,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ebj ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #ai1 #ahhe ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,no4 #ebj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,etc4--,/eel ,/ructures4--,be/ use ( diff]5t grades ( /eel4--,f a pap] by ,mr4 ,,jas4 ,,*ri/ie4 ,natural ,gas ,fuel & its ,application to ,manufactur+3 ,purposes4--,pap] read be=e ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute by ,mr4 ,,&rew ,,c>negie4--,fir/ use ( ! gas4--,wells ne> ,pittsburg4--,ext5t ( t]ritory und]la9 ) gas4--,co/ ( pip+4--,analyses (natural gas4 ,a ,gas ,eng9e ,wat] ,supply ,al>m4--#a figure4 ,! ,wat] ,supply ( ,anci5t ,roman ,cities4--,an address by ,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,,corfield4--,aqu$ucts = ! supply ( ,borne4--,! aqu$uct bridge ,pont du ,g>d4--,! supply ( ,lyons4--,con/ruction ( und]gr\nd aqu$ucts4 ,/eam ,eng9e ,economy4--,by ,*ief ,eng9e] ,j4 ,,l[e1 ,u4,s4,n4--,) diagram4 ,! ,ela/ic ,limit 9 ,metals4--,selection ( wire = susp5sion bridges1 etc4 ,prices ( ,metals 9 #ahgd & #ahhd4--,) table4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology4--,a ,me?od ( ,measur+ ! ,absolute ,s5sitiv5ess ( ,photographic ,dry ,plates4--,by ,wm4 ,h4 ,,pick]+4--,f ! proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,sold]+ & ,repair+ ,plat9um ,vessels 9 ! ,laboratory4--,by ,j4,w4 ,,pratt4 ,! ,helicoidal or ,wire ,/one ,saw inv5t$ by ,m4,p4 ,,gay4--,) engrav+ ( qu>ry %[+ application ( saw1 & #e figures4 ,portable ,prospect+ ,drill & ,automatic ,safety ,ge> %[n at ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition4--,) #b engrav+s4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,electricity 9 ,w>f>e4--,by ,lieut5ant ,b4,a4 ,,fiske1 ,u4,s4,n4--,electrical torp$oes4--,torp$o detect]4--,milit>y telegraphy & telephony4--,electricity = fir+ great guns4--,arrangem5t ( wires = lights4--,! se>* light4--,inc&esc5t lamps = sight signal+4--,electrical laun*es4--,an electric sight4 ,meucci's ,claims to ! ,telephone4--,) description ( 8 in/rum5t & #aj figures4 ,an ,electric ,c5trifugal ,ma*9e = ,laboratories4--,by ,,alex4 ,,watt4--,f pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association4--#a figure4 ,transmission ( ,p[] by ,electricity4--,exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,,m>cel ,,deprez4 ,,iv4 ,,art ,,& ,,ar*itecture4--,quadriga = ! ,new ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t at ,vi5na4--,an engrav+4 ,glaz$ ,w>e ,f9ial4--,) engrav+4 ,hotel de ,ville1 ,/4 ,qu5t94--,) engrav+4 ,fire ,doors 9 ,mills4--,f a lecture be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute by ,c4,j4 ,,hexam]4 ,v4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,etc4--,pres]vation ( ,insects4 ,an ,accompli%$ ,p>rot4 ,! ,rosc(f ,zoological ,laboratory4--,! build+s & rooms4--,! aqu>ium4--,c\rse ( /udy4 ,! ,murn at ! ,b]l9 ,aqu>ium4--,) engrav+4 ,metamorphosis ( ,arctic ,insects4 ,,vi4 ,,m$ic9e4 ,,etc4--,a ,ye>'s ,sci5tific ,progress 9 ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,diseases4--,by ,pr(4 ,l4,a4 ,,m]riam4--,report to ! ,nebraska ,/ate ,m$ical ,society4 ,sc>+ ! ,baby ,out4 ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,wage ,e>n]s & _! ,h\ses4--,manufactur]s z l&lords4--,exp]im5ts ( ,pullman1 ,ow51 ,peabody1 & o!rs4 ,! ,lock$ & ,cord$ ,box ,trick1 ) ,directions = mak+ ! ,box4--,by ,d ,b4 ,,adamson4--#i figures4 ,a ,p]petual ,cal5d>4--,) engrav+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,insects4 ,to remove ! v]digris :i* =ms ^u ! p9s1 ! p9n$ insects %\ld be imm]s$ 9 b5z9e & left !re = a "t2 sev]al h\rs is g5]ally long en\gh4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ?is ba? _c be too highly recomm5d$ = beetles :i* h be5 r5d]$ unrecognizable by grease1 especially :5 du/ has be5 mix$ ) ! grease4 ,?is imm]sion1 ( v>iable duration accord+ to circum/ances1 w re/ore to ^! insects1 h[ev] bad !y h become1 all _! brilliancy & all _! fir/ fre%ness1 & ! effloresc5ces ( cupric oxide w n reappe>4 ,?is prev5tive & curative me?od is also readily applicable to beetles glu$ ^u pap] :i* h become greasy2 plunge !m into b5z9e 9 ! same way1 & z ! gum is insoluble 9 ! liquid1 !y rema9 fa/5$ to _! supports4 ,pru9ose beetles1 :i* are few 9 numb]1 are ! only ones t b5z9e c alt]2 ! o!rs1 :i* are glabr\s1 pubesc5t1 or scaly1 c only ga9 by ! process1 & !y w always make a good %[ 9 ! collection4--,a4 ,dubois 9 ,feuille des jeunes naturati/es1 ,m>*1 #ahhe1 p4 #ga4--,psy*e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,quadriga ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,h\se ,,( ,,p>liam5t1 ,,at ,,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,quadriga ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,h\se ,,( ,,p>liam5t1 ,,at ,,vi5na4 ,! new ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t at ,vi5na is kn[n z "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( pure ,greek ar*itecture erect$ 9 ?is c5tury2 & ?r\gh\t ! entire build+ great pa9s h be5 tak5 to ornam5t ! same z elaborately z is consi/5t ) good ta/e4 ,! ma9 build+s are provid$ ) corn] pavilions1 ! atticas ( :i* project ov] ! ro(s1 & ^! atticas & o!r p>ts ( ! build+s are to be surm\nt$ by quadrigas1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! annex$ cut1 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,?is gr\p 0 model$ by ,v4 ,pilz1 ( ,vi5na1 & repres5ts a w+$ goddess 9 a *>iot drawn by f\r spirit$ /e$s h>ness$ abrea/4 ,%e holds a wrea? 9 h] rais$ "r h&1 & h] left h& is repres5t$ z hold+ ! l9es = guid+ ! horses4 ,! gr\p is full ( expression & life1 & w add greatly to ! beauty ( ! build+ to be surm\nt$ by x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ronge/ wood 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,s>g5t1 is t ( ! nutmeg hickory ( ! ,arkansas region1 & ! weake/ ! ,we/ ,indian bir* 7,rur seva74 ,! mo/ ela/ic is ! tam>ack1 ! :ite or %ellb>k hickory /&+ f> bel[ x4 ,! lea/ ela/ic & ! l[e/ 9 specific gravity is ! wood ( ! ,ficus aurea4 ,! highe/ specific gravity1 ^u :i* 9 g5]al dep5ds value z fuel1 is atta9$ by ! bluewood ( ,texas 7,condalia obovata74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,glaz$ ,,w>e ,,f9ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glaz$ ,,w>e ,,f9ial4 ,?is gr& #af? c5tury f9ial is a f9e example ( ,fr5* c]amic w>e1 or glaz$ t]racotta1 & x is illu/rat$ bo? by geometrical elevation & a cross sectional draw+4 ,?is latt] %[s ! clev] build+ up ( ! /ructure by means ( a s]ies ( five pieces1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 & kept rigid by means ( a /\t wr\ght-iron upright 9 ! c5t]1 bolt$ on to ! ridge1 & /rapp$ d[n on ! hip pieces4 ,its outl9e is well design$ = effect :5 se5 at a di/ance or f bel[1 & its glaz$ surface height5s ! arti/ic color+s1 giv+ x a brilliant "* 9 ! sunlight1 z well z protect+ ! w>e f ! action ( smoke & wea!r4--,build4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wage ,,e>n]s ,,& ,,_! ,,h\ses4 ,,manufactur]s ,,z ,,l&lords4 ,among ! m prom95t movem5ts ( ! day = ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( ! work+ m5 are ^? :i* are gr[+ into fa%ion ) l>ge manufactur+ incorporations4 ,_! promise lies imm$iately 9 ! fact t !y call = no new convictions ( political economy1 & h5ce h no?+ di/urb+ or revolution>y ab\t !m4 ,accept+ ! usages & economical pr9ciples ( indu/rial life1 z ! progress ( bus9ess has develop$ !m1 an increas+ numb] ( l>ge manufactur]s h deem$ x to _! int]e/ n only to furni% %ops & ma*9]y = _! op]atives1 b dwell+s z well1 & 9 "s in/ances ! equipm5ts ( village life1 su* z s*ools1 *apels1 libr>ies1 lecture & conc]t halls1 & a regime ( morals & sanitation4 ,probably ! mo/ exp5sive inve/m5t ( ?is sort 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if n 9 ! _w1 by any s+le company1 is t ( ,pullman1 on ,lake ,calumet1 a few miles s\? ( ,*icago1 an ent]prise z yet sc>cely five ye>s old4 ,x is by no means a novel und]tak+1 except 9 ! magnitude1 ?or\ghness1 & unity ( ! s*eme4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! manag]s ( ! ,lonsdale ,mills1 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 7 erect+ cottages on a uni=m plan & ma9ta9+ s*ools & religi\s s]vices = _! op]atives4 ,m rec5t b m ext5sive is ! village ( ! ,ponemah ,cotton ,mill1 ne> ,taftville1 ,conn4 ,^! are illu/rations m]ely ( simil> inve/m5ts ^u a small] scale else:]e4 ,b ! ,european examples are old]1 su* z ,rob]t ,ow5's exp]im5t at ,new ,lan>k 9 ,scotl&1 ,saltaire 9 ,york%ire1 ,dollfuss' ,mulhaus5 ,qu>t] 9 ,alsace1 & ,m4 ,god9's community 9 ! ,fr5* village ( ,guise1 :i* are among ! m famili> in/ances ( inve/m5ts orig9ally made on bus9ess pr9ciples1 ) a view to ! improv$ conditions ( workm54 ,new ,lan>k fail$ z a comm]cial community ?r\gh ! vision>y "* ( its f\nd]2 ! ,god9 works at ,guise h pass$ into ! co-op]ative phase )9 ! pa/ five ye>s1 b ,saltaire & ,mulhaus5 /ill reta9 _! propriet>y bus9ess features4 ,! class ( v5tures ( :i* ^! in/ances are b ! m conspicu\s examples has peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,!y diff] f ! ,peabody & ,wat]l[ build+s ( ,london1 describ$ 9 ,brad/reet's la/ ,augu/1 f ,/>r's ,philadelphia dwell+s1 & f ! op]ations ( ! ,improv$ ,dwell+s ,association ( ,new ,york 9 ^! p>ticul>s3 ! latt] are f9ancially a pure "q ( direct inve/m5t2 are ma9ly conc]n$ ) life among ! poor ( cities1 &1 :atev] philan?ropy may be 9 _! motive1 are capable ( adaptation to any class ( citiz5s4 ,! =m]1 :ile inve/m5ts also1 are composite1 ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ be+ associat$ ) t ( r5t collect+ & %>+ its pr(its & losses2 _! field ( op]ations is almo/ inv>iably rural1 & t5ancy is re/rict$ to ! employes ( ! proprietor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y diff] f all co-op]ative & sociali/ic communities 9 t !y are an adaptation to exi/+ circum/ances1 propose to demon/rate no new !ories ( economics1 are free f all religi\s bonds1 d n dep5d on any unity ( op9ion1 & d n t\* ! "q ( ! prop] di/ribution ( weal?4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 no new ?+ = own]s ( l>ge factories1 p>ticul>ly 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 to furni% t5em5ts = _! op]atives1 & (t5times x is q indisp5sable t !y %\ld1 because !re w\ld o!rwise be no accommodation = _! workm54 ,:at is rec5t & exceptional is ! spread ( ! belief t x pays to make ! accommodations furni%$ heal?ful1 conv5i5t1 & attractive4 ,! s\rces ( pr(it f ?is c>eful provision are ^!3 ! proprietors h control ( ! t]ritory1 & are able to prescribe regulations :i* keep out ! saloon & disreputable *>act]s1 & at once !re is a sav+ 9 police & c\rt & poor taxes2 = ! same reason ! workm5 are m regul> & /eady 9 _! labor1 = !re is no ,/4 ,monday holiday1 nor confus$ head & unc]ta9 h&2 ! t5ants are bett] able to pay _! r5ts1 & :5 _! l&lord & employ] are ! same p]son1 he collects 8 r5t out ( ! wages2 ! sup]ior accommodations & m settl$ employm5t act /rongly aga9/ labor /rikes4 ,x w be se5 t ! l>g] & bett] product ( labor is a great factor 9 ! pr(itabl5ess ( su* ent]prises1 & t x arises f ! improv$ "* ( ! labor]1 on ! same pr9ciple t a f>m]'s /ock pays him be/ :5 x is ( good bre$1 is w>mly h\s$1 & well f$4 ,aga9/ ! op]ations ( ! ,london ,peabody & ,wat]l[ funds x has be5 alleg$ t !y dispossess ! poor %iftless t5ant & br+ 9 a new class1 s t !y d n improve ! condition ( _! t5ants1 b af=d opportunity = bett] ones to *eap5 ! price ( _! accommodations4 ,! manufactur+ l&lord _c :olly d ?is1 because ! fir/ ?+ he has to consid] is :e!r ! applicant = a dwell+ is a good workman1 n :e!r he c be tru/$ = 8 r5t4 ,8 labor he mu/ h4 ,8 outlook is to make t labor wor? m to him1 by plac+ x 9 ! be/ atta9able surr\nd+s4 ,c ?is be done8 ,if s1 ! ends ( humanity are answ]$ z well z ! purse fill$1 = bo? int]e/s correspond4 ,mr4 ,pullman1 :o f\nd$ ! ent]prise on ,calumet ,lake1 has utt]$ s5tim5ts l ^!1 & has prov$ t 9 ?is in/ance x does pay to make 8 workm5's families com=table1 & secure f sickness & temptation4 ,z a f9ancial op]ation ,pullman is pr(itable4 ,!re are n[ #a1gjj dwell+s1 ei!r sep>ate or 9 ap>tm5t h\ses1 9 ?is t[n1 :]e five ye>s ago ! prairie /ret*$ on e side unbrok54 ,e t5em5t is connect$ ) common sew]age1 wat]1 & gas sy/ems1 9 :i* ! mo/ sci5tific pr9ciples & exp]t skill h be5 appli$4 ,! price ( t5em5ts ranges f #e p] mon? = two rooms 9 an ap>tm5t h\se to #af = a sep>ate dwell+ ( five rooms2 b !re is a diff]5t class ( h\ses = cl]ks1 sup]9t5d5ts1 & ov]se]s4 ,! av]age price p] room is #c4cj a mon?1 or ne>ly twelve p] c5t4 high] ?an 9 ,massa*usetts manufactur+ t[ns1 :]e x is #b4hf4 ,tak+ ea* t5em5t at an av]age ( ?ree rooms1 ?is rate w pay six p] c5t4 on an inve/m5t ( #c1adj1jjj1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt taxes & repairs1 or say six p] c5t4 on #c1jjj1jjj4 ,b "o s\rce ( pr(it ( great mom5t mu/ n be ov]look$1 & x is ! appreciation ( real e/ate by ! increase ( population4 ,?is is a small factor 9 a great city1 at lea/ s f> z conc]ns ! humbl] grade ( dwell+s1 b 9 ! c\ntry x is enorm\s4 ,a tract ( l& :i* has be5 a f>m becomes a village ( f #a1jjj to #aj1jjj inhabitants4 ,its value advances by leaps & b\nds4 ,at ,pullman1 9 addition to ! %ops & dwell+s1 !re are trees & turf-bord]$ malls & squ>es1 a *ur*1 a !at]1 a free libr>y ) read+ rooms1 a public hall1 a m>ket h\se1 provid$ at ! exp5se ( ! company4 ,liquor c only be sold at ! hotel to its gue/s1 & !n "u re/rictions4 ,!re is a sy/em ( public s*ools "u a bo>d ( education1 :i* is ab\t ! only civic organization1 /rictly speak+1 9 ! community4 ,"o man suffices = police duty1 & he made b fifte5 arre/s 9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,x is report$ t ! dea? rate s f>1 includ+ ! mortality f accid5ts1 has be5 "u sev5 9 #a1jjj p] annum4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! rate is a small fraction ov] #bb 9 #a1jjj4 ,! vital /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ a small] mortality ?an ?is1 b !y are r5d]$ abnormal by ! heavy immigration :i* p\rs into ! c\ntry4 ,emigrants are1 9 ! language ( insurance m51 a select$ class4 ,!y are usually at ! mo/ vigor\s "t ( life & ( h>die/ & mo/ ent]pris+ _s4 ,!y leave beh9d !m ! v "y & ! old & ^? enfeebl$ by disease or habits4 ,to ?is cause mu/ be attribut$ 9 "p ! exceptional record ( ,pullman 9 dea? rate1 z x is a new t[n4 ,yet !re c be no "q t ! sanit>y conditions ( ! place are excell5t4 ,x is difficult 9 mix$ ent]prises ( ?is nature to tell :at ! rate ( pr(it ^u ! t5em5t "p ( ! bus9ess is1 s9ce ! r5tal & ! factory react ^u ea* o!r2 b 9 ! ,am]ican in/ances quot$ 9 ?is article ! inve/m5t z a :ole is remun]ative4 ,9 ! ,god9 op]ations at ,guise1 :i* h be5 co-op]ative = ! la/ five ye>s1 ! capital is put at #a1cbj1jjj1 & ! net e>n+s h av]ag$ dur+ t "t #bjd1fdj p] annum1 or #ae p] c5t4 ,at ,pullman a dem& has aris5 on ! "p ( ! t5ants = a *ance to acquire proprietor%ip 9 _! homes2 & :ile ! company has )held ! privilege f its orig9al pur*ase ( #c1ejj acres1 x has b\ght adjo9+ l&1 :]e x (f]s to advance money = build+1 & to take pay 9 mon?ly in/allm5ts4 ,?is assimilates s mu* ( ! ent]prise to t at ,mulhaus51 & %[s ! drift t[>d a co-op]ative phase ( capital & labor4 ,inde$1 ?is t5d5cy w probably prove to be /rongly *>act]i/ic ( all simil> s*emes z fa/ z !y atta9 to any magnitude4 ,t5d5cies :i* c be resi/$ 9 communities ( few hundr$s become ov]p[]+ :5 ! population rises into ?\s&s4 ,b f ! purely comm]cial po9t ( view1 ?is drift is h>dly to be deprecat$1 s long z ! op]ation ( sell+ h\ses returns ! capital & int]e/ safely4 ,projects ( ?is nature g f> t[>d modify+ ! /ress ( antagonisms betwe5 labor & capital1 because if !y are successful ^! are h>moniz$ to an appreciable ext5t1 & ?is gives public int]e/ to !m4 ,! ev5tual adju/m5t mu/ come1 n f convictions ( duty1 doctr9aire op9ions1 or s5tim5ts ( sympa?y1 b on bus9ess pr9ciples1 & x is a sure /ep 9 advance to %[ t self-int]e/ & philan?ropy are 9 accord4 ,h[ great ! field = exp]im5ts ( ?is nature is 9 ! ,unit$ ,spates may be ga!r$ f ! c5sus ( #ahhj1 :i* %[s #b1gah1hje p]sons employ$ 9 ! indu/rial e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry1 ) an annual production ( #e1hdb1jjj1jjj1 & a capital ( ne>ly half t am\nt4 ,( ^! h&s & values ne>ly two-?irds belong to ! nor? ,atlantic ,/ates1--,brad/reet's4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hotel ,,de ,,ville1 ,,/4 ,,qu5t94 ,?is *>m+ build+ has an uncommonly well-design$ facade1 picturesque 9 ! extreme1 ri* 9 detail1 & ?or\ghly dignifi$4 ,we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,levy1 ( ,p>is1 = ! loan ( ,m4 ,g>5's spirit$ et*+1 f :i* our illu/ration is tak54 ,! arcad$ piazza on ! gr\nd /ory1 ! ni*e-spac$ ti] ( trac]i$ w9d[s on ! fir/ floor1 ! flamboyant panel$ cornice /age1 & ! ?ree cr[n+ gables ov] x unite 9 "o h>moni\s conception1 ! :ole elevation be+ f9i%$ by a c5tral t[]1 :ile at ei!r end ( ! facade two massively treat$ buttresses furni% a satisfactory inclos+ l9e1 & give m ?an a sugge/ion ( massiv5ess1 s necess>y to r5d] an arcad$ front l ?is q complete )9 itself2 o!rwise x mu/ m or less appe> to be only "p ( a l>g] build+4 ,! /yle is ,late ,go?ic1 design$ :5 ! fir/ influ5ce ( ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance 0 beg9n+ to be felt ?r\gh ,france z well z ,belgium1 & 9 sev]al respects ! design has a ,flemi% "* ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hotel ,,de ,,ville1 ,,/4 ,,qu5t94 ,/4 ,qu5t9 is situat$ on ! ,goy1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,cotes du ,nord1 & ! t[n is seat$ 9 a picturesque valley "s t5 miles ,s4,s4,w4 ( ! capital1 ,/ ,brieuc1 :i* is a bi%op's see1 & has a small h>bor ne> ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & ab\t ?irty miles f ,/4 ,malo4--,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fire ,,doors ,,9 ,,mills4 ,footnote3 ,f a lecture be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute by ,c4 ,john ,hexam]4 ,!re are few p>ts 9 fire con/ruction :i* are ( s mu* importance1 & g5]ally s little und]/ood1 z fire doors4 ,in/ances ( ! faulty con/ruction ( ^!1 ev5 by good build]s & ar*itects1 may daily be se54 ,iron doors ov] wood5 sills1 ) ! floor+ bo>ds ext5d+ ?r\gh f "o build+ to ! o!r1 are common occurr5ces4 ,we frequ5tly f9d o!rwise good doors hung on wood5 jambs by ord9>y screws4 ,slid+ doors are frequ5tly hung on to woodwork1 & all atta*m5ts are frequ5tly s arrang$ t !y w\ld be 9 a v %ort "t de/roy$ by fire1 & cause ! door to fall4 ,9 case ( fire1 a solid iron door (f]s no resi/ance to w>p+4 ,9 an iron l9$ door1 on ! contr>y1 ! t5d5cy ( ! %eet iron to w>p is resi/$ by ! int]ior wood1 & :5 ?is burns into *>coal1 x /ill resi/s all w>p+ t5d5cies4 ,i h se5 heavily brac$ solid iron doors w>p$ & turn$ aft] a fire1 hav+ prov$ !mselves utt]ly wor?less4 ,x is ne$less to say t :5 wood5 doors are l9$1 !y %\ld be l9$ on bo? sides2 b frequ5tly we f9d s-call$ firepro( doors l9$ on "o side only4 ,good doors are frequ5tly block$ up ) /ock & o!r mat]ial1 s t 9 case ( fire !y c\ld n be clos$ )\t great ex]tion2 or !y h be5 all[$ to get out ( ord]1 s t 9 case ( fire !y are useless4 ,?is has be5 s common t x has giv5 rise to ! jocul> expression ( insurance m51 :5 !y are told t a fire door exi/s betwe5 ! two build+s1 ,w>rant$ to be op5 9 case ( fire4 ,! /ricte/ regulations %\ld exi/ 9 reg>d to clos+ ! fire doors nightly4 ,frequ5tly we f9d t al?\gh ! fire door1 & its diff]5t p>ts1 are correctly made1 !re are op5+s 9 ! wall :i* w\ld all[ ! fire to travel f "o build+ to ! o!r1 su* z unprotect$ belt & %aft holes4 ,t a fire door may be effective1 x mu/ be hung to ! only op5+ 9 ! wall4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep joi/s f ext5d+ too f> into ! wall1 s z n to t\* ! joi/s ( ! adjac5t build+1 :i* w\ld transmit ! flames f "o build+ to ! o!r 9 case ( fire4 ,a good /one sill %\ld be plac$ "u ! door1 & ! floor !reby entirely cut4 ,sills %\ld be rais$ ab\t "o & a half in*es above ! level ( ! floor1 9 ord] to accompli% ! necess>y flood+ ( ! same4 ,if /ock mu/ be :eel$ f "o build+ to ! o!r1 ! sill c be readily bevel$ on bo? sides ( ! wall1 all[+ ! :eels to pass readily ov] x4 ,l9tels %\ld consi/ ( good brick ar*es4 ,:5 sw+ doors are us$1 !y %\ld be hung on good iron /aples1 well wall$ into ! masonry1 & ! /aples s arrang$ t ! door w h a t5d5cy to close by its own weight4 ,! door %\ld consi/ ( two lay]s ( good "o & a qu>t] in* bo>ds1 nail$ crosswise1 well nail$ toge!r & brac$1 & !n cov]$ ) %eet iron nail$ on1 or if ( %eet t91 flang$1 sold]$1 & nail$4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to ins]t pl5ty ( nails1 n only along ! edge ( ! door1 b crosswise 9 all directions4 ,i h se5 cases1 :]e ! entire cov]+ _h be5 ripp$ (f ?r\gh ! w>p+ t5d5cies ( ! %eet iron4 ,! h+es on ^! doors %\ld be good /rap h+es1 tightly fa/5$ to ! door by bolts ext5d+ ?r\gh x1 & secur$ by nuts on ! o!r side4 ,good lat*es :i* keep ! door 9 position :5 clos$ %\ld always be provid$4 ,9 no case %\ld ! door be provid$ ) a spr+ lock :i* _c be freely op5$1 z employes might !reby be conf9$ 9 a burn+ room4 ,slid+ doors %\ld be hung on wr\ght iron runways1 fa/5$ tightly to ! wall4 ,wood5 runways iron l9$1 :i* we frequ5tly see1 are n good1 z ! *>r+ ( ! wood 9 ! int]ior causes !m to weak5 & ! doors to drop4 ,runways %\ld be on an incl9e1 s t ! door :5 n held op5 w close itself4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h a /op provid$ 9 ! runway1 s t ! doors may n1 z ,i h frequ5tly se5 !m1 ov]run ! op5+ :i* x is to protect4 ,doors %\ld ov]lap ! edges ( ! op5+s on all sides4 ,l>ge project+ jambs %\ld nev] be us$4 ,all doors conta9$ 9 fire walls %\ld h spr+s or weights atta*$ to !m1 s z to be at all times clos$4 ,fire doors c be %ut automatically by a weight1 :i* is releas$ by ! melt+ ( a piece ( v fusible sold] employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,s s5sitive is ?is sold] t a fire door has be5 made to %ut by hold+ a lamp "s di/ance b5ea? ! sold]$ l9k & hold+ an op5 h&k]*ief betwe5 ! lamp & l9k4 ,?