,transcriber's ,note3 ,in order to      
maintain appropriate line length1 some  
tables have been transposed1 i4e4 rows  
are columns and vice versa4             
,,missionary ,,survey ,,as ,,an ,,aid   
,,to ,,intelligent ,,co-,,operation     
,,in ,,foreign ,,missions    ,,by       
,,roland ,,allen1 ,m4,a4  ,,sometime    
,s4,p4,g4 ,,missionary ,,in ,,north     
,,china  ,,author ,,of ,,missionary     
,,methods1 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,or ,,ours1 
,,etc4    ,,and    ,,thomas ,,cochrane1 
,m4,b41 ,c4,m4  ,,late ,,principal ,,of 
,,union ,,medical ,,college1 ,,peking1  
,,and ,,hon4 ,,secretary  ,,of ,,the    
,,laymen',s ,,movement1 ,,london        
,,missionary ,,society    #aibj         
,,preface4      ,this book1 written by  
,mr4 ,allen1 bears both our names       
because we studied  the material        
together1 and settled what should be    
included and what  excluded4 ,we        
discussed and disputed1 and finally     
found ourselves in  complete agreement4 
,we therefore decided to issue the book 

in our joint  names1 on the             
understanding that ,i should be allowed 
to disclaim the  credit for writing it4 
,but the book would never have been     
written at all  save for the inspiration
 and help of ,mr4 ,s4,j4,w4 ,clark1 who1
 in his  travels in nearly every mission
 field1 has brought an unusually acute  
mind1 trained by a long business        
experience1 to bear upon mission        
problems1 and has done more hard        
thinking on the question of survey than 
any man we know4    ,let anyone who     
doubts the need for survey study the    
present distribution  of missionary     
forces4 ,he will find little evidence of
 any plan or  method4 ,in one region of 
the world there are about four hundred  
and  fifty missionaries to a population 
of three millions1 while in another     
area with more than double the number of
 people1 there are only about  twenty   
missionaries4    ,after travelling in   
the latter region ,i asked one of the   
senior workers  what in his opinion     

would be a large enough foreign staff1  
and he  indicated quite a moderate      
addition to the existing force4 ,suppose
 ,i had  suggested a total of a hundred 
missionaries1 he would have declared the
  number far too large4 ,perhaps he was 
too modest in his demands4  ,conditions 
in one area differ from those in        
another4 ,but such a wide  difference in
 distribution and in demands makes the  
need of survey to  ascertain facts and  
conditions absolutely imperative1       
especially when we  remember that to the
 force of four hundred and fifty in the 
territory  with the smaller population1 
missionaries will probably continue to  
be  added and unevangelised regions will
 have to wait4    ,after surveying one  
of the better staffed divisions of the  
mission  field1 a missionary declared   
that not more missionaries were needed1 
but  a more effective use of the force  
at work2 and fortunately in that        
particular field central direction is   
beginning to secure that end4 ,but      

usually there is no central direction   
and no comparison of plans between      
neighbouring missions on the field1     
although several missions may be        
located in the same town or city2 and   
two ,mission ,houses in ,london may  be 
almost next door neighbours1 and may    
have missions in the same city  in the  
,far ,east1 and may yet be entirely     
ignorant of each other's plans  for work
 in that city4 ,they might be rival     
businesses guarding trade  secrets6     
,hence it is not strange that when late 
in the day a survey of a  city in ,china
 is made in which there are about two   
hundred missionaries1  it is found that 
not one of them is giving full time to  
evangelistic  work6 ,across the city of 
,tokyo a line could be drawn west of    
which all  the foreign workers live1    
while east of it there are nine hundred 
and  sixty thousand people without a    
single resident missionary6    ,but not 
only is intermission planning1 based on 
survey1 sadly lacking2  few missions    

have thoroughly surveyed their own      
fields and their own  work1 and fewer   
still have surveyed them in relation to 
the work of  others4 ,the result is that
 policies are adopted and staffs        
increased in  a way which--for all      
administrators know to the contrary--may
 be adding  weight where it should be   
diminished1 and may be piling up        
expenditure  in the wrong place4    ,it 
should be pointed out1 however1 that    
survey is beginning to come into  its   
own4 ,it is being more and more realised
 that it should be the basis  of all    
co-operative work1 and the survey of    
,china now nearing completion  places   
that country in a premier position as   
far as a foundation for  wise building  
is concerned4 ,recently in ,london1     
neighbouring ,mission  ,houses have been
 getting into touch with each other1 and
 the ,conference  of ,british           
,missionary ,societies and the analogous
 body in ,america have  made conference 
between missions frequent and fruitful4 

,but there is a  long way yet to travel 
before we can have that comprehensive   
planning  which the present world       
situation imperatively and urgently     
demands4    ,but just as neighbouring   
missions should get to know about each  
other's  work and plans in order that   
funds may be spent most effectively2 so 
a  world survey is necessary if the     
command of ,christ is to be adequately  
obeyed4 ,the unit is the world1 and     
survey in patches may misdirect money   
which would have been spent differently 
if the whole need had been  before the  
eyes of those who are charged with the  
responsibility of  administration4      
,we make bold to affirm that no ,society
 can be sure that it is spending  the   
money entrusted to it wisely unless it  
has a satisfactory system of  survey in 
operation1 a system which takes account 
not only of its own  work but also of   
the work of others4 ,we go further and  
say that the  chances are the money is  
not bringing the maximum return4 ,when  

world  need is so vast it is time to    
challenge a reasoned contradiction of   
this  assertion4 ,if each ,society did  
what in justice to its constituency it  
ought to do1 a survey of an area such as
 a province or a country would  be an   
easy task1 and a survey of the world    
would be neither difficult  nor         
expensive1 and after all1 until we know 
the whole1 we cannot  intelligently     
administer the part4    ,the missionary 
enterprise waits for the men who will   
take the  comprehensive view and become 
leaders in the greatest and most        
fundamental task of all time4 ,until    
these leaders appear1 mission work1  for
 those who seek to understand it as a   
world enterprise1 will1 as a  layman    
said recently1 remain worse than a      
jigsaw puzzle6    ,,thos4 ,,cochrane4   
,,analysis ,,of ,,contents4             
,,chapter ,i4    ,,the ,,importance ,,of
 ,a ,,dominant ,,purpose4      ,the     
modern demand for intelligent           
co-operation  ,the same demand in       

relation to ,foreign ,missions  ,the    
need for a definition of purpose  ,the  
failure of our present reports in this  
respect  ,is definition of purpose      
desirable8  ,it is necessary for        
formulation of policy  ,societies with  
limited incomes cannot afford to pursue 
every good    object  ,the admission of 
diverse purposes has blurred the purpose
 of ,medical    ,missions  ,the         
admission of diverse purposes has       
confused the administration    of       
,educational ,missions  ,the admission  
of diverse purposes has distracted      
,evangelistic    ,missions  ,hence the  
absence of unity in the work  ,hence the
 tendency to support details rather than
 the whole  ,the need for a dominant    
purpose and expression of relations     
,the need for a statement of factors    
which govern action  ,the need for a    
missionary survey which expresses the   
facts in    relation  ,this demand is   
not unreasonable          ,,chapter     
,,ii4    ,,preliminary ,,considerations4

      #a4 ,all survey is properly       
governed by the purpose for which it is 
made  ,the purpose decides what is to be
 included1 what excluded  ,a scientific 
survey is a survey of selected factors  
,this is not to be confused with the    
collection of facts to prove a    theory
  ,the collection of facts is           
independent of the conclusions which may
    be drawn  #b4 ,the survey proposed  
is a missionary survey  ,the difference 
between medical and educational surveys 
and missionary    survey  #c4 ,the      
survey proposed is designed to embrace  
the work of all    ,societies  #d4      
,definition of aim necessarily suggests 
a policy  ,we have not hesitated to set 
out that policy  ,we make criticism easy
  #e4 ,survey should provide facts in   
relation to an aim1 so as to guide      
action  #f4 ,twofold aspect of          
survey--survey of state1 survey of      
position  ,survey is therefore a        
continual process  #g4 ,possible        
objections to method proposed--    7i7  

,the information asked for statistical  
,all business and organised effort is   
based on statistics    ,every ,society  
publishes statistics    7ii7 ,the       
admission of estimates    ,the value of 
estimates    7iii7 ,the difficulty of   
many small tables    ,why burden the    
missionary with the working out of      
proportions8    ,the tables should      
assist the missionary in charge    7iv7 
,the objection that we cannot obtain all
 the information    ,partial knowledge  
the guide of all human action    7v7    
,the tables contain items at present    
unknown          ,,chapter ,,iii4       
,,survey ,,of ,,the ,,station ,,and     
,,its ,,district4    ,the ,work to be   
,done1 and the ,force to ,do it4        
,we begin with survey of the station and
 its district  ,if the station exists to
 establish the ,church in a definite    
area then    we can survey on a         
territorial basis  ,the definition of   
the area involves a policy  ,i4 ,when   
the area is defined we can distinguish  

work done and work to      be done1 in  
terms of cities1 towns1 and villages2 in
 terms of    population    ,the meaning 
of ,christian constituency    ,the      
reasons for adopting it    ,example of  
table1 and of the impression produced by
 it    ,example of value of proportions 
,tables of proportions    ,the          
difficulty of procuring this information
    ,the value of the labour expended in
 procuring it  ,,ii4 ,the force at work 
,the permanent and transitory elements  
7a7 ,the foreign force    ,the use of   
merely quantitative expressions    ,such
 tables essential for deciding questions
 of reinforcement    7b7 ,the native    
force    ,reasons for putting total     
,christian constituency in the first    
place    ,the ,communicants4 ,the paid  
workers4 ,the unpaid workers    ,the    
difficulty in this classification       
,the interest of these tables lies in   
the proportions    ,summary  ,but we    
need to know something of capacity of   
the native force    7#a7 ,proportion of 

,communicants    ,the importance of this
 proportion in itself    ,in relation to
 the work to be done    7#b7 ,proportion
 of paid workers to ,christian          
constituency and to      ,communicants  
,the difficulty of appreciating the     
meaning of this proportion    ,it must  
be checked by 7a7 the proportion of     
unpaid voluntary workers    7b7 ,the    
standard of wealth    7#c7 ,the         
contribution to missionary work in      
labour and money    7#d7 ,the literacy  
of the ,christian constituency    ,the  
importance of widespread knowledge of   
the ,bible    ,the importance of        
,christians having a wider knowledge    
than their      heathen neighbours      
,,chapter ,,iv4    ,,the ,,emphasis     
,,laid ,,upon ,,different ,,types ,,of  
,,work4      ,i4 ,work amongst men and  
women respectively  ,we first           
distinguish men1 wives1 and single women
 among the ,foreign    ,missionaries    
,the reasons for applying the           
distinction between men and women to the

    ,native ,force  ,,ii4 ,the different
 classes in the population chiefly      
reached by the    mission  ,,iii ,the   
different races and religions  ,emphasis
 upon one class or race or religion is  
no proper basis for    adverse criticism
 of the mission  ,,iv4 ,the emphasis    
laid on evangelistic1 medical1 and      
educational work    respectively  ,the  
difficulty of distinguishing medical1   
educational1 and    evangelistic        
missionaries  ,the reason why grades    
need not here be distinguished  ,v4     
,sunday ,schools--  ,the diverse        
character of ,sunday ,schools  ,the     
table proposed          ,,chapter ,v4   
,,the ,,medical ,,work ,,in ,,the       
,,station ,,district4      ,the tendency
 to treat medical and educational work  
as distinct from    evangelistic        
,medical and educational boards and     
their surveys  ,the difficulty of       
determining the aim of the medical      
mission  ,first of medical missions as  
designed to meet a distinct medical need

  ,two tables designed to present the   
medical force in relation to area    and
 population  ,the necessity of          
considering non-missionary medical work 
in this    connection  ,the extent of   
the work done in the year  ,then of the 
medical mission as designed to assist   
evangelistic work    7i7 ,the extent to 
which evangelists work with the medicals
    ,caution as regards the use of this 
table    7ii7 ,the extent to which      
medicals assist the evangelists outside 
the      institutions    7iii7 ,the     
extent to which the evangelistic        
influence of the hospital      can be   
traced          ,,chapter ,,vi4         
,,educational ,,work ,,in ,,the         
,,station ,,district4      ,the         
difficulty of determining the aim of    
educational missions  ,the difficulty   
presented by different grades and       
standards  ,the reason for excluding    
,colleges and ,normal ,schools at this  
stage  ,first of the educational mission
 as designed to meet a distinct         

educational need  ,two tables designed  
to present the educational work in      
relation to    area and population  ,the
 necessity of considering non-missionary
 educational work  ,the existence of    
non-missionary schools may either       
increase the need    for missionary     
schools or decrease it  ,the extent to  
which education is provided for the     
better educated and    the more         
illiterate  ,the extent to which        
education is provided for boys and      
girls1 for    ,christian and            
non-,christian scholars  ,the extent to 
which mission schools receive           
,government grants throws    light on   
their character and purpose  ,the extent
 to which education is provided for     
illiterate adults  ,the importance of   
this  ,the importance of the distinction
 between ,christians and                
non-,christians in this table  ,then of 
the educational mission as designed to  
assist evangelistic    work    7i7 ,the 
extent to which evangelists work with   

the educationalists in      schools     
,caution needed in the use of this table
    7ii7 ,the extent to which           
educationalists work with evangelists   
outside schools    ,the importance of   
the work done by educationalists outside
 the      schools    7iii7 ,the         
immediate evangelistic results of       
education given    ,the difficulty      
,the table proposed    ,the support     
given by the ,natives to medical and    
educational work          ,,chapter     
,,vii4    ,,co-,,operation4      ,the   
importance of the relation between the  
different parts of the    mission  ,the 
relations already expressed in earlier  
tables  ,the chief difficulty lies in   
the relationship between medicals    and
 educationalists  ,the importance of    
medical work in schools  ,the table     
showing the work of medicals in         
connection with schools  ,the importance
 of educational work in hospitals  ,the 
table showing the work of               
educationalists in hospitals  ,summary  

of co-operation between evangelists1    
medicals1 and    educationalists        
,,chapter ,,viii4    ,,the ,,native     
,,church4      ,the end of the station1 
a ,native ,church  ,this end a condition
 into which the ,church must be         
growing  ,survey must therefore deal    
with the ,native ,church  ,the reason   
for beginning with self-support  ,the   
meaning of self-supporting ,churches    
,in rare cases it means independence of 
external support  ,in most cases it     
means attainment of an arbitrary        
standard  ,in most cases it does not    
represent the power of the people to    
supply    their own needs  ,in most     
cases it is not sure evidence of growing
 liberality  ,nevertheless we must begin
 by considering the self-supporting     
,churches  ,we ask for proportion of    
self-supporting ,churches  ,this will   
not reveal the power of the ,churches to
 stand alone  ,we inquire then the      
proportion of inquirers in              
self-supporting    ,churches  ,we       

inquire then the proportion of unpaid   
workers in self-supporting    ,churches 
,where self-supporting ,churches are not
 recognised we inquire--      7i7 ,power
 of ,christians to conduct their own    
services    7ii7 ,power to order ,church
 government    7iii7 ,power to provide  
expenses of ,church organisation        
,,chapter ,,ix4    ,,survey ,,of        
,,districts ,,where ,,two ,,or ,,more   
,,societies ,,are ,,at ,,work4  ,,survey
 ,,of ,,missions ,,with ,,no ,,defined  
,,districts4      ,i4 ,the possibility  
of united survey by missionaries of two 
or more    ,societies    ,the evil of   
ignoring the work of others    ,survey  
is concerned with facts not with        
ecclesiastical prejudices    ,the       
difficulty of obtaining the facts       
,the use of estimates  ,,ii4 ,the       
mission which has no defined            
district--,a  general expression of the 
purpose of such a mission    ,in its    
widest terms survey of the work of such 
a mission would      involve survey of  

the whole state of society    ,in its   
narrower terms it is survey of a mission
 establishing a ,church    ,in this case
 most of the preceding tables could be  
used1 omitting      proportions to area 
and population    ,then we could see    
force at work    ,then we could see     
forms of work    ,then we could place   
the mission in a survey of the ,country 
,,chapter ,x4    ,,survey ,,of ,,the    
,,work ,,in ,a ,,province4      ,the    
mission station is not an isolated unit 
,the relationship of station with       
station is recognised  ,so the          
relationship of all missions in a       
country is recognised  ,we can then     
consider the work of a mission station  
in relation to all    mission work done 
in the ,province or ,country            
,considered in relation to the larger   
area1 impressions produced by    the    
earlier tables may have to be revised   
,the first necessity is to gain a view  
of the whole work in the    ,country    
,the difficulty presented by capitals   

and other large cities  ,i4 ,the items  
proposed as necessary for such a general
 view--    7#a7 ,the work to be done2 a 
bare quantitative expression in terms of
      population1 perhaps also in terms 
of cities1 towns1 and villages          
unoccupied    ,this expression ought not
 to suggest that the work to be done is 
to      be done by the foreigners       
7#b7 ,the ,foreign ,force at work in    
relation to the work to be done is      
larger than that presented by returns   
from all mission stations    ,the       
,native ,force also is more than the sum
 of the station district    returns     
7#c7 ,different forms of work2 one table
 revealing proportion of                
,missionaries1 ,native ,workers1        
,foreign ,funds1 and ,native            
,contributions employed in different    
forms of work    ,one table of results  
,a serious flaw in this table    7#d7   
,the extent to which different classes1 
etc41 are reached4 ,one      table      
including the station returns with the  

addition of special      missions which 
work among special classes in the whole 
,province or      ,country    7#e7      
,self-support4 ,one table showing the   
relation of the native      contribution
 to the total salaries of all paid      
native evangelistic      workers  ,,ii4 
,to this must be added tables of        
students in training for    different   
forms of mission work  ,first the       
relative proportion of students in      
training for different    types of work 
,then of each more particularly--       
7#a7 ,evangelistic    ,confusion of     
nomenclature prevents more than a rough 
classification    7#b7 ,educational3    
divided roughly into four classes       
7#c7 ,medical3 divided into three       
classes    ,these tables are prophetic  
of line of advance in the near future   
,the question of perseverance  ,,iii4   
,then the ,educational ,institutions    
excluded from the district    survey    
must be added to the sum of the station 
returns to show the    relation of the  

educational work to the population of   
the larger    area  ,the importance of  
the relation of the higher to the lower 
grade    institutions  ,the educational 
work of non-missionary agencies must    
also be    considered  ,,iv4 ,medical   
work needs only the addition of         
provincial hospitals and                
non-missionary medical work  ,v4 ,two   
other subjects claim attention here1    
literature and industrial    work  ,the 
difficulty of dealing with literature4  
,it needs special treatment  ,two brief 
tables suggested  ,the difficulty of    
dealing with industrial work still      
greater  ,for industrial missions1 other
 than those which are really            
educational1 we suggest three tables    
,,vi4 ,union work          ,,chapter    
,,xi4    ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,the    
,,station ,,to ,,the ,,world4      ,a   
world-wide work can only be conducted on
 world-wide principles  ,these          
world-wide principles must govern the   
work in every part1    however small    

,no country1 however large1 can be an   
isolated unit from missionary    point  
of view  ,how shall we gain a view of   
this large whole8  ,we suggest that four
 tables would suffice for our purpose3--
    7#a7 ,a table showing the force at  
work in relation to      population     
7#b7 ,a table designed to reveal        
something of the  character and power of
 the force    7#c7 ,a table showing the 
relative strength expended in           
evangelistic1      medical1 and         
educational work    7#d7 ,a table       
showing the extent to which the native  
,christians support      existing work  
,this is only a tentative suggestion    
proposed to invite criticism            
,,chapter ,i4    ,,the ,,importance ,,of
 ,a ,,dominant ,,purpose4      ,it is a 
marked characteristic of our age that   
every appeal for an  expression of      
energy should be an intellectual appeal4
 ,emotional appeals  are of course made1
 and made with tremendous force1 but1   
with the  emotional appeal1 an emphasis 

is laid to-day upon the intellectual    
apprehension of the meaning of the      
effort demanded which is something      
quite new to us4 ,soldiers in the ranks 
have the objective of their  attack     
explained to them1 and this explanation 
has a great influence  over the         
character and quality of the effort     
which they put forth4  ,labourers demand
 and expect every day a larger and      
fuller understanding  of the meaning of 
the work which they are asked to        
perform4 ,they need to  enjoy the       
intellectual apprehension of the larger 
aspects of the work1  and the relation  
of their own detailed operations to     
those larger  aspects2 and it is        
commonly recognised that the            
understanding of the  meaning and       
purpose of the detail upon which each   
operative may be  engaged is a most     
powerful incentive to good work4 ,in the
 past leaders  relied more upon         
implicit1 unreasoning obedience1        
supported often by  affection for the   

leader's own character1 and profound    
trust in his  wisdom1 and a general hope
 of advantage for each individual who   
carried  out orders unhesitatingly and  
exactly2 but they did not think it      
necessary1 or even desirable1 that the  
common workers should understand  their 
plans and act in intelligent            
co-operation with them3 to-day1         
intelligent co-operation is prized as it
 has never been prized before1  and its 
value is realised as it has never been  
realised before4    ,if this is true in 
the world of arms1 of labour1 of        
commerce1 it is  equally true in the    
world of foreign missions4 ,the common  
worker1 the  subscriber1 the daily      
labourer1 is beginning to demand that he
 shall be  allowed to take an           
intelligent part in the work1 and       
missionary leaders  are beginning to see
 the importance of securing intelligent 
co-operation4 ,in the past the appeal   
has been rather to blind obedience1  and
 immense stress has been laid upon the  

command2 the appeal has been  to the    
emotions1 and love for ,christ1 love for
 the souls of men1 hope  of eternal     
blessings1 hope of the coming of the    
,kingdom1 and 7for  direction of the    
work7 trust in the wisdom of great      
missionary leaders  or committees1 have 
been thought sufficient to inspire all  
to put forth  their best efforts2 but   
to-day1 as in the labour world1 as in   
commerce1  as in the army1 so in the    
world of missions1 the intellect is     
taking a  new place4 ,men want to       
understand why and how their work       
assists towards  the attainment of the  
goal1 they want to know what they are   
doing1 they  want to understand the plan
 and to see their work influencing the  
accomplishment of the plan4    ,it is no
 doubt true that the demand for         
intelligent co-operation1 both  on the  
part of the subscribers and workers on  
the one side and of the  great leaders  
and boards of directors on the other1 is
 at present  slight1 weak1 uncertain and

 hesitating2 but it is already beginning
 to  make itself felt1 and must         
increase4 ,certainly it is true that the
  support of a very large body of men is
 lost because they have never yet  been 
able to understand the work of foreign  
missions4 ,they are  accustomed in their
 daily business to know what they are   
driving at1  and to relate their action 
to definite ends2 and they have not seen
  foreign missions directed to the      
attainment of definite ends4 ,they have 
not seen in them any clear dominant     
purpose to which they could relate  the 
manifold activities of the missionaries 
whom they were asked to  support2 and   
they cannot give to the vague and       
chaotic that support  which they might  
give to work which they saw clearly to  
be directed to  the attainment of a     
great goal which they desired by a      
policy which they  understood4 ,the     
attitude of these men is the attitude of
 those who await  an intelligent appeal 
to their intelligence4    ,for a true   

understanding of foreign missions it is 
necessary first that  their aim and     
object should be clearly defined4       
,without such a  definition intelligent 
co-operation is impossible4 ,unless the 
objective  is understood men cannot     
estimate the value of their work4 ,they 
cannot  trace progress unless they can  
see clearly the end to be attained2 they
  cannot zealously support action unless
 they are persuaded that the  action is 
truly designed to attain the defined    
end4 ,there may indeed be  many         
subordinate objects1 and men may be     
asked to work for the  attainment of any
 one of these1 but there ought to be one
 final end and  purpose which governs   
all1 and intelligent co-operation       
involves the  appreciation of the       
relation between the subordinate and the
 final end4  ,consequently if many      
objects are set before us1 as they are  
in our  foreign missions1 it is         
essential that these many purposes and  
objects  should be presented to us not  

simply as ends to be attained1 but in   
their relation to one another and in    
their relation to the final end  which  
the directors of our missions have      
clearly before their eyes4    ,now it is
 just at this point that we fail to     
attain satisfaction4 ,all  societies    
publish reports and statistics1 but the 
reports and statistics  do not provide  
us with any clear and intelligible      
account of progress  towards any        
definite end4 ,they seem rather designed
 to attract and to  appeal to our       
sympathy than to satisfy our            
intelligence4 ,they set before  us all  
kinds of work unrelated1 indefinite1    
changeable1 and changing  from year to  
year1 as though the compilers selected  
from the letters of  missionaries any   
striking statements which they thought  
would attract  support in themselves and
 by themselves4 ,no goal is set before  
us1 and  the progress towards that goal 
steadily traced from year to year2 still
  less is the relation between the      

different methods and means employed to 
attain each subordinate objective       
expressed so that we can see1 not  only 
what progress each is making towards its
 own immediate end1 but  what is the    
effective value of all together towards 
the attainment of a  final end to which 
they all contribute4    ,but would not  
the definition of one great end or      
purpose hinder us8 ,are  not all the    
great ends which we set before ourselves
 indefinite enough  to include a host of
 different and mutually separate and    
even  occasionally incompatible         
subsidiary objects1 aims1 and methods8  
,would  not the rigid definition of the 
aim of our foreign missions1 by         
excluding a great many legitimate aims  
and methods1 weaken and beggar  our     
missions1 which are strong in proportion
 as they admit all sorts of  different  
aims and methods8 ,there are men who    
speak and act as if they  thought so1   
and in consequence welcome as a proper  
part of the  missionary programme all   

