologi/s h be5 able to br+ =w>d aga9/ its ma9 argum5t h1 ,i submit1 n only fail$ to %ake x1 b h1 by inf]5ce1 %[n x to be unassailable4 ,v _m ( ^? :o h pr(ess$ly advanc$ aga9/ ! citadel itself h practically attack$ no?+ b "s outly+ =t1 :i* 0 sc>cely wor? def5ce1 :il/ o!rs1 :o h s]i\sly attempt$ an assault1 h %[n t ! ,*ur* has no artill]y capable ( mak+ a practicable brea* 9 ! rationali/ic /ronghold4 ,i say ?is solely 9 ref]5ce to ! argum5t :i* ,i h tak5 ^u myself to repres5t1 & 9 no s5se ( my own individual %>e 9 its ma9t5ance4 ,i mu/ n[ address myself m p>ticul>ly to two ( my critics :o1 ) great ability & le>n+1 h subject$ ?is "w to ! mo/ elaborate & microscopic criticism ( :i* p]sonal e>ne/ness & (ficial zeal are capable4 ,i am s9c]ely oblig$ to ,pr(essor ,lightfoot & ,dr4 ,we/cott = ! m9ute att5tion !y h be/[$ ^u my book4 ,i _h myself directly attack$ ! views ( ,dr4 ,we/cott1 & ( c\rse c\ld only expect him to d 8 be/ or 8 wor/ aga9/ me 9 reply2 & ,i am n surpris$ at ! vig\r ) :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot has assail$ a "w s oppos$ to pr9ciples :i* he himself holds sacr$1 al?\gh ,i may be p]mitt$ to express my regret t he has n done s 9 a _s m wor?y ( ! cause :i* he def5ds4 ,9 spite ( ho/ile criticism ( v unusual m9ut5ess & ability1 no flaw or error has be5 po9t$ out :i* 9 ! slighte/ degree affects my ma9 argum5t1 & ,i consid] t e po9t yet object$ to by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 or indicat$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 might be )drawn )\t at all weak5+ my position4 ,^! objections1 ,i may say1 ref] solely to details1 & only foll[ side issues1 b ! attack1 if impot5t aga9/ ! ma9 position1 has 9 _m cases be5 insidi\sly direct$ aga9/ notes & pass+ ref]5ces1 & a pl5tiful spr9kl+ ( su* words z mis/atem5ts & misrepres5tations along ! l9e may h giv5 x a =midable appe>ance & malici\s effect1 :i* r5d] x wor? :ile once = all to meet x 9 detail4 ,! fir/ po9t to :i* ,i %all ref] is an elaborate argum5t by ,dr4 ,lightfoot reg>d+ ! ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,eusebius4 #de3a ,i _h call$ att5tion to ! importance ( consid]+ ! sil5ce ( ! ,fa!rs1 "u c]ta9 conditions2 #de3b & ,i might1 omitt+ 8 curi\s limitation1 adopt ,dr4 ,lightfoot's op5+ comm5t ^u ?is z s+ul>ly descriptive ( ! /ate ( ! case3 ,9 "o prov9ce m especially1 relat+ to ! ext]nal evid5ces = ! ,gospels1 sil5ce occupies a prom95t place4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot proposes to int]rogate ?is my/]i\s oracle1 & he consid]s t ! response elicit$ w n be at all ambigu\s4 ,i might aga9 agree ) him1 b t unambigu\s response c sc>cely be pron\nc$ v satisfactory = ! ,gospels4 ,su* sil5ce may be v eloqu5t1 b aft] all x is only ! eloqu5ce (--sil5ce4 ,i h n yet met ) ! argum5t any:]e t1 because none ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs quote our ,canonical ,gospels1 or say any?+ ) reg>d to !m1 ! fact is unambigu\s evid5ce t !y 7 well acqua9t$ ) !m1 & consid]$ !m apo/olic & au?oritative4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5t f ,sil5ce is1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 limit$ to ,eusebius4 ,! po9t on :i* ! argum5t turns is ?is3 ,aft] exam9+ ! :ole ( ! extant writ+s ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 & f9d+ !m a complete blank z reg>ds ! canonical ,gospels1 if1 by _! use ( apocryphal works & o!r indications1 !y are n evid5ce aga9/ !m1 ,i supplem5t ?is1 9 ! case ( ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 by ! inf]5ce t1 z ,eusebius does n /ate t _! lo/ works conta9$ any evid5ce = ! ,gospels1 !y actually did n conta9 any4 ,b be=e proce$+ to discuss ! po9t1 x is necess>y t a prop] e/imate %\ld be =m$ ( its importance to ! ma9 argum5t ( my "w4 ,! evid5t lab\r :i* ,pr(essor ,lightfoot has exp5d$ ^u ! prep>ation ( 8 attack1 ! space devot$ to x1 & 8 own express words1 w\ld naturally lead mo/ read]s to suppose t x has almo/ a vital be>+ ^u my conclusions4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says1 aft] quot+ ! passages 9 :i* ,i appeal to ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius3-- ,?is inde$ is ! fundam5tal assumption :i* lies at ! basis ( 8 reason+2 & ! read] w n ne$ to be rem9d$ h[ mu* ( ! argum5t falls to pieces if ?is basis %\ld prove to be uns\nd4 ,a wise ma/]-build] w\ld !re=e h look$ to 8 f\ndations fir/1 & assur$ himself ( _! /r5g?1 be=e he pil$ up 8 fabric to ?is height4 ,?is our au?or has altoge!r neglect$ to d4 #df3a ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 article1 aft] triumphantly express+ 8 belief t 8 ma9 conclusions are irrefragable1 he fur!r says3-- ,if !y are1 !n ! read] w n fail to see h[ l>ge a "p ( ! argum5t 9 ,sup]natural ,religion has crumbl$ to pieces4 #df3b ,i d n d\bt t ,dr4 ,lightfoot s9c]ely believes ?is1 b he mu/ all[ me to say t he is ?or\ghly mi/ak5 9 8 e/imate ( ! importance ( ! po9t1 & t1 z reg>ds ?is "w1 ! repres5tations made 9 ! above passages are a v /range exagg]ation4 ,i am un=tunately too famili>1 9 connection ) criticism on ?is book1 ) in/ances ( va/ exp5diture ( "t & /r5g? 9 attack+ po9ts to :i* ,i atta* no importance :atev]1 & :i* 9 !mselves h sc>cely any value4 ,:5 writ]s1 aft] an am\nt ( demon/ration :i* mu/ h convey$ ! impression t vital int]e/s 7 at /ake1 h1 at lea/ 9 _! own op9ion1 prov$ t ,i h omitt$ to dot an i1 cross a t1 or ins]t an inv]t$ comma1 !y h really left ! "q precisely :]e x 04 ,n[1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! :ole ext5t ( ! argum5t :i* is bas$ ^u ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is an inf]5ce reg>d+ "s lo/ works ( ?ree writ]s only1 :i* might altoge!r be )drawn )\t affect+ ! case4 ,! object ( my inve/igation is to discov] :at evid5ce actually exi/s 9 ! works ( e>ly writ]s reg>d+ our ,gospels4 ,9 ! fragm5ts :i* rema9 ( ! works ( ?ree writ]s1 ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 ,i d n f9d any evid5ce ( acqua9tance ) ^! ,gospels1--! works m5tion$ by ,papias be+1 ,i cont5d1 diff]5t f ! exi/+ ,gospels attribut$ to ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,:e!r ,i am "r or n 9 ?is does n affect ! pres5t discussion4 ,x is an unque/ion$ fact t ,eusebius does n m5tion t ! lo/ works ( ^! writ]s conta9$ any ref]5ce to1 or in=mation ab\t1 ! ,gospels1 nor h we any /atem5t f any o!r au?or to t effect4 ,! objection ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot is limit$ to a d5ial t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius w>rants ! inf]5ce t1 because he does n /ate t ^! writ]s made quotations f or ref]5ces to undisput$ canonical books1 ! lo/ works did n conta9 any2 x does n1 h[ev]1 ext5d to int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ^? books1 :i* he admits x 0 ! purpose ( ,eusebius to record4 ,to give ,dr4 ,lightfoot's /atem5ts1 :i* ,i am exam9+1 ! fulle/ possible support1 h[ev]1 suppose t ,i ab&on ,eusebius altoge!r1 & d n draw any inf]5ce ( any k9d f him beyond 8 positive /atem5ts1 h[ w\ld my case /&8 ,simply z complete z x well c\ld be3 ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius d n furni% any evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,gospels4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 w n fail to see h[ s]i\s a mis/atem5t ,dr4 ,lightfoot has made1 & h[ little ! argum5t ( ,sup]natural ,religion w\ld be affect$ ev5 if he e/abli%$ mu* m ?an he has ass]t$4 ,we may n[ proce$ to consid] ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5t itself4 ,he c>efully & di/9ctly def9es :at he und]/&s to be ! decl>$ int5tion ( ,eusebius 9 compos+ 8 hi/ory1 z reg>ds ! m5tion or use ( ! disput$ & undisput$ canonical books 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & 9 ord] to d him full ju/ice ,i w quote 8 words1 m]ely tak+ ! lib]ty1 = facility ( ref]5ce1 ( divid+ 8 /atem5t into ?ree p>agraphs4 ,he says3 ,eusebius !re=e proposes to treat ^! two classes ( writ+s 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,?is is ! c>d9al po9t ( ! passage4 7#a7 ,( ! ,antilegom5a he pl$ges himself to record :5 any anci5t writ] employs any book belong+ to _! class 7,greek3 t9es hopoiais ke*rntai72 7#b7 b z reg>ds ! undisput$ ,canonical books1 he only pr(esses to m5tion !m :5 su* a writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t !m 7,greek3 t9a p]i tn endia?kon eirtai74 ,any anecdote ( int]e/ respect+ !m1 z also respect+ ! o!rs 7,greek3 tn m toi\tn71 w be record$4 7#c7 ,b 9 _! case he n[h]e leads u to expect t he w allude to m]e quotations1 h[ev] num]\s & h[ev] precise4 #dh3a ,9 ord] to dispose ( ! only "o ( ^! po9ts ^u :i* we c diff]1 ,i w fir/ ref] to ! ?ird4 ,did ,eusebius int5d to po9t out m]e quotations ( ! books :i* he consid]$ undisput$8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he actually did po9t su* out 9 ! case ( ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] & ! #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 :i* he repeat$ly & 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann] decl>$ to be undisput$4 #di3a ,?is is admitt$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,t he omitt$ to m5tion a ref]5ce to ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 or ! ref]5ce by ,!ophilus to ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & o!r suppos$ quotations1 might be set d[n z mu* to ov]sight z int5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t he did m5tion disput$ books is evid5ce only t he n only pl$g$ himself to d s1 b actually fulfill$ 8 promise4 ,al?\gh mu* might be said ^u ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ,i consid] x ( s little importance t ,i d n int5d to wa/e "t 9 m9utely discuss+ x4 ,if my ass]tions ) reg>d to ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius likewise include ! supposition t he propos$ to m5tion m]e quotations ( ! undisput$ books1 !y are s f> f limit$ to ?is v subsidi>y te/imony t ,i %\ld h no reluctance 9 waiv+ x altoge!r4 ,ev5 if ! mo/ di/9ct quotations ( ?is k9d _h occurr$ 9 ! lo/ works ( ! ?ree writ]s 9 "q1 !y c\ld h prov$ no?+ beyond ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! book quot$1 at ! "t t "w 0 writt51 b w\ld h done no?+ to e/abli% its au!nticity & tru/wor?9ess4 ,9 ! evid5tial de/itution ( ! ,gospels1 apologi/s w\ld ?ankfully h receiv$ ev5 su* vague indications2 inde$ !re is sc>cely any o!r evid5ce1 b some?+ mu* m def9ite is requir$ to e/abli% ! reality ( miracles & ,div9e ,revelation4 ,if ?is po9t be1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 set aside1 :at is ! position8 ,we are n entitl$ to inf] t !re 7 no quotations f ! ,gospels 9 ! works ( ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 because ,eusebius does n record !m2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we are /ill less entitl$ to inf] t !re 7 any4 ,! only inf]5ce :i* ,i c>e to draw f ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is precisely t :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits t1 bo? f 8 promise & practice1 ,i am entitl$ to d$uce3 :5 any anci5t writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t ! ,gospels1 any anecdote ( int]e/ respect+ !m1 ,eusebius w record x4 ,?is is ! only in=mation ( ! slighte/ value to ?is "w :i* c\ld be look$ = 9 ^! writ]s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 f produc+ ! de/ructive effect ^u "s ( ! argum5ts ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 ^u :i* he some:at prematurely congratulates himself1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's elaborate & le>n$ article on ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius supports !m 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann]4 ,be=e proce$+ to speak m directly ( ! ?ree writ]s "u discussion1 x may be well to glance a little at ! proc$ure ( ,eusebius1 & note1 = ^? :o c>e to g m closely into ! matt]1 h[ he fulfils 8 promise to record :at ! ,fa!rs h to tell ab\t ! ,gospels4 ,i may m5tion1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,eusebius /ates :at he himself kn[s ( ! composition ( ! ,gospels & o!r canonical works4 #ej3a ,^u two occasions he quotes ! acc\nt :i* ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria gives ( ! composition ( ,m>k's ,gospel1 & also cites 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ ! o!r ,gospels4 #ej3b ,9 l mann] he records ! in=mation1 su* z x is1 :i* ,ir5aeus has to imp>t ab\t ! f\r ,gospels & o!r works1 #ej3c & :at ,orig5 has to say conc]n+ !m4 #ej3d ,int]rogat+ extant works1 we f9d 9 fact t ,eusebius does n neglect to quote any?+ useful or int]e/+ reg>d+ ^! books f e>ly writ]s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says t ,eusebius re/ricts himself to ! n>r[e/ limits :i* ju/ice to 8 subject w all[1 & he illu/rates ?is by ! case ( ,ir5aeus4 ,he says3 ,?\gh he 7,eusebius7 gives ! pr9cipal passage 9 ?is au?or relat+ to ! ,f\r ,gospels 7,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #a1 #a7 he omits to m5tion o!rs :i* conta9 int]e/+ /atem5ts directly or indirectly affect+ ! "q1 e4g4 t ,/4 ,john wrote 8 ,gospel to c\nt]act ! errors ( ,c]9?us & ! ,nicolaitans 7,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa1 #a74 #ea3a ,i mu/ expla91 h[ev]1 t ! int]e/+ /atem5t omitt$1 :i* is n 9 ! context ( ! "p quot$1 is n advanc$ z in=mation d]iv$ f any au?ority1 b only 9 ! c\rse ( argum5t1 & !re is no?+ to di/+ui% x f m]e p]sonal op9ion1 s t on ?is gr\nd ,eusebius may well h pass$ x ov]4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot fur!r says3 ,?us too :5 he quotes a few l9es allud+ to ! unanim\s tradition ( ! ,asiatic ,eld]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ,/4 ,john1 #ea3b he omits ! context1 f :i* we f9d t ?is tradition _h an important be>+ on ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 = x decl>$ t ,*ri/'s m9i/ry ext5d$ mu* beyond a s+le ye>1 ?us confirm+ ! obvi\s *ronology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel aga9/ ! app>5t *ronology ( ! ,synopti/s4 #ea3c ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be fur!r f ! desire or int5tion ( ,eusebius ?an to repres5t any discordance betwe5 ! ,gospels1 or to support ! "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ent]s into an elaborate explanation 9 ord] to %[ t !re is no discrepancy betwe5 !m1 affirm+1 & support+ 8 view by s+ul> quotations1 t x 0 evid5tly ! int5tion ( ! ?ree ,synopti/s only to write ! do+s ( ! ,"l = "o ye> aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & t ,john1 hav+ ! o!r ,gospels be=e him1 wrote an acc\nt ( ! p]iod n embrac$ by ! o!r evangeli/s4 #ea3d ,moreov]1 ! extraord9>y ass]tions ( ,ir5aeus n only contradict ! ,synoptics1 b also ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ,eusebius c]ta9ly c\ld n h felt mu* incl9ation to quote su* op9ions1 ev5 al?\gh ,ir5aeus seem$ to base !m ^u traditions h&$ d[n by ! ,presbyt]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ,john4 ,x be+1 !n1 admitt$ t ,eusebius n only pl$ges himself to record :5 any anci5t writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t ! undisput$ canonical books1 b t1 judg$ by ! te/ ( extant writ+s :i* we c exam9e1 he actually does s1 let u see ! conclusions :i* we are entitl$ to draw 9 ! case ( ! only ?ree writ]s ) reg>d to :om ,i h inf]r$ any?+ f ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius4 ,i ne$ sc>cely repeat t ,eusebius held ,,hegesippus 9 v high e/imation4 ,he ref]s to him v frequ5tly1 & he cle>ly %[s t he n only valu$1 b 0 intimately acqua9t$ )1 8 writ+s4 ,eusebius quotes f ! "w ( ,hegesippus a v long acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,james2 #eb3a he ref]s to ,hegesippus z 8 au?ority = ! /atem5t t ,simeon 0 a c\s9 7,greek3 anepsios7 ( ,jesus1 ,cleophas 8 fa!r be+1 accord+ to t au?or1 ! bro!r ( ,joseph2 #eb3b he confirms a passage 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t by ref]5ce to ,hegesippus2 #eb3c he quotes f ,hegesippus a /ory reg>d+ "s memb]s ( ! family ( ,jesus1 ( ! race ( ,david1 :o 7 br\ght be=e ,domitian2 #eb3d he cites 8 n>rative ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,simeon1 toge!r ) o!r matt]s conc]n+ ! e>ly ,*ur*2 #eb3e 9 ano!r place he gives a laudatory acc\nt ( ,hegesippus & 8 writ+s2 #eb3f %ortly aft] he ref]s to ! /atem5t ( ,hegesippus t he 0 9 ,rome until ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rus1 #eb3g & fur!r speaks 9 praise ( 8 "w1 m5tions 8 obs]vation on ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 & quotes 8 rem>ks ab\t ! ,*ur* 9 ,cor9?1 ! succession ( ,roman bi%ops1 ! g5]al /ate ( ! ,*ur*1 ! rise ( h]esies1 & o!r matt]s4 #eb3h ,i m5tion ^! num]\s ref]5ces to ,hegesippus z ,i h notic$ !m 9 turn+ ov] ! pages ( ,eusebius1 b o!rs may v probably h escap$ me4 ,eusebius fulfils 8 pl$ge1 & /ates :at disput$ works 7 us$ by ,hegesippus & :at he said ab\t !m1 & "o ( ^! 0 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 record a s+le rem>k ( any k9d reg>d+ our ,gospels1 & ! legitimate inf]5ce1 & x is ! only "o ,i c>e to draw1 is1 t ,hegesippus did n say any?+ ab\t !m4 ,i may simply add t1 z t1 z ,eusebius quotes ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w & ,m>k f ,papias1 a man ( :om he expresses some?+ l contempt1 & aga9 ref]s to him 9 confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t reg>d+ ! composition ( ,m>k's ,gospel1 #ec3a x w\ld be aga9/ all reason1 z well z oppos$ to 8 pl$ge & g5]al practice1 to suppose t ,eusebius w\ld h omitt$ to record any in=mation giv5 by ,hegesippus1 a writ] ) :om he 0 s well acqua9t$ & ( :om he speaks ) s mu* respect4 ,i h said t ,eusebius w\ld m p>ticul>ly h quot$ any?+ ) reg>d to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & = ^? :o c>e to g m closely into ! po9t my reasons may be briefly giv54 ,no "o c read ,eusebius att5tively )\t not+ ! peculi> c>e ) :i* he speaks ( ,john & 8 writ+s1 & ! sub/antially apologetic tone :i* he adopts 9 reg>d to !m4 ,ap>t f any d\bts express$ reg>d+ ! ,gospel itself1 ! controv]sy z to ! au!nticity ( ! ,apocalypse & second & ?ird ,epi/les call$ by 8 "n1 ) :i* ,eusebius 0 s well acqua9t$1 & ! critical dilemma z to ! impossibility ( ! same ,john hav+ writt5 bo? ! ,gospel & ,apocalypse1 reg>d+ :i* he s fully quotes ! argum5t ( ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 #ec3b evid5tly made him peculi>ly int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 & 8 att5tion to ! f\r? ,gospel 0 c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ by 8 recognition ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 t "w & ! ?ree ,synoptics4 ,! fir/ occasion on :i* he speaks ( ,john1 he records ! tradition t he 0 bani%$ to ,patmos dur+ ! p]secution "u ,domitian1 & ref]s to ! ,apocalypse4 ,he quotes ,ir5aeus 9 support ( ?is tradition1 & ! composition ( ! "w at ! close ( ,domitian's reign4 #ed3a ,he goes on to speak ( ! p]secution "u ,domitian1 & quotes ,hegesippus z to a comm& giv5 by t ,emp]or to slay all ! po/]ity ( ,david1 #ed3b z also ,t]tullian's acc\nt1 #ed3c w9d+ up 8 extracts f ! hi/orians ( ! "t by ! /atem5t t1 aft] ,n]va succe$$ ,domitian1 & ! ,s5ate _h revok$ ! cruel decrees ( ! latt]1 ! ,apo/le ,john return$ f exile 9 ,patmos &1 accord+ to ecclesia/ical tradition1 settl$ at ,ephesus4 #ed3d ,he /ates t ,john1 ! belov$ disciple1 apo/le & evangeli/1 gov]n$ ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia aft] ! dea? ( ,domitian & 8 return f ,patmos1 & t he 0 /ill liv+ :5 ,trajan succe$$ ,n]va1 & = ! tru? ( ?is he quotes passages f ,ir5aeus & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 #ed3e ,he !n gives an acc\nt ( ! writ+s ( ,john1 & :il/ ass]t+ t ! ,gospel mu/ be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ z g5u9e1 he says t x is rightly put la/ 9 ord] among/ ! f\r1 ( ! composition ( :i* he gives an elaborate description4 ,x is n necess>y to quote 8 acc\nt ( ! f\r? ,gospel & ( ! occasion ( its composition1 :i* he /ates to h be5 ,john's receiv+ ! o!r ?ree ,gospels1 &1 :il/ admitt+ _! tru?1 p]ceiv+ t !y did n conta9 a n>rative ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,*ri/4 ,= ?is reason1 be+ entreat$ to d s1 he wrote an acc\nt ( ! do+s ( ,jesus be=e ! ,bapti/ 0 ca/ into prison4 ,aft] "s v extraord9>y reason+1 ,eusebius says t no "o :o c>efully consid]s ! po9ts he m5tions c ?9k t ! ,gospels are at v>iance ) ea* o!r1 & he conjectures t ,john probably omitt$ ! g5ealogies because ,mat!w & ,luke _h giv5 !m4 #ed3f ,)\t fur!r anticipat+ :at ,i h to say :5 speak+ ( ,papias1 x is cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ,eusebius1 be+ aw>e (1 & int]e/$ 91 ! peculi> difficulties connect$ ) ! writ+s attribut$ to ,john1 n to put a /ill /rong] case1 & quot+ traditions f lat] & consequ5tly less weighty au?orities1 w\ld c]ta9ly h record$ ) m special read9ess any in=mation on ! subject giv5 by ,hegesippus1 :om he s frequ5tly lays "u contribution1 _h 8 writ+s conta9$ any4 ,9 reg>d to ,,papias ! case is /ill cle>]4 ,we f9d t ,eusebius quotes 8 acc\nt ( ! composition ( ,gospels by ,mat!w & ,m>k1 #ee3a al?\gh he _h already giv5 a closely simil> n>rative reg>d+ ,m>k f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & appeal$ to ,papias 9 confirmation ( x4 ,is x ei!r possible or p]missible to suppose t1 _h ,papias kn[n any?+ ( ! o!r two ,gospels1 he w\ld n h enquir$ ab\t !m f ! ,presbyt]s & record$ _! in=mation8 ,& is x ei!r possible or p]missible to suppose t if ,papias _h record$ any simil> in=mation reg>d+ ! composition ( ! ?ird & f\r? ,gospels1 ,eusebius w\ld h omitt$ to quote x8 ,c]ta9ly n2 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot's article proves x4 ,eusebius _h n only pl$g$ himself to give su* in=mation1 & does s 9 e case :i* we c te/1 b he fulfil x by actually quot+ :at ,papias _h to say ab\t ! ,gospels4 ,ev5 if he _h be5 c>eless1 8 v ref]5ce to ! fir/ two ,gospels mu/ h rem9d$ him ( ! claims ( ! re/4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 special reasons :i* r5d] x /ill m c]ta9 t _h ,papias _h any?+ to tell ab\t ! ,f\r? ,gospel1--& if !re 0 a ,f\r? ,gospel 9 8 k he mu/ h _h some?+1 to tell ab\t x1--,eusebius w\ld h record$ x4 ,! fir/ quotation he makes f ,papias is ! passage 9 :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis /ates ! int]e/ ) :i* he _h enquir$ ab\t ! words ( ! ,presbyt]s1 :at ,john or ,mat!w or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l said1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 disciples ( ! ,"l1 say4 #ee3b ,eusebius obs]ves1 & p>ticul>ly po9ts out1 t ! "n ( ,john is twice m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ! =m]1 m5tion$ ) ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,mat!w1 & o!r ,apo/les1 evid5tly be+1 he ?9ks1 ! ,evangeli/1 & ! latt] be+ cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ! designation ( ,presbyt]4 ,eusebius /ates t ?is proves ! tru? ( ! ass]tion t !re 7 two m5 ( ! "n ( ,john 9 ,asia1 & t two tombs 7 /ill %[n at ,ephesus be>+ ! "n ( ,john4 ,eusebius !n proce$s to argue t probably ! second ( ! two ,johns1 if n ! fir/1 0 ! man :o saw ! ,revelation4 ,:at an occasion = quot+ any in=mation be>+ at all on ! subject f ,papias1 :o _h que/ion$ ^? :o _h be5 acqua9t$ ) bo?6 ,8 att5tion is s po9t$ly turn$ to ,john at ! v mom5t :5 he makes 8 quotations reg>d+ ,mat!w & ,m>k1 t ,i am fully w>rant$1 bo? by ! conclusions ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot & ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case1 9 affirm+ t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius proves t ,papias said no?+ ab\t ei!r ! ?ird or f\r? ,gospels4 ,i ne$ n g on to discuss ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 = ! same reason+ equally applies to 8 case4 ,i h1 !re=e1 only a few m words to say on ! subject ( ,eusebius4 ,n cont5t ) :at he int5d$ to be de/ructive criticism1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot valiantly proce$s to ! con/ructive &1 z a sob] d$uction f facts1 makes ! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i* he pr9ts 9 italics3 ,! sil5ce ( ,eusebius respect+ e>ly witnesses to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is an evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 #ef3a ,n[1 int]pret$ ev5 by ! rules laid d[n by ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself1 :at does ?is sil5ce really mean8 ,x means1 n t ! e>ly writ]s ab\t :om he is suppos$ to be sil5t are witnesses ab\t any?+ connect$ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b simply t if ,eusebius notic$ & did n record ! m]e use ( t ,gospel by anyone1 he !reby indicates t he himself1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 class$ x among/ ! undisput$ books1 ! m]e use ( :i* he does n und]take to m5tion4 ,! value ( 8 op9ion at s late a date is v small4 ,pr(essor ,lightfoot next makes a vehem5t attack ^u me 9 connection ) ,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les1 #eg3a :i* is equally abortive & limit$ to details4 ,i d n int5d to compla9 ( ! _s 9 :i* ! article is writt51 nor ( its unfairness4 ,on ! :ole ,i ?9k t read]s may safely he left to judge ( ! tone 9 :i* a controv]sy is c>ri$ on4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! p]petual accusation ( mis/atem5t br\ght aga9/ me 9 ?is article1 & bas$ ^u m9ute criticism into :i* few c>e to foll[1 is apt to leave ! impression t x is well-f\nd$1 = !re is ! v natural feel+ 9 mo/ "r m9ds t no "o w\ld recklessly scatt] su* ins9uations4 ,x is ?is :i* alone makes su* an attack dang]\s4 ,n[ 9 a "w l ?is1 deal+ ) s _m details1 x mu/ be obvi\s t x n possible altoge!r to escape errors4 ,a critic or oppon5t is ( c\rse entitl$ to po9t ^! out1 al?\gh1 if he be high-m9d$ or ev5 alive to 8 own int]e/s1 ,i sc>cely ?9k t he w d s 9 a _s ( unfair detraction4 ,b 9 do+ ?is a writ] is b\nd to be accurate1 = if he be lib]al ( su* accusations & x c be %[n t 8 *>ges are unf\nd$1 !y recoil ) d\ble =ce ^u himself4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 z x is impossible = me to reply to all su* attacks1 to foll[ ,pr(essor ,lightfoot & ,dr4 ,we/cott1 ) "s m9ut5ess 9 _! discussion ( my treatm5t ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 & once = all to %[ ! grave mis/atem5ts to :i* !y commit !mselves4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n ignore ! "* ( ! discussion ^u :i* he ent]s1 b x w be se5 t 8 appreciation ( its difficulty by no means inspires him ) *>itable emotions4 ,he says3 ,! ,ignatian "q is ! mo/ p]plex+ :i* confronts ! /ud5t ( e>li] ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,! lit]ature is volum9\s2 ! consid]ations involv$ are v wide1 v v>i$1 & v intricate4 ,a writ]1 !re=e1 may well be p>don$ if he betrays a want ( famili>ity ) ?is subject4 ,b 9 ?is case ! read] naturally expects t ! op9ions at :i* he has arriv$ w be /at$ ) "s diffid5ce4 #eh3a ,my critic objects t ,i express my op9ions ) decision4 ,i %all h]eaft] ju/ify ?is decision1 b ,i w\ld "h po9t out t ! v reasons :i* r5d] x difficult = ,dr4 ,lightfoot to =m a f9al & decisive judgm5t on ! "q make x easy = me4 ,x requires b little logical p]ception to recognize t ,epi/les1 ! au!nticity ( :i* x is s difficult to e/abli%1 _c h mu* influ5ce z te/imony = ! ,gospels4 ,! /atem5t j quot$1 h[ev]1 is made ! base ( ! attack1 & w> is decl>$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,! read] is naturally l$ to ?9k t a writ] w\ld n use su* v decid$ language unless he _h obta9$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( 8 subject2 & :5 he f9ds ! notes ?rong$ ) ref]5ces to ! mo/ recondite s\rces ( in=mation1 he at once cr$its ! au?or ) an 'exhau/ive' k ( ! lit]ature be>+ ^u x4 ,x becomes important !re=e to enquire :e!r ! writ] %[s t accurate acqua9tance ) ! subject1 :i* ju/ifies u 9 atta*+ weight to 8 dicta z di/+ui%$ f 8 argum5ts4 #ei3a ,?is s5t5ce %[s ! scope ( ! discussion4 ,my dicta1 h[ev]1 play a v subord9ate "p ?r\gh\t1 & ev5 if no weight be atta*$ to !m--& ,i h nev] desir$ t any %\ld be--my argum5t w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ degree affect$4 ,! fir/ po9t attack$1 l mo/ ( ^? subsequ5tly assail$1 is "o ( m]e critical hi/ory4 ,i wrote3 ,! /ronge/ int]nal1 z well z o!r evid5ce1 into :i* space =bids our go+ 9 detail1 has l$ 7#a7 ! majority ( critics to recognize ! ,syriac v]sion z ! mo/ g5u9e =m ( ! lett]s ( ,ignatius extant1 & 7#b7 ?is is admitt$ by mo/ ( ^? :o nev]!less d5y ! au!nticity ( any ( ! epi/les4 #ei3b ,^u ?is ,dr4 ,lightfoot rem>ks3-- ,no /atem5t c\ld be m errone\s z a summ>y ( ! results ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy s9ce ! publication ( ! ,syriac epi/les ?an ?is4 #ei3a ,x w be admitt$ t ?is is pretty decid$ language = "o :o is prea*+ diffid5ce4 ,:5 we come to details1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits3 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 "o or o!r ( ! two =ms1 may be said to be almo/ ev5ly divid$ on ?is "q ( priority4 ,he seems to consid] t he suffici5tly %[s ?is :5 he m5tions five or six critics on ei!r side2 b ev5 on ?is modifi$ int]pretation ( my /atem5t its correctness may be lit]ally ma9ta9$4 ,to ! five names quot$ z recognis+ ! priority ( ! ,syriac ,epi/les may be add$ ^? ( ,milman1 ,bhr+]1 de ,press5s1 & ,dr4 ,tregelles1 :i* imm$iately occur to me4 ,b ,i mu/ ask ^u :at gr\nd he limits my rem>k to ^? :o absolutely admit ! g5u95ess8 ,i c]ta9ly d n s limit x1 b affirm t a majority pref] ! ?ree ,curetonian ,epi/les1 & t ?is majority is made up p>tly ( ^? :o1 d5y+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! lett]s1 /ill consid] ! ,syriac ! pure/ & lea/ adult]at$ =m ( ! ,epi/les4 ,?is w be evid5t to anyone :o reads ! context4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] 7#b7 "p ( ! s5t5ce1 ,i w at once say t mo/ is a slip ( ! p5 = _m1 :i* ,i correct 9 ?is edition4 #fj3a ,_m ( ^? :o d5y or d n admit ! au!nticity pref] ! ,curetonian v]sion4 ,! ,tb+5 s*ool are n unanim\s on ! po9t1 & !re are critics :o d n belong to x4 ,bleek1 = in/ance1 :o does n commit himself to belief1 consid]s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian im h*/5 ,grade wahrs*e9li*4 ,volkm>1 ,lipsius1 & ,rumpf pref] !m4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,! case ( ,lipsius is especially in/ructive1 z illu/rat+ ?is po9t4 ,hav+ at "o "t ma9ta9$ ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 he has lately1 if ,i rightly und]/& him1 retract$ 8 =m] op9ion on bo? que/ions alike4 #fj3b ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 has n1 rightly und]/ood him4 ,lipsius has only )drawn 8 op9ion t ! ,syriac lett]s are au!ntic1 b1 :il/ n[ ass]t+ t 9 all _! =ms ! ,ignatian ,epi/les are spuri\s1 he /ill ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian v]sion4 ,he fir/ ann\nc$ ?is *ange ( view emphatically 9 #ahgc1 :5 he add$3 ,an dem relativ grss]n ,alt] d] syris*5 ,textge/alt geg5b] d] krz]5 grie*is*5 halte i* brig5s na* wie vor fe/4 #fa3a ,9 ! v pap] to :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot ref]s1 ,lipsius also aga9 says q di/9ctly3 ,i* b9 no* jetzt b]zeugt1 dass d] ,syr] 9 zahlrei*5 ,fll5 d5 relativ ursprngli*/5 ,text bewahrt hat 7vgl4 me9e ,na*weise 9 ',ni$n]'s ,zeits*r4' ,s4 #ae;ff74 #fa3b ,) reg>d to ! :ole ( ?is 7#b7 po9t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! only matt] 9 "q is simply a %ade ( op9ion among/ critics :o d5y ! au!nticity ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 all =ms4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 h[ev]1 goes on to ?r[ "s light ^u ?is po9t by analys+ my g5]al /atem5t ( ! c\rse ( op9ion on ?is subject giv5 9 an e>li] passage4 #fa3c ,! light :i* he ?r[s seems to pass ?r\gh s peculi> a m$ium1 t ,i %\ld be mu* r tempt$ to call x d>kness4 ,i beg ! read] to fav\r me ) 8 att5tion to ?is matt]1 = "h comm5ces a s]i\s attack ^u ! accuracy ( my notes & /atem5ts1 :i* is s+ul>ly full ( error & misrepres5tation4 ,! g5]al /atem5t ref]r$ to & quot$ is z foll[s3-- ,^! ?ree ,syriac epi/les h be5 subject$ to ! sev]e/ scrut9y1 & _m ( ! able/ critics h pron\nc$ !m to be ! only au!ntic ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :il/ o!rs1 :o d n admit t ev5 ^! are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess47#a7 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! /ronge/ d\bts 7 express$ reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators fir/ attack$ !m1 & ,calv9 decl>$ 7p4 #bfj7 !m to be spuri\s1#a an op9ion fully %>$ by ,*emnitz1 ,dallaeus1 & o!rs2 & simil> d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 7 express$ ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury17#b7 & onw>d to comp>atively rec5t times17#c7 al?\gh ! means ( =m+ a judgm5t 7 n !n s complete z n[4 ,t ! epi/les 7 int]polat$ !re 0 no d\bt4 ,full] exam9ation & m compreh5sive k ( ! subject h confirm$ e>li] d\bts1 & a l>ge mass ( critics recognise t ! au!nticity ( none ( ^! epi/les c be e/abli%$1 & t !y c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions47#d7 #fb3a ,9 ! fir/ note 7#a7 on p4 #bei ,i ref]r$ to ,buns51 ,bleek1 ,bhr+]1 ,cureton1 ,ewald1 ,lipsius1 ,milman1 ,rits*l1 & ,weiss1 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot proce$s to analyse my /atem5ts z foll[s3 & ,i at once put 8 explanation & my text 9 p>allel columns1 italicis+ p>ts ( bo? to call m imm$iate att5tion to ! po9t3 ,,! ,,tru?4 ,,dr4 ,,lightfoot',s ,,/atem5t4 ,_m ( ! able/ critics h ,^! ref]5ces1 x w be pron\nc$ !m to be ! only obs]v$1 are giv5 to illu/rate au!ntic ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 m imm$iately1 ?