,,cactus ,,culture  ,,for ,,amateurs3   
,,being    ,,descriptions ,,of ,,the    
,,various ,,cactuses  ,,grown ,,in      
,,this ,,country4    with    ,,full     
,,and ,,practical ,,instructions ,,for  
,,their ,,successful ,,cultivation4     
,by ,w4 ,,watson1  ,assistant ,curator  
of the ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew4  
,,profusely ,,illustrated4    ,,london3 
,l4 ,,upcott ,,gill1 #agj1 ,,strand1    
,w4,c4    #ahhi4    ,illustration3      
,,fig4 #a4--;,a ,,collection ,,of       
,,cactuses4 ,frontispiece4              
,,preface      ,the idea that ,cactuses 
were seldom seen in ,english gardens1   
because so  little was known about their
 cultivation and management1 suggested  
to  the ,publisher of this book that a  
series of chapters on the best kinds1   
and how to grow them successfully1 would
 be useful4 ,these chapters were        
written for and published in ,the       
,bazaar1 in #ahhe and following years4  
,some alterations and additions have    
been made1 and the whole is now  offered

 as a thoroughly practical and          
descriptive work on the subject4    ,the
 descriptions are as simple and complete
 as they could be made2 the  names here 
used are those adopted at ,kew2 and the 
cultural directions  are as full and    
detailed as is necessary4 ,no species or
 variety is  omitted which is known to  
be in cultivation1 or of sufficient     
interest  to be introduced4 ,the many   
excellent figures of ,cactuses in the   
,botanical ,magazine 7,bot4 ,mag47 are  
referred to under each species          
described1 except in those cases where a
 complete figure is given in  this book4
 ,my claims to be heard as a teacher in 
this department are  based on an        
experience of ten years in the care and 
cultivation of the  large collection of 
,cactuses at ,kew4    ,whatever the     
shortcomings of my share of the work may
 be1 ,i feel certain  that the numerous 
and excellent illustrations which the   
,publisher has  obtained for this book  
cannot fail to render it attractive1    

and1 let us  also hope1 contribute      
something towards bringing ,cactuses    
into favour  with horticulturists1      
professional as well as amateur4    ,w4 
,,watson4          ,,contents4          
,,introduction    ,,botanical           
,,characters    ,,cultivation           
,,propagation    ,,the ,,genus          
,,epiphyllum    ,,the ,,genus           
,,phyllocactus    ,,the ,,genus ,,cereus
    ,,the ,,genus ,,echinocactus        
,,the ,,genus ,,echinopsis    ,,the     
,,genus ,,melocactus    ,,the ,,genus   
,,pilocereus    ,,the ,,genus           
,,mamillaria    ,,the ,,genus           
,,leuchtenbergia    ,,the ,,genus       
,,pelecyphora    ,,the ,,genus ,,opuntia
    ,,the ,,genus ,,pereskia    ,,the   
,,genus ,,rhipsalis    ,,temperatures   
,,dealers ,,in ,,cactuses    ,,index    
,,of ,,species            ,,cactus      
,,culture  ,,for ,,amateurs             
,,chapter ,i4    ,,introduction4        
,the ,cactus family is not popular among
 ,english horticulturists in these      

days1 scarcely half a dozen species out 
of about a thousand known being         
considered good enough to be included   
among favourite garden plants4          
,probably five hundred kinds have been1 
or are1 in cultivation in the  gardens  
of the few specialists who take an      
interest in ,cactuses2 but  these are   
practically unknown in ,english         
horticulture4 ,it is not1  however1 very
 many years ago that there was something
 like a ,cactus  mania1 when rich       
amateurs vied with each other in        
procuring and growing  large collections
 of the rarest and newest kinds4        
,about the year #ahcj1 ,cacti began to  
be specially patronised by several  rich
 plant amateurs1 of whom may be         
mentioned the ,duke of ,bedford1 who    
formed a fine collection at ,woburn     
,abbey1 the ,duke of ,devonshire1 and   
,mr4 ,harris1 of ,kingsbury4 ,mr4       
,palmer1 of ,shakelwell1 had become     
possessed of ,mr4 ,haworth's collection1
 to which he greatly added by           

purchases2 he1 however1 found his rival 
in the ,rev4 ,h4 ,williams1 of  ,hendon1
 who formed a fine and select           
collection1 and1 on account of the      
eagerness of growers to obtain the new  
and rare plants1 high prices were  given
 for them1 ten1 twelve1 and even twenty 
and thirty guineas often  being given   
for single plants of the ,echinocactus4 
,thus private  collectors were induced  
to forward from their native            
countries--chiefly  from ,mexico and    
,chili--extensive collections of ,cacti4
 7quoting ,j4  ,smith4 ,a4,l4,s41       
ex-,curator of the ,royal ,gardens4     
,kew74    ,this reads like what might be
 written of the position held now in    
,england by the ,orchid family1 and what
 has been written of ,tulips and  other 
plants whose popularity has been great  
at some time or other4 ,why  have       
,cactuses gone out of favour8 ,it is    
impossible to give any  satisfactory    
answer to this question4 ,no doubt they 
belong to that class  of objects which  

is only popular whilst it pleases the   
eye or tickles  the fancy2 and the eye  
and the fancy having tired of it1 look  
to  something different4    ,the general
 belief with respect to ,cactuses is    
that they are all wanting  in beauty1   
that they are remarkable only in that   
they are exceedingly  curious in form1  
and as a rule very ugly4 ,it is true    
that none of them  possess any claims to
 gracefulness of habit or elegance of   
foliage1 such  as are usual in popular  
plants1 and1 when not in flower1 very   
few of the  ,cactuses would answer to   
our present ideas of beauty with respect
 to the  plants we cultivate4           
,nevertheless1 the stems of many of them
 7see  ,frontispiece1 ,fig4 #a7 are     
peculiarly attractive on account of     
their  strange1 even fantastic1 forms1  
their spiny clothing1 the absence of    
leaves1 except in very few cases1 and   
their singular manner of growth4  ,to   
the few who care for ,cactuses there is 
a great deal of beauty1 even  in these  

characters1 although perhaps the eye has
 to be educated up to  it4    ,if the   
stems are more curious than beautiful1  
the flowers of the  majority of the     
species of ,cactuses are unsurpassed1 as
 regards size and  form1 and brilliancy 
and variety in colour1 by any other     
family of  plants1 not even excluding   
,orchids4 ,in size some of the flowers  
equal  those of the ,queen of ,water    
,lilies 7,victoria regia71 whilst the   
colours  vary from the purest white to  
brilliant crimson and deep yellow4 ,some
 of  them are also deliciously fragrant4
 ,those kinds which expand their huge   
blossoms only at night are particularly 
interesting2 and in the early  days of  
,cactus culture the flowering of one of 
these was a great event  in ,english    
gardens4    ,of the many collections of 
,cactuses formed many years ago in      
,england1  that at ,kew is the only one 
that still exists4 ,this collection has 
always been rich in the number of       
species it contained2 at the present    

time the number of kinds cultivated     
there is about #ejj4 ,mr4 ,peacock1 of  
,hammersmith1 also has a large          
collection of ,cactuses1 many of which  
he  has at various times exhibited in   
public places1 such as the ,crystal     
,palace1 and the large conservatory     
attached to the ,royal ,horticultural   
,society's ,gardens at ,south           
,kensington4 ,other smaller collections 
are  cultivated in the ,botanic ,gardens
 at ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,glasnevin1 and
  ,edinburgh4    ,a great point in      
favour of the plants of the ,cactus     
family for gardens  of small size1 and  
even for window gardening--a modest     
phase of plant  culture which has made  
much progress in recent years--is the   
simpleness  of their requirements under 
cultivation4 ,no plants give so much    
pleasure  in return for so small an     
amount of attention as do these4 ,their 
peculiarly tough-skinned succulent stems
 enable them to go for an  extraordinary
 length of time without water2 indeed1  

it may be said that  the treatment most 
suitable for many of them during the    
greater portion  of the year is such as 
would be fatal to most other plants4    
,cactuses are  children of the dry      
barren plains and mountain sides1 living
 where  scarcely any other form of      
vegetation could find nourishment1 and  
thriving with the scorching heat of the 
sun over their heads1 and their  roots  
buried in the dry1 hungry soil1 or rocks
 which afford them  anchorage and food4 
,in beauty and variety of flowers1 in   
the remarkable forms of their  stems1 in
 the simple nature of their             
requirements1 and in the other  points  
of special interest which characterise  
this family1 and which  supply the      
cultivator and student with an unfailing
 source of pleasure  and instruction1   
the ,cactus family is peculiarly rich4  
,,chapter ,,ii4    ,,botanical          
,,characters4        ,although strictly 
botanical information may be considered 
as falling  outside the limits of a     

treatise intended only for the          
cultivator1 yet a  short account of the 
principal characters by which ,cactuses 
are grouped  and classified may not be  
without interest4    ,from the singular 
form and succulent nature of the whole  
of the ,cactus  family1 it might be     
inferred that1 in these characters      
alone1 we have  reliable marks of       
relationship1 and that it would be safe 
to call all  those plants ,cactuses in  
which such characters are manifest4 ,a  
glance at  some members of other        
families will1 however1 soon show how   
easily one  might thus be mistaken4 ,in 
the ,euphorbias we find a number of     
kinds1  especially amongst those which  
inhabit the dry1 sandy plains of ,south 
,africa1 which bear a striking          
resemblance to many of the ,cactuses1   
particularly the columnar ones and the  
,rhipsalis4 7,the ,euphorbias all  have 
milk-like sap1 which1 on pricking their 
stems or leaves1 at once  exudes and    
thus reveals their true character4 ,the 

sap of the ,cactuses is  watery74       
,amongst ,stapelias1 too1 we meet with  
plants which mimic the  stem characters 
of some of the smaller kinds of ,cactus4
 ,again1 in the  ,cactuses themselves we
 have curious cases of plant mimicry2   
as1 for  instance1 the ,rhipsalis1 which
 looks like a bunch of ,mistletoe1 and  
the  ,pereskia1 the leaves and habit of 
which are more like what belong to1     
say1 the ,gooseberry family than to a   
form of ,cactus4 ,from this it will  be 
seen that although these plants are     
almost all succulent1 and  curiously    
formed1 they are by no means singular in
 this respect4    ,the characters of the
 order are thus defined by botanists3   
,cactuses are  either herbs1 shrubs1 or 
trees1 with soft flesh and copious      
watery  juice4 ,root woody1 branching1  
with soft bark4 ,stem branching or      
simple1  round1 angular1 channelled1    
winged1 flattened1 or cylindrical2      
sometimes  clothed with numerous tufts  
of spines which vary in texture1 size1  

and  form very considerably2 or1 when   
spineless1 the stems bear numerous      
dot-like scars1 termed areoles4 ,leaves 
very minute1 or entirely absent1        
falling off very early1 except in the   
,pereskia and several of the  ,opuntias1
 in which they are large1 fleshy1 and   
persistent4 ,flowers  solitary1 except  
in the ,pereskia1 and borne on the top  
or side of the  stem2 they are composed 
of numerous parts or segments2 the      
sepals and  petals are not easily       
distinguished from each other2 the calyx
 tube is  joined to1 or combined1 with  
the ovary1 and is often covered with    
scale-like sepals and hairs or spines2  
the calyx is sometimes partly  united so
 as to form a tube1 and the petals are  
spread in regular  whorls1 except in the
 ,epiphyllum4 ,stamens many1 springing  
from the side  of the tube or throat of 
the calyx1 sometimes joined to the      
petals1  generally equal in length2     
anthers small and oblong4 ,ovary smooth1
 or  covered with scales and spines1 or 

woolly1 one-celled2 style simple1       
filiform or cylindrical1 with a stigma  
of two or more spreading rays1  upon    
which are small papillae4 ,fruit pulpy1 
smooth1 scaly1 or spiny1 the  pulp soft 
and juicy1 sweet or acid1 and full of   
numerous small1 usually  black1 seeds4  
,tribe ,i4--,calyx tube produced beyond 
the ,ovary4 ,stem covered with          
,tubercles1 or ,ribs1 bearing ,spines4  
#a4 ,,melocactus4 ,stem globose2 flowers
 in a dense cap-like head1 composed  of 
layers of bristly wool and slender      
spines1 amongst which the small  flowers
 are developed4 ,the cap is persistent1 
and increases annually  with the stem4  
#b4 ,,mamillaria4 ,stems short1 usually 
globose1 and covered with tubercles  or 
mammae1 rarely ridged1 the apex bearing 
spiny cushions2 flowers  mostly in rings
 round the stem4    #c4 ,,pelecyphora4  
,stem small1 club-shaped2 tubercles in  
spiral rows1 and  flattened on the top1 
where are two rows of short scale-like  
spines4    #d4 ,,leuchtenbergia4 ,stem  

naked at the base2 tubercles on the     
upper part  large1 fleshy1 elongated1   
three-angled1 bearing at the apex a tuft
 of  long1 thin1 gristle-like spines4   
#e4 ,,echinocactus4 ,stem short1 ridged1
 spiny2 calyx tube of the flower  large1
 bell-shaped2 ovary and fruit scaly4    
#f4 ,,discocactus4 ,stem short2 calyx   
tube thin1 the throat filled by the     
stamens2 ovary and fruit smooth4    #g4 
,,cereus4 ,stem often long and erect1   
sometimes scandent1 branching1  ridged  
or angular2 flowers from the sides of   
the stem2 calyx tube  elongated and     
regular2 stamens free4    #h4           
,,phyllocactus4 ,stem flattened1        
jointed1 and notched2 flowers from the  
sides1 large1 having long1 thin tubes   
and a regular arrangement of the        
petals4    #i4 ,,epiphyllum4 ,stem      
flattened1 jointed2 joints short2       
flowers from the  apices of the joints2 
calyx tube short2 petals irregular1     
almost  bilabiate4    ,tribe            
,,ii4--,calyx-tube not produced beyond  

the ,ovary4 ,stem branching1  jointed4  
#aj4 ,,rhipsalis4 ,stem thin and        
rounded1 angular1 or flattened1 bearing 
tufts of hair when young2 flowers small2
 petals spreading2 ovary smooth2  fruit 
a small pea-like berry4    #aa4         
,,opuntia4 ,stem jointed1 joints broad  
and fleshy1 or rounded2 spines  barbed2 
flowers large2 fruit spinous1 large1    
pear-like4    #ab4 ,,pereskia4 ,stem    
woody1 spiny1 branching freely2 leaves  
fleshy1 large1  persistent2 flowers     
medium in size1 in panicles on the ends 
of the  branches4    ,the above is a key
 to the genera on the plan of the most  
recent  botanical arrangement1 but for  
horticultural purposes it is necessary  
that the two genera ,echinopsis and     
,pilocereus should be kept up4 ,they    
come next to ,cereus1 and are           
distinguished as follows3               
,,echinopsis4 ,stem as in ,echinocactus1
 but the flowers are produced low  down 
from the side of the stem1 and the      
flower tube is long and curved4         

,,pilocereus4 ,stem tall1 columnar1     
bearing long silky hairs as well as     
spines2 flowers in a head on the top of 
the stem1 rarely produced4    ,with the 
aid of this key anyone ought to be able 
to make out to what  genus a particular 
,cactus belongs1 and by referring to the
 descriptions  of the species1 he may   
succeed in making out what the plant is4
    ,for the classification of          
,cactuses1 botanists rely mainly on     
their  floral organs and fruit4 ,we may1
 therefore1 take a plant of             
,phyllocactus1 with which most of us are
 familiar1 and1 by observing the        
structure of its flowers1 obtain some   
idea of the botanical characters  of the
 whole order4    ,phyllocactus has thin 
woody stems and branches composed of    
numerous long  leaf-like joints1 growing
 out of one another1 and resembling     
thick  leaves joined by their ends4     
,along the sides of these joints there  
are  numerous notches1 springing from   
which are the large handsome flowers4   

,on looking carefully1 we perceive that 
the long stalk-like expansion is  not a 
stalk1 because it is above the seed     
vessel1 which is1 of course1 a  portion 
of the flower itself4 ,it is a hollow   
tube1 and contains the long  style or   
connection between the seed vessel and  
the stigma1 a 7,fig4 #b74  ,this tube1  
then1 must be the calyx1 and the small  
scattered scale-like  bodies1 b 7,fig4  
#b71 which clothe the outside1 are      
really calyx lobes4    ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #b4--;,,flower ,,of              
,,phyllocactus1 ,,cut ,,lengthwise4     
a1 ,calyx ,tube4 b1 ,calyx ,lobes4 c1   
,ditto1 assuming the form of ,petals4 d1
  ,stamens4 e1 ,style4 f1 ,ovary or     
,seed ,vessel4    ,nearer the top of the
 flower1 these calyx lobes are better   
developed1  until1 surrounding the      
corolla1 we find them assuming the form 
and  appearance of petals1 c 7,fig4 #b74
 ,the corolla is composed of a large    
number of long strap-shaped pointed     
petals1 very thin and delicate1  often  

beautifully coloured1 and generally     
spreading outwards4 ,springing  from the
 bases of these petals1 we find the     
stamens1 d 7,fig4 #b71 a great  number  
of them1 forming a bunch of threads     
unequal in length1 and  bearing on their
 tips the hay-seed-like anthers1 which  
are attached to  the threads by one of  
their points4 ,the style is a long      
cylindrical  body1 e 7,fig4 #b71 which  
stretches from the ovary to the top of  
the  flower1 where it splits into a head
 of spreading linear rays1  in4 in      
length4 ,when the flower withers1 the   
seed vessel1 f 7,fig4 #b71 remains on   
the plant and expands into a large      
succulent fruit1 inside which is a  mass
 of pulpy matter1 inclosing the         
numerous1 small1 black1 bony seeds4     
,it must not be supposed that all the   
genera into which ,cactuses are  divided
 are characterised by large flowers such
 as would render their  study as easy as
 the genus taken as an illustration4 ,in
 some1 such for  instance as the        

,rhipsalis1 the flowers are small1 and  
therefore less  easy to dissect than    
those of ,phyllocactus4    ,the stems of
 ,cactuses show a very wide range of    
variation in size1 in  form1 and in     
structure4 ,in size1 we have the        
colossal ,cereus giganteus1  whose      
straight stems when old are as firm as  
iron1 and rise with many  ascending arms
 or rear their tall leafless trunks like
 ships' masts to a  height of #fj ft4 or
 #gj ft4 ,from this we descend through a
 multitude of  various shapes and sizes 
to the tiny tufted ,mamillarias1 no     
larger than  a lady's thimble1 or the   
creeping ,rhipsalis1 which lies along   
the hard  ground on which it grows1 and 
looks like hairy caterpillars4 ,in form1
  the variety is very remarkable4 ,we   
have the ,mistletoe ,cactus1 with the   
appearance of a bunch of ,mistletoe1    
berries and all2 the ,thimble ,cactus2  
the ,dumpling ,cactus2 the ,melon       
,cactus2 the ,turk's cap ,cactus2 the   
,rat's-tail ,cactus2 the ,hedgehog      

,cactus2 all having a resemblance to the
  things whose names they bear4 ,then   
there is the ,indian ,fig1 with         
branches like battledores1 joined by    
their ends2 the ,epiphyllum and         
,phyllocactus1 with flattened leaf-like 
stems2 the columnar spiny ,cereus1  with
 deeply channelled stems and the        
appearance of immense candelabra4       
,totally devoid of leaves1 and often    
skeleton-like in appearance1 these      
plants have a strange look about them1  
which is suggestive of some  fossilised 
forms of vegetation belonging to the    
past ages of the  mastodon1 the elk1 and
 the dodo1 rather than to the living    
things of  to-day4    ,by far the       
greater part of the species of ,cactuses
 belong to the group  with tall or      
elongated stems4 ,it is worthy of remark
 that as the stems  advance in age the  
angles fill up1 or the articulations    
disappear1 in  consequence of the slow  
growth of the woody axis and the gradual
  development of the cellular substance2

 so that1 at the end of a number  of    
years1 all the branches of ,cactuses1   
however angular or compressed  they     
originally may have been1 become trunks 
that are either perfectly  cylindrical1 
or which have scarcely any visible      
angles4    ,a second large group is that
 of which the ,melon and ,hedgehog      
,cactuses  are good representatives1    
which have sphere-shaped stems1 covered 
with  stout spines4 ,we have hitherto   
spoken of the ,cactuses as being without
  leaves1 but this is only true of them 
when in an old or fully-developed       
state4 ,on many of the stems we find    
upon their surface1 or angles1 small    
tubercles1 which1 when young1 bear tiny 
scale-like leaves4 ,these1  however1    
soon wither and fall off1 so that1 to   
all appearance1 leaves  are never       
present on these plants4 ,there is one  
exception1 however1 in  the ,barbadoes  
,gooseberry 7,pereskia71 which bears    
true and persistent  leaves2 but these  
may be considered anomalous in the      

order4    ,the term succulent is applied
 to ,cactuses because of the large      
proportion of cellular tissue1 i4e41    
flesh1 of their stems1 as compared  with
 the woody portion4 ,in some of them1   
when young1 the woody system  appears to
 be altogether absent1 and they have the
 appearance of a mass  of fleshy matter1
 like a vegetable marrow4 ,this         
succulent mass is  protected by a tough 
skin1 often of leather-like firmness1   
and almost  without the little          
perforations called breathing and       
evaporating pores1  which in other      
plants are very numerous4 ,this enables 
the ,cactuses to  sustain without       
suffering the full ardour of the burning
 sun and  parched-up nature of the soil 
peculiar to the countries where they are
  native4 ,nature has endowed ,cactuses 
with a skin similar to what she  clothes
 many succulent fruits with1 such as the
 ,apple1 ,plum1 ,peach1 c41  to which   
the sun's powerful rays are necessary   
for their growth and  ripening4    ,the 

spiny coat of the majority of ,cactuses 
is no doubt intended to serve  as a     
protection from the wild animals        
inhabiting with them the sterile  plains
 of ,america1 and to whom the cool      
watery flesh of the ,cactus would       
otherwise fall a prey4 ,indeed1 these   
spines are not sufficient to  prevent   
some animals from obtaining the watery  
insides of these plants1  for we read   
that mules and wild horses kick them    
open and greedily  devour their         
succulent flesh4 ,it has also been      
suggested that the spines  are intended 
to serve the plants as a sort of shade  
from the powerful  sunshine1 as they    
often spread over and interlace about   
the stems4          ,,chapter ,,iii4    
,,cultivation4      ,by noting the      
conditions in which plants are found    
growing in a natural  state1 we obtain  
some clue to their successful           
management1 when placed  under          
conditions more or less artificial2 and1
 in the case of ,cactuses1  knowledge of

 this kind is of more than ordinary     
importance4 ,in the  knowledge that1    
with only one or two exceptions1 they   
will not exist in  any but sunny lands1 
where1 during the greater part of the   
year1 dry  weather prevails1 we perceive
 what conditions are likely to suit them
  when under cultivation in our         
plant-houses4    ,cactuses are all      
,american 7using this term for the whole
 of the ,new  ,world7 with only one or  
two exceptions 7several species of      
,rhipsalis  have been found wild in     
,africa1 ,madagascar1 and ,ceylon71 and1
 broadly  speaking1 they are mostly     
tropical plants1 not-withstanding the   
fact of  their extending to the         
snow-line on some of the ,andean        
,mountains of  ,chili1 where several    
species of the ,hedgehog ,cactus were   
found by  ,humboldt on the summit of    
rocks whose bases were planted in snow4 
,in  ,california1 in ,mexico and ,texas1
 in the provinces of ,central and ,south
  ,america1 as far south as ,chili1 and 

in many of the islands contiguous to    
the mainland1 the ,cactus family has    
become established wherever warmth  and 
drought1 such as its members delight in1
 allowed them to get  established4 ,in  
many of the coast lands1 they occur in  
very large  numbers1 forming forests of 
strange aspect1 and giving to the       
landscape  a weird1 picturesque         
appearance4 ,humboldt1 in his ,views of 
,nature1  says3 ,there is hardly any    
physiognomical character of exotic      
vegetation  that produces a more        
singular and ineffaceable impression on 
the mind of  the traveller than an arid 
plain1 densely covered with columnar or 
candelabra-like stems of ,cactuses1     
similar to those near ,cumana1 ,new     
,barcelona1 ,cora4 and in the province  
of ,jaen de ,bracamoros4 ,this  applies 
also to some of the small islands of the
 ,west ,indies1 the hills  or mountains 
of which are crowned with these         
curious-looking plants1  whose singular 
shapes are alone sufficient to remind   

the traveller that  he has reached an   
,american coast2 for these ,cactuses are
 as peculiar a  feature of the ,new     
,world as the ,heaths are in the ,old1  
or as ,eucalypti  are in ,australia4    
,although the ,cactus order is1 in its  
distribution by ,nature1 limited to  the
 regions of ,america1 yet it is now     
represented in various parts of  the    
,old ,world by plants which are         
apparently as wild and as much at home  
as when in their native countries4      
,the ,indian ,figs are1 perhaps1 the    
most widely distributed of ,cactuses in 
the ,old ,world-a circumstance due to   
their having been introduced for the    
sake of their edible fruits1 and more   
especially for the cultivation of  the  
cochineal insect4 ,in various places    
along the shores of the  ,mediterranean1
 and in ,south ,africa1 and even in     
,australia1 the ,opuntias  have become  
naturalised1 and appear like aboriginal 
inhabitants4 ,it is1  however1 only in  
warm sunny regions that the             

naturalisation of these  plants is      
possible4    ,from these facts1 we are  
able to form some general idea of the   
conditions suitable for ,cactuses when  
cultivated in our greenhouses2  for1    
although we seldom have1 or care to     
have1 any but diminutive  specimens of  
many of these plants as compared with   
their appearance when  wild1 yet we know
 that the same conditions as regards    
heat1 light1 and  moisture are necessary
 for small ,cactuses as for full-grown  
ones4    ,although the places in which  
,cactuses naturally abound are1 for the 
greater portion of the year1 very dry   
and warm1 heavy rains are more or  less 
frequent during certain periods1 and    
these1 often accompanied by  extreme    
warmth and bright sunshine1 have an     
invigorating and almost  forcing effect 
on the growth of ,cactuses4 ,it is      
during this rainy period  that the whole
 of the growth is made1 and new life is1
 as it were1 given  to the plant1 its   
reservoir-like structure enabling it to 

store up a  large amount of food and    
moisture1 so that on the return of dry  
weather  the safety of the plant is     
insured4    ,it is to the management of 
,cactuses in a small state1 such as is  
most  convenient for our plant-houses1  
and not to the cultivation of those     
colossal species referred to above1 that
 the instructions given here  will be   
for the most part devoted2 but1 as in   
the case of almost every  one of our    
cultivated plants1 it is important to   
the cultivator to know  something of the
 conditions which ,nature has provided  
for ,cactuses in  those lands where they
 are native4    ,there is nothing in the
 nature or the requirements of ,cactuses
 that  should render their successful   
management beyond the means of anyone   
who  possesses a small1 heated          
greenhouse1 or even a window recess to  
which  sunlight can be admitted during  
some portion of the day4 ,in large      
establishments1 such as ,kew1 it is     
possible to provide a spacious house    

specially for the cultivation of an     
extensive collection1 where many of     
them may attain a good size before      
becoming too big4 ,and it will be       
evident that where a house such as that 
at ,kew can be afforded1 much  more     
satisfactory results may generally be   
obtained1 than if plants have  to be    
provided for in a house containing      
various other plants1 or in the  window 
of a dwelling-room4 ,apart altogether   
from size1 it is1 however1  possible to 
grow a collection of ,cactuses1 and to  
grow them well1 in a  house of small    
dimensions--given the amount of sunlight
 and heat which  are required by these  
plants4 ,we sometimes see               
,cactuses--specimens1  too1 of choice   
and rare kinds--which have been reared  
in a cottager's  window or in a small   
greenhouse1 and which in health and     
beauty have at  least equalled what has 
been accomplished in the most           
elaborately  prepared houses4 ,it may be
 said that these successes1 under       

conditions  of the most limited kind1   
are accidental rather than the result of
  properly understood treatment2 but    
however they have been brought about1   
these instances of good cultivation are 
sufficient to show that success  is     
possible1 even where the means are of   
the simplest or most restricted  kind4  
,whether it be in a large house1 fitted 
with the best arrangements1  or in the  
window of the cottager1 the conditions  
essential to the  successful cultivation
 of ,cactuses are practically the same4 
,in ,wardian ,cases4--,many of our      
readers will be acquainted with the neat
  little glass cases1 like greenhouses  
in shape1 and fitted up in much the     
same way1 which are sometimes to be seen
 in our markets1 filled with a          
collection of miniature ,cactuses4 ,to  
the professional gardener1 these  cases 
are playthings1 and are looked upon by  
him as bearing about the  same relation 
to gardening as a child's doll's house  
does to  housekeeping4 ,not-withstanding

 this1 they are the source of much      
interest1 and even of instruction1 to   
many of the millions to whom a          
greenhouse or serious gardening is an   
impossibility4 ,in these little         
cases--for which we are indebted to ,mr4
 ,boller1 a dealer in ,cactaceous       
plants--it is possible to grow a        
collection of tiny ,cactuses for years1 
if only the operations of watering1     
potting1 ventilating1 and other  matters
 connected with ordinary plant growing1 
are properly attended to4    ,in ,window
 ,recesses4--,in the window recess      
larger specimens may be  grown1 and here
 it is possible to grow and flower      
successfully many of  the plants of the 
,cactus family4 ,in a window with a     
south aspect1 and  which lights a room  
where fires are kept1 at least during   
cold weather1  specimens of             
,phyllocactus1 ,cereus flagelliformis1  
,epiphyllum1 and1 in  fact1 of almost   
every kind of ,cactus1 are sometimes to 
be met with even  in ,england2 whilst in

 ,germany they are as popular among the 
poorer  classes as the ,fuchsia1 the    
,pelargonium1 and the ,musk are with us4
 ,one  of the commonest of ,cactuses in 
the latter country is the ,rat's-tail   
,cactus 7,cereus flagelliformis71 and it
 is no unusual thing to see a  large    
window of a cottager's dwelling thickly 
draped on the inside with  the long1    
tail-like growths and handsome          
rose-coloured flowers of this  plant4   
,this is only one among dozens of       
species1 all equally useful for  window 
gardening1 and all as interesting and   
beautiful as those above  described4    
,in ,greenhouses4--,for the greenhouse  
proper1 ,cactuses are well adapted1     
either as the sole occupants or as      
suitable for such positions as are      
afforded by shelves or baskets placed   
near the roof glass4 ,if the  greenhouse
 is not fitted with heating             
arrangements1 then1 by selecting  only  
those species of ,cactus that are known 
to thrive in a position  where1 during  

winter1 they are kept safe out of the   
reach of frost 7of  which a large number
 are known7 a good collection of these  
plants may be  grown4 ,in heated        
structures the selection of kinds may be
 made according  to the space available1
 and to the conditions under which they 
will be  expected to grow4 ,fig4 #c     
represents a section of a house for     
,cactuses1  which will afford a good    
idea of the kind of structure best      
suited for  them4 ,the aspect is due    
south4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4     
,,section ,,of ,,house ,,for            
,,cactuses--,a1,a1 ,hot-water  ,pipes2  
,b1,b1 ,ventilators4    ,when grown on  
their own roots1 the ,epiphyllums1 as   
well as the  pendent-growing kinds of   
,rhipsalis1 and several species of      
,cereus1 may  be placed in baskets and  
suspended from the roof4 ,the baskets   
should be  lined with thin slices of    
fibrous peat1 and the whole of the      
middle  filled with the compost         
recommended for these plants under      

,soil4 ,when  well managed1 some very   
pretty objects are formed by the        
,epiphyllums  grown as basket plants4   
,the climbing ,cactuses are usually     
planted in a  little mound composed of  
loam and brick rubble1 and their stems  
either  trained along rafters or allowed
 to run up the back wall of a           
greenhouse1 against which they root     
freely1 and are generally capable of    
taking care of themselves with very     
little attention from the gardener4     
,in ,frames4--,for cultivation in       
frames1 the conditions are the same as  
for greenhouses4 ,even when grown in the
 latter1 it will be found  conducive to 
the health and flowering of the plants  
if1 during the  summer months1 they can 
be placed in a frame with a south       
aspect1  removing them back to the house
 again on the decline of summer weather4
  ,wherever the place selected for      
,cactuses may be1 whether in a large    
plant-house1 or a frame1 or a window1 it
 is of vital importance to the  plants  

that the position should be exposed to  
bright sunshine during  most of the day4
 ,without sunlight1 they can no more    
thrive than a  ,pelargonium could       
without water4 ,in ,germany1 many       
growers of almost all  the kinds of     
,cactuses place their young plants in   
frames1 which are  prepared as follows3 
,in ,april or ,may a hot-bed of manure  
and leaves is  prepared1 and a frame    
placed upon it1 looking south4 ,six     
inches of soil  is put on the top of the
 bed1 and in this1 as soon as the       
temperature of  the bed has fallen to   
about #gj deg41 the young plants are    
placed in  rows4 ,the frames are kept   
close even in bright weather1 except    
when  there is too much moisture inside1
 and the plants are syringed twice      
daily in dry1 hot weather4 ,the growth  
they make under this treatment is       
astonishing4 ,by the autumn the plants  
are ready to be ripened by  exposure to 
sun and air1 and in ,september they are 
lifted1 planted in  pots1 and sent to   

market for sale4 ,this method may be    
adopted in  ,england1 and if carefully  
managed1 the growth the plants would    
make  would far exceed anything ever    
accomplished when they are kept         
permanently in pots4                    
,out-of-doors4--,there are some kinds   
which may be grown out of doors         
altogether1 if planted on a sunny1      
sheltered position1 on a rockery4 ,the  
most successful plan is that followed at
 ,kew1 where a collection of the        
hardier species is planted in a rockery 
composed of brick rubble and  stones4   
,during summer the plants are exposed2  
but when cold weather and  rains come1  
lights are placed permanently over the  
rockery1 and in this  way it is kept    
comparatively dry4 ,no fire-heat or     
protection of any  other kind is used1  
and the vigorous growth1 robust health1 
and  floriferousness of the several     
species are proofs of the fitness of the
  treatment for this class of plants4   
,in any garden where a few square yards 

in a sunny1 well-drained position  can  
be afforded for a raised rockery1 the   
hardy ,cactuses may be easily  managed4 
,to make a suitable rockery1 proceed as 
follows3 ,find a position  against the  
south wall of a house1 greenhouse1 or   
shed1 and against this  wall construct a
 raised rockery of brick rubble1 lime   
rubbish1 stones  7soft sandstone1 if    
possible71 and fibrous loam4 ,the       
rockery when  finished should be1 say1  
#d ft4 wide1 and reach along the wall as
 far as  required2 the back of the      
rockery would extend about #b ft4 above 
the  ground level1 and fall towards the 
front4 ,fix in the wall1 #a ft4 or so   
above the rockery1 a number of hooks at 
intervals all along1 to hold in         
position lights sufficiently long to    
cover the rockery from the wall to  the 
front1 where they could be supported by 
short posts driven in the  ground4 ,the 
lights should be removed during summer  
to some shed1 and  brought out for use  
on the approach of winter4 ,treated in  

this manner1  the following hardy       
species could not fail to be a success3 
,opuntia ,rafinesquii and var4          
arkansana1 ,o4 vulgaris1 ,o4            
brachyarthra1 ,o4  ,picolominiana1 ,o4  
missouriensis1 ,o4 humilis1 ,cereus     
,fendleri1 ,c4  ,engelmanni1 ,c4        
gonacanthus1 ,c4 phoeniceus1            
,echinocactus ,simpsoni1 ,e4            
,pentlandii1 ,mamillaria vivipara4      
,having briefly pointed out the various 
positions in which ,cactuses may  be    
cultivated successfully1 we will now    
proceed to treat in detail the  various 
operations which are considered as being
 of more or less  importance in their   
management4 ,these are potting1         
watering1 and  temperatures1 after which
 propagation by means of seeds1         
cuttings1 and  grafting1 hybridisation1 
seed saving1 c41 and diseases and       
noxious  insects will be treated upon4  
,soil4--,the conditions in which plants 
grow naturally1 are what we  usually try
 to imitate for their cultivation       

artificially4 ,at all  events1 such is  
supposed to be theoretically right1     
however difficult we  may often find it 
to be in practice4 ,soil in some form or
 other is  necessary to the healthy     
existence of all plants2 and we know    
that the  nature of the soil varies with
 that of the plants growing in it1 or1  
in  other words1 certain soils are      
necessary to certain plants1 whether in 
a  state of nature or cultivated in     
gardens4 ,but1 whilst admitting that    
,nature1 when intelligently followed1   
would not lead us far astray1 we  must  
be careful not to follow her too        
strictly when dealing with the          
management of plants in gardens4 ,there 
are other circumstances besides  the    
nature of the soil by which plants are  
influenced4 ,soil is only one  of the   
conditions on which plants depend1 and  
where the other conditions  are not     
exactly the same in our gardens as in   
nature1 it is often found  necessary to 
employ a different soil from that in    

which the plants grow  when wild4    ,it
 has been stated that plants do not grow
 naturally in the soil best  suited for 
them1 and that the reason why many      
plants are found in  peculiar places is 
not at all because they prefer them1 but
 because they  alone are capable of     
existing there1 or because they take    
refuge there  from the inroads of       
stouter neighbours who would destroy    
them or crowd  them out4 ,there are1 as 
every gardener knows1 numerous plants   
that  succeed equally well in widely    
different soils1 and a soil which may be
  suitable for a plant in one place1 may
 prove totally unsuited in  another4    
,hence it is why we find one gardener   
recommending one kind of  soil1 and     
another a different one1 for the same   
plant1 both answering  equally well     
because of other conditions fitting     
better with each soil4  ,this helps us  
to understand how it is that many garden
 subjects grow  much better when planted
 in composts often quite different from 

those  the plants are found in when     
wild4 ,few plants have a particular     
predilection for soil1 and some have    
what we may call the power to adapt     
themselves to conditions often widely   
different4    ,in ,cactuses we have a   
family of plants for which special      
conditions are  necessary2 and1 as      
regards soil1 whether we are guided by  
nature or by  gardening experience1 we  
are led to conclude that almost all of  
them  thrive only when planted in one   
kind1 that soil being principally loam4 
,plants which are limited in nature to  
sandy1 sun-scorched plains or the       
glaring sides of rocky hills and        
mountains1 where scarcely any other     
form of vegetation can exist1 are not   
likely to require much decayed          
vegetable humus1 but must obtain their  
food from inorganic substances1  such as
 loam1 sand1 or lime4 ,so it is with    
them when grown in our  houses4 ,they   
are healthiest and longest-lived when   
planted in a loamy  soil2 and although  

they may be grown fairly well for a time
 when placed  in a compost of loam and  
leaf mould1 or loam and peat1 yet the   
growth  they make is generally too sappy
 and weak2 it is simply fat without     
bone1 which1 when the necessary resting 
period comes round1 either rots  or     
gradually dries up4 ,in preparing soil1 
therefore1 for all ,cactuses  7except   
,epiphyllum and ,rhipsalis1 which will  
be treated separately7 a  good1 rather  
stiff loam1 with plenty of grass fibre  
in it1 should form  the principal       
ingredient1 sand and1 if obtainable1    
small brick rubble  being added--one    
part of each of the latter to six parts 
of the former4  ,the brick rubble should
 be pounded up so that the largest      
pieces are  about the size of hazel     
nuts4 ,lime rubbish1 i4e41 old plaster  
from  buildings1 c41 is sometimes       
recommended for ,cactuses1 but it does  
not  appear to be of any use except as  
drainage4 ,at ,kew its use has been     
discontinued1 and it is now generally   

condemned by all good cultivators4  ,of 
course1 the idea that lime was          
beneficial to ,cactuses sprang from the 
knowledge that it existed in large      
quantities in the soil in which the     
plants grew naturally1 and it is often  
found in abundance1 in the form  of     
oxalate of lime1 in the old stems of the
 plants4 ,but in good loam1  lime1 in   
the state of chalk1 is always present1  
and this1 together with  the lime       
contained in the brick rubble1 is       
sufficient to supply the  plants with as
 much as they require4    ,for          
,epiphyllums and ,rhipsalis1 both of    
which are epiphytal naturally1  but     
which are found to thrive best in pots  
in our houses1 a mixture of  equal parts
 of peat and loam with sand and brick   
rubble in the same  proportion as before
 recommended1 will be found most        
suitable4 ,leaf  mould is sometimes used
 for these plants2 but unless really    
good it is  best left out of the soil4  
,the finest ,epiphyllums have been grown

 in a  soil which consists almost wholly
 of a light fibry loam1 with the        
addition of a little crushed bones4     
,potting4--,cactuses1 when healthy1 are 
injuriously affected by frequent        
disturbance at the roots4 ,on the       
arrival of the potting season1 which    
for these plants is in ,april and ,may1 
established plants should be  examined  
at the root1 and if the roots are found 
to be in a healthy  condition1 and the  
soil sweet1 they should be replaced in  
the same pots  to continue in them      
another year4 ,if the roots are decayed1
 or the soil  has become sour1 it should
 be shaken away from the roots1 which   
must be  examined1 cutting away all     
decayed portions1 and shortening the    
longest  roots to within a few inches of
 the base of the plant4 ,cactuses are so
  tenacious of life1 and appear to rely 
so little on their roots1 that it  will 
be found the wisest plan1 when repotting
 them1 to cut the roots  thoroughly4    
,the size of pots most suitable is what 

would be considered small in  comparison
 with other plants1 ,cactuses preferring
 to be somewhat cramped  in this        
respect4 ,this1 indeed1 is how they are 
found when wild1 the  roots generally   
fixing themselves in the crevices of the
 rocks or stones  about which the plants
 grow1 so that a large specimen is often
 found to  have only a few inches of    
space in the cleft of a rock for the    
whole of  its roots4 ,when thus limited1
 growth is firmer and the flowers are   
produced in much greater profusion than 
when a liberal amount of root  space is 
afforded4 ,the pots should be well      
drained-about one-fifth of  their depth 
filled with drainage when intended for  
large1 strong-growing  kinds1 and       
one-third for the smaller ones1 such as 
,mamillarias4 ,a layer  of rough fibry  
material should be placed over the      
crocks to prevent the  finer soil from  
stopping the drainage4 ,when filling in 
the soil1 press  it down firmly1        
spreading the roots well amongst it1 and

 keeping the  base of the plant only an 
inch or so below the surface4    ,for   
plants with weak stems1 stakes will be  
necessary1 and even  stout-stemmed      
kinds1 when their roots are not         
sufficient to hold them  firmly1 will do
 best if fastened to one or two strong  
stakes till they  have made new roots   
and got firm hold of the soil4          
,epiphyllums1 when  grown as standards1 
should be tied to strong wire supports1 
those with  three short1 prong-like legs
 being most desirable1 as1 owing to the 
weight of the head of the plant1 a      
single stake is not sufficient to  hold 
the whole firmly4 ,after potting1 no    
water should be given for a few  weeks4 
,in fact1 if the atmosphere in which the
 plants are placed be kept  a little    
moist1 it will not be necessary to water
 them till signs of  fresh growth are   
perceived4 ,for ,epiphyllums and        
,rhipsalis1 water will be  required     
earlier than this2 but even they are    
best left for a few days  without water1

 after they have been repotted4 ,as soon
 as fresh growth is  perceived1 the     
plants may be well watered1 and from    
this time water may  be supplied as     
often as the soil approaches dryness4   
,newly-imported  plants1 which on       
arrival are usually much shrivelled and 
rootless1  should be potted in rather   
dry soil and small pots1 and treated as 
recommended above4 ,cactuses1 we must   
remember1 contain an abundance of       
nourishment stored up in their stems1   
and upon this they will continue  to    
exist for a considerable time without   
suffering2 and1 when their  growing     
season comes round1 root action         
commences whether the soil is  wet or   
dry1 the latter being the most          
favourable4    ,plants altogether       
exposed to the air will push roots in   
due time4 ,a  remarkable instance of    
this has been recorded by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4  
,jackson1  curator of the museums at    
,kew4 ,a plant of ,pilocereus senilis1  
which had  grown too tall for the house1

 was cut off at the base1 and placed in 
the  museum as a specimen4 ,here it     
gradually dried up to within #b ft4 of  
the  top1 where a fracture across the   
stem had been made4 ,above this the stem
  remained fresh and healthy1 and1 on   
examining it some months afterwards1  it
 was found that not only had the top of 
the stem remained green1 but  it had    
formed roots of its own1 which had grown
 down the dead lower  portion of the    
stem1 and were in a perfectly healthy   
state4 ,when it is  remembered that all 
this happened in the dry atmosphere of a
 museum1 it  will be apparent how       
exceptional ,cactuses are in their      
manner of growth1  and in the wonderful 
tenacity of life they exhibit under     
conditions  which would destroy the     
majority of plants in a very short time4
 ,we  sometimes find1 when examining the
 bases of ,cactus stems1 that decay has 
commenced2 this is carefully cut out    
with a sharp knife1 and the wound       
exposed to the action of the air till it

 is perfectly dry1 or1 as we  term it1  
callused4    ,watering4--,it will have  
peen gathered from what has been        
previously  said in relation to the     
conditions under which the majority of  
the  plants of the ,cactus family grow  
when wild1 that during their season of  
growth they require a good supply of    
moisture1 both at the root and          
overhead2 and afterwards a somewhat     
lengthened period of rest1 that is1     
almost total dryness1 accompanied by all
 the sunlight possible1 and  generally a
 somewhat high temperature4 ,the growing
 season for all those  kinds which      
require to be kept dry when at rest is  
from the end of ,april  to the middle of
 ,august1 and during this time they     
should be kept  moderately moist1 but   
not constantly saturated1 which1        
however1 is not  likely to occur if the 
water is not carelessly supplied1 and   
the  drainage and soil are perfect4     
,this treatment corresponds with what   
happens to ,cactuses in a wild state1   

the frequent and heavy rains which      
occur in the earlier part of the summer 
in the ,american plains supplying  the  
amount of moisture necessary to enable  
these plants to make fresh  growth1 and 
produce their beautiful flowers and     
spine-clothed fruits4  ,after ,august1  
little or no rain falls1 and the        
,cactuses assume a rather  shrivelled   
appearance1 which gives them an         
unhealthy look1 but which is  really a  
sign of ripeness1 promising a plentiful 
crop of flowers when  the rainy season  
again returns4    ,as the sun in        
,england is not nearly so powerful as in
 the hot plains of  ,central ,america   
and the ,southern ,states of ,north     
,america1 where ,cactuses  are found in 
greatest abundance1 it will be evident  
that1 if flowers are  to be produced1 we
 must see that our plants have a        
sufficiency of water  in early summer1  
and little or none during the autumn and
 winter1 whilst  the whole year round   
they should be exposed to all the       

sunlight  possible1 the temperature1 of 
course1 varying with the requirements of
  the species1 whether it is a native of
 tropical or of temperate regions4  ,it 
is important that the cultivator should 
understand that if water is  liberally  
supplied all through the summer1 the    
plants cannot obtain the  rest which is 
necessary to their ripening and         
producing flowers1 as  dryness at the   
root alone is not sufficient to provide 
this1 but must be  accompanied by       
exposure to bright sunlight1 which is   
not possible in  ,england during winter1
 so that the ripening process must begin
 before  the summer is over4    ,it is  
possible to preserve most ,cactuses     
alive by keeping them  constantly       
growing2 but1 with very few exceptions1 
such treatment  prevents the plants from
 flowering4 ,the following is what is   
practised  in the gardens where         
,cactuses are successfully cultivated4  
,for the  genera ,cereus1 ,echinopsis1  
,echinocactus1 ,mamillaria1 ,opuntia1   

and  ,melocactus1 a moist tropical house
 is provided1 and in ,april the plants  
are freely watered at the root1 and     
syringed overhead both morning and      
afternoon on all bright days4 ,this     
treatment is continued till the end  of 
,july1 when syringing is suspended1 and 
the water supplied to the  roots        
gradually reduced4 ,by the end of       
,august1 the plants are placed in  a    
large light frame with a south aspect1  
except the tall-growing kinds1  which   
are too bulky to remove4 ,in this frame 
the plants are kept till  the summer is 
over1 and are watered only about once a 
week should the  sun be very powerful4  
,the lights are removed on all bright   
sunny days1  but are kept on during wet 
or dull weather1 and at night4 ,under   
this  treatment1 many of the species    
assume a reddish appearance1 and the    
thick fleshy-stemmed kinds generally    
shrivel somewhat4 ,there is no  occasion
 for alarm in the coloured and          
shrivelled appearance of the  plants3 on

 the contrary1 it may be hailed as a    
good sign for flowers4    ,a common     
complaint in relation to ,cacti as      
flowering plants is that they  grow all 
right but rarely or never flower4 ,the  
explanation of this is  shown by the    
fact that the plants must be properly   
ripened and rested  before they can     
produce flowers4 ,on the approach of    
cold weather the  plants which were     
removed to a frame to be ripened should 
be brought  back into the house for the 
winter1 and kept quite dry at the roots 
till  the return of spring1 when their  
flowers will be developed either before 
or soon after the watering season again 
commences4    ,hitherto we have been    
dealing with those genera which have    
thick fleshy  stems2 but there still    
remain the genera ,rhipsalis1           
,epiphyllum1 and  ,phyllocactus1 which  
are not capable of bearing the long     
period of  drought advised for the      
former4 ,the last-mentioned genus       
should1  however1 be kept almost dry at 

the root during winter1 and1 if placed  
in  a light1 airy house till the turn of
 the year1 the branches will ripen1  and
 set their flower buds much more readily
 than when they are wintered  in a      
moist1 partially-shaded house4 ,during  
summer all the ,phyllocactuses  delight 
in plenty of water1 and1 when growing   
freely1 a weak solution of  manure      
affords them good food4 ,epiphyllums    
must be kept always more or  less moist 
at the root1 though1 of course1 when    
growing freely1 they  require more water
 than when growth has ceased for the    
year1 which  happens late in autumn4    
,the same rule applies to ,rhipsalis1   
none of the  species of which are happy 
when kept long dry4 ,for the several    
species  of ,opuntia and ,echinopsis1   
which are sufficiently hardy to be      
cultivated  on a sunny rockery out of   
doors1 it will be found a wise          
precaution to  place either a pane of   
glass or a handlight over the plants in 
wet  autumns and during winter1 not so  

much to serve as protection from cold   
as to shield them from an excess of     
moisture at a time when it would  prove 
injurious4    ,temperature4--,as the    
amount of heat required by the different
 species  of ,cactus varies very        
considerably1 and as the difference     
between the  summer and winter          
temperatures for them is often as great 
as it is  important1 it will be as well 
if we mention the temperature required  
by  each when describing the species4   
,it is true that the majority of        
,cactuses may be kept alive in one house
 where all would be subjected to  the   
same temperature1 but many of the plants
 would merely exist1 and  could not     
possibly flower4 ,it would be easy to   
point to several  instances of this     
unsatisfactory state of things4 ,at     
,kew1 for example1  owing to the        
arrangements necessary for the public1  
it is found  convenient to have the     
majority of the large collection of     
,cactuses in  one house1 where the      

plants present an imposing appearance1  
but where1  as might be expected1 a good
 number of the species very rarely      
produce  flowers4 ,the ,cactuses which  
inhabit the plains of the ,southern     
,united  ,states are subjected to a very
 high summer temperature1 and a winter  
of  intense cold2 whilst on the other   
hand the species found in ,central and  
,south ,america do not undergo nearly so
 wide an extreme1 the difference        
between the summer and winter           
temperatures of these countries being   
generally much less marked4 ,a word will
 be said under each species as to       
whether it is tropical1 temperate1 or   
hardy1 a tropical temperature for       
,cacti being in summer #gj degs41 rising
 to #ij degs4 with sun heat1 night      
temperature #fj degs4 to #gj degs41 in  
winter #fj degs4 to #fe degs4           
,temperate3  in summer #fj degs41 rising
 to #ge degs4 with sun heat1 night #fj  
degs4 to  #fe degs41 in winter #ej degs4
 to #ee degs4 ,the hardy species will1  

of course1  bear the ordinary           
temperatures of this country2 but1 to   
enable them to  withstand a very cold   
winter1 they must be kept as dry as     
possible4 ,in  the colder parts of      
,england it is not advisable to leave   
any of these  plants outside during     
winter4    ,insect                      
,pests4--,notwithstanding the thickness 
of skin characteristic of  almost every 
one of the ,cactuses1 they are          
frequently attacked by  various kinds of
 garden pests when under cultivation1   
and more  especially by mealy bug4      
,there is1 of course1 no difficulty in  
removing  such insects from the species 
with few or no spines upon their stems2 
but when the plants are thickly covered 
with clusters of spines and  hairs1 the 
insects are not easily got rid of4 ,for 
,cactuses1 as well as  for other plants 
subject to this most troublesome insect1
 various kinds  of insecticide have been
 recommended2 but the best1 cheapest1   
and most  effectual with which we are   

