,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ecj ,,new ,,york1 ,,febru>y #bg1 #ahhf ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 ,no4 #ecj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,*emi/ry ,,etc4--,decomposition & ,f]m5tation ( ,milk4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,e?ics ( ,eng9e]+ ,practice4--,an address by ,mr4 ,,jas4 ,c4 ,,bayles1 be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s4 ,lift+ a #dj-;in* ,wat] ,ma94--,) engrav+4 ,! ,int]-oceanic ,canal ,"q4 ,! ,m]sey ,tunnel4 ,improv$ ,revolv]4--,) #d figures4 ,motors = ,/reet ,railways4--,results ( exp]im5ts on me*anical motors = tramways made by ! jury on railway appliances at ! ,antw]p ,exhibition4--,by ,capt4 ,,d\glas ,,galton4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,aliz>9e ,dyes4--,process ( dye+4--,recipes = v>i\s colors4 ,cem5t ,pav+4--,composition made by ! ,wilkes' ,metallic ,floor+ ,company4--,o!r compositions4 ,a ,new ,blea*+ ,process4--,! ,ma!r-,?ompson sy/em4 ,in/rum5ts = ,draw+ ,curves4--,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord--#a4 ,! ,hyp]bola--#b figures4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,fib]s4--,by ,dr4 ,,?os4 ,,taylor4--,detection ( ,fraud4--,me?od employ$4--,cotton mix$ ) l954--,exp]im5ts ) flax4--,wool te/$ ) acid4--,te/s ( dy$ black silk4 ,or?o*romatic ,plates4--,by ,,*4 ,,scolik4 ,a ,new ,photographic ,app>atus4--,) engrav+4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity1 ,,physics1 ,,etc4--,on ! ,!ory ( ! ,electro-magnetic ,telephone ,transmitt]4--,by ,e4 ,,m]cadi]4 ,on ! ,!ory ( ! ,receiv] ( ! ,electro-magnetic ,telephone4--,by ,e4 ,,m]cadi]4 ,frew's ,improv$ ,pyromet]4--,) engrav+4 ,dew4--,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4--,by ,mr4 ,,aitk54--,s\rce ( dew4--,obs]vations ( ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd4--,exp]im5ts4--,effects ( w9d4--,excretion ( drops ( liquid by plants4--,radiat+ p[] ( diff]5t surfaces at night4 ,v4 ,,a/ronomy4--,meteorites4--,! ,dhurmsala ,meteorite4 ,telescopic ,se>* = ! ,trans-,neptunian ,planet4--,by ,,david ,p4 ,,todd4 ,,vi4 ,,ar*itecture4--,! ,new ,burg!at] 9 ,vi5na4--,) full page engrav+4 ,! ,new ,g]man ,bookdeal]s' ,ex*ange 9 ,leipzig4--,) engrav+4 ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,notes on ,manual ,spell+4--,by ,,jas4 ,c4 ,,gordon4--,orig9 ( ,f+] ,spell+4--,f+] alphabets4--,) engrav+ ( ,am]ican alphabet4 ,fruits & ,se$s = ,dress ,trimm+4--,orig9 ( ! use ( ,fruits & ,se$s4--,prep>ation by ,,mr4 ,,coll94 ,,viii4 ,,biography4--,hon4 ,hiram ,sibley4--,! f\nd] ( ! ,sibley ,college ( ,me*anic ,arts ( ,cornell ,univ]sity4--,) portrait4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hon4 ,,hiram ,,sibley4 ,hon4 ,hiram ,sibley1 ( ! city ( ,ro*e/]1 a man ( national reputation z ! orig9ator ( great ent]prises1 & z ! mo/ ext5sive f>m] & se$sman 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 born at ,nor? ,adams1 ,b]k%ire ,c\nty1 ,mass41 ,febru>y #f1 #ahjg1 & is ! second son ( ,b5jam9 & ,zilpha ,davis ,sibley4 ,b5jam9 0 ! son ( ,timo?y ,sibley1 ( ,sutton1 ,mass41 :o 0 ! fa!r ( fifte5 *ildr5--twelve sons & ?ree daught]s2 eight ( ^!1 includ+ ,b5jam91 liv$ to ! aggregate age ( #fgg ye>s1 an av]age ( ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s & ?ree mon?s4 ,f ! mo/ unpromis+ beg9n+s1 )\t education1 ,hiram ,sibley has ris5 to a po/ion ( usefulness & influ5ce4 ,8 y\? 0 pass$ among 8 native hills4 ,he 0 a me*anical g5ius by nature4 ,bant] ) a neighbor+ %oemak] l$ to 8 attempt to make a %oe on ! spot1 & he 0 at once plac$ on ! %oemak]'s b5*4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he migrat$ to ! ,g5esee ,valley1 :]e he 0 employ$ 9 a ma*9e %op1 & subsequ5tly 9 wool c>d+4 ,be=e he 0 ( age he _h ma/]$ five diff]5t trades4 ,?ree ( ^! ye>s 7 pass$ 9 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4 ,8 fir/ occupation on 8 own acc\nt 0 z a %oemak] at ,nor? ,adams2 !n he did bus9ess successfully z a ma*9i/ & wool c>d] 9 ,liv+/on ,c\nty1 ,n4,y42 aft] :i* he e/abli%$ himself at ,m5don1 f\rte5 miles s\? ( ,ro*e/]1 a manufactur+ village1 n[ kn[n z ,sibleyville1 :]e he _h a f\ndry & ma*9e %op4 ,:5 9 ! wool c>d+ bus9ess at ,sp>ta & ,m\nt ,morris1 9 ,liv+/on ,c\nty1 he work$ 9 ! same %op1 locat$ ne> ! l9e ( ! two t[ns1 :]e ,mill>d ,filmore _h be5 employ$ & le>n$ 8 trade2 beg9n+ j aft] a f>ewell ball 0 giv5 to ,mr4 ,filmore by 8 fell[ workm54 ,increase ( reputation & influ5ce br\ght ,mr4 ,sibley opportunities = (fice4 ,he 0 elect$ by ! ,democrats ,%]iff ( ,monroe ,c\nty 9 #ahdc :5 he remov$ to ,ro*e/]2 b 8 political c>e] 0 %ort1 = a m important matt] 0 occupy+ 8 m9d4 ,f ! mom5t ( ! fir/ success ( ,pr(essor ,morse ) 8 exp]im5ts 9 telegraphy1 ,mr4 ,sibley _h be5 quick to disc]n ! va/ promise ( ! inv5tion2 & 9 #ahdj he w5t to ,wa%+ton to assi/ ,pr(essor ,morse & ,ezra ,cornell 9 procur+ an appropriation ( #dj1jjj f ,congress to build a l9e f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore1 ! fir/ put up 9 ,am]ica4 ,/rong prejudices _h to be ov]come4 ,on ,mr4 ,sibley's meet+ ! *airman ( ! committee hav+ ! matt] 9 *>ge1 & express+ ! hope t ! application w\ld be grant$1 he receiv$ = answ]3 ,we _h made up our m9ds to all[ ! appropriation1 :5 ! ,pr(essor came 9 & upset ev]y?+4 ,:y6 he und]took to tell u t he c\ld s5d t5 words f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore 9 two m9utes4 ,good heav5s6 ,tw5ty m9utes is quick en\gh1 b two m9utes is nons5se4 ,! ,pr(essor is too radical & vision>y1 & ,i d\bt if ! committee recomm5d ! sum to be risk$ 9 su* a mann]4 ,mr4 ,sibley's s\nd argum5ts & p]suasiv5ess prevail$1 ?\gh he took c>e n to say :at he believ$1 t ! ,pr(essor 0 "r z to ! two m9utes4 ,_! jo9t ef=ts secur$ ! subsidy ( #dj1jjj4 ,?is example /imulat$ o!r inv5tors1 & 9 a few ye>s sev]al pat5ts 7 9 use1 & v>i\s l9es _h be5 con/ruct$ by diff]5t companies4 ,! bus9ess 0 s divid$ z to be always unpr(itable4 ,mr4 ,sibley conceiv$ ! plan ( unit+ all ! pat5ts & companies 9 "o organization4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( almo/ unceas+ toil1 he succe$$ 9 buy+ up ! /ock ( ! diff]5t corporations1 "s ( x at a price z l[ z two c5ts on ! doll>1 & 9 consolidat+ ! l9es :i* !n ext5d$ ov] portions ( ?irte5 ,/ates4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company 0 !n organiz$1 ) ,mr4 ,sibley z ! fir/ presid5t4 ,"u 8 managem5t = sixte5 ye>s1 ! numb] ( telegraph (fices 0 increas$ f #acb to ov] #d1jjj1 & ! value ( ! prop]ty f #bbj1jjj to #dh1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! project ( unit+ ! ,atlantic & ,pacific by a l9e to ,cali=nia1 he /ood ne>ly alone4 ,at a meet+ ( ! prom95t telegraph m5 ( ,new ,york1 a committee 0 appo9t$ to report ^u 8 propos$ plan1 ^: v]dict 0 t x w\ld be next to impossible to build ! l9e2 t1 if built1 ! ,indians w\ld de/roy x2 & t x w\ld n pay1 ev5 if built1 & n de/roy$4 ,8 reply 0 *>act]i/ic2 t x %\ld be built1 if he _h to build x alone4 ,he w5t to ,wa%+ton1 procur$ ! necess>y legislation1 & 0 ! sole contractor ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company aft]w>d assum$ ! contract1 & built ! l9e1 "u ,mr4 ,sibley's adm9i/ration z presid5t1 t5 ye>s 9 advance ( ! railroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hiram ,,sibley4 ,n satisfi$ ) ?is success at home1 he s\ght to unite ! two hemisph]es by way ( ,alaska & ,sib]ia1 "u ,p4 ,mc,d4 ,coll9s' fran*ise4 ,on visit+ ,russia ) ,mr4 ,coll9s 9 ! w9t] ( #ahfd-e1 he 0 cordially receiv$ & ent]ta9$ by ! ,cz>1 :o approv$ ! plan4 ,a mo/ favorable impression _h prec$$ him4 ,= :5 ! ,russian squadron visit$ ,new ,york 9 #ahfc--! ye> aft] ,russia & ,great ,brita9 _h decl9$ ! ov]ture ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t = jo9t m$iation 9 ! ,am]ican conflict--,mr4 ,sibley & o!r prom95t g5tlem5 7 untir+ 9 ef=ts to ent]ta9 ! ,russian admiral1 ,lus(fski1 9 a becom+ m>9]4 ,mr4 ,sibley 0 among ! =emo/ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! committee ( reception4 ,s m>k$ 7 8 p]sonal k9dnesses t :5 ! admiral return$ he m5tion$ ,mr4 ,sibley by "n to ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 & ?us unexpect$ly prep>$ ! way = ! fri5d%ip ( t g5]\s mon>*4 ,dur+ ,mr4 ,sibley's /ay 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 he 0 honor$ 9 a mann] only accord$ to ^? :o enjoy ! special favor ( royalty4 ,j be=e 8 arrival ! ,cz> _h return$ f ! burial ( 8 son at ,nice2 &1 9 accordance ) a long honor$ cu/om :5 ! head ( ! empire goes abroad & returns1 he held ! c]emony ( c\nt+ ! emp]or's jewels2 :i* means an invitation to ^? :om 8 maje/y desires to complim5t z 8 fri5ds1 )\t reg>d to c\rt etiquette or ! =malities ( (ficial rank4 ,at ?is gr& reception 9 ! palace at ,ts>skozela1 sev5te5 miles f ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,mr4 ,sibley 0 ! second on ! li/1 ! ,fr5* ambassador be+ ! fir/1 & ,pr9ce ,gort*ak(f1 ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ! ?ird4 ,?is ord] 0 obs]v$ also 9 ! procession ( #bej c\rt c>riages ) outrid]s1 ,mr4 ,sibley's c>riage be+ ! second 9 ! l9e4 ,on ?is occasion ,pr9ce ,gort*ak(f turn+ to ,mr4 ,sibley1 said3 ,sir1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 9 ! c\rse ( a v pleasant conv]sation _h ) y a few days s9ce1 at ! ,/ate dep>tm5t1 y express$ y\r surprise at ! pomp & circum/ance att5d+ ^u all c\rt c]emony4 ,n[1 sir1 :5 y take prec$5ce ( ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,i tru/ y are m reconcil$ to ! usage att5dant ^u royalty1 :i* 0 s repugnant to y\r democratic ideas4 ,su* an honor 0 greatly appreciat$ by ,mr4 ,sibley2 = x meant ! mo/ s9c]e respect ( ! ,autocrat ( all ! ,russias = ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a recognition ( ! c\rtesies conf]r$ ^u 8 fleet :5 9 ,am]ican wat]s4 ,mr4 ,sibley 0 duly complim5t$ by ! memb]s ( ! royal family & o!rs pres5t1 includ+ ! ambassadors ( ! great p[]s4 ,mr4 ,coll9s1 8 colleague 9 ! telegraph ent]prise1 %>$ 9 ^! att5tions4 ,mr4 ,sibley 0 record$ 9 ! (ficial blue book ( ! ,/ate dep>tm5t ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg z ! di/+ui%$ ,am]ican1 by :i* title he 0 g5]ally kn[n4 ,( ?is book he has a copy z a s\v5ir ( 8 ,russian exp]i5ce4 ,8 int]c\rse ) ! ,russian au?orities 0 also facilitat$ by a v complim5t>y lett] f ,secret>y ,sew>d to ,pr9ce ,gort*ak(f4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t agre$ to build ! l9e f ,irkootsk to ! m\? ( ! ,amoor ,riv]4 ,aft] #a1ejj miles ( wire _h be5 put up1 ! f9al success ( ! ,atlantic cable caus$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! l9e1 at a loss ( #c1jjj1jjj4 ,?is 0 a loss 9 ! mid/ ( success1 = ,mr4 ,sibley _h demon/rat$ ! feasibility ( putt+ a telegraphic girdle r\nd ! e>?4 ,9 railway ent]prises ! accompli%m5ts ( 8 en]gy & managem5t h be5 no less signal ?an 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! telegraph4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! important l9e ( ! ,s\!rn ,mi*igan & ,nor!rn ,indiana ,railway4 ,8 pr9cipal ef=ts 9 ?is direction h be5 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,aft] ! w>1 prompt$ m by ! desire ( re/or+ amicable relations ?an by ! prospect ( ga91 he made l>ge & v>i$ inve/m5ts at ! ,s\?1 & did mu* to promote r5ew$ bus9ess activity4 ,at ,sag9aw4 ,mi*41 he became a l>ge lumb] & salt manufactur]4 ,he b\ght mu* prop]ty 9 ,mi*igan1 & at "o "t own$ va/ tracts 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 :]e ! mo/ valuable m9es h s9ce be5 work$4 ,:ile he has be5 int]e/$ 9 bank & manufactur+ /ocks1 8 l>g] inve/m5ts h be5 9 l&4 ,mu* ( 8 pleasure has be5 9 reclaim+ wa/e t]ritory & unproductive inve/m5ts1 :i* h be5 ab&on$ by o!rs z hopeless4 ,! satisfy+ aim ( 8 ambition incites him to difficult und]tak+s1 t add to ! weal? & happ9ess ( ! community1 f :i* o!rs h %runk1 or 9 :i* o!rs h made %ipwreck4 ,besides 8 /up5d\s a*ievem5ts 9 telegraph & railway ext5sion1 he is unrival$ z a f>m] & se$ gr[]1 & he has plac$ ! /amp ( 8 g5ius on ^! occupations1 9 :i* _m h be5 cont5t to "w 9 ! well-worn ruts ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! se$ bus9ess 0 comm5c$ 9 ,ro*e/] ?irty ye>s ago4 ,lat]1 ,mr4 ,sibley und]took to supply se$s ( 8 own importation & rais+ & o!rs' gr[?1 "u a p]sonal k ( _! vitality & comp>ative value4 ,he in/itut$ _m exp]im5ts = ! improvem5ts ( plants1 ) ref]5ce to _! se$-be>+ qualities1 & has built up a bus9ess z unique 9 its "* z x is unprec$5t$ 9 am\nt4 ,he cultivates ! l>ge/ f>m 9 ! ,/ate1 occupy+ ,h[l& ,isl&1 ( #c1ejj acres1 9 ,cayuga ,c\nty1 ne> ! ,erie ,canal & ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad1 :i* is l>gely devot$ to se$ culture2 a portion is us$ = c]eals1 & #ejj head ( cattle are kept4 ,on ! ,fox ,ridge f>m1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad passes1 :]e _m se$s & bulbs are gr[n1 he has reclaim$ a swamp ( six hundr$ acres1 mak+ ( great value :at 0 wor?less 9 o!r h&s1 a k9d ( op]ation :i* af=ds him mu* delight4 ,8 own]%ip embraces f\rte5 o!r f>ms 9 ?is ,/ate1 & also l>ge e/ates 9 ,mi*igan & ,ill9ois4 ,! se$ bus9ess is conduct$ "u ! firm "n ( ,hiram ,sibley ,co41 at ,ro*e/] & ,*icago1 :]e huge /ructures af=d accommodations = ! /orage & h&l+ ( se$s on ! mo/ ext5sive scale4 ,an effici5t means = ! improvem5t ( ! se$s is _! cultivation 9 diff]5t climates4 ,9 addition to widely sep>at$ se$ f>ms 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! firm has gr[+ "u its directions sev]al ?\s&s ( acres 9 ,canada1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,italy4 ,exp]im5tal gr\nds & gre5h\ses are atta*$ to ! ,ro*e/] & ,*icago e/abli%m5ts1 :]e a sample ( e p>cel ( se$ is te/$1 & exp]im5ts conduct$ ) new v>ieties4 ,"o dep>tm5t ( ! bus9ess is = ! sale ( horticultural & agricultural implem5ts ( all k9ds4 ,a new dep>tm5t supplies ornam5tal grasses1 immortelles1 & simil> plants us$ by flori/s = decorat+ & = fun]al emblems4 ,plants = ^! purposes are import$ f ,g]many1 ,france1 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & o!r c\ntries1 & dy$ & color$ by ! be/ arti/s "h4 ,z an illu/ration ( _! me?ods ( bus9ess1 x may be m5tion$ t ! firm has di/ribut$ gratuit\sly1 ! pa/ ye>1 #e1jjj 9 se$s & prizes = essays on g>d5+ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 design$ to fo/] ! int]e/s ( horticulture 9 t section4 ,! l>ge/ f>m own$ by ,mr4 ,sibley1 & ! l>ge/ cultivat$ f>m 9 ! _w1 des]ves a special description4 ,?is is ! ,sullivant ,f>m1 z =m]ly designat$1 b n[ kn[n z ! ,burr ,oaks ,f>m1 orig9ally #dj1jjj acres1 situat$ ab\t #ajj miles s\? ( ,*icago1 on bo? sides ( ! ,waba%1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,pacific ,railroad4 ,! prop]ty pass$ into ! h&s ( an assignee1 &1 on ,mr4 ,sullivant's dea? 9 #ahgi1 came into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,sibley4 ,8 fir/ /ep 0 to *ange ! :ole plan ( cultivation4 ,conv9c$ t s l>ge a t]ritory c\ld n be work$ pr(itably by hir$ labor1 he divid$ x into small tracts1 until !re are n[ _m hundr$s ( su* f>ms2 #adf ( ^! are occupi$ by t5ants work+ on %>es1 consi/+ ( ab\t equal proportions ( ,am]icans1 ,g]mans1 ,sw$es1 & ,fr5*m54 ,a h\se & a b>n h be5 erect$ on ea* tract1 & implem5ts & agricultural ma*9es provid$4 ,at ! c5t]1 on ! railway1 is a f\r-/ory w>eh\se1 hav+ a /orage capacity ( #bj1jjj bu%els1 us$ z a depot = ! se$s gr[n on ! f>m1 f :i* !y are %ipp$ z want$ to ! e/abli%m5ts 9 ,*icago & ,ro*e/]4 ,! l>ge/ elevator on ! l9e ( ! railway has be5 built1 at a co/ ( ov] #bj1jjj2 its capacity is #ej1jjj bu%els1 & x has a mill capable ( %ell+ & load+ tw5ty-five c>s ( corn a day4 ,ne> by is a flax mill1 also run by /eam1 = conv]t+ flax /raw into /ock = bagg+ & uphol/]y4 ,ano!r eng9e is us$ = gr9d+ fe$4 ,)9 f\r ye>s !re has sprung up on ! prop]ty a village conta9+ "o hundr$ build+s1 call$ ,sibley by ! p1 :i* is suppli$ ) s*ools1 *ur*es1 a newspap]1 telegraph (fice1 & ! l>ge/ hotel on ! r\te betwe5 ,*icago & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,a f9e /ation h\se is to be erect$ by ! railway company4 ,mr4 ,sibley is ! presid5t & l>ge/ /ockhold] ( ! ,bank ( ,monroe1 at ,ro*e/]1 & is connect$ ) v>i\s in/itutions4 ,he has n acquir$ weal? simply to ho>d x4 ,! ,sibley ,college ( ,me*anic ,arts ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 at ,i?aca1 :i* he f\nd$1 & end[$ at a co/ ( #ajj1jjj1 has af=d$ a practical education to _m hundr$s ( /ud5ts4 ,sibley ,hall1 co/+ m ?an #ajj1jjj1 is 8 contribution = a public libr>y1 & = ! use ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/] = its libr>y & cab9ets2 x is a magnific5t fire-pro( /ructure ( br[n/one trimm$ ) :ite1 & enri*$ ) appropriate /atu>y4 ,mrs4 ,sibley has also made l>ge donations to ! hospitals & o!r *>itable in/itutions 9 ,ro*e/] & else:]e4 ,%e erect$1 at a co/ ( #be1jjj1 ,/4 ,john's ,episcopal ,*ur*1 9 ,nor? ,adams1 ,mass41 h] native village4 ,mr4 ,sibley has "o son & "o daught] liv+--,hiram ,w4 ,sibley1 :o m>ri$ ! only *ild ( ,flet*] ,h>p]1 ,jr41 & resides 9 ,new ,york1 & ,emily ,sibley ,av]ell1 :o resides 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,he has lo/ two *ildr5--,l\ise ,sibley ,atk9son & ,giles ,b4 ,sibley4 ,a quotation f ,mr4 ,sibley's address to ! /ud5ts ( ,sibley ,college1 dur+ a rec5t visit to ,i?aca1 is illu/rative ( 8 practical ?\ght & expression1 & a fitt+ close to ?is brief sket* ( 8 practical life3 ,!re are two mo/ valuable possessions :i* no se>* w>rant c get at1 :i* no execution c take away1 & :i* no rev]se ( =tune c de/roy2 !y are :at a man puts into 8 head--k2 & 9 to 8 h&s--skill4--,encyclopdia ( ,contempor>y ,biography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydra/is ,,9 ,,dyspepsia4--,sev]al correspond5ts 9 ,! ,lancet h laud$ hydra/is z a mo/ useful drug 9 dyspepsia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,eng9e]+ ,,practice4 ,at ! ,pittsburg meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 held f ! #af? to ! #ai? ( ,febru>y1 ,mr4 ,james ,c4 ,bayles1 ! ,presid5t1 deliv]$ ! foll[+ address3 ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute3 ,hav+ avail$ myself some:at lib]ally dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s ( ! latitude :i* is accord$ ! presid5t 9 ! selection ( ! topics pres5t$ 9 addresses f ! *air1 ,i d n ne$ to plead safe prec$5t z my w>rant = devot+ ! address :i* m>ks ! conclusion ( my s]vice 9 ! dignifi$ & honorable (fice to :i*1 ?r\gh y\r unm]it$ favor1 ,i h be5 twice *os51 to ! consid]ation ( "s ( ! que/ions 9 casui/ry ! answ]s to :i* w be f\nd to furni% a basis = a code ( pr(essional e?ics4 ,x is n ask+ too mu* ( ! eng9e] t 8 pr(essional morality %all con=m to high] /&>ds ?an ^? :i* gov]n m5 :o buy & sell ) no o!r object ?an ! gett+ ( ga94 ,! pr(essional man /&s 9 a m confid5tial relation to 8 cli5t ?an is suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 buy] & sell] 9 trade4 ,he is necess>ily m tru/$1 & has l>g] opportunities ( betray+ ! confid5ce repos$ 9 him ?an is (f]$ ! m]*ant or ! bus9ess ag5t4 ,= ! reason t he _c be held to ! same /rict acc\ntability :i* law & usage e/abli% 9 m]cantile bus9ess1 he is "u a moral obligation to fix 8 own rules ( conduct by high /&>ds & con=m to !m "u all circum/ances4 ,:atev] ! measure ( 8 pr(essional success--:e!r weal? & reputation cr[n 8 c>e]1 or disappo9tm5t & pov]ty be 8 con/ant & unwelcome companions--no ta9t ( suspicion %\ld atta* to any pr(essional act or utt]ance4 ,n only %\ld we be able to write above ! wreck ( bright hopes1 ,honor alone rema9s1 b ^u our great & successful a*ievem5ts %\ld x be possible = o!rs to inscribe ! leg5d1 ,9 honor wr\ght2 ) honor cr[n$4 ,x is frequ5tly & confid5tly ass]t$ t at no "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 7 ! /&>ds ( bus9ess honor s high z n[4 ,! preval5ce ( di%one/y1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is held to %[ t !re is a great deal ( moral weakness :i* is unequal to ! /ra9 to :i* pr9ciple is subject$ 9 ! ke5ness ( bus9ess competition1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! almo/ unlimit$ confid5ce :i* app>5tly *>act]izes comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,! enorm\s volume ( ! daily transactions on '*ange1 :]e a v]bal agreem5t or a sign made & recogniz$ 9 ! mid/ ( indescribable confusion has all ! b9d+ =ce ( a =mal contract2 ! real-e/ate & m]*&ise transactions effect$ on unwitness$ & unrecord$ und]/&+s2 ! c]tification ( *ecks on ! promise ( deposits or collat]als1 & a hundr$ o!r evid5ces ( confid5ce1 are cit$ z pro( t ! accept$ /&>ds ( bus9ess honor are high1 & are kept s by public op9ion4 ,all ( ?is is true1 9 a c]ta9 limit$ s5se2 b ! confid5ce :i* is ! basis ( all bus9ess creates opportunities = di%one/y :i* *anges its %ape ) m ?an ,protean facility :5 detect$ & d5\nc$4 ,! ke5ness ( competition 9 all dep>tm5ts ( pr(essional & bus9ess ent]prise pres5ts a con/ant temptation to seize e advantage1 fair or unfair1 :i* promises imm$iate pr(it4 ,x is un=tunately true t ! successful clev]ness :i* sacrifices honor to ga9 is m easily condon$ by public op9ion ?an hone/ dullness :i* is caught 9 ! sn>es laid = x by ! cunn+ manipulators ( speculation4 ,! man :o fails to deliv] :at he has b\ght1 to meet 8 pap] at maturity & make good ! c]tifications ( 8 bank]1 loses at once 8 bus9ess /&+1 & is practically exclud$ f bus9ess competition2 b if he keeps 8 engagem5ts & is successful1 ! public is k9dly bl9d to ! ag5cies he may employ to depreciate :at he wants to buy or imp>t a fictiti\s value to :at he wants to sell4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! accept$ /&>ds ( bus9ess morality are n1 aft] all1 ^? fix$ by ! revis$ /atutes4 ,9 s f> z ! eng9e] is br\ght 9 contact ) ! activities ( trade1 he _c fail to be consci\s ( ! fact t s]i\s temptations surr\nd him4 ,su* reputation z he has ga9$ is assum$ to h a m>ket value1 & ! price is held out to him on e side4 ,x %\ld n be difficult = ! consci5ti\s eng9e]1 jeal\s ( 8 pr(essional honor1 to decide :at is "r & :at is n4 ,he does n ne$ to be rem9d$ t he _c sell 8 indep5d5ce nor make m]*&ise ( 8 good "n4 ,b z delicate problems 9 casui/ry may mislead or confuse him1 x is to be regrett$ t s little ef=t has be5 made to =mulate a code ( pr(essional e?ics :i* w\ld help to "r decisions ^? :o _c rea* !m unaid$4 ,/&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( s _m ( ^? :o h dignifi$ ! pr(ession ( eng9e]+1 ,i %\ld hesitate to express my views on ?is subject did ,i n believe t _m e>ne/ & "r-m9d$ "y m5 9 our active & associate memb]%ip w be glad to "k :at rules ( conduct gov]n ^? ^: example !y w\ld will+ly foll[1 & h[ "o n a practic+ eng9e]1 b ) good opportunities ( obs]vation & judgm5t1 w\ld *>act]ize practices :i* h be5 to "s ext5t sanction$ by cu/om4 ,to ^? :o h yet to w9 ! gild$ spurs ( pr(essional knigh?ood1 b :o *]i% a high & honorable ambition1 my sugge/ions are *iefly address$4 ,an ev] pres5t /umbl+ block 9 ! pa? ( ! "y eng9e] is :at is lightly spok5 ( z ! cu/om>y commission--a p]c5tage paid him on ! price ( ma*9]y & supplies pur*as$ or recomm5d$ by him4 ,t manufactur]s expect to pay commissions to eng9e]s :o are in/rum5tal 9 effect+ ! sale ( _! products is a /rik+ pro( t ! /&>ds ( bus9ess morality are q z l[ z ,i h assum$ !m to be2 t eng9e]s d n unite 9 indignant prote/ aga9/ ! cu/om1 & d5\nce z bribe-giv]s & bribe-tak]s ^? :o ?us ex*ange s]vices1 %[s t ! iron has ent]$ ! s\ls ( _m :o may be dispos$ to res5t su* pla9 t]ms z ^? 9 :i* ,i decree x my duty to describe transactions ( ?is k9d4 ,! "y man :o is t5d]$ a commission w naturally ask himself :e!r he c accept & reta9 x1 & may1 p]haps1 reason some:at 9 ?is way3 ,my pr(essional advice 0 giv5 )\t expectation ( p]sonal pr(it o!r ?an t e>n$ 9 my fee1 & x express$ my be/ judgm5t4 ,! price at :i* ! goods 7 pur*as$ 0 t :i* e consum] mu/ pay1 & 0 n increas$ = my advantage4 ,! transaction 0 satisfactory to buy] & sell]1 & 0 conclud$ :5 paym5t 0 made4 ,i am n[ t5d]$ a commission :i* ,i am at lib]ty to accept or to decl9e4 ,if ,i decl9e x1 ,i lose some?+1 my cli5t ga9s no?+1 & ! rema9+ pr(it to ! sell] is great] ?an he expect$ by t am\nt4 ,if ,i accept x1 ,i d my cli5t no wrong4 ,if x is ! cu/om ( manufactur]s to pay commissions1 x mu/ be ! cu/om ( eng9e]s to receive !m2 & !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld be sup]s5sitive on a po9t long s9ce decid$ by usage4 ,?is is false reason+1 bas$ ^u errone\s assumptions4 ,:y d manufactur]s pay commissions8 ,is x probable !y make x a "p ( _! bus9ess policy to give some?+ = no?