,,! ,,free?9k]',s ,,text-,,book4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ianity3 ,,its ,,evid5ces4 ,,its ,,orig94 ,,its ,,morality4 ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,,by ,,annie ,,besant4 ,,section ,i4--,,its ,,evid5ces ,,unreliable4 ,! orig9 ( all religions1 & ! ignorance :i* is ! root ( ! ,god-idea1 hav+ be5 dealt ) 9 ,"p ,i4 ( ?is ,text-,book1 x n[ becomes our duty to inve/igate ! evid5ces ( ! orig9 & ( ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity1 to exam9e its morality & its dogmas1 to /udy ! hi/ory ( its suppos$ f\nd]1 to trace out its symbols & its c]emonies2 9 f9e1 to %[ cause = its utt] rejection by ! ,free?9k]4 ,! f\ndation /one ( ,*ri/ianity1 laid 9 ,p>adise by ! ,creation & ,fall ( ,man #f1jjj ye>s ago1 has already be5 de/roy$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is "w2 & we may at once1 !re=e1 proce$ to ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! cre$ is naturally ! fir/ po9t to deal )1 & ?is may be divid$ into two p>ts3 #a4 ,! evid5ces af=d$ by pr(ane hi/ory z to its orig9 & e>ly gr[?4 #b4 ,its /ory z told by itself 9 its own docum5ts4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 9 ! evid5ces af=d$ by pr(ane hi/ory is _! extreme paucity2 ! v exi/5ce ( ,jesus _c be prov$ f contempor>y docum5ts4 ,a *ild ^: bir? is h]ald$ by a /> :i* guides =eign sages to ,juda2 a massacre ( all ! infants ( a t[n )9 ! ,roman ,empire by comm& ( a subject k+2 a tea*] :o heals ! lep]1 ! bl9d1 ! deaf1 ! dumb1 ! lame1 & :o raises ! m\ld]+ corpse2 a ,k+ ( ! ,jews ent]+ ,j]usalem 9 triumphal procession1 )\t opposition f ! ,roman legions ( ,cs>2 an accus$ r+lead] ( s$ition arre/$ by 8 own c\ntrym51 & h&$ ov] to ! imp]ial gov]nor2 a rebel adjudg$ to dea? by ,roman law2 a ?ree h\rs' d>kness ov] all ! l&2 an e>?quake break+ op5 graves & r5d+ ! temple veil2 a numb] ( gho/s w&]+ ab\t ,j]usalem2 a crucifi$ corpse ris+ aga9 to life1 & appe>+ to a cr[d ( above #ejj p2 a man ris5 f ! dead asc5d+ bodily into heav5 )\t any concealm5t1 & 9 ! broad daylight1 f a m\nta9 ne> ,j]usalem2 all ^! m>vell\s ev5ts took place1 we are told1 & yet !y h left no ripple on ! curr5t ( contempor>y hi/ory4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no lack ( su* hi/ory1 & an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! c\ntry & age 9 :i* ! h]o ( ! /ory liv$ is giv5 by "o ( 8 own nation--a mo/ pa9/ak+ & labori\s hi/orian4 ,h[ %all we excuse ! sup9e inatt5tion ( ! ,pagan & philosophic _w to ^? evid5ces :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! h& ( ,omnipot5ce1 n to _! reason1 b to _! s5ses8 ,dur+ ! age ( ,*ri/1 ( 8 apo/les1 & ( _! fir/ disciples1 ! doctr9e :i* !y prea*$ 0 confirm$ by innum]able prodigies4 ,! lame walk$1 ! bl9d saw1 ! sick 7 heal$1 ! dead 7 rais$1 demons 7 expell$1 & ! laws ( nature 7 frequ5tly susp5d$ = ! b5efit ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! sages ( ,greece & ,rome turn$ aside f ! awful spectacle1 &1 pursu+ ! ord9>y occupations ( life & /udy1 appe>$ unconsci\s ( any alt]ations 9 ! moral or physical gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,"u ! reign ( ,tib]ius ! :ole e>?1 or at lea/ a celebrat$ prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire1 0 involv$ 9 a pret]natural d>kness ( ?ree h\rs4 ,ev5 ?is miracul\s ev5t1 :i* ought to h excit$ ! wond]1 ! curiosity1 & ! devotion ( mank9d1 pass$ )\t notice 9 an age ( sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,x happ5$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,s5eca & ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! imm$iate effects1 or receiv$ ! e>lie/ intellig5ce1 ( ! prodigy4 ,ea* ( ^! philosoph]s1 9 a labori\s "w1 has record$ all ! great ph5om5a ( nature--e>?quakes1 meteors1 comets1 & eclipses1 :i* 8 indefatigable curiosity c\ld collect4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r h omitt$ to m5tion ! greate/ ph5om5on to :i* ! mortal eye has be5 witness s9ce ! creation ( ! globe4 ,a di/9ct *apt] ( ,pl9y is design$ = eclipses ( an extraord9>y nature & unusual duration2 b he cont5ts himself ) describ+ ! s+ul> defect ( light :i* foll[$ ! murd] ( ,cs>1 :51 dur+ ! greate/ "p ( ! ye>1 ! orb ( ! sun appe>$ pale & )\t spl5d\r4 ,?is season ( obscurity1 :i* _c surely be comp>$ ) ! pret]natural d>kness ( ! ,passion1 _h be5 already celebrat$ by mo/ ( ! poets & hi/orians ( t memorable age 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #aia1 #aib4 ,ed4 #ahba74 ,if ,pagan hi/orians are ?us curi\sly sil5t1 :at d$uction %all we draw f ! simil> sil5ce ( ! great ,jewi% annali/8 ,is x cr$ible t ,josephus %\ld ?us h ignor$ ,jesus ,*ri/1 if "o ti! ( ! m>vels relat$ 9 ! ,gospels really took place8 ,s damn+ to ! /ory ( ,*ri/ianity has ?is difficulty be5 felt1 t a passage has be5 ins]t$ 9 ,josephus 7born ,a4,d4 #cg1 di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj7 relat+ to ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* runs z foll[s3 ,n[1 !re 0 ab\t ?is "t ,jesus1 a wise man1 if x be lawful to call him a man1 = he 0 a do] ( wond]ful works--a tea*] ( su* m5 z receive ! tru? ) pleasure4 ,he drew ov] to him bo? _m ( ! ,jews1 & _m ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,he 0 ! ,*ri/2 & :5 ,pilate1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! pr9cipal m5 among/ u1 _h condemn$ him to ! cross1 ^? t lov$ him at ! fir/ did n =sake him1 = he appe>$ to !m alive aga9 ! ?ird day1 z ! div9e prophets _h =etold ^! & t5 ?\s& o!r wond]ful ?+s conc]n+ him2 & ! tribe ( ,*ri/ians1 s nam$ f him1 are n ext9ct at ?is day 7,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 book xviii41 *4 iii41 sect4 #c74 ,! passage itself proves its own =g]y3 ,*ri/ drew ov] sc>cely any ,g5tiles1 if ! ,gospel /ory be true1 z he himself said3 ,i am n s5t b unto ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,mat!w xv4 #bd74 ,a ,jew w\ld n believe t a do] ( wond]ful works mu/ necess>ily be m ?an man1 s9ce _! own prophets 7 said to h p]=m$ miracles4 ,if ,josephus believ$ ,jesus to be ,*ri/1 he w\ld assur$ly h become a ,*ri/ian2 :ile1 if he believ$ him to be ,god1 he w\ld h drawn full att5tion to s unique a fact z ! inc>nation ( ! ,deity4 ,f9ally1 ! conclud+ rem>k t ! ,*ri/ians 7 n ext9ct sc>cely co9cides ) ! idea t ,josephus1 at ,rome1 mu/ h be5 cognisant ( _! increas+ numb]s1 & ( _! p]secution by ,n]o4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely pret5d$ n[-a-days1 by any s*ol> ( note1 t ! passage is au!ntic4 ,sections #b & #d 7 manife/ly writt5 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,!re 7 a great numb] ( !m sla9 by ?is means1 & o!rs ( !m ran away w\nd$2 & ?us an end 0 put to ?is s$ition4 ,ab\t ! same "t ano!r sad calamity put ! ,jews into disord]4 ,! =g$ passage breaks ! cont9uity ( ! hi/ory4 ,! olde/ ,,mss4 d n conta9 ?is section4 ,x is fir/ quot$ by ,eusebius1 :o probably himself =g$ x2 & its au!nticity is giv5 up by ,l>dn]1 ,gibbon1 ,bi%op ,w>burton1 & _m o!rs4 ,l>dn] well summ>ises ! argum5ts aga9/ its au!nticity3-- ,i d n p]ceive t we at all want ! suspect$ te/imony to ,jesus1 :i* 0 nev] quot$ by any ( our ,*ri/ian ance/ors be=e ,eusebius4 ,nor d ,i recollect t ,josephus has any :]e m5tion$ ! "n or ^w ,*ri/1 9 any ( 8 works2 except ! te/imony above m5tion$1 & ! passage conc]n+ ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,x int]rupts ! n>rative4 ,! language is q ,*ri/ian4 ,x is n quot$ by ,*ryso/om1 ?\gh he (t5 ref]s to ,josephus1 & c\ld n h omitt$ quot+ x1 _h x be5 !n 9 ! text4 ,x is n quot$ by ,photius1 ?\gh he has ?ree articles conc]n+ ,josephus4 ,"u ! article ,ju/us ( ,tib]ias1 ?is au?or 7,photius7 expressly /ates t hi/orian 7,josephus7 be+ a ,jew1 has n tak5 ! lea/ notice ( ,*ri/4 ,nei!r ,ju/9 9 8 dialogue ) ,trypho ! ,jew1 nor ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 :o made s _m extracts f ,*ri/ian au?ors1 nor ,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus1 h ev] m5tion$ ?is te/imony4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 9 *apt] xxxv4 ( ! fir/ book ( t "w1 ,orig5 op5ly affirms1 t ,josephus1 :o _h m5tion$ ,john ! ,bapti/1 did n ackn[l$ge ,*ri/ 7,answ] to ,dr4 ,*&l]1 z quot$ 9 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 pp4 #cfh1 #cfi4 ,ed4 #ahdd74 ,keim ?9ks t ! rem>ks ( ,orig5 caus$ ! =g]y2 aft] criticis+ ! passage he w9ds up3 ,= all ^! reasons1 ! passage _c be ma9ta9$2 x has fir/ appe>$ 9 ?is =m 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & h>dly be=e ! ?ird c5tury1 probably be=e ,eusebius1 & aft] ,orig51 ^: bitt] criticisms ( ,josephus may h giv5 cause = x 7,jesus ( ,naz>a1 p4 #be1 ,engli% edition1 #ahgc74 ,^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ,josephus1 & ! /yle ( 8 writ+s1 h no hesitation 9 condemn+ ?is passage z a =g]y int]polat$ 9 ! text dur+ ! ?ird c5tury by "s pi\s ,*ri/ian1 :o 0 sc&alis$ t s fam\s a writ] z ,josephus %\ld h tak5 no notice ( ! ,gospels1 or ( ,*ri/ _! subject4 ,b ! zeal ( ! int]polator has outrun 8 discretion1 = we might z well expect to ga!r grapes f ?orns1 or figs f ?i/les1 z to f9d ?is notice ( ,*ri/ among ! ,judais+ writ+s ( ,josephus4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is au?or 0 a zeal\s ,jew1 devot$ to ! laws ( ,moses & ! traditions ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,h[ !n c\ld he h writt5 t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/8 ,su* an admission w\ld h prov$ him to be a ,*ri/ian himself1 9 :i* case ! passage "u consid]ation1 too long = a ,jew1 w\ld h be5 f> too %ort = a believ] 9 ! new religion1 & ?us ! passage /&s =?1 l an ill-set jewel1 contra/+ mo/ inh>moni\sly ) ev]y?+ ar\nd x4 ,if x _h be5 g5u9e1 we might be sure t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,t]tullian1 & ,*ryso/om w\ld h quot$ x 9 _! controv]sies ) ! ,jews1 & t ,orig5 or ,photius w\ld h m5tion$ x4 ,b ,eusebius1 ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian 7i41 ,,ii71 is ! fir/ :o quotes x1 & our reliance on ! judgm5t or ev5 ! hone/y ( ?is writ] is n s great z to all[ ( our consid]+ ev]y?+ f\nd 9 8 works z und\bt$ly g5u9e 7,*ri/ian ,records1 by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 p4 #cj4 ,ed4 #ahed74 ,on ! o!r side ! /ud5t %\ld consult ,h>twell ,horne's ,introduction4 ,ed4 #ahbe1 vol4 i41 p4 #cjg-aa4 ,r5an obs]ves t ! passage--9 ! au!nticity ( :i* he believes--is 9 ! /yle ( ,josephus1 b adds t x has be5 ret\*$ by a ,*ri/ian h&4 ,! two /atem5ts seem sc>cely consi/5t1 z su* ret\*+ w\ld surely alt] ! /yle 7,vie de ,jsus1 ,introduction1 p4 #aj4 ,ed4 #ahfc74 ,paley argues t :5 ! multitude ( ,*ri/ians liv+ 9 ! "t ( ,josephus is consid]$1 x _c be believ$ t ! religion1 & ! transaction ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$1 7 too obscure to engage ! att5tion ( ,josephus1 or to obta9 a place 9 8 hi/ory 7,evid4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #gc4 ,ed4 #ahde74 ,we answ]1 x is pla91 f ! fact t ,josephus entirely ignores bo?1 t ! pret5d$ /ory ( ,jesus 0 n widely kn[n among 8 contempor>ies1 & t ! e>ly spread ( ,*ri/ianity is mu* exagg]at$4 ,b says ,paley3 ,be1 h[ev]1 ! fact1 or ! cause ( ! omission 9 ,josephus1 :at x may1 no o!r or diff]5t hi/ory on ! subject has be5 giv5 by him or is pret5d$ to h be5 giv5 7,ibid1 pp4 #gc1 #gd74 ,our cont5tion be+ t ! suppos$ occurr5ces nev] took place at all1 no hi/ory ( !m is to be look$ = 9 ! pages ( a writ] :o 0 relat+ only facts4 ,josephus speaks ( ,james1 ! bro!r ( ,jesus1 :o 0 call$ ,*ri/ 7,antiquities1 book xx41 *4 ix41 sect4 #a71 & ?is passage %>es ! fate ( ! long] "o1 be+ likewise reject$ because ( be+ an int]polation4 ,! o!r suppos$ ref]5ce ( ,josephus to ,jesus is f\nd 9 8 disc\rse on ,hades1 :]e9 he says t all m5 %all be br\ght be=e ,god ! ,^w2 = to him ha? ! ,fa!r committ$ all judgm5t2 & he1 9 ord] to fulfil ! w ( 8 ,fa!r1 %all come z judge1 :om we call ,*ri/ 7,works ( ,josephus1 by ,:i/on1 p4 #ffa74 ,suppos+ t ?is passage 7 g5u9e1 x w\ld simply convey ! ,jewi% belief t ! ,messiah--,*ri/--! ,ano9t$1 0 ! appo9t$ judge1 z 9 ,dan4 vii41 #i-ad1 & m l>gely 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,! sil5ce ( ,jewi% writ]s ( ?is p]iod is n conf9$ to ,josephus1 & ?is sil5ce tells ) trem5d\s weight aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian /ory4 ,judge ,/range writes3 ,josephus knew no?+ ( ^! wond]m5ts1 & he wrote up to ! ye> #ic1 be+ famili> ) all ! *ief sc5es ( ! alleg$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,nicolaus ( ,damascus1 :o prec$$ him & liv$ to ! "t ( ,h]od's successor ,ar*elaus1 & ,ju/us ( ,tib]ias1 :o 0 ! contempor>y & rival ( ,josephus 9 ,galilee1 equally knew no?+ ( ! movem5t4 ,philo-,judu1 :o occupi$ ! :ole p]iod ascrib$ to ,jesus1 & engag$ himself deeply 9 figur+ out ! ,logos1 _h he>d no?+ ( ! be+ :o 0 realis+ at ,j]usalem ! image 8 fancy 0 creat+ 7,portraiture & ,mission ( ,jesus1 p4 #bg74 ,we propose n[ to g c>efully ?r\gh ! alleg$ te/imonies to ,*ri/ianity1 z urg$ 9 ,paley's ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 foll[+ 8 pres5tm5t ( ! argum5t /ep by /ep1 & (f]+ objections to ea* po9t z rais$ by him4 ,! next hi/orian :o is claim$ z a witness to ,*ri/ianity is ,tacitus 7born ,a4,d4 #ed or #ee1 di$ ,a4,d4 #acd or #ace71 :o writes1 deal+ ) ! reign ( ,n]o1 t ?is ,emp]or inflict$ ! mo/ cruel puni%m5ts ^u a set ( p1 :o 7 hold5 9 abhorr5ce = _! crimes1 & 7 commonly call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,! f\nd] ( t "n 0 ,*ri/us1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 0 puni%$ z a crim9al by ! procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate4 ,?is p]nici\s sup]/ition1 ?us *eck$ = a:ile1 broke out aga92 & spread n only ov] ,juda ! s\rce ( ?is evil1 b rea*$ ! city also3 :i!r fl[ f all qu>t]s all ?+s vile & %ameful1 & :]e !y f9d %elt] & enc\ragem5t4 ,at fir/1 only ^? 7 appreh5d$ :o confess$ !mselves ( t sect2 aft]w>ds1 a va/ multitude discov]$ by !m2 all :i* 7 condemn$1 n s mu* = ! crime ( burn+ ! city1 z = _! hatr$ ( mank9d4 ,_! executions 7 s contriv$ z to expose !m to d]ision & contempt4 ,"s 7 cov]$ ov] ) ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 & torn to pieces by dogs2 "s 7 crucifi$4 ,o!rs1 hav+ be5 daub$ ov] ) combu/ible mat]ials1 7 set up z lights 9 ! night-"t1 & ?us burn$ to dea?4 ,n]o made use ( 8 own g>d5s z a !atre on ?is occasion1 & also exhibit$ ! div]sions ( ! circus1 sometimes /&+ 9 ! cr[d z a spectator1 9 ! habit ( a *>iote]2 at o!r times driv+ a *>iot himself2 till at l5g? ^! m51 ?\gh really crim9al1 & des]v+ exempl>y puni%m5t1 began to be commis]at$ z p :o 7 de/roy$1 n out ( reg>d to ! public welf>e1 b only to gratify ! cruelty ( "o man 7,annals1 book xv41 sect4 #dd74 ,?is 0 probably writt51 if au!ntic1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajg4 ,! reasons aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ?is passage are ?us giv5 by ,rob]t ,taylor3 ,?is passage1 :i* w\ld h s]v$ ! purpose ( ,*ri/ian quotation bett] ?an any o!r 9 all ! writ+s ( ,tacitus1 or ( any ,pagan writ] :atev]1 is n quot$ by any ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,x is n quot$ by ,t]tullian1 ?\gh he _h read & l>gely quotes ! works ( ,tacitus3 & ?\gh 8 argum5t imm$iately call$ = ! use ( ?is quotation ) s l\d a voice1 t 8 omission ( x1 if x _h really exi/$1 am\nts to a viol5t improbability4 ,?is ,fa!r has spok5 ( ,tacitus 9 a way t x is absolutely impossible t he %\ld h spok5 ( him _h 8 writ+s conta9$ su* a passage4 ,x is n quot$ by ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 :o set himself entirely to ! "w ( adduc+ & br++ toge!r all ! admissions & recognitions :i* ,pagan au?ors _h made ( ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ or ,*ri/ians be=e 8 "t4 ,x has n[h]e be5 /umbl$ on by ! labori\s & all-seek+ ,eusebius1 :o c\ld by no possibility h miss$ ( x4444 ,!re is no ve/ige nor trace ( its exi/5ce any:]e 9 ! _w be=e ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x re/s !n entirely ^u ! fidelity ( a s+le individual4 ,& he1 hav+ ! ability1 ! opportunity1 & ! /ronge/ possible incitem5t ( int]e/ to induce him to introduce ! int]polation4 ,! passage itself1 ?\gh unque/ionably ! "w ( a ma/]1 & entitl$ to be pron\nc$ ! *ef d'oeuvre ( ! art1 betrays ! p5*ant ( t delight 9 blood1 & 9 descriptions ( bloody horrors1 z peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ri/ian disposition z x 0 abhorr5t to ! mild & g5tle m9d1 & highly cultivat$ ta/e ( ,tacitus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is falsifi$ by ! ',apology ( ,t]tullian1' & ! f> m respectable te/imony ( ,melito1 ,bi%op ( ,s>dis1 :o explicitly /ates t ! ,*ri/ians1 up to 8 "t1 ! ?ird c5tury1 _h nev] be5 victims ( p]secution2 & t x 0 9 prov9ces ly+ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & n 9 ,juda1 t ,*ri/ianity orig9at$4 ,tacitus has1 9 no o!r "p ( 8 writ+s1 made ! lea/ allusion to ,*ri/ or ,*ri/ians4 ,! use ( ?is passage z a "p ( ! ',evid5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1' is absolutely mod]n 7,diegesis1 pp4 #cgd--cgf74 ,judge ,/range--writ+ on ano!r po9t--gives u an argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ?is passage3 ,z ,josephus made ,rome 8 place ( abode f ! ye> #gj to ! end ( ! c5tury1 !re indit+ 8 hi/ory ( all t conc]n$ ! ,jews1 x is app>5t t1 _h !re be5 a sect fl\ri%+ 9 ! city :o 7 proclaim+ ! ris5 ,jesus z ! ,messiah 9 8 "t1 ! circum/ance 0 "o ?is c>eful & disc]n+ writ] c\ld n h fail$ to notice & to comm5t on 7,portraiture & ,mission ( ,jesus1 p4 #ae74 ,x is1 inde$1 pass+ /range t ,josephus1 :o tells u s mu* ab\t false ,messiahs & _! foll[]s1 %\ld omit--z he mu/ h done if ?is passage ( ,tacitus be au!ntic--all ref]5ce to ?is additional false ,messiah1 ^: foll[]s 9 ! v city :]e ,josephus 0 liv+1 und]w5t su* t]rible tortures1 ei!r dur+ 8 resid5ce !re1 or imm$iately be=e x4 ,burn+ m51 us$ z tor*es1 adh]5ts ( a ,jewi% ,messiah1 ought surely to h be5 unusual en\gh to h attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,we may add to ^! argum5ts t1 suppos+ su* a passage 7 really writt5 by ,tacitus1 ! two l9es reg>d+ ,*ri/us look mu* l an int]polation1 z ! rema9d] w\ld run m connect$ly if !y 7 omitt$4 ,b ! :ole passage is ( m ?an d\btful au!nticity1 be+ 9 itself incr$ible1 if ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t be true2 = ?is p]secution is said to h occurr$ dur+ ! reign ( ,n]o1 dur+ :i* ,paul abode 9 ,rome1 tea*+ 9 peace1 no man =bidd+ him 7,acts xxviii4 #ca72 dur+ :i*1 also1 he wrote to ! ,romans t !y ne$ n be afraid ( ! gov]nm5t if !y did "r 7,romans xii4 #cd72 cle>ly1 if ^! passages are true1 ! acc\nt 9 ,tacitus mu/ be false2 & z he himself _h no reason = compos+ su* a tale1 x mu/ h be5 =g$ by ,*ri/ians to glorify _! cre$4 ,! extreme ease ) :i* ?is passage might h be5 ins]t$ 9 all editions ( ,tacitus us$ 9 mod]n times arises f ! fact t all su* editions are b copies ( "o s+le ,,ms41 :i* 0 9 ! possession ( "o s+le individual2 ! solit>y own] might make any int]polations he pleas$1 & !re 0 no second copy by :i* 8 accuracy might be te/$4 ,! fir/ publication ( any "p ( ! ',annals ( ,tacitus' 0 by ,johannes de ,spire1 at ,v5ice1 9 ! ye> #adfh--;8 impr9t be+ made f a s+le ,,ms41 9 8 own p[] & possession only1 & purport+ to h be5 writt5 9 ! eigh? c5tury4444 f ?is all o!r ,,mss4 & pr9t$ copies ( ! works ( ,tacitus are d]iv$4 7,diegesis1 p4 #cgc47 ,suetonius 7born ab\t ,a4,d4 #fe1 di$ 9 second c5tury7 writes3 ,! ,*ri/ians1 a race ( m5 ( a new & mis*iev\s 7or magical7 sup]/ition1 7 puni%$4 ,9 ano!r passage we read ( ,claudius1 :o reign$ ,a4,d4 #da-ed3 ,he drove ! ,jews1 :o1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,*re/us1 7 con/antly riot+1 out ( ,rome4 ,f ?is we might inf] t !re 0 at t "t a ,jewi% lead]1 nam$ ,*re/us1 liv+ 9 ,rome1 & incit+ ! ,jews to rebellion4 ,8 foll[]s w\ld probably take 8 "n1 &1 expell$ f ,rome1 !y w\ld spread ?is "n 9 all directions4 ,if ! passage 9 ,acts xi4 #bj & #bf be ( any hi/orical value1 x w\ld curi\sly /r5g!n ?is hypo!sis1 s9ce ! disciples 7 call$ ,*ri/ians fir/ 9 ,antio*1 & ! mission>ies to ,antio*1 :o prea*$ unto ! ,jews only1 came f ,cyprus & ,cyr5e1 :i* w\ld naturally lie 9 ! way ( fugitives f ,rome to ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y w\ld br+ ! "n ,*ri/ian ) !m1 & ! date 9 ! ,acts syn*ronises ) t 9 ,suetonius4 ,*re/us w\ld appe> to h left a sect beh9d him 9 ,rome1 be>+ 8 "n1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 prosecut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 v likely z traitors & rebels4 ,keim's good op9ion ( ,suetonius is mu* degrad$ by ?is ,*re/us3 ,9 8 ',life ( ,claudius1' :o expell$ ! ,jews f ,rome1 he has %[n 8 und\bt$ inf]iority to ,tacitus z a hi/orian by treat+ ',*ri/' z a re/less & s$iti\s ,jewi% agitator1 :o 0 /ill liv+ 9 ! "t ( ,claudius1 &1 inde$1 9 ,rome 7,jesus ( ,naz>a1 p4 #cc74 ,x is natural t mod]n ,*ri/ians %\ld object to a ,jewi% ,*re/us />t+ up at ,rome simultane\sly ) _! ,jewi% ,*ri/us 9 ,juda1 :o1 accord+ to ,luke's *ronology1 mu/ h be5 crucifi$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #dc4 ,! co9cid5ce is c]ta9ly inconv5i5t2 b if !y refuse ! te/imony ( ,suetonius conc]n+ ,*re/us1 ! lead]1 :y %\ld !y accept x conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ians1 ! foll[]s8 ,paley1 ( c\rse1 al?\gh he quotes ,suetonius1 omits all ref]5ce at ?is /age to ! unlucky ,*re/us2 8 duty 0 to pres5t evid5ces (1 n aga9/1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,mo/ di%one/ly1 h[ev]1 he ins]ts a ref]5ce to x lat] on 7p4 #gc71 :]e1 9 a brief rsum ( ! evid5ce1 he uses x z a l9k 9 8 *a93 ,:5 ,suetonius1 an hi/orian contempor>y ) ,tacitus1 relates t1 9 ! "t ( ,claudius1 ! ,jews 7 mak+ di/urbances at ,rome1 ,*ri/us be+ _! lead]4 ,:y does n ,paley expla9 to u h[ ,jesus came to be lead+ ,jews at ,rome dur+ ! reign ( ,claudius1 & :y he incit$ !m to riot8 ,no su* incid5t is relat$ 9 ! life ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 & if ,suetonius be correct1 ! cr$it ( ! ,gospels is de/roy$4 ,to 8 %ame be x said1 t ,paley "h delib]ately ref]s to a passage1 :i* he has n v5tur$ to quote1 simply t he may use ! great "n ( ,suetonius to /r5g!n 8 lam5tably weak argum5t1 by ! pret5ce t ,suetonius m5tions ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & ?us makes him a hi/orical "*4 ,few m disgraceful p]v]sions ( evid5ce c be f\nd1 ev5 9 ! annals ( controv]sy4 ,h4 ,horne ref]s to ?is passage 9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ 7,introduction1 vol4 i41 page #bjb72 b )\t (f]+ any explanation ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ 9 ,rome "s ye>s aft] he ought to h be5 dead4 ,juv5al is next dragg$ =w>d by ,paley z a witness1 because he m5tion$ ! puni%m5t ( "s crim9als3 ,i ?9k x suffici5tly probable t ^! ,*ri/ian executions 7 ! executions to :i* ! poet ref]s 7,evid5ces1 p4 #bi47 ,ne$less to say t !re is n a p>ticle ( pro( t !y 7 any?+ ( ! k9d2 b :5 evid5ce is lack+1 x is necess>y to inv5t x4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] 7born ,a4,d4 #fa1 di$ ,a4,d4 #aae7 writes to ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajg1 to ask him h[ he %all treat ! ,*ri/ians1 & z ,paley has s grossly misrepres5t$ ?is lett]1 x w be well to reproduce ! :ole ( x4 ,x conta9s no ^w ( ,*ri/ians dy+ boldly z ,paley pret5ds1 nor1 inde$1 ( ! puni%m5t ( dea? be+ inflict$ at all4 ,! ^w translat$ puni%m5t is supplicium 7acc4 ( supplicium7 9 ! orig9al1 & is a t]m :i*1 l ! ,fr5* supplice1 d]iv$ f x1 may mean ! puni%m5t ( dea?1 or any o!r heavy p5alty4 ,! translation ( ! lett] runs z foll[s3 ,c4 ,pl9y to ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ,heal?4--,x is cu/om>y ) me to ref] to y1 my "l1 matt]s ab\t :i* ,i ent]ta9 a d\bt4 ,= :o is bett] able ei!r to rule my hesitation1 or to in/ruct my ignorance8 ,i h nev] be5 pres5t at ! inquiries ab\t ! ,*ri/ians1 &1 !re=e1 _c say = :at crime1 or to :at ext5t1 !y are usually puni%$1 or :at is ! nature ( ! inquiry ab\t !m4 ,nor h ,i be5 free f great d\bts :e!r !re %\ld n be a di/9ction betwe5 ages1 or h[ f> ^? ( a t5d] frame %\ld be treat$ diff]5tly f ! robu/2 :e!r ^? :o rep5t %\ld n be p>don$1 s t "o :o has be5 a ,*ri/ian %\ld n d]ive advantage f hav+ ceas$ to be "o2 :e!r ! "n itself ( be+ a ,*ri/ian %\ld be puni%$1 or only crime att5dant ^u ! "n8 ,9 ! meantime ,i h laid d[n ?is rule 9 deal+ ) ^? :o 7 br\ght be=e me = be+ ,*ri/ians4 ,i ask$ :e!r !y 7 ,*ri/ians2 if !y confess$1 ,i ask$ !m a second & a ?ird "t1 ?reat5+ !m ) puni%m5t2 if !y p]sev]$1 ,i ord]$ !m to be l$ (f4 ,= ,i _h no d\bt 9 my m9d t1 :atev] x might be :i* !y ackn[l$g$1 obduracy & inflexible ob/9acy1 at all ev5ts %\ld be puni%$4 ,!re 7 o!rs guilty ( l folly1 :om ,i set aside to be s5t to ,rome1 because !y 7 ,roman citiz5s4 ,9 ! next place1 :5 ?is crime began1 z usual1 gradually to spread1 x %[$ itself 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,an indictm5t 0 set =? )\t any au?or1 conta9+ ! names ( _m :o d5i$ t !y 7 ,*ri/ians or ev] _h be52 &1 :5 ,i set ! example1 !y call$ on ! gods1 & made (f]+s ( frank9c5se & w9e to y\r image1 :i* ,i1 = ?is purpose1 _h ord]$ to be br\ght out1 toge!r ) ! images ( ! gods4 ,moreov]1 !y curs$ ,*ri/2 none ( :i* acts c be extort$ f ^? :o are really ,*ri/ians4 ,i consequ5tly gave ord]s t !y %\ld be dis*>g$4 ,aga91 o!rs1 :o h be5 in=m$ aga9/1 said t !y 7 ,*ri/ians1 & aft]w>ds d5i$ x2 t !y _h be5 s once b _h ceas$ to be s1 "s ?ree ye>s ago1 "s long] ?an t1 "s ev5 tw5ty ye>s be=e2 all ( ^! wor%ipp$ y\r image1 & ! /atues ( ! gods2 !y also curs$ ,*ri/4 ,b !y ass]t$ t ?is 0 ! sum total ( _! crime or error1 :i*ev] x may be call$1 t !y 7 us$ to come toge!r on a /at$ day be=e x 0 light1 & to s+ 9 turn1 among !mselves1 a hymn to ,*ri/1 z to a god1 & to b9d !mselves by an oa?--n to any?+ wick$--b t !y w\ld n commit !ft1 robb]y1 or adult]y1 nor break _! ^w1 nor d5y t any?+ _h be5 entru/$ to !m :5 call$ ^u to re/ore x4 ,aft] ?is !y said t x 0 _! cu/om to sep>ate1 & aga9 to meet toge!r to take _! meals1 :i* 7 9 common & ( a h>mless nature2 b t !y _h ceas$ ev5 to d ?is s9ce ! proclamation :i* ,i issu$ accord+ to y\r comm&s1 =bidd+ su* meet+s to be held4 ,i !re=e deem$ x ! m necess>y to enquire ( two s]vant maids1 :o 7 said to be att5dants1 :at 0 ! real tru?1 & to apply ! torture4 ,b ,i f\nd t x 0 no?+ b a bad & excessive sup]/ition1 & ,i consequ5tly adj\rn$ ! inquiry1 & consult$ y ^u ! subject4 ,= x seem$ to me to be a matt] on :i* x 0 desirable to take advice1 9 consequ5ce ( ! numb] ( ^? :o are 9 dang]4 ,= !re are _m ( e age1 ( e rank1 & ev5 ( bo? sexes1 :o are invit$ to incur ! dang]1 & w /ill be invit$4 ,= ! infection ( ?is sup]/ition has spread ?r\gh n only cities1 b also villages & ! c\ntry1 ?\gh x seems possible to *eck & rem$y x4 ,at all ev5ts x is evid5t t ! temples1 :i* _h be5 almo/ des]t$1 h begun to be frequ5t$1 & ! sacr$ solemnities1 :i* _h be5 int]mitt$1 are reviv$1 & victims are sold ev]y:]e1 ?\gh =m]ly x 0 difficult to f9d a buy]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easy to believe t a numb] ( p]sons may be correct$1 if ! door ( rep5tance be left op5 7,ep4 #ig74 ,x is urg$ by ,*ri/ian advocates t ?is lett] at lea/ %[s h[ widely ,*ri/ianity _h spread at ?is e>ly date2 b we %all lat] h occasion to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! "n ,*ri/ian 0 us$ be=e ! reput$ "t ( ,*ri/ to describe "s ext5sively-spread sects1 & t ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,egyptian ,s]apis 7 kn[n by t title4 ,x may be add$ t ! au!nticity ( ?is lett] is by no means beyond dispute1 & t ,r4 ,taylor urges "s v /rong argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,among o!rs1 he sugge/s3 ,! und5iable fact t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 ! greate/ li>s & =g]s t _h ev] be5 9 ! :ole _w1 & t !y actually /opp$ at no?+4444 ,! flagrant atopism ( ,*ri/ians be+ f\nd 9 ! remote prov9ce ( ,bi?ynia1 be=e !y _h acquir$ any notoriety 9 ,rome4444 ,! inconsi/5cy ( ! supposition t s j & moral a p z ! primitive ,*ri/ians are assum$ to h be51 %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to provoke ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t to dep>t f its univ]sal maxims ( tol]ation1 lib]ality1 & indiff]5ce4444 ,! use ( ! torture to extort confession4444 ,! *oice ( wom5 to be ! subjects ( ?is torture1 :5 ! ill-usage ( wom5 01 9 l mann]1 abhorr5t to ! ,roman "* 7,diegesis1 pp4 #chc1 #chd74 ,paley boldly /ates t ,m>tial 7born ,a4,d4 #dc1 di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj7 makes ! ,*ri/ians ! subject ( 8 ridicule1 because he wrote an epigram on ! /upidity ( admir+ any va9-glori\s fool :o w\ld ru% to be torm5t$ = ! sake ( notoriety4 ,h>d-set mu/ ,*ri/ians be = evid5ce1 :5 r$uc$ to rely on su* pret5d$ allusions4 ,epictetus 7fl\ri%$ fir/ half ( second c5tury7 is claim$ z ano!r witness1 because he /ates t ,x is possible a man may arrive at ?is temp]1 & become indiff]5t to ^! ?+s f madness1 or f habit1 z ! ,galileans 7,book iv41 *apt] #g74 ,! ,galileans1 i4e41 ! p ( ,galilee1 appe> to h _h a bad "n1 & x is highly probable t ,epictetus simply ref]r$ to !m1 j z he might h said z an equival5t phrase = /upidity1 l ! ,boeotians4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! foll[]s ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite 7 kn[n z ,galileans1 & 7 rem>kable = ! inflexible con/ancy :i*1 9 def5ce ( _! cause1 r5d]$ !m ins5sible ( dea? & tortures 7,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bad74 ,m>cus ,aurelius 7born ,a4,d4 #aba1 di$ ,a4,d4 #ahj7 is ,paley's la/ support1 z he urges t =titude 9 ! face ( dea? %\ld arise f judgm5t1 & n f ob/9acy1 l ! ,*ri/ians4 ,z no "o disputes ! exi/5ce ( a sect call$ ,*ri/ians :5 ,m>cus ,aurelius wrote1 ?is te/imony is n specially valuable4 ,paley1 s ke5 to swoop d[n on any h9t t c be twi/$ into an allusion to ! ,*ri/ians1 entirely omits ! int]e/+ lett] writt5 by ! ,emp]or ,adrian to 8 bro!r-9-law ,s]vianus1 ,a4,d4 #acd4 ,! evid5ce is n ( an edify+ "*1 & ?is acc\nts = ! omission3 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,s]apis are ,*ri/ians1 & ^? are consecrat$ to ! god ,s]apis1 :o1 ,i f9d1 call !mselves ! bi%ops ( ,*ri/ 7,quot$ 9 ,diegesis1 p4 #chf74 ,su* are ! :ole ext]nal evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity until aft] ,a4,d4 #afj4 ,9 a "t ri* 9 hi/orians & philosoph]s "o man1 ,tacitus1 9 a disput$ passage1 m5tions a ,*ri/us puni%$ "u ,pontius ,pilate1 & ! exi/5ce ( a sect be>+ 8 "n4 ,suetonius1 ,pl9y1 ,adrian1 possibly ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 casually m5tion "s p call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles ?us summ>ises ! pro(s ( ! weakness ( e>ly ,*ri/ian evid5ces 9 pr(ane hi/ory3-- ,?\gh ! rema9s ( ,grecian & ,lat9 pr(ane lit]ature :i* belong to ! fir/ & second c5turies ( our era are en\gh to =m a libr>y ( !mselves1 !y conta9 no allusion to ! ,new ,te/am5t4444 ,! ,lat9 writ]s1 :o liv$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,*ri/'s crucifixion & ! ye> ,a4,d4 #bjj1 are ,s5eca1 ,lucan1 ,suetonius1 ,tacitus1 ,p]sius1 ,juv5al1 ,m>tial1 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 ,silius ,italicus1 ,/atius1 ,qu9tilian1 & ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 besides num]\s o!rs ( inf]ior note4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! make m5tion ( ! ,jews1 b n ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 fact1 ,suetonius1 ,tacitus1 & ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 are ! only ,roman writ]s :o m5tion ! ,*ri/ian religion or its f\nd] 7,*ri/ian ,records1 by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 ,p4 #cf74 ,! ,greek classic writ]s1 :o liv$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,*ri/'s crucifixion & ! ye> #bjj1 are ^? :i* foll[3 ,epictetus1 ,plut>*1 lian1 ,arrian1 ,gal51 ,lucian1 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,ptolemy1 ,m>cus ,aurelius 7:o1 ?\gh a ,roman emp]or1 wrote 9 ,greek71 ,pausanias1 & _m o!rs ( less note4 ,! allusions to ,*ri/ianity f\nd 9 _! works are s+ul>ly brief 7,ibid1 p4 #db74 ,:at does x all1 ?is evid5ce1 am\nt to8 ,"o writ]1 ,tacitus1 records t a man1 call$ by 8 foll[]s ,*ri/--= no "o pret5ds t ,*ri/ is any?+ m ?an a title giv5 by 8 disciples to a c]ta9 ,jew nam$ ,jesus--0 put to dea? by ,pontius ,pilate4 ,& suppose he 71 :at !n8 ,h[ is ?is a pro( ( ! religion call$ ,*ri/ianity8 ,tacitus kn[s no?+ ( ! miracle-work]1 ( ! ris5 & asc5d$ man2 he is /rangely ignorant ( all ! wond]s t _h occurr$2 &1 all[+ ! passage to be g5u9e1 x tells sorely aga9/ ! m>vell\s hi/ory giv5 by ! ,*ri/ians ( _! lead]1 ^: fame is suppos$ to h spread f> & wide1 & ^: fame mo/ c]ta9ly mu/ s h spread _h he really p]=m$ all ! wond]ful works attribut$ to him4 ,b no necessity lies ^u ! ,free?9k]1 :5 he rejects ,*ri/ianity1 to disprove ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 al?\gh we po9t to ! inadequacy ( ! evid5ce ev5 ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,free?\ght position is 9 no-wise injur$ by ! admission t a "y ,jew nam$ ,jo%ua 7i4e4 ,jesus7 may h w&]$ up & d[n ,galilee & ,juda 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 t he may h be5 a religi\s re=m]1 t he may h be5 put to dea? by ,pontius ,pilate = s$ition4 ,all ?is is p]fectly likely1 & to all[ x 9 no way endorses ! mass ( leg5d & my? encru/$ r\nd ?is t9y nucleus ( possible fact4 ,?is obscure peasant is n ! ,*ri/ian ,jesus1 :o is--z we %all lat] urge--only a new pres5tation ( ! anci5t ,sun-,god1 ) unmi/akeable family lik5ess to 8 eld] bro!rs4 ,! ,rev]5d ,rob]t ,taylor v rightly rem>ks1 conc]n+ ?is small hi/orical possibility3 ,^! are circum/ances :i* fall entirely )9 ! scale ( rational possibility1 & draw = no m ?an an ord9>y & indiff]5t te/imony ( hi/ory1 to comm& ! m9d's ass5t4 ,! m]e relation ( any hi/orian1 liv+ ne> en\gh to ! "t suppos$ to gu>antee ! probability ( 8 compet5t in=mation on ! subject1 w\ld h be5 entitl$ to our acquiesc5ce4 ,we c\ld h no reason to d5y or to d\bt :at su* an hi/orian c\ld h _h no motive to feign or to exagg]ate4 ,! pro(1 ev5 to demon/ration1 ( ^! circum/ances w\ld con/itute no /ep or advance t[>ds ! pro( ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 :ile ! abs5ce ( a suffici5t degree ( evid5ce to r5d] ev5 ^! circum/ances unque/ionable mu/1 =tiori1 be fatal to ! cr$ibility ( ! less cr$ible circum/ances f\nd$ ^u !m 7,diegesis1 p4 #g74 ,b ,paley pleads "s indirect evid5ce on behalf ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* des]ves a ^w ( notice s9ce ! direct evid5ce s lam5tably breaks d[n4 ,he urges t3 !re is satisfactory evid5ce t _m1 pr(ess+ to be orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 dang]s1 & suff]+s1 volunt>ily "u-gone1 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts :i* !y deliv]$1 & solely 9 consequ5ce ( _! belief ( ^? acc\nts2 & t !y also submitt$1 f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,ne>ly #bjj pages are devot$ to ! pro( ( ?is proposition1 a proposition :i* x is difficult to *>act]ise ) becom+ c\rtesy1 :5 we "k ! complete & utt] abs5ce ( any satisfactory evid5ce t ! orig9al witnesses did any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is plead$ t ! orig9al witnesses pass$ _! lives 9 lab\rs1 etc41 9 atte/ation ( ! acc\nts !y deliv]$4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is may be look$ = ei!r 9 ,pagan or 9 ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,pagan writ]s "k lit]ally no?+ ab\t ! orig9al witnesses1 m5tion+1 at ! utmo/1 b ! ,*ri/ians2 & ^! ,*ri/ians1 :5 put to dea?1 7 n s execut$ 9 atte/ation ( any acc\nts deliv]$ by !m1 b :olly & solely because ( ! evil de$s & ! sc&al\s practices rightly or wrongly attribut$ to !m4 ,suppos+--:at is n true--t !y _h be5 execut$ = _! cre$1 !re is no pret5ce t !y 7 eye-witnesses ( ! miracles ( ,*ri/4 ,paley's fir/ argum5t is drawn f ! nature ( ! case--i4e41 t p]secution ought to h tak5 place1 :e!r x did or n1 because bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles w\ld reject ! new cre$4 ,s f> z ! ,jews are conc]n$1 we he> ( no p]secution f ,josephus4 ,if we int]rogate ! ,*ri/ian ,acts1 we he> b ( little1 two p]sons only be+ kill$4 ,we le>n also t _m ?\s&s ( ,jews belong$ to ! new sect1 & 7 propitiat$ by ,*ri/ian con=mity to ! law2 & t1 :5 ! ,jews rose aga9/ ,paul--n z a ,*ri/ian1 b z a break] ( ! ,mosaic law--he 0 promptly deliv]$ by ! ,romans1 :o w\ld h set him at lib]ty _h he n elect$ to be tri$ at ,rome4 ,if we turn to ! conduct ( ! ,pagans1 we meet ! same blank abs5ce ( evid5ce ( p]secution1 until we come to ! disput$ passage 9 ,tacitus1 :]e9 none ( ! eye-witnesses are said to h be5 conc]n$2 & we h1 on ! o!r side1 ! undisput$ fact t1 "u ! imp]ial rule ( ,rome1 e subject nation practis$ its own cre$ undi/urb$1 s long z x did n incite to civil di/urbances4 ,! religi\s t5ets ( ! ,galileans1 or ,*ri/ians1 7 nev] made a subject ( puni%m5t1 or ev5 ( inquiry 7,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bae74 ,?is view ( ! matt] is ?or\ghly corroborat$ by ,l>dn]3 ,! disciples ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7 "u ! protection ( ! ,roman law1 s9ce ! ,god !y wor%ipp$ & ^: wor%ip !y recomm5d$1 0 ! ,god ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ! same ,god :om ! ,jews wor%ipp$1 & ! wor%ip ( :om 0 all[$ ( all ov] ! ,roman ,empire1 & e/abli%$ by special edicts & decrees 9 mo/1 p]haps 9 all ! places1 9 :i* we meet ) ,/4 ,paul 9 8 travels 7,cr$ibility1 vol4 i41 pt4 ,i1 pp4 #djf1 #djg4 ,ed4 #agbg74 ,he also quotes a rem>kable piece ( ju/ice done ! ,jews at ,doris1 9 ,syria1 by ,petronius1 ,presid5t ( t prov9ce4 ,! fact is ?is3 ,"s ra% "y fell[s ( ! place got 9 & set up a /atue ( ! ,emp]or 9 ! ,jews' synagogue4 ,agrippa ! ,great made compla9ts to ,petronius conc]n+ ?is injury4 ,:]eupon ,petronius issu$ a v %>p precept to ! magi/rates ( ,doris4 ,he t]ms ?is action an (f5ce1 n aga9/ ! ,jews only1 b also aga9/ ! ,emp]or2 says1 x is agreeable to ! law ( nature t e man %\ld be ma/] ( 8 own places1 accord+ to ! decree ( ! ,emp]or4 ,i h1 says he1 giv5 directions t !y :o h d>$ to d ^! ?+s contr>y to ! edict ( ,augu/us1 be deliv]$ to ! c5turion ,vitellius ,proculus1 t !y may be br\ght to me1 & answ] = _! behavi\r4 ,& ,i require ! *ief m5 9 ! magi/racy to discov] ! guilty to ! c5turion1 unless !y are will+ to h x ?\ght1 t ?is inju/ice has be5 done ) _! cons5t2 & t !y see to x1 t no s$ition or tumult happ5 ^u ?is occasion1 :i*1 ,i p]ceive1 is :at "s are aim+ at4444 ,i d also require1 t = ! future1 y seek no pret5ce = s$ition or di/urbance1 b t all m5 wor%ip ,god accord+ to _! own cu/oms 7,ibid1 pp4 #chb1 #chc74 ,aft] giv+ "s o!r facts1 ,l>dn] sums up3 ,^! are au!ntic te/imonies 9 behalf ( ! equity ( ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t 9 g5]al1 & ( ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by ! ,roman presid5ts--t[>d all ! p ( _! prov9ces1 h[ mu* soev] !y diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 matt]s ( religion 7,ibid1 p4 #dja74 ,! evid5ce ( p]secution :i* consi/s 9 quotations f ! ,*ri/ian books 7,evid5ces1 pages #cc-eb7 _c be admitt$ )\t evid5ce ( ! au!nticity ( ! books quot$4 ,! ,acts & ! ,paul9e epi/les s grossly contradict ea* o!r t1 hav+ no?+ outside !mselves ) :i* to comp>e !m1 !y are mutually de/ructive4 ,! epi/le to ! ,romans pres5ts special difficulties to its acceptance z a g5u9e address to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 ! era ascrib$ to x4 ,! fai? ( ?is ,*ur*1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 is said to be 'spok5 ( ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w'2 & yet :5 ,paul1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 at a lat] "t visit$ ,rome1 s little _h ?is alleg$ ,*ur* influ5c$ ! neighb\rhood1 t ! inquir+ ,jews ( ,rome are %[n to be totally ignorant ( :at con/itut$ ,*ri/ianity1 & to h look$ to ,paul to enlight5 !m 7,portraiture & ,mission ( ,jesus1 p4 #ae74 #b ,cor4 is ( v d\btful au!nticity4 ,! passage 9 ,james %[s no fi]y p]secution4 ,hebrews is ( lat] date4 #b ,!ss4 aga9 v d\btful4 ,! suff]+ spok5 ( by ,pet] appe>s1 f ! context1 to ref] *iefly to reproa*es1 & a problematical if any man suff] z a ,*ri/ian4 ,_h ^? he wrote to be5 !n suff]+1 surely ! apo/le w\ld h said3 ,:5 any man suff]s 444 let him n be a%am$4 ,! :ole "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! canonical books w be *all5g$ lat]1 & ! weakness ( ?is division ( ,paley's evid5ces w !n be m fully app>5t4 ,mean:ile we subjo9 ,l>dn]'s view ( ^! passages4 ,he has be5 argu+ t ! ,romans protect$ ! _m rites ( all _! prov9ces2 & he proce$s3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o difficulty :i*1 ,i am aw>e1 may be />t$ by "s p]sons4 ,if ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 to :i* all ! _w 0 !n subject1 0 s mild & g5tle1 & protect$ all m5 9 ! pr(ession ( _! sev]al religi\s t5ets1 & ! practice ( all _! peculi> rites1 :5ce comes x to pass t !re are 9 ! ,epi/les s _m exhortations to ! ,*ri/ians to pati5ce & con/ancy1 & s _m argum5ts ( consolation sugge/$ to !m1 z a suff]+ body ( m58 ,"h foll[ "s passages z 9 ,paley4 ,to ?is ,i answ]3 #a4 ,t ! acc\nt ,/4 ,luke has giv5 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ( ! behavi\r ( ! ,roman (fic]s out ( ,juda1 & 9 x1 is confirm$ n only by ! acc\nt ,i h giv5 ( ! g5ius & nature ( ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 b also by ! te/imony ( ! mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,! ,romans did aft]w>ds dep>t f ^! mod]ate maxims2 b x is c]ta9 t !y 7 gov]n$ by !m z long z ! hi/ory ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les rea*es4 ,t]tullian & div]s o!rs d affirm t ,n]o 0 ! fir/ ,emp]or t p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians2 nor did he beg9 to di/urb !m till aft] ,paul _h left ,rome ! fir/ "t he 0 !re 7:5 he 0 s5t ?i!r by ,fe/us71 &1 !re=e1 n until he 0 become an enemy to all mank9d4 ,& ,i ?9k t1 accord+ to ! acc\nt :i* ,tacitus has giv5 ( ,n]o's inhumane treatm5t ( ! ,*ri/ians at ,rome1 9 ! t5? ye> ( 8 reign1 :at he did !n 0 n ow+ to _! hav+ diff]5t pr9ciples 9 religion f ! ,romans1 b proce$$ f a desire he _h to ?r[ (f f himself ! odium ( a vile action--namely1 sett+ fire to ! city--:i* he 0 g5]ally *>g$ )4 ,& ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 a ,*ri/ian hi/orian ( ! f\r? c5tury1 says ! same ?+ 7,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory1 vol4 i41 pages #daf-dbj74 ,l>dn]1 h[ev]1 all[s t ! ,jews p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians :]e !y c\ld al?\gh !y 7 unable to slay !m4 ,!y probably p]secut$ !m mu* 9 ! same fa%ion t ! ,*ri/ians h p]secut$ ,free?9k]s dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,b ,paley adduces fur!r ! evid5ce ( ,clem5t1 ,h]mas1 ,polyc>p1 ,ignatius1 & a circul> lett] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna1 to prove ! suff]+s ( ! eye-witnesses 7,evid5ces1 pages #eb-ee74 ,:5 we pass into writ+s ( ?is description 9 lat] times1 !re is1 inde$1 pl5ty ( evid5ce--9 fact1 a good deal too mu*1 = !y te/ify to su* m>vell\s occurr5ces1 t no tru/ is possible 9 any?+ :i* !y say4 ,n only 0 ,/4 ,paul's head cut (f1 b ! wor?y ,bi%op ( ,rome1 ,l9us1 8 contempor>y 7:o is suppos$ to relate 8 m>tyrdom71 tells u h[1 in/ead ( blood1 n\ght b a /ream ( pure milk fl[$ f 8 ve9s2 & we are fur!r in/ruct$ t 8 sev]$ head took ?ree jumps 9 hon\r ( ! ,tr9ity1 & at ea* spot on :i* x jump$ !re in/antly /ruck up a spr+ ( liv+ wat]1 :i* reta9s at ?is day a pla9 & di/9ct ta/e ( milk 7,diegesis1 pp4 #bef1 #beg74 ,aga9/ a mass ( absurd /ories ( ?is k9d1 ! only evid5ce ( ! p]secution ( ,paley's eye-witnesses1 we may set ! rem>ks ( ,gibbon3 ,9 ! "t ( ,t]tullian & ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria ! glory ( m>tyrdom 0 conf9$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,james4 ,x 0 gradually be/[$ on ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les by ! m rec5t ,greeks1 :o prud5tly select$ = ! !atre ( _! prea*+ & suff]+s "s remote c\ntry beyond ! limits ( ! ,roman ,empire 7,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bjh1 note74 ,lat] !re 01 inde$1 m p]secution2 b ev5 !n ! m>tyrdoms af=d no evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,m>tyrdom proves ! s9c]ity1 b n ! tru?1 ( ! suff]]'s belief2 e cre$ has _h its m>tyrs1 & z ! tru? ( "o cre$ excludes ! tru? ( e o!r1 x foll[s t ! va/ majority h di$ = a delusion1 & t1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( m>tyrs x c reckon is no crit]ion ( ! tru? ( a cre$1 b only ( ! devotion x inspires4 ,:ile we all[ t ! ,*ri/ians und]w5t mu* p]secution1 !re c be no d\bt t ! numb] ( ! suff]]s has be5 grossly exagg]at$4 ,"o c sc>cely help suspect+ t1 z real m>tyrs 7 n =?com+ 9 z va/ numb]s z _! suppos$ bones1 m>tyrs 7 inv5t$ to fit ! weal?-produc+ relics1 z ! relics did n fit ! hi/orical m>tyrs4 ,! total disreg>d ( tru? & probability 9 ! repres5tations ( ^! primitive m>tyrdoms 0 occasion$ by a v natural mi/ake4 ,! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ascrib$ to ! magi/rates ( ,rome ! same degree ( implacable & unrel5t+ zeal :i* fill$ _! own brea/s aga9/ ! h]etics1 or ! idolat]s ( _! own "t4444 ,b x is c]ta91 & we may appeal to ! grateful confessions ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 t ! greate/ "p ( ^? magi/rates1 :o ex]cis$ 9 ! prov9ces ! au?ority ( ! ,emp]or1 or ( ! ,s5ate1 & to ^: h&s alone ! jurisdiction ( life & dea? 0 entru/$1 behav$ l m5 ( poli%$ mann]s & lib]al education1 :o respect$ ! rules ( ju/ice1 & :o 7 conv]sant ) ! precepts ( philosophy4 ,!y frequ5tly decl9$ ! odi\s task ( p]secution1 dismiss$ ! *>ge ) contempt1 or sugge/$ to ! accus$ ,*ri/ian "s legal evasion by :i* he might elude ! sev]ity ( ! laws4 7,t]tullian1 9 8 epi/le to ! ,gov]nor ( ,africa1 m5tions sev]al rem>kable in/ances ( l5ity & =be>ance :i* _h happ5$ )9 8 own k47444 ,! le>n$ ,orig51 :o1 f 8 exp]i5ce1 z well z read+1 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ians1 decl>es1 9 ! mo/ express t]ms1 t ! numb] ( m>tyrs 0 v inconsid]able4444 ,! g5]al ass]tion ( ,orig5 may be expla9$ & confirm$ by ! p>ticul> te/imony ( 8 fri5d ,dionysius1 :o1 9 ! imm5se city ( ,alex&ria1 & "u ! rigor\s p]secution ( ,decius1 reckons only t5 m5 & sev5 wom5 :o suff]$ = ! pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian "n 7,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bbd-bbf4 ,see ?r\gh\t *ap4 xvi474 ,gibbon calculates ! :ole numb] ( m>tyrs ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur* at some:at less ?an two ?\s& p]sons2 & rem>ks cau/ically t ! ,*ri/ians1 9 ! c\rse ( _! inte/9e diss5sions1 h inflict$ f> great] sev]ities on ea* o!r ?an !y _h exp]i5c$ f ! zeal ( infidels 7pp4 #bgc1 #bgd74 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ,*ur* hi/orians 7 correct1 h[ w\ld t support ,paley's argum5t8 ,8 cont5tion is t ! eye-witnesses ( miracul\s ev5ts di$ 9 te/imony ( _! belief 9 !m2 & myriads ( m>tyrs 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies are ( no assi/ance to him4 ,s we w retrace our /eps to ! eye-witnesses1 & we f9d ! position ( ,gibbon--z to ! lives & lab\rs ( ! ,apo/les be+ writt5 lat] by m5 n conf9+ !mselves to facts--endors$ by ,mo%eim1 :o judici\sly obs]ves3 ,_m h und]tak5 to write ?is hi/ory ( ! ,apo/les1 a hi/ory :i* we f9d load$ ) fables1 d\bts1 & difficulties1 :5 we pursue x fur!r ?an ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! mo/ anci5t writ]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 p4 #bg1 ed4 #ahdg74 ,:at anci5t writ]s ,mo%eim alludes to x is difficult to guess1 z may be judg$ f 8 criticisms quot$ bel[1 on ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ! mo/ anci5t ( all2 & 9 e/imat+ ! wor? ( 8 op9ion1 x is necess>y to rememb] t he 0 himself an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian1 al?\gh a le>n$ & c&id "o1 s t e admission he makes1 :i* tells aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 is ( d\ble weight1 x be+ ! admission ( a fri5d & def5d]4 ,to ! cr$it ( ,paley's apo/olic evid5ces 7,clem5t1 ,h]mas1 ,polyc>p1 ,ignatius1 & lett] f ,smyrna71 we may urge ! foll[+ objections4 ,clem5t's writ+s are mu* disput$3 ,! acc\nts :i* rema9 ( 8 life1 actions1 & dea? are1 = ! mo/ "p1 unc]ta94 ,two ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 writt5 9 ,greek1 h be5 attribut$ to him1 ( :i* ! second has be5 look$ ^u z spuri\s1 & ! fir/ z g5u9e1 by _m le>n$ writ]s4 ,b ev5 ?is latt] seems to h be5 corrupt$ & int]polat$ by "s ignorant & presumptu\s au?or4444 ,! le>n$ are n[ unanim\s 9 reg>d+ ! o!r writ+s :i* be> ! "n ( ,clem5s 7,clem5t7 444 z spuri\s productions ascrib$ by "s impo/or to ?is v5]able prelate1 9 ord] to procure !m a high degree ( au?ority 7,ibid1 pp4 #ca1 #cb74 ,! fir/ epi/le1 be>+ ! "n ( ,clem5t1 has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 a s+le manuscript only4 ,?\gh v frequ5tly ref]r$ to by anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]s1 x rema9$ unkn[n to ! s*ol>s ( ,we/]n ,europe until happily discov]$ 9 ! ,alex&rian manuscript4444 ,:o ! ,clem5t 01 to :om ^! writ+s are ascrib$1 _c ) absolute c]ta9ty be det]m9$4 ,! g5]al op9ion is1 t he is ! same z ! p]son ( t "n ref]r$ to by ,/4 ,paul 7,phil4 iv4 #c74 ,! writ+s !mselves conta9 no /atem5t z to _! au?or4444 ,al?\gh1 z has be5 said1 positive c]ta9ty _c be rea*$ on ! subject1 we may ) great probability conclude t we h 9 ?is epi/le a composition ( t ,clem5t :o is kn[n to u f ,scripture z hav+ be5 an associate ( ! great apo/le4 ,! date ( ?is epi/le has be5 ! subject ( consid]able controv]sy4 ,x is cle> f ! writ+ itself t x 0 compos$ soon aft] "s p]secution 7*apt] ,i7 :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* _h endur$2 & ! only "q is1 :e!r we are to fix ^u ! p]secution "u ,n]o or ,domitian4 ,if ! =m]1 ! date w be ab\t ! ye> #fh2 if ! latt]1 we mu/ place x t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! second4 ,we possess no ext]nal aid to ! settlem5t ( ?is "q4 ,! li/s ( e>ly ,roman bi%ops are 9 hopeless confusion1 "s mak+ ,clem5t ! imm$iate successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 o!rs plac+ ,l9us1 & o!rs /ill ,l9us & ,anacletus1 betwe5 him & ! apo/le4 ,! int]nal evid5ce1 aga91 leaves ! matt] d\btful1 ?\gh x has be5 /rongly press$ on bo? sides4 ,! probability seems1 on ! :ole1 to be 9 fav\r ( ! ,domitian p]iod1 s t ! epi/le may be dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ig 7,! ,writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,rob]ts1 ,dr4 ,donaldson1 & ,rev4 ,f4 ,crombie1 pp4 #c1 #d4 ,ed4 #ahfg74 ,only a s+le-manuscript copy ( ! "w is extant1 at ! end ( ! ,alex&rian manuscript ( ! ,scriptures4 ,?is copy is consid]ably mutilat$4 ,9 "s passages ! text is manife/ly corrupt1 & o!r passages h be5 suspect$ ( be+ int]polations 7,norton's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i1 p4 #ccf4 ,ed4 #ahdg74 ,! second epi/le is reject$ on all sides4 ,x is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z "o ( ! _m writ+s :i* h be5 falsely ascrib$ to ,clem5t4444 ,! div]sity ( /yle cle>ly po9ts to a diff]5t writ] f t ( ! fir/ epi/le 7,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 page #ec74 ,! second epi/le 444 is n m5tion$ at all by ! e>li] ,fa!rs :o ref] to ! fir/4 ,eusebius1 :o is ! fir/ writ] :o m5tions x1 expresses d\bt reg>d+ x1 :ile ,j]ome & ,photius /ate t x 0 reject$ by ! anci5ts4 ,x is n[ univ]sally reg>d$ z spuri\s 7,sup]natural ,religion1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba74 ,!re is a second epi/le ascrib$ to ,clem5t1 b we "k n t ?is is z highly approv$ z ! =m]1 & "k n t x has be5 9 use ) ! anci5ts4 ,!re are also o!r writ+s report$ to be 81 v]bose & ( great l5g?4 ,lately1 & "s "t ago1 ^? 7 produc$ t conta9 ! dialogues ( ,pet] & ,apion1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 n a syllable is record$ by ! primitive ,*ur* 7,eusebius' ,eccles4 ,hi/4 bk4 iii41 *ap4 #ch74 ,! fir/ ,greek ,epi/le alone c be confid5tly pron\nc$ g5u9e 7,we/cott on ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #bd4 ,ed4 #ahge74 ,! fir/ epi/le is ! only piece ( ,clem5t t c be reli$ on z g5u9e 7,l>dn]'s ,cr$ibility1 pt4 ii41 vol4 i41 p4 #fb4 ,ed4 #agcd74 ,besides ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians !re is a fragm5t ( a piece1 call$ 8 second epi/le1 :i* be+ d\btful1 or r pla9ly n ,clem5t's1 ,i don't quote z 84 7,ibid1 p4 #ajf47 ,?is v dubi\s ,clem5t 7,paley quotes1 be x said1 f ! fir/--or lea/ d\btful--( 8 writ+s7 only says t "o ( ,paley's orig9al witnesses 0 m>tyr$1 namely ,pet]2 ,paul1 ( c\rse1 0 n an eye-witness ( ,*ri/'s proce$+s4 ,! ,vision ( ,h]mas is a simple rhapsody1 unwor?y ( a mom5t's consid]ation1 ( :i* ,mo%eim ju/ly rem>ks3 ,! disc\rse :i* he puts into ! m\?s ( ^? cele/ial be+s is m insipid & s5seless ?an :at we commonly he> among ! meane/ ( ! multitude 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 p4 #cb74 ,its date is v d\btful2 ! ,canon ( ,muratori puts x 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 say+ t x 0 writt5 by ,h]mas1 bro!r to ,pius1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #adb4 7,see ,norton's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cda1 #cdb47 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 :i* is ascrib$ to ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna1 :o1 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 a v5]able & advanc$ age1 is look$ ^u by "s z g5u9e2 by o!rs z spuri\s2 & x is no easy matt] to det]m9e ?is "q 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 p4 #cb74 ,^u no int]nal gr\nd c any "p ( ?is ,epi/le be pron\nc$ g5u9e2 !re are pot5t reasons = consid]+ x spuri\s1 & !re is no evid5ce ( any value :atev] support+ its au!nticity 7,sup4 ,rel41 p4 #bhc74 ,! editors ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs dispute ?is ass]tion1 & say3 ,x is abundantly e/abli%$ by ext]nal te/imony1 & is also support$ by ! int]nal evid5ce 7p4 #fg74 ,b !y add3 ,! epi/le be=e u is n p]fect 9 any ( ! ,greek ,,mss4 :i* conta9 x4 ,b ! *apt]s want+ 9 ,greek are conta9$ 9 an anci5t ,lat9 v]sion4 ,:ile !re is no gr\nd = suppos+1 z "s h done1 t ! :ole epi/le is spuri\s1 !re seems consid]able =ce 9 ! argum5ts by :i* _m o!rs h s\ght to prove *ap4 xiii4 to be an int]polation4 ,! date ( ! epi/le _c be satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,x dep5ds on ! conclusion we rea* z to "s po9ts1 v difficult & obscure1 connect$ ) t acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p :i* has come d[n to u4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 be f> wrong if we fix x ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury 7,ibid1 pp4 #fg1 #fh74 ,poor ,paley6 ?is weak evid5ce to ! m>tyrdom ( 8 eye-witnesses comes #aej ye>s aft] ,*ri/2 & ev5 !n all t ,polyc>p may h said1 if ! epi/le *ance to be au!ntic1 is t !y suff]$1 )\t any ^w ( _! m>tyrdom6 ,! au!nticity ( ! lett]s ( ,ignatius has long be5 a matt] ( dispute4 ,mo%eim1 :o accepts ! sev5 epi/les1 says t1 ,?\gh ,i am will+ to adopt ?is op9ion z pref]able to any o!r1 yet ,i _c help look+ ^u ! au!nticity ( ! epi/le to ,polyc>p z extremely dubi\s1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( /yle2 &1 inde$1 ! :ole "q relat+ to ! epi/les ( ,/4 ,ignatius 9 g5]al seems to me to lab\r "u mu* obscurity1 & to be emb>rass$ ) _m difficulties 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 p4 #bb74 ,!re are 9 all fifte5 epi/les :i* be> ! "n ( ,ignatius4 ,^! are ! foll[+3 ,"o to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 two to ! ,apo/le ,john1 "o to ,m>y ( ,cassobel1 "o to ! ,t>sians1 "o to ! ,antio*ians1 "o to ,h]o 7a deacon ( ,antio*71 "o to ! ,philippians1 "o to ! ,ephesians1 "o to ! ,magnesians1 "o to ! ,trallians1 "o to ! ,romans1 "o to ! ,philadelphians1 "o to ! ,smyrnians1 & "o to ,polyc>p4 ,! fir/ ?ree exi/ only 9 ,lat92 all ! re/ are extant also 9 ,greek4 ,x is n[ ! univ]sal op9ions ( critics t ! fir/ eight ( ^! pr(ess$ly ,ignatian lett]s are spuri\s4 ,!y be> 9 !mselves indubitable pro(s ( be+ ! production ( a lat] age ?an t 9 :i* ,ignatius liv$4 ,nei!r ,eusebius nor ,j]ome makes ! lea/ ref]5ce to !m2 & !y are n[1 by common cons5t1 set aside z =g]ies1 :i* 7 at v>i\s dates1 & to s]ve special purposes1 put =? "u ! "n ( ! celebrat$ ,bi%op ( ,antio*4 ,b1 aft] ! "q has be5 ?us simplifi$1 x /ill rema9s suffici5tly complex4 ,( ! sev5 epi/les :i* are ackn[l$g$ by ,eusebius 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 iii41 *ap4 #cf71 we possess two ,greek rec5sions1 a %ort] & a long]4 ,x is pla9 t "o or o!r ( ^! exhibits a corrupt text2 & s*ol>s h1 = ! mo/ "p1 agre$ to accept ! %ort] =m z repres5t+ ! g5u9e lett]s ( ,ignatius4444 ,b al?\gh ! %ort] =m ( ! ,ignatian lett]s _h be5 g5]ally accept$ 9 pref]5ce to ! long]1 !re 0 /ill a pretty preval5t op9ion among s*ol>s t ev5 x c\ld n be reg>d$ z absolutely free f int]polations1 or z ( und\bt$ au!nticity4444 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! %ort] rec5sion 01 until rec5tly1 accept$ )\t mu* opposition 444 z exhibit+ ! g5u9e =m ( ! epi/les ( ,ignatius4 ,b a totally diff]5t aspect 0 giv5 to ! "q by ! discov]y ( a ,syriac v]sion ( ?ree ( ^! epi/les among ! ,,mss4 procur$ f ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>y ,deip>a1 9 ! des]t ( ,nitria1 9 ,egypt betwe5 #ahch & #ahdb4444 ,on ^! be+ deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! late ,dr4 ,cureton1 :o !n _h *>ge ( ! ,syriac dep>tm5t1 discov]$ among !m1 fir/1 ! epi/le to ,polyc>p1 & !n aga9 ! same epi/le1 ) ^? to ! ,ephesians & to ! ,romans1 9 two o!r volumes ( manuscripts 7,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 pp4 #aci-adb74 ,dr4 ,cureton gave x z 8 op9ion t ! ,syriac lett]s are ! only true & g5u9e lett]s ( ! v5]able ,bi%op ( ,antio* t h ei!r come d[n to our times or 7 ev] kn[n 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,corpus ,ignatianum1 ed4 #ahdi1 z quot$ 9 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 p4 #adb74 ,i h c>efully comp>$ ! two editions1 & am v well satisfi$ ^u t comp>ison t ! l>g] are an int]polation ( ! small]1 & n ! small] an epitome or abridgm5t ( ! l>g]4 ,i desire no bett] evid5ce 9 a ?+ ( ?is nature4444 ,b :e!r ! small] !mselves are ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,ignatius1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 is a "q t has be5 mu* disput$1 & has employ$ ! p5s ( ! able/ critics4 ,& :atev] positiv5ess "s may h %[n on ei!r side1 ,i mu/ own ,i h f\nd x a v difficult "q 7,cr$ibility1 pt4 #b1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aec74 ,! ,syriac v]sion 0 !n1 ( c\rse1 unkn[n4 ,pr(essor ,norton1 ! le>n$ ,*ri/ian def5d] ( ! ,gospels1 says3 ,! sev5 %ort] epi/les1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is cont5d$ =1 come to u 9 bad company4444 ,!re is1 z x seems to me1 no reasonable d\bt t ! sev5 %ort] epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius are equally1 ) all ! re/1 fabrications ( a date long subsequ5t to 8 "t4 ,i d\bt :e!r any book1 9 its g5]al tone ( s5tim5t & language1 ev] betray$ itself z a =g]y m cle>ly ?an d ^! pret5d$ epi/les ( ,ignatius 7,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i41 pp4 #cej & #cec1 ed4 #ahdg74 ,:at1 !n1 is ! position ( ! s-call$ ,ignatian epi/les8 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury ,ir5u makes a v %ort quotation f a s\rce unnam$1 :i* ,eusebius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 f9ds 9 an epi/le attribut$ to ,ignatius4 ,orig51 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 quotes a few words1 :i* he ascribes to ,ignatius1 al?\gh )\t def9ite ref]5ce to any p>ticul> epi/le2 &1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ,eusebius m5tions sev5 epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,!re is no o!r evid5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 fifte5 epi/les extant1 all ( :i* are attribut$ to ,ignatius1 ( all ( :i*1 ) ! exception ( ?ree1 :i* are only kn[n 9 a ,lat9 v]sion1 we possess bo? ,greek & ,lat9 v]sions4 ,( sev5 ( ^! epi/les--& !y are ^? m5tion$ by ,eusebius--we h two ,greek v]sions1 "o ( :i* is v mu* %ort] ?an ! o!r2 &1 f9ally1 we n[ possess a ,syriac v]sion ( ?ree epi/les1 only 9 a =m /ill %ort] ?an ! %ort] ,greek v]sion1 9 :i* are f\nd all ! quotations ( ! ,fa!rs1 )\t exception1 up to ! f\r? c5tury4 ,eight ( ! fifte5 epi/les are univ]sally reject$ z spuri\s 7ante1 p4 #bfc74 ,! long] ,greek v]sion ( ! rema9+ sev5 epi/les is almo/ unanim\sly condemn$ z grossly int]polat$2 & ! great majority ( critics recognise t ! %ort] ,greek v]sion is also mu* int]polat$2 :il/ ! ,syriac v]sion1 :i*1 s f> z ,,mss4 are conc]n$1 is by f> ! mo/ anci5t text ( any lett]s :i* we possess1 r$uces _! numb] to ?ree1 & _! cont5ts to a v small compass inde$4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! va/ majority ( critics h express$ d\bt m or less /rong reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( all ^! epi/les1 & t s l>ge a numb] h repudiat$ !m altoge!r4 ,"o ?+ is q evid5t--t1 amid/ su* a mass ( falsification1 int]polation1 & fraud1 ! ,ignatian epi/les _c1 9 any =m1 be consid]$ evid5ce on any important po9t4444 ,9 fact1 ! :ole ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature is a mass ( falsification & fraud 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgd74 ,! /ud5t may judge f ?is confusion1 ( fifte5 r$uc$ to sev5 long1 & sev5 long r$uc$ to sev5 %ort1 & sev5 %ort r$uc$ to ?ree1 & ^? ?ree v d\btful1 h[ ?or\ghly reliable mu/ be ,paley's argum5ts drawn f ?is contempor>y ( ,polyc>p4 ,our editors ( ! ,fa!rs v frankly rem>k3 ,z to ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,ignatius1 almo/ no?+ is kn[n 7,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 p4 #adc74 ,:y1 ackn[l$g+ ?is1 !y call him celebrat$1 x is h>d to say4 ,truly1 ! ways ( ,*ri/ian comm5tators are d>k6 ,paley's quotation is tak5 f ! epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans 7n "o ( ! ,syriac1 be x not$71 & is f ! %ort] ,greek rec5sion4 ,x occurs 9 *ap4 iii41 & only says t ,pet]1 & ^? :o 7 ) him1 saw ,jesus aft] ! resurrection1 & believ$3 = ?is cause also !y despis$ dea?1 & 7 f\nd its conqu]ors4 ,m5 :o believ$ 9 a resurrection might naturally despise dea?2 b x is h>d to see h[ ?is quotation--ev5 7 x au!ntic--%[s t ! apo/les suff]$ = _! belief4 ,:at /rikes "o z mo/ rem>kable--if ,paley's cont5tion ( ! suff]+s ( ! witnesses be true1 & ^! writ+s au!ntic--is t s v little m5tion is made ( ! apo/les1 ( _! lab\rs1 toils1 & suff]+s1 & t ^! epi/les are simply a k9d ( pat*work1 *iefly ( ,old ,te/am5t mat]ials1 mix$ up ) exhortations ab\t ,*ri/4 ,! circul> epi/le ( ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna is a curi\s docum5t4 ,paley quotes a t]rible acc\nt ( ! tortures inflict$1 & "o w\ld imag9e on read+ x t _m mu/ h be5 put to dea?4 ,we are surpris$ to le>n1 f ! epi/le itself1 t ,polyc>p 0 only ! twelf? m>tyr betwe5 ! two t[ns ( ,smyrna & ,philadelphia6 ,! am\nt ( dep5d5ce to be plac$ on ! n>rative may be judg$ by ! foll[+3--,z ! flame blaz$ =? 