acquainted is paraffin1 its only        
drawback  being the injury it does to   
the plants when applied carelessly1 or  
when  not sufficiently diluted4 ,a      
wineglassful of the oil1 added to a     
gallon  of soft water1 and about #boz4  
of soft soap1 the whole to be kept      
thoroughly mixed by frequently stirring 
it1 forms a solution strong  enough to  
destroy mealy bug4 ,in applying this    
mixture1 a syringe should  be used1 or1 
if the plants are to be dipped overhead1
 care must be taken  to have the oil    
thoroughly diffused through the water1  
or the plant1  when lifted out1 will be 
covered with pure paraffin1 which does  
not mix  properly with water1 but swims 
upon the surface if allowed to stand for
  a few moments4 ,the plants should be  
laid on their sides to be syringed  with
 the mixture1 and after they have been  
thoroughly wetted1 they may  be allowed 
to stand for a few minutes before being 
syringed with pure  water4 ,plants that 
are badly infested with mealy bug should

 be syringed  with the paraffin mixture 
once a day1 for about a week4 ,it is    
easy to do  serious harm to these plants
 by using a stronger solution than is   
here  recommended1 and also by not      
properly mixing the oil with the soap   
and  water2 and the amateur cannot1     
therefore1 be too careful in his use of 
this excellent insecticide4 ,it would be
 easy to recommend other  insecticides1 
so called1 for ,cactuses2 but whilst    
they are less  dangerous to the plants1 
they are often as harmless as pure water
 to the  insects4    ,for scale1 which  
sometimes infests these plants1 and     
which is sometimes  found upon them when
 wild1 the paraffin may be used with    
good effect4    ,thrips attack          
,phyllocactus1 ,rhipsalis1 and          
,epiphyllum1 especially when  the plants
 are grown in less shade1 or in a higher
 temperature1 than is  good for them4   
,fumigation with tobacco1 dipping in a  
strong solution of  tobacco1 or sponging
 with a mixture of soap and water1 are  

either of  them effectual when applied  
to plants infested with thrips4 ,the    
same may  be said of green-fly1 which   
sometimes attacks the ,epiphyllums4     
,a blight1 something similar to mealy   
bug1 now and again appears on the  roots
 of some of the varieties of            
,echinocactus and ,cereus4 ,this may be 
destroyed by dipping the whole of the   
roots in the mixture recommended  for   
the stems when infested by mealy bug1   
and afterwards allowing them  to stand  
for a few minutes immersed in pure      
water4 ,they may then be  placed where  
they will dry quickly1 and finally1 in a
 day or two1  repotted into new compost1
 first removing every particle of the   
old soil  from the roots4               
,diseases4--,when wild and favourably   
situated as regards heat and  moisture1 
the larger kinds of ,cactus are said to 
live to a great age1  some of the tree  
kinds1 according to ,humboldt1 bearing  
about them signs  of having existed     
several hundred years4 ,the same        

remarkable longevity1  most likely1 is  
found in the smaller kinds when wild4   
,under artificial  cultivation there    
are1 however1 many conditions more or   
less  unfavourable to the health of     
plants1 and1 in the case of ,cactuses1  
very  large specimens1 when imported    
from their native haunts to be placed in
  our glass houses1 soon perish4 ,at    
,kew1 there have been1 at various       
times1 very fine specimens of some of   
the largest-growing ones1 but they  have
 never lived longer than a year or so1  
always gradually shrinking in  size     
till1 finally1 owing to the absence of  
proper nourishment1 and to  other       
untoward conditions1 they have broken   
down and rotted4 ,this  rotting of the  
tissue1 or flesh1 of these plants is the
 great enemy to  their cultivation in   
,england4 ,when it appears1 it should be
 carefully  cut out with a sharp knife1 
and exposed to the influence of a       
perfectly  dry atmosphere for a few days
 till the wound has dried1 when the     

plant  should be potted in a sandy      
compost and treated as for cuttings4    
,sometimes the decay begins in the side 
of the stem of the plant1 in  which case
 it should be cut away1 and the wound   
exposed to a dry air4  ,the cause of    
this decay at the base or in the side of
 the stems of  ,cactuses is no doubt    
debility1 which is the result of the    
absence of  some necessary condition    
when the plants are cultivated in houses
 or  windows in this country4           
,grafted plants1 especially             
,epiphyllums1 when worked on to         
,pereskia  stocks1 are apt to grow weak 
and flabby through the stem wearing out1
 or  through the presence of mealy bug  
or insects in the crevices of the part  
where the stock and scion join1 in which
 case it is best to prepare  fresh      
stocks of ,pereskia1 and graft on to    
them the best of the pieces of          
,epiphyllum from the old1 debilitated   
plant4 ,it is no use trying to get  such
 plants to recover1 as1 when once this  

disease or weakness begins1  it cannot  
easily be stopped4          ,,chapter   
,,iv4    ,,propagation4      ,cactuses  
may be multiplied from cuttings of the  
stems1 from seeds1 and  also by means of
 grafting2 this last method being       
adopted for those  species which1 under 
cultivation1 are not easily kept in     
health when  growing upon their own     
roots1 or1 as in the case of            
,epiphyllums1 when it  offers a means of
 speedily forming large and shapely     
specimens4 ,from  seeds the plants are  
generally freer in growth than when     
cuttings are  used1 although the        
seedlings are longer in growing into    
flowering  specimens than large cuttings
 would be4 ,to the amateur1 the process 
of  germination and development from the
 seedling to the mature stage1 is  full 
of interest and attraction1 the changes 
from one form to another as  the plant  
develops being very marked in most of   
the genera4    ,seeds4--,good fresh     
seeds of ,cactaceous plants germinate in

 from two to  four weeks after sowing1  
if placed in a warm house or on a hotbed
 with a  temperature of #hj degs4 ,if   
sown in a lower temperature1 the time   
they  take to vegetate is longer2 but1  
unless in a very low degree of heat1    
the seeds1 if good1 and if properly     
managed as regards soil and water1      
rarely fail to germinate4 ,for all the  
kinds1 pots or pans containing  drainage
 to within #b in4 of the top1 and then  
filled up with finely  sifted loam and  
sand1 three parts of the former to one  
of the latter1  and pressed down        
moderately firm1 will be found to       
answer4 ,if the soil  be moist at the   
time of sowing the seeds1 it will not be
 necessary to  water it for a day or    
two4 ,the seeds should be scattered     
thinly over the  surface of the soil1   
and then covered with about #a_/h in4 of
 soil4 ,over  this1 a pane of glass may 
be placed1 and should remain till the   
seedlings appear above the soil4 ,should
 the position where the seeds are  to be

 raised be in a room window1 this pane  
of glass will be found very  useful in  
preventing the dry air of the room from 
absorbing all the  moisture from the    
soil about the seeds4 ,for the          
germination of ,cactus1  and indeed of  
all seeds1 a certain amount of moisture 
must be constantly  present in the soil2
 and after a seed has commenced to grow1
 to allow it  to get dry is to run the  
risk of killing it4    ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #d4--,,seedlings ,,of ,,cereus4  
a1 ,one month after   germination4 b1   
,two months after germination4 ,c1      
,three months after   germination4      
7,magnified six times174    ,the seeds  
of ,cactuses may be sown at anytime in  
the year2 but it is best  to sow in     
spring1 as1 after germinating1 the young
 plants have the  summer before them in 
which to attain sufficient strength to  
enable them  to pass through the winter 
without suffering2 whereas plants raised
 from  autumn-sown seeds have often a   
poor chance of surviving through the    

winter1 unless treated with great care4 
,the seeds of all ,cactuses are  small1 
and therefore the seedlings are at first
 tiny globular masses of  watery flesh1 
very different from what we find in the 
seedlings of  ordinary garden plants4   
,the form of the seedling of a species  
of ,cereus  is shown at ,fig4 #d1 and   
its transition from a small globule-like
 mass of  flesh to the spine-clothed    
stem1 which characterises this genus1 is
 also  represented4 ,at a we see the    
young plant after it has emerged from   
the  seed1 the outer shell of which was 
attached to one of the sides of the     
aperture at the top till about a week   
before the drawing was made4 ,at b1  the
 further swelling and opening out1 as it
 were1 of what1 in botanical  language1 
is known as the cotyledon stage of      
development1 will be seen2  a month     
afterwards1 this will have assumed the  
shape of a very small  ,cereus4 ,it is  
interesting to note how the soft fleshy 
mass which first  grows out of the seed 

is nothing more than a little bag of    
food with a  tiny growing point fixed in
 its top1 and that1 as the growing point
  increases1 the food bag decreases1    
till finally the whole of the latter    
becomes absorbed into the young stem1   
which is now capable of obtaining       
nourishment by means of its newly-formed
 roots4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4        
#e4--,,seedlings ,,of ,,opuntia1        
,,showing ,,mode ,,of  ,,germination4   
7,magnified three times74    ,in the    
genus ,opuntia1 the cotyledon stage 7see
 ,fig4 #e7 of the plant is  different   
from that of the ,cereus1 and is more   
like that of a cucumber4  ,still1 though
 the form is different1 the purpose of  
the two cotyledons  and the juicy stem  
in the seedling ,opuntia is the same as 
in the ,cereus2  and1 as the growing    
point develops1 the cotyledons shrivel  
up and fall  off1 the plant food they   
contained having passed into that part  
of the  young seedling which was to be  
permanent4 ,the seedlings of these two  

genera serve as an illustration of the  
process of germination from seed  of all
 the ,cactuses2 and it must be evident  
that there is much that is  singular and
 full of interest in raising these      
plants from seeds4 ,as  soon as the     
seedlings are large enough to be        
handled1 they may be  planted separately
 in small pots1 using a compost similar 
to1 but  slightly coarser than1 that in 
which the seeds were sown4 ,the soil    
should be kept moist till the summer is 
over2 and after that1 till the  return  
of warm sunny weather1 it will be found 
safest to keep the  seedlings on the dry
 side1 a little water only to be given  
at intervals  of a week1 and only when  
the sun is shining upon the plants4     
,to obtain seeds from cultivated plants1
 it is necessary1 in order to  insure   
fertilisation that the top of the stigma
 7see ,fig4 #b7 should be  dusted over  
with the dust-like pollen from the      
anthers4 ,this may be done  by means of 
a small camel-hair brush1 which should  

be moistened in the  mouth and then     
pushed among the anthers till covered   
with pollen1 which  may then be gently  
rubbed on to the stigma4 ,a warm1 sunny 
morning is the  most suitable time for  
this operation1 as fertilisation takes  
place much  more readily under the      
influence of bright sunshine than at any
 other  time4 ,some of the kinds have   
their floral organs so arranged as to be
  capable of self-fertilisation2 still1 
it is always as well to give them  some 
assistance4 ,the night-flowering species
 must1 of course1 be  fertilised either 
at night or very early in the morning4  
,by using the  pollen from one kind for 
dusting on to the stigma of another1    
hybrids  may be obtained1 and it is     
owing to the readiness with which the   
plants  of this family cross with each  
other1 that so many hybrids and forms of
  the genera ,epiphyllum and            
,phyllocactus have been raised4 ,it     
would be  useless to attempt such a     
cross as ,epiphyllum with ,cereus       

giganteus1  because of their widely     
different natures2 but such crosses as  
,epiphyllum with ,phyllocactus1 and     
,cereus flagelliformis with ,c4         
speciosissimus1 have been brought about4
 ,to an enthusiast1 the whole  order    
offers a very good field for operations 
with a view to the  production of new   
sorts1 as the different kinds cross     
freely with each  other1 and the        
beautiful colours of the flowers would  
most likely  combine so as to present   
some new and distinct varieties4        
,cuttings4--,no plants are more readily 
increased from stem-cuttings than       
,cactuses2 for1 be the cutting #bj ft4  
high1 or only as large as a thimble1  it
 strikes root readily if placed in a    
warm temperature and kept  slightly     
moist4 ,we have already seen how1 even  
in the dry atmosphere of  a museum1 a   
stem of ,cereus1 instead of perishing1  
emitted roots and  remained healthy for 
a considerable time1 and it would be    
easy to add to  this numerous other     

instances of the remarkable tenacity of 
life  possessed by these plants4 ,at    
,kew1 it is the common practice1 when   
the  large-growing specimens get too    
tall for the house in which they are    
grown1 to cut off the top of the stem to
 a length of #f ft4 or #h ft41 and      
plant it in a pot of soil to form a new 
plant4 ,the old base is kept for  stock1
 as it often happens that just below the
 point where the stem was  severed1     
lateral buds are developed1 and these1  
when grown into  branches1 are removed  
and used as cuttings4 ,large ,opuntias  
are treated  in the same way1 with the  
almost invariable result that even the  
largest  branches root freely1 and are  
in no way injured by what appears to be 
exceedingly rough treatment4 ,large     
cuttings striking root so freely1 it    
must follow that small cuttings will    
likewise soon form roots1 and1 so  far  
as our experience--which consists of    
some years with a very large  collection
 of ,cactuses--goes1 there is not one   

species in cultivation  which may not be
 easily multiplied by means of cuttings4
 ,the nature of a  ,cactus stem is so   
very different from the stems of most   
other plants1  that no comparison can be
 made between them in respect of their  
root-developing power2 the rooting of a 
,cactus cutting being as certain  as the
 rooting of a bulb4 ,the very soft1     
fleshy stems of some of the  kinds such 
as the ,echinocactus1 should be exposed 
to the air for a time1  so that the cut 
at the base may dry before it is buried 
in the soil4 ,if  the base of a plant   
decays1 all that is necessary is the    
removal of the  decayed portion1        
exposure of the wound to the air for two
 or three days1  and then the planting  
of the cutting in a dry1 sandy soil1 and
 placing  it in a warm moist house till 
rooted4 ,all cuttings of ,cactuses may  
be  treated in this way4 ,if anything   
proves destructive to these cuttings1   
it is excessive moisture in the soil1   
which must always be carefully  guarded 

against4    ,grafting4--,the object of  
grafting is generally either to effect  
certain  changes in the nature of the   
scion1 by uniting it with a stock of a  
character different from its own1 which 
usually results in the better           
production of flowers1 fruit1 c41 or to 
multiply those plants which are  not    
readily increased by the more ordinary  
methods of cuttings or seeds4  ,in the  
case of ,cactuses1 however1 we resort to
 grafting1 not because of  any          
difficulty in obtaining the kinds thus  
treated from either cuttings  or seeds1 
as we have already seen that all the    
species of ,cactuses grow  freely from  
seed1 or are easily raised from cuttings
 of their stems1 nor  yet to effect any 
change in the characters of the plants  
thus treated1  but because some of the  
more delicate kinds1 and especially the 
smaller  ones1 are apt to rot at the    
base during the damp1 foggy weather of  
our  winters2 and1 to prevent this1 it  
is found a good and safe plan to graft  

them on to stocks formed of more robust 
kinds1 or even on to plants of  other   
genera1 such as ,cereus or              
,echinocactus4 ,by this means1 the      
delicate plants are raised above the    
soil whence the injury in winter        
usually arises1 and they are also kept  
well supplied with food by the  more    
robust and active nature of the roots of
 the plant upon which they  are grafted4
 ,grafting is also adopted for some of  
the ,cactuses to add to  the            
grotesqueness of their appearance2 a    
spherical ,echinocactus or  ,mamillaria 
being united to the columnar stem of    
another kind1 so as to  produce the     
appearance of a drum stick2 or a large  
round-growing species  grafted on to    
three such stems1 which may then be     
likened to a globe  supported upon three
 columns4 ,as the species and genera    
unite freely  with each other1 it is    
possible to produce1 by means of        
grafting1 some  very                    
extraordinary-looking plants1 and to a  

lover of the incongruous and  queer1    
these plants will afford much interest  
and amusement4 ,besides  the above1 we  
graft ,epiphyllums1 and the long        
drooping ,cereuses1 such as  ,c4        
flagelliformis1 because of their pendent
 habit1 and which1 therefore1  are seen 
to better advantage when growing from   
the tall erect stem of  some stouter    
kind1 than if allowed to grow on their  
own roots4 ,by  growing a ,pereskia on  
into a large plant1 and then cutting it 
into any  shape desired1 we may1 by     
grafting upon its spurs or branches a   
number  of pieces of ,epiphyllum1 obtain
 large flowering specimens of various   
shapes in a comparatively short time4   
,for general purposes1 it is usual  to  
graft ,epiphyllums on to stems1 about #a
 ft4 high1 of ,pereskia aculeata2       
pretty little standard plants being in  
this way formed in about a year  from   
the time of grafting1 ,as an instance of
 how easily some kinds may  be grafted1 
we may note what was done with a large  

head of the  ,rat's-tail ,cactus which  
had been grown for some years on the    
stem of  ,cereus rostratus1 but which   
last year rotted off just below the     
point of  union4 ,on re-grafting this   
head on to the ,cereus a little lower   
down1 it  failed to unite1 and1         
attributing the failure to possible     
ill-health in  the stock1 we determined 
to transfer the ,rat's-tail ,cactus to a
 large  stem of ,pereskia aculeata1 the 
result being a quick union and rapid1   
healthy growth since4 ,upon the same    
stock some grafts of ,epiphyllum had    
previously been worked1 so that it is   
probable these two aliens will  form on 
their nurse-stem1 the ,pereskia1 an     
attractive combination4 ,in  ,fig4 #f we
 have a fine example of this kind of    
grafting4 ,it represents a  stem of     
,pereskia ,bleo upon which the          
,rat's-tail ,cactus and an ,epiphyllum  
have been grafted4    ,illustration3    
,,fig4 #f4 ,,pereskia ,,bleo1 ,,with    
,,epiphyllum ,,and ,,cereus             

,,flagelliformis ,,grafted ,,upon ,,it4 
,for most plants the operation of       
grafting must be carefully and          
skilfully performed1 but in the case of 
,cactuses very little skill is          
necessary if one or two rules1 which    
apply to all kinds of grafting1 are     
observed4 ,the period of vigorous       
growth1 and while the sap of both the   
stock and the scion is in motion1 is the
 most favourable time for the           
operation4 ,it is then only necessary1  
in order to bring about a speedy  union1
 that the parts grafted should be cut so
 as to fit each other  properly1 and    
then bound or in some way fastened      
together so that they  will remain in   
close contact with each other till a    
union is effected4 ,a  close atmosphere 
and1 if possible1 a little shade should 
be afforded the  worked plants till the 
grafts have taken4 ,the ligature used   
should not  be bound round the graft too
 tightly1 or it will prevent the flow of
 the  sap2 if bound tightly enough to   

hold the parts together and to prevent  
their slipping1 that will be found quite
 sufficient4    ,epiphyllums are treated
 as follows3 ,cuttings of ,pereskia are 
rooted and  grown on to the required    
size1 and in the month of ,september    
they are  headed down1 the tops being   
used as cuttings4 ,grafts of ,epiphyllum
 are  then prepared by cutting them to  
the required length1 usually about  #f  
in41 and removing a thin slice of the   
fleshy stem on each side so as to  form 
a flat wedge4 ,the stem of ,pereskia is 
then split down about #a in4  with a    
sharp knife1 and into this the wedge of 
the graft is inserted1  and fastened    
either by means of a small pin passed   
through the stem and  graft about       
half-way up the slit1 or by binding     
round them a little  worsted or matting1
 the former being preferred4 ,the worked
 plants are  then placed in a close     
handlight or propagating frame1 having a
  temperature of about #ge degs41 where 
they are kept moist by sprinkling  them 

daily with water2 they must be shaded   
from bright sunlight4 ,as soon  as a    
union has been effected1 which will be  
seen by the grafts beginning  to grow1  
the ligature and pin should be removed1 
and the plants  gradually hardened off  
by admitting air to the box1 till       
finally they  may be removed to the     
house where it is intended to grow them4
 ,in a  cottage window this operation   
may be successfully performed if a box  
with a movable glass top1 or a large    
bell glass1 be used to keep the  grafts 
close till they have taken4    ,for the 
spherical-stemmed kinds of ,mamillaria1 
,cereus1 ,echinocactus1  c41 a different
 method is found to answer4 ,instead of 
cutting the base  of the graft to a     
wedge shape1 it is simply cut across the
 base  horizontally1 or1 in other words1
 a portion of the bottom of the graft   
is sliced off1 and a stock procured     
which1 when cut across the top1 will    
about fit the wound at the base of the  
scion2 the two sliced parts are  placed 

together1 and secured either by passing 
a piece of matting a few  times over the
 top of the graft and under the pot     
containing the stock1  or by placing    
three stakes around it in such a way    
that1 when tied  together at the top1   
they will hold the graft firmly in      
position4  ,another method is that of   
cutting the base of the scion in the    
form of a  round wedge1 and then        
scooping a hole out in the centre of the
 stock  large enough to fit this wedge2 
the scion is pressed into this1 and then
  secured in the manner above mentioned4
 ,to graft one spherical-stemmed  kind  
on to three columnar-stemmed ones1 the  
latter must first be  established in one
 pot and1 when ready for grafting1 cut  
at the top into  rounded wedges1 three  
holes to correspond being cut into the  
scion4 ,when  fixed1 the top should be  
securely fastened by tying it to the    
pot1 or by  means of stakes4 ,for this  
last operation1 a little patience and   
care are  necessary to make the stocks  

and scions fit properly2 but if the     
rules  that apply to grafting are       
properly followed1 there will be little 
fear  of the operation failing4 ,in the 
accompanying illustrations1 we have a   
small ,mamillaria stem grafted on to the
 apex of the tall  quadrangular-stemmed1
 night-flowering ,cereus 7,fig4 #g71 and
 also a  cylindrical-stemmed ,opuntia   
worked on a branch of the flat1         
battledore-like ,indian ,fig 7,fig4 #h47
      ,illustration3 ,,fig4             
#g4--;,,graft ,,of ,,mamillaria         
,,recurva ,,on ,,cereus  ,,nycticalus4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,graft ,,of
 ,,opuntia ,,decipiens ,,on ,o4         
,,ficus-,,indica4    ,in the hands of a 
skilful cultivator1 the different       
,cactuses may be made  to unite with one
 another almost as easily as clay under 
the moulder's  hands2 whilst even to the
 amateur1 ,cactuses afford the easiest  
of  subjects for observing the results  
of grafting4          ,,chapter ,v4     
,,the ,,genus ,,epiphyllum4    7,from   

epi upon1 and phyllon1 a leaf74      ,it
 is now about a century since some of   
the most beautiful of ,cactaceous       
plants came into cultivation in this    
country1 and amongst them was the  plant
 now known as ,e4 truncatum1 but then   
called ,cactus ,epiphyllum2 the  name   
,cactus being used in a generic sense1  
and not1 as now1 merely as a  general   
term for the ,natural ,order4           
,introduced so early1 and at once       
finding great favour as a curious and   
beautiful flowering plant1 ,e4          
truncatum has been1 and is still1       
extensively cultivated1 and numerous    
varieties of it have1 as a consequence1 
originated in ,english gardens4  ,we do 
not use the seeds of these plants for   
their propagation1 unless  new varieties
 are desired1 when we must begin by     
fertilising the  flowers1 and thus      
obtain seeds1 which should be sown and  
grown on till  the plants flower4       
,epiphyllums have already broken from   
their original or wild  characters1 and 

are1 therefore1 likely to yield distinct
 varieties from  the first sowing4 ,in  
the forests which clothe the slopes of  
the ,organ  ,mountains1 in ,brazil1 the 
,epiphyllums are found in great         
abundance1  growing upon the trunks and 
branches of large trees1 and            
occasionally on  the ground or upon     
rocks1 up to an elevation of #fjjj ft4  
,it was here that  ,gardner1 when       
travelling in ,south ,america1 found ,e4
 truncatum growing in  great luxuriance1
 and along with it the species known as 
,e4  ,russellianum1 which he sent to the
 ,duke of ,bedford's garden1 at ,woburn1
  in #ahci4 ,these two species are the  
only ones now recognised by  botanists1 
all the other cultivated kinds being    
either varieties of1 or  crosses raised 
from1 them4 ,the character by which     
,epiphyllums are  distinguished from    
other ,cactuses1 is their flattened1    
long1 slender  branches1 which are      
formed of succulent1 green1 leaf-like   
branchlets1  growing out of the ends of 

each other1 to a length of from #c ft4  
to #d ft4  ,as in the majority of       
,cactuses1 the stems of ,epiphyllum     
become woody and  almost cylindrical    
with age1 the axes of the branchlets    
swell out1 and  the edges either        
disappear or remain attached1 like a    
pair of wings4                          
,cultivation4--,epiphyllums require the 
temperature of an intermediate  house in
 winter1 whilst1 in summer1 any position
 where they can be kept  a little close 
and moist1 and be shaded from bright    
sunshine1 will suit  them4 ,remembering 
that their habit1 when wild1 is to grow 
upon the  trunks of trees1 where they   
would be afforded considerable shade by 
the  overhanging branches1 we cannot be 
wrong in shading them from direct       
sunshine during summer4 ,some growers   
recommend placing these plants in a     
hot1 dry house2 but we have never seen  
good specimens cultivated under  such   
conditions4 ,all through the summer     
months1 the plants should be  syringed  

both morning and evening2 but by the end
 of ,august they will  have completed   
their growth1 and should1 therefore1 be 
gradually exposed  to sunshine and air4 
,it is advisable to discontinue the use 
of the syringe from ,september  till the
 return of spring1 but the plants should
 always be kept supplied  with a little 
moisture at the root and in the air     
about them during the  winter months4   
,in this respect1 these plants and the  
,rhipsalis are  exceptions among        
,cactuses1 as all the others are safest 
when kept dry  during the cold1 dull    
weather between ,september and ,april4  
,the soil most  suitable for them is a  
mixture of peat1 loam1 and sand1 unless 
a light  and fibrous loam be obtainable1
 which is1 perhaps1 the best of all     
soils  for these plants1 requiring only 
the addition of a little rotted manure  
or leaf-mould1 silver sand1 and some    
small brick rubble4 ,the ,pereskia      
stock is not a stout-rooted plant1 and  
does not1 therefore1 require much       

root-room1 although1 by putting in      
plenty of broken crocks as drainage1    
the soil space in the pots may be       
reduced to what is considered           
sufficient for the plant4 ,if small pots
 are used1 the head of the plant  is apt
 to overbalance the whole4 ,the stems   
should be secured to stout  stakes1 and1
 if large1 umbrella-like specimens are  
wanted1 a frame  should be made in the  
form of an umbrella1 and the stem and   
branches  fastened to it4 ,smaller      
plants may be kept in position by means 
of a  single upright stake1 which should
 be long enough to stand an inch or  two
 above the head of the plant1 so that   
the stoutest branches may be  supported 
by attaching a piece of matting to them1
 and fastening it to  the top of the    
stake4 ,in the remarks upon grafting we 
mentioned the  large pyramidal specimens
 of ,epiphyllum which are grown by some 
cultivators for exhibition purposes2    
and1 although these plants are much     
rarer at exhibitions now than they were 

a few years ago1 yet they do  sometimes 
appear1 especially in the northern      
towns1 such as ,liverpool  and          
,manchester4    ,it would not be easy to
 find a more beautiful object during    
winter than  an ,epiphyllum1 #e ft4 or  
#f ft4 high1 and nearly the same in     
width at the  base1 forming a dense     
pyramid of drooping1 strap-like branches
 bearing  several hundreds of their     
bright and delicate coloured blossoms   
all at  one time1 and lasting in beauty 
for several weeks4 ,with a little skill 
and patience1 plants of this size may be
 grown by any amateur who  possesses a  
warm greenhouse2 and1 although it is not
 easy to manage such  large plants in a 
room window1 handsome little specimens  
of the same  form may be grown if the   
window is favourably situated and the   
room kept  warm in winter4 ,mr4 ,j4     
,wallis1 gardener to ,g4 ,tomline1      
,esq41 of ,ipswich1  has become famous  
for the size and health of the specimens
 he has  produced4 ,writing on the      

cultivation of ,epiphyllums1 ,mr4       
,wallis gives  the following details1   
which are especially valuable as coming 
from one  of the most successful        
cultivators of these beautiful plants3  
,the ,epiphyllums here are grown for    
flowering in the conservatory1 and  are 
usually gay from the first week in      
,november till ,february4 ,during  the  
remainder of the year1 they occupy a    
three-quarter span-roof house1  in which
 an intermediate temperature is         
maintained4 ,all our ,epiphyllums  are  
grafted on the ,pereskia aculeata4 ,we  
graft a few at intervals of two  or     
three years1 so1 if any of the older    
plants become sickly or shabby1  they   
are thrown away1 and the younger ones   
grown on4 ,some of the stocks  are      
worked to form pyramids1 and some to    
form standards4 ,the height of  the     
pyramids is #f ft41 and1 to form these1 
six or eight scions are  inserted4 ,the 
heads of the standards are on stems     
ranging in height from  #d ft4 down to  

#a ft4 ,to form these heads1 only one   
scion is put on the  stock4 ,some of our
 oldest pyramids are #d ft4 or #e ft4   
through at the base1  and the heads of  
the standards quite as much4 ,when in   
flower1 the heads  of the latter droop  
almost to the pots4 ,the pyramids occupy
 ,no4#b and  ,no4#d sized pots1 the     
standards #h's and #ab's4 ,each plant is
 secured to a  strong iron stake1 with  
three prongs fitting the inside of the  
pot1 and  the ,epiphyllum is kept well  
supported to the stake by ties of stout 
wire4 ,after the plants are well        
established1 they are easily managed1   
and go many years without repotting2    
but1 of course1 we top-dress them       
annually1 previously removing as much of
 the old soil as will come away  easily4
 ,we grow these plants with plenty of   
ventilation on all  favourable          
occasions1 and they are seldom shaded4  
,during active growth1  water is given  
freely1 occasionally liquid manure2 they
 are also  syringed daily4 ,after the   

season's growth is completed1 water is  
given  more sparingly1 and syringing is 
dispensed with4    ,when grown on their 
own roots1 ,epiphyllums are useful for  
planting in  wire baskets intended to   
hang near the glass2 large and very     
handsome  specimens form in a few years1
 if young rooted plants are placed      
rather  thickly round the sides of the  
baskets1 and grown in a warm house4     
,epiphyllums are employed with good     
effect for covering walls1 which are    
first covered with peaty soil by means  
of wire netting1 and then  cuttings of  
the ,epiphyllums are stuck in at        
intervals of about #a ft4 ,the  effect  
of a wall of the drooping branches of   
these plants is attractive  even when   
without their beautiful flowers2 but    
when seen in winter1  clothed with      
hundreds of sparkling blossoms1 they    
present a most  beautiful picture4      
,large plants of ,pereskia may be       
trained over pillars  in conservatories 
and afterwards grafted with             

,epiphyllums2 in fact1  there are many  
ways in which these plants may be       
effectively employed in  gardens4       
,,species4    ,e4 truncatum 7jagged72   
,bot4 ,mag4 #befb4--;,branchlets from #a
 in4 to #c in4  long1 and #a in4 wide1  
with two or three distinct teeth along  
the edges1  and a toothed or jagged apex
 7hence the specific name74 ,the flowers
 are  #c in4 long1 curved above and     
below1 not unlike the letter ,s2 the    
petals  and sepals reflexed1 and        
exposing the numerous yellow anthers1   
through  which the club-headed stigma   
protrudes2 colour1 a deep rose-red1 the 
base of the petals slightly paler4 ,the 
varieties differ in having  colours     
which vary from almost pure white1 with 
purplish tips1 to a  uniform rich       
purple1 whilst such colours as salmon1  
rose1 orange1 and  scarlet1 are         
conspicuous among them4                 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,epiphyllum
 ,,russellianum4    ,e4 ,russellianum   
7,russell's72 ,fig4 #i4--,this has      

smaller branchlets than  the type plant 
7,e4 truncatum71 and is thus easily     
distinguished2 they do  not exceed #a   
in4 in length and  in4 in width1 whilst 
the edges are  irregularly and faintly  
notched1 not distinctly toothed1 as in  
,e4  truncatum4 ,the flowers are a      
little larger than in the older kind1   
and  are not curved1 whilst the petals  
are narrower2 their colour is bright    
rosy-red4 ,this species flowers rather  
later in the year than ,e4  truncatum1  
and may be had in blossom so late as the
 month of ,may or  ,june4 ,there are    
several varieties of it which have      
either larger and  darker1 or smaller   
and variously tinted flowers4 ,both the 
species will  cross with each other1 and
 probably many of the varieties         
enumerated by  nurserymen have been     
obtained in this way4    ,,varieties4   
,the following is a selection of the    
best varieties1 with a short            
description of the flowers of each3     
,e4 bicolor 7two-coloured74--,tube of   

flower white2 petals purple1  becoming  
almost white towards the base4    ,e4   
,bridgesii 7,bridges'74--,tube violet2  
petals dark purple4    ,e4 coccineum    
7scarlet74--,bright scarlet1 paler at   
the base of the  petals4    ,e4 cruentum
 7bloody74--,tube purplish-scarlet2     
petals bright scarlet4    ,e4 ,gaertneri
 7,gaertner's74--,this is an interesting
 and beautiful  hybrid1 raised from     
,epiphyllum and a ,cereus of some kind4 
,the branchlets  are exactly the same as
 those of ,e4 truncatum1 but the flowers
 are not  like ,epiphyllum at all1      
resembling rather those of ,cereus or   
,phyllocactus4 ,they are brilliant      
scarlet in colour1 shaded with violet4  
,e4 magnificum 7magnificent74--,tube    
rosy-violet2 petals dark red4    ,e4    
salmoneum 7salmon-coloured74--,tube and 
base of petals white1 rest  salmon-red1 
shaded with purple4    ,e4 spectabile   
7remarkable74--,tube and base of petals 
white2 tips of  petals carmine4    ,e4  
tricolor 7three-coloured74--,tube       

salmon-red2 petals red1 centre          
purplish4    ,e4 violaceum              
7violet74--,tube white2 petals carmine1 
margined with  violet-purple4           
,,chapter ,,vi4    ,,the ,,genus        
,,phyllocactus4    7,from phyllon1 a    
leaf1 and ,cactus74      ,as in the case
 of the ,epiphyllums1 the principal     
character by which the  ,phyllocactus is
 distinguished is well described by the 
name1 the  difference between it and    
,epiphyllum being that in the former the
  flowers are produced along the margins
 of the flattened branches1  whereas in 
the latter they are borne on the apices 
of the short1  truncate divisions4 ,if  
we compare any of the ,phyllocactuses   
with ,cereus  triangularis1 or with ,c4 
speciosissimus1 we shall find that the  
flowers  are precisely similar both in  
form and colour1 and sometimes also in  
size4    ,in all the kinds the stem is  
compressed laterally1 so as to look as  
if  it had been hammered out flat2 or   
sometimes it is three-angled1 and the   

margins are deeply notched or serrated4 
,these notches are really the  divisions
 between one leaf and another1 for the  
flat1 fleshy portions or  wings of the  
stems of these plants are simply        
modified leaves--not  properly separated
 from each other and from the stem1 but 
still to all  intents and purposes      
leaves--which1 as the plant increases   
and matures1  gradually wither away1    
leaving the central or woody portion to 
assume  the cylindrical stem which we   
find in all old ,phyllocactuses4 ,it is 
from  these notches that the large1     
showy flowers are developed1 just as in 
plants the flowers of which are borne   
from the axils of the leaves4    ,under 
the names ,spleenwort-leaved ,indian    
,figs1 and ,winged  ,torch-thistles1 as 
well as those here adopted1 the most    
beautiful  perhaps of all ,cactuses1 and
 certainly the most useful in a garden  
sense1 have been cultivated in ,english 
gardens for more than #aej years2  for  
it was in #agaj that the flowering of   

,e4 ,phyllanthus was first  recorded in 
,english horticulture4 ,philip ,miller  
grew it with many other  ,cactuses in   
the botanical garden at ,chelsea which  
was founded by ,sir  ,hans ,sloane1 in  
#afgc1 to be maintained for the         
manifestation of the  power1 wisdom1 and
 glory of ,god in the works of creation1
 and which  still exists as the         
botanical emporium of the ,apothecaries'
 ,society4 ,the  majority of the        
gorgeous ,phyllocactuses which we now   
possess are of only  recent             
introduction1 or are the result of      
cultivation and crossing4    ,the       
species are natives of various parts of 
tropical ,america1 chiefly  ,mexico and 
,central ,america1 where they are found 
generally growing1 in  company with     
,bromeliads and ,orchids1 upon the      
trunks of gigantic  forest-trees4       
,phyllocactuses are therefore epiphytes 
when in a wild  state1 but under        
cultivation with us1 they thrive best   
when planted in  pots or in baskets--the

 latter method being adapted for one or 
two  smaller kinds4 ,it is easy to      
imagine the gorgeousness of a group of  
these plants when seen enveloping a     
large tree-trunk1 clothing it1 as it    
were1 with balls of brilliant or pure   
white flowers4 ,we are told by          
travellers of the splendours of a       
,cactus haunt during the flowering      
season1 and those who have seen a       
well-managed pot specimen of            
,phyllocactus when covered with large1  
dazzling flowers1 can form some  idea of
 what wild plants are like when seen by 
hundreds together1 and  surrounded by   
the green foliage and festooning        
climbers which associate  with them in  
the forests where they abound4          
,cultivation4--,for the following       
cultural notes we are indebted to a     
most successful grower of ,cactuses in  
,germany1 whose collection of           
,phyllocactuses is exceptionally rich   
and well managed3 ,the growing  season  
for these plants is from about the end  

of ,april1 or after the  flowers are    
over1 till the end of ,august4 ,as soon 
as growth commences1  the plants should 
be repotted4 ,a light1 rich soil should 
be used1 a  mixture of loam1 peat1 and  
leaf-mould1 or rotten manure with a     
little  sand1 being suitable4 ,small    
plants should have a fair shift2 larger 
ones  only into a size of pot which just
 admits of a thin layer of fresh soil4  
,when pot-bound1 the plants flower most 
freely1 and it is not necessary  to     
repot large specimens more often than   
about once every three years4  ,when    
potted they should be placed in a sunny 
position in a close house  or frame1 and
 be kept freely watered4 ,in bright     
weather they may be  syringed overhead  
twice a day4 ,for the first few days    
after repotting it  is advisable to     
shade the plants from bright sunshine4  
,a stove  temperature is required until 
growth is finished4 ,after this they    
should  be gradually ripened by         
admitting more air and exposing to all  

the  sunlight possible4 ,during winter  
very little water is needed1 just       
sufficient to prevent shrivelling being 
safest4 ,excess of moisture in  winter  
is ruinous1 as it often kills the roots1
 and sometimes causes the  plant to rot 
off at the collar4 ,the lowest          
temperature in winter should  be #ej    
degs41 lower than this being unsafe1    
whilst in mild weather it  might be #e  
degs4 higher4    ,it is a bad plan to   
turn these plants round1 in order1 as   
some think1 to  ripen the growths       
properly4 ,as a matter of fact1 it does 
no good1 but  often does harm1 by       
suddenly exposing the tender parts to   
the full force  of sunlight4    ,the    
stems may be trained either in the form 
of a fan or as a bush4 ,old  branches   
which have flowered and are shrivelling 
may be cut away in the  spring4    ,some
 fine specimens have been grown in      
pockets on old walls inside  lean-to    
greenhouses1 where the conditions have  
been favourable to the  healthy growth  

and flowering of most of the species4   
,when grown in this  way1 water must be 
supplied exactly as advised for plants  
grown in pots2  if the pockets are not  
within easy reach of the watering pot1  
the plants  can be watered by means of a
 heavy syringing4    ,propagation4--,for
 the propagation of the ,phyllocactus   
either the whole  plant may be divided  
at the base1 or cuttings of the branches
 may be  used2 the latter1 after having 
dried by remaining with their bases     
exposed to the air for a day or two1    
should be planted in small pots  filled 
with very sandy soil2 they may be placed
 on a dry1 sunny shelf  near the glass1 
and be slightly sprinkled overhead daily
 till rooted4  ,seeds1 which sometimes  
ripen on cultivated plants1 should be   
gathered as  soon as the fleshy fruits  
have turned to a purplish colour1 dried 
for a  day or so1 then sown in a light1 
porous soil1 and placed in a warm frame 
or house to germinate4    ,,species4    
,p4 ,akermanni 7named after a ,mr4      

,akermann1 who introduced it from       
,mexico  in #ahbi72 ,fig4 #aj4--,stem   
becoming cylindrical at an early age1   
and  clothed with little clusters of    
spiny hairs2 the branches are flattened 
out1 and form broad1 rather thin1       
blade-like growths1 with the margins    
sinuately lobed 7waved and notched74    
,the flowers are large--over #f in4  in 
diameter--the petals1 very acutely      
pointed and undulated along the  edges2 
flower tube #b in4 long1 with a few     
small scales scattered over its         
surface2 stamens curved1 clustered      
around the stigma1 and almost hiding    
it4 ,colour of whole flower a rich      
scarlet1 with a satin-like lustre4      
,flowers in ,june and ,july4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4              
,,phyllocactus ,,akermanni4    ,this is 
one of the best-known kinds1 having been
 extensively cultivated  as an          
ornamental greenhouse plant till within 
the last few years4 ,it was  grown by   
several nurserymen for ,covent ,garden  

,market about eight years  ago2 small   
plants1 about #a ft4 high1 and bearing  
each from two to six  flowers1 finding  
much favour among the costermongers1 as 
the plants  could be bought at a low    
price1 and1 owing to their large1       
brilliant  flowers1 always sold well at 
a good profit4 ,this species has been   
employed by the hybridists for the      
obtaining of new kinds1 and some very   
handsome and distinct varieties have    
consequently been raised4 ,as well  as  
crossing with other species of          
,phyllocactus1 ,p4 ,akermanni has been  
used in combination with several species
 of ,cereus1 good hybrids having  been  
the result4 ,as a compact-growing and   
free-flowering species1 this  may be    
specially recommended4    ,p4 anguliger 
7angle-stemmed72 ,fig4 #aa4--,the       
branches of this kind are  distinguished
 by having the notches along their      
margins more like the  teeth of a saw   
than the others4 ,the habit is rather   
stiff and erect4 ,the  flowers are      

produced near the apex of the branches1 
and are composed of  a curved tube #f   
in4 long1 spreading out at the top to a 
width of #f in41  and surmounted by a   
whorl of pure white petals1 in the      
centre of which  are the stamens1 rather
 few in number1 and the large1 ten-rayed
 stigma4  ,the flowers are developed in 
,december and ,january1 and have a      
powerful  and delicious odour4          
,introduced1 in #ahcg1 from ,west       
,mexico1 where it is  said to grow in   
oak forests4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#aa4--,,phyllocactus ,,anguliger4    ,p4
 7,disocactus7 biformis 7two-formed72   
,fig4 #ab4--,this is a small plant1  and
 is intermediate between this genus and 
the ,epiphyllums4 ,it possesses  no     
particular beauty or distinctive        
character such as would render it of    
much value for garden purposes4 ,the    
branches are short1 rather narrow  and  
drooping1 the margins notched and tinged
 with red4 ,the flowers are  borne      
generally on the ends of the branches1  

and are drooping in habit2  in form they
 are more like the ,epiphyllums than the
 ordinary  ,phyllocactuses1 as they have
 their petals arranged in a sort of tube
  about #c in4 long4 ,the fruit is a red
 berry as large as a gooseberry4        
,honduras1 #ahci4    ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #ab4--,,phyllocactus ,,biformis4 
,p4 crenatus 7toothed72 ,bot4 ,reg4     
#cjca4--;,a large-flowered and very     
beautiful species1 rivalling1 in the    
size and fragrance of its blossoms1  the
 gigantic night-flowering ,cereus       
grandiflorus4 ,it grows to a height  of 
about #b ft41 with round-based branches1
 the upper portion flattened  out and   
the margins serrated4 ,the flower tube  
is #d in4 long1  brownish-green1 as also
 are the sepals2 petals #d in4 long1 in 
a whorl1  the points curving inwards2   
stamens and pistil erect1 forming along 
with  the petals a large star of a pale 
cream-colour4 ,the beauty and fragrance 
of these flowers1 which open in ,june1  
render them specially valuable for      

cutting and placing in rooms1 where1    
notwithstanding their short  duration1  
they never fail to win much admiration4 
,introduced from  ,honduras1 in #ahci4  
,this fine species is one of the parents
 of the  hybrids which have been raised 
both in this country and in ,america1   
where ,mr4 ,hovey succeeded in obtaining
 some of the choicest as regards  colour
 and size4 ,some of these latter were   
exhibited in ,london two or  three years
 ago1 and were much admired4    ,p4     
grandis 7large-flowered74--,the large1  
creamy-white flowers of this  plant are 
like those of the night-flowering       
,cereus2 and1 in addition to  the       
similarity in form and size between     
these two1 there is a further  one in   
the time when the flowers expand1 this  
species1 along with one or  two others1 
opening its flowers after sunset2 and   
although they remain  in good condition 
till late on in the day following1 and  
sometimes even  longer1 we may suppose  
that the proper flowering time is at    

night4 ,the  delicious almond scent of  
the flowers of this fine ,cactus is so  
strong1  that during the flowering      
period the atmosphere of the large      
,cactus-house at ,kew ,gardens is       
permeated with it1 the large specimens  
there having usually a score or more    
flowers open together1 the effect  of   
which is truly grand4 ,even this number 
of flowers is1 for this  species1 by no 
means extraordinary1 specimens having   
been grown  elsewhere1 in pots only #h  
in4 across1 with as many flowers open on
 each4  ,from this it will be seen that 
,p4 grandis is one of the most useful   
kinds1 its large1 sweet-scented flowers1
 and its free-growing nature1  rendering
 it of exceptional value as a decorative
 plant4 ,its branches  are broad and    
notched along the margins1 and the      
flowers are #a ft4 in  length1 including
 the tube1 whilst across the broad1     
spreading petals  they measure almost as
 much4 ,honduras4 ,introduced #ahcg 7874
 ,time of  flowering1 summer and autumn4

    ,p4 ,hookeri 7,hooker's72 ,bot4     
,mag4 #bfib1 under ,cactus              
,phyllanthus4--,a  robust-growing kind1 
often attaining to the size of a good   
shrub4 ,its  flowers expand in the      
evening1 and are sweet-scented4 ,they   
are produced  along the margins of the  
broad1 flat1 deeply-notched branches1   
the  serratures being rounded instead of
 angled1 as in some of the kinds4 ,the  
tube of the flower is long and slender1 
no thicker than a goose quill1  and     
covered with reddish scales2 the petals 
are spreading1 and form a  cup #f in4   
across2 they are narrow1 pointed1 and   
pure white1 the outer  whorl1 as well as
 the sepals1 being tinged on the under  
side with a  tawny colour4 ,the stamens 
form a large cluster in the centre1 and 
are  bright yellow1 the style being red 
and yellow4 ,it is probable that this   
plant has been in cultivation for many  
years1 as it was figured in the  work   
quoted above under the name of one of   
the first introduced kinds of           

,phyllocactus1 from which1 however1 it  
is abundantly distinct1 as will be  seen
 by a comparison of the descriptions of 
the two4 ,there are1 in the  ,kew       
collection1 several large plants of ,p4 
,hookeri that flower annually  during   
the summer and autumn4 ,brazil4    ,p4  
latifrons 7broad-stemmed72 ,bot4 ,mag4  
#chac4--,this is another  large-growing 
species1 as large at least as ,p4       
,hookeri1 to which1  indeed1 it bears a 
close resemblance1 both in flowers and  
in habit4 ,like  that species1 too1 its 
date of introduction is not known1      
though it  appears to have been         
cultivated in ,england at an early      
period4 ,it may be  grown so as to form 
a large shrub in a few years2 or by     
cutting it back  annually1 or growing on
 young plants from cuttings every two   
years1 nice  little pot plants may be   
obtained2 and as the plant produces     
flowers  freely when in a small state1  
it is available for small greenhouses as
  well as for large ones4 ,a fine       

specimen1 such1 for instance1 as that at
  ,kew1 which is over #h ft4 in height1 
and well furnished with branches1 is  an
 attractive object when clothed with    
numerous creamy-white flowers1  here and
 there tinged with red4 ,the branches   
are from #d in4 to #e in4  broad1 and   
deeply notched2 the flowers are about #h
 in4 in length1 and the  same across the
 spreading petals4 ,mexico4 ,spring4    
,p4 phyllanthus 7leaf-flowering74--,this
 species is now rarely seen in          
cultivation4 ,as the oldest of the      
garden kinds it is1 however1 deserving  
of a little notice4 ,philip ,miller grew
 it in his collection in #agaj4 ,the    
branches are broad and flat1 the edges  
waved1 not notched1 and the  flowers are
 composed of a thin tortuous tube1 #i   
in4 in length1 bearing at  the top a    
whorl of recurved greenish petals1 #a   
in4 long1 with a cluster  of whitish    
stamens and a green1 club-shaped style  
and stigma4 ,brazil4    ,p4             
phyllanthoides 7phyllanthus-like72 ,bot4

 ,mag4 #bjib4--;,for the  introduction  
of this handsome-flowered kind we are   
indebted to the great  travellers and   
naturalists1 ,humboldt and ,bonpland1   
who discovered it  growing in the woods 
upon the trunks of old trees around     
,cartagena in  ,south ,america4 ,plants 
of it were forwarded by them to ,france1
 where they  flowered for the first time
 in #ahaa4 ,from that time till now this
  species has been in favour as a garden
 plant1 though it is1 at the  present   
time1 much less common in ,english      
gardens than it deserves to  be4 ,the   
branches are broad1 triangular when     
young1 flat when old1 about  #a ft4 long
 by #b in4 wide1 with shallow incisions1
 the serrations rather  sharply angled4 
,the height of the plant is from #b ft4 
to #c ft4 ,the flowers  are produced on 
the margins of the young branches1 and  
are composed of a  short1 thick tube1   
not more than #b in4 in length1 and     
short1 dark1  recurved scales2 the      
petals are broad1 pointed1 and form a   

stellate  cluster about #d in4 across2  
they are of a bright rose-colour1       
streaked  with white1 and shaded here   
and there with a darker colour of red4  
,the  stamens are numerous and pure     
white4 ,the flowers open in the         
day-time1  and are scentless2 they last 
in perfection for two or three days1 and
  may1 therefore1 be employed as cut    
flowers for vases1 c4 ,early summer4    
,,hybrids ,,and ,,varieties4    ,in     
addition to the cultivated species of   
,phyllocactus there are numerous        
hybrids and varieties1 many of which are
 beautiful and distinct either  in      
colour or in size of blossom4    ,the   
following is a selection of the best of 
them3    ,p4 albus superbus 7superb     
white74--,the most beautiful of         
white-flowered  kinds4 ,flowers         
fragrant1 #f in4 across1 resembling     
those of the  night-blossoming ,cereus  
grandiflorus2 sepals greenish-white1    
petals pure  white4    ,p4 aurantiacus  
superbus 7superb orange74--,a compact   

plant1 with  numerous large1 brick-red  
flowers1 #e in4 to #f in4 in diameter4  
,p4 ,conway's ,giant4--,flowers full1   
deep scarlet1 about #h in4 in diameter4 
,p4 ,cooperi 7,cooper's74--,an ,english 
hybrid1 remarkable for its large1       
beautiful yellow flowers4    ,p4 ,franzi
 7,franz's74--,flowers #c in4 to #d in4 
across2 petals numerous1  outer ones    
scarlet1 inner violet4    ,p4 ,general  
,garibaldi4--,flowers very large1       
scarlet1 tinged with orange  on the     
reflex side4    ,p4 grandiflorus        
7large-flowered74--,flowers bell-shaped1
 #d in4 across2  sepals narrow1 scarlet2
 petals incurved and of a fiery         
orange-scarlet  colour4    ,p4 ,haagei  
7,haage's72 ,fig4 #ac4--;,flowers about 
#e in4 across1  flesh-coloured when     
first expanded1 becoming carmine before 
fading4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4        
#ac4--,,phyllocactus ,,haagei4    ,p4   
ignescens 7fiery74--,flowers #h in4     
across1 almost flat when expanded2      
petals numerous1 deep brilliant scarlet4

