,q4,e4,d4 ,or ,new ,light on ! ,doctr9e ( ,creation ,by ,,george ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,price ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,physics1 ,lodi ,academy1 ,cali=nia ,au?or ( ,outl9es ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 ,! ,fundam5tals ( ,geology1 ,god's ,two ,books1 ,back to ! ,bible1 ,a ,text-,book ( ,g5]al ,sci5ce1 etc4 444 & set y squ>e ) ,g5esis aga94 --,rob]t ,br[n+4 #aiag ,to ,,william ,,cleav] ,,wilk9son ,s*ol>1 ,critic1 ,poet & ,*ri/ian ,g5tleman ,?is book is d$icat$ by "o :o owes to 8 advice & k9dly sympa?y m ?an c be express$ ,preface ,! great _w disa/]1 u%]$ 9 ) ! dawn ( t ,augu/ morn+ 9 #aiad1 has already br\ght revolution>y *anges 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( our ?9k+4 ,b n ! lea/ ( ! surprises await+ an amaz$ _w1 :5ev] att5tion c aga9 be direct$ to su* subjects1 w be ! realization t we h n[ def9itely outgr[n _m notions 9 sci5ce & philosophy :i* 9 ! old ord] ( ?+s 7 suppos$ to h be5 et]nally settl$4 ,!re are b two !ories reg>d+ ! orig9 ( our _w & ( ! v>i\s =ms ( plants & animals ^u x1 ,creation & ,evolution1--! latt] assum+ _m modifications4 ,! ess5tial idea ( ! ,evolution !ory is uni=mity2 t is1 x seeks to %[ t life 9 all its v>i\s =ms & manife/ations probably orig9at$ by causes simil> to or id5tical ) =ces & processes n[ prevail+4 ,x tea*es ! absolute supremacy & ! pa/ cont9uity ( natural law z n[ obs]v$4 ,x says t ! *anges n[ go+ on 9 our mod]n _w h always be5 9 action & t ^! pres5t-day natural *anges & processes are z mu* a "p ( ! orig9 ( ?+s z any?+ t ev] took place 9 ! pa/4 ,9 %ort1 ,evolution z a philosophy ( nature is an ef=t to smoo? out all di/9ction betwe5 ,creation & ! ord9>y processes ( nature t are n[ "u ! rgime ( natural law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ess5tial idea ( ! doctr9e ( ,creation is t1 back at a p]iod call$ ! beg9n+1 =ces & p[]s 7 br\ght into ex]cise & results 7 accompli%$ t h n s9ce be5 ex]cis$ or accompli%$4 ,t is1 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ organic =ms1 inde$ ( ! :ole _w z we "k x1 0 ess5tially & radically diff]5t f ! ways 9 :i* ^! =ms are p]petuat$ & ! _w su/a9$ to-day4 ,"t is 9 no way ! ess5tial idea 9 ! problem4 ,! "q ( h[ mu* "t 0 occupi$ 9 ! "w ( ,creation is ( no importance1 nei!r is ! "q ( h[ long ago x took place4 ,! "o ess5tial idea is t 9 its nature ,creation is ess5tially inscrutable2 we c nev] hope to "k j h[ x 0 accompli%$2 we _c expect to "k ! process or ! details1 = we h no?+ ) :i* to measure x4 ,! "o ess5tial ?+ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,creation is t ! orig9 ( our _w & ( ! ?+s ^u x came ab\t at "s p]iod ( "t 9 ! pa/ by a direct & unusual manife/ation ( ,div9e p[]2 & t s9ce ?is orig9al ,creation o!r & diff]5t =ces & p[]s h prevail$ to su/a9 & p]petuate ! =ms ( life & inde$ ! entire _w z !n call$ into exi/5ce4 ,accord+ly1 we might e/abli% ! ,evolution doctr9e by %[+ t matt] c be made de novo1 t en]gy c be creat$ or increas$ 9 am\nt1 t life c be made f ! n-liv+1 & t new & di/9ct =ms ( life c be produc$ 9 mod]n times1--all by natural law z n[ prevail+4 ,or we c practically demon/rate ! hi/orical reality ( a direct ,creation at "s "t 9 ! pa/1 if we c %[ t ! net results ( all mod]n sci5ce t5d to prove t ! =ces & processes n[ 9 op]ation c nev] acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ?+s2 t matt]1 & en]gy1 & life1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( life mu/ all h _h an orig9 ess5tially diff]5t f any?+ n[ go+ on ar\nd u4 ,?is indicates ! l9e ( argum5t adopt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! ,evolution !ory has be5 widely discuss$ & accept$ 9 mod]n times4 ,inde$ x has _h a fair *ance & an op5 field = sev]al decades4 ,:at is ! pres5t situation ( ! controv]sy8 ,! fri5ds ( ! ,bible & ( old-fa%ion$ ,*ri/ianity ne$ to "k ! real facts ( ! pres5t situation4 ,e n[ & !n ! news despat*es report t ! great ,pr(essor ,s-&-s has at la/ really produc$ life f ! n-liv+1 or has obta9$ "s absolutely new type ( life by "s wond]ful feat ( bre$+4 ,or "s geologi/ or ar*ologi/ has discov]$ 9 ! e>? ! miss+ l9k :i* connects ! high] =ms ( life ) ! l[]1 or :i* bridges ov] ! gulf betwe5 man & ! apes4 ,?us _m p :o get _! sci5ce ?r\gh ! daily pap]s really believe t ^! long-look$-= pro(s ( ,evolution h at la/ be5 demon/rat$1 & h5ce !y receive )\t "q ! confid5t ass]tions ( ! camp foll[]s ( sci5ce publi%$ at space rates 9 ! ,sunday supplem5ts t all intellig5t m5 ( to-day h long ago accept$ ! ,evolution doctr9e4 ,b 9 spite ( ! quick dissem9ation ( news & ! univ]sal spread ( education1 x seems b a sl[ process = ! really important discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce to filt] d[n ?r\gh su* m$ia z ! curr5t p]iodicals to ! rank & file ( society4 ,! situation seems to illu/rate ! old adage t a lie w travel r\nd ! _w :ile tru? is gett+ on h] %oes4 ,?us x happ5s t ! common p are /ill be+ taught 9 ?is second decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury _m ?+s t real sci5ti/s outgrew ne>ly a g5]ation ago1 & ass]tions are /ill be+ b&i$ ar\nd 9 ! individual sci5ces :i* are :olly unw>rant$ by a g5]al survey ( ! :ole field ( mod]n natural sci5ce4 ,inde$1 9 almo/ e "o ( ! sep>ate sci5ces ! argum5ts ^u :i* ! !ory ( ,evolution ga9$ its popul>ity a g5]ation or s ago are n[ kn[n by ! v>i\s speciali/s to h be5 blund]s1 or mi/akes1 or ha/y conclusions ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,?us ! m>ket value ( all ! v>i\s subsidi>y /ocks ( ! ,evolution gr\p has be5 /eadily decl9+ 9 _! respective home m>kets1 & n[ /&s away bel[ p>2 :ile /range to say ! /ock ( ! c5tral hold+ company itself is /ill quot$ at fictiti\sly high figures4 ,?is curi\s--n to say deplorable--situation has develop$ l>gely because ( ! mod]n sy/em ( /rict specialization 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,ea* sci5ti/ feels compell$ by an unwritt5 b rigid code ( pr(essional e?ics to conf9e himself /rictly to ! cultivation ( ! little plot ( gr\nd on :i* he happ5s to be work+1 & is =bidd5 to express an op9ion ab\t :at he may "k has be5 discov]$ on ano!r plot ( gr\nd on :i* 8 neighbor is work+1 except by express p]mission4 ,9 o!r words1 sci5ce tea*+ has n[ become /rictly a matt] ( au?ority1 ?is au?ority be+ ve/$ 9 ! v>i\s speciali/s2 & nobody is p]mitt$ to look at x 9 a broad way1 or to frame a g5]al induction f ! sum ( all ! facts ( nature n[ discov]$1 "u p5alty ( sci5tific excommunication4 ,! sci5tific code ( e?ics =bids any g5]al view ( ! woods3 ea* man mu/ conf9e himself to ! obs]vation ( ! p>ticul> tree 9 front ( 8 own nose4 ,b ^! pages h be5 prep>$ "u ! idea t x is high "t to take a m g5]al survey ( ! geography1 "t to take our eyes (f ! v>i\s individual trees1 & to look at ! woods4 ,p]haps 9 "s respects !y may be reg>d$ z too te*nical = ord9>y read]s4 ,b if ?is is ! case1 x is because ! writ] _h to *oose betwe5 ?is some:at te*nical treatm5t ( ! subject & ! alt]native dang] ( mak+ loose & inaccurate /atem5ts or deal+ 9 glitt]+ g5]alities too vague to c>ry conviction4 ,z x is1 ! writ] is "h try+ to give directly to ! g5]al public ! results ( ye>s ( special rese>* 9 correlat+ ! data f _m scatt]$ dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1--results t mo/ sci5ti/s w\ld feel oblig$ to res]ve = ! select few ( "s le>n$ society1 to be publi%$ subsequ5tly 9 ! ,reports ( its ,transactions1 & to f9d _! way aft] ye>s ( delay into ! ma9 curr5ts ( human ?\ght4 ,b ^! dilatory me?ods ( pr(essional p$antry1 miscall$ e?ics1 %all n long] be all[$ to delay ! publication ( highly important pr9ciples :i* ! public are entitl$ to "k at once1 & to "k at fir/ h&4 ,!n1 too1 x is m ?an d\btful if any purely academic body c\ld be f\nd will+ to become responsible = giv+ to ! _w conclusions s contr>y to ! vogue ( ! pres5t day4 ,t ^! brief *apt]s may cle> up ! d\bts ( "s1 & enc\rage ! fai? ( _m1 is ! object ( _! publication 9 ?is non-pr(essional =m4 ,g4 ,mc,c4 ,p4 ,cont5ts ,i4 ,,matt] ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 #ae ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,en]gy #ca ,,iii4 ,,life ,,only ,,f ,,life #dc ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cell ,,& ,,! ,,lessons ,,x ,,tea*es #eg ,v4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,species8 #fh ,,vi4 ,,m5delism ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species #gh ,,vii4 ,,geology ,,& ,,its ,,lessons #ii ,,viii4 ,,creation ,,& ,,! ,,creator #abe ,i ,,matt] ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 ,i ,:5 we 7 told by a prom95t sci5ti/ j ! o!r day t electricity is n[ kn[n to be molecul> 9 /ructure1 x almo/ took our brea? away4 ,& :5 we 7 in=m$ t c]ta9 well-kn[n *emical elem5ts _h be5 detect$ 9 ! v act ( be+ *ang$ ov] into o!r well-kn[n elem5ts1 ) ! prospect ( su* a trans=mation ( ! elem5ts be+ q ! normal ?+ ?r\gh\t nature1 ! v e>? seem$ to be slipp+ away f "u our feet4 ,"s ( ! closely relat$ discov]ies1 su* z ! fact t ! ,x-rays %[ a spectrum susceptible ( exam9ation1 7 n s disconc]t+ 9 !mselves2 b ! m>vell\s pictures ( ! /ructure ( ! atom elicit$ by ^! discov]ies made _m good p almo/ "q :e!r our v5]able exp]im5t]s _h n be5 indulg+ 9 pipe dreams amid _! laboratory "w4 ,d we1 !n1 beg9 to und]/& ! real composition ( matt]8 ,does x h compon5t p>ts1 9 ! mat]iali/ic s5se2 or is :at we call matt] only a my/]i\s manife/ation ( en]gy8 ,& if ! latt] be our answ]1 c we hope to settle ! problem objectively & s conclusively t x w /ay settl$8 ,9 %ort1 d we1 reg>d+ ^! bord]-l9e subjects betwe5 metaphysics & natural sci5ce1 "k any?+ m ?an our fa!rs & our gr&fa!rs8 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] ^! problems "u two heads3 ! composition ( matt]1 & ! orig9 ( matt]4 ,,ii #a4 ,x 0 long ago recogniz$ t matt] mu/ be compos$ ( p>ticles :i* are driv5 f>!r ap>t by heat & are br\ght clos] toge!r by cold1 ?us lay+ ! f\ndation = ! !ory ( ! molecul> composition ( matt]4 ,b n until ! "t ( ,dalton1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 0 x prov$ t ! molecule itself1 ! unit ( physical *ange1 is capable ( def9ite division into atoms1 ! units ( *emical *ange4 ,?is conception ( ! molecules & atoms z ! ultimate units ( :i* matt] is compos$ ma9ta9$ its place until ! discov]y ( radioactivity & its associat$ ph5om5a1 ab\t #ahif2 s9ce :i* "t we h def9itely asc]ta9$ t ev5 ! atoms are sep>able into /ill small] units1 & t possibly ^! units are all alike4 ,on ?is la/ possibility1 x w\ld surely be a mo/ amaz+ fact if su* multitud9\s prop]ties ( bodies c\ld be produc$ m]ely by v>iations 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ^! ultimate units into atoms1 or 9 "s o!r way :i* produces va/ diff]5ces 9 prop]ties by comb9ations ( units t are nev]!less m]e duplicates ( "o ano!r4 ,z hydrog5 is ! lighte/ ( ! elem5ts1 x has be5 a favorite !ory ) sci5ti/s t ! v>i\s elem5ts are all compos$ ( comb9ations ( hydrog5 atoms4 ,b s9ce _m ( ! elem5ts h atomic weights :i* _c be made exact multiples ( t ( hydrog51 x has be5 felt t !re mu/ be "s o!r small] unit ?an ! hydrog5 atom2 or else t ^! hydrog5 atoms !mselves *ange 9 weight :5 !y comb9e to =m o!r atoms4 ,b mass seems to be ! "o un*angeable *>act]i/ic ( matt]2 h5ce x 0 felt t any *ange ( weight is almo/ un?9kable1 & s a solution 0 s\ght 9 ! direction ( /ill fur!r divid+ ! hydrog5 atom1 ! smalle/ unit conc]n$ 9 *emical *ange1 z !n und]/ood4 ,b n[ ! facts & pr9ciples br\ght to light 9 connection ) ! /udies ( radioactivity h settl$ x t we actually d h a mu* small] unit ?an ! hydrog5 atom1 "o ( only ab\t #a_/agfj its mass1 9 fact2 & t ?is smalle/ ( ! small ?+s ( nature is none o!r ?an a p>ticle ( negative electricity1 n[ call$ an electron4 ,t ! atoms ( all ! elem5ts mu/ h a common unit ( composition1 t !y behave z if compos$ ( ultimate p>ticles t may be reg>d$ z duplicates ( "o ano!r1 has long be5 reg>d$ z an inevitable conclusion f ! ,p]iodic ,law ( ,m5deleef4 ,?is law says t ! physical z well z ! *emical prop]ties ( ! v>i\s elem5ts dep5d ^u _! atomic weights1 or z x is /at$ 9 ! language ( ma!matics1 ! prop]ties ( an elem5t are functions ( its atomic weight4 ,?is fact ( ! v>iation 9 ! prop]ties ( elem5ts 9 accord ) _! atomic weights has be5 ev5 m /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! behavior ( dis*>ges ( electricity ?r\gh r>ifi$ gases1 z well z by ! facts ( radioactivity4 ,to quote ! words ( ,sir ,j4,j4 ,?ompson1 ,! transp>5cy ( bodies to ,ro5tg5 rays1 to ca?ode rays1 to ! rays emitt$ by radioactive sub/ances1 ! quality ( ! second>y radiation emitt$ by ! diff]5t elem5ts1 are all det]m9$ by ! atomic weight ( ! elem5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 #hia4 ,cambridge ,edition4 ,j rec5tly we h _h op5$ up be=e u a /ill m intimate inn]-circle view ( ! composition ( matt]4 ,h4,g4,j4 ,moseley1 a "y man only tw5ty-six ye>s ( age1 at an ,engli% univ]sity1 devis$ a me?od ( exam9+ ! spectra ( ! v>i\s elem5ts by means ( ! ,x-rays4 ,he f\nd 9 ?is way t ! pr9cipal l9es ( ^! v>i\s spectra are connect$ by a rem>kably simple ari?metical relation%ip2 = :5 ! elem5ts are arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights1 !y %[ a grad$ advance f "o to ano!r equal to successive additions ( ! same electrical unit *>ge1 ?us indicat+ a real gamut ( ! elem5ts t we c run up by add+ or run d[n by subtract+ ! same unit ( electrical *>ge4 ,x is pitiable to h to record t next ye> ?is sci5tific g5ius 0 kill$ 9 ! ill-fat$ ,gallipoli exp$ition aga9/ ,turkey4 ,?us 9 _m fairly indep5d5t ways we are br\ght ar\nd to ?is same idea ( a common /ructure und]ly+ all ! _m seem+ div]sities manife/$ by :at we call matt]4 ,! ph5om5a ( radioactivity 7 discov]$ accid5tally 9 #ahif by ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,becqu]el4 ,_m inve/igators imm$iately began work+ along ?is promis+ l9e1 & two ye>s lat] ,madam ,curie1 9 association ) o!rs1 discov]$ ! new elem5t radium4 ,soon x 0 discov]$ t radium & sev]al o!r sub/ances are cont9ually giv+ (f radiations at an enorm\s rate1 t no *ange ( *emical comb9ation1 no physical *ange ( condition appe>s to h ! slighte/ effect 9 sl[+ or increas+ ?is dis*>ge ( emanations1 :ile no sci5tific app>atus yet devis$ c detect any *ange 9 ! sub/ances left beh9d ei!r 9 respect to weight or any o!r prop]ties z ! result ( ^! enorm\s losses ( en]gy4 ,accord+ly "s p n unnaturally 7 ready to draw ! conclusion t ^? mo/ firmly e/abli%$ laws ( physics & *emi/ry1 ! laws ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ( matt]1 7 ov]?r[n by ?is a/oni%+ behavior ( ^! newly discov]$ sub/ances4 ,h[ev]1 only a few m ye>s ( /udy & inve/igation 7 necess>y to prove t ?is la/ conclusion 0 :olly unw>rant$2 & to-day ^! laws ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ( matt] are m firmly e/abli%$ ?an ev]4 ,! ?+ t has gone by ! bo>d is ! old idea ( ! atoms z ! indivisible & irr$ucible m9ima ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,= n only d all ! radioactive sub/ances give (f p>ticles ( helium gas positively electrifi$1 b all bodies1 no matt] :at _! composition1 c by suitable treatm5t1 su* z expos+ !m to ultra-violet light1 or rais+ !m to inc&esc5ce1 be made to give (f electrons or negatively *>g$ p>ticles1 & ^! electrons are always ! same no matt] f :at k9d ( sub/ance !y come4 ,9 a some:at simil> way1 we always get positively electrifi$ p>ticles ( ! mass ( ! hydrog5 atom1 or ab\t #a1gfj times ! mass ( ! electron1 :5ev] we s5d an electric *>ge ?r\gh a gas at v l[ pressure1 no matt] :at ! k9d ( gas4 ,:e!r or n ^! positive units w yet prove susceptible ( be+ split up into small] p>ticles comp>able to ! electrons1 is m]ely a subject = conjecture4 ,we h no pro( t !y w4 ,at ! pres5t "t :at we call matt] seems to be compos$ ( ^! positive units & ( ! electrons :i* are ab\t #a_/agfj z great2 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ^! facts suffice to expla9 all ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,?us we c ei!r say t electricity is compos$ ( matt]1 or say t matt] is compos$ ( electricity2 & human language at be/ is su* a clumsy vehicle ( ?\ght t sci5tifically & philosophically ! "o /atem5t is z correct & z reasonable z ! o!r4 ,& probably we %all nev] be able to le>n any m ?an ?is4 ,we h arriv$ at a sort ( box-)9-a-box !ory ( ! make-up ( matt]4 ,by a v elaborate sy/em ( unpack+1 or by "s viol5t ext]nal =ce t makes ! inside bur/ op51 z x 71 we seem to be able to make pieces fly (f f ! atoms1 ^! pieces be+ !n project$ into space ) enorm\s =ce & velocity4 ,!re are !ories galore ( ! /ructure ( ! atom2 b z ,pr(4 ,e4,p4 ,lewis has said1 mo/ ( ^! !ories are s impossible z to be absurd1 or s speculative t !y sugge/ no exp]im5tal te/s = _! validity4#b ,j at pres5t ,ru!r=d's !ory ( ! /ructure ( ! atom is q popul>4 ,?is po/ulates a nucleus compos$ ( a gr\p ( positive units & electrons1 ) an excess ( ! positive *>ges equal to half ! atomic weight1 ) an equal numb] ( electrons circulat+ ab\t ?is nucleus 9 r+s4 ,bohr's !ory1 :i* is n v diff]5t f ?is1 has p]haps ev5 m fri5ds1 & x is support$ by ! rem>kable discov]ies ( ! lam5t$ ,moseley4 ,b we mu/ n take su* !ories too s]i\sly4 ,z ,kays] has said1 any true !ory ( ! make-up ( ! atoms mu/ assume an absolutely full & p]fect k ( all electrical & optical processes1 & is !re=e beyond our dreams4 ,or z ,pr(essor ,planck said 9 8 ,columbia lectures1 we are n entitl$ to hope t we %all ev] be able to repres5t truly ?r\gh any physical =mul ! int]nal /ructure ( ! atom4 ,footnote #b3 ,nature1 ,april #e1 #aiag4 ,,iii #b4 ,we mu/ n[ take up ! second phase ( our subject1 ! problem ( ! orig9 ( matt]4 ,be=e we knew any?+ ( radioactivity we c\ld h dismiss$ su* a subject briefly by quot+ ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt]1 :i* says t matt] c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$ by any means kn[n to sci5ce4 ,by our k ( radioactivity we c make our answ] a little m le>n$1 a little less abrupt1 b none ! less disc\rag+ to ! advocate ( ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,we c tell h[ ! elem5ts ( high atomic weight1 su* z uranium & ?orium1 are con/antly giv+ (f p>ticles & are ?us by loss or decomposition be+ *ang$ ov] into o!r elem5ts1 su* z radium1 niton1 polonium & lead4 ,b our new k compels u ultimately to give ! same answ] z be=e1 namely1 t we /ill d n "k h[ matt] ev] c\ld h orig9at$1 except t 9 ! beg9n+ x 0 call$ into exi/5ce by ! fiat ( ,him :om we ,*ri/ians wor%ip z our ,god1 ! ,creator4 ,?us we rea* ! conception ( ! univ]se z t ( a great clock gradually runn+ d[n1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! anti!sis ( t picture s long held be=e u by ! advocates ( ! developm5t !ory4 ,uranium is a r r>e elem5t1 ?\gh kn[n = ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 & has an atomic weight ( #bch4e4 ,9 decompos+ x gives (f fir/ a helium atom1 weight #d2 & aft] ?is action has be5 repeat$ ?ree times ! sub/ance left is radium1 atomic weight ab\t #bbf4d4 ,?us radium is simply uranium aft] x has lo/ ?ree helium atoms4 ,radium 9 its dis9tegration gives (f ?ree k9ds ( p>ticles1 namely1 helium atoms 7positively electrifi$71 ,greek3 b-rays or electrons1 & ,greek3 g-rays1 ! latt] be+ id5tical ) ! ,x-rays1 & hav+ p5etrat+ p[] suffici5t to c>ry !m ?r\gh six in*es ( lead or a foot ( solid iron4 ,! f9al /age 9 ?is process ( dis9tegration is ! ord9>y elem5t lead1 9 :i* condition ! atoms seem to h rea*$ relative /ability4 ,:e!r or n our /ock ( lead1 ) our o!r common elem5ts t are n radioactive1 0 orig9ally produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( ^! o!r elem5ts1 is m]ely a matt] ( conjecture4 ,we "k no?