+8 ,is x n c]ta9 t !y expect an equival5t = e doll> ?us disburs$1 & t 9 pay+ ! eng9e] a commission !y are seek+ to e/abli% relations ) him :i* %all w>p 8 judgm5t & make him _! ag5t8 ,x may be urg$ 9 ! case ( reputable manufactur]s t !y yield to ?is cu/om because o!r manufactur]s h e/abli%$ x1 & t 9 foll[+ ! p]nici\s example !y h no o!r object ?an to equalize ! influ5ces t5d+ to ! =mation ( pr(essional judgm5t4 ,?is reason+ does n *ange 9 ! lea/ ! moral aspects ( ! "q f ! manufactur]'s /&po9t1 b :at eng9e] ) a delicate s5se ( pr(essional honor c\ld (f] or he> su* an explanation )\t feel+ ! hot blu% ( %ame suffuse 8 *eeks8 ,! pla9 tru? ab\t ! commission is t ! manufactur] or deal] adds x to ! sell+ price ( 8 goods1 & ! buy] unconsci\sly pays ! bribe design$ to corrupt 8 own ag5t4 ,c an eng9e] receive & reta9 = 8 own use a commission ?us collect$ f 8 cli5t )\t a surr5d] ( 8 indep5d5ce1 & hav+ surr5d]$ t1 c he consci5ti\sly s]ve ! cli5t :o seeks dis9t]e/$ advice & assi/ance 9 ! plann+ & con/ruction ( "w8 ,x is possible1 p]haps1 = a man to dissociate 8 pref]5ces f 8 int]e/s2 s1 also1 is x possible = "o to walk ?r\gh fire & n scor* 8 g>m5ts b h[ few are able to d x6 ,! "y man 9 pr(essional life :o beg9s by accept+ commissions w soon f9d himself expect+ & dem&+ !m1 & f t mom5t 8 pr(essional judgm5t is z mu* = sale z pork 9 ! %ambles4 ,i c\nsel ! "y man ?us tempt$ to ask himself1 ,am ,i entitl$ to pay f ! manufactur] :o (f]s x8 ,if s1 = :at8 ,if n1 w my self-respect p]mit me to become 8 debtor = a gratuity to :i* ,i h no claim8 ,does n ?is money belong to my cli5t1 z an ov]*>ge unconsci\sly paid by him = my b5efit8 ,if ,i refuse x1 c ,i n ) propriety dem& 9 future t ! p]c5tage :i* ?is commission repres5ts %all be d$uct$ 9 advance f ! manufactur]'s price1 t my cli5t may h ! b5efit ( x8 ,if ?is is d5i$1 c ,i resi/ ! conclusion t x is a bribe to comm& future s]vices at my h&s8 ,is n ! smile ( incr$ulity ) :i* ! deal] receives my assurance t ,i c only take x = my cli5t & h& x ov] to him1 an insult to ! pr(ession1 :i*1 z a man ( honor1 ,i am b\nd to res5t8 ,g5tlem51 x is n true t cu/om sanctions ! acceptance ( commissions by ! eng9e]4 ,t x is mu* too g5]al ,i w n d5y1 b !re are v few m5 ( recogniz$ pr(essional /&+ :o w\ld confess t !y h yield$ to ! temptation & reta9$ = _! own b5efit ! commissions receiv$ by !m4 ,i d n hesitate to give x z my op9ion t ! acceptance & ret5tion ( a commission is incompatible ) a /&>d ( pr(essional honor to :i* e self-respect+ eng9e] %\ld seek to con=m4 ,^? :o def5d x z prop] & "r1 & plead ! sanction ( usage1 are n ! ones to :om ! "y eng9e] c safely g = c\nsel & advice4 ,! mo/ dang]\s & lea/ reputable ( all ! competition he w enc\nt] 9 an attempt to make an hone/ liv+ 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession is t ( ! eng9e] :o *>ges little = pr(essional s]vices & expects to be paid by ^? ^: goods are pur*as$ on 8 recomm5dation4 ,) equal emphasis w\ld ,i *>act]ize z unpr(essional ! fram+ ( specifications call+ = pat5t$ or controll$ specialties :51 to deceive ! cli5t1 bids are invit$4 ,i am well aw>e t x is easi] to procure draw+s & specifications f manufactur]s ?an to make !m4 ,_m manufactur]s are v will+ to furni% !m1 b ^? :o d are c>eful to s frame ! specifications t !y c secure ! contracts at prices to include ! co/ ( ! pr(essional "w = :i* ! eng9e] is also paid4 ,!re is no?+ unpr(essional 9 recomm5d+ a pat5t$ article or process if x be1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! eng9e]1 ! be/ = ! purpose to be accompli%$1 b he w d x op5ly & ) ! c\rage ( 8 convictions4 ,! "y eng9e] %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! important diff]5ce :i* inh]es 9 ! me?ods by :i* a giv5 result is accompli%$4 ,9 ! relations ( eng9e]s to contractors !re is _m a sn>e & pitfall = ! unw>y feet ( ! beg9n]4 ,9 sup]9t5d+ ! con/ruction ( "w ! eng9e] may err on ! side ( unreasonable /rictness or on t ( improp] l5i5cy4 ,if s dispos$1 he c involve any contractor 9 loss & d him great wrong1 b x m (t5 happ5s t ! eng9e] is =c$ to assume a def5sive attitude & to resi/ influ5ces too /rong = a man ( av]age c\rage & /r5g? ( w1 especially if 8 exp]i5ce 9 *>ge ( "w is limit$4 ,he %\ld ent] ^u ! dis*>ge ( 8 delicate & responsible duties ) a desire to d imp>tial ju/ice betwe5 cli5t & contractor4 ,he is w>rant$ 9 assum+ t 8 judgm5t & discretion are 8 *ief qualifications = ! position ( sup]vis+ eng9e]1 & t all specifications are design$ to be 9 "s measure ela/ic1 s9ce ! conditions to be enc\nt]$ 9 c>ry+ !m out _c possibly be kn[n 9 advance4 ,he %\ld n impose unnecess>y & unreasonable requirem5ts ^u ! contractor1 ev5 if emp[]$ to d s by ! lett] ( ! specifications4 ,! dang]1 h[ev]1 is pr9cipally 9 ! opposite direction4 ,frequ5tly ! eng9e] has all he c d to hold ! contractor to a fai?ful p]=mance ( ! _s ( 8 agreem5t4 ,he is bulli$1 misl$1 deceiv$1 & sometimes op5ly defi$4 ,he mu/ con/antly def5d himself aga9/ *>ges impea*+ 8 p]sonal integrity & 8 pr(essional intellig5ce4 ,! contractor c usually succe$ 9 mak+ x appe> t he is ! victim ( p]secution1 & especially 9 public "w he is likely to h m influ5ce ?an ! eng9e] ) ^? = :om ! "w is done4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! eng9e]1 defeat$ & disc\rag$1 gives up ! unequal battle4 ,f t mom5t he is ( no fur!r use z an eng9e]1 & if he rema9s = an h\r 9 responsible *>ge ( "w he _c control1 he rates 8 fee z m desirable ?an a reputation unsulli$ by ! /a9 ( di%onor4 ,he has a "r to decl9e a conflict = :i* he feels unequal1 b he has no "r to cons5t to a sacrifice ( ! int]e/s ( 8 cli5t :ile he is paid to protect !m4 ,! que/ions ( pr(essional e?ics aris+ out ( ! relations betwe5 ! eng9e] & ! contractor are mu* too complex to be decid$ by an inflexible rule ( pr(essional conduct1 b ! eng9e] _c make a mi/ake 9 refus+ to rema9 9 responsible *>ge ( "w :51 by rema9+1 he mu/ give cons5t to t :i* 8 judgm5t tells him involves a wrong to 8 cli5t4 ,) equal confid5ce may x be ass]t$ t ! eng9e] :o secretly p>ticipates 9 ! pr(its ( ! contractor1 :atev] ! arrangem5t by :i* su* p>ticipation is br\ght ab\t1 sacrifices 8 pr(essional /&+4 ,9 mak+ reports = cont+5t fees or fees ( cont+5t value1 ! "y eng9e] ne$s to ex]cise great discretion4 ,?is may be done )\t impropriety if done op5ly2 b x is safe to assume t few opportunities w come to ! "y man ) a reputation /ill to make 9 :i* he c d clean & cr$itable "w on any su* basis4 ,! eng9e] call$ ^u to make a report = a fee 9 /ock :i* dep5ds = its value ^u ! effect ( 8 report 9 creat+ confid5ce 9 ! public m9d1 takes a fe>ful risk4 ,h[ev] hone/ he may be1 he places himself 9 a position 9 :i* ! dang] is obvi\s & ! advantage unc]ta94 ,if1 hav+ a cont+5t int]e/ 9 ! result ( 8 "w1 he is afraid to say s 9 8 report1 he may safely consid] 8 position unpr(essional & unsafe4 ,cont+5t fees are a delusion & a sn>e1 & 9 mak+ x a rule to refuse !m ! "y eng9e] w be likely to ga9 m ?an he loses4 ,reports int5d$ to influ5ce ! public ^u subjects conc]n+ :i* ! eng9e] kn[s himself unqualifi$ to speak ) au?ority are to be class$ ) o!r =ms ( *>latanry4 ,no man c claim infallibility ( judgm5t1 nor is ?is expect$ ( ! eng9e]1 :atev] 8 position2 b ^? :o pay = pr(essional s]vices h a "r to dem& t ! man :o assumes to speak z an exp]t %all h ! special k :i* w comm& = 8 op9ion ! respect ( ^? :o are well in=m$4 ,i consid] x unpr(essional = ! eng9e] to ent] ^u ! dis*>ge ( any duties = :i* he kn[s he is n qualifi$1 if = ! satisfactory dis*>ge ( ^? duties he mu/ assume a k he does n possess4 ,!re has be5 an imm5se am\nt ( unpr(essional "w done 9 ! field ( report+1 & _m reputations h be5 bla/$ by a failure to draw nice di/9ctions 9 que/ions ( pr(essional honor4 ,! "y eng9e] _c be too c>eful 9 ?is matt]1 & he w be =tunate if1 ) all ! prud5ce he c ex]cise1 he is able to avoid disa/]4 ,( a pr(essional reputation dep5d5t ^u ! accuracy z well z ! hone/y ( reports ord]$ & us$ = speculative purposes1 "o may say z a m>9e und]writ] lately said ( an unseawor?y /eam]1 t he w\ld n insure h] aga9/ s9k+1 f ,ca/le ,g>d5 to ,s&y ,hook1 ) a c>go ( %av+s4 ,9 ! matt] ( exp]t s]vice 9 ! c\rts ,i am dispos$ to speak gu>d$ly4 ,i see no reason :y an eng9e] %\ld n will+ly g ^u ! witness /& to give exp]t te/imony if he has made prop] prep>ation & has an hone/ conviction t 8 te/imony c be giv5 ) a consci5ti\s reg>d = ! obligations ( 8 oa? z a witness4 ,x is 8 duty & 8 privilege to def5d 8 op9ions1 = ! man )\t op9ions :i* he is prep>$ to def5d is wor?less z a witness & _c prop]ly be call$ an exp]t4 ,b ! consci5ti\s eng9e] has no "r to appe> z a p>tisan ( any?+ except :at he believes to be ! tru?4 ,if he f9ds himself p>ry+ ! que/ions ( ! cross-exam9ation ) a view to conceal+ ! tru?1 if he realizes t he is a p>tisan ( ! side :i* reta9s him1 & feels a temptation to e>n 8 fee by falsehood1 concealm5t1 or evasion1 he c be sure t he is 9 a position 9 :i* no man ( honor has a "r to be4 ,! abuses ( exp]t te/imony 9 civil & crim9al suits are _m & grave2 its uses are p]haps exagg]at$1 & ! witness /& is n an invit+ field = ! "y eng9e] seek+ a satisfactory c>e]4 ,h[ f> an eng9e] c prop]ly use = 8 own advantage in=mation ga9$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( duties ( a confid5tial nature1 is a "q at once delicate & difficult4 ,he _c help kn[+ :at he has le>n$1 & 8 k is 8 capital4 ,he mu/ be gov]n$ 9 ?is matt] by ! consid]ations :i* influ5ce m5 ( honor 9 ! ord9>y relations ( life4 ,/ock & real e/ate op]ations1 on confid5tial in=mation :i* belongs to "o's pr9cipals1 are usually 9 violation ( ! simple/ rules ( pr(essional honor4 ,! manag] :o advises 8 brok]s by telegraph & 8 pr9cipals by mail _c1 ,i ?9k1 claim to h a v delicate s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,he c judge 8 own conduct by ! /&>d he w\ld apply 9 judg+ l infidelity on ! "p ( ^? employ$ by him4 ,9 pr(essional criticism ( pr(essional "w1 x is easy to fall into ways :i* are wrong1 morally & pr(essionally4 ,criticism :i* is design$ m]ely to adv]tise ! critic s]ves no good purpose1 & savors ( *>latanry or some?+ worse4 ,only a small proportion ( ! curr5t critical lit]ature ( eng9e]+ s]ves any good or useful purpose1 s9ce x has no o!r or high] object ?an to help ! critics to climb into notoriety on ! %\ld]s ( ! old] & wis] m5 ) :om !y are br\ght into competition4 ,i reg>d z unpr(essional e ef=t to discr$it hone/ & intellig5t "w1 & e =m ( disguis$ adv]tis+ design$ to give an eng9e] a great] prom95ce ?an he has e>n$ by successful & cr$itable "w1 or is entitl$ to claim by virtue ( fitness = m ?an av]age pr(essional a*ievem5ts4 ,x is nei!r possible nor desirable to catalogue ! unpr(essional practices :i* 9 "o way or ano!r come to ! notice ( ^? obs]vant ( curr5t happ5+s 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( eng9e]+4 ,x is ! cont5tion ( "s t "r & wrong are relative t]ms1 apply+ to no action or l9e ( conduct save z x is consid]$ 9 relation to co9cid5t & cont+5t circum/ances4 ,i w n d5y t ?is may be true ( all pr(essional acts1 b ! impossibility ( an arbitr>y classification "u ! heads "r & wrong1 honorable & di%onorable1 ne$ n make x difficult = a man to =mulate a code ( pr(essional e?ics by :i* 8 own conduct %all be gov]n$4 ,!re are c]ta9 broad e?ical pr9ciples :i* nev] *ange4 ,"o is t a man _c s]ve two ma/]s hav+ conflict+ int]e/s1 & be fai?ful to ea*4 ,ano!r is t1 h[ev] skillfully "o may juggle words to conceal mean+s or evade responsibility1 if ! int5t to deceive is !re1 he lies4 ,pr(essional e?ics are no diff]5t f ! e?ics ( ! ,decalogue2 !y are specific applications ( ! rules ( conduct :i* h gov]n$ enlight5$ & honorable m5 9 all ages & 9 all walks ( life4 ,x is only :5 ! moral s5se is blunt$ or temptation pres5ts itself 9 "s new & unrecogniz$ =m t x is difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,i am aw>e t a delicate s5se ( honor (t5 comes betwe5 a man & 8 opportunities ( pr(it1 & t a f9e s5sitiv5ess is r>ely appreciat$ at its value by ^? :o employ pr(essional s]vice4 ,i "k t 9 ?is busy _w m5 ( affairs d n always /op to weigh motives1 & t confid5t assurance always comm&s respect1 :ile mode/ m]it is di/ru/$4 ,b ,i d n "k t a man c sell 8 honor = a price1 & reta9 !reaft] ! "r to /& erect 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fell[s4 ,i d n "k t any eng9e] c make = himself a cr$itable & satisfactory c>e] ( :om x _c be said t1 :atev] 8 mi/akes or successes1 8 failures or triumphs1 he has held 8 pr(essional honor above suspicion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lift+ ,a ,,=ty ,,in* ,,wat] ,,ma94 ,illu/ration3 ,,rais+ ,a ,,=ty ,,in* ,,ma9 ,,on ,,! ,,bo/on ,,wat] ,,works4 ,! sket* bel[1 reproduc$ f a photograph1 %[s ! g5]al me?od adopt$ = lift+ a #dj in* wat] ma9 on ,brookl9e ,av5ue1 9 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,eng9e]+ ,news says3 ,! "w1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 ,june1 #ahhd1 includ$ ! rais+ ( #a1jjj feet ( ?is ma9 f to #ah feet to adju/ x to a new grade 9 ! av5ue4 ,! plan pursu$ by ! ,bo/on ,wat] ,dep>tm5t 0 ab\t z foll[s3 ,aft] ! pipe 0 uncov]$1 piles 7 driv5 9 pairs on ea* side1 #e feet #f in*es ap>t1 & 9 b5ts #ab feet ap>t2 ! pile-heads 7 !n t5on$1 & a cap made ( two pieces ( #d by #ab 94 /uff 0 bolt$ on z %[n1 & ! b5ts /ay$ longitud9ally4 ,! lift+ 0 done ) ! pipe empty1 by screws #h feet long1 work+ 9 squ>e nuts re/+ on a broad iron plate on ! cap pieces4 ,aft] all prep>atory "w 0 complet$1 ! lift+ ( ! pipe to its new position 0 accompli%$ 9 ab\t n9e h\rs4 ,aft] ! pipe 0 rais$1 two m #d by #ab in* pieces 7 bolt$ to ! piles j "u ! pipe1 & ! bottoms ( ! piles 7 cross-brac$4 ,/r+]s made ( two #f by #ab in* timb]s 7 !n plac$ on ! caps1 & a track ( /&>d gauge put into place1 ^u :i* ! dump c>s us$ 9 fill+ ! av5ue 7 run out4 ,! eng9e] 9 *>ge 0 ,mr4 ,dext] ,brackett1 & we und]/& f him t a #dh in* ma9 is to be rais$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] dur+ ! pres5t ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,int]oceanic ,,canal ,,"q4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,fo/] ,cr[ell lately read a pap] be=e ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,philadelphia ^u ! ,pres5t ,situation ( ! ,int]-oceanic ,canal ,"q1 pres5t+ ! subject f a g5]al /&po9t4 ,he sket*$ ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s pa/ attempts to e/abli% communication ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,i/hmus1 & trac$ ! developm5ts 9 ! diff]5t directions ( ef=t1 :i* f9ally conc5trat$ ! problem ^u ! ?ree projects n[ be=e ! _w1 summ>iz+ ! progress 9 ea* case1 & /at+ ! foll[+ propositions3 ,i4 ,t ,panama is ! only possible site = a ,sea ,level ,canal1 & t su* treatm5t is ! only feasible me?od at t place4 ,,ii4 ,t ,nic>agua is ! only practicable site = a ,slack ,wat] sy/em 7= a canal ) locks71 & t x is pre-em95tly adapt$ by nature = su* a use2 t !re are no ob/acles 9 an eng9e]+ s5se1 & no physical drawbacks t ne$ det] ! und]tak+4 ,,iii4 ,t ! ,%ip ,railway1 z a me*anical contrivance1 has ! indorsem5t ( ! be/ au?orities1 & may be admitt$ to be ! ne plus ultra z a means ( tak+ %ips f _! natural elem5t & transport+ !m ov] ! l&4 ,,iv4 ,t none ( ^! plans has z yet advanc$ suffici5tly to w>rant our consid]+ its completion z beyond d\bt4 ,v4 ,t1 z ! additional sum n[ ask$ = by ,de ,lesseps 7ev5 if suffici5t7 to complete ! ,panama ,canal is great] ?an ! e/imat$ co/ ( ei!r ,nic>agua ,canal or ! ,%ip ,railway1 x w\ld be economical to ab&on ! ,panama ,canal1 & ! money sunk 9 x1 to date1 unless its location & =m possess p>am\nt advantages2 & we !re=e may pr(itably consid] ! relative m]its ( ! ?ree l9es )\t reg>d to ! pa/1 f f\r /&po9ts1 viz43 #a4 ,geographical conv5i5ce ( location4 #b4 ,adaptiv5ess to all m>9e requirem5ts1 pres5t & future4 #c4 ,political security4 #d4 ,economy ( con/ruction & op]ation4 ,he !n discuss$ ! comp>ative claims to excell5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ consid]ation1 aft] classify+ ! sev]al gr& divisions ( future ocean traffic1 & not+ especially ! ne$s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he claim$ t :ile !re 0 little to *oose1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ,nic>agua & ,tehuantepec1 ei!r 0 f> sup]ior to ,panama4 ,9 ! second p>ticul> he ma9ta9$ t ow+ to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,panama ,canal & ! practical impossibility ( enl>g+ x h]eaft]1 except+ at /up5d\s co/1 x c\ld n s]ve ! purposes ( ! future1 al?\gh x might1 if complet$1 supply pres5t ne$4 ,he prais$ ! +5uity ( ! plans = ! ,%ip ,railway1 b emphasiz$ ! fact t x w be ! movem5t ( ! traffic1 n m]ely ! lift+ & support+ ( %ips 9 transit1 t w te/ ! sy/em1 & sugge/$ t ev5 ! beautiful application ( me*anical =ce :i* _h be5 contriv$ might be p[]less to insure ! high grade ( s]vice :i* is an absolute necessity4 ,9 ?is connection ! g5]al features ( ! ,nic>agua ,canal1 9 its late/ =m1 7 ref]r$ to1 & ! op9ion express$ t ev5 7 all difficulties 9 ! way ( ! ,%ip ,railway elim9at$1 x c\ld n be sup]ior to ! canal 9 respect ( adaptiv5ess4 ,9 po9t ( political security he claim$ t bo? ,tehuantepec & ,nic>agua 7 reasonably free f d\bts1 ) ! advantage 9 favor ( ! latt]1 :ile at ,panama no security1 = ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s at lea/1 c\ld be c\nt$ on1 )\t ! liability ( a milit>y exp5diture f> exce$+ ! co/ ( ! canal itself4 ,! matt] ( comp>ative co/ ( con/ruction & op]ation 0 discuss$ g5]ally1 & 9 conclusion ! au?or /at$ t ?is all-important "q is /ill an op5 "o1 ( :i* ! future ne$s ( our c\ntry ju/ify & dem& at ?is "t a mo/ se>*+ scrut9y1 & moreov] our int]e/ & ! int]e/ ( mank9d require t be=e ?is c5tury closes1 ! be/ possible pa?way betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific %all be op5 to ! navies ( ! _w4 ,! pap] 0 illu/rat$ ) maps & diagrams4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m]sey ,,tunnel4 ,! ,m]sey ,tunnel 0 lately op5$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 &1 z ! ,london ,/&>d says1 aft] an infancy ( tr\bles & failures1 & a t5 ye>s' middle age ( inaction1 ! ,m]sey ,tunnel em]ges into notoriety "u ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,james ,brunlees & ,mr4 ,c4,d4 ,fox1 & ( ,mr4 ,waddell1 ! contractor1 z a triumph ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,! tunnel is #a1bej y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,x is driv5 ?r\gh solid1 b por\s1 r$ s&/one1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] has p]colat$ 9 volumes dur+ con/ruction1 at a level ( ab\t #cj feet bel[ ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,x is l9$ ?r\gh\t ) blue bricks1 ! brickwork ( ! inv]t be+ #c feet 9 ?ickness4 ,its transv]se section is a depress$ oval #bf feet 9 wid? & #ba feet 9 height1 & x conta9s two l9es ( railway4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t #ah feet bel[ ! ma9 tunnel !re is a cont9u\s dra9age culv]t #g feet 9 diamet]1 ent]$ at int]vals by /aple %afts4 ,!re are two capaci\s und]gr\nd t]m9al /ations #djj feet long1 #ej feet broad1 & #ch feet high1 & gigantic lifts = rais+ #bdj pass5g]s 9 =ty seconds1 f m ?an ?ree times ! dep? ( ! ,metropolitan ,railway to ! busy /reets above4 ,^! spl5did lifts1 ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 are n[1 ?r\gh ! eng9e]+ skill ( ,messrs4 ,ea/on ,&]son1 l ! tunnel1 accompli%$ facts2 & _! con/ruction & work+ 7 te/$ & report$ on 9 high t]ms ( favor by ! ,gov]nm5t ,inspector1 ,g5]al ,hut*9son1 a few weeks ago4 ,at ! ,liv]pool end ! direct desc5t to ! und]gr\nd plat=m ( ! ,m]sey ,railway is ab\t #ij feet2 at ! ,birk5head end ! dep? is some?+ m4 ,! description ( ! ,liv]pool lifts w well suffice also = ! ,birk5head lifts4 ,! =m] are "u ,james ,/reet1 :]e above gr\nd1 ris+ 9 l(ty /atel9ess1 is a f9e t[] = ! hydraulic p[]1 ! wat] be+ int5d$ to be /or$ 9 a circul> tank ne> its summit1 ! dim5sions ( :i* w be #ae feet 9 diamet] & its int]nal dep? #i feet4 ,f ! level ( ! rails ( ! ,m]sey ,railway to ! bottom ( ?is wat]-tank ! v]tical di/ance is #aih feet4 ,at ! we/]n side ( ! subt]ranean railway !re is1 above ! arrival plat=m1 a l[] book+-hall1 or1 m prop]ly1 a l>ge wait+ room1 #cb feet squ>e & #bi feet high1 ! access to :i* on ?is side is by a broad flight ( /eps ris+ #ab feet1 & to & f :i* all pass5g]s on ! dep>ture plat=m h communication by a lattice bridge #af feet above ! l9e ( rails4 ,f ! we/]n side ( ?is hall ! pass5g]s w h access to ! ?ree lifts1 & w !nce asc5d 9 l>ge asc5d+ rooms or cages1 capable ( conta9+ "o hundr$ p]sons ea*1 to ! upp] book+-hall on ! gr\nd level ( ,james ,/reet4 ,int]m$iate 9 height betwe5 ! l[] & upp] halls ! eng9e-room = ! pumps is locat$4 ,f ! l[] hall also !re is provid$1 indep5d5t ( ! lifts1 an incl9$ subway1 lead+ up t[>d ! ,ex*ange4 ,9 ?is l[] subt]ranean *amb] !re are f\r doorways1 #e feet wide1 ?ree ( !m be+ fitt$ ) ticket gateways1 & lead+ to ! ?ree lift-%afts1 excavat$ 9 ! rock1 & l9$1 :]e ne$$1 ) brick4 ,9 ea* ( ^! %afts1 :i* are #ba feet by #ai feet 9 sectional area1 a h&some asc5d+ wood-panel$ room1 or cage1 =m$ ( teak & ,am]ican oak1 is fitt$1 its dim5sions 9 plan be+ #bj feet by #ag feet1 & its g5]al int]nal height #h feet2 b 9 ! c5tral portion ! ro( rises into a flat lant]n #aj feet high1 ! sides ( :i* are l9$ ) mirrors t reflect into ! asc5d+-room ! rays ( a p[]ful gas-lamp4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is room is a v /iff /ructure1 consi/+ ( two wr\ght-iron special-=m gird]s cross+ b5ea? x1 ! cross1 #ad in*es deep1 connect+ !m be+ ( /eel1 & =g$ f a s+le +ot4 ,! c5tral boss ( ! cross is #bb in*es 9 diamet]1 & 9 ?is is bor$ out a c5tral cavity1 into :i* ! head ( ! /eel ram1 #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 is fitt$2 ! ram itself be+ built up ( /eel cyl9d]s or tubes1 #aa feet #c in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* are connect$ toge!r by int]nal screws4 ,!re is also a c5tral rod )9 ! ram1 z an additional security4 ,! ram desc5ds into a v /rong ca/-iron cyl9d]1 #ba in*es int]nal diamet]1 :i* is susp5d$ 9 a bor+ #dj in*es int]nal diamet]1 & c>ri$ d[n to a dep? ( ov] #ajj feet 9 ! rock4 ,! two iron gird]s "u ! frame ( ! asc5d+-room or cage cross ! entire lift space1 & !n at _! out] ends are atta*$ to f\r *a9s :i* rise ov] pulleys fix$ ab\t #ab feet above ! floor ( ! upp] book+-(fice4 ,^! *a9s !nce desc5d to susp5d two heavy c\nt]weights1 s arrang$ z to "w 9 guides & to pass ! asc5d+-room 9 ! #ab in* int]space betwe5 ! cage & ! side walls ( ! %aft4 ,^! *a9s are ( #a-a_/h in* b> iron1 & h ea* be5 te/$ ) a load ( ov] #ae tons4 ,! maximum load :i* c ev] come z a /ra9 ^u any *a9 is ab\t ?ree tons4 ,two *a9s are atta*$ to ea* c\nt]-weight1 & special att5tion has be5 paid to ! atta*m5ts ( ^! *a9s to ! cage gird]s4 ,! /roke ( ea* hydraulic lift is #if feet #g in*es4 ,9 ! eng9e-room !re are ?ree m>9e boil]s1 ea* #f feet #f in*es diamet] & #aa feet #f in*es long1 & ?ree pairs ( pump+ eng9es ( pat5t$ type1 ea* capable ( rais+ ?irty ?\s& gallons ( wat] p] h\r f ! wa/e tanks bel[ ! eng9e-room to ! top tank ( ! t[] above gr\nd4 ,!re are ?ree suction & ?ree deliv]y ma9s1 & ^! are connect$ direct to ! lifts by a s]ies ( *ange sluices1 admirably1 neatly1 & h&ily arrang$ 9 ! eng9e-room by ,mr4 ,ri*1 & 9 su* a way t any eng9e1 any lift1 or any supply ma9 c be disconnect$ )\t int]f]5ce ) ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,:5 ! t[] tank is complet$1 x alone1 "u any circum/ances1 w\ld be able to supply ! lifts if e pump+ eng9e 7 /opp$4 ,b if any or all ! eng9es 7 work+1 !y w\ld automatically assi/ ! top tank1 = nom9ally !y w keep ! top tank exactly full1 & w !n /op ( !mselves4 ,! t[]1 z we h indicat$1 is n yet complet$1 & ! pump+ eng9es are consequ5tly do+ all ! "w ( ! lifts4 ,! asc5t & desc5t ( ! cages is effect$ by ! att5dant :o accompanies ! pass5g]s1 by means ( a rope arrangem5t4 ,ea* cage or room is int5d$ ord9>ily to take a maximum freight ( #ajj pass5g]s1 calculat$ at ab\t #ae1jjj lb4 ,! hydraulic ram weighs ab\t #aa1jjj lb41 ! iron frame & cross ( ! cage ab\t #f1ejj lb41 & ! cage itself ab\t #ac1bjj lb41 ! total be+ ab\t #cj1gjj lb4 ,! mass 9 motion :5 a cage is fully load$ is e/imat$ at #fc1jjj lb4 dead weight4 ,! j\rney ( elevation w ord9>ily be made )9 "o m9ute1 b 9 ! exp]im5tal trials :i* h be5 made ! full j\rney has actually be5 accompli%$ 9 #cb seconds4 ,9 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade te/s "u ,g5]al ,hut*9son1 weights to ! ext5t ( #ae1jjj lb4 7 v>i\sly %ift$1 & 9 c]ta9 cases conc5trat$ 9 try+ localities1 b ! cage /ood ! trials )\t any appreciable *ange ( =m1 & 9 nei!r ! cage nor ! *a9s 7 any objectionable features develop$4 ,! ?ree lifts c be work$ s+ly or comb9$1 s t ! accommodation is always ready = f #ajj to #cjj p]sons4 ,fur!r railway connections betwe5 ! ,m]sey ,subaque\s ,railway & ! surr\nd+ l& l9es ?an ^? :i* yet exi/ are 9 contemplation4 ,all ! book+-halls1 wait+-rooms1 etc41 etc41 9 connection ) ! f\r /ations h be5 laid ) ,l[e's pat5t wood-block floor+4 ,! blocks are only #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 b1 be+ made ( h>d wood & securely fa/5$ to ! concrete b$ ) ,l[e's pat5t pres]vative composition1 !y _c become loose1 & w we> = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 until1 9 fact1 ! wood is made too ?9 by incessant traffic4 ,! eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,fox1 & ! ar*itect1 ,mr4 ,grayson1 are mu* pleas$ ) ! "w1 especially z x is s noiseless & w>m to ! feet4 ,^! floors ought to be adopt$ m frequ5tly by railway companies 9 connection ) _! /ation build+s1 z dry rot & dampness are effectually prev5t$1 & a durable & noiseless floor secur$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,revolv]4 ,! ,kyno* revolv]1 manufactur$ by ! ,kyno* ,gun ,factory1 at ,a/on1 ,birm+ham1 is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,s*lund4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ simple 9 respect ( lock me*anism ( any exi/+ revolv]1 :e!r s+le or d\ble action4 ,x extracts ! c>tridges automatically1 & comb9es ) ?is important feature /r5g? & safety 9 ! clos+ ( ! bree*4 ,c]ta9ty ( aim :5 fir+ is obta9$ by means ( a d\ble trigg]1 :i* s]ves _m purposes4 ,?is secures quick repeat+ z 9 ! d\ble-action revolv]s1 & at ! same "t ! revolv] is n pull$ out ( ! l9e ( sight1 z ! trigg] is pull$ (f by ! =ef+]1 indep5d5tly ( ! cock+ motion1 ! cock+ trigg] be+ long] ?an ! ord9>y d\ble-action trigg]s4 ,! cock+ trigg] fur!r s]ves to tight5 ! grasp1 & s enables ! p[] ( ! fir/ recoil1 :i* affects ! %oot+ ( all revolv]s1 to be held 9 *eck4 ,! light pull-(f enables a /eady %oot] to make surpass+ly f9e diagrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kyno* ,,revolv]4 ,! upp] side ( ! b>rel is p]fectly free f ob/ruction1 s t ! sight+ c be done ) ! greate/ ease1 & ! entire weapon is flu% & )\t projections :i* c cat* surr\nd+ objects1 ) ! exception ( ! cock+ trigg]1 :i* seems to require a second gu>d to r5d] x secure :5 ?ru/+ ! pi/ol ha/ily into a hol/]4 ,at ! same "t1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! cock+ trigg] does n effect ! fir+4 ,x puts ! hamm] to full cock & rotates ! cyl9d]1 & ^! op]ations may be p]=m$ "t aft] "t ) safety4 ,turn+ to ! me*anical details1 x is noticeable t no tools are requir$ to take ! weapon to pieces & to put x toge!r4 ,by remov+ a mill$ head$ screw se5 to ! left ( ! g5]al view1 e individual "p ( ! lock action comes ap>t1 & c be clean$ & put toge!r aga9 9 a few m9utes4 ,?is screw is numb]$ #bd 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,to load ! pi/ol ! ?umb piece 7m>k$ #b 9 ,fig4 #d & %[n sep>ately 9 ,fig4 #c7 is drawn back1 & ?us )draws ! slid+ bolt1 #c1 f ! b>rel1 #bj4 ,! b>rel & cyl9d] are !n tilt$ on ! p91 #ae--;a %ake w effect ?is if only "o h& be available--& z ! *amb] rises1 ! extractor is =c$ back by ! lift]1 #ae1 & ! empty %ells are ?r[n out4 ,:5 ! b>rel has mov$ ab\t #hj deg41 ! spr+1 #ad1 :i* works ! lift]1 #ae1 is tripp$1 & ! spr+ #ac c>ries ! extractor home ready = ! fre% c>tridge to be ins]t$4 ,:5 ^! are 9 place1 ! b>rel & cyl9d] are return$ to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 & are automatically lock$ by ! bolt1 #c4 ,all is !n ready = fir+4 ,! middle f+] is plac$ on ! cock+ lev]1 & ! =ef+] )9 ! trigg] gu>d4 ,! cock+ trigg] is drawn back1 tak+ ) x ! fir+ trigg] = ! great] "p ( its /roke4 ,at ! same "t ! lift]1 #h1 :i* is pivot$ to ! cock+ lev]1 engages ) a rat*et :eel 7se5 9 ,fig4 #b7 atta*$ to ! cyl9d]1 & rotates x ?r\gh "o-six? ( a revolution4 ,to insure ! exact am\nt ( rotation1 a heel on ! trigg]1 n to be se5 9 ! engrav+s1 engages 9 "o ( ! six slots 7,figs4 #a & #b7 =m$ r\nd ! b>rel4 ,! end ( ! slot is squ>e1 & comes up aga9/ ! heel1 :i* tightly grips ! cyl9d]1 & holds x /eady :ile fir+4 ,a toe-piece1 j ov] ! figure #d1 9 ,fig4 #c1 holds ! cyl9d] :5 ! cock+ trigg] is 9 its normal position4 ,! cock+ lev] also compresses ! ma9 spr+1 #g1 & holds x 9 ?is /ate until ! fir+ trigg]1 #ab1 is press$ by ! =ef+] aga9/ ! se>1 #i1 & ! hamm]1 #e1 is driv5 =w>d aga9/ ! c>tridge4 ,if ! pi/ol be n fir$1 ! release ( ! cock+ trigg] takes ! pressure (f ! spr+1 & !re is ?us no dang] ( accid5tal dis*>ge4 ,x w ?us be se51 says ,eng9e]+1 t ! weapon pres5ts _m advantages4 ,x c be load$ on horseback :5 "o h& is engag$ ) ! re9s2 !re is no?