    ,p4 ,jenkinsoni                     
7,jenkinson's74--,flowers medium in     
size1 colour  cherry-red4    ,p4        
,johnstonei 7,johnstone's74--,flowers   
large1 with broad scarlet petals4    ,p4
 ,kaufmanni 7,kaufmann's74--,flowers    
purplish-red1 very large4    ,p4        
kermesina magnus 7large scarlet74--,an  
enormous-flowered kind1 having  produced
 blossoms which measured #aj in4 across2
 petals vivid orange with  a tip and    
central stripe of red2 sepals blood-red4
    ,p4 ,pfersdorffii4                  
7,pfersdorff's74--,flowers as in ,cereus
 grandiflorus1  #h in4 to #aj in4       
across1 very fragrant2 petals white2    
sepals yellow1  brownish outside4    ,p4
 ,rempleri 7,rempler's74--,branches     
three-angled2 flowers with short1       
linear1 incurved sepals2 petals long1   
broad1 arranged like a tube1  colour    
salmon-red4    ,p4 roseus grandiflorus  
7large rose-flowered72 ,fig4            
#ad4--;,flowers #f in4  long and broad1 
nodding1 white4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4

 #ad4--,,phyllocactus ,,roseus          
,,grandiflorus4    ,p4 ,schlimii        
7,schlim's74--,branches three-angled2   
flowers large1 sepals  bright purple2   
petals broad1 purple1 tinged with       
scarlet4    ,p4 splendens               
7splendid74--,flowers #h in4 across1    
purple-pink4    ,p4 ,wrayi              
7,wray's74--,flowers #e in4 long by #h  
in4 in diameter2 sepals brown  on the   
outside1 yellow inside2 petals          
yellowish-white1 fragrant when  first   
expanded4          ,,chapter ,,vi4      
,,the ,,genus ,,cereus4    7,from       
cereus1 pliant2 in reference to the     
stems of some species47      ,over #bjj 
distinct species of ,cereus are1        
according to botanists1  distributed    
over the tropical and temperate regions 
of ,america and the  ,west ,indies1     
extending to the ,galapagos1 or         
,tortoise ,islands1 #bjj  miles off the 
coast of ,peru4 ,it was in these islands
 that the late  ,charles ,darwin found  
several small kinds of ,cereus1 some of 

them growing  near the snow-line in     
exposed situations on the highest       
mountains4 ,in  ,mexico1 ,c4 giganteus1 
the most colossal of all ,cacti1 is     
found rearing  its tall1 straight1      
columnar stems to a height of #fj ft41  
and branching  near the top1 like       
petrified giants stretching out their   
arms in  speechless pain1 whilst others 
stand like lonely sentinels keeping     
their  dreary watch on the edge of      
precipices4 ,in the ,west ,indies most  
of the  night-flowering kinds are       
common1 their long1 creeping stems      
clinging by  means of aerial roots to   
rocks1 or to the exposed trunks of      
trees1 where  their enormous1 often     
fragrant1 flowers are produced in great 
abundance1  expanding only after the sun
 has set4 ,between these three distinct 
groups we find among the plants of this 
elegant genus great variety both  in    
size and form of the stem and in the    
flower characters of the  different     
species4 ,a large proportion of the #bjj

 kinds known are not  cultivated in     
,european gardens1 and perhaps for many 
of them it is not  possible for us to   
provide in our houses the peculiar      
conditions they  require for their      
healthy existence4 ,but there are a good
 many species  of ,cereus represented in
 gardens1 even in this country1 and     
among them  we shall have no difficulty 
in finding many useful and beautiful    
kinds1  such as may be cultivated with  
success in an ordinary greenhouse or    
stove4 ,lemaire1 a ,french writer on    
,cactuses1 groups a number of species   
under the generic name of ,echinocereus2
 but as this name is not adopted  in    
,england1 it is omitted here1 all the   
kinds being included under  ,cereus4    
,,the ,,night-,,flowering ,,species4    
,the most interesting group is that of  
the climbing night-flowering  kinds1 on 
account of their singular habit of      
expanding their flowers in  the dark and
 of the very large size and brilliant   
colours of their  flowers4 ,in habit the

 plants of this set are trailers or     
climbers1 their  stems are either round 
or angled1 and grow to a length of many 
feet1  branching freely as they extend4 
,by means of their roots1 which are     
freely formed upon the stems1 and which 
have the power of attaching  themselves 
to stones or wood in the same way as ivy
 does1 these kinds  soon spread over and
 cover a large space2 they are1         
therefore1 useful  for training over the
 back walls in lean-to houses1 or for   
growing  against rafters or pillars--in 
fact1 in any position exposed to bright 
sunlight and where there is a good      
circulation of air4 ,soil does not      
appear to play an important part with   
these plants1 as they will grow         
anywhere where there is a little brick  
rubble1 gravel1 or cinders for  their   
basal roots to nestle in4 ,they have    
been grown in the greatest  luxuriance  
and have produced flowers in abundance  
with nothing more than  their roots     
buried in the crumbling foundations of  

an old wall1 upon  which the stems were 
clinging4 ,the chief consideration is   
drainage1 as1  unless the roots are kept
 clear of anything like stagnation1 they
 soon  perish through rot4 ,during the  
summer1 the stems should be syringed    
morning and evening on all bright days1 
whilst in winter little or no  water    
will be required4    ,like all other    
,cactuses1 these plants may be          
propagated by means of  large branches1 
which1 if placed in a porous soil1 will 
strike root in a  few weeks4 ,we saw a  
very large specimen of ,c4 triangularis1
 which last  autumn suddenly rotted at  
the base1 from some cause or other1 and 
to  save the specimen1 a mound was built
 up of brick rubble and soil1 high      
enough to surround the base of the plant
 above the rotted part4 ,in a few  weeks
 there was a good crop of new roots     
formed1 and the plant has since         
flowered most satisfactorily4 ,with     
almost any other plant1 this course     
would have proved futile2 but ,cactuses 

are singularly tenacious of life1  the  
largest and oldest stems being capable  
of forming roots as freely  and as      
quickly as the young ones4    ,c4       
extensus 7long-stemmed72 ,bot4 ,mag4    
#djff4--,this has long rope-like  stems1
 bluntly triangular1 less than #a in4   
thick1 with very short spines1  arranged
 in pairs or threes1 about #a in4 apart 
along the angles1 and  aerial roots4    
,the flowers are developed all along the
 stems1 and are  composed of a thick1   
green1 scale-clothed tube1 about #c in4 
long2 the  larger scales yellow and     
green1 tipped with red1 and a spreading 
cup  formed of the long-pointed sepals  
and petals1 the former yellow1 green1   
and red1 the latter white1 tinted with  
rose4 ,the flower is about #i in4       
across4 ,when in blossom1 this plant    
equals in beauty the finest of the      
climbing ,cactuses1 but1 unfortunately1 
it does not flower as freely as  most of
 its kind4 ,it is cultivated at ,kew1   
where it has flowered once  during the  

last five years4 ,a native of ,trinidad1
 whence it was  introduced1 and first   
flowered in ,august1 #ahdc4 ,judging by 
the  conditions under which it grows and
 blossoms in its native haunts1 no      
doubt its shy-flowering nature under    
cultivation here is owing to the        
absence of a long continuance of bright 
sunshine and moisture1 followed  by one 
of drought and sunlight4 ,if placed in a
 favourable condition as  regards light1
 and carefully treated in respect of    
water1 it ought to  flower4    ,c4      
fulgidus 7glittering72 ,bot4 ,mag4      
#ehef4--;,in the brilliant deep  scarlet
 of its large buds1 and the bright      
orange-scarlet of the expanded  flowers1
 this species stands quite alone among  
the night-flowering1  scandent-stemmed  
,cereuses4 ,its one drawback is its     
shy-flowering nature1  as it is rarely  
seen in blossom even when liberally     
treated1 and along  with the other kinds
 which flower so freely4 ,the history of
 this plant  is not known2 but it is    

supposed to be a hybrid between ,c4     
,pitajayi or  variabilis and one of the 
scarlet-flowered ,phyllocactuses1 or1   
possibly1  ,c4 speciosissimus4 ,it first
 flowered at ,kew1 in ,july1 #ahgj4     
,stems bright  green1 slow-growing1     
three or four-angled1 about #b in4 wide2
 angles much  compressed1 so that a     
section of the stem shows a cross2      
margins  notched1 with clusters of      
short1 hair-like spines at each notch4  
,flowers  #f in4 long1 and about the    
same across the top2 tube covered with  
soft  hairs and short deep-red scales1  
which are enlarged towards the top1     
where they spread out1 and form1 along  
with the petals1 a large rosette  of    
several whorls1 arranged as in a        
semi-double rose1 the centre being      
occupied by a brush-like cluster of     
greenish stamens1 with the radiating    
stigma standing erect in the middle4 ,it
 is to be regretted that the  flowers   
are not more freely produced by         
cultivated plants4    ,c4 grandiflorus  

7large-flowered72 ,bot4 ,mag4           
#ccha4--,there is scarcely  any plant   
that makes a more magnificent appearance
 when in full blossom  than this4 ,a    
strong plant will produce many flowers  
together1 but they  do not remain long  
expanded1 opening at seven or eight     
o'clock in the  evening1 and fading at  
sunrise the next morning2 nor do they   
ever open  again1 even when cut and     
placed in warm water in a dark place4   
,the  closing of the flowers may1       
however1 be retarded for a whole day by 
removing the bud before it is fully open
 and placing it in water4 ,the  stems   
are almost cylindrical1 with four to    
seven slight ridges1 or  angles1 which  
bear numerous tufts of wool and short   
stiff spines4 ,roots  are thrown out    
from all parts of the stem1 even when   
not in contact with  anything4 ,the     
flowers are developed on the sides of   
the stems1  principally the younger1    
shorter ones2 the flower tube is about  
#d in4  long by #a in4 in diameter1 and 

is covered with short brown scales and  
whitish hairs2 the calyx is #a ft4      
across1 and is composed of a large      
number of narrow sepals of a bright     
yellow colour inside1 brown on the      
outside2 the petals are broad1 pure     
white1 and arranged in a sort of cup    
inclosing the numerous yellow stamens   
and the club-shaped stigma4 ,the  flower
 has a delicious vanilla-like odour1    
which perfumes the air to a             
considerable distance4 ,flowers in      
,july4 ,native of the ,west ,indies4    
,introduced #agjj1 at which time it is  
said to have been cultivated in the     
,royal ,gardens at ,hampton ,court4     
,c4 ,lemairii 7,lemaire's72 ,bot4 ,mag4 
#dhad4--;,in the size and fragrance of  
its blossoms1 and also in the brilliancy
 of its colours1 this species  rivals   
,c4 grandiflorus2 differing in the      
following particulars3 the tube  is     
covered with large green1 crimson-edged 
scales instead of small brown  scales   
and white hairs2 the sepals do not      

spread out in a star-like  manner1 as in
 ,c4 grandiflorus1 and they are tinged  
with crimson2 the  stem of the plant    
shows a bluntly triangular section1 and 
the angles are  marked with a row of    
distant spines instead of the clusters  
of spines  and wool in ,c4 grandiflorus4
 ,in all other particulars1 these two   
species  are almost identical1 so that  
where space is limited either the one or
  the other will be sufficient to       
represent both4 ,c4 ,lemairii was       
introduced into ,england through ,kew1  
whither a plant was sent in #ahed  from 
the ,royal ,botanical ,garden of        
,hanover1 under the name of ,c4         
rostratus4 ,it blossoms in the ,kew     
collection every ,june1 the flowers     
lasting for several hours after sunrise4
 ,seeds are freely ripened by  this     
plant4 ,native of ,antigua 787    ,c4   
,macdonaldiae 7,mrs4 ,mac,donald's72    
,bot4 ,mag4 #dgjg4--;,a magnificent     
,cactus1 producing flowers often #ad in4
 in diameter1 with the same  brilliant  

colours as are described under ,c4      
,lemairii4 ,the stems are  slender1     
cylindrical1 not ridged or angled1      
bearing at irregular  intervals rather  
fleshy tubercles instead of spines1 and 
branching  freely4 ,its flowers are     
produced on both young and old stems1   
several  crops appearing in the course  
of the summer when the treatment is     
favourable4 ,roots are not so freely    
thrown out from the stems of this  kind1
 and as the latter are slender and very 
pliant1 they may be trained  round a    
balloon trellis1 so as to form handsome 
pot specimens1 which1  when in flower1  
may be carried into the house1 where    
their large1  beautiful flowers may be  
enjoyed4 ,writing of this species over  
thirty  years ago1 ,sir ,wm4 ,hooker    
said3 ,certainly1 of the many floral    
spectacles that have gratified lovers of
 horticulture at the ,royal  ,gardens1  
,kew1 of late years1 few have been more 
striking than this to  those who were   
privileged to see the blossoms in bud   

and fully expanded4  ,the plant was     
received from ,honduras through the     
favour of ,mrs4  ,mac,donald1 and was   
planted at the back of the old          
,cactus-house1 and  trained against a   
wall4 ,it first showed symptoms of      
blossoming in ,july1  #ahea4 ,a casual  
observer might have passed the plant as 
an unusually  large form of the         
'night-blooming ,cereus' 7,c4           
grandiflorus71 but the  slightest       
inspection of the stems and flowers1 the
 latter #ad in4 in  diameter by #ad in4 
long1 shows this to be a most distinct  
species4    ,c4 ,napoleonis             
7,napoleon's72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #cdeh4--,this
 is very like ,c4  grandiflorus1 and is 
slightly and not very agreeably         
perfumed4 ,the  flowers sometimes open  
very early in the morning and fade in   
the  afternoon1 so that they may be     
enjoyed during the day-time4 ,the flower
  tube is #f in4 long1 curved upwards1  
and clothed with rose-tinted scales1    
which become gradually larger towards   

the top1 where they widen out into  a   
whorl of greenish-yellow sepals1 above  
which are the white petals  forming a   
broad shallow cup1 #h in4 across1 with a
 cluster of yellow  stamens in the      
centre4 ,the stems are three-angled1    
light green1 and bear  clusters of short
 stiff spines along the angles at       
intervals of #b in4  ,flowers in autumn4
 ,mexico 7871 #ahce4    ,c4 nycticalus  
7flowering at night72 ,fig4 #ae4--,stems
 four to six-angled1  #b in4 wide1 dark 
green1 bearing little tufts of hair and 
thin white  spines along the angles1 and
 a profusion of aerial roots4 ,flowers  
as  large as those of ,c4 grandiflorus2 
tube covered with tufts of white  hairs2
 sepals or outer whorl of segments      
bright orange1 the inner pure  white1   
and arranged like a cup4 ,they open at  
about seven o'clock in the  evening1 and
 fade at seven on the following morning4
 ,this plant may  still be met with in  
some old-fashioned gardens1 but only    
rarely as  compared with its popularity 

a generation ago1 when it was to be     
found  in almost every collection of    
stove plants4 ,at that time1 the        
flowering  of this ,cactus was looked   
upon as an event1 and it was customary  
for the  owner to invite his friends to 
meet and watch the development of the   
flowers1 and enjoy to the full their    
almost over-powering but delicious      
fragrance4 ,so bright are the colours of
 the flowers1 that a sort of  luminosity
 seems to surround them when at their   
best4 ,flowers in autumn4  ,mexico1     
#ahcd4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#ae4--;,,cereus ,,nycticalus4    ,c4    
triangularis 7three-angled72 ,bot4 ,mag4
 #ahhd4--,this plant is easily          
recognised because of its stout         
triangular stems1 which increase at a   
rapid rate and bear roots freely2 by    
means of these roots they cling to      
almost any substance with which they    
come in contact4 ,there are large       
examples of it in the ,kew collection1  
where it bears numerous flowers         

annually1 which open in the evening and 
close at about eight o'clock  next      
morning4 ,the flowers measure #a ft4 in 
length by about the same in  width of   
cup1 and are composed of a whorl of long
 narrow green sepals1  with pale brown  
points1 a cluster of pure white petals1 
bright yellow  stamens1 and a large     
club-like stigma2 they appear in autumn4
 ,mexico4  ,this species was cultivated 
at ,hampton ,court in #afij4    ,c4     
speciosissimus 7most                    
beautiful74--,although not a            
night-flowering  kind1 nor yet a        
climber1 yet this species resembles in  
habit the above  rather than the        
columnar-stemmed ones4 ,it is certainly 
the species best  adapted for           
cultivation in small greenhouses or in  
the windows of  dwelling-houses1 as it  
grows quickly1 remains healthy under    
ordinary  treatment1 is dwarf in habit1 
and flowers freely--characters which1   
along with the vivid colours and large  
size of the blossoms1 render it  of     

exceptional value as a garden plant4    
,its stems are slender1 and it  may be  
grown satisfactorily when treated as a  
wall plant4 ,for its  cultivation1 the  
treatment advised for ,phyllocactuses   
will be found  suitable4 ,when well     
grown and flowered it surpasses in      
brilliancy of  colours almost every     
other plant known4 ,specimens with      
thirty stems each  #f ft4 high1 and     
bearing from sixty to eighty buds and   
flowers upon them  at one time1 may be  
grown by anyone possessing a warm       
greenhouse4 ,the  stems are three to    
five angled1 spiny1 the tufts of spines 
set in little  disks of whitish wool4   
,the flowers are as large as tea        
saucers1 with  tubes about #d in4 long1 
the colour being an intense crimson or  
violet1 so  intense and bright as to    
dazzle the eyes when looked at in bright
  sunlight4 ,when cut and placed in     
water they will last three or four      
days4 ,april and ,may4 ,mexico1 #ahbj4  
,numberless varieties have been  raised 

from this ,cereus1 as it seeds freely   
and crosses readily with  other species4
 ,many years ago1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,beaton      
raised scores of seedlings  from crosses
 between this and ,c4 flagelliformis1   
and has stated that he  never found a   
barren seedling4 ,much attention was    
given to these plants  about fifty years
 ago1 for ,sir ,e4 ,antrobus is said to 
have exhibited  specimens with from #bjj
 to #cjj flowers each4 ,i have been     
informed that  an extremely large plant 
of this ,cereus1 producing hundreds of  
flowers  every season1 is grown on the  
back wall of a vinery at the ,grange1   
,barnet1 the residence of ,sir ,charles 
,nicholson1 ,bart4 7,l4 ,castle74       
,,the ,,semi-,,scandent ,,species4      
,these are characterised by a thin1     
drooping or trailing stem1 and1  though 
not strictly climbers1 they may most    
fittingly be considered in a  group by  
themselves4 ,some botanists have made a 
separate genus for them1  viz41         
,cleistocactus1 but for all practical   

purposes they may be grouped  under the 
above heading1 whilst popularly they are
 known as the  ,rat's-tail or ,whipcord 
,cactuses4 ,two of them--viz41 ,c4      
flagelliformis  and ,c4 ,mallisoni--are 
generally grafted on the stem of some   
erect1  slender ,cereus or ,pereskia1 or
 they may be worked on to the stem of a 
climbing ,cereus1 such as ,c4           
triangularis1 in such a way as to hang  
from  the roof of a house4 ,a large     
specimen of ,c4 flagelliformis1 growing 
from  the climbing stem of ,c4          
rostratus1 was1 for a long time1        
conspicuous  among the ,cactuses at     
,kew1 but owing to the decay of the     
stock plant1  this fine specimen no     
longer exists4 ,a large ,pereskia1      
trained along the  roof in the          
,cactus-house at ,kew1 has recently been
 grafted with a number  of pieces of ,c4
 flagelliformis1 which in a few years   
will1 no doubt1  form a handsome        
specimen4 ,in the same establishment a  
specimen of ,c4  ,mallisoni is grafted  

on the stem of another kind1 and is very
 attractive  when in flower4 ,c4        
serpentinus thrives well upon its own   
roots4 ,for the  cultivation of this    
little group1 the instructions given for
 the  climbing and other kinds may be   
followed4    ,c4 flagelliformis         
7whip-formed74--,stems prostrate1 or1   
when grafted on  a tall stem1 pendent1  
in4 in diameter1 round1 with numerous   
ridges  almost hidden by the many       
clusters of fine bristle-like hairs4    
,flowers  #b in4 long and #a in4 wide2  
colour bright rosy-red4 ,in some parts  
of  ,germany this plant is one of the   
commonest of window ornaments1 and it   
is so well grown by the peasants there1 
that the whole window space is          
completely screened by the numerous     
long1 tail-like stems1 #d ft4 or #f ft4 
long1 which hang from baskets4 ,it is   
sometimes cultivated by cottagers  in   
,england1 and we have seen a very fine  
specimen in a cottager's window  in     
,gunnersbury4 ,without its pretty       

bright-coloured flowers1 this ,cactus   
has the charm of novelty in the form and
 habit of its stems1 and as it  is      
easily cultivated in a window through   
which the sun shines during  most of the
 day1 it is just the plant to grow for  
the double purpose of  a screen and a   
curiosity4 ,if planted in baskets1 it   
should be potted in  a porous loamy     
soil1 and kept moist in the summer and  
perfectly dry in  winter4 ,summer4      
,peru4 ,introduced #afij4    ,c4        
,mallisoni 7 ,mallison's72 ,bot4 ,mag4  
#chbb4--,this is supposed to be of      
hybrid origin1 a ,mr4 ,mallison having  
sent it to ,dr4 ,lindley to be named1   
and stating that he obtained it by      
fertilising flowers of ,c4              
speciosissimus with pollen from ,c4     
flagelliformis4 ,whatever its origin1   
it is a distinct kind1 with stems       
similar to those of the last-named1  but
 thicker and slightly less spiny1 and   
flowers #d in4 long by #d in4  across   
the spreading petals1 the whole being   

bright red with a cluster  of pale      
yellow stamens protruding #a in4 beyond 
the throat4 ,the flowers  are produced  
from the sides of the stems1 a few      
inches from the apex1  and as they are  
borne in abundance and last three or    
four days each1 a  large specimen makes 
a very attractive display for several   
weeks in the  summer4 ,the plant at     
,kew1 a large one1 is grafted on the    
stem of ,c4  ,macdonaldiae1 which is    
trained along a rafter1 so that the     
stems of ,c4  ,mallisoni hang           
conspicuously from the roof4    ,c4     
serpentinus 7serpent-like72 ,fig4       
#af4--,when young1 the stems of this    
plant are erect and stout enough to     
support themselves2 but as they         
lengthen they fall over and grow along  
the ground1 unless supported by a  stake
 or wire2 they have numerous ridges1    
with clusters of hair-like  spines1     
which are usually purplish4 ,flowers    
large1 handsome1 fragrant2  tube #f;in1 
long1 green2 petals and sepals spreading

 and forming a star  #c in4 in diameter1
 the petals purplish on the outside1 and
 pinkish-white  inside2 stamens arranged
 in a sort of cup #a in4 deep4 ,this    
plant rarely  produces aerial roots4    
,small specimens are ornamental even    
when not in  flower1 the bright green1  
regularly ridged stem1 with its numerous
  little clusters of fine spines1 at the
 base of which are short tufts of  a    
white woolly substance1 being both      
curious and pretty4 ,it flowers  freely 
every summer4 ,south ,america1 #ahad4   
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,cereus   
,,serpentinus4    ,,the ,,globose ,,and 
,,columnar ,,stemmed ,,species4    ,many
 of these are unsuited for culture in   
ordinary plant-houses1 whilst  others   
are so rare that1 although cultivated in
 botanical collections1  they are not   
available for ordinary gardens1 not     
being known in the  trade4 ,there are1  
however1 a good many species that may be
 obtained from  dealers in ,cactuses1   
and to these we shall confine ourselves 

here4 ,at  ,kew1 the collection of      
,cereuses is large and diversified1 some
 of the  specimens being as tall as the 
house they are in will allow them to be1
  and the appearance they present is1 to
 some eyes at least1 a very  attractive 
one4 ,such plants are3 ,c4 candicans1   
which is a  cluster-stemmed kind1 very  
thick and fleshy1 and in shape like an  
,indian  club2 ,c4 chilensis2--with tall
 hedgehog-skinned stems1 the numerous   
ridges being thickly clothed with       
clusters of yellowish spines1 which     
become dark brown with age2 ,c4 ,dyckii1
 #aj ft4 high1 the stems thick and      
fleshy1 with ridges #a  in4 deep2 ,c4   
gemmatus1 a hexagonal1 almost           
naked-stemmed species #aj ft4 high2 ,c4 
strictus1 ,c4 peruvianus1 ,c4           
geometrizans1 and ,c4 ,jamacaru1 which  
are tall1 weird-looking plants1  #aj ft4
 or more high1 some of them freely      
branched4 ,the following is a  selection
 of the largest-flowered and handsomest 
kinds3    ,c4 ,berlandieri              

7,berlandier's72 ,fig4 #ag4--;,a        
distinct and beautiful  plant1 of dwarf1
 creeping habit1 forming a tuft of short
 branchlets  springing from the main    
procumbent stems1 none of which exceed  
#f  in4 in  length by  in4 in thickness4
 ,they are almost round when old1 the   
younger  ones being slightly angled1 and
 bearing1 along the ridges1 little      
tubercles1 crowned with short spines4   
,even old stems are very soft and       
watery1 and1 on this account1 it is     
necessary for the safety of the  plant1 
in winter1 that it should be kept       
absolutely dry4 ,the flowers are        
produced on the young upright stems1 and
 they are as much as #d in4  across4    
,they are composed of a regular ring of 
strap-shaped1 bright  purple petals1    
springing from the erect bristly tube1  
and in the centre  a disk-like cluster  
of rose-coloured stamens1 the stigma    
standing well  above them4 ,in form the 
flowers are not unlike some of the      
,sunflowers or  ,mutisia decurrens4     

,they are developed in summer1 and on   
well-grown  plants the display of       
blossom is exceptionally fine4 ,this    
species is  sometimes known as ,c4      
repens and ,c4 ,deppii4 ,it is a native 
of ,south  ,texas and ,mexico1 where it 
is found growing in sandy or gravelly   
soils1  on dry1 sunny hill-sides4 ,it   
should be grown in a cool greenhouse or 
frame1 in a position where it would get 
plenty of sunshine to ripen its  growth 
and induce it to flower4 ,in winter it  
should be placed close to  the glass1   
where the sun can shine full on it1 and 
where it will be safe  from frost4 ,it  
will not thrive if wintered in a warm   
house4 ,in ,april1 it  should be        
examined1 repotted if the soil is sour1 
and kept watered as  growth commences4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,cereus   
,,berlandieri4    ,c4 ,blankii          
7,blank's72 ,fig4 #ah4--,this is very   
similar to the ,c4  ,berlandieri in     
habit and stem characters1 differing    
only in having  longer1 broader1 less   

spreading petals1 a club-shaped stigma1 
and in the  colour1 which is a deep     
rose1 flushed in the throat with        
crimson4 ,a  comparison of the figures  
here given will show the differences    
better  than any description4 ,c4       
,blankii comes from ,mexico at high     
elevations1  and thrives under          
cultivation with the same treatment as  
the preceding4  ,it is very common in   
,continental gardens1 where it is grown 
out-of-doors1 being protected from cold 
in winter by a handlight and  straw4 ,it
 flowers in summer4    ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #ah4--;,,cereus ,,blankii4    ,c4
 caerulescens 7blue-stemmed72 ,bot4     
,mag4 #cibb4--;,an erect-growing1 tall  
,cactus1 rarely branching unless made to
 do so by cutting off the top of  the   
stem2 furrows and ridges about eight1   
the ridges prominent1 waved1  and       
bearing tufts of blackish wool1 in which
 are set about a dozen black  spines1   
in4 long2 the stem when young and in    
good health is bluish in  colour4       

,flowers springing from the ridges1     
about #h in4 long1 the tube  covered    
with reddish-grey scales1 which pass    
upwards into the sepals2  petals        
spreading1 white1 the margins toothed1  
and forming a spreading  top1 not unlike
 a large white single ,camellia2 the    
stamens are arranged  in a sort of cup1 
and are yellow-anthered1 with a large   
rayed yellow  stigma in the middle4 ,in 
the ,botanical ,magazine it is stated   
that the  flowers of this species are   
equal and even superior to those of ,c4 
grandiflorus2 but we have not seen      
flowers such as would bear out that     
statement4 ,this species is too         
tall-stemmed to be recommended for      
windows or small greenhouses2 but where 
room can be afforded it1 the  attractive
 colour of its stems1 together with the 
size and beauty of its  flowers1 should 
win it favour4 ,it blossoms in summer1  
generally about  ,july1 and is a native 
of ,mexico4 ,introduced in #ahda4    ,c4
 caespitosus 7tufted72 ,fig4 #ai4--;,a  

dwarf species1 the stem not more  than  
#h in4 high by about #d in4 in diameter1
 sometimes branched1 or bearing  about  
its base a number of lateral growths1   
which ultimately form a  cluster of     
stems--hence the name4 ,the bark or skin
 of the stem is  greyish-green1 and the 
ribs1 of which there are from a dozen to
  eighteen1 are thickly covered with    
clusters of whitish wool and spines1    
the latter rose-tinted1 and radiating in
 all directions4 ,the flowers are       
produced on the top of the stems1 and   
are short-tubed1 the tube clothed  with 
little bundles of spines2 spread of the 
petals 7from thirty to  forty in each   
flower71 #d in42 colour deep rose2      
anthers and stigma  forming an eye-like 
cluster1 the former yellow1 and the     
latter bright  green4 ,flowered at ,kew 
for the first time in #ahhb1 but1       
although new to  cultivation1 it is     
becoming plentiful4 ,native of ,new     
,mexico and ,texas4  ,for windows or    
small greenhouses this is a most        

suitable plant1 as it  flowers freely   
and keeps in good health in an ordinary 
greenhouse  temperature1 always1        
however1 requiring plenty of sunlight   
and rest  during winter4 ,by placing it 
upon a shelf near the glass from        
,october to  ,march1 allowing it to     
remain perfectly dry1 and afterwards    
watering it  freely1 the flowers should 
make their appearance early in summer4  
,a  plant with several stems1 each      
bearing a large bright rose blossom1    
sometimes two1 presents an attractive   
appearance4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4    
#ai4--;,,cereus ,,caespitosus4    ,c4   
cirrhiferus 7tendril-bearing74--,a      
prostrate1 branching-stemmed1           
small-growing kind1 very proliferous1   
with roots along the main stems2        
branchlets upright1 five-angled1 with   
slightly raised points1 or  tubercles1  
upon which are ten short hair-like      
spines1 arranged in a  star1 and        
surrounding three or four central erect 
spines1 all whitish  and transparent4   

,flowering branches erect1 #d in4 high1 
by about #a in4 in  diameter1 bearing1  
near the apex1 the large bright red     
flowers1 nearly  #d in4 in diameter1    
regular as a ,sunflower1 and lasting    
about a week4 ,this  species was        
introduced from ,mexico in #ahdg4 ,it is
 one of the best-known  and handsomest  
of this group4 ,it requires similar     
treatment to ,c4  ,berlandieri4    ,c4  
ctenoides 7comb-like72 ,fig4 #bj4--,stem
 #c in4 to #e in4 high1 and about  #c   
in4 in diameter1 egg-shaped1 unbranched1
 rarely producing offsets at  the base4 
,ribs fifteen or sixteen1 spiral1 with  
closely-set cushions of  stiff1 whitish 
spines1 which interlace and almost hide 
the stem2 there  are from fourteen to   
twenty-two spines to each cushion1 and  
they are   in4 long4 ,flowers produced  
on the ridges near the top of the stem2 
tube  short1 spiny2 petals spreading1   
like a ,convolvulus1 #c in4 to #d in4   
across1  bright yellow2 stamens yellow1 
pistil white4 ,the flowers expand at    

about  #i a4m41 and close again soon    
after noon4 ,they are developed in ,june
 or  ,july4 ,this species is a native of
 ,texas1 and is rare in cultivation4    
,when not in flower it might easily be  
mistaken for ,echinocactus  pectinatus4 
,it should be grown in a sunny position1
 in a warm house or  pit1 all summer1   
and wintered on a shelf1 near the glass1
 in a  temperature of from #de degs4 to 
#ej degs4 during winter4 ,under         
cultivation  it is apt to rot suddenly  
at the base1 more especially when old4  
,should  this happen1 the rotten parts  
must be cut away1 and the wound exposed 
to  the air in a dry house for a week or
 two4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4          
#bj4--;,,cereus ,,ctenoides4    ,c4     
enneacanthus 7eight-spined72 ,fig4      
#ba4--,stem seldom more than #f in4     
high by less than #b in4 in diameter1   
cylindrical in shape1 bright green1     
simple when young1 tufted in old        
specimens4 ,ribs shallow1 broad1        
irregular on the top1 with              

spine-cushions on the projecting parts2 
spines straight1 yellowish-white1       
semi-transparent1 variable in length1   
longest about #a in4 ,there are         
frequently as many as twelve spines in a
  tuft1 although the specific name      
implies eight spines only4 ,flowers on  
the ridges near the top of the stem1    
with spiny tubes1 spreading petals  of a
 deep purple colour1 and yellow stamens 
and pistil4 ,they are  developed freely 
in ,june and ,july4 ,this is a          
soft-fleshed species1 from  ,texas2 it  
is not easily kept in health1 and is    
therefore rarely seen4 ,it  should be   
treated as advised for ,c4 ctenoides4   
,neither of these plants  will flower   
unless it is grown in a sunny position  
as near to the  roof-glass as is        
possible4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4      
#ba4--;,,cereus ,,enneacanthus4    ,c4  
,fendleri 7,fendler's74--,one of the    
best of the dwarf-stemmed kinds4  ,it   
has a pale green stem1 about #f in4     
high1 rarely branching at the base1  but

 often found growing in clusters4       
,ridges nine to twelve1 running         
spirally round the stem1 and bearing    
clusters of brown spines1 some of  them 
nearly #b in4 in length4 ,flowers       
composed of a tube #a in4 long1 green1  
fleshy1 and spiny1 with a spreading     
cup-like arrangement of petals and      
sepals1 #c in4 in diameter1 and of a    
bright purple colour2 stigma and        
anthers green4 ,it produces its flowers 
in ,june4 ,it was introduced from  the  
mountainous region of ,new ,mexico about
 five years ago1 and has  blossomed     
freely in several collections1 notably  
in that of ,mr4 ,loder1  of             
,northampton1 who has cultivated this   
and several other species from  the same
 region in a sunny sheltered position   
out of doors1 where1 for  several years1
 they have withstood winter's cold with 
no other  protection than that afforded 
by an over-hanging wall4 ,mr4 ,loder    
says of  ,c4 ,fendleri that it is the   
best of all ,cactuses for cool          

treatment1 as  the flowers last more    
than a week1 closing at night1 and      
opening only in  sunshine1 when its rich
 purple colour is quite dazzling to the 
eye4 ,it  also blossoms freely under    
glass2 but the colour of the flowers is 
not  so vivid as when they are produced 
in full sunshine out of doors4    ,c4   
giganteus 7gigantic72 ,fig4 #bb4--,this 
is the most colossal of all  ,cactuses1 
in which respect it is chiefly          
interesting4 ,its stem1 when  young1 is 
very similar to that of other dwarfer   
species1 whilst1 so far  as is known1   
its flowers have not been produced under
 cultivation4 ,it  grows very slowly1 a 
plant #f in4 high being eight or ten    
years old1 so  that1 to attain its full 
development1 a very long time indeed is 
necessary4 ,when young1 the stems are   
globose1 afterwards becoming            
club-shaped or cylindrical4 ,it flowers 
at the height of #aj ft4 or #ab ft41    
but grows up to four or five times that 
height1 when it develops lateral        

branches1 which curve upwards1 and      
present the appearance of immense       
candelabra4 ,the flowers are #d in4 or  
#e in4 long1 and about the same in      
diameter4 ,there is a small specimen1   
about #c ft4 high1 in the succulent     
collection at ,kew4 ,the appearance of a
 number of tall specimens of this       
wonderful ,cactus1 when seen towering   
high above the rocks and scrub with     
which it is associated1 is described by 
travellers as being both weird  and     
grand4 ,judging by the slowness of its  
growth1 the prospect of seeing          
full-sized specimens of this species in 
,english gardens is a very remote  one1 
unless full-grown stems are imported1   
and this is hardly possible4  ,native of
 ,mexico and ,california4               
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,flower   
,,of ,,cereus ,,giganteus4    ,c4       
,leeanus 7,lee's72 ,bot4 ,mag4          
#ddag4--;,a dwarf plant1 the stems not  
more  than #a ft4 in height1 and about  
#e in4 in diameter at the base1 tapering

  gradually towards the top1 so that it 
forms a cone2 the furrows number  about 
a dozen1 and the ridges are  in4 high1  
the angles sharp1 and  clothed with     
clusters of pale brown spines1 the      
central one #a in4 long1  the others    
much shorter4 ,the flowers are produced 
on the top of the  stem1 four or five   
together1 and are large1 handsome1      
brick-red in  colour1 the tube #b in4   
long1 clothed with yellowish1           
green-tipped scales1  and little        
clusters of hair-like bristles4 ,the    
arrangement of the  petals1 and the     
cluster of yellow anthers in the centre1
 give the  flowers the appearance of    
,camellias1 if looked at from above4    
,introduced  from ,mexico by ,mr4 ,lee1 
of ,hammersmith1 in #ahdh1 and flowered 
soon  afterwards at ,kew1 in summer4    
,being a native of the higher1 more     
northerly regions of ,mexico1 this      
species needs only to be protected  from
 severe frosts2 it has been known to    
bear a little frost without  injury4    

,for windows and greenhouses it is a    
very desirable plant4    ,c4            
leptacanthus 7slender-spined72 ,fig4    
#bc4--,one of the most beautiful  of all
 ,cactuses1 and one of the easiest to   
cultivate1 the only drawback  being that
 it rarely flowers under cultivation4   
,in habit it is similar  to ,c4         
,berlandieri4 ,a plant #h in4 across    
bears about twenty short  branches1 each
 of which1 under careful cultivation    
will produce several  flowers in the    
months of ,may and ,june1 and these1    
when expanded1 last  about eight days   
before withering2 they close every      
afternoon1 opening  about ten o'clock in
 the morning4 ,the petals are arranged  
in a single  series1 spreading so as to 
form a shallow cup1 and are notched on  
the  edges near the upper end4 ,they are
 coloured a deep purple-lilac on the    
upper half1 the lower part being white1 
like a large pied daisy4 ,the  stamens  
are pure white2 the anthers             
orange-coloured1 as also is the         

star-shaped stigma4 ,the plant is a     
native of ,mexico1 and was introduced   
in #ahfj4 ,it requires the same         
treatment as the preceding kinds4 ,the  
illustration is sufficient to show the  
beauty of this little creeping  ,cactus1
 which1 although so long known1 is not  
grown in ,english gardens1  though it is
 common enough in ,continental          
collections4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#bc4--;,,cereus ,,leptacanthus4    ,c4  
multiplex 7proliferous72 ,fig4 #bd4--;,a
 globose-stemmed species1  becoming     
pear-shaped with age2 height #f in41 by 
#d in4 in diameter2 ridges  angled1     
clothed with clusters of about a dozen  
spines1 the central one  longest4       
,flowers #f in4 to #h in4 long1 and     
about the same across the  spreading    
petals2 tube clothed with small1 hairy  
scales2 the sepals long  and pointed2   
petals #b in4 or more long1 #a in4 wide1
 spreading out quite  flat2 stamens     
arranged in a ring1 with the            
whitish-rayed stigma in the  middle4    

,this species flowers in autumn4 ,it is 
a native of ,south ,brazil1  and was    
introduced in #ahdj4 ,it thrives best   
when kept in a warm1 sunny  position in 
a window or heated greenhouse4          
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,cereus   
,,multiplex4    ,at ,fig4 #be is a      
curious variety of the above1 the stem  
being fasciated  and divided into       
numerous crumpled1 flattened branches4  
,it is remarkable  as a monster form of 
the type plant4 ,so far as is known1    
neither this  nor any other of the      
monster ,cactuses produces flowers4     
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,cereus   
,,multiplex ,,cristatus4    ,c4         
paucispinus 7few-spined72 ,bot4 ,mag4   
#fggd4--;,a dwarf-stemmed species  of   
recent introduction1 and one which1     
owing to the beauty of its  flowers and 
the hardy nature of the plant1 is       
certain to find much  favour among      
growers of ,cactuses4 ,the stem is about
 #i in4 high1 by #b in4  to #d in4 in   
diameter1 the base much wider than the  

apex1 the ridges  irregular1 very thick 
and rounded1 giving the stem a gouty or 
tumid  appearance4 ,upon the prominent  
parts of these ridges are stellate tufts
  of long1 pale brown spines1 some of   
them nearly #b in4 long1 and each tuft  
containing about eight spines4 ,when    
young1 the stems are more like some  of 
the ,mamillarias than the ,cereuses4    
,the flowers are developed near the  top
 of the stem1 two or three opening      
together2 they are composed of a  tube  
#b in4 long1 clothed with long spines   
and large1 green1 scaly sepals  below1  
the latter gradually enlarging till at  
the top they become as  large as the    
petals1 which are #b in4 long1 with a   
spread of nearly #c in41  rounded at the
 tips1 and coloured deep blood-red1     
tinged with orange  inside4 ,the stamens
 are clustered together sheaf-like1 with
 the dark  green stigmas protruding     
through them4 ,this is a native of ,new 
,mexico1  whence it was introduced in   
#ahhc1 and flowered in ,may4 ,mr4       

,loder1 of  ,northampton1 has           
successfully cultivated it in a cool    
frame in the open  air1 and it has also 
grown well in the ,kew collection when  
treated in a  similar way4 ,this        
suggests its hardiness and fitness for  
window  cultivation4 ,owing to the      
watery nature of the stems1 it is       
necessary  that they should be kept     
quite dry during the winter4    ,c4     
pentalophus 7five-winged72 ,bot4 ,mag4  
#cfea4--;,as the name denotes1 the  stem
 of this erect-growing1 somewhat slender
 species has five very  prominent       
sharp-edged ridges1 along which are     
little clusters of small  spines about  
in4 apart2 the stem is #a in4 in        
diameter1 and the angles  are wavy4 ,the
 flowers are about #c in4 wide1         
spreading1 the petals1 broad  and       
overlapping1 rose-coloured1 except in   
the centre of the flower1  where they   
become almost pure white2 the anthers   
are yellow1 whilst the  colour of the   
rayed stigma is purplish-blue4 ,a native

 of ,mexico1  introduced and flowered in
 #ahch4 ,for its cultivation1 the       
temperature of  a warm greenhouse is    
required1 though during summer it may be
 placed in  a sunny position in a frame 
out of doors4 ,if grown in windows1 it  
should  be kept through the winter in a 
room where there is a fire constantly4  
,c4 peruvianus 7,peruvian74--,a         
tall-grower1 the stems fleshy when      
young1  and very spiny4 ,the ridges on  
the stem number from five to eight1 with
  stellate bundles1 about #a in4 apart1 
of small1 stiff black spines4 ,the      
flowers appear upon the upper portion of
 the stem1 and are #e in4 across1  the  
petals pure white above1 tinged with red
 below1 and forming a large  saucer1 in 
the middle of which the numerous        
stamens1 with yellow  anthers1 are      
arranged in a crown4 ,there is something
 incongruous in the  tall1              
spine-clothed1 pole-like stem1 upon     
which large1 beautiful1  water-lily-like
 flowers are developed1 looking quite   

out of place on  such a plant4 ,flowers 
in spring and early summer4 ,it requires
 warm  greenhouse or stove treatment4   
,there are some fine examples of this   
species at ,kew4 ,a variety of this     
species1 with a fasciated or monstrous  
habit1 is sometimes cultivated4         
,introduced in #ahcj4    ,c4 pleiogonus 
7twisted-angled72 ,fig4 #bf4--;,an erect
 cylindrical-stemmed  species1 from #f  
in4 to #a ft4 high by #d in4 in         
diameter1 with from ten to  fourteen    
angles or ridges2 these are somewhat    
tumid1 and marked with  depressions1    
from which the star-like clusters of    
spines spring1 about a  dozen spines in 
each cluster1 the central one much the  
largest4 ,the  flowers are about #h in4 
long1 the tube being rather thick and   
cylinder-like1 expanding at the top1 so 
as to form a sort of cup1 in  which the 
petals are arranged in several rows1    
with the middle filled by  the numerous 
stamens1 surmounted by the club-like    
pistil4 ,the colour of  the flowers is  

purple-red4 ,this species appears to    
have first found its  way into          
cultivation through some ,continental   
garden1 its native country  being       
unknown4 ,it thrives only in a warm     
house1 developing its flowers  in       
summer4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4        
#bf4--;,,cereus ,,pleiogonus4    ,c4    
polyacanthus 7many-spined74--,a         
newly-introduced species1 from ,el      
,paso1 in ,mexico1 where it is common on
 the sand ridges and stony hills4  ,stem
 #aj in4 high1 #b in4 to #d in4 wide1   
pale green or glaucous1 with about      
eight ridges1 the spines being placed   
along the angles in clusters of  half a 
dozen or so1 and about  in4 apart4 ,the 
flowers are #b in4 to #c in4  long2 the 
tube spiny2 the petals semi-erect and   
concave1 rounded at the  tip1 and       
forming a shallow cup or wine-glass-like
 flower2 the colour of  the petals is   
deep blood-red4 ,this beautiful ,cactus 
is exceptional in  the length of time   
its flowers remain expanded and fresh1  

lasting a week  or more2 and as the     
plant is very free flowering1 there is  
usually a  beautiful display of rich red
 blossoms for about six weeks4 ,it may  
be  grown in a cool greenhouse or       
window1 requiring no artificial heat    
beyond what would be necessary to insure
 its protection from frost4 ,it  flowers
 in spring4    ,c4 procumbens           
7trailing72 ,fig4 #bg4--,this is a very 
pretty little  ,cactus1 with spreading  
prostrate stems1 from which upright     
branches grow  to a height of #c in4 or 
#d in42 they are  in4 thick1 generally  
only  four-angled or square1 with small 
spines in tufts along the angles4 ,the  
flowers are developed on the ends of the
 branches1 and are #c in4 long and      
wide1 the sepals spreading and recurved1
 as in a ,paris daisy1 their  colour    
being bright rose purple4 ,the anthers  
form a corona-like ring1  inclosing the 
upright1 rayed stigma4 ,a native of     
,mexico2 flowers in ,may  and ,june4 ,in
 its native haunts we learn that this   

little ,cactus is very  free-flowering1 
but under cultivation in this country it
 flowers only  rarely4 ,it thrives best 
when grown in a dry1 sunny greenhouse1  
and kept  perfectly dry during autumn   
and winter4 ,if allowed to get wet in   
that  season1 it is apt to rot1 the     
stems being soft and watery4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,cereus   
,,procumbens4    ,c4 reductus 7dingy72  
,bot4 ,mag4 #dddc4--,stem erect1        
sometimes #c ft4 high1  and about #d in4
 wide1 deeply furrowed1 the furrows     
usually numbering  about fourteen2 the  
ridges tumid and irregular1 and coloured
 a dingy  glaucous-green4 ,spines       
embedded in a tuft of grey wool1 about a
 dozen  spines in each cluster1 #a in4  
long1 a few of them only half that      
length4  ,flowers on the top of the     
stem1 three or four opening together1   
each  being #c in4 long and wide2 the   
tube short and scaly1 with overlapping  
sepals and saw-edged petals1 which are  
white1 slightly tinged with rose4       

