,a ,,libr>ian',s ,,op5 ,,%elf ,,essays ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,subjects ,,ar?ur ,e4 ,,bo/wick1 ,ph4,d4 #aibj ,,preface ,! pap]s "h ga!r$ toge!r repres5t ! activities ( a libr>ian 9 directions outside ! b\nd>ies ( 8 pr(essional c>e]1 al?\gh ! influ5ces ( x may be detect$ 9 !m "h & !re4 ,except = ^? influ5ces !y h little connection & ! transition ( ?\ght & treatm5t f "o to ano!r may occasionally seem viol5t4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 s]ve to protect ! read] f ! assaults ( monotony4 ,a4,e4,b4 ,,cont5ts ,,d ,,read]s ,,read8 7,! ,critic1 ,july1 #aija1 p4 #fg-gj7 ,,:at ,,makes ,,p ,,read8 7,! ,book ,lov]1 ,janu>y1 #aijd1 p4 #ab-af7 ,,! ,,pass+ ,,( ,,! ,,possessive2 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,book ,,titles 7,! ,book ,buy]1 ,june1 #ahig1 p4 #ejj-a7 ,,selective ,,education 7,educational ,review1 ,novemb]1 #aijg1 p4 #cfe-gc7 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,fiction ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,a%eville ,conf]5ce1 ,may #bh1 #aijg4 7,a4,l4,a4 ,bullet91 ,july1 #aijg1 p4 #ahc-g7 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,association ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,libr>y ,associations ( ,i[a1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana & ,ohio1 ,octob] #i-ah1 #aijg4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y1 #aijh1 p4 #c-i7 ,,mod]n ,,educational ,,me?ods 7,notes & ,news1 ,montclair1 ,n4,j41 ,july1 #aijh7 ,,"s ,,economic ,,features ,,( ,,libr>ies ,read at ! op5+ ( ! ,*e/nut ,hill ,bran*1 ,philadelphia ,free ,libr>y1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aiji4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y1 #aiji1 p4 #dh-eb7 ,,simon ,,newcomb3 ,,am]ica',s ,,=emo/ ,,a/ronom] 7,review ( ,reviews1 ,augu/1 #aiji1 p4 #aga-d7 ,,! ,,companion%ip ,,( ,,books ,read be=e ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ ,libr>y ,association1 ,june1 #aiaj4 7,p4,n4,w4,l4,a4 ,proce$+s1 #aiaj1 p4 #h-bc7 ,,atomic ,,!ories ,,( ,,en]gy ,read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 7,! ,moni/1 ,octob]1 #aiab1 p4 #ehj-e7 ,,! ,,adv]tisem5t ,,( ,,ideas 7,m9nesota ,libr>y ,notes & ,news1 ,decemb]1 #aiab1 p4 #aij-g7 ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y1 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ool1 ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,c5t] ,,movem5t ,read be=e ! ,national ,education ,association4 7,n4,e4,a4 ,proce$+s1 #aiab1 p4 #bdj-e7 ,,! ,,sy/ematization ,,( ,,viol5ce 7,/4 ,l\is ,mirror1 ,july #ah1 #aiac7 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,re-,,read+ ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,h]$ity ,read be=e ! ,new ,engl& ,society ( ,/4 ,l\is4 7,new ,engl& ,society ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,proce$+s1 #bi? ye>1 p4 #ac-bj7 ,,:at ,,! ,,flag ,,/&s ,,= ,a ,flag ,day address 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s *ur*1 ,/4 ,l\is4 7,/4 ,l\is ,republic1 ,june #ae1 #aiad7 ,,! ,,p',s ,,%>e ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y ,read be=e ! ,*icago ,wom5's ,club1 ,janu>y #f1 #aiae4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #aiae1 p4 #bbg-cb7 ,,"s ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,am]ican ,,?\ght ,read be=e ! ,new ,york ,libr>y ,association at ,squirrel ,inn1 ,ha9es ,falls1 ,septemb] #bh1 #aiae4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,novemb]1 #aiae1 p4 #gga-g7 ,,drugs ,,& ,,! ,,man ,a ,comm5cem5t address to ! graduat+ class ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,may #ai1 #aiae4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association1 ,augu/1 #aiae1 p4 #iae-bb7 ,,h[ ,,! ,,community ,,educates ,,itself ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,asbury ,p>k1 ,n4,j41 ,june #bg1 #aiaf4 7,libr>y ,j\rnal1 ,augu/1 #aiaf1 p4 #eda-g7 ,,clubwom5',s ,,read+ 7,! ,bookman1 ,janu>y-,m>*1 #aiae1 p4 #eae-ba1 #fdb-g1 #fd-gj7 ,,books ,,= ,,tir$ ,,eyes 7,yale ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aiag1 p4 #ceh-fh7 ,,! ,,magic ,,casem5t ,read be=e ! ,t[n & ,g[n ,club1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,a ,,^w ,,to ,,believ]s ,address at ! clos+ section ( ! ,*ur* ,s*ool ( ,religi\s ,in/ruction4 ,,index ,a ,,libr>ian',s ,,op5 ,,%elf ,,essays ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,subjects ,,d ,,read]s ,,read8 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! prop] use ( our libr>ies are ask+ cont9ually1 ,:at d read]s read8 & ! tables ( class-p]c5tages 9 ! annual reports ( ^? in/itutions %[ t libr>ians are at lea/ mak+ an attempt to satisfy ^! qu]ies4 ,b a "q t is /ill m fundam5tal & q z vital is3 ,d read]s read at all8 ,?is is n a p>adox1 b a common-s5se "q1 z ! foll[+ sugge/ive little incid5t w %[4 ,! libr>ian-9-*>ge ( a cr[d$ bran* circulat+-libr>y 9 ,new ,york ,city _h occasion to talk1 n long ago1 to "o ( h] /> borr[]s1 a y\? :o _h tak5 out 8 two good books a week regul>ly = ne>ly a ye> & :om %e _h look$ ^u z a model--s mu* s t %e _h nev] ?\ght x necess>y to advise ) him reg>d+ 8 read+4 ,9 response to a "q ?is lad made answ] some:at z foll[s3 ,yes1 ma'am1 ,i'm do+ pretty well ) my read+4 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld get on nicely if ,i c\ld only once manage to read a book ?r\gh2 b someh[ ,i c't seem to d x4 ,?is boy _h actually tak5 to 8 home ne>ly a hundr$ books1 return+ ea* regul>ly & borr[+ ano!r1 )\t read+ to ! end ( a s+le "o ( !m4 ,t ?is case is n isolat$ & abnormal1 b is typical ( ! way 9 :i* a l>ge class ( read]s treat books1 !re is1 z we %all see1 only too mu* reason to believe4 ,! facts are peculi>ly h>d to get at4 ,at fir/ sight !re w\ld seem to be no way to f9d out :e!r ! books t our libr>ies circulate h be5 read ?r\gh f cov] to cov]1 or only half ?r\gh1 or n at all4 ,to be sure1 ea* borr[] might be que/ion$ on ! subject z he return$ 8 book1 b ?is me?od1 w\ld be res5t$ z inquisitorial1 & aft] all !re w\ld be no c]ta9ty t ! data s ga!r$ 7 true4 ,by c\nt+ ! /amps on ! libr>y book-c>d or dat+-slip we c tell h[ _m times a book has be5 borr[$1 b ?is gives u no in=mation ab\t :e!r x has or has n be5 read4 ,=tunately = our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 _m works are publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( volumes1 ea* ( :i* is *>g$ sep>ately1 & an exam9ation ( ! diff]5t slips w tell u :e!r or n ! :ole "w has be5 read ?r\gh by all ^? :o borr[$ x4 ,if1 = in/ance 9 a two-volume "w ea* volume has gone out tw5ty times1 tw5ty borr[]s ei!r h read x ?r\gh or h /opp$ some:]e 9 ! second volume1 :ile if ! fir/ volume is *>g$ tw5ty times & ! second only f\rte51 x is c]ta9 t six ( ^? :o took out ! fir/ volume did n get z f> z ! second4 ,9 works ( m ?an two volumes we c tell ) /ill great] accuracy at :at po9t ! read]'s int]e/ 0 insuffici5t to c>ry him fur!r4 ,su* an inve/igation has be5 made ( all works 9 m ?an "o volume conta9$ 9 sev5 bran*es ( ! ,brooklyn ,public ,libr>y1 & ) v few exceptions x has be5 f\nd t ea* successive volume 9 a s]ies has be5 read by few] p]sons ?an ! "o imm$iately prec$+4 ,:at is true ( books 9 m ?an "o volume is presumably also true1 al?\gh p]haps 9 a less degree1 ( "o-volume works1 al?\gh we h no means ( %[+ x directly4 ,among ! read]s ( e book1 !n1 !re are g5]ally "s :o1 = "o reason or o!r1 d n read x to ! end4 ,our "q1 ,d read]s read8 is ?us answ]$ 9 ! negative = a l>ge numb] ( cases4 ,! supplem5t>y "q1 ,:y d n read]s read8 occurs at once1 b an attempt to answ] x w\ld take u r too deeply into psy*ology4 ,:e!r ?is t5d5cy to leave ! latt] "p ( books unread is increas+ or n we c tell only by repeat+ ! pres5t inve/igation at int]vals ( a ye> or m4 ,! probability is t x is due to pure lack ( int]e/4 ,= "s reason or o!r1 _m p]sons beg9 to read books t fail to hold _! att5tion4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases ?is is d\btless due to a feel+ t "o ought to read c]ta9 books & c]ta9 classes ( books4 ,a s5se ( duty c>ries ! read] "p way ?r\gh 8 task1 b he weak5s be=e he has f9i%$ x4 ,?is %[s h[ necess>y x is to /imulate "o's g5]al int]e/ 9 a subject be=e advis+ him to read a book t is n itself calculat$ to ar\se & su/a9 t int]e/4 ,possibly ! mod]n newspap] habit1 ) its enc\ragem5t ( slip%od read+1 may play its "p 9 produc+ ! g5]al result1 & d\btless a c>eful detail$ inve/igation w\ld reveal /ill o!r p>tial causes1 b ! *ief & det]m9+ cause mu/ be lack ( int]e/4 ,& x is to be fe>$ t in/ead ( tak+ measures to ar\se a p]man5t int]e/ 9 good lit]ature1 :i* w\ld 9 itself lead to ! read+ ( /&>d works & w\ld su/a9 ! read] until he _h f9i%$ 8 task1 we h (t5 tri$ to replace su* an int]e/ by a fictiti\s & tempor>y /imulus1 due to appeals to duty1 or to t vague & confus$ idea t "o %\ld improve "o's m9d1 unaccompani$ by any def9ite plan ( ways & means4 ,!re is no m p[]ful moral motor ?an duty1 b x loses its =ce :5 we try to apply x to cases t lie )\t ! prov9ce ( e?ics4 ,! man :o has no p]man5t int]e/ 9 hi/orical lit]ature1 & :o is impell$ to beg9 a six-volume hi/ory because he conceives x to be 8 duty to read x1 is apt to conclude1 be=e he has f9i%$ ! second volume1 t 8 is a case :]e incl9ation 7or 9 ?is in/ance dis9cl9ation7 is ! prop] guide4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! =mation ( a cultivat$ & p]man5t ta/e = good read+ is g5]ally a matt] ( lifelong education4 ,x mu/ be begun :5 ! *ild reads 8 fir/ book4 ,an enc\rag+ sign = ! future is ! c>e t is n[ tak5 9 all good libr>ies to sup]vise ! read+ ( *ildr5 & to provide = !m special qu>t]s & facilities4 ,a some:at di%e>t5+ circum/ance1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! multiplication ( annotat$ & abbreviat$ *ildr5's editions ( all sorts ( works t 7 read by ! la/ g5]ation ( *ildr5 )\t any su* treatm5t4 ,?is k9d ( bon$ *ick5 may be v well = ! m5tal invalid1 b ! ord9>y *ild pref]s to sep>ate 8 meat f ! drum/ick by 8 own unaid$ ef=t1 & !re is no d\bt t x is bett] = him to d s4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ! av]age circulation ( fir/ volumes1 second volumes1 etc41 is giv5 = ea* ( sev5 classes ( works4 ,! fall+ (f f volume to volume is noticeable 9 ea* class4 ,x is mo/ m>k$ 9 sci5ce1 & lea/ s1 z might be expect$1 9 fiction4 ,yet x is rem>kable t !re %\ld be any fall+ (f at all 9 fiction4 ,! record %[s t ! proportion ( read]s :o _c ev5 read to ! end ( a novel is relatively l>ge4 ,^! are d\btless ! good p :o speak ( ,dick5s z solid read+ & :o reg>d ,?ack]ay ) z remote an eye z !y d ,gibbon4 ,= su* ,! ,du*ess furni%es good m5tal pabulum1 & ,miss ,corelli provides flights into ! l(ti] regions ( philosophy4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,,class ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii ,,ix4 ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4 ,hi/ory #aj4a #f4i #d4i #d4d #d4f #d4c #b4e #b4h #a4j #j4e #a4j #c4j ,biography #g4b #e4a #c4j #b4c #a4f #a4j #a4f #a4b #a4j #b4 ,travel #i4b #g4i ,lit]ature #g4c #e4i #c4e #c4h #e4c #f4f #ai4j #ae4j #ba4j ,arts #d4g #c4g #c4j ,sci5ces #e4b #b4g #a4e ,fiction #bb4j #ah4i #ae4h #af4 #bf4 #af4 ,! figures 9 ! table1 z has be5 /at$1 are av]ages1 & ! numb] ( cases av]ag$ decreases rapidly z we rea* ! lat] volumes1 because1 ( c\rse1 ! numb] ( works t run beyond f\r or five volumes is relatively small4 ,h5ce ! figures = ! high] volumes are irregul>4 ,any volume may h be5 )drawn sep>ately = ref]5ce )\t any int5tion ( read+ its companions4 ,among ! e>li] volumes su* use c\nts = little1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( volumes av]ag$1 :ile x may & does make ! figures = ! lat] volumes irregul>4 ,?us1 "u ,hi/ory ! high numb] 9 ! twelf? column repres5ts "o-twelf? volume ( ,fr\de1 :i* 0 tak5 out ?ree times1 evid5tly = sep>ate ref]5ce1 z ! elev5? 0 )drawn b once4 ,fur!rmore1 ap>t f ?is irregul>ity1 ! figures = ! lat] volumes are relatively l>ge1 = a "w 9 _m volumes is apt to be a /&>d1 & al?\gh its use falls rapidly f />t to f9i% en\gh read]s p]sev]e to ! end to make ! f9al av]ages comp>e unduly well ) ! initial ones :]e ! high use ( ! same "w is av]ag$ 9 ) small] use ( doz5s ( o!r fir/ & second volumes4 ,t ! fall+ (f f beg9n+ to end 9 su* long works is mu* m /rik+ ?an w\ld appe> f ! av]ages alone may be se5 f ! foll[+ records ( sep>ate works 9 num]\s volumes3 ,,volumes ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,x ,,hi/ory ,grote1 ,greece #aa #f #e #b #a #j #a #a #a #j ,bancr(t1 ,unit$ ,/ates #bb #aj #f #h #aj #h ,hume1 ,engl& #bd #g #e #b #a #a ,gibbon1 ,rome #ch #ab #g #c #d #f ,motley1 ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s #g #a #a #a ,prescott1 ,f]d9& & ,isabella #bj #d #b ,c>lyle1 ,fr5* ,revolution #ah #aj #h ,mc,carthy1 ,our ,own ,times #bg #h #aa ,,biography ,b\ri5ne1 ,memoirs ( ,napoleon #ai #ah #i #g ,longfell['s ,life #f #d #b ,nicolay & ,hay1 ,l9coln #f #c #c #b #b #b #b #a #a #b ,c>lyle1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great #g #c #b #b #b ,,fiction ,dumas1 ,vicomte de ,bragelonne #ca #cj #bd #bb #ba #af ,dumas1 ,monte ,cri/o #bg #ag #ah ,dick5s1 ,our ,mutual ,fri5d #e #d #a #j ,/[e1 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 #cg #bd ,( c\rse1 ^! c\ld be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,!y are suffici5tly int]e/+ ap>t f all comm5t4 ,"o w\ld h>dly believe )\t direct evid5ce t ( ?irty-"o p]sons :o began "o ( ,dumas's romances sc>cely half w\ld read x to ! end1 or t n "o ( five p]sons :o essay$ ,dick5s's ,mutual ,fri5d w\ld succe$ 9 gett+ ?r\gh x4 ,^? :o ?9k t !re c be no pa?os 9 /ati/ics are invit$ to pond] ?is table deeply4 ,c anyone ?9k unmov$ ( ^? two doz5 read]s :o1 feel+ impell$ by desire = an intellectual /imulant to take up ,hume1 f\nd !re9 a soporific in/ead & fell by ! wayside8 ,a curi\s fact is t ! t5d5cy to attempt to beg9 at ! beg9n+ is s /rong t x sometimes ext5ds to collect$ works 9 :i* !re is no sequ5ce f volume to volume4 ,?us we h ! foll[+3 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,*auc]1 ,poetical ,works #ch #i #e ,milton1 ,poetical ,works #ai #h ,longfell[1 ,poetical ,works #ad #ae #b #aj #c #c ,em]son1 ,essays #dh #ac ,w>d1 ,engli% ,poets #ac #b #f ,!re are ( c\rse exceptions to ! rule t circulation decreases /eadily f volume to volume4 ,"h are a few3 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,fiske1 ,old ,virg9ia #bf #bd ,spe>s1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,navy #dd #ci #cf #cf ,&rews1 ,la/ ,qu>t] ,c5tury #h #h ,k5nan1 ,sib]ia #ae #ac ,9 ! case ( ! two-volume works ! int]e/-su/a9+ p[] may n always be z great z w\ld appe>1 because :5 ! read] desires x1 two volumes are giv5 out z "o2 b ! /amps on ! dat+-slips %[ t ?is fact c\nt$ = little 9 ! pres5t in/ances4 ,i w\ld n assume t ! inf]5ces 9 ! pres5t article are ( any special value4 ,! /ati/ical facts are ! ?+4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no "o has call$ att5tion to !m be=e1 & !y are c]ta9ly wor?y ( all int]e/ & att5tion4 ,,:at ,,makes ,,p ,,read8 ,does ! read+ public read because x has a lit]>y ta/e or = "s o!r reason8 ,9 ! case ( ! public libr>y1 = in/ance1 does a man />t ) an ov]:elm+ desire to read or /udy books & is he impell$ !reby to seek out ! place :]e he may mo/ easily & be/ obta9 !m8 ,or is he prim>ily attract$ to ! libr>y by "s o!r consid]ation1 8 love = books & read+ act+ only 9 a second>y mann]8 ,! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 = in/ance1 c>ries on ! regi/ry books ( its circulat+ dep>tm5t ne>ly #djj1jjj names1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> ne>ly #ce1jjj new applications are made = ! use ( its bran* libr>ies1 scatt]$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! city4 ,:at br+s ^! p to ! libr>y8 ,?is is no idle "q4 ,! numb] ( libr>y us]s1 l>ge z x is1 repres5ts too small a fraction ( our population4 ,if x is a good ?+ to provide free read+ matt] = our p--& e l>ge city 9 ! c\ntry has committ$ itself to ! tru? ( ?is proposition--we %\ld c]ta9ly try to see t :at we furni% is us$ by all :o ne$ x4 ,h5ce an exam9ation into ! motives t induce p to make _! fir/ use ( a free public libr>y may br+ out in=mation t is n only int]e/+ b useful4 ,to ?is end sev]al hundr$ regul> us]s ( ! bran*es ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y 7 rec5tly ask$ ?is "q directly1 & ! answ]s are tabulat$ & discuss$ bel[4 ,9 ea* ( sixte5 bran* libr>ies ! p]sons int]rogat$ numb]$ =ty--t5 ea* ( m51 wom51 boys & girls4 ,?irty answ]s h be5 ?r[n out = irrelevancy or defectiv5ess4 ,! o!rs are classifi$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,totals ,m5 #f #fd #aj 44 44 44 #cg #bj #c #a #i #d #aed ,boys #ch #fc #bh 44 #d #c #i #f #e 44 44 #c #aei ,wom5 #ab #fg #ad #d 44 44 #bj #ba #b #a #b #e #adh ,girls #cc #fi #cd 44 44 44 #e #c #c 44 44 #b #adi ,total #hi #bfc #hf #d #d #c #ga #ej #ac #b #aa #ad #faj ,col4 ,a3 ,s5t or ,told by ,tea*] ,col4 ,b3 ,s5t or ,told by ,fri5d ,col4 ,c3 ,s5t or ,told by ,relative ,col4 ,d3 ,s5t or ,told by ,cl]gyman ,col4 ,e3 ,s5t or ,told by ,libr>y ,assi/ant ,col4 ,f3 ,?r\gh ,read+ ,room ,col4 ,g3 ,saw ,build+ ,col4 ,h3 ,saw ,sign ,col4 ,i3 ,saw ,libr>y ,books ,col4 ,j3 ,saw ,bullet9 ,col4 ,k3 ,saw ,article 9 ,pap] ,col4 ,l3 ,s\ght ,libr>y ,x w be se5 t ! va/ majority ( ^? que/ion$ 7 l$ to ! libr>y by "s circum/ance o!r ?an ! simple desire to f9d a place :]e books c\ld be obta9$4 ,( m ?an six hundr$ p]sons ^: answ]s are "h record$ only f\rte5 f\nd ! libr>y z ! result ( a direct se>* = x prompt$ by a desire to read4 ,9 a majority ( ! o!r cases1 ( c\rse1 p]haps 9 all ( !m1 ! desire to read _h its "p1 b ?is desire 0 awak5$ by he>+ a m5tion ( ! libr>y or by see+ x or some?+ connect$ ) x4 ,^! det]m9+ circum/ances fall into two classes1 ^? t work$ ?r\gh ! e> & ^? t op]at$ ?r\gh ! eye4 ,^? :o he>d ( ! libr>y 9 "s way numb]$ #ddi1 :ile ^? :o saw x or some?+ connect$ ) x 7 only #adg--;an int]e/+ fact1 especially z we are told by psy*ologi/s t appreh5sion & memory ?r\gh sight are ( a high] type ?an ! same functions :]e ex]cis$ ?r\gh he>+4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce 0 dep5d5t on ! fact t ! ?+ he>d 0 9 mo/ cases a direct injunction or a piece ( advice1 :ile ! ?+ se5 did n act ) simil> urg5cy4 ,!re are "s surprises 9 ! table4 ,= in/ance1 only f\r p]sons 7 s5t directly to libr>ies by p]sons employ$ !re94 ,d\btless ! av]age libr>y assi/ant wi%es to get z f> f %op z possible 9 h] leisure h\rs1 b x is /ill disappo9t+ to f9d t ^? :o are employ$ 9 our libr>ies ex]cise s little influ5ce 9 br++ p]sons to use !m4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! influ5ce ( read+ rooms4 ,9 _m ( ! bran* libr>ies 9 ,new ,york !re are sep>ate read+ rooms to :i* o!rs ?an c>d-hold]s 9 ! libr>y are admitt$1 & "o ( ! *ief argum5ts = ?is has be5 t ! us] ( su* a room1 hav+ become accu/om$ to resort to ! libr>y build+1 w\ld be apt to use ! books4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 su* p]sons are 9 ! m9ority4 ,no less disappo9t+ is ! slight influ5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,only f\r p]sons report ?is z a det]m9+ influ5ce & ^! 7 all wom5 connect$ ) a bran* :i* 0 =m]ly ! p>i% libr>y ( a ,new ,york *ur*4 ,! influ5ce ( ! press1 too1 seems to am\nt to little1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! newspap]s 9 ,new ,york h freely comm5t$ on ! valuable "w ( ! bran* libr>ies & h call$ att5tion to x bo? 9 ! news & editorial columns :5ev] occasion (f]$4 ,d ! read]s ( libr>y books 9 ,new ,york %un ! public-press1 or d !y pay scant he$ to :at !y read !re98 ,ano!r some:at notewor?y fact is t ( ! #ddi p]sons :o s\ght ! libr>y by advice ( "s "o1 only #hi 7 s5t by tea*]s4 ,b p]haps ?is is unfair4 ,( #bfe boys & girls :o ?us came to ! libr>y1 only #ga 7 s5t by tea*]s4 ,?is is a l>g] p]c5tage1 b x is /ill n s l>ge z we might expect4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 adults & *ildr5 comes out q /rik+ly 9 a few in/ances4 ,we %\ld h =ese5 ?is ( c\rse 9 ! case ( advice by tea*]s1 :i* 0 report$ by #ga *ildr5 & only #ah adults z a reason = visit+ ! libr>y4 ,"h we %\ld n h expect$ ?is reason to be giv5 by adults at all4 ,d\btless ^! 7 *iefly "y m5 & wom5 :o _h us$ ! libr>y s9ce _! s*ool-days4 ,9 l mann] ! advice or injunction ( relatives 0 m pat5t ) *ildr5 ?an ) adults1 ! proportion "h be+ #fb to #bd4 ,?is probably illu/rates ! p[] ( p>5tal injunction4 ,9 ano!r case ! diff]5ce comes out 9 a :olly unexpect$ way4 ,( ! #ga p]sons :o report$ t !y 7 attract$ to ! libr>y by see+ ! build+s1 #eg 7 adults & only #ad *ildr54 ,! same is true ( ^? :o 7 l$ 9 by see+ a sign1 :o numb]$ #da adults to only #i *ildr54 ,?is seems to %[ ei!r t adults are m obs]vant or t *ildr5 are m diffid5t 9 foll[+ out an impulse ( ?is k9d4 ,x completely negatives ! ord9>y impression among libr>ians1 at lea/ 9 ,new ,york1 :]e x has be5 believ$ t ! sight ( a libr>y build+1 especially :]e ! "w go+ on inside is visible f ! /reet1 is a pot5t attraction to ! "y4 ,"s ( ! new bran* build+s 9 ,new ,york h ev5 be5 plann$ ) a special view to ! ex]cise ( ?is k9d ( attraction4 ,! small numb] ( p]sons :o 7 attract$ by pr9t$ matt]1 9 libr>y or g5]al publications1 7 entirely adults4 ,! "o in/ance :]e age seems to ex]cise no p>ticul> influ5ce is t ( ! advice ( fri5ds1 by :i* old & "y alike seem to h pr(it$4 ,! influ5ce ( sex does n appe> cle>ly1 al?\gh among ^? :o foll[$ ! injunction ( relatives ! wom5 & girls are slightly 9 ! majority1 & ! f\r :o 7 s5t by cl]gym5 7 all wom54 ,( ^? :o 7 attract$ by ! build+s #df 7 male & #be female1 :i* may mean t m5 are some:at m obs]vant or less diffid5t ?an wom54 ,a few ( ^? que/ion$ relate _! exp]i5ces at "s l5g?4 ,says "o boy3 ,a boy fri5d ( m9e said he belong$ to ?is libr>y & he f\nd "s v good books "h4 ,he ask$ me if ,i want$ to jo92 ,i said yes4 ,he told me ,i w\ld h to get a ref]5ce4 ,i got "o1 & jo9$ ?is libr>y4 ,ano!r "o reports3 ,i saw a boy 9 ! /reet & ask$ him :]e he 0 go+4 ,he said he 0 go+ to ! libr>y4 ,i ask$ him :at ! libr>y 0 & he told me2 s ,i came up "h & h be5 com+ ev] s9ce4 ,critical judgm5t is %[n by "s ( ! "y p4 ,"o boy says3 ,i he>d all ! o!r boys say+ x 0 a good libr>y & t ! books 7 bett] kept ?an 9 a majority ( libr>ies4 ,a girl says t fri5ds told h] :at nice books 7 9 ?is libr>y4 ,9 "o case a boy's bro!r told him he c\ld get ! be/ books "h = 8 ne$s4 ,! comb9ation ( man & book seems to be v attractive4 ,"o *ild saw a boy 9 s*ool ) a book1 tell+ :at a boy %\ld "k ab\t electricity2 ,i want$ to read t book & jo9$ ! libr>y4 ,o!rs foll[$ a cr[d ( little boys ) books2 saw *ildr5 tak+ books out ( ! build+ & ask$ !m ab\t jo9+2 saw a boy c>ry+ books & ask$ if !re 0 a libr>y 9 ! neighborhood4 ,a woman saw a *ild ) a libr>y book 9 ! p>k & ask$ h] = ! address ( ! libr>y4 ,sometimes ! book alone does ! "w1 z %[n by ! foll[+ laconic report3 ,f\nd a book 9 ! p>k2 took x to ! libr>y2 jo9$ x4 ,a cause ( sorr[ to _m libr>ians :o h decid$ ideas reg>d+ lit]ature = *ildr5 w be ! report ( a boy :o exclaim$3 ,horatio ,alg] did x6 ,on be+ ask$ to expla91 he said t a fri5d _h br\ght "o ( ,alg]'s books to 8 h\se & t he 0 !reby attract$ to ! libr>y4 ,among ^? :o 7 br\ght 9 by relatives are *ildr5 :o 7 fir/ c>ri$ by _! mo!rs to ! libr>y z infants & s grew naturally into its use4 ,sometimes ! influ5ce works upw>d in/ead ( d[nw>d1 = sev]al adults report t _! *ildr5 br\ght !m to ! libr>y or induc$ !m to visit x4 ,"o man reports t he got m>ri$ & 8 wife induc$ him to come4 ,"s ( ! reasons giv5 are curi\s4 ,a few are unconnect$ ) ! use ( books4 ,"o girl came to ! libr>y because x 0 a v h&y libr>y2 ano!r1 because %e saw x 0 a nice place to come to on a ra9y day4 ,/ill ano!r frankly av[s t x 0 ! fad among ! boys & girls ( our neighborhood2 we us$ to meet at ! libr>y4 ,a po/man report$ t he ent]$ ! libr>y fir/ 9 ! l9e ( 8 duty1 b 0 attract$ by x & began to take out books4 ,a cl]gyman _h 8 att5tion call$ to ! libr>y by reque/s f *oir-boys t he %\ld sign _! application blanks2 aft]w>ds ?9k+ t he might f9d books !re = 8 own read+1 he became a regul> us]4 ,"o us] came fir/ to ! libr>y to see an exhibition ( pictures ( old ,new ,york4 ,a rec5t importation says3 ,:5 ,i came f ,p>is ,i f\nd all my c\s9s speak+ ,engli%2 'well1' !y said1 'g to ! libr>y & take books'--a process t d\btless did its %>e t[>d mak+ an ,am]ican ( ! new arrival4 ,9 ano!r case1 ! ,am]icaniz+ process has n yet rea*$ ! /age :]e ! us]'s ,engli% is altoge!r intelligible4 ,he says3 ,because ,i l to read ! book4 ,i ask ! bak]y lady to my ref]5ce & ,i s+ my neam sign my "n84 ,"h are "s examples ( rec5tly acquir$ elegance 9 diction t are almo/ baboo-l 9 _! hopelessness3 ,because x int]e/ ab\t ! c\ntries t are f> away4 ,x gives k to _m ( ! p 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s z to obta9 k f !m & by read+ books f9d out h[ ! great m5 7 9 _! =m] days & all ab\t !m & ! _w & its p4 ,x w be se5 t ! la/ two writ]s 7 among ^? :o misund]/ood our que/ions & told :y !y read books r ?an h[ !y 7 fir/ l$ to ! use ( a libr>y4 ,^! reports are f> f possess+ m]ely a pass+ int]e/ = ! curi\s4 ,= ! public libr>ian1 ^: wi% x is to rea* z l>ge a proportion ( ! public z possible1 !y are full ( valuable h9ts4 ,!y emphasize1 = in/ance1 ! urg5t necessity ( w9n+ ! good w ( ! public1 & !y =cibly rem9d u t ?is is ( m value 9 ga9+ a foo?old = ! libr>y ?an columns ( notices 9 ! pap]s or ?\s&s ( circul>s or c>ds di/ribut$ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,x is ev5 m pot5t ?an a beautiful build+4 ,attractive z ?is is1 its value z an influ5ce to secure new read]s is va/ly less ?an a reputation = hospitality & helpfulness4 ,9 look+ ov] ! figures "o r disquiet+ ?\ght _c be kept d[n4 ,if ! good w ( ! public is s pot5t 9 increas+ ! use ( ! libr>y1 ! ill w ( ! same public mu/ be equally pot5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,"s ( ^? :o are satisfi$ ) u & our "w are "h put on record4 ,h[ ab\t ! dissatisfi$8 ,a record ( ^! might be ev5 m int]e/+1 = x w\ld po9t out weaknesses to be /r5g!n$ & errors to be avoid$--b t1 z ,kipl+ says1 is ano!r /ory4 ,,! ,,pass+ ,,( ,,! ,,possessive3 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,book-,,titles ,if !re is "o p>ticul> advantage possess$ by ! ,teutonic ov] ! ,romance languages 9 idiomatic cle>ness & precision x is t conf]r$ by _! own]%ip ( a possessive case1 almo/ ! sole rema9+ monum5t to ! fact t our ance/ors spoke an inflect$ tongue4 ,t we %\ld /ill be able to speak ( ! bak]'s wife's dog in/ead ( ! dog ( ! wife ( ! bak] c]ta9ly %\ld be reg>d$ by ,engli%-speak+ p z a preci\s bir?right4 ,yet1 !re are increas+ evid5ces ( a t5d5cy to disc>d ?is only rema9+ case-end+ & to replace its p[]ful backbone ) ! comp>atively limp & c>tilag9\s preposition4 ,?is t5d5cy has n yet appe>$ s mu* 9 our spok5 z 9 our writt5 language1 & ev5 "h only 9 ! mo/ =mal p>ts ( x4 ,x is especially noticeable 9 ! diction ( ! purely =mal title & head+4 ,t ! read] may h some?+ beyond an unsupport$ ass]tion t ?is is ! case1 ,i purpose to (f] 9 evid5ce ! titles ( "s rec5t works ( fiction1 & to make a brief /ati/ical /udy ( !m4 ,! titles 7 tak5 f ! adult fiction li/s 9 ! ,mon?ly ,bullet9s ( ! ,new ,york ,free ,circulat+ ,libr>y f ,novemb]1 #ahie1 to ,m>*1 #ahig1 inclusive1 & are all su* titles z conta9 a possessive1 :e!r express$ by ! possessive case or by ! preposition ( ) ! objective4 ,"s titles are includ$ 9 :i* ! grammatical relation is slightly diff]5t1 b all admit ! alt]native ( ! case-end+ 's or ( foll[$ by ! objective case4 ,( ! #aja titles ?us select$1 #da use ! possessive case & #fj ! objective ) ! preposition4 ,?is proportion is 9 itself suffici5tly sugge/ive1 b x becomes /ill m s by comp>+ x ) ! correspond+ proportion among a diff]5t set ( titles4 ,= ?is purpose #aja fiction titles 7 select$1 j z !y appe>$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 f a libr>y catalogue be>+ ! date #ahhi2 only ^? be+ tak51 z be=e1 t conta9 a possessive4 ,( ^! #aja1 #ga use ! possessive case & #cj ! objective ) (4 ,9 o!r words1 :]e eight ye>s ago ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( su* titles us$ ! possessive case1 n[ only two-fif?s use x1 a proportionate r$uction ( ne>ly "o-half4 ,! *ange appe>s /ill m /rik+ :5 we /udy ! titles a little m closely4 ,( ^? 9 ! e>li] s]ies !re is n "o t is n good1 idiomatic ,engli% z x /&s1 :i*ev] =m is us$2 we may ev5 say t !re is n "o t w\ld n be made less idiomatic by a *ange to ! alt]native =m4 ,among ! rec5t titles1 h[ev]1 :ile ! =ms us+ ! possessive case are all bett] z !y are1 ( ! #fj titles t use ! objective ) ( only #bb w\ld be injur$ by a *ange1 & ! reason :y #h ( ^! are bett] z !y are is simply t *ange w\ld de/roy euphony4 ,among ^! eight are ,! ,indiscretion ( ! ,du*ess1 ,! ,flight ( a ,%ad[1 ,! ,secret ( ,n>cisse1 etc41 :]e ! m idiomatic =ms1 ,! ,du*ess's ,indiscretion1 ,n>cisse's ,secret1 ,a ,%ad['s ,flight1 etc41 are c]ta9ly n euphonic4 ,( ! o!rs1 #h w\ld n be injur$ by a *ange1 & no less ?an #cj w\ld be improv$ f ! /&po9t ( idiomatic ,engli%4 ,x may be well to quote ^! ?irty titles4 ,!y are3 ,! ,%ad[ ( ,hilton ,f]nbrook1 ,! ,/atem5t ( ,/ella ,mab]ly1 ,! ,%ad[ ( ,john ,wallace1 ,! ,bani%m5t ( ,jessop ,bly!1 ,! ,desire ( ! ,mo?1 ,! ,isl& ( ,dr4 ,moreau1 ,! ,damnation ( ,!ron ,w>e1 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,morrice ,buckl]1 ,! ,daught] ( a ,/oic1 ,! ,lam5t ( ,dives1 ,! ,he>t ( ,pr9cess ,osra1 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,lion1 ,! ,v5geance ( ,james ,vansitt>t1 ,! ,wife ( a ,va9 ,man1 ,! ,crime ( ,h5ry ,vane1 ,! ,son ( ,old ,h>ry1 ,! ,hon\r ( ,savelli1 ,! ,life ( ,nancy1 ,! ,/ory ( ,lawr5ce ,g>!1 ,! ,m>riage ( ,e/h]1 ,! ,h\se ( ,m>?a1 ,tales ( an ,eng9e]1 ,love-lett]s ( a ,worldly ,woman1 ,! ,way ( a ,maid1 ,! ,s\l ( ,pi]re1 ,! ,day ( ,_! ,w$d+1 ,! ,exploits ( ,brigadi] ,g]>d1 ,! ,h& ( ,e!lb]ta1 ,! ,failure ( ,sibyl ,flet*]1 ,! ,love-affairs ( an ,old ,maid4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* a division z ?is1 mu* mu/ dep5d on individual judgm5t & bias4 ,probably no two p]sons w\ld divide ! li/ 9 j ! same way1 b x is my belief t ! g5]al result 9 ea* case w\ld be mu* ! same4 ,to me ! possessive 9 e "o ( ! above-quot$ titles w\ld h be5 m idiomatic1 ?us3 ,hilton ,f]nbrook's ,%ad[1 ,/ella ,mab]ly's ,/atem5t1 ,john ,wallace's ,%ad[1 ,morrice ,buckl]'s ,c\rt%ip1 ,a ,/oic's ,daught]1 ,h5ry ,vane's ,crime1 etc41 etc4 ,9 "o case1 at lea/1 ?is fact has be5 recogniz$ by a publi%]1 = ,! ,v5geance ( ,james ,vansitt>t1 ^: title is includ$ 9 ! li/ giv5 above1 has appe>$ 9 a lat] edition z ,james ,vansitt>t's ,v5geance--a palpable improvem5t4 ,i %all n discuss ! cause ( ?is *ange 9 ! use ( ! possessive1 ?\gh x seems to me an evid5t ,gallicism1 nor %all ,i op5 ! "q ( :e!r x is a m]e pass+ fad or ! beg9n+ ( an actual alt]ation 9 ! language4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x seems und5iable t !re is an actual & consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! use ( ! possessive to-day & its use t5 ye>s ago1 at lea/ 9 =mal titles & head+s4 ,i h conf9$ myself to book-titles1 because t is ! dep>tm5t :]e ! t5d5cy pres5ts itself to me mo/ cle>ly2 b x may be se5 on /reet signs1 9 adv]tisem5ts1 & 9 newspap] head+s4 ,x is n to be f\nd yet 9 ! spok5 language1 at lea/ x is n noticeable !re1 b x w\ld be decid$ly unsafe to prophesy t x w nev] appe> !re4 ,t5 ye>s f n[ we may he> ab\t ! break+ ( ! arm ( ,john ,smi? & ! hat ( ,tom1 )\t a ?\ght t ^! phrases h n be5 "p ( our idiomatic spee* s9ce ,%akespe>e's "t4 ,,selective ,,education#a #a ,read be=e ! ,s*oolm5 ( ,new ,york4 ,s9ce ,d>w9 call$ att5tion to ! role ( :at he nam$ natural selection 9 ! g5esis & pres]vation ( species1 & s9ce 8 successors1 bo? foll[]s & oppon5ts1 h add$ to ?is _m o!r k9ds ( selection t are cont9ually op]ative1 x has become increas+ly evid5t t f "o /&po9t we may look on ! sum ( natural processes1 organic & inorganic1 z a va/ selective sy/em1 z ! result ( :i* ?+s are z !y are1 :e!r ! results are ! positions ( cele/ial bodies or ! relative places ( human be+s 9 ! intellectual or social scale4 ,! exact con/itution ( ! pres5t population ( ,new ,york is ! result ( a great numb] ( selective acts1 "s regul>1 o!rs m or less haphaz>d4 ,selection is no less selection because x occurs by :at we call *ance--= *ance is only our "n = ! totality ( trivial & unconsid]$ causes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we c\nt man & man's ef=ts 9 ! sum ( natural objects & =ces1 we h to reckon ) 8 intellig5ce 9 ^! selective processes4 ,i desire to call att5tion to ! place t !y play 9 educative sy/ems & 9 p>ticul> to ! way 9 :i* !y may be fur!r$ or made m effective by books1 especially by public collections ( books4 ,:5 we ?9k ( any k9d ( tra9+ z x affects ! individual1 we mo/ naturally reg>d x z *ang+ t individual1 z mak+ him m fit1 ei!r = life 9 g5]al or = "s special =m ( life's activities4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( x z affect+ a :ole community or a :ole nation1 we may reg>d x z ess5tially a selective process4 ,9 a giv5 community x is n only desirable t a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 %\ld be tra9$ to d a specifi$ k9d ( "w1 b x is ev5 m desirable t ^! %\ld be ! m5 t are be/ fitt$ to d ?is "w4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,lu!r ,burbank br+s into play ! selection by means ( :i* he a*ieves 8 rem>kable results 9 plant bre$+ he gets rid ( ! unfit by de/ruction1 & z all are unfit = ! mom5t t d n advance ! special end t he has 9 view1 he burns up plants--new & int]e/+ v>ieties p]haps--by ! hundr$ ?\s&4 ,we _c de/roy ! unfit1 nor d we desire to d s1 = f ! educational po9t ( view unfitness is m]ely bad adju/m5t4 ,!re is a place = e man 9 ! _w & x is ! educator's bus9ess to see t he rea*es x1 if n by =mative1 !n by selective processes4 ,?is selection is badly made 9 our pres5t /ate ( civilization4 ,x dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u circum/ances remote f ! tra9+ itself--^u caprice1 ei!r t ( ! p]son to be tra9$ or ( 8 p>5ts1 ^u accid5ts ( bir? or situation1 ^u a ?\s& irrelevant ?+s2 b 9 e case !re are elem5ts pres5t 9 ! tra9+ itself t aid 9 det]m9+ x4 ,a "y man beg9s to /udy m$ic9e1 & he f9ds t 8 physical repulsion = "w 9 ! dissect+-room c n be ov]come4 ,he ab&ons ! /udy & by do+ s elim9ates an unfit p]son4 ,a boy :o has no head = figures ent]s a bus9ess college4 ,he c n get 8 diploma1 & ! community is sp>$ "o bad bookkeep]4 ,c]ta9ly 9 "s in/ances1 possibly 9 all1 te*nical & pr(essional s*ools t are not$ = ! excell5ce ( _! product are sup]ior n s mu* because !y h bett] me?ods ( tra9+1 b because _! mat]ial is ( bett] quality1 ow+ to selection ex]cis$ ei!r purposely1 or automatically1 or p]haps by "s *ance4 ,! same is true ( colleges4 ,( two in/itutions ) ! same curriculum & equally able in/ructors1 ! "o ) ! wide/ reputation w turn out ! be/ graduates because x attracts abl] m5 f a wid] field4 ,?is is true ev5 9 su* a dep>tm5t z a?letics4 ,to him t ha? %all be giv54 ,?is is purely an automatic selective effect4 ,x w\ld appe> desirable to dwell m ^u selective features 9 educational tra9+1 to asc]ta9 :at !y are 9 ea* case & h[ !y "w1 & to control & dispose !m ) m sy/ematic c>e4 ,diff]5t m9ds w always atta* diff]5t degrees ( importance to natural & acquir$ fitness1 b probably all w agree t tra9+ be/[$ ^u ! absolutely unfit is worse ?an useless1 & t !re are p]sons ^: natural aptitudes are s great t ^u !m a m9imum ( tra9+ w produce a maximum effect4 ,su* selective features z our pres5t educational processes possess1 ! exam9ation1 = in/ance1 are mo/ly exclusive2 !y aim to b> out ! unfit r ?an to attract ! fit4 ,"h is a feature on :i* "s att5tion may well be fixt4 ,h[ d ^! consid]ations affect ! subject ( g5]al education8 ,are we to affirm t ari?metic is only = ! born ma!matician & ,lat9 = ! born l+ui/1 & endeavor to asc]ta9 :o ^! may be8 ,n s2 = "h we are tra9+ n exp]ts b citiz5s4 ,discrim9ation "h mu/ be n 9 ! quality b 9 ! quantity ( tra9+4 ,we may divide ! memb]s ( any community into classes accord+ z _! =mal education--_! s*ool & college tra9+--has la/$ "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m ye>s4 ,!re has be5 a selection "h1 b x has op]at$1 9 g5]al1 ev5 m imp]fectly ?an 9 ! case ( special tra9+4 ,p]sons :o are m5tally qualifi$ to cont9ue _! s*ool+ to ! end ( a college c\rse1 & :o by s do+ w\ld become m useful memb]s ( ! community1 are oblig$ to be cont5t ) two or ?ree ye>s 9 ! l[] grades1 :ile o!rs1 :o are unfitt$ = ! univ]sity1 are kept at x until !y take1 or fail to take1 ! ba*elor's degree4 ,an ideal /ate ( ?+s1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be to give ea* p]son ! am\nt ( g5]al education = :i* he is fitt$ & !n /op4 ,?is w\ld be difficult ( realization ev5 if f9ancial consid]ations did n s (t5 int]f]e4 ,b at lea/ we may keep 9 view ! desirability ( prev5t+ too _m misfits & ( insi/+1 s f> z possible1 on any selective features t we may discov] 9 pres5t sy/ems4 ,= in/ance1 a p[]ful selective feature is ! attractiv5ess ( a giv5 c\rse ( /udy to ^? :o are desir$ to pursue x4 ,if we c f9d a way1 = example1 to make our high s*ool c\rses attractive to ^? :o are qualifi$ to take !m1 :ile at ! same "t r5d]+ !m v di/a/eful to ^? :o are n s qualifi$1 we %all evid5tly h tak5 a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,x is cle> t bo? p>ts ( ?is prescription mu/ be tak5 toge!r or !re is no true selection4 ,mu* has be5 done ( late ye>s t[>d mak+ educational c\rses ( all k9ds int]e/+ & attractive1 b x is to be fe>$ t _! attractiv5ess has be5 su* z to appeal to ! unfit z well z to ! fit4 ,if we sug>-coat our pills indiscrim9ately & mix !m ) c&y1 _m w p>take :o ne$ ano!r k9d ( m$ic9e altoge!r4 ,we mu/ s arrange ?+s t ! fit w l :ile ! unfit dislike1 & = ?is purpose ! less sug>-coat+ ! bett]4 ,?is is no easy problem & x is int5d$ m]ely to indicate x "h1 n to propose a g5]al solution4 ,! "o ?+ to :i* att5tion %\ld be direct$ is ! role t may be & is play$ by ! pr9t$ book 9 selective education4 ,!re is m or less ef=t to discr$it books z educative tools & to lay emphasis on oral in/ruction & manual tra9+4 ,we ne$ n decry ^!1 b1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t aft] all ! book conta9s ! record ( man's progress2 we may tell h[ to d a ?+1 & %[ h[ to d x1 b we %all nev] d x 9 a bett] way or expla9 ! :y & :]e=e1 & surely transmit t ability & t explanation to po/]ity1 )\t ! aid ( a /able record ( "s k9d4 ,if we are sure t our /ud5ts c\ld & w\ld pick out only :at !y ne$$1 z a wild animal picks 8 food 9 ! woods1 we might g f> t[>d solv+ our problem1 by simply turn+ !m loose 9 a collection ( books4 ,"s p h m9ds t qualify !m to pr(it by su* br[s+1 & "s ( ^! h practically educat$ !mselves 9 a libr>y4 ,ev5 9 ! m common cases :]e =mal tra9+ is absolutely necess>y1 access to o!r books ?an text-books is an aid to selection bo? qualitative & quantitative4 ,books may s]ve z samples4 ,to take an extreme case1 a boy :o _h no k :atev] ( ! nature ( law or m$ic9e w\ld c]ta9ly n be compet5t to *oose betwe5 !m 9 select+ a pr(ession1 & a mon? sp5t 9 a libr>y :]e !re 7 books on bo? subjects w\ld c]ta9ly op]ate to less5 8 incompet5ce4 ,probably x w\ld n be ra% to ass]t t ) free access to books1 "u prop] guidance1 bo? be=e & dur+ a c\rse ( tra9+1 ! p]sons :o beg9 t c\rse w include m ( ! fit & ^? :o f9i% x w include less ( ! unfit1 ?an )\t su* access4 ,let u consid] "o or two concrete examples4 ,a college boy has ! *oice ( sev]al diff]5t c\rses4 ,he kn[s little ( !m1 b ?9ks t "o w meet 8 ne$s4 ,he elects x & f9ds too late t he is wa/+ 8 "t4 ,ano!r boy1 ^: g5]al read+ has be5 suffici5t to give him "s sup]ficial k ( ! subject-matt] 9 all ! c\rses1 sees cle>ly :i* w b5efit him1 & pr(its by t k4 ,aga91 a boy1 full ( ! possibilities t w\ld lead him to appreciate ! be/ 9 lit]ature1 has ga9$ 8 k ( x f a tea*] :o looks ^u a lit]>y ma/]piece only z some?+ to be dissect$4 ,! /ud5t has be5 disgu/$ in/ead ( inspir$1 & 8 :ole life has be5 depriv$ ( "o ( ! pure/ & mo/ uplift+ ( all influ5ces4 ,_h he be5 br\ght up 9 a libr>y :]e he c\ld make lit]>y fri5ds & develop lit]>y en?usiasms1 8 c\rse ) ! dry z du/ tea*] w\ld h be5 only an unpleasant incid5t1 in/ead ( ! wreck+ ( a "p ( 8 intellectual life4 ,/ill aga91 a boy on a f>m has vague aspirations4 ,he kn[s t he wants a broad] horizon1 to get away f 8 cramp$ environm5t--t is ab\t all4 ,h[ _m boys1 impell$ by su* feel+s1 h gone out into ! _w ) no cle> idea ( :at !y are fitt$ to d1 or ev5 :at !y really desire6 ,to h[ _m o!rs has ! companion%ip ( a few books meant ! op5+ ( a peep-hole1 ?ru :i*1 dimly p]haps1 b none ! less really1 h be5 descri$ def9ite possibilities1 ne$s1 & opportunities6 ,to all ( ^! y\?s books h be5 selective aids m]ely--!y h add$ little or no?+ to ! actual tra9+ ^: ext5t & "* !y h s]v$ to po9t out4 ,su* cases1 :i* x w\ld be easy to multiply1 illu/rate ! value ( books 9 ! selective functions ( tra9+4 ,to ass]t t !y ex]cise su* a function is only ano!r way ( say+ t a m9d ori5ts itself by ! wide/ contact ) o!r m9ds4 ,!re are o!r ways ( assur+ ?is contact1 & ^! %\ld n be neglect$2 b only ?ru books c x approa* univ]sality bo? 9 space & 9 "t4 ,h[ else c\ld we "k exactly :at ,hom] & ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,desc>tes ?\ght & :at ,tol/oi & ,"l ,kelv9 & ,william ,james1 we w say1 are ev5 n[ ?9k+8 ,x has sc>cely be5 necess>y to say all ?is to conv9ce y ( ! value ( books z aids to education2 b x is c]ta9ly int]e/+ to f9d t 9 an exam9ation ( ! selective processes 9 education1 we meet ) our old fri5ds 9 su* an important role4 ,a g5]al collection ( books1 !n1 con/itutes an important factor 9 ! selective "p ( an education4 ,:]e %all we place ?is collection8 ,i v5ture to say t al?o e s*ool mu/ h a libr>y to aid 9 ! =mative "p ( its tra9+1 ! libr>y z a selective aid %\ld be l>ge & c5tral & %\ld pref]ably be at ! disposal ( ! /ud5t n only dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 =mal tra9+1 b be=e & aft] x4 ,?is po9ts to ! public libr>y1 & to close coop]ation betwe5 x & ! s*ool1 r ?an to ! expansion ( ! classroom libr>y4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 n ! place to dispute ! wisdom ( our ,bo>d ( ,education 9 develop+ classroom libr>ies1 b x may be prop] to put 9 a plea = conf9+ !m to books t be> m p>ticul>ly on ! subjects ( in/ruction4 ,! g5]al collection ( books %\ld be outside ( ! s*ool1 because ! boy is de/9$ to sp5d mo/ ( 8 life outside ( ! s*ool4 ,8 education by no means ends ) 8 graduation4 ,! ag5ts t op]ate to develop & *ange him w be at "w s long z he lives1 & x is desirable t ! book %\ld be "o ( ^!4 ,if he says good-by to ! book :5 he leaves s*ool1 t "p ( 8 tra9+ is likely to be at an end4 ,if he uses1 9 connection )1 & p>allel to1 8 =mal education a g5]al collection ( books outside ( ! s*ool1 he w cont9ue to use x aft] he leaves s*ool4 ,& ev5 s f> z ! special classroom libr>y is conc]n$1 x mu/ be evid5t t a l>ge g5]al collection ( books t may be drawn ^u freely is a useful supplem5t4 ,= ! tea*]'s pr(essional use1 ! l>g] ! collection at 8 disposal ! bett]4 ,a sum ( money sp5t by ! city 9 improv+ & mak+ adequate ! p$agogical section ( its public libr>y1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dep>tm5t ( circulation1 w be exp5d$ to great] advantage ?an _m times ! am\nt devot$ to a l>ge numb] ( small collections on ! same subjects 9 s*ools4 ,^! are ! consid]ations t h gov]n$ ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y 9 its ef=t to be ( assi/ance to ! tea*]s & pupils 9 ! public s*ools ( ! city4 ,/at$ =mally1 ^! ef=ts manife/ !mselves 9 ! foll[+ directions3 7#a7 ,! mak+ ( libr>y use cont9u\s f ! e>lie/ possible age1 ?ru s*ool life & aft]w>ds2 7#b7 ,coop]ation ) ! tea*] 9 guid+ & limit+ ! *ild's read+ dur+ ! s*ool p]iod2 7#c7 ,aid )9 ! libr>y 9 ! prep>ation ( s*ool "w2 7#d7 ,! supplem5t+ ( classroom libr>ies by ! loan ( books 9 quantity2 7#e7 ,! cultivation ( p]sonal relations betwe5 libr>y assi/ants & tea*]s 9 _! imm$iate neighborhood2 7#f7 ,! furni%+ ( accurate & up-to-date in=mation to s*ools reg>d+ ! libr>y's res\rces & its will+ness to place !m at ! s*ool's disposal2 7#g7 ,! increase ( ! libr>y's circulation collection along l9es sugge/$ & desir$ by tea*]s2 7#h7 ,! grant+ ( special privileges to tea*]s & special /ud5ts :o use ! libr>y = purposes ( /udy4 ,t[>d ! realization ( ^! aims ?ree dep>tm5ts are n[ coop]at+1 ea* ( !m 9 *>ge ( an exp]t 9 8 or h] special l9e ( "w4 7#a7 ,! *ildr5's rooms 9 ! v>i\s libr>ies1 n[ "u ! direction ( an exp]t sup]visor4 7#b7 ,! travel+ libr>y (fice4 7#c7 ,! division ( s*ool "w1 ) an assi/ant 9 ea* bran*1 "u skill$ headqu>t]s sup]9t5d5ce4 ,:5 our plans1 :i* are already 9 good work+ ord]1 are completely c>ri$ out1 we %all be able to gu>antee to e *ild guidance 9 8 read+ up to & ?ru 8 s*ool c\rse1 ) direction 9 a l9e ( influ5ce t w make him a us] ( books ?ru\t 8 life & create 9 him a feel+ ( atta*m5t to ! public libr>y z ! home & disp5s] ( books & z a p]man5t intellectual refuge f c>e1 tr\ble1 & mat]ial ?+s 9 g5]al1 z well z a m9e ( in=mation on all subjects t may b5efit or int]e/ him4 ,"s ( ! ob/acles to ! imm$iate realization ( our plans 9 full may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,lack ( suffici5t funds4 ,) m money we c\ld buy m books1 pay high] sal>ies1 & employ m p]sons4 ,! assi/ants 9 *>ge ( *ildr5's rooms %\ld be wom5 ( ! highe/ culture & ability1 & x is difficult to secure prop] p]sons at our pres5t sal>ies4 ,assi/ants 9 *>ge ( s*ool "w mu/ be p]sons ( tact & quickness ( p]ception1 & !y %\ld h no o!r "w to d2 :]eas at pres5t we are oblig$ to give ?is "w to libr>y assi/ants 9 addition to _! ord9>y r\t9e duties1 to avoid increas+ our /aff by ab\t =ty assi/ants1 :i* our appropriation does n p]mit4 7#b7 ,misund]/&+ on ! "p ( ! public1 & also to "s ext5t on ! "p ( tea*]s1 ( our aims1 ability1 & attitude4 ,?is ,i am glad to say is cont9ually less5+4 ,we c sc>cely expect t ea* ( our five hundr$ assi/ants %\ld be ?oroly imbu$ ) ! _s ( helpfulness t[>d ! s*ools or ev5 t !y %\ld p]fectly und]/& :at we desire & aim to d4 ,nor c we expect t our wi% to aid %\ld be appreciat$ by e "o ( fifty ?\s& tea*]s or a million p>5ts4 ,?is w come 9 "t4 7#c7 ,a l[ /&>d ( hone/y on ! "p ( c]ta9 us]s ( ! libr>y4 ,x is some:at di%e>t5+ to ^? :o are labor+ to d a public s]vice to f9d t "s ( ^? :om !y are /riv+ to b5efit1 look ^u !m m]ely z easy game4 ,to prev5t ?is & at ! same "t to )/& ^? :o urge t su* misuse ( ! libr>y %\ld be met by ! )drawal ( pres5t privileges & facilities uses up en]gy t might o!rwise be direct$ t[>d ! improvem5t ( our s]vice4 ,n[1 l ! intoxicat$ man1 we sometimes refuse invitations to advance because x is all we c d to /ay :]e we are4 ,"h is an opportunity = all ! selective influ5ces t we may br+ to be>1 & un=tunately ! libr>y c h b little "p 9 ^!4 ,h ,i w&]$ too f> f my !me8 ,! good t a public libr>y may d1 ! influ5ce t x may ex]t1 & ! position t x may assume 9 a community1 dep5d v l>gely on ! ability & tact ) :i* x is adm9i/]$ & ! res\rces at its disposal4 ,its public s]vices may be v>i\s1 b probably !re is no place 9 :i* x may be ( m value ?an side by side ) ! public s*ool2 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t ?is is ! case l>gely because education to be complete mu/ select z well z tra91 mu/ compel ! fit to /ep =w>d & ! unfit to retire1 & mu/ d ?is1 n only at ! outset ( a c\rse ( tra9+ b cont9u\sly ?ru\t its duration4 ,we speak ( a /ud5t be+ put ?ru ! mill1 & we mu/ n =get t a mill n only gr9ds & /amps into %ape b also sifts & selects4 ,a f9i%$ product ( a giv5 grade is always su* n only by virtue ( =mation & adaptation b also by virtue ( selection4 ,9 human tra9+ "o ( ! mo/ pot5t ( ^! selective ag5cies is ! individual w1 & to tra9 t w & make x effective 9 ! "r direction !re is no?+ bett] ?an con/ant association ) ! records ( pa/ aims & pa/ a*ievem5ts4 ,?is mu/ be my excuse = say+ s mu* ( libr>ies 9 g5]al1 & ( "o libr>y 9 p>ticul>1 9 an address on :at ,i h v5tur$ to give ! "n ( ,selective ,education4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,fiction#b #b ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,a%eville ,conf]5ce1 ,may #bh1 #aijg4 ,lit]ature is becom+ daily m ( a dynamic & less ( a /atic ph5om5on4 ,9 o!r days ! great body ( writt5 records rema9$ m or less /able & ) its att5dant body ( tradition did its "w by a sort ( quiet pressure on t portion ( ! community j b5ea? x--on a special class peculi>ly subject to its influ5ce4 ,to-day we h add$ to ?is effect t ( a mov+ multitude ( m or less ephem]al books1 :i* appe>1 d _! "w1 & pass on out ( sight4 ,!y are light1 b !y make up = _! lack ( weight by ! spe$ & ease ) :i* !y move4 ,ow+ to !m ! use ( books is becom+ less & less limit$ to a class1 & m & m famili> to ! masses4 ,! book n[adays is 9 motion4 ,ev5 ! classics1 ! favorites ( o!r days1 h left _! mu/y %elves & are mov+ out among ! p4 ,:]e "o man knew & lov$ ,%akespe>e a c5tury ago1 a ?\s& "k & love him to-day4 ,! lit]>y blood is circulat+ & 9 s do+ is giv+ life to ! body politic4 ,9 ?us we>+ itself out ! book is creat+ a public appreciation t makes itself felt 9 a dem& = repr9t+1 h5ce wor?y books are sur] ( p]petuation 9 ?is swirl+ curr5t ?an !y 7 9 ! old "t res]voir4 ,b besides ^! books ^: lit]>y life is cont9u\s1 ?\gh _! pap] & b9d+ may we> out1 !re are o!r books t vani% utt]ly4 ,by ! "t t ! mat]ial "p ( !m ne$s r5ew+1 ! book itself has done its "w4 ,its value at t mom5t is n en\gh1 or is n suffici5tly appreciat$1 to w>rant repr9t+4 ,x drops out ( sight & its place is tak5 by ano!r1 fre% f ! press4 ,?is "p ( our mov+ lit]ature is :at is call$ ephem]al1 & prop]ly s2 b no /igma necess>ily atta*es to ! "n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is impossible to draw a l9e betwe5 ! ephem]al & ! durable4 ,"o /orm 9 ! _w's hi/ory has nev] cle>$ (f1 said ! wit--! "o we are hav+ n[4 ,yet ! conditions ( to-day1 lit]>y z well z meteorological1 are n necess>ily la/+4 ,we are accu/om$ to reg>d :at we call /&>d lit]ature z necess>ily ! /&>d ( innum]able c5turies to come1 =getful ( ! fact t o!r s-call$ /&>ds h _h _! day & ceas$ to be4 ,"s lit]ature la/s a c5tury1 "s a ye>1 "s a week2 :]e %all we draw ! l9e bel[ :i* all mu/ be condemn$ z ephem]al8 ,is x n possible t all lit]>y "w t quickly a*ieves a useful purpose & hav+ a*iev$ x passes at once out ( sight1 may really c\nt = z mu* z "o t takes ! c\rse ( ye>s to produce its sl[ results8 ,! mo/ ephem]al ( all our lit]>y productions--! daily pap]--is incalculably ! mo/ influ5tial1 & its influ5ce l>gely dep5ds on ?is dynamic quality t has be5 not$--! p5etrative p[] ( a ?+ ( light weight mov+ at a high spe$4 ,& ?is p5etrative p[] effective lit]ature mu/ h to-day on acc\nt ( ! va/ly increas$ mass ( mod]n read]s4 ,read+ is no long] conf9$ to a class1 x is well-nigh univ]sal1 9 our own c\ntry1 at lea/4 ,& ! habit ( m9d ( ! ?\ghtful & int5t read] is n an affair ( "o g5]ation b ( _m4 ,new read]s are "y read]s1 & !y h ! *>act]i/ics ( intellectual y\?4 ,n>rative--! recapitulation ( "o's own or someone else's exp]i5ce1 ! tell+ ( a /ory--is ! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* arti/ic ef=t ( any k9d is appreciat$4 ,! pictorial art t appeals to ! "y or ! ignorant is ! k9d t tells a /ory--p]haps hi/orical pa9t+ on enorm\s canvasses1 p]haps ! small g5re picture1 possibly some?+ symbolic or my?ological2 b at any rate x mu/ embody a n>rative1 :e!r x is t ( ! sign+ ( a treaty1 a *>ge ( dragoons1 a decl>ation ( love or ! fe$+ ( *ick5s4 ,! same is true ( music4 ,! popul> song tells some?+1 almo/ )\t exception4 ,ev5 9 in/rum5tal music1 outside ( dance rhy?ms1 ^: sugge/ion ( ! delights ( bodily motion is a reason ( _! popul>ity1 ! beg9n] likes program music ( "s k9d1 or at lea/ its sugge/ion4 ,s x is 9 lit]ature4 ,) ^? :o are intellectually "y1 :e!r "y 9 ye>s or n1 ! n>rative =m ( expression is all 9 all4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 9 all ! arts1 a mo/ important mode1 ev5 9 advanc$ /ages ( developm5t4 ,we %all nev] be able to d )\t n>rative 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 music & poetry2 b :]ev]1 9 a giv5 community1 ! pref]5ce = ?is =m ( expression 9 any art is excessive1 we may be sure t appreciation ( t =m ( art is newly ar\s$4 ,?is is an int]e/+ symptom & a good sign4 ,to be sure1 app>5t intellectual y\? may be ! result ( intellectual decad5ce2 !re is a second z well z a fir/ *ildhood1 b x is n difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,9 g5]al1 if a l>ge proportion ( ^? 9 a community :o l to look at pictures1 pref] su* z tell a /ory1 ?is fact1 if ! numb] ( ! appreciative is at ! same "t increas+1 means a newly /imulat$ int]e/ 9 art4 ,& simil>ly1 if a l>ge proportion ( ^? p]sons :o enjoy read+ pref] ! n>rative =ms ( lit]ature1 :ile at ! same "t _! total numb]s are on ! increase1 ?is surely indicates a newly ar\s$ int]e/ 9 books4 ,& ?is is precisely ! situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves to-day4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! lit]ature t we circulate is 9 n>rative =m--h[ l>ge a proportion ,i d>esay few ( u realize4 ,n only all ! fiction1 adult & juv5ile1 b all ! hi/ory1 biography & travel1 a l>ge proportion ( lit]ature & p]iodicals1 "s ( ! sci5ces1 includ+ all reports ( orig9al rese>*1 & a less] proportion ( ! arts1 philosophy & religion1 are 9 ?is =m4 ,x may be int]e/+ to e/imate ! p]c5tage ( n>rative circulat$ by a l>ge public libr>y1 & ,i h attempt$ ?is 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,york public libr>y = ! ye> end+ ,july #a1 #aijf4 ,class ,p] c5t4 ,e/imat$ p] ,fiction c5t4 ( n>rative ,juv5ile #bf ,adult #cb 44444444444 #eh #eh ,hi/ory 44444444444444444 #f #f ,biography 444444444444444 #c #c ,travel 444444444444444444 #c #c ,lit]ature 44444444444444 #g #c ,p]iodicals 4444444444444 #d #b ,sci5ces 4444444444444444 #i #c ,arts 44444444444444444444 #c #a ,philos4 ,relig4 44444444 #b #a ,=eign 44444444444444444 #e #d --- -- #ajj #hd ,9 o!r words1 if my e/imates are n too mu* out ( ! way--& ,i h tri$ to be cons]vative--only #af p] c5t4 ( our :ole circulation1 & #ch p] c5t4 ( our non-fiction1 is non-n>rative1 despite ! fact t our total fiction p]c5tage is l[4 ,i atta* little importance 9 ?is reg>d to any di/9ction betwe5 true & fictiti\s n>rative1 p :o read novels d n enjoy !m simply because ! subject matt] is untrue4 ,!y enjoy ! books because !y are int]e/+4 ,9 fact1 9 mo/ good fiction1 little beside ! actual sequ5ce ( ! ev5ts 9 ! plot & ! names ( ! *>act]s is untrue4 ,! del9eation ( "*1 ! descriptions ( places & ev5ts & ! /atem5ts ( fact are int5d$ to be true1 & ! fur!r !y dep>t f tru? ! less enjoyable !y are4 ,inde$1 :5 "o looks closely into ! matt]1 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 :at we call tru? & fiction 9 n>rative gr[s m & m hazy4 ,9 pictorial art we d n attempt to make x at all4 ,our museums d n classify _! pictures into true & imag9>y4 ,our novels conta9 s mu* tru? & our o!r n>rative works s mu* fiction1 t x is almo/ z difficult to draw ! l9e 9 ! lit]>y z x is 9 ! pictorial arts4 ,& 9 any case objections to a "w ( fiction1 z well z comm5dations1 mu/ be bas$ on consid]ations ap>t f ?is classification4 ,to repres5t a fictiti\s /ory z real or an imag9>y portrait z a true "o is1 ( c\rse1 a fault1 b ! /ory & ! portrait may bo? be ( ! highe/ excell5ce :5 ! subjects are :olly imag9>y4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! crime ( false repres5tation1 :5 committ$ ) success1 removes a "w f libr>y classification z fiction & places x 9 "o ( ! o!r classes4 ,inde$1 x is probable t mu* m la/+ h>m is done by false non-fiction ?an by fiction4 ,! read]1 provid$ he uses lit]ature temp]ately1 has mu* less ne$ to bew>e ( ! novel1 :i* he reads frankly = ent]ta9m5t1 ?an ( ! hi/ory full ( ?+s t are n s1 ( ! bias$ biography1 ( sci5ce popul>iz$ out ( all lik5ess to nature1 ( absurd !ories 9 sociology or cosmology1 ( silly & crude ideas masqu]ad+ z philosophy1 ( ! out-&-out falsehood ( fake travell]s & pseudo-naturali/s4 ,9 :at has gone be=e x has be5 assum$ t ! read] is temp]ate4 ,"o may read to excess ei!r 9 fiction or non-fiction1 & ! result is ! same2 m5tal ov]-/imulation1 ) ! result+ reaction4 ,"o may ?us intoxicate himself ) hi/ory1 psy*ology or ma!matics--! ma!matics-drunk>d is ! wor/ ( all lit]>y debau*ees :5 he does exi/--& ! only reason :y fiction-drunk5ness is m preval5t is t fiction is m attractive to ! av]age man4 ,we d n h to w>n ! read] aga9/ ov]-indulg5ce 9 biography or art-criticism1 any m ?an we h to put away ! vi*y bottle :5 a bibul\s fri5d appe>s1 or =bid ! *ildr5 to eat too _m %r$d$-:eat biscuits4 ,fiction has ! fatal gift ( be+ too ent]ta9+4 ,! novel-writ] mu/ be int]e/+ or he fails2 ! hi/orian or ! psy*ologi/ does n (t5 reg>d x z necess>y--unless he happ5s to be a ,fr5*man4 ,b ) ?is dang] ( lit]>y surfeit or ov]-/imulation1 ,i submit t ! libr>ian has no?+ to d2 x is beyond 8 sph]e1 at lea/ 9 s f> z he deals ) ! adult read]4 ,we furni% p>ks & playgr\nds = our p2 we police !m & see t !y conta9 no?+ h>mful1 b we _c gu>antee t !y w n be us$ to excess--t a man may n1 = example1 be s enraptur$ ) ! trees & ! squirrels t he w give up to _! contemplation "t t %\ld be sp5t 9 support+ 8 family4 ,s 9 ! libr>y we may & d see t h>mful lit]ature is exclud$1 b we _c be expect$ to see t books :i* are n 9 !mselves injuri\s are n sometimes us$ to excess4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t v mu* ( our feel+ ( disquietude ab\t ! l>ge use ( fiction 9 ! public libr>y & else:]e arises f our misappreh5sion ( some?+ t mu/ always =ce itself ^u ! att5tion 9 a /ate ( society :]e public education & public ta/e are on ! increase4 ,9 ?is case ! gr[? w necess>ily be unev5 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( k & ta/e1 & 9 diff]5t localities2 s t discrepancies frequ5tly pres5t !mselves4 ,we may obs]ve1 = in/ance1 a quietly & ta/efully dress$ woman read+1 we w say1 ,laura ,jean ,libbey4 ,we are disconc]t$1 & ! effect is depress+4 ,b ! discrepancy may arise 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,if we h "h a p]son =m]ly possess+ good ta/e bo? 9 dress & read+1 ^: ta/e 9 ! latt] reg>d has det]iorat$1 we c]ta9ly h cause = sadness2 b if1 z is mu* m likely1 we h "o :o _h =m]ly bad ta/e ( bo? k9ds & ^: ta/e 9 dress has improv$1 we %\ld r rejoice4 ,! argum5t is ! same :e!r ! *ange has tak5 place 9 ! same g5]ation or 9 m ?an "o4 ,our masses are mov+ upw>d & ! progress along ! m mat]ial l9es is (t5 m rapid ?an 9 matt]s ( ! intellect4 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 intellectual progress may be 9 advance ( mann]s4 ,su* discrepancies are frequ5tly comm5t$ ^u by =eign travel]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o almo/ inv>iably mis9t]pret !m 9 ! same way4 ,c we blame !m1 :5 we make ! same mi/ake ourselves8 ,m4 ,jules ,huret1 9 8 rec5t int]e/+ book ,en ,am]ique1 notes frequ5tly ! lapses 9 mann]s & ta/e ( educat$ p]sons among u4 ,he describes1 = in/ance1 ! bad table-mann]s ( a c]ta9 cl]gyman4 ,8 ?\ght is evid5tly1 ,h[ %ock+ t a cl]gyman %\ld act 9 ?is way6 ,b we might also put x3 ,h[ admirable t pr(essional education 9 ?is c\ntry is s easily obta9$ t "o ( a class 9 :i* su* mann]s prevail c secure x6 ,h[ enc\rag+ t he %\ld desire to ent] ! m9i/ry & succe$ 9 do+ s6 ,^! are extreme /&po9ts2 we ne$ ( c\rse endorse nei!r ( !m4 ,b :5 ,i f9d t on ! upp] we/ side ( ,new ,york1 :]e ! patrons ( our bran* libr>ies are l>gely ! wives & daught]s ( bus9ess m5 ) good sal>ies1 ^: g5]al scale ( liv+ is high1 ! p]c5tage ( fiction circulat$ is unduly great1 ,i d n say1 z ,i am tempt$ to d ,h[ surpris+ & h[ disc\rag+ t p]sons ( su* app>5t cultivation %\ld read no?+ b fiction1 & t n ( ! highe/ grade6 ,i say r3 ,:at an evid5ce x is ( our great mat]ial prosp]ity t p]sons 9 an e>ly /age ( m5tal developm5t1 z evid5c$ by undue pref]5ce = n>rative 9 lit]ature1 are liv+ 9 su* com=t or ev5 luxury6 ,is n ?is ! "r way to look at x8 ,i confess t ,i c see no reason = despair+ ( ! ,am]ican p because x reads m fiction ?an x us$ to read1 s long z ?is is = ! same reason t a t5 ye> old boy reads m /ories ?an a baby4 ,intellectual y\? is at lea/ an advance ov] m5tal infancy s long z x is fir/ *ildhood--n second4 ,x is und\bt$ly our duty1 z x is our pleasure1 to help ^! p to gr[1 b we _c =ce !m1 & %\ld n try4 ,complete gr[? may take sev]al g5]ations4 ,& ev5 :5 full /ature has be5 obta9$1 lit]ature 9 its n>rative modes1 ?\gh n s exclusively z n[1 w /ill be lov$ & read4 ,romance w always s]ve z ! dess]t 9 ! fea/ ( reason--& we %\ld recollect t sug> is n[ highly reg>d$ z a food4 ,x is a produc] ( en]gy 9 easily available =m1 &1 ?9k+ on "s su* novels z ,uncle ,tom1 ,die ,waff5 ni$] & %all we say ,! jungle8 we realize t ?is ?+ is a p>able1 :i* ! despis] ( fiction may well read z he runs4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,association#c #c ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,libr>y ,associations ( ,i[a1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana & ,ohio1 ,octob] #i-ah1 #aijg4 ,man is a greg>i\s animal2 he _c ?9k1 act1 or ev5 exi/ except 9 c]ta9 relations to o!rs ( 8 k9d4 ,= a complete description ( ^? relations we mu/ g to a treatise on sociology2 our pres5t subject is a v brief consid]ation ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( individuals1 natural or volunt>y1 & ! application ( ! laws t gov]n su* gr\ps to ! volunt>y associations ) :i* we are all famili> 9 libr>y "w4 ,m5 h jo9$ toge!r to effect c]ta9 ?+s t !y c\ld n accompli% s+ly1 ev] s9ce two savages f\nd t !y c\ld lift a heavy log or /one toge!r1 :5 nei!r "o c\ld manage x alone4 ,until rec5tly ! psy*ology ( human gr\ps has receiv$ little /udy4 ,le ,bon1 9 8 book on ,! ,cr[d1 gives ! mod]n treatm5t ( x4 ,a gr\p ( p]sons does n ?9k & act precisely z ea* ( its compon5t individuals w\ld ?9k or act4 ,! v act ( association1 loose z x may be1 introduces a new factor4 ,ev5 ! two savages lift+ ! log d n "w toge!r precisely z ei!r w\ld h work$ s+ly4 ,_! co-op]ation affects _! activity2 & bo? ?\ght & action may likewise be affect$ 9 l>g] gr\p+s ev5 by ! m]e proximity ( ! individuals ( ! gr\p1 :]e !re is no /rong] bond4 ,b al?