+ to ob/ruct ! aim1 & ! act ( fir+ does n ?r[ up ! muzzle1 = ! two op]ations ( cock+ & %oot+ are sep>ate1 & consequ5tly ! latt] ne$s only a v light pressure ( ! f+] to effect x4 ,! bree* is well protect$1 s t ! fla% f a bur/ c>tridge _c rea* ! face ( ! us]4 ,! me*anism is z ne>ly du/ pro( z possible1 & c be entirely tak5 to pieces & clean$ 9 a few mom5ts1 & ! :ole =ms z h&y a weapon z c be desir$1 :]e rapid & accurate %oot+ is requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,society or ,,arts4 ,,motors ,,= ,,/reet ,,railways4 ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,me*anical ,,motors ,,= ,,tramways ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,jury ,,on ,,railway ,,appliances ,,at ,,! ,,antw]p ,,exhibition4 ,by ,capta9 ,,d\glas ,,galton1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,o4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition at ,antw]p 0 ! competition :i* 0 invit$ betwe5 diff]5t =ms ( me*anical motors on tramways = use 9 t[ns1 & betwe5 diff]5t =ms ( eng9es = use on light railways 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 or z ^! are t]m$1 ,*em9s de ,f] ,vic9aux4 ,^! latt] h obta9$ a consid]able developm5t 9 ,belgium1 ,italy1 & o!r ,cont95tal /ates2 & are f\nd to be mo/ valuable z a means ( *eap5+ ! co/ ( transit 9 ?9ly peopl$ di/ricts4 ,b ow+ to ! fact t ! ,bo>d ( ,trade regulations 9 ?is c\ntry h n recogniz$ a diff]5t /&>d ( con/ruction = ?is class ( railway f t adopt$ on ma9 l9es1 !re has be5 no opportunity = ! con/ruction ( su* l9es 9 ,engl&4 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 be5 a great developm5t ( tramway l9es 9 ,engl&1 :i* 9 popul\s di/ricts supply a want :i* railways nev] c\ld fully respond to2 & al?\gh hi!rto me*anical traction has n atta9$ any v consid]able ext5sion1 x is q evid5t t if tramways are to fullfil _! object satisfactorily1 x mu/ be by means ( me*anical traction4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! me*anical motor :i* %all be f\nd to be mo/ univ]sally adaptable1 t is to say1 mo/ pliant 9 accommodat+ itself to ! v>i\s l9es & to ! v>y+ "w ( ! traffic1 w be ! =m ( motor :i* w ev5tually c>ry ! day4 ,! competition betwe5 diff]5t =ms ( motors at ! ,antw]p ,exhibition1 :i* 0 c>efully sup]9t5d$1 & :i* 0 arrang$ to be c>ri$ on = a reasonable "t1 s z to enable ! qualities & defects ( ! diff]5t motors to be asc]ta9$1 af=ds a />t+ po9t f :i* x w be possible to c>ry on future inve/igations4 ,i h1 !re=e1 ?\ght x advantage\s to ! int]e/s ( ! community 9 ?is c\ntry to br+ ! results arriv$ at be=e ?is ,society2 & z ! ,*em9s de ,f] ,vic9aux1 to :i* "o "p ( ! competition 0 devot$1 h no c\nt]p>t 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is propos$ to limit ! pres5t pap] to an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts made on ! motors = tramways4 ,c]ta9 conditions 7 laid d[n 9 ! programme publi%$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,exhibition1 to regulate ! competition1 9 ord] t ! competitors might und]/& ! po9ts :i* w\ld be tak5 into acc\nt by ! judges 9 aw>d+ ! prizes4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ^u a l9e ( tramway laid d[n = ! purpose 9 ! city ( ,antw]p1 c>ri$ along ! b\lev>ds f ne> ! ma9 entrance ( ! exhibition to ! vic9ity ( ! pr9cipal railway /ation1 a di/ance ( #b1bib met]s4 ,! l9e end$ 9 a triangle ( #eje met]s1 9 ord] t ^? motors :i* requir$ to run always 9 ! same direction %\ld be enabl$ to d s4 ,out ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e1 viz41 #b1gig met]s1 #b1bie met]s 7 9 a /raight l9e1 #ahi met]s 9 curves ( #a *a9s radius1 & #cac met]s 9 curves ( #a *a9 radius4 ,!re 7 on ! l9e f\r pass+ places1 besides a pass+ place at ! t]m9us2 ^! 7 jo9$ to ! ma9 l9e by curves ( #a *a9s radius4 ,! l9e 0 practically level1 ! /eepe/ incl9e be+ #a 9 #a1jjj2 ?is circum/ance is some:at to be regrett$1 b ! city ( ,antw]p af=d$ no conv5i5t locality :]e a l9e ) /eep gradi5ts c\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,! motors 7 kept 9 %$s close to ! comm5cem5t ( ! l9e ( tramway ne> ! exhibition1 :]e all necess>y clean+ & su* m9or repairs z 7 requir$ c\ld take place4 ,a regul> s]vice 0 e/abli%$1 accord+ to a fix$ "t-table1 to :i* ea* motor 0 requir$ to con=m4 ,ea* j\rney 0 reckon$ z />t+ f ! end ne> ! exhibition1 proce$+ to ! beg9n+ ( ! triangle1 & return+ to ! />t+ po9t4 ,an h\r 0 all[$ betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ea* j\rney1 f\rte5 m9utes 7 all[$ = a /oppage at ! end ne> ! exhibition1 & eighte5 m9utes at ! o!r end--?us all[+ tw5ty-eight m9utes = travel+ #b miles #a1ejj y>ds1 or a travel+ spe$ ( ab\t #f miles an h\r4 ,! motors 7 requir$ to "w f\r days out ( six1 & on "o ( ! f\r days to draw a supplem5t>y c>riage4 ,an (ficial1 assi/$ by a /orekeep]1 0 appo9t$ to keep a detail$ record-- #a4 ,( ! "w done by ea* ( ! motors4 #b4 ,( any delays occurr+ on ! j\rney1 & ( ! causes ( delay4 #c4 ,( ! consumption ( fuel1 bo? = light+ ! fires & = work+4 #d4 ,( ! consumption ( grease4 #e4 ,( ! consumption ( wat]4 #f4 ,( all repairs ( :atev] nature4 #g4 ,( ! frequ5cy ( clean+ & o!r necess>y op]ations requir$ = ! effici5t s]vice ( ! motor4 ,! exp]im5ts la/$ ab\t f\r mon?s4 ,five competitors (f]$ !mselves1 :i* may be class$ z foll[s3 ,?ree 7 propell$ by ! direct action ( /eam1 & two 7 propell$ by /or$-up =ce suppli$ f fix$ eng9es4 ,propell$ by ! direct action ( ! /eam4 #a4 ,! ,krauss locomotive eng9e1 sep>ate f ! c>riage4 #b4 ,! ,wilk9son locomotive eng9e 7i4e41 ,black & ,haw?orn71 also sep>ate f ! c>riage4 #c4 ,! ,r[an eng9e & c>riage comb9$4 ,propell$ by /or$-up =ce4 #d4 ,! ,beaumont compress$-air eng9e4 #e4 ,! electric c>riage4 ,x is some:at to be regrett$ 9 ! public int]e/ t o!r =ms ( me*anical motors1 su* z ! ,mek>ski compress$-air eng9e1 or ! eng9e work$ ) sup]heat$ wat]1 or cable tramways1 or electrical tramways1 7 n also pres5t$ = competition4 #a4 ,! ,krauss locomotive is ( ! g5]al type ( a tramway locomotive1 b ) c]ta9 specialties ( con/ruction4 ,x has c\pl$ :eels4 ,! weight is susp5d$ on ?ree po9ts4 ,! wat]-tanks =m "p ( ! fram+ on ea* side2 a cov]+ conceals all except ! dome ( ! boil]4 ,above ! ro( is a surface cond5s]1 consi/+ ( #ajh copp] tubes plac$ transv]sely1 ea* ( :i* has an ext]nal diamet] ( #a4de in*es4 ,! boil] is simil> to t ( an ord9>y locomotive2 its axis is #c feet #aj in*es above ! road4 ,! body ( ! eng9e is #i feet #aa in*es long1 & #g feet #b in*es wide4 ,! axles are #d feet #aa in*es f c5t] to c5t]4 ,! plat=m ext5ds along ea* side ( ! boil]2 ! door ( ! fire-box is 9 ! axis ( ! road4 ,! eng9e driv] /&s on ! "r-h& side1 9 ! middle ( ! motor1 :]e he has comm& ( all ! appliances = regulat+ ! movem5ts ( ! eng9e z well z ( ! brake4 ,! ,wilk9son 7,black & ,haw?orn7 eng9e _h a v]tical boil] & ma*9]y4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 on ! opposite side ( ! boil] f ! door ( ! fire box1 & m\nt$ indep5d5tly2 ! motion ( ! pi/on 0 communicat$ by means ( a crank %aft & too!d :eels to ! driv+ axle4 ,! :eels 7 c\pl$4 ,a regulator1 injector1 & a h&-brake 7 plac$ at ea* end1 s t ! eng9e driv] c\ld always /& 9 ! front1 :i*ev] 0 ! direction 9 :i* ! eng9e mov$2 & !re 0 a plat=m ( communication betwe5 ! two ends1 c>ri$ along "o side ( ! boil]4 ,! boil] 0 con/ruct$ ) ,field tubes1 ! horizontal tube plate hav+ a flue 9 ! middle :i* c>ri$ ! heat$ gases into ! *imney4 ,! visible escape ( ! /eam is prev5t$ by sup]heat+4 ,to effect ?is1 ! /eam1 z x leaves ! cyl9d]1 passes into a ca/ iron *amb] adjac5t to ! boil]1 :i* is int5d$ to reta9 ! wat] c>ri$ (f ) ! /eam4 ,f !nce ! /eam passes into a second *amb]1 susp5d$ at a small height above ! grate 9 ! axis ( ! boil] & ( ! flue :i* conveys ! heat$ gases into ! *imney1 & !nce into a sort ( pocket inclos$ 9 ! la/-m5tion$ *amb]1 :i* is op5 at ! bottom1 & ! upp] "p ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a tube pass+ into ! op5 air4 ,?is me?od ( dissipat+ ! /eam avoids ! necessity ( a cond5s]2 b if x be admitt$ t ! /eam 9 escap+ has a m9imum temp]ature ( #egb ,fahr41 x w c>ry away #ab p] c5t4 m caloric ?an w\ld h be5 requir$ to raise x to a pressure ( #aej lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! /eam escap+ ?r\gh ! safety valve is pass$ ?r\gh ! same app>atus4 ,! too!d :eel on ! driv+ axle is arrang$ to act ^u ano!r too!d :eel on a %aft connect$ ) ! regulator1 s z to control its spe$ automatically4 ,! l5g? ( ! eng9e is #aj ft4 #aj 941 its wid? #e ft4 #i 941 & ! di/ance f c5t] to c5t] ( ! :eels #e ft4 #b 94 ,! ,r[an tram-c> consi/s ( a body #ca feet long & #g feet wide1 re/+ on a two-:eel$ bogie beh9d & on a f\r-:eel$ bogie 9 front1 ?is front bogie be+ ! motor1 & ! :ole has ! appe>ance ( a long railway c>riage1 some:at 9 ! =m ( an omnibus ) a plat=m at ea* end1 ( :i* ! front plat=m is occupi$ by ! eng9e4 ,x requires1 !re=e1 ei!r a turntable or a triangle at ! end ( ! l9e1 s z to enable x to rev]se its direction4 ,?is motor is a /eam eng9e ( light & simple =m1 suppli$ ) /eam f a wat] tube boil] ) v p]fect combu/ion1 s t no smoke escapes4 ,! boil] is some:at on ! pr9ciple ( a ,%& & ,mason boil]2 x is s built t ,x c easily be op5$ & e "p ( ! int]ior exam9$ & clean$4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,r[an motor is ! simplicity ( ! atta*m5t ( ! eng9e to ! c>riage1 & ! facility ) :i* x c be deta*$ :5 requir$ = clean+ or repair1 viz41 9 five or six m9utes4 ,! /eam c be got up 9 ! eng9e ) great rapidity if a *ange ( eng9e is requir$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! eng9e is deta*$1 ! c>riage loses its support 9 front1 & is !re=e n s]viceable4 ,:5 necess>y1 ! comb9$ motor c draw a second ord9>y c>riage4 ,! motor by itself occupies a l5g? ( #i ft4 #h 94 ,x has two horizontal cyl9d]s2 ! f\r :eels ( ! bogie are c\pl$1 & betwe5 ! :eels ! sides ( ! fram+ are r\nd$ to all[ two v]tical boil]s to /&4 ,^! boil]s h v]tical tubes = ! wat]1 :i* are jo9$ toge!r at ! top by a horizontal cyl9d]4 ,ea* boil]1 ) its cov]+1 is #a ft4 #i 94 9 diamet]4 ,! boil]s /& #a ft4 #i 94 ap>t1 ?us af=d+ space betwe5 !m = ! motive ma*9]y1 includ+ ! pump4 ,! crank axle is beh9d ! boil]s4 ,! lev]s1 ! injector1 ! access to ! fire-box1 a p$al = work+ ! eng9e brake z well z a screw brake = ! c>riage1 are all 9 front4 ,! brakes act on all six :eels1 are work$ by ! driv]1 & ! :ole weight ( ! eng9e1 c>1 & pass5g]s be+ c>ri$ on ^! :eels1 ! c> c be /opp$ almo/ in/antane\sly2 & z ov] two-?irds ( ! entire weight ( ! c> & pass5g]s re/s on ! f\r driv+ :eels2 !re is always suffici5t adhesion on all reasonable incl9es1 & ! adhesion is augm5t$ z ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ increases4 ,h5ce ?is c> is adapt$ = l9es ) heavy grades4 ,a small wat] tank is atta*$ to ! fram+2 two small boxes = coal or coke1 ) a cubic capacity ( ab\t #c feet1 are atta*$ to ! plate 9 front ( ! bogie4 ,! cov]+ ( ! boil]s is 9 two p>ts1 :i* are put on f ea* side horizontally1 & screw$ toge!r 9 ! c5t]4 ,! removal ( ! upp] "p enables ! tubes to be exam9$ & clean$4 ,! draught is natural2 ! base ( ! *imney is #c ft4 #b 91 f ! grate2 ! height ( ! *imney is #e ft4 #b 94 ,! /eam f ! cyl9d]s passes directly into a cond5s] plac$ on ! top ( ! c>riage4 ,! cond5s] is made ( corrigat$ copp] %eets millimet] ?ick4 ,two %eets1 ab\t #ae to #ah in*es wide & #ae feet long1 are laid toge!r & firmly sold]$1 =m+ a *amb]4 ,tw5ty ( ^! *amb]s are plac$ side by side on ! top ( ! c>riage1 connect$ ) a tube at ea* end1 s z to all[ ! /eam to pass freely ?r\gh !m4 ,! l[] corrugations 9 ! sev]al *amb]s are connect$ toge!r1 & !nce a pipe ) a siphon to /op ! /eam is c>ri$ to a wat] tank "u ! c>riage1 :i* ?us receives ! cond5s$ wat]4 ,?is arrangem5t af=d$ a cond5s+ surface ( ab\t #hjj squ>e feet4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ) l>g] eng9es ,mr4 ,r[an employs z mu* z #a1fjj feet ( cond5s+ surface4 ,! ne>ness ( ! *amb]s to ea* o!r t5ds no d\bt to dim9i% ! p[] ( cond5s+ ! /eam1 b ?is is some:at comp5sat$ by ! artificial circulation ( air produc$ by ! movem5t ( ! c>riage4 ,b 9 any case1 if !re is surplus /eam1 ! pipe f ! cond5s] causes x to pass "u ! grate1 :5ce x rises sup]heat$ & invisible ?r\gh ! fire & up ! *imney4 ,"u ! c>riage atta*$ to ! fram+ are f\r res]voirs1 hold+ ab\t ?ree & a half cubic feet ( wat]1 ( :i* wat] space "o-half acts z a res]voir = cold fe$ wat]1 & half = ! cond5s$ wat]4 ,a tube f ! small res]voir on ! eng9e communicates ?r\gh valves ) ! res]voirs ( hot & cold wat] on ! c>riage4 ,! consumption ( cold wat] measur$ dur+ two days 0 #b4hf lb4 p] kilomet]2 assum+ t ! boil] evaporat$ #f4e lb4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal1 ! cold wat] =m$ "o-fif? ( ! total fe$ wat] requir$4 ,! c>riage1 i4 e41 ! "p occupi$ by pass5g]s1 is #ba ft4 #h 94 9 l5g?4 ,x holds seats = =ty-five pass5g]s1 besides ^? :o w\ld /& on ! gangway & plat=m4 ,! seats are plac$ transv]sely on ea* side ( a c5tral corridor1 ea* seat hold+ two p4 ,! plat=m ( ! c>riage is ab\t #b ft4 #f 94 above ! rails4 ,pass5g]s h access to ! int]ior f beh9d by means ( ! end plat=m1 & 9 front ne> ! eng9e f ! two sides4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! h9d "p ( ! c>riage re/s ^u two :eels1 ! front "p be+1 z already m5tion$1 support$ on ! eng9e bogie4 ,to effect ?is support1 ! h9d] "p ( ! fram+ ( ! eng9e is =m$ 9 a half circle1 ) a broad groove1 9 :i* ! ends ( two spr+s are arrang$ to slide4 ,! c5t]s ( ! spr+s =m ! support ( ! fram+ ( ! c>riage4 ,! fram+ ( ! eng9e bogie is atta*$ to ! h9d bogie truck ( ! c>riage by two diagonal drawb>s4 ,! c\pl+ is effect$ by bolts close to ! eng9e1 & ! c> is drawn entirely by means ( ! bogie p9 ( ! h9d bogie4 ,! trucks are #af4e ft4 ap>t4 ,table ,i4 above %[s ! dim5sions ( diff]5t p>ts ( ^! ?ree /eam motors1 z well z _! weights4 ,! ,beaumont eng9e1 work$ by compress$ air1 may be g5]ally said to be simil> to t describ$ 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts on ! #af? ,m>*1 #ahha1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 "s improvem5ts h be5 s9ce introduc$4 ,! app>atus = compress+ ! air 0 plac$ 9 ! %$4 ,! air 0 compress$ to #fc atmosph]es by a pump work$ by a /eam eng9e1 & /or$ 9 cyl9drical res]voirs ( wr\ght iron )\t rivets4 ,a pipe l$ ! air f ! res]voirs to ! head ( ! tramway1 :]e ! cyl9d] plac$ on ! motor = /or+ ! air dur+ ! j\rney c\ld be conv5i5tly *>g$4 ,! air 0 compress$ by means ( f\r pumps1 plac$ two & two 9 a wat]-box1 & work$ by ! direct action ( a comp\nd eng9e1 ) cyl9d]s1 plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 ( #h 94 & #ad 94 diamet] respectively1 ) an equal l5g? ( /roke ( #ac 94 ,,table ,i4 ,krauss4 ,wilk9son4 ,r[an4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]444444444d #e4e 94 #f4e 94 #e4a 94 ,l5g? ( /roke4444444444444l #aa4h 94 #i 94 #i4h 94 ,diamet] ( :eels44444444444,d #ca4e 94 #bg4e 94 #bi4e 94 ,pressure at :i* boil] is work$44444444444,p #bbj lb4 #adg lb4 #aia lb4 7p7d#b7l7_/7#b;,d74444444444444,e #a1baj lb4 #a1eji lb4 #hje lb4 ,total heat+ surface44444444,s #aje sq4 ft4 #aje sq4 ft4 #fd sq4 ft4 ,grate surface4444444444444444,g #b4g sq4 ft4 #e4d sq4 ft4 #c4a sq4 ft4 ,surface ( cond5s]444444444,c #bgd4dhb s4 ft4 ,none4 #hfa4abj s4 ft4 ,weight 9 runn+ ord] 7motor only7444444444444444,p' #ae1djj lb4 #ae1djj lb4 #i1jbj lb4 ,weight 9 runn+ ord] 7total744444444444444444444,p - - #ae1djj lb4 ,cont5ts ( wat] tank4444444- #bh4bd cub4 ft4 #ac cub4 ft4 #d4b cub4 ft4 ,cont5ts ( coal bunks4444444- #ad4ab cub4 ft4 #ab4e cub4 ft4 #h4e cub4 ft4 ,p'_/,e #ab4g lb4 #aj4b lb4 #aa4b lb4 ,p_/,e - - #ai4abe lb4 ,p'_/,s #adf #adg #adj ,p'_/,g #e1gbb #b1hee #b1hhi ,c_/,s #b4f - #ac4d ,c_/,g #ajb - #bge ,! air1 aft] be+ =c$ ?r\gh ! fir/ pump cyl9d]1 pass$ successively ?r\gh ! o!r ?ree1 ! diamet]s ( :i* 7 ( proportionately decreas+ sizes1 viz41 #h4b 941 #e 941 #c4e 941 & #b 941 & ! air on leav+ ea* cyl9d] pass$ on its way to ! next cyl9d] ?r\gh a coil$ pipe imm]s$ 9 fl[+ wat] to remove ! heat g5]at$4 ,?is cool+ surface am\nt$ to ne>ly #ed sq4 ft4 ,! cool+ ( ! air 0 v effici5t4 ,9 an exp]im5t made on ?is "q1 ! temp]ature ( ! compressor did n v>y to ! ext5t ( #i ,f4 9 *>g+ ! res]voir f #dj to #fc atmosph]es1 occupy+ an h\r & a half1 ! consumption ( wat] dur+ ! "t be+ ab\t #a1djj gallons4 ,! fix$ res]voirs 7 ( ab\t #bdj cubic feet capacity4 ,! motor =m$ "p ( a comp\nd vehicle1 :i* may be said to h consi/$ ( two p>ts jo9$ toge!r by an articulat$ corridor1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ by a ro( :i* 0 approa*$ f ! plat=m beh9d by an easy /aircase4 ,on ?is ro( 7 seats = outside pass5g]s4 ,! front "p ( ! comp\nd vehicle conta9$ ! motor1 z well z a comp>tm5t = six inside pass5g]s1 ) ro( space = tw5ty pass5g]s1 & weigh$ ab\t #ae1djj lb4 :5 empty2 ! h9d "p conta9$ accommodation inside = twelve pass5g]s1 & outside = f\rte5 pass5g]s1 & weigh$ #f1fjj lb4 ,! comb9$ vehicle 0 ent]$ f ! plat=m 9 ! re>1 :i* c\ld hold f\r pass5g]s1 & f !nce1 z already m5tion$1 ! /aircase l$ on to ! ro(4 ,! total numb] ( pass5g]s ?is vehicle c\ld accommodate 0 ?us eighte5 inside1 ?irty-f\r on ! ro(1 f\r on ! plat=m1 or fifty-six 9 all4 ,! total l5g? ( ! c>riage 0 #bi ft4 #g 941 ! wid? #g ft4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! axes ( ! bogies 0 #af ft4 #i 94 ,! di/ances ap>t ( ! c5t]s ( ! :eels 7 9 ! case ( ! h9d bogie #c ft4 #i 941 & 9 ! case ( ! front bogie #d ft4 #d4f 94 ,! motor is a comp\nd eng9e1 ! diamet]s ( ! cyl9d]s be+ #d4i 94 & #a4i 941 ) a #ab 94 /roke4 ,! diamet] ( ! :eels 0 #b ft4 #d 94 ,a small boil] is plac$ on "o side1 9 front1 = creat+ /eam1 :i* passes into a /eam-jacket1 inclos+ ! pipe ( communication f ! res]voir to ! cyl9d]s1 z well z ! cyl9d]s !mselves1 s t ! air 0 w>m$ be=e x escap$4 ,! res]voirs on ! motor conta9$ #ga cubic feet4 ,9 an exp]im5t made on *>g+ ! res]voir 9 ! motor1 ! pressure 9 ! fix$ res]voirs1 at ! "t ( *>g+ ! res]voirs on ! motor1 0 #fc4h atmosph]es1 at a temp]ature ( #fh ,f4 ,"o atmosph]e 0 lo/ by lett+ ! air into ! pipe laid betwe5 ! %$ & ! tramway :]e ! motor /ood2 :5 ! res]voir on ! motor 0 *>g$1 ! pressure fell to #db4f atmosph]es 9 ! fix$ res]voirs1 at a temp]ature ( #ee ,f4 ,! pressure 9 ! res]voir on ! motor1 :5 ready to />t1 0 #db4f atmosph]es1 at a temp]ature ( #hd ,f4 ,on its return1 at ! end ( =ty-six m9utes1 aft] a j\rney z above m5tion$ ( ab\t ?ree & a qu>t] miles includ+ ! triangle1 ! pressure _h fall5 to #bj4i atmosph]es1 & ! temp]ature to #ga ,f4 ,! weight ( air us$ dur+ ! j\rney 0 ?us ab\t #aaj lb41 or1 say1 #cd lb4 p] mile4 ,! coal consum$ by ! /ation>y eng9e to compress ! air am\nt$ to #ci lb4 p] mile1 9 addition to #c lb4 ( coke p] mile = w>m+ ! exhau/4 ,:ile ! motor 0 p]=m+ its j\rney1 ! /ation>y /eam-eng9e 0 employ$ 9 rais+ ! pressure 9 ! fix$ cyl9d]s to #fc atmosph]es1 & work$1 on an av]age1 dur+ fifty m9utes 9 ea* h\r2 dur+ ! re/ ( ! j\rney x rema9$ idle4 ,x 0 ?us always employ$ 9 do+ "w 9 excess ( ! pressure :i* c\ld be utiliz$ on ! c>1 & ! "w 01 "u ! circum/ances ( ! case1 necess>ily int]mitt5t4 ,?is 0 a v unfavorable condition ( work+4 ,9 ! electric tram-c> ! haulage 0 effect$ by means ( accumulators4 ,! c> 0 ( ! ord9>y type ) two plat=ms4 ,x 0 said to h be5 runn+ z an ord9>y tram-c> s9ce #ahgf4 ,x _h be5 alt]$ 9 #ahhd by rais+ ! body ab\t six in*es1 s z to lift x cle> ( ! :eels1 9 ord] to all[ ! space "u ! seats to be available = receiv+ ! accumulators1 :i* consi/$ ( ,faure batt]ies ( a modifi$ con/ruction4 ,! accumulators employ$ 7 ( an improv$ k9d1 devis$ by ,m4 ,juli51 ! "u manag] ( ! ,compagnie l',electrique1 :i* und]took ! "w4 ,! pr9cipal modification consi/s 9 ! sub/itution1 = ! lead core ( ! plates1 ( "o compos$ ( a new unalt]able metal4 ,by ?is *ange ! resi/ance is consid]ably dim9i%$1 ! electromotive =ce rises to #b4dj volts1 ! return is great]1 ! output m con/ant1 & ! weight is consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! plates be+ no long] subject to de=mation h ! prospect ( la/+ indef9itely4 ,! accumulators us$ 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahhd4 ,! c>1 z alt]$1 _h be5 runn+ z an electric tram-c> on ! ,brussels tramways s9ce ,octob]1 #ahhd1 till x 0 transf]r$ to ! exp]im5tal tramway at ,antw]p4 ,! accumulators _h be5 9 use ^u ! c> dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod1 & !y 7 9 good ord] at ! end ( ! exp]im5ts1 t is to say1 :5 ! exhibition clos$ at ! end ( ,octob]1 #ahhe4 ,! accumulator _h =ty elem5ts1 divid$ into f\r s]ies1 ea* s]ies communicat+1 by means ( wires fix$ to ! floor ( ! c>1 ) commutators :i* connect$ !m ) ! dynamo us$ z a motor4 ,!re 7 two sets ( ^! batt]ies or accumulators1 "o ( :i* 0 be+ *>g$ 9 ! %$ :ile ! o!r 0 9 use4 ,! ex*ange requir$ t5 m9utes1 includ+ ! "t = ! c> to g (f ! tramway into ! %$ & return to ! tramway4 ,?is ex*ange took place aft] e sev5 j\rneys4 ,!re=e1 ! two batt]ies w\ld h suffic$ = work+ ! c> ov] a di/ance ( ab\t =ty-two miles dur+ sixte5 h\rs4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! fir/ s]vice 9 ! morn+ w\ld be p]=m$ by means ( ! accumulators *>g$ dur+ ! aft]noon & ev5+ ( ! previ\s day4 ,ea* elem5t ( a batt]y 0 compos$ ( n9ete5 plates1 ( :i* n9e 7 positive1 f\r millimet]s ?ick1 & t5 negative1 ?ree millimet]s ?ick4 ,ea* positive plate weigh$ #a4dd lb41 ( :i* ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t4 consi/$ ( active mat]ial4 ,ea* negative plate weigh$ ne>ly #a lb41 ( :i* "o-?ird consi/$ ( active matt]4 ,! weight ( ! metallic "p ( ! batt]y am\nt$1 !re=e1 to #a1hdf lb42 & ! :ole batt]y1 includ+ ! case & ! liquid1 am\nt$ to #b1dfd lb41 :i* conta9$ #dii lb4 ( active matt]1 or ab\t #bj4be p] c5t4 ,! f\r cases 9 :i* ! batt]y 0 conta9$ 7 s arrang$ z to divide ! weight equally betwe5 ! :eels4 ,two commutators inclos$ 9 a box 7 plac$ on ! plat=ms at ! two ends ( ! c>riage1 s z to be available = mov+ 9 ei!r direction4 ,! accumulators 7 divid$ into f\r s]ies ( t5 d\ble elem5ts1 :i*1 by means ( ! commutators1 c\ld be unit$ "u f\r comb9ations1 viz43 #a/4 #d s]ies 9 quantity--#a 9 t5sion4 #b;d4 #b #b #c;d4 #c #d?4 #d ,f9ally1 a fif? movem5t unit$ ! f\r s]ies 9 quantity1 c\pl+ !m on ea* o!r1 & putt+ ! dynamo out ( circuit1 ?us re/or+ equilibrium4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( repose1 ! h&le 0 s arrang$ z to keep ?is latt] swit* turn$ on4 ,! accumulators 7 arrang$ = *>g+ 9 two s]ies unit$ 9 quantity1 ea* conta9+ tw5ty d\ble elem5ts4 ,! *>ge 0 effect$ by a ,gramme ma*9e1 work$ by a portable eng9e4 ,ea* ( ^! s]ies receiv$ its *>ge dur+ sev5 h\rs = ! ord9>y s]vice ( ! c>1 & dur+ n9e h\rs = ! accel]at$ s]vice4 ,! accumulators on ! c> actuat$ a ,siem5s dynamo1 act+ z a motor1 su* z is us$ = light+1 hav+ a normal spe$ ( #a1jjj revolutions1 fix$ on ! frame ( ! c>riage4 ,! motion 0 convey$ f ! pulley on ! dynamo by means ( a belt pass+ r\nd a %aft fix$ on movable