+ at all ab\t x4 ,! l5g? ( "t x takes = half ! atoms ( an elem5t to *ange is call$ its life or p]iod4 ,! p]iods ( mo/ ( ! radioactive sub/ances h be5 calculat$1 t ( uranium be+ v long4 ,! calculat$ p]iod ( radium is #b1ejj ye>s1 :ile t ( polonium is only #bjb days1 & t ( niton #e4f days4 ,^! unque/ion$ facts1 toge!r ) ! enorm\s am\nt ( heat evolv$ by ! dis9tegration ( ^! sub/ances 7t f radium be+ ab\t #bej1jjj times ! heat evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( c>bon71 h ?r[n a great deal ( d\bt ^u ! old] e/imates ( ! age ( ! e>?4 ,! discussion ( ! details ( ^! !ories w\ld be unpr(itable4 ,b ?r\gh ! mi/s ( all ^! conflict+ !ories & probabilities two facts ( trem5d\s importance = our mod]n _w em]ge 9 cle> relief1 namely1 t ! gr& law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] /ill holds true1 & h5ce t ! matt] ( our _w mu/ h _h an orig9 at "s "t 9 ! pa/ :olly diff]5t 9 degree & diff]5t 9 k9d f any process go+ on ar\nd u t we call a natural process4 ,^! elem5ts ( high atomic weight t break d[n into o!rs ( l[] atomic weight may be s r>e because !y h be5 ab\t all us$ up 9 ?is process4 ,at any rate1 s f> f reveal+ ! orig9 ( matt] z a process n[ go+ on1 ^! ph5om5a are an objective demon/ration t all matt] is m or less un/able & liable "u "s unkn[n b ev]-act+ =ce to lose "s portion ( t fund ( en]gy ) :i* x seems to h be5 prim>ily end[$4 ,n ! evolution ( matt] b ! deg5]ation ( matt] is ! pla9 & unescapable lesson to be drawn f ^! facts4 ,! v>ieties ( matt] may *ange greatly1 & "o v>iety or "o *emical elem5t may be trans=m$ into ano!r4 ,b ?is trans=mation is by loss & n by ga94 ,x is deg5]ation & n upw>d evolution t is n[ op5$ up be=e our a/oni%$ eyes by ?is peep into ! ultimate laboratories ( nature2 & he is surely a bl9d obs]v] :o _c read 9 ^! facts ! gr& tru? t all ?is sub/ance call$ matt] ) :i* sci5ce deals 9 h] manifold /udies mu/ at "s "t 9 ! pa/1 ,i c>e n :51 h be5 call$ into exi/5ce 9 "s mann] no long] op]ative4 ,! pa/ et]nity ( matt]1 z well z its progressive developm5t f ! simple to ! complex1 seems manife/ly out ( consid]ation 9 view ( ! facts z we n[ "k !m4 ,!re is no ambiguity 9 ! evid5ce4 ,s f> z mod]n sci5ce c ?r[ light on ! "q1 !re mu/ h be5 a real ,creation ( ! mat]ials ( :i* our _w is compos$1 a ,creation :olly diff]5t bo? 9 k9d & 9 degree f any process n[ go+ on4 ,,iv ,a suppos$ objection has be5 rais$ to ?is view1 bas$ on ! va/ness ( ! univ]se z we n[ "k x4 ,:e!r or n ! univ]se is really inf9ite 9 ext5t1 x is c]ta9ly ( an ext5t t is practically inf9ite1 s f> z our p[]s ( obs]vation or ( reason+ are conc]n$4 ,b ?is practically inf9ite univ]se is n a bit h>d] to acc\nt = ?an w\ld be a def9itely limit$ univ]se1 say ( ! size ( our sol> sy/em4 ,if ! spectroscope %[s t ! f> di/ant p>ts ( ! univ]se conta9 _m ( ! same elem5ts z are f\nd 9 our sol> sy/em1 we ne$ n be surpris$1 s9ce all are alike ! "w ( ! same ,creator4 ,nor w\ld ?is fact t ! univ]se seems to be compos$ ( simil> mat]ials ?r\gh\t t5d 9 any way to prove t all ^! p>ts ( ! univ]se 7 br\ght into exi/5ce at ! same "t1 nor yet t our sol> sy/em 0 refa%ion$ out ( "s ( ! common /ock ( ! univ]se already on h&1 z ! nebul> hypo!sis supposes4 ,= all t we c tell to ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem probable t ! mat]ials ( our sol> sy/em 7 call$ into exi/5ce expressly = ! position !y are n[ occupy+2 & ?is seems to be ! pla9 import ( ! record 9 ,g5esis4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 we c be c]ta91--^! mat]ials mu/ at "s "t h be5 call$ into exi/5ce by me?ods or ways t are no long] 9 op]ation ar\nd u4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,v ,"s rem>ks are necess>y "h reg>d+ ! homog5e\sness ( matt]1 or ! idea t ! v>i\s elem5ts are compos$ ( primordial units :i* are !mselves alike1 m]e duplicates ( ea* o!r4 ,if ?is %\ld prove to be really ! case1 z seems to be q likely 9 ! light ( ! facts giv5 above1 w\ld x n be a v]itable triumph = mat]ialism8 ,by no means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k ,i c %[ 9 a v few words n only t ?is homog5e\sness ( matt] is ! only rational view ( ! composition ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 b also t x is ! only view consi/5t ) ,*ri/ian ,!ism & ) ! doctr9e ( ,creation4 ,! !ory ( ! atoms ) _! inh]5t & un*angeable prop]ties1 :i* prevail$ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 naturally l$ u to look ^u ^! prop]ties z inh]5t 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?is 0 inde$ mat]ialism4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 con/antly impell$ u to f9d out ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( atoms1 s z to acc\nt = _! v>y+ behaviors4 ,& no matt] h[ f> we pu% su* inquiries1 ?is mat]iali/ic attitude ( m9d w control u s long z we ?9k we are deal+ ) sub/ances :i* are intr9sically diff]5t4 ,if ! diff]5ces are innate or inh]5t 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 we mu/ naturally endeavor to f9d out :y & h[ !y are diff]5t2 & no matt] h[ f> we g along ?is road we are always head$ 9 ! direction ( />k mat]ialism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to say t ! prop]ties ( ! atoms are n inh]5t 9 !mselves1 b are impos$ on !m by an ext]nal ceaselessly act+ p[]1 ! w ( ! ,creator1 w\ld be 9 full accord ) ,biblical !ism2 & !n we might naturally say t ! ultimate p>ticles ( :i* matt] is compos$ may well be reg>d$ z alike & m]e duplicates ( "o ano!r4 ,& ?is1 z we h se51 is j :at mod]n discov]ies 9 radioactivity are tea*+ u reg>d+ ! make-up ( ! sub/ances t we call matt]4 ,b an objection at once arises4 ,h[ c ^! primordial units ( :i* matt] is compos$ behave s diff]5tly1 if !y are really alike1 m]e duplicates ( "o ano!r8 ,we may n z yet be able to tell j :y & h[2 b we h 9 ! cells ( :i* all plants & animals are compos$ an analogy :i* is almo/ p]fect1 if n q4 ,^! compon5t units ( organic matt]1 ! individual cells1 z w be expla9$ lat]1 seem physically & ev5 *emically m]e duplicates ( "o ano!r4 ,!y may n all be ( ! same size2 b !y are all compos$ ( protoplasm1 & ! protoplasm ( plants _c be di/+ui%$ f t ( animals by any physical or *emical te/s kn[n to mod]n sci5ce4 ,! protoplasm 9 ! bra9 ( a bird is ! same z t 9 its toes2 & no metaphysical subtilties ab\t h]$ity h ev] expla9$ :y ! "o does a diff]5t "w f ! o!r4 ,! pla9 fact is t diff]5t cells1 compos$ ( id5tical protoplasm & /ructurally alike1 act v diff]5tly2 & !re is no sci5tific reason bas$ on innate prop]ties t gives u ev5 a glimm] ( a reason :y4 ,we h se>*$ a long "t along ?is road2 b !re is no prospect ( f9d+ an explanation2 we are m]ely runn+ up a cul-de-sac ) no view beyond4 ,f ! mat]iali/ic po9t ( view1 nobody kn[s :y protoplasm acts z x does1 lea/ ( all1 :y "s masses ( protoplasm act "o way1 & exact duplicates act diff]5tly4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 we look beyond ! facts & me?ods ( physics & *emi/ry1 & ev5 beyond ! mo/ plausible !ories ( g5etics1 we c readily expla9 ?is rem>kable action ( ! cells z ! result ( ! w ( an ev] act+1 omnisci5t1 almighty ,god4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ else is adequate to expla9 ! behavior ( liv+ cells4 ,9 a v simil> way we mu/ reason reg>d+ ! ultimate units ( matt]1 call !m :at we w1 electrons1 corpuscles1 or units ( electricity4 ,if ^! are m]e duplicates ( ea* o!r1 z sci5ce n[ tea*es1 !y n only indicate by ?is id5tity t !y are manufactur$ articles1 z 0 long ago po9t$ out ( ! atoms & molecules1 b !y also indicate ) all ! =ce ( a demon/ration t no?+ b an ev] pres5t omnisci5t ,intellig5ce c\ld keep ^! duplicates f always act+ ! same "u simil> ext]nal =ces4 ,if gold & c>bon1 iron & oxyg5 are at bottom compos$ ( p>ticles t are m]e duplicates ( ea* o!r1 z seems to be ! case1 h[ c ^! elem5ts & ! six doz5 or m o!rs ma9ta9 _! individuality ?r\gh\t nature z we "k !y d1 ev5 9 ! f> di/ant />s1 except by ! sleepless c>e ( an ,intellig5ce ^: ,^w is z effective 9 "o "p ( ! univ]se z 9 ano!r1 & to ^: ,^w ^! p>ticles ( matt] c %[ no in]tia & no disob$i5ce1 because !y h no p[]s or prop]ties except :at ,he has imp>t$8 ,?is doctr9e ( ! homog5e\sness ( matt] is ! anti!sis ( mat]ialism4 ,x is consi/5t only ) ! doctr9e ( an almighty & ev] pres5t ,god1 & l _m o!r facts :i* h be5 develop$ by mod]n sci5tific discov]ies1 x confirms ! o!r primal doctr9e ( a lit]al ,creation 9 ! beg9n+4 ,,vi ,! conclusion :i* our m9ds are =c$ to draw f ! facts pres5t$ 9 ?is *apt] is n d\btful1 nor is x difficult to /ate4 ,matt] is n n[ be+ br\ght into exi/5ce by any means t we call natural4 ,& yet ! facts ( radioactivity v positively =bid ! pa/ et]nity ( matt]4 ,h5ce1 ! conclusion is syllogi/ic3 matt] mu/ h orig9at$ at "s "t 9 ! pa/ by me?ods or means :i* are equival5t to a real ,creation4 ,?us f>1 at lea/1 ! record ( ,g5esis is confirm$3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$4 ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,en]gy ,i ,:at has be5 reg>d$ by _m z ! greate/ sci5tific triumph ( mod]n times 0 work$ out ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury by ,james ,prescott ,j\le & o!rs1 9 det]m9+ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( me*anical en]gy is exactly equival5t to a def9ite am\nt ( heat4 ,) ?is me*anical equival5t ( heat all ! v>i\s o!r =ms ( en]gy h also be5 correlat$2 until n[ we h ! g5]al law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 :i* says t en]gy c be nei!r manufactur$ nor de/roy$1 b m]ely trans=m$ & direct$4 ,& ?is magnific5t law1 l t ( ! cons]vation ( matt]1 is /rong evid5ce t !re mu/ h be5 a real ,creation at "s "t 9 ! long ago1 diff]5t n m]ely 9 degree b 9 k9d f any?+ kn[n to mod]n sci5ce4 ,j\le work$ out ! me*anical equival5t ( heat by means ( 8 n[ fam\s exp]im5t ( *urn+ wat]4 ,he reason$ t if ! heat produc$ by friction1 etc41 is really en]gy 9 ano!r =m1 !n ! same am\nt ( heat mu/ always be g5]at$ by ! exp5diture ( a giv5 am\nt ( motion or me*anical "w4 ,& ?is mu/ be true1 no matt] :e!r ?is "w is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! friction betwe5 wood on wood1 iron on iron1 or 9 any o!r conceivable way4 ,accord+ly1 he devis$ an exp]im5t 9 :i* paddle :eels 7 made to rotate 9 a vessel ( wat] by means ( fall+ weights some:at l ! weights ( a clock4 ,! am\nt ( "w repres5t$ by ! fall+ ( ! weights 0 easily calculat$1 & s 0 ! am\nt ( rise 9 temp]ature ( ! wat] caus$ by ! friction ( ! wat] ) ! rotat+ paddle :eels4 ,9 v>i\s o!r ways he measur$ ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ by a measur$ am\nt ( "w2 & z ! result ( all 8 exp]im5ts 7) v slight corrections made s9ce by means ( m exact app>atus71 we n[ "k t #ggh foot p\nds ( "w produce heat en\gh to raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree ,fahr5heit2 or /at$ 9 ! metric sy/em1 #dbg kilogram met]s ( "w w produce a calorie ( heat4 ,s9ce ^! record-mak+ exp]im5ts by ,j\le1 ! matt] has be5 v]ifi$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 all sorts ( ways2 & almo/ e k9d ( display ( en]gy has be5 measur$ ) m or less exactness4 ,ev5 ! am\nt ( food oxidiz$ 9 ! human body is n[ kn[n to be capable ( correlation ) ! o!r =ms ( en]gy1 ?\gh necess>ily v m9ute exactness ( measurem5t is sc>cely atta9able 9 ?is case4 ,b no sci5ti/ ( to-day d\bts t all ! physiological processes ( animals or ( plants con=m exactly to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy t en]gy is nei!r creat$ nor de/roy$ by any means kn[n to sci5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 our _w1 if sci5ce c at all det]m9e su* a matt]1 seems to be a fix$ quantity1 gradually be+ dissipat$ into space1 x is true1 b mom5tly repl5i%$ f ! sun at exactly ! same rate n[ z hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,& :ile ?is en]gy is 9 our _w x is always capable ( exact correlation 9 all ( its multitud9\s =ms1 & is trans=mable back & =? )\t increase & )\t loss4 ,on ! discov]y ( ! radioactive sub/ances 9 #ahif1 "s p]sons ha/ily conclud$ t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 0 contradict$ by ! a/oni%+ way 9 :i* ^! sub/ances act$4 ,b fur!r & m accurate exp]im5ts h set ?is matt] at re/1 z inde$ might h be5 expect$2 = ! law ( gravitation itself is n m immovably e/abli%$ 9 ! make-up ( ! univ]se ?an ?is magnific5t law t en]gy _c be creat$ by any means :i* we call natural4 ,9 all ages !re h be5 m5 :o h sp5t _! lives 9 ! va9 ef=t to inv5t a ma*9e out ( :i* "w c\ld con/antly be obta9$ )\t ! exp5diture ^u x ( an equal am\nt ( "w4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t (fice has got s tir$ ( receiv+ applications = pat5ts bas$ on ?is idea ( p]petual motion t !y h long s9ce refus$ to issue any su* pat5t :]e ?is pr9ciple is ! manife/ object2 & ,i suppose ! gov]nm5ts ( o!r c\ntries h tak5 a simil> /&4 ,& :y8 ,because !y "k t en]gy _c n[ be creat$ by any device1 no matt] h[ +5i\s2 & !y refuse to become a p>ty to any s*eme t seems to imply t ?is mod]n creation ( en]gy is )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,yet :at is all ?is b a confirmation ( ! decl>ation long ago made t ! works 7 f9i%$ f ! f\ndation ( ! _w 7,heb4 #d3c78 ,true1 ! en]gy we are con/antly employ+ seems to come to u f ! sun2 b we mu/ rememb] t ! sun & its family ( ! sol> sy/em1 includ+ ! e>?1 7 all made at ! same "t1 t !y are b\nd toge!r z p>ts ( an indissoluble :ole4 ,accord+ly1 no "o c say t ! total am\nt ( en]gy call$ into exi/5ce at ! creation ( our sol> sy/em is be+ add$ to at ! pres5t "t4 ,at any rate1 s f> z mod]n sci5ce c judge ( ! matt]1 ! total am\nt ( en]gy available = our _w is a fix$ quantity2 & its am\nt & ! t]ms on :i* x 0 to be available = our use 7 fix$ or f9i%$ f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,:ile x is a v significant fact 9 ?is connection t ) all ! multi=m speculations :i* h be5 made z to ! physical s\rce ( ! sun's heat1 no explanation :olly satisfactory has yet be5 made z to h[ ?is en]gy com+ to u f ! sun is con/antly repl5i%$ or ma9ta9$4 ,,ii ,! desire to f9d a mat]ial cause = all ph5om5a is in/9ctive 9 ! human m9d1 & has prov$ ! *ief impetus 9 a ?\s& discov]ies4 ,& yet1 unless we are on our gu>d1 x is liable to be a s\rce ( real error :5ev] we are deal+ ) ! deep] problems ( ?\ght4 ,= :5 we h pu%$ our way into ! inn] sanctu>y ( any dep>tm5t ( nature1 we almo/ inv>iably come ^u a deep *asm t we c pass ov] only by build+ a bridge ( words4 ,"s ( ^! v]bal bridges h be5 decorat$ ) v dignifi$ names1 su* z ! lum9if]\s e!r1 gravity1 *emical aff9ity2 & :5 we h %ift$ f ! "o side ( ! *asm to ! o!r we impose ^u ! cr$ulity ( ! public 7& ev5 ourselves7 by giv+ out ! impression t ^! words repres5t ! real objective bridge on :i* we cross$4 ,9 h[ _m ways d we by our !ories dodge ! crucial problem ( h[ en]gy is really transmitt$1 t is1 h[ matt] c act on di/ant matt] across seem+ly vacant space4 ,gravity1 & inde$ all ! =ms ( ! attractive =ces1 come "u ?is head4 ,true1 we obs]ve c]ta9 regul>ities 9 ! way 9 :i* ^! ph5om5a occur1 & ! ph5om5on at "o place seems to be someh[ dep5d5t on "s ex]cise ( =ce at ano!r place4 ,& s we inv5t an +5i\s !ory1 & =tify x all ar\nd ) pond]\s algebraic artill]y = def5se aga9/ all attack4 ,& by p]si/5t use ( su* !ories we hypnotize ourselves into ! belief t we are truly sci5tific 9 me?od1 & are deal+ ) objective realities1 & t ^! le>n$ !ories are some?+ m ?an pret5ti\s masks to hide our ignorance ( real nature2 :5 9 reality ^! !ories seem to be only a mat]ial scre5 to %ield u f an emb>rass+ ne> view ( ! imm$iate action ( ,god 9 all ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! _w2 = n _m f9d x a com=table ?\ght ?us to live cont9u\sly b5ea? ! great ,taskma/]'s eye4 ,! !ory ( ! lum9if]\s e!r z ! m$ium ( ! transmission ( light is "o ( ^! pret5ti\s bridges ( words4 ,our advanc+ k ( electro-magnetic ph5om5a may "s day drive u back to a modifi$ =m ( ! corpuscul> !ory ( light1 & !n we c ?r[ ?is ( ! e!r to ! w9ds4 ,9 t case we w\ld at lea/ h a real mat]ial cause = ! ph5om5a ) :i* we deal4 ,:ile ! curr5t !ory ( ! e!r has s _m inconsi/5cies1 & attempts to bridge ov] s _m real *asms 9 our ?9k+ t x seems truly a/oni%+ to see x taught s long4 ,by ! !ory ( ! e!r ! problems are n solv$1 !y are m]ely po/pon$ or evad$2 = :ile solv+ "o difficulty x creates a multitude ( its own4 ,h[ !n are we bett] (f ?an be=e )\t any su* !ory8 ,be+ at lib]ty to inv5t any sort ( qualities = _! e!r1 sci5ti/s h tri$ to imag9e su* a sub/ance z !y ?9k !y ne$4 ,! e!r mu/ be a k9d ( matt]2 b unlike any matt] t we "k ( x _c h weight1 or else x w\ld gravitate toge!r "h & !re1 ?us becom+ m abundant 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs2 :]eas ! ne$ is = a mat]ial absolutely uni=m ?r\gh\t space1 ev5 ?r\gh\t ! int]iors ( solid bodies1 su* z ! e>? & ! bodies ^u ! e>?4 ,ano!r reason = suppos+ ! e!r to be a pl5um1 fill+ absolutely all space1 is t x mu/ be p]fectly frictionless2 & = ?is reason x _c be compos$ ( p>ticles ) spaces betwe5 !m4 ,x mu/ be frictionless1 = o!rwise ! planets w\ld be ret>d$ 9 _! motions ?r\gh space4 ,! e>?1 = in/ance1 is mov+ along its orbit at ! rate ( eighte5 miles a second2 & yet ! e!r does n pile up 9 front ( x1 nor is x made r>] 9 ! wake ( ! e>?4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ! ?\s&s ( ye>s dur+ :i* a/ronom]s h be5 mak+ obs]vations absolutely no ret>dation has be5 detect$ 9 ! motions ( ! e>? or ( any ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ev5 to ! smalle/ fraction ( a second4 ,x is necess>y to make ! e!r absolutely ela/ic & absolutely rigid4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) _m mat]ials t are ela/ic1 & ) "s t are comp>atively rigid4 ,b ! ela/ic sub/ances t we are acqua9t$ ) are n rigid1 & ! rigid sub/ances are n ela/ic2 & to assume su* contradictory qualities 9 ! e!r transports u f> beyond ! b\nds ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,^! are b a few ( ! difficulties rais$ by ! assumption ( ! e!r z a real entity2 b z !re is no means ( demon/rat+ its exi/5ce1 except by argu+ ! necessity ( hav+ su* a m$ium to transmit radiant en]gy1 x foll[s t no multiplication ( objections to ! !ory is likely to refute x 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o feel ?is necessity4 ,^? :o refuse to admit ! possibility ( action at a di/ance1 :o insi/ on inv5t+ a connect+ mat]ial m$ium betwe5 e obs]v$ effect & "s mat]ial object ) :i* x seems to be 9 causal connection1 w1 ,i suppose1 h to be all[$ to ex]cise _! +5uity 9 any way to satisfy _! m9ds1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h to revise _! !ory ) e fre% discov]y 9 optics or radioactivity4 ,!re are _m o!r +5i\s m5tal devices1 l ?is ( ! e!r1 :i* seem to me only mat]iali/ic ef=ts to po/pone or to dodge ! real vital lessons to be read f natural ph5om5a1--ef=ts to pu% ! real ,cause back "o /ep f>!r into ! %ad[1--a la/ desp]ate ef=t1 9 ! face ( ! con/antly accumulat+ evid5ce ( mod]n k t ! great ,fir/ ,cause is f> m intimately connect$ ) life & motion ?an _m are will+ to believe4 ,we h already m5tion$ gravity & ! o!r attractive =ces1 su* z cohesion & adhesion2 b seem+ly v few p h ev] paus$ to consid] h[ utt]ly inexplicable !y /ill rema9 9 any physical or mat]iali/ic s5se4 ,x is easy to expla9 any =m ( a pu% 9 a physical way2 b gravity is n a pu% b a pull4 ,& h[ are we to expla9 ! me?od by :i* a body c act :]e x is n1 h[ expla9 9 detail ! way by :i* x c rea* out & pull 9 t[>d itself ano!r sep>at$ body1 & ex]t ?is pull across ! immeasurably wide fields ( space8 ,! law ( inv]se squ>es may tell u v accurately ! mann] 9 :i* ! results are accompli%$1 = our ,creator is a ,god ( ord]4 ,b !re is no mat]iali/ic !ory ( ! :y ( gravitation t is wor? employ+ ! "t ( s5sible1 tru?-lov+ p4 ,& we c re/ assur$ t !re nev] w be any su* real explanation1 save t ?is is ! way :i* ! great ,jehovah has orda9$4 ,s9ce su* !ories only expla9 ! kn[n 9 t]ms ( ! unkn[n1 !y c s]ve only z a sort ( m5tal buff] or %ield betwe5 u & ! conception ( ! direct work+ ( a p]sonal ,god1 ^: ^w mu/ always be z effective ?r\gh\t ! remote/ corn]s ( ,8 univ]se z ne> at h&1 = ! v simple reason t matt] has no prop]ties :i* ,he has n imp>t$ to x1 & accord+ly x c h no innate in]tia or reluctance to act :i* ,god's ^w w\ld ne$ to ov]come 9 ord] to induce x to act1 ev5 :5 ?is ^w op]ates across ! wide fields ( space4 ,on ?is explanation ^! ph5om5a ( action at a di/ance are at lea/ intelligible2 :ile to me1 & ,i speak n[ z a sci5ti/1 !y are intelligible 9 no o!r way4 ,,iii ,!re is ano!r l9e ( ?\ght :i* has to d ) liv+ organisms1 b :i* ,i %all beg leave to anticipate & br+ 9 "h at ! close ( ?is *apt]1 s9ce x foll[s z a direct coroll>y f ! law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,inde$1 we might ev5 t]m x ! biological aspect ( t law4 ,z we h se51 we c nei!r create en]gy nor de/roy x2 ?\gh we c lose x1--s f> z ?is e>? is conc]n$4 ,! va/ fund ( en]gy t daily comes /ream+ to u f ! sun is transmut$ back & =? 9 a ?\s& ways1 ?\gh little by little x is dissipat$ (f into space1 & we are dep5d5t ^u a fre% supply f ! ev] repl5i%$ f\nta94 ,j s1 ?\gh 9 a some:at ideali/ic s5se1 is x ) :at we may t]m vital en]gy4 ,cells1 organisms1 ev5 :ole races1 are subject to deg5]ation & decay4 ,!y _c acquire high] p[]s1 ?\gh !y may gradually lose :at !y already h2 z ,bateson has rec5tly told u t :atev] evolution !re is mu/ be by loss & n by ga94 ,wat] v easily runs d[n hill2 b _c g up hill 9 & ( itself4 ,j s ) ! types ( organic life4 ,x 0 n m]ely an idle sne] ( ! witty ,fr5*man1 t sci5ce has n yet expla9$ h[ an ance/or c transmit :at he has n got himself4 ,he _c always transmit all t he himself actually possesses ( nature's gifts4 ,vitality becomes l[]$1 & ! type deg5]ates4 ,weismann has emphasiz$ ?is idea 9 8 doctr9e ( panmixia1 or ! )drawal ( selection1 :i* always results 9 deg5]ation4 ,selection1 artificial or natural1 may s]ve to c\nt]act ?is univ]sal t5d5cy ( organic life1 b only approximately4 ,z ,sir ,william ,dawson says1 ,all ?+s left to !mselves t5d to deg5]ate4 ,little by little ! end[m5t ( vitality be/[$ ^u our _w at ! beg9n+ has1 l radiant en]gy1 be5 return$ to ,god :o gave x2 b1 unlike ! case ( radiant en]gy1 ! ,creator has n e/abli%$ any regul> s\rce ( vital supply f )\t1 no elixir ( life = organic nature 9 g5]al4 ,!re is no long] )9 easy rea* a tree ( life f :i* we may pluck & eat & live =ev]4 ,& z ! individual gr[s old & dies1 s d species & ev5 :ole tribes deg5]ate & become ext9ct4 ,f sc>pd cliff & qu>ri$ /one ,%e cries1 ',a ?\s& types are gone4' ,! glori\s flood ( vitality1 s prodigally lavi%$ ^u our _w 9 ! beg9n+1 has be5 ebb+ l[] & l[]2 & ! !ory ( organic nature /eadily advanc+ f ! l[] to ! high] is manife/ly j z pu]ile z ! old hope ( creat+ en]gy by a p]petual-motion ma*9e1--& a mi/ake ( precisely ! same nature4 ,bo? are contradict$ by ! magnific5t law ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 :i*1 z we h said1 is only ! sci5tific expression ( ! ,scriptural /atem5t t ,creation is complet$1 s f> z our _w is conc]n$2 ?\gh1 z ! wages ( s91 dea? has be5 decre$ ^u ! individual1 & deg5]ation m or less m>k$ ^u e organic type4 ,! fossils ( ! pa/1 z well z our own exp]i5ce )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 confirm ! view already arriv$ at on o!r gr\nds t ,creation is a complet$ "w & is n n[ go+ on2 & ! univ]sal te/imony f organic nature is t deg5]ation & decay h m>k$ ! hi/ory ( e liv+ =m4 ,j z ! individual gr[s old & dies1 s d species deg5]ate & become ext9ct4 ,,iii ,,life ,,only ,,f ,,life ,no biological g5]alization re/s on a wid] s]ies ( obs]vations1 or has be5 subject$ to a m critical scrut9y1 ?an t e liv+ organism has come into exi/5ce f a liv+ portion or portions ( a pre-exi/+ organism4#c ,0 !re any?