,stamens filling the whole of the       
flower-cup1 bright yellow4 ,a native of 
,mexico1 introduced in #agif1 flowering 
in summer4 ,this species was  evidently 
a favourite many years ago1 but it is   
rare with us now4 ,it  thrives in a     
house where the winter temperature does 
not fall below  #de deg41 requiring no  
water at that time1 but a liberal supply
 in the  summer when growth is being    
made1 and all the sunlight possible4    
,when  without its star-shaped1 handsome
 flowers1 the stem is remarkably        
ferocious-looking1 the spines upon it   
being quite as thick and as strong  as  
on a hedgehog4    ,c4 repandus          
7undulated72 ,fig4 #bh4--,stem erect1   
#aj ft4 or more high1  unbranched1      
unless compelled to do so by the removal
 of the top4 ,ribs  eight or nine in    
number1 rounded1 somewhat undulated1 and
 bearing  spine-tufts nearly #a in4     
apart2 each tuft contains about ten     
spines1  which are almost equal in      
length1 fine1 stiff1 brown1 and         

persistent2  there is a little cushion  
of white wool about the base of the     
spines4  ,flowers produced on the side1 
within a few inches of the top of the   
stem2 they are composed of a scaly tube1
 #d in4 long1 a circular row of         
spreading1 incurved1 pale brown sepals1 
and two rows of broad1  overlapping1    
snow-white petals2 stamens white1 with  
yellow anthers2  stigma yellow4 ,the    
flowers1 developed in summer1 are very  
beautiful1  but1 unfortunately1 each    
lasts only a few hours4 ,a native of the
 ,west  ,indies1 and an old introduction
 to ,english gardens 7#agbj71 but rare  
in  cultivation now4 ,it requires the   
treatment of a stove all the year       
round4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#bh4--;,,cereus ,,repandus4    ,c4      
,royeni 7,royen's72 ,bot4 ,mag4         
#cabe4--,this plant is not one of the   
handsomest as regards flowers2 but its  
stems are ornamental1 and the  form of  
the flowers is such as would please     
those who admire the  curious4 ,the stem

 is erect1 several feet high1 #b in4 in 
diameter1 with  about ten acute ridges1 
along which are little tufts of white   
wool about  the base of the clustering  
spines1 which are dark brown and #a in4 
long4  ,the flower-tube is #b in4 long1 
thick1 spineless1 scaly1 the scales     
becoming large near the top of the      
flower1 where they form a cup-like      
whorl1 enclosing the small rose-coloured
 petals1 the stamens being  white4      
,introduced from ,new ,grenada1 in      
#ahcb4 ,it flowers in spring and        
summer4 ,it should be grown in a stove4 
,c4 variabilis 7variable72 ,bot4 ,mag4  
#djhd1 under the name of ,c4 pitajaya4  
--,a tall-growing plant1 rather         
straggling in habit1 branching freely1  
the stems usually four-winged1 but      
sometimes with three1 five1 or more1    
constricted at intervals1 as in         
,phyllocactus1 the wings spiny along the
  edges2 spines #a in4 long4 ,flowers on
 the sides of the stems1 rather low     
down1 long-tubed2 large1 showy2 tube #f 

in4 long1 smooth1 fleshy1 with a  few   
scales near the top1 and a whorl of     
greenish1 strap-shaped1 pointed  sepals1
 the petals spreading1 with toothed     
margins and a long acute  point1 white  
or cream-coloured2 anthers yellow4 ,a   
native of various  parts of ,south      
,america and the ,west ,indies1 but     
always close to the sea4  ,it flowers in
 ,july2 the flowers1 which open         
generally in the evening1  remain       
expanded all night1 and close before    
noon the day following4 ,this  species  
requires tropical or warm house         
treatment4 ,there are some old  plants  
of it in the ,kew collection1 where it  
flowers annually4 ,except  for large    
houses1 this species is not recommended 
for general  cultivation1 as it blossoms
 only after attaining a good size1 and  
the  stems1 when old1 are not at all    
ornamental4          ,,chapter ,,vii4   
,,the ,,genus ,,echinocactus4    7,from 
echinos1 a hedgehog1 and ,cactus47      
,many of the plants included in the     

genus ,echinocactus are very similar  in
 habit and stem-characters to the       
,cereus4 ,botanists find characters in  
the seed vessel 7ovary7 and in the seeds
 by which the two genera are  supposed  
to be easily separable2 but1 so far as  
can be made out by a  comparison of     
their more conspicuous characters1 there
 is very little  indeed to enable one to
 distinguish the two genera from each   
other when  not in flower4 ,a comparison
 of the figures given in these pages    
will  show that such is the case4       
,the name ,echinocactus was given to ,e4
 tenuispinus1 which was first           
introduced into ,english gardens in     
#ahbe4 ,the spiny character of this     
species is surpassed by that of many of 
the more recently introduced  kinds2    
still it is sufficient to justify its   
being compared to a  hedgehog4 ,some of 
the kinds have spines #d in4 long1 broad
 at the base1  and hooked towards the   
point1 the hooks being wonderfully      
strong1 whilst  in others the spines are

 long and needle-like1 or short and fine
 as the  prickles on a thistle4 ,the    
stems vary much in size and form1 being 
globose1 or compressed1 or ovate1 a few 
only being cylindrical1 and  attaining a
 height of from #e ft4 to #aj ft4 ,they 
are almost always  simple--that is1     
without branches1 unless they are       
compelled to form  such by cutting out  
or injuring the top of the stem2 the    
ridges vary in  number from about five  
to ten times that number1 and they are  
in some  species very firm and          
prominent1 in others reduced to mere    
undulations1  whilst in a few1 they are 
separated into numerous little tubercles
 or  mammae4 ,the species are nearly all
 possessed of spines1 which are         
collected in bundles along the ridges of
 the stem4 ,generally1 the  flowers are 
about as long as wide1 and the ovary is 
covered with scales  or modified sepals4
 ,the fruit is succulent1 or sometimes  
dry1 and1 when  ripe1 is covered with   
the persistent calyx scales1 often      

surrounded with  wool1 and usually      
bearing upon the top the remains of the 
withered  flower4 ,the position of the  
flowers is on the young part of the     
stem1  usually being perched in the     
centre1 never on the old part1 as in    
some  of the ,cereuses4 ,the flowers    
open only under the influence of bright 
sunlight1 generally closing soon after  
it leaves them4    ,the geographical    
distribution of the species1 of which   
over #bjj have  been described1 extends 
from ,texas and ,california to ,peru and
 ,brazil2  they are in greatest         
abundance in ,mexico1 whence most of the
 garden  kinds have been introduced4    
,the conditions under which they grow   
naturally vary considerably in regard to
 temperature and soil2 but they  are all
 found in greatest numbers and most     
robust health where the soil  is        
gravelly or sandy1 and even where there 
is no proper soil at all1 the  roots    
finding nourishment in the clefts or    
crevices of the rocks4 ,as a  rule1 the 

temperature in the lands where they are 
native is very high  during summer1 and 
falls to the other extreme in winter1   
some of the  species being found even   
where frost and snow are frequent2 the  
majority  of them1 however1 require what
 we would call stove treatment4         
,turning now to a consideration of those
 kinds known as garden plants1 we  find 
that comparatively few of the species   
known to botanists are  represented in  
,english collections1 though1 perhaps1  
we may safely say  that not one of the  
kinds known would be considered unworthy
 of  cultivation except by those who    
despise ,cactuses of whatever kind4     
,their  flowers are conspicuous both in 
size and brilliancy of colour2 and in   
the curious1 grotesque1 and even        
beautifully symmetrical shapes of their 
stems1 one finds attractions of no      
ordinary kind4 ,the stem of ,e4 ,visnaga
  shown at ,fig4 #dh may be taken as an 
instance of this--apart from the        
cluster of star-like1 bright yellow     

flowers seen nestling upon the top  of  
their spine-protected dwelling1 the     
whole suggesting a nest of young  birds4
 ,this plant is indeed one of the most  
remarkable of the  ,echinocactuses1     
owing to the size and number of its     
spines--which are  #c in4 long1 almost  
as firm as steel1 and are used by the   
,mexicans as  toothpicks--and to the    
gigantic size and great weight of the   
stem4 ,the  following account of a large
 specimen of this species introduced to 
,kew  in #ahde1 is taken from an article
 from the pen of the late ,sir ,wm4     
,hooker in the ,gardeners' ,chronicle of
 that year4 ,this gigantic plant was    
presented to the nation1 in other words 
to ,kew1 by ,f4 ,staines1 ,esq41 of     
,san ,luis ,potosi4 ,such was its       
striking appearance1 that it was stated 
that1 if exhibited in the ,egyptian     
,hall1 ,piccadilly1 some hundreds of    
pounds might be realised by it4 ,in a   
letter from ,mr4 ,staines1 here  quoted1
 our readers will perceive how difficult

 it often is to obtain  living specimens
 of these plants from their native      
habitats4 ,he writes3  ,i mean to have a
 large specimen of ,e4 ,visnaga         
deposited in a strong  box1 sending the 
box first to the mountain where the     
monsters grow1 and  placing it on the   
springs of a carriage which ,i shall    
despatch for that  purpose4 ,my         
monstrous friend cannot travel any other
 way1 from his  stupendous size and     
immense ponderosity1 which cannot be    
adequately  calculated for here1 where  
the largest machine for conveying       
weights  does not exceed sixteen        
arrobes1 or #djjlb4 ,this enormous plant
 will  require twenty men at least to   
place it upon the vehicle1 with the aid 
of such levers as our ,indians can      
invent4 ,it grows in the deep ravines   
of our loftiest mountains1 amongst huge 
stones2 the finest plants are           
inaccessible to wheeled vehicles1 and   
even on horseback it is difficult  to   
reach them4 ,i shall pack him carefully 

in mats before applying to his  roots   
the crowbars destined to wrench him from
 his resting place of  unknown          
centuries4 ,he will have to travel #cjj 
leagues before he reaches  ,vera ,cruz4 
,being too large to be packed in a box1 
it was first  surrounded with a dense   
clothing of the ,old ,man's ,beard or   
,spanish moss  7,tillandsia             
usneoides7--and a better covering could 
not have been  devised--and well corded4
 ,fifteen mats1 each as large and as    
thick as  an ordinary doormat1 formed   
the exterior envelope4 ,when unpacked on
 its  arrival at ,kew1 this monster     
,cactus was seen as perfect1 as green1  
and  as uninjured as if it had been that
 morning removed from its native  rocks1
 its long1 rope-like roots arranged in  
coils like the cable of a  ship4 ,when  
placed in scales it weighed #gaclb41 its
 circumference at #a ft4  from the      
ground was #d ft41 and its total height1
 #h ft4 #g in42 the number  of ridges   
was forty-four1 and on each ridge were  

fifty bundles of  spines1 four spines to
 each bundle4 ,thus there were #hhjj    
spines or  toothpicks1 enough for the   
supply of an army4 ,a still larger      
specimen  was a year or so later        
successfully brought to ,kew1 and which 
weighed #a  ton2 but this1 as well as   
the smaller one1 survived only a short  
time4  ,there have been numerous other  
large specimens of this ,cactus in      
,english  gardens lately1 all of them1  
however1 succumbing to the unfavourable 
conditions of our climate4 ,mr4         
,peacock1 of ,hammersmith1 recently     
possessed two large plants of ,e4       
,visnaga1 one of which weighed nearly   
#e;cwt41 and measured #h ft4 #f in4 in  
circumference4    ,cultivation4--,the   
soil for ,echinocactuses should be      
similar to that  recommended for the    
,cereuses1 as also should be the        
treatment as regards  sunlight and rest4
 ,it cannot be too clearly understood   
that during the  period between ,october
 and ,march these plants should be kept 

perfectly  dry at the root1 and in a dry
 house1 where the temperature would not 
fall below #ej deg4 ,there is no        
occasion for re-potting the             
,echinocactuses  every year1 it being by
 far the safest plan to allow them to   
remain in  the same pots several years1 
should the soil be fresh and the        
drainage  perfect4    ,all the          
larger-stemmed kinds may be kept in     
health when grown on their  own roots2  
but for some of the smaller species it  
is a good plan to  graft them upon the  
stem of some of the ,cereuses1 ,c4      
tortuosus or ,c4  colubrinus being      
recommended for the smaller kinds1 and  
for the larger  ,c4 peruvianus1 ,c4     
gemmatus1 or any one the stem of which  
is robust1 and  of the right dimensions 
to bear the species of ,echinocactus    
intended to  be grafted4 ,some growers  
prefer to graft all the small           
,echinocactuses  upon other kinds1 find 
certainly1 when properly grafted1 they  
are safer  thus treated than if grown on

 their own roots4 ,in grafting1 the two 
stems 7stock and scion7 must be cut so  
that their edges meet1 and in  securing 
them two or three stakes must be placed 
in such a way as to  afford support to  
the graft and hold it firmly in         
position4    ,propagation4--,besides    
grafting1 cuttings of the stems may be  
utilised  for the multiplication of     
,echinocactuses1 first removing the     
upper  portion of the stem and putting  
it into soil to root1 and afterwards1 as
  lateral stems develop on the old      
stock1 they may be cut away with a      
sharp knife1 and treated in a similar   
manner4 ,should a plant become  sickly1 
and look shrivelled and cankered at the 
base1 it is always best  to cut away the
 healthy part of the stem1 and induce it
 to form fresh  roots1 thus giving it a 
new lease of life4 ,seeds of these      
plants may be  obtained from dealers1   
more especially ,continental nurserymen1
 and to  watch the gradual development  
of the plant from the seedling is both  

interesting and instructive4 ,the seeds 
should be sown in soil1 and kept  moist 
and warm2 in about a month after sowing1
 the little pea-like1  green balls will 
be seen pushing their way through the   
thin covering of  soil1 and gradually   
but slowly increasing in size1 their    
spines also  increasing in number and   
strength1 the ridges forming according  
to the  character of the species1 till1 
finally1 they assume the mature         
characters of the plant1 both in stem   
and habit4 ,the flowers1 of course1     
appear according to the length of time  
it takes for the species to grow  to    
flowering size4    ,,species4    ,e4    
brevihamatus 7short-hooked74--,several  
kinds of ,echinocactus are              
distinguished from the rest in having   
the ridges divided into tubercles1      
which are often globular and arranged in
 a spiral round the stem1 as in  the    
genus ,mamillaria2 to this section the  
present species belongs4 ,the  stem is  
almost sphere-shaped1 from #d in4 to #f 

in4 high1 the tuberculated  ridges about
  in4 deep1 and upon each tubercle is a 
tuft of about a  dozen brown1 radiating 
spines1 with a long central one hooked  
at the  point4 ,the flowers are borne in
 clusters on the top of the stem1 three 
or four opening together2 they are #a   
in4 in length1 and the same across  the 
spreading petals1 which are pink1 shaded
 with deep rose4 ,a native of  the      
mountainous regions of ,south ,brazil2  
introduced about #ahej4 ,flowers  in    
summer4 ,this pretty little plant will  
thrive if placed upon a shelf  in a     
greenhouse where it will have full      
sunshine during the greater part  of the
 day4 ,it grows very slowly1 especially 
when on its own roots1 but  succeeds    
better when grafted on another kind4    
,e4 centeterius 7many-spined72 ,bot4    
,mag4 #cigd4--,this has a               
conical-shaped stem1 #f in4 high by #d  
in4 wide1 with about fourteen ridges1   
which are notched1 and bear star-shaped 
clusters of pale brown spines1   in4    

long4 ,the blossoms are borne rather    
thickly on the summit of the  stem1 from
 six to nine flowers being sometimes    
open together2 and as  they are each    
nearly #c in4 across1 and of good       
substance1 they present an  attractive  
appearance4 ,the petals are of a deep   
straw-colour1 with a  reddish streak    
down the centre1 and #a in4 long1 with  
the apex notched or  toothed4 ,the      
stamens are spirally coiled round the   
stigma1 which is  club-shaped and white4
 ,this species is probably a native of  
,mexico1 and  was first flowered in     
,england at ,kew1 in #ahda4 ,a cool1 dry
 greenhouse  suits it best2 or it may be
 grown in a sunny room window where     
frost  would not be allowed to reach it 
in winter4 ,unless subjected to very dry
  treatment during the winter months1   
and also kept in a position where  all  
the sunlight possible would reach       
it--even when at rest--there is  not    
much chance of this plant producing its 
large flowers4 ,it may be  kept alive by

 giving it uniform treatment all the    
year round1 but it  would never flower4 
,e4 cinnabarinus 7cinnabar-flowered72   
,bot4 ,mag4 #dcbf4--,this is another  of
 the ,mamillaria-like kinds1 and is     
remarkable for the depressed form  of   
its stem1 which may be likened to a sea 
urchin1 both in size and  shape4 ,old   
plants are from #f in4 to #h in4 in     
diameter1 and about #d in4  high2 the   
spiral formed by the tubercles rises    
very gradually1 and each  of the latter 
is surmounted by a tuft of strong1      
brown1 radiating  spines1 imbedded in a 
little cushion of wool4 ,the flowers    
spring from  the outside of the         
depressed top of the stem1 two or three 
opening  together and forming a         
beautiful picture1 both as to size and  
colour4  ,the tube is short and green1  
with a row of long green sepals at the  
top1  and above these the petals1 which 
are #b in4 long1 overlapping1 recurved1 
the edges toothed1 and the colour a     
brilliant cinnabar-red4 ,the stamens    

are in two series1 very numerous1 and   
the anthers are bright yellow4  ,looking
 at the flattened1 spiny stem1 it seems 
impossible that such  large1 handsome   
flowers should be produced by it4 ,a    
native of ,bolivia2  introduced about   
#ahdf4 ,it blossoms in ,july1 and may be
 grown on a shelf  in a cool greenhouse1
 as advised for the ,e4 centeterius4    
,e4 concinnus 7neat72 ,fig4 #bi4--;,a   
small species with a globose stem1  #b  
in4 high and #c in4 wide1 and about     
twenty ridges1 which are rounded1       
rather broad1 each bearing about        
half-a-dozen little bunches of spines   
arranged in a star4 ,the flowers are    
numerous1 as large as1 or larger  than1 
the stem1 being #c in4 long and broad1  
the tube covered with brown  hair-like  
spines1 and having a few reddish scales1
 whilst the petals are  in several rows1
 overlapping1 with pointed tips1 and are
 coloured dark  yellow with a red streak
 down the centre4 ,several flowers are  
sometimes  developed together on a      

little stem1 when they have the         
appearance of  being much too large for 
so small a plant to support4 ,the pale  
green of  the stem and its brown spines 
contrast prettily with the handsome     
yellow  flowers1 which are brightened by
 the streaks of red on the petals and   
the clear red colour of the stigma4 ,it 
is a native of ,mexico1 and was         
introduced about #ahdj1 flowering early 
in summer4 ,it requires a warm          
greenhouse temperature all the year     
round1 with1 of course1 plenty of       
sunshine4 ,it may be grafted on the stem
 of an erect-growing ,cereus1 such  as  
,c4 serpentinus or ,c4 ,napoleonis1 the 
stock to be not higher than  #f in41 and
 about as wide as the plant of ,e4      
concinnus is at the base4               
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#bi4--;,,echinocactus ,,concinnus4      
,e4 coptonogonus 7wavy-ribbed72 ,fig4   
#cj4--,stem globose1 seldom more than   
#e in4 in diameter1 depressed on the    
top1 with from ten to fourteen  strong1 

sharp-edged1 wavy ribs1 the furrows also
 being wavy4 ,spine tufts  set in little
 depressions along the margins of the   
ribs1 five spines in  each tuft1 the two
 upper #a in4 long and four-angled1 the 
two lower  flattened and shorter1 the   
fifth1 which is the longest1 being      
placed in  the top of the cushion4      
,flowers #b in4 across1 daisy-like1     
produced in  ,april and ,may2 tube very 
short2 sepals and petals linear1        
spreading1  white1 with a purple stripe 
down the centre2 stamens red1 with      
yellow  anthers2 pistil purple1 with an 
eight-rayed1 yellow stigma4 ,a native of
  ,mexico4 7,syn4 ,e4 interruptus47     
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#cj4--;,,echinocactus ,,coptonogonus4   
,e4 cornigerus 7horn-bearing74--,this   
remarkable plant1 of which a  portion is
 represented at ,fig4 #ca1 has the      
stoutest spines of all  cultivated      
,cactuses1 and their arrangement on the 
ridges of the stem is  such as would    
withstand the attacks of all enemies4   

,the broad  tongue-like spine is purple 
in colour1 and as strong as iron2 the   
three  erect horn-like spines yellow1   
and as firm as the horns of an antelope1
  to which they bear a resemblance4 ,the
 stem is sphere-shaped1 grey-green  in  
colour1 and is divided into from        
fourteen to twenty-one stout wavy  ribs1
 upon which the spine tufts occur at    
intervals of about #b in4 ,the          
arrangement of the spines is shown in   
the illustration1 as also is the        
position of the flowers1 which are      
small1 with narrow purple petals and    
brown-red sepals4 ,the plant is a native
 of ,mexico and ,guatemala1 and  would  
require stove treatment4 ,we have seen  
only small living examples1  but        
according to descriptions and figures1  
the most interesting  character it      
possesses is its spiny armament4 ,it has
 been called  ,melocactus latispinus and
 ,echinocactus latispinus4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#ca4--;,,echinocactus ,,cornigerus4     

,e4 corynodes 7club-like72 ,fig4        
#cb4--,the stem of this is about as     
large  as a ,keswick ,codlin apple1 with
 the broad end uppermost1 and the sides 
cut up into about a dozen and a half    
rather prominent sharp ridges1 with     
bunches of stout yellow spines arranged1
 at intervals of about #a in41  along   
the edges4 ,the flowers1 which are      
produced in a cluster on the top  of the
 stem1 form a crown of bright yellow    
petals1 studded with scarlet  eye-like  
stigmas4 ,each flower is #b in4 in      
diameter when fully spread out1         
cup-shaped1 and composed of two or three
 rows of over-lapping petals4 ,in  the  
middle of these nestle the short        
stamens1 and projecting well beyond     
them is the bright scarlet stigma1      
forming a beautiful contrast to the     
petals4 ,this plant is a native of      
,mexico1 and was introduced about the   
year #ahcg4 ,it is also known in gardens
 under the names of ,e4 rosaceus  and   
,e4 ,sellowianus4 ,there was a pretty   

little specimen of this flowering  in   
the ,kew collection last year1 and the  
opening and closing of the  flowers1 as 
the sunlight reached or receded from    
them1 was almost as  rapid as that      
observed in the daisy4 ,the whole plant 
is so small1 and1  when in flower1 so   
charming1 that no one could fail to     
admire it4 ,it  requires similar        
treatment to ,e4 concinnus4             
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#cb4--;,,echinocactus ,,corynodes4      
,e4 crispatus 7curled72 ,fig4 #cc4--,the
 flattened1 wavy or curled ridges  of   
this species are characteristic of      
several other kinds of  ,echinocactus4  
,its long1 stout1 ferocious-looking     
spines1 directed  upwards1 have a very  
forbidding aspect4 ,the stem grows to a 
height of  about #h in41 and is said to 
produce its large1 long-tubed1 purple   
flowers  in the summer months4 ,it has  
been introduced by a ,continental       
nurseryman1 but1 so far as is known1 has
 not yet flowered in any ,english       

collection4 ,it is apparently closely   
allied to ,e4 longihamatus4             
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#cc4--;,,echinocactus ,,crispatus4      
,e4 ,cummingii 7,cumming's72 ,bot4 ,mag4
 #fjig4--;,a pretty little species1     
with a globose stem about #c in4 in     
diameter1 the ridges divided into       
tubercles1 and running spirally round   
the stem4 ,from each tubercle  springs a
 radiating cluster of yellowish1        
hair-like spines4 ,the flowers  are     
numerous1 #a in4 long and wide1 the     
scales on the tube tipped with  red1    
whilst the petals stamens1 and stigma   
are an uniform bright  ochre-yellow2 so 
that1 looked at from above1 they suggest
 the flowers of  the common marigold4 ,a
 well-managed plant produces as many as 
half-a-dozen of these flowers together1 
which open out widely under the         
influence of bright sunlight4 ,it is one
 of the hardiest of the genus1  thriving
 well in a frost-proof house or frame4  
,during winter1 the  atmosphere         

surrounding it should be as dry as      
possible2 but in summer it  likes plenty
 of moisture1 and exposure to full      
sunshine4 ,a variety of ,e4  ,cummingii 
was raised from seeds a few years ago by
 ,mr4 ,daniel1 of ,epsom1  the flowers  
of which were pale almost to whiteness4 
,the type is said to  attain a height of
 #h in4 in its native country1 ,bolivia1
 whence plants  were introduced to ,kew 
in #ahdg1 and flowered in ,july4    ,e4 
cylindraceus 7cylindrical74--,a         
large-growing kind1 attaining a  height 
of several feet1 very broad1 and1 as the
 name denotes1  cylindrical in shape4   
,when large1 the stem often develops    
lateral  branches about its base4       
,cultivated plants of it are #f in4     
high1 the  sides marked with about a    
score of ridges1 upon which1 arranged in
 a  dense cluster1 are the stout1 strong
 spines1 the longest of them #c in4     
long1 hooked1 and projecting outwards1  
the shorter spreading and  interlacing  
so as to form a sort of spiny network   

all round the stem4  ,the flowers are   
yellow1 #b in4 long1 and are composed of
 a short1 thick  tube bearing from forty
 to fifty fringed sepals1 and about half
 that  number of petals1 which are also 
fringed4 ,there are as many as a dozen  
flowers opened together on stout1 aged  
plants2 it is1 however1 more  because of
 the densely spinous stems than the     
flowers that this species  has found its
 way into cultivation4 ,it cannot be    
recommended for any  except large       
collections1 and where it can be grown  
in a stove  temperature4 ,it is a native
 of the hot deserts of ,colorado1 and   
was  introduced about ten years ago4    
,there are several healthy young        
specimens of it in the ,kew collection4 
,e4 echidne 7viper2 probably in allusion
 to the fang-like spines74--,this       
species is remarkable in having a stout 
cylindrical stem1 #ab in4 high by  #h   
in4 wide1 with about a dozen deep       
ridges2 these are disposed spirally1    
and bear tufts of rigid1 broad spines1  

#a in4 or more long1 spreading1 so  as  
to interlace and form a wire-like       
network all round the stem4 ,it may  be 
mentioned here that an ,american        
naturalist has recently suggested  that 
the object of these iron-like spines on 
the stems of many ,cactuses1  and more  
especially on the majority of the       
,hedgehog kinds1 is not so  much to     
defend the fleshy stems from browsing   
animals as to afford  protection from   
the scorching rays of the sun1 which    
would otherwise  cause the stems to     
blister and shrivel2 and the nature of  
the spiny  covering of ,e4 echidne seems
 to support such a view4 ,as in many    
others1  the clusters of spines in this 
plant have their bases embedded in a    
tuft  of whitish wool4 ,the flowers are 
developed near the centre of the top of 
the stem1 and are of medium size1 bright
 yellow1 with whitish stamens2  they are
 produced two or three together1 in     
summer4 ,this species is a  native of   
,mexico2 it thrives in a greenhouse     

where frost is excluded1  but only      
rarely flowers with us under            
cultivation4    ,e4 ,emoryi 7,emory's72 
,fig4 #cd4--,this is a very             
large-stemmed kind1  specimens having   
been found nearly #c ft4 in height and  
about #b ft4 in  diameter4 ,smaller     
plants1 such as are in ,english         
collections1 have  globose stems #a ft4 
through1 with about thirteen ribs1 the  
ribs  tuberculated1 the tubercles large1
 and rounded2 the spines are borne on   
the apex of the tubercles in star-shaped
 bundles of eight or nine1 and  are     
angled1 often flat on the top side1     
articulated1 with hooked points1  whilst
 in length they vary from #a in4 to #d  
in4 ,the flowers are #c in4 long1  the  
tube clothed with heart-shaped scales or
 sepals2 the petals are red1  with      
yellowish margins1 spreading so as to   
form a beautiful1 large1  cup-like      
flower1 with a cluster of deep yellow   
stamens in the centre4  ,the flowering  
period is in the autumn1 and the plant  

is a native of the  ,lower ,colorado and
 ,california4 ,living plants of it have 
only recently  been introduced into     
,english collections4 ,at ,kew1 it is   
cultivated in a  warm greenhouse1 where 
it is in good health4 ,from accounts of 
it in its  native haunts1 it will1      
however1 probably prefer a cool house in
 winter1  and as much sun and warmth as 
possible in spring and summer2 for we   
are  told that during winter it is often
 subjected to severe frosts and heavy   
snowfalls1 whilst in summer the fierce  
heat of the sun is such as to  burn up  
all vegetation1 except ,cactuses and    
other similar plants4    ,illustration3 
,,fig4 #cd4--;,,flower ,,and ,,spines   
,,of ,,echinocactus ,,emoryi4    ,e4    
gibbosus 7humped74--,a small apple-like 
plant1 not more than #d in4  high1 with 
a depressed top1 the lower part being   
narrowed4 ,it has  sixteen ribs or      
ridges1 composed of rows of thick fleshy
 tubercles1 upon  every other of which  
are six or eight horny spines1 #a in4   

long4 ,the  flowers are pushed out from 
the edge of the depression on the top of
 the  stem1 and are large2 the tube #a  
in4 long4 ,the petals spread to a width 
of #c in41 and are arranged in several  
rows1 overlapping each other1  becoming 
smaller towards the centre of the       
flower1 as in an aster2 they  are pure  
white1 except for a tinge of red on the 
tips of the outer ones1  the stamens    
being bright yellow4 ,two flowers are   
usually developed on a  plant1 generally
 in ,june4 ,this species was introduced 
from ,jamaica about  #ahjh1 by a        
nurseryman in ,hammersmith2 but as no   
,echinocactuses are wild  in the ,west  
,indian ,islands1 it must have been     
introduced into ,jamaica  from some of  
the ,central ,american ,states1 or      
probably from ,mexico4 ,it  may be      
grafted on to another free-growing kind 
with advantage1 as it  does not always  
keep healthy when on its own roots4 ,it 
should be grown  in a cool greenhouse1  
or in the window of a dwelling-room1    

always1  however1 in a position where it
 would get plenty of sunlight4    ,e4   
,haynii 7,hayne's72 ,fig4 #ce4--;,an    
upright cylindrical-stemmed species1    
very much like a ,mamillaria in the form
 and position of the tubercles  and the 
numerous greyish hair-like spines       
arranged in a radiating ring  on the top
 of each tubercle4 ,the flowers are much
 longer than in any yet  described1 the 
tube being #f in4 in length1 clothed    
with large sepals on  the upper portion1
 and the petals are semi-erect with     
recurved points1  and coloured a        
brilliant purple-red4 ,a native of      
,peru1 where it is found  at high       
elevations1 growing in crevices of rocks
 and exposed to full  sunlight4 ,with us
 it thrives in a warm greenhouse1       
producing its  beautiful flowers in     
summer4 ,introduced about #ahej4        
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#ce4--;,,echinocactus ,,haynii4    ,e4  
hexaedrophorus 7tubercles six-sided72   
,fig4 #cf4--,this plant is              

distinguished by the gouty-looking      
tubercles into which its broad1  spiral 
ridges are divided1 and which look as if
 they would suddenly  burst like a      
blister if pricked with a pin4 ,it grows
 about #d in4 in  height1 and is similar
 in form to what is shown in the        
accompanying  figure1 except that the   
top is usually flatter than here        
represented4  ,the whole stem has a     
glaucous hue1 and the spines are        
reddish-brown4 ,the  flowers1 which are 
produced freely in ,june and ,july1 are 
short-tubed1  spreading to a width of #b
 in42 the petals toothed at the tips1   
and  arranged in several rows1          
overlapping each other1 the colour being
  white1 tinted with rose1 with a       
disk-like cluster of yellow stamens in  
the centre1 and a white-rayed stigma4 ,a
 native of ,north ,mexico1  introduced  
about #ahcj4 ,it is very slow-growing1  
attaining full size in  not less than   
six years from seed2 indeed1 it is      
stated that in twelve  years a plant of 

it did not grow more than #b in4 ,still1
 slow as it is1 it  remains in good     
health when kept in a sunny position on 
a shelf in a  greenhouse or in a        
dwelling-room1 so that it may be        
recommended for  places where space is  
very limited4 ,like ,e4 gibbosus1 it    
does best when  grafted on to another   
kind4 ,we have seen perfect drum-sticks 
formed by  grafting a full-grown plant  
of this on the stem of a ,cereus4       
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#cf4--;,,echinocactus ,,hexaedrophorus4 
,e4  horizonthalonis 7spreading-spined72
 ,fig4 #cg4--,stem globose1 usually     
flattened on the top1 and divided into  
eight or nine large ribs or  ridges1    
grey-green in colour4 ,spines in crowded
 star-shaped clusters  along the apex of
 the ribs1 seven spines in each cluster1
 all of them  strong1 slightly curved1  
horn-like1 and marked with numerous     
rings2 they  are yellow1 tipped with red
 when young1 ash-coloured when old2 the 
longest are about #b in4 in length4     

,flowers terminal1 springing from the   
young spine tufts1 each #d in4 across1  
with two rows of petals arranged        
regularly in the form of a cup2 colour  
deep rose1 paler on the inside of  the  
cup2 stamens very numerous1 with white  
filaments and yellow anthers4  ,the     
flowers expand at sunrise and close     
again in the evening1 each one  lasting 
about a week2 they are very agreeably   
scented4 ,flowering season1  ,may and   
,june4 ,the plant is a native of        
,mexico1 and was introduced in  #ahch4  
7,syns4 ,e4 equitans1 ,e4 horizontalis47
    ,illustration3 ,,fig4               
#cg4--;,,echinocactus ,,horizonthalonis4
    ,e4 ,le ,contei 7,le ,conte's72     
,fig4 #ch4--;,another of the            
large-stemmed  kinds1 which have only   
recently found their way into ,english  
gardens1  although long since discovered
 and described by ,american travellers4 
,the  illustration represents a young   
plant4 ,when full-grown1 this species   
has  a stem #e ft4 high by #b ft4 wide1 

with broad deep channels and ridges1    
wrinkled and covered with a thick       
network of stout spines1 which are set  
in clusters in a cushion of whitish     
wool1 the longest being about #c in4  in
 length1 with curved or slightly hooked 
points1 and distinctly  angular4 ,the   
flowers are #b in4 long1 bell-shaped2   
the petals shining  lemon-yellow1 with a
 tinge of brown on the outside1 whilst  
the sepals  are like a number of        
fish-scales1 overlapping each other down
 the  outside of the campanulate tube4  
,the stamens and pistil are almost      
hidden inside the flower4 ,flowers are  
borne by quite young plants1  whilst    
upon full-grown specimens they are so   
numerous as to form a large  yellow cap 
to the immense1 prickly1 conical stems4 
,they are developed in  ,august and     
,september4 ,a native of ,mexico1 where 
it is found wild on the  rocky or       
gravelly plains and ravines1 and often  
in crevices of  perpendicular rocks4 ,it
 requires warm greenhouse treatment1 and

 plenty  of water during the summer1    
care being taken that the soil it is    
planted  in is perfectly drained4       
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#ch4--;,,echinocactus ,,le ,,contei4    
,e4 ,leeanus 7,lee's72 ,bot4 ,mag4      
#dahd4--,this species has many          
characters  in common with ,e4          
hexaedrophorus and ,e4 gibbosus1 the    
stem being no  larger than a small      
orange1 with plump globose tubercles1   
bearing  star-shaped clusters of short  
brown spines4 ,the flowers are #a in4   
long  and wide1 and are composed of a   
green fleshy tube1 with a few whitish   
scales1 which gradually enlarge till1   
with the white1 rose-tipped  petals1    
they form a spreading cup1 the large    
cluster of pale yellow  stamens         
occupying the whole of the centre4 ,this
 pretty little ,cactus was  raised from 
seeds by ,messrs4 ,lee1 of the          
,hammersmith ,nursery1 in #ahdj4  ,it is
 a native of the ,argentine ,provinces1 
and flowers in ,may4 ,the  treatment    

recommended for ,e4 gibbosus will be    
found suitable for this4  ,it is        
happiest when grafted on to another     
kind4 ,for the amateur whose  plants are
 grown in a room window or small        
plant-case1 these tiny  ,hedgehog       
,cactuses are much more suitable than   
larger kinds1 as they keep  in health   
under ordinary treatment1 and flower    
annually2 whereas1 the  larger kinds1   
unless grown in properly-constructed    
houses1 rarely  blossom4    ,e4         
longihamatus 7long-hooked72 ,fig4       
#ci4--,we heartily wish all species  of 
,cactaceous plants were as readily      
distinguished and as easily defined  in 
words as in the present remarkably fine 
and handsome one--remarkable  in the    
very prominent ridges1 the large and    
regularly-arranged spines1  the central 
one very long1 flattened1 and usually   
hooked at the end1 and  handsome in the 
size and colouring of its flowers1 both 
in the bud and  when fully expanded4    
,the stem is globose1 #h in4 or more    

high2 it has  about thirteen prominent  
rounded ridges with waved tumid edges1  
from  which1 about #a in4 apart1 spring 
clusters of spines1 about a dozen in    
each cluster1 dark red when young1      
becoming brown with age4 ,in length1    
these spines vary from #a in4 to #f in41
 the latter being the length of the     
central1 hooked one1 which is broad and 
flattened at the base4 ,the  flowers are
 #d in4 broad and long1 the tube short1 
green1 and bearing  reddish scales1     
which gradually pass into bright yellow 
petals blotched  with red on the        
outside1 the inner ones spreading and   
forming a shallow  cup1 in the centre of
 which are the short yellow stamens and 
large  pistil4 ,plants of this species  
have been grown with stems #bj in4 high2
  but it takes a great number of years  
for the development of such  specimens4 
,the flowers are produced on the apex of
 the stem in ,july4  ,this species was  
introduced from ,mexico about #ahej2 it 
thrives only when  grown in a warm      

greenhouse1 where the temperature in    
summer may be  allowed to run up to #ij 
degs4 with sun heat4 ,for large         
collections it is  one of the most      
desirable4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4     
#ci4--,,portion ,,of ,,plant ,,of       
,,echinocactus  ,,longihamatus4    ,e4  
,mackieanus 7,mackie's72 ,bot4 ,mag4    
#cefa4--;,a small plant1 not more than  
about #e in4 high1 and #b in4 broad at  
the base1 widening slightly upwards4    
,the ridges are broken up into numerous 
fleshy1 rounded1 green tubercles1       
crowned with a tuft of thin brown spines
 from  in4 to #a in4 long1 their  bases 
set in a small pad of yellow wool3 ,as  
the stem gets older1 it  loses its      
tubercles at the base1 which are changed
 into brown wrinkles4  ,the flowers are 
developed on the top of the stem1       
generally two or three  together1       
egg-shaped and scaly when in bud1 #b in4
 across when expanded2  the petals      
white1 tipped with brown2 the stigma    
green1 club-shaped4 ,this  curious      

little ,cactus is one of about a dozen  
species found in the  ,chilian ,andes4  
,it was introduced in #ahcg by the      
gentleman whose name it  bears1 and who1
 at that time1 possessed a famous       
collection of ,cacti4  ,like the rest of
 the ,chilian kinds1 it should be       
cultivated in a cool  greenhouse in full
 sunshine1 where it will produce its    
flowers in  summer4    ,e4              
mamillarioides 7,mamillaria-like72 ,bot4
 ,mag4 #ceeh4--,this is another  small1 
tubercled species1 which1 like the      
preceding1 is a native of  ,chili4 ,its 
stem is very irregular in form1 owing to
 the crowding of the  tubercles1 which  
look as if they were filled with water4 
,the spines are  small1 in tufts of     
about half a dozen1 set in a little     
cushion of  yellowish wool4 ,in size1   
the whole plant is like ,e4 ,mackieanus1
 but it  blossoms more freely1 as many  
as sixteen flowers having been borne at 
one time by a plant at ,kew4 ,these were
 short-tubed1 the calyx clothed  with   

green scales1 and the petals #b in4     
long1 recurved at the apex1  forming a  
beautiful cup-like flower of a bright   
yellow colour1 with a  band of red down 
the centre of each petal2 the stamens   
and pistil  yellow4 ,the number of      
flowers developed on the small stem     
formed by this  plant is quite          
extraordinary4 ,it grows and flowers    
freely in an ordinary  greenhouse1 and  
would thrive in a sunny window if kept  
dry during the  winter4    ,e4          
mamillosus 7nipple-bearing74--,a short1 
dumpy plant1 with numerous  tubercled   
ridges1 bearing bunches of dark brown   
hair-like spines1 which  form a close   
network about the stem4 ,the flowers are
 developed on the  top of the stem1 and 
are about #d in4 in diameter1 with a    
thick tube2 the  petals are spreading1  
bright yellow in colour1 and arranged in
 a  regular1 bell-like whorl4 ,inside   
this bell is a circle of purple         
filaments or stamens1 forming a pretty  
contrast with the clear yellow of  the  

petals4 ,this is a recent introduction1 
which flowered in the ,kew  collection  
for the first time in ,june1 #ahhf4 ,it 
is one of the most  beautiful of the    
large-flowered kinds1 and1 as it thrives
 in a warm  greenhouse and is very      
free-flowering1 it may be expected to   
become a  favourite with ,cactus        
growers4 ,owing to the lack of          
information  respecting the conditions  
under which many of the ,cactuses are   
found  wild1 and to the fact that little
 in the way of experimental culture has 
been done by growers of this family1    
cultivators are sometimes in the  dark  
as regards the lowest temperature in    
which the rarer kinds can be  safely    
grown4 ,many of the species of the      
present genus1 for instance1  were grown
 in stoves years ago but are now known  
to thrive in a cool  greenhouse where   
frost alone is excluded4    ,e4         
multiflorus 7many-flowered72 ,bot4 ,mag4
 #daha4--;,a well-named ,cactus1  as its
 small stem 7seldom more than #e in4    

high1 and the same in width7  often     
bears a large cap-like cluster of       
beautiful white flowers1 except  for a  
slight tinge of brown on the tips of the
 petals4 ,each flower is  composed of a 
green1 scaly tube1 and several rows of  
reflexed petals1  which form a shallow  
cup #b in4 across4 ,the stamens are     
tipped with  orange-coloured anthers1   
and the stigma is rayed and snow-white4 
,the  stem is ridged with rows of fleshy
 mammae or tubercles1 which are         
curiously humped1 and each bears a      
cluster of spreading1 brown spines1  #a 
in4 long4 ,the number of flowers this   
little plant annually produces  seems   
more than could be possible without     
proving fatal to its health2  but we    
have seen it blossom year after year1   
and in no way has its  health appeared  
impaired4 ,it may be grown on a shelf in
 a warm  greenhouse1 or in the window of
 a heated dwelling-room4 ,introduced1   
probably from ,mexico1 in #ahde4 ,this1 
like all the small1  globular-stemmed   

kinds1 may be grafted on the stem of a  
,cereus of  suitable thickness4 ,some   
cultivators believe that grafting causes
 the  plants to flower more freely1 but 
we have not observed any difference in  
this respect between grafted and        
ungrafted plants4    ,e4 myriostigma4   
7many-dotted72 ,fig4 #dj4--;,in the form
 of the stem of  this species we have a 
good illustration of how widely a plant 
may  differ from others of the same     
genus in certain of its characters1 for 
the spines are almost totally           
suppressed1 and the ridges are regular1 
deep1 and smooth4 ,there are usually    
five or six ridges1 a transverse        
section of the stem revealing a form    
exactly like the common star-fish       
7,astrophyton71 a resemblance to which  
the name ,astrophytum1 sometimes        
applied to this plant1 owed its origin4 
,the form of the stem is well           
represented in the ,figure4 ,the white  
dots shown on the bark1 and which  look 
like scales1 are composed of very fine  

interwoven hairs1 which1  under a       
microscope1 are very pretty objects4    
,this species was introduced  from      
,mexico along with the large plant of   
,e4 ,visnaga described at the  beginning
 of this chapter1 and was first flowered
 at ,kew1 in ,july1 #ahde4  ,stems #a   
ft4 in length were received1 along with 
shorter ones2 but only  the small ones  
were established4 ,the flowers are      
daisy-like1 #a in4  across1 and are     
straw-coloured1 the petals being tipped 
with black4 ,it  thrives under warm     
greenhouse treatment4 ,when without its 
flowers1 it  looks more like a piece of 
chiselled stone than a living plant4    
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#dj4--;,,echinocactus ,,myriostigma4    
,e4 obvallatus 7fortified72 ,fig4       
#da4--,the form of stem in this species 
is shown in the ,figure4 ,it grows very 
slowly plants #d in4 through taking     
about ten years to reach that size from 
seeds4 ,the spines are stout1 all       
deflexed1 and arranged along the edges  

of the numerous ribs into which  the    
stem is divided4 ,the flowers are       
developed from the centre of the  plant1
 and are surrounded by the erect spines1
 which crown the1 as yet1  undeveloped  
tubercles4 ,two or three flowers are    
produced at about the  same time1 each  
one being composed of a short1 spiny    
tube1 and a whorl  of erect petals1     
which are pointed1 purple-coloured1     
paler at the  margin1 the stamens being 
yellow4 ,native of ,mexico4 ,it requires
 a stove  temperature1 and flowers in   
summer4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4        
#da4--;,,echinocactus ,,obvallatus4     
,e4 ,ottonis 7,otto's72 ,bot4 ,mag4     
#cajg4--;,a dwarf kind1 with a          
balloon-shaped stem1 rarely exceeding #d
 in4 in height1 and divided into a      
dozen wide ridges with sharp1 regular   
edges1 along which are clusters of      
small1 brown spines1 set in little tufts
 of wool1 and looking like an  array of 
spiders4 ,the flowers are borne on the  
tops of the ridges1 and  are pale yellow

 in colour1 with a band of red hair-like
 spines  surrounding the calyx just     
below the petals1 which are narrow1     
spreading1 and look not unlike the      
flowers of the yellow ,marguerite2 the  
stigma is bright red4 ,the symmetrical  
form of the stem1 with its rows of      
spider-like spines1 renders this plant  
attractive1 even when without its       
bright and pretty flowers4 ,it thrives  
only in a warm stove4 ,introduced  from 
,brazil in #ahca1 flowering in the month
 of ,july4 ,as it produces  young plants
 about its base1 it may be easily       
propagated by removing  them and        
planting them in soil2 or they may be   
grafted as advised for  other of the    
small1 globose-stemmed kinds4    ,e4    
pectiniferus 7comb-bearing72 ,bot4 ,mag4
 #daij4--,one of the most  striking of  
the plants of this genus1 owing to the  
character of its  stem1 and the large   
size and beauty of its flowers4 ,the    
former resembles  a pear with the thin  
end downwards2 its height is from #d in4

 to #f in41 and  it has about twenty    
ridges1 which are sharply defined and   
bear along  their angles little cushions
 of white wool  in4 apart1 with a       
radiating  cluster of brown spines      
springing from each4 ,the arrangement of
 the  spines in rows is not unlike the  
teeth of a comb4 ,the flowers are borne 
near the top of the stem1 and consist of
 a green1 fleshy tube1 clothed  with    
spines and little tufts of white wool2  
the sepals form a row  beneath the      
petals1 and are yellowish1 tinged with  
purple2 petals #b in4  long1 broad1 with
 the upper margins toothed and the tip  
acute1 their  colour being bright rose1 
tinged with greenish-white at the base2 
stamens yellow2 stigma large1 green4    
,the form of the flowers is that of  a  
cup1 nearly #c in4 across4 ,introduced  
from ,mexico in #ahde4 ,flowering       
season1 ,april and ,may4 ,it requires   
warm-house treatment4    ,e4            
polycephalus 7many-headed72 ,fig4       
#db4--,stem globose when young1         

becoming cylindrical with age2 number of
 ribs varying from twelve to  twenty1   
sharply defined1 and bearing1 at        
intervals of #a in41 clusters of  stout1
 reddish spines1 somewhat flattened on  
the upper side1 and marked  with raised 
rings1 or1 as it is termed1 annulated1  
the central ones  attaining a length of 
over #c in4 on old plants1 and sometimes
 curved4 ,the  flowers are enveloped at 
the base in a dense mass of white wool1 
which  hides the tube1 its spines only  
showing through2 petals narrow1 #a in4  
long1 spreading like a saucer1 and      
coloured bright yellow2 stamens         
numerous1 yellow1 as also is the large  
rayed stigma4 ,california and           
,colorado1 on stony and gravelly hills4 
,flowers in spring2 introduced to  ,kew 
in #ahhf4 ,this new plant is remarkable 
in that it is often found wild  with as 
many as twenty to thirty stems or heads 
springing from the same  base1 and even 
young plants show early a disposition to
 develop several  heads4 ,the largest   

stems are from #a ft4 to #b ft4 high1   
and have a  somewhat forbidding         
appearance1 owing to the size and       
strength of their  numerous spines4 ,for
 its cultivation1 a warm-house          
temperature appears  most suitable2 it  
bears a close resemblance to ,e4        
texensis4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4      
#db4--,,ridge1 ,,with ,,spines1 ,,of    
,,echinocactus  ,,polycephalus4    ,e4  
,pottsii 7,potts'74--,the stem of this  
is shown in ,fig4 #dc4 ,full-sized      
plants are #a ft4 in diameter1 and have 
about a dozen ridges with acute         
sinuses1 the ridges being rounded and   
even4 ,the spines are #a in4 long1      
bristle-like1 and are arranged in       
clusters of seven or nine1 with a       
cushion of white wool at the base of    
each cluster4 ,flowers short-tubed1     
about #b in4 across1 and coloured       
yellow2 they are produced on the top of 
the stem in summer1 several expanding   
together4 ,the plant is a native of     
,california1 and was introduced about   

#ahdj4 ,under cultivation this  species 
proves to be a shy-flowering ,cactus1   
although in a warm house it  grows      
freely1 and remains in good health4 ,it 
is well adapted for  grafting on to the 
stem of some kind of ,cereus1 and in    
this way may be  made to look very      
singular1 as was shown in ,mr4          
,peacock's collection of  succulents    
some years ago1 when a fine specimen1   
over #a ft4 across1 was  successfully   
grafted on to three stems of ,c4        
tortuosus1 and had much the  appearance 
of a melon elevated on a short tripod4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#dc4--;,,echinocactus ,,pottsii4    ,e4 
rhodophthalmus 7red-eyed72 ,bot4 ,mag4  
#ddhf1 #dfcd4--,stem cone-shaped1  #d   
in4 to #a ft4 high1 deeply furrowed2    
ridges about nine1 #a in4 high1 the     
angles bearing closely-set clusters of  
radiating spines1 with a  projecting one
 in the middle of each cluster1 which   
contains nine spines  #a in4 long1      
purple when young1 becoming white when  

old4 ,the flowers are  produced from the
 summit of the stem1 and have a thick1  
green1 scaly  calyx tube1 upon which the
 spreading1 rose-coloured petals are    
arranged  in a regular series1 and form 
a shallow bell nearly #c in4 across4    
,the  throat of the flower is coloured a
 deep crimson1 against which the  little
 sheaf of white stamens and the         
star-shaped yellow stigma form a  pretty
 contrast4 ,three or more flowers are   
expanded together on a plant4  ,it is a 
native of ,mexico2 introduced in #ahde4 
,it thrives in a house or  frame where  
it is protected from frost1 and during  
summer gets plenty of  sunlight and air4
 ,it flowers in ,august4 ,during the    
months of ,april and  ,may1 when it     
starts into growth1 it should be kept   
close2 but by the end  of ,june1 it     
should be exposed to the open air and   
allowed to ripen1 so  that its flowers  
may be produced in the autumn4 ,the     
plant called ,e4 v4  ellipticus does not
 differ from the type1 owing its name to

 the form of  the stem of the first     
plant that flowered at ,kew4    ,e4     
scopa4 7brush-like72 ,fig4 #dd4--,the   
stem of this species1 when seen  covered
 with numerous tufts of bristly spines1 
has been compared to a  brush1 a        
comparison not1 however1 applicable to  
the form represented in  the ,figure4   
,in height the stems sometimes reach l  
ft41 with from thirty  to forty ribs1   
bearing little discs of white wool at   
the bases of the  clusters of spines4   
,the flowers spring from the upper part 
of the stem  7the nodules shown in the  
illustration represent the places where 
flowers have been developed at an       
earlier stage of growth71 from four to  
six being borne in the same season2 they
 are #a in4 long and wide1 the  tube    
short and brown1 bristly2 the petals are
 arranged in several  overlapping       
series1 rather wide for their length1   
toothed at the ends2  their colour is a 
bright sulphur-yellow1 as also are the  
stamens1 whilst  the stigma1 which is   

rayed1 is bright crimson4 ,native of    
,brazil4  ,introduced about #ahdj2 it is
 more like a ,cereus1 in the form of its
  stem1 than an ,echinocactus4 ,it      
flowers in ,june1 and requires stove    
treatment4 ,the stems1 when dried       
carefully and stuffed with wadding1     
form pretty ornaments4    ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,echinocactus ,,scopa4  
,e4 scopa cristata4 7crested variety72  
,fig4 #de4--,this curious  monstrosity  
owes its origin to fasciation similar to
 what occurs in the  ,celosias or       
,cockscombs1 in some ,echeverias1 c4    
,these monster varieties  of ,cactuses  
do not flower1 but they are nevertheless
 interesting1 and  worth growing on     
account of their curious shapes4 ,the   
plant shown in  ,fig4 #de is grafted on 
the stem of a ,cereus1 and it is        
remarkable that a  portion of the crest 
of the ,echinocactus will1 if grafted on
 to another  plant1 develop the abnormal
 form of its parent1 proving that the   
variation1 whatever its cause1 has      

become fixed4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4  
#de4--;,,echinocactus ,,scopa           
,,cristata4    ,e4 ,simpsoni            
7,simpson's74--,one of the smallest     
plants in the genus1 and  one of the    
prettiest4 ,it produces tufts of        
irregularly-formed stems  about #d in4  
high1 and composed of numerous rounded  
tubercles over  in4  wide1 bearing on   
the top of each a tuft of about twelve  
spines  in4  long4 ,the flowers are     
borne from the apex of the young        
tubercles1 and  are #a in4 wide and     
long1 cup-shaped2 petals pale purple1   
the stamens  yellow4 ,native of ,mexico 
and ,colorado1 where it is found at     
elevations  of #hjjj ft4 to #aj1jjj ft41
 in great abundance1 forming large      
patches on  gravelly morains1 where the 
climate during the summer is dry1 whilst
 in  winter a thick covering of snow    
protects the plants from severe frosts4 
,in ,england1 this species is said to   
have withstood #cb degs4 of frost       
without being injured4 ,it has been     

grown out of doors in a garden at       
,northampton1 where it passed several   
winters planted in a raised border  at  
the foot of a south wall with a natural 
coping of ivy4 ,in ,new ,york1  where   
the frosts of winter are severer than in
 ,england1 it is cultivated  out of     
doors4 ,in this country it is apt to be 
injured by excessive  moisture and fogs2
 but by protecting it with a handlight  
from ,november  to ,march or ,april1    
this is overcome4 ,if grown in pots1 it 
should be kept  in a position where it  
can enjoy all the sunlight possible4    
,e4 sinuatus 7undulated74--,stem about  
#h in4 wide and long2 globose1  bearing 
fourteen to sixteen ridges1 the edges of
 which are wavy or  undulated1 the      
prominent points crowned with tufts of  
thin1 flexuous1  yellow spines1 the     
longest #a in41 and hooked1 the shorter 
in41 and  straight4 ,the stem of ,e4    
longihamatus is very similar to this4   
,flowers  developed on the top of the   
stem2 tube short1 scaly1 green2 petals  

yellow1 spreading1 and forming a cup #c 
in4 across1 which is greenish  outside4 
,a native of ,mexico1 where it flowers  
in ,april4 ,a  recently-introduced kind1
 not yet flowered in this country4 ,it  
is  described as being a distinct1      
large-flowered1 handsome species4    ,e4
 tenuispinus 7thin-spined72 ,bot4 ,mag4 
#cifc4--,stem globular1  depressed1 with
 ridges and spines similar to those of  
,e4 ,ottonis2  indeed1 by some these two
 are considered forms of the same       
species4 ,in  the number and size of the
 flowers1 their colour and form1 and the
 time  of flowering1 there is no        
difference between them4 ,native of     
,mexico 7and  ,brazil 874    ,e4        
texensis 7,texan72 ,fig4 #df4--;,a      
short-stemmed plant1 with a thick1      
leathery skin and broad-based ridges of 
irregular form1 crowned with  tufts of  
stout horny spines1 the central one much
 the longest1 flattened  at the base1   
and strong as steel4 ,the flowers are   
produced near the  centre of the top1   

from the tufts of whitish wool which    
accompany the  spines on the young parts
 of the ridges4 ,they are #b in4 long   
and wide2  the tube short and woolly2   
the petals spreading1 beautifully       
fringed1  and rose-coloured4 ,native of 
,north-east ,mexico1 where it grows on  
stony  hillsides in full exposure to    
sunshine1 and where1 during winter1 it  
has  to endure weather verging on to    
frost4 ,it thrives in a greenhouse under
  cultivation4 ,like several of the     
stout-spined1 robust-stemmed kinds1     
this may find favour as a garden plant  
because of the character of its  stem1  
and the extraordinary strength of its   
large iron-like spines4                 
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#df4--;,,echinocactus ,,texensis4    ,e4
 turbiniformis 7top-shaped74--,a very   
distinct dwarf kind1 with  globular     
stems #b in4 high and about #c in4 wide1
 clothed with  spirally-arranged rows or
 ridges of tubercles1 similar to those  
shown in  the figure of ,e4             

hexaedrophorus1 except that1 in the     
former1 there are  no spines on the     
mature tubercles1 although1 when young1 
they have each  a little cluster of fine
 spines4 ,the flowers expand in ,june1  
several  together1 from the top of the  
stem2 they are round1 #a in4 across1 the
  petals being numerous1 pale yellow in 
colour1 tinged with red on the  outside4
 ,introduced from ,mexico1 #ahdj4 ,this 
curious little plant  requires stove    
treatment1 and thrives when grafted on  
the stem of some  other kind4 ,it is    
sometimes known as ,mamillaria          
turbinata4    ,e4 uncinatus 7hooked72   
,fig4 #dg4--;,a small species1 with oval
 stems when  young1 older plants        
becoming cylindrical1 as shown in the   
accompanying  ,figure4 ,the height of   
the largest plant does not exceed #f    
in41 so that1  when wild1 it is often   
hidden by the long grass in which it is 
frequently found on stony hillsides at  
high elevations1 in ,mexico4 ,the       
ridges are broken up into large         

tubercles1 upon each of which is a tuft 
of short straight spines1 arranged in a 
circle1 and a long hooked one  springing
 from the centre1 and often attaining a 
length of about #d in4 ,in  old plants  
the spines are almost white1 whilst in  
young ones they are  purplish4 ,the     
flowers are borne in a cluster on the   
apex of the stem1  and are nearly #b in4
 long1 the tube being short and spiny1  
and the petals  numerous1 arranged in a 
cup1 their colour dark purplish-red1 the
 tips  pointed2 the stamens are yellow1 
with orange tips4 ,the flowers expand   
only when the sun shines on them1       
closing up again in dull light1 but     
opening again1 and remaining fresh for  
about a week4 ,introduced in #ahej4     
,flowers in ,march and ,april4 ,this    
plant may be grown in a cool1 sunny     
greenhouse1 or window1 requiring only   
protection from frost in winter1  and in
 summer plenty of light1 with a moderate
 amount of water4 ,there  are several   
varieties of it described1 their        

differences being chiefly  in the shape 
of the stem4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#dg4--;,,echinocactus ,,uncinatus4      
,e4 viridescens 7greenish74--,stem #a   
ft4 high and #i in4 across1 young       
plants being broader than high2 the     
sides split up into about twenty        
ridges1 which are again divided into    
knotty tubercles or waves4 ,the  spines 
are remarkable for their size and       
strength1 those on large plants  being  
#d in4 long by  in4 broad at the base1  
gradually narrowing to a  stiff point2  
there are four central spines of this   
size1 the others1 of  which there are   
about a dozen1 being shorter and        
thinner1 and arranged  stellately4 ,the 
flowers1 which are rarely produced1 are 
poor in  comparison with the majority of
 the flowers of this genus4 ,as the name
  denotes1 their colour is              
yellowish-green2 and they are about #a  
in4 wide  and high4 ,there are often as 
many as a dozen flowers expanded        
together  on a stem of this plant when  

wild1 and they are arranged in a circle 
around the growing point4 ,the interest 
in this species1 however1 centres  in   
its spines rather than its flowers4 ,it 
is a native of the dry hills  of        
,california1 extending sometimes down to
 the sea-beach4 ,there is a  plant of it
 at ,kew #f in4 high and about fifteen  
years old2 it has not  been known to    
flower there4 ,mr4 ,peacock also        
possesses a large plant of  it4    ,e4  
,visnaga4 7visnaga means a toothpick    
among the ,mexican settlers72 ,fig4     
#dh4--,of the most remarkable features  
of this truly wonderful ,cactus we  have
 already spoken earlier in this         
,chapter4 ,in #ahdf1 ,sir ,w4 ,j4       
,hooker  described1 in the ,illustrated 
,london ,news1 a large plant of it1     
which  had been successfully introduced 
alive to ,kew1 and which1 a year or so  
later1 flowered1 and was figured in the 
,botantical ,magazine 7#deei74 ,its     
height was #i ft41 and it measured #i   
ft4 in circumference2 its weight a  ton4

