,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hjc ,,new ,,york1 ,may #bc1 #ahia ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxi41 ,no4 #hjc4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,a/ronomy4--,! ,great ,equatorial ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory4-- ,! new telescope rec5tly put 9 use 9 ,p>is4--,description ( ! in/rum5t & ( its effects4--#c illu/rations ,,ii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,an ,app>atus = ,heat+ ,sub/ances 9 ,glass ,tubes "u ,pressure4--,by ,h4 ,,pemb]ton1 ,jr4--,a simple app>atus = effect+ ?is purpose1 avoid+ risk ( p]sonal injury4-- #b illu/rations ,table ( ,atomic ,weights4--,a revis$ table ( atomic weights1 giv+ ! results ( ! la/ det]m9ations1 & design$ = e-day use ,te/+ ,cem5t4--,a laboratory process = te/+ ,portl& cem5t ,,iii4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,compress$ ,air ,sy/em ( ,p>is4 --,an elaborate review ( ?is great in/allation = ! transmission ( p[]4--,! new compress$ air /ation1 ) full details ( p]=mances ( app>atus1 etc4--#aj illu/rations ,,iv4 ,,entomology4--,report on ,insects4--,cont9uation ( ?is report on noxi\s insects4--,_! habits & h[ to cope ) !m4 --#ah illu/rations ,v4 ,,floriculture4--,lily ( ! ,valley4--,practical notes on ! cultivation ( ?is popul> fl[]4--,h[ to raise x & =ce ! gr[? ,,vi4 ,,ma!matics4--,! ,conic ,sections4--,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord4--,exam9ation ( ! f\r conic sections ) a g5]al def9ition applicable to all4--#f illu/rations ,,vii4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,build]s ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e--,! ,f\nd]s ( ,mod]n ,indu/ries & ,nations4--,by ,dr4 ,r4,h4 ,,?ur/on4--,pr(4 ,?ur/on's address be=e ! ,c5t5nial ,celebration ( ! ,am]ican ,pat5t ,sy/em at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4--,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e & its pres5t position 9 ! _w ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,bre$s ( ,dogs4--,popul> description ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( dogs mo/ affect$ by amateurs4--#f illu/rations ,,ix4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,mod]n ,armor4--,by ,f4,r4 ,,bra9>d4--,! developm5t ( mod]n %ip armor1 f lam9at$ s&wi*$ & comp\nd types to ! pres5t solid armor4--#i illu/rations ,x4 ,,pisciculture4--,re/ock+ ! ,se9e ) ,fi%4--,! introduction ( #dj1jjj fry ( ,cali=nia tr\t & salmon1 design$ to re/ock ! ,se9e1 depopulat$ ( fi% by explosions ( dynamite us$ 9 break+ up ! ice4--#a illu/ration ,,xi4 ,,railway ,,eng9e]+4--,improv$ ,h& ,c>4--,a novelty 9 ! con/ruction ( h& c>s1 avoid+ ! production ( a dead c5t]4--#a illu/ration ,,xii4 ,,te*nology4--,! ,tann+ ,mat]ials ( ,europe4--,! natural tann+ mat]ials & pa?ological or abnormal gr[? tann+ mat]ials describ$ & classifi$1 ) relative p[] 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,great ,,equatorial ,,( ,,! ,,p>is ,,obs]vatory4 ,! great in/rum5t :i* has j complet$ ! in/allation ( our national obs]vatory is con/ruct$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! elb[$ equatorial1 #aa 94 9 diamet]1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhb1 accord+ to ! +5i\s arrangem5t devis$ z long ago z #ahgb1 by ,mr4 ,loewy1 assi/ant director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory4 ,we %all "h recall ! fact t ! elb[$ equatorial consi/s ( two p>ts jo9$ at "r angles4 ,"o ( ^! is direct$ accord+ to ! axis ( ! _w1 & is capable ( revolv+ ar\nd its own axis1 & ! o!r1 :i* is at "r angles to x1 is capable ( describ+ ar\nd ! fir/ a plane repres5t+ ! cele/ial equator4 ,at ! apex ( ! "r angle !re is a plane mirror ( silv]$ glass incl9$ at an angle ( #de deg4 ) respect to ! optical axis1 & :i* s5ds t[>d ! ocul> ! image com+ f ! objective & already reflect$ by ano!r & simil> plane mirror4 ,! objective & ?is second mirror 7:i* is incl9$ at an angle ( #de deg47 are plac$ at ! extremity ( ! ext]nal "p ( ! tube1 & =m "p ( a cube1 movable ar\nd ! axis ( ! in/rum5t at "r angles ) ! axis ( ! _w4 ,! diagram 9 ,fig4 #c w all[ ! c\rse ( a lum9\s ray com+ f space to be easily und]/ood4 ,! image ( ! />1 ,a1 t[>d :i* ! in/rum5t is direct$1 trav]ses ! objective1 ,b ,c1 is reflect$ fir/ f ! mirror1 ,b ,d1 & next f ! c5tral mirror1 ,e ,f1 & f9ally rea*es ,o1 at ! ocul> :]e ! obs]v] is /ation$4 ,?is new equatorial diff]s f ! fir/ model by its mu* l>g] dim5sions & its extremely rem>kable me*anical improvem5ts4 ,! optical "p1 :i* is admirably elaborat$1 consi/s ( a l>ge a/ronomical objective #bd 94 9 diamet]1 & ( a photographic objective ( ! same ap]ture1 capable ( be+ sub/itut$1 "o = ! o!r1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w t x is desir$ to accompli% by ! aid ( ?is colossal telescope1 ! total l5g? ( :i* is #ei ft4 ,! two plane mirrors :i* complete ! optical sy/em h1 respectively1 diamet]s ( #cd 94 & #bi 94 ,^! two magnific5t objectives & ! two mirrors 7 con/ruct$ by ! ,bro!rs ,h5ry1 ^: d\ble reputation z a/ronom]s & opticians is s univ]sally e/abli%$4 ,! me*anical "p is ! successful "w ( ,mr4 ,gauti]1 :o has look$ aft] e detail ) ! greate/ c>e1 & has ?us realiz$ a true *ef d'oeuvre4 ,! colossal in/rum5t1 ! total weight ( :i* is #bf1djj lb41 is maneuv]$ by h& ) ! greate/ ease4 ,a clockwork movem5t1 due to ! same able manufactur]1 is capable1 besides1 ( mov+ ! in/rum5t ) all ! precision desirable1 & ( p]mitt+ x to foll[ ! />s 9 _! travel across ! heav5s4 ,a /> appe>+ 9 ! horizon c ?us be obs]v$ f its ris+ to its sett+4 ,! a/ronom]1 8 eye at ! ocul>1 is always conv5i5tly seat$ at ! same place1 obs]v+ ! di/ant worlds1 r5d]$ immovable1 s to speak1 9 ! field ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= />s :i*1 l ! moon & ! planets1 h a c\rse diff]5t f ! diurnal motion1 x is possible to modify ! runn+ ( ! clockwork1 s t !y c ?us be z easily foll[$ z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,fig4 #a gives a g5]al view ( ! new in/allation1 = :i* x became necess>y to build a special edifice #fe ft4 9 height on ! gr\nd s\? ( ! obs]vatory bord]+ on ! ,arago ,b\lev>d4 ,a l>ge movable /ructure s]ves = cov]+ ! ext]nal "p ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?is /ructure re/s on rails1 ^u :i* x slides t[>d ! s\? :5 x is desir$ to make obs]vations4 ,x w be se5 f ! figure h[ ! pr9cipal axis ( ! in/rum5t re/s ^u ! two masonry pill>s1 "o ( :i* is #di ft4 & ! o!r #ac ft4 9 height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4--,,! ,,great ,,equatorial ,,( ,,! ,,p>is ,,obs]vatory4 ,! total co/ ( ! pavilion1 roll+ /ructure1 & in/rum5t 7includ+ ! two objectives7 w am\nt to ab\t #hj1jjj aft] ! new equatorial has be5 provid$ ) ! sci5tific app>atus t necess>ily h to accompany x = ! v>i\s & num]\s applications to :i* ! use ( x w give rise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4--,,ocul> ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,equatorial4 ,fig4 #b %[s u ! room 9 ! obs]vatory 9 :i* ! a/ronom]1 seat$ 9 8 *air1 is completely protect$ aga9/ ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r4 ,"h1 ) 8 eye appli$ to ! ocul>1 he c1 )\t *ang+ position 7ow+ to all ! h&les t act at 8 w ^u ! _m transmissions necess>y = ! maneuv]+71 direct 8 in/rum5t unaid$ t[>d e po9t ( ! heav5s ) wond]ful sur5ess & precision4 ,! obs]v] has be=e him on ! same plane two divid$ circles1 "o ( :i* gives ! "r asc5sions & ! o!r ! decl9ations1 & :i* he consults at ea* obs]vation = ! exact ori5tation ( ! equatorial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,a ,,lum9\s ,,ray ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,equatorial4 ,all ! read+s are done by ! aid ( electric lamps ( v small dim5sions1 suppli$ by accumulators1 & :i* are light$ at w4 ,ea* ( ^! lamps is ( "o c&le p[]2 two ( !m are design$ = ! read+ ( ! two circles ( "r asc5sion & ( decl9ation2 a ?ird s]ves = ! read+ ( ! position circle ( ! micromet]2 two o!rs are employ$ = ! read+ ( ! drums fix$ ^u ! micrometric screws2 f\r o!rs s]ve = r5d]+ ! spid] ?reads ( ! reticule brilliant ^u a black gr\nd2 & /ill ano!r s]ves = illum9at+ ! field ( ! in/rum5t :]e ! same ?reads rema9 black ^u a lum9\s gr\nd4 ,! curr5ts t supply ^! lamps are br\ght ov] two diff]5t circuits1 9 :i* are int]pos$ rheo/ats t p]mit ( graduat+ ! int5sity ( ! light at w4 ,s9ce ! in/allation ( ! fir/ model ( an elb[$ equatorial ( #aa 94 ap]ture1 9 #ahhb1 at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 ! num]\s & indisputable advantages ( ?is sort ( in/rum5t h l$ a c]ta9 numb] ( obs]vatories to h simil>1 b l>g]1 in/rum5ts con/ruct$4 ,9 ,france1 ! obs]vatories ( ,alg]1 ,besancon1 & ,lyons h telescopes ( ?is k9d1 ! objectives ( :i* h diamet]s ( f #ab 94 to #ac 941 & :i* h be5 us$ = sev]al ye>s pa/ 9 equatorial obs]vations ( all k9ds4 ,! ,vi5na ,obs]vatory has = ! la/ two ye>s be5 us+ an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d ^: objective has an ap]ture ( #ae in*es4 ,ano!r equatorial ( ! same k9d1 ( #af 94 ap]ture1 is n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction = ! ,nice ,obs]vatory1 :]e x w be especially employ$ z a seek] ( exceptional p[]--a role to :i* ?is k9d ( in/rum5t l5ds itself admirably4 ,! optical "p ( all ^! in/rum5ts 0 furni%$ by ! ,messrs4 ,h5ry1 & ! me*anical "p by ,mr4 ,gauti]4 ,! l>ge/ elb[$ equatorial is1 !re=e1 t ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory4 ,its optical p[]1 moreov]1 corresponds p]fectly to its huge dim5sions4 ,! exp]im5tal obs]vations :i* h already be5 made ) x fully ju/ify ! hopes t we _h a "r to f\nd ^u ! pr(essional skill ( ! em95t arti/s to :om we owe ?is colossal in/rum5t4 ,! images ( ! />s 7 giv5 ) ! greate/ %>pness1 & x 0 possible to /udy ! details ( ! surface ( ! moon & o!r planets1 & sev]al /> clu/]s1 9 all _! peculi>ities1 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,:5 x %all become possible to make use ( ?is equatorial = cele/ial photography1 !re is no d\bt t we %all obta9 ! mo/ important results4 ,z reg>ds ! moon1 9 p>ticul>1 ! photograph+ ( :i* has already made s great progress1 its direct image at ! focus ( ! l>ge #bd 94 photographic objective w h a diamet] ( #aa 941 &1 be+ magnifi$1 w be capable ( giv+ images ( m ?an #c ft4 9 diamet]4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lily ,,( ,,! ,,valley4 ,!re is no fl[] m truly & univ]sally popul> ?an ! lily ( ! valley4 ,:at c be m delici\s & refre%+ ?an ! sc5t ( its fragrant fl[]s8 ,:at o!r plant c equal 9 spr+ ! attractiv5ess ( its pill>s ( pure :ite bells half hidd5 9 _! beautiful foliage8 ,!re are few g>d5s )\t a b$ ( lily ( ! valley1 b too (t5 ! place *os5 = x is "s d>k corn] :]e no?+ else w\ld be expect$ to gr[1 b x is suppos$ z a matt] ( c\rse t x w d = a lily b$4 ,! consequ5ce is t al?\gh ^! lilies are v easy ?+s to cultivate1 z inde$ !y ought to be1 see+ t !y gr[ wild 9 ! woods ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 yet "o he>s s (t5 f ^? :o take only a slight int]e/ 9 practical g>d5+1 ,i h a lily b$1 b ,i sc>cely ev] get any lilies4 ,wild lilies are h>dly wor? ! tr\ble ( ga!r+1 !y are s ?9 & poor2 x is int]e/+ to f9d a plant s beautiful & preci\s 9 ! g>d5 gr[+ wild 9 ! woods1 b beyond t ! fl[]s !mselves are wor? b v little4 ,?is at once tells u an evid5t fact ab\t ! lily ( ! valley1 viz41 t x does require cultivation4 ,x is n a ?+ to be left alone 9 a d>k & dre>y corn] to take c>e ( itself anyh[ ye> aft] ye>4 ,p :o treat x s des]ve to be disappo9t$ :5 9 ,may !y g to ! lily b$ & f9d pl5ty ( leaves1 b no fl[]s1 or1 if any1 a few poor1 weak attempts at produc+ blossoms1 :i* ought to be s beautiful & fragrant4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is lovely spr+ fl[] is t x c be s readily & easily =c$4 ,g>d5]s 9 l>ge places usually sp5d sev]al p\nds 9 ! pur*ase ( cr[ns & clumps ( ! lily ( ! valley1 :i* !y ei!r import direct f =eign nurs]ym5 or else procure f _! own deal] 9 su* ?+s1 :o imports 8 lilies 9 l>ge quantities f abroad4 ,b we may well ask1 ,h =eign g>d5]s f\nd out "s great secret 9 ! cultivation ( ?is plant8 ,or is _! climate m suitable = x8 ,or _! soil adapt$ to gr[+ x & gett+ x into spl5did condition = =c+8 ,x is impossible t ! conditions = gr[+ l>ge & f9e heads ( ?is lily c be 9 any way bett] 9 ,b]l9 or else:]e ?an !y are 9 our own l&1 unless great] heat 9 summ] ?an we exp]i5ce 9 ,engl& is necess>y = rip5+ ! gr[?s 9 autumn4 ,!re is ano!r "q c]ta9ly z to v>ieties2 "o v>iety may be sup]ior to ano!r1 b surely if s x is only on ! pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 t is to say1 by c>efully work+ on ! f9e/ =ms only & propagat+ f !m1 a /rong & vigor\s /ock may be ! result1 & ?is /ock may be dignifi$ ) a special "n4 ,= my own "p :at ,i want is to h a great abundance ( lily ( ! valley f ,febru>y till ! out-door season is ov]4 ,to d ?is ) import$ clumps w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be mo/ co/ly1 & f> beyond :at any p]son ought to sp5d on m]e fl[]s4 ,?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is an imm5se advantage to ! p>i% prie/ to be able to take bright & sweet fl[]s to ! b$side ( ! sick1 or to gratify ! we>y _s ( a confirm$ invalid1 conf9$ ?r\gh all ! lovely spr+ "t to ! n>r[ limits ( a dull room1 ) ! fragrant fl[]s ( ! lily ( ! valley4 ,i det]m9$1 !re=e1 t ,i w\ld h an abundance ( e>ly lilies1 & t !y %\ld n be co/ly1 b simply produc$ at ab\t ! same exp5se z any o!r fl[]s1 & ,i h be5 v successful 9 accompli%+ ?is by v simple means4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is necess>y to h ! means ( =c+1 t is to say ! requir$ heat1 :i* 9 my case is obta9$ f an e>ly v9]y4 ,i h se5 lilies =c$ by pu%+ ! clumps 9 "u ! mat]ial = mak+ a hot b$ = e>ly cucumb]s1 ! clumps be+ drawn out1 ( c\rse1 z soon z ! fl[]s _h made a good />t4 ,!y h !n to be c>efully & v gradually expos$ to full light1 b (t51 al?\gh f9e heads ( bloom may be produc$ 9 ?is way1 ! leaves w be few & poor4 ,my me?od is simply ?is3 ,9 ! kit*5 g>d5 !re is ! old orig9al b$ ( lilies ( ! valley 9 a corn] c]ta9ly1 b n a d>k corn]4 ,?is is ! res]voir1 z 71 f :5ce ! regul> supply ( heads = special cultivation is tak54 ,?is l>ge b$ is n neglect$ & left alone to take c>e ( itself1 b c>efully manur$ ) leaf m\ld & peat moss manure f ! /able e ye>4 ,especially ! vacant places made by tak+ out ! heads = cultivation are ?us fill$ up4 ,!n "u ! ea/ wall ano!r piece ( gr\nd is laid out & divid$ into f\r plots4 ,:5 ,i fir/ began to prep>e = =c+ ,i wait$ f\r ye>s1 & _h "o plot plant$ ) divid$ heads ea* ye>4 ,clumps are tak5 up f ! res]ve b$ & !n %ak5 out & ! heads sep>at$1 ea* ) its little bun* ( fibr\s roots4 ,!y are !n c>efully plant$ 9 "o ( ! plots ab\t #d 94 or #e 94 ap>t1 ! gr\nd hav+ previ\sly be5 made z light & ri* z possible ) pl5ty ( leaf m\ld4 ,i ?9k ! be/ "t = do+ ?is is 9 autumn1 aft] ! leaves h turn$ yell[ & h rott$ away2 b frequ5tly ! op]ation has be5 delay$ till spr+1 )\t mu* diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,asp>agus is usually transplant$ 9 spr+1 & !re is a wond]ful aff9ity betwe5 ! two plants1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 belong to ! same ord]4 ,x 0 a long "t to wait--f\r ye>s--b ,i felt !re 0 no use 9 be+ 9 too great a hurry1 & e ye> ! plants manife/ly improv$1 & ! buds swell$ up nicely & look$ m plump ea* w9t] :5 ! leaves 7 gone4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t a nice crop ( fl[]s c\ld be ga!r$ ea* ye>4 ,:5 ! f\r? ye> came1 ! fir/ plot 0 divid$ up into squ>es ab\t #b ft4 ea* way1 & tak5 up be=e any h>d fro/ or sn[ _h made _! appe>ance1 & put away on ! floor ( an unus$ /able4 ,f ! /able !y are remov$ z requir$ 9 ! squ>es to ! v9]y1 :]e !y gr[ beautifully1 n s5d+ up m]ely f9e heads ( bloom )\t a ve/ige ( leaf1 b gr[+ z !y w\ld 9 spr+ out ( doors ) a mass ( foliage1 among :i* "o has to se>* = ! spikes ( fl[]1 s preci\s = all sorts ( purposes at t e>ly season ( ! ye>4 ,! spikes produc$ 9 ?is way d n equal 9 ?ickness & sub/ance ( petal ! fl[]s :i* come f m c>efully prep>$ clumps import$ f ,b]l91 b !y are f9e & /rong1 & above all mo/ abundant4 ,i c n only supply ! h\se & small vases = ! *ur*1 b also s5d away boxes ( ! fl[]s to fri5ds at a di/ance1 besides ! _m gifts :i* c be made to ^? :o are ill or invalids4 ,few gifts at su* a "t are m acceptable ?an a fragrant nosegay ( lily ( ! valley4 ,9 ord] to keep ! supply ( prep>$ roots ready ye> aft] ye>1 a plot ( gr\nd has only to be plant$ ea* autumn1 s t 9 ! rotation ( ye>s x may be ready = =c+ :5 its turn %all come4 ,z ! season advances1 z e "o kn[s :o has attempt$ to =ce ! lily ( ! valley1 mu* less "t is tak5 9 br++ ! fl[]s to p]fection "u precisely ! same circum/ances z ^? 9 :i* ! fir/ sods are =c$4 ,9 ,febru>y or e>li] ! buds are m unwill+ to />t2 !re seems to be a natural repugnance aga9/ be+ s soon =c$ out ( ! w9t]'s sleep & re/4 ,b :5 ! fl[]s d come1 !y are ne>ly z f9e & _! leaves are q z abundant 9 ?is way ( =c+ z f ! pieces introduc$ mu* lat] into heat4 ,x w\ld be easy to pres]ve ! squ>es aft] all ! fl[]s are ga!r$1 b ,i f\nd t !y w\ld n1 l /rawb]ries1 k9dly furni% =? ano!r crop lat] on 9 ! ye>1 &1 !re=e1 m9e are flung away2 & ,i h (t5 piti$ ! t5d] leaves 9 ! fro/ & sn[ aft] _! %ort soj\rn 9 ! hot climate ( ! v9]y4 ,b ! res]ve b$ w always supply an ample quantity ( fre% heads1 & x is be/ to take ! new plants = prep>ation 9 ! kit*5 g>d5 f ?is res]ve b$4 ,?is v simple me?od ( =c+ lilies ( ! valley is )9 ! rea* ( any "o :o has ev5 a small g>d5 & a w>m h\se1 & ^! two ?+s are becom+ m & m common among u e day4--,a ,gl\ce/]%ire ,p>son1 9 ,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #hjb1 page #abhbj4 ,,report ,,on ,,insects4 ,,! ,,onion ,,maggot4 ,phorbia cep>um 7,meig47 ,e>ly 9 ,june a some:at hairy fly1 ,fig4 #i1 may be se5 fly+ ab\t1 & deposit+ its eggs on ! leaves ( ! "y onion plants1 ne> ! roots1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,dr4 ,fit* describes ?is fly z foll[s3 ,x has a consid]able resemblance to ! common h\se fly1 ?\gh :5 ! two are plac$ side by side1 ?is is obs]v$ z be+ m sl5d] 9 its =m4 ,! two sexes are readily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! eyes1 :i* 9 ! males are close toge!r1 & s l>ge z to occupy almo/ ! :ole surface ( ! head1 :ile 9 ! females !y are widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,^! flies are ( an a% gray color1 ) ! head silv]y1 & a ru/y black /ripe betwe5 ! eyes1 =k$ at its h9d end4 ,& ?is species is p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by hav+ a r[ ( black spots along ! middle ( ! abdom5 or h9d body1 :i* sometimes run into ea* o!r1 & !n =m+ a cont9u\s /ripe4 ,?is r[ ( spots is q di/9ct 9 ! male1 b 9 ! female is v fa9t1 or is (t5 :olly imp]ceptible4 ,?is fly measur$ #j4bb to #j4be in* 9 l5g?1 ! females be+ usually r l>g] ?an ! males4 ,! eggs are :ite1 smoo?1 some:at oval 9 outl9e1 & ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,usually n m ?an half a doz5 are laid on a s+le plant1 & ! "y maggot burr[s d[nw>d )9 ! %ea?1 leav+ a /reak ( pale gre5 to indicate its pa?1 & mak+ its way into ! root1 dev\rs all except ! out] sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! maggots rea* _! full gr[? 9 ab\t two weeks1 :5 !y are ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* long1 :ite & glossy1 tap]+ f ! po/]ior end to ! head1 :i* is arm$ ) a pair ( black1 hook-l jaws4 ,! opposite end is cut (f obliquely & has eight too?-l projections ar\nd ! edge1 & a pair ( small br[n tub]cles ne> ! middle4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ! eggs1 l>va1 & pupa1 natural size & enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,!y usually leave ! onions & trans=m to pup )9 ! gr\nd4 ,! =m ( ! pupa does n diff] v mu* f ! maggot1 b ! sk9 has h>d5$ & *ang$ to a *e/nut br[n color1 & !y rema9 9 ?is /age ab\t two weeks 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! p]fect flies em]ge4 ,!re are successive broods dur+ ! season1 & ! w9t] is pass$ 9 ! pupa /age4 ,! foll[+ rem$ies h be5 sugge/$3 ,scatt]+ dry1 unlea*$ wood a%es ov] ! plants z soon z !y are up1 :ile !y are wet ) dew1 & cont9u+ ?is z (t5 z once a week ?r\gh ! mon? ( ,june1 is said to prev5t ! deposit ( eggs on ! plants4 ,plant+ ! onions 9 a new place z remote z possible f :]e !y 7 gr[n ! previ\s ye> has be5 f\nd useful1 z ! flies are n suppos$ to migrate v f>4 ,pulv]iz$ gas lime scatt]$ along betwe5 ! r[s has be5 useful 9 keep+ ! flies away4 ,wat]+ ) liquid f pig p5s collect$ 9 a tank provid$ = ! purpose1 0 f\nd by ,miss ,orm]od to be a bett] prev5tive ?an ! gas lime4 ,:5 ! onions h be5 attack$ & %[ x by wilt+ & *ang+ color1 !y %\ld ei!r be tak5 up ) a tr[el & burn$1 or else a little dilut$ c>bolic acid1 or k]os5e oil1 %\ld be dropp$ on ! infe/$ plants to run d[n !m & de/roy ! maggots 9 ! roots & 9 ! soil ar\nd !m4 ,in/ead ( s[+ onion se$ 9 r[s1 !y %\ld be gr[n 9 hills1 s t ! maggots1 :i* are footless1 _c make _! way f "o hill to ano!r4 ,,! ,,cabbage ,,butt]fly4 ,pi]is rapae 7,l9n47 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates !re are ?ree broods ( ?is insect 9 a ye>1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,scudd]1 ! butt]flies be+ on ! w+ 9 ,may1 ,july1 & ,septemb]2 b z ! "t ( ! em]g5ce v>ies1 we see !m on ! w+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! exp&$ w+s1 ,fig4 #ab1 male1 measure ab\t two in*es1 are :ite above1 ) ! base dusky4 ,bo? sexes h ! apex black & a black spot a little beyond ! middle1 & ! female1 ,fig4 #ac1 has ano!r spot bel[ ?is4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is :ite1 yell[i% t[>d ! apex1 & ) two black spots 9 bo? sexes correspond+ to ^? on ! upp] side ( ! female4 ,a little beyond ! middle ( ! co/a1 on ! h9d w+s1 is an irregul> black spot on ! upp] surface1 :ile ! "u surface is pale lemon yell[ )\t m>ks1 b spr9kl$ m or less ) d>k atoms4 ,! body is black above & :ite b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ?is insect fe$ on ! leaves ( cabbage1 caulifl[]1 turnip1 mignonette1 & "s o!r plants4 ,! female lays h] eggs on ! "u side ( ! leaves ( ! food plants1 g5]ally1 b sometimes on ! upp] sides or ev5 on ! leaf /alks4 ,!y are sug> loaf %ap$1 flatt5$ at ! base1 & ) ! apex cut (f squ>e at ! top1 pale lemon yell[ 9 color1 ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* long & "o f\r? z wide1 & h twelve longitud9al ribs ) f9e cross l9es betwe5 !m4 ,! eggs hat* 9 ab\t a week1 & ! "y cat]pill>s1 :i* are v pale yell[1 fir/ eat ! %ells f :i* !y h escap$1 & !n sp9 a c>pet ( silk1 ^u :i* !y rema9 except :5 fe$+4 ,!y n[ eat small r\nd holes ?r\gh ! leaves1 b z !y gr[ old] *ange to a gre5i% color1 ) a pale yell[ l9e along ! back1 & a r[ ( small yell[ spots along ! sides1 & eat _! way d[n into ! head ( ! cabbage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,hav+ rea*$ its full gr[?1 ! cat]pill>1 ,fig4 #ad1 a1 :i* is ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 w&]s (f to "s %elt]$ place1 z "u a bo>d1 f5ce rail1 or ev5 "u ! edge ( clapbo>ds on ! side ( a build+1 :]e x sp9s a button ( silk1 9 :i* to secure its h9d legs1 !n ! loop ( silk to support ! =w>d "p ( ! body4 ,x n[ ca/s its sk91 *ang+ to a *rysalis1 ,fig4 #ad1 b1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 q r\gh & unev51 ) project+ ridges & angul> po9ts on ! back1 & ! head is prolong$ into a tap]+ horn4 ,9 color !y are v v>iable1 "s are pale gre51 o!rs are fle% color$ or pale a%y gray1 & spr9kl$ ) num]\s black dots4 ,! w9t] is pass$ 9 ! *rysalis /age4 ,aft] ! cat]pill> *anges to a *rysalis1 _! m9ute p>asites frequ5tly bore ?r\gh ! outside & deposit _! eggs )94 ,^! hat* be=e ! "t = ! butt]flies to em]ge1 & fe$+ on ! cont5ts1 de/roy ! life ( ! *rysalis4 ,birds & spid]s are ( great s]vice 9 de/roy+ ^! insects4 ,! pup %\ld be collect$ & burn$ if ! abdom5 is flexible2 b if ! jo9ts ( ! abdom5 are /iff & _c be easily mov$1 !y %\ld be left1 z !y conta9 p>asites4 ,sev]al applications ( poisons h be5 us$1 ! be/ results be+ obta9$ f ! use ( pyre?rum z a p[d] bl[n on to ! plants by a h& bell[s1 dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p to f\r or five ( fl\r4 ,z ! eggs are laid at diff]5t times1 any application1 to be ?or\ghly te/$1 mu/ be repeat$ sev]al times4 ,,! ,,apple ,,tree ,,t5t ,,cat]pill>4 ,clisiocampa ,am]icana 7,h>r47 ,l>ge1 :ite1 silk5 web-l t5ts1 ,fig4 #ae1 are notic$ by ! roadsides1 9 ! e>ly summ]1 on wild *]ry trees1 & also on fruit trees 9 or*>ds1 conta9+ num]\s cat]pill>s ( a blacki% color1 ) f9e gray hairs scatt]$ ov] ! body4 ,?is well kn[n pe/ has be5 v abundant ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate = sev]al ye>s pa/1 & ! trees 9 _m neglect$ or*>ds h be5 greatly injur$ by x1 "s be+ entirely /ripp$ ( _! leaves4 ,! trees 9 ^! or*>ds & ! neglect$ ones by ! roadsides =m excell5t bre$+ places = ?is insect1 & su* z are ( little ( no value %\ld be de/roy$4 ,if ?is 7 well done1 & all fruit gr[]s 9 any giv5 region 7 to de/roy all ! t5ts on _! trees1 ev5 = a s+le season1 ! "w ( hold+ !m 9 *eck or de/roy+ !m 9 ! foll[+ ye> w\ld be comp>atively light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! mo?s1 ,fig4 #af1 appe> 9 great numb]s 9 ,july1 _! w+s measur+1 :5 exp&$1 f "o & a qu>t] to "o & a half in*es or m4 ,!y are ( a r$di% br[n color1 ! =e w+s be+ t+$ ) gray on ! base & middle1 & cross$ by two oblique :iti% /ripes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! females lay _! eggs1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ 9 numb]1 9 a belt1 ,fig4 #ae1 c1 ar\nd ! twigs ( apple1 *]ry1 & a few o!r trees1 ! belt be+ cov]$ by a ?ick coat+ ( glut9\s matt]1 :i* probably s]ves z a protection aga9/ ! cold wea!r dur+ w9t]4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 :5 ! buds beg9 to swell1 ! egg hat* & ! "y cat]pill> seek "s =k ( a bran*1 :]e !y re/ side by side4 ,!y are ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* long1 ( a blacki% color1 ) num]\s f9e gray hairs on ! body4 ,!y fe$ on ! "y & t5d] leaves1 eat+ on an av]age two apiece ea* day4 ,!re=e ! "y ( "o pair ( mo?s w\ld consume f t5 to twelve ?