+ s absurd z to believe t a numb] ( atoms1 by fall+ toge!r ( _! own accord1 c\ld make a sprig ( moss1 a microbe1 a liv+ animal8 444 ,x is utt]ly absurd4444 ,"h sci5tific ?\ght is compell$ to accept ! idea ( creative p[]4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,i ask$ ,liebig 444 if he believ$ t ! grass & fl[]s1 :i* we saw ar\nd u1 grew by m]e me*anical =ce4 ,he answ]$1 ',no m ?an ,i c\ld believe t a book ( botany describ+ !m c\ld gr[ by m]e *emical =ce4'#d ,let !m n imag9e t any hocus-pocus ( electricity or visc\s fluids w\ld make a liv+ cell4444 ,no?+ approa*+ to a cell ( liv+ creature has ev] yet be5 made4444 ,no artificial process :atev] c\ld make liv+ matt] out ( dead4#e ,footnote #c3 ,p4,c4 ,mit*ell1 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ieb4 ,footnote #d3 ,"l ,kelv9 9 ! ,london ,times1 ,may #d1 #aijc4 ,footnote #e3 ,"l ,kelv91 to a class ( ,m$ical ,/ud5ts1 ,octob] #bh1 #aijd4 ,i ,ev] s9ce ,r5 ,desc>tes1 9 8 ,holl& laboratory1 dissect$ ! heads ( great numb]s ( animals 9 ord] to discov] ! processes ( imag9ation & memory1 m5 h be5 seek+ a physical or mat]iali/ic answ] to su* que/ions z1 ,:at is life8 ,:at is x to be alive8 ,h[ %all we di/+ui% ! liv+ f ! n-liv+8 ,no "o ( to-day1 9 ! light ( ! correlation ( vital processes ) ! g5]al law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 believes t life 9 plants & animals is a sep>ate entity :i* may exi/ outside ( & ap>t f matt]4 ,9 a sci5tific s5se1 we only "k life by its association ) liv+ matt]1 :i* 9 its simple/ =m is kn[n z protoplasm4 ,! latt] has be5 t]m$ ! physical basis ( life1 & s f> z we "k e mat]ial liv+ ?+ is compos$ :olly ( protoplasm & ( ! /ructures :i* x has built up4 ,?is grayi%1 viscid1 slimy1 semi-transp>5t1 semi-fluid sub/ance1 simil> to ! :ite ( an egg1 is ! mo/ puzzl+1 ! mo/ wond]ful mat]ial ) :i* sci5ce has to deal4 ,*emically x is compos$ ( v>i\s proteids1 fats1 c>bohydrates1 etc41 & ^! 9 turn ( b v few elem5ts1 all ( :i* are common1 & none ( :i* are peculi> to protoplasm itself4 ,& yet its ess5tial prop]ties1 its me*anical z well z its *emical make-up1 h baffl$ ! res\rces ( our wise/ m5 ) all _! retorts & microscopes & o!r in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,protoplasm is ess5tially uni=m & simil> 9 appe>ance & prop]ties :]ev] f\nd1 :e!r 9 ! tissues ( ! human body1 9 a blade ( grass1 or 9 ! gre5 slime ( a /agnant pool4 ,& yet probably no two samples ( protoplasm are ev] exactly simil> 9 all respects1 ?\gh we may nev] be able to detect _! precise diff]5ces4 ,^! diff]5ces are due to ! fact t ! /uff is alive1 & )9 x are con/antly go+ on ^? *anges accompany+ metabolism1 or ! build+ up & te>+ d[n processes t always accompany life4 ,all sep>ate masses ( protoplasm1 su* z ! "o-cell$ amoeba or ! individual cells ( our own bodies1 are con/antly tak+ 9 food & z con/antly ?r[+ (f wa/es4 ,h5ce1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 x is impossible to f9d any mass ( protoplasm absolutely pure4 ,& a fur!r & impassable b>ri] to *emical analysis1 or inde$ to any adequate sci5tific exam9ation1 lies 9 ! fact t we c nev] deal ) protoplasm exactly z x is1 s9ce no analysis c be p]=m$ ^u x )\t de/roy+ its life4 ,& yet ev5 dead protoplasm1 & especially its mo/ *>act]i/ic con/itu5t1 proteid1 has be5 f\nd ! mo/ difficult mat]ial 9 ! _w to analyze1 & nobody z yet pret5ds to "k its exact *emical make-up4 ,! con/ant ef=t ( natural sci5ce to press back ! b\nd>ies ( ! unkn[n is v liable to obscure "s ( ! ?+s mo/ ess5tial to any sy/em ( cle> ?9k+ reg>d+ ^! matt]s4 ,we are s prone to ?9k t if only our microscopes 7 a little /rong]1 if only we c\ld devise m effective me?ods ( /a9+ or ( *emical analysis or *emical syn!sis1 we might really f9d out :at life is1 or :at matt] itself is2 9 %ort1 t we might be able to solve 9 a sci5tific way ! old1 old riddle ( exi/5ce4 ,b already we h ab\t rea*$ ! limits ( ! p[]s ( ! microscope2 & ev5 if we c\ld devise a way ( see+ ! ultimate /ructures ( :i* protoplasm is compos$1 h[ w\ld we be any bett] (f8 ,w\ld we n h to attribute to ea* con/itu5t ( ?is liv+ sub/ance ! prop]ties :i* we n[ attribute to ! :ole8--t is1 ! prop]ties :i* we attribute to masses ( protoplasmic units1 su* z plants1 or birds1 or human be+s8 ,we look at ourselves & we feel sure t we h a sep>ate & real exi/5ce1 t we are rationally consci\s & are end[$ ) *oice & free w4 ,we c say almo/ z mu* = an intellig5t bird or dog4 ,b we hesitate to say h[ _m ( ^! p[]s or *>act]i/ics ( free & indep5d5t p]sonality c be assign$ to ! unicellul> organisms1 su* z ! amoeba or ! corpuscles ( our blood4 ,^! "o-cell$ creatures are also alive1 are j z truly alive z are ^? compos$ ( _m cells4 ,ev5 ! corpuscles ( :i* our bodies are compos$ move1 & eat1 & gr[1 & seem really end[$ ) intellig5ce l ! high] =ms ( life4 ,suppose we c\ld g fur!r ?an is n[ possible & c\ld lay b>e ! ultimate make-up ( ! *romat9 ( ^! "o-cell$ creatures1 w\ld we ev5 !n be able to prove t life ) all its prop]ties is inh]5t 9 ^! mat]ial compon5ts ( ! cells8 ,9 o!r words1 w\ld we really solve any?+ aft] all8 ,or w\ld we n r be compell$ to ackn[l$ge t ! simple/1 ! mo/ truly rational view ( ! "q is t 9 liv+ matt] we h m]ely a special manife/ation ( ! pres5ce & ! direct action ( ! ,god ( nature :i* we _c s readily recognize 9 n-liv+ matt]8 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is all t we really "k1 & all t we are likely ev] to "k4 ,:5 we exam9e c>efully ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+1 we see t ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 !m is 9 _! orig94 ,! matt] ( gr[? is n a real di/9ction2 = cry/als gr[ on ! outside1 :ile inorganic liquids gr[ by intussusception1 z :5 a soluble sub/ance is add$ to !m1 9 v mu* ! same way z an animal gr[s by ! +e/ion ( food4 ,ev5 movem5t is h>dly an absolute di/9ction betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+2 = no movem5t c be detect$ 9 quiesc5t se$s1 :i* may lie dormant = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & on ! o!r h& inorganic foams :5 br\ght into contact ) liquids ( diff]5t composition display movem5ts t v closely simulate ^? ( ! liv+ matt]4 ,la/ly1 irritability1 ?\gh s notably *>act]i/ic ( liv+ matt]1 is sc>cely peculi> to x1 = _m inorganic sub/ances seem almo/ z def9itely responsive to ext]nal /imulation4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( _! orig9 !re is a real & a mo/ fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,all liv+ sub/ance arises only f o!r sub/ance already liv+4 ,x _c arise f ! n-liv+2 or at lea/ x nev] has done s s9ce ! beg9n+ ( sci5tific obs]vation1 ?\gh on ?is po9t h be5 conc5trat$ ! le>n+ & ! laboratory te*nique ( ?\s&s ( *emi/s & microscopi/s4 ,x may n be out ( place to quote "h f "o ( ! classics deal+ ) ?is subject1--words t are j z true to-day z :5 fir/ writt5 ne>ly half a c5tury ago3 ,let u place vividly 9 our imag9ation ! picture ( ! two great k+doms ( nature1--! inorganic & ! organic1--z ^! n[ /& 9 ! light ( ! ,law ( ,biog5esis4 ,:at ess5tially is involv$ 9 say+ t !re is no spontane\s g5]ation ( life8 ,x is meant t ! passage f ! m9]al _w to ! plant or animal _w is h]metically seal$ on ! m9]al side4 ,?is inorganic _w is /ak$ (f f ! liv+ _w by b>ri]s t h nev] yet be5 cross$ f )94 ,no *ange ( sub/ance1 no modification ( environm5t1 no *emi/ry1 no electricity1 nor any =m ( en]gy1 nor any evolution1 c end[ a s+le atom ( ! m9]al _w ) ! attribute ( life4 ,only by ! b5d+ d[n into ?is dead _w ( "s liv+ =m c ^! dead atoms be gift$ ) ! prop]ties ( vitality2 )\t ?is prelim9>y contact ) life !y rema9 fix$ 9 ! inorganic sph]e =ev]4 ,x is a v my/]i\s law :i* gu>ds 9 ?is way ! portals ( ! liv+ _w4 ,& if !re is "o ?+ 9 nature m wor? pond]+ = its /rang5ess1 x is ! spectacle ( ?is va/ helpless _w ( ! dead cut (f f ! liv+ by ! ,law ( ,biog5esis1 & d5i$ =ev] ! possibility ( resurrection )9 itself4 ,! physical laws may expla9 ! inorganic _w2 ! biological laws may acc\nt = ! developm5t ( ! organic4 ,b ( ! po9t :]e !y meet1--( t /range bord]-l& betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1--sci5ce is sil5t4 ,x is z if ,god _h plac$ ev]y?+ 9 e>? & heav5 9 ! h&s ( nature1 b _h res]v$ a po9t at ! g5esis ( life = ,8 direct appe>+4#f ,footnote #f3 ,h5ry ,drummond1 ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to emphasize fur!r ?is great out/&+ fact t ! n-liv+ _c become ! liv+ by any ( ! processes :i* we call natural2 & x w\ld be presumptu\s to attempt to emulate ^! eloqu5t words by seek+ to emphasize ! complet5ess ) :i* ?is great ,law ( ,biog5esis confirms ! tru? ( a real ,creation2 = ! supreme gr&eur & importance ( ?is law c\ld be only obscur$ by s do+4 ,,ii ,p]haps "s ( ! mo/ impressive lessons on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ?is great ,law ( ,biog5esis1 :i* says t life c come only f life4 ,= by /udy+ ! hi/ory ( ! way 9 :i* ?is great ,law has be5 e/abli%$1 we _c fail to be impress$ ) ! ?\ght t back ( all ! complex array ( liv+ =ms 9 our mod]n _w :i* g on p]petuat+ !mselves 9 ord]ly ways accord+ to natural law1 !y c\ld h orig9at$ only by a direct & real ,creation1 ess5tially & radically diff]5t f any processes n[ go+ on4 ,! wise/ ( ! anci5ts 9 ,greece & ,rome knew no?+ ( ?is great law z we n[ "k x4 ,ari/otle1 ! embodim5t ( all t ! anci5t _w knew ( natural sci5ce1 expressly taught t ! l[] =ms ( animals1 su* z fleas & worms1 ev5 mice & frogs1 sprang up spontane\sly f ! moi/ e>?4 ,all dry bodies1 he decl>$1 :i* become damp1 & all damp bodies :i* are dri$1 eng5d] animal life4 ,accord+ to ,v]gil1 bees are produc$ f ! putrify+ entrails ( a "y bull4 ,su* 7 ! tea*+s ( all ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ev5 ( ! sci5ti/s ( ! po/-,re=mation p]iod1 "s ( :om _h accumulat$ a v consid]able /ock ( k conc]n+ plants & animals4 ,& simil> absurdities cont9u$ to be taught until comp>atively mod]n times4 ,van ,helmont1 a celebrat$ al*emi/ physician :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! brilliant reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 wrote3 ,! smells :i* arise f ! bottom ( morasses produce frogs1 slugs1 lee*es1 grasses1 & o!r ?+s4 ,z a recipe = produc+ a pot ( mice (fh&1 he says t ! only ?+ necess>y is p>tly to fill a vessel ) corn & plug up ! m\? ( ! vessel ) an old dirty %irt4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty-"o days1 ! f]m5t aris+ f ! dirty %irt react+ ) ! odor f ! corn w effect ! transmutation ( ! :eat into mice4 ,! doctor solemnly assures u t he himself _h witness$ ?is wond]ful fact1 & cont9ues1 ,! mice are born full-gr[n2 !re are bo? males & females4 ,to reproduce ! species x suffices to pair !m4 ,scoop out a hole 9 a brick1 he says fur!r1 put into x "s sweet basil1 cru%$1 lay a second brick ^u ! fir/ s t ! hole may be completely cov]$4 ,expose ! two bricks to ! sun1 & at ! end ( a few days ! smell ( ! sweet basil1 act+ z a f]m5t1 w *ange ! h]b into real scorpions4#g ,footnote #g3 ,l\is ,pa/eur1 ,8 ,life & ,labors1 p4 #hi4 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 ! fam\s au?or ( ,religio ,m$ici1 _h express$ a d\bt z to :e!r mice may be br$ by putrifaction2 b ano!r sci5ti/1 ,alex&] ,ross1 dispos$ ( ?is sugge/ion by ! foll[+ l9e ( argum5t :i* 0 suppos$ to be conclusive z a r$uctio ad absurdum3 ,s may he 7,sir ,?omas ,br[ne7 d\bt :e!r 9 *eese & timb] worms are g5]at$2 or if beetles & wasps 9 c[s' dung2 or if butt]flies1 locu/s1 gras%opp]s1 %ell-fi%1 snails1 eels1 & su* l1 be procreat$ ( putrid matt]1 :i* is apt to receive ! =m ( t creature to :i* x is by =mative p[] dispos$4 ,to "q ?is is to "q reason1 s5se & exp]i5ce4 ,if he d\bts ?is let him g to ,egypt1 & !re he w f9d ! fields sw>m+ ) mice1 begot ( ! mud ( ,nylus1 to ! great calamity ( ! 9-habitants4#h ,footnote #h3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fd4 ,:5 we rememb] t su* nons5se con/itut$ ! wisdom ( ! sci5tific _w only ab\t two c5turies ago1 we beg9 to realize ! fact t ! doctr9e ( ,biog5esis is inde$ a v mod]n doctr9e4 ,b x may be well to ask 9 pass+1 ,h[ c\ld ! p ( =m] ages und]/& or appreciate ! great tru? ( ,creation z we mod]ns are able to d8 ,! fir/ important /ep t[>d ! refutation ( ?is old pagan doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 0 made by ! ,italian1 ,r$i1 9 #affh4 ,he notic$ t flies are always pres5t ar\nd decompos+ meat be=e ! appe>ance ( maggots1 & he devis$ an exp]im5t to keep ! flies away f actual contact ) ! meat4 ,! meat putrifi$ z usual1 b did n bre$ maggots2 :ile ! same k9d ( meat expos$ 9 op5 j>s sw>m$ ) !m4 ,he next plac$ "s meat 9 a j> ) "s wire gauze ov] ! top4 ,! flies 7 attract$ by ! smell ( ! meat z usual1 b c\ld n rea* ! meat4 ,in/ead !y laid _! eggs ^u ! gauze1 :]e !y hat*$ 9 due "t1 :ile no maggots 7 g5]at$ 9 ! meat4 ,?us f ?is "t onw>d x became gradually und]/ood t1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( all ! l>g] & high] =ms ( life1 ,h>vey's dictum1 z ann\nc$ "s ye>s previ\sly1 0 true1 & t life comes only f life4 ,b ! inv5tion ( ! microscope op5$ ! way = a r5ewal ( ! controv]sy reg>d+ ! orig9 ( life4 ,bact]ia 7 discov]$ 9 #afhc2 & x 0 soon obs]v$ t no precautions ) scre5s or o!r /opp]s c\ld prev5t bact]ia & o!r l[ organisms f bre$+ 9 myriads 9 e k9d ( organic matt]4 ,"h app>5tly 0 an entirely new f\ndation = ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,x 0 freely admitt$ t all ! high] =ms ( life arise only by process ( natural g5]ation f o!rs ( _! own k9d2 b did n ^! microscopic organisms prove t !re 0 a p]petual abiog5etic f\nt by :i* ! fir/ /eps 9 ! evolution ( liv+ organisms cont9u$ to arise1 "u suitable conditions1 f inorganic matt]8#i ,footnote #i3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fd4 ,! fam\s b>nacle-geese ought n to be omitt$ f any sket* ( ! vicissitudes ( ?is doctr9e ( ,biog5esis4 ,an elaborate illu/rat$ acc\nt cov]+ _! alleg$ natural hi/ory 0 pr9t$ 9 "o ( ! e>ly volumes ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,buds ( a p>ticul> tree gr[+ ne> ! sea 7 describ$ z produc+ b>nacles1 & ^! fall+ into ! wat] 7 alleg$ to be transmut$ into geese4 ,nor %\ld we omit m5tion ( ,huxley's ,ba?ybius ,haeckelii1 a slimy sub/ance suppos$ to exi/ 9 great masses 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean & to consi/ ( undiff]5tiat$ protoplasm1 ! exhau/less f\nta9 f :i* all o!r =ms ( life _h be5 d]iv$4 ,n long aft] ,huxley _h giv5 x a =mal sci5tific "n 9 #ahfh1 x 0 discov]$ to be m]ely a precipitate ( gypsum ?r[n d[n f sea wat] by alcohol1 & ?us a product ( clumsy manipulation 9 ! laboratory1 in/ead ( a natural product ( ! deep sea4 ,! disappo9tm5t ( ^? oppos+ biog5esis 0 sev]e2 b ! lesson is /ill ( value to ! _w to-day4 ,! ma/]ly "w ( ,tyndall & ,l\is ,pa/eur 9 do+ = ! bact]ia & protozoa :at ,r$i _h done = ! l>g] organisms1 is too mu* a matt] ( mod]n contempor>y hi/ory to ne$ recital "h4 ,^u ?is great tru? ( life only f life is bas$ all ! rec5t advances 9 ! treatm5t & prev5tion ( g]m diseases & all ! triumphs ( mod]n surg]y4 ,! h\sewife puts up cann$ fruit ) ! utmo/ confid5ce because %e believes 9 ?is great ,law ( ,biog5esis4 ,x is because we all believe 9 x t we use antiseptics & fumigators & fly scre5s4 ,,iii ,b :at are ! lessons to be le>n$ f ?is great fact1 & :at be>+ has ?is fact on ! old ,bible doctr9e ( a lit]al ,creation8 ,life comes n[ only f prexi/+ life4 ,b at "s "t !re 0 no life on ! globe4 ,x does n take any great ex]cise ( philosophic fai?1 z ,huxley sugge/$1 to look beyond ! abyss ( geologically record$ "t & recognize t at ?is beg9n+ ( ?+s !re mu/ h tak5 place a mo/ wond]ful ev5t1 ess5tially & radically diff]5t f any?+ n[ go+ on1 namely1 ! beg9n+ ( organic life4 ,b w\ld n ?is be a real ,creation 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s5se ( ?is t]m8 ,we _c avoid ?is conclusion2 nor is !re any?+ 9 ei!r sci5ce or philosophy to indicate t ?is creation ( ! liv+ f ! n-liv+ 0 conf9$ to "o m]e speck ( protoplasm4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t x requir$ a real ,creation to produce life f ! n-liv+ at all2 & x is j z reasonable t ?is ex]cise ( creative p[] may h tak5 place 9 all p>ts ( ! e>? at ! same g5]al "t1 z ! ,bible tea*es4 ,= if a ,be+ saw fit to create life at all1 :y %\ld ,he /op ) "o or two bits ( protoplasmic units8 ,an ar*itect :o c make 8 own bricks & o!r build+ mat]ial1 c surely build :at he desires out ( ^! mat]ials4 ,common s5se tells u t1 if ! ,creator really creat$ life 9 ! beg9n+1 ,he did n /op ) a few specks ( protoplasm "h & !re ov] ! e>?4 ,! ability to create life f ! n-liv+ implies ! ability to make full-gr[n trees or birds or bea/s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 in/ead ( wait+ = mon?s or ye>s1 z is usual at ! pres5t "t4 ,z we h already f\nd reg>d+ matt] & en]gy1 s ( life4 ,! record 9 ,g5esis is confirm$1 = mod]n sci5ce compels u to believe 9 ,creation z ! only possible orig9 ( life1--a ,creation entirely diff]5t f any?+ n[ go+ on1 & "o t c nev] be made to fit into any s*eme ( uni=mit>ian evolution4 ,,iv ,,! ,,cell ,,& ,,! ,,lessons ,,x ,,tea*es ,i ,) 8 usual vigor & expressiv5ess ,h5ry ,drummond has giv5 u a picture ( ! rem>kable fact t ! cells ( all plants & animals are /rik+ly alike1 especially ! s+le cells f :i* all orig9ate4 ,x is easy = any "o to di/+ui% betwe5 an oak1 a palm tree1 & a li*51 :ile a botani/ w h elaborate sci5tific di/9ctions :i* he c disc]n betwe5 !m4 ,b if ! fir/ "y g]ms ( ^! ?ree plants are plac$ be=e him1 says ,drummond1 & ! botani/ is call$ ^u to def9e ! diff]5ce1 he f9ds x impossible4 ,he _c ev5 say :i* is :i*4 ,exam9$ "u ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope1 !y yield no clue4 ,analyz$ by ! *emi/1 ) all ! appliances ( 8 laboratory1 !y keep _! secret4 ,! same exp]im5t c be tri$ ) ! embryos ( animals4 ,take ! ovule ( ! worm1 ! eagle1 ! elephant1 & ( man himself4 ,let ! mo/ skill$ obs]v] apply ! mo/ se>*+ te/s to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r1 & he w fail4 ,b !re is some?+ m surpris+ /ill4 ,comp>e next ! two sets ( g]ms1 ! vegetable & ! animal1 & !re is no %ade ( diff]5ce4 ,oak & palm1 worm & man1 all />t 9 life toge!r4 ,no matt] into :at /rangely diff]5t =ms !y may aft]w>ds develop1 no matt] :e!r !y are to live on sea or l&1 creep or fly1 swim or walk1 ?9k or vegetate1--9 ! embryo1 z x fir/ meets ! eye ( sci5ce1 !y are indi/+ui%able4 ,! apple :i* fell 9 ,newton's g>d51 ,newton's dog ,diamond1 & ,newton himself1 began life at ! same po9t4#aj ,9 ^! rem>ks1 ( c\rse1 ,drummond is deal+ ) ! unicellul> primal =m1 z x fir/ meets ! eye ( sci5ce2 & :ile c]ta9 slight peculi>ities 7su* z ! con/ant numb] ( *romosomes7 h be5 detect$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! cells ( c]ta9 =ms1 yet = all practical purposes ^! words ( ,drummond are j z true to-day z :5 fir/ writt54 ,possibly x is because ( a failure 9 our te*nique or f a lack ( p[] 9 our microscopes t ^! wond]ful protoplasmic units f :i* all liv+ ?+s orig9ate seem id5tical4 ,b x is equally possible t !y are really id5tical 9 /ructure & 9 *emical composition1 & t only ! ev] pres5t wat*c>e ( ! great ,au?or ( nature directs ! "o to develop 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 aft] its k9d1 & ano!r 9 /ill ano!r mann]1 aft] its k9d4 ,at any rate1 ! protoplasm ( :i* !y are all alike compos$ is id5tical :]ev] f\nd1 s f> z any sci5tific te/s h yet be5 able to det]m9e4 ,footnote #aj3 ,natural ,law1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,ii ,!re are _m v>ieties ( s+le cells kn[n to sci5ce :i* ma9ta9 an indep5d5t individual exi/5ce4 ,among ! unicellul> plants are ! bact]ia1 :ile ! unicellul> animals are kn[n z ! protozoa4 ,& al?\gh p]haps ,i ought to apologize to ! read] = seem+ to anticipate "h a "p ( ! discussion ( ! problem ( species1 yet x seems necess>y to say a few words "h reg>d+ ! p]si/5ce ( ^! unicellul> =ms4 ,among ! diseases :i* h be5 prov$ to be due to protozoa are mal>ia1 amoebic dys5t]y1 & syphilis2 :ile among ! mu* l>g] numb] :i* are due to bact]ia1 bacilli1 or o!r vegetable p>asites1 are *ol]a1 typhoid fev]1 ! plague1 pneumonia1 diph!ria1 tub]culosis1 & leprosy4 ,"o ( ! difficulties att5d+ ! /udy ( species among ! high] =ms ( plants & animals has always be5 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to obta9 any l>ge numb] ( g5]ations on :i* to make obs]vations4 ,9 ! case ( su* plants z peas1 :eat1 corn1 or inde$ almo/ any =m ( plant life1 x is only ) difficulty t m ?an "o g5]ation a ye> c be obta9$2 & :5 two or m g5]ations a ye> are produc$1 !y are produc$ "u m or less unnatural conditions4 ,s t x takes almo/ a lifetime c>efully to te/ & record 9 a ?or\ghly sci5tific way ! results ( any ext5sive exp]im5ts reg>d+ v>iation & h]$ity4 ,9 ! case ( mice or rats or rabbits or gu9ea pigs1 _m m g5]ations c be obta9$ 9 a few ye>s2 b 9 ! case ( ! l>g] k9ds ( animals ! "t tak5 = developm5t to maturity & = ge/ation is (t5 mu* prolong$2 & sci5tific obs]vation ( an exact "* has be5 9 vogue = s %ort a "t t !re has always be5 ! *ance = advocates ( evolution to take refuge "u ! plea t1 if we only _h long] & m c>efully conduct$ obs]vations1 we c\ld really see species 9 ! mak+1 "o =m becom+ trans=m$ into a di/9ct =m1 or p]haps giv+ rise to ano!r & di/9ct =m z an (f%oot4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! bact]ia & protozoa1 we c h a new g5]ation e h\r or s1 sometimes e half h\r4 ,true1 ^! =ms ( m9ute life h be5 "u obs]vation = only a few ye>s2 b _! effects h 9 _m cases be5 obs]v$ = almo/ ! entire l5g? ( human hi/ory4 ,no physician w\ld tol]ate ! sugge/ion t ! bacillus ( *ol]a c produce ! symptoms ( diph!ria1 or ! tub]cle bacillus produce ! symptoms ( leprosy4 ,nor w any sci5ti/ d5y t su* diseases z ! plague1 tub]culosis1 or diph!ria are id5tical ) diseases :i* ravag$ ,rome or ,greece or ,egypt ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,& z ! symptoms ( ^! mod]n diseases are simil> to ^? record$ by acute obs]v]s 9 ,greece or ,egypt two ?