\gh ! h&k]*ief 0 n *>r$1 hot air en\gh _h rea*$ ! metal to fuse ! sold] & all[ ! app>atus to />t into op]ation4 ,^! sold]s are alloys m fusible ?an ! mo/ fusible ( _! compon5t metals4 ,a few ( !m are3 ,wood's alloy1 consi/+ (3 cadmium1 #a to #b p>ts2 t91 #b p>ts2 lead1 #d p>ts2 bismu?1 #g to #h p>ts4 ,?is alloy is fusible betwe5 #aej & #aei ,fahr4 ,! fusible metal ( ,d',arcet is compos$ (3 bismu?1 #h p>ts2 lead1 #e p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts4 ,x melts at #agc4c4 ,we c1 !re=e1 by prop] mixture1 =m a sold] :i* w melt at any desirable temp]ature4 ,num]\s devices = clos+ doors automatically h be5 con/ruct$1 all dep5d+ ^u ! use ( ! fusible sold] cat*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eel ,,/ructures4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,philadelphia1 ,mr4 ,james ,*ri/ie pres5t$ a pap] ^u ,! ,adaptation ( ,/eel to ,/ructural ,"w4 ,! price ( /eel has n[ fall5 s l[1 z comp>$ ) iron1 t its increas$ use w be actively /imulat$ z ! build+ indu/ries revive4 ,! grades & prop]ties ( ! /eels are s di/9ct & v>i\s t op9ions diff] mu* z to ! adaptability ( ea* grade = a special purpose4 ,hi!rto1 eng9e]s h favor$ op5 he>? /eel on acc\nt ( uni=mity1 b rec5t results obta9$ f ,bessem] /eel t5d to place ei!r make on equality4 ,! seem+ t5d5cy is to specify :at ! physical prop]ties %all be1 & n h[ ! /eel %all be made4 ,= boil] & %ip plates1 ! milde/ & mo/ ductile /eel is favor$4 ,= %ips' frames & beams1 a h>d] /eel1 up to #ge1jjj p\nds t5acity1 is frequ5tly us$4 ,= t5sion memb]s ( bridges1 /eel ( #fe1jjj to #ge1jjj p\nds t5acity is usually specifi$2 & = compression memb]s1 #hj1jjj to #ij1jjj p\nds4 ,9 ! ,=? ,bridge1 compression /eel is limit$ to #ge1jjj to #hb1jjj p\nds4 ,su* a m>k$ advantage occurs f ! use ( high t5sion /eel 9 compression memb]s1 & ! dang] ( sudd5 failure ( a prop]ly made /rut is s little1 t future practice w favor ! use ( h>d /eel 9 compression1 unless ! mat]ial %\ld prove untru/wor?y4 ,9 columns1 ev5 z long z =ty diamet]s1 /eel ( #ij1jjj p\nds t5acity w exce$ ! milde/ /eel #ce p] c5t41 or iron #ej p] c5t41 9 compressive resi/ance4 ,! pres5t unc]ta9ty consi/s l>gely z to h[ high-t5sion /eel w endure ! manipulation usual ) iron )\t injury4 ,a few exp]im5ts 7 rec5tly made by ! writ] on rivet$ /ruts ( bo? mild & h>d /eel1 :i* _h be5 pun*$1 /raight5$1 & rivet$1 z usual ) iron1 b no indication ( det]ioration 0 f\nd4 ,/eel ca/+s are n[ made entirely tru/wor?y = t5sile work+ /resses ( #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,9 "s portable ma*9]y1 an int]mitt5t t5sile /ress is appli$ ( #ae1jjj p\nds1 sometimes ris+ to #bj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section1 )\t any evid5ce ( weakness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,equal volumes ( amyl alcohol 7rectifi$ fusel oil7 & pure conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 %ak5 toge!r 9 a te/ tube1 unite to =m a s+le colorless liquid2 if "o volume ( b5z9e 7f petroleum7 be add$ to ?is1 & ! tube well %ak51 ! cont5ts w soon sep>ate into ?ree di/9ct colorless fluids1 ! planes ( dem>kation be+ cle>ly disc]nible by transmitt$ light4 ,drop into ! tube a p>ticle ( acid mag5ta2 aft] aga9 %ak+ ! liquids toge!r1 ! l[] two zones w pres5t diff]5t %ades ( r$1 :ile ! sup]natant hydroc>bon w rema9 )\t color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,measur+ ,,! ,,absolute ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,( ,,photographic ,,dry ,,plates4 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4--,am]4 ,j\r4 ,by ,,william ,h4 ,,pick]+4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! subject ( dry plate photography has ,increas$ v rapidly1 n only 9 g5]al popul>ity1 b also 9 importance 9 reg>d to its applications to o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,num]\s plate manufactur]s h sprung up 9 ?is c\ntry z well z abroad1 & ea* naturally claims all ! good qualities = 8 own plates4 ,x !re=e seem$ desirable t "s te/s %\ld be made :i* w\ld det]m9e def9itely ! validity ( ^! claims1 & t !y %\ld be made 9 su* a mann] t o!r p]sons us+ in/rum5ts simil>ly con/ruct$ w\ld be able to obta9 ! same results4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important te/s ne$$ are 9 reg>d to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plates4 ,mo/ plate mak]s use ! wet plates z _! /&>d1 giv+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! dry plates at f two to sixty times great]2 b z wet plates v>y q z mu* z dry ones1 dep5d+ on ! collodion1 condition ( ! ba?1 etc41 ?is sy/em is v unsatisfactory4 ,ano!r me?od1 employ$ l>gely 9 ,engl&1 dep5ds on ! use ( ! ,w>n]ke s5sitomet]4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! light f a tablet coat$ ) lum9\s pa9t j aft] be+ expos$ to a magnesium light is p]mitt$ to %9e ?r\gh a color$ transp>5t film ( graduat$ d5sity ^u ! plate to be te/$4 ,ea* degree on ! film has a numb]1 &1 aft] a giv5 exposure1 ! la/ numb] photograph$ on ! plate repres5ts ! s5sitiv5ess on an empirical scale4 ,!re are two or ?ree objections to ?is in/rum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! light-giv+ p[] ( ! lum9\s tablet is liable to v>iations1 &1 if left 9 a w>m1 moi/ place1 x rapidly det]iorates4 ,aga91 x has be5 %[n by ,capta9 ,abney t plates s5sitiz$ by iodides1 bromides1 & *lorides1 :i* may be equally s5sitive to :ite light1 are n equally affect$ by ! light emitt$ by ! pa9t2 ! bromides be+ ! mo/ rapidly d>k5$1 ! *lorides next1 & ! iodides lea/ ( all4 ,! in/rum5t is !re=e applicable only to te/+ plates s5sitiz$ ) ! same salts4 ,9 ?is inve/igation x 0 fir/ %[n t ! plates mo/ s5sitive = "o color$ light 7 n necess>ily ! mo/ s = light ( ano!r color4 ,!re=e x 0 evid5t t ! sun mu/ be us$ z ! ultimate s\rce ( light1 & x 0 conclud$ to employ ! light reflect$ f ! sky ne> ! z5i? z ! direct s\rce4 ,b z ?is w\ld v>y 9 brilliancy f day to day1 x 0 necess>y to use "s me?od :i* w\ld avoid ! employm5t ( an absolute /&>d ( light4 ,x is evid5t t we may escape ! use ( ?is tr\blesome /&>d1 if we c obta9 "s mat]ial :i* has a p]fectly uni=m s5sitiv5ess2 = we may !n /ate ! s5sitiv5ess ( our plates 9 t]ms ( ?is sub/ance1 reg>dless ( ! brilliancy ( our s\rce4 ,! fir/ mat]ial tri$ 0 :ite filt] pap]1 salt$ & s5sitiz$ 9 a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,?is 0 aft]w>d replac$ by p[d]$ silv] *loride1 *emically pure1 :i* 0 f\nd to be mu* m s5sitive ?an t made f ! comm]cial *emicals4 ,?is p[d] is spread out 9 a ?9 lay]1 9 a long pap] cell1 on a /rip ( glass4 ,! cell measures "o c5timet] broad by t5 9 l5g?4 ,ov] ?is is laid a %eet ( tissue pap]1 & above t a n>r[ /rip ( black pap]1 s arrang$ s z to cov] ! *loride = its full l5g? & half its bread?4 ,^! two pieces ( pap] are pa/$ on to ! "u side ( a n>r[ /rip ( glass :i* is plac$ on top ( ! pap] cell4 ,! app>atus 9 :i* ! exposures are made consi/s ( a box a little ov] a met] 9 l5g?1 clos$ at ! top by a bo>d1 9 :i* is a circul> ap]ture #ae'h cm4 9 diamet]4 ,ov] ?is bo>d may be plac$ a cov]1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is a hole #j4je cm4 9 diamet]1 :i* !re=e lets ?r\gh #j4jjjja z mu* light z ! full ap]ture4 ,! silv] *loride is plac$ a di/ance ( j "o met] f ! l>g] ap]ture1 & ov] x is plac$ ! photographic scale1 :i* might be made ( t9t$ gelat9es1 or1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 con/ruct$ ( long /rips ( tissue pap]1 ( v>y+ wid?s1 & arrang$ l a flight ( /eps2 s t ! light pass+ ?r\gh "o side ( ! scale trav]ses n9e /rips ( pap]1 :ile t ?r\gh ! o!r side trav]ses only "o /rip4 ,ea* /rip cuts (f ab\t "o-six? ( ! light pass+ ?r\gh x1 s t1 tak+ ! middle /rip z unity1 ! /rips on ei!r side tak5 9 ord] w transmit approximately-- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #b4j #a4fe #a4d #a4b #a4j #j4he #j4g #j4f #j4e ,! in/rum5t is n[ po9t$ t[>d ! z5i? = ab\t eight m9utes1 on a day :5 !re is a bright blue sky4 ,on tak+ ! app>atus into ! d>k room & view+ ! impression by gaslight1 x w be f\nd t ! m>k+s1 :i* are q cle> at "o end1 h entirely fad$ out by ! "t ! middle division is rea*$4 ,! la/ division cle>ly m>k$ is not$4 ,five /rips cut f s5sitiz$ glass plates1 t5 c5timet]s long & two & a half 9 wid?1 are n[ plac$ side by side "u ! scale1 9 ! place ( ! *loride4 ,by ?is means we c te/1 if we wi%1 five diff]5t k9ds ( plates at once4 ,! cov] ( ! s5sitomet] conta9+ ! #j4je;cm4 hole is put on1 & ! plates expos$ to sky light = a "t v>y+ any:]e betwe5 tw5ty seconds & ?ree m9utes1 dep5d+ on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plates4 ,! in/rum5t is !n remov$ to ! d>k room1 & ! plates develop$ by imm]s+ !m all at once 9 a solution consi/+ ( f\r p>ts potassium oxalate & "o "p f]r\s sulphate4 ,aft] t5 m9utes !y are remov$1 fix$1 & dri$4 ,_! read+s are !n not$1 & comp>$ ) ^? obta9$ ) ! silv] *loride4 ,! *loride exp]im5t is aga9 p]=m$ z soon z ! plates h be5 remov$1 & ! fir/ result confirm$4 ,) "s plates x is necess>y to make two or ?ree trials be=e ! "r exposure c be f\nd2 b if ! image disappe>s any:]e betwe5 ! second & eigh? divisions1 a satisfactory result may be obta9$4 ,! plates 7 also te/$ us+ gaslight in/ead ( daylight4 ,9 ?is case an ,arg& burn] 0 employ$ burn+ five cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,a diaphragm #a cm4 9 diamet] 0 plac$ close to ! glass *imney1 & ! *loride 0 plac$ at #aj cm4 di/ance1 & expos$ to ! light com+ f ! brighte/ "p ( ! flame1 = t5 h\rs4 ,?is produc$ an impression z f> z ! ?ird division ( ! scale4 ,! plates 7 expos$ 9 ! s5sitomet] z usual1 except t x 0 f\nd conv5i5t 9 sev]al cases to use a l>g] /op1 measur+ #j4caf cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! absolute s5sitiv5ess ( sev]al ( ! be/ kn[n k9ds ( ,am]ican & =eign plates1 :5 develop$ ) oxalate1 9 t]ms ( pure silv] *loride tak5 z a /&>d4 ,z ! numb]s w\ld be v l>ge1 h[ev]1 if ! *loride 7 tak5 z a unit1 x 0 ?\ght bett] to give !m 9 ev5 hundr$ ?\s&s4 ,,s5sitiv5ess ,,( ,,plates4 ,plates4 ,daylight4 ,gaslight4 ,c>butt transp>5cy #j4g 44 ,all5 & ,r[ell #a4c #aej ,ri*>dson /&>d #a4c #aj ,m>%all & ,blair #b4g #adj ,blair in/antane\s #c4j #adj ,c>butt special #d4j #bj ,monroe #d4j #be ,wratt5 & ,wa9wright #d4j #aj ,ea/man special #e4c #cj ,ri*>dson in/antane\s #e4c #bj ,walk] ,reid & ,+lis #aa4j #fjj ,edw>ds #aa4j #bj ,monckhov5 #af4j #abj ,beebe #af4j #bj ,cram] #af4j #abj ,x w be not$ t ! plates mo/ s5sitive to gaslight are by no means necess>ily ! mo/ s5sitive to daylight2 9 sev]al in/ances1 9 fact1 ! rev]se seems to be true4 ,x %\ld be said t ! above figures _c be consid]$ f9al until ea* plate has be5 te/$ sep>ately ) its own develop]1 z ?is w\ld und\bt$ly h "s influ5ce on ! f9al result4 ,mean:ile1 two or ?ree int]e/+ inve/igations naturally sugge/ !mselves2 to det]m9e1 = in/ance1 ! relative act9ism ( blue sky1 haze1 & cl\ds2 also1 ! relative exposures prop] to give at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day1 at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,a some:at prolong$ rese>* w\ld indicate :at effect ! pres5ce ( sunspots _h on sol> radiation--:e!r x 0 increas$ or dim9i%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,natural ,,gas ,,fuel ,,& ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,manufactur+ ,,purposes4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute ( ,london1 ,may #h1 #ahhe4 ,by ,mr4 ,,&rew ,,c>negie1 ,new ,york4 ,9 ^! days ( depression 9 manufactur+1 ! _w ov]1 x is specially *e]+ to be able to dwell ^u some?+ ( a pleasant "*4 ,li/51 !re=e1 :ile ,i tell y ab\t ! natural gas fuel :i* we h rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! ,pittsburg di/rict4 ,t ,pittsburg %\ld h be5 /ill fur!r favor$ 9 ! matt] ( fuel seems r unfair1 = %e has long be5 not$ = ! *eape/ fuel 9 ! _w4 ,! actual co/ ( coal1 to su* z m9e _! own1 has be5 betwe5 #ds4 & #es4 p] ton2 :ile slack1 :i* has always be5 v l>gely us$ = mak+ gas 9 ,siem5s furnaces & "u boil]s1 has rang$ f #bs4 to #bs4 #f;d4 p] ton4 ,"s mills situat$ ne> ! m9es or ^u ! riv]s = _m ye>s receiv$ slack coal at a co/ n exce$+ #as4 #f;d4 p] ton4 ,x is ?is *eap fuel :i* natural gas has come to supplant4 ,x is n[ _m ye>s s9ce ! pump+ eng9es at oil wells 7 fir/ run by gas1 obta9$ 9 small quantities f _m ( ! holes :i* fail$ to yield oil4 ,9 sev]al cases imm5se gas wells 7 f\nd ne> ! oil di/rict2 b "s ye>s elaps$ be=e !re occurr$ to any "o ! idea ( pip+ x to ! ne>e/ manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 :i* 7 ^? ab\t ,pittsburg4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! product ( sev]al gas wells 9 ! ,butl] region 0 pip$ to two mills at ,%>psburg1 five miles f ! city ( ,pittsburg1 & !re us$ z fuel1 b n ) su* triumphant success z to attract mu* att5tion to ! exp]im5t4 ,failures ( supply1 faults 9 ! tub+1 & imp]fect appliances = use at ! mills comb9$ to make ! new fuel tr\blesome4 ,sev5 ye>s ago a company drill$ = oil at ,murraysville1 ab\t eighte5 miles f ,pittsburg4 ,a dep? ( #a1cbj feet _h be5 rea*$ :5 ! drills 7 ?r[n high 9 ! air1 & ! d]rick brok5 to pieces & scatt]$ ar\nd by a trem5d\s explosion ( gas4 ,! ro> ( escap+ gas 0 he>d 9 ,munroville1 five miles di/ant4 ,aft] f\r pipes1 ea* two in*es 9 diamet]1 _h be5 laid f ! m\? ( ! well & ! fl[ direct$ ?r\gh !m1 ! gas 0 ignit$1 & ! :ole di/rict = miles r\nd 0 light$ up4 ,?is valuable fuel1 al?\gh )9 n9e miles ( our /eel-rail mills at ,pittsburg1 0 p]mitt$ to wa/e = five ye>s4 ,x may well be ask$ :y we did n at once secure ! prop]ty & utilize ?is fuel2 b ! bus9ess ( conduct+ x to ! mills & !re us+ x 0 n well und]/ood until rec5tly4 ,besides ?is1 ! co/ ( a l9e 0 !n m ?an d\ble :at x is n[2 we !n e/imat$ t #adj1jjj w\ld be requir$ to introduce ! new fuel4 ,! co/ to-day does n exce$ #a1ejj p] mile4 ,z our coal 0 n co/+ u m ?an #cs4 p] ton ( f9i%$ rails1 ! inducem5t 0 n 9 our op9ion great en\gh to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( s mu* capital & tak+ ! risk ( failure ( ! supply4 ,two ye>s ago m5 :o _h m k ( ! oil-wells ?an ourselves _h suffici5t fai? 9 ! cont9uity ( ! gas supply to (f] to furni% u ) gas = a sum p] ye> equal to t hi!rto annually paid = coal until ! am\nt exp5d$ by !m on pip+ _h be5 repaid1 & aft]w>d at half t sum4 ,x took u ab\t eighte5 mon?s to rec\p ! gas company1 & we are n[ work+ "u ! p]man5t arrangem5t ( "o-half ! previ\s co/ ( fuel on c>s at "w4 ,s9ce our success 9 ! use ( ?is new natural fuel at ! rail mills1 p>ties /ill bold] h inve/$ 9 l9es ( pip+ to ! city ( ,pittsburg1 fifte5 to eighte5 miles f ! wells4 ,! t]ritory und]la9 ) ?is natural gas has n yet be5 cle>ly def9$4 ,at ! pr9cipal field1 t ( ,murraysville 7f :i* mo/ ( ! gas is obta9$ to-day71 ,i f\nd1 ^u my visit to t int]e/+ region la/ autumn1 t n9e wells _h be5 sunk1 & 7 yield+ gas 9 l>ge quantities4 ,"o ( ^! 0 e/imat$ z yield+ #cj1jjj1jjj cubic feet 9 #bd h\rs4 ,?is di/rict lies to ! nor!a/ ( ,pittsburg1 runn+ s\?w>d f x t[>d ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4 ,gas has be5 f\nd ^u a belt av]ag+ ab\t half a mile 9 wid? = a di/ance ( betwe5 f\r & five miles4 ,beyond t aga9 we rea* a po9t :]e salt wat] fl[s into ! wells & dr[ns ! gas4 ,sev]al wells h be5 bor$ ^u ?is belt ne> ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 & h be5 f\nd useless f ?is cause4 ,geologi/s tell u t 9 ?is region a depression ( #fjj feet occurs 9 ! /rata1 b h[ f> ! fault ext5ds has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,wells w no d\bt soon be sunk s\?w>d ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ^u ?is half-mile belt4 ,sw++ r\nd t[>d ! s\?we/1 & ab\t tw5ty miles f ! city1 we rea* ! gas fields ( ,wa%+ton c\nty4 ,! wells s f> /ruck d n appe> to be z /rong z ^? ( ! ,murraysville di/rict1 b x is possible t wells equally productive may be f\nd !re h]eaft]4 ,!re are n[ f\r wells yield+ gas 9 ! di/rict1 & o!rs are be+ drill$4 ,pass+ /ill fur!r to ! we/1 we rea* ano!r gas t]ritory1 f :i* manufactur+ works 9 ,beav] ,falls & ,ro*e/]1 "s tw5ty-eight miles we/ ( ,pittsburg1 receive _! supply4 ,proce$+ ) ! circle we are draw+ 9 imag9ation ar\nd ,pittsburg1 we pass f ! we/ to ! s\?we/ )\t f9d+ gas 9 any consid]able quantity1 until we rea* ! ,butl] gas field1 equidi/ant f ,pittsburg on ! nor?we/1 ) ,wa%+ton c\nty wells on ! s\?we/4 ,proce$+ n[ f ! ,butl] field to ! ,allegh5y ,riv]1 we rea* ! ,t>5tum di/rict1 /ill ab\t tw5ty miles f ,pittsburg1 :i* is supply+ a consid]able portion ( ! gas us$4 ,draw+ ?us a circle ar\nd ,pittsburg1 ) a radius ( fifte5 to tw5ty miles1 we f9d f\r di/9ct gas-produc+ di/ricts4 ,9 ! city ( ,pittsburg itself sev]al wells h be5 bor$2 b ! fault be=e m5tion$ seems to ext5d t[>d ! c5t] ( ! circle1 z salt wat] has ru%$ 9 & r5d]$ ^! wells :olly unproductive1 ?\gh gas 0 f\nd 9 all ( !m4 ,i sp5t a few days v pleasantly la/ autumn driv+ ) "s fri5ds to ! two pr9cipal fields1 ! ,murraysville & ! ,wa%+ton c\nty4 ,9 ! =m] di/rict ! gas ru%es ) su* velocity ?r\gh a #f-;in* pipe1 ext5d+ p]haps #bj feet above ! surface1 t x does n ignite )9 #f feet ( ! m\? ( ! pipe4 ,look+ up into ! cle> blue sky1 y see be=e y a danc+ gold5 fi5d1 )\t visible connection ) ! e>?1 sway$ by ! w9d into fanta/ic %apes1 & :irl+ 9 e direction4 ,z ! gas f ! well /rikes ! c5t] ( ! flame & passes p>tly ?r\gh x1 ! l[] "p ( ! mass curls inw>d1 giv+ rise to ! mo/ beautiful effects ga!r$ into graceful folds at ! bottom--a v]itable pill> ( fire4 ,!re is n a p>ticle ( smoke f x4 ,! gas f ! wells at ,wa%+ton 0 all[$ to escape ?r\gh pipes :i* lay ^u ! gr\nd4 ,look+ d[n f ! roadside ^u ! fir/ well we saw 9 ! valley1 !re appe>$ to be an imm5se circus-r+1 ! v]dure hav+ be5 burnt & ! e>? bak$ by ! flame4 ,! r+ 0 q r\nd1 z ! w9d _h driv5 ! flame 9 "o direction aft] ano!r1 & ! effect ( ! great gold5 flame ly+ prone ^u ! e>?1 sway+ & swirl+ ) ! w9d 9 e direction1 0 mo/ />tl+4 ,! great bea/ ,apollyon1 m9us ! smoke1 seem$ to h come =? f 8 lair aga94 ,! co/ ( pip+ is n[ e/imat$1 at ! pres5t extremely l[ prices1 ) "r ( way1 at #a1fjj /]l+ p] mile1 s t ! co/ ( a l9e to ,pittsburg may be said to be ab\t #bg1jjj /]l+4 ,! co/ ( drill+ is ab\t #a1jjj1 & ! mode ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,a d]rick be+ fir/ erect$1 a #f in* wr\ght-iron pipe is driv5 d[n ?r\gh ! s(t e>? till rock is rea*$ f #ge to #ajj feet4 ,l>ge drills1 weigh+ f #c1jjj to #d1jjj lb41 are n[ br\ght into use2 ^! rise & fall ) a /roke ( #d to #e feet4 ,! fuel to run ^! drills is convey$ by small pipes f adjo9+ wells4 ,an #h-;in* hole hav+ be5 bor$ to a dep? ( ab\t #ejj feet1 a #e-e_/h in* wr\ght-iron pipe is put d[n to %ut (f ! wat]4 ,! hole is !n cont9u$ #f in*es 9 diamet] until gas is /ruck1 :5 a #d-;in* pipe is put d[n4 ,f =ty to sixty days are consum$ 9 s9k+ ! well & /rik+ gas4 ,! l>ge/ well kn[n is e/imat$ to yield ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj cubic feet ( gas 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b half ( ?is may be consid]$ z ! product ( a good well4 ,! pressure ( gas z x issues f ! m\? ( ! well is ne>ly or q #bjj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,"o ( ! gauges :i* ,i exam9$ %[$ a pressure ( #ahg lb4 ,ev5 at works :]e we use ! gas n9e miles f ! well1 ! pressure is #ge lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,at "o ( ! wells1 :]e x 0 desirable to h a supply ( pure wat]1 ,i f\nd a small eng9e work$ by ! direct pressure ( ! gas z x came f ! well2 & an excell5t supply ( wat] 0 ?us obta9$ f a spr+ 9 ! valley4 ,elev5 l9es ( pipe n[ convey gas f ! v>i\s wells to ! manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 & ar\nd ,pittsburg4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! = ! latt] "p ( ! di/ance is #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,sev]al are ( #h in*es ?r\gh\t4 ,! l9es orig9ally laid are #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_m ( ! mills h z yet no appliances = us+ ! gas1 & mu* ( x is /ill wa/$4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! iron & /eel mills ( ! city prop] require fuel equal to #aff1jjj bu%els ( coal p] day2 & ?\gh x is only two ye>s s9ce gas 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,pittsburg1 x has already displac$ ab\t #dj1jjj bu%els ( coal p] day 9 ^! mills4 ,sixty odd glass works1 :i* requir$ ab\t #bj1jjj bu%els ( coal p] day1 mo/ly n[ use ! natural gas4 ,9 ! "w ar\nd ,pittsburg beyond ! city limits1 ! am\nt ( coal sup]s$$ by gas is ab\t equal to t displac$ 9 ! city4 ,! e/imat$ numb] ( m5 ^: labor w be disp5s$ ) 9 ,pittsburg :5 gas is g5]ally us$ is #e1jjj4 ,x is only a "q ( a few mon?s :5 all ! manufactur+ c>ri$ on 9 ! di/rict w be op]at$ ) ! new fuel4 ,z w be se5 f ! analyses app5d$ to ?is pap]1 x is a mu* pur] fuel ?an coal2 & ?is is a quality :i* has prov$ ( great advantage 9 ! manufacture ( /eel1 glass1 & sev]al o!r products4 ,) ! exception ( "o1 & p]haps two conc]ns1 no ef=t has be5 made to economize 9 ! use ( ! new fuel4 ,9 our ,union ,iron ,mills we h atta*$ to ea* puddl+ furnace a small reg5]ative appliance1 by ! aid ( :i* we save a l>ge p]c5tage ( fuel4 ,! gas companies w no d\bt soon require manufactur]s to adopt "s su* appliance4 ,at pres5t1 ow+ to ! fact t !re is a l>ge surplus con/antly go+ to wa/e1 !y all[ ! gas to be us$ to any ext5t desir$4 ,contracts are n[ made to supply h\ses ) gas = all purposes at a co/ equal to t ( ! coal bill = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,9 ! resid5ces ( sev]al ( our p>tn]s no fuel o!r ?an ?is gas is n[ us$1 & ev]ybody :o has appli$ x to dome/ic purposes is delight$ ) ! *ange f ! smoky & dirty bitum9\s coal4 ,"s1 inde$1 g s f> z to say t if ! gas 7 ?ree times z co/ly z ! old fuel1 !y c\ld n be induc$ to g back to ! latt]4 ,x is !re=e q )9 ! region ( probability t ! city1 n[ s black t ev5 ,%effield mu/ be consid]$ clean 9 comp>ison1 may be s revolutioniz$ z to be ! cleane/ manufactur+ c5t] 9 ! _w4 ,a walk ?r\gh our roll+ mills w\ld surprise ! memb]s ( ! ,in/itute4 ,9 ! /eel rail mills = in/ance1 :]e be=e w\ld h be5 se5 ?irty /ok]s /ripp$ to ! wai/1 fir+ boil]s :i* require a supply ( ab\t #djj tons ( coal 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs--n9ety firem5 9 all be+ employ$1 ea* work+ eight h\rs--!y w\ld n[ f9d "o man walk+ ar\nd ! boil] h\se1 simply wat*+ ! wat] gauges1 etc4 ,n a p>ticle ( smoke w\ld be se54 ,9 ! iron mills ! puddl]s h :itewa%$ ! coal bunk]s belong+ to _! furnaces4 ,i ne$ n "h say h[ mu* pleasure x w af=d me to arrange t any fell[ memb]s ( ! ,in/itute :o may visit ! republic are af=d$ an opportunity to see = !mselves ?is late/ & mo/ int]e/+ developm5t ( ! fuel "q4 ,good ,"m ,e>? supplies u ) all ! fuel we c use & m1 & only asks u to lead x "u our boil]s & into our heat+ & puddl+ furnaces1 & apply ! mat*4 ,dur+ ! w9t] sev]al explosions h occurr$ 9 ,pittsburg1 ow+ to ! escape ( gas f pipes improp]ly laid4 ,! fro/ hav+ p5etrat$ ! e>? = sev]al feet & prev5t$ escape upw>d1 ! fre$ gas f\nd its way into ! cell>s ( h\ses1 &1 z x is odorless1 its pres5ce 0 n detect$4 ,?is result$ 9 sev]al al>m+ explosions2 b ! dang] is to be rem$i$ be=e next ye>4 ,l[] pressure w be c>ri$ 9 ! pipes ?r\gh ! city1 & escape pipes lead+ to ! surface w be plac$ along ! surface at frequ5t int]vals4 ,9 ! case ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! gas is l$ into ! mills ov]head1 &1 all ! pipes be+ 9 ! op5 air1 no dang] ( explosion is incurr$4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! report ( a committee1 made to ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s at a rec5t meet+1 gives an idea ( ! value ( ! new fuel3 ,natural gas1 next to hydrog51 is ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! gase\s fuels1 &1 if prop]ly appli$1 "o ( ! mo/ economical1 z v ne>ly its !oretical heat+ p[] c be utiliz$ 9 evaporat+ wat]4 ,be+ s free f all delet]i\s elem5ts1 notably sulphur1 x makes bett] iron1 /eel1 & glass ?an coal fuel4 ,x makes /eam m regul>ly1 z !re is no op5+ ( doors1 & no blank spaces are left on ! grate b>s to let cold air 91 &1 :5 prop]ly arrang$1 regulates ! /eam pressure1 leav+ ! man 9 *>ge no?