,christian1 social1 and political       
activities4  ,anything1 they think1     
which makes for the amelioration of     
life1  everything which tends to        
enlighten and uplift the bodies1 the    
souls1  and the minds of men1 is a      
proper object for the missionary to     
pursue1  and the missionary should      
assist every movement towards a higher  
life in  the heathen community as well  
as in the ,christian1 and should        
introduce  every method and plan1       
industrial1 social1 or political1       
literary1 or  artistic1 which tends to  
ennoble the life of men4 ,it may be so4 
,it may  be true that the introduction  
of everything which tends to uplift and 
enlighten is a proper object for        
missionary activity1 but we venture to  
argue not all at once1 in the same      
place1 nor even any one of them at  the 
whim of any missionary at any time1     
anywhere4 ,nor all in the same  order4  
,there is a more and a less important4  
,and we do urge that if we  are to take 

an intelligent part in foreign missions 
and to give those  missions intelligent 
support1 we must know what is the more  
important  and what the less4 ,we are   
told that the duty of the foreign       
mission is  to bring all nations into   
the obedience of ,christ1 and that all  
the  nations means all the people of all
 the nations1 and all the  capacities1  
powers1 and activities of all the people
 of all the nations1  individually and  
collectively1 and that any work which   
tends to bring  any part of the         
collective action of any non-,christian 
people under the  direction of          
,christian principles is1 therefore1 the
 proper work of the  missionary1 and    
that the most important is the          
particular social1  industrial1 or      
political scheme which the missionary   
who is addressing  us believes to be the
 pressing need of the moment in his     
district4    ,so long as foreign        
missions are presented to us in that    
way1 so long as  any mission may serve  

any purpose1 we cannot possibly take any
  intelligent share in foreign missions 
as a whole4 ,we are lost4 ,we cannot    
co-ordinate in thought the activities of
 the missions1 as we see plainly  that  
they are not co-ordinated in action in  
the field itself4 ,and it is            
practically impossible for us to imagine
 that the missions are directed  on any 
thought-out policy1 because a policy    
seems to involve necessarily  the       
sub-ordination of the aim deemed to be  
less important to another  which is     
deemed to be more important1 and the    
less or the more must  depend1 not upon 
personal predilections1 but upon        
closeness of relation  to some one      
dominant idea2 and1 therefore1 the      
definition of the  dominant idea is the 
first necessity for the establishment of
 a  reasonable missionary policy4    ,to
 some minds the idea of a policy in     
connection with missions seems to  be   
abhorrent2 but can a society with an    
income of something between half  and a 

quarter of a million pounds1 or even    
less1 afford to aim at every  type and  
form of missionary activity8 ,is it not 
necessary that it  should know and      
express to itself1 to its missionaries1 
and to its  supporters what forms of    
activity it deems essential1 what less  
important1 what aims it will pursue with
 all its strength1 and what it  will    
refuse to pursue at all8 ,it cannot     
afford to pursue every good or          
desirable object which it may meet in   
its course4 ,it must have a  dominant   
purpose which really controls its       
operations1 and forces it to  set aside 
some great and noble actions because    
they are not so closely  related to the 
dominant purpose as some other4    ,a   
society with the limited resources which
 most of us lament cannot do            
everything4 ,in medicine it cannot      
afford to aim at a strictly             
evangelistic use of its medical missions
 and at a use which is not  strictly    
evangelistic4 ,we hear men talk         

sometimes as if it were the  business of
 a missionary society to undertake the  
task of healing the  physical           
afflictions of the people almost in the 
same sense as it is the  business of a  
missionary society to seek to heal their
 souls4 ,we hear  them talk sometimes as
 if it was the duty of a missionary     
society to  supplant the native medical 
practice by western medical science as  
surely as it is their business to       
supplant idolatry by the preaching of   
,christ4 ,and the tolerance of these    
ideas has certainly influenced the      
direction of missions4 ,the evangelistic
 value of medical missions has  not been
 the one dominant directing principle in
 their administration1  and the         
consequences have been confusion of aim 
and waste of power4 ,nor  has any other 
dominant purpose taken control2 no other
 purpose1  philanthropic1 social1 or    
economic1 ever will take control so long
 as  the vast majority of the supporters
 of foreign missions are people whose   

one real desire is the salvation of men 
in ,christ4 ,but the admission of       
another purpose has blurred the aim4    
,because they have been pioneers in     
education1 missions earn large praise   
and not in-considerable support from    
governors and philanthropists2 but  they
 have sometimes paid for these praises  
and grants dearly in  confusion of aim4 
,many of them started with the intention
 of relating  their educational work    
very closely to their evangelistic work2
 but  because the evangelistic idea was 
not dominant1 a government grant        
sometimes led the educational mission   
far from its first objective4           
,similarly1 the establishment of great  
educational institutions altered  the   
whole policy of a mission over very     
large areas1 because no dominant        
purpose controlled the action of the    
mission authorities4 ,the  institutions 
demanded such large support1 financial  
and personal1 that  when once they had  
been founded they tended to draw into   

themselves a  very large proportion of  
the best men who joined the mission4 ,in
 this  way a great educational          
institution has often altered the policy
 of a  mission to an extent which its   
original founders never anticipated1 and
  a mission which was designed primarily
 to be an evangelistic mission has  been
 compelled not only to check advance1   
but even to withdraw its  evangelistic  
workers and to close its outstations4   
,but that was not the  intention of the 
founders of the institution4 ,the       
difficulty arose  because there was no  
dominant purpose which governed the     
direction of  the mission4 ,there was no
 purpose so strong and clear that it    
could  prevent the foundation of1 or    
close when founded1 an institution which
  was leading it far from its primary   
object4    ,again it is notorious that  
what we call the work of the            
evangelistic  missionary is so manifold 
and variegated that it includes every   
kind of  activity1 every sort of social 

and economic reform4 ,our evangelistic  
missionaries are busy about everything1 
from itinerant preaching to the         
establishment of banks and asylums4 ,can
 we afford it8 ,what purpose is         
dominant1 what aim really governs the   
policy of those who send out            
evangelistic missionaries8 ,what decides
 the form of their work and the  method 
by which they pursue it8 ,it is hard to 
guess1 it is hard to  discover1 it is   
hard to understand4    ,now when our    
missions are presented to us and we are 
asked to support  them on all sorts of  
grounds1 as though a society with its   
slight funds  could really successfully 
practise every kind of philanthropic    
work1 we  begin to doubt whether it can 
really be wisely guided4 ,each mission  
station1 each institution1 seems to be  
an isolated fragment4 ,the  missionary  
in charge often appeals to us as an     
exceedingly good and able  man1 and we  
support him1 and we support the society 
which sends him and  others like him4   

,and we call this the support of foreign
 missions2 but  foreign missions as a   
unity we do not support because we can  
see no  unity4 ,the directors of foreign
 missions appear not to have hitched    
their wagon to a star1 but rather to all
 the visible stars1 and we  cannot tell 
whither they are going4 ,so we fall back
 on the individual  missionary1 or the  
isolated mission which at any rate for  
the moment  seems to have an            
intelligible objective4    ,hence the   
common conception of missionary work as 
small4 ,we look at the  parts1 and the  
smallest parts1 because our minds       
instinctively seek a  unity1 and only in
 the parts do we find a unity1 nor there
 often1 unless  we concentrate our      
attention on one aspect of the work4    
,but by thinking  of foreign missions in
 this small way and speaking of them in 
this small  way1 we alienate men who are
 accustomed to think in large terms of  
large  undertakings designed on large   
policies4    ,what we need to-day is to 

understand foreign missions as a whole4 
,we  want to take an intelligent part in
 them viewed as a unity4 ,we want to    
know what is the grand objective and how
 the parts are related to that  end4 ,we
 do not want merely to support this     
mission because this  missionary appeals
 to us2 we want to know what dominant   
purpose governs  the activities of the  
different societies1 directs1 and       
controls them1  deciding what work good 
and excellent in itself the mission     
cannot  afford to undertake1 what it can
 and must do with the means at its      
disposal in order to attain an end which
 it has deliberately adopted4    ,we    
need more1 we need to know on what      
principles the missionaries are  sent   
here or there4 ,we need to know what    
facts must be taken into  consideration 
before any mission1 evangelistic1       
educational1 or medical1  is planted in 
any place1 what facts decide the        
question whether work is  begun1 or     
reinforcements sent1 to this place      

rather than to that4 ,it is  not enough 
to be assured that there is a need4     
,there is need everywhere4  ,we cannot  
supply all need2 but we can have some   
settled and clear  judgment what facts  
ought to weigh with us1 what information
 we must  possess before we can decide  
properly whether the claim of this place
 is  more urgent than the claim of that4
 ,we ought to have same basis of        
comparison4 ,the mere appeal of an      
earnest and devoted man1 the mere       
clamour of a body of men1 the mere      
insistence of a persevering man1 is  not
 sufficient to guide us aright4 ,the    
mere offer of some supporter to  provide
 a building ought not to suffice4       
,acceptance of the offer may  alter the 
whole balance and character of the      
mission4 ,we ought to know  what facts  
must be considered and how4    ,we need 
therefore a reasoned statement of the   
work of our foreign  missions expressed 
as a unity1 which sets forth the work   
actually done  in different departments 

showing their relation one to another   
and the  relation of all to a dominant  
object4 ,in other words1 what we need is
 a  survey of the missionary situation  
in the world in terms of these          
relationships4    ,it may be said that  
such a claim is outrageous and          
impossible2 but we  are persuaded that  
with our present enlightenment1 with the
 means of  knowledge which we now       
possess1 we could1 if we thought it     
worth while1  lay our hands on the      
necessary information4 ,our firm        
conviction is that1  if we did that1 and
 set out the results of our examination 
in a form  intelligible to thoughtful   
laymen1 we should obtain the support of 
a  great number of men to whom foreign  
missions at present appear as  nothing  
but the ill-organised1 fragmentary and  
indefinite efforts of  pious people to  
propagate their peculiar schemes for the
 betterment of  humanity4 ,without some 
such statement we do not know how anyone
 can take  an intelligent1 though he may

 take a sentimental1 interest in foreign
  missions4          ,,chapter ,,ii4    
,,preliminary ,,considerations4      #a4
 ,we need a survey of the missionary    
situation in the world which will       
express the facts in terms of the       
relationships between the different     
missionary activities and between them  
all in relation to a dominant  idea or  
purpose4 ,such a survey is strictly     
scientific4 ,all scientific  survey is  
properly governed by the end or purpose 
for which it is made4    ,it is this    
purpose or end which decides what is to 
be included and what  is to be excluded 
from the survey4 ,if1 for instance1 we  
are making a  survey of the acoustic    
properties of church buildings in       
,england1 it is  not scientific to      
introduce questions as to the character 
of the gospel  preached in them4 ,a     
scientific survey is not necessarily a  
collection of  all possible information 
about any people or country2 that is an 
encyclopaedia2 a scientific survey is a 

survey of those facts only which  throw 
light on the business in hand4 ,a       
scientific survey of foreign  missions  
ought not then necessarily to look at   
the work carried on from  every point of
 view4 ,the point of view must be       
defined1 the end to be  served defined1 
and then only those factors which throw 
light upon that  end have any place in a
 scientific survey4 ,we cannot be too   
clear about  this1 because in survey of 
a work so vast and so many sided as     
foreign  missions we might easily       
include every human activity1 unless we 
defined  beforehand the end to be served
 and selected carefully only the        
appropriate factors4 ,carefully defined1
 missionary survey is not the  unwieldy1
 amorphous thing which people often     
imagine4 ,there is indeed a  dangerous  
type of survey which starting with a    
hypothesis proceeds to  prove it by     
collecting any facts which seem to      
support it to the neglect  of all other 
facts which might disprove it4 ,the     

procedure advocated here  is the        
adoption of a definite and acknowledged 
purpose for which the  survey is to be  
made and the collection of all the facts
 which bear upon  the subject in hand4  
,the facts are selected1 but they are   
selected not  by the prejudices or      
partiality of the surveyor1 but by their
 own innate  and inherent relationship  
to the subject4    ,a scientific survey 
can only be a collection of facts2 but  
inferences  will certainly be drawn from
 the facts which will direct the policy 
of  those who administer foreign        
missionary societies4 ,the drawing of   
these  inferences from the material     
collected must be carefully             
distinguished  from the collection of   
the material 7i4e4 the making of the    
survey74 ,the  latter precedes the      
former and is independent of it4        
,inferences hastily  drawn1 or          
prematurely adopted1 would only tend to 
discredit missionary  survey as a means 
to the attainment of truth4 ,the        

adoption of a  hypothesis and the making
 of a survey in order to prove it by a  
careful  selection and manipulation of  
facts would not discredit survey as a   
means to the attainment of truth2 it    
would only discredit and debase the     
moral character of the man who made such
 a survey4    #b4 ,the survey here      
treated of is missionary survey1 that is
 to say1 it  treats of missions and is  
governed by a missionary purpose4 ,and  
it is a  survey of ,christian missions2 
therefore it is governed by the purpose 
of  spreading the knowledge of ,christ4 
,this statement is of great importance  
and needs to be carefully conned before 
it is accepted1 because by it           
missionary survey will be distinguished 
from all other survey4 ,for  instance1  
medical boards survey medical           
institutions4 ,their sole  concern is   
whether those institutions are well     
found and efficient4#a  ,but when a     
missionary surveys a missionary hospital
 7if the principle  which we propound is

 accepted71 he surveys it not qua       
medical  establishment but qua          
missionary utensil4 ,the object is not  
to find  out the medical efficiency of  
the hospital1 but its missionary        
effectiveness4 ,it may be answered that 
a medically inefficient hospital  cannot
 be truly effective from a missionary   
point of view4 ,that may be  true2 but  
it is not certainly true4 ,whether it is
 true or not1 that does  not alter the  
fact that an efficient medical          
establishment is not  necessarily       
effective from a missionary point of    
view2 it is not  necessarily either     
missionary or ,christian at all4 ,then  
to survey  medical missions simply as   
medical institutions is to ignore their 
real  significance4 ,missionary survey  
must relate the information asked for to
  the missionary purpose2 and unless it 
is so related the survey is a  medical  
survey1 not a missionary survey4 ,the   
same holds good of  educational work1   
and of pastoral work4    ,footnote #a3  

,we could produce surveys of medical and
 educational mission  work which are    
essentially of this character1 dealing  
solely with  medical and educational    
efficiency4    #c4 ,the survey here     
proposed is designed for all societies  
so far as the  societies can be         
persuaded to supply the information4 ,it
 would perhaps  be more simple to       
provide statistical returns for one     
society of which  the ecclesiastical    
organisation is known and the           
ecclesiastical terms  used consequently 
fixed4 ,but survey of the work of a     
society1 invaluable  and necessary as   
that is for a society1 is not sufficient
 by itself4 ,it  is essential to-day    
that we should be able to place our work
 in the  world in relation to all the   
missionary work done4 ,we can no longer 
afford to ignore the work of others and 
to plan our missions as though  other   
missions did not exist4 ,as we try to   
point out from time to time  no society 
can act rightly in ignorance of         

another's work4 ,therefore we  have     
attempted to design a survey which would
 show what is the work of  any mission  
in such a form that its work can be     
related in some sort to  the missionary 
work of all1 and not only to the other  
missions of its  own society4    #d4    
,seeing that all survey is              
scientifically governed by the object   
for  which it is made1 it is essential  
that in a survey such as we propose  the
 end for which it is made should be     
stated in each case as clearly  and     
definitely as possible4 ,this involves  
often such a definition of  the end as  
implies a certain missionary policy4    
,realising this1 we have  not hesitated 
to set forth the policy implied in the  
terms which we use  and the questions   
which we ask4#a ,we are well aware that 
this lays us  open to attack from men   
who may question the policy and dispute 
the  value of the survey4 ,it would be  
far more easy to set down simply the    
facts which we think any true survey    

should contain1 leaving them  unrelated 
to one another1 so that no one could    
tell exactly what we were  driving at4  
,this is the common plan4 ,men say they 
want to know the facts  of the          
missionary situation1 any facts1 all    
facts1 indiscriminately1 and  they draw 
up a list of all the facts that they can
 think of and issue a  questionnaire    
which leaves the compiler of the answers
 in complete  ignorance concerning the  
purpose of the questions4 ,such heaps of
  information might be used anyhow if   
they were really complete2 but in  fact 
since they have not been designed for   
any definite use they are  generally    
deficient for any definite use1 and     
remain mere masses of  information on   
which no true judgments can be based4   
,so far from  revealing the missionary  
situation they obscure it4 ,we have1    
therefore1  taken the risk of explaining
 why we want each piece of information1 
how  we think it might be used1 and have
 drawn our tables in such a form that   

it is actually seen at work4 ,by so     
doing we open the door at once1 both    
for intelligent co-operation and        
intelligent opposition4 ,we frankly make
  criticism easy2 we invite it2 for we  
believe that frank criticism on the     
basis of agreed facts is extremely      
fruitful4    ,footnote #a3 ,it does not 
follow that we approve the policy       
implied4    ,we may well acknowledge    
that the aim which above all others has 
appealed  to us is the aim of the       
establishment in the world of a         
,christian  ,church1 native1 indigenous1
 living1 self-supporting1               
self-governing1  self-extending1        
independent of foreign aid4 ,that has no
 doubt coloured  our work and will      
perhaps render it less acceptable to    
some2 for the  facts which must be      
included in a survey which accepts that 
aim are  precisely the facts which      
societies do not now tabulate and are   
often  estimated with some difficulty4  
,but though this thought has inevitably 

governed our conception of survey  and  
we have made no attempt to conceal it1  
we have nevertheless tried to  avoid the
 danger of selecting for survey only    
those facts which might  serve to       
support a theory of the method by which 
that aim is to be  attained2 and we have
 kept in our minds constantly the needs 
of men  whose idea of the aim of foreign
 missions differs from our own4    #e4  
,missionary survey must justify itself  
by assisting definitely and  clearly    
those who make it and those who have to 
direct and support  missionary work in  
all parts of the world4 ,the first      
question which we  ought to answer in   
every case where our help is asked is   
this3 ,what do  we want to do8 ,what is 
our purpose in doing anything at all    
here8 ,the  second question is3 ,what   
must we know to enable us to act        
discreetly  and wisely in this case8    
,what facts are properly to be taken    
into  account in this matter8 ,the first
 question is the question of aim1 the   

second is the question of relation4     
,suppose we say that we want to send    
our missionaries where they are most    
needed1 what information must we  have  
to direct us8 ,first we must know what  
we mean by need1 what kind of  need we  
are to put first in our thoughts2 that  
is the question of  definition of aim4  
,then1 how shall we decide where that   
need is greatest  at the present time1  
for us1 that is1 within our possibility 
of active  assistance2 that is the      
question of relation4 ,the facts of need
 as we  define it must be related and   
compared4 ,the survey of which we speak 
as  necessary for an intelligent        
understanding of foreign missions must  
provide these facts in a form easily    
grasped and understood and compared  for
 different countries and districts1 so  
that those who direct action  and those 
who support the action may be able to do
 so with reason1 not  being guided      
merely by the most influential voice or 
the loudest shout4    #f4 ,to serve this

 purpose survey must have twofold       
aspect4 ,it must be a  review of the    
present state of the work1 it must also 
be a review of the  present position of 
the work4 ,it is a review of the state  
of the work1  the stations1 the         
converts1 the ,church2 it is a review of
 the position1  the progress made       
compared with the work to be done4 ,but 
the state  varies1 the position changes1
 and action must be taken continually4  
,the survey1 therefore1 should be not   
simply a single act but a continual     
process4 ,mission work is not a task    
which can be undertaken and finished  on
 a predetermined plan1 like the         
construction of a railway4 ,it is a     
task the conditions of which vary from  
time to time1 and consequently  plans   
and policies and methods must vary1 and 
this variation can only  be rational if 
it is determined by recognition of the  
changing  circumstances1 and the change 
of circumstances can only be understood 
and appreciated if the survey of        

missions is a continuous process kept   
constantly up to date4 ,it is a form of 
mission history in which the  omission  
of a few years may break the connection 
of the whole narrative4    #g4 7i7 ,it  
may perhaps cause surprise to some that 
the information for  which we ask is    
mainly such as can be expressed in a    
statistical form4  ,but the fact remains
 that all statesmanship 7and foreign    
missions  involve large elements of     
statesmanship71 and all organised effort
 7and  foreign missions are highly      
organised71 is in the world always based
  either upon carefully compiled        
statistics1 or upon guess work2 and that
  the business which is directed by     
guess work does not enjoy the same      
confidence as the business which is     
directed by knowledge derived from      
carefully compiled statistics4    ,take1
 for example1 this extract from a letter
 written by a firm in the  ,united      
,states of ,america which deals with    
candy securities3--    ,the candy       

business1 the history of which shows a  
remarkable record of  freedom from      
failure1 is to-day enjoying unparalleled
 prosperity1 and  there is every reason 
to believe that the present high        
earnings of all  the large candy        
concerns in the ,united ,states will    
continue  indefinitely4 ,those fortunate
 enough to hold shares in               
well-established  candy manufacturing   
concerns may expect1 therefore1 to enjoy
 larger  earnings than could reasonably 
be expected from funds placed in most   
other enterprises4 ,prohibition is      
proving a tremendous factor in          
increasing candy sales4 ,best estimates 
show that the ,american public is  now  
spending between #hjj1jjj1jjj and       
#a1jjj1jjj1jjj annually for  candy4 ----
  ,co4 are specialists in the candy and 
sugar securities4 ,we  maintain a       
statistical department1 and endeavour to
 furnish information  concerning all of 
the prominent issues based on these     
industries4 ,you  are invited to avail  

yourself of this service1 and if you are
 interested  in any candy or sugar      
stock1 we will be pleased to have you   
confer with  us4 ,this department now   
has in preparation an analysis of the   
candy and  sugar situation as it exists 
to-day in the ,united ,states4          
,interesting  data is also being        
collected from most reliable sources1   
giving figures  and statistics for the  
world4 ,the number of copies which we   
are  preparing for general distribution 
is limited4 ,if you will sign the       
enclosed card1 and return it to us1 we  
will take pleasure in extending  to you 
the courtesy of a copy of this analysis 
free of charge4    ,when individuals    
work individually1 for themselves1 as   
they please1  statistics are only       
necessary for the onlooker who wants to 
compare  individual effort with         
individual effort2 the individuals who  
want to  make no comparison of their own
 work with that of others1 nor to keep  
any record of the progress of their     

work1 need keep no statistics2 but      
societies always want to keep a record  
of their work1 and that record  must be 
largely statistical4    ,it is vain to  
attack statistics to-day4 ,every society
 publishes  statistical sheets4 ,every  
society by publishing them shows that it
  recognises the value of statistics4   
,the difficulty to-day is not that  the 
societies do not publish statistics1 but
 that the statistics which  they publish
 are not related to any aim or purpose1 
and do not include  factors or standards
 which enable us to measure progress4   
7ii7 ,it may also cause surprise that we
 ask for estimates in some cases  where 
exact information is not immediately    
accessible4 ,it may be said  that       
statistics are misleading1 but estimates
 are hopelessly misleading3  let us have
 correct figures or none4 ,that attitude
 is easily understood1  but under the   
circumstances it is vain4 ,correct      
figures1 that is1  meticulously exact   
figures1 are unattainable4 ,an estimate 

is in nearly  all matters of daily life 
and business the basis1 and rightly the 
basis1  of our action4 ,it will be      
noticed that in that letter which we    
quoted  above concerning the statistics 
of the candy trade in the ,united       
,states  of ,america1 estimates had a   
place1 and foreign missions involve     
matters  about which correct figures are
 more difficult to obtain than the      
candy business4 ,an estimate carefully  
made and understood1 a deliberate       
statement expressed in round numbers1 is
 not unscientific3 it is only           
unscientific to mistake such figures for
 what they do not profess to be4  ,when 
men object that the figures are not     
exact1 if the figures do not  profess to
 be exact1 it is the objector who is    
unscientific1 not the  statistics4      
,nevertheless1 we must acknowledge that 
the admission of estimates and  round   
figures does open the door to serious   
error4 ,men will be tempted  to mistake 
an estimate for a guess4 ,an estimate is

 a statement for which  reasons can be  
given1 a guess is--a mere guess4 ,the   
great safeguard  against guesses1 as    
against all slipshod statistical        
entries1 is the  assurance that the     
statements made will be used4 ,at       
present missionary  statistics are      
untrustworthy mainly because so few     
people use them1 and  consequently those
 who supply them do not feel the need of
 revising them  carefully4              
,furthermore1 it is important to bear in
 mind that the field for estimate  in   
statistics of the kind proposed is      
limited2 it only embraces figures  for  
which exact totals are unobtainable1 for
 instance1 area1 population1  and       
figures of societies which refuse to    
give statistics1 etc41 and in  every    
case precision in these statistics is   
not of vital importance4    7iii7 ,the  
main difference between our tables and  
those of others is that  we make them   
very small and express in each a        
relation4 ,the figures  supplied by the 

societies in their reports are seldom   
related to  anything2 they are mere     
bundles of sticks2 we suggest the       
introduction  of a relation into every  
table which gives to each figure a      
significance  which by itself it does   
not possess4 ,in our tables every figure
 is set  to work4 ,our idea of          
missionary statistics demands that they 
should be a  basis for action4 ,we think
 that it is waste of time to collect    
statistics from which no conclusion can 
be certainly drawn both by the  compiler
 and the reader--a conclusion which     
ought to be suggestive when  taken alone
 by itself1 and1 when considered in     
relation to the  conclusions suggested  
by similar tables1 compelling4    ,but  
it may be said that we are adding to the
 already overwhelming burden  of        
accounts and reports over which         
missionaries toil to the great          
detriment of their proper work4 ,the    
tables in this book are arranged        
apparently for the worker on the spot as

 well as for the intelligent  supporter 
and director at home2 why multiply      
tables and trouble the  missionary with 
the sums of proportion8 ,why not ask the
 man there simply  to give the necessary
 facts and then let the man at home work
 out for  special purposes the various  
relations8 ,the answer is simple3 we    
ourselves have been asked to fill up    
long schedules of unrelated facts2  and 
we know that the labour is intolerable4 
,the supply of unrelated1  meaningless  
facts dulls and wearies the brain4 ,few 
men can do the work  with pleasure or   
profit1 and consequently the schedules  
are often filled  up1 not indeed with   
deliberate carelessness1 but with that  
heavy  painfulness which1 taking no     
interest in the work1 often produces as 
pitiful a result as downright           
carelessness4 ,thou shalt not muzzle the
  ox that treadeth out the corn is a    
maxim which has a great application     
here4 ,the man who provides the         
information should be the first to      