\s& ye>s or m ago1 we mu/ conclude t ! organisms caus+ ^! symptoms are d\btless id5tical4 ,simil> rem>ks might be made reg>d+ f]m5tation & o!r =ms ( decay4 ,9 ! case ( a =m ( bact]ia :i* rea*es maturity & r$ivides 9 half an h\r1 ! numb] ( individual =ms exi/+ at ! end ( two days w\ld ne$ ab\t tw5ty-eight figures to repres5t x4 ,d\btless ^! =ms nev] multiply at ?is rate un9t]rupt$ly = any great l5g? ( "t1 or else !y w\ld occupy ! :ole _w to ! exclusion ( e o!r =m ( life4 ,& d\btless in/ances arise :]e ! p]iod ( gr[? to maturity & division is prolong$ to sev]al times ! half-h\r p]iod m5tion$ above4 ,b 9 any case1 z we contemplate ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* su* well m>k$ diseases z diph!ria1 leprosy1 or ! plague h be5 kn[n1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ^! unicellul> =ms seem to bre$ true dur+ a mo/ a/oni%+ly long p]iod4 ,h[ c we d5y t ?is p]si/5ce ( ^! unicellul> =ms con/itutes a v /rong argum5t 9 favor ( ! fixity ( ^! =ms8 ,,iii ,b we mu/ proce$ to exam9e ! behavior ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cells ( :i* ! v>i\s multicellul> organisms are compos$4 ,plants 7 kn[n to be compos$ ( cells1 & _! cells 7 /udi$ & describ$ "s ye>s be=e x 0 und]/ood t animals also are compos$ ( cells z units4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ prop\nd]s ( ! cell !ory 7,s*leid5 & ,s*wann7 _h no cle> or accurate idea ( ! orig9 ( cells1 or ( _! ess5tial *>act]s & /ructure4 ,z to orig91 !y suppos$ t cells arose by a sort ( cry/allization f a "m liquor2 & z to /ructure1 !y look$ ^u ! cell-wall z ! really important "p1 ! fluid cont5ts be+ q subord9ate4 ,hugo von ,mohl 7#ahdf7 appli$ to ! fluid cont5ts ( ! cell ! t]m protoplasm1 & ,max ,s*ultze 7#ahfa7 %[$ t ?is protoplasm is really id5tical 9 all organisms1 plants & animals1 also t ! cell-wall is frequ5tly abs5t 9 _m animal tissues & 9 _m unicellul> =ms1 indicat+ t ! protoplasm is ! really important sub/ance4 ,by ?is "t also x _h become kn[n t cells nev] arise de novo1 z _h be5 suppos$ by ! e>li] inve/igators1 b t cells arise only by division ( preexi/+ cells2 or z ,rudolf ,vir*[ 7#aheh7 express$ x1 omnis cellula e cellula4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 _m ye>s be=e ! details ( ! gr[? & reproduction ( ! cells 7cell-division7 became well und]/ood4 ,n until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 x settl$ t ! nucleus ( ! cell is also a supremely important "p2 b f9ally 9 #ahhb ,flemm+ 0 able to ext5d ,vir*['s aphorism to ! nucleus also3 omnis nucleus e nucleo4 ,s9ce ^! discov]ies our k ( ! me?ods ( cell-division has mu* increas$2 & 9 ! light ( our mod]n k ( ^! matt]s !re is no?+ 9 all nature m m>vell\s ?an ! regul> ord]ly way 9 :i* cells reproduce !mselves accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,c]ta9 cells 9 ! develop+ embryo1 = example1 are e>ly set ap>t = a p>ticul> function or = build+ c]ta9 /ructures1 & !reaft] are nev] div]t$ f ?is duty s z to d a diff]5t "w or produce a diff]5t k9d ( /ructure4 ,9 ! "y embryo c]ta9 /ructures arise at c]ta9 pr$e/9$ times 9 p>ticul> places1 & only !re & out ( ^! cells alone4 ,z to :y x %\ld be s1 we _c tell1 save z ! result ( delib]ate design & z an expression ( ! ord]-lov+ m9d ( ! ,god ( nature4 ,9 ! words ( "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n au?orities1 ,we /ill d n "k :y a c]ta9 cell becomes a gl&-cell1 ano!r a gangleon-cell2 :y "o cell gives rise to smoo? muscle-fib]1 :ile a neighbor =ms volunt>y muscle4444 ,x is daily becom+ m app>5t t epig5esis ) ! ?ree lay]s ( ! g]m furni%es no explanation ( developm5tal ph5om5a4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,nature1 ,may #bc1 #aija4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciple ( a division ( labor1 c]ta9 cells become e>ly set ap>t to p>ticul> functions1 & 9 accordance ) ! v>y+ dem&s ( ^! functions ! develop+ cells may become greatly *ang$ 9 =m & 9 vital *>act]i/ics4 ,t is1 "o cell specializes1 let u say1 9 secretion1 ano!r 9 contractility1 ano!r 9 receiv+ & c>ry+ /imuli1 etc4 ,9 ?is way we w h ! gl&-cell1 ! muscle-cell1 & ! n]ve-cell1 ea* cell de/9$ to produce "o ( ^! organs develop+ o!rs aft] its k9d1 ! result be+ t x is soon surr\nd$ ) num]\s companions do+ a simil> "w1 mak+ up 9 ?is way a p>ticul> tissue or organ--gl&1 muscle1 or n]ve--:i* 9 ! aggregate has = its function ! "w ( ! p>ticul> cells compos+ x4 ,b ! important ?+ = u to rememb] 9 ?is connection is t :5 cells once become ?us diff]5tiat$ (f & d$icat$ to any p>ticul> function1 !y c nev] gr[ or develop into any di/9ctly diff]5t type ( cell ) o!r & diff]5t functions4 ,x is true t ?r\gh pa?ologic deg5]ation ! =m & ev5 ! function ( cells may become greatly *ang$2 b nev] does x am\nt to a complete metamorphosis or complete trans=mation into ano!r di/9ctly diff]5t type4 ,?is is a v important pr9ciple1 & x conta9s s _m lessons = u be>+ on ! philosophy ( life 9 g5]al t x may be all[able to e/abli% ?is fact by sev]al some:at l5g?y quotations f /&>d au?orities4 ,! fir/ w be f "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on embryology1 ,*>les ,s$gwick ,m9ot1 ( ,h>v>d3 ,9 accordance ) ?is law ( diff]5tiation we enc\nt] no in/ances1 ei!r 9 normal or pa?ological developm5t1 ( ! trans=mation ( a cell ( "o k9d ( tissue into a cell ( ano!r k9d ( tissue2 & fur!r we enc\nt] no in/ances ( a diff]5tiat$ cell be+ trans=m$ back into an undiff]5tiat$ cell ( ! embryonic type ) v>i$ pot5tialities4#ab ,aga91 we h ! foll[+ f "o ( ! =emo/ pa?ologi/s1 z to ! /rict & r n>r[ limits ( ev5 pa?ologic *ange3 ,epi!lium & gl& cells 444 nev] become conv]t$ into bone or c>tilage1 or vice v]sa2 :ile1 aga91 x may be laid d[n t among epibla/ic & hypobla/ic tissues1 on ! "o h&1 & mesobla/ic tissues on ! o!r1 !re is no new developm5t or metaplasia ( ! mo/ highly specializ$ tissues f less specializ$ tissues2 a simple epi!lium _c 9 ! v]tebrate give rise to m complex gl&ul> tissue1 or to n]ve cells2 9 reg5]ation ( epi!lium !re is no new =mation ( hair roots or cutane\s gl&s4 ,! cells ( :ite fibr\s connective tissue h n be5 se5 to =m /riat$ or ev5 non-/riat$ muscle4#ac ,footnote #ab3 ,sci5ce1 ,m>* #bi1 #aija1 p4 #dij4 ,footnote #ac3 ,j4,g4 ,adami1 ,pr9ciples ( ,pa?ology1 pp4 #fda-fdb4 ,z impli$ by ^! quotations1 a con/ant & progressive diff]5tiation ( cells prevails 9 ! develop+ embryo2 & :5 complete1 c]ta9 gr\ps ( cells act z speciali/s 9 do+ only c]ta9 k9ds ( "w = ! body4 ,^! cells ma9ta9 _! specific *>act]s 9 a v rem>kable degree "u normal conditions4 ,"u v>i\s abnormal conditions1 h[ev]1 ^! cells may become modifi$ z to functions1 s t cells or tissues ( "o type may assume m or less completely ! *>act]s ( ano!r type4 ,b1 z a v high au?ority decl>es1 ! limitations 9 ?is *ange 9 type are /rictly drawn1 s t "o type c assume only ! *>act]s ( ano!r :i* is closely relat$ to x4 ,?is *ange ( "o =m ( closely relat$ tissue into ano!r is call$ metaplasia4444 ,:5 diff]5tiation has advanc$ s t su* di/9ct types ( tissue h be5 =m$ z connective tissue1 epi!lium1 muscle1 n]ve1 ^! d n aga9 m]ge ?r\gh metaplasia4 ,!re is no evid5ce t mesobla/ic tissues c be conv]t$ into ^? ( ! epibla/ic or hypobla/ic type1 or vice v]sa4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,delafield & ,prudd51 ,text-,book ( ,pa?ology1 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 ,?is modification ( function among ! cells :i* sometimes goes on 9 ! develop+ embryo1 or "u pa?ologic conditions1 is v closely analog\s to ! v>iation :i* goes on among species ( animals & plants4 ,b1 z we %all see lat]1 !re is a well m>k$ limit to ?is v>iation among species1 j z we see !re is 9 ! v>iations among ! cells4 ,practically ! same g5]al laws hold good 9 ea* case4 ,if cells did n ma9ta9 _! ance/ral *>act]s 9 a v rem>kable way1 :at w\ld be ! use ( graft+ a good k9d ( fruit onto a /ock ( poor] quality8 ,! v p]man5cy ( ! grafts ?us produc$ is pro( ( ! p]si/5cy ) :i* cells reproduce only aft] _! k9d4 ,,iv ,h[ c we fail to see ! be>+s ( ^! facts on ! doctr9e ( ! trans=mation ( species among ord9>y plants & animals1 :i* are m]ely isolat$ & self-conta9$ gr\ps ( cells8 ,d n ^! facts con/itute /rong presumptive evid5ce t among animals & plants1 ?\gh !re may be v>iation 9 pl5ty )9 c]ta9 limits1 p]haps )9 ev5 mu* wid] limits ?an us$ to be ?\ght possible1 yet among ^! di/9ct organisms1 little & big1 new =ms develop only aft] _! ance/ral type1 9 full accord ) ! record giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,bible8 ,b we are n[ prep>$ to exam9e 9 m detail ! facts z n[ kn[n to mod]n sci5ce reg>d+ species ( plants & animals4 ,v ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,species8 ,i ,we h se5 t !re is no way to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( matt]1 ( en]gy1 or ( life1 except by po/ulat+ a real ,creation4 ,we h se5 t cells cont9ue to ma9ta9 _! id5tity1 & reproduce only aft] _! k9d4 ,we mu/ n[ deal ) ! high] =ms ( cell aggregates1 :i* we call plants & animals4 ,x has long be5 held t ^! at lea/ are mutable1 t "o k9d ( plant or ( animal may 9 ! c\rse ( ages be trans=m$ into a di/9ctly diff]5t type2 & ( late ye>s !re has accumulat$ a v volum9\s lit]ature deal+ ) ! v>i\s intricacies ( ?is problem ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,h[ c we deal ) su* a l>ge subject 9 a brief way8 ,x seems be/ to conf9e our att5tion 9 ?is *apt] to an attempt to answ] ! "q1 ,:at is a species8 & are species natural gr\ps cle>ly delimit$ by nature8 ,,ii ,! t]m species 0 at fir/ us$ v loosely by sci5tific writ]s4 ,x meant v little m ?an our vague ^w k9d does at ! pres5t "t4 ,n until ! "t ( ,l9nu 7#agjg-aggh7 did ! t]m acquire a def9ite & precise mean+4 ,! aphorism ( ! great botani/1 species tot sunt div]s quot div]s =m ab initio sunt creat--j s _m species are to be reckon$ z !re 7 =ms creat$ 9 ! beg9n+1--0 at lea/ an attempt to use ! t]m 9 a well-def9$ s5se4 ,( c\rse1 ?is def9ition assum$ ! fixity ( species2 b ) ! wide preval5ce ( ! views ( ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s ! t]m species has fall5 into disrepute1 & is n[ reg>d$ by _m z only an artificial rank 9 classification correspond+ to no objective reality 9 ! natural _w4 ,"s writ]s1 z ,lanke/]1 h f\nd s mu* fault ) ! t]m z to urge its complete ab&onm5t 9 sci5tific lit]ature4 ,?is is logical en\gh f ! /&po9t ( ,d>w9ism2 = if ! latt] be true !re ought inde$ to be su* a swamp+ ( e incipi5t species z to make "o k9d bl5d ) o!rs all ar\nd x 9 ! classification s]ies4 ,b s9ce ! t]m has by no means be5 disc>d$1 we mu/ endeavor to det]m9e ! s5se 9 :i* x cont9ues to be us$ 9 good sci5tific lit]ature4 ,a species1 says ,huxley1 is ! smalle/ gr\p to :i* di/9ct & inv>iable *>act]s c be assign$4 ,! ,/&>d ,diction>y says t ! t]m is us$ = a classificatory gr\p ( animals or plants subord9ate to a g5us1 & hav+ memb]s t diff] among !mselves only 9 m9or details ( proportion & color1 & are capable ( f]tile int]bre$+ indef9itely4 ,! latt] au?ority also adds3 ,9 ! k+doms ( organic nature species is f\nd$ on id5tity ( =m & /ructure1 & specifically *>act]iz$ by ! p[] ( ! individuals to produce be+s l !mselves1 :o are 9 turn productive4 ,to put ! matt] /ill m def9itely be=e ! read]1 we quote ! foll[+ f a well-kn[n sci5ti/ ^: writ+s on ! subject ( evolution h _h a wide circulation3 ,!re are two bases on :i* species may be f\nd$4 ,species may be bas$ on =m1 morphological species2 or !y may be bas$ on reproductive functions1 physiological species4 ,by ! "o me?od a c]ta9 am\nt ( diff]5ce ( =m1 /ructure1 & habit1 con/itutes species2 accord+ to ! o!r1 if ! two k9ds bre$ freely ) ea* o!r & ! (fspr+ is indef9itely f]tile1 ! k9ds are call$ v>ieties1 b if !y d n !y are call$ species4#ae ,?is au?or adds t ?is physiological te/1 z to :e!r or n ! k9ds are cross f]tile1 is reg>d$ z a mo/ important te/ ( true species1 z contra/$ ) v>ieties or races4 ,footnote #ae3 ,joseph ,le ,conte1 ,evolution & ,religi\s ,?\ght1 p4 #bcc4 ,,iii ,:5 we look at ! matt] 9 ?is light1 x is v evid5t t !re are multitudes ( long recogniz$ specific di/9ctions t ought to be disc>d$4 ,= in/ance1 !re are "s tw5ty odd species ( wild pigs scatt]$ ov] ! ,old ,_w1 :i* ,fl[] & ,lydekk] assure u w\ld probably bre$ freely toge!r4#af ,! yak & ! zebu ( ,india1 & ! bison ( ,am]ica1 w\ld on ?is basis h to be surr5d]$1 = x is well kn[n t !y w all bre$ freely ) ! common dome/ic cattle1 z well z ) "o ano!r4 ,p]haps all or ne>ly all ( ! doz5 or m species ( ! g5us ,bos w\ld ?us be includ$ toge!r4 ,all ( ! dogs1 wolves1 & o!rs ( ! ,canid might ?us be consid]$ z fundam5tally a unit4 ,! cats 7,felid7 are well kn[n to bre$ freely toge!r1 ,k>l ,hagnbeck ( ,hamburg hav+ cross$ lions & tig]s z well z o!rs ( ! family4 ,practically all ( ! be>s h be5 cross$ repeat$ly1 & ! prog5y ( ^! & o!r crosses are q famili> sights at ! ,london ,zological ,g>d5s4 ,among ! l[] =ms ( life ev5 m surpris+ results h be5 atta9$ by ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan & o!rs4 ,footnote #af3 ,mammals ,liv+ & ,ext9ct1 pp4 #bhd-bhe4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a v ha/y conclusion to say on ! basis ( ^! facts t !re are no natural limitations to gr\ps ( animals & plants4 ,b we are entirely w>rant$ 9 conclud+ f ^! facts t 9 v _m cases1 p]haps 9 mo/1 our sy/em ( taxonomic classification ( animals & plants has gone altoge!r too f>1 & t sci5ti/s h erect$ specific di/9ctions :i* are :olly uncall$ = & :i* confuse & obscure ! ma9 issues ( ! species problem4 ,among ! work]s 9 botany & 9 e dep>tm5t ( zology !re h always be5 ! splitt]s & ! lump]s1 z !y are famili>ly call$2 ! =m] insi/+ on ! mo/ m9ute di/9ctions betwe5 _! species1 ?us multiply+ !m2 ! latt] be+ m lib]al & t5d+ to dim9i% ! numb] ( species 9 any giv5 gr\p4 ,= a g5]ation or m 9 ! rec5t pa/ ! splitt]s _h ?+s pretty mu* _! own way2 b ( late !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to fr[n d[n ! mania = creat+ new names4 ,ev5 yet x is ) ! utmo/ reluctance t long e/abli%$ specific di/9ctions are surr5d]$1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! mammo?1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ by "s ( ! v be/ au?orities to be really indi/+ui%able f ! mod]n ,asiatic elephant4 ,sev]al fossil be>s 7 long li/$ 9 sci5tific books2 b !y are all ackn[l$g$ n[ to be id5tical ) ! mod]n grizzly1 & z we h already intimat$ all ! mod]n ones ought to be put toge!r4 ,^! mod]n rationaliz+ me?ods h made b a slight impression on ! va/ complex ( ! fossil plants & animals1 affect+ ! names ( only a few ( ! l>g] & bett] kn[n =ms4 ,9 ! realm ( inv]tebrate palontology1 h[ev]1 ! splitt]s are /ill hold+ high c>nival1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( "s v prom95t sci5ti/s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,= palontologi/s /ill foll[ ! irrational c\rse ( inv5t+ a new "n1 specific or ev5 g5]ic1 = a =m t happ5s to be f\nd 9 a k9d ( rock widely sep>at$ z to age f ! o!r b$s :]e simil> =ms are accu/om$ to be f\nd4 ,z ,angelo ,heilpr9 expresses x1 ,x is practically c]ta9 t num]\s =ms ( life1 exhibit+ no di/9ctive *>act]s ( _! own1 are con/itut$ into di/9ct species = no o!r reason ?an t !y occur 9 =mations widely sep>at$ f ^? hold+ _! ne>e/ k94#ag ,z a result ( ^! me?ods ?is same au?or decl>es3 ,x is by no means improbable t _m ( ! old] g5]a1 n[ recogniz$ z di/9ct by reason ( our imp]fect k conc]n+ _! true relation%ips1 h 9 reality repres5tatives liv+ 9 ! mod]n seas4#ah ,footnote #ag3 ,geographical & ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,animals1 pp4 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,id41 pp4 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,b ! situation is v little bett] :5 we come to deal ) plants & animals ( our mod]n _w4 ,because1 ) ! _m ?\s&s ( /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce all ov] ! _w1 ea* anxi\s to get into pr9t z ! discov]] ( "s new =m1 ! sy/emati/s h a dead weight ( names on _! h&s t by a rational & enlight5$ revision c\ld d\btless be r$uc$ to b a fraction ( _! pres5t di%e>t5+ array4 ,= z ! result ( ! ext5sive bre$+ exp]im5ts n[ be+ c>ri$ on "u ! /udy ( :at is call$ ,m5delism 7a t]m t w be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]71 x has be5 f\nd t great numb]s ( ! species ( ! sy/emati/s or classificationi/s w n /& ! physiological te/ ( bre$+1 t is1 !y are f\nd to bre$ freely toge!r accord+ to ! ,m5delian ,law4 ,z ,william ,bateson rem>ks3 ,we may ev5 be c]ta9 t numb]s ( excell5t species recogniz$ by entomologi/s or orni?ologi/s1 = example1 w\ld1 if subject$ to bre$+ te/s1 be imm$iately prov$ to be analytical v>ieties1 diff]+ f ea* o!r m]ely 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( def9ite factors4#ai ,! foll[+ f ,david ,/>r ,jordan1 ! lead+ ,am]ican au?ority on fi%es1 w s]ve to %[ h[ num]\s h be5 ! new names inv5t$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 all t5d+ fur!r to confuse & complicate ! problem ( :at is a species3 ,9 our fre%-wat] fi%es1 ea* species on an av]age has be5 describ$ z new f ?ree to f\r times1 on acc\nt ( m9or v>iations1 real or suppos$4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e ! fi%es h be5 /udi$ long] & by m diff]5t m51 upw>ds ( six or eight nom9al species h be5 describ$ = ea* "o t is n[ consid]$ di/9ct4#bj ,footnote #ai3 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 p4 #bhd1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bj3 ,sci5ce ,sket*es1 p4 #ii4 ,& aga93 ,?us ! common ,*annel ,catfi% ( our riv]s has be5 describ$ z a new species n less ?an tw5ty-five times1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ces real or imag9>y1 b comp>atively trifl+ 9 value4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,sci5ce ,sket*es1 p4 #if4 ,p]haps ! read] w tol]ate ano!r some:at long quotation because ( ! light :i* x %$s on ?is :ole problem4 ,"s ye>s ago we _h a p>asite ( a v de/ructive aphid d[n 9 our books z ,lysiphlebus tritici4 ,9 c>ry+ out our inve/igations x became necess>y to f9d out :e!r ?is p>asite _h m ?an a s+le ho/ insect1 & :e!r x c\ld develop 9 m ?an "o species ( aphid4 ,to ?is end1 rec5tly em]g$ males & females 7 all[$ to pair1 aft] :i* ! female oviposit$ 9 sev]al species ( aphids4 ,bo? p>5ts 7 !n kill$ & pres]v$ & all ( _! prog5y n us$ 9 fur!r exp]im5ts 7 also pres]v$1 & ?us entire broods or families 7 kept toge!r4 ,9 ?is way females 7 re>$ out ( "o ho/ species & all[$ to oviposit 9 o!rs1 until1 (t5 aft] sev]al ho/s _h be5 employ$1 x w\ld be br$ back into ! species :5ce x fir/ orig9at$4 ,9 all cases ! ho/ 0 re>$ f ! mom5t ( bir?1 :ile ) ! p>asite bo? p>5ts & (fspr+ 7 kept toge!r4 ,! result ( ?is little fragm5t ( "w 0 to s5d two g5]a & f\rte5 species to ! cemet]y--y may call x ,mt4 ,synonym ,cemet]y1 if y *oose--:ile ! insect involv$ is n[ ,aphidius te/aceipes4 ,! sy/emati/ :o /udies only dri$ corpses w soon be out ( date4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,f4,m4 ,web/]1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 9 ,sci5ce1 ,april #ab1 #aiab1 p4 #efe4 ,,iv ,n[ all ?is is n giv5 to intimate t !re is no sci5tific ju/ification = ! t]m species1 b to make pla9 to my non-pr(essional read]s :at e well-in=m$ biologi/ already kn[s1 namely1 t at ! pres5t "t ! species "q is /ill 9 a v unsatisfactory /ate4 ,! facts giv5 above w\ld /rongly sugge/ t !re probably is inde$ su* a ?+ z a species1 9 ! s5se assign$ by ,l9nu1 :o z we h se5 wi%$ to make x a designation cov]+ all ! desc5dants ( ea* di/9ct k9d orig9ally creat$4 ,b ?is orig9al aim ( ,l9nu is to-day n m]ely ignor$ b treat$ ) l(ty contempt2 = accord+ to ! prevail+ !ories ( evolution1 all ! manifold div]sities ( life 9 our mod]n _w h come ab\t gradually z ! result ( a sl[ developm5t by natural process1 & h5ce x w\ld be va9 beyond measure to attempt to det]m9e ! limits ( a species 9 ! s5se und]/ood by ,l9nu4 ,b we may conclude1 f ! facts pres5t$ above1 t if !re is su* a naturally delimit$ gr\p z a species 9 ! ,l9nan s5se ( ! ^w1 x by no means co9cides ) :at n[ passes "u ?is "n1 b might include _m s-call$ species1 (t5 a :ole g5us1 or ev5 sev]al4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 we mu/ pass on to consid] ! next /ep 9 our /udy1 z to :e!r new species are n[ com+ into be+ 9 our mod]n _w "u sci5tific obs]vation1 ei!r natural or artificial4 ,,vi ,,m5delism ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,_h ,m5del's "w come into ! h&s ( ,d>w91 x is n too mu* to say t ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( evolution>y philosophy w\ld h be5 v diff]5t f t :i* we h witness$4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,william ,bateson1 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 p4 #caf4 ,i ,f ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 attempts 7 cont9ually be+ made to expla9 ! orig9 ( all organic =ms by "s sy/em ( developm5t or evolution4 ,buffon _h dwelt on ! modifications directly induc$ by ! environm5t4 ,lam>ck _h made mu* use ( ?is idea1 claim+ t su* modifications 7 transmitt$ to po/]ity1 & claim+ ! same = ! /ructural *anges produc$ by use & disuse4 ,lam>ck's "w did n become at all popul> :ile he liv$1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( ,b>on ,cuvi]1 :o _h an equally fanta/ic s*eme ( 8 own1 :i* may well be t]m$ a burlesque on ,creation & 9 :i* an extreme fixity ( species 0 a c>d9al doctr9e4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,rob]t ,*amb]s 9 ,engl& also tri$ to make a !ory ( evolution believable2 ?