,,! ,,altrui/ ,,9 ,,politics  ,by       
,b5jam9 ,c>dozo    ,transcrib]'s ,note3 
,! ,altrui/ 9 ,politics 0 deliv]$ by    
,c>dozo z 8 comm5cem5t oration at       
,columbia ,college 9 #ahhi4 ,x 0 nev]   
copyright$4 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 :i*   
adm9i/]s ,c>dozo's lit]>y e/ate1 has    
explicitly                              
9999999999   ,!re comes n seldom a      
crisis 9 ! life ( m51 ( nations1 & (    
worlds1 :5 ! old =ms seem ready to      
decay1 & ! old rules ( action h lo/ _!  
b9d+ =ce4 ,! evils ( exi/+ sy/ems       
obscure ! bless+s t att5d !m2 &1 :]e    
re=m is ne$$1 ! cry is rais$ =          
subv]sion4 ,! cause ( su* ph5om5a is n  
f> to seek4 ,x us$ to appe> to me1      
writes ,c\nt ,tol/oi1 9 a significant   
passage1 x us$ to appe> to me t ! small 
numb] ( cultivat$1 ri* & idle m51 ( :om 
,i 0 "o1 compos$ ! :ole ( humanity1 & t 
! millions & millions ( o!r m5 :o _h    
liv$ & are /ill liv+ 7 n 9 reality m5 at
 all4 ,x is ?is _s-! _s t sees ! :ole ( 
humanity 9 ! few1 & ?r[s into !         

backgr\nd ! millions & millions ( o!r   
m5-x is ?is _s t has ar\s$ ! antagonism 
( re=m]s1 & made ! decay ( ! old =ms1 ! 
rupture ( ! old re/rictions1 ! ideal (  
!m & ( _! foll[]s4 ,:5 weal? & pov]ty   
meet ea* o!r face to face1 ! "o ! ma/] &
 ! o!r ! dep5d5t1 ! "o exalt$ & ! o!r   
debas$1 x is p]haps h>dly matt] =       
surprise t ! dep5d5t & debas$ & p[]less 
faction1 9 envy ( _! oppon5ts'          
supremacy1 %\ld dem&1 n simple re=m1 b  
absolute community & equality ( weal?4  
,t cry = communism is no new "o 9 !     
hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago x 0  
he>d & act$ on2 &1 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1
 its rev]b]ations h b swell$ 9 volume4  
,aga9 & aga91 ! altrui/ has aris5 9     
politics1 has bidd5 u %>e ) o!rs !      
product ( our toil1 & has proclaim$ !   
communi/ic dogma z ! panacea = our      
social ills4 ,s today1 amid ! buri$     
hopes & buri$ projects ( ! pa/1 !       
doctr9e ( communism /ill lives 9 ! m9ds 
( m54 ,"u /ress ( mis=tune1 or 9 dread (
 tyranny1 x is /ill prea*$ 9 mod]n times

 z ,plato prea*$ x 9 ! _w ( ! ,greeks4  
,yet x is inde$ d\btful :e!r1 9 ! hi/ory
 ( mank9d1 a doctr9e 0 ev] taught m     
impracticable or m false to ! pr9ciples 
x pr(esses ?an ?is v doctr9e (          
communism4 ,9 a _w :]e self-int]e/ is   
av[$ly ! rul+ motive1 x seeks to e/abli%
 at once an all-rea*+ & all-controll+   
altruism4 ,9 a _w :]e e man is pu%+ &   
fight+ to out/rip 8 fell[s1 x w\ld make 
him toil ) l vigor = _! common welf>e4  
,9 a _w :]e a man's activity is measur$ 
by ! ne>ness ( rew>d1 x w\ld hold up a  
prospective recomp5se z an equal        
/imulant to labor4 ,! m bitt]ly we feel1
 writes ,george ,eliot1 ! m bitt]ly we  
feel ! folly1 ignorance1 neglect1 or    
self-seek+ ( ^? :o at diff]5t times h   
wield$ p[]1 ! /rong] is ! obligation we 
lay on ourselves to bew>e le/ we also1  
by a too ha/y wre/+ ( measures :i* seem 
to promise imm$iate relief1 make a worse
 "t ( x = our own g5]ation1 & leave a   
bad inh]itance = our *ildr54 ,9 !       
future1 :5 ! remot5ess ( 8 rew>d %all h 