+ to d b to look aft] ! wat]1 & ev5 t c\ld be accompli%$ if "o c>$ to tru/ to su* a volatile wat]-t5d]4 ,boil]s w la/ long]1 & !re w be few] explosions f unequal expansion & contraction1 due f cold draughts ( air be+ let 9 on hot plates4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made to asc]ta9 ! value ( gas z a fuel 9 comp>ison ) coal 9 g5]at+ /eam1 us+ a retort or boil] ( #db in*es diamet]1 #aj feet long1 ) #d in* tubes4 ,x 0 fir/ fir$ ) select$ ,y\ghiogh5y coal1 brok5 to ab\t #d in* cubes1 & ! furnace 0 *>g$ 9 a mann] to obta9 ! be/ results possible ) ! /ack t 0 atta*$ to ! boil]4 ,n9e p\nds ( wat] evaporat$ to ! p\nd ( coal consum$ 0 ! be/ result obta9$4 ,! wat] 0 measur$ by two met]s1 "o 9 ! suction & ! o!r 9 ! dis*>ge4 ,! wat] 0 f$ into a heat] at a temp]ature ( f #fj to #fb2 ! heat] 0 plac$ 9 ! flue lead+ f ! boil] to ! /ack 9 bo? gas & coal exp]im5ts4 ,9 mak+ ! calculations1 ! /&>d #gf lb4 bu%el ( ! ,pittsburg di/rict 0 us$4 ,six hundr$ & eighty-f\r p\nds ( wat] 7 evaporat$ p] bu%el1 :i* 0 #fj4i p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical value ( ! coal4 ,:]e gas 0 burn$ "u ! same boil]1 b ) a diff]5t furnace1 & tak+ #a lb4 ( gas to be #b4ce cubic feet1 ! wat] evaporat$ 0 f\nd to be #bj4ca lb41 or #hc4d p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical heat units 7 utiliz$4 ,! /eam 0 "u ! atmosph]ic pressure1 !re be+ a l>ge en\gh op5+ to prev5t any back pressure1 ! combu/ion ( bo? gas & coal 0 n hurri$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! l[] r[ ( tubes c\ld be plugg$ & ! same am\nt ( wat] c\ld be evaporat$ ) ! coal2 b ) gas1 by clos+ all ! tubes--on ! end next ! /ack--except en\gh to get rid ( ! products ( combu/ion1 :5 ! pressure on ! walls ( ! furnace 0 ?ree ounces1 & ! fire =c$ to its be/1 x 0 f\nd t v ne>ly ! same results c\ld be obta9$4 ,h5ce x 0 conclud$ t ! mo/ ( ! "w 0 done on ! %ell ( ! boil]4 ,9 no o!r way c ,i give ! memb]s ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute s mu* in=mation 9 reg>d to ?is new fuel z by includ+ 9 ?is pap] a v able communication f ! *ief *emi/ at our ,edg> ,?omson ,/eel ,works1 ,mr4 ,s4,a4 ,=d1 :o is to-day ! highe/ au?ority ^u ! subject3 ,s mu* has be5 claim$ = natural gas z reg>ds ! sup]iority ( its heat+ prop]ties z comp>$ ) coal1 t "s analyses ( ?is gas1 toge!r ) calculations %[+ ! comp>ison betwe5 its heat+ p[] & t ( coal1 may be ( int]e/4 ,^! calculations are1 ( c\rse1 !oretical 9 bo? cases1 & x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! total am\nt ( heat1 ei!r 9 a ton ( coal or #a1jjj cubic feet ( natural gas1 c ev] be fully utiliz$4 ,9 mak+ ^! calculations ,i employ$ z a basis :at 9 my e/imation 0 a gas ( an av]age *emical composition1 z ,i h f\nd t gas f ! same well v>ies cont9ually 9 its composition4 ,?us1 samples ( gas f ! same well1 b tak5 on diff]5t days1 v>y 9 nitrog5 f #bc p] c5t4 to nil1 c>bonic acid f #b p] c5t4 to nil1 oxyg5 f #d p] c5t1 to #j4d p] c5t41 & s ) all ! compon5t gases4 ,be=e giv+ ! !oretical heat+ p[] ( #a1jjj cubic feet ( ?is gas ,i w note a few analyses4 ,! fir/ f\r are ( gas f ! same well2 samples tak5 on ! same day t !y 7 analyz$4 ,! two la/ are f two diff]5t wells 9 ! ,ea/ ,lib]ty di/rict3 ,,analyses ,,( ,,natural ,,gas4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,:5 te/$444444444#aj-bh-hdaj-bi-hdaa-bd-hdab -d-hd #aj-ah-hdaj-be-hd p] ct4 p] ct4 p] ct4 p] ct4 p] ct4 p] ct4 ,c>bonic acid 444444 #j4h #j4f ,nil4 #j4d ,nil4 #j4cj ,c>bonic oxide444444 #a4j #j4h 4#eh #j4d #a4j #j4cj ,oxyg5444 444 444444 #a4a #j4h 4#gh #j4h #b4aj #a4bj ,olefiant gas 4444444 #j4g #j4h #j4ih #j4f #j4hj #j4f ,e?ylic hydride 4444 #c4f #e4e #g4ib #ab4cj #e4bj #d4h ,m>% gas 4444444444 #gb4ah #fe4be #fj4gj #di4eh #eg4he #ge4af ,hydrog5 44444444444 #bj4jb #bf4af #bi4jc #ce4ib #i4fd #ad4de ,nitrog5 44444444444 ,nil4 ,nil4 ,nil4 ,nil4 #bc4da #b4hi ,heat units 444444444#gbh1gdf #fih1heb #fbg1agj #gde1hac #eib1chj #gde1eia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,we w n[ %[ h[ ! natural gas comp>es ) coal1 weight = weight1 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ _m cubic feet ( natural gas conta9 z _m heat units z a giv5 weight ( coal1 say a ton4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is end we w be oblig$1 z ,i h said be=e1 to assume z a basis = our calculations :at ,i consid] a gas ( an av]age *emical composition1 viz43 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bonic acid4444444444444444444444444444 #j4fj ,c>bonic oxide444444444444444444444444444 #j4fj ,oxyg54444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #j4hj ,olefiant gas44444444444444444444444444444 #a4jj ,e?ylic hydride44444444444444444444444444 #e4jj ,m>% gas4444444444444444444444444444444 #fg4jj ,hydrog544444444444444444444444444444444 #bb4jj ,nitrog544444444444444444444444444444444 4 #c4jj ,n[1 by ! specific gravity ( ^! gases we f9d t #ajj lit]s ( ?is gas w weigh #fd4hehe grammes1 ?us3 ,weight1 ,lit]s4 grammes4 ,m>% gas44444444444444444 #fg4j #dh4jbef ,olefiant gas44444444444444 #a4j #a4becd ,e?ylic hydride44444444444 #e4j #f4gbjj ,hydrog5444444444444444444 #bb4j #a4igab ,nitrog5444444444444444444 #c4j #c4gfcb ,c>bonic acid4444444444444 #j4f #a4bbeg ,c>bonic oxide444444444444 #j4f #j4gebf ,oxyg544444444444444444444 #j4h #a4adfh ------- ,total4444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #fd4hehe ,!n1 if we take ! heat units ( ^! gases1 we w f9d3 ,heat units ,grammes4 conta9$4 ,m>% gas4444444444444444 #dh4jbef #fbg1ceh ,olefiant gas4444444444444 #a4becd #ad1iaj ,e?ylic hydride4444444444 #f4gbjj #gg1fgi ,hydrog544444444444444444 #a4igab #fg1ibi ,c>bonic oxide44444444444 #j4gebf #a1hjh ,nitrog544444444444444444 #c4gfcj ----- ,c>bonic acid444444444444 #a4bbeg ----- ,oxyg54444444444444444444 #a4adfh ----- ------- ------- ,totals #fd4hehe #ghi1fid #fd4hehe grammes are almo/ exactly #a1jjj gra9s1 & #a cubic foot ( ?is gas w weigh #bfg4i gra9s2 !n ! #ajj lit]s1 or #fd4hehe grammes1 or #a1jjj gra9s1 are #c1gfa cubic feet2 #c1gfa cubic feet ( ?is gas conta9s #ghi1fid heat units1 & #a1jjj cubic feet w conta9 #baj1jfi1fjd heat units4 ,n[1 #a1jjj cubic feet ( ?is gas w weigh #bfe1hhg gra9s1 or 9 r\nd numb]s #ch lb4 avoirdupois4 ,we f9d t #fd4hehe grammes1 or #a1jjj gra9s1 ( c>bon conta9 #ebc1jdf heat units1 & #bfe1hhg gra9s1 or #ch lb41 ( c>bon conta9 #aci1cih1hif heat units4 ,!n #eg4be lb4 ( c>bon conta9 ! same numb] ( heat units z #a1jjj cubic feet ( ! natural gas1 viz41 #baj1jfi1fjd4 ,n[1 if we say t coke conta9s 9 r\nd numb]s #ij p] c5t4 c>bon1 !n we w h #fb4ig lb4 ( coke1 equal 9 heat units to #a1jjj cubic feet ( natural gas4 ,!n1 if a ton ( coke1 or #b1jjj lb41 co/ #ajs41 #fb4ig lb4 w co/ #d;d41 or #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas is wor? #d;d4 = its heat+ p[]4 ,we w n[ comp>e ! heat+ p[] ( ?is gas ) bitum9\s coal1 tak+ z a basis a coal slightly above ! g5]al av]age ( ! ,pittsburg coal1 viz43 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bon4444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #hb4ge ,hydrog544444444444444444444444444444444 4 #e4ca ,nitrog544444444444444444444444444444444 4 #a4jd ,oxyg54444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #d4fd ,a%4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #e4ca ,sulphur44444444444444444444444444444444 44 #j4ie ,we f9d t #ch lb4 ( ?is coal conta9s #adf1ijc1hbj heat units4 ,! #fd4d lb4 ( ?is coal conta9s #baj1jfi1fdj heat units1 or #ed4d lb4 ( coal is equal 9 its heat+ p[] to #a1jjj cubic feet ( natural gas4 ,if our coal co/ u #es4 p] ton ( #b1jjj lb41 !n #ed4d lb4 co/s #a4fcb;d41 & #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas is wor? = its heat units #a4fcb;d4 ,z ! price ( coal increases or decreases1 ! value ( ! gas w naturally v>y 9 l proportions4 ,?us1 ) ! price ( coal at #ajs4 p] ton ! gas w be wor? #c4bfd;d4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,if #ed4d lb4 ( coal is equal to #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 !n "o ton1 or #b1jjj lb41 is equal to #cf1gfd cubic feet1 or #b1bdj lb4 ( coal is equal to #dj1gfh cubic feet ( natural gas4 ,if we comp>e ?is gas ) an?racite coal1 we f9d t #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas is equal to #eh4d lb4 ( ?is coal1 & #b1jjj lb4 ( coal is equal to #cd1bdf cubic feet ( natural gas4 ,!n1 if ?is coal co/ #bfs4 p] ton1 #a1jjj cubic feet ( natural gas is wor? #i;d4 = its heat+ p[]4 ,9 collect+ samples ( ?is gas ,i h notic$ "s v int]e/+ deposits f ! wells4 ,?us1 9 "o well ! pipe 0 ne>ly fill$ up ) a s(t grayi%-:ite mat]ial1 :i* prov$ on te/+ to be *loride ( calcium4 ,9 ano!r well1 soon aft] ! gas ve9 _h be5 /ruck1 cry/als ( c>bonate ( ammonia 7 ?r[n out1 & ^u te/+ ! gas ,i f\nd a consid]able am\nt ( t alkali1 & ) ?is well no *loride ( calcium 0 obs]v$ until ab\t two mon?s aft] ! gas _h be5 /ruck4 ,9 ^! calculations ( ! heat+ p[] ( gas & coal no acc\nt is ( c\rse tak5 ( ! loss ( heat by radiation1 etc4 ,my object has be5 to comp>e ^! two fuels m]ely z reg>ds _! actual value 9 heat units4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t x is nev] wise to prophesy unless y "k1 ,i hesitate to speak ( ! future2 b consid]+ ! exp]i5ce we h _h 9 reg>d to ! productiv5ess ( ! oil t]ritory1 :i* is n[ yield+ #gj1jjj b>rels ( petroleum p] day1 & :i* has cont9u$ to increase ye> aft] ye> = tw5ty ye>s1 ,i see no reason to d\bt ! op9ion ( exp]ts t ! t]ritory :i* has already be5 prov$ to yield gas w suffice = at lea/ ! pres5t g5]ation 9 & ab\t ,pittsburg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gas-,,eng9e ,,wat]-,,supply ,,al>m4 ,illu/ration ,a v useful contrivance = ! purpose ( report+ automatically ! failure ( ! wat] supply to a gas-eng9e has be5 arrang$ by ,pr(essor ,ph4 ,c>l1 ( ,muni*4 ,:at l$ to ! adoption ( ! device 0 t1 dur+ la/ w9t]1 ! wat] supply 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,pr(essor's laboratory 0 sev]al times cut (f )\t previ\s notice2 ! result be+ ! failure ( ! wat] ne$$ = cool+ ! cyl9d] ( 8 ,otto gas-eng9e4 ,on inquir+ into ! matt]1 he discov]$ t ! same ?+ frequ5tly occurr$ 9 o!r places :]e gas-eng9es 7 9 use2 & ?is caus$ him to design a contrivance to put an al>m-bell into action at ! in/ant :5 ! wat] ceas$ to fl[1 & s enable any ov]heat+ ( ! eng9e1 & injuries !reby result+1 to be prev5t$ 9 "t4 ,! arrangem5t 7repres5t$ half size 9 ! accompany+ engrav+7 is screw$ d[n directly to ! wat] outfl[ pipe1 ,r4 ,be=e ! ap]ture ( ! pipe is a lev]1 ) a disk on "o arm1 on to :i* ! issu+ wat] imp+es1 !reby keep+ ! lev] 9 ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! effect ( ?is is to break ! plat9um contact at ,c1 & s int]rupt ! circuit ( an al>m-bell plac$ 9 any suitable position4 ,suppose ! wat] ceases to fl[2 ! spr+1 ,f1 comes into play1 contact is made at ,c1 & ! bell cont9ues to r+ till "s "o comes to /op x4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to rem>k t ! disk1 ,d1 & ! p91 ,e1 are compos$ ( insulat+ mat]ial1 su* z vulcanite4--,j\r4 ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sold]+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,plat9um ,,vessels ,,9 ,,! ,,laboratory4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,,pratt1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s 9 ! laboratory t plat9um vessels1 aft] long-cont9u$ use1 beg9 to %[ signs ( we>1 & become p]=at$ ) m9ute p9holes4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ ?is /age1 !y are usually acc\nt$ ( no fur!r utility1 & are dispos$ ( z scrap2 n t x is impossible to repair !m--= ) f9e gold wire & an oxyhydrog5 jet ?is is easily feasible--b t ! prop] appliances & skill are n 9 possession ( all4 ,irrespective ( ! manipulation ( ! hydrog5 jet1 x is r difficult )\t long practice to hold ! end ( ! f9e wire precisely ov] ! ap]ture & to keep x 9 position4 ,x occurr$ to me t1 if ! gold 9 a f9ely divid$ condition c\ld be plac$ 9 v intimate contact ) ! plat9um1 judg+ f ! fusibility ( gold-plat9um alloys1 union c\ld be effect$ at a l[] temp]ature ov] ! ord9>y gas bl[pipe4 ,i tri$ ! exp]im5t1 & f\nd ! supposition correct4 ,! sub/ance ,i us$ 0 auric *loride1 ,au,cl#c1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 splits up on heat+1 fir/ into aur\s *loride1 & at a high] temp]ature gives (f all its *lor9e & leaves metallic gold4 ,op]at+ on a p]=at$ plat9um bas91 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i plac$ a few milligrammes ( ! aur\s *loride f a #ae gra9 tube precisely ov] ! p]=ation1 & !n g5tly heat$ to ab\t #bjj ,c4 till ! salt melt$ & ran ?r\gh ! holes4 ,a little fur!r heat+ caus$ ! r$uc$ gold to solidify on ea* side ( ! bas94 ,! bl[pipe 0 n[ br\ght to be> on ! bottom ( ! di%1 "r ov] ! p>ticul> spots x 0 wi%$ to sold]1 & 9 a few mom5ts1 at a yell[-r$ heat 79 daylight71 ! gold 0 se5 to run4 ,on ! vessel be+ imm$iately )drawn1 a v neat sold]+ 0 evid5t4 ,! op]ation 0 repeat$ sev]al times1 till 9 a few m9utes ! di% _h be5 r5d]$ q tight & s]viceable4 ,us+ ! gold salt 9 ?is way1 ! pr9cipal difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 hold+ gold wire unfl9*+ly 9 ! exact position vani%es1 :ile only a comp>atively l[ temp]ature & small am\nt ( gold is necess>y4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to )draw ! plat9um f ! flame j at ! mom5t ! gold is se5 to run1 = if ! heat be cont9u$ long]1 ! gold alloys ) a l>g] surface ( plat9um1 spreads1 & leaves ! ap]ture empty4 ,z 9 ! case ( all gold-sold]$ vessels1 ! article _c aft]w>d be safely expos$ to a temp]ature high] ?an t at :i* ! sold]+ 0 effect$1 & on ?is acc\nt x is advisable to use z small an am\nt ( auric *loride z possible4 ,:5 ! p]=ations are ( comp>atively l>ge size1 ! repair+ is n s easy1 ow+ to ! auric *loride1 on fus+1 refus+ to fill !m4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t if "s spongy plat9um be mix$ ) a few milligrammes ( ! gold salt1 press$ into ! p]=ation1 & heat appli$ z direct$1 a v good sold]+ c be effect$4 ,x is well to hamm] ! surface ( ! plat9um :ile hot1 s z to secure p]fect union & weld+ ( ! two surfaces4 ,?is may be done 9 a few m9utes 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] ! repair indi/+ui%able4 ,/rips ( plat9um may be jo9$ toge!r 9 mu* ! same way z already describ$--a few cry/als ( auric *loride plac$ on ea* clean surface & g5tly heat$ till ne>ly black1 !n b\nd toge!r & fur!r heat$ = a few mom5ts 9 ! bl[pipe flame4 ,r+s & tubes c also be =m$ on a m&rel1 & sold]$ 9 ! same fa%ion1 & ! *emi/ ?us enabl$ to build up small pieces ( app>atus f %eet plat9um 9 ! laboratory4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,helicoidal ,,or ,,wire ,,/one ,,saw4 ,! sides ( solid bodies1 :atev] be ! degree ( h>dness1 & h[ev] f9e ! texture1 possess surfaces =m$ ( a succession ( projections & depressions4 ,:5 two bodies are 9 contact1 ^! projections & ind5tations fit into "o ano!r1 & ! adh]5ce t results is proportional to ! degree ( r\ghness ( ! surfaces4 ,if1 by a m or less en]getic me*anical action1 we move "o ( ! bodies ) respect to ! o!r1 we %all produce1 accord+ z ! action ov]comes cohesion1 m or less dis9tegration ( ! bodies4 ,! result+ we> 9 ea* ( !m w evid5tly be inv]sely proportional to its h>dness & ! nature ( its surface2 & x w v>y1 besides1 ) ! pressure ex]t$ betwe5 ! surfaces & ! velocity ( ! me*anical action4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! we> result+ f rubb+ two bodies aga9/ ea* o!r is a function ( _! degree ( h>dness1 ( ! ext5t & /ate ( _! surface1 ( ! pressure1 ( ! velocity1 & ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1 #b & #c4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,saw+ ,,/one4 ,accord+ z ^! factors are v>i$ 9 a s5se favorable or unfavorable to _! prop] action1 we obta9 v>iations 9 ! f9al erosion4 ,?us1 9 rubb+ toge!r two bodies ( diff]5t h>dness & nature ( surface1 we obta9 a we> inv]sely proportional to ! h>dness & /ate ( poli% ( _! surfaces4 ,?r\gh ! int]position ( a pulv]iz$ h>d body we c /ill fur!r accel]ate su* we>1 z a consequ5ce ( ! rapid r5ewal ( ! dis9tegrat+ elem5t4 ,! gradual we> effect$ ov] ! entire surface ( a body br+s ab\t a poli%1 :ile t effect$ along a l9e or at "s "o po9t det]m9es a cleavage or an ap]ture4 ,! process usually employ$ 9 qu>ries or /one-y>ds = saw+ consi/s 9 sl[ly mov+ a /one-saw backw>d & =w>d1 ei!r by h& or ma*9]y1 & ) sc>cely any pressure4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,gray has1 h[ev]1 devis$ a new process1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! !oretical consid]ations giv5 above4 ,8 helicoidal saw is1 9 reality1 an endless cable =m$ by twi/+ toge!r ?ree /eel wires 9 su* a way z to give ! spirals q an elongat$ pit*4 ,! app>atus 9 its =m = cutt+ blocks ( /one into l>ge slabs 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c7 consi/s ( two frames1 ,a ,a1 five feet ap>t1 ea* =m$ ( two iron columns1 #g feet 9 height & "o foot ap>t1 fix$ to ca/ iron bases re/+ ^u masonry4 ,at ! upp] "p1 a frame1 ,b ,b1 =m$ ( d\ble ,t-irons cross-brac$ "h & !re1 supports a transmission compos$ ( ge>:eels1 ,r ,r1 & a pit*-*a91 ,g ,g4 ,along ! columns ( ! frame1 :i* s]ve z guides1 move two k9ds ( pulley-c>ri]s1 ,c ,c4 ,! pulleys1 ,d ,d1 are *annel$1 & receive ! cable1 a a1 :i* s]ves z a helicoidal saw4 ,! direction ( ! saw's motion is indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,! c>riages1 ,c ,c1 are trav]s$ by screws1 ,v ,v1 :i* are fix$ betwe5 ! columns4 ,! extremity1 v1 ( ! axle ( ! pulley to ! "r is ?read$1 & actuates a helicoidal :eel1 ,e1 :i* transmits motion to ! :eel1 ,r1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( ! v]tical %aft1 ,f4 ,?is transmission1 complet$ by ! :eels1 ,r ,r1 & ! pit*-*a9s1 ,g ,g1 is design$ to move ! saw v]tically1 ?r\gh ! simultane\s %ift+ ( ! c>riages1 ,c ,c4 ,a t5sion weight1 ,p1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( pulleys1 ,d#a ,d#a1 p]mits ( keep+ ! saw taut4 ,a res]voir1 ,h1 at ! upp] "p ( ! frame1 ,b ,b1 conta9s ! wat] & s& necess>y = saw+4 ,! fe$+ is effect$ by means ( a rubb] tube1 ,i1 t]m9at+ 9 a flatt5$ rose1 ,j1 :i* is situat$ ov] ! ap]ture made by ! saw4 ,a small pump1 ,l4 ov] ! res]voir takes wat] f ,k1 & raises x to ,h4 ,! s& is put 9 by h&4 ,above ! bas91 ,k1 a sy/em ( rails & ties supports ! c>riage1 ,q1 ^u :i* is plac$ ! block ( /one to be sawn4 ,:5 "o op]ation has be5 f9i%$1 & x is desir$ to beg9 ano!r1 x is necess>y to raise ! pulley-c>ri]s & ! saw4 ,9 ord] to d ?is quickly1 !re is provid$ a special transmission1 ,m1 :i* is actuat$ by h&1 ?r\gh a w9*4 ,! "w done by ?is saw is effect$ m rapidly ?an by ! ord9>y processes1 & c]ta9 v h>d rocks1 usually reg>d$ z almo/ intractable1 c be saw$ at ! rate ( f "o to "o & a half in*es p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,app>atus ,,= ,,saw+ ,,/one ,,into ,,slabs4 ,= saw+ m>ble into slabs ( all ?icknesses1 ! arrangem5t describ$ above may be replac$ by a sy/em consi/+ ( two drums hav+ sev]al *annels to receive z _m saws1 or two correspond+ s]ies ( *annel$ pulleys1 b b 7,fig4 #d71 indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b key$ to ! same axles1 i i4 ,:5 ! pulleys h be5 prop]ly spac$ by means ( keys1 ! :ole affair is r5d]$ solid by a bolt1 g4 ,! extremity ( ! axles =ms a nut into :i* pass v]tical screws1 c c4 ,^! latt] are connect$ above ) cone-:eels1 l l1 :i*1 ge>+ ) bevel :eels key$ to ! %afts1 e1 secure a complete int]dep5d5ce ( ! :ole4 ,! asc5d+ motion1 :i* is controll$ by ! endless screws1 f1 & ! helicoidal :eels1 m1 is 9 ?is way effect$ ) great regul>ity4 ,uprights1 a a1 ( d\ble ,t-iron1 fix$ to joi/s1 k k1 & connect$ & brac$ by pieces1 d d1 =m a /rong frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,application ,,( ,,gay',s ,,/one ,,saw ,,9 ,a ,,m>ble ,,qu>ry4 ,! p[] necess>y to run ?is k9d ( saw is less ?an n ,h4,p41 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( passive p>ts4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ application ( ! helicoidal saw is 9 ! exploitation ( qu>ries4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts a ,belgian m>ble qu>ry :i* is be+ work$ by ,mr4 ,gay's me?od4 ,tubul> ,p]=ators4--,mr4 ,gay has r5d]$ 8 saw complet] by ! inv5tion ( a tubul> p]=ator = drill+ ! prelim9>y well4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! ,les*ot rot>y drill1 b diff]s f t 9 its extremity be+ simply ( temp]$ /eel in/ead ( be+ set ) black diamonds4 ,a special product1 call$ metallic agglom]ate1 is us$ in/ead ( s& = ha/5+ ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,tubul> ,,p]=ator4 ,! app>atus1 ,fig4 #f1 consi/s ( an iron plate cyl9d]1 ,a1 #bg in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( v>iable l5g?1 accord+ to ! dep? to be obta9$1 & t]m9at+ b5ea? 9 a /eel head1 ,b1 ( great] ?ickness4 ,?is cyl9d] is trav]s$ by a %aft1 ,c1 to :i* x is key$1 & :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ap]ture drill$4 ,?is %aft is connect$ ) ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( cross b>s1 ,d1 & transmits !reto a rapid rot>y motion1 :i* is receiv$ at ! upp] "p f a telodynamic wire t passes ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! horizontal pulley1 ,p4 ,?is latt] is support$ by a frame consi/+ ( ?ree uprights1 ,q ,q1 /r5g!n$ by /ays1 ,r ,r1 fix$ to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ord] t ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 may be giv5 a v]tical motion1 cords1 ,m ,m1 fix$ to a piece1 ,s1 loose on ! hub1 ,d1 w9d r\nd ! drum ( a w9dlass1 ,t1 aft] pass+ ov] ! pulleys1 p p4 ,! rapid gyratory motion ( ! cyl9d]1 along ) ! erosive action ( ! metallic agglom]ate1 rapidly we>s away ! rock1 & causes ! desc5t ( ! p]=ator4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation a core ( m>ble =ms 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,?is is deta*$ by lat]al pressure1 & is capable ( be+ utiliz$4 ,! tool desc5ds at ! rate ( f #bj to #bd in*es p] h\r1 or f #h to #aj y>ds p] day 9 ord9>y lime rock4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,portable ,,prospect+ ,,drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portable ,,prospect+ ,,drill4 ,! ,aque\s ,works & ,diamond ,rock-bor+ ,company1 ,limit$1 ( ,london1 %[ at ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 ,london1 a light portable rock-bor+ ma*9e = prospect+ = m9]als1 wat]1 etc4 ,x is capable ( s9k+ holes f #b 94 to #e 94 9 diamet]1 & to a dep? ( #djj ft4 ,! screw$ bor+ sp9dle1 :i* is 9 front ( ! ma*9e1 is actuat$ by mit] ge>+ driv5 by a six horse p[] eng9e2 ! spe$ ( driv+ is #djj revolutions a m9ute4 ,! pump %[n on ! left-h& side ( ! engrav+ is us$ to deliv] a con/ant /ream ( wat] ?r\gh ! bor+ b>1 ! connection be+ made by a flexible hose4 ,suitable w9d+ ge> = rais+ or l[]+ ! l9+ tubes1 bor+ rods1 etc41 is also m\nt$ on ! same frame4 ,! drill is automatic 9 its action1 & ! spe$ c be regulat$ by friction ge>+4 ,! front "p ( ! c>riage is arrang$ s t x c be swung cle> ( ! drill to raise & l[] ! bore rods1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,automatic ,,safety ,,ge>4 ,among ! safety appliances :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,m9+ ,section ( ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition is a model ( an +5i\s contrivance = ! prev5tion ( ov]w9d+1 ! jo9t pat5t ( ,mr4 ,w4,t4 ,lewis1 ,ab]d>e1 lead m9]al ag5t to ! ,m>quis ( ,bute1 & ,w4,h4 ,massey1 electric light eng9e] to ! ,que54 ,bo? ^! g5tlem51 hav+ be5 memb]s ( jury1 7 n all[$ to compete = an aw>d4 ,! inv5tion1 says ,eng9e]+1 seems to possess consid]able m]it1 & x %\ld prove ( practical utility 9 colli]ies :]e eng9em5 are usually kept w9d+ = _m h\rs at a /ret*1 & :]e ! slighte/ mi/ake on ! "p ( ! driv] may lead to an accid5t4 ,safety hooks are (t5 fitt$ to w9d+ ropes1 & al?