\gh _! ef=ts 7 b little m successful 9 ga9+ ! e> ( ! _w4 ,b to all t _h gone be=e ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,a4,r4 ,wallace 7#aheh7 add$ ! idea ( natural selection1 or ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 to use ! respective t]ms co9$ by ea* ( ^! au?ors1 z ! *ief means by :i* ! effects ( v>iation are accumulat$ & p]petuat$ s z to build up ! mod]n complexities ( ! plant & animal k+doms4 ,p>tly because x 0 a psy*ological mom5t1 f ! fact t ! uni=mit>ian geology ( ,lyell ) its grad$ advance ( exi/5ces f age to age seem$ absolutely to dem& "s evolution>y explanation2 p>tly because artificial selection 0 a famili> idea ( prov$ value 9 selective bre$+1 & natural selection seem$ an exact p>allel c>ri$ on by nature 9 ! direction ( cont9ual improvem5t2 b p]haps m l>gely because ! ab/ract idea ( natural selection involv$ s _m intricate sep>ate concepts t = ne>ly a g5]ation sc>cely two naturali/s 9 ! _w c\ld /ate ! :ole problem ( ! !ory exactly alike2--on all ^! acc\nts ! !ory ( natural selection1 or ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 to use ! phrase ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 became 9 ! latt] decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury well-nigh univ]sal4 ,b ab\t #ahhg a faction or s*ool arose :o criticiz$ ! ma9 idea ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace & fell back on ! ,lam>ckian factor ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s z really ! ess5tial cause ( ! process ( evolution4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,e4,d4 ,cope & o!rs did mu* to criticize natural selection z inadequate to d :at 0 attribut$ to x1 dwell+ on ! importance ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,sp5c] ev5 w5t s f> z to decl>e1 ei!r !re has be5 inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 or !re has be5 no evolution4 ,^! ,neo-,lam>ckians argu$ t natural selection alone c nei!r expla9 ! orig9 ( v>ieties1 nor ! fir/ /eps 9 ! sl[ advance t[>d usefulness4 ,an organ mu/ be already useful be=e natural selection c take hold ( x to improve x4 ,selection _c make a ?+ useful to />t )1 b only 7possibly7 make m useful :at already exi/s4 ,until ! newly =m$ buds ( develop+ limbs or organs became decid$ly useful to ! individual or ! species1 w\ld !y n be 9 ! way1 m]ely s _m h9drances1 to be remov$ by natural selection in/ead ( be+ pres]v$ & improv$8 ,b1 9 ?is view ( ! matt]1 !y argu$1 :at s+le organ ( any species w\ld !re be t mu/ n ?us h appe>$ long be=e x 0 want$8 ,or to use ! pung5t words quot$ ) approval by ,hugo de ,vries at ! end ( 8 ,species & ,v>ieties 7pp4 #hbe1 #hbf71 ,natural selection may expla9 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 b x _c expla9 ! arrival ( ! fitte/4 ,?is side ( ! argum5t is dwelt ^u at "s l5g? by ,alex4 ,graham ,bell1 z report$ 9 a rec5t int]view4 ,he says3 ,natural selection does n & _c produce new species or v>ieties or cause modifications ( liv+ organisms to come into exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 its sole function is to prev5t evolution4 ,9 its action x is de/ructive m]ely1--n con/ructive1--caus+ dea? & ext9ction1 n life & progression4 ,dea? _c produce life2 & ?\gh natural selection may produce ! dea? ( ! unfit1 x _c produce ! fit1 f> less evolve ! fitte/4 ,x may p]mit ! fit to survive by n kill+ !m (f1 if !y are already 9 exi/5ce2 b x does n br+ !m into be+1 or produce improvem5t 9 !m aft] !y h once appe>$4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,_w's ,"w1 ,decemb]1 #aiac1 p4 #agg4 ,oppos+ ^! ,neo-,lam>ckians 7 su* prom95t sci5ti/s z ,augu/ ,weismann1 ,a4,r4 ,wallace1 ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 :o /r5u\sly oppos$ ! idea t acquir$ *>act]s1 or m precisely p>5tal exp]i5ce1 are ev] transmissible4 ,9 ! subsequ5t ye>s ! greate/ v>iety ( exp]im5tal te/s h be5 appli$ to secure ! h]$it>y transmission ( any sort ( su* acquir$ *>act]s1 ) uni=mly negative results4 ,"o ( ! mo/ elaborate ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 conduct$ by a ,g]man botani/1 :o transplant$ #b1ejj diff]5t k9ds ( m\nta9 plants to ! l[l&s1 :]e he /udi$ !m = sev]al ye>s alongside _! relatives1 natives ( ^! l[l&s4 ,he f\nd t _! m\nta9 environm5t _h made absolutely no p]man5t *ange 9 _! /ructures or habits1 :i* soon con=m$ exactly ) ^? ( _! relatives :i* _h liv$ 9 ! l[l& environm5t = c5turies4 ,_m simil> ef=ts h be5 made to confirm ?is doctr9e ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s2 b _! univ]sal failure is l t ( me*anics 9 try+ to inv5t p]petual motion4 ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan sums up ! pres5t situation 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,to-day ! !ory has few foll[]s among tra9$ inve/igators1 b x /ill has a popul> vogue t is wide-spread & vocif]\s4 ,& we may add t ! ext5t ( its spread is directly proportion$ to ! ne$ felt = ?is doctr9e z a support ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :ile ! vocif]ance ( its advocates is inv]sely proportion$ to ! evid5ce 9 its support4 ,z a result ( ext5sive mod]n exp]im5ts & discussion1 biologi/s h gr[n v cauti\s1 & are by no means s positive z !y 7 tw5ty ye>s ago 9 affirm+ j h[ species h come into exi/5ce4 ,e*oes ( ?is old controv]sy betwe5 ! two lead+ s*ools ( biologi/s are occasionally he>d2 b ! en?usiasm ) :i* !y set out a half c5tury ago to solve ! riddle ( plant & animal life has l>gely giv5 way to a purpose to disc>d speculation & pati5tly to obs]ve & record actual facts4 ,= ) natural selection discr$it$ 9 ! h\se ( its fri5ds1 & ,lam>ckianism "u grave suspicion f want ( a s+le well au!nticat$ example1 x is h>d to see :at !re is left ( ! biological doctr9e t has s dom9at$ sci5tific ?\ght = a half c5tury4 ,if ea* ( ^! oppos$ s*ools ( sci5ti/s are "r 9 :at !y d5y1 ! :ole !oretical f\ndation = ! orig9 ( new k9ds ( animals & plants is swept away1--absolutely gone4 ,= if an individual really _c transmit :at he has acquir$ 9 8 lifetime1 h[ c he transmit :at he has n got himself1 & :at none ( 8 ance/ors ev] _h8 ,& if natural selection _c />t a s+le organ ( a s+le type1 :at is ! use ( discuss+ its suppos$ ability to improve !m aft] ! ma*9]y is all built8 ,,ii ,su* 0 ! g5]al condition ( !oretical biology ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 ! meantime ^? :o 7 deal+ ) ! empyrical or exp]im5tal side ( ^! problems 7 seek+ = ! causes ( & ! rules = v>iation4 ,all liv+ ?+s v>y f "o g5]ation to ano!r2 ! "q 01 ,:y d !y v>y8 & d ^! v>iations really repres5t new *>act]s comp>able to new species 9 ! mak+8 or are !y1 s to speak1 b an ela/ic reaction ( ! int]nal vital ela/icity ( ! organism1 all ! :ile lat5t & only seek+ a favorable expression1 to return aga9 "u o!r conditions to ! =m] type8 ,! ef=t to r$uce ^! v>iations to law & sy/em 0 pursu$ by ?\s&s ( inve/igators1 ) v>y+ b at all times p]plex+ & disappo9t+ results4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aijj ! sci5tific _w awoke to ! surpris+ fact t a pati5t obscure inve/igator _h already solv$ mo/ ( ! puzzles ( v>iation & h]$ity "s ?irty-five ye>s be=e4 ,gregor ,m5del1 born a peasant boy1 tra9$ z a monk1 & aft]w>ds appo9t$ ,abbot ( ,brnn1 _h 9 ! ye> #ahfe publi%$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 bre$+1 :i* _h be5 ignor$ or =gott5 until r$iscov]$ 9 #aijj by de ,vries & two o!rs simultane\sly4 ,f ?is po9t ,m5delism1 z x is n[ call$1 has /eadily ga9$ gr\nd1 until at ! pres5t "t x c be said to be ! dom9at+ conception among biologi/s ! _w ov] reg>d+ ! problems ( h]$ity4 ,m5del work$ *iefly ) peas1 cross+ diff]5t v>ieties4 ,9 8 me?ods ( inve/igation he diff]$ f all previ\s inve/igators 9 conc5trat+ 8 att5tion ^u a s+le pair ( alt]native or contra/$ *>act]s at a "t1 & obs]v+ h[ ^! alt]native *>act]s are transmitt$4 ,?us :5 he cross$ a tall ) a dw>f1 giv+ att5tion to ?is pair ( contra/$ *>act]s alone1 he f\nd t all ! fir/ hybrid g5]ation 7 talls1 ) no dw>fs & no int]m$iates4 ,accord+ly he call$ ! tall "* dom9ant1 & ! dw>f "* recessive1 & a pair ( contra/$ *>act]s :i* act 9 ?is way are n[ call$ factors or sometimes call$ unit *>act]s4 ,b on all[+ ^! hybrids to cross-f]tilize "o ano!r 9 ! usual way1 ,m5del f\nd t 9 ! second g5]ation ( hybrids !re 7 always ?ree talls to "o dw>f out ( e f\r4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts prov$ t ^! dw>fs ( ! second hybrid g5]ation always br$ true1 t is1 "o out ( f\r2 & t "o out ( ! rema9+ talls always br$ true1 mak+ ano!r qu>t] ( ! total2 :ile ! rema9+ fifty p] c5t4 prov$ to be mix$ tails1 always act+ z did ! orig9al hybrids1 splitt+ up 9 ! next g5]ation 9 ! same ari?metical proportion z be=e4 ,accord+ly1 if we conf9e our /udy to ! two contra/$ *>act]s1 tallness & dw>fness1 we see t j ?ree k9ds ( peas exi/1 namely1 dw>fs :i* bre$ true1 talls :i* bre$ true1 & talls :i* always give ! same def9ite proportion ( talls & dw>fs among _! desc5dants4 ,innum]able exp]im5ts :i* h s9ce be5 made ) o!r pairs ( *>act]s h demon/rat$ t ?is same ma!matical proportion holds good ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w ( plants & animals2#be & h5ce ?is a/oni%+ result is n[ call$ ,m5del's ,law1 & is reg>d$ z ! mo/ important discov]y 9 biology 9 sev]al g5]ations4 ,footnote #be3 ,:5 deal+ ) only a few individual cases1 we d n always f9d !m to come out 9 su* exact proportion2 b :5 ! numb] ( examples is l>ge1 ! proportion is s close to ^! figures t ! exceptions c be entirely neglect$ z probably due to error ( "s k9d4 ,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( ,&alusian f[ls1 "o pure br$ black1 ! o!r pure br$ :ite ) slight da%es ( black "h & !re4 ,:5 ^! are mat$1 no matt] :i* color is ! fa!r or ! "m1 ! next or hybrid g5]ation are always a que] mixture ( black & :ite call$ by fanci]s blue4 ,:5 ^! blues are int]br$1 "o-qu>t] ( _! (fspr+ w be :ite1 :i* w prove to bre$ true ev] aft]w>ds1 "o-qu>t] w be black t w bre$ true1 & fifty p] c5t4 w be blue :i* w break up 9 ! next g5]ation 9 ! v same way z be=e4 ,9 ?is case nei!r :ite nor black "* is dom9ant1 & accord+ly we h a bl5d+ ( bo? 9 ! fir/ hybrid g5]ation4 ,9 gu9ea pigs1 black color has be5 f\nd to be dom9ant ov] :ite1 r\gh coat ov] smoo? coat1 & %ort hair ov] long hair4 ,^! rem>kable results foll[+ f an exp]im5tal trial ( ,m5delism h /imulat$ ho/s ( inve/igators 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 until n[ _m v>ieties ( plants & animals h be5 /udi$ = _m successive g5]ations1 already1 build+ up a consid]able lit]ature deal+ ) ! subject4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive & exact s]ies ( exp]im5ts along ?is l9e h be5 c>ri$ on by ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan & 8 assi/ants1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,= ov] five ye>s !y h be5 bre$+ ! wild fruit fly 7,drosophila ampelophila71 dur+ :i* "t !y h orig9at$ & obs]v$ ov] a hundr$ & tw5ty-five new types t bre$ true accord+ to ,m5del's laws4 ,e "p ( ! body has be5 affect$ by "o or ano!r ( ^! mutations4 ,! w+s h be5 %ort5$1 or *ang$ 9 %ape1 or made to disappe> entirely4 ,! eyes h be5 *ang$ 9 color or entirely elim9at$4 ,& ea* ( ^! wond]ful v>iations 0 br\ght ab\t n gradually1 b at a s+le /ep4 ,pr(essor ,morgan gr[s ju/ifiably s>ca/ic 9 contra/+ ^! demon/rat$ laboratory facts ) ! arm*air !ories t h s long & s h>mfully dom9at$ biological /udies4 ,a quotation f him w n be out ( place at ?is po9t4 ,i may recall 9 ?is connection t w+less flies also arose 9 our cultures by a s+le mutation4 ,we us$ to be told t w+less insects occurr$ on des]t isl&s because ^? insects t _h ! be/ develop$ w+s _h be5 bl[n out to sea4 ,:e!r ?is is true or n1 ,i w n pret5d to say2 b at any rate w+less insects may also arise1 n ?r\gh a sl[ process ( elim9ation1 b at a s+le /ep4444 ,=m]ly we 7 taught t eyeless animals arose 9 caves4 ,?is case %[s t !y may also arise sudd5ly 9 glass milk bottles1 by a *ange 9 a s+le factor4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,a ,critique ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 p4 #fg4 ,we ne$ n be p>ticul>ly conc]n$ "h ) ! !oretical explanations ( ^! facts (f]$ 9 t]ms ( ! microscopic or ev5 ! infra-microscopic compon5ts ( ! g]m cells4 ,morgan seems to make out a /rong case = ! !ory t ! *romosomes f\nd 9 ! nucleus are ! real ultimate units t c>ry ! h]$it>y factors4 ,b he is q decid$ 9 ! op9ion t ^! h]$it>y factors are fix$1 & are n *ang$ f g5]ation to g5]ation ei!r by environm5t or by selection4#bg ,! important ?+ = u 9 ?is connection is to get a cle> idea ( ! results foll[+ f an application ( ,m5del's laws to ! old1 old problem ( ! orig9 ( species1 incid5tally notic+ h[ ! !ory associat$ ) ,d>w9's "n n[ looks 9 ! light ( ^! new facts4 ,footnote #bg3 ,9 human be+s x has be5 f\nd t ! effects ( alcoholism & ( syphilis are inde$ transmitt$ accord+ to ,m5delian law1 be+ ! two solit>y examples ( diseas$ conditions t are ?us transmitt$4 ,b !y are s pla9ly pa?ologic ph5om5a t !re is little temptation = ! advocates ( ,lam>ckianism to use !m z pro(s ( _! !ory4 ,we h hi!rto be5 consid]+ ! results work$ out by ,m5del ) b "o pair ( contra/$ *>act]s or factors4 ,b ,m5del /udi$ ! relation ( o!r *>act]s ( ! pea1 & f\nd among o!r results t smoo? se$s are dom9ant to wr9kl$ se$s1 color$ se$s dom9ant to :ite1 yell[ color dom9ant to gre51 etc4 ,b :5 a comb9ation ( two factors 9 ea* p>5t are put into contra/ by cross bre$+1 two :olly orig9al =ms 7z !y seem$7 7 sometimes produc$1 & x look$ z if ^! new k9ds 7 really analog\s to new species4 ,= example1 he cross$ tall yell[ peas ) dw>f gre5 peas1 ) ! result t ! fir/ hybrid g5]ation turn$ out to be all tall yell[s4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! second hybrid g5]ation !y split up accord+ to ! law z already /at$1 modifi$ by ! additional complication br\ght into ! problem by ! additional pair ( factors4 ,= out ( e sixte5 plants !re 7 n9e tall yell[s1 ?ree dw>f yell[s1 ?ree tall gre5s1 & "o dw>f gre54 ,x is evid5t t ^! tall gre5s & dw>f yell[s are really new =ms2 & fur!r exp]im5ts prov$ t !y c be sep>at$ out or segregat$ & gr[n z pure =ms :i* !reaft] bre$ true4 ,?us we h a v important result = ! bre$]1 = x enables him to "w to a def9ite aim & comb9e c]ta9 desirable *>act]s into a s+le =m4 ,! t]m mutation1 z already intimat$1 has be5 giv5 to ?is process ( produc+ new v>ieties 9 ?is way4 ,! k9ds s produc$ are t]m$ mutants1 & at fir/ !y 7 hail$ by en?usia/ic sci5ti/s z elem5t>y species4 ,de ,vries 9 p>ticul> gave mu* publicity to ?is idea2 = he ?\ght he _h really produc$ a new k9d comp>able 9 e respect to a true species z produc$ by nature among wild plants4 ,b ! en?usiasm ) :i* ?is appli$ result ( ,m5del's ,law 0 at fir/ hail$ by biologi/s has gradually subsid$2 = x has be5 f\nd t ?\gh ^! new =ms w bre$ true "u c]ta9 conditions1 !y are nev]!less cross-f]tile ) ! orig9al =ms1 & ?us ! circle c be complet$ back aga9 by a return to ! p>5t =m1 f :i* ! new species c aga9 be produc$ at w ) ! same ma!matical exactness z be=e4 ,,iii ,:]e !n are we8 ,cle>ly we h n really produc$ any new species 9 any correct s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if we h produc$ new =ms t bre$ true & t are seem+ly j z des]v+ ( ! rank ( di/9ct species z _m n[ li/$ 9 sci5tific books1 x only %[s t our li/s are sadly at fault1 & t !y are n all species t are call$ species4 ,^! exp]im5ts m]ely indicate t ! p>5t =m possesses m pot5tial *>act]s ?an x c give expression to 9 a s+le individual =m1 "s ( !m be+ necess>ily lat5t or hidd51 & t :5 ^! lat5t ones %[ !mselves !y mu/ d s at ! exp5se ( o!rs :i* become lat5t or hidd5 9 _! turn4 ,?is vital ela/icity1 z x may be t]m$1 or ! vital reb\nd "u def9ite conditions1 is inde$ a prime *>act]i/ic ( ! species j z x is ( ! individual2 b l t ( ! individual ! vital ela/icity ( ! species is /rictly b\nd$ by comp>atively n>r[ limits beyond :i* we h nev] se5 a s+le type pass "u ei!r natural or artificial conditions4 ,mutations c be made accord+ to ,m5del's ,law2 b :5 we h made !m once we c always be sure ( produc+ ! v same mutants aga9 9 ! v same way1 z surely z we produce a def9ite *emical comp\nd2 & :5 we h made x we c always resolve x at w back into its orig9al =m1 j z we c a *emical comp\nd4 ,& s1 :]e is ! evolution8 or h[ d ^! facts ?r[ any light on ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species1 any m ?an *emical comp\nds ?r[ light on ! orig9 ( ! elem5ts8 ,obvi\sly 9 biology z 9 *emi/ry we are only work+ 9 a circle1 m]ely m>k+ "t4 ,& ! be>+ ( ^! facts on ! o!r problem ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s is q obvi\s4 ,m5delism provides no place = any su* transmission4 ,m5del's ,law is sometimes call$ ! law ( alt]native inh]itance1 ?us embody+ 9 its "n ! ?\ght t (fspr+ may %[ ! *>act]s possess$ by "o p>5t or by ! o!r1 b t x _c develop any *>act]s :atev] :i* 7 n manife/ or lat5t 9 ! ance/ry4 ,*anges 9 ! environm5t dur+ ! embryonic /age1 x is true1 seem sometimes to be regi/]$ 9 ! gr[+ =m2 b x has nev] yet be5 prov$ t ^! induc$ *anges c ev] am\nt to a unit "* or g5etic factor t w ma9ta9 itself & segregate z a di/9ct factor aft] hybridization4 ,ance/ry alone furni%es ! mat]ial = ! factor1 & no am\nt ( induc$ *ange c get itself regi/]$ 9 ! organism s z to come into ?is *>m$ circle ( ance/ral *>act]s :i* alone seem to be pass$ on to po/]ity4 ,a quotation f ,bateson ought to set ?is po9t at re/3 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,m5delian pr9ciple is v easily express$4 ,x is1 fir/1 t 9 great measure ! prop]ties ( organisms are due to ! pres5ce ( di/9ct1 deta*able elem5ts factors1 sep>ately transmitt$ 9 h]$ity2 & secondly1 t ! p>5t _c pass on to (fspr+ an elem5t1 & consequ5tly ! correspond+ prop]ty1 :i* x does n itself possess4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,sup41 ,janu>y #c1 #aiad4 ,h]$ity we n[ see is a me?od ( analysis1 & ! facts br\ght to light by ,m5delism help u v mu* t[>d an und]/&+ ( liv+ matt]4 ,especially does x help u to und]/& ! complexity und]ly+ ! facts ( h]$ity1 :i* until n[ h seem$ s /range & caprici\s4 ,z ,pr(essor ,punnett ( ,cambridge rem>ks3 ,con/itutional diff]5ces ( a radical nature may be conceal$ b5ea? an app>5t id5tity ( ext]nal =m4 ,purple sweet peas f ! same pod1 indi/+ui%able 9 appe>ance & ( id5tical ance/ry1 may yet be fundam5tally diff]5t 9 _! con/itution4 ,f "o may come purples1 r$s1 & :ites2 f ano!r only purples & r$s2 f ano!r purples & :ites alone2 :il/ a f\r? w bre$ true to purple4 ,any me?od ( inve/igation :i* fails to take acc\nt ( ! radical diff]5ces ( con/itution :i* may und]lie ext]nal simil>ity1 mu/ necess>ily be doom$ to failure4 ,conv]sely1 we realize to-day t individuals id5tical 9 con/itution may yet h an entirely diff]5t ance/ral hi/ory4 ,f ! cross betwe5 two f[ls ) rose & pea combs1 ea* ( irreproa*able p$igree = g5]ations1 come s+le combs 9 ! second g5]ation1 & ^! s+les are precisely simil> 9 _! behavior to s+les br$ f /ra9s ( unblemi%$ ance/ry4 ,9 ! ance/ry ( ! "o is to be f\nd no s+le ov] a long s]ies ( ye>s2 9 ! ance/ry ( ! o!r no?+ b s+les occurr$4 ,! creature ( giv5 con/itution may (t5 be built up 9 _m ways1 b once =m$ x w behave l o!rs ( ! same con/itution4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #aai4 ,,iv ,vani%$ at la/ are ! old !ories ( gradual *anges 9 species p]petuat$ & accumulat$ by natural selection until at la/ :olly new =ms h 9 ?is way be5 produc$4 ,true v>iations are n[ se5 to be conf9$ )9 well-m>k$ & r n>r[ limits1 )9 :i* ord9>y v>iations may occur1 p]haps induc$ by environm5t4 ,^! fluctuat+ v>iations grade (f into "o ano!r on all sides1 & _! diff]5ces c be plott$ on a frequ5cy curve2 b ! v important ?+ = u to rememb] is t ^! fluctuat+ v>iations _c be transmitt$4 ,beyond ^! fluctuat+ v>iations come ! unit *>act]s or factors1 :i* are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 or discont9u\s1 to use ! te*nical t]m1 & :i* !re=e _c be plott$ on a frequ5cy curve4 ,^! factors are n modifi$ 9 ! lea/ by ! environm5t1 & _! peculi>ities are fai?fully transmitt$ 9 h]$ity ) all ! precision ( *emical law4 ,b ev5 ^! factors are all )9 ! b\nds ( ! species4 ,!re is n a %r$ ( sci5tific evid5ce t ei!r natural or artificial devices h orig9at$ a s+le g5etic factor t 0 n all ! "t pot5tially lat5t 9 ! ance/ry1 capable ( be+ produc$ at w by ! prop] comb9ation4 ,x is a univ]sal law ( liv+ ?+s t all =ms left to !mselves t5d to deg5]ate4 ,! necessity = cont9u\s artificial selection 9 ! sug> beet1 9 ,sea ,isl& cotton1 9 corn1 9 ,j]sey & ,hol/e9 cattle1 9 trott+ horses1 proves ?is univ]sal t5d5cy to deg5]ate4#cj ,natural selection 9 a some:at simil> way t5ds to po/pone ?is deg5]acy by kill+ (f ! unfit1 b selection ei!r artificial or natural _c orig9ate any?+ new1 & its results are "h display$ m]ely among ! small fluctuat+ v>iations m5tion$ above4 ,ev5 among ! real g5etic factors x may %[ itself by all[+ "s to survive alone2 b z no comb9ation ( div]se factors c orig9ate any?+ really new1 its field = op]ation among ^! factors is extremely limit$4 ,among species also x is op]ative1 kill+ (f "s & all[+ o!rs to survive4 ,b nei!r among fluctuations1 among factors1 nor yet among species c selection orig9ate any?+ new4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! foll[+ repres5ts ! cons5sus ( sci5tific op9ion reg>d+ ! lessons to be drawn f ! ph5om5a ( our improv$ races ( dome/icat$ plants & animals3 ,"o ne$ n be a pessimi/ to ass]t ! actual evid5ce ?us f> obta9$ indicates t ! suppos$ progress made 9 ! improvem5t ( dome/icat$ animals & plants is no?