profit  by it and to be interested in   
it4 ,the first man to criticise these   
tables should be the missionary who     
fills them up on the spot2 and his  most
 valuable criticism might be a          
demonstration that the last column in  a
 table was futile2 that the table led   
him to no conclusions and  suggested no 
remarks4 ,that column of conclusions and
 remarks we hold to  be the most        
precious of them all4 ,we would have no 
man supply  meaningless information4    
,only1 we believe1 when the information 
is of  vital importance and interest to 
the man who supplies it will it be      
supplied carefully1 correctly1          
willingly1 and above all1 intelligently4
  ,we venture to hope that our tables   
may be one step towards the day when    
the supply of statistical information by
 the missionary will cease to be  mere  
drudgery4    7iv7 ,seeing that the      
missionary task is essentially          
world-wide1 it is  obvious that a       
world-wide work cannot be properly      

directed without a  world-wide view4    
,now1 missionary survey is in its       
infancy1 and in most  parts of the world
 it has yet to be begun4 ,a full and    
complete  missionary survey of the whole
 world would necessarily be a           
considerable  undertaking1 for many     
important facts could not be easily or  
quickly  collected4 ,there is then a    
strong tendency for men to argue that1  
since  all the facts desirable cannot be
 known at once without much time and    
expense1 it is futile and dangerous to  
collect those facts which can be        
collected speedily without great        
expense4 ,a little knowledge1 they say1 
is a dangerous thing 444 let us remain  
ignorant4    ,we would venture to       
suggest that a little knowledge is only 
dangerous  when it is mistaken for much 
knowledge2 that it is far better to act 
on  knowledge which can be obtained than
 to act in total ignorance1 blindly4    
,where we must act it is our duty to    
know all that we can know1 and if1      

because we cannot collect all the       
information that we should wish to      
possess1 we refuse to collect that      
information which we can obtain1        
because we realise that it will be      
incomplete1 we commit a serious moral   
and intellectual crime4 ,if we can know 
only one factor out of one  hundred1 we 
offend if we refuse to know that one4   
,we must act4 ,we have  no right to shut
 our eyes to knowledge which ought to   
guide our action  because we are aware  
that action taken on that one factor    
will be  insufficiently guided4 ,the one
 factor is an important one and must    
influence our action1 and would         
influence our action if we knew all the 
other factors4 ,we ought to allow it to 
influence our action even in  ignorance 
of the other factors4    ,in daily life 
we habitually act on partial knowledge1 
and we should  think that man mad who   
urged us to refuse to be guided by our  
partial  knowledge until our knowledge  
was complete2 we should think a man mad 

who1 being under necessity to act1      
refused to know what he could know1     
because he was aware that fuller        
knowledge might lead him to modify his  
action4 ,now missionaries and missionary
 societies are acting and must  act1 and
 the refusal to collect the information 
which they can obtain is  as culpable as
 the ignorance of a man who refuses to  
attend to the one  word poison printed  
on the label of a bottle which he can   
read1  because he cannot read the name  
of the stuff written on the label4      
,yet it is very commonly argued that    
unless survey can be made complete1     
unless1 that is1 every factor which we  
can think of as exercising an  influence
 on our action is duly weighed1 it is   
futile to survey the  larger1 commoner1 
and more easily accessible factors4     
,this objection  recurs again and again1
 and unless it can be put out of the way
 it must  prejudice missionary survey4  
,it would be wise1 it would be right1 to
  collect information on only one point1

 if that were all that we could  do4 ,it
 would be better than to rest content   
with total ignorance4  ,nevertheless1   
when anyone collects with care          
statistics on any  particular point1 he 
is certain to meet the objection that   
his labour  ought to be ignored because 
he has not collected information about  
something else4 ,as if total ignorance  
were preferable to partial  knowledge6  
,is there any answer to the argument1   
that ,where ignorance is  bliss 'tis    
folly to be wise1 when supported by ,a  
little knowledge is a  dangerous thing1 
other than ,dr4 ,arnold's maxim1 ,where 
it is our duty  to act it is also our   
duty to learn8    7v7 ,we have not been 
careful to avoid asking for details of  
which we are  well aware that the       
statistics do not now exist4 ,we have   
thought it our  duty rather to point out
 the information necessary for arriving 
at right  conclusions than to mislead   
our readers by pretending that it is    
possible to form judgments and act      

properly without taking the trouble  to 
collect information which is really     
necessary4 ,this is no  contradiction of
 the argument which we set forth that   
partial  information is better than     
none1 but it does warn the surveyor that
  blanks in the forms leave him not     
fully equipped1 and that steps ought  to
 be taken to secure information without 
which his conclusions are  uncertain4   
,,chapter ,,iii4    ,,station ,,district
 ,,survey4    ,,the ,,work ,,to ,,be    
,,done1 ,,and ,,the ,,force ,,to ,,do   
,,it4      ,missionary work is presented
 to us here at home mainly at two       
points2  the one1 work at a mission     
station1 the other1 the condition and   
needs  of a country or of a continent4  
,in the one case we hear a great deal   
about the missionary's life and work2 in
 the other we hear about great          
problems1 religious1 moral1 social1 and 
very little about the facts of  the     
work4    ,we propose to begin with the  
mission station and to set down the     

information which we need1 in order that
 we may take an intelligent  interest in
 the work at the station1 viewed by     
itself1 as progress is  made towards the
 immediate object of its existence2 and 
then we propose  to look at it in       
relation to other stations in the       
province or country1  both comparatively
 to see how they differ1 and as parts of
 a whole1 to  see what is the position  
of the ,church in the province or       
country1 and  what place each station   
occupies in the work done in the larger 
whole4    ,when we look at the mission  
station viewed by itself1 the first     
question  which we ask is3 ,has the     
station any defined area1 district1 or  
parish1  connected with it in which it  
is the business of the missionaries to  
preach the ,gospel and establish the    
,church8 ,if the answer to that         
question is1 ,yes1 it has1 and that     
answer would very commonly be  given1   
then at once we get our feet on firm    
ground4 ,we can start our  survey on a  

territorial basis2 and with a common    
territorial basis we  can immediately   
compare the work of one station with    
that done at  another station4 ,we have 
further a terminus ad quem1 and in our  
survey  we can tell whether progress is 
in that direction and how rapid it is4  
,we can do this1 because the definition 
of a parish or district implies  the    
recognition on the part of those who    
define the parish or district1  of the  
purpose1 if not the duty1 of preaching  
the ,gospel and  establishing the       
,church in the area of that parish or   
district4 ,the mere  definition of the  
area1 therefore1 implies a policy for   
the mission  which defines the area and 
for the station for which the area is   
defined4 ,for such a station1 therefore1
 we design our first survey1 the  object
 of the survey being to discover how far
 the work of the station  is succeeding 
in performing the task which it         
obviously undertook when  it accepted   
the definition of area4    #a4 ,we begin

 then by surveying the position of the  
work in the station  district           
extensively3 we ask--,what is the       
relation between the work done  and the 
work remaining to be done8 ,we ask this 
question in two forms2  first1 in terms 
of the cities1 towns1 and villages which
 lie in the  station area1 and secondly1
 in terms of population4 ,we ask the    
question  in this double form because we
 believe that by this means the surveyor
  will obtain a clear view of the       
situation and will be able easily to see
  what has been done in relation to the 
work yet to be done1 and it is the      
relation of those two that is most      
illuminating4 ,if these tables were     
constantly revised the progress of the  
work could be traced from year to  year 
easily and helpfully4 ,put side by side 
they illuminate each other1  and each   
affords a check upon the other4         
,progress in numbers in  proportion to  
population and progress in the number of
 places occupied  should often properly 

advance side by side4 ,progress in      
numbers in  proportion to population    
without any increase in the number of   
places  occupied may often occur2       
progress in the number of places        
occupied  without a corresponding       
increase of the ,christian population in
  proportion to the non-,christian      
population may also occur1 and each must
  give the missionary food for thought4 
,the tables are simple1 dealing  with   
bare numerical proportions3--           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,number of  ,number of                  
,date of     ,occupied   ,unoccupied    
,work to  ,district4  ,area4            
,foundation  ,cities1    ,cities1     be
 ,done4                    of ,station4 
,towns1   ,towns1                       
,villages4  ,villages4                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,by occupied we mean places where there 
are resident ,christians1 few or  many4 

----------------------------------------
----------------------------     ,total 
,total           ,total      ,work to   
,remarks  ,population4   ,christian     
,non-,christian  be ,done4       and    
,constituency4  ,constituency4          
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,by ,christian ,constituency we mean the
 total number of people who call        
themselves ,christian in the area in    
question4 ,they may not be baptised1    
they may be mere inquirers or hearers2  
but if asked their religion they  would 
call themselves ,christians rather than 
anything else4    ,the reasons why we   
adopt this extremely wide expression    
are3 7#a7 ,some  societies1 whose       
members are undeniably ,christian in    
morals and thought1  do not baptise     
adults2 many societies do not baptise   
infants2 yet these  unbaptised people   
are certainly not heathen2 they         
certainly do not  belong to any other   

religious organisation than the         
,christian4 ,again1  some societies     
baptise very much more freely than      
others1 and count as  members large     
numbers of people whom other societies  
would consider to  be in the position of
 inquirers or hearers4 ,consequently any
 just  comparison between different     
areas in which different societies are  
working is impossible unless a very wide
 expression is employed1 and a  very    
wide interpretation given to it4    7#b7
 ,the ,christian cause1 both for good   
and evil1 is largely influenced  by the 
existence of these unbaptised4 ,they are
 called ,christian1 they  are considered
 to be such by their heathen neighbours1
 they suffer  persecution often with the
 other ,christians when any outbreak    
occurs4  ,their numbers and conduct     
exercise a wide influence in the society
 in  which they live1 for or against the
 progress of the ,christian faith4      
7#c7 ,the attitude of these people to   
the ,christian missionary is quite      

different from that of the heathen4     
,they acknowledge ,christ as the one    
,divine ,teacher and ,lord4 ,the        
missionary cannot count them as         
belonging  to the heathen2 he cannot    
approach them as the teacher of a new   
religion4 ,he must approach them as an  
exponent of the religion which  they    
already profess4 ,however inadequate and
 confused their ideas about  ,christian 
theology and practice may be1 they      
expect to receive from a  ,christian    
teacher instruction in their own        
religion1 and that religion  is a       
religion common to him and to them4     
,consequently to omit them from  the    
,christian constituency is to do an     
injustice to them1 and to  misrepresent 
the true facts of the case4    7#d7 ,in 
many areas two or more societies are at 
work and their conception  of the       
qualifications for the name of          
,christian differ4 ,in a survey each    
society is tempted to ignore the members
 of the other1 and to reckon as         

,christians only those who fulfil the   
conditions which are applied by the  one
 society4 ,so certain ,protestant       
societies ignore all ,roman ,catholics2 
but that for the reasons already stated 
is most misleading1 for when            
persecution arises ,protestants and     
,roman ,catholics alike suffer for the  
,name of ,christ4 ,whatever the members 
of another society may be1 they are     
certainly not heathen2 the heathen deny 
them4 ,consequently they cannot         
properly be counted with the heathen by 
any surveyor who wishes to  present the 
facts4    ,for these reasons we have    
been compelled to adopt a very wide     
expression1 and the expression used by  
the ,china ,continuation ,committee     
seemed to be sufficiently elastic to    
serve our purpose4 ,nevertheless1 to    
avoid error as far as possible1 when we 
institute comparisons between           
,christian and non-,christian           
population1 we introduce side by side   
with  the total ,christian ,constituency

 the total ,communicants 7or ,full      
,members71 which is a valuable check4   
,take then an example4 ,the figures here
 given are obviously not the  figures of
 a station area2 they are figures for a 
province2 but they  serve to illustrate 
the point4 ,we cannot fill up the area  
table2 we can  only supply figures for  
the population4                         
----------------------------------------
   ,population4 3  ,total      3 ,total 
,non-               3 ,christians4 3    
,christians4                            
----------------------------------------
    #cb1ega1jjj 3  #ecd1bch    3        
#b1jcf1gfb                              
----------------------------------------
    ,now1 here of the #ecd1bch          
,christians #ejj1fee are ,roman         
,catholics1 the  ,protestants numbering 
#cc1ehc4 ,the ,roman ,catholics in this 
area began  work about #cjj years       
earlier than the ,protestants4 ,are we  
to eliminate  them8    ,are all these   
#cc1ehc ,protestants more worthy of the 

name of ,christian  than some of the    
,roman ,catholics8 ,or shall we         
eliminate some of the  #cc1ehc8 ,if so1 
how many1 and on what grounds8 ,is not  
the denial of the  ,name to those who   
claim to be servants of ,christ absurd8 
,are there not  enough non-,christians  
to be converted8    ,suppose the ,roman 
,catholic figures to be an estimate4 ,is
 it not plain  that in dealing with     
considerable areas estimates may be     
useful though  faulty8 ,how little      
difference in the work to be done does  
an error in  that estimate make8 ,knock 
off or add on #ej1jjj and is the work to
 be  done seriously affected8 ,it is    
true that in some calculations an error 
of that magnitude might mislead us      
somewhat1 but hardly enough to  vitiate 
our whole view of the situation1        
especially if we carefully  check our   
conclusions by the results of other     
tables given later4    ,at the first    
glance these figures produce the        
impression that very  little has been   

done4 ,in the beginning1 and that was   
many years ago1  there were over #cb    
million non-,christians2 there are over 
#cb million  to-day4 ,but let us look at
 proportions and see what a different   
impression is produced4                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------   ,population4 3    
,total       3 ,total ,non-  3          
,proportion               3 ,christians4
 3 ,christians4 3 of ,christians to     
3             3             3           
,non-,christians4                       
----------------------------------------
-------------------   #cb1ega1jjj  3    
#ecd1bch    3 #cb1jcf1gfb  3    #a to   
#fj                                     
----------------------------------------
-------------------    ,one ,christian  
to every sixty non-,christians gives us 
a totally different  impression4 ,we    
begin to feel that if only the          
,christians awoke to their  duty they   
could influence the whole population    
profoundly4 ,that is  precisely the     

effect produced upon the ,christians by 
a missionary survey  undertaken with    
them1 and understood by them2 they begin
 to see the  immensity of the work to be
 done1 they begin to see that it can be 
done4    ,there should properly then    
here be two tables parallel to the first
 two4  ,thus3--                         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,number of       ,number of             
,occupied        ,unoccupied            
,proportion of ,remarks  ,area4         
,cities1 ,towns1  ,cities1 ,towns1      
,occupied to   and         ,villages4   
,villages4       ,unoccupied4           
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  ,total  
,total        ,total ,non-   ,proportion
 of   ,remarks  ,population4  ,christian
    ,christian    ,christian to    and  
,population4  ,population4              

,non-,christian4 ,conclusions4          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,observe what light is thrown upon a    
district by the mere juxtaposition  of  
those few facts4 ,i think those two     
tables alone should suffice to  prove   
that a survey which regarded only a very
 few factors might be of  immense       
service1 if those who used it kept      
clearly before them its  partial        
character and did not allow themselves  
to treat it as complete4    ,but1       
unfortunately1 these first facts which  
we have desired are1 like  other facts  
of importance1 procured only with       
difficulty and toil4 ,in  order to fill 
up the preceding tables the missionary  
surveyor must be  able to state what is 
the area and what the population in the 
station  district4 ,but some could not  
supply that information4 ,its           
acquisition  might involve a journey of 
many months given up to careful         
examination  and inquiry4 ,it is no     

small demand to make4 ,in many cases a  
reasoned  estimate is indeed the only   
possible statement2 but as we have      
already  argued careful estimates are   
invaluable1 and where a census does not 
exist they give us for the time         
something to work upon4    ,where the   
physical survey can be undertaken it is 
most illuminating  work1 illuminating   
both to the missionaries and to their   
native helpers1  who often gain an      
entirely new view of their work and its 
possibilities  from such personal       
examination4 ,testimony to the value of 
this  experience is growing daily in    
weight and volume4    ,this physical    
survey would naturally result in the    
production of a map  of the area in     
which the cities1 towns1 and villages in
 the station  district were marked with 
notes on their character from the       
missionary  point of view4 ,in this map 
all places where ,christians resided1   
where  there were ,christian            
congregations1 churches1 preaching      

places1 schools1  hospitals1            
dispensaries1 etc41 would be marked4 ,it
 would be a pictorial  presentation of  
the facts so far as they were capable of
 expression in  map form4    ,but       
whether in map form or in statistical   
form1 the area and the  population for  
which the mission is working must be    
expressed either by  exact figures or by
 estimates if we are to trace progress4 
,if these tables were kept over a number
 of years1 the missionaries on  the spot
 and directors and inquirers at home    
would be able to see what  progress was 
being made towards fulfilling the       
obligation implied by the  definition of
 the station area or district1 and what 
that obligation  involved4    ,,ii4     
,when we know the work to be done we    
turn to the consideration of the  force 
available4 ,this force consists of      
permanent and more or less  temporary   
members4 ,some will in all human        
probability remain in the  place till   
they die2 they are of it1 they belong to

 it2 others will  probably depart       
elsewhere2 they are not of the place2   
they speak of home  as far away2 they   
are liable to removal2 sickness which   
does not kill  them takes them away2 the
 call of friends or business carries    
them back  to their own land2 they are  
strangers all their days in the mission 
district4 ,nevertheless1 they are       
generally the moving1 active force2     
upon them progress seems to depend4 ,it 
is strange1 but it is true  generally3  
the permanent is the passive element1   
the impermanent is the  active4 ,here we
 simply state the fact to excuse or     
condemn the placing  of the missionary  
force first in our tables4 ,first it is 
to-day4    ,we need then a table of the 
foreign missionary force4 ,in its form  
it  will be a mere statement of         
proportions4 ,the proportions are       
essential  in order to make comparison  
between one area and another possible2  
and  comparison is the sweet savour of  
survey4 ,we cannot compare the work of  

three men labouring among an unstated   
population with the work of two  other  
men working in an unstated population2  
the moment that the  proportions are    
worked out the cases can be compared4   
,but some men  detest this purely       
quantitative comparison4 ,they insist1  
and rightly1  that there is no true     
equality in the comparison4 ,one man    
differs from  another man and his work  
differs from the work of the other man3 
over  large areas it is often the work  
of one man among many which really      
saves the situation4 ,it is quite true4 
,in the last resort survey becomes      
survey of personalities4 ,but in a      
survey of the kind which we propose1    
survey of personalities is impossible   
and most undesirable4    ,the survey    
proposed cannot deal with personalities1
 but that does not  invalidate the      
importance of the information asked for4
 ,such forms  received from many        
different stations would certainly throw
 light on the  serious question of      

reinforcement4 ,it is of course obvious 
that  reinforcements could not be       
allotted rightly on such slight evidence
 as  the proportion of missionaries to  
the population of a district4 ,the      
question is not whether reinforcements  
could be allotted on this factor  alone2
 but whether they could be allotted     
rightly in ignorance of it4  ,taken in  
conjunction with the preceding and      
following tables1 this table  would     
reveal something that we may call need  
in a purely quantitative  expression1   
and comparative need should certainly   
influence the  allotment of             
reinforcements4 ,though the statement of
 need in this table  is indeed utterly  
insufficient by itself1 it is           
nevertheless true that  no statement of 
comparative need which ignored the      
proportions here set  out would be      
satisfactory4 ,this quantitative        
expression is not  sufficient2 but no   
statement is sufficient without it1 and1
 as often1 so  here1 it is the          

proportion rather than the actual       
figures which make  comparison          
possible3--                             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,total     ,proportion ,proportion      
,remarks  ,district4,popula-   ,foreign 
to      of ,women     and               
tion4  ,missionaries4,population4   to  
,conclusions4                           
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,we    
turn now to the permanent ,christian    
force in the district4 ,we want to  know
 what is the force4 ,we ask1 therefore1 
that the total ,christian  constituency 
may be accepted as the first expression 
of the native  force4 ,the progress of  
the ,gospel is most seriously affected  
by the  whole number of those who in any
 sense call themselves ,christians4     
,they  are the force in the place which 

influences the heathen for or against   
it4 ,it is of the utmost importance that
 they should be reckoned first1  and    
treated first1 as the force which above 
all others works slowly1  quietly1      
imperceptibly1 but mightily4 ,the whole 
body of those who  profess and call     
themselves ,christians should be put in 
the very first  place4    ,then the     
communicants 7or full members7 are      
commonly the body to which  all turn for
 voluntary zealous effort4 ,the         
communicants are the strength  of the   
,church4 ,we compare them next with the 
work to be done4 ,then the  paid        
workers4 ,then the voluntary unpaid     
workers1 recognised as such4    ,the    
difficulty of calculating the unpaid    
voluntary workers is indeed  very great4
 ,we know of no definition which would  
serve to give any  uniformity to returns
 made by different missions4 ,we        
recognise that  different missions would
 make the returns on different bases4   
,we  earnestly desire a common          

definition1 which all might accept4 ,but
 under  existing circumstances it seems 
impossible to find one4 ,nevertheless1  
without some statement of the number of 
voluntary workers1 we are1 as we  shall 
see1 in grave danger of misjudging the  
situation and wronging our  missionaries
 and the native ,christians4 ,for the   
time then we suggest  that it would be  
far better to accept the returns given  
to us by the  missionaries on their own 
basis1 asking them to append a note to  
the  return explaining how they         
calculated their voluntary force4 ,we   
should  then have the following table3--
    ,the ,native ,force4    7a7 ,the    
,christian ,constituency4               
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,district4 
,population4 ,christian     ,proportion 
to  ,remarks and                        
,constituency  ,non-,christian          
,conclusions4                           
,population4                            
----------------------------------------

---------------------------             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    7b7    
,the ,communicants or ,full ,members4   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,district4  ,population4  ,communicants4
  ,proportion to  ,remarks and          
,non-,christian  ,conclusions           
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------      7c7  
,the ,paid ,workers4                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,district4  ,population4  ,paid         
,workers4  ,proportion to  ,remarks and 
,non-,christian  ,conclusions           
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------      7d7  

,the ,unpaid ,workers4                  
----------------------------------------
-------------------------  ,district4   
,population4  ,unpaid    ,proportion to 
,remarks and                            
,workers4  ,non-,christian              
,conclusions4                           
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,here  
again it is the proportions which are   
illuminating and enable  comparisons of 
different areas to be made4 ,the bare   
figures of the  number of ,christians   
and communicants and workers by         
themselves would  tell us very little2  
only when we have them related to a     
common factor  do we get any real light4
    ,let us now sum up our inquiry thus 
far4                                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,work to be ,done3
 ,non-,christian ,population4           

----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,untouched1       
,unoccupied ,villages4                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,foreign ,force   
,compared with ,work to be ,done4       
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,native ,force    
,compared with ,work to be ,done4       
----------------------------------------
--------------------      ,christian    
,constituency4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------      ,communicants4
                                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------      ,paid         
,workers4                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------      ,unpaid       
,voluntary ,workers4                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------    ,if these tables
 were kept over a series of years1 the  
progress of the  force in relation to   

the work to be done would be most       
interestingly  revealed4    ,but in     
estimating the ,christian force in the  
district we need to know  more than its 
number2 we need to know so much of its  
character as  statistical tables can    
show4    ,one ,christian to every #abi  
heathen may mean much or little4 ,it    
might  mean that the day when the       
,christian force would be the           
controlling  force in the area was close
 at hand4 ,that would depend largely    
upon the  capacity of the ,christians1  
their education1 their zeal4 ,the tables
  which we now suggest are designed to  
reveal1 so far as tables can  reveal1   
the truth in these matters4    ,we begin
 then with the proportion of            
communicants in the ,christian          
constituency4 ,if we take the last table
 and1 instead of considering the        
proportion of the communicants to the   
non-,christian population1 consider  the
 proportion of communicants to the      
,christian constituency1 we gain a  very

 different view4 ,we gain then an idea  
of the character of the  ,christians4   
,instead of an idea of the size of the  
force at work we  receive an impression 
of the quality of the force4 ,even one  
who lays  little stress on the value and
 necessity of sacraments would not deny 
that he would expect more from a ,church
 of #ajjj in which #ejj were            
communicants than he would from a       
,church of #ajjj of which only #ajj were
  communicants4 ,he might deny that his 
expectation was based upon any  faith in
 the virtue of sacraments1 but he would 
acknowledge the fact  that in our       
experience the ,church which possesses  
large numbers of  communicants is       
generally stronger than the ,church     
which possesses a  small number4 ,the   
comparison of the number of communicants
 in relation  to the number of the total
 ,christian constituency does properly  
produce  an impression of the strength  
of the ,christian body4    ,if we can   
fill up the table                       

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,district4 ,total4        ,communicants 
,proportion of  ,remarks and            
,christian     or ,full                 
,communicants   ,conclusions            
,constituency4 ,members4      to        
,christian                              
,constituency4                          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    we gain
 an impression of the strength of the   
,church4 ,but it is important  to       
observe that it is only in relation to  
the earlier tables1 which set  out the  
force in relation to the work to be     
done1 that this impression  of strength 
is of immediate importance to us4 ,we   
are dealing with a  missionary survey1 a
 survey concerned with the propagation  
of the  ,gospel4 ,the mere strength of  
the ,church1 unrelated to any work in   
which  the strength is to be employed1  

is a very different matter4 ,we might   
take pleasure in the sight of it4 ,we   
might congratulate ourselves and  the   
missionaries on the beauty of the       
strength revealed1 but not until  it is 
related to work to be done does strength
 appear in its true glory4  ,we find in 
nearly all missionary statistics the    
number of communicants  and converts set
 forth1 and we often wonder what for4   
,it cannot be that  we may glory in our 
conquests and say3 ,see how many        
converts and  communicants we have made6
 ,but1 unrelated to any task to be done1
 that  is all that appears4 ,therefore  
we have instituted this comparison here1
  in close relation to the earlier      
tables1 that we may know what is the    
force on the spot at work in the area   
defined4    ,next1 the proportion of    
,paid ,workers in proportion to the     
number of the  ,christian constituency  
and the communicants is a most          
illuminating  factor4 ,by itself it is a
 difficult factor to appreciate rightly4