\gh p]haps :il/ o!rs :o d n admit n solely1 ! /atem5t t t ev5 ^! are g5u9e lett]s writ]s ':o d n admit t emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill ev5 ^! 7! ,curetonian pref] !m to ! v]sion ( ,epi/les7 are g5u9e lett]s sev5 ,greek ,epi/les1 & consid] emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! pref] !m to ! v]sion ( lett]s :i* we possess4 sev5 ,greek ,epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess4' #fb3b ,x mu/ be evid5t to anyone :o reads ! context #fb3c t 9 ?is s5t5ce ,i am /at+ op9ions express$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les1 & t ! note1 :i* is naturally put at ! end ( t s5t5ce1 mu/ be int5d$ to repres5t ?is fav\rable op9ion1 :e!r ( ^? :o absolutely ma9ta9 ! au!nticity or m]ely ! relative priority4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot quietly suppresses1 9 8 comm5ts1 ! ma9 /atem5t ( ! text :i* ! note illu/rates1 & !n ?r[s light ^u ! po9t by ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- ,,! ,,tru?4 ,,dr4 ,,lightfoot',s ,,/atem5t4 ,cureton1 ,buns51 ,bhr+]1 ,ewald1 ,! read]1 !re=e1 w ,milman1 ,rits*l1 & ,weiss h>dly be prep>$ to he> t ma9ta9 bo? ! priority & n "o ( ^! n9e writ]s g5u95ess ( ! ,syriac ,epi/les4 condemns ! ,ignatian lett]s ,bleek w n commit himself to a z spuri\s4 ,bleek alone leaves di/9ct recognition ( ! lett]s leaves ! matt] 9 "s 9 any =m4 ,( ! ,vossian unc]ta9ty :ile incl9+ to ,epi/les1 he says3 ,ab] au* die ,buns5's view2 ! o!r eight ,e*!it dies] ,rec5sion i/ di/9ctly ma9ta9 ! ke9eswegs si*]4 ,he consid]s ! g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian priority ( ! ,curetonian 9 ! lett]s4 #fc3a highe/ degree probable4 ,lipsius rejects all ! ,epi/les1 z ,i h already said1 b ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,syriac4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's /atem5t1 !re=e1 is a total misrepres5tation ( ! facts1 & ( t mis*iev\s k9d :i* does mo/ subtle injury4 ,n "o read] 9 tw5ty w\ld take ! tr\ble to inve/igate1 b w\ld receive f su* positive ass]tions an impression t my note 0 totally wrong1 :5 9 fact x is lit]ally correct4 ,cont9u+ 8 analysis1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot fights almo/ e in* ( ! gr\nd 9 ! v same /yle4 ,he _c contradict my /atem5t t s e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury ! /ronge/ d\bts 7 express$ reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius1 & t ! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators attack$ !m1 & ,calv9 decl>$ !m to be spuri\s1 #fd3a b ,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,! criticisms ( ,calv9 m especially ref] to ^? passages :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion alone4 #fd3b ,( c\rse only ! ,long ,rec5sion 0 at t "t kn[n4 ,rivet replies to ,campianus t ,calv9's objections 7 n aga9/ ,ignatius b ! ,jesuits :o _h corrupt$ him4 #fd3c ,?is is ! usual retort !ological1 b z ,i h quot$ ! words ( ,calv9 ! read] may judge = himself4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot !n says3 ,! clause :i* foll[s conta9s a direct mis/atem5t4 ,*emnitz did n fully %>e ! op9ion t !y 7 spuri\s2 on ! contr>y1 he quotes !m sev]al times z au?oritative2 b he says t !y 'seem to h be5 alt]$ 9 _m places to /r5g!n ! position ( ! ,papal p[]1 c4' #fd3d ,pe>son's /atem5t "h quot$ mu/ be receiv$ ) res]ve1 = ,*emnitz r speaks s>ca/ically ( ^? :o quote ^! ,epi/les z evid5ce4 ,9 treat+ !m z anci5t docum5ts or speak+ ( p>ts ( !m ) respect1 ,*emnitz does no?+ m ?an ! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators1 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f directly ascrib+ !m to ,ignatius himself4 ,! ,epi/les 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion 7 be=e ,*emnitz bo? 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek =ms4 ,he says ( !m3 444 multas hab5t non contemn5das s5t5tias1 praes]tim sicut ,graece leguntur4 ,admixta v]o sunt et alia non pauca1 quae pr(ecto non ref]unt gravitatem ,apo/olicam4 ,adult]atas enim jam esse illas epi/olas1 vel inde colligitur4 ,he !n %[s t quotations 9 anci5t writ]s purport+ to be tak5 f ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius are n f\nd 9 ^! extant ,epi/les at all1 & says3 ,de ,epi/olis igitur illis ,ignatii1 quae nunc ejus titulo f]untur1 m]ito dubitamus3 trans=matae enim vid5tur 9 multis locis1 ad /abili5dum /atum regni ,pontificii4 #fe3a ,ev5 :5 he speaks 9 fav\r ( !m he damns !m ) fa9t praise4 ,! :ole ( ! discussion turns ^u ! ^w fully1 & is an in/ance ( ! m9ute criticism ( my critic1 :o evid5tly is n directly acqua9t$ ) ,*emnitz4 ,a %ade m or less ( d\bt or c]ta9ty 9 convey+ ! impression receiv$ f ! words ( a writ] is sc>cely wor? mu* indignation4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes a v detail$ attack ^u my next two notes1 & "h aga9 ,i mu/ closely foll[ him4 ,my note 7#b7 p4 #bfj reads z foll[s3 7#b7 ,by ,bo*>tus1 ,aub]t91 ,blondel1 ,basnage1 ,casaubon1 ,cocus1 ,humfrey1 ,rivetus1 ,salmasius1 ,soc9us 7,fau/us71 ,p>k]1 ,petau1 c4 c42 cf4 ,jacobson1 ',patr4 ,apo/4' i4 p4 xxv2 ,cureton1 ',v9diciae ,ignatianae1' #ahdf1 app5dix4 ,^u ?is ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes ! foll[+ prelim9>y rem>ks3-- ,b ! mo/ important po9t ( all is ! purpose = :i* !y are quot$4 ',simil> d\bts' c\ld only1 ,i ?9k1 be int]pret$ f ! context z d\bts 'reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4' #fe3b ,z ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce j quot$1 recognises :at is ! mo/ important po9t ( all1 x is a pity t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! subsequ5t analysis ( ! ref]5ces 9 "q1 he p]si/5tly ignores my v c>eful def9ition ( ! purpose = :i* !y are quot$4 ,x is difficult1 )\t ent]+ into m9ute classifications1 accurately to repres5t 9 a few words ! op9ions ( a great numb] ( writ]s1 & briefly convey a fair idea ( ! c\rse ( critical judgm5t4 ,desir\s1 !re=e1 ( embrac+ a l>ge class--= bo? ?is note & ! next1 ) m]e diff]5ce ( epo*1 illu/rate ! same /atem5t 9 ! text--& n to ov]/ate ! case on my own side1 ,i us$ :at seem$ to me a v mod]ate phrase1 decreas+ ! =ce ( ! op9ion ( ^? :o positively reject$ ! ,epi/les1 & n unfairly repres5t+ ! hesitation ( ^? :o did n fully accept !m4 ,i said1 !n1 9 gu>d$ t]ms--& ,i italicise ! "p :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot *ooses to suppress--t simil> d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 7 express$ by ! writ]s ref]r$ to4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits t ,bo*>t directly condemns "o ,epi/le1 & w\ld probably h condemn$ ! re/ also2 t ,aub]t91 ,blondel1 ,basnage1 ,r4 ,p>k]1 & ,saumaise actually reject$ all2 & t ,cook pron\nces !m ei!r supposititi\s or %amefully corrupt$4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 !re c be no dispute4 ,i w n[ take ! re/ 9 succession4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says t ,humfrey consid]s t !y h be5 int]polat$ & mutilat$1 b he believes !m g5u9e 9 ! ma94 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has s completely w>p$ ! /atem5t 9 ! text1 t he seems to dem& no?+ %ort ( a total condemnation ( ! ,epi/les 9 ! note1 b _h ,i int5d$ to say t ,humfrey & all ( ^! writ]s def9itely reject$ ! :ole ( ! ,epi/les ,i %\ld n h limit$ myself to m]ely say+ t !y express$ d\bts m or less def9ite1 :i* ,humfrey does4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says t ,soc9us d5\nces corruptions & ana*ronisms1 b s f> z ,i c see does n "q a nucleus ( g5u9e matt]4 ,8 v d5unciations1 h[ev]1 are c]ta9ly ! expression ( d\bts1 m or less def9ite4 ,casaubon1 f> f reject+ !m altoge!r1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says1 promises to def5d ! antiquity ( "s ( ! ,epi/les ) new argum5ts4 ,b ,i h nev] affirm$ t he reject$ !m altoge!r4 ,casaubon di$ be=e he fulfill$ ! promise ref]r$ to1 s t we _c det]m9e :at argum5ts he might h us$4 ,i mu/ po9t out1 h[ev]1 t ! antiquity does n necess>ily involve ! au!nticity ( a docum5t4 ,) reg>d to ,rivet ! case is diff]5t4 ,i _h ov]look$ ! fact t 9 a subsequ5t edition ( ! "w ref]r$ to1 aft] receiv+ ,ar*bi%op ,u%]'s edition on ( ! ,%ort ,rec5sion1 he _h giv5 8 adhesion to t =m ( ! ,epi/les4 #fg3a ,?is fact is also m5tion$ by ,pe>son1 & ,i ought to h obs]v$ x4 #fg3b ,petau1 ! la/ ( ! writ]s ref]r$ to1 says3 ,equidem haud abnu]im epi/olas illius v>ie int]polatas et quibusdam additis mutatas1 ac depravatas fuisse3 tum aliquas esse supposititias3 v]um nullas omn9o ab ,ignatio ,epi/olas esse scriptas1 id v]o nimium tem]e affirm>i s5tio4 ,he !n goes on to m5tion ! rec5t publication ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les & ! v]sion ( ,u%]1 & ! le>n$ ,jesuit ,fa!r has no m decid$ op9ion to express ?an3 ut haec prud5s1 ac ju/a suspicio sit1 illas esse g5u9as ,ignatii epi/olas1 quas antiquorum cons5sus illu/ribus te/imoniis comm5datas ac approbatas reliquit4 #fg3c ,! next note 7#c71 p4 #bfj1 0 only sep>at$ f ! prec$+ = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot quotes & comm5ts ^u x z foll[s3-- ,! next note 7#c71 p4 #bfj1 is z foll[s3--',wotton1 ,praef4 ,clem4 ,r4 ,epp4 #agah2 ,j4 ,ow51 ,enquiry into ,orig9al ,nature1 c41 ,evang4 ,*ur*1 ,works1 ed4 ,russel1 #ahbf1 vol4 xx4 p4 #adg2 ,oud91 ,comm4 de ,script4 ,eccles4 c4 #agbb1 p4 #hh2 ,lampe1 ,comm4 analyt4 ex ,evang4 ,joan4 #agbd1 i4 p4 #ahd2 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 c41 ,works1 ii4 p4 #fh f42 ,beausobre1 ,hi/4 ,crit4 de ,mani*e1 c4 #agcd1 i4 p4 #cgh1 note #c2 ,erne/i1 ,n4 ,!ol4 ,biblio?4 #agfa1 ii4 p4 #dhi2 ,mo%eim1 ,de ,rebus ,*ri/4 p4 #aei f42 ,weismann1 ,introd4 9 ,memorab4 ,eccles4 #agde1 i4 p4 #acg2 ,heumann1 ,conspect4 ,reipub4 ,lit4 #agfc1 p4 #dib2 ,s*roeckh1 ,*r4 ,kir*5ges*4 #agge1 ii4 p4 #cda2 ,griesba*1 ,opuscula ,academ4 #ahbd1 i4 p4 #bf2 ,ros5mll]1 ,hi/4 ,int]pr4 ,libr4 ,sacr4 9 ,eccles4 #agie1 i4 p4 #aaf2 ,seml]1 ,p>aphr4 9 ,epi/ ,,ii4 ,petri4 #aghd1 ,praef42 ,ke/n]1 ,comm4 de ,eusebii ,h4,e4 condit4 #ahaf1 p4 #fc2 ,h5ke1 ,allg4 ,ges*4 *r4 ,kir*e1 #ahah1 i4 p4 #if2 ,ne&]1 ,k4,g4 #ahdc1 ii4 p4 #aadj cf4 i4 p4 #cbg1 ,anm4 #aa2 ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 ,lehrb4 *r4 ,dogm5ges*4 #ahcb1 p4 #hc2 cf4 ,comp4 *r4 ,dogm5ges*4 #ahdj1 p4 #gi2 ,ni$n]1 ,ges*4 *r4 ,k4 p4 #aif2 ,?i]s*1 ,die ,k4 im ap4 ,zeit4 p4 #cbb2 ,hag5ba*1 ,k4,g4 i4 p4 #aae f42 cf4 ,cureton1 ,v9d4 ,ign4 ,app5d42 ,ziegl]1 ,v]su* e9e prag4 ,ges*4 d4 kir*l4 ,v]fassungs=m51 u4s4w4 #agih1 p4 #af2 ,j4,e4,c4 ,s*midt1 ,v]su* b4 d4 g$opp4 ,rec5s4 d4 ,br4 ,s4 ,ignat41 9 ,h5ke's ,mag4 f4 ,rel4 ,phil4 u4s4w4 #agie2 cf4 ,biblio?4 f4 ,krit4 u4s4w41 ,n4,t4 i4 p #dfc ff4 ,urspr4 ka?4 ,kir*e1 ,,ii4 i4 p4 #a f42 ,h&bu* ,*r4 ,k4,g4 i4 p4 #bjj4' ,! brackets are n ! au?or's1 b my own4 ,?is is d\btless "o ( ^? exhibitions ( le>n+ :i* h made su* a deep impression on ! review]s4 ,c]ta9ly1 z x /&s1 ?is note sugge/s a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) all ! by-pa?s ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature1 & seems to repres5t ! glean+s ( _m ye>s' read+4 ,x is important to obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t e "o ( ^! ref]5ces1 except ^? :i* ,i h includ$ 9 brackets1 is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ,cureton's ',v9diciae ,ignatianae1' :]e ! passages are quot$ 9 full4 ,?us two-?irds ( ?is elaborate note might h be5 compil$ 9 t5 m9utes4 ,our au?or has "h & !re transpos$ ! ord] ( ! quotations1 & confus$ x by s do+1 = x is *ronological 9 ,cureton4 ,b :at purpose 0 s]v$ by ?us import+ into 8 notes a mass ( borr[$ & unsort$ ref]5ces8 ,&1 if he ?\ght fit to d s1 :y 0 ! key-ref]5ce to ,cureton buri$ among ! re/1 s t x /&s 9 imm$iate connection ) "s additional ref]5ces on :i* x has no be>+8 #fh3a ,i d n see any special virtue 9 ! am\nt ( "t :i* might suffice1 "u "s circum/ances1 to compile a note1 al?\gh x is "h advanc$ z an important po9t to obs]ve1 b ,i call att5tion to ! unfair _s 9 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot's criticisms are made4 ,i ask e j-m9d$ read] to consid] :at "r any critic has to ins9uate1 if n directly to say1 t1 because "s ( ! ref]5ces 9 a note are also giv5 by ,cureton1 ,i simply took !m f him1 & ?us import$ into my notes a mass ( borr[$ & unsort$ ref]5ces1 & fur!r to ins9uate t ,i "h & !re transpos$ ! ord] app>5tly to conceal ! s\rce8 ,?is is a k9d ( criticism :i* ,i v gladly rel9qui% entirely to my high-m9d$ & rev]5d oppon5t4 ,n[1 z full quotations are giv5 9 ,cureton's app5dix1 ,i %\ld h be5 p]fectly entitl$ to take ref]5ces f x1 _h ,i pleas$1 & = ! conv5i5ce ( _m read]s ,i di/9ctly indicate ,cureton's "w1 9 ! note1 z a s\rce to be comp>$4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ,i did n take ! ref]5ces f ,cureton1 b 9 e case d]iv$ !m f ! works !mselves1 & if ! note seems to repres5t ! glean+s ( _m ye>s' read+1 x c]ta9ly does n misrepres5t ! fact1 = ,i took ! tr\ble to make myself acqua9t$ ) ! by-pa?s ( ,ignatian lit]ature4 ,n[ 9 analys+ ! ref]5ces 9 ?is note x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y illu/rate ! /atem5t t d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 cont9u$ to be express$ reg>d+ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot = draw+ my att5tion to ,wotton4 ,8 "n is ! fir/ 9 ! note1 & x un=tunately 0 ! la/ 9 a li/ on ano!r po9t 9 my note-book1 imm$iately prec$+ ?is "o1 & 0 by mi/ake includ$ 9 x4 ,i also frankly give up ,weismann1 ^: d\bts ,i f9d ,i _h exagg]at$1 & proce$ to exam9e ,dr4 ,lightfoot's fur!r /atem5ts4 ,he says t ,?i]s* uses ! ,curetonian z g5u9e1 & t 8 only d\bt is :e!r he ought n to accept ! ,vossian4 ,?i]s*1 h[ev]1 admits t he _c quote ei!r ! sev5 or ! ?ree ,epi/les z g5u9e4 ,he says di/9ctly3 ,^! ?ree ,syriac ,epi/les lie "u ! suspicion t !y are n an old] text1 b m]ely an epitome ( ! sev51 = ! o!r notes f\nd 9 ! same ,,ms4 seem to be exc]pts4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! d\bts reg>d+ ! g5u95ess ( ! sev5 ,epi/les1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are kn[n s9ce ,u%]'s "t1 are n yet entirely remov$4 ,= no ,,ms4 has yet be5 f\nd :i* conta9s only ! sev5 ,epi/les atte/$ by ,eusebius1 a ,,ms4 su* z lay be=e ,eusebius4 #gj3a ,?i]s*1 !re=e1 does express d\bts1 m or less def9ite4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot !n cont9ues3 ,( ! re/ a consid]able numb]1 z1 = in/ance1 ,l>dn]1 ,beausobre1 ,s*roeckh1 ,griesba*1 ,ke/n]1 ,ne&]1 & ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 ) diff]5t degrees ( c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty1 pron\nce !mselves 9 fav\r ( a g5u9e nucleus4 #gj3b ,! words :i* ,i h italicis$ are a m]e p>aphrase ( my words descriptive ( ! d\bts ent]ta9$4 ,i mu/ po9t out t a lean+ t[>ds belief 9 a g5u9e nucleus on ! "p ( "s ( ^! writ]s1 by no means excludes ! expression ( d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 :i* is all ,i quote !m =4 ,i w take ea* "n 9 ord]4 ,l>dn] says3 ,b :e!r ! small] 7,vossian ,epi/les7 !mselves are ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,ignatius1 bi%op ( ,antio*1 is a "q t has be5 mu* disput$1 & has employ$ ! p5s ( ! able/ critics4 ,& :atev] positiv5ess "s may h %[n on ei!r side1 ,i mu/ own ,i h f\nd x a v difficult "q4 ,! op9ion :i* he expresses f9ally is m]ely3 x appe>s to me probable1 t !y are = ! ma9 "p ! g5u9e epi/les ( ,ignatius4 ,beausobre says3 ,je ne veux1 ni df5dre1 ni combattre l'au!nticit des ,lettres de ,/4 ,ignace4 ,si elles ne sont pas vritables1 elles ne laiss5t pas d'tre =t anci5nes2 et l'op9ion1 qui me p>oit la plus raisonnable1 e/ que les plus pures ont t int]poles4 ,s*roeckh says t along ) ! fav\rable consid]ations = ! %ort] 7,vossian7 ,epi/les1 _m d\bts arise :i* make !m suspici\s4 ,he proce$s to po9t out _m grave difficulties1 & ana*ronisms :i* ca/ d\bt bo? on individual epi/les & ^u ! :ole1 & he rem>ks t a v common way ( evad+ ^! & o!r difficulties is to affirm t all ! passages :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ! mode ( ?\ght ( ,ignatius are int]polations ( a lat] "t4 ,he concludes ) ! p]t95t obs]vation3 ,h[ev] probable ?is is1 x nev]!less rema9s z difficult to prove :i* are ! int]polat$ passages4 ,9 fact x w\ld be difficult to po9t out any writ] :o m ?or\ghly d\bts1 )\t def9itely reject+1 all ! ,epi/les4 ,griesba* & ,ke/n] bo? express d\bts m or less def9ite1 b to make suffici5t extracts to illu/rate ?is w\ld occupy too mu* space4 ,ne&]4--,dr4 ,lightfoot has be5 misl$ by ! %ort extract f ! ,engli% translation ( ! fir/ edition ( ,ne&]'s ,hi/ory giv5 by ,cureton 9 8 ,app5dix1 has n att5d$ to ! brief ,g]man quotation f ! second edition1 & has n exam9$ ! orig9al at all1 or he w\ld h se5 t1 s f> f pron\nc+ 9 fav\r ( a g5u9e nucleus1 ,ne&] might well h be5 class$ by me among/ ^? :o di/9ctly reject ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 in/ead ( be+ mod]ately quot$ among/ ^? :o m]ely express d\bt4 ,ne&] says3 ,z ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius is v suspici\s1 s also ! ,epi/les :i* suppose ! correctness ( ?is suspici\s leg5d d n be> ?r\gh\t ! impress ( a di/9ct individuality1 & ( a man ( t "t :o is address+ 8 la/ words to ! communities4 ,a hi]>*ical purpose is n to be mi/ak54 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ! "w he /ill m emphatically says t1 9 ! s-call$ ,ignatian ,epi/les1 he recognises a decid$ design 7,absi*tli*keit71 & !n he cont9ues3 ,z ! tradition reg>d+ ! j\rney ( ,ignatius to ,rome1 !re to be ca/ to ! wild bea/s1 seems to me = ! above-m5tion$ reasons v suspici\s1 8 ,epi/les1 :i* presuppose ! tru? ( ?is tradition1 c no long] inspire me ) fai? 9 _! au!nticity4 #gb3a ,he goes on to /ate additional gr\nds = disbelief4 ,baumg>t5-,crusius /at$ 9 "o place1 9 reg>d to ! sev5 ,epi/les1 t x is no long] possible to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! extant may h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al ,epi/les1 & 9 a note he excepts only ! passages quot$ by ! ,fa!rs4 ,he seems to agree ) ,seml] & o!rs t ! two ,rec5sions are probably ! result ( manipulations ( ! orig9al1 ! %ort] =m be+ m 9 ecclesia/ical1 ! long] 9 dogmatic1 int]e/4 ,"s ye>s lat] he rem>k$ t enquiries into ! ,epi/les1 al?\gh n yet conclud$1 _h r t5d$ t[>ds ! e>li] view t ! ,%ort] ,rec5sion 0 m orig9al ?an ! ,long1 b t ev5 ! %ort] may h suff]$1 if n f manipulations 7,ueb]>beitung571 f int]polations4 ,?is v cauti\s /atem5t1 x w be obs]v$1 is :olly relative1 & does n 9 ! lea/ modify ! previ\s conclusion t ! orig9al mat]ial ( ! lett]s _c be asc]ta9$4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's objections reg>d+ ^! sev5 writ]s are ?or\ghly unf\nd$1 & 9 mo/ cases gl>+ly errone\s4 ,he proce$s to ! next note 7#d7 ) ! same unhesitat+ vig\r1 & *>act]ises x z equally un=tunate4 ,:]ev] x has be5 possible1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has succe$$ 9 misrepres5t+ ! purpose ( my notes1 al?\gh he has recognis$ h[ important x is to asc]ta9 ?is correctly1 & 9 ?is in/ance he has done s aga94 ,i w put my text & 8 explanation1 ^u ! basis ( :i* he analyses ! note1 9 juxtaposition1 italicis+ "p ( my own /atem5t :i* he altoge!r disreg>ds3-- ,,dr4 ,,lightfoot4 ,fur!r exam9ation & m ,ref]5ces to tw5ty au?orities compreh5sive k ( ! are !n giv51 z belong+ to subject h confirm$ e>li] ! 'l>ge mass ( critics' :o d\bts1 & a l>ge mass ( critics recognise t ! ,ignatian recognise t ! au!nticity ( ,epi/les 'c only be consid]$ none ( ^! ,epi/les c be lat] & spuri\s compositions4' e/abli%$1 & t !y c #gc3a only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions4 ,!re are "h1 9 ord] to embrace a numb] ( ref]5ces1 two approximate /ates ( op9ion repres5t$3 ! fir/1 :i* leaves ! ,epi/les 9 p]man5t d\bt1 z suffici5t evid5ce is n =?com+ to e/abli% _! au!nticity2 & ! second1 :i* positively pron\nces !m to be spuri\s4 ,out ( ! tw5ty au?orities ref]r$ to1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot objects to six z contradictory or n confirm+ :at he /ates to be ! purpose ( ! note4 ,he seems to consid] t a res]vation = ! possibility ( a g5u9e sub/ratum :i* _c be def9$ invalidates my ref]5ce4 ,i ma9ta91 h[ev]1 t x does n4 ,x is q possible to consid] t ! au!nticity ( ! extant lett]s _c be e/abli%$ )\t d5y+ t !re may h be5 "s orig9al nucleus ^u :i* ^! actual docum5ts may h be5 bas$4 ,i w analyse ! six ref]5ces4 ,bleek4--,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,( ^! ,bleek 7already cit$ 9 a previ\s note7 expresses no def9ite op9ion4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot omits to m5tion t ,i d n ref] to ,bleek directly1 b by ,cf4 m]ely reque/ consid]ation ( 8 op9ions4 ,i h already p>tly /at$ ,bleek's view4 ,aft] po9t+ out "s difficulties1 he says g5]ally3 ,x comes to ?is1 t ! orig9 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les !mselves is /ill v d\btful4 ,he refuses to make use ( a passage because x is only f\nd 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion1 & ano!r :i* occurs 9 ! ,%ort] ,rec5sion he does n consid] evid5ce1 because1 fir/1 he says1 ,! au!nticity ( ?is ,rec5sion also is by no means c]ta91 &1 next1 ! ,cureton ,epi/les discr$it ! o!rs4 ,:e!r ?is ,rec5sion 7! ,curetonian7 is m orig9al ?an ! %ort] ,greek is c]ta9ly n altoge!r c]ta91 b 444 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,9 ano!r place he refuses to make use ( rem9isc5ces 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 because x is /ill v d\btful h[ ! case /&s z reg>ds ! au!nticity & integrity ( ^! ,ignatian ,epi/les !mselves1 9 ! diff]5t ,rec5sions 9 :i* we possess !m4 #ge3a ,9 fact he did n consid] t _! au!nticity c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 include him "h at all4 ,gfrr]4--,dr4 ,lightfoot1 aga91 omits to /ate t ,i d n cite ?is writ] l ! o!rs1 b by a ,cf4 m]ely sugge/ a ref]5ce to 8 rem>ks4 ,h>less1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 av[s t he mu/ 'decid$ly reject ) ! mo/ consid]able critics ( old] & m rec5t times' ! op9ion ma9ta9$ by c]ta9 p]sons t ! ,epi/les are 'altoge!r spuri\s1' & proce$s to treat a passage z g5u9e because x /&s 9 ! ,vossian lett]s z well z 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,h>less quotes a passage 9 connection ) ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians ) ! di/9ct rem>k3 ,9 ?is case ! disadvantage ( ! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! ,rec5sions is 9 "p remov$ ?r\gh ! circum/ance t bo? ,rec5sions h ! passage4 ,he recognises t ! complet5ess ( ! pro( t ecclesia/ical tradition goes back beyond ! "t ( ,m>cion is some:at want+ f ! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! text ( ,ignatius4 ,he did n1 9 fact1 v5ture to consid] ! ,ignatian ,epi/les evid5ce ev5 = ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,s*liemann1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot /ates1 says t '! ext]nal te/imonies oblige him to recognise a g5u9e sub/ratum1' ?\gh he is n satisfi$ ) ei!r exi/+ rec5sion4 ,n[ :at ,s*liemann says is ?is3 ,c]ta9ly nei!r ! ,%ort] & /ill less ! ,long] ,rec5sion 9 :i* we possess ^! ,epi/les c lay claim to au!nticity4 ,only if we mu/1 nev]!less1 )\t d\bt suppose a g5u9e sub/ratum1 c4 ,9 a note he adds3 ,! ext]nal te/imonies oblige me to recognise a g5u9e sub/ratum--,polyc>p already speaks ( ! same 9 ,*4 xiii4 ( 8 ,epi/le4 ,b t 9 _! pres5t =m !y d n proce$ f ,ignatius ! cont5ts suffici5tly %[4 ,hase1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 commits himself to no op9ion4 ,if he does n delib]ately & directly d s1 he indicates :at t op9ion is ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,! ,long ,rec5sion1 he says1 be>s ! m>ks ( lat] manipulation1 & excites suspicion ( an inv5tion 9 fav\r ( ,episcopacy1 & ! %ort] text is n fully atte/$ ei!r4 ,! ,curetonian ,epi/les ) ! %orte/ & lea/ hi]>*ical text give ! impression ( an epitome4 ,b ev5 if no au!ntic k]nel lay at ! basis ( ^! ,epi/les1 yet !y w\ld be a significant docum5t at late/ out ( ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,^! la/ words are a cle> admission ( 8 op9ion t ! au!nticity _c be e/abli%$4 ,le*l] c&idly confesses t he comm5c$ ) a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les 9 ! ,%ort] ,rec5sion1 b on read+ !m ?r\gh1 he says t an impression unfav\rable to _! au!nticity 0 produc$ ^u him :i* he _h n be5 able to %ake (f4 ,he proce$s to po9t out _! int]nal improbability1 & o!r difficulties connect$ ) ! suppos$ j\rney1 :i* make x /ill m improbable t ,ignatius himself c really h writt5 ^! ,epi/les 9 ?is situation4 ,le*l] does n consid] t ! ,curetonian ,epi/les /r5g!n ! case2 & al?\gh he admits t he _c congratulate himself on ! possession ( c]ta9ty & *e]fulness ( conviction ( ! inau!nticity ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 he at lea/ v cle>ly ju/ifies ! affirmation t ! au!nticity _c be e/abli%$4 ,n[ :at has be5 ! result ( ?is m9ute & prejudic$ attack ^u my notes8 ,out ( ne>ly sev5ty critics & writ]s 9 connection ) :at is admitt$ to be "o ( ! mo/ intricate que/ions ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 x appe>s t--mu* to my regret--,i h ins]t$ "o "n totally by accid5t1 ov]look$ t ! d\bts ( ano!r _h be5 remov$ by ! subsequ5t publication ( ! ,%ort ,rec5sion & consequ5tly errone\sly class$ him1 & ,i )draw a ?ird ^: d\bts ,i consid] t ,i h ov]rat$4 ,mi/akes to ?is ext5t 9 deal+ ) su* a mass ( ref]5ces1 or a diff]5ce ( a %ade m or less 9 ! repres5tation ( critical op9ions1 n always cle>ly express$1 may1 ,i hope1 be excusable1 & ,i c truly say t ,i am only too glad to correct su* errors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a critic :o attacks su* ref]5ces1 9 su* a tone1 & ) su* :olesale accusations ( mis/atem5t & misrepres5tation1 0 b\nd to be accurate1 & ,i h %[n t ,dr4 ,lightfoot is n only inaccurate 9 matt]s ( fact1 b unfair 9 8 /atem5ts ( my purpose4 ,i am happy1 h[ev]1 to be able to make use ( 8 own words & say3 ,i may p]haps h fall5 into "s errors ( detail1 ?\gh ,i h endeav\r$ to avoid !m1 b ! ma9 conclusions are1 ,i believe1 irrefragable4 #gh3a ,!re are fur!r mis/atem5ts made by ,dr4 ,lightfoot to :i* ,i mu/ briefly ref] be=e turn+ to o!r matt]s4 ,he says1 ) unhesitat+ boldness3 ,"o highly important omission is significant4 ,!re is no m5tion1 f fir/ to la/1 ( ! ,arm5ian v]sion4 ,n[ x happ5s t ?is v]sion 7s f> z reg>ds ! docum5t>y evid5ce7 has be5 felt to be ! key to ! position1 & ar\nd x ! battle has rag$ fi]cely s9ce its publication4 ,"o :o 7l our au?or7 ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 0 especially b\nd to give x "s consid]ation1 = x furni%es ! mo/ =midable argum5t to 8 oppon5ts4 ,?is v]sion 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,pet]mann 9 #ahdi1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,cureton's lat] "w1 ! ,corpus ,ignatianum1 appe>$1 & !re=e 0 unkn[n to him4 ,its be>+ occupies a m or less prom95t place 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 ! writ]s :o h specially discuss$ ! ,ignatian "q dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,?is is true ( ,lipsius & ,weiss & ,hilg5feld & ,uhlhorn1 :om he cites1 n less ?an ( ,m]x & ,d5z+] & ,zahn1 :om he neglects to cite4 #gh3b ,n[ fir/ z reg>ds ! facts4 ,i d n ma9ta9 ! priority ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les 9 ?is book myself2 inde$ ,i express no p]sonal op9ion :atev] reg>d+ !m :i* is n conta9$ 9 t g5]al decl>ation ( belief1 ! decision ( :i* excites ! wra? ( my diffid5t critic1 t ! ,epi/les 9 no =m h any value z evid5ce = an e>li] p]iod ?an ! end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ev5 if !y h any value at all4 ,i m]ely repres5t ! op9ion ( o!rs reg>d+ ^? ,epi/les4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot v greatly exagg]ates ! importance atta*$ to ! ,arm5ian v]sion1 & ,i call special att5tion to ! passages 9 ! above quotation :i* ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( italicis+4 ,i v5ture to say emphatically t1 s f> f be+ consid]$ ! key ( ! position1 ?is v]sion has1 ) "s exceptions1 play$ a mo/ subord9ate & insignificant "p 9 ! controv]sy1 & z ,dr4 ,lightfoot has expressly m5tion$ c]ta9 writ]s1 ,i w /ate h[ ! case /&s ) reg>d to !m4 ,weiss1 ,lipsius1 ,uhlhorn1 ,m]x1 & ,zahn c]ta9ly m or less prom95tly deal ) !m4 ,d5z+]1 h[ev]1 only ref]s to ,pet]mann's publication1 :i* appe>$ :ile 8 own bro*ure 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 9 a %ort note at ! end1 & 9 aga9 writ+ on ! ,ignatian "q1 two ye>s aft]1 #gi3a he does n ev5 allude to ! ,arm5ian v]sion4 ,beyond ! b>e/ hi/orical ref]5ce to ,pet]mann's "w1 ,hilg5feld does n discuss ! ,arm5ian v]sion at all4 ,s mu* = ! writ]s actually m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,z = ! writ]s :o h specially discuss$ ! ,ignatian "q dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury3 ,cureton app>5tly did n ?9k x wor? :ile to add any?+ reg>d+ ! ,arm5ian v]sion ( ,pet]mann aft] its appe>ance2 ,buns5 refutes ,pet]mann's argum5ts 9 a few pages ( 8 ,hippolytus2 #gi3b ,baur1 :o wrote aga9/ ,buns5 & ! ,curetonian lett]s1 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot's repres5tation1 %\ld h f\nd ?is ! mo/ =midable argum5t aga9/ !m1 does n any:]e1 subsequ5t to _! publication1 ev5 allude to ! ,arm5ian ,epi/les2 ,ewald1 9 a note ( a c\ple ( l9es1 #gi3c ref]s to ,pet]mann's ,epi/les z id5tical ) a po/-,eusebian manipulat$ =m ( ! ,epi/les :i* he m5tions 9 a s5t5ce 9 8 text2 ,dressel devotes a few unfav\rable l9es to !m2 #hj3a ,hefele #hj3b supports !m at some:at great] l5g?2 b ,bleek1 ,volkm>1 ,tis*5dorf1 ,bhr+]1 ,s*olt51 & o!rs h n ?\ght !m wor?y ( special notice2 at any rate none ( ^! nor any o!r writ]s ( any weight h1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 introduc$ !m into ! controv]sy at all4 ,! argum5t itself did n seem to me ( suffici5t importance to drag into a discussion already too long & complicat$1 & ,i ref] ! read] to ,buns5's reply to x1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i may quote ! foll[+ l9es3 ,b x appe>s to me sc>cely s]i\s to say3 !re are ! ,sev5 ,lett]s 9 ,arm5ian1 & ,i ma9ta91 !y prove t ,cureton's text is an incomplete extract1 because1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h f\nd "s ,syriac idioms 9 ! ,arm5ian text6 ,well1 if t is n a joke1 x simply proves1 accord+ to ord9>y logic1 t ! ,sev5 ,lett]s mu/ h once be5 translat$ into ,syriac4 ,b h[ c x prove t ! ,greek orig9al ( ?is suppos$ ,syriac v]sion is ! g5u9e text1 & n an int]polat$ & p>tially =g$ "o8 #hj3c ,dr4 ,lightfoot blames me = omitt+ to m5tion ?is argum5t1 on ! gr\nd t a discussion :i*1 :ile assum+ ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 ignores ?is v]sion altoge!r1 has omitt$ a vital problem ( :i* x 0 b\nd to give an acc\nt4 ,n[ all ?is is %e] misrepres5tation4 ,i d n assume ! priority ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les1 & ,i exam9e all ! passages conta9$ 9 ! sev5 ,greek ,epi/les :i* h any be>+ ^u our ,gospels4 ,pass+ on to ano!r po9t1 ,i say3 ,sev5 ,epi/les h be5 select$ out ( fifte5 extant1 all equally purport+ to be by ,ignatius1 simply because only t numb] 7 m5tion$ by ,eusebius4 #ha3a ,ano!r passage is also quot$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 :i* w be f\nd a little fur!r on1 :]e x is tak5 = facility ( ref]5ce4 ,^u ?is he writes z foll[s3-- ,?is attempt to conf\nd ! sev5 ,epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius ) ! o!r confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les1 z if !y pres5t$ !mselves to u ) ! same cr$5tials1 ignores all ! important facts be>+ on ! "q4 7#a7 ,!odoret1 a c5tury aft] ,eusebius1 betrays no k ( any o!r ,epi/les1 & !re is no di/9ct trace ( ! use ( ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les till late 9 ! six? c5tury at ! e>lie/4 7#b7 ,! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les diff] widely 9 /yle f ! sev5 ,epi/les1 & betray ! same h& :i* int]polat$ ! sev5 ,epi/les4 ,9 o!r words1 !y cle>ly =m$ "p ( ! ,long ,rec5sion 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 7#c7 ,!y ab\nd 9 ana*ronisms :i* po9t to an age lat] ?an ,eusebius1 z ! date ( _! composition4 #ha3b ,al?