\gh ! damage to life & prop]ty is greatly r$uc$ by ! use ( !m1 !y d n protect a desc5d+ cage f injury 9 a case ( ov]w9d+2 besides :i*1 !y are almo/ useless :5 a wild run takes place1 an accid5t :i*1 /range to say1 has already occurr$ _m times aft] eng9es & boil]s h be5 laid (f = repairs4 ,/op valves are left op51 ! rev]s+ lev] is n fix$ 9 mid-ge>1 /eam is got up 9 ! boil]s at a "t :5 no "o is 9 ! eng9e h\se1 & ! eng9es run away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lewis ,,massey',s ,,automatic ,,safety ,,ge>4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 sugge/$ & tri$ z a prev5tive1 b _! application has ei!r caus$ z mu* mis*ief z a bad accid5t1 or x has dep5d$ ^u ! driv] do+ some?+ int5tionally2 :]eas 9 ! automatic ge> ( ,messrs4 ,massey & ,lewis1 ( :i* an illu/ration is annex$1 !re is no?+ to cause damage or to int]f]e 9 any way ) ! prop] h&l+ ( ! eng9es1 & x is practically out ( ! p[] ( ! driv] to r5d] ! ge> inop]ative4 ,x is "h %[n 9 its simple/ =m z appli$ to ! ord9>y rev]s+ & /eam h&les ( a w9d+ eng9e1 ! only additions be+ an arm jo9t$ to ! top ( ! valve sp9dle1 ) its connections to ! %aft ( ! rev]s+ lev]1 & a disk receiv+ a suitable motion f ! ma9 %aft ( ! eng9e4 ,on ! disk is a project+ piece or /op :i* is br\ght into su* positions1 at or ne> ! end ( ea* j\rney1 t ! /op valve _c be op5$1 except slightly1 :5 ! rev]s+ lev] is n set = w9d+ 9 ! prop] direction1 or :5 ! cages h rea*$ a po9t beyond :i* x is undesirable t ! eng9e driv] %\ld h ! p[] ( turn+ on full /eam4 ,?us1 if "o cage is at bank1 ! driv] _c draw x up into ! head ge> sudd5ly2 b aft] x has be5 lift$ sl[ly (f ! keeps or fangs1 & ! rev]s+ lev] ?r[n ov]1 ! /op valve c be lift$ wide op52 & suppos+ t :ile ! eng9e is runn+ ! driv] neglects to %ut (f /eam 9 prop] "t1 !n ! project+ piece on ! disk 9 travel+ r\nd1 sl[ly or quickly1 & by /eps accord+ to requirem5ts1 w come 9 contact ) ! driv]1 & s prev5t an accid5t by br++ ! rev]s+ lev] into or beyond mid-ge>4 ,messrs4 ,lewis & ,massey contemplate ! use ( gov]nors 9 comb9ation ) v>i\s =ms ( _! automatic ge>1 s z to provide = e imag9able case ( w9d+1 & also to avoid accid5ts :5 heavy loads are s5t d[n a pit2 ! special feature 9 _! me*anism be+ t :5 two or m ?+s happ5 ) reg>d to ! positions ( /eam or rev]s+ h&les1 spe$ or position ( cages 9 ! pit1 :atev] x may be necess>y to d to meet ! p>ticul> case %all be done automatically4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,anci5t ,,roman ,,cities4 ,footnote3 ,an address by ,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,corfield1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,a41 deliv]$ be=e ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 ,july #i1 #ahhe4--;,build+ ,news4 ,z ! supply ( wat] to l>ge populations is "o ( ! mo/ important subjects 9 connection ) sanit>y matt]s1 & "o ^u :i* ! heal? ( ! populations to a v l>ge ext5t dep5ds1 ,i propose to give a %ort acc\nt ( "s ( ! m important works c>ri$ out = ?is purpose by ! anci5t ,romans--! great sanit>y eng9e]s ( antiquity--m especially z ,i h _h exceptional opportunities ( exam9+ _m ( ^? great works 9 ,italy1 9 ,france1 & along ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa4 ,( ! aqu$ucts con/ruct$ = ! supply ( ,rome itself we h an excell5t detail$ acc\nt 9 ! "w ( ,front9us1 :o 0 ! controll] ( ! aqu$ucts "u ! emp]or ,n]va1 & :o wrote 8 admirable "w on !m ab\t ,a4,d4 #ig4 ,x may be int]e/+ 9 pass+ to m5tion t ,front9us 0 a patrician1 :o _h comm&$ ) di/9ction 9 ,brita9 "u ! emp]or ,vespasian1 be=e he 0 appo9t$ by ! emp]or ,n]va z controll] 7or1 we %\ld say1 surveyor7 ( ! aqu$ucts4 ,he 0 also an antiqu>ian1 & 9 8 "w he n only describes ! aqu$ucts z !y 7 9 ?is "t1 b also gives a v int]e/+ hi/ory ( !m4 ,he beg9s by tell+ u t = #dda ye>s aft] ! build+ ( ! city--t is to say1 ,b4,c4 #cab--!re 0 no sy/ematic supply ( wat] to ! city2 t ! wat] 0 got direct f ! ,tib]1 f %all[ wells1 & f natural spr+s2 b t ^! s\rces 7 f\nd no long] to be suffici5t1 & ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ aqu$uct 0 und]tak5 dur+ ! consul%ip ( ,appius ,claudius ,crassus1 f :om x took ! "n ( ! ,appian aqu$uct4 ,?is 01 z may be expect$ f its be+ ! fir/ aqu$uct1 n a v long "o2 ! s\rce 0 ab\t eight miles to ! ea/ ( ,rome1 & ! l5g? ( ! aqu$uct itself r m ?an elev5 miles1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,james ,p>k]1 to ^: pap] on ! ,wat] ,supply ( ,anci5t ,rome ,i am indebt$ = _m ( ! facts conc]n+ ! aqu$ucts ( ,rome itself4 ,?is aqu$uct 0 c>ri$ und]gr\nd ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 w9d+ r\nd ! heads ( ! valleys 9 its c\rse1 & n cross+ !m1 support$ on ar*es1 aft] ! mann] ( m rec5t con/ructions2 x 0 ?us invisible until x got inside ! city itself1 a v important matt] :5 we consid] h[ liable ,rome 01 9 ^! e>ly times1 to ho/ile attacks4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t m wat] 0 requir$ ?an 0 br\ght by ?is aqu$uct1 & x 0 no d\bt consid]$ desirable to h tanks at a high] level 9 ! city ?an ^? suppli$ by ! ,appian aqu$uct4 ,x 0 det]m9$1 !re=e1 to br+ wat] f a great] height1 & f a great] di/ance1 & ! riv] ,anio1 above ! falls at ,tivoli1 0 select$ = ?is purpose4 ,! second aqu$uct1 ! ,anio ,vetus1 0 no less ?an #db miles 9 l5g?1 & 01 l ! ,appian1 entirely "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 except at its entrance into ,rome at a po9t ab\t #fj ft4 high] ?an ! level ( ! ,appian aqu$uct4 ,little se>* has be5 made = ! rema9s ( ?is aqu$uct1 & its exact c\rse is n kn[n2 b dur+ my exam9ation ( ! rema9s ( ! subsequ5t aqu$ucts at a place call$ ! ,porta ,furba1 ne> ,rome1 :]e ! ru9s ( five aqu$ucts are se5 toge!r1 & at1 or close to1 :i* po9t ! ,anio ,vetus mu/ also h pass$ und]gr\nd1 ,i 0 rew>d$ = my se>* by discov]+ a hole1 some?+ l a fox's hole1 lead+ into ! gr\nd2 & on cle>+ away a few loose /ones :i* _h app>5tly be5 ?r[n into x1 & putt+ my arm 91 ,i f\nd t x l$ into ! specus or *annel ( an und]gr\nd aqu$uct2 & on relat+ ?is incid5t to ! late ,mr4 ,john ,h5ry ,p>k]1 ! antiqu>ian1 :o 0 !n 9 ,rome1 & %[+ him a sket* ( ! place1 he said t he _h no d\bt t ,i _h be5 =tunate en\gh to discov] ! exact position ( ! v]itable ,anio ,vetus at t spot4 ,^! two aqu$ucts suffic$ = ! supply ( ,rome ) wat] = ab\t #abj ye>s1 = ,front9us tells u t #abg ye>s aft] ! date at :i* ! con/ruction ( ! ,anio ,vetus 0 und]tak5--t is to say1 ! #fjh? ye> aft] ! f\ndation ( ! city--! increase ( ! city necessitat$ a m ample supply ( wat]1 & x 0 det]m9$ to br+ x f a /ill great] di/ance4 ,x 0 no long] consid]$ necess>y to conceal ! aqu$uct und]gr\nd dur+ ! :ole ( its c\rse1 & s x 0 9 "p c>ri$ above gr\nd on embankm5ts or support$ ^u ar*es ( masonry4 ,! wat] 0 br\ght f "s pools 9 "o ( ! valleys on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,anio1 "s miles f>!r up ?an ! po9t f :i* ! ,anio ,vetus 0 suppli$2 & ! new aqu$uct1 :i* 0 #ed miles 9 l5g?1 0 call$ ! ,m>cian1 aft] ! ,prtor ,m>cius1 to :om ! "w 0 intru/$4 ,front9us also tells u ! hi/ory ( ! o!r six aqu$ucts :i* 7 9 exi/5ce 9 8 "t1 viz41 ! ,tepulan1 ! ,julian1 ! ,virgo1 ! ,alsiet9e or ,augu/an1 ! ,claudian1 & ! ,anio ,novus2 ! la/ two be+ comm5c$ by ! ,emp]or ,caligula1 & f9i%$ by ,claudius1 because sev5 aqu$ucts seem$ sc>cely suffici5t = public purposes & private amusem5ts2 b x is n necess>y = our purpose to give any detail$ acc\nt ( ! c\rse ( ^! aqu$ucts2 x is only necess>y to m5tion "o or two v int]e/+ po9ts 9 connection ) !m4 ,9 ord] to all[ ( ! deposit ( susp5d$ matt]s1 pisc91 or settl+ res]voirs1 7 con/ruct$ 9 a v +5i\s mann]4 ,ea* _h f\r comp>tm5ts1 two upp] & two l[]2 ! wat] 0 conduct$ into "o ( ! upp] comp>tm5ts1 & f ?is pass$1 probably by :at we %\ld call a /&+ wa/e or ov]fl[ pipe1 into ! "o bel[2 f ?is x pass$ 7probably ?r\gh a grat+7 into ! ?ird comp>tm5t at ! same level1 & !nce rose ?r\gh a hole 9 ! ro( ( ?is comp>tm5t into ! f\r?1 :i* 0 above x1 & 9 :i* ! wat]1 ( c\rse1 atta9$ ! same level z 9 ! fir/ comp>tm5t1 !nce pass+ on along ! aqu$uct1 hav+ deposit$ a good deal ( its susp5d$ matt] 9 ! two l[] comp>tm5ts ( ! pisc94 ,arrangem5ts 7 made by :i* ^! two l[] comp>tm5ts %\ld be clean$ out f "t to "t4 ,! specus or *annel itself 01 ( c\rse1 con/ruct$ ( masonry1 g5]ally ( blocks ( /one cem5t$ toge!r1 & x 0 frequ5tly1 ?\gh n1 x w\ld appe> always1 l9$ ) cem5t inside4 ,x 0 ro($ ov]1 & v5tilat+ %afts 7 con/ruct$ at int]vals2 9 ord] to enc\rage ! a]ation ( ! wat]1 irregul>ities 7 occasionally introduc$ 9 ! b$ ( ! *annel4 ,! wat] suppli$ by ! diff]5t aqu$ucts 0 ( v>i\s qualities2 ?us1 = in/ance1 t ( ! ,alsiet9e1 :i* 0 tak5 f a lake ab\t #ah miles f ,rome1 0 ( an inf]ior quality1 & 0 *iefly us$ to supply a l>ge nauma*ia1 or res]voir1 9 :i* imitation sea fights 7 p]=m$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! wat] ( ! ,m>cian 0 v cle> & good1 & 0 !re=e us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,front9us gives ! mo/ accurate details z to ! measurem5ts ( ! am\nt ( wat] suppli$ by ! v>i\s aqu$ucts1 & ! quantities us$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,f ^! details ,mr4 ,p>k] computes ! sectional area ( ! wat] at ab\t #abj squ>e feet1 & says3 ,we c =m "s op9ion ( ! va/ quantity if we picture to ourselves a /ream #bj ft4 wide by #f ft4 deep con/antly p\r+ into ,rome at a fall six times z rapid z t ( ! riv] ,?ames4 ,he consid]s t ! am\nt 0 equival5t to ab\t #ccb million gallons a day1 or #ccb gallons p] head p] day1 assum+ ! population ( ! city to be a million4 ,:5 we consid] t we 9 ,london h only #cj gallons a head daily1 & t _m o!r t[ns h less1 we get "s idea ( ! pr(usion ) :i* wat] 0 suppli$ to anci5t ,rome4 ,b ! rema9s ( ,roman aqu$ucts are n only to be f\nd ne> ,rome4 ,almo/ e ,roman city1 :e!r 9 ,italy or 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 or along ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa1 c %[ ! rema9s ( its aqu$uct1 & almo/ ! only ?+s t are to be se5 on ! site ( ,c>?age are ! rema9s ( ! ,roman wat] tanks & ! ru9s ( ! aqu$uct :i* suppli$ !m4 ,! mo/ beautiful aqu$uct bridge 9 ! _w1 on ! c\rse ( ! aqu$uct :i* suppli$ ! anci5t ,nemaucus1 n[ ,nismes1 /ill /&s1 & is call$1 f ! "n ( ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* x is1 ! ,pont du ,g>d4 ,x consi/s ( a r[ ( l>ge ar*es cross+ ! valley ov] :i* ! wat] _h to be c>ri$1 surm\nt$ by a s]ies ( small] ar*es1 & ^! aga9 by a s]ies ( /ill small] ones1 c>ry+ ! specus ( ! aqu$uct4 ,?is spl5did bridge /ill /&s p]fect1 s t "o c walk ?r\gh ! *annel along :i* ! wat] fl[$1 & x might be aga9 us$ = its orig9al purpose4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 "o city :i*1 f ! fact t a great "p ( x 0 situat$ ^u a hill1 0 m difficult to supply ) wat] ?an any ( ! re/1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 f its size1 its great importance1 & ! fact t x 0 ! favorite summ] resid5ce ( sev]al ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 & notably ( ,claudius1 :o 0 born !re1 & :o _h a palace on ! top ( ! hill1 mu/ ( necessity be suppli$ ) pl5ty ( wat]1 & t too f a consid]able height4 ,i ref] to ,ludgunum 7n[ ,lyons71 !n ! capital ( ,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,?is city 0 built by ,lucius ,munatius ,plaucus1 by ord] ( ! ,s5ate 9 ,a4,u4,c4 #gaa4 ,augu/us w5t !re 9 ,a4,u4,c4 #gch1 & aft]w>d liv$ !re f #gda to #gdd4 ,x 0 he :o rais$ x to a v high rank among ,roman cities4 ,x _h its =um ne> ! top ( ! hill n[ call$ ,f\rvi]es 7probably a corruption ( ,=um ,vetus71 an imp]ial place on ! summit ( ! same hill1 public ba?s1 an amphi!at]1 a circus1 & temples4 ,9 ord] to supply ?is city ) wat]1 /&+ z x did on ! side ( a hill at ! junction ( two great riv]s 7n[ ,rhone & ,saone71 x 0 necess>y to se>* = a s\rce at a suffici5t height1 & ?is ,plaucus f\nd 9 ! hills ( ,mont d',or1 ne> ,lyons1 :]e a pl5tiful supply ( wat] 0 f\nd at a suffici5t height1 viz41 t ( ne>ly #b1jjj ft4 above ! sea4 ,f ?is po9t an aqu$uct1 sometimes call$ f its s\rce ! aqu$uct ( ,mont d',or1 & sometimes ! aqu$uct ( ,ecully1 f ! "n ( a l>ge pla9 :i* x cross$1 0 con/ruct$1 or r two subt]ranean aqu$ucts 7 made & jo9$ toge!r into "o1 :i* cross$ ! pla9 ( ,ecully1 9 a /raight l9e /ill und]gr\nd2 b ! gr\nd ar\nd ,lyons 0 n l ! ,campagna1 ne> ,rome1 & x 0 necess>y to cross ! broad & deep valley n[ call$ ,la ,grange1 ,blan*e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n daunt ! ,roman eng9e]s2 mak+ ! aqu$uct end 9 a res]voir on "o side ( ! valley1 !y c>ri$ ! wat] d[n into ! valley1 probably by means ( lead pipes1 9 ! mann] :i* w be describ$ m at l5g? fur!r on1 across ! /ream at ! bottom ( ! valley by means ( an aqu$uct bridge #fej ft4 long1 #ge ft4 high1 & #bh ft4 broad1 & up ! o!r side into ano!r res]voir1 f :i* ! aqu$uct 0 cont9u$ along ! top ( a long s]ies ( ar*es to ! res]voir 9 ! city1 aft] a c\rse ( ab\t t5 miles4 ,9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! wat] br\ght by ?is aqu$uct 0 n suffici5t1 especially 9 summ]2 & z !re 0 a l>ge ,roman camp :i* also requir$ to be suppli$ ) wat]1 situat$ at a %ort di/ance f ! city1 x 0 det]m9$ to con/ruct a second aqu$uct4 ,= ?is purpose ! spr+s at ! head ( a small riv]1 call$ n[ ! ,brev5ne1 7 tapp$1 & convey$ by means ( an und]gr\nd aqu$uct 7kn[n z ! aqu$uct ( ! ,brev5ne7 :i* w\nd r\nd ! heads ( ! valleys1 & aft] a c\rse ( ab\t ?irty miles is believ$ by "s to h arriv$ at ! city1 b by o!rs to h /opp$ at ! ,roman camp1 & to h be5 con/ruct$ exclusively = its supply4 ,i h "h a diagram1 aft] ,fla*]on1 %[+ a section ( ?is aqu$uct1 & ?is w give a v good g5]al idea ( ! section ( a ,roman aqu$uct :]e con/ruct$ und]gr\nd4 ,x w be se5 t ! specus or *annel is #fj c5timet]s 7or ne>ly #b ft47 wide1 & #am4 #eg;c4 7or a little ov] #e ft47 high1 & t x is l9$ ) a lay] ( #c c4 7or ne>ly #a 947 ( cem5t4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( quadrangul> blocks ( /one cem5t$ toge!r1 & has an ar*$ /one ro(4 ,x w be notic$ also t ! angles at ! l[] "p ( ! *annel are fill$ up ) cem5t2 x appe>s also t ?is aqu$uct cross$ a small valley by means ( inv]t$ siphons4 ,b nei!r ( ^! aqu$ucts came f a s\rce suffici5tly high to supply ! imp]ial palace on ! top ( ,f\rvi]es4 ,_! s\rces are1 9 fact1 accord+ to ,fla*]on1 at a height ( ne>ly #ej ft4 bel[ ! summit ( ,f\rvi]es1 & x 01 !re=e1 consid]$ necess>y by ! emp]or ,claudius to con/ruct a ?ird aqu$uct4 ,! s\rces ( ! /ream n[ call$ ! ,gi]1 at ! foot ( ,mont ,pila1 ab\t a mile & a half above ,/4 ,*amond1 7 *os5 = ?is purpose1 & f ?is po9t to ! summit ( ,f\rvi]es 0 con/ruct$ by f> ! mo/ rem>kable aqu$uct ( anci5t times1 an eng9e]+ "w :i*1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ description1 p>tly tak5 f ,montfalcon's hi/ory ( ,lyons1 p>tly f ,fla*]on's acc\nt ( ?is aqu$uct1 & p>tly f my own obs]vations on ! spot1 reflects ! greate/ possible cr$it on ! ,roman eng9e]s1 & %[s t !y 7 n1 z has be5 frequ5tly suppos$ by ^? :o h only exam9$ aqu$ucts at ,rome1 by any means ignorant ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( hydraulics4 ,to tap ! s\rces ( a riv] at a po9t ov] #ej miles f ! city1 & to br+ ! wat] across a mo/ irregul> c\ntry1 cross+ t5 or twelve valleys1 "o be+ ov] #cjj ft4 deep1 & ab\t two-?irds ( a mile 9 wid?1 0 no easy task2 b t x 0 p]=m$ ! rema9s ( ! aqu$uct at v>i\s p>ts ( its c\rse %[ cle>ly en\gh4 ,x comm5ces1 z ,i h said1 ab\t a mile & a half f ! pres5t ,/4 ,*amond1 a t[n on ! riv] ,gi]1 ab\t #af miles f ,/4 ,eti5ne4 ,"h a dam appe>s to h be5 con/ruct$ across ! b$ ( ! riv]1 =m+ a lake f :i* ! wat] ent]$ ! *annel ( ! aqu$uct1 :i* pass$ along und]gr\nd until x came to a small /ream :i* x cross$ by a bridge1 long s9ce de/roy$4 ,aft] ?is x aga9 became subt]rane\s = a "t1 & !n cross$ ano!r /ream on a bridge ( n9e ar*es1 ! ru9s ( "s ( ! columns ( :i* are /ill to be se52 & f ^! ru9s x w\ld appe> t ! bridge _h1 at "s "t or ano!r1 be5 de/roy$1 probably by ! /ream runn+ "u x hav+ become torr5tial1 & subsequ5tly rebuilt2 aga9 x became conceal$ und]gr\nd1 to reappe> 9 cross+ a small valley & ano!r small /ream1 :5 x 0 aga9 conceal$ by ! gr\nd1 & 9 "o or two places *annels 7 ev5 cut = x ?r\gh ! solid rock1 aft] :i* x reappe>$ on ! surface at a po9t :]e n[ /&s ! village ( ,t]re-,noire1 & :]e x 0 necess>y t x %\ld someh[ or ano!r cross a broad & deep valley4 ,x end$ 9 a /one res]voir1 f :i* eight lead pipes desc5d+ into ! valley 7 c>ri$ across ! /ream at ! bottom on an aqu$uct bridge1 ab\t #be ft4 wide1 & support$ by twelve or ?irte5 ar*es1 & !n m\nt$ ! o!r side ( ! valley into ano!r res]voir1 ( :i* sc>cely any rema9s are n[ se51 f :i* ! aqu$uct />t$ aga91 disappe>+ almo/ imm$iately "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 to appe> aga9 f "t to "t cross+ simil> valleys & /reams ^u bridges1 ! rema9s ( "s ( :i* may /ill be se51 until x rea*$ ,s\cieu1 on ! edge ( ! valley ( ! ,g>onne1 :]e are /ill se5 ! rema9s ( a spl5did bridge1 ! ?irte5? on its c\rse1 ne>ly #a1fjj ft4 long1 & atta9+ a height ( #ef ft4 at its highe/ po9t above ! gr\nd4 ,! object ( ?is bridge 0 to convey ! *annel ( ! aqu$uct at a suffici5t height into a res]voir on ! edge ( ! valley4 ,! rema9s ( ?is bridge leave no d\bt t x 0 purposely de/roy$ by b>b>ians2 "s ( ! ar*es ne> ! end ( x rema91 :ile ! re/ h be5 ?r[n d[n1 "s on "o side & "s on ! o!r2 b happily ! ar*es next to ! res]voir1 at ! end ( ! bridge & on ! edge ( ! valley1 rema91 & ! res]voir itself is /ill 9 "p intact1 support$ on a huge mass ( masonry4 ,f\r holes are to be se5 9 t "p ( ! front ( ! res]voir :i* is left1 be+ ! holes f :i* ! lead pipes desc5d$ into ! valley4 ,!re mu/ h be5 n9e ( ^! pipes 9 all4 ,^! holes are elliptical 9 %ape1 be+ #ab 94 high by #i 94 wide1 & ! int]ior ( ! res]voir is /ill se5 to be cov]$ ) cem5t4 ,! walls ( ! res]voir 7 ab\t #b ft4 #g 94 ?ick1 & 7 /r5g!n$ by ties ( iron2 x _h an ar*$ /one ro( 9 :i* !re 0 an op5+ = access4 ,f ?is ! n9e lead pipes desc5d$ ! side ( ! valley support$ on a con/ruction ( masonry1 cross$ ! riv] by an aqu$uct bridge1 & asc5d$ into ano!r res]voir on ! o!r side1 ent]+ ! res]voir at its upp] "p j bel[ ! spr+ ( ! ar*es ( ! ro(4 ,f ?is res]voir ! aqu$uct pass$ to ! next on ! edge ( ! l>ge & deep valley ( ,bonnan1 be+ und]gr\nd twice & hav+ ?ree bridges on its c\rse1 ! la/ ( :i*1 ! sixte5? on ! c\rse ( ! aqu$uct1 ends 9 a res]voir on ! edge ( ! valley4 ,only "o ( ! op5+s by :i* ! siphons1 ( :i* !re 7 probably t51 />t$ f ! res]voir is n[ left4 ,! bridge across ! valley bel[ _h ?irty ar*es1 & 0 ab\t #hhj ft4 long by #bd ft4 wide4 ,a numb] ( ! ar*es /ill rema9 /&+1 &1 ! pill>s ( ! ar*es 7 con/ruct$ ( transv]se ar*es !mselves4 ,! "w consi/$ ( concrete1 =m$ ) ,roman cem5t s h>d t x turns ! po9ts ( pickaxes :5 employ$ aga9/ x1 ) lay]s ( tiles at regul> int]vals4 ,! surface ( ! concrete is cov]$ ) small cubical blocks ( /one plac$ s t _! diagonals are horizontal & v]tical1 & =m+ :at is kn[n z opus reticulatum4 ,aft] cross+ ! bridge ! pipes 7 c>ri$ up ! o!r side ( ! valley into a res]voir1 ( :i* little rema9s1 & !n ! aqu$uct 0 cont9u$ to ! next valley1 pass+ ov] ?ree bridges 9 its c\rse4 ,?is valley1 t ( ,/4 ,ir5e1 is mu* small] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 b nev]!less x 0 deep en\gh to necessitate ! con/ruction ( inv]t$ siphons1 ( :i* !re 7 eight4 ,leav+ ! res]voir on ! o!r side ( ?is valley1 ! aqu$uct 0 c>ri$ on a long bridge 7! tw5tie? on its c\rse7 :i* cross$ ! plateau on ! top ( ,f\rvi]es & op5$ into a l>ge res]voir1 ! rema9s ( :i* are /ill to be se5 on ! top ( t hill4 ,f ?is res]voir1 :i* 0 #gg ft4 long & #ea ft4 wide1 pipes ( lead convey$ ! wat] to ! imp]ial palace & to ! o!r build+s ne> ! top ( ! hill4 ,"s ( ^! lead pipes 7 f\nd 9 a v9ey>d ne> ! top ( ,f\rvi]es at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 7 describ$ by ,colonia 9 8 hi/ory ( ,lyons4 ,!y are made ( ?ick %eet lead roll$ r\nd s z to =m a tube1 ) ! edges ( ! %eet turn$ upw>d1 & appli$ to "o ano!r 9 su* a way z to leave a small space1 :i* 0 probably fill$ ) "s k9d ( cem5t4 ,^! pipes1 ( :i* x is said t tw5ty or ?irty1 ea* f #ae ft4 to #bj ft4 long1 7 f\nd1 7 m>k$ ) ! initial lett]s ,,ti4 ,,cl4 ,,caes4 7,tib]ius ,claudius ,cs>71 & af=d positive evid5ce t ! "w 0 c>ri$ out "u ! emp]or ,claudius4 ,lead pipes1 con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann]1 h also be5 f\nd at ,ba?1 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 connection ) ! ,roman ba?s4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ?is aqu$uct & ^? ne> ,rome arises f ! fact t1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ across a ne>ly flat c\ntry1 x 0 c>ri$ across "o int]sect$ ) deep rav9es1 & t x 0 !re=e necess>y to h rec\rse to ! sy/em ( inv]t$ siphons4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! inv]t$ siphons 7 made ( lead1 al?