\gh ! _s t collectively animates a gr\p ( m5 _c be calculat$ by tak+ an ari?metical sum1 x does dep5d on t possess$ by ea* individual 9 ! gr\p1 & m p>ticul>ly on :at is common to !m all & on ! nature ( ! bonds t connect !m4 ,ev5 a *ance gr\p ( p]sons previ\sly unconnect$ & unrelat$ is b\nd toge!r by feel+s common to all humanity & may be appeal$ to collectively on su* gr\nds4 ,! haphaz>d /reet cr[d ?rills ) horror at ! sight ( a baby toddl+ 9 front ( a trolley-c> & %\ts ) joy :5 ! motorman /ops j 9 "t4 ,b ! same cr[d1 if compos$ ( newly-arriv$ ,poles1 ,hung>ians & ,slovaks1 w\ld fail utt]ly to respond to "s patriotic appeal t might move an ,am]ican cr[d pr(\ndly4 ,y may sway a ,me?odi/ congregation ) a tale ( ,john ,wesley t w\ld leave ,presbyt]ians or ,episcopalians cold4 ,try a ,yale mob ) ,boola & !n play ! same tune at ,pr9ceton1 & wat* ! effect4 ,?us1 ! m c>efully our gr\p is select$ ! m p>ticul> & def9ite are ! motives t we c br+ to be> 9 x1 & ! m p[]ful w its activities be along its own special l9es4 ,! mob 9 ! /reet may be r\s$ by work+ on elem5tal passions--s r\s$ x w kill or burn1 b y _c excite 9 x en?usiasm = ,dante's ,inf]no1 or induce x to contribute money or labor t[>d ! prep>ation ( a new annotat$ edition4 ,to get su* en?usiasm & /imulate su* action y mu/ "w ^u a body ( m5 select$ & br\ght toge!r = ?is v purpose4 ,besides ?is1 we mu/ draw a di/9ction betwe5 natural & artificial gr\ps4 ,! gr\p br\ght toge!r by natural causes & n by man's contriv+ is g5]ally l[] 9 ! scale ( civilization :5 x acts collectively ?an any "o ( its compon5ts4 ,?is is ! case ) a mob1 a tribe1 ev5 a municipal gr\p4 ,b an artificial or select$ gr\p1 :]e ! gr\p+ is = a purpose & has be5 specially effect$ ) t end 9 view may act m intellig5tly1 & be1 s f> z its special activities are conc]n$1 m advanc$ 9 ! scale ( progress ?an its compon5ts z individuals4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce z betwe5 a man's h& & a delicate tool4 ,! =m] is ! result ( physical evolution only2 ! latt] ( evolution into :i* ! bra9 ( man has ent]$ z a factor4 ,! tool is n z good = all r\nd use z ! h&2 b to accompli% its p>ticul> object x is immeasurably sup]ior4 ,if1 !n1 we are to accompli% any?+ by tak+ advantage ( ! v peculi> cr[d or gr\p psy*ology--ow+ to :i* a collect$ body ( m5 may feel z a gr\p & act z a gr\p1 diff]5tly f ! way 9 :i* any "o ( its compon5ts w\ld feel or act--we mu/ see t our gr\p is prop]ly select$ & con/itut$4 ,?is does n mean t we are to g ab\t & *oose individuals1 "o by "o1 by ! ex]cise ( p]sonal judgm5t4 ,su* a me?od is g5]ally inf]ior & unnecess>y4 ,if we desire to sep>ate ! f9e f ! co>se gra9s 9 a s&-pile we d n set to "w ) a microscope to measure !m1 gra9 by gra92 we use a sieve4 ,! sieve w n d to sep>ate iron fil+s f copp] fil+s ( exactly ! same size1 b "h a magnet w d ! bus9ess4 ,& s sep>ation or selection c almo/ always be accompli%$ by *oos+ an ag5cy adapt$ to ! conditions2 & su* ag5cies (t5 act automatically )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! human w4 ,9 a volunt>y association =m$ to accompli% a def9ite purpose we h a self-select$ gr\p4 ,su* a body may be freely op5 to ! public1 z all our libr>y clubs & associations practically are2 yet x is /ill selective1 = no "o w\ld c>e to jo9 x :o is n 9 "s way int]e/$ 9 its objects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! qualifications = memb]%ip may be num]\s & rigid1 9 :i* case ! selection is m limit$4 ,! ideal ( effici5cy 9 an association is probably rea*$ :5 ! body is =m$ = a s+le def9ite purpose & ! t]ms ( admission are s arrang$ t ea* ( its memb]s is eag] above all ?+s to a*ieve its end & is specially compet5t to "w = x1 ! purpose ( ! gr\p+ be+ m]ely to atta9 ! object m surely1 ?or\ghly & rapidly4 ,a good example is a ?or\ghly tra9$ milit>y organization1 all ( ^: memb]s are en?usia/ic 9 ! cause = :i* ! body is fight+--a b& ( patriots1 we w say--or p]haps a b& ( brig&s1 = :at we h be5 say+ applies to evil z well z to good associations4 ,! mo/ effici5t ( su* bodies may be v tempor>y1 z :5 ?ree p]sons1 meet+ by *ance1 unite to help ea* o!r ov] a wall t none ( !m c\ld scale by himself1 &1 hav+ rea*$ ! o!r side1 sep>ate aga94 ,! m cle>ly cut & def9ite ! purpose ! less ! necessity ( reta9+ ! association aft] its accompli%m5t4 ,! m effici5t ! association ! soon] its aims are accompli%$ & ! soon] x is disb&$4 ,su* gr\ps or bodies1 by _! v nature are affairs ( small detail & n ( l>ge & compreh5sive purpose4 ,z !y broad5 out into ca?olicity !y necess>ily lose 9 effici5cy4 ,& ev5 :5 !y are accompli%+ _! aims satisfactorily ! v l>g5ess ( ^? aims1 ! abs5ce ( %>p outl9e & cle> def9ition1 frequ5tly gives rise to compla9t4 ,i "k ( clubs & associations t are do+ an imm5se am\nt ( good1 9 "s cases alt]+ = ! bett] ! :ole intellectual or moral tone ( a community1 b t are ! objects ( criticism because !y d n act 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,:y don't !y d some?+8 is ! con/ant cry4 ,& do+ some?+1 z y may pres5tly discov]1 is c>ry+ on "s small def9ite1 relatively unimportant activity t is capable ( cle> description & easily fixes ! att5tion1 :ile ! great] s]vices1 to ! public & to ! individual1 ( ! association's quiet influ5ces pass unnotic$4 ,! *ur* t has driv5 out ( bus9ess "o corn]-saloon gets m praise ?an ! "o t has made bett] m5 & wom5 ( a :ole g5]ation 9 "o neighborhood2 ! police =ce t cat*es "o s5sational murd]] is m applaud$ ?an ! "o t has made life & prop]ty safe = ye>s 9 its community by quiet1 firm pressure4 ,!re is no reason ( c\rse1 :y ! broad] & ! m def9ite activities may n be unit$1 to "s degree1 9 "o organization4 ,ei!r small] gr\ps ) relat$ aims may f$]ate = ! l>g] purpose1 or ! l>g] may itself be ! prim>y gr\p1 & may subdivide into sections ea* ) its specifi$ object4 ,bo? ^! plans or a comb9ation ( ! two may be se5 9 _m ( our l>ge organizations1 & x is ?is comb9ation t seems f9ally to h be5 select$ z ! prop] =m ( union = ! libr>ies & ! libr>ians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we h a l>ge organization :i*1 z x has gr[n m & m unwieldy1 has be5 subdivid$ into small] specializ$ sections )\t los+ its cont9uity = its broad] & p]haps vagu] "w4 ,at ! same "t1 specializ$ bodies ) relat$ aims h be5 p>tially or :olly absorb$1 until1 by processes p>tly ( subdivision & p>tly ( accretion1 we h a body capable ( deal+ alike ) ! g5]al & ! special problems ( libr>y "w4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t its success 9 deal+ ) bo? k9ds ( problems is /ill condition$ by ! laws already laid d[n4 ,! g5]al association1 z x gr[s l>g]1 w be m>k$ less & less by ! en?usiasm ( ! speciali/1 w be less & less effici5t1 w move m sl[ly1 w deliv] its op9ions ) retic5ce & w hesitate to act ^u !m4 ,! small] con/itu5t bodies w be affect$ by none ( ^! drawbacks1 b _! purposes appeal to ! few & _! actions1 ?\gh m en]getic1 w (t5 seem to ! majority ( ! l>g] gr\p devoid ( mean+4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! case ) ! ,national ,educational ,association1 ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & ho/s ( simil> bodies "h & abroad4 ,to /ate ! difficulty is m]ely to confess t all attempts hi!rto h fail$ to =m a gr\p t is at once compreh5sive1 p[]ful & effici5t1 bo? 9 ! l>g] matt]s ) :i* x deals & 9 details4 ,probably ! mo/ successful attempt ( ?is k9d is =mulat$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates itself & is be+ c>ri$ on 9 our c\ntry f day to day1 yet successful z x is1 our hi/ory is witness1 & ! daily press te/ifies1 t ! comb9ation ( g5]al & local gov]nm5ts has its weak po9ts & is dep5d5t = its smoo? work+ on ! cordial cons5t & =be>ance ( ! gov]n$4 ,?is is true also ( small] comb9ations4 ,9 our own organization x is easy to f9d fault1 x is easy to discov] po9ts ( friction2 only by ! cordial ef=t ( e memb] to m9imize ^! po9ts c su* an organization beg9 to accompli% its aims4 ,failure is mu* m apt to be due to lack ( appreciation ( ?is fact ?an to any defect 9 ! ma*9]y ( organization4 ,?is be+ ! case we are ?r[n back ^u consid]ation ( ! memb]%ip ( our in/itution4 ,h[ %\ld x be select$ & h[ con/itut$8 ,! con/itution ( ! association says t ,any p]son or in/itution engag$ 9 libr>y "w may become a memb] by pay+ ! annual dues1 & o!rs aft] election by ! executive bo>d4 ,we h ?us two classes ( memb]s1 ^? by _! own *oice & ^? by election4 ,! annual li/s ( memb]s d n record ! di/9ction1 b among ^? 9 ! late/ li/ we f9d #bd booksell]s1 #ag publi%]s1 #e editors1 #i s*ool & college (ficials1 #h gov]nm5t employees n 9 libr>ies1 & #bd wives & relatives ( o!r memb]s1 :ile 9 ! case ( #acb p]sons no qualification is /at$ 9 ! li/4 ,we h or h _h z our associates1 settlem5t work]s1 lawy]s1 lectur]s1 index]s1 b9d]s1 & s on almo/ indef9itely4 ,our memb]%ip is ?us freely op5 to libr>ians1 int]pret+ ?is ^w v broadly1 & to any o!rs t we may desire to h ) u1 :i* means1 practically1 any :o h suffici5t int]e/ 9 libr>y "w to come to ! meet+s4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 be class$ ) :at may be call$ ! op5 z oppos$ to ! clos$ pr(essional or te*nical associations4 ,! diff]5ce may be emphasiz$ by a ref]5ce to two well-kn[n ,new ,york clubs1 ! ,play]s & ! ,au?ors4 ,^! organizations w\ld appe> by _! names to be compos$ respectively ( actors & writ]s4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 admits also to memb]%ip p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! drama1 :i* may mean little or mu*1 :ile ! ,au?ors ,club1 despite repeat$ ef=ts to broad5 x out 9 ! same way1 has insi/$ on admitt+ none b bona fide au?ors4 ,9 advocacy ( ! fir/ plan x may be said t by adopt+ x ! ,play]s has secur$ l>g] memb]%ip1 embrac+ _m m5 ( means4 ,its f9ancial /&+ is bett] & x is enabl$ to own a f9e club h\se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,au?ors has a small memb]%ip1 & owns practically no prop]ty1 b makes up 9 esprit de corps :at x lacks 9 ^! o!r respects4 ,x is ano!r phase ( ! "q ( specialization t we h already consid]$4 ,! l>g] & broad] body has c]ta9 advantages1 ! small] & m compact1 c]ta9 o!rs4 ,we h1 d\btless be5 "r 9 decid+1 or r 9 accept+ :at circum/ances seem to h decid$ = u1 t our own association %all be ( ! l>g] & less closely knit type1 foll[+ ! analogy ( ! ,national ,educational ,association & ! v>i\s associations = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 ,am]ican1 ,briti% & ,fr5*1 r ?an t ( ! ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 = in/ance1 or ! v>i\s le>n$ academies4 ,our body has ?us great] g5]al b less special influ5ce1 j z on a "q ( g5]al sci5tific policy a petition f ! ,am]ican association might c>ry great] weight1 :]eas on a "q ( eng9e]+ x w\ld be incomp>ably inf]ior to an op9ion ( ! civil eng9e]s4 ,!re is 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is true1 a g5]al sci5tific body ( limit$ memb]%ip--! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :i* speaks bo? on g5]al & special que/ions ) exp]t au?ority4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,in/itute x 0 s\ght to create "s su* special body ( libr>ians1 b x is too soon to say :e!r or n t expectation is to be fulfill$4 ,! fact rema9s t 9 ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association we are committ$ to v ne>ly ! broade/ plan ( organization & "w t is possible4 ,we are unit$ only by our connection ) libr>y "w or our int]e/ 9 its success1 & are ?us limit$ 9 our discussions & actions z a body to ! mo/ g5]al problems t may arise 9 ?is connection1 leav+ ! special "w to our sections & affiliat$ societies1 :i* are !mselves some:at hamp]$ by our size 9 ! treatm5t ( ! p>ticul> subjects t come be=e !m1 inasmu* z !y are n sep>ate gr\ps ^: fre$om ( action no "o c call 9 "q4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! limitations ( a g5]al body ( ! size & scope ( our ,association1 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to adduce ! rec5t disagreem5t among libr>ians reg>d+ ! copyright "q1 or r reg>d+ ! prop] c\rse to be foll[$ 9 connection ) ! conf]5ce on t "q call$ by ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ?is conf]5ce 0 semi-(ficial & 0 due to ! desire ( memb]s ( ,congress to frame a bill t %\ld be satisfactory to ! l>ge numb] ( conflict+ int]e/s involv$4 ,to ?is conf]5ce our ,association 0 invit$ to s5d1 & did s5d1 delegates4 ,x is obvi\s t if ^! & all ! o!r delegates to ! conf]5ce _h simply held out = ! provisions mo/ favorable to !mselves no agreem5t w\ld h be5 possible & ! objects ( ! conf]5ce w\ld h be5 defeat$4 ,recogniz+ ?is1 all ! bodies & int]e/s repres5t$ work$ f ! beg9n+ to secure an agreem5t1 /riv+ only t x %\ld be su* z w\ld repres5t a m9imum ( concession on all sides4 ,?is view 0 %>$ by ! delegates ( ?is ,association4 ,! law z x /ood 01 x is true1 mo/ favorable to libr>ies 9 its provisions reg>d+ importation1 & ! ret5tion ( ^! provisions might h be5 facilitat$ by )drawal f ! conf]5ce & subsequ5t opposition to :atev] new bill might h be5 fram$4 ,b ! delegates assum$ t !y 7 appo9t$ to conf]1 n to )draw1 & t if ! ,association _h desir$ to hold alo( f ! conf]5ce t result w\ld h be5 be/ atta9$ by appo9t+ no delegates at all4 ,! ,association's delegates accord+ly jo9$ ) _! fell[s 9 ! _s ( compromise to agree on su* a bill z might be lea/ unacceptable to all1 & ! result 0 a measure slightly1 b only slightly1 less favorable to libr>ies ?an ! exi/+ law4 ,) ! pres5tation ( ?is bill to ! prop] committees ( ,congress1 & a =mal /atem5t t !y approv$ x on behalf ( ! ,association1 ! duties ( ! delegates end$4 ,& "h beg9s to appe> ! applicability ( ?is *apt] f libr>y hi/ory to :at has prec$$4 ,! action ( ! delegates 0 (ficially t ( ! ,association4 ,b x 0 disapprov$ by v _m memb]s ( ! ,association on ! gr\nd t x seem$ likely to result 9 less5+ ! importation privilege ( libr>ies4 ,:e!r ^! dissid5ts 7 9 a majority or n x seem$ impossible to say4 ,! ,association's legislative body1 ! ,c\ncil1 twice refus$ to disapprove or in/ruct ! delegates1 ?us tacitly approv+ _! action1 b ! dissid5ts ass]t$ t ! ,c\ncil1 9 ?is respect1 did n rightly reflect ! op9ion ( ! ,association4 ,! :ole situation 0 an in/ructive illu/ration ( ! difficulty ( gett+ a l>ge body ( g5]al scope to act on a def9ite1 circumscrib$ "q1 or ev5 ( asc]ta9+ its op9ion or its wi%es reg>d+ su* action4 ,recogniz+ ?is1 ! dissid5ts prop]ly & wisely =m$ a sep>ate association ) a s+le end 9 view--! ret5tion ( pres5t libr>y importation privileges1 & especially ! defeat ( ! "p ( ! bill affect+ su* privileges z draft$ 9 ! conf]5ce4 ,! ef=ts ( ?is body h be5 cr[n$ ) success 9 t ! bill z report$ by ! committee conta9s a modifi$ provision acceptable to ! dissid5ts4 ,?us a relatively small body =m$ = a def9ite purpose has quickly accompli%$ t purpose1 :ile ! objects ( ! l>g] body h be5 express$ b vaguely1 & s f> z !y h be5 def9itely =mulat$ h fail$ ( accompli%m5t4 ,!re is a lesson 9 ?is bo? = our own association & = o!rs4 ,x mu/ n be assum$1 h[ev]1 t limitation ( action along ! l9es ,i h indicat$ means weakness ( organization4 ,on ! contr>y1 =eign obs]v]s h g5]ally te/ifi$ to ! exceptional /r5g? & effici5cy ( societies & gr\ps ( all k9ds 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x may be int]e/+ to quote "h :at a rec5t ,fr5* writ] on ! ,unit$ ,/ates has to say ( ! "p play$ by associations ( all k9ds 9 our national life4 ,&1 9 pass+1 he :o is pr\d ( 8 c\ntry n[adays %\ld read :at is said ( h] by ,fr5* & ,g]man1 & ev5 ,engli% writ]s4 ,! muck-rak+ is all on ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,! writ] f :om ,i quote1 ,m4 ,paul de ,r\si]s1 au?or ( ,la ,vie ,amrica9e1 does n comm5d )\t discrim9ation1 :i* makes :at he has to say ( m value4 ,he notes at ! outset t ! _s ( free association is widely ext5d$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x produces results ( surpris+ effici5cy4 ,!re are two motives = association1 he ?9ks1 ! consci\sness ( weakness1 :i* is g5]ally op]ative abroad1 & ! consci\sness ( /r5g?1 :i* is our motive "h4 ,he says3 ,! ne$ ( association comes g5]ally f ! consci5ce ( "o's own feebl5ess or indol5ce4444 ,:5 su* p jo9 !y add toge!r _! incapacities2 h5ce ! failure ( _m societies =m$ ) great eclat4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 m5 accu/om$ to help !mselves )\t dep5d+ on _! neighbors =m an association1 x is because !y really f9d !mselves fac+ a common difficulty 444 su* p]sons add _! capacities2 !y =m a p[]ful union ( capables1 ! only "o t has =ce4 ,h5ce ! g5]al success ( ,am]ican associations4 ,! radical diff]5ce 9 ! motives = association "h & 9 ! old _w 0 not$ long ago by ,de ,tocqueville1 :o says3 ,european societies are naturally l$ to introduce into _! mid/ milit>y cu/oms & =mulas4444 ,! memb]s ( su* associations respond to a ^w ( comm& l soldi]s 9 a campaign2 !y pr(ess ! dogma ( passive ob$i5ce1 or r1 by unit+1 !y sacrifice entirely1 at a s+le /roke1 _! judgm5t & free w4444 ,9 ,am]ican associations1 on ! o!r h&1 individual indep5d5ce f9ds its "p2 z 9 society e man moves at ! same "t t[>d ! same goal1 b all are n =c$ to g by ! same road4 ,no "o sacrifices 8 w or 8 reason1 b applies !m bo? t[>d ! success ( ! common ent]prise4 ,comm5t+ on ?is1 ,de ,r\si]s goes on3 ,?is is n to say t ! discipl9e necess>y to ! pursuit ( ! common end is less exact ?an ) u4 ,z f> z ,i c judge1 ! memb]s ( an ,am]ican association1 on ! contr>y1 take _! obligations m s]i\sly ?an we1 & precisely because !y h und]tak5 !m v freely1 )\t be+ =c$ into !m by environm5t or fa%ion1 & also because ! heads ( ! association h n s\ght to make x s]ve _! own int]e/s4 ,9 f9e1 _! discipl9e is /rong1 b x is appli$ only to "o precise object2 x may ?us subsi/ intact & )\t tyranny1 despite ! mo/ s]i\s div]g5ces ( view among ! memb]s reg>d+ objects =eign to its aim4 ,^! happy conditions--?is l>ge & concrete m9d1 jo9$ to ! effective activity ( ! ,am]icans1 h giv5 rise to a multitude ( gr\ps t are r5d]+ ! greate/ s]vice4 ,de ,r\si]s enl>ges on ?is po9t at great l5g? & gives _m illu/rations4 ,he returns to x ev5 :5 he appe>s to h gone on to o!r subjects4 ,9 an acc\nt ( a visit to a militia encampm5t 9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e he 0 incl9$ at ! outset to sc(f at ! lack ( =mal milit>y tra9+1 b f9ally became en?usia/ic ov] ! individual effici5cy & int]e/ ( ! militiam51 he ends by say+3 ,:at ,i h se5 "h resembles :at ,i h se5 ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ea* organism1 ea* individual1 pres]ves all its fre$om1 z f> z x c2 h5ce ! limit$ & special "* ( ! public au?orities1 to :om little is left to d4 ,?is d\btless detracts f ! mass$ effects t we are 9 ! habit ( produc+2 we are apt to ?9k t ?is k9d ( lib]ty is only disord]2 b individual ef=ts are m en]getic & :5 !y conv]ge t[>d a s+le end1 by spontane\s *oice ( ea* w1 _! p[] is incalculable4 ,?is x is t makes ! /r5g? ( ,am]ica4 ,an int]e/+ & satisfactory summ>y4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r way ( look+ at x4 ,a well-kn[n sci5tific man rec5tly express$ to me 8 conviction t an ,am]ican association ( any k9d is de/9$ to failure1 :e!r x be ( sci5tific m51 comm]cial travell]s or plumb]s4 ,by ,am]ican "h he meant cont95tal 9 ext5t4 ,!re may ?us be1 accord+ to ?is view1 a successful ,ma9e hotel-keep]'s association1 a ,new ,york b> association1 or a ,p5nsylvania academy ( f9e arts1 b no su* body truly repres5tative ( ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m su* organizations are ,am]ican or ,national 9 "n only2 = in/ance1 ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :i* is a ,bo/on in/itution1 or ! ,national ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 :i* belongs to ,new ,york ,city4 ,_m bodies h attempt$ to obviate ?is tr\ble by ! creation ( local sections 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & ! newly-=m$ ,society ( ,illum9at+ ,eng9e]s has1 ,i und]/&1 9 m9d ! organization ( p]fectly co-ord9ate bodies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 )\t any attempt to create a c5tral body hav+ headqu>t]s at a def9ite place4 ,?is is some:at z if ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association %\ld consi/ ( ! f$]at$ /ate associations1 p]haps ) a c\ncil consi/+ ( a s+le repres5tative f ea*4 ,x w\ld seem to be a workable & r attractive plan4 ,we may rem9d ourselves aga9 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates itself is ! classic example ( an ,am]ican association1 & t x has be5 fairly successful by adopt+ ?is v sy/em4 ,our recognition ( ! necessity ( local divisions 9 our own association & ( close affiliation ) ! v>i\s /ate bodies is %[n by ! rec5t resolution ( ! c\ncil provid+ = sectional meet+s & by ! pres5ce at ?is & sev]al o!r /ate meet+s 9 ! pres5t mon? ( an (ficial repres5tative ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association4 ,t ^!1 or simil> means ( mak+ our national body cont95tal 9 some?+ m ?an "n are necess>y we may freely admit4 ,possibly x may take "s ye>s ( exp]im5tation1 end+ p]haps 9 appropriate con/itutional revision1 to hit ^u ! be/ arrangem5t4 ,too mu* c5tralization is bad2 b !re mu/ be "s c5tralization4 ,we mu/ h our capital & our legislative & adm9i/rative ma*9]y1 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates has at ,wa%+ton4 ,= legislative purposes our ,wa%+ton is a %ift+ "o4 ,x is :]ev] ! ,association may hold its annual meet+ & :]ev] ! ,c\ncil may conv5e 9 ! int]im4 ,= su* adm9i/rative & executive purposes z require a fix$ location1 our ,wa%+ton is = ! pres5t 9 ,bo/on4 ,next ye> x may be else:]e2 b :e!r x %all rema9 !re or move to "s o!r place w\ld seem to be a matt] ( small importance4 ,:]ev] x may be1 x w be inaccessible to a l>ge majority ( ,am]ican libr>ians4 ,if imm$iate accessibility is a requisite1 !re=e1 "s ( its functions may & %\ld be divid$4 ,x may n be too mu* to look =w>d to a sectional headqu>t]s 9 e /ate 9 ! ,union1 relat$ p]haps to ! g5]al headqu>t]s some:at z bran* libr>ies to a c5tral libr>y1 or1 p]haps1 c>ri$ on "u ! auspices ( ! /ate associations4 ,at any rate1 x is enc\rag+ to reflect t we are n ins5sible to ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( mak+ our own1 or any o!r association truly ,am]ican 9 scope1 & are exp]im5t+ t[>d obviat+ !m4 ,all ^! consid]ations appe> to me to lead to "o conclusion--! duty ( e libr>ian to become & rema9 a memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association4 ,i d n desire to dwell on ! direct advantages t memb]%ip (f]s--^! are n few1 & !y are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,possibly mo/ ( ^? :o are likely to be affect$ by !m are already memb]s ( ! ,association4 ,i w\ld recomm5d = consid]ation high] gr\nds ?an ^!4 ,in/ead ( ask+ ! "q1 ,:at is !re 9 x = me8 ,i %\ld inquire1 ,:at is !re 9 x = o!r p8 ,h[ w x b5efit ! g5]al /atus ( libr>y "w1 ! g5]al /&+ ( libr>ians 9 ! community1 ! influ5ce ( libr>ies on ^? :o use or ought to use !m--^! & a hundr$ o!r elem5ts ( progress t are closely b\nd up ) ! success ( libr>y ef=t1 b t may n add to ! welf>e ( any "o individual4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! answ]s to ^! que/ions all po9t t[>d increas$ memb]%ip4 ,z we h *os5 to "w along ! broad] l9es & by ! en]gy ( mass r ?an t ( velocity--) ! sl$ge-hamm] r ?an ! rifle bullet--x is surely our duty to make t mass z effici5t & z impressive z possible1 :i* means t x mu/ be swell$ to ! l>ge/ possible proportions4 ,l>ge memb]%ip may be effici5t 9 two ways1 by unit$ weight & by p]vasiv5ess4 ,an army is p[]ful 9 ! fir/ way4 ,t5 ?\s& m5 conc5trat$ 9 "o spot may /rike a sl$ge-hamm] bl[ & c>ry all be=e !m4 ,yet ! same t5 ?\s& m5 may police a great city )\t ev5 see+ "o ano!r4 ,scatt]$ ab\t on diff]5t beats !y are ev]y:]e4 ,e block or two "o meets a patrol & ! s5se ( security t !y give is ov]:elm+4 ,x is 9 ?is way1 x seems to me1 t l>ge memb]%ip 9 ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association may be effective4 ,we meet toge!r b once a ye>1 & ev5 !n we d n br+ out our full =ce4 ,we h no int5tion ( m>*+ on ,wa%+ton en masse to secure legislation or ev5 ( =c+ our tru/ees to raise sal>ies by a g5]al libr>y /rike4 ,b if we c make x an unusual ?+ = a libr>ian n to be a memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association2 if :]ev] "o goes he meets our memb]s & recognizes :at !y /& =1 !n1 x seems to me1 public op9ion ( libr>ians & libr>ian%ip is sure to rise4 ,our two savages1 :o b& toge!r = a few mom5ts to lift a log1 become by t act ( association m>k$ m5 among _! fell[s2 ! m]e fact t !y h intellig5ce en\gh to "w toge!r = any purpose raises !m above ! g5]al level4 ,x is n alone t increas+ numb]s1 /r5g?1 & influ5ce make = ! glory ( ! ,association itself2 ! mo/ successful bodies ( ?is k9d are ^? t exalt1 n !mselves b ! pr(essions1 localities or ideals t !y repres5t4 ,x is because increas+ our numb]s & scatt]+ our memb]%ip ?r\gh\t ! l& w increase ! influ5ce ( ! libr>y & /r5g!n ! h&s ( ^? :o "w 9 x t ,i believe su* increase a wor?y object ( our ef=t4 ,associations & societies come & g1 =m & disb&2 !y are no m immortal ?an ! m5 & wom5 t compose !m4 ,yet an association1 l a man1 %\ld seek to d ! "w t lies be=e x ) all its /r5g?1 & to keep t /r5g? at its maximum ( effici5cy4 ,s do+1 x may re/ cont5t t1 be its accompli%m5t l>ge or small1 its place 9 ! hi/ory ( human endeavor is wor?y & secure4 ,,mod]n ,,educational ,,me?ods ,^? :o compla9 t ! av]age ( g5]al education has be5 l[]$ are bo? "r & wrong--"r lit]ally & wrong 9 ! g5]al impression t !y give4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t among "y p]sons ) :om an educat$ adult comes intellectually 9 contact ! av]age ( culture is l[] ?an x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 because ! class ( p]sons :o 7 well educat$ !n are to-day less well tra9$1 b r because ! class has be5 recruit$ f ! ignorant classes1 by ! addition ( p]sons :o 7 n educat$ at all !n1 or educat$ v slightly1 & :o are n[ receiv+ a high]1 ?\gh /ill inadequate degree ( tra9+4 ,9 o!r words ! av]age ( education among all p]sons 9 ! community is high]1 b ! av]age among educat$ p]sons is l[]1 because ! educat$ class has be5 enl>g$ by ! addition ( l>ge numb]s ( slightly educat$ p]sons4 ,?is ph5om5on is common to all /ages ( progress 9 all sorts ( ?+s4 ,x is true1 = in/ance1 9 ! g5]al advance ( ! _w 9 civilization4 ,! av]age degree ( appreciation ( art among p]sons :o "k any?+ ( art at all is less1 = in/ance1 ?an 9 ! days ( anci5t ,greece1 because ! class ( art-lov]s ?r\gh\t ! _w is va/ly l>g] & includes a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons ^: appreciation ( art is slight & crude4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a great] total am\nt ( love = art1 & a high] av]age ( art education1 tak+ into acc\nt ! _w's entire population1 ?an !re 0 !n4 ,let u /ate ! case ma!matically3 ,if1 ( "o ?\s& p]sons1 t5 h a hundr$ doll>s ea* & ! re/ no?+1 a gift ( five doll>s ea* to five hundr$ o!rs w raise ! av]age am\nt own$ by ea* ( ! ?\s&1 b w greatly l[] ! av]age am\nt held by ! prop]ty own]s 9 ! gr\p1 :o w n[ numb] #eaj1 in/ead ( t54 ,h[ d y demon/rate all ?is8 w probably be ask$4 ,i d n "k ( any /ati/ical data t w enable x to be prov$ directly1 b x is c]ta9 t education is becom+ m g5]al1 :i* mu/ increase ! numb] ( p>tly educat$ p]sons hav+ an imp]fect educational backgr\nd--a lack ( ance/ral tra9+ & home influ5ce4 ,?us1 among ! p]sons ) :om ! educat$ adult comes 9 contact1 he necess>ily meets a l>g] numb] ( individuals ?an =m]ly :o betray lack ( education 9 spee*1 writ+ or ta/e2 & he wrongly concludes t ! s*ools are n do+ _! "w prop]ly4 ,if ! s*ools 7 n do+ _! "w prop]ly1 we %\ld h direct /ati/ical evid5ce ( x1 & all ! direct evid5ce ,i h se5 goes to %[ t ! s*ools are accompli%+ m to-day & accompli%+ x by bett] me?ods1 ?an ev] be=e4 ,simil>ly1 ,i believe t ! totality ( tea*+ ability 9 ! pr(ession has increas$4 ,! conspicu\s failures are p]sons :o are unfit to be tea*]s & :o h be5 draft$ into s]vice because ( our sudd5 increase 9 educational plant4 ,! result 9 "s cases has be5 a curi\s ab]ration 9 discipl9>y me?ods--a freaki%ness t is insep>able f any sudd5 advance su* z we are mak+4 ,our s*ools c & w advance mu* fur!r 9 p]sonnel1 me?ods & results2 b !y are by no means on ! d[nw>d pa? n[4 ,"o way 9 :i* !y may d bett] "w is by great] appreciation ( _! selective z well z _! tra9+ function4 ,suppose we h tw5ty bu%els ( raspb]ries & ! same quantity ( potatoes to be prep>$ = food4 ,our pres5t educational me?ods are a good deal l ^? ( a cook :o %\ld try to make ! :ole into ei!r jam or ,s>atoga *ips1 or %\ld divide ! lot 9 "s arbitr>y way unrelat$ to _! fitness = "o or ! o!r op]ation4 ,we are giv+ 9 our educational in/itutions _m degrees & _m k9ds ( tra9+ )\t prop] selection ( ! p]sons to :om ! tra9+ is to be appli$4 ,selection mu/ be & is made1 ( c\rse1 b x is made on arbitr>y l9es1 or = reasons unrelat$ to fitness4 ,"o boy's education la/s t5 ye>s1 & ano!r's two1 n because ! =m] is fitt$ to pr(it by a long] p]iod ( tra9+1 b because 8 fa!r happ5s to h money & incl9ation to give x to him4 ,"o "y man /udies m$ic9e & ano!r goes into bus9ess1 n because ^! are ! c>e]s = :i* !y are specially fitt$1 b because "o ?9ks t ! prefix ,doctor w\ld look well 9 front ( 8 "n & ! o!r has a mat]nal uncle 9 ! dry-goods trade4 ,i am n s fooli% z to ?9k t selection ( ?is k9d c\ld ev] be made ) un]r+ accuracy1 b ,i d ass]t t an ef=t %\ld be made to effect x 9 a great] degree ?r\gh our regul> educational in/itutions & to leave x less to *ance4 ,our pres5t me?ods are l ^? ( wild nature1 :i* scatt]s se$s broadca/ 9 ! hope t "s may settle on favor+ soil1 r ?an ^? ( ! skill$ cultivator1 :o sees t se$ & soil are fitt$ = ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is & o!r p>ticul>s ,i look = great improvem5t 9 our educational me?ods2 b ,i d n ?9k t1 except 9 local & uness5tial p>ticul>s1 "h & !re1 !y are n[ retrograd+4 ,,"s ,,economic ,,features ,,( ,,libr>ies#d #d ,read at ! op5+ ( ! ,*e/nut ,hill ,bran*1 ,philadelphia ,free ,libr>y1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aiji4 ,( ! ?ree great divisions ( economics--production1 di/ribution & consumption--! libr>y has to d *iefly ) ! second1 & x is z a di/ributor ( lit]ature t ,i desire to speak ( x1 al?\gh x has its %>e bo? 9 ! production & consumption ( books--m briefly1 9 ! writ+ & read+ ( !m4 ,mu* writ+ ( books is done :olly 9 libr>ies & by _! aid1 & mu* read+ is done !re94 ,^! functions ,i pass by ) ?is brief notice4 ,a libr>y di/ributes books4 ,s does a booksell]4 ,! functions ( ^! two di/ributors1 h[ev]1 %\ld diff] some:at z d ^? ( ! two produc]s ( books--! au?or & ! publi%]4 ,! au?or creates ! s\l ( ! book & ! publi%] gives x a body4 ,! =m] produces ! immat]ial1 possibly ! et]nal1 "p & ! latt] m]ely ! mat]ial "p4 ,likewise1 9 our di/ribution we libr>ians %\ld lay /ress ^u :at is 9 ! book1 ^u ! production ( ! au?or r ?an on t ( ! publi%]1 ?\gh we may n neglect ! latt]4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 em95tly di/ributors ( ideas r ?an ( m]e m]*&ise1 & 9 s f> z we lay /ress on ! mat]ial side ( ! book--important z ?is is--& neglect :at is 9 x1 we are b trad]s 9 books & n libr>ians4 ,among _m ( ! great di/ributors ( ideas--! magaz9e1 ! newspap]1 ! s*ool--x is becom+ increas+ly difficult to f9d any t d n feel :at ,i may call an anti-civic t5d5cy4 ,!y h come to be support$ l>gely by o!r ag5cies ?an ! public1 & !y are naturally controll$ by ^? ag5cies4 ,z = ! public1 x has become accu/om$ to pay+ less ?an co/ = :at x gets along ^! l9es1 & is ?us becom+ intellectually paup]iz$4 ,x is no m possible to di/ribute ideas at a pr(it1 z a comm]cial v5ture1 n[adays1 ?an x w\ld h be5 to run a circus1 ) an admission fee1 9 ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,?us a lit]>y magaz9e is possible only because x is own$ by "s publi%] :o uses x z an adv]tis+ m$ium4 ,he c af=d to sell x to ! public = less ?an co/2 ! public w\ld leave a publication sold at a fair pr(it sev]ely alone1 h5ce su* a v5ture is impossible4 ,a sci5tific magaz9e 9 l mann] mu/ h "s "o to back x--a firm ( pat5t-(fice brok]s or a sci5tific society4 ,! daily pap]s dep5d almo/ :olly on _! adv]tisem5ts2 ! public w\ld n buy a simple compilation ( ! day's news at a fair pr(it4 ,ev5 our great in/itutions ( high] education give _! /ud5ts m ?an ! latt] pay =2 ! /ud5t is gett+ "p ( 8 tuition = no?+4 ,a college t dep5ds :olly on tuition fees = its support is soon left )\t /ud5ts4 ,?us all ^! dissem9ators ( ideas are n dep5d5t on ! p]sons to :om !y di/ribute ^? ideas1 = ^: int]e/ x is t ! ideas %all be good & true & select$ ) discrim9ation4 ,!y dep5d r = support on outside bodies ( v>i\s k9ds & s t5d to be controll$ by !m--bodies ^: int]e/s d n necess>ily co9cide ) ^? ( ! public4 ,?is is n true ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,_! di/ributors /ill /rive to please ! public1 = x is by ! public t !y are support$4 ,if ! public wants raspb]ry jam1 raspb]ry jam x gets2 & if1 be+ ar\s$1 x dem&s t ?is %all be made out ( raspb]ries in/ead ( apples1 dock-se$s & anil9e1 x ultimately has its way4 ,b if ! dep>tm5t /ore 7 controll$ by "s outside ag5cy1 b5evol5t or o!rwise1 :i* p>tly support$ x & enabl$ x to sell its w>es bel[ co/1 !n if ?is controll+ ag5cy will$ t we %\ld eat dock-se$s & anil9e--dock-se$s & anil9e we %\ld d\btless eat4 ,n t ! controll+ p[]s 9 all ^! in/ances are necess>ily malevol5t4 ,! publi%] :o owns a lit]>y magaz9e may hone/ly desire t x %all be fe>lessly imp>tial4 ,! le>n$ body t runs a sci5tific p]iodical may be will+ to admit to its pages a def5se ( a !sis t x has condemn$ 9 "o ( its meet+s2 ! page-adv]tis] 9 a great daily may be able to see 8 pet policy attack$ 9 its editorial columns )\t yield+ to ! temptation to br+ pressure to be>2 ! creator ( an end[$ univ]sity may view ) equanimity an attack by "o ( its pr(essors on ! me?ods by :i* he amass$ 8 weal?4 ,all ^! ?+s may be2 we "k 9 fact t !y h be5 & t !y are4 ,b un=tunately we all "k ( cases :]e ! effect ( outside control has be5 q ! contr>y4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a b5evol5t despot1 we are told1 w\ld be ideal2 b alas6 rules = mak+ a despot b5evol5t & = ensur+ t he & 8 successors %all rema9 s1 are n yet =mulat$4 ,we h fall5 back on ! plan ( fight+ (f ! despot--good ?\gh he may possibly be2 w\ld t we c\ld also aboli% ! non-civic control ( ! dissem9ators ( ideas6 ,are !re1 !n1 no dissem9ators ( ideas free f int]f]5ce8 ,yes1 ?ank heav51 !re are at lea/ two--! public s*ool & ! public libr>y4 ,( ^!1 ! value ( academic fre$om to ! public s*ool is slight1 because ! tra9+ ( ! v "y is ( its nature subject little to ! influ5ces ( :i* we h spok54 ,!re is little opportunity1 dur+ a gramm> s*ool or high s*ool c\rse1 to influ5ce ! m9d 9 favor ( p>ticul> gov]nm5t policies & p>ticul> !ories 9 sci5ce or lit]ature or art4 ,?is opportunity comes lat]4 ,& x is lat] t ! public libr>y does its be/ "w4 ,support$ by ! public x has no impulse & no desire to please anyone else4 ,no suspicion ( outside control hangs ov] x4 ,x receives gifts2 b !y are gifts to ! public1 held by ! public1 n by outsid]s4 ,x is tax-support$1 & ! public pays co/ price = :at x gets--no m & no less4 ,! community has ! p[] ( aboli%+ ! :ole sy/em 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,! libr>y's p[] 9 an ,am]ican municipality lies 9 ! affections ( ^? :o use & pr(it by x4 ,x holds its position by love4 ,no publi%] may say to x3 ,buy my books1 n ^? ( my rival2 no sci5ti/ may =bid x to give 8 oppon5t a he>+2 no religi\s body may dictate to x2 no comm]cial influ5ce may ?r[ a blight ov] x4 ,x is untrammel$4 ,h[ long is x to rema9 ?us8 ,t is = its own]s1 ! public1 to say4 ,i confess t ,i feel uneasy :5 ,i realize h[ little ! influ5ce ( ! public libr>y is und]/ood by ^? :o might try to wield t influ5ce1 ei!r = good or = evil4 ,occasionally an individual tries to use x sporadically--! poet :o tries to secure undy+ fame by di/ribut+ free copies ( 8 v]ses to ! libr>ies1 ! manufactur] :o gives u an adv]tisem5t ( 8 product 9 ! guise ( a book1 ! en?usia/ :o runs ov] our %elf li/ to see :e!r ! libr>y is well /ock$ ) works on 8 fad--socialism or ,sw$5borgianism1 or ! new ?\ght4 ,b1 s f>1 !re has be5 no conc]t$1 sy/ematic ef=t on ! "p ( classes or bodies ( m5 to capture ! public libr>y1 to dictate its policy1 to utilize its great opportunities = influ5c+ ! public m9d4 ,:5 ?is ev] comes1 z x may1 we mu/ look out6 ,s f> z my obs]vation goes1 ! situation--ev5 ! fa9te/ glimm]+ ( x--is f> f dawn+ on mo/ ( ^! bodies4 ,mo/ individuals1 :5 ! policy ( ! libr>y suits !m n1 exhau/ _! ef=ts 9 an angry kick or an epi/ol>y curse2 !y nev] ev5 ?9k ( try+ to *ange t policy1 ev5 by argum5t4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld r write a lett] to a newspap]1 compla9+ ( a book's abs5ce1 ?an to ask ! libr>ian to buy x4 ,organizations--civil1 religi\s1 sci5tific1 political1 arti/ic--h usually let u sev]ely alone1 :]e _! influ5ce1 if !y %\ld come into t\* ) ! libr>y1 w\ld surely be = good--w\ld be ex]t$ along ! l9e ( morality1 ( m c>eful book selection1 ( judicial m9d$ness in/ead ( "o-sid$ness4 ,let u tru/ t influ5ces along ?is l9e--if we are to h influ5ces at all--may ga9 a foo?old be=e ! opposite =ces--^? ( sordid comm]cialism1 ( absurdities1 ( falsities1 ( all k9ds ( self-seek+--f9d out t we are wor? _! exploitation4 ,:5 x comes1 z ,i expect x w "s day--?is g5]al realization ( :at only a few n[ und]/&--t ! public libr>y is wor? try+ to influ5ce & to exploit1 our tr\ble w be t we %all be )\t any ma*9]y at all to receive x1 to take c>e ( x1 to direct ! good into prop] *annels & to )/& ! evil4 ,we are occasionally annoy$ & disconc]t$ n[ by ! inf9itesimal am\nt ( x t we see2 we wi% p w\ld m9d _! own bus9ess2 we dete/ m$dl]s2 we %\ld be able to d m "w if x 7 n = ! bores--& s on4 ,b :at--:at 9 heav5's "n %all we d ) ! deluge :5 x comes8 ,) :at dam %all we )/& x2 ?r\gh :at sluices %all we lead x2 into :at useful turb9es %all we direct x8 ,^! ?+s are wor? pond]+4 ,= ! pres5t !n1 ?is indep5d5ce ( ! libr>y z a di/ributor may be reg>d$ z "o ( its *ief economic advantages4 ,ano!r is its p[] z a level]1 & h5ce z an adjunct ( democracy4 ,democracy is a result1 n a cause1 ( equality4 ,x is natural 9 a community ^: memb]s resemble ea* o!r 9 ability1 modes ( ?\ght & m5tal developm5t1 j z x is un?9kable :]e great natural diff]5ces1 racial or o!rwise1 exi/4 ,if we wi% to pres]ve democracy1 !re=e1 we mu/ fir/ ma9ta9 our community on some?+ l a level4 ,& we mu/ level x up1 n d[n2 = al?\gh a =m ( democracy may exi/ tempor>ily among individuals equally ignorant or degrad$1 ! adv5t ( a s+le p]son m advanc$ 9 ! scale ( ability1 quickly trans=ms x into absolutism4 ,simil> inequalities may result 9 an ari/ocratic rgime4 ,! reason :y ,engl&1 ) its anci5t ari/ocracy1 on ! :ole1 is s democratic1 is t its common]s are con/antly recruit$ by ! y\ng] sons ( its nobility1 s t ! :ole body politic is cont9ually /irr$ & kept m homog5e\s ?an on ! cont95t1 :]e all ( a noble's sons & daught]s are !mselves noble4 ,?is /irr+ or levell+ process may be effect$ 9 _m ways & along _m l9es1 b 9 no way bett] ?an by popul> education1 z we h well und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is :y our educational sy/em is a bulw>k ( our =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ?is is :y ! public libr>y--! only cont9u\s feature ( t sy/em1 ex]cis+ its influ5ce f e>lie/ *ildhood to mo/ advanc$ age--is wor? to ! community :atev] x may co/ 9 its mo/ improv$ =m4 ,!re are en\gh influ5ces at "w to segregate classes 9 our c\ntry1 & !y come to u ready-made f o!r c\ntries2 we may be ?ankful t ! public libr>y is help+ to make ,am]icans ( our immigrants & to make uni=mly cultivat$ & well-in=m$ ,am]icans ( u all4 ,ano!r int]e/+ light on ! functions ( ! pr9t$ page1 & h5ce ( ! libr>y1 is %[n by ! rec5t biological !ory t connects ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity ) ^? ( habit & memory4 ,! inh]itance ( ance/ral *>act]i/ics1 accord+ to ?is view1 may be describ$ z racial memory4 ,to illu/rate1 we may take an int]e/+ /udy ( a family ( ,dani% a?letes1 rec5tly made & publi%$ 9 ,france4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family1 adults & *ildr51 m5 & wom51 h all be5 gymna/s = ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s--no "o ( !m w\ld ?9k ( adopt+ any o!r means ( ga9+ a livelihood4 ,x seems c]ta9 to ! sci5tific m5 :o h be5 conduct+ ! inve/igation1 t n only ! physical ability to become an acrobat1 b also ! m5tal qualities t contribute s mu* to success 9 ?is occupation--pride 9 ! acrobatic pre-em95ce ( ! family1 c\rage1 love ( applause1 & s on--h be5 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & t x has co/ ea* g5]ation less "t & ef=t to acquire its skill ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,9 o!r words1 we are told1 memb]s ( ?is family are born ) c]ta9 pr$ispositions--lat5t ance/ral memories1 we may say1 ( ! occupations ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,to make ^! effective1 x is necess>y only to awak5 !m1 & ?is may be done simply by ! sight ( o!r p]sons p]=m+ gymna/ic feats4 ,^! !y le>n 9 weeks1 :]e o!rs1 )\t su* ance/ral memories1 w\ld require mon?s or ye>s4 ,evid5tly ?is may be appli$ mu* m widely ?an to m]e physical skill4 ,few ( u c boa/ ( gymna/ic ance/ry1 b all ( u h inh]it$ pr$ispositions & h ance/ral memories t make x easi] = u to le>n c]ta9 ?+s & to *oose c]ta9 c\rses ?an we %\ld f9d x )\t !m4 ,"s ( ^! are good2 "s bad4 ,"s are useful2 "s injuri\s4 ,x is necess>y only to awak5 !m to set go+ a tra9 ( consequ5ces2 if n awak5$1 !y may rema9 p]man5tly dormant4 ,h[ important1 !re=e1 are ! sugge/ions t may s]ve z su* awak5]s2 h[ necess>y to br+ =w>d ! useful1 & to bani% ! injuri\s ones6 ,n[ ( all possible ag5cies t may br+ ^! pr$ispositions into play--t may awak5 our ance/ral memories1 if y *oose to adopt ?is !ory--,i submit t ! book /&s at ! v head4 ,= x is itself a racial record2 x may conta91 9 ! =m be/ suit$ to awak5 our pr$ispositions1 ! v mat]ial :i*1 long ages ago1 0 in/rum5tal 9 h&+ ^? pr$ispositions d[n to u4 ,x is 9 tune ) our lat5t memories1 & x may set !m vibrat+ m vigor\sly ?an any m]ely contempor>y ag5cy4 ,does ?is n place 9 a new & int]e/+ light ! libr>y & ! books ( :i* x is compos$8 ,we h le>n$ to respect !m z ! records ( ! race & to recognize _! value z tea*]s & _! p[] z en]giz]s2 9 addition we n[ see t !y may act z f+]s on invisible m5tal trigg]s4 ,a slight impulse--altoge!r trivial comp>$ ) its effect--& (f goes ! gun4 ,! dis*>ge may c>ry a l9e to a wreck$ %ip1 or x may s9k h] ) all on bo>d4 ,we frequ5tly he> x said ( "s book ^: t5d5cy is bad3 ,well1 x c't hurt me1 anyway2 ,i'm immune4 ,are y q sure8 ,h y gone q to ! bottom ( ^? ance/ral memories ( y\rs1 & are y c]ta9 t !re are none t su* a book may r\se1 to y\r h>m8 ,on ! o!r h&1 does ?is n expla9 mu* t has always int]e/$ ! libr>ian2 = in/ance1 ! va/ popul>ity ( fairy tales1 especially ^? t date back to our racial infancy8 ,i ne$ dwell no fur!r on ! economic importance ( ! book z view$ f ?is /&po9t4 ,b x has also a function almo/ diametrically oppos$ to t :i* we h j consid]$2 besides h>k+ back to :at is olde/ x looks =w>d to :at is newe/4 ,x may /ir u by awak5+ dim racial recollections2 b x may also ?rill u by add+ to ! /ore ( :at is already 9 ! m9d4 ,9 fact1 we l to assimilate new ideas1 to ?9k new ?\ghts1 to d new acts2 we l to read or he> some?+ t we c\ld n h produc$ ourselves4 ,:5 we are "y & ignorant1 !re=e1 we l music or art or lit]ature t appe>s trivial to u z we gr[ old] & h develop$ our own creative p[]s4 ,a poem t is no bett] ?an "o a man might da% (f himself he likes no long]2 he pref]s to be confront$ ) some?+ t is above & beyond 8 own p[]s1 ?\gh n above 8 compreh5sion4 ,?us1 z he gr[s1 8 zone ( enjoym5t %ifts upw>d1 & ! libr>y cov]s ! :ole mov+ field4 ,:5 ,solomon ,john ,pet]k91 p5 9 h&1 sat d[n to write a book1 he discov]$ t he hadn't any?+ to say4 ,happy lad6 ,he _h be=e him all lit]ature z a field ( enjoym5t1 = all1 app>5tly1 0 beyond 8 creative ef=ts4 ,d ^? ( y :o are musicians rememb] :5 y fir/ appreh5d$ ! relations betwe5 ! tonic & ! dom9ant *ords8 ,i h he>d a small boy at a piano play ^! alt]nately = h\rs4 ,su* a p]=mance is torture to y & me2 x is ! sweete/ h>mony to him1 because x is new & has j come into 8 sph]e ( creative p[]4 ,:5 he is ?or\ghly satisfi$ t he c produce ! effect at w1 he ab&ons x = some?+ new] & a little high]4 ,! boy :o discov]s1 )\t be+ told1 t ! dom9ant *ord1 foll[$ by ! tonic1 produces a c]ta9 musical effect1 is do+ some?+ t = him is on a p> ) ,wagn]'s se>*+ ! piano = ^? m>vell\s effects ( 8 t are (t5 beyond te*nical explanation4 ,! *ild :o reads :at y ?9k is a trivial book1 re-reads x1 & reads o!rs l x1 is do+ ?is same ?+ 9 ! doma9 ( lit]ature--he is foll[+ ! natural c\rse t w br+ him out at ! top aft] a :ile4 ,:5 we di/ribute books1 !n1 we di/ribute ideas1 n only actual1 b pot5tial4 ,a book has 9 x n only ! ideas t lie on its surface1 b millions ( o!rs t are ti$ to ^! by invisible *ords1 ( :i* we h t\*$ on b a few--! invisible ance/ral memories ( c5turies ago1 ! =eta/es ( future ?\ghts 9 our old] selves & our po/]ity ( c5turies h5ce4 ,:5 we ?9k ( x1 x is h>d to realize t a book has n a s\l4 ,g]ald ,/anley ,lee1 9 8 late/ book1 a collection ( essays on millionaires1 sne]s at ! ef=ts ( ! ri* mill own]s to improve _! employees by means ( libr>ies4 ,life 9 a mod]n mill1 he ?9ks1 is s me*anical z to dull all ! high] faculties4 ,&rew ,c>negie1 he says 7& he app>5tly uses ! "n m]ely z t ( a type71 has be5 tak+ m5's s\ls away & giv+ !m pap] books4 ,n[ ! mills may be s\l-dead5+--possibly !y are1 ?\gh x is h>d to b5umb a s\l--b ,i w v5ture to say t = e s\l t ,mr4 ,c>negie1 or anyone else1 has tak5 away1 he has creat$1 awak5$ & /imulat$ a ?\s& by contact ) t almo/ s\l--t ne>-s\l--t resides 9 books4 ,mr4 ,lee's books may be m]ely pap]2 m9e h pap] & ink only = _! out] g>b2 _! inn] w>p & wo( is ( ! texture ( _s4 ,?is is :y ,i rejoice :5 a new libr>y is op5$4 ,i ?ank ,god = its g5]\s donor4 ,i clasp h&s ) ! f>-rea*+ municipality t accepts & supports x4 ,i wi% good luck to ! libr>ians :o are to c>e = x & give x dynamic =ce2 ,i congratulate ! public ^: privilege x is to use x & to pr(it by x4 ,,simon ,,newcomb3 ,,am]ica',s ,,=emo/ ,,a/ronom] ,among ^? 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ^: good op9ion is wor? hav+1 ,simon ,newcomb 0 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ,am]ica's great m54 ,a/ronom]1 ma!matician1 economi/1 noveli/1 he _h well-nigh box$ ! compass ( human k1 atta9+ em95ce su* z is giv5 to few to rea*1 at m ?an "o ( its po9ts4 ,8 fame 0 ( ! f>-rea*+ k9d1--p5etrat+ to remote regions1 :ile t ( "s o!rs has only creat$ a noisy di/urbance )9 a n>r[ radius4 ,be/ & mo/ widely kn[n z an a/ronom]1 8 a*ievem5ts 9 t sci5ce 7 n suit$ = s5sational exploitation4 ,he discov]$ no apple-or*>ds on ! moon1 nei!r did he dispute reg>d+ ! railways on ! planet ,v5us4 ,8 aim 0 to make /ill m exact our k ( ! motions ( ! bodies con/itut+ :at we call ! sol> sy/em1 & 8 labors t[>d ?is end1 begun m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 he cont9u$ almo/ until ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,consci\s t 8 span ( life 0 measur$ by mon?s & 9 ! grip ( :at he knew to be a fatal disease1 he yet ex]t$ himself ) all 8 rema9+ en]gy to complete 8 monum5tal "w on ! motion ( ! moon1 & succe$$ 9 br++ x to an end be=e ! f9al summons came4 ,8 la/ days ?us _h 9 !m a ca/ ( ! h]oic1 n less ?an if1 z ! comm&] ( a torp$o$ battle%ip1 he _h gone d[n ) h]1 or ?an if he _h fall5 *>g+ at ! head ( a =lorn hope4 ,x is pleasant to ?9k t su* a man 0 laid to re/ ) milit>y honors4 ,! accid5t t he 0 a retir$ pr(essor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy may h be5 ! imm$iate cause ( ?is1 b its appropriat5ess lies deep]4 ,newcomb saw ! light n "u ! ,/>s & ,/ripes1 b 9 ,nova ,scotia1 :]e he 0 born1 at ! t[n ( ,wallace on ,m>* #ab1 #ahce4 ,8 fa!r1 a tea*]1 0 ( ,am]ican desc5t1 8 ance/ors hav+ settl$ 9 ,canada 9 #agfa4 ,aft] /udy+ ) 8 fa!r & tea*+ = "s little "t 9 8 native prov9ce he came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :ile yet a boy ( eighte51 & :ile tea*+ 9 ,m>yl& 9 #ahed-'ef 0 s =tunate z to attract1 by 8 ma!matical ability1 ! att5tion ( two em95t ,am]ican sci5tific m51 ,joseph ,h5ry & ,julius ,hilg>d1 :o secur$ him an appo9tm5t z comput] on ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,! date ( ?is 0 #aheg1 & ,newcomb _h ?us1 at 8 dea?1 be5 9 ,gov]nm5t employ = fifty-two ye>s4 ,z ! "w ( ! almanac 0 !n c>ri$ on 9 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 he 0 enabl$ to ent] ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 :]e he graduat$ 9 #aheh & :]e he pursu$ graduate /udies = ?ree ye>s long]4 ,on _! completion 9 #ahfa he 0 appo9t$ a pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 :i* (fice he held till 8 dea?4 ,?is appo9tm5t1 made :5 he 0 tw5ty-six ye>s old1--sc>cely m ?an a boy1--is a /rik+ te/imony to 8 rem>kable ability z a ma!matician1 = ( practical a/ronomy he /ill knew little4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ duties at ,wa%+ton 0 to sup]vise ! con/ruction ( ! great #bf-;in* equatorial j au?oriz$ by ,congress & to plan = m\nt+ & h\s+ x4 ,9 #ahgg he became s5ior pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! navy1 & f t "t until 8 retirem5t z a ,re> ,admiral 9 #ahig he _h *>ge ( ! ,nautical ,almanac (fice1 ) its l>ge corps ( naval & civilian assi/ants1 9 ,wa%+ton & else:]e4 ,9 #ahhd he also assum$ ! *air ( ma!matics & a/ronomy 9 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore1 & he _h mu* to to d1 9 an advisory capacity1 ) ! equipm5t ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory & ) te/+ & m\nt+ its great telescope1 at t "t ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,to enum]ate 8 degrees1 sci5tific honors1 & m$als w\ld tire ! read]4 ,among !m 7 ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 f all ! =emo/ univ]sities1 ! gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,london 9 #ahgd1 ! great gold ,huyg5s m$al ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 aw>d$ only once 9 tw5ty ye>s1 9 #ahgh1 & ! ,s*ub]t gold m$al ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! collection ( portraits ( fam\s a/ronom]s at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,pulk[a conta9s 8 picture1 pa9t$ by ord] ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahhg4 ,he 01 ( c\rse1 a memb] ( _m sci5tific societies1 at home & abroad1 & 0 elect$ 9 #ahfi to our own ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 becom+ its vice-presid5t 9 #ahhc4 ,9 #ahic he 0 *os5 "o ( ! eight =eign associates ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1--! fir/ native ,am]ican s9ce ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 to be s *os54 ,newcomb's mo/ fam\s "w z an a/ronom]1--t :i* ga9$ him _w-wide fame among 8 bro!r a/ronom]s1--01 z has be5 said1 too ma!matical & te*nical to appeal to ! g5]al public among 8 c\ntrym51 :o h _h to take 8 greatness1 9 ?is reg>d1 on tru/4 ,!y h kn[n him at fir/ h& *iefly z au?or or editor ( popul> works su* z 8 ,popul> ,a/ronomy 7#ahgg72 ( 8 text-books on a/ronomy1 algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 & calculus2 ( 8 books on political economy1 :i* sci5ce he 0 accu/om$ to call 8 recreation2 & ( magaz9e articles on all sorts ( subjects n omitt+ psy*ical rese>*1 :i* 0 "o ( ! num]\s by-pa?s into :i* he /ray$4 ,he held at "o "t ! presid5cy ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,! te*nical nature ( 8 "w 9 ma!matical a/ronomy1--8 pr(ession1 z he call$ x1 9 di/9ction to 8 recreations & m9or sci5tific amusem5ts1--may be se5 f ! titles ( "o or two ( 8 pap]s3 ,on ! ,secul> ,v>iations & ,mutual ,relations ( ! ,orbits ( ! ,a/]oids 7#ahfj72 ,inve/igation ( ! ,orbit ( ,neptune1 ) ,g5]al ,tables ( ,its ,motion 7#ahfg72 ,rese>*es on ! ,motion ( ! ,moon 7#ahgf72 & s on4 ,( ?is "w ,pr(essor ,newcomb himself says1 9 8 ,rem9isc5ces ( an ,a/ronom] 7,bo/on1 #aijc71 t x all t5d$ t[>d "o result1--! solution ( :at he calls ! great problem ( exact a/ronomy1 ! !oretical explanation ( ! obs]v$ motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,if ! univ]se consi/$ ( b two bodies1--say1 ! sun & a planet1--! motion w\ld be simplicity itself2 ! planet w\ld describe an exact ellipse ab\t ! sun1 & ?is orbit w\ld nev] *ange 9 =m1 size1 or position4 ,) ! addition ( only "o m body1 ! problem at once becomes s mu* m difficult z to be practically insoluble2 inde$1 ! problem ( ! ?ree bodies has be5 attack$ by a/ronom]s = ye>s )\t ! discov]y ( any g5]al =mula to express ! result+ motions4 ,= ! actually exi/+ sy/em ( _m planets ) _! satellites & c\ntless a/]oids1 only an approximation is possible4 ,! actual motions z obs]v$ & measur$ f ye> to ye> are mo/ complex4 ,c ^! be completely acc\nt$ = by ! mutual attractions ( ! bodies1 accord+ to ! law ( gravitation z enunciat$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton8 ,9 ,newcomb's words1 ,does any _w move o!rwise ?an z x is attract$ by o!r worlds8 ,( c\rse1 ,newcomb has n be5 ! only a/ronom] at "w on ?is problem1 b x has be5 8 life-"w & 8 contributions to its solution h be5 v notewor?y4 ,x is difficult to make ! ord9>y read] und]/& ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( su* a det]m9ation z ?is4 ,its two elem5ts are1 ( c\rse1 ! mapp+ out ( ! l9es 9 :i* ! bodies conc]n$ actually d move & ! calculations ( ! orbits 9 :i* !y ought to move1 if ! accept$ laws ( planet>y motion are true4 ,! fir/ involves ! /udy ( ?\s&s ( obs]vations made dur+ long ye>s by diff]5t m5 9 f> di/ant l&s1 ! discussion ( _! probable errors1 & _! r$uction to a common /&>d4 ,! latt] requires ! use ( ! mo/ ref9$ me?ods ( ma!matical analysis2 x is1 z ,newcomb says1 ( a complexity beyond ! p[]s ( ord9>y conception4 ,9 works on cele/ial me*anics a s+le =mula may fill a :ole *apt]4 ,?is problem fir/ attract$ ,newcomb's att5tion :5 a "y man at ,cambridge1 :5 by analysis ( ! motions ( ! a/]oids he %[$ t ! orbits ( ^! m9or planets _h n1 = sev]al hundr$ ?\s& ye>s pa/1 int]sect$ at a s+le po9t1 & t !y c\ld n1 !re=e1 h result$1 dur+ t p]iod1 f ! explosion ( a s+le l>ge body1 z _h be5 suppos$4 ,lat]1 :5 ,newcomb's inve/igations along ?is l9e _h ext5d$ to ! major planets & _! satellites1 a curi\s anomaly 9 ! moon's motion made x necess>y = him to look = possible obs]vations made long be=e ^? hi!rto record$4 ,! accept$ tables 7 bas$ on obs]vations ext5d+ back z f> z #agej1 b ,newcomb1 by se>*+ ! ar*ives ( ,european obs]vatories1 succe$$ 9 discov]+ data tak5 z e>ly z #affj1 n1 ( c\rse1 ) su* an inve/igation z ?is 9 view1 b *iefly out ( pure sci5tific curiosity4 ,! r$uction ( su* obs]vations1 especially z ! old ,fr5* a/ronom]s us$ app>5t "t1 :i* 0 frequ5tly 9 error by qu>t] ( an h\r or s1 0 a matt] ( great difficulty4 ,! anci5t obs]v]1 hav+ no idea ( ! use t 0 to be made ( 8 "w1 _h suppli$ no facilities = int]pret+ x1 & mu* comp>ison & exam9ation 0 necess>y to f9d out :at sort ( an in/rum5t 0 us$1 h[ ! obs]vations 7 made1 & h[ !y %\ld be utiliz$ = ! requir$ purpose4 ,! result 0 a va/ly m accurate lun> !ory ?an _h =m]ly be5 obta9$4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ,newcomb 0 work+ among ! old pap]s ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 ! city1 !n 9 possession ( ! ,communi/s1 0 beset by ! national =ces1 & 8 /udies 7 made )9 he>+ ( ! heavy siege guns1 ^: fla% he c\ld ev5 see by glanc+ ?r\gh 8 w9d[4 ,newcomb's appo9tm5t z head ( ! ,nautical ,almanac (fice greatly facilitat$ 8 "w on ! v>i\s phases ( ?is problem ( planet>y motions4 ,_! solution 0 "h a legitimate "p ( ! r\t9e "w ( ! (fice1 & he _h ! aid ( able assi/ants1--su* m5 z ,g4,w4 ,hill1 :o work$ out a l>ge "p ( ! !ory ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & ,clevel& ,kei?1 :o di$ 9 #ahif1 j z ! f9al results ( 8 "w 7 be+ comb9$4 ,9 connection ) ?is "w ,pr(essor ,newcomb /rongly advocat$ ! unification ( ! _w's "t by ! adoption ( an int]national m]idian1 & also int]national agreem5t ^u a uni=m sy/em ( data = all computations relat+ to ! fix$ />s4 ,! =m] /ill hangs fire1 ow+ to mi/ak5 patriotism2 ! latt] 0 adopt$ at an int]national conf]5ce held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahif1 b aft] x _h be5 c>ri$ into effect 9 our own ,nautical ,almanac1 pr(essional jeal\sies br\ght ab\t a modification ( ! plan t relegat$ ! improv$ & mod]niz$ data to an app5dix4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb's retirem5t f active s]vice made ! cont9uance ( 8 great "w on an adequate scale some:at problematical1 & 8 data on ! moon's motion 7 laid aside = a "t until a grant f ! newly organiz$ ,c>negie ,in/itution 9 #aijc enabl$ him to employ ! necess>y assi/ance1 & ! "w has s9ce gone =w>d to completion4 ,:at is ! value ( su* "w1 & :y %\ld fame be ! rew>d ( him :o pursues x successfully8 ,pr(essor ,newcomb himself raises ?is "q 9 8 ,rem9isc5ces1 & )\t attempt+ to answ] x directly he notes t e civiliz$ nation supports an obs]vatory at great annual exp5se to c>ry on su* rese>*1 besides :i* _m o!rs are support$ by private or corporate contributions4 ,evid5tly ! cons5sus ( public op9ion mu/ be t ! results are wor? at lea/ a "p ( :at !y co/4 ,! "q is includ$ 9 ! broad] "o ( ! value ( all rese>* 9 pure sci5ce4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! object ( ?is is solely to add to ! sum ( human k1 al?\gh n seldom "s application to man's physical ne$s spr+s unexpect$ly f ! result+ discov]ies1 z 9 ! case ( ! dynamo or t ( wireless telegraphy4 ,possibly a m accurate description ( ! moon's motion is unlikely to br+ =? any su* application1 b ^? :o applaud ! a*ievem5ts ( our exp]ts 9 ma!matical a/ronomy w\ld be quick to d5y t _! fame re/s on any su* possibility4 ,pass+ n[ to ,pr(essor ,newcomb's recreation1 z he call$1 x1--political economy1 we may note t 8 contributions to x 7 really volum9\s1 consi/+ ( pap]s1 popul> articles & sev]al books1 includ+ ,! ,a ,b ,c ( ,f9ance 7#ahgg7 & ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 7#ahhf74 ,au?orities 9 ! sci5ce nev] really took ^! z s]i\sly z !y des]v$1 possibly because !y reg>d$ ,pr(essor ,newcomb z sc>cely or?odox4 ,"s ( 8 di/9ctions1 h[ev]1 are ( und\bt$ value & w live2 = in/ance1 t betwe5 ! fund & ! flux ( weal?1 on :i* he insi/s 9 8 treatises on f9ance4 ,z to ,pr(essor ,newcomb's s+le excursion into fiction1 a romance entitl$ ,8 ,wisdom ! ,def5d]1 x is p]haps suffici5t to say t1 l ev]y?+ he attempt$1 x is at lea/ wor? notice4 ,x is a sort ( cross betwe5 ,jules ,v]ne & ,bulw] ,lytton's ,com+ ,race4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb's m9d 0 compreh5sive 9 its activity4 ,"o might h ?\ght t an intellect occupi$ to ! la/ 9 c>ry+ out "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s tasks ev] attempt$ by a ma!matical a/ronom] w\ld h _h little "t or little en]gy left = o!r ?+s2 b ,newcomb took 8 re/ & pleasure 9 popul> articles & int]views4 ,only a %ort "t be=e 8 dea? he publi%$ an essay on a]onautics t attract$ wide att5tion1 draw+ ! conclusions t ! a]oplane c nev] be ( mu* use ei!r z a pass5g]-c>ri] or 9 w>1 b t ! dirigible balloon may accompli% some?+ )9 c]ta9 l9es1 al?\gh x w nev] put ! railways & /eam%ips out ( bus9ess4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he treat$ ) unsp>+ ridicule ! panic fe> ( an a]ial invasion t s lately seiz$ ^u our transatlantic c\s9s4 ,p]sonally1 ,newcomb 0 an agreeable companion & a fai?ful fri5d4 ,8 success 0 due l>gely to 8 t5acity ( purpose4 ,! writ]'s only p]sonal contact ) him came ?r\gh ! ,/&>d ,diction>y1--( ^: def9itions 9 physical sci5ce ,newcomb _h g5]al ov]sight4 ,on "o occasion he came into ! (fice greatly dissatisfi$ ) ! def9ition t we _h fram$ = ! ^w magnet4--a conception almo/ impossible to def9e 9 any logical way4 ,we _h simply enum]at$ ! prop]ties ( ! ?+1--a c\rse :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( au?oritative k ( _! causes 0 ! only rational proc$ure4 ,b ,newcomb's m9d dem&$ a logical treatm5t1 & ?\gh he mu/ h se5 f ! outset t ?is 0 a =lorn hope1 8 t5acity ( purpose kept him1 p5cil 9 h&1 writ+ & eras+ alt]nately = an h\r or m4 ,f9ally he confess$ t he c\ld d no bett] ?an ! foll[+ pair ( def9itions1--,magnet1 a body capable ( ex]t+ magnetic =ce1 & ,magnetic ,=ce1 ! =ce ex]t$ by a magnet4 ,) a he>ty laugh at ?is beautiful circulus 9 def9i5do he ?rew d[n 8 p5cil1 & ! imp]fect & illogical (fice def9ition 0 accept$4 ,logical z he 01 h[ev]1 he 0 9 no s5se b\nd by conv5tion4 ,8 economics1 z has be5 said1 0 (t5 unor?odox1 & ev5 9 8 ma!matical text-books he occasionally %ock$ ! hide-b\nd4 ,i well rememb] an int]e/+ discussion among memb]s ( ! ,yale ma!matical faculty j aft] ! appe>ance ( ,newcomb's text-book ( geometry1 9 :i* he 0 unsp>+ly condemn$ by "s because he assum$ 9 c]ta9 elem5t>y demon/rations t geometrical figures c\ld be remov$ f ! pap]1 turn$ ov] & laid d[n aga91--! s-call$ me?od ( sup]position1 n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z q all[able4 ,( c\rse1 a figure c be treat$ 9 ?is way only 9 imag9ation & = ?is season1 probably1 ! me?od 0 n employ$ by ,euclid4 ,its use1 h[ev]1 leads always to true results1 z anyone may see2 & x 0 q *>act]i/ic ( ,pr(essor ,newcomb t he %\ld h tak5 x up1 n hav+ ! fe> ( ! ,greek geomet]s be=e him4 ,su* 0 ,newcomb2 x w be long be=e ,am]ican sci5ce sees 8 equal4 ,ma!matical g5ius is l an automobile1--x is look$ ^u 9 two oppos+ fa%ions z "o has x or has x n4 ,a not$ educator n long ago ann\nc$ 8 belief t ! possession ( a ta/e = ma!matics is an exact index ( ! g5]al intellectual p[]s4 ,n mu* lat]1 ano!r em95t tea*] ass]t$ t ma!matical ability is an exotic1--t "o may1 & (t5 does1 possess x :o is 9 o!r respects practically an imbecile4 ,?is is sc>cely a subject 9 :i* a s+le illu/ration decides1 b surely ,newcomb's c>e] ju/ifies ! =m] op9ion r ?an ! latt]2 ! am\nt & k9d ( 8 m5tal abilities along all l9es seem$ to run p>allel to 8 ma!matical g5ius1 to resemble x 9 quantity & 9 k9d4 ,! great volumes ( a/ronomical tables )\t :i* no a/ronom] may n[ v5ture ^u a computation are 8 be/ monum5t2 yet ! g5]al read] w long] rememb]1 p]haps1 ! lucid expositor1 ! g5ial essayi/1 ! writ] ( "o ( ! mo/ readable autobiographies ( our day4 ,,! ,,companion%ip ,,( ,,books#e #e ,read be=e ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ ,libr>y ,association1 ,june1 #aiaj4 ,are books fitt$ to be our companions8 ,t dep5ds4 ,y & ,i read !m ) pleasure2 o!rs d n c>e = !m2 to "s ! read+ ( any book at all is z impossible z ! p]usal ( a volume 9 ,old ,slavonic w\ld be to mo/ ( u4 ,^! p simply d n read at all4 ,to a sugge/ion t he supplem5t 8 usual vacation sports by read+ a novel1 a ,new ,york police capta9--a man ) a common s*ool education--repli$1 ,well1 ,i've nev] read a book yet1 & ,i don't ?9k ,i'll beg9 n[4 ,"h 0 a man :o _h nev] read a book1 :o _h no use = books1 & :o c\ld get along p]fectly well )\t !m4 ,he is n a unique type4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( our fell[ citiz5s might z well be q illit]ate1 s f> z ! use t !y make ( _! ability to read is conc]n$4 ,^! p]sons are n all un$ucat$2 !y possess & are /ill acquir+ mu* k1 b s9ce leav+ s*ool !y h acquir$ x *iefly by p]sonal exp]i5ce & by ^w ( m\?4 ,is x possible t !y are "r8 ,may x be t to read books is unnecess>y & sup]flu\s8 ,!re has be5 "s ef=t ( late to depreciate ! book--to insi/ on its inadequacy & on ! impracticality ( ! k t x conveys4 ,book-le>n+ has always be5 d]id$ m or less by s-call$ practical m54 ,a rec5t s]ies ( comic pictures 9 ! newspap]s makes ?is cle>4 ,x is ab\t ,book-taught ,bilk9s4 ,bilk9s tries to d ev]y?