\gh ,i d n really say 9 ! above t no o!r pleas are advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! sev5 ,epi/les1 ,i cont5d t1 r$uc$ to its simple/ =m1 ! argum5t = t special numb] re/s ma9ly1 if n altoge!r1 ^u _! m5tion by ,eusebius4 ,! v fir/ reason 7#a7 advanc$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot to refute me is a practical admission ( ! correctness ( my /atem5t1 = ! eight ,epi/les are put out ( c\rt because ev5 ,!odoret1 a c5tury aft] ,eusebius1 does n betray any k ( !m1 b ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 ! e>li] witness1 is inf9itely m important1 & x m]ely receives "s increase ( significance f ! sil5ce ( ,!odoret4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,eusebius _h ref]r$ to any ( !m1 h[ *ang$ _! position w\ld h be56 ,! ,epi/les ref]r$ to w\ld h atta9$ ! exceptional di/9ction :i* 8 m5tion has conf]r$ ^u ! re/44 ,! fact is1 moreov]1 t1 ?r\gh\t ! controv]sy1 ! two divisions ( ,epi/les are commonly designat$ ! prae- & po/-,eusebian1 mak+ him ! turn+-po9t ( ! controv]sy4 ,inde$1 fur!r on1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself admits3 ,! te/imony ( ,eusebius fir/ diff]5tiates !m4 #hb3a ,! argum5t 7#b & #c7 t ! eight reject$ ,epi/les betray ana*ronisms & int]polations1 is no refutation ( my /atem5t1 = ! same accusation is br\ght by ! majority ( critics aga9/ ! ,vossian ,epi/les4 ,! f\r? & la/ argum5t seems m directly address$ to a second p>agraph quot$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 to :i* ,i ref] above1 & :i* ,i h res]v$ till n[1 z x requires m detail$ notice4 ,x is ?is3-- ,x is a total mi/ake to suppose t ! sev5 ,epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius h be5 transmitt$ to u 9 any special way4 ,^! ,epi/les are mix$ up 9 ! ,m$icean & correspond+ anci5t ,lat9 ,,mss4 ) ! o!r eight ,epi/les1 univ]sally pron\nc$ to be spuri\s1 )\t di/9ction ( any k9d1 & all h equal hon\r4 #hb3b ,i w at once give ,dr4 ,lightfoot's comm5t on ?is1 9 contra/ ) ! /atem5t ( a writ] equally di/+ui%$ = le>n+ & or?odoxy--,dr4 ,tregelles3-- ,,dr4 ,,lightfoot4 ,,dr4 ,,tregelles4 7#d7 ,x is n /rictly true t ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k ( sev5 ! sev5 ,epi/les are mix$ up ,ignatian ,epi/les 9 ,greek hav+ ) ! confess$ly spuri\s be5 transmitt$ to u1 = no ,epi/les4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 su* sev5 exi/1 except ?r\gh ,,mss41 z also 9 ! ,arm5ian _! hav+ be5 select$ by v]sion1 ! spuri\s ,epi/les editors f ! ,m$icean ,,ms4 come aft] ! o!rs2 & ! :i* conta9s s mu* t circum/ance1 comb9$ ) ! is confess$ly spuri\s2--a fact facts already m5tion$1 pla9ly :i* "s :o imag9e a %[s t !y 7 a lat] diplomatic transmission ( addition1 borr[$ f ! ,long sev5 h ov]look$4 #hc3b ,rec5sion to complete ! body ( ,ignatian lett]s4 #hc3a ,i w fur!r quote ! words ( ,cureton1 =1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot advances no?+ b ass]tions1 x is well to meet him ) ! te/imony ( o!rs r ?an ! m]e reit]ation ( my own /atem5t4 ,cureton says3 ,aga91 !re is ano!r circum/ance :i* w naturally lead u to look ) "s suspicion ^u ! rec5sion ( ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,ignatius1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,m$icean ,,ms41 & 9 ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion correspond+ ) x1 :i* is1 t ! ,epi/les presum$ to be ! g5u9e production ( t holy ,m>tyr are mix$ up ) o!rs1 :i* are almo/ univ]sally all[$ to be spuri\s4 ,bo? 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss4 all ^! are plac$ ^u ! same foot+1 & no di/9ction is drawn betwe5 !m2 & ! only gr\nd :i* has hi!rto be5 assum$ = _! sep>ation has be5 ! specification ( "s ( !m by ,eusebius & 8 omission ( any m5tion ( ! o!rs4 #hc3c ,! ext]nal evid5ce f ! te/imony ( manuscripts 9 fav\r ( ! reject$ ,greek ,epi/les1 ) ! exception ( t to ! ,philippians1 is c]ta9ly great] ?an t 9 fav\r ( ^? :i* h be5 receiv$4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all ! manuscripts1 bo? ,greek & ,lat91 9 ! same =m2 :ile ! o!rs exhibit two di/9ct & v diff]5t rec5sions1 if we except ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p1 9 :i* ! v>iations are v few4 ,( ^! two rec5sions ! %ort] has be5 mo/ g5]ally receiv$3 ! circum/ance ( its be+ %ort] seems mu* to h influ5c$ its reception2 & ! text ( ! ,m$icean ,codex & ( ! two copies ( ! correspond+ ,lat9 v]sion belong+ to ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d1 has be5 adopt$ 444 ,9 all ^! !re is no di/9ction :atev] drawn betwe5 ! =m] & latt] ,epi/les3 all are plac$ ^u ! same basis2 & !re is no gr\nd :atev] to conclude ei!r t ! arrang] ( ! ,greek rec5sion or ! translator ( ! ,lat9 v]sion e/eem$ "o to be bett] or m g5u9e ?an ano!r4 ,nor c any prejudice result to ! ,epi/les to ! ,t>sians1 to ! ,antio*ians1 & to ,h]o1 f ! circum/ance ( _! be+ plac$ aft] ! o!rs 9 ! collection2 = !y are evid5tly arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 & rank aft] ! re/ z hav+ be5 writt5 f ,philippi1 at :i* place ,ignatius is said to h arriv$ aft] he _h despat*$ ! previ\s ,lett]s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! evid5ce ( all ! exi/+ copies1 ,lat9 z well z ,greek1 ( bo? ! rec5sions is to be consid]$1 x is c]ta9ly 9 fav\r ( ! reject$ ,epi/les1 r ?an ( ^? :i* h be5 reta9$4 #hd3a ,proce$+ f c\nt]-/atem5ts to actual facts1 ,i w v briefly %[ ! ord] 9 :i* ^! ,epi/les h be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal ,,mss4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ publi%$ 0 ! anci5t ,lat9 v]sion ( elev5 ,epi/les edit$ by ,j4 ,fab] ,/apul5sis 9 #adih1 :i* 0 at lea/ quot$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 & :i* 9 ! subjo9$ table ,i %all m>k ,a1 #hd3b & :i* also exhibits ! ord] ( ,cod4 ,vat4 #hei1 assign$ to ! elev5? c5tury4 #hd3c ,! next 7,b7 is a ,greek ,,ms4 edit$ by ,val5t9us ,pacaeus 9 #aeeg1 #hd3d & ! ord] at ! same "t repres5ts t ( ! ,cod4 ,pal4 #aej4 #hd3e ,! ?ird 7,c7 is ! anci5t ,lat9 translation1 ref]r$ to above1 publi%$ by ,ar*bi%op ,u%]4 #hd3f ,! f\r? 7,d7 is ! celebrat$ ,m$icean ,,ms4 assign$ to ! elev5? c5tury1 & publi%$ by ,vossius 9 #afdf4 #hd3g ,?is also repres5ts ! ord] ( ! ,cod4 ,casanat5sis ,g4,v4 #ad4 #hd3h ,i italicise ! reject$ ,epi/les3 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,fab] ,,/ap4 ,,val4 ,,pacaeus4 ,,u%] ,,vossius4 #a4 ,trallians ,m>4 ,cass4 ,smyrn4 ,smyrn4 #b4 ,magn4 ,trallians ,polyc>p ,polyc>p #c4 ,t>sians ,magnes4 ,ephes4 ,ephes4 #d4 ,philip4 ,t>sians ,magnes4 ,magnes4 #e4 ,philad4 ,philip4 ,philad4 ,philad4 #f4 ,smyrn4 ,philad4 ,trallians ,trallians #g4 ,polyc>p ,smyrn4 ,m>4 ad4 ,ign4 ,m>4 ad4 ,ign4 #h4 ,antio*4 ,polyc>p ,ign4 ad4 ,m>4 ,ign4 ad4 ,m>4 #i4 ,h]o ,antio*4 ,t>sians ,t>sians #aj4 ,ephes4 ,h]o ,antio*4 #aa4 ,romans ,ephes4 ,h]o #ab4 ,romans ,m>t4 ,ign4 #ac4 ,romans ,i h giv5 ! ord] 9 ,,mss4 conta9+ ! ,long ,rec5sion z well z ! ,vossian1 because1 h[ev] mu* "s may desire to exclude !m1 ! v>iety ( arrangem5t is notable1 & pres5ts features :i* h an und5iable be>+ ^u ?is "q4 ,tak+ ! ,vossian ,,ms41 x is obvi\s t1 )\t any di/9ction :atev] betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! spuri\s1 x conta9s ?ree ( ! false ,epi/les1 & does n conta9 ! s-call$ g5u9e ,epi/le to ! ,romans at all4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 9 fact1 is1 to use ,dr4 ,lightfoot's own expression1 emb$d$ 9 ! ,m>tyrology1 :i* is z spuri\s z any ( ! epi/les4 ,?is circum/ance alone w\ld ju/ify ! ass]tion :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot contradicts4 ,i mu/ n[1 9 ord] f9ally to dispose ( ?is matt] ( notes1 turn = a %ort "t to consid] objections rais$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott4 ,:il/ ,i h to ?ank him = great] c\rtesy1 ,i regret t ,i mu/ po9t out s]i\s errors into :i* he has fall5 9 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ my ref]5ces1 :i*1 z matt]s ( fact1 admit ( practical te/4 ,be=e proce$+ to !m ,i may make "o or two g5]al obs]vations4 ,dr4 ,we/cott says3-- ,i may p]haps express my surprise t a writ] :o is q capable ( ?9k+ = himself %\ld h consid]$ x wor? 8 :ile to burd5 8 pages ) li/s ( names & writ+s1 arrang$1 = ! mo/ "p1 alphabetically1 :i* h 9 v _m cases no value :atev] = a s*ol>1 :ile !y c only oppress ! g5]al read] ) a vague feel+ t all 'pr(\nd' critics are on "o side4 ,! que/ions to be discuss$ mu/ be decid$ by evid5ce & by argum5t & n by au?ority4 #hf3a ,n[ ! fact is t hi!rto1 9 ,engl&1 argum5t & evid5ce h almo/ be5 ignor$ 9 connection ) ! great "q discuss$ 9 ?is "w1 & x has practically be5 decid$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 r5d]$ d\bly pot5t by =ce ( habit & transmitt$ rev]5ce4 ,! or?odox works usually writt5 on ! subject h1 to a v great ext5t1 suppress$ ! objections rais$ by a mass ( le>n$ & indep5d5t critics1 or treat$ !m z insignificant1 & wor?y ( little m ?an a pass+ ^w ( pi\s indignation4 ,at ! same "t1 !re=e1 t ,i endeav\r1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 to decide ^! que/ions by evid5ce & argum5t1 9 opposition to m]e ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ,i ref] read]s desir\s ( fur!r pursu+ ! subject to works :]e !y may f9d !m discuss$4 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to add1 t ,i d n consid] ,i uselessly burd5 my pages by ref]5ces to critics :o confirm ! views 9 ! text or discuss !m1 = x is "r t e>ne/ ?9k]s %\ld be told ! /ate ( op9ion1 & recognise t belief is n s easy & matt]-(-c\rse a ?+ z !y h be5 l$ to suppose1 or ! unanimity q s complete z ,engli% div9es h (t5 seem$ to repres5t x4 ,dr4 ,we/cott1 h[ev]1 omits to /ate t ,i z p]si/5tly ref] to writ]s :o oppose1 z to ^? :o fav\r1 my own conclusions4 ,dr4 ,we/cott proce$s to make ! accusation :i* ,i n[ desire to inve/igate4 ,he says3 ,writ]s are quot$ z hold+ on indep5d5t gr\nds an op9ion :i* is involv$ 9 _! *>act]i/ic assumptions4 ,& m ?an ?is1 ! ref]5ces are n unfrequ5tly actually mislead+4 ,"o example w %[ t ,i d n speak too /rongly4 #hg3a ,dr4 ,we/cott has scrut9is$ ?is "w ) great m9ut5ess1 &1 z ,i %all pres5tly expla91 he has select$ 8 example ) evid5t c>e4 ,! idea ( illu/rat+ ! va/ mass ( ref]5ces 9 ^! volumes by a s+le in/ance is some:at />tl+ b to ins9uate t a suppos$ contradiction po9t$ out 9 "o note runs ?r\gh ! :ole "w1 z he does1 if ,i rightly und]/& 8 subsequ5t expressions1 is sc>cely wor?y ( ,dr4 ,we/cott1 al?\gh ,i am sure he does n mean to be unfair4 ,! example select$ is z foll[s3 ',x has be5 demon/rat$ t ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae17c7 :5 he 0 condemn$ to be ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanatical excitem5t produc$ by ! e>?quake :i* took place on ! #ac? ( t mon?47#d7 #hg3b ',! ref]5ces 9 support ( ^! /atem5ts are ! foll[+3-- '7#c7 ,baur1 ,urspr4 d4 ,episc41 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,!ol4 #ahch1 ,h4#c1 p4 #aee1 ,anm42 ,brets*neid]1 ,probabilia1 c4 p4 #ahe2 ,bleek1 ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #add2 ,gu]icke1 ,h&bu*1 ,k4,g4 i4 p4 #adh2 ,hag5ba*1 ,k4,g4 i4 p4 #aac f42 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4,t4 i4 p4 #ai2 ,may]h(f1 ,e9l4 petr4 ,s*r4 p4 #gi2 ,s*olt51 ,die lt4 ,zeugnisse1 pp4 #dj1 #ej f42 ,volkm>1 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb2 ,h&bu* ,e9l4 ,apocr4 i4 pp4 #aba f41 #acf4 '7#d7 ,volkm>1 ,h&bu* ,e9l4 ,apocr4 i4 pp4 #aba ff41 #acf f42 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb ff42 ,baur1 ,ursp4 d4 ,episc4 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,!ol4 #ahch1 ,h4 #c1 p4 #adi f42 ,ges*4 *r4 ,kir*e1 #ahfc1 i4 p4 #ddj1 ,amn4 #a2 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4,t4 i1 p4 #ai2 ,s*olt51 ,die lt4 ,zeugnisse1 p4 #ea f42 cf4 ,francke1 ,zur ,ges*4 ,trajans u4s4w4 #ahdj1 p4 #bec f42 ,hilg5feld1 ,die ap4 ,vt]1 p1 #bad4' ,^u ?is ,dr4 ,we/cott rem>ks3 ,su* an array ( au?orities1 drawn f diff]5t s*ools1 _c b appe> ov]:elm+2 & ! fact t ab\t half ( !m are quot$ twice ov] emphasises ! impli$ precision ( _! te/imony z to ! two po9ts affirm$4 #hh3a ,dr4 ,we/cott h[ev]1 has ei!r ov]look$ or omitt$ to /ate ! fact t1 al?\gh "s ( ! writ]s are quot$ twice1 ! two notes diff] 9 almo/ e p>ticul>1 _m ( ! names 9 note #c be+ abs5t f note #d1 o!r names be+ ins]t$ 9 ! latt] :i* d n appe> 9 ! =m]1 an alt]ation be+ 9 mo/ cases made 9 ! place ref]r$ to1 & ! ord] 9 :i* ! au?orities are plac$ be+ significantly v>i$4 ,= in/ance1 9 note #c1 ! ref]5ce to ,volkm> is ! la/1 b x is ! fir/ 9 note #d2 :il/ a simil> transposition ( ord] takes place 9 8 works1 & alt]ations are made 9 ! pages4 ,! ref]5ces 9 note #c1 9 fact1 are giv5 = ! date occurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( ! s5t5ce1 :il/ ^? 9 note #d1 plac$ at ! end1 are int5d$ to support ! :ole /atem5t :i* is made4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 expla9 an omission1 :i* is pretty obvi\s1 b :i* ,i regret may h misl$ ,dr4 ,we/cott 9 reg>d to note #c1 al?\gh x does n affect note #d4 ,read]s are probably aw>e t !re has be51 among/ o!r po9ts1 a diff]5ce ( op9ion n only z to ! place1 b also ! date ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius4 ,i h 9 e o!r case c>efully /at$ ! "q ( date1 & my omission 9 ?is in/ance is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only exception 9 ! book4 ,! fact is1 t ,i _h orig9ally 9 ! text ! words :i* ,i n[ add to ! note3 ,! m>tyrdom has be5 v>i\sly dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajg1 or #aae-aaf4 b :e!r assign+ ! ev5t to ,rome or to ,antio* a majority ( critics ( all %ades ( op9ion h adopt$ ! lat] date4 ,?9k+ x unnecess>y1 "u ! circum/ances1 to burd5 ! text ) ?is1 ,i remov$ x ) ! design ( putt+ ! /atem5t at ! head ( note #c1 ) ref]5ce to ,a4,d4 #aae 9 ! text1 b un=tunately an int]ruption at ! "t prev5t$ ! completion ( ?is int5tion1 z well z ! addition ( "s full] ref]5ces to ! writ]s quot$1 :i* _h be5 omitt$1 & ! po9t1 to my inf9ite regret1 0 ov]look$4 ,! :ole ( ! au?orities 9 note #c1 !re=e1 d n support ! app>5t /atem5t ( m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*1 al?\gh !y all confirm ! date1 = :i* ,i really ref]r$ to !m4 ,) ?is explanation1 & m>k+ ! omitt$ ref]5ces #hi3a by plac+ !m )9 brackets1 ,i proce$ to analyse ! two notes 9 contra/ ) ,dr4 ,we/cott's /atem5ts4 ,,note #c1 ,,= ,,! ,,date ,a4,d4 #aae-aaf4 ,,dr4 ,,we/cott',s ,,/atem5ts4 ,,! ,,tru?4 ,baur1 ,urspr4 d4 ,episc41 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahch1 ,h4#c 7p4 #adi1 ,anm47 ,baur /ates z ! date ( ! ,p>?ian w>1 & ( ,trajan's visit to ,rome1 dur+ :i* ! above ord] 7! s5t5ce aga9/ ,ignatius7 is said to h be5 giv51 ,a4,d4 #aae & n #ajg4 #a4 ,baur1 ,urspr4 d4 ,episc41 ,tb4 ,ibid4 p4 #aee1 ,anm4 ,zeits*r4 #ahch1 ii4 #c4 p4 #aee1 ,anm4 ,9 ?is note1 :i* is too ,aft] %[+ ! extreme long to quote1 !re is no?+1 improbability ( ! circum/ances s f> z ,i see1 9 any way "u :i* ! lett]s to ! be>+ ^u ! hi/ory #ij3a ,smyrnaeans & to ,polyc>p are said except a pass+ supposition 'w5n to h be5 writt51 ,baur po9ts 444 ,ignatius im ,j4 #aaf an ihn out ! additional difficulty 9 ,polyc>p 444 s*rieb 444' reg>d to ! latt] t1 if ,polyc>p di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #afg 9 8 #hf? ye>1 & ,ignatius wrote to him z already ,bi%op ( ,smyrna 9 ,a4,d4 #aaf1 he mu/ h become bi%op at lea/ 9 8 #ce? ye>1 & cont9u$ s = upw>ds ( half a c5tury4 ,! inf]5ce is cle> t if ,ignatius di$ s mu* e>li] z ,a4,d4 #ajg x involves ! /ill great] improbability t ,polyc>p mu/ h become ,bi%op ( ,smyrna at late/ 9 8 #bf? ye>1 :i* is sc>cely to be ma9ta9$1 & ! lat] date is ?us obvi\sly support$4 7,ibid4 ,ges*4 *ri/l4 ,kir*e1 i4 p4 #ddj1 ,anm4 #a47 ,baur supports ! ass]tion t ,ignatius suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*1 ,a4,d4 #aae4 #b4 ,brets*neid]1 ,probabilia1 x4 ,! same4 p4 #ahe4 ',p]gamus ad ,ignatium 'qui circa annum cxvi obiisse dicitur4' #c4 ,bleek1 ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #add ,bleek1 ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #add4 p4 #adb ed4 #ahfb '444 ,9 d5 ,brief5 des ,ignatius ,bis*(es von ,ignatius suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,rome ,antio*i51 d] unt] ,trajan geg5 "u ,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #aae4 #aae zu ,rom als ,mrtyr] />b4' #d4 ,gu]icke1 ,h&b4 ,k4,g4 i4 ,gu]icke1 ,h&bu* ,k4,g4 i4 p4 #adh4 p4 #adh p4 #agg ed4 #c1 #ahch1 ! edition :i* ,i h us$4 ,ignatius 0 s5t to ,rome1 "u ',ignatius1 ,bis*(f von ,antio*i5 ,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #aae1 & 0 de/roy$ 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #cf71 wel*] by lions 9 ! ,coliseum1 ,a4,d4 #aaf4 weg5 se9es /&haft5 ,bek5ntnisses ,*ri/i unt] ,trajan #aae na* ,rom gefhrt1 und hi] #aaf im ,colosseum von ,lw5 z]riss5 wurde 7vgl4 #bc1 i47' :]e ! same /atem5t is repeat$4 #e4 ,hag5ba*1 ,k4,g4 i4 #aac f4 ,i ,hag5ba*1 ,k4,g4 #ahfi1 p4 #aac4 f4 h n be5 able to see ! book ref]r$ to1 b 9 8 ,lectures ,he 7,ignatius7 may h fill$ 8 ',die *ri/li*e ,kir*e d] drei (fice ab\t #dj ye>s :5 ! er/5 ,jahrhund]te1 #ia3a #ahec ,emp]or1 9 ! ye> #aae 7accord+ 7pp4 #abb ff471 ,hag5ba* m5tions to o!rs /ill e>li]71 came to ! difficulty :i* has be5 felt ,antio*4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 w> z to ! execution at ,rome1 :ile aga9/ ! ,p>?ians4 ,hag5ba* an execution at ,antio* might h /ates "s ( ! argum5ts = & be5 simpl] & m impressive1 aga9/ ! m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*1 & !n quotes ,giesel]'s solution1 & ! j\rney to ,rome1 ! =m] & passes on ) ',wie dem su* ( :i* he seems to consid] m sei4' probable4 #f4 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4,t4 i4 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4,t4 i4 p4 #ai4 p4 #ai4 ',all ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius are po/]ior to ,ignatius ,! same z opposite4 himself1 :o 0 n ?r[n to ! wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre at ,^! p]emptory /atem5ts are ,rome by comm& ( ,trajan1 b at ( c\rse bas$ ^u :at is ,antio* on ,decemb] #bj1 ,a4,d4 #aae4 consid]$ satisfactory evid5ce1 ,! ,epi/les 7 writt5 aft] ?\gh x may n be adduc$ "h4 #aej ,a4,d4' ,= ^! p]emptory /atem5ts no au?ority :atev] is adduc$4 #g4 ,may]h(f1 ,e9l4 petr4 ,s*r4 ,may]h(f1 ,e9l4 petr4 ,s*r4 p4 #gi4 '444 ,ignatius1 d] p4 #gi4 spte/5s #aag zu ,rom d5 ,mrtyr]tod litt 444' ,ignatius suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,rome at late/ ,a4,d4 #aag4 #h4 ,s*olt51 ,die lt4 ,zeugnisse1 ,s*olt51 ,die lt4 ,zeugnisse1 p4 #dj1 m5tions #aae z ! ye> ( p4 #dj1 /ates ,a4,d4 #aae z ! date ,ignatius' dea?3 p4 #ej f4 ,! ( ,ignatius' dea?4 ,at p4 #ej he ,ignatian lett]s are reject$ repeats ?is /atem5t1 & gives p>tly 'weil sie e9e ,mrtyr]reise 8 support to ! view t 8 des ,ignatius na* ,rom meld51 d]5 m>tyrdom took place 9 ,antio* on s*on frh] erkanntes ! #bj? ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae4 unges*i*tli*es ,wes5 dur* ,volkm>'s ni*t ungegrndete ,v]mu?ung um s wahrs*e9li*] wird4 ,d>na* s*e9t nmli* ,ignatius ni*t zu ,rom auf ,befehl des sanftm?ig5 ,trajans1 sond]n zu ,antio*ia selb/1 9 ,folge e9es am dreizehnt5 ,decemb] #aae e+etret55 ,erdbeb5s1 als ,opf] e9es ab]glubis*5 ,volkswahns am zwanzig/5 ,decemb] dieses ,jahres im ,amphi!at] d5 wild5 ,?i]5 zur ,beute b]lief]t word5 zu se94' #i4 ,volkm>1 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb ,volkm>1 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb1 p4 #eb ff4 #ib3a ,?is book ,i affirms ! m>tyrdom at ,antio*1 h n be5 able to consult1 b #bj? ,decemb]1 #aae4 f second>y ref]5ces ,i ga!r t x repeats ! argum5ts giv5 "u ! next ref]5ce4 #aj4 ,volkm>1 ,ha9db4 ,e9l4 ,apocr4 ,ibid4 ,h&bu* ,e9l4 ,apocr4 pp4 #aba f41 #acf4 ',e9 ,haupt d] p4 #aba f41 affirms ! m>tyrdom ,geme9de zu ,antio*ia1 ,ignatius1 at ,antio*1 #bj? ,decemb]1 #aae4 wurde1 whr5d ,trajan dortselb/ b]w9t]te1 am #bj4 ,decemb] d5 ,?i]5 vorgeworf51 9 ,folge d] dur* das ,erdbeb5 vom #ac4 ,decemb] #aae geg5 die ,greek3 a!oi erweckt5 ,volkswu?1 e9 ,opf] zuglei* d] ,siegesfe/e des ,p>?icus1 wel*e die ,judi?- ,erzhlung 7i4 #af7 &eutet1 ,dio 7c4 #bd f42 vgl4 c4 #aj7 voraussetzt 444' ,p4 #acf4 ,! same /atem5t is ,ibid4 p4 #acf4 ,! same repeat$ briefly4 #ic3a /atem5t1 ) full] *ronological evid5ce4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! :ole ( ^! au?orities confirm ! lat] date assign$ to ! m>tyrdom1 & t ,baur1 9 ! note 9 :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott f9ds no?+ 9 any way be>+ ^u ! hi/ory except a pass+ supposition1 really advances a weighty argum5t = x & aga9/ ! e>li] date1 & z ,dr4 ,we/cott consid]s1 rightly1 t argum5t %\ld decide ev]y?+1 ,i am surpris$ t he has n p]ceiv$ ! propriety ( my ref]r+ to argum5ts z well z /atem5ts ( evid5ce4 ,to sum up ! op9ions express$1 ,i may /ate t :il/ all ! n9e writ]s support ! lat] date1 = :i* purpose !y 7 quot$1 ?ree ( !m 7,bleek1 ,gu]icke1 & ,may]h(f7 ascribe ! m>tyrdom to ,rome1 "o 7,brets*neid]7 m5tions no place1 "o 7,hag5ba*7 is d\btful1 b leans to ,antio*1 & ! o!r f\r decl>e = ! m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld %[ m conclusively ! purpose ( note #c1 :i* ,i h expla9$1 ?an ?is v contradiction1 & ! fact t ,i claim = ! g5]al /atem5t 9 ! text1 reg>d+ ! m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself 9 opposition to ! leg5d ( ! j\rney to & dea? 9 ,rome1 only ! au?orities 9 note #d1 :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to analyse 9 contra/ ) ,dr4 ,we/cott's /atem5ts1 & "h ,i beg ! fav\r ( ! read]'s att5tion4 ,,note #d4 ,,dr4 ,,we/cott',s ,,/atem5ts4 ,,! ,,tru?4 #a4 ,volkm>3 see above4 ,volkm>1 ,h&bu* ,e9l4 ,apocr4 i4 pp4 #aba ff41 #acf f4 ,x w be obs]v$ on turn+ to ! passage above 7#aj71 to :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott ref]s1 t he quotes a s+le s5t5ce conta9+ m]ely a concise /atem5t ( facts1 & t no indication is giv5 to ! read] t !re is any?+ beyond x4 ,at p4 #acf ! same /atem5t is repeat$ briefly4 ,n[ ei!r ,dr4 ,we/cott1 :il/ br++ a mo/ s]i\s *>ge aga9/ my "w1 bas$ ^u ?is "o example1 has actually n tak5 ! tr\ble to exam9e my ref]5ce to pp4 #aba ff41 #acf f41 & p4 #ej ff41 to :i* he w\ld h f\nd himself !re direct$1 or he has act$ t[>ds me ) a want ( fairness :i* ,i v5ture to say he w be ! fir/ to regret1 :5 he consid]s ! facts4 ,w\ld x be div9$ f ! words opposite1 & ! s5t5ce above1 t ,volkm> ent]s into an elaborate argum5t1 ext5d+ ov] a doz5 closely pr9t$ pages1 to prove t ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae1 probably z a sacrifice to ! sup]/iti\s fury ( ! p aga9/ ! ,greek3 a!oi1 excit$ by ! e>?quake :i* occurr$ on ! ?irte5? ( t mon?8 ,i %all n "h attempt to give ev5 an epitome ( ! reason+1 z ,i %all pres5tly reproduce "s ( ! argum5ts ( ,volkm> & o!rs 9 a m cond5s$ & consecutive =m4 ,ibid4 ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #eb ff4 ,volkm> repeats ! affirmations :i* he _h fully argu$ 9 ! above "w & else:]e4 #b4 ,baur1 ,ursprung d4 ,episc41 ,baur1 ,urspr4 d4 ,episc41 ,tb4 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahch1 ii4 ,h4 #c1 ,zeits*r4 #ahch1 ,h4 #c1 p4 #adi f4 p4 #adi f4 ,9 ?is passage ,baur discusses ,baur ent]s into a long & m9ute g5]ally ! hi/orical exam9ation ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! m>tyrdom1 :i* "* ( ! m>tyrdom ( he consid]s1 z a :ole1 to be ,ignatius1 & ( ! ,ignatian 'd\btful & incr$ible4' ,to ,epi/les1 & pron\nces ! :ole e/abli% ?is result he notices to be fabul\s1 & m especially ! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to ! repres5tation ( 8 s5t5ce ! ,empire 9 ! "t ( ,trajan1 & m>tyr-j\rney to ,rome4 ,he :i* he reg>ds z inconsi/5t %[s t1 :ile isolat$ cases ( ) ! condemnation ( ,ignatius2 condemnation to dea?1 "u & ! improbable circum/ances occurr$ dur+ ,trajan's reign may ( ! j\rney4 ,! p]sonal ju/ify ! m]e tradition t he *>act]i/ics1 ! lett]s1 ! suff]$ m>tyrdom1 !re is no hi/ory ( ,ignatius1 are1 9 8 in/ance record$ 9 :i* a op9ion1 all a m]e creation ( ,*ri/ian 0 condemn$ to be s5t ! imag9ation4 ,! utmo/ he to ,rome to be ca/ to ! bea/s2 all[s is t he may h t su* a s5t5ce is oppos$ to suff]$ m>tyrdom4 7,p4 #afi47 all hi/orical data ( ! reign ( ,trajan1 & to all t is kn[n ( 8 "* & pr9ciples2 & t ! :ole ( ! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! suppos$ j\rney directly discr$it ! /ory4 ,! argum5t is mu* too long & elaborate to reproduce "h1 b ,i %all pres5tly make use ( "s p>ts ( x4 #c4 ,baur1 ,ges*4 *r4 ,kir*e1 ,ibid41 ,ges*4 *r4 ,kir*e1 #ahfc1 #ahfc1 i4 p4 #ddj1 ,anm4 #a4 i4 p4 #ddj1 ,anm4 #a4 ',die ,v]ur!ilung ad be/ias ,! reality is 'wohl nur' t 9 und die ,abfhrung dazu na* ,rom ! ye> #aae1 :5 ,trajan w9t]$ 444 mag au* unt] ,trajan ni*ts 9 ,antio*1 ,ignatius suff]$ zu ungewhnli*es gewes5 se91 m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself1 z a ab] 444 bleibt ie ,ges*i*te sacrifice to popul> fury se9es ,mrtyr]?ums au* na* consequ5t on ! e>?quake ( d] ,v]!idigung d]selb5 von t ye>4 ,! re/ 0 develop$ ,lipsius 444 h*/ out ( ! ref]5ce to ,trajan = unwahrs*e9li*4 ,das ,factis*e ! glorification ( m>tyrdom4 i/ wohl nur dass ,ignatius im ,j4 #aae1 als ,trajan 9 ,antio*i5 b]w9t]te1 9 ,folge des ,erdbeb5s 9 diesem ,jahr1 9 ,antio*i5 selb/ als e9 ,opf] d] ,volkswu? zum ,mrtyr] wurde4' #d4 ,davidson3 see above4 ,davidson1 ,introd4 ,n4,t41 p4 #ai4 ,all 7! ,epi/les7 are po/]ior to ,ignatius himself1 :o 0 n ?r[n to ! wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre at ,rome by comm& ( ,trajan1 b at ,antio*1 on ,decemb] #bj?1 ,a4,d4 #aae4 #e4 ,s*olt53 see above4 ,s*olt51 ,die lt4 ,zeugnisse1 p4 #ea f4 ,! ,ignatian ,epi/les are decl>$ to be spuri\s = v>i\s reasons1 b p>tly because !y m5tion a m>tyr-j\rney ( ,ignatius to ,rome1 ! unhi/orical "* ( :i*1 already e>li] recognis$ 7see ,baur1 ,urspr4 des ,episc4 #ahch1 p4 #adg ff41 ,die ,ign4 ,briefe1 #ahdh2 ,s*wegl]1 ,na*ap4 ,zeitalt4 ii4 p4 #aei ff42 ,hilg5feld1 ,apo/4 ,vt]1 p4 #baj ff42 ,rville1 ,le ,li51 #ahef1 ,nos4 #ah-bb71 is made all ! m probable by ,volkm>'s n gr\ndless conjecture4 ,accord+ to x ,ignatius is report$ to h become ! prey ( wild bea/s on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 #aae1 n 9 ! amphi!atre 9 ,rome by ! ord] ( ! mild ,trajan1 b 9 ,antio* itself1 z ! victim ( sup]/iti\s popul> fury consequ5t on an e>?quake :i* occurr$ on ! #ac? ,decemb] ( t ye>4 #f4 ,francke1 ,zur ,ges*4 ,cf4 ,francke1 ,zur ,ges*4 ,trajan's1 ,trajan's1 #ahdj #ahcg1 p4 #bec f4 #ahdj4 ,?is is a m]e comp>ative ,a discussion ( ! date ( ! ref]5ce to e/abli% ! important beg9n+ ( ,trajan's ,p>?ian po9t ( ! date ( ! ,p>?ian w>1 :i* he fixes 9 ,a4,d4 #aae1 w> & ,trajan's visit to ,antio*4 b he decides no?+ directly ,dr4 ,we/cott omits ! ,cf4 z to ! "t ( ,ignatius' m>tyrdom4 #g4 ,hilg5feld1 ,die ap4 ,vt]1 ,hilg5feld1 ,die ap4 ,vt]1 p4 #bad ff4 p4 #bad pp4 #baj ff4 ,hilg5feld ,hilg5feld /rongly supports ,baur's po9ts out ! objections to ! argum5t :i* is ref]r$ to n>rative 9 ! ,acts ( ! above1 & :ile decl>+ ! ,m>tyrdom1 ! orig9 ( :i* he :ole /ory ( ,ignatius1 & m ref]s to ! p]iod betwe5 especially ! j\rney to ,rome1 ,eusebius & ,j]ome3 sett+ incr$ible1 he consid]s ! m]e aside ?is detail$ n>rative he fact t ,ignatius suff]$ consid]s ! hi/orical "* m>tyrdom ! only po9t reg>d+ ( ! g5]al /atem5ts 9 ! :i* ! possibility has be5 made lett]s4 ,! mode ( puni%m5t out4 ,he %[s #ig3a t ! by a prov9cial gov]nor causes m>tyrology /ates ! #bj? "s difficulty3 'b$5kli*]1' ,decemb] z ! day ( ,ignatius' he cont9ues1 'i/ j$5falls d] dea?1 & t 8 rema9s 7 &re ,punct1 die ,v]s5dung na* buri$ at ,antio*1 :]e !y /ill ,rom4' ,:y 0 ! puni%m5t n 7 9 ! days ( ,*ryso/om & c>ri$ out at ,antio*8 ,w\ld x ,j]ome4 ,he argues f all t is be likely t "u an ,emp]or kn[n ( ! reign & "* ( l ,trajan a prison] l ,trajan1 t su* a s5t5ce f ,ignatius w\ld be s5t to ,rome to ! ,emp]or himself is q fight 9 ! amphi!atre8 ,! unsupport$ & inconceivable4 ,a circum/ances ( ! j\rney z prov9cial ,gov]nor might h describ$ are mo/ improbable4 condemn$ him ad be/ias1 b 9 ,! acc\nt ( ! p]secution any case ! transmission to ,rome itself is beset by difficulties4 is m d\btful4 ,he %[s1 ,hav+ set out ^! objections h[ev]1 t ! :ole /ory is he leaves ! "q1 ca/+ inconsi/5t ) hi/orical facts1 d\bt 7l ,baur7 ^u ! :ole & ! circum/ances ( ! hi/ory1 & gives no support to j\rney incr$ible4 ,x is ! bold affirmation ( a impossible to give ev5 a sket* ( m>tyrdom 'at ,antio* on ! #bj? ?is argum5t1 :i* ext5ds ov] ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae4' five long pages1 b al?\gh ,hilg5feld does n directly ref] to ! !ory ( ! m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself1 8 reason+ =cibly po9ts to t conclusion1 & =ms "p ( ! conv]g+ tra9s ( reason+ :i* result 9 t demon/ration :i* ,i ass]t4 ,i w pres5tly make use ( "s ( 8 argum5ts4 ,at ! close ( ?is analysis ,dr4 ,we/cott sums up ! result z foll[s3 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 aga91 ,volkm> alone (f]s any argum5ts 9 support ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text2 & ! f9al result ( ! ref]5ces is1 t ! alleg$ 'demon/ration' is1 at ! mo/1 :at ,s*olt5 calls 'a n gr\ndless conjecture4' #ih3a ,x is sc>cely possible to imag9e a m complete misrepres5tation ( ! fact ?an ! ass]tion t ,volkm> alone (f]s any argum5ts 9 support ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text1 & x is incompreh5sible ^u any ord9>y !ory4 ,my m]e sket* _c possibly convey an adequate idea ( ! elaborate argum5ts ( ,volkm>1 ,baur1 & ,hilg5feld1 b ,i hope to /ate _! ma9 features1 a few pages on4 ,) reg>d to ,dr4 ,we/cott's rem>k on ! alleg$ 'demon/ration1' x mu/ be evid5t t :5 a writ] /ates any?+ to be demon/rat$ he expresses 8 own belief4 ,x is impossible to secure absolute unanimity ( op9ion1 & ! only "q 9 su* a case is :e!r ,i ref] to writ]s1 9 connection ) ! circum/ances :i* ,i affirm to be demon/rat$1 :o advance argum5ts & evid5ce be>+ ^u x4 ,a critic is q at lib]ty to say t ! argum5ts are insuffici5t1 b he is n at lib]ty to d5y t !re are any argum5ts at all :5 ! elaborate reason+ ( m5 l ,volkm>1 ,baur1 & ,hilg5feld is ref]r$ to4 ,!re=e1 :5 he goes on to say3 ,x seems q ne$less to multiply comm5ts on ^! results4 ,anyone :o w c&idly consid] ?is analysis w1 ,i believe1 agree ) me 9 ?9k+ t su* a /yle ( annotation1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole "w1 is ju/ly *>act]is$ z frivol\s & mislead+--#ii3a ,dr4 ,we/cott mu/ excuse my retort+ t1 n my annotation1 b 8 own criticism ( x1 endors$ by ,pr(essor ,lightfoot1 is frivol\s & mislead+1 & ,i v5ture to hope t ?is analysis1 t$i\s z x has be51 may once = all e/abli% ! propriety & sub/antial accuracy ( my ref]5ces4 ,z ,dr4 ,we/cott does n advance any fur!r argum5ts ( 8 own 9 reg>d to ! ,ignatian controv]sy1 ,i may n[ return to ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 & complete my reply to 8 objections2 b ,i mu/ d s ) extreme brevity1 z ,i h already devot$ too mu* space to ?is subject1 & mu/ n[ come to a close4 ,to ! argum5t t x is impossible to suppose t soldi]s su* z ! t5 leop>ds describ$ 9 ! ,epi/les w\ld all[ a prison]1 condemn$ to wild bea/s = pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 delib]ately to write long epi/les at e /age ( 8 j\rney1 promulgat+ ! v doctr9es = :i* he 0 condemn$1 z well z to hold ! free/ int]c\rse ) deputations f ! v>i\s ,*ur*es1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot advances argum5ts1 d]iv$ f ,zahn1 reg>d+ ! ,roman proc$ure 9 cases t are said to be kn[n4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 are nei!r analog\s1 nor h !y ! =ce :i* is assum$4 ,t ,*ri/ians imprison$ = _! religi\s belief %\ld receive _! n\ri%m5t1 :ile 9 prison1 f fri5ds1 is any?+ b extraord9>y1 & t bribes %\ld secure access to !m 9 _m cases1 & "s mitigation ( suff]+1 is possible4 ,! case ( ,ignatius1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t4 ,if ! mean+ ( ,greek3 oi kai eu]get\m5oi *eir\s g9ontai be t1 al?\gh receiv+ bribes1 ! t5 leop>ds only became m cruel1 ! v rev]se ( ! l5i5cy & mild treatm5t ascrib$ to ! ,roman proc$ure is describ$ by ! writ] himself z actually tak+ place1 & c]ta9ly no?+ approa*+ a p>allel to ! correspond5ce ( pseudo-,ignatius c be po9t$ out 9 any kn[n in/ance4 ,! case ( ,saturus & ,p]petua1 ev5 if true1 is no confirmation1 ! circum/ances be+ v diff]5t2 #ajj3a b 9 fact !re is no evid5ce :atev] t ! extant hi/ory 0 writt5 by ei!r ( !m1 #ajj3b b on ! contr>y1 ,i ma9ta91 e reason to believe t x 0 n4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot advances ! in/ance ( ,paul z a case 9 po9t ( a ,*ri/ian prison] treat$ ) great consid]ation1 & :o writes lett]s freely1 receives visits f 8 fri5ds1 communicates ) ,*ur*es & individuals z he desires4 #aja3a ,x is sc>cely possible to imag9e two cases m dissimil> ?an ^? ( pseudo-,ignatius & ,paul1 z n>rat$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 al?\gh d\btless ! /ory ( ! =m] has be5 fram$ ^u "s ( ! l9es ( ! latt]4 ,:il/ ,ignatius is condemn$ to be ca/ to ! wild bea/s z a ,*ri/ian1 ,paul is n condemn$ at all1 b /&s 9 ! position ( a ,roman citiz51 rescu$ f infuriat$ ,jews 7xxiii4 #bg71 repeat$ly decl>$ by 8 judges to h done no?+ wor?y ( dea? or ( bonds 7xxv4 #be1 xxvi4 #ca71 & :o might h be5 set at lib]ty b t he _h appeal$ to ,caes> 7xxv4 #aa f41 xxvi4 #cb74 ,8 position 0 "o :i* secur$ ! sympa?y ( ! ,roman soldi]s4 ,ignatius fights ) bea/s f ,syria ev5 unto ,rome1 & is cruelly treat$ by 8 t5 leop>ds1 b ,paul is repres5t$ z receiv+ v diff]5t treatm5t4 ,felix comm&s t 8 own p %\ld be all[$ to come & m9i/] to him 7xxiv4 #bc71 & :5 ! voyage is comm5c$ x is said t ,julius1 :o _h *>ge ( ,paul1 treat$ him c\rte\sly1 &1 gave him lib]ty to g to see 8 fri5ds at ,sidon 7xxvii4 #c74 ,at ,rome he 0 all[$ to live by himself ) a s+le soldi] to gu>d him 7xxviii4 #af71 & he cont9u$ = two ye>s 9 8 own hir$ h\se 7xxviii4 #bh74 ,^! circum/ances are totally diff]5t f ^? "u :i* ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius are said to h be5 writt54 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful te/imony1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot goes on to say1 is d]iv$ f ! repres5tations ( a hea!n writ]4 #aja3b ,! case ( ,p]egr9us1 to :i* he ref]s1 seems to me ev5 m un=tunate ?an t ( ,paul4 ,( ,p]egr9us himself1 hi/orically1 we really "k little or no?