\gh no rema9s ( !m h be5 f\nd2 = we "k t ! ,romans us$ lead l>gely1 &1 z we h se51 pieces ( ! lead di/ribution pipes h be5 f\nd4 ,x is possible1 & ev5 likely1 t /rong cords ( hemp 7 w\nd r\nd ! pipes =m+ ! siphons1 z is relat$ by ,delorme 9 describ+ a simil> ,roman aqu$uct siphon ne> ,con/ant9ople2 ,delorme also describes1 9 ! aqu$uct la/ m5tion$1 a pipe = ! escape ( air f ! l[e/ "p ( ! siphon c>ri$ up aga9/ a t[]1 :i* 0 high] ?an ! aqu$uct1 & x is c]ta9 t !re mu/ h be5 "s su* contrivance on ! siphons ( ! aqu$uct con/ruct$ at ,lyons4 ,fla*]on supposes t !y consi/$ ( small pipes c>ri$ f ! l[e/ "p ( ! siphons up along ! side ( ! valley & above ! res]voirs1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 ( taps fix$ at ! l[e/ "p ( ! siphons4 ,! ,romans h be5 blam$ = n us+ inv]t$ siphons 9 ! aqu$ucts at ,rome1 & x has be5 said t ?is is a suffici5t pro( t !y did n und]/& ! simple/ pr9ciples ( hydraulics1 b ! rema9s ( ! aqu$ucts at ,lyons negative ?is assumption altoge!r4 ,! ,romans 7 n s fooli% z to con/ruct und]gr\nd siphons1 _m miles long1 = ! supply ( ,rome2 b :]e x 0 necess>y to con/ruct !m = ! purpose ( cross+ deep valleys1 !y did s4 ,! same emp]or ,claudius :o built ! aqu$uct at ,rome kn[n by 8 "n built ! aqu$uct ( ,mont ,pila1 at ,lyons1 & x is q cle>1 !re=e1 t 8 eng9e]s 7 practically well acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! anci5t ,romans sp>$ no pa9s to obta9 a supply ( pure wat] = _! cities1 & ,i ?9k x is high "t t we foll[$ _! example1 & w5t to ! tr\ble & exp5se ( obta9+ dr9k+ wat] f unimpea*able s\rces1 in/ead (1 z is too (t5 ! case1 tak+ wat] :i* we "k p]fectly well has be5 pollut$1 & !n attempt+ to purify x = dome/ic purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,economy4 ,by ,*ief ,eng9e] ,,john ,,l[e1 ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,! purpose ( ?is article is to po9t out an easy me?od :]eby any intellig5t eng9e] c det]m9e ! po9t at :i* x is mo/ economical to cut (f ! admission ( /eam into 8 cyl9d]4 ,9 ! attack ^u su* a problem1 x is useful to employ all ! s5ses :i* c be br\ght to be> ^u x2 = ?is purpose1 diagrams w be us$1 9 ord] t ! s5se ( sight may assi/ ! bra9 9 =m+ its conclusions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,economy4--,,by ,,john ,,l[e1 ,,*ief ,,eng9e] ,u4,s4,n4 ,fig4 ,,xabcx is an ideal indicator c>d1 tak5 f a cyl9d]1 imag9$ to be #fjj feet long1 9 :i* ! pi/on1 mak+ "o /roke p] m9ute1 has !re=e a pi/on spe$ ( #fjj feet p] m9ute4 ,divide ?is c>d into any conv5i5t numb] ( ord9ates1 di/ant dx feet f ea* o!r1 writ+ ^u ea* ! absolute pressure measur$ ^u x f ! z]o l9e ,,xx4 ,by way ( example1 let ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] be #bi4ei in*es1 & let ! back pressure f all causes be #g p\nds uni=mly ?r\gh\t4 ,x w be repres5t$ by ! l9e b#a1 b#b1 etc4 ,?is quantity subtract$ f ! pressures p#a1 p#b1 etc41 leaves ! rema9d] 7p-b7 ^u ea* ord9ate1 :i* rema9d] repres5ts ! net pressures :i* at t po9t may be appli$ to produce ext]nal p[]4 ,if1 n[1 ,a is ! area ( ! pi/on1 !n ! ext]nal p[] 7d ,w7 produc$ betwe5 ea* ord9ate is3 ,to any conv5i5t scale1 ^u ea* ord9ate1 set (f ! appropriate p[] z calculat$ by ?is equation 7#a74 ,a7p-b7dx d,w --------------4 7#a47 #cc1jjj ,!re w result ! curve w1 w1 w1 det]m9+ ! p[] :i* at any po9t 9 ! diagram is to be reg>d$ z a ga91 to be c>ri$ to ! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt4 ,x is evid5t t1 s long z ! ga9s f expansion exce$ ! losses f expansion1 x is pr(itable to proce$ ) expansion1 b t expansion %\ld cease at t po9t at :i* ga9s & losses j balance ea* o!r4 ,,to ,,calculate ,,! ,,losses4 ,! requisite data are furni%$ by ! exp]im5ts conduct$ "s ye>s s9ce by ,presid5t ,d4,m4 ,gre5e1 ( ,troy ,college1 = ! ,bureau ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+1 ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,accord+ to ^! exp]im5ts1 ! heat :i* is lo/ p] h\r by radiation ?r\gh a metallic plate ( ord9>y ?ickness1 expos$ to dry air ^u "o side & to ! s\rce ( heat ^u ! o!r1 = "o degree diff]5ce 9 temp]ature1 is z foll[s3 ,condition4 ,heat units4 ,nak$44444444444444444444444444444444444 444 #b4iccjfgb ,cov]$ ) hair felt1 #j4be in* ?ick4444 #a4jedjgaj #j4ej 4444 #j4egbhfdg #j4ge 4444 #j4dabdfbe #a4jj 4444 #j4cjgjeed #a4be 4444 #j4bgdfchg #a4ej 4444 #j4bejgjig ,if n[ t' temp]ature ( /eam at ! ord9ate1 t temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 d,s surface ( ! cyl9d] includ$ betwe5 ea* ord9ate1 k t figure f ! table satisfy+ ! conditions1 !n ! p[] loss 7d,r7 p] m9ute w be3 k 7t'-t7d,s d,r 7 -- 7 ----------4 7#b7 #fj #cc1jjj ,to ! same scale z ! p[] ga9s1 ^u ea* ord9ate1 set (f ! appropriate p[] loss1 z calculat$ by ?is equation 7#b74 ,!re w result ! curve r1 r1 r1 :i* det]m9es ! p[] :i* at any po9t 9 ! diagram is to be reg>d$ z a loss1 to be c>ri$ to ! debit side ( ! acc\nt4 ,?is curve ( losses int]sects ! curve ( ga9s at a po9t 7x is evid5t7 :]e ea* equals ! o!r4 ,!re=e ?is is ! po9t at :i* expansion %\ld cease1 & ?is absolute pressure is ! economic t]m9al pressure1 :i* det]m9es ! numb] ( expansions pr(itable "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,9 ! =ego+ example are tak5 k #j4cjgjeed1 t' #cca4afi1 t #fj1 :ile ! back pressure 0 tak5 at #g p\nds4 ,by way ( fur!r illu/ration1 fir/ let ! back pressure be *ang$ f #g to #e4 ,by equation #a !re w result a new curve ( ga9s1 ,w1 ,w1 ,w1 a portion only be+ plott$4 ,second1 let t' #cca4afi z be=e4 t #aej in/ead ( #fj4 k #j4bejgjig in/ead ( #j4cjgjeed4 ,!re w result ! second curve ( losses1 ,r1 ,r1 ,r1 int]sect+ ! second curve ( ga9s at ! po9t ,f1 ! new economic po9t = our new conditions4 ,^! two examples fully illu/rate ! :ole subject1 furni%+ an easy &1 :5 c>efully made1 a v exact calculation & result4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! g5]al conclusions to be drawn3 #a4 ,t radiation is a tangible & measurable cause1 suffici5t to acc\nt = all losses h]et(ore ascrib$ to an intangible1 immeasurable1 & :olly imag9>y cause1 viz41 int]nal evaporation & re-evaporation4 #b4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! high initial temp]atures n[ us$ becom+ a s\rce ( loss1 x is necess>y to prev5t ! quantity d,s 7t'-t7 becom+ great1 by mak+ d,s z small z possible4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ comp\nd our eng9es4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t is po9t$ out ! true reason :y comp\nd eng9es are economical heat eng9es4 #c4 ,! =ego+ reason+ be+ correct1 x foll[s t /eam jackets are a delusion4 #d4 ,9 ord] to atta9 economy1 we mu/ h high initial temp]atures1 small high pressure cyl9d]s1 l[ back pressures f :atsoev] cause1 high pi/on spe$s1 %ort r ?an long /rokes1 to avoid ! cool+ effects ( a long pi/on rod2 b especially mu/ we h scrupul\s & p]fect protection f radiation1 especially ab\t ! cyl9d] heads1 n[ (t5times left b>e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,9 ,,w>f>e4 ,footnote3 ,f a rec5t lecture be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia4 ,by ,lieut4 ,b4,a4 ,,fiske1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,lieut5ant ,fiske began by pay+ a tribute to ! rem>kable pione] ef=ts ( ,colonel ,samuel ,colt1 :o m ?an =ty ye>s ago blew up sev]al old vessels1 includ+ ! gunboat ,box] & ! ,volta1 by ! use ( electricity4 ,congress vot$ ,colt #ag1jjj = cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* at t day seem$ almo/ magical2 & he !n blew up a vessel 9 motion at a di/ance ( five miles4 ,lieut4 ,fiske next ref]r$ briefly to ! electrical torp$oes employ$ 9 ! ,crimean w> & our civil w>4 ,at ! pres5t day1 an electrical torp$o may be describ$ z consi/+ ( a /rong1 wat]-tight vessel ( iron or /eel1 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( "s explosive1 usually gun-cotton1 & a device = detonat+ ?is explosive by electricity4 ,! old me*anical m9e us$ 9 our civil w> did n "k a fri5dly %ip f a ho/ile "o1 & w\ld s9k ei!r ) absolute imp>tiality4 ,b ! electrical subm>9e m9e1 be+ explod$ only :5 a curr5t ( electricity is s5t ?r\gh x f %ip or %ore1 makes no su* mi/ake1 & becomes h>mless :5 deta*$ f ! batt]y4 ,! condition ( ! m9e at any "t c also be told by s5d+ a v m9ute curr5t ?r\gh x1 ?\gh miles away & buri$ deep b5ea? ! sea4 ,:5 a curr5t ( electricity goes ?r\gh a wire1 x heats x2 & if ! curr5t be made /rong en\gh1 & a :ite hot wire ?us comes 9 contact ) p[d] or fulm9ate ( m]cury 9 a torp$o1 an explosion w result4 ,b x is important to "k exactly :5 to explode ! torp$o1 especially dur+ ! night or 9 a fog2 & h5ce torp$oes are (t5 made automatic by :at is call$ a circuit clos]4 ,?is is a device :i* automatically bridges ov] ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts :i* 7 sep>at$1 ?us all[+ ! curr5t to pass betwe5 !m4 ,9 subm>9e torp$oes x is usual to employ a small weight1 :i*1 :5 ! torp$o is /ruck1 is ?r[n by ! =ce ( ! bl[ across two contact po9ts1 "o ( :i* po9ts is 9 connection ) ! fuse & ! o!r 9 connection ) ! batt]y1 s t ! curr5t imm$iately runs ov] ! bridge ?us (f]$1 & ?r\gh ! fuse4 ,9 practice1 ^! two contact po9ts are connect$ by a wire1 ev5 :5 ! torp$o is n 9 ! /ate ( be+ /ruck2 b ! wire is ( su* great resi/ance t ! curr5t is too weak to heat ! wire 9 ! fuse4 ,yet :5 ! weight above m5tion$ is ?r[n across ! two contact po9ts1 ! curr5t runs across ! bridge1 in/ead ( ?r\gh ! resi/ance wire1 & is !n /rong en\gh to heat ! wire 9 ! fuse & explode ! torp$o4 ,! advantage ( hav+ a wire ( high resi/ance betwe5 ! contact po9ts1 in/ead ( hav+ no wire betwe5 !m1 is t ! curr5t :i* !n passes ?r\gh ! fuse1 ?\gh too weak to fire x1 %[s by its v exi/5ce to ! m5 on %ore t ! circuit ?r\gh ! torp$o is all "r4 ,b in/ead ( hav+ ! increas$ curr5t caus$ by /rik+ ! torp$o to fire ! torp$o directly1 a bett] way is to h x simply make a signal on %ore4 ,!n1 :5 fri5dly vessels are to pass1 ! fir+ batt]y c be disconnect$2 & :5 ! fri5dly %ip bumps ! torp$o1 ! work+ ( ! signal %[s n only t ! circuit ?r\gh ! fuse is all "r1 b also t ! circuit clos] is all "r1 s t1 _h ! fri5dly %ip be5 a ho/ile %ip1 %e w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 de/roy$4 ,:ile ! managem5t ( ! torp$o is ?us simple1 ! def5se ( a h>bor becomes a complex problem1 on acc\nt ( ! "t & exp5se requir$ to p]fect x1 & ! tra9+ ( a corps ( m5 to op]ate ! torp$oes4 ,9 ord] to detect ! pres5ce ( torp$oes 9 an enemy's h>bor1 an in/rum5t has be5 inv5t$ by ,capt4 ,mc,evoy1 call$ ! torp$o detect]1 9 :i* ! action is some:at simil> to t ( ! induction balance1 ! iron ( a torp$o case hav+ ! effect ( increas+ ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce embrac$ by "o ( two oppos+ coils1 s t ! curr5t induc$ 9 x ov]p[]s t induc$ 9 ! o!r1 & a di/9ct s\nd is he>d 9 a telephone receiv] 9 circuit ) !m4 ,z yet1 ?is in/rum5t has met ) little practical success1 b1 its pr9ciple be+ correct1 we c say ) consid]able confid5ce t ! reason ( its non-success probably is t ! coils & curr5t us$ are bo? too small4 ,lieut4 ,fiske describ$ ! sp> torp$o & ! v>i\s classes ( movable torp$oes1 includ+ ! ,lay4 ,8 conclusion is t ! mo/ successful ( ! movable torp$oes is ! ,simms1 ) :i* v promis+ exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,g54 ,abbot4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& h %[n t ! ,:itehead torp$o1 ov] :i* control ceases aft] x is fir$1 is n s =midable a weapon :5 fir$ at a %ip "u way z _m suppos$1 = ! simple reason t x c be dodg$4 ,b an electrical torp$o1 ov] :i* control is ex]cis$ :ile x is 9 motion ?r\gh ! wat]1 _c be dodg$1 provid$ x receives suffici5t spe$4 ,= effective "w aga9/ %ips capable ( /eam+ fifte5 knots p] h\r1 ! torp$o %\ld h a spe$ ( tw5ty knots4 ,!re is no !oretical difficulty 9 ! way ( produc+ ?is1 = a spe$ ( elev5 knots has already be5 record$1 ?\gh an electric torp$o1 to get ?is spe$1 w\ld h to be l>g] ?an a ,:itehead hav+ ! same spe$4 ,x may be conceiv$ t a torp$o c>ry+ #ej lb4 ( gun-cotton1 capable ( go+ #bj knots p] h\r1 s t x w\ld pass ov] a di/ance ( #ejj y>ds 9 ab\t #de sec41 & yet be absolutely "u control all ! "t1 s t x c be con/antly kept po9t$ at its t>get1 w\ld be a v unpleasant ?+ = an enemy to meet4 ,milit>y telegraphy is a second use ( electricity 9 w>f>e4 ,lieut4 ,fiske traces its orig9 to our own civil w>4 ,=eign nations took ! h9t f u1 & dur+ ! invasion ( ,france ! telegraph play$ a mo/ important "p4 ,9 milit>y telegraph tra9s1 miles ( wire are c>ri$ on reels 9 specially con/ruct$ wagons1 :i* hold also batt]ies & in/rum5ts4 ,"s ( ! wire is insulat$1 s t x c re/ on ! gr\nd1 & ?us be laid out ) great spe$1 :ile o!r wire is b>e1 & is int5d$ to be put on poles1 trees1 etc4 ,= m\nta9 s]vice ! wires & implem5ts are c>ri$ by pack animals4 ,regul>ly tra9$ m5 are employ$1 & are drill$ 9 quickly runn+ l9es1 sett+ up tempor>y /ations1 etc4 ,9 ! rec5t ,engli% op]ations 9 ,egypt1 ! advance gu>d always kept 9 telegraphic communication ) headqu>t]s & ) ,engl&1 & aft] ! battle ( ,tel-el-,kebir news ( ! victory 0 telegraph$ to ! ,que5 & h] answ] receiv$ 9 =ty-five m9utes4 ,! telephone is also us$ ) success 9 w>f>e1 & 9 fact sometimes assi/s ! telegraph 9 cases :]e1 by reason ( ! ha/e ) :i* a l9e has be5 run1 ! curr5t leaks (f4 ,a telephone may !n be us$ to receive ! message--& = a transmitt] a simple buzz] or automatic circuit break]1 controll$ by an ord9>y key4 ,9 ! case ( vessels !re is mu* difficulty 9 us+ ! telegraph & ! telephone1 z ! wire may be f\l$ & brok5 :5 ! %ip sw+s by a long *a94 ,9 ,engl& 9 ! case ( a light%ip ?is difficulty has be5 surm\nt$1 or r avoid$1 by mak+ holl[ ! cable by :i* ! %ip rides1 & runn+ an insulat$ wire along ! long tube ?us =m$ inside4 ,b ! problem is mu* simplifi$ :5 tempor>y communication only is desir$ betwe5 %ips at an*or1 betwe5 a %ip & ! %ore1 or ev5 betwe5 a %ip & a boat :i* has be5 s5t (f on "s special s]vice1 su* z reconnoit]+1 s\nd+1 etc4 ,9 ?is case portable telephones are us$1 9 :i* ! wire is s plac$ on a reel 9 circuit ) ! telephone t communication is pres]v$1 ev5 :ile ! wire is runn+ (f ! reel4 ,! telegraph & telephone are bo? com+ l>gely into use 9 artill]y exp]im5ts1 = example1 9 track+ a vessel z %e comes up a *annel s t h] exact position at ea* in/ant may be kn[n1 & 9 det]m9+ ! spot ( fall ( a projectile4 ,9 gett+ ! "t ( flight ( projectiles electricity is ( value2 by break+ a wire 9 circuit ) a *ronograph1 ! precise in/ant ( />t to )9 a ?\s&? ( a second be+ automatically regi/]$4 ,velocimet]s are a famili> application ( electricity some:at analog\s4 ,9 ^!1 wires are cut by ! projectile at diff]5t po9ts 9 its flight1 & ! break+ ( ! electric curr5t causes ! appe>ance ( m>ks on a surface mov+ along at a kn[n spe$4 ,! velocity ( ! projectile 9 go+ f "o wire to ano!r c !n be f\nd4 ,electricity is also us$ = fir+ great guns1 bo? 9 %ips & =ts4 ,9 ! =m]1 x elim9ates ! factor ( *ange produc$ by ! roll+ ( ! %ip dur+ ! movem5t ( ! arm to fire ! gun4 ,! t\* ( a button accompli%es ! same ?+ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,moreov]1 an absolutely simultane\s broadside c be deliv]$ by electricity4 ,! (fic] dis*>ges ! guns f a fight+ t[]1 :i!r ! wires lead1 & ! m5 c at once lie d[n out ( ! enemy's ma*9e guns1 z soon z _! own guns are ready = dis*>ge4 ,! electric motor w c]ta9ly be us$ v g5]ally = h&l+ ordnance on bo>d %ips n v heavily plat$ ) armor1 s9ce a small wire is a mu* m conv5i5t mode ( convey+ en]gy to a motor ( any k9d1 & is mu* less liable to injury1 ?an a comp>atively l>ge pipe = convey+ /eam1 compress$ air1 or wat] "u pressure4 ,besides1 ! electric motor is ! ideal eng9e = "w on %ipbo>d1 by reason ( its smoo? & sil5t motion1 its fre$om f dirt & grease1 ! read9ess ) :i* x c be />t$1 /opp$1 & rev]s$1 & its high effici5cy4 ,inde$1 9 future we may look to a protect$ app>atus = all su* uses 9 e =t & e p[]ful %ip4 ,9 photograph+ ! bores ( great guns1 electric lights are us$1 & !y make kn[n if ! gun is accurately rifl$ & h[ x is /&+ ! erosion ( ! p[d] gases4 ,9 ! case ( a =t1 electricity c be employ$ 9 connection ) ! in/rum5ts us$ = det]m9+ at ea* in/ant ! position ( an approa*+ vessel or army4 ,:itehead torp$oes are n[ s arrang$ t !y c be eject$ by press+ an electric button4 ,electric lights = vessels are n[ ( recogniz$ importance4 ,at fir/ !y 7 object$ to on ! gr\nd t if ! wire c>ry+ ! curr5t %\ld be %ot away 9 action1 ! :ole %ip w\ld be plung$ 9 d>kness2 & s x w\ld be 9 an accid5t befall+ ! dynamo t g5]ates ! curr5t4 ,! criticism is s5sible1 b ! answ] is t diff]5t circuits mu/ be arrang$ = diff]5t p>ts ( ! %ip1 & ! wires c>ry+ ! curr5t mu/ be arrang$ 9 duplicate4 ,x is also easy to repair a break 9 a copp] wire if %ot away4 ,z to ! dynamo & eng9es1 !y mu/ be plac$ bel[ ! wat] l9e1 "u a protective deck1 & ?is %\ld be provid$ = 9 build+ ! vessel4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al dynamos & eng9es4 ,all ! dynamos %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ( ! same electromotive =ce1 & fe$ into ! same ma9s1 f :i* all lamps draw _! supply1 & :i* are f$ by fe$]s f ! dynamo at diff]5t po9ts1 s t accid5t to ! ma9s 9 "o "p ( ! %ip w affect t "p only4 ,b x is ! arc light1 us$ z :at is call$ a se>* light1 t is mo/ valuable 9 w>f>e4 ,lieut4 ,fiske ?9ks its fir/ use 0 by ! ,fr5* 9 ! siege ( ,p>is1 to discov] ! op]ations ( ! besieg]s4 ,x c be c>ri$ by an army 9 ! field1 & us$ = exam9+ unkn[n gr\nd at night1 se>*+ = w\nd$ on ! battle field1 & s on4 ,on fight+ vessels ! se>* light is useful 9 disclos+ ! attack ( torp$o boats or ( ho/ile %ips1 9 br++ out cle>ly ! t>get = guns1 & 9 puzzl+ an enemy by involv+ him successively 9 dazzl+ light & total d>kness4 ,lieut4 ,fiske sugge/s t ?is use w\ld be equally effective 9 emb>rass+ troops grop+ to ! attack ( a =t at night by sudd5 alt]nations ( bl9d+ light & p>alyz+ d>kness4 ,!re %\ld be f\r se>* lights on ea* side ( a %ip4 ,z to ! p[] & beauty ( ! se>* light1 ,lieut4 ,fiske ref]s to ! magnific5t "o ) :i* he light$ up ,philadelphia la/ autumn1 dur+ ! electric exhibition 9 t city4 ,"o night he w5t to ! t[] ( ! ,p5nsylvania railroad /ation & wat*$ ! light /ation$ at ! ,exhibition build+ on #cb;d /reet4 ,! ray ( light :5 turn$ at "r angles to 8 direction look$ l a silv] arr[ go+ ?r\gh ! sky2 & :5 turn$ on him1 he c\ld read ! f9e pr9t ( a railroad "t table at arm's l5g?4 ,fla%es f 8 se>* light 7 se5 at a di/ance ( ?irty miles4 ,9 us+ inc&esc5t lamps = night signal+1 ! simple/ way is to arrange a keybo>d ) keys m>k$ ) c]ta9 numb]s1 indicat+ ! numb] ( lamps arrang$ 9 a prom95t position1 :i* w burn :ile t key is be+ press$4 ,= example1 suppose ! numb] #ecdh means ,prep>e to receive a torp$o attack4 ,press keys #e1 #c1 #d1 #h1 & ! lights ( lamps #e1 #c1 #d1 #h1 successively blaze out4 ,electrical laun*es h be5 us$ to "s ext5t1 _! /orage batt]ies be+ fir/ *>g$ a%ore or on bo>d ! %ip to :i* ! laun* belongs4 ,!y h c>ri$ hundr$s ( p1 & h made eight knots an h\r4 ,! improvem5t ( /orage batt]ies1 /eadily go+ on1 w ev5tually cause ! electrical laun* to replace ! /eam laun*4 ,"o ( its advantages is 9 hav+ no noise f an exhau/ & no flame fl>+ above a smoke pipe to betray its pres5ce4 ,9 w>f>e two sets ( /orage batt]ies %\ld be provid$ = laun*es1 "o be+ re*>g$ :ile ! o!r is 9 use4 ,mr4 ,ga/9e ,tr\se has rec5tly inv5t$ an electric sight1 a filam5t ( f9e wire 9 a glass tube cov]$ ) metal on all sides save at ! back4 ,! batt]y is said to be no l>g] ?an a man's f+]1 & to be atta*$ to ! b>rel ne> ! muzzle by simple rubb] b&s1 s arrang$ t ! act ( atta*+ ! batt]y to ! b>rel automatically makes connection ) ! sight2 & s arrang$ also t ! liquid ( ! batt]y is out ( action except :5 ! musket is br\ght into a horizontal position = fir+4 ,to ?r[ a good light ^u ! t>get ! same inv5tor has devis$ a small electric lamp & projector1 :i* is plac$ on ! b>rel ne> ! muzzle by rubb] b&s1 ! batt]y be+ held at ! belt ( ! m>ksman1 ) su* connections t ! act ( press+ ! butt ( ! musket aga9/ ! %\ld] completes ! circuit1 & causes ! bright cyl9d] ( light to fall on ! t>get1 ?us enabl+ him to get z good a %ot z 9 ! day "t4 ,se>* lights & inc&esc5t lights are advantage\sly us$ ) balloons4 ,9 subm>9e boats electricity w "o day be v useful4 ,subm>9e div+ w play a "p 9 future w>s1 & ! div]'s lamp w be electrical4 ,progress has be5 made also 9 con/ruct+ electrical guns1 9 :i* ! c>tridge conta9s a fuse :i* is ignit$ by press+ an electric button on ! gun4 ,a bett] aim c be _h ) x1 :5 p]fect$1 ?an ) "o fir$ by a trigg]4 ,at pres5t1 accord+ to ,lieut4 ,fiske1 ?is inv5tion has n rea*$ ! practical /age1 & ! necessity = a batt]y to fire a c>tridge is decid$ly an objection4 ,b ! batt]y is v small1 ne$s little c>e1 & w la/ a long "t4 ,! h>d pull ( ! ord9>y trigg] causes a movem5t ( ! b>rel except 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ highly skill$ m>ksm51 & ?is h>d pull is a necessity1 because ! hamm] or bolt mu/ h consid]able mass 9 ord] to /rike ! prim] ) suffici5t =ce to explode x4 ,hav+ ! mass1 x mu/ h consid]able in]tia2 h5ce x ne$s a deep not* to hold x firm :5 j>r$ at full cock1 & ?is deep not* necessitates a /rong pull on ! trigg]4 ,b ) an electric gun ! circuit-clos+ p>ts are v small & light1 & c be put into a recess 9 ! butt ( ! gun1 out ( ! way ( *ance bl[s4 ,?us a light pressure ( ! f+] is alone ne$$ to fire x1 :ile f ! small in]tia ( ! p>ts a sudd5 %ock w n cause accid5tal clos+ ( ! circuit & fir+ ( ! gun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,meucci',s ,,claims ,,to ,,! ,,telephone4 ,our read]s h already be5 in=m$ ?r\gh ^! columns t1 not)/&+ ! refusal ( ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 ,mr4 ,g>l&1 to in/itute suit = ! nullification ( ! ,bell pat5t1 application has aga9 be5 made by ! ,globe ,telephone ,co41 ( ?is city1 ! ,wa%+ton ,telephone ,co41 ( ,baltimore1 & ! ,panelectric ,co4 ,^! applications h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t & ,pat5t ,(fice = exam9ation1 & ^u _! report ! in/itution ( ! suit dep5ds4 ,! evid5ce :i* ! companies above m5tion$ h pres5t$ includes n only ! /atem5t ( ,pr(4 ,gray & ! circum/ances connect$ ) 8 caveat1 b br+s out fully1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! claims ( ,antonio ,meucci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meucci',s ,,caveat1 #ahga4 ,! latt] evid5ce is int5d$ to %[ t ,meucci inv5t$ ! speak+ telephone n only be=e ,bell1 b t he ant$at$ ,reis by sev]al ye>s4 ,9 a rec5t int]view ) ,meucci we obta9$ a brief hi/ory ( 8 life & ( 8 inv5tion1 :i* w1 no d\bt1 int]e/ our read]s4 ,meucci1 a native ( ,italy1 0 educat$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,flor5ce1 devot+ 8 "t z a /ud5t to me*anical eng9e]+4 ,9 #ahdd he gave consid]able att5tion to ! subject ( electricity1 & _h a contract ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! isl& ( ,cuba to galvanize mat]ials us$ 9 ! army4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) electricity he read ! works ( ,becqu]el1 ,mesm]1 & o!rs :o treat$ l>gely ( ! virtues ( electricity 9 ! cure ( disease4 ,meucci made exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 & at "o "t ?