9 great fury1 we1 to :om x 0 giv5 to witness x1 beheld a great miracle1 & h be5 pres]v$ t we might report to o!rs :at !n took place4 ,= ! fire1 %ap+ itself into ! =m ( an ar*1 l ! sail ( a %ip :5 fill$ ) ! w9d1 encompass$ z by a circle ! body ( ! m>tyr4 ,& he appe>$ )91 n l fle% :i* is burnt1 b z bread t is bak$1 or z gold & silv] gl[+ 9 a furnace4 ,moreov]1 we p]ceiv$ su* a sweet od\r1 z if frank9c5se or "s su* preci\s spices _h be5 burn+ !re4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ^? m5 p]ceiv$ t 8 body c\ld n be consum$ by ! fire1 !y comm&$ an execution] to g ne>1 & pi]ce him ) a dagg]4 ,& on 8 do+ ?is1 !re came =? a dove1 & a great quantity ( blood1 s t ! fire 0 ext+ui%$ 7,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 p4 #ib74 ,:at reliance c be plac$ on hi/orians787 :o gravely relate t fire does n burn1 & t :5 a man is pi]c$ ) a dagg] a dove flies out1 toge!r ) suffici5t blood to qu5* a flam+ pile8 ,to make ?is preci\s epi/le /ill m valuable1 "o ( its transcrib]s adds to x3--,i aga91 ,pionius1 wrote !m 7^! ?+s7 f ! previ\sly writt5 copy1 hav+ c>efully se>*$ into !m1 & ! bless$ ,polyc>p hav+ manife/$ !m to me ?r\gh a revelation6 ev5 z ,i %all %[ 9 :at foll[s4 ,i h collect$ ^! ?+s1 :5 !y _h almo/ fad$ away ?r\gh ! lapse ( "t 7,ibid1 p4 #if74 ,if ?is is hi/ory1 !n any absurd dream may be tak5 z ! basis ( belief4 ,we may add t ?is epi/le does n m5tion ! m>tyrdoms ( ! eye-witnesses1 & x is h>d to "k :y ,paley drags x 91 unless he wants to make u believe t 8 eye-witnesses suff]$ all ! tortures he quotes2 b ev5 ,paley _c pret5d t !re is a sc9tilla ( pro( ( _! und]go+ any su* trials4 ,?us falls ! :ole argum5t bas$ on ! twelve m51 ^: probity & good s5se ,i _h long kn[n1 dy+ = ! p]si/5t ass]tion ( a miracle wr\ght be=e _! eyes1 :o are us$ z a p>allel ( ! apo/les1 z an argum5t aga9/ ,hume4 ,= we h n yet prov$ t !re 7 any eye-witnesses1 or t !y made any ass]tions1 & we h entirely fail$ to prove t ! eye-witnesses 7 m>tyr$ at all1 or t ! dea? ( any "o ( !m1 save t ( ,pet]1 is ev5 m5tion$ 9 ! alleg$ docum5ts1 s t ! satisfactory evid5ces ( ! orig9al witnesses ( ! ,*ri/ian miracles suff]+ & dy+ 9 atte/ation ( ^? miracles am\nt to ?is1 t 9 a disput$ docum5t ,pet] is said to h be5 m>tyr$1 & 9 ano!r1 /ill m d\btful1 ! re/ ( ! apo/les are said to h suff]$4 ,?us ! fir/ proposition ( ,paley falls entirely to ! gr\nd4 ,! hone/ tru? is t ! hi/ory ( ! twelve apo/les is utt]ly unkn[n1 & t ar\nd _! names ga!rs a mass ( incr$ible & nons5sical my? & leg5d1 simil> 9 k9d to o!r my?ological fables1 & entirely unwor?y ( cr$5ce by reasonable p4 ,nor is pro( less lack+ ( submission f ! same motives1 to new rules ( conduct4 ,n[h]e is !re a sign t ,*ri/ian morality 0 en=c$ by appeal to ! miracles ( ,*ri/2 miracles 71 9 ^? days1 too common an incid5t to attract mu* att5tion1 &1 inde$1 if !y c\ld n w9 belief 9 ! mission f ^? ,jews be=e :om !y 7 said to h be5 p]=m$1 :at *ance w\ld !y h _h :5 ! /ory ( _! work+ 0 only repeat$ by he>say8 ,aga91 ! rules ( conduct 7 n new2 ! be/ p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian morality _h be5 taught long be=e ,*ri/ 7z we %all prove lat] on by quotations71 & 7 famili> to ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,egyptians1 f ! writ+s ( _! own philosoph]s4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no?+ rem>kable 9 a new sect gr[+ up among ^! peoples1 accu/om$ z !y 7 to ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s1 ) _! v>i\s gr\ps ( disciples di/+ui%$ by special names4 ,:y is !re any?+ m wond]ful 9 ^! ,*ri/ian societies ) a high moral code1 ?an 9 ! sev]e & /ately morality inculcat$ & practis$ by ! ,/oics8 ,= ! submission ( conduct to ! new rules1 ! less said ! bett]4 #a ,cor9?ians does n give u a v l(ty idea ( ! morality curr5t among ! ,*ri/ians !re1 & ! angry reproa*es ( ,jude imply mu* depravity2 ! messages to ! sev5 ,*ur*es are g5]ally reprov+1 n to dwell on _m scatt]$ passages ( ! same "*4 ,outsid]s1 moreov]1 speak v h>%ly ( ! ,*ri/ian societies4 ,tacitus--^: te/imony mu/ be all[$ "s weight1 if he be quot$ z a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! sect--says t !y 7 held 9 abhorr5ce = _! crimes1 & 7 condemn$ = _! enmity to mank9d 7! expression ( ,tacitus may ei!r mean hat]s ( mank9d1 or hat$ by mank9d71 expressions :i* %[ t ! adh]5ts ( ! high] & pur] morality 71 at lea/1 s+ul>ly un=tunate 9 ! impressions ( x :i* !y convey$ to _! neighb\rs by _! lives2 & we f9d1 fur!r1 ! mo/ sc&al\s crimes imput$ to ! ,*ri/ians1 necessitat+ ! en=cem5t aga9/ !m ( edicts pass$ to put d[n ! %ameful ,bac*analian my/]ies4 ,& "h1 inde$1 is ! true cause ( ! p]secution to :i* !y 7 subject$ "u ! j & m]ciful ,roman sway1 & ?is is a po9t t %\ld n be lo/ sight ( by ! /ud5t4 ,ab\t #ahf ,b4,c41 accord+ to ,livy 7lib4 xxxix4 c4 #h-ai71 ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t1 discov]+ t c]ta9 ,bac*analian my/]ies 7 habitually celebrat$ 9 ,rome1 issu$ /]n edicts aga9/ ! p>ticipants 9 !m1 & succe$+ 91 at lea/ p>tially1 suppress+ !m4 ,! reason giv5 by ! ,consul ,po/umius = ^! edicts 0 political1 n religi\s4 ,c\ld !y ?9k1 he ask$1 t y\?s1 initiat$ "u su* oa?s z !irs1 7 fit to be made soldi]s8 ,t wret*es br\ght out ( ! temple ( obsc5ity c\ld be tru/$ ) arms8 ,t ^? contam9at$ ) ! f\l debau*]ies ( ^! meet+s %\ld be ! *ampions = ! *a/ity ( ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! ,roman p8 ,let u n[ closely exam9e h[ f> ! ,eleus9ian & ,bac*analian fea/s resembl$ ! ,*ri/ian ,agapae--:e!r ! latt]1 modifi$ & alt]$ a little accord+ to ! *ange :i* w\ld take place 9 ! ta/e ( ! age1 orig9at$ f ! =m]1 or 7 altoge!r f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,we h se5 t ! =em5tion$ ,pagan fea/s 71 ?r\gh\t ,italy1 9 a v fl\ri%+ /ate ab\t #ahf ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we h also se5 t ab\t ?is "t !y 71 at lea/1 p>tially suppress$ 9 ,italy1 & ^? :o 7 wont to take "p 9 !m disp]s$ ov] ! _w4 ,be+ zeal\sly devot$ to ! religion ( :i* ^! fea/s 7 "p1 x is v natural to suppose t1 :]ev] ! vot>ies ( ?is sup]/ition settl$1 !y soon e/abli%$ ^! fea/s1 :i* !y 7 enabl$ to c>ry on secretly1 &1 !re=e1 = a consid]able "t1 undetect$4444 ,bo? ,pagans & ,*ri/ians1 9 anci5t times1 7 p>ticul>ly c>eful n to disclose _! my/]ies2 to d s1 9 violation ( _! oa?s1 w\ld co/ _! lives 7,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 by ,e4,p4 ,m]$i?1 notes1 pp4 #bbe1 #bbf74 ,mr4 ,m]$i? !n po9ts out h[ 9 ,rome1 9 ,lyons1 9 ,vi5ne1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 actually accus$ ( murd]+ *ildr5 & o!rs--( committ+ adult]y1 ince/1 & o!r flagrant crimes 9 _! secret lovefea/s4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 arises--7 !y really guilty ( ! b>b>\s crimes ) :i* !y 7 s (t5 =mally *>g$1 & = ! commission ( :i* !y 7 almo/ z (t5 legally condemn$1 & puni%$ ) dea?8 ,is x probable t p]sons at ,rome1 :o _h once belong$ to ^! lovefea/s1 %\ld tell a delib]ate falsehood t ! ,*ri/ians p]petrat$ ^! abom9able vices1 & t o!r p]sons 9 ,france1 :o _h also be5 connect$ ) ^! fea/s1 %\ld falsely /ate t ! ,*ri/ians 7 guilty ( ! v same execrable crimes8 ,!re 0 no collusion or connection :atev] betwe5 ^! p>ties1 & 9 mak+ _! /atem5ts1 !y c\ld h no self-int]e/$ motive4 ,!y liv$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 !y did n make _! /atem5ts )9 tw5ty ye>s ( ! same "t1 & by mak+ su* /atem5ts !y r5d]$ !mselves liable to be puni%$ ) dea?4444 ,! same rem>k applies to ! disclosures made1 ab\t #aej ye>s aft]1 by c]ta9 females 9 ,damascus1 f> remote f ei!r ,lyons or ,rome4 ,^! make precisely ! same /atem5t--t !y _h once be5 ,*ri/ians1 t !y 7 privy to crim9al acts among !m1 & t ^! ,*ri/ians1 9 _! v *ur*es1 committ$ lic5ti\s de$s4 ,! ,romans w\ld nev] h s rel5tlessly p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians _h !y n be5 guilty ( "s su* atrocities z 7 laid to _! *>ge4 ,!re are on record abundant pro(s t ! ,romans1 f ! e>lie/ acc\nt we h ( !m1 tol]at$ all h>mless religions--all su* z 7 n directly calculat$ to endang] ! public peace1 or vitiate public morals1 or r5d] life & prop]ty unsafe4444 ,s well kn[n 7 ^? horrid vices to be c>ri$ on by all ,*ri/ians 9 _! nocturnal & secret assemblies1 & s c]ta9 x 0 ?\ght t e "o :o 0 a ,*ri/ian p>ticipat$ 9 !m1 t = a p]son to be kn[n to be a ,*ri/ian 0 ?\ght a /rong presumptive pro( t he 0 guilty ( ^! (f5ces4 ,h5ce1 p]sons 9 _! prelim9>y exam9ations1 :o1 on be+ int]rogat$1 answ]$ t !y 7 ,*ri/ians1 7 ?\ght prop] subjects = committal to prison4444 ,pl9y fur!r indicates t :ile "s br\ght be=e him1 on in=mation1 refus$ to tell him any?+ z to ! nature ( _! nocturnal meet+s1 o!rs repli$ to 8 que/ions z f> z _! oa? p]mitt$ !m4 ,!y told him t x 0 _! practice1 z ,*ri/ians1 to meet on a /at$ day1 be=e daylight1 to s+ hymns2 & to b9d !mselves by a solemn oa? t !y w\ld d no wrong2 t !y w\ld n /eal1 nor rob1 nor commit any act ( un*a/ity2 t !y w\ld nev] violate a tru/2 & t !y jo9$ toge!r 9 a common & innoc5t repa/4 ,:ile all ^! answ]s to ! que/ions ( ! ,proconsul are sugge/ive ( ! crimes ) :i* ! ,*ri/ians 7 *>g$1 /ill !y are a d5ial ( e "o ( !m4444 ,! :ole t5or ( hi/orical facts is1 h[ev]1 aga9/ _! te/imony1 & ! ,proconsul did n believe !m2 b1 9 ord] to get at ! entire tru?1 put "s ( !m to ! torture1 & ultimately adj\rn$ _! trial see ante1 pp4 #bjc-bje4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,greek & ,lat9 writ]s m5tion ! ,*ri/ians goes f> to %[ t !y 7 guilty ( ! atroci\s crimes laid to _! *>ge4 ,suetonius 79 ,n]o7 calls !m1 ',a race ( m5 ( new & villa9\s sup]/ition' see ante1 p4 #bja4 ,! ,emp]or ,adrian1 9 a lett] to 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,s]vianus1 9 ! ye> #acd1 z giv5 by ,vospicius1 says3 ',!re is no presbyt] ( ! ,*ri/ians :o is n ei!r an a/rolog]1 a soo?say]1 or a m9i/] ( obsc5e pleasures4' ,tacitus tells u t ,n]o inflict$ exquisite puni%m5t ^u ^? p :o1 "u ! vulg> appellation ( ,*ri/ians1 7 held 9 abhorr5ce = _! crimes4 ,he also1 9 ! same place1 says !y 7 'odi\s to mank9d2' & calls _! religion a 'p]nici\s sup]/ition' see ante1 p4 #ii4 ,maximus1 likewise1 9 8 lett]1 calls !m 'vot>ies ( execrable vanity1' :o _h 'fill$ ! _w ) infamy4' ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ow+ to ! extreme measures tak5 aga9/ !m by ! ,romans1 bo? 9 ,italy & 9 all ! prov9ces1 ! ,*ri/ians1 by degrees1 7 =c$ to ab&on entirely 9 _! ,agapae infant murd]s1 toge!r ) e species ( obsc5ity1 reta9+1 nev]!less1 "s relics ( !m1 su* z ! kiss ( *>ity1 & ! bread & w9e1 :i* !y cont5d$ 0 transub/antiat$ into real fle% & blood4444 ,a v common way ( repell+ ^! *>ges 0 = "o sect ( ,*ri/ians1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 d5\nc$ all o!r sects z h]etics1 to urge t human sacrifices & ince/u\s fe/ivals 7 n celebrat$ by t sect1 b t !y 7 practis$ by o!r sects2 su*1 = example1 z ! ,m>cionites & ! ,capocratians4 7,ju/9 ,m>t41 ',apology1' i41 #ce2 ,ir541 adv4 ,ha]4 i41 #bd2 ,clem4 ,alex41 i41 #c47 ,:5 ,t]tullian jo9$ ! ,montani/s1 ano!r sect ( ,*ri/ians1 he divulg$ ! crim9al secrets ( ! ,*ur* :i* he _h s zeal\sly def5d$1 by say+1 9 8 ',treatise on ,fa/+1' c4 #ag1 t '9 ! ,agapae ! "y m5 lay ) _! si/]s1 & wall[$ 9 wantonness & luxury'4444 ,remnants ( ^! execrable cu/oms rema9$ = a long "t1 & ve/iges ( !m exi/ to ?is v day1 z well 9 c]ta9 words & phrases z 9 practice4 ,! communion table to ?is v day is call$ ! alt>1 ! "n ( t ^u :i* ! anci5ts sacrific$ _! victims4 ,! ^w sacram5t has a mean+1 z us$ by ,pl9y already cit$1 :i* c>ries u back to ! solemn oa? ( ! ,agapaei/s4 ,! ^w mass c>ries u back /ill fur!r1 & id5tifies ! pres5t mass ) t ( ! ,pagans4444 ,=m]ly ! consecrat$ bread 0 call$ ho/1 :i* ^w signifies a victim (f]$ z sacrifice1 anci5tly human v (t54444 ,j]ome & o!r ,fa!rs call$ ! communion bread--little body1 & ! communion table--my/ical table2 ! latt]1 9 allusion to ! hea!n & e>ly ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 & ! =m]1 9 ref]5ce to ! *ildr5 sacrific$ at ! ,agapae4 ,! great doctr9e ( transub/antiation directly po9ts to ! abom9able practice ( eat+ human fle% at ! ,agapae4444 ,^u ! :ole1 x is impossible1 f ! mass ( evid5ce already adduc$1 to avoid ! conclusion t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 _! ,agapae1 7 really guilty ( ! execrable vices ) :i* !y 7 s (t5 *>g$1 & = :i* !y 7 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,?is once admitt$1 a reasonable & adequate cause c be assign$ = ! sev]e p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians by ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t--a ,gov]nm5t :i* appli$ precisely ! same laws & modes ( p]secution & puni%m5t to !m z to ! vot>ies ( ! ,bac*analian & ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 well kn[n to h be5 accu/om$ to (f] human sacrifices1 & indulge 9 ! mo/ obsc5e lascivi\sness 9 _! secret assemblies2 & a ,gov]nm5t :i* tol]at$ all k9ds ( religions1 except ^? :i* enc\rag$ practices dang]\s to human life1 or p]nici\s to ! morals ( subjects4 ,nor c ! facts already advanc$ fail to %[ cle>ly t ! ,*ri/ian ,agapae 7 ( ,pagan orig9--7 id5tically ! same z ^? ,pagan fea/s :i* exi/$ simultane\sly ) !m 7,ibid1 notes1 pp4 #bbg1 #bca74 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,*ri/ians suff]$ = ^! crimes :e!r or no !y 7 guilty ( !m3 ,?ree ?+s are alleg$ aga9/ u3 ,a!ism1 ,?ye/ean fea/s1 ,o,edipodean int]c\rse1 says ,a!nagoras 7,apology1 *4 iii74 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ref]s to ! same *>ges 7#bnd ,apology1 *4 xii74 ,mon/]s ( wick$ness1 we are accus$ ( obs]v+ a holy rite1 9 :i* we kill a little *ild & !n eat x1 9 :i* aft] ! fea/ we practise ince/4444 ,come1 plunge y\r knife into ! babe1 enemy ( none1 accus$ ( none1 *ild ( all2 or if t is ano!r's "w1 simply take y\r place beside a human be+ dy+ be=e he has really liv$1 await ! dep>ture ( ! lately-giv5 s\l1 receive ! fre% "y blood1 saturate y\r bread ) x1 freely p>take 7,apology1 ,t]tullian1 secs4 #g1 #h74 ,t]tullian pleads e>ne/ly t ^! accusations 7 false3 if y _c d x1 y ought n to believe x ( o!rs4 ,= a ,*ri/ian is a man z well z y 7,ibid74 ,yet1 :5 ,t]tullian became a ,montani/1 he decl>$ t ^! v crimes 7 committ$ at ! ,agapae1 s t he spoke falsely ei!r 9 ! "o case or 9 ! o!r4 ,x 0 sometimes fa9tly ins9uat$1 & sometimes boldly ass]t$1 t ! same bloody sacrifices & ! same ince/u\s fe/ivals1 :i* 7 s falsely ascrib$ to ! or?odox believ]s1 7 9 reality celebrat$ by ! ,m>cionites1 by ! ,c>pocratians1 & by sev]al o!r sects ( ! ,gno/ics4444 ,accusations ( a simil> k9d 7 retort$ ^u ! ,*ur* by ! s*ismatics :o _h dep>t$ f its communion2 & x 0 confess$ on all sides t ! mo/ sc&al\s lic5ti\sness ( mann]s prevail$ among great numb]s ( ^? :o affect$ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians4 ,a ,pagan magi/rate1 :o possess$ nei!r leisure nor abilities to disc]n ! almo/ imp]ceptible l9e :i* divides ! or?odox fai? f h]etical depravity1 might easily h imag9$ t _! mutual animosity _h extort$ ! discov]y ( _! common guilt 7,decl9e & ,fall1 ,gibbon1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bjd1 #bje74 ,x 0 =tunate1 ! hi/orian concludes1 t "s ( ! magi/rates report$ t !y discov]$ no su* crim9ality4 ,x is1 be x not$1 simultane\sly ) ! promulgation ( ^! *>ges t ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians takes place2 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury v little is he>d ( su*1 & !re is v little p]secution see ante1 pp4 #bji-bac4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury ! *>ges are frequ5t1 & s are ! p]secutions4 ,to ^! /rong argum5ts may be add$ ! ackn[l$gm5t 9 #a4 ,cor4 xi41 #ag1 #bb1 ( disord] & drunk5ness at ^! ,agapae2 ! habit ( speak+ ( ! communion fea/ z ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 a habit /ill kept up 9 ! ,anglican pray]-book2 ! fact t !y took place at night1 "u cov] ( d>kness1 a cu/om = :i* !re 0 n ! smalle/ reason1 unless ! s]vice 7 ( a nature s objectionable z to br+ x "u ! ban ( ! tol]ant ,roman law2 & la/ly1 ! use ( ! cross1 & ! sign ( ! cross1 ! c5tral ,*ri/ian emblem1 & "o t1 especially 9 connection ) ! my/]ies1 is ( no dubi\s signification4 ,?us1 9 ! twilight 9 :i* !y 7 veil$ 9 ^? e>ly days1 ! ,*ri/ians appe> to u z a sect ( v diff]5t "* to t be/[$ ^u !m by ,paley4 ,a little lat]1 :5 !y em]ge into hi/orical light1 _! own writ]s give u suffici5t evid5ce :]eby we may judge !m2 & we f9d !m sup]/iti\s1 grossly ignorant1 qu>relsome1 cruel1 divid$ into ascetics & pr(ligates1 betwe5 :om x is h>d to aw>d ! palm = degradation & indec5cy4 ,hav+ prov$--9 ! above fa%ion--t a numb] ( p 9 ! fir/ c5tury advanc$ an extraord9>y /ory1 und]w5t p]secution1 & alt]$ _! mann] ( life1 because ( x1 ,paley ?9ks x 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 t ! /ory = :i* ^! p]sons volunt>ily expos$ !mselves to ! fatigues & h>d%ips :i* !y endur$1 0 a miracul\s /ory2 ,i mean1 t !y pret5d$ to miracul\s evid5ce ( "s k9d or o!r 7,evid5ces1 p4 #fd74 ,t ! ,*ri/ians believ$ 9 a miracul\s /ory may freely be ackn[l$g$1 b x is evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! /ory t we want1 n evid5ce ( _! belief 9 x4 ,_m ignorant p believe 9 wit*craft & 9 =tune-tell+ n[-a-days1 b _! belief only proves _! own ignorance1 & n ! tru? ( ei!r sup]/ition4 ,! next /ep 9 ! argum5t is t ! /ory :i* ,*ri/ians h n[ is ! /ory :i* ,*ri/ians _h !n & x is urg$ t !re is 9 exi/5ce no trace ( any /ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/ sub/antially diff]5t f ours 7,evid5ces1 p4 #fi74 ,x is h>d to judge h[ mu* diff]5ce is cov]$ by ! ^w sub/antially4 ,all ! apocryphal gospels diff] v mu* f ! canonical1 ins]t say+s & do+s ( ,*ri/ n to be f\nd 9 ! receiv$ hi/ories1 & make 8 "* ! rev]se ( good or lovable to a f> great] ext5t ?an ! f\r4 ,t ,*ri/ 0 miracul\sly born1 work$ miracles1 0 crucifi$1 buri$1 rose aga91 asc5d$1 may be accept$ z sub/antial p>ts ( ! /ory4 ,yet ,m>k & ,john knew no?+ ( ! bir?1 :ile1 if ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les are to be tru/$1 ! apo/les 7 equally ignorant2 ?us ! great doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation ( ,god )\t natural g5]ation1 is ?or\ghly ignor$ by all save ,mat!w & ,luke1 & ev5 ^! de/roy _! own /ory by giv+ g5ealogies ( ,jesus ?r\gh ,joseph1 :i* are useless unless ,joseph 0 8 real fa!r4 ,! bir? f a virg91 !n has no claim to be "p ( ,paley's miracul\s /ory 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,! evid5ce ( miracle-work+ by ,*ri/ to be f\nd 9 ! ,epi/les is *iefly conspicu\s by its abs5ce1 b x figures l>gely 9 po/-apo/olic works4 ,! crucifixion1 resurrection1 & asc5sion are g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & ^! ?ree incid5ts compose ! :ole /ory = :i* a cons5sus ( te/imony c be claim$2 x w1 p]haps1 be fair to conc$e also t ,*ri/ is recognis$ univ]sally z a miracle-work]1 9 spite ( ! /range sil5ce ( ! epi/les4 ,we ne$ n ref] to ! te/imony ( ,clem5t1 ,polyc>p or ,ignatius1 hav+ already %[n :at dep5d5ce may be plac$ on _! writ+s4 ,b we h n[ ?ree new witnesses1 ,b>nabas1 ,quadratus1 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,paley says3 ,9 an epi/le1 be>+ ! "n ( ,b>nabas1 ! companion ( ,paul1 probably g5u9e1 c]ta9ly belong+ to t age1 we h ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 etc4 7,evid5ces p4 #ge74 ,probably g5u9e1 c]ta9ly belong+ to t age6 ,is ,paley jok+ ) 8 read]s1 or only trad+ on _! ignorance8 ,! lett] itself be>s no au?or's "n1 is n dat$ f any place1 & is n address$ to any special community4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 h[ev]1 tradition began to ascribe x to ,b>nabas1 ! companion ( ,paul4 ,! fir/ writ] :o m5tions x is ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria head ( ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool1 ,a4,d4 #bje :o calls its au?or sev]al times ! ',apo/le ,b>nabas'4444 ,we h already se5 9 ! case ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,clem5t ( ,rome1 &1 z we proce$1 we %all become only too famili> ) ! fact1 ! s+ul> facility ) :i*1 9 ! total abs5ce ( critical discrim9ation1 spuri\s writ+s 7 ascrib$ by ! ,fa!rs to ,apo/les & _! foll[]s4444 ,cr$ul\s piety :i* attribut$ writ+s to e ,apo/le1 & ev5 to ,jesus himself1 soon f\nd au?ors = ea* anonym\s "w ( an edify+ "*4444 ,9 ! e>li] days ( criticism1 "s writ]s1 )\t mu* "q1 adopt$ ! traditional view z to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/les1 b ! great mass ( critics are n[ agre$ 9 ass]t+ t ! composition1 :i* itself is p]fectly anonym\s1 _c be attribut$ to ,b>nabas ! fri5d & fell[ work] ( ,paul4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! =m] op9ion date ! ,epi/le ab\t ,a4,d4 #gj-gc1 or ev5 e>li]1 b ?is is sc>cely ! view ( any liv+ critic 7,sup]natural ,religion1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bcg-bci74 ,f its cont5ts x seems unlikely t x 0 writt5 by a companion ( ,apo/les & a ,levite4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is probable t ,b>nabas di$ be=e ,a4,d4 #fb2 & ! lett] conta9s n only an allusion to ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% temple1 b also affirms ! abnegation ( ! ,sabba?1 & ! g5]al celebration ( ! ,"l's ,day1 :i* seems to %[ t x c\ld n h be5 writt5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury 7,we/cott on ! ,canon1 p4 #da74 ,no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n z to ! au?or ( ! foll[+ epi/le4 ,! writ]'s "n is ,b>nabas2 b sc>cely any s*ol>s n[ ascribe x to ! illu/ri\s fri5d & companion ( ,/4 ,paul4444 ,! int]nal evid5ce is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z conclusive aga9/ ?is op9ion4444 ,! ext]nal evid5ce ascrib+ x to ,b>nabas is ( itself weak1 & %\ld n make u hesitate = a mom5t 9 refus+ to ascribe ?is writ+ to ,b>nabas1 ! apo/le4444 ,! g5]al op9ion is1 t its date is n lat] ?an ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & t x _c be plac$ e>li] ?an "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s or s be=e4 ,9 po9t ( /yle1 bo? z respects ?\ght & expression1 a v l[ place mu/ be assign$ x4 ,we "k no?+ c]ta9 ( ! region 9 :i* ! au?or liv$1 or :]e ! fir/ read]s 7 to be f\nd 7,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 pp4 #ii1 #ajj74 ,! ,epi/le is n ascrib$ to ,b>nabas at all until ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,eusebius m>ks x z spuri\s 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 iii41 *ap4 xxv74 ,l>dn] speaks ( x z probably ,b>nabas's1 & c]ta9ly anci5t 7,cr$ibility1 pt4 ii41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cj74 ,:5 we see ! utt] conflict ( evid5ce z to ! writ+s ( all ^! primitive au?ors1 we c sc>cely wond] at ! frank av[al ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles3 ,! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs lab\r "u a m heavy load ( d\bt & suspicion ?an any o!r anci5t compositions1 ei!r sacr$ or pr(ane 7,*ri/ian ,records1 p4 #ec74 ,paley1 9 quot+ ,quadratus1 does n tell u t ! passage he quotes is ! only writ+ ( ,quadratus extant1 & is only pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 :o says t he takes x f an apology address$ by ,quadratus to ! ,emp]or ,adrian4 ,adrian reign$ f ,a4,d4 #aag-ach1 & ! apology mu/ consequ5tly h be5 pres5t$ betwe5 ^! dates4 ,if ! apology be g5u9e1 ,quadratus makes ! extraord9>y ass]tion t "s ( ! p rais$ f ! dead by ,jesus 7 !n liv+4 ,jesus is only record$ to h rais$ ?ree p--a girl1 a "y man1 & ,laz>us2 we w take _! ages at t51 tw5ty1 & ?irty4 ,"s ( ^? rais$ _c be less ?an two out ( ! ?ree2 we w say ! two y\nge/4 ,!n !y 7 alive at ! respectable ages ( f #ie-aaf1 & f #aje-abf4 ,! fir/ may be tak5 z j )9 ! limits ( possibility2 ! second z beyond !m2 b ,quadratus talks 9 a :olesale fa%ion1 :i* q de/roys 8 cr$ibility1 & we c lay b little /ress on ! c>efulness or tru/wor?9ess ( a hi/orian :o speaks 9 su* reckless words4 ,add$ to ?is1 we f9d no trace ( ?is passage until ,eusebius writes x 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & x is well kn[n t ,eusebius 0 n too p>ticul> 9 8 quotations1 ?9k+ t 8 duty 0 only to make out ! be/ case he c\ld4 ,he frankly says3 ,we are totally unable to f9d ev5 ! b>e ve/iges ( ^? :o may h travell$ ! way be=e u2 unless1 p]haps1 :at is only pres5t$ 9 ! slight intimations1 :i* "s 9 diff]5t ways h transmitt$ to u 9 c]ta9 p>tial n>ratives ( ! times 9 :i* !y liv$4444 ,:atsoev]1 !re=e1 we deem likely to be advantage\s to ! propos$ subject we %all endeav\r to r$uce to a compact body 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 i41 *ap4 i74 ,accord+ly1 he produces a full ,*ur* ,hi/ory out ( mat]ials :i* are only slight intimations1 & c>efully draws out 9 detail a pa? ( :i* n ev5 ! b>e ve/iges are left4 ,little wond] t he _h to rely s mu* ^u 8 imag9ation1 :5 he _h to build a *ur*1 & _h no /raws = 8 bricks4 ,paley br+s ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7born ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajc1 di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #afg7 z 8 la/ au?ority--z aft] 8 "t ! /ory may be tak5 z e/abli%$--& says3 ,f ,ju/9's works1 :i* are /ill extant1 might be collect$ a tol]ably complete acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s life1 9 all po9ts agree+ ) t :i* is deliv]$ 9 our ,scriptures2 tak51 inde$1 9 a great measure1 f ^? ,scriptures1 b /ill prov+ t ?is acc\nt1 & no o!r1 0 ! acc\nt kn[n & extant 9 t age 7,evid5ces1 p4 #gg74 ,if no o!r acc\nt 0 extant1 ,ju/9 mu/ h l>gely drawn on 8 own imag9ation :5 he pret5ds to be quot+4 ,jesus1 accord+ to ,ju/91 is conceiv$ ( ! ,^w 7,apol41 i4 #cc71 n ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ?ird p]son1 ! ,holy ,gho/ be+ said to be id5tical ) ! ,^w2 & he is ?us conceiv$ by himself4 ,he is born1 n 9 ,be?lehem 9 a /able1 b 9 a cave ne> ! village1 because ,joseph c\ld f9d no lodg+ 9 ,be?lehem 7,dial4 #gh74 ,! magi come1 n f ! ,ea/1 b f ,arabia 7,dial4 #gg74 ,jesus works z a c>p5t]1 mak+ pl\ghs & yokes 7,dial4 #hh74 ,! /ory ( ! baptism is v diff]5t 7,dial4 #hh74 ,9 ! trial ,jesus is set on ! judgm5t seat1 & taunt+ly bidd5 to judge 8 accus]s 7,apol41 i4 #ce74 ,all ! apo/les d5y him1 & =sake him1 aft] he is crucifi$ 7,apol41 i4 #ej74 ,^! in/ances might be increas$1 &1 z we %all see lat]1 ,ju/9 manife/ly quotes f acc\nts o!r ?an ! canonical gospels4 ,yet ,paley pret5ds t no o!r acc\nt 0 extant1 & t 9 ! v face ( ,luke i4 #a1 :i* decl>es t _m h tak5 9 h& ! writ+ ( su* hi/ories4 ,if ,paley _h simply said t ! /ory ( a miracle-work]1 nam$ ! ,ano9t$ ,savi\r1 :o 0 born ( a virg91 0 crucifi$1 rose & asc5d$ into heav51 0 told ) _m v>iations among ! ,*ri/ians4 f ab\t #ajj ye>s aft] 8 suppos$ bir?1 he w\ld h spok5 truly2 & _h he add$ to ?is1 t ! v same /ory 0 told among ,egyptians & ,h9doos1 _m hundr$s ( ye>s e>li]1 he w\ld h treat$ 8 read]s hone/ly1 al?\gh he might n !reby h increas$ _! belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,be=e we pass on to ! la/ evid5ces (f]$ by ,paley1 :i* necessitate a clos] inve/igation into ! value ( ! te/imony borne by ! patri/ic1 to ! canonical1 writ+s1 x w be well to put broadly ! fact1 t ^! ,fa!rs are simply wor?less z witnesses to any matt] ( fact1 ow+ to ! absurd & incr$ible /ories :i* !y relate ) ! mo/ p]fect fai?4 ,( critical faculty !y h none2 ! mo/ *ildi% nons5se is accept$ by !m1 ) ! grave/ face2 no /ory is too silly1 no falsehood too gl>+1 = !m to believe & to retail1 9 fulle/ confid5ce ( its tru?4 ,gross ignorance is "o ( _! *>act]i/ics2 !y are sup]/iti\s1 cr$ul\s1 illit]ate1 to an almo/ incr$ible ext5t4 ,clem5t consid]s t ! ,"l cont9ually proves to u t !re %all be a future resurrection by ! foll[+ fact1 among o!rs3 ,let u consid] t wond]ful sign :i* takes place 9 ,ea/]n l&s--t is1 9 ,arabia & ! c\ntries r\nd ab\t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 bird :i* is call$ a pho5ix4 ,?is is ! only "o ( its k9d1 & lives #ejj ye>s4 ,& :5 ! "t ( its dissolution draws ne> t x mu/ die1 x builds itself a ne/ ( frank9c5se1 & myrrh1 & o!r spices1 into :i*1 :5 ! "t is fulfill$1 x ent]s & dies4 ,b1 z ! fle% decays1 a c]ta9 k9d ( worm is produc$1 :i*1 be+ n\ri%$ by ! juices ( ! dead bird1 br+s =? fea!rs4 ,!n1 :5 x has acquir$ /r5g?1 x takes up t ne/ 9 :i* are ! bones ( its p>5t1 &1 be>+ ^!1 x passes f ! l& ( ,arabia into ,egypt1 to ! city call$ ,heliopolis4 ,& 9 op5 day1 fly+ 9 ! sight ( all m51 x places !m on ! alt> ( ! sun1 &1 hav+ done ?is1 ha/5s back to its =m] abode4 ,! prie/s !n inspect ! regi/]s ( ! dates1 & f9d t x has return$ exactly z ! #ejj? ye> 0 complet$ 7#a/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 *ap4 xxv474 ,surely ! evid5ce "h %\ld satisfy ,paley z to ! tru? ( ?is /ory3 ! op5 day1 fly+ 9 ! sight ( all m51 ! prie/s inspect+ ! regi/]s1 & all ?is v\*$ = by ,clem5t himself6 ,h[ reliable mu/ be ! te/imony ( ! apo/olic ,clem5t6 ,t]tullian1 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 & ,cyril ( ,j]usalem m5tion ! same tale4 ,we h already drawn att5tion to t :i* 0 se5 by ! writ]s ( ! circul> lett] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna4 ,b>nabas loses himself 9 a maze ( allegorical mean+s1 & gives u "s delightful in/ruction 9 natural hi/ory2 he is deal+ ) ! directions ( ,moses z to clean & unclean animals3 ',?\ %alt n1' he says1 'eat ! h>e4' ,:]e=e8 ',?\ %alt n be a corrupt] ( boys1 nor l unto su*4' ,because ! h>e multiplies1 ye> by ye>1 ! places ( its conception2 = z _m ye>s z x lives1 s _m =am9a x has4 ,moreov]1 ',?\ %alt n eat ! hya5a4'444 ,:]e=e8 ,because t animal annually *anges its sex1 & is at "o "t male1 & at ano!r female4 ,moreov]1 he has rightly dete/$ ! weasel 444 ,= ?is animal conceives by ! m\?4444 ,behold h[ well ,moses legislat$ 7,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 *apt] x474 ',& ,abraham circumcis$ t5 & eight & ?ree hundr$ m5 ( 8 h\sehold4' ,:at1 !n1 0 ! k giv5 to him 9 ?is8 ,le>n ! eighte5 fir/1 & !n ! ?ree hundr$4 ,! t5 & ! eight are ?us d5ot$--,t5 by ,i1 & ,eight by ,h4 ,y h ,jesus4 ,& because ! cross 0 to express ! grace by ! lett] ,t1 he says also ,?ree ,hundr$4 ,he signifies1 !re=e1 ,jesus by two lett]s1 & ! cross by "o4444 ,no "o has be5 admitt$ by me to a m excell5t piece ( k ?an ?is1 b ,i "k t ye are wor?y 7,ibid1 *apt] ix474 ,& ?is is ,paley's companion ( ! ,apo/les6 ,ignatius tells u ( ! /> ( ,be?lehem4 ,a /> %one =? 9 heav5 above all o!r />s1 & ! light ( :i* 0 inexpressible1 :ile its novelty /ruck m5 ) a/oni%m5t4 ,& all ! re/ ( ! />s1 ) ! sun & moon1 =m$ a *orus to ?is /> 7,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 *ap4 xix474 ,:y %\ld we accept ,ignatius' te/imony to ! />1 & reject 8 te/imony to ! sun & moon & />s s++ to x8 ,or take ,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus3 ,i h ?is fur!r to say to ! ,greeks1 :o w n believe t our ,savi\r 0 born ( a virg93 t ! ,creator ( ! _w1 if he pleases1 c make e animal br+ =? its "y 9 ! same wond]ful mann]4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! vultures propagate _! k9d 9 ?is uncommon way1 z ! be/ writ]s ( natural hi/ory d acqua9t u 7*ap1 xxxiii41 z quot$ 9 ,diegesis1 p4 #cai74 ,or %all we turn to ,ir5u1 s invaluable a witness1 s9ce he knew ,polyc>p1 :o knew ,john1 :o knew ,jesus8 ,li/51 !n1 to ! rem9isc5ces ( ,john1 z report$ by ,ir5u3 ,john relat$ ! words ( ! ,"l conc]n+ ! times ( ! k+dom ( ,god3 ! days w\ld come :5 v9es w\ld gr[1 ea* ) #aj1jjj %oots1 & to ea* %oot #aj1jjj bran*es1 & to ea* bran* #aj1jjj twigs1 & to ea* twig #aj1jjj clu/]s1 & to ea* clu/] #aj1jjj grapes1 & ea* grape :i* is cru%$ w yield tw5ty-five measures ( w9e4 ,& :5 "o ( ! sa9ts w rea* aft] "o ( ^! clu/]s1 ano!r w cry3 ',i am a bett] clu/] ?an x2 take me1 & praise ! ,"l because ( me4' ,likewise1 a gra9 ( :eat w produce #aj1jjj e>s1 ea* e> #aj1jjj gra9s1 ea* gra9 t5 p\nds ( f9e :ite fl\r4 ,o!r fruits1 & se$s1 & h]bs 9 proportion4 ,! :ole brute creation1 fe$+ on su* ?+s z ! e>? br+s =?1 w become sociable & peaceable toge!r1 & subject to man ) all humility 7,ir54 ,ha]41 v41 #cc1 #c-d1 z quot$ 9 ,keim's ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 p4 #de74 ,:at tru/ c be plac$ 9 ! tru? ( facts to :i* ^! m5 pret5d to be> witness :5 we f9d ,/4 ,augu/9e prea*+ t he himself1 be+ at t "t ,bi%op ( ,hippo ,regius1 _h prea*$ ! ,gospel ( our ,"l & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/ to a :ole nation ( m5 & wom5 t _h no heads1 b _h _! eyes 9 _! bosoms2 & 9 c\ntries /ill m s\!rly he prea*$ to a nation among :om ea* individual _h b "o eye1 & t situate 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead 7,syntagma1 p4 #cc1 z quot$ 9 ,diegesis1 p4 #beg74 ,eusebius tells u ( a man1 nam$ ,sanctus1 :o 0 tortur$ until 8 body 0 "o cont9u$ w\nd1 mangl$ & %rivell$1 t _h entirely lo/ ! =m ( man2 &1 :5 ! torm5tors began aga9 on ! same day1 he recov]$ ! =m] %ape & habit ( 8 limbs 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 v41 *ap4 i474 ,he !n 0 s5t to ! amphi!atre1 pass+ d[n ! lane ( sc\rg]s1 0 dragg$ ab\t & lac]at$ by ! wild bea/1 roa/$ 9 an iron *air1 & aft] ?is 0 at la/ dispat*$6 ,o!r acc\nts1 su* z t ( a man sc\rg$ till 8 bones 7 b>$ ( ! fle%1 & !n sl[ly tortur$1 are giv5 z hi/ory1 z ?\gh a man 9 t condition w\ld n spe$ily ble$ to dea?4 ,b x is useless to give m ( ^! fooli% /ories1 :i* we>y u z we toil ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,well may ,mo%eim say t ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 & ! o!r writ]s1 :o1 9 ! infancy ( ! ,*ur*1 employ$ _! p5s 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity1 7 nei!r rem>kable = _! le>n+ nor _! eloqu5ce 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 p4 #cb74 ,?or\ghly unreliable z !y are1 !y are useless z witnesses ( suppos$ miracul\s ev5ts2 &1 9 relat+ ord9>y occurr5ces1 !y %\ld n be dep5d$ ^u 9 any matt] ( importance1 unless !y be corroborat$ by m tru/wor?y hi/orians4 ,! la/ po9t ,paley urges 9 support ( 8 proposition is1 t ! acc\nts conta9$ 9 ! hi/orical ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are des]v+ ( cr$it z hi/ories1 & t su* is ! situation ( ! au?ors to :om ! f\r ,gospels are ascrib$ t1 if any "o ( ! f\r be g5u9e1 x is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,?is br+s u1 inde$1 to ! crucial po9t ( our inve/igation1 =1 z we c ga9 s little in=mation f ext]nal s\rces1 we are p]=ce driv5 to ! ,*ri/ian writ+s !mselves4 ,if !y break d[n "u criticism z completely z ! ext]nal evid5ces h done1 !n ,*ri/ianity becomes hopelessly discr$it$ z to its hi/orical basis1 & mu/ simply take rank ) ! o!r my?ologies ( ! _w4 ,b be=e we c accept ! writ+s z hi/orical1 we are b\nd to inve/igate _! au!nticity & cr$ibility4 ,does ! ext]nal evid5ce suffice to prove _! au!nticity8 ,d ! cont5ts ( ! books !mselves comm5d !m z cr$ible to our intellig5ce8 ,x is possible t1 al?\gh ! hi/orical evid5ce au!nticat+ !m be some:at defective1 yet ! ?or\gh coh]5cy & reasonabl5ess ( ! books may induce u to consid] !m z reliable2 or1 if ! latt] po9ts be lack+ f ! sup]natural "* ( ! occurr5ces relat$1 yet ! evid5ce ( au!nticity may be s ov]:elm+ z to place ! accuracy ( ! acc\nts beyond cavil4 ,b if ext]nal evid5ce be want+1 & int]nal evid5ce be fatal to ! tru?fulness ( ! writ+s1 !n x w become our duty to remove !m f ! temple ( hi/ory1 & to place !m 9 ! fairy g>d5s ( fancy & ( my?1 :]e !y may amuse & in/ruct ! /ud5t1 )\t mislead+ him z to que/ions ( fact4 ,! positions :i* we "h lay d[n are3-- a4 ,t =g]ies be>+ ! names ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! apo/les1 & ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 7 v common 9 ! primitive ,*ur*4 b4 ,t !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! canonical f ! apocryphal writ+s4 c4 ,t x is n kn[n :]e1 :51 by :om1 ! canonical writ+s 7 select$4 d4 ,t be=e ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj !re is no trace ( f\r ,gospels among ! ,*ri/ians4 e4 ,t be=e t date ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john are n select$ z ! f\r evangeli/s4 f4 ,t !re is no evid5ce t ! f\r ,gospels m5tion$ ab\t t date 7 ! same z ^? we h n[4 g4 ,t !re is evid5ce t two ( !m 7 n ! same4 h4 ,t !re is evid5ce t ! e>li] records 7 n ! ,gospels n[ e/eem$ canonical4 i4 ,t ! books !mselves %[ m>ks ( _! lat] orig94 j4 ,t ! language 9 :i* !y are writt5 is presumptive evid5ce aga9/ _! au!nticity4 k4 ,t !y are 9 !mselves utt]ly unwor?y ( cr$it1 f 7#a7 ! miracles ) :i* !y ab\nd1 7#b7 ! num]\s contradictions ( ea* by ! o!rs1 7#c7 ! fact t ! /ory ( ! h]o1 ! doctr9es1 ! miracles1 7 curr5t long be=e ! suppos$ dates ( ! ,gospels2 s t ^! ,gospels are simply a pat*work compos$ ( old] mat]ials4 ,paley beg9s 8 argum5t by suppos+ t ! fir/ & f\r? ,gospels 7 writt5 by ! apo/les ,mat!w & ,john1 f p]sonal k & recollection 7,evid5ces1 p4 #hg71 & t !y mu/ !re=e be ei!r true1 or wilfully false2 ! latt] be+ mo/ improbable1 z !y w\ld !n be villa9s = no end b to tea* hone/y1 & m>tyrs )\t ! lea/ prospect ( hon\r or advantage 7,ibid1 page #hh74 ,b suppos+ t ,mat!w & ,john wrote "s ,gospels1 we %\ld ne$ pro( t ! ,gospels :i* we h1 suppos+ !m to be copies ( ^? ?us writt51 h n be5 mu* alt]$ s9ce !y left ! apo/les' h&s4 ,we %\ld next ask h[ ,mat!w c report f p]sonal k & recollection all t comes 9 8 ,gospel be=e he 0 call$ f 8 tax-ga!r+1 z well z _m incid5ts at :i* he 0 n pres5t8 & :e!r 8 reliability z a witness is n t]ribly weak5$ by 8 mak+ no di/9ction betwe5 :at 0 fact )9 8 own k1 & :at 0 simple he>say8 ,fur!r1 we rem>k t "s ( ! tea*+ is ! rev]se ( tea*+ hone/y1 & t su* in/ruction z ,matt4 v4 #ci-db w\ld1 if accept$1 exactly suit villa9s2 t ! extreme glorification ( ! ma/] w\ld naturally be reflect$ ^u ! twelve :o foll[$ him1 & ! au?ority ( ! writ]s w\ld !reby be mu* increas$ & confirm$2 t pure moral tea*+ on "s po9ts is no gu>antee ( ! morality ( ! tea*]1 = a tyrant1 or an ambiti\s prie/1 w\ld naturally wi% to disc\rage crime ( "s k9ds 9 ^? he desir$ to rule2 t su* tyrant or prie/ c\ld f9d no bett] cre$ to s]ve 8 purpose ?an meek1 submissive1 non-resi/+1 heav5-seek+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us we f9d ,mo%eim say+ ( ,con/ant9e3 ,x is1 inde$1 probable t ?is pr9ce p]ceiv$ ! admirable t5d5cy ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e & precepts to promote ! /ability ( gov]nm5t1 by pres]v+ ! citiz5s 9 _! ob$i5ce to ! reign+ p[]s1 & 9 ! practice ( ^? virtues t r5d] a ,/ate happy 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 p4 #hg74 ,we discov] ,*>lemagne en=c+ ,*ri/ianity among ! ,saxons by sword & fire1 hop+ t x w\ld1 among o!r ?+s1 induce !m to submit m tamely to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,franks 7,ibid1 p4 #agj74 ,& we see mission>ies among ! savages usurp+ a despotic dom9ion ov] _! obsequi\s proselytes 7,ibid1 p4 #aeg72 & ,/4 ,boniface1 ! apo/le ( ,g]many1 (t5 employ+ viol5ce & t]ror1 & sometimes artifice & fraud1 9 ord] to multiply ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 7,ibid1 p4 #afi74 ,?us d villa9s v (t5 tea* hone/y4 ,nor is x true t ^! apo/les 7 m>tyrs _! m>tyrdom be+ unprov$ )\t ! lea/ prospect ( hon\r or advantage2 on ! contr>y1 !y desir$ to "k :at !y w\ld get by foll[+ ,jesus4 ,:at %all we h1 !re=e8444 ,ye :i* h foll[$ me %all sit ^u twelve ?rones 7,matt4 xix4 #bg-cj72 &1 fur!r1 9 ,m>k ix4 #bh-ca1 we are told t any "o :o =sakes any?+ = ,jesus %all receive an hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is "t1 z well z et]nal life 9 ! _w to come4 ,surely1 !n1 !re 0 prospect en\gh ( hon\r & advantage8 ,^! rem>ks apply q z /rongly to ,m>k & ,luke1 nei!r ( :om are pret5d$ to be eye-witnesses4 ,( ,m>k we "k no?+1 except t x is said t !re 0 a man nam$ ,john1 ^: surname 0 ,m>k 7,acts xii4 #ab & #be71 :o ran away f 8 "w 7,acts xv4 #ch72 & a man nam$ ,m>cus1 nephew ( ,b>nabas 7,col4 iv4 #aj71 :o may1 or may n1 be ! same1 b is probably somebody else1 z he is ) ,paul2 & "o ( ! same "n is spok5 ( 7#b ,tim4 ii47 z pr(itable = ! m9i/ry1 :i* ,john ,m>k 0 n1 & :o 7,philemon #bd7 0 a fell[-lab\r] ) ,paul 9 ,rome1 :ile ,john ,m>k 0 reject$ 9 ?is capacity by ,paul at ,antio*4 ,:y ,m>k1 or ,john ,m>k1 %\ld write a ,gospel1 he n hav+ be5 an eye-witness1 or :y ,m>k1 or ,john ,m>k1 %\ld be id5tical ) ,m>k ! ,evangeli/1 only writ]s ( ,*ri/ian evid5ces c hope to und]/&4 ,a4 ,t =g]ies1 be>+ ! names ( ,*ri/1 ( ! apo/les1 & ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 7 v common 9 ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,! op9ions1 or r ! conjectures1 ( ! le>n$ conc]n+ ! "t :5 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 collect$ into "o volume1 z also ab\t ! au?ors ( t collection1 are extremely diff]5t4 ,?is important "q is att5d$ ) great & almo/ insup]able difficulties to u 9 ^! latt] times 7,mo%eim's ,eccles4 ,hi/41 p4 #ca74 ,^! difficulties arise1 to a great ext5t1 f ! l>ge numb] ( =g]ies1 purport+ to be writ+s ( ,*ri/1 ( ! apo/les1 & ( ! apo/olic ,fa!rs1 curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,=1 n long aft] ,*ri/'s asc5sion into heav51 sev]al hi/ories ( 8 life & doctr9es1 full ( pi\s frauds & fabul\s wond]s1 7 compos$ by p]sons ^: int5tions1 p]haps1 7 n bad1 b ^: writ+s discov]$ ! greate/ sup]/ition & ignorance4 ,nor 0 ?is all2 productions appe>$ :i* 7 impos$ ^u ! _w by fraudul5t m51 z ! writ+s ( ! holy apo/les 7,ibid1 p4 #ca74 ,ano!r errone\s practice 0 adopt$ by !m1 :i*1 ?\gh x 0 n s univ]sal z ! o!r1 0 yet extremely p]nici\s1 & prov$ a s\rce ( numb]less evils to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! ,platoni/s & ,py?agoreans held x z a maxim1 t x 0 n only lawful1 b ev5 praisewor?y1 to deceive1 & ev5 to use ! exp$i5t ( a lie1 9 ord] to advance ! cause ( tru? & piety4 ,! ,jews1 :o liv$ 9 ,egypt1 _h le>n$ & receiv$ ?is maxim f !m1 be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 z appe>s inconte/ably f a multitude ( anci5t records2 & ! ,*ri/ians 7 infect$ f bo? ^! s\rces ) ! same p]nici\s error1 z appe>s f ! numb] ( books attribut$ falsely to great & v5]able names1 f ! ,sibyll9e v]ses1 & sev]al suppositi\s productions :i* 7 spread abroad 9 ?is & ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,x does n1 inde$1 seem probable t all ^! pi\s frauds 7 *>geable ^u ! pr(essors ( real ,*ri/ianity1 ^u ^? :o ent]ta9$ j & rational s5tim5ts ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,! greate/ "p ( ^! fictiti\s writ+s und\bt$ly fl[$ f ! f]tile inv5tion ( ! ,gno/ic sects1 ?\gh x _c be affirm$ t ev5 true ,*ri/ians 7 entirely innoc5t & irreproa*able 9 ?is matt] 7,ibid1 p4 #ee74 ,?is dis+5u\s & vici\s me?od ( surpris+ _! adv]s>ies by artifice1 & /rik+ !m d[n1 z x 71 by lies & fiction1 produc$1 among o!r disagreeable effects1 a great numb] ( books1 :i* 7 falsely attribut$ to c]ta9 great m51 9 ord] to give ^! spuri\s productions m cr$it & weight 7,ibid1 page #gg74 ,^! =g$ writ+s be+ s widely circulat$1 x w be readily und]/ood t ,x is n s easy a matt] z is commonly imag9$ rightly to settle ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= my own "p1 ,i decl>e1 ) _m le>n$ m51 t1 9 ! :ole compass ( le>n+1 ,i "k no "q involv$ ) m intricacies & p]plex+ difficulties ?an ?is4 ,!re are1 inde$1 consid]able difficulties relat+ to ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z appe>s by ! l>ge controv]sies betwe5 ! ,prote/ants & ,papi/s on ?is head 9 ! la/1 & latt] end ( ! prec$+1 c5tury2 b ^! are solv$ ) mu* m ease ?an ^? ( ! ,new4444 ,9 settl+ ! old ,te/am5t collection1 all t is requisite is to disprove ! claim ( a few obscure books1 :i* h b ! weake/ pret5ces to be look$ ^u z ,scripture2 b1 9 ! ,new1 we h n only a few to disprove1 b a va/ numb] to exclude f ! ,canon1 :i* seem to h mu* m "r to admission ?an any ( ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 &1 besides1 to evid5ce ! g5u95ess ( all ^? :i* we d receive1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! s5tim5ts ( "s :o w\ld be ?\ght le>n$1 !re are none ( !m ^: au?ority has n be5 controv]t$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity4444 ,! numb] ( books t claim admission to ! canon is v consid]able4 ,mr4 ,tol&1 9 8 celebrat$ catalogue1 has pres5t$ u ) ! names ( above eighty4444 ,!re are _m m ( ! same sort :i* he has n m5tion$ 7,j4 ,jones on ,! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i41 pp4 #b-d4 ,ed4 #aghh74 ,! foll[+ li/ w give "s idea ( ! numb] ( ! apocryphal writ+s f :i* ! f\r ,gospels1 & o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 f9ally em]ge z canonical3-- ,,gospels4 #a4 ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 #b4 ,gospel writt5 by ,judas ,isc>iot4 #c4 ,gospel ( ,tru?1 made use ( by ! ,val5t9ians4 #d4 ,gospel ( ,pet]4 #e4 ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians4 #f4 ,gospel ( ,val5t9us4 #g4 ,gospel ( ,m>cion4 #h4 ,gospel accord+ to ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 #i4 ,gospel ( ,basilides4 #aj4 ,gospel ( ,?omas 7extant74 #aa4 ,gospel ( ,mat?ias4 #ab4 ,gospel ( ,tatian4 #ac4 ,gospel ( ,scy?ianus4 #ad4 ,gospel ( ,b>?olomew4 #ae4 ,gospel ( ,apelles4 #af4 ,gospels publi%$ by ,lucianus & ,hesy*ius #ag4 ,gospel ( ,p]fection4 #ah4 ,gospel ( ,eve4 #ai4 ,gospel ( ,philip4 #bj4 ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es 7qy4 same z fir/7 #ba4 ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites4 #bb4 ,gospel ( ,jude4 #bc4 ,gospel ( ,encratites4 #bd4 ,gospel ( ,c]9?us4 #be4 ,gospel ( ,m]9?us4 #bf4 ,gospel ( ,?addaeus4 #bg4 ,gospel ( ,b>nabas4 #bh4 ,gospel ( ,&rew4 #bi4 ,gospel ( ! ,infancy 7extant74 #cj4 ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 or ,acts ( ,pilate & ,desc5t ( ,*ri/ to ! ,"u ,_w 7extant74 #ca4 ,gospel ( ,james1 or ,protevangelium 7extant74 #cb4 ,gospel ( ! ,nativity ( ,m>y 7extant74 #cc4 ,arabic ,gospel ( ! ,infancy 7extant74 #cd4 ,syriac ,gospel ( ! ,boyhood ( our ,"l ,jesus 7extant74 ,,miscellane\s4 #ce4 ,lett] to ,agb>us by ,*ri/ 7extant74 #cf4 ,lett] to ,leopas by ,*ri/ 7extant74 #cg4 ,epi/le to ,pet] & ,paul by ,*ri/4 #ch4 ,epi/le by ,*ri/ produc$ by ,mani*ees4 #ci4 ,hymn by ,*ri/ 7extant74 #dj4 ,magical ,book by ,*ri/4 #da4 ,pray] by ,*ri/ 7extant74 #db4 ,prea*+ ( ,pet]4 #dc4 ,revelation ( ,pet]4 #dd4 ,doctr9e ( ,pet]4 #de4 ,acts ( ,pet]4 #df4 ,book ( ,judgm5t by ,pet]4 #dg4 ,book1 "u ! "n ( ,pet]1 =g$ by ,l5tius4 #dh4 ,prea*+ ( ,pet] & ,paul at ,rome4 #di4 ,! ,vision1 or ,acts ( ,paul & ,!cla4 #ej4 ,acts ( ,paul4 #ea4 ,prea*+ ( ,paul4 #eb4 ,piece "u "n ( ,paul1 =g$ by an anonym\s writ] 9 ,cyprian's "t4 #ec4 ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans "u "n ( ,paul 7extant74 #ed4 ,six lett]s to ,s5eca "u "n ( ,paul 7extant74 #ee4 ,anabaticon or ,revelation ( ,paul4 #ef4 ,! traditions ( ,mat?ias4 #eg4 ,book ( ,james4 #eh4 ,book1 "u "n ( ,james1 =g$ by ,ebionites4 #ei4 ,acts ( ,&rew1 ,john1 & ,?omas4 #fj4 ,acts ( ,john4 #fa4 ,book1 "u "n ( ,john1 =g$ by ,ebionites4 #fb4 ,book "u "n ( ,john4 #fc4 ,book1 "u "n ( ,john1 =g$ by ,l5tius4 #fd4 ,acts ( ,&rew4 #fe4 ,book "u "n ( ,&rew4 #ff4 ,book1 "u "n ( ,&rew1 by ,naxo*ri/es & ,leonides4 #fg4 ,book "u "n ( ,?omas4 #fh4 ,acts ( ,?omas4 #fi4 ,revelation ( ,?omas4 #gj4 ,writ+s ( ,b>?olomew4 #ga4 ,book1 "u "n ( ,mat!w1 =g$ by ,ebionites4 #gb4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les by ,leu?on1 or ,seleucus4 #gc4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les us$ by ,ebionites4 #gd4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les by ,l5ticius4 #ge4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les us$ by ,mani*ees4 #gf4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les by ,abdias 7extant74 #gg4 ,cre$ ( ! ,apo/les 7extant74 #gh4 ,con/itutions ( ! ,apo/les 7extant74 #gi4 ,acts1 "u ,apo/les' names1 by ,leontius4 #hj4 ,acts1 "u ,apo/les' names1 by ,l5ticius4 #ha4 ,ca?olic ,epi/le1 9 imitation ( ! ,apo/les ( ,!mis1 on ! ,montani/s4 #hb4 ,revelation ( ,c]9?us1 nom9ally apo/olical4 #hc4 ,book ( ! ,helkesaites :i* fell f ,heav54 #hd4 ,books ( ,l5titius4 #he4 ,revelation ( ,/eph54 #hf4 ,works ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite 7extant74 #hg4 ,hi/ory ( ,joseph ! c>p5t] 7extant74 #hh4 ,lett] ( ,agb>us to ,jesus 7extant74 #hi4 ,lett] ( ,l5tulus 7extant74 #ij4 ,/ory ( ,v]onica 7extant74 #ia4 ,lett] ( ,pilate to ,tib]ius 7extant74 #ib4 ,lett]s ( ,pilate to ,h]od 7extant74 #ic4 ,epi/le ( ,pilate to ,cs> 7extant74 #id4 ,report ( ,pilate ! ,gov]nor 7extant74 #ie4 ,trial & condemnation ( ,pilate 7extant74 #if4 ,dea? ( ,pilate 7extant74 #ig4 ,/ory ( ,joseph ( ,arima?raea 7extant74 #ih4 ,rev5g+ ( ! ,savi\r 7extant74 #ii4 ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 #ajj4 ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p4 #aja-ae4 ,fifte5 epi/les ( ,ignatius 7see above1 pages #bag-bbj47 #aaf4 ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas4 #aag4 ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians ( ,clem5t 7possibly p>tly au!ntic74 #aah4 ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians ( ,clem5t4 #aai4 ,apo/olic ,canons ( ,clem5t4 #abj4 ,recognitions ( ,clem5t & ,clem5t9a4 #aba-abb4 ,two ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7writt5 9 ,syriac74 #abc-abh4 ,six books ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 #abi-acb4 ,f\r books ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,! above are collect$ f ,jones' ,on ! ,canon1 ,sup]natural ,religion1 ,eusebius1 ,mo%eim's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ,c[p]'s ,apocryphal ,gospels1 ,dr4 ,giles' ,*ri/ian ,records1 & ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 ,aft] read+ ?is li/1 ! /ud5t w be able to appreciate ! value ( ,paley's argum5t1 t1 if x _h be5 an easy ?+ 9 ! e>ly times ( ! in/itution to h =g$ ,*ri/ian writ+s1 & to h obta9$ curr5cy & reception to ! =g]ies1 we %\ld h _h _m appe>+ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ himself 7,evid5ces1 p4 #ajf74 ,paley ackn[l$ges "o attempt ( ?is sort1 des]v+ ( ! smalle/ notice2 &1 9 a note1 adds ?ree m ( ^? m5tion$ above4 ,let u see :at ! evid5ce is ( ! g5u95ess ( ! lett] to ,agb>us1 ! "o attempt 9 "q1 z giv5 by ,eusebius4 ,agb>us1 ! pr9ce ( ,edessa1 reign+ ov] ! nations beyond ! ,euphrates ) great glory1 0 afflict$ ) an incurable disease1 &1 he>+ ( ,jesus1 s5t to him to entreat deliv]ance4 ,! lett] ( ,agb>us is c>ri$ to ,jesus1 at ,j]usalem1 by ,ananias1 ! c\ri]1 & ! answ] ( ,jesus1 also writt51 is return$ by ! same h&s4 ,! lett] ( ,jesus runs z foll[s1 & is writt5 9 ,syriac3 ,bless$ art ?\1 ,o ,agb>us1 :o1 )\t see+ me1 ha/ believ$ 9 me6 ,= x is writt5 conc]n+ me1 t !y :o h se5 me w n believe1 t !y :o h n se5 me may believe & live4 ,b 9 reg>d to :at ?\ ha/ writt51 t ,i %\ld come to !e1 x is necess>y t ,i %\ld fulfil all ?+s "h1 = :i* ,i h be5 s5t4 ,&1 aft] ?is fulfilm5t1 ?us to be receiv$ aga9 by ,him t s5t me4 ,& aft] ,i h be5 receiv$ up1 ,i w s5d to !e a c]ta9 "o ( my disciples1 t he may heal ?y affliction1 & give life to !e1 & to ^? :o are ) !e4 ,aft] ! asc5sion ( ,jesus1 ,?addaeus1 "o ( ! sev5ty1 is s5t to ,edessa1 & lodges 9 ! h\se ( ,tobias1 ! son ( ,tobias1 & heals ,agb>us & _m o!rs4 ,^! ?+s 7 done 9 ! #cdj? ye> 7,eusebius does n /ate :at he reckons f74 ,! pro( giv5 by ,eusebius = ! tru? ( ! acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,( ?is also we h ! evid5ce1 9 a writt5 answ]1 tak5 f ! public records ( ! city ( ,edessa1 !n "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! k+4 ,=1 9 ! public regi/]s !re1 :i* embrace ! anci5t hi/ory & ! transactions ( ,agb>us1 ^! circum/ances respect+ him are f\nd /ill pres]v$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 l he>+ ! epi/les !mselves1 tak5 by u f ! ar*ives1 & ! /yle ( x1 z x has be5 lit]ally translat$ by u1 f ! ,syriac language 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 i41 *ap4 xiii474 ,& ,paley calls ?is an attempt at =g]y1 des]v+ ( ! smalle/ notice1 & dismisses x 9 a few l9es4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k = :at o!r ,scripture1 canonical or uncanonical1 !re is evid5ce ( au!nticity s /rong z = ?is2 exactness ( detail 9 names2 abs5ce ( any exagg]ation m ?an is impli$ 9 rec\nt+ any miracle2 ! transaction record$ 9 ! public ar*ives2 se5 !re by ,eusebius himself2 copi$ d[n & translat$ by him2 su* evid5ce = any "o ( ! ,gospels w\ld make belief f> easi] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,! ass]tion ( ,eusebius 0 easily v]ifiable at ! "t 7to use ! fav\rite argum5t ( ,*ri/ians = ! tru? ( any acc\nt72 & if ,eusebius "h wrote falsely1 ( :at value is 8 evid5ce on any o!r po9t8 ,a ,free?9k] may fairly urge t ,eusebius is n tru/wor?y1 & t ?is ass]tion ( 8 ab\t ! ar*ives is z likely to be false z true2 b ! ,*ri/ian c sc>cely admit ?is1 :5 s mu* dep5ds1 = him1 on ! reliability ( ! great ,*ur* hi/orian1 all ^: evid5ce w\ld become wor?less if he be once all[$ to h delib]ately fabricat$ t :i* did n exi/4 ,we h already notic$ ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 & po9t$ out ! num]\s =g]ies circulat$ "u _! names1 & ! consequ5t haze hang+ ov] all ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 until we rea* ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,?us we entirely de/roy ! :ole basis ( ,paley's argum5t1 t ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 444 are quot$1 or allud$ to1 by a s]ies ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ^? :o 7 contempor>y ) ! ,apo/les1 or :o imm$iately foll[$ !m 7,evid5ces1 page #aaa27 = we h no c]ta9 writ+s ( any su* contempor>ies4 ,9 deal+ ) ! positions f4 & h41 we %all seek to prove t 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs--tak+ !m z g5u9e--z well z 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & 9 o!r ,*ri/ian works up to ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 ! quotations said to be f ! canonical ,gospels conclusively %[ t o!r ,gospels 7 us$1 & n our pres5t ones2 b no fur!r evid5ce ?an ! long li/ ( apocryphal writ+s1 giv5 on pp4 #bdj-bdc is ne$$ 9 ord] to prove our fir/ proposition1 t =g]ies1 be>+ ! "n ( ,*ri/1 ( ! apo/les1 & ( ! e>ly fa!rs1 7 v common 9 ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,b4 ,t !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! canonical f ! apocryphal writ+s4 ,_! pret5ces are speci\s & plausible1 = ! mo/ "p go+ "u ! "n ( our ,savi\r himself1 8 apo/les1 _! companions1 or imm$iate successors4 ,!y are g5]ally ?\ght to be cit$ by ! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ]s ) ! same au?ority 7at lea/1 _m ( !m7 z ! sacr$ books we receive4 ,?is ,mr4 ,tol& lab\rs h>d to p]suade u2 b1 :at is m to be reg>d$1 m5 ( great] m]it & probity h unw>ily dropp$ expressions ( ! l nature4 ,ev]ybody kn[s 7says ! le>n$ ,casaubon aga9/ ,c>d9al ,b>onius7 t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 ,t]tullian1 & ! re/ ( ! primitive writ]s1 7 wont to approve & cite books :i* n[ all m5 "k to be apocryphal4 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us 7says 8 le>n$ annotator1 ,sylburgius7 0 too mu* pleas$ ) apocryphal writ+s4 ,mr4 ,dodwell 79 8 le>n$ diss]tation on ,ir5u7 tells u t1 till ,trajan1 or1 p]haps1 ,adrian's "t1 no canon 0 fix$2 ! supposititi\s pieces ( ! h]etics 7 receiv$ by ! fai?ful1 ! apo/les' writ+s b\nd up ) !irs1 & indiff]5tly us$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,to m5tion no m1 ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,spanheim obs]ves1 t ,clem5s ,alex&r9us & ,orig5 v (t5 cite apocryphal books "u ! express "n ( ,scripture4444 ,h[ mu* ,mr4 ,:i/on has enl>g$ ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is suffici5tly kn[n to ! le>n$ among u4 ,= ! sake ( ^? :o h n p]us$ 8 truly valuable books ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t he imag9es ! ',con/itutions ( ! ,apo/les' to be inspir$1 & ( great] au?ority ?an ! occasional writ+s ( s+le ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s4 ,t ! two ,epi/les ( ,clem5s1 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! second book ( ,esdras1 ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 are to be reckon$ among ! sacr$ au!ntic books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 z also t ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! ,revelation1 ,prea*+1 ,gospel & ,acts ( ,pet]1 7 sacr$ books1 &1 if !y 7 extant1 %\ld be ( ! same au?ority z any ( ! re/ 7,j4 ,jones1 on ! ,canon1 p4 #d-f74 ,?is same le>n$ writ] fur!r says3 ,t _m1 or mo/ ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h be5 reject$ by h]etics 9 ! fir/ ages1 is also c]ta94 ,fau/us ,mani*u & 8 foll[]s are said to h reject$ all ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z n writt5 by ! ,apo/les4 ,m>cion reject$ all1 except ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,! ,mani*ees disput$ mu* aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,! ,alogians reject$ ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john z n 81 b made by ,c]9?us4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7 reject$ by ,sev]us1 & ! sect ( 8 "n4 ,! same reject$ all ,paul's ,epi/les1 z also did ! ,ebionites1 & ! ,helkesaites4 ,o!rs1 :o did n reject all1 reject$ "s p>ticul> epi/les4444 ,sev]al ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 n univ]sally receiv$1 ev5 among !m :o 7 n h]etics1 9 ! fir/ ages4444 ,sev]al ( !m h _h _! au?ority disput$ by le>n$ m5 9 lat] times 7,ibid1 pp4 #h1 #i74 ,if recognition by ! e>ly writ]s be tak5 z a pro( ( ! au!nticity ( ! works quot$1 _m apocryphal docum5ts mu/ /& high4 ,eusebius1 :o ranks toge!r ! ,acts ( ,paul1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,revelation ( ,pet]1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! ,in/itutions ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,revelation ( ,john 7n[ acc\nt$ canonical7 says t ^! 7 n embodi$ 9 ! ,canon 79 8 "t7 not)/&+ t !y are recognis$ by mo/ ecclesia/ical writ]s 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iii41 *ap4 xxv474 ,! ,canon1 9 8 "t1 0 almo/ ! same z at pres5t1 b ! canonicity ( ! epi/les ( ,james & ,jude1 ! #bnd ( ,pet]1 ! #bnd & #crd ( ,john1 & ! ,revelation1 0 disput$ ev5 z late z :5 he wrote4 ,ir5u ranks ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas z ,scripture2 he n only knew1 b also admitt$ ! book call$ ,pa/or 7,ibid1 bk4 v41 *ap4 viii474 ,! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas is ano!r "w :i* v ne>ly secur$ p]man5t canonical rank ) ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 quot$ z ,holy ,scripture by ! ,fa!rs1 & held to be div9ely inspir$1 & x 0 publicly read 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x has place ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex1 aft] ! canonical books 7,sup]natural ,religion1 vol4 i41 p4 #bfa74 ,! two ,epi/les ( ,clem5t are only pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 a ,,ms4 assign$ by ! mo/ compet5t judges to ! second half ( ! fif?1 or beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 9 :i* ^! ,epi/les foll[ ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! second ,epi/le 444 ?us %>es ) ! fir/ ! hon\r ( a canonical position 9 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t codices ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #bbj74 ,^! epi/les are1 also1 among/ ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,apo/olic ,canons4 ,until a comp>atively late date ?is ! fir/ ( ,clem5t ,epi/le 0 quot$ z ,holy ,scripture 7,ibid1 p4 #bbb74 ,orig5 quotes ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas z ,scripture1 & calls x a ,ca?olic ,epi/le 7,ibid1 p4 #bcg71 & ?is same ,fa!r reg>ds ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas z also div9ely inspir$4 7,norton's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i41 p4 #cda74 ,gospels1 o!r ?an ! f\r canonical1 are quot$ z au!ntic by ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s1 z we %all see 9 e/abli%+ position h2 ?us de/roy+ ,paley's cont5tion 7,evid5ces1 p4 #ahg7 t !re are no quotations f apocryphal writ+s 9 ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 ! fact be+ t su* quotations are s[n ?r\gh\t _! suppos$ writ+s4 ,x is (t5 urg$ t ! expression1 x is writt51 is en\gh to prove t ! quotation foll[+ x is ( canonical au?ority4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! value ( ! expression1 'x is writt51' x may be rem>k$ t 9 no case c\ld its use1 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 indicate m ?an individual op9ion1 & x c\ld n1 = reasons to be pres5tly giv51 be consid]$ to repres5t ! op9ion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! v same *apt] 9 :i* ! =mula is us$ 9 connection ) ! passage we are consid]+1 x is also employ$ to introduce a quotation f ! ,book ( ,eno*1 ,greek3 p]i h\ gegraptai hos ,h5o* legei1 & else:]e 7c4 xii47 he quotes f ano!r apocryphal book z "o ( ! prophets4444 ,he also quotes 7c4 vi47 ! apocryphal book ( ,wisdom z ,holy ,scripture1 & 9 l mann] sev]al unkn[n works4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas itself1 & _m o!r apocryphal works h be5 quot$ by ! ,fa!rs z ,holy ,scripture1 ! di/9ctive value ( su* an expression may be und]/ood 7,ibid1 pp4 #bdb1 #bdc74 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ]s 444 quote ecclesia/ical books f "t to "t z if !y 7 canonical 7,we/cott on ,! ,canon1 p4 #i74 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( ! ^w ,greek3 gegraptai1 introduc+ ! quotation1 ! same writ] ,hilg5feld urges reasonably en\gh t x _c surprise u at a "t :5 we le>n f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr t ! ,gospels 7 read regul>ly at public wor%ip or r1 t ! memorials ( ! ,apo/les 7 s read2 x ought n1 h[ev]1 to be press$ too f> z involv+ a claim to special div9e inspiration1 z ! same ^w is us$ 9 ! epi/le 9 reg>d to ! apocryphal book ( ,eno*2 & x is cle>1 also1 f ,ju/91 t ! ,canon ( ! ,gospels 0 n yet =m$1 b only =m+ 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,s&ay1 p4 #gc4 ,ed4 #ahgf74 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 ,paley says1 ,! phrase1 'x is writt51' 0 ! v =m 9 :i* ! ,jews quot$ _! ,scriptures4 ,x is n probable1 !re=e1 t he w\ld h us$ ?is phrase1 & )\t qualification1 ( any books b :at _h acquir$ a k9d ( ,scriptural au?ority 7,evid5ces1 p4 #aac74 ,tis*5dorf argues on ,paley's l9es & says t x 0 natural1 !re=e1 to apply ?is =m ( expression to ! ,apo/les' writ+s1 z soon z !y _h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,canon ) ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:5 we f9d1 !re=e1 9 anci5t ecclesia/ical writ+s1 quotations f ! ,gospels introduc$ ) ?is =mula1 'x is writt51' we mu/ inf] t1 at ! "t :5 ! expression 0 us$1 ! ,gospels 7 c]ta9ly treat$ z ( equal au?ority ) ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,:5 ,7 ,our ,gospels ,writt58 p4 #hi4 ,eng4 ,ed41 #ahfg74 ,dr4 ,tis*5dorf1 if he believe 9 8 own argum5t1 mu/ greatly enl>ge 8 ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,paley's fur!r plea t ^! apocryphal writ+s 7 n read 9 ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/ians 7,evid5ces1 p4 #ahg7 is ?or\ghly false4 ,eusebius tells u ( ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas3 ,we "k t x has be5 already 9 public use 9 our *ur*es 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iii41 *4 #c74 ,clem5t's ,epi/le 0 publicly read 9 ! *ur*es at ! ,sunday meet+s ( ,*ri/ians 7,sup4 ,rel1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbb74 ,dionysius ( ,cor9? m5tions ?is same e>ly habit ( read+ any valu$ writ+ 9 ! *ur*es3 ,9 ?is same lett] he m5tions t ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 %[+ t x 0 ! practice to read 9 ! *ur*es1 ev5 f ! e>lie/ times4 ',to-day1' says he1 'we h pass$ ! ,"l's holy-day1 9 :i* we h read y\r epi/le1 9 read+ :i* we %all always h our m9ds /or$ ) admonition1 z we %all1 also1 f t writt5 to u be=e by ,clem5t' 7,eusebius' ,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iv41 *4 #bc74 ,s f> is read+ 9 ! *ur*es to be accept$ z a pro(1 ev5 ( canonicity1 mu* less ( g5u95ess1 t ,eusebius rem>ks t ! disput$ writ+s 7 publicly us$ by _m 9 mo/ ( ! *ur*es 7,ibid1 bk4 iii41 *4 #ca74 ,paley !n takes z a fur!r m>k ( di/9ction1 betwe5 canonical & uncanonical1 t ! latt] 7 n admitt$ into _! volume & d n appe> 9 _! catalogues1 b we h already se5 t ! only ,,ms4 copy ( ,clem5t's fir/ ,epi/le is 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us 7see ante p4 #bdf71 :ile ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas f9d _! place 9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex 7see ante p4 #bdf72 ! second ,epi/le ( ,clem5t is also 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 & bo? epi/les are 9 ! ,apo/olic con/itutions 7see ante p4 #bdg74 ,! ,canon ( ,muratori--wor?less z x is1 x is us$ z evid5ce by ,*ri/ians--brackets ! ,apocalypse ( ,john & ( ,pet] 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #bda74 ,canon ,we/cott says3 ',apocryphal' writ+s 7 add$ to manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & read 9 *ur*es2 & ! practice ?us begun cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 /ill read among ! 