+ m ?an ! sort+ out ( pure l9es1 & ?us repres5ts no advancem5t4--,pr(4 ,l4,b4 ,walton1 ,sci5ce1 ,april #c1 #aiad4 ,nor is !re any o!r me?od kn[n to mod]n sci5ce by means ( :i* new factors c be orig9at$ :i* 7 n pot5tially lat5t 9 ! ance/ry4 ,! mu* h]ald$ new species ( de ,vries & o!rs are n[ kn[n to be m]ely new factors cropp+ out2#ca = ?\gh !y rema9 con/ant & bre$ true1 !y obey ,m5del's ,law :5 cross$ ) _! p>5tal =ms1 & h5ce are m]ely ! result ( "s new comb9ation ( factors :i* c be reproduc$ at w by us+ ! same me?od ( comb9ation & segregation4 ,! real sci5tific te/ = any =m suppos$ to be a new species w\ld be tw(old3 7#a7 to %[ t "s new "* _h be5 add$ :i* no ance/or ev] possess$2 & 7#b7 to %[ t ?is new "* w bre$ true "u all circum/ances ( hybridization & n m]ely segregate z a unit "* or m]e analytic v>iety aft] hybridization4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to say t no new species orig9at+ 9 mod]n times has ev] ju/ifi$ itself "u ^! te/s4 ,footnote #ca3 ,"s ( our lead+ biologi/s are n[ dispos$ to gr[ some:at humor\s :5 speak+ ( ?is mutation !ory ( de ,vries1 z may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+3 ,! mutation !ory ( de ,vries appe>s accord+ly to lag useless on ! biological /age1 & may app>5tly be n[ relegat$ to ! limbo ( disc>d$ hypo!ses4444 ,! pres5t refutation has be5 und]tak5 9 ! int]e/ ( biological progress 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is n[ high "t1 s f> z ! s-call$ mutation hypo!sis1 bas$ on ! conduct ( ! ev5+ primrose 9 cultures1 is conc]n$1 t ! y\ng] g5]ation ( biologi/s %\ld take he$ le/ ! primrose pa? ( dalliance lead !m imp]ceptibly into ! primrose pa? to ! ev]la/+ bonfire4--,pr(4 ,edw4 ,c4 ,jeffrey 7,h>v>d71 9 ,sci5ce1 ,april #c1 #aiad4 ,9 conclusion x may be rem>k$ t biologi/s d n claim to h solv$ all ! problems connect$ ) h]$ity & v>iation4 ,b ! g5]al results taught u by ,m5delism are n[ e/abli%$ beyond controv]sy4 ,l$ by ! ,g]man biologi/s1 ! lead+ sci5ti/s ( ! _w _h already ackn[l$g$ t pure ,d>w9ism or natural selection _c expla9 ! orig9 ( new organs or new =ms4 ,& n[ ,m5delism de/roys ! o!r suppos$ f\ndation = biological evolution1 by %[+ t small v>iations _c be accumulat$ into l>ge diff]5ces equal 9 value to a unit "* or a new species4 ,?us ! :ole f\ndation ( biological evolution has be5 completely und]m9$ by ^! new discov]ies2 & 7 x n = ! wide-spread cr$5ce ! evolution>y !ory has already receiv$1 & ! intellectual mom5tum x has acquir$ t5d+ to c>ry x on by its in]tia into ! future1 x c\ld be only a v %ort "t n[ be=e ! elaborate treatises attempt+ to ori5tate ) x all ! facts ( religion & hi/ory w\ld h to be consign$ to ! %elves label$1 ,( ,hi/oric ,int]e/4 ,= z ,bateson rem>k$ 9 8 rec5t address z ,presid5t be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 ! new k ( h]$ity %[s t :atev] evolution !re is occurs by loss ( factors & n by ga91 & t 9 ?is way ! progress ( sci5ce is de/roy+ mu* t till lately pass$ = gospel4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,9 comm5t+ on ^! views ( ,bateson1 ,pr(4 ,s4,c4 ,holmes1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 well speaks ( !m z an illu/ration ( ! bankruptcy ( pres5t evolution>y !ory4--,sci5ce1 ,septemb] #c1 #aiae4 ,v ,let u sum up ! situation4 ,we began ?is *apt] ) ! "q1 ,h new k9ds ( plants & animals orig9at$ 9 mod]n times comp>able 9 all ess5tial respects ) ! idea ( true species8 ,! answ] ( mod]n sci5ce is reluctantly obta9$1 b x is a negative4 ,de ,vries & o!rs h inde$ orig9at$ new k9ds t 7 l\dly hail$ z new species1 & are d\btless z des]v+ ( specific rank z _m already li/$ = ye>s 9 ! treatises ( speciali/s4 ,inde$ !re is e reason to believe t almo/ c\ntless numb]s ( our taxonomic species h orig9at$ f common ance/ral orig9als4 ,b z ^! s-call$ species are n[ kn[n to be freely or mod]ately cross f]tile ) o!r relat$ species1 _! hybrids foll[+ ! ord9>y laws ( ,m5delian inh]itance1 we see t !y are n true species b m]e analytic v>ieties4 ,9 %ort1 we n[ "k t our taxonomic classifications h be5 m>k$ (f on altoge!r too n>r[ l9es4 ,?is has t5d$ greatly to confuse ! "q at issue4 ,b f our enl>g$ views ( ! laws & nature ( h]$ity & v>iation1 z well z f ! orig9al int5t ( ! t]m species z def9$ by ! great sci5ti/ :o orig9at$ x1 ! v]dict ( an imp>tial inve/igator mu/ be t we h nev] se5 a new species orig9ate by any natural or artificial me?od s9ce ! dawn ( sci5tific obs]vation4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ! record ( ,creation confirm$2 = ! failure ( ! ?\s&s ( mod]n inve/igators to orig9ate g5u9e new species proves t 9 ?is respect also ,creation is n n[ go+ on4 ,& all ! analogies f ! orig9 ( matt]1 ( en]gy1 ( life1 & f ! laws ( ! reproduction ( cells1 indicate t we h at la/ f\nd rock bottom tru? reg>d+ ! vex$ "q ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,s f> z sci5ce c obs]ve & record1 ea* liv+ ?+ on e>?1 9 air1 9 wat]1 reproduces aft] its k9d4 ,,vii ,,geology ,,& ,,its ,,lessons ,i ,9 all ! previ\s *apt]s ,i h n be5 giv+ any v new facts or any discov]ies ( my own4 ,true1 my conclusions f ! facts may seem novel2 b 9 g5]al ,i h be5 giv+ m]ely facts :i* are almo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$ by educat$ m54 ,! cons]vation laws ( matt] & ( en]gy1 ! impassable gulf betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+1 ! laws gov]n+ cell multiplication1 are matt]s ( common k & w be f\nd 9 ! appropriate college text-books ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,ev5 ! facts :i* ,i h pres5t$ reg>d+ v>iation & h]$ity are admitt$ 9 "o way or ano!r by practically all biologi/s4 ,b 9 foll[+ our g5]al subject into ! field ( geology1 ,i %all be oblig$ to pres5t "s compreh5sive tru?s & g5]al conclusions :i* are n s widely ackn[l$g$1 because only rec5tly br\ght to light4 ,h[ev]1 z ^! facts & conclusions may seem v new & /range to _m1 ,i %all endeavor to build up my argum5t :olly on ! record$ obs]vations ( ! v highe/ au?orities r ?an on my own unsupport$ te/imony2 ?\gh = ! sake ( brevity ,i %all be oblig$ to ref] ! read] to my ,fundam5tals ( ,geology 7#aiac7 = "s ( ! details4 ,"o ( ! great out/&+ ideas ( geology z usually taught is t life has be5 on ! globe = _m millions ( ye>s1 t 9 fact !re has be5 a grad$ succession ( diff]5t types ( life 9 a well def9$ inv>iable ord]1 f ! l[] & m g5]aliz$ to ! high] & m specializ$4 ,q obvi\sly ?is succession ( life 0 antagoni/ic to ! =m] views ( a lit]al ,creation2 & only on ?is suppos$ fact z an outl9e has ! mod]n !ory ( biological evolution be5 built up4 ,= if geology _c furni% ! mo/ unque/ionable pro( t life has occurr$ 9 a v def9ite & inv>iable ord]1 :at is ! use ( talk+ ab\t ! developm5t ( "o =m ( life into ano!r by a gradual process ( evolution8 ,"o ( ! highe/ sci5tific au?orities 9 ,am]ica1 ,pr(4 ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 has rec5tly said1 ,! direct evid5ce furni%$ by fossil rema9s is by all odds ! /ronge/ evid5ce t we h 9 favor ( organic evolution4#cc ,accord+ly we purpose to exam9e c>efully :at ?is by all odds /ronge/ evid5ce is l4 ,footnote #cc3 ,a ,critique ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 p4 #bd4 ,,ii ,z ) "s ( ! o!r facts ) :i* we h _h to deal 9 previ\s *apt]s1 a correct und]/&+ ( ! que/ions involv$ c be/ be obta9$ by exam9+ ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,! fir/ man ) :om we ne$ to conc]n ourselves is ,a4,g4 ,w]n]1 a tea*] ( m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,freib]g1 ,g]many4 ,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s 8 ance/ors _h be5 connect$ ) m9+ "w1 & he1 ?\gh possess+ little g5]al education1 knew ab\t all t 0 !n kn[n reg>d+ m9]alogy & petrology4 ,he wrote no books2 b by 8 en?usia/ic tea*+ he ga!r$ z /ud5ts & s5t out z evangeli/s hundr$s ( devot$ "y sci5ti/s :o rapidly spread 8 !ories ?r\gh all ! c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,un=tunately1 says ,zittel1 ,w]n]'s field obs]vations 7 limit$ to a small di/rict1 ! ,erz ,m\nta9s & ! neighbor+ p>ts ( ,saxony & ,bohemia4 ,& 8 *ronological s*eme ( =mations 0 f\nd$ on ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ! rocks )9 ^! n>r[ conf9es4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,hi/ory ( ,geology1 p4 #ei4 ,w]n] _h f\nd ! granites1 lime/ones1 s&/ones1 s*i/s1 etc41 occurr+ 9 a c]ta9 relative ord] 9 8 native c\ntry2 & he drew ! v rem>kable conclusion t ?is 0 ! normal ord] 9 :i* ^! v>i\s rocks w\ld inv>iably be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 on ! !ory t ?is 0 ! ord] 9 :i* ^! diff]5t rocks _h be5 =m$ 9 ! beg9n+1 great lay]s ( ^! diff]5t rocks hav+ orig9ally be5 spread completely ar\nd ! globe "o outside ano!r l ! coats ( an onion4 ,) ?is z a major premise1 x is n surpris+ t he & 8 en?usia/ic disciples 7 z c]ta9 ( ! orig9 & sequ5ce ( ! rocks z if !y _h be5 pres5t at ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/4#ce ,footnote #ce3 ,a4 ,geikie1 ,f\nd]s ( ,geology1 p4 #aab4 ,! amusem5t ) :i* ?is onion-coat !ory is n[ reg>d$ is h>dly appropriate 9 view ( its univ]sal vogue among geologi/s ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 9 view ( ! fur!r fact t a v simil> & only slightly modifi$ sub/itute !ory has be5 univ]sally taught = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury & /ill prevails4 ,! mod]n =m ( ! !ory sub/itutes onion-coats ( fossilif]\s rocks = onion-coats ( m9]al & li?ological *>act]s2 & a brief consid]ation ( ?is !ory is n[ 9 ord]4 ,ab\t ! "t t v>i\s geologi/s "h & !re 7 f9d+ rocks 9 positions t c\ld n be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ,w]n]'s !ory1 ,william ,smi? 7#agfi-ahci7 9 ,engl& & ! great ,b>on ,cuvi] 7#agfi-ahcb7 9 ,france f\nd *>act]i/ic fossils occurr+ 9 v>i\s /rata2 & "u _! tea*+s x 0 n long be=e ! fossils 7 consid]$ ! be/ guide 9 det]m9+ ! relative sequ5ce ( ! rocks4 ,! famili> idea ( _w-envelop+ /rata z repres5t+ successive ages 0 n disc>d$2 b in/ead ( ,w]n]'s successive ages ( lime/one mak+1 s&/one mak+1 etc41 ^! new inve/igators taught t !re 7 successive ages ( inv]tebrates1 fi%es1 reptiles1 & mammals1 ^! creatures hav+ regi/]$ _! exi/5ce 9 rocky /rata :i* ?us by hypo!sis completely encircl$ ! globe "o outside ano!r4 ,x is true t e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & o!rs tri$ to disclaim ?is absurd & unsci5tific inh]itance f ,w]n]'s onion-coats2 b mod]n geology has nev] yet got rid ( its ess5tial & its *ief *>act]i/ic idea1 = all our text-books /ill speak ( v>i\s successive ages :5 only c]ta9 types ( life prevail$ all ov] ! globe4 ,h5ce x is t ,h]b]t ,sp5c] cau/ically rem>ks3 ,?\gh ! onion-coat hypo!sis is dead1 its _s is traceable1 "u a transc5d5tal =m1 ev5 9 ! conclusions ( its antagoni/s4#cf ,h5ce x is t ,:ewell1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 refuses to ackn[l$ge t 9 geology any real advance has yet be5 made t[>d a /able sci5ce l ^? ( a/ronomy1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 ,we h>dly "k1 he says1 :e!r ! progress is begun4 ,! hi/ory ( physical a/ronomy almo/ comm5ces ) ,newton1 & few p]sons w v5ture to ass]t t ! ,newton ( geology has yet appe>$4#cg ,h5ce x is t ,t4,h4 ,huxley decl>es1 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( our k & ( our me?ods1 "o v]dict1--'n prov5 & n provable'--mu/ be record$ aga9/ all gr& hypo!ses ( ! palontologi/ respect+ ! g5]al succession ( life on ! globe4#ch ,& h5ce x is t ,sir ,h5ry ,h4 ,h[or?1 a memb] ( ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons & ! au?or ( ?ree exhau/ive works on ! ,glacial !ory1 decl>es1 ,x is a s+ul> & notable fact1 t :ile mo/ o!r bran*es ( sci5ce h emancipat$ !mselves f ! trammels ( metaphysical reason+1 ! sci5ce ( geology /ill rema9s imprison$ 9 a priori !ories4#ci ,footnote #cf3 ,illu/r4 ( ,univ4 ,prog41 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4#ehj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,disc\rses1 pp4 #bgi-bhh4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! ,glacial ,nightm>e1 ,preface1 vii4 ,& ?us ! matt] rema9s ev5 to-day1 9 ?is second decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,geology has nev] yet be5 reg5]at$1 z h all ! o!r sci5ces1 by be+ deliv]$ f ! caprice ( subjective speculations & a priori !ories & be+ plac$ on ! secure basis ( objective & demon/rable fact1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( t inductive me?od ( inve/igation :i* 0 in/itut$ by ,bacon & :i* has become s f> univ]sal 9 ! o!r sci5ces t x is ev]y:]e kn[n z ! sci5tific me?od4 ,9 accordance ) ?is me?od1 !ories 9 all ! o!r sci5ces are always kept well subord9at$ to facts2 & :5ev] unequivocal facts are f\nd manife/ly contradict+ a !ory no matt] h[ v5]able1 ! !ory mu/ g to make way = ! facts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! !oretical p>ts ( ! v>i\s o!r sci5ces are always kept revis$ f "t to "t1 to keep !m 9 l9e ) ! new discov]ies t h be5 made4 ,!re has be5 no lack ( a/oni%+ discov]ies ( new facts 9 geology dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury or s1 :ile all ! o!r sci5ces h be5 mak+ su* a/oni%+ progress4 ,b = ov] sev5ty five ye>s geology has n made a s+le advance movem5t 9 its !oretical aspects2 inde$1 9 all its important g5]al pr9ciples x has sc>cely *ang$ 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,i %all leave x to ! read] to judge :e!r ?is is a case ( almo/ miracul\s p]fection f ! beg9n+1 or ( arre/$ developm5t4 ,,iii ,( ! ?ree g5]al po/ulates or a priori assumptions ( ?is curi\sly out-(-date m$ival sci5ce1 namely1 7#a7 ,uni=mity1 7#b7 ! ,cool+ globe !ory1 & 7#c7 ! !ory ( ! ,successive ,ages1 ! fir/ two h already be5 exam9$ & f\nd want+ by o!r inve/igators1 & h be5 all[$ to lapse into a sort ( honor$ disuse1 ?\gh _! memory is /ill rev]5tly *]i%$ 9 all ! text-books ( ! sci5ce4 ,! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition dissipat$ mo/ ( ! my?s t _h long be5 taught reg>d+ ! deep wat]s ( ! ocean2 & ,pr(essor ,suess has dispos$ ( ! closely relat$ my? ab\t ! coa/s ( ! cont95ts be+ con/antly on ! seesaw up & d[n4 ,^! two discov]ies1 ) o!rs t might be m5tion$1 dispose ( ,lyell's !ory ( uni=mity4 ,"l ,kelv9 & ! o!r physici/s dissipat$ ! idea ( a molt5 int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 because ^! o!r false hypo!ses h already 9 a measure be5 dispos$ (1 z well z = ! sake ( brevity1 ,i %all "h discuss only ! ?ird ( ! prime po/ulates ( ! curr5t sy/em ( geology1 namely ! !ory ( ,successive ,ages4 ,& :5 we h adju/$ ?is aspect ( ! sci5ce ( geology to ! facts ( ! rocks z made kn[n to u by mod]n discov]ies1 we %all f9d little 9 ?is sci5ce out ( h>mony ) ! old] view ( a lit]al ,creation z taught 9 ! ,bible & z already confirm$ by ! o!r bran*es ( sci5ce :i* we h be5 exam9+4 ,!re are five lead+ argum5ts aga9/ ! reality ( ^! successive ages4 ,f\r ( !m mu/ be dismiss$ "h by a brief summ>y ( ! facts z we "k !m to-day1 ref]r+ ! read] to ! au?or's l>g] "w1 :]e detail$ evid5ce is giv5 = ea*4 ,! fif? s]ies ( facts ,i %all give "h 9 m detail1 ?\gh ( c\rse ev5 ?is mu/ be b an outl9e ( :at is giv5 else:]e4 #a4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( ! !ory ( successive ages x 0 taught t only c]ta9 k9ds ( fossils 7 to be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! s]ies1 or next to ! ,primitive or ,ar*an4 ,?is feature ( ! !ory 0 dem&$ by ! suppos$ univ]sal spread ( "o type ( life all ar\nd ! globe 9 ! e>lie/ age4 ,b x is n[ kn[n t ! s-call$ olde/ fossilif]\s rocks occur only 9 deta*$ pat*es ov] ! globe1 :ile o!r or y\ng] k9ds are j z likely to be f\nd on ! ,primitive or next to ! ,ar*an4 ,n only may any k9d ( fossilif]\s rocks occur next to ! ,ar*an1 b ev5 ! y\nge/ may be s metamorphos$ & cry/all9e z to resemble exactly 9 ?is respect ! s-call$ olde/ rocks4 ,on ! o!r h& "s ( ! v olde/ rocks may1 l ! ,cambrian /rata ar\nd ! ,baltic & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consi/ ( muds sc>cely indurat$ & s&s /ill incoh]5t4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,j4,a4 ,h[e2 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hf4 ,cambridge ,edition4 ,all ?is means t _m facts reg>d+ ! position ( ! /rata z well z reg>d+ _! consolidation contradict ! !ory ( successive ages4 #b4 ,_m ( ! riv]s ( ! _w completely ignore ! alleg$ v>y+ ages ( ! rocks 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( _! c\rse1 & treat !m all z if ( ! same age or z if !y began saw+ at !m all at ! same "t4 ,?is is true ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,meuse1 & ! ,danube 9 ,europe1 ! ,sutlej ( ,india1 & ! upp] "p ( ! ,colorado 9 ,am]ica1 n to m5tion o!rs4 ,! old /r& l9es ar\nd all ! cont95ts act 9 ! v same way1 ignor+ ! v>y+ ages ( ! rocks !y happ5 to meet2 z is also true ( ne>ly all ! great faults or fissures :i* are ( m ?an local ext5t4 ,! ore ve9s ( ! v>i\s m9]als are ab\t z likely to be f\nd 9 ,t]ti>y or ,mesozoic z 9 ! ,palozoic4 ,a v simil> lesson is to be le>n$ f ! fossils f\nd ly+ expos$ on ! deep ocean bottom2 = !y are ab\t z likely to be ,palozoic or ,mesozoic z ,t]ti>y4 ,f ^! facts we conclude t practically all ! great natural *ronomet]s ( ! e>? seem to treat ! fossilif]\s rocks z if !y are all ( ab\t ! same age1 completely disreg>d+ ! di/9ctions 9 age f\nd$ on ! fossils4 #c4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t *ronological arrangem5t ( ! rocks1 v _m g5]a1 (t5 :ole tribes ( animals1 are f\nd z fossils only 9 ! olde/ rocks1 & h skipp$ all ! o!rs1 ?\gh f\nd 9 comp>ative abundance 9 our mod]n _w4 ,v _m o!rs h skipp$ f ! ,mesozoic d[n1 :ile /ill o!rs skip l>ge p>ts ( ! s]ies ( successive ages4 ,^! absurdities w\ld all be avoid$ by ackn[l$g+ t ! curr5t di/9ctions z to ! ages ( ! fossils are purely artificial1 & t "o fossil is intr9sically j z old or z "y z ano!r4 #d4 ,x is n[ kn[n t any k9d ( "y b$s :atsoev]1 ,mesozoic1 ,t]ti>y1 or ev5 ,plei/oc5e1 may be f\nd 9 su* p]fect con=mability on "s ( ! v olde/ b$s ov] wide /ret*es ( c\ntry t ! va/ int]val ( "t int]v5+ is unrepres5t$ ei!r by deposition or erosion2 :ile 9 "s in/ances ^! age-sep>at$ =mations s closely resemble "o ano!r 9 /ructure & 9 m9]alogical make-up t1 7 x n = fossil evid5ce1 "o w\ld naturally suppose t a s+le =mation 0 be+ dealt ) 7,mc,connell72 & ^! conditions are n m]ely local1 b p]si/5t ov] wide areas 7,a4 ,geikie71 s t ! num]\s examples 7,suess7 ( ^! conditions may well be cause = a/oni%m5t 7,suess74 ,a /ill m a/oni%+ ?+ f ! /&po9t ( ! curr5t !ories is t ^! con=mable relations ( incongru\s /rata are (t5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! same v]tical section1 ! same k9d ( b$ reappe>+ alt]nately ) o!rs ( an entirely diff]5t age1 t is1 appe>+ z if regul>ly int]b$d$ 7,a4 ,geikie7 ) !m1 9 a manife/ly undi/urb$ s]ies ( /rata4 ,"h aga9 we h a v =midable s]ies ( facts ^: gravam5 is direct$ :olly aga9/ ! artificial di/9ctions 9 age betwe5 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( fossils2 & _! argum5t is an eloqu5t plea t ! fossils are nei!r old] nor y\ng] b all ( a simil> age4 #e4 ,our la/ fact dem&s a some:at m ext5d$ consid]ation2 b x may be /at$ 9 advance briefly z foll[s3 ,9 v num]\s cases & ov] hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 ! con=mable conditions specifi$ 9 ! previ\s fact are exactly reproduc$ upside d[n2 t is1 v old rocks occur ) j z mu* appe>ance ( natural con=mability on top ( v "y rocks1 ! area 9 "s in/ances cov]+ _m hundr$s ( squ>e miles1 & 9 "o p>ticul> in/ance 9 ,montana & ,alb]ta cov]+ ab\t five or six ?