  ,suppose we find1 as we do sometimes  
find1 that one out of every ten         
communicants is a paid worker4 ,that may
 imply that the proportion of  rice     
,christians is very high1 or it may     
imply a high standard of zeal1  very    
many of the converts being able and     
willing to devote themselves to         
,christian work and at the same time too
 poor to be able to support  themselves 
without pay4 ,this proportion1          
therefore1 should be carefully  checked 
by a table which shows the proportion of
 unpaid workers and  another which shows
 the standard of wealth4 ,but commonly  
we are given  the number of paid        
workers1 and given neither the number of
 unpaid  voluntary workers1 nor the     
standard of wealth1 and therefore the   
danger  of reading amiss the number of  
paid workers is great4 ,we have already 
explained the difficulty of obtaining   
exact figures1 or even estimates1  of   
the number of voluntary unpaid workers1 
but a mere glance at the  proportion of 

paid workers to communicants should be  
enough to persuade  any man who desires 
to judge our work fairly of the         
necessity for such a  table as we now   
suggest4                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,district4 ,paid      ,proportion       
,proportion of  ,remarks and            
,workers4  of ,paid ,workers  ,paid     
,workers   ,conclusions                 
to ,christian     to                    
,constituency4    ,communicants4        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,district4 ,unpaid   ,proportion        
,proportion of    ,remarks and          
,workers4 of ,unpaid ,workers,unpaid    
,workers   ,conclusions                 
to ,christian     to                    
,constituency4    ,communicants4        

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,proportion of ,christian               
,constituency4 ,according               
to ,local ,standard4                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,district4 ,christian      ,well        
,poor  ,in        ,remarks and          
,constituency4  to do4        ,poverty  
,conclusions                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,there 
is indeed a way of judging the zeal of  
native ,christians for the  propagation 
of the ,gospel very popular among       
missionaries1 the way of  tabulating and
 comparing the amount which they        
subscribe for missionary  work4         

,obviously this method is the form most 
natural to us1 but it is  one of the    
worst conceivable4 ,when a ,christian   
congregation lives  surrounded by       
heathen1 for it to learn to satisfy the 
divine spirit of  missions by putting   
money into a box1 is most dangerous4    
,the zeal of  ,christians for the spread
 of the ,gospel ought always to be      
expressed  first in active personal     
service4 ,we should prefer to omit any  
question  as to the amount subscribed   
for missionary work far off4 ,we believe
 it  to be a most delusive and deluding 
test4 ,it deceives the giver1 it        
deceives the inquirer4 ,we should prefer
 to inquire the number of hearers  or   
inquirers brought to the ,church by the 
undirected effort of the  ,church       
members1 or the number of ,church       
members who go out to teach or  preach  
in their neighbourhood1 or perhaps best 
of all1 the number of  little ,christian
 congregations which as a body are      
actively engaged in  evangelising their 

neighbours4 ,but we admit missionary    
contributions as  an additional question
                                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,christian    ,inquirers  ,congregations
 ,amount          ,remarks and          
,constituency4brought in ,evangelising  
,subscribed      ,conclusions           
by ,native  their         for           
,missionary                             
,christians4,neighbours4   ,purposes4   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,that a
 ,church must be instructed and instruct
 its children all are  agreed3 where men
 differ is with respect to the manner of
 the teaching4  ,on the one side are    
those who would safeguard the faith by  
committing  the teaching of it to a     
small body of carefully trained men1 the
 clergy1  whilst the majority of the    
,christians1 the laity1 remain unlearned

 and  accept what is taught by the      
trained official teachers3 on the other 
side are those who would boldly commit  
the faith to all1 opening to all  the   
door of learning4 ,the one party would  
preserve the faith in the  hands of a   
select few1 the other would put the     
,bible into every man's  hands4 ,it is  
an old controversy2 but we suppose      
nearly all those for  whom we write are 
of the second party1 men who would      
gladly see every  ,christian able to    
read the ,bible and to base his         
religious life upon it4  ,we stand for  
the open ,bible2 we believe that the    
,christian ,church in  every country    
will progress and develop strongly if it
 is based on a  widespread knowledge of 
,holy ,writ1 and we are prepared to     
believe that a  capacity to read the    
,bible is a sure sign of health in any  
,christian  ,church4 ,the test of       
literacy commonly adopted in our        
missions is the  capacity to read the   
,holy ,gospels3 we accept that gladly   

and  confidently4    ,furthermore1 the  
influence of the ,christian ,church in  
the country will  largely depend upon   
the extent to which the ,christians are 
better able  to read and understand     
literary expression than their heathen  
neighbours4    ,we want then to know the
 literacy of the ,christian community as
 compared  with the literacy of the     
non-,christian population from which it 
springs1  and1 if possible1 a little    
more than that--what proportion of the  
,christians have had a sufficient       
education to enable them not only to    
satisfy the very slight demands of a    
literary test1 but to have some  wider  
knowledge with which to improve their   
own position and to  enlighten others4  
,the table which results is as          
follows3--                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,non-,chris-,propor- ,total     ,propor-
 ,proportion     ,remarks and  tian     
tion of ,christian tion of of           

,christians  ,conclusions4  ,popula-    
,liter-  ,consti-   ,liter-  of ,higher 
tion4    ates4   tuency4   ates4        
,education4                             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,in    
this table we touch one of the points on
 which exact figures are  often         
inaccessible and an estimate must be    
made4 ,an estimate which is  recognised 
as an estimate is not misleading1 and1  
if it is carefully  made and based on   
evidence understood1 is generally most  
useful1 only  estimates carelessly made 
and mistaken for precise and accurate   
statements of fact are misleading4      
,these tables would1 we suggest1 suffice
 to give us a fairly clear idea  of the 
strength of the force at work1          
especially if they are taken in         
conjunction with the tables which we    
suggest under the heading of the        
,native ,church in ,chapter ,,viii4     

where we deal particularly with         
organisation4    ,we ought now to be    
able to form some idea of the work to be
 done and of  the force to do it4 ,we   
know in quantitative terms the work to  
be done1  we know the relative force of 
missionaries1 we know the relative      
strength of the native ,christian       
constituency1 its communicants1 its     
workers1 its education1 its wealth1 in  
relation to the work to be done4    ,we 
have now to consider how the force is   
directed1 along what lines it  is       
applied1 and how its efforts are        
co-ordinated4          ,,chapter ,,iv4  
,,the ,,emphasis ,,laid ,,upon          
,,different ,,types ,,of ,,work4        
,when we know the area and the force at 
work in it1 we must next consider  how  
this force is applied4 ,we need to know 
in what proportion it works  amongst men
 and women1 how far different classes of
 the population are  reached by it1 and 
what emphasis is placed upon different  
forms of work1  evangelistic1 medical1  

and educational4 ,we propose then four  
tables  which will help us to understand
 these things4    ,first1 we inquire    
into the relative strength of the force 
in relation to  work among men and      
women4 ,in the foreign missionary force 
we distinguish  men1 wives1 and single  
women2 in the native force we           
distinguish only  men and women2 because
 marriage generally affects the         
character of the  foreigner's work more 
than it affects the character of the    
work done by  the native ,christians who
 live in their own homes among their own
  people4                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,single                                 
,women and   ,remarks and               
,men    ,wives  ,widows                 
,conclusions                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,foreign 
missionaries4                           
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------           
,women  ,christian constituency         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,communicants4                          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,native  
workers 7paid7                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,since  
it is generally agreed that men in the  
main appeal to men1 and  women to women1
 that table should tell us roughly what 
is the force at  work in relation to men
 and women2 and any mistake in that     
supposition  will be checked by the     
statistics for the ,christian           
constituency1 which  serve a double     
purpose4 ,the statistics of the         
,christian constituency  show us not    
only an important part of the ,christian
 force at work in  relation to the men  
and women of the non-,christian         
population2 but in  relation to the     
foreigners and the native workers they  

also help us to  see how far the idea   
that men appeal to men and women to     
women1 is in  fact a good working rule4 
,next it is desirable to know to what   
classes the mission especially  appeals4
 ,here we shall probably have to accept 
estimates1 sometimes  rough estimates1  
for part at least of the information    
desirable2 in some  cases the table may 
be impossible2 in some it may be most   
useful4 ,the  table which we suggest    
is3--                                   
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  ,in the 
,population of ,station ,district--     
,per ,cent4,per ,cent4,per ,cent4       
,per ,cent4 ,per ,cent4 ,remarks        
,students4,officials,agricultural       
,traders4 ,labourers1 and               
,small ,holders4         ,craftsmen4    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------      ,in  

the ,christian ,constituency--      ,per
 ,cent4,per ,cent4,per ,cent4     ,per  
,cent4 ,per ,cent4 ,remarks             
,students4,officials,agricultural       
,traders4 ,labourers1 and               
,small ,holders4         ,craftsmen4    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,if    
that table could be filled up it would  
show at a glance what class of  the     
people was reached most easily and      
fully1 and whether any were  unduly     
neglected4    ,then1 in many station    
areas there are divergencies of race and
  religion1 and it is important to know 
how far the mission is reaching  each of
 these4 ,in some areas1 for instance1   
large numbers of converts  are made from
 the pagan population whilst a ,moslem  
population in the  area is practically  
untouched2 in some nearly all the       
converts are made  from one caste out of

 many4 ,that is no reason for adverse   
criticism of  the mission3 it may be1   
and often is1 a reason for striking     
harder at  the point on which the work  
is now most successful2 but it is a fact
  which throws great light on the nature
 of the work done and upon the          
character of the ,church which is rising
 in the area1 and therefore  cannot be  
ignored4 ,we append then a table to     
reveal this3--                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,area of ,races1 ,castes1   ,remarks and
                                        
,religions1 etc4     ,conclusions       
,proportion of ,population              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,proportion of ,christian               
,constituency derived from              
----------------------------------------
----------------------------    ,we     
cannot possibly supply the table        
complete for all areas in the world4    

,we suggest that such a table kept up to
 date would reveal not only  facts      
useful to illustrate the progress of the
 ,christian faith1 but also  to show the
 progress of aggressive non-,christian  
religions such as  ,mohammedanism4      
,then we want to know what is the       
emphasis put on different forms of      
missionary work1 evangelistic1 medical1 
educational4 ,here we come to a         
difficulty4 ,medical missionaries1 thank
 ,god1 do evangelistic work1 and  so do 
educational missionaries1 and one day we
 shall learn that the  evangelistic     
missionary1 technically so called1 is   
doing a most  important educational     
work1 and often truly medical1 healing  
work4 ,the  division is a technical one 
and missionary-hearted men begin to     
resent  it2 they are all evangelic in   
their work1 if not technically          
evangelistic1 and the division seems    
unreal1 unnatural1 untrue4 ,it would  be
 a sad day for our missions if medical  
and educational missionaries  ceased to 

be at heart evangelists1 and were       
content to leave  evangelistic work to  
others4 ,nevertheless1 the technical    
distinction is  a real one and must be  
expressed4 ,some men express their      
evangelistic  fervour naturally and     
providentially in medical form1 others  
in  scholastic1 others in teaching1     
preaching1 and organising of the        
converts and the hearers4 ,but how shall
 we divide them8 ,the best plan  seems  
to be to put each man into that category
 in which he spends most  of his time1  
and in cases of doubt to use fractions1 
e4g4 a doctor may  be as keen an        
evangelist and may preach and strive to 
convert his  patients as eagerly as his 
colleague who is called an evangelistic 
missionary4 ,an evangelistic missionary 
is perhaps a doctor by training  or     
experience1 and heals the sick as       
eagerly as his colleague who is  called 
a medical missionary4 ,each is unwilling
 to be catalogued in one  column only4  
,he feels1 and feels rightly1 that that 

single figure belies  the facts4 ,the   
evangelistic missionary may be the only 
doctor in the  whole area who really    
understands the use of western drugs and
  implements1 the doctor may be the only
 evangelist in the whole area who       
really knows how to preach the ,gospel  
in language which the people can        
understand4 ,clearly1 in such cases the 
only possible thing to do is to  use a  
fraction1 though the inner truth might  
be more easily expressed by  figures    
which represented that one man as two or
 three4    ,the table then is as        
follows3--                              
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,missionaries4  ,paid    ,amount of     
,amount of  ,total      ,remarks        
,native  ,foreign   ,native     ,funds  
and                 ,workers ,funds     
,funds      including  ,con-            
,spent     ,spent      ,government      
clusions                         on3 #a 
on3 #b    ,grants4                      

----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,evangelistic                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------------  ,medical4 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,educational                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------------  ,other    
,forms                                  
of ,work4                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,footnote #a3 ,all funds derived from   
foreigners except ,government grants4   
,footnote #b3 ,including fees and       
contributions4    ,it will be observed  
that this table is designed1 like all   
the others1 to  serve primarily one     
single purpose4 ,since that purpose is  
to show the  relative weight thrown by  
the mission and the ,christians into    
different  forms of evangelistic        
expression1 all missionaries1 all native

 workers1  all funds mainly occupied in 
each form are lumped together4 ,there is
 no  need at this stage to distinguish  
doctors from nurses1 or ,bible-women    
from pastors or priests4    ,from these 
tables we should hope to gain a general 
idea of the direction  of the force at  
work4    ,we thrust in here an inquiry  
concerning a form of work upon which    
many  missions lay great stress4 ,it is 
exceedingly difficult to classify4 ,it  
is not certainly evangelistic work1     
though it is commonly organised by      
evangelistic workers2 it is not         
educational in the sense that           
educational missionaries accept it as a 
definitely recognised part of  their    
work1 though educational methods are    
employed and it often has a  distinctly 
educational purpose4 ,it is sometimes a 
form of ,sunday service  almost akin to 
a ,church service4 ,it is often a form  
of children's school  where the         
religious teaching given1 or neglected1 
during the week in the  day school is   

supplemented3 it is sometimes a form of 
elementary school  for adults1          
,christian1 or inquirers3 it is a form  
of ,bible school for  adult ,christian  
workers4 ,it is a method of propaganda  
for the conversion  of heathen children 
or adults4 ,it is a form of work where  
untrained  ,christian voluntary workers 
find opportunity for expressing their   
religious zeal2 it is a form of work in 
which experts in certain types  of      
elementary religious teaching revel4 ,it
 is educational work carried  on by     
those who are not technically           
educationalists3 it is evangelistic     
work carried on by those who are not    
technically evangelists4    ,what sort  
of information then are we to seek      
concerning it8 ,it is so  important that
 it cannot be omitted2 it is so         
widespread that it almost  demands      
special consideration2 it is so protean 
that tables designed to  reveal all its 
aspects and values would be with        
difficulty designed1 and  tediously     

minute4 ,from the point of view of this 
survey it would be  futile to ask1 as   
most of the societies ask1 simply for   
the number of  ,sunday schools1 the     
number of teachers1 and the number of   
scholars4 ,from  those bare numbers we  
can gain no information which really    
enlightens  us4 ,we want to know what   
the ,sunday schools exist for1 and      
whether they  are accomplishing the     
object of their existence4 ,but we      
cannot define1  nor even enumerate all  
the objects4 ,we therefore arbitrarily  
select  three which are directly related
 to the establishment of a native       
,church1 and make one table serve4 ,we  
inquire3 7#a7 ,how they are related  to 
the ,christian constituency2 from this  
we hope to learn the extent to  which   
,sunday schools are a part of the       
,church life4 7#b7 ,how the teachers    
are related to the communicants 7or full
 members72 from this we hope to  learn  
the extent to which the voluntary effort
 of the communicants finds  expression  

in this work4 7#c7 ,how the scholars are
 related to baptisms  and confirmations 
7or admission as full members72 from    
this we hope to  learn to what extent   
the ,sunday-schools are a recruiting    
ground for the  ,church4    ,the table  
then is as follows3--                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,district         
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,number of ,sunday
 ,schools4                              
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,sunday ,schools to ,christian          
,constituency4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,sunday ,school   
,teachers4                              
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,communicants4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,sunday ,school   
,scholars4 7,m4_/,f47                   

----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,sunday ,school ,scholars               
,baptised in the ,year4                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,scholars ,confirmed                    
or ,admitted ,full ,members in the      
,year4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,remarks and      
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------          ,,chapter 
,v4    ,,medical ,,work ,,in ,,the      
,,station ,,district4      ,thus far of 
the force in its general aspect4 ,when  
we turn to closer  consideration of the 
medical and educational work we meet    
with a  difficulty4 ,medical and        
educational work1 as we have already    
pointed  out1 often1 if not generally1  
have a definitely evangelistic          
character1  but each1 nevertheless1     
appears to be designed to meet a special

 need of  the ,church and people4 ,there
 is a strong tendency in thought1 and   
often  in speech1 to emphasise this     
special need and to make it a distinct1 
separate need4 ,herein lies a danger4   
,medical missions are sometimes  urged  
upon our attention as though they were  
founded to meet a medical  need of the  
people1 as if it were the recognised and
 accepted duty of  missionary societies 
and of missionaries to supplant the     
native medical  practice by western     
scientific methods as certainly and     
fully as it is  their recognised and    
accepted duty to supplant native        
religion by the  faith of ,christ4 ,but 
that we for our part emphatically deny4 
,the one may  be a philanthropic duty2  
the other certainly is a religious duty4
  ,consequently we deny that there is a 
medical need which it is the duty  of   
missionaries to supply in the sense in  
which we affirm that there is  a        
religious need which it is the duty of  
missionaries to supply4 ,medical        

missions are1 and ought to be1          
evangelistic in their aim1 mere         
handmaids#a of evangelism4 ,similarly we
 deny a separate and distinct           
educational need which it is the duty of
 missionary societies to supply4  ,the  
missionary societies ought not to take  
upon themselves the supply of  every    
need4 ,we think the ,christian ,church  
is misled when it allows the  medical   
need of a country to be presented as a  
distinct need which it is  the duty of  
missionaries to meet1 and when it allows
 the ignorance of a  country to be      
presented as a distinct need which it is
 the duty of  missionaries to meet4     
,from such a presentation educational   
missions  become detached1 medical      
missions become detached1 each designed 
to meet  a distinct and separate need of
 the people4    ,footnote #a3 ,if any   
reader experiences a revulsion at this  
expression1  he will know at once what  
we mean when we say that a distinction  
has  been drawn between evangelistic1   

medical1 and educational missions as    
though they were three co-equal and     
separate things4 ,they are not  co-equal
 and they ought not to be separate4     
,education does not  necessarily reveal 
,christ1 medical science does not       
necessarily reveal  ,christ1 only as    
education and medicine assist the       
revelation of ,christ  are they proper  
subjects for ,christian missionary      
enterprise1 that is1  only when they are
 clearly and unmistakably subordinate to
 an  evangelistic purpose4 ,of course we
 do not undervalue medical and          
educational efficiency3 efficiency      
should increase evangelistic power4     
,one result of the sharp distinction    
which is drawn between medical and      
educational and evangelistic work is    
that in some countries there are        
distinct medical and educational        
associations which collect information  
about the state of medical and          
educational missions in the country1    
dealing with these missionary activities

 most prominently1 if not  wholly1 from 
the point of view of medical and        
educational efficiency4  ,these         
associations issue questionnaires and   
publish reports often more  full1       
detailed1 and carefully compiled than   
any evangelistic reports4  ,consequently
 it is peculiarly dangerous for a layman
 unacquainted with  the working of these
 associations to trespass upon their    
preserves4  ,these departmental surveys 
should be treated separately by experts4
  ,nevertheless1 since we are dealing   
with the work of the station in its     
area1 and this work includes often      
medical and educational work1 we  cannot
 pass over it with no more than the     
general treatment which we  have        
hitherto given4 ,we need to know what is
 the medical and what the  educational  
work carried on at the station1 when    
these are viewed1 as  they are viewed1  
separately1 as distinct expressions of  
missionary zeal4    ,dealing first with 
medical missions we suppose that the    

question might  be put in this form1    
,what are the medical missionary        
resources available  in the district in 
relation to the need which it is        
proposed to meet8    ,here again there  
arises the difficulty that there is no  
common agreement  as to the purpose of  
the medical work of the missionary      
societies4 ,what  are the doctors there 
for8 ,what does the hospital exist to   
do8 ,who can  tell8 ,so diverse are the 
ideas of different men on this subject1 
so  little thought out1 that a man of   
unusual experience told us that he had  
met few missionary doctors who could    
answer the question3 ,on the basis  of  
what facts ought the question of the    
establishment of a hospital to  be      
decided8 ,few could tell him whether in 
sending doctors the  missionary         
societies ought to consider the duty of 
caring for the  health of their         
missionaries first or last4 ,few could  
tell him whether  the care of the health
 of the children in schools and         

institutions was  the first duty1 or the
 last1 or any duty at all1 of the       
medical  missionary4 ,yet obviously1    
those two points if they were once      
admitted  would influence largely the   
location of doctors and hospitals4      
,again1 we  hear it argued that         
missionary societies ought to establish 
medical  schools1 hospitals1 and        
institutions of the finest possible type
 in  order to show how the thing really 
ought to be done1 to demonstrate the    
very best example of western medical    
work1 and to train natives to a  western
 efficiency4 ,that would not only       
influence the location of  doctors and  
hospitals1 it would also affect the     
character of the  buildings and would   
demand a special type of medical        
missionary4 ,or  again1 we hear it      
argued that medical missions are the    
point of the  missionary sword2 but if  
it is the point of the sword then it    
ought to  be in front of the blade4     
,that1 too1 would direct the location of

 the  doctors and hospitals4 ,it would  
also affect the character of the        
building unless the missionary sword is 
to become an immovable object1  which   
having once cleft a rock remains fast in
 the breach until a  ,god-sent hero1    
like ,king ,arthur1 appears to pull it  
out and set it to  work again4 ,we      
cannot state all the different aims4    
,they are not simple  and formulated2   
they are complex and confused4 ,very    
often the  establishment of a medical   
mission turns upon no more thorough     
examination of the facts of the         
situation than the conviction of a      
capable missionary that there is need   
for medical work in his district1  and  
that he must supply it if he can1 and   
that he must persevere in  appeals till 
he can supply it4 ,when a man asks3 ,on 
the basis of what  facts ought this or  
that to be done in the mission field8 he
 has got a  long way into the complexity
 of the problem1 and the need for       
survey1 if  a society is to act with    

wisdom1 is already apparent to him4 ,but
 most  men in the past have acted       
simply1 without much argument3 they     
said1  ,here is a need2 ,i can supply   
it1 and the societies were the feeders  
of  such men4 ,naturally4 ,so one       
hospital and a doctor was the point of a
  sword which in twenty years' time was 
stuck fast in the rock2 and then  the   
hospital was enlarged and became a      
medical school under the fervent        
direction of a doctor who was a natural 
teacher2 and then it became an          
institution1 and then part of a college4
 ,and in all this there may have  been  
no definite policy1 any more than there 
was any definite policy in  the guidance
 of its twin brother1 which1 instead of 
changing its  character1 remained what  
it had always been1 the point of a      
sword1 only  buried in a rock1 competing
 feebly with a ,government institution4 
,when  one writes of mixed motives1 and 
mixed policies1 and mixed methods1 it   
is natural to use mixed metaphors4      

,but to return to our point4 ,it is not 
easy to say what some hospitals  are    
there for4 ,if we knew1 we could at     
least formulate tables to set out  the  
progress which they have made towards   
the object proposed4 ,that  would be    
reasonable survey as we have defined it4
 ,to collect all  possible information  
concerning all the things which the     
doctor or  hospital might do1 or may be 
doing1 unrelated to any end1 is to      
collect  a mass of information which we 
cannot use2 and that we have declined to
  do4 ,what course then can we pursue8  
,we propose first to accept the  notion 
that the medical mission is there to    
supply a medical need of the  people1   
and to consider how far it does that2   
and then to look at the  medical work at
 the station as definitely designed to  
assist the  evangelisation of the       
people1 as evangelistic in its purpose4 
,we have1  therefore1 designed a double 
set of tables to serve these two        
purposes4    ,first1 tables to show the 

medical work in relation to the presumed
 need  of the district for western      
medicine4    ,here1 as before for       
evangelistic work1 so now for medical1  
we have  expressed the relation between 
the medical work and the district in    
terms both of area and population in    
order that each table may be a  check   
upon the other4 ,thus3--    7i7 ,in     
terms of area4                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,number of                              
,qualified,number of  ,number of ,number
 of,number of                           
,medicals4,assistants4,hospitals4       
,nurses4 ,dispens-                      
aries4                                  
,district4,area4------------------------
------------------------                
,m4  ,f4  ,m4   ,f4  ,for  ,for  ,m4    
,f4                                     
men women                               
----------------------------------------
------------------                      

----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
7ii7 ,in terms of population4           
----------------------------------------
------                     ,district4   
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
-----  ,proportion of                   
,medicals to                            
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
------  ,proportion of                  
,assistants to                          
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
------  ,proportion of                  
,nurses to                              
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
------  ,proportion of                  
,beds to                                
,population4                            
----------------------------------------
------  ,proportion of                  
,dispensaries to                        

,population4                            
----------------------------------------
------    ,it will be observed that in  
this second table the items are not     
identical with those in the preceding   
table4 ,in the place of hospitals  we   
have beds2 because in relation to the   
area the thing of importance is  the    
number of the hospitals2 but in relation
 to population the thing of  importance 
is the number of beds available4 ,two   
hospitals in a single  area are probably
 not in the same place and imply more   
widespread  influence2 but if each has  
twenty beds1 in proportion to population
 it  is of no importance whether the    
forty beds are in one place or two3     
forty in-patients fill the beds4    ,but
 in medical work1 when we are           
considering the need of the district1   
another factor of importance often      
enters4 ,the medicals of the mission    
are often not the only men meeting that 
need4 ,there are often others1          
,government officials1 or private       

practitioners1 who1 from the point of   
view of medical practice1 are doing the 
same work4 ,the medical need of a       
district where the missionary doctor is 
the only exponent of western  medicine  
is not the same as that of the district 
where he is competing  with ,government 
or private doctors fully trained as he  
is4 ,consequently  it is essential in   
order to understand the position that we
 should know  what other1               
non-missionary1 medical assistance is   
available1 and we  need the following   
table3--                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,hospitals4,qualified,assistants4,nurses
4,dispensaries4,beds4                   
,practi-                                
tioners4                                
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
,mission-                               
ary                                     
----------------------------------------

----------------------------            
,non-                                   
,mission-                               
ary                                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,if any
 surveyor finds it difficult to fill in 
such a table1 he must make  an estimate1
 but he ought to realise that a table of
 the kind is a  necessary part of any   
appeal for increased support2 for       
support cannot  be reasonably given to  
his work on the ground of this medical  
need  unless these facts are known4 ,of 
course that does not mean that support  
ought to be given or withheld solely on 
the statistics so provided4  ,there may 
be a thousand reasons for strengthening 
and enlarging work  where this table    
would suggest less need2 but no support 
should be given  in ignorance of these  
facts4    ,then we need tables to       
reveal1 as far as such tables can reveal
  anything1 the extent of the medical   
mission work done in the year4          