+1 = ! acc\nt ( ,lucian is sc>cely receiv$ z s]i\s by anyone4 #ajb3a ,lucian n>rates t ?is ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 a cynic philosoph]1 hav+ be5 guilty ( p>ricide & o!r crimes1 f\nd x conv5i5t to leave 8 own c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels he fell 9 ) ,*ri/ians & le>nt _! doctr9es1 &1 accord+ to ,lucian1 ! ,*ri/ians soon 7 m]e *ildr5 9 8 h&s1 s t he became 9 8 own p]son prophet1 high-prie/1 & rul] ( a synagogue1 & fur!r !y spoke ( him z a god1 us$ him z a lawgiv]1 & elect$ him _! *ief man4 #ajb3b ,aft] a "t he 0 put 9 prison = 8 new fai?1 :i* ,lucian says 0 a real s]vice to him aft]w>ds 9 8 impo/ures4 ,dur+ ! "t he 0 9 prison he is said to h receiv$ ^? s]vices f ,*ri/ians :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot quotes4 ,p]egr9us 0 aft]w>ds set at lib]ty by ! ,gov]nor ( ,syria1 :o lov$ philosophy1 #ajb3c & travell$ ab\t1 liv+ 9 great com=t at ! exp5se ( ! ,*ri/ians1 until at la/ !y qu>rell$ 9 consequ5ce1 ,lucian ?9ks1 ( 8 eat+ "s =bidd5 food4 ,f9ally1 ,p]egr9us end$ 8 c>e] by ?r[+ himself into ! flames ( a fun]al pile dur+ ! ,olympian games4 ,an e>?quake is said to h tak5 place at ! "t2 a vulture flew out f ! pile cry+ out ) a human voice2 &1 %ortly aft]1 ,p]egr9us rose aga9 & appe>$ clo!d 9 :ite raim5t1 unhurt by ! fire4 ,n[ ?is writ+1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 ! b>e/ sket*1 is a direct satire ^u ,*ri/ians1 or ev51 z ,baur affirms1 a p>ody ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus4 #ajb3d ,!re are no means ( asc]ta9+ t any ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian c>e] ( ,p]egr9us 7 true1 b x is obvi\s t ,lucian's policy 0 to exagg]ate ! facility ( access to prison]s1 z well z ! assiduity & att5tion ( ! ,*ri/ians to ,p]egr9us1 ! ease ) :i* !y 7 dup$ be+ ! *ief po9t ( ! satire4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance :i* mu/ be m5tion$4 ,lucian's acc\nt ( ,p]egr9us is claim$ by support]s ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les z evid5ce = !m4 #ajc3a ,! s+ul> correspond5ce 9 ?is n>rative ) ! acc\nt ( ,ignatius1 comb9$ ) "s /rik+ co9cid5ces ( expression1 !y argue1 %[ t ,lucian 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,ignatian hi/ory1 if n ) ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,^! are ! words ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 al?\gh he gu>ds himself1 9 ref]r+ to ?is argum5t1 by ! words if x be true1 & does n express 8 own op9ion2 b he goes on to say3 ,at all ev5ts x is conclusive = ! matt] 9 h&1 z %[+ t ,*ri/ian prison]s 7 treat$ 9 ! v way describ$ 9 ^! epi/les4 #ajc3b ,on ! contr>y1 x is 9 no case conclusive ( any?+4 ,if x 7 true t ,lucian employ$1 z ! basis ( 8 satire1 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les & ,m>tyrology1 x is cle> t 8 n>rative _c be us$ z indep5d5t te/imony = ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian prison]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ?is _c be %[n1 8 /ory rema9s a m]e satire ) v little hi/orical value4 ,ap>t f all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! case ( ,p]egr9us1 a man conf9$ 9 prison = a %ort "t1 "u a fav\rable gov]nor1 & n pursu$ ) any sev]ity1 is no p>allel to t ( ,ignatius condemn$ ad be/ias &1 accord+ to 8 own express /atem5t1 cruelly treat$ by ! t5 leop>ds2 & fur!r ! lib]ty ( pseudo-,ignatius mu/ greatly h exce$$ all t is said ( ,p]egr9us1 if he 0 able to write su* epi/les1 & hold su* free int]c\rse z !y repres5t4 ,i w n[1 9 ! briefe/ mann] possible1 indicate ! argum5ts ( ! writ]s ref]r$ to 9 ! note #ajd3a attack$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 9 :i* he _c f9d any relevancy1 b :i*1 9 my op9ion1 demon/rate t ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself4 ,! read] :o wi%es to g m9utely into ! matt] mu/ be good en\gh to consult ! writ]s !re cit$1 & ,i w only sket* ! case "h1 )\t specifically indicat+ ! s\rce ( ea* argum5t4 ,:]e ,i add any p>ticul>s ,i w1 :5 necess>y1 give my au?orities4 ,! ,ignatian ,epi/les & m>tyrologies set =? t1 dur+ a g5]al p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 9 ,syria at lea/1 ,ignatius 0 condemn$ by ,trajan1 :5 he w9t]$ 9 ,antio* dur+ ! ,p>?ian ,w>1 to be tak5 to ,rome & ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre4 ,in/ead ( be+ s5t to ,rome by ! %ort sea voyage1 he is repres5t$ z tak5 ?i!r by ! long & incomp>ably m difficult l& r\te4 ,! t5 soldi]s :o gu>d him are describ$ by himself z only r5d]$ m cruel by ! pres5ts made to !m to secure k9d treatm5t = him1 s t n 9 ! amphi!atre only1 b all ! way f ,syria to ,rome1 by night & day1 by sea & l&1 he fights ) bea/s4 ,not)/&+ ?is sev]ity1 ! m>tyr freely receives deputations f ! v>i\s ,*ur*es1 :o1 f> f be+ mole/$1 are able to h con/ant int]c\rse ) him1 & ev5 to accompany him on 8 j\rney4 ,he n only conv]ses ) ^! freely1 b he is repres5t$ z writ+ long epi/les to ! v>i\s ,*ur*es1 :i*1 in/ead ( conta9+ ! la/ exhortations & f>ewell words :i* might be consid]$ natural f ! expectant m>tyr1 are fill$ ) advanc$ views ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 & ! dignity ( ! episcopate4 ,^! circum/ances1 at ! outset1 excite grave suspicions ( ! tru? ( ! docum5ts & ( ! /ory :i* !y set =?4 ,:5 we enquire :e!r ! alleg$ facts ( ! case are support$ by hi/orical data1 ! reply is emphatically adv]se4 ,all t is kn[n ( ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians dur+ ! reign ( ,trajan1 z well z ( ! "* ( ! ,emp]or1 is oppos$ to ! supposition t ,ignatius c\ld h be5 condemn$ by ,trajan himself1 or ev5 by a prov9cial gov]nor1 to be tak5 to ,rome & !re ca/ to ! bea/s4 ,x is well kn[n t "u ,trajan !re 0 no g5]al p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh !re may h be5 in/ances 9 :i* prom95t memb]s ( ! body 7 ei!r puni%$ or fell victims to popul> fury & sup]/ition4 #aje3a ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d 0 ! m>tyrdom ( ,simeon1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 report$ by ,hegesippus4 ,he 0 n condemn$ ad be/ias1 h[ev]1 & mu* less deport$ to ,rome = ! purpose4 ,:y %\ld ,ignatius h be5 s exceptionally treat$8 ,9 fact1 ev5 dur+ ! p]secutions "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 al?\gh ,*ri/ians 9 ,syria 7 frequ5tly en\gh ca/ to ! bea/s1 !re is no in/ance record$ 9 :i* anyone condemn$ to ?is fate 0 s5t to ,rome4 ,su* a s5t5ce is q at v>iance ) ! clem5t "* ( ,trajan & 8 pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,ne&]1 9 a passage quot$ by ,baur1 says3 ,z he 7,trajan71 l ,pl9y1 consid]$ ,*ri/ianity m]e fanaticism1 he also probably ?\ght t if sev]ity 7 comb9$ ) clem5cy1 if too mu* noise 7 n made ab\t x1 ! op5 demon/ration n left unpuni%$ b also m9ds n /irr$ up by p]secution1 ! fanatical en?usiasm w\ld mo/ easily cool d[n1 & ! matt] by degrees come to an end4 #ajf3a ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! policy :i* ma9ly *>act]is$ 8 reign4 ,n[ n only w\ld ?is sev]e s5t5ce h be5 contr>y to su* pr9ciples1 b ! agitation excit$ w\ld h be5 enorm\sly increas$ by s5d+ ! m>tyr a long j\rney by l& ?r\gh ,asia1 & all[+ him to pass ?r\gh "s ( ! pr9cipal cities1 hold con/ant int]c\rse ) ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian communities1 & address long epi/les to !m4 ,) ! f]vid desire = m>tyrdom !n preval5t1 su* a j\rney w\ld h be5 a triumphal progress1 spread+ ev]y:]e excitem5t & en?usiasm4 ,x may n be out ( place1 z an indication ( ! results ( imp>tial exam9ation1 to po9t out t ,ne&]'s inability to accept ! ,ignatian ,epi/les l>gely re/s on 8 disbelief ( ! :ole tradition ( ?is s5t5ce & m>tyr-j\rney4 ,we d n recognise ! ,emp]or ,trajan 9 ?is n>rative 7! m>tyrology71 he says1 !re=e _c b d\bt ev]y?+ :i* is relat$ by ?is docum5t1 z well z t1 dur+ ?is reign1 ,*ri/ians c h be5 ca/ to ! wild bea/s4 #ajf3b ,if1 = a mom5t1 we suppose t1 in/ead ( be+ condemn$ by ,trajan himself1 ,ignatius receiv$ 8 s5t5ce f a prov9cial gov]nor1 ! /ory does n ga9 great] probability4 ,x is n cr$ible t su* an (ficial w\ld h v5tur$ to act s mu* 9 opposition to ! _s ( ! ,emp]or's gov]nm5t4 ,besides1 if su* a gov]nor did pron\nce s sev]e a s5t5ce1 :y did he n execute x 9 ,antio*8 ,:y s5d ! prison] to ,rome8 ,by do+ s he made all ! m conspicu\s a sev]ity :i* 0 n likely to be pleas+ to ! clem5t ,trajan4 ,! cruelty :i* dictat$ a condemnation ad be/ias w\ld h be5 m gratifi$ by execution on ! spot1 & !re is besides no in/ance kn[n1 ev5 dur+ ! foll[+ g5]al p]secution1 ( ,*ri/ians be+ s5t = execution 9 ,rome4 ,! transport to ,rome is 9 no case cr$ible1 & ! utmo/ t c be admitt$ is1 t ,ignatius1 l ,simeon ( ,j]usalem1 may h be5 condemn$ to dea? dur+ ?is reign1 m especially if ! ev5t be associat$ ) "s sudd5 outbreak ( sup]/iti\s fury aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 to :i* ! m>tyr may at once h fall5 a victim4 ,we are n )\t indications ( su* a cause op]at+ 9 ! case ( ,ignatius4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! date ( ,trajan's visit to ,antio* is ,a4,d4 #aae1 :5 he w9t]$ !re dur+ ! ,p>?ian ,w>4 ,an e>?quake occurr$ on ! #ac? ,decemb] ( t ye>1 :i* 0 well calculat$ to excite popul> sup]/ition4 ,x may n be out ( place to quote "h ! acc\nt ( ! e>?quake giv5 by ,dean ,milman1 :o1 al?\gh he m5tions a diff]5t date1 & adh]es to ! m>tyrdom 9 ,rome1 /ill associates ! condemnation ( ,ignatius ) ! e>?quake4 ,he says3 ,nev]!less1 at t "t !re 7 circum/ances :i* acc\nt ) s+ul> likelihood = t sudd5 outbur/ ( p]secution 9 ,antio* 444 ,at ?is v "t an e>?quake1 m ?an usually t]rible & de/ructive1 %ook ! cities ( ! ,ea/4 ,antio* suff]$ its mo/ appall+ ravages--,antio*1 cr[d$ ) ! legion>ies prep>$ = ! ,emp]or's invasion ( ! ,ea/1 ) ambassadors & tribut>y k+s f all p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,! city %ook ?r\gh all its /reets2 h\ses1 palaces1 !atres1 temples fell cra%+ d[n4 ,_m 7 kill$3 ! ,consul ,p$o di$ ( 8 hurts4 ,! ,emp]or himself h>dly escap$ ?r\gh a w9d[1 & took refuge 9 ! ,circus1 :]e he pass$ "s days 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5ce ?is t]rible bl[ b f ! wra? ( ! ,gods1 :o mu/ be appeas$ by unusual sacrifices8 ,?is 0 t[>ds ! end ( ,janu>y2 e>ly 9 ,febru>y ! ,*ri/ian ,bi%op1 ,ignatius1 0 arre/$4 ,we "k h[1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 at e p]iod ( public calamity1 :atev] t calamity might be1 ! cry ( ! panic-/rick5 ,hea!ns 01 ',! ,*ri/ians to ! lions6' ,x maybe t1 9 ,trajan's humanity1 9 ord] to prev5t a g5]al massacre by ! infuriat$ populace1 or to give great] solemnity to ! sacrifice1 ! execution 0 ord]$ to take place1 n 9 ,antio*1 b 9 ,rome4 #ajh3a ,i cont5d t ^! reasons1 on ! contr>y1 r5d] execution 9 ,antio* inf9itely m probable4 ,to cont9ue1 h[ev]3 ! e>?quake occurr$ on ! #ac?1 & ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius took place on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 j a week aft] ! e>?quake4 ,8 rema9s1 z we "k f ,*ryso/om & o!rs1 71 z an actual fact1 int]r$ at ,antio*4 ,! natural inf]5ce is t ! m>tyrdom1 ! only "p ( ! ,ignatian /ory :i* is cr$ible1 occurr$ n 9 ,rome b 9 ,antio* itself1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sup]/iti\s fury aga9/ ! ,greek3 a!oi ar\s$ by ! e>?quake4 ,i w n[ g m into ! details ( ! brief /atem5ts ,i h j made1 & "h we come = ! fir/ "t to ,john ,malalas4 ,9 ! fir/ place he m5tions ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake on ! #ac? ,decemb]4 ,i w quote ,dr4 ,lightfoot's own r5d]+ ( 8 fur!r important /atem5t4 ,he says3-- ,! words ( ,john ,malalas are3 ,! same k+ ,trajan 0 resid+ 9 ! same city 7,antio*7 :5 ! visitation ( ,god 7i4e4 ! e>?quake7 occurr$4 ,& at t "t ! holy ,ignatius1 ! bi%op ( ! city ( ,antio*1 0 m>tyr$ 7or bore te/imony1 ,greek3 em>turse7 be=e him 7,greek3 epi aut\72 = he 0 exasp]at$ aga9/ him1 because he revil$ him4' #aji3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot endeav\rs 9 e way to discr$it ?is /atem5t4 ,he argues t ,malalas tells fooli% /ories ab\t o!r matt]s1 &1 !re=e1 is n to be believ$ "h2 b s simple a piece ( in=mation may well be correctly convey$ by a writ] :o else:]e may record /upid traditions4 #aji3b ,if ! n>rative ( fooli% /ories & fabul\s traditions is to exclude belief 9 ev]y?+ else /at$ by ^? :o relate !m1 ! :ole ( ! ,fa!rs are dispos$ ( at "o fell swoop1 = !y all d s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot also ass]t t ! !ory ( ! cause ( ! m>tyrdom advanc$ by ,volkm> receives no c\nt5ance f ! /ory ( ,malalas1 :o gives a :olly diff]5t reason--! irritat+ language us$ to ! ,emp]or4 #aji3c ,on ! o!r h&1 x 9 no way contradicts x1 = ,ignatius c only h revil$ ,trajan :5 br\ght be=e him1 & 8 be+ tak5 be=e him may well h be5 caus$ by ! fury excit$ by ! e>?quake1 ev5 if ! language ( ! ,bi%op influ5c$ 8 condemnation2 ! :ole /atem5t ( ,malalas is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! !ory 9 its details1 & 9 ! ma91 ( c\rse1 directly supports x4 ,!n ,dr4 ,lightfoot actually makes use ( ! foll[+ extraord9>y argum5t3-- ,b x may be wor? :ile add+ t ! error ( ,malalas is capable ( easy explanation4 ,he has probably mis9t]pret$ "s e>li] au?ority1 ^: language l5t itself to mis9t]pretation4 ,! words ,greek3 m>ture91 m>turia1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds us$ especially ( m>tyrdom1 _h 9 ! e>li] ages a wid] s5se1 includ+ o!r modes ( witness+ to ! fai?3 ! expression ,greek3 epi ,traian\ aga9 is ambigu\s & might d5ote ei!r 'dur+ ! reign ( ,trajan1' or '9 ! pres5ce ( ,trajan4' ,a blund]+ writ] l ,malalas might h /umbl$ ov] ei!r expression4 #aaj3a ,?is is a fav\rite device4 ,9 case 8 abuse ( poor ,malalas %\ld n suffici5tly discr$it him1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot attempts to expla9 away 8 language4 ,x w\ld be difficult inde$ to %[ t ! words ,greek3 m>ture91 m>turia1 already us$ 9 t s5se 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 n1 at ! date at :i* any record ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius :i* ,malalas c\ld h _h be=e him 0 writt51 employ$ to express m>tyrdom1 :5 appli$ to su* a case1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot inde$ has 9 ! fir/ in/ance r5d]$ ! phrase4 ,ev5 ,zahn1 :om ,dr4 ,lightfoot s implicitly foll[s1 emphatically decides aga9/ him on bo? po9ts4 ,! ,greek3 epi aut\ toge!r ) ,greek3 tote c only signify 'coram ,trajano' 7'9 ! pres5ce ( ,trajan'71 & ,greek3 em>turaese only ! execution4 #aaj3b ,let anyone simply read ov] ,dr4 ,lightfoot's own r5d]+1 :i* ,i h quot$ above1 & he w see t su* quibbles are exclud$1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ,malalas seems excell5tly well & directly to h int]pret$ 8 e>li] au?ority4 ,t ! /atem5t ( ,malalas does n agree ) ! reports ( ! ,fa!rs is no real objection1 = we h good reason to believe t none ( !m _h in=mation f any o!r s\rce ?an ! ,ignatian ,epi/les !mselves1 or tradition4 ,eusebius evid5tly _h n4 ,ir5aeus1 ,orig51 & "s lat] ,fa!rs tell u no?+ ab\t him4 ,j]ome & ,*ryso/om cle>ly take _! acc\nts f ^! s\rces4 ,malalas is ! fir/ :o1 by 8 v>iation1 proves t he _h ano!r & diff]5t au?ority be=e him1 & 9 ab&on+ ! m>tyr-j\rney to ,rome1 8 acc\nt has inf9itely great] app>5t probability4 ,malalas liv$ at ,antio*1 :i* adds "s weight to 8 /atem5t4 ,x is object$ t s also did ,*ryso/om1 & at an e>li] p]iod1 & yet he repeats ! ,roman /ory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no valid argum5t aga9/ ,malalas4 ,*ryso/om 0 too good a *ur*man to d\bt ! /ory ( ,epi/les s mu* t5d+ to edification1 :i* 7 9 wide circulation1 & _h be5 quot$ by e>li] ,fa!rs4 ,x is 9 no way surpris+ t1 "s two c5turies & a half aft] ! m>tyrdom1 he %\ld quietly h accept$ ! repres5tations ( ! ,epi/les purport+ to h be5 writt5 by ! m>tyr himself1 & t _! /ory %\ld h %ap$ ! prevail+ tradition4 ,! rema9s ( ,ignatius1 z we are in=m$ by ,*ryso/om & ,j]ome1 long rema9$ int]r$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,antio*1 b f9ally--9 ! "t ( ,!odosius1 x is said--7 translat$ ) great pomp & c]emony to a build+ :i*--su* is ! irony ( ev5ts--_h previ\sly be5 a ,temple ( ,=tune4 ,! /ory told1 ( c\rse1 is t ! relics ( ! m>tyr _h be5 c>efully collect$ 9 ! ,coliseum & c>ri$ f ,rome to ,antio*4 ,aft] repos+ !re = "s c5turies1 ! relics1 :i* are said to h be5 transport$ f ,rome to ,antio*1 71 ab\t ! sev5? c5tury1 c>ri$ back f ,antio* to ,rome4 #aaa3a ,! natural & m simple conclusion is t1 in/ead ( ?is d\ble translation1 ! bones ( ,ignatius _h always rema9$ 9 ,antio*1 :]e he _h suff]$ m>tyrdom1 & ! tradition t !y _h be5 br\ght back f ,rome 0 m]ely ! explanation :i* reconcil$ ! fact ( _! actually be+ 9 ,antio* ) ! leg5d ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,! #bj? ( ,decemb] is ! date assign$ to ! dea? ( ,ignatius 9 ! ,m>tyrology1 #aab3a & ,zahn admits t ?is int]pretation is und5iable #aab3b ,moreov]1 ! anniv]s>y ( 8 dea? 0 celebrat$ on t day 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*es & ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* x is kept on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is 0 ! day ( ! translation ( ! relics to ,rome1 & ?is 0 evid5tly ! view ( ,ru9>t1 :o1 al?\gh he c\ld n positively contradict ! views ( 8 own ,*ur*1 says3 ,ignatii fe/um ,graeci vigesima die m5sis ,decembris celebrant1 quo ipsum passum1 fuisse ,acta te/antur2 ,lat9i v]o die prima ,febru>ii1 an ob aliquam sacr>um ejus reliqui>um translationem8 plures enim fuisse con/at4 #aab3c ,zahn #aab3d /ates t ! ,fea/ ( ! translation 9 lat] cal5d>s 0 celebrat$ on ! #bi? ,janu>y1 & he po9ts out ! evid5t ignorance :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,we/ reg>d+ ,ignatius4 #aab3e ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 all ! hi/orical data :i* we possess reg>d+ ! reign & "* ( ,trajan discr$it ! /ory t ,ignatius 0 s5t to ,rome to be expos$ to bea/s 9 ! ,coliseum2 & all ! positive evid5ce :i* exi/s1 indep5d5t ( ! ,epi/les !mselves1 t5ds to e/abli% ! fact t he suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! evid5ce :i* is (f]$ = ! /atem5t t ,ignatius 0 s5t to ,rome is m or less directly bas$ ^u ! repres5tations ( ! lett]s1 ! au!nticity ( :i* is 9 discussion1 & x is surr\nd$ ) improbabilities ( e k9d4 ,& :at is ! value ( any evid5ce emanat+ f ! ,ignatian ,epi/les & m>tyrologies8 ,!re are ?ree m>tyrologies :i*1 z ,ewald says1 are ! "o m fabul\s ?an ! o!r4 ,!re are fifte5 ,epi/les all equally purport+ to be by ,ignatius1 & mo/ ( !m h&$ d[n toge!r 9 ,,mss41 )\t any di/9ction4 ,?ree ( ^!1 9 ,lat9 only1 are univ]sally reject$1 z are also o!r five ,epi/les1 ( :i* !re are ,greek1 ,lat91 & o!r v]sions4 ,( ! rema9+ sev5 !re are two =ms1 "o call$ ! ,long ,rec5sion & ano!r %ort]1 kn[n z ! ,vossian ,epi/les4 ,! =m] is almo/ unanim\sly reject$ z %amefully int]polat$ & falsifi$2 & a majority ( critics ass]t t ! text ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les is likewise v impure4 ,besides ^! !re is a /ill %ort] v]sion ( ?ree ,epi/les only1 ! ,curetonian1 :i* _m able critics decl>e to be ! only g5u9e lett]s ( ,ignatius1 :il/ a /ill great] numb]1 bo? f int]nal & ext]nal reasons1 d5y ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les 9 any =m4 ,! second & ?ird c5turies teem ) pseudonymic lit]ature1 b ,i v5ture to say t pi\s fraud has nev] be5 m busy & conspicu\s ?an 9 deal+ ) ! ,m>tyr ( ,antio*4 ,! m]e /atem5t ( ! simple & ackn[l$g$ facts reg>d+ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les is ample ju/ification ( ! ass]tion1 :i* s mightily (f5ds ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 t ! :ole ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature is a mass ( falsification & fraud4 ,ev5 my indignant critic himself has n v5tur$ to use z g5u9e m ?an ! ?ree %ort ,syriac lett]s #aad3a out ( ?is mass ( =g]y1 :i* he rebukes me = hold+ s *eap4 ,docum5ts :i* lie "u su* grave & p]man5t suspicion _c prove any?+4 ,z ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 :atev] ! value ( _! te/imony1 s f> f support+ ! claims advanc$ 9 fav\r ( our ,gospels1 r discr$it !m4 ,i h n[ m9utely foll[$ ,dr4 ,lightfoot & ,dr4 ,we/cott 9 _! attacks ^u me 9 connection ) ,eusebius & ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 & ,i tru/ t ,i h %[n once = all t ! *>ges ( misrepres5tation & mis/atem5t1 s lightly & lib]ally advanc$1 f> f be+ well-f\nd$1 recoil ^u !mselves4 ,x is impossible 9 a "w l ?is1 deal+ ) su* volum9\s mat]ials1 to escape errors ( detail1 z bo? ( ^! g5tlem5 be> witness1 b ,i h at lea/ consci5ti\sly endeav\r$ to be fair1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t few writ]s h ev] m fully laid be=e read]s ! actual means ( judg+ ( ! accuracy ( e /atem5t :i* has be5 made4 ,,iii4 ,,polyc>p ,,( ,,smyrna4 ,9 my *apt] on ,polyc>p ,i /ate ! v>i\s op9ions express$ by critics reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le ascrib$ to him1 & ,i m p>ticul>ly po9t out ! reasons :i* h l$ _m to decide t x is ei!r spuri\s or int]polat$4 ,t an ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p did really exi/ at "o "t no "o d\bts1 b ! pro( t ! ,epi/le :i* is n[ extant 0 ! actual ,epi/le writt5 by ,polyc>p is n prov54 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's essay ( c\rse assumes ! au!nticity1 & seeks to e/abli% x4 ,a l>ge "p ( x is direct$ to ! date :i* mu/ be assign$ to x on t supposition1 & rec5t rese>*es seem to e/abli% t ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p mu/ be set "s two ye>s e>li] ?an 0 =m]ly believ$4 ,! ,*ronicon ( ,eusebius dates 8 dea? ,a4,d4 #aff or #afg1 & he is said to h be5 m>tyr$ dur+ ! proconsul%ip ( ,/atius ,quadratus4 ,m4 ,wadd+ton1 9 exam9+ ! proconsul> annals ( ,asia ,m9or1 ) ! assi/ance ( newly-discov]$ inscriptions1 has decid$ t ,/atius ,quadratus 0 proconsul 9 ,a4,d4 #aed-aee1 & if ,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ dur+ 8 proconsul%ip x w\ld foll[ t 8 dea? mu/ h tak5 place 9 "o ( ^? ye>s4 ,hav+ said s mu* 9 support ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 & ! e>li] date to be assign$ to x1 x might h be5 expect$ t ,dr4 ,lightfoot w\ld h proce$$ to %[ :at be>+ ! epi/le has ^u ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels & _! suffici5cy z te/imony = ! miracles :i* ^? ,gospels record4 ,he has n done s1 h[ev]1 = he is 9 su* ha/e to f9d small faults ) my /atem5ts1 & disp>age my "w1 t1 hav+ arriv$ at ?is po9t1 he at once ru%es (f ^u ?is side issue1 & does n say "o ^w t ,i c discov] reg>d+ any suppos$ use ( ,gospels 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,= a complete discussion ( analogies :i* o!r apologi/s h po9t$ out ,i mu/ ref] to ,sup]natural ,religion itself2 #aaf3a b ,i may "h /ate ! case 9 ! /ronge/ =m = !m4 ,x is ass]t$ t ,polyc>p 9 ?is ,epi/le uses expressions :i* correspond m or less closely ) "s ( ^? 9 our ,gospels4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ pret5d$ t ! ,gospels are ref]r$ to by "n1 or t any in=mation is giv5 reg>d+ _! au?or%ip or composition4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! use ( ! ,gospels c\ld be e/abli%$1 & ! absolute au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le1 :at c\ld ?is d t[>ds prov+ ! actual p]=mance ( miracles or ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation8 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( anonym\s ,gospels w\ld be indicat$1 & ?\gh ?is might be consid]$ a good deal 9 ! actual evid5tial de/itution1 x w\ld leave ! *ief difficulty q unt\*$4 ,,iv4 ,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has devot$ two long *apt]s to ! evid5ce ( ,papias1 al?\gh ) a good deal ( div]g5ce to o!r topics 9 ! second4 ,i ne$ n foll[ him m9utely "h1 = ,i h treat$ ! subject fully 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 #aag3a to :i* ,i beg leave to ref] any read] :o is int]e/$ 9 ! discussion2 & ?is is m]ely ,dr4 ,lightfoot's reply4 ,i w conf9e myself "h to a few words on ! fundam5tal "q at issue4 ,papias1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r te/imony1 is an important witness ( :om !ologians are naturally v t5aci\s1 inasmu* z he is ! fir/ writ] :o m5tions ! "n ( anyone :o 0 believ$ to h writt5 a ,gospel4 ,x is true t :at he says is ( v little weight1 b1 s9ce no "o else _h said any?+ at all on ! po9t1 8 rem>ks m]it att5tion :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise receive4 ,eusebius /ates t1 9 8 la/ "w1 #aag3b ,exposition ( ! ,"l's ,oracles 7,greek3 ,login kuriakn exgsis71 ,papias wrote z foll[s3 ,& ! eld] said ?is also3 ',m>k1 hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote d[n accurately ev]y?+ t he rememb]$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 record+ 9 ord] :at 0 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/4 ,= nei!r did he he> ! ,"l1 nor did he foll[ ,him2 b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 att5d$ ,pet]1 :o adapt$ 8 in/ructions to ! ne$s ( 8 he>]s1 b _h no design ( giv+ a connect$ acc\nt ( ! ,"l's oracles or disc\rses 7,greek3 all' ou* hsp] suntax9 tn kuriakn poi\m5os login or ,greek3 logn74' ,s1 !n1 ,m>k made no mi/ake :ile he ?us wrote d[n "s ?+s z he rememb]$ !m2 = he made x 8 "o c>e n to omit any?+ t he he>d1 or to set d[n any false /atem5t !re94 #aah3a ,! fir/ "q :i* sugge/s itself is3 ,does ! description "h giv5 correspond ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k :i* we n[ possess8 ,c our second ,gospel be consid]$ a "w compos$ )\t record+ 9 ord] :at 0 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/8 ,a negative answ] has be5 giv5 by _m em95t critics to ^! & simil> enquiries1 & ! application ( ! ,presbyt]'s words to x has consequ5tly be5 d5i$ by !m4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is t !re has be5 any refusal to accept ! words ( ,papias z ref]r+ to a "w :i* may h be5 ! basis ( ! second ,gospel z we h x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i propose to waive all ?is objection1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 on ! pres5t occasion1 & to consid] :at might be ! value ( ! evid5ce be=e u1 if x be tak5 z ref]r+ to our second ,gospel4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! tradition di/9ctly /ates t ,m>k1 :o is said to h be5 its au?or1 0 nei!r an eye-witness ( ! circum/ances record$1 nor a he>] ( ! words ( ,jesus1 b t he m]ely record$ :at he rememb]$ ( ! casual tea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,x is true t an assurance is add$ z to ! g5]al c>e & accuracy ( ,m>k 9 record+ all t he he>d & n mak+ any false /atem5t1 b ?is does n add mu* value to 8 record4 ,no "o supposes t ! writ] ( ! second ,gospel delib]ately inv5t$ :at he has embodi$ 9 8 "w1 & ! c]tificate ( "* c be receiv$ = no?+ m ?an a g5]al e/imate ( ! speak]4 ,! te/imony ( ! second ,gospel is1 accord+ to ?is tradition1 confess$ly at second h&1 & consequ5tly utt]ly inadequate to atte/ miracul\s pret5sions4 ,! tradition t ,m>k d]iv$ 8 in=mation f ! prea*+ ( ,pet] is n support$ by int]nal evid5ce1 & has no?+ extrane\s to /r5g!n its probability4 ,because "s p]son1 ^: v id5tity is f> f e/abli%$1 says s1 is n /rong evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,x 0 ! e>ne/ desire ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to connect ,apo/les ) ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels1 & z ,m>k is repres5t$ z ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 s ,luke1 or ! ?ird evangeli/1 is connect$ m or less closely ) ,paul1 9 =getfulness ( ! circum/ance t we h no reason :atev] = believ+ t ,paul ev] saw ,jesus4 ,comp>ison ( ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 moreov]1 n only does n r5d] m probable ?is acc\nt ( ! composition ( ! second synoptic z x lies be=e u1 b is really oppos$ to x4 ,into ?is ,i %all n "h g4 ,sett+ aside1 !re=e1 all ! reasons = d\bt+ ! applicability ( ! tradition record$ by ,papias reg>d+ ! ,gospel said to h be5 writt5 by ,m>k1 ,i simply appeal to ^? :o h rightly appreciat$ ! nature ( ! allegations = :i* evid5ce is requir$ z to ! value ( su* a "w1 compil$ by "o :o _h nei!r himself se5 nor he>d ,jesus4 ,x is q unnecess>y to proce$ to ! clos] exam9ation ( ! suppos$ evid5ce4 ,b conc]n+ ,mat!w ! foll[+ /atem5t is made by ,papias3 ',s !n ,mat!w 7,greek3 ,mat?aios m5 oun7 compos$ ! ,oracles 9 ! ,hebrew language1 & ea* "o int]pret$ !m z he c\ld4' #aai3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot po9ts out t !re is no absolute reason = suppos+ t ?is /atem5t1 l ! =m]1 0 made on ! au?ority ( ! ,presbyt]1 &1 al?\gh ,i ?9k x probable t x 01 ,i agree ) him 9 ?is4 ,! d\bt1 h[ev]1 is specially advanc$ because1 ! /atem5t ( ,papias be+ p>ticul>ly inconv5i5t to apologi/s1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot is evid5tly anxi\s to invalidate x4 ,he accepts x 9 s f> z x seems to p]mit ( 8 draw+ c]ta9 inf]5ces f x1 b = ! re/ he proce$s to weak5 ! te/imony4 ,b x does n foll[ t 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 0 correct4 ,x may be2 x may n h be54 ,?is is j :at we _c decide1 because we d n "k :at he said4 #abj3a ,:at a pity x is t ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n always ex]cise ?is rigor\s logic4 ,if he did he w\ld infallibly agree ) ! conclusions ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,i %all pres5tly /ate :at inf]5ce ,dr4 ,lightfoot wi%es to draw f a /atem5t ! g5]al correctness ( :i* he does n consid] z at all c]ta94 ,if ?is d\bt exi/1 h[ev]1 ( :at value c ! passage f ,papias be z evid5ce8 ,i _c p]ceive t1 if we d n reject x altoge!r on ! gr\nd ( possible or probable incorrectness1 !re c be any reasonable d\bt z to :at ! actual /atem5t 04 ,mat!w compos$ ! ,oracles 9 ! ,hebrew language1 & n 9 ,greek1 & ea* "o int]pret$ !m z he c\ld4 ,! orig9al "w ( ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew3 our fir/ synoptic is a ,greek "w3 !re=e x _c possibly be ! orig9al composition ( ,mat!w1 :oev] ,mat!w may h be51 b at ! be/ c only be a free translation4 ,a free translation1 ,i say1 because x does n be> any ( ! traces ( close translation4 ,our synoptic1 inde$1 does n purport to be a translation at all1 b if x be a v]sion ( ! "w ref]r$ to by ,papias1 or ! ,presbyt]1 a translation x mu/ be4 ,z x is n 9 its orig9al =m1 h[ev]1 & no "o c affirm :at its precise relation to ! "w ( ,mat!w may be1 ! :ole value ( ! /atem5t ( ,papias is lo/4 ,! inf]5ce :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot consid]s himself entitl$ to draw f ! te/imony ( ,papias is 9 mo/ curi\s contra/ ) 8 sev]e h&l+ ( t "p ( ! te/imony :i* does n suit him4 ,papias1 or ! ,presbyt]1 /ates reg>d+ ! ,hebrew ,oracles ( ,mat!w t ea* "o int]pret$ !m z he c\ld4 ,! use ( ! v]b int]pret$ 9 ! pa/ t5se1 in/ead ( int]prets 9 ! pres5t1 he consid]s1 cle>ly indicates t ! "t :i* ,papias contemplates is n ! "t :5 he writes 8 book4 ,ea* "o int]pret$ z he c\ld :5 ! ,oracles 7 writt51 b ! necessity ( :i* he speaks _h pass$ away2 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot arrives at ! conclusion3 ,9 o!r words1 x implies ! exi/5ce ( a recognis$ ,greek translation :5 ,papias wrote 444 ,b if a ,greek ,/4 ,mat!w exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,papias we are =bidd5 by all consid]ations ( hi/orical probability to suppose t x 0 any o!r ?an our ,/4 ,mat!w4 #aba3a ,x is v probable t1 at ! "t :5 ,papias wrote1 !re may h be5 sev]al translations ( ! ,oracles & n m]ely "o1 b f ?is to ! ass]tion t ! words imply a recognis$ v]sion :i* 0 necess>ily our ,/4 ,mat!w is a rem>kable jump at conclusions4 ,x is really n wor? :ile aga9 to discuss ! po9t4 ,:5 imag9ation is all[$ to int]pret ! hidd5 mean+ ( su* a /atem5t ! consequ5ce _c well be pr$icat$4 ,?is hypo!sis /ill leaves u to acc\nt = ! sub/itution ( a ,greek ,gospel = ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,mat!w1 & ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n assi/ u mu*4 ,he demurs to my /atem5t t our fir/ ,gospel be>s all ! m>ks ( an orig9al1 & _c h be5 translat$ f ! ,hebrew at all3 ,if he _h said t x is n a homog5e\s ,greek v]sion ( a homog5e\s ,hebrew orig9al ?is w\ld h be5 ne>] ! tru?4 #abb3a ,t ,hebrew orig9al is a sad /umbl+-block1 & x mu/ be got rid ( at all co/s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot is full ( res\rces4 ,we h se5 t he has sugge/$ t ! acc\nt ( ,papias ( ! orig9 may n h be5 correct4 ,reg>d+ ! translation or ! ,greek ,gospel we d n "k exactly :at ,papias said4 ,he may h express$ himself 9 language q consi/5t ) ! ph5om5a4 ,h[ unlimit$ a field = conjecture is ?us op5$ out4 ,we d n "k m ( :at ,papias said ?an ,eusebius has record$1 & may !re=e suppose t he may h said some?