+ by a book4 ,he raises vegetables1 builds furniture1 runs a *ick5 f>m1 all by ! directions conta9$ 9 books1 & meets ) ignom9i\s failure4 ,he makes himself1 9 fact1 v ridicul\s 9 e in/ance & ?\s&s ( read]s laugh at him & 8 absurd books4 ,!y inw>dly resolve1 d\btless1 t !y w be practical & w pay no att5tion to books4 ,are !y "r8 ,is ! in=mation conta9$ 9 books always useless & absurd1 :ile t obta9$ by exp]i5ce or by talk+ to "o's neighbor is always correct & valuable8 ,_m ( our =emo/ educators are displeas$ ) ! book4 ,!y are ?r[+ x aside = ! lecture1 = laboratory "w1 = p]sonal rese>* & exp]im5t4 ,does ?is mean t ! book1 z a tool ( ! tea*]1 w h to g8 ,:at x all c]ta9ly does mean is t we ought to pause a m9ute & ?9k ab\t ! book1 ab\t :at x does & :at x c n d4 ,?is means t we ought to consid] a little ! :ole subject ( writt5 z di/+ui%$ f spok5 language4 ,:y %\ld we h two languages--z we practically d--"o to be int]pret$ by ! e> & ! o!r by ! eye8 ,c\ld we or %\ld we ab&on ei!r8 ,:at are ! advantages & :at ! limitations ( ea*8 ,we are s accu/om$ to look+ ^u ! pr9t$ page1 to read+ newspap]s1 books1 & adv]tisem5ts1 to s5d+ & receiv+ lett]s1 writt5 or typewritt51 t we are apt to =get t all ?is is n "p ( ! natural ord]1 except 9 ! s5se t all inv5tions & creations ( ! human bra9 are natural4 ,writt5 language is a consci\s inv5tion ( man2 spok5 language is a developm5t1 %ap$ by 8 ne$s & controll$ by 8 s5se ( :at is fitt+1 b n at ! outset consci\sly devis$4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( writt5 language z simply a means ( repres5t+ spok5 language to ! eye2 b x is m ?an ?is2 orig9ally1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 x 0 n ?is at all4 ,! writt5 signs repres5t$ n s\nds1 b ideas !mselves2 if !y 7 int5d$ to correspond directly ) any?+1 x 0 ) ! rude ge/ures t signifi$ ideas & _h no?+ to d ) _! vocal expression4 ,x 0 n until lat] t ^! writt5 symbols came to correspond to vocal s\nds & ev5 to-day !y d s imp]fectly2 languages t are l>gely phonetic are ! exception4 ,! result is1 z ,i h said1 t we h two languages--a spok5 & a writt54 ,:at we call read+ al\d is translation f ! writt5 to ! spok5 tongue2 :ile writ+ f dictation is translation f ! spok5 to ! writt54 ,:5 we read1 z we say1 to ourselves1 we sometimes1 if we are n skilful1 pron\nce ! spok5 words "u our brea?1 or at lea/ =m !m ) our vocal organs4 ,y all rememb] ! /ory ( h[ ! ,iri%man :o c\ld n read made 8 fri5d /op up 8 e>s :ile read+ a lett] al\d1 s t he might n he> x4 ,?is anecdote1 l all good comic /ories1 has some?+ 9 x to ?9k ab\t4 ,! skilful read] does n ev5 imag9e ! spok5 words z he goes4 ,he =gets1 = ! mom5t1 ! spok5 tongue & translates ! writt5 words & phrases directly into ! ideas = :i* !y /&4 ,a skilful read] ?us takes 9 ! mean+ ( a phrase1 a s5t5ce1 ev5 ( a p>agraph1 at a glance4 ,likewise ! writ] :o sets 8 own ?\ghts d[n on pap] ne$ n voice !m1 ev5 9 imag9ation2 he may also =get all ab\t ! spok5 tongue & spread 8 ideas on ! page at fir/ h&4 ,?is is n s common because "o writes sl[] ?an he speaks1 :]eas he reads v mu* fa/]4 ,! swift read] c\ld n imag9e t he 0 speak+ ! words1 ev5 if he w\ld2 ! pace is too incr$ibly fa/4 ,our writt5 tongue1 !n1 has come to be some?+ ( a language by itself4 ,9 "s c\ntries x has gr[n s out ( t\* ) ! spok5 tongue t ! two h little to d ) ea* o!r4 ,:]e only ! le>n$ "k h[ to read & write1 ! writt5 language takes on a le>n$ t+e2 ! popul> spok5 tongue has no?+ to keep x /eady & *anges rapidly & unsy/ematically4 ,:]e ne>ly all :o speak ! language also read & write x1 z 9 our own c\ntry1 ! writt5 tongue1 ev5 9 its highe/ lit]>y =ms1 is apt to be mu* m famili> & colloquial1 b at ! same "t ! writt5 & ! spok5 tongue keep clos] toge!r4 ,/ill1 !y nev] accurately correspond4 ,:5 a man talks l a book1 or 9 o!r words1 uses su* language t x c\ld be pr9t$ ^w = ^w & appe> 9 good lit]>y =m1 we recognize t he is n talk+ ord9>y colloquial ,engli%--n us+ ! normal spok5 language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! spee* ( a s\!rn negro or a d[n-ea/ ,yankee is set d[n 9 pr9t1 z x s (t5 is 9 ! mod]n dialect /ory1 we recognize at once t al?\gh = ! occasion ?is is writt5 language1 x is n normal lit]>y ,engli%4 ,x is mo/ desirable t ! two =ms ( spee* %all closely correspond1 = !n ! writt5 spee* gets life f ! spok5 & ! spok5 has ! writt5 = its gov]nor & controll]2 b x is also desirable t ea* %\ld reta9 m or less individuality1 & =tunately x is almo/ impossible t !y %\ld n d s4 ,we mu/ n =get1 !re=e1 t our writt5 spee* is n m]ely a way ( sett+ d[n our spok5 spee* 9 pr9t4 ,?is is exactly :at our fri5ds ! spell+ re=m]s appe> to h =gott54 ,! "n t !y h giv5 to :at !y propose to d1 indicates ?is cle>ly4 ,:5 a ^w z writt5 & z spok5 h drift$ ap>t1 x is usually ! spok5 ^w t has *ang$4 ,re=m1 !re=e1 w\ld be accompli%$ by re/or+ ! old spok5 =m4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 x is propos$ to *ange ! writt5 =m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two languages are to be =c$ toge!r by alt]+ t "o ( !m t is by its ess5ce ! mo/ immutable4 ,:]e ! writt5 ^w has be5 corrupt$ z 9 spell+ guild = gild1 ! adoption ( ! simpl] spell+ is a re=m2 o!rwise1 n4 ,n[ is ! possession ( two languages1 a spok5 & a writt51 an advantage or n8 ,) reg>d to ! spok5 tongue1 ! "q answ]s itself4 ,if we 7 all deaf & dumb1 we c\ld /ill live & c>ry on bus9ess1 b we %\ld be badly h&icapp$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we c\ld nei!r read nor write1 we %\ld simply be 9 ! position ( our remote =efa!rs or ev5 ( _m 9 our own day & our own l&4 ,:at !n is ! reasons = a sep>ate writt5 language1 beyond ! v>iety !reby secur$1 by ! use ( two s5ses1 he>+ & sight1 in/ead ( only "o8 ,evid5tly ! *ief reason is t writt5 spee* is em95tly fitt$ = pres]vation4 ,)\t ! transmittal ( ideas f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 intellectual progress is impossible4 ,su* transmittal1 be=e ! inv5tion ( writ+1 0 effect$ solely by memory4 ,! fa!r spoke to ! son1 & he1 rememb]+ :at 0 said1 told x1 9 turn1 to ! gr&son4 ,?is is tradition1 sometimes m>vell\sly accurate1 b (t5 untru/wor?y4 ,& z x is )\t *eck1 !re is no way ( tell+ :e!r a giv5 fact1 s transmitt$1 is or is n h&$ d[n fai?fully4 ,n[ we h ! phonograph = pres]v+ & accurately reproduc+ spok5 language4 ,if ?is _h be5 inv5t$ be=e ! introduction ( writt5 language1 we might nev] h _h ! latt]2 z x is1 ! device comes on ! field too late to be a competitor ) ! book 9 m ?an a v limit$ field4 ,= pres]v+ p>ticul> voices1 su* z ^? ( great m51 or = record+ intonation & pronunciation1 x fills a want t writ+ & pr9t+ c\ld nev] supply4 ,= ! long pres]vation ( ideas & _! conveyance to a human m9d1 writt5 spee* is n[ ! indisp5sable vehicle4 ,&1 z has be5 said1 ?is is h[ man makes progress4 ,we le>n 9 two ways3 by und]go+ & reflect+ on our own exp]i5ces & by read+ & reflect+ on ^? ( o!rs4 ,nei!r ( ^! ways is suffici5t 9 itself4 ,a *ild b\nd h& & foot & conf9$ 9 a d>k room w\ld n be a fit subject = in/ruction1 b nei!r w\ld he rea* a high level if plac$ on a des]t isl& f> f 8 k9d & =c$ to rely solely on 8 own exp]i5ces4 ,! exp]i5ces ( our =ebe>s1 read 9 ! light ( our own2 ! exp]i5ces ( our =ebe>s1 us$ z a />t+-po9t f :i* we may move =w>d to fre% fields--^! we mu/ "k & appreciate if we are to make progress4 ,?is means ! book & its use4 ,books may be us$ 9 ?ree ways--= in=mation1 = recreation1 = inspiration4 ,!re are "s :o feel incl9$ to rely implicitly on ! in=mation t is to be f\nd 9 books--to believe t a book c n lie4 ,?is is an un=tunate /ate ( m9d4 ,! ^w ( an au?or set d[n 9 pr9t is wor? no m ?an :5 he gives x to u 9 spok5 language--no m & no less4 ,!re 01 to be sure1 a "t :5 ! pr9t$ ^w impli$ at lea/ c>e & ?\ghtfulness4 ,x is /ill true t ! book implies some:at m ( ?is ?an ! newspap]1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is becom+ un=tunately less4 ,n[ a wrong record1 if x purports to be a record ( facts1 is worse ?an none at all4 ,! man :o desires to "k ! di/ance betwe5 two t[ns 9 ,texas & is unable to f9d x 9 any book ( ref]5ce may obta9 x at ! co/ ( "s "t & tr\ble2 b if he f9ds x wrongly record$1 he accepts ! result & goes away believ+ a lie4 ,if we are to use books = in=mation1 !re=e1 x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce t we "k :e!r ! in=mation is correct or n4 ,a g5]al critical evaluation ( all lit]ature1 ev5 on ?is score alone1 )\t go+ into ! "q ( lit]>y m]it1 is probably beyond ! possibilities1 al?\gh x has be5 s]i\sly propos$4 ,"s p>tial li/s we h1 & a few li/s ( ^? li/s1 s t we may "k :]e to get at !m4 ,!re are _m books ab\t books1 especially 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory1 te*nology1 or art1 b no "o place to :i* a man may g1 be=e he beg9s to read 8 book1 to f9d out :e!r he may believe :at he reads 9 x4 ,?is is a s]i\s lack1 especially z !re is m ?an "o po9t ( view4 ,books t are ( high excell5ce z lit]ature may n be at all accurate4 ,h[ %all ! boy :o he>s en?usia/ic praise ( ,prescott's hi/ories & :o is spellb\nd :5 he reads !m "k t ! results ( rec5t inve/igation prove t ^? hi/ories give a totally incorrect idea ( ,mexico & ,p]u8 ,h[ is ! future read] ( ,dr4 ,cook's int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,mc,kinley to "k t x has be5 discr$it$8 ,& h[ is he to "k :e!r o!r int]e/+ & well-writt5 hi/ories & books ( travel h n be5 simil>ly prov$ inaccurate8 ,at pres5t1 !re is no way except to g to "o :o kn[s ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 or to read z _m o!r books on ! subject z c be obta9$1 weigh+ "o aga9/ ! o!r & com+ to "o's own conclusions4 ,possibly ! public libr>y may be able to help4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,f4 ,lummis ( ! ,los ,angeles libr>y advocates labell+ books ) :at he calls ,poison ,labels to w>n ! read] :5 !y are inaccurate or untru/wor?y4 ,mo/ libr>ians h hesitat$ a little to take s radical a /ep z ?is1 n s mu* f unwill+ness to assume ! duty ( w>n+ ! public1 z f a feel+ t !y 7 n compet5t to und]take ! critical evaluation ( ! :ole ( ! lit]ature ( special subjects4 ,! libr>ian may "k t ?is or t book is out ( date or n to be dep5d$ on1 b !re are o!rs ab\t :i* he is n c]ta9 or reg>d+ :i* he mu/ rely on :at o!rs tell him4 ,& he kn[s t exp]t te/imony is notori\sly "o-sid$4 ,x is ?is fe> ( act+ z an advocate in/ead ( z a judge t has g5]ally det]r$ ! libr>ian f labell+ 8 books ) notes ( advice or w>n+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason :y ! libr>ian %\ld take sides 9 ! matt]4 ,he may simply po9t out to ! read] t !re are o!r books on ! same subject1 writt5 f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & he may direct att5tion to ^!1 lett+ ! read] draw 8 own conclusions4 ,!re is probability t ! public libr>y 9 ! future w furni% in=mation & guidance ( ?is k9d ab\t books1 m ?an x has done 9 ! pa/4 ,& "h x may be not$ 9 pass+ t ! libr>y is com+ out ( its %ell4 ,x no long] holds itself alo(1 tak+ good c>e ( its books & tak+ little c>e ( ! public t uses !m4 ,x is com+ to realize t ! man & ! book are complem5t>y1 t nei!r is mu* )\t ! o!r1 & t to br+ !m toge!r is its duty4 ,x realizes also t a book is valuable1 n because x is s mu* pap] & ink & ?read & lea!r1 b because x records & pres]ves somebody's ideas4 ,x is ! projection ( a human m9d across space & across "t & :]e x t\*es ano!r human m9d ^? m9ds h come into contact j z truly & ) z valuable results z if ! bodies t held !m /ood face to face 9 actual conv]se4 ,?is is ! miracle ( writt5 spee*--a miracle r5ew$ daily 9 millions ( places ) millions ( read]s4 ,we h1 9 ! mod]n libr>y1 ! v be/ way ( p]petuat+ su* relations z ?is & ( ensur+ t su* z are pres]v$ %all be wor? pres]v+4 ,:5 ! anci5ts desir$ to make an idea c>ry z f> z possible1 !y saw to ! t\ghness & /r5g? ( ! mat]ial object con/itut+ ! record2 !y cut x 9 /one or ca/ x 9 metal1 =gett+ t all matt] is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual flux & *ange2 x is ! idea only t endures4 ,/one & metal w bo? "o day pass away & unless "s "o sees fit to copy ! inscription on a fre% block or tablet1 ! record w be lo/4 ,x is1 !n1 only by cont9ual r5ewal ( its mat]ial basis t a record 9 writt5 language c be made to la/1 & !re is no reason :y ?is r5ewal %\ld n take place e few ye>s1 z well z e few c5turies4 ,!re is ev5 an advantage 9 frequ5t r5ewal2 = ?is ensures t ! value ( ! record %all be m frequ5tly pass$ ^u & prev5ts ! pres]vation ( records t are n wor? keep+4 ,?is pres]vation by frequ5t r5ewal is j :at is tak+ place ) books2 we make !m ( p]i%able mat]ials2 if we want to keep !m1 we repr9t !m2 o!rwise !y decay & are =gott54 ,we %\ld n =get t by ?is plan ! read] is usually made ! judge ( :e!r a book is wor? keep+4 ,:y d we pres]ve by cont9ual repr9t+ ,%akespe>e & ,scott & ,t5nyson & ,haw?orne8 ,! repr9t+ is done by publi%]s z a money-mak+ s*eme4 ,x is pr(itable to !m because !re is a dem& = ^? au?ors4 ,if we cease to c>e = !m & pref] unwor?y writ]s1 ,%akespe>e & ,scott w decay & be =gott5 & ! unwor?y ones w be pres]v$4 ,?us a great responsibility is ?r[n ^u read]s2 s f> !y h judg$ pretty well4 ,j n[1 h[ev]1 we are conf9+ ourselves to ! use ( books = in=mation2 & "h !re is less pres]vation ?an else:]e4 ,especially 9 sci5ce1 /atem5ts & facts quickly become out ( date2 "h x is n ! old b ! new t we want--! new bas$ on ! accurate & endur+ "p ( ! old4 ,be=e we leave ?is "p ( ! subject x may be not$ t _m p]sons h no idea ( ! k9ds ( in=mation t may be obta9$ f books4 ,ev5 ^? :o w\ld unhesitat+ly seek a book = data 9 hi/ory1 art1 or ma!matics w\ld n ?9k ( go+ to books = facts on plumb+1 weav+1 or %oe-mak+1 = me?ods ( %op-w9d[ decoration or ( display-adv]tis+1 = special =ms ( bookkeep+ suitable = factories or = /ock-f>ms--= a ho/ ( facts relat+ to trades1 occupations1 & bus9ess 9 g5]al4 ,yet !re are books ab\t all ^! ?+s--n books p]haps to read = an idle h\r1 b books full ( meat = !m :o want j ?is k9d ( food4 ,if ,book-taught ,bilk9s fails1 aft] try+ to utilize :at su* books h taught him1 x is d\btless because he has previ\sly fail$ to realize t books plus exp]i5ce1 or1 to put x diff]5tly1 ! record$ exp]i5ce ( o!rs plus our own is bett] ?an ei!r c\ld be sep>ately4 ,& ! same is true ( in=mation t calls = no physical action to supplem5t x4 ,books plus ?\ght--! ?\ghts ( o!rs plus our own--are m effective 9 comb9ation ?an ei!r c\ld be by itself4 ,read+ %\ld provoke ?\ght2 ?\ght %\ld sugge/ m read+1 & s on1 until o!rs' ?\ghts & our own h become s completely amalgamat$ t !y are our p]sonal intellectual possessions4 ,b we may n read = in=mation at all--recreation may be :at we are aft]4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,_m p]sons h an idea t if "o reads to amuse himself he mu/ necess>ily read novels4 ,i ?9k mo/ highly ( good novels4 ,n>rative is a popul> =m ( lit]>y expression2 x is us$ by ^? :o wi% to in/ruct z well z to amuse4 ,"o may obta9 pl5ty ( in=mation f novels--(t5 9 a =m n[h]e else available4 ,if we want exact /atem5t1 /ati/ical or o!rwise1 we d n g to fiction = x2 b if we wi% to obta9 :at is (t5 m important--accurate & la/+ g5]al impressions ( hi/ory1 society1 or geography1 ! novel is (t5 ! only place :]e ^! may be _h4 ,likewise1 "o may amuse himself ) hi/ory1 travel1 sci5ce1 or art--ev5 ) ma!matics4 ,! la/ is r>ely writt5 prim>ily to amuse1 al?\gh we h su* a title z ,ma!matical recreations1 b !re are pl5ty ( non-fiction books writt5 = ent]ta9m5t & "o may read = ent]ta9m5t any book :atev]4 ,! result dep5ds n s mu* on ! book or its cont5ts z on ! read]4 ,recreation is n[ recogniz$ z an ess5tial "p ( education4 ,& j z physical recreation consi/s l>gely 9 ! same muscul> movem5ts t con/itute "w1 only 9 diff]5t comb9ations & ) diff]5t ends 9 view1 s m5tal recreation consi/s ( intellectual ex]cise ) a simil> v>iation ( comb9ations & aims4 ,somebody says t play is "w t y don't h to d4 ,s read+ = amusem5t may closely resemble /udy--! only diff]5ce is t x is purely volunt>y4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ! writt5 language is only an int]m$i>y2 we h z be=e1 ! contact ( two m9ds--only "h x is (t5 ! light] contact ( good-fell[%ip4 ,& "o :o reads always = su* recreation is ?us l ! man :o is always b&y+ trivialities1 /ory-tell+1 & je/+--an excell5t1 ev5 a necess>y1 way ( pass+ "p ( "o's "t1 b a mi/ak5 way ( employ+ all ( x4 ,! be/ k9d ( recreation is g5tly /imulat+1 b /imulation may rise easily to abnormality4 ,!re are fiction drunk>ds j z !re are p]sons :o take too mu* alcohol or too mu* c(fee4 ,9 fact1 if "o is s mu* absorb$ by ! ideas t he is assimilat+ t ! process int]f]es ) ! ord9>y duties ( life1 he may be fairly sure t x is injur+ him4 ,if "o loves c(fee or alcohol1 or ev5 c&y1 s de>ly t "o c n give x up1 x is "t to /op us+ x altoge!r4 ,if a read] is s fond ( an excit+ /ory t he c n lay x aside1 s t he sits up late at night read+ x1 or if he c n drop x f 8 m9d :5 he does lay x aside1 b goes on ?9k+ ab\t ! deadly combat betwe5 ! h]o & ,"l ,william ,fitz ,gr\*y :5 he ought to be /udy+ 8 lessons or att5d+ to 8 bus9ess1 x is "t to cut out fiction altoge!r4 ,?is advice has absolutely no?+ to d ) ! quality ( ! fiction4 ,x w n d simply to w>n ! habitual drunk>d t he mu/ be c>eful to take none b ! be/ br&s2 he mu/ drop alcohol altoge!r4 ,if y are a fiction drunk>d1 enhanc$ quality w only enslave y fur!r4 ,?is sort ( use is no m recreation 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w ?an is gambl+1 or dr9k+ to excess1 or smok+ opium4 ,& n[ we come to a use ( books t is m important--lies m at ! root ( ?+s--?an _! use = ei!r in=mation or recreation--_! use = inspiration4 ,"o may get help & inspiration along ) ! o!r two--read+ ab\t h[ to make a box may inspire a boy to g out & make "o himself4 ,x is ?is k9d ( ?+ t %\ld be ! f9al outcome ( e m5tal process4 ,no?+ t goes on 9 ! bra9 is really complete until x ends 9 a motor /imulus4 ,! action1 x is true1 may n foll[ closely2 x may be ! result ( ye>s ( m5tal adju/m5t2 x may ev5 take place 9 ano!r body f ! "o :]e x orig9at$4 ,! man :o tells u h[ to make a box1 & tells x s fasc9at+ly t he sets all 8 read]s to box-mak+1 presumably has made boxes ) 8 own h&s1 b !re may be ^? :o are fitt$ to inspire action 9 o!rs r ?an to und]take x !mselves4 ,& ! l>g] lit]ature ( inspiration is n t :i* urges to specific de$s l box-mak+1 or ev5 to classes ( de$s1 l c>+ = ! sick or improv+ me?ods ( transportation2 r does x include 9 its scope all good ?\ghts & all good actions4 ,x makes bett] m5 & wom5 ( ^? :o read x2 x is revolution>y & evolution>y at ! same "t1 9 ! be/ s5se ( bo? words4 ,:at w ?us inspire me1 d y ask8 ,x w\ld be easy to try to tell y2 x w\ld also be easy to fail4 ,_m h tri$ & fail$4 ,?is is a deeply p]sonal matt]4 ,i c n tell :at book1 or :at passage 9 a book1 w t\* ! magic spr+ t %all make y\r life useful in/ead ( useless1 t %all />t y\r ?\ghts & y\r de$s climb+ up in/ead ( grovell+ or passively wait+4 ,only se>* w reveal x4 ,! diamond-m9] :o expects to be direct$ to ! precise spot :]e he w f9d a gem w nev] pick "o up4 ,only he :o seeks1 f9ds4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 places to look & places to avoid4 ,! peculi> clay 9 :i* diamonds occur is well kn[n to m9]alogi/s4 ,he :o runs across x1 looks = diamonds1 ?\gh he may f9d none4 ,b he :o hunts = !m on ! rock-ribb$ hills ( ,new ,hamp%ire or ! sea-s&s ( ,florida is do+ a fooli% ?+--al?\gh ev5 !re he may conceivably pick up "o t has be5 dropp$ by accid5t4 ,s y may "k :]e x is be/ to g 9 y\r se>* = inspiration f books1 = we "k :]e seek]s 9 ! pa/ h mo/ (t5 f\nd x4 ,he :o c\ld read ! ,bible or ,%akespe>e )\t f9d+ "s ( x is ! exception4 ,x may be look$ = 9 ! great poets--,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 ,*auc]1 ,milton1 ,hugo1 ,keats1 ,goe!2 or ! great hi/orians--,tacitus1 ,h]odotus1 ,froiss>t1 ,macaulay1 ,ta9e1 ,bancr(t2 or 9 ! great travell]s f ,sir ,john ,m&eville d[n1 or 9 biographies l ,boswell's life ( ,johnson1 or 9 books ( sci5ce--,laplace1 ,lagrange1 ,d>w91 ,tyndall1 ,helmholtz2 9 ! lives ( ! great arti/s2 9 ! great novels & romances--,?ack]ay1 ,balzac1 ,haw?orne1 ,dick5s1 ,george ,eliot4 ,yet ea* & all ( ^! may leave y cold & y may pick up y\r gem 9 "s out-(-!-way corn] :]e nei!r y nor anyone else w\ld ?9k ( look+ = x4 ,did y ev] see a c>-conductor fumbl+ ab\t 9 ! d>k ) ! trolley pole1 try+ to hit ! wire8 ,:ile he is pull+ x d[n & lett+ x fly up aga91 mak+ fruitless dabs 9 ! air1 ! c> is d>k & motionless2 9 va9 ! motorman turns 8 controll]1 9 va9 d ! pass5g]s long = light4 ,b soon] or lat] ! pole /rikes ! wire2 d[n x fl[s ! curr5t t 0 !re all ! "t up 9 ! air2 9 a jiffy ! c> is 9 motion & ablaze ) light4 ,s y\r se>* = inspiration 9 lit]ature may be long & unsuccessful2 y are d>k & motionless4 ,b ! life-giv+ curr5t f "s great man's bra9 is fl[+ ?r\gh "s book n f> away4 ,"o day y w make ! connection & y\r life w 9 a trice be fill$ ) light & in/9ct ) action4 ,& be=e we leave ?is subject ( inspiration1 let u dwell = a mom5t on t to be obta9$ f "o's lit]>y sett+ 9 g5]al--f ! totality ( "o's lit]>y associations & impressions1 z di/+ui%$ f t ga9$ f "s specific passage or idea4 ,x has be5 said t x takes two to tell ! tru?2 "o to speak & "o to li/54 ,9 l mann] we may say t two p]sons are necess>y to a great arti/ic int]pretation--"o to create & "o to appreciate4 ,& ( no art is ?is m true ?an x is ( lit]ature4 ,! ?\ght t we are ?us coop]at+ ) ,%akespe>e & ,s*ill] & ,hugo 9 br++ out ! full effect ( _! dea?less conceptions is an inspir+ "o & its consid]ation may aid u 9 realiz+ ! ess5tial on5ess ( ! human race1 s f> z its intellectual life is conc]n$4 ,w\ld y r be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an1 we w say1 ( ,nic>agua8 ,y might be z happy1 z well educat$1 z well (f1 !re z "h4 ,:y d y pref] y\r pres5t /atus8 ,simply & solely because ( associations & relation%ips4 ,if ?is is s5tim5t1 z x d\btless is1 x is ! k9d ( s5tim5t t rules ! _w--x is 9 ! same class z fri5d%ip1 loyalty1 love ( k91 affection = home4 ,! l9ks t b9d u to ! pa/ & ! ?reads t /ret* out into ! future are m satisfactory to u "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! complexity ( its int]e/s = u1 ?an !y w\ld be 9 ,nic>agua1 or ,guam1 or ,icel&4 ,!n ( :at c\ntry 9 ! realm ( lit]ature d y desire to be a citiz58 ,( ! "o :]e ,%akespe>e is k+ & :]e y\r famili> & daily spee* is ) ! great ones ( ?is e>?--^? ^: wise1 witty1 good1 or inspir+ words1 spok5 = c5turies pa/1 h be5 record$ 9 books8 ,or w\ld y pref] to dwell ) triviality & banality--p]haps ) ,laura ,jean ,libbey or ev5 ) ,m>y ,j4 ,holmes1 & ^? a little bett] ?an ^!--or a little worse4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o believe 9 ! be/ associations1 lit]>y z well z social4 ,& associations may h _! effect ev5 if !y are app>5tly trivial or sup]ficial4 ,:5 ! op5-%elf libr>y 0 fir/ introduc$ we 7 told t "o ( its *ief advantages 0 t x enc\rag$ br[s+--! some:at aimless rambl+ ab\t & dipp+ "h & !re into a book4 ,obvi\sly ?is c n be done 9 a clos$-%elf libr>y4 ,b ( late x has be5 sugge/$1 9 "o qu>t] or ano!r1 t al?\gh ?is may be a pleasant occupation to "s1 or ev5 to mo/1 x is n a pr(itable "o4 ,oppon5ts ( ! op5 %elf ( :om !re are /ill "o or two1 "h & !re1 f9d 9 ?is conclusion a reason = negativ+ ! argum5t 9 its favor1 :ile ^? ( its advocates :o accept ?is view see 9 x only a reason = bas+ t argum5t :olly on o!r gr\nds4 ,n[ ^? ( u :o l a ?+ d n reli% be+ told t x is n good = u4 ,we feel t pleasure 0 int5d$ z an outw>d sign ( b5efits receiv$ & al?\gh x may 9 abnormal conditions deceive u1 we are "r 9 dem&+ pro( be=e di/ru/+ its indications4 ,:5 ! c[ absorbs physical nutrim5t by br[s+1 %e does s )\t fur!r reason ?an t %e likes x4 ,does ! absorb] ( m5tal pabulum f books argue wrongly f simil> premises8 ,_m ?+s are ha/ily & wrongly condemn$ because !y d n a*ieve c]ta9 results t !y 7 n int5d$ to a*ieve4 ,& 9 p>ticul>1 :5 a ?+ exi/s 9 sev]al degrees or grades1 "s "o ( ^? grades is (t5 c5sur$1 al?\gh good 9 itself1 because x is n a grade or two high]4 ,obvi\sly ev]y?+ dep5ds on :at is requir$4 ,:5 a %opp] wants j ?ree y>ds ( clo?1 %e w\ld be fooli% to buy f\r4 ,%e w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ev5 m fooli% to imag9e t1 if %e really wi%$ f\r1 ?ree w\ld d j z well4 ,b if a man wants to g to ! eigh? /ory ( a build+1 he %\ld n be condemn$ because he does n m\nt to ! n9?2 if he wi%es a light lun*1 he %\ld n be f\nd fault ) = n ord]+ a sev5-c\rse d9n]4 ,& yet we cont9ually he> p]sons accus$ ( sup]ficiality :o purposely & kn[+ly acquire "s slight degree ( k ( a subject in/ead ( a high] degree4 ,& o!rs are condemn$1 we w say1 = read+ = amusem5t :5 !y might h read = s]i\s in=mation1 )\t inquir+ :e!r amusem5t1 9 ?is in/ance1 0 n precisely :at !y ne$$4 ,x may be1 !re=e1 t br[s+ is productive ( "s good result1 & t x fails to effect "s o!r1 p]haps "s high]1 result :i* its critics h wrongly fix$ ^u z ! "o desirable ?+ 9 ?is connection4 ,:5 a "n embodies a figure ( spee*1 we may (t5 le>n some?+ by foll[+ up ! figure to see h[ f> x holds good4 ,:at does an animal d1 & :at does x n d1 :5 x br[ses8 ,9 ! fir/ place x eats food--fre%1 gr[+ food2 b1 secondly1 x eats ?is food by cropp+ (f ! tips ( ! h]bage1 n tak+ mu* at once1 & aga91 x moves ab\t f place to place1 eat+ n[ "h & n[ !re & !n mak+ selection1 f "o motive or ano!r1 b presumably foll[+ ! dictates ( its own ta/e or fancy4 ,:at does x n d8 ,fir/1 x does n1 f *oice1 eat any?+ bad4 ,secondly1 x does n necess>ily consume all ( its food 9 ?is way4 ,if x f9ds a p>ticul>ly *oice spot1 x may conf9e its fe$+ to t spot2 or1 if its own] sees fit1 he may remove x to ! /able1 :]e x may /& all day & eat :at he *ooses to give x4 ,! b5efits ( br[s+ are1 fir/1 ! n\ri%m5t actually d]iv$ f ! food tak51 c\pl$ ) ! fact t x is tak5 9 small quantities1 & 9 great v>iety2 & secondly1 ! k ( good spots1 obta9$ f ! te/+ ( "o spot aft] ano!r1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole broad pa/ure4 ,n[ ,i submit t our figure ( spee* holds good 9 all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! lit]>y br[s] p>takes ( 8 m5tal food f books & is !reby n\ri%$ & /imulat$2 he takes x "h & !re 9 brief quantities1 mov+ f section to section & f %elf to %elf1 select+ *oice morsels ( lit]ature z fancy may dictate4 ,he does n1 if he is a heal?y read]1 absorb volunt>ily any?+ t w hurt him1 & ?is me?od ( lit]>y absorption does n preclude o!r me?ods ( m5tal n\ri%m5t4 ,he may l a book s mu* t he proce$s to dev\r x :ole1 or 8 sup]iors 9 k may remove him to a place :]e necess>y m5tal food is adm9i/]$ m or less =cibly4 ,& hav+ gone s f> ) our comp>ison1 we %all make no mi/ake if we g a little fur!r & say t ! b5efits ( br[s+ to ! read] are tw(old1 z !y are to ! mat]ial fe$]--! absorption ( actual nutrim5t 9 8 own wilful1 wayw>d mann]--a little at a "t & 9 great v>iety2 & ! k ( good read+ obta9$ f su* a wide te/+ ( ! field4 ,are n ^! real b5efits1 & are !y n desirable8 ,i fe> t our orig9al surmise 0 correct & t br[s+ is condemn$ n = :at x does1 b because x fails to d some?+ t x c\ld n be expect$ to d4 ,( c\rse1 if "o 7 to br[se cont9u\sly he w\ld be unable to fe$ 9 any o!r way4 ,att5dance ^u s*ool or ! cont9u\s read+ ( any book :atev] w\ld be obvi\sly impossible4 ,to avoid misund]/&+1 !re=e1 we w agree at ?is po9t t :atev] may be said "h 9 comm5dation ( br[s+ is on condition t x be occasional & n excessive & t ! normal am\nt ( cont9u\s read+ & /udy proce$ toge!r ) x4 ,hav+ settl$1 !re=e1 t br[s+ is a good ?+ :5 "o does n occupy "o's :ole "t ) x1 let u exam9e its advantages a little m 9 detail4 ,fir/3 ab\t ! m5tal n\ri%m5t t is absorb$ 9 br[s+2 ! specific in=mation1 ! appreciation ( :at is good1 ! intellectual /imulation--n t :i* comes f read+ sugge/$ or guid$ by br[s+1 b f ! actual process itself4 ,i h he>d x /r5u\sly d5i$ t any su* absorption occurs2 ! bits tak5 are too small1 ! motion ( ! br[s] is too rapid1 ! :ole process is too desultory4 ,let u see4 ,9 ! fir/ place a k ( au?ors & titles & ( ! g5]al "* ( _! works is by no means to be despis$4 ,i he>d ! o!r day ( a presumably educat$ woman :o betray$ 9 a conv]sation h] ignorance ( ,om> ,khayyam--n lack ( acqua9tance ) 8 works1 b lack ( k t su* a p]son _h ev] exi/$4 ,if at "s p]iod 9 h] life %e _h held 9 h] h& a copy ( ,! ,rubaiyat1 & _h glanc$ at its back1 )\t ev5 op5+ x1 h[ mu* emb>rassm5t %e might h be5 sp>$6 ,& if1 9 addition1 %e _h glanc$ )9 = j t5 seconds & _h discov]$ t he wrote poetry 9 /anzas ( f\r l9es ea*1 %e w\ld h kn[n z mu* ab\t ,om> z d _m ( ^? :o w\ld contemptu\sly sc(f at h] ignorance4 ,) s brief ef=t may we acquire lit]>y k suffici5t to avoid emb>rassm5t 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,br[s+ 9 a good libr>y1 if ! br[s] has a memory1 w soon equip him ) a wide range ( k ( ?is k9d4 ,nor is su* k to be sne]$ at z sup]ficial4 ,x is all t we "k1 or ne$ to "k1 ab\t scores ( au?ors4 ,"o may nev] /udy high] ma!matics1 b x may be good = him to "k t ,lagrange 0 a ,fr5* au?or :o wrote on analytical me*anics1 t ,euclid 0 a ,greek geomet]1 & t ,hamilton inv5t$ quat]nions4 ,all ?is & va/ly m may be impress$ on ! m9d by an h\r 9 ! ma!matical alcove ( a libr>y ( mod]ate size4 ,& x w d no h>m to a boy to "k t ,b5v5uto ,cell9i wrote 8 autobiography1 ev5 if ! inevitable p]usal ( ! book is delay$ = sev]al ye>s1 or t ,felicia ,hemans1 ,james ,?omson1 & ,rob]t ,h]rick wrote poetry1 indep5d5tly ( famili>ity ) _! works1 or t ,lamia is n some?+ to eat or ,z y l x a popul> novel4 ,in=mation ( ?is k9d is almo/ impossible to acquire f li/s or f oral /atem5t1 :]eas a mom5t's h&l+ ( a book 9 ! concrete may fix x 9 ! m9d = good & all4 ,s f>1 we h n suppos$ t ev5 a ^w ( ! cont5ts has be5 read4 ,:at1 n[1 if a s5t5ce1 a /anza1 a p>agraph1 a page1 passes into ! bra9 ?r\gh ! eye8 ,^? :o measure lit]>y effect by ! ?\s& words or by ! h\r are mak+ a great mi/ake4 ,! lightn+ fla% is ov] 9 a fraction ( a second1 b 9 t "t x may reveal a sc5e ( beauty1 may give ! travell] w>n+ ( ! fatal precipice1 or may %att] ! f>m]'s home into k9dl+ wood4 ,intellectual lightn+ may /rike ! br[s] z he /&s !re book 9 h& be=e ! %elf4 ,a ^w1 a phrase1 may se> into 8 bra9--may turn ! curr5t ( 8 :ole life4 ,& ev5 if no su* epo*-mak+ words meet 8 eye1 9 h[ brief a "t may he read1 dige/1 appreciate1 "s ( ! gems ( lit]ature6 ,leigh ,hunt's ,j5nie kiss$ me w\ld probably take ab\t ?irty seconds2 on a second read+ he w\ld h x by he>t--! joy ( a life-"t4 ,h[ _m meaty epigrams w\ld take z long8 ,! :ole ( ,gray's ,elegy is h>dly beyond ! br[s]'s limit4 ,9 an editorial on ! ,h>v>d ,classics 9 ! ,*icago ev5+ po/1 7,april #bb71 we read1 ! cultural tabloid has v little virtue2444 to ga9 ev]y?+ t a book has to give "o mu/ be subm]g$ 9 x1 saturat$ & absorb$4 ,?is is v mu* l say+1 !re is v little n\ri%m5t 9 a s&wi*2 to get ! full effect ( a lun*eon y mu/ eat ev]y?+ on ! table4 ,x is a truism to say t y c n get ev]y?+ 9 a book )\t read+ all ( x2 b x by no means foll[s t ! virtue ( less ?an ! :ole is negligible4 ,s mu* = ! direct effect ( :at "o may ?us take 91 bit by bit4 ,! indirect effect is ev5 m important4 ,= by sampl+ a :ole lit]ature1 z he does1 he n only gets a bird's-eye view ( x1 b he f9ds out :at he likes & :at he dislikes2 he beg9s to =m 8 ta/e4 ,are y afraid t he w =m x wrong8 ,i am n4 ,we are assum+ t ! libr>y :]e he br[ses is a good "o2 "h is no *ance ( evil1 only a *oice betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( good4 ,& ev5 if ! evil be !re1 x is a/oni%+ h[ ! heal?y m9d w let x slip & fa/5 eag]ly on ! good4 ,w\ld y pref] a ta/e fix$ by someone :o tells ! br[s] :at he ought to l8 ,!n t is n ! read]'s own ta/e at all1 b t ( 8 in=mant4 ,we h too mu* ( ?is sort ( ?+--too _m read]s )\t an atom ( ta/e ( _! own :o w say1 = in/ance1 t !y adore ,george ,m]$i?1 because "s "o has told !m t all intellectual p]sons d s4 ,! man :o frankly loves ,george ,ade & c yet see no?+ 9 ,%akespe>e may "o day discov] ,%akespe>e4 ,! man :o reads ,%akespe>e m]ely because he ?9ks he ought to is hopeless4 ,b :at a triumph1 to /& spell-b\nd by ! art ( a writ] ^: "n y nev] he>d1 & !n discov] t he is "o ( ! great ones ( ! _w6 ,n\ght is comp>able to x except p]haps to pick out all by y\rself 9 ! exhibition ! "o picture t ! exp]ts h *os5 = ! museum or to be able to say y lik$ olives ! fir/ "t y ta/$ !m4 ,:o are y\r favorites8 ,did "s "o guide y to !m or did y f9d !m y\rselves8 ,i w w>rant t 9 _m cases y discov]$ !m & t ?is is :y y love !m4 ,i discov]$ ,de,quincey's romances1 ,pra$'s poetry1 ,brang] 9 ,fr5*1 ,he9e 9 ,g]man1 ,! ,arabian nights1 ,molire1 ,irv+'s ,alhambra1 hundr$s ( o!rs probably4 ,i am sure t ,i love !m all f> m ?an if "s "o _h told me !y 7 good books4 ,if ,i _h be5 oblig$ to read !m 9 s*ool & pass an exam9ation on !m1 ,i %\ld h hat$ !m4 ,! tea*] :o c write an exam9ation pap] on ,gray's ,elegy1 w\ld1 ,i firmly believe1 cut up 8 gr&mo!r alive be=e ! physiology class4 ,& next to ! au?or or ! book t y h discov]$ y\rself comes ! "o t ! discov]] himself--y\r boy or girl fri5d--tells y ab\t4 ,he kn[s a good ?+--%e kn[s x6 ,no s*ool nons5se ab\t t2 no adult misund]/&+4 ,i f\nd out ,poe t way1 & ,?ack]ay's ,major ,gahagan1 & _m o!rs4 ,to g back to our old illu/ration & consid] = a mom5t n ! book b ! m9d1 ! p]sonality ^: ideas x records1 su* association ) books repres5ts association ) "o's fell[m5 9 society--at a reception1 9 s*ool or college1 at a club4 ,"s we pass by ) a nod1 ) "s we ex*ange a ^w2 sometimes !re is a w>m h&grasp2 sometimes a long conv]sation4 ,no matt] :at ! m5tal contact may be1 x has its effects--we are cont9ually ga9+ k1 mak+ new fri5ds1 receiv+ fre% inspiration4 ,! complexion ( ?is k9d ( daily association det]m9es ! ca/ ( "o's m9d1 ! ?or\ghness ( 8 ta/e1 ! usefulness or uselessness ( :at he does4 ,a man is kn[n by ! company he keeps1 because t company =ms him2 he gets f x :at becomes bra9 ( 8 bra9 & s\l ( 8 s\l4 ,& no less is he =m$ by 8 m5tal associations ) ! good & ! great ( all ages :om he meets 9 books & :o talk to him !re4 ,m r ?an less2 = into a book ! writ] puts g5]ally :at is be/ 9 him1 lay+ aside ! pett9ess1 ! triviality1 ! d[nright wick$ness t may h *>act]iz$ him 9 ! fle%4 ,i h (t5 he>d ! comm5t f "o :o _h met face to face a writ] ^: "w he lov$--,oh6 he disappo9t$ me s6 ,h[ disappo9t$ might we be ) ,?ack]ay1 ) ,dick5s1 ev5 ) ,%akespe>e1 c\ld we meet !m 9 ! fle%6 ,n[ !y c n disappo9t u1 = we "k only :at !y h left on record--! be/1 ! mo/ endur+ "p1 purifi$ f :at is gross & e>?ly4 ,9 & among su* company z ?is x is y\r privilege to live & move1 almo/ )\t money & )\t price4 ,?ank ,god = books2 let !m be y\r fri5ds & companions ?r\gh life--= in=mation1 = recreation1 b above all = inspiration4 ,,atomic ,,!ories ,,( ,,en]gy#f #f ,read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,a !ory involv+ "s sort ( a discrete or discont9u\s /ructure ( en]gy has be5 put =w>d by ,pr(4 ,max ,planck ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,! v>i\s aspects ( ?is !ory are discuss$ & elaborat$ by ! late ,m4 ,h5ri ,po9c> 9 a pap] entitl$ ,l',hypo?se des ,quanta1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique 7,p>is1 ,feb4 #ba1 #aiab74 ,a pap] 9 :i* a discont9u\s or atomic /ructure ( en]gy 0 sugge/$ 0 prep>$ by ! pres5t writ] fifte5 ye>s ago b rema9s unpubli%$ = reasons t w appe> lat]4 ,al?\gh he has no desire to put 9 a claim ( priority & is well aw>e t failure to publi% w\ld put any su* claim out ( c\rt1 x seems to him t 9 connection ) pres5t radical developm5ts 9 physical !ory ! pap]1 toge!r ) "s correspond5ce relat+ !reto1 has hi/orical int]e/4 ,planck's !ory 0 sugge/$ by !rmodynamical consid]ations4 ,9 ! pap] n[ to be quot$ ! matt] 0 approa*$ f ! /&po9t ( a crit]ion = det]m9+ ! id5tity ( two portions ( matt] or ( en]gy4 ,! pap] is z foll[s3 ,"s ,consid]ation on ! ,id5tity ( ,def9ite ,portions ( ,en]gy ,x has be5 rem>k$ rec5tly t physici/s are n[ divid$ into two oppos+ s*ools accord+ to ! way 9 :i* !y view ! subject ( en]gy1 "s reg>d+ x z a m]e ma!matical ab/raction & o!rs look+ ^u x z a physical entity1 fill+ space & cont9u\sly migrat+ by def9ite pa?s f "o place to ano!r4 ,x may be add$ t !re are num]\s factions )9 ^! two p>ties2 = in/ance1 n all ( ^? :o consid] en]gy to be some?+ m ?an a m]e ma!matical expression w\ld ma9ta9 t a giv5 quantity ( x reta9s its id5tity j z a giv5 quantity ( matt] does4 ,9 fact a close analysis w\ld possibly %[ t op9ions are grad$ v closely & cont9u\sly f a view h>dly diff]+ f t ( ,lagrange1 :o cle>ly saw & freely us$ ! ma!matical consid]ations involv+ en]gy be=e ! ^w _h be5 inv5t$ or its physical mean+ develop$1 up to t /at$ rec5tly 9 its extreme =m by ,pr(essor ,o/wald1 :o w\ld replace :at he t]ms a me*anical !ory ( ! univ]se by an en]getical !ory1 & w\ld dwell exclusively on en]gy z oppos$ to its vehicles4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion ( ?is sort v frequ5tly r$uce to diff]5ces ( def9ition1 & 9 ?is case ! mean+ ( ! ^w id5tity or "s simil> ^w or phrase has und\bt$ly mu* to d ) ! view t is tak5 ( ! matt]4 ,x may be int]e/+1 = in/ance1 to look = a mom5t at our ideas ( ! id5tity ( matt] & ! ext5t to :i* !y are influ5c$ by ! accept$ !ory ( its con/itution4 ,v few p]sons w\ld hesitate to admit t ! matt] t n[ con/itutes ! univ]se is id5tical 9 am\nt ) t :i* con/itut$ x "o million ye>s ago1 & t any giv5 portion ( t matt] is id5tical ) an equal am\nt ( matt] t !n exi/$1 al?\gh ! situations ( ! p>ts ( t portion might be & probably 7 widely diff]5t 9 ! two classes4 ,to ass]t ?is is ( c\rse a v diff]5t ?+ f ass]t+ t ! id5tity ( ! two portions or any p>ts !re( c\ld h be5 practically %[n by foll[+ !m dur+ all _! *anges ( location or /ate4 ,t _c be done ev5 9 ! case ( "s simple *anges t are effect$ 9 a fraction ( a second4 ,= in/ance1 if wat] f ! pail ,a be mix$ ) wat] f ! pail ,b !re is no possible way ( tell+ :i* pail any giv5 portion ( ! mixture came f or 9 :at proportions1 yet x is c]ta9 t su* portion is id5tical ) a portion ( equal mass t rec5tly occupi$ "p ( "o or bo? pails4 ,h[ f> our c]ta9ty z to ?is is influ5c$ by our ideas reg>d+ ! ultimate con/itution ( ! wat] is wor?y ( inve/igation4 ,all :o accept ! molecul> !ory1 = in/ance1 w reg>d our inability to trace ! elem5ts ( a mixture z due to purely physical limitations4 ,a set ( ,maxwell's demons if bidd5 to wat* ! molecules ( ! wat] 9 pail ,a1 "o demon be+ assign$ to ea* molecule1 w\ld be able to tell u at any "t ! precise proportions ( any giv5 "p ( ! mixture4 ,b if we %\ld n accept ! molecul> !ory & believe = in/ance1 t wat] is a cont9uum1 absolutely homog5e\s1 no matt] h[ small portions ( x be select$1 !n our demons w\ld be z p[]less z we ourselves n[ are to trace ! con/itu5ts 9 ! mixture4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to ask ! "q3 ,is ! matt] 9 a mixture ( two cont9ua id5tical ) t ( its con/itu5ts8 ,! id5tity c]ta9ly seems ( a diff]5t k9d or degree f t :i* obta9s 9 ! fir/ case1 = !re is no "p1 h[ev] small1 t 0 d]iv$ f "o pail alone4 ,! mixture is some?+ m ?an a m]e juxtaposition ( elem5ts ea* ( :i* has reta9$ its id5tity2 x is n[ ( su* nature t no "p ( x is id5tical ) any "p ( ,a alone or ( ,b alone1 nor ( ,a,b1 :]e ! sign d5otes simple juxtaposition4 ,x is id5tical1 to be sure1 ) a p]fect mixture ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,a & ,b1 b ?is is simply say+ t x is id5tical ) :at x is n[1 t is1 ) itself1 n ) some?+ t w5t be=e4 ,probably no "o n[ believes t wat] or any o!r k9d ( matt] is a cont9uum1 b ! be>+ ( :at has be5 said may be se5 :5 we rememb] t ?is is precisely ! pres5t /age ( our belief reg>d+ en]gy4 ,no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has v5tur$ to sugge/ :at may be t]m$ a molecul> !ory ( en]gy1 a some:at rem>kable fact :5 we consid] ! control n[ ex]cis$ ov] all ?\ght 9 physics by molecul> !ories ( matt]4 ,:ile we n[ believe1 = in/ance1 t a mat]ial body1 say a cry/al1 c by no possibility increase cont9u\sly 9 mass1 b mu/ d s /ep by /ep1 ! m9imum mass ( matt] t c be add$ be+ ! molecule1 we believe on ! contr>y t ! en]gy possess$ by ! same body c & may increase ) absolutely p]fect cont9uity1 be+ hamp]$ by no su* re/riction4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to discuss :e!r we h gr\nds = belief t !re is su* a ?+ z a m9imum quantity1 or atom1 ( en]gy1 t does n sep>ate into small] p>ts1 no matt] :at *anges x und]goes4 ,suffice x to say t !re appe>s to be no a priori absurdity 9 su* an idea4 ,at fir/ sight bo? matt] & en]gy appe> non-molecul> 9 /ructure4 ,b we h be5 =c$ to look ^u ! gradual gr[? ( a cry/al z a /ep-by-/ep process1 & we may "s day1 by equally cog5t consid]ations1 be =c$ to reg>d ! gradual increase ( en]gy ( an accel]at+ body z also a /ep-by-/ep process1 al?\gh ! discont9uity is z invisible to ! eye 9 ! latt] case z 9 ! =m]4 ,)\t foll[+ ?is out any f>!r1 h[ev]1 ! po9t may be "h emphasiz$ t x is h>dly possible = "o :o1 l ! majority ( physici/s1 reg>ds matt] z molecul> & en]gy z a cont9uum1 to hold ! same ideas reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,ef=ts to %[ t def9ite portions ( en]gy1 l def9ite portions ( matt]1 reta9 _! id5tity h hi!rto be5 made *iefly on ! l9es ( a demon/ration t en]gy travels by def9ite & cont9u\s pa?s 9 space j z matt] does4 ,?is is v well1 b x w\ld appe> to be necess>y to supplem5t x ) evid5ce to %[ t ! l9es repres5t+ ^! pa?s d n =m at _! int]sections cont9u\s blurs t n only =bid any practical attempt at id5tification on em]g5ce1 b make x d\btful :e!r we c 9 any true s5se call ! issu+ pa? id5tical ) ! ent]+ "o4 ,o!rwise ! id5tity ( en]gy c be admitt$ to be only t k9d ( id5tity t c\ld be pres]v$ by matt] if its molecul> /ructure did n exi/4 ,"o :o c admit t ?is sort ( id5tity is ! same sort t c be pres]v$ by molecul> matt] may be able to hold ! id5tity ( en]gy 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! evid5ce1 b ! pres5t attitude ( physici/s w\ld seem to %[ t1 :e!r !y realize ! connection ( ! two subjects or n1 !y _c take ?is view4 ,9 o!r words1 mod]n views ( ! id5tity ( matt] seem closely connect$ ) mod]n views ( its /ructure1 & ! same connection w d\btless hold good = en]gy4 ,reg>d+ ! probable success ( an attempt to prove t en]gy has a /ructure analog\s to ! molecul> /ructure ( matt]1 any pr$iction w\ld d\btless be ra% j n[4 ,! writ] has be5 unable1 up to ! pres5t "t1 to disprove ! proposition1 b ! subject is "o ( correspond+ importance to t ( ! :ole molecul> !ory ( matt] & %\ld n be ent]$ ^u lightly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! writ] freely ackn[l$ges at pres5t t ! illu/rations 9 ! =ego+ are badly *os5 & "s ( ! /atem5ts are too /rong1 b x /ill repres5ts ess5tially 8 ideas on ! subject4 ,no reputable sci5tific j\rnal w\ld und]take to publi% x4 ,! pap] 0 !n s5t to ,pr(4 ,j4 ,will>d ,gibbs ( ,yale1 & elicit$ ! foll[+ lett] f him3 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,june #b1 #ahig4 ,,my ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,bo/wick3 ,i regret t ,i h all[$ y\r lett] to lie s long unansw]$4 ,x 0 9 fact n v easy to answ]1 & :5 "o lays a lett] aside to answ]1 ! weeks slip away v fa/4 ,i d n ?9k t y /ate ! matt] q "r 9 reg>d to ! mixture ( fluids if !y 7 cont9u\s4 ,! mix+ ( wat] z ,i reg>d x w\ld be l ?is1 if x 7 cont9u\s & n molecul>4 ,suppose y %\ld take /rips ( :ite & r$ glass & heat !m until s(t & twi/ !m toge!r4 ,keep on draw+ !m out & d\bl+ !m up & twi/+ !m toge!r4 ,x w\ld soon require a microscope to di/+ui% ! r$ & :ite glass1 :i* w\ld be drawn out into ?9n] & ?9n] filam5ts if ! matt] 7 cont9u\s4 ,b x w\ld be always only a matt] ( optical p[] to di/+ui% p]fectly ! portion ( r$ & :ite glass4 ,! /irr+ up ( wat] f two pails w\ld n really mix !m b only entangle filam5ts f ! pails4 ,to come to ! case ( en]gy4 ,all our ideas conc]n+ en]gy seem to require t x is capable ( gradual increase4 ,?us ! en]gy due to velocity c increase cont9u\sly if velocity c4 ,s9ce ! en]gy is z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 if ! velocity c only increase discont9u\sly by equal increm5ts1 ! en]gy ( ! body w increase by unequal increm5ts 9 su* a way z to make ! ex*ange ( en]gy betwe5 bodies a v awkw>d matt] to adju/4 ,b ap>t f ! "q ( ! increase ( en]gy by discont9u\s increm5ts1 ! "q ( relative & absolute motion makes x v h>d to give a p>ticul> position to en]gy1 s9ce ! 'en]gy' we speak ( 9 any case is n "o quantity b may be int]pret$ 9 a great _m ways4 ,take ! important case ( two equal ela/ic balls4 ,"o1 mov+1 /rikes ! o!r at re/1 we say1 & gives x ne>ly all its en]gy4 ,b we h no "r to call "o ball at re/ & we c n say 7z any?+ absolute7 :i* ( ! balls has lo/ & :i* has ga9$ en]gy4 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z absolute en]gy ( motion x is some?+ entirely unkn[able to u4 ,take ! sol> sy/em1 suppos$ isolat$4 ,we may take z our orig9 ( coord9ates ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! sy/em4 ,or we may take an orig9 ) respect to :i* ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! sol> sy/em has any 7con/ant7 velocity4 ,! k9etic en]gy ( ! e>?1 = example1 may h any value :atev]1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy w hold 9 any case = ! :ole sol> sy/em4 ,b ! %ift+ ( en]gy f "o planet to ano!r w take place entirely diff]5tly :5 we e/imate ! en]gies ) ref]5ce to diff]5t orig9s4 ,x does n seem to me t y\r ideas fit 9 ) :at we "k ab\t nature4 ,if y ask my advice1 ,i %\ld n advise y to try to publi% !m4 ,at be/ y w\ld be ent]+ into a discussion 7p]haps n 9 bad company7 9 :i* words w\ld play a great] "p ?an precise ideas4 ,?is is ! way ,i feel ab\t x4 ,i rema91 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,j4,w4 ,,gibbs4 ,pr(essor ,gibbs's criticism ( ! illu/ration ( wat]-mixture is evid5tly j4 ,ano!r might well h be5 us$ :]e ! ?+s mix$ are n mat]ial--= in/ance1 ! value ( money deposit$ 9 a bank4 ,if ,a & ,b ea* deposits #ajj to ,c's cr$it & ,c !n draws #aj1 !re is evid5tly no way ( det]m9+ :at "p ( x came f ,a & :at f ,b4 ,! /ructure ( value1 9 o!r words1 is p]fectly cont9u\s4 ,pr(essor ,gibbs's objections to an atomic !ory ( ! /ructure ( en]gy are mo/ int]e/+4 ,! difficulties t x involves are n ov]/at$4 ,9 #ahig !y made x unnecess>y1 b s9ce t "t consid]ations h be5 br\ght =w>d1 & g5]ally recogniz$1 :i* may make x necess>y to brave ^? difficulties4 ,planck's !ory 0 sugge/$ by ! app>5t necessity ( modify+ ! g5]ally accept$ !ory ( /ati/ical equilibrium involv+ ! s call$ law ( equip>tition1 enunciat$ fir/ = gases & ext5d$ to liquids & solids4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! k9etic !ory fixes ! numb] ( degrees ( fre$om ( ea* gase\s molecule1 :i* w\ld be ?ree = argon1 = in/ance1 & five = oxyg54 ,b :at prev5ts ei!r f hav+ ! six degrees to :i* ord9>y me*anical !ory entitles x8 ,fur!rmore1 ! oxyg5 spectrum has m ?an five l9es1 & ! molecule mu/ !re=e vibrate 9 m ?an five modes4 ,:y1 asks ,po9c>1 d c]ta9 degrees ( fre$om appe> to play no "p "h2 :y are !y1 s to speak1 'ankylos$'8 ,aga91 suppose a sy/em 9 /ati/ical equilibrium1 ea* "p ga9+ on an av]age1 9 a %ort "t1 exactly z mu* z x loses4 ,if ! sy/em consi/s ( molecules & e!r1 z ! =m] h a f9ite numb] ( degrees ( fre$om & ! latt] an inf9ite numb]1 ! unmodifi$ law ( equip>tition w\ld require t ! e!r %\ld f9ally appropriate all en]gy1 leav+ none ( x to ! matt]4 ,to escape ?is conclusion we h ,rayleigh's law t ! radiat$ en]gy1 = a giv5 wave l5g?1 is proportional to ! absolute temp]ature1 & = a giv5 temp]ature is 9 inv]se ratio to ! f\r? p[] ( ! wave-l5g?4 ,?is is f\nd by ,planck to be exp]im5tally unv]ifiable1 ! radiation be+ less = small wave-l5g?s & l[ temp]atures1 ?an ! law requires4 ,/ill aga91 ! specific heats ( solids1 in/ead ( be+ s5sibly con/ant at all temp]atures1 are f\nd to dim9i% rapidly 9 ! l[ temp]atures n[ available 9 liquid air or hydrog5 & app>5tly t5d to disappe> at absolute z]o4 ,all takes place1 says ,po9c>1 z if ^! molecules lo/ "s ( _! degrees ( fre$om 9 cool+--z if "s ( _! articulations froze at ! limit4 ,planck attempts to expla9 ^! facts by introduc+ ! idea ( :at he calls quanta ( en]gy4 ,to quote f ,po9c>'s pap]3 ,h[ %\ld we picture a radiat+ body8 ,we "k t a ,h]tz resonator s5ds into ! e!r ,h]tzian waves t are id5tical ) lum9\s waves2 an inc&esc5t body mu/ !n be reg>d$ z conta9+ a v great numb] ( t9y resonators4 ,:5 ! body is heat$1 ^! resonators acquire en]gy1 />t vibrat+ & consequ5tly radiate4 ,planck's hypo!sis consi/s 9 ! supposition t ea* ( ^! resonators c acquire or lose en]gy only by abrupt jumps1 9 su* a way t ! /ore ( en]gy t x possesses mu/ always be a multiple ( a con/ant quantity1 :i* he calls a 'quantum'--mu/ be compos$ ( a :ole numb] ( quanta4 ,?is indivisible unit1 ?is quantum1 is n ! same = all resonators2 x is 9 inv]se ratio to ! wave-l5g?1 s t resonators ( %ort p]iod c take 9 en]gy only 9 l>ge pieces1 :ile ^? ( long p]iod c absorb or give x out by small bits4 ,:at is ! result8 ,great ef=t is necess>y to agitate a %ort-p]iod resonator1 s9ce ?is requires at lea/ a quantity ( en]gy equal to its quantum1 :i* is great4 ,! *ances are1 !n1 t ^! resonators w keep quiet1 especially if ! temp]ature is l[1 & x is = ?is reason t !re is relatively little %ort-wave radiation 9 'black radiation'444 ,! dim9ution ( specific-heats is expla9$ simil>ly3 ,:5 ! temp]ature falls1 a l>ge numb] ( vibrators fall bel[ _! quantum & cease to vibrate1 s t ! total en]gy dim9i%es fa/] ?an ! old !ories require4 ,"h we h ! g]ms ( an atomic !ory ( en]gy4 ,z ,po9c> n[ po9ts out1 ! tr\ble is t ! quanta are n con/ant4 ,9 8 /udy ( ! matt] he notes t ! "w ( ,pr(4 ,wilhelm ,wi51 ( ,wrzburg1 leads by !ory to precisely ! conclusion ann\nc$ by ,planck t if we are to hold to ! accept$ ideas ( /ati/ical equilibrium ! en]gy c v>y only by quanta inv]sely proportional to wave-l5g?4 ,! me*anical prop]ty ( ! resonators imag9$ by ,planck is !re=e precisely t :i* ,wi5's !ory requires4 ,if we are to suppose atoms ( en]gy1 !re=e1 !y mu/ be v>iable atoms4 ,!re are o!r objections :i* ne$ n be t\*$ ^u "h1 ! :ole !ory be+ 9 a v e>ly /age4 ,to quote ,po9c> aga93 ,! new conception is s$uctive f a c]ta9 /&po9t3 = "s "t ! t5d5cy has be5 t[>d atomism4 ,matt] appe>s to u z =m$ ( indivisible atoms2 electricity is no long] cont9u\s1 n inf9itely divisible4 ,x resolves itself into equally-*>g$ electrons2 we h also n[ ! magneton1 or atom ( magnetism4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! quanta appe> z atoms ( en]gy4 ,un=tunately ! comp>ison may n be pu%$ to ! limit2 a hydrog5 atom is really inv>iable4444 ,! electrons pres]ve _! individuality amid ! mo/ div]se vicissitudes1 is x ! same ) ! atoms ( en]gy8 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ?ree quanta ( en]gy 9 a resonator ^: wave-l5g? is #c2 ?is passes to a second resonator ^: wave-l5g? is #e2 x n[ repres5ts n #c b #e quanta1 s9ce ! quantum ( ! new resonator is small] & 9 ! trans=mation ! numb] ( atoms & ! size ( ea* has *ang$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we replace ! atom ( en]gy by an atom ( action1 ^! atoms may be consid]$ equal & inv>iable4 ,! :ole /udy ( !rmodynamic equilibrium has be5 r$uc$ by ! ,fr5* ma!matical s*ool to a "q ( probability4 ,! probability ( a cont9u\s v>iable is obta9$ by consid]+ elem5t>y indep5d5t doma9s ( equal probability4444 ,9 ! classic dynamics we use1 to f9d ^! elem5t>y doma9s1 ! !orem t two physical /ates ( :i* "o is ! necess>y effect ( ! o!r are equally probable4 ,9 a physical sy/em if we repres5t by q "o ( ! g5]aliz$ coord9ates & by p ! correspond+ mom5tum1 accord+ to ,li\ville's !orem ! doma9 d\ble integraldpdq1 consid]$ at giv5 in/ant1 is inv>iable ) respect to ! "t if p & q v>y accord+ to ,hamilton's equations4 ,on ! o!r h& p & q may1 at a giv5 in/ant take all possible values1 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! elem5t>y doma9 is inf9itely small1 ( ! magnitude dpdq4444 ,! new hypo!sis has = its object to re/rict ! v>iability ( p & q s t ^! v>iables w only *ange by jumps4444 ,?us ! numb] ( elem5t>y doma9s ( probability is r$uc$ & ! ext5t ( ea* is augm5t$4 ,! hypo!sis ( quanta ( action consi/s 9 suppos+ t ^! doma9s are all equal & no long] inf9itely small b f9ite & t = ea* d\ble integraldpdq equals h1 h be+ a con/ant4 ,put a little less ma!matically1 ?is simply means t z en]gy equals action multipli$ by frequ5cy1 ! fact t ! quantum ( en]gy is proportional to ! frequ5cy 7or inv]sely to ! wave-l5g? z /at$ above7 is due simply to ! fact t ! quantum ( action is con/ant--a real atom4 ,! g5]al effect on our physical conceptions1 h[ev]1 is ! same3 we h a purely discont9u\s univ]se--discont9u\s n only 9 matt] b 9 en]gy & ! fl[ ( "t4 ,m4 ,po9c> ?us puts x3 ,a physical sy/em is susceptible only ( a f9ite numb] ( di/9ct /ates2 x leaps f "o ( ^! to ! next )\t pass+ ?r\gh any cont9u\s s]ies ( int]m$iate /ates4 ,he notes lat]3 ,! univ]se1 !n1 leaps sudd5ly f "o /ate to ano!r2 b 9 ! int]val x mu/ rema9 immovable1 & ! div]s in/ants dur+ :i* x keeps 9 ! same /ate c no long] be discrim9at$ f "o ano!r2 we ?us rea* a conception ( ! discont9u\s v>iation ( "t--! atom ( "t4 ,i quote 9 conclusion1 ,po9c>'s f9al rem>ks3 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! "q is ?us z foll[s3 ! old !ories1 :i* hi!rto seem$ to acc\nt = all ! kn[n ph5om5a1 h met ) an unexpect$ ob/acle4 ,seem+ly a modification becomes necess>y4 ,a hypo!sis has pres5t$ itself to ,m4 ,planck's m9d1 b s /range a "o t "o is tempt$ to seek e means ( escap+ x2 ^! means1 h[ev]1 h be5 s\ght va9ly4 ,! new !ory1 h[ev]1 raises a ho/ ( difficulties1 _m ( :i* are real & n simply illusions due to ! indol5ce ( our m9ds1 unwill+ to *ange _! modes ( ?\ght4444 ,is discont9uity to reign ?r\gh out ! physical univ]se1 & is its triumph def9itive8 ,or r %all we f9d t x is b app>5t & hides a s]ies ( cont9u\s processes8444 ,to try to give an op9ion j n[ on ^! que/ions w\ld only be to wa/e ink4 ,x only rema9s to call att5tion aga9 to ! fact t ?is conception ( ! discont9uity ( en]gy1 ! acceptance ( :i* ,po9c> says w\ld be ! mo/ pr(\nd revolution t natural philosophy has und]gone s9ce ,newton 0 sugge/$ by ! pres5t writ] fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,its reception & s]i\s consid]ation by "o ( ! fir/ ma!matical physici/s ( ! _w seems a suffici5t ju/ification ( its sugge/ion !n z a legitimate sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,,! ,,adv]tisem5t ,,( ,,ideas ,writ+ is a device = ! /orage ( ideas--! only device = ?is purpose prior to ! inv5tion ( ! phonograph1 & n n[ likely to be g5]ally sup]s$$4 ,a book consi/s ( /or$ ideas2 sometimes x is l a box1 f :i* ! cont5ts mu/ be lift$ sl[ly & ) m or less toil2 sometimes l a /orage batt]y :]e "o only has to make ! "r k9d ( contact to get a dis*>ge4 ,at any rate1 if we want p to use books or to use !m m1 or to use !m bett]1 or to use a diff]5t k9d f t :i* !y n[ use1 we mu/ lose sight = a mom5t ( ! mat]ial "p ( ! book1 :i* is only ! box or ! lead & acid ( ! /orage batt]y1 & fix our att5tion on ! /or$ ideas1 :i* are :at ev]ybody wants--ev]ybody1 t is1 except ^? :o collect books z curiosities4 ,! subject ( ?is lecture is ?us only libr>y adv]tis+1 ab\t :i* we h he>d a good deal ( late1 b we %all try to conf9e its applications to ?is inn] or ideal sub/ance :i* x is our special bus9ess z libr>ians to purvey4 ,& fir/1 9 consid]+ ! matt]1 x may be wor? :ile to say a ^w ab\t adv]tis+ 9 g5]al4 ,practically an adv]tisem5t is an ann\ncem5t by somebody :o has some?+ to di/ribute4 ,ann\ncem5ts ( ?is k9d may be classifi$1 x seems to me1 z economic1 uneconomic & illegitimate4 ,! mo/ elem5t>y =m is t ( ! p]son :o tells y :]e y c get some?+ t y want--a simple /atem5t t someone is a b>b] or an inn-keep]1 or gives music lessons1 or has %oes = sale4 ,?is may be accompani$ by an ef=t to %[ t ! goods (f]$ are ( specially good quality or h "s feature t makes !m p>ticul>ly desirable1 ei!r to consum]s 9 g5]al or to ^? ( a c]ta9 class4 ,?is is all surely economic1 s long z no?+ b ! tru? is told4 ,next we h an ef=t n only to supply exi/+ wants & to direct !m into "s p>ticul> *annel1 b to create a new field1 to make p realize a lack previ\sly n felt2 9 o!r words to make p want some?+ t !y ne$4 ,?is may be done simply by exhibit+ or describ+ ! article or x may require long & skillful pres5tation ( ! matt]4 ,all ?is is /ill economic4 ,b x requires only a /ep to c>ry u across ! l9e4 ,next ! en?usia/ic adv]tis] /rives to make someone want t :i* he does n ne$4 ,z may be se51 ! l9e "h is difficult to det]m9e1 b ?is sort ( adv]tis+ is surely n economic4 ,s long z ! ?+ n ne$$ is n really injuri\s1 h[ev]1 ! adv]tis+ _c be call$ illegitimate4 ,x is simply uneconomic4 ,! _w w\ld be bett] (f )\t x1 b we may look = its abolition only to ! increase ( good judgm5t & intellig5ce among consum]s4 ,:5 an attempt h[ev]1 is made to cause a man to want some?+ t is really injuri\s1 !n ! act becomes illegitimate & %\ld be prev5t$4 ,ano!r class ( illegitimate adv]tis+ is t :i* w\ld be p]fectly all[able if x 7 tru?ful & becomes objectionable only because its repres5tations are false4 ,x may be o/5sibly ( any ( ! types not$ above4 ,z we h already not$1 ! mat]ial objects di/ribut$ by ! libr>ian are valu$ n = _! physical *>act]i/ics b = a diff]5t reason altoge!r1 ! fact t !y conta9 /or$ ideas4 ,ideas :i*1 accord+ to "s1 are m]ely ! relative positions ( mat]ial p>ticles 9 ! bra91 & :i* are indisputably accompani$ & condition$ by su* positions1 "h subsi/ 9 ! =m ( peculi> & visible arrangem5ts ( p>ticles ( pr9t]'s ink ^u pap]1 :i* are capable "u c]ta9 conditions ( g5]at+ 9 ! human bra9 ideas precisely simil> to ^? t gave !m bir?4 ,& al?\gh ! book _c ?9k = itself1 b mu/ m]ely pres]ve ! idea intru/$ to x1 )\t *ange1 x is va/ly sup]ior 9 /ability to ! bra9 t gave x bir?1 s t ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] t bra9 has m\ld]$ into du/ x is capable ( reproduc+ ! orig9al ideas 9 a second bra9 :]e !y may g]m9ate & be> fruit4 ,h[ famili> all ?is is1 & yet h[ p]5nially wond]ful6 ,! miracle ( x is suffici5t excuse = ?is digression4 ,n[ books1 beside ?is mod]n =m ( di/ribution by loan1 are widely di/ribut$ comm]cially bo? by loan & by sale1 & especially 9 ! latt] =m adv]tisem5t is n[ v ext5sively us$ 9 connection ) ! di/ribution4 ,9 fact we h all ! diff]5t types specifi$ above--economic1 uneconomic & illegitimate1 bo? ?r\gh misrepres5tation & ! h>mful "* ( ! subject matt]4 ,! reason = all illegitimate =ms ( adv]tis+ is ( c\rse n a desire to misrepres5t or to d h>m p] se1 b to make money1 ! pr(it to ! di/ributor be+ proportion$ to ! am\nt ( di/ribution done & n at all dep5d5t on its economic value4 ,di/ribution by public (fic]s is ( c\rse n op5 to ?is objection1 nor are ! di/ributors subject to temptation1 s9ce _! comp5sation does n dep5d on ! am\nt ( di/ribution4 ,if !y are capable & int]e/$1 fur!rmore1 !y are p>ticul>ly desir\s to increase ! economic value ( ! "w t !y are do+4 ,s9ce ?is is s & s9ce ! dang] ( uneconomic or h>mful =ms ( adv]tis+ is ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum1 !re w\ld seem to be special reason :y ! economic =ms %\ld be employ$ v freely4 ,b ! fact is t !y h be5 us$ sp>+ly1 & by "s libr>ians %unn$ altoge!r4 ,let u see :at libr>y adv]tis+ ( ! economic types may mean4 ,9 ! fir/ place x means tell+ ^? :o want books :]e !y may get !m4 ,?is simple task is r>ely p]=m$ completely or satisfactorily4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m inhabitants ( a l>ge t[n d n ev5 "k :]e ! public libr>y is4 ,ev]yone realizes ?is :o has ev] tri$ to f9d a public libr>y 9 a /range place4 ,i once ask$ repeat$ly ( pass]s-by 9 a cr[d$ city /reet a block di/ant f a libr>y 79 ?is case n ar*itecturally conspicu\s7 be=e f9d+ "o :o knew its :]eab\ts2 9 ano!r city ,i inquir$ 9 va9 ( a conductor :o pass$ ! build+ e few h\rs 9 8 c>4 ,9 ! latt] case ! libr>y 0 a beautiful /ructure calculat$ to move ! curiosity ( a less /olid citiz54 ,9 ,new ,york inquiry w\ld probably cause y to rea* ! ne>e/ bran* libr>y1 any?+ m remote ?an t be+ beyond ! local intellig5ce4 ,sometimes ,i ?9k we _h bett] drop all our f>-rea*+ plans = civic bett]m5t & devote our "t = a few ye>s to caus+ citiz5s1 lett]$ & unlett]$ alike to memorize "s su* simple =mula z ?is3 ,!re is a ,public ,libr>y4 ,x is on ,blank /reet4 ,we may borr[ books !re1 free4 ,y w notice t ,i h ins]t$ 9 ?is =mula "o item ( in=mation t p]ta9s to use1 n location4 ,= ( ^? :o "k ( ! exi/5ce & location ( ! ,public ,libr>y !re are _m ^: ideas ( its cont5ts & _! uses1 & ( ! conditions & value ( su* uses1 are limit$ & crude4 ,! adv]tis+ t succe$s 9 bett]+ ?is /ate ( ?+s is surely do+ an economic s]vice4 ,all ^! ?+s ! self-respect+ citiz5 %\ld "k4 ,b beyond & above all ?is !re is ! f9al economic s]vice ( adv]tis+--! caus+ a man to want t :i* he ne$s b does n yet desire4 ,e man1 woman & *ild 9 e t[n & village ne$s books 9 "s %ape1 degree1 =m or sub/ance4 ,& yet ! proportion ( ^? :o desire !m is yet outrage\sly small1 ?