----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,district,area,popul-,hospital          
,dispensary1,total,propor-  ,remarks    
ation ,patients in,patients in,pat- tion
 of  and                    ,year       
,year       ients,patients ,conclu-     
to ,popul-sions                         
ation                                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,m4,f4,child,m4,f4,child                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,turning then from the medical need to  
be met1 we proposed to inquire  into the
 medical work as an evangelistic agency4
 ,this inquiry is hard to  formulate2   
but we suggest that the three tables    
appended1 taken in  conjunction with the
 preceding1 would throw certain light on
 this  question1 and would help towards 
a true understanding4    ,first1 we     
inquire into the relative extent to     
which the medical workers  make use of  

the assistance of evangelistic workers4 
,this table would  not reveal the       
evangelistic influence of the hospital4 
,on the one  hand1 there is sometimes a 
tendency for the medical men and women  
to do  medical work exclusively1 and to 
leave all religious work to the         
evangelistic workers1 and to give way to
 the temptation to imagine that  if     
evangelistic workers read or preach in  
the waiting-room and visit the          
patients1 the medicals can be satisfied 
that they have done their duty  as      
medical missionaries4 ,on the other     
hand1 a medical who does his  medical   
work in the ,spirit1 who speaks to and  
prays with his patients1  exercises an  
evangelistic influence wider and deeper 
than that of many  of the evangelistic  
workers directly so called1 and in such 
a case the  fact that the evangelistic  
workers are apparently lacking in the   
hospital does not at all show that the  
medical work is not a strong            
evangelistic force4 ,but any danger of  

misguidance which might arise if  this  
table stood alone must be counteracted  
by the other tables2 for the  three can 
be taken together4 ,and when this       
allowance has been made the  table is   
useful with the others1 and lights one  
side of the question  before us4        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,hospitals      ,dispensaries           
7,where these                           
are not attached to                     
hospitals7                              
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,number of 
,medicals                       on      
,staff4#a                               
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,proportion
 to ,patients4                          
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,number of 
,evangelistic                   ,workers
 on ,staff4#a                           
----------------------------------------

---------------------------  ,proportion
 to ,patients4                          
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,remarks   
and ,conclusions4                       
----------------------------------------
---------------------------    ,footnote
 #a3 ,by on staff we mean regularly     
attached to1 or regularly  visiting4    
,when we have seen the extent to which  
the medicals use the evangelistic       
workers in their institutions1 we need  
to know the extent to which the         
medicals assist the evangelistic workers
 outside the institutions4 ,we  put this
 in the form of a table designed to     
reveal the extent to which  the medicals
 assist in evangelistic tours1 helping  
the evangelistic  workers on tour1      
either by healing the sick on the spot1 
or by sending  them to the hospitals1 or
 by preaching1 or in all these ways4    
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,number of 
,number of   ,number of ,number of      

,number of ,remarks  ,evange-           
,evangelistic,medicals  ,days spent     
by,days spentand  listic    ,workers    
,assisting4,evangelistic by             
,conclu-  ,tours4    ,assisting4        
,workers4     ,medicals4 sions4         
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,finally1 we inquire how far the direct 
evangelistic influence of the  hospitals
 and dispensaries can be traced4 ,we    
might at first suppose that  this could 
be done by asking the number of         
inquirers enrolled as a  direct         
consequence of attendance at hospitals  
and dispensaries2 but it  is not        
surprising that patients are willing to 
enrol their names as  inquirers simply  
to please the doctors or nurses1 without
 any intention  of pursuing the matter  
further when they leave the hospital2   
and  consequently such a question by    
itself might be very misleading4 ,we    

therefore add two further questions1 the
 first1 what number of  communicants    
trace their conversion to their visits  
to hospitals or  dispensaries1 the      
second1 what number of places have been 
opened to  ,christian teachers and      
preachers by the influence of doctors   
and  patients4 ,some missionary doctors 
are much interested in this inquiry1    
and we all might well be interested in  
it4 ,the answers would be a most        
important contribution to our study1 and
 might go far to justify medical        
missions as an evangelistic agency4     
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,number of        
,inquirers ,enrolled in the ,year as a  
,direct           ,consequence of       
,attendance at ,hospitals and           
,dispensaries4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,total ,inquirers4                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,enrolled in the  

,year4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,number of        
,communicants ,derived from ,attendance 
at ,hospitals and ,dispensaries in the  
,year4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,communicants ,enrolled in the ,year4   
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,number of ,places
 ,opened to ,christian ,teachers through
          the ,influence of ,doctors or 
,patients in the ,year4                 
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,proportion of    
,total ,places ,opened in the ,year4    
----------------------------------------
--------------------  ,conclusions and  
,remarks4                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------          ,,chapter 
,,vi4    ,,educational ,,work ,,in ,,the
 ,,station ,,district4      ,the        
difficulty of providing tables for the  

survey of educational work is  as great 
as that of finding tables for medical   
work1 and for the same  reasons4 ,there 
is the same separateness1 the same      
diversity of immediate  aim1 the same   
alteration of character1 the same       
uncertainty of policy4    ,educational  
missions have been designed to convert  
the young whilst they  were yet pliable1
 to influence the growing generation in 
order to  prepare for a great advance of
 ,christianity later1 to ,christianise  
society1 to educate young ,christians in
 a ,christian atmosphere1 to  prepare   
leaders for the ,christian ,church1 to  
elevate an ignorant and  illiterate     
,christian ,church4 ,all these various  
objects have been set  before us as the 
reasons for the establishment of        
schools1 both  separately1 each in      
different circumstances1 and unitedly1  
all at the  same time1 as though one    
school could fulfil all these different 
purposes without any confusion4 ,at one 
and the same moment ,christian  children

 were to be educated in a ,christian    
atmosphere1 and  non-,christian children
 in large numbers were admitted1 and    
non-,christian  teachers employed4 ,at  
the same time non-,christian children   
were to be  converted and not converted1
 but filled with ,christian ideas4      
,all these aims and objects are         
confusedly set forth1 each as its turn  
comes round1 as the immediate aim of our
 educational missions2 but the  attempt 
to draw tables for a survey which shall 
embrace impartially all  these objects  
is enough to satisfy the inquirer that  
they are not easily  combined into one4 
,we propose1 therefore1 in this         
bewildering maze of  mixed purposes and 
ideas1 to follow the line which seemed  
possible in  the case of medical        
missions--to accept the idea that there 
is an  educational need of the people   
which it is the business of the         
educational mission to meet so far as it
 can2 and then to add a further  inquiry
 concerning the direct evangelistic     

influence of the educational  mission1  
and its relation to the evangelistic and
 medical work4    ,but in educational   
mission survey there is an added        
difficulty which  arises from the fact  
that scholastic education is divided    
into many  grades1 and this division has
 no common standard in different        
countries1  sometimes not even in the   
same country4 ,we1 then1 who are seeking
 light  not from one country only but   
from all1 are compelled to simplify     
these  grade distinctions as much as    
possible1 and to accept the local       
definitions4 ,this does not really      
invalidate comparisons between          
different areas so seriously as we might
 at the first glance be tempted  to     
expect4 ,there is in every country a    
grade which is primary2 there is  a     
secondary1 or middle1 or high school2   
there is a normal1 or college1  or arts 
course4 ,the primary in one country may 
run into higher primary  and be at its  
best far in advance of the primary in   

another country2 and  so far the two are
 incomparable2 but1 nevertheless1 this  
primary grade  is the lowest grade in   
each country1 and if the inquiry is1    
what number  of pupils are taught in    
this local first grade1 then the        
comparison is  admissible4 ,similarly of
 the second grade and the third4 ,if the
 inquiry  is understood to imply no more
 than it states1 and no conclusion is   
drawn as to the relative stage or merits
 of the education in the two  countries 
in relation to one another1 it may      
justly be argued that the  primary      
pupils in one country stand in relation 
to the illiterate and  more highly      
educated pupils in their own country in 
a similar position  to that in which the
 primary pupils in another country stand
 to the  illiterate and more highly     
educated pupils in their own country2   
though  the primary pupils in the one   
may be far more advanced than the       
primary  pupils in the other4 ,on this  
basis a possible comparison can be made4

    ,but since colleges and normal      
schools generally serve a larger area   
than  the station district1 these are   
reserved for provincial survey1 and the 
present tables deal with nothing above  
the secondary1 or middle1 or high       
school4 ,in the station district area   
the matter of chief importance is  the  
extent to which the need of the district
 for primary and secondary  education is
 met1 and the proportion in which the   
needs of the many and  the few are met4 
,of course where the surveyor has before
 him more elaborate tables  prepared for
 some board1 he can serve all purposes  
best by keeping those  tables carefully 
and sending copies of them to those who 
may be  interested4 ,our hasty division 
into primary and higher than primary is 
only designed to save trouble in those  
districts where no elaborate            
distinctions and definitions have been  
made4 ,if it is desirable for  purposes 
of comparison to reduce tables from     
different parts of the  world to a      

common basis1 so long as the tables     
supplied from any part do  not contain  
less than the tables here suggested1 the
 comparison can  easily be made1 for    
what it is worth4    ,we begin then with
 the educational work done in the       
station district as  designed to meet a 
distinct educational need4 ,the first   
tables1  therefore1 correspond to the   
first evangelistic and medical tables   
and  set forth the quantitative extent  
of the educational work in relation to  
the area and to the population4         
,number of                              
,number of     ,secondary or  ,remarks  
and  ,district4 ,area4 ,primary         
,schools4  ,middle or    ,conclusions4  
,high ,schools4                         
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,propor-           ,propor-             
,number    tion    ,number    tion      
,popula-    of       to       of        
to    ,re-  ,district4  tion4   ,primary
  ,popula-  ,higher   ,popula-marks4    

,teachers4  tion4  ,teachers4  tion4    
,here it will be noted that whereas in  
the area it is the number of  schools   
which is considered1 in relation to     
population it is the number  of         
teachers1 because in the area the point 
of importance is the  accessibility of  
the schools2 whilst in relation to the  
population it is  the number of teachers
 which reveals to what extent the       
population is  served4    ,then similar 
reasons to those which led us to take   
into account the  non-missionary medical
 assistance in the area force us to     
consider the  non-missionary education4 
,if we are to consider scholastic       
education as  a need of the people at   
all1 we must acknowledge that the       
presence of  ,government or private     
schools makes a great difference to the 
situation1  and if an appeal for medical
 missions ought to be affected by the   
presence or absence of non-missionary   
medical assistance1 equally ought  an   
appeal for educational missions in any  

area to be affected by the  presence or 
absence of non-missionary educational   
facilities4    ,it may be true that if  
the aim of educational missions were    
defined as  the provision of educational
 facilities under ,christian influence1 
the  presence of non-,christian         
educational facilities1 in proportion to
 their  magnitude1 might be a challenge 
to ,christians to increase theirs4 ,on  
this basis the mission would            
deliberately compete with ,government   
schools where ,government schools were  
strongest4 ,but if the mission is       
designed to supply a liberal education  
for ,christians1 the presence of        
,government schools does not necessarily
 induce competition4 ,we might  well    
ponder the question put by a ,christian 
convert in ,india1 when  discussing the 
use of educational missions by the      
missionary societies3  ,hindus1 he said1
 are not deterred from sending their    
children to  ,christian schools by the  
fear that they will cease to be ,hindus1

 and do  the societies think so little  
of our religion that they are afraid    
that  our children would cease to be    
,christians if they attended a          
,government  school8 ,whatever answer we
 give to that question1 in either case  
the  existence of non-,christian schools
 is a serious and important factor in   
the situation4    ,we therefore inquire 
into the non-missionary educational work
 done in  the area4 ,we are well aware  
that in many cases the surveyor will    
find it  difficult to supply the        
required information1 and may be driven 
to make  an estimate2 but the           
information ought to be provided for any
 true and  just administration of       
educational mission funds1 and estimates
 must be  here regarded as at the best a
 poor substitute1 though under existing 
circumstances perhaps a necessary one4  
,propor-  ,higher        ,propor-       
,primary        tion of    or   ,teach- 
tion of ,re-                            
,schools,teachers,teachers ,second- ers4

  ,teachersmarks4                       
to ,popu-   ary         to ,popu-       
lation4 ,schools4       lation4         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,missionary   --     --      --       --
    --     --      --                   
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,non-  
,missionary   --     --      --      -- 
--      --     --                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,then  
we need to consider the extent to which 
the educational efforts of  the mission 
are used to meet the needs of the better
 educated and of the  more ignorant4    
,this will be revealed by the average   
attendance in the  different classes of 
schools4                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,total   
,propor-                 ,propor- ,re-  
,scholars                tion of        
tion ofmarks    in    ,primary          

,scholars,total  ,secondary ,scho-      
,total   and  ,mission ,schools4        
,scho- ,schools4  lars4 ,scho-  ,conclu-
  ,schools4                lars4        
lars4   sions4                          
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,then we must inquire into the          
proportion in which the education given 
in  the schools is given to boys and to 
girls4 ,this is peculiarly important  in
 considering the influence of school    
education upon the rising  generation of
 ,christians1 since well-taught girls   
make intelligent and  helpful wives and 
mothers1 and this tends enormously to   
the advancement  of the ,christian      
community4 ,and the same truth applies  
to the  non-,christian population4      
,mission          ,mission              
,remarks and                   ,primary 
,schools4 ,secondary ,schools4          
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             

,boys4  ,girls4  ,boys4  ,girls4        
----------------------------------------
-------------------------  ,christian or
                                        
,from                                   
,christian homes4                       
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,non-,christian                         
----------------------------------------
----------    ,here we divided          
,christians from non-,christians1 and   
thus the table  serves a double purpose4
 ,it tells us the division of the       
scholars by sex  and also by faith4 ,it 
throws light upon the condition of the  
,christian  community and upon the      
extent to which mission school education
 is given  to ,christians and           
non-,christians4    ,one other point    
must be considered in connection with   
mission schools  because it throws great
 light upon the character of the schools
 and  their purpose4 ,it is the extent  
to which the educational mission        

receives ,government support4 ,if there 
is any doubt as to the dominant  aim and
 purpose of a school1 the fact that it  
receives ,government aid  reveals at    
once that in the eyes of the ,government
 it stands for the  general             
enlightenment of the population rather  
than for any direct  evangelisation4    
,the dominant aim of the ,government is 
general  enlightenment1 and the         
,government gives no grant without some 
sort of  control4 ,if then a school     
receives a ,government grant the        
dominant idea  of general enlightenment 
will certainly exercise great influence 
over  its direction4 ,consequently1 if  
we know what proportion of the schools  
in any mission receive a ,government    
grant1 we have at least some  guidance  
as to the extent to which the mission   
accepts the aim of  general             
enlightenment4 ,we have also some       
assurance that the schools  reach the   
,government standard of efficiency in   
the teaching of secular  subjects4      

----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,primary 
,proportion      ,higher    ,proportion 
,remarks  ,schools  ,receiving          
,schools4  ,receiving   and             
,government                ,government  
,conclusions4           ,grant1 if any4 
,grant4                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,hitherto we have dealt only with       
schools in which the pupils are         
probably for the most part children2 but
 in some countries the mission  makes a 
great effort to enlighten the illiterate
 adults1 especially the  illiterate     
adult ,christians1 and thus1 as in      
,china1 missionaries  propagate         
simplified systems of writing the       
language1 or in other  countries have   
reduced to writing1 languages which     
possessed no script4    ,we have already
 set out the reason why this appeals    
especially to  ,protestant missionaries4
 ,the reading of the ,bible is a        

keystone in their  evangelistic system1 
and with them ,christianity and reading 
go hand in  hand4 ,we must then make    
room in our survey for a movement so    
profound1  so widespread1 and so vitally
 important1 and a movement of this      
character deserves and demands a        
separate table4 ,it cannot be confounded
  with the establishment of ordinary    
primary schools4 ,it is essential that  
we should inquire what education is     
given to the illiterate adults of  the  
area2 and we must inquire in what       
proportion this teaching is given  to   
,christians and non-,christians1 because
 this proportion is very  significant4  
,the teaching of reading to the         
illiterate is by some  missionaries     
viewed as a means preparatory to the    
preaching of the  gospel1 a gift to be  
given as widely as possible1 in the     
belief that  the more who can read1 the 
better will be the hearing given to the 
preachers of ,christ2 by others the     
teaching is given rather to  illiterate 

inquirers and converts1 and it is given 
to them as a  definitely ,christian gift
 for the edification of the individual  
and of  the ,church4    ,by the one this
 teaching would be classed with the     
general work of  ,christian educational 
missions for the whole community1 the   
meeting of  the general intellectual    
need of the district2 by the other it   
would be  classed as a part of the work 
done by the educational mission for the 
enlightenment of the ,church1 the       
meeting of a need of the ,church4 ,by   
the  one it would be classed with the   
tables which deal with the relation of  
the educational to the evangelistic     
work2 by the other with the tables      
which deal with the educational work    
viewed as meeting a special need4  ,the 
table suggested is3--                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,population4    
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,illiterate     
,population4                            

----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,number of      
,teachers of ,illiterate ,adults4       
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,number of      
,illiterate ,adult ,scholars4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,christian4   
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,non-,christian                         
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,proportion of  
,illiterate ,population4                
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,proportion of  
,teachers to ,illiterate ,population4   
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,remarks and    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,this table   
leads us naturally to consider the      
educational work done in  the station   
area from an evangelistic point of view4

 ,we must inquire  then into the extent 
to which evangelistic missionaries      
assist in the  schools1 and educational 
missionaries assist in evangelistic     
work1 and  the evangelistic results so  
far as they can be traced of the work in
  schools4    ,we ask first the extent  
to which educationalists employ the     
services of  evangelistic workers in    
their schools and institutions4 ,as we  
pointed  out in dealing with the        
relation between medical and            
evangelistic work1  so here we would    
insist that this particular table is not
 by itself a  good guide4 ,there is a   
serious danger in an institution1       
whether medical  or educational1 of     
dividing the work in this way4 ,we have 
already  asserted our conviction that   
medical missionaries should be          
evangelistic1 and educational           
missionaries evangelistic also4 ,but    
when  evangelistic workers distinctly so
 called are on the staff of hospitals   
or schools1 there is a danger lest the  

medicals and the educationalists  should
 consider themselves absolved from      
personal effort by the  occasional      
presence of an evangelist4 ,let him do  
the religious  preaching1 and let me do 
the secular teaching4 ,preaching is his 
job1  teaching is mine4 ,thus a division
 is created which reacts seriously  upon
 the work of both4 ,the pupils learn to 
distinguish the one work from  the      
other1 as separate and distinct         
departments4 ,they prefer the one1  they
 are bored by the other4 ,no man can    
serve two masters2 and if the  religious
 teaching is plainly in the hands of one
 teacher and the  secular teaching      
plainly in the hands of the other1 they 
will tend to  think that they can hold  
to the one and despise the other4 ,this 
we say  is a danger1 but it is not an   
unavoidable danger4 ,only we must not   
judge  that an institution is doing good
 evangelistic work because evangelistic 
services are held in it4 ,the table is  
as follows3--                           

----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,schools4  
,number of ,schools  ,proportion of     
,schools  ,remarks and                  
,regularly ,visited  ,visited by        
,conclusions4            by             
,evangelists4    ,evangelists4          
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,then there is a most important work    
which the educational evangelist  does1 
or might do1 outside the school4        
,perhaps we ought to explain this2  for 
many supporters of missions are         
unfamiliar with the idea4 ,they think   
of the work of educational missionaries 
as necessarily bound up with  schools   
and institutions4 ,a teacher without a  
school1 or outside a  school1 seems to  
them rather like a gunner without a gun4
 ,if an  educational missionary goes on 
an evangelistic tour it is1 they think1 
as an evangelist that he goes1 not as an
 educationalist4 ,yet1 if we  understood
 the work of an evangelistic            

educationalist1 we should not  think it 
strange to meet an educational          
missionary on tour1 doing  evangelistic 
educational work4 ,evangelistic work is 
educational to the  core1 and it leads  
to educational results4 ,no evangelistic
 work amongst  an illiterate1 or a      
literate1 people can be really complete1
 if it does  not lead at once to the    
organisation of education amongst the   
converts  and hearers4 ,the illiterate  
must be taught to read the ,gospels1 and
 it  demands an expert in the teaching  
of illiterates to direct their  studies2
 the illiterate and the literate        
converts alike must be taught  to       
transform that education which they all 
give daily to their children1  whether  
in the home or in a school1 into        
,christian education1 and this  too     
demands the attention of a skilled      
educationalist4 ,this work is           
invaluable and most exciting and        
interesting work1 and must produce      
results which1 for the establishment of 

the ,church1 are almost  incalculably   
important4 ,as then for the medical     
missionaries1 so for  the               
educationalists we ask3--               
----------------------------------------
------------------------  ,evangelistic 
,number of     ,number of     ,number of
  ,conclusions     ,tours4              
,evangelistic,educationalists,days      
,spent byand ,remarks4                  
,workers4    ,assisting4    ,evangelists
                                        
on ,tour4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,when we    
turn to the immediate evangelistic      
results of the education  given in the  
station district1 we labour under       
difficulties even greater  than those   
which we met when we tried to formulate 
tables to reveal the  extent to which   
medical missions were effective as an   
evangelistic  agency4    ,the difficulty

 lies in the fact that the educational  
missionaries who  set before themselves 
as the aim of their work a far distant  
goal to be  attained by the cumulative  
effect of ,christian influence brought  
to bear  upon generation after          
generation of children who do not       
themselves  become ,christians1         
naturally resent a table which seems to 
demand a  present1 immediate1 result in 
the tabulation of baptisms1 and we fear 
that the other tables will hardly       
reconcile them1 because we are afraid   
that few educational missionaries have  
yet learned to understand what a  vast  
and important and absorbingly           
interesting work the education of the   
converts outside the schools affords4   
,consequently we shiver when we  think  
of the reception which these tables are 
likely to receive at the  hands of some 
of our friends in foreign countries1 and
 our ears tingle  in anticipation4      
,nevertheless1 if we are to be told1 and
 to act on the hearing1 that  ,christian

 schools are founded because it is      
easier to convert the young  than the   
old1 and the twig can be bent while the 
tree resists till it  breaks1 we must   
inquire how far this saying is justified
 by experience4  ,a survey which        
neglected the factors which throw light 
upon it would be  a partial and unjust  
one4    ,hence we ask first--           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,scholars  ,baptism   ,baptism          
,confirmation  ,remarks                 
of        of    or ,admission    and    
,scholars  ,parents    as ,full         
,conclusions                            
,members                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,primary 
,schools                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,secondary                              
,schools                                
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------    and    
secondly--                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------  ,number of    
,places ,opened to                      
,remarks  ,christian ,teachers by the   
,proportion of ,total  and  ,influence  
of ,scholars4        ,places ,occupied4 
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
,these two tables will give us some idea
 of the direct influence of the         
educational mission as an evangelistic  
force4    ,some are anxious to know what
 support the educational and medical    
work  call forth from the natives for   
whom these are set in hand4 ,they want  
this information1 we suppose1 as a help 
towards an understanding of the         
influence exercised by these different  
forms of work4 ,if the natives  support 
them generously then they have obviously
 been impressed by them  favourably4    
,and perhaps the extent of native       

support may suggest the  measure to     
which our work as medical and           
educational missionaries is  approaching
 a successful end4    ,we therefore     
include a table identical for medical   
and educational  workers3--             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,total       ,total          ,total     
,native  ,volunteers                    
,expense     ,foreign                   
,contribution  for               of     
,work in  ,contribution4  ,fees and     
,training4               ,station       
,donations4                  ,area4     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,medical 
----        ----           ----         
----                                    
----------------------------------------
-------------------------  ,educational 
----        ----           ----         
----                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           

,,chapter ,,vii4    ,,co-,,operation    
,,between ,,the ,,different ,,elements  
,,in ,,the ,,mission4      ,we have now 
surveyed the evangelistic1 medical1 and 
educational work in  the station        
district1 viewed separately4 ,it remains
 to unify the  results1 that we may get1
 if possible1 a definite conception of  
the  whole4 ,the effectiveness of the   
mission machinery largely depends upon  
the relation of these parts to one      
another4 ,the mission ought not to be   
three separate things but one thing2 for
 the impression produced upon  the      
non-,christian population is the result 
of the combination of all the  various  
forms in which the one missionary spirit
 expresses itself4 ,the  spirit which   
produces them all is one1 and it is that
 one spirit which  influences and       
converts the heathen4    ,now we already
 know the proportion in which workers   
and funds are  divided between the three
 branches 7p4 #fh74 ,we already know    
something  of the work done by          

evangelists in hospitals 7p4 #hc71 and  
by doctors in  evangelistic tours 7p4   
#hd72 and of the extent to which the    
work in the  hospitals opens up the way 
for evangelists 7p4 #he74 ,we already   
know  something of the work done by     
evangelists in schools 7p4 #ii71 and of 
the  evangelistic influence of the      
educational work 7p4 #ajb1 #ajc71 and of
 the  extent to which educationalists   
assist in evangelistic tours 7p4 #aja74 
,if then we now add tables to show the  
help given by the medicals in the       
schools and the work done by the        
educationalists in the hospitals we     
shall be able to gain a fairly complete 
idea of the co-operation between  the   
three branches4    ,but it is just at   
this point1 the relation between the    
medical and  educational work1 that we  
shall probably find most difficulty4    
,this  relationship has not been        
carefully thought out in the past1 and  
co-operation between medicals and       
educationalists is1 we fancy1 somewhat  

rare4 ,few men could tell us exactly    
what policy is followed1 or ought to  be
 followed4 ,this is partly due to that  
confusion of purpose of which we  spoke 
in the first chapter1 a confusion which 
obscures and confounds  our medical and 
educational missions4 ,if both medical  
and educational  missions had had one   
common dominant purpose1 the relation   
between them  would have been more      
easily seen2 but since they were        
separated in  thought1 each having its  
own particular and separate objects to  
pursue1  they naturally worked along    
parallel lines and consequently did not 
meet4 ,if they had had one common       
dominant object they would have met4    
,but generally speaking there is no     
clear understanding whether the  medical
 mission has any definite relation to   
the educational mission1 or  the        
educational mission to the medical4     
,on the medical side1 it is not clearly 
understood whether it is the  first     
duty1 or the last duty1 of medicals to  

attend to the children whom  we gather  
together in such large numbers1 whether 
the medicals ought to  inspect all the  
children1 whether they ought to be at   
hand to treat  children who are         
obviously sick1 whether these           
considerations ought to  influence the  
location of the hospital1 or of the     
place of residence of  the medical      
missionaries1 or whether this work1 if  
they really gave much  time to it1      
should be considered as withdrawing them
 from their proper  work4 ,consequently1
 the health of the children in mission  
schools has  often suffered1 and the    
work of the school been hindered4 ,in   
one school  something approaching to a  
revolution was produced by the constant 
care  and attention of a doctor4        
,phthisis1 which had been a continual   
source  of trouble and weakness1 was    
reduced considerably1 and the whole work
  and tone of the school improved       
enormously4 ,if medical missionaries and
  educational missionaries always       

realised that they were engaged in a    
common work1 this experience would be   
almost universal4    ,in our tables we  
cannot possibly enter into any details4 
,the work of  medicals in schools cannot
 be exactly stated1 it varies greatly in
  extent and character2 but it would1 we
 suppose1 always include attention  to  
the health of the children and          
consultation with the teachers1 both    
about the welfare of the school as a    
whole and of the care of individual     
pupils4 ,it might also include lectures 
in hygiene and kindred topics1          
sanitation of buildings1 and other      
assistance too varied to specify4       
,the table can only include visits and  
inspection of pupils4                   
----------------------------------------
-------------------------   ,total      
,number      ,total       ,number       
,remarks   ,number       ,regularly     
,number     ,regularly   and   of       
,schools4  ,visited by  of              
,inspected4  ,conclusions4              