\s& squ>e miles ( area4 ,! fir/ notable example ( ?is ph5om5on 0 discov]$ at ,gl>us1 ,switz]l&1 a good _m ye>s ago2 s9ce :i* "t ?is locality has become a classic 9 geological lit]ature1 & has call$ out _m pond]\s monographs 9 ,g]man & ,fr5* by su* m5 z ,heim1 ,s*>dt1 ,lugeon1 ,ro?pletz1 & ,b]tr&4 ,?is example1 :i* 0 fir/ 7#ahgj7 call$ ! ,gl>n] ,d\ble ,fold by ,es*] & ,heim1 is n[ univ]sally call$ a ne>ly flat-ly+ ?ru/ fault1 9 accordance ) ! explanations s9ce adopt$ ( simil> ph5om5a else:]e4 ,)\t obtrud+ unnecess>y te*nicalities ^u my non-pr(essional read]s1 ,i may quote ! words ( ,alb]t ,heim z to ! conditions z n[ recogniz$ 9 ^! p>ts3 ,^! flat-ly+ faults1 ( :i* ^? at ,gl>us 7 ! fir/ to be discov]$1 are a univ]sal ph5om5on 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,alps4#da ,footnote #da3 ,d] ,bau d] ,s*weiz]alp51 p4 #ag4 ,! favorite me?od ( expla9+ ^! conditions has slightly *ang$ )9 rec5t ye>s1 z already rem>k$4 ,= :]eas ! classic example at ,gl>us 0 at fir/ spok5 ( z a d\ble fold-9 f bo? sides t[>d ! ,s]nf ,valley1 ?is is n[ univ]sally spok5 ( z a ?ru/ fault1 ) ! rocks all pu%$ "o way4 ,incid5tally x may be not$ t ?is v fact t :at 0 long reg>d$ z two completely ov]turn$ folds is n[ spok5 ( z "o flat-ly+ ?ru/ fault1 is prima facie evid5ce t !re is "h no physical pro( ( any real ov]turn+ ( ! /rata1 su* z we d f9d on a v small scale 9 true fold$ rocks4 ,! latt] c usually be measur$ 9 y>ds1 feet1 or in*es2 :ile 9 ?is example at ,gl>us ! area involv$ w\ld be measur$ 9 _m miles1 & 9 "s v simil> examples to be pres5tly m5tion$ f ,am]ica ! measurem5t c\ld be/ be made 9 degrees ( latitude & longitude or 9 arcs ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,9 ^! l>g] examples x is manife/ly impossible t !re %\ld be any physical evid5ce suffici5t to indicate a huge e>? movem5t ( ?is "*1 especially :51 z is usually ! case1 bo? ! upp] & ! l[] /rata are q un9jur$ 9 appe>ance4 ,no2 ! fossils are "h 9 ! wrong ord]1 t is all4 ,& s1 to save ! long e/abli%$ doctr9es ( a v def9ite ord] ( successive life-=ms1 ?is !ory ( a ?ru/ fault is (f]$ z ! be/ available explanation4 ,z ,dr4 ,alb]t ,heim himself once express$ x v naively 9 a lett] to ! pres5t writ]1 t ! /rata ov] ^! l>ge areas are 9 a position manife/ly at direct disagreem5t ) ! receiv$ ord] ( ! fossils1 is a fact :i* c be cle>ly se51--only we "k n yet h[ to expla9 x 9 a me*anical way4 ,an example 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& 0 ab\t ! next to be discov]$4 ,"h1 z ,dana says1 a mass ( ! olde/ cry/all9e rocks1 _m miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?1 0 ?ru/ at lea/ t5 miles we/w>d ov] y\ng] rocks1 "p ( ! latt] fossilif]\s2 & he fur!r decl>es1 ! ?ru/ planes look l planes ( b$d+1 & 7 long s consid]$4#db ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie & o!rs _h at fir/ describ$ ^! b$s z naturally con=mable2 & :5 at l5g? !y 7 conv9c$ t ! fossils w\ld n p]mit ?is explanation1 ,geikie gives u "s v picturesque details z to h[ natural !y look4 ,! ?ru/ planes1 he says1 are ) mu* difficulty di/+ui%$ f ord9>y /ratification planes1 l :i* !y h be5 plicat$1 fault$1 & d5ud$4 ,"h & !re1 z a result ( d5udation1 a portion ( "o ( !m appe>s capp+ a hilltop4 ,"o almo/ refuses to believe t ! little outli] on ! summit does n lie normally on ! rocks bel[ x1 b on a ne>ly horizontal fault by :i* x has be5 mov$ into its place4 ,( a simil> example 9 ,ross ,%ire he decl>es3 ,_h ^! sections be5 plann$ = ! purpose ( deception1 !y c\ld n h be5 m skilfully devis$1 444 & no "o com+ fir/ to ! gr\nd w\ld suspect t :at appe>s to be a normal /ratigraphical sequ5ce is n really s4#dc ,footnote #db3 ,manual1 pp4 #aaa1 #ecd4 ,footnote #dc3 ,nature1 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bi-ce4 ,"h aga9 we h unequivocal te/imony f ! mo/ compet5t ( obs]v]s t !re is no physical evid5ce :atev] to lead any "o to say t a pond]\s scale ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 really pu%$ up on top ( o!r portions1 z ?is make%ift !ory ( ?ru/ faults involves4 ,! fossils are "h 9 ! wrong ord]1 j z 9 ! case at ,gl>us2 t is all4 ,! facts seem to be a flat contradiction to ! !ory ( def9ite successive ages1 & to save ! !ory ?is explanation ( a ?ru/ fault is inv5t$1 ?\gh !re is absolutely no physical evid5ce ( any di/urbance ( ! /rata4 ,our next /opp+ place is 9 ! ,s\!rn ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s ( ea/]n ,t5nessee & nor!rn ,georgia4 ,"h we h ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata dipp+ g5tly to ! s\!a/1 l an ord9>y l[ monocl9e1 "u ,cambrian or ,l[] ,silurian1 "o ( ^! s-call$ faults hav+ a report$ l5g? ( #cge miles1#dd :ile 9 ano!r in/ance ! upp] /rata are said to h be5 pu%$ ab\t elev5 miles 9 ! direction ( ! ?ru/4#de ,^! conditions1 we are told1 h provok$ ! wond] ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ geologi/s1#df because ( ! p]fectly natural appe>ance ( ! surfaces ( ! /rata affect$2 or z ?is same writ] puts x1 ,! me*anical ef=t is great beyond compreh5sion1 b ! effect ^u ! rocks is inappreciable1 & ! fault dip is (t5 p>allel to ! b$d+ ( ! "o or ! o!r s]ies ( /rata4#dg ,:i* means1 9 o!r words1 t ^! ?ru/ planes look j l ord9>y planes ( b$d+ betwe5 con=mable /rata4 ,footnote #dd3 ,bailey ,willis1 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,report1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #de3 ,c4,w4 ,hayes1 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #ada-aed4 ,footnote #df3 ,willis1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #dg3 ,willis1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbg4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s furni% examples ( _m k9ds ( natural ph5om5a on ! v l>ge/ scale1 & ^? ( ! sort "h "u consid]ation are no exception to ?is rule4 ,= "h we h an imm5se area ea/ ( ! ma9 divide1 ext5d+ f ! middle ( ,montana up to ! ,yell[head ,pass 9 ,alb]ta1 or ov] #cej miles long1 :]e ! tops ( ! m\nta9s consi/ ( jo9t$ lime/ones or argillites ( ,algonkian or pre-,cambrian age1 re/+ on s(t ,cretace\s %ales4 ,(t5 ! great] "p ( ! mass ( a range w consi/ ( ^! old] & h>d] rocks1 :i* by ! erosion ( ! s(t und]ly+ %ales are left /&+ 9 picturesque1 rectangul>1 ca!dral-l masses1 easily recognizable z f> (f z !y c be se54 ,& ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( trees or o!r vegetation helps "o to trace out ! relation%ip ( ^! =mations ov] imm5se areas ) little or no difficulty4 ,9 ! latitude ( ! ,b[ ,riv]1 ne> ! ,canadian ,pacific ma9 l9e1 !re is a long n>r[ valley ( ^! ,cretace\s b$s "s sixty-five miles long1 call$ ! ,cascade ,tr\gh1 ) ( c\rse pre-,cambrian m\nta9s on ea* side4 ,some:at fur!r s\? !re are two ( ^! ,cretace\s valleys p>allel to "o ano!r1 & 9 "s places ?ree2 :ile j s\? ( ! fiftie? p>allel ( latitude1 at ,g\ld's ,dome1 !re are actually five p>allel ranges ( ^! ,palozoic m\nta9s1 ) f\r ,cretace\s valleys 9 betwe51 "o ( ^! valleys1 ! ,cr['s ,ne/ ,tr\gh1 be+ n9ety-five miles long4 ,b we ought to take a ne>] view ( ^! wond]ful conditions4 ,a conv5i5t po9t ( approa* w be j ea/ ( ,banff1 ,alb]ta1 ne> ,kananaskis ,/ation1 :]e ! ,fairholme ,m\nta9 has be5 describ$ by ,r4,g4 ,mc,connell ( ! ,canadian ,survey4 ,! latt] rem>ks ) amazem5t on ! p]fectly natural appe>ance ( ^! ,algonkian lime/ones re/+ 9 seem+ con=mability on ,cretace\s %ales1 & says t ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m1 call$ 9 ! !ory ! ?ru/ plane1 resembles 9 all respects an ord9>y /ratification plane4 ,i quote 8 language3 ,! angle ( incl9ation ( its plane to ! horizon is v l[1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is its outcrop foll[s a v s9u\s l9e along ! base ( ! m\nta9s1 & acts exactly l ! l9e ( contact ( two ne>ly horizontal =mations4 ,! be/ places = exam9+ ?is fault are at ! gaps ( ! ,b[ & ( ! s\? =k ( ,gho/ ,riv]4444 ,! fault plane "h is ne>ly horizontal1 & ! two =mations1 view$ f ! valley1 appe> to succe$ "o ano!r con=mably4#dh ,footnote #dh3 ,annual ,report1 #ahhf1 ,"p ,d1 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 ,?is au?or adds ! fur!r int]e/+ detail t ! und]ly+ ,cretace\s %ales are v s(t1 & h suff]$ v little by ! slid+ ( ! lime/one ov] !m4#di ,ab\t a hundr$ miles fur!r s\?1 b /ill 9 ,alb]ta1 we h ! well-kn[n ,cr['s ,ne/ ,m\nta91 a lone peak1 :i* consi/s ( ^! same ,algonkian lime/ones re/+ on a ,cretace\s valley 9 a ne>ly horizontal attitude1 z ,g4,m4 ,dawson says1 :i* 9 its /ructure & g5]al appe>ance mu* resembles ,*ief ,m\nta91#ej ano!r deta*$ peak "s fifty miles fur!r s\?1 j across ! b\nd>y l9e 9 ,montana4 ,*ief ,m\nta9 has be5 well describ$ by ,bailey ,willis1#ea :o e/imates t ! ,cretace\s b$s und]nea? ?is m\nta9 mu/ be #c1ejj feet ?ick2 :ile ! s-call$ ?ru/ plane is ess5tially p>allel to ! b$d+ ( ! upp] s]ies4#eb ,?is app>5tly is true n only ( ! segm5ts ( ?ru/ surface b5ea? ea/]n ,flattop1 ,yell[1 & ,*ief ,m\nta91 b also ( ! m deeply buri$ portions :i* appe> to dip ) ! ,algonkian /rata into ! syncl9e4 ,:ile obs]vation is n complete1 x may be assum$ on a basis ( fact t ?ru/ surfaces & b$d+ are ne>ly p>allel ov] ext5sive areas4#ec ,footnote #di3 ,report1 #ahhf1 ,"p ,d1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,report1 #ahhe1 ,"p ,b1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ea3 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ac1 pp4 #cje-ceb4 ,footnote #eb3 ,id41 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #ec3 ,id41 p4 #ccf4 ,q rec5tly ?is region has be5 /udi$ by ,m>ius ,r4 ,campbell ( ! ,wa%+ton ,survey ,/aff 7,bullet9 #fjj71 :ile ! "p 9 ,alb]ta has be5 /udi$ by ,roll9 ,t4 ,*amb]l9 ( ,*icago4 ,mu* ( ! va/ area involv$ is n yet well explor$2 b ov] x all1 s f> z x has be5 fully exam9$1 ! same li?ological & /ratigraphical /ructures reappe> ) ! p]si/5ce ( a repeat+ decimal4 ,& 7 x n = ! exig5cies ( ! !ory ( ,successive ,ages1 ?is :ole region ( "s five or six ?\s& squ>e miles w\ld be consid]$ z only an ord9>y example1 on a r l>ge scale1 ( undi/urb$ horizontal /ratification cut up by erosion into m\nta9s ( d5udation1 ) ( c\rse occasional in/ances ( m9or local di/urbances "h & !re1 z w\ld be expect$ ov] an area ( ?is ext5t4 ,ri*>ds & ,mansfield 9 a rec5t pap] describe ! ,bannock ,ov]?ru/1 "s #bgj miles long1 9 ,utah1 ,idaho1 & ,wyom+4 ,! ,c>negie ,rese>* rec5tly report$ a simil> ph5om5on ab\t #ejj miles long 9 nor!rn ,*9a4 ,b x w\ld be tiresome to foll[ ^! conditions ar\nd ! _w4 ,we h pl5ty ( examples1 & we h !m describ$ by ! =emo/ ( liv+ geologi/s4 ,:at we ne$ to d n[ is to adopt a true sci5tific attitude ( m9d1 a m9d fre$ f ! hypnotiz+ influ5ce ( ! curr5t !ories1 9 ord] correctly to int]pret ! facts z we already h !m4 ,h[ mu* ( ! e>?'s cru/ w\ld we h to f9d 9 ?is upside d[n ord] ( ! fossils1 be=e we w\ld be conv9c$ t !re mu/ be some?+ hopelessly wrong ) ?is !ory ( ,successive ,ages :i* drives o!rwise compet5t obs]v]s to ?r[ away _! common s5se & cl+ desp]ately to a fanta/ic !ory 9 ! v tee? ( su* facts8 ,! sci5ce ( geology z commonly taught is truly 9 a mo/ a/oni%+ condition1 & d\btless pres5ts ! mo/ peculi> mixture ( fact & nons5se to be f\nd 9 ! :ole range ( our mod]n k4 ,9 any m9ute /udy ( a p>ticul> set ( rocks 9 a def9ite locality1 geology always foll[s facts & common s5se2 :ile 9 any g5]al view ( ! _w z a :ole1 or 9 any correlation ( ! rocks ( "o region ) ^? ( ano!r region1 x foll[s its absurd1 unsci5tific !ories4 ,b :]ev] x agrees ) facts & common s5se1 x contradicts ^! absurd !ories2 & :]ev] x agrees ) ^! !ories1 x contradicts facts & common s5se4 ,t mo/ educat$ p /ill believe its ma9 !sis ( a def9ite age = ea* p>ticul> k9d ( fossil is a sad b in/ructive example ( ! effects ( m5tal in]tia4 ,,iv ,! read] w f9d ?is matt] discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! au?or's ,fundam5tals ( ,geology2 b "h x w be necess>y only to draw "s v obvi\s conclusions f ! five facts :i* we h set 9 opposition to ! !ory ( ,successive ,ages4 #a4 ,! fir/ & absolutely incontrov]tible conclusion is t ?is !ory ( successive ages mu/ be a gross blund]1 9 its baleful effects on e bran* ( mod]n ?\ght deplorable beyond computation4 ,b x is n[ p]fectly obvi\s t ! geological di/9ctions z to age betwe5 ! fossils are fanta/ic & unju/ifiable4 ,no "o k9d ( true fossil c be prov$ to be old] or y\ng] ?an ano!r intr9sically & necess>ily1 & ! me?ods ( reason+ by :i* ?is idea has be5 support$ 9 ! pa/ are little else ?an a burlesque on mod]n sci5tific me?ods1 & are a belat$ survival f ! me?ods ( ! s*ola/ics ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,n by any means t all rock deposits are ( ! same age4 ,! l[] ones 9 any p>ticul> locality are ( c\rse old] ?an ! upp] ones1 t is1 !y 7 deposit$ fir/4 ,b f ?is x by no means foll[s t ! fossils conta9$ 9 ^! l[] rocks came into be+ & liv$ & di$ be=e ! fossils 9 ! upp] ones4 ,! latt] conclusion involves sev]al additional assumptions :i* are :olly unsci5tific 9 _s & incr$ible z matt]s ( fact1 "o ( :i* assumptions is ! biological =m ( ! onion-coat !ory4 ,b s9ce ?\s&s ( mod]n liv+ k9ds ( plants & animals are f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate1 man includ$1 & no "o ( !m c be prov$ to h liv$ = a p]iod ( "t alone & be=e o!rs1 we mu/ by o!r me?ods1 m sci5tific & accurate ?an ! slip%od me?ods hi!rto 9 vogue1 attempt to decide z be/ we c h[ ^! v>i\s =ms ( life 7 buri$1 & h[ ! pa/ & ! pres5t are connect$ toge!r4 ,b ! !ory ( def9ite successive ages1 ) ! =ms ( life appe>+ on e>? 9 a precise & inv>iable ord]1 is dead = all com+ "t = e man :o has _h a *ance to exam9e ! evid5ce & has en\gh tra9+ 9 logic & sci5tific me?ods to "k :5 a ?+ is really prov$4 ,& h[ utt]ly absurd = ! fri5ds ( ! ,bible to sp5d _! "t b&y+ argum5ts ) ! evolutioni/ ov] su* m9or details z ! "q ( j :at geological age %\ld be assign$ = ! fir/ appe>ance ( man on ! e>?1 :5 ! evolutioni/'s major premise is itself directly antagoni/ic to ! mo/ fundam5tal facts reg>d+ ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,bible1 & above all1 :5 ?is major premise is really ! weake/ spot 9 ! :ole !ory1 ! "o sore spot t evolutioni/s nev] want to h t\*$ at all4 ,i fancy ,i he> "s "o object1 & ask :at we are to d ) ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! fossils1 ! s-call$ geological succession1 t monum5t to ! pa9/ak+ labors ( ?\s&s ( sci5ti/s all ov] ! _w4 ,?is geological s]ies is /ill on our h&s2 :at are we to d ) x8 ,x is sc>cely necess>y = me to say t ?is arrangem5t ( ! fossils is n at all affect$ by my criticism ( ! cause ( ! geological *anges4 ,! geological s]ies is m]ely an old-"t taxonomic s]ies1 a classification ( ! =ms ( life t us$ to live on ! e>?1 & is ( c\rse j z artificial z any simil> arrangem5t ( ! mod]n =ms ( life w\ld be4 ,we may illu/rate ! matt] by comp>+ ?is s]ies ) a c>d index4 ,! e>li] /ud5ts ( geology arrang$ ! outl9e ( ! ord] ( ! fossils by a r g5]al comp>ison ) ! s]ies ( mod]n life =ms1 :i* happ5$ to agree fairly well ) ! ord] 9 :i* !y _h f\nd ! fossils occurr+ 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,b only a block out ( ! middle ( ! complete c>d index c\ld be made up f ! rocks ( ,engl& & ,france2 ! re/ has _h to be made up f ! rocks f\nd else:]e4 ,l\is ,agassiz did h]culean "w 9 re>rang+ & trimm+ ?is fossil c>d index s z to make x con=m bett]1 n only to ! companion c>d index ( ! mod]n =ms ( life1 b also to t ( ! embryonic s]ies4 ,f "t to "t ev5 n[ readju/m5ts are made 9 ! details ( all ?ree indexes1 ! fossil1 ! mod]n1 & ! embryonic1 ! me?od ( re>rangem5t be+ *>m+ly simple3 j tak+ a c>d out ( "o place & putt+ x into ano!r place :]e we may ?9k x m prop]ly belongs4 ,& !n if we c conv9ce our fell[ sci5ti/s ov] ! _w t our re>rangem5t is ju/ifi$1 our adju/m5t w /&1--until "s "o else arises to d a bett] job4 ,:5 a new set ( rocks is f\nd 9 any "p ( ! _w x is simplicity itself = any "o acqua9t$ ) ! fossil index sy/em to assign ^! new b$s to _! prop] place1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! "o do+ ?is mu/ be prep>$ to def5d 8 assignm5t ) p]t95t & suffici5t taxonomic reasons4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 we ne$ n be conc]n$ z to ! fate ( ! geological classification ( ! fossils4 ,x is a purely artificial sy/em1 j z is ! mod]n classification2 b bo? are useful1 & s f> z !y repres5t true relation%ips !y w bo? /& unaffect$ by any *ange we may make 9 our op9ions z to h[ ! fossils 7 buri$4 ,b 9 view ( ?is purely artificial "* ( ! geological s]ies1 :at a /range sight is pres5t$ by ! usual me?ods employ$ to prove ! exact ord] 9 :i* evolution has tak5 place1 su* = in/ance z ! use made ( ! grad$ s]ies ( fossil horses1 to illu/rate "s p>ticul> !ory ( j h[ organic developm5t has occurr$4 ,"o might j z well arrange ! mod]n dogs f ! little spaniel to ! ,/4 ,b]n>d1 = ! geological s]ies is j z artificial z w\ld be ?is ( ! dogs4 #b4 ,ano!r conclusion f ! facts enum]at$ above is t !re has obvi\sly be5 a great _w cata/rophe1 & t ?is mu/ be assign$ z ! cause ( a l>ge "p1--j h[ l>ge a "p x is at pres5t difficult to say1--( ! *anges record$ 9 ! fossilif]\s rocks4 ,?is s\nds v mu* l a mod]n confirmation ( ! anci5t record ( a univ]sal ,deluge2 & ,i say confid5tly t no "o :o w c&idly exam9e ! evid5ce n[ available on ?is po9t c fail to be impress$ ) ! =ce ( ! argum5t = a _w cata/rophe z ! g5]al conclusion to be drawn f ! fossilif]\s rocks all ov] ! globe4 #c4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! fur!r conclusion1 ! only conclusion n[ possible1 if !re is no def9ite ord] 9 :i* ! fossils occur1 namely1 t life 9 all its v>i$ =ms mu/ h orig9at$ on ! globe by causes n n[ op]ative1 & ?is ,creation ( all ! types ( life may j z reasonably h tak5 place all at once1 z 9 "s ord] prolong$ ov] a long p]iod4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out 9 my ,fundam5tals1 a /rict sci5tific me?od may de/roy ! !ory ( ,successive ,ages1 & x may %[ t !re has be5 a great _w cata/rophe4 ,b "h ! "w ( /rict inductive sci5ce ends4 ,x _c %[ j h[ or :5 life or ! v>i\s k9ds ( life did orig9ate1 x c only %[ h[ x did n4 ,x de/roys =ev] ! fanta/ic s*eme ( a def9ite & precise ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s types ( life occurr$ on ! globe1 & ?us x leaves ! way op5 to say t life mu/ h orig9at$ by j su* a lit]al ,creation z is record$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,bible4 ,b ?is is z f> z x c be expect$ to g4 ,x is /rong evid5ce 9 favor ( a direct & lit]al ,creation2 b x furni%es ?is evid5ce by indirection1 t is1 by demoli%+ ! only alt]native or rival ( ,creation t c comm& a mom5t's att5tion f a rational m9d4 ,b if life is n n[ be+ creat$ f ! n-liv+1 if new k9ds ( life are n n[ appe>+ by natural process1 if above all we _c prove 9 any way wor?y ( be+ call$ sci5tific t c]ta9 types ( life liv$ be=e o!rs1 if 9 f9e man himself is f\nd fossil & no "o fossil c be prov$ old] ?an ano!r or ?an t ( man himself1 :y is n a lit]al ,creation demon/rat$ z a sci5tific c]ta9ty = e m9d capable ( appreciat+ ! =ce ( logical reason+8 ,,viii ,,creation ,,& ,,! ,,creator ,i ,we ne$ n "h attempt to discuss ! exi/5ce or ev5 ! nature ( ,god4 ,! ,inf9ite ,"o 9 all ,8 attributes is above & beyond discussion4 ,b !re are "s ?+s t we c v pr(itably ga!r toge!r z ! net results ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igation reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ?+s2 & to ?is task we mu/ n[ address ourselves 9 a v brief way4 ,we %all n attempt to deal ) ! a/ronomical aspects ( ! "q1 or ! orig9 ( our _w z a planet or ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is w\ld lead u too f> afield4 ,we %all make m progress 9 deal+ ) ! que/ions ne>e/ at h&1 namely1 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s on our globe4 ,fir/ we mu/ summ>ize ! facts z we n[ "k !m 9 ! five dep>tm5ts ( k ) :i* we h _h to deal4 #a4 ,bo? matt] & en]gy seem n[ to be at a /&/ill1 s f> z creation is conc]n$2 no means be+ kn[n to sci5ce :]eby ! fix$ quantity ( bo? ) :i* we h to deal 9 ?is _w c be increas$ 7or dim9i%$7 9 ! slighte/ degree4 #b4 ,! orig9 ( life is veil$ 9 a mi/ t sci5ce has n dispell$ & does n hope to dispel4 ,by none ( ! processes t we call natural c life n[ be produc$ f ! n-liv+4 #c4 ,unicellul> =ms c come only f preexi/+ cells ( ! same k9d2 & ev5 ! individual cells ( a multicellul> organism1 :5 once diff]5tiat$1 reproduce only o!r cells aft] _! own k9d4 #d4 ,species ( plants & animals h wond]ful p[]s ( v>iation2 b ^! v>iations seem to be regulat$ & pr$e/9$ 9 accordance ) def9ite laws1 & 9 no in/ance kn[n to sci5ce has ?is v>iation result$ 9 produc+ :at c\ld prop]ly be call$ a di/9ct new k9d ( plant or animal4 #e4 ,geology has be5 suppos$ to prove t !re has be5 a long succession ( di/9ct types ( life on ! globe 9 a v def9ite ord] ext5d+ ?r\gh va/ ages ( "t4 ,?is is n[ kn[n to be a mi/ake4 ,mo/ liv+ =ms ( plants & animals are also f\nd z fossils2 b !re is no possible way ( tell+ t "o k9d ( life liv$ & occupi$ ! _w be=e o!rs1 or t "o k9d ( life is intr9sically old] ?an any o!r or ?an ! human race4 ,,ii ,9 view ( su* facts z ^!1 :at possible *ance is !re = a s*eme ( organic evolution8 ,mu/ we n say t e possible =m ( ! developm5t !ory is h]eby rul$ out ( c\rt8 ,!re c be no ?\ght ( ! gradual developm5t ( organic nature by e-day processes 9 a _w :]e su* facts prevail4 ,r mu/ we say1 ) ! =ce ( ! accumulat$ mom5tum ( all t has be5 won by mod]n sci5ce1 t1 in/ead ( ! animals & plants on our _w hav+ aris5 by a long-drawn-out process ( *ange & developm5t ( "o k9d into ano!r1 !re mu/ h be5 j su* a lit]al ,creation at ! beg9n+ z ! ,bible describes4 ,z we /& ) uncov]$ head & b[$ =m 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is great tru?1 x w\ld seem almo/ l sacrilege to attempt by rhetoric to adorn x4 ,its inevitabl5ess1 its maje/y1 its transc5d5t importance = our g5]ation1 w\ld only be obscur$ by s do+4 ,! ess5tial idea ( ! ,evolution !ory is uni=mity4 ,x seeks to %[ t ! pres5t ord]s ( plant & animal life orig9at$ by causes or processes id5tical ) ^? n[ said to be op]at+ 9 our mod]n _w4 ,x d5ies t at any p>ticul> "t 9 ! pa/ causes & processes 7 9 op]ation to orig9ate ! pres5t ord] ( nature :i* 7 ess5tially diff]5t f ! processes n[ op]at+ 9 our _w "u :at we call natural law4 ,evolution seeks to smoo? out all di/9ction betwe5 ,creation & ! mod]n rgime ( natural law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ess5tial idea ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,creation is t1 back at a p]iod call$ ! beg9n+1 =ces & p[]s 7 br\ght into ex]cise & results 7 accompli%$ :i* h n s9ce be5 ex]cis$ or accompli%$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! ?+s ^u x 0 ess5tially & radically diff]5t f ! mann] 9 :i* ! pres5t ord] ( nature is n[ be+ su/a9$ & p]petuat$4 ,! m]e matt] ( "t is 9 no way ! ess5tial idea 9 ! problem4 ,! "q ( h[ mu* "t 0 occupi$ 9 ! "w ( ,creation is ( no importance1 nei!r is ! "q ( h[ long ago x took place4 ,! "o ess5tial idea is t ! processes & me?ods ( ,creation are beyond u1 = we h no?+ ) :i* to measure x2 ,creation & ! reign ( natural law are ess5tially incomm5surable4 ,! "o ?+ t ! doctr9e ( ,creation insi/s ^u is t ! orig9 ( our _w & ( ! ?+s ^u x mu/ h be5 br\ght ab\t by "s direct & unusual manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ! ,be+ :om we call ! ,creator2 & t s9ce ?is orig9al ,creation ! ?+s ( nature h be5 p]petuat$ & su/a9$ by processes & me?ods :i* 7?\gh /ill ess5tially inscrutable by u7 we call ! ord] ( nature & ! reign ( natural law4 ,b 9 view ( ! s]ies ( facts enum]at$ 9 ! previ\s pages1 ! doctr9e ( ,creation is e/abli%$ by mod]n sci5tific discov]ies almo/ l ! conclusion ( a ma!matical problem4 ,,iii ,h[ are mod]n intellig5t m5 & wom5 to avoid any long] ?is inevitable conclusion ( a lit]al ,creation z ! me?od ( orig9 = our _w & ! ?