\gh enc\rag+ly on ! increase4 ,"h no memoriz+ ( a =mula1 ev5 c\ld we compass x1 c\ld suffice4 ,?is k9d ( adv]tis+ means ! realization ( some?+ lack+ 9 a life4 ,is ! awak5+ ( su* a realization too mu* = u8 ,are we to /& by & see our neighbors all ab\t u awak5+ to ! und\bt$ fact t !y ne$ telephones 9 _! h\ses1 & electric runab\ts1 & me*anical fans 9 hot wea!r1 & pianolas1 & new k9ds ( breakfa/ food1 :ile we despair ( awak5+ !m to _! ne$s ( books--q z und\bt$8 ,are we to admit t p]sonal ga91 :i* 0 ! victori\s motive t spurr$ on ! comm]cial adv]tis]s 9 ^! & c\ntless o!r in/ances1 is to be c\nt$ m mighty ?an ! desire to d a s]vice to our fell[m5 & to fulfill ! duties ( our positions--:i* %\ld spur u on8 ,i am n fooli% en\gh to suppose t by plac>d+ ! f5ces ) ! words ,books6 ,books6 z ! pat5t m$ic9e man does ) ,curol9e6 ,curol9e6 we %all make any progress4 ,! pat5t m$ic9e man is "r2 he wants to excite curiosity & famili>ize ! public ) ! "n ( 8 no/rum4 ,!y all "k :at a book is--& alas ! "n is n ev5 unkn[n & my/]i\s--w\ld t x 76 ,x calls up 9 _m m9ds associations :i*1 if we are to be successful we mu/ combat1 ov]?r[1 & replace by o!rs4 ,to _m--sad x is to say x--a book is an abhorr5t ?+2 to m /ill1 x is a ?+ ( absolute indiff]5ce4 ,to "s a book is m]ely a collection ( ?+s1 hav+ no asc]ta9able relation%ips1 t "o is requir$ to memorize2 to o!rs x is a collection ( /atem5ts1 difficult to und]/&1 out ( :i* ! mean+ mu/ be extract$ by h>d /udy2 to v few inde$ does ! book appe> to be :at x really is--a message f ano!r m9d4 ,p w g to a seance & li/5 ) ?rills to ! sillie/ /uff purport+ to proce$ f ,plato or ,daniel ,web/] or ,abraham ,l9coln1 :5 9 ! ,public ,libr>y1 a few blocks away are important & au!ntic messages f ^? same p]sons1 to :i* !y h nev] giv5 he$4 ,su* a message d]ives int]e/ & significance f circum/ances outside itself4 ,v few books create _! own atmosph]e unaid$4 ,!y presuppose a sy/em ( abilities1 op9ions1 prejudices1 likes & dislikes1 intellectual connections & :at n1 t is little less ?an appall+1 if we try to foll[ x up4 ,dislike ( books or indiff]5ce t[>d !m is (t5 simply ! result ( a lack ( ^! ?+s or ( "s compon5t "p ( !m4 ,we mu/ supply :at is lack+ if we are to ar\se a desire = books 9 ^? :o d n yet possess x4 ,i say t su* a labor is difficult en\gh to int]e/ him ^: pleasure x is to essay h>d tasks2 x is noble en\gh to attract him :o loves 8 fell[-man2 success 9 x is r>e en\gh & glori\s en\gh to /imulate him :o likes to succe$ :]e o!rs h fail$4 ,adv]tis+ may be good or bad1 noble or ignoble1 "r or wrong1 accord+ to :at is adv]tis$ & our me?ods ( adv]tis+ x4 ,he :o w\ld scorn to ann\nce ! curative p[]s ( bottl$ spr+-wat] & p9k anil9e dye2 he :o reg>ds x z a commonplace task to urge ^u ! sp5d?rift public ! pur*ase ( unnecess>y gloves & neckties1 may well feel a ?rill ( satisfaction & ( anticipation 9 ! task ( adv]tis+ ideas & ( p]suad+ ! unhe$+ citiz5 to appropriate :at he has be5 accu/om$ to view ) indiff]5ce4 ,to get at ! root ( ! matt]1 let u inquire :y x is t s _m p]sons d n c>e = books4 ,we may divide !m1 ,i ?9k1 into two classes--^? :o d n c>e1 or appe> n to c>e = ideas at all1 :e!r /or$ 9 books or n2 & ^? :o d c>e = ideas b :o ei!r d n easily get !m out ( /orage or d n realize t !y c be & are /or$ 9 books4 ,absolute c>elessness ( ideas is1 x seems to me1 r app>5t ?an real4 ,x exi/s only 9 ! idiot4 ,!re are ^? to be sure t c>e ab\t a v limit$ range ( ideas2 b ab\t "s ideas !y always c>e4 ,we mu/1 9 our adv]tisem5t ( ideas1 be> ?is 9 m9d--! necessity ( (f]+ to ea* t :i* he consid]s x wor? 8 :ile to take4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ :at is ! mo/ fundam5tally int]e/+ subject to all classes1 ,i %\ld unhesitat+ly reply philosophy4 ,n1 p]haps1 ! philosophy ( ! s*ools1 b ! individual philosophy t e man & woman has1 & t is precisely alike 9 no two ( u4 ,i h he>d a t9y boy1 look+ up sudd5ly f 8 play1 ask ,:y d we live8 ,?is & its correlative ,:y d we die8 ,:5ce come we & :i!r d we g8 ,:at is ! univ]se & :at are our relations to x--^! que/ions 9 "s =m h occurr$ to ev]yone :o ?9ks at all4 ,!y are discuss$ ar\nd ! /ove at ! corn] groc]y1 9 ! logg+ camp1 on ! ran*1 9 clubs & at bo>d+-h\se tables4 ,sometimes !y take a !ological turn--free w1 ! orig9 & purpose ( evil1 & s on4 ,i d n purpose to give "h a catalogue ( ! ?+s 9 :i* an ord9>y man is int]e/$1 & ,i h said ?is only to rem9d y t 8 int]e/ may be vivid ev5 9 connection ) subjects usually consid]$ ab/ruse4 ,?is int]e/ 9 ideas we may call ! libr>y's raw mat]ial2 any?+ t t5ds to create x1 to broad5 x1 to ext5d x to new fields & to direct x into pa?s t are wor? :ile is mak+ x possible = ! libr>y to d bett] & wid] "w--is help+ on its campaign ( publicity4 ,?is e/abli%es a web ( connect+ fib]s betwe5 ! libr>y & all human activity4 ,! man :o is gett+ int]e/$ 9 8 "w1 debat]s at a labor union1 /ud5ts at s*ool & college1 ! work] = civic re=m1 ! poetic dream]--all are creat+ a dem& = ideas t makes x easi] = ! libr>y to adv]tise !m4 ,^? :o object to "s ( ! outside "w done by mod]n libr>ies %\ld try to look at ! :ole matt] f ?is /&po9t4 ,! libr>y is tak+ its place z a public utility ) o!r public utilities4 ,its relations ) !m are becom+ m evid5t2 ! ties betwe5 !m are gr[+ /rong]4 ,z 9 all cases ( su* gr[? x is becom+ increas+ly difficult to id5tify ! b\nd>ies betwe5 !m1 s fa/ & s ?or\ghly d ! activities ( ea* rea* ov] ^! l9es & int]p5etrate ^? ( ! o!rs4 ,& unless !re is actual wa/eful duplication ( "w1 we ne$ n bo!r ab\t our respective sph]es4 ,^! activities are all human2 !y are mutually int]e/+ & valuable4 ,a libr>y ne$ be afraid ( do+ no?+ t makes = ! spread ( int]e/ 9 ideas1 s long z x is n neglect+ its own p>ticul> "w ( ! collection1 pres]vation & di/ribution ( ideas z /or$ 9 books1 & is n duplicat+ o!rs' "w wa/efully4 ,:5 we obs]ve ^? :o are already int]e/$ 9 ideas1 h[ev]1 we f9d t n all are int]e/$ 9 !m z !y are /or$ up 9 books4 ,"s ( ^! _c read2 _! numb] is small ) u & gr[+ small]2 we may safely leave ! s*ools to deal ) !m4 ,o!rs c read1 b !y d n easily appreh5d ideas ?r\gh pr9t4 ,"s ( ^! mu/ read al\d s t !y may get ! s\nd ( ! words1 be=e ^! really mean any?+ to !m4 ,^! p]sons ne$ practice 9 read+4 ,!y get x n[ l>gely ?r\gh ! newspap]s1 b _! numb] is /ill l>ge4 ,a p]son 9 ?is condition may be intellectually some:at advanc$4 ,he may be able to discuss s+le-tax ) "s acum51 = in/ance4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t because a p]son und]/&s a subject or likes a ?+ & is able to talk well ab\t x1 he w enjoy & appreciate a book on t subject or ?+4 ,x may be z difficult = him to get at ! meat ( x z if x 7 a half-und]/ood =eign tongue4 ,y :o "k en\gh ,fr5* to buy a pair ( gloves or suffici5t ,g]man to inquire ! way to ! /ation1 may tackle a novel 9 ! orig9al & realize at once ! hazy degree ( su* a p]son's appreh5sion4 ,he may /ick to x & become an easy read]1 b on ! o!r h& y\r well-meant publicity ef=ts may place 9 8 h&s a book t w simply disc\rage & ultimately repel him1 s5d+ him to jo9 ! army ( ^? to :om no books appeal4 ,next we f9d ^? :o und]/& h[ to read & to read ) ease1 b to :om books--at any rate c]ta9 classes ( books--are n int]e/+4 ,n[ int]e/ 9 a subject may be s great t "o w wade ?r\gh ! drie/ lit]ature ab\t x1 b su* int]e/ belongs to ! few--n to ! _m4 ,i h come to ! conclusion t m read]s h _h _! int]e/ kill$ or less5$ by books ?an h _h x ar\s$ or /imulat$4 ,?is is a proportion t x is our bus9ess z libr>ians to rev]se4 ,m ( ?is un=tunate & he>t-break+1 int]e/-kill+ "w ?an ,i l to ?9k ( goes on 9 s*ool4 ,n necess>ily2 = ! "n ( ^? is legion :o h _h _! eyes op5$ to ! beauties ( lit]ature by good tea*]s4 ,?is makes x all ! m madd5+ :5 we ?9k h[ _m poor tea*]s1 or good tea*]s ) mi/ak5 me?ods1 or indiff]5t tea*]s1 h succe$$ 9 associat+ ) books 9 ! m9ds ( _! pupils simply burd5some tasks--! gloom & heav9ess ( life r ?an its joy & lightness4 ,su* boys & girls w no m t\* a book aft] leav+ s*ool ?an y or ,i w\ld t\* a scorpion aft] "o _h /ung u4 ,p]haps x is useless to try to *ange ?is2 possibly x is none ( our bus9ess1 ?\gh we h already se5 t !re are reasons to ! contr>y4 ,b we c bett] matt]s1 & we are daily bett]+ !m1 by our "w ) *ildr54 ,if a *ild has once le>n$ to love books & to associate !m p[]fully ) some?+ else ?an a burd5some task1 !n ! labors ( ! unskillful tea*]s w create no dislike ( ! book b only ( ! tea*] & 8 me?ods2 :ile ^? ( ! good tea*] w be a ?\s& times m fruitful ?an o!rwise4 ,s mu* = ! ways 9 :i* int]e/+ books are sometimes made un9t]e/+4 ,n[ = ! books t are un9t]e/+ p] se--& h[ _m !re are6 ,:5 a man has some?+ to di/ribute comm]cially = p]sonal ga91 ! ?+ t he tries above all to d is to int]e/ 8 public--to make !m want :at he has to sell4 ,8 success or failure 9 do+ ?is1 means ! success or failure ( 8 :ole ent]prise4 ,he does n decide :at k9d ( an ent]ta9m5t 8 cli5ts ought to att5d & !n try to make !m g to x1 or :at k9d ( neckties !y ought to we> & !n try to make !m we> !m4 ,( t5 promot]s1 if n9e proce$$ on ?is pr9ciple & "o on ! plan ( (f]+ some?+ attractive & int]e/+1 :o w\ld succe$8 ,x is "o ( ! m>vels ( all "t t ?is nev] seems to h occurr$ to writ]s ( books4 ,we are almo/ =c$ to conclude t !y d n c>e :e!r _! volumes are read or n4 ,9 only "o class ( books1 z a rule1 d ! writ]s endeavor to int]e/ ! read] fir/ & =emo/2 y all "k t ,i ref] to fiction4 ,:at is ! result8 ,! writ]s ( fiction are ! ones read by ! public4 ,m fiction is read1 z y v well "k1 ?an all ! o!r classes ( lit]ature put toge!r4 ,! libr>y t is able to %[ a fiction p]c5tage ( #fj1 po9ts to x ) pride1 :ile !re are pl5ty ) p]c5tages betwe5 #gj & #hj4 ,n[ ?is is all to ! cr$it ( ! fiction writ]s4 ,i refuse to believe t _! read]s are any m fundam5tally int]e/$ 9 ! subjects ( :i* !y treat ?an 9 o!rs4 ,!y simply foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,!y want some?+ int]e/+ to read & !y "k f exp]i5ce :]e to g = x4 ,( c\rse ?is br+s on abuses4 ,writ]s use illegitimate me?ods to ar\se int]e/--appeals p]haps1 to unwor?y in/9cts4 ,we ne$ n discuss t "h1 b simply focus our att5tion on ! fact t writ]s ( fiction always try to be int]e/+ because !y mu/2 :ile writ]s ( hi/ory1 travel1 biography & philosophy d n usually try1 because !y ?9k x unnecess>y4 ,?is is simply a survival4 ,x us$ to be true t read]s ( ^! subjects read !m because ( _! great antec$5t int]e/ 9 !m--an int]e/ s great t int]e/+ me?ods ( pres5tation became unnecess>y4 ,no "o c>$ ab\t ! masses1 /ill less ab\t :at !y might or might n read4 ,?+s are *ang$ n[2 we are try+ to adv]tise /or$ ideas to p]sons unfamili> ) !m & we are sudd5ly awak5+ to ! fact t our /ock is n all t x %\ld be4 ,we ne$ hi/ory1 sci5ce & travel fasc9at+ly pres5t$--at lea/ z int]e/+ly z ! fiction-writ] pres5ts 8 subjects4 ,?is is by no means impossible1 because x has be5 done1 9 a few in/ances4 ,we are by no means 9 ! position ( ! ,iri%man :o didn't "k :e!r or n he c\ld play ! piano1 because he _h nev] tri$4 ,"s ( our au?ors h tri$--& succe$$4 ,no "o aft] ,william ,james c say t philosophy _c be made int]e/+ to ! ord9>y read]4 ,tyndall %[$ u long ago t physics c\ld int]e/ ! unle>n$1 & !re are simil>ly int]e/+ writ]s on hi/ory & travel--m p]haps 9 ^! two classes ?an any o!r4 ,b x rema9s true t ! va/ majority ( non-fiction books d n attract1 & 7 n writt5 ) ! aim ( attract+1 ! ord9>y read] su* z ! libr>ies are n[ try+ to rea*4 ,! result is t ! fiction writ]s are usurp+ ! functions ( ^! un9t]e/+ scribes & are putt+ hi/ory1 sci5ce1 economics1 biology1 m$ic9e--all sorts ( subjects1 into fictional =m--a suffici5t answ] to any :o may ?9k t ! subjects !mselves1 z di/+ui%$ f ! mann] 9 :i* !y are pres5t$1 are calculat$ to repel ! ord9>y read]4 ,fiction is ?us becom+1 if x has n already become1 ! sole =m ( lit]>y expression1 s f> z ! ord9>y read] is conc]n$4 ,?is is int]e/+2 x ju/ifies ! l>ge /ock ( fiction 9 public libr>ies & ! l>ge circulation ( t /ock4 ,x does n foll[ t x is comm5dable or desirable4 ,= "o ?+ x places tru? & falsehood precisely on ! same plane4 ,! sci5ce or ! economics 9 a good novel may be bad & t 9 a poor novel may be good4 ,!n aga91 x dilutes ! int]e/+ matt] ) triviality4 ,x is "r t ^? :o want to "k h[ & :5 & "u :at circum/ances ,edw9 & ,angel9a conclud$ to get m>ri$ %\ld h an opportunity ( do+ s1 b x is obvi\sly unfair t ! man :o likes ! political discussions put into ! m\? ( ,edw9's uncle1 or ! clev] descriptions ( c\ntry-life incid5t to ! c\rt%ip1 %\ld be burd5$ ) in=mation ( ?is sort1 9 :i* he has little int]e/4 ,to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! increase ( non-fiction p]c5tages ,i w\ld !re=e say3 devise "s means ( work+ ^u ! au?ors4 ,^! g5try are yet ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( a special libr>y public4 ,"s day !y w wake up1 & !n fiction w be reliev$ f ! burd5 t oppresses x at pres5t--( c>ry+ mo/ ( ! int]e/+ philosophy1 religion1 hi/ory & social sci5ce1 9 addition to do+ its own prop] "w4 ,mean:ile ! libr>ian1 :o is int]e/$ 9 adv]tis+ ideas1 mu/ d :at he c ) 8 mat]ial4 ,!re is /ill a sav+ remnant ( int]e/+ non-fiction1 & !re is a goodly body ( read]s ^: antec$5t int]e/ 9 c]ta9 subjects is great en\gh to attract !m to almo/ any book on ^? subjects4 ,i h purposely avoid$ ! discussion "h ( ! details ( libr>y publicity1 :i* has be5 well done else:]e2 b ,i _c refra9 f express+ my op9ion t ! ord9>y "w ( ! libr>y & its /ock ( books if prop]ly display$1 are m effective ?an any o!r means t c be us$ = ! purpose4 ,f a s]ies ( articles entitl$ ,h[ to ,/>t ,libr>ies 9 ,small ,t[ns by ,a4,m4 ,p5dleton1 ,i quote ! foll[+1 :i* appe>s 9 ,! ,libr>y ,j\rnal = ,may #ac1 #ahgg3 ,plant x ! libr>y among ! p1 :]e its pres5ce w be se5 & felt1444 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x is bett] to h x ^u ! fir/ floor1 s t pass]s-by w see its goodly array ( books & be tempt$ to inspect !m4 ,excell5t advice2 we might take x if we _h n built our libr>ies z f> away f ! /reet z possible & lift$ !m up on z high a p$e/al z our money w\ld buy4 ,:o1 pass+ by a mod]n libr>y build+1 bran* or c5tral1 c by any possibility see ?r\gh ! w9d[s en\gh ( ! int]ior to tell :e!r x is a libr>y r ?an a po/(fice1 a bank1 or an (fice8 ,be=e mov+ into its new home ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y occupi$ tempor>ily a bus9ess build+ hav+ a r[ ( six l>ge plate-glass w9d[s on "o side1 directly on ! sidewalk1 enabl+ pass]s-by to see cle>ly all t w5t on 9 ! adult l5d+-deliv]y room4 ,! effect on ! circulation 0 notewor?y4 ,dur+ ! la/ mon?s ( our occupancy we w5t fur!r & utiliz$ ea* ( ! w9d[s = a book display4 ,?is 0 9 *>ge ( a special committee ( ! /aff1 & its results 7 beyond expectation4 ,9 "o w9d[ we _h a %elfful ( curr5t books1 op5 to attractive pictures1 ) a sign rem9d+ wayf>]s t !y might be tak5 out by c>dhold]s & t c>ds 7 free4 ,9 ano!r we _h /&>d works1 )\t pictures1 b op5 at attractive pages4 ,9 ano!r we _h *ildr5's books2 9 ano!r1 op5 ref]5ce or art books 9 a du/-pro( case--& s on4 ,ea* ( ^! w9d[s 0 seldom )\t its cont+5t ( gaz]s1 & ! direct effect on libr>y circulation 0 notic$ by all4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> we mov$ into our great million-&-a-half-doll> build+2 & beautiful z x is--satisfactory z are its arrangem5ts--we h _h--alas--to give up our %[ w9d[s4 ,we c1 x is true1 h %[ cases 9 ! great entrance hall1 b we want to attract outsid]s1 n insid]s4 ,"s ( our en?usia/ic /aff want to build p]man5t %[ cases on ! sidewalk4 ,:at we may possibly d is to r5t real %[ w9d[s opposite4 ,:at we d n desire1 is to ab&on our publicity plan altoge!r4 ,b :51 oh :51 %all we h libr>ies 7bran*es at any rate1 if our ma9 build+s mu/ be monum5tal7 t w ?r[ !mselves op5 to ! public eye1 lur+ 9 ! wayf>] to ! joys ( read+1 z ! comm]cial w9d[ does to ! delights ( gumdrops or neckties8 ,"o ( ! greate/ /eps ev] tak5 t[>d ! adv]tisem5t ( ideas 0 ! adoption1 on a l>ge scale1 ( ! op5 %elf4 ,?is ?r[s ! books ( a libr>y1 or _m ( !m1 op5 to public inspection & h&l+2 x enc\rages br[s+--! some:at aimless rambl+ ab\t & dipp+ "h & !re into a volume4 ,if we are to pres5t ideas to our w\ld-be read]s 9 great v>iety1 hop+ t among !m !re may be too?some bait1 surely !re c\ld be no bett] way ?an ?is4 ,! only tr\ble is t x appeals only to ^? :o are already suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 /or$ ideas to ent] ! libr>y4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t by our me?od ( s5d+ out books = home use we are mak+ a great op5-%elf ( ! :ole city4 ,:ile ! numb] ( volumes 9 any "o place may be small1 ! books are con/antly *ang+ s t ! non-read] has a good *ance ( see+ 9 8 fri5d's h\se some?+ t may attract him4 ,t ?is may affect ! use ( ! libr>y x is ess5tial t he :o sees a libr>y book on ! table or 9 ! h&s ( a fell[ pass5g] on a c> mu/ be able to recognize its s\rce at once1 s t1 if attract$1 he may be l$ ?i!r by ! sugge/ion4 ,no?+ is bett] = ?is purpose ?an ! libr>y seal1 plac$ on ! book :]e all may see x2 & t all may recognize x1 x %\ld also be us$ :]ev] possible1 9 connection ) ! libr>y--on lett] heads1 po/]s1 li/s1 pockets & c>ds1 s t ! public association betwe5 its display & ! "w ( ! libr>y %all become /rong4 ,?is mak+ ! :ole out/&+ supply ( circulat+ books an ag5cy 9 our publicity s*eme = ideas is evid5tly m effective z ! books bett] fit & satisfy _! us]s2 = 9 t case we h an unpaid ag5t ) ea* book4 ,! adaptation ( book to us] helps our adv]tisem5t ( ideas1 & t 9 turn aids u 9 adapt+ book to us]4 ,:5 a dynamo />ts1 ! newly aris5 curr5t makes ! field /rong] & t 9 turn increases ! curr5t4 ,only "h we mu/ h j a little residual magnetism 9 ! field magnet to />t ! :ole process4 ,9 ! libr>y's "w ! residual magnetism is repres5t$ by ! lat5t int]e/ 9 ideas t is pres5t 9 e community4 ,& ,i c d no bett]1 9 clos+1 ?an to emphasize ! fact t ev]y?+ t adv]tises ideas1 ev5 if totally unconnect$ ) _! record$ =m 9 books1 helps ! libr>y & pu%es =w>d its "w4 ,itself a product ( ! great ext5sion ( intellectual activity to classes 9 :i* x 0 =m]ly b\nd$ by n>r[ limits1 ! libr>y is b\nd to wid5 ^? limits :]ev] !y c be /ret*$1 & e movem5t ( !m reacts to help x4 ,surely adv]tisem5t on its "p is an evangel--a be>+ ( good intellectual tid+s into ! d>kness4 ,we are spirituali/ic m$iums 9 ! be/ s5se--! be>]s ( au!ntic messages f all ! good & great ( pa/ or pres5t "t2 only ) u1 no turn+ on ( ! light1 no publicity h[ev] gl>+1 w break ! spell or d o!rwise ?an aid1 = :e!r we succe$ or fail1 :e!r we live or die1 ^? messages1 record$ z !y are 9 books1 w /& :ile humanity rema9s4 ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y1 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ool1 ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,c5t] ,,movem5t#g #g ,read be=e ! ,national ,education ,association4 ,! c5t] ( a geometrical figure is important1 n = its size & cont5t1 b = its position--n = :at x is 9 itself1 b = its relations to ! o!r elem5ts ( ! figure4 ,& words us$ ) d]iv$ mean+s are us$ be/ :5 _! orig9al significations are kept 9 m9d4 ,! bus9ess c5t] ( a city does n conta9 all ( t city's comm]cial activity2 :5 we speak ( ! *ur* z a religi\s c5t]1 we d n mean t !re is to be no religi\s activity 9 ! home or 9 o!r walks ( life2 z = ! c5t] ( population ( a l>ge & popul\s c\ntry1 x may be out 9 ! prairie :]e nei!r man nor 8 dwell+s are to be se54 ,all ^! c5t]s are :at !y are because ( c]ta9 relation%ips4 ,x is s ) a social c5t]4 ,b social relation%ips cov] a wide field4 ,! relation%ips ( bus9ess1 ( religion1 ev5 ( m]e co-exi/5ce1 are all social4 ,may we h a c5t] = s wide a range ( activities8 ,ev5 ! n>r[] relations ( bus9ess or ( religion t5d to =m subsidi>y gr\ps & to multiply subsidi>y c5t]s4 ,9 a l>ge city we may h n only a g5]al bus9ess c5t] b c5t]s ( ! real e/ate bus9ess1 ( ! h>dw>e or textile trades1 & s on4 ,our religi\s affiliations cond5se into d5om9ational c5t]s4 ,9 ! di/rict ( a l>ge city :]e newly arriv$ =eign immigrants ga!r1 y w be %[n ! gr\p ( blocks :]e ! ,poles or ! ,hung>ians h segregat$ !mselves f ! re/1 & ev5 )9 ^!1 ! h\ses :]e dwell families f a p>ticul> prov9ce or ev5 f "o def9ite city or village4 ,man is social b he is socially clanni%1 & ! broade/ is n s mu* he :o refuses to recognize ^! clan or ca/e relation%ips z he :o ent]s into ! l>ge/ numb] ( !m--he :o keeps 9 t\* ) 8 *ildhood home1 has a wide acqua9tance among ^? ( 8 own religi\s fai? & ( 8 *os5 bus9ess or pr(ession1 keeps up 8 old college fri5d%ips1 is int]e/$ 9 collect+ co9s or pa9t+s & kn[s all ! o!r collectors1 is active 9 civic & *>itable societies1 takes an int]e/ 9 education & educators1 & s on4 ,! social democracy t %\ld succe$ 9 aboli%+ all ^! gr\ps or level+ !m--t %\ld recognize no relation%ips b ! broad] ones t und]ly all human ef=t & feel+--! t\*es ( nature t make ! :ole _w k9--w\ld be b>r5 inde$4 ,we _c sp>e ^! fundam5tals2 we c\ld n get rid ( !m if we w\ld2 b civilization advances by build+ ^u !m1 & to d away ) ^! additions w\ld be l de/roy+ a city to get at its f\ndation1 9 ! va9 hope ( secur+ "s wide-rea*+ result 9 economics or ae/hetics4 ,occupy+ a =emo/ place among ^! gr\p+s is ! l>ge division embrac+ our educational activities4 ,& ^! are social n only 9 ! broad s5se1 b also 9 ! n>r[]4 ,! int]c\rse ( /ud5t ) /ud5t 9 ! s*ool & ev5 ( read] ) read] 9 ! libr>y1 especially 9 su* dep>tm5ts z ! *ildr5's room1 is s obvi\sly t ( society t we ne$ dwell on x no fur!r4 ,?is int]c\rse1 :ile a necess>y incid5t ( education 9 ! mass1 is only an incid5t4 ,x is suffici5tly obtrusive1 h[ev]1 to make x evid5t t any use ( s*ool or libr>y build+ = social purposes is fit & prop]4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ new nor /range ab\t su* use4 ,9 places t _c af=d sep>ate build+s = ^! purposes1 ! same edifice has (t5 s]v$ = *ur*1 s*oolh\se1 public libr>y1 & z assembly room = political meet+s1 amateur !atricals1 & juv5ile debat+ societies4 ,! propriety ( all ?is has nev] be5 que/ion$ & x is difficult to see :y x %\ld n be z prop] 9 a t[n ( #ejj1jjj inhabitants z 9 "o ( #ejj4 ,! incid5ce ( ! co/ is a matt] ( detail4 ,:y %\ld su* purely social use ( ^! educational build+s--always common 9 small t[ns--h be5 all[$ to fall into abeyance 9 ! l>g] ones8 ,x is h>d to say2 b ) ! rec5t great improvem5ts 9 con/ruction1 ! build+ ( s*ools & libr>ies t are models ( beauty1 com=t1 & conv5i5ce1 !re has aris5 a n unnatural feel+ 9 ! public t all ?is public prop]ty %\ld be put to full] use4 ,:y %\ld *ildr5 be =c$ to dance on ! /reet or 9 "s place ( sordid association :5 com=table & conv5i5t halls 9 libr>y or s*ool are clos$ & unoccupi$8 ,:y %\ld ! local debat+ club1 ! mo!rs' meet+--nay1 :y %\ld ! political w>d meet+ be b>r$ out8 ,side by side ) ?is tr5d ( public op9ion !re has be5 an awak5+ realization on ! "p ( _m connect$ ) ^! in/itutions t !y !mselves might b5efit by su* ext5d$ use4 ,probably ?is realization has come e>li] & m fully to ! libr>y1 because its educational function is direct$ s mu* m ^u adults4 ,! libr>y is com+ to be our great cont9uation s*ool--an in/itution ( le>n+ ) an inf9ity ( purely optional c\rses4 ,x may op5 its doors to any =m ( adult social activity4 ,!re are =ms ( activity prop] to a social c5t] t require special app>atus or equipm5t4 ,^! may be furni%$ 9 a build+ erect$ = ! purpose1 z are ! ,*icago fieldh\ses4 ,"h we h swimm+-pools1 gymnasiums = m5 & = wom51 & all ! re/ ( x4 ,a bran* libr>y is includ$ & "s w\ld h\se ! s*ool also "u ! same ro(4 ,we may h to wait long = ! g5]al adoption ( su* a composite social c5t]4 ,our imm$iate problem is to supply an imm$iate ne$ by us+ means directly at our disposal4 ,& x is rem>kable h[ _m k9ds ( neighborhood activity may take place 9 a room unprovid$ ) any special equipm5t4 ,a brief glance ov] our own records = only a few mon?s pa/ enables me to classify !m r\ghly z a?letic or outdoor1 purely social1 educational1 debat+1 political1 labor1 musical1 religi\s1 *>itable or civic1 & expository1 besides _m t defy or elude classification4 ,! a?letic or outdoor organizations include ! v>i\s turn+ or gymna/ic clubs & ! ,boy & ,girl ,sc\ts2 ! social organizations embrace danc+-classes1 welf>e associations1 alumni & graduate clubs ( s*ools & colleges1 & dramatic clubs2 ! educational1 :i* are v num]\s1 read+ circles1 lit]>y clubs galore1 free classes 9 *emi/ry1 ,fr5*1 psy*ology1 philosophy1 etc41 & all su* organizations z ! ,jewi% ,culture ,club1 ! ,"y ,p's ,e?ical ,society1 ! ,longan ,p>liam5t>y ,class1 & ! ,indu/rial & ,bus9ess ,wom5's ,educational leagues4 ,religi\s bodies are p>i% meet+s1 committees ( mission bo>ds1 & su* organizations z ! ,!osophical ,society2 *>itable or civic activities include ! ,national ,conf]5ce ( ,day ,nurs]ies1 ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil ( ,civic ,ag5cies1 ! ,w4,c4,t4,u41 playgr\nd rehe>sals = ! ,*ild ,welf>e ,exhibit1 & ! ,bus9ess ,m5's ,association2 & ! ,adv]tis+ ,m5's ,league2 musical organizations embrace ,/4 ,paul's ,musical ,assembly1 ! ,tuesday ,*oral ,club1 etc4 ,among exhibitions are local affairs su* z wild fl[] %[s1 an exhibit ( bird-h\ses1 collections f ! ,educational ,museum1 ! ,civil ,league's ,municipal ,exhibit1 select$ scre5s f ! ,*ild ,welf>e ,exhibit1 & ! prize-w9n]s f ! ,/4 ,l\is ,art ,exhibit held 9 ! art room ( our c5tral libr>y4 ,!n we h ! ,que5 ,h$wig ,bran*1 ! ,clay ,s*ool ,picnic ,association1 ! ,a]o ,club1 ! ,li?uanian ,club1 ! ,philote*ne ,club1 ! ,fa!rs' ,club1 & ! ,unit$ ,spani% ,w> ,vet]ans4 ,i tru/ y w n call ^u me to expla9 ! objects ( "s ( ^!1 z su* a dem& might cause me emb>rassm5t--n because _! aims are unwor?y1 b because ^! are skilfully obscur$ by _! names4 ,if anyone believes t !re is a limit to ! capacity ( ! human race = =m+ gr\ps & subgr\ps on a mom5t's notice1 = any reason or = no reason at all1 ,i w\ld ref] him to our assembly room & clubroom records2 & he w\ld f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ^! are typical ( e l>ge libr>y (f]+ ! use ( su* rooms some:at freely4 ,x w be not$ t ! libr>y takes no "p 9 organiz+ or op]at+ any ( ^! activities2 x does n h to d s4 ,! successful lead] is he :o repairs to a hill & raises 8 /&>d1 kn[+ t at sight ( x foll[]s w flock ar\nd him4 ,:5 y drop a t9y cry/al into a solution1 ! atoms all ru% to x naturally3 !re is no ef=t or compulsion except t ( ! aptitudes t _! ,creator has implant$ 9 !m4 ,s x is ) all c5t]s1 bus9ess or religi\s or social4 ,no "o in/itut$ a campaign to locate ! bus9ess c5t] ( a city at precisely su* a squ>e or corn]4 ,?+s aggregate1 & ! po9t to :i* !y t5d is _! c5t]2 !y make x1 x does n make !m4 ,! lead] on a hill is a lead] because he has foll[]s2 )\t !m he w\ld be b a lone w>rior4 ,! s*ool or ! libr>y t says pr\dly to itself1 ,g to2 ,i w be a social c5t]1 may f9d itself 9 ! same lonely position4 ,x c (f] an opportunity3 t is all4 ,x c (f] h\s]oom to clubs1 organizations1 & gr\ps ( all k9ds1 :e!r p]man5t or tempor>y1 l>ge or small1 b its usefulness z a social c5t] dep5ds l>gely on ! exi/5ce ( ^! & on _! desire = a meet+ place4 ,we h 9 ,/4 ,l\is six bran* libr>ies ) assembly rooms & clubrooms--9 all a doz5 or s4 ,i h be=e me ! cal5d> = a s+le week & ,i f9d #ee engagem5ts1 runn+ f #bd at "o bran* d[n ?ru #ac1 #h1 #f1 & #c to "o4 ,if ,i _h be=e me only ! l>ge/ numb] ,i %\ld conclude t bran* libr>ies z social c5t]s 7 a h[l+ success2 if only ! smalle/1 ,i %\ld say t !y 7 dismal failures4 ,:y ! diff]5ce8 ,= ! same reason t ! lead] :o displays 8 /&>d may or may n be surr\nd$ ) eag] flock+ foll[]s4 ,!re may be no "o )9 e>%ot1 or !y may h no /oma* = ! w>1 or !y may n be int]e/$ 9 ! cause t he repres5ts4 ,or aga91 he may n %\t l\d or p]suasively en\gh1 or 8 /&>d may n be attractive en\gh 9 =m or color1 or m\nt$ on a suffici5tly high /aff4 ,i h said t all we c (f] is opportunity2 to *ange our figure1 we c furni% ! dr9k+-f\nta9--?ir/ mu/ br+ ! horse to x4 ,b we mu/ n =get t we (f] our opportunity 9 va9 unless we are sure t ev]yone :o might grasp x realizes our (f] & :at x means4 ,"h is ! *ance = p]sonal endeavor4 ,if ! "y p 9 a neighborhood cont9ue to hold _! social meet+s ov] a saloon :5 ! bran* libr>y or ! s*ool is p]fectly will+ to (f] its assembly room1 x is pretty c]ta9 t !y d n und]/& t (f]1 or t !y mi/ru/ its s9c]ity1 or t !re is some?+ wrong t might be rem$i$ by p]sonal ef=t4 ,9 ! "o ( our bran*es t is mo/ us$ by organizations !re is ?is p]sonal t\*4 ,b ,i %\ld hesitate to say t ! o!rs d n h x too4 ,!re are pl5ty ( organizations ne> ?is busie/ libr>y & !re are no o!r good places = !m to meet4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( "s o!r bran*es !re are o!r meet+-places1 & else:]e1 p]haps1 ! social in/9ct is n s /rong1 or at any rate ! ef=t to organize is lack+4 ,%\ld ! libr>ian /ep out & attempt to /imulate ?is social in/9ct & to guide ?is organiz+ ef=t8 ,!re is room = diff]5ce ( op9ion "h4 ,p]sonally ,i ?9k t he %\ld n d x directly & (ficially z a libr>ian4 ,he may d x quietly & unobtrusively l any o!r private citiz51 b he ne$s all 8 ef=ts1 all 8 influ5ce1 to br+ ! book & ! read] toge!r 9 8 community4 ,sometimes by do+ ?is he c be do+ ! o!r too1 & he c always d x vic>i\sly4 ,he %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! successful man is n he :o does ev]y?+ himself1 b he :o c induce o!rs to d ?+s--to d !m 9 8 way & to direct !m t[>d 8 ends4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ sluggi%1 ! mo/ indiff]5t community !re are ^! pot5tial work]s ) en?usiasms t ne$ only to be awak5$ to be let loose = good4 ,! magic key is (t5 9 ! libr>ian's girdle1 & 8 free (f] ( h\se room & sympa?y1 ) good lit]ature ?r[n 91 w always be ( p[]ful assi/ance 9 ?is k9d ( ef=t4 ,he w seldom ne$ to d m ?an to make cle> ! exi/5ce & ! nature ( ! opportunity t he (f]s4 ,i "k t !re are "s libr>ians & _m m tea*]s :o hesitate to op5 _! doors 9 any su* way z ?is2 :o are afraid t ! opportunities (f]$ w be misus$ or t ! activities s %elt]$ w be misjudg$ by ! public4 ,x has %ock$ "s p]sons t a "y p's danc+-class has be5 held1 "u irreproa*able auspices1 9 "o ( our bran* libr>ies2 o!rs h be5 griev$ to see t political w>d meet+s h tak5 place 9 !m1 & t "s r radical political !ories h be5 debat$ !re4 ,^! p]sons =get t a libr>y nev] takes sides4 ,x places on its %elves books on ! ,civil ,w> f ! /&po9t ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 hi/ories ( ! great religi\s controv]sies by bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 ideas & !ories 9 sci5ce & philosophy f all sides & at all angles4 ,x may give room at "o "t to a "y p's danc+-class & at ano!r to a meet+ ( p]sons :o condemn danc+4 ,its walls may e*o "o day to ! praises ( our t>iff sy/em & on ano!r to fi]ce d5unciations ( x4 ,^! ?+s are all legitimate & x is bett] t !y %\ld take place 9 a libr>y or a s*ool build+ ?an 9 a saloon or ev5 9 a groc]y /ore4 ,! influ5ce ( environm5t is g5tly p]vasive4 ,i may be wrong1 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t x is easi] to be a g5tleman 9 a libr>y1 :e!r 9 social meet+ or 9 political debate1 ?an x is 9 "s o!r places4 ,9 "o ( our bran*es !re meets a club ( m5 :o w\ld be t]m$ an>*i/s by "s p4 ,! bran* libr>ian assures me t ! br& ( an>*ism t !y pr(ess has gr[n p]ceptibly mild] s9ce !y h met 9 ! libr>y4 ,x is gett+ to be lit]>y1 academic1 philosophic4 ,n\ri%$ 9 a saloon1 ) a little injudici\s repression1 x might p]haps h borne fruit ( bombs & dynamite4 ,9 ?is ca?olicity ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! libr>y z an educational in/itution is a /ep ahead ( ! s*ool4 ,mo/ tea*]s w\ld res5t ! imputation ( p>tisan%ip on ! "p ( ! s*ool1 & yet x is surely p>tisan--9 "s ways rightly & inevitably s4 ,"o _c well expla9 bo? sides ( any "q to a *ild ( six & leave its decision to 8 judgm5t4 ,?is is obvi\s2 & yet ,i _c help ?9k+ t !re is "o-sid$ tea*+ ( *ildr5 :o are at lea/ old en\gh to "k t !re is ano!r side1 & t ! "o-sid$ tea*+ ( two-sid$ subjects might be po/pon$ 9 "s cases until two-sid$ in=mation w\ld be possible & prop]4 ,:]e a *ild is taught "o side & f9ds out lat] t !re is ano!r1 8 res5tm5t is apt to be bitt]2 x spoils ! educational effect ( mu* t he 0 taught & injures ! influ5ce ( ! in/itution t taught him4 ,my res5tm5t is /ill /rong aga9/ ! tea*+ t hid f me ! s\!rn viewpo9t conc]n+ slav]y & secession1 ! ,ca?olic viewpo9t ( :at we ,prote/ants call ! ,re=mation--doz5s ( ?+s omitt$ f textbooks on doz5s ( subjects because !y did n happ5 to meet ! approval ( ! textbook compil]4 ,i am no less an oppon5t ( slav]y--,i am no less a ,prote/ant--because ,i "k ! o!r side1 b ,i ?9k ,i am a bett] man = kn[+ x1 & ,i ?9k x a ?\s& pities t !re are ?\s&s ( our fell[ citiz5s1 on all sides ( all possible l9es1 f :om our educative processes h hid ev5 ! fact t !re is ano!r side4 ,?is "q1 z ,i h said1 does n affect ! libr>y1 & =tunately ne$ n affect x4 ,& z we are necess>ily two-sid$ 9 our book mat]ial s we c op5 our doors to free social or neighborhood use )\t bo!r+ our heads ab\t :e!r ! us]s are ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 or ,jews2 ,democrats1 ,republicans1 or ,sociali/s2 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s or suffragi/s4 ,! libr>y h&s our suffrage & anti-suffrage lit]ature to its us]s ) ! same smile1 & if x h&s ! anti-suffrage books to ! suffragi/1 & vice v]sa1 bo? sides are c]ta9ly ! bett] = x4 ,i h tri$ to make x cle> 9 :at ,i h said t 9 ?is matt] ( social activity1 public in/itutions %\ld g z f> z !y c 9 furni%+ facilities )\t tak+ ^u !mselves ! burd5 ( adm9i/ration4 ,i believe fully 9 municipal own]%ip ( all k9ds ( utilities1 b r>ely 9 municipal op]ation4 ,municipal own]%ip safegu>ds ! city1 & private or corporate op]ation avoids ! num]\s objections to close municipal control ( detail4 ,s ! libr>y au?orities may reta9 suffici5t control ( ^! social activities by ! p[] t !y h ( admitt+ !m to ! p>ts ( ! build+s provid$ = !m1 or ( exclud+ !m at any "t4 ,^! activities !mselves are bett] manag$ by volunt>y bodies1 &1 z ,i h said1 !re is no indication t ! =mation ( su* bodies is on ! wane4 ,! e/abli%m5t & op]ation ( a musical or a?letic club1 a debat+ society1 or a ,boy ,sc\ts company1 are surely q z educational z ! activities !mselves 9 :i* _! memb]s engage4 ,d n let u arrogate to ourselves su* opportunities z ^!4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to take ?is attitude also ) reg>d to ! public playgr\nds1 7 !y n some:at )\t ! prov9ce ( ?is pap]2 & ,i take x v /rongly ) reg>d to ! public s*ool4 ,?r[ op5 ! s*ool build+s z soon z y c1 & z freely z y c to e legitimate =m ( social activity1 b let y\r relation%ip to ?is activity be l t ( ! c5t] to ! circle--9 x & ( x1 b embrac+ no "p ( its areal cont5t4 ,s1 ,i am conv9c$1 w x be be/ = all ( u--= ourselves1 ! adm9i/rators ( public prop]ty1 & = ! public1 ! own+ body :i* is n[ dem&+ t x %\ld n be b>r$ out by its s]vants f t prop]ty's free/ & fulle/ use4 ,,! ,,sy/ematization ,,( ,,viol5ce ,! peace propag&a has suff]$ mu* f ! popul> impression t _m ( ^? engag$ 9 x are impractical en?usia/s :o are assum+ ! possibility ( do+ away ) passions & prejudices incid5t to our v humanity1 & ( br++ ab\t an ideal reign ( love & good w4 ,:e!r ?is impression is or is n ju/ifi$ we ne$ n n[ inquire4 ,x is ! impression itself t is injur+ ! cause ( peace1 & w cont9ue to injure x until x is remov$4 ,x may at lea/ be less5$ by all[+ ! m9d to dwell = a "t on ano!r aspect ( ! subject 9 :i* ! regime ( peace t w\ld foll[ ! discont9uance ( all settlem5t ( disputes by viol5ce w appe> to consi/ n s mu* 9 ! total disappe>ance ( viol5ce f ! e>? z 9 ! use ( x = a diff]5t purpose1 namely1 ! pres]vation ( ! peaceful /atus quo1 by a sy/ematic & lawful use ( =ce1 or at any rate1 ! read9ess to employ x4 ,a /ate ( peace1 :e!r betwe5 individuals or nations1 :e!r )\t or )9 a regime ( law1 always p>takes ( ! nature ( an arm$ truce3 "u "o regime1 h[ev]1 ! arms are borne by ! possible conte/ants !mselves2 "u ! o!r1 by ! community ^: memb]s !y are4 ,if !re is a resort to arms1 viol5ce ensues "u bo? regimes2 9 bo? cases x t5ds ultimately to re/ore peace1 b ! action is m c]ta9 & m sy/ematic :5 ! viol5ce is ex]t$ by ! community4 ,^! laws may apply indiff]5tly to a community ( individuals or to "o ( nations4 ,! mo/ cog5t & ! mo/ valid argum5t at ! disposal ( ! peace advocate is ! fact t we no long] all[ ! individual to take ! law into 8 own h&1 & t logically we %\ld equally prohibit ! nation f do+ s4 ,?is is unansw]able1 b its =ce has be5 greatly weak5$ by ! assumption1 :i* x requires no great a/ut5ess to f9d unw>rant$1 t ! settlem5t ( individual qu>rels by individual =ce has result$ f--or at lea/ result$ 9--! discont9uance ( viol5ce altoge!r1 or 9 ! dawn ( a g5]al era ( good-w1 man to man4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is v d\btful :e!r !re is less viol5ce to-day ?an !re w\ld be if ! op]ation ( law 7 susp5d$ altoge!r2 ! diff]5ce1 is t ! viol5ce has %ift$ its incid5ce & alt]$ its aim--x is civic & social & no long] individual4 ,if we are to introduce ! regime ( law among nations z among individuals1 our fir/ /ep mu/ be simil>ly to %ift ! incid5ce ( viol5ce4 ,9 s do+ we may n decrease x1 we may1 inde$1 increase x--b we %all none ! less be tak+ t /ep 9 ! only possible direction to a*ieve our purpose4 ,among individuals1 cu/om1 cry/alliz+ into law1 g5]ally prec$es ! en=cem5t ( t law by ! community4 ,h5ce1 a some:at elaborate code may exi/ side by side ) ! settlem5t ( disputes1 "u t code1 by p]sonal combat4 ,we h among nations su* a code1 & we yet admit ! settlem5t ( disputes by w>1 because ! incid5ce ( viol5ce has n yet completely %ift$4 ,we h e/abli%$ a tribunal to act1 9 c]ta9 cases1 on behalf ( ! community ( nations1 b we h n yet giv5 t tribunal complete jurisdiction & we h giv5 x no p[] :atev] to en=ce its decrees4 ,x is on ?is latt] po9t t ,i desire to dwell4 ,9 a community ( individuals1 !re are two ways ( us+ viol5ce to en=ce law--by ! pr(essional police =ce & by ! posse ( citiz5s4 ,! =m] is m effective1 b ! latt] is (t5 readi] & m c]ta9 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 especially 9 primitive communities4 ,to give x =ce we mu/ h read9ess on ! "p ( e citiz5 to respond to a call f ! prop] (fic]1 & ability to d effective s]vice1 especially by ! possession ( arms & skill 9 _! use4 ,^! requisites are n g5]ally f\nd 9 m advanc$ communities4 ,9 l mann]1 ! decrees ( an int]national tribunal might be en=c$ ei!r by ! creation ( an int]national army or by call+ ^u z _m ( ! nations z necess>y to aid 9 co]c+ ! non-law-abid+ memb] ( ! int]national community4 ,ea* nation is already arm$ & ready4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! ultimate possibility ( an int]national army1 x mu/ be evid5t t ! pr9ciple ( ! posse mu/ s]ve u at ! outset4 ,an int]national army w\ld always consi/ 9 "p ( memb]s ( ! nation to be co]c$1 :]eas1 9 select+ a posse ^? fur!/ 9 race & 9 sympa?y f ! (f5d] might always be *os51 j z memb]s ( a ho/ile clan w\ld make up ! be/ posse to arre/ a ,highl&] = %eep-/eal+4 ,moreov]1 ! posse has be5 us$ int]nationally m ?an once1 z :5 decrees h be5 pron\nc$ by a g5]al ,european ,congress & "s p>ticul> nation or nations h be5 *>g$ ) _! execution4 ,:5 a fronti] community t has be5 a law unto itself gets its fir/ %]iff1 ! e>lie/ visible result is n impossibly a sudd5 increase1 in/ead ( a decrease1 ( viol5ce4 ,!re is a w> ( ! community1 repres5t$ by ! %]iff & ! good citiz5s1 aga9/ all ! bad ones4 ,ev5 s x may be expect$ t among ! fir/ results ( an effective agreem5t to en=ce ! decrees ( an int]national tribunal1 w\ld be an exceptionally great & viol5t w>4 ,soon] or lat] "s nation w\ld be sure to take issue ) an unpopul> decree & refuse to obey x4 ,?is w\ld probably be "o ( ! l>g] & m p[]ful nations1 = a weak] p[] w\ld n proce$ to su* l5g?s 9 prote/4 ,n improbably o!r nations might jo9 ! prote/+ p[]4 ,! result w\ld be a w>2 x might ev5 be ! _w w> t we h be5 fe>+ = a g5]ation4 ,x might conceivably be ! greate/ & ! bloodie/ w> t ! _w has yet se54 ,yet x w\ld be f> ! mo/ glori\s w> ( hi/ory1 = x w\ld be a /ruggle on behalf ( law & ord] 9 ! community ( nations--a fight to uphold t au?ority by ^: ex]cise alone may peace be assur$ to ! _w4 ,! man :o %udd]s at ! prospect ( su* a w>1 :o wants peace1 b is unwill+ to fight = x1 %\ld cease 8 ef=ts on behalf ( a univ]sal agreem5t among nations1 = !re is no g5]al agreem5t )\t p[] to quell diss5sion4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! details ( an int]national agreem5t to en=ce ! decrees ( an int]national tribunal4 ,x may m]ely be said t if ! mo/ p[]ful & intellig5t communities ( m5 t h ev] exi/$ _c devise ma*9]y to d :at puny individuals h long be5 successfully accompli%+1 !y _h bett] disb& & coalesce 9 univ]sal an>*y4 ,my object "h is nei!r to propose plans nor to discuss details1 b m]ely to po9t out t n ! ab&onm5t1 b ! sy/ematization ( viol5ce is ! goal ( a rational peace propag&a1 & t :5 ?is is once ackn[l$g$ & univ]sally realiz$1 an important /ep w h be5 tak5 t[>d w9n+ ov] a class ( p]sons :o n[ oppose a _w-peace z impractical & impossible4 ,^! p]sons disapprove ( dis>mam5t3 & f ! po9t ( view "h advocat$1 a g5]al dis>mam5t w\ld be ! la/ ?+ to be desir$4 ,! possible memb] ( a posse mu/ be> arms to be effective4 ,armam5ts may h to be limit$ & controll$ by int]national decree1 b to dis>m a nation w\ld be z crim9al & fooli% z x w\ld be to take away all weapons f ! law-abid+ citiz5s ( a m9+ t[n z a prelim9>y to call+ ^u !m to assi/ 9 ! arre/ ( a notori\s b& ( outlaws4 ,aga93 a common objection to ! peace propag&a is t )\t w> we %all h none ( ! h]oic virtues t w> calls into be+4 ,?is objection fails utt]ly :5 we consid] t :at we %all get "u a prop] int]national agreem5t is n ! abolition ( w>1 b simply an assurance t :5 !re is a w> x w be "o 9 :i* e good citiz5 c take at once ! "p ( int]national law & ord]--a conte/ betwe5 ! law & ! law-break]1 & n "o 9 :i* bo? conte/ants are equally lawless4 ,?us ! pr(ession ( arms w /ill be an honorable "o--x w1 9 fact1 be mu* m honorable ?an x is to-day1 :5 x may at any mom5t be pro/itut$ to ! s]vice ( gre$ or comm]cialism4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,re-,,read+ ,i h no?+ to read1 said a man to me once4 ,b y\r h\se seems to be fill$ ) books4 ,o1 yes2 b ,i've read !m already4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a man :o %\ld compla9 t he _h no fri5ds1 :5 8 h\se 0 ?rong$ daily ) gue/s1 simply because he _h se5 & talk$ ) !m all once be=e8 ,su* a man has ei!r *os5 badly1 or he is himself at fault4 ,hold fa/ t :i* is good says ! ,scripture4 ,d n ta/e x once & ?r[ x away4 ,to get at ! root ( ?is matt] we mu/ g f>!r back ?an lit]ature & inquire :at x has 9 common ) all o!r =ms ( art to compel our love & admiration4 ,n[1 a "w ( art diff]s f any o!r result ( human endeavor 9 ?is--t its effect dep5ds *iefly on ! way 9 :i* x is made & only second>ily ^u :at x is or :at x repres5ts4 ,7 ?is n true1 all /atues ( ,apollo or ,v5us w\ld h ! same art-value2 & y or ,i1 if we c\ld f9d a tree & a hill t ,corot _h pa9t$1 w\ld be able to produce a picture z *>m+ to ! behold] z 84 ,! way 9 :i* a ?+ is done is1 ( c\rse1 always important1 b its importance outside ( ! sph]e ( art diff]s f t )94 ,! way 9 :i* a ma*9e is con/ruct$ makes x good or bad1 b ! ?+ t is aim$ at "h is ! useful work+ ( ! ma*9e1 t[>d :i* all ! skill ( ! mak] is direct$4 ,:at ! arti/ aims at is n s mu* to produce a lik5ess ( a god or a picture ( a tree1 z to produce c]ta9 effects 9 ! p]son :o looks at 8 complete "w2 & ?is he does by ! way 9 :i* he p]=ms x4 ,! fact t a pa9t+ repres5ts c]ta9 trees & hills is "h only second>y2 ! prim>y fact is :at ! arti/ has succe$$ 9 mak+ ! on-look] feel4 ,:ile ,sorolla is pa9t+ a gr\p ( *ildr5 on ! bea*1 ,i may take a kodak picture ( ! same gr\p4 ,my photograph may be a bett] lik5ess ?an ,sorolla's picture1 b x has no art-value4 ,:y8 ,because x 0 made me*anically1 :]eas ,sorolla put into 8 picture some?+ ( himself1 mak+ x a unique ?+1 incapable ( imitation or ( reproduction4 ,! man :o has a message1 "o ( ^? p]vasive1 compell+ messages t are wor? :ile1 naturally turns to art4 ,he *ooses 8 subject n z an end1 b z a vehicle1 & he makes x speak 8 message by 8 me?od ( treatm5t1 convey+ x to 8 public m or less successfully 9 ! measure ( 8 skill4 ,we h be5 speak+ ( ! repres5tative arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 b ! same is true ( art 9 any =m4 ,9 music1 n a repres5tative art1 9 spite ( ! some:at grotesque claims ( s-call$ program music1 ! me?od ( ! compos] is ev]y?+1 or at lea/ 8 subject is s vague & immat]ial t no "o w\ld ?9k ( exalt+ x z an end 9 itself4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an art 9 :i* ! subject /&s =? s prom95tly t ev5 ^? :o love ! art itself are cont9ually 9 dang] ( =gett+ ! subject's second>y "*4 ,i mean ! art ( lit]ature4 ,among ! works ( writt5 spee* ! b\nd>ies ( art are mu* m ill-def9$ ?an !y are else:]e4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ,%elley's ,ode to a ,skyl>k & ,todhunt]'s ,trigonometry z !re is betwe5 ! ,v5us de ,milo & a battle%ip2 & ,i conceive t ! diff]5ce is also ( precisely ! same k9d1 be+ t by :i*1 z we h se5 above1 we may always discrim9ate betwe5 a "w ( art & "o ( utility4 ,b :]e art-value & utility are closely comb9$1 z !y are mo/ frequ5tly 9 lit]ature1 x is1 ,i believe1 m difficult to divide !m m5tally & to dwell on _! sep>ate *>act]i/ics1 ?an :]e ! "w is a concrete object4 ,?is is :y we he> s _m disputes ab\t :e!r a giv5 "w does or does n belong to ! realm ( pure lit]ature1 & x is also ! reason :y1 z ,i h said1 "s1 ev5 among ^? :o love lit]ature1 are n always ready to recognize its nature z an art1 or mi/ak5ly believe t 9 s f> z its art-value is conc]n$1 ! subject portray$ is ( prim>y importance--is an aim 9 itself in/ead ( be+ a m]e vehicle = ! conveyance ( an impression4 ,take1 if y please1 works :i* 7 int5d$ by _! au?ors z works ( utility1 b h surviv$ z works ( art 9 spite ( !mselves1 su* z ,walton's ,compleat ,angl] & ,:ite's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne4 ,w anyone ma9ta9 t ! subject-matt] ( ^? books has mu* to d ) _! pres]vation1 or ) ! e/imation 9 :i* !y are n[ held8 ,nay2 we may ev5 be s bold z to ent] ! field ( fiction & to ass]t t ^? fictional works t h purely lit]>y value are lov$ n = ! /ory !y tell1 b = ! way 9 :i* ! au?or tells x & = ! effect t he !reby produces on ! read]4 ,i conceive t pure lit]ature is an art1 subject to ! rules t gov]n all art1 & t its value dep5ds prim>ily on ! effect produc$ on ! read]--! message convey$--by ! way 9 :i* ! writ] has done 8 "w1 ! subject *os5 be+ only 8 vehicle4 ,:]e a man :o has some?+ to say looks ab\t = means to say x wor?ily1 he may select a tale1 a philosophical disquisition1 a famili> essay1 a drama or a lyric poem4 ,he may *oose badly or well1 b 9 any case x is 8 message t matt]s4 ,my excuse = dwell+ on ?is matt] mu/ be t unless ,i h c>ri$ y ) me ?us f> :at ,i am ab\t to say w h no mean+1 & ,i _h be/ fold my pap]s1 make my b[1 & conclude an unpr(itable bus9ess4 ,= my subject is re-read+1 ! repetition ( a message2 & ! message t we w\ld will+ly he> repeat$ is n t ( utility b ( emotion4 ,x is ! ^w t ?rills ! he>t1 n]ves ! arm1 & puts new life into ! ve9s1 n t :i* simply conveys in=mation4 ,! =m] w produce its effect aga9 & aga91 cu/om c n /ale x4 ,! latt]1 once deliv]$1 has done its "w4 ,i see two mess5g]s approa*+2 "o1 :om ,i h s5t to a libr>y to asc]ta9 ! bir?-date ( ,oliv] ,cromwell1 tells me :at x is & receives my ?anks4 ,! o!r tells me t "o de> to my he>t1 long ly+ at dea?'s door1 is recov]+4 ,my blood c\rses ?r\gh my ve9s2 my n]ves t+le2 joy suffuses me :]e gloom reign$ be=e4 ,i cry out2 ,i beg ! be>] ( good tid+s to tell !m aga9 & aga92 ,i keep him by me1 s t ,i may ask him a ?\s& que/ions1 br++ out 8 message 9 a ?\s& v>iant =ms4 ,b d ,i turn to ! o!r & say1 ,o1 t bless$ date6 0 ,cromwell truly born !reon8 ,let me1 ,i pray1 he> y recite x aga9 & aga96 ,i tr[1 n4 ,! message t we desire to he> aga9 is ! "o t produces its effect aga9 & aga92 & t is ! message ( feel+1 ! message ( art--n t ( m]e utility4 ,?is is s true t ,i conceive we may use x z a te/ ( art-value4 ,! great works ( lit]ature d n lose _! effect on a s+le read+4 ,"o makes response to !m ! hundr$? "t z he did ! fir/4 ,_! appeal is s compell+ t !re is no d5y+ x--no resi/+ x4 ,!re are snat*es ( poetry--& ( prose1 too--t we h by he>t2 t we murmur to ourselves aga9 & aga91 sure t ! response :i* nev] fail$ w come aga91 ?rill+ ! :ole organism ) its pa?os1 uplift+ u ) ! nobility ( its appeal1 w>m+ u ) its humor4 ,!re is a little sequ5ce ( homely v]se t nev] fails to br+ ! te>s to my eyes4 ,i h te/$ myself ) x "u ! mo/ unfavorable circum/ances4 ,9 ! mid/ ( bus9ess1 amid social jollity1 9 ! m5tal dullness ( fatigue1 ,i h /opp$ & repeat$ to myself ^? ?ree v]ses4 ,s quickly acts ! magic ( ! au?or's skill t ! e>li] v]ses grip ! fib]s ( my m9d & twi/ !m 9 su* fa%ion t ,i feel ! pa?os ( ! la/ l9es j z ,i felt !m = ! fir/ "t1 ye>s ago4 ,y might all tell simil> /ories4 ,i believe t ?is is a *>act]i/ic ( good lit]ature1 & t all ( x w be> read+1 & re-read+1 & read+ aga94 ,b ,i he> someone say1 ,d y mean to tell me t ^? ?ree little v]ses t br+ ! te>s to y\r eyes1 w br+ !m also to m9e & my neighbor's8 ,i might li/5 to !m appreciatively b dry-ey$2 my neighbor might n c>e = !m en\gh to re-read !m once4 ,all ab\t u we see ?is p]sonal equation 9 ! appreciation ( lit]ature4 ,unless y are prep>$1 !n1 to ma9ta9 t lit]ature may be good = "o & bad = ano!r1 y\r cont5tion w sc>cely hold wat]4 ,ev5 s1 bro!r4 ,! mess5g] :o told me ( ! safety ( my de> "o did n ?rill y\r he>t z he did m9e4 ,%e 0 de> to me1 n to y1 & ! inf9itely delicate yet p[]ful *a9 ( conditions & relations t op]at$ betwe5 ! mess5g]'s voice & my emotional nature did n connect him ) y\rs4 ,assur$ly1 ! message t rea*es "o man may n rea* ano!r4 ,x may ev5 rea* a man 9 8 y\? & fall %ort 9 manhood1 or vice v]sa4 ,x may be good = him & inop]ative on all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,we e/imate lit]ature1 x is true1 by ! univ]sality ( its appeal or by ! "* ( ! p]sons :om alone t appeal rea*es4 ,! message ( lit]ature z art may ?us be to ! cr[d or to a select few4 ,i c\ld ev5 imag9e intellect & feel+ ( su* exquisite f95ess1 su* ackn[l$g$ sup]iority1 t appeal to x alone might be en\gh to fix ! /atus ( a "w ( art1 ?\gh x might leave all o!rs cold4 ,/ill1 9 g5]al ,i believe1 t ! greate/ lit]ature appeals to ! greate/ numb] & to ! l>ge/ numb] ( types4 ,i believe t !re are v few p]sons to :om ,%akespe>e1 prop]ly pres5t$1 w n appeal4 ,9 him1 nev]!less1 ! le>n$ & ^? ( ta/e also delight4 ,!re are au?ors l ,walt] ,pat] :o are a joy to ! few b d n please ! _m4 ,!re are o!rs galore1 :om p]haps x w\ld be invidi\s to "n1 :o inspire joy 9 ! multitude b only di/a/e 9 ! m discrim9at+4 ,we place ,pat] above ^!1 j z we %\ld always put quality above quantity2 b ,i place ,%akespe>e va/ly high]1 because 8 appeal is to ! few & ! _m at once4 ,b we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 ackn[l$ge t an au?or ^: value may n appeal to o!rs may be great to "o read]2 t 8 influ5ce on t read] may be z /rong = good z if x 7 univ]sal in/ead ( unique4 ,we may n place su* a writ] 9 ! ,walhalla1 b ,i besee* y1 d n let u te> him rudely f ! "o or two to :om he is good & great4 ,d n lop (f ! cl++ arms at ! elb[1 b r skilfully pres5t "s o!r object ( adoration to ! int5t t !y may volunt>ily untw9e & enfold ?is new object m wor?ily4 ,! man :o desires to own books b :o c af=d only a small & select libr>y c n d bett] ?an to make 8 selection on ?is basis--to get toge!r a collection ( well-lov$ books any "o ( :i* w\ld give him pleasure 9 re-read+4 ,:y %\ld a man h>bor 9 8 h\se a book t he has read once & nev] c>es to read aga98 ,:y %\ld he own "o t he w nev] c>e to read at all8 ,we are n consid]+ ! books ( ! great collectors1 covet$ = _! r>ity or _! e>ly dates1 = _! previ\s own]%ip or ! beauty ( _! b9d+--= any reason except ! "o t makes !m books r ?an curiosities4 ,^! collections are n libr>ies 9 ! intellectual or ! lit]>y s5se4 ,?ree well ?umb$ volumes 9 ! attic ( "o :o loves !m are a bett] libr>y = him ?an ^? on :i* ,pi]pont ,morgan sp5t 8 millions4 ,?is advice1 x w be not$1 implies t ! man has an opportunity to read ! book be=e he decides :e!r to buy x or n4 ,"h is :]e ! ,public ,libr>y comes 94 ,"s reg>d ! ,public ,libr>y z an in/itution to obviate all necessity ( own+ books4 ,x %\ld r be reg>d$ f our pres5t /&po9t z an in/itution to enable read]s to own ! books t !y ne$--to survey ! field & make !refrom a prop] & well-consid]$ selection4 ,t x has act$ s 9 ! pa/1 none may d\bt2 x is ! bus9ess ( libr>ians to see t ?is function is emphasiz$ 9 ! future4 ,! booksell] & ! libr>ian are n rivals1 b co-work]s4 ,libr>ians compla9 ( ! po9t ( view ( ^? publi%]s & deal]s :o reg>d e libr>y us] z a lo/ cu/om]4 ,he is r1 !y say1 9 _m cases a cu/om] won--a non-read] add$ to ! read+ class--a possible pur*as] ( books4 ,b h n libr>ians %>$ some:at ?is mi/ak5 & intol]ant attitude8 ,h[ (t5 d we urge our read]s to become book-own]s8 ,h[ (t5 d we give !m in=mation & aid direct$ t[>d ?is end8 ,! success ( ! ,*ri/mas book exhibitions held 9 _m libr>ies %\ld be a lesson to u4 ,! li/s issu$ 9 connection ) ^! almo/ always include prices1 publi%]s' names1 & o!r in=mation int5d$ especially = ! w\ld-be pur*as]4 ,b :y %\ld we limit our ef=ts to ! holiday season8 ,true1 e libr>ian does occasionally respond to reque/s = advice 9 book-selection & book-pur*ase1 b ! libr>y is n yet recogniz$ z ! great te/+ field ( ! w\ld-be book own]2 ! libr>ian is n yet hail$ z ! community's exp]t advis] 9 ! selection & pur*ase ( books1 z well z its book gu>dian & book di/ributor4 ,t ?is may be & %\ld be1 ,i believe4 ,x w be if ! libr>ian wills x4 ,are we /ray+ f our subject8 ,no2 = f our pres5t /&po9t a book b\ght is a book r]ead4 ,my ideal private libr>y is a room1 be x l>ge or small1 l9$ ) books1 e "o ( :i* is ! own]'s famili> fri5d1 "s almo/ kn[n by he>t1 o!rs re-read _m times1 o!rs /ill wait+ to be re-read4 ,b h[ ab\t ! man ^: fir/ selection = ?is intimate p]sonal gr\p w\ld be a complete set ( ! works ( ,george ,ade8 ,well1 if t is 8 ta/e1 let 8 libr>y reflect x4 ,let a man be himself4 ,t !re is virtue 9 m]ely surr\nd+ oneself ) ! great ma/]s ( lit]ature all unread & unlov$1 ,i c n see4 ,bett] ackn[l$ge y\r poor ta/e ?an be a hypocrite4 ,! libr>ian c n =ce ! classics d[n ! unwill+ ?roats ( ^? :o d n c>e = !m & are p]haps unfitt$ to appreciate !m4 ,!re has be5 entirely too mu* ( ?is already & x has result$ disa/r\sly4 ,surely1 a sane via m$ia is possible1 & we may agree t a man w nev] l ,es*ylus1 )\t assur+ him t ,es*ylus is an out-(-date old fogy1 :ile on ! o!r h& we may ackn[l$ge ! greatness ( ,hom] & ,milton )\t try+ to =ce !m ^u unwill+ & incompet5t read]s4 ,aft] all x is n s mu* a "q ( ,milton v]sus ,george ,ade1 z x is ( sanity & :olesom5ess aga9/ vulg>ity & morbidity4 ,& if ,i 7 to walk ?r\gh "o city & behold collections ( ?is latt] sort pr$om9at+ & !n ?r\gh ano!r1 :]e my eyes 7 gladd5$ ) evid5ces ( good ta/e1 ( love = humor t is :olesome1 s5tim5t t is sane1 v]se t is tuneful & noble1 ,i %\ld at once call on ! public libr>ian & ,i %\ld say to him1 ,?\ art ! man6 ,! lit]>y ta/e ( y\r community is a reflection ( y\r own z %[n =? 9 y\r own in/itution--its collection ( books1 ! assi/ants ) :i* y h surr\nd$ y\rself1 y\r attitude & !irs ?r\gh y t[>d lit]ature & t[>d ! public4 ,b1 someone asks1 suppose t ,i am s =tunate & s happy z to sit 9 ! mid/ ( su* a gr\p ( fri5dly au?ors2 h[ & h[ (t5 %all ,i re-read8 ,%all ,i trav]se ! gr\p e ye>8 ,he :o speaks ?us is play+ a "p2 he is n ! real ?+4 ,does ! "y lov] ask h[ & h[ (t5 he %all g to see 8 swee!>t8 ,try to see :e!r y c keep him away6 ,! book-lov] reop5s 8 favorite volume :5ev] he feels l x4 ,among ! works on 8 %elves are books = e mood1 e %ade ( v>y+ temp] & humor4 ,he *ooses = ! mom5t ! fri5d t be/ corresponds to x1 or x may be1 ! "o t may be/ woo him away f x4 ,x may be t he w select none ( !m1 b occupy himself ) a pile ( newcom]s1 "s ( :om may be c&idates = admission to ! inn] gr\p4 ,! :ole ?+--! composition ( 8 libr>y1 8 attitude t[>d x1 ! books t he re-reads (t5e/1 ! favorite passages t he loves1 t he scans fondly ) 8 eye :ile yet he c repeat !m by he>t1 8 /&>ds ( admission to 8 inn] circle--all is peculi>ly & p]sonally 8 own4 ,!re is no o!r precisely l x1 j z !re is no o!r human be+ precisely l its own]4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ?is k9d ( a libr>y & "s t we h se5 z !re is betwe5 a live1 brea?+ creature ) a m9d & emotions & aspirations1 & a wax figure 9 ! ,ed5 ,musee4 ,?us e book lov] re-reads 8 favorites 9 a way ( 8 own1 j z e individual human be+ loves or hates or m\rns or rejoices 9 a way ( 8 own4 ,"o c no m describe ^! idiosyncrasies ?an he c write a hi/ory ( all ! individuals 9 ! _w1 b p]haps1 9 ! mann] ( ! e?nological or zoological classifi]1 x may int]e/ u to glance at ! types ( a few g5]a or species4 ,& fir/1 please note t re-read+ is ! exact repetition ( a dual m5tal exp]i5ce1 s f> at lea/ z "o ( ! m9ds is conc]n$4 ,x is a replica ( m9d-contact1 "u conditions obta9able n[h]e else 9 ?is _w & ( su* nature t "s ( !m seem almo/ to p>take ( o!r-worldl9ess4 ,my ye/]day's int]view ) ,smi? or ,jones1 trivial z x is1 ,i c n repeat4 ,smi? c n rememb] :at he said1 & ev5 if he c\ld1 he c\ld n say x to me 9 ! same way & to ! same purpose4 ,b my int]view ) ,plato--) ,%akespe>e1 ) ,em]son2 my talk ) ,julius ,caes>1 ) ,goe!1 ) ,l9coln6 ,i c duplicate x once1 twice1 a hundr$ times4 ,my own m9d--"o p>ty to ! contact--may *ange1 b ,plato's or ,l9coln's is ev] ! same2 !y speak no v>i\s language l ,byrant's nature1 b are l t great ,au?or ( ,nature :o has tak5 !m to ,himself1 9 t 9 !m is no v>iabl5ess1 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+4 ,to realize t ^! m5 may speak to me today1 across ! abyss ( "t1 & t ,i c c\nt on ! same message tomorr[1 next ye> & on my dea? b$1 9 ! same au!ntic words1 produc+ ! same effect1 assures me t some:]e1 someh[1 a miracle has be5 wr\ght4 ,i h said t "o ( ! m9ds t come ?us into contact *anges n1 :ile ! o!r1 ! read]'s1 is alt]able4 ,?is gives him a sort ( /&>d by :i* he c measure or at lea/ e/imate1 ! *anges t g on )9 him1 ! tempor>y ones due to fluctuations 9 heal?1 /r5g? or temp]1 ! progressive ones due to natural gr[? or to outside influ5ces4 ,9 8 ,introduction to ,don ,quixote1 ,he9e tells u h[ t book1 ! fir/ t he ev] read1 0 8 m5tal companion ?r\gh life4 ,9 t fir/ p]usal kn[+ n h[ mu* irony ,god _h int]wov5 into ! _w1 he look$ ^u ! luckless knight z a real h]o ( romance & wept bitt]ly :5 8 *ivalry & g5]osity met ) +ratitude & viol5ce4 ,a little lat]1 :5 ! satire dawn$ ^u 8 compreh5sion1 he c\ld n be> ! book4 ,/ill lat] he read x ) contemptu\s laught] at ! poor knight4 ,b :5 9 lat] life1 he lay rack$ on a b$ ( pa9 8 attitude ( sympa?y return$4 ,dulc9ea del ,toboso1 he says is /ill ! mo/ beautiful woman 9 ! _w2 al?\gh ,i lie /ret*$ ^u ! e>?1 helpless & mis]able1 ,i w nev] take back t ass]tion4 ,i c n d o!rwise4 ,on ) y\r lances1 ye ,knights ( ! ,silv] ,moon2 ye disguis$ b>b]s6 ,s e read]'s viewpo9t %ifts ) ! ye>s4 ,our fri5d :o welcomes ,george ,ade to 8 inn] sanctu>y may f9d z ! ye>s g on t 8 reaction to t contact has alt]$4 ,i %\ld n recomm5d t ! au?or be !n be ca/ into out] d>kness4 ,once a favorite1 always a favorite1 = old sake's sake ev5 if n = pres5t p[] & influ5ce4 ,our private libr>ies w hold %elf aft] %elf ( ^! old-"t favorites--mile/ones on ! intellectual track ov] :i* we h we>ily or joy\sly travel$4 ,!re w always be a w>m spot 9 my he>t & a nook on my private %elf = ,oliv] ,optic & ,horatio ,alg]4 ,?\gh ,i b> !m f my libr>y 7,i mean my ,libr>y ) a big ,l7 ,i h no "r to exclude !m f my private collection ( favorites1 = once ,i lov$ !m4 ,i sc>cely "k :y or h[4 ,if !re _h be5 9 ^? f>-(f days ( my boyhood1 *ildr5's libr>ies & *ildr5's libr>ians1 ,i might n h kn[n !m2 z x is1 !y are incid5ts 9 my lit]>y pa/ t c n be bl9k$1 %ameful ?\gh !y may be4 ,! re-read+ ( su* books z ^! is int]e/+ because x %[s u h[ f> we h travel$ s9ce we c\nt$ !m among our favorites4 ,!n !re is ! book t1 despite its ackn[l$g$ excell5ce1 ! read] w\ld n p]haps admit to 8 inn] circle if he read x n[ = ! fir/ "t4 ,x holds its place l>gely on acc\nt ( ! glam\r ) :i* 8 y\? inve/$ x4 ,x ?rills him n[ z x ?rill$ him !n1 b he half suspects t ! ?rill is l>gely rem9isc5t4 ,i sometimes fancy t z ,i re-read ,ivanhoe & my he>t leaps to my m\? :5 ! knights cla% at ,a%by1 ! propulsive p[] ( t leap _h its orig9 9 ! emotions ( #ahgj r ?an ^? ( #aiad4 ,& :5 "s ( ,dick5s' pa?os--t dea?-b$ ( ,paul ,dombey = in/ance--br+s ! te>s aga9 unbidd5 to my eyes1 ,i suspect1 ?\gh ,i sc>cely d>e to put my suspicion into words1 t ! salt 9 ^? te>s is ( ! v9tage ( #ahge4 ,i am read+ ,arnold ,b5nett n[ & lov+ him v de>ly :5 he is at 8 be/2 b h[ ,i %all feel ab\t him 9 #aicj or h[ ,i might feel if ,i c\ld live until #bjad1 is ano!r "q4 ,!n !re is ! book t1 sc>ce compreh5d$ or appreciat$ :5 x 0 fir/ read1 b lov$ = "s magic ( expression or turn ( ?