,medicals4   ,scholars4                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,the       
relation of the educational mission to  
the medical has not been  thought out   
any more carefully4 ,there is in        
hospitals an opportunity of             
extraordinary importance1 a field of    
great fruitfulness which is largely     
neglected4 ,if the hospital is a        
missionary hospital1 founded to heal the
  souls as well as the bodies of men1   
ought not the patients in them to be    
taught as well as medically treated8    
,have they any claim upon the care  of  
educational missionaries8 ,have the     
educational missionaries any duty  in   
hospitals8 ,very few1 we think1 have    
given much attention to these           
questions3 no society1 so far as we     
know1 has followed any definite  policy 
in regard to them4 ,a single instance   
will reveal how important  they may be4 

,a doctor who was deeply interested in  
the teaching of  ,chinese illiterates   
took steps to have the illiterate       
convalescents in  his hospital taught to
 read4 ,the average time which these    
patients spent  in the hospital was     
three weeks1 and in that time they could
 learn to  read the ,gospels in         
simplified script fluently4 ,they thus  
left the  hospital not only healed in   
body1 but with a new interest in life1  
and a  considerable knowledge of        
,christian truth1 and a power to advance
 in it1  and a power also to instruct   
others4 ,in a hospital for ,chinese     
coolies  in ,france this doctor taught  
one patient to read the ,gospel4 ,the   
patient  was then removed to another    
hospital where he taught no less than   
forty  of his fellow-patients to read4  
,if such results can be obtained1 it    
would be well to consider whether we are
 making full use of the  opportunities  
afforded by the gathering of large      
numbers of patients  into hospitals all 

over the world4 ,illiterates are not the
 only people  who might profit by       
,christian teaching1 classes for        
literates might be  equally valuable4   
,large numbers might leave our hospitals
 with a  considerable knowledge of      
,christian truth1 and a new interest in 
life1  with power to advance and to     
teach others1 if they were              
systematically  taught4 ,in one         
missionary hospital regular courses were
 given on  ,christian ,evidences1 and   
courses on the education of children    
might well  be given to parents in      
hospitals4    ,here again a table cannot
 reveal the type and character of the   
work  done3 it can only tabulate visits4
 ,the work would include the teaching   
of illiterates to read1 and instructing 
convalescents of higher  education      
either in classes or individually4      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------   ,total  
,number            ,total      ,number  
,remarks   ,number of   ,regularly      

,number of  of        and   ,hospitals4 
,visited by        ,patients4  ,scholars
  ,conclusions4                         
,educationalists4             ,taught4  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,we    
might now sum up this branch of our     
inquiry thus3--                         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,foreign  ,native                       
,assisting,assisting,assisting,remarks  
,mission  ,assist  in      in       in  
and          -aries4  ants4             
,evangel-,hosp-    ,schools4            
,conclusions4                           
istic itals4                            
,tours4                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,evange- 
listic   ----     ----    ----     ---- 
----     ----                           
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------  ,medical 
----     ----    ----     ----     ---- 
----                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,educa   
-tional  ----     ----    ----     ---- 
----     ----                           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,then  
we shall surely have some idea of the   
extent to which the whole  force works  
together towards one end4    ,,chapter  
,,viii4    ,,the ,,native ,,church4     
,in the ,introduction we pointed out    
that the end for which the work         
surveyed is undertaken ought to govern  
the survey of the work4 ,now we  are    
constantly told that the end for which  
the station is founded is the           
establishment of a ,christian ,church in
 the district so strongly that if  the  
station with its foreign staff          
disappeared1 the ,church would remain   
and bring up each generation in the     
,christian ,faith4    ,this proposal    

sets before us a real end for the       
mission station4 ,it  suggests a point  
at which the station will have done its 
work2 the  mission would then have no   
more place in those parts4 ,the station 
has  thus an end1 not only in the sense 
that it has an object at which it  aims1
 but a point at which it ceases4 ,but   
this end is not simply a point  in the  
far distant future2 it is a condition1  
or state of the ,church in  the         
district1 into which it must be growing4
 ,then the growth of the  native ,church
 is more important than the growth of   
the mission1 and all  things should be  
directed primarily to that end1 so that 
as the native  ,church waxed the mission
 should wane1 and thus the end should be
 reached  naturally and easily and not  
by a catastrophe4 ,if that is the end1  
then  the survey of the station and its 
district cannot fail to take the form   
of an inquiry how far progress in this  
direction has been made4    ,since our  
ideas of missionary work are wrapped up 

with the establishment  of mission      
stations and consequently with the      
purchase of land and  buildings1 since  
we rely almost wholly upon paid workers 
for the  prosecution of the work1 since 
we employ most expensive methods of     
propaganda1 such as the establishment of
 great medical and educational          
institutions1 since our societies at    
home are almost wholly absorbed in  the 
effort to procure funds to pay for all  
these things1 it is not  surprising that
 money takes a supremely important      
position in our  thought of all         
missionary work4 ,consequently1 when we 
think of the  growth of the native      
,church in power to carry on the work   
which we have  begun we naturally think 
first of self-support4    ,self-support 
is now one of the most common missionary
 catchwords4 ,we  hear it on every      
platform at home2 we hear it in the     
mouths of large  numbers of our converts
 abroad4 ,there exist in the mission    
field large  numbers of what are called 

self-supporting churches4 ,our          
missionaries  often set this            
self-support before their converts as a 
status of honour1  and offer them       
encouragements of various kinds to      
induce them to become  self-supporting  
as soon as possible4 ,at home1 if we ask
 concerning the  progress of the native 
,church1 they often answer us by telling
 us the  numbers of these               
self-supporting churches4    ,what then 
is meant by a self-supporting ,church8  
,we might naturally  suppose that a     
self-supporting ,church was a ,church   
which was independent  of external      
support2 we might suppose that it could 
maintain itself  without any assistance 
from mission funds2 we might suppose    
that1 when a  ,church became            
self-supporting1 the mission1 so far as 
finance was  concerned1 could withdraw  
and move to some fresh place4 ,that is  
sometimes the case1 but very rarely4 ,we
 know1 for instance1 a case where       
fourteen ,christians in a small town    

provided their own chapel and its       
furnishing and upkeep1 and all          
subsidiary expenses without any         
assistance4 ,they had no paid ministers 
and therefore no salaries to  pay4 ,they
 were from the very beginning entirely  
self-supporting1 and the  missionary    
could1 and did1 leave them and go to    
others who needed him  more4 ,but in    
this case there was no mission compound1
 no elaborate  system of mission        
education1 and no mission fund from     
which the chapel  could be built and a  
pastor provided1 before the converts    
were ready to  provide these things for 
themselves4    ,most commonly the       
mission does all these things1 and then 
self-support  does not necessarily imply
 independence of foreign support4 ,we   
have met  native ,christians who assured
 us in one breath that they were members
 of  a self-supporting ,church and that 
their ,church did not receive its fair  
share of mission funds4 ,self-support   
does not necessarily mean  independence 

of external pecuniary aid4    ,what then
 does the status of a self-supporting   
,church imply8 ,nothing  certain1 but   
just what the society1 or the           
missionary1 chooses4 ,take a  case4 ,in 
a newly opened outstation the converts  
subscribed #e ,mexican1 a  head1 per    
annum4 ,the missionary in charge of the 
district estimated that  #ejj per annum 
would pay the rent and upkeep of the    
chapel1 and the  salary of the pastor4  
,therefore he calculated that when the  
membership  of the chapel reached #ajj1 
the congregation would be               
self-supporting4  ,but if a school were 
founded and fees paid1 then the day of  
self-support  would be very far off4    
,hence it is obvious that self-support  
is an arbitrary standard fixed on  no   
certain grounds2 and progress towards   
self-support is simply a  progress      
towards a line which the foreigner      
prescribes4 ,just as each  father among 
us here in ,england1 according to his   
class and standard of  living1 fixes a  

standard for his son1 saying1 ,when he  
earns so much he  will be able to       
maintain himself1 so the society1 or the
 individual  missionary1 fixes the      
standard for converts4 ,in this case1   
the foreigner  insisted on the salary   
for the pastor1 he created the building1
 its  ornaments and expenses2 and where 
this is done the day of self-support    
must be more or less delayed4 ,more or  
less1 for what one man considers        
abundant another thinks hardly decent1  
simply because each has learnt in  a    
different school different ideas of what
 is necessary or desirable4             
,consequently one man makes the day of  
self-support easy of attainment1        
another loudly proclaims that his people
 are so poor that they cannot  possibly 
be expected to provide for themselves4  
,furthermore1 we must observe that in   
the first case the converts  arrived    
speedily at self-support because the    
foreign missionary never  for a moment  
allowed them to be anything else1 whilst

 in the second the  missionary provided 
what he thought necessary until such    
time as the  ,church was sufficiently   
wealthy to pay for it4 ,the one ,church 
decided  for itself what it needed1 and 
what it needed it took the necessary    
steps to supply3 the other accepted what
 was given to it and was asked  to      
subscribe more and more to pay for it4  
,but when the provision is  first made  
largely from some more or less          
mysterious foreign source1 the  converts
 will never subscribe to a fund so      
organised as they will to a  fund which 
they raise and administer themselves to 
supply what they  themselves want1 and  
cannot have unless they provide the     
necessary money  to get it4             
,self-support then1 as the word is most 
commonly used1 means  anything but      
genuine self-support1 and does not      
represent the power of  the people to   
supply their needs4 ,it means only the  
subscription of  money sufficient to pay
 for certain things which are more or   

less  arbitrarily fixed by the          
missionary or his society4    ,neither  
is it any sure evidence of the zeal and 
liberality of the ,church  which is     
called self-supporting4 ,the existence  
of self-supporting  churches is indeed  
sometimes used as an argument to show   
that the ,church  is growing in this    
,christian virtue4 ,but this is largely 
deceptive4 ,the  existence of           
self-supporting churches does not       
necessarily prove  ,christian           
liberality4 ,take the case which we     
quoted above where the  ,christians     
subscribed #e a head4 ,it was said that 
when they numbered #ajj  members they   
would be self-supporting4 ,but1 if they 
still subscribed #e  a head1 there would
 be no more liberality in the ,church of
 #ajj1 which  was self-supporting1 than 
in the ,church of ten1 which was not    
self-supporting4 ,there might be more1  
if the ninety members added were  very  
poor2 there might be less if one wealthy
 man joined the ,church4  ,since the    

status of a self-supporting ,church is  
one of honour and  privilege1 the       
members might even be tempted to admit  
an unworthy member  who was well off in 
the hope that his subscriptions might   
aid them to  attain that glorious       
position without much self-denial or    
effort on  their own part4    ,moreover1
 the collection of money is a highly    
developed art4 ,it is  extraordinary    
what pressure men can bring to bear upon
 converts to  induce them to subscribe1 
so that the contribution is in many     
cases  little different from the payment
 of a tax4 ,it is truly amazing to read 
how many forms of appeals and fees can  
be invented to collect money from  more 
or less unwilling givers4#a ,we cannot  
then accept the existence of            
self-supporting churches as an evidence 
of liberality1 nor base our  calculation
 on the sum subscribed for the upkeep of
 such churches4    ,footnote #a3 ,this  
is a list of the means employed to raise
 money by one  missionary in order to   

assist the people in his district to    
arrive at  self-support3--    7#a7      
,sunday collections4 7#b7 ,share of     
first fruits 7crop seasons74 7#c7       
,monthly membership family assessment4  
7#d7 ,special missionary or harvest     
thanksgiving 7twice a year74 7#e7 ,pinch
 of rice at every meal as  thanksgiving 
7women's share74 7#f7 ,box in houses for
 prayer meetings1  etc4 7#g7 ,church    
box4 7#h7 ,dedication of special pepper 
or cocoa-nut trees  for church repair4  
7#i7 ,bible society collections4 7#aj7  
,hospital  collection4 7#aa7 ,baptism   
offerings4 7#ab7 ,marriage offerings4   
7#ac7 ,lord's  ,supper offerings4 7#ad7 
,special gifts for church building or   
equipment4    ,it is not surprising that
 he adds that he is told that some of   
the new  converts have gone back because
 they see the regularity and frequency  
of  giving4    ,nevertheless1 seeing    
that self-supporting churches are widely
  recognised1 let us begin with these   
and seek to find out what  information a

 table of inquiry might supply4 ,we     
should ask first for  the number of     
self-supporting churches in relation to 
7a7 the number  of communicants 7or full
 members7 in the district1 and 7b7 the  
number  of ,christian ,churches         
organised1 but not self-supporting4 ,by 
an  organised ,church we understand a   
body of ,christians in any place who    
hold regular religious services1 and may
 send delegates to any council  which   
may exist for the whole station         
district4                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,communicants4,proportion of            
,organised,proportion of   ,remarks     
,communicants   ,churches4,organised    
and               connected with        
,churches        ,conclusions4          
,self-supporting                        
,self-supporting4                       
,churches4                              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           

,from this we should learn briefly1 and 
as a starting-point1 the  proportion of 
the self-supporting churches1 and that  
might help us to  understand the        
progress made towards self-support as it
 is understood in  the district1 and    
enable us to compare it with that of    
other districts4  ,but this by itself   
would not be of any great value in      
assisting us to  understand what        
progress had been made towards the      
establishment of a  ,church which could 
stand alone1 if the station with its    
foreign staff  were withdrawn4 ,no      
,church which does not advance can      
stand1 and the mere  attainment of this 
arbitrary standard does not necessarily 
prove  capacity to advance or to stand4 
,the effort to attain it sometimes leads
  the converts to concentrate their     
attention upon themselves4 ,they set    
self-support before their eyes as an end
 to be attained for their own  sake4 ,it
 has consequently sometimes happened    
that native churches1  established on   

this self-supporting basis1 have become 
self-absorbed1  self-seeking4 ,they have
 so looked on their own things that they
 have  tended to lose sight of the      
things of others4 ,they have become1    
like  many little ,christian communities
 at home1 so entangled in the effort to 
maintain their own dignity1 their own   
services1 their own progress in  outward
 prosperity1 that they have forgotten   
the real purpose of their  existence1   
and1 instead of becoming centres of     
light and attraction and  active zeal   
for the spread of the gospel1 have      
degenerated into  self-contained units  
indulging a self-satisfied pride in the 
glorious  position to which they have   
attained as self-supporting churches4   
,the  history of some churches on the   
,west ,coast of ,africa and in ,south   
,india  suggests the need for such a    
warning1 and urges us to pursue the     
inquiry further4    ,we should inquire1 
then1 what number of inquirers1         
adherents1 hearers1  catechumens1 etc41 

are seeking entrance into the ,church in
 connection  with the self-supporting   
churches as compared with the total     
number of  such inquirers1 adherents1   
etc41 in the district and compared with 
the  number of communicants in          
connection with those churches4         
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,in ,district   
7excluding ,self-supporting ,churches74 
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,communicants4
                                        
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,inquirers and
 ,adherents4                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,proportion of
 ,inquirers to ,communicants4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,in             
,self-supporting ,churches4             
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,communicants4
                                        

----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,inquirers and
 ,adherents4                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,proportion of
 ,inquirers to ,communicants4           
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,remarks and    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,such a table 
should1 we think1 prove illuminating as 
revealing the  influence and zeal of the
 members of the self-supporting         
churches4    ,a further light on this   
subject might be gained by comparing the
 number  of unpaid workers connected    
with the self-supporting churches with  
the  number of such workers in the whole
 district1 excluding the                
self-supporting churches4               
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,in ,district   
7excluding ,self-supporting ,churches74 
----------------------------------------

----------------------    ,communicants4
                                        
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,unpaid       
,workers4                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,proportion of
 ,unpaid ,workers to ,communicants4     
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,in             
,self-supporting ,churches4             
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,communicants4
                                        
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,unpaid       
,workers4                               
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,proportion of
 ,unpaid ,workers to ,communicants4     
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,remarks and    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,this would   

supplement the previous table and tend  
to correct any  mistakes to which it    
might give rise4    ,thus far of the    
missions which recognise self-supporting
 churches4 ,as  for the mission         
districts in which no such distinctions 
have been made1  all that ,i think we   
need to do is to recall the tables which
 we made  when considering the native   
force 7p4 #ed sqq471 and to supplement  
them  with tables designed to reveal    
7#a7 the power of the ,christians to    
conduct their own religious services    
independently of the foreigner2 7#b7    
their power to direct their own ,church 
government2 7#c7 their power to  supply 
the material needs of their organisation
 according to the ideas  which they have
 received and hold4    ,with regard to  
the first question1 all that we need to 
know is what  proportion of the         
,christians are in a position to carry  
on their own  religious life            
independently of foreign help4 ,in the  
,anglican ,communion  that involves the 

presence of a duly ordained priest3 in  
some societies  which deny the necessity
 of ordination1 yet give a position not 
unlike  that of the priest to their     
ordained men1 it would involve the      
presence  of a pastor4 ,others deny the 
necessity or advantage of any ordained  
ministers4 ,under these circumstances we
 cannot use accepted  ecclesiastical    
terms2 but by capacity for conducting   
their own religious  services we must   
certainly at least mean capacity to     
perform all  necessary religious rites1 
and that1 for ,anglicans at any rate1   
must  include ,baptism and ,holy        
,communion4 ,suppose then that we       
accepted the  organised churches as a   
basis and inquired what proportion of   
these  organised churches could1 and    
did1 perform all necessary religious    
rites1 we should indeed omit the        
floating and isolated members of the    
unorganised ,christian community which  
in some districts might be very  large1 
but we should nevertheless1 we hope1 get

 a definite and common  basis which     
would really give us some light on this 
difficult but  important problem1 and if
 we added a question as to the          
proportion of  the ,christian           
constituency connected with these       
organised churches we  should have some 
check upon a serious misunderstanding4  
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,number of      
,organised ,churches4                   
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,proportion of  
,christian ,constituency                
,connected with these4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,number of      
,churches ,capable of ,performing all   
,necessary ,religious ,rites without    
,external ,assistance4                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,proportion of  
these to ,number of ,organised          
,churches4                              
----------------------------------------

----------------------  ,remarks and    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,the second   
question is1 ,how far the ,church in the
 district can direct  its own life and  
order its own government4 ,the          
difficulty here arises  from the very   
diverse forms of ,church government     
which have been taught  to the natives  
by their foreign teachers1 some of them 
late and  difficult representative      
systems1 not easily grasped even by     
educated  men4 ,is there then any       
general question which will suffice to  
throw  light on this problem1 where the 
people are in the midst of the process  
of learning an unfamiliar form of       
government8    ,were very simple and    
almost universal ideas always followed1 
as for  instance in episcopacy1 which   
naturally adapts itself to the simplest 
and most common conceptions and         
experiences of men1 in that the bishop  
is closely related in idea to the father

 of the family1 or the head man  of a   
village1 or the governor of a province1 
or a chief of a tribe1 or  an autocratic
 emperor1 or a constitutional monarch1  
according to the  notions and experience
 of the people--so that a bishop is as  
easily  understood by a nomad family1 or
 a village community1 as by a democratic
  nation1 according to its stage of     
development1 and if native bishops  were
 universal1 as they are not1 the problem
 would be comparatively  simple4 ,indeed
 then we need scarcely ask the question 
at all4 ,either  patriarchal episcopacy1
 or monarchical episcopacy1 or          
constitutional  episcopacy all men can  
understand1 whether the bishop is       
elected by his  people1 or appointed by 
his predecessor1 or by his fellows1 or  
both  elected by his people and         
confirmed by his fellows--such things   
all men  can understand and maintain1   
each the form suited to their own stage4
  ,but constitutional episcopacy when   
the people are at the patriarchal  stage

 of development1 or republicanism when  
the people are at the  monarchical      
stage1 they cannot understand1 until    
they have learnt to  understand it by   
long and slow experience4 ,but many of  
the systems  introduced by us are the   
latest and most advanced systems4 ,how  
then can  we discover to what extent the
 ,christians have mastered them8 ,we can
  find no question which solves this    
problem4 ,we can only suggest the bare  
questions1 what proportion of the people
 take a proper and active part  in the  
system of ,church government under which
 they live2 and what  proportion of the 
congregations take an active part as    
congregations in  that system of ,church
 government4                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,number of      
,christians who take any part in ,church
                ,government by ,vote or 
,voice4                                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,proportion of  

,total ,christian ,constituency         
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,number of      
,congregations who take a share as      
,congregations in ,church ,government4  
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,proportion of  
,christian ,congregations4              
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,remarks and    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,by the first 
question we understand the number of    
,christians who vote or  speak or act in
 any way1 either personally or by       
electing  representatives1 in the       
direction of the common action of the   
whole  ,christian community viewed as a 
unity2 by the second question we        
understand the number of congregations  
which are represented at any  council   
higher than the council of their own    
congregation4    ,we think these        
questions most unsatisfactory1 but we   

can devise no  others4 ,we have no doubt
 that1 if all the foreigners disappeared
  suddenly1 the native ,christians would
 either perish or would speedily  adopt 
a form of ,church government which they 
understood4 ,the whole  necessity for   
these questions arises from the fact    
that we have foisted  upon them foreign 
systems and are uncertain to what extent
 they have  really grasped them4 ,the   
consequence is that when we think of a  
,church  capable of standing alone we   
are in doubt4 ,we do not feel certain   
that  the converts could carry on their 
government2 and some of us think a      
change in the form of ,church government
 as serious a matter as the  change from
 ,paganism to ,christianity3 it is an   
excommunicating matter4  ,inevitably    
then in an inquiry such as ours we must 
try to discover how  far the people are 
advanced in the understanding of the    
organisation  which they have been      
taught4 ,until they are quite sound in  
this faith  and fully trained in this   

system1 whether it is a circuit or a    
presbytery or a democratic episcopacy1  
or a papacy1 they cannot possibly  stand
 alone4 ,who would dare to suggest such 
a revolutionary idea6 ,why1  they might 
adopt a native governmental             
system--something which they  understood
 at once1 quite easily1 and then where  
should we be8 ,we know  how to          
administer the system in which we were  
brought up3 it is better  that they     
should learn that4    ,finally we make  
an inquiry concerning the power of the  
,christians to  supply the material     
needs of their religious organisation4  
,we want to  know to what extent they   
are really dependent on foreign funds1  
and to  what extent they can stand alone
 financially4    ,it is tempting to     
imagine that we can discover this by a  
mere  calculation of the total          
expenditure on all work carried on in   
the  district and comparing this either 
with the number of ,christians and      
their relative wealth or poverty1 or    

simply with the contribution which  they
 actually make1 concluding that the     
difference between their  contribution1 
or their estimated power to give1 and   
the cost of the work  carried on in the 
area is the difference between their    
power to supply  their needs and their  
real needs4 ,but foreign funds are      
largely spent  upon things which1       
however excellent they may be in        
themselves1 are not  really necessary   
for the religious life of the           
,christians1 such as  missionaries'     
salaries1 high schools1 colleges1       
medical institutions1  and expensive    
buildings4 ,consequently to know the    
total expenditure in  the area is not to
 know the necessary expenditure4 ,the   
native ,church  might maintain its life 
and conquer the whole district without  
spending  in actual money a tithe of    
that which we spend on providing the    
people  with medicine and education and 
buildings and foreign missionaries4     
,yet the question cannot be avoided4    