+s ^u x8 ,! facts enum]at$ 9 ! previ\s pages are n new2 x is only ! pres5t gr\p+ & arrangem5t ( !m1 & ! conclusions drawn f !m1 t are new4 ,( all ! lead+ facts enum]at$ above1 only ! la/ "o1 ! "o reg>d+ geology1 is any long] a subject ( s]i\s discussion by educat$ p4 ,& ! g5]al facts z /at$ above reg>d+ geology h be5 prov$ 7by ! pres5t writ]7 ) su* a weal? ( facts & argum5ts t !y also mu/ spe$ily be ackn[l$g$ by sci5ti/s1 :5 ! latt] take ! tr\ble to /udy ^! facts & argum5ts4 ,& ) geology once adju/$ to a sy/em ( real inductive sci5ce1 in/ead ( be+ z hi!rto "u ! hypnotic control ( speculative fancies & subjective me?ods1 !re is no long] any room = speculations reg>d+ ! orig9 ( our _w by evolution>y processes4 ,x becomes almo/ a ma!matical ,q4,e4,d4 t ?+s 7 made 9 ! beg9n+ by me?ods & processes t are no long] op]ative1 s f> z sci5ce c obs]ve4 ,?is means a real ,creation1 9 ! ,bible s5se ( ! t]m1 some?+ di/9ct f ! means by :i* nature is n[ be+ su/a9$ & c>ri$ on4 ,any attempt to describe ! :y or ! h[ ( ?is ,creation w\ld be useless speculation2 b ?is mu* is sci5ce1 & sci5ce t is to-day all ! m impressive & conclusive because x has be5 won by c5turies ( conflict ) e conceivable oppos+ prejudice4 ,,iv ,9 conclusion we may attempt to speak 9 a brief way ( ! pres5t relation%ip betwe5 ! ,creator & ! ?+s :i* ,he has made1 & if possible to dispel ! sad confusion prevail+ 9 _m m9ds betwe5 ,god's cont9u$ imm$iate action 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( nature & ,8 action 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ?r\gh ! int]m$iate use ( second causes4 ,on e h& we he> proclaim$ a =m ( ! doctr9e ( ,god's omnipres5ce 7usually call$ ! div9e imman5ce7 :i* n only d5ies all di/9ction betwe5 ! orig9al ,creation & ! pres5t p]petuation ( ! _w1 b a =m :i* practically d5ies all second causes1 & :i* _c well be di/+ui%$ f pan!ism1 ?\gh x w\ld be a spirituali/ic or ideali/ic =m ( pan!ism1 or monism1 to use ! favorite mod]n t]m4 ,^! extreme advocates ( :at !y t]m ! div9e imman5ce g s f> z to d5y all second causes4 ,& :ile !y are fond ( proclaim+ ?is idea z an entirely new discov]y1 & proclaim+ x ) all ! en?usiasm ( proselytes to a new religion1 !y are also prone to /ate ! 7seem+ly7 oppos$ doctr9e ( second causes 9 su* a way t x am\nts to a m]e c>icature1 a burlesque1 pictur+ a sort ( abs5tee ,god1 :o />t$ ! univ]se runn+ & n[ m]ely /&s by & wat*es x g4 ,?us pan!ism & deism are (t5 spok5 ( z ! only alt]natives = ! *oice ( ! mod]n man2 = ! real tea*+s ( ! ,bible & ( ,*ri/ian philosophy are z completely ignor$ z if !y _h nev] be5 =mulat$ or taught by intellig5t p4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! sci5tific aspects ( ! doctr9e ( second causes1 & ! doctr9e ( ,god's imm$iate act+ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts 7or all dep>tm5ts7 ( nature4 #a4 ,we _c d5y t ! w ( man is a real cause1 produc+ cont9ual *anges 9 ! _w ab\t u4 ,m ?an ?is1 if !re are n also second causes outside ( ! w ( free intellig5t p]sonalities1 ! :ole univ]se mu/ be a gigantic deception2 = x seems to be full ( second causes4 ,long *a9s ( :at seem l second causes exi/1 made up ( inf9ite numb]s ( l9ks1 z :5 ! sun c>ries an am\nt ( wat] up into ! air1 ! latt] dropp+ ! wat] ^u a m\nta9 9 ! =m ( ra91 gravity roll+ x d[n ! slope 9 va/ =ce1 sweep+ away villages & t[ns1 *ang+ ! fates ( individuals & ( nations4 ,to quote two famili> examples f ,/ew>t & ,tait3 ,9 a /eam eng9e ! am\nt ( "w produc$ dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( heat c>ri$ f ! boil] into ! cond5s]2 & ?is am\nt dep5ds 9 its turn ^u ! am\nt ( coal :i* is burn$ 9 ! furnace ( ! eng9e4 ,9 l mann] ! velocity ( ! bullet :i* issues f ! rifle dep5ds ^u ! trans=mation ( ! en]gy ( ! p[d]2 ?is 9 turn dep5ds ^u ! explosion ( ! p]cussion cap2 ?is aga9 ^u ! fall ( ! trigg]2 & la/ly ?is ^u ! f+] ( ! man :o fires ! rifle4#ed ,?us ev5 ! v /ronge/ oppon5ts ( ! idea ( second causes nev] d5y t ! latt] seem to surr\nd u on e side1 & t x w\ld be possible to trace a cont9u\s l9e ( app>5t effects & causes back to ! v beg9n+4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! ,unse5 ,univ]se1 p4 #ahd4 ,?is view ( ! matt]1 x is evid5t1 readily leads to a dei/ic view ( ! univ]se1--or to t burlesque ( ! ,*ri/ian view spok5 ( z ! doctr9e ( an abs5tee ,god1 wat*+ ,8 univ]se run f ! outside1 slightly conc]n$ ) :at x does4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c>eful /udy ( ! correlation ( =ces %[s u t ! great ,fir/ ,cause is /ill v closely relat$ to ! op]ation ( ,8 univ]se4 ,we may />t1 = in/ance1 ) ! old argum5t f ! evid5ces ( design 9 nature1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 sne]$ at ( late1 _c be cavali]ly dismiss$ 9 ?is way2 =1 z ,dugald ,/ew>t has well said1 e comb9ation ( means to an end implies intellig5ce4 ,b ! direct or imm$iate action ( ! great ,intellig5ce beh9d nature is manife/ 9 ! m>vell\s behavior ( ! cells2 :i*1 in/ead ( behav+ 9 a way to indicate t _! life processes are due to prop]ties inh]5t 9 ! atoms & molecules compos+ !m1 %[ e appe>ance ( be+ m]e automata "u ! direct control ( an intellig5t1 purpose-fill$ ,m9d1--a ,m9d ext]nal to !mselves1 x is true1 & glori\sly transc5d+ !m1 b con/antly1 ceaselessly ex]cis$ by an imm$iate action :i* we may well call imman5t1 9 ! orig9al & prop] s5se ( ?is t]m4 ,yet vital action is capable ( exact correlation ) ! o!r =ces ( nature2 & ?us ! mod]n law ( ! correlation ( =ces tea*es u t ! en]gy beh9d life mu/ be ! same z ! en]gy p]vad+ all nature1 ! v>i\s manife/ations ( :i* we "k z light1 heat1 gravity1 electricity1 etc4 ,?us :ile ! /udy ( ! behavior ( life or ! doctr9e ( vitalism might enc\rage u to ?9k t 9 ! cells & 9 ! behavior ( protoplasm we are witness+ ! direct action ( an intellig5t ,creator2 yet we f9d t by ! correlation ( =ces we mu/ say ! same ab\t all ! physical & *emical ph5om5a ( nature4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! /udy ( m]e physical & *emical action might easily lead u to a /rong belief 9 second causes1 or to ! belief t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( nature at lea/ c]ta9 prop]ties _h be5 imp>t$ to matt] & x _h !n be5 left to act l>gely by itself2 yet1 s9ce ! vital processes ( liv+ organisms are capable ( exact correlation ) all o!r =ces1 su* z light1 heat1 & electricity1 ! direct action ( ?is univ]sal all-controll+ ,m9d 9 all ! ph5om5a ( nature seems demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt1 leav+ app>5tly little or no room = any action ( second causes4 ,b ?is view ( ! matt]1 z is v evid5t1 is liable to lead to a pan!i/ic view ( ! univ]se1 ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be m horrible4 ,h[ !n %all we reconcile ^! conflict+ views8 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 ! ,bible comes 9 to %[ u ! rational via m$ia1 ! /raight pa? ( reason & s\nd philosophy :i* avoids ! absurdities ( bo? extremes4 ,! pla9 & unambigu\s tea*+ ( ! ,bible is t ,god1 ! ,creator1 is a be+1 a p]son1 inf9ite 9 all ,8 p[]s & p]fections1 omnipres5t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 yet t !re is a place 9 :i* ,he is to be f\nd1 or :]e ,he abides1 9 a s5se 9 :i* ,he is n to be f\nd 9 any o!r place4 ,?is p>adox is easily und]/ood :5 we realize t ,god is pres5t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,8 univ]se by ,8 ^w & by ,8 ,_s1--,8 ^w be+ z effective ?r\gh\t ! remote/ corn]s ( ,8 univ]se z ne> at h&1 = ! v simple reason t matt] has no prop]ties :i* ,he has n imp>t$ to x1 & !re=e x c h no innate in]tia or reluctance to act :i* ,god's ^w w\ld ne$ to ov]come 9 ord] to induce x to act1 ev5 :5 ?is ^w op]ates across ! b\ndless fields ( space4 ,he has creat$ free p]sonalities1 & ,he leaves ! m9d ( ea* ( ,8 creatures free to s]ve ,him or n to s]ve ,him1 ^! free intellig5t be+s becom+ ?us true second causes4 ,m ?an ?is1 provision = almo/ innum]able second causes seems to h be5 made ev5 among o!r dep>tm5ts ( nature1 )\t h[ev] int]f]+ ) ! direct action ( ! ^w ( ! ,inf9ite ,"o 9 guid+ & controll+ !m all4 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 our ,"l & ,savior1 0 associat$ ) ! ,fa!r 9 all ! prim>y "w ( ,creation2 & ,he came to e>? to %[ u :at ,god ! ,fa!r is l1 t mortals might behold _! ,creator )\t be+ consum$4 ,9 ,him we are to behold z mu* ( ! ,deity z x is = our good to "k2 beyond t we mu/ tru/ ! h& t nev] we>ies1 ! m9d t nev] blund]s1 ! he>t t nev] gr[s cold4 ,9 reality ! seem+ conflict betwe5 ! doctr9e ( second causes & t ( ,god's omnipres5ce is closely analog\s to ! old 7imag9>y7 conflict betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 read f ! book ( nature in/ead ( f ! ,bible4 ,! reign ( second causes is ! reign ( law2 b ,god's imm$iate action br+s 9 ! sup]natural1 ! miracul\s1 or ! ,gospel4 ,ea* has its prop] place2 & nei!r mu/ be dwelt on to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,we are all "u ! h>d exactitude ( ! law1 ) its irrevocable condemnation1 until ! ,gospel int]v5es1 & n only p>dons ! pa/1 b enables u to fulfil ! law's requirem5ts = ! future4 ,! reign ( second causes alone w\ld take away man's moral responsibility1 mak+ u all m]e creatures ( our environm5t1 ! victims ( a m]ciless det]m9ism1 & dea? w\ld be ! inevitable result ( ! violation ( ! slighte/ physical or physiological law4 ,b we are all giv5 p[] to live above environm5t1 & a b5efic5t heal+ p[] is con/antly int]v5+ to save u f ! consequ5ces ( our errors1 heal+ our w\nds & cur+ our diseases1 9 ?is giv+ u an object lesson ( ! =giv5ess ( s9 & a promise ( our ultimate conque/ ov] all its p[]4 ,we are all ineluctably b\nd ab\t by c\ntless *a9s ( second causes1 awful ) inevitable fates1 until we see ?r\gh !m all ! close provid5tial work+ ( our ,creator1 :o is also our ,savi\r1 & :o is 9 no way %ackl$ by ,8 own laws1 b conducts all ?+s accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,8 own w4 ,! ,bible tea*es u ( a ,creation z a def9ite act1 complet$ at a def9ite p]iod 9 ! pa/1 & x gives u ! ,sabba? z ! div9e memorial ( ?is complet$ ,creation4 ,we h se5 h[ sci5ce also po9ts backw>d along ! v>i\s div]g+ l9es ( ! great p]spective ( ! ages to ! vani%+ po9t :5ce !y all beg91 ! bir?-day ( ! _w2 & we say t ?us sci5ce confirms ! ,bible record ( ,creation4 ,b we also "k t :5 ,*ri/ 0 be+ exam9$ by ! ,sanh$r9 = heal+ on ! ,sabba?1 ,he def5d$ ,himself by say+1 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w4 ,t is1 al?\gh ! works 7 f9i%$ f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 & second causes are n[ l>gely op]ative 9 nature all ar\nd u1 /ill !re is ev]y:]e manife/ an active en]gy1 a pres5ce1 an ,intellig5ce1 9 ,:om we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,t we _c compreh5d all ?is1 t we _c set def9ite b\nd>ies to ^! seem+ly conflict+ views1 is n at all surpris+2 = we are b f9ite4#ee ,ev5 ,8 univ]se p>takes s mu* ( ,8 pr]ogative ( inf9ity t x is utt]ly beyond ! compass ( our f9ite m9ds4 ,inde$1 if ei!r ! ,bible or ! book ( nature conta9$ no?+ beyond :at we c\ld easily compreh5d1 w\ld x n dim9i% our rev]5ce & awe = ! ,"o beh9d !m1 ,:om we n[ reg>d z inf9ite 9 p[] & 9 wisdom8 ,true1 ! natural human he>t _c be> ?is ?\ght ( ! direct act+ ?r\gh\t nature ( ! inf9ite ,creator4 ,x br+s u too close b5ea? ,8 gaze 9 our s9ful %ortcom+ & nak$ness4 ,footnote #ee3 ,a rec5t clev] writ] lik5s "s ( ^! metaphysical speculations to ! act ( a baby suck+ at a nurs+ bottle4 ,s long z !re is any milk 9 ! bottle1 ! baby sucks ) pleasure & pr(it4 ,un=tunately ! little fell[ does n always /op suck+ :5 ! supply ( milk gives out1 b /ill keeps on suck+ empty air1 ) result+ discom=t & colic4 ,we all ne$ to recognize ! limits ( ! intellectual milk supply1 & n keep on try+ to solve problems t are 9 _! v nature beyond ! limits ( ! human m9d4 ,& s m5 draw ! veil ( _! pan!i/ic or moni/ic philosophy ov] _! he>ts1 to hide !m f ,8 all-se>*+ gaze4 ,9 anci5t times !y seem to h done ! same1 z ! monum5ts ( ,egypt & ,babylonia decl>e2 & ! intimate k ( ,nature & its ,creator :i* !y _h 9 ! morn+ ( our _w1 deg5]at$ into ! nature wor%ip & poly!ism :i* we f9d s ne>ly univ]sal at ! fir/ dawn ( secul> hi/ory4 ,x is only ! *ild ( ,god1 ! r$eem$ man1 :o c view )\t fl9*+ ! sublime fact ( a direct ,creation1 or face ! o!r great fact t :at we call second causes are n ! real causes ( natural action1 t ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 gravity1 vital action1 etc41 d n occur because c]ta9 prop]ties h be5 once imp>t$ to matt] & x !n left to act ( itself1 any m ?an ! *ild ( ,god is left to /ruggle along ) ! supply ( div9e grace :i* 0 imp>t$ to him at 8 conv]sion4 ,! ,*ri/ian feels 8 con/ant dep5d5ce ^u 8 ,creator = ov]com+ p[] day by day1 & he sees ! :ole univ]se j z mom5tly dep5d5t ^u ! tireless wat*c>e ( ! great ,su/a9] ( all4 ,! ,*ri/ian alone delights to look ^u ! ceaseless s]vice ( 8 ,fa!r's love1 p]petually m9i/]+ to ! ne$s & ev5 to ! :ims ( ,8 creatures4 ,b if ?is tireless m9i/ry rem9ds man ( 8 own spiritual nak$ness & insul> selfi%ness1 x s]ves also to rem9d him t x is only ! free gift ( a righte\sness n 8 own t c clo! ! a%am$ s\l c[]+ b5ea? ! eye ( inf9ite ,purity & unselfi% ,love4 ,9 our natural /ate we are l ! dead1 inorganic matt]4 ,only by a new life t mu/ be imp>t$ to u f above1 a real1 individual1 new creation1 c we become alive spiritually4 ,& !n only by con/ant dep5d5ce = spiritual life & gr[? ^u ! ^w ( ! ,"o :o fir/ creat$ u c we hope to develop into ,8 true sons & daught]s1 ^: cont9u\s c>e is mom5tly ex]cis$ 9 controll+ e p>ticle ( our bodily frame1 & by ^: cont9u\s guidance 9 ! developm5t ( "* we hope to become wor?y ( a place 9 ,8 pres5ce =ev]more4 ,v ,our ,"l ,jesus once said to ! lead]s ( ! ,jews1 ,if ye believ$ ,moses1 ye w\ld believe me2 = he wrote ( me4 ,b if ye believe n 8 writ+s1 h[ %all ye believe my words8 7,john #e3 #df-dg74 ,9 our days is c]ta9ly consi/5t & appropriate t ^? :o h _h _! fai? reviv$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,bible %\ld also h r5ew$ confid5ce 9 ! la/ "p ( ! ,bible4 ,a belief 9 a real ,creation ( ! _w1 z record$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 naturally implies a belief 9 ! end ( ! _w z pr$ict$ 9 ! book ( ,revelation4 ,a belief 9 ! =m] de/ruction ( ! _w by wat] is 9 accord ) a belief 9 its com+ de/ruction by fire1 ea* ( ^! de/ructions be+ n absolute b reg5]ative4 ,?is is 9 fact ! l9e ( argum5t us$ 9 t rem>kable prophecy ( #b ,pet] #c3 #c-g3 ,9 ! la/ days mock]s %all come ) mock]y1 walk+ aft] _! own lu/s1 & say+1 ,:]e is ! promise ( 8 com+8 ,=1 f ! days t ! fa!rs fell asleep1 all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation4 ,= ?is !y wilfully =get1 t !re 7 heav5s ( old1 & an e>? compact$ out ( wat] & amid/ wat]1 by ! ^w ( ,god2 by :i* means ! _w t !n 01 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$2 b ! heav5s t are n[1 & ! e>?1 by ! same ^w h be5 /or$ up = fire1 be+ res]v$ aga9/ ! day ( judgm5t & de/ruction ( ungodly m54 ,two po9ts 9 ?is rem>kable prophecy des]ve special att5tion3 #a4 ,x is a description ( ! religio-sci5tific problems ( ! la/ days2 & ! class ( p ref]r$ to are repres5t$ z mock+ at ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 because !y h gr[n accu/om$ to d5y+1 or wilfully =gett+1 ! =m] de/ruction ( ! _w by ! wat]s ( ! ,flood4 ,?is pr$iction1 z we h se51 is 9 complete & accurate accord ) ! pres5t situation2 = ! doctr9e ( ,evolution is *iefly support$ by ! accept$ !ories ( geology t !re nev] 0 a univ]sal ,flood4 ,belief 9 ! curr5t !ories ( geology & 9 a univ]sal ,deluge _c be held by ! same m9d1 = !y are mutually exclusive3 ei!r "o makes ! o!r mean+less4 ,& z ! popul> geology is ! f\ndation ( ! ,evolution !ory1 s does ! latt] r5d] useless & incr$ible :at ! ,bible calls t bless$ hope1 ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ & ! purification ( ! e>? by fire4 #b4 ,! mock]s "h describ$ c]ta9ly talk exactly l our mod]n uni=mit>ians2 = !y argue t f ! days t ! fa!rs fell asleep1 all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation4 ,!y imply t 9 ! days ( ! fa!rs "s p 7 fooli% en\gh to believe diff]5tly2 b s9ce !y fell asleep we h le>n$ bett]4 ,x %\ld also be c>efully not$ t _! !ory ( uni=mity /ret*es back1 n to ! close ( ,creation1 b to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,creation4 ,pla9ly1 !n1 ,creation itself is embrac$ 9 _! s*eme ( absolute uni=mity2 & accord+ to _! view all di/9ction is smoo!d out betwe5 ,creation & ! pres5t p]petuation ( ! _w by second causes4 ,h[ c\ld we ask = a m accurate ^w picture ( ! mod]n popul> doctr9es ( ! evolutioni/s & _! *>act]i/ic me?ods ( reason+ ?an is "h giv5 u by an inspir$ prophecy ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago8 ,,vi ,! call ( ! h\r to ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is = a r5ew$ confid5ce 9 t ,guide ,book :i* %e has br\ght ) h] d[n ! c5turies4 ,z h] ,div9e ,"l w5t away1 ,he commission$ h] to c>ry ,8 good tid+s to all peoples2 & s long z %e rema9$ true to ?is commission & to h] in/ruction book1 ! _w's cunn+ sophi/ries c\ld n deceive h]1 nor c\ld ! cruel p[] ( a _w empire /ifle h] voice4 ,& n[ :5 h] abs5t ,"l is ab\t to return aga91 x surely behooves h] to set h] h\se 9 ord]1 & to return ) c&or & fidelity to t writt5 code ( in/ruction left ) h] by h] dep>t+ ,ma/]4 ,= ! old-"t fri5ds ( ! ,bible1 ! night ( d>kness & d\bt is rapidly pass+2 ! morn+ ( a full] k & a full] confid5ce is at h&4 ,gone are ^? agonies ( d\bt reg>d+ ! tru?fulness ( ! ,bible's hi/ory & ! adequacy ( its e?ics = ! ne$s ( our mod]n _w4 ,ab&on$ =ev] are all ^? futile attempts at compromise1 9 a va9 & pa9ful endeavor to translate ! record ( ,creation into ! language ( a pseudo-sci5ce n[ rapidly be+ outgr[n1 & to adapt ! plan ( salvation to ! false /&>ds ( an artificial age t seems to be rapidly dis9tegrat+ be=e ! ,*ur*'s v eyes4 ,%e n[ realizes t h] ,bible is m accurate ?an ! _w's sci5ce1 h] simple gospel wis] ?an its philosophy4 ,! h\r has /ruck2 a sublime opportunity is be=e h]2 = ! ,god ( nature has ,himself op5$ up be=e ,8 ,*ur* ! long-seal$ *apt]s 9 ,8 l>g] book1 & is n[ po9t+ out ! m>vell\s agreem5t betwe5 ,8 book ( nature & ,8 writt5 record4 ,! /ronge/ message ( ! ,*ur* has (t5 be5 he>d amid ! d>ke/ ages ( apo/asy4 ,& ! prophecies ( ! ,bible h repeat$ly po9t$ out a special message t ! ,*ur* is to be> to ! _w 9 t d>ke/ h\r j be=e ! break+ ( et]nal day1--a message t we n[ see is wond]fully adapt$ to ?is age ( evolutionism 9 sci5ce & pan!ism 9 philosophy4 ,look+ d[n along ! d>k5+ vi/as ( ! com+ ye>s1 ! great ,jehovah saw h[ a va/ly increas$ k ( ,8 creat$ works w\ld be p]v]t$ into a burlesque ( ,creation1 & h[ ?is w\ld result 9 a wide-spread apo/asy 9 :i* ,8 writt5 ,^w w\ld be d]id$ & scorn$4 ,?us ,he tim$ a special re=m = ,8 fai?ful p to give to ! _w j be=e ! end1 call+ ^u ! disbeliev]s 9 ,creation !n liv+ to wor%ip him t made heav51 & e>?1 & ! sea1 & ! f\nta9s ( wat]s 7,rev4 #ad3 #g74 ,& s n[1 :5 ! d>kness ( evolutionism & pan!ism is mo/ d5se1 a light f above has illum9at$ ! record 9 ! book ( nature1 ! language ( :i* is already m famili> to our mod]n _w ?an ! language ( ! book s long di/ru/$ & almo/ d]id$4 ,?is message itself f ! book ( nature is full ( ! ess5tial ideas ( ! ,gospel1 fai? 9 a ,creator1 :o by ,8 tireless c>e = ! p>ticles compos+ our bodies keeps !m 9 ord]1 & by heal+ our injuries & cur+ our diseases inspires u ) fai? 9 ,him z our ,savi\r & ,r$eem]4 ,& 9 su* an h\r1 9 su* a _w crisis1 ,he has plac$ )9 ! p[] ( ,8 ,*ur* ^! mod]n means ( travel & quick communication1 9 ord] to spe$ on ?is la/ "w ( ,8 ,*ur* s z to complete x 9 ?is g5]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,! ,fundam5tals ( ,geology ,clo?1 #bgj pages1 ,illu/rat$ ) engrav+s1 *>ts1 & maps #a4be ,i h be5 int5sely int]e/$1 444 & ,i ?9k y prove y\r po9ts conclusively4--,,rev4 ,s4 ,,b>+-,,g\ld1 ,lew ,tr5*>d1 ,engl&4 ,x is a v clev] book4--,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan1 ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity4 ,i h f\nd y\r book extremely int]e/+1 putt+ old facts 9 a new light1 & full ( acute rem>ks4 ,curr5t !ories ne$$ criticism4--,a4,h4 ,,sayce1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 ,engl&4 ,y h br\ght out ) great cle>ness ! difficulties ( support+ ! evolution !ory f ! geological side4--,,george ,,h[>d ,,p>k]1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,x is a rem>kable piece ( logical reason+4 --,,frankl9 ,,johnson1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,x 0 ne$$4 ,i ?9k y h peel$ ! onion-coat !ory completely4 ,to & y\r book is l f9d+ a spr+ aft] toil+ ?r\gh ! dry-z-du/ des]t4 ,x is refre%+ & enjoyable4--,,gilb]t ,e4 ,,bailey1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,god's ,two ,books1 ,or ,pla9 ,facts ab\t ,evolution1 ,geology1 & ! ,bible ,clo?1 #ahd pages1 ,illu/rat$ #ge;,c4 ,naturally ,i h read x ) great int]e/4444 ,i h nev] se5 any answ] to ,sir ,h5ry ,h[or?'s ',mamm\?1' nor d ,i see :at answ] is possible1 & ! same seems to me to be ! case z reg>ds ,pr(essor ,price's argum5t4--,a4,h4 ,,sayce1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 ,engl&4 ,x w be a p]fect armory = use 9 meet+ attacks on ,holy ,scripture by false sci5ce & false ,criticism4--,,sir ,,rob]t ,,&]son1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,back to ! ,bible ,pap]1 #bae pages #ej;c4 ,x is mo/ excell5t4--,a4,c4 ,,gaebele91 ,new ,york ,city4 ,i "k ( no book 9 !ological lit]ature t surpasses ?is1 or inde$ equals x 9 accurate1 effective adapt$ness to ! ne$ ( ! h\r4 --,,william ,,cleav] ,,wilk9son1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4