\ght1 %[s new beauties at ea* re-read+1 unfold+ l an op5+ rose & br++ to view petals ( beauty1 wit1 wisdom & p[] t 7 be=e unsuspect$4 ,?is is ! k9d ( book t "o loves mo/ to re-read1 = ! gr[? t "o sees 9 x is aft] all 9 oneself--n 9 ! book4 ,! gems t y did n see :5 y read x fir/ 7 !re !n z !y are n[4 ,y saw !m n !n & y see !m n[1 = y\r m5tal sight is /rong]--y are m ( a man n[ ?an y 7 !n4 ,n t all ! *anges ( ! ye>s are necess>ily = ! bett]4 ,!y may be nei!r = bett] nor = worse4 ,z ! mov+ tra9 hurries u onw>d we may enjoy successively ! beauties ( canyon1 prairie & lake1 admir+ ea* z we come to x )\t prejudice to :at has gone be=e4 ,9 y\? we love only bright colors & _! contra/s--brilliant sunsets & autumn foliage2 9 lat] life we come to appreciate also ! m delicate t9ts & _! gradations--a prospect ( swamp-l& & di/ant lake or sea on a gray day2 a smoky t[n 9 ! fog2 ! t5d] dove colors ( e>ly dawns4 ,s 9 y\? we eag]ly read ( blood & glory & wild adv5ture2 ,trollope is insuff]ably dull4 ,jane ,au/5 is = old maids2 ev5 su* a gem z ,cran=d we d n rate at its true value4 ,b 9 aft] life h[ _! quiet %ades & t9ts come out6 ,!re is no glory 9 !m1 no c>nage1 no combat2 b !re is *>m & fasc9ation 9 ! v sl[ness ( _! movem5t1 ! %ortness ( _! range1 _! lack ( int5sity1 ! abs5ce ( ! %rill1 high notes & ! trem5d\s bases4 ,!n !re is ! re-read+ t accuses ! read] ( ano!r k9d ( *ange--a twi/ to ! "r or ! left1 a ca/ 9 ! m5tal eye1 or p]haps ! correction ( su* a ca/4 ,! doctr9es 9 "s book seem$ /range to y once--almo/ abhorr5t2 y are ready to accept !m n[4 ,is x because y !n saw ?r\gh a glass d>kly & n[ m cle>ly8 ,or is y\r vision d>k] n[ ?an x 08 ,y\r r]ead+ apprizes y t !re has be5 a *ange ( "s sort4 ,p]haps y mu/ await corroborative te/imony be=e y decide :at its nature has be54 ,possibly y read today )\t a blu% :at y\r m9d ( tw5ty ye>s ago w\ld h be5 %ock$ to meet4 ,are y broad]-m9d$ or j h>d5$8 ,^! que/ions are disquiet+1 b ! di/urbance t !y cause is :olesome1 & ,i "k ( no way 9 :i* !y c be rais$ 9 m uncompromis+ =m ?an by re-read+ an old favorite1 by br++ ! alt]able fabric ( y\r liv+1 gr[+ & *ang+ m9d into contact ) ! /iff1 unyield+ y>d/ick ( an un*angeable m5tal record--! ca/ ( "o phase ( a ma/] m9d t once 0 b has pass$ on4 ,"h ,i c n help say+ a ^w ( a k9d ( re-read+ t is n ! p]usal ( lit]ature at all ) mo/ ( u--! re-read+ ( our own words1 writt5 d[n 9 previ\s ye>s--old lett]s1 old lectures1 articles--books1 p]haps1 if we *ance to be au?ors4 ,( little value1 p]haps1 to o!rs1 ^! are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ourselves because in/ead ( measur+ our m9ds by an outside /&>d !y enable u to set side by side two phases ( our own life--! ego ( #ahib1 p]haps1 & t ( #aiad4 ,h[ boyi% t o!r ego 02 h[ x jump$ to conclusions2 h[ ignorant x 0 & h[ self-confid5t6 ,& yet1 h[ fre% x 02 h[ quickly responsive to new impressions2 h[ unspoil$2 h[ aspir+6 ,if y want to "k ! *anges t h trans=m$ ! m9d t 0 into ! v diff]5t "o t n[ is1 read y\r own old lett]s4 ,i h tri$ to %[ y t pure lit]ature is an art & l o!r arts dep5ds prim>ily ^u mann] & only second>ily ^u matt]4 ,t ! arti/1 :o 9 ?is case is ! au?or1 uses 8 p[] to influ5ce ! read] usually ?r\gh 8 emotions or feel+s & t its effects to a notable ext5t1 are n m>r$ by repetition4 ,t on ?is acc\nt all good lit]ature may be re-read ov] & ov]1 & t ! pleasure d]iv$ f su* re-read+ is a sign t a book is peculi>ly adapt$ 9 "s way to ! read]4 ,f9ally1 t "o's private libr>y1 especially if its size be limit$1 may well consi/ ( p]sonal favorites1 (t5 re-read4 ,:5 ! a/ronom] ,kepl] _h r$uc$ to simple laws ! complicat$ motions ( ! planets he cri$ out 9 ec/acy3 ,o ,god6 n[ ?9k ,i ,?y ?\ghts aft] ,!e6 ,?us :5 a great writ] ( old "t has be5 v\*saf$ a sp>k ( ! div9e fire we may ?9k 8 div9e ?\ghts aft] him by re-read+4 ,& ,%akespe>e tells u 9 t dea?less spee* ( ,portia's1 t s9ce m]cy is ,god's attribute we may by ex]cis+ x become l ,god4 ,?us1 by ! m]e act ( tun+ our bra9s to ?9k ! ?\ghts t ! ,almighty has put into ! m9ds ( ! good & ! great1 may x n be t our own ?\ghts may at ! la/ come to be %ap$ 9 ! same m\ld8 ,old w9e1 old fri5ds1 old books1 says ! old adage2 & ( ! ?ree ! la/ are surely ! mo/ satisfy+4 ,! old w9e may turn to v9eg>2 old fri5ds may =get or =sake u2 b ! old book is ev] ! same4 ,:at w\ld ! old man d )\t x8 ,& to y :o are "y ,i w\ld say--y may re-read1 y fir/ mu/ read4 ,*oose wor?y books to love4 ,z = ^? :o "k no book long en\gh ei!r to love or despise x--:o skim ?r\gh good & bad alike & =get page n9ety-n9e :ile read+ page #ajj1 we may simply say to !m1 9 ! words ( ! witty ,fr5*man1 ,:at a sad old age y are prep>+ = y\rself6 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,h]$ity#h #h ,read be=e ! ,new ,engl& ,society ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 "o ( 8 e>li] books1 ,pr(4 ,hugo ,mun/]b]g cites ! gr[+ love = trac+ p$igrees z evid5ce ( a dang]\s ,am]ican t5d5cy t[>d ari/ocracy4 ,!re are only two little ?+s ! matt] ) ?is--! fact & ! inf]5ce f x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we ,am]icans h always be5 pr\d ( our ance/ry & fond ( trac+ x2 & 9 ! second place1 ?is fondness is ak91 n to ari/ocracy b to democracy4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to prove ?is !sis 9 detail1 s ,i w m]ely bid y note t ari/ocratic p$igree-trac]s conf9e !mselves to "o l9e1 or to a few l9es4 ,burke w tell y t "o ( ! great-great-gr&fa!rs ( ! pres5t ,"l ,foozlem 0 ! ,fir/ ,b>on2 he is sil5t ab\t 8 great-gr&fa!r1 ! t9k]1 & 8 great-gr&fa!r1 ! pettifogg+ c\ntry lawy]4 ,am]icans are f> m apt to pu% _! g5ealogical inve/igations 9 all directions1 because !y are prompt$ by a legitimate curiosity r ?an by desire to prove a po9t1 ,am]ican g5ealogical rese>* is biological1 :ile t ( ,europe is comm]cial4 ,an obvi\s advantage ( int]e/ 9 our ance/ors is t x ought to make hi/ory a m vital ?+ to u2 = to !m1 hi/ory 0 m]ely curr5t ev5ts 9 :i* !y took "p1 or :i*1 at lea/1 !y wat*$4 ,?is l9k+ up ( our p]sonal ance/ral l9es ) pa/ ev5ts is done too seldom4 ,societies l ! ,new ,engl& ,society are do+ x1 & x is = ?is reason t ,i h *os5 to br+ ! subject briefly be=e y4 ,x has be5 not$ t our hi/orical notions ( ! ,civil ,w> are n[1 & are go+ to be 9 ! future1 m j & less p>tisan ?an ^? ( ! ,revolution4 ,?is is n because we are ne>] ! ,civil ,w>2 = ne>ness (t5 t5ds to confuse hi/orical ideas r ?an to cle> !m up4 ,x is because ! desc5dants ( ^? :o f\ght on bo? sides are "h ) u1 citiz5s ( our common c\ntry1 int]m>ry+ & com+ into contact 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,we are n likely to ignore ! ,s\!rn /&po9t reg>d+ ! rights ( secession & ! ev5ts ( ! /ruggle s long z ! sons & daught]s ( ,conf$]ate soldi]s live among u4 ,nor %all we ev] =get ! ,nor!rn po9t ( view :ile ! desc5dants ( ^? :o f\ght ) ,grant & ,%]man are our fri5ds & neighbors4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! ,revolution4 ,we are ! desc5dants only ( ^? :o f\ght on "o side4 ,( ! o!rs1 "p w5t back to _! homes 9 ,engl&1 ! re/1 our old neighbors & fri5ds1 we despoil$ ( _! l&s & drove across our nor!rn bord] ) execrations1 to make new homes 9 a new l& & view u ) a hatr$ t has n yet pass$ away4 ,if y d\bt x1 discuss ! ,am]ican ,revolution = fifte5 m9utes ) "o ( ! ,unit$ ,empire ,loyali/s ( ,toronto4 ,x w surprise y to "k t y\r patriot ance/ors 7 ?ieves1 blacklegs & sc\ndrels4 ,i d n believe t !y 72 b possibly !y 7 n ! impossible ar*angels ( ! s*ool hi/ories4 ,( "o ?+ ,i am sure2 t if ! desc5dants ( ^? :o f\ght aga9/ u 9 '#gf _h be5 left to m+le ) our own p1 ! hi/orical recollections ( ! /ruggle w\ld h be5 sur] & tru] on bo? sides ?an !y are today4 ,"h is a case :]e ance/ry has p]v]t$ hi/ory1 b simply because !re has be5 an unnatural segregation ( desc5dants4 ,let me note ano!r :]e we h absolutely =gott5 our ance/ral pr$ilections & h gone ov] to ! o!r side1 simply because ! o!r side made ! records4 ,:5 we read a ,roman acc\nt ( enc\nt]s betwe5 ! legions & ! nor!rn tribes1 :]e d we place ourselves 9 imag9ation1 z read]s8 ,always ) ! ,roman legions4 ,b our place is n !re2 x is ) our h>dy & brave =efa!rs1 fight+ to def5d _! c\ntry & _! firesides aga9/ ! s\!rn intrud]s4 ,h[ _m tea*]s ( hi/ory try to utilize race-consci\sness 9 _! pupils to make !m atta9 a cle>] k ( :at x all meant8 ,%\ld we n be pr\d t we are ( ! blood ( m5 :o )/ood ! self-/yl$ rul]s ( ! _w & won _! fre$om & _! "r to %ape _! own p]sonal & civic developm5t8 ,i %\ld l to see a book trac+ ! hi/ory & developm5t ( an imag9>y ,anglo-,saxon ,am]ican l9e ( ance/ry1 tak+ x f ! =e/s ( ,nor!rn ,g]many across to ,brita91 ?r\gh ! ,norman conque/ & d[n ! /ream ( subsequ5t ,engli% hi/ory across seas to ,am]ica--?r\gh savage w>s & ,revolution1 p]haps across ! ,allegh5ies1 to settle f9ally 9 ! great ,we/4 ,i w\ld try to make ! read] realize t "h 0 no fairy tale--no tale ( c\ntries & races ) :i* we h naught to d1 b ! /ory ( our own fa!rs1 ^: features & ^: *>act]i/ics1 physical & m5tal1 h be5 transmitt$ by h]$ity to u1 _! sons & daught]s ( ! ye> #aiac4 ,x is un=tunate p]haps1 = our p]ceptions ( racial cont9uity1 t we are rov]s by disposition4 ,:o runs across ! sea1 says ! ,lat9 poet1 *anges 8 sky b n 8 m9d4 ,true en\gh1 b x is difficult = "s ( u to realize x4 ,x is h>d = "s ( u to realize t our emigrant ance/ors 7 ! same m5 & wom5 :5 !y set foot on ^! %ores z :5 !y left ! o!r side "s weeks be=e4 ,our trans-,atlantic c\s9s labor "u ! same difficulties1 = !y assure u cont9ually t we are a new c\ntry4 ,we h1 !y say1 ! faults & ! advantages ( y\?4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k at j :at po9t 9 ! passage ! education & ! habits & ! prejudices ( ! incom+ ,engli%man dropp$ (f4 ,*ange ( environm5t works wond]s ) habits & ev5 ) "*2 we mu/ ( c\rse recognize t2 b x c]ta9ly does n make ( ! m9d a tabula rasa1 on :i* ! fre% surr\nd+s may absolutely "w _! w4 ,i mu/ say t our migrations )9 ! limits ( our own cont95t h n be5 productive ( s mu* =getfulness4 ,i h be5 /ruck1 = in/ance1 s9ce ,i came to ,/4 ,l\is1 ) :at ,i may call ! s\rce-consci\sness ( our we/]n population4 ,ev]yone1 :e!r he is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 g5ealogy or n1 kn[s t 8 p came f ,v]mont or ,virg9ia or ,p5nsylvania4 ,he may n be able to trace 8 ance/ry1 or ev5 to "n 8 great-gr&fa!r2 b ) ! s\rce ( t ance/ry he is always acqua9t$4 ,i believe ?is to be ! case ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,we/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! population is n s well mix$ z x is 9 ! ,ea/4 ,no "o 9 ,massa*usetts or ,connecticut c po9t out to y1 (fh&1 ! families t came f p>ticul> c\nties 9 ,engl&4 ,& yet 9 ,engl&1 a migration f "o c\nty to ano!r is always recogniz$ & rememb]$4 ,a c\s9 ( m9e1 visit+ on an ,engli% e/ate1 0 casually in=m$ by 8 ho/1 ,our family are newcom]s 9 ?is c\nty4 ,we mov$ 9 only ab\t #cjj ye>s ago4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we are all newcom]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is to be hop$ t z ! ye>s g on1 ! elem5ts ( our we/]n population w n s ?or\ghly lose sight ( _! s\rces z h ! ,ea/]n]s4 ,x is n likely t !y w1 = ^? s\rces are m accessible4 ,we h ,virg9ia families :o /ill keep up fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! old /ock2 ,v]mont families :o sp5d ea* summ] on ! old home/ead2 & s on4 ,! ,new ,engl&] did n & c\ld n keep up simil> relations ) ,old ,engl&4 ,ev5 ! ,s\!rn]1 :o did x = a "t1 _h to drop x4 ,our int]-communication ) ,europe has gr[n enorm\sly 9 volume1 b little ( x1 if any1 is due to cont9u\s ance/ral int]e/1 al?\gh a reviv$ g5]al int]e/ has sprung up & is to be comm5d$4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t ! great] "p ( ?is int]e/ 9 s\rces1 :]e x exi/s1 is v f> f an intellig5t connection ) ! body ( hi/orical fact4 ,:5 a man is pr\d ( ! fact t an ance/or took "p 9 ! fam\s ,bo/on ,tea ,p>ty1 has he tak5 any pa9s to asc]ta9 :at actually took place on t occasion8 ,if he claims desc5t f ,pocahontas1 c he tell u j h[ mu* ( :at we curr5tly believe ( h] is fact & h[ mu* is my?8 ,if he kn[s t 8 family came f ,*e%ire1 ,engl&1 & 0 e/abli%$ & well-kn[n !re = c5turies1 :at does he "k ( ! hi/ory ( ,*e%ire & ( ! connection ( 8 ance/ors ) x8 ,our int]e/1 :5 x exi/s1 is conc5trat$ too mu* on trivial happ5+s4 ,we "k & boa/ t an ance/or came ov] 9 ! ,mayfl[] )\t kn[+ ( ! family do+s be=e & aft] t ev5t4 ,( c\rse1 connection ) "s "o picturesque ev5t s]ves to /imulate ! imag9ation & focus ! int]e/1 b ^! ev5ts %\ld s]ve z />t+ po9ts = inve/igation r ?an re/+ po9ts :]e int]e/ beg9s & ends4 ,hi/orical /ud5ts are beg9n+ to realize t x is n en\gh to "k ab\t ! battle ( ,ha/+s )\t und]/&+ ! causes & =ces t l$ to x & proce$$ f x1 & ! daily lives & ?\ghts ( ^? :o took "p 9 x1 f capta9 to spe>man4 ,?is failure to l9k up family hi/ory ) g5]al hi/ory is responsible = _m sad losses ( hi/orical mat]ial4 ,_m p]sons d n und]/& ! value ( old lett]s & di>ies2 _m :o d1 keep !m closely 9 ! family ar*ives :]e !y are unkn[n & unappreciat$4 ,old lett]s conta9+ mat]ial t be>s 9 any way on ! ev5ts1 cu/oms or life ( ! "t1 %\ld be turn$ ov] to ! local hi/orical society4 ,if !y conta9 private matt]1 seal up ! packet & require t x %all rema9 seal$ = a c5tury1 if y wi%2 b d n burn x4 ,! feel+ t de/roys su* docum5ts is simply evid5ce t we are hi/orically valu+ ! individual & ! family above ! community1 j z we /ill are 9 s _m o!r fields ( ?\ght4 ,i _c tol]ate ! idea t we %all ultimately ?9k only 9 t]ms ( ! common good2 ! small] units1 ! man1 ! family mu/ n lose _! influ5ce1 b ! connection betwe5 !m & ! g5]al welf>e mu/ be bett] und]/ood & m g5]ally recogniz$2 & ?is mu/ be done1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 all t relates to _! hi/orical records & to our hi/orical consci\sness4 ,ance/ral feel+ %\ld1 9 ?is way1 always be hi/orical1 n individual4 ,a man is "r to be p]sonally pr\d ( 8 own a*ievem5ts1 b x is difficult to see h[ he c prop]ly take ! same k9d ( pride 9 t ( o!rs1 :e!r relat$ to him by blood or n4 ,b !re are o!r k9ds ( legitimate pride--family pride1 racial pride1 gr\p pride ( all sorts1 :]e ! feel+ is n p]sonal4 ,if any memb] ( a family1 a pr(ession or any association1 has s conduct$ himself t cr$it is ga9$ = ! :ole body1 x is prop] t ?is k9d ( gr\p pride %\ld be felt by ea* memb] ( ! body1 & 9 ! case ( a family1 :]e ! bond is "o ( blood1 ! gr\p feel+ %\ld be /rong] & ! gr\p pride1 if x is prop] to feel x at all1 may be ( peculi> /r5g?1 provid$ x be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! pride due to p]sonal a*ievem5t4 ,& :5 ! memb] ( ! family 9 :om "o takes pride is an ance/or1 ?is means1 z ,i h said1 t feel+ %\ld be hi/orical1 n individual4 ,& any?+ t t5ds to lift our int]e/ f ! individual to ! hi/orical plane--to make u cease f congratulat+ ourselves p]sonally on "s connection ) ! good & great & sub/itute a feel+ ( gr\p pride %>$ 9 common by "s body to :i* we all belong1 is act+ t[>d ?is desirable end4 ,! body may be a family2 x may be ! community or ! /ate2 x may be z broad z humanity itself1 = we may all be pr\d ( ! _w's greate/4 ,or x may be a body l our own1 =m$ to *]i% ! memories ( =ebe>s 9 "s p>ticul> l9e ( endeavor1 9 "s p>ticul> place or at "s p>ticul> era4 ,our ance/ry is "p ( our hi/ory2 s long z our reg>d = x is prop]ly int]wov5 ) our hi/orical s5se1 no "o c prop]ly *>ge u ) lay+ ! f\ndation = ari/ocracy4 ,we are r mak+ true democracy possible1 = su* is ! case only :5 ! elem5ts ( a community are closely unit$ by ties ( blood1 int]e/ & k--by pride 9 ^? :o h gone be=e & by det]m9ation t ! /&>d set by ^! m5 & wom5 ( old %all be wor?ily upheld4 ,,:at ,,! ,,flag ,,/&s ,,=#i #i ,an address on ,flag ,day made 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! mo/ important ?+s 9 ! _w are ideas4 ,we are s famili> ) ! ?+s t are ! mat]ial embodim5t ( ideas--build+s1 roads1 vehicles & ma*9es--t we are prone to =get t )\t ! ideas t gave !m bir? all ^! w\ld be impossible4 ,a h\se is a mass ( wood1 /one & metal1 b all ^! sub/ances1 collect$ 9 a pile1 d n suffice to make a h\se4 ,a locomotive is made ( /eel & brass1 b al?\gh ! anci5t ,romans _h bo? ! metal & ! alloy1 !y _h no locomotives4 ,! vital ?+ ab\t ! h\se--! ?+ t diff]5tiates x f o!r masses ( ! same mat]ials--is ! idea--! plan--t 0 9 ! ar*itect's m9d :ile wood & /one & iron 7 /ill 9 =e/1 qu>ry & m9e4 ,! vital ?+ ab\t ! locomotive is ! build]'s idea or plan1 :i* he d]iv$1 9 turn1 f ! inv5tor4 ,! reason :y !re 7 no locomotives 9 anci5t ,rome is t 9 ^? days ! locomotive _h n yet be5 inv5t$1 & :5 we say ?is we ref] n to ! mat]ials1 :i* ! ,romans _h 9 abundance1 b to ! idea or plan ( ! locomotive4 ,s x is ) ! :ole mat]ial _w ab\t u4 ,! ?+s t result1 n f man's activities1 b f ! op]ations ( nature1 are no exceptions2 =1 if we are ,*ri/ians1 we believe t ! idea or plan ( a man1 or a horse1 or a tree1 0 9 ! m9d ( ! great ar*itect1 ! great ma*9i/1 be=e ! _w began1 & t ?is idea is ! important ?+ ab\t ea*4 ,a man1 a h\se1 an eng9e--^! are ideas t lead to ?+s t we c feel1 & see & he>4 ,b !re are o!r ideas t h no?+ ( ! k9d to correspond to !m--,i mean su* ideas z *>ity1 manl9ess1 religion & patriotism--:at sometimes are call$ ab/ract qualities4 ,^! are real ?+s & _! ideas are ev5 m important ?an ! o!rs1 b we _c see nor feel !m4 ,n[1 man likes to use 8 s5ses1 & x is = ?is reason t he is fond ( us+ = ^! ab/ract ideas1 symbols t he c see & feel4 ,we ( ,/4 ,l\is %\ld appreciate ?is to ! full j n[1 = we h j set be=e ! _w ! greate/ assemblage ( symbolic images & acts1 portray+ our pride 9 ! pa/ & our hope & confid5ce = ! future1 t any city on ?is e>? ev] has be5 privileg$ to pres5t or to witness4#aj ,:e!r we 7 actors or spectators2 :e!r we camp$ ) ! ,indians1 m>*$ ) ,de ,soto or ,la ,salle & fell$ ! =e/s ( e>ly ,/4 ,l\is ) ,lacl$e & ,*\teau1 or :e!r we 7 "p ( t great ho/ on ! hillside1 we c say no long] t we d n und]/& ! importance ( ! idea1 or ! value & cog5cy ( ! visible symbols t fix x 9 ! memory & grip x to ! he>t4 #aj ,! ,pageant & ,masque ( ,/4 ,l\is1 #aiae4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ always has und]/ood & us$ ?is prop]ty ( ! visible & tangible symbol to en=ce ! claims ( ! ab/ract idea4 ,we rev]e ! cross1 n because !re is any?+ 9 its %ape or sub/ance to make u v5]ate x1 b because x is ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion--( all t x has done = ! _w 9 ! pa/ & all t x may d 9 ! future4 ,t is :y we love & honor ! flag--n because x is a piece ( clo? be>+ c]ta9 figures & colors1 b because x is to u ! symbol ( all t our c\ntry has meant to our fa!rs2 all x means to u & all t x may mean to our *ildr51 g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,a nation's flag did n always mean all ?is to ^? :o gaz$ ^u x4 ,9 v old times ! flag 0 = ! soldi] alone & _h no m mean+ = ! ord9>y citiz5 ?an a helmet or a spe>4 ,:5 ! soldi] saw x uplift$ 9 ! ?ick ( ! battle he ralli$ to x4 ,!n ! flag became ! p]sonal emblem ( a k+ or a pr9ce1 :e!r 9 battle or n2 !n x 0 us$ to m>k :at belong$ to ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry4 ,x is /ill s us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 :]e ! display ( a flag on a build+ m>ks x z gov]nm5t prop]ty1 z our flag does :5 x is us$ on a po/ (fice or a cu/om-h\se4 ,n[h]e b 9 our own c\ntry is ! flag us$ z ! g5]al symbol ( patriotic feel+ & display$ alike by soldi] & citiz51 by ,gov]nm5t (fice & private dwell+4 ,s x comes ab\t t ! />s & /ripes means to u all t 8 eagles did to ! ,roman soldi]2 all t ! great ,oriflamme did to ! m$ieval ,fr5*man2 all t ! ,union ,jack n[ means to ! ,briton or ! tri-color to ! ,fr5*man--& m1 v mu* m1 beside4 ,:at ideas1 !n1 does ! flag /& =8 ,fir/1 x /&s = union4 ,x 0 conceiv$ 9 union1 x 0 dipp$ 9 blood to pres]ve union1 & = union x /ill /&s4 ,its ?irte5 /ripes rem9d u ( t gallant little /rip ( unit$ colonies along ! ,atlantic %ore t ?rew d[n ! gage ( battle to ,brita9 a c5tury & a half ago4 ,its />s are symbols ( ! wid] union t n[ is4 ,bo? may be held to signify ! great tru? t 9 s+l5ess ( purpose among _m !re is effective /r5g? t no "o by himself c hope to a*ieve4 ,our union ( ,/ates 0 =m$ 9 fe> ( =eign aggression2 we h ne$ ( x /ill ?\gh our foes be ( our own h\sehold4 ,if we are ev] to gov]n our cities prop]ly1 hold ! balance ev5ly betwixt capital & labor1 develop our great natural res\rces )\t undue g5]osity on ! "o h& or p>simony on ! o!r--solve ! ?\s& & "o problems t rise to confront u on e h&--we %all nev] accompli% ^! ?+s by /ruggl+ s+ly--"o man at a "t or ev5 "o ,/ate at a "t1 b by conc]t$1 unit$ ef=t1 ! p]fect union ( :i* our flag is a symbol1 & :i* we ne$ to-day ev5 m ?an we did 9 #aggf or #ahfa4 ,we /& on ! ?re%old ( an ef=t to alt] our city gov]nm5t4 ,:e!r t ef=t %\ld or %\ld n succe$1 e citiz5 mu/ decide = himself1 ) ! aid ( su* intellig5ce & judgm5t z x has pleas$ ,god to give him4 ,b if he %\ld decide 9 its favor1 be c]ta9 t 8 individual vote at ! polls w g a v little way t[>d br++ 8 desires to pass4 ,we are gov]n$ by majorities1 & a majority is a union ( _m4 ,he :o w\ld w9 mu/ n only vote1 b "w4 ,our flag1 ) its assemblages ( /ripes & />s1 is a p]petual rem9d] t by ! union ( ! _m1 & n m]ely by ! rectitude ( ! individual1 are policies alt]$ & *>t]s *ang$4 ,aga91 our flag /&s = love4 ,x is a beautiful flag & x /&s = a beautiful l&4 ,we all love :at is our own1 if we are normal m5 & wom5--our families1 our city1 our c\ntry4 ,!y are all beautiful to u1 & x is "r t !y %\ld be4 ,i confess t ! movem5t t has = its motto ,see ,am]ica ,fir/ has my he>ty sympa?y4 ,n t ! ,rockies or ! ,si]ras are necess>ily m beautiful ?an ! ,alps or ! ,miss\ri fair] ?an ! ,danube2 we %\ld h no m to d "h ) comp>isons ?an ! man :o loves 8 *ildr54 ,he does n1 be=e decid+ t he w love !m1 comp>e !m critically ) 8 neighbors'4 ,if we d n love ! ,gr& ,canyon & ! ,nor!rn ,rockies1 ! wild ,si]ras & ! m peaceful beauties ( ! ,allegh5ies or ! ,adirondacks1 simply because leav+ ^! all unse5 we pref] ! lakes & m\nta9s ( =eign l&s1 we are l a man :o %\ld des]t 8 own *ildr51 :om he _h nev] se51 to pass 8 "t at a mov+-picture %[1 because he believ$ t he saw !re faces & =ms m fair ?an ^? ( 8 own little ones4 ,:5 we s+ 9 our hymn ( ,am]ica ,i love ?y rocks & rills ,?y woods & templ$ hills1 we %\ld be able to d x f ! he>t4 ,x is inde$ fitt+ t we %\ld love our c\ntry1 & ?rill :5 we gaze at ! old flag t symbolizes t love4 ,does ?is mean t :5 our c\ntry makes an error we are to %ut our eyes to x8 ,does x require u to call wrong "r & black :ite8 ,!re is a s5tim5t ) :i* y are all famili>1 ,my c\ntry1 may %e ev] be "r2 b1 "r or wrong1 my c\ntry6 ,und]/ood aright1 ^! are ! noble/ & true/ ( words1 b !y are commonly mis9t]pret$1 & !y h done mu* h>m4 ,to love & /& by a fri5d :o has done wrong is a f9e ?+2 b x w\ld be v diff]5t to abet him 9 8 wrong-do+ & assure him t he _h done "r4 ,we may de>ly love a son or a bro!r :o is ! wor/ ( s9n]s1 )\t jo9+ him 9 s9 or p]suad+ him t he is righte\s4 ,s we may say1 ,our c\ntry1 "r or wrong )\t =feit+ ! due ex]cise ( our judgm5t 9 decid+ :e!r %e is "r or wrong1 or ! privilege ( ex]t+ our utmo/ p[] to make h] d "r4 ,if %e is fight+ = an unrighte\s cause1 we %\ld n g ov] to ! enemy1 b we %\ld d our be/ to make h] cease & to make am5ds = ! wrong %e has done4 ,ano!r ?+ = :i* ! flag /&s is fre$om or lib]ty4 ,we all are famili> ) ! ^w4 ,x means diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t p]sons4 ,:5 hamp]+ conditions press h>d ^u a man1 all t he ?9ks ( = ! mom5t is to be rid ( !m4 ,)\t !m he deems t he w be free4 ,! fre$om ( :i* our fa!rs ?\ght1 = :i* !y f\ght & :i* !y won1 0 fre$om f gov]nm5t by :at _h become to !m a =eign p[]4 ,! fre$om t ! black man long$ = 9 ! sixties 0 fre$om f slav]y4 ,to-day m5 & wom5 liv+ 9 intol]able indu/rial conditions are pant+ = fre$om--! fre$om t seems to !m j n[ m desirable ?an aught else 9 ! _w4 ,all ?is ! flag /&s =1 b x /&s = mu* m4 ,"u its folds we are entitl$ to live our own lives 9 ! fulle/ way compatible ) ! ex]cise ( ! same privilege by o!rs4 ,?is includes political fre$om1 indu/rial fre$om1 social fre$om & all ! re/4 ,despite mu* grumbl+ & "s d5ials1 ,i believe t x is all summ$ up "u political fre$om1 & t we h x all1 ?\gh we may n always take advantage ( x4 ,! p :o groan "u an indu/rial yoke d s because !y d n *oose to ex]t ! p[] giv5 !m by law1 "u ! flag1 to ?r[ x (f4 ,! boss-ridd5 city is boss-ridd5 only because x is satisfi$ to be s4 ,! g5]ation t is ?rottl$ by tru/s & monopolies may at any "t effect a peaceful revolution4 ,! flag gives u fre$om1 b ev5 a man's et]nal salvation _c be =c$ ^u him aga9/ 8 w4 ,ano!r ?+ = :i* ! flag /&s is ju/ice--! squ>e deal1 z x is call$ by "o ( our ,presid5ts4 ,to e man %all come soon] or lat]1 "u its folds1 t :i* he des]ves4 ,?is means l>gely h&s (f1 & is b "o ( ! aspects ( fre$om1 or lib]ty1 s9ce if we d n int]f]e ) a man1 :at happ5s to him is a consequ5ce ( :at he is & :at he does4 ,if we oppress him1 or int]f]e ) him1 he gets less ?an he m]its2 & if1 on ! contr>y we coddle him & give him privileges1 he may get m ?an 8 due4 ,give a man opportunity & a free pa? & he w a*ieve :at is be=e him 9 ! measure ( 8 /r5g?4 ,t ! ,am]ican ,flag /&s = all ?is1 ?\s&s w te/ify :o h left _! native %ores to live "u its folds & :o h contribut$ "h to ! _w's progress :at ! re/ra9ts & inju/ice ( ! old _w =bade !n to give4 ,?is s5se ( ! removal ( bonds1 ( sudd5 release & ! entry into free space1 is well put by a poet ( our own1 ,h5ry ,van ,dyke1 :5 he s+s1 ,s x's home aga91 & home aga91 ,am]ica = me6 ,my he>t is turn+ home aga91 & !re ,i long to be1 ,9 ! l& ( y\? & fre$om beyond ! ocean b>s1 ,:]e ! air is full ( sunlight & ! flag is full ( />s4 ,i "k t ,europe's wond]ful1 yet some?+ seems to lack3 ,! ,pa/ is too mu* ) h]1 & ! p look+ back1 ,b ! glory ( ! ,pres5t is to make ! ,future free-- ,we love our l& = :at %e is & :at %e is to be4 ,oh1 x's home aga91 & home aga91 ,am]ica = me6 ,i want a %ip t's we/w>d b\nd to pl\gh ! roll+ sea1 ,to ! bless$ ,l& ( ,room ,en\gh beyond ! ocean b>s1 ,:]e ! air is full ( sunlight & ! flag is full ( />s4 ,f9ally1 ! flag /&s = ! use ( physical =ce :]e x becomes necess>y4 ,?is simple /atem5t ( facts w grieve _m good p1 b to omit x w\ld be false to ! tru? & di%onorable to ! flag t we honor today4 ,its orig91 z we h se51 0 9 its s]vice z a rally+ po9t 9 battle4 ,we are /ill battl+1 & we /ill ne$ x4 ,& at times our conte/s /ill inevitably take ! physical =m4 ,"o may e>ne/ly pray = peace2 "o may ev5 pay 8 dues to ! ,peace ,society & /ill realize t to pres]ve peace we may h to use ! sword4 ,nor?w>d1 across ! ,canadian bord]1 good m5#aa are /riv+ ev5 n[ to keep u 9 peace & to assure peace to a neighbor sev]ely torn by int]nal conflict4 ,c any ( u d\bt t our good fri5d & fell[-citiz5--nay1 c anyone d\bt t our neighbors ( ! ,s\!rn ,cont95t--are do+ _! be/ to save human lives1 to pres]ve our "y m5 & ! "y m5 ( ,mexico to build & op]ate ma*9es1 to raise crops & to rebuild & beautify cities1 in/ead ( s5d+ !m to fill soldi]s' graves1 z our brave/ & be/ did 9 ! sixties8 ,& yet1 %\ld !y succe$1 z ,god grant !y may1 :o c d\bt t :at w give /r5g? & effect to _! decisions w be ! possibility ( =ce1 ex]t$ 9 a righte\s cause1 symboliz$ by ! flag8 ,:o c be sorry t back ( ! flag !re are e>ne/ m52 nay1 t !re are %ips !re1 & guns8 ,"o ne$ n be a ,j+o2 "o c hate w> & love peace ) all "o's he>t & yet rejoice t ! flag symbolizes au?ority--! ability to back up a decision )\t :i* ! m9d itself _c decide 9 calmness & imp>tiality4 #aa ,unit$ ,/ates & ,a-,b-,c ,commissions on ! ,/ate ( ,mexico4 ,surely1 to say t ! flag /&s = ! ex]tion ( =ce1 is only to say t x /&s = peace2 = x is by =ce only1 or by ! possibility ( x1 t peace is assur$ & ma9ta9$4 ,^! are a few ( ! _m ?+s = :i* our flag ( ! ,/>s & ,/ripes /&s4 ,we are "r to d(f our hats :5 x passes2 we are "r to love x & to rev]5ce x1 = 9 s do+ we are rev]5c+ union1 patriotism1 lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,t x %all nev] become an empty symbol2 t x %all nev] wave ov] a l& disunit$1 animat$ by hate1 %ackl$ by indiff]5ce & feebl5ess1 p]meat$ by inju/ice1 unable to ex]t t salut>y /r5g? :i* alone c pres]ve peace )\t & )9--?is is = u to see & = our *ildr5 & gr&*ildr54 ,we mu/ n only ex]cise t et]nal vigilance ( :i* ! fa!rs spoke1 b we mu/ be et]nally ready1 et]nally active4 ,! ,/>-,spangl$ ,bann]6 ,long may x wave ov] a l& ^: sons & daught]s are bo? free & brave--free because !y are brave1 & brave because !y are free1 & bo? because !y are true *ildr5 ( t et]nal fa!r )\t :om bo? fre$om & brav]y are b empty names4 ,,! ,,p',s ,,%>e ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y#ab #ab ,read be=e ! ,*icago ,woman's ,club4 ,janu>y #f1 #aiae4 ,! *ange t has come ov] ! libr>y 9 ! la/ half c5tury may be describ$1 briefly b compreh5sively1 by say+ t x has become pr$om9antly a social in/itution2 t is1 t its prim>y conc]n is n[ ) ! s]vice t x may r5d] to society--to ! p4 ,books1 ( c\rse1 7 always int5d$ to be read1 & a libr>y w\ld h no mean+ 7 x nev] to be us$2 yet 9 ! old libr>ies ! collection & pres]vation ( ! books 0 prim>y & _! use second>y1 :]eas ! mod]n in/itution exi/s prim>ily = public s]vice1 ! collection ( ! books1 _! pres]vation1 & :atev] is done to !m be+ direct$ to ?is end4 ,to a social in/itution--a family1 a s*ool1 a club1 a *ur* or a municipality--! p]sons con/itut+ x1 ma9ta9+ x1 or s]v$ by x are all-important4 ,a family )\t p>5ts & *ildr51 a s*ool )\t pupils1 a club )\t memb]s1 a *ur* ) no congregation1 a city )\t citiz5s--all are un?9kable4 ,we may bett] realize ! *ange 9 our conception ( ! public libr>y by not+ t x has tak5 its place among bodies ( ?is type4 ,a mod]n libr>y ) no read]s is un?9kable2 x is no libr>y1 z we n[ und]/& ! ^w2 ?\gh x be teem+ ) books1 h\s$ 9 a palace1 well catalog$ & prop]ly mann$4 ,x is no long] possible to "q ?is view ( ! libr>y z a social in/itution--a means ( r5d]+ g5]al s]vice to ! wide/ public4 ,we h to deal n ) !ories ( :at ! libr>y ought to be1 b1 ) facts indicat+ :at x actually is2 & we h only to look ab\t u to realize t ! facts give ! fulle/ measure ( support to :at ,i h j said4 ,! libr>y is a great di/ribut+ ag5cy1 ! commodities 9 :i* x deals be+ ideas & its cu/om]s ! citiz5s at l>ge1 :o pay1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( taxation1 = :at !y receive4 ,?is democratic & civic view ( ! public libr>y's functions1 h[ev]1 does n comm5d itself to ^? :o are n 9 sympa?y ) democratic ideals4 ,9 a rec5t address1 a repres5tative libr>ian ref]s to x z ! comm]cial travel] !ory ( ! libr>y4 ,! implication1 ( c\rse1 is t x is an ignoble or unwor?y !ory4 ,i h no objection to accept+ ! phrase1 = 9 my m9d x has no su* connotation4 ,! comm]cial travel] has done ! _w s]vice :i* ! libr>y %\ld emulate r ?an despise4 ,he is ! advance gu>d ( civilization4 ,to speak b ( our own c\ntry & ( its rec5t ye>s1 he is responsible = mu* ( our improvem5t 9 transit facilities & hotel accommodations4 ,p]sonally1 he is becom+ m & m acceptable4 ,! be/ ( our educat$ "y m5 are go+ into comm]ce1 & 9 comm]ce to-day no "o c rea* ! top ( ! ladd] :o has n prov$ 8 effici5cy on ! road4 ,w\ld t we c\ld place m5 ( 8 type at ! head ( all our libr>ies6 ,we ne$ n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t !re is any?+ new 9 ! me?od ( di/ribution by p]sonal travel4 ,hom] employ$ x :5 he wi%$ 8 h]oic v]se to rea* ! great body ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,by p]sonal travel he took x to ! cross-roads--j z ! di/ributor ( food & clo?+ & labor-sav+ appliances does to-day2 j z we libr>ians mu/ d if we are to democratize all lit]ature z ,hom] democratiz$ a small "p ( x4 ,hom]1 if y *oose to say s1 adopt$ ! comm]cial-travel] !ory ( lit]>y di/ribution2 b ,i pref] to say t ! mod]n public libr>y1 9 lay+ /ress on ! necessity ( di/ribut+ its treasures & 9 adopt+ ! measures t h prov$ effective 9 o!r fields1 is work+ on ! ,hom]ic me?od4 ,n[1 )\t ! p to :om he di/ribut$ 8 w>es1 ,hom] w\ld h be5 dead long ago4 ,he lives because he took 8 w>es to 8 audi5ce4 ,& )\t its public1 z we h already said1 ! public libr>y1 too1 w\ld soon pass into oblivion4 ,x mu/ look to ! public = ! brea? ( life1 = ! v blood 9 its ve9s1 = its bone & s9ew4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! "p t ! community may play 9 increas+ ! effici5cy ( a public in/itution l ! public libr>y8 ,su* an in/itution is1 fir/ ( all1 a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! community does some?+ = itself4 ,! community employs & supports x1 & at ! same "t is s]v$ by x4 ,to use ano!r homely illu/ration1 :i* ,i am sure w n please ^? :o object to comp>+ great ?+s ) small1 ?is type ( relation%ip is precisely :at we f9d 9 dome/ic s]vice4 ,a cook or a h\semaid has a dual relation to ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 :o is at ! same "t h] employ] & ! p]son t %e directly s]ves4 ,?is sort ( relation does n obta91 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( a railroad employe1 :o is responsible to "o set ( p]sons & s]ves ano!r4 ,! public libr>y is e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by a giv5 community 9 ord] t x may p]=m c]ta9 s]vice = t same community directly4 ,x seems to me t ?is dual relation%ip ought to make = effici5cy4 ,if x does n1 x is because its exi/5ce & significance are n always realiz$4 ,! cook kn[s t if %e does n cook to suit h] mi/ress %e w lose h] job--! ?+ works almo/ automatically4 ,if ! railroad employe does n s]ve ! public satisfactorily !re is no su* imm$iate reaction1 al?\gh ,i d n d5y t ! public displeasure may ultimately rea* ! railroad au?orities & ?r\gh !m ! employe4 ,9 mo/ public in/itutions ! reaction is necess>ily some:at indirect4 ,! po/ (fice is a public in/itution1 b public op9ion mu/ act on x g5]ally ?r\gh ! *annels ( ,congressional legislation1 :i* takes "t4 ,ow+ to ?is fact1 v few po/m51 = in/ance1 realize t ! p]sons to :om !y deliv] lett]s are also _! employ]s4 ,9 all libr>ies ! ma*9]y ( reaction is n ! same4 ,9 ,/4 ,l\is1 = in/ance1 ! libr>y receives ! proce$s ( a tax vot$ directly by ! p2 9 ,new ,york ,city x receives an appropriation vot$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,apportionm5t1 ^: memb]s are elect$ by ! p4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y is !re=e "o /ep ne>] ! control ( ! p ?an ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 ,if we c\ld imag9e ! managem5t ( ei!r libr>y to become s objectionable z to make its abolition desirable1 a petition = a special election c\ld remove public support 9 ,/4 ,l\is v soon4 ,9 ,new ,york ! matt] might h to become an issue 9 a g5]al election1 at :i* memb]s ( a ,bo>d ( ,apportionm5t %\ld be elect$ "u pl$ge to vote aga9/ ! libr>y's appropriation4 ,nev]!less1 9 bo? cases !re is ultimate popul> control4 ,ow+ to ?is dual relation1 ! public c promote ! effici5cy ( ! libr>y 9 two ways--by controll+ x prop]ly & by its attitude t[>d ! s]vice t is r5d]$4 ,e memb] ( ! public1 9 fact1 is relat$ to ! libr>y some:at z a railway /ockhold]1 rid+ on a tra91 is relat$ to ! company4 ,he is at once boss & b5efici>y4 ,let u see fir/ :at ! public c d = its libr>y ?r\gh its relation ( control4 ,besides ! purse-/r+s1 :i* we h se5 are sometimes held directly by ! public & sometimes by its elect$ repres5tatives1 we mu/ consid] ! gov]n+ bo>d ( ! in/itution--its tru/ees or directors4 ,^! may be elect$ by ! p or appo9t$ by an elect$ (fic]1 su* z ! mayor1 or *os5 by an elect$ body1 su* z ! city c\ncil or ! bo>d ( education4 ,let u take ! purse-/r+s fir/4 ,does y\r public libr>y get en\gh public money to enable x to d ! "w t x ought to d8 ,:at is ! g5]al impression ab\t ?is 9 ! community8 ,:at does ! libr>y bo>d ?9k8 ,:at does ! libr>ian ?9k8 ,:at d ! memb]s ( 8 /aff say8 ,:at has ! libr>y's annual report to say ab\t x8 ,x is n at all a difficult matt] = ! citiz5 to get in=mation on ?is subject & to =m 8 own op9ion reg>d+ x4 ,yet x is an unusual ?+ to f9d a citiz5 :o has ei!r ! in=mation or a well-consid]$ op9ion4 ,! g5]al impression always seems to be t ! libr>y has pl5ty ( money--r m1 9 fact1 ?an x c legitimately use4 ,x is probably well = ! libr>y1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! public control ( its purse-/r+s is indirect4 ,if ! citiz5s ( an av]age ,am]ican city _h to g to ! polls annually & vote _! public libr>y an appropriation1 ,i am sure t mo/ libr>ies w\ld h to face a v mat]ial r$uction ( _! income4 ,! tr\ble ab\t ?is impression is t x is ga9$ )\t k ( ! facts4 ,if a majority ( ! citiz5s1 und]/&+ h[ mu* "w a mod]n public libr>y is expect$ to d & h[ _! own libr>y does x1 %\ld delib]ately conclude t its managem5t 0 extravagant1 & t its exp5diture %\ld be cut d[n1 ! m9ority w\ld h no?+ to d1 z good citiz5s1 b submit4 ,! citiz5s h no?+ to say z directly z ?is1 b ! idea1 s g5]ally held1 t libr>ies are well (f1 does op]ate 9 ! long run to limit libr>y appropriations & to prev5t ! libr>y f do+ mu* useful "w t x might d & ought to d4 ,x is !n1 e citiz5's bus9ess1 z ,i conceive x1 to in=m himself or h]self ( ! "w t ! public libr>y is do+1 ( t :i* x is leav+ undone1 & ( ! possibilities ( increas$ appropriations4 ,if ! result is a realization t ! libr>y appropriation is inadequate1 t realization %\ld take ! =m ( a /atem5t t w soon] or lat] rea* ! e>s1 & t5d to /imulate ! action1 ( ^? directly responsible4 ,& x %\ld1 above all1 aid 9 ! =mation ( a s\nd public op9ion4 ,ours is1 we are told1 a gov]nm5t ( public op9ion4 ,su* gov]nm5t w necess>ily be good or bad z public op9ion is bas$ on matur$ judgm5t or only on fleet+ impressions4 ,inadequacy ( support is responsible = m libr>y del9qu5cy ?an ! av]age citiz5 imag9es4 ,_m a libr>ian is des]v$ly condemn$ = ! unsatisfactory condition ( 8 in/itution :5 8 fault is n1 z 8 detractors ?9k1 failure to see :at %\ld be done1 or lack ( ability to d x1 s mu* z inability to raise funds to d x )4 ,?is is d\btless a fault1 & its possessor %\ld suff]1 b h[ ab\t ! equally guilty accessories8 ,h[ ab\t ! city au?orities :o h fail$ to vote ! libr>y adequate support8 ,h[ ab\t ! bo>d ( tru/ees :o h accept$ su* a situation )\t prote/8 ,& :at is m to our purpose "h1 h[ ab\t ! citiz5s :o h limit$ _! ef=ts to po9t+ out ! cracks 9 ! edifice1 ) n a bit ( con/ructive "w 9 propp+ x up & mak+ possible its re/oration to /r5g? & s\ndness8 ,9 conv]sation ) a fri5d1 n long ago1 ,i ref]r$ to ! f9ancial limitations ( our libr>y's "w1 & said t we c\ld add to x greatly & r5d] m acceptable s]vice if our income 7 l>g]4 ,he express$ great surprise1 & said3 ,:y1 ,i ?\ght y _h all ! money y want2 y\r income mu/ be all ( #ajj1jjj a ye>4 ,n[1 our income actually is ab\t #bej1jjj1 b h[ c\ld ,i tell him t8 ,i judici\sly *ang$ ! subject4 ,let u look next1 if y please1 at ! libr>y bo>d & exam9e "s ( its functions4 ,!re appe>s to be mu* public misappreh5sion ( ! duties ( ?is body1 & su* misappreh5sion assumes v>i\s & oppos+ =ms4 ,"s appe> to ?9k t ! libr>ian is responsible = all t is done 9 ! libr>y & t 8 bo>d is a p]functory body4 ,o!rs seem to believe t ! bo>d is ! direct adm9i/rative head ( ! libr>y1 9 all ( its work+ details & t ! libr>ian is its executive 9 ! limit$ s5se ( do+ only ^? ?+s t he is told to d4 ,un=tunately !re are libr>ies t are op]at$ 9 ea* ( ^! ways1 b nei!r "o relation%ip nor ! o!r1 nor any modification ( ei!r1 is ! ideal "o betwe5 a libr>ian & 8 bo>d4 ,! bo>d is supreme1 ( c\rse1 b x is a body ( non-exp]ts :o h employ$ an exp]t to br+ ab\t c]ta9 results4 ,!y ought to "k :at !y want1 & :at !y h a "r to expect1 & if _! exp]t does n give !m ?is1 ! relation betwe5 him & !m %\ld t]m9ate2 b if !y are m5 ( s5se !y w n attempt to dictate me?ods or sup]vise details4 ,!y are ! delegat$ repres5tatives ( ! great public1 :i* owns ! libr>y & op]ates x = a def9ite purpose4 ,x is ?is function ( ! bo>d z ! repres5tative ( ! public t %\ld be emphasiz$ "h4 ,has ! public a def9ite idea ( :at x wants f ! public libr>y1 & ( :at is reasonable = x to ask8 ,if s1 is x satisfi$ t x is repres5t$ by a bo>d t is ( ! same m9d8 ,! citiz5s may be assur$ t ! composition ( ! libr>y bo>d re/s ultimately ^u its w4 ,if ! bo>d is elective1 ?is is obvi\s2 if appo9tive1 ! appo9t+ (fic] or body w\ld h>dly d>e to g c\nt] to ! express$ desire ( ! citiz5s4 ,:at has be5 said above may be put into a v few words4 ,! public libr>y is public prop]ty1 own$ & controll$ by ! citiz5s4 ,e citiz51 !re=e1 %\ld be int]e/$ 9 sett+ /&>ds = x & play+ 8 "p t[>d mak+ x con=m to !m--9 see+ t its gov]n+ body repres5ts him 9 also recogniz+ ^? /&>ds & try+ to ma9ta9 !m--9 labor+ = su* a due apportionm5t ( ! public funds z %all n make an attempt to live up to su* /&>ds a m]e f>ce4 ,s mu* = ! ?+s t ! citiz5 c & %\ld d 9 8 capacity ( libr>y boss4 ,8 possibilities z a b5efici>y are /ill m int]e/+ & valuable4 ,p]haps y rememb] ! /ory ( ! man :o attempt$ to bo>d ! w>%ip &1 on be+ ask$ 8 bus9ess1 repli$1 ,i'm "o ( ! own]s4 ,"o v]sion ( ! tale !n goes on to relate h[ ! sailor ?us address$ pick$ up a spl9t] f ! deck1 &1 h&+ x to ! visitor1 rem>k$3 ,well1 ,i guess t's ab\t y\r %>e4 ,take x & get out6 ,i h always sympa?iz$ ) ! sailor r ?an ) 8 visitor4 ,mo/ ( u libr>ians h _h exp]i5ces ) ^! bumpti\s own]s ( public prop]ty4 ,! fact has already be5 not$ t 9 a case l ?is ! citiz5 is bo? an own] & a b5efici>y4 ,he has duties & privileges 9 bo? capacities1 b he sometimes acts ! own] 9 ! wrong place4 ,! man on ! w>%ip 0 d\btless an own]1 b at t p>ticul> mom5t he 0 only a visitor1 subject to :atev] rules might gov]n visitors2 & he %\ld h act$ z su*4 ,e citiz5 is a "p own] ( ! public libr>y2 he %\ld nev] =get t fact4 ,we h se5 h[ he may effectively ass]t 8 own]%ip & control4 ,b :5 he ent]s ! libr>y to use x 8 role is t ( b5efici>y1 & he %\ld act z su*4 ,he may s act & at ! same "t be ( ! greate/ s]vice to ! in/itution :i* he1 z a memb] ( ! public1 has creat$ & is ma9ta9+4 ,i "k ( no way 9 :i* a man may %[ 8 good citiz5%ip or ! rev]se--may ei!r demon/rate 8 ability & will+ness to live & "w 9 community h>ness1 or %[ t he is fit = no?+ b individual wild life 9 ! woods--bett] ?an 9 8 use ( su* a public in/itution z a libr>y4 ,! man :o _c see t :at he gets f su* an in/itution mu/ necess>ily be obta9$ at ! price ( sacrifice--t o!rs 9 ! community are also entitl$ to _! %>e1 & t %>+ always means yield+--t man has n yet le>n$ ! fir/ lesson 9 ! elem5ts ( civic virtue4 ,& :5 "o sees a ?\s& citiz5s1 ea* ( :om w\ld surely raise 8 voice 9 prote/ if ! libr>y 7 to wa/e public money by buy+ a ?\s& copies ( ! late/ novel1 yet f9d fault ) ! libr>y because ea* _c borr[ x be=e all ! o!rs1 "o is tempt$ to wond] :e!r we really h "h a ?\s& bad citiz5s or :e!r _! e>ly education 9 elem5t>y ari?metic has be5 neglect$4 ,be=e ! pres5t era !re 7 regulations 9 all in/itutions t seem$ to be fram$ m]ely to exasp]ate--to put ! public 9 its place & *a/5 its _s4 ,!re are n[ no su* rules 9 good libr>ies4 ,he :o ?9ks !re are may f9d t !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 him & ^? :om he has set 9 *>ge ( ! libr>y reg>d+ :at is arbitr>y & :at is necess>y2 b at any rate he w discov] t ! animat+ _s ( mod]n libr>y au?ority is to give all an equal %>e 9 :at x has to (f]1 & to re/ra9 "o man no m ?an is necess>y to insure to 8 bro!r ! measure ( privilege to :i* all are equally entitl$4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* ! citiz51 9 8 capacity ( ! libr>y's b5efici>y1 c aid x & improve its s]vice is 8 treatm5t ( its adm9i/rators4 ,libr>ians are v human3 !y react quickly & surely to praise or blame1 des]v$ or undes]v$4 ,blame is :at !y *iefly get4 ,sometimes !y des]ve x & sometimes n4 ,b ! occasions on :i* "s citiz5 /eps 9 & says1 ,well done1 good & fai?ful s]vant1 are r>e inde$4 ,! public s]vant has to int]pret sil5ce z praise2 s sure is he t ! lea/ slip w be caught & condemn$ by a vigilant public4 ,no "o c object to discrim9at+ criticism2 x is a pot5t aid to good adm9i/ration4 ,m]e petulant fault-f9d+1 h[ev]1 especially if bas$ on ignorance or misappreh5sion1 does positive h>m4 ,& a little discrim9at+ praise1 n[ & !n1 is a wond]ful /imulant4 ,no s]vice is possible )\t ! m5 & wom5 :o r5d] x2 & ! quality ( s]vice dep5ds1 m ?an we (t5 realize1 on ! _s & temp] ( a /aff--some?+ t is p[]fully affect$1 ei!r = good or = evil1 by public action & public response4 ,ye>s ago1 at a bran* libr>y 9 a di/ant city1 a read] /ood at ! c\nt] & compla9$ l\dly because ! libr>y w\ld n s5d h] a po/al res]ve notice unless %e defray$ ! co/1 :i* 0 "o c5t4 ,! assi/ant to :om %e 0 talk+ _h no option 9 ! matt] & 0 m]ely en=c+ a rule common1 s f> z ,i "k1 to all ,am]ican public libr>ies2 b %e _h to be> ! brunt ( ! read]'s displeasure1 :i* %e did meekly1 z x 0 all 9 ! day's "w4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ?is useless bus9ess spell$ delay to half a doz5 o!r read]s1 :o 7 wait+ _! turn4 ,f9ally1 "o ( !m1 a quiet little old lady 9 black1 spoke up z foll[s3 ,"s ( u h]eab\ts ?9k t we owe a great debt ( gratitude to ?is libr>y4 ,its assi/ants h r5d]$ s]vice to u t we c nev] repay4 ,i am glad to h an opportunity to d some?+ 9 return1 & x !re=e gives me pleasure to pay ! c5t ab\t :i* y are tak+ up ?is "y lady's "t1 & ours4 ,s say+1 %e laid ! co9 on ! desk & ! l9e mov$ on4 ,i h always rememb]$ ^! two po9ts ( view z typical ( two k9ds ( libr>y us]s4 ,_! respective effects on ! temp] & "w ( a libr>y /aff ne$1 ,i am sure1 no explanation4 ,9 :at ,i h said1 :i* is su* a small fraction ( :at might be said1 t ,i am almo/ a%am$ to (f] x to y1 ,i h 9 tru? only be5 play+ ! v>iations on "o tune1 :i* is--,draw clos] to ! libr>y1 z x is try+ to draw clos] to y4 ,!re is no su* ?+1 physici/s tell u1 z a "o-sid$ =ce4 ,e =ce is b "o aspect ( a /ress1 :i* includes also an equal & oppos+ =ce4 ,any two int]act+ ?+s 9 ?is _w are ei!r approa*+ ea* o!r or rec$+ f ea* o!r4 ,s x %\ld be ) libr>y & public4 ,a =w>d movem5t on ! "o h& %\ld necess>ily involve "o to meet x4 ,! peculi>ity ( our mod]n temp] is our hung] = facts--our confid5ce t :5 ! facts are kn[n we %all f9d a way to deal ) !m1 & t until ! facts are kn[n we %all n be able to act--n ev5 to ?9k4 ,our ance/ors ?\ght & act$ sometimes on premises t seem to u frightfully flimsy--!y tri$1 z ,dean ,swift pa9t$ !m 9 8 immortal satire1 to get sunbeams f cucumb]s4 ,!re are "s sunbeam-*as]s among u to-day1 b ev5 !y recognize ! ne$ ( real cucumb]s to />t )2 ! imag9>y k9d w n d4 ,i rec5tly he>d a great tea*] ( m$ic9e say t ! task ( ! mod]n physician is m]ely to asc]ta9 ! facts on :i* ! intellig5t public is to act4 ,h[ diff]5t t s\nds f ! dicta ( ! m$ic9e ( a pa/ g5]ation6 ,x is ! same ev]y:]e3 we are dem&+ an accurate survey--an asc]ta9m5t ( ! facts 9 any field 9 :i* action1 bas$ on inf]5ce & judgm5t1 is se5 to be necess>y4 ,n[ ! libr>y is no?+ m nor less ?an a /oreh\se ( record$ facts4 ,x is becom+ s m truly & m fully e day1 !reby adju/+ itself to ! mod]n temp] ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,! libr>y & its us]s are com+ m closely toge!r1 9 sympa?y1 9 aims & 9 action1 ?an ev] be=e--p>tly a result & p>tly a ju/ification = t ,hom]ic me?od ( popul>iz+ x :i* has be5 *>act]iz$ & condemn$ z comm]cial4 ,! day :5 ! libr>ian1 or ! pr(essor1 or ! cl]gyman c\ld retire into 8 t[] & hold alo( f ! vulg> h]d is pa/4 ,! logical result ( su* an attitude is n[ be+ work$ out on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,n civilizations1 z "s pessimi/s are lam5t+1 b ! =ces antagoni/ic to civilization are !re de/roy+ "o ano!r1 & !re is hope t a purifi$ democracy w arise f ! wreckage4 ,may our ,am]ican civilization nev] h to run ! gantlet ( su* a t]rible trial6 ,mean:ile1 !re c be no d\bt t ! hope = ! future effici5cy ( all our public in/itutions1 includ+ ! libr>y1 lies 9 ! success ( democracy1 & t dep5ds on ! exi/5ce & improvem5t ( ! conditions 9 ^: abs5ce democracy necess>ily fails4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! homog5eity ( ! population4 ,! p among :om democracy succe$s mu/ h simil> /&>ds1 ideas1 aims & abilities4 ,democracy may exi/ 9 a pack ( wolves1 b n 9 a gr\p t is half wolves & half m54 ,ei!r ! wolves w kill ! m5 or ! m5 ! wolves4 ,?is is an extreme case1 b x is true 9 g5]al t 9 a community made up ( irreconcilable elem5ts !re c be no true democracy4 ,& ! same on5ess ( vision & purpose t conduces to ! success ( democracy w also br+ to p]fection su* great democratic in/itutions z ! libr>y1 :i* h already borne su* notewor?y fruit among u j because we are homog5e\s beyond all o!r nations on ! e>?4 ,& "h progress is by action & reaction1 z we see x s (t5 9 ! _w4 ,! unity ( aims & abilities t makes democracy & democratic in/itutions possible is itself facilitat$ & increas$ by ! "w ( ^? in/itutions4 ,! m "w ! libr>y does1 ! m its ramifications multiply1 & ! fur!r !y ext5d1 ! m ^? conditions are favor$ t make ! cont9uance ( ! libr>y possible4 ,9 work+ = o!rs1 x is work+ = itself1 & e additional bit ( /r5g? & sanity t x takes on does b enable x to "w = o!rs ! m4 ,& if ! democracy ^: s]vant x is w b realize t x has gr[n up z a "p ( t ,am]ican sy/em to :i* we are all committ$--to :i* we owe all t we are & 9 :i* we mu/ place all our hopes = ! future--!n nei!r democracy nor libr>y w h aught to fe>4 ,democracy w h its true & laudable s]vice f ! libr>y1 & ! libr>y 9 its turn w h adequate sympa?y1 aid & support f ! p4 ,x is no accid5t t ,i make ?is appeal = sympa?y & aid to a club compos$ ( wom54 ,! bonds betwe5 ! mod]n public libr>y & ! mod]n woman's club h be5 p>ticul>ly /rong 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! two in/itutions h gr[n up toge!r1 mak+ _! way aga9/ suspicion1 contempt & ho/ility1 aid$ by ! same public dem&1 & n[1 :5 bo? are recogniz$ z elem5ts 9 ! intellectual /r5g? ( our nation1 !y are r5d]+ mutual s]vice4 ,! club turns to ! libr>y daily4 ,hi!rto ! libr>y has turn$ to ! club only 9 "s em]g5cy--a bill to be pass$1 an appropriation to be made1 an adm9i/ration to be purifi$4 ,i h tri$ to %[ y h[1 ap>t f ^! great s]vices1 :i* no "o w\ld ?9k ( m9imiz+1 ! wom5 ( ?is c\ntry1 z citiz5s1 c uphold ! h&s ( ! libr>y daily4 ,ours is a gov]nm5t ( public op9ion1 & 9 ! =mation ( t op9ion !re is no m p[]ful elem5t ?an ! s5tim5t ( our wom51 especially :5 organiz$ 9 su* bodies z y\rs4 ,to be ari/ocratic 9 ta/e & democratic 9 s]vice1 says ,bliss ,p]ry1 is ! privilege & glory ( ! public libr>y4 ,9 appeal+ ?us to bo? y\r ari/ocracy & y\r democracy1 ,i feel1 !n1 t ,i h n gone a/ray4 ,,"s ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,am]ican ,,?\ght#ac #ac ,read be=e ! ,new ,york ,libr>y ,association at ,squirrel ,inn1 ,ha9es ,falls1 ,septemb] #bh1 #aiae4 ,! mod]n ,am]ican m9d1 l mod]n ,am]ica1 itself1 is a melt+ pot4 ,we are tak+ m5 & wom5 ( all races & fus+ !m into ,am]icans4 ,9 ! same way we are tak+ po9ts ( view1 ideas1 /&>ds & modes ( action f :atev] s\rce we f9d !m1 comb9+ !m & fus+ !m into :at w "o day become ,am]ican ?\ghts & /&>ds4 ,we are ?us comb9+ ! mo/ v>i$ & oppos+ ?+s--?+s t x w\ld seem impossible to put toge!r4 ,take our mod]n ,am]ican t5d5cy 9 gov]nm5t1 = in/ance4 ,c\ld !re be two ?+s m radically diff]5t ?an despotism & democracy8--! rule ( ! "o & ! rule ( ! _m8 ,& yet ,i believe t we are tak+ /eps t[>d a v successful comb9ation ( ! two4 ,su* a comb9ation is ess5tially anci5t4 ,no despotism c hold its own )\t ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,t cons5t may be unwill+ & soon] or lat] x is !n )held1 ) ! result t a revolution takes place & ! despot loses 8 ?rone--! olde/ =m ( ! recall4 ,e despotism is ?us temp]$ by revolution1 & ,anglo-,saxon communities h be5 ready to ex]cise su* a privilege on ! slighte/ sign t a despotic t5d5cy 0 creep+ into _! gov]nm5t4 ,x is n rem>kable1 !n1 t our own ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 :i* is ess5tially a copy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ( its day1 %\ld h incorporat$ ?is feature ( ! recall1 :i* 9 ,engl& _h j pass$ f its revolution>y to its legal /age4 ,x 0 beg9n+ to be recogniz$ !n t a vote ( ! p's repres5tatives c\ld recall a mon>*1 & ! ,engli% mon>*y is n[ ess5tially elective4 ,b to make assurance d\bly sure1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 9 its lat] evolution1 has be5 practically sep>at$ f ! mon>*'s p]son1 & any gov]nm5t may be simply ov]?r[n or recall$ by a vote ( lack ( confid5ce 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 foll[$1 if ne$ be1 by a defeat 9 a g5]al election4 ,we h n yet adopt$ ?is feature4 ,our ,presid5t is /ill ! head ( our gov]nm5t1 & he & all o!r elect$ ,f$]al (fic]s s]ve _! t]ms out1 no matt] :e!r ! p h confid5ce 9 !m or n4 ,b ! mak]s ( our ,con/itution improv$ on ! ,briti% gov]nm5t z !y f\nd x4 ,!y made ! t]m ( ! executive f\r ye>s in/ead ( life & sy/ematiz$ ! recall by provid+ = impea*m5t proce$+s--a plan already recogniz$ 9 ,brita9 9 ! case ( c]ta9 adm9i/rative & judicial (fic]s4 ,z x /&s at pres5t we h a tempor>y elective mon>* ) m p[]1 ev5 nom9ally1 ?an mo/ ,european con/itutional mon>*s & m actually ?an _m s-call$ absolute mon>*s su* z ! ,cz> or ! ,sultan4 ,9 case he %\ld abuse ! p[] t we h giv5 him1 he may be remov$ f (fice aft] due trial1 by our elect$ repres5tatives4 ,9 foll[+ out ^! ideas 9 lat] ye>s1 we are gradually evolv+ a =m ( gov]nm5t t is bo? m despotic & m democratic4 ,we are comb9+ ! legislative & executive p[] 9 ! h&s ( a few p]sons1 hamp]+ !m v little 9 _! ex]cise ( x1 & mak+ x possible to recall !m by direct vote ( ! body ( citiz5s t elect$ !m4 ,i ?9k we may describe ! t5d5cy ( public ?\ght 9 gov]nm5tal matt]s z a t5d5cy t[>d a despotism "u legaliz$ democratic control4 ,x may be claim$1 ,i ?9k1 t ! be/ features ( despotism & democracy may ?us be utiliz$1 ) a m9imum ( ! evils ( ea*4 ,x 0 believ$ by ! anci5ts1 & we frequ5tly see x /at$ today1 t ! ideal gov]nm5t w\ld be gov]nm5t by a p]fectly good despot4 ,?is takes ! citiz5s into acc\nt only z p]sons :o are gov]n$1 & n z p]sons :o gov]n or help to gov]n4 ,x is pleasant1 p]haps1 to h pl5ty ( s]vants to wait ^u "o1 b surely heal?1 physical1 m5tal & moral1 waits on him :o does mo/ ?+s = himself4 ,i once he>d ,l9coln ,/eff5s say3 ,:at we want is n ',good ,gov]nm5t'2 x is ,self-,gov]nm5t4 ,b is x n possible to get ! advantage ( gov]nm5t by a few1 ) its possibilities ( cont9u\s policy & its fre$om f cr[d-psy*ology1 ) its skillful utilization ( exp]t k1 :ile admitt+ ! public to full k ( :at is go+ on1 & full ultimate control ( x8 ,we evid5tly ?9k s1 & our pres5t t5d5cies are evid5ce t we are attempt+ some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,our belief seems to be t if we elect our despot & are able to recall him we %all h to keep tab on him pretty closely1 & t ! k ( /atecraft t w ?us be necess>y to u w be no less ?an if we p]sonally took "p 9 legislation & adm9i/ration--probably f> m ?an if we simply w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( delegat+ our responsibilities & !n took no fur!r ?\ght1 z mo/ ( u h be5 accu/om$ to d4 ,:e!r ?is is ! "r view or n--:e!r x is workable--! future w %[2 ,i am "h discuss+ t5d5cies1 n _! ultimate outcome4 ,b x w\ld be too mu* to expect t ?is or any o!r eclectic policy %\ld be pleas+ to all4 ,! real problem ( collectivism1 says ,walt] ,lippmann1 is ! difficulty ( comb9+ popul> control ) adm9i/rative p[]4444 ,! conflict betwe5 democracy & c5traliz$ au?ority 444 is ! l9e ^u :i* ! problems ( collectivism w be f\ght out4 ,9 select+ elem5ts f bo? despotism & democracy we are displeas+ ! adh]5ts ( bo?4 ,!re is too mu* despotism 9 ! plan = "o side & too mu* democracy = ! o!r4 ,we con/antly he> ! compla9t t conc5trat$ responsibility ) popul> control is too despotic1 & at ! same "t ! criticism t x is too democratic4 ,to put y\r city 9 ! h&s ( a small commission1 p]haps ( a city manag]1 seems to "s to be a return to mon>*y2 & s p]haps x is4 ,to give ,tom1 ,dick & ,h>ry ! p[] to unseat ^! mon>*s at w is said to be dang]\sly sociali/ic2 & possibly x is4 ,only x is possible t by comb9+ ^! two poisons--?is acid & ?is alkali--9 ! same pill1 we are neutraliz+ _! h>mful qualities4 ,at any rate ?is w\ld seem to be ! idea on :i* we are n[ proce$+4 ,we may n[ exam9e ! effects ( ?is t5d5cy t[>d eclecticism 9 q a diff]5t field--t ( morals4 ,among ! settl]s ( our c\ntry 7 bo? ,puritans & ,cavali]s--repres5tatives 9 ,engl& ( two moral /&>ds t h cont5d$ !re = c5turies & /ill exi/ !re side by side4 ,we 9 ,am]ica are attempt+ to mix !m ) "s measure ( success4 ,?is 0 detect$ by ! ,g]man lady ( :om ,mr4 ,bryce tells 9 8 ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 :o said t ,am]ican wom5 7 fur*tb> frei und fur*tb> fromm--frightfully free & frightfully pi\s6 ,9 o!r words !y are try+ to mix ! ,cavali] & ,puritan /&>ds4 ,( c\rse ^? :o d n und]/& :at is go+ on ?9k t we are ei!r too free or too pi\s4 ,we are nei!r2 we are try+ to give & accept fre$om 9 cases :]e fre$om works = moral effici5cy & re/ra9t :]e re/ra9t is indicat$4 ,we h n arriv$ at a f9al /&>d4 ,we may n d s4 ,?is ef=t at mixture1 l all our o!rs1 may fail2 b !re appe>s to be no d\bt t we are mak+ x4 ,to take an obvi\s in/ance1 ,i believe t we are try+1 ) "s success1 to comb9e ease ( divorce ) a great] real reg>d = ! sanctity ( m>riage4 ,we h f\nd t if m>riage is made absolutely indissoluble1 !re w be great] excuse = disreg>d+ ! m>riage v[ ?an if !re are legal ways ( dissolv+ x4 ,am]icans are %ock$ at ,europeans :5 !y allude 9 ord9>y conv]sation to infractions ( ! moral code t !y treat z trivial4 ,!y on ! o!r h& are %ock$ :5 we talk ( divorce = :at !y consid] insuffici5t causes4 ,9 ! =m] case we seem to !m frightfully pi\s2 9 ! latt]1 frightfully free4 ,!y are "r2 we are bo?2 x is only ano!r in/ance ( our t5d5cy t[>ds eclecticism1 ?is "t 9 moral /&>ds4 ,9 "s directions we f9d t ?is t5d5cy to eclecticism is work+ t[>d a comb9ation n ( two opposite ?+s1 b ( a hundr$ diff]5t ones4 ,take our art = in/ance1 especially z manife/$ 9 our ar*itecture4 ,a purely native t[n 9 ,italy1 ,arabia1 or ,africa1 or ,mexico1 has its own atmosph]e2 no "o c\ld mi/ake "o = ! o!r any m ?an he c\ld mi/ake a beav] dam = an ant hill or a bird's ne/ = a wood*uck hole4 ,b 9 an ,am]ican city1 especially :]e we h en\gh money to let our ar*itects d _! utmo/1 we f9d /reets :]e ,france1 ,engl&1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,holl&1 ,arabia & ,india all /& elb[ to elb[1 & ! ,european visitor kn[s n :e!r to laugh or to make a ha/y visit to 8 n]ve-speciali/4 ,x seems all "r to u1 & x is all "r f ! /&po9t ( a nation t is yet 9 ! ?roes ( eclecticism4 ,& our o!r art--pa9t+1 sculpture1 music--x is all simil>ly mix$4 ,good ( its k9d1 (t52 b we h n yet settl$ d[n to ! k9d t we l be/--! k9d 9 :i* we are be/ fitt$ to d some?+ t w live ?r\gh ! ages4 ,we us$ to ?9k = in/ance t 9 music ! ord9>y diatonic major scale1 ) its v>iant m9or1 0 a fact ( nature4 ,we knew vaguely t ! anci5t ,greeks _h o!r scales1 & we knew also t ! ,*9ese & ! ,arabs _h scales s diff]5t t _! music 0 g5]ally displeas+ to u4 ,b we expla9$ ?is by say+ t our scale 0 natural & "r & t ! o!rs 7 antiquat$1 b>b>ic & wrong4 ,n[ we are op5+ our arms to ! exotic scales & devis+ a few ( our own4 ,we h ! tonal & ! semi-tonal scales & we are try+ to make use ( ! ,*9ese1 ,arabic & ,h9du modes4 ,we are produc+ results t s\nd v odd to e>s t are attun$ to ! old-fa%ion$ music1 b our eclecticism "h z else:]e is crack+ ! %ell ( prejudice & w d\btless lead to "s good end1 ?\gh p]haps we c n see x yet4 ,h[ ab\t education8 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are1 z ,i read ! hi/ory ( education1 two ma9 me?ods ( tra9+ y\?--! individual me?od & ! class me?od4 ,no two boys or girls are alike2 no two h l reactions to ! same /imulus4 ,ea* ought to h a sep>ate tea*]1 = ! me?ods to be employ$ mu/ be adapt$ especially to ! mat]ial on :i* we h to "w4 ,?is means a sep>ate tutor = e *ild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tra9+ t we give mu/ be social--mu/ prep>e = life ) & among "o's fell[ be+s1 o!rwise x is wor?less4 ,?is means tra9+ 9 class1 ) & among o!r /ud5ts1 :]e ea* m9d responds n to ! tea*]'s alone b to ^? ( its fell[ pupils4 ,"h are two irreconcilable requirem5ts4 ,9 our mod]n sy/ems ( education we are try+ to respond to !m z be/ we may1 tea*+ 9 class & at ! same "t giv+ ea* pupil z mu* p]sonal att5tion z we c4 ,! tutorial sy/em1 n[ employ$ 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 is an int]e/+ example ( our ef=ts z appli$ to ! high] education4 ,at ! same "t1 eclecticism 9 our *oice ( subjects is v manife/1 & at times our success "h seems z d\btful z our mixture ( ar*itectural /yles4 ,9 ! old college days1 n s v long ago1 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ma!matics made up ! curriculum4 ,n[ our boys *oose f a ?\s& subjects gr\p$ 9 a hundr$ c\rses4 ,9 our common s*ools we h introduc$ s _m new subjects z to cr[d ! curriculum4 ,signs ( a reaction are evid5t4 ,i am allud+ to ! matt] "h only z ano!r example ( our mod]n passion = wide selection & = ! comb9ation ( ?+s t app>5tly defy amalgamation4 ,:at ( religion8 ,pr(4 ,george ,e4 ,woodb]ry1 9 8 int]e/+ book on ,nor? ,africa1 says 9 sub/ance t !re are only two k9ds ( religion1 ! simple & ! complex4 ,mohamm$anism he consid]s a simple religion1 l ,new ,engl& ,puritanism1 ) :i* he ?9ks x has po9ts 9 common4 ,bo? are v diff]5t f ,buddhism1 = in/ance4 ,accept+ = ! mom5t 8 classification ,i believe t ! facts %[ an ef=t to comb9e ! two types 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ian d5om9ations t ,woodb]ry w\ld class z simple--^? t began ) a total abs5ce ( ritual1 are becom+ ritualiz$4 ,cre$s once simple are becom+ complicat$ ) int]pretation & comm5t4 ,on ! o!r h& we may see 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & among ! s-call$ ,high ,*ur* ,episcopalians a disposition to adopt "s ( ! me?ods t h hi!rto di/+ui%$ o!r religi\s bodies4 ,consid]1 = example1 "s ( ! religi\s meet+s held by ! ,pauli/ ,fa!rs 9 ,new ,york1 *>act]iz$ by popul> addresses & ! s++ ( simple hymns4 ,z ano!r example ( ! eclectic _s ( *ur*es 9 ,am]ica we may po9t to ! v>i\s ef=ts at comb9ation or unity1 ) su* results z ! ,f$]ation ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/ 9 ,am]ica--an ambiti\s "n1 n yet ju/ifi$ by ! facts--! propos$ amalgamation ( sev]al ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,prote/ant bodies 9 ,canada1 & ! accompli%$ fact ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto--an in/itution ^: con/itu5t colleges are controll$ by diff]5t religi\s d5om9ations1 includ+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i may also m5tion ! pres5t organization ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 _m ( ^: bran* libr>ies 7 contributions f religi\s d5om9ations1 includ+ ! ,jews1 ! ,ca?olics & ! ,episcopalians4 ,all ^! n[ "w toge!r h>moni\sly4 ,i "k ( no?+ ( ?is k9d on any o!r cont95t1 & ,i ?9k we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 cr$it+ x to ! pres5t ,am]ican t5d5cy to eclecticism4 ,turn = a mom5t to philosophy4 ,:at is ! philosophical sy/em mo/ widely kn[n at pres5t z ,am]ican8 ,d\btless ! pragmatism ( ,william ,james4 ,no "o ev] agre$ ) anyone else 9 a /atem5t reg>d+ philosophy1 & ,i d n expect y to agree ) me 9 ?is2 b pragmatism seems to me ess5tially an eclectic sy/em4 ,x is bas$ on ! "* ( results4 ,is some?+ true or false8 ,i w tell y :5 ,i f9d out :e!r x works practically or n4 ,is some?