,missionaries all over the world        
carefully count every penny which the   
converts subscribe1 and search          
diligently for some new method of       
doubling it1 in order to lead their     
converts towards the goal of            
self-support4 ,what that goal is we do  
not  know4 ,we cannot tell how far the  
,christians can supply their own needs1 
if we do not know what the needs really 
are4 ,and that we do not know4 ,in  a   
certain very real sense ,christians can 
always provide what is  necessary for   
their religious life4 ,they could all   
always be  self-supporting1 if we did   
not invent needs and insist upon them2  
and  what we insist upon depends        
entirely upon the school in which we    
were  brought up4 ,the standard set1 as 
we have already explained1 is purely    
arbitrary4    ,under these circumstances
 how can we express the position of the 
native  ,church with any approximation  
to truth8 ,we can only suggest that     
these  arbitrary standards should be    

accepted1 and ask that they should be   
defined in every case4 ,we should ask   
the missionaries1 or the societies1  to 
estimate the amount required to supply  
that minimum upon which they  insist4   
,if we did that1 remembering always that
 the estimate made must  be doubtful and
 arbitrary1 and that the native         
contribution1 whilst  comparatively     
large funds are regularly supplied from 
a foreign source1  will never represent 
the power of the ,christian community to
 supply its  own needs1 we should at    
least have some standard by which we    
might  estimate the position of the     
,christian ,church in the country1 and  
its  progress4 ,we suggest then that    
three items should be included in the   
table3 7#a7 the total expense of        
carrying on all the work in the station 
district1 whether the funds were        
provided from foreign or native         
sources2 7#b7 the amount estimated to   
cover the necessary expenses of the     
native ,christian ,church2 and 7#c7 the 

amount subscribed by the native         
,christian community4 ,we think these   
three items taken together would  help  
us to understand the situation4         
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,total ,expense 
of ,church and ,mission in the ,area    
per ,head of ,christian ,constituency4  
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,amount         
,estimated to ,cover all ,necessary     
,expenses of the         ,native        
,christian ,constituency per ,head4     
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,amount         
,subscribed for all ,purposes by the    
,native                ,christian       
,constituency per ,head4                
----------------------------------------
----------------------  ,remarks and    
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
----------------------    ,we have now1 
we hope1 some light on the question how 
far we are really  succeeding in        

attaining a purpose which we hear       
constantly proclaimed1  as if it were   
indeed a governing object of our work1  
the creation of an  independent native  
,church4          ,,chapter ,,ix4       
,,survey ,,of ,,districts ,,where ,,two 
,,or ,,more ,,societies ,,are ,,at      
,,work ,,and ,,survey  ,,of ,,missions  
,,with ,,no ,,defined ,,districts4      
,i4 ,districts in which ,two or more    
,societies are at ,work4    ,hitherto we
 have taken for granted that only one   
missionary society is  at work in the   
district and that the survey is         
therefore simple2 but in  many mission  
station districts some other society is 
also at work4  ,occasionally the        
district of one station overlaps part of
 the district  of a station of another  
society4 ,in many districts ,roman      
,catholics are  at work1 and certain    
forms of their work cannot be ignored1  
and no form  of their work ought to be  
ignored in surveying the district4      
,if two missions sent by different      

societies are at work in the same       
district then1 it would be an immense   
advantage if the survey of the  district
 could be made a joint production4      
,union for study is often  possible1    
when union in work is impossible1 and   
the common understanding  of the        
situation is most useful4    ,but if    
that is impossible1 then each society   
must survey the whole  district1 and1   
what an immense amount of labour would  
be wasted in the  preliminary survey1   
the physical toil of travelling over the
 country to  see the villages and towns1
 which must be seen to be known1 and    
must be  known to reveal the secret of  
the task which the mission is founded to
  fulfil1 that labour is known only to  
one who has undertaken such a task1  and
 will soon be known to anyone who starts
 out conscientiously to  survey any     
district4 ,but it is helpful and        
illuminating labour1 and it  would be   
far better that the heads of two        
missions should survey the  whole of the

 same district separately than that     
neither should survey  any of it4 ,if   
both feel that in any real sense that is
 their  district1 then they ought both  
to survey it all2 for to call a         
district mine which ,i have not even    
surveyed and do not know even by  sight 
is absurd2 but it would lighten their   
labour and help their mutual            
understanding if they surveyed it       
together4    ,if a part of the district 
overlaps part of another mission        
district1  that part should be surveyed 
together if possible1 or if that is not 
possible1 by each separately4    ,in    
this survey the work of no ,christian   
society1 however remote                 
ecclesiastically or theologically from  
the surveyor's point of view1  should be
 omitted4 ,ignorance of the work done by
 others is the worst  possible form of  
separation4 ,there is a sense in which  
it is true that  the more remote the    
ecclesiastical position of another is   
from our own1  the more near we are to  

definite opposition1 the more important 
it is  that we should know what his work
 is4 ,we may find in it so much to      
admire that our annoyance at what seem  
to us his ecclesiastical  absurdities   
may be softened4 ,if we survey the      
district together we shall  perhaps find
 there is room for both1 even if we each
 start with the  persuasion that there  
is no room for the other anywhere in the
 world4    ,on no account must we fail  
to consider another's work4 ,in         
educational or  medical work we must    
recognise that a school or a hospital   
which exists1  by whomsoever created1 in
 the district makes a difference to the 
situation4 ,to deal with the district as
 if that school or hospital did  not    
exist is to deal with an imaginary      
district1 not with the real one2  and no
 one supposes that there is any         
advantage in dealing with things  that  
are what they are as if they were       
something else4    ,we have observed a  
certain tendency to recognise this truth

 in the  matter of education and        
medicine1 and to introduce into survey  
proposals  a note1 when the educational 
and medical tables were reached1 to     
remind  the surveyor that the           
educational and medical work of some    
society of  which he is afraid1 or from 
which he thinks himself widely          
separated1 as  extreme ,protestants from
 ,roman ,catholics1 must not be ignored2
 but in  the evangelistic and ,church   
tables no such note is inserted4 ,this  
is1 we  suppose1 a tacit acceptance of  
the idea that the opposite party's      
evangelical and church building work can
 be ignored with trifling  loss--that to
 ignore it does not much matter4 ,but if
 a man is surveying  what he calls      
habitually his district1 he is surveying
 it presumably  to get at the facts1 and
 one of the most important facts which  
he needs  to know is how far the        
preaching of ,christ has extended and   
where  ,christian churches have been    
established4 ,unless then he is prepared

 to  deny the name of ,christ to the    
opposite party 7and that is a very      
serious thing to do71 he cannot ignore  
their churches4 ,the people claim  to be
 ,christians and declare that they      
believe in ,christ4 ,if the  surveyor   
without further inquiry rejects them    
because they belong to a  society which 
he does not like1 that may be an        
exhibition of  ecclesiastical zeal1 but 
it is not the science of surveying4     
,whatever he may think of them1 as a    
surveyor he has no right to ignore      
them4 ,he is surveying his district4    
,there are in it so many persons of     
various religious belief1 amongst them  
his own converts and these  ,christians 
of the opposite party4 ,he perhaps      
refuses to recognise the  latter as     
,christians2 but they are undoubtedly   
neither ,moslems nor  ,confucianists1   
nor ,buddhists1 nor ,hindoos1 nor do    
they belong to any of  the              
non-,christian religions4 ,he cannot    
ignore them4 ,he must take count  of    

them4 ,therefore if in a district the   
,protestant and the ,roman  ,catholic   
cannot survey together1 the ,protestant 
who does survey must  carefully consider
 the facts before his face1 and         
endeavour to find out  what the facts   
really are as well as he possibly can4  
,the facts are that  ,roman ,catholics  
are working in what he calls his        
district2 the facts  are that there are 
churches here1 and here1 and here1 and  
people who  call themselves ,christians 
so many1 and that the heathen population
 is  by so many less4 ,and there are so 
many mission priests1 and they win      
converts1 and the converts won by them  
cease to be heathen1 for they are       
sometimes persecuted by their heathen   
neighbours1 even as his own  converts   
are persecuted4    ,happily all leading 
surveyors are realising these obvious   
facts and are  now taking these things  
into serious account2 but it is still   
necessary  to insist on their           
importance4    ,in these tables1 when   

other missions are at work in the       
district1 all  that is necessary is to  
add one column of the work of the other 
missions  so far as it is known1 or can 
be ascertained4 ,we are well aware that 
that easy phrase covers in many cases   
great practical difficulty4 ,here  is   
one of the places where estimates may be
 inevitable4 ,if they are  inevitable1  
they should be estimates1 not guesses1  
and a note should be  made of the       
process by which they were reached4 ,the
 difference between  an estimate and a  
guess is that an estimate is the result 
of a definite  train of reasoned        
calculation and a guess is not4 ,for an 
estimate  reasons can be given1 for a   
guess none other than--it occurred to   
me4      ,,ii4 ,the ,mission which has  
no ,defined ,district4    ,we believe   
that the vast majority of missions      
accept a territorial  district2 but     
there are missions where the station    
district has not and  cannot be defined4
    ,the idea of the mission is not     

territorial4 ,the object proposed is not
  to cover any area with mission        
stations1 nor to establish in every town
  and village a church or chapel1 but to
 create at a centre a ,church of  living
 sons trained and educated by many      
years1 perhaps generations1 of  care to 
become the centre of a movement which   
may cover the whole  country2 or it may 
be to influence movements which arise in
 the  religious1 political1 or social   
life of the people1 and to direct these 
into ,christian channels4 ,in such cases
 a territorial foundation is            
impossible4 ,the mission exists in the  
midst of a people and influences  the   
people2 it makes converts1 it           
establishes them in the faith1 it  cares
 for them in mind and body1 it prepares 
them to set the moral and  religious    
standard for any ,church of the future4 
,it is not concerned  directly with the 
widest possible preaching of the        
,gospel4 ,when the  native ,christians  
whom it is painfully and slowly         

educating and training  come to maturity
 they will spread the ,gospel throughout
 the length and  breadth of the land4   
,it is not1 we are told1 the business of
 the ,foreign  ,mission to preach the   
,gospel in every village of a defined   
area nor to  make itself responsible for
 such preaching directly3 it should give
 to  converts in every country the      
highest and best and fullest teaching of
  ,christian civilisation1 in order that
 by so doing it may show to all the     
people of the country an example1 by    
which they may be attracted and         
influenced4 ,if we take the widest      
expression of such mission activity we  
find that to estimate the true value of 
such work we should be compelled  to    
survey not only the mission and its     
activities but the social1 moral1       
material1 and spiritual state of the    
people among whom the mission was       
planted1 and seek for signs of a change 
which we could trace with some          
certainty to the influence of the       

mission4 ,that would be a stupendous    
and most intricate undertaking4 ,where  
innumerable forces are at work  such as 
are implied in the impact of western    
civilisation upon the  peoples of the   
,east1 or of ,africa1 it would be       
extremely difficult to  state the exact 
impression made by the mission1 even if 
we could survey  the whole state of the 
people at regular and definite periods4 
,we do  not for a moment doubt that all 
,christian missions do exercise an      
influence of this wide and far-reaching 
character1 and from time to time  we can
 see results which clearly spring from  
it1 but we cannot think it  wise to set 
out this vague influence as the primary 
purpose of a  mission4 ,we believe that 
the ,christian missions which aim       
directly and  primarily at the          
conversion of men and the establishment 
of a living  native ,church produce this
 fruit by the way4    ,if1 however1 we  
take the narrower expressions in the    
statement of aim  which we have set out 

above1 we find in it the purpose of     
establishing a  ,church1 but the        
establishment is viewed as the result of
 a long and  elaborate training and     
cultivation of a comparatively small    
body of  ,christians1 rather than as the
 immediate result of widespread work4   
,in  such a case we ought to be able to 
trace progress and to place these       
missions in a common scheme4    ,the    
early tables of work to be done and of  
the force in relation to that  work on a
 territorial basis certainly fail4 ,the 
leaders of the mission  have not the    
information and do not want it1 but they
 could almost  certainly provide the    
facts concerning the force at work      
contained in  the tables without the    
proportions for the district1 and they  
would  perhaps be able to fill up most  
of the other tables omitting proportions
  to area and population4    ,now if    
they did that we should be able to see  
the force at work and the  type of work 
in which the mission was strongest and  

weakest1 and the  relation of the       
different types of work to each other1  
though it is  probable that the tables  
dealing with the native ,church as      
distinct from  the ,mission would not be
 filled up4 ,with that information we   
could  almost certainly define more or  
less exactly the place of the mission in
  a large area such as the province1 or 
the country2 for in dealing with  the   
province or the country we must         
necessarily mass figures1 and we  have  
there a known1 or estimated1 area and   
population1 to use as a basis  for      
calculation of proportions and          
comparison1 and we are aiming at        
placing each mission in a larger whole  
and trying to see what part each  takes 
in the performance of a great work which
 is world wide in its  scope4 ,if the   
missions then which decline a           
territorial basis for their  work would 
fill up those tables which reveal the   
nature of their work  and the force     
engaged in it we should be able to      

advance to the next  stage4 ,this is    
what we meant when at an earlier stage  
we remarked that  we had drawn our      
tables to serve a definite purpose1 but 
that we had not  ignored the case of the
 man whose idea of the purpose of a     
mission  differed from our own4         
,,chapter ,x4    ,,survey ,,of ,,the    
,,work ,,in ,a ,,province4      ,in few 
parts of the world is a mission station 
really an isolated unit4  ,in most of   
the countries to which we go there are  
many stations of many  different        
missions1 all aiming more or less       
definitely at the  establishment of a   
native ,church1 whatever their          
conception of the  ,church may be4 ,in  
the vast majority of cases these        
stations have some  relationship to one 
another4 ,the definition of districts   
for the mission  stations is commonly   
recognised1 and in planning new work    
directors of  missions frequently allow 
themselves to be influenced1 in some way
 and  in some degree1 by the position of

 existing mission stations4 ,there are  
also in some parts of the world bodies  
composed of leading members of  many of 
the missions that work in the country1  
who meet to consider the  progress of   
the ,christian faith in the province or 
the country as a  whole1 and            
deliberately plan their work with some  
consideration of the  position and      
character of the work done by the       
others4 ,now in all this  there is a    
manifest approach to the idea that      
mission work in the  country or province
 is a common work1 and that the various 
missions  engaged in it are not         
antagonists1 but allies4 ,it is         
certainly true that  we are far from    
having reached the stage of a common    
direction and a  real unification of    
work ,rivalry and antagonism are still  
rampant1 but  the recognition of the    
fact that we must consider the position 
and  character of other missions in     
directing our own is a most important   
advance2 and it implies that we ought1  

in some measure at least1 to be  able to
 express the work of any mission station
 in relation to all the  mission work   
done in the province or country1 and to 
understand1 at any  rate in some degree1
 what place it takes in the mission work
 in the  province viewed as a whole4 ,it
 is true that a great many missionaries 
would refuse to admit that the          
recognition of other stations in the    
planting of our own is an acknowledgment
 of the unity of our work2 but  whether 
they acknowledge it1 or whether they do 
not1 it is so1 and we  for our part     
recognise it with thankfulness and look 
forward to a day  when missions will not
 only recognise others by avoiding them1
 but by  planning missions deliberately 
to assist each other4 ,for that seems to
  us the necessary conclusion4 ,the     
moment we recognise a station as a      
,christian mission station which we must
 not disturb1 we have gone a long  way  
towards recognising it as a mission     
station which our own must not  only not

 disturb1 but must complement2 and when 
we know that one mission  must          
complement another we are really not far
 removed from establishing  our missions
 with common consultation each to supply
 what is lacking to  the other4         
,holding this view1 we desire to        
discover what place each mission station
  occupies when we take a wider view and
 survey the province or country4  ,here 
we shall be able to adjust many apparent
 inequalities in the  mission stations  
viewed by themselves4 ,from our previous
 survey of the  mission stations one by 
one we may have got the impression that 
some of  them as mission stations       
designed for work in a district were    
very  ill-balanced4 ,the medical work1  
or institutional work of some kind1 may 
have seemed to be out of all proportion 
to the other forms of the work1  and    
this impression may remain when we view 
the province4 ,but on the  other hand it
 may be seriously modified2 because when
 we review the  work of the province as 

a whole1 we may find that the           
institutional work  of the province as a
 whole is out of proportion to the      
evangelistic  work1 and in that case we 
should think the disproportion at the   
station  more serious4 ,on the other    
hand we might find the institutional    
work in  the province inadequate1 and in
 that case the emphasis which seemed    
undue in the one place1 and may really  
be improper in that one place1          
nevertheless1 in view of the situation  
in the whole province1 may be  shown to 
be reasonable in relation to the whole  
province4 ,how then can  we gather      
together the returns from all the       
stations so as to present a  view of the
 work in the province8 ,for that is the 
first thing4 ,we cannot  put the station
 into its proper place in the province  
until we have a  view of the work in the
 province treated as a unity4    ,in    
provinces1 large cities and towns1 which
 are not reckoned as part of  any       
mission station district1 have to be    

taken into account4 ,these large        
cities1 capitals of provinces1          
countries1 or empires1 need special     
consideration1 and must often be        
surveyed separately4 ,they are centres  
in which many societies have their      
head-quarters1 and many missionaries    
live1 yet the work done in them is not  
always so impressive or  extensive as   
the numbers of missionaries might       
suggest3 occasionally the  missionaries 
are all congregated in one quarter of   
the city1 and large  portions are       
practically untouched4 ,in them1 too1   
are sometimes large  city congregations1
 self-supporting indeed and             
self-governing1 but  sucking into       
themselves all the more vigorous        
elements of the ,christian  community   
and employing them within a somewhat    
narrow circle4 ,the  problem of the     
evangelisation of these cities is a very
 serious one4    ,we suggest that these 
great cities might be treated either as 
one  district or as several1 and that   

they ought to be surveyed               
systematically by a body representative 
of all the missions in each  city4 ,if a
 proper survey were made and the facts  
tabulated1 the  statistical tables would
 be similar to those for the station    
district1  and we could use them to     
complete a survey of the work done in   
the  province treated as a unity4       
,but to view the work in the province as
 a unity we do not need all the  detail 
of the station districts1 indeed we     
should only find the  multiplication of 
detail confusing4 ,to gain a general    
view of work in a  large area such as a 
province or a small country we must     
first of all  select those features     
which are common to all the parts and   
vitally  important4 ,we venture to      
suggest that the important features to  
be  represented are five4 7#a7 ,the work
 to be done in the whole area4 7#b7 ,the
  strength of the whole force at work in
 relation to the work to be done4  7#c7 
,the extent to which emphasis is laid on

 various forms of work4 7#d7  ,the      
extent to which different classes1      
races1 and religions in the area  are   
reached4 7#e7 ,the extent to which the  
,church has attained to  self-support4  
#a4 ,if the mission stations and their  
allotted districts covered the  whole   
country1 we should need to do no more   
than add together the  returns obtained 
from the station statistics which we    
have already drawn  up4 ,but in most    
countries there are large unoccupied    
areas of the size  and population of    
which we are more or less ignorant4     
,what we have is1  either a census      
return for the whole province1 or an    
estimate of its  area and population4   
,in dealing with the whole province then
 we must  treat the station returns of  
towns and villages occupied and of the  
numbers of the ,christian constituency  
as work done2 and then we must  find out
 the relation of these to the whole area
 and population4 ,this  would have to be
 done probably first on a large scale   

map which would  show the density of the
 population in different parts of the   
area1 and  would show the stations and  
the strength of the ,christian          
constituency  in relation to the area   
and population4 ,these facts could then 
be  expressed in a table1 and we should 
gain at once an idea of the extent  to  
which the missions were in a position to
 reach the population4 ,the  table would
 be exceedingly simple and give us no   
more than the barest  idea of the work  
to be done in its vaguest expression4   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,christian ,con-  ,non-,christian       
,province4   ,area4   ,population4      
stituency4    ,population4              
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,if1 in addition to this1 there was     
either a census return or a credible    
estimate of the cities1 towns1 and      
villages1 in the area1 a table could  be
 drawn of the cities1 towns1 and        

villages occupied1 in the sense that    
there were ,christians resident in them1
 and the work could be expressed  in    
that form also1 which would greatly     
assist the understanding of the  other4 
,occupied4                 ,unoccupied4 
,province4                              
,cities4 ,towns4 ,villages4 ,cities4    
,towns4 ,villages4                      
,we ought here to repeat that we do not 
imagine for a moment that the  ,foreign 
,missions are to occupy all the villages
 or even all the cities  and towns4 ,we 
believe that a careful statement of work
 to be done in  this form would very    
speedily force us to realise1 with a    
clearness and  power never before       
experienced1 the truth which we often   
repeat1 that  the conversion of the     
country must be the work of native      
,christians4    #b4 ,the force at work  
in relation to the work to be done4     
,here again it  would not be sufficient 
to add together the figures returned    
from the  stations1 because in a large  

area like a province or a small country 
there are often many missionaries not at
 mission stations but at some  large    
centre engaged in work for the whole    
province rather than for any  particular
 mission district2 as1 for instance1    
translators or  journalists2 men engaged
 in hostels or ,y4,m4,c4,a4 work2 or in 
large  institutions1 such as training   
colleges1 medical or educational or     
industrial2 or in some special form of  
,christian philanthropy1 such as  work  
amongst lepers1 blind1 deaf and dumb1   
and other infirm or defective  persons2 
or men engaged in assisting the         
missionaries all over the  country as   
directors1 or forwarding agents2 and all
 these must be taken  into account in   
considering the foreign force in the    
province4 ,including  all these we      
should get a table for the foreign force
 similar to that  which we had for the  
station1 and that force we could relate 
directly to  the work to be done4       
,re-                                    

marks  ,popu-   ,total ,propor-         
,propor-       ,single,propor- and      
lation4,foreigntion to ,men4 tion to    
,wives4,women4tion to ,con-             
,force4 ,popu-        ,popu-            
,popu-  clu-                lation4     
lation4             lation4sions4       
,we cannot sacrifice the proportions1   
because the life is in them4            
,comparison of conditions in different  
areas can only be made on  proportions4 
,the mere statement of the figures with 
the suggestion that  anyone can work out
 the proportions would reveal a singular
 ignorance of  human nature4    ,for the
 native force all that we need for the  
present purpose is a  table that will   
show us the ,christian constituency1    
communicants1 and  workers in the whole 
province in proportion to one another4  
,here also we  must include many workers
 and some congregations in large towns  
which  the station district survey may  
have omitted4                           
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------           
,total4 ,proportion ,proportion         
,proportion   ,remarks                  
of         of ,christian   of           
and                    ,population4     
,constituency4 ,communicants4,conclu-   
sions4                                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,christian                              
constituency ----   ----                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,communicants ----   ----       ----    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,paid    
workers ----   ----       ----          
----                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,unpaid  
,workers     ----   ----       ----     
----                                    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    #c4 ,it
 is important to consider carefully the 

proportions in which the  force is      
engaged in different forms of work      
since1 as we have already  explained1   
these different forms are often1 if not 
generally1 treated as  distinct and     
separate methods of propaganda1 and men 
want to know what  is the effectiveness 
of each4 ,they ask1 what are the fruits 
of medical  and educational work1 and   
they expect an answer in terms of       
additions to  the ,church4 ,if the      
dominant object of missions is the      
establishment of a  native ,church this 
is indeed not unnatural2 but1 as we have
 already  said1 many educational and    
medical missionaries might resent this  
demand1 for they have other ideas of the
 nature and purpose of their  work4     
,nevertheless1 since this native ,church
 is constantly presented to  us as the  
dominant purpose of all our efforts1 it 
is only right that we  should make the  
inquiry here1 as we did in the earlier  
chapters1 and ask  how the force in the 
field is divided4 ,it seems almost      

absurd that we  should have no idea in  
what proportion medicals1               
educationalists1 and  evangelists should
 be employed in any field4 ,in some     
countries medical  work is by far the   
most effective1 if not the only possible
 form of  propaganda2 in some fields the
 evangelists can work effectively almost
  alone1 and medical institutions are   
not the same necessity1 and their       
establishment does not produce great    
results in the building of the  ,church 
when compared with the work of          
evangelists and educationalists4  ,in   
some places their aid was at first      
apparently necessary to success1  but as
 time went on that first desperate      
importance ceased4 ,we have not  so     
large a medical force that we can afford
 to use it for any but the  most        
important and necessary purposes2 yet1  
if the establishment of a  native       
,church is the dominant purpose1 large  
numbers of medicals are  doing work     
which is 7from this point of view only7 

of second-rate  importance1 whilst work 
which only they could do is left undone1
 and  cries aloud for their assistance4 
,similarly1 if the establishment of a   
native ,church is really the dominant   
object1 educationalists are often       
wrongly directed and placed4 ,they are  
not producing fruit in this regard  7of 
course in this regard only7 in anything 
like the abundance which  they might    
produce if they were free to attack the 
real questions of the  education of the 
native ,church4 ,in many centres they   
are doing splendid  work for the        
enlightenment of the people1 but close  
beside them are  large bodies of        
,christians who from the point of view  
of the  establishment of a native       
,church need their help much more4      
,we ought then to know in each province 
how the force is divided and what  is   
the fruit of the labours of each class  
of missionaries viewed from  the        
standpoint of the building up of the    
native ,church4    ,now if we know the  

proportions of the workers in each class
 in each  country1 and if we could have 
a table which told us with any degree of
  accuracy the numbers of the inquirers1
 communicants1 and places opened  by the
 labours of each class1 we should surely
 have some facts from  which we might   
gain light on this most practical       
question1 in what  proportion the work  
of each class of workers was most       
effective in each  country as an        
evangelistic and church-building agency4
 ,we propose then  two tables 7see      
opposite page74    7i7                  
,paid   ,amount of ,amount of           
,remarks               ,mission-        
,native  ,foreign   ,native        and  
,con-               aries    ,workers4  
,funds4  ,contributions4  clusions4     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,evangelistic   --       --        --   
--                                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,medical 

--       --        --         --        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,educational    --       --        --   
--                                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,other   
forms                                   
of work4     --       --        --      
--             7ii7                     
,inquirers                 ,places      
,opened      ,remarks                   
,derived   ,communicants  ,directly     
,through  and ,con-                     
,from     ,derived from   ,influence of 
clusions4                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,evangelistic    --           --        
--                                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,medical 
--           --              --         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           