 ,afterwards1 it exhibited symptoms of  
internal injury4 ,the inside  became a  
putrid mass1 and the crust1 or shell1   
fell in by its own  weight4 ,the shape  
of the stem is elliptical1 with numerous
 ridges and  stout brown spines arranged
 in tufts along their edges4 ,the       
flowers are  freely produced from the   
woolly apex2 the tube is scaly and      
brown1 and  the petals are arranged like
 a saucer about the cluster of          
orange-coloured stamens4 ,the colour of 
the petals is bright yellow1 and  the   
width of the flower is nearly #c in4    
,this plant is a native of ,mexico1  and
 is usually cultivated in a tropical    
temperature1 but it would  probably     
thrive in a warm greenhouse4 ,it flowers
 in summer4 ,as we have  stated1 large  
specimens do not live long in this      
country2 and as the  flowers are only   
borne by such1 the plant1 except only   
for its stems1 is  not to be recommended
 for ordinary collections4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   

#dh4--;,,echinocactus ,,visnaga4    ,e4 
,williamsii 7,williams's72 ,bot4 ,mag4  
#dbif4--;,a very distinct dwarf         
species1 often called the ,dumpling     
,cactus1 from the puffed-out1 tumid     
appearance of its stems1 which          
frequently branch at the base1 so as to 
form a tuft of several heads2 these are 
turbinate1 #c in4 or #d in4 high1  and  
#b in4 across the top1 where the smooth1
 pale green flesh is divided  into about
 half-a-dozen rounded tubercles1 pressed
 closely together1 and  suggesting a    
number of small green potatoes joined by
 their bases4 ,each  tubercle bears     
several tufts of short hairs4 ,the      
flowers proceed from  the young         
tubercles near the centre of the crown1 
their bases being  enveloped in pale    
brown wool1 the petals spreading out    
daisy-like to the  width of #a in41 with
 a short disk of stamens in the middle2 
they are  white1 tinged with rose1 and  
are developed in the summer months4     
,native  of the rocky hills of ,mexico1 

whence it was introduced in #ahde4 ,the 
stems of this plant are its most        
distinctive feature4 ,it thrives on a   
shelf in a warm greenhouse1 if kept     
perfectly dry in winter1 and it  should 
be potted in a compost consisting of    
broken brick two-thirds1  loam          
one-third4    ,e4 ,wislizeni            
7,wislizen's72 ,fig4 #di4--;,a          
large-stemmed kind1 second only  in size
 to ,e4 ,visnaga4 ,young plants have    
depressed stems1 those in older         
specimens being cylinder-shaped4 ,a     
specimen at ,kew is #h in4 high by #ah  
in4  in diameter1 with twenty-one       
ridges1 which are regular and           
sharp-edged1  and bear bunches of spines
 at regular intervals1 the outer and    
shorter  ones being spreading and white1
 whilst from the middle of each tuft    
arise four longer and stouter spines1   
three of them #b in4 long1 and one  #c  
in41 with the point hooked1 and as      
strong as if made of steel4 ,the        
flowers1 which are developed only on    

large plants1 are greenish-yellow1      
about #b in4 long and wide1 and expand  
during summer and autumn4 ,the juice  of
 the stems is said to serve as a        
substitute for water when the latter  is
 scarce1 and instances have been known  
among the white trappers where  the     
lives of men have been saved by this    
plant4 ,a novel use the stems  are put  
to by the ,indians is that of boilers1 a
 purpose which they are  said to answer 
well4 ,the fleshy inside is scooped out1
 and the tough  skin1 with its iron-like
 spine protection1 is then filled with  
vegetables and water and placed on the  
fire4 ,as there is a plentiful  supply  
of plants1 the ,indians do not trouble  
to carry this boiler  about with them1  
but make a fresh one at every stage of  
their  journeyings4    ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #di4--,,spines ,,and ,,flowers   
,,of ,,echinocactus  ,,wislizenii4      
,,chapter ,,viii4    ,,the ,,genus      
,,echinopsis4    7,from echinos1 a      
hedgehog1 and opsis1 like47      ,no    

less than three sections of ,cactuses1  
viz41 the above1 ,echinocactus1  and    
,echinocereus1 owe their names to their 
hedgehog-like stems4 ,from a            
horticultural point of view1 there is   
perhaps no good reason for keeping  the 
above three genera and ,cereus separate2
 but we follow ,kew in the  arrangement 
adopted here4 ,the genus ,echinopsis1 as
 now recognised by  most ,english       
botanists and cultivators1 comprises    
about thirty species1  most of which    
have been1 or are still1 in cultivation4
 ,they are  distinguished from          
,echinocactuses by the length of their  
flower tube1  from ,cereuses by the form
 and size of their stems1 and from both 
in the  position on the stem occupied by
 the flowers4 ,they are remarkable for  
the great size1 length of tube1 and     
beauty of their flowers1 which1  borne  
upon generally small and dumpy stems1   
appear very much larger and  handsomer  
than would be expected4    ,the         
distribution of ,echinopsis is similar  

to that of ,echinocactus1  species being
 found in ,chili1 ,bolivia1 ,peru1      
,brazil1 ,mexico1 c4 ,they  grow only in
 situations where the soil is sandy or  
gravelly1 or on the  sides of hills in  
the crevices of rocks4                  
,cultivation4--,the growing and resting 
seasons for ,echinopsis are the  same as
 for ,echinocactus1 and we may therefore
 refer to what is said  under that genus
 for general hints with regard to the   
cultivation of  ,echinopsis in this     
country4 ,the following is from the     
notes of the late  ,curator of the      
,royal ,gardens1 ,kew 7,mr4 ,j4 ,smith71
 as being worthy the  attention of      
,cactus growers4 ,writing about         
,echinopsis cristata1 which he  grew and
 flowered exceptionally well1 he says3  
,this showy plant is a  native of       
,chili1 and1 like its ,mexican allies1  
thrives if potted in  light loam1 with a
 little leaf mould and a few nodules of 
lime rubbish4  ,the latter are for the  
purpose of keeping the soil open2 it is 

also  necessary that the soil should be 
well drained4 ,in winter1 water must be 
given very sparingly1 and the atmosphere
 of the house should be dry2 the        
temperature need not exceed #ej degs4   
during the night1 and in very cold      
weather it may be allowed to fall #aj   
degs4 lower1 provided a higher          
temperature 7#ee degs47 be maintained   
during the day4 ,as the season          
advances1 the plants should receive the 
full influence of the increasing  warmth
 of the sun2 and during hot weather1    
they will be benefited by  frequent     
syringing overhead1 which should be done
 in the evening4 ,it is1  however1      
necessary to guard against the soil     
becoming saturated1 for the  soft       
fibrous roots suffer if they continue in
 a wet state for any length  of time4   
,none of the species require to be      
grafted to grow freely and remain       
healthy1 as the stems are all robust    
enough and of sufficient size to  take  
care of themselves4 ,the only danger is 

in keeping the plants too  moist in     
winter1 for although a little water now 
and again keeps the  stems fresh and    
green1 it deprives them of that rest    
which is essential  to the development  
of their large1 beautiful flowers in    
summer4    ,,species4    ,e4            
campylacantha4 7curved-spined72 ,bot4   
,mag4 #defg4--,stem #a ft4 or l ft4     
high1 globe-shaped1 with a somewhat     
pointed top1 the sides divided into     
from fourteen to sixteen ridges1 with   
tubercled edges1 bearing clusters  of   
about ten strong brown spines1 which are
 stellately arranged1 a  central one    
projecting outwards1 then suddenly      
curving upwards1 and  measuring #c in4  
in length4 ,the flowers are developed   
from the ridges on  the side of the     
stem2 they are #f in4 long1 the tube    
shaped like a  trumpet1 brownish in     
colour1 and clothed with tufts of short 
black  hairs2 petals arranged in three  
rows1 spreading so as to form a limb  #b
 in4 across1 pale rose-coloured1 with a 

large cluster of yellow-tipped  stamens1
 forming a disk-like centre4 ,this      
species is a native of ,chili1  and was 
introduced in #ahca4 ,it blossoms in    
spring and summer4 ,the long  curving   
central spine and remarkable length of  
the flower-tube  distinguish it from the
 other kinds4 ,it may be grown in a cool
  greenhouse1 where it will thrive1 if  
kept freely watered during summer  and  
rested on a dry1 sunny shelf in winter4 
,it is rare in ,english  collections1   
but frequently occurs in ,continental   
gardens4    ,e4 cristata 7crested72     
,bot4 ,mag4 #dfhg4--,stem globe-shaped1 
#a ft4 high1  slightly narrowed towards 
the top2 ridges fifteen1 #a in4 deep1   
sharply  angular1 the edges bearing     
tufts of spreading1 yellowish spines1   
over  #a in4 long1 slightly curved1 and 
tipped with red4 ,flowers creamy-white1 
springing from the ridges on the top of 
the stem2 tube #d in4 long1  clothed    
with tufts of black hairs1 and          
surmounted by a whorl of  reddish-yellow

 sepals1 above which are two rows of    
broad-spreading  petals4 ,the width of  
the flower is over #f in41 and the      
stamens are  arranged in a corona-like  
whorl inside the petals4 ,this very fine
 ,cactus  is a native of ,bolivia1      
whence it was introduced in #ahej4 ,when
 in  flower1 the broad1 long-tubed1     
pale-coloured blossoms equal in beauty  
those of the ,night-flowering ,cereus4  
,it blossoms in ,july4 ,it thrives if   
kept in a warm1 sunny greenhouse1 but   
must be liberally treated in  summer1 so
 as to induce vigorous growth1 and then 
be subjected to  complete rest in winter
 in full sunlight1 or it will not       
flower4    ,e4 c4 purpurea 7purple      
74--,this variety differs from the type 
in having  deep rose-coloured flowers   
and a slightly longer tube4 ,it is      
impossible  to find among all the       
species of the ,cereus section a more   
beautiful  plant than this2 the size of 
the flowers1 their rich colour1 their   
developing three or four together in the

 month of ,july1 being almost           
exceptional1 even among ,cactuses4 ,a   
splendid example of it was flowered  at 
,kew in #ahdf for the first time4 ,it   
thrives under the conditions            
recommended for ,e4 cristata4 ,this     
variety is often made very sickly by    
treating it as a tropical ,cactus1 and1 
like most of these plants1 if  once it  
gets into a bad condition1 it remains so
 a long time1 in spite  of liberal and  
careful treatment4 ,so many of the      
,cactuses found in cool  regions are    
ruined by an excess of heat in winter1  
and a close  atmosphere during their    
season of growth1 that too much         
attention cannot  be given to the       
question of temperature in relation to  
their cultivation  in ,english gardens4 
,e4 ,decaisneanus 7,decaisne's74--,as   
represented in ,fig4 #ej1 this plant    
appears to have a columnar stem1 but    
this is owing to the specimen  having   
been formed by cutting off the upper    
portion of an old plant and  striking   

it4 ,naturally1 the stem in this species
 is globular or slightly  egg-shaped1   
and bears about fourteen ridges1 upon   
which are tufts of  short spines1       
springing from little cushions of       
whitish wool4 ,the  position of the     
flowers is shown in the figure4 ,the    
tube is covered with  tufts of hair-like
 spines1 and the petals and sepals are  
broad1  spreading1 and white1 tinged    
with yellow1 as in ,e4 cristata4 ,the   
native  country of this plant is not    
known2 but it is a well-known garden    
,cactus1 and thrives in a warm1 airy    
greenhouse in summer1 and on a dry1     
sunny shelf in winter4 ,the swollen base
 of the tube is a good example of  the  
nature of what is usually termed the    
flower-stalk in these plants4  ,it is1  
as has been pointed out1 the elongated  
calyx1 and the swollen  portion is the  
ovary or seed vessel4 ,if1 therefore1   
seeds are desired1  the withering       
flowers should be allowed to remain1    
and1 in time1 the  upper portion of the 

tube will fall away1 leaving the base1  
which  continues to grow till it attains
 the proportions of a hen's egg4        
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#ej4--;,,echinopsis ,,decaisneanus4     
,e4 ,eyriesii 7,eyries'74--,stem no     
larger than an orange1 with about a     
dozen ridges1 the edges sharp1 and      
bearing little globular tufts of        
whitish wool and red1 hair-like spines4 
,flower exceedingly large for the  size 
of the stem1 the tube being more than #f
 in4 long1 funnel-shaped1  pale green1  
with tufts of brown hairs1 which look   
very much like  insects1 scattered over 
the surface4 ,the petals are numerous1  
narrow-pointed1 spreading1 pure white1  
the stamens pale yellow1 and the        
star-like stigma white4 ,this species is
 a native of ,mexico1 and was           
introduced by the late ,sir ,john       
,lubbock1 about #ahcj4 ,it blossoms at  
various seasons1 generally in summer4   
,independently of the large size  of the
 flowers1 which rival in dimensions     

those of the ,cereuses1 it is           
remarkable for the rich1 delicate odour 
they exhale at night1 at which  time its
 glorious blossoms expand4 ,when young1 
they resemble long1  sooty-grey horns1  
covered over with a thick1 shaggy       
hairiness1 and would  never be suspected
 to conceal a form of the utmost beauty 
and a clear  and delicate complexion4   
,when the hour of perfection has        
arrived1 and  the coarse veil of hair   
begins to be withdrawn by the expansion 
of the  unfolding petals1 one is amazed 
at the unexpected loveliness which      
stands revealed in the form of this     
vegetable star1 whose rays are of  the  
softest white 7,lindley74 ,for its      
cultivation1 this plant requires a  warm
 house always2 but care should be taken 
to give it plenty of fresh  air and as  
much light as possible4 ,the soil best  
suited for it is a rich  loam with a    
little sand and charcoal4 ,it likes     
liberal watering in  summer4    ,e4 ,e4 
flore-pleno 7double-flowered72 ,fig4    

#ea4--;,a form with several rows  of    
petals1 which give the flowers a doubled
 appearance4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#ea4--;,,echinopsis ,,eyriesii          
,,flore-,,pleno4    ,e4 ,e4 glauca      
7hoary-grey74 ,this variety differs from
 the type in the  absence of the dark   
brown hairs from the flower-tube1 which 
is also  shorter than in ,e4 ,eyriesii4 
,probably a native of ,mexico4    ,e4   
oxygonus 7sharp-angled74--,this is very 
similar to ,e4 ,eyriesii4 ,stem         
globular in shape1 and divided into     
about fourteen acute-edged ridges1  upon
 which are tufts of brown spines1       
varying from  in4 to #a in4 in  length4 
,flower #h in4 long1 the tube slightly  
curved1 covered with little  scales and 
hairs1 and coloured green and red4 ,the 
petals form an  incurved cup1 and are   
broad1 with pointed tips2 their colour a
 bright  rose1 with a lighter shade     
towards the centre of the flower4 ,as in
 ,e4  ,eyriesii1 the flowers of this    
kind are borne several together from the

  ridges near the growing centre of the 
stem4 ,it is a native of ,brazil1       
whence it was introduced nearly half a  
century ago4 ,it thrives in an          
intermediate house1 if treated as       
advised for ,e4 ,eyriesii1 and its      
flowers will develop in summer4 ,the    
extraordinary size and beauty of the    
blossoms are sufficient to compensate   
for their comparatively short  duration 
after expanding2 it is also interesting 
to watch the gradual  development of the
 tiny1 hairy cone1 which is the first   
sign of the  flower1 and which increases
 in length and size at a surprising     
rate4    ,e4 ,pentlandi 7,pentland's72  
,fig4 #eb4--;,a pretty little species1  
with a  globose stem #c in4 in diameter1
 divided into about a dozen rounded     
ridges1 which are undulated or broken up
 into irregular tubercles1 when  the    
ridges do not run parallel with each    
other4 ,each tubercle is crowned  with a
 tuft of brown1 bristle-like spines1    
in4 or so long4 ,the flowers  are large 

in proportion to the size of the plant1 
the tube being #d in4  long1 and        
trumpet-shaped2 petals arranged in      
several overlapping rows  and forming a 
cup #b in4 across1 the lowest whorl     
turning downwards2 in  colour1 they are 
a brilliant red1 the stamens white1 and 
the stigmas  yellow4 ,three or four     
flowers are often expanded together on  
the same  stem1 springing from the side 
instead of the top of the plant4 ,native
 of  ,mexico 7872 introduced about      
#ahdj4 ,there are several distinct      
seedling  or hybrid forms of this       
species1 remarkable in having the colour
 of  their flowers either red1 yellow   
and white1 or white1 whilst some1 such  
as the one known as flammea1 have       
flowers only #b in4 long4 ,these kinds  
may all be grown in a sunny greenhouse  
or window1 as they only require         
protection from frost4 ,they may be     
placed out of doors in summer1 and be   
kept under glass only during winter1    
treatment which will result in  better  

growth and more flowers than if the     
plants were kept permanently  under     
glass4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4         
#eb4--;,,echinopsis ,,pentlandi4    ,e4 
,p4 longispinus 7long-spined72 ,fig4    
#ec4--,this is a long-spined form1  and 
differs also in the shape of the stem1  
which is oblong1 rather than  globose4  
,illustration3 ,,fig4                   
#ec4--;,,echinopsis ,,pentlandi         
,,longispinus4    ,e4 tubiflorus        
7tube-flowered74--,this species has an  
orange-shaped stem1  about #d in4 high1 
and divided into about twelve prominent1
 sharp-angled  ridges1 along which are  
tufts of blackish spines1  in4 long1 and
 set in  little cushions of white wool4 
,the flower springs from the side of the
  stems1 where it replaces a tuft of    
spines1 and1 as in ,e4 ,eyriesii1 the   
tube is remarkably long1 whilst the size
 of the whole flower much  exceeds that 
of the rest of the plant1 the length of 
the tube being  about #f in41 and the   
width of the flower over #d in4 ,the    

petals are pure  white1 recurved1       
displaying the crown of yellow stamens1 
arranged in a  ring about the rather    
small1 rayed stigma4 ,the tube is       
uniformly green1  except that the       
scale-like bracts are edged with long1  
blackish1 silky  hairs4 ,a native of    
,mexico2 introduced about fifty years   
ago1 when it was  figured in the        
,botanical ,magazine and elsewhere as a 
species of  ,echinocactus4 ,e4          
tubiflorus may be placed along with ,e4 
,eyriesii and ,e4  oxygonus1 as it      
requires similar treatment4 ,the three  
kinds here  mentioned may be recommended
 as a trio of very fine-flowered1       
small-stemmed ,cacti1 which may be grown
 successfully in any ordinary           
greenhouse4          ,,chapter ,,ix4    
,,the ,,genus ,,melocactus4    7,from   
melon1 a melon1 and ,kaktos1 a name     
applied by ,theophrastus to a  spiny    
plant2 the species are melon-formed1 and
 their angles are beset  with tufts of  
spines47      ,this genus forms a group 

of well-marked and curious plants1 with 
stems  similar to those of the globose  
,echinocactuses and floral characters   
quite distinct from all other genera4   
,they cannot be said to possess any     
particular beauty1 as their stems are   
stiff and dumpy1 their spines  large and
 rigid1 and their flowers small and     
unattractive4 ,but what is  wanting in  
beauty of form or colour is atoned for  
in the cap which  crowns the stem1 and  
forms the flower-head1 growing taller   
and taller  whilst the stem remains     
stationary1 till1 under favourable      
circumstances1 a cylindrical mass of    
spines and hairs1 not unlike a  large   
bottle-brush1 and #a ft4 or more in     
length1 is developed before the  whole  
plant succumbs to old age4 ,this        
character belongs more  particularly to 
,m4 communis1 the commonest species1 and
 the one best  known in ,english        
gardens4 ,additional interest attaches  
to this species1  from the fact of its  
having been the first ,cactus introduced

 into  ,europe1 for we are informed that
 in the year #aeha living plants of the 
,melon ,cactus were known in ,london4   
,fifty years later1 ,gerard1 the ,adam  
of ,english gardening1 wrote3 ,who can  
but marvel at the care and  singular    
workmanship shown in this ,thistle1 the 
,melocarduus echinatus1  or ,hedgehog   
,thistle8 ,it groweth upon the cliffes  
and gravelly grounds  neere unto the    
seaside in the islands of the ,west     
,indies1 called ,st4  ,margaret's and   
,st4 ,john's ,isle1 neere unto ,puerto  
,rico1 and other places  in these       
countries1 by the relation of divers    
that have journied into  these parts who
 have brought me the plant itself with  
his seed1 the  which would not grow ill 
my garden1 by reason of the coldnesse of
 the  clymate4 ,after this1 the plant   
appears to have been frequently         
cultivated in gardens in this country1  
and it has only been in recent  years   
that this and similar curiosities have  
almost disappeared from all  except     

botanical collections4    ,the most     
prominent distinctive characters of     
,melocactus reside in the  cap or       
cluster of spines1 wool1 and flowers on 
the summit of the stem4  ,thirty species
 are included in the genus1 their stems 
ranging from #a ft4  to #c ft4 in       
height1 the ridges straight1 and1 as a  
rule1 large2 whilst  all have stiff     
stout spines in clusters about #a in4   
apart4 ,the small  flowers are succeeded
 by bright red1 cherry-like berries1    
containing  numerous black1 shining     
seeds4 ,the distribution of the species 
is over  the hottest parts of some of   
the ,west ,indian ,islands and a few    
places in  ,central and ,south ,america4
    ,cultivation4--,the cultivation of  
the several kinds known in gardens is   
as follows3 ,a tropical temperature all 
the year round1 with as much  sunlight  
as possible1 and a moist atmosphere for 
about three months  during summer1 when 
growth is most active4 ,very little soil
 is required1  as the largest stems have

 comparatively few roots2 indeed1       
imported  stems have been known to live1
 and even make growth1 nearly two years 
without pushing a single root2 but1 of  
course1 this was abnormal1 and  was no  
other than the using-up of the          
nourishment stored up in the stem       
before it was removed from its native   
home4 ,m4 ,louis de ,smet1 a  well-known
 ,ghent nurseryman1 who grows a fine    
collection of ,cactuses1  stated that he
 had kept ,m4 communis a long time in   
robust health and  growth by feeding it 
with a very weak solution of salt4      
,tried at ,kew1  this treatment did not 
appear to make any perceptible          
difference2 but1  bearing in mind that  
the ,turk's-,cap ,cactus is found in    
great abundance  within the reach of sea
 spray1 in some of the ,west ,indian    
,islands1 there  seems much reason in   
,m4 de ,smet's treatment4 ,the same     
gentleman informed  us that he had a    
specimen of this ,cactus bearing no less
 than thirteen  heads4 ,there is1 at the

 time of writing1 a specimen at ,kew    
bearing four  fine heads4 ,large        
imported plants are very rarely1        
established2 and even  when established1
 they do not thrive long1 owing to the  
fact that1 after  the cap has commenced 
to form1 no further stem-growth is made4
 ,young  plants grow very slowly1 a     
plant #c ft4 across taking1 according to
 ,sir ,w4  ,hooker1 from #bjj to #cjj   
years to reach that size4 ,it has been  
stated  that grafting is a good plan to 
adopt for the ,melocactus1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 
,palmer1 in ,culture des ,cactes1       
recommending the following treatment    
for ,m4 communis3 ,take a ,cereus       
peruvianus of about the same diameter as
  that of the base of the ,melocactus1  
cut off the head of the former1 but  not
 so low as to come upon the hard1       
ligneous axis1 and then pare off  the   
hard epidermis and ribs for about #a in4
 ,then take off a slice from  the base  
of the ,melocactus1 also paring off     
about #a in4 of the epidermis  all      

round2 place the two together1 and bind 
on firmly with strong  worsted4 ,in warm
 weather1 a union should take place in  
about two months1  but it will be safest
 to allow the ligature to remain till   
growth  commences4 ,the precaution of   
paring off the hard skin and ribs is    
absolutely necessary1 as the juicy      
centre contracts1 and the rind1 or      
epidermis1 does not4 ,there would1      
therefore1 be a cavity formed           
sufficient to prevent all cohesion1 be  
the graft tied on ever so  tightly4     
,large imported stems should be kept    
perfectly dry for about a fortnight1    
and1 if they show any signs of          
rottenness1 they should be carefully    
examined and the bad portions cut away2 
exposure to the air for a few  days will
 generally cause these pared places to  
callus over4 ,at all  times1 even when  
the stems appear to be in good health1 a
 sharp look-out  should be kept for     
patches of rottenness in the stem1 and  
especially  about its base4             

,propagation4--,this is effected by     
means of seeds1 which usually follow    
quickly after the flowers produced on   
cultivated specimens4  ,multiplication  
is also possible by means of offsets1   
which are formed  about the base of the 
stem if the top of a growing plant is   
cut out4 ,the  thirteen-headed plant    
mentioned above was the result of the   
removal of  the top of a stem which had 
developed these lateral growths1 and    
thus  formed a family of red-capped     
stems2 this had1 however1 taken place   
before the plant was removed from its   
native home4 ,as the cap is the  most   
remarkable part of ,m4 communis1 the    
purchase of large imported  stems1 in   
preference to young ones raised from    
seeds1 is recommended2  for1 as the cap 
does not form till the stem attains a   
large size1 there  would be small hope  
of seedlings reaching the flowering     
stage during a  lifetime4    ,,species4 
,m4 communis 7common72 ,fig4 #ed4--,stem
 from #b ft4 to #c ft4 in diameter1     

globose1 with from twelve to twenty     
ridges1 and armed with numerous         
clusters of strong1 short spines1 the   
clusters placed closely together4  ,on  
the summit of the stem is a cylindrical 
crown1 about #d in4 broad1 and  varying 
in height from #e in4 to #ab in4 ,this  
cylinder is composed of a  thick pad of 
whitish1 cotton-like substance1 through 
and beyond which a  great number of     
bristle-like red spines are developed1  
the whole being  not unlike a           
bottle-brush4 ,about the top of this    
brush-like growth the  flowers are      
produced4 ,these are small1 red1 fleshy1
 and tube-shaped1 the  calyx and corolla
 forming a regular flower1 as in a      
,hyacinth4 ,they are  borne at various  
times in the year1 as long as the cap is
 growing2  afterwards the latter falls  
off2 and the stem rots4 ,we have a cap  
that  was cast by an old plant1 and     
which has stood as an ornament on a     
shelf  in a room for about four years1  
and is still in perfect condition4 ,in  

addition to the name of ,turk's-,cap    
,cactus this plant is also known as     
,englishman's ,head and ,pope's ,head4  
,it is a native of several of the       
islands of the ,west ,indies1 being very
 abundant in ,st4 ,kitt's ,island1      
where it grows in very dry1 barren      
places1 often on bare porous rocks4     
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,melocactus 
,,communis4    ,m4 depressus            
7flattened72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #cfia4--,stem  
broader than high1  deeply cut into     
about ten broad furrows1 along the sharp
 angles of which  are clusters of pale  
brown spines1 from  in4 to #a in4 long1 
arranged in a  star1 each cluster #a in4
 apart4 ,instead of the cylinder-like   
cap of the  ,turk's-,cap species1 this  
one has a short1 broad tuft of white    
wool and  red spines1 like a skull-cap4 
,the flowers are small1 and soon wither1
  but remain attached to the oblong     
berries1 which stand erect in a dense   
cluster in the centre of the cap1 and   
are of a delicate rose-colour4 ,the     

first introduced plant of this was sent 
home by ,mr4 ,gardner1 who  introduced  
the ,epiphyllums and other ,cactuses4   
,it flowered on the way to  ,england1   
and matured its seeds soon after its    
arrival4 ,it is a native of             
,pernambuco4    ,m4 ,miquelii           
7,miquel's72 ,fig4 #ee4--,this species  
appears to have been  introduced in     
#ahch1 when two plants of it were sent  
from the ,west ,indian  ,island1 ,st4   
,croix1 to the ,hamburg ,botanic        
,gardens4 ,the stem is oval1  dark      
green1 with fourteen well-defined ribs1 
as regular as if they had  been carved  
with a knife4 ,the spine-tufts are      
small2 spines short1  black-brown1 about
 nine in each tuft1 one of which is     
central1 the  others radiating2 they are
 less than  in4 long4 ,the cap is       
cylindrical1  #c in4 high by #d in4 in  
diameter1 and composed of layers of     
snow-white  threads1 mixed with short   
reddish bristles4    ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #ee4 ,,melocactus ,,miquelii4    

,these three are the only species of    
,melocactus that have become known in   
,english gardens1 although various other
 kinds1 named ,m4 ,lehmanni1 ,m4        
,zuccarini1 ,m4 ,ellemeetii1 ,m4        
,schlumbergerianus1 c41 occur in books4 
,,chapter ,x4    ,,the ,,genus          
,,pilocereus4    7,from pilos1 wool1 and
 ,cereus1 in allusion to the long hairs 
on the  spine cushions1 and the affinity
 of the genus47      ,one of the most   
striking plants in this order is the    
,old ,man ,cactus1  botanically known as
 ,pilocereus senilis1 which is the only 
member of  this  genus that has become  
at all known in ,english gardens4 ,in   
,continental gardens1 however1 more than
 a dozen species are to be found  in    
collections of succulent plants2 and of 
these one of the most  remarkable is    
that represented at ,fig4 #ef4 ,the     
limits of the genus  ,pilocereus are not
 definitely fixed1 different botanists  
holding  different views with respect to
 the generic characters4 ,recent        

writers1  and among them the late ,mr4  
,bentham1 sunk the genus under ,cereus2 
but  there are sufficiently good        
characters to justify us in retaining1  
for  garden purposes1 the name          
,pilocereus for the several distinct    
plants  mentioned here4 ,the botanist   
who founded the genus gives the         
following  general description of its   
members3 ,stems tall1 erect1 thick1     
simple or  branched1 fleshy1 ridged2 the
 ridges regular1 slightly tubercled1 and
  placed closely together4 ,tubercles   
generally hairy1 with bunches of  short 
spines2 the hairs long and white1       
especially about the apex of the  stem1 
where they form a dense mass4 ,flowers  
on the extreme top of the  matured      
stems1 and arranged in a cluster as in  
the ,melon ,cactus1 small1  tubular2 the
 petals united at the base1 and the     
stamens attached to the  whole face of  
the tube thus formed1 expanding only at 
night1 and fading  in a few hours4      
,these flowers have a disagreeable      

odour1 not unlike that  of boiled       
cabbage4 ,fruit fleshy1 round1          
persistent1 usually red when  ripe4 ,the
 species are natives of tropical        
,america1 and are generally  found in   
rocky gorges or the steep declivities of
 mountainous regions4                   
,cultivation4--,these plants require    
distinctly tropical treatment4  ,during 
summer1 they must have all the sunlight 
possible1 and be supplied  with plenty  
of water1 both at the root and by means 
of the syringe4 ,air  should be given on
 very hot days1 but the plants should be
 encouraged to  make all the growth     
possible before the approach of winter4 
,in winter1  they may be kept quite dry1
 and the temperature of the house where 
they  stand should be maintained at     
about #fj degs41 rising to #fe degs4 or 
#gj degs4 in the day4 ,in ,march1 the   
plants should be repotted into as  small
 pots as convenient1 employing a good1  
loamy soil and ample  drainage4 ,should 
the hairs become soiled or dusty1 the   

stems may be laid  on their sides and   
then syringed with a mixture of soft    
soap and warm  water1 to be followed by 
a few syringefuls of pure water2 this   
should  cleanse the hairs and give them 
the white appearance to which the plants
  owe their attractiveness4             
,,species4    ,p4 ,houlletianus         
7,houllet's72 ,fig4 #ef4--,stem robust1 
glaucous-green2  ridges about eight1    
broad1 prominent1 obscurely tubercled2  
spines in  bundles of nine1 radiating1  
straight1 less than #a in4 long1 and    
pale  yellow4 ,upon the growing part of 
the stem1 the spines are intermingled   
with long1 white1 cottony hairs1 often  
matted together like an unkempt  head2  
these hairs fall off as the stem        
matures4 ,flowers funnel-shaped1        
resembling ,canterbury ,bells1 borne in 
a cluster on the summit of the  plant2  
ovary short and scaly2 petals joined at 
the base1 and coloured a  rosy-purple1  
dashed with yellow2 the stamens fill the
 whole of the  flower-tube and are      

white2 style a little longer than the   
flower-tube1  and bearing a ray of about
 a dozen stigmas4 ,fruit globose1 as    
large as a  plum1 and coloured          
cherry-red4 ,the pulp is bright1        
crimson1 and contains  a few brownish   
seeds4 ,in the engraving the fruit is   
shown on the left1  and a flower-bud on 
the right4 ,this species is often known 
in  ,continental collections as ,p4     
,fosterii4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4
 ,,pilocereus ,,houlletianus4    ,p4    
senilis 7,old-,man74--,stem attaining a 
height of #be ft41 with a diameter  of  
about #a ft42 ridges from twenty-five to
 thirty on plants #d ft4 high2  the     
furrows mere slits1 whilst the tufts of 
thin1 straight spines1 #a in4  long1    
which crown each of the many tubercles  
into which the ridges are  divided1 give
 young stems a brushy appearance4 ,about
 the upper portion  of the stem1 and    
especially upon the extreme top1 are    
numerous white1  wiry hairs1 #f in4 or  
more long1 and gathered sometimes into  

locks4 ,to  this character1 the plant   
owes it name ,old-,man ,cactus2 but1 by 
a curious  inversion of what obtains in 
the human kind1 old plants are less     
conspicuous by their white hairs than   
the younger ones4 ,some years ago1      
there were three fine stems of this     
,cactus among the cultivated plants  at 
,kew1 the highest of which measured #ah 
ft4 ,there was also1 however1 a  fine   
specimen in the ,oxford ,botanic        
,gardens1 with a stem #af ft4 high2 and 
it is stated that this plant has been in
 cultivation in ,england a  hundred     
years at least4 ,a plant twenty-five    
years old is very small1  and1 from its 
slowness of growth1 as well as from the 
reports of the  inhabitants of ,mexico1 
where this species is found wild1 there 
is reason  to believe that a stem #bj   
ft4 high would be several hundred years 
old4  ,the flowers of ,p4 senilis are   
not known in ,english collections1 the  
plant being grown only for its shaggy   
hairiness4    ,other species are3 ,p4   

chrysomallus1 which has a branching     
habit1 ,p4  ,brnnonii 7,fig4 #eg71 ,p4  
,celsianus1 ,p4 columna1 ,p4 tilophorus1
 known only  in a young state1 and      
several others1 all very remarkable     
plants1 but  not known in ,english      
collections1 unless1 perhaps at ,kew4   
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,pilocereus 
,,br,,nnonii4          ,,chapter ,,xi4  
,,the ,,genus ,,mamillaria4    7,from   
mamilla1 a little teat2 in allusion to  
the tubercles47      ,something over    
#cjj different kinds of ,mamillaria are 
known1 but only a  small proportion of  
these may be considered as garden       
plants4 ,they are  characterised        
generally by short1 symmetrically-formed
 stems1 sometimes  aggregated together  
and forming a dense tuft1 but1 as a     
rule1 each plant  has only one stem4    
,the generic name is descriptive of the 
chief feature  in these stems1 namely1  
the closely-set1 spirally-arranged      
tubercles or  mamillae1 which vary      
considerably in the different kinds1 but

 are always  present in some form or    
other4 ,some kinds have stems only #a   
in4 high by  #b_/c in4 in diameter1 and 
the tubercles hidden from view by the   
star-shaped cushions of reddish or white
 spines4 ,in some1 the spines are  erect
 and hair-like1 giving the plant the    
appearance of tiny  sea-urchins2 another
 group has the principal spines hooked  
at the tip1  and the points in these so 
sharp that if the hand comes in contact 
with  them they hook into it and stick  
like fish-hooks4 ,the purpose of these  
hooked spines seems doubtful2 certainly1
 they cannot serve as any  protection to
 the plant itself1 as they are so strong
 that the plant  must be torn up by the 
roots before the hooks will give way4   
,the spines in ,m4 macromeris are       
straight1 and measure #b in4 in length2 
in  ,m4 multiceps they are in two       
series1 the one fine1 white1 and short1 
the  other yellow and stout4 ,the most  
marked section of this genus1 however1  
is that represented by ,m4 fissurata    

7,fig4 #fa71 in which the tubercles  are
 large1 spreading horizontally1 and     
angular1 resembling most closely  the   
foliage and habit of some of the        
,haworthias4 ,no one who had not read   
up the botany of ,mamillarias would     
suspect that this plant belonged to     
them1 or even to the ,cactus order at   
all4 ,there is a good specimen of it  in
 the ,kew collection4 ,when in flower   
the family resemblance is easily  seen2 
but as this species does not flower     
freely1 it will be known by  its        
remarkable foliage-like tubercles1      
rather than as a flowering  ,cactus4    
,and the same remark applies to many of 
the ,mamillarias2 their  stems thickly  
beset with tubercles and spines1 always 
regular in  arrangement1 and neat and   
attractive in appearance4    ,the       
following remarks made by ,dr4 ,lindley 
when describing ,m4 tenuis1  give a good
 idea of the singular1 yet pretty1 stems
 of some of these  plants3 ,gentle      
reader1 hast thou never seen in a       

display of fireworks a  crowd of wheels 
all in motion at once1 crossing and     
intersecting each  other in every       
direction2 and canst thou fancy those   
wheels arrested in  their motion by some
 magic power--their rays retained1 but  
their fires  extinguished and their     
brightness gone8 ,then mayst thou       
conceive the  curious beauty of this    
little herb--a plant so unlike all      
others that  we would fain believe it   
the reanimated spirit of a race that    
flourished  in former ages1 with those  
hideous monsters whose bones alone      
remain to  tell the history of their    
existence4 ,it is quite true that in the
  cultivated ,mamillarias there is      
nothing unsightly1 or rough1 or         
unfinished4 ,without foliage1 their     
stems globose1 or short cylinders1 or   
arranged in little cushion-like tufts1  
and enveloped in silky spines1  like    
tiny red stars1 always looking the same1
 except when in flower1 and  never      
looking in the least like ordinary      

plants4 ,characters such as  these ought
 to find many admirers4 ,in the         
,succulent ,house at ,kew1 there  is a  
long shelf upon which a great many      
plants of this genus may be  seen4 ,but 
the flowers in some of the species of   
,mamillaria are quite as  attractive as 
the stems4 ,those of ,m4 macromeris are 
#c in4 long and wide1  their colour a   
deep rose2 ,m4 ,scheerii has equally    
large flowers1 and  coloured bright     
yellow1 as also are the flowers of ,m4  
pectinata4 ,this  last is remarkable on 
account of the clock-like regularity    
with which  its flowers expand4 ,while  
fresh1 they open every day between      
eleven and  twelve o'clock1 and close   
again about one1 however strong the     
sunlight  shining upon them may be4     
,some of the kinds 7more especially the 
small-flowered ones7 are often prettily 
studded over with bright red1           
coral-like berries1 which are the little
 fruits1 and contain1 as a rule1        
matured seeds capable of reproducing the

 parent plant4    ,the headquarters of  
the genus ,mamillaria is ,mexico1 and   
the countries  immediately to the north1
 a few being scattered over the ,west   
,indies1  ,bolivia1 ,brazil1 and ,chili4
 ,many of them grow on mountains where  
the  temperature is moderate1 but where 
the sunlight is always intense4  ,others
 are found on limestone or gravelly     
hills1 among short herbage1 or  on      
grassy prairies4 ,a small silvery-spined
 kind has recently been found  near the 
snow line in ,chili4 ,m4 vivipara is    
quite hardy in ,new ,york1 as  also are 
several other kinds1 whilst we learn    
that by planting them out  in summer1   
and protecting them by means of a frame 
from heavy rain1  dews1 fogs1 and sudden
 changes of weather1 a good many species
 of both  ,mamillaria and ,echinocactus 
are successfully managed in the         
neighbourhood of that town4             
,cultivation4--,particulars with respect
 to cultivation are given along  with   
the descriptions of most of the species1

 but a few general  principles may here 
be noted4 ,with only a few exceptions1  
all the  cultivated ,mamillarias may be 
grown in a warm1 sunny greenhouse1 or   
they  may be placed in a frame with a   
south aspect1 during our summer1        
removing them into artificially heated  
quarters for the winter4 ,they do  not  
like a large body of soil about their   
roots1 but always thrive best  when in  
comparatively small pots4 ,if a sweet1  
new1 fibry loam1 mixed  with broken     
bricks or cinders1 be used to pot these 
plants in1 they may  then be left       
undisturbed at the root for several     
years4 ,much harm is  often done to the 
more delicate kinds of ,cactuses by     
repotting them  annually2 the           
best-managed collection ,i have seen had
 not been repotted  for four years4     
,this would not be safe if a poor and   
exhausted soil were  used in the first  
instance4 ,the pots should be well      
drained with crocks1  and these covered 
with a layer of fibre sifted from loam4 

,in summer1 the  soil should be kept    
moist1 but never saturated2 and after a 
bright warm  day1 the stems may be      
moistened over by syringing them with   
tepid water4  ,a point of much          
importance in connection with these1 and
 indeed all  tropical and extra-tropical
 plants1 is1 that the water used for    
watering  or syringing them should be   
rain-water if possible1 and never more  
than  a degree or so colder than the    
plants themselves would be4 ,thus1 a    
plant  which had been standing in the   
full glare of a midsummer sun all day1  
would be much endangered by watering it 
with cold tap-water4 ,where  proper     
arrangements for water are not made in a
 greenhouse or stove1 it  is a good plan
 to place the water wanted for the day's
 use in the sun  along with the plants4 
,a little bag filled with soot and      
tightly tied at  the neck1 and water1 is
 a good method for rendering hard       
tap-water  suitable for watering the    
roots of plants4 ,in winter1            

,mamillarias may be  kept quite dry at  
the roots1 except in mild sunny weather1
 when a little  water may be given4     
,a collection of the most distinct kinds
 may be successfully managed in a  glass
 case in a room window1 providing the   
sun shines through it for a  few hours  
in the day4    ,propagation4--,this is  
usually effected by means of seeds1     
which may be  procured from ,continental
 seedsmen as well as from our own4 ,the 
treatment required by the seeds is      
similar to what has been already        
advised for those of other ,cactuses4   
,the tufted kinds are easily  multiplied
 by separating the stems1 or even by    
cutting off the tops and  planting them 
in small pots of sandy soil4            
,,species4 ,the following kinds are     
selected from those known to be in      
cultivation2 of course1 it is out of the
 question here to enumerate all  the    
species known4    ,m4 angularis         
7angular-tubercled74--,a robust kind1   
with stems #d in4 to  #h in4 high1 and  

branching somewhat freely2 tubercles    
prism-shaped1 rather  thick at the base1
 and slightly angular1  in4 long1 their 
tops tufted  with short white spines2 at
 the base of the tubercles are little   
tufts  of white wool4 ,flowers are only 
rarely produced by cultivated plants2   
they are small1 tubular1 rosy-purple1   
the stamens yellow4 ,introduced  from   
,mexico in #ahce2 flowers in summer4    
,when happily situated1 it forms  a     
specimen #a ft4 in diameter1 owing to   
its freely produced arm-like  branches1 
which spread out and curve upwards4 ,it 
requires a warm  greenhouse temperature 
during winter1 and exposure to bright   
sunshine at  all times4    ,m4 applanata
 7flattened74--,in this1 the stem is    
broader than high1 and  has a squat     
appearance2 tubercles  in4 long1        
cone-shaped1 with stellate  tufts of    
straight1 hair-like spines1 white when  
young1 yellowish when  aged4 ,flowers   
springing from the outside of the       
stem-top1 white1 tinged  with red4 ,it  

is a native of ,mexico1 and blossoms in 
summer4 ,a specimen1  #f in4 through at 
the base1 may be seen at ,kew1 where it 
has been for many  years1 without       
altering perceptibly in size4 ,all the  
larger-stemmed  ,mamillarias are        
exceedingly slow growers after they have
 reached a  certain size1 although1 in  
the seedling stage1 they grow freely4   
,the  treatment for this kind should    
resemble that advised for the last4     
,m4 atrata 7blackened74--,stem oval in  
shape1 broad at the base1 #d in4  high1 
unbranched2 tubercles swollen1  in4     
long1 deep green1 cone-shaped1  becoming
 flattened through pressure of growth4  
,spines set in a tuft of  white hairs1  
falling off from the lowest mammae1 as  
happens in many of  the thick-stemmed   
kinds4 ,flowers numerous1 and developed 
all round the  outside of the stem1     
stalkless1 nestling closely between the 
tubercles1  and when expanded looking   
like starry buttons of a rosy-pink      
colour4  ,native of ,chili1 flowering in

 autumn4 ,this species is rare in       
,england1  but is worth attention       
because of the prettiness of its        
flowers1 the  attractive form of its    
stem1 and its reputed hardiness4 ,it    
will thrive  in a cold frame1 and       
requires protection from excessive wet  
only1 rather  than from cold4 ,grown in 
a warm house1 it becomes sickly1 and is 
short-lived4    ,m4 bicolor             
7two-coloured74--,one of the commonest  
of the ,cactuses grown  in ,english     
gardens1 and one of the most distinct1  
owing to its short1  silvery hair-like  
spines1 thickly crowded on the ends of  
the small  tubercles1 completely hiding 
the stem from view4 ,the latter is from 
#f in4  to #a ft4 high1 #c in4 in       
diameter1 cylindrical1 often branching  
into  several thick arms1 when it has a 
quaint appearance4 ,if kept free from   
dust1 which may be done by covering the 
plant with a bell glass1 there  is much 
beauty in the stem2 indeed1 it is owing 
to this1 rather than as  a flowering    

,cactus1 that this species finds favour 
as a garden plant4  ,the flowers are    
less than #a in4 in length and width1   
stellate1 their  colour deep purple2    
they are developed in ,june4 ,although a
 native of  elevated regions in ,mexico 
7#djjj-ejjj ft471 this plant thrives    
best when  grown in a warm house4 ,there
 are several handsome and very old      
specimens  of it in the tropical        
collection of succulents at ,kew4 ,it is
 one of the  easiest to manage1 and will
 thrive in a warm room-window if exposed
 to  bright sunlight and kept dry in    
winter4 ,m4 nivea and ,m4 nobilis are   
both  varieties of this species4    ,m4 
chlorantha 7greenish-yellow74--,a       
newly-introduced species with  erect1   
cylinder-shaped stems1 #f in4 high1     
clothed with numerous  tubercles1 which 
are tipped with clusters of long1       
silvery1 interlacing1  hair-like spines1
 and a few stouter blackish ones4 ,the  
flowers are  described as               
greenish-yellow1 so that they are not   

likely to add much to  the beauty of the
 plant1 which is recommended because of 
the  attractiveness of its stem and     
spines4 ,it is a native of ,mexico and  
,texas1 whence it was introduced some   
two years ago4 ,it requires  cool-house 
treatment1 and should be kept free from 
dust1 which  disfigures the white       
spines4    ,m4 cirrhifera               
7twisted74--,like ,m4 bicolor1 this     
species owes its  frequent occurrence in
 gardens to the symmetry and            
neatly-chiselled form  of its stems1 and
 not to any attraction possessed by its 
flowers4 ,it  will thrive anywhere where
 the sun can shine upon it1 if sheltered
 from  severe cold and wet4 ,in a       
cottage window it may be grown1 and kept
 for  many years1 without losing health 
or1 on the other hand1 increasing much  
in size4 ,its usual height is about #e  
in41 by #d in4 in diameter4 ,the        
tubercles are angular at the base1 and  
bear tufts of yellowish spines on  their
 pointed apices4 ,the flowers are small1

 and bright rose-coloured1  but only    
rarely produced on cultivated plants4   
,introduced from ,mexico in  #ahce4     
,m4 clava 7club-shaped72 ,bot4 ,mag4    
#dceh4--;,in the size of its stem1 and  
the large1 brightly-coloured flowers it 
bears1 this species may be  compared    
with some of the ,echinocactuses4 ,the  
stem is from #a ft4 to #a ft4  high1 #d 
in4 wide at the base1 narrowing slightly
 upwards2 the tubercles  are #a in4     
long1 and nearly as much through at the 
base1 their shape that  of little       
pyramids1 and their tips bear each from 
eight to eleven stout1  straight spines1
 pale brown1 with a little wool at the  
base4 ,the flowers  are borne on the top
 of the stem1 two or three of them      
together2 the  sepals are green and red1
 and the spreading petals are           
straw-coloured  and glossy1 their edges 
near the top being toothed4 ,in the     
centre of the  shallow cup formed by the
 petals1 and which measures nearly #d   
in4 across1  the orange-coloured stamens

 are clustered1 in a kind of disk1      
through  the middle of which the yellow 
stigma projects4 ,it is a native of     
,mexico1 at an altitude of #ejjj ft4    
,introduced in #ahdh1 when it flowered  
at ,kew1 in ,june1 at which time it     
flowers almost every year now4 ,a warm  
greenhouse affords the most suitable    
conditions for it2 but1 unless it  is   
kept in full sunshine both summer and   
winter1 and perfectly dry  during the   
latter season1 it will not produce any  
flowers4 ,as a  flowering plant1 it     
ranks amongst the very best of the      
,mamillarias4 ,it  is easily propagated 
from seeds ripened on cultivated plants4
    ,m4 dasyacantha                     
7thick-spined74--,stem #b in4 to #c in4 
high1 almost  globular1 and covered with
 spiral whorls of tiny tubercles1 in the
  grooves of which is a little whitish  
wool1 which falls away as the  tubercles
 ripen4 ,the spines upon the tubercles  
are arranged in little  stars1 with an  
erect central one4 ,the flowers are     

small1 and spring from  the centre of   
the stem4 ,this is one of the ,thimble  
,cactuses1 and is too  small to have any
 great attractions1 either in stem or   
flowers4 ,it is1  however1 a pretty     
plant1 especially when studded with its 
ruby-like  flowers1 which look like     
coloured ,daisies growing upon a dense  
tuft of  hairs4 ,it is a native of      
,mexico1 where it grows on high         
mountains among  short grass and other  
herbage4    ,m4 discolor 7spines        
two-coloured74--,stem globose1 about #d 
in4 in  diameter2 tubercles smooth1     
egg-shaped1 their bases embedded in     
white  wool1 their tips crowned with    
stellate tufts of short1 reddish spines4
  ,flowers numerous1 and borne from     
almost all parts of the stem1 less than 
#a in4 wide1 and composed of a single   
whorl of narrow1 reflexed1  rose-purple 
petals1 surrounding a large1 disk-like  
cluster of yellow  stamens4 ,the flowers
 are so short that they are half hidden 
by the  tubercles4 ,it is a native of   