be>+s to regulate its t5sion1 & !nce to ! axles by means ( a flat *a9 ( phosphor bronze4 ,! *a9 0 adopt$ z ! means ( mov+ ! axle1 on acc\nt ( its simplicity & facility ( repair by unskill$ labor4 ,! spe$ 0 fix$ at #d met]s p] second 7:i* corresponds ) a spe$ ( ne>ly #i miles p] h\r7 = #a1jjj revolutions ( ! dynamo2 & x 0 regulat$ by cutt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! accumulators out ( circuit1 in/ead ( by ! device ( ins]t+ resi/ances1 :i* cause a wa/e ( en]gy4 ,by break+ ! circuit entirely ! motive p[] ceas$1 & ! vehicle might ei!r be /opp$ by ! brakes or all[$ to run =w>d by gravity1 if ! road 7 suffici5tly incl9$4 ,! rev]sal ( ! motor 0 effect$ by means ( a lev] :i* rev]s$ ! position ( ! bru%es ( ! dynamo4 ,! dynamo c\ld be set 9 motion1 & ! c>riage work$ f ei!r end1 z desir$4 ,! h&le to effect ?is 0 movable1 & z !re 0 only "o h&le1 & ?is "o 0 9 *>ge ( ! conductor1 he us$ x at ei!r end z requir$4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! c> 0 light$ at night by two inc&esc5t lamps1 :i* absorb$ #a4e amp]es ea*2 & ! brakes also 7 work$ by ! accumulators4 ,! weight ( ! tram-c> 0 #e1fed lb42 ! weight ( ! accumulators 0 #b1dfj lb42 ! weight ( ! ma*9]y1 includ+ dynamo1 #a1bcb lb4 ,! c> conta9$ room = f\rte5 p]sons inside & tw5ty outside4 ,"u ! conditions ( ! competition ! c> 0 requir$ to draw a second c> occasionally4 ,! jury made special obs]vations ^u ! "w requir$ to move ! c> betwe5 ! #bj? ,septemb] & #ae? ,octob]1 #ahhe4 ,seals 7 atta*$ to ! accumulators4 ,moreov]1 f ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 aft] ea* *>ge1 seals 7 plac$ on ! belts f ! /eam-eng9e to prev5t any movem5t ( ! ,gramme ma*9e1 s t !re c\ld be no *>ges put into ! accumulators beyond ^? measur$ by ! jury4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ = measur+ 7 ,ayrton's amp]emet] & ,deprez's voltmet]1 :i* _h be5 te/$ 9 ! exhibition by ! ,commission = ,exp]im5ts on ,electrical ,in/rum5ts1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,pr(essor ,r\sseau4 ,besides ?is1 ,siem5s' electro-dynamomet] & ,ayrton's voltmet] 7 us$ to *eck ! results2 b !re 0 no practical diff]5ce discov]$4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( *>g+ ! accumulators1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t & ! electromotive =ce 0 measur$ e qu>t] ( an h\r1 & !nce ! en]gy /or$ up 9 ! batt]y 0 d$uc$4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! *>ge 9 ! accumulators1 :5 ! exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$1 0 equal 9 am\nt to t at _! t]m9ation4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made on #ba/ ,octob] to asc]ta91 z a practical "q1 :at 0 ! "w absorb$ by ! ,gramme ma*9e 9 *>g+ ! accumulators4 ,! "w transmitt$ f ! /eam-eng9e 0 measur$ e qu>t] ( an h\r by a ,siem5s dynamomet]2 at ! same "t ! int5sity ( ! electromotive =ce giv5 out by ! ma*9e1 z well z ! numb] ( ! revolutions x 0 mak+1 0 not$4 ,x result$ t = a mean developm5t ( #d me*anical horse p[]1 ! dynamomet] gave into ! accumulators to be /or$ up #b4bh electrical horse p[]1 or #eg p] c5t4 ,! int5sity v>i$ betwe5 #be4jc & #bc4ea amp]es dur+ ! :ole "t ( *>g+4 ,( ?is am\nt /or$ up 9 ! accumulators a fur!r loss took place 9 work+ ! motor2 s t f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( ! "w orig9ally giv5 out by ! /eam-eng9e mu/ be tak5 z ! utmo/ useful effect on ! rail4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t to draw ! c>riage on ! level #j4gad horse p[] 0 requir$1 or if a second c>riage 0 atta*$1 #j4hdh horse p[] w\ld draw ! two toge!r4 ,?is w\ld mean t1 say1 #b horse p[] on ! fix$ eng9e w\ld be employ$ to create ! electricity = produc+ ! en]gy requir$ to draw ! c>riage on ! level4 ,! electric tram-c> 0 q equal 9 spe$ to ^? driv5 by /eam or compress$ air1 & 0 *>act]iz$ by its noiselessness & by ! c>e ) :i* x 0 manipulat$4 ,assum+ ! c>1 by itself1 co/ ! same z an ord9>y tram-c>1 ! extra co/ relatively to o!r sy/ems 0 /at$ z be+ accord+ to ! foll[+ figures1 viz43 ! ,gramme ma*9e co/ #dh1 ! motor #bjh1 & ! accumulators #b4be francs p] kilogramme 7#aj;d4 p] p\nd74 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( erection1 & ( swit*es = manipulat+ ! curr5t2 z well z ! proportion ( ! co/ ( a fix$ eng9e to create ! electricity4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a g5]al description ( ! v>i\s motors :i* 7 pres5t$ = competition1 ,i w n[ give a brief summ>y ( "s ( ! pr9cipal p>ticul>s obta9$ dur+ ! competition4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be m5tion$ t ! jury consi/$ ( ! foll[+3 ,presid5t4--,m4 ,hub]t1 ,+nieur en ,*ef1 ,inspecteur de ,direction l'adm9i/ration des *em9s de f] de l',etat ,belge4 ,vice-,presid5t4--,m4 ,beli>d1 ,+nieur des ,arts et ,manufactures1 dlgu p> le ,g\v]n55t ,franais4 ,memb]s4--,,mm4 ,d\glas ,galton1 ,capita9e du ,gnie1 dlgu p> le ,g\v]nem5t ,anglais2 ,gun!r1 ,+nieur1 ,commissaire ,gnral de la ,section allem&e l',exposition d',anv]s2 ,hub]ti1 ,+nieur l'adm9i/ration des *em9s de f] de l',etat ,belge1 ,pr(esseur l',univ]sit de ,bruxelles2 ,d]y1 ,+nieur ,*ef de s]vice l'adm9i/ration des *em9s de f] de l',etat ,belge4 ,secret>y4--,m4 ,dupui*1 ,+nieur ,*ef du s]vice du matrial et de la traction la ,socit ,gnrale des *em9s de f] conomiques4 ,report]4--,m4 ,bell]o*e1 ,+nieur en ,*ef1 la traction et au matrial des *em9s de f] du ,gr& ,c5tral4 ,memb]s add$ by ! ,jury4--,,mm4 ,v9cotte1 ,+nieur1 ,directeur de l',association p\r la surveillance des ma*9es vapeur2 ,laur5t1 ,+nieur des m9es et de l',in/itut lectro-te*nique de l',univ]sit de ,lige4 ,! orig9al programme ( ! conditions :i* 7 laid d[n 9 ! invitation to competitors1 z ^? ^u :i* ! adjudication ( m]it w\ld be aw>d$1 conta9$ tw5ty heads1 to ea* ( :i* a c]ta9 value 0 to be atta*$2 &1 9 addition to ^! special heads1 !re 7 also to be weigh$ ! foll[+ g5]al consid]ations1 viz43 a4 ,! defects or inconv5i5ces e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! trials4 b4 ,! necessity or o!rwise ( turn+ ! motor1 or ! c>riage ) motor1 at ! t]m9i4 c4 ,:e!r "o or two m5 w\ld be requir$ = ! managem5t ( ! eng9e4 ,z reg>ds ^! prelim9>y special po9ts1 ! compress$ air motor1 z well z ! ,r[an eng9e1 requir$ to be turn$ = ! return j\rney1 :]eas ! o!r motors c\ld run 9 ei!r direction4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 ! electric c> 0 peculi>ly manageable1 z x mov$ 9 ei!r direction1 & ! h&le by :i* x 0 manag$ 0 always 9 front1 close to ! brake4 ,?is c>riage 0 ! only "o :i* 0 entirely free f ! necessity ( att5d+ to ! fire dur+ ! progress ( ! j\rney1 = ev5 ! compress$ air eng9e _h its small furnace & boil] = heat+ ! air4 ,ea* ( ! motors "u trial 0 manag$ by "o man4 ,! sev]al conditions ( ! programme may be conv5i5tly classifi$ 9 ?ree gr\ps1 "u ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,"u ! lett] ,a h be5 class$ accessory consid]ations1 su* z ^? ( safety & ( police4 ,^! are ( special importance 9 t[ns4 ,b _! relative importance v>ies some:at ) ! habits ( ! p z well z ) ! requirem5ts ( ! au?orities2 = in/ance1 9 "o locality or c\ntry conditions are n object$ to :i*1 9 ano!r locality1 are consid]$ entirely prohibitory4 ,! conditions "u ?is head are3 #a4 ,abs5ce ( /eam4 #b4 ,abs5ce ( smoke & c9d]s4 #c4 ,abs5ce1 m or less complete1 ( noise4 #d4 ,elegance ( aspect4 #e4 ,! facility ) :i* ! motor c be sep>at$ f ! c>riage itself4 #f4 ,capacity ( ! brake = act+ ^u ! greate/ possible numb] ( :eels ( ! vehicle or vehicles4 #g4 ,! degree to :i* ! outside cov]+ ( ! motor conceals ! ma*9]y f ! public1 :ile all[+ x to be visible & accessible 9 all p>ts to ! eng9e]4 #h4 ,facility ( communication betwe5 ! eng9e] & ! conductor ( ! tra94 ,9 decid+ ^u ! relative m]its ( ! sev]al motors1 s f> z ! eight po9ts includ$ "u ?is head+ are conc]n$1 x is cle> t1 except possibly z reg>ds abs5ce ( noise1 ! electrical c> surpass$ all ! o!rs4 ,! compress$ air c> foll[$1 9 its sup]iority 9 respect ( ! fir/ ?ree po9ts1 viz41 abs5ce ( /eam1 abs5ce ( smoke1 & abs5ce ( noise2 b ! ,r[an 0 consid]$ sup]ior 9 respect ( ! o!r po9ts includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,"u ! lett] ,b h be5 class$ consid]ations ( ma9t5ance & con/ruction4 #i4 ,protection1 m or less complete1 ( ! ma*9]y aga9/ ! action ( du/ & mud4 #aj4 ,regul>ity & smoo?ness ( motion4 #aa4 ,capacity = pass+ ov] curves ( small radius4 #ab4 ,! simple/ & mo/ rational con/ruction4 #ac4 ,facility = inspect+ & clean+ ! int]ior ( ! boil]s4 #ad4 ,dead weight ( ! tra9 comp>$ ) ! numb] ( places4 #ae4 ,effective p[] ( traction :5 ! c>riages are completely full4 #af4 ,rapidity ) :i* ! motor c be tak5 out ( ! %$ & made ready = runn+4 #ag4 ,! longe/ daily s]vice )\t /ops o!r ?an ^? compatible ) ! requirem5ts ( ! s]vice4 #ah4 ,co/ ( ma9t5ance p] kilomet]4 7,x 0 assum$1 = ! purposes ( ?is sub-head+1 t ! motor or c>riage :i* gave ! be/ results "u ! conditions relat+ to p>agraphs #i1 #aj1 #ab1 & #ac w\ld be lea/ co/ly = repairs47 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^!1 viz41 protection ( ! ma*9]y aga9/ dirt1 ! ma*9]y ( ! electrical c> _h no protection4 ,x 0 n f\nd 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,antw]p t inconv5i5ce result$ f ?is2 b x is a "q :e!r 9 v du/y localities1 & especially 9 a locality :]e !re is metallic du/1 ! abs5ce ( protection might n entail s]i\s difficulties1 & ev5 cause ! de/ruction ( p>ts ( ! ma*9]y4 ,9 respect to ! smoo?ness ( motion & facility ( pass+ curves1 ! c>s did n pres5t v>y mat]ial diff]5ces1 except t ! c>s 9 :i* ! motor =m$ "p ( ! c> _h ! pref]5ce4 ,9 ! case ( simplicity ( con/ruction1 x is evid5t t ! simple/ & mo/ rational con/ruction is t ( a c> :i* dep5ds on itself = its movem5t1 :i* c move 9 ei!r direction ) equal facility1 :i* c be appli$ to any exi/+ tramway )\t exp5se = alt]+ ! road1 & ! use ( :i* w n ?r[ out ( employm5t vehicles already us$ on ! l9es2 ! electric c> fulfill$ ?is condition be/1 z also ! condition numb]$ #ac1 z x possess$ no boil]4 ,9 respect to ,no4 #ad1 viz41 ! ratio ( ! dead weight ( ! tra9 to pass5g]s1 if we assume #aed lb4 z ! av]age weight p] pass5g]1 ! foll[+ is ! result 9 respect ( ! ?ree c>s 9 :i* ! p[] =m$ "p ( ! c>3 #i1cej lb4 ,electric c>4 --------- #a4gh #aed #cd #ae1iej lb4 ,r[an4 ---------- #b4cj #aed #de #bb1jjj lb4 ,compress$ air4 ---------- #b4ee #aed #ef ,! deta*$ eng9es gave1 ( c\rse1 less favorable results "u ?is head4 ,"u head ,no4 #ae ! tractive p[] ( all ! motors 0 suffici5t dur+ ! trials1 b ! l9e 0 practically level1 !re=e ?is "q c\ld only be resolv$ !oretically1 s f> z ^! trials 7 conc]n$1 & ! table be=e giv5 af=ds all ! necess>y data = ! !oretical calculation4 ,z reg>ds ! rapidity ) :i* ! motors c\ld be br\ght into use f /&+ empty 9 ! %$1 ! electric c> c\ld receive its accumulators m rapidly ?an c\ld ! boil] = heat+ ! exhau/ ( ! compress$-air c> be br\ght into use4 ,z reg>ds ! /eam motors1 ! foll[+ 7 ! results f ! "t ( light+ ! fires3 ,! ,r[an-- ,9 #cd m9utes #c atmosph]es4 #cf #d ,at ?is pressure ! vehicle c\ld move-- ,9 #dj m9utes #h atmosph]es4 ,! ,wilk9son-- ,9 #ce m9utes #b atmosph]es4 #dj #d #dd #f #dg #h ,! ,krauss ma*9e requir$ two h\rs to give #f atmosph]es1 :i* 0 ! l[e/ pressure at :i* x c\ld be work$4 ,! results "u ,no4 #ag1 viz41 ! fewe/ int]ruptions to ! daily s]vice1 class ! motors 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,krauss1 electric1 ,r[an1 ,wilk9son1 compress$ air4 ,! *ief cause ( injury to ! compress$ air motor arose f ! c>elessness ( ! driv]s1 :o all[$ ! /eam boil] to be burnt out4 ,un=tunately1 ^! driv]s 7 new to ! "w4 ,"u ! lett] ,c are class$ consid]ations ( economy 9 ! consumption ( mat]ials us$ = g5]at+ ! p[] necess>y = work+4 #ai4 ,m9imum consumption ( fuel 7ei!r coke or coal71 9 proportion to ! numb] ( kilomet]s run1 & to ! numb] ( places1 assum+ = ! seats a wid? ( at lea/ sixte5 in*es = ea* p]son seat$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! conditions ( ! competition requir$ t a second c> %\ld be p]iodically drawn by ! motor1 & t ! calculations :i* foll[ include ! total numb] ( miles run1 ! total am\nt ( fuel1 etc41 consum$1 & ! total numb] ( pass5g]s :i* c\ld be convey$ by ea* motor1 dur+ ! total "t t ! exp]im5ts 7 be+ c>ri$ on4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,total ,description ( motor4 numb] ( ,total ,no4 ( lb4 tra9 miles ,consumption p] run4 ( fuel4 tra9 mile4 lb4 ,electric4 #b1ceh4i #ad #ghf #f4af ,r[an4 #b1faf4i #ad1dih #e4db ,wilk9son4 #b1dgc4c #bb1jjj #h4hb ,krauss4 #b1deg4h #bb1gbf #i4aj ,compress$ air4 #b1bei4a #ij1dbj #ci4dh ,,table ,,iii4 ,no4 ( places ,no4 ( lb4 ( ,description ( motor4 indicat$ on fuel consum$ ! c>s1 p] ,consumption p] places mile run4 ( fuel4 indicat$ p] mile run4 lb4 ,electric #hj1bjc4e #ad1ghf #j4ah ,r[an #adh1cii4f #ad1dih #j4ji ,wilk9son #aai1jhe4a #bb1jjj #j4ah ,krauss #ajh1ihc4i #bb1gbf #j4bj ,compress$ air #abh1ahi4c #ij1dbj #j4fi ,,table ,,iv4 ,description ( motor4 ,no4 ( seats p] ,no1 ( lb4 ( mile run4 ,consumption fuel consum$ ( fuel4 p] seat p] mile run4 lb4 ,electric #fa1eia4b #ad1ghf #j4bc ,r[an #ace1ibh4h #ad1dih #j4aj ,wilk9son #ic1ife4f #bb1jjj #j4bc ,krauss #hf1jci4i #bb1gbf #j4be ,compress$ air #acb1gcb4g #ij1dbj #j4ff ,z reg>ds ! figures 9 ^! tables1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! consumption ( fuel = ! electric c> is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 an e/imate2 because ! eng9e :i* furni%$ ! electricity to ! motor also suppli$ electricity = electric lights1 z well z = an exp]im5tal electric motor :i* 0 runn+ on ! l9es ( tramway1 b 0 n br\ght into competition4 #bj4 ,m9imum consumption ( oil1 ( grease1 tall[1 etc4 7! same conditions z 9 ,no4 #ai74 ,,table ,v4 ,total ,consumption ,total consumption ( oil1 tall[1 ,description ( numb] ( ( etc41 motor4 miles run4 oil1 tall[1 p] tra9 mile etc4 run4 lb4 ,electric #b1ceh4i #ii4j #j4jch ,r[an1 /eam #b1faf4i #ajf4g #j4jch ,krauss1 /eam #b1deg4h #ahh4e #j4jgc ,wilk9son1 /eam #b1dgc4c #bee4d #j4aja ,compress$ air #b1bei4a #ehe4b #j4bee ,9 addition to ^! consid]ations1 x 0 ?\ght useful to inve/igate ! quantity ( wat] consum$ 9 ! case ( ^? eng9es :i* us$ /eam4 ,! exp]im5ts made on ?is po9t %[$ z ! consumption ( wat]3 ,gallons p] mile4 ,r[an #j4ge ,compress$ air #a4jf ,wilk9son #e4hi ,krauss #f4eb ,?us1 ow+ to ! l>ge proportion ( wat] return$ f ! cond5s] to ! tanks1 ! ,r[an actually us$ less wat] ?an ! compress$ air eng9e4 ,,conclusion4 ,! g5]al conclusion to :i* ^! exp]im5ts br+ u is t1 und\bt$ly1 if x c\ld c]ta9ly be reli$ ^u1 ! electric c> w\ld be ! pref]able =m ( tramway motor 9 t[ns1 because x is simply a self-conta9$ ord9>y tram-c>1 & 9 a t[n ! s]vice requires a numb] ( sep>ate c>s1 occupy+ z small a space ea* z is compatible ) accommodat+ ! pass5g]s1 & :i* foll[ ea* o!r at rapid int]vals4 ,b ! practicability & ! economy ( a sy/em ( electric tram-c>s has yet to be prov$2 = ! exp]im5ts at ,antw]p1 :ile !y %[ ! p]fection ( ! electric c> z a means ( conveyance1 h n yet f9ally det]m9$ all ! que/ions :i* arise 9 ! consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,= in/ance1 ) reg>d to economy1 ! eng9e employ$ to g5]ate ! electricity 0 n 9 ?or\ghly good ord]1 & f its be+ us$ to d o!r "w ?an *>g+ ! accumulators ( ! tram-c>1 ! consumption ( fuel _h to be to "s ext5t e/imat$4 ,9 ! next place1 ! durability ( ! accumulators is /ill to be asc]ta9$2 ^u ?is mu* ( ! economy w\ld dep5d4 ,& 9 addition to ?is "q1 !re is also t ( ! durability ( p>ts ( ! ma*9]y if expos$ to du/ & mud4 ,aft] ! electric c>1 !re is no "q b t at ! ,antw]p ,exhibition ! mo/ tak+ ( ! tramway motors 0 ! ,r[an1 :i* 0 v economical 9 fuel1 q free f ! appe>ance ( /eam1 & v conv5i5t & manageable4 ,! economy ( ! ,r[an motor arises 9 a l>ge degree f ! ext5t ( its cond5s+ p[]1 by means ( :i* a consid]able supply ( w>m wat] is con/antly suppli$ = use 9 ! boil]1 & consequ5tly ! quantity ( wat] :i* has to be c>ri$ is less5$1 & ! fuel is economiz$4 ,indep5d5tly1 h[ev]1 ( its conv5i5ce z a motor = tramways 9 t[ns1 ! ,r[an ma*9e has be5 adapt$ on ! ,cont95t to ! conveyance ( goods z well z pass5g] traffic on light bran* railways1 & fitt$ to pass ov] curves ( #ej feet radius1 & up gradi5ts ( #a3aj4 ,9 ,engl&1 ) our depress$ trade & agriculture1 !re is a great want 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ( a *eap means ( conveyance f ! railway /ations into ! surr\nd+ di/ricts2 su* a means ( conveyance might be af=d$ by light railways along or ne> ! road-side1 ! co/ ( :i* w\ld be comp>atively small1 provid$ t ! exp5sive me?ods ( con/ruction1 ( signal+1 & ( work+ :i* h be5 requir$ = ma9 l9es1 & :i* are p]fectly unnecess>y = su* light railways1 7 disp5s$ )4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is "q w acquire prom95ce z soon z a sy/em ( local gov]nm5t has be5 adopt$1 9 :i* ! wants ( ! sev]al communities h full opportunity ( ass]t+ !mselves1 & 9 :i* ea* local au?ority %all h p[] to decide on ^? measures :i* are ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( its own di/rict1 )\t int]f]5ce f a c5traliz$ bureaucracy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,telephone ,,transmitt]4 ,by ,e4 ,,m]cadi]4 ,footnote3 ,note pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,oct4 #ai1 #ahhe4 ,! fir/ po9t to be /udi$ 9 ?is !ory is ! role p]=m$ by ! iron or /eel diaphragm ( ! telephone1 bo? z reg>ds ! nature ( ! movem5ts t x effects ?r\gh ela/icity & ! conv]sion ( me*anical into magnetic en]gy z a result ( its motions4 ,i4 ,:5 we produce simple or complex vibratory motions 9 ! air 9 front ( ! diaphragm1 l ^? t result f articulate spee*1 ei!r ! fundam5tal & h>monic s\nds ( ! diaphragm are n produc$1 or else !y play b a second>y role4 7#a47 ,9 fact1 diaphragms are nev] set 9 vibration1 z is suppos$1 :5 we desire to det]m9e ! s]ies ( h>monics & nodal l9es1 s9ce we d n leave !m to !mselves until !y h be5 set 9 motion1 & we d n all[ a free play to ! action ( ela/ic =ces2 9 a ^w1 ! vibrations t !y are capable ( effect+ are con/antly =c$ ones4 7#b47 ,:5 a disk is set into a groove1 & its edges are fix$1 !ory indicates t ! fir/ h>monics ( ! free disk %\ld only rise a little4 ,let u take /eel disks #d in*es 9 diamet] & b #j4jh in* 9 ?ickness1 & ( :i* ! fundam5tal s\nd 9 a free /ate is ab\t ut#e1 & :i* ! sett+ only fur!r increases4 ,x is impossible to see h[ ?is fundam5tal & ! h>monics c be set 9 play :5 a cont9u\s s]ies ( s\nds or accords bel[ ut#e1 are produc$ be=e ! disk2 & yet ^! s\nds are produc$ p]fectly 7) feeble int5sity1 x is true1 9 an ord9>y telephone7 ) _! pit* & quality4 ,!y produce1 !n1 9 ! transmitt+ diaphragm o!r motions ?an ^? ( ! fundam5tal s\nd & ( its peculi> h>monics4 7#c47 ,x is true t 9 practice ! edges ( ! telephone diaphragm are 9 n[ise fix$1 b m]ely set into a groove1 or r clamp$ betwe5 wood5 or metallic r+s1 ^: mass is comp>able to _! own2 & !y are1 !re=e1 z reg>ds ela/icity1 9 an ill asc]ta9$ /ate4 ,yet a diaphragm ( ! usual diamet] 7f #b to #d in*es71 & v ?9 7f #j4jja to #j4jb in*71 clamp$ 9 ?is way by its edges1 is capable ( vibrat+ :5 a cont9u\s s]ies ( s\nds are produc$ ne> x1 by means1 = example1 ( a s]ies ( organ pipes4 ,b ! s]ies ( s\nds t x cle>ly re-en=ces1 9 exhibit+ a k9d ( complex nodal l9es1 is pla9ly discont9u\s2 & h[1 !re=e1 w\ld ! exi/5ce ( su* s]ies suffice to expla9 ! production ( a cont9u\s scale ( isolat$ or sup]pos$ s\nds1 ! *ief prop]ty ( ! telephone8 7#d47 ,! int]position ( a plate ( any sub/ance :atev] betwe5 ! diaphragm & ! s\rce ( ! vibratory motions 9 n[ise alt]s ! telephonic qualities ( ! diaphragm1 & consequ5tly ! nature ( ! motions t x effects--a fact t w\ld be v a/oni%+ if ! motions 7 ^? t correspond$ to ! peculi> s\nds ( ! diaphragm4 ,?is fact is already kn[n1 & ,i h v]ifi$ x ) mica1 glass1 z9c1 copp]1 cork1 wood1 pap]1 cotton1 a fea!r1 s(t wax1 s&1 & wat]1 ev5 9 tak+ ?icknesses ( f #e to #h in*es ( ^! sub/ances4 7#e47 ,we c put a diaphragm manife/ly out ( condition to effect its peculi> scale ( h>monics by plac+ small1 unequal1 & irregul>ly di/ribut$ bodies ^u its surface1 by cutt+ x out 9 ! =m ( a :eel1 & by pun*+ a suffici5t numb] ( holes 9 x to r$uce x half 9 bulk4 ,none ( ^! modifications removes its telephonic qualities4 7#f47 ,we c g /ill fur!r1 & employ diaphragms ( sc>cely any /iffness & ela/icity )\t alt]+ _! ess5tial telephonic prop]ties1 ! reproduction ( a cont9u\s s]ies ( s\nds1 accords1 & timbres4 ,su* is ! case ) a %eet iron diaphragm4 ,x is v difficult1 !n1 to imag9e a fundam5tal s\nd & its h>monics4 ,! conclusion f all ?is appe>s to me to be t ! me*anism by virtue ( :i* telephone diaphragms p]=m _! motions is at lea/ analog\s to1 if n id5tical )1 t ?r\gh :i* solid bodies ( any =m :atev] 7a wall1 = example7 transmit to all ( _! surfaces all ! simple or complex successive or simultane\s vibratory motions1 ( p]iods v>y+ 9 a cont9u\s or discont9u\s mann]1 t are produc$ 9 ! air 9 contact ) ! o!r surface4 ,9 a ^w1 we h "h a ph5om5on ( resonance4 ,9 diaphragms ( suffici5t ?ickness ?is k9d ( motion w\ld exi/ alone4 ,9 ?9 diaphragms ! motions t correspond to _! special s\nds might become sup]pos$ ^u ! prec$+1 & ?is w\ld be prejudicial r ?an useful1 s9ce1 9 su* a case1 if !re result$ a re-en=cem5t ( ! effects produc$1 x w\ld be at ! exp5se ( ! reproduction ( ! timbre1 ! h>monics ( ! diaphragm be+ capable ( co9cid+ only ?r\gh ! m]e/ accid5t ) ^? ( ! s\nds t 7 sett+ 9 play ! fundam5tal s\nd ( ! diaphragm4 ,?is is :at exp]im5t cle>ly demon/rates4 ,,ii4 ,let u n[ pass to ! magnetic role ( ! telephone diaphragm4 ,su* role c be cle>ly en\gh def9$ by ! foll[+ facts3 7#a47 ,! pres5ce ( ! magnetic field ( ! telephone 9 n[ise *anges ! prec$+ conclusions4 7#b47 ,^u f>!r & f>!r dim9i%+ ! /iffness & ela/icity ( ! diaphragm1 ,i h succe$$ 9 suppress+ x entirely4 ,9 fact1 x is only necess>y to sub/itute = x1 9 any telephone :atev]1 a few gra9s ( iron fil+s1 ?r[n ^u ! pole ( ! magnet1 cov]$ ) a bit ( pap] or c>dbo>d1 9 ord] to r5d] x possible to reproduce all s\nds1 & articulate spee* ) its *>act]i/ic quality1 al?\gh1 x is true1 ) v feeble int5sity4 7#c47 ,9 ord] to increase ! int5sity ( ! effect produc$1 x suffices to sub/itute = ! iron diaphragm a ?9 disk ( any sort ( slightly flexible sub/ance1 metallic or o!rwise1 c>dbo>d1 = example1 & ?r\gh ! ap]ture ( ! usual cov] ( ! in/rum5t to scatt] ov] x f #a to #c gra9s ( iron fil+s4 ,9 ?is way we obta9 an iron fil+s telephone4 ,by prop]ly increas+ ! int5sity ( ! magnetic field1 ,i h be5 able to =m telephones ( ?is k9d t produc$ 9 an ord9>y receiv] z int5se effects z ^? giv5 by ! usual transmitt]s ) /iff disks1 & :i*1 too1 7 rev]sible4 ,b = a field ( giv5 int5sity1 !re is a weight ( iron fil+s t produces a maximum ( effect4 ,we ?us see t ! advantage ( ! iron diaphragm ov] fil+s is truly r$uc$ to ! pres5tation ( a mu* l>g] numb] ( magnetic molecules to ! action ( ! field & to ext]nal actions1 )9 ! same volume4 ,x increases ! int5sity ( ! telephonic effects1 al?\gh = ! production ( ! latt] ) all _! v>iety1 f95ess1 & p]fection x is n[ise indisp5sable4 ,x suffices1 aft] a mann]1 to mat]ialize ! l9es ( =ce ) iron fil+s1 & to act me*anically ^u !m1 & consequ5tly ^u ! field itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,receiv] ,,( ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,telephone4 ,by ,e4 ,,m]cadi]4 ,footnote3 ,note pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahhe4 ,on a =m] occasion ,i describ$ "s exp]im5ts t _h l$ me to a !ory ( ! telephone transmitt]2 a few words w suffice to expose t ( ! receiv]4 ,su* !ory gave rise dur+ ! fir/ ye>s succe$+ ! inv5tion ( ! telephone to a consid]able numb] ( inve/igations1 ! pr9cipal results ( :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! two foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,all ! p>ts ( a telephone receiv]--core1 helix1 disk1 h&le1 etc4--vibrate simultane\sly 7,b\det1 ,laborde1 ,breguet1 ,ad]1 ,du ,moncel1 & o!rs74 ,b !re is no d\bt t by f> ! mo/ en]getic effects are ^? ( ! disk4 ,x has be5 possible to put ! vibrations ( ! core & helix beyond a d\bt only by employ+ v en]getic transmitt] curr5ts1 or v simplifi$ & special arrangem5ts ( ! receiv] 7,ad]1 ,du ,moncel1 & o!rs74 #b4 ,9 telephone receiv]s we may employ disks or diaphragms ( any ?ickness up to six in*es 7,bell1 ,breguet1 & o!rs74 ,f ! fir/ po9t x _h already result$ t ! diaphragm 0 no m indisp5sable 9 ! receiv] ?an x 0 9 ! transmitt]1 z ,i h already %[n 7,comptes ,r5dus1 t4 ci41 p4 #idd72 &1 f ! second po9t1 t !re 7 o!r effects 9 a receiv] ?an ^? t c\ld result f ! transv]se vibrations correspond+ to ! fundam5tal s\nd & to ! h>monics ( ! diaphragm4 ,s ,du ,moncel1 bas+ a !ory ^u ^! two categories ( facts1 ass]t$ t ! effects ( ! telephone receiv] 7 pr9cipally due to ! molecul> vibrations ( ! core ( ! electro-magnet 7analog\s to ^? t _h be5 /udi$ by ,page1 ,de la ,rive1 ,we!im1 ,reis1 & o!rs71 sup]-excit$ & re-en=c$ by ! iron diaphragm op]at+ z an armature4 ,?is !ory has c]ta9ly tru? = a basis2 b x is incomplete1 9 t ! molecul> vibrations ( ! core are b a v feeble accessory ph5om5on1 & n a prom95t "o4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i believe t we c1 9 a few words1 & v simply1 pres5t ! !ory ( ! telephone receiv] by go+ back to ! facts t s]v$ me z a basis = ! !ory ( ! transmitt]1 & t result f /udies made ) telephones ( ord9>y =ms4 ,9 fact1 x is en\gh to rem>k t ! iron fil+s telephone transmitt] describ$ 9 a prec$+ article 7#a4 c47 is rev]sible & capable ( s]v+ z a receiv]--n a v int5se "o1 x is true1 b "h x is a "q ( ! nature ( ! ph5om5a1 & n ( _! int5sity4 ,x at once results t 9 receiv]s1 z 9 transmitt]s1 ! rigidity ( ! iron diaphragm is 9 n[ise indisp5sable = telephonic effects1 su* z ! production ( cont9u\s s]ies ( successive or simultane\s s\nds & ( articulate spee*4 ,! diaphragm s]ves b to increase ! int5sity ( ^! effects1 z 9 ! transmitt]1 by conc5trat+ ! l9es ( =ce ( ! field1 & by pres5t+ a great] surface to ! air--! necess>y vehicle ( s\nd4 ,:5 x is ?ick1 ! int]nal motions t x takes on 9 consequ5ce ( v>iations 9 ! field1 & :i* are transmitt$ to ! surr\nd+ air & ! e>1 are solely ^? ( resonance4 ,:5 x is v ?91 ! peculi> motions result+ f its geometric =m & its /ructure may become sup]pos$ ^u ! prec$+1 because x may !n happ5 t ! correspond+ s\nds rema9 )9 ! limits ( ! pit* :]e9 ! human voice usually moves 7f ut#b to ut#e72 b !n1 also1 z ! h>monics ( ! voice 9 n[ise co9cide ) ! prop] s\nds ( ! diaphragm1 ! int5sity ( ! effects is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( a good reproduction ( ! timbre4 ,?is is c]ta9ly "o ( ! causes ( ! nasal timbre ( mo/ ?9-diaphragm$ telephones4 ,by dim9i%+ _! ?ickness1 we lose 9 quality :at we ga9 9 int5sity4 ,b ev5 9 ?is latt] respect !re is a maximum = receiv]s1 z ,i h already po9t$ out t !re is = iron fil+s transmitt]s4 ,= a magnetic field ( giv5 int5sity1 !re is1 all ?