+ m1 :i* may h be5 consi/5t ) any !ory we may advance4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot cont9ues1 he may1 z ,hilg5feld supposes1 h made ! mi/ake :i* "s lat] ,fa!rs made ( ?9k+ t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 ! orig9al ( our ,/4 ,mat!w4 #abb3b ,:o w\ld ?9k t ?is is ! critic :o v5ts s mu* righte\s indignation ^u me = po9t+ out possible or probable alt]native int]pretations ( vague evid5ce extract$ f ! ,fa!rs8 ,x is true t ,dr4 ,lightfoot cont9ues3 ,9 ! abs5ce ( adequate data1 x is q va9 to conjecture4 ,b mean:ile we are n w>rant$ 9 draw+ any conclusion unfav\rable ei!r to ! accuracy ( ,papias or to ! id5tity ( ! docum5t itself4 #abb3c ,he ?us seeks to res]ve = himself any support he ?9ks he c d]ive f ! tradition ( ,papias1 & set aside exactly z mu* z he does n l4 ,9 fact1 he cle>ly demon/rates h[ exce$+ly loose is all ?is evid5ce f ! ,fa!rs1 & ) :at ease "o may ei!r base magnific5t conclusions ^u x1 or drive a coa* & f\r ?r\gh ! :ole mass4 ,9 admitt+ = a mom5t t ,papias may h mi/ak5 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews = ! orig9al ( our ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 9 8 attempt to get rid ( t un=tunate ,hebrew "w ( ,mat!w1 has p]haps gone fur!r ?an is safe = himself4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al flav\r ( inaccuracy :i* he imp>ts to ! te/imony ( ,papias1 ! obvi\s inf]5ce is sugge/$ t1 if he made ?is mi/ake1 ,papias is f> f be+ a witness = ! accuracy ( ! translation :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot supposes to h !n be5 recognis$1 & :i* he decl>es to h be5 our fir/ ,gospel4 ,x is well kn[n at lea/ t1 al?\gh ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews bore m analogy to our pres5t ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w ?an to any ( ! o!r ?ree1 x v di/9ctly diff]$ f x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,papias c\ld quietly accept our ,greek ,mat!w z an equival5t = ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 f :i* x pres5t$ consid]able v>iation1 we are entitl$ to reject su* a translation z evid5ce ( ! cont5ts ( ! orig9al4 ,t ,papias 0 actually acqua9t$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews may be inf]r$ f ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius t he relates a /ory ab\t a woman accus$ ( _m s9s be=e ! ,"l 7d\btless ! same :i* is f\nd 9 our copies ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa71 :i* ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews conta9s4 #abc3a ,if he ex]cis$ any critical p[] at all1 he c\ld n conf\nd ! ,greek ,mat!w ) x1 & if he did n1 :at becomes ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5t8 ,dr4 ,lightfoot argues at consid]able l5g? aga9/ ! int]pretation1 accept$ by _m em95t critics1 t ! "w ascrib$ to ,mat!w & call$ ! ,oracles 7,greek3 logia7 c\ld n be ! fir/ synoptic z we n[ possess x1 b mu/ h consi/$ ma9ly or entirely ( ,disc\rses4 ,! argum5t w be f\nd 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 #abd3a & ne$ n "h be repeat$4 ,i w conf9e myself to "s po9ts ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot's reply4 ,he seems n to reject ! sugge/ion ) s mu* vig\r z might h be5 expect$4 ,! !ory is n )\t its attractions1 he says2 x promises a solution ( "s difficulties2 b hi!rto x has n yield$ any results :i* w\ld ju/ify its acceptance4 #abd3b ,inde$1 he proce$s to say t x is encumb]$ ) ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n ?9k t only ,greek3 logoi 7disc\rses or say+s7 c\ld be call$ ,greek3 logia 7oracles71 & says t usage does n w>rant ! re/riction4 #abd3c ,i _h cont5d$ t h[ev] mu* ! signification 7( ! expression '! oracles1' ,greek3 ta logia7 became aft]w>ds ext5d$1 x 0 n !n at all appli$ to do+s z well z say+s1 & t !re is no l+ui/ic prec$5t = /ra9+ ! expression1 us$ at t p]iod1 to mean any?+ beyond a collection ( say+s ( ,jesus1 :i* 7 oracul> or ,div9e4 #abd3d ,to ?is ,dr4 ,lightfoot replies t if ! objection has any =ce x involves "o or bo? ( ! two assumptions3 fir/1 t books :i* 7 reg>d$ z ,scripture c\ld n at ?is e>ly date be call$ 'oracles1' unless !y 7 occupi$ entirely ) ,div9e say+s2 secondly1 t ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 9 p>ticul>1 c\ld n at ?is "t be reg>d$ z ,scripture4 ,bo? assumptions alike are contradict$ by facts4 #abe3a ,! second po9t he consid]s prov$ by ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,= ! discussion reg>d+ x ,i beg leave to ref] ! read] to my volumes4 #abe3b ,i v5ture to say t x is impossible to prove t ,mat!w's ,gospel 01 at t "t1 consid]$ ,scripture1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t !re are excell5t reasons = affirm+ t x 0 n4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ po9t ,dr4 ,lightfoot ass]ts3 ,! fir/ is refut$ by a l>ge numb] ( examples4 ,/4 ,paul1 = in/ance1 describes x z ! special privilege ( ! ,jews t !y _h ! keep+ ( '! oracles ( ,god' 7,rom4 iii4 #b74 ,c we suppose t he meant any?+ else b ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures by ?is expression8 ,is x possible t he w\ld exclude ! books ( ,g5esis1 ( ,jo%ua1 ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 or only include su* fragm5ts ( !m z pr(ess$ to give ! direct say+s ( ,god8 ,w\ld he1 or w\ld he n1 comprise "u ! t]m ! acc\nt ( ! creation & fall 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #h sq471 ( ! w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness 7#a ,cor4 x4 #a sq471 ( ,s>ah & ,hag> 7,gal4 iv4 #ba sq478 ,does n ! ma9 "p ( 8 argum5t 9 ! v next *apt] 7,rom4 iv47 dep5d m on ! n>rative ( ,god's deal+s ?an ,8 words8 ,aga91 :5 ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ref]s to '! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! oracles ( ,god' 7v4 #ab71 8 mean+ is expla9$ by 8 practice2 = he elicits ! ,div9e tea*+ q z mu* f ! hi/ory z f ! direct precepts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b if ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s leaves any loophole = d\bt1 ?is is n ! case ) _! contempor>y ,philo4 ,9 "o place1 he speaks ( ! words 9 ,deut4 x4 #i1 ',! ,"l is 8 inh]itance1' z an 'oracle' 7,greek3 logion72 9 ano!r he quotes z an 'oracle' 7,greek3 logion7 ! n>rative 9 ,g54 iv4 #ae3 ',! ,"l ,god set a m>k ^u ,ca91 le/ anyone f9d+ him %\ld kill him4' #abe3c ,f ?is & o!r passages x is cle> t ) ,philo an 'oracle' is a synonyme = a ,scripture4 ,simil>ly ,clem5t ( ,rome writes3 ',ye "k well ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 & h /udi$ ! oracles ( ,god2' #abe3d & imm$iately he recalls to _! m9d ! acc\nt 9 ,deut4 ix4 #ab sq41 ,exod4 xxxii4 #g sq41 ( :i* ! po9t is n any ,div9e precept or pr$iction1 b ! example ( ,moses4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,polyc>p speaks 9 condemnation ( ^? :o 'p]v]t ! oracles ( ! ,"l4 #abf3a ,he !n goes on to ref] to ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 & ,basil1 b ,i ne$ n foll[ him to ^! lat] writ]s1 b conf9e myself to t :i* ,i h quot$4 ,:5 ,paul writes 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans iii4 #b1 ',!y 7 entru/$ ) ! oracles ( ,god1' c he mean any?+ else b ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 includ+ ! hi/orical books8 argues ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,i ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 t he c]ta9ly does n ref] to a collection ( writ+s at all1 b to ! communications or revelations ( ,god1 &1 z ! context %[s1 probably m imm$iately to ! ,messianic prophecies4 ,! advantage ( ! ,jews1 9 fact1 accord+ to ,paul "h1 0 t to !m 7 fir/ communicat$ ! ,div9e oracles3 t !y 7 made ! m$ium ( ,god's utt]ances to mank9d4 ,!re seems almo/ an e*o ( ! expression 9 ,acts vii4 #ch1 :]e ,/eph5 is repres5t$ z say+ to ! ,jews ( _! fa!rs on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :o receiv$ liv+ oracles 7,greek3 logia znta7 to give unto u4 ,( ?is nature 7 ! oracles ( ,god :i* 7 entru/$ to ! ,jews4 ,fur!r1 ! phrase3 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! oracles ( ,god 7,heb4 v4 #ab71 is no application ( ! t]m to n>rative1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot affirms1 h[ev] mu* ! au?or may illu/rate 8 own tea*+ by ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory2 b ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le cle>ly expla9s 8 mean+ 9 ! fir/ & second v]ses ( 8 lett]1 :5 he says3 ,god hav+ spok5 to ! fa!rs 9 "t pa/ 9 ! prophets1 at ! end ( ^! days spake unto u 9 ,8 ,son4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot also urges t ,philo applies ! t]m oracle 7,greek3 logion7 to ! n>rative 9 ,g54 iv4 #ae1 c4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ,philo consid]$ almo/ e "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z allegorical1 & held t n>rative or descriptive phrases veil$ ,div9e oracles4 ,:5 he applies ! t]m oracle to any ( ^! x is n to ! n>rative1 b to ! ,div9e utt]ance :i* he believes to be my/ically conta9$ 9 x1 & :i* he extracts & exp\nds 9 ! usual extravagant mann] ( ,alex&rian typologi/s4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n ref] to ! expression ( #a ,pet4 iv4 #aa1 ,let him speak z ! oracles ( ,god 7,greek3 hs logia ,!\71 :i* %[s ! use ( ! ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he does po9t out ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ?an :i*1 9 my op9ion1 no?+ c\ld m directly tell aga9/ him4 ,ye "k well ! sacr$ ,scriptures & h /udi$ ! oracles ( ,god4 ,! oracles ( ,god are po9t$ly di/+ui%$ f ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,^! oracles are conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 b are n synonym\s ) ! :ole ( !m4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot admits t we _c say h[ mu* ,polyc>p includ$ 9 ! expression3 p]v]t ! oracles ( ! ,"l1 b ,i ma9ta9 t x mu/ be ref]r$ to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus reg>d+ a resurrection & a judgm5t1 & n to hi/orical books4 ,9 reply+ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot's *apt] on ! ,sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 ,i h said all t is necess>y reg>d+ ! o!r ,gospels 9 connection ) ,papias4 ,papias is ! mo/ int]e/+ witness we h conc]n+ ! composition ( ! ,gospels4 ,he has n told u mu*1 b he has told u m ?an any previ\s writ]4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has n scrupl$ to discr$it 8 own witness1 h[ev]1 & he is q "r 9 sugge/+ t no great reliance c be plac$ ^u 8 te/imony4 ,x comes to ?is3 ,we _c rely ^u ! correctness ( ! meagre acc\nt ( ! ,gospels suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,m>k & ,mat!w1 & we h no o!r ^u :i* to fall back4 ,reg>d+ ! o!r two ,gospels1 we h no in=mation :atev] f ,papias1 :e!r correct or incorrect1 & altoge!r ?is ,fa!r does little or no?+ t[>ds e/abli%+ ! cr$ibility ( miracles & ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,v4 ,,melito ,,( ,,s>dis--,,claudius ,,apoll9>is--,,polycrates4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ^! essays1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has %[n ! mo/ complete misappreh5sion ( ! purpose = :i* ! exam9ation ( ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! ,gospels 9 e>ly writ+s 0 und]tak5 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 & consequ5tly he naturally misund]/&s & misrepres5ts its argum5t f fir/ to la/4 ,?is becomes increas+ly evid5t :5 we come to writ]s1 :om he fancifully d5om9ates3 ! lat] s*ool ( ,/4 ,john4 ,he evid5tly consid]s t he is produc+ a v de/ructive effect1 :5 he demon/rates f ! writ+s1 g5u9e or spuri\s1 ( su* m5 z ,melito ( ,s>dis1 ,claudius ,apoll9>is & ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 or f mu* m ?an suspect$ docum5ts l ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 t t[>ds ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity &1 z he inf]s1 d]iv$ !m f our f\r ,gospels4 ,he really seems incapable ( discrim9at+ betwe5 a d5ial t !re is cle> & palpable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & au?or%ip ( ^! p>ticul> ,gospels1 & d5ial t !y actually exi/$ at all4 ,i d n suppose t !re is any critic1 pa/ or pres5t1 :o d\bts t our f\r ,gospels _h be5 compos$ & 7 9 wide circulation dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! second c5tury4 ,x is a v diff]5t matt] to exam9e :at absolute te/imony !re is reg>d+ ! orig91 au!nticity1 & tru/wor?9ess ( ^! docum5ts1 z records ( miracles & witnesses = ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,i _c accuse myself ( hav+ misl$ ,dr4 ,lightfoot on ?is po9t by any obscurity 9 ! /atem5t ( my object1 b1 z he & o!r apologi/s h c>efully ignor$ x1 & sy/ematically w>p$ my argum5t1 ei!r by accid5t or design1 ,i v5ture to quote a few s5t5ces f ,sup]natural ,religion1 bo? to ju/ify myself & to re/ore ! discussion to its prop] l9es4 ,9 w9d+ up ! fir/ "p ( ! "w1 :i* 0 pr9cipally conc]n$ ) ! antec$5t cr$ibility ( miracles1 ,i said3-- ,n[ x is app>5t t ! evid5ce = miracles requires to embrace two di/9ct po9ts3 ! reality ( ! alleg$ facts1 & ! accuracy ( ! inf]5ce t ! ph5om5a 7 produc$ by sup]natural ag5cy 444 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to r5d] our conclusion complete1 x rema9s = u to see :e!r1 z affirm$1 !re be any special evid5ce reg>d+ ! alleg$ facts entitl+ ! ,gospel miracles to exceptional att5tion4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ cle>1 direct1 ! und\bt$ te/imony ( kn[n eye-witnesses free f sup]/ition & capable1 ?r\gh adequate k1 rightly to e/imate ! alleg$ ph5om5a1 we f9d t ! actual acc\nts h none ( ^! qualifications1 ! f9al decision ) reg>d to miracles & ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation w be easy & conclusive4 #acj3a ,be=e comm5c+ ! exam9ation ( ! evid5ce = ! ,gospels1 ,i 0 c>eful to /ate ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ,i consid]$ x "r to proce$4 ,i said3 ,be=e comm5c+ our exam9ation ( ! evid5ce z to ! date1 au?or%ip1 & "* ( ! ,gospels1 x may be well to make a few prelim9>y rem>ks1 & cle>ly /ate c]ta9 canons ( criticism4 ,we %all make no attempt to e/abli% any !ory z to ! date at :i* any ( ! ,gospels 0 actually writt51 b simply exam9e all ! te/imony :i* is extant1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :at is kn[n ( ^! works & _! au?ors1 c]ta9ly & di/9ctly1 z di/+ui%$ f :at is m]ely conjectur$ or inf]r$ 444 ,we propose1 !re=e1 z exhau/ively z possible1 to se>* all ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* = in=mation reg>d+ ! ,gospels1 & to exam9e ev5 ! alleg$ indications ( _! use 444 ,x is /ill m important t we %\ld con/antly be> 9 m9d t a great numb] ( ,gospels exi/$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* :i* are no long] extant1 & ( mo/ ( :i* ev5 ! names are lo/4 ,we ne$ n "h d m ?an ref]1 9 corroboration ( ?is fact1 to ! prelim9>y /atem5t ( ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel3 ',=asmu* z _m 7,greek3 polloi7 took 9 h& to set =? 9 ord] a decl>ation ( ! ?+s :i* h be5 accompli% among u1' c4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t be=e our ?ird synoptic 0 writt5 _m simil> works 7 already 9 circulation4 ,look+ at ! close simil>ity ( l>ge portions ( ! ?ree synoptics1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t _m ( ! writ+s "h m5tion$ bore a close analogy to ea* o!r & to our ,gospels1 & ?is is kn[n to h be5 ! case1 = in/ance1 among/ ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4' ,:51 !re=e1 9 e>ly writ+s1 we meet ) quotations closely resembl+1 or1 we may add1 ev5 id5tical1 ) passages :i* are f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 ! s\rce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n m5tion$1 nor is any au?or's "n indicat$1 ! simil>ity or ev5 id5tity _c by any means be admitt$ z pro( t ! quotation is necess>ily f our ,gospels1 & n f "s o!r simil> "w n[ no long] extant1 & m especially n :51 9 ! same writ+s1 !re are o!r quotations f s\rces diff]5t f our ,gospels4444 ,b :il/ simil>ity to our ,gospels 9 passages quot$ by e>ly writ]s f unnam$ s\rces _c prove ! use ( our ,gospels1 v>iation f !m w\ld sugge/ or prove a diff]5t orig91 & at lea/ x is obvi\s t anonym\s quotations :i* d n agree ) our ,gospels _c 9 any case necess>ily indicate _! exi/5ce 444 ,x is unnecess>y to add t1 9 proportion z we remove f ,apo/olic times )\t positive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & au!nticity ( our ,gospels1 s does ! value ( _! te/imony dw9dle away4 ,inde$1 requir+1 z we d1 cle>1 direct & irrefragable evid5ce ( ! integrity1 au!nticity1 & hi/orical "* ( ^! ,gospels1 d\bt or obscurity on ^! po9ts mu/ inevitably be fatal to !m z suffici5t te/imony--if !y c\ld1 "u any circum/ances1 be consid]$ suffici5t te/imony--= miracles & a direct ,div9e ,revelation l ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity4 #acb3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot mu/ h be5 aw>e ( ^! /atem5ts1 s9ce he has made ! p>agraph on ! sil5ce ( anci5t writ]s ! basis ( 8 essay on ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 & has be5 s p>ticul> 9 call+ att5tion to any alt]ation ,i h made 9 my text2 & x might h be5 bett] if1 in/ead ( *eap sne]s on e occasion 9 :i* ^! canons h be5 appli$1 he _h once = all /at$ any reasons :i* he c br+ =w>d aga9/ ! canons !mselves4 ,! c\rse he has adopt$1 ,i c well und]/&1 is m conv5i5t = him &1 aft] all1 ) _m x is q z effective4 ,x may be well t ,i %\ld "h aga9 illu/rate ! necessity = su* canons ( criticism z ,i h indicat$ above1 & :i* c be done v simply f our own ,gospels3 ,n only ! language b ! ord] ( a quotation mu/ h its due weight1 & we h no "r to dismemb] a passage &1 discov]+ fragm5t>y p>allels 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,gospels1 to ass]t t x is compil$ f !m & n d]iv$1 z x /&s1 f ano!r s\rce4 ,z an illu/ration1 let u = a mom5t suppose ! ',gospel accord+ to ,luke' to h be5 lo/1 l ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews' & s _m o!rs4 ,9 ! works ( "o ( ! ,fa!rs we discov] ! foll[+ quotation f an unnam$ evangelical "w3 ',& he said unto !m 7,greek3 eleg5 de pros aut\s73 ',! h>ve/ truly is great1 b ! lab\r]s are few2 pray ye !re=e ! ,"l ( ! h>ve/ t he w\ld s5d =? lab\r]s into 8 h>ve/4 ,g y\r ways 7,greek3 hupagete73 behold1 ,i s5d y =? z lambs 7,greek3 arnas7 9 ! mid/ ( wolves4' ,foll[+ ! sy/em adopt$ 9 reg>d to ,ju/9 & o!rs1 apologetic critics w\ld ( c\rse ma9ta9 t ?is 0 a compilation f memory ( passages quot$ f our fir/ ,gospel--t is to say1 ,matt ix1 #cg3 ',!n sai? he unto 8 disciples 7,greek3 tote legei tois ma?tais aut\71 ,! h>ve/1' c42 & ,matt4 x4 #af3 ',behold1 ,i 7,greek3 eg7 s5d y =? z %eep' 7,greek3 probata7 9 ! mid/ ( wolves3 be ye !re=e1' c41 :i*1 ) ! diff]5ces :i* we h indicat$1 agree4 ,x w\ld probably be 9 va9 to argue t ! quotation indicat$ a cont9u\s ord]1 & ! v>iations comb9$ to confirm ! probability ( a diff]5t s\rce1 & /ill m s to po9t out t1 al?\gh p>ts ( ! quotation1 sep>at$ f _! context1 might1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 correspond ) scatt]$ v]ses 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 su* a circum/ance 0 no pro( t ! quotation 0 tak5 f t & f no o!r ,gospel4 ,! passage1 h[ev]1 is a lit]al quotation f ,luke x4 #b-c1 :i*1 z we h assum$1 _h be5 lo/4 ,aga91 /ill suppos+ ! ?ird ,gospel no long] extant1 we might f9d ! foll[+ quotation 9 a "w ( ! ,fa!rs3 ',take he$ to y\rselves 7,greek3 eautois7 ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees1 :i* is hypocrisy 7,greek3 htis e/9 hupocrisis74 ,= !re is no?+ cov]$ up 7,greek3 sunkekalumm5on7 :i* %all n be reveal$1 & hid1 :i* %all n be kn[n4' ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be affirm$ t ?is 0 evid5tly a comb9ation ( two v]ses ( our fir/ ,gospel quot$ almo/ lit]ally1 ) m]ely a few v immat]ial slips ( memory 9 ! p>ts we note1 & ! explanatory words1 ':i* is hypocrisy1' introduc$ by ! ,fa!r1 & n a "p ( ! quotation at all4 ,! two v]ses are ,matt4 xvi4 #f1 ',bew>e & take he$ 7,greek3 hopate kai7 ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees 7,greek3 kai ,sadd\kain71 & ,matt4 x4 #bf1 '444 = 7,greek3 g>7 !re is no?+ cov]$ 7,greek3 kekalumm5on7 t %all n be reveal$1 & hid1 t %all n be kn[n4' ,! s5t5ce w\ld1 9 fact1 be divid$ z 9 ! case ( ,ju/91 & ea* "p w\ld h its p>allel po9t$ out 9 sep>ate portions ( ! ,gospel4 ,h[ wrong su* a sy/em is--& x is precisely t :i* is adopt$ ) reg>d to ,ju/9--is cle>ly e/abli%$ by ! fact t ! quotation1 in/ead ( be+ su* a comb9ation1 is simply tak5 z x /&s f ! ',gospel accord+ to ,luke1' xii4 #a-b4 #acc3a ,if we exam9e fur!r1 h[ev]1 9 ! same way1 quotations :i* diff] m]ely 9 language1 we arrive at ! v same conclusion4 ,suppos+ ! ?ird ,gospel to be lo/1 :at w\ld be ! s\rce assign$ to ! foll[+ quotation f an unnam$ ,gospel 9 ! "w ( "o ( ! ,fa!rs8 ',no s]vant 7,greek3 oudeis oikets7 c s]ve two lords1 = ei!r he w hate ! "o & love ! o!r1 or else he w hold to ! "o & despise ! o!r4 ,ye _c s]ve ,god & ,mammon4' ,( c\rse ! passage w\ld be claim$ z a quotation f memory ( ,matt4 vi4 #bd1 ) :i* x p]fectly corresponds1 ) ! exception ( ! addition ( ! second ^w1 ,greek3 oikets1 :i*1 x w\ld no d\bt be argu$1 is an evid5t & v natural amplification ( ! simple ,greek3 oudeis ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,yet ?is passage1 only diff]+ by ! s+le ^w f ,mat!w1 is a lit]al quotation f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke xvi4 #ac4 ,or1 to take ano!r in/ance1 suppos+ ! ?ird ,gospel to be lo/1 & ! foll[+ passage quot$1 f an unnam$ s\rce1 by "o ( ! ,fa!rs3 ',bew>e 7,greek3 prose*ete7 ( ! ,scribes1 :i* desire to walk 9 long robes1 & love 7,greek3 phil\ntn7 greet+s 9 ! m>kets1 & *ief seats 9 ! synagogues1 & *ief places at fea/s2 :i* dev\r wid[s' h\ses1 & = a pret5ce make long pray]s3 ^! %all receive great] damnation4' ,?is w\ld1 )\t hesitation1 be decl>$ a quotation f memory ( ,m>k xii4 #ch-dj1 f :i* x only diff]s 9 a c\ple ( words4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a lit]al quotation ( ,luke xx4 #df-dg1 yet probably x w\ld be 9 va9 to submit to apologetic critics t possibly1 n to say probably1 ! passage 0 n d]iv$ f ,m>k1 b f a lo/ ,gospel4 ,to quote "o m in/ance1 let u suppose ! ',gospel accord+ to ,m>k' no long] extant1 & t 9 "s e>ly "w !re exi/$ ! foll[+ passage3 ',x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye 7,greek3 trumalias7 ( a ne$le ?an = a ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4' ,?is ( c\rse w\ld be claim$ z a quotation f memory ( ,matt4 xix4 #bd1 ) :i* x agrees ) ! exception ( ! sub/itution ( ,greek3 trupmatos = ,greek3 trumalias4 ,x w\ld n ! less h be5 an exact quotation f ,m>k x4 #be4 #acd3a ,illu/rations ( ?is k9d c\ld be indef9itely multipli$1 & to anyone :o has /udi$ ! ?ree synoptics1 ) _! simil>ities & v>iations1 & consid]$ ! probable mode ( _! compilation1 x mu/ be app>5t t1 ) ! k t v _m o!r ,gospels exi/$ 7,luke i4 #a71 :i* c only v sl[ly h disappe>$ f circulation1 x is impossible = anyone ) a due appreciation ( ! laws ( evid5ce to ass]t t ! use ( %ort passages simil> to o!rs 9 our ,gospels actually proves t !y mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f ^! alone1 & _c h emanat$ f any o!r s\rce4 ,x is n necess>y to d5y t !y may equally h come f ! ,gospels1 b ! inevitable decision ( a judicial m9d1 s]i\sly measur+ evid5ce1 mu/ be t !y d n absolutely prove any?+4 ,com+ n[ m directly to ! essay on ,! lat] s*ool ( ,/4 ,john1 x is curi\s to f9d ,dr4 ,lightfoot sett+ 9 ! v =egr\nd ! acc\nt ( ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom1 )\t a s+le ^w reg>d+ ! m ?an suspici\s "* ( ! docum5t1 except ! rem>k 9 a note t ! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is n>rative are n s]i\s4 #ace3a ,!y h be5 consid]$ s by m5 l ,keim1 ,s*r]1 ,lipsius1 & ,holtzmann4 ,! acc\nt has too mu* ne$ to be propp$ up itself to be ( mu* use z a prop = ! ,gospels4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot po9ts out t an idea ( lit]al con=mity to ! life & ,passion ( ,*ri/ runs ?r\gh ! docum5t1 #ace3b & x is *iefly on ! fact t mo/ ( ! incid5ts h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! circum/ances ( ! ,passion1 z record$ by ! synoptic evangeli/s alone or 9 common ) ,/4 ,john1 t he relies1 9 ref]r+ to ! m>tyrdom4 ,i ne$ sc>cely reply t n only1 on acc\nt ( ! v d\btful "* ( ! docum5t1 is x useless to u z evid5ce1 b because x does n "n a s+le ,gospel1 mu* less add any?+ to our k ( _! au?or%ip & tru/wor?9ess4 ,i %all h m to say reg>d+ ,dr4 ,lightfoot 9 connection ) ?is docum5t fur!r on4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,melito ( ,s>dis4 ,i h fully discuss$ #ace3c ! evid5ce :i* he is suppos$ to contribute1 & x is unnecess>y = me to ent] into x at any l5g? "h1 m especially z ,dr4 ,lightfoot does n advance any new argum5t4 ,he has said no?+ :i* mat]ially alt]s ! d\btful position ( _m ( ! fragm5ts attribut$ to ?is ,fa!r4 ,9 any case ! use :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot *iefly makes ( him z a witness is to %[ t ,melito exhibits full k ( ! details ( evangelical hi/ory z conta9$ 9 ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,waiv+ all discussion ( ! au!nticity ( ! fragm5ts1 & accept+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! ass]t$ acqua9tance ) evangelical hi/ory :i* !y display1 ,i simply enquire :at ?is proves8 ,does anyone d\bt t ,melito ( ,s>dis1 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! second c5tury1 mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ,gospel hi/ory1 or d5y t he might h possess$ our f\r ,gospels8 ,! only ?+ :i* is lack+ is actual pro( ( ! fact4 ,melito does n ref] to a s+le ,gospel by "n4 ,he does n add "o ^w or "o fact to our k ( ! ,gospels or _! compos]s4 ,he does n1 inde$1 m5tion any writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if 8 words reg>d+ ! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t imply a correspond+ ,*ri/ian lit]ature :i* he reg>d$ z ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #acf3a :i* ,i d5y1 :at is ga9$8 ,ev5 9 t case we _c1 z ,dr4 ,l>dn] frankly /ates1 inf] ! names or ! exact numb] ( ^? books4 ,z = add+ any?+ to ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 su* an idea is n ev5 broa*$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 & yet if he _c d ?is ! only purpose = :i* 8 te/imony is exam9$ is gone4 ,! elaborate display ( vehem5ce 9 discuss+ ! au!nticity ( fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s m]ely di/racts ! att5tion ( ! read] f ! true issue if1 :5 to 8 own satisfaction1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot _c turn ! evid5ce ( ,melito to great] acc\nt4 #acf3b ,nor is he mu* m =tunate 9 ! case ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 #acg3a ^: ,apology may be dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agg-ahj4 ,9 an extract pres]v$ 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 reg>d+ ! g5u95ess ( :i* all discussion may1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 be waiv$ "h1 ! writ] 9 connection ) ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival says t !y affirm t ,mat!w repres5ts "o ?+ &1 on _! %[+1 ! ,gospels seem to be at v>iance ) "o ano!r4 #acg3b ,if1 !re=e1 ! passage be g5u9e1 ! writ] seems to ref] to ! fir/ synoptic1 & by inf]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,he says no?+ ( ! composition ( ^! works1 & he does no?+ m ?an m]ely %[ t !y 7 accept$ 9 8 "t4 ,?is may seem a good deal :5 we consid] h[ v few ( 8 contempor>ies d z mu*1 b x really contributes no?+ to our k ( ! au?ors1 & does n add a jot to _! cr$ibility z witnesses = miracles & ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,) reg>d to ,polycrates ( ,ephesus ,i ne$ say v little4 ,eusebius pres]ves a passage f a lett] :i* he wrote 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! second c5tury1 #acg3c :5 ,victor ( ,rome attempt$ to =ce ! ,we/]n usage ) respect to ,ea/] on ! ,asiatic ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ?is he uses ! expression he t lean$ on ! bosom ( ! ,"l1 :i* occurs 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,no?+ c\ld m =cibly %[ ! meagr5ess ( our in=mation reg>d+ ! ,gospels ?an t su* a phrase is consid]$ ( value z evid5ce = "o ( !m4 ,9 fact ! slightness ( our k ( ^! works is p]fectly a/\nd+ :5 ! importance :i* is atta*$ to !m is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,gaul4 ,a sev]e p]secution broke out 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #agg1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 ! cities ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 on ! ,rhone1 & an acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdoms :i* !n took place 0 giv5 9 a lett] f ! p]secut$ communities1 address$ to ! bre?r5 t are 9 ,asia & ,phrygia4 ,?is epi/le is 9 great "p pres]v$ to u by ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 v4 #a71 & x is to a consid]ation ( its cont5ts t ,dr4 ,lightfoot devotes 8 essay on ! ,*ur*es ( ,gaul4 ,b = ! sake ( asc]ta9+ cle>ly :at evid5ce actually exi/s ( ! ,gospels1 x w\ld h be5 ( little utility to ext5d ! enquiry 9 ,sup]natural ,religion to ?is docum5t1 writt5 ne>ly a c5tury & a half aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 b x is in/ructive to %[ h[ exce$+ly slight is ! in=mation we possess reg>d+ ^? docum5ts4 ,i may at once say t no writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is directly ref]r$ to by "n 9 ?is epi/le1 & consequ5tly any suppos$ quotations are m]ely inf]r$ to be su* by _! simil>ity to passages f\nd 9 ^! writ+s4 ,) ! complete unconsci\sness :i* ,i h po9t$ out t ,dr4 ,lightfoot affects reg>d+ ! object & requirem5ts ( my argum5t1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot is1 ( c\rse1 indignant t ,i w n accept z conclusive evid5ce ! imp]fect co9cid5ces :i* alone he is able to br+ =w>d4 ,i h else:]e fully discuss$ ^!1 #adj3a & ,i ne$ only ref] to "s portions ( 8 essay "h4 ,( ,vettius ,epaga?us1 "o ( ! suff]]s1 we are told t1 ?\gh "y2 he 'rivall$ ! te/imony borne to ! eld] ,za*>ias 7,greek3 sunexis\/hai t t\ presbut]\ ,za*>i\s m>turia71 = v]ily 7,greek3 g\n7 he _h walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless4' ,"h we h ! same words1 & 9 ! same ord]1 :i* are us$ ( ,za*>ias & ,elizabe? 9 ,/4 ,luke 7i4 #f73 '& ,za*>ias1 8 fa!r1 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/4' #adj3b ,dr4 ,lightfoot v prop]ly dwells on ! mean+ ( ! expression ! te/imony ( ,za*>ias 7,greek3 t ,za*>i\ m>turia71 :i* he po9ts out might signify ei!r '! te/imony borne to ,za*>ias1' i4e4 8 record$ "*1 or '! te/imony borne by ,za*>ias1' i4e4 8 m>tyrdom4 ,by a vexati\s mi/ake 9 repr9t+1 to 0 accid5tally sub/itut$ = by 9 my translation ( ?is passage 9 a v few ( ! e>li] copies ( my six? edition1 b ! error 0 almo/ imm$iately obs]v$ & correct$ 9 ! re/ ( ! edition4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot seizes ^u ! to 9 ! e>ly copy :i* ,i _h s5t to him1 & argues ^u x z a delib]ate adoption ( ! int]pretation1 :il/ he takes me to task = actually argu+ ^u ! r5d]+ by 9 my text4 ,v naturally a pr9t]'s error c\ld n ext5d to my argum5t4 ,! foll[+ is :at ,i say reg>d+ ! passage 9 my complete edition3 ,! epi/le is an acc\nt ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ian community ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 & ,vettius ,epaga?us is ! fir/ ( ! m>tyrs :o is nam$ 9 x3 ,greek3 m>turia 0 at t "t ! t]m us$ to express ! supreme te/imony ( ,*ri/ians-- m>tyrdom--& ! epi/le seems "h simply to ref] to ! m>tyrdom1 ! hon\r ( :i* he %>$ ) ,za*>ias4 ,x is1 we ?9k1 highly improbable t1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! ^w ,greek3 m>turia w\ld h be5 us$ to express a m]e description ( ! "* ( ,za*>ias giv5 by "s o!r writ]4 ,?is is ! int]pretation :i* is adopt$ by ,tis*5dorf1 ,hilg5feld1 & _m em95t critics4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! say+ t he _h walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless1 :i* is suppos$ to be tak5 f ,luke i4 #f1 is !re appli$ to ,za*>ias & ,elizabe?1 ! fa!r & "m ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 b ! ,gospel does n say any?+ ( ?is ,za*>ias hav+ suff]$ m>tyrdom4 ,! allusion 9 ,luke xi4 #ea 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ce7 is almo/ univ]sally admitt$ to be to ano!r ,za*>ias1 ^: m>tyrdom is relat$ 9 #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #ba4 ,s9ce ! epi/le1 !re=e1 ref]s to ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias1 ! fa!r ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :5 us+ ! expressions :i* are suppos$ to be tak5 f our ?ird synoptic1 is x n reasonable to suppose t ^? expressions 7 d]iv$ f "s "w :i* likewise conta9$ an acc\nt ( 8 dea?1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! synoptic8 ,:5 we exam9e ! matt] m closely we f9d t1 al?