\ght t he he>d ! s\nd ( a sick p]son's voice m di/9ctly ?an usual1 :5 he _h ! spatula connect$ ) ! wire & batt]y 9 8 m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a ,,& #b4--ahdi4 ,! app>atus he us$ = ?is purpose is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x consi/s ( an oval disk or spatula ( copp] atta*$ to a wire :i* 0 coil$ & support$ 9 an insulat+ h&le ( cork4 ,to asc]ta9 t he 0 able to he> ! s\nd1 he cov]$ ! device ) a funnel ( pa/ebo>d1 %[n 9 ! adjo9+ figure1 & held x to 8 e>1 & ?\ght t he he>d ! s\nd m di/9ctly4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahdi 9 ,havana1 :]e ,meucci 0 me*anical director ( a !at]4 ,9 ,may1 #ahea1 he came to ?is c\ntry1 & settl$ 9 ,/at5 ,isl&1 :]e he has liv$ ev] s9ce4 ,x 0 n until a ye> lat] t he aga9 took up 8 telephonic /udies1 & !n he tri$ an arrangem5t some:at diff]5t f ! fir/4 ,he us$ a t9 tube1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 & cov]$ x ) wire1 ! ends ( :i* 7 sold]$ to ! tongue ( copp]4 ,) ?is in/rum5t1 he /ates1 he frequ5tly conv]s$ ) 8 wife f ! basem5t ( 8 h\se to ! ?ird floor1 :]e %e 0 conf9$ z an invalid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #c ,,& #d4--aheb4 ,cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ a bobb9 ( wire ) a metallic core1 & ! fir/ in/rum5t he con/ruct$ on ?is idea is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x consi/$ ( a wood5 tube & pa/ebo>d m\? piece1 & support$ )9 ! tube 0 a bundle ( /eel wires1 surr\nd$ at _! upp] end by a bobb9 ( insulat$ wire4 ,! diaphragm 9 ?is in/rum5t1 0 an animal membrane1 & x 0 slit 9 a semicircle s z to make a flap or valve :i* respond$ to ! air vibrations4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/rum5t 9 :i* he us$ a bobb91 b ! articulation naturally left mu* to be desir$1 on acc\nt ( ! use ( ! animal membrane4 ,meucci fixes ! dates f ! fact t ,g>ibaldi liv$ ) him dur+ ! ye>s #ahea-ed1 & he rememb]s expla9+ ! pr9ciples ( 8 inv5tion to ! ,italian patriot4 ,aft] con/ruct+ ! in/rum5t j describ$1 ,meucci devis$ ano!r dur+ #ahec-ed4 ,?is consi/$ ( a wood5 block ) a hole 9 ! c5t] :i* 0 fill$ ) magnetic iron ore1 & ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* a /eel wire pass$4 ,! magnetic iron ore 0 surr\nd$ by a coil ( insulat$ copp] wire4 ,b an important improvem5t 0 introduc$ "h 9 ! %ape ( an iron diaphragm4 ,) ?is app>atus greatly improv$ effects 7 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--ahec4 ,9 #ahef ,meucci fir/ tri$1 he says1 a horse%oe magnet1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 b he w5t a /ep backw>d 9 us+ an animal membrane4 ,he /ates t ?is =m did n talk s well z "s :i* he _h made be=e1 z might be expect$4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aheh-fj ,meucci con/ruct$ ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,he "h employ$ a core ( temp]$ /eel magnetiz$1 & surr\nd$ x ) a l>ge coil4 ,he us$ an iron diaphragm1 & obta9$ su* good results t he det]m9$ to br+ 8 inv5tion be=e ! public4 ,8 national pride prompt$ him to h ! inv5tion fir/ br\ght out 9 ,italy1 & he intru/$ ! matt] to a ,mr4 ,b5dal>i1 an ,italian m]*ant1 :o 0 ab\t to />t = t c\ntry4 ,b5dal>i1 h[ev]1 neglect$ ! matt]1 & no?+ 0 he>d ( x f t qu>t]4 ,at ! same "t ,meucci describ$ 8 inv5tion 9 ,l',eco d',italia1 an ,italian pap] publi%$ 9 ?is city1 & await$ ! return ( ,b5dal>i4 ,meucci1 h[ev]1 kept at 8 exp]im5ts ) ! object ( improv+ 8 telephone1 & sev]al *anges ( =m 7 ! result4 ,fig4 #h %[s "o ( ^! in/rum5ts con/ruct$ dur+ #ahfd-fe4 ,x consi/$ ( a r+ ( iron w\nd spirally ) copp] wire1 & f two opposite sides iron wires atta*$ to ! core support$ an iron button4 ,?is 0 plac$ opposite an iron diaphragm1 :i* clos$ a cavity end+ 9 a m\?piece4 ,he also con/ruct$ ! in/rum5t :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 & :i*1 he says1 0 ! be/ in/rum5t he _h ev] con/ruct$4 ,! bobb9 0 a l>ge "o1 & 0 plac$ 9 a soapbox ( boxwood1 ) magnet core & iron diaphragm4 ,/ill seek+ great] p]fection1 ,meucci1 9 #ahfe1 tri$ ! b5t horse%oe =m1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 b f\nd x no improvem5t2 &1 al?\gh he exp]im5t$ up to ! ye> #ahga1 he 0 n able to obta9 any bett] results ?an ! be/ ( 8 previ\s in/rum5ts _h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--ahef4 ,:5 ,meucci arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 he _h prop]ty valu$ at #bj1jjj1 & he ent]$ into ! brew+ bus9ess & into c&le mak+1 b he gradually lo/ 8 money1 until 9 #ahfh he f\nd himself r$uc$ to little or no?+4 ,to add to 8 mis]y1 he _h ! mis=tune ( be+ on ! ,/at5 ,isl& f]ryboat ,we/field :5 ! latt]'s boil] explod$ ) su* t]rible effect 9 #ahga4 ,he 0 badly scald$1 & = a "t 8 life 0 despair$ (4 ,aft] he recov]$ he f\nd t 8 wife1 9 _! pov]ty1 _h sold all 8 in/rum5ts to ,john ,flem+1 a deal] 9 second-h& articles1 & f :om p>ts ( ! in/rum5ts h rec5tly be5 recov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--aheh-fj4 ,) ! view ( introduc+ 8 inv5tion1 ,meucci n[ det]m9$ to protect x by a pat5t2 & hav+ lo/ 8 in/rum5t1 he _h a draw+ made accord+ to 8 sket*es by an arti/1 ,mr4 ,ne/ori4 ,?is draw+ he %[$ to sev]al fri5ds1 & took !m to ,mr4 ,a4 ,b]tol9o1 :o w5t ) him to a pat5t attorney1 ,mr4 ,t4,d4 ,/etson1 9 ?is city4 ,mr4 ,/etson advis$ ,meucci to apply = a pat5t1 b ,meucci1 )\t funds1 _h to cont5t himself ) a caveat4 ,to obta9 money = ! latt] he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,a4,z4 ,gr&i1 ,s4,g4,p4 ,buguglio1 & ,ango ,tremes*94 ,! articles ( agreem5t betwe5 !m1 made ,dec4 #ab1 #ahga1 cr$it ,meucci z ! inv5tor ( a speak+ telegraph1 & ! p>ties agree to furni% him ) means to procure pat5ts 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 & to organize companies1 etc4 ,! "n ( ! company 0 ,teletr(ono4 ,!y gave him #bj ) :i* to procure 8 caveat1 & t 0 all ! money he ev] receiv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! caveat :i* ,meucci fil$ conta9$ ! draw+ made by ,ne/ori1 & z %[n 9 ! cut1 :i* is a facsimile1 repres5ts two p]sons ) telephones connect$ by wires & batt]ies 9 circuit4 ,! caveat1 h[ev]1 does n describe ! inv5tion v cle>ly2 x describes ! two p]sons z be+ insulat$1 b ,meucci claims t he nev] made any m5tion ( insulat+ p]sons1 b only ( insulat+ ! wires4 ,to expla9 ?is seem+ incongruity1 x mu/ be /at$ t ,meucci communicat$ ) 8 attorney ?r\gh an int]pret]1 z he 0 n ma/] ( ! ,engli% language2 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t he und]/&s & speaks ! language v poorly1 s mu* s t we f\nd x necess>y to communicate ) him 9 ,fr5* dur+ ! conv]sation 9 :i* ^! facts 7 elicit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--ahfd-fe4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgb1 aft] obta9+ 8 caveat1 ,meucci1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,b]tol9o1 w5t to see ,mr4 ,grant1 at t "t ! ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,di/rict ,telegraph ,company1 & he told ! latt] t he _h an inv5tion ( s\nd telegraphs4 ,he expla9$ 8 inv5tions & submitt$ draw+s & plans to ,mr4 ,grant1 & reque/$ ! privilege ( mak+ a te/ on ! wires ( ! company1 :i* te/ if successful w\ld enable him to raise money4 ,mr4 ,grant promis$ to let him "k :5 he c\ld make ! te/1 b aft] ne>ly two ye>s ( wait+ & disappo9tm5t1 ,mr4 ,grant said t he _h lo/ ! draw+s2 & al?\gh ,meucci !n made an in/rum5t l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #i = ! purpose ( a te/1 ,mr4 ,grant nev] tri$ x4 ,meucci claims t he made no secret ( 8 inv5tion1 & z in/ance cites ! fact t 9 #ahgc a div] by ! "n ( ,william ,c>roll1 hav+ he>d ( x1 came to him & ask$ him if he c\ld n con/ruct a telephone s t communication c\ld be ma9ta9$ betwe5 a div] & ! %ip above4 ,meucci set ab\t to con/ruct a m>9e telephone1 & he %[$ u ! sket* ( ! in/rum5t 9 8 memor&um book1 :i* dates f t "t & conta9s a numb] ( o!r inv5tions & exp]im5ts made by him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--ahfd-fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--ahfe4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,bell exhibit$ 8 inv5tions at ! ,c5t5nial1 ,meucci he>d ( x1 b 8 pov]ty1 he claims1 prev5t$ him f mak+ 8 prote/ations ( priority effective1 & x 0 n until comp>atively rec5tly t !y h be5 br\ght out ) any prom95ce4--,! ,electrical ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,electrical ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,laboratories4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ,section ,b1 ,briti% ,association1 ,ab]de5 meet+4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,! late ,dr4 ,mohr#a ( ,bonn1 advocat$ ! use ( a c5trifugal ma*9e z a means ( rapidly dry+ cry/als & cry/all9e precipitates2 b al?\gh !y are admirably adapt$ = t purpose1 c5trifugal ma*9es are seldom se5 9 our *emical laboratories4 ,footnote #a3 ,lehrb4 d4 ,*em4 ,analyt4 ,titrirme?ode1 #c;d ed41 #ahgj1 p4 #fhd4 ,! neglect ( ?is valuable addition to our laboratory app>atus is probably ow+ to ! inconv5i5ce involv$ 9 driv+ ! ma*9e at a high spe$ by means ( ! ord9>y h& driv+ ge>1 especially :5 ! rotation has to be ma9ta9$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,x occurr$ to me1 !re=e1 t by atta*+ ! drum or basket ( ! ma*9e 7or ! rotat+ table ( ,mohr's app>atus7 directly to ! sp9dle ( an electro-motor1 ! difficulty ( driv+ might be got ov]1 & at ! same "t a comb9ation ( great effici5cy w\ld result1 z ! electro-motor1 l ! c5trifugal ma*9e1 is mo/ effici5t :5 run at a high spe$4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ! sket* consi/s ess5tially ( a p]=at$ basket1 ,a1 :i* is slipp$ on to a cone atta*$ to ! sp9dle1 ,s1 ( an electro-motor1 & held 9 position by ! nut1 ,d4 ,! cas+1 ,b1 ) its removable cov]1 ,c1 s]ves to receive ! liquid driv5 out ( ! sub/ance be+ dri$4 ,a flat =m ( ! ord9>y ,siem5s ,h armature1 ,e1 revolves betwe5 ! poles1 ,p1 ( ! electro-magnets1 ,m1 :i* are connect$ by means ( ! base plate1 ,i4 ,! brass cross-b>1 ,g1 c>ries ! top be>+ ( ! sp9dle1 ,s1 & prev5ts ! magnet poles f be+ drawn toge!r4 ,illu/ration ,f f\r to six cells ( a bi*romate batt]y or ,faure second>y batt]y furni% suffici5t p[] to run ! ma*9e at a high spe$4 ,an app>atus ) a copp] basket f\r in*es 9 diamet] has be5 f\nd extremely useful 9 ! laboratory = dry+ su* sub/ances z granulat$ sulphate ( copp] & sulphate ( iron & ammonia1 b m especially = dry+ sug>1 :i* :5 cry/alliz$ 9 v small cry/als _c be readily sep>at$ f ! sirupy "m-liquor by any ( ! usual laboratory appliances4 ,= dry+ sub/ances :i* act on copp] ! basket may be made ( plat9um or ebonite2 9 ! latt] case1 ow+ to ! increas$ size ( ! p]=ations1 x may be necess>y to l9e ! basket ) plat9um wire gauze or p]=at$ p>*m5t pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[] ,,by ,,electricity4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,m>cel ,deprez h ent]$ on a decisive phase4 ,! dynamos are complet$1 & 7 put 9 place on ! #bj? ,octob]1 :5 ,m4 ,deprez c>ri$ out "s prelim9>y te/s 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission consi/+ ( ,,mm4 ,collignon1 ,inspector-,g5]al des ,ponts et ,*ausses2 ,delebecque1 ,+5ieur en ,*ef du ,mat]iel et de la ,traction ( ! ,nor!rn ,railway ( ,france2 ,contan9i1 eng9e] 9 ! same company2 & ,s>taux4 ,! g5]at+ dynamos made by ,,mm4 ,breguet1 & ! receiv+ dynamos con/ruct$ by ,,mm4 ,mignon & ,r\>t1 7 dur+ a prelim9>y trial plac$ side by side1 "o portion ( ! circuit be+ v %ort1 & ! o!r twice ! di/ance betwe5 ,la ,*apelle & ,creil1 or sev5ty miles4 ,9 future exp]im5ts ! two dynamos w be plac$ 9 _! normal positions at ea* end ( ! l9e4 ,! g5]at+ ma*9e is driv5 by a locomotive eng9e2 ! resi/ance ( its field magnets is #e4fh ohms1 & ( ! two armatures #cc ohms4 ,! resi/ance ( ! two armatures ( ! receiv+ ma*9e is #cf4h ohms1 & ! resi/ance ( ! l9e is #ig ohms2 ! g5]ator & receiv] field magnets are excit$ ea* by a sep>ate ma*9e4 ,five diff]5t trials 7 made at v>y+ spe$s ( ! driv+ %aft2 ! initial "w on ?is %aft 0 measur$ by a dynamomet]1 & ! available en]gy ( ! %aft ( ! receiv+ ma*9e 0 asc]ta9$ by a ,prony brake2 ! o!r results ( ! exp]im5ts 7 d$uc$ f ! con/ants ( ! ma*9es & f galvanometric measurem5ts4 ,= ! fir/ trials ! diff]5t elem5ts 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,g5]at+ dynamos3 ,velocity ( %aft #abc revolutions4 ,electromotive =ce at t]m9als1 #ccgj4be volts4 total #cfbd4g ,available "w at driv+ %aft4 #dc h4 p4 ,electrical "w ( g5]ator #cg4ch ,diff]5ce absorb$ #e4fb #b4 ,l9e3 ,"w absorb$ by ! l9e4 #g4ei h4 p4 #c4 ,receiv+ dynamos3 ,velocity ( %aft #aed revolutions4 ,electromotive =ce at t]m9als1 #bfaf4be volts4 total #bccf4id ,electrical "w ( receiv] #bd4aj h4 p4 ,available "w on %aft #bb4aj ,diff]5ce absorb$ #b ,! duty obta9$ w\ld ?us be #bb4aj_/dc #ea4c p] c5t41 if ! "w absorb$ by ! excit+ ma*9es be n consid]$4 ,tak+ ?is into acc\nt1 x w\ld be r$uc$ to #dj p] c5t4 ,9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts ! spe$ ( ! g5]ator 0 increas$ gradually4 ,9 ! la/ trial ! foll[+ 7 ! elem5ts3 #a4 ,g5]at+ dynamos3 ,spe$ ( %aft #aij revolutions4 ,electromotive =ce at t]m9als #ebca4be volts4 total #edfi4ge ,available "w on driv+ %aft1 #fb h4 p4 ,electrical "w on g5]ator #ec4ei ,diff]5ce absorb$ #h4ea ,"w absorb$ by armature #b4cc #b4 ,l9e3 ,"w absorb$ by conductors #g4ba h4 p4 #c4 ,receiv+ dynamos3 ,spe$ ( %aft #bdh revolutions4 ,electromotive =ce at t]m9als #dejh volts4 ,electromotive =ce total #dbdb4fg ,electrical "w ( receiv] #da4dd h4 p4 ,"w measur$ on receiv] %aft #ce4h ,diff]5ce absorb$ #e4fd ,duty obta9$1 n includ+ excit+ ma*9e #eg p] c5t4 ,duty obta9$1 includ+ excit+ ma*9e #dh ,dur+ ! v>i\s exp]im5ts ! curr5t trav]s+ ! l9e v>i$ f #g4ei amp]es to #g4ba amp]es4 ,no heat+ ( any k9d 0 obs]v$4 ,m4,j4 ,b]tr&1 :o communicat$ a pap] to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ! subject1 comm5t$ on ! relatively l[ spe$s4 ,x corresponds to a l9e> displacem5t ( ! surface armatures1 9 no case exce$+ ! spe$ ( a locomotive :eel4 ,! t5sion rea*$ #e1ejj volts41 "u v satisfactory me*anical conditions1 & ) a curr5t t 9 no way endang]$ ! l9e4 ,?is fir/ exp]im5t is c]ta9ly enc\rag+1 & x w be foll[$ by o!rs ( a m complete & exhau/ive "*4 ,,mm4 ,de ,ro?s*ild are n[ embody+ a p[]ful commission ( ,fr5* & =eign sci5ti/s :o w foll[ ! subject c>efully1 & report ^u x4 ,x may be safely pr$ict$ t "o result ( ?is action w be ! developm5t ( a new s]ies ( obs]vations ( ! highe/ te*nical int]e/ & value4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,lock$ ,,& ,,cord$ ,,box ,,trick4 ,! trick ) ! lock$ & cord$ box1 ,i believe1 is an old "o1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 its pres5t =m4 ,9 late ye>s x has be5 reviv$ ) improvem5ts1 & popul>iz$ by ^? clev] illusioni/s1 ,messrs4 ,maskelyne ,cook & ,dr4 ,lynn1 at ! ,egyptian ,hall4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( work+ ! trick or1 r1 ( arrang+ ! special bit ( me*anism :]e9 ! peculi> features ( ! box consi/4 ,! "o ,i am ab\t to describe is1 ,i ?9k1 ! be/ ( ^? ,i am acqua9t$ )1 or at lib]ty to divulge4 ,inde$1 ,i don't "k t any me?od is bett]1 & ?is "o has ! advantage ov] mo/ o!rs ( all[+ ! p]=m] to get into z well z out ( ! box1 )\t leav+ a trace ( 8 means ( +ress4 ,x w be se5 ! box is panel$1 & all ! panels look equally firm & fix$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o ( ! panels is movable1 ?\gh ! close/ scrut9y w\ld fail to discov] ?is if ! box & fitt+s are c>efully made & adju/$4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! box1 ( :i* ! back is ! same z ! front4 ,9 ! box ,i describe1 ! end m>k$ has a movable panel4 ,! size ( ! box %\ld be regulat$ by ! size ( ! p]=m]2 b "o measur+ #c feet #f in*es long by #b feet back to front1 & #ba in*es high1 exclusive ( ! lid1 :i* may be #c in*es1 w be ( g5]al use4 ,9 mak+ ! box x is mo/ important t all sides & panels look alike1 & t no?+ special 9 ! appe>ance ( ! end ) ! loose panel %\ld attract notice4 ,fig4 #b %[s ?is end ) fitt+s drawn half ( full size1 & x w he se5 f ?is t ! fram+1 ,a1 is #c in*es wide by #a in*es ?ick1 & ! panel1 ,b1 in* ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,x w be notic$ t ! top & bottom rails ( ! frame are rabbet$ to receive ! panel1 b ! sides are groov$1 ! groove 9 front rail be+ d\ble ! dep? ( ! "o 9 ! back rail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lock$ ,,& ,,cord$ ,,box ,,trick4 ,by ,,david ,b4 ,,adamson4 ,! dott$ l9e1 ,b1 %[s ! size ( ! panel2 ! dott$ l9e1 ,c1 %[s ! dep? ( groove 9 ! front rail4 ,f ?is x w be cle> t ! panel is only held 9 place at ! back & front1 & t on slid+ x t[>d ! front x w be free out ( ! groove 9 ! back rail4 ,?ree sides ( x are ?us free1 & a little manipulation w all[ ( its be+ tak5 out altoge!r1 leav+ pl5ty ( space = ! p]=m] to get out1 presum+ him to h be5 lock$ inside ! box4 ,if ! panel 7 to be f9i%$ 9 ?is way1 )\t fur!r fitt+s1 ! secret w\ld soon be discov]$2 & ,i n[ proce$ to %[ h[ ! panel is held 9 place & firm :ile "u exam9ation4 ,det]m9e ! size ( screws t are to be us$ 9 fix+ ! brass corn] clamps4 ,let u say ,no4 #g is decid$ on2 & if brass screws are us$1 !n get a piece ( brass1 ,fig4 #d1 ! exact diamet] ( ! screw-head1 & a little long] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! fram+4 ,if iron screws are to be us$1 !n ?is piece mu/ be iron4 ,n[ bore a hole into :i* ?is bolt w fit closely1 "r ?r\gh ! fram+ at ,d1 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is mo/ important t ! hole %\ld be made close up to ! edge ( ! panel1 ,b1 s t :5 ! bolt is 9 x firmly holds ! panel1 & prev5ts x mov+ f back to front 9 ! groov+4 ,n[ get a piece ( %eet brass1 #a_/h in* ?ick1 & cut x to ! %ape %[n by ,e1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! wid? ( ?is piece %\ld n be less ?an #c_/h in*1 & x mu/ be ( su* l5g? t ! end rea*es to ! middle ( ! top fram+1 z %[n at ,l1 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is piece ( brass is sunk 9 ! top & front fram+1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ,g1 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 & also 9 section 9 ! latt]4 ,:5 ! box is op51 ! l[] or %ort arm ( ?is lev]1 :i* is %ap$ z %[n full size1 at ,e1 ,fig4 #h1 is kept press$ d[n on ! bolt1 ,d1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 ,fig4 #b1 & ,e1 ,fig4 #g1 by ( ! spr+1 ,j1 ,fig4 #b4 ,on ! box be+ clos$1 a p9 on ! "u edge ( lid goes into ! hole1 ,l1 ,fig4 #c1 & presses ! end ( ! lev] d[n 9 su* a way z to raise ! claw end ( x f ,d4 ,! ?ick dott$ l9es1 ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 %[ position ( lev] :5 box is clos$4 ,x w be not$ t ! bolt1 ,d1 ,fig4 #d1 has a groove cut 9 x all ar\nd1 into :i* ! claw fits4 ,?is prev5ts ! bolt be+ pu%$ backw>d or =w>d :5 ! box is op54 ,! lev] mu/ be hung z %[n1 ,k1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! exact position ( ?is is immat]ial1 b x is z well to h ! fulcrum z ne> ! end z may be1 9 ord] t ! claw may be rais$ suffici5tly ) only a small movem5t ( ! %ort arm ( ! lev]4 ,( c\rse1 ! %ort] ! arm is1 ! m accurately ! lid & p9 mu/ be made to close4 ,if ! p91 press+ %ort arm d[n1 be too %ort1 ! pressure w n be en\gh to release ! claw1 & consequ5tly ! p]=m] might f9d himself really unable to get out ( ! box aft] x is lock$4 ,! end ( ! lev] %\ld be f9i%$ ) a wood block1 z ,fig4 #f1 l>g] ?an ! p9 on ! lid1 z repres5t$ by ,l & ,m1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! block may be ( o!r mat]ial1 b %\ld be color$ ! same z ! wood ! box is made (1 s t1 if any "o 7 to look d[n on x1 no suspicion w\ld be ar\s$1 z might be 7 pla9 brass us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #e4 ,9 ,fig4 #e1 ,i %[ an easy way ( hang+ ! lev]4 ,x is simply a piece ( wire %>p5$ & not*$1 s z to =m sev]al small b>bs1 prev5t+ )drawal4 ,! mode ( fix+ w be easily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,b & ,c1 ,fig4 #e4 ,"s consid]able am\nt ( c>e w h to be be/[$ on fitt+ & adju/+ ?is "p ( ! "w1 on :i* ! successful p]=mance ( ! trick consi/s1 & be=e f9ally fix+ up1 x %\ld be asc]ta9$ t all ! movem5ts "w h>moni\sly4 ,x w be be/ to cut ! groove 9 :i* ! lev] works f bel[1 &1 aft] ! lev] is fix$1 to fill up ! space n requir$ by ! lev] ) /rips ( wood1 ,h1 ,h4 ,if pref]r$1 ! space c be %ap$ out f ! back1 i4e41 ! inside ( ! fram+1 & !n fill$ :]e n requir$1 b z ?is1 h[ev] neatly done1 w\ld %[ a jo9t :i* might be detect$ by %>p eyes1 x is bett] to cut f bel[1 ?