\s& leaves2 & x is n uncommon to see f six to eight ne/s or t5ts on a s+le tree1 f :i* no less ?an sev5ty-five ?\s& leaves w\ld be de/roy$--a dra9 no tree c long endure4 ,z ! cat]pill>s gr[1 a new & mu* l>g] sk9 is =m$ und]nea? ! old "o1 :i* splits along ! back & is ca/ (f4 ,:5 fully gr[n1 ,fig4 #ae1 a & b1 :i* is 9 ab\t ?irty-five to =ty days aft] em]g+ f ! eggs1 !y are ab\t two in*es long1 ) a black head & body1 ) num]\s yell[i% hairs on ! surface1 ) a :ite /ripe along ! middle ( ! back1 & m9ute :iti% or yell[i% /reaks1 :i* are brok5 & irregul> along ! sides2 & !re is also a r[ ( transv]se1 small1 pale blue spots along ea* side ( ! back4 ,z !y move ab\t !y =m a cont9u\s ?read ( silk f a fle%y tube on ! l[] side ( ! m\?1 :i* is connect$ ) ! silk-produc+ gl&s 9 ! int]ior ( ! body1 & by means ( ?is ?read !y appe> to f9d _! way back f ! fe$+ gr\nds4 ,x is also by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( all ! "y f "o belt ( eggs t ! t5ts are =m$4 ,^! cat]pill>s d n fe$ dur+ damp1 cold wea!r1 b take two meals a day :5 x is pleasant4 ,aft] rea*+ _! full gr[?1 !y leave _! t5ts & scatt] 9 all directions1 seek+ = "s protect$ place :]e ea* "o sp9s its sp9dle-%ap$ cocoon ( :iti% silk int]m+l$ ) sulphur color$ p[d]1 ,fig4 #ae1 d4 ,!y rema9 9 ^! cocoons1 :]e !y h *ang$ to pup1 f tw5ty to tw5ty-five days1 aft] :i* ! mo?s em]ge1 pair1 & ! females lay _! eggs = ano!r brood4 ,sev]al rem$ies h be5 sugge/$1 a few ( :i* are giv5 bel[4 ,se>* ! trees c>efully1 :5 !y are b>e1 = clu/]s ( eggs2 &1 :5 f\nd1 cut (f ! twigs to :i* !y are atta*$1 & burn !m4 ,z soon z any t5ts are obs]v$ 9 ! or*>d !y %\ld be de/roy$1 :i* may be readily & effectually done by climb+ ! trees1 & ) ! h& protect$ by a mitt5 or glove1 seize ! t5t & cru% x ) its entire cont5ts2 also swab !m d[n ) /rong soapsuds or o!r sub/ances2 or te> !m d[n ) a r\nd$ bottle bru%4 ,burn+ ) a tor* n only de/roys ! cat]pill>s b injures ! trees4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! cat]pill>s1 are q regul> 9 tak+ _! meals1 9 ! middle ( ! =5oon & aft]noon1 t !y %\ld be de/roy$ only 9 ! morn+ or ev5+1 :5 all are 9 ! t5t4 ,ano!r rem$y is to %[] ! trees ) ,p>is gre5 9 wat]1 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd to "o hundr$ & fifty gallons ( wat]4 ,,! ,,=e/ ,,t5t ,,cat]pill>4 ,clisiocampa dis/ria 7,hbn]47 ,?is species1 commonly kn[n z ! =e/ t5t cat]pill>1 closely resembles ! apple tree t5t cat]pill>1 b does n con/ruct a visible t5t4 ,x fe$s on v>i\s species ( =e/ trees1 su* z oak1 a%1 walnut1 hickory1 etc41 besides be+ v injuri\s to apple & o!r fruit trees4 ,! mo?1 ,fig4 #ag1 b1 exp&s an in* & a half or m4 ,! g5]al color is br[ni% yell[1 & on ! =e w+s are two oblique br[n l9es1 ! space betwe5 !m be+ d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! w+4 ,! eggs1 ,fig4 #ag1 c & d1 :i* are ab\t "o tw5ty fif? ( an in* long & "o =tie? wide1 are arrang$1 ?ree or f\r hundr$ 9 a clu/]1 ar\nd ! twigs ( ! trees1 ,fig4 #ag1 a4 ,^! clu/]s are uni=m 9 diamet] & cut (f squ>ely at ! ends4 ,! eggs are :ite1 & are firmly fa/5$ to ! twigs & to ea* o!r1 by a br[n sub/ance1 l v>ni%1 :i* dries1 leav+ ! eggs ) a br[ni% cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! eggs hat* ab\t ! "t ! buds bur/1 or be=e1 & ! "y cat]pill>s g = "s "t )\t food1 b !y are h>dy & h be5 kn[n to live ?ree weeks ) no?+ to eat1 al?\gh ! wea!r 0 v cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,z soon z hat*$ !y sp9 a silk5 ?read :]ev] !y g1 & :5 old] w&] ab\t 9 se>* = food4 ,! cat]pill>s are ab\t "o & a half in*es long :5 fully gr[n1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! g5]al color is pale blue1 t+$ ) gre5i% l[ d[n on ! sides1 & ev]y:]e spr9kl$ ) black dots or po9ts1 :ile along ! middle ( ! back is a r[ ( :ite spots ea* side ( :i* is an orange yell[ /ripe1 & a pale1 cream yell[ /ripe bel[ t4 ,^! /ripes & spots are m>g9$ ) black4 ,ea* segm5t has two elevat$ black po9ts on ! back1 f ea* ( :i* arise f\r or m co>se black hairs4 ,! back is clo!d ) :iti% hairs1 ! head is d>k blui% freckl$ ) black dots1 & clo!d ) black & fox-color$ hairs1 & ! legs are black1 clo!d ) :iti% hairs4 ,at ?is /age ! cat]pill>s may be se5 w&]+ ab\t on f5ces1 trees1 & along ! roads 9 se>* ( a suitable place to sp9 _! cocoons1 :i* are creamy :ite1 & look v mu* l ^? ( ! common t5t cat]pill>1 except t !y are m loosely con/ruct$4 ,)9 ! cocoons1 9 two or ?ree days !y trans=m to pup ( a r$di% br[n color1 d5sely clo!d ) %ort pale yell[i% hairs4 ,! mo?s appe> 9 two or ?ree weeks1 soon lay _! eggs & !n die4 ,! insects are n abundant _m ye>s 9 succession1 z _! enemies1 ! p>asites1 increase & *eck !m4 ,_m me?ods h be5 sugge/$ = _! de/ruction1 b ! mo/ available & economical are to remove ! clu/]s ( eggs :5ev] f\nd1 & burn !m1 & to %[] ! trees ) ,p>is gre5 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd to "o hundr$ & fifty gallons ( wat]4 ,,! ,,/alk ,,bor]4 ,gortyna nitela 7,gru547 ,! p]fect mo?1 ,fig4 #ai1 #a1 exp&s f "o to "o & a half in*es4 ,! =e w+s are a m\se gray color1 t+$ ) lilac & spr9kl$ ) f9e yell[ dots1 & di/+ui%$ ma9ly by a :ite b& ext5d+ across ! out] "p4 ,! mo?s hib]nate 9 ! p]fect /ate1 & 9 ,april or ,may deposit _! eggs s+ly on ! outside ( ! plant ^u :i* ! "y are to fe$4 ,z soon z ! eggs hat*1 :i* is 9 ab\t a mon?1 ! "y l>v1 or cat]pill>s1 gnaw _! way f ! outside into ! pi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! plant does n %[ any sign ( decay until ! cat]pill> is fully gr[n1 :5 x dies4 ,! cat]pill>1 ,fig4 #ai1 #b1 is ab\t "o & "o-f\r? in*es long1 ( a r$di% br[n color1 ) :iti% /ripes along ! body4 ,! /ripes on ! sides are n cont9u\s1 & ! %ad+ ( ! body v>ies1 be+ d>k] on ! ant]ior ?an on ! po/]ior portion4 ,:5 fully gr[n1 ,fig4 #bj1 ! color is light] & ! /ripes are broad]4 ,at ?is /age ( life x burr[s into ! gr\nd j b5ea? ! surface1 & *anges into ! pupa /ate4 ,! pupa is ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long1 & ( a mahogany br[n color4 ,! p]fect mo? appe>s ab\t ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 & !re is only "o brood 9 a season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ 9 ! /alks ( corn1 tomatoes1 potatoes1 dahlias1 a/]s1 & also 9 "y currant bu%es1 besides fe$+ on _m species ( we$s4 ,by a close inspection ( ! plants ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 ! spot :]e ! bor] ent]$1 :i* is g5]ally q a di/ance f ! gr\nd1 may be detect$1 & ! cat]pill> cut out )\t injury to ! plant4 ,?is plan is impracticable = an ext5sive crop1 b by de/roy+ ! bor]s f\nd 9 ! v9es t wilt sudd5ly1 "o c less5 ! numb] ano!r ye>4 ,,! ,,pyramidal ,,grapev9e ,,cat]pill>4 ,pyrophila pyramidoides 7,gu547 ,?is cat]pill>1 ,fig4 #ba1 is g5]ally f\nd on grapev9es e>ly 9 ,june1 b also fe$s on apple1 plum1 raspb]ry1 maple1 popl>1 etc4 ,x is ab\t an in* & a half 9 l5g?1 ) ! body tap]+ t[>d ! head2 ( a :iti% gre5 color1 d>k] on ! sides2 ) a longitud9al :ite /ripe on ! back1 broad] on ! la/ segm5ts4 ,l[ d[n on ea* side is a bright yell[ /ripe1 betwe5 ?is & ! "o on ! back is ano!r less di/9ct1 & ! "u surface ( ! body is pale gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,! cat]pill> is fully gr[n ab\t ! middle or la/ ( ,june1 :5 x desc5ds to ! gr\nd1 draws toge!r "s ( ! fall5 leaves1 & makes a cocoon1 9 :i* x soon *anges to a mahogany br[n pupa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,july ! p]fect mo?1 ,fig4 #bb1 em]ges1 measur+1 :5 its w+s are exp&$1 ab\t "o & ?ree-f\r?s in*es2 ! =e w+s are d>k br[n %ad$ ) light]1 ) dots & wavy l9es ( dull :ite4 ,! h9d w+s are r$di%1 or ( a bright copp] color1 %ad+ to br[n on ! out] angle ( ! front edge ( ! w+1 & pal] t[>d ! h9d] & inn] angle4 ,! "u surface ( ! w+s is light] ?an ! upp]1 & ! body is d>k br[n1 ) its po/]ior portion b&$ ) l9es ( a pal] hue4 ,?is pe/ may be de/roy$ by h& pick+1 or by j>r+ ! trees or v9es on :i* !y are fe$+1 :5 !y w fall to ! gr\nd & may be cru%$ or burn$4 ,,! ,,grape ,,b]ry ,,mo?4 ,eudemis botrana 7,s4,v47 ,! mo?s em]ge & fly e>ly 9 ,june1 & are q small1 measur+1 :5 ! w+s are exp&$1 only two-fif?s ( an in*1 ,fig4 #bc1 a1 enl>g$4 ,! =e w+s are purpli% or slate br[n f ! base to ! middle1 ! out] half be+ irregul>ly m>k$ ) d>k & light br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,^! insects are two-brood$ & ! fir/ brood fe$s n only on ! leaves ( ! grape1 b on tulip1 sassafras1 v]nonia & raspb]ry4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ! second brood em]ge :5 ! grapes are ne>ly gr[n1 & bore 9 !m a w9d+ *annel to ! pulp1 cont9u+ to eat ! int]ior ( ! b]ry till ! pulp is all consum$1 ,fig4 #bc1 d1 :51 if n full gr[n1 !y draw "o or two o!r b]ries close to ! fir/ & eat ! inside ( ^?4 ,! mature cat]pill>1 ,fig4 #bc1 b1 measures ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?1 is dull gre5i%1 ) head & ?oracic %ield some:at d>k]2 ! int]nal organs give ! body a r$di% t+e4 ,x !n leaves ! grape & =ms its cocoon by cutt+ out a piece ( a leaf1 leav+ x h+$ on "o side2 !n roll+ ! cut end ov]1 fa/5s x to ! leaf1 ?us mak+ = itself a cocoon 9 :i* to pupate4 ,! pupa is d>k r$di% br[n4 ,! second g5]ation passes ! w9t] 9 ! pupa /ate1 atta*$ to leaves :i* fall to ! gr\nd2 !re=e1 if all ! dead & dri$ leaves be ga!r$ 9 ! fall & burn$1 also all ! decay$ fruit1 a great _m ( ^! insects w\ld be de/roy$4 ,z ! cat]pill>s fe$ inside ( ! b]ry1 no spray+ ( ! v9es ) poisons w\ld rea* !m4 ,! cat]pill> makes a discolor$ spot :]e x ent]s ! b]ry1 ,fig4 #bc1 c4 ,!re=e ! infe/$ fruit may be easily detect$ & de/roy$4 ,!re is a small p>asite t attacks ?is insect & helps to keep x 9 *eck4 ,! insect has be5 kn[n 9 ,europe ov] a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is n c]ta9 :5 x 0 introduc$ into ,am]ica1 b x is n[ f\nd f ,canada to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,,! ,,codl+ ,,mo?4 ,c>pocapsa pomonella 7,l9n47 ,?is well kn[n insect has a _w-wide reputation1 & is n[ f\nd :]ev] apples are rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,! mo?s are on ! w+ ab\t ! "t ! "y apples are beg9n+ to set1 & ! female lays a s+le egg 9 ! blossom end ( ea* apple4 ,! =e w+s ( ! mo?s :5 exp&$1 ,fig4 #bd1 g 7f1 ) ! w+s clos$71 measure ab\t half an in* across1 & are m>k$ ) alt]nate wavy1 transv]se /reaks ( a%y gray & br[n1 & h on ! inn] h9d angle a l>ge tawny br[n1 horse%oe %ap$ spot1 /reak$ ) light bronze or copp] color4 ,! h9d w+s & abdom5 are light br[n ) a lu/] ( sat94 ,ea* female lays ab\t fifty eggs1 :i* are m9ute1 flatt5$1 scale-l bodies ( a yell[i% color4 ,9 ab\t a week ! eggs hat* & ! t9y cat]pill> beg9s to eat ?r\gh ! apple to ! core1 ,fig4 #bd1 a1 pu%+ its ca/+s out ?r\gh ! hole :]e x ent]$1 ,fig4 #bd1 b4 ,(t5times ^! are 9 sight on ! outside 9 a d>k color$ mass1 ?us mak+ wormy apples pla9ly se5 at q a di/ance4 ,! cat]pill> is ab\t two-fif?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a glossy1 pale yell[i% :ite color1 ) a light br[n head4 ,! sk9 is transp>5t & ! int]nal organs give to x a r$di% t+e4 ,:5 mature ! cat]pill>s1 ,fig4 #bd1 e1 top ( head & second segm5t1 h1 em]ge f ! apples & seek "s %elt]$ place1 su* z crevices ( b>k1 or corn]s ( ! boxes or b>rels 9 :i* ! fruit is /or$1 :]e !y sp9 a t\gh :iti% cocoon1 ,fig4 #bd1 i1 9 :i* !y rema9 un*ang$ all w9t]1 & trans=m to pup1 ,fig4 #bd1 d1 ! next spr+1 ! p]fect mo?s em]g+ 9 "t to lay _! eggs 9 ! new crop ( apples4 ,"o good rem$y is to ga!r all ! fall5 apples1 & fe$ !m to hogs2 ano!r is to let sw9e & %eep run 9 ! or*>d1 & eat ! infe/$ fruit4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to place b&s ( clo? or hay ar\nd ! trunks ( ! trees = ! cat]pill>s to sp9 _! cocoons b5ea?1 & to remove !m at ! prop] "t1 & put !m 9 scald+ wat] to de/roy ! worms4 ,by f> ! mo/ successful me?od z yet adopt$ is to %[] ! apple trees ) ,p>is gre5 9 wat]1 "o p\nd to "o hundr$ & fifty gallons ( wat]1 :5 ! apples are ab\t ! size ( peas1 & aga9 9 ab\t a week4 ,,! ,,cabbage ,,leaf ,,m9]4 ,plutella crucif]>um 7,zell47 ,! cabbage leaf m9] is n a native ( ?is c\ntry1 b 0 import$ f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! p]fect mo?1 ,fig4 #be1 f1 ) ! w+s exp&$ 7h1 ) ! w+s clos$1 g1 a d>k v>iety71 measures ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! =e w+s are a%y gray1 & on ! h9d] m>g9 is a :ite or yell[i% :ite /ripe hav+ ?ree po9ts ext5d+ into ! gray1 ?us =m+1 :5 ! w+s are clos$1 ?ree diamond-%ap$ :ite spots4 ,g5]ally !re is a d>k br[n /ripe betwe5 ! :ite & ! gray4 ,!re are also black dots scatt]$ ab\t on ! ant]ior "p ( ^! w+s4 ,! h9d w+s are lead5 br[n1 & ! "u side ( all ! w+s is lead5 br[n1 glossy1 & )\t any dots4 ,! ant5n are :iti% ) d>k r+s1 & ! abdom5 :ite4 ,!re are two broods ( ?is insect 9 ?is region1 ! mo?s ( ! fir/ appe>+ 9 ,may1 & ^? ( ! second 9 ,augu/4 ,!y hib]nate 9 ! pupa /age4 ,! cat]pill>s1 ,fig4 #be1 a 7b1 ! top & c1 ! side ( a segm5t71 appe> 9 ,june or ,july & ,septemb]2 !y are small & cyl9drical1 tap]+ at bo? ends1 pale gre51 & ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long4 ,! head has a yell[i% t+e1 & !re are sev]al d>k /iff hairs scatt]$ ov] ! body4 ,:5 ready to trans=m1 ?is cat]pill> sp9s a delicate gauze-l cocoon1 ,fig4 #be1 e1 made ( :ite1 silk5 ?reads1 on ! "u side ( a cabbage leaf4 ,! pupa1 ,fig4 #be1 d1 & i1 ! end ( a pupa1 is commonly :ite1 sometimes %ad$ ) r$di% br[n1 & c be di/9ctly se5 ?r\gh ! silk5 case4 ,! fir/ brood is m injuri\s ?an ! second1 z x fe$s on ! "y cabbage leaves be=e ! head is =m$1 & ?is mu/ surely /unt ! gr[? & make weak1 sickly plants2 :ile ! second brood fe$s only on ! outside leaves4 ,! cat]pill>s are v active1 wriggl+ viol5tly :5 di/urb$1 & fall+ by a :ite silk5 ?read4 ,hot dry wea!r is favorable to !m & enables !m to multiply rapidly4 ,advantage has be5 tak5 ( ?is fact1 & spray+ ! plants ?or\ghly ) wat] is /rongly recomm5d$4 ,pr(4 ,riley /ates t ! insects are v readily de/roy$ by pyre?rum4 ,!re are two species ( spid]s & a species ( i*neumon fly t de/roy !m4 ,,! ,,g>t]$ ,,plume ,,mo?4 ,oxyptilus p]iscelidactylus 7,fit*47 ,! cat]pill>s ( ?is species draw toge!r ! "y grape leaves1 ,fig4 #bf1 a1 9 ! spr+1 ) f9e silk5 ?reads1 & fe$ on ! inside1 ?us do+ mu* damage 9 proportion to _! size4 ,^! cat]pill>s1 ,fig4 #bf1 a1 & e1 a segm5t greatly enl>g$1 are full gr[n 9 ab\t two weeks1 :5 !y are ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long1 pale gre5 ) :iti% hairs aris+ f a transv]se r[ ( w>ts on ea* segm5t4 ,e>ly 9 ,june !y trans=m to pup1 ,fig4 #bf1 b1 :i* are pale gre5 at fir/ & *ange to d>k br[n4 ,! surface is r\gh & ! head is cut (f obliquely1 :ile on ! upp] side ne> ! middle are two %>p po9t$ horns1 ,fig4 #bf1 c4 ,!y rema9 9 ?is /age f a week to t5 days1 :5 ! mo?s em]ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,! mo?s1 ,fig4 #bf1 d1 belong to ! family commonly kn[n z plume mo?s or fea!r w+s 7,pt]ophorid71 f hav+ _! w+s divid$ into fea!r-l lobes4 ,:5 ! w+s are exp&$ !y measure ab\t sev5-t5?s ( an in* across4 ,!y are yell[i% br[n ) a metallic lu/]1 & h sev]al dull :iti% /reaks & spots4 ,! =e w+s are split d[n ! middle ab\t half way to _! base1 ! po/]ior half hav+ a not* 9 ! out] m>g94 ,! body is some:at d>k] ?an ! w+s4 ,x is n kn[n positively 9 :at /age ! w9t] is pass$1 b x is suppos$ to be ! p]fect1 or imago /age4 ,! unnatural gr\p+ & sp9n+ ( ! leaves toge!r leads to _! detection1 & !y c be easily de/roy$ by h& pick+ & !n cru%+ or burn+ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bre$s ,,( ,,dogs4 ,! dog exhibitions t h annually tak5 place = ! la/ eight ye>s at ,p>is & 9 ! pr9cipal cities ( ,france h %[n h[ num]\s & v>i$ ! bre$s ( dogs n[ are4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are at pres5t1 9 ,europe1 ab\t a hundr$ v di/9ct & v f9e bre$s 7t is to say1 su* z reproduce _! k9d ) con/ant *>act]s71 )\t c\nt+ a ho/ ( sub-bre$s or v>ieties t a numb] ( bre$]s are try+ to fix4 ,mo/ ( ! bre$s ( dogs1 especially ^? ( mod]n creation1 are ! "w ( man1 & h be5 obta9$ by int]cross+ old] bre$s & disc>d+ all ! animals t dep>t$ f ! type s\ght4 ,b _m ( ^! bre$s are also ! result ( accid5t1 or r ( modifications ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! organism--( a sort ( ra*itic or t]atological deg5]ation :i* has become h]$it>y & has be5 due to dome/ication2 = x is prov$ t ! dog is ! mo/ anci5tly dome/icat$ animal1 & t its submission to man dates back to m ?an five ?\s& ye>s4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( ! bre$s ( t]ri]s1 bulldogs1 & all ( ! small h\se dogs4 ,man has (t51 design$ly or undesign$ly1 aid$ 9 ! production ( bre$s ( ?is la/ category by submitt+ ! dog to a regim5 contr>y to nature1 or sett+ to "w to reproduce an animal born mon/r\s1 ei!r = curiosity or = int]e/4 ,z well kn[n1 ! accid5tal *>act]s & ! spontane\s modifications :i* "w no injury to ! ess5tial functions ( life became easily h]$it>y1 & ! same is ! case ) c]ta9 artificial modifications pursu$ = a long s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,buffon t ! bre$s ( dogs1 :i* 7 already num]\s 9 8 "t1 7 all d]iv$ f a s+le type1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 0 ! %eph]d's dog4 ,o!r sci5ti/s h insi/$ t ! dog desc5d$ f ! wolf1 & o!rs f ! jackal4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 x is rightly admitt$ t sev]al species ( wild dogs h concurr$ 9 ! =mation ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( dogs z we n[ h !m4 ,9 ! lacu/r9e habitations ( ! /one age 9 ,sw$51 & 9 ! kjoekk5mo$d+ 7kit*5 rema9s7 ( ,d5m>k1 ( ! same epo*1 we f9d ! rema9s ( a dog1 :i*1 accord+ to ,rutymey]1 belongs to a bre$ :i* is con/ant up to its lea/ details1 & :i* is ( a light & elegant con=mation1 ( m$ium size1 ) a spaci\s & r\nd$ cranium & a %ort1 blunt muzzle1 & a m$ium siz$ jaw1 ! tee? ( :i* =m a regul> s]ies4 ,?is dog1 :i* has be5 nam$ by geologi/s ,canis palu/ris1 fully resembles 9 size1 sl5d]ness ( ! limbs1 & weakness ( ! muscul> ins]tions1 ! spaniel1 ! bra* h\nd1 or ! griffon4 ,?is dog ( ! /one age is entirely di/9ct f ! wolf & jackal1 ( :i* "s reg>d ! dome/ic dog z a desc5dant1 & z x has appe>$ 9 ,d5m>k z well z 9 ,sw$51 !re is no d\bt t ?is species1 peculi> to ,europe1 0 subjugat$ by man & us$ by him1 9 ! fir/ place1 = hunt+1 & lat] on = gu>d+ h\ses & cattle4 ,lat] /ill1 9 ! age ( metals1 we obs]ve ! appe>ance1 bo? 9 ,d5m>k & ,sw$51 ( l>g] & /rong] bre$s ( dogs1 hav+ 9 _! jaws ! "* ( ma/iffs1 & probably introduc$ by ! fir/ emigrants f ,asia4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 hi/oric pro(s t ! dogs ( ! /ronge/ bre$s are indig5\s to ,asia1 :]e we /ill f9d ! dog ( ,?ibet1 ! mo/ colossal ( all2 9 fact1 9 ,pl9y we read ! foll[+ n>rative3 ,alex&] ! ,great receiv$ f a k+ ( ,asia a dog ( huge size4 ,he wi%$ to pit x aga9/ be>s & wild bo>s1 b ! dog rema9$ undi/urb$ & did n ev5 rise1 & ,alex&] _h x kill$4 ,on he>+ ( ?is1 ! royal donor s5t a second dog l ! fir/1 along ) ^w t ^! dogs did n fight s weak animals1 b r ! lion & ! elephant1 & t he _h only two ( su* individuals1 & 9 case t ,alex&] _h ?is "o kill$1 too1 he w\ld no long] f9d 8 equal4 ,alex&] mat*$ ?is dog ) a lion & !n ) an elephant1 & he kill$ !m bo?4 ,alex&] 0 s afflict$ at ! premature dea? ( ! fir/ dog1 t he built a city & temples 9 honor ( ! animal4 ,did ! m\nta9\s prov9ce ( ,epirus call$ ,molossia1 9 anci5t ,greece1 give its "n to ! molossi t x produc$1 or did ^! l>ge dogs give _! "n to ! c\ntry8 ,at all ev5ts1 we "k t x 0 f ,epirus t ! ,romans obta9$ ! molossi :i* f\ght wild animals 9 ! circuses1 & t f ,rome !y 7 introduc$ into ! ,briti% isl&s & h became ! pres5t ma/iffs4 ,al?