'apocryphal ,scriptures' 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome2 a translation ( ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas is f\nd 9 a ,,ms4 ( ! ,lat9 ,bible z late z ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! spuri\s ,epi/le to ! ,laodic5es is f\nd v commonly 9 ,engli% copies ( ! ,vulgate f ! n9? c5tury d[nw>ds1 & an important catalogue ( ! ,apocrypha ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is add$ to ! ,canon ( ,scripture subjo9$ to ! ,*ronographia ( ,nicephorus1 publi%$ 9 ! n9? c5tury 7,on ! ,canon1 pp4 #h1 #i74 ,paley's fif? di/9ction1 t !y 7 n notic$ by _! h]etical adv]s>ies is z untrue z ! prec$+ ones1 = ev5 ! fragm5ts ( ! adv]s>ies pres]v$ 9 ,*ri/ian docum5ts be> traces ( ref]5ce to ! apocryphal writ+s1 al?\gh1 ow+ to ! or?odox cu/om ( de/roy+ unor?odox books1 ref]5ces ( any sort by h]etics are difficult to f9d4 ,aga91 ,paley %\ld h kn[n1 :5 he ass]t$ t ! uncanonical writ+s 7 n alleg$ z ( au?ority1 t ! h]etics did appeal to gospels o!r ?an ! canonical4 ,m>cion1 = in/ance1 ma9ta9$ a ,gospel v>y+ f ! recognis$ "o1 :ile ! ,ebionites cont5d$ t _! ,hebrew ,gospel 0 ! only true "o4 ,eusebius fur!r tells u ( books adduc$ by ! h]etics "u ! "n ( ! ,apo/les1 su*1 viz41 z compose ! ,gospels ( ,pet]1 ,?omas1 & ,mat!w1 & o!rs beside !m1 or su* z conta9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 by ,&rew & ,john1 & o!rs 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 iii41 *4 #be4 ,see also ante p4 #bdf74 ,x is h>d to believe t ,paley 0 s grossly ignorant z to "k no?+ ( ^! facts2 did he !n delib]ately /ate :at he knew to be utt]ly untrue8 ,8 la/ m>k does n t\* our position1 z ! comm5t>ies1 etc41 are too late to be valuable z evid5ce = ! alleg$ sup]iority ( ! canonical writ+s dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies4 ,! o!r section ( ,paley's argum5t1 t :5 ! ,scriptures a v vague ^w are quot$1 or allud$ to1 !y are quot$ ) peculi> respect1 z books sui g5]is is met by ! details giv5 above z to ! fa%ion 9 :i* ! ,fa!rs ref]r$ to ! writ+s n[ call$ uncanonical1 & by ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 ?is section we may fairly claim to h prov$ t1 s f> z ext]nal te/imony goes1 !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! canonical f ! apocryphal writ+s4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( evid5ce reli$ ^u by ,*ri/ians1 :]e) !y seek to build up an impassable b>ri] betwe5 _! sacr$ books & ! dang]\s uncanonical ,scriptures1 namely1 ! intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 ! dignity ( ! "o1 & ! pu]ility ( ! o!r4 ,( ! uncanonical ,gospels ,dr4 ,ellicott writes3 ,_! real dem]its1 _! m5dacities1 _! absurdities1 _! co>s5ess1 ! b>b>ities ( _! /yle1 & ! inconsequ5ce ( _! n>ratives1 h nev] be5 excus$ or condon$ 7,cambridge ,essays1 = #ahef1 p4 #aec1 z quot$ 9 introduction ( ,! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 by ,b4,h4 ,c[p]1 p4 x4 ,ed4 #ahfg74 ,we "k be=e we read !m t !y are weak1 silly1 & pr(itless--t !y are despicable monum5ts ev5 ( religi\s fiction 7,ibid1 p4 xlvii74 ,h[ f> are su* h>% expressions consonant ) fact8 ,x is true t _m ( ! tales relat$ are absurd1 b are !y m absurd ?an ! tales relat$ 9 ! canonical ,gospels8 ,"o /ory1 repeat$ ) v>iations1 runs z foll[s3 ,?is *ild ,jesus1 be+ five ye>s old1 0 play+ at ! cross+ ( a /ream1 & he collect$ ! runn+ wat]s into pools1 & imm$iately made !m pure1 & by 8 ^w alone he comm&$ !m4 ,& hav+ made "s s(t clay1 he fa%ion$ out ( x twelve sp>r[s2 & x 0 ! ,sabba? :5 he did ^! ?+s4 ,& !re 7 also _m o!r *ildr5 play+ ) him4 ,& a c]ta9 ,jew1 see+ :at ,jesus did1 play+ on ! ,sabba?1 w5t imm$iately & said to ,joseph1 8 fa!r1 ,behold1 ?y *ild is at ! wat]-c\rse1 & ha? tak5 clay & =m$ twelve birds1 & ha? pr(an$ ! ,sabba?4 ,& ,joseph came to ! place1 & :5 he saw him1 he cri$ unto him1 say+1 ,:y art ?\ do+ ^! ?+s on ! ,sabba?1 :i* x is n lawful to d8 ,& ,jesus clapp$ 8 h&s1 & cri$ unto ! sp>r[s1 & said to !m1 ,g away2 & ! sp>r[s flew up & dep>t$1 mak+ a noise4 ,& ! ,jews :o saw x 7 a/oni%$1 & w5t & told _! lead]s :at !y _h se5 ,jesus d 7,gospel ( ,?omas3 ,apocryphal ,gospels1 ,b4,h4 ,c[p]1 pp4 #acj1 #aca74 ,mak+ ! wat] pure by a ^w is no m absurd ?an turn+ wat] into w9e 7,john ii4 #a-aa72 or ?an s5d+ an angel to tr\ble x1 & !reby mak+ x heal?-giv+ 7,john v4 #b-d72 or ?an ca/+ a tree into bitt] wat]s1 & mak+ !m sweet 7,ex4 xv4 #be74 ,! fa%ion+ ( twelve sp>r[s out ( s(t clay is n /rang] ?an mak+ a woman out ( a man's rib 7,g54 ii4 #ba72 nei!r is x m1 or ne>ly s1 curi\s z mak+ clay ) spittle1 & pla/]+ x on a bl9d man's eyes 9 ord] to make him see 7,john ix4 #f72 nay1 argu+ la ,f4,d4 ,maurice1 a v /rong reason might be made out = ?is proce$+4 ,?us1 ,jesus came to reveal ! ,fa!r to m51 & 8 miracles 7 specially arrang$ to %[ h[ ,god works 9 ! _w2 by turn+ ! wat] into w9e1 & by multiply+ ! loaves1 he rem9ds m5 t x is ,god ^: h& fe$s !m by all ! ord9>y processes ( nature4 ,9 ?is in/ructive miracle ( ! clay =m$ into sp>r[s1 :i* fly away at 8 bidd+1 ,jesus reveals 8 unity ) ! ,fa!r1 z ! ,^w by :om all ?+s 7 orig9ally made2 = out ( ! gr\nd1 ! ,"l ,god =m$ e bea/ ( ! field & e f[l ( ! air 7,g54 ii4 #ai7 at ! creation1 & :5 ! ,son 0 reveal$ to br+ ab\t ! new creation1 :at m appropriate miracle c\ld he p]=m ?an ?is rem9isc5ce ( p>adise1 cle>ly sugge/+ to ! ,jews t ! ,jehovah1 :o1 ( old1 =m$ ! f[ls ( ! air out ( ! gr\nd1 0 pres5t among !m 9 ! inc>nate ,^w1 p]=m+ ! same mighty "w8 ,exactly 9 ?is fa%ion d ,maurice1 ,rob]tson1 & o!rs ( _! s*ool1 deal ) ! miracles ( ,*ri/ record$ 9 ! canonical gospels 7see ,maurice on ! ,miracles1 ,s]mon ,,iv41 9 ,:at is ,revelation874 ,! numb]1 twelve1 is also significant1 be+ t ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 & ! local col\r+--! compla9+ ,jews & ! violat$ ,sabba?--is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! o!r gospels4 ,! action ( ,jesus1 v9dicat+ ! conduct compla9$ ( by ! p]=mance ( a miracle1 is 9 ! fulle/ accord ) simil> in/ances relat$ 9 ! receiv$ /ories4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 urg$ t "s ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 z giv5 9 ! apocrypha1 are di%on\r+ to him1 because ( _! de/ructive "*2 ! son ( ,annas1 ! scribe1 spills ! wat] ! *ild ,jesus has collect$1 & ,jesus gets angry & says1 ,?\ also %alt )] l a tree2 & sudd5ly ! boy )]$ altoge!r 7,ap4 ,gos41 p4 #aca74 ,?is seems 9 ?or\gh unity ) ! _s ,jesus %[$ 9 lat] life1 :5 he curs$ ! fig-tree1 because x did n be> fruit 9 ! wrong season1 & pres5tly ! fig-tree )]$ away 7,matt4 xxi4 #ai74 ,or a *ild1 runn+ aga9/ him purposely1 falls dead2 or a ma/] lift+ 8 h& aga9/ him1 has ! arm )]$ :i* essays to /rike4 ,lat]1 ( ,judas1 :o betrays him1 we read t1 fall+ headlong1 he bur/ asund] 9 ! mid/1 & all 8 b[els gu%$ out 7,acts i4 #ah72 :ile1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* speaks ( ,*ri/1 we are told1 9 figures1 we le>n t1 :5 ,j]oboam tri$ to seize a prophet1 8 h&1 :i* he put =? aga9/ him1 dri$ up1 s t he c\ld n pull x 9 aga9 to him 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #d74 ,if de/ructiv5ess be ?\ght injuri\s :5 relat$ ( ,jesus1 :at %all we say to ! wanton de/ruction ( ! h]d ( sw9e :i* ,jesus fill$ ) devils1 & s5t rac+ into ! sea8 7,matt4 viii4 #bh-cd47 ,! miracle ! *ild works to rectify a mi/ake ( 8 fa!r's 9 8 c>p5t]'s bus9ess1 tak+ hold ( "s wood :i* has be5 cut too %ort & l5g!n+ x1 is c]ta9ly n m silly ?an ! miracle work$ by ! man :5 money is %ort1 & he 7,matt4 xvii4 #bd-bg7 s5ds ,pet] to cat* a fi% ) money 9 its m\? 7:y n1 by ! way1 h fi%$ directly = ! co98 x w\ld be q z possible = a co9 to transfix itself on a hook1 z = a fi%1 ) a piece ( money 9 its m\?1 to swall[ a hook74 ,o!r miracles record$ 9 ! apocryphal gospels1 ( heal+ & ( rais+ ! dead1 are id5tical 9 _s ) ^? told ( him 9 ! canonical4 ,we may also rem>k t1 unless !re 7 "s receiv$ traditions ( miracles work$ by ,jesus 9 8 h\sehold1 !re is no reason = ! evid5t expectation ( "s help :i* is said to h be5 %[n by ,m>y :5 ! gue/s want w9e at ! w$d+ 7,john ii4 #c-e74 ,t v]se #aa /ates t ?is 0 8 fir/ miracle is only "o ( ! _m inconsi/5cies ( ! gospel /ories4 ,pass+ f ^! gospels ( ! infancy to ^? :i* tell ( ! suff]+s ( ,jesus1 we %all f9d 9 ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 or ,acts ( ,pilate1 mu* t %[s _! full accordance ) ! receiv$ writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is po9t is s important1 z equalis+ ! canonical & uncanonical gospels1 t no excuse is ne$$ = prov+ x by some:at ext5sive extracts4 ,! gospel op5s z foll[s3 ,i1 ,ananias1 a prov9cial w>d51 be+ a disciple ( ! law1 f ! div9e ,scriptures recognis$ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & came to him by fai?2 & 0 also acc\nt$ wor?y ( holy baptism4 ,n[1 :5 se>*+ ! records ( :at 0 wr\ght 9 ! "t ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ! ,jews laid up "u ,pontius ,pilate1 ,i f\nd t ^! ,acts 7 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & by ! good pleasure ( ,god ,i translat$ !m into ,greek = ! in=mation ( all :o call on ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( our ,"l ,flavius ,!odosius1 ! #ag? ye>1 & 9 ! #f? consulate ( ,flavius ,val5t9ianus1 9 ! #i? indiction4 ,x may "h be not$ = :at x is wor? t ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7#a/ ,apology1 *ap1 xxxv47 ref]s ! ,romans to ! ,acts ( ,pilate z public docum5ts op5 to !m1 :i* is te/imony f> /rong] ?an he gives to any canonical gospel4 ,9 ! #ae? ye> ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,tib]ius ,cs>1 ,k+ ( ! ,romans1 & ( ,h]od1 ,k+ ( ,galilee1 ! #i? ye> ( 8 reign1 on ! #h? be=e ! cal5ds ( ,april1 :i* is ! #be? ( ,m>*2 9 ! consul%ip ( ,rufus & ,rubellio2 9 ! #d? ye> ( ! #bjbnd ,olympiad1 :5 ,joseph ,caiaphas 0 high prie/ ( ! ,jews4 ,:atsoev]1 aft] ! cross & passion ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,savi\r ,god1 ,nicodemus record$ & wrote 9 ,hebrew1 & left to po/]ity1 is aft] ?is fa%ion 7,apocryphal ,gospels1 ,b4,h4 ,c[p]1 pp4 #bbi1 #bcj74 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we le>n h[ ! ,jews came to ,pilate1 & accuse ,jesus1 t he sai? he is ! son ( ,god & a k+2 moreov]1 he pr(ane? ! ,sabba?s1 & wi%e? to aboli% ! law ( our fa!rs4 ,aft] "s conv]sation1 ,jesus is br\ght1 & 9 *ap4 #b we read ! message f ,pilate's wife1 & ,pilate1 hav+ call$ ! ,jews1 said to !m1 ,ye "k t my wife is religi\s1 & incl9$ to practise ,judaism ) y4 ,!y said unto him1 ,yea1 we "k x4 ,pilate sai? to !m1 ,behold my wife ha? s5t to me1 say+1 ,h no?+ to d ) ?is j man1 = ,i h suff]$ v mu* because ( him 9 ! night4 ,b ! ,jews answ]$1 & said to ,pilate1 ,did we n tell !e t he is a magician8 ,behold1 he ha? s5t a dream to ?y wife4 ,! trial goes on1 & ,pilate decl>es ! innoc5ce ( ,jesus1 & !n conf]s ) him z 9 ,john xviii4 #cc-cg4 ,!n comes ! "q 7*aps1 iii4 & iv473 ,pilate sai? unto him1 ,:at is tru?8 ,jesus sai? to him1 ,tru? is f heav54 ,pilate sai?1 ,is tru? n ^u e>?8 ,jesus sai? to ,pilate1 ,?\ see/ h[ !y :o say ! tru? are judg$ by ^? :o h p[] ^u e>?4 ,&1 leav+ ,jesus )9 ! prtorium1 ,pilate w5t out to ! ,jews1 & sai? unto !m1 ,i f9d no fault 9 him4 ,! conv]sation betwe5 ,pilate & ! ,jews is !n relat$ m fully ?an 9 ! canonical acc\nts1 & aft] ?is foll[s a sc5e ( mu* pa?os1 :i* is f> m 9 accord ) ! re/ ( ! tale ?an ! accept$ /ory1 :]e9 ! multitude are repres5t$ z cry+ ) "o voice = 8 dea?4 ,nicodemus 7*ap4 v47 fir/ rises & speaks = ,jesus3 ,release him1 & wi% no evil aga9/ him4 ,if ! miracles :i* he do? are ( ,god1 !y w /&2 b1 if ( m51 !y w come to n\ght444 ,n[1 !re=e1 release ?is man1 = he is n des]v+ ( dea?4 ,!n 7*aps4 vi41 vii41 & viii473 ,"o ( ! ,jews1 />t+ up1 ask$ ! gov]nor t he might say a ^w4 ,! gov]nor sai?1 ,if ?\ wilt speak1 speak4 ,& ! ,jew said1 ,i lay ?irty-eight ye>s on my b$ 9 pa9 & affliction4 ,& :5 ,jesus came1 _m demoniacs1 & p]sons suff]+ v>i\s diseases1 7 heal$ by him2 & "s "y m5 _h pity on me1 & c>ri$ me ) my b$1 & took me to him2 & :5 ,jesus saw me1 he _h compassion1 & said ! ^w to me1 ,take up ?y b$1 & walk2 & ,i took up my b$ & walk$4 ,! ,jews said to ,pilate1 ,ask him :at day x 0 :5 he 0 heal$4 ,he t 0 heal$ said1 ,on ! ,sabba?4 ,! ,jews said1 ,did we n tell !e s8 t on ! ,sabba? he heale? & ca/e? out demons8 ,& ano!r ,jew1 />t+ up1 said1 ,i 0 born bl9d2 ,i he>d a voice1 b saw no p]son2 & z ,jesus pass$ by1 ,i cri$ ) a l\d voice1 ,h pity on me1 ,son ( ,david1 & he _h pity on me1 & plac$ 8 h&s ^u my eyes1 & imm$iately ,i saw4 ,& ano!r ,jew1 leap+ up1 said1 ,i 0 a cripple1 & he made me /raight ) a ^w4 ,& ano!r said1 ,i 0 a lep]1 & he heal$ me ) a ^w4 ,& a c]ta9 woman cri$ out f a di/ance1 & said1 ,i _h an issue ( blood1 & ,i t\*$ ! hem ( 8 g>m5t1 & my issue ( blood1 :i* _h be5 = twelve ye>s1 0 /ay$4 ,! ,jews said1 ,we h a law n to admit a woman to witness4 ,& o!rs1 a multitude1 bo? ( m5 & ( wom51 cri$ & said1 ,?is man is a prophet1 & demons are subject unto him4 ,pilate said to ^? :o said t demons 7 subject to him1 ,:y 7 y\r tea*]s n also subject to him8 ,!y say unto ,pilate1 ,we "k n4 ,& o!rs said1 ,t he rais$ up ,laz>us f ! sepul*re1 :5 he _h be5 dead f\r days4 ,& ! gov]nor1 becom+ afraid1 said to all ! multitude ( ! ,jews1 ,:y w ye %$ innoc5t blood8 ,! /ory proce$s mu* z 9 ! gospels1 ! names ( ! malefactors be+ giv52 & :5 ,pilate rem>ks ! ?ree h\rs' d>kness to ! ,jews1 !y answ]1 ,an eclipse ( ! sun has happ5$ 9 ! usual mann] 7*ap4 xi474 ,*ap4 xiii4 gives a full acc\nt ( ! conv]sation betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,roman soldi]s allud$ to 9 ,matt4 xxviii4 #aa-ae4 ,! rema9+ *apt]s relate ! proce$+s ( ! ,jews aft] ! resurrection1 & are ( no special int]e/4 ,!re is a second ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 v>y+ on "s po9ts f ! "o quot$ above1 :i* assumes to be compil$ by a ,jew1 nam$ ,a5eas2 translat$ f ! ,hebrew tongue into ! ,greek1 by ,nicodemus1 a ,roman ,top>*4 ,!n we f9d a second "p ( ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 or ,! ,desc5t ( ,*ri/ to ! ,"u ,_w1 :i* relates h[ ,jesus desc5d$ into ,hades1 & h[ he ord]$ ,satan to be b\nd1 & !n he bless$ ,adam on ! =ehead ) ! sign ( ! cross2 & he did ?is also to ! patri>*s1 & ! prophets1 & m>tyrs1 & =efa!rs1 & took !m up1 & sprang up out ( ,hades4 ,?is /ory manife/ly runs side by side ) ! tradition 9 #a4 ,pet4 iii4 #ai1 #bj1 :]e9 x is /at$ t ,jesus w5t & prea*$ unto ! spirits 9 prison1 & t prea*+ is plac$ betwe5 8 dea? 7v4 #ah7 & 8 resurrection 7v4 #ba74 ,! sav+ by baptism 7v4 #ba7 is also allud$ to 9 ?is connection 9 ,nicodemus1 :]e9 7*ap1 xi47 ! dead are baptis$4 ,! ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,gospels ( ,nicodemus v>y 9 details f ! ,greek1 b n m ?an d ! f\r canonical4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 all ! apocryphal writ+s1 !re is no?+ specially to di/+ui% !m f ! accept$ ,scriptures2 improbabilities & contradictions ab\nd 9 all2 miracles r5d] !m all alike incr$ible2 myriad *a9s ( simil>ity b9d !m all to ea* o!r1 necessitat+ ei!r ! rejection ( all z fabul\s1 or ! acceptance ( all z hi/orical4 ,:e!r we reg>d ext]nal or int]nal evid5ce1 we come to ! same conclusion1 t !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ! canonical f ! uncanonical writ+s4 ,c4 ,t x is n kn[n :]e1 :51 by :om1 ! canonical writ+s 7 select$4 ,trem5d\sly damag+ to ! au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ?is /atem5t is1 x is yet practically undisput$ by ,*ri/ian s*ol>s4 ,canon ,we/cott says frankly3 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! ,canon 0 =m$ gradually4 ,! condition ( society & ! int]nal relations ( ! ,*ur* pres5t$ ob/acles to ! imm$iate & absolute det]m9ation ( ! "q1 :i* are disreg>d$ n[1 only because !y h ceas$ to exi/4 ,! tradition :i* repres5ts ,/4 ,john z fix+ ! cont5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 betrays ! _s ( a lat] age 7,we/cott ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #d74 ,! track1 h[ev]1 :i* we h to foll[ is (t5 obscure & brok54 ,! evid5ce ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s is n only uncritical & casual1 b is also fragm5t>y 7,ibid1 p4 #aa74 ,f ! close ( ! second c5tury1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon is simple1 & its pro( cle>444 ,be=e t "t !re is m or less difficulty 9 mak+ out ! details ( ! "q4444 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are aga9 beset ) peculi> difficulties4 ,! pro( ( ! ,canon is emb>rass$ bo? by ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 fix$1 & by ! p>ticul> =m ( ! evid5ce on :i* x fir/ dep5ds4 ,! _s ( ! anci5t _w 0 ess5tially uncritical 7,ibid1 pp4 #f-h74 ,9 deal+ ) ! e>ly v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,we/cott admits t x is n easy to ov]-rate ! difficulties :i* beset any inquiry into ! e>ly v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bca74 ,he speaks ( ! comp>atively scanty mat]ials & vague or conflict+ traditions 7,ibid74 ,! orig9al v]sions ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ are c>efully exam9$ by him2 ! olde/ is ! ,pe%ito1 9 ,syriac--i4e41 ,araman1 or ,syro-,*aldaic4 ,?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 be only a translation ( ! ,te/am5t1 if x be true t ! orig9al books 7 writt5 9 ,greek4 ,! "t :5 ?is v]sion 0 =m$ is unkn[n1 & ,we/cott argues t ! v obscurity :i* hangs ov] its orig9 is a pro( ( its v5]able age 7,ibid1 p4 #bdj72 & he ref]s x to ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t he does s )\t conclusive au?ority 7,ibid74 ,! ,pe%ito omits ! second & ?ird epi/les ( ,john1 second ( ,pet]1 t ( ,jude1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,we/]n v]sion1 9 ,lat91 is q z obscure z t ( ! ,syriac2 & x is also incomplete1 comp>$ ) ! pres5t ,canon1 omitt+ ! epi/le ( ,james & ! second ( ,pet] 7,ibid1 p4 #bed74 ,all ! evid5ce s labori\sly ga!r$ toge!r by ! le>n$ ,canon proves our proposition to demon/ration4 ,b1 x is admitt$ on all h&s1 t x is impossible to assign any c]ta9 "t :5 a collection ( ^! books1 ei!r by ! ,apo/les1 or by any c\ncil ( inspir$ or le>n$ m51 ne> _! "t1 0 made4444 ,! matt] is too c]ta9 to ne$ mu* to be said ( x 7,jones ,on ! ,canon1 vol4 i1 p4 #g74 ,jones adds t he hopes to confute ^! speci\s objections 444 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is book1 9 :i* he endeav\rs to prove ! ,gospels & ,acts to be g5u9e1 s t x does n mu* matt] :5 !y 7 collect$ toge!r4 ,9 ! "t ( ,eusebius ! ,canon 0 /ill unsettl$1 z he ranks among ! disput$ & spuri\s works1 ! epi/les ( ,james & ,jude1 second ( ,pet]1 second & ?ird ( ,john1 & ! ,apocalypse 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iii41 *ap4 #be74 ,x is n necess>y to (f] any fur!r pro( 9 support ( our position1 t x is n kn[n :]e1 :51 by :om1 ! canonical writ+s 7 select$4 ,d4 ,t be=e ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj !re is no trace ( ,,f\r gospels among ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! fir/ /ep we take 9 attack+ ! f\r canonical gospels1 ap>t f ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z a :ole1 is to %[ t !re 0 no sacr$ quat]nion spok5 ( be=e ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 i4e41 ! suppos$ "t ( ,ir5u4 ,ir5u is said to h be5 a bi%op ( ,lyons t[>ds ! close ( ! second c5tury2 we f9d him m5tion$ 9 ! lett] s5t by ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons to bre?r5 9 ,asia & ,phrygia1 z our bro!r & companion ,ir5u1 & z a presbyt] mu* e/eem$ by !m 7,eccles4 ,hi/4 bk4 v41 *s4 #a1 #d74 ,?is lett] relates a p]secution :i* occurr$ 9 ! #ag? ye> ( ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,anton9us ,v]us1 i4e41 ,a4,d4 #agg4 ,paley dates ! lett] ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 b z x relates ! p]secution ( ,a4,d4 #agg1 x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld be writt5 ab\t sev5 ye>s be=e ! p]secution took place4 ,9 t p]secution ,po?9us1 bi%op ( ,lyons1 is said to h be5 sla92 he 0 succe$$ by ,ir5u 7,ibid bk4 v41 *4 #e71 :o1 !re=e1 c\ld n possibly h be5 bi%op be=e ,a4,d4 #agg1 :ile he ought probably to be put a ye> or two lat]1 s9ce "t is ne$$1 aft] ! p]secution1 to s5d ! acc\nt ( x to ,asia by ! h&s ( ,ir5u1 & he mu/ be suppos$ to h return$ & to h settl$ d[n 9 ,lyons be=e he wrote 8 volum9\s works2 ,a4,d4 #ahj is1 !re=e1 an almo/ impossibly e>ly date1 b x is1 at any rate1 ! v e>lie/ t c be pret5d$ = ! te/imony n[ to be exam9$4 ,! works aga9/ h]esies 7 probably writt51 ! fir/ ?ree ab\t ,a4,d4 #aij1 & ! rema9d] ab\t ,a4,d4 #aih4 ,ir5u is ! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ] :o m5tions f\r ,gospels2 he says3--,mat!w produc$ 8 ,gospel1 writt5 among ! ,hebrews1 9 _! own dialect1 :il/ ,pet] & ,paul proclaim$ ! ,gospel & f\nd$ ! *ur* at ,rome4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ^!1 ,m>k1 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet]1 also transmitt$ to u 9 writ+ :at _h be5 prea*$ by him4 ,& ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul1 committ$ to writ+ ! ,gospel prea*$ by him4 ,aft]w>ds ,john1 ! disciple ( our ,"l1 ! same t lay ^u 8 bosom1 also publi%$ ! ,gospel1 :il/ he 0 yet at ,ephesus 9 ,asia 7,quot$ by ,eusebius1 bk4 v41 *4 #h1 f #crd bk4 ( ,refutation & ,ov]?r[ ( ,false ,doctr9e1 by ,ir5u74 ,! reasons :i* compell$ ,ir5u to believe t !re mu/ be nei!r less nor m ?an f\r ,gospels 9 ! ,*ur* are s conv9c+ t !y des]ve to be "h put on record4 ,x is n possible t ! ,gospels c be ei!r m or few] 9 numb] ?an !y are4 ,=1 s9ce !re are f\r zones sometimes translat$ 'corn]s' or 'qu>t]s' ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 & f\r ,ca?olic spirits1 :ile ! ,*ur* is scatt]$ ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 & ! pill> & gr\nd+ ( ! ,*ur* is ! ,gospel & ! _s ( life2 x is fitt+ %e %\ld h f\r pill>s1 brea?+ out immortality on e side1 & vivify+ m5 afre%4 ,f :i* fact x is evid5t t ! ,^w1 ! ,artific] ( all1 ,he t sitte? ^u ! ,*]ubim1 & conta9s all ?+s1 ,he :o 0 manife/$ to m51 has giv5 u ! ,gospel "u f\r aspects1 b b\nd toge!r by "o ,_s4444 ,= ! ,*]ubim too 7 f\r-fac$1 & _! faces 7 images ( ! disp5sation ( ! ,son ( ,god4444 ,&1 !re=e1 ! ,gospels are 9 accord ) ^! ?+s1 among :i* ,*ri/ ,jesus is seat$ 7,ir5u1 bk4 iii41 *ap1 xi41 sec4 #h74 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 writ+ on ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ! great ,*ri/ian apologi/1 c&idly says3 ,! v names ( ! ,evangeli/s ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 are nev] m5tion$ by him--d n occur once 9 all 8 works4 ,x is1 !re=e1 *ildi% to say t he has quot$ f our exi/+ ,gospels1 & s proves _! exi/5ce1 z !y n[ are1 9 8 own "t4444 ,he has n[h]e rem>k$1 l ^? ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* :o liv$ sev]al ages aft] him1 t !re are f\r ,gospels ( high] importance & e/imation ?an any o!rs4444 ,all ?is 0 ! creation ( a lat] age1 b x is want+ 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & ! defect leads u to ! conclusion t our f\r ,gospels _h n !n em]g$ f obscurity1 b 7 /ill1 if 9 be+1 conf\nd$ ) a l>g] mass ( ,*ri/ian traditions :i*1 ab\t ?is v "t1 7 beg9n+ to be set d[n 9 writ+ 7,*ri/ian ,records1 pp4 #ga1 #gb74 ,_h ^! f\r ,gospels em]g$ be=e ,a4,d4 #ahj1 we %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly f9d "s m5tion ( !m 9 ! ,mi%na4 ,! ,mi%na1 a collection ( ,jewi% traditions compil$ ab\t ! ye> #ahj1 takes no notice ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh x conta9s a *apt] head$ ',de ,cultu ,p]egr9o1 ( /range wor%ip4' ,?is omission is ?\ght by ,dr4 ,paley to prove no?+1 =1 says he1 'x _c be disput$ b t ,*ri/ianity 0 p]fectly well kn[n to ! _w at ?is "t4' ,x _c1 c]ta9ly1 be disput$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 beg9n+ to be kn[n to ! _w1 b :e!r x _h yet em]g$ f ! l[] classes ( p]sons among :om x orig9at$1 may well be d\bt$4 ,x is a prevail+ error1 9 biblical criticism1 to suppose t ! :ole _w 0 feel+ly alive to :at 0 go+ on 9 small & obscure p>ts ( x4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ians 0 probably kn[n to ! compil]s ( ! ,mi%na 9 #ahj1 ev5 ?\gh !y did n deign to notice !m1 b !y c\ld n h _h any k ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or !y w\ld und\bt$ly h notic$ x2 if1 at lea/1 we are "r 9 ascrib+ to x s high a "*1 attract+ 7z we "k x does7 ! admiration ( e "o 9 e c\ntry to :i* x is c>ri$ 7,ibid1 p4 #ce74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o alleg$ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( f\r1 & only f\r1 ,gospels1 put =w>d by ,paley3--,tatian1 a foll[] ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #agj1 compos$ a h>mony or collection ( ! ,gospels1 :i* he call$ ,diatess>on1 ( ! ,f\r4 ,?is title1 z well z ! "w1 is rem>kable1 because x %[s1 t !n1 z n[1 !re 7 f\r & only f\r1 ,gospels 9 g5]al use ) ,*ri/ians 7,evid5ces1 pp4 #aed1 #aee74 ,paley does n /ate1 until lat]1 t ! foll[] ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr turn$ h]etic & jo9$ ! ,encratites1 an ascetic & my/ic sect :o taught ab/95ce f m>riage1 & f meat1 etc42 nor does he tell u h[ d\btful x is :at ! ,diatess>on--n[ lo/--really conta9$4 ,he bl&ly assures u t x is a h>mony ( ! f\r ,gospels1 al?\gh all ! evid5ce is aga9/ him4 ,ir5u1 z quot$ by ,eusebius1 says ( ,tatian t hav+ apo/atis$ f ! ,*ur*1 & be+ elat$ ) ! conceit ( a tea*]1 & va9ly puff$ up z if he surpass$ all o!rs1 he inv5t$ "s new doctr9es1 & ,eusebius fur!r tells u3 ,_! *ief & f\nd]1 ,tatianus1 hav+ =m$ a c]ta9 body & collection ( ,gospels1 ,i "k n h[1 has giv5 ?is ! title ,diatess>on1 t is ! ,gospel by ! f\r1 or ! ,gospel =m$ ( ! f\r 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 iv41 *4 #bi74 ,c\ld ,eusebius h writt5 t ,tatian =m$ ?is1 ,i "k n h[1 if x _h be5 a h>mony ( ! ,gospels recognis$ by ! ,*ur* :5 he wrote8 & h[ is x t ,paley kn[s all ab\t x1 ?\gh ,eusebius did n8 ,& /ill fur!r1 aft] m5tion+ ! ,diatess>on1 ,eusebius says ( ano!r ( ,tatian's books3 ,?is book1 inde$1 appe>s to be ! mo/ elegant & pr(itable ( all 8 works 7,ibid74 ,m pr(itable ?an a h>mony ( ! f\r ,gospels6 ,s f> z ! "n goes1 z giv5 by ,eusebius1 x w\ld seem to imply "o ,gospel writt5 by f\r au?ors4 ,epiphanius /ates3 ,tatian is said to h compos$ ! ,gospel by f\r1 :i* is call$ by "s1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #aee74 ,"h we get ! ,diatess>on id5tifi$ ) ! widely-spread & popul> e>ly ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews4 ,!odoret 7circa ,a4,d4 #deg7 says t he f\nd m ?an #bjj su* books 9 use 9 ,syria1 ! ,*ri/ians n p]ceiv+ ! evil design ( ! composition2 & ?is is ,paley's h>mony ( ! ,gospels6 ,!odoret /ates t he took ^! books away1 & in/ead introduc$ ! ,gospels ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s2 h[ /range an action 9 deal+ ) s useful a "w z a h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 to confiscate x entirely & call x an evil design6 ,to complete ! value ( ?is "w z evid5ce to f\r1 & only f\r1 ,gospels1 we are told by ,victor ( ,capua1 t x 0 also call$ ,diap5te1 i4e41 by five 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #aec74 ,9 fact1 !re is no possible reason = call+ ! "w--^: cont5ts ate utt]ly unkn[n--a h>mony ( ! ,gospels at all2 ! notion t x is a h>mony is ! pure/ ( assumptions4 ,!re is "s slight evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! id5tity ( ! ,diatess>on ) ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o call$ ! ,gospel us$ by ,tatian ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 mu/ h read ! "w1 & all t we "k confirms _! conclusion4 ,! "w 01 9 po9t ( fact1 f\nd 9 wide circulation precisely 9 ! places 9 :i*1 e>li]1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 m p>ticul>ly curr5t4 ,! s+ul> fact t ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ,tatian's 'h>mony' is made a c5tury & a half aft] its suppos$ composition1 t no writ] be=e ! #e? c5tury _h se5 ! "w itself1 inde$1 t only two writ]s be=e t p]iod m5tion x at all1 receives its natural explanation 9 ! conclusion t ,tatian did n actually compose any h>mony at all1 b simply made use ( ! same ,gospel z 8 ma/] ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 namely1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 by :i* "n 8 ,gospel _h be5 call$ by ^? be/ in=m$ 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #aeh1 #aei74 ,z x is n pret5d$ by any t !re is any m5tion ( f\r ,gospels be=e ! "t ( ,ir5u1 except+ ?is h>mony1 plead$ by "s z dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj1 & by o!rs z betwe5 #agj & #ahj1 x w\ld be %e] wa/e ( "t & space to prove fur!r a po9t admitt$ on all h&s4 ,?is /ep ( our argum5t is1 !n1 on solid & unassailable gr\nd--t be=e ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj !re is no trace ( ,,f\r ,gospels among ! ,*ri/ians4 ,e4 ,t1 be=e t date1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 are n select$ z ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,?is position necess>ily foll[s f ! prec$+ "o1 s9ce f\r evangeli/s c\ld n be select$ until f\r ,gospels 7 recognis$4 ,"h1 aga91 ,dr4 ,giles supports ! argum5t we are build+ up4 ,he says3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr nev] once m5tions by "n ! evangeli/s ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john4 ,?is circum/ance is ( great importance2 = ^? :o ass]t t our f\r canonical ,gospels are contempor>y records ( our ,savi\r's m9i/ry1 ascribe !m to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 & to no o!r writ]s4 ,9 ?is !y are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 consi/5t2 = contempor>y writ+s 8 hi/ories are v r>ely anonym\s4 ,if s1 h[ c\ld !y be prov$ to be contempor>y8 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 wrote 9 #aej2 b nei!r he1 nor any writ] be=e him1 has allud$1 9 ! mo/ remote degree1 to f\r specific ,gospels1 be>+ ! names ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john4 ,let ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly produce ! passages 9 :i* su* m5tion is to be f\nd 7,*ri/ian ,records1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 p4 #gc74 ,two ( ^! names _h1 h[ev]1 em]g$ a little e>li]1 be+ m5tion$ z evangeli/s by ,papias1 ( ,hi]apolis4 ,8 te/imony w be fully consid]$ bel[ 9 e/abli%+ position g4 ,f4 ,t !re is no evid5ce t ! f\r ,gospels m5tion$ ab\t t date 7 ! same z ^? we h n[4 ,?is br+s u to a mo/ important po9t 9 our exam9ation2 = we n[ attack ! v key ( ! ,*ri/ian position--viz41 t1 al?\gh ! ,gospels be n m5tion$ by "n previ\s to ,ir5u1 _! exi/5ce c yet be conclusively prov$ by quotations f !m1 to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs :o liv$ be=e ,ir5u4 ,paley says3 ,! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t--mean+ !reby ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les--are quot$1 or allud$ to1 by a s]ies ( ,*ri/ian writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ^? :o 7 contempor>y ) ! ,apo/les or :o imm$iately foll[$ !m1 & proce$+ 9 close & regul> succession f _! "t to ! pres5t4 ,& he urges t ! m$ium ( pro( /at$ 9 ?is proposition is1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ unque/ionable1 ! lea/ liable to any practices ( fraud1 & is n dim9i%$ by ! lapse ( ages 7,evid5ces1 pp4 #aaa1 #aab74 ,! writ]s br\ght 9 evid5ce are3 ,b>nabas1 ,clem5t1 ,h]mas1 ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p1 ,papias1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,hegesippus1 & ! epi/le f ,lyons & ,vi5ne4 ,be=e exam9+ ! suppos$ quotations 9 z great detail z our space w all[1 two or ?ree prelim9>y rem>ks are ne$$ on ! value ( ?is (f]$ evid5ce z a :ole4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! great] "p ( ! works br\ght =w>d z witnesses are !mselves *all5g$1 & _! own dates are unkn[n2 _! n[ accept$ writ+s are only ! residuum ( a mass ( =g]ies1 & ,dr4 ,giles ju/ly says3 ,! process ( elim9ation1 :i* gradually r$uc$ ! s-call$ writ+s ( ! fir/ c5tury f two folio volumes to fifty sl5d] pages1 w\ld1 9 ! case ( any o!r pr(ane works1 h prep>$ ! inquir] = ca/+ f him1 ) disgu/1 ! small remnant1 ev5 if n fully convict$ ( spuri\sness2 = !re is no o!r case 9 record ( s wide a disproportion betwe5 :at is g5u9e & :at is spuri\s 7,*ri/ian ,records1 p4 #fg74 ,_! te/imony is absolutely wor?less until !y are !mselves sub/antiat$2 & f ! acc\nt giv5 ( !m above 7pp #bad-bba1 & #bcb-bce71 ! /ud5t is 9 a position to judge ( ! value ( evid5ce dep5d+ on ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 ,pr(essor ,norton rem>ks3 ,:5 we endeav\r to /r5g!n ?is evid5ce by appeal+ to ! writ+s ascrib$ to ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 we1 9 fact1 weak5 its =ce4 ,at ! v extremity ( ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 :]e x ought to be /ronge/1 we are atta*+ defective l9ks1 :i* w be> no weight 7,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i41 p4 #ceg74 ,aga91 suppos+ t we admit ^! witnesses1 _! repetition ( say+s ( ,*ri/1 or ref]5ces to 8 life1 d n--9 ! abs5ce ( quotations specifi$ by !m z tak5 f ,gospels writt5 by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john--prove t1 because simil> say+s or actions are record$ 9 ! pres5t canonical ,gospels1 !re=e1 ^! latt] exi/$ 9 _! days1 & 7 9 _! h&s4 ,l>dn] says on ?is po9t3 ,"h is1 h[ev]1 "o difficulty1 & 'tis a difficulty :i* may frequ5tly occur1 :il/ we are consid]+ ^! v e>ly writ]s1 :o 7 conv]sant ) ! ,apo/les1 & o!rs :o _h se5 or he>d our ,"l2 & 71 9 a mann]1 z well acqua9t$ ) our ,savi\r's doctr9e & hi/ory z ! ,evangeli/s !mselves1 unless _! quotations or allusions are v express & cle>4 ,! "q1 !n1 "h is1 :e!r ,clem5t 9 ^! places ref]s to words ( ,*ri/1 writt5 & record$1 or :e!r he rem9ds ! ,cor9?ians ( words ( ,*ri/1 :i* he & !y might h he>d f ! ,apo/les1 or o!r eye-&-e>-witnesses ( our ,"l4 ,le ,cl]c1 9 8 diss]tation on ! f\r ,gospels1 is ( op9ion t ,clem5t ref]s to writt5 words ( our ,"l1 :i* 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,cor9?ians1 & well kn[n to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i f9d1 ,bi%op ,pe>son ?\ght1 t ,clem5t speaks ( words :i* he _h he>d f ! ,apo/les !mselves1 or _! disciples4 ,i c]ta9ly make no "q b ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels 7 writ be=e ?is "t4 ,& ,i am well satisfi$ t ,clem5t might ref] to our writt5 ,gospels1 ?\gh he does n exactly agree ) !m 9 expression4 ,b :e!r he does ref] to !m is n easy to det]m9e conc]n+ a man :o1 v probably1 knew ^! ?+s be=e !y 7 committ$ to writ+2 &1 ev5 aft] !y 7 s1 might cont9ue to speak ( !m1 9 ! same mann] he _h be5 wont to d1 z ?+s he 0 well in=m$ (1 )\t appeal+ to ! ,scriptures !mselves 7,cr$ibility1 pt4 ,,ii41 vol4 i41 pp4 #fh-gj74 ,canon ,we/cott1 aft] argu+ t ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs are mu* influ5c$ by ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 goes on to rem>k3 ,no?+ has be5 said hi!rto ( ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs & ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 casual co9cid5ces ( language _c be br\ght =w>d 9 ! same mann] to prove ! use ( a hi/ory z ( a lett]4 ,! same facts & words1 especially if !y be rec5t & /rik+1 may be pres]v$ 9 sev]al n>ratives4 ,ref]5ces 9 ! sub-apo/olic age to ! disc\rses or actions ( our ,"l1 z we f9d !m record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 %[1 z f> z !y g1 t :at ! ,gospels relate 0 !n held to be true2 b x does n necess>ily foll[ t !y 7 already 9 use1 & 7 ! actual s\rce ( ! passages 9 "q4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mode 9 :i* ,clem5t ref]s to our ,"l's tea*+--'! ,"l said1' n 'sai?'--seems to imply t he 0 indebt$ to tradition1 & n to any writt5 acc\nts1 = words mo/ closely resembl+ ^? :i* are /ill f\nd 9 our ,gospels4 ,! ma9 te/imony ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs is1 !re=e1 to ! sub/ance1 & n to ! au!nticity1 ( ! ,gospels 7,on ! ,canon1 pp4 #ea1 #eb74 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs gives u little te/imony z to ! sub/ance ( ! ,gospels2 b ! :ole passage is "h giv5 to %[ h[ mu* ,canon ,we/cott1 writ+ 9 def5ce ( ! ,canon1 f9ds himself oblig$ to give up ( ! position occupi$ by e>li] apologi/s4 ,dr4 ,giles agrees ) ! ju/ice ( ^! rem>ks ( ,l>dn] & ,we/cott4 ,he writes3 ,! say+s ( ,*ri/ 71 no d\bt1 treasur$ up l h\sehold jewels by 8 disciples & foll[]s4 ,:y1 !n1 may we n ref] ! quotation ( ,*ri/'s words1 occurr+ 9 ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 to an orig9 ( ?is k9d8 ,if we exam9e a few ( ^? quotations1 ! supposition1 j /at$1 w exp& into reality4444 ,! same may be said ( e s+le s5t5ce f\nd 9 any ( ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 :i*1 on fir/ sight1 might be ?\ght to be a decid$ quotation f "o ( ! ,gospels accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 or ,john4 ,x is impossible to d5y ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation2 = we see x confirm$ by ! fact t ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs d actually quote ,moses1 & o!r old ,te/am5t writ]s1 by "n--',moses ha? said1' 'b ,moses says1' etc4--9 num]\s passages4 ,b we n[h]e meet ) ! words1 ',mat!w ha? said 9 8 ,gospel1' ',john ha? said1' etc4 ,!y always quote1 n ! words ( ! ,evangeli/s1 b ! words ( ,*ri/ himself directly1 :i* furni%es ! /ronge/ presumption t1 ?\gh ! say+s ( ,*ri/ 7 9 g5]al vogue1 yet ! evangelical hi/ories1 into :i* !y 7 aft]w>ds embodi$1 7 n !n 9 be+4 ,b ! conv]se ( ?is view ( ! case leads u to ! same conclusion4 ,! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs quote say+s ( ,*ri/ :i* are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels4444 ,!re is no pro( t our ,new ,te/am5t 0 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! lives ( ! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 :o1 !re=e1 c\ld n make citations out ( books :i* !y _h nev] se5 7,*ri/ian ,records1 pp4 #ea-ec74 ,!re is no evid5ce t !y ! f\r ,gospels exi/$ e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 = !y are n nam$ by any writ] :o liv$ be=e t "t 7,ibid1 p4 #ef74 ,9 se>*+ = evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,*ur*'s hi/ory1 ,*ri/ian apologi/s h hi!rto be5 cont5t to seize ^u a phrase "h & !re some:at resembl+ a phrase 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 & to put t =w>d z a pro( t ! ,gospels !n 7 ! same z ^? we h n[4 ,?is r\gh-&-ready plan mu/ n[ be giv5 up1 s9ce ! mo/ le>n$ ,*ri/ian writ]s n[ agree1 ) ! ,free?9k]s1 t su* a me?od is ?or\ghly unsatisfactory4 ,yet1 aga91 admitt+ ^! writ]s z witnesses1 & all[+ t !y quote f ! same ,gospels1 _! quotations only prove t ! isolat$ phrases !y use 7 9 ! ,gospels ( _! day1 & are also 9 ! pres5t ones2 & _m su* cases might occur 9 spite ( great v>iations 9 ! rema9d] ( ! respective ,gospels1 & w\ld by no means prove t ! ,gospels !y us$ 7 id5tical ) ours4 ,if ,josephus1 = in/ance1 _h ev] quot$ "s s5t5ces ( ,socrates record$ by ,plato1 t quotation1 suppos+ t ,josephus 7 reliable1 w\ld prove t ,plato & ,socrates bo? liv$ be=e ,josephus1 & t ,plato wrote d[n "s ( ! say+s ( ,socrates2 b x w\ld n prove t a v]sion ( ,plato 9 our h&s to-day 0 id5tical ) t us$ by ,josephus4 ,! scatt]$ & isolat$ passages wov5 9 by ! ,fa!rs 9 _! works w\ld fail to prove ! id5tity ( ! ,gospels ( ! second c5tury ) ^? ( ! n9ete5?1 ev5 7 !y z l p>allel passages 9 ! canonical ,gospels z !y are unlike !m4 ,x is important1 says ! able anonym\s writ] ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 t we %\ld con/antly be> 9 m9d t a great numb] ( ,gospels exi/$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* :i* are no long] extant1 & ( mo/ ( :i* ev5 ! names are lo/4 ,we w n "h d m ?an ref]1 9 corroboration ( ?is fact1 to ! prelim9>y /atem5t ( ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel3 ',=asmu* z _m 7,greek3 polloi7 h tak5 9 h& to set =? a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* are surely believ$ among u1 etc4' ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t be=e our ?ird synoptic 0 writt51 _m simil> works 7 already 9 circulation4 ,look+ at ! close simil>ity ( ! l>ge portions ( ! ?ree synoptics1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t _m ( ! ,greek3 polloi "h m5tion$ bore a close analogy to ea* o!r1 & to our ,gospels2 & ?is is kn[n to h be5 ! case1 = in/ance1 among/ ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1' di/9ct m5tion ( :i* we meet ) long be=e we he> any?+ ( our ,gospels4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 e>ly writ+s1 we meet ) quotations closely resembl+1 or1 we may add1 ev5 id5tical ) passages :i* are f\nd 9 our ,gospels--! s\rce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n m5tion$1 nor is any au?or's "n indicat$--! simil>ity1 or ev5 id5tity1 _c by any means be admitt$ z evid5ce t ! quotation is necess>ily f our ,gospels1 & n f "s o!r simil> "w n[ no long] extant2 & m especially n :51 9 ! same writ+s1 !re are o!r quotations f apocryphal s\rces diff]5t f our ,gospels4 ,:e!r reg>d$ z hi/orical records or z writ+s embody+ ! m]e tradition ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 our ,gospels _c = a mom5t be recognis$ z ! exclusive deposit>ies ( ! g5u9e say+s & do+s ( ,jesus2 & s f> f ! common possession by _m works 9 e>ly times ( su* words ( ,jesus1 9 closely simil> =m1 be+ ei!r /range or improbable1 ! really rem>kable ph5om5a is t su* mat]ial v>iation 9 ! report ( ! m important hi/orical tea*+ %\ld exi/ among/ !m4 ,b :il/ simil>ity to our ,gospels 9 passages quot$ by e>ly writ]s f unnam$ s\rces _c prove ! use ( our ,gospels1 v>iation f !m w\ld sugge/ or prove a diff]5t orig92 &1 at lea/1 x is obvi\s t quotations :i* d n agree ) our ,gospels _c1 9 any case1 indicate _! exi/5ce 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bag-bai74 ,we w n[ turn to ! witness ( ,paley's ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 be>+ always 9 m9d ! utt] wor?lessness ( _! te/imony2 wor?less z x is1 h[ev]1 x is ! only evid5ce ,*ri/ians h to br+ =w>d to prove ! id5tity ( _! ,gospels ) ^? suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,let u li/5 to ! op9ion giv5 by ,bi%op ,m>%3 ,f ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 no inf]5ce c be d$uc$ t he _h read any "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,f ! g5u9e epi/le1 z x is call$1 ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 x may be inf]r$ t ,clem5t _h read ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,f ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas no inf]5ce :atsoev] c be drawn4 ,f ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 x may be conclud$ t he _h read ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 & t !re exi/$ 9 8 "t evangelical writ+s1 ?\gh x _c be %[n t he has quot$ f !m4 ,f ,polyc>p's ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 x appe>s t he _h he>d ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to t community1 & he quotes a passage :i* is 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 & ano!r :i* is 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians2 b no positive conclusion c be drawn ) respect to any o!r epi/le1 or any ( ! f\r ,gospels 7,m>%'s ,mi*aelis1 vol4 i41 p4 #ced1 z quot$ 9 ,norton's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i41 p4 #c74 ,v heavily does ?is tell aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ^! records1 = if ! f\r ,gospels & o!r books 7 writt5 by ^? :o _h be5 eye-witnesses ( ,*ri/'s miracles1 & ! five ,apo/olic ,fa!rs _h conv]s$ ) ! ,apo/les1 x is n to be conceiv$ t !y w\ld n h nam$ ! actual books !mselves :i* possess$ s high au?ority1 & w\ld be look$ up to ) s mu* respect by all ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* _! evid5ce c\ld be ( use to support ! au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z be+ ! "w ( ! ,apo/les2 b ?is is a te/imony :i* ! five ,apo/olical ,fa!rs fail to supply4 ,!re is n a s+le s5t5ce1 9 all _! rema9+ works1 9 :i* a cle> allusion to ! ,new ,te/am5t is to be f\nd 7,*ri/ian ,records1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 p4 #ej74 ,we/cott1 :ile claim+ 9 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs a k ( mo/ ( ! epi/les1 writes v d\btfully z to _! k ( ! ,gospels 7see above p4 #bfd71 & aft] giv+ c>eful citations ( all possible quotations1 he sums up ?us3 #a4 ,no evangelic ref]5ce 9 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs c be ref]r$ c]ta9ly to a writt5 record4 #b4 ,x appe>s mo/ probable f ! =m ( ! quotations t !y 7 d]iv$ f oral tradition4 #c4 ,no quotation conta9s any elem5t :i* is n sub/antially pres]v$ 9 our ,gospels4 #d4 ,:5 ! text giv5 diff]s f ! text ( our ,gospels x repres5ts a lat] =m ( ! evangelic tradition4 #e4 ,! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w corresponds m ne>ly ?an ! o!r synoptic texts ) ! quotations & ref]5ces z a :ole 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #fb74 ,!re appe>s to be no pro( :atev] ( conclusions #c & #d1 b we give !m all z !y /&4 ,b we w take ^! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs "o by "o1 9 ! ord] us$ by ,paley4 ,,b>nabas4 ,we h already quot$ ,bi%op ,m>% & ,dr4 ,giles z reg>ds him4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is epi/le wor?y ( ! "n ( evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( our ,gospels 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #bfj74 ,! quotation sometimes urg$1 ,!re are _m call$1 few *os51 is spok5 ( by ,we/cott z a prov]bial phrase1 & phrases simil> 9 mean+ & mann] may be f\nd 9 iv4 ,ezra1 viii4 #c1 ix4 #ae 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #bde72 9 ! latt] "w ! words occur 9 a relation simil> to t 9 :i* we f9d !m 9 ,b>nabas2 9 bo? ! judgm5t is describ$1 & 9 bo? ! moral drawn is t !re are _m lo/ & few sav$2 x is ! m likely t ! quotation is tak5 f ! apocryphal "w1 s9ce _m o!r quotations are drawn f x ?r\gh\t ! epi/le4 ,! quotation ,give to e "o t aske? !e1 is n f\nd 9 ! suppos$ olde/ ,,ms41 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 & is a lat] int]polation1 cle>ly writt5 9 by "s transcrib] z appropriate to ! passage 9 ,b>nabas4 ,! la/ suppos$ quotation1 t ,*ri/ *ose m5 ( bad "* to be 8 disciples1 t he might %[ t he came n to call ! righte\s1 b s9n]s1 is ano!r cle>ly lat] int]polation1 = x j>s ) ! reason+ ( ,b>nabas1 & :5 ,orig5 quotes ! passage he omits ! phrase4 ,9 a "w :i* has be5 writt5 at ! reque/1 & is publi%$ at ! co/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 & :i* may fairly1 !re=e1 be tak5 z ! op9ion ( le>n$1 yet mo/ or?odox1 ,*ri/ian op9ion1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,s&ay writes3 ,! g5]al result ( our exam9ation ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas may1 p]haps1 be /at$ ?us1 t :ile n supply+ by itself c]ta9 & conclusive pro( ( ! use ( our ,gospels1 /ill ! ph5om5a accord bett] ) ! hypo!sis ( su* a use4 ,?is epi/le /&s 9 ! second l9e ( ! ,evid5ce1 & z a witness is r confirmatory ?an pr9cipal 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #gf4 ,ed4 #ahgf74 ,& ?is is all t ! mo/ mod]n apologetic criticism c draw f an epi/le ( :i* ,paley makes a great display1 say+ t if ! passage rem>k$ 9 ?is anci5t writ+ _h be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 x w\ld h be5 e/eem$ by e "o a high te/imony to ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel 7,evid5ces1 p4 #aac74 ,,clem5t ,,( ,,rome4--,tis*5dorf1 :o is ev] ready to claim ! slighte/ resemblance 9 language z a ref]5ce to new ,te/am5t writ+s1 admits t al?\gh ?is ,epi/le is ri* 9 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & "h & !re t ,clem5t also makes use ( passages f ,paul9e ,epi/les1 he n[h]e ref]s to ! ,gospels 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh74 ,! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,s&ay1 ?us criticises ,clem5t3 ,n[ :at is ! be>+ ( ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ^u ! "q ( ! curr5cy & au?ority ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels8 ,!re are two passages ( "s l5g? :i* are1 )\t d\bt1 evangelical quotations1 ?\gh :e!r !y are d]iv$ f ! ,canonical ,gospels or n may be d\bt$ 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 page #fa74 ,aft] balanc+ ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! fir/ ( ^! passages1 ,mr4 ,s&ay concludes3 ,look+ at ! argum5ts on bo? sides1 s f> z we c give !m1 ,i incl9e1 on ! :ole1 to ! op9ion t ,clem5t is n quot+ f our ,gospels2 b ,i am q aw>e ( ! insecure gr\nd on :i* ?is op9ion re/s4 ,x is a nice balance ( probabilities1 & ! elem5t ( ignorance is s l>ge t ! conclusion1 :atev] x is1 mu/ be purely provisional4 ,any?+ l confid5t dogmatism on ! subject seems to me entirely out ( place4 ,v mu* ! same is to be said ( ! second passage 7,ibid1 p4 #ff74 ,! quotations 9 ,clem5t1 app>5tly f "s o!r evangelic "w1 w be not$ "u head h1 & ^! are ^? cit$ 9 ,paley4 ,,h]mas4--,tis*5dorf rel9qui%es ?is "w also z evid5ce = ! ,gospels4 ,l>dn] writes3 ,9 ,h]mas are no express citations ( any books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,cr$ibility1 vol4 i4 pt4 #b1 p4 #aaf74 ,he ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t he c trace allusions to words ( ,scripture4 ,we/cott says t ,! ,%eph]d conta9s no def9ite quotation f ei!r ,old or ,new ,te/am5t 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aig72 b he also ?9ks t ,h]mas 0 famili> ) "s records ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,we/cott1 h[ev]1 does n admit ,h]mas z an ,apo/olic ,fa!r at all1 b places him 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,z reg>ds ! direct hi/orical evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 x is ( no importance4 ,no book is cit$ 9 x by "n4 ,!re are no evid5t quotations f ! ,gospels 7,norton's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 vol4 i1 pp4 #cdb1 #cdc74 ,,ignatius4--,x w\ld be wa/$ "t to tr\ble ab\t ,ignatius at all1 aft] kn[+ ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* 8 suppos$ works h pass$ 7see ante pp4 #bag-bbj72 & ,paley's ref]5ces are su* vague quotations t !y may safely be left to ! judgm5t ( ! read]4 ,tis*5dorf1 claim+ two & ?ree phrases 9 x1 says some:at confus$ly3 ,?\gh we d n wi% to give to ^! ref]5ces a decisive value1 & ?\gh !y d n exclude all d\bt z to _! applicability to our ,gospels1 & m p>ticul>ly to t ( ,/4 ,john1 !y nev]!less und\bt$ly be> traces ( su* a ref]5ce 7,:5 7 our ,gospels ,writt51 p4 #fa1 ,eng4 ed474 ,?is conclusion ref]s1 9 ,tis*5dorf1 to ,polyc>p1 z well z to ,ignatius4 ,9 ^! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 ,mr4 ,s&ay only treats ! ,curetonian ,epi/les 7see ante1 p4 #bah7 z g5u9e1 & 9 ^! he f9ds sc>cely any co9cid5ces ) ! ,gospels4 ,! p>allel to ,mat!w x4 #af1 ,be ye1 !re=e1 wise z s]p5ts & h>mless z doves1 is d\btful1 z x is possible t ,ignatius may be quot+1 n directly f our ,gospel1 b f "o ( ! orig9al docum5ts 7su* z ,ewald's hypo!tical ',spru*-,sammlung'71 out ( :i* our ,gospel 0 compos$ 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #gh74 ,an allusion to ! /> ( ,be?lehem may h1 z x appe>s to h1 ref]5ce to ! n>rative ( ,matt1 ii444 b see1 ante1 p4 #bcc1 :]e ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! /> is widely diff]5t f ! evangelic notice4 ,^! are 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 ! only co9cid5ces to be f\nd 9 ! ,curetonian v]sion 7,ibid1 pp4 #gh1 #gi74 ,,polyc>p4--,?is epi/le lies "u a heavy weight ( suspicion1 & has besides little wor? analys+ z possible quotations f ! ,gospels4 ,paley quotes1 besee*+ ! all-see+ ,god n to lead u into temptation4 ,:y n f9i% ! passage8 ,because1 if he _h done s1 ! context w\ld h %[n t x 0 n a quotation f a gospel id5tical ) our own--besee*+ ! all-see+ ,god n to lead u into temptation1 z ! ,"l ha? said1 ,! _s1 inde$1 is will+1 b ! fle% is weak4 ,if ?is be a quotation at all1 x is f "s lo/ gospel1 z ^! words are n[h]e f\nd ?us conjo9$ 9 ! ,synoptics4 ,?us briefly may ^! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs be dismiss$1 s9ce _! te/imony fades away z soon z x is exam9$1 z a mi/ evaporates be=e ! rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,we w call up ,paley's o!r witnesses4 ,,papias4--,9 ! fragm5t pres]v$ by ,eusebius !re is no quotation ( any k9d2 ! te/imony ( ,papias is to ! names ( ! au?ors ( two ( ! ,gospels1 & w be consid]$ "u g4 ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr4--,we n[ come to ! mo/ important ( ! suppos$ witnesses1 &1 al?\gh /ud5ts mu/ /udy ! details ( ! controv]sy 9 l>g] works1 we w endeav\r to put briefly be=e !m ! ma9 reasons :y ,free?9k]s reject ,ju/9 ,m>tyr z be>+ evid5ce to ! au!nticity ( ! pres5t ,gospels1 & 9 ?is rsum we beg9 by cond5s+ *apt] iii4 ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bhh-dcc1 s f> z x be>s on our pres5t position4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr is suppos$ to h di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aff1 hav+ be5 put to dea? 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius2 he 0 by desc5t a ,greek1 b became a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 /rongly t+$ ) ,judaism4 ,! long] ,apology1 & ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 are ! works *iefly reli$ ^u to prove ! au!nticity4 ,! date ( ! fir/ ,apology is probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #adg2 ! ,dialogue 0 writt5 lat]1 p]haps betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aej & #afj4 ,9 ^! writ+s ,ju/9 quotes v copi\sly f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & he also v frequ5tly ref]s to facts ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 & to say+s ( ,jesus4 ,( ^! ref]5ces1 = in/ance1 "s fifty occur 9 ! fir/ ,apology1 & upw>ds ( sev5ty 9 ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho2 a goodly numb]1 x w be admitt$1 by means ( :i* to id5tify ! s\rce f :i* he quotes4 ,ju/9 himself frequ5tly & di/9ctly says t 8 in=mation & quotations are d]iv$ f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 b1 except ^u "o occasion1 :i* we %all h]eaft] consid]1 :5 he indicates ,pet]1 he nev] m5tions an au?or's "n4 ,^u exam9ation x is f\nd t1 ) only "o or two brief exceptions1 ! num]\s quotations f ^! ,memoirs diff] m or less widely f p>allel passages 9 our ,synoptic ,gospels1 & 9 _m cases diff] 9 ! same respects z simil> quotations f\nd 9 o!r writ+s ( ! second c5tury1 ! writ]s ( :i* are kn[n to h made use ( uncanonical ,gospels2 & fur!r1 t ^! passages are quot$ sev]al times1 at int]vals1 by ,ju/91 ) ! same v>iations4 ,moreov]1 say+s ( ,jesus are quot$ f ! ,memoirs :i* are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels at all1 & facts 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 & circum/ances ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 n only are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 b are 9 contradiction ) !m4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 put =w>d by ,*ri/ian apologi/s to less5 ! =ce ( ^! objections4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,ju/9 quot$ f memory1 cond5s$ or comb9$ to suit 8 imm$iate purpose2 t ! ,memoirs 7 a h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 ) additions f "s apocryphal "w2 t along ) our ,gospels ,ju/9 us$ apocryphal ,gospels2 t he made use ( our ,gospels1 pref]r+1 h[ev]1 to rely *iefly on an apocryphal "o4 ,results s div]se %[ h[ dubi\s mu/ be ! value ( ! witness ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,compet5t critics almo/ univ]sally admit t ,ju/9 _h no idea ( rank+ ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les among canonical writ+s4 ,! ^w translat$ ,memoirs w\ld be m correctly r5d]$ ,recollections1 or ,memorabilia1 & none ( ^! ?ree t]ms is an appropriate title = works rank+ z canonical ,gospels4 ,great numb]s ( spuri\s writ+s1 "u ! names ( apo/les1 7 curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & ,ju/9 names no au?ors = ! ,recollections he quotes f1 only say+ t !y 7 compos$ by 8 ,apo/les & _! foll[]s1 cle>ly indicat+ t he 0 us+ "s collective recollections ( ! ,apo/les & ^? :o foll[$ !m4 ,! ^w ,gospels1 9 ! plural1 is only once appli$ to ^! ,recollections2 ,= ! ,apo/les1 9 ! ',memoirs' compos$ by !m1 :i* are call$ ,gospels4 ,! la/ expression ,greek3 kaleitai euaggelai1 z _m s*ol>s h decl>$1 is a manife/ int]polation4 ,x is1 9 all probability1 a gloss on ! m>g9 ( "s old ,,ms4 :i* "s copyi/ aft]w>ds ins]t$ 9 ! text4 ,if ,ju/9 really /at$ t ! ',memoirs' 7 call$ ,gospels1 x seems incompreh5sible t he %\ld nev] call !m s himself4 ,9 no o!r place 9 8 writ+s does he apply ! plural to !m1 b1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d ,trypho ref]r+ to ! 's-call$ ,gospel1' :i* he /ates t he _h c>efully read1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 c only be ,ju/9's ',memoirs1' & aga91 9 ano!r "p ( ! same dialogue1 ,ju/9 quotes passages :i* are writt5 '9 ! ,gospel4' ,! t]m ',gospel' is n[h]e else us$ by ,ju/9 9 ref]5ce to a writt5 record4 ,! public read+ ( ! ,recollections1 m5tion$ by ,ju/91 proves no?+1 s9ce _m works1 n[ ackn[l$g$ z spuri\s1 7 ?us read 7see ante1 pp4 #bdh1 #bdi74 ,ju/9 does n reg>d ! ,recollections z inspir$1 attribut+ inspiration only to prophetic writ+s1 & he accepts !m z au!ntic solely because ! ev5ts !y n>rate are prophesi$ ( 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! omission ( any au?or's "n is rem>kable1 s9ce1 9 quot+ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he con/antly ref]s to ! au?or by "n1 or to ! book us$2 b 9 ! v num]\s quotations1 suppos$ to be f ! ,gospels1 he nev] does ?is1 save 9 "o s+le in/ance1 m5tion$ bel[1 :5 he quotes ,pet]4 ,on ! !ory t he _h our f\r ,gospels be=e him1 ?is is ! m s+ul>1 s9ce he w\ld naturally h di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r4 ,! only writ+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ref]r$ to by "n is ! ,apocalypse1 by a c]ta9 man ^: "n 0 ,john1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/1 & x is impossible t ,john %\ld be ?us m5tion$1 if ,ju/9 _h already be5 quot+ f a ,gospel be>+ 8 "n "u ! g5]al title ( ,recollections4 ,ju/9 cle>ly quotes f a writt5 s\rce & excludes oral tradition1 say+ t 9 ! ,recollections is record$ ev]y?+ t conc]ns our ,savi\r ,*ri/4 7,! pro(s t ,ju/9 quotes f records o!r ?an ! ,gospels w be class$ "u position h1 & are "h omitt$47 ,ju/9 kn[s no?+ ( ! %eph]ds ( ! pla91 & ! angelic appe>ance to !m1 nor ( ! /> guid+ ! wise m5 to ! place :]e ,jesus 01 al?\gh he relates ! /ory ( ! bir?1 & ! visit ( ! wise m54 ,two %ort passages 9 ,ju/9 are id5tical ) p>allel passages 9 ,mat!w1 b x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 t ! m]e co9cid5ce ( %ort hi/orical say+s 9 two works by no means w>rants ! conclusion t ! "o is dep5d5t on ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ ,apology1 *aps1 xv41 xvi41 & xvii4 are compos$ almo/ entirely ( examples ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 & ) ! exception ( ^! two brief passages1 n "o quotation agrees v]bally ) ! canonical ,gospels4 ,we h ref]r$ to "o in/ance :]e9 ! "n ( ,pet] is m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! ,recollections4 ,ju/9 says3 ,! /atem5t also t he 7,jesus7 *ang$ ! "n ( ,pet]1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 & t ?is is also writt5 9 8 ',memoirs1' etc4 ,?is ref]s ! ,memoirs to ,pet]1 & x is sugge/$ t x is1 !re=e1 a ref]5ce to ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 ,m>k hav+ be5 suppos$ to h writt5 8 ,gospel "u ! direction ( ,pet]4 ,!re 0 a ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 probably a v>iation f ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 s highly respect$ & s widely us$ by ! primitive writ]s4 ,x is v probable t ?is is ! "w to :i* ,ju/9 s (t5 ref]s1 & t x orig9ally bore ! simple title ( ,! ,gospel1 or ! ,recollections ( ,pet]4 ,a v]sion ( ?is ,gospel 0 also kn[n z ! ,gospel ,accord+ to ! ,apo/les1 a title s+ul>ly l ! ,recollections ( ! ,apo/les by ,ju/94 ,see+ t 9 ,ju/9's works 8 quotations1 al?