\gh m tr\blesome4 ,! end conta9+ ! movable panel be+ arrang$1 make up ! re/ ( ! box to x1 tak+ c>e to make ! rebates ( ! top & bottom frames to correspond ) ^? ( ! end4 ,! o!r panels %\ld n1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! grooves on two sides only1 b at tops & bottoms z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! rebates are to be cut only to h all ! fram+ inside look alike2 & z ! panel1 ,b1 is made to fit q close into ! rebate1 x w n be surmis$ t x is n fitt$ 9 ! usual way4 ,aft] ! box is made & fitt$ toge!r1 ! clamp+ mu/ be done4 ,! only necessity = ?is is 9 ord] t ! bolt1 ,d1 :i* we h se5 is made on ! outside end exactly to mat* ! screws us$ to fa/5 ! clamps1 %\ld n be conspicu\s1 z x w\ld be 7 x alone4 ,z x is1 x w n be specially obs]vable1 be+ app>5tly only "o ( ! screws to fa/5 ! clamps4 ,! clamps may be ( ?9 brass or iron1 %ap$ z %[n at ,fig4 #i4 ,"o ( ! corn] holes mu/ be arrang$ to cov] ,d exactly1 & ! o!rs regulat$ to x4 ,let u suppose t ,a1 ,fig4 #i1 is ! "o ?r\gh :i* ! bolt goes2 ! o!r corn] screw holes mu/ be equally di/ant f ! edges ( ! clamps4 ,twelve ( ^! clamps w be ne$$4 ,aft] !y h be5 screw$ on1 put ! bolt ?r\gh1 & let ! claw ( ! lev] hold x 9 place4 ,!n m>k & cut ! bolt flu% ) ! clamp1 mak+ a holl[ on ! end ( x to imitate ! screws1 z ,d1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! o!r end ( ! bolt %\ld ei!r be made flu% ) ! inside ( frame & color$ to mat* x1 or1 bett]1 cut %ort & fac$ flu% ) a piece ( wood to mat* ! fram+4 ,if a piece ( wood ) a knot be *os5 = ?is side ( ! frame1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,imm$iately ov] ! hole1 ,l1 a wood5 p9 %\ld be fix$ 9 ! lid1 & ( su* l5g? t x w press ! %ort arm ( lev] d[n suffici5tly4 ,x %\ld fit ! hole pretty closely4 ,at ! o!r end1 a correspond+ p9 & hole %\ld be made1 &1 say1 two along ! front4 ,^! w !n look z if !y 7 int5d$ m]ely z fitt+s to hold ! lid 9 position4 ,! lid at ! o!r end ( ! box f ! movable panel %\ld h a /op ( "s sort2 ! ord9>y brass jo9t /op w d z well z any1 & %\ld be /rong4 ,! reason = plac+ x at :at ,i may call ! o!r end is t1 :5 ! box is be+ exam9$1 x w attract notice1 & draw att5tion f ! movable panel end4 ,we may n[ f9ally adju/ ! loose panel1 :i* mu/ fit tight at top & bottom1 & be slightly bevel$1 z %[n on section4 ,two holes mu/ also be cut ?r\gh x1 at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r t a f+] & ?umb c be put ?r\gh !m1 s z to all[ ( ! panel be+ mov$4 ,9 ! deep groov+ 9 front also put a c\ple ( spr+s1 say pieces ( clock spr+s1 z %[n1 ,i1 ,i1 ,fig1 #b4 ,^! s]ve to assi/ ! bolt1 ,d1 by pu%+ ! panel into position4 ,holes to mat* ^? 9 end panel mu/ also be cut 9 ! o!r panels1 & :5 a lock1 pref]ably a padlock1 has be5 fitt$1 ! box is complete4 ,i don't "k :e!r x is necess>y to say t ! lid %\ld be h+$ at ! back1 & ( c\rse x w add to ! appe>ance ( ! box if x be poli%$ or oil$4 ,n[1 = ^? :o may n h se5 ! lock$ & cord$ box trick p]=m$1 a few words ( caution may n be out ( place4 ,don't =get to h some?+ 9 a pocket easily got at t w s]ve to pu% ! bolt out1 be=e go+ into ! box4 ,a piece ( /\t wire1 a small p5cil case1 or any?+ ( t sort w d4 ,be c>eful :5 gett+ into ! box to lie ) y\r head t[>d ! loose panel end1 & face t[>d ! front--z !re w be no space to turn r\nd2 ! "r h& w !n be upp]mo/ & free to pu% ! bolt out4 ,hav+ done ?is1 grasp ! panel ) ! f+] & ?umb by means ( ! two holes1 pu% x to ! front ( ! box1 :5 ! back edge w be cle> ( ! groove4 ,x c n[ easily be pull$ into ! box1 & ! p]=m] c creep out4 ,:5 out1 refix panel & bolt s t ev]y?+ looks z x 04 ,any cord+ t may be ov] ! end ( ! box w give suffici5tly to all[ ( exit4 ,i h1 ,i ?9k1 made x q cle> t padlock & ropes h no?+ to d ) ! real p]=mance ( ! trick1 b !y s]ve to my/ify spectators1 :o may be all[$ to knot ! rope & seal ! knots 9 any way !y *oose4 ,!re mu/ always be a scre5 or curta9 to hide ! box f ! spectators :ile ! p]=m] is gett+ 9 or out4--,d4,b4 ,adamson1 9 ,amateur ,"w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prices ,,( ,,metals4 ,! ,metall>beit] rem>ks t metals h 9 mo/ cases exp]i5c$ a r$uction 9 value ( late ye>s1 ?is depreciation be+ attribut$ 9 "s measure to ! *eap] me?ods ( obta9+ metals z well z to ! discov]y ( new s\rces ( m9]al weal?4 ,! foll[+ comp>ative table %[s ! approximate prices ( v>i\s metals 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 & ,decemb]1 #ahhd3 ,dec41 #ahgd4 ,dec41 #ahhd4 ,p] lb4 ,p] lb4 s d4 s4 d4 ,osmium #ga #aj #j #fb #j #j ,iridium #gj #j #j #de #j #j ,gold #fb #ae #j #fc #j #j ,plat9um #be #g #f #ba #g #f ,?allium #bc #ag #f #d #ae #j ,magnesium #aj #e #j #a #ae #j ,potassium #e #j #j #d #j #j ,silv] #c #ag #f 79 ,hamburg7 #c #g #f ,alum9um #a #af #j #a #af #j ,cobalt #a #ad #j #a #b #j ,sodium #j #ad #b #j #h #h ,nickel #j #aa #j #j #c #a ,bismu? #j #h #a #j #h #a ,cadmium #j #g #a #j #d #j ,quicksilv] #j #b #j 79 ,london7 #j #a #i ,t9 #j #a #a 79 ,b]l97 #j #j #i ,copp] #j #j #aj 7 7 #j #j #g ,ars5ic #j #j #h #j #j #d-a_/b ,antimony #j #j #f-a_/d 7 7 #j #j #e ,lead #j #j #b-c_/d 7 7 #j #j #a-c_/h ,z9c #j #j #b-a_/b 7 7 #j #j #a-c_/d ,/eel #j #j #a-c_/h 7 9 #j #j #j-c_/d ,b> iron #j #j #a-a_/h ,upp] #j #j #j-e_/h ,pig iron #j #j #j-g_/af ,silesia 7 #j #j #j-a_/d ,gold n[ ranks highe/ 9 value ( all metals1 ! competition ( osmium & iridium hav+ be5 ov] come4 ,x is only by reason ( improv$ me?ods ( prep>ation t ! latt] h become *eap]1 :ile _! use has at ! same "t increas$4 ,iridium is mix$ ) plat9um 9 ord] to increase its /r5g? & durability4 ,! normal /&>ds ( ! metrical sy/em are made ( plat9um-iridium on acc\nt ( its kn[n immutabilty4 ,9 #ahhb1 plat9um /ood #ae p] c5t4 bel[ its pres5t value2 b its increas$ employm5t = indu/rial purposes l$ to ! subsequ5t improvem5t 9 price4 ,?allium has exp]i5c$ a sev]e depreciation on acc\nt ( ! economical process by :i* x is extract$ f ! residue ( ! lead *amb]s us$ 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,! use ( ?is metal is ma9ly conf9$ to exp]im5tal purposes4 ,! fall 9 silv] has aris5 f increas$ production & dim9i%$ use = co9age4 ,magnesium 0 sc>cely ( any indu/rial value prior to ! fall 9 price n[ record$4 ,improv$ processes = its treatm5t h successfully engag$ ! att5tion ( sci5tific m51 & x is n[ capable ( be+ us$ z an alloy ) o!r metals4 ,! ,sal9dres factory regulates ! price to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & its sy/em ( work+ is reg>d$ z a guide 9 ! v>i\s processes connect$ ) ?is bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! manufacture ( potassium & sodium w1 x is expect$1 be m fully elucidat$ ?an hi!rto1 by means ( rese>*es made at ,s*]+'s ,*>lott5burg factory4 ,! c\rse ( nickel prices illu/rates ! /imulus to economical production af=d$ by an increas$ consumption4 ,?is latt] fact is pr9cipally due to ! employm5t ( nickel = co9age1 z alloy = alf5ide1 etc4 ,! use ( cadmium is mat]ially re/rict$ by its relatively limit$ supply4 ,hi!rto1 its only s\rce 0 9 ! incid5tal products ( z9c di/illation1 b ( late x has be5 attempt$ to br+ x into solution f its oxide comb9ations4 ,an increas$ employm5t ( cadmium = indu/rial purposes is expect$ to foll[4 ,production 9 excess ( ! dem& has caus$ ! depreciation record$ 9 t91 & v>i\s o!r metals n comm5t$ ^u1 ?is rem>k apply+ ev5 to ! sc>ce metals1 ars5ic & antimony4 ,ev5 ! bett] m>ks ( ,cornwall t9 & ,mansfield ref9$ copp] h _h to foll[ ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ! m>ket4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,p]petual ,,cal5d>4 ,! annex$ figure repres5ts a p]petual cal5d>1 :i* any "o c con/ruct = himself1 & :i* p]mits ( f9d+ ! day t corresponds to a giv5 date1 & conv]sely4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( circles & arcs ( circles divid$ by radii4 ,! r+ =m$ by ! two la/ int]nal circles is divid$ into #bh equal p>ts1 :i* be> ! names ( ! week1 ! fir/ sev5 lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 rev]s$ ord]1 & two signs ,x4 ,! circle =m$ by ! ext]nal circumf]5ce ( ! r+ con/itutes ! movable "p ( ! app>atus1 & revolves ar\nd its c5t]4 ,two circul> sectors1 :i* are diametrically opposite1 are ea* divid$ into sev5 p>ts & con/itute ! fix$ portions4 ,9 ! divisions ( ! upp] sector are di/ribut$ ! mon?s1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ! mon?ly numb]s4 ,9 ! o!r sector ! days ( ! mon? are regul>ly di/ribut$4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! affair complete1 a table is arrang$ ^u ! movable disk = giv+ ! annual numb]s1 or r1 9 ?is case1 ! annual lett]s4 ,! cal5d> is us$ z foll[s3 ,say1 = example1 we wi% to f9d :at days correspond to ! diff]5t dates ( ,augu/1 #ahhe2 we look 9 ! table = ! lett] 7,d7 t corresponds to ?is ye>2 !n we br+ ?is lett] "u ! giv5 mon? 7,augu/7 & ! days m>k$ ^u ! movable disk correspond+ to ! dates s\ght1 & x only rema9s to make a simple read+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]petual ,,cal5d>4 ,x w be se5 t ! leap-ye>s correspond to two lett]s4 ,we "h employ ! fir/ to ,feb4 #bi inclusive1 & ! second = ! balance ( ! ye>4 ,! cal5d> may be made ( c>dbo>d1 & be fix$ to wood4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,accompli%$ ,,p>rot4 ,ar\nd ! door ( a ,six? ,ave4 bird /ore ne> ,tw5ty-?ird ,/4 0 ga!r$ ! o!r day a cr[d s l>ge t x 0 a "w ( sev]al m9utes to ga9 entrance to ! int]ior4 ,f )9 !re proce$$ a ho>se voice da%$ ) a suspicion ( :isky1 :i* bell[$ 9 ,iri%-,am]ican brogue ! enliv5+ /ra9s ( ,peek-a-boo4 ,) ea* reit]ation ( ,peek-a-boo ! cr[d halloo$ ) delight1 & "o small boy1 9 ! exub]ance ( 8 joy1 ti$ himself into a sort ( knot & roll$ on ! pavem5t4 ,sudd5ly ! inebriat$ ,iri%man came to a dead /op1 & ano!r voice1 pleasant] 9 quality1 sang ! inspir+ national ode ( ,yankee ,doodle1 foll[$ by ! /5torian qu]y & answ] all 9 "o1 ,h[ are ! ,psi-,upsilon boys8 ,oh1 !y're all "r6 ,a pass]-by1 puzzl$ at ! sc5e1 made 8 way into ! /ore & soon solv$ ! my/]y4 ,9 a l>ge cage 9 ! c5t] 0 an enorm\s gre5 & yell[ p>rot1 :i* 0 hang+ by "o foot to a sw++ p]*1 & troll+ =? 9 diff]5t voices ) ! ease ( an accompli%$ v5triloqui/4 ,he resum$ a normal position z he 0 approa*$1 & flapp+ 8 w+s bell[$ out1 ,hurrah = ,ela9e & ,logan6 ,!n1 cock+ 8 head on "o side1 he dropp$ into a m conv]sational tone1 & ) a regul> ,alice 9 ,wond]l& air rem>k$3 ,x's nev] too late to m5d a bird 9 ! h&2 & aga91 aft] a pause1 ,x's a long lane t nev] won fair lady4 ,8 visitor affably rem>k$3 ,y're q an accompli%$ bird1 ,polly1 & quick z a fla% ! creature repli$3 ,i c spell1 ,i c4 ,c-a-t1 cat4 ,d-o-g1 fox1 ) an affectation ( juv5ility :i* 0 grewsome4 ,he res5t$ an ill-advis$ attempt at famili>ity by snapp+ at ! f+] :i* tri$ to scrat* 8 poll1 & b>k$ out3 ,take c>e6 ,i'm a bad bird1 ,i am4 ,y bet*] life6 ,he's "o ( ! clev]e/ p>rots ,i h _h = "s "t1 said 8 own]1 ,mr4 ,hold54 ,9 fact1 he is almo/ z good z ,b5 ,butl]1 :om ,i sold to ,patti4 ,8 /ock ( prov]bs seems inexhau/ible1 & he makes !m q funny by ! +5i\s way 9 :i* he mixes !m up4 ,i c\ld n beg9 to tell y all ! ?+s he says1 b 8 greate/ accompli%m5t is 8 s++4 ,he is a d\ble yell[head--! only species ( p>rot :i* does s+4 ,! ,african grays are bett] talk]s1 b !y d n s+4 ,!y only :i/le4 ,:at d ,i ask = him8 ,oh1 ,i ?9k #bjj is *eap = su* a p>agon1 don't y8--,n4,y4 ,tribune4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,rosc(f ,,zoological ,,laboratory4 ,! celebrat$ ,rosc(f zoological /ation 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgb1 & has !re=e be5 9 exi/5ce = ?irte5 ye>s2 b x may be said t x has *ang$ appe>ance ?irte5 times4 ,^? :o1 = ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s1 h gone ?i!r to "w ) dilig5ce f9d at e recurr+ season "s improvem5t or new progress4 ,a r5t$ h\se1 a small %$ 9 a y>d1 little or no app>atus1 & f\r "w rooms--su* 0 ! debut ( ! /ation2 & mode/ x 01 z may be se54 ,lat] on1 ! introduction ( a tempor>y aqu>ium1 :i*1 )\t be+ ornam5tal1 0 n lack+ 9 conv5i5ce1 suffic$ = mak+ "s f9e discov]ies reg>d+ num]\s animals4 ,a small boat s]v$ = supply+ necess>ies to ! few work]s :o 7 !n visit+ ,rosc(f2 b z ! numb] ( ^! kept gradually increas+1 x became necess>y to ?9k ( enl>g+ ! /ation1 & ! pur*ase ( a piece ( prop]ty 0 decid$ ^u4 ,s9ce !n1 ,mr4 ,lacaze ,du?i]s has done no?+ b develop & trans=m ?is fir/ acquisition4 ,a l>ge h\se1 :i* 0 fitt$ up 9 #ahgi1 =m$ ! new laboratory4 ,?is 0 built 9 a l>ge g>d5 situat$ ne>ly at ! edge ( ! sea4 ,we say ne>ly1 z ! g>d5 9 fact 0 sep>at$ f ! sea by a small road4 ,! plan 9 ,fig4 #a %[s t ?is road makes an angle2 b =m]ly x 0 /raight1 & pass$ ov] ! t]race :i* n[ bord]s ^u ! fi% pond4 ,h[ _m measures1 voyages1 & endless discussions1 & h[ mu* pap] & ink1 x has tak5 to get ?is road c$$ to ! laboratory6 ,f9ally1 aft] mon?s ( conte/1 victory rew>d$ ,mr4 ,du?i]s's t5acity1 & he 0 !n able to beg9 ! con/ruction ( a pond & aqu>ium4 ,all ?is 0 n done at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,rosc(f ,,laboratory4 ,ano!r capital improvem5t 0 made 9 #ahhb4 ,! public s*ool adjo9+ ! e/abli%m5t 0 c$$ to x1 ! sep>at+ walls fell1 ! s*ool became a laboratory1 ! class rooms 7 replac$ by halls = rese>*1 & n[ no trace ( ! =m] sep>ation c be se5--s uni=m a :ole does ! laboratory =m4 ,no "o kn[s :at pati5ce x requir$ to =m1 piecemeal z x 71 s va/ an e/abli%m5t1 & "o ^: e "p s completely h>monizes4 ,dur+ ! same ye> a p>k1 "o acre 9 area1 0 laid out on ! bea* opposite ! laboratory4 ,?is is daily cov]$ by ! sea1 & =ms a pres]ve 9 :i* animals multiply1 & :i*1 dur+ ! inclem5t season1 :5 di/ant excursions are impossible1 p]mits ( satisfy+ ! dem&s t come f e qu>t]4 ,all1 h[ev]1 is n f9i%$4 ,la/ ye> a small piece ( l& 0 pur*as$ = ! in/allation ( hydraulic app>atus = fill+ ! aqu>ium4 ,?is acquisition 0 likewise indisp5sable1 9 ord] to prev5t build+s f be+ erect$ ^u ! l& & %utt+ (f ! light f ! "w rooms opposite4 ,alas1 "h we f9d our enemy aga9--! little road6 ,negotiations h be5 go+ on = eighte5 mon?s ) ! common c\ncil1 &1 :at is worse1 ) ! army eng9e]s1 conc]n+ ! cession ( ?is wret*$ footpa?4 ,! read] n[ kn[s ! pr9cipal phases ( ! increases & improvem5ts ?r\gh :i* ! ,rosc(f /ation has pass$4 ,if1 ) ! plan be=e 8 eyes1 he w foll[ u1 we w toge!r visit ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! laboratory4 ,! pr9cipal entrance is situat$ ^u ! city squ>e1 "o ( ! sides ( :i* is =m$ by ! build+s ( ! /ation4 ,we fir/ ent] a l>ge & beautiful g>d5 ornam5t$ ) l>ge trees & magnific5t fl[]s :i* ! mild & damp climate ( ,rosc(f makes bloom 9 pr(usion4 ,we next ent] a "w room :i* is design$ = ^? pupils :o1 do+ no special "w1 come to ,rosc(f 9 ord] to /udy f nature :at has be5 taught !m !oretically 9 ! lecture c\rses ( s*ools1 etc4 ,!re is room "h = n9e pupils1 to ea* ( :om ! laboratory (f]s two tables1 ) tanks1 b[ls1 reag5ts1 microscopes1 & in/rum5ts ( all k9ds = cab9et /udy1 z well z = rese>*es ^u animals on ! bea*4 ,"h ! pupils are 9 pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 & s ! explanations giv5 by ! laboratory assi/ants are tak5 advantage ( by all4 ,at ! end ( ?is room1 on turn+ to ! left1 we f9d two l>ge ap>tm5ts--! libr>y & museum4 ,"h h be5 gradually collect$ toge!r ! pr9cipal works conc]n+ ! fauna ( ,rosc(f & ! ,engli% ,*annel1 maps & plans useful = consultation1 num]\s memoirs1 & a small lit]>y libr>y4 ,! sci5tific collection conta9s ! great] portion ( ! animals t inhabit ! vic9ity ( ,rosc(f4 ,to e specim5 is affix$ a label giv+ a ho/ ( data conc]n+ ! habits1 me?od ( capture1 & ! v>i\s biological conditions special to x4 ,9 a few ye>s1 :5 ! data ?us accumulat$ e season by naturali/s h be5 br\ght toge!r1 we %all h a mo/ valuable collection ( facts conc]n+ ! fauna ( ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,two /ore rooms at ! end ( ^! ap>tm5ts occupy ! c5t] ( ! laboratory1 & are ?us m easy ( access f ! "w rooms1 & ! objects t ea* "o desires c be quickly got = him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,int]ior ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,/alls ,,= ,,/udy4 ,aft] ! /ore rooms comes :at 0 =m]ly ! class room = boys1 & :i* has space = ?ree work]s1 & !n ! =m] girls' class room1 :i* has space = eight m4 ,let u /op = a mom5t 9 ?is l>ge room1 :i* is divid$ up into eight /alls1 ea* ( :i* is put at ! disposal ( "s naturali/ :o is mak+ orig9al rese>*es4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts "o ( ^!1 & all ! re/ are l x4 ,?ree tables are provid$1 ! space betwe5 :i* is occupi$ by ! work]4 ,( ^!1 "o is res]v$ = ! tanks t conta9 ! animals1 ano!r1 plac$ opposite a w9d[ giv+ a good light1 supports ! optical app>atus1 & ! la/ is occupi$ by delicate objects1 draw+s1 notes1 etc41 & is1 aft] a mann]1 ! work]'s desk4 ,"s %elv+1 "s pegs1 & a small cupbo>d complete ! /all4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ! laboratory furni%es gratuit\sly to ^? :o are mak+ rese>*es ev]y?+ t c be ( s]vice to !m4 ,f\r ( ^! /alls are situat$ to ! nor?1 ) a view ( ! sea1 & ! o!r f\r ov]look ! g>d54 ,!y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a simple p>tition1 & all op5 on a wide c5tral corridor t leads to ! aqu>ium4 ,be=e rea*+ ! latt] we f9d two (fices t face ea* o!r1 "o ( !m = ! lectur] & ! o!r = ! prep>ator4 ,^! rooms1 z f> z _! arrangem5t is conc]n$1 are id5tical ) ! /alls ( ! work]s4 ,! laboratory1 !n1 is capable ( receiv+ tw5ty-?ree work]s at a "t1 & ( (f]+ !m e facility = rese>*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,rosc(f ,,laboratory4 ,! aqu>ium is an imm5se room1 #ih ft4 9 l5g? by #cc 9 wid?1 glaz$ at ! two sides4 ,x is at pres5t occupi$ only by tempor>y tanks t are to be replac$ be=e long by tw5ty l>ge ones ( #acj gallons capacity1 & two oval bas9s ( f #fej to #hge gallons capacity1 con/ruct$ aft] ! model ( ! "o t is giv+ s good results at ,banyuls4 ,at ! extremity ( ! aqu>ium !re is a /ore room conta9+ trawls1 nets ( all k9ds1 & mops1 = ! capture ( animals4 ,"h too is kept ! rigg+ ( ! two laboratory boats1 ! ,d5tale & ,laura4 ,above ! /ore room is locat$ ! director's "w room4 ,a wide t]race sep>ates ! aqu>ium f ! pond4 ,?is latt] is #ch y>ds long by #ce wide4 ,?anks to a sy/em ( sluice valves1 x is fill$ dur+ high tide1 & ! wat] is %ut 9 at l[ tide1 ?us p]mitt+ ( hav+ a supply ( liv+ animals 9 boxes & baskets until ! res\rces ( ! laboratory p]mit ( a m improv$ arrangem5t4 ,?is bas9 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,x is at ! nor? side ( ! laboratory z se5 f ! bea*4 ,"h too we see ! aqu>ium1 ! g>d51 & a portion ( ! %ore t s]ves z a po/ = ! /ation boats4 ,we mu/ n1 9 pass+1 fail to m5tion ! extreme conv5i5ce t ! proximity ( ! aqu>ium "w room to ! pond & sea (f]s to ! /ud5t4 ,?is entire collection ( halls1 con/itut+ ! sci5tific portion ( ! laboratory1 occupies ! gr\nd floor4 ,! fir/ & second /ories are occupi$ by sleep+ ap>tm5ts1 f\rte5 9 numb]4 ,^!1 )\t be+ luxuri\s1 are suffici5tly com=table1 & (f] ! great advantage t !y are v ne> ! "w rooms1 ?us p]mitt+ ( obs]v+1 at leisure1 & at any h\r ( ! day or night1 ! animals "u /udy4 ,ev]y?+ is absolutely free at ! laboratory4 ,! "w rooms1 in/rum5ts1 reag5ts1 boats1 dwell+ ap>tm5ts1 etc41 are put at ! disposal ( all ) an equal lib]ality2 & ?is abs5ce ( di/9ction betwe5 ri* or poor1 ,fr5*m5 or =eign]s1 is ! s\rce ( a *>m+ cordiality & good w among ! work]s4 ,%all we speak1 too1 ( ! ri*ness ( ! ,rosc(f fauna8 ,?is has become prov]bial among zoologi/s1 z c be atte/$ by ! #bfe ( !m :o h work$ at ! laboratory4 ,! v num]\s & rem>kable memoirs t h be5 prep>$ "h are to be f\nd record$ 9 ! f\rte5 volumes ( ! ,ar*ives de ,zoologie ,exp]im5tale f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,lacaze ,du?i]s4 ,x only rema9s to express our hope t ! aqu>ium may be soon f9i%$2 b be=e ?is is done x w be necess>y to get possession ( t un=tunate little road4 ,aft] ?is f9al victory1 ,mr4 ,du?i]s 9 8 turn w be able1 amid 8 pupils1 to enjoy all ^? advantages ( 8 "w :i* he has until n[ (f]$ to o!rs1 b f :i* he himself has ga9$ no b5efit4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,mur,n ,,at ,,! ,,b]l9 ,,aqu>ium4 ,( all fi%1 eels are probably ! mo/ int]e/+1 z ! lea/ is kn[n ( !m4 ,electricians are n[ exam9+ ! animal s\rce ( electricity 9 ! electric eel 7,gymnotus electricus72 zoologi/s are /ill se>*+ = ! solution ( ! problem ( ! g5]ation ( eels1 ( :i* no m is kn[n ?an t ! "y eels are n born alive2 & num]\s fi%+ societies are n[ /udy+ ! important "q ( rais+ eels 9 ponds1 lakes1 etc41 t are n connect$ ) ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mur,n ,,at ,,! ,,b]l9 ,,aqu>ium4 ,! annex$ cut1 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 is a copy ( a draw+ by ,muetzel1 & repres5ts a gr\p ( ,m$it]ranean ,murn 7,murna ,hel5a74 ,?is fi% atta9s a l5g? ( f #e ft4 to #f ft41 & has a smoo?1 scaleless body ( a d>k color1 on :i* l>ge light-yell[ spots appe>1 :i* give ! fi% a v peculi> appe>ance4 ,! pectoral f9 is miss+1 b x has ! dorsal & anal f9s1 :i* x uses ) great ability4 ,its head is po9t$1 & its jaws are provid$ ) extraord9>ily %>p tee?1 :i* are incl9$ t[>d ! re>2 & at ea* side ( ! head x is provid$ ) a gill4 ,! no/rils are on ! upp] side ( ! sn\t1 & a second1 tubul>1 pair ( no/rils is locat$ ne> ! eyes4 ,! bright eyes h a fi]ce expression1 :i* makes ! fi% appe> v mu* l a snake4 ,^! fi% are rav5\s1 & dev\r crabs1 snails1 worms1 & fi%es1 & if !y h no o!r food1 bite (f ! tails ( _! bre?r54 ,!y are caught 9 eel baskets or cages1 & by means ( hooks2 b !y are r dang]\s to h&le1 z !y attack ! fi%]m5 & injure !m sev]ely4 ,s9ce ! times ( ! anci5ts1 ,murn h be5 priz$ v highly on acc\nt ( _! savory fle%4 ,! ,romans 7 great exp]ts at fe$+ ^! fi%1 ,vidius ,pollio be+ ! ma/] ( !m all1 z he made a practice ( fe$+ 8 ,murn ) ! fle% ( slaves s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,pl9y /ates t at ,cs>'s triumphal entry ,hirius furni%$ six ?