\gh our hunt+ & %eph]d's dogs h a ,european & ! ma/iffs an ,asiatic ance/ry1 ! ance/ry ( ! h>ri]s is ,african1 & especially ,egyptian2 9 fact1 9 ,upp] ,egypt we f9d a sort ( l>ge :ite jackal 7,sim5ia sim5sis7 ) ! =m ( a h>ri]1 & :i* ,paul ,g]vais reg>d$ ) "s reason z ! prog5itor ( ! dome/ic h>ri]1 & a comp>ison ( _! skulls l5ds support to ?is op9ion4 ,a /udy ( ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( ! ,ph>aohs %[s t ! anci5t ,egyptians already _h at lea/ five bre$s ( dogs3 two v slim wat* dogs1 mu* resembl+ ! h>ri]1 a g5u9e h>ri]1 a species ( bra* h\nd & a sort ( t]ri] ) %ort & /raight legs4 ,all ^! dogs _h erect e>s1 except ! bra*1 9 :i* ^! organs 7 p5d5t1 & ?is proves t ! animal _h already und]gone ! effects ( dome/ication to a great] degree ?an ! o!rs4 ,! h>ri] ( ! "t ( ! ,ph>aohs /ill exi/s 9 great numb]s 9 ,kord(an1 accord+ to ,brehm4 ,^u ! :ole1 we "h h1 !n1 at lea/ ?ree /ocks ( v di/9ct dogs3 #a1 a hunt+ or %eph]d's dog1 ( ,european orig92 #b1 a ma/iff1 typical ( ! l>ge bre$ ( dogs indig5\s to ,asia2 & #c1 a h>ri]1 indig5\s to ,africa4 ,we %all n foll[ ! effects ( ! comb9ation ( ^! ?ree types ?r\gh ! ages1 & ! =mation ( ! diff]5t bre$s2 = t we %all ref] our read]s to a complete "w ^u :i* we h be5 labor+ = "s ye>s1 & two p>ts ( :i* h already appe>$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,les ,races des ,*i5s1 9 ,la ,biblio!que de l',eleveur4 ,we %all rapidly pass 9 review ! diff]5t bre$s ( dogs t "o may *ance to meet ) 9 our dog %[s1 beg9n+ ) ! l>ge/4 ,x is aga9 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries t ! l>ge/ dogs are rais$1 & ! "* common to all ( ^! is a v ?ick coat4 ,! l>ge/ ( all1 accord+ to travel]s1 is ! ,?ibetan dog4 ,buffon tells ( hav+ se5 "o :i*1 :5 seat$1 0 five feet 9 height4 ,"o br\ght back by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales f 8 voyage to ! ,indies 0 tall] 9 /ature1 /rong] & m /ocky ?an a l>ge ma/iff1 f :i* x diff]$1 moreov]1 9 its long & some:at co>se hair1 :i* 0 black on ! back & russet b5ea?1 ! ?ighs & ! tail be+ clo!d ) v long & silky hair4 ,9 ,france1 we h a beautiful m\nta9 dog--! dog ( ! ,pyr5ees--:i* is f #cb to #cd in*es 9 height at ! %\ld]s1 & has a v ?ick :ite coat1 spott$ above ) pale yell[ or grayi% fox color4 ,x is v p[]ful1 & is capable ( successfully def5d+ prop]ty or flocks aga9/ be>s & wolves4 ,! ,alp9e dog is ! type ( ! m\nta9 dog4 ,x is ( ! same size z ! dog ( ! ,pyr5ees1 & diff]s !refrom especially 9 its color+4 ,x is :ite b5ea?1 ) a wide pat* ( orange r$ cov]+ ! back & rump4 ,! head & e>s are ( ! same color1 ) ! addition ( black on ! edges2 b ! muzzle is :ite1 & a /ripe ( ! same color advances ^u ! =ehead ne>ly up to ! nape ( ! neck4 ,! neck also is entirely :ite4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ! ,alp9e or ,/4 ,b]n>d dog1 "o hav+ long hair & ! o!r %ort] & v ?ick hair4 ,we give 9 ,fig4 #a a portrait ( ,cano1 a l>ge ,/4 ,b]n>d belong+ to ,mr4 ,ga/on ,leonn>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--,,l>ge ,,/4 ,,b]n>d ,,dog ,,belong+ ,,to ,,mr4 ,,leon>d4 ,al?\gh ?is bre$ orig9at$ at ! celebrat$ conv5t ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 x no long] exi/s !re 9 a /ate ( purity1 & 9 ord] to f9d f9e types ( x we h to g to special bre$]s ( ,switz]l& & ,engl&4 ,! fam\s ,pl9nlimon1 :i* 0 b\ght = #e1jjj by an ,am]ican two or ?ree ye>s ago1 & ab\t :i* !re 0 mu* talk 9 ! pap]s1 ev5 ! political ones1 0 born & re>$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x appe>s t x is necess>y1 too1 to r$uce ! numb] ( life-sav+ acts t x is said are daily p]=m$ by ! ,/4 ,b]n>d dogs4 ,?is is no long] b a leg5d4 ,!re 01 x is true1 a ,/4 ,b]n>d nam$ ,b>ry1 n[ exhibit$ 9 a /uff$ /ate 9 ! ,b]ne ,museum1 :i* accompli%$ wond]s 9 ! way ( sav+ life1 b ?is 0 an exception1 & ! reputation ( ?is animal has ext5d$ to all o!rs ( its k9d4 ,^! latt] are simply wat* dogs kept by ! monks = _! own safety1 & :i* d n g at all by !mselves alone to se>* = travel]s t h lo/ _! way 9 ! sn[4 ,! ,newf\ndl& dog1 :i* diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 its :olly black or black & :ite coat1 01 x appe>s1 also ( m\nta9 orig94 ,accord+ to c]ta9 au?ors1 x is indig5\s to ,norway1 & 0 c>ri$ to ,newf\ndl& by ! ,norwegian explor]s :o discov]$ ! isl&4 ,adapt$ to _! new exi/5ce1 !y h become excell5t wat] dogs1 good swimm]s1 & bett] life sav]s by f> ?an ! majority ( _! cong5]s4 ,is x f desc5d+ to ! pla9 t ! m\nta9 dogs h lo/ _! long hair & h become %ort hair$ dogs l ! ,engli% dog or ma/iff & ! ,g]man or l>ge ,dani% dogs8 ,x is v probable4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is by ?is "* ( hav+ %ort hair t ma/iffs are di/+ui%$ f ! m\nta9 dogs4 ,aga91 ! l>ge bre$ ( dogs are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! foll[+ *>act]s3 ,! ma/iff is n v high at ! %\ld]s 7#cj in*es71 b he is v heavy & ?ick set1 ) p[]ful limbs1 l>ge head1 %ort & wide muzzle & ( a yell[i% or caf-au-lait color accompany+ a black face2 t is to say1 ! e>s1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! eyes & ! muzzle are ( a v d>k color4 ,! ,g]man or l>ge ,dani% dogs con/itute b "o bre$1 b ( ?ree v>ieties1 accord+ to ! coat3 7#a7 ^? ^: coat is ( a uni=m color1 say a slaty gray or isobell9e ( v>y+ dep?1 )\t any :ite spots2 7#b7 ^? hav+ a fawn color$ coat /rip$ transv]sely ) black l ! zebra1 b mu* less di/9ctly2 7#c7 ^? hav+ a spott$ coat1 t is to say1 a coat ) a :ite gr\nd /rew$ ) irregul> black spots ( v>y+ size4 ,^!1 l ^? ( ! fir/ v>iety are g5]ally small-ey$4 ,:atev] be ! v>iety to :i* !y belong1 ! ,g]man or l>ge ,dani% dogs are slimm] ?an1 & n s heavy z1 ! ma/iffs4 ,"s1 ev51 are s light t x might be suppos$ t !y _h "s heavi] blood 9 _! ve9s4 ,!y h also a long] muzzle1 al?\gh squ>e1 & are quick] 9 gait & motions4 ,! l>ge/ dogs are to be met ) 9 ?is bre$1 & ! beautiful ,dani% dog belong+ to ,pr(4 ,*>cot 7,fig4 #b7 is c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ dog 9 ,france & p]haps 9 ,europe4 ,x measures #cf in*es at ! %\ld]s & has an osse\s & muscul> developm5t p]fectly 9 keep+ ) its l>ge /ature1 & at ! same "t has admirable proportions & lightness1 & its motions are comp>able to ^? ( ! f9e/ horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,,dr4 ,,*>cot',s ,,l>ge ,,dani% ,,dog4 ,among ! ,engli% dogs or ma/iffs1 we v frequ5tly meet ) individuals 9 :i* ! upp] incisors & can9es are plac$ back ( ! correspond+ ones 9 ! l[] jaw1 ?is be+ due to a slight %ort5+ ( ! bones ( ! upp] jaw1 n visible ext]nally4 ,?is is ! fir/ degree ( an arti/ ( t]atological developm5t1 :i*1 s9ce ! middle ages1 has become v m>k$ 9 c]ta9 subjects1 & has giv5 rise to a v>iety 9 :i* ?is defect has become h]$it>y4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( ! bre$ ( bulldogs4 ,! latt] 7 orig9ally z l>ge z ! ma/iffs4 ,c>ri$ to ,spa9 "u ,philip ,,ii41 !y h !re pres]v$ _! primitive *>act]s1 b ! bulldogs rema9+ 9 ,engl& h cont9u$ to deg5]ate1 s t n[ ! l>ge/ are sc>cely half ! size ( ! ,spani% bulldog1 & ! small ones atta9 h>dly ! size ( ! pug1 al?\gh !y pres]ve consid]able wid? ( *e/ & muscul> /r5g?4 ,,po9t]s4 ,man hunt$ = ages ) dogs t he unit$ 9 a pack2 b ^! packs 7 ( a v het]og5e\s composition1 s9ce !y includ$ /rong dogs1 light dogs v swift ( foot1 %eph]ds' dogs1 & o!rs not$ = acut5ess ( sc5t1 & ev5 mongrels due to a cross+ ) ! wolf4 ,x is f ! promiscu\sness ( all ^! bre$s t has aris5 our ord9>y mod]n dog4 ,! po9t] is ( relatively rec5t creation1 & is due to ! falcon]s4 ,9 our we/]n c\ntries1 falconry dates f ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 z is prov$ by ! capitul>ies ( ,dagob]t4 ,?is art1 !re=e1 0 n br\ght to u f ! ,ea/ by ! crusad]s 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 z /at$ by ,le ,ma\t 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,birds4 ,! falcon] soon saw ! necessity ( hav+ a dog ( nice sc5t hav+ = its role ! f9d+ or hunt+ up ( game )\t pursu+ x1 9 ord] to p]mit ! falcons !mselves to ent] into ! sport4 ,?is animal 0 call$ ! bird dog1 & 0 reg>d$ z com+ f v>i\s c\ntries1 especially f ,spa91 :5ce ! "n ( spaniel t a bre$ ( po9t]s has pres]v$4 ,x is q curi\s to f9d t = ?ree or f\r c5turies back !re h be5 no spaniels 9 ,spa94 ,f ,italy also & f s\!rn climes comes :at is call$ ! bracco1 :5ce d\btless is d]iv$ ! ,fr5* "n braque & ,engli% bra*4 ,f9ally ! agasse ( ! ,bretons 0 c]ta9ly also "o ( ! prog5itors ( our pres5t po9t]s4 ,x 01 says ,oppian1 a bre$ ( small & v c\rage\s dogs1 ) long hair1 provid$ ) /rong claws & jaws1 t foll[$ h>es on ! sly "u %elt] ( v9e-/ocks & re$s & sportively br\ght !m back to _! ma/]s aft] !y _h captur$ !m4 ,we h c]ta9ly "h ! s\rce ( our b>bets & griffons4 ,f9ally ! net hunt]s ( ! middle ages also contribut$ mu* to ! creation ( ! po9t]1 = x is to !m t we owe ! sett]4 ,x is errone\sly1 9 fact1 t c]ta9 au?ors h attribut$ ! creation ( ?is dog to hunt]s ) ! arquebuse1 s9ce ?is weapon did n beg9 to be utiliz$ 9 hunt+ until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ga/on ,phoebus1 :o di$ 9 #acia1 %[s1 9 8 rem>kable "w1 t ! net hunt]s made use ( ,spani% sett]s & t x 0 !y :o creat$ ! true po9t]--! animal t fasc9ates game by its gaze4 ,by ! same pull ( _! draw net !y envelop$ 9 its me%es bo? ! sett] & ! prey t x held spellb\nd4 ,^u ! :ole1 we see t at ! end ( ! middle ages !re exi/$ ?ree types ( po9t]s3 spaniels1 bra*s & v hairy dogs1 t ,*>les ,e/i5ne1 9 8 ,maison ,ru/ique1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 calls b>bets4 ,x is aga9 ) ^! ?ree types t are connect$ all ! pres5t po9t]s1 :i* we are go+ to pass rapidly 9 review4 ,! ,bra* h\nds4--,to-day we res]ve ! "n ( bra*s = all po9t]s ) %ort hair4 ,! type ( ! old bra* /ill exi/s 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ! s\? ( ,france & 9 ,g]many4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by its l>ge size1 its robu/ =m1 its l>ge head1 its long1 flat e>s1 its squ>e muzzle sep>at$ f ! =ehead by a deep depression1 its l>ge nose1 (t5 d\ble 7t is to say1 ) no/rils sep>at$ by a deep v]tical groove71 its p5d5t lips1 its ?ick neck1 its long & /rong paws provid$ ) dew claws1 bo? on ! =e & ! h9d feet1 & its %ort hair1 :i* is usually :ite & m>k$ ) br[n or orange-yell[ spots4 ,! old bra* bre$ has be5 modifi$ by ! bre$]s ( diff]5t c\ntries1 ei!r by hygi5e or by cross+ ) ord9>y dogs1 accord+ to ! mann] ( hunt+1 accord+ to ta/e1 & ev5 accord+ to fa%ion4 ,?us 9 ,engl&1 :]e "t is money reigns 9 e ?+ & :]e !y l to hunt quickly & n leisurely1 ! bra* has be5 r5d]$ light] & swift] ( foot & has become ! po9t]4 ,9 ,france1 :ile x has lo/ a little 9 size & weight1 x has pres]v$ its mod]ate gait & has cont9u$ to hunt ne> its ma/]1 "u ! gun1 z !y say4 ,! same is ! case 9 ,spa91 ,italy & ,g]many ev54 ,9 ,france !re are sev]al v>ieties or sub-bre$s ( bra* h\nds4 ,! old ,fr5* bra*1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! old type1 pres]v$ especially 9 ! s\?1 :]e x is call$ ! ,*>les ! ,t5? bra*1 is ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 height1 & has a :ite & a m>oon coat1 :i* is some:at co>se4 ,x (t5 has a cleft nose & dew-claws on all ! feet4 ,! bra* ( ! s\? sc>cely diff]s f ! prec$+ except 9 color4 ,its coat has a :ite gr\nd cov]$ ) pale orange blot*es & spots ( ! same color4 ,! ,/4 ,g]ma9 bra* is f9] br$1 & appe>s to be a po9t] introduc$ into ,france 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,x4 ,x has a v f9e sk91 v f9e hair ( a :ite & orange color4 ,! ,b\rbon bra* has ! *>act]s ( ! old ,fr5* bra*1 ) a :ite coat m>k$ "h & !re ) l>ge br[n blot*es1 & ! :ite gr\nd spott$ ) ! same color2 b :at p>ticul>ly *>act]izes ?is dog is t x is born ) a /umpy tail1 z if ?ree-qu>t]s ( x _h be5 *opp$ (f4 ,! ,dupuy bra* is sl5d] & has a n>r[ muzzle1 z if x _h "s h>ri] blood 9 its ve9s4 ,x is :ite1 ) l>ge d>k m>oon blot*es4 ,! ,auv]gne bra* resembles ! s\!rn bra*1 b has a :ite & black coat spott$ ) black ^u :ite4 ,! po9t]1 or ,engli% bra* 7,fig4 #c71 desc5ds f ! old ,spani% bra*1 b has be5 improv$ & r5d]$ light] & mu* swift] ( foot by ! introduction ( ! blood ( ! foxh\nd into its ve9s1 accord+ to ! ,engli% cynegetic au?ors !mselves4 ,! old po9t] 0 ( a :ite & orange color1 & 0 indi/+ui%able f our ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,! po9t] n[ fanci$ is :ite & m>oon & has a /rong] frame ?an ! po9t] ( tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! ,italian bra*s are heavy1 ) light] v>ieties1 usually :ite & orange color1 m r>ely roan1 & provid$ ) dew-claws1 ?is be+ a sign ( purity ( bre$ accord+ to ,italian fanci]s4 ,! ,g]man bra*s are ( ! type ( ! old bra*1 ) a /iff :ite & m>oon coat1 ! latt] color be+ s ext5sively di/ribut$ 9 spots on ! :ite z to make ! coat v d>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #c4--,,po9t]4 ,spaniels4--,! old type ( spaniel has ne>ly disappe>$1 yet we /ill f9d a few families ( x 9 ,france1 especially 9 ,pic>dy & p]haps 9 a few remote p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,! old spaniel 0 ( ! same build z ! bra*1 & diff]$ f x 9 t ! head1 :ile be+ %ort-hair$1 0 provid$ ) e>s clo!d ) long1 wavy hair4 ,! same k9d ( hair also clo!d ! :ole body up to ! tail1 :]e x con/itut$ a beautiful tuft4 ,! ,pic>d spaniel is a little light] ?an ! old spaniel4 ,x has l>ge m>oon blot*es ^u a :ite gr\nd ?ickly spott$ ) m>oon1 ) a t\* ( flame color on ! *eeks1 ov] ! eyes1 & on ! legs4 ,! ,pont-,&em] spaniel is a ,norman v>iety1 ) v curly hair1 almo/ entirely m>oon color$1 ! :ite p>ts ?ickly spott$ ) a little color z 9 ! ,pic>d v>iety1 & a *>act]i/ic =elock on ! top ( ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #d4--;,,engli% ,,sett]s4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! spaniel has giv5 rise to sev]al v>ieties4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are sev]al sub-bre$s ( sett]s1 viz43 ,! ,engli% sett]1 /ill call$ lav]ack1 :i* has l>ge black or orange-color$ blot*es on ! head1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ entirely :ite1 ) num]\s spots ( ! same color z ! m>k+s on ! head 7,fig4 #d72 ! ,iri% sett]1 :i* is entirely ( a bright yell[i% mahogany color2 & ! ,gordon sett]1 :i* is entirely black1 ) orange color on ! *eeks1 "u ! ?roat1 )9 & at ! extremity ( ! limbs 7,fig4 #e74 ,next come ! field spaniels1 a gr\p ( t]ri] spaniels1 :i* includes ! ,clumb] spaniel1 :i* is :ite & orange color2 ! ,sussex spaniel1 :i* is :ite & m>oon2 ! black spaniel1 :i* is :olly black2 & ! cock]1 :i* is ! smalle/ ( all1 & is entirely black1 & :ite & m>oon1 or :ite & orange-color$1 or tricolor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #e4--;,,gordon ,,sett]4 ,b>bets & ,griffons4--,to ?is latt] category belong ! dogs1 p> excell5ce1 = hunt+ 9 swamps4 ,! b>bets are entirely cov]$ ) long curly hair1 l ! poodles1 :i* are directly d]iv$ f !m4 ,!y are :ite or gray1 ) l>ge black or br[n blot*es4 ,! griffons diff] f ! poodles 9 _! co>se & /iff hair1 :i* nev] curls4 ,!y h l>ge br[n blot*es ^u a :ite gr\nd1 :i* is mu* spott$ or mix$1 z 9 ! color ( ! hair call$ roan4 ,!re is an excell5t :ite & orange-color$ v>iety4 ,! griffons1 neglect$ = a long "t on acc\nt ( ! infatuation t 0 & is /ill _h = ,engli% hunt+ dogs1 are be+ receiv$ aga9 ) t favor :i* !y h nev] ceas$ to be ! object ( 9 ,g]many & 9 ,italy 7:]e !y be> ! "n ( sp9one74 ,bre$]s ( m]it1 su* z ,mr4 ,kor?als1 9 ,g]many1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,b\let1 9 ,france1 are endeavor+ to br+ !m into prom95ce 7,fig4 #f74 ,f9ally1 we reckon also among hunt+ dogs "s v happy crosses betwe5 ! spaniels & ! b>bets1 :i* 9 ,engl& are call$ retriev]s or wat] spaniels4--,p4 ,megn91 9 ,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #f4--;,,co>se ,,hair$ ,,griffon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,re/ock+ ,,! ,,se9e ,,) ,,fi%4 ,a few days ago1 at ,b\gival1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! dam ( ! ,m>ly ma*9e1 !re 7 put into wat] #dj1jjj fry ( ,cali=nia tr\t & salmon1 design$ to re/ock ! ,se9e1 :i*1 9 ?is region1 has be5 depopulat$ by ! explosions ( dynamite :i* la/ w9t] effect$ ! break+ up ( ! ice jam t =m$ at ?is place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re/ock+ ,,! ,,se9e ,,) ,,fi%4 ,! op]ation1 :i* is q simple 9 itself1 attract$ a l>ge numb] ( inquisitive p by reason ( ! exceptional publicity giv5 to ! conflict provok$ by a gov]nm5t eng9e]1 :o1 "u ! pretext t he _h n be5 consult$1 made objections to ! subm]sion ( ! little fi%4 ,z well kn[n1 ! affair 0 t]m9at$ by a %>p reprim& f ,mr4 ,yves ,guyot1 address$ to 8 ov]zeal\s subord9ate4 ,x w\ld h be5 a great pity1 moreov]1 if ?is int]e/+ exp]im5t _h n tak5 place1 & _h n come to corroborate ! favorable results already obta9$4 ,9 ?ree ye>s ! ,cali=nia salmon rea*es a weight ( elev5 p\nds1 &1 f ?is "t1 is capable ( reproduction4 ,its fle% is delici\s1 & comp>able to t ( ! tr\t1 ! developm5t ( :i* is less rapid1 b j z sure4 ,! fry put into ! wat] on ,sunday 7 b two mon?s old4 ,! tr\t 71 on an av]age1 "o & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! salmon two & ?ree-qu>t] in*es4 ,!y 7 transport$ 9 ?ree iron plate vessels1 weigh+ altoge!r1 inclusive ( ! wat]1 #ggj lb41 & provid$ ) air tubes ?r\gh :i*1 dur+ ! voyage1 ! employes1 by means ( pumps1 assur$ ! respiration ( ! little fi%4 ,our engrav+ repres5ts ! subm]sion at ! mom5t at :i* ! cyl9d]s 7( :i* ! temp]ature has j be5 tak5 & comp>$ ) t ( ! ,se9e1 9 ord] to prev5t too abrupt a transition = ! fry7 are be+ c>efully let d[n into ! riv]4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,figures %[ t ! consumption ( iron 9 g5]al con/ruction--o!r ?an railroads--9 ?is c\ntry has gr[n f a little m ?an a million & a half ( tons 9 #ahgi to m ?an six million tons 9 #ahhi4 ,mu* ( ?is increase has gone into iron build+s4 ,by us+ huge iron frames & ?9 curta9 walls = ea* /ory support$ !reon1 z is done 9 a build+ go+ up on l[] ,broadway1 ,new ,york city1 a good deal ( space c be sav$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mod]n ,,armor4 ,by ,f4,r4 ,,bra9>d1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,! build+ ( a navy1 :i* has be5 actively go+ on = ! pa/ few ye>s1 has drawn public att5tion to naval subjects1 & rec5t important exp]im5ts ) armor plates h attract$ l>ge att5tion1 h5ce x may n be amiss to give a description ( ! manufacture & te/+ ( armor4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to wade ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( armor1 /udy+ ea* little /ep 9 its developm5t1 b we %all simply take a ha/y glance at ! pa/1 & !n devote our att5tion to mod]n armor & its imm$iate future4 ,mod]n armor has arriv$ at its pres5t /ate ( developm5t ?r\gh a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ ) great c>e & skill1 & h be5 v>i$ f "t to "t z ! improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( mat]ials h develop$1 & z ! physical laws connect$ ) ! subject h be5 bett] und]/ood4 ,!re has be5 v little w> exp]i5ce to draw f1 & h5ce ab\t all t is n[ kn[n has be5 acquir$ 9 peaceful exp]im5ts4 ,! fundam5tal object to be obta9$ by ! use ( armor is to keep out ! enemy's %ot1 & ?us protect f de/ruction ! vuln]able ?+s t may be beh9d x4 ,! fir/ s]i\s ef=t to d ?is dates ) ! introduction ( iron armor4 ,) ?is =m ( armor we h _h a small am\nt ( w> exp]i5ce4 ,! combat ( ! ,monitor & ,m]rimac1 9 ,hampton ,roads1 9 ,may1 #ahfb1 n only m>k$ an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( models ( fight+ %ips1 b also m>k$ "o 9 ! use ( armor4 ,! ,monitor's turret 0 compos$ ( n9e "o-in* plates ( wr\ght iron1 bolt$ toge!r4 ,plates built 9 ?is mann] =m :at is kn[n z lam9at$ armor4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,! side armor ( ! hull 0 compos$ ( f\r "o-in* plates4 ,! ,m]rimac's casemate 0 compos$ ( f\r "o-in* plates or two two-in* plates back$ by oak4 ,! lat] monitors _h lam9at$ armor compos$ ( "o-in* plates4 ,! =ego+1 ) ! ,albem>le & ,t5nessee rams "u ! ,conf$]ate flag1 are ab\t ! sum ( our practical exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( armor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,european nations took up ! subject ( armor & en]getically conduct$ exp]im5ts :i* h co/ l>ge sums ( money1 b h giv5 mu* valuable data4 ,= a long "t wr\ght iron 0 ! only mat]ial us$ = armor1 & ! resi/+ p[] dep5d+ on ! ?ickness2 & ! calib] & p5etration ( guns rapidly increas+1 x 0 n long be=e a po9t 0 rea*$ :]e ! requisite ?ickness made ! load ( armor s great t x 0 impracticable = a %ip to c>ry x4 ,! "q !n arose z to :at 7 ! mo/ important p>ts ( a %ip to protect4 ,! attempt$ solutions ( ?is "q br\ght out v>i\s sy/ems ( di/ributions4 ,armor$ %ips 7 =m]ly ( two classes2 9 "o ! guns 7 m\nt$ 9 broadside1 9 ! o!r 9 turrets4 ,e "p ( ! %ip 0 protect$ ) iron to a great] or less ?ickness4 ,9 m mod]n %ips ! guns are m\nt$ 9 an armor$ citadel1 9 armor$ b>bettes or turrets1 ! eng9es1 boil]s & wat]l9e be+ ! only o!r p>ts protect$4 ,!re may be said to be ?ree sy/ems ( armor di/ribution4 ,! belt sy/em consi/s 9 protect+ ! :ole wat]l9e by an armor$ belt1 ! armor be+ ?icke/ abrea/ ( ! eng9es & boil]s4 ,! guns are protect$ by brea/works1 turrets or b>bettes1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! %ip be+ unprotect$4 ,! ,fr5* use ! belt sy/em1 & our own monitors may be class$ "u x4 ,! c5tral citadel sy/em consi/s 9 armor+ t "p ( ! wat]l9e :i* is abrea/ ( ! eng9es & boil]s4 ,=w>d & aft ! wat]l9e is unprotect$1 b a protective deck ext5ds f ! citadel 9 ea* direction1 prev5t+ ! projectiles f ent]+ ! comp>tm5ts bel[4 ,! hull is divid$ into num]\s comp>tm5ts by wat]-tight bulkheads1 &1 hav+ a res]ve ( flotation1 ! /ability ( ! %ip is n lo/1 ev5 ?