+ "r or wrong8 ,i rely on ! same te/4 ,n[ x seems to me t ?is is ! s*eme ( ! peasant 9 lat] ,rome1 :o 0 p]fectly will+ to appeal to ,roman ,juno or ,egyptian ,isis or ,pho5ician ,molo*1 s long z he got :at he want$4 ,if a little bit ( ,s*op5hau] works1 & "s ( ,fi*te2 a piece ( ,*ri/ianity & a "p ( ,v$antism1 x is all gri/ to ! mill ( pragmatism4 ,any ( x t works mu/ ( necessity be "r & true4 ,i am n criticiz+ ?is1 or try+ to controv]t x2 ,i am m]ely ass]t+ t x leads to eclecticism2 & ?is1 ,i believe1 expla9s its vogue 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give1 9 ! compass ( a brief address1 a li/ ( all ! doma9s 9 :i* ?is eclecticism--?is t5d5cy to select1 comb9e & bl5d--has cropp$ out among u ,am]icans ( today4 ,i h res]v$ = ! la/ t 9 :i* we are p>ticul>ly int]e/$--! ,public ,libr>y1 9 :i* we may see x exemplifi$ 9 an em95t degree4 ,! public libr>y 9 ,am]ica has blossom$ out into a diff]5t ?+1 a wid] ?+1 a comb9ation ( m diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,=eign libr>ians & =eign libr>y us]s look at u askance4 ,!y wond] at ! ?+s we are try+ to comb9e "u ! activities ( "o public in/itution2 !y %udd] at our extravagance4 ,!y wond] t our tax-pay]s d n rebel :5 !y are compell$ to foot ! bills = :at we d4 ,b ! taxpay]s d n seem to m9d4 ,!y frequ5tly compla91 b n ab\t :at we are do+4 ,:at bo!rs !m is t we d n try to d m4 ,:5 we began timidly to add bran* libr>ies to our sy/em !y ask$ u :y we did n build & equip !m fa/]2 :5 we plac$ a few books on op5 %elves !y dem&$ t we treat our :ole /ock 9 ! same way2 :5 we set aside a corn] = ! *ildr5 !y =c$ u to fit up a :ole room & to place su* a room 9 e build+1 l>ge or small4 ,we h respond$ to e su* dem&4 ,ea* response has co/ money & ! public has paid ! bill4 ,app>5tly libr>ians & public are equally satisfi$4 ,we %\ld n be a/oni%$1 = ?is m]ely %[s t ! libr>y is subject to ! same laws & t5d5cies z all o!r ?+s ,am]ican4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t :]eas 9 a l>ge libr>y a c5tury ago !re 7 simply /or$ books ) no appliances to d any?+ b keep !m safe1 we n[ f9d 9 libr>y build+s all sorts ( devices to facilitate ! quick & effici5t use ( ! books bo? 9 ! build+ & 9 ! read]s' homes1 toge!r ) o!r devices to /imulate a desire to use books among ^? :o h n yet felt x2 to tra9 *ildr5 to use & love books2 to int]e/ ! public 9 ?+s t w lead to ! use ( books4 ,?is means t _m ( ! ?+s 9 a mod]n libr>y seem to an old-fa%ion$ libr>ian & an old-fa%ion$ read] l unw>rant$ ext5sions or ev5 usurpations4 ,9 our own ,c5tral build+ y w f9d collections ( po/al c>ds & specim5s ( textile fabrics1 an index to curr5t lectures1 exhibitions & conc]ts1 a public writ+-room1 ) free note-pap] & envelopes1 a class ( "y wom5 /udy+ to be libr>ians1 meet+ places = all sorts ( clubs & gr\ps1 civic1 educational1 social1 political & religi\s2 a b9d]y 9 full op]ation1 a photographic copy+-ma*9e2 lun*-rooms & re/-rooms = ! /aff2 a g>age1 ) an automobile 9 x1 a telephone swit*bo>d1 a pa9t%op1 a c>p5t]-%op1 & a p[]-plant ( consid]able capacity4 ,n "o ( ^! ?+s ,i believe1 w\ld y h f\nd 9 a l>ge libr>y fifty ye>s ago4 ,& yet ! citiz5s ( ,/4 ,l\is seem to be *e]ful & are n worry+ ov] ! future4 ,we are eclectic1 b we are *oos+ ! elem5ts ( our bl5d ) "s discretion & we h be5 able1 s f>1 to relate !m all to books1 to ! m5tal activities t are /imulat$ by books & t produce m books1 to ! tra9+ t in/ils into ! ris+ g5]ation a love = books4 ,! book is /ill at ! f\ndation ( ! libr>y1 ev5 if its walls h receiv$ "s ar*itectural embelli%m5t ( a diff]5t type4 ,:5 anyone objects to ! introduction into ! libr>y ( :at ! colleges call extra-curriculum activities1 ,i pref] to expla9 & ju/ify x 9 ?is l>g] way1 r ?an to take up ea* activity by itself & discuss its reasonabl5ess--?\gh ?is also may be und]tak5 ) ! hope ( success4 ,9 develop+ z x has done1 ! ,libr>y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica has n be5 simply obey+ "s law ( its own be+2 x has be5 foll[+ ! :ole /ream ( ,am]ican developm5t4 ,y c call x a drift if y l2 b ! ,libr>y has n be5 simply drift+4 ,! swimm] 9 a rapid /ream may give up all ef=t & submit to be borne along by ! curr5t1 or he may try to get some:]e4 ,9 s do+1 he may battle ) ! curr5t & a*ieve no?+ b fatigue1 or he may use ! =ce ( ! /ream1 z f> z he may1 to rea* 8 own goal4 ,i l to ?9k t ?is is :at _m ,am]ican in/itutions are do+1 our libr>ies among !m4 ,!y are us+ ! pres5t t5d5cy to eclecticism 9 an ef=t t[>d wid] public s]vice4 ,:51 9 a community1 !re seems to be a ne$ = do+ "s p>ticul> ?+1 ! libr>y1 if x has ! equipm5t & ! means1 is do+ t ?+ )\t inquir+ too closely :e!r !re is logical ju/ification = l9k+ x ) ! libr>y's activities r ?an ) "s o!rs4 ,note1 n[1 h[ ?is desirable result is aid$ by our prevail+ ,am]ican t5d5cy t[>d eclecticism4 ,suppose precisely ! same conditions to obta9 9 ,engl&1 or ,france1 or ,italy1 ! admitt$ ne$ = "s activity1 ! ability ( ! libr>y & ! inability ( any o!r in/itution1 to und]take x4 ,i submit t ! libr>y w\ld be extremely unlikely to move 9 ! matt]1 simply f ! lack ( ! t5d5cy t we are discuss+4 ,t t5d5cy gives a flexibility1 almo/ a fluidity1 :i* "u a pressure ( ?is k9d1 yields & ensures an outlet = desirable en]gy along a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! ,engli%man & ! ,am]ican1 :5 !y are argu+ a case ( ?is k9d1 assume ea* ! condition ( affairs t obta9s 9 8 own l&--! rigidity on ! "o h&1 ! fluidity on ! o!r4 ,!y assume x )\t /at+ x or ev5 ?or\ghly und]/&+ x1 & ! result is t nei!r c und]/& ! conclusions ( ! o!r4 ,! fact is t !y are bo? "r4 ,i s]i\sly "q :e!r x w\ld be "r or prop] = a libr>y 9 a ,briti% community to d _m ( ! ?+s t libr>ies are do+ 9 ,am]ican communities4 ,i may g fur!r & say t ! rigidity ( ,briti% social life w\ld make x impossible = ! libr>y to a*ieve ^! ?+s4 ,b x is also true t ! fluidity ( ,am]ican social life makes x equally impossible = ! libr>y to )/& ! pressure t is br\ght to be> on x "h4 ,to yield is 9 its case "r & prop] & a failure ( response w\ld be wrong & improp]4 ,x is usually assum$ by ! ,briti% critic ( ,am]ican libr>ies t _! peculi>ities are due to ! temp]am5t ( ! ,am]ican libr>ian4 ,we make a simil> assumption :5 we discuss ,briti% libr>ies4 ,i d n d5y t ! libr>ians on bo? sides h _h some?+ to d ) x1 b ! det]m9+ factor has be5 ! social & temp]am5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! two peoples4 ,am]icans are fluid1 exp]im5tal1 eclectic1 & ?is f9ds expression 9 ! "* ( _! in/itutions & 9 ! way ^! are adm9i/]$ & us$4 ,take if y please ! reaction ( ! libr>y on ! two sides ( ! wat] to ! inevitable result ( op5+ x to home-circulation--! necessity ( kn[+ :e!r a giv5 book is or is n on ! %elves4 ,! ,am]ican response 0 to op5 ! %elves1 ! ,briti%1 to create an additional piece ( ma*9]y--! indicator4 ,^! two results might h be5 pr$ict$ 9 advance by "o famili> ) ! temp] ( ! two peoples4 ,x has %[n itself 9 scores ( in/ances1 9 ! front y>ds ( resid5ces1 = in/ance--wall$ (f 9 ,engl& & op5 to ! /reet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i %all be rem9d$1 ,i suppose1 t !re are pl5ty ( op5 %elves 9 ,engli% libr>ies & t ! op5 %elf is ga9+ 9 favor4 ,true2 ,engl& is becom+ ,am]icaniz$ 9 m respects ?an ?is "o4 ,b ,i am speak+ ( ! imm$iate reaction to ! /imulus ( popul> dem&1 & ?is 0 z ,i h /at$ x4 ,9 ea* case ! reaction1 tempor>ily at lea/1 satisfi$ ! dem&2 %[+ t ! diff]5ce 0 n ( adm9i/rative habit alone1 b ( community feel+4 ,?is rapid review ( mod]n ,am]ican t5d5cies1 h[ev] confus+ ! impression t x may give1 w at any rate conv9ce u1 ,i ?9k1 ( "o ?+--! absurdity ( object+ to any?+ :atev] on ! gr\nd t x is un-,am]ican4 ,we are ! mo/ receptive p 9 ! _w4 ,we take our good ?+s :]e we f9d !m1 & :at we take becomes ,am]ican z soon z x gets into our h&s4 ,& yet1 if any?+ new does n happ5 to suit any ( u1 ! favorite me?od ( attack is to d5\nce x z un-,am]ican4 ,pretty ne>ly e elem5t ( our pres5t social fabric has be5 ?us d5\nc$1 at "o "t or ano!r1 & z x goes on *ang+1 e *ange is simil>ly attack$4 ,! mak]s ( our ,con/itution 7 good cons]vative ,am]icans--mu* too cons]vative1 "s ( our mod]n radicals say--yet !y provid$ = alt]+ t ,con/itution1 & set absolutely no limits on ! alt]ations t might be made1 provid$ t !y 7 made 9 ! mann] specifi$ 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,we c make ov] our gov]nm5t into a mon>*y tomorr[1 if we want1 or decree t no "o 9 ,*icago %all we> a silk hat on ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,x 0 rec5tly ! fa%ion to compla9 t ! am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution has become s difficult z to be n[ practically a dead lett]4 ,& yet we h done s radical a ?+ z to *ange absolutely ! me?od ( elect+ s5ators ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & we did x z easily & quietly z buy+ a hat--va/ly m easily ?an *ang+ a cook4 ,! only ob/acle to *ang+ our ,con/itution1 no matt] h[ radically & fundam5tally1 is ! opposition ( ! p !mselves4 ,z soon z !y want ! *ange1 x comes quickly & simply4 ,*anges l ^! are n un-,am]ican if ! ,am]ican p l !m well en\gh to make !m4 ,!y1 & !y alone1 are ! judges ( :at peculi>ities !y %all adopt z _! own cu/oms & *>act]i/ics4 ,s t :5 we he> t ?is or t is un-,am]ican1 we may agree only 9 s f> z x is n yet an ,am]ican *>act]i/ic4 ,t we d n c>e = x today is no sign t we may n take up ) x tomorr[1 & x is no legitimate argum5t aga9/ our do+ s1 if we ?9k prop]4 ,& n[ :at does ?is all mean8 ,! pessimi/ w tell u1 d\btless1 t x is a sign ( decad5ce4 ,x does rem9d u a little ( ! lat] days ( ! ,roman empire :5 ! peoples ( ! remote/ p>ts ( ! kn[n _w1 ) _! arts1 cu/oms & mann]s1 7 all to be f\nd 9 ! imp]ial city--:5 ! gods ( ,greece1 ,syria & ,egypt 7 wor%ipp$ side by side ) ^? ( old ,rome1 :]e all sorts ( exotic art1 philosophy1 lit]ature & politics took root & fl\ri%$4 ,t is usually reg>d$ z a p]iod ( decad5ce1 & x 0 c]ta9ly a precursor ( ! empire's fall4 ,:5 we consid] t x 0 contemporane\s ) great mat]ial prosp]ity & ) ! spread ( luxury & a c]ta9 loos5+ ( ! moral fib]1 su* z we are exp]i5c+ 9 ,am]ica today1 we c n help feel+ a little p]turb$4 ,yet !re is ano!r way ( look+ at x4 ,a p]iod ( ?is sort is (t5 only a p]iod ( readju/m5t4 ,! ,roman empire z a political entity w5t out ( exi/5ce long ago1 b ,rome's influ5ce on our art1 law1 lit]ature & gov]nm5t is /ill p[]ful4 ,h] s-call$ fall 0 really n a fall b a *ang+ into some?+ else4 ,9 fact1 if we take ,b]gson's view-po9t--:i* x seems to me is und\bt$ly ! true "o1 ! ?+ we call ,rome 0 nev] any?+ else b a process ( *ange4 ,at ! "t ( :i* we speak ! visible "p ( ! *ange 0 accel]at$--t is all4 ,9 l mann] ea* "o ( y z an individual is n a fix$ entity4 ,y are *ang+ e in/ant & ! reality ab\t y is ! *ange1 n :at y see ) ! eye or photograph ) ! cam]a--t is m]ely a /age ?r\gh :i* y pass & 9 :i* y d n /ay--n = ! ?\s& million? "p ( ! smalle/ recognizable in/ant4 ,s our curr5t ,am]ican life & ?\ght is n some?+ t /&s /ill long en\gh = u to describe x4 ,ev5 z we write ! description x has *ang$ to ano!r phase4 ,& ! ph5om5a ( transition j n[ are p>ticul>ly noticeable--t is all4 ,we may call !m decad5t or we may look ^u !m z ! beg9n+s ( a new & m glori\s national life4 ,! size & intricacy :i* we h to deal )1 says ,walt] ,lippmann1 h done m ?an any?+ else1 ,i imag9e1 to wreck ! simple g5]alizations ( our ance/ors4 ,?is is q true1 & s1 9 place ( simplicity we are introduc+ complexity1 v l>gely by selection & comb9ation ( simple elem5ts evolv$ 9 =m] times to fit e>li] conditions4 ,:e!r organic relations c be e/abli%$ among ^! elem5ts1 s t !re %all "o day issue f ! welt] some?+ well-r\nd$1 some?+ ,am]ican1 fitt+ ,am]ican conditions & lead+ ,am]ican aspirations =w>d & upw>d1 is yet on ! knees ( ! gods4 ,we1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ,am]ica1 & may ,i n say1 we1 ! ,libr>ians ( ,am]ica1 c d mu* to direct ! issue4 ,,drugs ,,& ,,! ,,man#ad #ad ,a ,comm5cem5t address to ! graduat+ class ( ! ,s*ool ( ,ph>macy1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,may #ai1 #aiae4 ,! graduation ( a class ( te*nically tra9$ p]sons is an ev5t ( special mom5t4 ,:5 we s5d =? graduates f our s*ools & colleges devot$ to g5]al education1 :ile ! ?\ght ( failure may be disquiet+ or emb>rass+1 we "k t no special dang] c result1 except to ! man :o has fail$4 ,! college graduate :o has neglect$ 8 opportunities has ?r[n away a *ance1 b he is no m5ace to 8 fell[s4 ,affairs take on a diff]5t complexion 9 ! te*nical or pr(essional s*ool4 ,! poorly tra9$ eng9e]1 physician or lawy]1 is an injury to ! community4 ,failure to tra9 an eng9e] may involve ! future failure ( a /ructure1 ) ! loss ( _m lives4 ,failure to tra9 a doctor means t we turn loose on ! public "o :o w kill (t5] ?an he w cure4 ,failure to tra9 a lawy] means wills t c be brok51 contracts t w n hold1 ne$less litigation4 ,congressman ,k5t1 ( ,cali=nia1 has co9$ a satisfactory ^w = ?is sort ( ?+--he calls x mal-employm5t4 ,unemploym5t is a bad ?+4 ,we h se5 pl5ty ( x "h dur+ ! pa/ w9t]4 ,b ,k5t says1 & he is "r1 t malemploym5t is a worse ?+4 ,all ^! poor eng9e]s & doctors & lawy]s are busily engag$1 & e ?+ on ! surface seems to be go+ on well4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! _w w\ld be bett] (f if ea* "o ( !m %\ld /op work+ & nev] d ano!r /roke4 ,x w\ld pay ! community to support !m 9 idl5ess4 ,i h always consid]$ ph>macy to be "o ( ! occupations 9 :i* malemploym5t is p>ticul>ly objectionable4 ,if y read ,hom] badly x affects no "o b y\rself4 ,if y ?9k ,v]a ,cruz is 9 ,italy & t ! ,amazon ,riv] runs into ! ,arctic ,ocean1 y\r neighbor is z well (f z be=e2 b if y are "u ! impression t /ry*n9e is aspir91 y h fail$ 9 a way t is m ?an p]sonal4 ,i am dwell+ on ^! unpleasant possibilities p>tly = ! reason t ! ,egyptians display$ a skeleton at _! banquets--because w>n+s are a tonic to ! s\l--b also because1 if we are to cr$it mu* t we see 9 g5]al lit]ature1 includ+ especially ! daily pap] & ! popul> magaz9e1 all druggi/s are malemploy$4 ,& if x w\ld really be bett] = ! community t y %\ld n ent] ^u ! pr(ession = :i* y h be5 tra9$1 n[1 ( c\rse1 is ! "t = y to "k x4 ,!re seems to be a widespread impression--an assumption--t ! day ( ! drug is ov]--t ! !rapeutics ( ! future are to be conc]n$ along ) hygi5e & sanitation1 ) physical ex]cise1 diet1 & me*anical op]ations4 ,! v ^w drug has come to h an objectionable connection t did n belong to x fifty ye>s ago4 ,ev5 "s ( ! druggi/s !mselves1 x seems to me1 are a little a%am$ ( ! drug "p ( _! occupation4 ,_! places ( bus9ess appe> to be news-ag5cies1 refre%m5t p>lors1 /ation]y /ores--! drugs are on ! side1 or r 9 ! re>4 ,sometimes1 ,i am told1 ! proprietors ( ^! places "k no?+ at all ab\t ph>macy1 b employ a prescription cl]k :o is a capable ph>maci/4 ,"h ! druggi/ has /epp$ d[n f 8 =m] position z ! manag] ( a bus9ess & has become a s]vant4 ,all ( :i* looks to me z if ! ph>maci/ himself might be beg9n+ to accept ! valuation t "s p are putt+ ^u 8 s]vices to ! community4 ,n[ ^! ?+s affect me1 n z a physician nor z a ph>maci/1 = ,i am nei!r1 b !y d t\* me z a /ud5t ( physics & *emi/ry & z "o ^: bus9ess & pleasure x has be5 = _m ye>s to wat* ! developm5t ( ^! & o!r sci5ces4 ,! fact t ,i am address+ y ?is ev5+ may be tak51 ,i suppose1 z evid5ce t y may be int]e/$ 9 ?is po9t ( view4 ,! action ( mo/ sub/ances on ! human organism is a function ( _! *emical con/itution4 ,has t *emical con/itution *ang$8 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ discov]ies ( our age t _m1 p]haps all1 sub/ances und]go spontane\s dis9tegration1 giv+ rise to ! ph5om5a n[ well kn[n z radio-activity4 ,no sub/ances ord9>ily kn[n & us$ 9 ph>macy1 h[ev]1 possess ?is quality 9 measurable degree1 & we h no reason to suppose t ! alkaloids1 = in/ance1 or ! salts ( pota% or iron1 diff] today 9 any respect f ^? ( a c5tury ago4 ,h[ ab\t ! o!r factor 9 ! reaction--! human organism & its prop]ties8 ,t our bodily prop]ties h *ang$ 9 ! pa/ admits ( no d\bt4 ,we h develop$ up to ! po9t :]e we are at pres5t4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 evolution seems to h left u1 & x is n[ devot+ its att5tion exclusively to our m5tal & moral progress4 ,judg+ f :at is n[ go+ on ^u ! cont95t ( ,europe1 mu* rema9s to be accompli%$4 ,b !re is no reason to believe t if ,caes> or ,hannibal _h tak5 a dose ( opium1 or ipecac1 or aspir91 ! effect w\ld h be5 diff]5t f t exp]i5c$ today by "o ( y4 ,?is is :at a physici/ or a *emi/ w\ld expect4 ,if ! action ( a drug on ! organism is *emical1 & if nei!r ! drug nor ! organism has *ang$1 ! action mu/ be ! same4 ,if we /ill desire to br+ ab\t ! action & if !re is no bett] way to d x1 we mu/ use ! drug1 & !re is /ill ne$ = ! druggi/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! numb] ( drugs at y\r disposal today is va/ly great] ?an ev] be=e1 l>gely ow+ to ! labor1 & ! +5uity1 ( ! analytical *emi/4 ,& !re are /ill great classes ( comp\nds ( ^: exi/5ce ! *emi/ is assur$1 b :i* he has n ev5 _h "t to =m1 mu* less to inve/igate4 ,among ^! may lurk rem$ies m valuable ?an any at our disposal today4 ,x does n look1 at any rate1 z if ! druggi/ 7 go+ to be driv5 out ( bus9ess f lack ( /ock1 :e!r we reg>d quantity or v>iety4 ,to :at1 !n1 mu/ we attribute ! gr[? ( ! feel+ t ! treatm5t ( disease by ! adm9i/ration ( drugs is on ! decl9e8 ,f ! /&po9t ( a layman x seems to be due to two facts1 or at lea/ to h be5 /rongly affect$ by !m3 7#a7 ,! discov]y & rapid developm5t ( o!r !rapeutic measures1 su* z ^? dep5d5t on surgical me?ods1 or on ! use ( immuniz+ s]ums1 or on manipulations su* z massage1 or on diet1 or ev5 on m5tal sugge/ion2 & 7#b7 ! v increase 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( available drugs allud$ to above1 :i* has introduc$ to ! public _m new & only p>tially tri$ sub/ances1 ! results ( ^: use has (t5 be5 unexpect$ly injuri\s1 includ+ a consid]able numb] ( new habit-=m+ drugs ^: ravages are becom+ kn[n to ! public4 ,! developm5t ( !rapeutic measures t are indep5d5t ( drugs has be5 co9cid5t ) popul> emancipation f ! m]e sup]/ition ( drug-adm9i/ration4 ,! old] li/s ( approv$ rem$ies 7 load$ ) items t _h no curative prop]ties at all1 except by sugge/ion4 ,!y 7 purely magical--! ?umb-nails ( execut$ crim9als1 ! hair ( black cats1 ! a%es ( burn$ toads & s on4 ,ev5 at ?is mom5t y\r ph>macopoeia conta9s scores ( rem$ies t are )\t effect or t d n produce ! effects cr$it$ to !m4 ,i am rely+ on high !rapeutical au?ority = ?is /atem5t4 ,n[ :5 ! sick man is told by 8 own physician to disc>d angleworm p\ltices1 & h]bs pluck$ 9 ! d>k ( ! moon1 on :i* he _h =m]ly reli$1 x is any wond] t he has end$ by be+ suspici\s also ( calomel & ipecac1 ) :i* !y 7 =m]ly class$8 ,& :5 ! man :o believ$ t he receiv$ b5efit f "s ( ^! magical rem$ies is told t ! result 0 due to auto-sugge/ion1 is x rem>kable t he %\ld fall an easy prey next day to ! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ :o tells him t ! effects ( calomel & ipecac are due to no?+ else ?an ?is same sugge/ion8 ,! increas$ use & und\bt$ value ( special diets1 s]ums1 aseptic surg]y1 ba?s1 massage1 electrical treatm5t1 radio-!rapeutics1 & s on1 makes x easy = him to disc>d drugs altoge!r1 & fur!r1 x creates1 ev5 among ^? :o cont9ue to use drugs1 an atmosph]e favorable to ! belief t !y are back numb]s1 on ! road to disuse4 ,j "h comes 9 ! second factor to p]suade ! layman1 f :at has come "u 8 own obs]vation1 t drugs are injuri\s1 dang]\s1 ev5 fatal4 ,newly discov]$ *emical comp\nds ) valuable prop]ties1 h be5 adopt$ & us$ 9 m$ic9e be=e ! necess>y "t _h elaps$ to disclose ! fact t !y possess$ also o!r prop]ties1 m elusive ?an ! fir/1 b z pot5t = h>m z ^! 7 = good4 ,_m 7 n>cotics or valuable ane/hetics1 local or o!rwise1 :i* h prov$ to be ! creators ( habits m t]rible ?an ! age-long enemies ( mank9d1 alcohol & opium4 ,:5 ! man ^: wife takes a coal-t> d]ivative = heada*e f9ds t x /ills h] he>t =ev]1 ! incid5t affects 8 :ole op9ion ( drugs4 ,:5 ! pati5t = :om "o ( ! new drugs has be5 prescrib$ by a practition] )\t k ( 8 idiosyncrasies reacts to x fatally1 x is slight consolation to 8 survivors t 8 case is describ$ 9 pr9t "u ! head+1 ,a ,curi\s ,case ( ,umptiol ,poison+4 ,:5 a "m sees h] son g to ! bad by tak+ coca9e1 or h]o91 or "s o!r drug ( ^: exi/5ce %e 0 ignorant a doz5 ye>s ago1 %e may be p>don$ = believ+ t all drugs1 or at lea/ all newly discov]$ drugs1 are tools ( ! devil4 ,& ?is feel+ is int5sifi$ by "o ( our national faults--! t5d5cy to jump at conclusions1 to ov]do ?+s1 to run f "o evil to its opposite1 )\t /opp+ at ! h>mless mean4 ,we ?9k we are bright] & quick] ?an ! ,engli%man or ! ,g]man4 ,!y ?9k we are m sup]ficial4 ,:atev] "n y give ! quality x causes u to cat* on soon]1 to "w a good ?+ to dea? m ?or\ghly & to drop x m quickly = some?+ else1 ?an any o!r kn[n p1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,somebody devises a new =m ( skate roll] t makes roll]-skat+ a good sport4 ,we f9d x out be=e anyone else & 9 a few mon?s ! l& is pla/]$ f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia ) huge skat+ halls or %$s4 ,ev]ybody is skat+ at once & ! ro> ( ! roll]s res\nds across ! oceans4 ,we skate ourselves out 9 a ye> or two1 & !n ! ro> ceases1 ! %$s decay & roll]-skat+ is once m a normal amusem5t4 ,!n someone inv5ts ! safety bicycle1 & 9 a trice all ,am]ica1 man1 woman & *ild1 is a:eel4 ,& we run ?is good horse to dea?1 & ?r[ 8 body aside 9 our ha/e to discov] some?+ new4 ,%ortly aft]w>d someone inv5ts a new dance1 or imports x f ,spani% ,am]ica1 & !re is h>dly "t to snap "o's f+] be=e we are all danc+1 gr&p>5ts & *ildr51 ! cook 9 ! kit*5 & ! /reet-clean] on ! b\lev>d4 ,we display z little mod]ation 9 our !rapeutics4 ,we c n get ov] ! idea t a rem$y ( prov$ value 9 a p>ticul> case may be good = all o!rs4 ,our propriet>y m$ic9es w cure ev]y?+ f tub]culosis to canc]4 ,if massage has reliev$ rheumatism1 :y %\ld x n be good also = typhoid8 ,! ,tumtum ,spr+s did my uncle's g\t s mu* good2 :y doesn't y\r c\s9 try !m = h] heada*es8 ,& ev5 s1 drugs mu/ be all good or bad4 ,_m ( u rememb] ! old h\sehold rem$ies1 tonics or laxatives or :at n1 ) :i* ! *ildr5 7 all dos$ at int]vals1 :e!r !y 7 ill or n4 ,t 0 9 ! days :5 all drugs 7 good3 :5 "o took some?+ int]nally = ev]y?+ t happ5$ to him4 ,n[ ! p5dulum has swung to ! o!r side--t is all4 ,if we c ev] settle d[n to ! rational way ( reg>d+ ^! ?+s1 we %all discov]1 :at s5sible m$ical m5 h always kn[n1 & :at druggi/s z well z m]e laym5 c n af=d to neglect1 t !re is no su* ?+ z a panacea1 & t all rational !rapeutics is bas$ on common s5se /udy ( ! disease--f9d+ out :at is ! cause & endeavor+ to abate t cause4 ,! cause may be su* t surg]y is indicat$1 or s]um1 or regulation ( diet1 or *ange ( sc5e4 ,x may obvi\sly indicate ! adm9i/ration ( a drug4 ,i once he>d a clev] lawy] 9 a poison+ case1 9 an endeavor to discr$it a physician1 :om we %all call ,dr4 ,jones1 tell ! foll[+ anecdote3 7,dr4 ,jones1 :o _h be5 call$ 9 :5 ! victim 0 ab\t to expire1 _h recomm5d$ ! application ( ice74 ,said ! lawy]3 ,a workman 0 tamp+ a *>ge ( bla/+-p[d] ) a cr[b>1 :5 ! *>ge w5t (f prematurely & ! b> 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! un=tunate man's body1 s t "p ( x protrud$ on ei!r side3 ,a local physician 0 summon$1 & aft] "s /udy he pron\nc$ z foll[s3 ',n[1 if ,i let t b> /ay !re1 y'll die4 ,if ,i pull x out1 y'll die4 ,b ,i'll give y a pill t may melt x :]e x is6' ,9 ?is em]g5cy1 ! lawy] w5t on to say1 ,dr4 ,jones d\btless w\ld h prescrib$ ice4 ,n[ ! pill to melt ! cr[b> may /& = our =m] excessive & absurd reg>d = drugs4 ,! application ( ice 9 ! same em]g5cy may likewise repres5t a univ]sal resort to hydro!rapy4 ,nei!r ( !m is logical4 ,!re is place = ea*1 b !re are em]g5cies t c n be met ) ei!r4 ,/ill1 to ab&on "o me?od ( treatm5t simply because additional me?ods h prov$ to be valuable1 w\ld be z absurd z to give up talk+ ^u ! inv5tion ( writ+ or to prohibit ! rais+ ( corn on l& t w produce :eat4 ,no3 we %all d\btless cont9ue to use drugs & we %all cont9ue to ne$ ! druggi/4 ,:at c he d to make 8 bus9ess m valu$ & respect$1 m useful to ! public & m pr(itable to himself8 ,= !re c be no d\bt t he w f9ally succe$ 9 atta9+ all ^! desirable results toge!r1 or fail 9 all4 ,"h & !re we may f9d a man :o is mak+ a =tune out ( public cr$ulity & ignorance1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 "o :o is giv+ ! public m s]vice ?an x pays = & ru9+ himself 9 ! process2 b 9 g5]al & on ! av]age p]sonal & public int]e/ run pretty well h& 9 h&4 ,h5ry ,=d makes 8 millions because he is produc+ some?+ t ! p want4 ,/4 ,jacob's ,oil1 once ! mo/ widely adv]tis$ no/rum on ! cont95t1 co/ its promot]s a =tune because !re 0 no?+ 9 x t "o might n f9d 9 "s o!r oil or grease4 ,:at !n1 ,i repeat1 mu/ ! ph>maci/ d to succe$1 p]sonally & pr(essionally8 ,i welcome ?is opportunity to tell y :at ,i ?9k4 ,my advice comes f ! outside--(t5 ! mo/ valuable s\rce4 ,i h s little to d ) ph>macy1 ei!r z a pr(ession or z a bus9ess t ,i /& f> en\gh away to get a bird's-eye view4 ,& if y ?9k t any advice1 bas$ on ?is view1 is wor?less1 x w be a consolation to all ( u to realize t no =ce on e>? c compel y to take x4 ,x is d\btless too late to lam5t or try to resi/ ! c\rse ( bus9ess t has gone f> to turn ! ph>macy into a dep>tm5t /ore4 ,b let me urge y n to let ?is t5d5cy run wild4 ,!re are side-l9es t belong prop]ly to ph>macy1 su* z all ^? p]ta9+ to hygi5e or sanitation2 to ! toilet1 to bodily refre%m5t4 ,i d n see :y "o %\ld n expect to f9d at 8 ph>maci/'s1 soap1 or too?-bru%es1 or sponges4 ,i d n see :y ! ?ir/y man %\ld n g !re = m9]al wat] z well z ! dyspeptic = pills4 ,b ,i fail to see ! connection betwe5 ph>macy & magaz9es1 or /ation]y or c&y4 ,by sell+ ^! ! druggi/ puts himself at once into competition ) ! dep>tm5t /ores4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t :o w w9 out 9 any su* competition z t4 ,b ,i believe !re is /ill a place 9 ! community = any special l9e ( bus9ess if its proprietor /icks to 8 specialty & makes himself a recogniz$ exp]t 9 x4 ,! dep>tm5t /ore spreads itself too ?9--!re is no room = int5sive developm5t at any po9t ( its va/ expanse4 ,its g5]al success is due to ?is v fact4 ,i am n n[ speak+ ( ! rural community :]e !re is room only = "o g5]al /ore sell+ ev]y?+ t ! community ne$s4 ,b my /atem5t holds good = ! city & ! l>ge t[n4 ,let me illu/rate by an in/ance 9 :i* we libr>ians are pr(essionally int]e/$--! book /ore4 ,once e t[n _h its book-/ore4 ,n[ !y are r>e4 ,we h few su* /ores ev5 9 a city ( ! size ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,e dep>tm5t /ore has its book-section4 ,!y are r>ely satisfactory4 ,ev]ybody is lam5t+ ! disappe>ance ( ! old book-/ore1 ) its old s*ol>ly proprietor :o knew books & ! book-m>ket2 :o lov$ books & ! book-bus9ess4 ,qu>ts ( ink h be5 wa/$ 9 try+ to acc\nt = 8 disappe>ance4 ,! ,public ,libr>y1 = "o ?+1 has be5 blam$ = x4 ,i h no "t n[ to disprove ?is1 ?\gh x is v cle> to me t libr>ies help ! book trade in/ead ( h9d]+ x4 ,i %all simply give y my v]sion ( ! tr\ble4 ,! book-deal] disappe>$1 z soon z he ent]$ into competition ) ! dep>tm5t /ore4 ,he put 9 side l9es ( toys1 & art supplies1 & cam]as & c&y4 ,he began to spread himself ?9 & _h no "t = exp]t conc5tration on 8 "o specialty4 ,?us he lo/ 8 "o advantage ov] ! dep>tm5t /ore--8 /r5g? 9 ! region :]e x 0 weak2 & ( c\rse he succumb$4 ,if y w ?9k = a mom5t ( ! special bus9esses t h surviv$ ! competition ( ! dep>tm5t /ore1 y w see t !y are precisely ! ones t h resi/$ ?is temptation to spread !mselves & h be5 cont5t to rema9 exp]ts4 ,look at ! m5's furni%+ /ores4 ,w\ld !y h surviv$ if !y _h begun to sell cig>s & lawn-m[]s8 ,look at ! retail %oe /ores1 ! opticians1 ! cig> /ores1 ! bak]s1 ! meat m>kets1 ! confection]s1 ! re/aurants ( all grades6 ,!y h all to compete ) ! dep>tm5t /ores1 b _! cu/om]s realize t !y h some?+ to (f] t c be (f]$ by no dep>tm5t /ore--exp]t s]vice 9 "o l9e1 due to "s "o's life-long tra9+1 exp]i5ce & devotion to ! public4 ,i d n want ! ph>maci/ to g ! way ( ! book deal]s4 ,already "s ( ! dep>tm5t /ores include drug dep>tm5ts4 ,i d n see h[ ^! c be z good z indep5d5t ph>macies4 ,b ,i d n see ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a drug dep>tm5t 9 a /ore t sells also cig>s & /ation]y & confection]y1 & a s-call$ indep5d5t ph>macy t also di/ributes ^! v ?+s4 ,i am assum+ t ! druggi/ is an exp]t4 ,t is ! object ( our colleges ( ph>macy1 z ,i und]/& ! matt]4 ,z a libr>ian ,i want to deal ) a book man :o kn[s m ( ! book bus9ess ?an ,i d4 ,i want to ask 8 advice & be able to rely on x4 ,:5 ,i h pr9t+ to be done1 ,i l to give x to a man :o kn[s m ab\t ! pr9t$ page ?an ,i d4 ,:5 ,i buy bread1 or %oes1 or a h\se1 or a f>m ,i l to deal ) recogniz$ exp]ts 9 ^! articles4 ,h[ mu* m :5 ,i am pur*as+ sub/ances :]e exp]t k w turn ! balance betwe5 life & dea?4 ,i h gossip$ ) ph>maci/s en\gh to "k t all physicians d n avoid incompatibles 9 _! prescriptions1 & t occasionally a comb9ation falls into ! prescription cl]k's h&s1 :i*1 if made up z he reads x w\ld produce a poison\s comp\nd1 or p]haps ev5 an explosive mixture4 ,two heads are bett] ?an "o1 & if my physician ev] makes a mi/ake ( ?is k9d ,i look to my ph>maci/ to see t x %all n rea* ! practical /age4 ,i recognize ! great value & s]vice ( ! dep>tm5t /ore1 b ,i d n g !re = my law or m$ic9e2 nei!r d ,i c>e to resort ?i!r = my ph>macy4 ,i want our sep>ate drug /ores to p]si/1 & ,i want !m to rema9 9 *>ge ( exp]ts4 ,& :5 ! /ore deals 9 o!r ?+s ?an purely !rapeutic prep>ations--:i* ,i h already said ,i ?9k probably unavoidable1--,i want x to pres5t ! aspect ( a ph>macy t deals also 9 toilet prep>ations & m9]al wat]1 n ( an e/abli%m5t = disp5s+ soda-wat] & soap1 :]e "o may h a prescription fill$ on ! side1 9 an em]g5cy4 ,& :5 ! em]g5cy does arise1 ,i %\ld h ! ph>macy respond to x4 ,x is ! place :]e we naturally look 9 an em]g5cy--! spot to :i* ! victim ( an accid5t is c>ri$ directly--! "o :]e ! lady b5ds h] /eps :5 %e feels t %e is go+ to fa9t4 ,9 hundr$s ( cases ! drug /ore is our only /&by1 & x %\ld be ! druggi/'s bus9ess to see t x nev] fails u4 ,!re are ph>macies :]e a telephone message br+s an unfail+ response2 !re are o!rs to :i* "o w\ld z soon ?9k ( s5d+ an inquiry reg>d+ a ,biblical quotation4 ,to :i* type1 d y ?9k1 w ! public pref] to resort8 ,!n !re are ^? little c\rtesies t no retail bus9ess is oblig$ to (f]1 b t ! public has be5 accu/om$ to expect f ! druggi/--! ca%+ ( *ecks1 ! *ang+ ( bills1 ! furni%+ ( po/age /amps1 ! consultation ( ! city directory4 ,!re c be no reason = resort+ to a drug /ore = all ^! favors except t ! ph>maci/ has an enviable reputation z ! man :o is mo/ likely to grant !m4 ,& yet ,i beg9 to he> druggi/s compla9+ ( ! results ( ?is reputation1 ( :i* !y ought to be pr\d2 ,i see !m po9t+ out t !re is no pr(it on po/age /amps & no commission = *ang+ a bill4 ,!y intimate1 fur!r1 t al?\gh x may be prop] = !m to put !mselves out = regul> cu/om]s1 x is absurd = /rang]s to ask = ^! c\rtesies4 ,i m>vel :5 ,i he> ^! s5tim5ts4 ,if ?is popul> impression reg>d+ ! c\rtesy ( ! druggi/ did n exi/1 x w\ld be wor? ! exp5diture ( va/ sums & ! labor ( a lifetime to create x4 ,to delib]ately undo x w\ld be z fooli% z to lock ! door 9 ! face ( cu/om]s4 ,i d n believe t 9 ,/4 ,l\is ! ph>maceutical pr(ession is g5]ally av]se to a reputation = g5]\s public s]vice1 & ,i base my belief on "s degree ( p]sonal k4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y op]ates ab\t sixty deliv]y /ations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,^! /ations are all 9 drug /ores4 ,! "w connect$ ) !m1 ?\gh light1 is by no means inconsid]able1 & yet n "o ( ! druggi/s :o und]take x *>ges ! libr>y a c5t = 8 space or 8 s]vices4 ,d\btless !y expect a return f ! increas$ attractiv5ess ( _! places to ! public4 ,i hope t !y get x & ,i believe t !y d4 ,at any rate we h evid5ce "h ( ! ph>maci/'s belief t ! bread ( public s]vice1 ca/ ^u ! wat]s1 w soon] or lat] return4 ,y w notice t ,i am say+ no?+ ab\t adv]tis+4 ,"o w\ld ?9k f ! ph>maceutical pap]s1 ) :i* ,i am n unfamili>1 t ! druggi/'s *ief end 0 to h a s5sational %[ w9d[ ( "s k9d4 ,^! ?+s are n unimportant1 b ,i d n dwell on !m because ,i believe t if a druggi/ realizes ! importance ( 8 pr(ession2 if he makes himself a recogniz$ exp]t 9 x2 if he /icks to x & magnifies x2 if he makes 8 place indisp5sable to ! community ar\nd him1 ! fir/ po9t to :i* ! citiz5s resort = help 9 an em]g5cy1 an unfail+ c5t] ( c\rtesy & favor--he may fill 8 w9d[ ) toilet soap1 or monkeys1 or ) no?+ at all--!re w /ill be a trodd5 pa? up to 8 door4 ,g5tlem51 y h *os5 z y\r life "w a pr(ession t ,i believe to be indisp5sable to human welf>e--"o ( enviable tradition & honor & ) /&+ & reputation 9 ! community t set x ap>t1 9 "s degree f all o!rs4 ,& :ile ,i w\ld n h y neglect ! mat]ial success t x may br+ y1 ,i w\ld urge y to expect ?is z a result r ?an /rive = x z an imm$iate end4 ,i w\ld h y labor to ma9ta9 & develop ! special k t y h ga9$ 9 ?is in/itution1 to hold up ! /&>d ( c\rtesy & helpfulness "u :i* y c be/ d public s]vice1 confid5t t if y d ^! ?+s1 bus9ess /&+ & f9ancial success w also be add$ unto y4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,community ,,educates ,,itself#ae #ae ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 ,asbury ,p>k1 ,n4,j41 ,june #bg1 #aiaf4 ,9 endeavor+ to di/+ui% betwe5 self-education & education by o!rs1 "o meets ) consid]able difficulty4 ,if a boy reads ,mill's ,political ,economy' he is surely educat+ himself2 b if aft] read+ ea* *apt] he visits a class & answ]s c]ta9 que/ions prop\nd$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r he has read x at all1 or has read x und]/&+ly1 !n we are accu/om$ to transf] ! cr$it = ! educative process to ! que/ion]1 & say t ! boy has be5 educat$ at s*ool or college4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i ?9k mo/ ( u are self-educat$4 ,n only is mo/ ( :at an adult kn[s & c d1 acquir$ outside ( s*ool1 b 9 mo/ ( :at he le>n$ ev5 !re he 0 self-taught4 ,8 s-call$ tea*]s assign$ tasks to him & saw t he p]=m$ !m4 ,if he did n1 !y subject$ him to discipl9e4 ,once or twice 9 a lifetime mo/ ( u h run up aga9/ a real tea*]--a man or a woman t really play$ a major "p 9 %ap+ our m9ds z !y n[ are--our /ock ( k1 our ways ( ?\ght1 our me?ods ( do+ ?+s4 ,^! m5 h /ood & are /ill /&+ 7?\gh !y may h jo9$ ! great majority long ago7 a?w>t ! /ream ( s5sation z x passes ?r\gh u1 & are det]m9+ :at "p %all be /or$ up1 & :]e2 :at k9d ( action %all ultimately result f x4 ,! influ5ce ( a good tea*] spreads f>!r & la/s long] ?an t ( any o!r man4 ,if 8 words h be5 record$ 9 books x may rea* across ! seas & d[n ! ages4 ,!re is ano!r reason :y ! di/9ction betwe5 s*ool education & self-education breaks d[n4 ,if ! boy ) :om we began _h any tea*] at all x 0 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 & ?is man 0 8 tea*] :e!r or n 8 read+ ( ! book 0 prescrib$ & te/$ 9 a class-room4 ,i w\ld n h y ?9k t ,i w\ld aboli% s*ools & colleges4 ,i wi% we _h m ( ! "r k9d1 b ! *ief factor 9 educative acquirem5t w /ill be ! pupil4 ,s :5 ! community educates itself1 z x d\btless does & z x mu/ d1 x simply cont9ues a process ) :i* x has always be5 famili>1 b )\t control1 or "u its own control4 ,( all ! ?+s t we le>n1 control is ! mo/ vital4 ,:at we are is ! sum ( ^? ?+s t we d n repress4 ,we beg9 )\t self-repression & h to be controll$ by o!rs4 ,:5 we le>n to ex]cise control ourselves1 x is "r t ev5 our education %\ld rev]t :olly to :at x has long be5 9 great] "p--a volunt>y process4 ,?is does n mean t at ?is "t ! pupil ab&ons guidance4 ,x means t he is free to *oose 8 own guides & ! place & me?od ( us+ !m4 ,"s rely :olly on exp]i5ce2 o!rs are wise en\gh to see t life is too %ort & too n>r[ to acquire all t we ne$1 & !y set ab\t to make use also ( t acquir$ by o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! wis] ones use only _! companions & acqua9tances2 o!rs read books4 ,! wise/ are opportuni/s2 !y make use ( all ^! me?ods z !y h occasion4 ,_! read+ does n make !m avoid ! ex*ange ( ideas by conv]sation1 nor does ! acquirem5t ( ideas 9 ei!r way preclude le>n+ daily by exp]i5ce1 or make reflection useless or unnecess>y4 ,he :o lives a full life acquires ideas z he may1 causes !m to comb9e1 *ange & g5]ate 9 8 own m9d1 & !n translates !m into action ( "s k9d4 ,he :o omits any ( ^! ?+s _c be said to h really liv$4 ,he _c1 x is true1 fail to acquire ideas unless he is an idiot2 b he may fail to acquire !m broadly1 & may ev5 make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t he c create !m 9 8 own m9d4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 acquire fully & !n m]ely /ore )\t *ange or comb9ation2 t is1 he may turn 8 bra9 into a w>eh\se in/ead ( us+ x z a factory4 ,& ! man :o has acquir$ broadly & work$ ov] 8 raw mat]ial into a product ( 8 own1 may /ill /op !re & nev] d any?+4 ,our :ole organism is subsidi>y to action & he :o /ops %ort ( x has surely fail$ to live4 ,our educative processes1 s f>1 h dwelt heavily on acquirem5t1 some:at lightly on m5tal assimilation & dige/ion1 & h left action almo/ unt\*$4 ,9 ^! two latt] respects1 especially1 is ! community self-educat$4 ,! fact t ,i am say+ ?is "h1 & to y1 is a suffici5t gu>anty t ,i am to lay "s emphasis on ! "p play$ by books 9 ^! self-educative processes4 ,a book is at once a c>ri] & a tool2 x transports ! idea & plants x4 ,x is a c>ri] bo? 9 "t & 9 space--! idea t x implants may be a =eign idea1 or an anci5t idea1 or bo?4 ,ei!r ( its functions may = ! mom5t be p>am\nt2 a book may br+ to y ideas ^: implantation y\r bra9 resi/s1 or x may be us$ to implant ideas t are already pres5t1 z :5 an in/ructor uses 8 own text book4 ,nei!r ( ^! two cases repres5ts education 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,y w notice t ,i h n yet def9$ education4 ,i d n int5d to try1 = my "t is limit$4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( my own educative processes1 :i* ,i tru/ are /ill proce$+1 ! t5d5cy gr[s /rong] & /rong] to insi/ on an intimate connection ) reality 9 all education--to mak+ x a realization t we are to d some?+ & a ye>n+ to be able to d x4 ,! man :o has nev] run up aga9/ ?+s z !y are1 :o has liv$ 9 a _w ( moon%9e1 :o sees crook$ & attempts :at is impossible & :at is useless--is he educat$8 ,i us$ to wond] :at a reali/ 04 ,n[ t ,i am becom+ "o myself ,i beg9 dimly to und]/&4 ,he c]ta9ly is n a man devoid ( ideals1 b !y are real ideals1 if y w p>don ! bull4 ,i believe t ,i am 9 goodly company4 ,! libr>y z ,i see x has also set its face t[>d ! real4 ,:at else is meant by our bus9ess bran*es1 our te*nology rooms1 our legislative & municipal ref]5ce dep>tm5ts8 ,!y mean t sl[ z we may be to respond to community ?\ght & to d our "p 9 c>ry+ on community education1 we are va/ly m s5sitive ?an ! s*ool1 :i* /ill turns up its nose at ef=ts l ! ,g>y sy/em2 ?an ! /age1 :i* /ill tea*es its actors to be /agy in/ead ( natural2 ev5 ?an ! produc]s ( ! v lit]ature t we help to circulate1 :o r>ely "k h[ ev5 to repres5t ! conv]sation ( two human be+s z x really is4 ,& :5 a great new vehicle ( popul> arti/ic expression arises1 l ! mov+ picture1 ^? :o purvey x sp5d _! millions to build mock cities in/ead ( to reproduce ! reality t x is _! special privilege to be able to %[4 ,& !y hire /age actors to %[ (f _! /ag9ess on ! scre5--/ag9ess t is a ?\s& times m /agy because its backgr\nd is ( wav+ foliage & glimm]+ wat]1 in/ead ( ! pa9t$ canvas 9 front ( :i* x belongs4 ,! he>t ( ! community is "r4 ,its h]o9e is ,m>y ,pick=d4 ,x rises to realism z "o man4 ,! little dog :o _c pose1 & :o pants & wags 8 tail on ! scre5 z he w\ld any:]e else1 elicits ?und]\s applause4 ,! baby :o puck]s up its face & cries1 oblivi\s ( its environm5t1 is always a favorite4 ,b ! tr5d ( all ?is1 ^! in/itutions _c see4 ,we libr>ians are see+ x a little m cle>ly4 ,we may see x--we %all see x1 m cle>ly /ill4 ,! self-education ( a community (t5 dep5ds v closely on bonds ( connection already e/abli%$ betwe5 ! m9ds ( t community's individual memb]s4 ,sometimes x dep5ds on a sudd5 connection made ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a s+le ev5t ( ov]:elm+ importance & int]e/4 ,let me illu/rate :at ,i mean by connection ( ?is k9d4 ,= _m ye>s x 0 my duty to cross ! ,hudson riv] twice daily on a cr[d$ f]ry-boat1 & x us$ to int]e/ me to wat* ! behavior ( ! cr[ds "u ! influ5ce ( simple impulses affect+ !m all alike4 ,i am happy to say t ,i nev] _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! effect ( complex impulses su* z ^? ( panic t]ror4 ,i us$ p>ticul>ly to wat*1 f ! vantage po9t ( a /airway :5ce ,i c\ld look ov] _! heads1 ! behavior ( ! cr[d /&+ 9 ! cab9 j be=e ! boat made its l&+4 ,ea* p]son 9 ! cr[d /ood /ill quietly1 & ! t5d5cy 0 t[>d a loose =mation to ensure com=t & "s fre$om ( movem5t4 ,at ! same "t ea* 0 ready & anxi\s to move =w>d z soon z ! l&+ %\ld be made4 ,only ^? 9 front c\ld see ! b[ ( ! f]ryboat2 ! o!rs c\ld see no?+ b ! p]sons directly 9 front ( !m4 ,:5 ^? 9 ! front rank saw t ! l&+ 0 v ne> !y began to move =w>d2 ^? j beh9d foll[$ suit & s on to ! re>4 ,! result 0 t ,i saw a wave ( compression1 ( ! same sort z a s\nd-wave 9 air1 move ?r\gh ! ?rong4 ,! individual motions 7 =w>d b ! wave mov$ backw>d4 ,no bett] example ( a wave ( ?is k9d c\ld be devis$4 ,n[ ! actions & reactions betwe5 ! air-p>ticles 9 a s\nd wave are purely me*anical4 ,n s "h4 ,!re 0 nei!r pu%+ nor pull+ ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,ea* p]son mov$ =w>d because 8 m9d 0 fix$ on mov+ =w>d at ! e>lie/ opportunity1 & because ! =w>d movem5t ( ^? j 9 front %[$ him t n[ 0 ! "t & ! opportunity4 ,! physical l9k1 if !re 0 "o1 prop]ly speak+1 betwe5 "o movem5t & ano!r 0 some?+ l ?is3 ,a wave ( light1 reflect$ f ! body ( ! man 9 front1 ent]$ ! eye ( ! man j beh9d1 :]e x 0 trans=m$ into a n]ve impulse t readi$ ! bra9 ?r\gh ! optic n]ve4 ,"h x und]w5t complicat$ trans=mations & reactions ^: nature we c b surmise1 until x left ! bra9 z a motor impulse & caus$ ! leg muscles to contract1 mov+ _! own] =w>d4 ,all ?is may or may n h tak5 place )9 ! sph]e ( consci\sness2 9 ! mo/ cases x _h happ5$ s (t5 t x _h be5 relegat$ to t ( unconsci\s c]ebration4 ,i h ent]$ into s mu* detail because ,i want to make x cle> t a connection may be e/abli%$ betwe5 memb]s ( a gr\p1 ev5 s casual a gr\p z t ( p]sons :o happ5 to cross on ! same f]ry boat1 t is s real & compell+1 t its results simulate ^? ( physical =ces4 ,9 ?9 case ! results 7 dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce 9 ! cr[d ( "o common bond ( int]e/4 ,!y all want$ to leave ! f]ry boat z soon z possible1 & by its b[4 ,if "s ( !m _h want$ to /ay on ! boat & g back ) x1 or if x _h be5 a riv] /eamboat :]e l&+s 7 made f sev]al gangways 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! boat ! simple wave ( compression t ,i saw w\ld n h be5 set up4 ,9 l mann] ! ord9>y influ5ces t act on m5's m9ds t5d 9 all sorts ( directions & _! results are n easily trac$4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !re occurs "s ev5t s great t x turns u all 9 ! same direction & e/abli%es a common network ( psy*ical connections4 ,su* an ev5t fo/]s community education4 ,we h lately witness$ su* a ph5om5on 9 ! sudd5 outbreak ( ! great ,european ,w>4 ,probably no p]son 9 ! community z we libr>ians "k x rema9$ unaffect$ by ?is ev5t4 ,9 mo/ x ar\s$ "s k9d ( a desire to "k :at 0 go+ on4 ,x 0 necess>y t mo/ ( u %\ld "k a little m ?an we did ( ! diff]5ces 9 racial temp]am5t & aim among ! inhabitants ( ! w>r+ nations1 ( su* movem5ts z ,pan-,slavism & ,pan-,g]manism1 ( ! rec5t political hi/ory ( ,europe1 ( mod]n milit>y tactics & /rategy1 ( int]national law1 ( geography1 ( ! pronunciation ( =eign plac5ames1 ( ! *emi/ry ( explosives--( a ?\s& ?+s reg>d+ :i* we _h hi!rto lack$ ! impulse to in=m ourselves4 ,?is sort ( ?+ is go+ on 9 a community e day1 b "h 0 a cata/rophe sett+ 9 motion a mighty bra9-wave t _h twi/$ u all 9 "o direction4 ,notice n[ :at a conspicu\s role our public libr>ies play 9 ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! newspap] & p]iodical press reflects at once ! int]e/ t has be5 ar\s$4 ,:]e man's unaid$ curiosity w\ld sugge/ "o "q x adds a hundr$ o!rs4 ,problems t w\ld o!rwise seem simple en\gh n[ appe> complex--! :ole m5tal int]e/ is int5sifi$4 ,at ! same "t !re is an attempt to satisfy ! que/ions ?us rais$4 ,! man :o did n "k ab\t ! ,belgian treaty1 or ! possible use ( subm>9es z comm]ce-de/roy]s1 has all ! issues put be=e him ) at lea/ an attempt to settle !m4 ,?is s]vice ( ! press to community education w\ld be attempt$1 b x w\ld n be successfully r5d]$1 )\t ! aid ( ! public libr>y1 = x has come to pass t ! libr>y is n[ almo/ ! only non-p>tisan in/itution t we possess2 & community education1 to be effective1 mu/ be non-p>tisan4 ,! press is almo/ necess>ily biass$4 ,! man :o is prejudic$ pref]s ! pap] or ! magaz9e t w cat] to 8 prejudices1 inflame !m1 cause him to ?9k t !y are reason$ results in/ead ( prejudices4 ,if he keeps away f ! public libr>y he may succe$ 9 bl9d+ himself2 if he uses x he c h>dly d s4 ,he w f9d !re n only 8 own side b all ! o!rs2 if he has ! ord9>y curiosity t is our mortal h]itage he _c help glanc+ at ! op9ions ( o!rs occasionally4 ,no man is really educat$ :o does n at lea/ "k t ano!r side exi/s to ! "q on :i* he has already made up 8 m9d--or _h x made up = him4 ,fur!r1 no "o is cont5t to /op ) ! ord9>y p]iodical lit]ature4 ,! flood ( books inspir$ by ?is w> is "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ ?+s ab\t x4 ,mo/ libr>ies are /ruggl+ to keep up ) x 9 "s degree4 ,v few ( ^! books w\ld be )9 ! rea* ( mo/ ( u 7 x n = ! libr>y4 ,i beg y to notice ! diff]5ce 9 ! reaction ( ! libr>y to ?is w> & t ( ! public s*ool z indicative ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 =mal educative processes1 z we c>ry !m on1 & ! self-education ( ! community4 ,i h emphasiz$ ! fre$om ( ! libr>y f bias4 ,! s*ool is necess>ily biass$--p]haps prop]ly s4 ,y rememb] ! /ory ( ! c&idate = a di/rict s*ool :o1 :5 ask$ by an exam9+ committee-man :e!r ! e>? 0 r\nd or flat1 repli$1 ,well1 "s says "o & "s t'o!r4 ,i tea* ei!r r\nd or flat1 z ! p>5ts wi%4 ,n[1 !re are books t ma9ta9 ! flatness ( ! e>?1 & !y prop]ly f9d a place on ! %elves ( l>ge public libr>ies4 ,^? :o wi% to comp>e ! argum5ts pro & con are at lib]ty to d s4 ,ev5 9 su* a res adjudicata z ?is ! libr>y takes no sides4 ,b 9 spite ( ! oblig+ s*ool c&idate1 ! s*ool _c proce$ 9 ?is way4 ,! tea*+ ( ! *ild mu/ be def9ite4 ,& !re are o!r subjects1 hi/orical ones = in/ance1 9 :i* ! s*ool's attitude may be det]m9$ by its location1 its environm5t1 its managem5t4 ,:5 x is a public s*ool & its controll+ au?ority is really try+ to give imp>tial in/ruction !re are "s subjects t mu/ simply be skipp$1 leav+ !m to be cov]$ by po/-s*ola/ic community education4 ,?is is ! s*ool's limitation4 ,only ! policy ( caution is v apt to be c>ri$ too f>4 ,?us we f9d t 9 ! s*ool ! imm5se educational drive ( ! ,european ,w> has n be5 utiliz$ z x has 9 ! community at l>ge4 ,9 "s places ! s*ool au?orities h erect$ a b>ri] aga9/ x4 ,s f> z !y are conc]n$ ! w> has be5 non-exi/5t4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! libr>y & ! s*ool appe>s 9 su* reports z ! foll[+ f a bran* libr>ian3 ,?r\gh\t ! autumn & mo/ ( ! w9t] we f\nd x absolutely impossible to supply ! dem& = books ab\t ! w>4 ,ev]y?+ we _h on ! subject or ak9 to x--books1 magaz9es1 pamphlets--7 9 con/ant use4 ,books ( travel & hi/ory ab\t ! w>r+ c\ntries became popul>--?+s t = ye>s _h be5 us$ b r>ely became sudd5ly vitally int]e/+4 ,i h be5 greatly int]e/$ by ! fact t ! high s*ool boys & girls nev] ask = any?+ ab\t ! w>4 ,n once dur+ ! w9t] h ,i se5 9 "o ( !m a sp>k ( int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,x seems s /range t x %\ld be necess>y to keep !m (ficially ignorant ( ?is great w> because ! gr&fa!r ( "o spoke ,fr5* & ( ano!r ,g]man4 ,ano!r libr>ian says3 ,! w> aga9 has naturally /imulat$ an int]e/ 9 maps4 ,) e turn 9 milit>y affairs1 new ones are issu$ & add$ to our collection4 ,^! maps1 z receiv$1 h be5 exhibit$ = %ort p]iods ^u scre5s & !y h nev] lack$ an appreciative l9e ( spectators1 repres5t+ all nationalities4 ,"o noticeable effect ( ! w> 9 libr>ies has be5 to /imulate ! m>k+ ( books1 p]iodicals & newspap]s by read]s1 especially 9 p]iodical rooms4 ,read]s ) /rong feel+s _c resi/ annotat+ articles or *apt]s t express op9ions 9 :i* !y _c concur4 ,pictures ( g5]als or royalties are especially liable to defacem5t ) opprobri\s epi!ts4 ,?is feel+ ext5ds ev5 to bullet9s4 ,libr>ies receive /r5u\s prote/s aga9/ ! display ( portraits & o!r mat]ial relat+ to "o ( ! conte/+ p>ties )\t simil> mat]ial on ! o!r side to (fset x4 ,ef=ts to be /rictly neutral h n always met ) success1 "s read]s app>5tly reg>d+ neutrality z synonym\s ) suppression ( ev]y?+ favorable to ! opposite side4 ,"o libr>y reports t ! display ( an ,engli% milit>y portrait call$ =? an en]getic prote/ because x 0 n balanc$ by a ,g]man "o4 ,su* manife/ations z ^! are m]ely symptoms4 ,! impulse ( ! w> t[>d community education is a trem5d\s "o & x is n /range t x %\ld f9d an outlet 9 all sorts ( odd ways4 ,! ,g]man sympa?iz] :o w\ld n ord9>ily ?9k ( object+ to ! display ( an ,engli% portrait1 & 9 fact w\ld probably n ?9k ( exam9+ x closely en\gh to "k :e!r x 0 ,engli% or ,au/rian1 has n[ become al]t4 ,8 al]tness makes him op5 to educative influ5ces1 b x may also %[ itself 9 su* ways z t j not$4 ,keep+ ! w> out ( ! s*ools is ( c\rse a purely local ph5om5on1 to be deprecat$ :]e x occurs4 ,! libr>y c d its "p "h also4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall believes t ! problem ( tea*+ ! w> is h[ to utilize 9 ! v be/ way ! wond]ful opportunity to op51 see & feel ! innum]able & vital lessons involv$4 ,comm5t+ on ?is a *ildr5's libr>ian says3 ,! unp>allel$ opportunity (f]$ to our c\ntry1 & ! new complex problems pres5t$ by ^! new conditions %\ld make ! *ildr5's libr>ian pause & take he$4 ,c we d our "p t[>d us+ ! boy's loyalty to 8 gang or 8 n9e1 8 love ( 8 c\ntry1 8 respect = our flag1 8 devotion to our h]oes1 9 develop+ a s5se ( human bro!rhood :i* alone c prev5t or delay 9 ! next g5]ation ano!r su* cata/rophe z ! "o we face to-day8 ,exclusion ( ! w> f ! s*ools is p>tly ! outcome ( ! g5]al attitude ( mo/ ( our s*oolm51 :o object to ! tea*+ ( a subject z an incid5tal4 ,ari?metic mu/ be /udi$ = itself alone4 ,to absorb x z a by-product ( %op-"w1 z is done 9 ,g>y1 is inadmissible4 ,b x is also a result ( ! fe> t tea*+ ! w> at all w\ld necess>ily mean a p>tisan tea*+ ( x--a conclusion :i* p]haps we _c condemn :5 we rememb] ! p>tisan in/ruction 9 v>i\s o!r subjects = :i* our s*ools are responsible4 ,aga91 ?is exclusion is d\btless aid$ by ! ef=ts ( "s pacifi/s1 :o believe t1 o/ri*-l1 we %\ld hide our heads 9 ! s&1 to avoid ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ we d n l4 ,:y w>8 asks a rec5t pamphlet4 ,:y1 inde$8 ,b we may ask 9 turn ,:y fire8 ,:y flood8 ,i _c answ] ^! que/ions1 b x w\ld be fooli% to act z if ! sc\rges did n exi/4 ,nay1 ,i ha/5 to insure myself aga9/ !m1 ?\gh ! possibility t !y w injure me is remote4 ,?is ultra-pacifi/ attitude has gone fur!r ?an s*ool education & is try+ to put ! lid on community education also4 ,objection1 = in/ance1 has be5 made to an exhibit ( books1 pr9ts & po/]s ab\t ! w>1 :i* 0 display$ 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y = ne>ly two mon?s4 ,we int5d$ to let x /& = ab\t a week1 b ! public w\ld n all[ ?is4 ,! community insi/s on self-education ev5 aga9/ ! w ( its natural allies4 ,! cont5tion t we are cultivat+ ! innate blood-?ir/9ess ( our public1 ,i reg>d z absurd4 ,:at c we d t[>d g5]at+ or tak+ advantage ( o!r great driv+ impulses t[>d community education8 ,mu/ we wait = ! horrors ( a great w> to tea* u geography1 indu/rial *emi/ry & int]national law8 ,is x necess>y to burn d[n a h\se e "t we want to roa/ a pig8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b j z "o w\ld n ?9k ( br++ on any k9d ( a cata/rophe 9 ord] to utilize its %ock = educational purposes1 s also ,i d\bt v mu* :e!r we ne$ conc]n ourselves ab\t ! initiation ( any impulse t[>d popul> education4 ,^! impulses exi/ ev]y:]e 9 great numb] & v>iety & we ne$ only to select ! "r "o & re9=ce x4 ,attempts to g5]ate o!rs are r>ely effective4 ,:5 we he> ! ri* mell[ tone ( a great organ pipe1 x is difficult to realize t all ! pipe does is to re9=ce a select$ tone among ?\s&s ( indi/+ui%able noises made by ! air ru%+ ?r\gh a slit & /rik+ aga9/ an edge4 ,yet ?is is ! fact4 ,^! incipi5t impulses p]meate ! community all ab\t u2 all we h to d is to select "o1 fe$ x & give x play & we %all h an educational movem5t4 ,?is fact is /rongly impress$ ^u anyone work+ ) clubs4 ,if x is desir$ to fo/] "s movem5t by means ( an organization1 x is r>ely necess>y to =m "o = ! purpose4 ,e community teems ) clubs1 associations & circles4 ,all t is ne$$ is to capture ! "r "o & back x up4 ,politicians well und]/& ?is art ( capture & use x (t5 = evil purposes4 ,9 ! libr>ian's h&s x becomes an in/rum5t = good4 ,bett] ?an to (f] a c\rse ( tw5ty lectures "u ! auspices ( ! libr>y is x to capture a club1 give x h\se-room1 & help x ) its program4 ,i am pr\d ( ! fact t 9 fifte5 public rooms 9 our libr>y1 ab\t f\r ?\s& meet+s are held 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>2 b ,i am incl9$ to be /ill pr\d] ( ! fact t n "o ( ^! is held =mally "u ! auspices ( ! libr>y or is visibly patroniz$ by x4 ,to g back to our !sis1 all education is self-education2 we c only select1 guide & /r5g!n1 b :5 we h done ^! ?+s adequately1 we h done a v great "w inde$4 ,:at is true ( assemblies & clubs is also true ( ! selection & use ( books4 ,a book pur*as$ 9 response to a dem& is wor? a doz5 b\ght because ! libr>ian ?9ks ! libr>y ought to h !m4 ,! possibilities ( free sugge/ion by ! community are1 x seems to me1 f> f realiz$1 yet ev5 z x is1 ,i believe t libr>ians h an unexampl$ opportunity ( feel+ out promis+ t5d5cies 9 ?is great flutt] ( educational impulses all ab\t u1 & s ( select+ ! "r ones & help+ !m on4 ,almo/ :ile ,i h be5 writ+ ?is ,i h be5 visit$ by a delegate f ! f\ndrym5's club--an organization t wants m books on f\ndry practice & wants !m plac$ toge!r 9 a conv5i5t spot4 ,su* a visit is ( c\rse a heav5-s5t opportunity & ,i suppose ,i betray$ some?+ ( my pleasure 9 my mann]4 ,my visitor said1 ,i am s glad y feel ?is way ab\t x2 we h be5 mean+ = "s "t to call on y1 b we 7 9 d\bt ab\t h[ we %\ld be receiv$4 ,su* mom5ts are humiliat+ to ! libr>ian4 ,great heav5s6 ,h we adv]tis$1 discuss$1 talk$ & pla/]$ our t[ns ) publicity1 only to le>n at la/ t ! spokesman ( a body ( respectable m51 ask+ legitimate s]vice1 r expects to be kick$ d[n/airs ?an o!rwise :5 he approa*es u8 ,is our publicity fail+ 9 quantity or 9 quality8 ,:atev] may be ! matt]1 x is 9 response to dem&s l ?is t ! libr>y mu/ play its "p 9 community education4 ,"h z else:]e x is ! f\ndrym5 :o are ! important factors--_! attitude1 _! desires1 _! capabilities4 ,our function is t ( ! organ pipe--to pick out ! impulse1 respond to x & give x volume & c>ry+ p[]4 ,! community w educate itself :e!r we help or n4 ,x is p]meat$ by l9es ( intellig5ce z ! magnetic field is by l9es ( =ce4 ,?ru/ 9 a bit ( s(t iron & ! =ce-l9es w *ange _! direction 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh ! iron4 ,?ru/ a book into ! community field1 & its l9es ( intellig5ce w *ange direction 9 ord] to take 9 ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,if we c\ld map out ! field we %\ld see great masses ( l9es sweep+ ?r\gh our public libr>ies4 ,all ab\t u we see m5 :o tell u t !y despair ( democracy2 t at any rate1 :atev] its advantages1 democracy c nev] be effici5t4 ,effici5t = :at8 ,effici5cy is a relative quality1 n absolute4 ,a big ,g]man h[itz] w\ld be ab\t z ineffici5t a tool z c\ld be imag9$1 = s]v+ an apple-pie4 ,beside1 democracy is a goal2 we h n rea*$ x yet2 we %all nev] rea* x if we decide t x is undesirable4 ,! pa? t[>d x is ! pa? ( ,nature1 :i* leads ?r\gh conflicts1 survivals1 & modifications4 ,"p ( x is ! pa? ( community education1 :i* ,i believe to be effici5t 9 t x is lead+ on t[>d a def9ite goal4 ,"p ( ,nature is man1 ) 8 desires1 hopes & abilities4 ,"s m51 & _m wom51 are libr>ians1 9 :om ^! desires & hopes h def9ite aims & 9 :om ! correspond+ abilities are m or less develop$4 ,we are all ?us cogs 9 ,nature's great s*eme = community education2 let u be intellig5t cogs1 & help ! movem5t on in/ead ( h9d]+ x4 ,,clubwom5',s ,,read+ ,i--,! ,malady ,a well-dress$ woman ent]$ ! ,art ,dep>tm5t ( a l>ge public libr>y4 ,h y any mat]ial on ! ,m$ici8 %e ask$ ! cu/odian4 ,yes2 j :at k9d ( mat]ial d y want8 ,/op a m9ute1 cri$ ! woman1 ext5d+ a deta9+ h&2 be=e y get me any?+1 j tell me :at !y are6 ,libr>ians are tra9$ n to laugh4 ,no "o c\ld h detect$ ! gho/ ( a smile on ?is "o's face z %e lift$ ! ,m volume ( a cyclop$ia f a %elf & plac$ x on ! table be=e ! seek] aft] k4 ,!re2 t w tell y1 %e said1 & return$ to h] "w4 ,n long aft]w>d %e 0 summon$ by a beckon+ f+]4 ,i c't tell f ?is book1 said ! p]plex$ /ud5t1 :e!r ! ,m$ici 7 a family or a race ( p4 ,! ,art ,libr>ian tri$ to untie ?is knot1 b x 0 n long be=e ano!r pres5t$ itself4 ,?is book doesn't expla91 said ! tr\bl$ inve/igator1 :e!r ! ,m$ici 7 ,flor5t9es or ,italians4 ,/ill )\t a quiv]1 ! art assi/ant emitt$ ! requir$ drop ( in=mation4 ,%an't ,i get y some?+ m n[8 %e ask$4 ,oh1 no2 ?is w be q suffici5t1 & tak+ out p5cil & pap] ! inquir] began to write rapidly ) ! cyclop$ia propp$ be=e h]4 ,pres5tly1 :5 ! ,art ,libr>ian look$ up1 h] gue/ _h disappe>$4 ,b %e 0 on h& ! next morn+4 ,may ,i see t book aga98 %e ask$ sweetly4 ,!re are "s words "h 9 my copy t ,i c't q make out4 ,on ano!r occasion a read]1 ( ! same sex1 w&]$ into ! read+-room & began to gaze ab\t h] ) t peculi> sort ( p]plex$ aimlessness t libr>ians h come to recognise in/9ctively z an index to ! we>]'s /ate ( m9d4 ,h y any?+ on ,am]ican travels8 %e ask$4 ,d y mean travels 9 ,am]ica1 or travels by ,am]icans 9 =eign c\ntries8 ,well2 ,i don't "k--exactly4 ,d y want books l ,dick5s's ,am]ican ,notes1 t give a =eign]'s impression ( ?is c\ntry8 ,ye-es--possibly4 ,or books l ,haw?orne's ,note ,book1 tell+ h[ a =eign c\ntry appe>s to an ,am]ican8 ,we-ell2 p]haps4 ,are y foll[+ a programme ( read+8 ,yes4 ,may ,i see x8 ,t may give me a clue4 ,i hav5't a copy "h4 ,c y give me ! "n ( ! p]son or committee :o made x8 ,oh1 ,i made x myself4 ,?is 0 a fac]2 ! libr>ian seem$ to h br\ght up aga9/ a /one wall1 b %e wait$1 kn[+ t a situation1 unlike a knot1 w sometimes untie itself4 ,! seek] aft] k also wait$ = a "t4 ,!n %e broke out animat$ly3 ,:y1 ,i j want$ ,am]ican travels1 don't y "k8 ,funny little /ories & ?+s ab\t ! sort ( ,am]icans t g abroad ) a bird-cage6 ,j :at books 7 giv5 to h] ,i d n "k2 b 9 due "t h] int]e/+ pap] be=e ! ,olla ,podrida ,club 0 prop]ly notic$ 9 ! local pap]s4 ,9 ano!r case a p]plex$ club-woman came to a libr>y = aid 9 mak+ a programme ( read+4 ,h y "s ideas ab\t ! subject y want to take up8 ask$ ! ref]5ce assi/ant4 ,well1 we _h ?\ght ( ,engl&1 or p]haps ,scotl&2 & "s ( u w\ld l ! ,elizabe?an ,p]iod4 ,! assi/ant1 aft] "s fai?ful "w1 produc$ a li/ ( books & articles on ea* ( ^! some:at compreh5sive subjects & s5t !m to ! read] = selection4 ,:i* did y f9ally take8 %e ask$ :5 ! inquir] next visit$ ! libr>y4 ,oh1 !y 7 s good1 we decid$ to use all ( !m ?is ye>6 ,! writ] is no pessimi/4 ,^! /ories :i* are z true1 ^w = ^w1 z any tales n tak5 d[n by a /5ograph] 7& f> m s ?an "s t are7 seem$ to ?r[ ! p]sons :o told !m into a sort ( dumb despair1 b ,i ha/5$ to reassure !m4 ,i po9t$ out t ! inquir]s aft] k _h1 beyond all d\bt1 obta9$ "s modicum ( :at !y want$4 ,if ! lady 9 ! fir/ tale1 = in/ance1 _h mi/ak5ly suppos$ t ! ,m$ici 7 a new k9d ( dance or some?+ to eat1 %e surely has be5 disabus$4 ,& h] cyclop$ia article 0 probably z well writt5 z mo/ ( its k9d1 s t a lit]al transcript ( x c\ld h done no h>m ei!r to ! copyi/ or to h] clubmates4 ,& ! pap] on ,am]ican ,travels1 & ! comb9$ li/s on ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ! ,elizabe?an ,p]iod2 did n ^? :o lab\r$ on !m1 or ) !m1 acquire in=mation 9 ! process8 ,mo/ assur$ly6 ,/ill1 ,i mu/ confess t1 9 advanc+ ^! argum5ts1 ,i feel some:at l an advocatus diaboli4 ,x is all v well to treat ! puzzl$ clubwoman z a joke4 ,:5 a man slips on a banana-peel & goes d[n1 we may laugh at 8 plight2 b suppose ! :ole cr[d ( pass]s-by began to pit* & slide & tumble6 ,%\ld we n ?9k t "s horrible epidemic _h laid its h& on u8 ,! ladies ) _! ,m$ici & _! ,travels are n isolat$ in/ances4 ,ask ! libr>ians2 !y "k1 b 9 c\ntless in/ances !y d n tell1 = fe> ( ca/+ ridicule ^u ! hundr$s ( intellig5t clubwom5 :om !y are pr\d to help4 ,9 _m libr>ies !re is a /&+ rule aga9/ repeat+ or discuss+ ! errors & slips ( ! public1 especially to ! ev] hungry report]4 ,i break ?is rule "h ) equanimity1 & ev5 ) a c]ta9 degree ( hope1 = my object is to awak5 my read]s to ! k t "p ( ! read+ public is suff]+ f a malady ( "s k9d4 ,lat] ,i may try my h& at diagnosis & ev5 at !rapeutics4 ,& ,i am tak+ z an illu/ration *iefly ! read+ done by wom5's clubs1 n because m5 d n d read+ ( ! same k9d1 or because x is n done by individuals z well z by gr\ps2 b because1 j at ! pres5t "t1 wom5 9 g5]al1 & clubwom5 9 p>ticul>1 seem especially likely to be attack$ by ! disease4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ,i am writ+ f ! /&po9t ( ! public libr>y1 & ,i "h make humble ackn[l$gem5t ( ! fact t _m ?+s 9 ! educational field1 bo? good & bad1 g on q outside ( t in/itution & beyond its k54 ,! intellectual bonds betwe5 ! libr>y & ! woman's club h always be5 close4 ,_m libr>ies are ! *ildr5 ( su* clubs2 _m clubs h be5 =m$ 9 & by libr>ies4 ,if any mi/akes are be+ made 9 ! g5]al policies & programmes ( club read+1 ! libr>ian w\ld naturally be ! fir/ to "k x1 & he ought to speak out4 ,he does "k x1 & 8 k %\ld become public prop]ty at once4 ,b1 ,i repeat1 al?