\gh s copi\s1 d n agree ) p>allel passages 9 our ,gospels1 we may reasonably conclude t !re is no evid5ce t he made use ( any ( our ,gospels1 & he _c1 !re=e1 ev5 be cit$ to prove _! v exi/5ce1 & mu* less ! au!nticity & "* ( records ^: au?ors he does n once "n4 ,pass+ f ?is case1 ably work$ out by ?is le>n$ & clev] writ] 7& we e>ne/ly recomm5d our read]s1 if possible1 to /udy 8 c>eful analysis = !mselves1 s9ce he makes ! :ole "q ?or\ghly intelligible to ,engli% read]s1 & gives !m evid5ce :]eby !y c =m _! own judgm5ts1 in/ead ( accept+ ready-made conclusions71 we w exam9e ,canon ,we/cott's cont5tion4 ,he admits t ! difficulties p]plex+ ! evid5ce ( ,ju/9 are great2 t !re are additions to ! receiv$ n>rative1 & rem>kable v>iations f its text1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 are bo? repeat$ by ,ju/9 & f\nd also 9 o!r writ+s 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #ih74 ,we regret to say t ,dr4 ,we/cott1 9 lay+ ! case be=e 8 read]s1 some:at misleads !m1 al?\gh1 d\btless1 un9t5tionally4 ,he speaks ( ,ju/9 tell+ u t ,*ri/ 0 desc5d$ f ,abraham ?r\gh ,jacob1 ,judah1 ,ph>es1 ,jesse1 & ,david1 & omits ! fact t ,ju/9 traces ! desc5t to ,m>y alone1 & kn[s no?+ z to a desc5t trac$ to ,joseph1 z 9 bo? ,mat!w & ,luke 7see bel[1 "u h74 ,he speaks ( ,ju/9 m5tion+ wise m5 guid$ by a />1 =gett+ t ,ju/9 says no?+ ( ! guidance1 b only writes3 ,t he %\ld arise l a /> f ! se$ ( ,abraham1 ,moses %[$ be=eh&4444 ,accord+ly1 :5 a /> rose 9 heav5 at ! "t ( 8 bir?1 z is record$ 9 ! ',memoirs' ( 8 ,apo/les1 ! ,magi f ,arabia1 recognis+ ! sign by ?is1 came & wor%ipp$ him 7,dial41 *4 cvi474 ,he speaks ( ,ju/9 record+ ! s++ ( ! ,psalm aft]w>ds 7aft] ! la/ supp]71 omitt+ t ,ju/9 only says g5]ally 7,dial41 *4 cvi41 to :i* ,dr4 ,we/cott ref]s u7 t :5 liv+ ) !m 7,*ri/7 sang praises to ,god4 ,b z we h]eaft] deal ) ^! discrepancies1 we ne$ n dwell on !m n[1 only w>n+ our read]s t s9ce ev5 su* a man z ,dr4 ,we/cott ?us misrepres5ts facts1 x w be well nev] to accept any inf]5ces drawn f su* ref]5ces z ^! )\t comp>+ !m ) ! orig9al4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties to ! ,engli% read] is to get a reliable translation4 ,to give b a s+le in/ance4 ,9 ! v]sion ( ,ju/9 "h us$ 7t publi%$ by ,t4 ,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh71 we f9d 9 ! ,dialogue1 *4 ciii41 ! foll[+ passage3 ,8 sweat fell d[n l drops ( blood :ile he 0 pray+4 ,& ?is is ref]r$ to by ,canon ,we/cott 7p4 #ajd7 z a record ( ! bloody sweat4 ,yet1 9 ! orig9al1 !re is no ^w analog\s to ( blood2 ! passage runs3 sweat z drops fell d[n1 & x is record$ by ,ju/9 z a pro( t ! prophecy1 my bones are p\r$ out l wat] 0 fulfill$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,! clumsy endeav\r to create a lik5ess to ,luke xxii4 #dd de/roys ,ju/9's argum5t4 ,fur!r on 7p4 #aac7 ,dr4 ,we/cott admits t ! words ( blood are n f\nd 9 ,ju/92 b x is surely mislead+1 "u ^! circum/ances1 to say t ,ju/9 m5tions ! bloody sweat4 ,we/cott only ma9ta9s sev5 passages 9 ! :ole ( ,ju/9's writ+s1 :]e9 he di/9ctly quotes f ! ,memoirs2 i4e41 only sev5 t c be ma9ta9$ z quotations f ! canonical ,gospels--! cont5tion be+ t ! ,memoirs are ! ,gospels4 ,he says truly1 if naively1 ,! result ( a fir/ view ( ^! passages is /rik+4 ,v /rik+1 inde$2 =1 ( ! sev51 five agree v]bally ) ! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w or ,/4 ,luke1 exhibit+1 inde$1 ?ree slight v>i\s read+s n else:]e f\nd1 b su* z are easily explicable4 ,! six? is a cond5s$ summ>y ( words relat$ by ,/4 ,mat!w2 ! sev5? alone pres5ts an important v>iation 9 ! text ( a v]se1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 o!rwise v unc]ta9 7pp4 #acj1 #aca4 ,! italics are our own74 ,t is1 !re are only sev5 di/9ct quotations1 & all ( ^!1 save two1 are diff]5t f our ,gospels4 ,! :ole ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's analysis ( ^! passages is sev]ely criticis$ 9 ,sup]natural ,religion1 & 9 ! edition ( #ahge ( ,dr4 ,we/cott's book1 f :i* we quote1 "s ( ! expressions he previ\sly us$ are a little modifi$4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion ju/ly says3 ,! /rik+ result1 to summ>ise ,canon ,we/cott's own words1 is ?is4 ,out ( sev5 pr(ess$ quotations f ! ',memoirs1' 9 :i* he admits we may expect to f9d ! exact language pres]v$1 five pres5t ?ree v>iations2 "o is a compress$ summ>y1 & does n agree v]bally at all2 & ! sev5? pres5ts an important v>iation 7vol4 i41 p4 #cid74 ,dr4 ,giles speaks v /rongly aga9/ ,paley's di/ortion ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's te/imony1 compla9+3 ,! works ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr d n fall 9 ! way ( "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s& ( our c\ntrym54 ,h[ is x1 !n1 to be deprecat$ t errone\s /atem5ts %\ld be curr5t ab\t him6 ,h[ is x to be c5sur$ t 8 te/imony %\ld be *ang$1 & he %\ld be made to speak a falsehood6 7,*ri/ian ,records1 p4 #ga74 ,dr4 ,giles !n argues t ,ju/9 w\ld h c]ta9ly nam$ ! books & _! au?ors _h !y be5 curr5t & rev]5c$ 9 8 "t2 t !re 7 numb]less ,gospels curr5t at t date2 t ,ju/9 m5tions occurr5ces t are only f\nd relat$ 9 su* apocryphal ,gospels4 ,he !n comp>es sev5te5 passages 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ) p>allel passages 9 ! ,gospels1 & concludes t ,ju/9 gives u ,*ri/'s say+s 9 _! tradition>y =ms1 & n 9 ! words :i* are f\nd 9 our f\r ,gospels4 ,we w select two1 to %[ 8 me?od ( criticis+1 translat+ ! ,greek1 in/ead ( giv+ x1 z he does1 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 ! ,apology1 *4 xv41 ,ju/9 writes3 ,if ?y "r eye (f5d !e1 cut x out1 = x is pr(itable = !e to ent] into ! k+dom ( heav5 ) "o eye1 ?an hav+ two to be ?ru/ into ! ev]la/+ fire4 ,?is passage is v l ,matt4 v4 #bi3 ',if ?y "r eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out1 & ca/ x f !e2 = x is pr(itable = !e t "o ( ?y memb]s %\ld p]i%1 & n t ?y :ole body %\ld be ca/ into hell4' ,b x is also l ,matt1 xviii4 #i3 ',& if ?9e eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out & ca/ x f !e2 x is bett] = !e to ent] into life ) "o eye1 r ?an hav+ two eyes to be ca/ into hell-fire4' ,& x be>s an equal lik5ess to ,m>k ix4 #dg3 ',& if ?9e eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out2 x is bett] = !e to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god ) "o eye ?an1 hav+ two eyes1 to be ca/ into hell-fire4' ,yet1 /range to say1 x is n id5tical 9 words ) ei!r ( ! ?ree 7pp4 #hc1 #hd74 ,i came n to call ! righte\s b s9n]s to rep5tance4 ,9 ?is only in/ance is !re a p]fect agreem5t betwe5 ! words ( ,ju/9 & ! canonical ,gospels1 ?ree ( :i*1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke1 give ! same say+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! same words4 ,a v>iety ( ?\ghts "h ru% ^u ! m9d4 ,are ^! ?ree ,gospels bas$ ^u a common docum5t8 ,if s1 is n ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's citation drawn f ! same anonym\s docum5t1 r ?an f ! ?ree ,gospels1 see+ he does n "n !m8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,ju/9 has cit$ !m accurately 9 ?is in/ance1 :y has he fail$ to d s 9 ! o!rs8 ,= no o!r reason ?an t tradition>y say+s are g5]ally ?us irregul>ly exact or inexact1 & ,ju/91 cit+ f !m1 has be5 z irregul>ly exact z !y 7 7,ibid1 p4 #he74 ,! result to :i* a p]usal ( 8 works w lead is ( ! grave/ "*4 ,he w be f\nd to quote ne>ly two hundr$ s5tim5ts or say+s ( ,*ri/2 b makes h>dly a s+le cle> allusion to all ^? circum/ances ( "t or place :i* give s mu* int]e/ to ,*ri/'s tea*+1 z record$ 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,! inf]5ce is t he quotes ,*ri/'s say+s z deliv]$ by tradition or tak5 d[n 9 writ+ be=e ! f\r ,gospels 7 compil$ 7,ibid1 pp4 #hi1 #ij74 ,paley & ,l>dn] bo? deal ) ,ju/9 some:at briefly1 call+ e passage 9 8 works resembl+ slightly any passage 9 ! ,gospels a quotation2 9 bo? cases only ignorance ( ,ju/9's writ+s c lead any read] to ass5t to ! inf]5ces !y draw4 ,,hegesippus 0 a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian1 :o1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #aff4 ,sot] is said to h succe$$ ,anicetus 9 ! bi%opric ( ,rome 9 t ye>1 & ,hegesippus appe>s to h be5 9 ,rome dur+ ! episcopacy ( bo?4 ,he travell$ ab\t f place to place1 & 8 te/imony to ! ,gospels is t 9 e city ! doctr9e prevails accord+ to :at is decl>$ by ! law1 & ! prophets1 & ! ,"l 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 iv41 *4 #bb74 ,fur!r1 ,eusebius quotes ! /ory ( ! dea? ( ,james1 ! ,apo/le1 writt5 by ,hegesippus1 & 9 ?is ,james is report$ to h said to ! ,jews3 ,:y d ye n[ ask me respect+ ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,man8 ,he is n[ sitt+ 9 ! heav5s1 on ! "r h& ( great p[]1 & is ab\t to come on ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,& :5 he is be+ murd]$1 he prays1 ,o ,"l ,god & ,fa!r =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d 7see ,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 ii41 *4 #bc74 ,! full absurdity ( reg>d+ ?is z a te/imony to ! ,gospels w be se5 :5 x is rememb]$ t x is impli$ !reby t ,james1 ! bro!r & apo/le ( ,*ri/1 knew no?+ ( 8 words until he read !m 9 ! ,gospels1 & t he 0 murd]$ be=e ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 f :i* alone he c\ld quote ! pray] ( ,jesus1 is ?\ght1 by mo/ ,*ri/ians1 to h be5 writt54 ,"o o!r fragm5t ( ,hegesippus is pres]v$ by ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 :]e9 ,hegesippus1 speak+ aga9/ ,paul's ass]tion t eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 opposes to x ! say+ ( ! ,"l1 ,bless$ are y\r eyes1 = !y see1 & y\r e>s t he>4 ,?is is p>allel$ by ,matt4 xiii4 #af & ,luke x4 #bc4 ,we ne$ n po9t out t ! say+ ref]r$ to by ,hegesippus1 :il/ convey+ ! same s5se z t 9 ! two ,gospels1 diff]s z mat]ially f !m z !y d f ea* o!r1 & z we might expect a quotation tak5 f a diff]5t1 ?\gh k9dr$1 s\rce1 l ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 to d 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #ddg74 ,:y does n ,paley tell u t ,eusebius writes ( him1 n t he quot$ f ! ,gospels1 b t he also /ates "s p>ticul>s f ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews & f ! ,syriac1 & p>ticul>ly f ! ,hebrew language1 %[+ t he himself 0 a conv]t f ! ,hebrews4 ,o!r matt]s he also records z tak5 f ! unwritt5 tradition ( ! ,jews 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iv41 * #bb74 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! s\rce ( ! quotations 9 ,hegesippus1 & yet ,paley conceals ?is1 & delib]ately speaks ( him z ref]r+ to our ,gospel ( ,mat!w6 ,,epi/le ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,lyons ,,& ,,vi5ne4--,paley quietly dates ?is ,a4,d4 #agj1 al?\gh ! p]secution x describes occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #agg 7see ante1 pp4 #beg1 #beh74 ,! exact ref]5ces to ! ,gospels ( ,luke & ,john & to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 spok5 ( by ,paley 7,evid5ces1 p4 #abe71 are n easy to f9d4 ,we/cott says3 ,x conta9s no ref]5ce by "n to any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b its co9cid5ces ( language ) ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,john1 ) ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ) ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans1 ,cor9?ians 7871 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 & ! ,fir/ to ,timo?y1 ) ! fir/ ,ca?olic ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john1 & ) ! ,apocalypse1 are indisputable 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #ccf74 ,un=tunately1 nei!r ,paley nor ,dr4 ,we/cott ref] u to ! passages 9 "q1 ,paley quot+ only "o4 ,we w1 !re=e1 give "o ( ^! at full l5g?1 leav+ our read]s to judge ( x z an exact ref]5ce3 ,vattius ,epaga?us1 "o ( ! bre?r5 :o ab\nd$ 9 ! fulness ( ! love ( ,god & man1 & ^: walk & conv]sation _h be5 s unexceptionable1 ?\gh he 0 only "y1 %>$ 9 ! same te/imony ) ! eld] ,za*>ias4 ,he walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & righte\sness ( ! ,"l blameless1 full ( love to ,god & 8 neighb\r 7,eusebius1 bk4 v41 *ap4 i74 ,?is is1 x appe>s1 an exact ref]5ce to ,luke i4 #f1 & we own we %\ld n h kn[n x unless x _h be5 not$ 9 ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,tis*5dorf1 on ! o!r h&1 ref]s ! allusion to ,za*>ias to ! ,protevangelium ( ,james 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #bjb74 ,! second exact ref]5ce is1 t ,vattius _h ! ,_s m abundantly ?an ,za*>ias2 su* an unnecess>y & insidi\s comp>ison w\ld sc>cely h be5 made _h ! writ] kn[n our ,gospel & reg>d$ x z inspir$ ,scripture 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #bjd74 ,! quotation t ! day w\ld come :5 ev]yone t slaye? y w ?9k he is do+ ,god a s]vice1 is "o ( ^? isolat$ say+s ref]r$ to ,*ri/ :i* might be f\nd 9 any acc\nt ( 8 works1 or might h be5 h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,?is epi/le is ! la/ witness call$ by ,paley1 prior to ,ir5u1 & might1 inde$1 fairly be reg>d$ z contempor>y ) him4 ,al?\gh ,paley does n allude to ! ,clem5t9es1 books falsely ascrib$ to ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ^! are sometimes br\ght to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels 9 ! second c5tury4 ,b !y are useless z witnesses1 f ! fact t ! date at :i* !y 7 !mselves writt5 is a matt] ( dispute4 ,critics v>i\sly date ! composition ( ! orig9al ,recognitions f ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury to ! end ( ! ?ird1 ?\gh ! majority are agre$ 9 plac+ !m1 at lea/1 9 ! latt] c5tury 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #e74 ,x is un=tunate t !re are n suffici5t mat]ials = det]m9+ ! date ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,s&ay1 p4 #afa74 ,"p ( ! ,clem5t9es1 call$ ! ,recognitions1 is useless z a basis = argum5t1 = ^! are only extant 9 a ,lat9 translation by ,ruf9us1 9 :i* ! quotations f ! ,gospels h evid5tly be5 assimilat$ to ! canonical text :i* ,ruf9us himself uses 7,ibid74 ,( ! re/1 we are /ruck at once by ! small am\nt ( exact co9cid5ce1 :i* is consid]ably less ?an t :i* is f\nd 9 ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,ibid1 p4 #afh74 ,9 ! ,homilies !re are v num]\s quotations ( expressions ( ,jesus1 & ( ,gospel ,hi/ory1 :i* are g5]ally plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,pet]1 or introduc$ ) su* =mula z ',! tea*] said1' ',jesus said1' ',he said1' ',! prophet said1' b 9 no case does ! au?or "n ! s\rce f :i* ^! say+s & quotations are d]iv$4444 ,de ,wette says1 ',! quotations ( evangelical works & hi/ories 9 ! pseudo-,clem5t9e writ+s1 f _! free & unsatisfactory nature1 p]mit only unc]ta9 conclusions z to _! writt5 s\rce4' ,critics h ma9ta9$ v free & conflict+ views reg>d+ t s\rce4 ,apologi/s1 ( c\rse1 ass]t t ! quotations 9 ! ,homilies are tak5 f our ,gospels only4 ,o!rs ascribe !m to our ,gospels1 ) a supplem5t>y apocryphal "w1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]4 ,"s1 :il/ admitt+ a subsidi>y use ( "s ( our ,gospels1 ass]t t ! au?or ( ! ,homilies employs1 9 pref]5ce1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]2 :il/ o!rs1 recognis+ also ! simil>ity ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ^! quotations ) ^? ( ,ju/9's1 conclude t ! au?or does n quote our ,gospels at all1 b makes use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,evid5ce p]mitt+ ( su* div]g5t conclusions manife/ly _c be ( a decid$ "* 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #f1 #g74 ,on ,basilides 7tea*+ c4 ,a4,d4 #ace7 & ,val5t9us 7,a4,d4 #adj71 two ( ! e>ly ,gno/ic tea*]s1 we ne$ n delay1 = !re is sc>cely any?+ left ( _! writ+s1 & all we "k ( !m is drawn f ! writ+s ( _! antagoni/s2 x is claim$ t !y knew & made use ( ! canonical ,gospels1 & ,canon ,we/cott urges ?is view ( ,basilides1 b ! writ] ( ,sup]natural ,religion *>act]ises ?is plea z unwor?y ( a s*ol>1 & only calculat$ to mislead read]s :o mu/ g5]ally be ignorant ( ! actual facts ( ! case 7vol4 ii41 p4 #db74 ,basilides says t he receiv$ 8 doctr9e f ,glaucias1 ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 & x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ,basilides1 9 bas+ 8 doctr9es on ^! apocryphal books z inspir$1 & ^u tradition1 & 9 hav+ a special ,gospel call$ aft] 8 own "n1 :i*1 !re=e1 he cle>ly adopts z ! expon5t ( 8 ideas ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 absolutely ignores ! canonical ,gospels altoge!r1 & n only does n (f] any evid5ce = _! exi/5ce1 b proves t he did n recognise any su* works z ( au?ority4 ,!re=e1 !re is no gr\nd :atev] = ,tis*5dorf's assumption t ! ,comm5t>y ( ,basilides ',on ! ,gospel' 0 writt5 ^u our ,gospels1 b t idea is1 on ! contr>y1 negativ$ 9 ! /ronge/ way by all ! facts ( ! case 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #de1 #df74 ,bo? ) ?is anci5t h]etic1 z ) ,val5t9us1 x is impossible to di/+ui% :at is ascrib$ to him f :at is ascrib$ to 8 foll[]s1 & ?us evid5ce drawn f ei!r ( !m is weak] ev5 ?an usual4 ,m>cion1 ! greate/ h]etic ( ! second c5tury1 ought to prove a useful witness to ! ,*ri/ians if ! pres5t ,gospels _h be5 accept$ 9 8 "t z canonical4 ,he 0 ! son ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bi%op ( ,s9ope1 9 ,pontus1 & taught 9 ,rome = "s tw5ty ye>s1 dat+ f ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,only "o ,gospel 0 ackn[l$g$ by him1 & fi]ce has be5 ! controv]sy z to :at ?is ,gospel 04 ,x is only kn[n to u ?r\gh 8 antagoni/s1 :o g5]ally ass]t t ! ,gospel us$ by him 0 ! ?ird ,synoptic1 *ang$ & adapt$ to suit 8 h]etical views4 ,paley says1 ,?is ra% & wild controv]siali/ publi%$ a rec5sion or *a/is$ edition ( ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel 7,evid5ces1 p4 #afg71 b does n condesc5d to give u ! smalle/ reason = s broad an ass]tion4 ,?is "q has1 h[ev]1 be5 ?or\ghly debat$ among ,g]man critics1 ! "o side ma9ta9+ t ,m>cion mutilat$ ,luke's ,gospel1 ! o!r t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 e>li] ?an ,luke's1 & t ,luke's 0 made f x2 :ile "s1 aga91 ma9ta9$ t bo? 7 v]sions ( an old] orig9al4 ,f ?is controv]sy we may conclude t !re 0 a /rong lik5ess betwe5 ,m>cion's ,gospel & ! ?ird ,synoptic1 & t x is impossible to "k :i* is ! e>li] ( ! two4 ,! resolution ( ! "q is made hopeless by ! fact t ! pr9cipal s\rces ( our in=mation reg>d+ ,m>cion's ,gospel are ! works ( 8 mo/ bitt] d5\nc]s ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 p4 #hh74 ,at ! v be/1 ev5 if ! hypo!sis t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 a mutilat$ ,luke 7 e/abli%$1 ,m>cion af=ds no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! au!nticity or tru/wor?y "* ( our ?ird ,synoptic4 ,8 ,gospel 0 nameless1 & 8 foll[]s repudiat$ ! idea ( its hav+ be5 writt5 by ,luke2 & reg>d$ ev5 z ! e>lie/ te/imony = ! exi/5ce ( ,luke's ,gospel1 t te/imony is n 9 confirmation ( its g5u95ess & reliability1 b1 on ! contr>y1 condemns x z g>bl$ & int]polat$ 7,ibid1 pp4 #adf1 #adg74 ,x is sc>cely wor? :ile to ref] to ! suppos$ evid5ce ( ! ,canon ( ,muratori1 s9ce ! date ( ?is fragm5t is utt]ly unkn[n4 ,9 ! ye> #agdj ,muratori publi%$ ?is docum5t 9 a collection ( ,italian antiquities1 /at+ t he _h f\nd x 9 ! ,ambrosian libr>y at ,milan1 & t he believ$ t ! ,,ms4 f :i* he took x _h be5 9 exi/5ce ab\t #ajjj ye>s4 ,x is n kn[n by :om ! orig9al 0 writt51 & x be>s no date3 x is b a fragm5t1 comm5c+3 at :i*1 nev]!less1 he 0 pres5t1 & ?us he plac$ x4 ,?ird book ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke4 ,fur!r on x speaks ( ! f\r? ( ! ,gospels ( ,john4 ,! value ( ! evid5ce ( an anonym\s fragm5t ( unkn[n date is simply nil4 ,x is by "s affirm$ to be a complete treatise on ! books receiv$ by ! ,*ur*1 f :i* fragm5ts h be5 lo/2 :ile o!rs consid] x a m]e fragm5t itself4 ,x is writt5 9 ,lat91 :i* by "s is repres5t$ z mo/ corrupt1 :il/ o!rs uphold x z mo/ correct4 ,! text is fur!r r5d]$ almo/ un9telligible by e possible inaccuracy ( or?ography & gramm>1 :i* is ascrib$ div]sely to ! transcrib]1 to ! translator1 & to bo?4 ,inde$1 su* is ! ela/ic condition ( ! text1 result+ f errors & obscurity ( e imag9able description1 t1 by means ( +5i\s conjectures1 critics are able to f9d 9 x almo/ any s5se !y desire4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! orig9al language ( ! fragm5t1 ! great] numb] ( critics ma9ta9+ t ! composition is a translation f ! ,greek1 :ile o!rs ass]t x to h be5 orig9ally writt5 9 ,lat94 ,its composition is v>i\sly attribut$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,africa1 & to a memb] ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,rome 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bch1 #bci74 ,on a disputable scrap ( ?is k9d no argum5t c be bas$2 !re is no evid5ce ev5 to %[ t ! ?+ 0 9 exi/5ce at all until ,muratori publi%$ x2 x is nev] ref]r$ to by any e>ly writ]1 nor is !re a sc9tilla ( evid5ce t x 0 kn[n to ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,aft] a full & se>*+ analysis ( all ! docum5ts1 or?odox & h]etical1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ two c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion ?us sums up3--,aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! lit]ature & ! te/imony be>+ on ! po9t1 we h n f\nd a s+le di/9ct trace ( any "o ( ^? ,gospels dur+ ! fir/ c5tury & a half aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4444 ,any argum5t = ! m]e exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics bas$ ^u _! suppos$ rejection by h]etical lead]s & sects has ! inevitable disadvantage1 t ! v te/imony :i* w\ld %[ _! exi/5ce w\ld oppose _! au!nticity4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( _! use by h]etical lead]s1 h[ev]1 & no direct ref]5ce to !m by any writ]1 h]etical or or?odox1 :om we h exam9$ 7vol4 ii41 pp1 #bdh1 #bdi74 ,nor is ! fact ( ?is blank abs5ce ( evid5ce ( id5tity all t c be br\ght to be> 9 support ( our proposition1 = !re is ano!r fact t tells v heavily aga9/ ! id5tity ( ! n[ accept$ ,gospels ) ^? t 7 curr5t 9 e>li] days1 namely1 ! notewor?y *>ge br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians t !y *ang$ & alt]$ _! sacr$ books2 ! or?odox accus$ ! unor?odox ( v>y+ ! ,scriptures1 & ! h]etics retort$ ! *>ge ) equal p]t9acity4 ,! ,ebionites ma9ta9$ t ! ,hebrew ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 ! only au!ntic ,gospel1 & reg>d$ ! f\r ,greek ,gospels z unreliable4 ,! ,m>cionites admitt$ only ! ,gospel resembl+ t ( ,luke1 & 7 accus$ by ! or?odox ( hav+ alt]$ t to suit !mselves4 ,celsus1 writ+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 =mulates ! *>ge3 ,"s believ]s1 l m5 driv5 by drunk5ness to commit viol5ce on !mselves1 h alt]$ ! ,gospel hi/ory1 s9ce its fir/ composition1 ?ree times1 f\r times1 & (t5]1 & h re-fa%ion$ x1 s z to be able to d5y ! objections made aga9/ x 7,orig5 ,cont4 ,celsus1 bk4 ii41 *ap4 #bg1 z quot$ by ,norton1 p4 #fc74 ,orig5 admits t !re are ^? :o h alt]$ ! ,gospels1 b pleads t x has be5 done by h]etics1 & t ?is is no reproa* aga9/ true ,*ri/ianity 7,ibid74 ,only1 mo/ rev]5d ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*1 if h]etics accuse or?odox1 & or?odox accuse h]etics1 ( alt]+ ! ,gospels1 h[ are we to be sure t !y h come d[n unalt]$ to u8 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria notes alt]ations t _h be5 made4 ,dionysius1 ( ,cor9?1 compla9+ ( ! *anges made 9 8 own writ+s1 be>s witness to ?is same fact3 ,x is n1 !re=e1 matt] ( wond] if "s h also attempt$ to adult]ate ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,"l1 s9ce !y h attempt$ ! same 9 o!r works t are n to be comp>$ ) ^! 7,eusebius1 bk4 iv41 *4 #bc74 ,fau/us1 ! ,mani*an1 ! great oppon5t ( ,augu/9e1 writes3 ,= _m ?+s h be5 ins]t$ by y\r ance/ors 9 ! spee*es ( our ,"l1 :i*1 ?\gh put =? "u 8 "n1 agree n ) 8 fai?2 especially s9ce--z already x has be5 (t5 prov$ by u--t ^! ?+s 7 n writt5 by ,*ri/1 nor 8 ,apo/les1 b a long :ile aft] _! assumption1 by ,i "k n :at sort ( half ,jews1 n ev5 agree+ ) !mselves1 :o made up _! tale out ( report & op9ions m]ely2 & yet1 fa!r+ ! :ole ^u ! names ( ! ,apo/les ( ! ,"l1 or on ^? :o 7 suppos$ to h foll[$ ! ,apo/les2 !y m5daci\sly pret5d$ t !y _h writt5 _! lies & conceits accord+ to !m 7,lib4 #cc1 *4 #c1 z quot$ & translat$ 9 ,diegesis1 pp4 #fa1 #fb74 ,! tru? is1 t 9 ^? days1 :5 books 7 only writt51 ! wide/ door 0 op5$ to alt]ations1 additions1 & omissions2 incid5ts or rem>ks writt51 p]haps1 9 ! m>g9 ( ! text by "o transcrib]1 7 transf]r$ into ! text itself by ! next copyi/1 & 7 !reaft] indi/+ui%able f ! orig9al matt]4 ,9 ?is way ! celebrat$ text ( ! ?ree witnesses 7#a ,john1 v4 #g7 is suppos$ to h crept into ! text4 ,deal+ ) ?is1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,ei*horn po9ts out t x 0 easy to alt] a manuscript 9 transcrib+ x1 & t1 z manuscripts 7 writt5 = individual use1 su* alt]ations 7 consid]$ all[able1 & t ! alt]$ manuscript1 be+ copi$ 9 its turn1 su* *anges pass$ into circulation unnotic$4 ,own]s ( manuscripts add$ to !m incid5ts ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 or any ( 8 say+s1 :i* !y _h he>d (1 & :i* 7 n record$ 9 _! own copies1 & ?us ! /ory grew & grew1 & additional leg5ds 7 incorporat$ ) x1 until ! hi/orical basis became ov]laid ) my?4 ,! va/ numb] ( read+s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 no less--accord+ to ,dr4 ,angus1 "o ( ! pres5t ,revision ,committee--?an #ajj1jjj1 prove ! facility ) :i* v>iations 7 introduc$ into ,,mss4 by ^? :o _h *>ge ( !m4 ,9 heat$ & angry controv]sy betwe5 diff]5t s*ools ( monks appeals 7 naturally made to ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 & :at m likely--inde$ m c]ta9--?an t ^! monks %\ld introduce v>iations into _! ,,ms4 copies fav\r+ ! positions = :i* !y 7 sev]ally cont5d+8 ,! mo/ likely way 9 :i* ! ,gospels grew into _! pres5t =ms is1 t ! v>i\s traditions relat+ to ,*ri/ 7 writt5 d[n 9 diff]5t places = ! in/ruction ( cate*um5s1 & t ^!1 pass+ f h& to h&1 & m\? to m\?1 grew into a l>ge mass ( disjo9t$ /ories1 common to _m *ur*es4 ,?is mass 0 gradually sift$1 arrang$1 m\ld$ into hi/orical %ape1 :i* %\ld fit into ! preconceiv$ notions ( ! ,messiah1 & ?us ! f\r ,gospels gradually grew into _! pres5t =m1 & 7 accept$ on all h&s z ! legacy ( ! apo/olic age4 ,no c>eful read] c avoid notic+ ! _m co9cid5ces ( expression betwe5 ! ?ree synoptics1 & d$uc+ f ^! co9cid5ces ! conclusion t "o n>rative =m$ ! basis ( ! ?ree hi/ories4 ,ewald supposes ! exi/5ce ( a ,spru*sammlung--collect$ say+s ( ,*ri/--b su* a collection is n en\gh to expla9 ! ph5om5a we ref] to4 ,dr4 ,davidson says3 ,! rudim5ts ( an orig9al oral ,gospel 7 =m$ 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ! bosom ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 & ! language ( x mu/ h be5 ,araman1 s9ce ! memb]s consi/$ ( ,galileans1 to :om t tongue 0 v]nacul>4 ,x is natural to suppose t !y 7 accu/om$ to conv]se ) "o ano!r on ! life1 actions1 & doctr9es ( _! dep>t$ ,"l1 dwell+ on ! p>ticul>s t int]e/$ !m mo/1 & rectify+ ! acc\nts giv5 by "o ano!r1 :]e su* acc\nts 7 errone\s1 or s]i\sly defective4 ,! ,apo/les1 :o 7 eye-witnesses ( ! public life ( ,*ri/1 c\ld imp>t correctness to ! n>ratives1 giv+ !m a fix$ "* 9 reg>d to au!nticity & =m4 ,9 ?is mann] an orig9al oral ,gospel 9 ,araman 0 =m$4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 conceive ( x z put into ! %ape ( any ( our pres5t ,gospels1 or z be+ ( l ext5t2 b z consi/+ ( lead+ p>ticul>s 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 probably ! mo/ /rik+ & ! mo/ affect+1 su* z w\ld leave ! be/ impression on ! m9ds ( ! disciples4 ,! incid5ts & say+s connect$ ) _! ,div9e ,ma/] naturally assum$ a p>ticul> %ape f repetition1 ?\gh x 0 simply a rudim5tal "o4 ,!y 7 n compactly l9k$ 9 regul> or sy/ematic sequ5ce4 ,!y 7 ! oral g]m & ess5ce ( a ,gospel1 r ?an a prop] ,gospel itself1 at lea/1 accord+ to our mod]n ideas ( x4 ,b ! ,araman language 0 soon laid aside4 ,:5 ,hell5i/s ev9c$ a disposition to receive ,*ri/ianity1 & associat$ !mselves ) ! small numb] ( ,pale/9ian conv]ts1 ,greek 0 necess>ily adopt$4 ,z ! ,greek-speak+ memb]s f> out-numb]$ ! ,araman-speak+ bre?r51 ! oral ,gospel 0 put into ,greek4 ,h5ce=w>d ,greek1 ! language ( ! ,hell5i/s1 became ! m$ium ( in/ruction4 ,! tru?s & facts1 be=e repeat$ 9 ,hebrew1 7 n[ g5]ally promulgat$ 9 ,greek by ! apo/les & _! conv]ts4 ,! hi/orical cyclus1 :i* _h be5 =m+ 9 ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 assum$ a det]m9ate "* 9 ! ,greek tongue 7,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by ,s4 ,davidson1 ,,ll4,d41 p4 #dje4 ,ed4 #ahdh74 ,?us we f9d le>n$ ,*ri/ians oblig$ to admit an un9spir$ collection z ! basis ( ! inspir$ ,gospel1 & lay+ d[n a !ory :i* is entirely incompatible ) ! idea t ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7 writt5 by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke4 ,our ,gospels are degrad$ into v]sions ( an old] ,gospel1 in/ead ( be+ ! inspir$ record ( contempor>ies1 speak+ t we d "k4 ,canon ,we/cott writes ( ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 t !y repres5t1 z is %[n by _! /ructure1 a common basis1 common mat]ials1 treat$ 9 special ways4 ,!y evid5tly conta9 only a v small selection f ! words & works ( ,*ri/1 & yet _! cont5ts are includ$ broadly 9 "o outl9e4 ,_! sub/ance is evid5tly mu* old] ?an _! =m4444 ,! only explanation ( ! n>r[ & def9ite limit )9 :i* ! evangelic hi/ory 7exclusive ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel7 is conf9$1 seems to be t a collection ( repres5tative words & works 0 made by an au?oritative body1 su* z ! ,twelve1 at a v e>ly date1 & t ?is1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( popul> tea*+1 ga9$ exclusive curr5cy1 receiv+ only subord9ate additions & modifications4 ,?is ,apo/olic ,gospel--! oral basis1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ else:]e1 ( ! ,synoptic n>ratives--dates unque/ionably f ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian society 7,on ! ,canon1 preface1 pp4 xxxviii41 xxxix74 ,mr4 ,s&ay speaks ( ! orig9al docum5ts out ( :i* our ,gospel 0 compos$ 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 page #gh71 & he writes3 ,d\btless light w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! "q if we only knew :at 0 ! common orig9al ( ! two ,synoptic texts 7,ibid1 p4 #fe74 ,! fir/ ?ree ,gospels ( our ,canon are rem>kably alike1 _! writ]s agree 9 relat+ ! same ?+1 n only 9 ! same mann]1 b likewise 9 ! v words1 z mu/ be evid5t to e common read] :o has paid ! slighte/ att5tion to ! subject4444 ,"h foll[ a numb] ( p>allel passages f ! ?ree synoptics4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ! ?ree evangeli/s 9 ^! extracts is rem>kable1 & leads to ! "q h[ su* co9cid5ces c\ld arise betwe5 works :i*1 f ! fir/ ye>s ( ,*ri/ianity until ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 und]/ood to be p]fectly indep5d5t1 & to h _h ea* a sep>ate & indep5d5t orig94 ,! answ] to ?is "q may at la/1 aft] m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ( discussion1 be giv5 ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 if we are all[$ to judge ( ?is subject accord+ to ! rules ( reason & common s5se1 by :i* all o!r su* difficulties are resolv$4 ',! mo/ em95t critics'--we quote f ',m>%'s ,mi*aelis1' vol4 iii41 "p #b1 page #agj--';are at pres5t decid$ly ( op9ion t "o ( ! two suppositions mu/ necess>ily be adopt$--ei!r t ! ?ree evangeli/s copi$ f ea* o!r1 or t all ! ?ree drew f a common s\rce1 & t ! notion ( an absolute indep5d5ce1 9 respect to ! composition ( our ?ree fir/ ,gospels1 is no long] t5able'4444 ,! alt]native betwe5 a common s\rce & copy+ f ea* o!r1 is n[ no long] 9 ! same position z 9 ! days ( ,mi*aelis or ,bi%op ,m>%4 ,to decide betwe5 ! two is no long] difficult4 ,no "o w n[ admit t ei!r ( ! f\r evangeli/s has copi$ f ! o!r ?ree1 #a4 ,because 9 nei!r ( ! f\r is !re ! slighte/ notice ( ! o!rs4 #b4 ,because1 if ei!r ( ! evangeli/s may be ?\ght1 f ! rem>kable simil>ity ( any p>ticul> "p ( 8 n>rative1 to h copi$ out ( ei!r ( ! o!r ,gospels1 we imm$iately light ^u s _m o!r passages1 :olly inconsi/5t ) :at ! o!r ?ree h relat$ on ! same subject1 t we imm$iately ask :y he has n copi$ f ! o!rs on ^? po9ts also4 ,x only rema9s1 !re=e1 = u to inf] t !re 0 a common s\rce1 fir/ traditional & !n writt5--! ,greek3 ,apomnemoneumata1 9 %ort1 or ',memorials1' etc41 ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & t f ?is s\rce ! f\r canonical ,gospels1 toge!r ) ?irty or =ty o!rs1 _m ( :i* are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 71 at v>i\s p]iods ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 compil$ by v>i\s writ]s 7,*ri/ian ,records1 ,dr4 ,giles1 pp4 #bff1 #bgj1 #bga74 ,dean ,al=d puts =w>d a some:at simil> !ory2 he consid]s t ! oral tea*+ ( ! apo/les to cate*um5s & o!rs1 ! simple n>rative ( facts relat+ to ,*ri/1 gradually grew into =m & 0 writt5 d[n1 & t ?is acc\nts = ! m>k$ simil>ity ( "s passages 9 ! diff]5t ,gospels4 ,he says3--,i believe1 !n1 t ! ,apo/les1 9 virtue n m]ely ( _! hav+ be5 eye-&-e> witnesses ( ! ,evangelic hi/ory1 b especially ( _! (fice1 gave to ! v>i\s ,*ur*es _! te/imony 9 a n>rative ( facts1 su* n>rative be+ modifi$ 9 ea* case by ! individual m9d ( ! ,apo/le himself1 & 8 s5se ( :at 0 requisite = ! p>ticul> community to :i* he 0 m9i/]+4444 ,x w\ld be easy & int]e/+ to foll[ ! probable orig9 & gr[? ( ?is cycle ( n>ratives ( ! words & de$s ( our ,"l 9 ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 = bo? ! ,jews & ! ,hell5i/s--! latt] "u su* tea*]s z ,philip & ,/eph5--commission$ & au!nticat$ by ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! c\rse ( su* a process "s portions w\ld naturally be writt5 d[n by private believ]s = _! own use1 or t ( fri5ds4 ,& z ! ,*ur* spread to ,sam>ia1 ,caes>ea1 & ,antio*1 ! want w\ld be felt 9 ea* ( ^? places ( simil> cycles ( oral tea*+1 :i*1 :5 suppli$1 w\ld !nce=w>d belong to1 & be curr5t 91 ^? respective ,*ur*es4 ,& ^! portions ( ! ,evangelic hi/ory1 oral or p>tially docum5t>y1 w\ld be adopt$ "u ! sanction ( ! ,apo/les1 :o 7 z 9 all ?+s1 s especially 9 ?is1 ! appo9t$ & div9ely-guid$ ov]se]s ( ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,?is common sub/ratum ( ,apo/olic tea*+s--nev] =mally adopt$ by all1 b subject to all ! v>ieties ( diction & arrangem5t1 addition & omission1 incid5t to transmission ?r\gh _m individual m9ds1 & into _m diff]5t localities--,i believe to h be5 ! orig9al s\rce ( ! common "p ( our ?ree ,gospels 7,greek ,te/41 ,dean ,al=d1 vol4 i41 ,prolegom5a1 *4 i41 sec4 #c1 p>4 #f2 ed4 #ahei4 ,! italics are ,dean ,al=d's74 ,ei*horn's !ory ( ! gr[? ( ! ,gospels is "o v g5]ally accept$2 he consid]s t ! pres5t ,gospels 7 n 9 common circulation be=e ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & t be=e t "t o!r ,gospels 7 9 common use1 diff]+ consid]ably f ea* o!r1 b re/+ on a common f\ndation ( hi/orical fact2 all ^!1 he ?9ks1 7 v]sions ( an orig9al ,gospel1 a k9d ( r\gh outl9e ( ,*ri/'s life & disc\rses1 put toge!r )\t me?od or plan1 & "o ( ^! w\ld be ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 ( :i* ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks4 ,! ,gospels1 z we h !m1 are c>eful compilations made f ^! e>li] hi/ories1 & we notice t1 at ! end ( ! second1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird1 c5turies1 ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* endeav\r to e/abli% ! au?ority ( ! f\r m me?odically arrang$ ,gospels1 s z to *eck ! reception ( o!r ,gospels1 :i* 7 reli$ ^u by h]etics 9 _! controv]sies4 ,/rauss gives a c>eful resume ( ! v>i\s !ories ( ! =mation ( ! ,gospels held by le>n$ m51 & %[s h[ ! my?ic !ory 0 gradually develop$ & /r5g!n$2 accord+ to ,george1 my?us is ! creation ( a fact out ( an idea 7,life ( ,jesus1 ,/rauss1 vol4 i41 p4 #db2 ed4 #ahdf71 & ! my?ic !ory supposes t ! ideas ( ! ,messiah 7 already 9 exi/5ce1 & t ! /ory ( ! ,gospels grew up by ! translation ( ^! ideas into facts3 ,_m ( ! leg5ds respect+ him ,jesus _h n to be newly inv5t$2 !y already exi/$ 9 ! popul> hope ( ! ,messiah1 hav+ be5 mo/ly d]iv$1 ) v>i\s modifications1 f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & _h m]ely to be transf]r$ to ,jesus1 & accommodat$ to 8 "* & doctr9es4 ,9 no case c\ld x be easi] = ! p]son :o fir/ add$ any new feature to ! description ( ,jesus1 to believe himself its g5u95ess1 s9ce 8 argum5t w\ld be3 ,su* & su* ?+s mu/ h happ5$ to ! ,messiah2 ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah2 !re=e1 su* & su* ?+s happ5$ to him 7,ibid1 pp4 #ha1 #hb74 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be imag9$ t any "o individual seat$ himself at 8 table to inv5t !m out ( 8 own head1 & write !m d[n z he w\ld a poem2 on ! contr>y1 ^! n>ratives1 l all o!r leg5ds1 7 fa%ion$ by degrees1 by /eps :i* c no long] be trac$2 gradually acquir$ consi/5cy1 & at l5g? receiv$ a fix$ =m 9 our writt5 ,gospels 7,ibid1 p4 #ce74 ,f ! consid]ations "h adduc$--! lack ( quotations f our ,gospels 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s1 bo? or?odox & h]etical2 ! accusations aga9/ ea* made by ! o!r ( introduc+ *ants & modifications 9 ! ,gospels2 ! facility ) :i* ,,mss4 7 alt]$ be=e ! introduction ( pr9t+2 ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,gospels1 %[+ t !y are drawn f a common s\rce2 f all ^! facts we f9ally conclude t !re is no evid5ce t ! ,f\r ,gospels m5tion$ ab\t t date 7,a4,d4 #ahj7 7 ! same z ^? we h n[4 ,g4 ,t !re is evid5ce t two ( !m 7 n ! same4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias is ( great int]e/ & importance 9 connection ) our inquiry1 inasmu* z he is ! fir/ ecclesia/ical writ] :o m5tions ! tradition t ,mat!w & ,m>k compos$ writt5 records ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus2 b no "q has be5 m cont9u\sly conte/$ ?an t ( ! id5tity ( ! works to :i* he ref]s ) our actual ,canonical ,gospels4 ,papias 0 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 9 ,phrygia1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 & is said to h suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius ab\t ,a4,d4 #afd-afg4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury he wrote a "w 9 five books1 entitl$ ',exposition ( ! ,"l's ,oracles1' :i*1 ) ! exception ( a few fragm5ts pres]v$ to u *iefly by ,eusebius & ,ir5u1 is un=tunately no long] extant4 ,?is "w 0 less bas$ on writt5 records ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ?an on t :i* ,papias _h be5 able to collect f tradition1 :i* he consid]$ m au!ntic1 =1 l 8 contempor>y1 ,hegesippus1 ,papias av[$ly pref]s tradition to any writt5 works ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$ 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #ddi1 #dej74 ,be=e giv+ ! te/imony attribut$ to ,papias1 we mu/ rem>k two or ?ree po9ts :i* w influ5ce our judgm5t conc]n+ him4 ,paley speaks ( him1 on ! au?ority ( ,ir5u1 z a he>] ( ,john1 & companion ( ,polyc>p 7,evid5ces1 p4 #aba72 b ,paley omits to tell u t ,eusebius po9ts out t ,ir5u 0 mi/ak5 9 ?is /atem5t1 & t ,papias by no means ass]ts t he 0 a he>] & an eye-witness ( ! holy ,apo/les1 b in=ms u t he receiv$ ! doctr9es ( fai? f _! intimate fri5ds 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iii41 *4 #ci74 ,eusebius subjo9s ! passage f ,papias1 :i* /ates t if ,i met ) any "o :o _h be5 a foll[] ( ! eld]s any:]e1 ,i made x a po9t to inquire :at 7 ! decl>ations ( ! eld]s3 :at 0 said by ,&rew1 ,pet]1 or ,philip2 :at by ,?omas1 ,james1 ,john1 ,mat!w1 or any o!r ( ! disciples ( our ,"l2 :at 0 said by ,ari/ion1 & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 disciples ( ! ,"l 7,ibid74 ,see+ t ,papias di$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #afd & #afg1 & t ! disciples ( ,jesus 7 ,jesus' own contempor>ies1 any disciple t ,papias he>d1 :5 a boy1 w\ld h rea*$ a port5t\s age1 &1 betwe5 ! age ( ! disciple & ! y\? ( ,papias1 ! rem9isc5ces w\ld probably be ( a some:at hazy "*4 ,x is to ,papias t we owe ! wond]ful acc\nt ( ! v9es 7ante1 p4 #bcd7 ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 giv5 by ,ir5u1 :o /ates t ^! ?+s are borne witness to 9 writ+ by ,papias1 ! he>] ( ,john1 & a companion ( ,polyc>p4444 ,& he says1 9 addition1 ',n[ ^! ?+s are cr$ible to believ]s4' ,& he says t ':5 ! traitor1 ,judas1 did n give cr$it to !m1 & put ! "q1 ,h[ !n c ?+s ab\t to br+ =? s abundantly be wr\ght by ! ,"l8 ! ,"l decl>$1 ,!y :o %all come to ^! 7times7 %all see' 7,ir5u ,aga9/ ,h]esies1 bk4 v41 *4 #cc1 sec4 #d74 ,! recollections ( ,papias sc>cely seem valuable z to quality4 ,next we note t ,papias c\ld sc>cely put a v high value on ! ,apo/olic writ+s1 s9ce he /ates t ,i d n ?9k t ,i d]iv$ s mu* b5efit f books z f ! liv+ voice ( ^? t are /ill surviv+ 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 iii41 *4 #ci71 i4e41 ( ^? :o _h be5 foll[]s ( ! ,apo/les4 ,h[ ?is rem>k ( ,papias tallies ) ! suppos$ respect %[n to ! ,canonical ,gospels by primitive writ]s1 x is = ,*ri/ian apologi/s to expla94 ,we !n m>k t we h no writ+ ( ,papias to ref] to t pret5ds to be orig9al4 ,we h only passages1 said to be tak5 f 8 writ+s1 pres]v$ 9 ! works ( ,ir5u & ,eusebius1 & nei!r ( ^! ecclesia/ical p5m5 inspire ! /ud5t ) full confid5ce2 ev5 ,eusebius m5tions him 9 d\btful fa%ion2 !re are said to be five books ( ,papias2 he gives c]ta9 /range p>ables ( our ,"l & ( 8 doctr9e1 & "s o!r matt]s r too fabul\s2 he 0 v limit$ 9 8 compreh5sion1 z is evid5t f 8 disc\rses 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk4 iii41 *4 #ci74 ,we ?us see t ! evid5ce ( ,papias is discr$it$ at ! v outset1 p]haps to ! advantage ( ! ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 = 8 te/imony is fatal to ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,papias is said to h writt53 ,& ,john ! ,presbyt] also said ?is3 ,m>k be+ ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 :atsoev] he record$ he wrote ) great accuracy1 b n1 h[ev]1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x 0 spok5 or done by our ,"l1 b z be=e said1 he 0 9 company ) ,pet]1 :o gave him su* in/ruction z 0 necess>y1 b n to give a hi/ory ( our ,"l's disc\rses2 :]e=e ,m>k has n err$ 9 any?+1 by writ+ "s ?+s z he has record$ !m2 = he 0 c>efully att5tive to "o ?+1 n to pass by any?+ t he he>d1 or to /ate any?+ falsely 9 ^! acc\nts 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 bk iii41 *4 #ci74 ,h[ f> does ?is acc\nt apply to ! ,gospel n[ kn[n z accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k8 ,f> f %[+ traces ( ,petr9e influ5ce1 su* traces are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,n only are "s ( ! mo/ important episodes 9 :i* ,pet] is repres5t$ by ! o!r ,gospels z a pr9cipal actor altoge!r omitt$1 b ?r\gh\t ! ,gospel !re is ! total abs5ce ( any?+ :i* is specially *>act]i/ic ( ,petr9e influ5ce & tea*+4 ,! argum5t t ^! omissions are due to ! mode/y ( ,pet] is q unt5able1 = n only does ,ir5u1 ! mo/ anci5t au?ority on ! po9t1 /ate t ?is ,gospel 0 only writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]1 b also !re is no mode/y 9 omitt+ passages ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 simply because ,pet] himself 0 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 !m1 or1 = in/ance1 9 decreas+ 8 p5it5ce = su* a d5ial ( 8 ma/]1 :i* c\ld n b h fill$ a sad place 9 ! ,apo/le's memory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no adequate record ( special matt] :i* ! intimate k ( ! do+s & say+s ( ,jesus possess$ by ,pet] might h suppli$ to c\nt]balance ! s+ul> omissions4 ,!re is inf9itely m ( ! _s ( ,pet] 9 ! fir/ ,gospel ?an !re is 9 ! second4 ,! :ole int]nal evid5ce1 !re=e1 %[s t ?is "p ( ! tradition ( ! ,presbyt] ,john transmitt$ by ,papias does n apply to our ,gospel 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #dei1 #dfj74 ,b a f> /rong] objection to ! id5tity ( ! "w spok5 ( by ,papias ) ! pres5t ,gospel ( ,m>k1 is drawn f ! description ( ! docum5t z giv5 by him4 ,! discrepancy1 h[ev]1 is /ill m m>k$ :5 we comp>e ) our actual second ,gospel ! acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,m>k1 :i* ,papias receiv$ f ! ,presbyt]4 ,m>k wrote d[n f memory "s p>ts ,greek3 enia ( ! tea*+ ( ,pet] reg>d+ ! life ( ,jesus1 b z ,pet] adapt$ 8 in/ructions to ! actual circum/ances ,greek3 pros tas *reias & did n give a consecutive report ,greek3 suntaxis ( ! disc\rses or do+s ( ,jesus1 ,m>k 0 only c>eful to be accurate1 & did n tr\ble himself to arrange 9 hi/orical ord] ,greek3 taxis 8 n>rative ( ! ?+s :i* 7 said or done by ,jesus1 b m]ely wrote d[n facts z he rememb]$ !m4 ,?is description w\ld lead u to expect a "w compos$ ( fragm5t>y rem9isc5ces ( ! tea*+ ( ,pet]1 )\t ord]ly sequ5ce or connection4 ,! abs5ce ( ord]ly arrangem5t is ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 ! description1 & =ms ! burd5 ( ! :ole4 ,m>k writes ':at he rememb]$2' 'he did n arrange 9 ord] ! ?+s t 7 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/2' & !n foll[ ! apologetic expressions ( explanation--he 0 n himself a he>] or foll[] ( ! ,"l1 b d]iv$ 8 in=mation f ! occasional prea*+ ( ,pet]1 :o did n attempt to give a consecutive n>rative1 &1 !re=e1 ,m>k 0 n wrong 9 m]ely writ+ ?+s )\t ord] z he happ5$ to he> or rememb] !m4 ,n[ x is impossible 9 ! "w ( ,m>k "h describ$ to recognise our pres5t second ,gospel1 :i* does n dep>t 9 any important degree f ! ord] ( ! o!r two ,synoptics1 & :i*1 ?r\gh\t1 has ! mo/ evid5t "* ( ord]ly arrangem5t4444 ,! great majority ( critics1 !re=e1 are agre$ 9 conclud+ t ! acc\nt ( ! ,presbyt] ,john record$ by ,papias does n apply to our second ,canonical ,gospel at all 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #dfj1 #dfa74 ,?is docum5t1 also1 is m5tion$ by ,papias1 z quot$ by ,eusebius2 ! acc\nt :i* !y give ( x is n applicable to ! "w :i* we n[ h4 ,= ! ',gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k' pr(esses to give a cont9u\s hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s life1 z regul>ly z ! o!r ?ree ,gospels1 b ! "w notic$ by ,papias is expressly /at$ to h be5 memor&a1 tak5 d[n f "t to "t z ,pet] deliv]$ !m1 & x is n said t ,m>k ev] r$uc$ ^! notes into ! =m ( a m p]fect hi/ory 7,*ri/ian ,records1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 pp4 #id1 #ie74 ,x is difficult to see 9 :at respects ,m>k's ,gospel is m loose & disjo9t$ ?an ^? ( ,mat!w & ,luke4444 ,we are incl9$ to agree ) ^? :o consid] ! expression ,greek3 ou taxei unsuitable to ! pres5t ,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,z f> z we are able to und]/& ! entire fragm5t1 x is mo/ natural to consid] ,john ! ,presbyt] or ,papias assign+ a s5se to ,greek3 ou taxei :i* does n agree ) ! "* ( ! canonical docum5t 7,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,dr4 ,davidson1 p4 #aeh74 ,?is ,*ri/ian comm5tator is s disgu/$ ) ! conviction he hone/ly expresses z to ! unsuitability ( ! phrase 9 "q z appli$ to ,m>k1 t he exclaims3 ,we presume t ,john ! ,presbyt] 0 n infallible4444 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 he appe>s to h be5 mi/ak5 9 8 op9ion4 ,8 p[] ( p]ception 0 feeble1 else he w\ld h se5 t ! ,gospel :i* he describes z be+ writt5 ,greek3 ou taxei1 does n diff] mat]ially 9 arrangem5t f t ( ,luke4 ,l ,papias1 ! ,presbyt] 0 app>5tly de/itute ( critical ability & good judgm5t1 else he c\ld n h ent]ta9$ an idea s mu* at v>iance ) fact 7,ibid1 p4 #aei74 ,we may add1 = :at x is wor?1 t accord+ to ! unanim\s belief ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ?is ,gospel 0 writt5 at ,rome4 ,h5ce ! conclusion 0 drawn t x mu/ h be5 compos$ 9 ! language ( ! ,romans2 t is1 ,lat94 ,ev5 9 ! old ,syriac v]sion1 a rem>k is annex$1 /at+ t ! writ] prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,roman 7,lat97 at ,rome2 & ! ,philox5ian v]sion has a m>g9al annotation to ! same effect4 ,! ,syrian ,*ur*es seem to h ent]ta9$ ?is op9ion g5]ally1 z may be inf]r$ n only f ^! v]sions1 b f "s ( _! mo/ di/+ui%$ ecclesia/ical writ]s1 su* z ,eb$jesu4 ,_m ,greek ,manuscripts1 too1 h a simil> rem>k reg>d+ ! language ( our ,gospel1 orig9ally tak51 p]haps f ! ,syriac 7,ibid1 pp4 #aed1 #aee74 ,we conclude1 !n1 t ! docum5t allud$ to by ! ,presbyt] ,john1 z report$ by ,papias ?r\gh ,eusebius1 _c be id5tical ) ! pres5t canonical ,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,nor is ! te/imony reg>d+ ,mat!w less conclusive3 ,( ,mat!w he has /at$ z foll[s3 ',mat!w compos$ 8 hi/ory 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 & e "o translat$ x z he 0 able' 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 ,eusebius1 bk4 iii41 *4 #ci74 ,! ^w "h translat$ hi/ory is ,greek3 ta logia & w\ld be m correctly r5d]$ by oracles or disc\rses1 & mu* controv]sy has aris5 ov] ?is t]m1 x be+ cont5d$ t ,greek3 logia c\ld n rightly be ext5d$ s z to include any records ( ! life ( ,*ri/3 ,x is impossible ^u any b arbitr>y gr\nds1 & f a =egone conclusion1 to ma9ta9 t a "w comm5c+ ) a detail$ hi/ory ( ! bir? & infancy ( ,jesus1 8 g5ealogy1 & ! prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & conclud+ ) an equally m9ute hi/ory ( 8 betrayal1 trial1 crucifixion1 & resurrection1 & :i* relates all ! miracles1 & has = its evid5t aim ?r\gh\t ! demon/ration t ,messianic prophecy 0 fulfill$ 9 ,jesus1 c\ld be entitl$ ,greek3 ta logia ! oracles or disc\rses ( ! ,"l4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons 444 ! majority ( critics d5y t ! "w describ$ by ,papias c be ! same z ! ,gospel 9 our ,canon be>+ ! "n ( ,mat!w 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #dga1 #dgb74 ,b ! fact :i* puts ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t ,mat!w & t spok5 ( by ,papias beyond dispute is t ,mat!w1 accord+ to ,papias1 wrote 9 ! ,hebrew dialect1 i4e41 ! ,syro-,*aldaic1 or ,araman1 :ile ! canonical ,mat!w is writt5 9 ,greek4 ,!re is no po9t1 h[ev]1 on :i* ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs is m inv>iable & complete ?an t ! "w ( ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #dge74 ,?is indu/ri\s au?or quotes ,papias1 ,ir5u1 ,pantnus 9 ,eusebius1 ,eusebius1 ,orig51 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,epiphanius1 ,j]ome1 9 support ( 8 ass]tion1 & rem>ks t ! same tradition is repeat$ by ,*ryso/om1 ,augu/9e & o!rs 7,ibid1 pp4 #dge-dgg74 ,we believe t ,mat!w wrote 8 ,gospel 9 ,hebrew1 mean+ by t t]m ! common language ( ! ,jews ( 8 "t1 because su* is ! uni=m /atem5t ( all anci5t writ]s :o adv]t to ! subject4 ,to pass ov] o!rs ^: au?ority is ( less weight1 he is affirm$ to h writt5 9 ,hebrew by ,papias1 ,ir5u1 ,orig51 ,eusebius1 & ,j]ome4 ,nor does any anci5t au?or advance a contr>y op9ion 7,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 ,norton1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,anci5t hi/orical te/imony is unanim\s 9 decl>+ t ,mat!w wrote 8 ,gospel 9 ,hebrew1 i4e41 9 ! ,araman or ,syro-,*aldaic language1 at t "t ! v]nacul> tongue ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e 7,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #c74 ,aft] a mo/ elaborate pres5tation ( ! evid5ces1 ! le>n$ doctor says3 ,let u n[ pause to consid] ?is acc\nt ( ! orig9al ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,x runs ?r\gh all antiquity4 ,none d\bt$ ( its tru?1 z f> z we c judge f _! writ+s4 ,!re is n ! lea/ trace ( an opposite tradition 7,ibid1 p4 #cg74 ,! difficulty ( ,*ri/ian apologi/s is1 !n1 to prove t ! ,gospel writt5 by ,mat!w 9 ,hebrew is ! same z ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w 9 ,greek1 & sore h be5 ! %ifts to :i* !y h be5 driv5 9 ! ef=t4 ,dean ,al=d1 unable to d5y t all ! te/imony :i* c\ld be reli$ ^u to prove t ,mat!w wrote at all1 also prov$ t he wrote 9 ,hebrew1 & aw>e t an unau?oris$ translation1 :i* c\ld n be id5tifi$ ) ! orig9al1 c\ld nev] claim canonicity1 fell back on ! rem>kable notion t he himself translat$ 8 ,hebrew ,gospel into ,greek2 9 ! edition ( 8 ,greek ,te/am5t publi%$ 9 #ahei1 h[ev]1 he gives up ?is notion 9 fav\r ( ! idea t ! orig9al ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,greek4 ,( 8 e>li] !ory ( translation by ,mat!w1 ,davidson ju/ly says3 ,x is easy to p]ceive its gratuit\s "*4 ,x is a clumsy exp$i5t1 devis$ = ! purpose ( unit+ two conflict+ op9ions--= sav+ ! cr$it ( anci5t te/imony1 :i* is on ! side ( a ,hebrew orig9al1 & ( meet+1 at ! same "t1 ! difficulties suppos$ to arise f ! e>ly circulation ( ! ,greek4444 ,! advocates ( ! d\ble hypo!sis g 9 ! face ( anci5t te/imony4 ,besides1 !y believe t ,mat!w wrote 9 ,hebrew1 = ! use ( ,jewi% conv]ts4 ,d !y also suppose 8 ,greek ,gospel to h be5 int5d$ = ! same class8 ,if s1 ! latt] 0 pla9ly unnecess>y3 "o ,gospel 0 suffici5t = ! same p]sons4 ,or d !y believe t ! second edition ( x 0 design$ = ,g5tile ,*ri/ians8 if s1 ! notion is contradict$ by int]nal evid5ce1 :i* proves t x 0 writt5 specially = ,jews4 ,9 %ort1 ! hypo!sis is :olly unt5able1 & we are surpris$ t x %\ld h f\nd s _m advocates 7,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #eb74 ,! fact is1 t no "o kn[s :o 0 ! translator--or1 r1 ! writ]--( ! ,greek ,gospel4 ,j]ome hone/ly says t x is n kn[n :o translat$ x into ,greek4 ,dr4 ,davidson has ! foll[+ /range rem>ks3 ,! au?or inde$ mu/ ev] rema9 unkn[n2 b :e!r he 7 an apo/le or n1 he mu/ h _h ! highe/ sanction 9 8 proce$+4 ,8 "w 0 p]=m$ ) ! cognisance1 & "u ! eye ( ,apo/olic m54 ,! reception x met ) prov$ ! g5]al belief ( 8 call+1 & compet5cy to ! task4 ,div9e sup]9t5d5ce 0 ex]cis$ ov] him 7,ibid1 pp4 #gb1 #gc74 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,dr4 ,davidson kn[s t div9e sup]9t5d5ce 0 ex]cis$ ov] an unkn[n individual4 ,dr4 ,giles argues aga9/ ! hypo!sis t our ,greek ,gospel is a translation3 ,if ,/4 ,mat!w wrote 8 ,gospel 9 ,hebrew1 :y has ! orig9al p]i%$8 ,! exi/+ ,greek text is ei!r a translation ( ! ,hebrew1 or x is a sep>ate "w4 ,b x _c be a translation1 = _m reasons1 #a4 ,because !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce on record ( its be+ a translation4 #b4 ,because x is unreasonable to believe t an au!ntic "w--writt5 by inspiration--w\ld p]i%1 or be sup]s$$ by1 an unau!nticat$ translation--= all translations are less au!ntic ?an _! orig9als4 #c4 ,because !re are _m features 9 our pres5t ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1 :i* are common to ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke2 :i* w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t ! latt] are translations also4 ,besides1 !re is no?+ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 z reg>ds its /yle or con/ruction1 t w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce ( its be+ a translation1 any m ?an all ! o!r books conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= ^! reasons we conclude t ! ',hebrew ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1' :i* p]haps no "o has se5 s9ce ,pantnus1 :o br\ght x f ,india1 & ! ',greek ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w1' are sep>ate & indep5d5t works 7,*ri/ian ,records4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 pp4 #ic1 #id74 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* a ,hebrew ,gospel :i* 0 widely spread1 & mu* us$4 ,x 0 reg>d$ by ! ,ebionites1 or ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 lat] kn[n z ,naz>5es1 z ! only au!ntic ,gospel1 & ,epiphanius1 writ+ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 says3 ,!y h ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w v complete2 = x is well kn[n t ?is is pres]v$ among !m z x 0 fir/ writt5 9 ,hebrew 7,opp41 i4 #abd1 z quot$ by ,norton74 ,b ?is ,gospel1 kn[n z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 0 n ! same z ! ,greek ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,if x _h be5 ! same1 ,j]ome w\ld n h ?\ght x wor? :ile to translate x2 ! quotations t he makes f x are en\gh to prove to demon/ration t ! pres5t ,gospel ( ,mat!w is n t spok5 ( 9 ! e>lie/ days4 ,! foll[+ positions are d$ucible f ,/4 ,j]ome's writ+s3 #a4 ,! au!ntic ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,hebrew4 #b4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 us$ by ! ,naz>5es & ,ebionites4 #c4 ,?is ,gospel 0 id5tical ) ! ,araman orig9al ( ,mat!w 7,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #ab74 ,to ^! argum5ts may be add$ ! significant fact t ! quotations 9 ,mat!w f ! ,old ,te/am5t are tak5 f ! ,septuag9t1 & n f ! ,hebrew v]sion4 ,! orig9al ,hebrew ,gospel ( ,mat!w w\ld surely n h conta9$ quotations f ! ,greek translation1 r ?an f ! ,hebrew orig9al1 ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,if our pres5t ,gospel is an accurate translation ( ! orig9al ,mat!w1 we mu/ believe t ! ,jewi% ,mat!w1 writ+ = ,jews1 did n use ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 ) :i* 8 read]s w\ld be famili>1 b w5t out ( 8 way to f9d ! hat$ ,septuag9t1 & re-translat$ x into ,hebrew4 ,?us we f9d t ! boa/$ te/imony said to be record$ by ,papias to ! effect t ,mat!w & ,m>k wrote our two fir/ synoptical ,gospels breaks d[n completely "u exam9ation1 & t in/ead ( prov+ ! au!nticity ( ! pres5t ,gospels1 x proves directly ! rev]se1 s9ce ! description !re giv5 ( ! writ+s ascrib$ to ,mat!w & ,m>k is n applicable to ! writ+s t n[ be> _! names1 s t we f9d t 9 ,papias !re is evid5ce t two ( ! ,gospels 7 n ! same4 ,h4 ,t !re is evid5ce t ! e>li] records 7 n ! ,gospels n[ e/eem$ ,canonical4 ,?is position is bas$ on ! undisput$ fact t ! ,evangelical quotations 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s diff] v widely f s5t5ces ( some:at simil> "* 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & also f ! circum/ance t quotations n to be f\nd 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels are f\nd 9 ! writ+s ref]r$ to4 ,v>i\s !ories are put =w>d1 z we h already se51 to acc\nt = ! diff]5ces ( expression & arrangem5t3 ! ,fa!rs are said to h quot$ loosely1 to h quot$ f memory1 to h comb9$1 exp&$1 cond5s$1 at pleasure4 ,to prove ?is g5]al laxity ( quotation1 ,*ri/ian apologi/s rely mu* on :at !y ass]t is a simil> laxity %[n 9 quot+ f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ,mr4 ,s&ay has us$ ?is argum5t ) consid]able skill4 ,b x does n foll[ t v>iations 9 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t spr+ f laxity & c>elessness2 !y are g5]ally q z likely to spr+ f multiplicity ( v]sions1 = we f9d ,mr4 ,s&ay himself say+ t mo/ ( ! quotations t we meet ) are tak5 f ! ,,lxx4 ,v]sion2 & ! text ( t v]sion 01 at ?is p>ticul> "t especially1 unc]ta9 & fluctuat+4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t x mu/ h exi/$ 9 sev]al =ms1 :i* diff]$ m or less f t ( ! extant ,,mss4 ,x w\ld be ra%1 !re=e1 to conclude at once1 because we f9d a quotation diff]+ f ! pres5t text ( ! ,,lxx41 t x diff]$ f t :i* 0 us$ by ! writ] mak+ ! quotation 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 pp4 #af1 #ag74 ,besides1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! v>iation is sometimes too p]si/5t to spr+ f loos5ess ( quotation1 & t ! same v>iation is n always conf9$ to "o au?or4 ,! position = :i* we cont5d w be mo/ cle>ly appreciat$ by giv+1 at full l5g?1 "o ( ! passages mo/ reli$ ^u by ,*ri/ian apologi/s2 & we w take1 z an example ( suppos$ quotation1 ! long passage 9 ,clem5t1 *ap4 xiii43-- ,,mat!w4 ,,clem5t4 ,,luke4 ,especially rememb]+ ! ^w ( ! ,"l ,jesus :5 he spake1 tea*+ g5tl5ess & long-suff]+4 ,= ?is he said3 v4 #g4 ,bless$ are ,pity he1 t he may be vi4 #cf4 ,be ye1 ! pitiful1 = !y piti$3 =give1 t x !re=e1 %all be piti$4 may be =giv5 unto m]ciful1 z vi4 #ad4 ,= if ye y4 y\r ,fa!r also =give m5 _! ,z ye d1 s %all x is m]ciful4 trespasses1 y\r heav5ly be done unto y2 vi4 #cg4 ,acquit1 ,fa!r w z ye give1 s %all x & ye %all be also =give y4 be giv5 unto y2 z acquitt$4 vii4 #ab4 ,all ?+s1 ye judge1 s %all x vi4 #ca4 ,& z ye !re=e1 :atsoev] be judg$ unto y2 w\ld t !y ye w\ld t z ye are k9d1 s %\ld d unto m5 %\ld d unto %all k9dness be y1 d ye also y1 ev5 s d ye %[n unto y2 ) unto !m unto !m4 t measure ye mete1 likewise4 vii4 #b4 ,= ) ) x %all x be vi4 #ah4 ,give1 & :at judgm5t ye measur$ unto y4 x %all be giv5 judge1 ye %all be unto y4 judg$1 & ) vi4 #cg4 ,& judge :at measure ye n1 & ye %all mete x %all be n be judg$4 ,= measur$ unto y4 ) :at measure ye mete1 x %all be measur$ unto y aga94 ,! ,engli%1 z "h giv51 repres5ts z closely z possible bo? ! resemblances & ! diff]5ces ( ! ,greek text4 ,:at read]1 9 read+ ?is1 c believe t ,clem5t pick$ out a bit "h & a bit !re f ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & !n wove !m into "o connect$ :ole1 :i* he =?) repres5t$ z said ?us by ,*ri/8 ,to ! unprejudic$ /ud5t ! hypo!sis w1 at once1 sugge/ itself--!re mu/ h be5 "s o!r docum5t curr5t 9 ,clem5t's "t1 :i* conta9$ ! say+s ( ,*ri/1 f :i* ?is quotation 0 made4 ,only ! exig5cies ( ,*ri/ian apologetic "w =bid ! g5]al adoption ( s simple & s natural a solution ( ! "q4 ,mr4 ,s&ay says3 ,d\btless light w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! "q if we only knew :at 0 ! common orig9al ( ! two ,synoptic texts 444 ,! diff]5ces 9 ^! extra-,canonical quotations d n exce$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels !mselves2 yet by f> ! l>g] proportion ( critics reg>d ! resemblances 9 ! ,synoptics z due to a common writt5 s\rce us$ ei!r by all ?ree or by two ( !m 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #fe74 ,x is cle> t ,jesus c\ld n h said ^! passages 9 ! words giv5 by ,mat!w1 ,clem5t1 & ,luke1 repeat+ himself 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 n[ connect$ly1 n[ 9 fragm5ts2 two1 at lea/1 out ( ! ?ree mu/ give an imp]fect report4 ,mr4 ,s&ay1 by speak+ ( ! common orig9al ( ! two ,synoptic texts1 cle>ly %[s t he does n reg>d ! ,synoptic v]sion z orig9al1 & !reby helps to buttress our cont5tion1 t ! ,gospels we h n[ are n ! only ones t 7 curr5t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & t !y _h no exclusive au?ority--9 fact1 t !y 7 n ,canonical4 ,fur!r on1 ,mr4 ,s&ay1 ref]r+ to ,polyc>p1 says3 ,i _c b ?9k t !re has be5 some:]e a writt5 v]sion diff]5t f our ,gospels to :i* he & ,clem5t h _h access 444 ,x w be obs]v$ t all ! quotations ref] ei!r to ! d\ble or treble ,synoptics1 :]e we h already pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! say+ 9 "q 9 m ?an a s+le =m1 & n to ^? portions t are peculi> to ! individual ,evangeli/s4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' is1 !re=e1 n )\t reason :5 he says t !y may be d]iv$ f o!r collections ?an our actual ,gospels4 ,! possibility _c be exclud$ 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 pp4 #hf1 #hg74 ,! o!r passage f ,clem5t is yet m unlike any?