\gh ! p>ts above ! protective deck1 =w>d & aft1 be de/roy$ or fill$ ) wat]4 ,! guns are protect$ by turrets or b>bettes4 ,! deflective sy/em consi/s 9 incl9+ ! armor1 or 9 s plac+ x t x w be difficult or impossible to make a projectile /rike normal to ! face ( ! plate4 ,a plate t is incl9$ to ! pa? ( a projectile w1 ( c\rse1 (f] great] resi/ance to p5etration ?an "o :i* is p]p5dicul>2 h5ce1 :5 !re is no o!r condition to outweigh ?is "o1 ! armor is plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to be at ! smalle/ possible angle ) ! probable pa? ( ! projectile4 ,?is sy/em is design$ to cause ! projectile to glance or deflect on impact4 ,deflective armor %\ld be at su* an angle t ! projectiles fir$ at x _c bite1 & h5ce ! angle w v>y accord+ to ! projectile mo/ likely to be us$4 ,9 ! usual =m ( deflective deck ! armor is at su* a small incl9ation ) ! horizon t x becomes v effective4 ,turret & b>bette armor may be consid]$ z deflective armor4 ,! t]m incl9$ armor d5otes deflective armor t is incl9$ to ! v]tical4 ,! k9ds ( armor t are 9 use may be designat$ z roll$ iron1 *ill$ ca/ iron1 comp\nd1 =g$ & temp]$ /eel1 & nickel /eel4 ,iron armor consi/s ( wr\ght iron plates1 roll$ or =g$1 & ( ca/ iron or *ill$ ca/ iron1 z 9 ! ,gruson armor4 ,comp\nd armor consi/s ( a =g$ comb9ation ( a /eel plate & an iron plate4 ,/eel armor consi/s ( wr\ght /eel plates4 ,nickel-/eel armor consi/s ( plates made f an alloy ( nickel & /eel4 ,i h spok5 above ( lam9at$ armor4 ,to secure ! full b5efit ( ?is k9d1 ! plates mu/ be neatly fitt$ to ea* o!r2 ! surfaces mu/ make close contact4 ,?is requires accurate ma*9+1 & h5ce is exp5sive4 ,to ov]come ?is po9t s&wi*$ armor 0 sugge/$4 ,?is consi/s 9 plac+ a lay] ( wood betwe5 ! lam9ations1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x 0 f\nd t lam9at$ & s&wi*$ armor gave v mu* less resi/+ p[] ?an solid roll$ plates ( ! same ?ickness4 ,wr\ght iron armor is made "u ! hamm] or "u ! rolls1 9 ! ord9>y mann] ( mak+ plates1 & has be5 exhau/ively /udi$ & exp]im5t$ )--m s ?an any o!r =m ( armor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,*ill$ ca/ iron armor is manufactur$ by ,gruson1 9 ,g]many1 & is us$ 9 sea coa/ def5se =ts ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahfg sev]al comp\nd plates 7 made by ,*as4 ,cammell ,co41 ( ,%effield1 ,engl&1 & 7 te/$ at ,%oeburyness1 9 ,engl&1 & at ,tegel1 9 ,russia4 ,^! plates 7 made by weld+ slabs ( /eel to iron2 b ! difficulties 7 s great t ! idea 0 ab&on$ = ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,comp\nd armor1 z n[ manufactur$1 is ( two types3 ,wilson's pat5t1 a back+ ( roll$ iron1 fac$ ) ,bessem] /eel2 ,ellis' pat5t1 a back+ ( roll$ iron1 fac$ ) a plate ( h>d roll$ /eel1 cem5t$ ) a lay] ( ,bessem] /eel4 ,bo? ^! k9ds are manufactur$ 9 ,engl& & ,france 9 sizes up to fifty tons weight4 ,! ,wilson process is us$ at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,cammell ,co41 ( ,%effield1 ,engl&1 & ! ,ellis process at ! ,atlas ,works ( ,sir ,john ,br[n ,co41 ( ! same place4 ,^! are ! two lead+ manufactur]s ( comp\nd plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! me?od employ$ by ,wilson 9 mak+ comp\nd plate is to fir/ make a good wr\ght iron plate4 ,to ! surface ( ?is & along ea* side ( ! l5g? ( ! plate are fix$ two small *annel irons1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! plate is !n rais$ to a weld+ heat 9 a gas furnace1 & transf]r$ to an iron flask or m\ld4 ,w$ges are driv5 9 betwe5 ! back ( ! plate & ! side ( ! m\ld1 ?us =c+ ! *annel irons up snug aga9/ ! opposite side ( ! m\ld4 ,m\ld+ s& is !n pack$ ar\nd ! back & sides ( ! plate 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! m\ld is l[]$ 9 a v]tical position into a pit4 ,molt5 /eel1 manufactur$ by ei!r ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 or ,bessem] process1 is !n p\r$ 9 ?r\gh a tr\gh t =ms sev]al /reams1 & =ms ! h>d face ( ! plate4 ,! molt5 /eel z x runs d[n cleans ! face ( ! wr\ght iron plate1 scor+ x 9 places1 &1 be+ ( mu* high] temp]ature1 ! excessive heat c>bonates ! iron to a dep? ( "o-eigh? to ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*1 =m+ a zone ( mild /eel betwe5 ! h>d /eel & s(t iron4 ,! m\ld is plac$ 9 a v]tical position to insure clos5ess ( /ructure & ! =c+ ( gases out ( ! /eel4 ,aft] solidify+1 ! :ole plate is press$1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls to obta9 ?or\gh weld+4 ,x is !n b5t1 plan$1 fitt$1 temp]$1 & anneal$ to remove int]nal /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 #ahhg1 ,wilson took out a pat5t = improvem5ts 9 8 process ( mak+ comp\nd plates4 ,9 ?is me?od ( manufacture he takes a wr\ght iron1 fibr\s plate1 fifte5 in*es ?ick1 built up f a numb] ( ?9 plates4 ,:ile hot f ! =g+ press1 he places ?is plate 9 an iron m\ld 7see ,fig4 #g7 ab\t #bh in*es deep1 & ^u x runs +ot iron or v mild /eel to a dep? ( ?irte5 in*es4 ,9 ?is =m ( m\ld ! plate re/s on brickwork1 & is held 9 place by two groov$ side clamps or /rips :i* are caus$ to grip ! plate by means ( screws :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! sides ( ! m\ld4 ,aft] solidify+1 ! plate1 :i* is tw5ty-eight in*es ?ick1 is reheat$ & roll$ d[n to eighte5 in*es4 ,?is is ! iron back+ ( ! f9i%$ plate1 & x is aga9 put 9 ! iron m\ld & heat$1 :5 a lay] ( h>d /eel is run on ! expos$ surface ( ! orig9al wr\ght iron plate to a dep? ( eight in*es4 ,?is makes a plate ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es ?ick4 ,x is tak5 f ! m\ld1 reheat$1 roll$1 hamm]$ or press$ d[n to tw5ty in*es4 ,aft] cool+1 x is b5t1 plan$1 & fitt$ z desir$1 !n temp]$ & anneal$ to relieve int]nal /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! me?od employ$ by ,ellis 9 mak+ comp\nd plates is to take two sep>ate plates1 "o ( good wr\ght iron & "o ( h>d =g$ /eel1 plac+ ! =g$ /eel plate on ! wr\ght iron plate1 keep+ !m sep>ate by a w$ge frame or b]m ( /eel ar\nd ?ree sides1 & plac+ small blocks ( /eel at v>i\s po9ts ne> ! middle ( ! plates 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,^! blocks are call$ di/ance blocks4 ,aft] cov]+ all ! expos$ /eel surfaces ) gani/]1 ! plates are put 9 a gas furnace & heat$ to a weld+ heat4 ,!y are !n l[]$ into a v]tical iron pit ) ! op5 side upp]mo/4 ,! plates are held 9 position by hydraulic rams1 :i* also prev5t bulg+4 ,molt5 /eel ( m$ium s(tness is !n p\r$ into ! space betwe5 ! plates1 by means ( a di/ribut+ tr\gh hav+ holes 9 ! bottom1 & aft] ?is has solidifi$1 ! :ole plate is plac$ "u ! hydraulic press & r$uc$ ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 9 ?ickness4 ,! plate is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls1 b5t1 plan$1 fitt$1 temp]$1 & anneal$ to r$uce int]nal /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 heat+ ! comp\nd plates = roll+1 ! plate is plac$ 9 ! furnace ) ! /eel face d[n1 s t ! iron "p gets well heat$ & ! /eel does n become too hot4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]heat ! plate1 & 9 work+1 _m passes are giv5 ! plate ) small clos+s ( ! rolls4 ,! /eel "p ( a comp\nd plate is usually ab\t "o ?ird ( ! full ?ickness ( ! plate4 ,=g$ /eel armor1 temp]$ 9 oil1 is fabricat$ at ,le ,creusot1 ,france1 by ,s*neid] ,co41 us+ op5-he>? /eel1 & =g+ "u ! #ajj ton hamm]4 ,! +ots are ca/1 ) tw5ty-five p] c5t4 s9k+ head & are cubical 9 =m4 ,! port] b> is atta*$ to a lug on "o side ( ! +ot4 ,by means ( a crane ) a curv$ jib :i* gives spr+9ess "u ! hamm]1 ! +ot is ?ru/ into ! heat+ furnace4 ,on arriv+ at a good =g+ heat x is swung ar\nd to ! #ajj ton hamm]1 "u :i* x is work$ d[n to ! requir$ %ape4 ,a sev5ty-five ton +ot requires ab\t eight reheat+s be=e be+ r$uc$ to %ape4 ,hav+ be5 r$uc$ to %ape1 ! plate is c>efully anneal$1 !n rais$ to a high temp]+ heat1 & ! face temp]$ 9 oil4 ,x is reanneal$ to take out ! int]nal /ra9s1 c>e be+ tak5 n to r$uce ! face h>dness m ?an necess>y4 ,! ,s*neid] process ( temp]+ is bas$ ^u ! utilization ( ! absorption ( heat caus$ by ! fus+ or melt+ ( a solid sub/ance1 & ( ! fact t s long z a solid is melt+ or dissolv+ 9 a liquid sub/ance1 ! liquid _c get appreciably hott]1 except locally ar\nd ! heat+ surface4 ,! body to be h>d5$ is plung$ at ! requisite temp]ature into a ba? conta9+ ! solid melt+ body1 or is kept "u pressure 9 ! solid mat]ial ( l[ melt+ po9t until ! requir$ extraction ( heat has tak5 place1 m solid mat]ial be+ add$ if necess>y z t orig9ally pres5t melts & dissolves4 ,nickel /eel armor is made 9 a simil> mann] to ! /eel plates1 ! mat]ial us$ 9 ca/+ ! +ot be+ an alloy ( nickel & /eel conta9+ betwe5 ?ree & f\r p] c5t4 ( nickel4 ,! ,h>vey process ( mak+ armor consi/s 9 tak+ an all-/eel plate & c>boniz+ ! face4 ,?is c>boniz+ process is v simil> to ! cem5tation process ( produc+ /eel1 & by x ! face ( ! plate is made high 9 c>bon & v h>d4 ,! sy/em inv5t$ by ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?1 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 consi/s 9 :at might be call$ scale armor4 ,a section ( a sample ( ! armor repres5ts f\r plates4 ,! out] lay]1 "o in* ?ick1 is compos$ ( /eel ( a t5sile /r5g? ( #hj tons p] squ>e in*2 ! second lay]1 "o in* ?ick1 ( /eel ^: t5sile /r5g? is #dj tons p] squ>e in*2 ! ?ird & f\r? lay]s1 ea* "o-half in* ?ickness1 ( mild /eel4 ,! out] lay] is 9 small squ>es ( ab\t t5 in*es on a side1 & is fa/5$ to ! second lay] by bolts at ! corn]s & "o 9 ! middle ( ea* squ>e4 ,! surface is flu%4 7,see ,fig4 #i47 ,! end s\ght by ! above sy/em is to break up ! %ot by ! h>d /eel face & to re/rict any />r+ or crack+ ( ! metal to ! limit ( ! squ>es or scales /ruck4 ,! bolts are ( high c>bon & are extremely h>d /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,armor plates mu/ (t5 be b5t or curv$ to s+le or d\ble curvature & sometimes to a w>p$ surface to fit ! =m ( ! %ip4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( b5d+ plates4 ,"o me?od employs a ca/ iron slab ( ! requir$ =m1 :i* is plac$ on ! pi/on ( a hydraulic press4 ,! armor plate is plac$ face d[n on ?is slab1 & on top ( ! plate are laid pack+ blocks ( ca/ iron1 ( su* sizes & %apes z to con=m to ! requir$ curve4 ,^! blocks take aga9/ ! upp] table ( ! press1 :5 ! pi/on is =c$ up1 & ! hot plate is ?us di%$ to ! prop] =m4 ,9 ! ,fr5* me?od ( b5d+1 an anvil or b$ plate ( ! requir$ curve is us$1 & ! armor plate is =c$ to take ! curve by be+ hamm]$ all ov] its upp] surface ) a specially design$ /eam hamm]4 ,! edges ( ! plate are trimm$ by l>ge1 p[]ful slott+ ma*9es or circul> saws2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 op]ate 9 exactly ! same mann] z a slott]1 except t !re is no return motion to ! tool4 ,ea* too? ( ! saw is b a slott+ tool1 & ^! tee? are1 by screws1 r5d]$ capable ( be+ nicely adju/$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! saw4 ,! plates are fa/5$ to ! hulls & back+ by heavy bolts1 v>y+ 9 size accord+ to ! weight ( ! individual plate4 ,= ! #f1jjj ton armor$ %ips1 ^! bolts are f #b4ge to #c4a in*es 9 diamet] & f #ah4de to #bc in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y are tapp$ two or ?ree in*es into ! armor & d n g ?r\gh ! plate4 ,!y pass ?r\gh wr\ght iron tubes 9 ! back+ & set up ) cups1 wa%]s & nuts aga9/ ! inn] sk9 ( ! %ip4 ,at /eel works :]e plates = our new navy are be+ manufactur$1 !re are inspectors :o look aft] ! gov]nm5t's int]e/s4 ,(fic]s ( ! navy are detail$ = ?is "w1 & _! duty is to wat* ! manufacture ( plates ?r\gh ea* "p ( ! process & to see t ! conditions ( ! specifications & contract are compli$ )4 ,! inspection & te/+ ( armor plates consi/s 9 exam9+ !m = pits1 scales1 lam9ations1 =g+ cracks1 etc41 9 det]m9+ ! *emical analysis ( specim5s tak5 f diff]5t p>ts1 9 det]m9+ ! physical qualities ( specim5s tak5 longitud9ally & transv]sely1 & ! balli/ic te/4 ,specifications = ^! diff]5t te/s are con/antly und]go+ *ange1 & x w\ld be impossible to /ate1 ) exactness1 :at ! requirem5ts are or w be 9 ! ne> future4 ,! balli/ic te/ is ! important "o1 & is made by tak+ "o plate ( a gr\p & subject+ x to ! fire ( a suitable gun4 ,! o!r te/s are simply to insure1 z f> z practicable1 t all ! o!r plates ( ! gr\p are simil> to & are capable ( /&+ z sev]e a balli/ic te/ z ! te/ plate4 ,! foll[+ w give an idea ( ! balli/ic te/ z prescrib$ by ! ,bureau ( ,ordnance1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,! te/ plate1 irrespective ( its ?ickness1 is to be back$ by ?irty-six in*es ( oak or o!r sub/antial wood4 ,ne> ! middle region ( ! plate an equilat]al triangle w be m>k$1 ea* side ( :i* w be ?ree & "o-half calib]s long4 ,! l[] side ( ! triangle w be horizontal4 ,?ree %ots w be fir$1 ! po9ts ( impact be+ z ne> z possible ! extremities ( ! triangle4 ,! velocity ( ! %ot w be su* z to give ! projectile suffici5t en]gy to j pass ?r\gh a wr\ght iron plate ( equal ?ickness to ! te/ plate1 & ?r\gh its wood back+4 ,! velocity is calculat$ by ! ,gavre =mula3 a ,v --- #cejg ,e #bbfedfd e#a4d w ,,tex3 ,v#b fracaw #cejg ,e#b times #bbfedfd e#a4d ,v ! velocity ( ! projectile 9 feet p] second4 a ! diamet] ( ! projectile 9 in*es4 w ! weight ( ! projectile 9 p\nds4 ,e ! ?ickness ( ! back+ 9 in*es4 e ! ?ickness ( ! plate 9 in*es4 ,us+ ! above =mula we c make out a table z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,plate4 ,backi'g ,gun1 s]vice w1 a1 ,v4 ,en]gy1 ,in*es4,in*es4 %ot4 ,p\nds4,in*es4 f4 #h4 ,impact4 f4 tons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #f #cf #f ,b4,l4,r4 #ajj #e4if #achi #accg #g #cf #f #ajj #e4if #aebh #afai #h #cf #h #bej #g4if #abac #beej #i #cf #h #bej #g4if #acjh #biff #aj #cf #h #bej #g4if #acii #ccij #aa #cf #h #bej #g4if #adhi #chci #ab #cf #aj #ejj #i4if #abdg #echf #ac #cf #aj #ejj #i4if #acae #eihg #ad #cf #aj #ejj #i4if #acha #ffjh #ae #cf #ab #hej #aa4if #abae #hfii #af #cf #ab #hej #aa4if #abfi #igaj #ag #cf #ab #hej #aa4if #accb #ajded #ah #cf #ab #hej #aa4if #acgd #aaabd #ai #cf #ab #hej #aa4if #adbe #aaife #bj #cf #ab #hej #aa4if #adgf #abhcg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,no projectile or fragm5t ( ! plate or projectile mu/ get :olly ?r\gh ! plate & back+4 ,! plate mu/ n break up or give su* cracks z to expose ! back+1 previ\s to ! ?ird %ot4 ,! p5etration ( projectiles ( diff]5t =ms into v>i\s /yles ( armor has be5 v ?or\ghly /udi$ & _m attempts h be5 made to br+ ! subject d[n to ma!matical =mul4 ,^! =mul are bas$ on sev]al suppositions1 & agree v closely ) results obta9$ 9 actual exp]im5ts1 b !re are s _m v>y+ conditions t x is extremely d\btful if any =mul w ev] be writt5 t w prop]ly express ! p5etration4 ,_m diff]5t =ms h be5 giv5 to ! heads ( projectiles1 z flat1 ogival1 hemisph]ical1 conoidal1 p>abolic1 blunt trifac$1 etc4 ,! flat head$ projectile has ! %ape ( a "r cyl9d]1 & acts l a pun*1 driv+ ! mat]ial ( ! armor plate 9 front ( x4 ,^! projectiles are especially valuable :5 fir+ at oblique armor1 = !y w bite or cut into ! armor :5 /rik+ at an angle ( ?irty degrees4 ,! ogival head acts m z a w$ge1 pu%+ ! metal aside1 & g5]ally w give m p5etration 9 ?ick solid plates ?an ! flat head$ projectile4 ,! ogival head is usually design$ by us+ a radius ( two calib]s4 ,! hemisph]ical1 conoidal1 p>abolic & blunt trifac$ all give m or less ( ! w$g+ effect4 ,! blunt trifac$ has all ! good qualities ( ! ogival ( two calib]s4 ,x bites at a slightly less angle1 & ! ?ree faces />t cracks radiat+ f ! po9t ( impact4 ,=g$ /eel is ! be/ mat]ial = armor-pi]c+ projectiles1 b _m are made ( *ill$ ca/ iron1 on acc\nt ( its great h>dness & *eapness4 ,! be/ weight = a projectile is f\nd by ! =mula w d 7#j4de to #j4e7 w be+ ! weight 9 p\nds1 d ! diamet] 9 in*es & #j4de to #j4e hav+ be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,) a light projectile we get a flat trajectory1 & accuracy at %ort ranges is increas$4 ,) a heavy projectile ! resi/ance ( ! air has less effect & ! projectile is advantage\sly employ$ at long ranges4 ,9 ! foll[+ =mul1 us$ 9 calculat+ ! p5etration ( projectiles 9 roll$ iron armor1 g ! =ce ( gravity4 w ! weight ( projectile 9 p\nds4 d ! diamet] ( projectile 9 in*es4 v ! /rik+ velocity 9 feet p] second4 ,p ! p5etration 9 in*es4 ,major ,noble1 ,r4,a41 gives #a4f _/ w v ,p _/ _/ ---------------- _/ pi g d #aaccd4d ,,tex3 ,p sqrt#a4f;fracw v#bpi g d #aaccd4d ,u4,s4 ,naval ,ordnance ,prov+ ,gr\nd uses #b4jce_/ w v ,p _/ _/ --------------- _/ pi g d #cheb4h ,,tex3 ,p sqrt#b4jce;fracw v#bpi g d #cheb4h ,col4 ,maitl& gives w v ,p ------------ g d #affed4d ,,tex3 ,p fracw v#b;g d#b #affed4d ,maitl&'s late/ =mula1 n[ us$ 9 ,engl&1 is v _/w ,p ----- _/ - - #j4ad d #fjh4c d ,,tex3 ,p fracv#fjh4c sqrtfracwd - #j4ad d ,g5]al ,frol(f1 ,russian army1 gives w v ,p ------ d #egf ,,tex3 ,p fracw vd#b #egf = plates less ?an two & "o-half in*es ?ick1 & w v ,p ------ - #a4e d #djj ,,tex3 ,p fracw vd#b #djj - #a4e = plates m ?an two & "o-half in*es ?ick4 ,if !ta be ! angle betwe5 ! pa? ( ! projectile & ! face ( ! plate1 !n v 9 ! above =mul becomes v s9 !ta4 ,:5 we come to back ! plates1 _! p[] to resi/ p5etration becomes great]1 & our =mula *anges4 ,! ,gavre =mula1 giv5 above1 is us$ to det]m9e ! velocity necess>y = a projectile to pass entirely ?r\gh an iron plate & its wood back+4 ,comp\nd & /eel armor are said to give ab\t #bi p] c5t4 m resi/+ p[] ?an wr\ght iron1 b 9 "o exp]im5t at ! prov+ gr\nd1 at ,annapolis1 a comp\nd plate gave ov] #ej p] c5t4 m resi/+ p[] ?an wr\ght iron4 ,! ,italian gov]nm5t1 aft] mo/ exp5sive & elaborate comp>ative te/s1 has decid$ 9 favor ( ! ,creusot or ,s*neid] all-/eel plates1 & has e/abli%$ a plant = _! manufacture at ,t]ni1 ne> ,rome4 ,! ,fr5* use bo? /eel & comp\nd plates2 ! ,russians1 comp\nd2 ! ,g]mans1 comp\nd2 ! ,sw$es & ,danes use bo?4 ,spa9 has adopt$ & accept$ ! ,creusot plate = its new =midable armor$ vessel1 ! ,pelayo2 & ,*9a too has rec5tly become a pur*as] ( ,creusot plates4 ,c]ta9 g5]al rules may be laid d[n = attack+ armor4 ,if ! armor is iron1 x is useless to attack ) projectiles hav+ less ?an #a1jjj feet /rik+ velocity = ea* calib] 9 ?ickness ( plate4 ,x is unadvisable to fire /eel or *ill$ iron fill$ %ells at ?ick armor1 unless a normal hit c be made4 ,:5 p]=ation is to be attempt$1 /eel-=g$ armor-pi]c+ %ells1 unfill$1 %\ld be us$4 ,!y may be fill$ if ! guns are ( great p[] z comp>$ to ! armor4 ,/eel & comp\nd armor are n likely to be pi]c$ by a s+le bl[1 b cont9u$ hamm]+ may break up ! plate1 & t ) comp>atively l[-p[]$ guns4 ,wr\ght iron mu/ be p]=at$1 & h>d armor1 comp\nd or /eel1 mu/ be brok5 up4 ,aga9/ wr\ght iron plates ! projectile may be made ( *ill$ ca/ iron1 b h>d armor exacts = its p5etration or de/ruction ! use ( /eel1 =g$ & temp]$4 ,aga9/ un>mor$ %ips1 & aga9/ un>mor$ portions ( ironclads1 ! value ( rapid-fir+ guns1 especially ^? ( l>ge calib]1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,! relative value ( /eel & comp\nd armor is mu* debat$1 & at pres5t ! rivalry is great1 b ! weight ( evid5ce & op9ion seems to favor ! all-/eel plate4 ,! h>d face ( a comp\nd plate is suppos$ to break up ! projectile1 t is1 make ! projectile exp5d its en]gy on itself r ?an ^u ! plate1 & ! back+ ( wr\ght iron is1 by its great] ductility1 to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! plate4 ,x seems probable t ^! two sy/ems w approa* ea* o!r z ! developm5t goes on4 ,an alloy ( nickel & /eel is n[ attract+ att5tion & bids fair to give v good results4 ,! problem to be solv$1 z f> z naval armor is conc]n$1 is to get ! greate/ am\nt ( protection ) ! lea/ possible weight & volume1 & ?is r$uction ( weight & volume mu/ be accompli%$1 9 ! ma91 by r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! plates by increas+ ! resi/+ p[] ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 ! comp\nd plate great surface h>dness is readily & safely atta9$1 b x has n yet be5 def9itely det]m9$ :at ! prop] proportionate ?ickness ( iron & /eel is4 ,a consid]able ?ickness ( /eel is necess>y to aid1 by its /iffness1 9 prev5t+ ! v ductile iron f giv+ back to su* an ext5t z to di/ort ! /eel face & ?us te> or sep>ate ! p>ts ( ! plate4 ,! ductile iron gives a v l[ resi/+ p[]1 its duty be+ to hold ! /eel face up to its "w4 ,if n[ we sub/itute a s(t /eel plate 9 ! place ( ! ductile iron1 we w get great] resi/+ p[]1 b our comp\nd plate !n becomes virtually an all-/eel "o1 only diff]+ 9 process ( manufacture4 ,! greate/ faults ( ! comp\nd plate are ! imp]fect weld+ ( ! p>ts & ! lack ( solidity ( ! iron4 ,:5 fir$ at1 ! surface has a t5d5cy to *ip4 ,9 ! all-/eel plate we h ! greate/ resi/+ p[] ?r\gh\t1 b !re are manufactur+ difficulties1 & surface h>dness equal to t ( ! comp\nd plate has n be5 obta9$4 ,! manufactur+ difficulties are be+ gradually ov]come1 & artill]i/s are 9 high hopes t ! requisite surface h>dness w soon be obta9$4 ,! foll[+ may be /at$ z well prov$3 #a4 ,t /eel armor promises to replace bo? iron & comp\nd4 #b4 ,t projectiles design$ = ! pi]c+ ( h>d armor mu/ be made ( /eel4 #c4 ,t ! l>g] ! plate1 ! bett] x is able to absorb ! en]gy ( impact )\t injury to itself4 #d4 ,t ! back+ mu/ be z rigid z possible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,eng9e]+4 ,,! ,,compress$ ,,air ,,sy/em ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! dem& = compress$ air z a motive p[] is con/antly increas+ 9 ,p>is2 ! company1 accord+ to its (ficial reports1 is f9ancially prosp]\s1 & x seems difficult to und]/& h[ x %\ld cont9ue z an actively go+ conc]n1 unless x at all ev5ts paid its way4 ,! c5tral /ation ( ,/4 ,f>geau1 orig9ally />t$ on mode/ l9es1 = ma9ta9+ a uni=m "t by pneumatic pressure ?r\gh\t ,p>is1 has gr[n rapidly to v l>ge proportions1 ?\gh x has nev] be5 able to supply ! dem& made on x = p[]2 & at ! pres5t "t a second & /ill l>g] /ation is be+ con/ruct$ 9 ano!r "p ( ,p>is4 ,we confess t we d n und]/& :y su* l>ge sums ( money %\ld cont9ue to be sp5t if ! ent]prise is n comm]cially a s\nd "o1 nor h[ m5 ( su* em95ce 9 ! sci5tific _w z ,pr(essor ,ri$l] %\ld1 )\t hesitation1 risk _! reputation on ! correctness ( ! sy/em1 if x 7 ! idle dream ( an en?usia/1 z _m p]sons--*iefly ^? int]e/$ 9 electric transmission--h decl>$ x to be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,map ,,( ,,p>is ,,) ,,/4 ,,f>geau ,,/ation ,9 describ+ ! developm5ts t h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 we %all conf9e ourselves entirely to ! details ( a report rec5tly made on ! subject by ,pr(essor ,ri$l]4 ,z soon z x became evid5t t a v l>gely increas$ in/allation 0 necess>y1 x 0 det]m9$ t ! new c5tral /ation %\ld be z free z possible f ! defects ( ! fir/ "o4 ,^! defects1 :i* 7 ! natural results ( ! some:at ha/y developm5t ( an exp]im5tal sy/em1 7 ( sev]al k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s l>ge a gr[? _h n be5 contemplat$1 & ! ext5sions 7 made m or less piecemeal1 in/ead ( be+ on a regul> plan2 ! location ( ! c5tral /ation itself 0 v unfavorable1 bo? z reg>ds ! facilities = obta9+ coal & o!r supplies2 ! co/ ( wat] 0 excessive1 & ! am\nt available1 inadequate4 ,?is evil 0 p>tly rem$i$ by elaborate arrangem5ts = cool+ ! injection wat] s t x c\ld be repeat$ly us$1 a device co/ly & ineffective1 & result+ 9 extravagant work+1 to say no?+ ( ! high *>ges made by ! ,p>is company = supply+ wat]4 ,to ^! drawbacks _h to be add$ o!rs ( an ev5 m s]i\s "*4 ,! eng9es fir/ laid d[n 7 n economical1 & ! compressors employ$ gave b a v inf]ior result2 ) ea* ext5sion ( ! plant1 ! effici5cy ( bo? eng9es & compressors 0 increas$1 ! mo/ satisfactory1 we believe1 hav+ be5 ^? suppli$ by ! ,societe ,cock]ill1 & "o ( :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is exhibition 9 #ahhi4 ,/ill x 0 cle>ly recogniz$ t mu* bett] results 7 possible1 results :i* ,pr(essor ,ri$l] claims h be5 atta9$ & :i* w be embodi$ 9 ! new in/allation n[ 9 progress4 ,?is c5tral /ation is locat$ on ! left bank ( ! ,se9e1 close to ! =tifications1 opposite ,v9c5nes & n f> f ! t]m9al /ations ( ! ,orleans & ! ,p>is1 ,lyons1 & ,m$it]ranean ,railways2 ! plan1 ,fig4 #a1 %[s ! position4 ,! works are sep>at$ f ! riv] by ! quay1 ov] :i* a bridge w be con/ruct$ = ! transf] ( coal f ! l&+ /ages belong+ to ! company1 into ! works2 z w be readily se5 f ! plan1 x w\ld be q easy to run junction l9es to ! two adjac5t railways1 b ) all ! advantages giv5 by wat] c>riage1 x 0 consid]$ unnecess>y to incur ! exp5se4 ,! riv] also af=ds a con/ant & unlimit$ wat] supply1 s t none ( ! difficulties exi/+ at ,/4 ,f>geau ,/ation 9 imp]fect cond5sation & cool+ w be met )4 ,! new in/allation1 call$ ! ,c5tral ,/ation ( ! ,quai de la ,g>e1 is laid out on a v l>ge scale1 ! total g5]at+ en]gy provid$ = be+ no less ?an #bd1jjj horse p[]2 ( ?is x is int5d$ t #h1jjj horse p[] w be 9 op]ation ?is ye>1 & an ext5sion ( #aj1jjj horsep[] 9 #ahib2 ! p[] n[ 9 c\rse ( completion comprises f\r eng9es ( #b1jjj horse p[] ea*4 ,f\r batt]ies ( boil]s w provide /eam = ^! eng9es4 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d %[ ! fir/ section ( ! in/allation n[ 9 progress2 ! f\r gr\ps ( eng9es 7?ree-cyl9d] cond5s+7 are %[n at #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d2 ! f\r gr\ps ( boil]s rang$ beh9d !m at ,f1 ,f2 ! fe$ wat] heat]s belong+ to ea* gr\p at ,v ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,compress$ ,,air ,,/ation ,,on ,,! ,,qua ,,de ,,la ,,g>e1 ,,p>is4 7,,fig4 #b1c1d7 ,! end ( ! build+ abuts aga9/ ! ,se9e1 & ! position ( ! wat] conduits = inlet & dis*>ge are indicat$ at ,c & ,a respectively4 ,! in/allation1 :5 complet$1 w include v ext5sive arrangem5ts = transport+ & /or+ coal1 & ! int]ior ( ! boil] h\ses w be furni%$ ) an ov]head sy/em ( rails & c>ri]s = h&l+ ! coal automatically1 z f> z possible4 ,all ! pr9cipal ma9s & /eam pipes are made 9 duplicate1 n only = great] security1 b 9 ord] t ea* set ( eng9es & boil]s may be connect$ int]*angeably )\t delay4 ,! ,se9e supplies an ample quantity ( wat]1 b n 9 a condition ei!r = fe$+ ! boil]s1 = cond5sation1 or = ! air compressors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,compress$ ,,air ,,/ation ,,at ,,p>is4 7,,fig4 #e1 #f7 ,special provisions h !re=e to be made to filt] ! wat] effici5tly be=e x is us$4 ,= ?is purpose ! wat] is l$ to a gr\p ( f\r filt]s 7see ,l1 ,fig4 #d72 f !m x passes into ! tanks1 ,,jj1 & is pump$ into ! heat]s4 ,! filt]s c be rapidly & automatically clean$ by rev]s+ ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh !m4 ,figs4 #e & #f %[ ! g5]al =m ( ! type ( eng9e adopt$1 z well z ! eng9e h\se1 "s ( ! ma9s1 etc4 ,!y are v]tical triple-expansion eng9es1 & are be+ con/ruct$ by ,,mm4 ,s*neid] et ,cie1 ( ,creusot1 ) a gu>antee ( coal consumption n to exce$ #a4ed lb4 p] horse p[] p] h\r1 ) a p5alty ( #b1jjj francs = e #ajj grammes 9 excess ( ?is limit4 ,x is evid5t t ) ?is re/rict$ fuel consumption1 a l>ge m>g9 = economy w exi/ at ! new works1 z comp>$ ) ! ,/4 ,f>geau /ation1 :]e ! be/ eng9es _c %[ any?