\s& ,murn4 ,slaves 7 frequ5tly driv5 into ! ponds1 & 7 imm$iately attack$ by ! voraci\s fi%es1 & kill$ 9 a v %ort "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,arctic ,,insects4 ,9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,das insekt5leb5 9 arktis*5 lnd]n1 :i* ,dr4 ,*ri/oph] ,aurivillius contributes to ! acc\nt ( ,a4,e4 ,nord5skild's ,arctic inve/igations1 publi%$ ?is ye> 9 ,leipzig1#b ! au?or says3 ,! "q ( ! mode ( life ( insects & ( its relation to _! environm5t 9 ! extreme nor? is "o ( especial int]e/4 ,kn[+1 z we d1 t any insect 9 ! extreme nor? has at ! mo/ n m ?an f f\r to six weeks 9 ea* ye> = its developm5t1 we wond] h[ c]ta9 species c pass ?r\gh _! metamorphosis 9 s %ort a p]iod4 ,r4 ,mc,lachlan adv]ts1 9 8 "w ^u ! insects ( ,gr9nell ,l&1 to ! difficulties :i* ! %ortness ( ! summ] appe>s to put 9 ! way ( ! developm5t ( ! insects1 & expresses ! belief t ! metamorphosis :i* we are accu/om$ "h to see pass$ ?r\gh 9 "o summ] !re requires sev]al summ]s4 ,! correctness ( ?is supposition has be5 completely %[n by ! int]e/+ obs]vations :i* ,g4 ,s&b]g has made ^u species ( lepidopt]a 9 ,s\? ,v>ang]1 at #fi #dj' nor? latitude4 ,s&b]g succe$$ 9 foll[+ ! developm5t f ! egg onw>d ( "s species ( ! extreme nor?4 ,o5eis bore1 ,s*n41 a purely ,arctic butt]fly1 may be tak5 z an example4 ,?is species has nev] be5 f\nd outside ( ,arctic regions1 & ev5 !re occurs only 9 places ( purely ,arctic /amp4 ,x flies f ! middle ( ,june onw>d1 & lays its eggs on diff]5t species ( grass4 ,! eggs hat* ! same summ]2 ! l>va hib]nates "u gr\nd1 cont9ues eat+ & gr[+ ! next summ]1 & does n ev5 !n rea* its full developm5t1 b w9t]s a second "t & pupates ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! pupa1 :i* 9 closely relat$ =ms1 9 regions fur!r to ! s\?1 is susp5d$ free 9 ! air ^u a blade ( grass or l object1 is 9 ?is case made 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* mu/ be a v advantage\s habit is s raw a climate4 ,! imago leaves ! pupa aft] f five or six weeks1 an uncommonly long p]iod = a butt]fly4 ,9 m s\!rn regions ! butt]fly pupa re/s n m ?an f\rte5 days 9 summ]4 ,! entire developm5t1 !n1 takes place mu* m sl[ly ?an x does 9 regions fur!r s\?4 ,s&b]g has %[n1 !n1 by ?is & o!r obs]vations1 t ! ,arctic summ]1 ev5 at #gj ,n41 is n suffici5t = ! developm5t ( _m butt]flies1 b t !y make use ( two or m summ]s = x4 ,if !n m ?an "o summ] is requisite = ! metamorphosis ( ! butt]flies1 x appe>s to me /ill m likely t ! humble-bees ne$ m ?an "o summ] = _! metamorphosis4 ,) u only ! develop$ female lives ov] f "o ye> to ! next2 9 spr+ %e builds ! new ne/1 lays eggs1 & re>s ! l>v :i* develop into ! work]s1 :o imm$iately beg9 to help 9 ! support ( ! family2 f9ally1 t[>d autumn1 males & females are develop$4 ,x seems sc>cely cr$ible t all ?is c take place ea* summ] 9 ! same way 9 ,gr9nell ,l&1 at #hb ,n41 especially z ! access to food mu/ be m limit$ ?an x is ) u4 ,! developm5t ( ! humble-bee colony mu/ surely be q diff]5t !re4 ,if x is n surely prov$ t ! humble-bees occur at s high latitudes1 "o w\ld n1 ) a k ( _! mode ( life1 be incl9$ to believe t !y c\ld live "u su* conditions4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h "o advantage ov] _! relatives 9 ! s\?4 ,9 ! ,arctic regions none ( ^? p>asites are f\nd :i* 9 o!r regions less5 _! numb]s1 su* z ! conopid among ! flies1 ! mutillas among ! hym5opt]a1 & o!rs4--,psy*e4 ,footnote #b3 ,nord5skild1 ,a4,e41 ,/udi5 und =s*ung5 v]anlas/ dur* me9e reis5 im hoh5 nord54 ,autorisirte ausgabe4 ,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahhe1 #i #eha pp41 #h pl41 maps1 ,o4 il4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,ye>',s ,,sci5tific ,,progress ,,9 ,,n]v\s ,,& ,,m5tal ,,diseases4 ,footnote3 ,volunte] report pres5t$ to ,nebraska ,/ate ,m$ical ,society1 ,may1 #ahhe1 at ,gr& ,isl&1 ,neb4 ,by ,l4,a4 ,,m]riam1 ,m4,d41 ,omaha1 ,neb41 ,pr(essor ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska ,college ( ,m$ic9e1 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,! records ( ! ,nebraska ,/ate ,m$ical ,society %[ t ! only report ( progress on n]v\s & m5tal diseases ev] made 9 ! hi/ory ( ! society 7sixte5 ye>s7 0 made by ! writ] la/ ye>2 & expect+ t ^? appo9t$ to make a report ?is ye> w\ld1 judg+ by ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 fail to prep>e su* a report1 ,i h se5 fit to prep>e a brief volunte] report ( su* items ( progress z h come to my notice dur+ ! la/ twelve mon?s4 ,i h n be5 able to le>n t any orig9al "w has be5 done 9 our ,/ate dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 nor t ^? hav+ *>ge ( ! insane hospital h utiliz$ ! mat]ial at _! comm& to add to ! sum ( our k ( m5tal diseases4 ,la/ ye> ,i said3 ,!re is a gr[+ s5tim5t t _m diseases n h]et(ore reg>d$ z n]v\s 7& p]haps all diseases7 are ( n]v\s orig94 ,?is tru?1 t all pa?ologico-hi/ological *anges 9 ! tissues ( ! body are deg5]ative 9 "*1 &1 :e!r caus$ by a p>asite1 a poison1 or "s unkn[n influ5ce1 are fir/ br\ght ab\t by or ?r\gh a *ang$ inn]vation1 is "o t is be+ accept$ v l>gely by ! be/ m5 9 ! pr(ession1 & ! accumulation ( facts is increas+ rapidly1 & ! acceptance ( ?is great tru? w prove to be little %ort ( revolution>y 9 its influ5ce on ! treatm5t ( ! disease4 ,?is is ! outgr[? ( ! /udy ( disease f ! /&po9t ( ! evolution hypo!sis4 ,d]angem5ts ( function prec$e abnormalities ( /ructure2 h5ce ! inn]vation mu/ be at fault be=e ! organ fails4 ,h5ce ! art ( heal+ %\ld aim at grappl+ ) ! neuroses fir/1 = ! local trophic *anges1 p]v]t$ secretions1 & /ructural abnormalities are ! effects or symptoms1 n ! causes ( ! disease4 ,dr4 ,j4,l4 ,?udicum has /udi$ ! *emical con/itution ( ! bra91 & he holds t1 ,:5 ! normal composition ( ! bra9 %all be kn[n to ! utt]mo/ item1 !n pa?ology c beg9 its se>* = abnormal comp\nds or d]angem5ts ( quantities4 ,! great diseases ( ! bra9 & sp9e1 su* z g5]al p>alysis1 acute & *ronic mania1 & o!rs1 ! au?or believes w all be %[n to be connect$ ) special *emical *anges 9 neuroplasm1 & t a k ( ! composition & prop]ties ( ?is tissue & ( its con/itu5ts w mat]ially aid 9 devis+ modes ( radical treatm5t 9 cases 9 :i*1 at pres5t1 only t5tative symptomatic measures are tak54 ,! :ole drift ( rec5t bra9 inquiry sets t[>d ! notion t ! bra9 always acts z a :ole1 & t no "p ( x c be dis*>g+ )\t alt]+ ! t5sions ( all ! o!r p>ts2 = an id5tical feel+ _c recur1 = x w\ld h to recur 9 an unmodifi$ bra91 :i* is an impossibility1 s9ce ! /ructure ( ! bra9 itself is cont9ually gr[+ diff]5t "u ! pressure ( exp]i5ce4 ,insanity is a disease ( ! mo/ highly diff]5tiat$ p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 :i* ! psy*ical functions1 z ?\ght1 feel+1 & volition1 are s]i\sly impair$1 reveal+ itself 9 a s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,in/itutions = ! insane 7 at fir/ f\nd$ = public relief1 & n to b5efit ! insane2 b ?is idea has *ang$ 9 ! pa/1 & !re is a gr[+ feel+ t a natural & dome/ic abode1 adapt$ to ! v>y+ sev]ity ( ! diff]5t degrees ( insanity1 %\ld be ! place = ! insane1 ) "s ref]5ce to _! wants & necessities1 & t _m pati5ts 7n all7 c\ld be bett] treat$ 9 a dome/ic or segregate asylum ?an 9 ! prison-l /ructures t s (t5 exi/1 & t ! asylum %\ld be z mu* h\se-l & home-l 9 "* z ! nature ( ! insanity w\ld p]mit2 :ile ex]cise & fe$+ are acc\nt$ z among ! be/ rem$ies 9 "s cases ( insanity1 p>ticul>ly 9 acute mania4 ,! new disease call$ morbus ,?oms5ii1 ( :i* ,i wrote 9 my report la/ ye>1 has be5 c>efully /udi$ by sev]al m5 ( em95ce1 & ! foll[+ conclusions h be5 rea*$ z to its pa?ology3 ,! weight ( ! evid5ce seems to prove t x is ( a neuropa?ic r ?an a myopa?ic nature1 & t x dep5ds on an exagg]at$ activity ( ! n]v\s app>atus :i* produces muscul> tone1 & t x has mu* analogy to ! muscul> ph5om5a ( hy/]ical hypnosis1 ! g5esis ( :i* is precisely expla9$ by a functional hyp]activity ( ! n]v\s c5t]s ( muscul> activity4 ,until q rec5tly x 0 suppos$ t ! rhy?mical action ( ! he>t 0 entirely due to ! p]iodical & ord]ly dis*>ge ( motor n]ve =ce 9 ! n]ve ganglia :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! organ2 b rec5t physiological obs]vations1 m especially ! brilliant rese>*es ( ,graskell1 seem to %[ t ! influ5ce ( ! c>diac ganglia is n indisp5sable1 & t ! muscul> fib] itself1 9 "s ( ! l[] animals1 at all ev5ts possesses ! p[] ( rhy?mical contraction4 ,sev]al valuable additions to our k ( ! anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em h be5 made by ,hus*ke1 ,exn]1 ,fu*s1 & ,tuczek4 ,tuczek & ,fu*s h confirm$ ! discov]ies ( ,exn]1 t !re are no m$ullat$ n]ve fib]s 9 ! convolutions ( ! infant1 & ,fle*zig has develop$ ?is law1 t m$ullat$ n]ve fib]s appe> fir/ 9 ! region ( ! pyramidal tracts & corona radiata1 & ext5d f !m to ! convolutions & p]iph]y ( ! bra91 be+ practically complet$ ab\t ! eigh? ye>4 ,?is fact is ( practical importance 9 n]v\s & m5tal diseases1 s9ce x is becom+ an admitt$ tru? t ! hi/ological *anges 9 disease foll[ 9 an inv]se ord] ! developm5tal processes tak+ place 9 ! embryo4 ,h5ce ! rec5t physiological division ( ! n]v\s sy/em by ,dr4 ,hughl+s ,jackson into highe/1 middle1 & l[e/ c5t]s1 & ! evolution ( ! c]ebro-sp9al functions f ! mo/ automatic to ! lea/ automatic1 f ! mo/ simple to ! mo/ complex1 f ! mo/ organiz$ to ! lea/ organiz$4 ,9 ! recognition ( ?is division we h ! promise ( a /eadi] & m sci5tific advance1 bo? 9 ! physiology & 9 ! pa?ology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,mr4 ,victor ,horsley has rec5tly demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( true s5sory n]ves supply+ ! n]ve trunks ( n]vi-n]vorum4 ,pr(4 ,hamilton1 ( ,ab]de51 claims t ! corpus callosum is n a commissure1 b ! decussation ( cortical fib]s on _! way d[n to ent] ! int]nal & ext]nal capsules ( ! opposite side4 ,pr(s4 ,burt ,g4 ,wild]1 ( ,i?aca1 & ,t4 ,jefrie ,p>k]1 ( ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1 h propos$ a new nom5clature = macroscopic encephalic anatomy1 :i*1 :ile seem+ly imp]fect 9 _m respects1 has1 at lea/1 ! m]it ( /imulat+ ?\ght1 & has giv5 an impulse to a re=m :i* w n cease until some?+ has be5 actually accompli%$ 9 ?is direction4 ,! object be+ to sub/itute = _m ( ! polynomial t]ms1 te*nical & v]nacul>1 n[ 9 use1 te*nical names :i* are brief & consi/ ( a s+le ^w4 ,?is has already be5 adopt$ by sev]al neurologi/s1 ( :om we may m5tion ,spitzka1 ,ramsey1 ,wright1 & ,h4,t4 ,osborn4 ,luys holds t ! bra91 z a :ole1 *anges its position 9 ! cranial cavity accord+ to diff]5t attitudes ( ! body1 ! free spaces on ! upp] side be+ occupi$ by c]ebro-sp9al fluid1 :i*1 obey+ ! laws ( gravity1 is displac$ by ! heavi] bra9 sub/ance 9 diff]5t positions ( ! body4 ,luys claims t mom5t>y v]tigo1 (t5 produc$ by *ang+ f a horizontal to a v]tical position1 seasickness1 pa9 9 movem5t 9 cases ( m5+itis1 epileptic attacks at night1 etc41 may be by ?is expla9$4 ,^! views ( ,luys are accept$ z true1 b to a less ext5t ?an taught by ,luys4 ,! preval5t idea t a lesion ( "o hemisph]e produces a p>alysis ^u ! opposite side ( ! body alone is no long] t5able1 = ea* hemisph]e is connect$ ) bo? sides ( ! body by motor tracts1 ! l>g] ( ! motor tracts decussat+ & ! small] n decussat+ 9 ! m$ulla4 ,h5ce a lesion ( "o hemisph]e produces p>alysis ^u ! opposite side ( ! body4 ,x has rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ t a lesion ( "o hemisph]e 9 ! visual area produces1 n bl9dness 9 ! opposite eye1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 b a c]ta9 degree ( bl9dness 9 bo? eyes1 t 9 ! opposite eye be+ great] 9 ext5t ?an t 9 ! eye ( ! same side4 ,analogy w\ld indicate t o!r s5sations foll[ ! same law1 h5ce ! probability is t all ! s5sations f "o side ( ! body d n pass to ! p>ietal cortex ( ! opposite side1 b t1 :ile ! majority s pass1 a portion g up to ! cortex ( ! same side f :i* !y come4 ,dr4 ,hammond says t ! *ief feature ( ! new ,sib]ian disease call$ mirya*it is1 t ! victims are oblig$ to mimic & execute movem5ts t !y see 9 o!rs1 & :i* motions !y are ord]$ to execute4 ,dr4 ,be>d1 9 ,june1 #ahhj1 obs]v$ ! same condition :5 travel+ among ! ,ma9e hunt]s1 ne> ,moosehead ,lake4 ,^! m5 are call$ jump]s1 or jump+ ,fr5*m54 ,^? subject to x />t :5 any sudd5 noise rea*es ! e>s4 ,x appe>s to be due to ! fact t motor impulse is excit$ by p]ceptions )\t ! necess>y concurr5ce ( ! volition ( ! individual to cause ! dis*>ge1 & are analog\s to epilepti=m p>oxysms due to reflex action4 ,! t]m spiritualism has come to signify m ?an has usually be5 ascrib$ to x1 = "s rec5t au?ors are n[ us+ ! t]m to d5ote a neurosis or n]v\s affection peculi> to t class ( p :o claim to be able to commune ) ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,evid5ce obta9$ f cl9ical obs]vations has t5d$ ( late to locate ! pa?ological lesions ( *orea 9 ! c]ebral cortex4 ,dr4 ,godlee's op]ation ( remov+ a tumor f ! bra9 m>ks an important /ep 9 c]ebral localization1 & c]ebral surg]y bids fair to take a prom95t place 9 ! treatm5t ( m5tal diseases4 ,w]nicke has obs]v$ t ! size ( ! occipital lobes is 9 proportion to ! size ( ! optic tracts1 & t ! occipital lobes are ! c5t]s ( vision4 ,hughl+s ,jackson has obs]v$ t limit$ & g5]al convulsions 7 (t5 produc$ by disease 9 ! cortex ( ! s-call$ motor convolutions4 ,! s5se ( smell has be5 localiz$ by ,munk 9 ! gyri hippocampi1 :ile ! c5t] ( he>+ has be5 demon/rat$ to be 9 ! temporal lobes4 ,! c5t] = ! muscles ( ! face & tongue is 9 ! inf]ior "p ( ! c5tral convolution2 t = ! arm1 9 ! c5tral "p2 t = ! leg1 9 ! sup]ior "p ( ! same convolution2 ! c5t] = ! muscles & = g5]al s5sibility1 9 ! angul> gyrus2 & ! c5t] = ! muscles ( ! trunk1 9 ! frontal lobes4 ,9 pure motor aphasia ! lesion is 9 ! po/]ior "p ( ! left ?ird frontal convolution2 9 cases ( pure s5sory aphasia1 ! lesion is 9 ! left fir/ temporal convolution4 ,! relation ( ! c]ebrum to cutane\s diseases has be5 /udi$ mu* ( late1 & x is n[ held t ! cutane\s eruptions are ma9ly due to ! degree ( inhibit+ effect ex]t$ ^u ! vaso-motor c5t]4 ,! relation ( ! sp9al cord to sk9 eruptions has be5 m ?or\ghly inve/igat$ & m abundant evid5ce suppli$ to demon/rate ! influ5ce deg5]ation ( ! sp9al cord has 9 caus+ sk9 diseases1 notably zo/]1 urtic>ia1 & eczema4 ,?is rheumatism1 pneumonia1 diabetes1 & "s kidney diseases & liv] affections are (t5 ! result ( p]si/5t n]v\s di/urbance is n[ held4 ,t a high temp]ature 7! highe/ record$7 has result$ f injuries ( ! sp9al cord1 & :]e ! influ5ce ( microzymes is exclud$1 is n a matt] ( "q4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ! temp]ature rea*$ #abb ,f41 & rema9$ = sev5 weeks betwe5 #ajh & #aah ,f4 ,! pati5t 0 a lady2 ! result 0 recov]y4 ,h5ce x _c be fev] :i* kills or produces rapid s(t5+ ( ! he>t & o!r organs 9 fatal cases ( typhoid4 ,fev]1 s f> z x consi/s 9 elevation ( temp]ature1 c be a simple neurosis4 ,_m o!r items ( progress might be pres5t$ did "t p]mit1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! treatm5t ( n]v\s affections1 b ?is ,i leave = ano!r occasion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sc>+ ,,! ,,baby ,,out4 ,dr4 ,grangi]1 surgeon 9 ! ,fr5* army1 writes f ,alg]ia3 ,a few days aft] ! occupation ( ,briz]te1 :5 ! milit>y au?orities _h =bidd51 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties1 ! dis*>ge ( fire>ms )9 ! t[n1 ! :ole g>rison 0 awak5$ at ?ree o'clock "o morn+ by ! trem5d\s explosion ( a heavily load$ gun 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ramp>ts2 a gu>d ( soldi]s ru%$ into ! h\se f :5ce ! s\nd _h come1 & f\nd a woman ly+ on ! floor ) a newly born babe betwe5 h] ?ighs4 ,! fa!r ( ! *ild /ood ov] 8 wife ) ! smok+ musket /ill 9 8 h&1 b 8 int5tions 9 fir+ ! gun _h be5 :olly m$ical1 & n ho/ile to ! ,fr5* troops4 ,! husb& discov]$ t 8 wife _h be5 9 labor = ?irty-six h\rs4 ,labor 0 sl[ & ! contractions weak & f> ap>t4 ,he _h ?\ght x advisable to provoke spe$y contraction1 &1 foll[+ ! ,alg]ian cu/om to sc>e ! baby out1 he _h fir$ ! musket ne> 8 wife's e>2 in/antan\sly ! acc\*em5t 0 t]m9at$4 ,aft] be+ imprison$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! ,arab 0 releas$4--,c9c9nati ,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ela/ic ,,limit ,,9 ,,metal4 ,! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal raises ! "q :e!r /eel1 :i* is becom+ s popul> a sub/itute = wr\ght iron1 w1 :5 x is subject$ to cont9u\s /ra9 9 susp5sion bridges & o!r simil> /ructures1 d z well z iron has prov$ t x c4 ,rec5t te/s ( sections f ! cables at ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,philadelphia1 & at ,niag>a ,falls %[ t long use has n mat]ially *ang$ ! /ructure4 ,! ,j\rnal says3 ,x is a s]i\s "q1 & "o :i* "t only c completely answ]1 :e!r /eel /ructures w prove z uni=mly & p]man5tly reliable z wr\ght iron has prov$ itself to be4 ,9 o!r words1 :e!r ! fibr\s texture ( wr\ght iron c be equal$ 9 ?is respect by ! granulat$ texture ( /eel or +ot iron4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! fibr\s texture ref]r$ to is imp>t$ to wr\ght iron by ! pres5ce 9 x ( a small proportion ( slag f ! puddl+ furnace1 & t ?is c be secur$ 9 ! ,bessem] conv]t] also if desir$4 ,! s-call$ ,kle9-,bessem]ei1 c>ri$ on at ,ave/a 9 ,sw$5 = sev]al ye>s pa/1 produces an exclusively s(t1 fibr\s iron by ! simple device ( p\r+ slag & iron toge!r into ! +ot m\ld4 ,?is requires h[ev] a v small *>ge 7usually n m ?an half a ton71 & a direct p\r+ f ! conv]t]1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a ladle1 :i* w\ld *ill ! slag4 ,! effect ( ! introduction ( slag w\ld seem to be to retrace ! /eps usually tak5 9 produc+ /eel1 viz41 to sep>ate ! iron f its impurities1 & !n to add def9ite quantities ( c>bon & su* o!r +r$i5ts z are f\nd to neutralize ! effects ( c]ta9 impurities n fully remov$4 ,! mo/ intellig5t eng9e]s1 aft] asc]ta9+ by exhau/ive physical te/s :at !y ne$1 pres5t _! requirem5ts to ! iron & /eel mak]s1 ^: practical exp]i5ce & sci5ce guide !m 9 ! protract$ metallurgical exp]im5ts necess>y to f9d ! exact process requir$4 ,! eng9e] v]ifies ! product by fur!r te/s1 & by practical use may f9d t 8 requirem5t ne$s fur!r modifications4 ,z a result ( all ?is c>e1 "s degree ( c]ta9ty is secur$ z to :at ! mat]ial may be expect$ to d4 ,no d\bt ! *emical composition ( ! slag us$ at ,ave/a 0 kn[n & met "s equally well kn[n want 9 ! iron1 & ?us ! result arriv$ at 0 "o :i* _h be5 def9itely & intellig5tly s\ght4 ,an important factor 9 select+ mat]ial = ! cables ( susp5sion bridges is its true ela/ic limit4 ,by ?is t]m we mean ! p]c5tage ( ! total /r5g? ( ! mat]ial :i* x c ex]t cont9u\sly )\t los+ its resili5ce1 i4e41 its p[] to resume its =m] %ape & position :5 /ress is remov$4 ,n[1 9 ! case p>ticul>ly ( /eel wire z commonly furni%$ 9 spiral coils1 ! curve put into ! wire 9 ! process ( manufacture s]i\sly dim9i%es ?is available su/a9+ p[]4 ,= x is evid5t t x w\ld be unsafe to subject ^! cables at any "t to a /ress beyond _! ela/ic limit4 ,if1 e4g41 a sn[/orm or a great cr[d ( p %\ld load a bridge beyond ?is limit1 :5 ! extra weight 0 remov$ ! cables c\ld n br+ ! bridge back to its normal place1 & ! result w\ld be a p]man5t flatt5+ & weak5+ ( ! ar*4 ,by a process inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,col4 ,pa9e1 ! wire 9 ! ,new ,york & ,brooklyn bridge 0 furni%$ /raight in/ead ( curv$4 ,n[1 if a %ort piece ( common /eel wire is tak5 f ! coil1 & pull$ t[>d a /raight position1 & !n releas$1 x spr+s back into its =m] curve2 b if a %ort piece ( ! /raight-furni%$ wire t 0 put into ?is bridge is b5t1 & !n releas$1 x spr+s back t[>d its /raight position4 ,x is easy to see t if a curv$ wire is pull$ /raight1 !re mu/ occur a di/5tion ( ! p>ticles on ! inside ( ! curve & a compression ( ^? on ! outside4 ,! inside is 9 fact /ra9$ pa/ its ela/ic limit be=e any /ress comes ^u ! outside4 ,h5ce1 aft] ! wire has be5 pull$ /raight1 ! ela/ic limit ( only a portion ( x c be tak5 into ! acc\nt 9 calculat+ ! load t c safely be put ^u x4 ,9 ! case ( curv$ /eel wire pull$ /raight1 its ultimate /r5g? 0 f\nd to be only ab\t #ij p] c5t4 t ( simil> wire furni%$ /raight by ?is process4 ,! sup]ior ductility ( iron wire 9 "s measure comp5sates = ! di/5tion ( ! p>ticles on ! inside ( ! curve1 & t is a reason :y x has h]et(ore be5 us$ = susp5sion bridges4 ,b ) /raight /eel wire !re is no su* di/5tion1 & its entire ela/ic limit is available4 ,?is ela/ic limit is #ff p] c5t4 ( ! ultimate /r5g?1 &1 besides1 t ultimate /r5g? is #aj p] c5t4 great] ?an t ( simil> curv$ wire4 ,?us if we h a curv$ /eel wire l>ge en\gh to su/a9 #a1jjj lb4 )\t break+1 a simil> /raight wire1 su* z ^? 9 ?is bridge1 w hold up #a1ajj lb41 & #ff p] c5t4 ( ?is #a1ajj lb #gbj lb4 ,! ela/ic limit ( curv$ wire has nev] be5 det]m9$1 s9ce any /ress t w cause x to rea* a /raight l9e is beyond ! ela/ic limit ( ! inside ( its sectional area4 ,t ( curv$ iron wire has be5 e/imat$ at #dj p] c5t4 ( its ultimate /r5g?1 :i* is ab\t half ! ultimate /r5g? ( curv$ /eel wire2 t is1 x w\ld be unsafe to put m ?an #dj p] c5t4 ( #ejj lb4--or #bjj lb4--^u a curv$ iron wire :5 a /raight /eel "o c su/a9 #gbj lb4 )\t injury4 ,9 ! ,new ,york & ,brooklyn bridge ! co/ ( a suffici5t am\nt ( su* iron wire z is us$ 9 all o!r susp5sion bridges w\ld h be5 "s #bjj1jjj great] ?an t ( ! /raight /eel wire :i* 0 us$4 ,at five p] c5t41 ?is effects an annual sav+ 9 int]e/ ( #aj1jjj4 ,!re mu/1 too1 be a consid]able sav+ 9 ! curr5t exp5se = pa9t+ & c>e1 to say no?+ ( ! m neat & elegant appe>ance ( ! less bulky /eel4 ,& z ! :ole area ( ! section ( ^! wires is subject$ to an ev5 /ra9 t is always f> )9 ! ela/ic limit1 !re is no dang] ( a *ange ( /ructure "u t /ress4 ,x is highly probable--al?\gh ,col4 ,pa9e has be5 too busy to "w up ! matt]--t piano wire made 9 ?is /raight me?od c\ld be drawn up to & kept at pit*1 )\t approa*+ v ne> ! ela/ic limit4 ,9 t case n only w\ld !y seldom if ev] require tun+1 b probably all along ! tone w\ld be m satisfactory4 ,& !re w\ld n be ^? exasp]at+ p]iods :5 ! pit* is n q p]fect1 b yet is n f> en\gh out to make x seem wor? :ile to s5d = a tun]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #dj ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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