+s equal1 a diaphragm ?ickness t gives a maximum telephonic result4 ,su* result1 :i* is analog\s to ^? t occur 9 o!r electro-magnetic ph5om5a1 may expla9 ! want ( success ( _m t5tatives made some:at at haphaz>d1 ) a view to increas+ ! int5sity ( telephonic effects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,decomposition ,,& ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,milk4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,hueppe1 :o has paid great att5tion to ?is subject1 describes five di/9ct organisms :i* he f9ds to be inv>iable accompanim5ts ( lactic f]m5tation4 ,"o ( ^! he isolat$ on nutri5t gelat9e 9 ! =m ( :ite1 %9+1 flat1 m9ute beads4 ,?is organism has ! p[] ( trans=m+ milk sug> & o!r sac*>oses into lactic acid1 ) evolution ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,x is r>ely f\nd 9 ! saliva or mucilage ( ! tee?4 ,9 ^! are two micrococci1 bo? ( :i* cause ! production ( lactic acid1 b :i* manife/ diff]5ces 9 _! developm5t "u cultivation4 ,!re are also two pigm5t =m+ bact]ia1 ,micrococcus prodigiosus1 :i* produces int5sely r$ spots1 & ! yell[ micrococcus ( o/eomyelitis4 ,^! five bact]ia are s diff]5t & s con/ant 9 _! prop]ties t !y mu/1 9 ,dr4 ,hueppe's op9ion1 be reg>d$ z di/9ct species4 ,9 addition to !m !re is 9 milk an organism resembl+ ,mycod]ma aceti1 :i* trans=ms milk sug> into gluconic acid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,burg!at] ,,9 ,,vi5na4 ,at la/ ! new ,burg!at] 9 ,vi5na is complet$4 ,we say at la/1 = "w 0 begun on ?is new !at] m ?an t5 ye>s ago4 ,"o aft] ano!r1 monum5tal ar*itectural works h be5 erect$1 :i* are no less gr& & beautiful ?an ?is4 ,!y 7 f9i%$ long ago1 & giv5 ov] to _! respective uses--! ,p>liam5t build+s1 ! ,ra?haus1 ! ,univ]sity2 b ,b>on ,has5au]1 :o _h *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( ?is build+1 z well z ( _m o!rs1 c\ld n br+ himself to ! quick] tempo ( ,messrs ,hans51 ,s*mid1 & ,f]/el4 ,! citiz5s ( ,vi5na 7 naturally impati5t to see _! beautiful ,r+/rasse complet$1 & only ! ,has5au] build+s 7 ne$$ to make x p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,imp]ial ,,palace ,,!atre1 ,,vi5na4 ,,orig9al ,,design ,,by ,j4,j4 ,,kir*n]4 ,! build+ 0 built accord+ to ! plans ( ,semp] & ,has5au]2 =1 z 9 ! o!r great build+s erect$ by ,has5au]1 ! new palace & ! museums1 ,semp]'s plans s]v$ z a f\ndation4 ,all ! mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! ar*itecture ( !at]s h be5 embodi$ 9 ! new !at]1 = ! t]rible cata/rophe at ! ,r+!at] taught a lesson :i* has n be5 =gott51 & ! greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 to gu>d aga9/ fire4 ,! new ,burg!at] /&s directly opposite ! impos+ ,ra?haus 7s5ate-h\se71 & is sep>at$ f ! same by a *>m+ p>k2 to ! "r /&s ! ,univ]sity1 & to ! left ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ord] to be wor?y ( su* company1 & n be ov]%ad[$ by ^! build+s1 x 0 necess>y t ! !at] %\ld be v gr&4 ,! mo/ important requirem5ts h be5 p]fectly fulfill$2 beauty1 elegance1 appropriat5ess1 & security aga9/ fire1 no?+ has be5 neglect$4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! build+ /&s out /rongly1 & is flank$ on ei!r side by a pavilion-l w+4 ,! audi5ce room w accommodate ab\t two ?\s& p4 ,! public & ! actors alike rejoice 9 ! new ,burg!at]1 = :i* !y h wait$ s long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,g]man ,,bookdeal]s' ,,ex*ange ,,9 ,,leipzig4 ,x seems /range t book-pr9t+ & ! book trade 9 g5]al %\ld h develop$ s sl[ly 9 ! busy city ( ,leipzig1 :]e a univ]sity 0 e/abli%$ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ honorable m5tion ( ! pr9t+ ( ,leipzig 0 made dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 b x 0 n until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! pr9t+ & publi%+ ( books receiv$ a notable impulse1 :i* 0 giv5 x by ,messrs4 ,j4,f4 ,gl$its* & ,?omas ,frits*e & ,pr(s4 ,c>pzov & ,m]icke1 :o publi%$ _m works ( great typographical beauty4 ,f #afhb to #agjj n9ety-"o pap]s & p]iodicals appe>$ 9 ,leipzig1 ( :i* ! ,acta eruditorum 0 ! olde/1 be+ ! fir/ ,g]man sci5tific pap]4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 sev5te5 pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ,leipzig1 & ! sev5ty presses 9 use pr9t$1 on an av]age1 #b1jjj bales ( pap] ye>ly4 ,"o ( ! lead+ bookdeal]s1 ,philipp ,emanuel ,rei*1 won ! approbation ( 8 fell[ citiz5s by e/abli%+ ! fir/ ,bookdeal]s' ,association at ! "t ( ! ,ea/] ,fair 9 ,leipzig1 9 #agfd1 & x 0 ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t ! ,book ,ex*ange or ,fair 0 f\nd$1 :i* has plac$ ,leipzig at ! head ( ! book trade2 b sev]al ye>s pass$ be=e ?is private und]tak+ become a public association4 ,ab\t #ahcd a build+ 0 erect$ specially = a book ex*ange or b\rse1 b ?is build+ 0 soon outgr[n1 & x 0 decid$ to build a new "o :i* %\ld be adequate to ! requirem5ts ( ! in/itution4 ,a competition = designs = ! new build+ 0 op5$1 & five designs 7 pres5t$1 f :i* ! plan ( ,messrs4 ,kays] & ,von4 ,gros%eim1 ( ,b]l91 0 select$4 ,?is design1 :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut1 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 pres5ts a picturesque gr\p+ ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+1 ! ma9 build+ be+ on "o /reet & ! adjo9+ build+ on ano!r /reet4 ,! ro(1 :i* =ms a beautiful sky-l9e1 is ornam5t$ ) dorm]-w9d[s & little t[]s1 !re be+ a l>ge t[] on ! ma9 build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prize ,,plan ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,book ,,ex*ange ,,9 ,,leipzig1 ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,kays] ,,& ,,von ,,gros%eim1 ,,ar*itects4 ,to ! left ( ! pr9cipal hall 9 ! ma9 build+1 :i* has ?ree l>ge ornam5tal w9d[s1 !re is a little hall1 ! c5tral (fice1 & committee rooms1 :ile ! re/aurant & ! assembly rooms are on ! "r4 ,9 ! small] build+1 ?r\gh :i* !re is a c5tral corridor1 are ! ord] rooms1 assort+ rooms1 editorial sanctum ( ! ,bors5blat 7,b\rse j\rnal71 & ! po/ (fice1 ) telegraph (fices4 ,a l[ build+ runs almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ! ma9 build+1 to :i* x is jo9$ at ! "r & left by side w+s1 ?us inclos+ an op5 c\rt4 ,9 ?is l[ build+ ! exhibition rooms are arrang$1 & 9 ! middle is a ve/ibule ?r\gh :i* ^! exhibition rooms1 ! w>drobes1 & ! great hall c be rea*$4 ,ov] ! ve/ibule is a cupola4 ,! arrangem5ts = light+1 heat+1 & v5tilation are excell5t4 ,/eam heat is us$1 & ! l>ge hall is v5tilat$ by ! pulsation sy/em4 ,! build+1 :i* is ( r$ brick & s&/one1 is wor?y ( hold+ a place among ! num]\s beautiful build+s :i* h be5 erect$ 9 ,leipzig dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! co/ ( ! build+ 0 limit$ to #gjj1jjj ,m41 or ab\t #afj1jjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a correspond5t has transmitt$ to ! editor ( ,l',union ,ph>maceutique ! prospectus ( an oy/] deal] :o1 besides deal+ 9 ! ord9>y bivalves1 adv]tises specialties 9 m$ic9al oy/]s1 su* z huitres f]rug9euses & huitres au g\dron4 ,! huitres f]rug9euses are recomm5d$ to anmic p]sons1 & ! huitres au g\dron are said to replace ) advantage all o!r means ( adm9i/]+ t>1 :ile ( bo? x is alleg$ t analyses made by di/+ui%$ savants leave no d\bt z to _! valuable qualities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aliz>9e ,,dyes4 ,not)/&+ ! unprec$5t$ progress ( ! coal-t> dye/uff indu/ry dur+ ! pa/ few decades1 ! "t-honor$ indigo1 logwood1 fu/ic1 etc41 h be5 only p>tly displac$ by ! coal-t> products 9 wool dye+4 ,! cause is t1 ?\gh ! dy] h&l$ _m anil9e dye/uffs :i* dy$ z fa/ aga9/ light z logwood or fu/ic1 ! dye prov$ unsatisfactory = full+ goods1 because x bl$ 9 ! treatm5t ) soap & soda1 & (t5 m or less *ang$ its tone4 ,we int5d to r5d] a s]vice to our read]s by call+ _! special att5tion to "s products ( ! coal-t> indu/ry :i* are free f ^! defects ( anil9e dye/uffs1 & = :i* x is claim$ t !y f> surpass logwood1 fu/ic1 cudbe>1 etc41 z to fa/ness aga9/ light1 & excell5tly /& full+4 ,we allude to ! aliz>9e dye/uffs1 :i* h long s9ce be5 introduc$ & are l>gely employ$ 9 cotton dye+ & pr9t+4 ,aliz>9e1 :i* has be5 ext5sively discuss$ 9 v>i\s articles 9 our j\rnal1 is ! color+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! madd] root4 ,9 #ahfi1 two ,g]man *emi/s1 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 succe$$ 9 artificially produc+ ?is dye/uff f an?rac5e1 a compon5t ( coal-t>4 ,! artificial dye/uff be+ p]fectly pure & free f ^? contam9ations :i* r5d] ! use ( madd] difficult1 x soon 0 pref]r$ to ! latt]1 :i* x has at pres5t ne>ly completely displac$4 ,! discov]y ( aliz>9e r$ 0 soon foll[$ by ^? ( aliz>9e orange1 galle9e1 co]ule9e1 &1 9 #ahgh1 ( aliz>9e blue4 ,! sl[ adoption ( ^! dye/uffs 9 ! wool-dye+ indu/ry is pr9cipally attributable to ! deep-root$ di/ru/ ( wool dy]s aga9/ any innovation4 ,?is resi/ance1 h[ev]1 is spe$ily disappe>+1 z e manufactur] & dy] try+ ! new dye/uffs inv>iably f9ds t !y are 9 no respect inf]ior to 8 fa/e/ dyes produc$ ) indigo & madd]1 b are simpl] to apply & m advantage\s = wool4 ,! aliz>9e colors are dy$ aft] an old me?od :i* is kn[n to e wool dy]4 ,! wool is fir/ boil$ = #a h\rs ) *romate ( pota% & t>t>1 !n dy$ ^u a fre% ba? by #b to #c h\rs' boil+4 ,all aliz>9e colors 7su* z ^? ( ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik1 ( ,ludwig%af5 & ,/uttg>t2 ,wm4 ,pickh>dt ,kuttr(f1 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 & ,philadelphia1 viz473 ,aliz>9e orange ,w1 = br[n orange1 ,aliz>9e r$ ,,wr1 = yell[ t\* ponceau or sc>let1 ,aliz>9e r$ ,,wb1 = blue t\* yell[ or sc>let1 ,aliz>9e blue ,,wx & ,,sw1 = bright blue1 ,aliz>9e blue ,,wr ,,srw1 = d>k r$di% blue1 ,co]ule9e ,w & ,,sw1 = gre51 & ,galle9e ,w1 = dahlia1 are dy$ aft] ! same me?od1 :i* (f]s ! great advantage t all ^! colors c be dy$ ^u "o ba?1 & t by _! mixture num]\s fa/ colors c be produc$4 ,on ! gr\nd ( num]\s c>eful exp]im5ts1 ! writ] recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* gives well develop$ & well fix$ colors1 viz43 ,= #ajj kil4--,! sc\r$ & wa%$ wool is mordant$ by boil+ = #a h\rs 9 a ba? conta9+ #c kil4 *romate ( pota% & #b kil4 t>t>1 & lightly r9s$2 :5 x c imm$iately be dy$4 ,= #a1jjj lit4 wat]1 #a lit4 acetic acid ( ab\t #g ,be4 is add$ to ! ba?4 ,if ! wat] is v h>d1 d\ble ! quantity ( acetic acid1 :i* is indisp5sable1 is add$4 ,!n ! requir$ quantity ( dye/uff is add$1 well /irr$1 ! wool ent]$1 & ! temp]ature rais$ to boil+1 :i* is cont9u$ = #b to #c h\rs1 t is1 until a sample tak5 does no long] surr5d] any color to a hot solution ( soap4 ,loose wool & wor/$ slubb+ c be ent]$ at #fj ,c4 7#adj ,f474 ,9 dye+ y>n & piece-goods1 h[ev]1 x is advisable to ent] ! ba? cold1 "w = ab\t #a_/d h\r 9 ! cold1 & !n sl[ly to raise ! temp]ature 9 ab\t "o h\r to ! boil+ po9t4 ,) ?is precaution1 level & ?or\ghly dy$ goods are always obta9$4 ,if ! wool is ent]$ 9 a hot ba?1 or if x is rapidly br\ght to a boil1 ! dye/uff is too rapidly fix$ by ! mordant & is liable to run up unev5ly1 &1 ) piece-goods1 m sup]ficially4 ,= ! same reason ! goods mu/ always be well wett$ out be=e ent]+ ! ba?4 ,we add "s special recipes = ! v>i\s colors1 ! mordant = all ( !m be+ ( #c p] c5t4 *romate ( pota% & #b p] c5t4 t>t> = #ajj by weight ( dry wool4 #a4 ,orange1 ,br[n ,t\*4 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant ) #fjj grm4 *romate ( pota% & #ejj grm4 t>t>1 dye ) #c kil4 aliz>9e orange ,w4 #b4 ,ponceau1 ,yell[ ,t\*4 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant z = ,no4 #a1 dye ) #b kil4 aliz>9e r$ ,,wr #bj p] c5t4 #c4 ,ponceau1 ,blue ,t\*4 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant l ,no4 #a1 dye ) #b kil4 aliz>9e r$ ,,wb #bj p] c5t4 #d4 ,dahlia4 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant l ,no4 #a1 dye ) #e kil4 galle9e ,w4 #e4 ,gre54 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant l ,no4 #a1 dye ) #f kil4 co]ule9e ,w4 ,= ,piece-goods4 #bj kil clo?1 mordant ! same1 dye ) #a kil4 #bjj grm4 co]ule9e ,,sw4 #f4 ,blue1 ,bright4 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant ! same1 dye ) #f kil4 aliz>9e blue ,,wx4 ,= ,piece-goods4 #bj kil4 clo?1 mordant ! same1 dye ) #a kil4 #bjj grm4 aliz>9e blue ,,sw4 #g4 ,blue1 ,d>k & ,r$ ,t\*4 #bj kil4 wool1 mordant l ,no4 #a1 dye ) #f kil4 aliz>9e blue ,,wr4 ,= ,piece-goods4 #bj kil4 clo?1 mordant ! same1 dye ) #a kil4 #bjj grm4 aliz>9e blue ,,srw4 ,p>ticul> /ress is to be laid ^u ! great fa/ness ( ! aliz>9e dyes aga9/ light & full+4 ,besides1 ^! dye/uffs conta9 no?+ :atev] injuri\s to ! wool fib]4 ,s&]s1 :i* v mu* t5d]s ! wool1 z e dy] kn[s1 c 9 all cases be replac$ by aliz>9e r$ & aliz>9e orange1 mak+ an end to ! sp9n]s' frequ5t compla9ts ab\t too mu* wa/e4 ,aliz>9e blue 9 p>ticul> seems to be de/9$ to replace indigo 9 ! majority ( its applications1 hav+ at lea/ ! same p[] ( resi/+ light & acids1 & reliev+ ! dy] ( ! tr\blesome1 protract$ r9s+s requir$ = indigo dy$ goods4 ,e piece-dy] kn[s t ! m$ium & d>k indigo blue goods /ill rub (f1 ev5 aft] eight h\rs' r9s+2 b aliz>9e blue pieces are p]fectly dy$ ?r\gh & clean aft] "o h\r ( r9s+4 ,ano!r advantage ( aliz>9e blue & ! o!r aliz>9e dye/uffs is t !y unite ) all wood colors1 z well z ) indigo c>m9e & all anil9e dye/uffs4 ,a f9e & *eap d>k blue1 = in/ance1 is obta9$ by mordant+ ! wool z above /at$ & dye+ 7#bj kil47 9 ! second ba? ) #f kil4 aliz>9e ,,wx & #b kil4 logwood *ips2 ! wood is add$ to ! ba? toge!r ) ! aliz>9e blue ,,wx1 & ! be/ me?od is to put x into a bag :i* is hung 9 ! ba?4--,d4 ,woll4-,gew42 ,tex4 ,colori/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,papi] ma* has come ( late to be l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( !atrical prop]ties1 & ne>ly all ! magnific5t vases1 ! h&some plaques1 ! graceful /atues1 & ! sup]b gold & silv] plate se5 to-day on ! /age are made ( t mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cem5t ,,pav+4 ,! /reets ( ,old ,london at ! rec5t ,inv5tions ,exhibition at ,s\? ,k5s+ton 7 pav$ ) a mat]ial 9 imitation ( old1 worn b[ld] /ones & r$1 h]r+-bon$ brickwork1 all 9 "o piece f "o side ( ! /reet to ! o!r4 ,! composition is made by ,wilkes' ,metallic ,floor+ ,company1 out ( a mixture consi/+ *iefly ( iron slag & ,portl& cem5t1 a comp\nd possess+ prop]ties :i* won ! only gold m$al giv5 = pav+ at t ,exhibition4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! colonnade 9 ,pall ,mall1 ne> ,h] ,maje/y's ,!at]1 is be+ laid ) ?is pav+1 :i* is also be+ ext5sively us$ 9 ,london & ! prov9ces = roads1 tramways1 & floor+2 ! composition is likewise sometimes ca/ into arti/ic =ms = ! ornam5tation ( build+s1 or into slabs = ro(+1 fac+1 & o!r purposes4 ,! subway f ! ,exhibition to ! ,di/rict ,railway is laid ) ! same mat]ial4 ,! works ( ! ,wilkes ,metallic ,floor+ ,company are 9 ! goods y>d ( ! ,midl& ,railway ,company at ,we/ ,k5s+ton4 ,! ,portl& cem5t1 be=e x is accept$ at ! works1 is te/$ by means ( an ,aidie's ma*9e4 ,! g5]al /ra9 ! set cem5t is requir$ to be> is #gej lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,all samples :i* w n be> a /ra9 ( #ejj lb4 are reject$4 ,! v>i\s iron slags are c>efully select$1 & reject$ :5 too s(t1 & at ! works a small p]c5tage ( black slag1 ri* 9 iron1 is mix$ 9 ) !m4 ,! lumps ( slag are fir/ cru%$ 9 a ,mason ,co4's /one break]1 & !n sift$ ?r\gh #a_/h 941 #a_/d 941 & #a_/af 94 wire me%es into ^! ?ree sizes = mix+4 ,next ! granulat$ sub/ance is ?or\ghly well wa%$ ) wat] to remove soluble matt] & impalpable du/1 & aft]w>d plac$ :]e x is protect$ f ! access ( du/ & dirt4 ,! wa%+ wat]s c>ry (f "s sulphides1 z well z me*anical impurities4 ,! ,portl& cem5t is n us$ j z x1 comes f ! works1 b is expos$ to ! air 9 a dry+ room = ab\t f\rte5 days1 & turn$ ov] two or ?ree times dur+ t p]iod4 ,! slag is also turn$ ov] ?ree times dry & ?ree times wet1 & mix$ ) ! ,portl& cem5t by means ( wat] conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( ,reekie cem5t to make ! :ole mass set quickly4 ,! mixture is !n turn$ ov] twice & put into m\lds2 ea* m\ld is fir/ half fill$1 & ! mixture !n hamm]$ d[n ) iron beat]s4 ,! re/ ( ! composition is !n p\r$ 91 beat5 d[n1 & ! :ole m\ld viol5tly jolt$ by ma*9]y to %ake d[n ! mixture & to get rid ( air holes4 ,:ile x is /ill wet ! ca/+ is tak5 out ( ! m\ld1 its edges are clean$1 & aft] ! lapse ( "o day x is plac$ 9 a ba?1 ( silicate ( soda4 ,%\ld ! ca/+ be all[$ to get dry be=e x is plac$ 9 ?is ba?1 no good results w\ld be obta9$2 x is left 9 ! ba? = sev5 days4 ,:5 delicate /one c>v+s h to be copi$1 ! m\lds are ( a comp\nd ( gelat9e1 f ! flexible nature ( :i* mat]ial designs mu* und]cut c be reproduc$4 ,= ! =ego+ p>ticul>s we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,william ,mill>1 ! work+ manag] at ,we/ ,k5s+ton4 ,sometimes ! composition is ca/ 9 l>ge1 heavy slabs1 m\ld$ on ! top to resemble ! surface ( roads ( granite blocks4 ,a feature ( ! inv5tion is ! rapidity ) :i* ! composition sets4 ,= in/ance1 ! manag] /ates t a roadway 0 f9i%$ at ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition at sev5 o'clock "o night1 & at six o'clock next morn+ f\r or five tons ( pap] 9 vans pass$ ov] x into ! build+1 )\t do+ any h>m to ! new road4 ,9 lay+ d[n roads1 mu* ( ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ial is done on ! spot1 & ! composition aft] be+ put d[n unsilicat$ 9 a l>ge lay] has ! requir$ design /amp$ ^u its wet surface by means ( wood5 or gutta-p]*a m\lds4 ,z reg>ds ! durability ( ! composition1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,grov]1 "o ( ! directors1 says t ! company gu>antees its pav+ "w = t5 ye>s1 & t ! pav+1 ! :ole ( ! ornam5tal trac+s1 & "s ( ! o!r "w at ,upton ,*ur*1 ,=e/ ,gate1 ,essex1 7 execut$ by means ( ,wilkes' metallic cem5t ?ree ye>s ago1 & w n[ be> exam9ation z to its resi/ance to ! action ( wea!r4 ,"s ( ?is pav+ has be5 d[n 9 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ,london1 = m ?an six ye>s4 ,mr4 ,a4,r4 ,rob9son1 ,c4,e41 ,london ag5t ( ! company1 /ates t ! ,nor? ,metropolitan ,tramway ,company has ab\t #be1jjj y>ds ( x 9 use at ! pres5t "t1 & t ! pav+ is l>gely us$ by ! ,w> ,(fice = cavalry /ables4 ,! latt] is a good te/1 = pav+ = /ables mu/ be non-slipp]y & h good p[] ( resi/+ *emical action4 ,9 ! ,wm4 ,mill> & ,*ri/ian ,fair ,ni*ols pat5t = ,improvem5ts 9 ! means ( accel]at+ ! sett+ & h>d5+ ( cem5ts1 !y take advantage ( ! hydraulicity ( c]ta9 ( ! salts ( magnesia1 by :i* ! cem5ts set h>d & quickly :ile wet4 ,= accel]at+ ! sett+ ( cem5ts !y use c>bonate ( soda1 alum1 & c>bonate ( ammonia2 = indurat+ or increas+ ! h>d5+ prop]ties ( cem5ts !y use *loride ( calcium1 oxide ( magnesia1 & *loride ( magnesia or bitt]n wat]2 = obta9+ an int5se h>dness !y use oxy*loride ( magnesia4 ,! inv5tors d n b9d !mselves to any fix$ proportions1 b give ! foll[+ z ! be/ )9 _! k4 ,= color$ concretes = ca/s or o!r purposes !y use ,c>bonate ( soda1 #h4da2 c>bonate ( ammonia1 #a4ab2 *loride ( magnesia1 #j4bh2 borax1 #j4ef2 wat]1 #hi4fc2 total1 #ajj4jj4 ,= gray concrete = any purpose !y use3 ,alum1 #h4df2 cau/ic soda1 #j4bh2 :it5+ or *alk1 #j4ef2 borax1 #j4ef2 wat]1 #ij4ad2 total1 #ajj4jj4 ,= floors or slabs 9 situ !y add to cem5t1 well mix$ & incorporat$ ) any requir$ proportion ( agglom]ate = a base1 liquid composition ( ! foll[+ proportions3 ,oxide ( magnesia1 #j4bi2 *loride ( magnesia1 #j4bi2 c>bonate ( soda or alum1 #d4gd2 wat]1 #id4fh2 total1 #ajj4jj4 ,articles manufactur$ by ! inv5tion are aft]w>d wett$ ) *loride ( calcium & plac$ 9 a ba? conta9+ a solution ( silicate ( soda or *loride ( calcium4 ,! /r5g? ( ! *loride ( calcium is equal to ab\t #bj deg4 specific gravity4 ,c4,a4 ,wilkes & ,william ,mill>'s improv$ metallic comp\nd = floor+1 pav+1 & o!r purposes1 has = its object to provide a pav+ comp\nd :i* is n slipp]y or liable to s(t5 9 hot wea!r1 :i* sets rapidly1 & is durable4 ,to ?ree p>ts ( bla/ furnace slag are add$ "o "p ( hydraulic cem5t & en\gh wat] to give ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,to ea* gallon ( wat] us$ is add$ "o "p ( bitt]n wat]--! dregs f ! manufacture ( sea salt--or "o "p ( br9e1 or ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 & #b p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,9 ! comp\nd !y sometimes use pota% 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ! c>bonate ( ammonia & c>bonate ( soda1 & :5 pota% is us$ ) bitt]n wat] or br9e1 ! proportion ( ! latt] is correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,! comp\nd is ( a blue gray color2 b :5 a m /rik+ color is desir$1 r$ or yell[ oxide ( iron may be add$4 ,:5 m spe$y induration is necess>y1 !y add ab\t #a oz4 ( copp]as to e gallon ( comp\nd us$4 ,! claim is ! admixture ( bitt]n wat]1 c>bonate ( soda1 & c>bonate ( ammonia ) ! wa%$ slag & cem5t4 ,ano!r improvem5t1 by ,c4,a4 ,wilkes1 relates1 9 lay+ 9 situ any metallic or o!r mat]ials = /reet roadways1 to complet+ ! conv5i5ce !re( by r\gh5+ or groov+ ! surfaces4 ,! concrete is laid 9 a pla/ic condition ^u a b$ ( h>d core1 brok5 /one1 or pref]ably r\gh concrete4 ,= footpa?s ! mat]ial may be laid 9 conv5i5t sections1 say #d ft4 to #h ft4 squ>e & #b 94 to #d 94 ?ick2 & 9 ord] to all[ = ! expansion ( ! mat]ial dur+ ! sett+ ( ! sections or subsequ5t v>iations 9 temp]ature1 he packs ! jo9ts betwe5 ! sections ) a lay] ( felt+ clo? or o!r compressible mat]ial1 ?us =m+ expansion jo9ts4 ,sometimes he slightly r\gh5s ! surface ( ! mat]ial1 to give bett] foo?old to p$e/rians4 ,sometimes ! groov+ is made 9 imitation ( ord9>y granite pav+ sets4 ,9 tramway pavem5t !re are grooves to give a grip to ! horses' feet1 & a slight camb] betwe5 ! rails4 ,he /ates t a great advantage 9 lay+ a pavem5t by ! me?od is t1 :5 any repairs are necess>y1 a piece ( ! exact size c be manufactur$ at ! works1 & /amp$ to ! same patt]n z ! adjo9+ pavem5t1 !n plac$ at once 9 position on ! removal ( ! worn portion1 ?us sav+ ! "t necess>y = ! sett+ ( ! concrete on ! spot4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,blea*+ ,,process4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahhc a ,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,?ompson1 ( ,new ,cross1 ,london1 pat5t$ a new process ( blea*+1 ! ma9 feature ( :i* consi/$ 9 ! use ( c>bonic acid gas 9 a clos$ vessel to decompose ! *loride ( lime4 ,! *emick+ & s\r+ op]ations he p]=m$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,! reactions :i* took place 9 8 blea*+ keir 7 /at$ by ! inv5tor z foll[s3 ,cl4 #a4 ,ca 7 ,,co#b ,ca,c,o#c ,cl#b4 ,o,cl4_/ #b4 ,,oh#b ,cl#b 7,cl,h7#b ,o4 #c4 ,ca,c,o#c 7,cl,h7#b ,ca,cl#b ,,co#b ,h#b,o4 ,t is1 9 #a *loride ( lime & c>bonic acid react ^u ea* o!r1 produc+ *alk & nasc5t *lor9e2 9 #b ! nasc5t *lor9e reacts ^u ! wat] ( ! solution & decomposes x1 produc+ hydro*loric acid & nasc5t oxyg51 :i* blea*es2 9 #c ! hydro*loric acid j =m$ reacts ^u *alk =m$ 9 #a1 & produces calcium *loride & "o equival5t ( wat]1 & at ! same "t frees ! c>bonic acid to be us$ aga9 9 ! process ( decompos+ ! *loride ( lime4 ,:5 ! process 0 fir/ br\ght to ! notice ( ! ,lanca%ire blea*]s1 x met ) an am\nt ( opposition4 ,"s blea*+ *emi/s decl>$ ! process 0 n pat5table1 z fully half a c5tury ago c>bonic acid 0 kn[n to decompose *loride ( lime4 ,! pat5tee's answ] 0 emphatic1 t c>bonic acid gas _h nev] be5 appli$ 9 blea*+ be=e4 ,aft] "s delay "o ( ! l>ge/ ,engli% cotton blea*]s1 ,messrs4 ,a9swor?1 ,son ,co41 ,halliwell1 ,bolton1 ?rew op5 _! works = a fair te/ ( ! ,?ompson process on a comm]cial scale4 ,! result ( trial 0 s satisfactory t a company 0 =m$ to "w ! pat5t4 ,soon aft] ?is ! well-kn[n au?orities on ! oxidation ( cellulose1 ,messrs4 ,cross ,bevan & ,mr4 ,ma!r1 ! pr9cipal p>tn] 9 ! eng9e]+ firm ( ,ma!r ,platt1 ( ,sal=d1 ,lanca%ire1 jo9$ ! company4 ,= ! la/ twelve mon?s ^! g5tlem5 h devot$ consid]able att5tion to improv+ ! orig9al contrivance ( ,?ompson1 & a few weeks s9ce !y h&$ ov] to ,messrs4 ,a9swor? ! ma*9]y & in/ructions = :at !y consid]$ ! mo/ complete & be/ process ( blea*+ t has ev] be5 introduc$4 ,rec5tly a demon/ration ( ! ,ma!r-,?ompson process ( blea*+ took place at ,halliwell1 & to :i* 7 invit$ num]\s *emi/s & practical blea*]s4 ,hav+ be5 favor$ ) an invitation1 ,i propose to lay be=e y\r read]s a concise report ( ! proce$+s4 ,x is usual 9 ?is c\ntry