,mexico1 where it grows on rocks1 in    
warm1  sheltered places4 ,under         
cultivation it thrives when grown on a  
dry shelf  in a warm house1 and kept    
moist in summer1 but perfectly dry in   
winter4    ,m4 dolichocentra            
7long-spurred72 ,fig4 #eh4--;,apparently
 this is a  variable species2 at all    
events1 plants of widely different habit
 are  found under this name1 one of them
 represented in the ,figure here1       
another in the ,garden1 ,vol4 ,,xvii41  
whilst others are figured or  described 
in other books4 ,what is known at ,kew  
as the true plant is that  here figured4
 ,this has a stout stem1 about #h in4   
high and #c in4 wide1 and  covered with 
smooth cone-shaped mammae1 with woolly  
bases and stellate  tufts of spines on  
their tips4 ,the flowers are produced   
about #a in4 from  the top of the stem1 
and are less than #a in4 wide2 they are1
 however1  often very numerous1         
sometimes a closely-set ring of them    
surrounding  the stem1 like a daisy     

chain1 their colour being pale purple4  
,below the  flowers there is often a    
whorl of club-shaped fruits1  in4 long1 
and  rose-coloured4 ,these contain      
numerous little black seeds1 which1 when
  ripe1 may be sown in pots of very     
sandy loam4 ,the plant is a native of   
,mexico1 and flowers in summer4 ,it     
thrives in a tropical temperature1 and  
enjoys a daily syringing overhead on    
bright days in summer1 but in  winter   
requires little or no water4            
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,mamillaria 
,,dolichocentra4    ,m4 echinata        
7hedgehog-like74--,a charming little    
plant1 with very small  stems1 clustered
 together in a cushion-like tuft1 each  
stem less than  #a in4 wide2 but a      
well-grown specimen is composed of      
dozens of these1  packed almost one on  
top of the other4 ,the tubercles are    
hidden by the  star-like spine clusters 
which cap them1 and look like a swarm of
  insects4 ,flowers very small1         
rose-coloured1 and lasting only about a 

day4 ,these are succeeded by numerous   
currant-like red berries1 so  numerous1 
in fact1 that the plants look as if     
thickly studded all over  with coral    
beads4 ,the central stem is sometimes   
about #f in4 high1 those  surrounding it
 being shorter and shorter1 till the    
outside ones rise  only just above the  
soil4 ,a well-grown plant of this is    
strikingly  pretty1 even when not in    
fruit4 ,it is a native of ,mexico1 and  
requires  the treatment of a warm house4
 ,a few pieces of broken brick should be
  placed upon the surface of the soil   
about the base of the plant1 as the     
stems like to press against1 or grow    
upon1 anything in the nature of  rocky  
ground4    ,m4 echinus 7hedgehog-like72 
,fig4 #ei4--;,a distinct and pretty     
little  plant1 the largest specimen     
having a stem about the size and shape  
of a  small hen's-egg1 completely hidden
 under the densely interwoven radial    
spines1 which crown the thirteen spiral 
rows of tubercles1 and are  almost white

 when mature4 ,the tubercles are  in4   
long1 and1 in addition  to these white  
radiating spines1 they also bear each a 
stout spike-like  spine1 growing from   
the centre of the others4 ,this spine   
gives the plant  an appearance quite    
distinct from all other cultivated      
,mamillarias4 ,the  flowers are produced
 two or three together1 on the top of   
the stem1 and  they are nearly #b in4   
long1 cup-shaped1 and coloured yellow2  
they usually  appear about ,june4 ,as   
yet this species is rare in cultivated  
collections4 ,it comes from ,mexico1    
where it is found growing on  limestone 
hills1 in hot and arid localities4      
,under cultivation it  requires a warm  
greenhouse temperature1 exposure to     
bright sunshine all  the year round1    
with a moderate supply of water in      
summer1 and none at  all during winter4 
,a few large pieces of broken brick or  
sandstone  placed in the soil1 just     
under the base of the stem1 afford the  
roots  conditions suitable to their     

healthy growth4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4
 #ei4 ,,mamillaria ,,echinus4    ,m4    
elegans 7elegant74--,a small species1   
grown only for the prettiness  of its   
stem1 flowers rarely1 if ever1 being    
borne by it under  cultivation4 ,the    
stem is #b in4 high and wide1 globose1  
with small conical  tubercles1 which1   
when young1 are woolly at the tips4     
,spines short and  slender1 about       
twenty1 arranged in a star on each      
tubercle1 with four  central ones a     
little longer than those which surround 
them2 the colour  of the spines is      
whitish1 with brown tips4 ,native       
country ,mexico1 on  high exposed hills2
 in this country it requires greenhouse 
treatment4  ,introduced about #ahej4    
,m4 elephantidens 7elephant's-tooth72   
,fig4 #fj4--,one of the largest and     
most remarkable of all garden           
,mamillarias4 ,stem globose1 depressed1 
#f in4  to #h in4 in diameter1 and      
bright shining green4 ,tubercles smooth1
 round1  #a in4 long1 furrowed across   

the top1 which is at first filled with  
wool1  but when old is naked4 ,at the   
base of the tubercles there is a dense  
tuft of white wool1 and springing from  
the furrows are eight radiating         
recurved spines1 and three short central
 ones1 all strong1 stiff1 and           
ivory-white1 tipped with brown4 ,the    
flowers are #c in4 wide1 and are        
composed of a circle of violet-coloured 
sepals1 with white margins1 and  a      
second circle of petals which are bright
 rose1 pale purple at the  base1 a line 
of the same colour extending all down   
the middle4 ,the  stamens are numerous1 
with long purple filaments and yellow   
anthers1 and  the pistil is stout1      
erect1 projecting above the stamens1    
with a  radiating stigma4 ,flowers in   
autumn2 native country1 ,paraguay4      
,under  cultivation1 it grows quicker   
than is usual with plants of this genus1
  and it is also exceptional in the     
regular and abundant production of its  
flowers4 ,it has been a rarity in       

,european collections for many years1   
and1 although easily grown1 it is often 
killed through wrong treatment4  ,a cool
 greenhouse or sunny frame in summer1   
plenty of water whilst  growth is       
active1 and a light1 well-drained soil1 
suit it best2 whilst  during winter it  
must be kept perfectly dry1 and         
protected only from  frost4 ,in a       
tropical house1 it is invariably sickly1
 and altogether  unsatisfactory4        
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,,mamillaria 
,,eliphantidens4    ,m4 elongata        
7elongated74--,a small1 cushion-like    
kind1 with the stems in  tufts1 owing to
 their producing offsets freely from the
 base1 the  tallest of them being about 
as high and as thick as a man's thumb4  
,the  tubercles are short1 crowded1 and 
hidden under the star-clusters of       
reddish-yellow spines4 ,there are no    
central spines in this kind4 ,the       
flowers are produced in the axils of the
 tubercles from all parts of the  stem1 
a large tuft of stems being thickly     

studded with circles of tawny  yellow   
petals1 which are only about  in4 long4 
,the berries are bright  coral-red1 and 
about the size of a date stone4 ,there  
are several  varieties of this species1 
under the names of intertexta1          
rufescens1  rutila1 subcrocea1 and      
supertexta4 ,these differ only slightly 
either in  the length or thickness of   
the stems or in the colour of the       
spines4 ,all  of them may be grown in a 
cold frame1 or in a window where the sun
 can  shine upon them2 or they may be   
grown along with tropical kinds4 ,for   
small cases in windows1 these little    
,thimble ,cactuses are amongst the  most
 suitable4 ,they are natives of high    
mountains in ,mexico1 and have  been    
cultivated in ,europe over forty years4 
,m4 fissurata 7fissured72 ,fig4         
#fa4--;,in appearance1 this rare species
  mimics some of the ,gasterias1 and is 
so different from all the kinds         
hitherto described1 that very few people
 unacquainted with it would  suspect    

that it belonged to the same genus as   
,m4 elongata or ,m4  dolichocentra4     
,indeed1 some botanists have made a     
separate genus of this  and several     
other plants of the same peculiar       
appearance1 calling them  ,anhalonium4  
,m4 fissurata is like a whip-top in     
shape1 the root being  thick and woody1 
and the tubercles arranged in a thick   
layer1 spreading  from the centre1      
rosette-like4 ,a living plant in the    
,kew collection is  #b in4 high by #d   
in4 wide1 the tubercles being triangular
 in shape1  in4  thick1 wrinkled1 with  
an irregular furrow on the upper        
surface4 ,the  flowers grow from the    
middle of the stem1 and are #a in4 wide1
 and  rose-coloured4 ,native of ,mexico1
 on hard gravel or limestone soils4 ,we 
know of no plant in ,english            
collections1 except that at ,kew1 which 
was  introduced from ,mexico in #ahhf4  
,it flowers in ,september and ,october4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,mamillaria 
,,fissurata4    ,m4 floribunda          

7free-flowering74--,a ,french writer on 
,cactuses1 ,m4  ,labouret1 calls this a 
species of ,echinocactus1 but it        
resembles so  closely another species   
included by him in ,mamillaria1 viz41   
,m4 atrata1  that we see no good reason 
for separating the two into different   
genera4  ,m4 floribunda has an irregular
 conical stem1 about #e in4 high by #d  
in4  wide at the base1 round nut-like   
tubercles the size of filberts1 crowned 
with star-tufts of spines  in4 long1    
stiff1 and brown1 about ten spines      
being set with their bases in a small   
disc-like pad of dirty-white wool4  ,the
 flowers are very numerous1 covering the
 whole of the stem-top1 from  which they
 stand erect1 so as to form a dense     
bouquet of rose-coloured  petals4 ,each 
flower is #b in4 long4 ,native of       
,chili2 introduced about  #ahce4        
,flowers in summer4 ,this handsome kind 
will thrive in a window1  and1 if well  
supplied with fresh air1 sunshine1 and  
sufficient water to  keep the soil      

moist1 it will flower almost every year4
 ,it must have no  water in winter4     
,m4 gracilis 7slender74--,a small       
,thimble ,cactus1 remarkable for its    
proliferous stems1 a single stem #b in4 
high producing all round its upper  half
 numerous1 offshoots1 which fall to the 
ground and grow4 ,in this way  a tuft of
 stems is soon developed round the first
 one4 ,if these  offshoots are removed  
as they appear1 the stem will grow      
longer and  stouter than it does when   
they are left4 ,tubercles small1 green1 
crowded2 spines in a stellate tuft1     
short1 curved1 pale yellow or white4    
,flowers as in ,m4 elongata1 to which   
this species is closely allied4 ,in     
window cases1 or on a shelf in a cool   
greenhouse1 it will grow and  multiply  
rapidly4 ,like the bulk of the          
caespitose1 or ,thimble ,cactuses1  it  
does not make much show when in flower2 
and it is only its stems1  with their   
white stars of spines and clusters of   
little offsets hanging  about them1 that

 are attractive4 ,native of ,mexico2    
introduced about  #ahej4 ,there is a    
variety known as pulchella1 in which the
 spines are of  a yellow hue4    ,m4    
,grahami 7,graham's74--,a pretty little 
species1 with globose stems1  scarcely  
#c in4 high1 and nearly the same in     
diameter1 branching sometimes  when old2
 tubercles  in4 long1 egg-shaped1 corky 
when old1 and  persistent4 ,spines in   
tufts of about twenty1 all radiating    
except one in  the centre1 which is     
hooked2 they are about  in4 long4       
,flowers #a in4  long1 usually produced 
in a circle round the stem4 ,fruit a    
small1 oval  berry1  in4 long4 ,this is 
a native of ,colorado1 in mountainous   
regions4  ,it is very rare in           
cultivation4 ,the flowers are developed 
in ,june and  ,july4    ,m4 ,haageana   
7,haage's72 ,fig4 #fb4--,the habit of   
this is shown in the  ,figure1 which is 
reduced to about one-fourth the natural 
size4 ,as the  stem gets older1 it      
becomes more elongated4 ,tubercles      

small1 four-sided  at the base1 pointed 
at the top1 where the spines are        
arranged in a  star1 about twenty of    
them on each tubercle1 with two central 
ones1  which are longer1 stiffer1 and   
much darker in colour than those on the 
outside2 flowers small1 almost hidden   
beneath the spines1 bright              
carmine-rose2 they are produced on the  
sides of the upper portion of the  stem 
in ,june4 ,there is a close resemblance 
between this and ,m4  cirrhifera1 and   
the treatment for both should be the    
same4 ,mexico1 #ahce4    ,illustration3 
,,fig4 #fb4 ,,mamillaria ,,haageana4    
,m4 longimamma 7long-tubercled72 ,fig4  
#fc4--;,a well-marked species in the    
size of its mammae1 or tubercles1 which 
are at least #a in4 long by #a_/c in4   
in diameter1 terete1 slightly curved1   
and narrowed to a pointed apex1  the    
texture being very soft and watery4     
,each tubercle bears a radiating  tuft  
of about twelve spines1 one central and 
projecting outwards2 they  are pale     

brown when old1 and white when young2   
their length is about   in4 ,a tuft of  
short1 white wool is developed at the   
base of the spines  on the young mammae4
 ,the stem is seldom more than #d in4 in
 height1 and it  branches at the base   
when old4 ,flowers large and handsome1  
citron-yellow2 the tube short1 and      
hidden in the mammae2 the petals  #a in4
 long1 narrow1 pointed1 and all directed
 upwards2 stamens numerous1  short4     
,flowering season1 early summer4 ,native
 country1 ,mexico4 ,it  requires        
greenhouse treatment1 or it may be      
placed in a sunny frame out  of doors   
during summer4 ,it is not easily        
multiplied from seeds1 but is  free in  
the production of offsets from the base 
of the stem4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4   
#fc4 ,,mamillaria ,,longimamma4    ,m4  
macromeris 7large-flowered72 ,fig4      
#fd4--,stem about #d in4 high1 naked  at
 the base1 woody and wrinkled when old4 
,tubercles as in ,m4 longimamma1  but   
with curving radial spines1 like        

needles1 often #b in4 in length1  white 
or rose-tinted when young1 almost black 
when old4 ,flowers from the  centre of  
the stem1 #c in4 long1 and about the    
same in width2 the petals  regular and  
spreading1 as in the ,ox-eye daisy2     
stamens numerous1 short1  forming a     
disk2 colour carmine1 almost purple just
 before fading4  ,flowering season1     
,august4 ,native of ,mexico1 where it is
 found in loose1  sand on hillocks1     
generally about the roots of ,acacias4  
,it is one of the  most beautiful of all
 ,mamillarias2 but it is1 as yet1 rare  
in  collections4 ,it requires the same  
treatment as ,m4 longimamma1 except     
that1 owing to the woody nature of its  
rootstock1 and its long1 tap-like       
roots1 it should be planted in pans     
instead of pots1 using a compost of     
rough loam1 mixed with lumps of broken  
brick or limestone4    ,illustration3   
,,fig4 #fd4 ,,mamillaria ,,macromeris4  
,m4 macrothele 7large-nippled72 ,bot4   
,mag4 #cfcd1 as ,m4 ,lehmanni4--,this   

belongs to the same group as ,m4        
cirrhifera1 but is distinguished by its 
large mammae1 which are four-angled at  
the base1  in4 long1 narrowed to  a     
point1 upon which is a tuft of wool and 
a cluster of about eight  spines1  in4  
long1 spreading1 reddish-brown in       
colour1 the central one  being almost   
black1 #a in4 long1 and pointing        
downwards4 ,in the axils of  the mammae 
are tufts of white wool4 ,flowers on the
 top of the stern1  erect1 spreading1   
about #a in4 across when expanded2 the  
petals  overlapping1 and pale yellow2   
the stamens red at the base1 arranged in
 a  dense cluster1 and the rays of the  
stigma spreading over them4 ,flowering  
time1 early summer4 ,native country1    
,mexico1 on prairie lands1 at high      
elevations4 ,this species is almost     
hardy in the warmer parts of this       
country1 suffering from damp rather than
 frost in winter4 ,the stem is  not     
particularly handsome1 but the flowers  
are large and bright1 and  they are     

produced annually by plants which are   
grown in a cool1  well-aired greenhouse 
or frame1 with the sun shining on them  
all day4    ,m4 micromeris              
7small-flowered72 ,fig4 #fe4--;,a small1
 cushion-like plant1  with a stem never 
more than #a in4 across by about #a in4 
in height1 so  that it has the          
appearance of a small1 flattened ball1  
with a raised1  disk-like portion on the
 top4 ,the mammae are very small1 and   
they are  completely hidden by the      
numerous fine1 white1 silky spines and  
wool  which spring in tufts from the    
apex of each mamma1 and interlace so as 
to form a spider-web-like net all over  
the stem4 ,the flowers are small1  and  
they spring from the centre of the      
disk-like top of the stern2 they  are   
composed of from three to five sepals1  
and five petals1 which are  whitish or  
pink1 and measure about  in4 across when
 open4 ,native  country1 ,mexico1 where 
it is found only in naked places on     
mountain tops  or sides where limestone 

is plentiful4 ,it requires much care    
under  cultivation1 water in excess     
being fatal to it1 and a soil of the    
wrong  sort soon killing all its roots4 
,it is cultivated at ,kew in a small    
pot1  in a mixture of loam and lime     
rubbish1 and grown in a warm greenhouse4
    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4          
,,mamillaria ,,micromeris4    ,m4       
multiceps 7many-branched74--,stem short1
 with numerous branches1  which again   
push forth other branches1 so that a    
dense tuft of dumpy1  globose stems is  
formed4 ,the mammae are small1 and      
arranged closely  together1 and they    
each bear a tuft of whitish wool1 with a
 radiating  cluster of spines1 which are
 soft1 almost hair-like in texture1 the 
inner ones being stiffer1 and coloured  
dull yellow4 ,the flowers are  small1   
and almost hidden by the spines and     
tubercles2 they are pale  yellow1 with a
 line of red down the middle of each    
petal4 ,native  country1 ,mexico4 ,this 
plant should be grown on a shelf in a   

cool  greenhouse--anything like a stove 
temperature being fatal to it4 ,as a    
flowering plant it is of no value1 but  
the compact tuft formed by its  numerous
 stems1 with their attractive spines1   
renders it worthy of  cultivation4      
,m4 ,neumanniana 7,neumann's74--,this is
 a member of the group with angular     
tubercles and comparatively small       
flowers4 ,it has a stem about #f in4    
high1 cylindrical1 the tubercles        
arranged spirally1 their bases          
compressed1 four or five-angled1 and    
with a tuft of white wool in their      
axils4 ,the areoles or tufts on the tops
 of the mammae are large1 and the       
spines are about seven in number1  in4  
long1 and of a tawny-yellow  colour4    
,the flowers are produced near the top  
of the stem2 they are  about  in4 long1 
and rose-red in colour4 ,native country1
 ,mexico4 ,it  requires the same        
treatment as ,m4 cirrhifera4    ,m4     
,ottonis 7,ottoni's72 ,fig4 #ff4--;,a   
very distinct and pretty plant is       

cultivated under the name at ,kew2 but  
there are1 apparently1 two  different   
species under the same name--the one    
being spiny and large in  the stem2 the 
other1 which is here shown1 having a    
small1 compressed  stem1 #c in4 across1 
numerous compressed tubercles1 and      
short1 hair-like  spines4 ,the flowers1 
which are large for the size of the     
plant1 are  white1 and are developed in 
,may and ,june4 ,native country1        
,mexico2  introduced in #ahcd4 ,it      
requires similar treatment to ,m4       
micromeris4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4    
#ff4 ,,mamillaria ,,ottonis4    ,m4     
pectinata 7comb-like72 ,fig4            
#fg4--,stems globose1 from #b in4 to #c 
in4 in  diameter2 the rootstock woody2  
the tubercles arranged in about thirteen
  spiral rows1 swollen at the base1 and 
bearing each a star-like tuft of  about 
twenty-four stiff1 brown1 radial spines1
 without a central one2  the length     
varies from  in4 to #a in41 and they are
 comb-like in their  regular            

arrangement4 ,when not in flower1 this  
species bears a close  resemblance to   
small plants of ,cereus pectinatus4     
,flowers terminal1  solitary1 large1    
their width quite #c in4 when fully     
expanded2 sepals  reddish-green2 petals 
rich sulphur-yellow2 filaments reddish1 
very  numerous2 the flowers open at     
noon1 and close after about two hours1  
even although the sun be shining full   
upon them4 ,flowering season1 ,june  to 
,august4 ,native country1 ,mexico1 on   
slopes of limestone hills4  ,although   
long since known to botanists1 this     
pretty species has only  lately found   
its way into ,english gardens4 ,it is   
attractive even when  not in flower4 ,it
 requires warm greenhouse treatment1    
with exposure to  full sunshine2 during 
late autumn it should have plenty of air
 to ripen  the new growth made whilst   
flowering4 ,in winter it should have a  
dry  position near the glass4           
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,mamillaria 
,,pectinata4    ,m4 phellosperma        

7corky-seeded74--,a pretty plant1       
resembling ,m4 ,grahami  in all points  
except the seed1 which1 as is denoted by
 the name1 is half  enveloped in a corky
 covering1 suggesting acorns4 ,stems    
simple1  sometimes proliferous at the   
base1 globose when young1 afterwards    
almost  cylinder or pear-shaped1 #e in4 
high1 #b in4 in diameter2 tubercles  in4
  long1 arranged in twelve spiral rows1 
slightly woolly in axils4 ,spines       
radiating1 in two rows1 about fifty on  
each tubercle1 the three or four        
central ones being hooked at the tips or
 sometimes straight2 length1   in4 to #a
 in4 ,flowers 7only seen in the dried   
state7 #a in4 long and wide4  ,native of
 the dry gravelly hills and sand ridges 
in ,california and  ,colorado1 and1     
therefore1 requiring greenhouse         
treatment4 ,this plant is  cultivated in
 the ,kew collection1 but it has not    
been known to flower  there4 ,it is one 
of the most ornamental of the very      
spinous species1 the  radial spines     

being almost white1 whilst the central  
ones are black1 and  look like tiny     
fish-hooks4 ,a large proportion of these
 ,mamillarias are  far more interesting 
in the form and arrangement of their    
tubercles and  spines than in any floral
 character1 and it is on this account   
that so  many which are insignificant as
 flowering plants are included here4    
,m4 pulchra 7handsome74--,stem globose  
when young and cylindrical when  old1   
flattened at the top2 height from #d in4
 to #f in42 tubercles large1            
egg-shaped1 arranged in from eleven to  
thirteen spiral rows2 spines in  compact
 tufts1 their bases set in whitish wool1
 irregular in length1 and  almost       
covering the whole of the stem4 ,flowers
 medium in size1 developed  near the top
 of the stem from the woolly axils of   
the tubercles2 colour  bright rose4     
,native of ,mexico4 ,flowering season1  
,june4 ,introduced in  #ahbf4 ,a rare   
kind nowadays1 though one of the        
prettiest4 ,it should  always be grown  

in a warm house4 ,it has been also      
called ,m4 pulcherrima4    ,m4 pusilla  
7small74--,a tiny tufted plant1         
belonging to the group known  as        
,thimble ,cactuses4 ,it has stems #b in4
 high2 short1 dark green  tubercles1    
with tufts of whitish wool in the axils2
 spines thin and  bristle-like1 twisted1
 nearly #a in4 long1 almost hiding the  
stem2 they  are whitish1 with black     
tips4 ,the flowers are yellowish-white1 
with  streaks of red4 ,common in        
,mexico4 ,flowering season1 ,may4 ,it   
should be  grown in a frame in summer1  
and wintered on a shelf in a warm       
greenhouse4 ,it would1 no doubt1 thrive 
in a window if kept in a sunny  position
 and placed under a glass shade4 ,a     
variety known as texana  differs in     
being more densely clothed with spines4 
,we have seen it grown  into large      
clumps1 covering a space #a ft4 in      
diameter1 with dozens of  erect little  
pyramids of whitish spines4    ,m4      
pycnacantha 7densely spined72 ,bot4     

,mag4 #cigb4--,the name for this  kind  
is rather misleading1 the spines being  
both fewer and less  conspicuous than in
 many other species of ,mamillaria4     
,stem about #f in4  high1 nearly        
globose2 tubercles--rather large1       
swollen1 with tufts of  short white wool
 in their axils1 and stellate clusters  
of spines  springing from disks of white
 wool on the top4 ,the spines are  in4  
long1  slightly recurved1 flattened1 and
 pale brown4 ,flowers large1 clustered  
on the top of the stem1 about half a    
dozen opening together2 width #b in42   
petals numerous1 narrow1 toothed at the 
tips1 spreading2 colour a deep          
sulphur-yellow1 anthers orange4 ,native 
of ,oaxaca1 ,mexico4 ,flowering  season1
 ,july4 ,introduced #ahdj4 ,this is a   
beautiful flowering plant1 more  like an
 ,echinocactus than a ,mamillaria4 ,it  
should be grown in a warm  greenhouse   
all the year round4 ,old stems develop  
offsets from the base1  by which the    
species may be multiplied4    ,m4       

sanguinea 7bloody72 ,fig4 #fh4--,this is
 closely related to ,m4 bicolor1  but   
differs in having an unbranched stem and
 numerous richly-coloured  flowers4 ,the
 stem is stout1 #f in4 high1 and #d in4 
through2 tubercles  crowded1 short1     
bearing stellate tufts of shortish      
spines1 and  projecting longer ones1 all
 being bristly and pale yellow1 except  
those  on the youngest tubercles1 which 
are golden4 ,the flowers are borne in a 
crowded circle on the top of the stem1  
just outside the cluster of young       
yellow spines1 a strong plant having    
about forty flowers open together4      
,each flower is about  in4 long and     
wide1 and coloured bright crimson1  with
 yellow anthers4 ,native of ,mexico4    
,flowers in ,june4 ,it should be  grown 
along with ,m4 bicolor4 ,the plant      
figured is a young one1 showing  the    
spines much longer than is usual on     
mature specimens4    ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #fh4 ,,mamillaria ,,sanguinea4   
,m4 ,scheerii 7,scheer's74--,stem #g in4

 high1 and #e in4 in diameter at the    
base2 tubercles large1 swollen1 somewhat
 flattened1 pale green1 watery1  woolly 
in the axils1 the tops crowned with     
about a dozen brown spines1  #a in4     
long1 one central1 the others radial4   
,flowers terminal1 erect1 with  several 
whorls of spreading1 recurved petals1   
the lower ones tinged with  crimson1 the
 upper pale yellow1 and forming a       
shallow cup1 #b in4 across2  anthers    
forming a compact sheaf in the centre4  
,flowers in summer4 ,this  distinct and 
very pretty species was introduced many 
years ago from  ,mexico1 where it was   
discovered in #ahde by a ,mr4 ,potts1 to
 whose love  for these plants we are    
indebted for a great many choice kinds  
collected  and sent to ,england by him4 
,it grows naturally in a red1 sandy     
loam1 and  under cultivation requires   
warm-house treatment1 except during the 
autumn1 when it may be placed in a frame
 and exposed to full sunshine  and      
plenty of air4    ,m4 ,schelhasii       

7,schelhas'74--,a pretty little tufted  
kind1 its habit and  size being shown in
 ,fig4 #fi4 ,the stem produces offsets  
freely at the  base1 which grow into    
full-sized stems1 and develop young     
ones1 till a  compact cushion is formed4
 ,tubercles closely arranged1           
cylindrical1  shining green1 with       
fifteen to twenty radial1 white1        
hair-like spines1   in4 long1 and three 
inner ones1 which are thicker1 purplish 
in colour1  usually only one being      
hooked4 ,flowers white1 with a line of  
rose down  the middle of each petal1    
in4 across4 ,flowering season1 beginning
 of  summer4 ,native of ,mexico4 ,it may
 be grown out of doors in a sunny       
position in summer1 and wintered on a   
shelf in a greenhouse4    ,illustration3
 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,,mamillaria ,,schelhasii4 
,m4 ,schiedeana 7,schiede's74--,stem    
globose1 #c in4 to #e in4 high1 thickly 
clothed with long1 narrow1 pointed      
tubercles1 the bases of which are set   
in white wool1 whilst the apices are    

crowned with tiny stars of white  silky 
spines2 more like the pappus of a       
,composite than the spines  usually     
found on ,cactuses4 ,a healthy plant has
 a very pretty and silky  appearance    
which cannot well be described4 ,the    
flowers are small and  unattractive2    
they are succeeded by the red fruits1   
which remain on the  plant a long time1 
and add to its beauty4 ,native country1 
,mexico4  ,introduced #ahch4 ,should be 
grown in a greenhouse where frost is    
excluded1 and where there is plenty of  
sunlight at all times4 ,it is  easily   
increased1 either from seeds or by means
 of the offsets developed  at the base  
of old stems4    ,m4 semperviva         
7ever-living72 ,fig4 #gj4--,stem        
pear-shaped1 #c in4 wide1 the  top      
slightly depressed4 ,tubercles conical1 
in4 long1 their bases set in  a cushion 
of white wool1 their tips bearing tiny  
tufts of wool1 and four  small spines1  
which fall away on the tubercles        
becoming ripe1 leaving  two short1      

diverging1 central spines4 ,flowers     
small1 not ornamental1 and  scantily    
developed near the outside of the top4  
,native of ,mexico2 in  meadows and     
thickets near ,zimapan1 at #ejjj ft4    
elevation4 ,it thrives with  us when    
grown in a frame in summer1 and wintered
 in a cool greenhouse or  frame4        
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,,mamillaria 
,,semperviva4    ,m4 senilis            
7hoary74--,stem about #c in4 high1      
spherical1 unbranched1  except when very
 old1 when it becomes proliferous at the
 base2 tubercles  crowded1 small1       
arranged spirally1 and crowned with     
clusters of long1  radiating spines1    
which are almost white1 hair-like1 and  
become thickly  interwoven1 as in the   
,old ,man ,cactus 7,pilocereus senilis74
 ,the central  spine is black1 and      
hooked at the tip4 ,flowers on the top  
of the stem1  near the centre2 the      
petals toothed1 spreading1 and forming a
 deep cup1  with a cluster of tall      
stamens standing erect in the middle2   

colour  bright scarlet4 ,the flowers1   
which appear in summer1 remain open     
about  eight hours4 ,native country     
unknown2 cultivated in ,france in #ahde4
 ,this  plant is difficult to preserve  
in health1 the best method being that of
  grafting it on to a short ,cereus1 or 
a robust kind of ,mamillaria1 such  as  
,m4 cirrhifera4 ,it is a pretty plant at
 all times1 even when dead1 for  we have
 seen plants of it preserve the         
appearance of live specimens long  after
 they have rotted and dried up in the   
centre1 nothing remaining but  the shell
 formed by the skin and silvery spines4 
,there is a close  resemblance between  
this species and ,m4 ,grahami4    ,m4   
stella-aurata 7golden star74--,this     
little plant obtains its name  from the 
rich golden-yellow of its stellate      
clusters of spines1 which  are arranged 
thickly on the tips of the small1       
pointed tubercles4 ,it  belongs to the  
group called ,thimble ,cactuses1 of     
which it is one of the  prettiest4 ,the 

stems are tufted1 branching freely at   
the base1 and  rising to a height of    
about #b in4 ,flowers small1 whitish1   
and much less  ornamental than the      
berry-like fruits which succeed them1   
and which are  egg-shaped1  in4 long1   
and a deep rose-colour4 ,m4 tenuis is a 
variety of  this1 with almost white     
spines4 ,native of ,mexico4 ,introduced 
#ahce4 ,may  be cultivated under a      
bell-glass in a room window1 the only   
danger being  damp during winter1 which 
must be carefully avoided4    ,m4       
sub-polyhedra 7usually many-sided72     
,fig4 #ga4--,stem simple till it        
becomes old1 when it develops offsets at
 the base1 broadly cylindrical1  #h in4 
high1 #e in4 in diameter4 ,tubercles    
four-sided at base1 prism-shaped1       
bearing pads of white wool in the       
corners at the base1 and crowned with   
tufts of from four to seven spines1     
usually all radial1 sometimes one       
central4 ,the flowers1 which usually    
appear in ,may1 are arranged in a  zone 

on the top of the old stems2 sepals     
greenish-yellow1 petals bright  red4    
,fruit #a in4 long1 pear-shaped1        
scarlet4 ,native of ,south ,mexico1 at  
high elevations4 ,it may be grown       
outside in summer1 and wintered in a    
heated greenhouse or frame4 ,this is a  
singular-looking plant1 the  tubercles  
having an appearance suggestive of      
carving4 ,it is a slow  grower1 and     
requires careful attention in winter1   
when sometimes the  roots all perish and
 the base of the stem rots4             
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,mamillaria 
,,sub-,,polyhedra4    ,m4 sulcolanata   
7woolly-grooved72 ,fig4 #gb4--,stem     
simple when young1  proliferous at the  
sides when old1 the young plants        
developing from the  apices of the      
tubercles1 and not in the axils1 as is  
usual4 ,the  tubercles are nut-shaped1  
large1 the bases surrounded by white    
wool1 the  points bearing eight to ten  
rigid1 brown spines1 all radiating from 
a  little pad of wool4 ,flowers large1  

nearly #b in4 across1 bright yellow1    
poppy-scented1 the spread of the petals 
suggesting ,paris ,daisies2 they  are   
freely developed on the apex of the stem
 in ,june1 and on till  ,august4 ,fruit 
egg-shaped1 glaucous-green4 ,native     
country1 ,south ,mexico2  introduced    
#ahcf4 ,this charming little plant      
should be grown in a frame  exposed to  
full sunshine all summer1 and removed to
 a shelf in a warm  greenhouse in       
winter4 ,with such treatment it grows   
and flowers freely4  ,grafted on to a   
,cereus or ,opuntia it is healthier than
 when on its own  roots4                
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,mamillaria 
,,sulcolanata4    ,m4 tetracantha       
7four-spined72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #djfj4--,stem
 the size and shape  of an ostrich's    
egg1 thickly studded with small1 conical
 tubercles1  woolly at the base1 the    
apices bearing each four spreading      
spines1  in4  long1 rather stout1       
straight1 brown when young1 becoming    
almost white  with age4 ,flowers        

numerous1 small1 arranged as in ,m4     
sanguinea1 to which  and ,m4 cirrhifera 
this species is closely related4 ,they  
are bright rose  in colour1 with        
orange-yellow anthers1 and are developed
 in ,july4 ,native  of ,mexico4         
,requires the same treatment as ,m4     
cirrhifera4    ,m4 tuberculosa          
7tubercled74--,this is a very pretty and
 distinct plant1  of recent             
introduction1 and easily cultivated4 ,it
 has a central stem1  #f in4 high by #b 
in4 in diameter1 conical in shape1 and  
surrounded at the  base by globose      
branches or offsets4 ,the tubercles are 
closely set in  numerous spiral rows1   
and are  in4 long1 rather narrow1       
pointed1 with a  crown of radial spines1
 very slender1 hair-like1 white1 and    
in4 long2  central spines three or four1
  in4 long4 ,at the base of each        
tubercle is  a pea-like tuft of white   
wool4 ,in this kind the spines fall from
 the old  tubercles1 which are          
persistent1 gradually hardening to a    

cork-like  substance4 ,the flowers are  
produced in the apex of the stem1 and   
are  #a in4 long and wide1 daisy-like1  
pale purple in colour2 they are         
succeeded by red1 oval berries1 which   
are as pretty as the flowers4  ,about   
five flowers are developed on each stem 
annually--,may and ,june4  ,native of   
,mexico1 in the mountains4 ,it thrives  
when grown in an ordinary  greenhouse1  
on a shelf1 in full sunshine4    ,m4    
turbinata 7top-shaped72 ,bot4 ,mag4     
#cihd4--,stem globose1 depressed at     
top1 about #c in4 in diameter1 pale     
glaucous-green2 tubercles  quadrangular1
 flattened at the apex1 and bearing1    
when young1 from three  to five erect1  
slender1 hair-like spines1 which fall   
off soon after the  tubercles ripen1    
exposing little depressions or umbilica1
 and giving the  stem a bald1           
pudding-like appearance1 quite distinct 
from any other  kind4 ,flowers from the 
centre of the stem1 short1 about #a in4 
across1  pale yellow1 with a reddish    

tint outside2 anthers yellow4 ,two or   
three  flowers are usually expanded     
together in the month of ,june4 ,native 
country1 ,mexico4    ,m4 uncinata       
7hooked74--,stem globose1 simple1 about 
#d in4 in diameter2  tubercles closely  
pressed against each other at the base1 
where they are  four-angled2 in length  
they are  in41 and they are blue-green  
in colour4  ,apex bearing four short    
spines1 arranged crosswise1 and  in4    
long2  central spine slightly longer1   
yellow1 and hooked4 ,the flowers are #a 
in4  long and wide1 erect1 the tube     
hidden by the young mammae1 amongst     
which they appear in ,may and ,june2    
they are purple in colour1 a line of    
deeper tint running down the middle of  
each petal4 ,like all the kinds  with   
short1 angular tubercles1 this species  
is easily managed1 flowers  freely and  
profusely1 and always ripens seeds4     
,native of ,mexico4 ,it may  be grown in
 a frame1 or even out of doors1 all     
through the summer1  removing it to a   

greenhouse for the winter4    ,m4 vetula
 7old74--,one of the small ,thimble     
,cactuses1 its stems seldom  exceeding  
#c in4 in height by #a in4 in diameter4 
,tubercles  in4 long1  conical1 with a  
radial crown of fine1 hair-like yellow  
spines1  in4  long1 and a solitary      
central spine1  in4 in length1 and      
coloured red4  ,flowers terminal1 just  
peeping above the tubercles2 sepals and 
petals  acute1 yellow1  in4 long2       
anthers yellow2 stigma white4 ,an old   
garden  plant1 introduced from ,mexico4 
,it flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,for its 
cultivation it may be treated as        
recommended for ,m4 pusilla4    ,m4     
villifera 7hair-bearing74--,stem similar
 to the last1 but usually  proliferous  
at the base2 tubercles angular1 short1  
woolly in the axils1  and bearing four  
rigid1 short1 reddish-brown spines on   
the apex4 ,flowers  pale rose1 with a   
line of purple down the middle of each  
petal2 they are  developed near the top 
of the stem1 in ,may4 ,native country1  

,mexico4 ,this  plant thrives if treated
 as recommended for ,m4 pusilla4 ,there 
are  several varieties known1           
distinguished by their paler or darker  
flowers1  or by a difference in the     
length and arrangement of the spines4   
,m4 viridis 7green74--,stem #d in4 high 
by #c in4 in diameter1 proliferous at   
the base2 tubercles short1 four-angled1 
crowded in spiral rows1 woolly  at the  
base1 bearing each five or six radiating
 hair-like spines on the  apex1 and one 
central erect one1 none more than  in4  
long4 ,flowers  erect1 on top of stem1  
with recurved1 pale yellow petals1 #a   
in41 long2  they are produced in ,may   
and ,june4 ,introduced from ,mexico in  
#ahej4 ,it  may be grown in a sunny     
frame out of doors during summer1 and on
 a dry1  warm greenhouse shelf in       
winter4    ,m4 vivipara                 
7stem--sprouting74--,a tufted1          
free-growing ,thimble ,cactus1          
producing its small stems in such       
profusion as to form a cluster as much  

as #c ft4 in diameter4 ,the small       
tubercles are hidden by the numerous    
radial spines1 which are in clusters of 
about twenty2 they are white1           
hair-like1 stiff and  in4 long2 the     
central spines1 numbering from four  to 
six1 are a little longer4 ,flowers from 
apex of stem1 #a in4 long and  wide1 and
 composed of about thirty fimbriated    
sepals and twenty-five to  forty narrow 
petals2 colour bright purple4 ,fruit    
in4 long1 pale green  when ripe4 ,the   
flowers1 which appear in ,may and ,june1
 usually expand  after mid-day4 ,native 
of ,louisiana4 ,in the ,north-,west     
plains and ,rocky  ,mountains of ,north 
,america this plant is abundant1 often  
forming wide  cushion-like tufts1 which1
 when covered with numerous purple1     
star-like  flowers1 have a pretty       
effect4 ,in ,utah and ,new ,york it is  
commonly  cultivated as a hardy garden  
plant1 bearing exposure to keen frosts  
and  snow without suffering2 but it     
would not thrive out of doors in winter 

with us1 unless covered by a handlight  
during severe weather1 and  protected   
from heavy rains in winter4 ,it likes a 
strong1 clayey soil4    ,m4 v4 radiosa  
7,fig4 #gc74--,this variety is          
distinguished by its larger  flowers and
 shorter spines4    ,illustration3      
,,fig4 #gc4 ,,mamillaria ,,vivipara     
,,radiosa4    ,m4 ,wildiana             
7,wild's74--,an old garden ,cactus1 and 
one of the prettiest  of the tufted1    
small-stemmed kinds4 ,its largest stems 
are #c in4 high by  about #a in4 in     
diameter1 and bear spiral rows of       
clavate1 dark green1  crystallised      
tubercles1  in4 long1 with about ten    
radial white spines1   in4 long1 the    
three upper spines1 together with the   
solitary central  hooked one1 being     
yellow4 ,flowers small1 numerous on the 
apices of the  stems1 rose-coloured1    
lined with purple2 they are developed in
 summer4  ,this also forms dense tufts  
of stems4 ,a specimen at ,kew1 only a   
few  years old1 has already over thirty 

heads4 ,it is a native of ,mexico1 at   
an altitude of #ejjj ft41 growing on    
lava and basalt1 and even on the  trunks
 of trees4 ,for its cultivation1 a shelf
 in a sunny greenhouse is a  most       
suitable position1 both in winter and   
summer4 ,introduced #ahce4    ,m4       
,wrightii 7,wright's74--,this is a      
charming little plant1 of something  the
 same character as ,m4 dolichocentra4   
,it has not long been cultivated  in    
gardens1 but being easy to manage1 and  
exceptionally pretty1 it is  sure to    
become a favourite as it gets known4    
,stem rounded above1  narrowed and      
peg-top-like at the base1 the top       
flattened1 about #c in4  across1 height 
about the same4 ,tubercles conical1  in4
 long1 shining  green1 and bearing a    
tuft of six or eight spines1 which are  
straight1  hair-like1 white1 and  in4   
long2 there are two central spines1 of  
same  length1 and hooked4 ,flowers in   
the top of the stem1 #a in4 long and    
wide1  bright purple2 they are succeeded

 by egg-shaped1 purple berries1 #a in4  
long1 and prettily arranged among the   
tubercles4 ,in ,england a warm house    
seems most suitable for this species4   
,it likes plenty of moisture and        
sunlight during the summer1 whilst      
making new growth2 but in winter1  when 
at rest1 it ought to be kept on a shelf1
 and just moistened  overhead in bright 
weather4 ,there are healthy examples of 
it at ,kew4  ,flowering season1 ,may and
 ,june4 ,native country1 ,mexico4       
,introduced about  #ahgh4    ,m4        
,zucchariniana 7,zuccharini's74--,stem  
simple1 globose1 often attaining  a     
height of #aj in4 by about #g in4 in    
diameter4 ,tubercles dark green1        
conical1 #a_/c in4 long1  in4 broad at  
base1 naked at the point1 but with  four
 to six spines springing from the areole
 a little below the point2  spines      
ash-coloured1 stiff1 black-tipped4      
,flowers in a ring about the  top of the
 stem1 length #a in41 the tube enveloped
 in long1 black1 twisted  hairs2 sepals 

brown-purple2 petals narrow1            
sharp-pointed1 purple-rose  coloured2   
stamens white and yellow2 stigma        
rose-coloured4 ,flowers in  ,june and   
,july4 ,native of ,mexico4 ,a large1    
handsome-stemmed kind1 easily  kept in  
health1 and flowering freely if grown on
 a shelf in a cool  greenhouse in       
winter1 and placed in a warm1 sunny     
position out of doors  in summer4 ,it   
produces seeds freely1 and pretty       
plants1 #c in4 or more in  diameter1 may
 be obtained in two years from seeds4   
,by grafting it1 when  young1 on the    
stem of a ,cereus or cylindrical        
,opuntia1 a healthy1  drumstick-like    
plant is easily obtained4               
,,chapter ,,xii4    ,,the ,,genus       
,,leuchtenbergia4    7,named in honour  
of ,prince ,leuchtenberg47      ,among  
the many instances of plant mimicry that
 occur in the ,cactus  order1 the most  
remarkable is the plant here figured4   
,remove the flower  from                
,leuchtenbergia1 and very few people    

indeed would think of calling  it a     
,cactus1 but would probably consider it 
a short-leaved ,yucca4 ,in  habit1 in   
form1 in leaf1 and in texture1 it more  
resembles a ,yucca or an  ,agave than   
anything else1 and when first introduced
 it was considered  such by the ,kew    
authorities until it flowered4 ,the     
leaves1 or rather  tubercles1 are       
sometimes longer and slenderer than in  
,fig4 #gd4 ,the  nearest approach to    
this plant is ,mamillaria longimamma1 in
 which the  tubercles are #a in4 or more
 long1 finger-shaped1 and crowned with a
 few  hair-like spines4 ,but the        
,leuchtenbergia bears its flowers on the
 ends  of the tubercles1 and not from   
the axils1 as in all others4 ,this      
peculiarity leads one to infer that     
tubercles are modified branches1 the    
spines representing the leaves4 ,some   
species of ,mamillaria and              
,echinocactus develop young plants from 
the tops of their tubercles2 and  this  
also points to the probability that the 

latter are branches4 ,in                
,leuchtenbergia1 the tubercles fall away
 as the plant increases in  height1     
leaving a bare1 woody stem similar to   
that of a ,yucca4    ,cultivation4--,the
 ,leuchtenbergia has always been        
difficult to keep in  health4 ,it       
thrives best when kept in a warm1 sunny 
house during winter1  and in an exposed1
 airy1 warm position under a frame      
during summer4 ,it  may be watered      
regularly whilst growing--that is1 from 
,april to  ,september--and kept quite   
dry all winter4 ,the soil should be     
well-drained loam1 and the roots should 
have plenty of room4 ,a specimen  may be
 seen in the ,kew collection4           
,propagation4--,this may be effected    
from seeds1 or by removing the head     
from an old plant1 putting the former in
 sand1 and placing it under a           
bell-glass to root1 watering it only    
about once a week till roots are        
formed4 ,the old stem should be kept dry
 for about two months1 and then  watered

 and placed in a sunny1 moist position1 
where it can be syringed  once a day4 ,a
 shelf in a stove is the best position  
for it4 ,here it will  form young buds  
in the axils of the withered tubercles1 
and on the edges  of the persistent     
parts of the tubercles themselves4 ,they
 first appear  in the form of tiny tufts
 of yellowish down1 and gradually       
develop till  the first leaf-like       
tubercle appears4 ,when large enough1   
the buds may be  removed and planted in 
small pots to root4 ,if an old plant is 
dealt with  in this way in ,april1 a    
batch of young ones should be developed 
and  rooted by ,october4 ,grafting does 
not appear to have ever been tried for  
this plant4 ,when sick1 the plant should
 be carefully washed1 and all  decayed  
parts cut away2 it may then be planted  
in very sandy loam1 and  kept under a   
bell-glass till rooted4                 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4              
,,leuchtenbergia ,,principis4           
,,species4    ,l4 principis 7noble72    