weak5$ ! labor]'s zeal1 we %all be able 
to judge m fairly ( ! bless+s t !       
communi/ (f]s4 ,in/ead ( ! pres5t _w1   
:]e "s at lea/ are well-to-d & happy1 ! 
communi/ holds be=e u a _w :]e all alike
 are poor4 ,= ! activity1 ! pu%1 ! vigor
 ( our mod]n life1 8 sub/itute is a life
 aimless & unbrok54 ,& s we h to say to 
communi/s :at ,george ,eliot might h    
said3 ,be n bl9d$ by ! passions ( !     
mom5t1 b :5 y prate ab\t y\r own wrongs 
& ! suff]+s ( y\r (fspr+1 take he$ le/ 9
 ! long run y make a worse "t ( x = y\r 
own g5]ation1 & leave a bad inh]itance =
 y\r *ildr54  ,little ?\ght has be5 tak5
 by ^! altrui/ic re=m]s = ! application 
( ! doctr9es !y uphold4 ,to ! "q h[ "o  
k9d ( labor c be measur$ aga9/ ano!r1 h[
 ! labor ( ! artisan c be measur$ aga9/ 
! labor ( ! arti/1 h[ ! labor ( ! /rong 
c be measur$ aga9/ ! labor ( ! weak1 !  
communi/s c give no answ]4 ,absorb$1 z  
!y are1 9 ! pr9ciple ( equality1 !y h   
/ill =gott5 ! equality ( "w 9 ! equality
 ( pay2 !y h =gott5 t rew>d1 to be      

really equal1 mu/ be proportionate to   
ef=t2 & !y & all sociali/s h =gott5 t we
 _c make an ari?metic ( human ?\ght &   
feel+2 & t = all our crude attempts to  
balance recomp5se aga9/ toil1 = all our 
crude attempts to det]m9e ! relative    
sev]ity ( diff]5t k9ds ( toil1 = all our
 crude attempts to det]m9e ! relative   
/ra9 on diff]5t p]sons ( ! same k9d (   
toil1 yet n only w ! ratio1 deal+1 z x  
does1 ) our subjective feel+s1 be a     
blund]+ "o1 b a sy/em bas$ ^u x w       
involve inequalities great]1 because m  
insidi\s1 ?an ^? ( ! pres5t sy/em x w\ld
 disc>d4  ,in/ances1 inde$1 are n want+ 
to sub/antiate ! claim t communism1 by  
unduly exalt+ our altrui/ic impulses1   
proce$s ^u a false psy*ological basis4  
,yet if an in/ance is to be *os51 x w\ld
 be h>d to f9d "o m sugge/ive ?an t     
af=d$ by ! ef=ts ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,! ye>  
#ahbd saw ! rise ( ,ow5's little        
community ( ,new ,h>mony1 & ! ye> (     
#ahbh saw ! community's f9al disruption4
 ,individuals _h appropriat$ to !mselves

 ! prop]ty design$ = all2 & ev5 ,ow51 :o
 _h giv5 to ! ent]prise 8 money & 8     
life1 0 oblig$ to admit t m5 7 n yet    
fitt$ = ! communi/ic /age1 & t ! mom5t (
 transition f individualism to communism
 _h n yet arriv$4 ,m5 tra9$ "u ! old    
sy/em1 ) its eag] rivalry1 its selfi%   
int]e/s1 c\ld n q yet ent] into ! _s (  
self-r5unciation t communism dem&s4 ,&  
,ow51 !re=e1 0 l$ to put 8 tru/ 9       
education z ! great m\ld] ( ! m9ds ( m54
 ,?r\gh ?is ag5cy1 he hop$1 ! eag]      
rivalry1 ! selfi% int]e/s1 ! sordid love
 ( ga91 might be lo/ 9 high]1 pur]1 m   
dis9t]e/$ ends2 &1 animat$ by t hope-!  
hope t 9 ! fullness ( "t ano!r ,new     
,h>mony1 free f cont5tion & !           
disappo9tm5ts ( ! old "o1 might s]ve to 
immortalize 8 "n-animat$ by t hope1 ,ow5
 pass$ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( 8 life2 & ) t 
hope /ill be=e 8 eyes he di$4  ,b ye>s  
n[ h pass$ s9ce ,ow5 liv$2 ! second ,new
 ,h>mony has n yet be5 se52 ! s-call$   
rational sy/em ( education has n yet    
trans=m$ ! impulses or ! aims ( m52 & ! 