+ l ?is result1 :ile "s ( ! e>li] ones are di/9ctly extravagant1 & ! :ole in/allation is h&icapp$ ) imp]fect means ( cond5sation4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ri$l]1 ! consumption ( /eam by ! new ,s*neid] eng9es w be only #e4c kilos4 p] horse p[] & p] h\r z comp>$ ) "s ( ! l>ge eng9es requir+ #i kilos41 & ! ,cock]ill eng9es--us+ #h kilos4 p] h\r1 n to speak ( ! old] motors t are v extravagant 9 ! use ( /eam4 ,! ,/4 ,f>geau /ation is work$ "u a fur!r disadvantage4 ,! con/antly increas+ dem& f subscrib]s taxes ! res\rces ( ! /ation to _! fulle/ ext5t1 s t practically !re is no res]ve p[]4 ,9 ! new in/allation ! "w w be equally con/ant1 b c>e w be tak5 always to h a suffici5t res]ve4 ,electric light+ w =m a consid]able "p ( ! duty to be done f ?is /ation1 & 9 all cases x is int5d$ to "w ) accumulators1 s t ! resi/ance to be ov]come by ! eng9es1 s f> z ?is "p ( ! duty is conc]n$1 w be well kn[n & uni=m4 ,! eng9e]s ( ! ,compress$ ,air ,co41 ( ,p>is1 h dur+ ! la/ five ye>s acquir$ an exp]i5ce :i* c\ld only be atta9$ at a high price & at ! exp5se ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( failure2 ?is p]iod1 x is claim$1 is n[ pass$1 & 9 ! new in/allation x is possible to put into practice all ! valuable lessons le>n$ at ,/4 ,f>geau1 to say no?+ ( ! m favorable natural conditions "u :i* ! ext5sion is be+ />t$ & ! improvem5ts 9 ! compression ( ! air made by ,mr4 ,popp & ,pr(essor ,ri$l]1 & to :i* we %all ref] lat]4 ,*iefly 9 consequ5ce ( ! high value ( ! gr\nd1 v]tical eng9es 7 adopt$ at ! new /ation2 ! proximity to ! riv] made ! f\ndations some:at co/ly1 & ! risk ( occasional floods r5d]$ x desirable to set ! level ( ! eng9e b$plates #bj in*es above ! floor ( ! build+2 ! f\ndations ( ! eng9es are cont9u\s1 b are q indep5d5t ( ! build+4 ,!re are ?ree compress+ cyl9d]s 9 ea* set ( eng9es1 "o be+ above ea* /eam cyl9d]4 ,two ( ^! are employ$ to compress ! air to ab\t #cj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 aft] :i* x passes into a receiv] & is cool$2 x is !n admitt$ into ! ?ird or f9al compress+ cyl9d] & rais$ to ! work+ pressure at :i* x fl[s into ! ma9s4 ,9 ! illu/rations1 h1 m1 & b are ! high1 int]m$iate1 & l[ pressure cyl9d]s ( "o set ( eng9es2 z w be se51 ea* cyl9d] is on a sep>ate frame connect$ by gird]s2 directly above ! cyl9d]s are ! two l[ & ! "o high pressure air cyl9d]s1 b1 m1 & h respectively4 ,! =m] deliv] ! air compress$ to ! fir/ /age into ! receiv]1 ,t 7see ,fig4 #e71 :5ce x passes into ! ?ird compression cyl9d]1 & !nce by a ma9 into ! cyl9d]s1 ,r ,r1 :i* are 9 direct communication ) ! deliv]y ma9s2 ^! ma9s t]m9ate 9 ! subway1 ,t4 ,! wat] = cond5sation is br\ght into ! eng9e h\se by ! *annel1 ,c1 & ! cond5s] pumps1 a1 draw direct f ?is supply2 ! dis*>ge ma9 back to ! riv] is %[n at ,a4 ,! relative positions ( ! eng9e & boil] h\ses are indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #b to #e1 :]e ,f %[s ! end ( "o gr\p ( boil]s2 ! air supply = ! compressors is l$ f ! c5tral rais$ portion1 ,s1 ( ! ro(4 ,pr(essor ,ri$l]'s fir/ exp]im5ts 9 improv+ ! effici5cy ( air compressors 7 made ) "o ( ! ,cock]ill compressors 9 use at ! ,/4 ,f>geau ,/ation1 & consid]able difficulty att5d$ ?is "w1 because ! ma*9]y 0 necess>ily kept almo/ 9 con/ant op]ation4 ,^! compressors 7 design$ by ,,mm4 ,dubois & ,francois1 ( ,s]a+4 ,two ( _! lead+ features 7 ! deliv]y ( ! compress$ air at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 & ) a relatively high pi/on spe$ ( ab\t #djj ft4 a m9ute4 ,! =m] object is atta9$ by ! injection ( a v f9e wat] spray at ea* end ( ! air cyl9d]1 & its rapid removal ) ea* /roke2 ! free z well z ! compress$ air fl[s ?r\gh ! same passages1 "o at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]2 ! inlet valves be+ plac$ at ! side ( ^! passages1 & ! outlet or compress$ air valves at ! top1 ! compress$ air1 ent]+ a *amb] above ! cyl9d]1 common to bo? valves1 & pass+ !nce to ! res]voir4 ,! compress$ air valves1 :i* are sev5 94 9 diamet]1 are br\ght back %>ply to _! seats at ea* /roke1 by a small pi/on op]at$ by compress$ air fl[+ ?r\gh a by-pass f ! *amb]4 ,! illu/rations publi%$ by u on page #fhf ( our =ty-sev5? volume %[ ! con/ruction ( ^! compressors4 ,! engrav+s on page #fhc ( ! same volume illu/rate ! compressors us$ 9 a some:at old] "p ( ! in/allation2 !y 7 made by ,m4 ,blan*od1 ( ,vevey1 & a pass+ ref]5ce may be made to !m4 ,! air is admitt$ ?r\gh valves 9 ! cyl9d]1 & is =c$ out ?r\gh spr+-load$ valves2 wat] is admitt$ into ! cyl9d] to cool ! air4 ,fig4 #g indicates ! modification made by ,pr(essor ,ri$l] 9 "o ( ! ,cock]ill compressors3 a receiv]1 ,a1 0 plac$ "u ! two compress+ cyl9d]s1 ,b & ,c4 ,! fir/ /age is complet$ 9 ! l>ge cyl9d]1 ,b1 ! air be+ compress$ to ab\t #cj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 f ?is x is dis*>g$ into ! receiv]1 ,a1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,b1 :]e x meets ) a spray injection t cools x to ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,! f9al /age is !n effect$ 9 ! small] cyl9d]1 ,c1 :i*1 draw+ ! air f ! receiv] ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,c1 compresses x to ab\t #ij lb4 & deliv]s x ?r\gh ! pipe1 d1 to ! ma9s4 ,we hope %ortly to publi% draw+s ( ?is compressor 9 its f9al =m2 9 its elem5t>y /age ,pr(essor ,ri$l] claims to h obta9$ "s v rem>kable results4 ,he says t ! wa/e spaces 9 8 modification 7 mu* small] ?an 9 ! ,cock]ill compressor1 :ile ! effici5cy ( ! app>atus 0 l>gely increas$4 ,! actual eng9e duty p] horse p[] & p] h\r 0 rais$1 z a maximum1 to #chd cubic feet ( air at atmosph]ic pressure1 & compress$ to #ij lb4 p] squ>e in*1 a m>k$ increase on ! duty ( ! compressors 9 use at ! ,/4 ,f>geau /ation4 ,! ,cock]ill compressors exp]im5t$ on at ! same "t %[$ a maximum duty ( #cjf cubic feet ( air4 ,a consid]able advantage is claim$ 9 draw+ clean & cool air f ! outside ( ! build+1 & beyond ! ma9 feature ( c>ry+ out ! compression 9 two /ages1 ,mr4 ,ri$l] appe>s to h %[n great skill 9 introduc+ sev]al m9or alt]ations & improvem5ts 9 ! plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effici5cy ,,curves ,,= ,,?ree ,,types ,,( ,,compressors4 7,fig4 #h1 #i1 #aj7 ,figs4 #h1 #i & #aj are diagrams %[+ ! comp>ative effici5cy ( ! ?ree types ( compressors at ,/4 ,f>geau--,fig4 #aj be+ a diagram ( ! ,ri$l] compressor--& indicate ! ga9 d]iv$ f ! int]m$iate cool+4 ,! loss is %[n to be only #ab p] c5t41 z comp>$ ) a loss ( #dc p] c5t4 9 a l>ge "p ( ! plant1 & ( #aje p] c5t4 9 ! e>li] compressors ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d type4 ,! table giv5 h]e) conta9s a summ>y ( trials made by ,pr(essor ,gut]mu?1 & are int5d$ to %[ ! comp>ative results ( an ext5d$ trial ) ?ree k9ds ( compressors at ,/4 ,f>geau4 ,,p]=mances ,,( ,,compressors ,,at ,,! ,,/4 ,,f>geau ,,c5tral ,,/ation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,r p ,e e o e ,horse- f ,am\nt ,quantity ,cubic ,compressors4 v f r ,p[] f ( ,air ( ,air ,feet ( ,f9al ,air o ,absorb$ i ,pass+ ,pass+,air p] ,pressure4 l ,e m by c ?r\gh ?r\gh ,horse- u n i ,compres- i ,inlet ,valves ,p[] t g n sors4 e ,valves p] & p] i i u n ea* ,h\r4 ,h\r4 o n t c ,revolu- n e e y tion4 s 4 4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- cubic cubic lb4 p] #a4 feet feet sq4 94 ,/urgeon ,compressor #cg #cjb 4#hg #da4fg #ia1ejg #bfa4c #ij ,diamet] ( #cg #beh 4#hg #ch4ac #hd1fej #bgf4a #ij cyl9d]1 #bc4fb 94 & #ba4ff 942 /roke1 #dh4fc 94 #b4 ,cock]ill #dj #ccg 4#hc #df4fa #aaa1hfd #bha4hc #ij ,compressor4 #de #cec 4#hc #df4fa #abe1hdd #cjb4ff #ij ,diamet] ( #dj #cdb 4#hh #di4dc #aah1fcb #bif4fe #ij cyl9d]1 #df #cgg 4#he #dh4jb #acb1ecd #bih4gg #ij #be4ih 942 #ch4fg #cbd 4#hi #ej4ad #aaf1dcd #cjf4ai #ij /roke1 #ch4e #ccg 4#hi #ej4ad #aae1hah #bid4ah #ij #dg4bd 94 #ch4f #cbi 4#ia #ej4hd #aag1gdj #cje4ac #ij #c4 ,ri$l] #eb #fae 4#ihe #gg4cd #bda1cjj #cec4ej #ij ,compressor4 #fj #gji 4#ihe #gf4ih #bgg1abh #cec4ej #ij ,diamet] ( #ch #dbb 4#ihe #gg4cd #agf1ccj #cgf4ab #ij l[-pressure #ci #dbd 4#ihe #gg4cd #aha1jcj #chd4fj #ij cyl9d]1 #db4ia 942 diamet] ( high-pressure cyl9d]1 #bf4ch 942 /roke1 #dg4bd 94 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! results ?us obta9$ 7 s satisfactory t ! designs 7 prep>$ = ! great compressors to be op]at$ at ! new c5tral /ation on ! ,quai de la ,g>e by ! #b1jjj horse p[] eng9es4 ,! transmission ( ! compress$ air ?r\gh ! ma9s is unavoidably att5d$ ) a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( loss1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 increases ) ! l5g? ( ! transmission1 ! pres5ce ( leakage at ! jo9ts1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,ri$l] has devot$ consid]able "t to ! inve/igation ( ?is s\rce ( wa/e1 & we %all pres5tly ref] to ! results he has record$2 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 we propose to consid] :at he has to say on ! subject ( utiliz+ ! air at ! po9ts ( deliv]y1 & ! means employ$ = obta9+ a relatively high effici5cy ( ! motor4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! ,popp sy/em 9 ,p>is x 0 recogniz$ t no good results c\ld be obta9$ if ! air 7 all[$ to exp& direct into ! motor2 n only did ! =mation ( ice due to ! expansion ( ! air rapidly accumulate & *oke ! exhau/1 b ! p]c5tage ( useful "w obta9$1 comp>$ ) t put into ! air at ! c5tral /ation1 0 s small z to r5d] comm]cial results hopeless4 ,! practice ( heat+ ! air be=e admitt+ x to ! motor is q old1 b until a few ye>s ago x nev] seems to h be5 prop]ly c>ri$ out2 9 sev]al m9+ in/allations :]e ?is motive p[] _h be5 long us$1 m or less imp]fect attempts _h be5 made to heat ! air2 9 "o in/ance only1 record$ by ,pr(essor ,ri$l]1 0 an effici5t means employ$4 ,9 ?is case a spray ( boil+ wat] 0 inject$ into ! cyl9d] & mix$ ) ! air at ea* /roke1 ) ! result t a v m>k$ economy 0 obta9$4 ,aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,popp arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! simple/ mode ( heat+1 if n ! mo/ effici5t1 0 at all ev5ts ! mo/ suitable1 z x 0 a matt] ( ! fir/ importance t subscrib]s %\ld n be tr\bl$ ) ! *>ge ( any app>atus involv+ complication or c>eful managem5t2 he !re=e adopt$ a simple =m ( ca/ iron /ove l9$ ) fireclay1 heat$ ei!r by a gas jet or by a small coke fire4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?is app>atus1 crude z x 01 answ]$ ! desir$ purpose1 until "s bett] arrangem5t 0 p]fect$1 & ! type 0 accord+ly adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em4 ,x 0 q recogniz$ t ?is me?od /ill left mu* to be desir$1 & ! economy result+ f ! use ( an improv$ =m 0 v m>k$4 ,f a l>ge numb] ( trials v c>efully c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,gut]mu?1 x 0 f\nd t m ?an #gj p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( calories 9 ! fuel employ$ 0 absorb$ by ! air & trans=m$ into useful "w4 ,:e!r gas or coal be employ$ z ! fuel1 ! am\nt requir$ is s small z to be sc>cely wor? consid]ation2 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out1 x does n exce$ #j4ji kilo4 p] horse p[] & p] h\r1 b x is sc>cely to be expect$ t 9 regul> practice ?is quantity is n l>gely exce$$4 ,pr(essor ,weyrau* has also c>efully inve/igat$ ?is "p ( ! subject & fully confirms1 if he1 inde$1 does n g beyond ,pr(essor ,gut]mu?4 ,he claims t ! effici5cy ( fuel consum$ 9 ?is way is six times great] ?an :5 burnt "u a boil] to g5]ate /eam4 ,he goes s f> z to ass]t t ) a good me?od ( heat+ ! air1 n only c all ! losses due to ! production & ! transmission ( ! compress$ air be made good1 b also t x w actually conta9 m useful en]gy at ! motor ?an 0 exp5d$ at ! c5tral /ation 9 compress+ x4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ri$l]1 f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 above ! p[] at ! c5tral /ation c be obta9$ by means at ! disposal ( ! p[] us]s1 & x has be5 %[n by exp]im5t t by heat+ ! air to #bej deg4 ,c5t4 an increas$ effici5cy ( #cj p] c5t4 c be obta9$4 ,bett] results ?an ^? h]et(ore obta9$ may1 !re=e1 be confid5tly expect$ ) a m p]fect & economical application ( ! fuel 9 heat+ ! air1 & a bett] means ( regulation 9 admitt+ x to ! motors4 ,9 8 report ,pr(essor ,ri$l] indicates a me?od by ! use ( :i* he consid]s consid]able advantages may be secur$4 ,?is is ! heat+ ! air 9 two /ages in/ead ( at "o op]ation1 & pass+ x ?r\gh two motors1 to ! fir/ ( :i* ! air is admitt$ heat$ only to a mod]ate ext5t2 ! exhau/ f ?is motor !n passes into a second heat] & !nce into ! second motor4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ?is arrangem5t 7 rec5tly c>ri$ out4 ,! consumption ( air p] brake horse p[] 0 r$uc$ f #hab cubic feet p] h\r1 a favorable duty 9 ! s+le motor1 to #gbj1 & 9 ! be/ result to #fdf cubic feet ) ! two motors & d\ble heat]s4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ^! trials 7 c>ri$ out ) /eam eng9es b ill adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,ri$l] c\ld n h be5 conduct$ ) m p]fect appliances1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! utilization ( compress$ air1 especially z reg>ds ! motors1 is /ill 9 a v imp]fect /age1 & t a great deal rema9s to be done be=e ! maximum p[] available at ! motor c be obta9$4 ,inve/igations 9 ?is direction = a consid]able "t to come mu/ be direct$1 !re=e1 t[>d improv+ ! design & con/ruction ( ! motors & ! treatm5t ( ! air at ! po9t ( deliv]y into ! eng9e4 ,a l>ge numb] ( motors 9 use among ! subscrib]s to ! ,compress$ ,air ,company1 ( ,p>is1 are rot>y eng9es develop+ "o horse p[] & less1 & ^! 9 ! e>ly times ( ! indu/ry 7 extravagant 9 _! consumption1 to a v high degree4 ,to "s ext5t ?is condition ( ?+s has be5 improv$1 *iefly by ! addition ( bett] regulat+ valves to control ! air admission4 ,z alt]$1 ! two horse p[] rot>y motors1 :5 employ$ z cold air eng9es1 a me?od (t5 desir$ 9 special indu/ries1 consume #a1jei cubic feet p] h\r & p] indicat$ horse p[]2 ) a mod]ate degree ( heat+1 say to #ej deg4 ,c5t41 ?is consumption falls to #hdg cubic feet4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is type ( rot>y motors ) air heat$ to #ej deg4 may n[ be assum$ at #dc p] c5t41 n a v economical result1 x is true1 & "o t may be l>gely improv$1 yet x is evid5t t ) su* an effici5cy ! use ( small motors 9 _m indu/ries becomes possible1 :ile 9 cases :]e x is necess>y to h a con/ant supply ( cold air1 economy ceases to be a matt] ( ! fir/ importance4 ,"s useful results 7 obta9$ ) compress$ air us$ 9 crank eng9es2 x is to be regrett$ t ) ?is1 also1 apologies h to be made = ! imp]fect design & con/ruction2 !y 7 old /eam eng9es1 "s ( ^? ( two horse p[] los+ f #be to #cj p] c5t4 by _! own friction2 "s ( ! o!rs tri$1 h[ev]1 7 f> bett]1 a new] type los+ only f #h to #aj p] c5t41 :ile ! #hj horse p[] ref]r$ to bel[ %[$ an effici5cy ( #ia p] c5t4 ,f ^! trials ,pr(4 ,ri$l] d$uces--assum+ #he p] c5t4 effici5cy--a consumption ( #faa1 #geb1 & #gbj cubic feet p] brake horse p[]4 ,x is v evid5t f ! =ego+ t ! ,compress$ ,air ,company1 ( ,p>is1 w nev] d itself ju/ice until z mu* ?\ght & c>e has be5 devot$ to ! economical use ( ! motive p[] z has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! means ( produc+ x1 & ,pr(essor ,ri$l]'s rec5t inve/igations %\ld be especially useful 9 ?is respect4 ,! "q has inde$ attract$ ! att5tion ( m ?an "o manufactur]1 & ref]5ce is made to a p>ticul> type ( small rot>y motors :i* are be+ con/ruct$ by ,,mm4 ,ri$+] ,co41 & :i* is /at$ h giv5 v excell5t results4 ,^! eng9es 7 specially us$ = work+ sew+ ma*9es & develop$ on ! brake an effici5cy ( #cd4jg & #ea4fc foot p\nds p] second4 ,trials 7 made ) a half horse p[] v>iable expansion ,ri$+] eng9e4 ,,trials ,,( ,a ,,small ,,rot>y ,,ri$+] ,,eng9e4 ,numb] ( trials4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,initial air pressure4 lb4 p] squ>e in* #hf #ga4h temp]ature4 deg4 ,c5t4 #ab #agj ,ft4 p\nds p] second measur$ on ! brake4 #ea4fc #cd4jg ,revolutions p] m9ute4 #chd #cjj ,consumption ( air = "o horse p[] p] h\r4 #a1cgg #ihh ,,trials ,,( ,a #j4e ,,horse ,,p[] ,,ri$+] ,,rot>y ,,eng9e4 ,numb] ( trials4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,initial pressure ( air4 lb4 p] sq4 94 #ed #fi4g #he #ga4h temp]ature ( air4 deg4 ,c5t4 #agj #ahj #aih #h ,f9al #be #bj 444 #be ,revolutions p] m9ute4 #cce #cej #caj #bdc ,foot p\nds p] second measur$ on brake4 #bga #dgg #cgf #caf ,consumption ( air p] horse p[] & p] h\r4 #hhc #gia #ijj #a1adh ,,trial ,,( ,,an #hj ,,horse ,,p[] 7,,nom9al7 ,,f>cot ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,r p e e ,i ,consumption ( v r n ,temp]ature air p] horse o d h p ( air4 p[] & p] l m i o o h\r4 u i c r w t n a s e ,motor4 i u t e r,admission,exhau/4,nom9al ,brake o t e 4 horse horse n e d p[]4 p[]4 s4 deg4 ,c deg4 ,c ,nom9al #hj horse #ed4c #gb4c #abi #ba #dfi #eag p[] s+le #ed4c #gb4c #aeb #bi #dcg #dge cyl9d] ,f>cot #ed4j #gb4c #afj #ce #dbd #dfe eng9e4 #dj #fe4j #agj #di #dch #dgg ,^! motors1 x may be assum$1 repres5t ! be/ practice t has be5 obta9$ up to ! pres5t "t 9 ! con/ruction ( compress$ air motors2 ) ! smalle/ ( !m1 indicat+ ab\t "o-t5? ( a horse p[]1 ! consumption ( air1 :5 admitt$ cold1 0 #acgg cubic feet & #ihh cubic feet :5 ! air 0 heat$ be=e admission4 ,! half horse p[] eng9e consum$ #aadh cubic feet ( cold air1 & ( heat$ air #gia cubic feet p] horse p[] & p] h\r4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ^!1 ! mo/ valuable & sugge/ive ( all ! trials c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,ri$l]1 7 conduct$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 two di/9ct modes ( measur+ ! air suppli$ be+ foll[$ on two occasions = ea* te/2 x may !re=e be consid]$ t ! results giv5 are absolutely correct4 ,! trials 7 made ) an old s+le cyl9d] ,f>cot eng9e1 nom9ally ( #hj horse p[]1 b indicat+ ov] #gb4c4 ,) ?is eng9e ! consumption ( air v>i$ f #dfe to #eag cubic feet1 ! l>g] consumption be+ due to ! l[] temp]ature 7#abi deg4 ,c5t47 to :i* ! air 0 rais$ be=e admission2 9 ! mo/ economical result ! temp]ature 0 #afj deg4 ,c5t4 ,! volumes ( air ref]r$ to are1 ( c\rse1 9 all cases tak5 at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,among ! important losses t h to be reckon$ ) 9 e sy/em ( di/ribut+ motive p[] f a c5tral /ation--:e!r by /eam or by electricity1 wat]1 or compress$ air--losses mu/ occur 9 ! ma9s by :i* ! p[] g5]at$ is transf]r$ f ! po9t ( production to t ( consumption4 ,9 ! case we are n[ consid]+ v c>eful te/s 7 conduct$ 9 #ahhi by ,pr(essor ,k5n$y1 to ^: report we h already ref]r$4 ,s9ce t "t important *anges h be5 made by ! ,compress$ ,air ,company1 at ,p>is1 9 ! details ( di/ribution1 & on ?is acc\nt ! lat] inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,ri$l] on ! losses due to ?is cause are ( special int]e/4 ,be=e its admission into ! ma9s a c]ta9 loss occurs at ! ,/4 ,f>geau /ation1 9 ! l>ge res]voirs to :i* ! air is deliv]$ f ! compressors4 ,?is "q ( prelim9>y /orage 0 "o t receiv$ consid]able att5tion :5 ! designs ( ! new /ation on ! ,quai de la ,g>e 7 be+ consid]$4 ,x 0 int5d$ to con/ruct v l>ge receiv]s 9 ! basem5t ( ! /ation1 & ! f\ndations = ^! 7 ev5 comm5c$4 ,x 0 decid$1 h[ev]1 t = ! #aj1jjj horse p[] :i* is to =m ! fir/ section ( ! new /ation1 & = :i* ! complete sy/em ( ma9s has already be5 laid d[n1 /orage res]voirs w\ld be unnecess>y1 & a sav+ bo? 9 fir/ co/ & subsequ5t loss ( air w\ld be effect$4 ,! l5g? ( ma9s ( #ai4fi 94 diamet] is s consid]able t !y w conta9 at all times a suffici5t res]ve ( air to prev5t any irregul>ities 9 pressure at ! motors4 ,) ref]5ce to ^! ma9s x may be m5tion$ t1 unlike ! #aa4ha 94 conductors ( ! ,/4 ,f>geau sy/em1 ( :i* #ag kilomet]s are laid 9 ! ,p>is subways1 ! new ma9s are entirely laid 9 ! /reets1 x hav+ be5 f\nd impossible to make room = ^! l>ge pipes 9 ! subways already cr[d$ ) telegraph & telephone wires1 wat] ma9s1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,ri$l] inve/igat$ ! two causes ( loss 9 ! ma9s--leakage & resi/ance4 ,x 0 sup]ficially evid5t t ! ma9s ( ! old sy/em 7 s well laid1 & ! jo9ts s well design$1 t ! loss f leakage 0 nev] a s]i\s "o4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to asc]ta9 ! am\nt accurately1 a s]ies ( c>eful exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,gut]mu? ) ! #aa4ha 94 ma9s ( ! ,/4 ,f>geau sy/em4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,leakage ,,9 ,,ma9s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,l ,p ,a ,air ,pressure ,loss ( o e i 9 ,ma9s4 ,pressure4 s r r ---------------------------- s ,b ,c ,d ,sy/em ( ,ma9s ,l5g?4 e ,t o e e ,n ,tri$4 g r ,at f n l u ,a i o i ,end ,dur+ ,p] t i m t n f a ( ,trials,h\r4 ,a 4 v b n l,trials4 i e e i s r o r r n 4 f e g d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- y>ds4 atm4 atm4 #a,s\!rn reseau to ,place de la ,concorde4 #i1ihj #f4e #f4j #j4e #a4e #c #b ,total reseau #ah1ejj #f4i #e4i #a4j #a4e #f4c #c,to ,place de la ,concorde #i1ihj #g4j #f4dc #j4eg #j4ge #b4af #d,total reseau #ah1ejj #f4g #e4bh #j4hh #a4cb #e4e #e,nor!rn reseau to ,rue de ,belle- ville4 #a1ecj #f4j #e4j #a4j #j4f #b4c #f,to ! ,rue des ,pyr5ees4 #fjj #f4a #c4g #b4d #j4ef #b4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,^! trials ref] to ! ma9s runn+ f ! ,/4 ,f>geau /ation to ! ,place de la ,concorde1 a l5g? ( #i4adb kilomet]s2 to ! :ole sy/em ( ma9s1 #af4e kilomet]s2 to ! nor!rn ma9s runn+ f ,/4 ,f>geau to ! ,rue de ,belleville1 #a4d kilomet]s2 & f ,/4 ,f>geau to ! ,rue des ,pyr5ees1 #f4e kilomet]s4 ,x w be se5 f ! figures giv5 9 ! table t ! actual loss is small1 & x is /at$ t ?is is due *iefly to ! ela/ic jo9t employ$ ?r\gh\t ! sy/em1 except+ 9 ! ,rue de ,belleville1 :]e rigid c\pl+s are us$1 & cont9ual tr\ble is exp]i5c$ f loss by leakage4 ,9 all cases ! losses giv5 are ! maximum1 :i* only occur "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions4 ,x 0 f\nd1 dur+ ! fir/1 second1 & f\r? te/s1 t consid]able leakage occurr$ betwe5 ! ,/4 ,f>geau c5tral /ation & ! ,rue de ,belleville4 ,dur+ ! trials two & f\r1 an unc]ta9 am\nt ( loss occurr$ f ! consumption ( air requir$ to "w ! pneumatic clocks1 & also motors 9 ! circuit1 t c\ld n be /opp$4 ,! te/s two & f\r include all losses 9 ! s]vice pipes1 z well z ! ma9s4 ,! production ( compress$ air at ! c5tral /ation is assum$ at #cj1jjj cubic feet p] h\r 7atmosph]ic pressure71 & 9 all cases ! loss 9 ! ma9s is tak5 z a p]c5tage ( ! total production4 ,! losses due to resi/ance 9 ! ma9s 7 also exam9$ ) great c>e1 ov] indep5d5t sections1 z well z ?r\gh ! complete rseau4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ^! trials1 an unusual & excessive loss 0 record$1 ! cause ( :i* c\ld n be at fir/ asc]ta9$4 ,at int]vals along ^! ma9s are plac$ a numb] ( wat] res]voirs :i* receive ! wat] inject$ into ! ma9s2 