to give a %ort prelim9>y boil to ! clo? be=e x is br\ght 9 contact ) ! alkali1 ! object be+ to well sc\r ! clo? f ! loose impurities pres5t 9 ! raw fib] & also ! add$ siz+ mat]ials4 ,9 ! new process ! wa/e or sp5t alkal9e liquors ( ! succe$+ process are employ$1 ) ! result t ! blea*+ prop] is mu* facilitat$4 ,! economy effect$ by ?is *ange is consid]able1 b 9 ! next op]ation1 t ( saponification1 ! new process diff]s ev5 m widely f ^? g5]ally 9 use4 ,9 ,engl&1 m>ket or :ite blea*+ requires a numb] ( op]ations4 ,!re is fir/ ! alkal9e treatm5t divid$ into ! two /ages or processes ( lime /ew+ & b[k+ 9 soda-a%1 :i* only imp]fectly breaks d[n ! motes4 ,!re is consequ5tly a second r\nd giv5 to ! goods1 consi/+ ( a b[k 9 soda-a%1 foll[$ by ! second & usually f9al *emick+4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 mu* h&l+ ( ! clo?1 ) ! consequ5t increase ( "t & !re=e exp5se4 ,n[1 9 ! saponification process1 ! ,ma!r-,?ompson ,company claim to h a*iev$ a complete triumph4 ,!y use a /eam] keir1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,ma!r4 ,?is keir is s con/ruct$ t x w all[ ( two wire wagons be+ run 9 & ! door securely fa/5$4 ,at ! top ( ! keir is fix$ a me*anical appliance = /eam+ ! clo?4 ,! /eam] keir process consi/s ess5tially 93 #a4 ,! application ( ! alkali 9 solution & 9 its mo/ effective =m1 viz41 z cau/ic alkali1 to ea* portion ( fib] 9 su* quantity z to produce ! complete result ^u t portion4 #b4 ,! imm$iate & su/a9$ action ( heat 9 ! mo/ effective =m ( /eam4 ,be=e ! clo? is run into ! /eam] keir on ! wire wagons1 x is saturat$ ) ab\t twice its weight ( a dilute solution ( cau/ic soda 7#b to #d ,twaddell #j4e to #a ,na#b,o7 at a boil+-temp]ature1 :5 9 ! /eam] keir x is expos$ to an atmosph]e ( /eam at f\r p\nds pressure = five h\rs4 ,?is "p ( ! process is entirely new4 ,! advantage ( us+ cau/ic soda alone 9 ! "o op]ation1 su* z ,i describe1 has be5 long recogniz$1 b hi!rto no "o has be5 able to effect ?is improvem5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ,ma!r-,?ompson process does away entirely ) ! use ( lime & soda-a% 9 at lea/ two boil+s & ! accessory s\r+ op]ation4 ,9 ! space ( ! five h\rs necess>y = ! /eam] keir process ! goods are ?or\ghly bottom$ & all ! motes remov$1 no matt] :at be ! texture or weight ( ! clo?4 ,aft] ! clo? is wa%$ 9 hot wat] x is remov$ f ! /eam] keir1 !n foll[s a r9se 9 cold wat]1 & ! goods are ready = ! blea*+ process4 ,9 pass+ to ! blea*+ & :it5+ process1 x may be necess>y to say t ?us f> ! orig9al ,?ompson process has be5 entirely alt]$4 ,n[ we come to t "p ( ! blea*+ op]ation :]e ! ess5tial feature 9 ,?ompson's pat5t is utiliz$4 ,! pat5tee has app>5tly ?or\ghly grasp$ ! fact t c>bonic acid has great aff9ity = lime & t x lib]ates1 9 its gase\s condition1 ! hypo*lor\s acid1 :i* blea*es4 ,! mo/ p]fect contact is realiz$ betwe5 ! nasc5t hypo*lor\s acid result+ f its action & ! fib] con/itu5t 9 ! exposure ( ! clo? treat$ ) ! blea*+ solution to ! action ( ! gas4 ,! ord] ( treatm5t is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,saturation ) weak *emic 7#a ,tw471 squeeze1 & passage to gas *amb]4 7#b7 ,wa% 7runn+74 7#c7 ,soda scald4 7#d7 ,wa%4 7#e7 ,repetition ( #a1 b ) weak] *emic 7 ,tw474 7#f7 ,wa%4 7#g7 ,sc\r+4 ,! :ole ( ! above op]ations are c>ri$ out on a cont9u\s plan1 ! ma*9]y be+ ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,ma!r4 ,! clo? travels along at ! rate ( sixty or eighty y>ds a m9ute1 & comes out a spl5did :ite blea*4 ,! company consid]1 h[ev]1 t x is necess>y 9 ! case ( "s clo? to give a second treatm5t ) *emic & gas1 ea* ( ?irty seconds duration1 ) an int]m$iate scald 9 a boil+ v dilute alkal9e solution4 ,mr4 ,?ompson orig9ally claim$ t ! use ( c>bonic acid gas r5d]$ ! employm5t ( a m9]al acid = s\r+ unnecess>y4 ,x is consid]$ n[ to be advisable to employ x1 & ! s\r+ is includ$1 z w be obs]v$1 9 ! cont9u\s op]ation4 ,! new process = treat+ clo? diff]s mat]ially f t orig9ally propos$ by ,mr4 ,?ompson4 ,8 plan 0 to use an air-tight keir 9 conjunction ) a gas-hold]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! cont9u\s process w\ld n answ] = y>ns2 ,?ompson's keir is1 !re=e1 employ$ = ^! & all heavy piece-goods4 ,?us f> ,i h giv5 a concise outl9e ( ! ,ma!r-,?ompson process ( blea*+1 :i*1 x _c be d5i$1 diff]s mat]ially f any sy/em hi!rto recomm5d$ to ! trade4 ,beyond d\bt ! goods are z p]fectly blea*$ by ?is process z by any n[ 9 use4 ,! "q arises1 ,:at pecuni>y advantage does x (f]8 ,mr4 ,manby1 ! manag] ( ,messrs4 ,a9swor?1 has in=m$ me t he has blea*$ z mu* z t5 miles ( clo? by ! new process1 & is1 !re=e1 entitl$ to be he>d on ! subject ( co/4 ,9 reg>d to ! consumption ( *emicals1 he e/imates ! sav+ to am\nt to 79 money value7 "o-f\r?2 /eam 7coal71 "o-half2 labor1 "o-half2 wat]1 f\r-fif?s2 "t1 two-?irds4 ,x might be well to contra/ ! process =m]ly employ$ by ,messrs4 ,a9swor? ) t !y h rec5tly adopt$3 ,,ma!r-,,?ompson ,,sy/em4 ,alkali4 ,blea* ,acid ,ma*9e 7*emic74 ,wa%es4 _/ ,saturate4 7#a7 ,/eam4 _/ 7#b7 ,cont9u\s 7*emic7 ma*9e 7or keir if 7#b7 = y>ns1 etc474 7#b;a7 ,ma*9e or pit s\r4 7#c7 ,wa% up = f9i%+4 ,,ord9>y ,,sy/em4 ,alkali4 ,blea*4 ,acid ,ma*9e ,wa%es4 7#a7 ,lime /ew4 7#a7 ,wa%4 7#b7 ,s\r4 7#b7 7#c7 ,gray b[k 7#c7 7soda a%74 7#d7;,i ,*emic4 7#d7 7#e7 ,s\r4 7#e7 7#f7 ,:ite b[k4 7#f7 7#g7;,,ii ,*emic4 7#g7 7#h7 ,s\r4 7#h7 ,x w be und]/ood t #b & #b;a are m]g$ into a s+le process by us+ ! cont9u\s ma*9e4 ,( c\rse1 x w be und]/ood t ! clo? has 9 ea* case to be cleans$ f size & loose impurities4 ,! ,ma!r-,?ompson ,company claim t _! sy/em takes twelve h\rs 9 ! case ( m>ket or :ite blea*+4 ,!y reckon eight h\rs = ! /eam+ process & f\r = blea*+ & wa%+4 ,?is has to be comp>$ ) ! old sy/em1 :i* g5]ally takes =ty h\rs1 made up z foll[s3 #h treatm5ts ) reag5ts & ! necess>y wa%+s1 ! =m] tak+ f\r h\rs & ! latt] "o h\r ea*4 ,! ,ma!r-,?ompson sy/em has creat$ consid]able commotion 9 ,engli% blea*+ circles4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t ! blea*]s ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry w be compell$ to adopt x1 s great is ! sav+ 9 "t & co/4 ,9 comm5c+ a blea*]y1 ! co/ ( plant by ?is sy/em is1 ,i und]/&1 less ?an by ! old processes4--,textile ,colori/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,draw+ ,,curves4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,mac,cord1 ,sc4,d4 ,i4 ,,! ,,hyp]bola4 ,we are free to express ! op9ion at ! outset1 t = v>i\s reasons ! draughtsman is likely to ga9 v little advantage by ! use ( me*anical devices = describ+ ma!matical curves by cont9u\s motion4 ,su* in/rum5ts are z a rule n only complicat$ & exp5sive1 b cumb]some & difficult ( adju/m5t4 ,x may be sugge/$1 p] contra1 t ^! objections d n apply to ! famili> comb9ation ( two p9s & a /r+1 = trac+ ! g>d5]'s ellipse4 ,b we "q ! propriety ( class+ a /r+ among /rictly me*anical devices2 x has its uses1 to be sure1 b 9 respect to p]fect flexibility & inext5sibility x _c be reli$ on :5 rigid accuracy is requir$ 9 draw+ any ( ! conic sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,nev]!less1 ! con/ruction ( su* app>atus af=ds a /udy :i* to "s is fasc9at+1 & ev5 9 ! ab/ract is n devoid ( utility4 ,9 ea* case a def9ite object is pres5t$1 & usually a *oice ( me?ods ( atta9+ x2 success requires a ?or\gh k ( ! prop]ties ( ! curve 9 h&1 :ile +5uity is /imulat$1 & famili>ity ) exp$i5ts is cultivat$1 by ! ef=t to select ! mo/ available ( ^? prop]ties1 & to arrange p>ts ^: motions %all be 9 accordance ) !m4 ,su* ex]cise ( ! inv5tive faculties1 !n1 is good tra9+ = ! me*anician4 ,& x mu/ n be =gott5 t a me*anical movem5t ?us devis$ = "o purpose v frequ5tly is ei!r itself applicable to a diff]5t "o1 or proves to be ! g]m f :i* are develop$ new movem5ts :i* c be made s2 ! solution ( "o problem sometimes furni%+ a h9t or clew ( great value 9 deal+ ) ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,we proce$1 !n1 to describe a few in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d1 :i* we believe to be new1 9 ! hope t 9 ! mann] j po9t$ out !y may r5d] a great] s]vice ?an t = :i* !y are directly int5d$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 is = ! purpose ( describ+ ! hyp]bola4 ,! prop]ties ( ! curve1 ^u :i* ! action ( ! in/rum5t dep5ds1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 :]e ,,mm1 ,,nn1 are ! two bran*es ( an hyp]bola2 ,c ! c5t]2 ,,ab ! major axis2 ,f & ,f' ! foci4 ,if n[ a tang5t ,,tt be drawn at any po9t z ,p ( ei!r bran*1 & a p]p5dicul> let fall ^u x f ! ne>] focus ,f be produc$ to cut at ,g a l9e drawn f ,p to ! f>!r focus ,f'1 !n ?is p]p5dicul> w cut ! tang5t at a po9t ,i ^u ! circumf]5ce ( a circle describ$ ab\t ,c ^u ,,ab z a diamet]1 & also ! di/ance ,f',g w be equal to ,,ab4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 !n1 we h a crank ,,ci1 ^: radius is equal to ,,cb1 half ! major axis1 turn+ ab\t a fix$ c5t] ,c4 ,^u ! crank-p9 ,i is hung1 s z to turn freely1 a rigid cross compos$ ( a long slott$ piece ,,tt1 9 :i* slides a block1 & two cyl9drical arms at "r angles to x & 9 l9e ) ea* o!r1 ! axis ,,ee pass+ ?r\gh ,i4 ,! arm on ! "r slides ?r\gh a socket pivot$ at ! focus ,f2 ! "o on ! left slides ?r\gh a simil> socket1 :i* is pivot$ at ,g to a ?ird socket long] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* aga9 is pivot$ at ! focus ,f'2 ! di/ance ,f',g be+ equal to ,,ab4 ,?r\gh ?is long socket slides a rod ,,kp1 ! end ,p be+ =m$ into an eye1 by :i* ?is rod is pivot$ to ! block :i* slides 9 ! long slot1 & ?us controls ! motion ( ! block2 & ! pivot at ,p is c5trally drill$ to c>ry ! p5cil4 ,x is ?us app>5t t ! c5t] l9e ( ! slot ,,tt mu/ 9 all positions be tang5t to ! hyp]bola ,,pbr1 :i* w be trac$ by ! p5cil1 ^: motions are s re/rict$ z always to satisfy ! conditions expla9$ 9 connection ) ,fig4 #b4 ,! app>atus z ?us repres5t$ does n at fir/ sight appe> unduly complicat$4 ,b 9 ord] to r5d] x adju/able1 s t hyp]bolas ( v>y+ ecc5tricities & on diff]5t scales may be drawn ) x1 sev]al p>ts n "h %[n mu/ be add$4 ,a frame mu/ be provid$1 9 :i* to arrange supports = ! pivots at ,f & ,f'1 & ^! supports connect$ by a "r & left h&$ screw1 or equival5t means ( alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! foci2 ! crank ,,ci & ! socket ,f',g mu/ be ( v>iable l5g?1 & ^! 9 ea* case w\ld require to be c>efully adju/$4 ,s t1 z we /at$ 9 ! beg9n+1 x is que/ionable :e!r a draughtsman ( ord9>y skill c\ld draw ! curve any m readily by ! aid ( su* a piece ( me*anism ?an he c\ld )\t x2 b x may claim a pass+ notice z a novel device1 & ! fir/ "o1 we believe1 = describ+ ! hyp]bola by a comb9ation ( rigid p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,fib]s4 ,by ,dr4 ,,?omas ,,taylor4 ,z ,microscopi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,i am frequ5tly call$ ^u to make inve/igations z to ! "* ( textile fib]s & fabrics1 n only = ! public g5]ally1 b also = sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,textile fib]s are pres5t$ bo? 9 ! raw & z articles ( manufacture4 ,9 ! latt] case !y may h be5 dy$1 /a9$1 or pa9t$4 ,x is obvi\s t "u ^! conditions ! fib]s %\ld be subject$ to *emical reaction to br+ !m z ne>ly z possible to _! normal condition4 ,consid]+ h[ well ! /ructures ( ! common textile fib]s ( comm]ce--cotton1 flax1 ramie1 hemp1 jute1 ,manila hemp1 silk1 & wool--h be5 inve/igat$ & m9utely describ$ by able & exact microscopi/s1 ,i w 9 ?is pap] conf9e myself *iefly to su* exp]im5ts z ,i h p]sonally made ) textile fib]s1 treat+ !m ) *emical ag5ts :ile "u ! objective4 ,:ile ,i am aw>e t ?is me?od is n :olly new1 ,i am satisfi$ t comp>atively little "w has be5 done 9 ?is direction1 & t a wide field is /ill op5 = future rese>*4 ,z microscopi/s1 we h to =tify ourselves 9 e way t w su/a91 by tru?ful "w1 ! value ( ! microscope z a means ( rese>*1 sometimes conduct+ our exp]im5ts "u ! mo/ try+ circum/ances4 ,fib]s may be s treat$ by exp]ts z to make x difficult to det]m9e h[ _! *ang$ appe>ance has be5 effect$1 & x may happ5 9 ?is age ( exp]im5t & ( fraud t important decisions 9 comm]cial transactions & 9 crim9al cases may dep5d on our obs]vations4 ,,detection ,,( ,a ,,fraud4 ,a case 9 po9t w illu/rate ?is4 ,:ile ,dr4 ,dyr5=? 0 *ief ( ! *emical division ( ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 a p]son appli$ = a pat5t on :at he call$ cottoniz$ silk1 inclos+ specim5s4 ,he claim$ t he _h discov]$ a mode ( cov]+ cotton fib] ) a solution ( silk :i* c\ld be wov5 into goods ( v>i\s k9ds2 9 ord] to satisfy ! public ( ! reality ( 8 inv5tion1 he plac$ on exhibition1 9 v>i\s localities1 specim5s ( silk-l goods 9 ! =m ( ribbons 9 ! web & ske9s ( ?read1 repres5t+ !m to be cottoniz$ silk4 ,dr4 ,dyr5=? 0 n satisfi$ t ! s-call$ discov]y 0 an accompli%$ fact1 & he =w>d$ a few fib]s ( ! mat]ial to ! division ( :i* ,i h *>ge = inve/igation4 ,i subject$ !m to my usual te/s1 & f\nd !m to consi/ ( pure silk1 & ,i s report$ to ,dr4 ,dyr5=?1 :o reject$ ! application = a pat5t4 ,! microscope 0 ?us usefully employ$ to protect capitali/s f imposition4 ,,me?ods ,,employ$4 ,x may be well to /ate briefly ! me?ods ,i employ$ 9 detect+ ! real "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,! fib]s 7 fir/ view$ "u pla9 transmitt$ light1 secondly1 pol>iz$ light & sel5ite plate4 ,s9ce silk & cotton are pol>iz+ bodies1 cottoniz$ silk1 if su* c\ld be made z describ$1 w\ld give1 9 ?is case1 ! prismatic colors ( bo? fib]s1 & ! complem5t>y colors w\ld diff] greatly because ( ! great disp>ity ( _! respective pol>iz+ & refractive p[]s4 ,! fact w be obs]v$ t a cotton fib] pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a twi/$ ribbon :5 view$ by ! microscope1 :ile silk1 ow+ to its cyl9drical =m1 _c twi/ on itself4 ,x %\ld also be consid]$ t ! diamet] ( cottoniz$ silk1 s call$1 w\ld be great] ?an t ( a fib] ( silk1 because ! silk solution w\ld h to be appli$ to an actual ?read ( cotton1 & n to a s+le cotton fib]1 by reason ( ! %ortness ( ! orig9al hairs ( ! latt]4 ,7 a s+le fib] ( su* a comb9ation put "u a suitable objective1 & a drop ( nitric acid br\ght 9 contact ) ! fib]1 x w\ld be se5 t ! acid w\ld de/roy ! silk & leave ! fib]s ( cotton unt\*$1 ! latt] be+ insoluble 9 cold nitric acid4 ,! action ( muriatic acid is simil> 9 ?is respect4 ,7 a fib] ( cotton pres5t & a drop ( pure sulphuric acid plac$ on x1 foll[$ quickly by a drop ( a transp>5t solution ( ! t9cture ( iod9e1 a peculi> *ange 9 ! fib] w\ld take place1 provid$ ! "r proportion ( acid be us$4 ,cotton fib]1 & especially flax fib]1 "u su* conditions1 =ms into disks or beads ( a beautiful blue color4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a cotton fib]1 & #b1 #c1 #d1 #e ^? ( flax1 z !y appe> "u ! acid treatm5t4 ,e textile amylace\s fib] is conv]tible into ^! =ms1 m or less1 by /rong sulphuric acid4 ,! fib]s ( cotton1 flax1 & ramie are examples ( amylace\s cellulose1 t is to say1 ^! fib]s are conv]t$ into />*y matt] by treatm5t ) ! la/-nam$ acid4 ,!re=e comb9ations ( ^! fib]s 9 any composition ( non-amylace\s fib] 7ligne\s or woody fib]7 w be dissolv$1 leav+ ! latt] unh>m$2 ! woody fib]s rema9+ w prove suitable objects = exam9ation "u ! microscope4 ,,cotton ,,mix$ ,,) ,,l954 ,aga91 x might be important to "k :e!r a c]ta9 pulp or composition conta9$ flax 9 comb9ation ) cotton4 ,! composition might be ( su* a well-dige/$ "* z to de/roy all appe>ance ( normal =m1 t is to say1 ! twi/$ ribbon "* ( cotton1 z well z t ( ! cyl9drical & jo9t$ *>act]i/ic ( flax1 might be lo/ to ord9>y view4 ,9 ?is case make a wat]y solution ( ! pulp1 spread x out ?9ly on a glass slide #c in*es by "o1 draw (f any sup]flu\s wat]1 !n add "o or two drops ( a /rong solution ( *romic acid to ! prep>ation1 & place ov] x a glass cov]2 :5 view$ by ! microscope1 any portion ( ! flax jo9ts pres5t w appe> ( a d>k br[n color2 a solution ( iod9e has a simil> effect4 ,! br[n portions ( ! jo9ts are nitrog5\s 9 "*2 cotton fib]s are devoid ( nitrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,flax4 ,a *emi/ ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture _h once occasion to make exp]im5ts ) flax fib]s1 8 object be+ to make !m *emically pure2 & to ?is end he treat$ !m ) excess ( blea*+ ag5ts1 ?us r5d]+ !m ( a beautiful :ite1 silky appe>ance1 to ! nak$ eye2 b :5 ,i exam9$ !m "u ! microscope1 ,i f\nd ! br[n nitrog5\s matt] ( ! jo9ts /ill pres5t1 & on us+ ! *romic acid te/1 !y became deeply /a9$4 ,a *emical solution ( flax !re=e w\ld prove = "s purposes undesirable1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ?is ligne\s matt]4 ,a *emical solution ( cotton :i* is de/itute ( ligne\s matt] w give a *emically pure solution4 ,cotton is !re=e bett] adapt$ ?an flax = collodion comp\nds4 ,,wool ,,te/$ ,,) ,,acid4 ,x is kn[n t :5 wool is treat$ ) ! sulphuric acid ( comm]ce or 9 /rong dilute sulphuric acid1 ! surface scales ( ! fib] are lib]at$ at "o end1 & appe>1 "u a l[ p[]1 z hairs proce$+ f ! body ( ! fib]s4 ,wool may rema9 ?us saturat$ 9 ! acid = sev]al h\rs1 )\t appe>+ to und]go any fur!r *ange1 z f> z is reveal$ by ! microscope4 ,:5 treat$ 9 mass 9 a ba? ( sulphuric acid1 /r5g? #fj ,b41 = sev]al m9utes1 & aft]w>d quickly wa%$ 9 a weak solution ( soda1 & f9ally 9 pure wat] & dri$1 x feels r\gh to ! f+]s1 ow+ to ! sep>ation ( ! scales4 ,i h pres]v$ a small quantity ( wool ?us treat$ = ! la/ twelve ye>s1 my object be+ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! *emical action to :i* x 0 expos$ w\ld impair its /r5g?4 ,z f> z ,i c obs]ve1 )\t ! aid ( ! prop] te/s1 x seems to h reta9$ its orig9al t5acity4 ,wool ?us treat$ seems to possess ! prop]ty ( resi/+ ! ravages ( ! l>v ( ! mo?4 ,?is specim51 al?\gh op5ly expos$ = ! p]iod nam$1 suff]$ no injury f !m4 ,"u ! microscope1 ! lubrications appe> to h resum$ _! natural position1 & appe> f9]4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x w\ld seem n improbable t a new article ( comm]ce might be produc$ f wool ?us treat$1 consid]+ t x seems to be mo?-pro(4 ,i f9d 9 practice t :5 sable bru%es are wa%$ 9 a weak solution ( pure ph5ic alcohol & aft]w>d 9 w>m wat]1 ! mo? worm w n eat !m4 ,9 ?is way ,i pres]ve sable bru%es4 ,i m5tion ?is *emical fact because x %[s t a *ange ( ?is mat]ial is br\ght ab\t by ! ph5ol z to its edibility1 & ?is may expla9 :y wool treat$ ) sulphuric acid is r5d]$ mo?-pro(4 ,i f9d t :5 bra9 matt] has be5 subject$ to a solution ( weak ph5ic alcohol1 weak alkal9e solutions aft]w>d appli$ fail to sep>ate its n]ve-cells on ! process ( mac]ation4 7,?is is probably ow+ to its album9oids be+ coagulat$ by ! action ( ! ph5ol47 ,:5 bra9 matt] is subject$ to a weak solution ( soda alone1 ! n]ve-cells are easily sep>at$ by mac]ation1 & well adapt$ = microscopic use4 ,,te/s ,,( ,,dy$ ,,black ,,silk4 ,! fib]s ( dy$ black silk may be view$ ) int]e/ "u ! microscope4 ,if a few ?reads ( its w>p are plac$ on a glass slide1 & "o or two drops ( conc5trat$ nitric acid plac$ 9 contact ) !m1 ! black color *anges fir/ to gre51 !n to blue2 a life-l motion is obs]v$ 9 all ! fib]s2 !y appe> m>k$ crosswise l ! r+s ( an e>?worm2 ! surface ( ea* fib] appe>s load$ ) p>ticles ( dye/uff2 f9ally ! fib]s :olly dissolve 9 ! acid4 ,if we n[ treat a few ?reads ( ! weft 9 ! same mann]1 a simil> *ange ( color takes place4 ,:5 ! fib]s assume ! blue color1 a d>k l9e is obs]v$ 9 ! c5t] ( ea*1 runn+ longitud9ally ! :ole l5g?2 ?is d>k l9e is d\btless ! divid+ l9e ( ! two orig9al normal ?reads =m$ directly by ! two sp9n]ets2 ! d>k air l9e or %ad[ f9ally breaks up1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes ! silk is :olly dissolv$4 ,7 ramie1 cotton1 flax1 or hemp pres5t1 !y w\ld be obs]v$1 z all _! fib]s rema9 un*ang$ "u ?is treatm5t4 ,if wool be pres5t1 rapid decomposition w foll[1 giv+ (f copi\s fumes ( nitr\s acid1 all[+1 h[ev]1 suffici5t "t to obs]ve ! sep>ation ( ! scales ( ! fib]s & to demon/rate by obs]vation "u ! microscope t ! fib]s are ^? ( wool4 ,9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts x is n necess>y to use a glass disk ov] ! treat$ fib]s4 ,if a disk or cov] is press$ on !m :ile und]go+ ?is treatm5t1 ! life-l motion ( ! silk w n be s app>5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,pyromet]4 ,mr4 ,john ,frew1 ,langloan ,iron ,works1 ,coatbridge1 has be5 successful 9 p]fect+ a mo/ +5i\s pyromet]1 an in/rum5t :i* is capable ( cont9u\sly indicat+ e v>iation ( temp]ature ) a rem>kable degree ( correctness4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :i* we "h illu/rate1 has already become kn[n to a numb] ( proprietors & manag]s ( bla/ furnaces2 & on ! occasion ( ! memb]s ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute visit+ ,coatbridge1 9 connection ) ! meet+ ( t body :i* 0 held 9 ,glasg[ la/ autumn1 _m p]sons became int]e/$ 9 its con/ruction & 9 ! practical det]m9ation ( bla/ temp]atures by its read+s4 ,fur!rmore1 ,sir ,william ,?omson has express$ himself z be+ highly delight$ ) x on acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* its use illu/rates v>i\s beautiful sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! lead+ pr9ciple on :i* ! con/ruction ( ?is pyromet] has be5 bas$ is ! well-kn[n law ( ! expansion ( gases4 ,ref]r+ to our engrav+1 x w be se5 t at ,a is a pipe ?r\gh :i* air f ! cold bla/ ma9 is admitt$ into ano!r & l>g] pipe1 ,b1 :i* rea*es ne>ly to ! bottom ( a wat] ci/]n1 ,c4 ,by means ( ! inlet & outlet pipes1 ,d & ,e1 ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n is ma9ta9$ at a uni=m level4 ,9 ?is way !re is provid$ a head ( wat] :i* reta9s )9 ! pipe1 ,b1 a con/ant pressure ( air1 equival5t to ! head ( wat] betwe5 ! op5 end ( t pipe & ! ov]fl[ at ,e4 ,any excess ( pressure is prev5t$ by means ( ! op5-end$ pipe1 :i* p]mits ! air to escape by ! c5tral tube4 ,?is latt] prev5ts ! agitation caus$ by ! upw>d ru%+ air f di/urb+ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n2 & 9 ord] fur!r to assi/ ?is1 ! c5tral tube is fill$ loosely 9 its upp] "p ) lead bullets or o!r suitable mat]ials support$ on a p]=at$ plate4 ,! wat] level 9 ! ci/]n is indicat$ by means ( a glass gauge1 :i* is repres5t$ at ,g4 ,to ! upp] end ( ! pipe1 ,b1 ano!r pipe1 ,h1 is atta*$4 ,?is is requir$ = convey+ ! cold air to ! pyromet] prop]1 = ! piece ( app>atus above describ$ is simply an arrangem5t = secur+ a fl[ or curr5t ( air at con/ant pressure4 ,at any po9t :]e x is desir$ to fix a pyromet]1 a connection is made ) ! pipe la/ spok5 (1 by means ( a small pipe su* z is indicat$ at ,j1 into :i* is fix$ a plat9um or o!r metallic nozzle ( small bore1 z %[n at ,k4 ,to ?is same pipe !re is atta*$ a solid-drawn copp] spiral heat] or worm1 ,l1 :i* is fix$ into ! place or ! mat]ial ! temp]ature ( :i* x is desir$ to indicate4 ,into ! outlet ( ?is worm ano!r simil> b l>g] nozzle1 ,m1 is fix$4 ,at ,n is %[n a small pipe :i* is connect$ ) ! pipe1 ,j1 at any conv5i5t po9t betwe5 ! inlet nozzle1 ,k1 & ! spiral heat]1 ,l4 ,! o!r end ( ?is pipe passes ?r\gh ! ,india rubb] /opp] ( a small ci/]n or bottle1 ,o1 :i*1 :5 9 use1 is ab\t two-?irds fill$ ) a color$ liquid4 ,x w be se5 t ! tube1 ,n1 only passes ?r\gh ! /opp]1 s t x may convey pressure to ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,at ,p is a glass tube :i* also passes ?r\gh ! /opp] & !n to ! bottom ( ! color$ liquid2 & z its upp] end is op51 any v>iation ( pressure 9 ! spiral heat] is directly transmitt$ to ! indicat+ column ( color$ liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frew',s ,,pyromet]4 ,! op]ation ( ! in/rum5t is z foll[s3 ,z ! cold bla/ us$ 9 ! app>atus w\ld be useless = ! work+ ( ! pyromet] if tak5 direct f ! cold bla/ ma91 ow+ to its irregul>ity ( pressure1 ! regulator t has be5 describ$ is employ$1 & by its means an absolutely /eady fl[ ( cold bla/ air at an unv>y+ pressure is secur$4 ,! diamet]s ( ! inlet & outlet nozzles are s nicely adju/$ t1 s long z bo? are at ! same temp]ature1 ! outlet nozzle1 :i* is op5 to ! atmosph]e1 w pass all ! air t ! inlet nozzle c deliv] )\t di/urb+ ! pressure 9 ! ci/]n1 ,o2 b if heat be appli$ to ! circulat+ air ?r\gh ! walls ( ! spiral heat]1 ! air exp&s 9 volume1 & is unable to pass ?r\gh ! outlet nozzle 9 its heat$ condition z rapidly z x is deliv]$ cold by ! inlet nozzle4 ,! consequ5ce is t an increase ( pressure takes place 9 ! app>atus betwe5 ! two nozzles1 & x is ?is pressure t indicates ! am\nt ( heat t ! air has tak5 up f ! hot bla/ pipe1 9 :i* ! spiral heat] is fix$4 ,!n1 aga91 z ?is pressure is directly transmitt$ to ! indicat+ liquid 9 ! ci/]n & ! v]tical tube imm]s$ 9 x1 a rise takes place 9 ! column :i* is 9 exact proportion to ! expansion ( ! curr5t ( bla/ pass+ ?r\gh ! spiral heat]4 ,! me?od ( graduat+ ! indicator scales ( ! ,frew pyromet] is wor?y ( special notice4 ,:5 ! app>atus is fitt$ up1 & be=e x is p]man5tly fix$ 9 position1 ! spiral heat] is plac$ 9 cold wat] ( kn[n temp]ature1 & ! po9t not$ at :i* ! color$ liquid /&s 9 ! indicator tube4 ,! wat] is !n boil$1 & ! rise 9 ! liquid 9 ! tube is aga9 not$4 ,suppose1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! cold wat] temp]ature to be #fb deg4 ,fahr41 & t1 f ?is po9t up to #bab deg4 ,fahr41 ! liquid to h ris5 #b 94 9 ! tube2 ?is is equal to #a 94 p] #ajj deg4 ,fahr41 & f ^! data a scale is con/ruct$1 ! correctness ( :i* is easily v]ifi$ by transf]r+ ! spiral heat] into an air ba? or oil ( high boil+ po9t1 & !n comp>+ ! read+s ( ! pyromet] scale ) ^? ( a m]curial !rmomet] plac$ alongside ( ! spiral heat]4 ,by ?is means x c be cle>ly demon/rat$ t1 up to ! highe/ po9t to :i* x is safe to use a m]curial !rmomet]1 ! read+s ( ! pyromet] scale & t ( ! !rmomet] are id5tical4 ,:ile ?is pyromet] is p>ticul>ly valuable = indicat+ ! temp]ature ( hot bla/ /oves ( e description1 !re are d\btless _m uses t w sugge/ !mselves to p]sons engag$ 9 v>i\s indu/rial arts & manufactures4 ,! app>atus is neat & sub/antial 9 its p>ts1 :ile x occupies v little space1 is n at all liable to d]angem5t1 & is entirely automatic 9 its action4 ,a numb] ( ! in/rum5ts h be5 9 cont9u\s use at ! ,langloan ,iron ,works1 ) ! mo/ satisfactory results1 = ab\t eight mon?s4 ,! temp]atures !y are graduat$ = v>y accord+ to ! furnaces ) :i* !y are connect$ & ! k9d ( "w to :i* ^! are appli$4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ex*ange gives ! foll[+ v simple way ( avoid+ ! disagreeable smoke & gas :i* always p\rs into ! room :5 a fire is lit 9 a /ove1 heat]1 or fireplace on a damp day3 ,put 9 ! wood & coal z usual2 b be=e light+ !m1 ignite a h&ful ( pap] or %av+s plac$ on top ( ! coal4 ,?is produces a curr5t ( hot air 9 ! *imney1 :i* draws up ! smoke & gas at once4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,photographis*e ,,correspond5z4 ,,or?o*romatic ,,plates4 ,by ,,* ,,scolik4 ,s9ce ! emulsion process has tak5 root1 no improvem5t has awak5$ su* a lively1 /eadily increas+ int]e/ z photography ( color$ objects 9 _! correct tone proportions2 a process :i* makes x possible to reproduce ! w>m] color-tones1 p>ticul>ly yell[1 orange-r$1 & yell[-gre51 9 _! correct light value z !y appe> to ! eye4 ,9 pr(essional circles1 z also among ! public1 ! value ( ?is inv5tion _c possibly be und]e/imat$2 an inv5tion ) :i* a new epo* 9 photography may beg91 & by :i* ! h&some/ results1 p>ticul>ly 9 reproductions ( oil pa9t+s1 c be atta9$4 ,b 9 portraiture1 z well z 9 l&scape photography1 rec\rse mu/ also be _h to or?o*romatic plates to obta9 effective pictures1 p>ticul>ly z plates c n[ be produc$ 9 :i* ! relative s5sitiv5ess closely resembles t ( ! ord9>y emulsion plate4 ,al?