\gh none ( ! canonical gospels except ! ?ird gives any n>rative ( ! bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 t portion ( ! ,gospel 9 :i* are ! words we are discuss+ _c be consid]$ an orig9al production by ! ?ird ,synopti/1 b1 l ! re/ ( 8 "w1 is m]ely a composition bas$ ^u e>li] writt5 n>ratives4 ,ewald1 = in/ance1 assigns ! :ole ( ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,luke 7i4 #e-;ii4 #dj7 to :at he t]ms '! eigh? recognisable book4' #ada3a ,no apologetic critic pret5ds t ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel c h writt5 ?is acc\nt f 8 own k or obs]vation4 ,:]e1 !n1 did he get 8 in=mation8 ,surely n f oral tradition limit$ to himself4 ,! :ole "* ( ! n>rative1 ev5 ap>t f ! prologue to ! ,gospel1 & ! composition ( ! re/ ( ! "w1 w\ld lead u to inf] a writt5 s\rce4 ,! fact t o!r works exi/$ at an e>li] p]iod 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ,za*>ias1 ! fa!r ( ! ,bapti/1 0 giv51 & 9 :i* n only ! words us$ 9 ! epi/le 7 f\nd1 b also ! m>tyrdom1 is 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 &1 s f> z ! hi/ory is conc]n$1 ?is is plac$ almo/ beyond d\bt by ! ',protevangelium ,jacobi1' :i* conta9s x4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o does n make use ( ?is epi/le at all z evid5ce = ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 does ref] to x1 & to ?is v allusion 9 x to ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias1 z te/imony to ! exi/5ce & use ( ! ',protevangelium ,jacobi1' a "w ^: orig9 he dates s f> back z ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! second c5tury1 & :i* he consid]s 0 also us$ by ,ju/91 z ,hilg5feld _h already obs]v$4 ,tis*5dorf & ,hilg5feld1 !re=e1 agree 9 affirm+ t ! ref]5ce to ,za*>ias :i* we h quot$ indicates acqua9tance ) a ,gospel diff]5t f our ?ird synoptic4 #adb3a ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 ,i w\ld ask any imp>tial read] :e!r !re is any evid5ce "h t ^! few words1 introduc$ )\t ! slighte/ indication ( ! s\rce f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 mu/ h be5 quot$ f our ?ird ,gospel1 & _c h be5 tak5 f "s "o ( ! num]\s evangelical works 9 circulation be=e t ,gospel 0 writt54 ,! reply ( ev]yone accu/om$ to weigh evid5ce mu/ be t ! words _c ev5 prove ! exi/5ce ( our synoptic at ! "t ! lett] 0 writt54 ,b1 if our au?or disposes ( ! co9cid5ces ) ! ?ird ,gospel 9 ?is way 7proce$s ,dr4 ,lightfoot71 :at w he say to ^? ) ! ,acts8 ,9 ?is same lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es we are told t ! suff]]s pray$ = _! p]secutors 'l ,/eph51 ! p]fect m>tyr1 ,"l1 lay n ?is s9 to _! *>ge4' ,w he boldly ma9ta9 t ! writ]s _h be=e !m ano!r ,acts1 conta9+ words id5tical ) our ,acts1 j z he supposes !m to h _h ano!r ,gospel1 conta9+ words id5tical ) our ,?ird ,gospel8 ,or1 w he all[ ?is acc\nt to h be5 tak5 f ,acts vii4 #fj1 ) :i* x co9cides8 ,b 9 ?is latt] case1 if !y _h ! second treatise1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,luke1 9 _! h&s1 :y %\ld !y n h _h ! fir/ also8 #adc3a ,my reply to ?is is3 ,!re is no m5tion ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 9 ! epi/le1 & ! s\rce f :i* ! writ]s obta9$ _! in=mation ab\t ,/eph51 is1 ( c\rse1 n /at$4 ,if !re really 0 a m>tyr ( ! "n ( ,/eph51 & if ^! words 7 actually spok5 by him1 ! tradition ( ! fact1 & ! memory ( 8 noble say+1 may well h rema9$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 or h be5 record$ 9 writ+s !n curr5t1 f "o ( :i*1 inde$1 em95t critics 7z ,bleek1 ,ewald1 ,mey]1 ,ne&]1 ,de ,wette7 conjecture t ! au?or ( ,acts d]iv$ 8 mat]ials1 & 9 ?is case ! passage obvi\sly does n prove ! use ( ! ,acts4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re nev] 0 su* a m>tyr by :om ! words 7 spok51 & ! :ole /ory mu/ be consid]$ an orig9al inv5tion by ! au?or ( ,acts1 !n1 9 t case1 & 9 t case only1 ! passage does %[ ! use ( ! ,acts4 ,suppos+ t ! use ( ,acts be held to be ?us indicat$1 :at does ?is prove8 ,m]ely t ! ',acts ( ! ,apo/les' 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ye> #agg-agh1 :5 ! epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons 0 writt54 ,no light :atev] w\ld ?us be ?r[n ^u ! "q ( its au?or%ip2 & nei!r its cr$ibility nor its suffici5cy to prove ! reality ( a cycle ( miracles w\ld be 9 ! slighte/ degree e/abli%$4 #adc3b ,ap>t f ! "q ( ! suffici5cy ( evid5ce actually "u exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ,i h nev] sugge/$1 mu* less ass]t$1 t ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 0 n 9 exi/5ce at ?is date4 ,! only int]e/ atta*able to ! "q is1 z ,i h be=e said1 ! paucity ( ! te/imony reg>d+ ! book1 to demon/rate :i* x has be5 necess>y to discuss all su* suppos$ allusions4 ,b ! apologetic argum5t *>act]i/ically ignores ! fact t _m took 9 h& at an e>ly date to set =? ! ,*ri/ian /ory1 & t ! books ( our ,new ,te/am5t did n con/itute ! :ole ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature 9 circulation 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i ne$ n g ) any m9ut5ess into ! alleg$ quotation f ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,!re %all come a "t 9 :i* :osoev] kille? y w ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice4 ,! ,gospel has3 ,!re come? an h\r :51 c41 &1 z no s\rce is nam$1 x is useless to ma9ta9 t ! use ( ?is ,gospel1 & ! impossibility ( ! use ( any o!r1 is prov$4 ,if ev5 ?is 7 conc$$1 ! passage does n add "o iota to our k ( ! au?or%ip & cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot says ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion ma9ta9s1 on ! o!r h&1 t only twelve ye>s be=e1 at ! outside1 ! v ,*ur* to :i* ,ir5aeus belong$1 9 a public docum5t ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 betrays no k ( our canonical ,gospels1 b quotes f "o or m apocryphal ,gospels in/ead4 ,he ma9ta9s ?is ?\gh ! quotations 9 "q are actually f\nd 9 our canonical ,gospels4 #add3a ,really1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot betrays t he has n und]/ood ! argum5t1 :i* m]ely turns ^u ! insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce to prove ! use ( p>ticul> docum5ts1 :il/ o!rs exi/$ :i* possibly1 or probably1 did conta9 simil> passages to ^? 9 debate4 ,,vii4 ,,tatian',s ',,diatess>on4' ,i ne$ n reply at any l5g? to ,dr4 ,lightfoot's essay on ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 & ,i mu/ ref] ^? :o wi% to see :at ,i _h to say on ! subject to ,sup]natural ,religion4 #ade3a ,i may "h conf9e myself to rem>ks connect$ ) fre% matt] :i* has appe>$ s9ce ! publication ( my "w4 ,an ,arm5ian translation ( :at is alleg$ to be ! ,comm5t>y ( ,ephraem ,syrus on ,tatian's ,diatess>on 0 publi%$ z long ago z #ahcf1 b fail$ to attract critical att5tion4 ,9 #ahgf1 h[ev]1 a ,lat9 translation ( ?is "w by ,au*] & ,moes+] 0 issu$1 & ?is has n[1 naturally introduc$ new elem5ts into ! argum5t reg>d+ ,tatian's use ( ,gospels4 ,only la/ ye>1 a /ill m important addition to critical mat]ials 0 made by ! publication 9 ,rome ( an alleg$ ,arabic v]sion ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on itself1 ) a ,lat9 translation by ,ciasca4 ,^! works 7 n be=e ,dr4 ,lightfoot :5 he wrote 8 ,essay on ,tatian 9 #ahgg1 & he only ref]s to !m 9 a note 9 8 pres5t volume4 ,he ent]ta9s no d\bt z to ! g5u95ess ( ^! works1 & he triumphantly claims t !y e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ecclesia/ical !ory reg>d+ ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! exact position ( ! case1 h[ev]1 x w be well to /ate aga9 :at is kn[n reg>d+ ,tatian's "w4 ,eusebius is ! fir/ writ] :o m5tions x4 ,he says--& to avoid all dispute ,i give ,dr4 ,lightfoot's r5d]+3-- ,tatian compos$ a sort ( connection & compilation1 ,i "k n h[ 7,greek3 ouk oid' hops71 ( ! ,gospels1 & call$ x ,diatess>on4 ,?is "w is curr5t 9 "s qu>t]s 7) "s p]sons7 ev5 to ! pres5t day4 #adf3a ,i argu$ t ?is /atem5t indicates t ,eusebius 0 n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! "w 9 "q1 b speaks ( x f m]e he>say4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot replies-- ,8 inf]5ce1 h[ev]1 f ! expression ',i "k n h[' is altoge!r unw>rant$4 ,s f> f imply+ t ,eusebius _h no p]sonal k ( ! "w1 x is con/antly us$ by writ]s 9 speak+ ( books :]e !y are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts1 b d n und]/& ! pr9ciples1 or d n approve ! me?od4 ,9 idiomatic ,engli% x signifies ',i _c ?9k :at he 0 ab\t1' & is equival5t to 'unacc\ntably1' 'absurdly1' s t1 if any?+1 x implies k r ?an ignorance ( ! cont5ts4 ,i h notic$ at lea/ tw5ty-six examples ( its use 9 ! treatise ( ,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus alone1 #adf3b :]e x commonly ref]s to ,celsus' "w :i* he _h be=e him1 & v (t5 to passages :i* he himself quotes 9 ! context4 #adf3c ,if ?is signification be also atta*$ to ! expression1 x is equally c]ta9 t ,greek3 ouk oid' hops is us$ to express ignorance1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,lightfoot *ooses1 = ! sake ( 8 argum5t1 to =get ! fact4 ,9 any case "s ( ! be/ critics draw ! same inf]5ce f ! phrase "h t ,i d1 m especially z ,eusebius does n speak fur!r or m def9itely ( ! ,diatess>on1 among/ :om ,i may "n ,cr$n]1 ,hilg5feld1 ,holtzmann1 ,reuss & ,s*olt52 & %\ld ^! n h weight ) him ,i may ref] ,dr4 ,lightfoot to ,zahn1 #adg3a & ev5 to ,dr4 ,we/cott #adg3b & ,pr(essor ,hemphill4 #adg3c ,eusebius says no?+ m ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian & gives u no fur!r help t[>ds a recognition ( ! "w4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot supposes t ,i _h ov]look$ ! te/imony ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 an apocryphal ,syriac "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahgf by ,dr4 ,phillips aft] ,sup]natural ,religion 0 writt54 ,i did n ov]look x1 b ,i consid]$ x ( too little critical value to require mu* notice 9 lat] editions ( ! "w4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,addai is conjecturally dat$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 #adg3d & x might ) great] c]ta9ty be plac$ mu* lat]4 ,! passage to :i* he po9ts is "o 9 :i* x is said t ! new conv]ts meet toge!r to he>1 along ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,new ( ! ,diatess>on4 ,?is is assum$ to be ,tatian's ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 & ,i %all n fur!r argue ! po9t2 b does x br+ u any ne>] to a c]ta9 und]/&+ ( its "* & cont5ts8 ,! next witness1 tak+ !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot cites !m1 is ,dionysius ,b>-,salibi1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,gospels he writes3-- ,tatian1 ! disciple ( ,ju/91 ! philosoph] & m>tyr1 select$ & pat*$ toge!r f ! f\r ,gospels & con/ruct$ a gospel1 :i* he call$ ,diatess>on--t is1 ,miscellanies4 ,on ?is "w ,m> ,ephraem wrote an exposition2 & its comm5cem5t 0--,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4 ,elias ( ,salamia1 :o is also call$ ,aph?onius1 con/ruct$ a gospel aft] ! lik5ess ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 m5tion$ by ,eusebius 9 8 prologue to ! ,canons :i* he made = ! ,gospel4 ,elias s\ght = t ,diatess>on & c\ld n f9d x1 & 9 consequ5ce con/ruct$ ?is aft] its lik5ess4 ,& ! said ,elias f9ds fault ) sev]al ?+s 9 ! ,canons ( ,eusebius1 & po9ts out errors 9 !m1 & rightly4 ,b ?is copy 7"w7 :i* ,elias compos$ is n (t5 met )4 #adh3a ,?is in=mation reg>d+ ,ephraem--:o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #cgc--;be x rememb]$1 is giv5 by a writ] ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & b = ?is we %\ld n h kn[n f any anci5t indep5d5t s\rce t ,ephraem _h compos$ a comm5t>y at all1 suppos+ t he did s4 ,x is important to note1 h[ev]1 t a second ,diatess>on1 prep>$ by ,ammonius1 is "h m5tion$1 & t x 0 also describ$ by ,eusebius 9 8 ,epi/le to ,c>pianus1 & fur!r t ,b>-,salibi speaks ( a ?ird1 compos$ on ! same l9es by ,elias4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot disposes ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius 9 a v decid$ way4 ,he says3 ,x 0 q diff]5t 9 its "* f ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian4 ,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian 0 a pat*work ( ! f\r ,gospels1 comm5c+ ) ! preface ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! "w ( ,ammonius took ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w z its /&>d1 pres]v+ its cont9uity1 & plac$ side by side ) x p>allel passages f ! o!r ,gospels4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! "o 0 amalgamation2 ( ! o!r1 comp>ison4 ,no "o :o _h se5 ! two works c\ld confuse !m1 ?\gh !y bore ! same "n1 ,diatess>on4 ,eusebius keeps !m q di/9ct4 ,s does ,b>-,salibi4 ,lat] on 9 8 comm5t>y1 we are told1 he quotes bo? works 9 ! same place4 #adh3b ,d\btless1 no "o comp>+ ! two works "h describ$ c\ld confuse !m1 b x is f> f be+ s cle> t anyone :o _h n se5 m ?an "o ( ^! works c\ld ) equal c]ta9ty di/+ui% x4 ,! /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot quot$ above1 t ! ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius took ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w z its /&>d1 pres]v+ its cont9uity1 c]ta9ly does n t5d to %[ t x 0 q diff]5t 9 its "* f ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 on ! supposition t ! ,arabic translation lately publi%$ repres5ts ! "w ( ,tatian4 ,i w quote :at ,pr(essor ,hemphill says reg>d+ x1 9 pref]5ce to mak+ any /atem5t ( my own3-- ,on exam9+ ! ,diatess>on z translat$ into ,lat9 f ?is ,arabic1 we f9d 9 by f> ! great] portion ( x1 f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt to ! ,la/ ,supp] 7 #cj-acd7 t ,tatian1 l 8 bro!r h>moni/ ,ammonius1 took ,/4 ,mat!w z ! basis ( 8 "w 444 ,/4 ,m>k1 z might be expect$1 runs p>allel ) ,/4 ,mat!w 9 ! ,diatess>on1 & is 9 a few cases ! s\rce out ( :i* incid5ts h be5 incorporat$4 ,/4 ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 is employ$ by ,tatian1 z also 9 a less] degree is ,/4 ,john1 9 complete defiance ( *ronological ord]4 #adi3a ,?is is n q s diff]5t f ! description ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot quotes3-- ,he plac$ side by side ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w ! correspond+ passages ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 s t z a necess>y result ! connection ( sequ5ce 9 ! ?ree 0 de/roy$ s f> z reg>ds ! ord] 7texture7 ( read+4 #adi3b ,! next witness cit$ is ,!odoret1 ,bi%op ( ,cyrus1 writ+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dec1 & ,i ne$ n quote ! well-kn[n passage 9 :i* he describes ! suppression ( "s #bjj copies ( ,tatian's "w 9 8 diocese1 :i* 7 9 use n only among p]sons belong+ to 8 sect1 b also among ^? :o foll[ ! ,apo/olic doctr9e1 :o did n p]ceive ! h]etical purpose ( a book 9 :i* ! g5ealogies & o!r passages %[+ ! ,"l to h be5 born ( ! se$ ( ,david aft] ! fle% 7 suppress$4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 :i* ev5 ,zahn po9ts out1 t1 9 ! alleg$ ,diatess>on ( ,ephraem1 ^! passages are n all excis$1 b /ill rema9 "p ( ! text1 #aej3a z !y also d 9 ! ,arabic translation4 ,?is is ! only def9ite in=mation :i* we possess ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,diatess>on beyond ! op5+ words1 & x does n tally ) ! rec5tly discov]$ works4 ,i ne$ n fur!r discuss "h ! /atem5t ( ,epiphanius t "s call$ ,tatian's ,diatess>on ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,epiphanius _h n se5 ! "w himself1 & he leaves u 9 ! same ignorance z to its "*4 ,x is cle> f all ?is t we h no detail$ in=mation reg>d+ ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian4 ,z ,dr4 ,donaldson said long ago3 ,we %\ld n be able to id5tify x1 ev5 if x did come d[n to u1 unless x told u some?+ reliable ab\t itself4 #aej3b ,we may n[ come to ! docum5ts rec5tly publi%$4 ,! ,,ms4 ( ! ,arm5ian v]sion ( ! comm5t>y ascrib$ to ,ephraem is dat$ ,a4,d4 #aaie1 & ,moes+] decl>es t x is translat$ f ! ,syriac1 ( :i* x is said to reta9 _m traces4 #aej3c ,he /ates t 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,me*it>i/ ,fa!rs ! translation dates f ab\t ! fif? c5tury1 #aej3d b an op9ion on su* a po9t c only be receiv$ ) great caution4 ,! "n ( ,tatian is n m5tion$ z ! au?or ( ! ,h>mony1 & ! "q is op5 z to :e!r ! au?or%ip ( ! comm5t>y is rightly ascrib$ to ,ephraem ,syrus4 ,9 any case !re c be no d\bt t ! ,arm5ian "w is a translation4 ,! ,arabic "w publi%$ by ,ciasca1 & suppos$ to be a v]sion ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on itself1 is d]iv$ f two manuscripts1 "o belong+ to ! ,vatican ,libr>y & ! o!r =w>d$ to ,rome f ,egypt by ! ,vic> ,apo/olic ( ! ,ca?olic ,copts4 ,! latt] ,,ms4 /ates1 9 notes at ! beg9n+ & end1 t x is an ,arabic translation ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 made f ! ,syriac by ! presbyt] ,ab-l-,ph>ag ,abdullah ,b5-at-,tib1 :o is believ$ to h fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & 9 "o ( ^! notes ! "n ( ! scribe :o wrote ! ,syriac copy is giv51 :i* leads to ! conjecture t x may h be5 dat$ ab\t ! end ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,a note 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 also ascribes ! orig9al "w to ,tatian4 ,^! notes con/itute ! pr9cipal or only gr\nd = connect+ ,tatian's "n ) ! ,h>mony4 ,s little is kn[n reg>d+ ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian t ev5 ! language 9 :i* x 0 writt5 is matt] ( vehem5t debate4 ,! "n w\ld1 ( c\rse1 lead to ! conclusion t x 0 a ,greek composition1 & _m o!r circum/ances support ?is1 b ! m]e fact t x does n seem to h be5 kn[n to ,greek ,fa!rs1 & t x is v d\btful :e!r any ( !m1 ) ! exception ( ,!odoret1 _h ev] se5 x1 has l$ _m critics to ma9ta9 t x 0 writt5 9 ,syriac4 ,no?+ b circum/antial evid5ce ( ?is c be produc$4 ,?is alone %[s h[ little we really "k ( ! orig9al4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ works1 be+ 9 ,arabic & ,arm5ian1 ev5 suppos+ !m to be translations f ! ,syriac & t ! ,diatess>on 0 compos$ 9 ,syriac1 c only indirectly repres5t ! orig9al1 & !y obvi\sly lab\r "u fatal disability 9 reg>d to a re/oration ( ! text ( ! docum5ts at ! basis ( ! "w4 ,betwe5 d\btful accuracy ( r5d]+ & evid5t "w ( revision1 ! orig9al matt] _c b be s]i\sly disfigur$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! "n ( ,tatian did n appe> z ! au?or ( ! ,diatess>on4 #aeb3a ,?is is obvi\s f ! v nature ( ! composition & its object4 ,we h met ) ?ree works ( ?is description & x is impossible to say h[ _m m may n h exi/$4 ,z ! mo/ celebrat$1 by "n at lea/1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t1 z "t w5t on & ! id5tity ( su* works 0 lo/1 ! fir/ idea ( anyone meet+ ) su* a ,h>mony mu/ h be5 t x 0 ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian4 ,:at means c\ld !re be ( correct+ x & positively asc]ta9+ ! tru?8 ,x is n z if su* a "w 7 a p]sonal composition1 %[+ individuality ( /yle & inv5tion2 b suppos+ x to be a h>mony ( ,gospels already curr5t1 & consequ5tly v>y+ f simil> h>monies m]ely 9 details ( compilation & arrangem5t1 h[ is x possible its au?or%ip c\ld rema9 9 ! lea/ degree c]ta91 9 ! abs5ce ( an arrang]'s "n8 ,an illu/ration ( all ?is is aptly suppli$ 9 ! case ( ,victor ( ,capua1 & ,i w all[ ,dr4 ,lightfoot himself to tell ! /ory4 ,victor1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ede1 happ5$ to /umble ^u an anonym\s ,h>mony or ,dige/ ( ! ,gospels1 & began 9 consequ5ce to inve/igate ! au?or%ip4 ,he f\nd two notices 9 ,eusebius ( su* ,h>monies2 "o 9 ! ,epi/le to ,c>pianus prefix$ to ! canons1 relat+ to ! "w ( ,ammonius2 ano!r 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 relat+ to t ( ,tatian4 ,assum+ t ! "w :i* he _h discov]$ mu/ be "o or o!r1 he decides 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 because x does n give ,/4 ,mat!w cont9u\sly & app5d ! passages ( ! o!r evangeli/s1 z ,eusebius /ates ,ammonius to h done4 ,all ?is ,victor tells u 9 ! preface to ?is anonym\s ,h>mony1 :i* he publi%es 9 a ,lat9 dress4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,victor 0 mi/ak5 ab\t ! au?or%ip2 = ?\gh ! "w is con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al plan z ,tatian's1 x does n beg9 ) ,john i4 #a1 b ) ,luke i4 #a1 & x does conta9 ! g5ealogies4 ,x belongs1 !re=e1 at lea/ 9 its pres5t =m1 nei!r to ,tatian nor to ,ammonius4 #aec3a ,h[ ?is reason+ w\ld h fall5 to ! gr\nd _h ! ,h>moni/1 z he might well h done 9 imitation ( ,tatian1 comm5c$ ) ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w6 ,! mo/ in/ructive "p is /ill to come1 h[ev]1 = al?\gh 9 ,may #ahhg ,dr4 ,lightfoot says3 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,victor 0 mi/ak5 ab\t ! au?or%ip1 c41 9 a note n[ ins]t$ at ! end ( ! essay1 aft] ref]r+ to ! newly-discov]$ works1 he adds3 ,on ! relation ( ,victor's ,diatess>on1 :i* seems to be %[n aft] all n to be indep5d5t ( ,tatian 444 ,see ,hemphill's ,diatess>on4 #aec3b ,on turn+ to ,pr(essor ,hemphill's "w1 ! foll[+ passage on ! po9t is discov]$3-- ,x w be rememb]$ t ,victor1 ,bi%op ( ,capua1 9 ! ye> #edc1 f\nd a ,lat9 ,h>mony or compilation ( ! f\r ,gospels )\t any "n or title1 & be+ a man ( enquir+ m9d he at once set ab\t ! task ( discov]+ its unkn[n au?or4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! way 9 :i*1 f ! passage ( ,eusebius1 he 0 l$ to ascribe 8 discov]y to ,tatian4 ,?is conclusion 0 g5]ally trav]s$ by ,*ur* writ]s1 & ,victor 0 suppos$ to h made a mi/ake4 ,he is n[1 h[ev]1 prov$ to h be5 a bett] judge ?an 8 critics1 =1 z ,dr4 ,wace 0 ! fir/ to po9t out1 a comp>ison ( ?is ,lat9 ,h>mony ) ! ,ephraem fragm5ts demon/rates _! sub/antial id5tity1 z !y pres]ve to a wond]ful degree ! same ord]1 & g5]ally proce$ p>i passu4 #aec3c ,b h[ ab\t ,luke i4 #a z ! beg9n+8 & ! g5ealogies8 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly %[ ! unc]ta9ty :i* mu/ always prevail ab\t su* works4 ,%all we "o day discov] t ,victor 0 equally "r ab\t ! read+ ,diap5te8 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to g into all ?is ) a view ( %[+ h[ little we "k ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian &1 ,i may add1 ( ! ,comm5t>y ( ,ephraem ,syrus & ! "w on :i* x is bas$4 ,x is n at pres5t necess>y to exam9e m closely ! text ( ei!r ( ! rec5tly publi%$ works1 b1 :il/ leav+ !m to be tri$ by "t1 ,i may cle>ly /ate :at ! effect on my argum5t w\ld be on ! assumption made by ,dr4 ,lightfoot t we h actually recov]$ ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 & t x is compos$ ^u a text m or less correspond+ ) our f\r ,gospels4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,h>mony itself nor 9 ! suppos$ ,comm5t>y ( ,ephraem ,syrus is ! "n ( any ( ! ,evangeli/s m5tion$1 & mu* less is !re any in=mation giv5 z to _! p]sonality1 "*1 or tru/wor?9ess4 ,if ^! works 71 !re=e1 ! v]itable ,diatess>on ( ,tatian & ! ,comm5t>y ( ,ephraem ^u x1 ! ,gospels w\ld n be r5d]$ m cr$ible z ! record ( miracles nor z witnesses = ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may n be un9/ructive if ,i take ! lib]ty ( quot+ "h "s argum5ts ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( ! ,lett] ( ! ,smyrna5s1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p4 #aed3a ,! miracul\s elem5t has also be5 urg$ 9 "s qu>t]s z an objection to ! g5u95ess ( ! docum5t4 ,yet1 consid]+ all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 we h m occasion to be surpris$ at ! comp>ative abs5ce ?an at ! special prom95ce ( ! sup]natural 9 ! n>rative4 ,comp>$ ) records ( e>ly ,*ri/ian m>tyrs1 or ) biographies ( m$iaeval sa9ts1 or ) notices ( religi\s h]oes at any great crisis1 ev5 9 ! m rec5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*--z1 = in/ance1 ! rise ( ,jesuitism or ( ,wesleyanism--?is docum5t conta9s no?+ :i* ought to excite a suspicion z to its au!nticity4 ,! "o miracul\s incid5t1 :i* creates a real difficulty1 is ! dove issu+ f ! w\nd$ side ( ! m>tyr4 ,yet ev5 ?is might be acc\nt$ = by an illusion1 & "u any circum/ances x w\ld be q inadequate to condemn ! docum5t z a =g]y4 ,b x w be %[n h]eaft] 7p4 #fbg7 t !re are excell5t reasons = reg>d+ ! incid5t z a lat] int]polation1 :i* _h no place 9 ! orig9al docum5t4 ,beyond ?is we h ! voice f heav5 call+ to ,polyc>p 9 ! /adium to play ! man 7 #i74 ,b ! v simplicity ( ! n>rative "h dis>ms criticism4 ,! bre?r5 pres5t he>d ! voice1 b no "o saw ! speak]4 ,?is 0 ! sole gr\nd = ! belief t x 0 n a human utt]ance4 ,aga91 !re is ! ar*+ ( ! fire r\nd ! m>tyr l a sail swell$ by ! w9d 7 #ae74 ,b ?is may be expla9$ z a /rictly natural occurr5ce1 & simil> ph5om5a h be5 witness$ m ?an once on l occasions1 notably at ! m>tyrdoms ( ,savon>ola & ( ,hoop]4 ,aga91 !re is ! sweet sc5t1 z ( inc5se1 issu+ f ! burn+ pyre 7 #ae72 b ?is ph5om5on also1 h[ev] we may expla9 x1 :e!r f ! fragrance ( ! wood or 9 "s o!r way1 meets u con/antly4 ,9 ano!r e>ly record ( m>tyrdoms1 ! hi/ory ( ! p]secutions at ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 a little m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]1 we are told 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #a1 #ce7 t ! h]oic m>tyrs1 z !y /epp$ =w>d to meet _! fate1 7 'fragrant ) ! sweet od\r ( ,*ri/1 s t "s p]sons ev5 suppos$ t !y _h be5 ano9t$ ) mat]ial o9tm5t' 7,greek3 h/e eni\s doxai kai mur kosmik ke*ri/hai aut\s74 ,yet !re 0 no pyre & no burn+ wood "h1 s t ! imag9ation ( ! by/&]s mu/ h suppli$ ! incid5t4 ,inde$1 ?is acc\nt ( ! ,gallican m>tyrs1 indisputably writt5 by eye-witnesses1 conta9s _m m />tl+ occurr5ces ?an ! record ( ,polyc>p's fate4 ,m or less closely connect$ ) ! miracul\s elem5t is ! prophetic insight attribut$ to ,polyc>p4 ,b :at does ?is am\nt to8 ,x is /at$ inde$ t 'e ^w :i* he utt]$ 0 accompli%$ & w be accompli%$' 7 #af74 ,b ! future t5se1 'w be accompli%$1' is itself ! expression ( a belief1 n ! /atem5t ( a fact4 ,we may1 inde$1 accept ?is qualification z cle> te/imony t1 :5 ! n>rative 0 writt51 _m ( 8 =ebod+s & pr$ictions _h n be5 fulfill$4 ,! only example ( a pr$iction actually giv5 9 ! n>rative is ! dream ( 8 burn+ pill[1 :i* sugge/$ to him t he w\ld und]go m>tyrdom by fire4 ,b :at m natural ?an ?is pres5tim5t1 :5 p]secution 0 rag+ ar\nd him & fire 0 a common in/rum5t ( dea?8 ,i ne$ n /op "h to discuss h[ f> a presci5ce may be v\*saf$ to ,god's sa9ts4 ,ev5 'old exp]i5ce' is f\nd to be gift$ ) 'some?+ l prophetic /ra94' ,x is suffici5t to say "h aga9 t x w\ld be difficult to po9t to a s+le au!ntic biography ( any ,*ri/ian h]o--c]ta9ly ( any ,*ri/ian h]o ( ! e>ly c5turies--( :om "s incid5t at lea/ z rem>kable z ?is prophecy1 if prophecy x c be call$1 is n record$4 ,pontius1 ! disciple & biograph] ( ,cyprian1 relates a simil> intimation :i* prec$$ ! m>tyrdom ( 8 ma/]1 & adds3 ',quid hac revelatione manife/ius8 quid hac dignatione felicius8 ante illi pra$icta sunt omnia quaecunque po/modum subsecuta sunt4' 7,vit4 et ,pass4 ,cypr4 #ab1 #ac7 #aef3a ,i am ! m anxi\s to quote ?is extract f a "w1 writt5 long aft] ! essays on ,sup]natural ,religion1 z x pres5ts ,dr4 ,lightfoot 9 a v diff]5t light1 & gives me an opportunity ( congratulat+ him on ! app>5t progress ( 8 ?\ght t[>ds fre$om :i* x exhibits4 ,i q agree ) him t ! pres5ce ( sup]natural or sup]/iti\s elem5ts is no evid5ce aga9/ ! au!nticity ( an e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+1 b ! promptitude ) :i* he sets ^! aside z int]polations1 or expla9s !m away into naturalism1 is wor?y ( ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,he n[ und]/&s1 )\t d\bt1 ! reason :y ,i dem& su* cle> & conclusive evid5ce ( miracles1 & :y ,i refuse to accept su* n>ratives ^u anonym\s & insuffici5t te/imony4 ,9 fact1 he _c compla9 t ,i feel b\nd to expla9 all alleg$ miracul\s occurr5ces precisely 9 ! way ( :i* he has set me s good an example1 & t1 :il/ feel+ no?+ b v sympa!tic appreciation ( ! emotion :i* /imulat$ ! imag9ation & dev\t rev]5ce ( e>ly ,*ri/ians to su* mi/akes1 ,i resolutely refuse to believe _! pi\s ab]rations4 ,,viii4 ,,conclusions4 ,we h se5 t ,div9e ,revelation c\ld only be necess>y or conceivable = ! purpose ( communicat+ to u some?+ :i* we c\ld n o!rwise discov]1 & t ! tru? ( communications :i* are ess5tially beyond & undiscov]able by reason _c be atte/$ 9 any o!r way ?an by miracul\s signs di/+ui%+ !m z ,div9e4 ,x is admitt$ t no o!r te/imony c\ld ju/ify our believ+ ! specific ,revelation :i* we are consid]+1 ! v sub/ance ( :i* is sup]natural & beyond ! criticism ( reason1 & t its doctr9es1 if n prov$ to be miracul\s tru?s1 mu/ inevitably be pron\nc$ ! wilde/ delusions4 ,by no rational be+ c\ld a j & b5evol5t life be accept$ z pro( ( su* a/oni%+ ann\ncem5ts4 ,on exam9+ ! alleg$ miracul\s evid5ce = ,*ri/ianity z ,div9e ,revelation1 h[ev]1 we f9d t1 ev5 if ! actual occurr5ce ( ! suppos$ miracles c\ld be sub/antiat$1 _! value z evid5ce w\ld be de/roy$ by ! necess>y admission t miracles are n limit$ to "o s\rce & are n exclusively associat$ ) tru?1 b are p]=m$ by v>i\s spiritual ,be+s1 ,satanic z well z ,div9e1 & are n always evid5tial1 b are sometimes to be reg>d$ z delusive & = ! trial ( fai?4 ,z ! doctr9es suppos$ to be reveal$ are beyond ,reason1 & _c 9 any s5se be intellig5tly approv$ by ! human intellect1 no evid5ce :i* is ( s d\btful & inconclusive a nature c\ld suffici5tly atte/ !m4 ,?is alone w\ld disqualify ! ,*ri/ian miracles = ! duty :i* miracles alone are capable ( p]=m+4 ,! suppos$ miracul\s evid5ce = ! ,div9e ,revelation1 moreov]1 is n only )\t any special ,div9e "*1 be+ av[$ly common also to ,satanic ag5cy1 b x is n orig9al ei!r 9 conception or details4 ,simil> miracles are report$ long antec$5tly to ! fir/ promulgation ( ,*ri/ianity1 & cont9u$ to be p]=m$ = c5turies aft] x4 ,a /ream ( miracul\s pret5sion1 9 fact1 has fl[$ ?r\gh all human hi/ory1 deep & broad z x has pass$ ?r\gh ! d>k] ages1 b dw9dl+ d[n to a ?read z x has ent]$ days ( enlight5m5t4 ,! evid5ce 0 too hackney$ & commonplace to make any impression ^u ^? be=e :om ! ,*ri/ian miracles are said to h be5 p]=m$1 & x altoge!r fail$ to conv9ce ! p to :om ! ,revelation 0 prim>ily address$4 ,! selection ( su* evid5ce = su* a purpose is mu* m *>act]i/ic ( human weakness ?an ( ,div9e p[]4 ,! true "* ( miracles is at once betray$ by ! fact t _! suppos$ occurr5ce has ?us be5 conf9$ to ages ( ignorance & sup]/ition1 & t !y are absolutely unkn[n 9 any "t or place :]e sci5ce has provid$ witnesses fitt$ to appreciate & asc]ta9 ! nature ( su* exhibitions ( sup]natural p[]4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t any attempt 0 made to inve/igate ! suppos$ miracul\s occurr5ces1 or to ju/ify ! inf]5ces s freely drawn f !m1 nor is !re any reason to believe t ! witnesses possess$1 9 any consid]able degree1 ! fulness ( k & sobriety ( judgm5t requisite = ! purpose4 ,no miracle has yet e/abli%$ its claim to ! rank ev5 ( app>5t reality1 & all su* ph5om5a mu/ rema9 9 ! dim region ( imag9ation4 ,! te/ appli$ to ! l>ge/ class ( miracles1 connect$ ) demoniacal possession1 discloses ! falsity ( all miracul\s pret5sion4 ,!re is no unc]ta9ty z to ! orig9 ( belief 9 sup]natural int]f]5ce ) nature4 ,! ass]tion t spuri\s miracles h sprung up r\nd a few in/ances ( g5u9e miracul\s p[] has n a s+le valid argum5t to support x4 ,hi/ory cle>ly demon/rates t1 :]ev] ignorance & sup]/ition h prevail$1 e obscure occurr5ce has be5 attribut$ to sup]natural ag5cy1 & x is freely ackn[l$g$ t1 "u _! influ5ce1 'inexplicable' & 'miracul\s' are conv]tible t]ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 proportion z k ( natural laws has increas$1 ! !ory ( sup]natural int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( nature has be5 dispell$ & miracles h ceas$4 ,! effect ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 is n limit$ to ! pres5t & future1 b its action is equally retrospective1 & ph5om5a :i* 7 once ignorantly isolat$ f ! sequ5ce ( natural cause & effect are n[ re/or$ to _! place 9 ! unbrok5 ord]4 ,ignorance & sup]/ition creat$ miracles2 k has = ev] annihilat$ !m4 ,to ju/ify miracles1 two assumptions are made3 fir/1 an ,inf9ite ,p]sonal ,god2 & second1 a ,div9e design ( ,revelation1 ! execution ( :i* necess>ily involves sup]natural action4 ,miracles1 x is argu$1 are n contr>y to nature1 or effects produc$ )\t adequate causes1 b on ! contr>y are caus$ by ! int]v5tion ( ?is ,inf9ite ,p]sonal ,god = ! purpose ( atte/+ & c>ry+ out ! ,div9e design4 ,nei!r ( ! assumptions1 h[ev]1 c be reasonably ma9ta9$4 ,! assumption ( an ,inf9ite ,p]sonal ,god3 a ,be+ at once limit$ & unlimit$1 is a use ( language to :i* no mode ( human ?