9 addition to ^! ! direct fl[ ( ! air is int]rupt$ by num]\s siphons1 ! /op valves to bran*es1 etc4 ,inve/igation %[$ t ! pres5ce ( ^! res]voirs creat$ consid]able resi/ance on acc\nt ( an increas$ & subsequ5tly r$uc$ section4 ,! exact loss f ?is cause 01 !re=e1 c>efully measur$1 z well z ! losses exi/+ 9 ! ma9s n s int]rupt$4 ,! results %[ t ! loss by expansion at "o res]voir1 :5 ! spe$ ( ! air fl[ 0 #bc ft4 p] second1 0 equal to #j4ae atmosph]e2 ) a spe$ ( #bi ft4 #f 94 p] second1 x am\nt$ to #j4b atmosph]e4 ,!re=e1 ! pres5ce ( five su* res]voirs w\ld cause a loss 9 pressure equal to "o atmosph]e4 ,?is v undesirable arrangem5t is n repeat$ 9 ! new sy/em1 ! sumphs be+ connect$ 9 su* a way z n to modify ! section ( ! tube1 nor consequ5tly ! pressure ( ! air4 ,! pres5ce ( ! siphons & /op valves did n seem to affect ! pressure to any measurable ext5t4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s a li/ ( ! m important ma9s te/$1 & x may be m5tion$ t ! resi/ance1 due to ! res]voirs1 0 at fir/ p>tially includ$4 ,! trials 7 c>ri$ out :ile ! ma9s 7 n be+ drawn ^u by subscrib]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,section ( ,ma9s ,te/$4 ,l5g?4 ,no4 ( ,te/s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- y>ds4 ,f ! c5tral /ation to ! end ( reseau & back to c5tral /ation by return circuit #ah1ajj #g ,f ! c5tral /ation to ! ,rue ,fonta9e au #ad1fjj _/ #c ,roi _/ #i1ijj #d ,f ! c5tral /ation to ! ,rue de la ,*>onne #i1dij #e ,f ! ,rue de la ,*>onne to ,fonta9e au ,roi #d1ggj #c ,f ! c5tral /ation to ! ,av5ue de la ,republique #a1hfj #h ,v>i\s trials on diff]5t l5g?s ( ma9s #ggj to #h1jjj #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ov] ! :ole sy/em ( #af4e kilomet]s1 :i* 0 also te/$ :5 no air 0 be+ tak5 (f1 !re 7 f\r res]voirs ( consid]able size1 & :i* (f]$ a l>ge resi/ance ) a correspond+ loss ( pressure2 on ! l9e !re 7 also #bc siphons & #db /op valves4 ,^! trials 7 repeat$ sev]al times to secure accuracy1 & ! spe$ ( ! air 0 br\ght to #di ft4 a second4 ,! results obta9$ 9 "o ( ^! trials may be tak5 z an example4 ,! ma9 betwe5 ! ,rue ,/4 ,f>geau & ! ,fonta9e au ,roi1 on :i* !re are no collect+ res]voirs1 b ?ree siphons & eight /op valves1 gave1 ) an av]age spe$ ( #ba ft4 #c 941 a loss 9 pressure ( #j4je atmosph]e = ea* kilomet] ( ma94 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x w\ld appe> t1 assum+ a spe$ ( #ba ft4 p] second1 a loss 9 pressure ( "o atmosph]e w\ld correspond to a di/ance ( #bj kilomet]s2 t is to say1 a c5tral /ation c\ld ext5d its ma9s on all sides ) a radius ( #bj kilomet]s1 & ! motors at ! ends ( ! l9es w\ld receive ! air at a pressure #ae lb4 less ?an at ! c5tral /ation4 ,pr(essor ,ri$l] /ates t z an actually measur$ result1 ! velocity ( ! air ?r\gh ! ma9s ( ! ,/4 ,f>geau sy/em is #ai ft4 #h 94 p] second1 & t ! loss 9 pressure p] kilomet] is #j4jg atmosph]e4 ,f ?is x foll[s t includ+ ! resi/ances due to ! f\r res]voirs1 & o!r ob/ructions actually exi/+1 an all[ance ( "o atmosph]e loss on a #ad kilomet] radius is ample4 ,by increas+ ! initial pressure ( ! air1 mu* bett] results c be obta9$1 & future att5tion 9 practice %\ld be devot$ to ?is po9t4 ,! am\nt ( "w requir$ to compress air does n increase 9 ! same ratio z ! pressure1 & = ?is reason consid]able economy c be effect$ at ! fir/ /age1 & ! loss 9 ! ma9s w be r$uc$4 ,pass+ to ano!r po9t ( ! same subject1 ,pr(essor ,ri$l] consid]s ! be/ dim5sions t %\ld be giv5 to ! ma9s4 ,resi/ance decreases ) an increase 9 ! diamet] ( ^! & 9 direct ratio to _! diamet]2 = ?is reason--/ill assum+ a pressure correspond+ to a velocity ( #bj ft4 p] second--) a fall ( "o atmosph]e1 a l5g? ( #dj kilomet]s c\ld be succesfully work$4 ,! ma9s ( ! new rseau = ! ,quai de la ,g>e /ation are #ai4fi 94 9 diamet]2 !y are built up ( /eel plates rivet$1 & ?is ,pr(essor ,ri$l] consid]s to h be5 a s]i\s error on acc\nt ( ! extra resi/ance (f]$ by ! l>ge numb] ( rivet heads4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z a brief summ>y ( ,pr(essor ,ri$l]'s conclusions3 ,rec5t improvem5ts 9 c5tral /ation practice h result$ 9 an increas$ effici5cy ( ab\t #cj p] c5t4 9 ! compressors1 b ?is b5efit c only be realiz$ :5 ! new /ation is 9 op]ation4 ,t ! small & v imp]fect air eng9es 9 use on ! sy/em give an effici5cy ( #ej p] c5t41 :ile ) ord9>y /eam eng9es driv5 by air an effici5cy ( #hj p] c5t4 c be rea*$ ) a v small exp5diture ( fuel = heat+ ! air be=e admitt+ x into ! motor4 ,t special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! improvem5t ( air eng9es1 & t ) increas$ initial pressures at ! c5tral /ation ! di/ance ( ! transmission c be v consid]ably augm5t$4 ,f9ally1 ,pr(essor ,ri$l] claims t p[] c be transmitt$ by compress$ air m conv5i5tly & m economically ?an by any o!r means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #hjb1 page #abhaj4 ,,! ,,build]s ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e--,,! ,,f\nd]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,indu/ries ,,& ,,nations4#a ,footnote #a3 ,an address deliv]$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,celebration ( ! ,am]ican ,pat5t ,sy/em1 ,wa%+ton1 ,april1 #ahia4 ,by ,dr4 ,r4,h4 ,,?ur/on1 ,director ( ,sibley ,college1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,pap91 ,worce/]1 ,sav]y1 7 ! au?ors ( ! p]iod ( application ( ! p[] ( /eam to useful "w 9 our lat] days4 ,! _w 01 9 _! "t1 j wak+ into a new life "u ! /imulus ( a new fre$om t1 f ! "t ( ,%akespe>e1 ( ,newton1 & ( ,gilb]t1 ! physici/1 has /eadily become wid]1 high]1 & m fruitful ye> by ye>4 ,all ! mod]n sci5ces & all ! mod]n arts _h _! reawak5+ ) ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,e aspect ( fre$om = humanity came into view 9 ^? days ( a new bir?4 ,bo? ! possibility ( ! introduction ( new sci5ces & ( new arts & ! p[] ( utiliz+ all new intellectual & physical =ces came toge!r4 ,! /eam eng9e c\ld n e>li] h tak5 =m1 &1 tak+ =m1 x c\ld n h promot$ ! advance ( civilization 9 ! e>li] c5turies4 ,! inv5tion becom+ possible ( developm5t & application1 ! promotion ( ! arts & ( all =ms ( human activity became a possible consequ5ce ( its f9al successful introduction into ! rude arts t x 0 to s effectively promote & improve4 ,b ! "w ( ^! inv5tors 0 9 itself b little m important ?an t ( ! ,greek inv5tor ( ! /eam lopile1 = ea* br\ght =w>d a ma*9e :i* 01 f a bus9ess po9t ( view1 utt]ly impracticable1 & :i*1 9 ea* case1 only s]v$ to %[ t a bett] device might prove useful & lead ! way to its introduction4 ,! m]it ( ! inv5tors ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 t !y 7 able to lead ! way1 to po9t out ! pa? to success1 to furni% evid5ce ( ! value ( ! com+1 cr[n+ inv5tion4 ,! fire eng9es1 z !y 7 !n call$1 ( ^! n[ fam\s m5 7 m]ely contrivances by ! use ( :i* ! pressure ( conf9$ /eam ( high t5sion c\ld be br\ght to act on ! surface ( a mass ( conf9$ wat]1 =c+ x d[nw>d into pipes ?r\gh :i* x 0 l$ (f & upw>d to a high] level2 & ?us a m9e c\ld be dra9$1 ineffectively & exp5sively to be sure1 b va/ly m satisfactorily ?an by ! animal p[] ( ! "t4 ,! ma*9e ( ,sav]y 0 ! be/ ( all2 b t 0 only a some:at improv$ & manageable re>rangem5t ( ! eng9es ( ,pap9 & ,worce/]4 ,&1 aft] all1 ,pap91 ! greate/ man ( sci5ce p]haps ( 8 "t1 di$ 9 pov]ty2 ,worce/] langui%$ 9 prison 8 :ole life1 & ! lat] ef=ts ( 8 wid[ br\ght no?+ by way ( a return = 8 inv5tion2 nor did ei!r !y or _! successor1 ,morl&1 make ! introduction ( ! eng9e ei!r g5]al or remun]ative4 ,sav]y1 com+ on ! /age at m ne>ly ! "r "t to seize ^u an opportunity1 ga9$ m ?an ei!r ( 8 pr$ecessors2 b we h no evid5ce t he ev] acquir$ any l>ge comp5sation or met ) any rem>kable bus9ess success 9 ! introduction ( ! rude eng9e :i* bore 8 "n2 nor did ,desaguli]s1 ! great philosoph]1 or ev5 ,smeaton1 ! great eng9e]1 ( ! lat] ye>s ( t c5tury1 make any great success ( x4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,watt to reap ! h>ve/4 ,b1 ?\gh he s effectively reap$ :]e 8 pr$ecessors _h s[n1 ,watt is n ! greate/ ( ! inv5tors ( ! /eam eng9e1 if we rate 8 /&+ by ! magnitude ( ! improvem5t :i* m>k$ 8 recon/ruction ( ! eng9e4 ,x 0 ,,newcom5 :o made ! mod]n /eam eng9e4 ,:5 ,newcom5 came =w>d ! labors ( ,worce/] 9 ,great ,brita9 _h suffic$ to attract ! att5tion ( all intellig5t m5 to ! "* ( ! problem to be solv$1 & to conv9ce !m ( its importance & promise4 ,! "w ( ,sav]y _h %[n ! practicability ( ! solution ( ! problem1 bo? 9 me*anics & f9ance4 ,he succe$$1 ?\gh "u great disadvantages & comp>atively ineffici5tly4 ,once ! task _h be5 p]=m$1 ?\gh ev] s rudely1 ! re/ came easily & promptly4 ,! defects ( ! ,sav]y sy/em 7 at once recogniz$2 its great wa/es ( heat & ( /eam 7 not$1 & ! fact t !y 7 inh]5t 9 ! sy/em itself 0 p]ceiv$4 ,a complete *ange ( type ( ma*9e 0 obvi\sly requisite2 x 0 ?is :i* con/itut$ ! greate/ inv5tion 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e1 f ,h]o's "t to our own2 & to ,newcom5 we owe m ?an to any o!r man :o ev] liv$1 ! value ( ! inv5tion itself be+ consid]$1 & ! importance ( ! s]vices ( its introduc] be+ left out ( consid]ation4 ,no su* complete & vital improvem5t & modification ( ! ma*9e has ev] be5 effect$ by any o!r man1 ,watt & ,corliss n except$4 ,newcom5 & 8 comrade ,calley--we d n "k h[ ! honors %\ld be divid$--produc$ ! mod]n /eam eng9e4 ,its pr$ecessor1 ! ,sav]y eng9e1 _h be5 a m]e /eam squirt4 ,newcom5 con/ruct$ an eng9e4 ,sav]y built a simple comb9ation ( cyl9drical or ellipsoidal vessels :i* wa/efully & at once p]=m$ all ! sev]al (fices ( eng9e1 pump1 cond5s]1 & boil]2 ,newcom5 divid$ ! sev]al elem5ts among z _m p>ts1 ea* especially adapt$ to ! p]=mance ( its task 9 ! mo/ effective mann]--! cond5s] except$2 = t 0 ,watt's pr9cipal inv5tion--& ?us produc$ ! fir/ /eam eng9e 9 ! mod]n s5se ( t t]m4 ,x 0 ,newcom51 n ,watt1 :o gave u ! tra9 ( me*anism t we n[ call ! /eam eng9e4 ,x is to ,newcom51 r ?an ,watt1 t we owe ! highe/ honors z an inv5tor 9 ?is s]ies ( ! mo/ important ( all ! products ( ! inv5tive g5ius ( mank9d4 ,newcom5 br\ght into exi/5ce a new1 ! mod]n1 type ( eng9e1 & effect$ ! greate/ revolution t has be5 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts4 ,)\t ,newcom51 !re might h be5 no ,watt2 )\t ,watt1 !re v possibly may n ev5 yet h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce t giant ( our "t1 ^: mighty p[]s are employ$ m effectively ?an ev] ^? ( ,aladd9's g5ii1 9 build+ palaces1 9 transport+ m5 & mat]ial1 9 do+ ! "w ( ! :ole _w2 promot+ ! welf>e ( ! race1 9 a s+le c5tury1 m ?an _h all ! =ces ( matt] & m9d toge!r 9 ! :ole previ\s hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,newcom5 laid d[n a f\ndation b5ea? our :ole economic sy/em1 out ( sight1 almo/1 b ! ess5tial base1 nev]!less1 on :i* ,watt & 8 successors h c>ri$ up ! great sup]/ructure :i* seems to u to-day s impos+2 :i* is s trem5d\s 9 magnitude1 importance1 & result4 ,if to any "o man c\ld be assign$ ! cr$it1 x is ,newcom5 :o is to be consid]$ ! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,james ,watt1 indisputably ! great inv5tor t he 01 f\nd ! /eam eng9e ready to 8 h&1 appli$ himself to its improvem5t1 & made x sub/antially :at x is to-day4 ,8 mo/ important "w1 ! mo/ unique s]vice p]=m$ by him1 01 h[ev]1 t ( its adaptation & introduction to d ! "w ( ! _w4 ,james ,watt 0 ! inaugurator ( ! era ( ref9em5t ( ! ma*9e already inv5t$1 & ! greate/ ( its build]s & di/ributors4 ,8 inv5tions 7 all direct$ to ! improvem5t ( its details1 & 8 labors to its introduction & its application to ! myriad tasks await+ x4 ,by ! h&s ( ,watt x 0 made to pump wat]1 to sp91 to weave1 to drive e mill2 & he x 0 :o gave x ! =m dem&$ by ,/eph5son1 by ,fulton1 by ! :ole indu/rial _w1 = use on railway & /eamboat1 & 9 mill & factory1 ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,x 0 ?is great me*anic :o %[$ h[ x might be made to d its "w ) lea/ exp5se1 ) highe/ effici5cy1 ) greate/ regul>ity1 ) utmo/ conc5tration ( p[]4 ,! gr& secret ( 8 success 0 hi/orical & economic1 z mu* z sci5tific & me*anical4 ,he br\ght out 8 inv5tions j :5 ! _w 0 economically & hi/orically ready = !m4 ,! age ( au?ority 0 pa/1 t ( fre$om 0 come2 ! p]iod ( political & ecclesia/ical tyranny 0 gone by1 & t ( ! spontane\s developm5t ( man 0 arriv$4 ,! great inv5tion 0 (f]$ to a _w ready & ne$+ x1 &1 m ?an all1 compet5t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 to make & use x4 ,james ,watt 0 himself a product ( ! mod]n sci5tific _s4 ,he 0 a man s con/itut$ m5tally t he c\ld apply sci5tific me?ods to problems :i* 8 logical & clairvoyant m9d c\ld readily & exactly =mulate ! in/ant he 0 l$ to _! consid]ation 9 ! natural c\rse ( 8 progress4 ,he 0 ! ideal great inv5tor & me*anic4 ,) inv5tive g5ius he comb9$ /rong common s5se--n always a quality di/+ui%+ ! inv5tor--cle> p]ception1 bread? ( view1 & sci5tific me?od & _s 9 ! treatm5t ( e "q4 ,8 natural tal5t 0 re-en=c$ by an exp]i5ce & an environm5t :i* l$ him to develop ^! ways & ?is m5tal habit4 ,8 trade 0 t ( an in/rum5t mak]1 8 position 0 t ( cu/odian & repair] ( ! app>atus ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,he _h = 8 daily companions & /imulus ! great m5 & ozoniz$ atmosph]e ( t fam\s in/itution4 ,he kept pace ) advanc+ sci5ce1 & 0 imbu$1 bo? naturally & ?r\gh contact ) its promot]s1 ) t ambition & ^? aspirations :i* are ! life elem5t ( all progress1 :e!r sci5tific or o!r4 ,he 0 aw>e ( ! nature ( ! problems seek+ solution at ! "t1 & famili> ) ! /ate ( 8 own art & t ( ! great me*anicians ab\t him4 ,ev]y?+ 0 favorable to 8 progress1 s soon z he %\ld be giv5 an opportunity to take a /ep 9 advance & to come into sight at ! front4 ,! man & ! "t 7 bo? ready1 & all conditions1 int]nal & ext]nal1 social & p]sonal1 7 favorable to 8 developm5t4 ,! inv5tion ^u :i* ,watt 0 to improve 0 at 8 h&4 ,a ^w 9 reg>d to its /atus at ! mom5t w ?r[ "s light ^u t ( ,watt & 8 creation4 ,newcom5 _h1 z we h se51 produc$ ! mod]n type ( /eam eng9e z an orig9al & :olly novel inv5tion4 ,b ?is ma*9e1 m>vel\s z an advance ^u pre-exi/+ =ms ( ! /eam eng9e1 0 /ill1 z se5 9 ! light ( rec5t k & exp]i5ce1 exce$+ly defective4 ,! purpose ( a /eam eng9e is to conv]t into usefully applicable p[] ! hidd5 en]gy ( fuel1 /or$ ages ago 9 ! e>?1 by trans=mation1 ?r\gh ! action ( vegetation1 f ! orig9al =m1 ! heat ( ! sun1 into an available =m = reconv]sion1 ?r\gh !rmodynamic op]ations4 ,9 ?is process ( reconv]sion1 :atev] ! nature ( ! ma*9e us$ 9 ! op]ation1 !re are inv>iably wa/es1 bo? ( heat requir$ = conv]sion into p[] & ( ! p[] ?us produc$4 ,t ma*9e :i* effects ! mo/ complete transmutation ( ! heat suppli$ x into me*anical p[]1 :i* wa/es ! lea/ am\nt ( heat suppli$ & ( p[] produc$1 is ! be/ eng9e1 & con/itutes an advance ov] e o!r4 ,x 0 ?is r$uction ( wa/es t made ! ,newcom5 eng9e s mu* sup]ior to t ( ,sav]y4 ,! latt] 0 by f> ! simpl] & less co/ly con/ruction2 b its enorm\s losses1 bo? ( heat & ( p[]1 ma9ly ! =m]1 h[ev]1 made x an extravagant exp5diture ( money to buy & use x4 ,! ,newcom5 eng9e1 co/ly & cumbr\s1 comp>atively1 nev]!less wa/$ s mu* less heat & /eam & fuel t no "o c\ld af=d to buy ! *eap] ma*9e4 ,be=e consid]+ :at ,watt accompli%$1 we may f9d x pr(itable to exam9e into ! nature ( ! wa/es :i* *>act]iz$ ?is lat] & bett] ma*9e on :i* he effect$ 8 improvem5ts4 ,! ,newcom5 eng9e consi/$ ( a /eam boil]1 a /eam cyl9d]1 a beam & a set ( pumps4 ,by mak+ ! boil] d its "w sep>ately1 ! eng9e act+ indep5d5tly1 & ! pumps z a deta*$ portion ( ! me*anism1 ?is inv5tor _h r$uc$ to an enorm\s ext5t ^? wa/es ( heat & ( /eam & ( fuel :i* 7 unavoidable 9 ! old] ma*9es 9 :i* all ^! p>ts 7 repres5t$ by a s+le vessel1 or by two at mo/1 9 ea* elem5t4 ,9 ! ,sav]y eng9e1 ! /eam ent]+ fir/ heat$ up ! int]ior ( ! work+ vessel to its own temp]ature1 & held x at t temp]ature 9 spite ( ! cool+ influ5ce ( ! wat] pres5t4 ,?is consum$ l>ge quantities ( heat4 ,x !n 0 compell$ to surr5d] probably mu* great] quantities /ill to ! wat] itself1 com+ 9 direct contact z x did ) its surface4 ,if ! wat] 0 agitat$1 ei!r by ! curr5ts produc$ dur+ its +ress or by ! impact ( ! /eam ent]+ ! vessel1 ?is heat+ action p5etrat$ to consid]able dep?s & p]haps ev5 w>m$ ! :ole mass v f> above its initial temp]ature4 ,?is con/itut$ ano!r & a v s]i\s loss4 ,!n1 aga91 z ! wat] 0 gradually driv5 out ( ! conta9+ vessel by ! /eam press+ on its surface1 new portions ( ! vessel & new masses ( wat] 7 cont9ually br\ght 9 contact ) ! hot /eam1 tak+ its full temp]ature1 & ?us1 (t51 probably1 f9ally heat+ ! :ole mass ( ! =c+ vessel1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] z well1 up to ! temp]ature1 approximately at lea/1 ( ! /eam itself4 ,?us 9 _m in/ances1 if n always1 va/ly m heat & /eam 7 wa/$1 9 ?is undesirable heat+ ( wat] & =c+ vessel1 ?an 7 usefully employ$ 9 ! legitimate "w ( rais+ ! wat] to a high] level4 ,9 fact1 9 "s cases 9 :i* ^! quantities 7 measur$1 ! wa/es 7 "o hundr$ times z mu* z ! "w done4 ,"o p] c5t4 ( ! heat suppli$ did ! "w2 :ile n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 0 ?r[n away4 ,"o doll> or "o %ill+ exp5d$ = fuel to d ! "w 0 accompani$ by an exp5diture ( n9ety-n9e doll>s or %ill+s ?r[n away1 because ( ! imp]fections ( ! sy/em & ma*9e4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e has be5 "o ( gradual r$uction ( ^! wa/es2 until to-day1 our be/ eng9es only compel u to sp5d five doll>s = wa/es to ea* doll> paid out = useful "w4 ,a bus9ess man w\ld ?9k t amply extravagant1 h[ev]1 & ! man ( sci5ce is cont9ually seek+ me?ods ( evad+ ^! losses1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* are n[ app>5tly unavoidable 9 heat eng9es1 by f9d+ "s new sy/em ( heat & en]gy trans=mation4 ,watt 0 ! in/rum5t mak] & repair] at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity 9 ! ye> #agfc4 ,8 companions 71 among o!rs1 ! pr(essors ( natural philosophy & ( ma!matics 9 ! univ]sity4 ,_! conv]sation & _! frequ5t pres5tation ( practical & sci5tific que/ions & problems /imulat$ 8 naturally inquir+ & inv5tive m9d to ! pursuit ( a ?\s& int]e/+ & promis+ s*emes = ! improvem5t ( exi/+ me?ods & ma*9]y4 ,dr4 ,robison1 !n a /ud5t1 sugge/$ ! inv5tion ( a /eam c>riage = use on common roads1 & ! "y me*anician at once began exp]im5ts t1 result+ 9 no?+ at ! "t1 7 nev]!less cont9u$1 9 "o or ano!r =m1 until all mod]n applications ( /eam came into view4 ,dr4 ,black taught ,watt *emi/ry1 !n a newly con/ruct$ sci5ce1 & l$ him on to ! discov]y1 f9ally made by !m indep5d5tly1 ( ! fact & ! magnitude ( ! lat5t heat ( /eam2 ! discov]y com+ ( a s]ies ( sci5tifically plann$ & accurately conduct$ inve/igations1 su* z ! man ( sci5ce ( to-day w\ld deem cr$itable4 ,! treatises ( ,desaguli]s & o!rs on physics gave ,watt a k ( t doma9 ( natural ph5om5a :i* /ood him 9 good /ead lat]1 :5 he attempt$ to apply its pr9ciples to ! r$uction ( ! wa/es ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,x 0 :ile at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 work+ "u su* influ5ces & 9 su* an atmosph]e ( intellectual activity1 t ! accid5t ( ! ,newcom5 model eng9e ne$+ repair br\ght to ! m9d ( ,watt ! opportunity :i*1 avail$ ( at once1 made him fam\s & gave ! _w its greate/ aid1 its mo/ p[]ful s]vant4 ,! obs]v+ m9d ( ! great me*anic imm$iately not$ its defects1 s\ght _! causes1 f\nd _! rem$y4 ,he discov]$1 at once1 t ! quantity ( /eam ent]+ ! cyl9d] ( ! little eng9e has f\r times ! volume ( ! cyl9d] receiv+ x3 9 o!r words1 ?ree-f\r?s ( t /eam mu/ be cond5s$ imm$iately on entrance4 ,?is meant1 evid5tly1 t only "o-f\r? ( ! /eam suppli$ 0 utiliz$1 & ev5 !n ineffici5tly1 9 do+ its "w4 ,! reason ( ?is 0 z easily se51 imm$iately ! fact 0 reveal$4 ,z ,watt himself express$ x1 ! causes ( ?is loss1 causes :i* w\ld obvi\sly be exagg]at$ 9 a small eng9e1 73 ,fir/1 ! dissipation ( heat by ! cyl9d] itself1 :i* 0 ( brass & bo? a good conductor & a good radiator4 ,secondly1 ! loss ( heat consequ5t ^u ! necessity ( cool+ d[n ! cyl9d] at e /roke 9 produc+ ! vacuum4 ,?irdly1 ! loss ( p[] due to ! pressure ( vapor b5ea? ! pi/on1 :i* 0 a consequ5ce ( ! imp]fect me?od ( cond5sation4 ,?is mu* det]m9$1 ! next /ep look$ t[>d ! confirmation ( 8 conclusions & ! rem$y ( ! defects4 ,to meet ! fir/ difficulty he made a cyl9d] ( wood1 soak$ 9 oil & bak$1 a non-conduct+ & non-radiat+ mat]ial4 ,!n he 0 able to det]m9e ) "s accuracy ! quantities ( /eam & injection wat] us$ 9 ! eng9e2 & a comp>ison ) ! orig9al cyl9d] & its op]ation %[$ t n only f\r times ! quantity ( /eam1 b also f\r times ! am\nt ( injection wat] 0 us$ z 0 necess>y1 assum+ wa/es *eck$4 ,fur!r sci5tific rese>* on ! "p ( ,watt gave him measures ( specific heats ( ! metals & ( wood1 ! specific volumes ( /eam at v>i\s work+ pressures1 ! evaporative effici5cy ( boil]s1 ! pressures & temp]atures ( /eam 9 ! boil] "u specifi$ conditions1 ! quantities ( /eam & ( wat] requir$ = ! op]ation ( 8 little cond5s+ eng9e4 ,!n came 8 enunciation ( ! gr& pr9ciple ( economy 9 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! /eam eng9e3 ,keep ! cyl9d] z hot z ! /eam :i* ent]s x1 z he express$ x4 ,?is 0 ,watt's guid+ pr9ciple1 z x has be5 t ( all 8 successors 9 ! improvem5t ( ! economic p]=mance ( ! /eam eng9e & ( all o!r heat eng9es4 ,! great s\rce ( wa/e is ! disp]sion ( heat1 uselessly1 :i* %\ld be appli$ to ! production ( "w by its trans=mation1 !rmodynamically1 into ! latt] =m ( en]gy4 ,! second =m ( wa/e is t ( p[] ?us produc$ 9 ! unpr(itable "w ( mov+ ! p>ts ( ! eng9e itself2 & ! ?ird is t ( heat by transf]1 )\t trans=mation1 by conduction & radiation to surr\nd+ bodies4 ,9 mod]n eng9es1 ! latt] is b ?ree or five p] c5t41 9 ! be/ cases2 ! second wa/e con/itutes p]haps t5 p] c5t42 :ile ! fir/ ( ^! losses am\nts v usually to sev5ty p] c5t41 ( :i* la/ "o-?ird or "o-f\r? is ( ! k9d discov]$ by ,watt1 ! re/ be+ ! !rmodynamic wa/e incid5t to all kn[n me?ods ( op]ation ( heat eng9es1 & app>5tly unavoidable4 ,9 our v be/ & l>ge/ eng9es1 ! wa/e f\nd by ,watt to con/itute ?ree f\r?s ( all heat suppli$ has be5 br\ght d[n to t5 p] c5t41 a fact :i* well exemplifies ! advances made s9ce 8 "t ( appr5tice%ip by himself & 8 successors ( ?is n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! /eam eng9e ( to-day1 9 its mo/ successful op]ation1 gives u tw5ty-five times z mu* p[] f a p\nd ( coal z did ! eng9e t ! great inv5tor s\ght to improve3 ?is is ! magnific5t fruit ( t "o discov]y ( ,james ,watt1 & ( application ( ! simple pr9ciple :i* he s concisely & cle>ly /at$4 ,! me?od adopt$ by ,watt to secure a rem$y1 s f> z practicable1 ( ?is defect ( ! old] ma*9e 0 z simple & z p]fect z 0 ! pr9ciple :i* x embodi$4 ,he fir/ remov$ f ! cyl9d] ! prime s\rce ( its wa/es2 provid+ a sep>ate cond5s]1 & ?us avoid+ ! repeat$ *ill+ ( its surfaces by ! cold wat] us$ 9 cond5s+ ! /eam at exhau/1 & also p]mitt+ its /rokes to be made ) f> great] frequ5cy1 ?us giv+ less "t = cool+ by ! influ5ce ( ! rema9+ vapors aft] cond5sation4 ,he next w5t /ill fur!r1 & provid$ ! cyl9d] ) a clos$ top1 keep+ out ! air1 & a jacket ( hot boil] /eam to keep x z hot z ! /eam :i* ent]$ x4 ,^! 7 ! two great improvem5ts :i* conv]t$ ! fir/ real /eam eng9e into an economical =m ( heat eng9e & ess5tially f9i%$ ! "w s gr&ly begun by ,newcom5 & ,calley4 ,^! *anges gave u ! mod]n /eam eng9e2 & ^! are ,watt's fir/ & greate/1 b by no means only1 contributions to ! production ( ! mod]n _w ) all its com=ts1 its luxuries & its opportunities = mat]ial1 intellectual & moral advancem5t ( individual & ( race4 ,8 "w 0 to ?is ext5t complete 9 #agfe4 ,b ,watt did n /op "h4 ,!re /ill rema9$ = him ! no less important & !1 9 "s s5ses1 /ill m impos+1 "w ( f9d+ employm5t = ! new s]vant ( mank9d & ( sett+ x at its "w ( giv+ ! human arm a ?