\gh a good deal has be5 writt5 ab\t ?is subject1 none ( ^! sometimes excell5t treatises conta9s a complete & g5]ally compreh5sive =mula = ! production ( color-s5sitive plates1 & ?is circum/ance causes me to publi% my own exp]i5ces4 ,! foll[+ color+ matt]s are p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ 9 ! sev]al publications z pref]able3 ,eos9e yell[ & eos9e blue %ade1 iod9e cyan91 ery?ros9e1 me?yl violet1 anil9e violet1 iod9e gre51 azale91 ,h(fmann's violet1 acid gre51 me?yl gre51 rose b5gal1 pyros9e1 *lorophyl1 saffros9e1 corall9e1 saffran9e1 etc4 ,p>ticul>ly important is ! correct conc5tration4 ,! mo/ excell5t color matt]s make ! plates (t5times q useless by an incorrect proportion ( conc5tration4 ,if ?is %\ld be too /rong1 ! total s5sitiv5ess w s9k 7decrease72 b :5 too weak1 ! color s5sitiv5ess is mu* r$uc$4 ,?is fault1 p>ticul>ly1 _c be correct$ dur+ wa%+1 b ,i h m5tion$1 at ! end1 h[ su* ov]color$ emulsion c be made ( use be=e wett+ 7fl[+74 ,by ! addition ( "s color+ matt] to ! emulsion1 ! light s5sitiv5ess ( ! film t[>d "s individual color$ rays is increas$1 b ! s5sitiv5ess = ! /rong] refractive rays is1 z a rule1 g5]ally r$uc$4 ,! result is a loss ( ! total s5sitiv5ess = :ite light4 ,color-s5sitive plates are !re=e less s5sitive to light ?an ord9>y plates ( ! same orig94 ,! action ( ! color+ matt] dep5ds also v ess5tially ^u ! emulsion4 ,if ! emulsion conta9s iodide ( silv]1 x has a great] s5sitiv5ess = light blue & blue-gre5 light4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! iodide comb9ation mu/ n am\nt to m ?an "o or two p] c5t41 a small quantity ( iod9e act+ mu* bett] ^u ! total s5sitiv5ess ( ! plates ?an c be obta9$ by pure bromide ( silv] emulsion4 ,me?yl violet1 rose b5gal1 & azale9 act p]ceptibly 9 #a_/ajjjj p] c5t4 ^u yell[ s5sitiv5ess4 ,eos9e & its v>ieties1 eos9e yell[ %ade1 or eos9e ,j1 pyros9e ,j1 ery?ros9e yell[i%1 may all be not$ z v good s5sitiz]s = gre51 yell[-gre51 & ev5tually = yell[4 ,! blui% %ades ( eos9e colors1 on ! contr>y1 h an absorption b& fur!r 9 ! yell[4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! blue %ade eos9e 7eos9e ,b7 & ! mo/ blui% ( all eos9es1 ! b5gal rosa4 ,( bo? eos9es1 yell[ %ade & blue %ade1 ! latt] gives a little m int5sity4 ,al?\gh ! eos9e p]mits a l>ge limit 9 ! quantity1 x w r$uce ! s5sitiv5ess greatly 9 l>g] quantity4 ,if eos9e solution is mix$ ) bromide ( silv] emulsion1 :i* is entirely free f nitrate ( silv]1 no eos9e silv] c =m2 x acts1 !re=e1 only z an optical s5sitiz]4 ,( ! sev]al k9ds ( cyan91 *lorosulphate1 nitrate1 & iodide1 ! latt] acts be/1 z /at$ by ,ed]4 ,s*umann has already said t "o drop ( cyan9 solution1 #a to #b1ejj to #f c4 c4 emulsion1 already act$ z s5sitiz+ 9 orange2 five to t5 drops cyan94 #a to #a1ejj to #ae c4 c4 emulsion1 ev5 gave r$ action4 ,!re are two ways to color ! gelat9e film ) a suitable color+ matt]3 by mix+ ! latt] directly be=e filt]+ into ! ready made emulsion1 to produce at once color$ plates2 or to ba! dry emulsion plates = "o to five m9utes 9 a solution conta9+ ! s5sitiz+ color+ matt]4 ,! plates h previ\sly to be soak$ = a few m9utes1 :]eupon !y are ba!d 9 an aque\s alcoholic solution 7) eos9e yell[ %ade & eos9e blue %ade1 9 a solution ( #a to #c1jjj2 b ) cyan9 9 a dilut$ solution ( #a to #e1jjj74 ,a mixture ( #a_/aj cyan9 & #i_/aj eos9e yell[ %ade 7( above conc5tration7 acts z a v favorable s5sitiz]4 ,lohse recomm5d$ ba?+ ( ! gelat9e plates 9 a solution ( #j4jc eos9e & #aj c4 c4 ammonia 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,he f\nd t v dilut$ eos9e solutions1 #a to #bj1jjj1 act$ z a yell[ s5sitiz]4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! plates h to be r9s$ & dri$--color$ plates1 z long z !y rema9 moi/1 be+ less s5sitive ?an dry ones1 & v seldom ! rev]se4 ,?is ba?+ ( ! ready made plates may give good results1 b pure & faultless plates are v seldom obta9$1 :]e=e ! fir/ m5tion$ mann] 7direct addition ( color to ! emulsion7 is to be pref]r$4 ,aft] ! exp]im5ts made by me1 eos9e mixtures act$ equally 9 ! yell[ & blue %ade2 likewise mixtures ( cyan9 #a_/aj & eos9e yell[ %ade #i_/aj 7 ! mo/ favorable4 ,! process ) eos9e und]w5t fir/ ( all a ?or\gh te/1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! results4 ,! color1 solution ,i made z foll[s3 ,i4 #j4e grm4 eos9e yell[ %ade 9 #gej c4c4 alcohol 7#ie p] c5t47 is dissolv$ "u good %ak+4 ,,ii4 #j4e grm4 eos9e blue %ade is also dissolv$ 9 #gej c4c4 alcohol4 7,! emulsion prep>ation ,i d n repeat1 suppos+ t ev]ybody is conv]sant ) ! same47 ,to an emulsion aft] ,monckhov5's me?od1 ,i add1 be=e filt]+1 above eos9e solutions to #a1jjj c4c4 emulsion1 #ae c4c4 ea* ( yell[ %ade & #ae c4c4 ( blue %ade eos9e2 mix ) a glass /irr+-rod1 filt]1 & beg9 ! fl[+ ( ! plates4 ,on ! contr>y1 to an emulsion made aft] ,h5d]son's me?od1 d\ble ! quantity ( color+ matt] c be add$ be=e fl[+1 )\t r$uc+ ! s5sitiv5ess p]ceptibly4 ,cyan9 & eos9e mixtures ,i give 9 ! foll[+ proportions2 ,,iii4 #j4e grm4 cyan9 7iodo-cyan97 dissolv$ 9 #a1jjj c4c4 alcohol "u good %ak+4 7,all color+ matt] solutions h to be filt]$47 ,to #a1jjj c4c4 ,monckhov5 emulsion ,i give3 #be c4c4 eos9e solution1 yell[ %ade 7,i474 #e c4c4 cyan9e solution 7,,iii474 ,) ,h5d]son emulsion ,i increase to d\ble ! quantity4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts taught me t ev5 if #fj to #hj c4c41 & m1 ( ^! color+ matt] solutions 7 add$1 & ! emulsion 0 left to coagulate & !n laid 9 alcohol = sev]al days1 aft] :i* x 0 wa%$ well1 s t h>dly any coloration c\ld be obs]v$1 x %[$1 :5 mak+ a copy ( an oil pa9t+1 t ! color s5sitiv5ess ( ! emulsion 0 n r$uc$1 & t x _h r increas$ 9 relative s5sitiv5ess4 ,anyh[1 ,i put e color$ emulsion = eight days 9 alcohol1 hav+ exp]i5c$ t h]eby1 aft] wa%+1 j a suffici5t quantity ( ! color+ matt] w rema9 z is necess>y = ! color s5sitiv5ess4 ,= ! correctness ( :at ,i h said "h1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t made by me w speak3 ,i mix$ ) an emulsion a quantity ( color+ matt] five times increas$1 fl[$ a plate ) same1 :i* ,i !n expos$1 b obta9$ no picture :atev]4 ,! same emulsion ,i plac$ = f\rte5 days 9 alcohol1 wa%$ x well1 & fl[$ a plate aga91 :i* latt] _h n only ! full color s5sitiv5ess1 b almo/ equal$ an ord9>y emulsion plate 9 total s5sitiv5ess4 ,f ?is c be conclud$ t--z above said--by plac+ ! emulsion 9 alcohol1 all sup]flu\s color+ matt] is remov$ f ! same1 & t only ! quantity necess>y = ! color s5sitiv5ess rema9s !re94 ,fur!r1 x may be m5tion$ t x might be ( advantage to add to all emulsions eos9e besides iodide ( silv]1 because ?is w give to ! emulsion cle>ness & brilliancy besides color s5sitiv5ess1 & produce f9e lights4 ,f9ally1 ,i express ! hope t ^! communications may be useful to ! practical photograph]1 & x is my int5tion to report also ab\t o!r color+ matt]s at "s future "t4--,h4,d41 9 ,an?ony's ,bullet94 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,photographic ,,app>atus4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a box conta9+ a cam]a1 ,a1 & a frame1 ,c1 conta9+ ! desir$ numb] ( plates1 ea* held 9 a small frame ( black ,bri/ol bo>d4 ,! cam]a conta9s a mirror1 ,m1 :i* pivots ^u an axis & is maneuv]$ by ! extreme bottom1 ,b4 ,?is mirror /ops at an angle ( #de1 & s5ds ! image com+ f ! objective to ! horizontal plate1 ,d1 at ! upp] "p ( ! cam]a4 ,! image ?us reflect$ is right$ ^u ?is plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,photographic ,,app>atus4 ,z ! objective is ( %ort focus1 e object situat$ beyond a di/ance ( ?ree y>ds f ! app>atus is 9 focus4 ,9 exceptional cases1 :]e ! op]ator might be ne>] ! object to be photograph$1 ! focus+ w\ld be done by means ( ! rack ( ! objective4 ,! latt] c also slide up & d[n1 s t ! app>atus ne$ n be incl9$ :5 build+s or high trees are be+ photograph$4 ,! door1 ,e1 p]=ms ! role ( a %ade4 ,:5 ! app>atus has be5 fix$ ^u its tripod & prop]ly direct$1 all ! op]ator has to d is to close ! door1 ,p1 & raise ! mirror1 ,m1 by turn+ ! button1 ,b1 & !n expose ! plate4 ,! s5sitiz$ plates are introduc$ into ! app>atus ?r\gh ! door1 ,i1 & are always br\ght automatically to ! focus ( ! objective ?r\gh ! pressure ( ! spr+s1 ,r4 ,! %utt] ( ! frame1 ,b1 op5s ?r\gh a hook1 ,h1 ) 9 ! pocket1 ,n4 ,aft] exposure1 ea* plate is lift$ by means ( ! extractor1 ,k1 into ! pocket1 :5ce x is tak5 by h& & introduc$ ?r\gh a slit1 ,s1 beh9d ! spr+s1 ,r1 & ! o!r plates t ! frame conta9s4 ,all ^! op]ations are p]=m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! pocket1 ,n1 ?r\gh ! imp]meable1 triple fabric ( :i* no light c ent]4 ,an automatic m>k] %[s ! numb] ( plates expos$4 ,:5 ! op]ations are f9i%$1 ! objective is put back 9 ! int]ior ( ! cam]a1 ! doors1 ,p & ,e1 are clos$1 & ! pocket is roll$ up4 ,! app>atus is ?us h]metically clos$1 &1 conta9+ all ! accessories1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ practical ( sy/ems = ! it9]ant photograph]4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,meteorites4 ,9 our ,,supplem5t ,no4 #ebi we gave an ab/ract ( ,pr(4 ,dew>s rec5t s]ies ( lectures on ! above subject at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,we n[ pres5t an ab/ract ( ! la/ & conclud+ lecture4 ,,! ,,dhurmsala4 ,,meteorite4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( 8 la/ lecture1 ,pr(4 ,dew> di/ribut$ among ! y\ng] li/5]s small pieces ( a portion ( ! ,dhurmsala meteorite1 :i* _h be5 brok5 up = pres5tation to !m by ,mr4 ,j4,r4 ,gregory1 ^: collection ( r>e m9]als 0 rec5tly to "s ext5t describ$ 9 ^! pages4 ,! lectur] /at$ t ,sir ,f4 ,abel _h giv5 him a l>ge piece ( a l>ge meteorite1 because he ?\ght t ! speak]'s piece ought to be bigg] ?an !irs4 ,pr(essor ,dew> also pres5t$ ! li/5]s ) a pr9t$ detail$ acc\nt ( ! fall ( ! ,dhurmsala meteorite1 includ+ ! report ( ! occurr5ce s5t to ! ,punjaub ,gov]nm5t1 & dat$ ,july #bh1 #ahfj4 ,! foll[+ are ! ma9 facts3 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,saturday1 ! #ad? ( ,july1 #ahfj1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( #b & #b3cj ,p4,m41 ! /ation ( ,dhurmsala 0 />tl$ by a t]rific bur/+ noise1 :i* 0 suppos$ at fir/ to proce$ f a succession ( l\d bla/+s or f ! explosion ( a m9e 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /ation2 o!rs1 imag9+ x to be an e>?quake or v l>ge l&slip1 ru%$ f _! h\ses 9 ! firm belief t !y mu/ fall ^u !m4 ,x soon became app>5t t ?is 0 n ! case4 ,! fir/ report1 :i* 0 f> l\d] 9 its dis*>ge ?an any volley ( artill]y1 0 quickly foll[$ by ano!r & ano!r1 to ! numb] ( f\rte5 or sixte54 ,mo/ ( ! latt] reports grew gradually less & less l\d4 ,^! 7 probably b ! rev]b]ations ( ! =m]1 n among ! hills1 b among ! cl\ds1 j z is ! case ) ?und]4 ,x 0 difficult to say :i* 7 ! reports & :i* ! e*oes4 ,!re c\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 few] ?an f\r or five actual reports4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! s\nd la/$ ! gr\nd trembl$ & %ook convulsively4 ,f ! diff]5t acc\nts ( ?ree eyewitnesses !re appe>s to h be5 obs]v$ a flame ( fire1 describ$ z ab\t #b ft4 9 dep? & #i ft4 9 l5g?1 d>t+ 9 an oblique direction above ! /ation aft] ! fir/ explosion _h tak5 place4 ,! /ones z !y fell buri$ !mselves f #a ft4 to #a ft4 9 ! gr\nd1 s5d+ up a cl\d ( du/ 9 all directions4 ,mo/ provid5tially1 no loss ( life or prop]ty has occurr$4 ,"s coolies1 pass+ by :]e "o fell1 ran to ! spot to pick up ! pieces2 be=e !y _h held !m 9 _! h&s half a m9ute !y _h to drop !m1 ow+ to ! int5sity ( ! cold1 :i* b5umb$ _! f+]s4 ,?is1 consid]+ ! fact t !y 7 app>5tly b a mom5t be=e 9 a /ate ( ignition1 is v rem>kable4 ,ea* /one t fell bore unmi/akable m>ks ( p>tial fusion4 ,sev]al meteors 7 se5 at ,dhurmsala on ! ev5+ ( ! same day4 ,dr4 ,c4,t4 ,jackson analyz$ a portion ( "o meteorite weigh+ #d oz42 ! piece 0 #b 94 long1 #a 94 wide1 & #a 94 9 av]age ?ickness4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 report he /at$3 ,its specific gravity is #c4def at #fh deg4 ,fahr41 b>om4 #bi4i4 ,its /ructure is imp]fectly granul>1 b n cry/alliz$1 & !re are small black specks ( ! size ( a p9's head1 & small]1 ( malleable meteoric iron1 :i* are readily remov$ f ! cru%$ /one by ! magnet4 ,! color ( ! mass is a% gray4 ,a portion ( ! surface is black & is sc>ifi$ by fusion4 ,its h>dness is n sup]ior to t ( oliv9e or massive *rysolite4 ,*emical analysis %[s t its composition is t ( a f]rug9\s oliv9e4 ,"o gramme ( ! /one1 cru%$ 9 an agate mort>1 & act$ on by a magnet1 yield$ #j4dc gramme ( meteoric iron1 :i* 0 malleable4 ,aft] ! removal ( ?is a qualitative analysis 0 made ( ! residual p[d]4 ,ano!r gramme 0 also tak51 )\t pick+ out ! metallic iron1 & 0 te/$ = *lor9e & = phosphoric acid4 ,! results ( ! qualitative analysis 7 t ! /one conta9s silica1 magnesia1 a little alum9a1 oxide ( iron & nickel1 a little t91 an alloy ( iron & nickel1 phosphoric acid1 & a trace ( *lor9e4 ,^! +r$i5ts be+ det]m9$1 ! plan = a quantitative analysis 0 laid out1 & 0 duly execut$ by ! usual & approv$ me?ods ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ?is analysis1 p] c5tum3 ,silica1 ) traces ( t9 #dj4jjj ,magnesia #bf4fjj ,p]oxide ( iron #bg4gjj ,metallic iron #c4ejj ,metallic nickel #j4hjj ,alum9a #j4djj ,*lor9e #j4jdi ,phosphoric acid n weigh$ -- #ii4jdi ,messrs4 ,dew> & ,ansdell analyz$ ! gases 9 ! meteorite1 ( :i* x conta9$ ?ree times its volume2 ! gases 7 9 ! foll[+ proportions to ea* o!r3 ,c>bonic acid #fa4bi ,c>bonic oxide #g4eb ,hydrog5 #cj4if ,nitrog5 #j4bc #ajj4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,telescopic ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,trans-,,neptunian ,,planet4 ,footnote3 ,by ,david ,p4 ,todd1 ,m4,a41 f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! tw5tie? volume ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 at page #bbe1 ,i gave a prelim9>y acc\nt ( my se>*1 !oretic & practical1 = ! trans-,neptunian planet4 ,i say ! trans-,neptunian planet1 because ,i reg>d ! evid5ce ( its exi/5ce z well-f\nd$1 & fur!r because1 s9ce ! "t :5 ,i 0 engag$ ^u ?is se>*1 no?+ has 9 ! lea/ weak5$ my entire conviction z to its exi/5ce 9 ab\t t "p ( ! sky assign$2 :ile1 z is well kn[n1 ! indep5d5t rese>*es 9 comet>y p]turbations by ,pr(4 ,=bes conduct$ him to a result id5tical ) my own--a co9cid5ce n to be lightly set aside z pure accid5t4 ,t five ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ?is co9cid5ce 0 rem>k$1 & ! planet is /ill unf\nd1 is n suffici5t assurance to me t its exi/5ce is m]ely fanciful4 ,9 s f> z ,i am in=m$1 ?is spot ( ! sky has receiv$ v little scrut9y ) telescopes compet5t to su* a se>*2 & mo/ obs]v]s f9d+ no?+ w\ld1 ,i suspect1 pref] n to ann\nce _! ineffective se>*4 ,! "t has n[ come :5 ?is se>* c be pr(itably und]tak5 by any obs]v] hav+ ! r>e comb9ation ( "t1 en?usiasm1 & ! necess>y appliances4 ,/rongly m>k$ developm5ts 9 a/ronomical photography h be5 effect$ s9ce ?is optical se>* 0 conduct$2 & ! capacity ( ! mod]n dry-plate = ! regi/ry ( ! light ( v fa9t />s makes ! application ( ?is me?od ! %orte/ & sure/ way ( detect+ any su* object4 ,nor is ?is purely an op9ion ( my own4 ,b ! requir$ app>atus w\ld be co/ly2 & ! in/rum5t1 toge!r ) ! s]vices ( an a/ronom] & a photograph]1 w\ld1 = ! "t be+1 be necess>ily devot$ exclusively to ! "w4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! photographic se>* might h to be end$ ) a negative result1 9 s f> z ! trans-,neptunian planet is conc]n$1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! s]ies ( photographic maps ( ! region explor$1 & ^! w\ld be ( incalculable s]vice 9 ! a/ronomy ( ! future4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! pap] allud$ to above1 ,i /at$ ! speculative basis ^u :i* ,i re/rict$ ! /ell> region to be exam9$2 also ! fact t betwe5 ,novemb] ( #ahgg & ,m>* ( #ahgh ,i 0 engag$ 9 a telescopic scrut9y ( ?is region1 employ+ ! tw5ty-six in* refractor ( ! ,naval ,obs]vatory4 ,= ! purposes contemplat$ ,i _h no hesitation 9 adopt+ ! me?od ( se>* :]eby ,i expect$ to detect ! planet by ! contra/ ( its disk & light ) ! appe>ance ( an av]age /> ( ab\t ! ?irte5? magnitude4 ,a p[] ( #fjj diamet]s 0 (t5 employ$1 b ! field ( view ( ?is eye-piece 0 s re/rict$ t a p[] ( #djj diamet]s _h to be us$ mo/ ( ! "t4 ,i say1 too1 t1 aft] ! fir/ few nights1 ,i 0 surpris$ at ! read9ess ) :i* my eye detect$ any v>iation f ! av]age appe>ance ( a /> ( a giv5 fa9t magnitude2 z a consequ5ce :]e( my obs]v+ book conta9s a l>ge /ock ( memor&a ( suspect$ objects4 ,my g5]al plan ) ^! 0 to obs]ve ) a suffici5t degree ( accuracy ! position ( all suspect$ objects4 ,on ! succe$+ night ( obs]vation !y 7 re-obs]v$2 &1 at an int]val ( sev]al weeks !reaft]1 ! obs]vation 0 aga9 v]ifi$4 ,subjo9$ to ! orig9al obs]vations are pr9t$ ^! v]ifications 9 heavy-fac$ type4 ,9 conduct+ ! se>*1 ! plans 7 sev]al times v>i$ 9 slight detail1 g5]ally because exp]i5ce ) ! "w enabl$ me to make improvem5ts 9 me?od4 ,usually1 ,i prep>$ e few days a new zone *>t ( ! region ov] :i* ,i 0 ab\t to se>*2 & ^! *>ts :ile conta9+ memor&a ( all ! in/rum5tal data :i* c\ld be prep>$ be=eh&1 7 likewise s adju/$ ) ref]5ce to ! opposition-"t ( ! planet z to avoid1 if possible1 its /ation>y po9t4 ,! same ?+1 too1 0 kept 9 m9d 9 select+ ! times ( subsequ5t obs]vation4 ,not)/&+ ?is precaution1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be well if "s obs]v] :o has a l>ge telescope %\ld n[ re-exam9e ! positions ( ^! objects4 ,rese>*es 9 fa9t nebul & nebul\s />s appe>+ likely to con/itute a sep>ate & int]e/+ bran* ( ! a/ronomy ( ! future1 x has seem$ to me t ! a/ronom]s engag$ 9 ?is "w may l to make a c>eful exam9ation ( "s ( ! />s ent]$ 9 my obs]v+ book "u ! category ( suspect$ objects4 ,! me?od ,i adopt$ ( insur+ re-obs]vation ( ^! objects 0 by ! det]m9ation1 n ( _! absolute1 b only ( _! relative1 positions1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! l>g] f9d] ( ! great telescope4 ,?is has an ap]ture ( five in*es1 a p[] ( ?irty diamet]s1 & a field ( view ( sev5ty-eight m9utes ( arc4 ,two diagrams 7 usually drawn 9 ! book = ea* ( ^! objects1 ! "o %[+ ! relation ( adjac5t objects 9 ! great telescope1 & ! o!r ! configuration ( ! m conspicu\s objects 9 ! field ( view ( ! f9d]4 ,adjac5t to ^! f9d] diagrams are ! sett+s--to ! ne>e/ m9ute ( arc 9 decl9ation1 & ( "t 9 "r asc5sion--z read f ! l>ge f9d+-circles1 divid$ 9 black & :ite4 ,! field ( view ( ! f9d] is cross$ by two pairs ( hairl9es1 mak+ a squ>e ( ab\t twelve m9utes on a side by _! int]section at ! c5t]4 ,! diagrams 9 all cases repres5t ! objects z se5 ) an inv]t+ eye-piece4 ,z ! adju/m5t ( ! f9d] 0 occasionally v]ifi$1 z well z ! read+s ( ! l>ge circles1 !re %\ld be no tr\ble 9 id5tify+ any ( ^! objects1 not)/&+ ! fact t no e/imates ( absolute magnitude 7 record$4 ,! relative magnitudes1 :ile int5d$ to be only approximate1 are /ill %[n ) suffici5t accuracy = ! purpose ( ! rese>*1 & ! diagrams are1 9 g5]al1 fai?ful trac+s f ! orig9al memor&a4 ,mr4 ,todd transcribes ! obs]v+ book entire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,annals ,,( ,,! ,,deaf ,,& ,,dumb4 ,,notes ,,on ,,manual ,,spell+4 ,! ine/imable value ( spee*-read+ & ! practicability ( its acquisition "u favorable conditions is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce & obs]vation b ju/ice to ! deaf requires a recognition ( ! fact t spee*-read+ has its limitations4 ,c]ta9 ,engli% words1 *iefly %ort ones1 are practically alike to ! spee*-read] & ! context may fail sometimes to give a clew4 ,x is necess>y1 at times1 9 communicat+ ) ev5 exp]t spee*-read]s1 to h rec\rse to writ+ or oral spell+ to convey ! names ( p]sons1 places1 te*nical t]ms1 etc41 n 9 common use4 ,moreov]1 x is conv5i5t to h accurate & rapid means ( conv]sation "u unfavorable conditions z to light & di/ance1 or :5 f any cause ! deaf p]son's voice _c be he>d4 ,writ+ is sl[1 inconv5i5t1 & (t5 impossible4 ,writ+ ^u ! palm ( ! h& 0 propos$ by ! ,abbe ,des*amps 9 #aggh1 z utiliz+ ! s5se ( t\*1 & 0 us$ 9 d>kness by him z a sub/itute = spee*1 b x is nei!r accurate nor rapid4 ,writ+ 9 ! air#a ) ! f+] is also sl[ & unc]ta91 :ile ! action is unpleasantly conspicu\s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! brilliant b wily ,sic>d1 ^: %[ pupils 7 accu/om$ to honor+ drafts at sight 9 appropriate responses to all sorts ( que/ions1 act+ ^u ! motto1 ,mundus vult decipi1 ergo decipiatur1 s*ool$ c]ta9 pupils 9 deciph]+ writ+ 9 ! air1 & 0 ?us prep>$1 9 em]g5cies at 8 public exhibitions1 to convey intimations ( ! answ]s1 :ile suppos$ to be us+ signs 9 putt+ que/ions4 ,f+]-spell+ w\ld appe> to be a f> m conv5i5t1 easy1 rapid1 & accurate adjunct to spee* or sub/itute = x ?an writ+4 ,x is a common error to consid] ! ord9>y manual alphabets z deaf-mute alphabets & f+]-spell+ z ! sign-language ( ! deaf4 ,f+]-spell+ is to ! deaf a borr[$ art4 ,x is us$ by _m ( ! educat$ deaf & _! fri5ds z a sub/itute = ! sign-language1 & x enables !m also to supply ! defici5cies ( ! sign-language by incorporat+ words f writt5 language4 ,scagliotti1 ( ,tur91 devis$ a sy/em ( initial signs#b :i* beg9 ) lett]s ( ! manual alphabet1 & ,dr4 ,isaac ,lewis ,peet1 ( ,new ,york1 has made a simil> application ( manual lett]s to signs to sugge/ words ( our writt5 language to ! initiat$ deaf4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t practice 9 f+]-spell+ is practice 9 our language4 ,footnote #b3 ,quatrieme ,circulaire1 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 p4 #af4 ,c>ton's ,memoire1 #ahde1 p4 #gc4 ,! orig9 ( f+]-spell+ is n kn[n4 ,b>rois1 a di/+ui%$ ori5tali/1 9 8 ,dactylologie et ,langage primitif#c1 +5i\sly traces evid5ces ( f+]-spell+1 f ! ,assyrian antiquities d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury ^u monum5ts ( art4 ,footnote #c3 ,b>rois3 ,dactylologie et langage primitif1 ,p>is1 #ahej1 ,firm9 ,didot fr]es4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans 7 famili> ) manual ari?metic & f+]-num]ation1 z qua9t ,john ,bulw] %[s by num]\s citations 9 8 ,*ironomia 7#afdd74 ,! e>lie/ f+]-alphabets extant appe> to h be5 bas$ ^u f+]-signs = numb]s1 z1 = in/ance1 t giv5 by ! ,v5]able ,b$e 7#fgb-gce7 9 8 ,de ,loguela p] ,ge/um ,digitorum sive ,indigitatione1 figur$ 9 ! ,ratisbon edition ( #aecb4d ,monks & o!rs :o _h special reason to prize secret & sil5t modes ( communication1 beyond d\bt inv5t$ & us$ _m =ms ( f+] alphabets z well z sy/ems ( manual signs4#e ,! olde/ plates 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,national ,deaf ,mute ,college are f\nd 9 ! ,!saurus ,artificiosae ,memoriae ( frat] ,cosmas ,p4 ,rossellius ( ,flor5ce1 pr9t$ 9 #aegi1 :i* gives ?ree =ms ( "o-h& alphabets4 ,bonet's "w#f ( #afbj gives "o =m ( ! "o h& ,spani% manual alphabet1 :i* conta9s =ms id5tical ) c]ta9 lett]s 9 ! alphabets ( #aegi4 ,?is 0 introduc$ into ,france by ,p]eire & taught to ! ,abbe de l',epee by ,sab\reux de ,font5ay1 ! gift$ pupil ( ,p]eire4 ,! good ,abbe h[ev] cont9u$ to use a ,fr5*#g two-h& alphabet :i*1 he _h le>n$ :5 a *ild & :i* he said all s*ool-*ildr5 knew4 ,he m5tions also a ,spani% alphabet 9 "p requir+ bo? h&s1 & rem>ks t diff]5t nations h diff]5t manual alphabets4 ,! ,abbe ,des*amps1 a rival ( ,de l',epee1 made use ( a f+] alphabet 9 tea*+ ! deaf to speak1 :i* 0 n adapt$ to rapid use4 ,john ,bulw]1 9 8 ,*irologia1 or ! ,naturall ,language ( ! ,h&1 pr9t$ 9 #afdd1 figures five manual alphabets = secret communication4 ,footnote #d3 ,! libr>y ( ! ,new ,york ,in/itution conta9s a copy ( ?is v r>e edition1 be>+ ! title ,abacus atque velu/issima ,lat9orum p] digitos manusque num]&i 