\gh ! tr\ble is conspicu\s 9 connection ) ! read+ ( wom5's clubs1 x is f> m g5]al & deeply root$ ?an ?is4 ,! malady's *ief symptom1 :i* is well kn[n to all libr>ians1 is a lack ( correspond5ce betwe5 c]ta9 read]s & ! books t !y *oose4 ,read+1 l conv]sation1 is ! meet+ ( two m9ds4 ,if !re is no contact1 ! process fails4 ,if ! cogs on ! ge>:eels d n int]act1 ! ma*9e c n "w4 ,if ! read] ( a book on algebra does n und]/& ari?metic2 if he tackles a philosophical essay on ! repres5tative function )\t kn[+ :at ! phrase means2 if he tries to read a ,fr5* book )\t kn[+ ! language1 8 m9d is n fitt$ = contact ) t ( ! writ]1 & ! m5tal ma*9]y w n move4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,op5 ,%elf1 be=e libr>ians _h realis$ ! necessity ( copi\s assignm5ts to floor duty1 & be=e !re 7 *ildr5's libr>ians1 ,i saw 9 a bran* libr>y a small *ild /agg]+ "u ! weight ( a volume ( ,s*aff's ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* he _h tak5 f ! %elves & 0 pres5t+ at ! desk to be *>g$4 ,y are n go+ to read t1 are y8 said ! desk assi/ant4 ,x isn't = me2 x's = me big brudd]4 ,:at did y\r big bro!r ask y to get8 ,oh1 a ,physiology6 ,n[adays1 our well-organis$ *ildr5's rooms make su* an occurr5ce d\btful ) ! little ones1 b app>5tly !re is mu* ( x ) adults4 ,too mu* ( our read+--,i %\ld r say our attempts at read+--is ( ?is "*4 ,su* attempts are ! result ( a t5d5cy to reg>d ! pr9t$ page z a feti*--to ?9k t if "o kn[s 8 alphabet & c call ! pr9t$ words "o aft] ano!r z 8 eye runs along ! l9e1 "s unexpla9$ good w result1 or at lea/ t he has p]=m$ a praisewor?y act1 has accumulat$ m]it someh[ or some:]e1 l a ,?ibetan ) 8 pray]-:eel4 ,x is probably a fact t if a man %\ld meet y 9 ! /reet & say1 ,9 beatific rep5tance lies jejune responsibility1 y w\ld />e at him & pass him by1 or p]haps flee f him z f a lunatic2 :]eas if y saw ^! words pr9t$ 9 a book y might gravely /udy !m to asc]ta9 _! mean+1 or /ill worse1 might succe$ 9 read+ y\r own mean+ into !m4 ,! words ,i h /rung toge!r happ5 to h no mean+1 b ! result w\ld be ! same if !y meant some?+ t 0 hidd5 f ! read] by 8 inability to und]/& !m1 no matt] :at ! cause ( t inability might be4 ,?is malady is d\btless spontane\s 9 "s degree1 & dep5d5t on fail+s ( ! human m9d t we ne$ n discuss "h1 b !re are signs t x is be+ fo/]$1 spread1 & made m acute by special influ5ces4 ,probably our educational me?ods are n altoge!r blameless4 ,! boy :o tru/fully approa*$ a ,ref]5ce ,libr>ian & said1 ,i h to write a composition on :at ,i saw betwe5 home & s*ool2 h y got a book ab\t t8 _h d\btless be5 taught t he mu/ look 9 a book = ev]y?+4 ,! consci5ti\s tea*] :o 0 n[ try+ to sep>ate him f 8 notion may h be5 ! v "o :o1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 _h in/ill$ x2 if s1 h] fault _h ?us return$ to plague h]4 ,! boy or girl :o comes to atta* a sacr$ness or a wiz>dry to ! book 9 itself w naturally believe1 aft] a little1 t :e!r he und]/&s :at is 9 x matt]s little--& ?is is ! malady ( :i* we h be5 compla9+4 ,a college tea*] ( ! diff]5tial calculus1 9 a "t n[ happily long pa/1 :5 a pupil timidly inquir$ ! reason = ?is or t1 0 wont to fix ! int]rogator ) 8 eye & say1 ,sir2 x is s because ! book says s6 ,ev5 9 m rec5t days a well-kn[n univ]sity tea*]1 accu/om$ to use 8 own text-book1 us$ to say :5 a /ud5t _h v5tur$ to v>y its classic phraseology1 ,x c n be express$ bett] ?an 9 ! words ( ! book68 ,^! in/ances1 ( c\rse1 are tak5 f ! d>k ages ( education1 b ev5 to-day ,i believe t a false idea ( ! value ( a pr9t$ page m]ely z pr9t--n z ! record ( a m9d1 ready to make contact ) ! m9d ( a read]--has impress$ itself too deeply on ! bra9s ( _m *ildr5 at an age :5 su* impressions are apt to be durable4 ,n t ! s*ools are especially at fault2 we h all play$ our "p 9 ?is un=tunate bus9ess4 ,x might all fade1 at l5g?2 we all "k t _m good tea*+s ( our *ildhood d vani%2 :y %\ld n ! bad ones occasionally foll[ suit8 ,b n[ come 9 all ! well-mean+ in/ructors ( ! adult--! ,*autauquans1 ! educational ext5sioni/s1 ! lectur]s1 ! correspond5ce s*ools1 ! advis]s ( read+1 ! mak]s ( bookli/s1 ! devis]s ( c\rses4 ,!y deep5 ! fleet+ impression & increase its capacity = h>m1 :ile v>y+ slightly ! me*anism t produc$ x4 ,z ! *ild gr[s into a man1 8 *ildi% idea t a book w produce a c]ta9 effect indep5d5tly ( :at x conta9s is apt to yield a little to reason4 ,! new influ5ces1 "s ( :i* ,i h nam$ above1 d n attempt directly to combat ?is dawn+ intellig5ce2 !y utilise x to complete ! m5tal discomfiture ( _! victims4 ,!y admit ! necessity ( compreh5d+ ! cont5ts ( ! book1 b !y p]suade ! read] t su* compreh5sion is easi] ?an x really is4 ,& !y (t5 adm9i/] specially concoct$ tabloids t conv9ce "o t he kn[s m ?an he really does4 ,?us ! unsuspect+ adult goes on read+ :at he does n und]/&1 n n[ ?9k+ t x does n matt]1 b falsely p]suad$ t he has become compet5t to und]/&4 ,e "o ( ! ag5cies t ,i h nam$ aims to d good educational "w2 e "o is compet5t to d su* "w2 ne>ly e "o does mu* ( x4 ,i am f9d+ fault ) !m only s f> z !y succe$ 9 p]suad+ read]s t !y are bett] educat$ ?an !y really are4 ,9 ?is respect su* ag5cies are precisely on a p> ) ! propriet>y m$ic9e t is an excell5t laxative or sudorific1 b is (f]$ also z a cure = tub]culosis or canc]4 ,i once he>d ! hon\r$ head ( a fam\s body t does an enorm\s am\nt ( "w ( ?is sort deliv] an apologia1 des]v+ ( all att5tion1 9 :i* he compla9$ t 8 in/itution _h be5 falsely accus$ ( sup]ficiality4 ,x 01 he said1 p]fectly hone/ 9 :at x taught4 ,if its pupils ?\ght t ! elem5t>y k !y 7 ga9+ 0 compreh5sive & ?or\gh1 t 0 _! fault--n 84 ,& vet1 at t mom5t1 ! in/itution 0 pos+ be=e its pupils z a univ]sity & us+ ! =ms & nom5clature ( su* a body to /r5g!n ! idea 9 _! m9ds4 ,we _c acquit x1 or any ( ! ag5cies l x1 ( complicity 9 ! causation ( ! malady ^: symptoms we are discuss+4 ,x is n ! fault ( ! wom5's clubs t !y h fall5 into l9e 9 su* an impos+ procession z ?is4 ,_! =mation & "w con/itute "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important manife/ations ( ! pres5t fem9i/ movem5t4 ,_! rle 9 x is p>tly social1 p>tly educational2 & z !y consi/ ( adults1 elem5t>y education is ( c\rse exclud$ f _! programme4 ,we !re=e f9d !m committ$1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 to ! plan ( requir$ or recomm5d$ read+1 9 a =m t has long be5 ! bane ( our educational sy/ems bo? 9 s*ool & out4 ,"o ( ! corn]-/ones ( ?is sy/em is ! idea t ! acquisition ( in=mation is valuable 9 itself1 no matt] :at may be ! relation%ip betwe5 x & ! acquir+ m9d1 or :at use ( x may be made 9 ! future4 ,accord+ to ?is idea1 if a woman c once get into h] head t ! ,m$ici 7 a family & n a race ( p1 x matt]s little t %e is unfitt$ to compreh5d :y !y are wor? read+ ab\t at all1 or t ! fact has no?+ to d ) :at %e has ev] done or is likely to be call$ ^u to d 9 ! future4 ,t ! memb]s ( ^! clubs are will+ to pursue k "u ^! hamp]+ conditions is ( c\rse a po9t 9 _! fav\r1 s f> z x goes4 ,a desire = k is nev] to be despis$1 ev5 :5 x is n ent]ta9$ = its own sake4 ,& a second>y desire may (t5 be *ang$ into a prim>y "o1 if ! task is approa*$ 9 ! "r way4 ,! possibility ( su* a trans=mation is a hopeful feature ( ! pres5t situation4 ,! read+ t is done by wom5 9 connection ) club "w is ( sev]al diff]5t types4 ,9 ! simple/ organisations1 :i* are read+ clubs pure & simple1 a gr\p ( books1 r\ghly equal 9 numb] to ! memb]%ip1 is tak5 & pass$ ar\nd until ea* p]son has read !m all4 ,!re is no connection betwe5 !m1 & ea* volume is select$ simply on "s "o's /atem5t t x is a good book4 ,a /ep high] is ! club :]e ! books are on "o g5]al subject1 select$ by "s "o :o has be5 ask$ to prescribe a c\rse ( read+4 ,by easy gradations we arrive at ! f9al /age1 :]e ! read+ is ( ! nature ( inve/igation & its outcome is an essay4 ,a subject is decid$ on at ! beg9n+ ( ! season4 ,! programme committee selects sev]al phases ( x & assigns ea* to a memb]1 :o prep>es h] essay & reads x to ! club at "o ( ! /at$ meet+s4 ,9 ?is case ! read+ to be done 9 prep>ation = writ+ ! essay may or may n be guid$ by ! committee4 ,9 _m cases1 :]e ! local public libr>y coop]ates actively ) ! clubs1 a li/ may be made out by ! libr>ian & p]haps pr9t$1 ) due ackn[l$gm5t1 9 ! club's ye> book4 ,no "o c d\bt1 9 look+ ov] typical programmes & li/s among ! ?\s&s t repres5t ! annual read+ ( ! wom5's clubs ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t a s]i\s & su/a9$ ef=t is be+ made to introduce ! intellect1 z an active factor1 into ! lives ( ?\s&s ( wom5--lives :]e hi!rto x has play$ little "p1 :e!r !y are millionaires or ne> paup]s1 work]s or idl]s4 ,) ?is aim !re mu/ be frill measure ( sympa?y1 b ,i fe> we c comm5d x only 9 ! back-h&$ fa%ion 9 :i* a great au?ority on sociology rec5tly comm5d$ ! ,sociali/s4 ,if sympa?y ) :at !y are try+ to d1 z oppos$ to ! way 9 :i* !y are try+ to d x1 makes "o a ,sociali/1 said ! ,pr(essor1 !n ,i am a ,sociali/4 ,"h also we may sympa?ise ) ! aim1 b ! results are l>gely dep5d5t on ! me?od2 & t me?od is ! (fspr+ ( ignorance & ineffici5cy4 ,! results may be summ$ up 9 "o ^w--sup]ficiality4 ,i h else:]e w>n$ read]s n to ?9k t ?is ^w means simply a slight k ( a subject4 ,a slight k is all t mo/ ( u possess1 or ne$ to possess1 ab\t mo/ subjects4 ,i "k a little ab\t ,mont5egro = in/ance--some?+ ( its orig9 & relation%ips1 its topography1 ! names & *>act]i/ics ( a city or two1 ! racial & o!r peculi>ities ( its inhabitants4 ,yet ,i %\ld cut a poor figure inde$ 9 an exam9ation on ,mont5egr9 hi/ory1 geography or gov]nm5t4 ,is my k sup]ficial8 ,x c\ld n prop]ly be s /igmatis$ unless ,i %\ld pose z an au?ority on ,mont5egro1 or unless my opportunities to "k ab\t ! c\ntry _h be5 s great t failure to take advantage ( !m %\ld argue m5tal incapacity4 ,! tr\ble ) ! read+-li/s & programmes ( our wom5's clubs1 inh]it$ 9 "s degree f our g5]al educational me?ods1 is t !y emphasise _! own cont5t & ignore :at !y d n conta91 to su* an ext5t t ^? :o use !m rema9 l>gely 9 ignorance ( ! fact t ! =m] be>s a v small proportion inde$ to ! latt]4 ,x 0 once my duty to act z private tutor 9 algebra & geometry to a "y man prep>+ = college4 ,he 0 bright & indu/ri\s1 b ,i f\nd t he 0 "u ! impression t :5 he _h gone to ! end ( 8 text-books 9 ^? two subjects he w\ld h ma/]$1 n only all ! algebra & geometry1 b all ! ma!matics1 t ! _w held 9 /ore4 ,& :5 ?is /ory has be5 told 9 despair to "s v intellig5t p]sons !y h comm5t$3 ,well1 !re isn't mu* m1 is !re8 ,! ef=t ( ! text-book writ]1 z well z t ( ! mak] ( programmes1 li/s1 & c\rses1 appe>s to h be5 to produce :at he calls a well-r\nd$ effect2 9 o!r words1 to make ! /ud5t ?9k t ! :ole subject--9 cond5s$ =m p]haps1 b /ill ! :ole--lies )9 :at he has turn$ out4 ,did y ev] see a *emi/ry t gave1 or tri$ to give1 an idea ( ! _w ( *emical k t environs its bo>d cov]8 ,"o has to become a ,newton be=e he feels1 ) t sage1 l a *ild1 play+ on ! s&s1 ) ! great1 unexplor$ ocean ( k /ret*+ out be=e him4 ,mo/ /ud5ts are r l ducks 9 a b>n-y>d puddle1 q sure t !y are famili> ) ! :ole _w & s]5e 9 t k4 ,mo/ writ]s ( text-books w\ld indignantly d5y t ?is criticism implies a fault4 ,x is none ( _! bus9ess1 !y w\ld say1 to call att5tion to :at is beyond _! scope4 ,s be x4 ,un=tunately1 e "o feels 9 ! same way & s ! horizon ( our wom5's clubs is t ( ! puddle in/ead ( ! ocean4 ,x is a mo/ int]e/+ fact 9 ?is connection t !re exi/ c]ta9 organisations :i* make a bus9ess ( furni%+ clubwom5 ) in=mation = _! pap]s4 ,i h he>d ?is s]vice describ$ z a gods5d1 to clubs 9 small places :]e !re are no libr>ies1 or :]e ! libr>ies are poorly equipp$ ) books & p]sonnel4 ,b1 if ,i am correctly in=m$1 ! s]vice does n /op ) ! supply ( raw mat]ial2 x goes on to ! f9i%$ product1 & ! p]plex$ lady :o is requir$ to read a pap] on ,mel*is$ek or on ,popul> ,errors ,reg>d+ ! ,!ory ( ,gr\ps1 may = an adequate fee1 or possibly ev5 = an inadequate "o1 obta9 a neatly typewritt5 manuscript on ! subject1 ready to read4 ,?is sort ( ?+ is n at all to be wond]$ at4 ,x has gone on s9ce ! dawn ( "t ) college !ses1 cl]gym5's s]mons1 ! orations & (ficial pap]s ( /atesm54 ,:5ev] a man is confront$ ) an intellectual task t he d>e n %irk1 & yet has n ! intellect or ! int]e/ to p]=m1 ! fir/ ?+ he ?9ks ( is to hire "s "o to d x = him1 & ?is dem& has always be5 great en\gh & widespread en\gh to make x pr(itable = "s "o to organise ! supply on a comm]cial basis4 ,:at int]e/s u 9 ! pres5t case is ! fact t its exi/5ce 9 ! woman's club af=ds an in/ant clue to ! /ate ( m9d ( _m ( its memb]s4 ,!y h ?is 9 common ) ! plagi>is+ pupil1 cl]gyman1 or /atesman--!y are call$ ^u to d some?+ 9 :i* !y h only a second>y int]e/4 ,! m9i/] :o reads a s]mon on ! text ,?\ ,%alt ,n ,/eal1 & consid]s t ! fact t he has paid five doll>s = x w absolve him f ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy1 does n--_c--feel any desire to impress 8 congregation ) a desire = "r liv+--he wants only to hold 8 job4 ,! univ]sity /ud5t :o1 aft] asc]ta9+ t !re is no copyable lit]ature 9 ! ,libr>y on ,:y ,i ,came to ,college1 pays a classmate a doll> to give ?is in=mation to ! ,faculty1 c>es no?+ ab\t ! "q2 b he does c>e to avoid discipl9e4 ,s ! clubwoman :o reads a pur*as$ essay on ,irel& 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 has n ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 ! subject2 b %e does want to rema9 a memb] ( h] club1 9 good & regul> /&+4 ,x is ! same sub/itution ( adv5titi\s = natural motives & /imuli t works intellectual havoc f ! "m's knee up to ! ,halls ( ,congress4 ,:5 ,i ass]t boldly t at ! pres5t "t ! majority ( vague & illogical read]s are wom51 & t wom5's clubs are responsible = mu* ( t k9d ( read+1 ,i %all d\btless incur ! displeasure ( ! s*ool ( fem9i/s :o seem b5t on m9imis+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sexes4 ,obvi\s physical diff]5ces !y h n be5 able to expla9 away1 & to d5y t correspond+ m5tal diff]5ces exi/ is to %ut "o's eyes to all ! tea*+s ( mod]n physiology4 ,! m5tal life is a function1 n ( ! bra9 alone1 b ( ! :ole n]v\s sy/em ( :i* ! bra9 is b ! pr9cipal ganglion4 ,cut (f a man's legs1 & y h remov$ some?+ f 8 m5tal1 z well z f 8 physical equipm5t4 ,t m5 & wom5 %\ld h m9ds ( ! same type is a physiological impossibility4 ,a famili> way ( /at+ ! diff]5ce is to say t 9 ! man's m9d reason pr$om9ates1 9 ! woman's1 intuition4 ,!re is d\btless some?+ to be said = ?is /atem5t ( ! di/9ction1 b x is objectionable because x is g5]ally int]pret$ to mean--q unnecess>ily--t a woman's m9d is inf]ior to a man's--a di/9ction ab\t z fooli% z x w\ld be to say ! negative electricity is inf]ior to positive1 or cold to heat4 ,! types are 9 mo/ ways supplem5t>y1 & a comb9ation ( ! two has always be5 a pot5t intellectual =ce--"o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts = m>riage z an in/itution4 ,:5 we try to d ! "w ( ! _w ) ei!r type alone we h g5]ally made a mess ( x4 ,& ! outcome seems to make x probable t ! female type is especially prone to become ! prey ( fallacies l t :i* has br\ght ab\t ! pres5t flood ( useless1 or worse ?an useless1 read+4 ,i %all d\btless be ask$ :e!r ,i ass]t t "o type ( m9d belongs always to ! man & "o to ! woman4 ,by no means4 ,i d n ev5 lay emphasis on ! necessity ( nam+ ! two types male & female4 ,all ,i say is t ! types exi/--) ^? int]m$iate cases t always bo!r ! classifi]--& t ! great majority ( m5 possess "o type & ! great majority ( wom5 ! o!r4 ,x is possible t diff]5ces ( tra9+ may h orig9at$ or at lea/ emphasis$ ! types2 x is possible t future tra9+ may oblit]ate ! l9es t sep>ate !m1 b ,i d n believe x4 ,i am ev5 afraid ( try+ ! exp]im5t1 = !re is reason to believe t its success 9 ! m5tal field might react unfav\rably on ^? physical diff]5ces on :i* ! future ( ! race dep5ds4 ,we may h gone too f> 9 ?is direction already2 else :y ! fev]i% anxiety ( ! girls' colleges to prove t _! graduates are m>ry+ & be>+ *ildr58 ,! fact is t ! problem ( ! education ( ! sexes is n yet solv$4 ,educat+ "o sex alone didn't "w2 nei!r1 ,i believe1 does ! pres5t plan ( educat+ bo? alike1 :e!r 9 ! same in/itution1 or sep>ately4 ,,ii--,a ,diagnosis ,read+1 l conv]sation1 is1 or ought to be1 a contact betwe5 two m9ds4 ,! diff]5ce is t :ile "o may talk only ) 8 contempor>ies & neighb\rs "o may read ! words ( a writ] f> di/ant bo? 9 "t & space4 ,x is no wond]1 p]haps1 t ! pr9t$ ^w has become a feti%1 b feti%es ( any k9d are n 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! age1 & _! v5]ation %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,read+ 9 :i* ! contact ( m9ds is ( second>y importance1 or ev5 cuts no figure at all1 is mean+less & valueless4 ,9 a previ\s pap]1 reasons h be5 giv5 = believ+ t read+ ( ?is k9d is peculi>ly preval5t among ! memb]s ( wom5's clubs4 ,! value ( ^! organisations is s great1 & ! s]vices t !y h r5d]$ to wom51 & ?r\gh !m to ! g5]al cause ( social bett]m5t1 are s evid5t1 t x seems well wor? :ile to exam9e ! matt] a little m closely1 & to complete a diagnosis bas$ on ! /udy ( ! symptoms t h already pres5t$ !mselves4 ,z mo/ ( ! read+ done 9 connection ) clubs is 9 prep>ation = ! writ+ & read+ ( pap]s1 we may pr(itably1 p]haps1 direct our att5tion to ?is phase ( ! subject4 ,mo/ p]sons w agree1 probably1 t ! av]age club pap] is n notably wor? :ile4 ,x is writt5 by a p]son n prim>ily & vitally int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 & x is read to an assemblage mo/ ( :om are simil>ly devoid ( int]e/--! :ole proce$+ be+ m or less p]functory4 ,c\ld x be expect$ t read+ done 9 connection ) su* a p]=mance %\ld be valuable8 ,?is is wor? pond]+1 because x is a fact t almo/ all ! vital in=mative lit]ature t is produc$ at fir/ h& sees ! light 9 connection ) clubs & associations--bodies t publi% j\rnals1 transactions or proce$+s = ! especial purpose ( pr9t+ ! productions ( _! memb]s4 ,?is lit]ature1 = ! mo/ "p1 does n come to ! notice ( ! g5]al read]4 ,! ord9>y books on ! te*nical subjects ( :i* x treats are n raw mat]ial1 b a manufactur$ product--compilations f ! orig9al s\rces4 ,& ! pity ( x is t v _m ( !m1 (t5 ! be/ ( !m f a purely lit]>y po9t ( view1 are s unsatisfactory1 view$ f ! po9t ( view ( accompli%m5t4 ,!y d n d :at !y set out to d2 !y are full ( misund]/&+s1 mis9t]pretations1 int]polations & omissions4 ,x is ! old /ory2 ^? :o "k won't tell & ! task is assum$ by ^? :o are em95tly able to tell1 b don't "k4 ,! sci5tific exp]t despises ! public1 :i* is =c$ to get its in=mation ?r\gh glib b ignorant exp\nd]s4 ,?is is a digression1 b x may s]ve to illum9ate ! situation1 :i* is t ! au?oritative lit]ature ( special subjects sees ! light almo/ :olly 9 ! =m ( pap]s1 read be=e clubs & associations4 ,evid5tly !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e fact t a pap] is to be read be=e a club1 to make x trivial or valueless4 ,yet h[ mu* t is ( value to ! _w fir/ saw ! light 9 a pap] read be=e a woman's club8 ,h[ mu* orig9al ?\ght1 h[ mu* discov]y1 h[ mu* inv5tion1 h[ mu* inspiration1 is put into _! writ+ & emanates f _! read+8 ,!re mu/ be a fundam5tal diff]5ce ( "s k9d betwe5 ! con/itution & ! me?ods ( ^! two k9ds ( clubs4 ,a /udy ( ?is diff]5ce w ?r[ light on ! k9d ( read+ t mu/ be done 9 connection ) ea* & may expla91 9 great "p1 :y ! read+ done = wom5's club-pap]s is :at x is4 ,a sci5tific or te*nical society exi/s l>gely = ! purpose ( in=m+ its memb]s ( ! orig9al "w t is be+ done by ea* ( !m4 ,:5 anyone has accompli%$ su* "w or has made su* progress t he ?9ks an acc\nt ( :at he has done w\ld be int]e/+1 he s5ds a description ( x to ! prop] committee1 :i* decides :e!r x %all be read & discuss$ at a meet+1 or publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s1 or bo?1 or nei!r4 ,! result dep5ds on ! size ( ! memb]%ip1 on its activity1 & on ! value ( its "w4 ,x may be t ! programme committee has an emb>rassm5t ( ri*es f :i* to select1 or t !re is pov]ty in/ead4 ,b 9 no case does x arrange a programme4 ,! ,physical ,society1 if t is its "n & subject1 does n decide t x w devote ! meet+s ( ! curr5t season to a consid]ation ( ,radio-activity & assign to specifi$ memb]s ! read+ ( pap]s on ,radio-active spr+s1 ! "* ( ,radium ,emanation1 & s on4 ,if x did1 x w\ld d\btless get precisely ! same results t we are compla9+ ( 9 ! case ( ! ,woman's ,club4 ,a man ^: specialty is !rmodynamics might be told (f to prep>e a pap] on ,radio-active ,elem5ts 9 ,rocks--a subject 9 :i* he is n int]e/$4 ,he c\ld h no?+ new nor orig9al to say on ! subject & 8 pap] w\ld be a m]e compilation4 ,x w\ld n ev5 be a good compilation1 = 8 int]e/ & 8 skill w\ld lie :olly 9 ano!r direction4 ,! good results t ! society does get are :olly dep5d5t on ! fact t ea* writ] is full ( new in=mation t he desires1 above all ?+s1 to communicate to 8 fell[-memb]s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( su* a pap]1 "o ne$s1 ( c\rse1 to read1 & (t5 to read widely4 ,mu* ( ! read+ w be done 9 connection ) ! "w describ$1 or ev5 be=e x is begun4 ,no "o wi%es to und]take an inve/igation t has already be5 made by someone else1 & s ! fir/ ?+ t a compet5t inve/igator does is to survey 8 field & asc]ta9 :at o!rs h accompli%$ 9 x4 ,?is task is by no means easy1 = su* in=mation is (t5 hidd5 9 j\rnals & transactions t are difficult to rea*1 & ! publi%$ indexes ( su* mat]ial1 ?\gh wond]fully advanc$ on ! road t[>d p]fection 9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 h yet f> to travel be=e !y rea* x4 ,n only ! writ]'s description ( :at he has done or asc]ta9$1 b ! "* ( ! "w itself2 ! direction x takes--! inf]5ces t he draws f x1 w be controll$ & col\r$ by :at he reads ( o!rs' "w4 ,& ev5 if he f9ds x easy to asc]ta9 :at has be5 done & to get at ! publi%$ acc\nts & discussions ( x1 ! mass may be s great t he has laid out = him a c\rse ( read+ t may la/ _m mon?s4 ,b m>k ! _s ) :i* he attacks x6 ,he is at "w on some?+ t seems to him supremely wor? :ile4 ,he is lab\r+ to f9d out tru?1 to dissipate error1 to help 8 fell[-m5 to "k some?+ or to d some?+4 ,! impulse to read1 & to read mu* & ?or\ghly1 is s p[]ful t x may ev5 ne$ judici\s repression4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is k9d ( read+ & t done 9 ! prep>ation ( a pap] to fill a place 9 a set programme h>dly ne$s emphasis4 ,! prep>ation ( pap]s = pr(essional & te*nical societies has be5 dwelt ^u at su* l5g?1 because ,i see no reason :y ! impulse to read+ t x furni%es _c also be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! woman's club2 & ,i %all h "s sugge/ions t[>d ?is end 9 a future article4 ,mean:ile1 ,i %all d\btless be told t x is unfair to comp>e ! woman's club1 ) its didactic aim1 & ! sci5tific association ( tra9$ & int]e/$ inve/igators4 ,x is true t we h pl5ty ( clubs--"s ( m5 alone1 "s ( bo? sexes--^: object is to li/5 to int]e/+ & in/ructive pap]s on a set subject1 (t5 =m+ "p ( a pre-arrang$ programme4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ne$ our att5tion "h only s f> z ! pap]s are prep>$ by memb]s ( ! club1 & 9 ?is case !y are 9 precisely ! same class z ! woman's club4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! pap] is m]ely ! excuse = a social ga!r+1 p]haps at a d9n] or a lun*eon4 ,( c\rse if ! pap] or lecture is by an exp]t invit$ to give x1 ! case falls altoge!r outside ( ! region t we are explor+4 ,i am condemn+ "h all clubs1 =m$ = an av[$ educational or cultural purpose1 t adopt set programmes & assign ! subjects to _! own memb]s4 ,i am deplor+ ! k9d ( read+ to :i* ?is leads1 ! k9d ( pap]s t are prep>$ 9 ?is way1 & ! k9d ( ?\ght & action t are ! inevitable outcome4 ,x w\ld seem t ! wom5's clubs n[ =m an imm5se majority ( all organisations ( ?is k9d & t !re are reasons = w>n+ wom5 t !y are specially prone to ?is k9d ( mi/ake4 ,! div]sity ( int]e/s ( ! av]age man1 ! wid5ess ( 8 contacts--! :ole tradition ( 8 sex--t5ds to m9imise ! injury t may be done to him1 intellectually & spiritually1 by any?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,! v fact t he is ! woman's inf]ior spiritually1 & 9 _m cases1 9 intellect1 also--al?\gh probably n at ! maximum--relieves him1 9 great "p1 ( ! odium atta*+ to ! error t has be5 describ$4 ,wom5 are becom+ ke5ly alive to ! defici5cies ( _! sex-tradition2 !y are try+ to broad5 _! intellectual contacts--t is ! great mod]n fem9i/ movem5t4 ,"s ( ^? :o are active 9 x are mak+ two mi/akes--!y are ignor+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes & !y are try+ to sub/itute revolution = evolution4 ,9 ?is latt] error !y are 9 v good company--h>dly "o ( ! great & ! good has n made x1 at "s "t & 9 "s way4 ,revolution is always ! outcome ( a mi/ake4 ,! mi/ake may be antec$5t & irrevocable1 & ! revolution !re=e necess>y1 b ?is is r>ely ! case4 ,! revolutioni/ runs a risk common to all :o are 9 a hurry--he may break ! object ( 8 att5tion in/ead ( mov+ x4 ,:5 he wants to h& y a di% he hits x ) a ball-bat4 ,tak+ a reasonable am\nt ( "t is bett] 9 ! long run4 ,t !re is no royal road to k has long be5 recognis$4 ,! tr\ble ) mo/ ( u is t we h int]pret$ ?is to mean t ! acquisition ( k mu/ always be a di/a/eful process4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! vivid int]e/ t is ! sure/ guide to k is also ! sure/ smoo!r ( ! pa?4 ,giv5 ! int]e/ t lures ! /ud5t on1 & he w sp5d ye>s 9 surm\nt+ rocks & break+ ?r\gh ?orny jungles1 realis+ _! difficulties p]haps1 b rejoic+ ! m :5 ^? difficulties prove no ob/acles4 ,! fact t ! fir/ /ep t[>d accompli%m5t is to create an int]e/ has long be5 recognis$1 b attempts h be5 made too (t5 to d x by devi\s ways1 unrelat$ to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,/ud5ts h be5 made to /udy hi/ory or algebra by (f]+ prizes to ! dilig5t & by ?reat5+ ! slo?ful ) puni%m5t4 ,m indirect rew>ds & puni%m5ts ab\nd 9 all our incitem5ts to ef=t & ne$ n be m5tion$ "h4 ,!y may (t5 be effective1 b ! fur!r remov$ !y are f direct p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! subject1 ! weak] & ! less p]man5t is ! result4 ,y may (f] a boy a doll> to le>n c]ta9 facts 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 b ^? facts w n be fix$ s well or s la/+ly 9 8 m9d z ^? connect$ ) 8 la/ ye>'s trip to ,cali=nia1 :i* he rememb]s easily )\t (f] ( rew>d or ?reat ( puni%m5t4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! facts ga!r$ by read+ 9 connection ) ! av]age club pap] is m]ely ! result ( a desire to rema9 9 good /&+ by fulfill+ ! duties ( memb]%ip2 & ^! duties may be fulfill$ ) slight ef=t & no direct int]e/1 z we h already se54 ,if int]e/ 7 pres5t ev5 at ! inception ( ! programme1 some?+ w\ld be ga9$2 b 9 too _m cases x is n4 ,! programme committee mu/ make "s k9d ( a programme1 b :at x is to be !y "k little & c>e less4 ,two wom5 rec5tly ent]$ a bran* libr>y & ask$ ! libr>ian1 :o 0 busy *>g+ books at ! desk1 :at two ,am]ican dramati/s %e consid]$ =emo/4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! reque/1 ,please tell me ! two be/ plays ( ea* ( !m4 ,a few m9utes lat] ! qu]i/s return$ & ask$ ! same "q ab\t ,engli% dramati/s1 & /ill lat] ab\t ,g]man1 ,russian1 ,italian & ,spani% writ]s ( ! drama4 ,ea* "t !y eag]ly wrote d[n ! in=mation & !n retir$ to ! read+-room = a few m9utes' consultation4 ,f9ally !y prop\nd$ a "q t 0 beyond ! libr>ian's k1 & !n %e ask$ :y !y want$ to "k4 ,we are mak+ out ! programme = our next ye>'s /udy c\rse 9 ! ,blank ,club1 0 ! answ]4 ,b y mu/n't take my op9ion z f9al1 prote/$ ! sc&alis$ libr>ian4 ,y ought to read up ev]y?+ y c f9d ab\t dramati/s4 ,i may h left out ! mo/ important ones4 ,?is w d nicely1 said ! club-woman1 z %e fold$ h] %eets ( pap]4 ,& x did--:e!r nicely or n depon5t sai? n8 b x c]ta9ly con/itut$ ! club programme4 ,on ano!r occasion a clubwoman ent]$ ! libr>y & said ) an air ( importance1 ,i want y\r mat]ial on ,susanna ,h4 ,br[n4 ,! libr>ian _h nev] he>d ( ,susanna1 b exp]i5ce _h taught h] mode/y & also a c]ta9 degree ( guile1 s %e m]ely said1 ,:at d y want to "k ab\t h]1 p>ticul>ly8 ,our club wi%es to discuss h] contributions to ,am]ican lit]ature4 ,n[ ! ,br[n family has be5 active 9 lett]s1 f ,*>les ,brockd5 d[n to ,alice1 b no "o seems to "k ( ,susanna ,h4 ,! libr>ian contriv$ to put (f ! matt] until %e c\ld make "s inve/igations ( h] own1 b1 all ! res\rces ( ! c5tral ref]5ce room prov+ unequal to ! task1 %e timidly ask$ ! clubwoman1 at h] next visit1 to solve ! problem4 ,oh1 we don't "k :o ,susanna ,h4 ,br[n 02 t is :y we came to y = in=mation6 ,b :]e did y f9d ! "n8 ,well1 ,i don't "k exactly2 b "o ( our memb]s1 9 a conv]sation ) "s "o :o kn[s a lot ab\t lit]ature--,i =get j :o x 0--0 told t ,susanna ,h4 ,br[n _h r5d]$ notewor?y s]vices to ,am]ican lit]ature4 ,we've got to f9d out1 = h] "n is already pr9t$ on ! programme6 ,i don't "k :at 0 said ( ,miss1 or ,mrs4 ,br[n at ! meet+2 b my op9ion is t ?is p>ticul> item on ! programme _h to be omitt$4 ,ano!r lady ent]$ a libr>y abruptly & said ,i want y\r books on ,*9a4 ,d y mean ! c\ntry ( t "n8 or are y look+ up porcela98 ,fir/ p]plexity & !n dismay spread ov] ! lady's face4 ,:y1 ,i don't "k1 %e falt]$4 ,! program j said ,*9a6 ,a univ]sity pr(essor 0 once ask$ by "o ( ^! program committees = a li/ ( ref]5ces on ,g]man folklore--a subject to :i* x _h decid$ t its club %\ld devote ! curr5t season4 ,! li/1 z furni%$1 prov$ r /iff1 & ! a/oni%$ pr(essor receiv$ =?) ! foll[+ epi/le 7quot$ f memory73 ,,de> ,,pr(essor-- ,?ank y s mu* = ! folk-lore2 b we h *ang$ our m9ds & h decid$ to /udy ! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal in/ead4 ,?is hap-haz>d me?od ( programme-mak+ is n conf9$ to club pap]s1 z ! foll[+ anecdote w %[3 ,an (fic] ( a woman's club ent]$ a libr>y & said t %e ?\ght x w\ld be nice to v>y ! usual lit]>y programme by ! introduction ( /ory-tell+1 & %e ask$ = aid f ! libr>y /aff4 ,x 0 a busy season & z ! libr>ian hesitat$ ! clubwoman add$ ha/ily t ! :ole programme ne$ n occupy m ?an half an h\r4 ,we want ! v simple/ ?+s1 told 9 a few words1 s t x w really be no tr\ble at all4 ,press$ to be m specific1 %e w5t on3 ,well--no /ory mu/ take m ?an ?ree m9utes1 & we want ,little ,nell1 ,l\is ,,ix1 ,moses 9 ! ,bulru%es1 ! ,pr9ces 9 ! ,t[]1 ,c9d]ella1 ,jack & ! ,bean ,/alk1 ! ,holy ,night & ,l\is ,,xi4 ,y see t all[+ ?ree m9utes apiece w\ld br+ !m all )9 tw5ty-f\r m9utes--less ?an half an h\r1 j z ,i said4 ,&--oh1 yes6 we want ! /orytell] to sit on a plat=m1 & j 9 front ( h] we w pose a gr\p ( little girls1 all 9 :ite frocks4 ,won't t be nice8 ,! mak+ ( programmes has 9 _m cases be5 influ5c$ by ! fact t "s subjects are consid]$ m high-ton$ ?an o!rs4 ,! drama is at pres5t a p>ticul>ly high-ton$ subject4 ,! f9e arts are always plac$ 9 ! fir/ class4 ,app>5tly any?+ closely relat$ to ! p]sonal lives1 habits & int]e/s ( ^? conc]n$ is "u a ban4 ,! f9e arts1 = in/ance1 are n recognis$ z includ+ ! patt]ns ( wall-pap] or curta9s1 or ! decoration ( plates or cups4 ,copy+ f "o programme to ano!r is a common exp$i5t4 ,! mak+ ( ^! programmes betrays1 all ?r\gh its processes & _! inevitable result1 lack ( orig9ality1 bl9d adh]5ce to models1 unque/ion+ imitation ( some?+ t has gone be=e4 ,i d n believe ^! to be sex-*>act]i/ics1 & !re are signs t ! sex is gr[+ out ( !m4 ,if !y are n sex *>act]i/ics !y mu/ be ! results ( education1 = ord9>y h]$ity w\ld quickly equalise ! sexes 9 ?is respect4 ,i h already /at$ my belief t ! physical diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes are necess>ily accompani$ by m5tal diff]5ces1 & ,i ?9k x probable t ! *>act]i/ics not$ above1 al?\gh n prop] to sex1 spr+ f ! fact t we are expect+ l results f ! same educational treatm5t ( unlike m9ds4 ,:5 we h le>n$ h[ to v>y our treatm5t ( ^! m9ds s z to produce l results--9 ^? cases :]e we want ! results to be alike1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance--we %all h solv$ ! problem ( education1 s f> z x affects sex-diff]5ces4 ,x has long be5 recognis$ t :5ev] woman does %[ a deviation f /&>ds %e is apt to deviate f> & erratically4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 %e has %[n no m>k$ t5d5cy s to deviate 9 ! arts & a v slight "o 9 ! sci5ces4 ,!re h be5 lately "s m>k$ in/ances ( h] upw>d deviation 9 ! field ( sci5ce4 ,9 lit]ature1 no age has be5 want+ 9 great woman writ]s1 ?\gh !re h be5 few ( !m4 ,i look ev5tually to see woman physici/s z em95t z ,helmholtz & ,kelv91 woman pa9t]s z great z ,raphael & ,velasquez1 woman musicians z able z ,ba* & ,bee?ov54 ,t we h _h none yet ,i believe to be solely ! fault ( inadequate education4 ,( ?is inadequacy our imitative1 arbitr>y & un9spir+ club programmes are a "p--! v fact t our clubwom5 p9 _! fai? to programmes ( any k9d is a consequ5ce ( x4 ,! sub/itution ( some?+ else = ^! programmes1 ) ! accompany+ *ange 9 ! int]e/s & read+ ( clubwom51 w be "o /ep t[>d ! rationalisation ( education--= all processes ( ?is k9d are ess5tially educative4 ,we ne$ n despair ( f9d+ ultimately ! exact diff]5ces 9 me?od :i*1 appli$ 9 ! education ( ! sexes1 w m9imise su* ( ! pres5t m5tal diff]5ces z we desire to oblit]ate4 ,problems ( ?is sort are solv$ usually by ! discov]y ( "s automatic process4 ,9 ?is case ! key to su* a process is ! fact t ! m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes manife/ !mselves 9 diff]5ces ( int]e/4 ,e p>5t ( boys & girls kn[s t ^! diff]5ces beg9 e>ly to %[ !mselves4 ,we h be5 too prone to disreg>d !m & to sub/itute a set ( imag9$ diff]5ces t d n really exi/4 ,we g ab\t ! moral tra9+ ( ! boy & ! girl 9 precisely ! same way1 al?\gh _! moral po9ts ( view & susceptibilities diff] 9 degree & k9d2 & !n we m>vel t we d n get precisely simil> moral products4 ,b we assume t !re is "s natural objection to ! climb+ ( trees by girls1 :ile x is all "r = boys--an imag9>y di/9ction t has caus$ te>s & he>t-burn+s4 ,we are outgr[+ ?is p>ticul> imag9>y di/9ction1 & "s o!rs l x4 ,possibly we may also outgr[ our sy/ems ( co-education1 s f> z ?is means ! subjection ( ! male & ! female m9d to exactly ! same processes ( tra9+4 ,! tra9+ ( ! sexes 9 ! same in/itution1 ) its consequ5t m5tal contact betwe5 !m1 has no?+ to d ) ?is1 necess>ily1 & has advantages t _c be ov]look$4 ,:atev] we d 9 s*ool1 our subsequ5t education1 :i* goes on at lea/ z long z we inhabit ?is _w1 mu/ be 9 & ?r\gh social contact1 m5 & wom5 toge!r4 ,b if ea* sex is n true to itself & does n live its own life1 ! results _c be satisfactory4 ,reactions t are s\ght 9 an ef=t made by wom5 to con=m _! in/9cts1 aspirations & m5tal processes to ^? ( m5 w be feeble or p]v]t$1 j z !y w\ld be if m5 %\ld seek a simil> di/ortion4 ,! rem$y is to let ! woman's m9d sw+ into ! *annel ( lea/ resi/ance1 j z ! man's always has done4 ,!n ! clubs1 & ! clubwom51 _! ex]cises1 _! pap]s & _! prep>atory read+ w all be releas$ f ! con/ra9t t is n[ p9*+ !m & p9n+ !m d[n & w bud & blossom & gr[ up to normal & valuable fruition4 ,we h />t$ ) ! fact t ! read+ done by ! memb]s ( wom5's clubs1 especially 9 connection ) club pap]s1 is (t5 trivial1 sup]ficial1 devoid ( intellig5ce & lack+ 9 judgm5t4 ,treat+ ?is z a symptom2 we h1 ,i ?9k1 trac$ ! cause to a total lack ( int]e/ due to arbitr>y1 p]functory & un9tellig5t programme-mak+4 ,! disease may be diagnos$1 ,i ?9k1 z acute programitis & ! physician is 9 a position to consid] :at !rapeutic measures may be indicat$4 ,we %all endeavor to prescribe "s simple rem$ies4 ,,iii--,! ,rem$y ,:5 we h once discov]$ ! cause ( a malady1 we may proce$ 9 two ways to combat x2 ei!r we may de/roy ! cause or we may r5d] ! possible victims immune4 ,to put x a little diff]5tly1 we may elim9ate ei!r ( ! two elem5ts ^: conjunction causes ! disease4 ,to gr[ we$s1 !re mu/ co-exi/ _! se$s & a fav\rable soil4 ,!y may be ext]m9at$ ei!r by kill+ ! se$s or /]ilis+ ! soil4 ,ei!r ( ^! me?ods may be us$ 9 deal+ ) ! disease t prevails among read]s1 or1 if y pref] ! o!r metaphor1 ) ! rank vegetation t has *ok$ ! f]tile soil ( _! m9ds1 mak+ any legitimate m5tal crop impossible4 ,we h se5 t ! conditions favorable to ! disease are a lack ( int]e/ & a fallaci\s idea t !re is some?+ inh]5t 9 ! pr9t$ page p] se t makes its p]usal valuable :e!r ! read] is int]e/$ or n--some:at z a *>m is suppos$ to "w ev5 :5 x is 9 a language t ! us] does n und]/&4 ,we are consid]+ only ! =m ( ! disease t affects clubwom51 & ?is we h diagnos$ z programitis--! imposition ( a set programme ( "w--:i*1 z an excit+ cause1 op]ates on ! m5tal soil prep>$ by indiff]5ce & feti*ism to produce ! malady f :i* s _m are n[ suff]+4 ,i ?9k physicians w g5]ally agree t :]e ! excit+ cause c be totally remov$ t me?od ( deal+ ) ! disease is f> m effective ?an any attempt to secure immunity4 ,i believe t 9 mo/ cases x is s 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,9 o!r words1 my prescription is ! ab&onm5t1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ( ! set programme1 & ! sub/itution ( some?+ t is int]e/+ prim>ily to ea* individual conc]n$4 ,?is is no new doctr9e4 ,li/5 to ,william ,james3 ,any object n int]e/+ 9 itself may become int]e/+ ?r\gh becom+ associat$ ) an object 9 :i* an int]e/ already exi/s4 ,! two associat$ objects gr[1 z x 71 toge!r3 ! int]e/+ portion %$s its quality ov] ! :ole2 & ?us ?+s n int]e/+ 9 _! own "r borr[ an int]e/ :i* becomes z real & z /rong z t ( any natively int]e/+ ?+4444 ,if we c\ld recall = a mom5t our :ole individual hi/ory1 we %\ld see t our pr(essional ideals & ! zeal !y inspire are due to no?+ b ! sl[ accretion ( "o m5tal object to ano!r1 traceable backw>d f po9t to po9t till we rea* ! mom5t :51 9 ! nurs]y or 9 ! s*oolroom1 "s little /ory told1 "s little object %[n1 "s little op]ation witness$1 br\ght ! fir/ new object & new int]e/ )9 our k5 by associat+ x ) "s "o ( ^? primitively !re4 ,! int]e/ n[ suffus+ ! :ole sy/em took its rise 9 t little ev5t1 s insignificant to u n[ z to be entirely =gott54 ,z ! bees 9 sw>m+ cl+ to "o ano!r 9 lay]s till ! few are rea*$ ^: feet grapple ! b\gh f :i* ! sw>m dep5ds2 s ) ! objects ( our ?9k+--!y hang to ea* o!r by associat$ l9ks1 b ! orig9al s\rce ( int]e/ 9 all ( !m is ! native int]e/ :i* ! e>lie/ "o once possess$4 ,if we are to exorcise ?is _s ( indiff]5ce t has settl$ d[n l a miasma ^u clubdom we mu/ f9d ,james's orig9al g]m ( int]e/--! twig ^u :i* our clu/] ( bees is ultimately to hang4 ,"h we may introduce two axioms3 ,ev]yone is deeply int]e/$ 9 some?+2 few are supremely int]e/$ 9 ! same ?+4 ,i %all n attempt to prove ^!1 & :at ,i %all h to say w be address$ only to ^? :o c accept !m )\t pro(4 ,b ,i am conv9c$ t illu/rations w occur at once to ev]yone4 ,:o has n se5 ! man or woman1 ! boy or girl :o1 app>5tly /upid1 indiff]5t & able to talk only 9 monosyllables1 is sudd5ly %ock$ into int]e/ & volubility by ! m]e *ance m5tion ( "s subject ( conv]sation--birds1 or religion1 or ,egyptian antiquities1 or dolls1 or skat+1 or ,h5ry ! ,eigh?8 ,!re are millions ( ^! electric buttons = galvanis+ dumb clay into m5tal & spiritual life1 & no "o ( !m is likely to act ^u m ?an a v few 9 a giv5 company--! !ory ( *ances is aga9/ x4 ,t is :y no possible programme c\ld be made t w\ld fit m ?an a v small portion ( a giv5 club4 ,we h se5 t _m club-programmes are made ) an irr$ucible m9imum ( intellig5ce2 b ev5 a programme committee ) sup]human intellect & angelic goodwill c\ld nev] compass ! solution ( su* a problem z ?is4 ,nor w x suffice to ab&on ! g5]al programme & endeav\r to select = ea* speak] ! subject t he w\ld l be/ to /udy & exp\nd4 ,no "o kn[s :at ^! subjects are b ! own]s ( ! he>ts t love !m4 ,we h se5 h[ ! sci5tific & te*nical societies manage ! matt] & h[ well !y succe$4 ,!y appo9t a committee ^: duty x is to receive contributions & to select ! wor?ie/ among ^? pres5t$4 ,! matt] !n takes c>e ( itself4 ,^! p are all int]e/$ 9 some?+4 ,!y are f9d+ out ?+s by exp]im5tation or ?\ght2 by induction or d$uction4 ,x is ! duty & ! high pleasure ( ea* to tell 8 fell[s ( 8 discov]ies4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! individual gives ( 8 be/ to ! race--! triumph ( ! social in/9ct ov] selfi%ness4 ,z ?is sort ( intellectual pr(it-%>+ becomes m & m common1 ! reign ( ! social in/9ct w ext5d & /r5g!n4 ,to d "o's "p t[>d su* an end ought to be a pleasure1 & ?is is "o reason :y ?is c\rse is comm5d$ "h to ! wom5's clubs4 ,ev]yone1 ,i repeat1 is deeply int]e/$ 9 some?+4 ,i am n talk+ ( idiots2 !re are no su* 9 wom5's clubs4 ,i h be5 tell+ "s odd /ories ( clubwom51 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ z do+ & say+ idiotic ?+s4 ,^! /ories are all true1 & if "o %\ld take ! "t to collect & pr9t o!rs1 ,i d n suppose1 z ! sacr$ writ] says1 t all ! _w c\ld conta9 ! books t %\ld be writt54 ,?+s q z idiotic z ^! t ,i h report$ are said & done 9 e city & e hamlet ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates e day 9 ! ye> & e h\r 9 ! day--except possibly betwe5 ?ree & five ,a4,m41 & sometimes ev5 !n4 ,yet ^? :o say & d ^! ?+s are n idiots4 ,:5 y\r fri5d ,br[n is tell+ y 8 pet anecdote = ! ?irty-fif? "t1 or :5 ,smi? insi/s t y li/5 to a recital ( ! un9t]e/+ accompli%m5ts ( 8 newly-arriv$ infant1 y may all[ y\r ?\ghts to w&] & make "s inane rem>k1 yet y are n an idiot4 ,y are simply n int]e/$4 ,y are us+ mo/ ( y\r m9d 9 ano!r direction & x is only ) :at is left ( x t y he> ,br[n or ,smi? & talk to him4 ,br[n or ,smi? is n deal+ ) y\r p]sonality z a :ole1 b ) a residuum4 ,& ?is is :at is ! matt] ) ! clubwom5 :o read fooli%ly & ask fooli% que/ions 9 libr>ies4 ,!y are residual p]sonalities4 ,n be+ at all int]e/$ 9 ! matt] 9 h&1 !y are devot+ to x only a m9imum "p ( _! bra9s2 & :at !y d & say is comp>able ) ! act ( ! p]ambulat+ pr(essor1 :o1 absorb$ 9 ma!matical calculation1 lift$ 8 hat to ! c[4 ,! pr(essor 0 p]haps p>donable1 = 8 m9d 0 n w&]+--x 0 suff]+1 on ! contr>y1 f excessive conc5tration--b x 0 n conc5trat$ on ! c[4 ,9 ! case ( ! clubwom51 ! role ( ! c[ is play$ by ! pap]s t !y are prep>+1 :ile1 9 lieu ( ! ma!matical problems1 we h a v>iety ( really absorb+ subjects1 m or less important1 ov] :i* _! m9ds are w&]+4 ,:at we mu/ d is to capture ^! w&]+ m9ds1 & ?is we c accompli% only by enli/+ _! own k ( :at int]e/s !m4 ,if y w\ld realise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal processes ( a m]e residue & ^? ( ! :ole p]sonality :5 its vig\r is conc5trat$ on "o subject1 li/5 fir/ to "o ( ^? p]functory essays1 cull$ f a collection ( cyclopdias1 & !n he> a :ole woman ?r[ h] :ole self into some?+4 ,he> h] c&id op9ion ( "s p]son or ?+ t has fall5 bel[ h] /&>d6 ,he> h] able analysis ( ! case at law betwe5 h] family & ! neighb\rs6 ,he> h] make a spee* on woman suffrage--,i mean :5 x is really to h] ! cause ( causes2 !re are ^? :o take x up = o!r reasons1 z ! club-wom5 d _! pap]s1 ) n dissimil> results4 ,9 all ^! cases cle>ness ( pres5tation1 weight ( invective1 ke5ness ( analysis spr+ f int]e/4 ,none ( ^! wom51 if %e has a fem99e m9d1 treats ^! ?+s z a man w\ld4 ,we m5 are v apt to compla9 ( ! woman's m5tal processes1 = ! same reason t n>r[ patriots always suspect & d]ide ! me?ods ( a =eign]1 simply because !y are /range & we d n und]/& !m4 ,b :at we are compell$ to ?9k ( ! results is %[n by ! fact t :5 we are truly wise we are apt to seek ! advice & c\nsel ( ! o!r sex & to act ^u x1 ev5 :5 we _c fa?om ! processes by :i* x 0 rea*$4 ,all ! m reason ?is :y ! woman %\ld be left to h]self & n =c$ to model h] club pap] on ! m5tal processes ( a man1 us$ ) _m necess>y elisions & sometimes ) v bad workman%ip1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cyclopdia article nev] int5d$ to be employ$ = any su* purpose4 ,p]haps we c nev] make ! ord9>y clubwoman talk l ,susan ,b4 ,an?ony1 or ,anna ,%aw1 or ,beatrice ,hale1 or ,fola ,la ,follette2 any m ?an we c put into ! m\? ( ! ord9>y bus9ess man ! words ( ,l9coln1 or ,john ,b4 ,g\gh1 or ,phillips ,brooks1 or ,raymond ,rob9s--b get someh[ into ! weake/ ( ei!r sex ! impulses1 ! int]e/s1 ! en]gies t once /ood or n[ /& beh9d ! utt]ances ( any "o ( ^! great ,am]icans1 & see if ! result is n some?+ wor? :ile6 ,an appreciative critic ( ! fir/ pap] 9 ?is s]ies1 writ+ 9 ,! ,yale ,alumni ,weekly1 gives x z 8 op9ion t ^! read]s are 9 ! fir/ /age ( _! education--t ( initial intellectual int]e/4 ,he says3 ,curiosity1 !n suspicion1 come lat] to gr[ into individual intellectual judgm5t4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld agree t :at we h diagnos$ z a malady is only an e>ly /age ( some?+ t is ultimately to develop into matur$ judgm5t4 ,b ! facts seem cle>ly to %[ t1 f> f possess+ initial intellectual int]e/1 ^! read]s are practically devoid ( any k9d ( int]e/ :atev]1 prop]ly speak+4 ,su* z !y h is n prop] to ! subject1 b simply due to ! fact t !y desire to reta9 _! club memb]%ip1 to fulfil _! club duties1 & to act 9 g5]al z o!r wom5 d 9 o!r clubs4 ,to g back to our rec5t simile1 x is precisely ! same int]e/ t keeps y li/5+1 or pret5d+ to li/51 to a bore1 :ile y are really ?9k+ ( some?+ else4 ,if y 7 free to foll[ y\r impulses1 y w\ld insult ! bore1 or ?r[ him d[n/airs1 or retreat precipitately4 ,y are inhibit$ by y\r s5se ( propriety & y\r recognition ( :at is due to a fell[-man1 no matt] h[ boresome he may be4 ,! clubwoman d\btless has a /rong impulse to ?r[ ! encyclopdia out ( ! w9d[1 or to insult ! libr>ian 7occasionally %e does7 or ev5 to resign f ! club4 ,%e is prev5t$1 9 l mann]1 by h] s5se ( propriety1 & (t51 too1 we mu/ admit1 by a real1 ?\gh rudim5t>y1 desire = k4 ,b su* inhibitions _c develop into judgm5t4 ,!y are m]ely negative1 :ile ! int]e/ t has a valuable outcome is positive4 ,ano!r ?+ t we %all d well to rememb] is t no condition or relation "o ( ^: elem5ts or factors is ! human m9d c ev] be prop]ly consid]$ ap>t f t m9d4 ,%akespe>e's plays w\ld seem to be fairly unalt]able4 ,%akespe>e is dead & _c *ange !m1 & !y h be5 writt5 d[n 9 black & :ite ?is _m a ye>4 ,b ! real play1 s f> z x makes any diff]5ce to u to-day1 is n 9 ! books2 or1 at lea/1 ! book is b "o ( its elem5ts4 ,x is ! effect produc$ ^u ! auditor1 & ( ?is a v important elem5t is ! auditor's m5tal & spiritual /ate4 ,consid]$ f ?is /&po9t1 ,%akespe>e's plays h be5 *ang+ ev] s9ce !y 7 writt54 ,environm5t1 physical & m5tal1 has alt]$2 ! language has develop$2 ! pla91 ord9>y talk ( ,%akespe>e's "t n[ seems to u qua9t & odd2 e-day allusions h become cryptic4 ,x all a9't up to date1 to quote ! ,cockney's compla9t ab\t x4 ,probably no "o to-day c "u any circum/ances get ! same reaction to a play ( ,%akespe>e z t ( 8 orig9al audi5ce1 & probably no "o ev] w4 ,anecdotes possess a sort ( c5tripetal =ce2 tales illu/rative ( ! matt] at h& h be5 fly+ to me f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ comes ?is1 :i* seems p]t95t j "h4 ,a good clubwoman1 :o _h be5 slav+ all day ov] a pap] on ,*auc]1 f9ally at its close ?rew d[n h] p5 & exclaim$1 ,oh1 de>6 ,i wi% ,*auc] 7 dead6 ,%e _h h] wi% 9 m s5ses ?an ! obvi\s "o4 ,n only has ,*auc]'s physical body long ago giv5 up its sub/ance to e>? & air1 b 8 works h to be translat$ = mo/ read]s ( ! pres5t day2 8 language is fa/ becom+ z dead z ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,b1 worse /ill1 8 v _s 0 dead1 s f> z its reaction on h] 0 conc]n$4 ,poetry1 to y & me1 is :at we make ( x2 & :at d y suppose our fri5d f ,oregon 0 mak+ ( ,*auc]8 ,our indiff]5ce1 our failure to react1 is ?us m f>-rea*+ ?an its influ5ce on ourselves--x is1 9 "s s5se1 a s9 aga9/ ! immortal s\ls ( ^? :o h bequea!d _! spiritual selves to ! _w 9 books4 ,& ?is s9 ! clubs are1 9 m cases ?an ,i c>e to ?9k1 =c+ delib]ately ^u _! memb]s4 ,a well-kn[n c>tooni/ toil$ long 9 e>ly life at "s uncong5ial task = a pittance4 ,mean:ile he drew pictures = fun1 & "o day a j\rnali/1 see+ "o ( 8 sket*es1 (f]$ him fifty doll>s = x--! sal>y ( _m days4 ,& :51 said ! c>tooni/1 ,i f\nd ,i c\ld get m money by play+ ?an by work+1 ,i swore ,i w\ld nev] "w aga9--& ,i hav5't4 ,:5 we c all play--d exactly :at we l--& keep ourselves & ! _w runn+ by x1 !n ! ,e>?ly ,p>adise w be a*iev$4 ,b1 mean:ile1 _c we realize t ^! clubwom5 w accompli% m if we c direct & control _! volunt>y activity1 back$ by _! :ole m5tal en]gy1 ?an :5 !y devote "s small "p ( _! m9ds to an uncong5ial task1 dictat$ by a programme committee8 ,i %all d\btless be rem9d$ t ! l>g] clubs are n[ g5]ally divid$ into sections1 & t memb]%ip 9 ^! sections is suppos$ to be dictat$ by int]e/4 ,?is is a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 b x is an excessively %ort "o4 ,! programme1 ) all its vici\s accompanim5ts & lam5table results1 p]si/s4 ,:at ,i h said & %all say applies z well to an art or a dome/ic sci5ce section z to a club 9 toto4 ,to br+ d[n ! treatm5t to a def9ite prescription1 let u suppose t ! committee 9 *>ge ( a club's activities1 in/ead ( m>k+ out a def9ite programme = ! season1 %\ld simply ann\nce t communications on subjects ( p]sonal int]e/ to ! memb]s1 embody+ "s new & orig9al ?\ght1 me?od1 idea1 device1 or mode ( treatm5t1 w\ld be receiv$1 & t ! be/ ( ^! w\ld be read & discuss$ be=e ! club1 aft] :i* "s w\ld appe> 9 pr9t4 ,no conditions w\ld be /at$1 b x w\ld be und]/ood t su* features z l5g? & /yle1 z well z subject matt]1 w\ld be consid]$ 9 select+ ! pap]s to be read4 ,above all1 x w\ld be insi/$ t no pap] %\ld be consid]$ t 0 m]ely copi$ f any?+1 ei!r 9 sub/ance or idea4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to con/itute a pap] almo/ entirely ( quotations & yet s to gr\p & discuss ^! t ! pap] becomes an orig9al contribution to ?\ght2 b m]e p>rot-l repetition ( asc]ta9$ facts1 or ( o!r p's ?\ghts1 %\ld n be tol]at$4 ,"r "h ! fir/ ob/acle w\ld be enc\nt]$4 ,club memb]s1 accu/om$ to be assign$ = /udy subjects l ,! ,metope ( ! ,p>!non or ,! ,true ,significance ( ,hyp]space1 w n easily compreh5d t !y are really desir$ to put briefly on pap] orig9al ideas ab\t some?+ t !y "k at fir/ h&4 ,mrs4 ,jones makes bett] sponge cake ?an any "o 9 t[n2 ! fact is kn[n to all h] fri5ds4 ,if sponge cake is a desirable product1 :y %\ld n ! woman :o has discov]$ ! little knack t turns failure into success1 & :o is pr\d ( h] ability & special k1 tell h] club ( x1 in/ead ( labori\sly copy+ f a book--or1 let u say1 f two or ?ree books--"s "o else's compilation ( ! facts asc]ta9$ at second or ?ird h& by v>i\s o!r writ]s on ,! ,"* ( ! ,cid8 ,:y %\ld n ,mrs4 ,smi?1 :o 0 out ov] night 9 ! blizz>d ( #ahhh1 rec\nt h] exp]i5ces1 m5tal z well z physical8 ,:y %\ld n ,miss ,rob9son1 :o collects co9s & diff]s f ! accept$ au?orities reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( c]ta9 ( h] specim5s1 tell :y & h[ & all ab\t x8 ,:y %\ld n ! memb] :o is crazy ab\t begonias & ! "o :o ?9ks %e saw ,uncle ,hiram's gho/1 & %e :o has read & re-read ,george ,m]$i?1 see+ beauties 9 him t no "o else ev] detect$--:y %\ld n "o & all give _! fell[s ! b5efit ( ! really valuable special k t !y h acquir$ ?r\gh ye>s ( int]e/$ ?9k+ & talk+ & do+8 ,b !re w be tr\ble1 z ,i h said4 ,! ?+1 simple z x is1 w\ld be too unaccu/om$ to compreh5d4 ,& !n a real article 9 a real cyclopdia by a real writ] is ,in=mation ) a big ,i4 ,my little k ab\t mak+ qu9ce jelly1 or d>n+ /ock+s1 or driv+ an auto1 or my ?\ghts ab\t ! intellectual diff]5ces betwe5 ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay1 or my p]sonal !ories ( conduct1 or my reasons = pref]r+ hot-wat] heat to /eam--^! are all too trivial to m5tion2 is x possible t y want me to write !m d[n on pap]8 ,x may ?us happ5 t :5 ! committee op5s its mail x may f9d--no?+4 ,:at1 !n8 ,logically1 ,i %\ld be =c$ to say3 ,well1 if none ( y\r memb]s is int]e/$ en\gh 9 any?+ to h "s orig9al in=mation to tell ab\t x1 disb& y\r club4 ,:at is ! use ( x8 ,ev5 ?ree newsboys1 :5 !y meet on ! /reet corn]1 beg9 at once to int]*ange ideas4 ,:]e are y\rs8 ,possibly ?is w\ld be too dra/ic4 ,x might be bett] to hold a meet+1 /ate ! failure1 & adj\rn = ano!r trial4 ,x might be well to repeat ?is sev]al times1 9 ! hope t ! fact t abs5ce ( orig9al ideas means no proce$+s might soak 9 & g]m9ate4 ,if ?is does n "w1 x might be possible to fight ! devil ) fire1 by go+ back to ! programme me?od s f> z to assign def9itely to memb]s subjects 9 :i* !y are kn[n to be deeply int]e/$4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! second me?od ( treatm5t m5tion$ at ! outset1 namely1 ! endeav\r to secure immunity :]e ! g]m _c be ext]m9at$4 ,we %all probably nev] be able to rid ! _w ( ! bacillus tub]culosis2 ! be/ we c d is to keep z cle> ( x z we c & to /r5g!n our p[]s ( resi/ance to x4 ,s1 if we _c kill ! programme all at once1 let u /rive to make x innocu\s & to m9imise its evil effects on its victims4 ,let u suppose1 n[1 t 9 "o way or ano!r1 x is br\ght ab\t t e club memb] :o reads a pap] is report+ ! result ( "s p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 :i* h] int]e/ is vivid--"s discov]y1 acquisition1 me?od1 idea1 criticism or appreciation t is ! product ( h] own life & ( ! p>ticul>1 p]sonal way 9 :i* %e has liv$ x4 ,:at a result ?is w h on t woman's read+--on :at %e does be=e %e writes h] pap] & on :at %e goes ?r\gh aft] x6 ,if h] int]e/ is z vivid z we assume x to be1 %e w n be cont5t to rec\nt h] own exp]i5ces )\t comp>+ !m ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,& aft] h] pap] has be5 read & ! comm5t & criticism ( o!r int]e/$ memb]s h be5 br\ght out--( "s1 p]haps1 ^: int]e/ %e _h nev] be=e suspect$1 !n %e w feel a fre% impulse to se>* = new acc\nts & to dev\r !m4 ,!re is no long] any?+ p]functory ab\t ! matt]4 ,%e c no long] ev5 tru/ ! lab\r ( look+ up h] ref]5ces to o!rs4 ,%e becomes an inve/igator2 %e feels some?+ ( ! joy ( ^? :o add to ! sum ( human k4 ,& lo6 ! problem ( clubwom5's read+ is solv$6 ,! w&]+ m9d is captur$2 ! inane residuum is aboli%$ by union ) ! re/ to =m a normal1 intellig5t :ole4 ,no m idiotic que/ions1 no m cyclopdia-copy+1 no m wool-ga!r+ programmes4 ,is x too mu* to expect8 ,alas1 we are b mortal6 ,i tru/ x has be5 made suffici5tly cle> t ,i ?9k meanly nei!r ( ! intellectual ability ( wom5 nor ( ! s]vices ( wom5's clubs4 ,! object ( ^! pap]s is to give ! =m] an opportunity to ass]t itself1 & ! latt] a *ance to pr(it by ! ass]tion4 ,! woman's club ( ! future %\ld be a place :]e orig9al ideas1 f$ & direct$ by int]e/$ read+1 are ex*ang$ & discuss$4 ,7 ,i writ+ ( m5's clubs1 ,i %\ld po9t out to !m ! same goal4 ,& !n1 p]haps1 we may look =w>d to a "t :5 a select$ gr\p ( m5 & wom5 may come toge!r & talk ( ?+s 9 :i* !y bo?1 z m5 & wom51 are int]e/$4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ,i tru/ t 9 ! discussion we %all n he$ ! advice ( "s mod]n fem9i/s & =get t we are z ,god made u4 ,:y %\ld ea* man talk to a woman z if %e 7 ano!r man8 ,i nev] he>d x advis$ t ea* woman %\ld talk to ea* man z if he 7 ano!r woman2 b ,i %\ld res5t x if ,i did4 ,:y %ut our eyes to ! tru?8 ,i tru/ t ,i h n be5 talk+ to ! club-wom5 z if !y 7 m52 ,i am sure ,i h n meant to d s4 ,!y are n m52 !y h _! own ways1 & ^? ways %\ld be develop$ & enc\rag$4 ,we h _h ! psy*ology ( race1 ( ! cr[d & ( ! crim9al2 :]e is ! inve/igator :o has /udi$ ! ,psy*ology ( ,woman8 ,:5 %e 7note ! pron\n7 has arriv$1 let u make h] presid5t ( a woman's club4 ,x is ) diffid5ce t ,i h outl9$ any def9ite proc$ure1 because1 aft] all1 ! precise mann] 9 :i* ! treatm5t %\ld be appli$ w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 on ! club conc]n$4 ,to prescribe = y mo/ effectively1 y\r physician %\ld be an intimate fri5d4 ,he %\ld h kn[n y f bir?--bett] /ill1 he %\ld h c>$ = y\r fa!r & y\r gr&fa!r be=e y4 ,o!rwise1 he prescribes = an av]age man2 & y may be v f> f ! av]age4 ,! drug t he adm9i/]s to quiet y\r n]ves may act on y\r he>t & give y ! smo!rs--x might conceivably quiet y p]man5tly4 ,!n ! doctor w\ld s5d to 8 m$ical j\rnal a note on ,a ,curi\s ,case ( ,umptiol ,poison+1 b y w\ld /ill be dead1 ev5 if all 8 read]s %\ld agree ) him4 ,i h no desire to br+ ab\t casualties ( ?is k9d4 ,let ^? :o "k & love ea* p>ticul> club devote !mselves to ! task ( apply+ my treatm5t to x 9 a way t w involve a m9imum %ock to its n]ves & a m9imum am\nt ( int]f]5ce ) its metabolic processes4 ,x w take "t4 ,rome 0 n built 9 a day1 & a revolution 9 clubdom is n go+ to be accompli%$ ov] night4 ,i h prescrib$ simple rem$ies--too simple1 ,i am conv9c$1 to be readily adopt$4 ,:at c\ld be simpl] ?an to advise ! ext]m9ation ( all g]m diseases by kill+ (f ! g]ms8 ,any physician w tell y t ?is me?od is ! v acme ( effici5cy2 yet1 ! g]ms are /ill ) u1 & bid fair to spread suff]+ & dea? ov] our planet = _m a long ye> to come4 ,s ,i am n sangu9e t we %all be able all at once to kill (f ! programmes4 ,all t may be expect$ is t at "s di/ant day ! simplicity & effectiv5ess ( "s plan ( ! sort w beg9 to comm5d itself to clubwom54 ,if1 !n1 "s lov] ( ! old] lit]ature w po9t out ! fact t1 back 9 #aiae1 ! gloomy era :5 fight+ hordes 7 spread+ blood & c>nage ov] ! fair face ( ,europe1 an obscure & humble libr>ian1 9 ! pages ( ,,! ,,bookman1 po9t$ out ! way to sanity1 ,i %all be well cont5t4 ,,books ,,= ,,tir$ ,,eyes ,! mo/ di/9ctive ?+ ab\t a book is ! possibility t someone may read x4 ,is ?is a truism8 ,evid5tly n2 = ! publi%]s1 :o pr9t books1 & ! libr>ies1 :i* /ore & di/ribute !m1 h nev] ?\ght x wor? _! :ile to collect & record in=mation be>+ on ?is possibility4 ,9 ! publi%]'s or ! booksell]'s adv]tis+ ann\ncem5ts1 z well z on ! catalogue c>ds /or$ 9 ! libr>y's trays1 ! read] may asc]ta9 :5 & :]e ! book 0 publi%$1 ! numb] ( pages1 & :e!r x conta9s plates or maps2 b n a ^w ( ! size or /yle ( type 9 :i* x is pr9t$4 ,yet on ?is dep5ds ! ability ( ! read] to use ! book = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,! old-fa%ion$ read] 0 a mild-mann]$ g5tleman4 ,if he c\ld n read 8 book because x 0 pr9t$ 9 outrage\sly small type1 he laid x aside ) a sigh1 or us$ a magnify+ l5s1 or p]si/$ 9 8 attempts ) ! nak$ eye until eye/ra91 ) its att5dant maladies1 0 ! result4 ,lately h[ev]1 ! libr>ies h be5 wak+ up1 & _! read]s ) !m4 ,! utilit>ian side ( ! "w is pu%$ to ! front2 & ! read] is by no means dispos$ to accept :at may be (f]$ him1 ei!r 9 ! cont5t ( ! book or its physical make-up4 ,! mod]n libr>y mu/ adapt itself to its us]s1 & among o!r improvem5ts mu/ come an attempt to g z f> z possible 9 mak+ books physiologically readable4 ,un=tunately ! libr>y _c control ! output ( books1 & mu/ limit itself to selection4 ,an exp]im5t 9 su* selection is n[ 9 progress 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y4 ,! visitor to t libr>y w f9d 9 its ,op5 ,%elf ,room a section ( %elv+ m>k$ ) ! words ,books 9 l>ge type4 ,to ?is section are direct$ all read]s :o h f\nd x difficult or pa9ful to read ! ord9>y pr9t$ page b :o d n desire to we> magnify+ l5ses4 ,x has n be5 easy to fill ^! %elves1 = books 9 l>ge type are few1 & h>d to secure1 despite ! fact t arti/s1 pr9t]s1 & oculi/s h = ye>s be5 discuss+ ! prop] size1 =m1 & gr\p+ ( pr9t$ lett]s f _! v>i\s /&po9ts4 ,p]haps x is "t to urge a new view--t ( ! public libr>ian1 anxi\s to please 8 cli5ts & to pres5t lit]ature to !m 9 t physical =m :i* is mo/ easily assimilable & lea/ h>mful4 ,tir$ eyes belong1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ^? :o h work$ !m h>de/2 t is1 to read]s :o h ent]$ ^u middle age or h already pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,at ?is age we become consci\s t ! eye is a delicate in/rum5t--a fact :i*1 h[ev] famili> to u 9 !ory1 has previ\sly be5 reg>d$ ) alo(ness4 ,n[ x comes home to u4 ,! l5g? ( a sitt+1 ! quality1 quantity1 & incid5ce ( ! light1 & above all1 ! arrangem5t ( ! pr9t$ page1 become matt]s ( vital importance to u4 ,a book ) small pr9t1 or lett]s illegibly gr\p$1 or ( unrecognizable %apes1 becomes z impossible to u z if x 7 pr9t$ 9 ! ,*9ese "*4 ,x is an un=tunate law ( nature t injuri\s acts appe> to u 9 _! true light only aft] ! h>m is done4 ,! burnt *ild dreads ! fire aft] he has be5 burn$--n be=e4 ,s ! fact t ! middle-ag$ man _c read small1 or crook$1 or badly gr\p$ type means simply t ! h>mfulness ( ^! ?+s1 :i* always exi/$ = him1 has cumulat$ ?r\gh\t a long tale ( ye>s until x has obtrud$ itself ^u him 9 ! =m ( an inhibition4 ,! books t are imp]ative = ! tir$ eyes ( middle age1 are equally necess>y = ^? ( y\?--did y\? b "k x4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 we are accu/om$ to beg91 9 tea*+ ! "y to read1 ) v legible type4 ,:5 ! eyes gr[ /rong]1 we beg9 to maltreat !m4 ,s x is1 also1 ) ! dige/ive organs1 :i* we fir/ coddle ) pap1 !n treat a:ile ) pork & cocktails1 & !n1 p]=ce1 ent]ta9 ) pap ( ! second & f9al p]iod4 ,:at correspond1 9 ! field ( vision1 to pork & cocktails1 are ! vici\s specim5s ( typography (f]$ on all sides to read]s--9 books1 pamphlets1 magaz9es1 & newspap]s--typography t is sl[ly b surely ru9+ ! eyesight ( ^? t ne$ x mo/4 ,hi!rto1 ! public libr>ian has be5 m conc]n$ ) ! m9ds & ! morals ( 8 cli5tele ?an ) t physical organism )\t :i* nei!r m9d nor morals w\ld be ( mu* use4 ,x w\ld be easy to pick out on ! %elves ( almo/ any public libr>y books t are a physiological sc&al1 pr9t$ 9 type t x is an outrage to place be=e any self-respect+ read]4 ,i h se5 copies ( ,tom ,jones t ,i %\ld be will+ to burn1 z did a puritanical ,briti% libr>y-bo>d ( newspap] notoriety4 ,my reasons1 h[ev]1 w\ld be typographic1 n moral1 & ,i might want to add a few copies ( ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress & ,! ,sa9t's ,ev]la/+ ,re/1 )\t prejudice to ! au?ors' %>e 9 ^? works1 :i* ,i admire & respect4 ,p]haps x is too mu* to ask = complete typographical expurgation ( our libr>ies4 ,b1 at lea/1 read]s ) tir$ eyes :o d n yet we>1 or c>e to we>1 corrective l5ses1 %\ld be able to f9d1 some:]e on ! %elves1 a collection ( works 9 relatively h>mless pr9t--l>ge & black1 cle> 9 outl9e1 simple & di/9ctive 9 =m1 prop]ly gr\p$ & spac$4 ,! v>i\s attempts to /&>dize type-sizes & to adopt a suitable notation = !m h be5 limit$ hi!rto to ! sizes ( ! type-body & be> only indirectly on ! size ( ! actual lett]4 ,m or less arbitr>y names--su* z m9ion1 b\rgeois1 brevi]1 & nonp>eil1--7 =m]ly us$2 b :at is call$ ! po9t-sy/em is n[ practically univ]sal1 al?\gh its unit1 ! po9t1 is n ev]y:]e ! same4 ,r\ghly speak+1 a po9t is "o-sev5ty-second ( an in*1 s t 9 ?ree-po9t type1 = example1 ! ?ickness ( ! type-body1 f ! top to ! bottom ( ! lett] on its face1 is "o-tw5ty-f\r? ( an in*4 ,b on ?is type-body ! face may be l>ge or small--al?