,fig4 #gd4--,this1 the only species     
known1 was  introduced from ,mexico to  
,kew in #ahdg1 and flowered the         
following year4  ,the plant attains a   
height of #a ft4 or more1 the stem being
 erect1 stout1  clothed with the        
persistent1 scale-like bases of the old1
 fallen-away  tubercles1 the bases      
having dried up and tightened round the 
stem4 ,the  upper part is clothed with  
the curved1 leaf-like tubercles1 from #c
 in4 to  #f in4 long1 grey-green in     
colour1 succulent1 with a tough skin1   
triangular1 and gradually narrowed to a 
blunt point1 upon which are half  a     
dozen or more thin1 flexuous1 horny     
filaments1 neither spines nor  hairs in 
appearance1 but almost hay-like2 the    
central one is about #e in4  long1 and  
the others about half that length4 ,the 
flowers are borne on  the ends of the   
young1 partly-developed tubercles1 near 
the centre of  the head2 they are erect1
 tubular1 #c in4 to #d in4 long1 scaly1 
gradually  widening upwards2 the sepals 

and petals are numerous1 and form a     
beautiful flower of the ordinary ,cactus
 type1 quite #d in4 across1 and of  a   
rich1 clear yellow colour4 ,the anthers1
 which also are yellow1 form a  column  
in the centre1 through which the        
nine-rayed stigma protrudes4  ,strong   
plants sometimes produce two flowers    
together4          ,,chapter ,,xiii4    
,,the ,,genus ,,pelecyphora4    7,from  
pelekyphoros1 hatchet-bearing2 referring
 to the shape of the  tubercles47       
,,ike ,leuchtenbergia1 this genus is    
monotypic1 and it is also rare1         
difficult to cultivate1 and             
exceptionally interesting in structure4 
,it  is closely related to the          
,mamillarias1 as may be seen1 by        
comparing the  ,figure here given with  
some of them2 indeed1 it was once known 
as ,m4  asellifera1 having been         
described under that name when first    
introduced1  in #ahdc4 ,from            
,mamillaria1 however1 it differs in the 
form of its  tubercles1 which are       

hatchet-shaped1 and cleft at the apex1  
where each  division is clothed with    
small1 horny1 overlapping scales1 not   
unlike  the back of a woodlouse--hence  
the specific name4                      
,cultivation4--,the ,hatchet ,cactus    
grows very slowly1 specimens such as    
that represented in our ,illustration   
being many years old4 ,we have seen     
healthy plants1 freshly imported1 grow  
for a few months1 and then  suddenly    
die1 the inside of the stem rotting     
whilst outside it looked  perfectly     
healthy4 ,it is always grown on its own 
roots1 but probably it  would thrive    
better if grafted on the stem of some   
dwarf ,cereus or  ,echinocactus4        
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,pelecyphora
 ,,aselliformis4    ,propagation4--,the 
propagation of ,pelecyphora is easiest  
effected by  means of seeds1 which1     
however1 are not always procurable4 ,it 
is stated  by ,labouret1 a ,french      
writer on ,cactuses1 that the first     
plants  introduced arrived dead1 but a  

few seeds were found in a withered fruit
  on one of the dead stems1 and from    
these the first plants grown in  ,europe
 were raised4 ,m4 de ,smet of ,ghent1   
had a large stock of this  ,cactus a few
 years ago1 and a ,german nurseryman1   
,h4 ,hildmann1 of  ,oranienberg1 near   
,berlin1 usually has many young plants  
of it for sale4    ,,species4    ,p4    
aselliformis 7woodlouse-like72 ,fig4    
#ge4--,the size1 habit1 and  structure  
of this plant are so well represented in
 the ,figure that  little description is
 necessary4 ,the stems are simple till  
they get  about #c in4 high1 when they  
develop offsets about the base1 which   
may  either be removed to form new      
plants1 or allowed to remain and grow   
into  a specimen like that in the       
,illustration4 ,the flowers are large   
for the  size of the plant1 and they are
 developed freely in the apex of the    
stems in the early part of the summer4  
,the tube is very short1 naked1  and    
completely hidden by the young mammae2  

sepals and petals in four  series1 the  
outer one pale purple1 the inner of a   
deep purple colour2  stamens very       
numerous1 and the stigma has only four  
erect lobes4 ,the  plant was first      
described from examples cultivated in   
,berlin in #ahdc1  but the flowers were 
not known till #aheh4 ,there are several
 varieties  known1 viz41 ,p4 a4         
concolor1 which is distinguished by the 
whole of the  flower being deep purple  
in colour2 ,p4 a4 pectinata has larger  
scales  7spine-tufts72 and ,p4 a4       
cristata is1 as its name denotes a kind 
of  cockscomb or crested form4 ,they are
 all natives of ,mexico4                
,,chapter ,,xiv4    ,,the ,,genus       
,,opuntia4    7,the old ,latin name used
 by ,pliny1 and said to have been       
derived from  the city of ,opus47       
,there are about #aej species of        
,opuntia known1 all of them natives of  
the  ,american continent and the ,west  
,indies1 though a considerable number   
have become naturalised in many other   

parts of the world4 ,they are1 with     
very few exceptions1 easily             
distinguished from all other ,cactuses  
by the  peculiar character of their     
stems and spines2 they are also well    
marked  in the structure of their       
flowers4 ,they vary in size from small1 
trailing1 many-branched plants1 never   
exceeding #f in4 in height1 to large    
shrubs #h ft4 to #cj ft4 high4          
7,humboldt states that he saw ,opuntias 
and  other ,cactuses #cj ft4 to #dj ft4 
high47 ,generally the branches are      
nearly  flat when young1 and shaped like
 a racquet or battledore2 but in some   
species the branches are round 7i4e41 in
 ,o4 cylindrica1 ,o4 subulata1 ,o4      
arborescens1 c474 ,all the kinds have   
fleshy stems1 which ultimately  become  
cylindrical and woody4 ,at first they   
consist of fleshy joints1  superposed   
upon one another1 the joints varying    
considerably in size and  shape4 ,when  
young they bear small fleshy leaves     
along with the  spine-tufts2 but the    

former fall off at an early stage1      
whilst the  spines are altered in length
 or number as the joints get old4 ,in   
one or  two kinds the spines fall away  
when the joints begin to harden1 and in 
,o4 subulata the leaves are large and   
persistent4    ,the nature of the spines
 of ,opuntias is of a kind that is not  
likely to  be forgotten by anyone coming
 into contact with them4 ,every spine1  
from  the tiny bristles1 hardly         
perceptible to the naked eye1 to the    
stout1  needle-like spears which are    
found on the branches of some kinds1 is 
barbed1 and they are so very sharp and  
penetrating that even a gentle  touch is
 sufficient to make them pierce the     
skin4 ,once in they are very  difficult 
to get out2 the very fine ones can only 
be shaved level with  the skin1 and left
 to grow out1 whilst the larger must be 
cut out if  they have penetrated to any 
depth4 ,this horrid character in        
,opuntias1  whilst rendering them       
disagreeable to the gardener1 has been  

turned to  good account in many of our  
colonies1 where they are commonly used  
as  fences4 ,a good hedge of such kinds 
as ,o4 ,tuna or ,o4 horrida is          
absolutely impassable to both man and   
beast1 and as the stems are too  watery 
to be easily destroyed by fire1 their   
usefulness in this way  could not be    
surpassed4 ,as all the ,opuntias will   
grow in the very  poorest of soils1 and 
even on bare rocks1 and as they grow    
very rapidly1  they have been largely   
employed in ,africa1 ,australia1 and    
,india for  fences4 ,it is reported that
 when an island in the ,west ,indies was
  divided between the ,french and       
,english1 the boundary was marked by    
three  rows of ,o4 ,tuna4    ,the       
flowers of ,opuntias are not1 as a rule1
 particularly attractive4 ,in  many of  
the kinds they are large and            
well-formed1 but the colours are        
tawny-yellow1 greenish-white1 or dull   
red4 ,these plants cannot1  therefore1  
be recommended for any floral beauty1   

although it is probable  that the same  
flowers1 on plants of less repulsive    
appearance than  ,opuntias are1 as a    
rule1 would be admired4 ,there are a few
 exceptions to  this in such species as 
,o4 ,rafinesquii1 ,o4 missouriensis1 and
 ,o4  basilaris1 which are compact and  
dwarf1 and bear numerous large1         
brightly-coloured flowers4 ,the fruits  
of ,opuntias1 or1 at least1 some of     
them1 are edible1 and to some palates   
they are very agreeable4 ,we have       
tasted them1 and consider they are      
mawkish and insipid--not much better    
than very poor gooseberries4 ,sir       
,joseph ,hooker has compared them to    
,pumpkins4 ,they are pear-shaped1 with a
 thick1 spine-covered rind1  containing 
green1 yellow1 or red pulp1 with small1 
hard seeds scattered  through it4       
,the fruit of ,opuntia differs in       
character and structure from the        
ordinary kind of fruit1 such as apples1 
pears1 c4 ,it consists of a  branch1 or 
joint1 modified in form1 and bearing on 

its flattened apex a  flower1 with the  
ovary buried in a slight depression in  
the fleshy  joint4 ,after becoming      
fertilised1 the ovary grows down into   
the joint1  and1 ultimately the whole   
joint is changed into a succulent1      
juicy1  often coloured fruit4 ,that this
 is the case has been proved by         
planting the unripe fruit of ,opuntias  
in pots of sandy soil1 and  treating    
them as cuttings1 when they have        
developed buds at the apex and  roots at
 the base1 ultimately forming plants4   
,the vitality in the branches of most of
 the species is very great1 the         
smallest piece1 as a rule1 emitting     
roots and developing into a plant in  a 
comparatively short time4 ,the branches 
are soft1 and easily broken1 so  that1  
in gathering the fruits1 many pieces are
 broken off and cast  aside2 these soon 
grow into plants1 and in a short time an
 extensive  colony of ,opuntias springs 
up where previously only one had been4  
,the  seeds1 too1 are a ready means of  

increase1 being distributed by birds    
and other animals1 which eat the fruits4
 ,in consequence of this free           
vegetative character1 the ,opuntias     
introduced into some of our colonies    
have become a pest almost as difficult  
to deal with as the rabbit  scourge in  
,australia4 ,in ,english gardens1       
however1 there is no danger of          
,opuntias getting the upper hand4 ,the  
adaptability of the majority of the     
kinds for cultivation under what may be 
termed adverse conditions for  other    
plants1 and the ease with which they may
 be propagated1 render the  management  
of a collection of these plants an easy 
matter4 ,amongst other  ,cactuses1      
,opuntias have a striking effect1 and a 
selection of them  should be grown in   
even the smallest collections4 ,a few of
 them may be  recommended specially as  
attractive plants for a sheltered1 sunny
  rockery4    ,cultivation4--,the       
cultural requirements of the ,opuntias  
may more  conveniently be referred to   

under the description of each kind4     
,propagation4--,this entails no         
exceptional treatment2 the numerous     
seeds  contained in each fruit germinate
 freely if sown in sandy soil1 and      
placed on a shelf in a warm house2 and  
the smallest branches root  quickly if  
planted in pots of open soil and kept in
 the ,cactus-house4  ,large branches    
root just as freely as small ones4 ,at  
,kew an enormous  specimen1 which had   
grown tall1 and developed a thicket of  
branches too  great for the house where 
it grew1 was reduced most summarily by  
simply  cutting off the head of branches
 and planting it in the ground where the
  original specimen had been4 ,in a     
short time this cutting was well        
rooted1 and made better growth than it  
had before the operation was  performed4
    ,as stocks for grafting1 many of the
 more robust kinds of ,opuntia are  well
 adapted1 and very singular-looking     
specimens may be obtained by  making the
 most of this fact4 ,one of the crested 

or monstrous forms1  when grafted on a  
flat-stemmed kind1 presents the queerest
 of  appearances1 looking like a large  
green cockscomb growing out of the top  
of a bladdery kind of stem4 ,equally odd
 combinations may be made by  grafting a
 flat-stemmed kind on one whose stem is 
cylindrical4 ,as all  the kinds unite   
with the greatest ease1 a taste for     
oddities among  plants may easily be    
gratified by making use of ,opuntias in 
this way4  ,the time most favourable for
 the operation is spring-say1 the month 
of  ,april4 ,for full information on how
 to graft ,cactuses1 see ,chapter ,,iv41
  on ,propagation4    ,,species4    ,o4 
arborescens 7tree-like74--,this species 
is known as the ,walking-,stick  or     
,elk-,horn ,cactus1 from its            
cylindrical1 woody stems being made into
  very curious-looking walking-sticks   
7examples of which may be seen in  the  
,museum at ,kew71 whilst the arrangement
 of the branches is suggestive  of elk  
horns4 ,habit erect2 joints cylindrical1

 branching freely1 and  forming trees   
from #h ft4 to #cj ft4 high4 ,stems     
covered with oblong  tubercles and tufts
 of long1 needle-like spines1 which give
 the plant a  very ferocious aspect4    
,flowers on the ends of the young       
branches1 #b in4  to #c in4 in diameter1
 bright purple in colour1 developing in 
,june4 ,it is  a native of ,mexico1 c41 
and requires greenhouse or stove        
treatment4 ,the  skeletons of this      
species1 as seen scattered over the     
desert places  where it is wild1 have a 
very singular and startling appearance4 
,they  stand in the form of trees1 quite
 devoid of leaves1 spines1 or flesh1    
and1 owing to the peculiar arrangement  
of the ligneous layers1 nothing  remains
 except a hollow cylinder1 perforated   
with mesh-like holes1  indicating the   
points where the tubercles and small    
branches had been4  ,these skeletons are
 said to stand many years4    ,o4       
arbuscula 7small tree74--,another of the
 cylindrical kinds1 with a  solid1 woody

 trunk1 about #d in4 through1 and       
clothed with smooth1 green  bark2 it    
grows to a height of #g ft4 or #h ft4   
,branches very numerous1  slender1      
copiously jointed1 the ultimate joints  
about #c in4 long and  in4  thick2 they 
are slightly tuberculated1 and bear     
tufts of spines nearly  #a in4 long4    
,flowers #a in4 in diameter1 produced in
 ,june2 petals few1  greenish-yellow1   
tinged with red4 ,it is a native of     
,mexico1 and requires  stove treatment4 
,a pretty plant1 or1 rather1 a very     
remarkable one1 even  when not in       
flower1 the thin branches1 with their   
hundreds of long1  whitish spines1 being
 singular4 ,unfortunately1 it is not    
easily grown4    ,o4 arenaria           
7sand-loving74--,stems spreading1       
forming a tuft #c ft4  through and about
 #a ft4 high4 ,joints #a in4 to #c in4  
long1 and a little  less in width1      
terete1 with very prominent tubercles   
and numerous tawny  bristles2 upper     
spines #a in4 to #a in4 long1 white1    

with a yellow point1  shorter ones      
hair-like and curled4 ,flowers #b in4 in
 diameter1 produced in  ,may4 ,fruit #a 
in4 long1 bearing a few short spines4   
,mexico4 ,a  strong-rooted plant1 which 
should be grown in very loose1 sandy    
soil4 ,it  would probably thrive best   
when planted out on a stage near the    
glass in  a stove4    ,o4 ,auberi       
7,auber's74--,an erect-growing plant1 #h
 ft4 or more high1 not  unlike ,o4      
,ficus-indica in the form of its joints1
 but with long spines  springing from   
the cushions1 whereas the latter has    
none4 ,the joints are  oblong-ovate1    
glaucous-green1 the cushions few and    
scattered2 spines  white1 flattened1 of 
various lengths4 ,flowers tawny yellow1 
small for  the size of the plant4 ,a    
native of ,cuba1 and requiring stove    
treatment4  ,being very brittle1 this   
plant should be supported with stakes4  
,o4 aurantiaca 7orange74--,a dwarf1     
cylindrical-stemmed kind1 branching     
freely4 ,joints short1  in4 in diameter2

 cushions of reddish spines1 one  about 
#a in4 long1 the others shorter2 bases  
of spines enveloped in white  wool4     
,flowers bright orange1 #b in4 to #c in4
 across4 ,this species is a  native of  
,chili1 whence it was introduced in     
#ahbd4 ,it should be grown in  a warm   
greenhouse all winter1 and placed in a  
sunny position outside  during summer4  
,o4 basilaris 7branching at the base72  
,fig4 #gf4--;,a dwarf1 compact plant1   
of peculiar habit4 ,stem short1         
branching into a number of stout1       
obovate1 often fan-shaped joints1 which 
usually spring from a common  base1 and 
curve inwards1 suggesting an open       
cabbage4 ,joints #e in4 to #h in4  long1
 about #a in4 thick1 covered all over   
with dot-like cushions of very  short1  
reddish spines1 set in slight           
depressions or wrinkles4 ,flowers of  a 
beautiful and rich purple colour1 about 
#b in4 in diameter1 and  produced in    
,may4 ,this distinct plant is a native  
of ,mexico1 and is of  recent           

introduction4 ,plants of it may be seen 
in the ,kew collection4 ,it  is         
apparently easily kept in health in an  
ordinary stove temperature  along with  
other ,cactuses4 ,it varies in the form 
of its joints and in  its manner of     
branching1 but it seems never to develop
 the joints one on  the top of the      
other1 as do most ,opuntias4 ,this      
species is certain to  become a         
favourite when it becomes better known4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,opuntia    
,,basilaris4    ,o4 ,bigelovii          
7,bigelow's74--,a cylinder-stemmed1     
tall-growing plant1 with  a stout1 woody
 stem1 bearing a dense head of branches4
 ,joints #b in4 to  #f in4 long1 #a in4 
to #b in4 in diameter1 light green1     
covered with small  tubercles and little
 spine-cushions1 with larger spines #a  
in4 long4 ,when  wild1 the young joints 
are often shaken off by the wind1 and   
cover the  soil around1 where they take 
root or stick to the clothes of the     
passers-by like burrs4 ,flowers not     

known4 ,a native of ,mexico1 where it   
forms a tree #ab ft4 high2 it requires  
stove treatment4 ,the skeleton of  the  
trunk is a hollow cylinder1 perforated  
with numerous holes1 which  occur in a  
regular spiral4 ,the appearance of a    
full-grown specimen is  very striking1  
the oval joints1 thickly covered with   
long1 needle-like  spines1 hanging in   
clusters1 more suggestive of spiny fruit
 than  branches4    ,o4 boliviana       
7,bolivian72 ,fig4 #gg4--,stems #a ft4  
high1 erect1 branching1  and composed of
 roundish1 pale green joints1 with      
small1 round  tubercles1 and long1      
white1 flexible spines1 sometimes as    
much as #d in4  in length2 cushions     
about #a in4 apart4 ,flowers #a in4     
across1 yellowish4  ,this is a fat1     
gouty-looking plant1 from ,bolivia1     
requiring stove  treatment4 ,it often   
assumes a yellow hue on the older       
joints1 even when  in good health4      
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,opuntia    
,,boliviana4    ,o4 brachyarthra        

7short-jointed72 ,fig4 #gh4--;,a        
dwarf-growing1  singular-looking plant1 
with short1 tumid joints from #a in4 to 
#b in4 long  and wide1 and nearly the   
same in thickness4 ,the shortness of the
 joints1  together with their growing on
 the top of each other1 has been not    
inaptly compared to a jointed finger4   
,cushions very close together1  composed
 of short1 white and yellowish bristles1
 and stout1 terete  spines1 #a in4 or   
more long1 set on little tubercles4     
,flowers #a in4 in  diameter1 with about
 five sepals1 eight or nine petals1 and 
a five-rayed  stigma2 they are borne on 
the apices of the topmost joints4 ,this 
species  is worth growing on account of 
its peculiar stems and the length of its
  white spines4 ,it is a native of ,new 
,mexico1 and has been recently          
introduced to ,kew1 where it is         
cultivated among the hardy kinds1 and   
also in the greenhouse4                 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,opuntia    
,,brachyarthra4    ,o4 braziliensis     

7,brazilian74--,the peculiar habit and  
mode of growth at  once distinguish this
 species4 ,it rises with a perfectly    
straight1  erect1 slender1 but firm and 
stiff1 round stem1 to a height of from  
#aj ft4 to #cj ft41 tapering from the   
base upwards1 and furnished all the  way
 up with short1 horizontal branches1    
spreading about #c ft4 all round1  like 
an immense candelabrum4 ,spines long1   
subulate1 very sharp1  ash-coloured1 in 
clusters4 ,joints broadly oblong1       
margins wavy2 they  resemble leaves1 or 
the thin1 leaf-like joints of a         
,phyllocactus1 with  the addition of    
long1 whitish spines on both sides4     
,flowers #a in4 in  diameter1           
lemon-yellow1 very freely produced on   
the younger joints  during ,may and     
,june4 ,fruit as large as a walnut1     
spiny1 yellow when  ripe4 ,this species 
is a native of ,brazil1 whence it was   
introduced in  #ahaf4 ,it may be        
recommended for large1 airy houses1 as  
it grows freely1  and forms a striking  

object when arranged with foliage and   
flowering  plants of the ordinary kind4 
,its fruits are edible4    ,o4          
candelabriformis                        
7candelabrum-shaped74--,stems erect1 #e 
ft4 to #h ft4  high2 joints flat1 almost
 circular1 about #f in4 in diameter1    
glaucous-green1 densely clothed with    
numerous cushions of white1             
bristle-like spines1 a few in each      
cushion being long and thread-like4     
,flowers not known on cultivated plants4
 ,this sturdy species is a native  of   
,mexico1 and succeeds well if planted on
 a little rockery or raised  mound in a 
warm house1 where1 properly treated1 it 
branches freely1 and  forms a dense mass
 of circular joints4 ,it is one of the  
most useful of  the larger ,opuntias for
 cultivation in large houses4    ,o4    
clavata 7club-shaped74--,stem short2    
joints club-shaped1 #b in4 long  and #a 
in4 wide1 narrowed almost to a point at 
both ends4 ,cushions  in4  apart1       
composed of numerous spines1 varying    

from short and bristle-like  to #a in4  
in length1 stout1 flattened1 and        
spear-like4 ,leaves  in4 long4  ,flowers
 yellow1 #a in4 across4 ,fruit #a in4   
long1 lemon-yellow when ripe1  and      
covered with stellate clusters of white1
 bristle-like spines4 ,new  ,mexico1    
#ahed4 ,a stove species1 remarkable for 
the strength and form of  its central   
spines1 which are spear or              
dagger-shaped4    ,o4 cochinellifera    
7cochineal-bearing72 ,bot4 ,mag4        
#bgdb4--;,an  erect-growing plant1      
attaining a height of #i ft4 or more1   
and branching  freely1 the older parts  
of the stem and branches being woody and
  cylindrical2 young joints flat1       
oblong-ovate1 varying in length from  #d
 in4 to #a ft41 deep green1 rather soft 
and watery1 spineless1 the  cushions    
distant1 and sometimes bearing a few    
very short bristles4  ,flowers at the   
extremities of the branches1 #a in4     
long1 composed of  numerous imbricating1
 scale-like petals1 curving inwards1 and

 coloured  crimson4 ,fruit flat-topped1 
#b in4 long1 red2 pulp reddish2 seeds   
black4  ,it is a native of tropical     
,south ,america1 whence it was          
introduced in  #afhh4 ,it requires stove
 treatment1 and blossoms in ,august4    
,this is one  of the most useful of the 
genus1 on account of its being the kind 
chiefly employed in the cultivation of  
cochineal4 ,it is one of the  easiest to
 manage1 requiring only a rather dry    
atmosphere1 plenty of  light1 and a     
temperature not lower than #ej degs4 in 
winter4 ,syn4 ,nopalea  cochinellifera4 
,o4 corrugata 7wrinkled74--,stem not    
more than #b ft4 high2 joints           
cylindrical1 wrinkled all over1 about #b
 in4 long1 covered with cushions  of    
white hair or bristle-like spines4      
,flowers #a in4 across1  reddish-yellow1
 produced in ,august4 ,a native of      
,chili1 whence it was  introduced in    
#ahbd4 ,it may be grown in an ordinary  
greenhouse1 on a  shelf near the glass1 
and exposed to full sunshine4    ,o4    

curassavica 7,curassoa72                
,pin-pillow4--,branches spreading2      
joints  cylindrical or club-shaped1 dark
 green1 bearing numerous cushions of    
woolly bristles1 and long1 white1 very  
sharp-pointed spines4 ,flowers  #c in4  
across1 greenish-yellow1 borne on the   
young joints in ,june4  ,introduced from
 ,curassoa in #afij4 ,a free-growing    
plant under favourable  conditions1 and 
one requiring stove treatment4 ,it has  
been cultivated in  gardens almost as   
long as any species of ,cactus4 ,there  
are several  varieties of it known1     
differing from the type in habit1 length
 of  spine1 or shade of colour in the   
flower4    ,o4 cylindrica               
7cylindrical74--,stem and joints        
cylindrical1 the latter  covered with   
spindle-shaped tubercles1 each one      
crowned with a tuft of  fine1 hair-like1
 whitish spines1 one or two in each tuft
 being stiff1  and sharp as needles4    
,the leaves are fleshy1 cylindrical1 #a 
in4 or more  long1 and they remain on   

the joints longer than is usual in      
,opuntias4  ,flowers crowded on the ends
 of the branches1 each #a in4 in        
diameter1  scarlet2 they are developed  
in ,june4 ,this plant is said to grow to
 a  height of #f ft4 or more in its     
native habitat1 but under cultivation it
  is rarely seen more than #c ft4 high2 
it was introduced in #agii4 ,it is      
handsome and distinct enough to be worth
 growing4 ,it requires stove or         
greenhouse treatment1 but rarely flowers
 under cultivation4    ,o4 c4 cristata  
7crested74--,a dwarf1 cockscomb-like    
variety1 with the  leaves and white     
hairs growing all along the wrinkled top
 of the comb4  ,it is a very singular   
example of a monster ,cactus4 ,it       
requires stove  treatment4    ,o4       
,davisii 7,davis'72 ,bot4 ,mag4         
#ffeb4--,stems somewhat horizontal1 not 
exceeding #a ft4 in height2 joints #d   
in4 to #f in4 in length1 and about   in4
 in thickness2 wood dense1 and hard when
 old2 tubercles not prominent1  bearing 

cushions of very slender bristles1      
forming a kind of brush1 from  amongst  
which the spines spring4 ,the longest   
spines are #a in41 and they  are covered
 with a loose1 glistening sheath4       
,flowers #b in4 in diameter1            
greenish-brown4 ,the plant is a native  
of ,new ,mexico1 and was introduced  in 
#ahhc4 ,it forms a compact1 shrubby     
little plant if grown in an             
intermediate house during winter1 and   
placed in the open in full  sunshine    
during summer4 ,it was flowered for the 
first time in ,england in  #ahhc1 and   
although not what we should call an     
attractive plant1 in  ,america it is    
described as being a well-marked and    
pretty species4 ,it  is named after     
,jefferson ,davis1 the ,american        
statesman4    ,o4 decumana              
7great-oblong74 ,this is the            
largest-growing species in  cultivation4
 ,at ,kew it is represented by a plant  
#ab ft4 high 7it would  grow still      
taller if the house were higher74 ,it   

has a hard1 woody1  brown-barked stem1  
bearing an enormous head of very large1 
elliptical1  flat joints1 #ab in4 to #bj
 in4 long1 and about #a ft4 broad1      
smooth1  grey-green1 with a few         
scattered cushions of very tiny         
bristles1 and  sometimes1 though rarely1
 a spine or two4 ,flowers large1        
orange-coloured1 produced in summer4    
,fruit oval1 #d in4 long1 spiny1        
brownish-red1 very watery when ripe2    
flesh red1 sweet4 ,a native of  ,brazil1
 and requiring stove treatment4 ,this is
 said to be what is known  in ,malta as 
the ,indian ,fig4 ,the plant is chiefly 
interesting here on  account of the     
extraordinary size of the joints4    ,o4
 diademata 7diademed74--,a small1       
remarkable1 and extremely rare  little  
species1 with a short1 erect stem1      
composed of globose1  superposed joints1
 grey-green in colour1 and very         
succulent4 ,the topmost  joint is       
pear-shaped1 with a tuft of whitish hair
 and spines on the  apex1 out of which  

the new growth pushes4 ,cushions large1 
about #a in4  apart1 furnished with a   
tuft of short1 grey hairs and short     
spines1 with  a large one at the base4  
,the character of this large spine is   
exceptional1 being broad1 flat1         
cartilaginous1 whitish1 and curving     
downwards4 ,on healthy large examples   
these spines are #b in4 long1 and       
nearly  in4 wide at the base4 ,flowers  
and fruit not known4 ,native of         
,mendoza 7,la ,plata74 ,this little     
plant requires to be cultivated in a    
warm greenhouse or stove1 but it grows  
very slowly4 ,it is certainly a  most   
interesting ,cactus2 examples of it may 
be seen at ,kew1 where there  is a plant
 which1 although over ten years old1 is 
only #d in4 high4 ,syns4  ,o4           
platyacantha and ,cereus syringacanthus4
    ,o4 ,dillenii 7,dillenius'72 ,fig4  
#gi4--;,an erect-growing1 robust        
species1  attaining a height of #ae ft41
 with flattened1 ovate joints1 about #e 
in4  long by #c in4 broad4 ,cushions    

composed of short1 white1 hair-like     
bristles1 and numerous long1 stout1     
yellow spines4 ,flowers yellow1  tinged 
with red1 #d in4 in diameter1 freely    
produced on the ends of the  youngest   
joints all summer4 ,fruits similar to   
those of ,o4 ,ficus-indica4  ,a native  
of the ,west ,indies1 now naturalised in
 all warmer parts of the  world4 ,in    
,india it is so plentiful and widespread
 that ,roxburgh1 an  ,indian botanist1  
said it was a native4 ,in ,india1 its   
fruits are eaten by  the poor natives1  
and it is often planted as a hedge4 ,it 
is also a great  pest in the open lands 
of that country1 and large sums are     
annually  expended in cutting it down   
and burying it4 ,this species1 which    
requires  warm greenhouse treatment1 is 
also employed in the cultivation of     
cochineal4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi4
 ,,opuntia ,,dillenii4    ,o4           
echinocarpa 7spiny-fruited74--,a low1   
straggling shrub1 not exceeding  #a ft4 
in height4 ,joints cylindrical1 from #a 

in4 to #c in4 long1 less than  #a in4   
thick4 ,cushions of rather coarse       
bristles and numerous spines1 from   in4
 to #a in4 in length4 ,flowers #b in4 in
 diameter1 yellow1 produced in  summer4 
,fruit short1 depressed1 almost         
saucer-shaped1 and bearing spines       
nearly #a in4 long4 ,a native of        
,colorado1 c4 ,it requires stove        
treatment4  ,the variety major has stems
 #d ft4 high1 joints #h in4 to #aj in4  
long1 and  long1 sheathed spines4 ,this 
species is closely related to ,o4       
,bigelovii  and ,o4 ,davisii4    ,o4    
,emoryi 7,emory's74--,a prostrate1      
spreading plant1 less than #a ft4  high4
 ,joints cylindrical1 curved1 #d in4    
long1 #a in4 thick4 ,tubercles very     
prominent1 longitudinally attached to   
the stem1 the apices crowned with       
pea-shaped cushions of short bristles1  
and numerous radiating spines1  some of 
which are fully #b in4 long1 very strong
 and needle-like4 ,flowers  #b in4 in   
diameter1 sulphur-yellow1 tinged with   

purple1 produced in  ,august and        
,september4 ,fruit #b in4 long and #a   
in4 thick1 covered with  cushions of    
bristles and spines4 ,a native of       
,mexico1 on dry1 sandy  soils1 where its
 prostrate stems1 clothed with powerful 
spines1 form a  hiding-place for the    
small animals1 snakes1 c4 ,stove or warm
 greenhouse  treatment is best for this 
species4    ,o4 ,engelmanni             
7,engelmann's74--,a stout1              
coarse-looking plant1 #f ft4 high1  with
 woody stems and large1 flat1 green     
joints1 #a ft4 long and #i in4 in       
diameter4 ,cushions #a in4 apart1       
composed of coarse bristles1 and one or 
two spines over #a in4 long1 and        
pointing downwards4 ,flowers #c in4 in  
diameter1 yellow1 produced in ,may and  
,june4 ,fruit nearly round1 #b in4      
long1 purplish both in rind and pulp1   
the latter rather nauseous to the       
taste4 ,mexico4 ,this is a greenhouse   
plant which grows freely and flowers    
annually under cultivation4 ,it is very 

similar to ,o4 monacantha1 a much       
better known species4 ,according to     
,american botanists1 it is probably  the
 most widely spread of the whole ,cactus
 tribe4    ,o4 ,ficus-indica 7,indian   
,fig72 ,fig4 #hj4--;,branches erect1 #h 
ft4 to #ab ft4  high2 joints flat1 oval 
or obovate1 about #a ft4 long by #c in4 
in width1  and #a in4 in thickness4     
,stems hard and woody with age4         
,cushions #a in4  apart1 composed of    
short1 yellowish bristles1 and very     
rarely one spine4  ,flowers #c in4 to #d
 in4 across1 sulphur-yellow1 produced   
all through the  summer4 ,fruit #c in4  
to #d in4 long1 pear-shaped1 covered    
with tufts of  bristles1 white1 yellow1 
or red when ripe4 ,it is a native of    
,central  ,america1 whence it was       
introduced about #cjj years ago4 ,it is 
now widely  spread1 in tropical and     
temperate regions all over the world4   
,in many  parts it is cultivated for the
 sake of its fruits1 which in some of   
our  colonies are used for dessert4 ,in 

,england it must be protected from damp 
and cold2 it is1 therefore1 best        
cultivated in a sunny greenhouse during 
winter1 and placed outside in a position
 exposed to full sunshine all  summer4  
,tenore1 an ,italian botanist1 named    
this species ,o4 vulgaris1 and  this    
mistake has led others to consider the  
,north ,american ,o4 vulgaris  7true7   
and ,o4 ,ficus-indica as one and the    
same species4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4  
#hj4 ,,fruiting ,,branch ,,of ,,opuntia 
,,ficus-,,indica4    ,o4 filipendula    
7hanging filaments72 ,fig4 #ha4--,stems 
prostrate1 about  #a ft4 high1          
spreading2 joints flat1 round or oval1  
about #c in4 long1 often  less1         
milky-green in colour4 ,cushions  in4   
apart1 composed of a little  tuft of    
white woolly hair1 a cluster of erect1  
rather long bristles1  like a small     
shaving-brush1 and all pointing upwards2
 spines usually  only one in each       
cushion1 and this is slender1 deflexed1 
white1 and from  #a in4 to #b in4 long4 

,sometimes the joints are wholly        
spineless4 ,flowers  #b in4 in diameter1
 purplish1 very handsome1 produced in   
,may and ,june4  ,fruit not known4 ,the 
roots of this species bear tubers often 
#a in4 in  thickness1 and several inches
 in length1 and these tubers will grow  
into  plants if severed and planted4 ,it
 requires stove treatment4 ,native      
country1 ,mexico4    ,illustration3     
,,fig4 #ha4 ,,opuntia ,,filipendula4    
,o4 frutescens 7shrubby74--,a           
thin-stemmed1 copiously-branched        
species4  ,joints almost continuous1    
like ordinary branches1 from #b in4 to  
#f in4  long1 the thickest not exceeding
  in4 ,cushions on raised points or     
tubercles1 each consisting of a small   
tuft of hair1 inclosed in a row of      
bristles1 and one long1 central spine1  
often exceeding #b in4 in length4  ,when
 young1 the spines are inclosed in a    
thin1 bony sheath4 ,flowers  scattered  
along the younger branches1 #a in4      
across1 greenish-yellow1  borne in      

,june4 ,fruit #a in4 long1 pear-shaped1 
smooth1 scarlet1 with tufts  of bristles
 all over it1 and a depression in the   
apex4 ,mexico4 ,this  forms an          
interesting pot-plant when properly     
cultivated4 ,it should be  grown in a   
warm greenhouse4    ,o4 ,grahami        
7,graham's74--,this is one of several   
species of ,opuntia which  are          
remarkable in having thick1 fleshy      
roots1 not unlike those of the  ,dahlia4
 ,the joints are #b in4 long and #a in4 
in diameter1 cylindrical1 with          
adpressed tubercles1  in4 or more long1 
each tubercle bearing a tuft of  long1  
straight1 radiating spines4 ,flowers #b 
in4 across1 yellow1 borne on  the ends  
of the ripened joints in ,june4 ,fruits 
#a in4 long and  in4 wide1  covered with
 stellate clusters of short1            
bristle-like spines4 ,this plant  is a  
native of ,mexico1 and is a recent      
introduction4 ,from the nature of  its  
roots1 which are no doubt intended to   
serve as reservoirs for times  of       

extreme drought1 it should be grown in  
well-drained1 sandy soil1 and  kept     
quite dry all winter4 ,it requires stove
 treatment4    ,o4 horrida              
7horrid74--,an erect1 stout-stemmed     
plant1 with flattened1  green joints1   
about #e in4 long by #c in4 wide4       
,cushions #a in4 apart1  composed of    
short1 reddish bristles1 and long1 tawny
 red spines1 about  eight in each       
cushion1 and of a peculiarly ferocious  
appearance--hence  the specific name4   
,the stoutest spines are #c in4 long1   
and are sharp and  strong as needles4   
,this species 7which is probably a      
native of ,mexico7  is deserving of a   
place in collections of ,cactuses       
because of the  character of its spines4
 ,probably it is only a variety of ,o4  
,tuna4 ,it  requires warm-house         
treatment4    ,o4 hystricina            
7porcupine-like74--,this beautiful      
species was discovered  in the ,san     
,francisco ,mountains mixed with ,o4    
missouriensis1 to which it  is nearly   

allied4 ,it is spreading in habit1 the  
joints #c in4 to #d in4 long  and broad2
 cushions  in4 apart1 rather large1 with
 numerous spines1  varying in length    
from  in4 to #d in41 and short1         
yellowish bristles4  ,flowers large1    
yellow4 ,fruit #a in41 long1 spiny4     
,this plant is not known  in ,english   
collections1 but it is described by     
,american botanists as  being attractive
 and a free grower4 ,as it is found     
along with ,o4  missouriensis1 it ought 
to prove hardy in ,england4    ,o4      
leptocaulis 7slender-stemmed74--,this   
little ,mexican species is  chiefly     
remarkable for its fragile1 numerous1   
twig-like joints1 thickly  dotted with  
tubercles and numerous spirally-arranged
 cushions of reddish  bristles1 with    
long1 grey spines4 ,it does not flower  
under cultivation4  ,requires stove     
treatment4    ,o4 leucotricha           
7white-haired74--,an erect-stemmed kind1
 with flattened  joints1 ovate or oblong
 in shape1 and bearing numerous         

cushions1  in4  apart1 of short         
bristles1 with a large1 central spine1  
and a few others  rather shorter4 ,when 
young these spines are rigid and        
needle-like2 but  as they get older they
 increase in length1 and become soft1   
and curled  like stiff1 white hair4     
,young plants are noticeable for their  
small1  subulate leaves of a bright red 
colour1 whilst old examples are almost  
as interesting as the ,old ,man ,cactus 
7,pilocereus senilis71 the long1  white1
 hair-like spines of the ,opuntia       
hanging from the older joints in  much  
the same manner as they do from the     
upper part of the stem of the           
,pilocereus4 ,flowers yellow1 produced  
in ,june4 ,this species is a native  of 
,mexico1 and requires stove treatment4  
,seeds of this1 and1 indeed1 of  a large
 proportion of the cultivated ,opuntias1
 may be procured from  seedsmen1 and as 
they germinate quickly1 and soon produce
 handsome  little plants1 a collection  
of ,opuntias is thus very easily        

obtained4    ,o4 macrocentra            
7large-spurred74--,a flat-jointed       
species1 growing to a  height of #c ft42
 the joints large1 almost circular1     
thinly compressed1  and usually purplish
 in colour4 ,cushions about #a in4      
apart1 with spines  often #c in4 long1  
of a greyish colour1 and generally      
pointing downwards4  ,flowers #c in4    
across1 bright yellow2 they are         
developed in ,may and ,june1  on the    
upper edges of the youngest joints4     
,this plant is a native of  ,mexico2 it 
is at present rare1 but the unusual     
colour of the joints1 its  compact1     
freely-branched habit1 the extraordinary
 length of its spines1  and the size of 
its flowers1 ought to win for it many   
admirers4 ,it is  easily grown if kept  
in an intermediate house4 ,plants of it 
may be seen  in the ,kew collection4    
,o4 macrorhiza 7large-rooted72 ,figs4   
#hb1 #hc4--;,in this ,texan species we  
have a combination of the principal     
characters for which the genus  ,opuntia

 is remarkable3 ,the thick1 fleshy      
roots1 which are a supposed  source of  
food1 and which look like potatoes2 the 
cylinder-shaped older  stems1 and the   
flattened1 battledore-like joints2 the  
tufts of bristles  on the stems1 and    
deciduous1 longer spines on the joints2 
the large1  beautiful1 yellow flowers2  
and the small leaves on the newly-formed
  joints4 ,in habit and flowers this    
kind resembles ,o4 ,rafinesquii2 and if 
not quite hardy in ,england1 it is      
nevertheless sufficiently so to thrive  
in any sunny position where it would be 
protected from frost and  excessive wet4
 ,the accompanying illustrations        
represent the characters  of this       
species so well that further description
 is not needed4 ,the  flowers are       
developed in early summer4              
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,flowering  
,,branches ,,of ,,opuntia ,,macrorhiza4 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,roots ,,of 
,,opuntia ,,macrorhiza4    ,o4          
microdasys 7small1 thick74--,this is a  

handsome little ,mexican plant4  ,its   
flattened joints1 which are nearly      
circular in outline1 are thickly        
covered with little cushions of bright  
orange-yellow bristles1 the  cushions   
being so close together that the short  
bristles almost hide the  green joints  
from view4 ,the stems are               
semi-decumbent1 and they branch         
somewhat freely4 ,flowers not seen4 ,it 
thrives in a warm greenhouse            
temperature4 ,the best examples of this 
pretty ,opuntia are grafted on a        
robust-growing kind1 the stock being    
about #a ft4 long1 and the scion        
forming a compact head of pretty1       
healthy-looking joints4 ,treated in     
this way1 this species is most          
interesting and attractive4 ,it may also
  be grown on its own roots4 ,there is a
 variety of it1 named rufida1 in  which 
the bristles are reddish-brown4    ,o4  
missouriensis 7,missouri74--,a stout1   
prostrate kind1 forming large1          
spreading masses under favourable       

conditions4 ,joints broad1 flattened1   
obovate1 about #d in4 long by #b in4    
wide1 light green2 spine-cushions less  
than #a in4 apart1 and composed of      
numerous small1 white spines1 with from 
one to four longer ones2 these latter   
fall away when the joints get old4      
,leaves very short1 with a little wool  
about their bases4 ,flowers #c in4 in   
diameter1 appearing from ,may onwards2  
petals yellow1 dashed with rose1        
sometimes wholly rose-coloured or       
brick-red4 ,stamens deep red2 pistil    
yellow1 with a conical stigma4 ,fruit   
nearly round1 spiny1 about #b in4  long4
 ,a native of ,wisconsin1 and westward  
to the ,san ,francisco  ,mountains2     
introduced in #ahad4 ,this species is as
 hardy as ,o4  ,rafinesquii1 and thrives
 under similar treatment4 ,it has stood 
#bb degs4  of frost without suffering1  
requiring only protection from rain in  
winter4 ,in ,north ,america it forms    
large1 spreading masses on gravelly     
hillsides1 and is much dreaded by       

travellers1 and especially by horses2   
there it is usually covered with snow   
from ,christmas to the following  ,may4 
,o4 monacantha 7one-spined74--,a tall1  
robust plant1 not unlike ,o4  ,dillenii 
in general habit4 ,it has flat1 large   
joints1 oblong or ovate in  outline1    
rather thinly compressed1 and bearing   
grey cushions over #a in4  apart1 with a
 solitary spine1 #a in4 long1 springing 
from the centre of  each cushion1 and   
pointing downwards4 ,flowers            
sulphur-yellow1 #b in4  across1 borne on
 the last-ripened joints in ,may1 and   
abundant on  well-grown plants4 ,fruits 
ovate1 #b in4 long1 green1 with tufts of
 short1  brown bristles2 pulp edible4   
,the species is a native of ,brazil1 but
 is  now common in many tropical and    
sub-tropical countries4 ,it is a        
free-growing kind1 soon forming a large 
specimen if planted in a bed of  old    
brick-rubble1 or other light1           
well-drained soil1 and kept in warm     
greenhouse temperature4    ,o4 nigricans

 7blackish72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #aeeg4--,stem  
stout1 erect1 becoming  hard and woody  
when old4 ,joints flat1 oval in outline1
 #e in4 to #h in4 long4  ,cushions #a   
in4 apart1 composed of short            
reddish-brown bristles and two  or three
 long stout spines1 which are yellow    
when young1 but almost  black when ripe4
 ,flowers produced on the young1 ripened
 joints1  orange-red1 about #c in4      
across and developed in ,august and     
,september4  ,fruit pear-shaped1 rich   
crimson when ripe4 ,introduced from     
,brazil in  #agie4 ,this well-marked    
species thrives in a warm greenhouse4   
,it branches  freely1 and has a healthy 
aspect at all times4 ,it is represented 
at ,kew  by very large specimens2 one of
 them1 which was recently cut down1 had 
a  stem #ab ft4 high and an enormous    
head of dark1 green joints4 ,its head   
was  planted as a cutting4    ,o4       
occidentalis 7,western74--,stem stout1  
woody1 with innumerable  branches1      
wide-spreading1 often bent to the       

ground4 ,joints #i in4 to #ab in4  long 
by about #f in4 broad1 flattened1 as    
many as #ajj on one plant4  ,cushions   
nearly #b in4 apart1 with small1        
closely-set bristles and  straight      
spines from  in4 to l in4 long4 ,flowers
 produced in ,june on the  ripened      
joints1 nearly #d in4 in diameter1      
orange-yellow4 ,fruit #b in4 long1  very
 juicy1 but of a sour and disagreeable  
taste4 ,this is an  exceptionally fine  
plant when allowed sufficient space to  
develop its  enormous branches and      
joints2 it is a native of the ,western  
slopes of  the ,californian mountains4  
,it should be planted in a bed of rough1
 stony  soil1 in a dry greenhouse4      
,possibly it is hardy1 but it does not  
appear  to have been grown out of doors 
in ,england4    ,o4 ,parmentieri        
7,parmentier's74--,stem erect4 ,joints  
cylindrical1 like  little cucumbers4    
,cushions about #a in4 apart1 arranged  
in spiral rows1  and composed of short1 
reddish bristles1 with two or three     

straw-coloured spines1 #a in4 long4     
,flowers reddish1 small4 ,the plant is a
  native of ,paraguay1 and is rarely    
heard of in cultivation4 ,it requires   
stove treatment4    ,o4 ,parryi         
7,parry's74--,stem short4 ,joints       
club-shaped1 #d in4 to #f in4  long1    
very spiny1 the cushions elevated on    
ridge-like tubercles4  ,bristles few1   
coarse1 and long4 ,spines very numerous1
 varying in length  from  in4 to #a in42
 central one in each cushion much the   
broadest1 and  flattened like a         
knife-blade1 the others being more or   
less triangular4  ,flowers              
yellowish-green1 on the terminal joints1
 which are clothed with  star-shaped    
clusters of bristle-like spines1 the    
flowers springing from  the apex of the 
joint1 and measuring #a in4 across4 ,a  
native of ,mexico1  where it grows on   
gravelly plains4 ,this distinct plant is
 in cultivation  at ,kew1 in a warm     
greenhouse1 but it has not yet flowered4
    ,o4 ,rafinesquii 7,rafinesque's72   

,fig4 #hd4--;,a low1 prostrate1         
spreading  plant1 seldom exceeding #a   
ft4 in height1 the main branches keeping
 along  the ground1 the younger ones    
being erect4 ,the latter are composed of
  flat1 obovate joints1 #d in4 to #e in4
 long by #c in4 in width1 fresh green in
  colour2 spines very few1 mostly only  
on the upper edge of the last-made      
joints1 single1 or sometimes two or     
three from each spine-cushion1 #a in4   
long1 straight1 whitish1 soon falling   
off2 cushion composed of very fine      
reddish bristles and whitish wool2      
leaves very small1 falling early4 ,the  
branches become cylindrical and woody   
with age4 ,flowers #b in4 to #d in4 in  
diameter1 bright sulphur-yellow1 with a 
reddish tint in the centre2 in  form    
they are like a shallow cup1 the        
numerous stamens occupying the  middle4 
,they are produced in great abundance on
 the margins of the  youngest joints1 as
 many as fifty open flowers having been 
counted on a  single specimen at one    

time4 ,fruit pear-shaped1 #a in4 to #b  
in4 long1  naked1 edible1 somewhat acid 
and sweetish4 ,the flowering season is  
from  ,july to ,september2 the native   
country1 ,wisconsin to ,kentucky1 and   
westward to ,arkansas and ,missouri4    
,this species1 introduced about twenty  
years ago1 has only recently been       
brought prominently before ,english     
gardeners4 ,it is a very ornamental and 
interesting plant for outdoor           
cultivation1 and when once established  
gives no trouble4 ,for the first  year  
or two after planting it requires       
watching1 as1 until the basal  joints   
harden and become woody1 they are liable
 to rot in wet weather4 ,a              
large-flowered form1 known as           
grandiflora1 is cultivated in ,american 
gardens4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4  
,,opuntia ,,rafinesquii4    ,o4 rosea   
7rose-coloured72 ,fig4 #he4--,stem      
erect1 branching freely4  ,joints       
varying in length from #b in4 to #f in41
 not flattened1 with  ridge-like        

tubercles1 bearing on their points small
 cushions of very  fine bristles and    
tufts of pale yellowish spines about    
in4 long1 and  all pointing upwards4    
,flowers on the ends of the ripened     
growths of the  year1 usually clustered1
 #b in4 across1 bright rose-coloured2   
they are  developed in ,june4 ,a rare   
species from ,brazil1 and one which1 as 
the  illustration shows1 is both        
distinct and handsome enough to be      
classed  amongst the most select4 ,it   
requires a stove temperature4           
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,opuntia    
,,rosea4    ,o4 ,salmiana 7,prince      
,salm-,dyck's74--,stem erect1 branching 
freely1 the  branches at right angles to
 the stem4 ,joints from #a in4 to #f in4
 long1  cylindrical1 smooth1  in4 in    
diameter1 clothed with small cushions of
  soft1 short bristles1 and one or two  
longish spines4 ,flowers produced in    
,september1 #b in4 across1 yellow1      
streaked with red1 of short duration4   
,fruit egg-shaped1 #a in4 long1 crimson4