communi/ ( today1 ) a hi/ory ( two ?\s& 
ye>s ( failure beh9d him1 9 ! same      
pa!tic confid5ce /ill looks = !         
realization ( 8 dreams to ! communism ( 
! future4  ,& yet1 grant+ t communism 7 
practicable1 grant+ t ,ow5's hopes _h "s
 prospect ( fulfillm5t1 ! doctr9e /ill  
embodies evils t mu/ make x =ev]        
inexp$i5t4 ,! read]s ( ,mr4 ,mat!w      
,arnold's works mu/ h notic$ ! emphasis 
) :i* he dwells on ! in/9ct ( expansion 
z a factor 9 human progress4 ,x is !    
refutation alike ( communism & socialism
 t !y ?w>t ! in/9ct ( expansion2 t !y   
sub/itute = individual en]gy ! en]gy ( !
 gov]nm5t2 t !y sub/itute = human       
p]sonality ! bl9d1 me*anical p[] ( !    
,/ate4 ,! "o sy/em1 z ! o!r1 m>ks ! end 
( individualism4 ,! "o sy/em1 z ! o!r1  
w\ld make ea* man ! image ( 8 neighbor4 
,! "o sy/em1 z ! o!r1 w\ld hold back !  
progressive1 &1 by uni=mity ( rew>d1 ga9
 uni=mity ( type4  ,i c look =w>d to no 
blissful prospect = a race ( m5 t1 "u ! 
dom9ion ( ! ,/ate1 at ! co/ ( all fre$om

 ( action1 at ! co/1 inde$1 ( _! own    
true selves1 %all enjoy1 if "o w1 a fair
 abundance ( ! mat]ial bless+s ( life4  
,"s ,mat!w ,arnold ( ! future w\ld      
inevitably say ( !m 9 phase l t appli$  
to ! ,puritans ( old3 ,!y ent]$ ! prison
 ( socialism & _h ! key turn$ ^u _! _s  
!re = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,into t prison (  
socialism1 ) brok5 ent]prise & brok5    
en]gy1 z s]fs "u ! ma/]y ( ! ,/ate1 :ile
 human p]sonality is pref]r$ to         
unreason+ me*anism1 mank9d mu/ hesitate 
to /ep4 ,:5 !y %all once h ent]$ )9 x1  
:5 ! key %all h be5 turn$ ^u _! _s & h  
conf9$ !m 9 n>r[] /raits ?an ev5        
,puritanism c\ld h done1 x w be left =  
!m to f9d1 9 _! bl9d ob$i5ce & passive  
submission1 ! recomp5se = ! s+l5ess (   
"*1 ! =esight1 & ! en]gy1 t !y h left   
beh9d !m4  ,9 almo/ e phase ( life1 ?is 
doctr9e ( political altrui/s is equally 
impracticable & p]nici\s4 ,9 its social 
results1 x involves ! sub/itution ( !   
community 9 ! family's pres5t position4 
,9 its political aspects1 x involves !  

absolute dom9ion ( ! ,/ate ov] ! actions
 & prop]ty ( its subjects4 ,?us1 ?\gh   
claim+ to be an exaltation ( ! s-call$  
natural rights ( lib]ty & equality1 x is
 9 reality _! emphatic debasem5t4 ,x    
tea*es t ?\ghtless docility is a        
recomp5se = /unt$ ent]prise4 ,x         
magnifies mat]ial good at ! co/ ( e     
rational end[m5t4 ,x inculcates a       
self-d5ial t mu/ result 9 dw>f+ !       
individual to a m]e in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( !
 ,/ate = ! b5efit ( 8 fell[s4 ,no su*   
organization ( society-no organization t
 fails to take note ( ! fact t man mu/ h
 scope = ! ex]cise & developm5t ( 8     
faculties-no su* organization ( society 
c ev] rea* a p]man5t success4 ,h[ev]    
b5efic5t its motives1 ! hypo!sis ) :i* x
 />ts c nev] be realiz$4 ,! aphorism (  
,em]son1 ,*ur*es h be5 built1 n ^u      
pr9ciples1 b ^u tropes1 is z true 9 !   
field ( politics z x is 9 ! field (     
religion4 ,9 a l figurative _s1 !       
foll[]s ( communism h re>$ _! edifice2  
&1 look+ back ^u ! f9i%$ /ructure1 seek+

 to disc]n ! base on :i* x re/s1 !      
critic f9ds1 n pr9ciples1 b tropes4 ,!  
build]s h appeal$ to a future t has no  
w>rant 9 ! pa/2 & fix+ _! gaze ^u !     
di/ant dreaml&1 captivat$ by ! vision   
!re beheld1 entranc$ by its ideal       
effulg5ce1 _! eyes 7 bl9d$ to ! real    
conditions ( ! human problem !y _h set  
be=e !m4 ,_! enemies h n be5 sl[ to note
 su* weakness & mi/ake2 & p]haps x may  
s]ve to cle> up misconceptions1 p]haps x
 may s]ve to less5 cant & op5 ! way =   
fre% & vigor\s ?\ght1 if we %all once   
conv9ce ourselves t altruism _c be !    
rule ( life2 t its logical result is !  
dw>f+ ( ! individual man2 & t n by !    
dea? ( human p]sonality c we hope to    
bani% ! evils ( our day1 & to realize ! 
ideal ( all exi/5ce1 a nobl] or pur]    
life4