\gh ( c\rse1 x _c be l>g] ?an ! body1--& ! size ( ! lett]s call$ by precisely ! same "n 9 ! po9t notation may v>y )9 pretty wide limits4 ,!re is no accept$ notation = ! size ( ! lett]s !mselves1 & ?is fact tells1 m eloqu5tly ?an words1 t ! pres5t sizes ( type are /&>diz$ & def9$ = compositors only1 n = read]s1 & /ill less = sci5tific /ud5ts ( ! effect ^u ! read]s' eyes ( diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,:at seems to h be5 ! fir/ attempt to def9e sizes ( type suitable = s*ool grades 0 made fifte5 ye>s ago by ,mr ,edw>d ,r4 ,%aw 9 8 ,s*ool ,hygi5e2 he advocates sizes f eighte5-po9t 9 ! fir/ ye> to twelve-po9t = ! f\r?4 ,pr9cipals1 tea*]s1 & s*ool sup]9t5d5ts1 he says1 %\ld possess a millimetre measure & a magnify+ glass1 & %\ld subject e book pres5t$ = _! exam9ation to a te/ to det]m9e :e!r ! size ( ! lett]s & ! wid? ( ! lead+ are ( su* dim5sions z w n prove injuri\s to ! eyes ( *ildr54 ,to ?is li/1 libr>ians might be well add$--n to speak ( au?ors1 editors1 & publi%]s4 ,9 a subsequ5t "p ( 8 *apt] on ,eyesight & ,he>+1 f :i* ! above s5t5ce is quot$1 appe>s a te/ ( illum9ation sugge/$ by ,! ,m$ical ,record ( ,/rasburg1 :i* may s]ve z a horrid example 9 "s su* way z did ! drunk5 bro!r :o accompani$ ! temp]ance lectur]4 ,accord+ to ?is au?ority1 if a pupil is unable to read diamond type--f\r-&-"o-half-po9t--at twelve-in* di/ance & )\t /ra91 ! illum9ation is dang]\sly l[4 ,! adult :o tries ! exp]im5t w be incl9$ to conclude t :atev] ! illum9ation1 ! prop] place = ! man :o uses diamond type = any purpose is ! p5it5ti>y4 ,! lit]ature ^u ?is g5]al subject1 su* z x is1 is conc]n$ l>gely ) its relations ) s*ool hygi5e4 ,we are b\nd to give our *ildr5 a fair />t 9 life1 9 conditions ( vision z well z 9 o!r respects1 ev5 if we are c>eless ab\t ourselves4 ,! topic ( ,cons]vation ( ,vision1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 type-size play$ b a small "p1 0 giv5 special att5tion at ! ,f\r? ,int]national ,congress ( ,s*ool ,hygi5e1 held 9 ,buffalo 9 #aiac4 ,inve/igations on ! subject1 s f> z !y affect ! *ild 9 s*ool1 are well summ$ up 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,huey's ,psy*ology & ,p$agogy ( ,read+4 ,9 g5]al1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( inve/igators seems to be t ! mo/ legible type is t betwe5 elev5-po9t & f\rte5-po9t4 ,op9ion reg>d+ space betwe5 l9es1 due to lead+1 is n q s h>moni\s4 ,"s au?orities ?9k t x is bett] to increase ! size ( ! lett]s2 & ,huey ass]ts t an attempt to improve unduly small type by mak+ wide spaces betwe5 l9es is a mi/ake4 ,z to ! relative legibility ( diff]5t type-faces1 "o ( ! mo/ exhau/ive inve/igations 0 t made at ,cl>k ,univ]sity by ,miss ,b>b>a ,e4 ,roe?l91 ^: results 7 publi%$ 9 #aiab4 ,?is /udy consid]s que/ions ( =m1 /yle1 & gr\p+1 indep5d5tly ( m]e size2 & ! conclusion is t legibility is a product ( six factors1 ( :i* size is "o1 ! o!rs be+ =m1 heav9ess ( face1 wid? ( ! m>g9 ar\nd ! lett]1 position 9 ! lett]-gr\p1 & %ape & size ( adjo9+ lett]s4 ,= tir$ eyes ! size factor w\ld appe> ( ov]:elm+ importance except :]e ! o!r elem5ts make ! page fanta/ically illegible4 ,9 ,miss ,roe?l9's tables1 bas$ ^u a comb9ation ( ! factors m5tion$ above1 ! maximum ( legibility almo/ always co9cides ) t ( size4 ,^! exp]im5ts seem to h influ5c$ pr9t]s1 ^: organization 9 ,bo/on has appo9t$ a committee to urge ^u ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ! e/abli%m5t ( a dep>tm5t ( rese>* to make sci5tific te/s ( pr9t+-types 9 reg>d to ! comp>ative legibility & ! possibility ( improv+ "s ( _! =ms4 ,_! ef=t1 s f>1 has met ) no success2 b ! funds at ! disposal ( ?is body c\ld surely be put to no bett] use4 ,) reg>d to ! improvem5t ( legibility by alt]ation ( =m1 x has be5 recogniz$ by exp]im5ts f ! outset t ! lett]s ( our alphabet1 especially ! small1 or l[]-case lett]s1 are n equally legible4 ,_m proposals = modify+ or *ang+ !m h be5 made1 "s ( !m odd or repugnant4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 = in/ance1 t ! ,greek lambda be sub/itut$ = our l1 :i* 9 its pres5t =m is easily confus$ ) ! dott$ i4 ,o!r pairs ( lett]s 7u & n1 o & e1 = example7 are diff]5tiat$ ) difficulty4 ,! privilege ( modify+ alphabetic =m is "o t has be5 frequ5tly ex]cis$4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,g]man alphabet & our own1 = in/ance1 is ! same1 & no l[]-case lett]s 9 any =m date fur!r back ?an ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re c\ld be no well-f\nd$ objection to any *ange1 9 ! int]e/s ( legibility1 t is n s f>-rea*+ z to make ! :ole alphabet look =eign & unfamili>4 ,x may be qu]i$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! l[]-case alphabet _h n bett] be re=m$ by aboli%+ x altoge!r4 ,!re w\ld appe> to be no good reason = us+ two alphabets1 n[ "o & n[ ! o!r1 accord+ to arbitr>y rules1 difficult to le>n & h>d to rememb]4 ,t ! g5]al legibility ( books w\ld b5efit by do+ away ) ?is m$iaeval excresc5ce appe>s to admit ( no d\bt1 al?\gh ! proposal may seem some:at />tl+ to ! g5]al read]4 ,9 #aiaa1 a committee 0 appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce to inquire into ! influ5ce ( s*ool-books ^u eyesight4 ,?is committee's report dwells on ! fact t ! *ild's eye is /ill 9 process ( developm5t & ne$s l>g] type ?an ! fully develop$ eye ( ! adult4 ,9 mak+ its recomm5dation = ! /&>dization ( s*ool-book type1 :i* x consid]s ! solution ( ! difficulty1 ! committee emphasizes ! fact t =ms & sizes mo/ legible = isolat$ lett]s are n necess>ily s = ! gr\ps t ne$ to be quickly recogniz$ by ! tra9$ read]4 ,x dwells ^u ! importance ( unglaz$ pap]1 flexible sew+1 cle>1 bold illu/rations1 black ink1 & true alignm5t4 ,cond5s$ or compress$ lett]s are condemn$1 z are long s]ifs & hair /rokes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v heavy-fac$ type is almo/ z objectionable z t ) ! f9e l9es1 ! ideal be+ a prop] balanc+ ( :ites & blacks 9 ea* lett] & gr\p4 ,! size ( ! type face1 z we might expect1 is pron\nc$ by ! committee ! mo/ important factor 9 ! influ5ce ( books ^u vision2 x describes its recomm5d$ sizes 9 millimetres--a ref9em5t :i*1 = ! purposes ( ?is article1 ne$ n be insi/$ ^u4 ,briefly1 ! sizes run f ?irty-po9t1 = sev5-ye>-old *ildr51 to t5-po9t or elev5-po9t1 = p]sons m ?an twelve ye>s old4 ,except z an inf]5ce f ?is la/ recomm5dation1 ! committee1 ( c\rse1 does n exce$ its prov9ce by treat+ ( type-sizes = adults2 yet x w\ld seem t x consid]s t5-po9t z ! smalle/ size fit = anyone1 h[ev] good 8 sight4 ,?is w\ld b> mu* ( our exi/+ read+ matt]4 ,a writ] ^: ef=ts 9 behalf ( sane typography h _h practical results is ,pr(essor ,koopman1 libr>ian ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 ^: plea has be5 address$ *iefly to pr9t]s4 ,pr(essor ,koopman dwells p>ticul>ly on ! influ5ce ( %ort l9es on legibility4 ,! eye mu/ jump f ! end ( ea* l9e back to ! beg9n+ ( ! next1 & ?is jump is %ort] & less fatigu+ ) ! %ort] l9e1 ?\gh x mu/ be (t5] p]=m$4 ,ow+ l>gely to 8 demon/ration1 ,! ,pr9t+ ,art1 a trade magaz9e publi%$ 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 has *ang$ its make-up f a "o-column to a two-column page4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t a uni=m1 /&>d l5g? ( l9e is ev5 m to be desir$ ?an a %ort "o4 ,:5 ! eye has become accu/om$ to "o l5g? = its l9e> leaps1 ^! leaps c be p]=m$ ) relative ease & c be tak5 c>e ( subconsci\sly4 ,:5 ! l5g?s v>y caprici\sly f "o book1 or magaz9e1 to ano!r1 or ev5 f "o page to ano!r1 z !y s (t5 d1 ! ef=t to get accu/om$ to ! new l5g? is m tir+ ?an we realize4 ,probably ?is factor1 next to ! size ( type1 is mo/ effective 9 tir+ ! middle-ag$ eye1 & 9 keep+ x tir$4 ,! op9ion may be v5tur$ t ! reason = our cont9u$ tol]ation ( ! small type us$ 9 ! daily newspap]s is t _! columns are n>r[1 & /ill m1 t ^! are ev]y:]e ( practically uni=m wid?4 ,! indiff]5ce ( publi%]s to ! important feature ( ! physical make-up ( books appe>s f ! fact t 9 n a s+le case is x includ$ among ! descriptive items 9 _! catalogue entries4 ,libr>ies are 9 precisely ! same class ( (f5d]s4 ,a read] or a possible pur*as] ( books is suppos$ to be int]e/$ 9 ! fact t a book is publi%$ 9 ,bo/on1 has f\r hundr$ & ?irty-two pages1 & is illu/rat$1 b n at all 9 its legibility4 ,nei!r publi%]s nor libr>ies h any way ( gett+ in=mation on ! subject1 except by go+ to ! books !mselves4 ,occasionally a rema9d]-catalogue1 conta9+ b>ga9s ^: *>ms x is desir$ to set =? ) unusual detail1 /ates t a c]ta9 book is 9 l>ge type1 or ev5 9 f9e1 l>ge type1 b ^! words are n[h]e def9$1 & ! pur*as] _c dep5d on _! accuracy4 ,an edition ( ,scott1 rec5tly adv]tis$ ext5sively z 9 l>ge1 cle> type1 prov$ on exam9ation to be pr9t$ 9 t5-po9t4 ,9 ga!r+ ! l>ge-type collection = ! ,/4 ,l\is ,libr>y f\rte5-po9t 0 decid$ ^u z ! /&>d1 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 types ) a face some:]e betwe5 ! smalle/ size t is usually f\nd on a f\rte5-po9t body1 ev5 if actually on a small] body1 & ! l>ge/ t ?is c c>ry1 ev5 if on a l>g] body4 ,! latt] is unusually l>ge1 b x w\ld n d to place ! /&>d bel[ f\rte5-po9t1 because t w\ld l[] ! m9imum1 :i* is none too l>ge z x is4 ,! fir/ ef=t 0 to collect su* l>ge-type books1 already 9 ! libr>y1 z w\ld be likely to int]e/ ! g5]al read]4 ,9 ! collection ( ne>ly #djj1jjj volumes1 x 0 f\nd by dilig5t se>* t only #aej w\ld answ] ?is description4 ,mo/ octavo volumes ( travel are 9 l>ge type1 b only a select$ numb] ( ^! 0 plac$ 9 ! collection to avoid ov]load+ x ) ?is p>ticul> class4 ,?is /atem5t applies also to "s o!r classes1 & to c]ta9 types ( books1 su* z "s gov]nm5t reports & "s sci5tific monographs1 :i* h no repres5tatives 9 ! gr\p4 ,! next /ep 0 to supplem5t ! collection by pur*ase4 ,all available publi%]s' catalogues 7 exam9$1 b aft] a p]iod ( twelve mon?s x 0 f\nd possible to sp5d only #fe4jj 9 ! pur*ase ( #abj additional books4 ,a circul> lett] 0 !n s5t to n9ety-two publi%]s1 expla9+ ! purpose ( ! collection & ask+ = in=mation reg>d+ books 9 f\rte5-po9t type1 or l>g]1 issu$ by !m4 ,to ^! !re 7 receiv$ sixty-?ree answ]s4 ,9 tw5ty-n9e in/ances1 no books 9 type ( ?is size 7 issu$ by ! recipi5ts ( ! circul>s4 ,9 six cases1 ! answ] includ$ brief li/s ( f two to twelve titles ( l>ge-type books2 & 9 sev]al o!r cases1 ! publi%]s /at$ t ! labor ( asc]ta9+ :i* ( _! publications are 9 l>ge type w\ld be prohibitive1 z x w\ld involve actual inspection ( ea* & e volume on _! li/s4 ,9 two in/ances1 h[ev]1 aft] a second lett]1 expla9+ fur!r ! aims ( ! collection1 publi%]s promis$ to und]take ! "w4 ,! f9al result has be5 t ! ,libr>y n[ has ov] f\r hundr$ volumes 9 ! collection4 ,?is is surely n an impos+ numb]1 b x appe>s to repres5t ! available res\rces ( a c\ntry 9 :i* #a1jjj publi%]s are annually issu+ #aa1jjj volumes--to say no?+ ( ! ,briti% & ,cont95tal output4 ,9 ! li/ ( ! collection & 9 ! entries1 ! size ( ! type1 ! lead+1 & ! size ( ! book itself are to be di/9ctly /at$4 ,! la/-m5tion$ item is necess>y because ! use ( l>ge type sometimes involves a heavy volume1 awkw>d to hold 9 ! h&4 ,! collection = adults 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,libr>y1 z x n[ exi/s1 may be divid$ into ! foll[+ classes1 accord+ to ! reasons t seem to h prompt$ ! use ( l>ge type3 #a4 ,l>ge books pr9t$ on a some:at g5]\s scale & int5d$ to sell at a high price1 ! size ( ! type be+ m]ely incid5tal to ?is plan4 ,^! include books ( travel1 hi/ory1 or biography 9 sev]al volumes1 some:at high-pric$ sets ( /&>d au?ors1 & books int5d$ = gifts4 #b4 ,books conta9+ s little mat]ial t l>ge type1 ?ick pap]1 & wide m>g9s 7 necess>y to make a volume easy to h&le & use4 ,^! include _m %ort /ories ( magaz9e l5g?1 :i* = "s inscrutable reason are n[ (t5 issu$ 9 sep>ate =m4 #c4 ,books pr9t$ 9 l>ge type = ae/hetic reasons4 ,^! are few1 beauty & arti/ic =m be+ app>5tly l9k$ 9 "s way ) illegibility by _m pr9t]s1 no matt] :at ! size ( ! type-face4 ,! l>ge-type collection is us$1 n only by eld]ly p]sons1 b also 9 great] numb] by "y p]sons ^: oculi/s =bid !m to read f9e pr9t1 or :o d n desire to we> glasses4 ,! abs5ce ( a wide range 9 ! collection drives o!rs away to books t are1 d\btless1 9 _m cases bad = _! eyes4 ,"s books t h n be5 popul> 9 ! g5]al collection h done well "h1 :ile old favorites h n be5 tak5 out4 ,su* facts z ^! mean little ) s limit$ a collection4 ,until read]s awake to ! dang]s ( small pr9t & ! com=t ( l>ge type !re w n be suffici5t pressure on our publi%]s to induce !m to put =? m books suitable = tir$ eyes4 ,x is probably too mu* to expect t ! trade itself w try to pu% lit]ature ^: pr9t$ =m obeys ! rules ( ocul> hygi5e4 ,all t we c reasonably ask is t type-size %all be report$ on 9 catalogues1 s t ^? :o want books 9 l>ge type may "k :at is obta9able & :]e to g = x4 ,x has (t5 be5 not$ t physicians are ! only class ( pr(essional m5 ^: activities1 if prop]ly c>ri$ on1 t5d directly to make ! pr(ession unnecess>y4 ,m$ic9e t5ds m & m to be prev5tive r ?an curative4 ,we mu/ !re=e look to ! oculi/s to take ! fir/ /eps t[>ds less5+ ! numb] ( _! prospective pati5ts by inculcat+ rational notions ab\t ! effects ( ! pr9t$ page on ! eye4 ,tea*]s1 libr>ians1 p>5ts1 ! press--all c d _! "p4 ,& :5 a dem& = l>g] pr9t has ?us be5 creat$ ! trade w respond4 ,mean:ile1 libr>ies %\ld be unremitt+ 9 _! ef=ts to asc]ta9 :at mat]ial 9 l>ge type already exi/s1 to collect x1 & to call att5tion to x 9 e legitimate way4 ,,! ,,magic ,,casem5t#af #af ,read be=e ! ,t[n & ,g[n ,club1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,anyone :o talks or writes ab\t ! movies is likely to be misund]/ood4 ,!re is little to be said n[ ab\t ! mov+ picture z a mov+ picture1 unless "o wants to discuss its optics or me*anics4 ,! "t is pa/ :5 anyone w5t to see a mov+ picture z a curiosity4 ,x 0 once ! eigh? wond] ( ! _w2 x long ago abdicat$ t position to jo9 its dispossess$ bro!rs ! telephone1 ! ,x-ray1 ! wireless telegraph & ! phonograph4 ,:at we n[ g to see is n ! mov+ picture1 b :at ! mov+ picture %[s u2 x is no m ?an a w9d[ ?r\gh :i* we gaze--! poet's magic casem5t op5+ 7sometimes7 on ! foam ( p]il\s seas4 ,we may no m praise or condemn ! mov+ picture = :at x %[s u ?an we may praise or condemn a prosc5ium ar* or ! glass 9 a %[ w9d[4 ,! critic :o ?9ks t ! movies are l[]+ our ta/es1 or do+ any?+ else objectionable1 z well z he :o ?9ks !y are educat+ ! masses1 is n ( ! op9ion t ! mov+ pictures are do+ ^! ?+s because !y %[ mov+ objects on a scre51 b because ( ! "* ( :at is photograph$ = su* exhibition4 ,?\ghts on ! movies1 !re=e1 mu/ be r ?\ghts on ?+s t are curr5tly %[n u by means ( ! movies2 ?\ghts also on "s ( ! ?+s t we might see & d n4 ,i h comp>$ ! scre5 above to a prosc5ium ar* & a %[ w9d[1 b bo? ( ^! are selective3 ! scre5 is z broad z ! _w4 ,x is especially adapt$ to %[ realities2 ?r\gh x "o may see ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia z view$ f a /eam]1 ! habits ( animals 9 ! ,african jungle1 or ! play ( emotion on ! faces ( an audi5ce at a ball game 9 ,philadelphia4 ,i am pleas$ to see t m & m ( ^! int]e/+ realities are %[n daily 9 ! movie !atres4 ,!re has be5 a det]m9$ ef=t to make !m unpopul> by call+ !m educational1 b !y seem likely to outlive x4 ,"o is educat$1 ( c\rse1 by ev]y?+ t he sees or does1 b :y rub x 98 ,! boy :o ?or\ghly likes to g sail+ w get m out ( x ?an he :o goes because he ?9ks x w be an educational exp]i5ce4 ,z "o :o goes to ! movies ,i confess t ,i enjoy its realities4 ,probably !y educate me1 & ,i take t ) due meekness4 ,"s ( ^! realities ,i enjoy because !y are unfamili>1 l ! boil+ ( ! lava lake 9 ! ,hawaiian crat]s & ! *ang+ cr[ds 9 ! /reets ( ,manila2 "s because !y are famili>1 l a college foot-ball game or ! movem5t ( vessels 9 ! ,nor? ,riv] at ,new ,york4 ,i l ! realities1 too1 9 ! dramatic p]=mances t /ill occupy & probably w cont9ue to occupy1 mo/ ( ! "t at a movie !atre4 ,"h ,i come into conflict ) ! produc]4 ,l e o!r adapt] he c n cut loose f ! old :5 he essays ! new4 ,we no long] we> swords1 b we /ill c>ry ! buttons = ! sword belt1 & x is only rec5tly t semi-tropic ,am]icans gave up ! dress ( nor?-temp]ate ,europe4 ,s ! movie produc] c n =get ! !atre4 ,n[ ! !atre has "s advantages t ! movie c nev] atta9--notably ! use ( spee*4 ,! movie1 on ! o!r h&1 has unlimit$ fre$om ( sc5e & ! use ( real backgr\nds4 ,we d n object to a c]ta9 am\nt ( :at we call /ag9ess on ! /age--x is a "p ( its art2 z ! pigm5t is "p ( t ( ! pa9t]4 ,we are surr\nd$ by symbols2 we are n surpris$ t co/ume1 ge/ure & voice are also symbolic in/ead ( purely natural4 ,b 9 ! mov+ picture play x is1 or %\ld be1 diff]5t4 ,! co/ume & make-up1 ! po/ure & ge/ure1 t seem appropriate 9 front ( a pa9t$ h\se or tree on a back-drop1 become s out-(-place z to be repulsive :5 "o sees !m 9 front ( a real h\se & real trees1 bran*es mov+ 9 ! w9d1 runn+ wat]--all ! famili> accompanim5ts ( nature4 ,! movie produc]s1 be+ unable to get away f _! /age exp]i5ce1 are fail+ to grasp _! opportunity4 ,in/ead ( creat+ a drama ( reality to correspond ) ! real environm5t t only ! movie c (f]1 !y are ab&on+ ! unique advantages ( t environm5t1 to a l>ge degree4 ,!y build fake cities1 !y set all _! int]iors 9 fake /udio rooms1 :]e ev]y?+ is imitation2 ev5 :5 !y let u see a bit ( outdoors1 x is n :at x pret5ds to be4 ,we h all se51 on ! scre51 bluffs #bjj feet high on ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia & palm trees gr[+ 9 ! bor\gh ( ! ,bronx4 ,& !y hire /age actors to int]pret ! /agie/ ( /age plots 9 z /agy a way z !y "k h[4 ,i am tak+ ! movie s]i\sly because ,i l x & because ,i see t ,i %>e t lik+ ) a va/ ?rong ( p]sons ) :om x is probably ! only ?+ ,i h 9 common--p]sons sep>at$ f me by diff]5ces ( tra9+ & education t w\ld seem to make a common gr\nd ( any k9d well-nigh impossible4 ,) "s p]sons ! fact t ! movie is democratic puts x outside ! pale at once4 ,no?+1 9 _! e/imation1 is wor? discuss+ unless appreciation ( x is limit$ to ! few4 ,_! attitude is t ( ! "m :o said to ! nurse3 ,g & see :at baby is do+1 & tell him he musn't4 ,let u1 !y say1 f9d out :at p l1 & !n try to make !m l some?+ else4 ,to su* ,i h no?+ to say4 ,we ought r1 ,i believe1 to f9d out ! k9d ( ?+ t p l & !n d our be/ to see t !y get x 9 ! be/ quality--t x is us$ 9 e way possible to pull !m out ( ! mud1 in/ead ( rubb+ _! noses fur!r 94 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s capable critics1 l ,mr4 ,walt] ,prit*>d ,eaton1 decry ! movies because !y are undemocratic--because !y are (f]+ a =m ( ent]ta9m5t appeal+ only to ! un$ucat$ & ?us segregat+ !m f ! educat$1 :o presumably all att5d ! regul> !atre1 sitt+ 9 ! p>quet at two doll>s p]4 ,"o wond]s :e!r ,mr4 ,eaton has att5d$ a mov+-picture !atre s9ce #aijc4 ,i believe ! movie to be by all odds ! mo/ democratic =m ( intellectual 7by :i* ,i mean non-physical7 ent]ta9m5t ev] (f]$2 & ,i base my belief on wide obs]vation ( audi5ces 9 !atres ( _m diff]5t grades4 ,n[ ?is democracy %[s itself n only 9 ! composition ( audi5ces b 9 _! manife/ations ( approval4 ,i d n mean t ev]yone 9 an audi5ce always likes ! same ?+4 ,"s outrage\s slap-/ick com$y rejoices "o & (f5ds ano!r4 ,a p>ticul>ly fooli% plot may satisfy 9 "o place :ile x bores 9 ano!r4 ,b ev]y:]e ,i f9d "o ?+ t appeals to ev]ybody--realism4 ,j z soon z !re appe>s on ! scre5 some?+ t does n "k h[ to pose & is =c$ by nature to be natural--an animal or a "y *ild1 = in/ance--!re are imm$iate manife/ations ( int]e/ & delight4 ,! lea/ /agy actors are almo/ always favorites4 ,m>y ,pick=d /&s at ! head4 ,!re is n an ounce ( /ag9ess 9 h] make-up4 ,%e 0 nev] p>ticul>ly successful on ! /age4 ,"s ( h] "w seems to me ideal act+ = ! scre5--simple1 appeal+1 absolutely true4 ,( c\rse %e is n always at h] be/4 ,to ! /age illusions t dep5d on co/ume & make-up1 ! scre5 is p>ticul>ly unfri5dly4 ,especially 9 ! close-ups ! effect is simil> to t :i* "o w\ld h if he 7 /&+ close to ! actor look+ directly into 8 face4 ,x is useless to dep5d on ord9>y make-up "u ^! circum/ances4 ,ei!r x %\ld be ( ! description us$ by ,%]lock ,holmes & o!r celebrat$ detectives 7we rely on he>say7 :i* deceives ! v elect at close qu>t]s1 or else ! produc] mu/ *oose = 8 *>act]s ^? t naturally look ! p>ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! lady :o1 al?\gh long pa/ =ty1 cont9ues to play +5ue p>ts & gets away ) x on ! /age1 mu/ get away f x1 :5 x comes to ! scre54 ,! close up tells ! sad /ory at once4 ,! "p ( a sixte5-ye>-old girl mu/ be play$ by a real "o4 ,ano!r concession to realism1 y see4 ,& :at is true ( p]sons is true ( _! environm5t4 ,i h already regi/]$ my disapproval ( ! ,univ]sal ,city type ( production4 ,x is almo/ z easy = ! exp]t to pick out ! fake ,russian village or ! pa/ebo>d ,virg9ia c\rt-h\se z x is = him to spot ! wr9kles 9 ! c\nt5ance ( ! s*ool girl :o left s*ool 9 #ahib4 ,next to a fake environm5t ! pat*work sc5e enrages "o--! railway t is d\ble-track ) #ij-p\nd rails 9 "o sc5e & s+le-track ) /reaks ( ru/ 9 ! next2 ! tra9 t is haul$ 9 quick succession by locomotives ( ! ,mogul type1 ! ,atlantic & ! wood-burn+ v9tage ( #ahfh4 ,!re is "h an impud5t assumption 9 ! produc]1 ( a lack ( intellig5ce 9 8 audi5ce1 t is q madd5+4 ,! same lack ( correspond5ce appe>s betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same /reet1 & betwe5 ! outside & inside ( h\ses4 ,i am told by fri5ds t ,i am q unreasonable 9 ! ext5t to :i* ,i c>ry my dem&s = realism 9 ! movies4 ,:at w\ld y h8 !y ask4 ,i w\ld h a produc+ company t %\ld adv]tise1 ,we h no /udio & use only real backgr\nds--! actual localities repres5t$4 ,d y mean to tell me1 my fri5d goes on1 t y w\ld c>ry y\r company to ,spa9 :5ev] ! sc5e ( _! play is laid 9 t c\ntry8 ,! exp5se w\ld be prohibitive4 ,i mo/ c]ta9ly %\ld n1 & ?is because ( ! v realism t ,i am advocat+4 ,plays laid 9 ,spa9 %\ld be act$ n only 9 ,spa9 b by ,spani>ds4 ,! mo/ objectionable k9d ( fake is t 9 :i* ,am]icans are made to d duty = ,spani>ds1 ,h9dus or ,japanese :5 _! appe>ance1 action & be>+ cle>ly indicate t !y 7 born & br\ght up 9 ,sk[hegan1 ,ma9e or ,craw=dsville1 ,indiana4 ,i h se5 ,m>y ,pick=d 9 ,madame ,butt]fly1 & ,i te/ify sadly t n ev5 %e c succe$ "h4 ,no2 if we want ,spani% plays let u use ^? made on ,spani% soil4 ,let u h free int]*ange ( films betwe5 all film-produc+ c\ntries4 ,all ! *ange requir$ w\ld be translat+ ! captions1 or bett] /ill1 plays might be produc$ t require no captions4 ,?is might mean ! total reorganization ( ! movie-play bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry--a revolution :i* ,i %\ld view ) equanimity4 ,speak+ ( captions1 "h aga9 ! av]age produc] appe>s to agree ) ,walt] ,prit*>d ,eaton t he is cat]+ only to ! un$ucat$4 ,! writ]s ( mo/ captions seem1 inde$1 to h ab&on$ =mal in/ruction 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,:y %\ld n a movie caption be good lit]ature8 ,"s ( !m are4 ,! ,cabiria captions 7 f9e3 ?\gh ,i d n admire t ma/]piece4 ,i am told t ,d',annunzio compos$ !m ) c>e1 & equal c>e 0 evid5tly us$ 9 ! translation4 ,! captions ( ! ,george ,ade fables are uni=mly good1 & !re are o!r notable exceptions4 ,o!r places :]e k ( language is requir$ are inadequately tak5 c>e (4 ,lett]s f em95t p]sons make "o want to hide "u ! *airs4 ,^! p]sons usually sign !mselves ,duke ( ,g&olfo or ,secret>y ( ,/ate ,smi?4 ,are gramm> s*ool graduates difficult to get1 or high-pric$8 ,i beg y to obs]ve t "h aga9 lack ( realism is my objection4 ,b div]s fri5ds int]pose ! rem>k t ! movies are already too reali/ic4 ,!y leave no?+ to ! imag9ation4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x 7 a griev\s fault--at any rate 9 s f> z ! mov+-picture play aims at be+ an art-=m4 ,all good art leaves some?+ to ! imag9ation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! movie is ! exact complem5t ( ! spok5 play z read f a book4 ,"h we h ! words 9 full1 ! sc5e & action be+ left to ! imag9ation except z briefly sket*$ 9 ! /age direction4 ,9 ! movie we h sc5e & action 9 full1 ! words be+ left to ! imag9ation except z briefly indicat$ 9 ! captions4 ,:]e captions are v full ! =m may p]haps be said to be complem5t>y to ! novel1 :]e besides ! words we are giv5 a writt5 description ( sc5e & action t is (t5 full ( detail4 ,! movie leaves j z mu* to ! imag9ation z ! novel1 b :at is s left is diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,d ,i ?9k t ev]yone 9 a movie audi5ce makes use ( 8 privilege to imag9e :at ! actors are say+8 ,no2 nei!r does ! novel-read] always image ! sc5e & action4 ,?is does n dep5d on ignorance or ! rev]se1 b on imag+ p[]4 ,exceptional visual & auditive imag+ p[] are r>ely pres5t 9 ! same individual4 ,i happ5 to h ! =m]4 ,i automatically see ev]y?+ ( :i* ,i read 9 a novel1 & :5 ! descriptions are n detail$1 ?is gets me into tr\ble4 ,on a second read+ my imag$ backgr\nd may be diff]5t & :5 ! e>li] "o ass]ts itself !re is a conflict t ,i c comp>e only to he>+ two tunes play$ at once4 ,p]sons hav+ already good visual imag+ p[] %\ld develop _! auditive imag+ p[] by go+ to ! movies & he>+ :at ! actors say2 ^! ) defici5t visual imag]y %\ld read novels & see ! sc5]y4 ,b to say t ! movies all[ no scope = ! imag9ation is absurd4 ,z ,i said at ! outset1 ! movie play is j a play se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a mov+ picture4 ,x is l see+ a drama ne> en\gh to note ! slighte/ play ( feature & at ! same "t s f> away t ! actors c n be he>d--some:at l see+ a di/ant play ?r\gh a f9e telescope4 ,! action %\ld !re=e diff] 9 no respect f :at w\ld be prop] if ! words 7 int5d$ to be he>d4 ,d\btless ?is imposes a special duty ^u bo? ! au?or ( ! sc5>io & ! produc]1 & !y d n always respond to x4 ,action is introduc$ t fails to be intelligible )\t ! words1 & to cle> x up ! actors are made to use pantomime4 ,pantomime is an int]e/+ & valuable =m ( dramatic art1 b x is ess5tially symbolic & /agy & has1 ,i believe1 no place 9 ! mov+ picture play z we h develop$ x4 ,if ow+ to ! faulty con/ruction ( ! play1 or a lack ( skill on ! "p ( produc] or actors1 all sorts ( ge/ures & grimaces become necess>y t w\ld n be requir$ if ! words 7 he>d1 ! production c n be consid]$ good4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 words are se52 ?\gh n he>d4 ,! /ory ( ! deaf mutes :o read ! lips ( ! movie actors1 & detect$ rem>ks n at all 9 consonance ) ! action ( ! play1 is d\btless famili>4 ,x crops up 9 v>i\s places & is z ubiquit\s z ,wa%+ton's ,headqu>t]s4 ,x is good en\gh to be true1 b ,i h nev] run x to e>? yet4 ,ev5 ^? ( u :o are n deaf-mutes1 h[ev]1 may detect an exclamation n[ & !n & x gives great =ce to ! action1 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r x is q legitimate 9 a purely picture-play4 ,i beg leave to d\bt :e!r realism is fo/]$ by a me?od ( production said to be 9 vogue among fir/ rate produc]s2 namely keep+ actors 9 ignorance ( ! play & direct+ ! action z x goes on4 ,come 9 n[1 ,mr4 ,smi?2 sit 9 t *air2 cross y\r legs2 light a cig>2 regi/] p]plexity2 y he> a s\nd2 jump to y\r feet--& s on4 ,?is may save ! produc] tr\ble1 b x r$uces ! actors to m>ionettes2 x is n ?us t ma/]pieces are turn$ out4 ,is !re any *ance ( a movie ma/]piece1 anyway8 ,yes1 b n 9 ! direction t mo/ produc]s see x4 ,:at ,va*ell ,l9dsay calls ,spl5dor 9 ! movies is an int]e/+ & /rik+ feature ( !m--! mov+ ( masses ( p amid great ar*itectural con/ruction--sieges1 triumphs1 battles1 mobs--b all ?is is ak9 to sc5]y4 ,its movem5ts are l ^? ( ! trees or ! surf4 ,"o c n make a play entirely ( sc5]y1 ?\gh ! contr>y seems to be ! view ( "s manag]s1 ev5 on ! /age ( ! regul> !atre4 ,s f>1 ! individual act+ & plot con/ruction 9 ! great spectacul> movies has be5 poor4 ,x 0 notably s1 x seems to me 9 ! ,bir? ( a ,nation & n mu* bett] 9 ,cabiria4 ,judi? ( ,be?ulia 7aft] ,t4,b4 ,aldri*7 is ! be/ act$ spl5dor play t ,i h se54 ,ma/]pieces are com+ n ?r\gh sp5d+ millions on supes1 & real temples1 & =ts2 b r by writ+ a sc5>io p>ticul>ly adapt$ to film-production1 hir+ & tra9+ actors t "k h[ to act = ! cam]a1 pref]ably ^? )\t bad /age habits to unle>n1 cutt+ out all unreal sc5]y1 co/ume & make-up & keep+ ev]y?+ z simple & z close to ! actual z possible4 ,! be/ movie play ,i ev] saw 0 9 a t5-c5t !atre 9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,x 0 a dramatization ( ,frank ,norris's ,mc,teague4 ,i h nev] se5 x adv]tis$ any:]e1 & ,i nev] he>d ( ! actors1 be=e or s9ce4 ,b mo/ ( x 0 f9e1 s9c]e "w1 & see+ x made me feel t !re is a future = ! movie play4 ,"o tr\ble is t up to date1 nei!r produc]s nor actors nor ! mo/ intellig5t & be/ educat$ "p ( ! audi5ce take ! movies s]i\sly4 ,"h is "o ( ! m>vels ( mod]n times2 some?+ t has captur$ ! public z x nev] 0 captur$ be=e4 ,& yet mo/ ( u look at x z a huge joke1 or z some?+ int5d$ to ent]ta9 ! populace1 at :i* we1 too are graci\sly pleas$ to be amus$4 ,x might m5d matt]s if we c\ld h e day 9 "s reputable pap] a column ( readable s]i\s /uff ab\t ! curr5t movie plays--real criticism1 n simply ! produc]'s blurb4 ,possibly1 too1 a p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! legitimate /age & ! movie may be possible & ,i %all devote to a some:at wild s*eme ( ?is sort ! few pages t rema9 to me4 ,to beg9 )1 ! fre$om enjoy$ by ! ,elizabe?an dramati/s f ! limitations impos$ by reali/ic sc5]y has n be5 suffici5tly insi/$ ^u z an elem5t 9 _! art4 ,!irs 0 a true drame libre1 hav+ its analogies ) ! pres5t attempts ( ! v]s-libri/s to free poetry f its re/rictions ( rhyme & metre4 ,b :ile ! t5d5cy ( poetry has always be5 away f its re/rictions1 ! mise-en-sc5e 9 ! drama has cont9ually1 ) ! attempts to make x con=m to nature1 tight5$ its ?rottl+ b&s on ! real vitality ( ! /age4 ,^? :o p]iodically wond] :y ! dramati/s ( ! ,elizabe?an age--! greate/ productive p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% /age--no long] hold ! /age1 ) ! exception ( ,%akespe>e1 & :o lam5t t ev5 ,%akespe>e is yield+ 8 traditional place1 h app>5tly giv5 little ?\ght to ?is loss ( fre$om z a contribut+ cause4 ,:ile ! writ]s ( v]s libre h s f> fre$ !mselves t "s ( !m h ceas$ to write poetry at all1 x is a "q :e!r ! sc5ic fre$om ( ! old dramati/s may n h play$ su* a vital "p 9 ! developm5t ( _! art1 t !y ow$ to x at lea/ "s ( _! pre-em95ce4 ,%akespe>e's plays1 z ,%akespe>e wrote !m1 read bett] ?an !y act4 ,hundr$s ( ,%akespe>e-lov]s h rea*$ ?is conclusion1 & _m m h rea*$ x ?an h d>$ to put x into words4 ,! reason is1 x seems to me1 t we c n1 on ! mod]n /age1 enact ! plays ( ,%akespe>e z he int5d$ !m to be act$--z he really wrote !m4 ,if we comp>e an act+ edition ( any ( ! plays ) ! text z pres5t$ by any good editor1 ?is becomes increas+ly cle>4 ,%akespe>e 9 8 orig9al g>b1 is simply impossible = ! mod]n /age4 ,! fact t ! ,elizabe?an plays 7 giv5 aga9/ an imag9>y back-gr\nd enabl$ ! playwright to disreg>d ! old1 hamp]+ unity ( place m ?or\ghly ?an has ev] be5 possible s9ce 8 "t4 ,8 ability to d s1 0 ! result n ( any reason$ det]m9ation to set 8 plays )\t sc5]y1 b simply ( environm5t4 ,z ! sc5ic art progress$1 ! backgr\nds became m & m reali/ic & less & less imag9>y4 ,! imag9ation ( ! audi5ce1 h[ev]1 has always be5 m or less requisite to ! appreciation ( drama1 z ( any o!r art4 ,no /age tree or h\se has ev] be5 close en\gh to its orig9al to deceive ! onlook]4 ,he always kn[s t !y are imitations1 int5d$ only to aid ! imag9ation1 & 8 imag9ation has always be5 oblig$ to d its "p4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's "t ! imag9ation did all ! "w2 & z imag9>y h\ses & trees h no weight1 ! s]vices ( ! sc5e-%ift] 7 n requir$ to remove !m & to sub/itute o!rs4 ,! sc5e c\ld be %ift$ at once f a battlefield 9 ,fl&]s to a palace 9 ,london & aft] ! briefe/ ( dialogues x c\ld *ange aga9 to a /reet 9 ,g5oa--all )\t inconv5i5c+ anyone or necessitat+ a halt 9 ! pres5tation ( ! drama4 ,any reflective read] ( ,%akespe>e w agree1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is ability to %ift sc5es1 :i* aft] all1 is only t :i* ! noveli/ or poet has always possess$ & /ill possesses1 enables ! dramati/ to imp>t a bread? ( view t 0 impossible "u ! ideas ( unity t gov]n$ ! drama ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,greek trag$y 0 drama 9 conc5tration1 a tabloid ( int5se p[]--a brilliant light focuss$ on a s+le spot ( passion or exaltation4 ,! ,elizabe?an drama is a view ( life2 & life does n focus1 x is diffuse--a cong]ies ( episodes1 successive or simultane\s--some?+ n re-producible by ! anci5t dramatic me?ods4 ,today1 :ile we h n gone back to ! t]rific =ce ( ! ,greek unifi$ pres5tation1 we h lo/ ?is bread?4 ,we /rive = x1 b we c no long] rea* x because ( ! gr[? ( an idea t realism 9 mise-en-scne is absolutely necess>y4 ,( c\rse ?is idea has be5 injuri\s to ! drama 9 m ways ?an ! "o t we are n[ consid]+4 ,! notable re=m 9 /age sett+s associat$ ) ! names ( ,gordon ,craig1 ,granville ,b>k]1 ,urban1 ,hume & o!rs1 arises f a conviction t mise-en-scne %\ld inspire & reflect a mood--%\ld furni% an atmosph]e1 r ?an attempt to reproduce reali/ic details4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ^! re=ms also op]ate to simplify /age sett+s & h5ce to make a little m possible ! quick transitions & ! play ( viewpo9t :i* ,i reg>d z "o ( ! glories ( ! ,elizabe?an drama4 ,?is simplification1 h[ev]1 is v f> f a return to ! absolute simplicity ( ! ,elizabe?an sett+4 ,moreov]1 x is d\btful :e!r ! temp] ( ! mod]n audi5ce is favorable to a great *ange 9 ?is direction4 ,we live 9 an age ( reali/ic detail & we mu/ yield to ! curr5t1 :ile us+ x1 s f> z possible1 to ga9 our ends4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is c]ta9ly int]e/+ to f9d t1 entirely )\t ! aid or cons5t ( ^? :o h at he>t ! int]e/s ( ! drama1 a new dramatic =m has gr[n up :i* cat]s to ! utmo/ to ! mod]n desire = reali/ic detail--f> beyond ! dreams ( ord9>y /age sett+s--& at ! same "t makes possible ! quick transitions t are ! glory ( ! ,elizabe?an drama4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 is :]e we make connection ) ! mov+ picture1 ^: fasc9at+ realism & fre$om f ! ta9t ( ! footlights h p]haps be5 suffici5tly insi/$ ^u 9 :at has be5 already said4 ,9 ! mov+ picture1 ) ! possibility ( reali/ic backgr\nds su* z no skill1 no money1 no opportunity c\ld build up on ! ord9>y /age--di/ant prospects1 m>vels ( ar*itecture1 wav+ trees & mov+ animals--comes ! ability ( pass+ f "o environm5t to ano!r1 on ! o!r side ( ! globe p]haps1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,! transitions ( ! ,elizabe?an /age s9k into insignificance beside ! possibilities ( ! mov+-picture scre54 ,su* an alt]nation z is n[ common 9 ! film play1 :]e two *>act]s1 talk+ to ea* o!r ov] ! telephone1 are se5 9 quick succession1 w\ld be impossible on ! ord9>y /age4 ,! ,elizabe?an auditor1 if 8 imag9ation 7 vivid & ready1 might picture su* a backgr\nd ( ca/le or palace or rocky coa/ z no photograph] c\ld produce2 b ev5 su* imag9ation takes "t to get "u way1 :]eas ! scre5-picture gets to ! bra9 ?r\gh ! ret9a in/antly4 ,x is wor? our :ile1 ,i ?9k1 to consid] :e!r ?is k9d ( sc5]y1 ri* 9 detail1 b immat]ial & !re=e devoid ( weight1 c\ld n be us$ 9 connection ) ! ord9>y drama4 ,!re are ob/acles1 b !y d n appe> insup]able4 ,! ord9>y mov+-picture1 ( c\rse1 is mu* small] ?an ! back drop ( a l>ge /age4 ,its enl>gem5t is m]ely a matt] ( optical app>atus4 ,w+s mu/ be r$uc$ 9 numb] & provid$ ea* ) its own projection-ma*9e1 or replac$ ) drops simil>ly provid$4 ,exits & entrances mu/ be manag$ some:at diff]5tly ?an ) ord9>y sc5]y4 ,all ?is is surely n beyond ! p[] ( mod]n /agecraft1 :i* has already surm\nt$ su* ob/acles & accompli%$ su* wond]s4 ,! projection1 x is unnecess>y to say1 mu/ be f beh9d1 n f be=e1 to avoid ?r[+ ! actors' %ad[s on ! sc5]y4 ,!re mu/ /ill1 ( c\rse1 be light+ f ! front1 & ! %ad[ problem /ill exi/s1 b no m ?an x does ) ord9>y sc5]y4 ,its solution lies 9 diffus+ ! light4 ,no spotlight c\ld be us$1 & its en=c$ abs5ce w\ld be "o ( ! incid5tal bless+s ( ! mov+ sc5e4 ,! advantages ( ?is mov+-picture sc5]y w\ld be _m & obvi\s4 ,prom95t among !m ( c\rse are fidelity to nature & ri*ness ( detail4 ,! "o1 h[ev]1 on :i* ,i desire to lay /ress "h is ! flexibility 9 *ange ( sc5e t we h lo/ ) ! introduction ( heavy mat]ial sc5]y on our /ages4 ,?is flexibility w\ld be rega9$ )\t ! necessity ( disc>d+ sc5]y altoge!r & go+ back to ! ,elizabe?an reliance on ! imag9ation ( ! audi5ce4 ,( c\rse1 mov+ sc5]y w\ld n be requir$ or desir$ 9 all dramatic productions--only 9 ^? :]e reali/ic detail comb9$ ) p]fect flexibility & rapidity ( *ange 9 sc5e seems to be indicat$4 ,! sc5]y %\ld ( c\rse be color$1 & :ile we are wait+ = ! comm]cial tri-*roic picture ) absolutely true values1 we may get along v well ) ! di-*roic ones1 su* z ^? turn$ out ) ! s-call$ ,k9emacolor process4 ,^? :o saw ! wond]ful scre5 reproduction ( ! ,indian durb>1 sev]al ye>s ago1 w realize ! possibilities4 ,& m ?an all else1 may we n hope t ^! new backgr\nds may react on ! play]s :o p]=m _! p>ts 9 front ( !m8 ,n necess>ily2 = we h se5 t x does n always d s 9 ! pres5t movie play4 ,b ,i am confid5t t ! *ange w come4 ,little by little ! necessities ( ! case are develop+ actors :o act naturally4 ,"o may pose 9 a canoe on a pa9t$ rapid2 b h[ c he d s 9 ! real wat] c\rse1 :]e e attitude1 e play ( ! muscles mu/ be adapt$ to ! real propulsion ( ! boat8 ,9 %ort1 ! movie may ultimately require its pres5t]s to be real1 & s may come a s*ool ( realism 9 act+ t may h its uses on ! legitimate /age also4 ,:o w be ! fir/ manag] to exp]im5t ) ?is new adjunct to ! art ( ! /age8 ,a ,,^w ,,to ,,believ]s#ag #ag ,address at ! clos+ session ( ! ,*ur* ,s*ool ( ,religi\s ,in/ruction1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,p may be divid$ into a great _m diff]5t classes accord+ to _! attitude t[>d belief & beliefs--t[>d ! mean+ & value ( belief 9 g5]al--t[>d _! own beliefs & ^? ( _! neighbors4 ,we h ! man :o does n "k :at belief means1 & :o does n c>e2 ! man ^: idea ( its mean+ is p]v]se & wrong2 ! man :o ?9ks 8 own beliefs are important & ^? ( 8 neighbors are unimportant2 ! man :o ?9ks x prop] to base belief on c]ta9 consid]ations & n on o!rs--! man1 = in/ance1 :o w say he believes t two plus two equals f\r1 b c n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god because ! gr\nds = su* belief c n be /at$ 9 ! same ma!matical symbols4 ,^! are only a few ( ! classes t might be def9$1 us+ ?is int]e/+ basis ( classification4 ,b be=e we c take up ! "q ( in/ruction 9 ! *ur*'s beliefs1 ab\t :i* ,i h be5 ask$ to address y ?is ev5+1 we mu/ recognize ! exi/5ce ( ^! classes1 & possibly ! fact t y y\rselves are n all 9 accord 9 ! way 9 :i* y look at ! subject4 ,:at ,i %all say is l>gely p]sonal & y mu/ n look ^u me z repres5t+ anybody or any?+4 ,i may ev5 fail to agree ) "s ( ! in/ruction t y h receiv$ 9 ?is int]e/+ & valuable c\rse4 ,b ,i d speak1 ( c\rse1 z "o :o loves our *ur* & z a loyal & ,i hope a ?\ghtful layman4 ,fir/1 :at is belief8 ,we surely give ! ^w a wide range ( values4 ,a man says t he believes 9 8 own exi/5ce1 :i* ! philosoph] ,desc>tes said 0 ! mo/ sure ?+ 9 ! _w--,cogito1 ergo sum4 ,he also says t he believes x w ra9 to-morr[4 ,:at c !re be 9 common betwe5 ^! two acts ( fai?8 ,betwe5 a c]ta9ty & a fifty p] c5t *ance1 or less8 ,?is--t a man is always will+ to act on 8 beliefs2 if n1 !y are n beliefs )9 ! mean+ ( ?is address4 ,if y believe x w ra91 y take an umbrella4 ,y\r do+ s is q indep5d5t ( ! gr\nds = y\r belief4 ,!re may really be v little *ance ( its ra9+2 b x is y\r belief t causes y\r action1 no matt] :e!r x is ju/ifi$ or n4 ,y c\ld n act m decisively if y 7 act+ on ! c]ta9ty ( y\r own exi/5ce4 ,x is ?is will+ness to act t unifies our beliefs--t gives !m value4 ,if ,i he>d a man decl>e 8 belief t a fi]ce wild animal 0 on 8 track1 & if ,i !n saw him calmly lie d[n & g to sleep on ! trail1 ,i %\ld "k t he 0 ei!r insane or a li>4 ,i h intimat$ above t belief may or may n be bas$ on ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,fill up a basket ) black & :ite pebbles & !n draw out "o4 ,let u create a situation t %all make x imp]ative = a p]son to decl>e :e!r a black or a :ite pebble w be drawn4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! ev5t to be controll$ by an ori5tal despot :o has giv5 ord]s to /rike (f ! man's head if he ann\nces ! wrong color4 ,( c\rse1 if he has se5 t only :ite pebbles w5t into ! basket he says boldly ,:ite4 ,t is c]ta9ty4 ,b suppose he saw "o black pebble 9 ! mass4 ,does he any ! less say ,:ite8 ,t "o black pebble repres5ts a t9y d\bt2 does x affect ! direction ( 8 en=c$ action8 ,suppose !re 7 two black pebbles2 or a h&ful4 ,suppose ne>ly half ! pebbles 7 black8 ,w\ld t make ! slighte/ diff]5ce ab\t :at he w\ld d8 ,if y judge a man's belief by :at he does1 z ,i ?9k y %\ld d1 t belief may admit ( a good deal ( d\bt be=e x is nullifi$4 ,are y\r beliefs all bas$ on ma!matical c]ta9ties8 ,i hope n2 = !n !y mu/ be few inde$4 ,t _m ( our fell[ m5 h a wrong conception ( belief is a v sad fact4 ,! idea t x mu/ be bas$ on a ma!matical demon/ration ( c]ta9ty1 or ev5 t x mu/ be free f d\bt is surely n ,*ri/ian4 ,our pray]s & our hymns are full ( ! contr>y4 ,we are beset n only by fight+s b by fe>s--)92 )\t2 by _m a conflict1 _m a d\bt2 we pray to be deliv]$ f ?is same d\bt4 ,! :ole body ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e is p]meat$ ) ! idea t ! true believ] is likely to be beset by d\bts ( all k9ds1 & t x is 8 duty1 despite all ?is1 to believe4 ,& yet !re are _m :o w n call !mselves ,*ri/ians s long z !y c n con/ruct a rigid demon/ration ( e ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,!re are _m ?\ghtful m5 :o call !mselves ,agno/ics j because !y c n be ma!matically sure ( religi\s tru?4 ,"s ( ^! m5 are bett] ,*ri/ians ?an _m t are s nam$4 ,t !y hold alo( f ,*ri/ian fell[%ip is due to _! mi/ak5 notion ( ! nature ( belief4 ,! m is ! pity4 ,n[ let u g back = a mom5t to our basket ( pebbles4 ,we h se5 t ! action ( ! guess] is bas$ to "s ext5t on 8 k ( ! cont5ts ( ! basket4 ,9 o!r words1 he has gr\nds = ! belief by :i* 8 act is condition$4 ,p]sons may act )\t gr\nds2 x may be necess>y = !m s to d4 ,ev5 9 ?is case !re may be a sort ( bl9d sub/itute = belief4 ,a man1 pursu$ by a be>1 comes to a =k 9 ! road4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t ei!r bran*2 "o may lead to safety & "o to a jungle4 ,b he has to *oose1 & *oose at once2 & 8 *oice repres5ts 8 bid = safety4 ,!re is pl5ty ( action ( ?is sort 9 ! _w2 if we w\ld avoid ! necessity = x we mu/ d a little prelim9>y inve/igation2 & if we c n f9d def9itely :]e ! roads lead1 we may at lea/ hit ^u "s idea ( :i* is ! safe/4 ,b ) all our inve/igation we %all f9d t we mu/ rely 9 ! end on our tru/ 9 "s p]son2 ei!r ourselves or someone else4 ,ev5 ! c]ta9ty ( ! ma!matical =mula dep5ds on our confid5ce 9 ! sanity ( our own m5tal processes4 ,! man :o sees ! basket fill$ ) :ite pebbles mu/ tru/ ! accuracy ( 8 eyesight4 ,if he relies = 8 in=mation on :at someone else told him1 he mu/ tru/ n only t o!r's eyesight1 b 8 memory1 8 v]acity1 8 fri5dl9ess4 ,& yet "o may be f> saf] 9 tru/+ ano!r ?an 9 rely+ on 8 own unaid$ p[]s4 ,securus judicat orbis t]r>um1 says ! old ,lat94 ,! _w's judgm5t is safe4 ,we h le>n$ to modify ?is1 = we h se5 _w judgm5ts t are manife/ly incorrect4 ,! _w ?\ght ! e>? 0 flat4 ,x ?\ght !re 7 wit*es1 & x burn$ !m4 ,"h individuals simply foll[$ "o ano!r l %eep2 & all1 l %eep1 w5t a/ray4 ,b :]e !re is a real1 indep5d5t judgm5t on ! "p ( ea* memb] ( a gr\p1 & all agree1 t is bett] pro( ( its correctness ?an mo/ individual inve/igations c\ld furni%4 ,my wat*1 ( ! be/ make & c>efully regulat$1 indicates five o'clock1 b if ,i meet five fri5ds1 ea* ( :om tells me1 indep5d5tly1 t x is six1 ,i conclude t my wat* is wrong4 ,!re 0 nev] a m c>eful sci5tific inve/igation ?an t by :i* a ,fr5* physici/ ?\ght he _h e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( :at he call$ ! ,n ray--exam9$ its prop]ties & measur$ its con/ants4 ,he read pap] aft] pap] be=e le>n$ bodies z 8 rese>* progress$4 ,he *all5g$ ! int]e/ ( 8 bro!r sci5ti/s on ?ree cont95ts4 ,& yet he 0 entirely wrong3 !re nev] 0 any ,n ray4 ,! man _h deceiv$ himself4 ,! failure ( hundr$s to see z he did weigh$ m ?an 8 positive te/imony t he saw :at he ?\ght he saw4 ,"h z else:]e our view ( :at may be ! tru? is bas$ on tru/4 ,if y tru/ ! ,fr5* physici/1 y w /ill believe 9 ! ,n ray4 ,cre$s1 we are told1 are outworn1 & yet we are confront$1 f bir? to dea?1 ) situations t imp]i\sly require action ( "s sort4 ,e act t responds mu/ be bas$ on belief ( "s k9d4 ,cre$s are only expressions ( belief4 ,! k9d ( ,cre$ t is outworn 7& ?is is d\btless :at intellig5t p]sons mean :5 !y make ?is /atem5t7 is ! p>rot cre$1 ! =m ( words )\t mean+1 ! /atem5t ( belief )\t any gr\nds beh9d x or any action 9 front ( x4 ,= ?is ! mod]n *ur*man has no use4 ,& if he desires to avoid ! p>rot cre$1 he mu/ surely in=m himself reg>d+ ! mean+ ( its articles & ! gr\nds on :i* !y are held4 ,m2 he mu/ satisfy himself ( ! p>ticul> mean+ t !y h = him & ! p]sonal gr\nds on :i* he is to hold !m4 ,?is is ! reason :y su* a c\rse z t :i* y complete to-night is necess>y & valuable4 ,i h he>d in/ruction ( ?is k9d deprecat$ z likely to br+ di/urb+ elem5ts into ! m9d4 ,"o may d\btless *ange f belief to skepticism by too mu* se>*+4 ,x us$ to be a /&+ joke 9 ,yale ,college1 :5 ,i 0 a /ud5t !re1 t a well-kn[n pr(essor reput$ to be an ,a!i/1 _h be5 p]fectly or?odox until he _h he>d ,presid5t ,port]'s lectures on ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b s]i\sly1 ?is objection is b ano!r phase ( ! fallacy at :i* we h already glanc$--t d\bts are fatal to belief4 ,i am c]ta9 t ! pr(essor 9 "q might h exam9$ 9 detail e "o ( ,presid5t ,port]'s ,evid5ces1 & f\nd !m want+1 only to discov] cle>] & /rong] gr\nds ( belief else:]e--9 8 m]e confid5ce 9 o!rs1 p]haps4 ,or he might h turn$ pragmati/ & believ$ 9 ,*ri/ianity because x work$--a valid reason 9 ?is case d\btless1 b n always to be dep5d$ on2 because ! ,fa!r ( ,lies sometimes makes ?+s "w himself--at lea/ tempor>ily4 ,b if exam9+ into ! gr\nds ( 8 belief makes a man hone/ly give up t belief1 !n ,i bid him ,god-spe$4 ,i may weep = him1 b ,i _c help believ+ t he /&s bett] ) 8 ,mak] = be+ hone/ ) himself ?an if he _h gone on ) 8 p>rot belief t meant absolutely no?+4 ,i c n feel t ! ,aztecs :o 7 baptiz$ by ! foll[]s ( ,cortes 7 any m believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity aft] ! c]emony ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev] t a ,*ri/ian1 exam9+ fai?fully ! gr\nds ( 8 belief1 w usually h t belief /r5g!n$1 & t a *ur*man1 exam9+ ! doctr9es ( ! *ur* w be simil>ly upheld4 ,n t *ur* in/ruction %\ld be "o-sid$4 ,! tea*+ t t5ds to make u believe t e intellig5t man ?9ks z we d reacts aga9/ itself4 ,x is l ! un=tunate temp]ance tea*+ t repres5ts ! lik+ = w9e z always acquir$4 ,:5 ! pupil comes to ta/e w9e & f9ds t he likes x at once1 he concludes t ! :ole body ( in/ruction 9 ! physiology ( alcohol is false & acts accord+ly4 ,:5 a boy is taught t !re is no?+ ( value beyond 8 own *ur*1 or no?+ ( value outside ( ,*ri/ianity1 he w ?9k less ( 8 *ur*1 & less ( ,*ri/ianity :5 he f9ds intellig5t1 upright1 lovable outsid]s4 ,i look back ) horror on "s ( ! books1 pi\sly prep>$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4 9 ,london1 t ,i us$ to take home f ,sunday ,s*ool4 ,9 !m we 7 told t a good man outside ! *ur* 0 worse ?an a bad man 9 x4 ,if t 0 n ! tea*+ 9 ! book1 x 0 at lea/ ! =m 9 :i* x took lodgm5t 9 my boyi% bra94 ,?ank ,god x nev] f\nd p]man5t foo?old !re4 ,in/ead1 ,i hold 9 my memory ! ,ea/]n /ory ( ,god's rebuke to ,abraham :5 he expell$ ! ,fire ,wor%ipp] f 8 t5t4 ,c\ld y n be> ) him = "o h\r8 ,lo6 ,i h borne ) him ^! =ty ye>s6 ,i h always ?\ght t a k ( :at our neighbors believe is an excell5t balance-:eel to our own beliefs & t our own beliefs1 s balanc$1 w be san] & m re/ra9$4 ,x w\ld be well1 ,i ?9k1 if we c\ld h a survey ( ! _w's religions1 sett+ d[n 9 p>allel columns all ! fai?s ( mank9d4 ,if ?is is too great a task we might beg9 ) a survey ( ,*ri/ianity1 set d[n 9 ! same way4 ,i believe t ! results ( su* a survey might surprise u1 %[+1 z ,i ?9k x w\ld d1 ! _m fundam5tals t we hold 9 common & ! trivial nature ( "s ( ! b>ri]s t appe> to sep>ate u4 ,9 y\r c\rse1 j complet$1 y h _h su* a survey1 ,i d\bt n1 ( ! beliefs ( our own belov$ *ur*4 ,:]e h] div9es h diff]$1 y h _h ! v>y+ op9ions spread be=e y4 ,y h n be5 told t ! m9d ( e *ur*man has always be5 a replica ( ! m9d ( e o!r *ur*man4 ,p]sonally1 ,i feel grateful t ?is has n be5 ! case4 ,z ,i say my cre$ & beg9 ,i believe 9 ,god1 ! ,fa!r ,almighty1 ,i realize t ! aspect ( ev5 su* a basic belief z ?is1 is ! same 9 no two m9ds2 t x %ifts f l& to l& & f age to age4 ,i "k t ,god1 z he is1 is pa/ human k & t until we see ,him face to face we c n all mean j ! same ?+ :5 we repeat ?is article ( belief4 ,b ,i realize also t ?is is n due to ! mutability ( ! ,almighty b to man's v>iability4 ,! ,gods ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ( ,?omas ,c>lyle & ( ,william ,james are diff]5t2 b t is because ^! m5 _h diff]5t types ( m9ds4 ,beh9d _! human ideas /&s ,god himself--! same ye/]day1 to-day & =ev]4 ,s we may g ?r\gh ! cre$2 s we may /udy1 z y h be5 do+1 ! beliefs ( ! *ur*4 ,ev]y:]e we see ! evid5ces ( ! work+1 ^u fallible human m9ds ( a dim appreciation ( some?+ beyond full human k-- ,t "o f>-(f div9e ev5t ,t[>d :i* ! ,:ole ,creation moves4 ,we h a wond]ful *ur*1 my fri5ds4 ,x is a *ur* to live )2 a *ur* to be pr\d (4 ,^? :o miss :at we are privileg$ to enjoy are miss+ some?+ f ! fulness ( life4 ,we h n brok5 ) ! hi/oric cont9uity ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?3 !re is no *asm1 fill$ ) wreckage1 betwe5 u & ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*4 ,above all we h en%r9$ our beliefs 9 a m>vell\s liturgy1 :i* is ev] old & ev] new1 & :i* _h ! good =tune to be put into ,engli% at a day :5 ! =ce ( expression 9 our ,"m tongue 0 peculi>ly virile1 yet peculi>ly lovely4 ,i "k ( no?+ 9 ! :ole range ( ,engli% lit]ature t w comp>e ) ! collects z conta9$ 9 our ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 = beauty1 = =m1 = cond5sation & = =ce4 ,!y are a /r+ ( pe>ls4 ,& inde$1 :at ,i h said ( !m applies to ! :ole book4 ,:5 ,i see ,committees ( well-mean+ div9es try+ to tamp] ) x1 ,i %udd] z ,i might if ,i witness$ ! attempt ( a guild ( mod]n sculptors to improve ! ,v5us ( ,milo by *ipp+ (f a bit "h & add+ some?+ !re4 ,good reasons exi/ = *anges1 d\btless2 b ,i feel t we h "h a "w ( art1 ( div9e art2 & art is "o ( ,god's ways ( rea*+ ! human he>t4 ,we are pr\d t we h n disc>d$ x f our *ur* build+s1 f our alt>s1 f ! music ( our *oirs4 ,let u treat t5d]ly our great book ( ,common ,pray]1 l t o!r great ma/]piece ( div9e lit]>y art1 ! ,k+ ,james v]sion ( ! ,bible4 ,!re are pl5ty ( bett] translations2 !re is n "o t has ! same magic ( words to fire ! imag9ation & melt ! he>t4 ,^! are all trite ?+s to say to *ur*m53 ,i h tri$1 on occasion1 to say !m to non-*ur*m51 b !y d n seem to respond4 ,!re are ^? :o rejoice 9 _! break ) hi/oric cont9uity1 :o look ^u a writt5 =m ( s]vice ) horror4 ,x is well1 z ,i h said1 = u to realize t our fri5ds hold ^! op9ions4 ,"o c n /r5g!n 8 muscles 9 a tug ( w> unless "s "o is pull+ ! o!r way4 ,! savor ( religion1 l t ( life itself1 is 9 its contra/s4 ,i ?ank ,god t we h !m ev5 )9 our own ,communion4 ,we are high-*ur* & l[-*ur* & broad-*ur*4 ,we burn inc5se & we we> ,g5eva g[ns4 ,?is div]sity is n to be condemn$4 ,:at is to be deprecat$ is ! feel+ among "s ( u t ! div]sity %\ld give place to uni=mity--to uni=mity ( _! own k9d1 ( c\rse4 ,to me1 ?is w\ld be a calamity4 ,let u cont9ue to make room 9 our *ur* = individuality4 ,god nev] int5d$ m5 to be press$ d[n 9 "o mold ( sam5ess4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 ea* ( u has 8 own religi\s beliefs4 ,! doctr9es ( our *ur*1 or ( any *ur* are b a composite portrait ( ^! beliefs4 ,b :5 "o takes su* a portrait ?r\gh\t all l&s & 9 all "t1 & ! features keep true1 "o c n help reg>d+ !m z ! div9e l9eam5ts4 ,?is is h[ ,i w\ld h y reg>d ! beliefs ( our *ur*1 z y h /udi$ !m ?r\gh\t ?is c\rse--z our p>ticul> composite photograph ( ! face ( ,god1 z ,he has impress$ x on ! he>ts & m9ds ( ea* "o ( u4 ,i comm5d ?is view to ^? :o h no rev]5ce = beliefs1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are =mulat$ z cre$s4 ,^! p]sons mean t !y h no reg>d = gr\p beliefs b only = ^? ( ! individual4 ,ea* has 8 own beliefs1 & he mu/ h confid5ce 9 !m1 = !y are ! gr\nds on :i* he acts1 if he is a normal man4 ,ev5 ! fai? ( an ,agno/ic is bas$ on a v positive belief4 ,z = me1 ,i feel t ! *ur*man goes "o /ep beyond him3 he ev5 d\bts ,d\bt4 ,said ,socrates3 ,i "k no?+ except ?is "o ?+1 t ,i "k no?+4 ,! re/ ( y are ignorant ev5 ( ?is4 ,socrates 0 a great man4 ,if he _h be5 great] /ill1 he might h said some?+ l ?is3 ,i freely ackn[l$ge t a ma!matical =mula c n satisfy all ! cases t we discuss4 ,b nei!r c x be /at$ ma!matically t !y are all unkn[able4 ,i am n ev5 sure t ,i "k no?+4 ,surely1 "u ^! circum/ances1 we may give ov] look+ = ma!matical demon/rations & believe a few ?+s on our own acc\nt--t our *ildr5 love u--t our eyes d n deceive u2 t ! s\l lives on2 t ,god rules all4 ,we may put our fai? 9 :at our own *ur* tea*es u1 ev5 z a *ild tru/s 8 fa!r ?\gh he c n con/ruct a s+le syllogism t w increase t tru/4 ,?is does n mean t we %all n b5efit by exam9+ ! articles ( our fai?2 by le>n+ :at !y are1 :at !y mean & :at o!rs h ?\ght ( !m4 ,! *ur*man mu/ comb9e1 9 8 m5tal habits1 all t is be/ ( ! ,cons]vative & ! ,radical4 ,:ile hold+ fa/ t :i* is good he mu/ keep an op5 m9d t[>d e *ange t may s]ve to br+ him ne>] to ! tru? or give him a cle>] vision ( x4 ,h[ we c insure ?is bett] ?an by su* an in/itution z ! ,*ur* ,s*ool = ,religi\s ,in/ruction ,i am sure ,i d n see4 ,may ,god guide x & aid x 9 its "w6 ,,index ,abraham1 ,/ory (1 #cce ,action1 te/ ( belief1 #ccb ,ade1 ,george1 #aaj1 #agj2 fables 9 picture plays1 #cai ,adults & *ildr51 comp>$1 #ad ,adv]tisem5t ( ideas1 #abg ,aldri*1 ,t4,b41 #cbb ,alg]1 ,horatio1 #af1 #agd ,am]ica1 ,fluid cu/oms 91 #bbd ,am]ica1 hymn1 #aia ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #eg ,am]ican ance/ry1 #agi2 ar*itecture1 #bah2 art1 #bag2 music1 #bah2 philosophy1 #bbj2 religion1 #bai2 ?\ght1 t5d5cies (1 #bac ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ej ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association1 #ea ,am]ican ,libr>y ,in/itute1 #eb ,am]ican read]s1 #db ,am]icanization1 #ag1 #gc ,am]icanization ( ,engl&1 #bbe ,ance/ry1 ,am]ican1 #agi ,anglo-,saxon ance/ry1 #aha ,ar*itecture1 ,am]ican1 #bah ,ar*ives1 family1 #ahd ,army1 int]national1 #aei ,art1 ,am]ican1 #bag2 effect (1 #afc ,art1 ,e>ly =ms (1 #cg ,association1 value (1 #de ,atoms ( en]gy & action1 #abb ,attractiv5ess a selective feature1 #bf ,au/51 ,jane1 #agf ,au?or1 ,function (1 #fg ,au?ors ,club1 ,n4,y41 #ea ,auto-sugge/ion 9 drugs1 #bcc ,aviation1 ,newcomb's op9ion (1 #hf ,belief1 ,:at is81 #cci ,b5nett1 ,arnold1 #age ,bible1 ,k+ ,james ,v]sion1 #ccg ,bir? ( a nation2 picture play1 #cbb ,book-/ores1 disappe>ance (1 #bch ,books 9 selective education1 #bg ,book-,taught ,bilk9s1 #hi1 #ih ,book-titles1 ,possessive case 91 #ai ,bo/on tea-p>ty1 #ahc ,bran* libr>ies1 ,reasons giv5 = us+1 #aa ,briti% ,association1 #cjg ,brooklyn ,public ,libr>y1 #d ,br[n1 ,susannah ,h41 :o 0 %e8 #bha ,br[s+1 #bg2 uses (1 #ajd ,bryce1 ,james1 quot$1 #baf ,build+s1 ,monum5tal1 #ada ,bulw]-,lytton1 ,e4,g4,e4,l41 #hf ,burbank1 ,lu!r1 #bd ,cabiria2 motion picture play1 #cai1 #cbb ,captions 9 motion pictures1 #cah ,c>negie1 ,&rew1 #gg ,c>negie ,in/itution1 #he1 #cjf ,c>tooni/1 ,anecdote (1 #bid ,c5tre1 ,:at is a81 #ade ,c5traliz$ associations1 #eh ,c]ta9ty & belief1 #ccj ,*auc]1 #bic ,*autauqua1 #bfe ,*emi/ry1 ,new drugs f1 #bcb ,*icago ,ev5+ ,po/1 quot$1 #aji ,*icago1 ,field h\ses 91 #adh ,*icago ,wom5's ,club1 ,pap] be=e1 #aig ,*ildr5's editions1 #f2 rooms1 #ca ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce & drugs1 #bcc ,*ri/ianity1 #cca ,*ri/mas book %[s1 #agj ,*ur* ,s*ool ( religi\s in/ruction1 #cbi ,*ur*1 ,use ( symbols by1 #ahh ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/ 9 ,am]ica1 ,f$]ation (1 #bbj ,circulation by volumes1 #f2 publicity value (1 #adb2 tables1 #g1 #h ,circulation1 ,publicity1 #adb ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,society (1 #eb ,civil ,w>1 ,notions (1 #ahj ,classroom libr>ies1 #bi ,cl]gy1 ,slight influ5ce (1 #ac ,close-ups 9 motion pictures1 #cag ,clubs t meet 9 libr>ies1 #adh ,clubwom5's read+1 #bei ,colloquial spee*1 #ib ,color-photography 9 motion pictures1 #cbg ,combat1 ,settlem5t by1 #aeh ,comm]cial travell]s1 #aih ,commission gov]nm5t1 #baf ,con/itution1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ej1 #bad2 am5dm5t (1 #bbf ,cont9uum1 #aaf ,cook1 ,dr4 ,fr$]ick1 #ie ,copyright conf]5ce1 #ec ,c\rses ( read+1 #bfh ,c\rt1 ,int]national1 #aei ,cre$s1 ,uses (1 #ccc ,cr[d-psy*ology on a f]ry1 #bdg ,dante1 #df ,d',annunzio1 ,g41 #cbb ,deliv]y /ations 9 drug /ores1 #bda ,democracy a result1 #gb2 & ance/ry1 #ahf2 & despotism1 #bac2 conditions (1 #bji ,dep>tm5t /ores1 #bch ,despotism & democracy1 #bac ,dick5s1 pa?os (1 #age ,dis>mam5t1 #afa ,discont9uity ( ! univ]se1 #abd ,di/ribution ( books1 #fg1 #abi ,di/ributor1 ,libr>y z a1 #aih ,divorce1 ,fre$om (1 #bag ,don ,quixote1 ,he9e on1 #agc ,drug-addiction1 #bcd ,drugs & ! man1 #bbi ,eaton1 ,walt] ,prit*>d1 quot$1 #caf ,eclecticism 9 ,am]ica1 #bac ,economic adv]tis+1 #acj ,economic writ+s ( ,newcomb1 #hf ,education1 ,am]ican1 #bah2 9 recreation1 #ajj2 mod]n me?ods (1 #fc2 ( ! community1 #bdc2 ( ! sexes1 #bgc2 po/-s*ola/ic1 #cj2 selective1 #bc1 #fe2 ?r\gh books1 #ij ,effici5cy 9 association1 #dh2 ,:at is8 #beg ,elizabe?an drama1 #cbc ,en]getics1 ,!ory (1 #aad ,en]gy1 ,atomic !ories (1 #aac ,engl& an elective mon>*y4 #bad2 rigid cu/oms 91 #bbd2 s\rce consci\sness 91 #ahb ,ephem]al1 ,mean+ (1 #cf ,episcopalians1 #bbj ,eyes1 injur$ by small type1 #cjb ,fairy tales1 #ge ,falsity 9 books1 #ci ,fem9i/ movem5t1 #bfg ,flag1 :at x /&s =1 #ahg ,fiction1 #ci2 int]e/ 91 #acg2 intoxication by1 #dj1 #ajj2 uses (1 #ce ,fluids1 ,mixture (1 #aah ,=ce symboliz$ by flag1 #aid ,=d1 ,h5ry1 #bcg ,fre$om1 ,:at is8 #aib ,gallicism 9 book-titles1 #bb ,g>y sy/em1 #bdf ,g5ealogy1 ,am]ican1 #agi ,gibbs1 ,j4 ,will>d1 quot$1 #aah ,good-w1 ,influ5ce (1 #ag ,gov]nm5t1 ,f$]al1 #bac ,gravitation1 ,law (1 #hc ,gray's ,elegy1 #aaa ,greek trag$y1 #cbd ,gr\p-action1 #de2 on a f]ry1 #bdg ,hall1 ,g4 ,/anley1 quot$1 #bec ,h>v>d ,classics1 #aji ,he9e1 ,he9ri*1 quot$1 #agc ,h5ry1 ,joseph1 #hj ,h]$ity1 & memory1 #gc2 ,hi/ory &1 #agi ,h]tzian waves1 #aba ,hilg>d1 ,julius1 #hj ,hill1 ,g4,w41 #hd ,holmes1 ,m>y ,j41 #ajd ,hom]1 ,me?ods (1 #aih ,hone/y1 ,lack (1 #cb ,huey1 ,book by1 #cje ,hunt1 ,leigh1 #aji ,huret1 ,jules1 #da ,id5tity1 ,mean+ (1 #aad ,impea*m5t1 #bad ,indicator1 9 ,engli% libr>ies1 #bbe ,indiff]5ce to books1 #acc ,in=mation 9 books1 #id ,inspiration f books1 #aja ,intemp]ance 9 read+1 #dj1 #ajj ,int]e/1 ,importance (1 #bhg1 #bhi2 ,necessity (1 #e1 #acg ,int]national agreem5ts 9 sci5ce1 #he ,int]nationalism1 #aei ,intoxication by fiction1 #dj1 #ajj ,ivanhoe1 #age ,james1 ,william1 #ach2 f\nd] ( pragmatism1 #bba2 quot$1 #bhg ,kei?1 ,clevel&1 #hd ,k5t1 ,william1 quot$1 #bbi ,kepl]1 quot$1 #agg ,k9emacolor process1 #cbg ,k9etic !ory1 #abj ,koopman1 ,h4,l41 #cjh ,lagrange1 #aad ,languages1 writt5 & spok51 #ij ,l>ge type1 ,books 91 #cja ,law1 ,en=cem5t (1 #aeh ,le ,bon1 ,gu/ave1 #de ,lee1 ,g]ald ,/anley1 #gg ,legibility ( type1 #cjf ,libbey1 ,laura ,jean1 #da1 #ajd ,libr>ies1 ,economic features (1 #fg ,libr>y associations4 #di2 ,non-p>tisan%ip (1 #gj1 #if1 #aeb2 ,private basis (1 #afi ,l9dsay1 ,va*ell1 #cba ,l9es1 ,l5g? 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motion picture1 #cbj ,pap]s1 ,ready-made1 = clubs1 #bgj2 sci5tific1 #bge ,pat]1 ,walt]1 #afh ,pauli/ fa!rs1 #bbj ,paup]ization1 intellectual1 #fh ,p5dleton1 ,a4,m41 quot$1 #adj ,p]ry1 ,bliss1 quot$1 #baa ,ph>macy1 ,s*ool (1 address to1 #bbi ,philadelphia ,free ,libr>y1 ,address at1 #fg ,philosophy1 an int]e/+ subject1 #acc1 #ach2 9 ,am]ica1 #bbj ,phonograph1 ,uses (1 #id ,physics made int]e/+1 #ach ,pick=d1 ,m>y1 #bdg1 #cag ,planck1 ,max1 #aac1 #abj ,planets1 ,orbits (1 #hc ,play]s' ,club1 ,n4,y41 #ea ,pocahontas1 #ahc ,po9c>1 ,h5ri1 #aac1 #abj ,poison labels = books1 #if ,port]1 ,noah1 #ccd ,posse1 ,int]national1 #aei ,possessive case1 ,use (1 #ai ,pragmatism 9 ,am]ica1 #bba ,pray] ,book z lit]ature1 #ccg ,prescott1 ,william ,h41 #ie ,press1 ,slight influ5ce (1 #ac ,pride1 ,p]sonal & gr\p1 #ahe ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 #bai ,pr9t+ ,art1 magaz9e1 #cjh ,programitis1 club disease1 #bhf ,programmes1 ,club1 #bfh1 #bhj1 #bie ,public z libr>y own]s1 #bje ,public ,libr>y1 #afi2 eclecticism (1 #bba2 p's %>e 91 #aig ,publicity1 ,libr>y1 #adj ,publi%]1 ,function (1 #fg ,puritanism1 #bai ,quanta1 #aba2 hypo!sis (1 #aac ,race-record1 ,libr>y z a1 #gd ,radio-activity1 #bca ,rayleigh's ,law1 #abj ,read]s1 ,d !y read8 #c ,read+1 me*anism (1 #ia2 skill 91 #ace ,realism 9 education1 #bdf2 9 motion pictures1 #cad ,recall1 e>lie/ =m (1 #bac ,records1 v>ieties (1 #id ,recreation ?r\gh books1 #ii ,religion 9 ,am]ica1 #bai ,r5ewal1 ,pres]vation by1 #ig ,repetition a te/ ( art1 #aff ,repr9t+1 ,use (1 #ih ,re-read+1 ,art (1 #afc ,residual p]sonality1 #bij ,resonators1 #aba ,revolution1 ,am]ican1 notions (1 #ahj2 v]sus evolution1 #bgi ,revue ,sci5tifique1 #aac ,roe?l91 ,b>b>a ,e41 #cjf ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #bbj ,roman viewpo9t 9 hi/ory1 #aha ,rome1 decad5ce (1 #bbg ,r\si]s1 ,paul de41 quot$1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 pap] be=e1 #aac ,/4 ,l\is1 libr>y tax 91 #bjj ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y1 #adj1 #bed1 #cjb2 meet+s 91 #aej ,sampl+ books1 #aaj ,sc5]y 9 motion pictures1 #cag2 9 ,elizabe?an drama1 #cbc2 made ( motion pictures1 #cbg ,s*ool libr>ies1 #bi ,s*ool1 ,non-p>tisan%ip (1 #gj2 ,community use (1 #aee ,s*oolm5 ( ,n4,y41 ,pap] be=e1 #bc ,sci5tific societies1 #eb ,see ,am]ica ,fir/ movem5t1 #aia ,selection ,9 nature1 #bc2 me*anical1 #dg ,selective education1 #fe ,sex 9 libr>y use1 #ae ,sexes1 diff]5ces (1 #bgb ,%akespe>e1 #agh2 *anges 91 #bic2 rank (1 #afh2 unavailable = /age1 #cbc ,%aw1 ,edw4 ,r41 #cjd ,social ,c5tre movem5t1 #ade ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 #hb ,society ( ,illum9at+ ,eng9e]s1 #eg ,socrates1 quot$1 #cch ,sorolla1 #afd ,s\!rn views ( ,civil ,w>1 #ahj ,spell+ re=m1 #ic ,/ag9ess ( ! 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