7qu9etiam loqu5di7 consuetudo1 etc41 ,ratisbonae1 #aecb4 ,footnote #e3 ,= an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! ge/ure spee* 9 ,anglo-,saxon mona/]ies & ( ! ,ci/]cian monks1 :o 7 "u rigid v[s ( sil5ce1 see ,f4 ,kluge3 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,zei*5spra*e4--,angelsa*sis*e indicia ,monasl]ialia1 9 ,int]national ,zeits*rift fur ,allgeme9e ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,,ii4 ,b&1 ,i4 ,halfte4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #f3 ,r$uccion de lasletras y arte p>a ens5> a habl> los mudos1 #afbj4 ,! writ] is "u obligations to ,sr4 ,santos ,m4 ,robl$o1 ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,works & ,education1 = advance %eets ( ! repr9t 9 beautiful facsimile ( ?is r>e "w ord]$ by ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahha4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ,abbe de l',epee did n ma/] ! ,spani% alphabet1 &1 atta*+ b little importance to manual spell+1 he 0 unsp>+ 9 8 criticism ( ,messieurs ! dactylologi/s1 b by ! irony ( fate ?is alphabet occupies a face ( ! p$e/al ( "o /atue to 8 memory1 & 9 ano!r /atue ! good ,abbe is repres5t$ ei!r z receiv+ ?is alphabet f ! skies or z dev\tly us+ x4 ,! fir/ alphabet :i* appe>s to h be5 devis$ expressly = use 9 tea*+ ! deaf is t ( ,george ,dalg>no1 ( ,ab]de5 7#afbf-afhg71 giv5 9 8 rem>kable philosophical treatise1 ,didascalocophus1 or ! ,deaf & ,dumb ,man's ,tutor1 ,ox=d1 #afhj4 ,a facsimile ( ?is alphabet is giv5 9 ! ,annals1 vol4 ix41 page #ai4 ,words are spell$ by t\*+ ) y\r f+] ! positions indicat$1 ei!r ^u y\r h& or ^u ! h& ( y\r int]locutor4 ,an alphabet ( ! same "*1 h[ev]1 0 n unkn[n at an e>li] date4 ,= ,bulw]1 9 #afdh1 says3 ,a pregnant example ( ! (fici\s nature ( ! ,t\* 9 supply+ ! defect or temporall incapacity ( ! o!r s5ses we h 9 "o ,ma/] ,bab+ton ( ,burntwood 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,essex1 an +5i\s g5tleman1 :o ?r\gh "s sicknesse becom+ deaf1 do? not)/&+ feele words1 & z if he _h an eye 9 8 f+]1 sees signes 9 ! d>ke2 ^: ,wife disc\rse? v p]fectly ) him by a /range way ( ,ar?rologie or ,alphabet contriv$ on ! joynts ( 8 ,f+]s2 :o tak+ him by ! h& 9 ! night1 c s disc\rse ) him v exactly2 = he feel+ ! joynts :i* %e t\*e? = lett]s1 by !m collect$ into words1 v readily conceives :at %ee w\ld sugge/ unto him4 ,by :i* examples ref]r+ to ?is case & to t ( an abbot :o became deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d1 :o und]/ood writ+ trac$ ^u 8 nak$ arm y may see h[ ready ^u any invitation ( ,art1 ! ,tact is1 to supply ! defect1 & to (ficiate = any or all ( ! o!r s5ses1 z be+ ! mo/ fai?full s5se to man1 be+ bo? ! ,f\nd]1 & ,vic> g5]all to all ! re/4#h ,footnote #h3 ,philocophus3 or1 ,,! ,,deafe & ,dumbe ,mans ,fri5d4 ,by ,i4,b4 ,john ,bulw] sirnam$ ! ,*orosoph]4 ,london1 #afdh4 ,pp4 #ajf1ajg4 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell has modifi$ ! ,dalg>no alphabet1 & has made consid]able use ( x 9 its modifi$ =m z figur$ 9 ! ,annals1 vol4 xxviii41 page #acc4 ,he e/eems x highly = c]ta9 purposes1 especially z employ+ t\* to assi/ ! sight or to release ! sight = o!r employm5t1 z 9 read+ spee* = in/ance4 ,"h a t\*-alphabet may be an effici5t aid to ! sight1 z ! t\* may fairly keep pace ) ! rapidity ( oral expression 9 delib]ate spee*4 ,an objection ( ,dr4 ,kitto to ! two-h& alphabet s widely "k by s*ool-*ildr5 & o!rs 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld seem to apply ) great] =ce to ! ,dalg>no alphabet3 ,to hit ! "r digit on all occasions is by f> ! mo/ difficult po9t to le>n 9 ! use ( ! two-h& manual alphabet1 & x is h>d to be sure :i* f+]s h be5 t\*$4#i ,footnote #i3 ,dr4 ,kitto remaks ! foll[+ common mi/akes 9 read+ rapid two-h& spell+3 ! conf\nd+ i ) e or o2 d ) p2 l ) t2 f ) x2 r ) t & ) "o =m ( j2 n ) v1 & adds3 ,^u ! :ole1 ! sy/em is v defective1 & is capable ( great improvem5t4 --,! ,lo/ ,s5ses1 p4 #ajg4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ! writ] to attempt ev5 a catalogue ( ! num]\s f+] alphabets1 common1 tactile1 phonetic1 phonomimic1 phonodactylologic1 & syllabic1 :i* h be5 propos$ = ! special use ( ! deaf4 ,! "o-h& alphabet us$ by ,ponce & figur$ by ,bonet 0 common 9 ,spani% almanacs hawk$ by ballad-mong]s ^u ! /reets ( ,madrid 9 ! days ( ,de l',epee1 & al?\gh reject$ by him1 x 0 adopt$ by 8 pupils4 ,?is ) slight modifications became ! ,fr5* manual alphabet :i* 0 introduc$ at ,h>t=d by ,dr4 ,?omas ,hopk9s ,gallaudet4 ,?is alphabet is kn[n 9 almo/ e hamlet 9 ! l&4 ,slight *anges 9 ! =m ( c]ta9 lett]s1 or 9 ! position ( ! h&1 9 ! direction ( great] p]spicuity & capacity = rapid use1 h tak5 place gradually1 ?\gh !re is no absolute uni=mity ( usage among in/ructors or pupils4 ,?is ,am]ican alphabet1 z "h pres5t$1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,graham ,bell1 has be5 drawn & engrav$ f photographs1 & repres5ts typical positions ( ! f+]s1 h& & =e-arm f a uni=m po9t ( view 9 front ( ! p]son spell+1 or z se5 9 a l>ge mirror by ! us] himself4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,see an int]e/+ pap] on figur$ manual alphabets by ,h4,h4 ,holli/]1 ,annals1 xv41 #hh-ic4 ,?is alphabet c be le>n$ 9 less ?an an h\r1 & _m h le>n$ x by extraord9>y application 9 t5 m9utes4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! arm be held 9 an easy position ne> ! body1 ) ! =e-arm z 9 ! plates4 ,ea* lett] %\ld be ma/]$ be=e leav+ x4 ,spe$ w come ) use2 x %\ld n be attempt$ nor p]mitt$ until ! =ms ( ! lett]s & ! appropriate positions ( ! h& are ?or\ghly famili>4 ,! =ms z giv5 are legible f ! di/ant p>ts ( a public hall4 ,9 colloquial use ! f+]s ne$ n be s closely held nor firmly flex$1 z repres5t$1 b sprawl+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,x is n necess>y to move ! arm1 b a slight lev]age at ! elb[ is conducive to ease & is p]missible1 provid$ ! h& deliv]s ! lett]s /eadily )9 an imag9>y immovable r+ (1 say1 t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,"o-,,h& ,,alphabet ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,use4--,,front ,,view4 ,?is adjunct to spee*-read+ is recomm5d$ = its conv5i5ce1 cle>ness1 rapidity1 & ease 9 colloquial use1 z well z = its value z an educational in/rum5t 9 impress+ words1 phrases1 & s5t5ces 9 _! spell$ =m ^u ! m9d1 9 te/+ ! compreh5sion ( *ildr51 & 9 af=d+ by easy /eps a sub/itute = ! sign-language4 ,9 ! simultane\s in/ruction ( l>ge classes n able to foll[ spee*1 f+]-spell+ may take ! place ( signs to a great ext5t 9 ! def9ition1 explanation1 & illu/ration ( s+le words & phrases1 & 9 que/ions & answ]s ^u ! lessons1 & 9 communications ( e k9d to :i* ! /ock ( language already acquir$ may be adequate4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,use ( ! ,manual ,alphabet1 by ,s4 ,port]3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,eigh? ,conv5tion ( ,am]ican ,in/ructors1 pp4 #ba-cj4 ,copies ( ! ,proce$+s :i* conta9 ?is extremely valuable pap] may be obta9$ ( ,r4 ,ma?ison1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,ont>io ,in/itution1 ,belleville1 ,ont>io4 ,all :o h any?+ to d ) ! s*ool in/ruction ( ! deaf may well be> 9 m9d ! matur$ op9ion & wise c\nsel ( ,pr(essor ,samuel ,port]1 ( ! ,national ,college1 ! ,ne/or ( ,am]ican in/ructors4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,pr(essor ,port] says3 ,9 %ort1 let ! ge/ural signs come 9 only z a la/ resort1 or1 s f> z possible1 m]ely z supplem5t>y to words1 re-en=c+ !m 9 "s in/ances1 or employ$ z a te/ ( ! pupil's k ( words1 b always1 s f> z possible1 fall+ beh9d & tak+ a subord9ate place4 ,& let ! pupils be requir$1 9 :at !y h to say to _! tea*]s 9 ! s*oolroom or else:]e1 to employ ! f+]-alphabet in/ead ( natural signs to ! utmo/ possible ext5t1 & ?is by complete s5t5ces & n 9 a fragm5t>y way4 ,,joseph ,c4 ,,gordon1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,national ,college1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c44 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fruits ,,& ,,se$s ,,= ,,dress-,,trimm+4 ,! use ( natural fl[]s = decorat+ ! p]son is in/9ctive among c]ta9 peoples1 & a "q ( fa%ion among o!rs4 ,x is 9 ,oceanica especially t ?is ta/e seems to be nationally develop$1 & f ! n>rative ( ,cook we "k t ! ,tahitian belles use 9 _! toilet ! p]fum$ fl[]s ( ! pua & ti>e 7,c>issa gr&is & ,g>d5ia ,tahit5sis71 ^: dazzl+ :it5ess r5d]s /ill m m>k$ ! ebony blackness ( _! weal? ( hair4 ,9 ,europe ?is cu/om is traditional 9 _m c\ntries4 ,wom5 ( fa%ion sc>cely ev] appe> at a soiree or ball )\t we>+ a camellia or an exotic or*id on _! brea/ or 9 _! head-dress1 & s1 too1 g5tlem5 ( high life d n g out )\t a b\tonni]e ( :ite violets or ,cape jasm9e4 ,b natural fl[]s1 be+ ephem]al1 7 once replac$ 9 ! toilets ( ladies by artificial ones4 ,! artificial fl[] indu/ry orig9at$ 9 ,*9a1 & f !nce pass$ into ,italy & aft]w>d into ,france4 ,9 c\rse ( "t p got tir$ ( artificial fl[]s = decorative purposes1 & !n imitation fruits made _! appe>ance1 & 7 worn 9 ! toilets ( d[ag]s & mo!rs ( families4 ,n[ t fa%ion1 t tyrant born ( dressmak]s1 mill9]s1 & tailors ( r5[n1 obliges u to clo! ourselves accord+ to accept$ models1 ! kaleidoscope no long] suffices to f9d ! mo/ v>i$ designs & mo/ fanta/ic cuts = g>bs or ornam5t4 ,9 rec5t ye>s pleas+ objects h be5 borr[$ f ! animal k+dom1 su* z small birds & quadrup$s1 & insects ) brilliant colors & ( /range =ms4 ,:at =m]ly w\ld h be5 a repulsive object 7su* z a great longicorn or beetle7 is worn ) ease by ! belles ( our "t4 ,! use ( su* objects ( natural hi/ory1 h[ev]1 has be5 ab\t conf9$ to ! decoration ( head-dresses or ! manufacture ( jewelry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,dress ,,trimm+s ,,( ,,fruits ,,& ,,se$s4 #a4 ,se$s ( ,casu>9a & fruit ( ald]4 #b4 ,acorn cup1 involcure ( bee*1 & pod ( m$ick4 #c4 ,fruit ( ,eucalyptus1 cups ( acorns1 ,job's te>s1 & cones ( cypress4 ,z ! ne$ ( creat+ new models is always mak+ itself felt1 "o +5i\s manufactur]1 ,mr4 ,coll91 has turn$ t[>d ! vegetable k+dom1 & br\ght out an elegant & orig9al /yle ( dress-trimm+ made ( c]ta9 indig5\s & exotic fruits & se$s t no "o w\ld ev] h ?\ght ( us+ = su* a purpose4 ,in/ead ( p5dants made ( wood & cov]$ ) silk or velvet1 ,mr4 ,coll9 uses dry fruits or se$s1 :i* he has previ\sly dy$1 gild$1 or silv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,dress ,,trimm+s ,,( ,,fruits ,,& ,,se$s4 #d & #e4 ,fruit ( ald]4 #f4 ,fruit ( ,casu>9a4 #g4 ,fruit ( ,arbutus4 #h4 ,fruit ( ,casu>9a4 ,9 ord] t ! effect may be good1 x is necess>y t ! objects be n uni=m4 ,_! surface mu/ be naturally c>v$ & holl[$1 & ! project+ p>ts mu/ deta* !mselves well f ea* o!r4 ,! numb] ( species n[ us$ is relatively l>ge1 b a selection f ^! w inevitably be made4 ,"s patt]ns w be bett] lik$ ?an o!rs1 & ladies :o are to we> ^! new trimm+s ?is w9t] w be able to make _! *oice ( !m at ! fa%ion /ores4 ,:5 su* articles z ^! make _! appe>ance1 !y (t5 spread ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,x is n[ b a few days s9ce ! great dressmak] ,wor? adopt$ !m1 & ! l95 trade already has !m 9 /ock4 ,we rec5tly saw at ,suzange's "s l95 aprons & coll>s ornam5t$ ) small gr\ps ( fruits & se$s prep>$ by ! ,coll9 process1 & :i* produc$ a mo/ pleas+ effect4 ,! idea has ev5 occurr$ to apply ^! trimm+s to furniture & uphol/]y4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ^! articles ! cones ( sev]al species ( ,casu>9a1 ! tags ( ald]1 z well z ! naturally c>v$ fruits ( c]ta9 ,eloeoc>pi ( ,india & ,au/ralia1 7 fir/ us$2 !n came ! fruits ( ! umbellif]\s plant1 ,o5an!1 ! spiral pods ( ,m$icago1 ! fruit ( ! wat]-caltrops1 ,melia & ,zizyphus1 ! cups ( ! acorn1 ! involucres ( ! bee*1 ! se$s ( ,coix lacryma1 etc4 ,! naturali/ ought to be glad to see objects t =m ! base ( 8 /udies tak+ a direction favorable to ! indu/ry ( 8 c\ntry4 ,on ano!r h&1 ^! products !mselves _c fail to ar\se ! curiosity ( ladies :o h ! in/9ct ( obs]vation4 ,&1 :o kn[s8 ,p]haps a frock or mantle trimm$ ) ^! vegetable ornam5ts may prove a m c]ta9 propag&a 9 favor ( botany ?an ! mo/ classic lessons on ?is g5tle1 sci5ce6--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dew4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh on ,dec4 #ba1 #ahhe1 by ,mr4 ,aitk51 communicat$ by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society4--,nature4 ,! fir/ po9t ref]r$ to 9 ?is pap] is ! s\rce ( ! vapor t cond5ses to =m dew4 ,a %ort hi/orical sket* is giv5 ( ! successive !ories f "t to "t advanc$ on ?is po9t1 %[+ h[ 9 e>ly times dew 0 suppos$ to desc5d f ! heav5s1 & !n aft]w>d x 0 sugge/$ t x rose f ! e>?1 :ile ,dr4 ,wells1 :o has ju/ly be5 consid]$ ! great ma/] ( ?is subject1 ?\ght x came nei!r f above nor f bel[1 b 0 cond5s$ out ( ! air ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,he combat$ ,g]/5's idea t x rose f ! e>?1 & %[$ t all ! ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,g]/5 & o!rs :i* 7 advanc$ to support ?is !ory c\ld be equally well expla9$ accord+ to ! !ory t x 0 simply =m$ f ! vapor pres5t at ! "t 9 ! air1 & :i* _h ris5 f ! gr\nd dur+ ! day1 & conclud$ t if any did rise f ! gr\nd dur+ night1 ! quantity mu/ be small1 b1 ) great caution1 he adds t he 0 n acqua9t$ ) any means ( det]m9+ ! proportion ( ?is "p to ! :ole4 ,a few obs]vations ( ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd ne> ! surface1 & ( ! air ov] x1 fir/ rais$ d\bts z to ! correctness ( ! n[ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion t dew is =m$ ( vapor exi/+ at ! "t 9 ! air4 ,^! obs]vations1 made at night1 %[$ ! gr\nd at a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface to be always hott] ?an ! air ov] x1 & x 0 ?\ght t s long z ?is excess is suffici5t to keep ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd above ! dew po9t ( ! air1 x w1 if moi/1 give (f vapor1 & x w be ?is ris+ vapor t w cond5se on ! grass & =m dew1 & n ! vapor t 0 previ\sly pres5t 9 ! air4 ,! fir/ "q to be det]m9$ 0 :e!r vapor does1 or does n1 rise f ! gr\nd on dewy nights4 ,"o me?od tri$ ( te/+ ?is po9t 0 by plac+ ov] ! grass1 9 an inv]t$ position1 %all[ trays made ( ?9 metal & pa9t$4 ,^! trays 7 put ov] ! gr\nd to be te/$ aft] sunset & exam9$ at night1 & also next morn+4 ,x 0 expect$ t1 if vapor 0 ris+ f ! gr\nd dur+ dewy nights1 x w\ld be trapp$ inside ! trays4 ,! result 9 all ! exp]im5ts 0 t ! inside 0 dew$ e night1 & ! grass inside 0 wett] ?an t outside4 ,on "s nights !re 0 no dew outside ! trays1 & on all nights ! inside deposit 0 heavi] ?an ! outside "o4 ,an analysis ( ! action ( ^! trays is giv51 & x is conclud$ t !y act v mu* ! same z if ! air 0 q /ill4 ,"u ^! conditions vapor w rise f ! gr\nd s long z ! vapor-t5sion on ! surface ( ! gr\nd is high] ?an t at ! top ( ! grass1 & mu* ( ?is ris+ vapor is1 "u ord9>y conditions1 c>ri$ away by ! pass+ air1 & mix$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( dri] air1 :]eas ! vapor ris+ "u ! trays is n s dilut$2 & h5ce1 ?\gh only cool$ to ! same am\nt z ! air outside1 x yields a heavi] deposit ( dew4 ,ano!r me?od ( te/+ ?is po9t 0 employ$1 :i* consi/$ 9 weigh+ a small area ( ! expos$ surface ( ! gr\nd1 z x 0 evid5t t if ! soil gave (f vapor dur+ a dewy night1 x mu/ lose weight4 ,a small turf ab\t #f in*es 7#aeb mm47 squ>e 0 cut out ( ! lawn1 & plac$ 9 a small %all[ pan ( ab\t ! same size4 ,! pan ) its turf1 aft] be+ c>efully weigh$1 0 put out on ! lawn 9 ! place :]e ! turf _h be5 cut4 ,x 0 expos$ = "s h\rs :ile dew 0 =m+1 & on ^! occasions x 0 always f\nd to lose weight4 ,x 0 ?us evid5t t vapor 0 ris+ f ! gr\nd :ile dew 0 =m+1 & !re=e ! dew f\nd on ! grass 0 =m$ ( "p ( ! ris+ vapor1 trapp$ or held back by com+ into contact ) ! cold blades ( grass4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! expos$ bodies lose weight1 & ! well-kn[n ones 9 :i* bodies are expos$ to radiation1 & ! am\nt ( dew =m$ is e/imat$ by ! increase 9 _! weight1 is po9t$ out4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! bodies are 9 good heat-communication ) ! gr\nd1 :]eas 9 ! latt] little or no heat is receiv$ by conduction f ! e>?4 ,ano!r me?od employ$ = det]m9+ :e!r ! conditions f\nd 9 nature 7 favorable = dew ris+ f ! gr\nd on dewy nights 0 by obs]vations ( ! temp]atures indicat$ by two !rmomet]s1 "o plac$ on ! surface ( ! grass & ! o!r "u ! surface1 among ! /ems1 b on ! top ( ! soil4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! read+s ( ^! two !rmomet]s on dewy nights 0 f\nd to be v consid]able4 ,f #aj to #ah ,f4 0 frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,a m9imum !rmomet] plac$ on1 & ano!r "u1 ! grass %[$ t dur+ ! :ole night a consid]able diff]5ce 0 always ma9ta9$4 ,z a result ( ?is diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 x is evid5t t vapor w rise f ! hott] soil und]nea? into ! cold] air above1 & "s ( x w be trapp$ by com+ into contact ) ! cold grass4 ,:ile ! exp]im5ts 7 be+ conduct$ on grass l&1 p>allel obs]vations 7 made on b>e soil4 ,ov] soil ! inv]t$ traps collect$ m dew inside !m ?an ^? ov] grass4 ,a small area ( soil 0 spread ov] a %all[ pan1 & aft] be+ weigh$ 0 expos$ at ! place :]e ! soil _h be5 tak5 out1 to see if b>e soil z well z grass lo/ weight dur+ dewy nights4 ,! result 0 t on all nights on :i* ! te/s 7 made ! soil lo/ weight1 & lo/ v ne>ly ! same am\nt z ! grass-l&4 ,ano!r me?od employ$ ( te/+ :e!r vapor is ris+ f b>e soil1 or is be+ cond5s$ ^u x1 consi/$ 9 plac+ on ! soil1 & 9 good contact ) x1 small pieces ( black mirror1 or any sub/ance hav+ a surface t %[s dew+ easily4 ,9 ?is way a small area ( ! surface ( ! e>? is conv]t$ into a hygroscope1 & ^! te/ surfaces tell u :e!r ! gr\nd is cool$ to ! dew-po9t or n4 ,s long z !y rema9 cle> & undew$1 ! surface ( ! soil is hott] ?an ! dew-po9t1 & vapor is be+ giv5 (f1 :ile if !y get dew$1 ! soil w also be cond5s+ vapor4 ,on all nights obs]v$1 ^! te/-surfaces kept cle>1 & %[$ ! soil to be always giv+ (f vapor4 ,all ^! diff]5t me?ods ( te/+ po9t to ! conclusion t dur+ dewy nights1 9 ?is climate1 vapor is con/antly be+ giv5 (f f grass l&1 & almo/ always f b>e soil2 t ! tide ( vapor almo/ always sets outw>d f ! e>? & b r>ely ebbs1 save aft] be+ cond5s$ to cl\d & ra91 or on ^? r>] occasions on :i*1 aft] ! e>? has got greatly cool$1 a w>m moi/ air bl[s ov] x4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts are giv51 %[+1 f weigh+s1 ! am\nt ( vapor lo/ by ! soil at night1 & also ! heat lo/ by ! surface soil4 ,x seems probable t :5 ! radiation is /rong1 t soil1 especially if x is loose & n 9 good heat-communication ) ! gr\nd1 w get cool$ bel[ ! dew-po9t1 & h vapor cond5s$ ^u x4 ,on "s occasions ! soil c]ta9ly got wett] on ! surface1 b ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,:5ce ! vapor8 ,came x f ! air1 or f ! soil und]nea?8 ,! latt] seems ! m probable s\rce2 ! vapor ris+ f ! hot soil und]nea? w be trapp$ by ! cold surface-soil1 9 ! same way z x is trapp$ by grass ov] grass-l&4 ,dur+ fro/1 opportunities are af=d$ ( /udy+ ?is po9t 9 a satisfactory mann]1 z ! trapp$ vapor keeps its place :]e x is cond5s$4 ,on ^! occasions ! "u sides ( ! clods1 at ! surface ( ! soil1 are f\nd to be ?ickly cov]$ ) ho>-fro/1 :ile !re is little on _! upp] or expos$ surfaces1 %[+ t ! vapor cond5s$ on ! surface-soil has come f bel[4 ,! next division ( ! subject is on dew on roads4 ,x is g5]ally said t dew =ms copi\sly on grass1 :ile none is deposit$ on roads1 because grass is a good radiator & cools quick]1 & cools m1 ?an ! surface ( a road4 ,x is %[n t ! above /atem5t is wrong1 & t dew really does =m abundantly on roads1 & t ! reason x has n be5 obs]v$ is t x has n be5 s\ght = at ! correct place4 ,we are n entitl$ to expect to f9d dew on ! surface ( roads z on ! surface ( grass4 because /ones are good conductors ( heat1 &1 ! vapor-t5sion be+ high] und]nea? ?an above ! /ones1 ! result is1 ! ris+ vapor gets cond5s$ on ! "u sides ( ! /ones4 ,if a road is exam9$ on a dewy night1 & ! gravel turn$ up1 ! "u sides ( ! /ones are f\nd to be dripp+ wet4 ,ano!r reason :y no dew =ms on ! surface ( roads is t ! /ones1 be+ fair conductors1 & 9 heat communication ) ! gr\nd1 ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! road is1 f obs]vations tak5 on sev]al occasions1 high] ?an t ( ! surface ( ! grass alongside4 ,! air 9 contact ) ! /ones is1 !re=e1 n cool$ s mu* z t 9 contact ) ! grass4 ,= /udy+ ! =mation ( dew on roads1 slates 7 f\nd to be useful4 ,"o slate 0 plac$ ov] a gravelly "p ( ! road1 & ano!r ov] a h>d dry "p4 ,exam9$ on dewy nights1 ! "u sides ( ^! slates 7 always f\nd to be dripp+ wet1 :ile _! upp] surfaces1 & ! gr\nd all r\nd1 7 q dry4 ,! importance ( ! heat communicat$ f ! gr\nd is illu/rat$ by a simple exp]im5t ) two slates or two iron weights1 "o ( !m be+ plac$ on ! gr\nd1 ei!r on grass or on b>e soil1 & ! o!r elevat$ a few in*es above ! surface4 ,! "o re/+ on ! gr\nd1 & 9 heat-communication ) x1 is f\nd always to keep dry on dewy nights1 :]eas ! elevat$ "o gets dew$ all ov]4 ,! effect ( w9d 9 prev5t+ ! =mation ( dew is ref]r$ to4 ,x is %[n t1 9 addition to ! o!r ways already kn[n1 w9d h9d]s ! =mation ( dew by prev5t+ an accumulation ( moi/ air ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,an exam9ation ( ! diff]5t =ms ( vegetation 0 made on dewy nights4 ,x 0 soon evid5t t some?+ else ?an radiation & cond5sation 0 at "w to produce ! v>i$ appe>ances !n se5 on plants4 ,"s k9ds ( plants 7 f\nd to be wet1 :ile o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d1 & gr[+ close to !m1 7 dry1 & ev5 on ! same plant "s bran*es 7 wet1 :ile o!rs 7 dry4 ,! exam9ation ( ! leaf ( a broccoli plant %[$ bett] ?an any o!r t ! wett+ 0 n :at we might expect if x 7 dew4 ,! surface ( ! leaf 0 n wet all ov]1 & ! am\nt ( deposit on any "p _h no relation to its exposure to radiation or access to moi/ air2 b ! moi/ure 0 collect$ 9 little drops1 plac$ at %ort di/ances ap>t1 along ! v edge ( ! leaf4 ,clos] exam9ation %[$ t ! position ( ^! drops _h a close relation to ! /ructure ( ! leaf2 !y 7 all plac$ at ! po9ts :]e ! ve9s 9 ! leaf came to ! out] edge1 at once sugge/+ t ^! ve9s 7 ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! liquid _h be5 expell$4 ,an exam9ation ( grass reveal$ a simil> condition ( matt]s2 ! moi/ure 0 n equally di/ribut$ ov] ! blade1 b 0 9 drops atta*$ to ! tips ( "s ( ! blades4 ,^! drops1 se5 on vegetation on dewy nights1 are !re=e n dew at all1 b are an effect ( ! vitality ( ! plant4 ,x is po9t$ out t ! excretion ( drops ( liquid by plants is no new discov]y1 z x has be5 long well kn[n1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,moll on ?is subject are ref]r$ to2 b :at seems /range is t ! relation ( x to dew does n seem to h be5 recogniz$4 ,"s exp]im5ts 7 made on ?is subject 9 its relation to dew4 ,leaves ( plants t _h be5 se5 to be wet on dewy nights 7 exp]im5t$ on4 ,!y 7 connect$ by means ( an ,india-rubb] tube ) a head ( wat] ( ab\t "o met]1 & ! leaf surr\nd$ ) saturat$ air4 ,all 7 f\nd to exude a wat]y liquid aft] be+ subject$ to pressure = "s h\rs1 & a broccoli leaf got /udd$ all along its edge ) drops1 & pres5t$ exactly ! same appe>ance x did on dewy nights4 ,a /em ( grass 0 also f\nd to exude at ! tips ( "o or two blades :5 pressure 0 appli$4 ,! "q z to :e!r ^! drops are really exud$ by ! plant1 or are produc$ 9 "s o!r way1 is consid]$4 ,! tip ( a blade ( grass 0 put "u conditions 9 :i* x c\ld n extract moi/ure f ! surr\nd+ air1 &1 z ! drop grew z rapidly "u ^! conditions z did ^? on ! unprotect$ blades1 x is conclud$ t ^! drops are really exud$ by ! plant4 ,grass 0 f\nd to get dew$ 9 air n q saturat$4 ,on _m nights no true dew is =m$1 & no?+ b ^! exud$ drops appe> on ! grass2 & on all nights :5 vegetation is active1 ^! drops appe> be=e ! true dew2 & if ! radiation is /rong en\gh & ! supply ( vapor suffici5t1 true dew makes its appe>ance1 & n[ ! plants get equally wet all ov]1 9 ! same mann] z dead matt]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 true dew on grass & ^! exud$ drops c be detect$ at a glance4 ,! drops are always exud$ at a po9t ne> ! tip ( ! blade1 & =m a drop ( "s size1 :ile true dew is di/ribut$ all ov] ! blade4 ,! exud$ liquid =ms a l>ge diamond-l drop1 :ile ! dew coats ! blade ) a pe>ly lu/]4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! pap] ! radiat+ p[]s ( diff]5t surfaces at night is consid]$1 & aft] a ref]5ce to "s e>ly exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 ! pap] proce$s to describe "s exp]im5ts made ) ! radiation !rmomet] describ$ by ! au?or 9 a previ\s pap]4 ,:5 work+ ) ?is in/rum5t1 x is plac$ 9 a situation hav+ a cle> view ( ! sky all r\nd1 & is fix$ at ! same height z ! ord9>y !rmomet] scre51 :i* is work$ along ) x1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !rmomet] 9 ! scre5 & ! radiation !rmomet] be+ obs]v$4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 cle> nights am\nts to f #g to #aj4 ,by means ( ! radiation !rmomet] ! radiat+ p[]s ( diff]5t surfaces 7 obs]v$4 ,black & :ite clo?s 7 f\nd to radiate equally well2 soil & grass 7 also almo/ exactly equal to ea* o!r4 ,lampblack 0 equal to :it5+4 ,sulphur 0 ab\t two-?irds ( black pa9t1 & poli%$ t9 ab\t "o-sev5? ( black pa9t4 ,sn[ 9 ! %ade on a bright day 0 at midday #g cold] ?an ! air1 :ile a black surface at ! same "t 0 only #d cold]4 ,?is diff]5ce dim9i%$ z ! sun got l[]1 & at night bo? radiat$ almo/ equally well4 ,9 ! conclud+ pages ( ! pap] "s less important subjects are consid]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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