+ 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels3 9 *ap4 xlvi4 we read3-- ,,mat!w4 ,,clem5t4 ,,luke4 ,,m>k4 xxvi4 #bd4 ,he said3 xvii4 #a4 xiv4 #ba4 ,woe to ,woe to t ,woe to t man2 ,woe ?r\gh t man by :om man by :om well = him :om !y ! ,son ( man is ! ,son ( man t he _h n 7(f5ces7 deliv]$ up1 well is deliv]$ be5 born1 ?an come4 = him if t up2 well = t he %\ld #b4 ,x 7 man _h n be5 him if t (f5d "o ( my advantage\s = born4 man _h n elect2 bett] him t a great ix4 #db4 ,& be5 born4 = him a mill/one 7 :osoev] %all xviii4 #f4 ,b mill/one %\ld hang$ ar\nd (f5d "o ( :oso %all be atta*$ 7to 8 neck1 & he ^! little ones (f5d "o ( him71 & he ca/ 9 ! sea1 :i* believe 9 ^! little %\ld be ?an t he me1 x is well = ones :i* dr[n$ 9 ! %\ld (f5d him r t a believe 9 me1 x sea1 ?an t "o ( ^! great mill/one 7 pr(itable he %\ld (f5d little ones4 7 hang$ ab\t = him t a "o ( my little 8 neck1 & he great mill/one ones4 ?r[n 9 ! sea4 7 susp5d$ ^u 8 neck1 & t he 7 dr[n$ 9 ! dep? ( ! sea4 ,?is quotation is cle>ly n f our ,gospels1 b is d]iv$ f a diff]5t writt5 s\rce4444 ,! slighte/ comp>ison ( ! passage ) our ,gospels is suffici5t to conv9ce any unprejudic$ m9d t x is nei!r a comb9ation ( texts1 nor a quotation f memory4 ,! language ?r\gh\t is m>k$ly diff]5t1 &1 to pres5t ev5 a sup]ficial p>allel1 x is necess>y to take a fragm5t ( ! disc\rse ( ,jesus at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 reg>d+ ! traitor :o %\ld deliv] him up 7,matt4 xxvi4 #bd71 & jo9 x to a fragm5t ( 8 rem>ks 9 connection ) ! little *ild :om he set 9 ! mid/ 7xviii4 #f7 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #bcc1 #bcd74 ,9 ,polyc>p a passage is f\nd mu* resembl+ t giv5 f ,clem5t1 *ap1 xiii41 b n exactly reproduc+ x1 :i* is op5 to ! same criticism z t pass$ on ,clem5t4 ,if we desire to prove t ,gospels o!r ?an ! ,canonical 7 9 use1 ! pro( lies ready to our h&s4 ,9 *ap4 xlvi4 ( ,clem5t we read3 ,x is writt51 cleave to ! holy1 = !y :o cleave to !m %all be made holy4 ,9 *ap4 xliv43 ,& our ,apo/les knew1 ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t !re w\ld be cont5tion reg>d+ ! (fice ( ! episcopate4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion gives u passages some:at resembl+ ?is4 ,he said3 ,!re %all be s*isms & h]esies1 f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,trypho1 *ap4 xxxv73 ,!re %all be1 z ! ,"l said1 false apo/les1 false prophets1 h]esies1 desires = supremacy1 f ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies3 ,f ^! came ! false ,*ri/s1 false prophets1 false apo/les1 :o divid$ ! unity ( ! ,*ur*1 f ,hegesippus 7vol4 i4 p4 #bcf74 ,9 ,b>nabas we read1 *ap4 vi43 ,! ,"l sai?1 ,he make? a new creation 9 ! la/ times4 ,! ,"l sai?1 ,behold ,i make ! fir/ z ! la/4 ,*ap4 vii43 ,jesus says3 ,^? :o desire to behold me1 & to ent] into my k+dom1 mu/1 ?r\gh tribulation & suff]+1 lay hold ^u me4 ,9 ,ignatius we f9d3 ,ep4 ,phil41 *ap1 vii43 ,b ! ,_s proclaim$1 say+ ^! words3 ,d ye no?+ )\t ! ,bi%op4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o quotation1 introduc$ z su*1 9 ?is same ,epi/le1 ! s\rce ( :i* ,eusebius did n "k1 b :i* ,orig5 ref]s to '! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]1' & ,j]ome seems to h f\nd 9 ! ,naz>5e v]sion ( ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4' ,?is phrase is attribut$ to our ,"l :5 he appe>$ 'to ^? ab\t ,pet] & said to !m1 ,h&le me1 & see t ,i am n an incorporeal _s4' ,b = ! /atem5t ( ,orig51 t ^! words occurr$ 9 ! ',prea*+ ( ,pet]1' !y might h be5 ref]r$ )\t mu* difficulty to ,luke xxiv4 #ci 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #ha74 ,& !y mo/ c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 s ref]r$1 & dire w\ld h be5 ,*ri/ian wra? aga9/ ^? :o refus$ to admit ^! words z a pro( ( ! canonicity ( ,luke's ,gospel 9 ! "t ( ,ignatius4 ,if1 turn+ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 we take "o or two passages resembl+ o!r passages to be f\nd 9 ! ,canonical1 we %all !n see ! same type ( diff]5ces z we h already rem>k$ 9 ,clem5t4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? *apt]s ( ! fir/ ,apology we f9d a collection ( ! say+s ( ,*ri/1 mo/ ( :i* are to be read 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 9 giv+ ^! ,ju/9 m5tions no writt5 "w f :i* he quotes4 ,he says3 ,we consid] x "r1 be=e giv+ y ! promis$ explanation1 to cite a few precepts giv5 by ,*ri/ himself 7,apology1 *ap4 xiv74 ,if ^! _h be5 tak5 f ,gospels writt5 by ,apo/les1 is x conceivable t ,ju/9 w\ld n h us$ _! au?ority to support himself8 ,,mat!w4 ,,ju/94 v4 #df4 ,= if ye %\ld love ,& ( our love to all1 he !m :i* love y1 :at rew>d taught ?is3 ,if ye love !m h ye8 d n ev5 ! t love ye1 :at new ?+s publicans ! same8 d ye8 = ev5 =nicators d ?is2 b ,i say unto y3 ,pray v4 #dd4 ,b ,i say unto y1 = y\r enemies1 & love !m love y\r enemies1 bless !m :i* hate y1 & bless !m :i* curse y1 d good to :i* curse y1 & (f] !m :i* hate y1 & pray pray] = !m :i* = !m :i* despitefully use despitefully use y4 y & p]secute y4 ,! correspond+ passage 9 ,luke is /ill fur!r f ,ju/9 7,luke vi4 #cb-ce74 ,x w be obs]v$ t "h aga9 ,ju/9's ,gospel rev]ses ! ord] 9 :i* ! p>allel passage is f\nd 9 our synoptics4 ,x does s inde$1 ) a cle>ness ( design :i*1 ev5 )\t ! actual peculi>ities ( diction & con/ruction1 w\ld indicate a special & diff]5t s\rce4 ,! passage v>ies ?r\gh\t f our ,gospels1 b ,ju/9 repeats ! same phrases 9 ! same ord] else:]e 7,sup4 ,rel1 v4 i4 p4 #cec1 note #b74 ,,mat!w4 ,,ju/94 v4 #db4 ,give ?\ to him t ,he said3 ,give ye to e "o aske? !e1 & f him t t aske?1 & f him t w\ld borr[ ( !e turn n desire? to borr[ turn n ye ?\ away4 away3 = if ye l5d to !m f :om ye hope to receive1 ,luke vi4 #cd4 ,& if y l5d :at new ?+ d ye8 = ev5 to !m f :om ye hope to ! publicans d ?is4 receive1 :at ?ank h ye2 = s9n]s also l5d to s9n]s to ,b ye1 lay n up = y\rselves receive z mu* aga94 ^u ! e>?1 :]e mo? & ru/ d corrupt1 & robb]s ,matt4 vi4 #ai1 #bj4 ,lay n up = break ?r\gh1 b lay up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1 y\rselves 9 ! heav5s1 :]e :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt1 nei!r mo? nor ru/ do? & :]e ?ieves break corrupt4 ?r\gh & /eal4 ,b lay up = y\rselves treasures 9 heav51 ,= :at is a man pr(it$1 is he :]e nei!r mo? nor %all ga9 ! :ole _w1 b ru/ do? corrupt1 & :]e de/roy 8 s\l8 or :at %all he ?ieves d n break ?r\gh give 9 ex*ange = x8 ,lay up1 nor /eal4 !re=e1 9 ! heav5s1 :]e nei!r mo/ nor ru/ do? corrupt4 xvi4 #bf4 ,= :at %all a man be pr(it$ if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w1 b lose 8 s\l8 or :at %all a man give 9 ex*ange = 8 s\l8 ,?is passage is cle>ly unbrok5 9 ,ju/91 & =ms "o connect$ :ole2 to p>allel x f ! ,synoptics we mu/ g f ,mat!w v41 #db1 to ,luke vi41 #cd1 !n to ,mat!w vi41 #ai1 #bj1 (f to ,mat!w xvi4 #bf1 & back aga9 to ,mat!w vi4 #ai2 is su* a me?od ( quotation likely1 especially :5 we notice t ,ju/91 9 quot+ passages on a giv5 subject 7z at ! beg9n+ ( *ap4 xv4 on *a/ity71 sep>ates ! quotations by an emphatic ,&1 m>k+ ! quotation tak5 f ano!r place8 ,^! passages w %[ ! /ud5t h[ necess>y x is t he %\ld n accept a few words z pro( ( a quotation f a synoptic1 )\t read+ ! :ole passage 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! co9cid5ce ( half a doz5 words is no quotation :5 ! context is diff]5t1 & !re is no break betwe5 ! context & ! words reli$ ^u4 ,x is absurd & mo/ arbitr>y to dissect a passage1 quot$ by ,ju/9 z a consecutive & h>moni\s :ole1 & f9d+ p>allels m or less approximate to its v>i\s phrases scatt]$ up & d[n di/ant p>ts ( our ,gospels1 sc>cely "o ( :i* is n mat]ially diff]5t f ! read+ ( ,ju/91 to ass]t t he is quot+ ^! ,gospels freely f memory1 alt]+1 excis+1 comb9+1 & int]-weav+ texts1 & introv]t+ _! ord]1 b nev]!less mak+ use ( !m & n ( o!rs4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t su* an ass]tion is no?+ b ! m]e/ assumption 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #cfd74 ,mr4 ,s&ay's conclusion z to ,ju/9 is3 ,! priori probabilities ( ! case1 z well z ! actual ph5om5a ( ,ju/9's ,gospel1 alike t5d to %[ t he did make use ei!r m$iately or imm$iately ( our ,gospels1 b t he did n assign to !m an exclusive au?ority1 & t he probably made use along ) !m ( o!r docum5ts no long] extant 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 p4 #aag74 ,x is ne$less to multiply analyses ( quotations1 z ! sy/em appli$ to ! two giv5 above c be c>ri$ out = himself by ! /ud5t 9 o!r cases4 ,b a f> weighti] pro( rema9s t ,ju/9's ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les 7 n ! ,canonical ,gospels2 & t is1 t ,ju/9 us$ expressions1 & m5tions incid5ts :i* are n to be f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 & "s ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! fir/ ,apology1 *ap4 xiii41 we read3 ,we h be5 taught t ! only hon\r t is wor?y ( him is n to consume by fire :at he has br\ght into be+ = our su/5ance1 b to use x = ourselves & ^? :o ne$1 & ) gratitude to him to (f] ?anks by invocations & hymns = our creation1 & = all ! means ( heal?1 & = ! v>i\s qualities ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s1 & = ! *anges ( ! seasons2 & to pres5t be=e him petitions = our exi/+ aga9 9 incorruption ?r\gh fai? 9 him4 ,our tea*] ( ^! ?+s is ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o also 0 born = ?is purpose4 ,he has exhort$ u to lead all m51 by pati5ce & g5tl5ess1 f %ame & ! love ( evil 7,ibid1 *ap4 xvi474 ,= ! foal ( an ass /ood b\nd to a v9e 7,ibid1 *ap4 xxxii474 ,! angel said to ! ,virg91 ,?\ %alt call 8 "n ,jesus1 = he %all save 8 p f _! s9s 7*ap4 xxxiii474 ,!y torm5t$ him1 & set him on ! judgm5t seat1 & said1 ,judge u 7*ap4 xxxv474 ,our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ said1 ,9 :atsoev] ?+s ,i %all take y1 9 ^! ,i %all judge y 7,trypho1 *apt] xlviii474 ,^! are only "s out ( ! _m passages ( :i* no resemblance is to be f\nd 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,! be/ way to %[ ! tru? ( ,paley's cont5tion--t f ,ju/9's works1 :i* are /ill extant1 might be collect$ a tol]ably complete acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s life1 9 all po9ts agree+ ) t :i* is deliv]$ 9 our ,scriptures2 tak5 inde$1 9 a great measure1 f ^? ,scriptures1 b /ill prov+ t ?is acc\nt & no o!r1 0 ! acc\nt kn[n & extant 9 t age 7,evid5ces1 p4 #gg7--w be to give ! /ory f ,ju/91 m5tion+ e notice ( ,*ri/ 9 8 works1 :i* gives any?+ ( 8 suppos$ life1 only omitt+ passages relat+ solely to 8 tea*+1 su* z ^? giv5 above4 ,! l>ge majority ( ^! are tak5 f ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 a we>isome production1 9 :i* ,ju/9 endeav\rs to conv9ce a ,jew t ,*ri/ is ! ,messiah1 by quotations f ! ,jewi% ,scriptures 7:i*1 by ! way1 include ,esdras1 ?us plac+ t book on a level ) ! o!r inspir$ volumes74 ,a noticeable peculi>ity ( ?is ,dialogue is1 t any alleg$ incid5t 9 ,*ri/'s life is tak5 z true1 n because x is au!nticat$ z hi/orical1 b simply because x 0 prophesi$ (2 ,ju/9's ,*ri/ is1 9 fact1 an ideal1 compos$ out ( ! prophecies ( ! ,jews1 & fitt$ on to a ,jew nam$ ,jesus4 ,*ri/ 0 ! (fspr+ truly br\ght =? f ! ,fa!r1 be=e ! creation ( any?+ else1 ! ,^w begott5 ( ,god1 be=e all 8 works1 & he appe>$ be=e 8 bir?1 sometimes z a flame ( fire1 sometimes z an angel1 z at ,sodom1 to ,moses1 to ,jo%ua4 ,he 0 call$ by ,solomon1 ,wisdom2 & by ! ,prophets & by ,*ri/ians1 ! ,k+1 ! ,et]nal ,prie/1 ,god1 ,"l1 ,angel1 ,man1 ! ,fl[]1 ! ,/one1 ! ,corn]/one1 ! ,rod1 ! ,day1 ! ,ea/1 ! ,glory1 ! ,rock1 ! ,sword1 ,jacob1 ,israel1 ! ,capta91 ! ,son1 ! ,help]1 ! ,r$eem]4 ,he 0 born into ! ,_w by ! ov]-%ad[+ ( ,god ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o is none o!r ?an ! ,^w himself1 & produc$ )\t sexual union by a virg9 ( ! se$ ( ,jacob1 ,judah1 ,ph>es1 ,jesse1 & ,david1 8 bir? be+ ann\nc$ by an angel1 :o told ! ,virg9 to call 8 "n ,jesus1 = he %\ld save 8 p f _! s9s4 ,joseph1 ! sp\se ( ,m>y1 desir$ to put h] away1 b 0 comm&$ 9 a vision n to put away 8 wife1 ! angel tell+ him t :at 0 9 h] womb 0 ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,at ! fir/ c5sus tak5 9 ,juda1 "u ,cyr5ius1 ! fir/ ,roman ,procurator1 he left ,naz>e? :]e he liv$1 & w5t to ,be?lehem1 to :i* he belong$1 8 family be+ ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 & !n 0 ord]$ to proce$ to ,egypt ) ,m>y & ! *ild1 & rema9 !re until ano!r revelation w>n$ !m to return to ,juda4 ,at ,be?lehem ,joseph c\ld f9d no lodg+ 9 ! village1 s took up 8 qu>t]s 9 a cave ne>1 :]e ,*ri/ 0 born & plac$ 9 a mang]4 ,"h he 0 f\nd by ! ,magi f ,arabia1 :o _h be5 to ,j]usalem inquir+ :at k+ 0 born !re1 !y hav+ se5 a /> rise 9 heav54 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! *ild & gave him gold1 frank9c5se1 & myrrh1 & w>n$ by a revelation1 w5t home )\t tell+ ,h]od :]e !y _h f\nd ! *ild4 ,s ,h]od1 :5 ,joseph1 ,m>y1 & ! *ild _h gone into ,egypt1 z !y 7 comm&$1 ord]$ ! :ole ( ! *ildr5 !n 9 ,be?lehem to be massacr$4 ,ar*elaus succe$$ ,h]od1 & 0 succe$$ himself by ano!r ,h]od4 ,! *ild grew up l all o!r m51 & 0 a man )\t comel9ess1 & +lori\s1 work+ z a c>p5t]1 mak+ pl\ghs & yokes1 & :5 he 0 ?irty ye>s ( age1 m or less1 he w5t to ,jordan to be baptis$ by ,john1 :o 0 ! h]ald ( 8 approa*4 ,:5 he /epp$ into ! wat] a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan1 & :5 he came out ( ! wat] ! ,holy ,gho/ light$ on him l a dove1 & at ! same in/ant a voice came f ! heav5s3 ,?\ art my son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,he 0 tempt$ by ,satan1 & ( l passions ) m52 he 0 spotless & s9less1 & ! blameless & righte\s man2 he made :ole ! lame1 ! p>alytic1 & ^? born bl9d1 & he rais$ ! dead2 he 0 call$1 because ( 8 mighty works1 a magician1 & a deceiv] ( ! p4 ,he /ood 9 ! mid/ ( 8 bre?r5 ! ,apo/les1 & :5 liv+ ) !m sang praises unto ,god4 ,he *ang$ ! names ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee to ,boan]ges1 & ( ano!r ( ! ,apo/les to ,pet]4 ,he ord]$ 8 acqua9tance to br+ him an ass1 & ! foal ( an ass :i* /ood b\nd to a v9e1 & he m\nt$ & rode into ,j]usalem4 ,he ov]?rew ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s 9 ! temple4 ,he gave u bread & w9e 9 remembrance ( 8 tak+ our fle% & ( %$d+ 8 blood4 ,he took ^u him ! curses ( all1 & by 8 /ripes ! human race is heal$4 ,on ! day 9 :i* he 0 to be crucifi$ 7else:]e call$ ! night be=e7 he took ?ree disciples to ! hill call$ ,olivet1 & pray$2 8 sweat fell to ! gr\nd l drops1 8 he>t & also 8 bones trembl+2 m5 w5t to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives to seize him2 he 0 seiz$ on ! day ( ! ,passov]1 & crucifi$ dur+ ! ,passov]2 ,pilate s5t ,jesus b\nd to ,h]od2 be=e ,pilate he kept sil5ce2 !y set ,*ri/ on ! judgm5t seat1 & said3 ,judge u2 he 0 crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate2 8 h&s & feet 7 pi]c$2 !y ca/ lots = 8 ve/ure1 & divid$ x2 !y t saw him crucifi$1 %ook _! heads & mock$ him1 say+3 ,let him :o rais$ ! dead save himself4 ,he said he 0 ! ,son ( ,god2 let him come d[n2 let ,god save him4 ,he gave up 8 _s to ! ,fa!r1 & aft] he 0 crucifi$ all 8 acqua9tance =sook him1 hav+ d5i$ him4 ,he rose on ! ?ird day2 he 0 crucifi$ on ,friday1 & rose on ! day ( ! ,sun1 & appe>$ to ! ,apo/les & taught !m to read ! prophecies1 & !y rep5t$ ( _! flight1 aft] !y 7 p]suad$ by himself t he _h be=eh& w>n$ !m ( 8 suff]+s1 & t ^! suff]+s 7 prophesi$ (4 ,!y saw him asc5d4 ,! rul]s 9 heav5 7 comm&$ to admit ! ,k+ ( ,glory1 b see+ him uncomely & di%on\r$ !y ask$1 ,:o is ?is ,k+ ( ,glory8 ,god w keep ,*ri/ 9 heav5 until he has subdu$ 8 enemies ! devils4 ,he w return 9 glory1 raise ! bodies ( ! dead1 clo! ! good ) immortality1 & s5d ! bad1 endu$ ) et]nal s5sibility into ev]la/+ fire4 ,he has ! ev]la/+ k+dom4 ,^! ref]5ces to ,jesus are scatt]$ up & d[n ?r\gh ,ju/9's writ+s1 )\t any *ronological ord]1 a phrase "h1 a phrase !re2 only 9 "o or two in/ances are two or ?ree ?+s relat$ ev5 9 ! same *apt]4 ,!y are arrang$ "h connect$ly1 z ne>ly z possible 9 ! usually accept$ ord]1 & ! greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 n to omit any4 ,x w be wor? :ile to note ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is & our ,gospels1 & also ! allusions to o!r ,gospels :i* x conta9s4 ,*ri/ is cle>ly subsequ5t 9 "t to ! ,fa!r1 be+ br\ght =? f him2 he conceives himself1 he be+ "h id5tifi$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/2 x is ! virg9 :o desc5ds f ,david1 a fact ( :i* !re is no h9t giv5 9 our ,gospels2 ! reason ( ! "n ,jesus is told to ! ,virg9 in/ead ( to ,joseph2 we he> no?+ ( ! %eph]ds & ! glory ( ! ,"l r\nd ! *ant+ angels2 ,jesus is uncomely1 & works mak+ pl\ghs & yokes1 ( :i*1 we he> no?+ 9 ! ,gospels2 ! fire at ! baptism is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels1 & ! voice f heav5 speaks 9 words n f\nd 9 !m2 he is call$ a magician1 ( :i* accusation we "k no?+ f ! f\r2 ! colt ( ! ass is ti$ to a v9e1 a circum/ance omitt$ 9 ! canonical writ+s2 x is no :]e said 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! bread at ! ,"l's supp] is giv5 9 remembrance ( ! inc>nation1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 remembrance ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/2 ! crucifixion is n /at$ to h tak5 place dur+ ! ,passov]1 b on ! contr>y ! ,f\r? ,gospel places x be=e1 ! o!rs aft]1 ! ,passov]2 we he> no?+ ( ,*ri/ set on ! judgm5t seat 9 ! ,gospels3 ! ve/ure is n divid$ accord+ to ,john1 :o draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! ve/ure & ! raim5t :i* is n recognis$ by ,ju/92 ! taunts ( ! cr[d are diff]5t2 ! d5ial ( ,*ri/ by all ! ,apo/les is uncanonical1 z is also _! =sak+ him aft] ! crucifixion2 we d n he> ( ! day ( ! ,sun 9 our ,gospels1 nor ( ! rul]s ( heav5 & _! reception ( ,*ri/4 ,9 fact1 !re are m po9ts ( div]g5ce ?an ( co9cid5ce betwe5 ! details ( ! /ory ( ,jesus giv5 by ,ju/9 & t giv5 9 ! ,f\r ,gospels1 & yet ,paley says t3 all ! ref]5ces 9 ,ju/9 are made )\t m5tion+ ! au?or2 :i* proves t ^! books 7 p]fectly notori\s1 & t !re 7 no o!r acc\nts ( ,*ri/ !n extant1 or1 at lea/1 no o!rs s receiv$ & cr$it$1 z to make x necess>y to di/+ui% ^! f ! re/ 7,evid5ces1 p4 #abc74 ,& ,paley has actually ! h>dihood to /ate t :at seems extremely to be obs]v$ is1 t 9 all ,ju/9's works1 f :i* might be extract$ almo/ a complete life ( ,*ri/1 !re are b two in/ances 9 :i* he ref]s to any?+ z said or done by ,*ri/1 :i* is n relat$ conc]n+ him 9 our pres5t ,gospels2 :i* %[s t ^! ,gospels1 & ^!1 we may say1 alone1 7 ! au?orities f :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( t day drew ! in=mation ^u :i* !y dep5d$ 7,ibid pp4 #abb1 #abc74 ,paley1 probably1 nev] int5d$ t a life ( ,*ri/ %\ld be extract$ f all ,ju/9's works4 ,x is done above1 & ! read] may judge = himself ( ,paley's tru?fulness4 ,"o ( ! two in/ances is giv5 z foll[s3 ,! o!r1 ( a circum/ance 9 ,*ri/'s baptism1 namely1 a fi]y or lum9\s appe>ance ^u ! wat]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 is notic$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews2 & :i* might be true2 b :i*1 :e!r true or false1 is m5tion$ by ,ju/9 ) a pla9 m>k ( dim9ution :5 comp>$ ) :at he quotes z re/+ ^u ,scripture au?ority4 ,! read] w adv]t to ?is di/9ction4 ',& !n1 :5 ,jesus came to ! riv] ,jordan1 :]e ,john 0 baptis+1 z ,jesus desc5d$ into ! wat]1 a fire also 0 k9dl$ 9 ,jordan2 & :5 he came up out ( ! wat]1 ! apo/les ( ?is our ,*ri/ h writt51 t ! ,holy ,gho/ light$ ^u him z a dove' 7,ibid1 p4 #abc74 ,! italics "h are ,paley's own4 ,n[ let ! read] turn to ! passage itself1 & he w f9d t ,paley has delib]ately alt]$ ! con/ruction ( ! phrases1 9 ord] to make a di/9ction t ,ju/9 does n make1 ins]t+ ! ref]5ce to ! apo/les 9 a diff]5t place to t :i* x holds 9 ,ju/94 ,is x cr$ible t su* duplicity passes to-day = argum5t8 "o c only hope t ! l>ge majority ( ,*ri/ians :o quote ,paley are ignorant1 & are1 !re=e1 unconsci\s ( ! untru?fulness ( ! apologi/2 ! passage quot$ is tak5 f ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 *ap4 #hh1 & runs z foll[s3 ,!n1 :5 ,jesus _h gone to ! riv] ,jordan1 :]e ,john 0 baptis+1 & :5 he _h /epp$ into ! wat]1 a fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! ,jordan2 & :5 he came out ( ! wat]1 ! ,holy ,gho/ light$ on him l a dove2 ! apo/les ( ?is v ,*ri/ ( ours wrote ?us4 ,! phrase italicis$ by ,paley concludes ! acc\nt1 & if x ref]s to "o "p ( ! /ory1 x ref]s to all2 ?us ! read] c see = himself t ,ju/9 makes no m>k ( dim9ution ( any k9d1 b gives ! :ole /ory1 fire1 ,holy ,gho/1 & all1 z f ! ,memoirs4 ,! mock]y ( ,*ri/ on ! cross is word$ diff]5tly 9 ,ju/9 & 9 ! ,gospels1 & he di/9ctly says t he quotes f ! ,memoirs4 ,!y spoke 9 mock]y ! words :i* are record$ 9 ! memoirs ( 8 ,apo/les3 ',he said he 0 ! ,son ( ,god2 let him come d[n3 let ,god save him' 7,dial4 *ap4 ci474 ,if we turn to ! ,clem5t9es1 we f9d1 9 ! same way1 passages n to be f\nd 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,& ,pet] said3 ,we rememb] t our ,"l & ,tea*]1 z comm&+ u1 said3 ,keep ! my/]ies = me1 & ! sons ( my h\se 7,hom4 xix4 *ap4 #bj74 ,& ,pet] said3 ,if1 !re=e1 ( ! ,scriptures "s are true & "s are false1 our ,tea*] rightly said3 ',be ye good money-*ang]s1' z 9 ! ,scriptures !re are "s true say+s & "s spuri\s 7,hom4 ii4 *ap4 #ea2 see also iii4 *ap4 #ej4 & xviii4 *ap4 #bj74 ,?is say+ ( ,*ri/ is f\nd 9 _m ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,to ^? :o ?9k t ,god tempts1 z ! ,scriptures say he ,jesus said3 ',! tempt] is ! wick$ "o1 :o also tempt$ himself' 7,hom4 iii4 *ap4 #ee74 ,( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies ,mr4 ,s&ay rem>ks1 sev]al apocryphal say+s1 & "s apocryphal details1 are add$4 ,?us ! ,clem5t9e writ] calls ,john a ',hem]obapti/1' i4e41 memb] ( a sect :i* practis$ daily baptism4 ,he talks ab\t a rum\r :i* became curr5t 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 ab\t ! 'v]nal equ9ox1' t at ! same "t a ,k+ %\ld arise 9 ,juda :o %\ld "w miracles1 mak+ ! bl9d to see1 ! lame to walk1 heal+ e disease1 includ+ leprosy1 & rais+ ! dead2 9 ! incid5t ( ! ,canaanite woman 7:om1 ) ,m>k1 he calls a ,syropho5ician7 he adds h] "n1 ',ju/a1' & t ( h] daught] ',b]nice4' ,he also limits ! m9i/ry ( our ,"l to "o ye> 7,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury1 pp4 #afg1 #afh74 ,b x is ne$less to multiply su* passages2 ?ree or f\r w\ld be en\gh to prove our position3 :5ce 7 !y drawn1 if n f records diff]+ f ! ,gospels n[ receiv$8 ,we1 !re=e1 conclude t 9 ! num]\s ,evangelical passages quot$ by ! ,fa!rs1 :i* are n 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels1 we f9d evid5ce t ! e>li] records 7 n ! ,gospels n[ e/eem$ ,canonical4 ,i4 ,t ! books !mselves %[ m>ks ( _! lat] orig94 ,we %\ld draw ?is conclusion f phrases scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospels1 :i* %[ t ! writ]s 7 ignorant ( local cu/oms1 habits1 & laws1 & !re=e c\ld n h be5 ,jews contempor>y ) ,jesus at ! date :5 he is alleg$ to h liv$4 ,we f9d a cle> in/ance ( ?is ignorance 9 ! m5tion made by ,luke ( ! c5sus :i* is suppos$ to h br\ght ,joseph & ,m>y to ,be?lehem imm$iately be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,if ,jesus 0 born at ! "t alleg$ ! ,roman c5sus 9 "q mu/ h be5 made ei!r "u ,h]od ! ,great1 or at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,ar*elaus4 ,?is is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 = 9 ^? c\ntries :i* 7 n r$uc$ 9 =mam prov9ci1 b 7 gov]n$ by regibus sociis1 ! taxes 7 levi$ by ^! pr9ces1 :o paid a tribute to ! ,romans2 & ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,juda prior to ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus4444 ,! ,evangeli/ relieves u f a fur!r inquiry into ?is m or less hi/orical or arbitr>y comb9ation by add+ t ?is tax+ 0 fir/ made :5 ,cyr5ius 7,quir9us7 0 ,gov]nor ( ,syria ,greek3 haegemoneuontos taes ,surias ,kura5i\ = x is an au!nticat$ po9t t ! assessm5t ( ,quir9us did n take place ei!r "u ,h]od or e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,ar*elaus1 ! p]iod at :i*1 accord+ to ,luke1 ,jesus 0 born4 ,quir9us 0 n at t "t ,gov]nor ( ,syria1 a situation held dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,h]od by ,l5tius ,saturn9us1 & aft] him by ,qu9tilius ,v>us2 & x 0 n till long aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od t ,quir9us 0 appo9t$ ,gov]nor ( ,syria4 ,t ,quir9us und]took a c5sus ( ,juda we "k c]ta9ly f ,josephus1 :o1 h[ev]1 rem>ks t he 0 s5t to execute ?is measure :5 ,ar*elaus' c\ntry 0 laid to ! prov9ce ( ,syria 7comp>e ,ant41 bk4 xvii4 *4 #ac1 sec4 #e2 bk4 xviii4 *4 #a1 sec4 #a2 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 bk4 ii4 *4 #h1 sec4 #a2 & *4 #i1 sec4 #a7 ?us1 ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! "t at :i*1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,luke1 ,jesus mu/ h be5 born 7,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bjb-bjd74 ,! confusion ( dates1 z giv5 9 ,luke1 proves t ! writ] 0 ignorant ( ! int]nal hi/ory ( ,juda & ! neighb\r+ prov9ces4 ,! bir? ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,luke1 mu/ h tak5 place six mon?s aft] ! bir? ( ,john ,bapti/1 & z ,john 0 born dur+ ! reign ( ,h]od1 ,jesus mu/ also h be5 born "u ! same ,k+1 or else at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,ar*elaus4 ,yet ,luke says t he 0 born dur+ ! c5sus 9 ,juda1 :i*1 z we h se5 j above1 took place t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! ,evangeli/1 !re=e1 9 ord] to get a c5sus1 mu/ h conceiv$ ! condition ( ?+s su* z !y 7 aft] ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus2 b 9 ord] to get a c5sus ext5d+ to ,galilee1 he mu/ h imag9$ ! k+dom to h cont9u$ undivid$1 z 9 ! "t ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,/rauss _h expla9$ t ! r$uction ( ! k+dom ( ,ar*elaus into a ,roman prov9ce did n affect ,galilee1 :i* 0 /ill rul$ by ,h]od ,antipas z an alli$ pr9ce1 & t a c5sus tak5 by ! ,roman ,gov]nor w\ld1 !re=e1 n ext5d to ,galilee1 & c\ld n affect ,joseph1 :o1 liv+ at ,naz>e?1 w\ld be ! subject ( ,h]od4 ,see1 z illu/rative ( ?is1 ,luke xxiii4 #f1 #g4 ,?us he deals 9 manife/ contradictions2 or1 r1 he has an exce$+ly sorry acqua9tance ) ! political relations ( t p]iod2 = he ext5ds ! c5sus n only to ! :ole ( ,pale/9e1 b also 7:i* we mu/ n =get7 to ! :ole ,roman _w 7,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus1 vol4 i41 p4 #bjf74 ,aft] quot+ "o ( ! passages ( ,josephus ref]r$ to above1 ,dr4 ,giles says3 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is ! mission ( ,cyr5ius :i* ! ,evangeli/ suppos$ to be ! occasion ( ! visit ( ,*ri/'s p>5ts to ,be?lehem4 ,b su* an error betrays on ! "p ( ! writ] a great ignorance ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory1 & ( ,jewi% politics2 =1 if ,*ri/ 0 born 9 ! reign ( ,h]od ! ,great1 no ,roman c5sus or enrolm5t c\ld h tak5 place 9 ! dom9ions ( an indep5d5t ,k+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ 0 born 9 ! ye> ( ! c5sus1 n only ,h]od ! ,great1 b ,ar*elaus1 also1 8 son1 0 dead4 ,nay1 by no possibility c ! two ev5ts be br\ght toge!r2 = ev5 aft] ! dea? ( ,ar*elaus1 ,juda alone became a ,roman prov9ce2 ,galilee 0 /ill gov]n$ by ,h]od ,antipas z an indep5d5t pr9ce1 & ,*ri/'s p>5ts w\ld n h be5 requir$ to g out ( _! own c\ntry to ,j]usalem1 = ! purpose ( a c5sus :i* did n comprise _! own c\ntry1 ,galilee4 ,besides :i*1 x is notori\s t ! ,roman c5sus 0 tak5 f h\se to h\se1 at ! resid5ce ( ea*1 & n at ! bir?-place or family r5dezv\s ( ea* tribe 7,*ri/ian ,records1 pp4 #abj1 #aba74 ,ano!r /rik+ witness to ! late composition ( ! ,gospels is furni%$ by expressions1 d5ot+ ideas t c\ld n h _h any be+ 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ & 8 disciples1 b mu/ h be5 develop$ aft]w>ds1 at a "t :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 e/abli%$ on a broad] & /ill increas+ basis 7,ibid1 p4 #afi74 ,dr4 ,giles has collect$ _m ( ^!1 & we take !m f 8 pages4 ,9 ,john i4 #ae1 #af1 we read3 ,john b>e witness ( him1 & cri$1 say+1 ,?is 0 he ( :om ,i spake1 ,he t come? aft] me is pref]r$ be=e me3 = he 0 be=e me4 ,& ( 8 fulness h all we receiv$1 & grace = grace4 ,at t "t none _h receiv$ ( ! fulness ( ,*ri/1 & ! say+ 9 ! m\? ( ,john ,bapti/ is an ana*ronism4 ,! ^w cross is sev]al times us$ symbolically by ,*ri/1 z express+ pati5ce & self-d5ial2 b be=e 8 own crucifixion ! expression w\ld be incompreh5sible1 & he w\ld surely n select a phraseology 8 disciples c\ld n und]/&2 ,be>+ ! cross is a lat] phrase1 common among ,*ri/ians4 ,mat!w xi4 #ab1 ,jesus1 speak+ :ile ,john ! ,bapti/ is /ill liv+1 says3 ,f ! days ( ,john ! ,bapti/ until n[--an expression t implies a lapse ( "t4 ,! ^w gospel 0 n 9 use among ,*ri/ians be=e ! end ( ! second c5tury2 yet we f9d x 9 ,mat!w iv4 #bc1 ix4 #ce1 xxiv4 #ad1 xxvi4 #ac2 ,m>k i4 #ad1 viii4 #ce1 x4 #bi1 xiii4 #aj1 xiv4 #i2 ,luke ix4 #f4 ,! unclean _s1 or r spirits1 :o 7 s5t into ! sw9e 7,m>k v4 #i1 ,luke viii4 #cj71 answ]$ to ! "q1 ,:at is ?y "n8 t 8 "n 0 ,legion4 ,! ,f\r ,gospels are writt5 9 ,greek1 & ! ^w 'legion' is ,lat92 b 9 ,galilee & ,p]aea ! p spoke nei!r ,lat9 nor ,greek1 b ,hebrew1 or a dialect ( x4 ,! ^w 'legion' w\ld be p]fectly un9telligible to ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 & to almo/ ev]ybody 9 ! c\ntry 7,ibid1 p4 #aig74 ,! acc\nt ( ,mat!w1 t ,jesus rode on ! ass & ! colt1 to fulfil ! prophecy1 ,behold ?y k+ come? unto !e1 meek1 & sitt+ ^u an ass1 & a colt ! foal ( an ass 7xxi4 #e4 #g71 %[s t ,mat!w did n und]/& ! ,hebrew idiom1 :i* %\ld be r5d]$ sitt+ ^u an ass1 ev5 ^u a colt1 ! foal ( an ass1 & relat$ an impossible rid+ feat to fulfil ! misund]/ood prophecy4 ,! :ole trial sc5e %[s ignorance ( ,roman cu/oms3 ! judge runn+ 9 & out betwe5 accus$ & p1 (f]+ to sc\rge him & let him g--a c\rse n consi/5t ) ,roman ju/ice2 !n pres5t+ him to ! p ) a cr[n ( ?orns & purple robe4 ,! ,roman adm9i/ration w\ld n condesc5d to a proc$ure s unju/ & s undignifi$4 ,! mass ( contradictions 9 ! ,gospels1 notic$ "u k1 %[ t !y c\ld n h be5 writt5 by disciples possess+ p]sonal k ( ! ev5ts n>rat$2 :ile ! fact t !y are writt5 9 ,greek1 z we %all see bel[1 "u j1 proves t !y 7 n writt5 by unle>n$ & ignorant ,jews1 & 7 n contempor>y records1 p5n$ by ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus4 ,f ^! facts we draw ! conclusion4 t ! books !mselves %[ m>ks ( _! lat] orig94 ,j4 ,t ! language 9 :i* !y are writt5 is presumptive evid5ce aga9/ _! au!nticity4 ,we are "h deal+ ) ! suppos$ hi/ory ( a ,jewi% prophet writt5 by ,jews1 & yet we f9d x writt5 9 ,greek1 a language n commonly kn[n among ! ,jews1 z we le>n f ! te/imony ( ,josephus3 ,i h s completely p]fect$ ! "w ,i propos$ to myself to d1 t no o!r p]son1 :e!r he 7 a ,jew or a =eign]1 _h he ev] s great an incl9ation to x1 c\ld s accurately deliv] ^! acc\nts to ! ,greeks z is done 9 ^! books4 ,= ^? ( my own nation freely ackn[l$ge t ,i f> exce$ !m 9 ! le>n+ belong+ to ! ,jews4 ,i h also tak5 a great deal ( pa9s to obta9 ! le>n+ ( ! ,greeks1 & und]/& ! elem5ts ( ! ,greek language1 al?\gh ,i h s long accu/om$ myself to speak our own tongue1 t ,i _c pron\nce ,greek ) suffici5t exactness2 = our nation does n enc\rage ^? t le>n ! languages ( _m nations 444 on :i* acc\nt1 z !re h be5 _m :o h done _! endeav\rs ) great pati5ce to obta9 ?is le>n+1 !re h yet h>dly be5 s _m z two or ?ree t h succe$$ !re91 :o 7 imm$iately well rew>d$ = _! pa9s 7,ant4 bk4 xx4 *4 #aa1 sec #b74 ,he fur!r tells u t ,i grew we>y1 & w5t on sl[ly1 x be+ a l>ge subject1 & a difficult ?+ to translate our hi/ory into a =eign &1 to u1 unaccu/om$ language 7,ibid1 ,preface74 ,! *ief reason1 p]haps1 = ?is g5]al ignorance ( ,greek 0 ! b>b>\s av]sion ( ! ,rabbis to =eign lit]ature4 ,no "o w be p>tak] ( et]nal life :o reads =eign lit]ature4 ,execrable is he1 z ! sw9eh]d1 execrable alike1 :o tea*es 8 son ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks 7translat$ f ,lat9 translation ( ,rabbi ,akiba1 z giv5 9 note 9 ,keim's ,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 i4 p1 #bie74 ,x is notewor?y1 also1 t ! ,evangeli/s quote g5]ally f ! ,septuag9t1 & t loyal ,jews w\ld h avoid$ do+ s1 s9ce ! translation ( ! ,bible into ,greek _h already be5 ! cause ( grief1 & ev5 ( hatr$1 9 ,j]usalem 7,ibid1 p4 #bid74 ,9 ! face ( ?is we are ask$ to believe t a ,galilean fi%]man1 by ! te/imony ( ,acts iv4 #ac1 unle>n$ & ignorant1 out/ripp$ 8 :ole nation1 save ! two or ?ree t h succe$$ 9 le>n+ ,greek1 & wrote a philosophical & hi/orical treatise 9 t language4 ,also t ,mat!w1 a publican1 a memb] ( ! mo/ degrad$ class ( ! ,jews1 0 equally le>n$1 & publi%$ a hi/ory 9 ! same tongue4 ,yet ^! two m>vels ( erudition 7 unkn[n to ,josephus1 :o expressly /ates t ! two or ?ree :o _h le>n$ ,greek1 7 imm$iately well rew>d$ = _! pa9s4 ,! argum5t does n tell aga9/ ,m>k & ,luke1 z no "o kn[s any?+ ab\t ^! two writ]s1 & !y may h be5 ,greeks1 = any?+ we "k to ! contr>y4 ,if ,m>k1 h[ev]1 is to be id5tifi$ ) ,john ,m>k1 si/]'s son to ,b>nabas1 !n x w lie also aga9/ him4 ,leav+ aside ! ma9 difficulty1 po9t$ out above1 x is grossly improbable1 on ! face ( x1 t ^! ,jewi% writ]s %\ld employ ,greek1 ev5 if !y knew x1 in/ead ( _! own tongue4 ,!y 7 writ+ ! /ory ( a ,jew2 :y %\ld !y translate all 8 say+s in/ead ( writ+ !m d[n z !y fell f 8 lips8 ,_! "w lay among ! ,jews4 ,eight ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus !y rebuk$ "o ( _! numb]1 ,pet]1 :o eat ) m5 uncircumcis$ 7,acts xi4 #c72 n9ete5 ye>s aft]w>ds !y /ill w5t only unto ! circumcision 7,gal4 ii4 #i72 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft]w>ds !y 7 /ill 9 ,j]usalem1 tea*+ ,jews1 & c>efully fulfill+ ! law 7,acts xxi4 #ah-bd72 aft] ?is1 we he> no m ( !m1 & !y mu/ all h be5 old m51 n likely to !n *ange ! ,jewi% habits ( _! lives4 ,besides1 :y %\ld !y d s8 _! :ole sph]e ( "w 0 entirely ,jewi%1 &1 if !y 7 educat$ en\gh to write at all1 !y w\ld surely write = ! b5efit ( ^? among/ :om !y work$4 ,! only p>allel = s curi\s a ph5om5on z ^! ,greek ,gospels1 writt5 by ignorant ,jews1 w\ld be f\nd if a ,corni% fi%]man & a l[ ,london attorney1 bo? p]fectly ignorant ( ,g]man1 wrote 9 ,g]man ! say+s & do+s ( a ,middlesex c>p5t]1 & z _! "w 0 entirely conf9$ to ! l[] classes ( ! p1 :o knew no?+ ( ,g]man1 & !y desir$ to place )9 _! rea* full k ( ! c>p5t]'s life1 !y circulat$ x among !m 9 ,g]man only1 & nev] wrote any?+ ab\t him 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,greek text ( ! ,gospels proves t !y 7 writt5 9 lat] times1 :5 ,*ri/ianity f\nd its adh]5ts among ! ,g5tile populations4 ,x might1 inde$1 be fairly urg$ t ! ,greek text is a sugge/ion t ! cre$ did n orig9ate 9 ,juda at all1 b 0 ! (f%oot ( ,g5tile ?\ght r ?an ( ,jewi%4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! ,greek text =bids u to believe t ^! ,gospels 7 writt5 by ! ,jewi% contempor>ies ( ,jesus1 & we conclude t ! language 9 :i* !y are writt5 is presumptive evid5ce aga9/ _! au!nticity4 ,k4 ,t !y are 9 !mselves utt]ly unwor?y ( cr$it f 7#a7 ! miracles ) :i* !y ab\nd4 7#b7 ,! num]\s contradictions ( ea* by ! o!rs4 7#c7 ,! fact t ! /ory ( ! h]o1 ! doctr9es1 ! miracles1 7 curr5t long be=e ! suppos$ dates ( ! ,gospels1 s t ^! ,gospels are simply a pat*work compos$ ( old] mat]ials4 7#a7 ,! miracles ) :i* !y ab\nd4 ,paley asks3 ,:y %\ld we "q ! g5u95ess ( ^! books8 ,is x = t !y conta9 acc\nts ( sup]natural ev5ts8 ,i appreh5d t ?is1 at ! bottom1 is ! real1 ?\gh secret cause ( our hesitation ab\t !m2 =1 _h ! writ+s1 inscrib$ ) ! names ( ,mat!w & ,john1 relat$ no?+ b ord9>y hi/ory1 !re w\ld h be5 no m d\bt :e!r ^! writ+s 7 !irs1 ?an !re is conc]n+ ! ackn[l$g$ works ( ,josephus or ,philo2 t is1 !re w\ld h be5 no d\bt at all 7,evid5ces1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf74 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? 9 ?is argum5t4 ,we d--op5ly1 h[ev]1 & n secretly--d\bt any & e book :i* is said to be a record ( miracles1 writt5 by an eye-witness ( !m2 ! m important ! cont5ts ( a book1 ! m ke5ly are its cr$5tials scrut9is$2 ! m extraord9>y ! /ory x conta9s1 ! m c>efully are its evid5ces sift$4 ,9 deal+ ) ,josephus1 we exam9e 8 au!nticity be=e rely+ at all on 8 hi/ory2 f9d+ !re is little d\bt t ! book 0 writt5 by him1 we value x z ! acc\nt ( an app>5tly c>eful writ]4 ,:5 we come to passages l "o 9 ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 bk4 vi4 *4 #e1 sec4 #c--:i* tells u among ! port5ts :i* =ew>n$ ! ,jews ( ! fall ( ! temple3 ,a heif]1 z %e 0 l$ by ! high prie/ to be sacrific$1 br\ght =? a lamb 9 ! mid/ ( ! temple--we d n believe x1 any m ?an we believe t ! devils w5t into ! sw9e4 ,if su* fables1 in/ead ( =m+ excresc5ces "h & !re on ! hi/ory ( ,josephus1 :i* may be cut (f )\t injury to ! ma9 record1 7 s int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory z to be "p & p>cel ( x1 s t no hi/ory w\ld rema9 if !y 7 all tak5 away1 !n we %\ld reject ,josephus z a tell] ( fables1 & n a writ] ( hi/ory4 ,if x 7 urg$ t ,josephus 0 an eye-witness1 & record$ :at he saw1 !n we %\ld answ]3 ,ei!r y\r hi/ory is n writt5 by ,josephus at all1 b is falsely assign$ to him 9 ord] to give x ! cr$it ( be+ writt5 by a contempor>y & an eye-witness2 or else y\r ,josephus is a *>latan1 :o pret5d$ to h se5 miracles 9 ord] to increase 8 pre/ige4 ,if ?is suppos$ hi/ory ( ,josephus 7 widely spread & ex]cis$ mu* influ5ce ov] mank9d1 !n its au!nticity w\ld be v c>efully exam9$ & e weak po9t 9 ! evid5ces = x te/$1 j z ! ,gospels are to-day4 ,we may add1 t x is absurd to p>allel ! ,evangeli/s & ,josephus1 z ?\gh we knew ( ! "o no m ?an we d ( ! o!rs4 ,josephus relates 8 own life1 giv+ u an acc\nt ( 8 family1 8 *ildhood1 & 8 education2 he !n tells u ( 8 travels1 ( all he did1 & ( ! books he wrote1 & ! books !mselves be> 8 own ann\ncem5t ( 8 au?or%ip2 = in/ance1 we read3 ,i1 ,joseph1 ! son ( ,mat?ias1 by bir? an ,hebrew1 a prie/ also1 & "o :o at fir/ f\ght aga9/ ! ,romans myself1 & 0 =c$ to be pres5t at :at 0 done aft]w>ds1 am ! au?or ( ?is "w 7,w>s ( ! ,jews1 ,preface1 sec4 ,i74 ,to :i* ( ! ,gospels is su* an ann\ncem5t prefix$8 ev5 9 ,luke1 :]e ! hi/orian writes a preface1 x is n said3 ,i1 ,luke1 & anonym\s writ+s mu/ be ( d\btful au!nticity4 ,:i* ( ! ,evangeli/s has relat$ = u 8 own life1 s t we may judge ( 8 opportunities ( kn[+ :at he tells8 ,to :i* ( _! hi/ories is su* ext]nal te/imony giv5 z t ( ,tacitus to ,josephus1 9 spite ( ! contempt felt by ! poli%$ ,roman t[>ds ! :ole ,jewi% race8 ,no?+ c be m mislead+ ?an to speak ( ,josephus & ( ! ,evangeli/s z ?\gh _! writ+s /ood on ! same level2 e m>k ( au!nticity is pres5t 9 ! "o2 e m>k ( au!nticity is abs5t 9 ! o!r4 ,we %all argue z aga9/ ! miracul\s acc\nts ( ! ,gospels--fir/1 t ! evid5ce is insuffici5t & f> bel[ ! am\nt ( evid5ce br\ght 9 support ( m mod]n miracles2 secondly1 t ! p[] to "w miracles has be5 claim$ by ! ,*ur* all ?r\gh h] hi/ory1 & is /ill s claim$1 & x is1 !re=e1 impossible to m>k any p]iod :]e9 miracles ceas$2 &1 ?irdly1 t n only are ,*ri/ian miracles unprov51 b t all miracles are impossible1 z well z useless if possible4 ,paley1 argu+ = ! tru? ( ,*ri/ian miracles1 & ( ^! only1 endeav\rs to lay d[n canons :i* %all exclude all o!rs4 ,?us1 he excludes3 ,i4 ,su* acc\nts ( sup]natural ev5ts z are f\nd only 9 hi/ories by "s ages po/]ior to ! transaction4444 ,,ii4 ,acc\nts publi%$ 9 "o c\ntry ( :at pass$ 9 a di/ant c\ntry1 )\t any pro( t su* acc\nts 7 kn[n or receiv$ at home4444 ,,iii4 ,transi5t rum\rs4444 ,,iv4 ,nak$ hi/ory 7fragm5ts1 unconnect$ ) subsequ5t ev5ts dep5d5t on ! miracles74444 ,v4 ,9 a c]ta9 way1 & to a c]ta9 degree1 p>ticul>ity1 9 names1 dates1 places1 circum/ances1 & 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts prec$+ or foll[+4444 ,,vi4 ,/ories on :i* no?+ dep5ds1 9 :i* no int]e/ is involv$1 no?+ is to be done or *ang$ 9 consequ5ce ( believ+ !m4444 ,,vii4 ,acc\nts :i* come m]ely 9 affirmance ( op9ions already =m$4444 ,x is n necess>y to admit z a miracle1 :at c be resolv$ into a false p]ception 7su* miracles z heal+ ! bl9d1 lame1 etc41 _c be r$uc$ "u ?is head71 444 or impo/ure 444 or t5tative miracles 7:]e1 out ( _m attempts1 "o succe$s7 444 or d\btful 7possibly expla9able z co9cid5ce1 or effect ( imag9ation7 444 or exagg]ation 7,evid5ces1 pp4 #aii-bah74 ,paley !n criticises "s miracles alleg$ by ,hume1 & argues aga9/ !m4 ,he v fairly criticises & disposes ( !m1 b fails to see t ! same /yle ( argum5t w\ld dispose ( 8 ,gospel ones4 ,! ,c>d9al de ,retz sees1 at a *ur* 9 ,s>agossa1 a man :o light$ ! lamps1 & ! canons told him t he _h be5 sev]al ye>s at ! gate ) "o leg only4 ,i saw him ) two4 ,paley urges t x n[h]e appe>s t he 7! ,c>d9al7 ei!r exam9$ ! limb1 or ask$ ! pati5t1 or inde$ any "o1 a s+le "q ab\t ! matt] 7,evid5ces1 page #bbd74 ,well argu$1 ,dr4 ,paley2 & 9 ! man :o sat outside ! beautiful gate ( ! ,temple1 :o exam9$ ! limb1 or que/ion$ ! pati5t8 ,canons ,i4 & ,,ii4 exclude ! ,gospel miracles1 unless ! ,gospels are prov$ to be writt5 by ^? ^: names !y be>1 & ev5 !n !re is no pro( t ei!r ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 or ,john1 publi%$ _! ,gospels 9 ,juda1 or t _! acc\nts 7 receiv$ at home4 ,! d\bt & obscurity hang+ ov] ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels !mselves1 ?r[s ! l d\bt & obscurity on all t !y relate4 ,transi5t rum\rs1 false p]ception1 impo/ure1 d\btful1 & exagg]ation--!re is a door op5 to all ^! ?+s 9 ! sl[ & gradual putt+ toge!r ( ! collection ( leg5ds n[ kn[n z ! ,gospels4 ,we argue t ! witness ( ! ,gospels to ! miracles _c be accept$ until ! ,gospels !mselves are au!nticat$1 & t ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! miracles is1 !re=e1 insuffici5t4 ,/rauss %[s u v cle>ly h[ ! miracles record$ 9 ! ,gospels became ascrib$ to ,jesus4 ,t ! ,jewi% p 9 ! "t ( ,jesus expect$ miracles f ! ,messiah is 9 itself natural1 s9ce ! ,messiah 0 a second ,moses1 & ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 & to ,moses & ! prophets ! national leg5d attribut$ miracles ( all k9ds4444 ,b n only 0 x pre-det]m9$ 9 ! popul> expectation t ! ,messiah %\ld "w miracles 9 g5]al--! p>ticul> k9ds ( miracles :i* he 0 to p]=m 7 fix$1 also 9 accordance ) ,old ,te/am5t types & decl>ations4 ,moses disp5s$ meat & dr9k to ! p 9 a sup]natural mann] 7,ex4 xvi4 xvii473 ! same 0 expect$1 z ! rabbis explicitly say1 f ! ,messiah4 ,at ! pray] ( ,eli%a1 eyes 7 9 "o case clos$1 9 ano!r1 op5$ sup]naturally 7#b ,k+s vi473 ! ,messiah also 0 to op5 ! eyes ( ! bl9d4 ,by ?is prophet & 8 ma/]1 ev5 ! dead _h be5 rais$ 7#a ,k+s xvii2 #b ,k+s iv472 h5ce to ! ,messiah also p[] ov] dea? c\ld n be want+4 ,among ! prophecies1 ,is4 xxxv1 #e1 #f 7comp4 xlii4 #g71 0 especially influ5tial 9 =m+ ?is "p ( ! ,messianic idea4 ,x is "h said ( ! ,messianic times3 ,!n %all ! eyes ( ! bl9d be op5$ & ! e>s ( ! deaf un/opp$2 !n %all ! lame man leap z a h>t1 & ! tongue ( ! dumb %all s+ 7,life ( ,jesus1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bce1 #bcf47 ,9 deal+ ) ! alleg$ heal+ ( ! bl9d1 ,/rauss rem>ks3 ,h[ %\ld we repres5t to ourselves ! sudd5 re/oration ( vision to a bl9d eye by a ^w or a t\*8 z purely miracul\s & magical8 ,t w\ld be to give up ?9k+ on ! subject4 ,z magnetic8 ,!re is no prec$5t ( magnetism hav+ influ5ce ov] a disease ( ?is nature4 ,or1 la/ly1 z psy*ical8 ,b bl9dness is some?+ s indep5d5t ( ! m5tal life1 s entirely corporeal1 t ! idea ( its removal at all1 /ill less ( its sudd5 removal by means ( a m5tal op]ation1 is n to be ent]ta9$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ackn[l$ge t an hi/orical conception ( ^! n>ratives is m ?an m]ely difficult to u2 & we proce$ to inquire :e!r we _c %[ x to be probable t leg5ds ( ?is k9d %\ld arise unhi/orically4444 ,t ^! de$s ( ,eli%a 7 conceiv$1 d\btless ) ref]5ce to ! passage ( ,isaiah1 z a real op5+ ( ! eyes ( ! bl9d1 is prov$ by ! above rabb9ical passage /at+ t ! ,messiah w\ld d all t 9 anci5t times _h be5 done by ! h&s ( ! righte\s1 vol4 i41 p4 #ha1 note1 & h5ce cures ( ! bl9d 7 expect$ f ! ,messiah4 ,n[1 if ! ,*ri/ian community1 proce$+ z x did f ! bosom ( ,judaism1 held ,jesus to be ! ,messianic p]sonage1 x mu/ manife/ ! t5d5cy to ascribe to him e ,messianic pr$icate1 &1 !re=e1 ! "o 9 "q 7,ibid1 #bib1 #bic74 ,n only1 !n1 are ! miracles r5d]$ d\btful by ! dubi\s "* ( ! records 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 b !re is a cle> & reasonable explanation :y we %\ld expect to f9d !m 9 any hi/ory ( a suppos$ ,messiah4 ,*ri/ian apologi/s appe> to h ov]look$ ! /atem5t 9 ! ,gospels t ,jesus object$ to publicity be+ giv5 to 8 suppos$ miracles2 ! natural conclusion t sceptics draw f ?is ass]tion1 is t ! miracles nev] took place at all1 & t ! suppos$ mode/y ( ,jesus is inv5t$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! ignorance ( ! p conc]n+ ! alleg$ m>vels4 ,judge ,/range fairly rem>ks3 ,! appeal to miracles is a v que/ionable resort4 ,n[1 z ,jesus is repeat$ly repres5t$ to h exhort$ ^? on ^: behalf !y 7 wr\ght to keep ! matt] secret to !mselves1 & z :5 su* signs1 ^u be+ ask$ =1 7 refus$ to be accord$ by him1 & ! desire to h !m 0 repress$ z s9ful1 x is to be ga!r$1 9 spite ( ! say+s to ! contr>y1 t ! writ]s 7 aw>e t !re 0 no su* public s5se ( ! occurr5ce ( ^! m>vels z mu/ h atta*$ to !m _h !y really be5 enact$1 & we are left to ! conclusion t !re 7 9 fact no su* demon/rations 7,! ,portraiture & ,mission ( ,jesus1 p4 #bc74 ,cle>ly1 miracles are useless1 z evid5ce1 unless !y are publicly p]=m$1 & ! secresy us$ by ,jesus sugge/s fraud r ?an miracul\s p[]1 & sav\rs ( ! conjuror r ?an ( ! ,god4 ,b1 fur!r1 !re is f> /rong] evid5ce = lat] ,*ur* miracles ?an = ^? ( ,*ri/1 or ( ! apo/les1 & if evid5ce 9 support ( miracles is good = any?+1 ^! m mod]n miracles mu/ comm& our belief4 ,eusebius relates ! foll[+ miracle ( ,n>cissus1 ! ?irtie? ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #ahj1 z "o among _m3 ,:il/ ! deacons 7 keep+ ! vigils ! oil fail$ !m2 ^u :i* all ! p be+ v mu* deject$1 ,n>cissus comm&$ ! m5 t manag$ ! lights to draw wat] f a neighb\r+ well1 & to br+ x to him4 ,!y hav+ done x z soon z said1 ,n>cissus pray$ ov] ! wat]1 & !n comm&$ !m1 9 a firm fai? 9 ,*ri/1 to p\r x into ! lamps4 ,:5 !y _h also done ?is1 contr>y to all natural expectation1 by an extraord9>y & div9e influ5ce1 ! nature ( ! wat] 0 *ang$ into ! quality ( oil1 & by mo/ ( ! bre?r5 a small quantity 0 pres]v$ f t "t until our own1 z a specim5 ( ! wond] !n p]=m$ 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 vi41 *ap4 #i74 ,/4 ,augu/9e be>s p]sonal witness to m ?an "o miracle :i* happ5$ 9 8 own pres5ce1 & gives a long li/ ( cures p]=m$ 9 8 "t4 ,"o ?+ may be affirm$1 t no?+ ( importance is omitt$1 & 9 reg>d to ess5tial details !y are z explicit z ! mass ( o!r cases report$4 ,9 e in/ance names & addresses are /at$1 & x w h be5 obs]v$ t all ^! miracles occurr$ 91 or ne> to1 ,hippo1 & 9 8 own diocese4 ,x is v c]ta9 t 9 e case ! fact ( ! miracle is ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ direct & positive t]ms 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 pp4 #afg1 #afh74 ,none c d5y t miracul\s p[]s h be5 claim$ by ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es f ! "t ( ,*ri/ d[n to ! pres5t day1 & t !re is no break :i* c be po9t$ to z ! date at :i* ^! p[]s ceas$4 ,f ! fir/ ( ! ,fa!rs to ! la/ ( ! ,popes a succession ( bi%ops1 ( sa9ts1 & ( m>tyrs1 & ( miracles1 is cont9u$ )\t int]ruption2 & ! progress ( sup]/ition 0 s gradual1 & almo/ imp]ceptible1 t we "k n 9 :at p>ticul> l9k we %\ld break ! *a9 ( tradition4 ,e age be>s te/imony to ! wond]ful ev5ts by :i* x 0 di/+ui%$2 & its te/imony appe>s no less weighty & respectable ?an t ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 till we are ins5sibly l$ on to accuse our own inconsi/5cy1 if 9 ! eigh? or 9 ! twelf? c5tury we d5y to ! v5]able ,b$e1 or to ! holy ,b]n>d1 ! same degree ( confid5ce :i*1 9 ! second c5tury1 we _h s lib]ally grant$ to ,ju/9 or to ,ir5u4 ,if ! tru? ( any ( ^? miracles is appreciat$ by _! app>5t use & propriety1 e age _h unbeliev]s to conv9ce1 h]etics to confute1 & idolatr\s nations to conv]t2 & suffici5t motives might always be produc$ to ju/ify ! int]position ( heav54 ,& yet1 s9ce e fri5d to revelation is p]suad$ ( ! reality1 & e reasonable man is conv9c$ ( ! cessation1 ( miracul\s p[]s1 x is evid5t t !re mu/ h be5 "s p]iod 9 :i* !y 7 ei!r sudd5ly or gradually )drawn f ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,:atev] era is *os5 = t purpose1 ! dea? ( ! ,apo/les1 ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman empire1 or ! ext9ction ( ! ,arian h]esy1 ! ins5sibility ( ! ,*ri/ians :o liv$ at t "t w equally af=d a j matt] ( surprise4 ,!y /ill support$ _! pret5sions aft] !y _h lo/ _! p[]4 ,cr$ulity p]=m$ ! (fice ( fai?2 fanaticism 0 p]mitt$ to assume ! language ( inspiration2 & ! effects ( accid5t or contrivance 7 ascrib$ to sup]natural causes4 ,! rec5t exp]i5ce ( g5u9e miracles %\ld h in/ruct$ ! ,*ri/ian _w 9 ! ways ( ,provid5ce1 & habituat$ _! eye 7if we may use a v inadequate expression7 to ! /yle ( ! ,div9e ,arti/ 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 *ap1 xv41 p4 #ade74 ,! miracul\s p[]s 7 said to h be5 giv5 by ,*ri/ himself to 8 disciples4 ,^! signs %all foll[ !m t believe2 9 my "n %all !y ca/ out devils2 !y %all speak ) mew tongues2 !y %all take up s]p5ts2 &1 if !y dr9k any deadly ?+1 x %all n hurt !m2 !y %all lay h&s on ! sick1 & !y %all recov] 7,m>k xvi4 #ag1 #ah74 ,?is p[] is ex]cis$ by ! ,apo/les 7see ,acts ?r\gh\t71 by believ]s 9 ! ,*ur*es 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #i1 #aj2 ,gal4 iii4 #e2 ,james v4 #ad1 #ae72 at any rate1 x 0 9 =ce 9 ! "t ) :i* ^! books treat1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,ju/us1 surnam$ ,b>sabas1 dr9ks poison1 & is unhurt 7,eusebius1 bk4 iii41 *ap4 xxxix474 ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom1 suppos$ to be 9 ! next g5]ation1 is accompani$ by miracle 7,epi/le ( ,*ur* ( ,smyrna2 ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 p4 #ib2 see ante1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba74 ,at ,hi]apolis ! daught]s ( ,philip ! ,apo/le tell ,papias h[ "o 0 !re rais$ f ! dead 7,eusebius1 bk4 iii41 *4 xxxix474 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr pleads ! miracles work$ 9 8 own "t 9 ,rome itself 7second ,apol41 *4 vi474 ,ir5u urges t ! h]etics _c "w miracles z c ! ,ca?olics3 !y c nei!r conf] sight on ! bl9d1 nor he>+ on ! deaf1 nor *ase away all sorts ( demons 444 nor c !y cure ! weak1 or ! lame1 or ! p>alytic 7,aga9/ ,h]etics1 bk4 ii41 *4 xxxi41 sec4 #b74 ,t]tullian enc\rages ,*ri/ians to give up worldly pleasures by rem9d+ !m ( _! gr&] p[]s3 :at nobl] ?an to tread "u foot ! gods ( ! nations1 to exorcise evil spirits1 to p]=m cures8 7,de ,spectaculis1 sec4 #bi74 ,orig5 claims = ,*ri/ians ! p[] /ill to expel demons1 & to heal diseases1 9 ! "n ( ,jesus2 & he /ates t he _h se5 _m p]sons s cur$ ( madness1 & c\ntless o!r evils 7quot$ f ,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus 9 ,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #aed4 ,a mass ( evid5ce on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 *ap4 v4 ( ?is "w1 on ,! ,p]man5t ,/ream ( ,miracul\s ,pret5sion74 ,/4 ,augu/9e's te/imony has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,/4 ,ambrose discov]$ ! bones ( ,,ss4 ,g]vasius & ,protasius2 & ^! relics 7 laid 9 ! ,fau/9ian ,basilic1 & ! next morn+ 7 translat$ into ! ,ambrosian ,basilic2 dur+ :i* translation a bl9d man1 nam$ ,sev]us1 a but*] by trade1 0 cur$ by t\*+ ! bi] on :i* ! relics lay ) a h&k]*ief1 & !n apply+ x to 8 eyes4 ,he _h be5 bl9d sev]al ye>s1 0 kn[n to ! :ole city1 & ! miracle 0 p]=m$ be=e a prodigi\s numb] ( p2 & is te/ifi$ also by ,/4 ,au/9 ,augu/9e1 :o 0 !n at ,milan1 9 ?ree sev]al p>ts ( 8 works1 & by ,paul9us 9 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,ambrose 7,lives ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,m>tyrs1 etc41 by ,rev4 ,alban ,butl]1 vol4 xii41 pp4 #ajja1 #ajjb2 ed4 #ahch2 publi%$ 9 two vols41 ea* conta9+ six vols474 ,! sacr$ /igmata ( ,/4 ,francis d',assisi 7di$ #abbf7 7 se5 & t\*$ by ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,iv41 ,pope-,gregory ,,ix41 fifty fri>s1 _m nuns1 & innum]able cr[ds 7,ibid1 vol4 x41 pp4 #ehb1 #ehc74 ,?is same sa9t und]w5t ! op]ation ( se>+1 &1 :5 ! surgeon 0 ab\t to apply ! se>+-iron1 ! sa9t spoke to ! fire1 say+3 ',bro!r fire1 ,i besee* !e to burn me g5tly1 t ,i may be able to endure !e4' ,he 0 se>$ v deep1 f ! e> to ! eyebr[1 b seem$ to feel no pa9 at all 7,ibid1 p4 #ege74 ,! miracles ( ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] 7di$ #aeeb7 are borne witness to on all sides1 & result$ 9 ! conv]sion ( cr[ds ( ,indians2 ev5 s late z #agdd1 :5 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,goa1 by ord] ( ,john ,v4 ( ,portugal1 att5d$ by ! ,vic]oy1 ! ,m>quis ( ,ca/el ,nuovo1 visit$ ! sa9t's relics1 ! body 0 f\nd )\t ! lea/ bad smell1 & _h n suff]$ ! lea/ alt]ation1 or symptom ( corruption 7,ibid1 vol4 xii41 p4 #igd74 ,! *a9 ( miracles ext5ds "r d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,at ,l\rdes1 9 ?is ye> 7#ahgf71 ! ,virg9 0 cr[n$ by ! ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is 9 ! pres5ce ( ?irty-five prelates & "o hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,dur+ ! mass p]=m$ at ! ,grotto by ! ,nuncio1 ,madele9e ,lanc]eau1 ( ,poicti]s1 ag$ #fa1 kn[n by a l>ge numb] ( ! pilgrims z hav+ be5 unable to walk )\t crut*es = n9ete5 ye>s1 0 radically cur$4 ,"h is a bett] au!nticat$ miracle ?an anyone 9 ! ,gospel /ory2 yet no ,prote/ant ev5 c>es to inve/igate ! matt]1 or believes its tru? to be )9 ! limits ( possibility4 ,?us we see t n a c5tury has1 pass$ s9ce ,a4,d4 #cj :i* has n be5 ?ickly s[n ) miracles1 & !re is no reason :y we %\ld believe 9 ! miracles ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & reject ^? ( ! foll[+ eighte52 nor is ! fir/ c5tury ev5 ! beg9n+ ( miracles1 = be=e t date ,jewi% & ,pagan miracles are to be f\nd 9 abundance4 ,:y %\ld ,bible miracles be sev]$ f _! relations all ov] ! _w1 s t belief 9 !m is comm5dable fai?1 :ile belief 9 ! re/ is repreh5sible cr$ulity8 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! ,gospel miracles 7 prec$$ & accompani$ by o!rs ( ! same type2 & we may "h m]ely m5tion exorcism ( demons1 & ! miracul\s cure ( disease1 z popul> in/ances2 !y 7 also foll[$ by a long succession ( o!rs1 q z well au!nticat$1 ^: occurr5ce only became less frequ5t 9 proportion z ! diffusion ( k dispell$ popul> cr$ulity4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day a /ray miracle is f "t to "t report$ 9 outly+ di/ricts1 :]e ! ignorance & sup]/ition :i* =m]ly produc$ s abundant a gr[? ( !m are n yet entirely dispell$ 7,sup4 ,rel41 vol4 i41 p4 #adh74 ,ignorance1 & its inv>iable att5dant1 sup]/ition1 h done m ?an m]e love ( ! m>vell\s to produce & p]petuate belief 9 miracles1 & !re _c be any d\bt t ! removal ( ignorance always leads to ! cessation ( miracles 7,ibid1 p4 #add74 ,special objection has (t5 be5 rais$ aga9/ "o class ( miracles--common to ! ,gospels & to all miracul\s n>ratives--:i* has sev]ely tax$ ! fai? ev5 ( ! ,*ri/ians !mselves--t class1 namely1 :i* consi/s ( ! heal+ ( ^? possess$ ) devils4 ,exorcism has always be5 a fav\rite k9d ( miracle1 b1 9 ^! days1 v few believe 9 ! possibility ( possession1 & ! language ( ! ,evangeli/s on ! subject has consequ5tly giv5 rise to mu* tr\ble ( m9d4 ,preb5d>y ,r[1 9 a "w on ,! ,sup]natural 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,possible1 ,cr$ible1 & ,hi/orical--"o ( ! volumes issu$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society 9 answ] to ,sup]natural ,religion--deals fully ) ?is difficulty2 x has be5 urg$ t possession 0 simply a =m ( mania1 & on ?is ,mr4 ,r[ say3 ,n[1 on ! assumption t possession 0 simple mania1 & no?+ m1 ! foll[+ suppositions are ! only possible ones4 ,fir/1 t our ,"l really di/+ui%$ betwe5 mania & possession2 b t ! ,evangeli/s h inaccurately report$ 8 words & actions1 ?r\gh ! m$ia ( _! own subjective impressions1 or1 9 %ort1 h attribut$ to him language t he did n really utt]4 ,second1 t our ,"l knew t possession 0 a =m ( mania1 & adopt$ ! curr5t notions ( ! "t 9 speak+ ( x1 & t ! words 7 really utt]$ by him4 ,?ird1 t ) simil> k1 he adopt$ ! language z "p ( ! curative process4 ,f\r?1 t he accept$ ! validity ( ! di/9ction1 & t x 0 a real "o dur+ ^? times 7,sup]natural 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pp4 #bea1 #beb74 ,mr4 ,r[ argues t3 ,if possession be mania1 !re is no?+ 9 ! language :i* ! ,evangeli/s h attribut$ to our ,"l :i* compromises ! tru?fulness ( 8 "*4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume t possession 0 an objective fact1 !re is no?+ 9 our exi/+ sci5tific k ( ! human m9d :i* proves t ! possessions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 impossible 7,ibid74 ,mr4 ,r[ rejects ! fir/ alt]native1 & accepts ! accuracy ( ! ,evangelic records4 ,b he consid]s t if possession 7 simply mania1 ,jesus1 kn[+ ! nature ( ! disease1 might reasonably use language suit$ to ! delusion1 z mo/ likely to effect a cure2 he c\ld n argue ) a maniac t he 0 "u a delusion1 b w\ld rightly use :atev] me?od 0 be/ fitt$ to ensure recov]y4 ,if ?is idea be reject$1 & ! reality ( demoniacal possession ma9ta9$ z mo/ consonant ) ! behavi\r ( ,jesus1 !n ,mr4 ,r[ argues t !re is no reason to consid] x impossible t ei!r good or evil spirits %\ld be able to influ5ce man1 & t psy*ological sci5ce does n w>rant u 9 a d5ial ( ! possibility ( su* influ5ce4 ,! utt] uselessness ( miracles--suppos+ !m to be possible--is wor?y ( remembrance4 ,!y mu/ n be accept$ z pro(s ( a div9e mission1 = false prophets c "w !m z well z true 7,deut4 xiii41 #a-e2 ,matt4 xxiv41 #bd2 #b ,!ss4 ii41 #i2 ,rev4 xiii41 #ac-ae1 etc47 & x may be t ,god himself works !m to deceive 7,deut4 xiii41 #c74 ,satan c "w miracles to au!nticate ! false doctr9es ( 8 emiss>ies1 & !re is no te/ :]eby to di/+ui% ! miracle work$ by ,god f ! miracle work$ by ,satan4 ,h5ce a miracle is utt]ly useless1 = ! cr$ibility ( a tea*] re/s on ! morality t he tea*es1 & if ?is is good1 x is accept$ )\t a miracle to atte/ its goodness1 s t ! atte/+ miracle is sup]flu\s4 ,if x is bad1 x is reject$ 9 spite ( a miracle to atte/ its au?ority1 s t ! atte/+ miracle is deceptive4 ,! only use ( a miracle might be to atte/ a revelation ( o!rwise unkn[able facts1 :i* _h no?+ to d ) any moral tea*+2 & see+ t su* revelation c\ld n be inve/igat$1 z x dealt ) ! unkn[able1 x w\ld be highly dang]\s--&1 p]haps1 blasphem\s--to accept x on ! fai? ( ! miracle1 = x might q z likely be a revelation made by ,satan to injure1 z by ,god to b5efit1 mank9d4 ,all[+ t ,god & ,satan exi/1 x w\ld seem likely--judg+ ,*ri/ianity by its fruits--t ! ,*ri/ian religion is su* a malevol5t revelation ( ! evil "o4 ,! objection we raise is1 h[ev]1 ( f> wid] scope ?an ! ass]tion ( ! lack ( evid5ce = ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles2 x is aga9/ all1 & n only aga9/ ,*ri/ian1 miracles4 ,z f> z ! impossibility ( sup]natural occurr5ces is conc]n$1 ,pan!ism & ,a!ism occupy precisely ! same gr\nds4 ,if ei!r ( !m prop\nds a true !ory ( ! univ]se1 any sup]natural occurr5ce1 :i* necess>ily implies a sup]natural ag5t to br+ x ab\t1 is impossible1 & ! entire controv]sy z to :e!r miracles h ev] be5 actually p]=m$ is a =egone conclusion4 ,mod]n ,a!ism1 :ile x does n v5ture 9 categorical t]ms to affirm t no ,god exi/s1 def9itely ass]ts t !re is no evid5ce t !re is "o4 ,x foll[s t1 if !re is no evid5ce t !re is a ,god1 !re c be no evid5ce t a miracle ev] has be5 p]=m$1 = ! v idea ( a miracle implies ! idea ( a ,god to "w "o4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,a!ism is true1 all controv]sy ab\t miracles is useless4 ,!y are simply impossible1 & to inquire :e!r an impossible ev5t has happ5$ is absurd4 ,to su* a p]son ! hi/orical inquiry1 z f> z a miracle is conc]n$1 mu/ be a =egone conclusion4 ,x might h a little int]e/ z a matt] ( curiosity2 b ev5 if ! mo/ unequivocal evid5ce c\ld be adduc$ t an occurr5ce su* z we call sup]natural _h tak5 place1 ! utmo/ t x c\ld prove w\ld be t "s mo/ extraord9>y & abnormal fact _h tak5 place 9 nature ( :i* we did n "k ! cause4 ,b to prove a miracle to any p]son :o consi/5tly d5ies t he has any evid5ce t any be+ exi/s :i* is n a portion ( & includ$ 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 or develop$ out ( x1 is impossible 7,! ,sup]natural 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by ,preb5d>y ,r[1 pp4 #ad1 #ae74 ,we ma9ta9 t ,nature includes ev]y?+1 & t1 !re=e1 ! sup]natural is an impossibility4 ,e new fact1 h[ev] m>vell\s1 mu/1 !re=e1 be )9 ,nature2 & :ile our ignorance may = a:ile prev5t u f kn[+ 9 :at category ! newly-obs]v$ ph5om5on %\ld be class$1 x is none ! less c]ta9 t wid] k w allot to x its own place1 & t m c>eful obs]vation w r$uce x "u law1 i4e41 )9 ! obs]v$ sequ5ce or concurr5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,! natural1 to ! un?9k+1 co9cides ) _! own k1 & sup]natural1 to !m1 simply means sup]-kn[n2 !re=e1 9 ignorant ages1 miracles are e-day occurr5ces1 & z k wid5s ! miracul\s dim9i%es4 ,! books ( unsci5tific ages--t is1 all e>ly lit]ature--are full ( miracul\s ev5ts1 & x may be tak5 z an axiom ( criticism t ! miracul\s is unhi/orical4 7#b74 ,! num]\s contradictions ( ea* by ! o!rs4--,we %all "h only pres5t a few ( ! mo/ gl>+ contradictions 9 ! ,gospels1 leav+ unt\*$ a mass ( m9or discrepancies4 ,we f9d ! pr9cipal ( ^! :5 we comp>e ! ?ree synoptics ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b !re are "s irreconcilable diff]5ces ev5 betwe5 ! ?ree4 ,! contradictory g5ealogies ( ,*ri/ giv5 9 ,mat!w & ,luke--f>!r complicat$1 9 "p1 by a ?ird discordant g5ealogy 9 ,*ronicles--h long be5 ! despair ( ,*ri/ian h>moni/s4 ,on comp>+ ^! li/s1 we f9d t betwe5 ,david & ,*ri/ !re are only two names :i* occur 9 bo? ,mat!w & ,luke--^? ( ,zorobabel & ( ,joseph1 ! reput$ fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,9 trac+ ! li/ d[nw>ds f ,david !re w\ld be less difficulty 9 expla9+ ?is1 at lea/1 to a c]ta9 po9t1 = ,mat!w foll[s ! l9e ( ,solomon1 & ,luke t ( ,na?an--bo? ( :om 7 sons ( ,david4 ,b ev5 9 ! d[nw>d l9e1 on rea*+ ,sala?iel1 :]e ! two g5ealogies aga9 come into contact1 we f9d1 to our a/oni%m5t1 t 9 ,luke he is ! son ( ,n]i1 :il/ 9 ,mat!w 8 fa!r's "n is ,je*onias4 ,f ,zorobabel d[nw>ds1 ! li/s are aga9 div]g5t1 until we rea* ,joseph1 :o 9 ,/4 ,luke is plac$ z ! son ( ,heli1 :il/ 9 ,/4 ,mat!w 8 fa!r's "n is ,jacob 7,*ri/ian ,records1 ,dr4 ,giles1 p4 #aja74 ,accord+ to ,*ronicles1 ,jo?am is ! great-great-gr&son ( ,ahaziah2 accord+ to ,mat!w1 he is 8 son 7admitt+ t ! ,ahaziah ( ,*ronicles is ! ,ozias ( ,mat!w72 accord+ to ,*ronicles1 ,je*onias is ! gr&son ( ,josiah1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 he is 8 son2 accord+ to ,*ronicles1 ,zorababel is ! son ( ,p$aiah1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 he is ! son ( ,sala?iel1 accord+ to ,luke1 he is ! son ( ,n]i2 accord+ to ,*ronicles1 ,zorobabel left eight *ildr51 b nei!r ,mat!w's ,abiud1 nor ,luke's ,rhesa1 are among !m4 ,! same discordance is f\nd :5 ,mat!w & ,luke aga9 t\* ea* o!r 9 ,joseph1 ! husb& ( ,m>y2 accord+ to ! "o1 ,jacob begat ,joseph1 accord+ to ! o!r1 ,joseph 0 ! son ( ,heli4 ,to cr[n ! absurdity ( ! :ole1 we are giv5 two g5ealogies ( ,joseph1 :o is no relation to ,jesus at all1 if ! /ory ( ! virg9-bir? be true1 :ile none is giv5 ( ,m>y1 ?r\gh :om alone ,jesus is said to h d]iv$ 8 humanity4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no g5ealogy at all ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 put =w>d to reconcile ! irreconcilable2 "s say t ! g5ealogy 9 ,luke is t ( ,m>y1 ( :i* supposition x is en\gh to rem>k t ,m>y1 ! daught] (1 c sc>cely be indicat$ by ,joseph1 ! son (4 ,x is also said t ,joseph 0 legally ! son ( ,jacob1 al?