\ght c possibly atta* itself4 ,moreov]1 ! assumption ( a ,god work+ miracles is emphatically exclud$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,! allegation ( a specific ,div9e cause ( miracles is fur!r inadequate f ! fact t ! p[] ( work+ miracles is av[$ly n limit$ to a ,p]sonal ,god1 b is also ascrib$ to o!r spiritual ,be+s1 & x mu/1 consequ5tly1 always be impossible to prove t ! suppos$ miracul\s ph5om5a orig9ate ) "o & n ) ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! assumption ( a ,div9e design ( ,revelation is n sugge/$ by antec$5t probability1 b is d]iv$ f ! v ,revelation :i* x is int5d$ to ju/ify1 z is likewise ! assumption ( a ,p]sonal ,god1 & bo? are equally vici\s z argum5ts4 ,! circum/ances :i* are suppos$ to require ?is ,div9e design1 & ! details ( ! s*eme1 are absolutely incr$ible & oppos$ to all ! results ( sci5ce4 ,nature does n c\nt5ance any !ory ( ! orig9al p]fection & subsequ5t degradation ( ! human race1 & ! supposition ( a fru/rat$ orig9al plan ( creation1 & ( lat] impot5t endeav\rs to correct x1 is z inconsi/5t ) ,div9e omnipot5ce & wisdom z ! propos$ puni%m5t ( ! human race & ! mode devis$ to save "s ( !m are oppos$ to ju/ice & morality4 ,su* assumptions are ess5tially inadmissible1 & totally fail to expla9 & ju/ify miracles4 ,:atev] def9ition be giv5 ( miracles1 su* exceptional ph5om5a mu/ at lea/ be antec$5tly incr$ible4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( absolute k1 human belief mu/ be guid$ by ! balance ( evid5ce1 & x is obvi\s t ! evid5ce = ! uni=mity ( ! ord] ( nature1 :i* is d]iv$ f univ]sal exp]i5ce1 mu/ be enorm\sly great] ?an c be ! te/imony = any alleg$ exception to x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 univ]sal exp]i5ce prep>es u to consid] mi/akes ( ! s5ses1 imp]fect obs]vation & errone\s inf]5ce z n only possible1 b em95tly probable on ! "p ( ! witnesses ( ph5om5a1 ev5 :5 !y are p]fectly hone/ & tru?ful1 & m especially s :5 su* di/urb+ causes z religi\s excitem5t & sup]/ition are pres5t4 ,:5 ! report ( ! orig9al witnesses only rea*es u indirectly & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( tradition1 ! probability ( error is fur!r increas$4 ,?us ! allegation ( miracles is discr$it$1 bo? positively by ! inv>iability ( ! ord] ( nature1 & negatively by ! fallibility ( human obs]vation & te/imony4 ,! hi/ory ( miracul\s pret5sion 9 ! _w & ! circum/ances att5d+ ! special exhibition ( x :i* we are exam9+ sugge/ natural explanations ( ! report$ facts :i* :olly remove !m f ! region ( ! sup]natural4 ,:5 we proce$ to exam9e ! direct witnesses = ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 we d n discov] any exceptional circum/ances neutralis+ ! prec$+ consid]ations4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d t ! case turns n ^u miracles sub/antially be=e u1 b ^u ! m]e n>ratives ( miracles said to h occurr$ ov] eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is obvi\s t1 = su* n>ratives to possess any real =ce & validity1 x is ess5tial t _! "* & au?or%ip %\ld be plac$ beyond all d\bt4 ,!y mu/ proce$ f eye-witnesses capable ( e/imat+ aright ! nature ( ! ph5om5a4 ,our f\r ,gospels1 h[ev]1 are /rictly anonym\s works4 ,! sup]scriptions :i* n[ di/+ui% !m are und5iably ( lat] orig9 ?an ! works !mselves & d n proce$ f ! compos]s ( ! ,gospels4 ,( ! writ]s to :om ^! n>ratives are traditionally ascrib$ only two are ev5 said to h be5 apo/les1 ! alleg$ au?ors ( ! second & ?ird ,synoptics nei!r hav+ be5 p]sonal foll[]s ( ,jesus nor eye-witnesses ( ! ev5ts !y describe4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 we are :olly dep5d5t ^u ext]nal evid5ce = in=mation reg>d+ ! au?or%ip & tru/wor?9ess ( ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,9 exam9+ ?is evid5ce1 we proce$$ ^u cle> & def9ite pr9ciples4 ,)\t =m+ or adopt+ any !ory :atev] z to ! date or orig9 ( our ,gospels1 we simply se>*$ ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 dur+ a c5tury & a half aft] ! ev5ts 9 "q1 = in=mation reg>d+ ! composition & "* ( ^! works & ev5 = any c]ta9 traces ( _! use1 al?\gh1 if discov]$1 ^! c\ld prove little beyond ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels us$ at ! date ( ! writ]4 ,9 ! latt] & m9or inve/igation1 we 7 guid$ by canons ( criticism1 previ\sly laid d[n1 :i* are bas$ ^u ! simple/ laws ( evid5ce4 ,we f\nd t ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 dur+ a c5tury & a half aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 are a complete blank s f> z any evid5ce reg>d+ ! composition & "* ( our ,gospels is conc]n$1 unless we except ! tradition pres]v$ by ,papias1 aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 ! details ( :i* fully ju/ify ! conclusion t our fir/ & second ,synoptics1 9 _! pres5t =m1 _c be ! works said to h be5 compos$ by ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,!re is ?us no evid5ce :atev] directly connect+ any ( ! canonical ,gospels ) ! writ]s to :om !y are popul>ly attribut$1 & lat] tradition1 ( little or no value 9 itself1 is sep>at$ by a long int]val ( pr(\nd sil5ce f ! epo* at :i* !y are suppos$ to h be5 compos$4 ,) "o exception1 moreov]1 we f\nd t1 dur+ ! same c5tury & a half1 !re is no c]ta9 & unmi/akable trace ev5 ( ! anonym\s use ( any ( our ,gospels 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,?is fact1 ( c\rse1 does n ju/ify ! conclusion t none ( ^! ,gospels 0 actually 9 exi/5ce dur+ any "p ( t "t1 nor h we any:]e sugge/$ su* an inf]5ce1 b /rict exam9ation ( ! evid5ce %[s t !re is no positive pro( t !y 74 ,! exception to :i* we ref] is ,m>cion's ,gospel1 :i* 01 we ?9k1 bas$ ^u our ?ird ,synoptic1 & consequ5tly mu/ be accept$ z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( t "w4 ,m>cion1 h[ev]1 does n give ! slighte/ in=mation z to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel1 & 8 *>ges aga9/ x ( adult]ation _c be consid]$ v fav\rable te/imony z to its infallible "*4 ,! canonical ,gospels cont9ue to ! end anonym\s docum5ts ( no evid5tial value = miracles4 ,!y d n !mselves pret5d to be inspir$ hi/ories1 & !y _c escape f ! ord9>y rules ( criticism4 ,int]nal evid5ce does n modify ! inf]5ces f ext]nal te/imony4 ,ap>t f cont9ual m9or contradictions ?r\gh\t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 x is impossible to reconcile ! repres5tations ( ! ,synoptics ) ^? ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,!y mutually de/roy ea* o!r z evid5ce4 ,!y mu/ be pron\nc$ m]e n>ratives compil$ long aft] ! ev5ts record$1 by unkn[n p]sons :o 7 nei!r eye-witnesses ( ! alleg$ miracul\s occurr5ces nor he>]s ( ! /atem5ts !y pr(ess to report4 ,!y _c be accept$ z adequate te/imony = miracles & ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,apply+ simil> te/s to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les we arriv$ at simil> results4 ,ackn[l$g$ to be compos$ by ! same au?or :o produc$ ! ?ird ,synoptic1 t au?or's id5tity is n !reby made m cle>4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ! slighte/ value reg>d+ its "*1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "w itself teems to su* an ext5t ) miracul\s incid5ts & sup]natural ag5cy t ! cr$ibility ( ! n>rative requires an extraord9>y am\nt ( atte/ation to secure = x any s]i\s consid]ation4 ,:5 ! /atem5ts ( ! au?or are comp>$ ) ! emphatic decl>ations ( ! ,apo/le ,paul & ) au!ntic acc\nts ( ! developm5t ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 x becomes evid5t t ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 z might h be5 suppos$1 is a leg5d>y composition ( a lat] day1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z sob] & cr$ible hi/ory1 & r discr$its ?an t5ds to e/abli% ! reality ( ! miracles ) :i* its pages s suspici\sly ab\nd4 ,! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon requir$ no sep>ate exam9ation1 because1 ev5 if g5u9e1 !y conta9 no additional te/imony to ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation1 beyond ! impli$ belief 9 su* doctr9es z ! ,inc>nation & ,resurrection4 ,x is unque/ionable1 we suppose1 t 9 "s =m or o!r ! ,apo/les believ$ 9 ^! miracles1 & ! assumption t !y did s sup]s$es ! necessity = exam9+ ! au!nticity ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les & ,apocalypse4 ,9 l mann]1 ! recognition z g5u9e ( f\r ,epi/les ( ,paul1 :i* conta9 8 te/imony to miracles1 r5d]s x sup]flu\s to discuss ! au!nticity ( ! o!r lett]s attribut$ to him4 ,! g5]al belief 9 miracul\s p[] & its possession by ! ,*ur* is br\ght to a practical te/ 9 ! case ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,aft] elaborate consid]ation ( 8 lett]s1 we came to ! unhesitat+ conclusion t1 in/ead ( e/abli%+ ! reality ( miracles1 ! unconsci\s te/imony ( ,paul cle>ly demon/rates ! facility ) :i* errone\s inf]5ces conv]t ! mo/ natural ph5om5a into sup]natural occurr5ces4 ,z a f9al te/1 we c>efully exam9$ ! :ole ( ! evid5ce = ! c>d9al dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion ( ,jesus4 ,fir/ tak+ ! f\r ,gospels1 we f\nd t _! acc\nts ( ^! ev5ts are n only full ( leg5d>y matt]1 b ev5 contradict & exclude ea* o!r &1 s f> f e/abli%+ ! reality ( su* /up5d\s miracles1 !y %[ t no reliance is to be plac$ on ! /atem5ts ( ! unkn[n au?ors4 ,tak+ next ! te/imony ( ,paul1 :i* is m important z at lea/ au!ntic & proce$+ f an ,apo/le ( :om we "k m ?an ( any o!r ( ! e>ly mission>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 we saw t x 0 indef9ite & utt]ly insuffici5t4 ,8 s-call$ circum/antial acc\nt ( ! te/imony ^u :i* ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection re/$ consi/s m]ely ( vague & undetail$ he>say1 diff]+1 s f> z x c be comp>$1 f ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,gospels1 & )\t o!r atte/ation ?an ! b>e fact t x is repeat$ by ,paul1 :o d\btless believ$ x1 al?\gh he _h n himself be5 a witness ( any ( ! suppos$ appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus :i* he s briefly catalogues4 ,paul's own p]sonal te/imony to ! ,resurrection is limit$ to a vision ( ,jesus1 ( :i* we h no au!ntic details1 se5 _m ye>s aft] ! alleg$ miracle4 ,consid]+ ! peculi> & highly n]v\s temp]am5t ( ,paul1 ( :i* he himself supplies abundant evid5ce1 !re c be no hesitation 9 decid+ t ?is vision 0 purely subjective1 z 7 likewise1 9 all probability1 ! appe>ances to ! excit$ disciples ( ,jesus4 ,! te/imony ( ,paul himself1 be=e 8 imag9ation 0 /imulat$ to ec/atic f]v\r by ! beauty ( a spiritualis$ religion1 0 an e>ne/ d5ial ( ! great ,*ri/ian dogma1 emphasis$ by ! active p]secution ( ^? :o affirm$ x2 & a vision1 especially 9 ! case ( "o s con/itut$1 suppos$ to be se5 _m ye>s aft] ! fact ( ! ,resurrection _h ceas$ to be capable ( v]ification1 is n an argum5t ( conv9c+ =ce4 ,we 7 compell$ to pron\nce ! evid5ce = ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion absolutely & hopelessly inadequate to prove ! reality ( su* /up5d\s miracles1 :i* mu/ consequ5tly be unhesitat+ly reject$4 ,!re is no reason giv51 or ev5 conceivable1 :y allegations su* z ^!1 & dogmas affect+ ! religion & ev5 ! salvation ( ! human race1 %\ld be accept$ ^u evid5ce :i* w\ld be decl>$ totally insuffici5t 9 ! case ( any common "q ( prop]ty or title be=e a legal tribunal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m mom5t\s ! po9t to be e/abli%$1 ! m complete mu/ be ! pro( requir$4 ,if we te/ ! results at :i* we h arriv$ by g5]al consid]ations1 we f9d !m ev]y:]e confirm$ & e/abli%$4 ,!re is no?+ orig9al 9 ! claim ( ,*ri/ianity to be reg>d$ z ,div9e ,revelation1 & no?+ new ei!r 9 ! doctr9es said to h be5 reveal$1 or 9 ! miracles by :i* x is alleg$ to h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,!re has n be5 a s+le hi/orical religion l>gely held among/ m5 :i* has n pret5d$ to be div9ely reveal$1 & ! writt5 books ( :i* h n be5 repres5t$ z directly inspir$4 ,!re is n a doctr9e1 sacram5t1 or rite ( ,*ri/ianity :i* has n sub/antially =m$ "p ( e>li] religions2 & n a s+le phase ( ! sup]natural hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/1 f 8 miracul\s conception1 bir? & inc>nation to 8 dea?1 resurrection1 & asc5sion1 :i* has n _h its c\nt]p>t 9 e>li] my?ologies4 ,heav5 & hell1 ) *>act]i/ic v>iation ( details1 h held an important place 9 ! es*atology ( _m cre$s & races4 ,! same may be said ev5 ( ! moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! elevat$ precepts ( :i*1 al?\gh 9 a less p]fect & connect$ =m1 _h already sugge/$ !mselves to _m noble m9ds & be5 promulgat$ by anci5t sages & philosoph]s4 ,t ?is ,enquiry into ! reality ( ,div9e ,revelation has be5 limit$ to ! claim ( ,*ri/ianity has aris5 solely f a desire to cond5se x )9 reasonable b\nds1 & conf9e x to ! only ,religion 9 connection ) :i* x c\ld practically int]e/ u n[4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! hi/ory & a*ievem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity :i* c be consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( a ,religion ,div9ely reveal$ = ! salvation ( mank9d4 ,orig9ally said to h be5 communicat$ to a s+le nation1 specially select$ z ! peculi> p ( ,god1 = :om di/+ui%$ privileges 7 said to be res]v$1 x 0 almo/ unanim\sly reject$ by t nation at ! "t & x has cont9u$ to be repudiat$ by its desc5dants1 ) s+ul> unanimity1 to ! pres5t day4 ,aft] m ?an eighte5 c5turies1 ?is ,div9e s*eme ( salvation has n obta9$ ev5 ! nom9al adhesion ( m ?an a ?ird ( ! human race1 & if1 9 a c5sus ( ,*ri/5dom1 di/9ction c\ld n[ be made ( ^? :o no long] s]i\sly believe 9 x z ,sup]natural ,religion1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld take a mu* l[] num]ical position4 ,skya ,muni1 a tea*] only second 9 nobility ( "* to ,jesus1 :o1 l him1 proclaim$ a sy/em ( elevat$ morality1 has ev5 n[ almo/ twice ! numb] ( foll[]s1 al?\gh 8 mission>ies nev] s\ght conv]ts 9 ! ,we/4 #afh3a ,consid]$ z a s*eme ,div9ely devis$ z ! be/1 if n only1 mode ( r$eem+ ! human race & sav+ !m f et]nal damnation1 promulgat$ by ,god himself inc>nate 9 human =m1 & complet$ by 8 own actual dea? ^u ! cross = ! s9s ( ! _w1 su* results z ^! c only be reg>d$ z practical failure1 al?\gh !y may n be disproportionate = a sy/em ( elevat$ morality4 ,we %all probably nev] be able to det]m9e h[ f> ! great ,tea*] may ?r\gh 8 own speculations or misund]/ood spiritual utt]ances h sugge/$ ! sup]natural doctr9es subsequ5tly attribut$ to him1 & by :i* 8 :ole hi/ory & sy/em soon became trans=m$2 b no "o :o att5tively /udies ! subject c fail to be /ruck by ! abs5ce ( su* dogmas f ! e>li] records ( 8 tea*+4 ,x is to ! excit$ v5]ation ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 h[ev]1 t we owe mo/ ( ! sup]natural elem5ts s *>act]i/ic ( ! age & p4 ,we may look 9 va9 ev5 9 ! synoptic ,gospels = ! doctr9es elaborat$ 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & ! ,gospel ( ,ephesus4 ,! great trans=mation ( ,*ri/ianity 0 effect$ by m5 :o _h nev] se5 ,jesus1 & :o 7 only acqua9t$ ) 8 tea*+ aft] x _h become transmut$ by tradition4 ,! f]vid imag9ation ( ! ,ea/ con/ruct$ ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,x is n difficult to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! cre$s ( ! ,*ur*1 & x is c]ta9ly mo/ in/ructive to obs]ve ! progressive boldness ) :i* its dogmas 7 exp&$ by pi\s en?usiasm4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t alone repres5ts sev]al /ages ( dogmatic evolution4 ,be=e 8 fir/ foll[]s _h pass$ away ! process ( trans=mation _h comm5c$4 ,! disciples1 :o _h s (t5 misund]/ood ! tea*+ ( ,jesus dur+ 8 life1 pi\sly di/ort$ x aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 simple lessons ( meekness & humility 7 soon =gott54 ,) lam5table rapidity1 ! elaborate /ructure ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 foll[+ /]eotyp$ l9es ( human sup]/ition & deeply col\r$ by ,alex&rian philosophy1 displac$ ! sublime morality ( ,jesus4 ,doctr9al controv]sy1 :i* comm5c$ among/ ! v ,apo/les1 has ev] s9ce divid$ ! unity ( ! ,*ri/ian body4 ,! p]v]t$ +5uity ( successive g5]ations ( *ur*m5 has fill$ ! _w ) !ological quibbles1 :i* h naturally en\gh culm9at$ ( late 9 doctr9es ( ,immaculate ,conception & ,papal ,infallibility4 ,x is sometimes affirm$1 h[ev]1 t ^? :o proclaim su* conclusions n only wantonly de/roy ! de>e/ hopes ( humanity1 b remove ! only solid basis ( morality2 & x is alleg$ t1 be=e exi/+ belief is di/urb$1 ! iconocla/ is b\nd to provide a sub/itute = ! %att]$ idol4 ,to ?is we may reply t spee* or sil5ce does n alt] ! reality ( ?+s4 ,! recognition ( ,tru? _c be made dep5d5t on consequ5ces1 or be trammell$ by consid]ations ( spuri\s exp$i5cy4 ,its decl>ation 9 a s]i\s & suitable mann] to ^? :o are capable ( judg+ c nev] be premature4 ,its suppression _c be effectual1 & is only a humiliat+ compromise ) consci\s impo/ure4 ,9 s f> z morality is conc]n$1 belief 9 a sy/em ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 al?\gh ( an int5sely degrad$ "*1 may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h promot$ obs]vance ( ! lett] ( ! law 9 d>k] ages & ev5 9 our own2 b x may1 we ?9k1 be %[n t education & civilisation h done inf9itely m to en=ce its _s4 ,h[ f> ,*ri/ianity has promot$ education & civilisation1 we %all n "h v5ture adequately to discuss4 ,we may emphatically ass]t1 h[ev]1 t :atev] b5eficial effect ,*ri/ianity has produc$ has be5 due1 n to its sup]natural dogmas1 b to its simple morality4 ,dogmatic ,!ology1 on ! contr>y1 has ret>d$ education & imp$$ sci5ce4 ,:]ev] x has be5 dom9ant1 civilisation has /ood /ill4 ,sci5ce has be5 judg$ & suppress$ by ! light ( a text or a *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,almo/ e great advance :i* has be5 made t[>ds enlight5m5t has be5 a*iev$ 9 spite ( ! prote/ or ! ana!ma ( ! ,*ur*4 ,submissive ignorance1 absolute or comp>ative1 has be5 tacitly fo/]$ z ! mo/ desirable condition ( ! popul> m9d4 ,except ye be conv]t$1 & become z little *ildr51 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51 has be5 ! fav\rite text ( ,doctors ( ,div9ity ) a /ock ( incr$ible dogmas difficult ( assimilation by ! virile m9d4 ,ev5 n[1 ! friction ( !ological resi/ance is a con/ant wa/e ( intellectual p[]4 ,! e>ly enunciation ( s pure a sy/em ( morality1 & "o s intelligible to ! simple z well z pr(\nd to ! wise1 0 ( great value to ! _w2 b1 exp]i5ce be+ once sy/ematis$ & codifi$1 if high] pr9ciples d n con/ra9 u1 society may safely be left to see morals suffici5tly obs]v$4 ,x is true t1 not)/&+ its fluctuat+ rules1 morality has hi!rto assum$ ! "* ( a ,div9e in/itution1 b its sway has n1 9 consequ5ce1 be5 m real ?an x mu/ be z ! simple result ( human wisdom & ! outcome ( social exp]i5ce4 ,! *oice ( a noble life is no long] a !ological "q1 & ecclesia/ical pat5ts ( tru? & uprightness h f9ally expir$4 ,morality1 :i* has ev] *ang$ its complexion & modifi$ its injunctions accord+ to social requirem5ts1 w necess>ily be en=c$ z "p ( human evolution1 & is n dep5d5t on religi\s t]rorism or sup]/iti\s p]suasion4 ,if we are dispos$ to say3 ,cui bono8 & only practise morality1 or be rul$ by "r pr9ciples1 to ga9 a heav5 or escape a hell1 !re is no?+ lo/1 = su* grudg+ & calculat$ morality is m]ely a spuri\s imitation :i* c z well be produc$ by social compulsion4 ,b if we h ev] be5 really p5etrat$ by ! pure _s ( morality1 if we h 9 any degree atta9$ t elevation ( m9d :i* in/9ctively turns to ! true & noble & %r9ks f ! bas] level ( ?\ght & action1 we %all feel no ne$ ( ! /imulus ( a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 a future /ate :i* has = s long be5 repres5t$ z ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity4 ,z to ! o!r reproa*1 let u ask :at has actually be5 de/roy$ by su* an enquiry press$ to its logical conclusion4 ,c ,tru? by any means be made less true8 ,c reality be melt$ into ?9 air8 ,! ,revelation n be+ a reality1 t :i* has be5 de/roy$ is only an illusion1 & t :i* is left is ! ,tru?4 ,los+ belief 9 x & its cont5ts1 we h lo/ absolutely no?+ b t :i* ! travell] loses :5 ! mirage1 :i* has display$ cool wat]s & gre5 %ades be=e him1 melts swiftly away4 ,!re 7 no cool f\nta9s really !re to allay 8 ?ir/1 no fl[]y mead[s = 8 we>i$ limbs2 8 pleasure 0 delusion1 & ! wild]ness is blank4 ,r ! mirage ) its pleasant illusion1 is ! human cry1 ?an ! des]t ) its b>r5ness4 ,n s1 is ! fri5dly w>n+2 seek n va9ly 9 ! des]t t :i* is n !re1 b turn r to o!r horizons & to sur] hopes4 ,d n wa/e life cl++ to ecclesia/ical dogmas :i* repres5t no et]nal v]ities1 b se>* else:]e = tru? :i* may haply be f\nd4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( ! man :o p]si/5tly repuls$ ! p]suasion t two & two make f\r f ! ard5t desire to believe t two & two make five8 ,^: fault is x t two & two d make f\r & n five8 ,^: folly is x t x %\ld be m agreeable to ?9k t two & two make five ?an to "k t !y only make f\r8 ,?is folly is !irs :o repres5t ! value ( life z dep5d5t on ! reality ( special illusions1 :i* !y h religi\sly adopt$4 ,to discov] t a =m] belief is unf\nd$ is to *ange no?+ ( ! realities ( exi/5ce4 ,! sun w desc5d z x passes ! m]idian :e!r we believe x to be noon or n4 ,x is idle & fooli%1 if human1 to rep9e because ! tru? is n precisely :at we ?\ght x1 & at lea/ we %all n *ange reality by *ildi%ly cl++ to a dream4 ,! argum5t s (t5 employ$ by !ologians t ,div9e ,revelation is necess>y = man1 & t c]ta9 views conta9$ 9 t ,revelation are requir$ by our moral consci\sness1 is purely imag9>y & d]iv$ f ! ,revelation :i* x seeks to ma9ta94 ,! only ?+ absolutely necess>y = man is ,tru?2 & to t1 & t alone1 mu/ our moral consci\sness adapt itself4 ,reason & exp]i5ce =bid ! expectation t we c acquire any k o!rwise ?an ?r\gh natural *annels4 ,we might z well expect to be sup]naturally n\ri%$ z sup]naturally in=m$4 ,to compla9 t we d n "k all t we desire to "k is fooli% & unreasonable4 ,x is tantam\nt to compla9+ t ! m9d ( man is n diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,to atta9 ! full altitude ( ! ,kn[able1 :atev] t may be1 %\ld be our e>ne/ aim1 & m ?an ?is is n = humanity4 ,we may be c]ta9 t in=mation :i* is beyond ! ultimate rea* ( ,reason is z unnecess>y z x is inaccessible4 ,man may "k all t man requires to "k4 ,we ga9 m ?an we lose by awak+ to f9d t our ,!ology is human inv5tion & our es*atology an unheal?y dream4 ,we are fre$ f ! incubus ( base ,hebrew my?ology1 & f doctr9es ( ,div9e gov]nm5t :i* outrage morality & set cruelty & inju/ice 9 ! place ( hol9ess4 ,if we h to ab&on *]i%$ an?ropomorphic visions ( future ,bless$ness1 ! details ( :i* are ei!r ( unseizable dimness or ( que/ionable joy1 we are at lea/ deliv]$ f quibbl+ discussions ( ! mean+ ( ,greek3 ainios1 & our et]nal hope is uncl\d$ by ! d\bt :e!r mank9d is to be tortur$ 9 hell = ev] & a day1 or = a day )\t ! ev]4 ,at ! end ( life !re may be no def9ite vi/a ( a ,heav5 gl[+ ) ! light ( apocalyptic imag9ation1 b nei!r w !re be ! unutt]able horror ( a ,purgatory or a ,hell lurid ) flames = ! helpless victims ( an unju/ b omnipot5t ,creator4 ,to ent]ta9 su* libell\s repres5tations at all z "p ( ! cont5ts ( ,div9e ,revelation1 x 0 necess>y to ass]t t man 0 incompet5t to judge ( ! ways ( ! ,god ( ,revelation1 & mu/ n suppose him end[$ ) ! p]fection ( human conceptions ( ju/ice & m]cy1 b submit to call wrong "r & "r wrong at ! foot ( an almighty ,despot4 ,b n[ ! reproa* ( su* reason+ is %ak5 f our %\ld]s1 & returns to ! ,jewi% sup]/ition f :i* x sprang4 ,z my?s lose _! might & _! influ5ce :5 discov]$ to be baseless1 ! p[] ( sup]natural ,*ri/ianity w d\btless pass away1 b ! effect ( ! revolution mu/ n be exagg]at$1 al?\gh x _c "h be fully discuss$4 ,if ! pictures :i* h fill$ = s long ! horizon ( ! ,future mu/ vani%1 no hide\s blank c rightly be ma9ta9$ 9 _! place4 ,we %\ld cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 :at we "k & "k n1 b z c>efully ab/a9 f *>act]is+ t :i* we "k n z if x 7 really kn[n to u4 ,t my/]i\s ,unkn[n or ,unkn[able is no cruel d>kness1 b simply an imp5etrable di/ance into :i* we are impot5t to glance1 b :i* excludes no legitimate speculation & =bids no reasonable hope4 ,,endnotes #a3a ,orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahge4 #d3a ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #fe4 #d3b ,ibid4 p4 #fa1 note #b4 #d3c ,at ! end ( ?is note ,dr4 ,we/cott adds1 ,inde$1 f ! simil> mode ( introduc+ ! /ory ( ! v9e1 :i* is aft]w>ds ref]r$ to ,papias1 x is reasonable to conjecture t ?is int]pretation is "o f ,papias' ,exposition4 #d3d ,reliq4 ,sacrae1 i4 p4 #aj f4 #d3e ,lehre ,p]s4 ,*ri/1 i4 p4 #bag f41 ,anm4 #ef1 p4 #bah1 ,anm1 #fb4 #e3a ,!ol4 ,jahrb4 #ahde1 p4 #eic1 ,anm4 #b2 cf4 #ahdg1 p4 #afj1 ,anm4 #a4 #e3b ,synops4 ,evang41 ,proleg4 xxxi4 #e3c ,komm4 ,ev4 des ,johannes1 p4 #f f4 #e3d ,die ,zeugn4 ,ev4 ,joh4 p4 #aaf f4 #e3e ,basilides1 p4 #aaj f4 #e3f ,zeits*r4 fr wiss4 ,!ol4 #ahfg1 p4 #ahf1 ,anm4 #a1 #ahfh1 p4 #bai1 ,anm4 #d2 cf4 #ahfe1 p4 #ccd f41 ,die ,evangeli51 p4 #cci1 ,anm4 #d4 #f3a ,d] ,johann4 ,ursprung des vi]t4 ,evang4 #ahgd1 p4 #gb4 #f3b ,?4 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit4 #ahff1 p4 #fgd4 #f3c ,intro4 ,n4,t4 ii4 p4 #dbd f4 #f3d ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #cgb4 #h3a ,! "w 0 all pr9t$1 & ,i c\ld only repr9t ! %eet ) su* alt]ations z c\ld be made by omissions & *anges at ! "p itself4 #h3b ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes use ( my second edition4 #i3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 p4 #d1 n4 #a2 ,essays on ,s4,r4 p4 #d1 n4 #d4 #i3b ,pr(essor ,h(/$e de ,groot1 9 advanc+ ?is passage aft] ! example ( ,tis*5dorf1 c>efully di/+ui%es ! words :i* he introduces1 ref]r+ x to ! presbyt]s1 by plac+ !m )9 brackets4 #aj3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bca f4 #aj3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 p4 #e f42 ,essays on ,s4,r4 p4 #g4 #aj3c ,s4,r4 ii4 #bbh ff4 #aa3a ,wann wurd51 u4s4w41 p4 #gc f4 #aa3b ,! translation 9 ,s*olt5's "w is sub/antially ! same z ,tis*5dorf's1 except t he has promises = has promis$1 :i* is ( no importance4 ,^u ?is1 h[ev]1 ,s*olt5 argues t ,celsus is treat$ z a contempor>y4 #ab3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bbi ff4 #ac3a ,i may "h briefly ref] to "o or two in/ances ( translation attack$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot4 ,he sne]s at su* a r5d]+ z ,greek3 ho logos edl\1 ,scripture decl>es1 introduc+ an isolat$ phrase f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7ii4 #bif74 ,! slight lib]ty tak5 ) ! t5se is surely excusable 9 su* a case1 & = ! re/ ,i may po9t out t ,prud5tius ,m>anus r5d]s ! words 444 scripturam decl>>e1 & ,otto 444 effatum decl>>e4 ,!y occur 9 ref]5ce to passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t quot$ 9 controv]sy ) a ,jew4 ,! next passage is ,greek3 kata korrhs proplakize91 :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot says is r5d]$ to inflict a bl[ on "o side1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,! phrase occurs 9 contra/+ ! words ( ,matt4 v4 #ci1 ,greek3 all' ho/is se rhapisei epi tn dexian s\ siagona1 /repson aut kai tn alln1 ) a passage 9 ,a!nagoras1 ,greek3 alla tois m5 kan kata korrhs prosplakizosi1 kai to et]on paie9 p>e*e9 ts kephals m]os4 ,9 endeav\r+ to convey to ! ,engli% read] "s idea ( ! l+ui/ic diff]5ce1 ,i r5d]$ ! latt] 7ii4 #aic71 b to ^? :o inflict a bl[ on ! "o side1 also to pres5t ! o!r side1 ( ! head1 c41 ins]t+ ! ?ree ,greek words aft] side1 to expla9 ! susp5sion ( s5se1 & ! m]g+1 = ! sake ( brevity1 ! d\ble expression 9 ! words ,i h italicis$4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot repres5ts ! phrase z end+ at side4 ,! passage f ,t]tullian 0 quot$ almo/ solely = ! purpose ( %[+ ! unc]ta9ty1 9 s bold a writ]1 ( ! expression videtur1 = :i* reason1 al?\gh ! ,lat9 is giv5 bel[1 ! ^w 0 introduc$ into ! text4 ,x 0 impossible = anyone to mi/ake ! t5se & mean+ ( quem ca$]et1 b ,i v5tur$ to p>aphrase ! words & _! context1 in/ead ( translat+ !m4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 ,i may say1 ! mutilation hypo!sis is introduc$1 & !reaft] ,t]tullian proce$s to press aga9/ ,m>cion 8 *>ge ( mutilat+ ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 & ,i desir$ to contra/ ! d\bt ( ! videtur ) ! assurance ( ! subsequ5t *>ge4 ,i _h imag9$ t no "o c\ld h d\bt$ t ,luke is repres5t$ z "o ( ! ,comm5tatores4 #ad3a ,i alt]$ c]ta9ly to probably 9 ! second edition1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot po9ts out1 9 ord] to avoid ! possibility ( exagg]ation2 b my m9d 0 s impress$ ) ! c]ta9ty t ,i _h cle>ly %[n ,i 0 m]ely1 = ! sake ( fairness1 report+ ! critical judgm5t ( o!rs1 t ,i did n p]ceive ! abs5ce ( ! words giv5 above4 #ae3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot is mi/ak5 9 8 +5i\s conjecture ( my hav+ be5 misl$ by ! nur ( ,cr$n]2 b s scrupul\s a critic might h m5tion$ t ,i n only ref] to ,cr$n] = ?is argum5t1 b also to ,de ,wette1 :o has 444 dass er nie ,joh4 dem ,taf] wie d] ,synoptik] d5 ,be9am5 ,greek3 ho ,bapti/s giebt 7,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #bcj71 & to ,bleek1 :o says1 ni*t e9 e9ziges ,mal 7,beitrge1 p4 #agh1 & ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #aej71 :i* c\ld n be misread4 #af3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 p4 #ae2 ,essays on ,s4,r4 p4 #ba f4 #af3b ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vii4 #ag-ajf4 ,dr4 ,we/cott gives ! above ref]5ce1 b does n quote ! passage4 #af3c ,dr4 ,we/cott quotes ! passage relative to ,mat?ias4 #ag3a ,canon1 p4 #bee f4 #ag3b ,! same rem>ks apply to ! two passages1 po9t$ out by ,tis*5dorf1 f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,epiphanius4 #ah3a ,lu?>dt1 ,d] ,johann4 ,ursprung des vi]t4 ,evang4 #ahgd1 p4 #he f4 #ai3a ,/rom4 vii4 #ag1 #ajf4 #ai3b ,canon1 p4 #bee4 #ai3c ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 p4 #af ,essays1 p4 #bb4 #bj3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 p4 #h ibid4 p4 #aa4 #ba3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #h ibid4 p4 #aa4 #ba3b ,a ,crit4 ,hi/ory ( ,*r4 ,lit4 & ,doctr9e1 i4 #ahd f4 ,i d n ref] to ! num]\s au?ors :o en=ce ?is view4 #bb3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #h ibid4 p4 #aa f4 #bc3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #h f4 ibid4 p4 #aa4 #bc3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #dda4 #bd3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #h f4 ibid4 p4 #ab f4 #bd3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #chg ff4 #bd3c ,canon1 p4 #aab f4 #bd3d ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #i1 note ibid4 p4 #ab1 n4 #d4 #bd3e ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #cfj1 note #a4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 ( c\rse1 c h>dly suppose t ,i _h read ! passage to :i* ,i ref]4 #be3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #i ibid4 p4 #ac4 #bf3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #i ibid4 p4 #ac4 #bf3b ,i _c g ?r\gh e in/ance1 b ,i may briefly say t su* a passage z ,ye are ( y\r fa!r ! devil & ! passage ,matt4 xi4 #bg seq4 are no refutation :atev] ( my /atem5t ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! f\r? ,gospel & ! ,synoptics2 & t ! allusion to ,paul's tea*+ 9 ! ,apocalypse is 9 no way exclud$ ev5 by 8 dea?4 ,reg>d+ ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ! pill> ,apo/les1 ,i hope to speak h]eaft]4 ,i mu/ ma9ta9 t my argum5t reg>d+ ! id5tification ( an eye-witness 7ii4 p4 #ddd ff47 suffici5tly meets ! reason+ to :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot ref]s4 #bg3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #aa f4 ibid4 p4 #af4 #bg3b ,ibid4 p4 #aj ibid4 p4 #ad4 #bh3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #djb4 #bh3b ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #djf4 #bh3c ,see ,acts iv4 #ac4 #bh3d ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #daj4 #bh3e ,ibid4 ii1 p4 #dac4 #bi3a ,d] ,johann4 ,ursp4 des vi]t4 ,evang4 #ahgd1 pp4 #bjd-g4 #bi3b ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #fbe4 #cj3a ,9 reg>d to "o o!r po9t1 ,i may say t1 s f> f be+ sil5t ab\t ! pres5ce ( a =m ( ! ,logos doctr9e 9 ! ,apocalypse ) :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot reproa*es me1 ,i repeat$ly po9t out its exi/5ce1 z1 = in/ance1 ,s4,r4 ii4 pp4 #bee1 #bgc1 #bgh1 c41 & ,i also %[ its pres5ce else:]e1 my argum5t be+ t ! doctr9e n only 0 n orig9at$ by ! f\r? ,gospel1 b t x _h already be5 appli$ to ,*ri/ianity 9 ,n4,t4 writ+s be=e ! composition ( t "w4 #cj3b ,s4,r4 ii4 #dba4 #cj3c ,contempor>y ,review1 #ab f4 ibid4 p4 #ag f4 #ca3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot w f9d ! passage to :i* ,i ref]1 m especially p4 #bda1 l9e #d1 comm5c+ ) ! words1 ,nur zwei neu]e ,ausleg] ahn5 die e9fa*e ,wahrheit4 #ca3b ,s4,r4 #dba f4 #cb3a ,works1 ed4 ,pitman1 x4 #cci f42 ,horae et ,talm4 p4 #ich4 #cb3b ,*ron4 ,synopse d4 vi]4 ,evv4 p4 #bef1 ,anm4 #a4 #cb3c ,bibl4 ,comm41 ,das4 ,ev4 n4 ,joh41 umge>b4 ,ebr>d ii4 #a1 p4 #abb f4 #cb3d ,kurzgef4 ex4 ,h&bu* ,n4,t4 i4 #c1 p4 #hd4 #cb3e ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 ii4 #aid f4 ,hug m /rictly applies ! "n to ! sepul*re :]e ! bones ( ,joseph 7 laid 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #cb74 #cb3f ,bibelw]k1 iv4 #bai4 #cb3g ,die ,zeugnisse1 p4 #ba4 #cb3h ,comm4 sur l',ev4 de ,/4 ,jean1 i4 p4 #dge f4 #cb3i ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 p4 #baa4 #cb3aj ,zeits*r4 gesammt4 ,lu?4 ,!ol4 u4 ,kir*e1 #ahef1 p4 #bdj ff4 #cb3aa ,die ,joh4 ,s*rift51 i4 p4 #aha1 ,anm4 #a2 ,jahrb4 bibl4 ,wiss4 viii4 p4 #bee f42 cf4 ,ges*4 v4 ,isr4 v4 p4 #cdh1 ,anm4 #a4 #cb3ab ,das ,ev4 ,joh4 p4 #ajg4 #cb3ac ,comm4 ,ev4 n4 ,joh4 p4 #ahh f4 #cc3a ,comm4 ,ev4 des ,joh4 i4 p4 #egg f4 #cc3b ,jahrb4 bibl4 ,wiss4 viii4 p4 #bee f4 #cc3c ,die ,joh4 ,s*r4 i4 p4 #aha1 ,anm4 #a4 #cc3d ,au?or%ip & ,hi/4 ,*>4 ( ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ahgb1 p4 #ib4 #cc3e ,mr4 ,s&ay adds 9 a note "h3 ,?is may p]haps be call$ ! curr5t explanation ( ! "n4 ,x is accept$ z well by ^? :o d5y ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospel z by ^? :o ma9ta9 x4 ,cf4 ,keim1 i4 #acc4 ,b !re is mu* to be said = ! id5tification ) ,el ,ask>1 c4 ,au?or%ip & ,hi/4 ,*>4 ( ,f\r? ,gospel1 p4 #ic1 note #a4 #cd3a ,life ( ,*ri/1 i4 p4 #bjf1 note #a4 #cd3b ,la ,gographie du ,tulmud1 p4 #agj4 #cd3c ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 iii4 p4 #acie f4 #cf3a ,bampton ,lect4 #ahfe1 #bnd edit4 p4 #d4 #cf3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #fa ff4 #cg3a ,contempor>y ,review1 p4 #ai ibid4 p4 #bf f4 #cg3b ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 p4 #baf f4 #ch3a ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 p4 #bcd4 #ch3b ,ibid4 p4 #bai4 #ci3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #dgg4 #dj3a ,?is appe>$ z ! ,preface to ! #f? edition4 #de3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahge1 p4 #a ff4 7,ibid4 p4 #cb ff47 #de3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bab4 #df3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahge1 p4 #agb ibid4 p4 #cf4 #df3b ,ibid4 p4 #ahc ibid4 p4 #ea4 #dh3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahge1 p4 #agc ibid4 p4 #ch4 #di3a ,i regret v mu* t "s ambiguity 9 my language 7,s4,r4 i4 p4 #dhc7 %\ld h misl$1 & giv5 ,dr4 ,lightfoot mu* tr\ble4 ,i us$ ! ^w quotation 9 ! s5se ( a use ( ! ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 & n 9 ref]5ce to any "o s5t5ce 9 ,polyc>p4 ,i tru/ t 9 ?is edition ,i h made my mean+ cle>4 #ej3a ,cf4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #c1 #d1 #ah1 #bd1 #be1 c4 c4 #ej3b ,ibid4 ii4 #ae1 vi4 #ad4 #ej3c ,ibid4 v4 #h4 #ej3d ,ibid4 vi4 #be4 #ea3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahge1 p4 #aha ibid4 p4 #dh4 #ea3b ,by a slip ( ! p5 ,dr4 ,lightfoot ref]s to ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #c1 #d4 ,x %\ld be ii4 #bb1 #e4 #ea3c ,ibid4 p4 #aha4 #ea3d ,h4,e4 iii1 #bd4 #eb3a ,h4,e4 ii4 #bc4 #eb3b ,ibid4 iii4 #aa4 #eb3c ,ibid4 #af4 #eb3d ,ibid4 #ai1 #bj4 #eb3e ,ibid4 #cb4 #eb3f ,ibid4 iv4 #h4 #eb3g ,ibid4 #aa4 #eb3h ,ibid4 iv4 #bb4 #ec3a ,h4,e4 ii4 #ae4 #ec3b ,ibid4 vii4 #be4 #ed3a ,h4,e4 iii4 #ah4 #ed3b ,ibid4 #ai1 #bj4 #ed3c ,ibid4 #bj4 #ed3d ,ibid4 #bj4 #ed3e ,ibid4 #bc4 #ed3f ,ibid4 #bd4 #ee3a ,i am mu* oblig$ to ,dr4 ,lightfoot = call+ my att5tion to ! accid5tal ins]tion ( ! words & ! ,apocalypse 7,s4,r4 i4 p4 #dcc74 ,?is 0 a m]e slip ( ! p51 ( :i* no use is made1 & ! error is effectually correct$ by my own di/9ct /atem5ts4 #ee3b ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci4 #ef3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahge1 p4 #ahc ibid4 p4 #ea4 #eg3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #ccg ff4 ibid4 p4 #ei ff4 #eh3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cci ibid4 p4 #fb4 #ei3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdj ibid4 p4 #fc4 #ei3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bfc f4 ,i h introduc$ numb]s = facility ( ref]5ce4 #fj3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot says 9 ?is volume3 ,! read+ 'mo/' is expla9$ 9 ! preface to t edition z a mispr9t 7p4 #fc1 n4 #b74 ,n s at all4 ,a slip ( ! p5 is a v diff]5t ?+4 #fj3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cda ibid4 p4 #fd4 #fa3a ,ueb] d4 ,urspr4 u4s4w4 des ,*ri/5nam5s1 p4 #g1 ,anm4 #a4 #fa3b ,zeits*r4 wiss4 ,!ol4 #ahgd1 p4 #baa1 ,anm4 #a4 ,i %\ld h add$ t ! priority :i* ,lipsius /ill ma9ta9s is t ( ! text1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot po9ts out 9 8 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs 7"p ii4 vol4 i4 #ahhe1 p4 #bgc1 n4 #a71 & n ( absolute orig92 b ?is appe>s cle>ly en\gh 9 ! quotations ,i h made4 #fa3c ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #hda ibid4 p4 #fe4 #fb3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bei f4 #fb3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdb ibid4 p1 #fe f4 #fb3c ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bei4 #fc3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdb4 ,9 a note ,dr4 ,lightfoot /ates t my ref]5ces to ,lipsius are to 8 e>li] works1 :]e he /ill ma9ta9s ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les4 ,c]ta9ly !y are s3 b 9 ! "r place1 two pages fur!r on1 ,i ref] to ! writ+s 9 :i* he rejects ! au!nticity1 :il/ /ill ma9ta9+ 8 previ\s view ( ! priority ( ^! lett]s ibid4 p4 #ff4 #fd3a ,calv9's expressions are3 ,nihil na5iis illis1 quae sub ,ignatii nom9e editae sunt1 putidius4 ,quo m9us tol]abilis e/ eorum impud5tia1 qui talibus l>vis ad fall5dum se in/ruunt 7,in/4 ,*r4 ,rel4 i4 #ac1 #ci74 #fd3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdb4 #fd3c ,op4 ,!olog4 #afeb1 #aa1 p4 #ajhe4 #fd3d ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdb ibid4 p4 #ff4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot ref]s to ,pe>son's ,v9diciae ,ignat4 p4 #bh 7ed4 ,*urton74 #fe3a ,exam4 ,concilii ,trid5tim1 #afad1 i4 p4 #he 7mispr9t$ #hi74 #fe3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdc ibid4 p4 #fg4 #fg3a ,critici ,sacri1 lib4 ii cap4 #a2 ,op4 ,!olog4 #afeb1 ii4 p4 #ajhf4 #fg3b ,v9d4 ,ignat4 #afgb1 p4 #ad f42 ,jacobson1 ,patr4 ,apo/4 i4 p4 xxxviii4 #fg3c ,op de ,!olog4 ,dogmat41 ,de ,eccles4 ,hi]>*4 v4 #h #a1 edit4 ,v5etiis1 #ageg1 vol4 vii4 #fh3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdc f4 ibid4 p4 #fg f4 #gj3a ,die ,kir*e im ap4 ,zeit4 p4 #cbb4 #gj3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdd f4 ibid4 p4 #fi4 #gb3a ,k4,g4 #ahdb1 #a4 p4 #cbg1 ,anm4 #a4 #gc3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cde ibid4 p4 #fi4 #ge3a ,e9l4 ,n4,t4 pp4 #add f41 #bcc4 #gh3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,janu>y #ahge1 p4 #ahc ibid4 p4 #ea4 #gh3b ,ibid41 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdf ibid4 p4 #ga4 #gi3a ,!olog4 ,qu>tals*rift1 #ahea1 p4 #chi ff4 #gi3b ,hippolytus & 8 ,age1 #aheb1 i4 p4 #fj1 note1 iv4 p4 vi ff4 #gi3c ,ges*4 d4 ,v4 ,isr4 vii4 p4 #cba1 ,anm4 #a4 #hj3a ,patr4 ,apo/4 ,proleg4 #ahfc1 p4 xxx4 #hj3b ,patr4 ,apo/4 ed4 #d?1 #ahee4 ,9 a review ( ,d5z+]'s "w 9 ! ,!olog4 ,qu>tals*rift1 #ahdi1 p4 #fhc ff41 ,hefele devotes eight l9es to ! ,arm5ian v]sion 7p4 #fhe f47 #hj3c ,hippolytus1 #aheb1 i4 p4 #fj1 note4 ,cf4 iv4 p4 vi ff4 #ha3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bfd4 #ha3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdg ibid4 p4 #gb4 #hb3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdh ibid4 p4 #gd4 #hb3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bfe4 #hc3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdg ibid4 p4 #gb f4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot makes ! foll[+ important admission 9 a note3 ,! ,roman ,epi/le inde$ has be5 sep>at$ f its companions1 & is emb$d$ 9 ! ,m>tyrology :i* /&s at ! end ( ?is collection 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion1 :]e d\btless x /ood also 9 ! ,greek1 be=e ! ,,ms4 ( ?is latt] 0 mutilat$4 ,o!rwise ! ,vossian ,epi/les come toge!r1 & are foll[$ by ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian all ! ,vossian ,epi/les are toge!r1 & ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les foll[4 ,see ,zahn1 ,ignatius von ,antio*i51 p4 #aaa4 #hc3b ,note to ,horne's ,int4 to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 #ab? ed4 #ahfi1 iv4 p4 #ccb1 note #a4 ,! italics are 9 ! orig9al4 #hc3c ,! ,anci5t ,syrian ,v]sion1 c4 #ahde1 p4 xxiv f4 #hd3a ,corpus ,ignat4 p4 #cch4 #hd3b ,ibid4 p4 ii4 #hd3c ,dressel1 ,patr4 ,ap4 p4 lvi4 #hd3d ,cureton1 ,corp4 ,ign4 p4 iii4 #hd3e ,dressel1 ,patr4 ,ap4 p4 lvii f4 #hd3f ,cureton1 ,corp4 ,ignat4 p4 vii f4 #hd3g ,ibid4 p4 xi2 ,dressel1 ,patr4 ,ap4 p4 xxxi2 cf4 p4 lxii2 ,jacobson1 ,patr4 ,ap4 i4 p4 lxxiii2 ,vossius1 ,ep4 g54 ,s4 ,ign4 ,m>t41 ,am/el4 #afdf4 #hd3h ,dressel1 ,patr4 ,ap4 p4 lxi4 #hf3a ,a ,few ,words on ',sup]natural ,religion1' pref4 to ,hi/4 ( ! ,canon1 #d? ed4 #ahgd1 p4 xix4 #hg3a ,a ,few ,words on ',s4,r41' preface to ,hi/4 ( ,canon1 #d? ed4 p4 xix f4 #hg3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bfh4 #hh3a ,on ! ,canon1 ,preface1 #d? ed4 p4 xx4 #hi3a ,^! consi/ only ( an additional page ( ,baur's "w fir/ quot$1 & a ref]5ce to ano!r ( 8 works quot$ 9 ! second note1 b accid5tally left out ( note #c4 #ij3a ,i take ! lib]ty ( putt+ ^! words 9 italics to call att5tion to ! ass]tion oppos$ to :at ,i f9d 9 ! note4 #ia3a ,x is ! same "w1 ,i believe1 subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 an ext5d$ =m4 ,! "w ,i quote is entitl$ ,kir*5ges*i*te d] er/5 se*s ,jahrhund]te1 dritte1 umge>beitete ,auflage1 #ahfi1 & is "p ( a c\rse ( lectures c>ry+ ! hi/ory to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #ib3a ,i d n "k :y ,dr4 ,we/cott adds ! 'ff' to my ref]5ce1 b ,i presume x is tak5 f note #d1 :]e ! ref]5ce is giv5 to 'p4 #eb ff4' ,?is %[s h[ completely he has fail$ to see ! diff]5t object ( ! two notes4 #ic3a ,on ! ,canon1 ,pref4 #d? ed4 p4 xxi f4 #ig3a ,p4 #bac4 #ih3a ,on ! ,canon1 ,preface1 #d? ed4 p4 xxiv4 ,dr4 ,we/cott adds1 9 a note1 ,x may be wor? :ile to add t 9 spite ( ! pr(use display ( le>n+ 9 connection ) ,ignatius1 ,i d n see ev5 9 ! second edition any ref]5ce to ! full & elaborate "w ( ,zahn4 ,i might reply to ?is t my ,,ms4 _h left my h&s be=e ,zahn's "w _h rea*$ ,engl&1 b1 moreov]1 ! "w conta9s no?+ new to :i* ref]5ce 0 necess>y4 #ii3a ,on ! ,canon1 ,preface1 #d? ed4 p xxv4 #ajj3a ,ru9>t1 ,acta ,m>t4 p4 #acg ff42 cf4 ,b>onius1 ,m>t4 ,rom4 #afca1 p4 #aeb4 #ajj3b ,cf4 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 c41 ,works1 iii4 p4 #c4 #aja3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cdi ibid4 p4 #ge4 #aja3b ,ibid4 p4 #cej ibid4 p4 #gf4 #ajb3a ,!re are grave reasons = consid]+ x altoge!r inau!ntic4 ,cf4 ,cott]ill1 ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 #ahgi4 #ajb3b ,de ,morte ,p]egr4 #aa4 #ajb3c ,ibid4 #ad4 #ajb3d ,ges*4 *r4 ,kir*e1 i4 p4 #daj f4 #ajc3a ,see1 = in/ance1 ,d5z+]1 ,ueb] die ,ae*!it d4 bi%4 ,textes d4 ,ignat4 ,briefe1 #ahdi1 p4 #hg ff42 ,zahn1 ,ignatius v4 ,ant41 #ahgc1 p4 #eag ff4 #ajc3b ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cej f4 ibid4 p4 #gg4 #ajd3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bfh1 note #d4 #aje3a ,dean ,milman says3 ,trajan1 inde$1 is absolv$1 at lea/ by ! almo/ g5]al voice ( antiquity1 f ! crime ( p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 a note he adds3 ,except+ ( ,ignatius1 probably ( ,simeon ( ,j]usalem1 !re is no au!ntic m>tyrdom 9 ! reign ( ,trajan4--,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahfg1 ii4 p4 #ajc4 #ajf3a ,k4,g4 #ahdb1 i4 p4 #aga4 #ajf3b ,ibid4 i4 p4 #agb1 ,anm4 #ajh3a ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 p4 #aja f4 #aji3a ,p4 #bgf 7ed4 ,bonn74 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #ceb ibid4 p4 #gi4 #aji3b ,ibid4 p4 #cec f4 ibid4 p4 #hj4 #aji3c ,ibid4 p4 #ceb ibid4 p4 #gi f44 #aaj3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #cec f4 ibid4 p4 #ha4 #aaj3b ,ignatius v4 ,ant4 p4 #ff1 ,anm4 #c4 #aaa3a ,i ne$ n ref] to ! /atem5t ( ,nicephorus t ^! relics 7 fir/ br\ght f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople & aft]w>ds translat$ to ,antio*4 #aab3a ,ru9>t1 ,acta ,m>t4 pp4 #ei1 #fi4 #aab3b ,ignatius v4 ,ant4 p1 #fh4 #aab3c ,ru9>t1 ,acta ,m>t4 p4 #ef4 ,b>onius makes ! anniv]s>y ( ! m>tyrdom #a/ ,febru>y1 & t ( ! translation #ag? ,decemb]4 7,m>t4 ,rom4 pp4 #hg1 #gff ff47 #aab3d ,ignatius v4 ,ant4 p4 #bg1 p4 #fh1 ,anm4 #b4 #aab3e ,!re is no suffici5t evid5ce = ! /atem5t t1 9 ,*ryso/om's "t1 ! day d$icat$ to ,ignatius 0 9 ,june4 ,! m]e allusion1 9 a ,homily deliv]$ 9 hon\r ( ,ignatius1 t rec5tly ! fea/ ( ,/4 ,pelagia 79 ! ,lat9 ,cal5d> #i? ,june7 _h be5 celebrat$1 by no means ju/ifies su* a conclusion1 & !re is no?+ else to e/abli% x4 #aad3a ,/4 ,paul's ,ep4 to ! ,philippians1 #crd ed4 #ahgc1 p4 #bcb1 note4 ,cf4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahge1 p4 #ceh f4 7,ibid4 p4 #hh7 #aaf3a ,complete ed4 i4 p4 #bgg f4 ,all ! ref]5ces :i* ,i give 9 ^! essays mu/ be und]/ood z be+ to ! complete edition4 #aag3a i4 p4 #ddc ff4 #aag3b ,,pg ,transcrib]'s note3 probably a mispr9t = lo/ "w #aah3a ,?is r5d]+ is quot$ f ,dr4 ,lightfoot's ,essays1 p4 #afc4 #aai3a ,essays1 p4 #afg f4 #abj3a ,essays1 p4 #agj4 #aba3a ,ibid4 p4 #afi4 #abb3a ,essays1 p4 #agj4 #abb3b ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 #abb3c ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 #abc3a ,ibid4 p4 #aeb4 #abd3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #dfc f4 #abd3b ,ibid4 p4 #aga4 #abd3c ,ibid4 p4 #agb f4 #abd3d i4 p4 #dfc f4 #abe3a ,ibid4 p4 #agc4 #abe3b i4 #bcf ff4 #abe3c ,note4 #abe3d ,note4 #abf3a ,clem4 ,rom4 #ec1 #de2 ibid4 #agc f4 #acj3a ,i4 p4 #baj f4 #acb3a ,i4 p4 #bac ff4 ,i h italicis$ a few phrases4 #acc3a ,s4,r4 i4 #bei ff4 ,see fur!r illu/rations "h4 #acd3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #cfc f4 #ace3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bba1 n4 #g4 #ace3b ,ibid4 p4 #bbj4 #ace3c ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #afi f4 #acf3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bbf4 #acf3b ,9 discuss+ ! au!nticity ( fragm5ts ascrib$ to ,melito1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot quot$1 z an argum5t f ,sup]natural ,religion ! foll[+ words3 ,!y h1 9 fact1 no atte/ation :atev] except t ( ! ,syriac translation1 :i* is unkn[n & :i*1 !re=e1 is wor?less4 ,! passage appe>$ ?us 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 & n[ is aga9 giv5 9 ! same =m 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,i presume t ! passage :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot int5ds to quote is3 ,!y h no atte/ation :atev]1 except t ( ! ,syriac translator1 :o is unkn[n1 & :i* is1 !re=e1 wor?less 7,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #aha74 ,if ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 :o has s mu* assi/ance 9 prep>+ 8 works = ! press1 c commit su* mi/akes1 he ought to be a little m *>itable to ^? :o h none4 #acg3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #ahb ff4 #acg3b ,ibid4 p4 #bci4 #acg3c ,ibid4 p4 #bdh4 #adj3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #aih ff41 iii4 #bd ff4 #adj3b ,ibid4 #bee4 #ada3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bjj4 #adb3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bjj f4 #adc3a ,s4,r4 iii4 p4 #beg #adc3b ,ibid4 p4 #be f4 #add3a ,ibid41 p4 #bei4 #ade3a ,,ii4 pp4 #add ff41 #cgb ff4 #adf3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bi4 7,ibid4 p4 #bbg f47 #adf3b ,i ne$ n quote ! ref]5ces :i* ,dr4 ,lightfoot gives 9 a note4 #adf3c ,ibid4 p4 #bgh4 #adg3a ,unt]s4 ,n4,t4 ,kanons1 #ahha1 p4 #ae f4 #adg3b ,on ! ,canon1 #ahge1 p4 #cah1 n4 #c4 ,cf4 #ahha1 p4 #cbb1 n4 #c4 #adg3c ,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 #ahhh1 p4 xiv4 #adg3d ,ibid4 p4 #bgi4 #adh3a ,dr4 ,lightfoot's r5d]+1 p1 #bhj4 ,assem4 ,bibl4 ,ori5t4 ii4 p4 #aei sq4 #adh3b ,ibid4 p4 #bhj f4 #adi3a ,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 p4 xxx4 #adi3b ,euseb4 ,op4 iv4 p4 #abgf 7ed4 ,migne47 ,! translation is by ,dr4 ,lightfoot 7l4c4 p4 #bha1 n4 #a74 #aej3a ,zahn1 ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #ahha1 p4 #gj f4 #aej3b ,hi/4 ,*r4 ,lit4 & ,doctr4 iii4 p4 #bf4 #aej3c ,moes+]1 ,evang4 ,concor4 ,expositio1 #ahgf1 p4 x f4 #aej3d ,ibid4 p4 xi4 #aeb3a ,zahn1 l4c4 p4 #ch4 #aec3a ,ibid4 p4 #bhf4 #aec3b ,ibid4 p4 #bhh4 ,! italics are m9e4 #aec3c ,hemphill1 ,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 p4 xxiv4 #aed3a ,i h already ref]r$ to ?is docum5t fur!r back1 p4 #acf4 #aef3a ,lightfoot1 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 "p ii4 #ahhe1 p4 #eih ff4 #afh3a ,by rec5t returns ! numb] ( ! pr(essors ( diff]5t religions is e/imat$ z foll[s3 ,p>sees #aej1jjj ,sikhs #a1bjj1jjj ,jews #g1jjj1jjj1 be+ ab\t p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,greek ,ca?olics #ge1jjj1jjj #f ,roman ,ca?olics #aeb1jjj1jjj #ab ,o!r ,*ri/ians #ajj1jjj1jjj #h ,h9dus #afj1jjj1jjj #ac ,muhamm$ans #aee1jjj1jjj #ab ,buddhi/s #ejj1jjj1jjj #dj ,n includ$ 9 ! above #ajj1jjj1jjj #h ----------- #a1bej1cej1jjj ,we h tak5 ^! /ati/ics1 :i* are approximately correct1 f an excell5t little "w rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ,*ri/ian ,k--,buddhism1 by ,t4,w4 ,rhys ,davids1 p4 #f4 ,,index4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 evid5ce =1 #adb f41 #afd ,addai1 ,doctr9e (1 #adg ,ammonius1 ,diatess>on (1 #adh ,ang]1 #e ,antio*1 e>?quake at1 9 ,a4,d4 #aae1 #ajg f4 ,aph?onius2 see ,elias ( ,salamia ,apocalypse1 allusion to ,paul 91 #bf1 n4 #b2 language (1 #bg ff4 ,apoll9>is1 ,claudius2 date1 #acg2 evid5ce = ,gospels1 #acg ,ari/ion1 #ee ,asc5sion1 evid5ce =1 #afe ,aub]t91 #fe1 #ff ,au*]1 #ade ,b>onius1 #aab n4 #c ,b>-,salibi1 ,dionysius1 #adg f4 ,basnage1 #fe1 #ff ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 #gj1 #gb ,baur1 does n allude to ,arm5ian v]sion ( ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #gi2 date ( m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #hi f42 place ( 8 m>tyrdom1 #ie ff42 on ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 #ajb ,beausobre1 #gj1 #ga ,bleek1 #g1 #cb1 #fj1 #fb1 #fh1 #gd1 #hj1 #ij1 #ic ,blondel1 #fe1 #ff ,bo*>t1 #fe1 #ff ,bhr+]1 #ei1 #fb1 #fc1 #hj ,buns51 #cb1 #fb1 #fc1 #gi ,calv91 #fd ,campianus1 #fd ,casaubon1 #fe1 #fg ,celsus1 ,orig5 on1 #aj ff41 #adf ,c5turiators1 ,magdeburg1 #fd ,*emnitz1 #fb1 #fd1 #fe ,*ri/ianity1 claim to be ,div9e ,revelation1 n orig9al1 #aff f42 hi/ory & a*ievem5ts oppos$ to ?is claim1 #afg f42 c5sus ( religions1 #afh n4 #a2 trans=mation (1 #afi f4 ,*ryso/om1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa f4 ,ciasca1 alleg$ ,arabic v]sion ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #ade1 #aej f4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 on ,basilides1 #ah f4 ,cleophas1 #eb ,cook1 #fe1 #ff ,criticism1 attitude t[>ds1 #a ,cureton1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh ff41 #gi1 #hc f4 ,curetonian v]sion ( ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #ei ff41 #fg ff41 #gd ff41 #hj f4 ,dallaeus1 #fb ,davidson1 ,dr41 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #f2 date ( m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #ia2 place ( ! m>tyrdom1 #if ,delitzs*1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb ,d5z+]1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj n4 #b1 #ajc n4 #a ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 #adh ff41 #aeb ff4 ,diatess>on ( ,elias ( ,salamia1 #adh ff4 ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 #ade ff42 alleg$ ,arm5ian v]sion ( ,ephraem's comm5t>y on x1 #ade f42 ,lat9 translation by ,au*] & ,moes+]1 #ade f42 ,arabic v]sion (1 translat$ by ,ciasca1 #ade f42 ,eusebius on x1 #adf f42 did ,eusebius directly "k x8 #adf f42 ,b>-,salibi on x1 #adg f42 ,!odoret suppresses x1 #adi f42 ! g5ealogies ( ,jesus said to be excis$1 #adi f42 n all suppress$ 9 ,arm5ian & ,arabic works1 #aej2 call$ ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1' #aej2 ,epiphanius _h n se5 x1 #aej2 we c\ld n id5tify x1 #aej2 ,arabic v]sion ( ,ciasca1 #aej f42 said to be translat$ f ,syriac1 #aea2 its date1 #aea2 ascrib$ 9 notes to ,tatian1 #aea2 orig9al language ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #aea f42 ,gospel texts 9 alleg$ v]sions affect$ by repeat$ translation1 #aea f42 "n ( ,tatian n on orig9al "w1 #aeb2 c\ld x be id5tifi$8 #aeb ff42 case ( ,victor ( ,capua1 #aeb ff42 0 he mi/ak58 #aec f42 ,dr4 ,wace says3 ,no1 #aec2 value ( evid5ce if alleg$ v]sions be g5u9e1 #aed ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 #ef ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 #adg ,donaldson1 ,dr41 on ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #ba2 on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #aej ,dorn]1 #d ,dressel1 #gi ,ebr>d1 #g ,elias ( ,salamia1 8 ,diatess>on1 #adg f42 he f9ds fault ) ,canons ( ,eusebius1 #adh ,ephraem ,syrus1 8 ,comm5t>y on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #adg f42 date1 #adh2 alleg$ ,arm5ian v]sion ( 8 ,comm5t>y1 #ade2 date ( ! ,,ms41 #aej2 translat$ f ,syriac1 #aej2 evid5ce1 #aej f42 ,tatian's "n n m5tion$1 #aej2 value z evid5ce if g5u9e1 #aed ,epiphanius1 #aej ,eusebius1 on ,papias1 #g2 sil5ce (1 #de f42 my only inf]5ce f sil5ce (1 #ej f42 proc$ure (1 #ej f42 8 ref]5ces to ,hegesippus1 #eb ff42 8 ref]5ces to ,john1 #ec ff42 on ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 #acg2 on ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 #acg2 on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #adf f42 on ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 #adh f42 8 ,epi/le to ,c>pianus1 #adh f41 #aeb ,ewald1 #cb1 #cc1 #fb1 #fc1 #gi1 #ada ,f>r>1 ,dr41 #cd ,francke1 #ig ,gfrr]1 #g1 #ge ,glaucias1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 ,gob>us1 ,/ephanus1 #bc ,godet1 #cb ,gospel1 ! ,f\r?1 contra/ ) ,synoptics1 #bf f41 #bf n4 #b2 ,hebraic "* ( its language1 #bg ff42 ,eusebius reg>d+ x1 #di1 #ea1 #ec f41 #ee ff42 evid5ce to x ( ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 #ace2 alleg$ evid5ce ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 #acg2 alleg$ evid5ce ( ,polycrates #acg2 suppos$ ref]5ce to x 9 ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #add2 ,tatian's ,diatess>on said to beg9 ) x1 #adg f42 insuffici5cy ( evid5ce = x1 #afb ff42 its cont5ts _c be reconcil$ ) ,synoptics1 #afc f4 ,gospels1 ,ju/9's use (1 #bd f42 evid5ce ( alleg$ quotations1 #bd f42 object 9 exam9+ evid5ce =1 #cg ff41 #da ff42 num]\s ,gospels circulat+ 9 e>ly ,*ur*1 #aca f42 anonym\s quotations n necess>ily f canonical1 #aca ff42 illu/rations ( ?is1 #acb ff42 evid5ce ( ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 #ace2 evid5ce ( ,melito ( ,s>dis1 #ace f42 evid5ce ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 #acg2 evid5ce ( ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #ada ff42 pr9ciples on :i* evid5ce is exam9$1 #afb2 insuffici5cy ( evid5ce =1 #afb ff4 ,greet1 ,h(/$e de1 #e1 #i n4 #b ,grove1 #cd ,gu]icke1 #g1 #ij f41 #ic ,hadrian1 #ab ,hag5ba*1 #ia1 #ic ,h>less1 #ge ,hase1 #gf ,hebrews1 ,gospel accord+ to !1 #abb f41 #abc1 #aej ,hefele1 #hj ,hegesippus1 8 attitude to ,paul1 #bc2 ref]5ces to him by ,eusebius1 #eb ff42 on ,simeon1 #eb ,hemphill1 ,pr(essor1 did ,eusebius directly "k ,tatian's ,diatess>on8 #adf f42 on ,arabic ,diatess>on1 #adi2 x takes ,mat!w z basis1 #adi2 its sub/antial id5tity ) ,victor's ,diatess>on1 #aec ,h5g/5b]g1 #ca ,hilg5feld1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #e f42 on ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #gh1 #gi2 place & date ( m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #ig ff42 on ,papias & ,mat!w's ,hebrew ,oracles1 #abb2 ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 #adb2 ,eusebius on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #adf f4 ,hippolytus1 #ag f4 ,holtzmann1 #ace1 #adg ,hug1 #cb ,humfrey1 #ff ,ignatius1 ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p reg>d+ him1 #bj ff42 date & place ( 8 m>tyrdom1 #hg1 #id ff42 8 alleg$ m>tyr-j\rney1 #id ff42 8 treatm5t dur+ x1 #ii f42 comp>$ ) ,paul's j\rney1 #ajj f42 comp>$ ) case ( ,p]egr9us1 #aja ff42 reasons oppos$ to m>tyr-j\rney to ,rome1 & = m>tyrdom 9 ,antio*1 #ajd ff42 rema9s ( ,ignatius1 #aaa ff42 m>tyrologies1 #aab f4 ,ignatian ,epi/les1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot on1 #eg ff42 critics on priority ( ,syriac v]sion1 #ei ff41 long rec5sion1 #fd ff42 ,vossian ,epi/les1 #fg ff42 v]sion ( ,us%]1 #fg2 ,arm5ian v]sion1 #gh ff42 ,eusebian ,epi/les1 #hj ff42 _! ord] 9 ,,mss41 #hb ff42 _! value z evid5ce1 #aac f4 ,ir5aeus1 #c ff4 ,jacobson1 #fe ,j]ome1 #aaj f4 ,john1 ref]5ces ( ,eusebius1 #ec ff42 ,papias & ,presbyt]s on1 #ee f42 d\ble use ( "n1 #ee f4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 8 quotations1 #bh ff4 ,keim1 #ace ,ke/n]1 #gj1 #ga ,kir*h(]1 #g ,lange1 #cb ,l>dn]1 #gj1 #acf ,le*l]1 #gf f4 ,lightfoot1 #cb1 #cc ,lightfoot1 ,dr41 objectionable /yle ( criticism1 #a f41 #c1 #g f41 #ac n4 #a1 #ad f41 #ae n4 #a1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc f41 #bd n4 #e1 #be f41 #bg1 #cj f41 #cf1 #dd f41 #df f41 #eg ff41 #fh ff42 #gc ff41 #add2 on a passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #c ff42 discussion ( date ( ,celsus1 #i ff42 ,dr4 ,we/cott on ,basilides1 #ae ff42 weighti] argum5ts ( apologi/s1 #bj ff42 on ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #bj f41 object ( ,papias' "w1 #bb2 on ,hegesippus & ,apo/le ,paul1 #bb f42 on ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's quotations1 #bc ff42 on duration ( m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 #bf f42 on ,hebraic "* ( language ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #bg ff42 id5tification ( ,sy*>1 #cj ff42 on argum5t ( ,s4,r41 #cf ff42 on sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 #de ff42 ! int5tion ( ,eusebius1 #dd f42 proc$ure ( ,eusebius1 #ej f42 sil5ce ( ,eusebius z evid5ce = ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ef f42 on ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #eg ff42 on view ( ,lipsius1 #fj f42 mis/atem5ts reg>d+ ref]5ces 9 ,s4,r41 #fa ff42 diff]5tiation ( ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #hj ff42 _! position 9 ,,mss41 #hb ff42 on m>tyr-j\rney & treatm5t ( ,ignatius1 #ii f42 comp>$ ) ,apo/le ,paul's1 #ajj f42 comp>$ ) case ( ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 #aja ff42 on ,john ,malalas1 #ajh ff42 on ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna1 #aae f42 date ( 8 ,epi/le1 #aae2 does n exam9e alleg$ quotations ( ,gospels1 #aaf2 on ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 #aag ff42 ,papias on ,m>k1 #aag f42 ,papias on ,mat!w1 #aai ff42 on accuracy ( ,papias1 #abj ff42 translation ( ,hebrew ,oracles ( ,mat!w1 #aba f42 on ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #abb f42 on nature ( ,oracles ( ,mat!w1 #abd ff42 c ,oracles include n>rative8 #abe f42 8 misappreh5sion ( argum5t ( ,s4,r41 #abi ff42 on ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 #ace2 on ,melito ( ,s>dis1 #ace f42 errone\s quotation f ,s4,r41 #acf1 n4 #b2 on ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 #acg f42 on ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 #acg2 on ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #aci ff42 on ! te/imony ( ,za*>ias1 #adj ff42 alleg$ ref]5ce to ,acts1 #adb f42 alleg$ ref]5ce to ,f\r? ,gospel1 #add2 ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #ade f42 on ,eusebius's m5tion ( x1 #adf f42 did he directly "k x8 #adf2 on ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 #adg2 x m5tions ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #adg2 ,dionysius ,b>-,salibi on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #adg f42 on ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 #adh2 q diff]5t f ,tatian's "w1 #adh f42 simil>ity to ,arabic v]sion ass]t$ by ,hemphill1 #adi2 case ( ,victor ( ,capua1 #aeb f42 ,victor mu/ h be5 mi/ak51 #aec f42 ,victor n mi/ak5 aft] all1 #aec2 on ,lett] ( ! ,smyrna5s1 #aed ff42 a %ort way ) its miracul\s elem5ts1 #aed f42 practically ju/ifies proc$ure ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 #aef ,lipsius1 on ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #fj f41 #fc1 #gh1 #gi2 on ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 #ace ,logia1 mean+ (1 9 ,n4,t41 #abd ff4 ,logos doctr9e 9 ,apocalypse1 #cj n4 #a ,lucian1 #ab1 #aja f4 ,luke1 ,gospel accord+ to1 suppos$ ref]5ce to x 9 ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #ada f42 its use 9 ,diatess>on1 #adi1 #aec ,lu?>dt1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #f2 on ,basilides1 #ah2 on language ( ,f\r? ,gospel & ,apocalypse1 #bh ff4 ,magdeburg ,c5turiators1 #fd ,malalas1 ,john1 on m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #ajh ff4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #aje f4 ,m>k1 ,presbyt]s & ,papias on1 #aag f42 n eye-witness b int]pret] ( ,pet]1 #aah f42 value ( 8 ,gospel z evid5ce1 #aah f42 use 9 ,diatess>on1 #adi ,mat!w1 ,presbyt]s & ,papias on1 #ee f41 #aai ff42 wrote oracles 9 ,hebrew1 #aai ff42 :5 translat$1 #aba ff42 use 9 ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 #adh2 also 9 t ( ,tatian1 #adi f4 ,mat?ias1 #af1 #ah ,may]h(f1 #ia1 #ic ,melito ( ,s>dis1 #ace f4 ,m]x1 #gh1 #gi ,mey]1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #e1 #hb ,mill1 on miracles1 #cf ff4 ,milman1 #ei1 #fb1 #fc1 #aje n4 #a1 #ajg f4 ,moes+]1 ,ephraem's ,comm5t>y1 #ade f41 #aej ,mozley1 on belief1 #ce f4 ,ne&]1 #gj1 #ga f41 #aje f4 ,neubau]1 #cj1 #cd ,nicephorus1 #aaa n4 #a ,ol%aus51 #g1 #cb ,oracles1 mean+ (1 #abd ff4 ,orig51 on ,celsus1 #aj f4 ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 alleg$ quotations f him1 #c ff42 object ( 8 "w1 #bb2 ref]5ces ( ,eusebius to him1 #ed ff42 words ( ! ,presbyt]s1 #ee f42 d\ble ref]5ce to ,john1 #ee f42 he _h no?+ to tell ( ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ee ff42 on ,m>k's ,gospel1 #aag ff42 on ,mat!w's ,hebrew ,oracles1 #aai f42 value ( 8 evid5ce = ! ,gospels1 #abg f4 ,p>k]1 #fe1 #ff ,paul1 ,apo/le1 8 treatm5t z prison] comp>$ to t ( ,ignatius1 #ajj f42 unconsci\s te/imony reg>d+ ! sup]natural1 #afe2 8 te/imony = ,resurrection & ,asc5sion1 #afe f4 ,pe>son1 #fg ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 #ajb ff4 ,p]petua1 ,saturus &1 #ajj ,petau1 #fe1 #fg ,pet]mann1 #gh ff4 ,phillips1 #adg ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna1 #aae f42 date ( m>tyrdom1 #aae ,polyc>p1 ,m>tyrdom (1 #ace1 #aed ff42 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's %ort way ) ! miracul\s elem5ts1 #aed f4 ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 date1 #acg2 evid5ce = ,f\r? ,gospel1 #acg ,press5s1 de1 #fj ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 #adb ,quadratus1 ,/atius1 date ( proconsul%ip1 #aae ,religion1 ,sup]natural1 argum5t (1 #cf ff41 #dj ff41 #abi ff42 canons ( criticism1 #acj ff42 ! te/imony ( ,za*>ias1 ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #adj ff42 0 ,eusebius directly acqua9t$ ) ,tatian's ,diatess>on8 #adf f42 argum5t ( ,s4,r4 practically ju/ifi$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 #aed ff42 conclusions (1 #aeg ff42 evid5ce ( ,div9e ,revelation :i* is necess>y1 #aeg2 miracles z evid5ce de/roy$ by d\btful s\rce1 #aeg f42 miracul\s evid5ce n orig9al1 #aeh f41 /ream ( miracul\s pret5sion1 #aeh2 true "* ( miracles betray$1 #aeh f42 orig9 ( belief 9 sup]natural int]f]5ce1 #aei2 assumptions to ju/ify miracles1 #aei f42 an ,inf9ite ,p]sonal ,god1 #aei f42 ,div9e design ( ,revelation1 #afj2 miracles antec$5tly incr$ible1 #afj f42 evid5ce = ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 #afa f42 pr9ciples ^u :i* evid5ce exam9$1 #afb2 evid5ce = ,gospels1 #afb f42 evid5ce = ,acts1 #afd2 ! rema9+ books ( ,new ,te/am5t1 #afd f42 evid5ce ( ,paul1 #afe2 evid5ce = ,resurrection & ,asc5sion1 #afe f42 results te/$ by g5]al consid]ations1 #aff ff42 claim ( ,*ri/ianity to be ,div9ely reveal$ n orig9al1 #aff f42 hi/ory & a*ievem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity oppos$ to x1 #afg f42 c5sus ( religions1 #afh n4 #a2 h[ f> ! ,great ,tea*] 0 misund]/ood1 #afh f42 trans=mation ( ,*ri/ianity1 #afi f42 alleg$ objections to di/urb+ belief1 #afi f42 objections n valid1 #agj f42 argum5t t ,div9e ,revelation is necess>y to man1 #agb f42 we ga9 m ?an we lose by f9d+ our !ology to be m]e human inv5tions1 #agc f4 ,resurrection1 evid5ce =1 #afe f4 ,reuss1 #adg ,rigg5ba*1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #e2 on ,sy*>1 #cb ,rits*l1 #fb1 #fc ,rivet1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg ,r\?1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #d ,ru9>t1 anniv]s>y ( ,ignatius1 #aab ,rumpf1 #fj ,s&ay1 #cc ,saumaise1 #fe1 #ff ,s*leimann1 #ge f4 ,s*olt51 #aa n4 #b1 #hj1 #ia f41 #if f41 #adg ,s*roeckh1 #gj1 #ga ,s*r]1 #ace ,%e*em1 #cj ff4 ,simeon1 #eb1 #aje f4 ,smyrna5s1 ,lett] (1 #aed ff42 ,dr4 ,lightfoot z a sceptical critic1 #aed f4 ,soc9us1 #fe ,/eph51 #adb f4 ,sy*>1 #cj ff4 ,synoptics1 contra/$ ) ,f\r? ,gospel1 #bf f4 ,tatian's ,diatess>on3 see ,diatess>on ,!odoret1 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #ha ,?i]s*1 #g1 #gj ,?oluck1 #g ,tis*5dorf1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #c ff42 passage ( ,celsus1 #aa ff42 does n notice ,arm5ian v]sion ( ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #hj2 te/imony ( ,za*>ias1 9 ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #adb2 x is a ref]5ce to ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 #adb ,trajan1 9 connection ) ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #hi ff41 #aje ff4 ,tregelles1 #fj1 #hb f4 ,uhlhorn1 #gh1 #gi ,us%]1 #fg ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 ,epi/le (1 #aci ff42 date1 #aci2 ! te/imony ( ,za*>ias1 #adj f42 alleg$ quotations ( ,acts1 #adb ff42 value ( evid5ce1 #adc2 ,dr4 ,lightfoot on fragrance ( ! m>tyrs1 #aee ,volkm>1 on ,celsus1 #aj ff42 on ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #fj2 does n notice ,arm5ian v]sion1 #hj2 date ( m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #ib f42 place ( m>tyrdom1 #id ff4 ,vossian ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 #fg f4 ,wace1 ,dr41 #aec ,wadd+ton1 #aae ,weiss1 #fb1 #fc1 #gh1 #gi ,weissmann1 #fi f4 ,we/cott1 ,dr41 criticisms on1 #c f42 on ,papias1 #d2 on ,basilides1 #ae ff42 on ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's quotations1 #bc ff42 on ,sup]natural ,religion1 #dd f42 mis/atem5ts reg>d+ notes1 #he ff42 0 ,eusebius directly acqua9t$ ) ,tatian's ,diatess>on8 #adg ,wette1 de1 #g1 #ae n4 #a1 #cb ,wiesel]1 #ca1 #cb ,wotton1 #fh1 #fi ,za*>ias1 ! te/imony (1 ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 #adj ff4 ,zahn1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #f2 on ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #gh1 #gi1 #ii n4 #a1 #aja2 on ,john ,malalas1 #aaj1 date ( m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 #aab2 did ,eusebius directly "k ,tatian's ,diatess>on8 #adg2 passages reg>d+ desc5t ( ,jesus f ,david n all excis$ f alleg$ ,arm5ian v]sion1 #aej ,zell]1 on passage ( ,ir5aeus1 #e