\s& times great] /r5g?1 to ! m9d ( man unc\nt$ opportunities to promote ! advancem5t ( k1 ( civilization1 ( e good ( ! race4 ,8 0 /ill ! task ( adapt+ ! new ma*9e to all ! purposes ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,x _h be5 hi!rto conf9$ to ! task ( rais+ wat] f ! dep?s ( ! m9e2 x 0 n[ to be h>ness$ to ! railway tra92 to be made to drive ! ma*9]y ( ! mill1 to apply its m>vel\s p[] to ! impulsion ( ! riv] boat & ocean /eam]2 to furni% en]gy1 ?r\gh endless sy/ems ( transf] & use1 to e k9d ( "w t man c\ld devise & %\ld inv5t4 ,all ?is meant ! giv+ ( ! ma*9e =ms z v>i\s z ! purposes to :i* x 0 to be devot$4 ,x _h previ\sly only rais$ & depress$ a rod2 x mu/ n[ turn a %aft4 ,x _h !n only op]at$ a pump2 x mu/ n[ turn a mill1 gr9d our gra91 sp9 our ?reads1 weave our clo?s1 drive our %ops & factories1 supply ! p[]ful bla/ ( ! iron furnace4 ,x mu/ be made to move ) ! utmo/ conceivable regul>ity1 & mu/1 ) all ?is1 d its "w 9 ! developm5t ( ! hidd5 en]gy ( ! fuel1 ) ! greate/ possible economy1 ?r\gh ! expansion ( its /eam4 ,all ?is 0 a*iev$ by ,james ,watt4 ,! inv5tion ( ! d\ble-act+ eng9e1 9 :i* ! impulsion ( ! /eam is felt bo? 9 driv+ ! pi/on =w>d & 9 =c+ x backw>d1 bo? upw>d & d[nw>d1 ! application ( its =ce ?r\gh crank & fly :eel1 ! creation ( an automatic sy/em ( gov]n+ its spe$1 & ! discov]y ( ! economy due to its complete expansion1 7 all improvem5ts ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & ( ! greate/ practical importance2 & all ^! 7 9 rapid succession br\ght into exi/5ce by ! creative m9d t _h app>5tly be5 br\ght into ! _w = ! express purpose ( giv+ to ! h& ( man ?is mighty ag5t1 to p]fect ! mightie/ p[] t m9d ( man has yet conceiv$4 ,b to d ! re/ requir$ m ?an inv5tive g5ius & me*anical skill4 ,x dem&$ capital & ! /or$ en]gy ( labor & g5ius 9 o!r fields1 direct$ by ! m9d ( a great capta9 ( indu/ry4 ,?is came to ,watt ?r\gh ,mat!w ,b\lton1 a manufactur] ( ,birm+ham1 ^: fa!r & ance/ors _h gradually & toilsomely1 z always1 accumulat$ ! prop]ty ne$$ = ! prosecution ( a great bus9ess4 ,! comb9ation ( g5ius & capital is always an ess5tial to success 9 su* cases2 & good =tune1 a ,provid5ce1 we may well say1 br\ght toge!r ! g5ius & ! capitali/ to d _! "w1 h& 9 h&1 ( provid+ ! _w ) ! /eam eng9e4 ,h& 9 h& !y work$1 & all ! _w to-day1 & ! race ?r\gh\t its future life1 mu/ te/ify gratitude = ! inexpressible obligations "u :i* ^! two m5 h plac$ !m1 do+ ! "w ( ! _w4 ,b\lton ,watt1 ! capitali/ ) ! inv5tor1 gave ! _w ! /eam eng9e1 f9ally1 9 su* =m & 9 su* numb]s t its p]man5t e/abli%m5t z ! s]vant ( man 0 insur$4 ,! capitali/ 0 z ess5tial an elem5t ( success z 0 ! inv5tor1 &1 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 a ?\s& o!rs1 ! race is indebt$ to t mu*-abus$ fri5d ( ! race1 ! capitali/1 = mu* t x enjoys ( all t x desires4 ,! indu/ry & pati5ce1 ! skill & ! wisdom requir$ = ! accumulation ( ?is en]gy /or$ = future use 9 great ent]prises is z important1 z ess5tial1 z inv5tive p[] or any o!r =m ( g5ius4 ,tal5t & g5ius mu/ always aid ea* o!r4 ,?is firm 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agfd & its ma9 res\rces1 aside f ! bank acc\nt1 7 ,watt's pat5t1 ab\t expir+1 & ,watt's g5ius1 & ,b\lton's tal5t z a man ( bus9ess4 ,! pat5t 0 ext5d$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 ! new inv5tions ( ,watt1 n[ beg9n+ to p\r f 8 prolific bra9 9 a wond]ful /ream1 7 also pat5t$1 & ! :ole works 7 soon employ$ ^u ! con/ruction ( eng9es = :i* num]\s ord]s soon began to p\r 9 ^u ! n[ prosp]\s build]s4 ,! pat5t law e/abli%$ ,b\lton & ,watt & ! firm paid back ! nation ) h&some usury1 giv+ x unimag9able pr(its indirectly ?r\gh its control ( ! "w ( ! _w & l>ge pr(its directly ?r\gh ! bus9ess br\ght !m f all p>ts ( ! !n civiliz$ globe4 ,!re has nev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 be5 a m impressive illu/ration ( ! value to a nation ( t g5]\s public policy1 t simply j legislation1 :i* gives to ! man ( bra9 control ( ! products ( 8 m9d4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s1 ,great ,brita9 has1 l>gely ?r\gh h] enc\ragem5t ( ! inv5tor & h] protection ( 8 m5tal prop]ty by secur+ ! fruits ( 8 labors1 9 fair portion1 to him1 ga9$ ! p[] ( dictat+ to ! _w & has ga9$ an advance t _c be measur$4 ,watt & ,arkwright & ,/eph5son & ,crompton & _! ilk1 protect$ by _! gov]nm5t & its pat5t laws1 made _! c\ntry ! peaceful conqu]or ( ! _w4 ,! /ory ( ! "w ( ! inv5tor is a poem ( mighty mean+ & ( wond]ful de$s4 ,! inv5tor prov$ himself a mighti] magician ?an ev] ! _w _h se54 ,a creature he call$ to wait on 8 w1 ,half iron1 half vapor--a dread to behold2 ,:i* ev]more pant$1 & ev]more roll$1 ,& utt]$ 8 words a millionfold4 ,su* 0 ! outcome ( ?is gr& mod]n tru/1 a comb9ation ( ! wise/ legislation1 ! mo/ brilliant inv5tion1 & ! mo/ wisely appli$ capital4 ,!re are tru/s ( :i* ! outcome is mo/ b5efic5t4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,watt1 ! improvem5t ( ! /eam eng9e & ! "w ( inv5tors has be5 conf9$ to matt]s ( detail4 ,all ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 7 develop$ by ,watt & 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies & x only 0 left to 8 successors to f9d ! be/ ways ( c>ry+ !m into effect4 ,b ^! matt]s ( detail h be5 f\nd to involve opportunities to make enorm\s /rides 9 ! direction ( secur+ improv$ effici5cy ( ! ma*9e4 ,! fur!r application ( ! pr9ciple :i* l$ ,watt to 8 greate/ inv5tions2 ( ! pr9ciple1 keep ! cyl9d] z hot z ! /eam :i* ent]s x1 ( t :i* he enunciat$ relative to ! advantage ( exp&+ /eam1 & ( t affect+ ! regulation ( ! ma*9e2 h r$uc$ ! co/s ( /eam & ( fuel to a small fraction ( _! e>li] magnitude4 ,"o ton ( eng9e to-day does ! "w ( eight or t5 9 ! "t ( ,watt3 "o p\nd ( fuel or ( /eam gives to-day t5 times ! p[] !n obta9$ f x4 ,a /eam%ip n[ crosses ! ,atlantic 9 "o-eigh? ! "t requir$ by ! fam\s l9] ( ! ,black ,ball ,l9e4 ,! wa/es ( ! eng9e h be5 br\ght d[n f above eighty p] c5t4 to eight2 & a half-ounce ( fuel on bo>d %ip w n[ transport a ton ( c>go ov] a mile ( ocean4 ,,fr$]ick ,e4 ,,sickels gave u ! fir/ practicable =m ( expansion ge> 9 #ahda2 ,,george ,h4 ,,corliss gave a new type ( eng9e ( m>vel\s p]fection & economy 9 #ahdi2 ,noble ,t4 ,gre51 ,wm4 ,wright & _m less well kn[n b no less m]itori\s inv5tors h s9ce done _! "p 9 ! trans=mation ( ! old eng9e ( ,watt into ! mod]n wond] ( conc5trat$ & economical p[]1 & m>vel ( accurate & beautiful design & workman%ip4 ,! trip cut-(f1 ) r$uc$ cle>ances1 increas$ boil] pressure1 high] rates ( expansion1 accel]at$ spe$s ( eng9e1 bett] con/ruction 9 all respects1 z well z improv$ design1 h enabl$ u to avail ourselves to ! utmo/ ( ! pr9ciples ( ,watt1 & our mills1 our railways1 our /eam]s & our fields1 ev51 h ga9$ almo/ z extraord9>ily by ^! advances1 s9ce ! days ( ! great inv5tor1 z ?r\gh 8 imm$iate labors4 ,) ! introduction ( ! new =m ( old] en]gy1 electricity1 ) ! r$uction ( ! lightn+ into ?raldom1 has n[ come a new impulse affect+ all ! indu/ries4 ,?r\gh its my/]i\s1 its /ill unkn[n action1 /eam n[ rea*es out f> f its own place1 driv+ ! electric c> along miles ( rail2 giv+ light ?r\gh\t all ! c\ntry ab\t x1 turn+ night into day1 & repress+ crime :ile enc\rag+ legitimate labor1 rea*+ into di/ant *amb]s & e little work%op1 to (f] its p[]ful aid 9 all ! di/ribut$ "w ( cities4 ,)\t ! /eam eng9e !re w\ld be little "w available = electricity1 b ! appe>ance ( ?is1 ! late/ & mo/ useful h&maid ( /eam1 has giv5 ! eng9e "w to d 9 an unc\nt$ numb] ( new fields1 has call$ 9 ! inv5tor once m to adapt /eam to its new "w4 ,! high-spe$ eng9e is ! late/ =m ( ! univ]sal help]4 ,& su* has be5 ! read9ess & ! intellig5ce ( ! contempor>y inv5tor t we n[ h eng9es capable ( turn+ _! %afts ?ree hundr$ rotations a m9ute & )\t a p]ceptible v>iation ( velocity1 :atev] ! *ange ( load or ! sudd5ness ) :i* x is v>i$4 ,9 ! days ( ,watt a fluctuation ( five p] c5t4 9 spe$ 0 ?\ght wond]fully small2 9 ^? ( ,corliss1 ! v>iation 0 re/rict$ to two p] c5t4 & we wond]$ at ?is unanticipat$ success4 ,to-day1 ?anks to ,port] & ,all51 to ,h>tnell1 to ,hoadley1 to ,sims1 to ,?omson1 to ,sweet1 to ,ide1 & to ,ball1 we h se5 ! spe$ fluctuation re/rict$ to ev5 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( its normal av]age4 ,! inv5tors ( ! /eam eng9e are1 ?r\gh _! repres5tatives ( to-day1 accord+ to ! /ati/icians1 do+ ! equival5t ( twelve times ! "w ( a horse1 = e man1 woman & *ild on ! globe4 ,we h n less1 probably1 ?an a half million ( miles ( railway1 transport+ some?+ ov] #aej1jjj1jjj1jjj ( tons a mile a ye>4 ,a horse is reckon$ to haul a ton weight ab\t six & a half miles1 day by day1 by ! ye> toge!r4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is reckon$ t ! /eam eng9e1 on ! railways alone1 hauls a ?\s& tons "o mile1 = e inhabitant ( ! c\ntry1 e ye>1 or1 if x is pref]r$ to s /ate x1 a ton a ?\s& miles4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ are1 by ! inv5tors ( ! /eam eng9e1 enabl$ to help ea* o!r4 ,?is co/s ab\t #aj ea* individual2 x w\ld require "s #be millions ( horses to d ! "w1 & w\ld co/ ab\t #a1jjj a family1 :i* is m ?an twice ! av]age family e>n+s4 ,dr4 ,/rong1 9 t rem>kable book1 ,our ,c\ntry1 says3 ,"o man1 by ! aid ( /eam1 is able to d ! "w :i* requir$ two hundr$ & fifty m5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! ma*9]y ( ,massa*usetts alone repres5ts ! labor ( m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj m51 z if "o-half ( all ! workm5 ( ! globe _h engag$ 9 h] s]vice4 ,& aga93 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago1 ! p[] ( ma*9]y 9 ! mills ( ,great ,brita9 0 e/imat$ to be equal to #fjj1jjj1jjj m51 or m ?an all ! adults1 male & female1 ( all mank9d4 ,mr4 ,glad/one e/imat$ t ! aggregation ( weal? on ! globe dur+ ! :ole p]iod f ! bir? ( ,*ri/ to t ( ,watt 0 equal$ by ! production 9 tw5ty ye>s1 at ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 ) ! aid ( ma*9]y driv5 by ! fruit ( ! bra9 ( ! inv5tors ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,we may probably n[ safely e/imate ! =m] quantity z rival$ 9 less ?an five ye>s1 :ile1 s9ce ! bir? ( ,watt & 8 eng9e1 & ! production ( ! sp9n+ mule1 ! p[] loom1 ! cotton g9 & our own pat5t sy/em & its m>vel\s me*anism1 all ev5ts ( a c5tury ago1 we may e/imate t !y h1 toge!r1 accompli%$ m 9 ?is p]iod :i* we n[ celebrate ?an c\ld h be5 done 9 a mill5ium ( mill5iums )\t ^! n[ subject$ g5ii4 ,b ! p[] beh9d all ^! curi\s inv5tions & _! "w is t ( /eam4 ,! /eam eng9e ev5 supplies p[] to ! telegraph & transports words & ?\ght z well z cotton bales & coal4 ,& n[ :at has ?is comb9ation ( legislation = private protection & public good1 ( a g5ius produc+ great inv5tions1 & ( ! accumulat$ capital ( e>li] ye>s1 br\ght ab\t8 ,x has giv5 u ! be/ fruits ( sci5ce 9 p]man5t possession4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce inv>iably aids1 9 a ?\s& ways1 ! progress ( mank9d4 ,x gives u new conceptions ( nature & ( ! possibilities ( art2 x promotes "r ways ( "w & ( /udy2 x tea*es ! inv5tor & ! discov]] h[ mo/ surely & promptly to ga9 _! sev]al ends1 x gives ! _w ! results ( all acquir$ k 9 concrete =m4 ,?is "o in/ance :i* we are n[ especially int]e/$ 9 contemplat+ has p]=m$ m wond]ful miracles ?an ev] ,aladd9's g5ii attempt$4 ,"o man1 ) a /eam eng9e at 8 h&1 turns ! :eels ( a great mill1 drives =ty ?\s& sp9dles1 applies a ?\s& horse p[] to daily "w 9 ! sp9n+ ( ?reads1 ! weav+ ( clo?1 ! impulsion ( a /eamboat1 or ! draw+ ( great masses ( hot iron into f9e/ wire4 ,?is puny creature1 8 m9d 9 8 f+] tips1 ex]ts ! p[] ( t5 ?\s& m51 work+ ) muscle alone1 &1 aid$ by a h&ful ( wom51 boys & girls1 clo!s a city4 ,a half doz5 m5 9 ! eng9e room ( an ocean /eam]1 ) a hundr$ /rong labor]s 9 ! boil] room & on deck1 transports colonies & makes new nations1 br+s sep>at$ peoples toge!r1 unites c\ntries on opposite sides ( ! globe1 br+s ab\t easy ex*anges betwe5 pole & equator4 ,"o man on ! footbo>d ( ! locomotive1 "o man %ovel+ into ! furnaces ! black p[d] t incloses ! en]gy /or$ 9 e>ly geological ages1 a half doz5 m5 m\nt$ on ! long tra9 ( foll[+ vehicles1 comb9e to br+ to ! mill girl 9 ,massa*usetts1 ! m9] 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! sew+ woman1 & ! weal?y m]*ant1 h] neighbor 9 ,new ,york1 ! fl\r made 9 ,m9nesota f ! gra9 h>ve/$ a few weeks e>li] 9 ,dakota4 ,all ! _w is s]v$ fai?fully & effici5tly by ?is unimag9able p[]1 ?is product ( ! bra9 ( ! inv5tor1 protect$ by ! law1 /imulat$ & aid$ by ! capital t x has itself almo/ alone produc$4 ,& ?us h ! inv5tors ( ! /eam eng9e set 9 motion & plac$ at ! disposal ( mank9d = e =m ( useful "w all ! great =ces ( nature2 ?us ,h]o ( ,alex&ria t\*$ ! !n conceal$ spr+ :i* call$ all ! g5ii ( e>?1 fire1 wat] & air to d ! bidd+ ( ! race4 ,?us ,pap91 ,worce/]1 ,newcom51 ,watt1 & ,corliss & o!rs ( our own contempor>ies1 h appli$ ! g5ii to _! task ( level+ m\nta9s1 trav]s+ seas1 cont95ts1 & ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 build+ %ips1 locomotives1 hamlets & cities1 cottages & palaces1 turn+ ! sp9dle1 op]at+ ! loom1 & sett+ motion & giv+ en]gy to e ma*9e1 do+ ! "w ( ?\s&s ( millions ( m51 conv]t+ b>b>ism into civilization1 giv+ necess>ies ( life 9 pr(usion1 com=ts 9 pl5ty1 & luxuries 9 sup]abundance4 ,aid+ & work+ h& 9 h& ) ^? o!r g5ii ( progress1 ! inv5tors ( ! pr9t+ press & ( ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 & ! electric railway1 ( ! mod]n sy/em ( textile manufactures1 ( iron & /eel mak+1 ( ! m[+ ma*9e & ! h>ve/]1 !y h compress$ into two c5turies ! progress ( a mill5nium1 de/itute ( _! aid4 ,e /ep tak5 "u _! /imulus1 & ) _! help1 is a /ep t[>d a high] life = all1 intellectually & morally z well z physically2 e advance 9 ! improvem5t ( _! "w is a ga9 to e man1 woman1 & *ild2 e improvem5t ( ! /eam eng9e is a help to ! :ole _w4 ,?is progress makes ! day ( ! ext9ction ( ! sy/em n[ gr9d+ ! populations ( ! e>? into ! gr\nd1 ! day ( ! abolition ( armies & ! re/oration to ! p ( t fre$om :i* *>act]iz$ ! times ( ! patri>*s1 & ( ! re/oration ( ! rights ( ! citiz5 to 8 own "t & /r5g? & produc+ p[]1 p]ceptibly ne>]4 ,:5 ?is f9al revolution %all h be5 accompli%$1 & :5 all ! _w has settl$ d[n to ! /eady & undi/urb$ "w ( production by daily & regul> labor1 aid$ by ! g5ii ( /eam1 ( electricity1 ( all nature1 comb9$ = good1 ! results ( ! intellectual activity ( ! inv5tors ( ! /eam eng9e w be fully se54 ,!n no monum5t w be requir$ to keep gre5 ! memory ( ,watt1 ,corliss1 or any o!r ( ^! great m51 b x w be said ( !m1 z ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 9 ! epitaph 9 ,/4 ,paul's3 ,seek y a monum5t1 look ab\t y6 ,e wrea? ( /eam ris+ to ! heav5s f factory1 mill or work%op w be a rem9d] ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 e m9e w possess a memorial to ,pap91 ,worce/] & ,sav]y2 e /eam%ip w br+ into grateful memory ,fit* & ,/ev5s1 & ,bell & ,fulton2 ?\s&s ( locomotives1 cross+ ! cont95ts1 w p]petuate ! ?\ght ( ! ,/eph5sons & _! colleagues 9 ! introduction ( ! railway2 ! hum ( millions ( sp9dles & ! music ( ! electric wire w tell ( ! "w ( ,corliss & 8 contempor>ies & successors :o made ^! ?+s possible1 & all k+doms & races1 all nations1 w rev]e ! "n ( ,james ,watt1 ! g5ius to :om ! _w is mo/ indebt$ = ! beg9n+s ( all ?is lat] & gr&] civilization :i* has conv]t$ ! sl[ progress ( e>li] c5turies into ! meteor-l advance ( to-day t[>d a future z gr& & z mighty & z noble z humanity %all *oose to make x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,h& ,,c>4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration we %[ a new design ( h& c>1 be+ introduc$ by ! ,c\rtright ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,detroit4 ,x w be se5 t ! app>atus = propell+ ! c> is v diff]5t f ! me*anism g5]ally us$4 ,an upright framework secur$ to ! plat=m c>ries a l>ge sprocket :eel1 :i* is connect$ to a small] "o ^u "o ( ! axles by means ( a *a94 ,! l>g] sprocket :eel is rotat$ by means ( a triangul> %ap$ lev] atta*$ at ! l[] corn] to ! crank ( ! sprocket :eel & hav+ a h&le at ea* ( its upp] corn]s4 ,x is h+$ ^u a fulcrum :i* slides ^u ! two v]tical rods %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x w be se5 t ?is gives a peculi> movem5t to ! h&les by :i* ! op]ators propel ! c>1 b x has be5 f\nd t ! motion is an excell5t "o1 & x is claim$ t a high] spe$ c be obta9$ ) ! me*anism "h %[n ?an ) any o!r n[ 9 use4 ,!re is practically no dead c5t]1 z 9 ! case :]e ! ord9>y crank & lev] is us$4 ,a numb] ( lead+ roads h giv5 ! c> a trial1 & be+ well satisfi$ x1 h giv5 ord]s = m4 ,! company claim t a c> ) #bj 94 :eels c easily be made to atta9 a spe$ ( #ae miles an h\r by two m54--,railway ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,conic ,,sections4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4,w4 ,,maccord1 ,sc4,d4 ,9 ,fig4 #a let ,d be a giv5 po9t1 & ,o ! c5t] ( a giv5 circle1 ^: diamet] is ,,fg4 ,bisect ,,df at ,a4 ,also ab\t ,d describe an arc ) any radius ,,dp great] ?an ,,da1 & ab\t ,o ano!r arc ) a radius ,,op ,,dp ,,fo1 int]sect+ ! fir/ arc at ,p1 !n draw ,,pd1 & also ,,po1 cutt+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! giv5 circle 9 ,l4 ,s9ce ,,pd ,,pl1 & ,,da ,,af1 x is evid5t t by repeat+ ?is process we %all con/ruct a curve ,,p>1 :i* satisfies ! condition t e po9t 9 x is equally di/ant f a giv5 po9t & f ! circumf]5ce ( a giv5 circle4 ,s9ce ,,po-,,pd ,,lo1 & ,,ao-,,ad ,,fo1 ?is curve is "o bran* ( ! hyp]bola ( :i* ,d & ,o are ! foci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,bisect ,,dg at ,b1 !n ab\t ,d describe an arc ) any radius ,,dq great] ?an ,,db1 & ab\t ,o ano!r are ) radius ,,oq ,,dq-,,fo2 draw f ,q ! int]sections ( ^! arcs1 ! l9e ,,qd1 & also ,,qo1 produc+ ! latt] to cut ! circumf]5ce 9 ,e4 ,by ?is process we may con/ruct ! curve ,,qbz1 ea* po9t ( :i* is also equally di/ant f ! giv5 po9t ,d1 & f ! concave in/ead ( ! convex arc ( ! giv5 circumf]5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,,qd & ,,qo be+ con/ant & equal to ,,fo1 & ,,ab be+ also equal to ,,fo1 ?is curve is ! o!r bran* ( ! same hyp]bola1 ^: major axis is equal to ! radius ( ! giv5 circle4 ,! tang5t at ,p bisects ! angle ,,dpl1 & is p]p5dicul> to ,,dl1 :i* x bisects at a po9t ,i on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ^: diamet] is ,,ab1 ! major axis1 ! c5t] be+ ,c1 ! middle po9t ( ,d ,o4 ,z ,p rec$es f ,a1 x is evid5t t ! angles ,p ,d ,l1 ,p ,l ,d1 w increase1 until ,d ,l assumes ! position ,d ,t tang5t to ! giv5 circle1 :5 !y w become "r angles4 ,p w !re=e be inf9itely remote1 & ! po9t ,i hav+ !n rea*$ t1 :]e ,d ,t t\*es ! small] circle1 ,c t ,s w be an asymptote to ! curve4 ,?is %[s t ! measurem5ts f ! convex arc1 = ! con/ruction ( ,a ,p1 are made only f ! portion ,f ,t ( ! giv5 circumf]5ce4 ,9 ! diagram ! po9t ,q is s *os5 t ,d ,l produc$ passes ?r\gh ,e1 s t ,q ,j1 ! tang5t at ,q1 is p>allel to ,p ,i4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! measurem5ts f ! concave arc1 = ! con/ruction ( ,b ,q1 are conf9$ to ! portion ,g ,t ( ! giv5 circumf]5ce4 ,z ,d ,l ,e rises1 ! po9ts ,p & ,q rec$e f ,a & ,b1 ! po9ts ,l & ,e approa* ea* o!r1 f9ally co9cid+ at ,t2 at ?is in/ant ,i & ,j fall toge!r at t1 s t ,s ,s is ! common asymptote to ,a ,p & ,b ,q4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ! giv5 po9t ,d lies )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! giv5 circle4 ,bisect ,d ,f at ,a1 & ,d ,g at ,b2 ab\t ,d describe an arc ) any radius ,d ,p great] ?an ,d ,a1 & ab\t ,o ano!r1 ) radius ,o ,p ,o ,f--,d ,p1 ^! arcs int]sect 9 ,p1 & produc+ ,o ,p to cut ! circumf]5ce 9 ,l1 we h ,p ,d ,p ,l4 ,simil>ly ,e ,d ,e ,h1 ,u ,d ,u ,w1 etc4 ,& s9ce ,p ,d ,p ,o ,l ,p ,p ,o1 ,d ,e ,e ,o ,h ,e ,e ,o1 & s on1 ! curve is obvi\sly ! ellipse ( :i* ! foci are ,d & ,o1 & ! major axis is ,a ,b ,f ,o1 ! radius ( ! giv5 circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4 ,if1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! giv5 po9t be made to co9cide ) ! c5t] ( ! circle1 ! ellipse becomes a circle ) diamet] ,a ,b ,f ,o4 ,b if ! po9t be plac$ ^u ! circumf]5ce1 z 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! ellipse w r$uce to ! "r l9e ,a ,b co9cid+ ) ,f ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,9 ?is case we may also apply ! same process z 9 ,fig4 #a2 ,d ,t becomes a tang5t at ,d to ! circumf]5ce1 & ! asymptotes co9cide ) ! axis ( ! hyp]bola1 ( :i* "o bran* r$uces to ! "r l9e ,a ,p ext5d+ f ,a to inf9ity on ! left1 & ! o!r r$uces to ! "r l9e ,b ,g ,q1 ext5d+ f ,b to inf9ity on ! "r4 ,if ! circle be r$uc$ to a po9t1 z 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! result+ locus is a "r l9e p]p5dicul> to & bisect+ ,d ,o4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! diamet] ( ! giv5 circle be inf9ite1 ! circumf]5ce1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 becomes a "r l9e p]p5dicul> to ! axis at ,f1 & ! curve satisfies ! famili> def9ition ( ! p>abola1 ,d ,e be+ equal to ,e ,h1 ,d ,p equal to ,p ,l1 & s on4 ,9 ,fig4 #g1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,,dt is tang5t at ,t to ! giv5 circle ^: c5t] is ,o1 & at t to ! circle ab\t ,c ^: diamet] is ,,ab1 ! major axis4 ,s9ce ,,dto is a "r angle1 ,t lies ^u ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ^: c5t] is ,c1 & diamet] ,,d2 ?is circle cuts ! asymptote ,,scs at ,m & ,n4 ,! semi-conjugate axis is a mean proportional betwe5 ,d ,a & ,,ao2 n[ draw+ ,,tm & ,,tn1 x is se5 t ,tt is t mean proportional2 & a circle describ$ ab\t ,c ) t radius w be tang5t to ,,to4 ,,dt1 !n1 is ! radius ( ! circle to be describ$ ab\t ! focus ( ! conjugate hyp]bola = its con/ruction accord+ to ! enunciation fir/ giv53 & we obs]ve t ,,dt & ,,to are supplem5t>y *ords 9 ! circle ab\t ,c ?r\gh ,d & ,o4 ,! conjugate foci mu/ !re=e lie ^u ?is circumf]5ce1 at ,d' & ,o'2 & s9ce ,d',o' is p]p5dicul> to ,,d1 ,d',t w be p]p5dicul> & ,t',o' w be p>allel to ,,scs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #g4 ,n[ z ,,to increases1 ,t',o' w dim9i%1 until1 :5 ,,to equals ,,d1 ,t',o' w vani% & ) x ,ct'2 & at ?is crisis1 ! case is ! same z 9 ,fig4 #d2 b ! conjugate hyp]bola logically r$uces to two "r l9es1 ext5d+ f ,c to inf9ity on ! "r & left4 ,z inde$ x %\ld f ! famili> con/ruction1 s9ce ! di/ances f ,d' & ,o' to any po9t on ! horizontal axis be+ equal1 _! diff]5ce is con/ant & equal to z]o4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t a conic section may be def9$ z ! locus ( a po9t :i* is equally di/ant f a giv5 po9t & f ! circumf]5ce ( a giv5 circle4 ,boscovi* def9es x z ! locus ( a po9t s mov+ t its di/ances f a giv5 po9t & f a giv5 "r l9e %all h a con/ant ratio4 ,! latt] def9ition involves ! conceptions ( a rectil9e> directrix1 & a v>y+ ratio 9 ! cases ( ! diff]5t curves1 ?is ratio be+ unity = ! p>abola1 less = ! ellipse1 & great] = ! hyp]bola4 ,! =m] involves ! conception ( a circul> directrix ) a ratio equal to unity 9 all cases2 & ! two def9itions become id5tical 9 ! con/ruction ( ! p>abola1 :i* is 9 fact ! only curve ( :i* a cle> idea is giv5 by ei!r ( !m4 ,t ( ,boscovi* has be5 giv5 a prom95ce f> 9 excess ( its m]its1 be+ made ! f\ndation = ! discussion ( ^! important curves1 & ?is 9 a textbook ^: preface conta9s ! foll[+ true & emphatic /atem5t1 viz43 ,! ab/ract nature ( a ratio1 & ! fact t x is a comp\nd concept1 peculi>ly unfit x = elem5t>y purposes4 ,! def9ition h]e9 set =? has n be5 giv5 9 any treatise on ! subject1 s f> z we h be5 able to asc]ta94 ,& x is pres5t$ ) ! di/9ctly express$ hope t x nev] w be1 except z a m]e matt] ( ab/ract int]e/4 ,( ?is x may1 l ! o!r1 possess a little1 b bo? h ! great disadvantage t1 except 9 relation to ! p>abola1 ! idea :i* !y convey to ! m9d ( ! curves to :i* !y relate1 if inde$ !y convey any at all1 is mo/ obscure & indirect2 & ( practical utility nei!r "o c claim a p>ticle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,atomic ,,weights4 7,issu$ ,decemb] #f1 #ahij47 ,by reque/ ( ! ,committee ( ,revision & ,publication ( ! ,ph>macopoeia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,pr(4 ,f4,w4 ,cl>ke1 *ief *emi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 has furni%$ a table ( atomic weights1 revis$ ^u ! basis ( ! mo/ rec5t data & 8 late/ computations4 ,! committee has resolv$ t ?is table be pr9t$ & furni%$ = publication to ! pr(essional press4 ,! committee also reque/s t all calculations & analytical data :i* are to be giv5 9 reports or contributions int5d$ = its use or cognizance be bas$ ^u ! values 9 ! table4 ,x w\ld be highly desirable t ?is table be adopt$ & uni=mly foll[$ by *emi/s 9 g5]al1 at lea/ = practical purposes1 until x is sup]s$$ by a revis$ edition4 ,x w\ld only be necess>y = any au?or ( a pap]1 etc41 to /ate t 8 analytical figures are bas$ ^u ,pr(4 ,cl>ke's table ( atomic weights ( ,decemb] #f1 #ahij1 or "s subsequ5t issue4 ,?is table repres5ts ! late/ & mo/ tru/wor?y results1 r$uc$ to a uni=m basis ( comp>ison1 ) oxyg5#af z />t+ po9t ( ! sy/em4 ,no decimal places repres5t+ l>ge unc]ta9ties are us$4 ,:5 values v>y1 ) equal probability on bo? sides1 s f> z our pres5t k goes1 z 9 ! case ( cadmium 7#aaa4h & #aab4b71 ! mean value is giv5 9 ! table4 ,! names ( elem5ts occurr+ 9 ph>maceutical1 m$ic9al1 *emicals1 are pr9t$ 9 italics#a3 ,transcrib]'s ,note #a3 ,,italics repres5t$ by surr\nd+ ) 4 ,"n4 ,symbol4 ,atomic ,weight4 ,alum9um4 ,al #bg4 ,antimony4 ,sb #abj4 ,ars5ic4 ,z #ge4 ,b>ium4 ,ba #acg4 ,bismu?4 ,bi #bjh4i ,boron4 ,b #aa4 ,brom9e4 ,br #gi4ie ,cadmium4 ,cd #aab4 ,caesium4 ,cs #acb4i ,calcium4 ,ca #dj4 ,c>bon4 ,c #ab4 ,c]ium4 ,ce #adj4b ,*lor9e4 ,cl #ce4de ,*romium4 ,cr #eb4a ,cobalt4 ,co #ei4 ,columbium4#a ,cb #id4 ,copp]4 ,cu #fc4d ,didymium4#b ,di #adb4c ,erbium4 ,er #aff4c ,fluor9e4 ,f #ai4 ,gallium4 ,ga #fi4 ,g]manium4 ,ge #gb4c ,gluc9um4#c ,gl #i4 ,gold4 ,au #aig4c ,hydrog54 ,h #a4jjg ,indium4 ,9 #aac4g ,iod9e4 ,i #abf4he ,iridium4 ,ir #aic4a ,iron4 ,fe #ef4 ,lan?anum4 ,la #ach4b ,lead4 ,pb #bjf4ie ,li?ium4 ,li #g4jb ,magnesium4 ,mg #bd4c ,manganese4 ,mn #ee4 ,m]cury4 ,hg #bjj4 ,molybd5um4 ,mo #if4 ,nickel4 ,ni #eh4g ,nitrog54 ,n #ad4jc ,osmium4 ,os #aia4g ,oxyg54#d ,o #af4 ,palladium4 ,pd #ajf4f ,phosphorus4 ,p #ca4 ,plat9um4 ,pt #aie4 ,potassium4 ,k #ci4aa ,rhodium4 ,rh #ajc4e ,rubidium4 ,rb #he4e ,ru!nium4 ,ru #aja4f ,sam>ium4 ,sm #aej4 ,sc&ium4 ,sc #dd4 ,sel5ium4 ,se #gi4 ,silicon4 ,si #bh4d ,silv]4 ,ag #ajg4ib ,sodium4 ,na #bc4je ,/rontium4 ,sr #hg4f ,sulphur4 ,s #cb4jf ,tantalum4 ,ta #ahb4f ,tellurium4 ,te #abe4 ,t]bium4 ,tb #aei4e ,?allium4 ,tl #bjd4ah ,?orium4 ,? #bcb4f ,t94 ,sn #aai4 ,titanium4 ,ti #dh4 ,tung/54 ,w #ahd4 ,uranium4 ,u #bci4f ,vanadium4 ,v #ea4d ,yt]bium4 ,yb #agc4 ,yttrium4 ,yt #hi4a ,z9c4 ,zn #fe4c ,zirconium4 ,zr #ij4f --,am4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 ,footnote #a3 ,has priority ov] niobium4 ,footnote #b3 ,n[ split into neo-& praseo-didymium4 ,footnote #c3 ,has priority ov] b]yllium4 ,footnote #d3 ,/&>d1 or basis ( ! sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,tann+ ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,europe4 ,! tann+ mat]ials ( ,europe are ( an altoge!r diff]5t type f ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! population is s d5se t ! quantity ( home mat]ials produc$ is n ne>ly proportionate to ! am\nt consum$1 & consequ5tly !y mu/ draw ^u surr\nd+ l&s = _! supply4 ,! vegetation ( ^! adjac5t c\ntries is ( a mu* m tropical nature1 & x naturally foll[s t ! tann+ mat]ials are also ( a diff]5t species4 ,tann+ mat]ials may be divid$ into two great classes1 viz43 ,physiological & pa?ological4 ,,physiological4 ,! fir/ class includes ^? tann9s :i* are ! results ( p]fectly natural or normal gr[?1 & a gr[? necess>y to ! developm5t ( vegetation1 = in/ance1 b>k1 sumac1 etc41 :]eas ! second class conta9s ^? :i* are ! results ( abnormal gr[?1 caus$ by diseases1 /+s ( insects1 etc4 ,an example ( ?is is ! gall4 ,bo? ( ^! classes are us$ to a great ext5t 9 ,europe1 :ile only ! fir/ division is 9 g5]al use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! physiological tann9s4 ,oak ,b>k4--,?is mat]ial 01 is1 & w be = "s "t to come ! ma9 tann+ mat]ial 9 use "h 9 ,europe4 ,! advantages ( ! oak tannage are z fully appreciat$ "h z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,european oak gives a light color$1 firm lea!r1 ) good weight results1 is comp>atively *eap & ( an excell5t quality4 ,! v>ieties are num]\s1 ea* c\ntry hav+ its own k9d4 ,^? 9 mo/ g5]al use are3 ,spiegel ,r9de 7mirror b>k74--,?is b>k is well di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & is peel$ :5 ! tree has atta9$ a gr[? ( f #ab to #bd ye>s4 ,x is m>ket$ 9 ?ree grades4 ,reitel ,r9de--,is obta9$ f ! same tree z ! spiegel r9de1 b aft] ! tree has atta9$ a gr[? ( f #be to #dj ye>s4 ,alte ,pis*e 7old oak74--,obta9$ f ! ag$ tree4 ,x is n z valuable z ! y\ng] b>k1 & consequ5tly br+s a mu* l[] price4 ,spiegel r9de may be judg$ by small w>ts :i* appe> on ! %9+ surface ( ! b>k4 ,! pres5ce ( a great numb] ( ^!1 z a rule1 indicates a high tann9 p]c5tage4 ,bosnia has f9e oak trees1 ! b>k conta9+ #aj to #aa p] c5t4 tann94 ,bohemia has ! traub5 ei*e 7grape oak74 ,france uses ! kirmess oak1 :i* gr[s 9 ! s\? ( t c\ntry & 9 nor!rn ,africa4 ,two grades are made1 viz41 root & trunk4 ,tyrol has ! ev]gre5 oak--#ab to #ac p] c5t4 tann94 ,s>d9ia possesses a cork oak1 :i* yields #ac to #ad p] c5t4 ,:ite oak is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,europe1 yield+ #aj p] c5t4 ,! price ( oak b>k v>ies a great deal4 ,! assortm5t is mu* m /rict ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,au/ria x br+s #d to #e fl41 equal to #a4fj to #b p] kilo4 7#bbd lb472 9 ,g]many1 #aa to #af m>ks p] #ajj kilos4#a ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! pr9cipal di/ricts 9 ,am]ica1 remov$ f ! cities1 ! price ( oak b>k is ab\t #d to #f p] cord or p] ton ( #b1bdj lb4 ,! hemlock b>k1 :i* gives a sole lea!r j z ?or\ghly tann$1 b ( a d>k] & r$di% color1 co/s ! l>g] tann]s f #c to #d a cord4 ,! above m5tion$ v>ieties are all us$ = bo? upp] & sole lea!r4 ,9 ,g]many a great deal ( upp] lea!r is pure oak tannage1 b "o seldom f9ds a pure oak tann$ sole lea!r2 x is almo/ always 9 comb9ation ) o!r tannics4 ,p9e ,b>k--,is well di/ribut$ & is a v important tann+ mat]ial4 ,x be>s ! same relation to oak b>k "h z does hemlock 9 ,am]ica1 b its effects are q diff]5t f hemlock4 ,! be/ ,au/rian sorts are ^? ( ,/yria & ,bohemia1 b t ( ,k>u!n is also ( good quality4 ,! ,g]man p9e comes f ,?ur+ia to a great ext5t4 ,! c\ntries t consume ! greate/ am\nt ( p9e b>k are ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,russia & ,italy4 ,! tann9 conta9$ v>ies f #e to #af p] c5t4 ,its use is almo/ :olly conf9$ to ! h&l]s1 z its weight returns are n s satisfactory z oak or valonia4 ,9 case x %\ld be us$ = lay]s x is always 9 comb9ation ) "s bett] weight-giv+ tannic4 ,= upp] lea!r its use is limit$4 ,! b>k is always peel$ f ! fell$ tree1 & (t5 ! woodman accepts ! b>k 9 "p paym5t = 8 labor2 he !n sells ! b>k to ! tann] or ag5ts :o g ab\t ! c\ntry collect+ b>k4 ,x is g5]ally v nicely clean$4 ,i w\ld "h l to correct a mi/ake :i* tann]s (t5 make 9 _! e/imations ( ! value ( b>ks4 ,a tann] usually buys ! b>k ( s\!rn-gr[n trees 9 pref]5ce to t ( trees gr[n 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 z x is a common idea t s\!rn vegetation conta9s m tann9 ?an t ( ! nor?4 ,?is is a fallacy1 z has n only be5 prov$ by c>eful analyses1 b may also be f\nd to be an incorrect conclusion aft] a mom5ts' ?\ght4 ,^? trees :i* fl\ri% 9 s\!rn c\ntries gr[ v rapidly1 & z tann9 is necess>y to ! developm5t ( leaf /ructure1 etc41 x is absorb$ to a great] ext5t ?an is ! case ) ! sl[]-gr[+ tree ( ! nor?4 ,! tann9 conta9$ 9 ! sap does n increase 9 ! same ratio z does ! rapid gr[?1 & x foll[s t ! rema9d] 9 ! b>k is less ?an 9 ! tree ( sl[] gr[?4 ,bir* ,b>k--,is at home 9 ,russia1 ,norway1 & ,sw$54 ,x is us$ = bo? upp] & sole lea!r1 b seldom alone4 ,! b>k is usually peel$ f ! full gr[n tree1 & conta9s #d to #i p] c5t4 tann94 ,will[ ,b>k--,may also be f\nd 9 ! above m5tion$ c\ntries & also 9 ,g]many4 ,?is mat]ial is us$ = bo? upp] & sole lea!r1 & conta9s #f to #i p] c5t4 tann94 ,x is a v delicate mat]ial to use1 z its tann9 decomposes rapidly4 ,erl5 ,r9de--,is also a native ( ,g]many1 b is n us$ to any great ext5t4 ,! same may be said ( ! l>*1 al?\gh ?is v>iety is also to be met ) 9 ,russia4 ,mimosa ,b>k--,is obta9$ f ! acacia ( ,au/ralia4 ,x is a favorite 9 ,engl&4 ,! v>ieties are z foll[s3 ,gold wattle1 silv] wattle 7blackwood1 lightwood71 black wattle1 gre5 wattle4 ,! gold wattle is a native ( ,victoria4 ,its cultivation 0 tri$ z an exp]im5t 9 ,alg]ia & met ) "s success4 ,! trees are always gr[n f se$s4 ,^! se$s are laid 9 w>m wat] = a few h\rs be=e s[+4 ,! acacia may be peel$ at eight ye>s' gr[? & c>ries se$s4 ,! ,tasmania b>k is v good2 t f ,adelaide likewise good4 ,sydney does n produce s good an article1 b ,que5sl& bett]4 ,! b>k is m>ket$ 9 ! /ick1 gr\nd or *opp$4 ,madagasc> & ! ,reunion ,isl&s h also a mimosa b>k4 ,! mimosa b>ks give a r$di% color$ lea!r1 pump well & conta9 a high tann9 p]c5tage1 #aj to #ce p] c5t4 ,n[ we w consid] ! fruit tann+ mat]ials4 ,valonia may truly be call$ "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally us$ tann+ ag5ts at pres5t employ$ 9 ,europe4 ,all c\ntries consume x m or less4 ,valonia 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,engl& ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,g]many began us+ x1 & /ill lat] ,au/ria introduc$ x4 ,x is ! fruit ( ! oak tree & is obta9able 9 ,asia ,m9or & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,9 =m x resembles ! ,am]ican acorn1 b 9 size x ne>ly trebles x4 ,! fruit may be divid$ into two p>ts1 namely1 ! cup & acorn1 & ! cup aga9 divid$ into trillor & inn] cup4 ,! acorn only conta9s #aj p] c5t4 tann91 :]eas ! cup conta9s f #be to #dj p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! "t ( h>ve/+ & ! place ( gr[?4 ,! be/ valonia is d]iv$ f ,smyrna1 & is naturally ! highe/ pric$ article4 ,valonia is wor? f #bb to #bh flor9s 7#i to #aa7 p] #ajj kilos4 7#bbd p\nds7 at pres5t4 ,! o!r prov9ces & isl&s f :i* x is obta9able are ,dem]gick1 ,govalia1 ,idem1 ,ivalzick1 ,troy 7?is is ! be/72 ,metel9o ,isl&1 ! vic9ity ( ,smyrna4 ,! mat]ial sold 9 ?ree grades--prime1 mazzano2 seconds1 una aqua2 ?irds1 sk>t4 ,! product ( ,smyrna g5]ally av]ages3 ,tons4 ,price4 ,prime4 #b1jjj to #c1jjj #bh flor9s4 ,seconds4 #e1jjj to #aj1jjj #be ,?irds4 #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj #bb ,! ,metil9o valonia is a product ( a neighbor+ isl&1 & is a v good article4 ,x may be easily di/+ui%$ by its ?9 cup4 ,x is h>ve/$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,! ,c&ia valonia is ne>ly z long z x is wide1 9 contra/ to ! ,smyrna1 :i* is mu* wid] ?an long4 ,! rec5t h>ve/ %[$ a return ( #hjj to #a1jjj tons1 b no assortm5t is made4 ,a grade call$ ! ,er/lige is sold1 ?is be+ ! fir/ :i* has fall5 to ! gr\nd be=e matur+4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! valonia is t x (t5 /rikes out a sort ( sug> sweat1 :i* gives ! cup a less attractive appe>ance1 b d5otes ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( tann94 ,valonia is us$ almo/ :olly = sole lea!r1 ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) p9e or oak b>k or knopp]n & myrabolams4 ,! union ( valonia & knopp]n is t 9 mo/ g5]al use4 ,valonia gives ! lea!r a yell[i% appe>ance1 z x deposits a great deal ( yell[ bloom4 ,! lea!r is v firm & ( good we>+ qualities4 ,! weight results are also excell5t1 z w be se5 bel[4 ,to sole lea!r !re are usually giv5 f "o to ?ree lay]s ( valonia4 ,! dem& = valonia is increas+ m & m e ye>1 & ! pres5t outlook does n indicate any relaxation ( its popul>ity4 ,its use = upp] lea!r is v limit$4 ,myrabolams are ma9ly us$ 9 ,engl& & ,au/ria1 & give a nice light-color$ lea!r1 bo? upp] & sole1 al?\gh r>ely us$ alone4 ,_! ma9 use is = dye+ purposes4 ,!y are indig5\s to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,sumac is s well kn[n t treat+ ( x is sup]flu\s4 ,its use is v ext5sive1 & x is a g5]al favorite = light1 f9e lea!r1 :i* is mo/ly us$ = colors4 ,gambi]--,is 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl& & to "s ext5t 9 ,g]many4 ,cate*u4--,obta9$ f ,india1 resembles gambi] greatly4 ,its use is almo/ :olly conf9$ to ,engl&4 ,x is also consum$ by ! silk manufactur]s 9 pref]5ce to gambi]1 = weight+ purposes4 ,,pa?ological4 ,we n[ leave ! physiological class & take up ^? tann+ mat]ials includ$ 9 ! pa?ological class1 or ^? ( abnormal gr[?4 ,galls4--,^! are n consum$ to any great ext5t at ! pres5t p]iod1 b =m]ly !y 7 us$ q ext5sively4 ,! galls are f\nd ^u ! leaves ( ! oak or sumac1 etc4 ,! direct cause ( _! gr[? is t a c]ta9 wasp 7cynips galles7 /+s into ! leaf & aft] deposit+ its egg1 flies away4 ,! egg develops into a l>va & !n into a full-fl$g$ wasp1 bor+ its way out ( ! gall :i* has s]v$ z a protection & n\ri%]4 ,?is acc\nts = ! hole notic$ 9 almo/ e gall4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties include ,aleppo4 ,x is f\nd ^u ! same trees z ! valonia & conta9s #fj to #ge p] c5t4 tann92 ,i/rian galls1 #cb p] c5t4 tann92 ,p]sian1 #bh to #bi p] c5t4 tann94 ,*9ese galls1 giv+ #hj to #hb p] c5t4 tann91 are ! results ( ! /+ ( a l\se1 & make a v light-color$ lea!r4 ,! dy]s also use ?is mat]ial = color+4 ,knopp]n--,belongs to ! family ( galls1 & is a mo/ important factor ( comm]ce 9 ,au/ria4 ,! knopp] is g5]ally f\nd on ! acorn or leaf ( ! oak tree4 ,! greate/ quantity is d]iv$ f ! /eel oak ( ,hung>y4 ,! tann9 conta9$ v>ies f #bg to #cc p] c5t4 ,knopp]n are n be+ us$ s mu* n[ z =m]ly1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt h>ve/$ less5s f ye> to ye>4 ,its ma9 use 0 & is 9 comb9ation ) valonia z lay]s = sole lea!r4 ,valonia gives bett] weight results ?an knopp]n1 & is replac+ knopp]n m & m e ye>4 ,! comb9ation ( knopp]n1 valonia & myrabolams is also q popul>1 & gives good results4 ,knopp]n are seldom us$ alone1 be+ g5]ally comb9$ ) "s o!r tann94 ,au/ria is almo/ ! only consum] at pres5t1 b ,g]many us$ x ext5sively =m]ly4 ,b>k & ,wood ,extracts--,are becom+ g5]al favorites ?r\gh\t ,europe1 p>tly because ( _! weight-giv+ qualities & p>tly z ! transportation co/s s little2 !y c be us$ to /r5g!n weak b>k liquors4 ,oak ,extracts--,are well lik$1 bo? wood & b>k1 & are us$ ext5sively4 ,slavonia furni%es a great deal ( x4 ,*e/nut ,oak ,wood ,extract--,is manufactur$ 9 quantities1 & easily f9ds pur*as]s4 ,p9e ,b>k ,extract--,is also consum$ 9 goodly am\nts4 ,quebra*o ,wood ,extract4--,! wood is %ipp$ f ,brazil to ,hamburg & o!r ports1 & ! tann9 extract$ !re4 ,hamburg furni%es quantities ( x4 ,hemlock ,extract--,is us$ 9 ,russia1 & seems to h tak5 a hold on ! %oe buy]s' fancies1 z !y n[ make imitations ( x 9 color4 ,! hemlock t is consum$ is import$ f ,am]ica4 ,z mo/ lea!r is sold by weight 9 ,europe1 ! lea!r manufactur]s aim to obta9 z good weight results z possible1 & (t51 ,i am sorry to say1 d s at ! sacrifice ( quality4 ,?is is common to bo? upp] & sole lea!r4 ,sole lea!r is n9e times out ( t5 giv5 false weight by =c+ entirely =eign sub/ances into ! lea!r1 su* z glucose1 b>ium *loride1 magnesium *loride1 res9s1 etc4 ,glucose & res9 are also us$ = weight+ upp] lea!r4 ,lea!r is also weight$ ) extracts by ov]tann+4 ,lea!r buy]s h become v w>y ( late & d n pur*ase l>ge quantities be=e an analysis is made ( a fair sample4 ,"o m ^w be=e ,i close4 ,! gov]nm5ts & private individuals 9 ,europe cultivate & raise trees = bo? lumb] & b>k purposes4 ,! =e/s are excell5tly c>$ = by effici5t =e/]s1 & ! result is t ! tann]s obta9 mu* clean] & bett] b>k1 & ( a v ev5 quality4 ,w\ld x n be a good idea if "s individual1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly e>n ! ev]la/+ gratefulness ( ! tann]s1 w\ld look into ?is matt]1 & see t n only ! lumb] side ( our =e/ cultivation is n neglect$1 b t ! b>k also is pres]v$ & c>$ =8 ,( c\rse1 we c obta9 all ! b>k necess>y at pres5t & = "s "t to come1 b ! "t w come :5 we %all c]ta9ly regret n hav+ tak5 ^! /eps1 if ! lumb]m5 & b>k peel]s g on deva/at+ magnific5t =e/s4 ,bel[ w be f\nd a table ( weight results4 ,sole lea!r tann$ ) ^! mat]ials gives = e #ajj lb4 gre5 hide ! foll[+ quantities ( f9i%$ lea!r3 lb4 ,oak b>k #dh to #ed extract #ee to #ef ,p9e b>k #dd to #df extract #dh to #ej ,will[ #de to #df ,bir* b>k & oak extract #di to #ea ,quebra*o wood & extract #dh to #di ,valonia #eb to #ef ,knopp]n #ea to #ec ,myrabolams #ej ,knopp]n1 myrabolams & valonia #eb to #ec ,hemlock #ee ,specification ( tann+ mat]ials us$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries3 ,france4 ,oak b>k 7kirmess74 ,sumac4 ,*e/nut wood extract4 ,quebra*o ,"s gambi]4 ,italy4 ,oak b>k4 ,p9e ,sumac4 ,valonia4 ,engl&4 ,oak b>k4 ,divi divi4 ,myrabolams4 ,valonia4 ,mimosa4 ,extracts ,oak b>k & wood hemlock4 ,gambi]4 ,cut*4 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,oak b>k4 ,p9e ,will[ b>k4 ,valonia4 ,knopp]n4 ,myrabolams4 ,oak b>k & wood4 ,extracts ,p9e b>k & wood4 ,russia4 ,bir* b>k4 ,will[ ,oak ,p9e ,hemlock extract4 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,bir* b>k4 ,will[ ,oak ,,walt] ,j4 ,,salomon4 --,%oe & ,lea!r ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,app>atus ,,= ,,heat+ ,,sub/ances ,,9 ,,glass ,,tubes ,,"u ,,pressure4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read at ! meet+ ( ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute held ,m>* #ag1 #ahia4 ,by ,h4 ,,pemb]ton1 ,jr4 ,*emi/s :o d n happ5 to h 9 _! laboratories oil or air ba?s = heat+ clos$ tubes c make an air ba? at %ort notice f mat]ials furni%$ by all deal]s 9 /eam fitt+s4 ,ord]3 7#a7 ,"o f\r-in* wr\ght iron pipe1 eighte5 in*es out to out1 ) usual ?read on ea* end4 ,at ab\t n9e in*es f ei!r end ?is pipe is drill$ & tapp$ = a "o-in* nipple1 9 su* a mann] t a pipe introduc$ w\ld pass1 n on a l9e ) ! radius1 b ab\t half way betwe5 ! axis ( ! f\r-in* pipe & its walls2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld be on a l9e ) a *ord ( ! circle4 7#b7 ,"o "o-in* wr\ght iron nipple1 two in*es long1 "o-in* ?read on "o end4 7#c7 ,two f\r-in* malleable iron caps1 drill$ & tapp$ = a "o-in* pipe4 7#d7 ,"o "o-in* wr\ght iron pipe1 tw5ty-f\r in*es out to out1 ) a ?ree-in* /raight ?read on ea* end4 7#e7 ,two "o-in* iron caps4 ,a hole1 "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 is drill$ 9 ! end ( "o ( ^! caps4 ,! above ord] c be giv5 lit]atim1 & w be und]/ood by ! deal]1 :o w furni%1 at a trifl+ co/1 ! mat]ials1 cut & tapp$ z ord]$4 ,fig4 #a %[s h[ ! :ole is put toge!r4 ,! numb]s on ! figure correspond also to ! numb]s ( ! p>agraphs ( ! ord] z giv5 above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #b is an end section4 ,a cork is ins]t$ 9 #b & ?r\gh x a !rmomet]1 ! bulb ( :i* is on a level ) ! int]ior pipe4 ,! :ole is support$ on a few bricks at ei!r end1 & is kept /eady & 9 place by a c\ple ( weights or half bricks4 ,x is heat$ by "o or two ,buns5 burn]s1 accord+ to ! temp]ature desir$4--,j\r4 ,fr4 ,in/itute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/+ ,,cem5t4 ,an improv$ me?od ( te/+ ,portl& cem5t has be5 adopt$ by ,m4 ,deval1 ,*ief ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,bridges & ,roads1 :o has *>ge1 "u ,m4 ,saele1 ( ! ,public ,works ,laboratory ( ! ,city ( ,p>is4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce 9 ,m4 ,deval's me?od consi/s 9 ! use ( hot wat] = ! p]iod ( h>d5+4 ,! briquettes are made 9 ! usual way1 & ( ! ord9>y size2 & ! cem5t to be te/$ is gaug$ ) ?ree times its weight ( normal s&1 & ! smalle/ quantity ( wat] possible4 ,aft] prep>ation1 ! briquettes are all[$ to h>d5 9 air = a p]iod rang+ f #bd h\rs = ,portl& cem5t to #cj days = c]ta9 sl[-sett+ hydraulic limes4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 ! samples are imm]s$ 9 wat] kept at a temp]ature ( #hj ,c41 9 :i* !y rema9 = f two to sev5 days4 ,! briquettes are !n brok5 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,aft] c>eful comp>isons ( _m v>ieties ( cem5t h>d5$ hot & cold1 ,m4 ,deval f9ds t cold te/s are fallaci\s1 inasmu* z !y may fail to detect bad mat]ial4 ,portl& cem5t ( good quality w n only /& wat] at #hj ,c41 b w atta9 9 sev5 days ab\t ! same /r5g? z is rea*$ 9 ! cold aft] #bh days4 ,! hot te/ !re=e saves "t4 ,! hot te/ is an unfail+ pro( = free lime2 cem5ts conta9+ ?is con/itu5t betray+ weakness1 & crack+1 swell+1 & dis9tegrat+ 9 a v significant mann]4 ,?is la/ result is reg>d$ z a valuable quality ( ! new me?od ( te/+ cem5t1 ! g5]al effect ( :i* appe>s to be to enhance ! te/ value ( really good cem5ts1 :ile depreciat+ ^? ( an inf]ior "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,ar*itects & ,build]s ,edition #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,magaz9e ( ,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,l>ge/ ,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts6 ,,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co41 9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 cont9ue to exam9e improvem5ts1 & to act z ,solicitors ( ,pat5ts = ,inv5tors4 ,9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess !y h _h =ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h unequal$ facilities = ! prep>ation ( ,pat5t ,draw+s1 ,specifications1 & ! prosecution ( ,applications = ,pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also att5d to ! prep>ation ( ,caveats1 ,copyrights = ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignm5ts1 & ,reports on ,infr+em5ts ( ,pat5ts4 ,all bus9ess intru/$ to !m is done ) special c>e & promptness1 on v reasonable t]ms4 ,a pamphlet s5t free ( *>ge1 on application1 conta9+ full in=mation ab\t ,pat5ts & h[ to procure !m2 directions conc]n+ ,labels1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,pat5ts1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infr+em5ts1 ,assignm5ts1 ,reject$ ,cases4 ,h9ts on ! ,sale ( ,pat5ts1 etc4 ,we also s5d1 free ( *>ge1 a ,synopsis ( ,=eign ,pat5t ,laws1 %[+ ! co/ & me?od ( secur+ pat5ts 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,solicitors ( ,pat5ts1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fices4--,no4 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/reet1 ,pacific ,build+1 ne> #g? ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4