\gh naturally ! son ( ,heli1 x be+ suppos$ t ,jacob di$ *ildless1 & t 8 bro!r ,heli accord+ to ! ,levitical law1 m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ,jacob2 b "h ,joseph's gr&-fa!rs & great-gr&-fa!rs %\ld be ! same1 ,heli & ,jacob be+ suppos$ to be bro!rs4 ,besides1 if ,joseph 7 legally ! son ( ,jacob1 only ! g5ealogy ( ,jacob %\ld be giv51 s9ce t only w\ld be ,joseph's g5ealogy4 ,no man c reckon 8 pat]nal ance/ry ?r\gh two diff]+ l9es4 ,to make matt]s 9 yet m hopeless confusion1 we f9d ,*ronicles giv+ tw5ty-two g5]ations :]e ,mat!w gives sev5te51 & ,luke tw5ty-?ree2 :ile1 f ,david to ,*ri/1 ,mat!w reckons tw5ty-eight & ,luke =ty-?ree1 a mo/ m>vell\s discrepancy4 ,if we comp>e ! g5ealogies ( ,mat!w & ,luke toge!r1 we become aw>e ( /ill m /rik+ discrepancies4 ,"s ( ^! diff]5ces inde$ are unimportant1 z ! opposite direction ( ! two tables4444 ,m important is ! consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( g5]ations = equal p]iods1 ,luke hav+ =ty-"o betwe5 ,david & ,jesus1 :il/ ,mat!w has only tw5ty-six4 ,! ma9 difficulty1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ?is3 t 9 "s p>ts ( ! g5ealogy 9 ,luke totally diff]5t p]sons are made ! ance/ors ( ,jesus f ^? 9 ,mat!w4 ,x is true1 bo? writ]s agree 9 d]iv+ ! l9eage ( ,jesus ?r\gh ,joseph f ,david & ,abraham1 & t ! names ( ! individual memb]s ( ! s]ies correspond f ,abraham to ,david1 z well z two ( ! names 9 ! subsequ5t portion3 ^? ( ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel4 ,b ! difficulty becomes desp]ate :5 we f9d t1 ) ^! two exceptions ab\t midway1 ! :ole ( ! names f ,david to ! fo/] fa!r ( ,jesus are totally diff]5t 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke4 ,9 ,mat!w ! fa!r ( ,joseph is call$ ,jacob2 9 ,luke1 ,heli4 ,9 ,mat!w ! son ( ,david ?r\gh :om ,joseph desc5d$ f t ,k+ is ,solomon2 9 ,luke1 ,na?an2 & s on1 ! l9e desc5ds1 9 ,mat!w1 ?r\gh ! race ( kn[n ,k+s2 9 ,luke1 ?r\gh an unkn[n collat]al bran*1 co9cid+ only ) respect to ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel1 :il/ !y /ill diff] 9 ! names ( ! fa!r ( ,sala?iel & ! son ( ,zorobabel4444 ,a consid]ation ( ! insurm\ntable difficulties1 :i* unavoidably emb>rass e attempt to br+ ^! two g5ealogies into h>mony ) "o ano!r1 w lead u to despair ( reconcil+ !m1 & w incl9e u to ackn[l$ge1 ) ! m free-?9k+ class ( critics1 t !y are mutually contradictory4 ,consequ5tly1 !y _c bo? be true4444 ,9 fact1 !n1 nei!r table has any advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,if ! "o is unhi/orical1 s also is ! o!r1 s9ce x is v improbable t ! g5ealogy ( an obscure family l t ( ,joseph1 ext5d+ ?r\gh s long a s]ies ( g5]ations1 %\ld h be5 pres]v$ dur+ all ! confusion ( ! exile1 & ! di/urb$ p]iod t foll[$4444 ,accord+ to ! prophecies1 ! ,messiah c\ld only spr+ f ,david4 ,:51 !re=e1 a ,galilean1 ^: l9eage 0 utt]ly unkn[n1 & ( :om consequ5tly no "o c\ld prove t he 0 n desc5d$ f ,david1 _h acquir$ ! reputation ( be+ ! ,messiah2 :at m natural ?an t tradition %\ld1 "u diff]5t =ms1 h e>ly ascrib$ to him a ,davidical desc5t1 & t g5ealogical tables1 correspond+ ) ?is tradition1 %\ld h be5 =m$8 :i*1 h[ev]1 z !y 7 con/ruct$ ^u no c]ta9 data1 w\ld necess>ily exhibit su* diff]5ces & contradictions z we f9d actually exi/+ betwe5 ! g5ealogies 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke 7,life ( ,jesus1 by ,/rauss1 vol4 i41 pp4 #acj1 #aca1 & #acg-aci74 ,! acc\nts ( ! sev]al angelic w>n+s to ,m>y & to ,joseph appe> to be mutually exclusive4 ,mo/ !ologians1 says ,/rauss1 ma9ta9+1 & ju/ly1 t ! sil5ce ( "o ,evangeli/ conc]n+ an ev5t :i* is n>rat$ by ! o!r1 is n a negation ( ! ev5t1 !y bl5d ! two acc\nts toge!r 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a1 ! angel makes kn[n to ,m>y h] approa*+ pregnancy 7,luke72 #b1 %e !n j\rneys to ,elizabe? 7! same ,gospel72 #c1 aft] h] return1 h] situation be+ discov]$1 ,joseph takes (f5ce 7,mat!w72 :]eupon1 #d1 he likewise is visit$ by an angelic app>ition 7! same ,gospel74 ,b ?is arrangem5t ( ! incid5ts is1 z ,s*li]ma*] has already rem>k$1 full ( difficulty2 & x seems t :at is relat$ by "o ,evangeli/ is n only pre-suppos$1 b exclud$1 by ! o!r4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! conduct ( ! angel :o appe>s to ,joseph is n easily expla9$1 if ! same1 or ano!r1 angel _h previ\sly appe>$ to ,m>y4 ,! angel 79 ,mat!w7 speaks altoge!r z if 8 communication 7 ! fir/ 9 ?is affair4 ,he nei!r ref]s to ! message previ\sly receiv$ by ,m>y1 nor reproa*es ,joseph because he _h n believ$ x2 b1 m ?an all1 ! in=m+ ,joseph ( ! "n ( ! expect$ *ild1 & ! giv+ him a full detail ( ! reasons :y he %\ld be s call$ 7,mat4 i4 #ba71 w\ld h be5 :olly sup]flu\s _h ! angel 7accord+ to ,luke i4 #ca7 already indicat$ ?is "n to ,m>y4 ,/ill m incompreh5sible is ! conduct ( ! betro!d p>ties1 accord+ to ?is arrangem5t ( ev5ts4 ,_h ,m>y be5 visit$ by an angel1 :o _h made kn[n to h] an approa*+ sup]natural pregnancy1 w\ld n ! fir/ impulse ( a delicate woman h be5 to ha/5 to imp>t to h] betro!d ! import ( ! div9e message1 & by ?is means to anticipate ! humiliat+ discov]y ( h] situation1 & an injuri\s suspicion on ! "p ( h] affianc$ husb&8 ,b exactly ?is discov]y ,m>y all[s ,joseph to make f o!rs1 & ?us excites suspicion2 = x is evid5t t ! expression ,greek3 heure?ae en ga/ri e*\sa 7,mat4 i4 #ah7 signifies a discov]y made indep5d5t ( any communication on ,m>y's "p1 & x is equally cle> t 9 ?is mann] only does ,joseph obta9 ! k ( h] situation1 s9ce 8 conduct is repres5t$ z ! result ( t discov]y ,greek3 7euriske/hai7 7,life ( ,jesus1 v4 i41 pp4 #adf1 #adg74 ,/rauss gives a curi\s li/1 %[+ ! gradual gr[? ( ! my? relat+ to ! bir? ( ,jesus 7we may rem>k ,no4 #c is di/9ctly out ( place :5 ref]r$ to ,ol%aus53 x %\ld be ref]r$ to ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 f :om ,ol%aus5 d]iv$ x73-- #a4 ,contempor>ies ( ,jesus & compos]s ( ! g5ealogies3 ,joseph & ,m>y man & wife--,jesus ! (fspr+ ( _! m>riage4 #b4 ,! age & au?ors ( our hi/ories ( ! bir? ( ,jesus3 ,m>y & ,joseph betro!d only2 ,joseph hav+ no p>ticipation 9 ! conception ( ! *ild1 &1 previ\s to 8 bir?1 no conjugal connection ) ,m>y4 #c4 ,ol%aus5 & o!rs3 subsequ5t to ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ,joseph1 ?\gh !n ! husb& ( ,m>y1 rel9qui%es 8 matrimonial rights4 #d4 ,epiphanius1 ,protevangelium1 ,jacobi1 & o!rs3 ,joseph a decrepit old man1 no long] to be ?\ght ( z a husb&2 ! *ildr5 attribut$ to him are ( a =m] m>riage4 ,m especially x is n z a bride & wife t he receives ,m>y2 he takes h] m]ely "u 8 gu>dian%ip4 #e4 ,protevang41 ,*ryso/om1 & o!rs3 ,m>y's virg9ity 0 n only n de/roy$ by any subsequ5t bir?s ( *ildr5 by ,joseph1 x 0 n 9 ! slighte/ degree impair$ by ! bir? ( ,jesus4 #f4 ,j]ome3 ,n ,m>y only1 b ,joseph also1 obs]v$ an absolute virg9ity1 & ! pret5d$ bro!rs ( ,jesus 7 n 8 sons1 hut m]ely c\s9s to ,jesus 7,life ( ,jesus1 vol4 i41 p4 #ahh74 ,?us we see h[ a my? gradually =ms itself1 bit aft] bit be+ add$ to x1 until ! /ory is complete4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,luke ( ! meet+ ( ,elizabe? & ,m>y is cle>ly my?ical1 & n hi/orical3 ,ap>t f ! int5tion ( ! n>rator1 c x be ?\ght natural t two fri5ds visit+ "o ano!r %\ld1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ extraord9>y occurr5ces1 break =? into long hymns1 & t _! conv]sation %\ld entirely lose ! "* ( dialogue1 ! natural =m on su* occasions8 ,by a sup]natural influ5ce alone c\ld ! m9ds ( ! two fri5ds be attun$ to a /ate ( elevation1 s =eign to _! e-day life4 ,b if inde$ ,m>y's hymn is to be und]/ood z ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s1 x is surpris+ t a spee* emanat+ imm$iately f ! div9e s\rce ( inspiration %\ld n be m /rik+ = its orig9ality1 b %\ld be s int]l>d$ ) rem9isc5ces f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 borr[$ f ! song ( praise spok5 by ! "m ( ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 ii7 "u analog\s circum/ances4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ admit t ! compilation ( ?is hymn1 consi/+ ( recollections f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 put toge!r 9 a natural way2 b all[+ its composition to h be5 p]fectly natural1 x _c be ascrib$ to ! artless ,m>y1 b to him :o poetically wr\ght out ! tradition 9 circulation respect+ ! sc5e 9 "q 7,life ( ,jesus1 by ,/rauss1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,! notes ( "t giv5 = ! bir? ( ,*ri/ are irreconcilable4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w he is born 9 ! reign ( ,h]od ! ,k+3 accord+ to ,luke1 he is born six mon?s aft] ,john ,bapti/1 ^: bir? is ref]r$ to ! reign ( ! same mon>*2 yet 9 ,luke1 he is also born at ! "t ( ! c5sus1 :i* mu/ h tak5 place at lea/ t5 ye>s lat]2 ?us ,luke contradicts ,mat!w1 & also contradicts himself4 ,! discrepancies surr\nd+ ! bir? are n yet complete2 pass+ ! curi\s diff]5ces betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 ,mat!w kn[+ no?+ ab\t ! visit ( ! %eph]ds1 & ,luke no?+ ( ! visit ( ! ,magi1 & ! consequ5t slaught] ( ! babes1 we come to a direct conflict betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s2 ,mat!w in=ms u t ,joseph1 ,m>y1 & ! *ild1 fl$ into ,egypt f ,be?lehem to avoid ! wra? ( ,k+ ,h]od1 & t !y 7 return+ to ,juda1 :5 ,joseph1 he>+ t ,ar*elaus 0 rul+ !re1 turn$ aside to ,galilee1 & came & dwelt 9 a city call$ ,naz>e?4 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 says t :5 ! days ( ,m>y's purification 7 accompli%$ !y took ! *ild up to ,j]usalem1 & pres5t$ him 9 ! ,temple1 & !n1 aft] ?is1 return$ to ,galilee1 to _! own city1 ,naz>e?4 ,moreov]1 _h ,h]od want$ to f9d him1 he c\ld h tak5 him at ! ,temple1 :]e 8 pres5tation caus$ mu* commotion4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! turn+ into ,galilee is cle>ly a new ?+2 9 ,luke1 x is return+ home2 & 9 ,luke !re is no space ( "t :]e9 ! flight into ,egypt c by any possibility be ins]t$4 ,we may add a wond] :y ,galilee 0 a saf] resid5ce ?an ,juda1 s9ce ,antipas1 its rul]1 0 a son ( ,h]od1 & w\ld1 prim facie1 be z dang]\s z 8 bro!r ,ar*elaus4 ,! conduct ( ,h]od is incr$ible if we accept ,mat!w's acc\nt3 ,h]od's fir/ anxi\s "q to ! magi is to asc]ta9 ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! />4 ,he 'inquires dilig5tly' 7ii4 #g72 & he mu/ h _h a motive = s do+4 ,:at 0 ?is motive8 ,c\ld he h any o!r purpose ?an t ( det]m9+ ! age "u :i* no infants 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem %\ld be all[$ to live8 ,b1 accord+ to ! n>rative1 ,h]od nev] conceiv$ ! idea ( slaught]+ ! *ildr5 till he f\nd t he _h be5 'mock$ ( ! wise m52' & ! my?ical nature ( ! /ory is betray$ by ?is anticipation ( motives :i*1 at ! "t spok5 ( c\ld h no exi/5ce4 ,yet1 fur!r1 ,h]od1 :o1 ?\gh 9 a high degree cruel1 unju/1 & unscrupul\s1 is repres5t$ z a man ( no slight sagacity1 cle>ness ( purpose1 & /r5g? ( w1 & :o feels a deadly jeal\sy ( an infant :om he kn[s to h be5 rec5tly born 9 ,be?lehem1 a place only a few miles di/ant f ,j]usalem1 is "h describ$ n z s5d+ 8 own emiss>ies privately to put him to dea?1 or despat*+ !m ) ! ,magi1 or deta9+ ! ,magi at ,j]usalem1 until he _h asc]ta9$ ! tru? ( _! tale1 & ! correctness ( ! answ] ( ! prie/s & scribes1 b z simply suff]+ ! ,magi to g by !mselves1 at ! same "t *>g+ !m to return ) ! in=mation = :i* he _h %[n himself s fev]i%ly anxi\s4 ,?is /range conduct c be acc\nt$ = only on ! gr\nd ( a judicial bl9dness2 b !y :o resort to su* an explanation mu/ suppose t x 0 inflict$ 9 ord] to save ! new-born ,*ri/ f ! dea? ?us ?reat5$2 & if !y adopt ?is hypo!sis1 !y mu/ fur!r believe t ?is arrangem5t likewise ensur$ ! dea? ( a l>ge numb] ( infants in/ead ( "o4 ,a natural reluctance to take up su* a notion might prompt ! "q1 ,:y 7 ! ,magi br\ght to ,j]usalem at all8 ,if !y knew t ! /> 0 ! /> ( ,*ri/ 7ii4 #b71 & 7 by ?is k conduct$ to ,j]usalem1 :y did x n suffice to guide !m /raight to ,be?lehem1 & ?us prev5t ! slaught] ( ! innoc5ts8 ,:y did ! /> des]t !m aft] its fir/ appe>ance1 n to be se5 aga9 till !y issu$ f ,j]usalem8 or1 if x did n des]t !m1 :y did !y ask ( ,h]od & ! prie/s ! road :i* !y %\ld take1 :51 by ! hypo!sis1 ! /> 0 ready to guide8 7,! ,engli% ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,?omas ,scott1 pp4 #cd1 #ce2 ed4 #ahgb74 ,to ^! improbabilities mu/ be add$ ! rem>kable fact t ,josephus1 :o gives a v detail$ hi/ory ( ,h]od1 entirely omits any h9t ( ?is /up5d\s crime4 ,! /ory ( ! temptation ( ,jesus is full ( contradictions4 ,mat!w iv4 #b1 #c1 implies t ! fir/ visit ( ! tempt] 0 made aft] ! =ty days' fa/1 :ile ,m>k & ,luke speak ( 8 be+ tempt$ = =ty days4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! angels came to him :5 ! ,devil left him2 b1 accord+ to ,m>k1 !y m9i/]$ to him ?r\gh\t4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! temptation to ca/ himself d[n is ! second trial1 & ! (f] ( ! k+doms ( ! _w ! ?ird3 9 ,luke ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,9 additions to ^! contradictions1 we mu/ note ! absurdity ( ! /ory4 ,! ,devil set him on a p9nacle ( ! temple4 ,did ,jesus & ! ,devil g fly+ ?r\gh ! air toge!r1 till ! ,devil put ,jesus d[n8 ,:at did ! p 9 ! c\rts bel[ ?9k ( ! ,devil & a man /&+ on a po9t ( ! temple 9 ! full sight ( ,j]usalem8 ,did s unusual an occurr5ce cause no a/oni%m5t 9 ! city8 ,:]e is ! high m\nta9 f :i* ,jesus & ! ,devil saw all r\nd ! globe8 ,is x true t ! ,devil gives p[] to :om he w8 ,if s1 :y is x said t ! p[]s are orda9$ ( ,god8 ,ano!r discrepancy1 conc]n+ ! d5ial ( ,*ri/ by ,pet]1 furni%es a /ill /rong] pro( t ^! records h n come d[n to u ) ! exactness ( a contempor>y "*1 mu* less ) ! au?ority ( inspiration4 ,! f\r acc\nts ( ,pet]'s d5ial v>y consid]ably4 ,! v>iations w be m intelligible1 exhibit$ 9 a tabul> =m 7,giles' ,*ri/ian ,records1 p4 #bbh74 ,we pres5t ! table1 slightly alt]$ 9 arrangem5t1 & correct$ 9 "s details3-- ,,mat!w4 ,,m>k4 ,,luke4 ,,john4 #a/4 ,seat$ )\t ,b5ea? 9 ,9 ! ,on ent]+ 9 ! ! palace1 by mid/ ( ! to ! palace1 to a ! fire1 to a hall :]e damsel t damsel4 maid4 ,jesus 0 kept ! be+ tri$1 door4 seat$ by ! fire1 to a maid4 #bnd4 ,out 9 ! ,out 9 ! ,/ill 9 ! ,9 ! hall1 por*1 hav+ por*1 hav+ hall1 9 /&+ by left ! room1 left ! room1 answ] to a ! fire1 9 9 answ] to 9 answ] to man4 answ] to ! a second a second by/&]s4 maid4 maid4 #crd4 ,out 9 ! ,out 9 ! ,/ill 9 ! ,/ill 9 ! por*1 to ! por*1 to ! hall1 to a man4 hall1 to a by/&]s4 by/&]s4 man4 ,9 addition to ^! discrepancies1 we f9d t ,jesus prophesies t ,pet] %all d5y him ?rice be=e ! cock cr[1 :ile 9 ,m>k ! cock cr[s imm$iately aft] ! fir/ d5ial3 9 ,luke1 ,jesus & ,pet] rema9 ?r\gh\t ! sc5e ( ! d5ial 9 ! same hall1 s t ! ,"l may turn & look ^u ,pet]2 :ile ,mat!w & ,m>k place him b5ea? or )\t1 & make ! ?ird d5ial take place 9 ! por* outside--a place :]e ,jesus1 by ! context1 c]ta9ly c\ld n see him4 ,h[ long did ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus la/8 ,luke places 8 baptism 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius 7iii4 #a71 & he might h be5 crucifi$ "u ,pontius ,pilate at any "t )9 ! sev5 ye>s foll[+4 ,! ,synoptics m5tion b "o ,passov]1 & at t ,jesus 0 crucifi$1 ?us limit+ 8 m9i/ry to "o ye>1 unless he broke ! ,mosaic law1 & disreg>d$ ! fea/2 cle>ly 8 triumphal entry into ,j]usalem is 8 fir/ visit !re 9 8 manhood1 s9ce we f9d all ! city mov$ & ! p ask+3 ,:o is ?is8 ,& ! multitude said1 ,?is is ,jesus ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? ( ,galilee 7,matt4 xxi4 #aj1 #aa74 ,8 p]son w\ld h be5 well kn[n1 _h he visit$ ,j]usalem be=e & work$ miracles !re4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 8 m9i/ry mu/ ext5d ov] at lea/ two ye>s4 ,accord+ to ,ir5u1 he did n want mu* ( be+ fifty ye>s old :5 ! ,jews disput$ ) him 7,aga9/ ,h]esies1 bk4 ii41 *4 #bb1 sec4 #f71 & he taught = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,dr4 ,giles rem>ks t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels pla9ly exhibit ! ev5ts ( only "o ye>2 to prove !m errone\s or defective 9 s important a feature z ?is1 w\ld be to detract greatly f _! value 7,*ri/ian ,records1 p4 #aab74 ,accord+ to ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 ,*ri/'s public life la/$ only "o ye>1 at ! end ( :i* he w5t up to ,j]usalem & 0 crucifi$ 7,ibid1 p4 #aa74 ,w\ld ?is que/ion+ on ! triumphal entry h tak5 place if ,jesus _h (t5 made visits to ,j]usalem1 & be5 well kn[n !re8 ,! multitude :o answ]$ ! "q1 & :o knew ,jesus1 consi/$ ( ^? ':o _h come to ! fea/1'--,/4 ,john indicates ?is xii4 #ab--;b ! p ( ,j]usalem knew him n1 &1 !re=e1 ask$ ',:o is ?is8' 7,ibid1 p4 #aac74 ,! fact is1 t we "k no?+ c]ta9ly z to ! bir?1 life1 dea?1 ( ?is suppos$ ,*ri/4 ,8 /ory is "o tissue ( contradictions4 ,x is impossible to believe t ! ,synoptics & ! f\r? ,gospel are ev5 tell+ ! hi/ory ( ! same p]son4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synoptics are simple1 al?\gh p>abolical2 9 ! ,f\r? !y are my/ical1 & are be+ cont9ually misund]/ood by ! p4 ,! hi/orical div]g5ces are m>k$4 ,! f\r? ,gospel tells u 7*4 #a7 t at ! beg9n+ ( 8 m9i/ry ,jesus 0 at ,be?ab>a1 a t[n ne> ! junction ( ! ,jordan ) ! ,dead ,sea2 "h he ga9s ?ree disciples1 ,&rew & ano!r1 & !n ,simon ,pet]3 ! next day he goes into ,galilee & f9ds ,philip & ,na?anael1 & on ! foll[+ day--some:at rapid travell+--he is pres5t1 ) ^! disciples1 at ,cana1 :]e he p]=ms 8 fir/ miracle1 go+ aft]w>ds ) !m to ,cap]naum & ,j]usalem4 ,at ,j]usalem1 :i!r he goes = '! ,jews' passov]1' he drives out ! trad]s f ! temple & rem>ks1 ',de/roy ?is temple1 & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up3' :i* rem>k causes ! fir/ ( ! /range misund]/&+s betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,jews peculi> to ?is ,gospel1 simple misconceptions :i* ,jesus nev] tr\bles himself to set "r4 ,jesus & 8 disciples !n g to ! ,jordan1 baptis+1 :5ce ,jesus dep>ts into ,galilee ) !m1 because he he>s t ! ,ph>isees "k he is becom+ m popul> ?an ! ,bapti/ 7*4 iv41 #a1 #c74 ,all ?is happ5s be=e ,john is ca/ into prison1 an occurr5ce :i* is a conv5i5t note ( "t4 ,we turn to ! beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus z relat$ by ! ?ree4 ,jesus is 9 ! s\? ( ,pale/9e1 b1 he>+ t ,john is ca/ into prison1 he dep>ts into ,galilee1 & resides at ,cap]naum4 ,!re is no m5tion ( any m9i/ry 9 ,galilee & ,juda be=e ?is2 on ! contr>y1 x is only 'f t "t' t ',jesus began to prea*4' ,he is alone1 )\t disciples1 b1 walk+ by ! sea1 he comes ^u ,pet]1 ,&rew1 ,james1 & ,john1 & calls !m4 ,n[ if ! f\r? ,gospel is true1 ^! m5 _h jo9$ him 9 ,juda1 foll[$ him to ,galilee1 s\? aga9 to ,j]usalem1 & back to ,galilee1 _h se5 8 miracles & ackn[l$g$ him z ,*ri/1 s x seems /range t !y _h des]t$ him & ne$$ a second call1 & yet m /range is x t ,pet] 7,luke v4 #a-aa7 0 s a/oni%$ & amaz$ at ! miracle ( ! fi%es4 ,! driv+ out ( ! trad]s f ! temple is plac$ by ! ,synoptics at ! v end ( 8 m9i/ry1 & ! rem>k foll[+ x is us$ aga9/ him at 8 trial3 s 0 probably made j be=e x4 ,! next po9t ( contact is ! hi/ory ( ! #e1jjj f$ by five loaves 7*4 vi472 ! prec$+ *apt] relates to a visit to ,j]usalem unnotic$ by ! ?ree3 inde$1 ! hi/ories seem writt5 ( two m51 "o ! 'prophet ( ,galilee' tea*+ 9 its cities1 ! o!r conc5trat+ 8 en]gies on ,j]usalem4 ,! acc\nt ( ! miracul\s fe$+ is alike 9 all3 n s ! succe$+ acc\nt ( ! multitude4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ,jesus & ! cr[d fall to disput+1 z usual1 & he loses _m disciples3 among ! ?ree1 ,luke says no?+ ( ! imm$iately foll[+ ev5ts1 :ile ,mat!w & ,m>k tell u t ! multitudes--z w\ld be natural--cr[d$ r\nd him to t\* ev5 ! hem ( 8 g>m5t4 ,?is is ! same z always3 9 ! ?ree ! cr[d loves him2 9 ! f\r? x c>ps at & argues ) him4 ,we mu/ aga9 miss ! soj\rn ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee accord+ to ! ?ree1 & 8 visit to ,j]usalem accord+ to ! "o1 & pass to 8 entry into ,j]usalem 9 triumph4 ,"h we notice a mo/ rem>kable div]g5ce3 ! ,synoptics tell u t he 0 go+ up to ,j]usalem f ,galilee1 &1 arriv+ on 8 way at ,be?phage1 he s5t = an ass & rode !reon into ,j]usalem3 ! f\r? ,gospel relates t he 0 dwell+ at ,j]usalem1 & leav+ x1 = fe> ( ! ,jews1 he retir$1 n into ,galilee1 b 'beyond ,jordan1 into a place :]e ,john at fir/ baptis$1' i4e41 ,be?ab>a1 '& !re he abode4' ,f !nce he w5t to ,be?any & rais$ to life a putrefy+ corpse3 ?is /up5d\s miracle is nev] appeal$ to by ! e>li] hi/orians 9 pro( ( _! ma/]'s greatness1 ?\gh 'mu* p ( ! ,jews' are said to h se5 ,laz>us aft] 8 resurrection2 ?is miracle is also giv5 z ! reason = ! active ho/ility ( ! prie/s1 'f t day =w>d4' ,jesus !n retires to ,ephraim ne> ! wild]ness1 f :i* t[n he goes to ,be?any1 & !nce 9 triumph to ,j]usalem1 be+ met by ! p '= t !y he>d t he _h done ?is miracle4' ,! two acc\nts h absolutely no?+ 9 common except ! entry into ,j]usalem1 & ! prec$+ ev5ts ( ! ,synoptics exclude ^? ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 z does ! latt] !irs4 ,if ,jesus abode 9 ,be?ab>a & ,ephraim1 he c\ld n h come f ,galilee2 if he />t$ f ,galilee1 he 0 n abid+ 9 ! s\?4 ,john xiii4-xvii4 /& alone1 ) ! exception ( ! m5tion ( ! traitor4 ,on ! arre/ ( ,jesus1 he is l$ 7*4 xviii4 #ac7 to ,annas1 :o s5ds him to ,caiaphas1 :ile ! o!rs s5d him direct to ,caiaphas1 b ?is is immat]ial4 ,he is !n tak5 to ,pilate3 ! ,jews d n ent] ! judgm5t-hall1 le/1 be+ defil$1 !y c\ld n eat ! passov]1 a fea/ :i*1 accord+ to ! ,synoptics1 0 ov]1 ,jesus & 8 disciples hav+ eat5 x ! night be=e4 ,jesus is expos$ to ! p at ! six? h\r 7*4 xix4 #ad71 :ile ,m>k tells u he 0 crucifi$ ?ree h\rs be=e--at ! ?ird h\r--a note ( "t :i* agrees ) ! o!rs1 s9ce !y all relate t !re 0 d>kness f ! six? to ! n9? h\r1 i4e41 !re 0 ?ick d>kness at ! "t :51 'accord+ to ,/4 ,john1' ,jesus 0 expos$4 ,"h our evangeli/ is 9 hopeless conflict ) ! ?ree4 ,! acc\nts ab\t ! resurrection are irreconcilable 9 all ! ,gospels1 & mutually de/ructive4 ,x rema9s to notice1 among ^! discrepancies1 "o or two po9ts :i* did n come 9 conv5i5tly 9 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 we f9d ,jesus con/antly argu+ = 8 "r to ! title ( ,messiah4 ,&rew speaks ( him z su* 7i4 #da72 ! ,sam>itans ackn[l$ge him 7iv4 #db72 ,pet] owns him 7vi4 #fi72 ! p call him s 7vii4 #bf1 #ca1 #da72 ,jesus claims x 7viii4 #bd72 x is ! subject ( a law 7ix4 #bb72 ,jesus speaks ( x z already claim$ by him 7x4 #bd1 #be72 ,m>?a recognises x 7xi4 #bg74 ,we ?us f9d t1 f ! v fir/1 ?is title is op5ly claim$ by ,jesus1 & 8 "r to x op5ly canvass$ by ! ,jews4 ,b--9 ! ?ree--! disciples ackn[l$ge him z ,*ri/1 & he *>ges !m to 'tell no man t he 0 ,jesus ! ,*ri/ 7,matt4 xvi4 #bj2 ,m>k viii4 #bi1 #cj2 ,luke ix4 #bj1 #ba72 & ?is 9 ! same ye> t he blames ! ,jews = n own+ ?is ,messiah%ip1 s9ce he _h told !m :o he 0 'f ! beg9n+' 7*4 viii4 #bd1 #be73 s t1 if ',john' 0 "r1 we fail to see ! object ( all ! my/]y ab\t x1 relat$ by ! ,synoptics4 ,we m>k1 too1 h[ ,pet] is1 9 _! acc\nt1 prais$ = confess+ him1 = fle% & blood _h n reveal$ x to him1 :ile 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 'fle% & blood1' 9 ! p]son ( ,&rew1 reveal to ,pet] t ! ,*ri/ is f\nd2 & !re seems little praise due to ,pet] = a confession :i* _h be5 made two or ?ree ye>s e>li] by ,&rew1 ,na?anael1 ,john ,bapti/1 & ! ,sam>itans4 ,contradiction c sc>cely be m direct4 ,9 ,john vii4 ,jesus owns t ! ,jews "k 8 bir?place 7#bh71 & !y /ate 7#da1 #db7 t he comes f ,galilee1 :ile ,*ri/ %\ld be born at ,be?lehem4 ,mat!w & ,luke di/9ctly say ,jesus 0 born at ,be?lehem2 b "h ,jesus confesses ! "r k ( ^? :o attribute 8 bir?place to ,galilee1 in/ead ( sett+ _! difficulty at re/ by expla9+ t ?\gh br\ght up at ,naz>e? he 0 born 9 ,be?lehem4 ,b our writ] 0 app>5tly ignorant ( _! acc\nts 7,accord+ to ,/ ,john1 by ,annie ,besant4 ,scott ,s]ies1 pp4 #aa-ad1 ed4 #ahgc74 ,^! are b a few ( ! contradictions 9 ! ,gospels1 :i* compel u to reject !m z hi/orical n>ratives4 7#c7 ,! fact t ! /ory ( ! h]o1 ! doctr9es1 ! miracles1 7 curr5t long be=e ! suppos$ dates ( ! ,gospels1 etc4 ,!re are two my?ical !ories z to ! gr[? ( ! /ory ( ,jesus1 :i* dem& our att5tion2 ! fir/1 t ( :i* ,/rauss is ! be/ kn[n expon5t1 :i* ackn[l$ges ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus1 b reg>ds him z ! figure r\nd :i* has gr[n a my?us1 m\ld$ by ! ,messianic expectations ( ! ,jews3 ! second1 :i* is indiff]5t to 8 hi/orical exi/5ce1 & reg>ds him z a new h]o ( ! anci5t sun-wor%ip1 ! successor ( ,mi?ra1 ,kri%na1 ,osiris1 ,bac*us1 etc4 ,to ?is s*ool1 x matt]s n :e!r !re 0 a ,jesus ( ,naz>e? or n1 j z x matt]s n :e!r a ,kri%na or an ,osiris _h an hi/orical exi/5ce or n2 x is ,*ri/1 ! ,sun-god1 n ,jesus1 ! ,jewi% peasant1 :om !y f9d wor%ipp$ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & :o is1 !re=e1 ! object ( _! int]e/4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ !ory1 :atev] 0 expect$ ( ! ,messiah has be5 attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,:5 n m]ely ! p>ticul> nature & mann] ( an occurr5ce is critically suspici\s1 its ext]nal circum/ances repres5t$ z miracul\s & ! l2 b :]e likewise ! ess5tial sub/ance & gr\ndwork is ei!r inconceivable 9 itself1 or is 9 /rik+ h>mony ) "s ,messianic idea ( ! ,jews ( t age1 !n n ! p>ticul> alleg$ c\rse & mode ( ! transaction only1 b ! entire occurr5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z unhi/orical 7,/rauss' ,life ( ,jesus1 vol4 i41 p4 #id74 ,! my?ic !ory accepts an hi/orical gr\ndwork = _m ( ! /ories ab\t ,jesus1 b x does n seek to expla9 ! miracul\s by att5uat+ x into ! natural--z by expla9+ ! /ory ( ! transfiguration to h be5 develop$ f ! fact ( ,jesus meet+ secretly two m51 & f ! brilliancy ( ! sunlight dazzl+ ! eyes ( ! disciples--b x attributes ! incr$ible portions ( ! hi/ory to ! ,messianic !ories curr5t among ! ,jews4 ,! ,messiah w\ld d ?is & t2 ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah2 !re=e1 ,jesus did ?is & t--su*1 argue ! support]s ( ! my?ical !ory1 0 ! me?od 9 :i* ! my?us 0 develop$4 ,! !ory f9ds "s support 9 ! peculi> attitude ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 = in/ance1 :o believes a numb] ( ?+s ab\t ,jesus1 n because ! ?+s are ?us record$ ( him 9 hi/ory1 b because ! prophets /at$ t su* ?+s %\ld happ5 to ! ,messiah4 ,?us1 ,jesus is desc5d$ f ,david1 because ! ,messiah 0 to come ( ,david's l9eage4 ,8 bir? is ann\nc$ by an angelic visitant1 because ! bir? ( ! ,messiah mu/ n be less hon\r$ ?an t ( ,isaac or ( ,samson2 he is born ( a virg91 because ,god says ( ! ,messiah1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e1 imply+ ! direct pat]nity ( ,god1 & because ! prophecy 9 ,is4 vii4 #ad 0 appli$ to ! ,messiah by ! lat] ,jews 7see ,septuag9t translation1 ,greek3 p>!nos1 a pure virg91 :ile ! ,hebrew ^w ,hebrew3 almah signifies a "y woman2 ! ,hebrew ^w = virg9 ,hebrew3 betulah n be+ us$ 9 ! text ( ,isaiah71 ! ideas ( son ( ,god & son ( a virg9 complet+ ea* o!r2 born at ,be?lehem1 because !re ! ,messiah 0 to be born 7,micah v4 #a72 ann\nc$ to %eph]ds1 because ,moses 0 visit$ among ! flocks1 & ,david tak5 f ! %eepfolds at ,be?lehem2 h]ald$ by a />1 because a /> %\ld arise out ( ,jacob 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag71 & ! ,g5tiles %all come to ?y light 7,is4 lx4 #c72 wor%ipp$ by magi1 because ! /> 0 se5 by ,balaam1 ! magus1 & a/rolog]s w\ld be ^? :o w\ld mo/ notice a />2 pres5t$ ) gifts by ^! ,ea/]n sages1 because k+s ( ,arabia & ,saba %all (f] gifts 7,ps4 lxxii4 #aj72 sav$ f ! de/ruction ( ! infants by a jeal\s k+1 because ,moses1 "o ( ! great types ( ! ,messiah1 0 s sav$2 fly+ into ,egypt & !nce return+1 because ,israel1 aga9 a type ( ! ,messiah1 s fl$ & return$1 & out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son 7,hos4 xi4 #a72 at twelve ye>s ( age f\nd 9 ! temple1 because ! duties ( ! law devolv$ on ! ,jewi% boy at t age1 & :]e %\ld ! ,messiah !n be f\nd save 9 8 ,fa!r's temple8 recognis$ at 8 baptism by a div9e voice1 to fulfil ,is4 xlii4 #a2 hov]$ ov] by a dove1 because ! brood+ ,_s 7,g54 i4 #b7 0 reg>d$ z dove-l1 & ! ,_s 0 to be especially p\r$ on ! ,messiah 7,is4 xlii4 #a72 tempt$ by ! devil to te/ him1 because ,god te/$ 8 greate/ s]vants1 & w\ld surely te/ ! ,messiah2 fa/+ =ty days 9 ! wild]ness1 because ! types ( ! ,messiah--,moses & ,elijah--?us fa/$ 9 ! des]t2 heal+ all mann] ( disease1 because ,messiah 0 to heal 7,is4 xxxv4 #e1 #f72 prea*+1 because ,messiah 0 to prea* 7,is4 lxi4 #a1 #b72 crucifi$1 because ! h&s & feet ( ,messiah 7 to be pi]c$ 7,ps4 xxii4 #af72 mock$1 because ,messiah 0 to be mock$ 7,ibid #f-h72 8 g>m5ts divid$1 because ?us x 0 spok5 ( ,messiah 7,ibid1 #ah72 sil5t be=e 8 judges1 because ,messiah 0 n to op5 8 m\? 7,is4 liii4 #g72 buri$ by ! ri*1 because ,messiah 0 ?us to f9d 8 grave 7,ib4 #i72 ris+ aga91 because ,messiah's c\ld n be left 9 hell 7,ps4 xvi4 #aj72 sitt+ at ,god's "r h&1 because !re ,messiah 0 to sit z k+ 7,ps4 cx4 #a74 ,?us ! =m ( ! ,messiah 0 ca/1 & all t _h to be done 0 to p\r 9 ! human metal2 ^? :o alleg$ t ! ,messiah _h come 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 adapt$ 8 /ory to ! /ory ( ! ,messiah1 p\r+ ! hi/ory ( ,jesus into ! m\ld already made = ! ,messiah1 & ?us ! my?us 0 trans=m$ into a hi/ory4 ,?is !ory is mu* /r5g!n$ by a /udy ( ! prophecies quot$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 s9ce we f9d t !y are v badly set2 take z a specim5 ^? ref]r$ to 9 ,mat!w i4 & ii4 ,n[ all ?is 0 done1 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 ( ! ,"l by ! prophet1 say+1 ,behold a virg9 %all be ) *ild1 etc 7i4 #bb1 #bc74 ,if we ref] to ,is4 vii41 f :5ce ! prophecy is tak51 we %all see ! wre/+ ( ! passage :i* is necess>y to make x into a ,messianic prophecy4 ,ahaz1 k+ ( ,judah1 is h>d press$ by ! k+s ( ,sam>ia & ,syria1 & he is promis$ deliv]ance by ! ,"l1 be=e ! virg9's son1 ,immanuel1 %\ld be ( an age to disc]n betwe5 good & evil4 ,h[ ,ahaz c\ld be giv5 z a sign ( a bir? :i* 0 n to take place until m ?an #gjj ye>s aft]w>ds1 x is h>d to say1 nor c we believe t ,ahaz 0 n deliv]$ f 8 enemies until ,jesus 0 old en\gh to "k "r f wrong4 ,accord+ to ! ,gospels1 ! "n ,immanuel 0 nev] giv5 to ,jesus1 & 9 ! prophecy is be/[$ on ! *ild simply z a promise t1 ,god be+ ) u1 ,judah %\ld be deliv]$ f its foes4 ,! same *ild is cle>ly spok5 ( z ! *ild ( ,isaiah & 8 wife 9 ,is4 viii4 #c1 #d2 & 9 v]ses #f-h we f9d t ! two k+s ( ,sam>ia & ,syria are to be conqu]$ by ! k+ ( ,assyria1 :o %all fill ?y l&1 ,o ,immanuel6 ?us ref]r+ di/9ctly to ! promis$ *ild z liv+ 9 t "t4 ,! ,hebrew ^w translat$ virg9 does n1 z we h already %[n1 mean a pure virg91 z translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,x is us$ = a "y woman1 a m>riageable woman1 or ev5 to describe a woman :o is be+ embrac$ by a man4 ,micah's suppos$ prophecy 9 ,matt4 ii4 #e1 #f1 is z inapplicable to ,*ri/ z t ( ,isaiah4 ,turn+ back to ,micah1 we f9d t he t is to be rul] 9 ,israel %all be born 9 ,be?lehem1 b ,jesus 0 nev] rul] 9 ,israel1 & ! description _c !re=e be appli$ to him2 besides1 f9i%+ ! passage 9 ,micah 7v4 #e7 we read t ?is same rul] %all be ! peace :5 ! ,assyrian %all come into our l&1 s t ! prophecy has a local & imm$iate fulfilm5t 9 ! circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,mat!w ii4 #ae is only made into a prophecy by tak+ ! second half ( a hi/orical ref]5ce 9 ,hosea to ! ,exodus ( ,israel f ,egypt2 x w\ld be z reasonable to prove 9 ?is fa%ion t ! ,bible tea*es a d5ial ( ,god1 z is spok5 by ,david ! prophet1 ,!re is no ,god4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! say+ ( ,j]emy ! prophet is z true z all ! prec$+ 7v]ses #ag1 #ah72 ,j]emy bids ,rahel n to weep = ! *ildr5 :o are c>ri$ into bondage1 = !y %all come aga9 f ! l& ( ! enemy 444 ?y *ildr5 %all come aga9 to _! own bord] 7,j]4 xxxi4 #af1 #ag74 ,v applicable to ! slaught]$ babes1 & s hone/ ( ,mat!w to quote j s mu* ( ! prophecy z s]v$ 8 purpose1 leav+ out t :i* alt]$ its :ole mean+4 ,aft] ^! specim5s1 we are n surpris$ to f9d t--unable to f9d a prophecy fit to twi/ to suit 8 object--our evangeli/ quietly inv5ts "o1 & 7v]se #bc7 uses a prophecy :i* has no exi/5ce 9 :at 0 spok5 by ! prophets4 ,x is ne$less to g ?r\gh all ! o!r passages kn[n z ,messianic prophecies1 = !y may all be dealt ) z above2 ! guid+ rule is to ref] to ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ea* case1 & n to tru/ to ! quotation z giv5 9 ! ,new1 & !n to read ! :ole context ( ! prophecy1 in/ead ( re/+ cont5t ) ! few words :i*1 viol5tly wre/$ f _! natural mean+1 are =c$ into a sup]ficial resemblance ) ! /ory record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! second !ory1 :i* reg>ds ,jesus z a new h]o ( ! anci5t sun-wor%ip1 is full ( int5se/ int]e/4 ,dupuis1 9 8 great "w on sun-wor%ip 7,orig9es de ,t\s les ,cultes7 has drawn out 9 detail ! v>i\s sun-my?s1 & has po9t$ to _! common features4 ,briefly /at$1 ^! po9ts are z foll[s3 ! h]o is born ab\t ,dec4 #be?1 )\t sexual int]c\rse1 = ! sun1 ent]+ ! w9t] sol/ice1 em]ges 9 ! sign ( ,virgo1 ! heav5ly virg94 ,8 "m rema9s ev]-virg91 s9ce ! rays ( ! sun1 pass+ ?r\gh ! zodiacal sign1 leave x intact4 ,8 infancy is begirt ) dang]s1 because ! new-born sun is feeble 9 ! mid/ ( ! w9t]'s fogs & mi/s1 :i* ?reat5 to dev\r him2 8 life is "o ( toil & p]il1 culm9at+ at ! spr+ equ9ox 9 a f9al /ruggle ) ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,at t p]iod ! day & ! night are equal1 & bo? fight = ! ma/]y2 ?\gh ! night veil ! sun1 & he seems dead2 ?\gh he has desc5d$ out ( sight1 bel[ ! e>?1 yet he rises aga9 triumphant1 & he rises 9 ! sign ( ! ,lamb1 & is ?us ! ,lamb ( ,god1 c>ry+ away ! d>kness & dea? ( ! w9t] mon?s4 ,h5ce=?1 he triumphs1 gr[+ ev] /rong] & m brilliant4 ,he asc5ds into ! z5i?1 & !re he gl[s1 on ! "r h& ( ,god1 himself ,god1 ! v sub/ance ( ! ,fa!r1 ! brightness ( 8 glory1 & ! express image ( 8 p]son1 uphold+ all ?+s by 8 heat & 8 life-giv+ p[]2 !nce he p\rs d[n life & w>m? on 8 wor%ipp]s1 giv+ !m 8 v self to be _! life2 8 sub/ance passes into ! grape & ! corn1 ! su/a9]s ( heal?2 ar\nd him are 8 twelve foll[]s1 ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>2 8 day1 ! ,"l's ,day1 is ,sunday1 ! day ( ! ,sun1 & 8 ye>ly c\rse1 ev] r5ew$1 is m>k$ ea* ye>1 by ! r5ew$ memorials ( 8 c>e]4 ,! signs appe> 9 ! long array ( sun-h]oes1 mak+ ! succession ( deities1 old 9 reality1 al?\gh new-nam$4 ,x may be wor? not+ t ,jesus is said to be born at ,be?lehem1 a ^w t ,dr4 ,inman translates z ! h\se ( ! hot "o 7,anci5t ,fai?s1 vol4 i41 p4 #ceh2 ed4 #ahfh72 ,be?lehem is g5]ally translat$ h\se ( bread1 & ! d\bt arises f ! ,hebrew lett]s be+ orig9ally unpo9t$1 & ! po9ts--equival5t to v[el s\nds--be+ ins]t$ 9 lat] times2 ?is naturally gives rise to great latitude ( int]pretation1 ! v[els be+ ins]t$ :5ev] ! writ] or translator ?9ks !y ought to come 91 or :]e ! tradition>y read+ requires !m 7see ,"p #a41 pp4 #ac1 & #ca1 #cb74 ,ea* po9t 9 ! /ory ( ,jesus may be p>allel$ 9 e>li] tales2 ! bir? ( ,kri%na 0 prophesi$ (2 he 0 born ( ,devaki1 al?\gh %e 0 %ut up 9 a t[]1 & no man 0 p]mitt$ to approa* h]4 ,8 bir? 0 hymn$ by ! ,devas--! ,h9doo equival5t = angels--& a bright light %one r\nd :]e he 04 ,he 0 pursu$ by ! wra? ( ! tyrant k+1 ,kansa1 :o fe>$ t ,kri%na w\ld supplant him 9 ! k+dom4 ,! infants ( ! di/rict 7 massacr$1 b ,kri%na miracul\sly escap$4 ,he 0 br\ght up among ! poor until he rea*$ maturity4 ,he prea*$ a pure morality1 & w5t ab\t do+ good4 ,he heal$ ! lep]1 ! sick1 ! injur$1 & he rais$ ! dead4 ,8 head 0 ano9t$ by a woman2 he wa%$ ! feet ( ! ,brahm9s2 he 0 p]secut$1 & f9ally sla91 be+ crucifi$4 ,he w5t d[n into hell1 rose aga9 f ! dead1 & asc5d$ into heav5 7see ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 i42 on ,! ,gods ( ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,india1 by ,sir ,william ,jones1 an essay :i*1 ?\gh v imp]fect1 has mu* 9 x t is highly in/ructive74 ,he is pictorially repres5t$ z /&+ on ! s]p5t1 ! type ( evil2 8 foot cru%es its head1 :ile ! fang ( ! s]p5t pi]ces 8 heel2 also1 ) a halo r\nd 8 head1 ?is halo be+ always ! symbol ( ! ,sun-god2 also1 ) 8 h&s & feet pi]c$--! sacr$ /igmata--& ) a hole 9 8 side4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! repres5tations ( him c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! repres5tations ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus4 ,! "n ( ,kri%na is by ,sir ,william ,jones1 & by _m o!rs writt5 ,cri%na1 & ,i h se5 x spelt ,cri/na4 ,! resemblance x be>s1 :5 ?us writt51 to ,*ri/ is app>5t only1 !re is no etymological simil>ity4 ,kri%na is d]iv$ f ! ,sanscrit ,kri%1 to scrape1 to draw1 to col\r4 ,kri%na means black1 or violet-col\r$2 ,*ri/ comes f ! ,greek ,greek3 *ri/os ! ano9t$4 ,colonel ,vallancy1 ,sir ,w4 ,jones tells u1 in=m$ him t ,cri%na 9 ,iri% means ! ,sun 7,z4 ,res41 p4 #bfb2 ed4 #ahja72 & !re is no d\bt t ! ,h9du ,kri%na is a ,sun-god2 ! violet-col\r$ might well be a ref]5ce to ! deep blue ( ! summ] sky4 ,if ,moses be a type ( ,*ri/1 mu/ n ,bac*us be admitt$ to ! same hon\r8 ,9 ! anci5t ,orphic v]ses x 0 said t he 0 born 9 ,arabia2 pick$ up 9 a box t float$ on ! wat]2 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,mises1 z drawn f ! wat]2 _h a rod :i* he c\ld *ange into a s]p5t1 & by means ( :i* he p]=m$ miracles2 lead+ 8 army1 he pass$ ! ,r$ ,sea dry%od2 he divid$ ! riv]s ,orontes & ,hydaspes ) 8 rod2 he drew wat] f a rock2 :]e he pass$ ! l& fl[$ ) w9e1 milk1 & honey 7see ,diegesis1 pp4 #agh1 #agi74 ,! "n ,*ri/ ,jesus is simply ! ano9t$ ,savi\r1 or else ,*re/os ,jesus1 ! good ,savi\r2 a title n peculi> to ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,we f9d ,hesus1 ,jes\s1 ,yes or ,ies4 ,?is la/ "n1 ,greek3 ,iaes1 0 "o ( ! titles ( ,bac*us1 & ! simple t]m9ation u makes x ,jesus2 f ?is comes ! sacr$ monogram ,i4,h4,s41 really ! ,greek ,greek3 ,u,ae,s--,,ies2 ! ,greek lett] ,greek3 ,ae1 :i* is ! capital ,e1 has by ignorance be5 mi/ak5 = ! ,lat9 ,h1 & ! anci5t "n ( ,bac*us has be5 ?us trans=m$ into ! ,lat9 monogram ( ,jesus4 ,9 bo? cases ! lett]s are surr\nd$ ) a halo1 ! sun-rays1 symbolical ( ! sun-deity to :om !y ref]4 ,?is halo surr\nds ! heads ( gods :o typify ! sun1 & is cont9ually met ) 9 ,indian sculptures & pa9t+s4 ,h]cules1 ) 8 twelve lab\rs1 is ano!r s\rce ( ,*ri/ian fable4 ,x is well kn[n t by ,h]cules1 9 ! physical my?ology ( ! hea!ns1 0 meant ! ,sun1 or sol> light1 & 8 twelve fam\s lab\rs h be5 ref]r$ to ! sun's pass+ ?r\gh ! twelve zodiacal signs2 & ?is1 p]haps1 n )\t "s f\ndation4 ,b ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules seem to h _h a /ill high] view1 & to h be5 orig9ally design$ z emblematic memorials ( :at ! real ,son ( ,god & ,savi\r ( ! _w 0 to d & suff] = our sakes--,greek3 ,noson ,!leta]ia panta komixon--',br++ a cure = all our ills1' z ! ,orphic hymn speaks ( ,h]cules 7,p>khur/'s ,hebrew ,lexicon1 page #ebj2 ed4 #ahac74 ,z ! /ory ( ,h]cules came fir/ 9 "t1 x mu/ be ei!r a prophecy ( ,*ri/1 an inadmissible supposition1 or else ( ! s\rces :5ce ! /ory ( ,*ri/ has be5 drawn4 ,aesculapius1 ! hea!n ,good ,physician1 & ! good ,savi\r1 heal$ ! sick & rais$ ! dead4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,god & ( ,coronis1 & 0 gu>d$ by a goa!rd4 ,prome!us is ano!r =]unn] ( ,*ri/1 /ret*$ 9 cruci=m position on ! rocks1 torm5t$ by ,jove1 ! ,fa!r1 because he br\ght help to man1 & w9n+ = man1 by 8 agony1 light & k4 ,osiris1 ! great ,egyptian ,god1 has mu* 9 common ) ! ,*ri/ian ,jesus4 ,he 0 bo? god & man1 & once liv$ on e>?4 ,he 0 sla9 by ! evil ,typhon1 b rose aga9 f ! dead4 ,aft] 8 resurrection he became ! ,judge ( all m54 ,once a ye> ! ,egyptians us$ to celebrate 8 dea?1 m\rn+ 8 slay+ by ! evil "o3 ?is grief = ! dea? ( ,osiris did n escape "s ridicule2 = ,x5ophanes1 ! ,ionian1 wittily rem>k$ to ! prie/s ( ,memphis1 t if !y ?\ght ,osiris a man !y %\ld n wor%ip him1 & if !y ?\ght him a ,god !y ne$ n talk ( 8 dea? & suff]+4444 ,( all ! gods ,osiris alone _h a place ( bir? & a place ( burial4 ,8 bir?place 0 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 call$ by ! ,egyptians ,m\nt ,nyssa4 ,h5ce 0 d]iv$ ! god's ,greek "n ,dionysus1 :i* is ! same z ! ,hebrew ,jehovah-,nissi 7,egyptian ,my?ology & ,egyptian ,*ri/ianity1 by ,samuel ,%>pe1 pp4 #aj1 #aa2 ed4 #ahfc74 ,v>i\s places claim$ ! hon\r ( 8 burial4 ,s]apis 0 a god's "n1 =m$ out ( ,osiris & ,apis1 ! sacr$ bull1 & we f9d 7see ante1 p4 #bjf7 t ! ,emp]or ,adrian wrote t ! wor%ipp]s ( ,s]apis are ,*ri/ians1 & t bi%ops ( ,s]apis 7 bi%ops ( ,*ri/2 al?\gh ! /ories diff] 9 detail1 z is natural1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian tale is modifi$ by o!r my?s--,osiris1 = in/ance1 is m>ri$--! g5]al outl9e is ! same4 ,we %all see1 9 ,section ,,ii41 h[ ?or\ghly ,pagan is ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we f9d ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs ready en\gh to claim ^! analogies1 9 ord] to recomm5d _! religion4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr argues3 ,:5 we say t ! ^w1 :o is ! fir/ bir? ( ,god1 0 produc$ )\t sexual union1 & t he1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 our tea*]1 0 crucifi$ & di$1 & rose aga91 & asc5d$ into heav51 we prop\nd no?+ diff]5t f :at y believe reg>d+ ^? :om y e/eem sons ( ,jupit]4 ,= y "k h[ _m sons y\r e/eem$ writ]s ascribe to ,jupit]2 ,m]cury1 ! int]pret+ ^w & tea*] ( all2 ,aesculapius1 :o1 ?\gh he 0 a great physician1 0 /ruck by a ?und]bolt1 & s asc5d$ to heav52 & ,bac*us too1 aft] he _h be5 torn limb f limb2 & ,h]cules1 :5 he _h committ$ himself to ! flames to escape 8 toils2 & ! sons ( ,l$a1 ! ,dioscuri2 & ,p]seus1 son ( ,danae2 & ,bell]ophon1 :o1 ?\gh sprung f mortals1 rose to heav5 on ! horse ,pegasus 7,fir/ ,apology1 *4 xxi474 ,if we ass]t t ! ,^w ( ,god 0 born ( ,god 9 a peculi> mann]1 diff]5t f ord9>y g5]ation1 let ?is1 z said above1 be no extraord9>y ?+ to y1 :o say t ,m]cury is ! angelic ^w ( ,god4 ,b if anyone objects t he 0 crucifi$1 9 ?is also he is on a p> ) ^? reput$ sons ( ,jupit] ( y\rs1 :o suff]$ z we h n[ enum]at$4444 ,& if we ev5 affirm t he 0 born ( a virg91 accept ?is 9 common ) :at y accept ( ,p]seus4 ,& 9 t we say t he made :ole ! lame1 ! p>alytic1 & ^? born bl9d1 we seem to say :at is v simil> to ! de$s said to h be5 done by ,a,esculapius 7,ibid1 *4 xxi474 ,plato1 9 l mann]1 us$ to say t ,rhadaman?us & ,m9os w\ld puni% ! wick$ :o came be=e !m2 & we say t ! same ?+ w be done1 b at ! h& ( ,*ri/ 7,ibid1 *4 viii47 ,9 *4 liv4 ,ju/9 argues t ! devils inv5t$ all ^! gods 9 ord] t :5 ,*ri/ came 8 /ory %\ld be ?\ght to be ano!r m>vell\s tale l its pr$ecessors6 ,on ! :ole1 we c sc>cely wond] t ,caecilius 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #baa7 taunt$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ) ^? facts3 ,all ^! figm5ts ( crack$-bra9$ op9iatry & silly solaces play$ (f 9 ! sweetness ( song by deceitful poets1 by y1 too cr$ul\s creatures1 h be5 %amefully re=m$1 & made ov] to y\r own ,god 7z quot$ 9 ,r4 ,taylor's ,diegesis1 p4 #bda74 ,t ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity _h ! same orig9 z ! /ory ( ,*ri/1 & ! miracles ascrib$ to him1 we %all prove "u section ii41 :ile section iii4 w prove ! same z to 8 morality4 ,judge ,/range fairly says3 ,! ,jewi% ,scriptures & ! tradition>y tea*+ ( _! doctors1 ! ,ess5es & ,!rapeuts1 ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ! neo-platonism ( ,alex&ria1 & ! ,buddhism ( ! ,ea/1 gave ample supplies = ! composition ( ! doctr9al portion ( ! new fai?2 ! div9ely procreat$ p]sonages ( ! ,grecian & ,roman pan!ons1 ! tales ( ! ,egyptian ,osiris1 & ( ! ,indian ,rama1 ,kri%na1 & ,buddha1 furni%$ ! mat]ials = ! image ( ! new savi\r ( mank9d2 & e surr\nd+ my?ology p\r$ =? samples ( ! 'mighty works' t 7 to be attribut$ to him to attract & enslave 8 foll[]s3 & ?us1 fir/ f ,judaism1 & f9ally f ! bosom ( hea!ndom1 we h our matur$ expression ( ,*ri/ianity 7,! ,portraiture & ,mission ( ,jesus1 p4 #bg74 ,f ! mass ( facts br\ght toge!r above1 we cont5d t ! ,gospels are 9 !mselves utt]ly unwor?y ( cr$it1 f 7#a7 ! miracles ) :i* !y ab\nd1 7#b7 ! num]\s contradictions ( ea* by ! o!rs1 7#c7 ! fact t ! /ory ( ! h]o1 ! doctr9es1 ! miracles1 7 curr5t long be=e ! suppos$ dates ( ! ,gospels2 s t ^! ,gospels are simply a pat*work compos$ ( old] mat]ials4 ,we h ?us exam9$1 /ep by /ep1 ! alleg$ evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal2 we h f\nd x impossible to rely on its ext]nal witnesses1 :ile ! int]nal te/imony is fatal to its claims2 x is1 at once1 unau!nticat$ )\t1 & incr$ible )94 ,aft] e>ne/ /udy1 & a c>eful balanc+ ( pro(s1 we f9d ourselves =c$ to ass]t t ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,are ,,unreliable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,approximate ,,dates ,,claim$ ,,= ,,! ,,*ief ,,*ri/ian ,,& ,,h]etical ,,au?orities4 ,a4,d4 ,betwe5 #ib & #abe ,clem5t ( ,rome ,v d\btful ,betwe5 #ij & #ach ,b>nabas ,said to be m>tyr$ #ajg ,ignatius ,betwe5 #aag & #ach ,quadratus ,possibly #ach ,h]mas ,ab\t #aej-agj ,papias ,ab\t #ace-ade ,basilides & ,val5t9us ,ab\t #adj-afj ,m>cion ,said to be m>tyr$ #aff ,polyc>p ,v d\btful ,said to be m>tyr$ #aff ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,aft] #aff ,hegesippus ,ab\t #agg ,epi/le ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne ,betwe5 #aej & #bij ,clem5t9es ,real date q unkn[n ,betwe5 #aff & #agf ,dionysius ( ,cor9? ,ab\t #agf ,a!nagoras ,betwe5 #agj & #age ,tatian #agg to ab\t #bjj ,ir5u ,ab\t #aic ,t]tullian ,ab\t #bjj ,celsus ,v d\btful #bje ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria succe$$ z head ( ,s*ool4 ,ab\t #bje ,porphyry #bje-bdi ,orig5 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,t5 ,,p]secutions4 ,a4,d4 #fa "u ,n]o #ha ,domitian #ajg ,trajan #aff ,m>cus ,aurelius #aic ,sev]us #bce "u ,maxim9 #bdi ,decius #bed ,val]ian #bgb ,aurelian #cjc ,diocletian ,,dates ,,( ,,roman ,,emp]ors4 ,,at ,,alleg$ ,,bir? ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,augu/us ,cs> ,a4,d4 #ad ,tib]ius #cc ,caligula #da ,claudius #ed ,n]o #fh ,galba ,o?o #fi ,vitellius #fi ,vespasian #gi ,titus #ha ,domitian #if ,n]va #ih ,trajan associat$ #aag ,hadrian #ach ,anton9us ,pius #afa ,m>cus ,aurelius #ahj ,commodus #aib ,p]t9ax #aic ,julian ,sev]us #baa ,c>acalla & ,geta #bag ,macr9us #bah ,heliogabalus #bbb ,alex&] ,sev]us #bce ,maxim9 #bcg ,! ,gordians ,maximus & ,galb9us #bch ,maximus1 ,galb9us1 & ,gordian #bch ,gordian alone #bdd ,philip #bdi ,decius #bea ,gallus #bec ,val]ian #bfj ,galli5us #bfh ,claudius #bgj ,aurelian #bge ,tacitus #bgf ,florianus #bgf ,probus #bhb ,c>us #bhc ,c>9us & ,num]ian #bhe ,diocletian #bhf ,maximian associat$ #cje ,gal]ius & ,con/antius #cje ,sev]us & ,maxim9 #cjf ,con/ant9e ,lic9ius ,max5tius #cbd ,con/ant9e alone 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,to ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,"p ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,books ,,us$4 ,adrian444#bjf quot$ by ,m]$i?444#bbe ,agb>us1 lett] (1 9 ,eusebius444#bdc ,akiba1 quot$ 9 ,keim444#cae ,al=d1 ,greek ,te/am5t444#bhh ,apo/olic ,fa!rs444#bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bcj ,a!nagoras1 ,apology444#bbf ,augu/9e1 ,syntagma1 quot$ 9 ,diegesis444#bcd ,b>nabas1 ,epi/le (444#bcc1 #cjb ,besant1 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,john444#ccg ,butl]1 ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs1 etc444#cbd ,caecilius1 quot$ 9 ,diegesis444#cdh ,celsus1 quot$ by ,norton444#bcc ,clem5t1 ,fir/ ,epi/le444#bcc1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja ,clem5t9e1 ,homilies444#caj quot$ 9 ,sup]natural ,religion444#cja ,corpus ,ignatianum1 quot$ 9 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs444#bah ,davidson1 ,introduction to ,new ,te/am5t444#bhf1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif1 #bih ,ellicott1 quot$ 9 ,c[p]'s ,apocryphal ,gospels444#bej ,epictetus444#bjf ,epiphanius1 quot$ by ,norton444#big ,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory444#baf1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdh #bej1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhd1 #bij #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #cba1 #cbc quot$ 9 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs444#bag ,fau/us1 quot$ 9 ,diegesis444#bhd ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire444#aie1 #bjf1 #bji1 #aab #bac1 #bbg1 #cbb ,giles1 ,*ri/ian ,records444#aig1 #bjg1 #bcj1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfe #bfg1 #bgf1 #bhh1 #bic1 #big1 #cac1 #cbh #cce1 #ccf ,hegesippus1 quot$ 9 ,sup]natural ,religion444#cjb ,home1 ,introduction to ,new ,te/am5t444#aig1 #bjc ,ignatius1 ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans444#bbj ,ephesians444#bcc ,philippians444#cjb ,inman1 ,anci5t ,fai?s444#cdd ,ir5u1 ,aga9/ ,h]esies444#beh1 #bia1 #cbc1 #ccf quot$ 9 ,keim444#bcd quot$ 9 ,eusebius444#beh ,jones1 ,! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t444#bdj1 #bde1 #beg ,jones1 ,sir ,w41 ,asiatic ,rese>*es444#cde ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews444#aie1 #aih1 #cae ,w>s ( ! ,jews444#cag ,disc\rse on ,hades444#aih ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,fir/ ,apology444#bca1 #bec1 #cjb1 #cdg ,second ,apology444#bbf1 #cbc ,dialogue ) ,trypho444#bca1 #bge1 #cjb1 #caj ,juv5al444#bjc ,keim1 ,jesus ( ,naz>a444#aig1 #bjb1 #cae ,l>dn]1 ,answ] to ,dr4 ,*&l]1 quot$ f ,diegesis444#aif ,cr$ibility ( ! ,gospels444#bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #baf1 #bah #bcj1 #bfc1 #bfi ,livy444#bbb ,m>cus ,aurelius444#bjf ,m>%1 quot$ 9 ,norton444#bfg quot$ 9 ,giles444#bhg ,m]$i?1 ,prophet ( ,naz>e?444#bbc ,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory444#bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci ,muratori1 ,canon (444#bhb ,nicodemus1 ,gospel (444#bec ,norton1 ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels444#bae1 #baf1 #bai1 #bdg1 #bfc1 #bfi1 #bie ,orig51 quot$ 9 ,gibbon444#bac ,diegesis444#bcd ,sup]natural ,religion444#cbc ,paley1 ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity444#aih1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bje #bjh1 #bji1 #baj1 #bab1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca #bce1 #bcf1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bfj #bfb1 #bfi1 #bgc1 #bha1 #bij1 #cji1 #cag #cai ,papias1 quot$ by ,eusebius444#bia ,ir5u444#bia ,p>khur/1 ,hebrew ,lexicon444#cdf ,pl9y1 ,epi/les444#bjc ,pilate1 ,acts (444#bec ,quadratus1 quot$ by ,eusebius444#bcj ,r5an1 ,vie de ,jsus444#aig ,r[1 ,! ,sup]natural 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t444#cbe1 #cbg ,s&ay1 ,gospels 9 ! ,second ,c5tury444#bdh1 #bfi1 #bgj #bgi1 #bhg1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #cje1 #caa ,scott1 ,engli% ,life ( ,jesus444#ccd ,%>pe1 ,egyptian ,my?ology444#cdg ,smyrna1 ,circul> ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur* (444#bba ,/range1 ,portraiture & ,mission ( ,jesus444#aih1 #bja1 #baj #cba1 #cdh ,/rauss1 ,life ( ,jesus444#bhi1 #cab1 #cbj1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccb ,suetonius444#bja1 #bjb1 #bbe ,sup]natural ,religion444 #bae1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbi1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh #bdi1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bga #bgf1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhc #bij1 #bib1 #bic1 #bie1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjc #cjd1 #cbb1 #cbe ,tacitus1 ,annals444#aii1 #bbb1 #bbe ,taylor1 ,diegesis444#aif1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bab1 #cdf ,t]tullian1 ,apology444#bbf ,de ,spectaculis444#cbc quot$ 9 ,gibbon444#bac ,m]$i?444#bbe ,?omas1 ,gospel (444#bea ,tis*5dorf1 ,:5 7 our ,gospels ,writt58444#bdh1 #bgj ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t444#baf1 #bbi1 #bdg1 #bdi #bef1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bgd #bge1 #bgh1 #bhf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,analogies ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es444#cdg ,apocryphal ,gospels1 specim5s (444#bej ,books1 recognis$444#bde ,au!nticity ( ,apology ( ,quadratus444#bcj ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas444#bbi ,clem5t444#bad ,ignatius444#bag ,polyc>p444#baf ,smyrna444#bbj ,vision ( ,h]mas444#baf ,books read 9 *ur*es444#bdh 9 volume ( ,scriptures444#bdi ,*ri/ian ,agapae444#bbc ,*ri/ianity advantage\s to tyrants444#bcg ,date ( bir? ( ,*ri/444#ccc ,dates ( ,fa!rs1 etc444#cdi ,dates ( ,roman ,emp]ors444#cej ,diatess>on ( ,tatian444#bei ,evid5ce ( ,adrian444#bjf ,apo/olic ,fa!rs444#bfc1 #bfg ,b>nabas444#bfh ,basilides & ,val5t9us444#bhj ,canon ( ,muratori444#bhb ,clem5t 444#bfi ,clem5t9es444#bgi ,hegesippus444#bgg ,h]mas444#bfi ,ignatius444#bgj ,josephus444#aie ,ju/9 ,m>tyr444#bga ,m>cion444#bha ,m>cus ,aurelius444#bjf ,papias444#bga ,pl9y444#bjc ,polyc>p444#bgj ,suetonius444#bja ,tacitus444#aii ,=g]ies 9 ,e>ly ,*ur*444#bch ,li/ (444#bdj ,f\r ,gospels3 :5 recognis$444#beg :y only f\r444#beh ,gospels1 *anges made 9444#bhc contradictions 9444#cbh contradictions betwe5 synoptical & f\r?444#ccg gr[? (444#bhe1 #bhi id5tity ( mod]n & anci5t unprov5444#bfb _m curr5t444#bff ( lat] orig9444#caa ( ,mat!w & ,m>k n ^? ( ,papias444#bij orig9al1 diff]5t f canonical444#bih simil>ity ( canonical & uncanonical444#bde synoptical444#bhf "t ( selection unkn[n444#bef ,g5ealogies ( ,jesus444#cbh ,greek n commonly kn[n by ,jews444#cad ,ignorance ( ,e>ly ,fa!rs444#bcb ,kri%na1 mean+ (444#cde ,l5g? ( ,jesus' ,m9i/ry44#ccf ,life ( ,*ri/ f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr444#cjf ,m>tyrs1 small numb] (444#bab ,massacre ( infants unlikely444#ccc ,mat!w1 writt5 9 ,hebrew444#cid ,miracles444#caf ,morality ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ians444#bba ,my?ical ,!ory ( ,jesus444#cdj ,passages 9 ,fa!rs1 n 9 canonical ,gospels444#cja ,p]secution1 abs5ce (444#bji ,phrase x is writt5444#bdg ,positions laid d[n z to ,gospels444#bcf ,position ,a444#bch ,b444#bde ,c444#bef ,d444#beg ,e444#bfa ,f444#bfb ,g444#bij ,h444#bih ,i444#caa ,j444#cad ,k444#caf ,prophecies1 ,messianic444#cdb ,sil5ce ( ,jewi% writ]s444#aih1 #bja1 #bei ,pagan 444#aic1 #bjf ,/ory ( ,*ri/ pre-,*ri/ian444#cdj ,son-wor%ip & ,*ri/444#cdc ,temptation ( ,*ri/444#ccd ,t5 ,p]secutions444#cej ,types ( ,*ri/444#cde ,,section ,,ii4--,,its ,,orig9 ,,pagan4 ,!re are two anci5t & widely-spread cre$s to :i* we mu/ *iefly look = ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 namely1 ,sun-wor%ip & ,nature-wor%ip4 ,x is d\btful :i* ( ! twa9 is ! eld]1 & !y are closely int]tw9$1 ! c5tral idea ( ea* be+ ! same2 p]sonally1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,nature-wor%ip is ! old] ( ! two1 because x is ! simpl] & ! ne>]2 ! b>b>ian1 sl[ly em]g+ into humanity1 w\ld be m likely to wor%ip ! =ce :i* 0 ! mo/ imm$iately wond]ful to him1 ! p[] ( g5]ation ( new life2 to recognise ! sun z ! great life produc] seems to imply "s little gr[? ( reason & ( imag9ation2 sun-wor%ip seems ! idealisation ( nature-wor%ip1 = ! same g5]ative =ce is ador$ 9 bo?1 & r\nd ! idea ( ?is production ( new life all cre$s revolve4 ,*ri/ian symbols & ,*ri/ian c]emonies speak z pla9ly to ! /ud5t ( anci5t religions z ! />s speak to ! a/ronom]1 & ! rocks to ! geologian2 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es are z full ( ! fossil relics ( ! old cre$s z are ! e>?'s /rata ( ! bones ( ext9ct animals4 ,we %all expect to f9d1 !n1 a family resemblance runn+ ?r\gh all ,ea/]n cre$s--( :i* ,*ri/ianity is "o--& we %all n be surpris$ to f9d simil> symbols express+ simil> ideas2 !re are1 9 fact1 c>d9al symbols re-appe>+ 9 all ^! alli$ religions2 ! virg9 & *ild2 ! tr9ity 9 unity2 ! cross2 ^! h _! roots /ruck deep 9 human nature1 & are f\nd 9 e ,ea/]n cre$4 ,s also c we trace sacram5ts & c]emonies1 & _m m9or dogmas4 ,9 look+ back into ^? anci5t cre$s x is necess>y to get rid ( ! mod]n fa%ion ( reg>d+ any natural object z immode/4 ,sir ,william ,jones ju/ly rem>ks t 9 ,h9du/an x nev] seems to h ent]$ ! heads ( ! legislators1 or p1 t any?+ natural c\ld be (f5sively obsc5e2 a s+ul>ity :i* p]vades all _! writ+s & conv]sation1 b is no pro( ( depravity 9 _! morals 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 i41 p4 #bee74 ,gross inju/ice is sometimes done to anci5t cre$s by contemplat+ !m f a mod]n po9t ( view2 9 ^? days e p[] ( ,nature 0 ?\ght div9e1 & mo/ div9e ( all 0 deem$ ! p[] ( creation1 :e!r wor%ipp$ 9 ! sun1 ^: beams impregnat$ ! e>?1 or 9 ! male & female organs ( g5]ation1 ! univ]sal creators ( life 9 ! animal _w2 ?us we f9d 9 all anci5t sculptures c>v+s ( ! phallus & ! yoni1 express$ bo? naturally & symbolically1 ! repres5tations becom+ m & m conv5tional & ref9$ z civilisation advanc$2 ( ! infant _w x may be said t x 0 nak$1 & 0 n a%am$2 z x grew old]1 & clo!d ! human =m1 x also drap$ its religi\s symbols1 b z ! body rema9s unalt]$ "u its g>m5ts1 s ! idea conceal$ b5ea? ! emblems rema9s ! same4 ,! union ( male & female is1 !n1 ! f\ndation ( all religions2 ! heav5 m>ries ! e>?1 z man m>ries woman1 & t union is ! fir/ m>riage4 ,saturn is ! sky1 ! male1 or active en]gy2 ,rhea is ! e>?1 ! female1 or receptive2 & ^! are ! fa!r & ! "m ( all4 ,! ,p]sians ( old call$ ! sky ,jupit]1 or ,jupat]1 ,ju ! ,fa!r4 ,! sun is ! ag5t ( ! g5]ative p[] ( ! sky1 & 8 beams fecundate ! e>?1 s t f h] all life is produc$4 ,?us ! sun becomes wor%ipp$ z ! ,fa!r ( all1 & ! sun is ! emblem :i* cr[ns ! images ( ! ,supreme ,god2 ! v]nal equ9ox is ! resurrection ( ! sun1 & ! sign ( ! zodiac 9 :i* he !n is becomes ! symbol ( 8 life-produc+ p[]2 ?us ! bull1 & aft]w>ds ! ram1 became 8 sign z ,life-,giv]1 & ! ,sun-god 0 pictur$ z bull1 or z ram 7or lamb71 or else ) ! horns ( 81 emblem1 & ! e>?ly animals became sacr$ = 8 sake4 ,mi?ra1 ! ,sun-god ( ,p]sia1 is sculptur$ z rid+ on a bull2 ,osiris1 ! ,sun-god ( ,egypt1 we>s ! horns ( ! bull1 & is wor%ipp$ z ,osiris-,apis1 or ,s]apis1 ! ,sun-god 9 ! sign ( ,apis1 ! bull4 ,lat]1 by ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! sun at ! v]nal equ9ox has pass$ into ! sign ( ! ram 7call$ 9 ,p]sia1 ! lamb71 & we f9d ,jupit] ,ammon1 ,jupit] ) ram's horns1 & ,jesus ! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,^! symbols all d5ote ! sun victori\s ov] d>kness & dea?1 giv+ life to ! _w4 ,! phallus is ! o!r great symbol ( ! ,life-,giv]1 g5]at+ life 9 woman1 z ! sun 9 ! e>?4 ,bac*us1 ,adonis1 ,dionysius1 ,apollo1 ,h]cules1 ,h]mes1 ,?ammuz1 ,jupit]1 ,jehovah1 ,jao1 or ,jah1 ,molo*1 ,baal1 ,a%]1 ,mahadeva1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 ,mi?ra1 ,atys1 ,ammon1 ,belus1 ) _m ano!r1 ^! are all ! ,life-,giv] "u diff]5t names2 !y are ! ,sun1 ! ,creator1 ! ,phallus4 ,r$ is _! appropriate col\r4 ,:5 ! sun or ! ,phallus is n drawn 9 its natural =m1 x is indicat$ by a symbol3 ! symbol mu/ be upright1 h>d1 or else burn+1 ei!r conical1 or clubb$ at "o end4 ,?us--! tor*1 flame ( fire1 cone1 s]p5t1 ?yrsus1 triangle1 lett] ,t1 cross1 crosi]1 sceptre1 caduceus1 knobb$ /ick1 tall tree1 upright /one1 spire1 t[]1 m9>et1 upright pole1 arr[1 spe>1 sword1 club1 upright /ump1 etc41 are all symbols ( ! g5]ative =ce ( ! male en]gy 9 ,nature ( ! ,supreme ,god4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common1 & ! mo/ univ]sally us$1 is ,,! ,,cross4 ,c>v$ at fir/ simply z phallus1 x 0 gradually ref9$2 we meet x z ?ree balls1 "o above ! two2 ! lett] ,t indicat$ x1 :i*1 by ! slighte/ alt]ation1 became ! cross n[ kn[n z ! ,lat93 ?us ,b>nabas says t ! cross 0 to express ! grace by ! lett] ,t 7ante1 p4 #bcc74 ,we f9d ! cross 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,?ibet1 ,japan1 always z ! sign ( life-giv+ p[]2 x 0 worn z an amulet by girls & wom51 & seems to h be5 specially worn by ! wom5 atta*$ to ! temples1 z a symbol ( :at 01 to !m1 a religi\s call+4 ,! cross is1 9 fact1 no?+ b ! ref9$ phallus1 & 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion is a significant emblem ( its ,pagan orig92 x 0 ador$1 c>v$ 9 temples1 & worn z a sacr$ emblem by sun & nature wor%ipp]s1 long be=e !re 7 any ,*ri/ians to adore1 c>ve1 & we> x4 ,! cr[d kneel+ be=e ! cross 9 ,roman ,ca?olic & 9 ,high ,anglican ,*ur*es1 is a simple reproduction ( ! cr[d :o knelt be=e x 9 ! temples ( anci5t days1 & ! girls :o we> x among/ ourselves1 are--9 ! mo/ innoc5t unconsci\sness ( its real signification--exactly copy+ ! ,indian & ,egyptian wom5 ( an eld] "t4 ,saturn's symbol 0 a cross & a ram's horn4 ,jupit] bore a cross ) a horn4 ,v5us a circle ) a cross4 ,! ,egyptian deities a cross & oval4 7,! signification ( ^! w be dealt ) bel[47 ,! ,druids s\ght oak trees ) two ma9 arms gr[+ 9 %ape ( a cross1 &1 if !y fail$ to f9d su*1 nail$ a beam cross-wise4 ,! *ief pagodas 9 ,india are built1 l _m ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,i h read 9 a book on *ur* ar*itecture t *ur*es %\ld be built ei!r 9 ! =m ( a cross1 or else 9 t ( a %ip1 typify+ ! ark2 i4e41 !y %\ld ei!r be built 9 ! =m ( ! phallus or ! yoni1 ! %ip or ark be+ "o ( ! symbols ( ! female en]gy 7see bel[1 p4 #cfa74 ,! ,,crucifix1 or cross ) human figure /ret*$ ^u x1 is also f\nd 9 anci5t times1 al?