 ,this species is a native of  ,brazil1 
whence it was introduced in #ahej4 ,it  
requires to be grown in an  intermediate
 house4 ,it is a charming little        
,cactus1 and quite  exceptional among   
,opuntias in the colour and abundance of
 its flowers1  and in the rich colour of
 its numerous fruits1 which usually     
remain on  the plant several months4    
,the plant1 too1 has the merit of       
keeping dwarf  and compact4 ,the small  
joints separate very easily from the    
branches1  and every one of them will   
root and grow into a plant4 ,there is   
something very remarkable in the        
development of the fruits of this kind4 
,a small branch1 or joint1 grows to its 
full length1 and a flower-bud  appears  
in the apex4 ,if examined at this stage1
 it will be seen that the  ovary        
occupies only a very shallow cavity in  
the top of the branch4  ,after          
flowering1 this ovary grows into the    
branch1 and ultimately the  whole branch
 is transformed into a pulpy fruit1 with

 the seeds scattered  all through the   
pulp4 ,this peculiarity is well shown in
 ,o4 salmiana1 and  the development of  
the fruit can be very easily watched4   
,many of the  small branches do not     
flower1 although they change to a red   
colour like  the fruits4    ,o4         
spinosissima 7very spiny74--,stem erect1
 woody4 ,joints very flat and  thin1    
deep green1 ovate or rotund1 from #f in4
 to #a ft4 long4 ,cushions #a in4       
apart4 ,bristles very short4 ,spines in 
clusters of about five1 the  longest #b 
in4 in length1 brownish-yellow4 ,flowers
 reddish-orange1 small1  usually only #b
 in4 across1 produced in ,june4 ,a      
native of ,south ,america2  naturalised 
in many parts of the ,old ,world4 ,the  
stem becomes cylindrical  with age1 and 
sometimes is devoid of branches for     
about #e ft4 from the  ground4 ,the     
plant requires stove treatment4         
,probably this kind is only a  form of  
,o4 ,tuna4    ,o4 subulata              
7awl-shaped74--,stem erect1 cylindrical1

 even below1  channelled and tubercled  
above1 about #b in4 in diameter4 ,joints
 long and  branch-like1 with tufts of   
short1 white hair on the apices of the  
tubercles1 and one or two white1        
needle-like spines from  in4 to #a in4  
long4 ,at the base of each tuft1 from   
the apex to #a ft4 or more down the     
younger branches1 there is a fleshy1    
green1 awl-shaped leaf1 from #b in4  to 
#e in4 long4 ,ultimately the leaves and 
spines fall away1 the tubercles  are    
levelled down1 and the mature stem is   
regular and cylindrical1 with  tufts of 
white setae scattered over it4 ,flowers 
small1 produced in  spring2 sepals #b   
in4 long1 green1 deciduous2 petals      
small1 dull purple1  usually about eight
 in each flower4 ,fruit pear-shaped1 #d 
in4 long2 seeds  very large1 nearly  in4
 long and wide4 ,this handsome ,south   
,american  species was the subject of an
 interesting communication to the       
,gardeners' ,chronicle1 in #ahhd1 from  
,dr4 ,engelmann4 ,it had previously     

been known as a ,pereskia from the fact 
of its leaves being persistent  and very
 large4 ,in its leaves1 flowers1 and    
seeds1 ,o4 subulata is one of  the most 
interesting of the genus4 ,it is easily 
grown in a warm  greenhouse1 and        
deserves a place in all collections of  
,cactuses4    ,o4 ,tuna 7native name72  
,fig4 #hf4--;,an erect-stemmed1         
flat-jointed1  robust-growing species4  
,joints ovate1 #d in4 to #i in4 long1   
with cushions  #a in4 apart1 composed of
 short1 fulvous bristles1 and several   
long1  needle-shaped1 unequal1 yellowish
 spines4 ,flowers borne on the upper    
edges of the last-ripened joints1 #c in4
 across1 reddish-orange1 produced  in   
,july4 ,fruit rich carmine1 about #c in4
 long1 pear-shaped4 ,the plant is  a    
native of the ,west ,indies1 c41 and was
 introduced in #agca4 ,it has  already  
been stated1 under ,o4 spinosissima1    
that there is a close  similarity       
between that species and ,o4 ,tuna4 ,we 
suspect1 also1 that ,o4  nigricans is   

another near relation of these two4     
,they are much alike in  all characters1
 and they require the same treatment4   
,o4 ,tuna has been  seen as much as #bj 
ft4 in height4    ,illustration3 ,,fig4 
#hf4 ,,opuntia ,,tuna4    ,o4 tunicata  
7coated-spined74--,stem sub-erect1      
cylindrical4 ,joints  club-shaped1      
variable in length1 about #b in4 in     
diameter4 ,when young the  surface is   
broken up into numerous oblong          
tubercles1 each bearing a  small cushion
 of whitish1 short hairs1 and about half
 a dozen white  spines1 unequal in      
length1 the longest stout1 and inclosed 
in a hard  sheath1 which becomes broken 
and ragged when old4 ,flowers not known4
 ,a  native of ,mexico1 and introduced  
in #ahdj4 ,it requires stove treatment4 
,o4 vulgaris 7common72 ,bot4 ,mag4      
#bcic4--;,a low1 prostrate1 spreading   
plant4 ,joints short1 oval1 flattened1  
thicker than in ,o4 missouriensis1  #c  
in4 long by about #b in4 broad4         
,spine-cushions  in4 apart2 tufts very  

small1 with1 occasionally1 a long spine4
 ,leaves fleshy1 very small4  ,flowers  
#b in4 across1 pale sulphur-yellow4     
,fruits nearly smooth1 #a in4  long1    
brown when ripe1 with a strong          
disagreeable odour4 ,the flowers are    
produced freely in ,june4 ,the plant    
grows wild in ,mexico1 and extends up   
to ,new ,york1 usually near the coast4  
,it is now common in many parts of      
,europe1 where it has become            
naturalised4 ,in ,madeira it has taken  
possession of all waste land1 and is    
perfectly at home there4 ,in ,england   
it was cultivated by ,gerard nearly #cjj
 years ago4 ,it grows rapidly if        
planted in stony soil1 in a position    
exposed to full sunshine1 where it  will
 creep along the ground1 and root all   
along its stems1 which rarely  get      
elevated more than #f in4 from the      
ground4 ,this species and ,o4           
,ficus-indica are confused by some      
authors1 owing1 no doubt1 to the name   
,o4 vulgaris having been given by a     

botanist to the latter1 which is a  much
 larger and very different-looking      
plant4 ,o4 vulgaris is capable of       
withstanding our winters out of doors4  
,o4 ,whipplei 7,captain                 
,whipple's74--,stem usually prostrate1  
with slender1  elongated branches1 which
 are cylindrical when old1 broken up    
into short  joints when young4 ,joints  
varying in length from #b in4 to #a ft41
 less than  #a in4 in diameter4         
,cushions small1 round4 ,spines white1  
variable in  number1 and arranged in    
tufts on the ends of the tubercles1 one 
being  #a in4 long1 the others shorter4 
,flowers nearly #b in4 in diameter1 red1
  borne in a cluster on the ends of the 
last-ripened joints in ,june4 ,fruit  #a
 in4 long1 with a cavity in the top4 ,a 
compact1 ,mexican species1 with  crowded
 branches1 and very free-flowering4 ,it 
requires stove treatment4  ,o4 ,whipplei
 is related to ,o4 arborescens1 from    
which1 however1 it is  easily           
distinguished by the latter having a    

stout central spine and  numerous       
radiating ones4    ,of the #aej species 
of ,opuntia known1 about one-third have 
been selected  for description here1 and
 amongst these will be found all the    
best-marked kinds in the genus1 and most
 of those of which we have any          
knowledge4 ,botanists find good specific
 characters in the size and  structure  
of the seeds1 in the character of the   
fruits1 c42 but for  horticultural      
purposes these are of little or no      
value4          ,,chapter ,,xv4    ,,the
 ,,genus ,,pereskia4    7,named in      
honour of ,nicholas ,f4 ,peresk1 a      
botanist of ,provence47      ,the       
thirteen species included in the genus  
,pereskia differ so markedly  from all  
other kinds of ,cactus1 that at first   
sight one can scarcely  believe they are
 true ,cactuses1 closely related to     
,cereus and  ,epiphyllum4 ,they have    
erect or trailing stems and branches1   
and usually  form dense1 large bushes2  
the branches are woody and thin1 and    

bear  large1 laurel-like leaves1 which  
remain on the plants several years--so  
that they may be termed evergreen4 ,they
 have1 however1 the  spine-cushions1 the
 tufts of woolly hair and stout spines1 
and the  floral characters which        
distinguish ,cactuses from other plants2
 they are  also succulent1 the leaves   
and young branches being soft and       
fleshy4  ,they appear to have the same  
peculiar provision for enabling them to 
bear long periods of drought without    
suffering that characterises the  more  
familiar forms of ,cactuses4 ,the       
development of the spines in this  genus
 is different from what takes place in  
all other spiny plants of  this order4  
,in the latter the spines are stoutest  
and most numerous on  the younger parts 
of the plant1 the older or woody parts  
being either  spineless1 through having 
cast them1 or much less spiny than when 
they  were younger4 ,thus1 in ,opuntia  
we find few or no spines on the old     
parts  of the stems of even such species

 as ,o4 horrida1 ,o4 nigricans1 c4 ,in  
,echinocactus1 too1 the spines about the
 base of old plants are much  fewer1 if 
not entirely cast off1 than on the upper
 part4 ,in ,pereskia the  contrary is   
the case4 ,taking ,p4 aculeata as an    
example1 this is best  known in gardens 
as having branches about as thick as a  
goose-quill1  with ovate leaves1 at the 
base of which there is a pair of curved 
spines1  in4 long1 and shaped like cats'
 claws4 ,but this plant when it  gets   
old has a stem #c in4 in diameter1 and  
clothed down to the ground  with        
cushions of spines fixed firmly in the  
bark1 each cushion composed  of from    
twenty to fifty spines1 and each spine  
#a in4 or more in length4  ,from two to 
six new spines are developed in the     
centre of each healthy  cushion         
annually4 ,it would be absolutely       
impossible for any animal to  climb an  
old stem of a ,pereskia4 ,in ,p4 ,bleo  
the spines are #b in4 long1  and the    
cushions are much larger4    ,the       

flowers of ,pereskias are borne singly  
or in panicles1 at the ends of  the     
young1 ripened branches4 ,in shape1 each
 flower may be compared to a  single    
,rose1 the petals being flat and        
spreading1 and the numerous  stamens    
forming a compact cluster in the centre4
 ,the stigma is erect1  and divided at  
the top into four or more rays4 ,the    
fruit is a berry  shaped like a         
,gooseberry1 and covered with minute    
clusters of short  bristles4    ,all the
 species are found in tropical ,america 
and the ,west ,indies4                  
,cultivation4--,although several of the 
kinds of ,pereskia are  sufficiently    
ornamental to be deserving of a place in
 gardens as  flowering plants1 yet they 
are rarely cultivated--in ,england1 at  
least  --for any other purpose than that
 of forming stocks upon which           
,epiphyllums and other ,cacti are       
grafted4 ,only two species are used1    
viz41 ,p4 aculeata and ,p4 ,bleo1 the   
former being much the more popular of   

the two2 whilst ,p4 ,bleo1 on account of
 the stoutness of its stems1 is         
employed for only the most robust kinds 
of grafts4    ,propagation4--,both the  
above-named species may be propagated to
 any  extent1 as every bit of branch    
with a leaf and eye attached is capable 
of rooting and soon forming a stock4    
,the practice among those who use       
,pereskias as stocks for ,epiphyllums is
 as follows3 ,cuttings of ,p4  aculeata 
are planted in sandy soil1 in boxes1 and
 placed on a shelf in a  stove till     
rooted4 ,in about a month they are ready
 to be planted singly  in #c in4 pots1  
any light soil being used2 and each     
plant is fastened to a  stake #a ft4    
long4 ,they are kept in a warm1 moist   
house1 all lateral  shoots being cut    
away1 and the leader encouraged to grow 
as tall as  possible in the year4 ,from 
,december the plants are kept dry to    
induce  the wood to ripen1 preparatory  
to their being used for grafting in     
,february4 ,stocks #i in4 or #a ft4 high

 are thus formed4 ,if taller stocks are 
required1 the plants must be grown on   
till of the required length and         
firmness4 ,large plants may be trained  
against a wall or along the  rafters in 
a warm house2 and when of the required  
size1 the branches may  be spurred back1
 and ,epiphyllums1 slender ,cereuses1   
and similar plants1  grafted upon them4 
,in this way very fine masses of the    
latter may be  obtained in much less    
time than if they were grown from small 
plants4    ,,species4    ,p4 aculeata   
7prickly72 ,west ,indian or ,barbados   
,gooseberry4--,stem woody1  more or less
 erect1 branching freely1 and forming a 
dense bush about  #f ft4 high4 ,young   
branches leafy2 old ones brown1         
leafless1 clothed with  large cushions  
of long1 stout1 brown spines1 sometimes 
#b in4 in length4  ,leaves alternate1   
with very short petioles1 at the base of
 which is a  pair of short spines1 and a
 small tuft of wool in the axil2 blade  
#c in4  long by #b in4 broad1 soft1     

fleshy1 shining green4 ,flowers         
semi-transparent1 white1 in terminal    
panicles2 sepals and petals  in4  long  
by  in4 wide2 stamens in a large1       
spreading cluster1 white1 with  yellow  
anthers4 ,ovary covered with small      
cushions of short bristles1  with       
sometimes a solitary spine in the centre
 of each cushion4 ,fruit  #a in4 long1  
egg-shaped1 red1 edible4 ,there is a    
large plant of this in  the ,succulent  
,house at ,kew which flowers almost     
annually1 but it has  never ripened     
fruits4 ,in the ,west ,indies it is a   
very common shrub1  whilst at the ,cape 
of ,good ,hope it is used for           
fences--and a capital  one it makes4    
,p4 a4 rubescens 7reddish74--,this      
variety has narrower1 longer leaves1    
which are glaucous-green above and      
tinged with red below2 the spines on    
the old stems are shorter and more      
numerous in each cushion4 ,this         
requires the same treatment as the type4
    ,p4 ,bleo 7native name72 ,fig4      

#hg4--;,a stout1 branching shrub1 having
 an  erect stem1 #c in4 or more in      
diameter1 with green bark and very large
  cushions of spines2 cushion a round1  
hard mass of short1 woolly hair1  from  
which the spines--about fifty in each   
cushion--radiate in all  directions2    
longest spines #b in4 or more in length2
 one or two new ones  are developed     
annually1 and these are bright red when 
young1 almost  black when ripe2 young   
branches  in4 to  in4 in diameter4      
,leaves  in4  apart1 #c in4 to #f in4   
long by #a in4 to #b in4 wide1 oblong1  
pointed1 with  short petioles1 and a    
small tuft of short1 brown hair1 with   
three or  more reddish spines1 in the   
axil of each4 ,flowers on the ends of   
the  young1 ripened branches1 clustered 
in the upper leaf-axils1 each flower  #b
 in4 across1 and composed of a regular  
circle of rosy-red petals1 with a       
cluster of whitish stamens in the       
centre4 ,they remain on the plant       
several weeks4 ,native of ,new ,grenada4

 ,probably ,p4 grandiflora is the  same 
as this1 or a slightly different form of
 it4 ,a large specimen may  be obtained 
in a year or two by planting it in a    
well-drained bed of  loam1 in a warm1   
sunny house4 ,it blossoms almost all    
summer if allowed  to make strong       
growth4 ,pretty little flowering plants 
may be had by  taking ripened growths   
from an old plant1 and treating them as 
cuttings  till rooted4 ,in the following
 spring they are almost certain to      
produce  flowers4 ,plants #a ft4 high1  
bearing a cluster of flowers1 are thus  
annually obtained at ,kew4 ,fig4 #hg    
represents a short1 stunted branch1     
probably from a specimen grown in a pot4
 ,when planted out1 the leaves  and     
spine-cushions are farther apart4       
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,pereskia   
,,bleo4    ,p4 zinniaeflora             
7,zinnia-flowered72 ,fig4 #hh4--,stem   
erect1 woody1  branching freely1 the    
branches bearing oval1 acuminate1       
fleshy1  wavy-edged1 green leaves1 with 

short petioles1 and a pair of spines in 
the axil of each4 ,spine-cushions on old
 stems crowded with stout1 brown        
spines4 ,flowers rosy-red1 terminal on  
the ripened young shoots1 and  composed 
of a whorl of broad1 overlapping petals1
 with a cluster of  stamens in the      
centre1 the whole measuring nearly #b   
in4 across4 ,this  species is a native  
of ,mexico2 it grows and flowers freely 
if kept in a  warm house4               
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,pereskia   
,,zinniaeflora4          ,,chapter      
,,xvi4    ,,the ,,genus ,,rhipsalis4    
7,from rhips1 a willow-branch2 referring
 to the flexible1 wand-like  branches of
 some of the kinds47      ,about thirty 
species of ,rhipsalis are known1 most of
 them more peculiar  than ornamental1   
although everyone is in some way        
interesting4 ,they are  remarkable for  
the great variety in form and habit     
presented by the  different kinds1 some 
of them much less resembling ,cactuses  
than other  plants4 ,thus1 in ,r4       

,cassytha1 the long1 fleshy1 whip-like  
branches and  white berries are very    
similar to ,mistletoe2 ,r4              
salicornoides1 with its  leafless1      
knotty branches1 resembles a            
,salicornia1 or ,marsh ,samphire2       
another is like a ,mesembryanthemum2 and
 so on4 ,the flowers are usually  small1
 and composed of numerous linear sepals 
and petals1 arranged more  or less like 
a star1 with a cluster of thin stamens  
in the centre1 and  an erect1 rayed     
stigma4 ,in the flat-jointed kinds1 the 
flowers are  developed singly1 in       
notches along the margins of the young1 
ripened  joints2 in the knotted1        
,samphire-like kinds1 they are borne on 
the ends  of the branches2 and in those 
with short1 fleshy1 leaf-like joints1   
they  are usually placed on what appear 
to be flower-joints4 ,although the      
branches of these plants are usually    
altogether unlike the rest of the       
,order1 yet occasionally they develop   
joints which are furrowed1 and bear     

clusters of spines exactly as in the    
commoner forms of ,cactuses4    ,the    
geographical distribution of ,rhipsalis 
is exceptional4 ,it is the  only genus  
of ,cactuses that has representatives in
 the ,old ,world1  excluding1 of course1
 those which have been introduced by    
man4 ,the bulk  of the kinds of         
,rhipsalis occur in ,central and ,south 
,america1 and the  ,west ,indies2 but   
one--viz41 ,r4 ,cassytha--is also found 
in ,africa1  ,mauritius1 ,madagascar1   
and ,ceylon1 as well as in tropical     
,america4  ,several other species are   
found in ,madagascar1 some of them only 
recent  discoveries4 ,the occurrence of 
similar or even identical plants in     
tropical ,america and ,madagascar has   
its analogy in the ,animal ,kingdom as  
represented in the two countries4       
,cultivation4--,all the species appear  
to grow well and flower freely  under   
cultivation1 the slowest grower being1  
perhaps1 ,r4 sarmentacea4 ,in  their    
natural homes they are invariably found 

either on trees or rocks1  seldom or    
never on the ground2 but in greenhouses 
they may be grown in  pots1 a few being 
happiest when suspended near the glass4 
,they do not  like bright sunshine1 nor 
should they be kept in a very shaded1   
moist  position4 ,there is a good       
collection of kinds in the              
,succulent-house at  ,kew4              
,propagation4--,seeds of ,rhipsalis     
ripen freely1 and these1 if sown on     
sandy soil1 and placed on a shelf in a  
warm house1 germinate in a few  days4   
,the development of the seedlings is    
exceptionally interesting1 as  the      
vegetative organs of all the kinds are  
very similar1 and  ,cactus-like2 the    
gradual transition from this character  
to the diverse  forms which many of the 
species assume when mature is quite     
phenomenal4  ,cuttings will strike at   
almost any time1 if planted in sandy    
soil and  kept in a close1 warm house   
till rooted4 ,some of the kinds thrive  
best  when grafted on to a thin-stemmed 

,cereus4 ,treated in this way1 ,r4      
sarmentacea makes #f in4 of growth in a 
season2 whereas1 on its own roots  it   
would take about five years to grow as  
much4    ,the following is a selection  
of the species cultivated in gardens4   
,the  genus ,lepismium is now included  
in ,rhipsalis4    ,,species4    ,r4     
,cassytha 7derivation not known74--,a   
pendent shrub1 #d ft4 or more  high1    
growing on rocks and the mossy trunks of
 trees4 ,branches numerous1  flexuous1  
with small branchlets or joints         
springing from the ends in  clusters1   
smooth1 round1 the thickness of         
whipcord1 leafless1 with  numerous      
brown1 dot-like marks scattered over the
 surface2 under a lens  these dots are  
seen to be tufts of very fine hairs4    
,flowers on the sides  of the young     
branches1 small1 greenish-white1        
short-lived2 they are  developed in     
,september1 and are succeeded by white  
berries1 exactly like  those of the     
,mistletoe1 whence the name ,mistletoe  

,cactus1 by which this  species is      
known4 ,an interesting and easily-grown 
warm greenhouse plant1  native of       
tropical ,america1 ,africa1 c4 ,it was  
introduced in #ageh4    ,r4 commune     
7common72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #cgfc4--,stem     
straggling1 branching  freely1 growing  
to a length of several feet4 ,branches  
jointed2 joints  varying in length1     
triangular1 the angles compressed1 and  
notched along  the margins2 notches     
regular1 and bearing tufts of whitish   
hair4 ,strong  plants produce joints    
over #a in4 in width4 ,flowers white1   
tinged with  purple1 springing singly   
from the notches1 and composed of eight 
to  twelve sepals and petals4 ,stamens  
and stigma erect1 white1 the latter     
four-rayed4 ,this species is a native of
 ,brazil1 and was introduced in  #ahcj2 
,flowering-season1 ,october to          
,december4 ,it may be grown in a warm   
greenhouse1 and treated as a            
basket-plant or as a small pot-shrub4   
,syn4  ,lepismium commune4    ,r4       

crispata 7curled74--,stem branching     
freely4 ,branches jointed and  flat1    
like ,epiphyllum4 ,margins of joints    
notched1 and slightly curled4  ,flowers 
small1 white1 produced singly1 in       
,november and ,december1 in the  notches
 on the younger joints4 ,fruits white1  
pea-like1 rather rarely  ripened4 ,a    
free-growing1 compact stove shrub1 with 
a bright green1  healthy appearance4    
,the similarity of its branches to      
,epiphyllum led to  its being included  
in that genus by ,haworth4    ,r4 c4    
purpurea 7purple74--,this variety has   
larger1 broader joints1  which are      
bronzy-purple in colour4    ,r4         
fasciculata 7cluster-branched72 ,bot4   
,mag4 #cjgi4--,stems terete1 as  thick  
as a goose-quill4 ,branches usually in  
clusters1 and sometimes  jointed1 green1
 with small red dots and little tufts of
 fine1 hair-like  bristles4 ,flowers    
white1 produced in ,march1 springing    
irregularly from  the older branches1   
small1 star-like4 ,fruit a white berry4 

,from its  habit of growing on trees1   
and the character of its stems and      
fruit1  this plant has been called      
parasitical4 ,it is1 however1 only      
indebted to  the tree on which is grows 
for moisture1 for it thrives if planted 
in a  pot or basket in ordinary soil1   
and kept in a stove temperature4 ,it is 
a  native of ,brazil1 and was introduced
 in #ahca4    ,r4 floccosa              
7woolly74--,stems as in ,r4 ,cassytha1  
but thicker1 longer1  and with the      
branchlets in compact clusters on the   
ends of the long1  arching branches4    
,the dots marking the position of the   
microscopic  hair-tufts are in small    
depressions4 ,flowers and fruit as in   
,r4  ,cassytha1 of which this might     
reasonably be called a variety4 ,this   
species requires warm-house temperature4
    ,r4 funalis 7cord-like72 ,fig4      
#hi4--,stem straggling1 branched4       
,branches  numerous1 composed of long1  
terete joints1 rather thicker than a    
goose-quill1 glaucous-green1 slightly   

roughened on the surface1 with          
depressions for the dot-like cushions4  
,branchlets usually fascicled and       
spreading4 ,flowers white1 produced in  
spring1 on the sides of the young       
joints1 #a in4 across1 large for the    
genus4 ,introduced from ,central        
,america about #ahcj4 ,an easily-grown  
plant1 sturdy1 rather straggling1  but  
very free-flowering4 ,in old specimens  
the branches become  semi-pendulous4 ,it
 grows best when kept in a warm house4  
,syn4 ,r4  grandiflora4                 
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,rhipsalis  
,,funalis4    ,r4 ,houlletii            
7,houllet's72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #fjhi4--,stems
 long1 graceful1  branching freely1     
round and twig-like1 or with broad      
wings1 as in  ,phyllocactus4 ,winged or 
flattened portions notched1 and bearing 
a flower  in each notch4 ,flowers       
stalkless1 with pointed1 straw-coloured 
petals1  forming a shallow cup about    
in4 across the top4 ,stamens and pistil 
white1 with a tinge of red at the base4 

,flowering-season1 ,november4  ,under   
cultivation1 this ,brazilian species    
forms a small1 straggling  shrub1 about 
#c ft4 high1 but in its native woods its
 stems are many feet  long1 and         
pendulous from the branches of trees4   
,it may be grown in a  warm house1 in a 
pot1 and its branches supported by a    
stake2 or its  lower stems may be       
fastened against a piece of soft        
fern-stem1 into  which its numerous     
stem-roots penetrate freely4 ,in the    
winter it should  be kept almost dry4   
,the flowers remain fresh for several   
days1 and are  fragrant4 ,a well-grown  
plant1 when in flower1 is an interesting
 and  pretty object4 ,it is the most    
ornamental kind4    ,r4 ,knightii       
7,knight's74--,stems and joints as in   
,r4 commune4 ,wings of  joints usually  
broad1 with red margins1 and the hair in
 the notches in a  dense tuft1 nearly #a
 in4 long1 pure white1 and silk-like4   
,flowers small1  white4 ,this species1  
which thrives best under warm-house     

treatment1 is a  native of ,brazil1 and 
is usually grown only for its curious1  
,cereus-like  stems4 ,it forms a        
straggling plant about #a ft4 high4     
,syn4 ,lepismium  ,knightii1 ,cereus    
,knightii4    ,r4 mesembryanthemoides   
7,mesembryanthemum-like72 ,bot4 ,mag4   
#c,o#gh4--;,a  small1 compact plant1    
with woody stems1 densely covered with  
little  fleshy1 conical joints1         
resembling very closely the leaves of   
some of  the ,mesembryanthemums4 ,they  
are green1 with a few red dots1 each    
bearing  a very small tuft of the finest
 hair-like spines4 ,the flowers are     
developed in ,march1 from the sides of  
the small joints2 they are  in4  across1
 and yellowish-white4 ,fruit a small1   
white1 round berry4 ,native  of ,south  
,america1 whence it was introduced in   
#ahca4 ,when grown in a warm  house1 in 
a small1 round1 wire basket1 filled with
 peat and sphagnum1  this little ,cactus
 forms a pretty tuft1 which in the      
spring produces  large numbers of white1

 star-like flowers4    ,r4 myosurus     
7mouse-tailed72 ,bot4 ,mag4             
#cgee4--,stems dependent1 several  feet 
long1 branching freely1 jointed1 with   
three or four angles or  wings2 the     
angles flattened1 reddish1 notched in   
the margin1 and bearing  a tuft of      
white1 silky hairs in each notch4       
,flowers small1 yellow1  tinged with    
red1 springing from the notches2        
produced in ,july4 ,fruit not  seen4 ,a 
native of ,brazil2 introduced in #ahci4 
,this species resembles  some of the    
angular-stemmed kinds of ,cereus4 ,it   
grows freely and flowers  annually1 if  
planted in a basket of fibrous soil1 and
 suspended near the  glass in a warm    
greenhouse or stove4 ,it is attractive  
even when not in  flower1 owing to the  
form of its stems and the tufts of long1
 silky1  white hair which spring from   
the notches4 ,syn4 ,lepismium myosurus4 
,r4 pachyptera 7thick-winged72 ,bot4    
,mag4 #bhbj4--,stem woody2 branches     
jointed1 flattened as in ,phyllocactus1 

with deep notches2 width of  joints1 #b 
in4 or more4 ,flowers small1            
yellowish-white1 borne singly in  the   
notches in ,november4 ,fruit a small1   
white berry1 rarely ripened4 ,a  sturdy1
 comparatively uninteresting stove      
plant1 introduced from ,brazil  in      
#ahcj4 ,syn4 ,cactus alatus4    ,r4     
paradoxa 7paradoxical74--,stems         
trailing1 with numerous long branches   
of most extraordinary form4 ,imagine a  
three-angled1 fleshy branch1 often      
several feet in length1 the angles      
winged1 about  in4 deep1 green1 with    
smooth1 reddish margins4 ,at intervals  
of about #b in4 the branch has the      
appearance of having been twisted half  
round4 ,there is no other plant  with   
branches anything like these4 ,flowers  
produced in ,november1 in the  apex of  
the interrupted angles1 small1 white4   
,fruit seldom ripened4 ,a  native of    
,brazil1 whence it was introduced in    
#ahcg4 ,there is a fine  example of this
 trained along a rafter in the          

,succulent-house at ,kew4  ,the numerous
 branches hang down several feet from   
the rafter1 and have a  most            
extraordinary appearance4 ,this species 
requires stove treatment4    ,r4        
penduliflora 7pendulous-flowered74--,a  
small1 thin-stemmed plant1  with smooth1
 green branches1 no thicker than        
whipcord1 and numerous  fascicled or    
clustered1 small joints1  in4 long1     
green1 with red dots1  angular when     
young4 ,flowers on the tips of the      
terminal joints1 pale  yellow1  in4     
across1 developing in ,august4 ,fruit   
white1 ,mistletoe-like4  ,this species  
was introduced from tropical ,america in
 #ahgg1 and requires  stove treatment4  
,r4 p4 laxa 7loose74--,this variety has 
the branches curving1 and more          
pendulous2 in other respects it         
resembles the type1 and requires the    
same treatment4    ,r4 pentaptera       
7five-winged74--,stems erect2 branches  
stiff1  long-jointed1 with five         
wing-like angles1 slightly spiral1 the  

angles  notched at intervals of #a in4  
,flowers in the notches1  in4 across1   
white1  produced in ,august4 ,fruit a   
white1 ,mistletoe-like berry4 ,a curious
 plant  from ,brazil1 and introduced in 
#ahcf4 ,in stove temperature it forms a 
compact pot-shrub1 #b ft4 high1 and is  
worth growing on account of its         
singular stems4    ,r4 rhombea          
7diamond-branched74--,stems and branches
 as in ,r4 crispata1  but without the   
wavy margins1 and with more elongated   
joints4 ,flowers  small1 white1 produced
 in the notches of the joints in        
,november4 ,fruit a  shining1 milk-white
 berry4 ,a compact plant from ,brazil1  
worth growing  for its bright green1    
leaf-like stems4 ,it should be grown in 
pots1 in  stove temperature1 and        
encouraged to form a globose bush4      
,r4 ,saglionis 7,saglio's72 ,bot4 ,mag4 
#djci4--;,a tiny plant1 similar in      
habit to ,r4 penduliflora1 but with     
brown branches1 the small joints        
angled1 and bearing silky hairs4 ,the   

branches and joints are set at  zigzag  
angles4 ,flowers pale yellow1 produced  
in autumn on the younger  joints4       
,fruits white1 ,mistletoe-like4 ,a      
small1 delicate plant from  ,buenos     
,ayres1 not more than #f in4 high4 ,this
 species requires stove  treatment4     
,r4 salicornoides 7,glasswort-like72    
,bot4 ,mag4 #bdfa4--,stem woody when    
old1 brown1 jointed like hens' toes1 not
 quite as thick as a  goose-quill4      
,branches in clusters2 joints  in4 to #a
 in4 long1 the lower  half much thinner 
than the upper1 so that the joints look 
like a number  of superposed1 miniature 
clubs4 ,flowers pretty1 on the ends of  
the  terminal joints1 yellow1 becoming  
red with age4 ,an erect plant1 #c ft4 or
  more high1 introduced from ,brazil in 
#ahcj4 ,the joints are clustered on  the
 upper part of the stem4 ,when in flower
 in spring this is an  attractive and   
very remarkable-looking plant4 ,it      
thrives best in stove  temperature4     
,r4 s4 stricta 7straight74--,this       

variety has the joints all pointing     
upwards1 and is much more compact than  
the type4    ,r4 sarmentacea            
7runner-stemmed72 ,fig4 #ij4--;,a       
creeping1 prostrate plant1  with round  
stems as thick as a goose-quill1 and    
attaching themselves to  tree-trunks or 
other bodies by means of numerous       
adventitious roots1  which spring from  
the under side of the stems4 ,surface of
 stem furrowed1  and covered with       
numerous small clusters of short1       
hair-like1 whitish  spines4 ,flowers #a 
in4 across1 springing from the sides of 
the stems1 with  pointed1 creamy-white  
petals2 stamens spreading2 stigma erect1
  four-lobed4 ,fruit small1             
currant-like4 ,this is a pretty little  
species1  introduced from ,brazil in    
#aheh2 it is1 however1 a very slow      
grower1  plants ten years old being only
 a few inches in diameter4 ,it should be
  grown in stove temperature1 in a      
basket of peat fibre1 or1 better still1 
on a piece of soft fern-stem4 ,it is    

always found on the branches or  trunks 
of trees when growing wild4             
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,rhipsalis  
,,sarmentacea4    ,r4 ,swartziana       
7,swartz's74--,older stems three-angled1
 young ones  flattened1 jointed2 joints 
#b in4 broad1 stiff with deep notches4  
,flowers  in the notches1 small1 white1 
produced in ,june4 ,this species is a   
native  of ,jamaica1 and was introduced 
in #ahaj4 ,a stiff1 ungraceful plant1   
about  #b ft4 high1 very similar in its 
branches to a ,phyllocactus4 ,this      
species  requires the temperature of a  
stove4    ,r4 trigona                   
7triangular74--,habit straggling2       
branches usually in forks1   in4 in     
diameter1 three-angled2 angles wavy or  
slightly notched1  grey-green4 ,flowers 
small1 produced in spring in the notches
 of the  angles1 white4 ,fruit a white  
berry4 ,a thin1 ,brazilian plant1 not   
unlike  a ,lepismium1 but without the   
silky hairs in the notches of the       
angles4  ,this species also requires to 

be grown in stove temperature4          
,,chapter ,,xvii4    ,,temperatures4    
,to enable growers to make a selection  
of species according to the             
accommodation that can be afforded for  
,cactuses1 all that are described  in   
this book are here classified in three  
groups3 7#a7 ,species which  thrive in a
 cool-house or frame2 7#b7 ,species     
which can only be  successfully grown in
 a warm house or stove2 and 7#c7        
,species which are  hardy in the more   
favoured portions of the ,united        
,kingdom4    ,,cool-,,house ,,or        
,,frame4    ,temperature3 ,summer1 that 
of the open air4  ,temperature3         
,winter--day1 #ej deg4 to #fj deg42     
night1 #dj deg4 to #de deg4    ,cereus  
,berlandieri4          ,blankii4        
caespitosus4          cirrhiferus4      
ctenoides4          enneacanthus4       
flagelliformis4          ,leeanus4      
leptacanthus4          multiplex4       
paucispinus4          pentalophus4      
polyacanthus4          procumbens4      

reductus4  ,cereus   speciosissimus     
,echinocactus brevihamatus              
centeterius4          cinnabarinus4     
,cummingii4          echidne4           
,emoryi4          gibbosus4             
hexaedrophorus4          ,leeanus4      
,mackieanus4          mamillarioides4   
rhodophthalmus4          texensis4      
uncinatus4  ,echinocactus viridescens4  
,echinopsis1 all the kinds4  ,mamillaria
 atrata4          chlorantha4           
dasyacantha4          elegans4          
elephantidens4          elongata4       
fissurata4          floribunda4         
gracilis4          longimamma4          
macromeris4          macrothele4        
multiceps4          phellosperma4       
,schelhasii4          ,schiedeana4      
,mamillaria semperviva4                 
stella-aurata4          tuberculosa4    
uncinata4          viridis4             
,wildiana4          ,zucchariniana4     
,opuntia arborescens4                   
aurantiaca4          corrugata4         
cylindrica4          ,davisii4          

,engelmanni4          ,ficus-indica4    
hystricina4          macrorhiza         
occidentalis4      ,,warm-,,house ,,or  
,,stove4    ,it is possible that some of
 those included in this division will   
eventually prove hardier than is at     
present supposed4 ,many of the  species 
now classed as cool-house plants1 and   
even some of those which  are hardy1    
were formerly grown in the stove4       
,temperature3 ,summer-day1 #gj deg4 to  
#ij deg42 night1 #fe deg4 to #ge deg4   
,temperature3 ,winter-day1 #fj deg4 to  
#gj deg42 night1 #ee deg4 to #fj deg4   
,cereus caerulescens4          extensus4
          fulgidus4          giganteus4 
grandiflorus4          ,lemairii4       
,macdonaldiae4          ,mallisoni4     
,napoleonis4          nycticalus4       
peruvianus4          pleiogonus4        
repandus4          serpentinus4         
,royeni4          triangularis4         
variabilis4  ,echinocactus concinnus4   
coptonogonus4  ,echinocactus cornigerus4
          corynodes4                    

cylindraceus4          ,haynii4         
horizonthalonis4          ,le ,contei4  
longihamatus4          mamillosus4      
multiflorus4          myriostigma4      
obvallatus4          ,ottonis4          
pectiniferus4          polycephalus4    
,pottsii4          scopa4               
sinuatus4          tenuispinus4         
turbiniformis4  ,echinocactus ,visnaga4 
,williamsii4          ,wislizeni4       
,epiphyllum1 all the kinds4             
,leuchtenbergia4  ,mamillaria1 all not  
mentioned under ,cool-house ,or ,frame4 
,melocactus1 all the kinds4  ,opuntia1  
all not included under ,cool-house or   
,frame4  ,pelecyphora4  ,pereskia1 all  
the kinds4  ,phyllocactus1              
,pilocereus1           ,rhipsalis1      
,,outdoor4    ,the following may be     
grown out of doors in the more favoured 
parts of  ,england4 ,for directions as  
to culture1 see the chapter on          
,cultivation 3--    ,cereus ,fendleri4  
,echinocactus ,simpsoni4  ,mamillaria   
vivipara4  ,opuntia brachyarthra4       

,opuntia missouriensis4                 
,rafinesquii4          ,r4 arkansana4   
vulgaris4        ,,chapter ,,xviii4     
,,dealers ,,in ,,cactuses4      ,the    
difficulty experienced by amateurs in   
procuring plants of many kinds  of      
,cactus has suggested to us that a list 
of some of the principal  dealers in    
these plants would prove of service to  
,english growers4 ,so  far as we know1  
there is no nurseryman in ,england who  
makes a specialty  of ,cactuses4 ,plants
 of such well-known genera as           
,epiphyllum1  ,phyllocactus1 and ,cereus
 in part1 may be obtained in ,england1  
but for a  collection of representative 
kinds we must perforce apply to         
,continental  nurserymen4 ,the most     
reliable of these for ,cactuses are3    
,,germany4    ,messrs4 ,,haage          
,,schmidt1 ,erfurt4    ,herr ,f4 ,a4    
,,haage1 ,junior1 ,erfurt4    ,messrs4  
,m,,ller  ,,sauber1 ,kassel1 ,hanover4  
,herr ,h4 ,,hildmann1 ,oranienburg1     
,brandenburg4    ,herr ,,ernst ,,berge1 

,leipsic4    ,,france4    ,m4 ,,eberle1 
,avenue de ,st4 ,ouen1 #adf1 ,paris4    
,m4 ,,jamin1 ,rue ,lafontaine1 #db1     
,st4 ,ouen1 ,paris4    ,,belgium4    ,m4
 ,,louis ,,de ,,smet1 ,ledeberg1 ,ghent4
    ,m4 ,,bettes1 ,borgerhont1 ,antwerp4
    ,m4 ,f4 ,,vermuelen1 ,rue ,van      
,peet1 ,antwerp4    ,,america4    ,mr4  
,c4 ,,runge1 ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4     
,messrs4 ,,reasoner ,,brothers1         
,florida4          ,,species ,,index    
,species are listed alphabetically      
according to ,watson's nomenclature4    
,the name7s7 that is more likely to be  
recognised by modern readers is  listed 
in brackets4 ,i have used ,anderson's   
book--,the ,cactus ,family  7,timber    
,press1 #bjja7--;as my main guide4      
,monographs by ,craig and by  ,pilbeam  
were invaluable in identifying          
',mamillarias'4    99 ,plants           
illustrated in the text4         ,cereus
 ,berlandieri  7,echinocereus           
berlandieri7 99       ,cereus ,blankii  
7,echinocereus berlandieri7 99          

,cereus caerulescens  7,cereus aethiops7
       ,cereus caespitosus              
7,echinocereus reichenbachii ssp4       
caespitosus7 99       ,cereus           
cirrhiferus  7,echinocereus cinerascens7
       ,cereus ctenoides  7,echinocereus
 dasyacanthus7 99       ,cereus         
enneacanthus  7,echinocereus            
enneacanthus799       ,cereus extensus  
7,selenicereus sp487       ,cereus      
,fendleri  7,echinocereus fendleri7     
,cereus flagelliformis  7,aporocactus   
7,disocactus7 flagelliformis7           
,cereus fulgidus  7,gymnocalycium       
gibbosum7       ,cereus giganteus       
7,carnegiea gigantea7 99       ,cereus  
grandiflorus  7,selenicereus            
grandiflorus7       ,cereus ,leeanus    
7,echinocereus polyacanthus7            
,cereus ,lemairii  7,hylocereus         
lemairei7       ,cereus leptacanthus    
7,echinocereus pentalophus799           
,cereus ,macdonaldiae  7,selenicereus   
macdonaldiae7       ,cereus ,mallisoni  
7,x ,helioporus smithii7       ,cereus  

multiplex  7,echinopsis oxygona7 99     
,cereus multiplex cristatus             
7,echinopsis oxygona fa4 cristata7 99   
,cereus ,napoleonis  7,hylocereus       
trigonus7       ,cereus nycticalus      
7,selenicereus pteranthus7 99           
,cereus paucispinus  7,echinocereus     
coccineus ssp4 paucispinus7             
,cereus pentalophus  7,echinocereus     
pentalophus7       ,cereus peruvianus   
7,cereus repandus7       ,cereus        
pleiogonus  7,echinocereus sp4--no      
longer identifiable799       ,cereus    
polyacanthus  7,echinocereus            
polyacanthus7       ,cereus procumbens  
7,echinocereus pentalophus ssp4         
procumbens7 99       ,cereus reductus   
7,hybrid with ,selenicereus sp4 as one  
probable parent7       ,cereus repandus 
7,cereus repandus7 99       ,cereus     
,royeni  7,pilosocereus royenii7        
,cereus serpentinus  7,peniocereus      
7,nyctocereus7 serpentinus7 99          
,cereus speciosissimus  7,disocactus    
speciosus7       ,cereus triangularis   

7,hylocereus triangularis7       ,cereus
 variabilis  7,acanthocereus tetragonus7
         ,echinocactus brevihamatus     
7,parodia 7,notocactus7 alacriportana   
ssp4         brevihamata7               
,echinocactus centeterius  7,eriosyce   
7,neoporteria7                          
curvispina--possibly87                  
,echinocactus cinnabarinus  7,echinopsis
 7,lobivia7 cinnabarina7                
,echinocactus concinnus  7,parodia      
7,notocactus7 concinna7 99              
,echinocactus coptonogonus              
7,stenocactus 7,echinofossulocactus7    
coptonogonus7 99       ,echinocactus    
cornigerus  7,ferocactus latispinus7 99 
,echinocactus corynodes  7,parodia      
7,notocactus7 sellowii7 99              
,echinocactus crispatus  7,stenocactus  
7,echinofossulocactus7                  
crispatus7 99       ,echinocactus       
,cummingii  7,rebutia 7,weingartia7     
neocummingii7       ,echinocactus       
cylindraceus  7,ferocactus cyclindraceus
 7acanthodes77       ,echinocactus      

echidne  7,ferocactus echidne7          
,echinocactus ,emoryi  7,ferocactus     
emoryi7 99       ,echinocactus gibbosus 
7,gymnocalycium gibbosus7               
,echinocactus ,haynii  7,matucana       
haynei7 99       ,echinocactus          
hexaedrophorus  7,thelocactus           
hexaedrophorus7 99       ,echinocactus  
horizonthalonis  7,echinocactus         
horizonthalonius7 99       ,echinocactus
 ,le ,contei  7,ferocactus cyclindraceus
 7acanthodes7         ssp4 lecontei7 99 
,echinocactus ,leeanus  7,gymnocalycium 
leeanum7       ,echinocactus            
longihamatus  7,ferocactus              
hamatacanthus7 99       ,echinocactus   
,mackieanus  7,gymnocalycium mackieanum7
       ,echinocactus mamillarioides     
7,eriosyce 7,neoporteria7               
curvispina--possibly87                  
,echinocactus mamillosus  7,echinopsis  
mamillosa7       ,echinocactus          
multiflorus 7,gymnocalycium monvillei7  
,echinocactus myriostigma  7,astrophytum
 myriostigma7 99       ,echinocactus    

obvallatus  7,stenocactus               
7,echinofossulocactus7                  
obvallatus7 99       ,echinocactus      
,ottonis  7,parodia 7,notocactus7       
ottonis7       ,echinocactus            
pectiniferus  7probably ,echinocereus   
pectinatus7       ,echinocactus         
polycephalus  7,echinocactus            
polycephalus799       ,echinocactus     
,pottsii  7,ferocactus pottsii7         
,echinocactus rhodophthalmus            
7,thelocactus bicolor7                  
,echinocactus scopa  7,parodia          
7,notocactus7 scopa7 99                 
,echinocactus scopa cristata  7,parodia 
7,notocactus7         scopa fa4         
cristata7 99       ,echinocactus        
,simpsonii  7,pediocactus simpsonii7    
,echinocactus sinuatus  7,ferocactus    
hamatacanthus ssp4 sinuatus7            
,echinocactus tenuispinus  7,parodia    
7,notocactus7 ottonis7                  
,echinocactus texensis  7,echinocactus  
texensis7 99       ,echinocactus        
turbiniformis  7,strombocactus          

disciformis7       ,echinocactus        
uncinatus  7,sclerocactus uncinatus7 99 
,echinocactus viridescens  7,ferocactus 
viridescens7       ,echinocactus visnaga
  7,echinocactus platyacanthus7 99      
,echinocactus ,williamsii  7,lophophora 
williamsii7       ,echinocactus         
,wislizenii  7,ferocactus wislizenii7 99
         ,echinopsis campylacantha      
7,echinopsis leucantha7                 
,echinopsis cristata  7,echinopsis      
obrepanda7       ,echinopsis cristata   
purpurea  7,echinopsis obrepanda v4     
purprea7       ,echinopsis ,decaisneanus
  7identification now uncertain7 99     
,echinopsis ,eyriesii  7,echinopsis     
eyriesii7       ,echinopsis ,eyriesii   
flore-pleno  7,echinopsis eyriesii7 99  
,echinopsis ,eyriesii glauca            
7,echinopsis eyriesii7       ,echinopsis
 oxygonus 7,echinopsis oxygona7         
,echinopsis ,pentlandi  7,echinopsis    
7,lobivia7 pentlandii7 99               
,echinopsis ,pentlandi longispinus      
7,echinopsis 7,lobivia7 pentlandii7 99  

,echinopsis tubiflorus  7,echinopsis    
tubiflora7         ,epiphyllum          
,russellianum  7,schlumbergera          
russelliana7 99       ,epiphyllum       
truncatum  7,schlumbergera truncata7    
,leuchtenbergia principis               
7,leuchtenbergia principis7 99          
,mamillaria angularis  7,mammillaria    
compressa7       ,mamillaria applanata  
7,mammillaria heyderi ssp4              
hemisphaerica7       ,mamillaria atrata 
7,eriosyce 7,neoporteria7 subgibbosa7   
,mamillaria bicolor  7,mammillaria      
geminispina7       ,mamillaria          
chlorantha  7,escobaria deserti7        
,mamillaria cirrhifera  7,mammillaria   
compressa7       ,mamillaria clava      
7,coryphantha clava7       ,mamillaria  
dasyacantha  7,escobaria dasyacantha7   
,mamillaria discolor  7,mammillaria     
discolor7       ,mamillaria             
dolichocentra  7,mammillaria polythele7 
99       ,mamillaria echinata           
7,mammillaria elongata ssp4 echinaria7  
,mamillaria echinus  7,coryphantha      

echinus7 99       ,mamillaria elegans   
7,mammillaria haageana 7elegans77       
,mamillaria elephantidens  7,coryphantha
 elephantidens7 99       ,mamillaria    
elongata  7,mammillaria elongata7       
,mamillaria fissurata  7,ariocarpus     
fissuratus7 99       ,mamillaria        
floribunda  7,eriosyce 7,neoporteria7   
subgibbosa7       ,mamillaria gracilis  
7,mammillaria vetula ssp4 gracilis7     
,mamillaria ,grahami  7,mammillaria     
grahamii7       ,mamillaria ,haageana   
7,mammillaria haageana7 99              
,mamillaria longimamma  7,mammillaria   
longimamma7 99       ,mamillaria        
macromeris  7,coryphantha macromeris7 99
       ,mamillaria macrothele           
7,coryphantha octacantha7               
,mamillaria micromeris  7,epithelantha  
micromeris7 99       ,mamillaria        
multiceps  7,mammillaria prolifera ssp4 
texana7       ,mamillaria ,neumanniana  
7,mammillaria magnimamma7               
,mamillaria ,ottonis  7,coryphantha     
ottonis7       ,mamillaria pectinata    

7,mammillaria pectinifera7 99           
,mamillaria phellosperma  7,mammillaria 
tetrancistra7       ,mamillaria pulchra 
7,mammillaria rhodantha7                
,mamillaria pusilla  7,mammillaria      
prolifera7       ,mamillaria pycnacantha
  7,coryphantha pycnacantha7            
,mamillaria sanguinea  7,mammillaria    
spinosissima7 99       ,mamillaria      
,scheerii  7,coryphantha poselgeriana7  
,mamillaria ,schelhasii  7,mammillaria  
crinita7 99       ,mamillaria           
,schiedeana  7,mammillaria schiedeana7  
,mamillaria semperviva  7,mammillaria   
sempervivi7 99       ,mamillaria senilis
  7,mammillaria senilis7                
,mamillaria stella-aurata  7,mammillaria
 elongata7       ,mamillaria            
sub-polyhedra  7,mammillaria polyedra7  
99       ,mamillaria sulcolanata        
7,coryphantha sulcolanata7              
,mamillaria tetracantha  7,mammillaria  
polythele7       ,mamillaria tuberculosa
  7,escobaria tuberculosa7              
,mamillaria turbinata  7,strombocactus  

disciformis 87       ,mamillaria        
uncinata  7,mammillaria uncinata7       
,mamillaria vetula  7,mammillaria       
vetula7       ,mamillaria villifera     
7,mammillaria polyedra7                 
,mamillaria viridis  7,mammillaria      
karwinskiana7       ,mamillaria vivipara
  7,escobaria vivipara7                 
,mamillaria vivipara v4 radiosa         
7,escobaria vivipara7 99                
,mamillaria ,wildiana  7,mammillaria    
crinita ssp4 wildii7       ,mamillaria  
,wrightii  7,mammillaria wrightii7      
,mamillaria ,zucchariniana              
7,mammillaria magnimamma7               
,melocactus communis  7,melocactus      
intortus7 99       ,melocactus depressus
  7,melocactus violaceus7               
,melocactus ,miquelii  7,melocactus     
intortus7 99         ,opuntia           
arborescens  7,cylindropuntia imbricata7
       ,opuntia arbuscula               
7,cylindropuntia arbuscula7             
,opuntia arenaria  7,opuntia polyacantha
 v4 arenaria7       ,opuntia ,auberi    

7,opuntia auberi7       ,opuntia        
aurantiaca  7,opuntia aurantiaca7       
,opuntia basilaris  7,opuntia basilaris7
 99       ,opuntia ,bigelovii           
7,cylindropuntia bigelovii7             
,opuntia boliviana  7,cumulopuntia      
boliviana7 99       ,opuntia            
brachyarthra  7,opuntia fragilis7 99    
,opuntia braziliensis  7,brasiliopuntia 
brasiliensis7       ,opuntia            
candelabriformis  7,opuntia spinulifera7
       ,opuntia clavata  7,grusonia     
clavata7       ,opuntia cochinellifera  
7,opuntia cochenillifera7       ,opuntia
 corrugata  7,tunilla corrugata7        
,opuntia curassavica  7,opuntia         
curassavica7       ,opuntia cylindrica  
7,austrocylindropuntia cylindrica7      
,opuntia cylindrica cristata            
7,austrocylindropuntia cylindrica       
fa4 cristata7       ,opuntia ,davisii   
7,cylindropuntia davisii7       ,opuntia
 decumana  7,opuntia ficus-indica7      
,opuntia diademata  7,tephrocactus      
articulatus7       ,opuntia ,dillenii   

7,opuntia dillenii7 99       ,opuntia   
echinocarpa  7,cylindropuntia           
echinocarpa7       ,opuntia ,emoryi     
7,grusonia emoryi7       ,opuntia       
,engelmanni  7,opuntia engelmannii7     
,opuntia ,ficus-indica  7,opuntia       
ficus-indica7 99       ,opuntia         
filipendula  7,opuntia macrorhiza v4    
pottsii7 99       ,opuntia frutescens   
7,cylindropuntia leptocaulis7           
,opuntia ,grahami  7,grusonia grahamii7 
,opuntia horrida  7,opuntia tuna7       
,opuntia hystricina  7,opuntia          
polyacantha v4 hystricina7              
,opuntia leptocaulis  7,cylindropuntia  
leptocaulis7       ,opuntia leucotricha 
7,opuntia leucotricha7       ,opuntia   
macrocentra  7,opuntia macrocentra7     
,opuntia macrorhiza  7,opuntia          
macrorhiza7 99       ,opuntia microdasys
  7,opuntia microdasys7       ,opuntia  
missouriensis  7,opuntia polyacantha7   
,opuntia monacantha  7,opuntia          
monacantha7       ,opuntia nigricans    
7,opuntia elatior7       ,opuntia       

occidentalis  7,opuntia ,x occidentalis7
       ,opuntia ,parmentieri  7,opuntia 
longispina var4 brevispina87            
,opuntia ,parryi  7,cylindropuntia      
californica7       ,opuntia ,rafinesquii
  7,opuntia humifusa7 99       ,opuntia 
rosea  7,cylindropuntia rosea7 99       
,opuntia ,salmiana  7,opuntia salmiana7 
,opuntia spinosissima  7,consolea       
spinosissima7       ,opuntia subulata   
7,austrocylindropuntia subulata7        
,opuntia ,tuna  7,opuntia tuna7 99      
,opuntia tunicata  7,cylindropuntia     
tunicata7       ,opuntia vulgaris       
7,opuntia ficus-indica7       ,opuntia  
,whipplei  7,cylindropuntia whipplei7   
,pelecyphora aselliformis  7,pelecyphora
 aselliformis7 99         ,pereskia     
aculeata  7,pereskia aculeata7          
,pereskia aculeata rubescens  7,pereskia
 aculeata7       ,pereskia ,bleo        
7,pereskia bleo7 99       ,pereskia     
zinniaeflora  7,pereskia zinniiflora7 99
         ,phyllocactus ,ackermannii     
7,disocactus ackermannii or hybrid7 99  

,phyllocactus anguliger  7,epiphyllum   
anguliger7 99       ,phyllocactus       
biformis  7,disocactus biformis7 99     
,phyllocactus crenatus  7,epiphyllum    
crenatum7       ,phyllocactus grandis   
7,epiphyllum oxypetalum7                
,phyllocactus ,hookeri  7,epiphyllum    
hookeri7       ,phyllocactus latifrons  
7,epiphyllum oxypetalum7                
,phyllocactus phyllanthus  7,epiphyllum 
phyllanthus7       ,phyllocactus        
phyllanthoides  7,disocactus            
phyllanthoides7         ,pilocereus     
,brnnonii  7,oreocereus celsianus7 99   
,pilocereus ,houlletianus               
7,pilosocereus leucocephalus7 99        
,pilocereus senilis  7,cephalocereus    
senilis7         ,rhipsalis ,cassytha   
7,rhipsalis baccifera7       ,rhipsalis 
commune  7,lepismium cruciforme7        
,rhipsalis crispata  7,rhipsalis        
crispata7       ,rhipsalis crispata     
purpurea  7,rhipsalis crispata7         
,rhipsalis fasciculata  7,rhipsalis     
baccifera7       ,rhipsalis floccosa    

7,rhipsalis floccosa7       ,rhipsalis  
funalis  7,rhipsalis grandiflora7 99    
,rhipsalis ,houlletii  7,lepismium      
houlletianum7       ,rhipsalis ,knightii
  7,lepismium cruciforme7               
,rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides          
7,rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides7        
,rhipsalis myosurus  7,lepismium        
cruciforme7       ,rhipsalis pachyptera 
7,rhipsalis pachyptera7       ,rhipsalis
 paradoxa  7,rhipsalis paradoxa7        
,rhipsalis penduliflora  7,rhipsalis    
cereuscula7       ,rhipsalis            
penduliflora laxa  7,rhipsalis          
cereuscula7       ,rhipsalis pentaptera 
7,rhipsalis pentaptera7       ,rhipsalis
 rhombea  7identification now uncertain7
       ,rhipsalis ,saglionis            
7,rhipsalis cereuscula7       ,rhipsalis
 salicornoides  7,hatiora               
salicornioides7       ,rhipsalis        
salicornoides stricta  7,hatiora        
salicornioides7       ,rhipsalis        
sarmentacea  7,lepismium lumbricoides7  
99       ,rhipsalis ,swartziana         

7,pseudorhipsalis alata7                
,rhipsalis trigona  7,rhipsalis trigona7