,educational     --           --        
--              ,if we desire to know   
the influence of our medical and        
educational work  upon the native       
,church we ought certainly to have a    
table which1 for the  schools at least1 
would show us what proportion of the    
pupils who passed  through the schools  
became valuable members of the ,church4 
,but every one  who has had any         
scholastic experience1 and has tried to 
follow the  after-history of his pupils1
 knows that that is not easy1 even in   
external and material affairs1 and when 
the inquiry is concerned with  internal 
convictions and religious influence that
 difficulty is  insuperable4 ,a few     
specially endowed and devoted           
educationalists could  indeed tell the  
after-history of a considerable number  
of their pupils1  and ideally all       
schools ought to have a record of the   
history of pupils  for at least a few   
years after leaving the school2 but     
there would  always be a percentage of  

loss2 in many cases that percentage     
would be  very high1 and we doubt       
whether many schools have any record at 
all4  ,under these circumstances to put 
into an inquiry such as that which we   
propose a question concerning the       
after-life of scholars or patients      
seems almost impossible4 ,yet we cannot 
be content4 ,there are mission  schools 
which go on year after year educating   
boys for a business  career1 and        
generation after generation of boys pass
 through the school1  large sums of     
mission money are expended on them1 and 
the results from  a missionary point of 
view are shrouded in ,cimmerian gloom2  
or the  general darkness is relieved by 
one or two exceptional pupils who1      
because they do very well1 appear to    
justify the existence of the            
institution in which they were educated1
 though they would probably have  been  
as valuable ,christians if they had been
 educated in any other  school4 ,in this
 way a very low average is often        

concealed4 ,if a school  is judged by a 
few exceptionally good scholars1 it     
should also be judged  by a few         
exceptionally bad ones4 ,it is indeed of
 serious importance that  the missionary
 value of some of our medical and       
educational1 especially  the            
educational1 institutions should be     
carefully examined and tested by  an    
appeal to indisputable facts4 ,it is    
generally supposed that education  in   
mission schools must necessarily produce
 a strong1 enlightened1 and  zealous    
,christian community4 ,that it produces 
a large number of  ,christians          
intellectually enlightened is certain3  
that they are zealous  evangelists is   
not as certain4 ,we want a statistical  
table to reveal the  missionary value1  
not the commercial value1 of the        
education given4 ,but  what table can we
 draw8 ,the preceding table which sets  
forth inquirers  and communicants is    
clearly insufficient though it is better
 than  nothing4 ,until every school     

keeps a careful record of the           
after-history  of at least a large      
number of its pupils it seems impossible
 to get any  clear light on the         
question4    #d4 ,with regard to the    
extent to which different races and     
classes are  reached by the missions1 we
 may safely assume that the ,christian  
missions ought to extend their benefits 
to all classes and races in the  area1  
and that there ought to be some         
proportion between the efforts  made in 
each case4 ,if1 and when1 the           
responsible leaders of the missions     
decided that the time had come to       
concentrate on one particular kind of   
work for one particular class1 we may be
 perfectly certain that they  would have
 no difficulty in justifying their      
action4 ,but in any case  action should 
not be taken without consideration of   
proportions1 and1  therefore1 it is     
important that the proportions should be
 known4    ,but in dealing with work in 
the province or small country we cannot 

simply repeat the table prepared for the
 mission district4 ,in the  province or 
country there are often missionaries at 
work who give  themselves up wholly to  
one class4 ,it is difficult1 if not     
impossible1  to distinguish every       
possible form of work2 but seeing that  
very  considerable work is done amongst 
students1 we have thought it well to    
add one column in which the proportion  
of the children of different  classes   
who are attending ,christian schools or 
living in ,christian  hostels is set    
forth3--                                
,agri-                                  
,remarks  ,percentage ,stud-,offi-      
cultural,traders4,labourers4 ,crafts-and
      of3    ents4cials4,small-         
men4   ,conclu-                         
,holders4                               
sions4    ,in  ,population   --   --    
--      --      --        --       ,in  
,christian --   --     --      --       
--        --     ,constituency          
,in ,christian                          

schools and                             
hostels1     --    --    --      --     
--        --     percentage             
of children                             
of                                      
,with respect to work among different   
races1 castes1 etc41 no addition to  the
 table prepared for the district seems  
necessary1 and we therefore  repeat     
it3--                                   
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,races1 ,religious ,castes1 etc41       
whatever ,remarks                       
they may be4                  ,and      
,conclusions4                           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,in        
,population                    ----     
----------------------------------------
---------------------------  ,in        
,christian                     ----     
,constituency                           
----------------------------------------
---------------------------    #e4      

,concerning self-support1 one table     
should1 we think1 suffice4 ,we  cannot  
possibly adopt any estimated necessary  
expenditure such as we  proposed in the 
table for the station district because  
in the province  that estimate would be 
almost impossible to make4 ,different   
missions  have different ideas1 and     
their estimates have for themselves some
  reality2 but they have no reality for 
others1 and a mere average of the       
estimates given for all the missions of 
the province would have still  less     
reality4 ,it would be an absurd guess1  
meaning nothing4 ,if we want  to judge  
progress in self-support we must have   
some definite key figure  by which to   
judge it4 ,what figure then can we use8 
,the total cost of all  the work carried
 on in the province is an impossible    
figure4#a ,the mere  contribution of the
 native ,christians by itself means     
nothing4 ,that is  the figure generally 
given4 ,the native ,christian subscribed
 #fjjj last  year1 #gjjj this year4     

,here is progress4 ,the progress is an  
addition of  #ajjj4 ,but does that tell 
us their progress towards self-support  
unless  we know what self-support       
implies8 ,in the year the ,church ought 
to have  increased in numbers1 and the  
#gjjj may represent exactly the same    
position as the #fjjj represented last  
year4 ,expenses may have  increased3 the
 #gjjj may be actually further removed  
from self-support  than the #fjjj last  
year4 ,we must have a proportion of     
which we can  trace the variation if we 
want to see progress4 ,but is there any 
expense  which we can use to strike the 
proportion8 ,suppose then we suggest the
  pay of all evangelistic and pastoral  
workers and provision and upkeep of     
churches1 chapels1 and preaching rooms4 
,that would at least give us  something 
to work by4 ,but it might be difficult  
to calculate4 ,we would  propose then1  
as a secondary item1 some easily        
calculable and known  expense1 something
 which every missionary accountant      

knows1 such as the  pay of all native   
pastors and evangelistic workers1 and   
then compare  with these the            
contributions of the ,christians for    
,church and  evangelistic work only1    
excluding all fees for education and    
medicine4  ,that would1 we think1 give  
us a standard which we could apply      
without  having to consider             
complications introduced by such things 
as ,government  grants to schools or    
hospitals4 ,we propose then to judge    
progress in  self-support thus3--       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,total ,cost     ,total         ,total  
of all         ,salaries of   ,native   
,evangelistic   all ,paid               
,contribution1   ,province4 and         
,native        excluding      ,remarks  
and            ,pastoral                
,evangelistic  ,school or               
,conclusions4            ,work1 ,men    
,workers1      ,hospital                
and ,material4  including     ,fees or  

,pastors4      ,donations4              
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,footnote #a3 ,in ,dr4 ,eugene ,stock's 
,history of the ,c4,m4,s41 vol4 ii41 p4 
#dbj1 we are told that ,in #ahfc1444    
#djj families raised #acga rupees1      
equal then to #acg4 ,these families     
consisted mainly of labourers earning   
7say7 #bs4 a week2 so that a            
corresponding sum for #djj families of  
,english labourers earning #abs4 a week 
would be #acg x #f  #hbb1 or over  #b a 
year from each family4 ,a few years     
later1 taking the whole of the          
,c4,m4,s4 districts in ,tinnevelly and  
reckoning catechumens as well as        
baptised ,christians1 their             
contributions were such that1 supposing 
the  whole thirty millions of people in 
,england were poor labourers earning    
#abs4 a week1 and there were no other   
source of wealth1 their  corresponding  

contributions should amount to          
#f1jjj1jjj per annum4 ,yet  he says on  
the very next page that ,it was not     
possible for the native  ,church1       
liberal as its contributions were1 to   
maintain its pastors and  meet its other
 expenses 7he does not say what the     
other expenses were7  entirely4 ,the    
society must necessarily help for a     
while4444 ,this grant1  in the first    
instance1 had to be large enough to     
cover much more than  half the          
expenditure4    ,if this was the case in
 one part of a province1 what would     
happen if we  took the whole expense of 
all work carried on in a whole province 
or  country and used that as a standard 
by which to test progress in            
self-support8    ,turning now from the  
force at work we must consider the force
 in  training1 for this is prophetic4   
,let us then take first a table which   
shows the proportion in which students  
are being trained for pastoral  and     
evangelistic work1 for medical mission  

work1 and for educational  mission work1
 in the province or country1 regardless 
of the place at  which they are being   
trained1 whether that place is inside or
 outside  the area under consideration4 
,this ought to show us on what lines we 
may  expect the work to develop in the  
near future4      ,total    ,for        
,evangel-                               
,students istic ,work1   ,propor- ,for  
,propor-,for ,educa-,remarks  in        
including the tion  of,medicaltion      
oftional    and  ,training4,pastorate4  
,total4  ,work4  ,total4 ,work4         
,conclu-                                
sions                                   
,then we must examine more closely1 if  
we can2--and first of the  evangelistic 
workers4 ,the difficulty is to classify1
 because  ecclesiastical nomenclature is
 so confused that it is almost          
impossible  to use any terms which would
 be widely recognised4 ,the best we can 
do is  to distinguish grades of         
training1 beginning from the top thus3--

      #ast grade1 college or university4
    #bnd   high school4    #crd         
regular ,bible school4    #dth          
intermittent1 irregular ,bible          
instruction4    ,it will probably be    
found that the first grade is commonly  
prepared for1  and looks forward to1 the
 charge of a settled congregation1 or of
 an  organised church1 and the lower    
grades do the pioneer work1 and it may  
well suggest itself to thoughtful men   
whether this is rightly so4    ,then1   
educationalists in training3 again we   
divide by grades  roughly3--      #ast  
grade1 college or university4    #bnd   
normal school4    #crd    high school4  
#dth    teachers of illiterates4    ,the
 college students presumably look       
forward to work in the high  schools1 or
 colleges1 or normal schools2 the normal
 school pupils to  work in normal       
schools1 high schools1 and large primary
 schools2 the  high school pupils to    
work in village schools2 and the        
teachers of  illiterates to village     

work1 or work among the poor in the     
towns4 ,of  medicals the generally      
recognised distinctions seem to be1     
qualified  practitioners1 assistants1   
and nurses4    ,following these lines we
 should obtain simple prophetic tables  
for each  of the three branches of work4
    7i7 ,students in ,training for      
,evangelistic ,work4                    
----------------------------------------
------------------    #ast ,grade4      
#bnd4          #crd4          #dth4     
,college4      ,high ,school4  ,regular 
,intermittent4                 ,bible   
,school  ,teaching                      
----------------------------------------
--- --------------                      
----------------------------------------
------------------    7ii7 ,for         
,educational ,work4                     
----------------------------------------
------------------    #ast ,grade4      
#bnd4     #crd4         ,teachers of    
,college4      ,normal4  ,high ,school4 
,illiterates4                           

----------------------------------------
--- --------------                      
----------------------------------------
------------------    7iii7 ,for        
,medical ,work4                         
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#ast ,grade4                            
#bnd4                 #crd4  ,to be     
,qualified ,doctors4   ,assistants1     
including ,dispensers1 ,nurses4         
etc4                                    
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
----------------------------------------
------------------------------    ,if we
 had those tables for men and women we  
should see fairly plainly  how the work 
might be expected to develop4    ,but   
here we ought to remember the difficulty
 which we set forth earlier  in         
discussing the missionary influence of  
our various activities1  medical and    
educational1 from a ,church building    
point of view4 ,a great  many boys are  

educated and trained at mission expense 
to be evangelists1  medicals1 and       
teachers in mission employ1 who serve   
indeed for a period  according to their 
contract and then disappear into        
,government service  or private         
practice4 ,it is a serious question     
whether missionaries can  be raised up  
successfully in this way4 ,i will give  
you training if you  will promise to    
serve the mission1 is not a very certain
 way of  securing ready1 wholehearted1  
zealous service of ,christ4 ,we have    
found  out its uncertainty in many cases
 at home2 we have found it out in  still
 more frequent cases in the mission     
field4 ,unless we keep a very  careful  
record of the after-life of those whom  
we train1 and a very  honest one1 we are
 apt to ignore the failure1 a failure   
which we cannot  properly afford1 and   
consequently we cannot know what we are 
really  doing by our training4 ,we ought
 to know the truth in this matter1 both 
for our encouragement and our           

admonition4 ,happily here1 we think1 we 
can  find an easy and a valuable test4  
,if we ask what proportion of those     
whom we train continue in their         
missionary work after the end of their  
first term of service1 we shall         
certainly have some enlightenment2 for  
it is true of medicals and              
educationalists1 and of evangelists1    
though  in a much less degree1 that if  
any man continues in missionary work    
after he has fulfilled the letter of his
 contract1 it will generally be  because
 he has his heart in the work2 for      
missionary work seldom1 if  ever1 offers
 the emoluments of ,government service1 
or of private  practice4 ,we ask then-- 
,,survey ,,of ,,work ,,in ,a ,,province 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,evangelistic  ,medical  ,educational   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,total      
,students                               
----------------------------------------

--------------------------  ,trained at 
,mission ,expense1                      
,wholly or in ,part4                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,number who 
,continue in                            
,mission ,work after the end            
of the ,term of their ,contract4        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,proportion 
of ,total ,students                     
who so ,continue4                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,remarks and
 ,conclusions4                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,if the   
institutions in which the training is   
actually carried on lie  within the     
province1 then we ought to have tables  
such as we have for  the schools in the 
station area for these institutions4 ,we
 need no  elaborate statistics in this  
place1 because the work of these        
institutions should be specially treated

 in departmental surveys4 ,here1  all   
that we need is to relate the work of   
the schools or hospitals which  were    
omitted in the station district survey1 
because they served a  larger area than 
the station area1 to the work done in   
the province or  country4 ,the          
educational returns from each station   
area must be added  together and the    
returns of these larger institutions    
added to the total  educational         
statistics2 that will give us the work  
done in the larger  area in proportion  
to population4    ,but in the province  
it is important to consider the relation
 in which  the different grade schools  
stand to one another2 because if the aim
 of  the missionary educational system  
is the education of the ,christian      
community1 and the higher schools are   
designed primarily for ,christian       
pupils from the lower schools1 this     
relation is of importance4 ,it is       
possible to build an organisation too   
narrow at the base and too heavy  at the

 top1 and then to fill the higher       
schools with non-,christian  pupils     
without any definite understanding of   
the way in which that  practice is to   
serve the main purpose of the mission4  
,then these schools  stand on a distinct
 and separate basis from the rest of the
 mission  activities1 and the work of   
,christian missions in the country is   
split1  part aiming directly at the     
establishment of a native ,christian    
,church1  and part aiming at the general
 improvement of morals1 and social1     
religious1 and political enlightenment4 
,thus we arrive at that chaotic  state  
in which the mission as a whole is not  
subordinate to any dominant  idea of the
 purpose for which it exists1 which     
alone can unify the work  of all its    
members4 ,but if the colleges and       
schools are designed for  mutual        
support1 and if the higher have any     
relation to the lower grades1  then     
there must be some proportion between   
the base and the  superstructure1 and   

that proportion must be known and       
expressed in any  survey worthy of the  
name4 ,we include1 therefore1 the       
following table3--                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,mission    ,proportion    ,proportion  
,remarks            ,schools1   to      
to            and            ,number    
,population4   ,high                    
,conclusions4            of4            
,schools4                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,primary 
,schools                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,high    
,schools                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,normal  
,schools                                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,colleges
                                        
----------------------------------------

-------------------------    ,in the    
province also we must know the          
educational facilities afforded by      
non-missionary agencies1 if we are to   
have any true conception of the  work of
 the educational missions4 ,we must     
therefore add a table for  these        
schools4                                
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,non-         ,proportion     ,remarks4 
,missionary   to                        
,schools1     ,population4              
,number of4                             
----------------------------------------
---------------------  ,primary ,schools
                                        
----------------------------------------
---------------------  ,high ,schools4  
----------------------------------------
---------------------  ,normal ,school  
----------------------------------------
---------------------  ,colleges4       
----------------------------------------
---------------------    ,here it is not

 necessary for us to find the proportion
 between the  higher and lower grade    
schools1 because we are not surveying   
the  non-missionary educational work1   
and their scheme of proportions is not  
our business4    ,a comparatively slight
 addition to the tables for medical work
 in the  various station districts will 
suffice to give an adequate impression  
of  the medical work done in the whole  
area4 ,we need not go into details1  for
 the medical work should be1 and        
generally is1 reviewed by ,medical      
,boards in their reports4 ,for us now1  
all that is needed is the addition  of  
tables1 similar to those which we used  
for hospitals in the station  area1 for 
hospitals excluded from any station     
survey4    ,two other subjects ought to 
be included in this provincial survey1  
namely1 literature and industrial work4 
,first1 we must try to find a  table    
which will express the work done by     
those important missionaries  who are   
engaged in providing ,christian         

literature1 both for the  ,christian    
community and the heathen outside4 ,here
 we find once more the  difficulty that1
 whilst a few missionaries are wholly   
engaged in this  form of missionary     
work1 much is produced by missionaries  
who have  already been included in the  
tables as either evangelistic or        
educational or medical missionaries1 and
 we also touch bookselling and  other   
kindred commercial questions4 ,with the 
commercial aspect of this  work we      
cannot deal4 ,the following tables will 
throw light on the extent  to which     
,christian literature is being produced 
and read3--    7i7                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,number  
of ,missionaries wholly ,engaged        
,proportion of ,total          in       
,literary ,work4                        
,missionaries4                          
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
----------------------------------------

----------------------------            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------  ,number  
of ,vernacular        ,number of        
,proportion of ,sales  ,christian ,books
 ,produced    ,christian ,books    to   
,population4  in the ,year4             
,sold in the ,year4                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,bibles or           ,bibles or         
,scripture   ,other   ,scripture  ,other
                            ,portions4  
,books4  ,portions4  ,books4            
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,if the    
business side of literary work is       
difficult1 the whole position  of       
industrial missions is still more       
difficult4 ,in some countries           
industrial missions seem to be trading  
ventures with a ,christian  intention1  
in others industrial missions are really

 almost entirely  educational           
establishments4 ,the best tables which  
we have ever seen  dealing with this    
subject were those drawn by ,mr4 ,sidney
 ,clark in one of  his papers1 ,from a  
,layman to a ,layman4#a ,all that we can
 do is to  suggest that industrial      
missions which are in the main clearly  
and  unmistakably educational should be 
included in the educational work1 and   
that the missions with large commercial 
interests1 even if they are  doing a    
valuable educational work for the       
community1 should be treated            
separately1 thus3--    ,footnote #a3    
,printed for private distribution by    
,mr4 ,s4,j4,w4 ,clark1 #c  ,tudor       
,street1 ,blackfriars1 ,london1 ,e4,c4  
#d4    ,industrial ,missions1    7a7    
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,province4   ,number of     ,amount of  
,mission    ,proportion of              
,industrial    ,funds ,allotted to      
,total ,mission              ,missions4 

such ,work4           ,funds4           
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
7b7                                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,number of      ,number of ,missionaries
  ,proportion of  ,province4            
,industrial     ,engaged in such        
,total              ,institutions4      
,institutions4           ,missionaries  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
7c7                                     
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
,number of    ,number of                
,proportion of  ,province4   ,industrial
   ,native ,agents   ,native ,christian 
,missions4    ,employed4       ,workers 
,employed4                              
----------------------------------------
---------------------                   
,in some missions the proportion of     
missionaries and native workers so      

employed would be very small2 in others 
they would be very considerable4  ,there
 is now a tendency to hand over some of 
the industrial work as it  develops     
along commercial lines to ,boards of    
,christian men who are  interested in   
the social and spiritual aspect of the  
work4    ,in the province we must also  
consider union work1 work done in common
 by  two or more societies1#a sometimes 
evangelistic1 sometimes medical or      
educational training1 sometimes the     
establishment1 or enlargement of an     
educational or medical institution2 or  
sometimes1 as in ,kwangtung in  ,south  
,china1 several societies unite in a    
,board of ,co-operation4 ,this  union of
 societies for the better and more      
efficient performance of  their work is 
a most important development of the last
 few years3  important both to the      
workers on the field and to us at home4 
,we ought1  therefore1 to have a short  
table to show what is being done4       
----------------------------------------

-----------------------------           
,number of ,societies                   
,number           ,co-operating in      
,number of      of                      
--------------------------------        
,societies   ,remarks                   
,societies,evangelistic,medical,educatio
nal ,co-operating  and  at ,work4       
,work4    ,work4    ,work4    in all    
,work4,conclusions4                     
----------------------------------------
------------------------                
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,footnote   
#a3 ,the larger and more important      
movements towards corporate  union1 such
 as those now taking place in ,s4       
,india1 ,china1 and ,e4 ,africa1  lie   
outside the scope of this survey until  
their completion affects  their         
statistical returns4 ,then the          
importance of them will speedily        
appear4          ,,chapter ,,xi4        
,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,station   
,,to ,,the ,,world4      ,we have now   

dealt with the survey of the station and
 of the province or  small country1 but 
the final end of missionary work is the 
attainment of  a world-wide purpose4    
,the ,gospel is for the whole world1 not
 for a  fragment of it1 however big4    
,missionary work cannot properly be     
carried  on in any place except by means
 and methods designed with a view to the
  whole1 and missions can never be      
properly presented to us at home so     
long as we are taught to fix our eyes on
 small areas2 because the great         
characteristic of missions is their     
vastness4 ,this is what is so  uplifting
 and ennobling in the work4 ,every      
little piece of mission work  ought to  
be directed on principles capable of    
bearing the weight of the  whole4 ,we   
ought to be able to say1 ,the whole     
world can be converted by  these means  
and on these principles which we are    
here employing in this  little village4 
,if the methods and the principles are  
so narrow that we  can build no great   

world-wide structure on them1 we can    
take little more  interest in them than 
we do in the petty politics of some     
little parish  at home4    ,we have then
 yet to demand that we shall be able to 
put every little  station into its      
proper place in this larger whole1 and  
to see how its  principles and methods  
are illumined by the vision of the      
whole1 being  established with the      
design of accomplishing the whole task4 
,we turn  then now to this larger view  
of mission work4 ,the tables which we   
have  drawn for a province or small     
country would enable us to compare the  
work in each area with another such area
 in the larger whole1 and to  judge     
whether we were unduly neglecting any2  
where the ,church was  strongest and    
where it was least established2 where it
 was more capable  and where it was less
 capable of taking over that work which 
rightly  belongs to it1 of extending its
 own boundaries1 and of maintaining its 
own life4 ,we should not send hasty     

missions here or there because some     
interesting political event attracts the
 eyes of men to this or that  particular
 country1 but on definite missionary    
principles1 acting on a  clear and      
reasonable understanding of the         
missionary situation in the  world4     
,the commission of ,christ is           
world-wide1 the claim of ,christ is     
world-wide1 the work of ,christ1 the    
,spirit of ,christ are all-embracing2   
and the work which missionaries do in   
,his name should be all-embracing  to4  
,we should conduct all our work1 and    
plan all our work1 at home and  abroad1 
with our eyes fixed on the final goal1  
which is for us1 so long  as we are on  
this earth1 coterminous only with the   
limits of the  habitable globe4 ,we     
cannot be content to approach even the  
largest areas  as though our action was 
limited by them4 ,all our policy in     
every part  should be part of a policy  
designed for the whole4 ,if it is not   
designed  to accomplish the whole it is 

not adequate for any part4    ,how then 
could we gain a vision of the whole1 a  
whole composed of such  vast and diverse
 parts8 ,obviously we must have for     
every country in  which any missionary  
work is carried on some common returns1 
either  those which we venture to       
suggest or others which some abler minds
 might  suggest2 but that they must be  
common to all1 and fundamental in       
character1 is obvious2 and they must be 
reduced to proportions on a  common     
basis1 or comparison and combination    
will be impossible2 and  they must be as
 few as possible in order to avoid      
confusion4    ,we suggest1 then1 that if
 we had the four tables which follow we 
should  possess a reasonable basis1     
sufficient for our present needs1       
especially  since we suppose they would 
be supported by the tables for the      
different  provinces1 countries1 and    
stations which we have already          
suggested1 and  they ought to be        
supplemented by surveys made by each    

society of its own  work and by         
departmental surveys of medical1        
educational1 industrial1  and literary  
work made for the special direction of  
each of these  branches4 ,but for a     
first general view of the whole we      
propose3--    7#a7 ,a table showing the 
force at work in the area in relation to
 the  population3--                     
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,proportion to ,population4             
----------------------------------------
----------------------------  ,province 
,popula- ,total    ,chris-    ,com-     
or      tion4   ,foreign  tian          
municants  ,paid    ,unpaid   ,country  
,mission- ,constitu- or ,full           
,workers4 ,workers4   ,area4            
aries4   ents4     ,members             
----------------------------------------
-----------------------                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------    ,that  
would give us a general view of the     

force at work in relation to  the work  
to be done and of the proportions       
between its constituent  parts4 ,then   
7#b73--                                 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,proportion of ,paid       ,proportion  
of                      ,workers        
,unpaid ,workers                        
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,propor-                                
,christian   tion                       
----------------------------------------
------  ,constitu-    of                
,to                   ,to   ency4       
,liter-      ,to      ,christian   ,to  
,christian              ates4     ,com- 
,constitu-   ,com-        ,constitu-    
municants4   ency     municants4   ency4
                                        
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,that would

 give us an idea of the character and   
power of the force4 7#c7                
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,percentage    ,percentage              
,paid     of ,total      of ,total      
,missionaries4 ,native   ,foreign ,funds
 ,native                                
,workers4 ,employed in4  ,contributions 
,employed in4                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------------  ,evangelistic
      --           --          --       
--                                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,medical    
--           --          --           --
                                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,educational
       --           --          --      
--                                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,other forms
       --           --          --      

--  of work           --           --   
--           --                         
----------------------------------------
-------------------------    ,that would
 give us relative emphasis on different 
forms of work4    7#d7                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,total ,amount ,paid                    
,relation of ,native  ,christian     to 
,native ,evangel-   ,total ,native      
,contribution to  ,constituency4 istic  
,workers ,in-    ,contribution4  ,pay of
 ,workers4                cluding all   
,pastors4                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,that would give us some idea of the    
extent to which the native  ,christians 
support the existing work4    ,now if we
 could form some idea of the force at   
work in relation to the  country in     
which it is working2 and some idea of   
the character of the  force2 and some   
idea of the relative emphasis laid on   

different forms of  work1 and some idea 
of the extent to which the native       
,christians support  the work1 we       
should1 we hope1 be able to form a      
reasonable estimate of  the extent and  
progress of our efforts in the world4   
,the whole number of  forms would not be
 very large1 for there would only be    
about #aej areas  from which such forms 
would be required1 and these could be   
combined so  as to give us a view of the
 situation in the world such as the mind
  could grasp4    ,this is1 we admit1   
rather a hasty and tentative expression 
of the way  in which we might satisfy   
the present need2 but it seems to us    
that the  time is ripe for the          
consideration of this great subject1 and
 we can  think of no better plan than to
 propose tables1 and then to leave      
others  to criticise and amend them1 or 
to suggest better ones1 or better       
methods of attaining an object which few
 would deny to be desirable4    ,with   
proper tables1 these or others1 we      

should then be able to trace the        
meaning and results of each station     
which we founded and to put it into  its
 place in a reasoned scheme of things1  
and that is the crying need4