\gh n s frequ5tly z ! simple cross4 ,! crucifix appe>s to h aris5 f ! circle ( ! horizon be+ divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 & ,we/1 & ! ,sun-god1 drawn )91 or on1 ! circle1 came into contact ) ea* c>d9al po9t1 8 feet & head t\*+1 or int]sect+1 two1 :ile 8 out/ret*$ arms po9t to ! o!r qu>t]s4 ,plato says t ! next p[] to ! ,supreme ,god 0 decussat$1 or figur$ 9 ! %ape ( a cross1 on ! univ]se4 ,kri%na is pa9t$ & sculptur$ on a cross4 ,! ,egyptians ?us drew ,osiris1 & sometimes we f9d a circle drawn ) ! divid+ l9es1 & 9 ! mid/ is /ret*$ ! dead body ( ,osiris4 ,rob]t ,taylor gives ano!r orig9 = ! crucifix3 ,! ignorant gratitude ( a sup]/iti\s p1 :ile !y ador$ ! riv] ,nile on ^: inundations ! f]tility ( _! prov9ces dep5d$1 c\ld n fail ( atta*+ notions ( sanctity & hol9ess to ! po/s t 7 erect$ along its c\rse1 & :i*1 by a transv]se beam1 indicat$ ! height to :i*1 at ! spot :]e ! beam 0 fix$1 ! wat]s might be expect$ to rise4 ,?is cross at once w>n$ ! travell] to secure 8 safety1 & =m$ a /&>d ( ! value ( l&4 ,o!r riv]s may add to ! f]tility ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 b ! ,nile is ! absolute cause ( t great f]tility ( ! ,l[] ,egypt1 :i* w\ld be all a des]t1 z bad z ! mo/ s&y p>ts ( ,africa )\t ?is riv]4 ,x supplies x bo? ) soil & moi/ure1 & 0 !re=e gratefully address$1 n m]ely z an ord9>y riv]-god1 b by its express title ( ! ,egyptian ,jupit]4 ,! crosses1 !re=e1 along ! banks ( ! riv] w\ld naturally %>e 9 ! hon\r ( ! /ream1 & be ! mo/ expressive emblem ( good =tune1 peace1 & pl5ty4 ,! two ideas c\ld nev] be sep>at$3 ! f]tilis+ flood 0 ! wat]s ( life1 t convey$ e bless+1 & ev5 exi/5ce itself1 to ! prov9ces ?r\gh :i* !y fl[$4 ,"o o!r & mo/ obvi\s hi]oglyph complet$ ! expressive allegory4 ,! ,demon ( ,fam9e1 :o1 %\ld ! wat]s fail ( _! inundation1 or n rea* ! elevation indicat$ by ! position ( ! transv]se beam ^u ! upright1 w\ld reign 9 all 8 horrors ov] _! desolat$ l&s4 ,?is symbolical p]sonification 01 !re=e1 repres5t$ z a mis]able emaciat$ wret*1 :o _h gr[n up 'z a t5d] plant1 & z a root out ( a dry gr\nd1 :o _h no =m nor comel9ess2 & :5 !y %\ld see him1 !re 0 no beauty t !y %\ld desire him4' ,meagre 7 8 looks2 %>p mis]y _h worn him to ! bone4 ,8 cr[n ( ?orns indicat$ ! /]ility ( ! t]ritories ov] :i* he reign$4 ,! re$ 9 8 h&1 ga!r$ f ! banks ( ! ,nile1 indicat$ t x 0 only ! mighty riv]1 by keep+ )9 its banks1 & ?us )hold+ its wont$ munific5ce1 t plac$ an unreal sceptre 9 8 gripe4 ,he 0 nail$ to ! cross1 9 indication ( 8 entire defeat4 ,& ! sup]scription ( 8 infam\s title1 ',,?is ,,is ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,jews1' expressively indicat$ t ,fam9e1 ,want1 or ,pov]ty1 rul$ ! de/9ies ( ! mo/ slavi%1 begg>ly1 & mean race ( m5 ) :om !y _h ! hon\r ( be+ acqua9t$ 7,diegesis1 p4 #ahg74 ,:ile x may v likely be true t ! mis]able aspect giv5 to ,jesus crucifi$ is copi$ f "s su* orig9al z ,mr4 ,taylor "h sket*es1 we are tol]ably c]ta9 t ! g5]al idea ( ! crucifix _h ! sol> orig9 describ$ above4 ,v closely jo9$ to ! notion ( ! cross is ! idea ( ! ,,tr9ity ,,9 ,,unity1 & we ne$ n delay ^u x long4 ,x is z univ]sal 9 ,ea/]n religions z ! cross1 & comes f ! same idea2 all life spr+s f a tr9ity 9 unity 9 man1 &1 !re=e1 ,god is ?ree 9 "o4 ,?is tr9ity is1 ( c\rse1 symbolis$ by ! cross1 & especially by ! lotus1 & any ?ree 9 "o leaf2 f ?is has come to ,*ri/ianity ! conv5tional triple foliage s con/antly se5 9 ,*ur* c>v+s1 ! fleur-de-lis1 ! triangle1 etc41 :i* are n[--z ( old--accept$ z ! emblems ( ! tr9ity4 ,! p]sons ( ! tr9ity are f\nd ea* ) 8 own "n2 9 ,india1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 ,siva1 & x is ,vi%nu :o becomes inc>nate2 9 ,egypt diff]5t cities _h diff]5t tr9ities1 & we h a hi]oglyphical inscription 9 ! ,briti% ,museum z e>ly z ! reign ( ,seve*us ( ! eigh? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 %[+ t ! doctr9e ( ,tr9ity 9 ,unity already =m$ "p ( _! religion1 & t 9 ea* ( ! two gr\ps la/ m5tion$ ! ?ree gods only made "o p]son 7,egyptian ,my?ology & ,egyptian ,*ri/ology1 by ,s4 ,%>pe1 p4 #ad74 ,mr4 ,%>pe might h gone to mu* e>li] times & already h f\nd ! adoration ( ! tr9ity 9 unity2 z f> back z ! fir/ :o b[$ 9 wor%ip be=e ! g5]ative =ce ( ! male ?ree 9 "o4 ,osiris1 ,horus1 & ,ra =m "o ( ! ,egyptian tr9ities2 ,horus ! ,son1 is also "o ( a tr9ity 9 unity made into an amulet1 & call$ ! ,great ,god1 ! ,son ,god1 & ! ,_s ,god4 ,horus is ! slay] ( ,typhon1 ! evil "o1 & is sometimes repres5t$ z /&+ on its head1 & z pi]c+ its head ) a spe>1 rem9d+ u ( ,kri%na1 ! inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ! second p]son ( ! ,indian ,tr9ity4 ,^! tr9ities1 h[ev]1 7 n complete 9 !mselves1 = ! female elem5t is ne$$ = ! production ( life2 h5ce1 we f9d t 9 mo/ nations a f\r? p]son is jo9$ to ! tr9ity1 z ,isis1 ! "m ( ,horus1 9 ,egypt1 & ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 9 ,*ri/5dom2 ! ,egyptian tr9ity is (t5 repres5t$ z ,osiris1 ,horus1 & ,isis1 b we m g5]ally f9d ! female con/itut+ ! f\r? elem5t1 9 addition to ! triune1 & symbolis$ by an oval1 or circle1 typical ( ! female organ ( reproduction2 ?us ! crux ansata ( ! ,egyptians1 ! symbol ( life held 9 ! h& by ! ,egyptian deities1 is a cross or oval1 i4e41 ! ,t ) an oval at ! top2 ! circle ) ! cross inside1 symbolises1 aga91 ! male & female union2 also ! six-ray$ />1 ! p5tacle1 ! d\ble triangle1 ! triangle & circle1 ! pit ) a po/ 9 x1 ! key1 ! /aff ) a half-moon1 ! complicat$ cross4 ,! same union is imag$ out 9 all &rogyn\s deities1 9 ,elohim1 ,baalim1 ,baala?1 ,arba-il1 ! be>d$ ,v5us1 ! fem99e ,jove1 ! virg9 & *ild4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! ,yoni wor%ip 0 m popul> ?an t ( ! ,phallus1 ! ,,virg9 & ,,*ild 0 a fav\rite deity1 & to ?is we n[ turn4 ,"h1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cross1 we f9d sun & nature wor%ip int]tw9$4 ,! female elem5t is sometimes ! ,e>?1 & sometimes ! individual4 ,! goddesses are z v>i\s 9 names z ! gods4 ,is1 ,isis1 ,i%t>1 ,a/>te1 ,mylitta1 ,s>a1 ,mrira1 ,maia1 ,p>vati1 ,m>y1 ,miriam1 ,eve1 ,juno1 ,v5us1 ,diana1 ,artemis1 ,aphrodite1 ,h]a1 ,rhea1 ,cybele1 ,c]es1 & o!rs1 are ! e>? "u _m names2 ! receptive female1 ! produc] ( life1 ! ,yoni4 ,black is ! special col\r ( female deities1 & ! black ,isis & ,horus1 ! black ,m>y & ,jesus are ( peculi> sanctity4 ,_! emblems are3 ! e>?1 moon1 /> ( ! sea1 circle1 oval1 triangle1 pomegranate1 door1 ark1 fi%1 %ip1 horse%oe1 *asm1 cave1 hole1 cele/ial virg91 etc4 ,!y bore fir/ ! titles n[ worn by ,m>y1 ! virg9 "m ( ,jesus1 & 7 rev]5c$ z ! que5 ( heav54 ,i%t>1 ( ,babylonia1 0 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 & ! ,que5 ( ! ,/>s4 ,isis1 ( ,egypt1 0 our ,immaculate ,lady4 ,%e 0 figur$ ) a cr[n ( />s1 & ) ! cresc5t moon4 ,v5us 0 an ark brood$ ov] by a dove1 or ! moon float+ on ! wat]4 ,!y are ! "m1 mamma1 emma1 ummah1 or ! woman4 ,! symbols are ev]y:]e ! same1 ?\gh giv5 ) diff]5t names4 ,ev]y:]e x is ,m>y1 ! "m2 ! female pr9ciple 9 nature1 ador$ side by side ) ! male4 ,%e %>es 9 ! "w ( creation & salvation1 & has a k9d ( equality ) ! ,fa!r ( all2 h5ce we he> ( ! immaculate conception4 ,%e produces a *ild alone 9 "s /ories1 )\t ev5 div9e co-op]ation4 ,! ,virgo ( ! ,zodiac is repres5t$ 9 anci5t sculptures & draw+s z a woman suckl+ a *ild1 & ! ,paamylian fea/s 7 celebrat$ at ! spr+ equ9ox1 & 7 ! equival5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fea/ ( ! ,annunciation1 :5 ! p[] ( ! highe/ ov]%ad[$ ,m>y ( ,naz>e?4 ,?us 9 ,india1 we h ,devaki & ,kri%na2 9 ,egypt1 ,osiris & ,horus--! ,savi\r ( ! ,_w2 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ,m>y & ,*ri/2 ! pictures & c>v+s ( ,india & ,egypt w\ld be indi/+ui%able f ^? ( ,europe1 7 x n = ! diff]5ces ( dress4 ,apis1 ! sacr$ ,egyptian bull1 0 always born )\t an e>?ly fa!r1 & 8 "m nev] _h a second calf4 ,s ! lat] ,sun-god1 ,jesus1 is born )\t sexual int]c\rse1 & ,m>y nev] be>s ano!r *ild4 ,jupit] visits ,l$a z a swan2 ,god visits ,m>y z an ov]%ad[+ dove4 ,! salutation ( ,gabriel to ,m>y is curi\sly l t ( ,m]cury to ,electra3 ,hail1 mo/ happy ( all wom51 y :om ,jupit] has hon\r$ ) 8 c\*2 y\r blood w give laws to ! _w1 ,i am ! mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,! "m ( ,fohi1 ! great ,*9ese ,god1 became ence9te by walk+ 9 ! foot/eps ( a giant4 ,! "m ( ,h]cules did n lose h] virg9ity4 ,! savages ( ,/4 ,dom+o repres5t$ ! *ief div9ity by a female figure call$ ! "m ( ,god4 ,on ,friday1 ! day ( ,freya1 or ,v5us1 _m ,*ri/ians /ill eat only fi%1 fi% be+ sacr$ to ! female deity4 ,9 ,comtism we f9d ! late/ developm5t ( woman-wor%ip1 :]e9 ! emotional sex becomes ! sacr$ sex1 to be gu>d$1 *]i%$1 su/a9$1 ador$2 & ?us 9 ! y\nge/ religion ! /amp ( ! elde/ is f\nd4 ,?us womanhood has be5 wor%ipp$ 9 all ages ( ! _w1 & mat]nity has be5 deifi$ by all cre$s3 f ! savage :o b[$ be=e ! female symbol ( mo!rhood1 to ! philosophic ,comti/ :o adores woman 9 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 z "m1 wife1 & daught]1 ! wor%ip ( ! female elem5t 9 nature has run side by side ) t ( ! male2 ! wor%ip is "o & ! same 9 all religions1 & runs 9 an unbrok5 ?read f ! b>b>\s ages to ! pres5t "t4 ,! doctr9es ( ! m$iation1 & ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 are z pre-,*ri/ian z ! symbols :i* we h exam9$4 ,! idea ( ! ,m$iator comes to u f ,p]sia1 & ! title 0 borne by ,mi?ra be=e x 0 ascrib$ to ,*ri/4 ,zoroa/] taught t !re 0 exi/5ce itself1 ! unkn[n1 ! et]nal1 ,z]uane ,ak]ne1 "t )\t b\nds4 ,f ?is issu$ ,ormuzd1 ! good1 ! light1 ! creator ( all4 ,opposite to ,ormuzd is ,ahriman1 ! bad1 ! d>k1 ! de=m] ( all4 ,betwe5 ^! two great deities comes ,mi?ra1 ! ,m$iator1 :o is ! ,reconcil] ( all ?+s to ,god1 :o is "o ) ,ormuzd1 al?\gh di/9ct f him4 ,mi?ra1 z we h se51 is ! ,sun 9 ! sign ( ! ,bull1 exactly p>allel to ,jesus1 ! ,sun 9 ! sign ( ! ,lamb1 bo? ! "o & ! o!r be+ symbolis$ by t sign ( ! zodiac 9 :i* ! sun 0 at ! spr+ equ9ox ( 8 suppos$ date4 ,mi?ras is spiritual light cont5d+ ) spiritual d>kness1 & ?r\gh 8 lab\rs ! k+dom ( d>kness %all be lit ) heav5's own light2 ! ,et]nal w receive all ?+s back into 8 fav\r1 ! _w w be r$eem$ to ,god4 ,! impure are to be purifi$1 & ! evil made good1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,mi?ras1 ! reconcil] ( ,ormuzd & ,ahriman4 ,mi?ras is ! ,good1 8 "n is ,love4 ,9 relation to ! ,et]nal he is ! s\rce ( grace1 9 relation to man he is ! life-giv] & m$iator4 ,he br+s ! ',^w1' z ,brahma br+s ! ,v$as1 f ! m\? ( ! ,et]nal4 7,see ,plut>* ',de ,isid4 et ,osirid42' also ,dr4 ,hyde's ',de ,religione ,vet4 ,p]s41' *4 #bb2 see also ',essay on ,pan!ism1' by ,rev4 ,j4 ,hunt47 ,x 0 j prior to ! return ( ! ,jews f liv+ among ! p :o 7 dom9at$ by ^! ideas1 t ! spl5did *apt] ( ,isaiah 7xl471 or inde$ ! s]ies ( *apt]s :i* =m ! clos+ portion ( ! book1 7 writt53 ',com=t ye1 com=t ye my p1 sai? y\r ,god4 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our ,god4 ,e valley %all be exalt$1 & e m\nta9 & hill %all be made l[1 & ! crook$ %all be made /raight1 & ! r\gh places pla94' ,& !n foll[s a magnific5t description ( ! greatness & supremacy ( ,god1 & ?is is foll[$ by *apt]s :i* tell ( a ,messiah1 or conqu]+ pr9ce1 :o w r$eem ! nation f its enemies1 & re/ore !m to ! light ( ! div9e fav\r1 & :i* pr$ict a mill5nium1 a gold5 age ( purifi$ & glorifi$ humanity4 ,x is ?us manife/ t ! inspiration ( ^! writ+s came to ! ,jewi% p f _! contact ) ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! ,p]sians1 & n f any sup]natural s\rce4 ,f ?is "t ! ,jews began to hold wor?i] ideas conc]n+ ,god1 & to *]i% expectations ( a gold5 age1 a k+dom ( heav51 :i* ! ,messiah1 :o 0 to be ! s5t mess5g] ( ,god1 %\ld inaugurate4 ,& ?is k+dom 0 to be a k+dom ( righte\sness1 a day ( m>vell\s light1 a rule "u :i* all evil & d>kness 7 to p]i% 7,plato1 ,philo1 & ,paul1 ,rev4 ,j4,w4 ,lake1 pp4 #ae1 l#f47 ,! gr[? ( ! philosophical side ( ! dogma ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ is z cle>ly traceable 9 ,pagan & ,jewi% ?\ght z is ! dogma ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,savi\r-,god 9 ! my?s ( ,kri%na1 ,osiris1 etc4 ,two great tea*]s ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 ! ,^w1 ( ,god1 /& out 9 pre-,*ri/ian times--! ,greek ,plato & ! ,jewi% ,philo4 ,we borr[ ! foll[+ extract f pp4 #ai1 #bj1 ( ! pamphlet by ,mr4 ,lake above ref]r$ to1 z %[+ ! g5]al !ological position ( ,plato2 its resemblance to ,*ri/ian tea*+ w be at once app>5t 7x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,plato liv$ ,b4,c4 #djj73-- ,! speculative ?\ght & ! religi\s tea*+ ( ,plato are diffus$ ?r\gh\t 8 volum9\s writ+s2 b ! foll[+ is a popul> summ>y ( !m1 by ,madame ,daci]1 conta9$ 9 h] introduction to :at h be5 class$ z ! ',div9e ,dialogues3'-- ',t !re is b "o ,god1 & t we ought to love & s]ve him1 & to endeav\r to resemble him 9 hol9ess & righte\sness2 t ?is ,god rew>ds humility & puni%es pride4 ',t ! true happ9ess ( man consi/s 9 be+ unit$ to ,god1 & 8 only mis]y 9 be+ sep>at$ f him4 ',t ! s\l is m]e d>kness1 unless x be illum9at$ by ,god2 t m5 are incapable ev5 ( pray+ well1 unless ,god tea*es !m t pray] :i* alone c be useful to !m4 ',t !re is no?+ solid & sub/antial b piety2 t ?is is ! s\rce ( all virtues1 & t x is ! gift ( ,god4 ',t x is bett] to die ?an to s94 ',t x is bett] to suff] wrong ?an to d x4 ',t ! ,^w 7,greek3 ,logos7 =m$ ! _w1 & r5d]$ x visible2 t ! k ( ! ,^w makes u live v happily "h bel[1 & t !reby we obta9 felicity aft] dea?4 ',t ! s\l is immortal1 t ! dead %all rise aga91 t !re %all be a f9al judgm5t--bo? ( ! righte\s & ( ! wick$1 :5 m5 %all appe> only ) _! virtues or vices1 :i* %all be ! occasion ( _! et]nal happ9ess or mis]y4' ,x is ?is ,logos :o 0 figur$ 9 ! %ape ( a cross on ! univ]se 7ante1 p4 #ceh74 ,! univ]se1 :i* is b ! mat]ialis$ ?\ght ( ,god1 is made by 8 ,logos1 8 ,^w1 :i* is ! expression ( 8 ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian cre$ x is ! ,logos1 ! ,^w ( ,god1 by :om all ?+s are made 7,john i4 #a-c74 ,! v "n1 z well z ! ?\ght1 is ! same1 :e!r we turn ov] ! pages ( ,plato or ^? ( ,john4 ,philo1 ! great ,jewi% ,platoni/1 liv+ 9 ,alex&ria at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 & 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 speaks ( ! ,logos 9 t]ms t1 to our e>s1 seem purely ,*ri/ian4 ,philo 0 a man ( high position among ! ,jews 9 ,alex&ria1 be+ a man em95t on all acc\nts1 bro!r to ,alex&] ! alab>* gov]nor ( ! ,jews1 & "o n unskilful 9 philosophy 7,josephus' ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 bk4 xviii41 *4 #h1 sec4 #a74 ,?is ,alex&] 0 a pr9cipal p]son among all 8 contempor>ies bo? = 8 family & weal? 7,ibid1 bk4 xx1 *4 #e1 sec4 #b74 ,he 0 ! pr9cipal man 9 ! ,jewi% embassage to ,caius 7,caligula7 ,a4,d4 #ci-dj1 & 0 !n a grey-head$ old man4 ,keim speaks ( him z ab\t sixty or sev5ty ye>s old at t "t1 & puts 8 bir? at ab\t ,b4,c4 #bj4 ,he writes3 ,! ,!ology ( ,philo is 9 great measure f\nd$ on 8 peculi> comb9ation ( ! ,jewi%1 ! ,platonic1 & ! ,neo-,platonic conception ( ,god4 ,! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! exalt$ ,god1 z he is call$ by ! mod]n ,hegelian philosophy1 /ood 9 close relations to ! ,greek ,philosoph]s' conception ( ,god1 :i* believ$ t ! ,supreme ,be+ c\ld be accurately def9$ by ! negative ( all t 0 f9ite4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ,philo also describ$ ,god z ! simple ,entity2 he disclaim$ = him e "n1 e quality1 ev5 t ( ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful1 ! ,bless$1 ! ,"o4 ,s9ce he is /ill bett] ?an ! good1 high] ?an ! ,unity1 he c nev] be kn[n z1 b only t1 he is3 8 p]fect "n is only ! f\r my/]i\s lett]s 7,jhvh7--t is1 pure ,be+4 ,by su* means1 inde$1 nei!r a full] !ology nor ,god's influ5ce on ! _w 0 to be obta9$4 ,& yet x 0 ! problem ( philosophy1 z well z ( religion1 to %$ ! light ( ,god ^u ! _w1 & to lead x aga9 to ,god4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is ,be+ :i* 0 veil$ f ! _w be br\ght to be> ^u x8 ,by ,philo1 z well z by all ! philosophy ( ! "t1 ! problem c\ld only be solv$ illogically4 ,yet1 by modify+ 8 exalt$ nature1 x might be done4 ,if n by 8 be+1 yet by 8 "w he influ5ces ! _w2 8 p[]s1 8 angels1 all 9 x t is be/ & mightie/1 ! in/rum5t1 ! int]pret]1 ! m$iator & mess5g] ( ,god2 8 patt]n & 8 fir/-born1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,second ,god1 ev5 himself ,god1 ! div9e ,^w or ,logos communicate ) ! _w2 he is ! ideal & actual type ( ! _w & ( humanity1 ! ar*itect & uphold] ( ! _w1 ! manna & ! rock 9 ! wild]ness 7,jesus ( ,naz>a1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bha1 #bhb74 ,man is fall54444 ,!re is no man :o is )\t s91 & ev5 ! p]fect man1 if he %\ld be born1 does n escape f x4444 ,yet !re is a r$emption1 will$ by ,god himself1 & br\ght to pass by ! act ( a wise man4 ,adam's successors /ill pres]ve ! types ( _! relation%ip to ! ,fa!r1 al?\gh 9 an obscure =m1 ea* man possesses ! k ( good & evil & an incorruptible judgm5t1 subject to reason2 8 spiritual /r5g? is ev5 n[ aid$ by ! ,div9e ,logos1 ! image1 copy1 & reflection ( ! bless$ nature4 ,h5ce x foll[s t man c disc]n & see all ! /a9s ) :i* he has wilfully or involunt>ily defil$ 8 life1 t man by means ( 8 self-k c decide to subdue 8 passions1 to despise 8 pleasures & desires1 to wage ! battle ( rep5tance1 & to be j at any co/1 & by ! fundam5tal virtues ( humanity1 piety1 & ju/ice1 to imitate ! virtues ( ! ,fa!r4444 ,9 su* p]fection z is possible to all1 ev5 to wom5 & to slaves1 s9ce no "o is a slave by nature1 ! wise man is truly ri*4 ,he is noble & free :o c pr\dly utt] ! say+ ( ,sophocles1 ,god is my rul]1 n "o among m56 ,su* a "o is prie/1 k+1 & prophet1 he is no long] m]ely a son & s*ol> ( ! ,logos1 he is ! companion & son ( ,god4444 ,god is ! et]nal guide & director ( ! _w1 himself requir+ no?+1 & giv+ all to 8 *ildr54 ,x is ( 8 goodness t he does n puni% z a judge1 b t1 z ! giv] ( grace1 he be>s ) all4 ,) him all ?+s are possible2 he deals ) all1 ev5 ) t :i* is almo/ beyond r$emption4 ,f him all ! _w hopes = =giv5ess ( s9s1 ! ,logos1 ! high prie/1 & int]cessor1 & ! patri>*s pray = x2 he grants x1 n = ! _w's sake1 b ( 8 own graci\s nature1 to ^? :o c truly believe4 ,he loves ! humble1 & saves ^? :om he kn[s to be wor?y ( heal+4 ,8 grace elects ! pi\s be=e !y are born1 giv+ !m victory ov] s5suality1 & /eadfa/ness 9 virtue4 ,he reveals himself to holy s\ls by 8 ,_s1 & by 8 div9e light leads ^? :o are too weak by nature ev5 to und]/& ! ext]nal _w1 beyond ! limits ( human nature to t :i* is div9e 7,jesus ( ,naz>a1 pp4 #bhc-bhg74 ,su* are ! mo/ important passages ( ,keim's rsum ( ,philo's philosophy1 & its resemblance to ,*ri/ian doctr9e is unmi/akeable1 & adds "o m pro( to ! fact t ,*ri/ianity is ,alex&rian r ?an ,judan4 ,x w be well to add to ?is sket* ! passages c>efully ga!r$ out ( ,philo's works by ,jacob ,bryant1 :o endeav\r$ to prove1 f _! resemblance to passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t ,philo 0 a ,*ri/ian1 =gett+ t ,philo's works 7 mo/ly writt5 :5 ,jesus 0 a *ild & a y\?1 & t he nev] once m5tions ,jesus or ,*ri/ianity4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,philo liv$ 9 ,alex&ria1 n 9 ,juda1 & t betwe5 ! ,canaaniti% & ! ,hell5ic ,jews !re exi/$ ! mo/ bitt] ho/ility1 s t--ev5 7 ! /ory ( ,jesus true--x c\ld n h rea*$ ,philo be=e ,a4,d4 #dj1 at :i* "t he 0 old & gray-head$4 ,we aga9 quote f ,mr4 ,lake's treatise1 :o pr9ts ! p>allel passages1 & we w\ld draw special att5tion to ! simil>ity ( phraseology z well z ( idea3 ,id5tity ( ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ) ! ,logos ( ,philo4 ,philo1 describ+ ! ,logos1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t1 speak+ says3-- ( ,jesus says3-- ',! ,logos is ! ,son ',?is is ! ,son ( ,god4' ( ,god ! ,fa!r4'--,de ,john i4 #cd4 ,pr(ugis4 ',! fir/ begott5 ( ,god4' ',& :5 he aga9 br+e? --,de ,somniis4 8 fir/-born into ! _w4'--,heb4 i4 #f4 ',& ! mo/ anci5t ( ',t he is ! fir/-born all be+s4'--,de ,conf4 ,l+4 ( e creature4'--,col4 i4 #ae4 ',! ,logos is ! image ',*ri/1 ! image ( ! & lik5ess ( ,god4'--,de invisible ,god4'--,col4 i4 #ae4 ,mon>*4 ',! brightness ( 8 7,god's7 glory1 & ! express image ( 8 p]son4'--,heb4 i4 #c4 ',! ,logos is sup]ior to ',be+ made s mu* ! angels4'--,de ,pr(ugis4 bett] t ! angels4 ,let all ! angels ( ,god wor%ip him4'--,heb4 i4 #d1 #f4 ',! ,logos is sup]ior to ',?\ ha/ put all ?+s all be+s 9 ! _w4'--,de 9 subjection "u 8 feet4' ,leg4 ,allegor4 --,heb4 ii4 #h4 ',! ,logos is ! in/rum5t ',all ?+s 7 made by by :om ! _w 0 him 7! ,^w or ,logos71 made4'--,de ,leg4 ,allegor4 & )\t him 0 n any?+ made t 0 ',! div9e ^w by :om made4'--,john i4 #c all ?+s 7 ord]$ & dispos$4'--,de ,mundi ,opificio4 ',jesus ,*ri/1 by :om are all ?+s4'--i ,cor4 viii4 #f4 ',by :om also he made ! worlds4'--,heb4 i4 #b4 ',! ,logos is ! light ( ',! ,^w 7,logos7 0 ! _w1 & ! intellectual ! true light4'--,john i4 #i4 sun4'--,de ,somniis4 ',! life & ! light ( m54'--,john i4 #d4 ',i am ! light ( ! _w4' --,john viii4 #ab4 ',! ,logos only c see ',he t is ( ,god1 he ,god4'--,de ,confus4 ,l+4 ha? se5 ! ,fa!r4'--,john vi4 #df4 ',no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t4 ,! only begott5 ,son :i* is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 he ha? decl>$ him4--,john i4 #ah4 ',he is ! mo/ anci5t ',n[1 ,o ,fa!r1 glorify ( ,god's works4'--,de ,confus ?\ me ) ?9e own self ,l+4 ) ! glory :i* ,i _h ) !e be=e ! _w ',& 0 be=e all ?+s4' 04'--,john xvii4 #e4 --,de ,leg4 ,allegor4 ',he 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4'--,john i4 #b4 ',be=e all worlds4'--#b ,tim4 i4 #i4 ',! ,logos is e/eem$ ',*ri/1 :o is ov] all1 ! same z ,god4'--,de ,god bless$ = ev]more4' ,somniis4 --,rom4 ix4 #e4 ',:o1 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god4 ?\ght x no robb]y to be equal ) ,god4'--,phil4 ii4 #f4 ',! ,logos 0 et]nal4' ',*ri/ abide? = ev]4 --,de ,plant4 ,no4 --,john xii4 #cd4 ',b to ! ,son he sai?1 ,?y ?rone1 ,o ,god1 is = ev] & ev]4'--,heb4 i4 #h4 ',! ,logos supports ! ',uphold+ all ?+s by _w1 is ! connect+ ! ^w ( 8 p[]4'--,heb4 p[] by :i* all ?+s i4 #c4 are unit$4'--,de ,pr(ugis4 ',by him all ?+s consi/4' ',! ,logos is ne>e/ to --,col4 i4 #ag4 ,god1 )\t any sep>ation2 be+1 z x 71 fix$ ^u ',i & my ,fa!r are "o4' ! only true exi/+ ,deity1 --,john x4 #cj4 no?+ com+ betwe5 to ',t !y may be "o z di/urb t unity4--,de we are4'--,john i4 #ah4 ,pr(ugis4 ',! ,logos is free f ',! only begott5 ,son1 all ta9t ( s91 ei!r :o is 9 ! bosom ( ! volunt>y or involunt>y4'--,de ,fa!r4'--,john i4 #ah4 ,pr(ugis4 ',! blood ( ,*ri/1 :o ',! ,logos ! f\nta9 (f]$ himself )\t ( life4 spot to ,god4'--,heb4 ix4 #ad4 ',x is ( ! greate/ ',:o did no s91 nei!r consequ5ce to e p]son to 0 guile f\nd 9 8 /rive )\t remission to m\?4'--#a ,pet4 ii4 #bb4 approa* to ! div9e ,logos1 ! ,^w ( ,god above1 :o ',:osoev] %all dr9k ( ! is ! f\nta9 ( all wisdom2 wat] t ,i %all give him1 t by dr9k+ l>gely %all nev] ?ir/1 b ! ( t sacr$ spr+1 in/ead wat] t ,i %all give him ( dea?1 he may be rew>d$ %all be 9 him a well ( ) ev]la/+ life4'--,de wat] spr++ up into ,pr(ugis4 ev]la/+ life1'--,john iv4 #ad4 ',! ,logos is ! %eph]d ',! great %eph]d ( ! ( ,god's flock4 flock444 our ,"l ,jesus4'-- ,heb4 xiii4 #bj4 ',! deity1 l a %eph]d1 & at ! same "t ',i am ! good %eph]d1 & l a mon>*1 acts ) ! "k my %eep1 & am kn[n mo/ consummate ord] & ( m9e4'--,john x4 #ad4 rectitude1 & has appo9t$ 8 ,fir/-born1 ! upright ',*ri/ 444 ! %eph]d & ,logos1 l ! sub/itute ( gu>dian ( y\r s\ls4'-- a mighty pr9ce1 to take c>e #a ,pet4 ii4 #be4 ( 8 sacr$ flock4'--,de ,agricult4 ',= ,*ri/ mu/ reign till he ha? put all 8 enemies "u ,! ,logos1 ,philo says1 is 8 feet4'--#a ,cor xv4 #be4 ',! great gov]nor ( ! _w2 he is ! creative & ',*ri/1 above all pr9cipality1 pr9cely p[]1 & ?r\gh & might1 & dom9ion1 & ^! ! heav5s & ! e "n t is nam$1 n :ole _w 7 produc$4' only 9 ?is _w1 b 9 ! --,de ,pr(ugis4 _w to come 44 & ,god ha? put all ?+s "u 8 feet4'-- ,eph4 i4 #ba1 #bb ',! ,logos is ! physician ',! _s ( ! ,"l is t heals all evil4'--,de ^u me1 because he ha? ,leg4 ,allegor4 ano9t$ me to heal ! brok5-he>t$4'--,luke iv4 #ah4 ,! ,logos ! ,seal ( ,god4 ,*ri/ ! ,seal ( ,god4 ',! ,logos1 by :om ! ',9 :om also1 aft] t _w 0 fram$1 is ! seal1 ye believ$1 ye 7 seal$ aft] ! impression ( :i* ) ! holy seal ( promise4' ev]y?+ is made1 & is --,eph4 i4 #ac r5d]$ ! similitude & ',jesus1 ! son ( man 444 him image ( ! p]fect ,^w ( ha? ,god ! ,fa!r ,god4'--,de ,pr(ugis4 seal$4'--,john vi4 #bg4 ',! s\l ( man is an ',*ri/1 ! brightness ( impression ( a seal1 ( :i* 8 7,god's7 glory1 & ! ! prototype & orig9al express image ( 8 p]son4 *>act]i/ic is ! ev]la/+ --,heb4 i4 #c4 ,logos4'--,de ,plantatione ,no4 ,! ,logos ! s\rce ( ,*ri/ ! s\rce ( et]nal immortal life4 life4 ,philo says 't :5 ! ',! dead 79 ,*ri/7 %all s\l /rives aft] its be/ & be rais$ incorruptible4'--#a noble/ life1 !n ! ,logos ,cor4 xv4 #eb frees x f all corruption1 ',because ! creature itself & conf]s ^u x ! gift also %all be deliv]$ ( immortality4'--,de ,c4,q4 f ! bondage ( corruption ,erud4 ,grati4 into ! glori\s lib]ty ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4'--,rom4 vii4 #ba4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t calls ,philo speaks ( ! ,logos ,*ri/ ! ,belov$ ,son3--',?is n only z ! ,son ( ,god is my belov$ ,son & 8 fir/ begott51 b 9 :om ,i am well pleas$4' also /yles him '8 belov$ --,matt4 iii4 #ag2 ,luke ix4 #ce2 ,son4'--,de ,leg4 ,allegor4 #b ,pet4 i4 #ag ',! ,son ( 8 love4'--,col4 i4 #ac4 ,philo says 't good m5 ',b ye are come unto m\nt are admitt$ to ! assembly ,zion1 & to ! city ( ! ( ! sa9ts above4 liv+ ,god1 & to an innum]able company ( angels1 ',^? :o rel9qui% human & to ! spirits ( j m5 doctr9es1 & become made p]fect4'--,heb4 xii4 #bb1 #bc ! well-dispos$ disciples ( ,god1 w be "o day translat$ ',giv+ ?anks unto ! ,fa!r to an incorruptible & :i* ha? made u ! p]fect ord] ( be+s4--,de inh]itance ( ! sa9ts 9 ,sacrifices4 light4'--,col4 i4 #ab4 ,philo says 't ! j ,! ,new ,te/am5t makes ,jesus to man1 :5 he dies is translat$ say3 to ano!r /ate by ! ,logos1 by :om ! _w ',no man c come to me1 except 0 creat$4 ,= ,god by ! ,fa!r :i* ha? s5t me 8 said ,^w 7,logos71 by draw him2 & ,i w raise him :i* he made all ?+s1 up on ! la/ day4'--,john vi4 #dd w raise ! p]fect man f ! dregs ( ?is _w1 ',no man come? to ! ,fa!r b & exalt him ne> himself4 by me4'--,john xvi4 #f4 ,he w place him ne> 8 own p]son4'--,de ,sacrificiis4 ',:]e ,i am1 !re also %all my s]vant be 444 him w my fa!r ,philo says t ! ,logos hon\r4' is ! true ,high ,prie/1 :o is )\t s9 & ano9t$ ,! ,new ,te/am5t speaks ( ,jesus by ,god3-- z ! ,high ,prie/3 ',x is ! _w1 9 :i* ',see+ !n t we h a great ! ,logos1 ,god's ,fir/-born1 ,high ,prie/ t is pass$ into t great ,high ,prie/1 resides4 ! heav5s1 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,& ,i ass]t t ?is ,god1 let is hold fa/ our ,high ,prie/ is no man1 b pr(ession4'--,heb4 iv4 #ad4 ! ,holy ,^w ( ,god2 :o is n capable ( ei!r ',= su* an ,high ,prie/ became u1 volunt>y or involunt>y s91 :o is holy1 h>mless1 undefil$1 & h5ce 8 head is ano9t$ sep>ate f s9n]s4'--,heb4 vii4 #bf4 ) oil4'--,de ,pr(ugis4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t says ( ,*ri/3 ,philo m5tions ! ,logos z ! great ,high ,prie/ & ',we h su* an ,high ,prie/1 :o is ,m$iator = ! s9s ( ! set on ! ?rone ( ! maje/ 9 _w4 ,speak+ ( ! rebellion ! heav5s1 a m$iator ( a ( ,korah1 he introduces ! bett] cov5ant4'--,heb4 viii4 #a-f4 ,logos z say+ 3-- ',b ,*ri/ be+ come an ,high ',x 0 ,i :o /ood 9 ! ,prie/ 444 ent]$ at once into middle betwe5 ! ,"l & ! holy place1 hav+ obta9$ y4 et]nal r$emption = u4'--,heb4 ix4 #aa1 #ab4 ',! sacr$ ,logos press$ ) zeal & )\t remission ,! ,new ,te/am5t says ( ,john1 ! t he might /& =]unn] ( ,jesus1 t he prea*$ betwe5 ! dead & ! '! baptism ( rep5tance = ! liv+4--,quis ,r]um ,div4 remission ( s9s4'--,m>k i4 #d4 ,ha]es4 ,jesus says3-- ,! ,logos1 ! ,savi\r ,god1 :o br+s salvation z ',ye w n come to me1 t ye ! rew>d ( rep5tance & might h life4'--,john v4 #dj4 righte\sness4 ',belov$1 we be n[ ! sons ( ',if !n m5 h f ,god2 & x do? n yet appe> _! v s\ls a j :at we %all be2 b we "k t contrition1 & are *ang$1 :5 he do? appe> we %all be & h humbl$ !mselves = l him4'--#a ,john iii4 #b4 _! pa/ errors1 ackn[l$g+ & confess+ _! ',z we h born ! image ( ! s9s1 su* p]sons %all f9d e>?y1 we %all also be> ! image p>don f ! ,savi\r & ( ! heav5ly4'--#a ,cor4 xv4 #di4 m]ciful ,god1 & receive a mo/ *oice & great advantage ',= if we h be5 plant$ ( be+ l ! ,logos toge!r 9 ! lik5ess ( 8 ( ,god1 :o 0 orig9ally dea?1 we %all be also 9 ! ! great ar*etype aft] lik5ess ( 8 resurrection4'-- :i* ! s\l ( man 0 ,rom4 vi4 #e4 =m$4'--,de ,execrationibus4 ,"h1 !n1 we get1 complete1 ! idea ( ,*ri/ z ! ,^w ( ,god1 & we see t ,*ri/ianity is z lack+ 9 orig9ality on ^! po9ts z 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,we may note1 also1 t ?is ,platonic idea 0 curr5t among ! ,jews be=e ,philo1 al?\gh he gives x to u m ?or\ghly & fully work$ out3 9 ! apocryphal books ( ! ,jews we f9d ! idea ( ! ,logos 9 _m passages 9 ,wisdom1 to take b a s+le case4 ,! widely-spread exi/5ce ( ?is notion is ackn[l$g$ by ,dean ,milman 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he says3 ,?is ,be+ 0 m or less di/9ctly imp]sonat$1 accord+ to ! m popul> or m philosophic1 ! m mat]ial or ! m ab/ract1 notions ( ! age or p4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e f ! ,ganges1 or ev5 ! %ores ( ! ,yell[ ,sea to ! ,ilissus2 x 0 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,indian religion & ! ,indian philosophy2 x 0 ! basis ( ,zoroa/rianism2 x 0 pure ,platonism2 x 0 ! ,platonic ,judaism ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,_m f9e passages might be quot$ f ,philo1 on ! impossibility t ! fir/ self-exi/+ ,be+ %\ld become cognisable to ! s5se ( man2 & ev5 9 ,pale/9e1 no d\bt1 ,john ! ,bapti/ & our ,"l himself spoke no new doctr9e1 b r ! common s5tim5t ( ! m enlight5$1 :5 !y decl>$ t 'no man _h se5 ,god at any "t4' ,9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 ! ,jews1 9 ! int]pretation ( ! old] ,scriptures1 in/ead ( direct & s5sible communication f ! "o great ,deity1 _h int]pos$ ei!r "o or m int]m$iate be+s z ! *annels ( communication4 ,accord+ to "o accr$it$ tradition allud$ to by ,/4 ,/eph51 ! law 0 deliv]$ by ! 'disposition ( angels2' accord+ to ano!r1 ?is (fice 0 delegat$ to a s+le angel1 sometimes call$ ! angel ( ! ,law 7see ,gal4 iii4 #ai72 at o!rs1 ! ,metatron4 ,b ! m ord9>y repres5tative1 z x 71 ( ,god1 to ! s5se & m9d ( man1 0 ! ,memra1 or ! ,div9e ,^w2 & x is rem>kable t ! same appellation is f\nd 9 ! ,indian1 ! ,p]sian1 ! ,platonic1 & ! ,alex&rian sy/ems4 ,by ! ,t>gumi/s1 ! e>lie/ ,jewi% comm5tators on ! ,scriptures1 ?is t]m _h be5 already appli$ to ! ,messiah2 nor is x necess>y to obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 sanctifi$ by its introduction into ! ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,?is uni=mity ( conception & co9cid5ce ( language indicates ! g5]al acquiesc5ce ( ! human m9d 9 ! necessity ( "s m$iation betwe5 ! pure spiritual nature ( ! ,deity & ! moral & intellectual nature ( man 7z quot$ by ,lake74 ,& ?is uni=mity ( conception & co9cid5ce ( language indicates1 also1 t ,*ri/ianity has only receiv$ & repeat$ ! religi\s ideas :i* exi/$ 9 e>li] times4 ,h[ c t be a revelation f ,god :i* 0 well kn[n 9 ! _w long be=e ,god reveal$ x8 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! priority ( ,pagan ?\ght is ! de/ruction ( ! sup]natural claims ( ,*ri/ianity bas$ on ! same ?\ght2 t _c be sup]natural aft] ,*ri/ :i* 0 natural be=e him1 nor t s5t d[n f heav5 :i* 0 already on e>? z ! product ( human reason4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,lake fairly says3 ,we h evid5ce--cle>1 conclusive1 irrefutable evid5ce--z to :at ?is doctr9e really is4 ,we c trace its bir?-place 9 ! philosophic speculations ( ! anci5t _w1 we c note its gradual developm5t & gr[?1 we c see x 9 its e>ly y\? pass+ 7?r\gh ,philo & o!rs7 f ,grecian philosophy into ! curr5t ( ,jewi% ?\ght2 !n1 aft] re/+ a:ile 9 ! ,judaism ( ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 we see x slightly *ang+ its "*1 z x passes ?r\gh ,gamaliel1 ,paul--! writ]s ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews--?r\gh ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,t]tullian1 into ! /ream ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 & n[ f a sublime philosophical speculation x becomes dw>f$ & corrupt$ into a *ur* dogma1 & f9ally gets h>d5$ z a froz5 mass ( absurdity1 /upidity1 & blasphemy1 9 ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian cre$s 7,philo1 ,plato1 & ,paul1 pp4 #ga1 #gb74 ,! idea ( ,,immortality 0 by no means br\ght to light by ,*ri/1 z is pret5d$4 ,! e>ly ,jews _h cle>ly no idea ( life aft] dea?2 = 9 dea? !re is no remembrance ( !e2 9 ! grave :o %all give !e ?anks8 7,ps4 vi4 #e74 ,l ! sla9 t lie 9 ! grave1 :om ?\ rememb]e/ no m4444 ,wilt ?\ %ew wond]s to ! dead8 ,%all ! dead arise & praise !e8 ,%all ?y lov+k9dness be decl>$ 9 ! grave8 or ?y fai?fulness 9 de/ruction8 ,%all ?y wond]s be kn[n 9 ! d>k8 & ?y righte\sness 9 ! l& ( =getfulness8 7,ps4 lxxxviii4 #e1 #aj-ab74 ,! dead praise n ! ,"l 7,ps4 cxv4 #ag74 ,i said 9 m9e he>t conc]n+ ! e/ate ( ! sons ( m51 t ,god might manife/ !m1 & t !y might see t !y !mselves are bea/s4 ,= t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m3 z ! "o die?1 s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?2 s t man ha? no pre-em95ce above a bea/ 7,eccles4 iii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,!re is no "w1 nor device1 nor k1 nor wisdom1 9 ! grave 7,ibid1 ix4 #aj74 ,! grave _c praise !e1 dea? _c celebrate !e3 !y t g d[n into ! pit _c hope = ?y tru?4 ,! liv+1 ! liv+1 he %all praise !e 7,is4 xxxviii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,9 /rict accordance ) ?is belief1 t dea? 0 ! end ( man1 ! pre-captivity ,jews reg>d$ weal?1 /r5g?1 prosp]ity1 & all e>?ly bless+s1 z ! rew>d ( virtue4 ,aft] ! captivity !y *ange _! tone2 9 ! po/-,babylonian ,psalms life aft] dea? is di/9ctly spok5 (3 ,my fle% also %all re/ 9 hope4 ,= ?\ wilt n leave my s\l 9 hell 7,ps4 xvi4 #i1 #aj72 toge!r ) o!r passages4 ,9 ! apocryphal ,jewi% ,scriptures ! belief 9 immortality appe>s ov] & ov] aga94 ,to say t ,jesus br\ght life & immortality to light ?r\gh ! ,gospel1 ev5 to ! ,jews1 is to cont5d = a position aga9/ all evid5ce4 ,if f ! ,jews we turn to ! ,pagan ?9k]s1 immortality is proclaim$ by !m long be=e ! ,jews h dream$ ab\t x4 ,! ,egyptians1 9 _! fun]al ritual1 w5t ?r\gh ! judgm5t ( ! s\l be=e ,osiris3 ,! resurrection ( ! dead to a second life _h be5 a deep-root$ religi\s op9ion among ! ,egyptians f ! e>lie/ times 7,egyptian ,my?ology1 ,%>pe1 p4 #eb71 & !y appe> to h believ$ 9 a transmigration ( s\ls ?r\gh ! l[] animals1 & an ultimate return to ! orig9al body2 to ?is end !y pres]v$ ! body z a mummy1 s t ! s\l1 on its return1 might f9d its orig9al habitation /ill 9 exi/5ce3 any :o believe 9 ! resurrection ( ! body %\ld cle>ly foll[ ! example ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,9 lat] times1 ! m in/ruct$ ,egyptians believ$ 9 a spiritual resurrection only1 b ! mass ( ! p clung to ! idea ( a bodily resurrection 7,ibid1 p4 #ed74 ,x is to ! lat] times ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 p]haps to ! five c5turies imm$iately be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 t ! religi\s op9ions conta9$ 9 ! fun]al papyri *iefly belong4 ,! roll ( papyrus buri$ ) ! mummy (t5 describes ! fun]al1 & !n goes on to ! return ( ! s\l to ! body1 ! resurrection1 ! v>i\s trials & difficulties :i* ! deceas$ w meet & ov]come 9 ! next _w1 & ! g>d5 ( p>adise 9 :i* he awaits ! day ( judgm5t1 ! trial on t day1 & x !n %[s ! puni%m5t :i* w\ld h await$ him if he _h be5 f\nd guilty 7,ibid1 p4 #fd74 ,we h already se5 t ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 taught by ,plato 7ante1 p4 #cfd74 ,! ,h9dus taught t happ9ess or mis]y h]eaft] dep5d$ ^u ! life "h4 ,if duty is p]=m$1 a good "n w be obta9$1 z well z happ9ess1 "h & aft] dea? 7,mahabh>ata1 xii41 #f1ech1 9 ,religi\s & ,moral ,s5tim5ts f ,indian ,writ]s1 by ,j4 ,muir1 p4 #bb74 ,! ,mahabh>ata 0 writt51 or r collect$1 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,poor ,k+ ,rantideva be/[$ wat] ) a pure m9d1 & !nce asc5d$ to heav54444 ,k+ ,nriga gave ?\s&s ( l>gesses ( c[s to ,brahmans2 b because he gave away "o belong+ to ano!r p]son1 he w5t to hell 7,ibid1 xiv4 #b1ghg & #b1ghi4 ,muir1 pp1 #ca1 #cb74 ,let u n[ exam9e into ! !ology ( ,india1 z report$ by ,mega/h5es1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj 7,cory's ',anci5t ,fragm5ts1' p4 #bbf1 et seq474 ',!y1 ! ,brahm9s1 reg>d ! pres5t life m]ely z ! conception ( p]sons pres5tly to be born1 & dea? z ! bir? into a life ( reality & happ9ess1 to ^? :o rightly philosophise3 ^u ?is acc\nt !y are /udi\sly c>eful 9 prep>+ = dea?' 7,inman's ,anci5t ,fai?s1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hbj74 ,zoroa/] 7,b4,c4 #a1bjj1 or possibly #b1jjj7 taught3 ,! s\l1 be+ a bright fire1 by ! p[] ( ! ,fa!r rema9s immortal1 & is ! mi/ress ( life 7,ibid1 p4 #hba74 ,! ,indians 7 believ]s 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & consci\s future exi/5ce4 ,!y taught t imm$iately aft] dea? ! s\ls ( m51 bo? good & bad1 proce$ toge!r along an appo9t$ pa? to ! bridge ( ! ga!r]1 a n>r[ pa? to heav51 ov] :i* ! s\ls ( ! pi\s alone c\ld pass1 :il/ ! wick$ fall f x into ! gulf bel[2 t ! pray]s ( 8 liv+ fri5ds are ( mu* value to ! dead1 & greatly help him on 8 j\rney4 ,z 8 s\l ent]s ! abode ( bliss1 x is greet$ ) ! ^w1 ',h[ happy art ?\1 :o ha/ come "h to u1 mortality to immortality6' ,!n ! pi\s s\l goes joyfully onw>d to ,ahura-,mazdao1 to ! immortal sa9ts1 ! gold5 ?rone1 & ,p>adise 7,ibid1 p4 #hcd74 ,f ^! notions ! writ] ( ! /ory ( ,jesus drew 8 idea ( ! n>r[ way t l$ to heav51 & ( ! /rait gate ?r\gh :i* _m w\ld be unable to pass4 ,cic]o 7bk4 vi4 ,commonweal?1 quot$ by ,inman7 says3 ,be assur$ t1 = all ^? :o h 9 any way conduct$ to ! pres]vation1 def5ce1 & enl>gem5t ( _! native c\ntry1 !re is a c]ta9 place 9 heav51 :]e !y %all enjoy an et]nity & happ9ess4 ,x is ne$less to fur!r multiply quotations 9 ord] to %[ t our late/ developm5t ( ^! ,ea/]n cre$s only reit]at$ ! tea*+ ( ! e>li] phases ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,b1 at lea/1 urge ! ,*ri/ians1 we owe ! sublime idea ( ! ,,unity ,,( ,,god to revelation1 & ?is is gr&] ?an ! ,poly!ism ( ! ,pagan _w4 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 true1 t j z ,*ri/ians urge t ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 are b "o ,god1 s ! ?9k]s ( old believ$ 9 "o ,supreme ,be+1 :ile ! multitud9\s gods 7 b z ! angels & sa9ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 8 mess5g]s1 8 subord9ates1 n 8 rivals8 ,all savages are ,poly!i/s1 j z 7 ! ,hebrews1 ^: god ,jehovah 0 b _! special god1 /rong] ?an ! gods ( ! nations ar\nd !m1 gods ^: exi/5ce !y nev] d5i$2 b z ?\ght grew1 ! sup]ior m9ds 9 ea* nation rose ov] ! multitude ( deities to ! idea ( "o ,supreme ,be+ work+ 9 _m ways1 & ! l(tie/ flights ( ! prophets ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures may be p>allel$ by ^? ( ! sages ( o!r cre$s4 ,zoroa/] taught t ,god is ! fir/1 inde/ructible1 et]nal1 unbegott51 indivisible1 dissimil> 7,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 ,cory1 p4 #bci1 quot$ by ,inman74 ,9 ! ,sabaean ,litany 7two extracts only ( ?is anci5t "w are pres]v$ by ,el ,w>di1 ! great ,arabic hi/orian7 we read3 ,?\ art ! ,et]nal ,"o1 9 :om all ord] is c5tr$4444 ,?\ do/ embrace all ?+s4 ,?\ art ! ,inf9ite & ,incompreh5sible1 :o /&e/ alone 7,sacr$ ,an?ology1 by ,m4,d4 ,conway1 pp4 #gd1 #ge74 ,!re is only "o ,deity1 ! great s\l4 ,he is call$ ! ,sun1 = he is ! s\l ( all be+s4 ,t :i* is ,"o1 ! wise call x 9 div]s mann]s4 ,wise poets1 by words1 make ! beautiful-w+$ manifold1 ?\gh he is ,"o 7,rig-,v$a1 ,b4,c4 #aejj1 f ,an?ology1 p4#gf74 ,! ,div9e ,m9d alone is ! :ole assemblage ( ! gods4444 ,he 7! ,brahm97 may contemplate ca/le1 air1 fire1 wat]1 ! subtile e!r1 9 8 own body & organs2 9 8 he>t1 ! ,/>2 9 8 motion1 ,vi%nu2 9 8 vig\r1 ,h>a2 9 8 spee*1 ,agni2 9 dige/ion1 ,mitra2 9 production1 ,brahma2 b he mu/ consid] ! supreme ,omnipres5t ,reason z sov]eign ( !m all 7,manu1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #abjj2 8 code collect$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjj2 f ,an?ology1 p4 #ha74 ,on an anci5t /one at ,bonddha ,gaya is a ,sanscrit inscription to ,buddha1 9 :i* we f9d3 ,rev]5ce be unto !e1 an inc>nation ( ! ,deity & ! ,et]nal ,"o4 ,,om6 ! my/]i\s "n ( ,god1 equival5t to pure exi/5ce1 or ! ,jewi% ,jhvh ! possessor ( all ?+s 9 vital =m6 ,?\ art ,brahma1 ,vee%noo1 & ,mahesa6444 ,i adore !e1 :o art celebrat$ by a ?\s& names1 & "u v>i\s =ms 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 ,essay xi41 by ,mr4 ,wilmot2 vol4 i41 p4 #bhe74 ,plato's tea*+ is1 t !re is b "o ,god 7ante1 p4 #cfd71 & :]ev] we se>*1 we f9d t ! m ?\ghtful proclaim$ ! unity ( ! ,deity4 ,?is doctr9e mu/1 !n1 g ! way ( ! re/1 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! boa/$ revelation is1 once m1 b ! speculation ( man's unassi/$ reason4 ,turn+ f ^! c>d9al doctr9es to ! m9or dogmas & c]emonies ( ,*ri/ianity1 we %all /ill discov] x to be no?+ b a survival ( ,paganism4 ,,baptism seems to h be5 practis$ z a religi\s rite 9 all sol> cre$s1 & has naturally1 !re=e1 f\nd its due place 9 ! late/ sol> fai?4 ,! idea ( us+ wat] z emblematic ( spiritual wa%+1 is too obvi\s to all[ surprise at ! antiquity ( ?is rite4 ,dr4 ,hyde1 9 8 treatise on ! ',religion ( ! ,anci5t ,p]sians1' xxxiv4 #djf1 tells u t x prevail$ among t p4 ',!y d n use circumcision = _! *ildr51 b only baptism or wa%+ = ! inw>d purification ( ! s\l4 ,!y br+ ! *ild to ! prie/ into ! *ur*1 & place him 9 front ( ! sun & fire1 :i* c]emony be+ complet$1 !y look ^u him z m sacr$ ?an be=e4 ,"l says t !y br+ ! wat] = ?is purpose 9 b>k ( ! ,holm-tree2 t tree is 9 tru? ! ,haum ( ! ,magi1 ( :i* we spoke be=e on ano!r occasion4 ,sometimes also x is o!rwise done by imm]s+ him 9 a l>ge vessel ( wat]1 z ,tav]ni] tells u4 ,aft] su* wa%+1 or baptism1 ! prie/ imposes on ! *ild ! "n giv5 by 8 p>5ts' 7,*ri/ian ,records1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,giles1 p4 #abi74 ,! ,baptismal fonts 9 our ,prote/ant *ur*es1 & we c h>dly say m especially ! little ci/]ns at ! entrance ( our ,ca?olic *apels1 are n imitations1 b an unbrok5 & nev] int]rupt$ cont9uation ( ! same aquam9>ia1 or amula1 :i* ! le>n$ ,montfaucon1 9 8 ',antiquities1' %[s to h be5 vases ( holy wat]1 :i* 7 plac$ by ! hea!ns at ! entrance ( _! temples1 to spr9kle !mselves ) ^u ent]+ ^? sacr$ edifices 7,diegesis1 ,r4 ,taylor1 p4 #bai74 ,among ! ,h9dus1 to ba! 9 ! ,ganges is to be reg5]at$1 & ! wat] is holy because x fl[s f ,brahma's feet4 ,t]tullian1 argu+ t wat]1 z be+ ,god's e>lie/ & mo/ fav\r$ creation1 & brood$ ov] by ! _s--,vi%nu also is call$ ,n>ayan1 mov+ on ! wat]s--0 sanctify+ 9 its nature1 says3 ',well1 b ! nations1 :o are /rang]s to all und]/&+ ( spiritual p[]s1 ascribe to _! idols ! imbu+ ( wat]s ) ! self-same efficacy4' ,s !y d1 b ^! *eat !mselves ) wat]s :i* are wid[$4 ,= wa%+ is ! *annel ?r\gh :i* !y are initiat$ into "s sacr$ rites ( "s notori\s ,isis or ,mi?ra2 & ! gods !mselves likewise !y hon\r by wa%+s4444 ,at ! ,appoll9>ian & ,eleus9ian games !y are baptis$2 & !y presume t ! effect ( _! do+ t is ! reg5]ation1 & ! remission ( ! p5alties due to _! p]juries4444 ,:i* fact1 be+ ackn[l$g$1 we recognise "h also ! zeal ( ! devil rivall+ ! ?+s ( ,god1 :ile we f9d him1 too1 practis+ baptism 9 8 subjects 7,on ,baptism1 *ap4 v474 ,z ! devil did x fir/1 x seems sc>cely fair to accuse him ( copy+4 ,closely alli$ to baptism is ! idea ( reg5]ation1 be+ born aga94 ,9 baptism ! purification is wr\ght by ! male deity1 typifi$ 9 ! wat] fl[+ f ! ?rone or ! feet ( ! god4 ,9 reg5]ation )\t wat] ! purification is wr\ght by ! female deity4 ,! e>? is ! "m ( all1 & z at bir? ! new be+ em]ges f ! "m1 s x 0 suppos$ t em]g5ce f a t]re/rial cleft 0 equival5t to a new bir? 7,inman's ,anci5t ,fai?s1 vol4 i41 p4 #dae2 ed4 #ahfh74 ,h5ce ! cu/om ( squeez+ ?r\gh a hole 9 a rock1 or pass+ ?r\gh a p]=at$ /one1 or betwe5 & "u /ones set up = ! purpose2 a natural cleft 9 a rock or 9 ! e>? 0 consid]$ z specially holy1 & to "s ( ^! long pilgrimages are /ill made 9 ,ea/]n l&s4 ,on em]g+ f ! hole1 ! devotee is re-born1 & ! s9s ( ! pa/ are no long] c\nt$ aga9/ him4 ,,confirmation 0 also a rite employ$ by ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( 8 age1 :5 he beg9s to put on ! tunic1 ! sudra & ! girdle1 t he may ent] ^u religion1 & is engag$ ^u ! articles ( belief1 ! prie/ be/[s ^u him confirmation1 t he may f t "t be admitt$ into ! numb] ( ! fai?ful1 & may be look$ ^u z a believ] himself 7,dr4 ,hyde on ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,p]sians1 tr4 by ,dr4 ,giles 9 ,*ri/ian ,records1 pp4 #abi1 #acj74 ,,"l',s ,,supp]4--,bread & w9e appe> to h be5 a regul> (f]+ to ! ,sun-god1 ^: beams rip5 ! corn & ! grape1 & :o may inde$1 by a figure1 be said to be transub/antiat$ ?us = ! food ( man4 ,! ,p]sians (f]$ bread & w9e to ,mi?ra2 ! p ( ,?ibet & ,t>t>y did ! same4 ,cakes 7 made = ! ,que5 ( heav51 knead$ ( d\gh1 & 7 (f]$ up to h] ) inc5se & dr9k-libations 7,j]4 vii4 #ah1 & xliv4 #ai74 ,i%t> 0 wor%ipp$ ) cakes1 or buns1 made out ( ! f9e/ fl\r1 m+l$ ) honey1 & ! anci5t ,greeks (f]$ ! same3 ?is bread seems to h be5 sometimes only (f]$ to ! deity1 sometimes also eat5 by ! wor%ipp]s2 9 ! same way ! bread & ! w9e are (f]$ to ,god 9 ! ,eu*>i/1 & he is pray$ to accept our alms & oblations4 ,! ,ea/] ,cakes pres5t$ by ! cl]gyman to 8 p>i%ion]s--an old ,engli% cu/om1 n[ r>ely met )--are ! cakes ( ,i%t>1 oval 9 =m1 symbolis+ ! yoni4 ,we h already dealt fully ) ! app>5t simil>ity betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian ,agapae1 & ! ,bac*analian my/]ies 7ante1 pp4 #bbb-bbg74 ,! supp] ( ,adoneus1 ,adonai1 lit]ally1 ! supp] ( ! ,"l1 =m$ "p ( ^! fea/s1 id5tical 9 "n ) ! supp] ( ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies4 ,! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 celebrat$ at ,eleusis1 9 hon\r ( ,c]es1 goddess ( corn1 & ,bac*us1 god ( w9e1 compel u to ?9k ( bread & w9e1 ! v sub/ance ( ! gods1 z x 71 !re ador$4 ,& ,mo%eim gives u ! orig9 ( _m ( ! ,*ri/ian eu*>i/ic c]emonies4 ,he writes3 ,! pr(\nd respect t 0 paid to ! ,greek & ,roman my/]ies1 & ! extraord9>y sanctity t 0 attribut$ to !m1 0 a fur!r circum/ance t induc$ ! ,*ri/ians to give _! religion a my/ic air1 9 ord] to put x ^u an equal foot1 9 po9t ( dignity1 ) t ( ! ,pagans4 ,= ?is purpose !y gave ! "n ( my/]ies to ! in/itutions ( ! gospel1 & decorat$ p>ticul>ly ! holy ,sacram5t ) t solemn title4 ,!y us$ 9 t sacr$ in/itution1 z also 9 t ( baptism1 sev]al ( ! t]ms employ$ 9 ! hea!n my/]ies2 & proce$$ s f>1 at l5g?1 z ev5 to adopt "s ( ! rites & c]emonies ( :i* ^! r5[n$ my/]ies consi/$4 ,?is imitation began 9 ! ,ea/]n prov9ces2 b aft] ! "t ( ,adrian1 :o fir/ introduc$ ! my/]ies among ! ,lat9s1 x 0 foll[$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 :o dwelt 9 ! ,we/]n p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,a great "p1 !re=e1 ( ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 9 ?is c5tury ,a4,d4 #ajj-bjj1 _h a c]ta9 air ( ! hea!n my/]ies1 & resembl$ !m consid]ably 9 _m p>ticul>s 7,eccles4 ,hi/41 #bnd c5tury1 p4 #ef74 ,! :ole sy/em ( ,,! ,,prie/hood 0 transplant$ into ,*ri/ianity f ,paganism2 ! ,egyptian prie/hood1 h[ev]1 0 9 great "p h]$it>y1 & 9 ?is diff]s f ! ,*ri/ian1 :ile resembl+ ! ,jewi%4 ,! prie/s ( ! temple ( ,dea 7,syria7 71 on ! o!r h&1 celibate1 & s 7 "s ord]s ( ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,"s classes ( prie/s closely resembl$ ,*ri/ian monks1 liv+ 9 mona/]ies1 & und]go+ _m au/]ities2 !y pray$ twice a day1 fa/$ (t51 spoke little1 & liv$ mu* ap>t 9 _! cells 9 solit>y m$itation2 9 ! mo/ insignificant matt]s ! same simil>ity may be trac$4 ,:5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ %aves ! top ( 8 head1 x is because ! ,egyptian prie/ _h done ! same be=e4 ,:5 ! ,engli% cl]gyman--?\gh he prea*es 8 s]mon 9 a silk or wooll5 robe--may read ! ,liturgy 9 no dress b l951 x is because l95 0 ! clo?+ ( ! ,egyptians4 ,two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,bi%op ( ,rome pret5d$ to hold ! keys ( heav5 & e>?1 !re 0 an ,egyptian prie/ ) ! high-s\nd+ title ( ,appo9t$ keep] ( ! two doors ( heav51 9 ! city ( ,!bes 7,egyptian ,my?ology1 ,s4 ,%>pe1 preface1 p4 xi474 ,! :ite robes ( mod]n prie/s are remnants ( ! same old fai?2 ! m gorge\s ve/m5ts are ! anci5t g>b ( ! prie/s (ficiat+ 9 ! temple ( female deities2 ! /ole is ! *>act]i/ic ( woman's dress2 ! pallium is ! emblem ( ! yoni2 ! alb is ! *emise2 ! oval or circul> *asuble is aga9 ! yoni2 ! ,*ri/ian mitre is ! high cap ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 & its peculi> %ape is simply ! op5 m\? ( ! fi%1 ! female emblem4 ,9 old sculptures a fi%'s head1 ) op5 m\? po9t+ upw>ds1 is (t5 worn by ! prie/s1 & is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! pres5t mitre4 ,! mod]n crozi] is ! hook$ /aff1 emblem ( ! phallus2 ! oval frame = div9e ?+s is ! female symbol once m4 ,?us holy m$als are g5]ally oval1 & ! ,virg9 is con/antly repres5t$ 9 an oval frame1 ) ! *ild 9 h] arms4 ,9 "s old missals1 9 repres5tations ( ! ,annunciation1 we see ! ,virg9 /&+1 ) ! dove hov]+ 9 front above h]1 & f ! dove issues a beam ( light1 f ! end ( :i*1 z x t\*es h] /oma*1 dep5ds an oval conta9+ ! infant ,jesus4 ,! t9kl+ bell--us$ at ! ,mass at ! mom5t ( consecration--is ! symbol ( male & female toge!r--! clapp]1 ! male1 )9 ! holl[ %ell1 ! female--& 0 us$ 9 sol> s]vices at ! mom5t ( sacrifice4 ,! position ( ! f+]s ( ! prie/ 9 bless+ ! congregation is ! old symbolical position ( ! f+]s ( ! sol> prie/4 ,! ,lat9 =m1 ) ! two f+]s & ?umb uprais$--copi$ 9 ,anglican *ur*es--is said rightly by ecclesia/ical writ]s to repres5t ! tr9ity2 b ! tr9ity x repres5ts is ! real human tr9ity3 ! m elaborate ,greek =m is int5d$ to repres5t ! cross z well4 ,! decoration ( ! cross ) fl[]s1 specially at ,ea/]-tide1 0 practis$ 9 ! sol> temples1 & !re ! phallus1 upright on ! alt>1 0 g>l&$ ) spr+ blossoms1 & 0 ador$ z ! ,"l & ,giv] ( ,life1 proce$+ f ! ,fa!r1 & inde$ "o ) him1 8 v self4 ,! sacr$ books ( ! ,egyptians 7 writt5 by ! god ,?o?1 j z ! sacr$ books ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 writt5 by ! god ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! ros>y & cross 7 us$ by ,buddhi/s 9 ,?ibet & ,t>t>y4 ,! head ( ! religion 9 ^? c\ntries1 ! ,gr& ,llama1 is elect$ by ! prie/s ( a c]ta9 rank1 z ! ,pope by 8 ,c>d9als4 ,! fai?ful obs]ve fa/s1 (f] sacrifice = ! dead1 practise confession1 use holy wat]1 hon\r relics1 make processions2 !y h mona/]ies & conv5ts1 ^: inmates take v[s ( pov]ty & *a/ity2 !y flagellate !mselves1 h prie/s & bi%ops--9 fact1 !y c>ry out ! :ole sy/em ( ,ca?olicism1 & h done s1 s9ce c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 s t a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 on 8 fir/ mission among !m1 exclaim$ t ! ,devil _h inv5t$ an imitation ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ord] to deceive & ru9 m54 ,z ) baptism1 ! imitation is old] ?an ! orig9al6 ,! rites & in/itutions1 by :i* ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & o!r nations1 _h =m]ly te/ifi$ _! religi\s v5]ation = fictiti\s deities1 7 n[ adopt$1 ) "s slight alt]ations1 by ,*ri/ian bi%ops1 & employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! true ,god4 ,?is is ! way a ,*ri/ian writ] acc\nts = ! resemblance 8 c&\r =ces him to confess2 we %\ld put x1 t ,*ri/ianity1 gr[+ out ( ,paganism1 naturally pres]v$ _m ( its cu/oms44444 ,h5ce x happ5$ t 9 ^! times ! religion ( ! ,greeks & ,romans diff]$ v little 9 its ext]nal appe>ance f t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!y _h bo? a mo/ pomp\s & spl5did ritual4 ,gorge\s robes1 mitres1 ti>as1 wax-tap]s1 crosi]s1 processions1 lu/rations1 images1 gold & silv] vases1 & _m su* circum/ances ( pageantry1 7 equally to be se5 9 ! hea!n temples & ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7,mo%eim's ,eccles4 ,hi/41 f\r? c5tury1 p4 #aje74 ,says ,dulaure3 ,^! two ,fa!rs ,ju/9 & ,t]tullian are 9 no fa%ion emb>rass$ by ?is a/oni%+ resemblance2 !y bo? say t ! devil1 kn[+ be=eh& ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ! c]emonies ( ?is religion1 inspir$ ! ,pagans to d ! same1 s z to rival ,god & injure ,*ri/ian wor%ip 7,hi/oire ,abrge de ,diff]5s ,cultes1 t4 i41 p4 #ebb2 ed4 #ahbe74 ,! idea ( angels & devils has also spread f ! f> ,ea/2 ! ,jews le>n$ x f ! ,babylonians1 & f ! ,jews & ! ,egyptians x pass$ into ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,p]sian !ology _h sev5 angels ( ! highe/ ord]1 :o ev] surr\nd$ ,ormuzd1 ! good creator2 & f ?is ! ,jews d]iv$ ! sev5 ar*angels always be=e ! ,"l1 & ! ,*ri/ians ! sev5 spirits ( ,god 7,rev4 iii4 #a71 & ! sev5 angels :i* /ood be=e ,god 7,ibid1 viii4 #b74 ,! ,p]sians _h f\r angels--"o at ea* corn] ( ! _w2 ,revelation has f\r angels /&+ on ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>? 7vii4 #a74 ,! ,p]sians employ$ !m z ,m$iators ) ! ,supreme2 ! majority ( ,*ri/ians n[ d ! same1 & all ,*ri/ians did s 9 e>li] times4 ,orig51 ,t]tullian1 ,*ryso/om1 & o!r ,fa!rs1 speak ( angels z rul+ ! e>?1 ! planets1 etc4 ,mi*ael is ! angel ( ! ,sun1 z 0 ,h]cules1 & he fights ) & conqu]s ! dragon1 z ,h]cules ! ,py?on1 ,horus ! mon/] ,typhon1 ,kri%na ! s]p5t4 ,! ,p]sians believ$ 9 devils z well z 9 angels1 & !y also _h _! *ief1 ,ahriman1 ! patt]n ( ,satan4 ,^! devils--or dews1 or devs--/ruggl$ aga9/ ! good1 & 9 ! end w\ld be de/roy$1 & ,ahriman w\ld be *a9$ d[n 9 ! abyss1 z ,satan 9 ,rev4 xx4 ,ahriman flew d[n to e>? f heav5 z a great dragon 7,rev4 xii4 #c & #i71 ! angels arm+ !mselves aga9/ him 7,ibid1 v]se #g74 ,/rauss rem>ks3 ,_h ! belief 9 cele/ial be+s1 occupy+ a p>ticul> /ation 9 ! c\rt ( heav51 & di/+ui%$ by p>ticul> names1 orig9at$ f ! reveal$ religion ( ! ,hebrews--_h su* a belief be5 e/abli%$ by ,moses1 or "s lat] prophet--!n1 accord+ to ! views ( ! supranaturali/1 !y might--nay1 !y mu/--be admitt$ to be correct4 ,b x is 9 ! ,maccabaean ,daniel & 9 ! apocryphal ,tobit t ?is doctr9e ( angels1 9 its m precise =m1 fir/ appe>s2 & x is evid5tly a product ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,z5d religion ( ! ,p]sians on ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,we h ! te/imony ( ! ,jews !mselves t !y br\ght ! names ( ! angels ) !m f ,babylon 7,life ( ,jesus1 vol4 i41 p4 #aja74 ,dr4 ,kalis*1 aft] hav+ rem>k$ t ! notions ( ! ,jews conc]n+ angels fluctuat$ & *ang$1 says t at an e>ly p]iod1 ! belief 9 spirits 0 introduc$ into ,pale/9e f ea/]n ,asia ?r\gh ! ord9>y *annels ( political & comm]cial int]*ange1 & t to ! ,hebrew notions hea!n my?ology (f]s /rik+ analogies2 x w\ld be unw>rant$1 ! le>n$ doctor goes on1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 'e/abli%$ belief ( ! ,hebrews' & 'popul> sup]/ition2' we h no means ( fix+ ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 bo?2 we mu/ consid] ! "o to co9cide ) ! o!r1 or we %\ld be oblig$ to r5\nce all hi/orical inquiry4 ,! belief 9 spirits & demons 0 n a concession made by educat$ m5 to ! prejudices ( ! masses1 b a concession :i* all--! educat$ z well z ! un$ucat$--made to ,pagan ,poly!ism 7,hi/orical & ,critical ,comm5t>y on ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,leviticus1 "p ii41 pp4 #bhd-bhg4 ,ed4 #ahgb74 ,:5 ! ,jews1 ev] op5 to =eign influ5ce 9 matt]s ( fai?1 liv$ "u ,p]sian rule1 !y imbib$1 among _m o!r religi\s views ( _! ma/]s1 especially _! doctr9es ( angels & spirits1 :i*1 9 ! region ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 7 mo/ luxuriantly develop$4 ,"s ( ! angels are n[ di/+ui%$ by names1 :i* ! ,jews !mselves admit to h borr[$ f _! hea!n rul]s2 _! *ief is ,mi?ron1 or ,metatron1 correspond+ to ! ,p]sian ,mi?ra1 ! m$iator betwe5 et]nal light & et]nal d>kness2 he is ! embodim5t ( div9e omnipot5ce & omnipres5ce1 ! gu>dian ( ! _w1 ! in/ructor ( ,moses1 & ! pres]v] ( ! law1 b also a t]rible av5g] ( disob$i5ce & wick$ness1 especially 9 8 capacity ( ,supreme ,judge ( ! dead 7,ibid1 pp4 #bhg1 #bhh74 ,?is is ! angel ( ! ,"l :o w5t be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 ( :om ,god said my "n is 9 him 7see ,ex4 xxiii4 #bj-bc71 & :o is id5tifi$ by _m ,*ri/ian comm5tators z ! second p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity4 ,! belief 9 devils is ! o!r side ( ! belief 9 angels1 & we see1 above all1 ,satan rise to great] & m p]il\s em95ce bo? ) reg>d to 8 p[] & ! div]sity ( 8 functions4 ,?is rem>kable advance 9 demonology _c be surpris+1 if we consid] t ! ,p]sian sy/em kn[n z t ( ,zoroa/]1 & c5t]+ 9 ! dualism ( a good & evil pr9ciple1 fl\ri%$ mo/ & atta9$ its fulle/ developm5t1 j ab\t ! "t ( ! ,babylonian exile 7,ibid1 pp4 #bib1 #bic74 ,! ,p]sian cre$ supplies u1 z ,dr4 ,kalis* has well said1 ) ! s\rces f :i* ! demonology ( ! ,talmud1 ! ,fa!rs & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 d]iv$ 7,ibid1 p4 #cah74 ,! :ole ideas ( ! judgm5t ( ! dead1 ! de/ruction ( ! _w by fire1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 are also purely ,pagan4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr says truly t z ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us w\ld puni% ! wick$1 we say t ! same ?+ w be done1 b by ! h& ( ,*ri/ 7,apology #a1 *ap4 viii74 ,:ile we say t !re w be a burn+ up ( all1 we %all seem to utt] ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics2 & :ile we affirm t ! s\ls ( ! wick$1 be+ end[$ ) s5sation ev5 aft] dea?1 are puni%$1 & t ^? ( ! good be+ deliv]$ f puni%m5t sp5d a bless$ exi/5ce1 we %all seem to say ! same ?+s z ! poets & philosoph]s 7,ibid1 *ap4 xx74 ,9 ! ,egyptian cre$ ,osiris is g5]ally ! ,judge ( ! dead1 ?\gh sometimes ,horus is repres5t$ 9 t "*2 ! dead man is accus$ be=e ! ,judge by ,typhon1 ! evil "o1 z ,satan is ! accus] ( ! bre?r52 =ty-two assessors decl>e ! innoc5ce ( ! accus$ ( ! crimes !y sev]ally note2 ! record+ angel writes d[n ! judgm5t2 ! s\l is int]c$$ = by ! less] gods1 :o (f] !mselves z an aton+ sacrifice 7see ,%>pe's ,egyptian ,my?ology1 pp4 #di-eb74 ,a pit1 or lake ( fire1 is ! doom ( ! condemn$4 ,! good pass to ,p>adise1 :]e is ! tree ( life3 ! fruit ( ?is tree conf]s heal? & immortality4 ,9 ! ,p]sian my?ology ! tree ( life is plant$ by ! /ream t fl[s f ! ?rone ( ,ormuzd 7,rev4 xxii4 i & #b74 ,! ,h9du cre$ has ! same /ory1 & x is also f\nd among ! ,*9ese4 ,! mona/ic life comes to u f ,india & f ,egypt2 9 bo? c\ntries solit>ies & communities are f\nd4 ,b>?olmy ,/4 ,hilaire1 9 8 book on ,buddha1 gives an acc\nt ( ! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies :i* is wor?y p]usal4 ,f ,egypt ! contagion ( asceticism spread ov] ,*ri/5dom4 ,f ,philo also we le>n t a l>ge body ( ,egyptian ,jews _h embrac$ ! mona/ic rules & ! life ( self-d5ial1 :i* we h already not$ among ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,!y bore ! "n ( ,!rapeuts4 ,!y sp5t _! "t 9 solit>y m$itation & pray]1 & only saw "o ano!r on ! sev5? day4 ,!y did n m>ry2 ! wom5 liv$ ! same solit>y & religi\s life z ! m54 ,fa/+ & mortification ( ! fle% 7 ! f\ndation ( _! virtues 7,egyptian ,my?ology1 ,s4 ,%>pe1 p4 #gi74 ,9 ^! ,egyptian des]ts grew up ^? wild & bigot$ fanatics--"s ,jews1 "s ,pagans1 & app>5tly no diff]5ce betwe5 !m--:o1 appe>+ lat] "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 =m$ ! orig9al ( ! ,we/]n mona/icism4 ,x 0 ^! monks :o tore ,hypatia to pieces 9 ! great *ur* ( ,alex&ria1 & :o =m$ ! /r5g? ( t savage & illit]ate p>ty1 :o look$ ^u all sorts ( erudition1 p>ticul>ly t ( a philosophical k9d1 z p]nici\s1 & ev5 de/ructive to true piety & religion 7,mo%eim's ,eccles4 ,hi/1 p4 #ic74 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! id5tity ( ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,!rapeuts1 & ?is id5tity is ! real key to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,egypt & ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,eusebius tells u t ,m>k 0 said to be ! fir/ :o prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,egypt1 & s great a multitude ( believ]s1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 7 collect$ !re at ! v outset1 t 9 consequ5ce ( _! extreme philosophical discipl9e & au/]ity1 ,philo has consid]$ _! pursuits1 _! assemblies1 & ent]ta9m5ts1 z des]v+ a place 9 8 descriptions 7,eccles4 ,hi/1 bk4 ii41 *ap4 xvi74 ,we w see :at ,philo f\nd 9 ,egypt1 be=e rem>k+ on ! date at :i* he liv$4 ,eusebius /ates 7we cond5se bk4 ii41 *ap4 xvii7 t ,philo compreh5ds ! regulations t are /ill obs]v$ 9 our *ur*es ev5 to ! pres5t "t2 t he describes1 ) ! greate/ accuracy1 ! lives ( our ascetics2 ^! ,!rapeuts1 /at$ by ,eusebius to be ,*ri/ians1 7 ev]y:]e scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 b !y ab\nd 9 ,egypt1 9 ea* ( its di/ricts1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t ,alex&ria4 ,9 e h\se "o room 0 set aside = wor%ip1 read+1 & m$itation1 & "h !y kept ! inspir$ decl>ations ( ! prophets1 & hymns1 !y _h also comm5t>ies ( anci5t m51 :o 7 ! f\nd]s ( ! sect2 x is highly probable t ! anci5t comm5t>ies :i* he says !y h1 are ! v ,gospels & writ+s ( ! apo/les2 ,eusebius ?9ks t none c be s h>dy z to contradict 8 /atem5t t ^! ,!rapeuts 7 ,*ri/ians1 :5 _! practices are to be f\nd among none b 9 ! religion ( ,*ri/ians2 & :y %\ld we add to ^! _! meet+s1 & ! sep>ate abodes ( ! m5 & ! wom5 9 ^! meet+s1 & ! ex]cises p]=m$ by !m1 :i* are /ill 9 vogue among u at ! pres5t day1 & :i*1 especially at ! fe/ival ( our ,savi\r's passion1 we are accu/om$ to pass 9 fa/+ & wat*+1 & 9 ! /udy ( ! div9e ^w8 ,all ^! ! above-m5tion$ au?or has accurately describ$ & /at$ 9 8 writ+s1 & are ! same cu/oms t are obs]v$ by u alone1 at ! pres5t day1 p>ticul>ly ! vigils ( ! great fe/ival1 & ! ex]cises 9 !m1 & ! hymns t are commonly recit$ among u4444 ,besides ?is1 he describes ! grades ( dignity among ^? :o adm9i/] ! ecclesia/ical s]vices committ$ to !m1 ^? ( ! deacons1 & ! presid5cies ( ! episcopate z ! highe/4 ,?us ,philo wrote ( ! orig9al practices h&$ d[n f ! apo/les4 ,! important po9ts to notice "h are3 t 9 ! "t ( ,philo1 ^! ,*ri/ians 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! _w2 t ! comm5t>ies !y _h1 :i* ,eusebius says 7 ! ,*ri/ian's gospels1 7 ! works ( anci5t m51 :o f\nd$ ! sect1 s t ! f\nd]s 7 m5 :o liv$ long be=e ,philo's "t2 t !y 7 ?or\ghly organis$1 prov+ !reby t _! sect 0 n a new "o 9 8 day2 t ! discipl9e1 organis$ association1 ranks ( prie/s1 etc41 impli$ a long exi/5ce ( ! sect be=e ,philo /udi$ x1 & t su* exi/5ce 0 cle>ly n consi/5t ) any p]secution be+ !n direct$ aga9/ x4 ,philo writes ( fl\ri%+ & ord]ly communities1 f\nd$ by m5 :o _h long s9ce pass$ away1 & _h bequea!d _! writ+s to _! foll[]s = _! in/ruction & guidance4 ,& :at 0 ! date ( ,philo8 ,he himself gives u a cle> note ( "t2 9 ,a4,d4 #dj he 0 s5t on an embassy to ! ,emp]or ,caligula at ,rome1 to compla9 ( a p]secution to :i* ! ,jews 7 be+ subject$ by ,flaccus2 he describes himself z be+1 9 ,a4,d4 #dj1 a grey-head$ old man4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4,w4 ,lake puts him at sixty-five or sev5ty ye>s ( age at t p]iod1 & consequ5tly w\ld place 8 bir? tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus 7,plato1 ,philo1 & ,paul1 by ,rev4 ,j4,w4 ,lake1 pp4 #cc1 #cd74 ,gibbon1 9 a note to *ap4 #ae1 vol4 ii4 7p4 #ahj71 says t by prov+ x 7! treatise on ! ,!rapeuts7 0 compos$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ,basnage has demon/rat$1 9 spite ( ,eusebius1 & a cr[d ( mod]n ,ca?olics1 t ! ,!rapeuts 7 nei!r ,*ri/ians nor monks4 ,or r1 he has prov$ t ,*ri/ians exi/$ be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/1 s9ce ,augu/us di$ ,a4,d4 #ad1 & be=e t date ,philo f\nd a long-e/abli%$ sect hold+ ,*ri/ian doctr9es & practis+ apo/olic cu/oms4 ,a man1 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #dj 0 grey-head$1 spoke ( ! ,*ri/ian ,gospels z writ+s ( anci5t m51 f\nd]s ( a well-organis$ sect4 ,n[ we see :y ,*ri/ianity has s mu* 9 common ) ! ,egyptian my?ology4 ,because x grew out ( ,egypt2 its ,gospels came f !nce2 its c]emonies 7 le>n$ !re2 its virg9 is ,isis2 its ,*ri/ ,osiris & ,horus2 ! mask ( ! revelation ( ,god drops f (f x1 & we see ! true face1 ! anci5t ,egyptian religion1 ) a feature "h & !re m\ld$ by ! cognate ideas ( o!r ,ea/]n cre$s1 all ( :i* fl[$ into ,alex&ria1 & m+l$ 9 its see?+ cauldron ( ?\ght4 ,!re is also a ,jewi% sect :i* we mu/ n ov]look1 9 deal+ ) ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ianity1 t1 namely1 kn[n z ! ,ess5es4 ,gibbon reg>ds ! ,!rapeuts & ! ,ess5es z int]*angeable t]ms1 b m c>eful inve/igation does n be> out ?is conclusion1 al?\gh ! two sects /rongly resemble ea* o!r1 & h _m doctr9es 9 common2 he says1 h[ev]1 truly3 ,! au/]e life ( ! ,ess5ians1 _! fa/s & excommunications1 ! community ( goods1 ! love ( celibacy1 _! zeal = m>tyrdom1 & ! w>m?1 ?\gh n ! purity ( _! fai?1 already (f]$ a lively image ( ! primitive discipl9e 7,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 *4 xv41 p4 #ahj74 ,x is to ,josephus t we mu/ turn = an acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es2 a brief sket* ( !m is giv5 9 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 bk4 xviii41 *ap4 i4 ,he says3 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,ess5es is ?is3 ,t all ?+s are be/ ascrib$ to ,god4 ,!y tea* ! immortality ( s\ls1 & e/eem t ! rew>ds ( righte\sness are to be e>ne/ly /riv5 =2 & :5 !y s5d :at !y h d$icat$ to ,god into ! temple1 !y d n (f] sacrifices1 because !y h m pure lu/rations ( _! own2 on :i* acc\nt !y are exclud$ f ! common c\rt ( ! temple1 b (f] _! sacrifices !mselves2 yet is _! c\rse ( life bett] ?an t ( o!r m52 & !y entirely addict !mselves to husb&ry4 ,!y _h all ?+s 9 common1 did n m>ry & kept no s]vants1 ?us none call$ any ma/] 7,matt4 xxiii4 #h1 #aj74 ,9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,jews1 bk4 ii41 *ap1 viii41 ,josephus gives u a full] acc\nt4 ,!re are ?ree philosophical sects among ! ,jews4 ,! foll[]s ( ! fir/ ( :om are ! ,ph>isees2 ( ! second ! ,sadducees2 & ! ?ird sect :o pret5ds to a sev]] discipl9e are call$ ,ess5es4 ,^! la/ are ,jews by bir?1 & seem to h a great] affection = "o ano!r ?an ! o!r sects ,john xiii4 #ce4 ,^! ,ess5es reject pleasures z an evil ,matt4 xvi4 #bd1 b e/eem cont95ce & ! conque/ ov] our passions to be virtue4 ,!y neglect w$lock4444 ,!y d n absolutely d5y ! fitness ( m>riage ,matt4 xix4 #ab1 la/ clause ( v]se1 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bg1 #bh1 #cb-ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj4444 ,^! m5 are despis]s ( ri*es ,matt4 xix4 #ba1 #bc1 #bd 444 x is a law among !m1 t ^? :o come to !m mu/ let :at !y h be common to ! :ole ord] ,acts iv4 #cb-cg1 v4 #a-aa4444 ,!y also h /ew>ds appo9t$ to take c>e ( _! common affairs ,acts vi4 #a-f4444 ,if any ( _! sect come f o!r places1 :at !y h lies op5 = !m1 j z if x 7 _! own ,matt4 x4 #aa4444 ,= :i* reason !y c>ry no?+ ) !m :5 !y travel into remote p>ts ,matt4 x4 #i1 #aj4444 ,z = _! piety t[>ds ,god1 x is v extraord9>y2 = be=e sunris+ !y speak n a ^w ab\t pr(ane matt]s1 b put up c]ta9 pray]s :i* !y h receiv$ f _! =efa!rs1 z if !y made a supplication = its ris+ ! ,ess5es 7 !n sun-wor%ipp]s4444 ,a prie/ says grace be=e meat2 & x is unlawful = anyone to ta/e ( ! food be=e grace be said4 ,! same prie/1 :5 he ha? d9$1 says grace aga9 aft] meat2 & :5 !y beg91 & :5 !y end1 !y praise ,god1 z he t be/[s _! food ^u !m ,eph4 v4 #ah-bj4 #a ,cor4 x4 #cj1 #ca4 #a ,tim4 iv4 #d1 #e4444 ,!y disp5se _! ang] aft] a j mann]1 & re/ra9 _! passion ,eph4 iv4 #bf4444 ,:atsoev] !y say also is firm] ?an an oa?2 b swe>+ is avoid$ by !m1 & !y e/eem x worse ?an p]jury2 = !y say1 t he :o _c be believ$ )\t swe>+ by ,god1 is already condemn$ ,matt4 v4 #cd-cg4 ,we ins]t ^! ref]5ces into ! acc\nt giv5 by ,josephus ( ! ,ess5es1 9 ord] to %[ ! id5tity ( tea*+ ( ! ,gospels & ! ,ess5es4 ,! ,ess5es excommunicat$ ^? :o s9n$ griev\sly2 ea* promis$1 on entrance to ! society1 to ex]cise piety1 obs]ve ju/ice1 d no h>m to any1 %[ fidelity to all1 & especially to ^? 9 au?ority1 love tru?1 reprove ly+1 keep 8 h&s cle> f !ft1 & 8 s\l f unlawful ga9s4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,ess5es & ! e>ly ,*ri/ians is on _m po9ts s /rong t x is impossible to d5y t ! two are connect$2 if ,jesus ( ,naz>e? _h any hi/orical exi/5ce1 he mu/ h be5 "o ( ! sect ( ! ,ess5es1 :o publicly prea*$ _m ( _! doctr9es1 & endeav\r$ to popul>ise !m4 ,we are ?us l$ to conclude t ! ,jewi% side ( ,*ri/ianity is simply ,ess5ian1 b t ! major "p ( ! religion is purely ,pagan1 & t its rise "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ be s\ght = 9 ,alex&ria r ?an 9 ,juda4 ,! sa9ts :o play s great a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity are1 solely & simply1 ! old ,pagan deities "u new names4 ,! anci5t cre$s 7 int]tw9$ ) ! daily life ( ! p1 & pass$ on1 practically un*ang$1 al?\gh alt]$ 9 "n4 ,anci5t errors1 9 spite ( ! progress ( k1 7 respect$4 ,civilisation1 z x grew1 only ref9$ !m1 embelli%$ !m1 or hid !m "u an allegorical veil 7,hi/oire ,abrge de ,diff]5s ,cultes1 ,dulaur1 t4 i41 p4 #bj74 ,a rem>kable passage 9 ! life ( ,gregory1 surnam$ ,?aumaturgus1 i4e41 ! wond]-work]1 w illu/rate ?is po9t 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4 ,?is passage is z foll[s "h x is giv5 9 ,lat93 ',:5 ,gregory p]ceiv$ t ! ignorant multitude p]si/$ 9 _! idolatry1 on acc\nt ( ! pleasures & s5sual gratifications :i* !y enjoy$ at ! ,pagan fe/ivals1 he grant$ !m a p]mission to indulge !mselves 9 ! l pleasures1 9 celebrat+ ! memory ( ! holy m>tyrs1 hop+ t1 9 process ( "t !y w\ld return1 ( _! own accord1 to a m virtu\s & regul> c\rse ( life4' ,!re is no sort ( d\bt t1 by ?is p]mission1 ,gregory all[$ ! ,*ri/ians to dance1 sport1 & fea/ at ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs ^u _! respective fe/ivals1 & to d ev]y?+ :i* ! ,pagans 7 accu/om$ to d 9 _! temples1 dur+ ! fea/s celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( _! gods 7,mo%eim's ,eccles4 ,hi/41 #bnd c5tury2 note1 p4 #ef74 ,! virtues t _h =m]ly be5 ascrib$ to ! hea!n temples1 to _! lu/rations1 to ! /atues ( _! gods & h]oes1 7 n[ attribut$ to ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 to wat] consecrat$ by c]ta9 =ms ( pray]1 & to ! images ( holy m54 ,& ! same privileges t ! =m] enjoy$ "u ! d>kness ( ,paganism1 7 conf]r$ ^u ! latt] "u ! light ( ! ,gospel1 or1 r1 "u t cl\d ( sup]/ition t 0 obscur+ its glory4 ,x is true t1 z yet1 images 7 n v common ( ?is !re is no pro(2 nor 7 !re any /atues at all equally unprov54 ,b x is1 at ! same "t1 z und\bt$ly c]ta91 z x is extravagant & mon/r\s1 t ! wor%ip ( ! m>tyrs 0 modell$1 by degrees1 accord+ to ! religi\s s]vices t 7 paid to ! gods be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 7,ibid1 #d? c5tury2 p4 #ih74 ,! fact is1 t :]ev] !re 0 a popul> god1 he pass$ into ! pan!on ( ,*ri/5dom "u a new "n1 z ,*ri/ianity spread4 ,dulaure1 9 8 "w above-quot$1 gives a mass ( details--mo/ly v unsav\ry--:i* leave no d\bt ^u ?is po9t4 ,! ess5ce ( ! old wor%ip 0 ! wor%ip ( ,nature1 z we h se51 & a fav\rite deity 0 ,priapus2 ?is god 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! names ( ,/4 ,font91 ,/4 ,gu]li*on1 or ,grelu*on1 ,/4 ,remi1 ,/4 ,gilles1 ,/4 ,arnaud1 ,,ss4 ,cosmo & ,damian1 etc41 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces ( ,france1 ,italy1 & o!r ,roman ,ca?olic l&s2 & 8 wor%ip1 ) its di/9ctive rites ( ! mo/ indec5t "*1 rema9$ 9 practice up to1 at lea/1 #agdj 9 ,france1 & #aghj 9 ,italy4 7,see ?r\gh\t ! above "w47 ,if ,*ri/ians knew a little m ab\t _! cre$ !y w\ld be f> less pr\d ( x1 & f> less dev\t1 ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,mr4 ,gl5nie1 9 a pamphlet repr9t$ f ,9 ! ,morn+ ,l&1 po9ts out ! resemblance betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,osirianism1 z he names ! religion ( ,osiris3 ',! peculi> "* ( ,osiris1' says ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son1 '8 com+ ^u e>? = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 ) ! titles ( ,manife/] ( ,good & ,reveal] ( ,tru?2 8 be+ put to dea? by ! malice ( ! ,evil ,"o2 8 burial & resurrection1 & 8 becom+ ! judge ( ! dead1 are ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! ,egyptian religion4 ,?is 0 ! great my/]y2 & ?is my? & 8 wor%ip 7 ( ! e>lie/ times1 & univ]sal 9 ,egypt4' ,&1 ) ?is c5tral doctr9e ( ,osirianism1 s p]fectly simil> to t ( ,*ri/ianism1 doctr9es are associat$ precisely analog\s to ^? associat$ 9 ,*ri/ianism ) its c5tral doctr9e4 ,9 anci5t ,osirianism1 z 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianism1 ! ,godhead is conceiv$ z a ,tr9ity1 yet are ! ?ree ,gods decl>$ to be only "o ,god4 ,9 anci5t ,osirianism1 z 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianism1 we f9d ! wor%ip ( a div9e "m & *ild4 ,9 anci5t ,osirianism1 z 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianism1 !re is a doctr9e ( atonem5t4 ,9 anci5t ,osirianism1 z 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianism1 we f9d ! vision ( a la/ judgm5t1 & resurrection ( ! body4 ,& f9ally1 9 anci5t ,osirianism1 z 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianism1 ! sanctions ( morality are a lake ( fire & torm5t+ demons on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 et]nal life 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,is x possible1 !n1 t su* simil>ities ( doctr9es %\ld n raise ! mo/ s]i\s que/ions z to ! relation ( ! beliefs ab\t ,*ri/ to ^? ab\t ,osiris2 z to ! cause ( ?is wond]ful simil>ity ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianism to ^? ( ,osirianism2 nay1 z to ! possibility ( ! :ole doctr9al sy/em ( mod]n or?odoxy be+ b a trans=mation ( ! ,osiris-my?8 7,*ri/ & ,osiris1 pp4 #ac1 #ad74 ,?us we f9d t ! c>d9al doctr9es & ! c]emonies ( ,*ri/ianity are ( purely ,pagan orig91 & t ,*ri/ianity 0 9 exi/5ce long ages be=e ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ianity is only1 z we h said1 a pat*work compos$ ( old mat]ials2 f ! lat] ,jews comes ! ,unity ( ,god2 f ,india & ,egypt ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity2 f ,india & ,egypt ! crucifi$ ,r$eem]2 f ,india1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 ! virg9 "m & ! div9e son2 f ,egypt its prie/s & its ritual2 f ! ,ess5es & ! ,!rapeuts its ascetism2 f ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,egypt1 its ,sacram5ts2 f ,p]sia & ,babylonia its angels & its devils2 f ,alex&ria ! bl5d+ into "o ( _m l9es ( ?\ght4 ,!re is no?+ orig9al 9 ?is cre$1 save its special appeal to ! ignorant & to babes2 n _m wise m5 aft] ! fle% are f\nd among its adh]5ts2 x is an appeal to ! d>kness ( ! _w1 n to its light3 to sup]/ition1 n to k2 to fai?1 n to reason4 ,z its root is1 s also are its fruits1 & :5--aft] glanc+ at its morality--we turn to its hi/ory1 we %all see t ! corrupt tree be>s corrupt fruit1 & t f ! evil /em ( a ?9ly disguis$ ,paganism spr+ =? ! dea?-br++ bran*es ( ! ,upas-tree ,*ri/ianity1 /unt+ ! gr[? ( ! "y civilisation ( ! ,we/1 & drugg+1 ) its poison\s dew-dropp+s1 ! ,europe :i* lay b5ea? its %ade1 swoon-slumb]+ 9 ! dea? /upor ( ! ,ages ( ,d>kness & ( ,fai?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,to ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,"p ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,books ,,us$4 ,cic]o1 ,commonweal?1 quot$ by ,inman444#cgf ,cory1 ,anci5t ,fragm5ts1 quot$ by ,inman444#cgg ,dulaure1 ,hi/oire ,abregee de ,diff]5s ,cultes444#chc1 #cij ,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory444#chf ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall444#chh ,gl5nie1 ,9 ! ,morn+ ,l&444#cia ,hyde1 quot$ by ,giles444#cgh1 #cgi ,inman1 ,anci5t ,fai?s444#cgf1 #cgi ,jones1 ,sir ,w41 ,asiatic ,rese>*es444#cef1 #cgg ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews444#cfd1 #chh ,w>s ( ! ,jews444#chi ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,fir/ ,apology444#che ,kalis*1 ,hi/orical & ,critical ,comm5t>y444#chd1 #che ,keim1 ,jesus ( ,naz>a444#cfe ,lake1 ,plato1 ,philo1 & ,paul444#cfc1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cgd1 #chh ,mahabh>ata1 quot$ by ,muir444#cgf ,manu1 quot$ 9 ,an?ology444#cgg ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 quot$ by ,lake444#cgc ,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory444#chj1 #chb1 #chf1 #cij1 #cia ,plato444#ceh summ>is$ by ,mdme4 ,daci]444#cfd ,rig ,v$a1 quot$ 9 ,an?ology444#cgg ,sabaean ,litany1 quot$ 9 ,an?ology444#cgg ,%>pe1 ,egyptian ,my?ology444#cfj1 #cge1 #cha1 #che1 #chf ,/rauss1 ,life ( ,jesus444#chc ,taylor1 ,diegesis444#cei1 #cgh ,t]tullian1 ,on ,baptism444#cgi ,zoroa/]1 quot$ by ,inman444#cgf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,angels & devils444#chc ,baptism444#cgh ,confirmation444#cgi ,cross444#ceg ,crucifix444#ceh ,devils & angels444#chc ,div9ity ( ,*ri/444#cfc ,ess5es444#chh ,immortality444#cgd ,judgm5t ( ! ,dead444#che ,logos1 ideas (444#cfd ,"l's ,supp]444#cgi ,m$iator444#cfb ,mi?ras444#cfb ,mona/icism444#che ,nature & ,sun-wor%ip ! orig9 ( cre$s444#cee ,osirianism & ,*ri/ianity444#cia ,philo1 date (444#cfg1 #chg ,plato's tea*+444#cfd ,prie/hood444#cha ,sa9ts1 old gods444#cia ,symbols ( male en]gy444#cef female en]gy444#cfa bo? 9 pres5t c]emonies444#cha ,!rapeuts444#chf ,tr9ity444#cei ,union ( male & female f\ndation ( religion444#cee ,unity ( ,god444#cgg ,virg9 & *ild444#cfj ,zoroa/]'s tea*+444#cfb1 #cgf ,,section ,,iii4--,,its ,,morality ,,fallible4 ,h[ mu* may fairly be includ$ "u ! title ,*ri/ian ,morality8 ,"s ( ! m enlight5$ ,*ri/ians w\ld conf9e ! t]m to ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & w\ld exclude ! ,hebrew code z be+ ! outcome ( a b>b>\s age4 ,b ! ,free?9k] may fairly cont5d t any moral rules taught by ! ,bible are "p ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,by ! /atute #i & #aj ,william ,,iii1 cap4 #cb1 ! ,holy ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t are decl>$ to be ( div9e au?ority1 & !re is no exclusion indicat$ ( ! ,mosaic code2 ?is /atute is b9d+ on all ,briti% subjects educat$ z ,*ri/ians1 & enacts p5alties aga9/ ^? :o infr+e x4 ,by ,article ,,vi4 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,holy ,scripture is def9$ z ^? canonical books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 ( ^: au?ority 0 nev] any d\bt 9 ! ,*ur*1 & a li/ is subjo9$4 ,9 ,article ,,vii4 we are in/ruct$ t ! ,comm&m5ts :i* are call$ moral are to be obey$1 b t ! civil precepts ( ! ,mosaic code ought n ( necessity to be receiv$ 9 any commonweal?2 f :i* we may conclude t ! ,*ur* does n feel b\nd to en=ce1 z ( necessity1 polygamy1 pro/itution1 murd] ( h]etics1 & slav]y4 ,%e does n v5ture to designate su* precepts z immoral1 b %e does n feel b\nd 9 consci5ce to en=ce !m1 = :i* small concession we mu/ feel grateful4 ,pass+ f ! law ( ! l& to ! ,bible itself1 we f9d t ! ,mosaic code mu/ c]ta9ly be recognis$ z div9e4 ,jesus himself proclaims3 ,?9k n t ,i am come to de/roy ! law & ! prophets1 ,i am n come to de/roy b to fulfil1 & ?is is emphasis$ by ! decl>ation3 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 %all break "o ( ^! lea/ comm&m5ts1 & %all tea* m5 s1 he %all be call$ lea/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! ,broad ,*ur* p>ty w be v little1 if ?is be true4 ,turn+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we f9d t "s ( ! mo/ immoral precepts are spok5 by ,god himself1 imm$iately aft] ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts2 surely t :i* ,! ,"l said out ( ! ?ick d>kness :]e ,god 01 f ! top ( ,s9ai on a smoke1 ) ! ?und]+s & lightn+s1 & ! noise ( ! trumpet1 c sc>cely be rev]5tly designat$ z ! outcome ( a b>b>\s age8 ,yet x is "u ^! circum/ances t ,god taught t a ,hebrew s]vant might be b\ght = sev5 ye>s2 t a wife might be giv5 him by 8 ma/]1 & t ! wife & ! *ildr5 proce$+ f ! union belong$ to ! ma/]2 t ! s]vant c\ld only g free by des]t+ 8 wife & 8 own *ildr5 & leav+ !m 9 slav]y 7,ex4 xxi4 #a-f74 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,god taught t a man might sell 8 daught] to be a maid s]vant 7! translator's euphemism = concub9e71 & t1 if %e please n h] ma/] %e may be b\ght back aga91 or if he take him ano!r 7translator supply+ wife z ?r[+ an air ( respectability ov] ! transaction7 %e may g free 7,ibid4 #g-aa74 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,god taught t if a man %\ld beat a male or female slave to dea?1 he %\ld n be puni%$1 provid+ ! slave did n die till a day or two aft]1 because ! slave 0 only 8 money 7,ibid4 #bj1 #ba74 ,:y blame a ,legree1 :5 he only acts on ! p]mission giv5 by ,god f ,m\nt ,s9ai8 ,dr4 ,col5so writes3 ,i %all nev] =get ! revulsion ( feel+ ) :i* a v intellig5t ,*ri/ian native1 ) ^: help ,i 0 translat+ ^! words into ! ,zulu tongue1 fir/ he>d !m z words said to be utt]$ by ! same great & graci\s ,be+ :om ,i 0 tea*+ him to tru/ 9 & adore4 ,8 :ole s\l revolt$ aga9/ ! notion1 t ! great & bless$ ,god1 ! m]ciful ,fa!r ( all mank9d1 w\ld speak ( a s]vant1 or maid1 z m]e 'money1' & all[ a horrible crime to g unpuni%$1 because ! victim ( ! brutal usage _h surviv$ a few h\rs4 ,my own he>t & consci5ce at ! "t fully sympa?is$ ) 8 7,! ,p5tateu* & ,book ( ,jo%ua1 p4 #i1 ed4 #ahfb74 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,god taught t a ?ief1 :o possess$ no?+ ( 8 own1 %\ld be sold = 8 !ft 7,ex4 xxii4 #c74 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,god taught3 ,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live 7,ibid #ah74 ,to ?is cruel & wick$ comm& myriads ( un=tunate human be+s h be5 sacrific$2 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,middle ,ages hundr$s ( ?\s&s p]i%$2 9 ,france & ,g]many _m di/ricts & l>ge t[ns burn$ two1 ?ree1 & f\r hundr$ wit*es e ye>1 9 "s ! annual executions de/roy$ ne>ly "o p] c5t4 ( ! :ole population4444 ,! ,re=mation1 :i* swept away s _m sup]/itions1 left ?is1 ! mo/ odi\s ( all1 9 full activity4 ,! ,*ur*m5 ( ,engl&1 ! ,lu!rans ( ,g]many1 ! ,calv9i/s ( ,g5eva1 ,scotl&1 & ,new ,engl& rivall$ ! mo/ bigot$ ,roman ,ca?olics 9 _! sev]ities4 ,inde$1 ! ,calv9i/s1 ?\gh ! mo/ opposite ( all to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 7 9 ?is respect p]haps ! mo/ implicit imitators ( h] delusions 7,! ,bible2 ,:at x is1 by ,c4 ,bradlaugh1 p4 #bfb74 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #dj1jjj p]sons are said to h be5 put to dea? = wit*craft 9 ,engl& alone4 ,9 ,scotl& ! numb] 0 probably1 9 proportion to ! population1 mu* great]2 = x is c]ta9 t ev5 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! executions 7 n few] ?an #ag1jjj 7,ibid1 p4 #bfc74 ,! ,puritans 9 ,new ,engl& signalis$ !mselves by _! m]ciless sev]ity t[>ds wiz>ds & wit*es4 ,france 0 ! fir/ c\ntry to /em ! tide ( cruelty4 ,9 #afhj ,l\is ,,xiv4 issu$ a proclamation prohibit+ all future prosecutions = wit*craft2 & direct+ t ev5 ^? :o might pr(ess ! art %\ld only be puni%$ z impo/ors4 ,9 ,engl& ! la/ execution 0 at ,hunt+don1 9 #agaf2 9 ,scotl&1 at ,d>nock1 9 #agbb4 ,! la/ p]son burn$ z a wit* 0 ,m>ia ,sang]1 at ,wurzburg1 9 ,bav>ia1 #agdi 7,ibid1 p4 #bfe74 ,su* fruit has borne ! comm& ( ,god f ,s9ai4 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,god taught t any :o sacrific$ to any ,god b himself %\ld be utt]ly de/roy$ 7,ex4 xxii4 #bj74 ,! practical effect ( ?is we %all pres5tly see1 9 conjunction ) o!r passages4 ,if we pass f ^! precepts1 giv5 ) su* special solemnity1 to ! o!r articles ( ! s-call$ ,mosaic code1 we %all f9d rules ( an equally immoral "*4 ,lev4 xxiv4 #af comm&s t he t blaspheme? ! "n ( ! ,"l %all be /on$4 ,lev4 xxv4 #dd-df directs ! ,hebrews to buy bondm5 & bondwom5 ( ! nations ar\nd !m1 & ye %all take !m z an inh]itance = y\r *ildr5 aft] y1 to inh]it !m = a possession1 ?us sanction+ ! slave-traffic4 ,leviticus xxvii4 #bi di/9ctly comm&s human sacrifice1 =bidd+ ! r$emption ( any t are devot$ ( m54 ,cle> z ! words are1 _! mean+ has be5 hotly conte/$1 because ( ! /a9 !y affix on ! ,mosaic code4 ,hebrew3 ,,mot ,,vomot t he die4 ,! comm5tators take mu* tr\ble to s(t5 ?is t]rible s5t5ce4 ,accord+ to ,ras*i1 x conc]ns a man condemn$ to dea?1 9 :i* case he mu/ n be r$eem$ = money4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 x is necess>y t ! p]son %all be devot$ by public au?ority1 & n by private v[2 & ! ,talmud speaks ( ,jeph?ah z a fanatic = hav+ ?\ght t a human be+ c\ld s]ve z a victim1 z a burnt-(f]+2 b !re are too _m facts :i* prove ! exi/5ce & ! execution ( ?is b>b>\s law2 see1 besides1 ! p>aphrase ( ,b5 ,ouziel3 ,hebrew3 ,,kl ,a,p,r,sh,a ,,tmvl ,,ddyn ,q,sh,v,l ,m,y,t,ch,y,y,b all ana!ma :i* %all be ana!matis$ ( ! human race _c be r$eem$ nei!r by money1 by v[s1 nor by sacrifices1 nei!r by pray]s = m]cy be=e ,god1 s9ce he is condemn$ to dea? 7,lvitique1 p> ,cah51 p4 #adc2 ed4 #ahee74 ,?us ,jeph?ah devot$ to ! ,"l :atsoev] come? out ( ! doors ( my h\se to meet me1 &1 8 daught] be+ ! "o :o came1 he did ) h] accord+ to 8 v[ 7,judges xi4 #cj-dj74 ,kalis*1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 gives u an exhau/ive essay on ,human ,sacrifices among ! ,hebrews1 endeav\r+1 z f> z possible1 to def5d 8 p f ! *>ge ( (f]+ su* sacrifices to ,jehovah by r$uc+ in/ances ( x to a m9imum4 ,he says1 h[ev]3 ,yet we h at lea/ two cle> & unque/ionable in/ances ( human sacrifices (f]$ to ,jehovah4 ,! fir/ is ! immolation ( ,jeph?ah's daught]4 ,he !n analyses ! acc\nt1 po9t+ out t x 0 cle>ly a sacrifice to ,jehovah1 & t ,jeph?ah's int5tion ( sacrific+ 8 daught] 0 publicly kn[n = two full mon?s2 no prie/1 no prophet1 no eld]1 no magi/rate int]f]$1 or ev5 remon/rat$4 ,ev5 fur!r3 ,! ev5t gave rise to a popul> cu/om annually obs]v$ by ! maid5s ( ,israel2 ,jeph?ah's de$ evid5tly met ) univ]sal approbation2 x 0 reg>d$ z praisewor?y piety2 & inde$ he c\ld n h v5tur$ to make 8 v[1 _h n human victims (f]$ to ,jehovah be5 deem$ p>ticul>ly m]itori\s 9 8 "t2 o!rwise he mu/ h appreh5d$ to provoke by x ! wra? ( ,god1 r ?an procure 8 assi/ance4 ,no?+ c be cle>] or m decid$4444 ,! fact /&s indisputable t human sacrifices (f]$ to ,jehovah 7 possible among ! ,hebrews long aft] ! "t ( ,moses1 )\t meet+ a *eck or c5sure f ! tea*]s & lead]s ( ! nation--a fact = :i* ! sad political confusion t prevail$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,judges is insuffici5t to acc\nt 7,leviticus1 ,"p ,i41 pp4 #chc-che2 ed4 #ahfg74 ,kalis* fur!r po9ts out t ! v[ ( ,jeph?ah promises a human sacrifice2 ! ,hebrew expression signifies :oev] comes =? 7see p4 #chc71 & ! ,hebrew words1 9 fact1 absolutely exclude any animal :atev]2 !y admit none b a human be+1 :o alone c be describ$ z go+ out ( ! h\se to meet somebody2 =1 ?\gh ! re/rictive usage ( ! ,ea/ b9ds girls g5]ally to ! seclusion ( ! h\se1 x seems to h be5 a common cu/om = ,hebrew wom5 to proce$ & meet return+ conqu]ors ) music & rejoic+2 & ! sacrifice ( "o animal1 an extremely poor (f]+ aft] a mo/ signal & mo/ important success1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 promis$ by a previ\s v[ solemnly pron\nc$ 7,ibid1 pp4 #che1 #chf74 ,our comm5tator ju/ly adds3 ,f ! t5\r ( ! n>rative x is manife/ t ! de$ 0 no isolat$ case1 b t human sacrifices 7 on em]g5cies ( peculi> mom5t habitually (f]$ to ,god1 & expect$ to secure 8 aid4 ,"o in/ance l t ( ,jeph?ah n only ju/ifies1 b necessitates1 ! influ5ce ( a g5]al cu/om4 ,pi\s m5 slaught]$ human victims n to ,molo*1 nor to any o!r =eign deity1 b to ! national ,god ,jehovah 7,ibid1 p4 #cij74 ,! second record$ in/ance ( human sacrifices kill$ 9 hon\r ( ,jehovah =ms a rem>kable incid5t 9 ! life ( ,david 7,ibid1 p4 #cij74 ,we read 9 #b ,sam4 xxi4 t ,god said t a fam9e !n prevail+ 0 on acc\nt ( ,saul & ( 8 bloody h\se2 t ,david desir$ to make an atonem5t2 t sev5 m5 ( ,saul's family 7 hang$ 9 ! hill be=e ! ,"l2 t !n !y 7 buri$1 ) ,saul & ,jona?an1 &1 aft] t1 ,god 0 intreat$ = ! l&4 ,x p>ticul>ly conc]ns u to obs]ve t ! :ole matt] 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ref]r$ to ,jehovah2 t ,david 0 pla9ly in=m$ ( ! int5tion ( ! ,gibeonites ( 'hang+ up' ! sev5 p]sons 'be=e ,jehovah' z an 'atonem5t2' t he will+ly surr5d]$ !m = t atrocity2 t he evid5tly expect$ f t act a cessation ( ! fam9e2 & t ?is calamity is report$ to h really disappe>$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! (f]+ 7,ibid1 p4 #cib74 ,kalis*1 9 8 anxiety to dim9i% z f> z possible ! evid5ce t human sacrifices 7 enjo9$ by ! law1 urges t ! passage 9 ,leviticus 7xxvii4 #bi7 m]ely implies t ev]y?+ s devot$ %all be de/roy$4 ,! extirpation ( ! m51 z a rule hea!n enemies 9 ,canaan1 or ,hebrew idolat]s1 is inde$ ref]r$ to a comm& ( ,jehovah1 b x is n int5d$ z a sacrifice to him 7,ibid1 p4 #dji74 ,surely ?is v]ges on quibbl+1 & is n ev5 !n borne out by ! context4 ,leviticus xxvii4 deals entirely ) private s+ul> v[s1 & ! devot+ 7,*]em7 ( man & bea/ & ( ! field ( 8 possession1 is n ! judicial devot+ to de/ruction ( an idolatr\s city or individual1 b a special volunt>y (f]+ f a pi\s wor%ipp]4 ,besides1 ev5 if su* judicial duties 7 ! rule1 :at ( ! exceptions8 ,!re are sev]al indications ( ! practice ( human sacrifice to ,jehovah beyond ! two relat$ by ,kalis* 7! comm& to sacrifice ,isaac is 9 itself a consecration by ,god ( ! abom9ation72 ! curi\s acc\nt ( ,a>on's dea?--^: g>m5ts are tak5 (f & put on 8 son1 & :o !reupon dies at ! top ( ! m\nt1 hav+ walk$ up !re = t purpose1 cle>ly indicates t he did n die a natural dea? 7,numb]s xx4 #bc-bh74 ,_m ?9k t ! fire f ! ,"l :i* dev\r$ ,nadab & ,abihu 7,lev4 x4 #a-e7 d5otes ! sacrifice be=e ! ,"l ( ! (f5d+ prie/s4 ,kalis* demurs to ^! latt] *>ges1 & to "s o!r additional ones1 b says3 ,x is1 !re=e1 und\bt$ t human sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! ,hebrews f ! e>lie/ times up to ! ,babylonian p]iod1 bo? 9 hon\r ( ,jehovah & ( hea!n deities1 n only by deprav$ idolat]s1 b sometimes ev5 by pi\s s]vants ( ,god2 !y probably ceas$ to be pres5t$ to ,jehovah n mu* be=e !y ceas$ to be pres5t$ at all 7,leviticus1 "p i41 p4 #cif74 ,we _c "h omit to notice ! comm& ( ,god 9 ,exodus xxii4 #bi1 #cj3 ,! fir/-born ( ?y sons %alt ?\ give to me4 ,likewise ?\ %alt d ) ?9e ox5 & ) ?y %eep1 etc4 ,z aga9/ ?is we read a comm& 9 *ap4 xiii4 #ac1 ,all ! fir/-born ( man among ?y *ildr5 ?\ %alt r$eem4 ,"h1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 we get contradictory comm&s1 be/ expla9$ by ! fact t ! ,p5tateu* is ! "w ( _m h&s4 ,kalis* says3 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! fir/-born sons 7 frequ5tly sacrific$1 n only by idolatr\s ,israelites1 9 hon\r ( =eign gods1 z ,molo* & ,baal1 b by pi\s m5 9 hon\r ( ,jehovah2 b ! ,p5tateu*1 ! embodim5t ( ! m enlight5$ & advanc$ cre$ ( ! ,hebrews1 di/9ctly comm&$ ! r$emption ( ! fir/-born 7,ibid1 p4 #djd74 ,kalis*--we may po9t out--consid]s ! ,p5tateu* 9 its pres5t =m z po/ ,babylonian1 & reg>ds x z a re=m+ ag5t 9 ! ,jewi% community4 ,9 ,numb]s v4 #ab-ca we f9d ! comm& to practise ! brutal & sup]/iti\s cu/om ( ! ordeal1 ! endorsem5t ( ! :ole ordeal sy/em ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,deut]onomy xiii4 is entirely devot$ to comm&s ( murd]1 & is ! indulg5ce giv5 be=eh& to e p]secut+ prie/4 ,! prophet :om ,god uses to prove 8 p1 is to be put to dea? = be+ ,god's in/rum5t2 anyone :o tries to turn p aside f ,god is to be /on$1 & ! h& ( ! ne>e/ & de>e/ is to be fir/ ^u him to put him to dea?2 any city :i* becomes idolatr\s is to be de/roy$1 ! inhabitants & ! cattle are to be sla91 & ev]y?+ else is to be burnt4 ,deut]onomy xvii4 #b-g is to ! same effect4 ,^! comm&s h also borne abundant fruit4 ,:o c reckon ! millions ( human lives t h be5 spilt 9 ob$i5ce to !m8 ,! slaught] ( ! ,midianites1 ( ! p ( ,j]i*o1 ,ai1 ,makk$ah1 ,libnah1 ,la*i%1 & ( _m ano!r city1 m>k+ ) blood ea* /ep ( ! p ( ,god1 :o smote all ! s\ls t 7 9 ea*1 & let none rema9--all ^! are b z ! fir/-fruits ( ! great h>ve/ ( human slaught]1 reap$ = ! glory ( ,god4 ,"r ?r\gh ! sacr$ volume runs ! sc>let riv]1 /a9+ e page2 :5 its record closes1 ! ,*ur* takes x up1 & ! riv] rolls on d[n ! c5turies2 let ! ,inquisition tell ov] its victims2 let ,spa9 reckon h] murd]$ ones1 #ca1iab burnt alive 9 t "o l& alone2 let ! ,ne!rl&s speak ( _! sla9 sons & daught]s2 let ,france & ,italy swell ! tale2 nor let ,engl& & ,scotl& be =gott51 nor ! blood-roll ( ,irel& be miss$2 ,ca?olic murd]+ ,arian2 ,arian slay+ ,ca?olic2 ,romani/ burn+ ,prote/ant2 ,prote/ant hang+ ,romani/4 ,! names ( ^? :o obey ,god's comm& may be *ang$1 b !y all d ! same accurs$ "w1 spread+ religion ev]y:]e ) fire & sword2 nor does ! h>m conf9e itself to ,jews & ,*ri/ians only1 = ,mahomet1 ! prophet ( ,arabia1 cat*es up ! tea*+ ( ,moses & re-e*oes x1 & ! ,moslem foll[s on ! inspir$ pa?1 & /a9s x once aga9 ) human blood4 ,a ,god1 a ,bible1 a prie/hood--h[ h !y ru9$ ! _w2 h[ fair & bright might e>? h be5 _h !re be5 no tea*]s ( religion6 ,h[ p[]less 7 ! mightie/ mon>*'s arm1 ,va9 8 l\d ?reat & impot5t 8 fr[n6 ,h[ ludicr\s ! prie/'s dogmatic ro>6 ,! weight ( 8 ext]m9at+ curse ,h[ light6 & 8 affect$ *>ity1 ,to suit ! pressure ( ! *ang+ times1 ,:at palpable deceit6 b = ?y aid1 ,religion6 b = !e1 prolific fi5d1 ,:o people/ e>? ) demons1 hell ) m51 ,& heav5 ) slaves6 ,?\ ta9te/ all ?\ look'/ ^u4444444 --7,que5 ,mab1 by ,p4,b4 ,%elley2 c4 #f4 ,collect$ works1 p4 #ab1 edition #ahci47 ,deut]onomy xxi4 #aj-ad in/ructs ! ,hebrew t if1 aft] victory1 he sees a beautiful woman & desires h]1 he may take h]1 & if lat]1 ?\ h no delight 9 h]1 !n ?\ %alt let h] g :i!r %e w1 to />vation1 to mis]y1 :at matt]1 aft] ,god's *os5 is satisfi$4 ,deut4 xxiii4 #b puni%es a man = t :i* is no fault ( 81 8 illegitimate bir?4 ,we h omitt$ _m absurd precepts f\nd 9 ?is ,mosaic code1 & h only *os5 ^? :i* are grossly immoral1 & c be def5d$ by no k9d ( reason+ z to defective1 or imp]fect morality1 suit$ to a nation 9 a l[ /age ( civilisation4 ,^! laws n only fall %ort ( a p]fect morality1 b !y are di/9ctly & f\lly immoral1 & t5d directly to ! brutalisation ( ! nation :i* %\ld live "u !m4 ,x is true t !re is mu* pure morality 9 ?is code1 & "s ref9$ feel+ "h & !re4 ,^! jewels are curi\sly out ( place 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,imag9e a p s savage z to ne$ laws p]mitt+ all ! abom9ations ref]r$ to above1 & yet s cultivat$ z to be capable ( appreciat+ ! beauty (3 ,if ?\ see ! ass ( him t hate? !e ly+ "u 8 burd51 & w\lde/ =be> to help him2 ?\ %alt surely help him 7,exodus xxiii4 #e74 ,x is "t t x %\ld be publicly ackn[l$g$ t ! s-call$ ,mosaic code is lit]ally a mosaic ( scatt]$ fragm5ts ( legislation1 ( v>i\s ages1 & v>i\s /ages ( civilisation1 put toge!r a few hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,at pres5t1 ! :ole code lies on ! %\ld]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & is fairly plead$ aga9/ x by ! ,free?9k]4 ,x is n necess>y to speak "h aga9/ ! practical morality ( ,old ,te/am5t sa9ts2 ! v names ( ,lot1 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,samuel1 ,david1 etc41 br+ be=e ! m9d's eye a li/ ( crimes s f\l1 s c[>dly1 s bloody1 t no enum]ation ( !m c be ne$$4 ,( !m1 we may fairly say ) ,virgil3-- ,non ragioniam di lor1 ma gu>da e passa4 ,turn+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t morality1 we may attack x 9 v>i\s ways3 we may argue t ! bett] "p ( x is n new1 & !re=e _c be reg>d$ z especially inspir$1 or t x leaves out ( acc\nt _m virtues necess>y to ! well-be+ ( families & /ates2 or we may cont5d t mu* ( x is h>mful1 & mu* ( x impracticable4 ,! bett] "p is t :i* is ,,non-,,orig9al4 ,all t is fair & beautiful 9 ,*ri/ian morality _h be5 taught 9 ! _w ages be=e ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,buddha1 ,confucius1 ,lao-,tsze1 ,m5cius1 ,zoroa/]1 ,manu1 taught ! noble human morality f\nd 9 "s ( ! tea*+ ascrib$ to ,*ri/ 7?r\gh\t ?is ,section ! morality put into ,*ri/'s m\? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t w be treat$ z 874 ,*ri/ taught ! duty ( return+ good = evil4 ,buddha said3 ,a man :o fooli%ly does me wrong ,i w return to him ! protection ( my ungrudg+ love2 ! m evil comes f him1 ! m good %all g f me 7,an?ology1 by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway1 page #bdj74 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ ,dhammapada we read3 ,let a man ov]come ang] by love2 let him ov]come evil by good2 let him ov]come ! gre$y by lib]ality1 ! li> by tru? 7,ibid1 p4 #cjg74 ,aga93 ,hatr$ does n cease by hatr$ at any "t2 hatr$ ceases by love2 ?is is an old rule 7,ibid1 p4 #aca74 ,lao-,tsze says3 ,! good ,i w\ld meet ) goodness4 ,! n good ,i w\ld meet ) goodness also4 ,! fai?ful ,i w\ld meet ) fai?4 ,! n fai?ful ,i w\ld meet ) fai? also4 ,virtue is fai?ful4 ,recomp5se injury ) k9dness 7,ibid1 p4 #cfe74 ,confucius /ruck a yet high] & tru] note3 ,"s "o said1 ',:at d y say conc]n+ ! pr9ciple t injury %\ld be recomp5s$ ) k9dness8' ,! ,sage repli$1 ',) :at1 !n1 w y recomp5se k9dness8 ,recomp5se k9dness ) k9dness1 & injury ) ju/ice' 7,ibid1 p4 #f74 ,manu places return+ good = evil 9 8 t5fold sy/em ( duties2 9 8 code also we f9d3 ,by =giv5ess ( injuries ! le>n$ are purifi$ 7,ibid1 p4 #caa74 ,! gold5 rule is z old z ! g5]\s & j he>t4 ,! ,saboean ,book ( ! ,law taught3 ,let none ( y treat 8 bro!r 9 a way :i* he himself w\ld dislike 7,ibid1 p4 #g74 ,tsze-,kung ask$1 ',is !re "o ^w :i* may s]ve z a rule = "o's :ole life8' ,confucius answ]$1 ',is n reciprocity su* a ^w8 ,:at y d n wi% done to y\rself1 d n to o!rs4 ,:5 y are lab\r+ = o!rs let x be ) ! same zeal z if x 7 = y\rself' 7,ibid1 pp4 #f1 #g74 ,if ,*ri/ taught humility1 we read f ,lao-,tsze3 ,i h ?ree preci\s ?+s :i* ,i hold fa/ & prize--,compassion1 ,economy1 ,humility4 ,be+ compassionate1 ,i c !re=e be brave4 ,be+ economical1 ,i c !re=e be lib]al4 ,n d>+ to take prec$5ce ( ! _w1 ,i c !re=e become *ief among ! p]fect ones4 ,9 ! pres5t day m5 give up compassion1 & cultivate only c\rage4 ,!y give up economy & aim only at lib]ality4 ,!y give up ! la/ place1 & seek only ! fir/4 ,x is _! dea? 7,ibid1 p4 #baf74 ,lao-,tsze says aga93 ,by undivid$ att5tion to ! passion-nature & t5d]ness x is possible to be a little *ild4 ,by putt+ away impurity f ! hidd5 eye ( ! he>t1 x is possible to be )\t spot4 ,!re is a purity & quietude by :i* we may rule ! :ole _w4 ,to keep t5d]ness1 ,i pron\nce /r5g?4444 ,! fact t ! weak c conqu] ! /rong & ! t5d] ! h>d1 is kn[n to all ! _w2 yet none c>ry x out 9 practice4 ,! reason ( heav5 does n /rive1 yet conqu]s well2 does n call1 yet ?+s come ( _! own accord2 is slack1 yet plans well 7,ibid1 pp4 #cbc1 #cbd74 ,aga93 ,! sage 444 puts himself la/1 & yet is fir/2 ab&ons himself1 & yet is pres]v$4 ,is n ?is ?r\gh hav+ no selfi%ness8 ,h]eby he pres]ves self-int]e/ intact4 ,he is n self-display+1 & !re=e he %9es4 ,he is n self-approv+1 & !re=e he is di/+ui%$4 ,he is n self-prais+1 & !re=e he has m]it4 ,he is n self-exalt+1 & !re=e he /&s high2 & inasmu* z he does n /rive1 no "o 9 all ! _w /rives ) him4 ,t anci5t say+1 ',he t humbles himself %all be pres]v$ entire'--oh1 x is no va9 utt]ance 7,ibid1 pp4 #cbg1 #cbh74 ,jesus is said to be pre-em95t z a moral tea*] because he direct$ 8 tea*+ to ! improvem5t ( ! he>t1 kn[+ t f a good he>t a good life w\ld fl[2 9 ,manu's code we read3 ,action1 ei!r m5tal1 v]bal1 or corporeal1 be>s good or evil fruit z itself is good or evil 444 ( t ?reefold action be x kn[n 9 ! _w t ! he>t is ! in/igator 7,ibid1 p4 #d74 ,buddha said3 ,x is ! he>t ( love & fai? accompany+ good actions :i* spreads1 z x 71 a b5efic5t %ade f ! _w ( m5 to ! _w ( angels 7,ibid1 p4 #bcd74 ,jesus rem9d$ ! p t ! c]emonial duties ( religion 7 small comp>$ ) ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law1 ju/ice1 m]cy1 & tru?2 ,manu wrote3 ,to a man contam9at$ by s5suality1 nei!r ! ,v$as1 nor lib]ality1 nor sacrifices1 nor obs]vances1 nor pi\s au/]ities w procure felicity4 ,a wise man mu/ fai?fully dis*>ge 8 moral duties1 ev5 ?\gh he d>es n con/antly p]=m ! c]emonies ( religion4 ,he w fall v l[ if he p]=ms c]emonial acts only1 & fails to dis*>ge 8 moral duties 7,ibid1 p4 #c74 ,exactly p>allel to a say+ ( ,jesus is "o 9 ! ,saboean ,book ( ! ,law3 ,adh]e s firmly to ! tru? t y\r yea %all be yea1 & y\r nay1 nay 7,ibid1 p4 #g74 ,9 urg+ t all great moral duties 7 taught by pre-,*ri/ian ?9k]s1 we d n mean t ,*ri/ took 8 moral say+s f ! books ( ^! great ,ea/]n tea*]s2 !re 0 no necessity t he %\ld g s f> 9 se>* ( !m1 = 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,rabbis ( 8 nation he f\nd all ( :i* he /ood 9 ne$4 ,_m ( ^! tea*+s h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! m mod]n ,talmud1 gra9s ( :eat amid mu* *aff1 ! moral ?\ghts ( "s ( ! pure/ ,jewi% m9ds4 ,take ! ,talmud & /udy x1 & !n judge f :at un9spir$ s\rce ,jesus drew mu* ( 8 highe/ tea*+4 ',:oso looke? on ! wife ( ano!r ) a lu/ful eye1 is consid]$ z if he _h committ$ adult]y'--7,kalah74 ',) :at measure we mete1 we %all be measur$ aga9'--7,johanan74 ',:at ?\ w\ld/ n l to be done to ?yself1 d n to o!rs2 ?is is ! fundam5tal law'--7,hillel74 ',if he be admoni%$ to take ! spl9t] out ( 8 eye1 he w\ld answ]1 ,take ! beam out ( ?9e own'--7,t>phon74 ',imitate ,god 9 8 goodness4 ,be t[>ds ?y fell[-creatures z he is t[>ds ! :ole creation4 ,clo! ! nak$2 heal ! sick2 com=t ! afflict$2 be a bro!r to ! *ildr5 ( ?y ,fa!r4' ,! :ole p>able ( ! h\ses built on ! rock & on ! s& is tak5 out ( ! ,talmud1 & su* in/ances ( quotation might be indef9itely multipli$ 7,on ,inspiration2 by ,annie ,besant2 ,scott ,s]ies1 p4 #bj74 ,f ^! f\nts ,jesus drew 8 morality1 & spoke z ,jew to ,jews1 out ( ! ,jewi% tea*+s4 ,to po9t out ^! facts is by no means to disp>age ! nobl] "p ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,x is r to elevate ,humanity by %[+ t pure ?\ghts & graci\s words are human1 n div9e2 t ! s-call$ inspiration is 9 all races cultivat$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 & n 9 "o alone2 t morality is a fair blossom ( e>?1 n a heav5-transplant$ exotic1 & gr[s naturally out ( ! ri* soil ( ! lov+ human he>t & ! noble human bra94 ,:at nobl] or gr&] moral tea*+s c be f\nd any:]e ?an brea! ?r\gh ! foll[+ passages1 tak5 f ! bibles ( all nations s ably collect$ = u by ,mr4 ,corway 9 ! ,sacr$ ,an?ology quot$ f above8 ,let a man cont9ually take pleasure 9 tru?1 9 ju/ice1 9 laudable practices & 9 purity2 let him keep 9 subjection 8 spee*1 8 arm1 & 8 appetites4 ,weal? & pleasures repugnant to law1 let him %un2 & ev5 lawful acts :i* may cause pa91 or be (f5sive to mank9d4 ,let him n h nimble h&s1 re/less feet1 or voluble eyes2 let him n be flippant 9 8 spee*1 nor intellig5t 9 do+ mis*ief4 ,let him walk 9 ! pa? ( good m5 7,manu1 p4 #g74 ,he :o neglecte? ! duties ( ?is life is unfit = ?is1 mu* less = any high] _w 7,bhagavat ,gita1 p4 #bf74 ,*>ity is ! free gift ( any?+ n injuri\s4 ,if no b5efit is int5d$1 or ! gift is h>mful1 x is n *>ity4 ,!re mu/ also be ! desire to assi/1 or to %[ gratitude4 ,x is n *>ity :5 gifts are giv5 f o!r consid]ations1 z :5 animals are f$ t !y may be us$1 or pres5ts giv5 by lov]s to b9d affection1 or to slaves to /imulate lab\r4 ,x is f\nd :]e man1 seek+ to diffuse happ9ess among all m5--^? he loves1 & ^? he loves n--digs canals & pools1 makes roads1 bridges1 & seats1 & plants trees = %ade4 ,x is f\nd :]e1 f compassion = ! mis]able & ! poor1 :o h none to help !m1 a man erects re/+-places = w&]]s1 & dr9k+-f\nta9s1 or provides food1 raim5t1 m$ic9e = ! ne$y1 n select+ "o m ?an ano!r4 ,?is is true *>ity1 & be>s mu* fruit 7,ka?a ,*>i1 pp4 #bai1 #bbj74 ,nev] w ,i seek1 nor receive1 private individual salvation--nev] ent] into f9al peace alone2 b = ev]1 & ev]y:]e1 w ,i live & /rive = ! univ]sal r$emption ( e creature ?r\gh\t ! _w 7,kwan-y91 p4 #bcc74 ,all m5 h 9 !mselves ! feel+s ( m]cy & pity1 ( %ame & hatr$ ( vice4 ,x is = ea* "o by culture to let ^! feel+s gr[1 or to let !m )]4 ,!y are "p ( ! organisation ( m51 z mu* z ! limbs or s5ses1 & may be tra9$ z well4 ,! m\nta9 ,nicon-*au naturally br+s =? beautiful trees4 ,ev5 :5 ! trunks are cut d[n1 "y %oots w con/antly rise up4 ,if cattle are all[$ to fe$ !re1 ! m\nta9 looks b>e4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t b>5ess is natural to ! m\nta98 ,s ! l[] passions are let loose to eat d[n ! nobl] gr[?s ( rev]5ce & love 9 ! he>t ( man2 %all we1 !re=e1 say t !re are no su* feel+s 9 8 he>t at all8 ,"u ! quiet peaceful airs ( morn+ & ev5+ ! %oots t5d to gr[ aga94 ,humanity is ! he>t ( man2 ju/ice is ! pa? ( man4 ,to "k heav5 is to develop ! pr9ciple ( our high] nature 7,m5cius1 pp4 #bge1 #bgf74 ,! fir/ requisite 9 ! pursuit ( virtue is1 t ! le>n] ?9k ( 8 own improvem5t1 & d n act f a reg>d to 7! admiration (7 o!rs 7,! ,%e-,k+1 p4 #bhf74 ,b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 fidelity1 & tru?1 & to delight 9 virtue )\t we>9ess1 con/itute div9e nobility 7,m5cius1 p4 #cci74 ,virtue is a s]vice man owes himself2 & ?\gh !re 7 no heav51 nor any ,god to rule ! _w1 x 7 n less ! b9d+ law ( life4 ,x is man's privilege to "k ! "r & foll[ x4 ,betray & prosecute me1 bro!r m56 ,p\r out y\r rage on me1 ,o malignant devils6 ,smile1 or wat* my agony ) cold disda91 ye blissful gods6 ,e>?1 hell1 heav51 comb9e y\r might to cru% me--,i w /ill hold fa/ by ?is inh]itance6 ,my /r5g? is no?+--"t c %ake & cripple x2 my y\? is transi5t--already grief has )]$ up my days2 my he>t--alas6 x seems well nigh brok5 n[6 ,angui% may cru% x utt]ly1 & life may fail2 b ev5 s my s\l1 t has n tripp$1 %all triumph1 & dy+1 give ! lie to s\lless de/9y1 t d>es to boa/ itself man's ma/] 7,ramayana1 pp4 #cdj1 #cda74 ,:at ,*ri/ian apo/le left beh9d him ! records ( su* words z ^? ( ,confucius1 boldly spok5 to a k+3 ,ke ,k'ang1 di/ress$ ab\t ! numb] ( ?ieves 9 8 k+dom1 inquir$ ( ,confucius h[ he might d away ) !m8 ,! sage said1 ',if y1 sir1 7 n covet\s1 ! p w\ld n /eal1 ?\gh y %\ld pay !m = x4' ,ke ,k'ang ask$1 ',:at d y say ab\t kill+ ! unpr9cipl$ = ! good ( ! pr9cipl$8' ,confucius said1 ',9 c>ry+ out y\r gov]nm5t1 :y use kill+ at all8 ,let ! rul]s desire :at is good1 & ! p w be good4 ,! grass mu/ b5d :5 ! w9d bl[s across x4' ,h[ c m5 :o _c rectify !mselves1 rectify o!rs8 7,analects ( ,confucius1 p4 #ceh74 ,9 ,! ,:eel ( ! ,law1 by ,h5ry ,alaba/]1 we f9d "s mo/ int]e/+ in=mation on ! moral tea*+ ( ,buddhism1 & ! foll[+ quotation is tak5 f "o ( ! ,sutras3 ,on a c]ta9 occasion ! ,"l ,buddha l$ a numb] ( 8 disciples to a village ( ! ,kalama*\1 :]e 8 wisdom & m]it & hol9ess 7 kn[n4 ,& ! ,kalama*\ assembl$1 & did homage to him & said1 ',_m prie/s & ,brahm9s h at diff]5t times visit$ u1 & expla9$ _! religi\s t5ets1 decl>+ !m to be excell5t1 b ea* abus$ ! t5ets ( e "o else1 :]eupon we are 9 d\bt z to ^: religion is "r & ^: wrong2 b we h he>d t ! ,"l ,buddha tea*es an excell5t religion1 & we beg t we may be fre$ f d\bt1 & le>n ! tru?4' ,& ! ,"l ,buddha answ]$1 ',y 7 "r to d\bt1 = x 0 a d\btful matt]4 ,i say unto all ( y1 ,d n believe 9 :at ye h he>d2 t is1 :5 y h he>d anyone say ?is is especially good or extremely bad2 d n reason ) y\rselves t if x _h n be5 true1 x w\ld n h be5 ass]t$1 & s believe 9 its tru?4 ,nei!r h fai? 9 traditions1 because !y h be5 h&$ d[n = _m g5]ations & 9 _m places4 ,d n believe 9 any?+ because x is rum\r$ & spok5 ( by _m2 d n ?9k t x is a pro( ( its tru?4 ,d n believe m]ely because ! writt5 /atem5t ( "s old sage is produc$2 d n be sure t ! writ+ has ev] be5 revis$ by ! said sage1 or c be reli$ on4 ,d n believe 9 :at y h fanci$1 ?9k+ t because an idea is extraord9>y x mu/ h be5 implant$ by a ,dewa1 or "s wond]ful be+4 ,d n believe 9 guesses1 t is1 assum+ "s ?+ at haphaz>d z a />t+-po9t1 draw y\r conclusions f x2 reckon+ y\r two & y\r ?ree & y\r f\r be=e y h fix$ y\r numb] "o4 ,d n believe because y ?9k !re is analogy1 t is1 a suitability 9 ?+s & occurr5ces1 su* z believ+ t !re mu/ be walls ( ! _w1 because y see wat] 9 a bas91 or t ,m\nt ,m]u mu/ exi/ because y h se5 ! reflection ( trees3 or t !re mu/ be a creat+ ,god because h\ses & t[ns h build]s4444 ,d n believe m]ely on ! au?ority ( y\r tea*]s & ma/]s1 or believe & practise m]ely because !y believe & practise4 ,i tell y all1 y mu/ ( y\r own selves "k t '?is is evil ?is is puni%able1 ?is is c5sur$ by wise m51 belief 9 ?is w br+ no advantage to "o1 b w cause sorr[4' ,& :5 y "k ?is1 !n es*ew x4 ,i say to all y dwell]s 9 ?is village1 answ] me ?is4 ,lopho1 t is covet\sness1 ,?oso1 t is ang] & savag5ess1 & ,moho1 t is ignorance & folly--:5 any or all ( ^! arise 9 ! he>ts ( m51 is ! result b5eficial or ! rev]se8' ,& !y answ]$1 ',x is n b5eficial1 ,o ,"l6' ,!n ! ,"l cont9u$1 ',covet\s1 passionate1 & ignorant m5 de/roy life & /eal1 & commit adult]y1 & tell lies1 & incite o!rs to foll[ _! example1 is x n s8' ,& !y answ]$1 ',x is z ! ,"l says4' ,& he cont9u$1 ',covet\sness1 passion1 ignorance1 ! de/ruction ( life1 !ft1 adult]y1 & ly+1 are ^! good or bad1 "r or wrong8 ,d wise m5 praise or blame !m8 ,are !y n unpr(itable1 & causes ( sorr[8' ,& !y repli$1 ',x is z ! ,"l has spok54' ,& ! ,"l said1 ',= ?is ,i said to y1 d n believe m]ely because y h he>d1 b :5 ( y\r own consci\sness y "k a ?+ to be evil1 ab/a9 f x4' ,& !n ! ,"l taught ( t :i* is good1 say+1 ',if any ( y "k ( y\rselves t any?+ is good & n evil1 prais$ by wise m51 advantage\s1 & productive ( happ9ess1 !n act abundantly accord+ to y\r belief4 ,n[ ,i ask y1 ,alopho1 abs5ce ( covet\sness1 ,a?oso1 abs5ce ( passion1 ,amoho1 abs5ce ( folly1 are ^! pr(itable or n8' ,& !y answ]$1 ',pr(itable4' ,! ,"l cont9u$1 ',m5 :o are n covet\s1 or passionate1 or fooli%1 w n de/roy life1 nor /eal1 nor commit adult]y1 nor tell lies2 is x n s8' ,& !y answ]$1 ',x is z ! ,"l says4' ,!n ! ,"l ask$1 ',is fre$om f covet\sness1 passion1 & folly1 f de/ruction ( life1 !ft1 adult]y1 & ly+1 good or bad1 "r or wrong1 prais$ or blam$ by wise m51 pr(itable1 & t5d+ to happ9ess or n8' ,& !y repli$1 ',x is good1 "r1 prais$ by ! wise1 pr(itable1 & t5d+ to happ9ess4' ,& ! ,"l said1 ',= ?is ,i taught y1 n to believe m]ely because y h he>d1 b :5 y believ$ ( y\r own consci\sness1 !n to act accord+ly & abundantly' 7pp4 #ce-ch74 ,9 ?is wise fa%ion did ,buddha f\nd 8 morality1 bas+ x on utility1 ! true measure ( "r & wrong4 ,buddhism has its ,five ,comm&m5ts1 c]ta9ly equal 9 value to ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians3-- ,fir/4 ,?\ %all ab/a9 f de/roy+ or caus+ ! de/ruction ( any liv+ ?+4 ,second4 ,?\ %alt ab/a9 f acquir+ or keep+1 by fraud or viol5ce1 ! prop]ty ( ano!r4 ,?ird4 ,?\ %alt ab/a9 f ^? :o are n prop] objects = ?y lu/4 ,f\r?4 ,?\ %alt ab/a9 f deceiv+ o!rs ei!r by ^w or de$4 ,fif?4 ,?\ %alt ab/a9 f intoxication 7,ibid1 p4 #eg74 ,f ,dr4 ,muir's translations ( religi\s & moral s5tim5ts1 already quot$ f1 we might fill page aft] page ) pure/ morality4 ,let a man be virtu\s ev5 :ile yet a y\?2 = life is transitory4 ,if duty is p]=m$1 a good "n w be obta9$1 z well z happ9ess1 "h & aft] dea? 7,mahabh>ata1 xii41 #fech1 p4 #bb74 ,delud$ by av>ice1 ang]1 fe>1 a man does n und]/& himself4 ,he plumes himself ^u 8 high bir?1 contemn+ ^? :o are n well-born2 & ov]come by ! pride ( weal?1 he reviles ! poor4 ,he calls o!rs fools1 & does n look to himself4 ,he blames ! faults ( o!rs1 b does n gov]n himself4 ,:5 ! wise & ! fooli%1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! noble & ! ignoble1 ! pr\d & ! humble1 h dep>t$ to ! cemet]y & all sleep !re1 _! tr\bles are at an end1 & _! bodies are /ripp$ ( fle%1 little else ?an bones1 unit$ by t5dons--o!r m5 !n p]ceive no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 :]eby !y c\ld recognise a di/9ction ( bir? or ( =m4 ,see+ t all sleep1 deposit$ toge!r 9 ! e>?1 :y d m5 fooli%ly seek to treat ea* o!r injuri\sly8 ,he :o1 aft] be>+ ?is admonition1 acts 9 con=mity !re) f 8 bir? onw>ds1 %all atta9 ! highe/ bless$ness 7,ibid1 xi4 #aaf1 p4 #bc74 ,su* are a few ( ! moral tea*+s curr5t 9 ! ,ea/ be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 ^! non-,*ri/ian nations h gone on 9 _! pa?s1 & _m a gem ( pure morality might be cull$ f _! lat] writ+s1 b we h only "h pres5t$ tea*+s t 7 pre-,*ri/ian1 s z to prove h[ little ne$ !re 0 = a ,god to become inc>nate to tea* morality to ! _w4 ,reveal$ morality has no?+ gr&] to say ?an ?is e>?-born morality1 no?+ sublim] comes f ,juda ?an comes f ,h9du/an & f ,*9a4 ,j z ! symbolism ( ,*ri/ianity comes f nature1 & is common to _m cre$s1 s does ! morality ( ,*ri/ianity fl[ f nature1 & is common to _m fai?s2 :5 nations atta9 to a c]ta9 /age ( civilisation1 & inh]it a c]ta9 am\nt ( culture1 !y also develop a morality proportionate to ! po9t !y h rea*$1 because morality is necess>y to ! /ability ( ,/ates1 & utility =mulates ! code ( moral laws4 ,*ri/ianity c no long] /& on a p9nacle z ! sole possessor ( a pure & high morality4 ,! p$e/al %e has occupi$ is built out ( ! bricks ( ignorance1 & h] apo/les & h] ma/] mu/ take rank among _! bre?r5 ( e age & clime4 ,x is a s]i\s fault 9 ,*ri/ian morality t x has s _m ,,omissions 9 x4 ,x is full ( exhortations to be>1 to suff]1 to be pati5t2 x sorely lacks appeals to patriotism1 to c\rage1 to self-respect4 ,! h]oes ( ,paganism exemplifi$ ! h]oism ( ent]prise4 ,patriotism1 *ivalr\s de$s ( val\r1 high-s\l$ aspirations aft] glory1 /]n ju/ice tak+ its c\rse 9 _! h&s1 :ile natural feel+ 0 held 9 abeyance--?is 0 ! l9e 9 :i* !y %one4 ,our bless$ ,"l illu/rat$ all virtues inde$1 b mo/ especially ! passive ones4 ,8 h]oism took its col\r+ f endurance4 ,wom51 ?\gh inf]ior to m5 9 ent]prise1 usually come out bett] ?an m5 9 suff]+2 & x is always to be rememb]$ t our bless$ ,"l held 8 humanity1 n ( ! /rong]1 b ( ! weak] sex 7,?\ghts on ,p]sonal ,religion1 by ,dean ,g\lburn1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ii2 ed4 #ahff74 ,:at is ?is b to say1 9 polite language1 t ,jesus 0 v effem9ate8 ,! ,*ri/ian religion has all ! vices ( slav]y1 & enc\rages submission to evil in/ead ( resi/ance to x2 x has 9 x ! pa!tic beauty ( ! meekness ( ! bruis$ & beat5 wife /ill lov+ ! injur]1 ( ! slave =giv+ ! slave-driv]1 b x is a beauty :i* p]petuates ! wrong ( :i* x is born4 ,bett]1 f> bett]1 bo? = oppressor & = oppress$1 is resi/ance to cruelty ?an submission to x2 submission enc\rages ! wrong-do] :]e resi/ance w\ld *eck him1 & ,*ri/ianity fails 9 t x omits to value /rong m5 & true patriots1 rebels aga9/ au?ority :i* is unju/4 ,rome taught its citiz5s to rev]5ce !mselves1 to love _! c\ntry1 to ma9ta9 fre$om3 ! ,roman w\ld die gladly = 8 "m-c\ntry1 & deem$ 8 duty z a citiz5 ! =emo/ ( 8 obligations4 ,! love ( c\ntry1 & ! s5se ( s]vice ow$ to ! ,/ate1 is ! gr&e/ & sublime/ virtue ( ! ,pagan _w4 ,all felt x1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/3 at ,!rmopylae ! ,sp>tans di$ gladly = ! l& !y cov]$ ) _! bodies1 fai?ful unto dea? to ! duty entru/$ to !m by _! c\ntry2 m5 & wom5 equally felt ! p>am\nt claim ( ! ,/ate1 & mo!rs gave _! sons to dea? r ?an t !y %\ld fail 9 duty !re4 ,! ,roman 0 taught to value ! ,republic above its (fic]s2 to resi/ ! highe/ if he grasp$ at unfair supremacy2 to ma9ta9 inviolate ! rights & ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,*ri/ianity und]m9$ all ^! manly virtues2 x prea*$ ob$i5ce to ! p[]s t be1 :e!r !y 7 good or bad2 x upheld ! au?ority ( a ,n]o z orda9$ ( ,god1 & pron\nc$ damnation on ^? :o resi/$ him2 & s x pav$ ! way = ! despotism ( ! ,middle ,ages1 by cru%+ out ! manhood ( ! nations1 & fa%ion+ !m into ,ori5tal slaves4 ,little wond] t k+s embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 & =c$ x on _! subjects1 = x plac$ ! nations b\nd at _! foot/ools1 & endors$ ! tyranny ( man ) ! au?ority ( ,god4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t :at ^w is !re ( patriotism8 ,! citiz5%ip is 9 heav54 ,:at incitem5t to h]oism8 ,resi/ n ! p[]4 ,:at appeal to self-rev]5ce8 ,9 my fle% dwelle? no good ?+4 ,:at cry aga9/ inju/ice & oppression8 ,hon\r ! k+1 & give ob$i5ce to ! fr[>d4 ,*ri/ianity makes a p>adise = tyrants & a hell = ! oppress$4 ,int]tw9$ ) ! evil ( omissions ( duty is ! direct injury ( comm&+ ,,non-,,resi/ance1 & ( en=c+ ,,indiff]5ce ,,to ,,e>?ly ,,c>es4 ,i say unto y t ye resi/ n evil3 b :osoev] %all smite !e on ?y "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4 ,& if any man w sue !e at ! law1 & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloak also4 ,& :osoev] %all compel !e to g a mile1 g ) him twa94 ,give to him t aske? !e1 & f him t w\ld borr[ ( !e turn n ?\ away 7,matt4 v4 #ci-db74 ,! surface mean+ ( ^! words is und5iable2 !y are ! amplification ( ! comm&1 resi/ n evil4 ,:at effect w\ld ob$i5ce to ^! injunctions h ^u a ,/ate8 ,none committ+ an assault w\ld be puni%$2 e unju/ suit w\ld succe$2 e =c$ concession w\ld be endors$2 e begg> w\ld live 9 luxury2 e borr[] w\ld sp5d at w4 ,nay m2 ^? :o did wrong w\ld be rew>d$1 & w\ld be ?us enc\rag$ to g on 9 _! evil ways4 ,mean:ile1 ! man :o 0 insult$ w\ld be aga9 /ruck2 ! poor man :o _h lo/ "o ?+ w\ld lose two2 ! h>d-work+1 frugal lab\r] w\ld h to support ! begg> & ! borr[] out ( ! fruits ( 8 toil4 ,su* is ,*ri/'s code ( civil laws3 he is delib]ately abrogat+ ! ,mosaic code1 an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?1 & is replac+ x by 8 own4 ,if ! ,mosaic law is to be tak5 lit]ally--z x 0--t :i* is to replace x mu/ also be tak5 lit]ally1 or else "o code w\ld be aboli%$1 & !re w\ld be none to succe$ x1 s t ! ,/ate w\ld be left 9 a condition ( lawlessness4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t we all[ t ! passage is to be tak5 metaphorically1 :at !n8 ,a metaphor mu/ mean some?+3 :at does ?is metaphor mean8 ,x c sc>cely signify ! exact opposite ( :at x intimates1 & yet ! exact opposite is true morality4 ,only a sy/em ( tak+ ,*ri/'s words contr>iwise c make !m useful z civil rules1 & ev5 ori5tal exagg]ation c sc>cely be cr$it$ ) say+ ! diametrically contr>y ( its real mean+4 ,b x is urg$ t1 if all m5 7 ,*ri/ians1 !n ?is tea*+ w\ld be "r1 & ,*ri/ 0 b\nd to give a p]fect morality4 ,t is to say1 if p 7 diff]5t to :at !y are1 ?is tea*+ ( ,*ri/ w\ld n be injuri\s because--x w\ld be unne$$6 ,if !re 7 no robb]s1 & no assault]s1 & no borr[]s1 !n ! morality ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt w\ld be mo/ h>mless4 ,high praise1 truly1 = a legislator t 8 laws w\ld n be injuri\s :5 !y 7 no long] ne$$4 ,*ri/ %\ld h rememb]$ t ! law is made = s9n]s1 & t su* a law z he gives "h is a direct enc\ragem5t to s94 ,we c sc>cely wond] t1 inculcat+ a c\rse ( conduct :i* mu/ inevitably lead to pov]ty1 ,*ri/ %\ld hold up a /ate ( pov]ty z desirable4 ,we read 9 ,mat!w v4 #c1 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s & x is cont5d$ t x is pov]ty only ( _s :i* ,*ri/ blesses2 if s1 he blesses ! s\rce ( mu* wret*$ness1 = poor-spirit$ p get trampl$ d[n1 & are a mis]y to !mselves & a burd5 to ^? ab\t !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn to ,luke vi4 #bj1 we f9d ! decl>ation3 ,bless$ are ye poor1 address$ directly to 8 ,apo/les1 :o 7 any?+ b poor 9 _s 7,luke ix4 #df1 & xxii4 #bd72 & we f9d x1 fur!r1 jo9$ ) ! ann\ncem5t1 bless$ are ye t hung] n[1 & foll[$ by ! curses3 ,woe unto y t are ri* 444 woe unto y t are full4 ,if hung] means hung] aft] righte\sness1 ! anti!sis full mu/ also mean full ( righte\sness1 a /ate on :i* ,*ri/ w\ld surely n pron\nce a woe4 ,mr4 ,bradlaugh well draws out ! v>i\s ?\ghts 9 ^! mo/ un=tunate say+s3 ,is pov]ty ( _s ! *ief among/ virtues1 t ,jesus gives x ! prime place 9 8 tea*+8 ,is pov]ty ( _s a virtue at all8 ,surely n4 ,manl9ess ( _s1 hone/y ( _s1 fulness ( rightful purpose1 ^! are virtues2 b pov]ty ( _s is a crime4 ,:5 m5 are poor 9 _s1 !n d ! pr\d & haughty 9 _s oppress & trample ^u !m1 b :5 m5 are true 9 _s & det]m9$ 7z true m5 %\ld be7 to resi/ & prev5t evil1 wrong1 & inju/ice :5ev] !y c1 !n is !re great] opportunity = happ9ess "h1 & no less] fitness = ! enjoym5t ( future happ9ess1 9 "s may be heav51 h]eaft]4 ,are y poor 9 _s1 & are y smitt52 9 su* case :at did ,jesus tea*8 ',unto him t smite? !e on ! "o *eek (f] also ! o!r' 7,luke vi4 #bi74 ,x 7 bett] f> to tea* t 'he :o c\rts oppression %>es ! crime4' ,r say1 if smitt5 once1 take c>eful measures to prev5t a future smit+4 ,i h he>d m5 prea* passive resi/ance1 b ?is tea*es actual invitation ( injury1 a c\rse degrad+ 9 ! extreme 444 ! pov]ty ( _s pr9ciple is en=c$ to ! fulle/ conceivable ext5t--',him t take? away ?y cloak1 =bid n to take ?y coat also4 ,give to e man t aske? ( !e1 & ( him t take? away ?y goods ask !m n aga9' 7,luke vi4 #bi1 #cj74 ,pov]ty ( p]son is ! only possible sequ5ce to ?is extraord9>y manife/ation ( pov]ty ( _s4 ,pov]ty ( p]son is att5d$ ) _m unpleasantnesses2 & if ,jesus knew t pov]ty ( goods w\ld result f 8 tea*+1 we might expect "s notice ( ?is4 ,& s !re is--z if he wi%$ to keep ! poor cont5t ?r\gh _! lives ) pov]ty1 he says1 ',bless$ be ye poor1 = y\rs is ! k+dom ( ,god' 7,luke vi4 #bj7 444 ,poor 9 _s & poor 9 pocket4 ,) no c\rage to "w = food1 or money to pur*ase x1 we might well expect to f9d ! man :o held ^! doctr9es ) empty /oma* also2 & :at does ,jesus tea*8 ',bless$ are ye t hung] n[1 = ye %all be fill$' 444 ,crav5 9 _s1 ) an empty purse & hungry m\?--:at next8 ,! man :o has n manl9ess en\gh to prev5t wrong1 w probably bemoan 8 h>d fate1 & cry bitt]ly t s sore are ! mis=tunes he endures4 ,& :at does ,jesus tea*8 ',bless$ are ye t weep n[1 = ye %all laugh' 7,luke vi4 #ba7 444 ,jesus tea*es t ! poor1 ! hungry1 & ! wret*$ %all be bless$4 ,?is is n s4 ,! bless+ only comes :5 !y h ceas$ to be poor1 hungry1 & wret*$4 ,cont5tm5t "u pov]ty1 hung]1 & mis]y is high treason1 n to y\rself alone b to y\r fell[s4 ,^! ?ree1 l f\l diseases1 spread quickly :]ev] humanity is /agnant & cont5t ) wrong 7,:at ,did ,jesus ,tea*8 pp4 #a-c74 ,b ,jesus did m ?an panegyrise pov]ty2 he gave /ill m exact directions to 8 disciples z to h[ pov]ty %\ld be atta9$4 ,matt4 vi4 #be-cd is z mis*iev\s a passage z has be5 p5n$ by any morali/4 ,take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat or :at ye %all dr9k2 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4 ,x is said t take no ?\ght means1 be n ov] anxi\s2 if ?is be s1 :y does ,*ri/ emphasise x by quot+ birds & lilies z examples1 ?+s1 :i*1 lit]ally1 take no ?\ght8 ! argum5t is3 birds d n /ore food 9 b>ns1 yet ,god fe$s !m4 ,y are m valuable ?an ! birds4 ,god w take equal c>e ( y if y foll[ ! birds' example4 ,! lilies sp9 no raim5t1 yet ,god clo!s !m4 ,s %all he clo! y1 if y foll[ _! example4 ,! passage has no mean+1 ! illu/rations no apposit5ess1 unless ,*ri/ means t no ?\ght is to be tak5 = ! future4 ,he makes ! argum5t /ill /rong]3 ! ,g5tiles seek meat1 dr9k1 & clo?+4 ,b ,god1 y\r ,fa!r1 kn[s y\r ne$ = all ^! ?+s4 ,!re=e1 seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4 ,take1 !re=e1 no ?\ght = ! morr[3 = ! morr[ %all take ?\ght = ! ?+s ( itself4 ,suffici5t unto ! day is ! evil !re(4 ,if ,*ri/ only meant ! common-place advice1 d n be ov]-anxi\s1 he !n lays ! mo/ absurd /ress on x1 & speaks 9 ! mo/ exagg]at$ way4 ,s5sible ,g5tiles d n worry !mselves by ov]-anxiety1 aft] !y h tak5 = ! morr['s ne$s all ! c>e !y c2 b !y d n act l birds or l lilies1 = !y "k t _m a bird />ves 9 a h>d w9t] because x is n capable ( ga!r+ & /or+ food into b>ns1 & t _m a g>bless lily is %rivell$ up by ! cold ea/ w9d4 ,!y notice t ?\gh m5 & wom5 are mu* bett] ?an birds & lilies1 yet ,god does n always fe$ & clo! !m2 t1 on ! contr>y1 _m a poor creature dies ( />vation & ( w9t]'s bitt] cold2 :5 our daily pap]s record no inque/s on ^? :o die f want1 because none b ,god takes ?\ght = !m1 !n x w be "t en\gh = u to cease f prep>+ = ! morr[1 & to tru/ t heav5ly ,fa!r :o at pres5t kn[e? t we h ne$ ( ^! ?+s1 &1 kn[+1 lets s _m ( 8 *ildr5 />ve = lack ( !m4 ,! true mean+ ( ,*ri/ is pla9ly %[n by 8 injunctions to ! twelve apo/les & to ! sev5ty :5 he s5t !m on a j\rney3 ,take no?+ = y\r j\rney1 nei!r /aves1 nor scrip1 nei!r bread1 nor money2 nei!r h two coats apiece 7,luke ix4 #c72 &3 ,c>ry nei!r purse1 nor scrip1 nor %oes 444 9 ! same h\se rema91 eat+ & dr9k+ su* ?+s z !y give 7,ibid1 x4 #d1 #g74 ,! same _s brea!s 9 8 injunction to ! "y man3 ,g & sell t ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor1 & ?\ %alt h treasure 9 heav52 & come & foll[ me 7,matt4 xix4 #ba74 ,! fact is t ,jesus held ! ascetic doctr9e1 t pov]ty 01 9 itself1 m]itori\s2 &1 9 common ) _m sects1 he reg>d$ ! highe/ life z ! life ( ! m5dicant tea*]4 ,8 doctr9e ( pov]ty pass$ on into ! ,*ur* t be>s 8 "n1 & "o ( ! ?ree v[s tak5 by ^? :o aspire to lead ! angelic life is ! v[ ( pov]ty4 ,! m5dicant fri>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! /urdy begg>s1 are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! ,ea/]n m5dicants1 & are ! fruits ( ! morality taught by ,*ri/4 ,on ?is po9t1 z on _m o!rs1 ! morality ( ! ,epi/les is f> high] ?an t ( ! ,gospels1 & ! common-s5se & righte\s law1 t if any w\ld n "w nei!r %\ld he eat is1 h[ev]1 incompatible ) ,*ri/'s admiration = m5dicancy1 a f> m :olesome & salut>y k9d ( moral tea*+ ?an t :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,! dogma ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts z taught by ,*ri/ is fatal to all reality ( virtue4 ,to d "r f hope ( heav53 to avoid wrong = fe> ( hell3 su* virtue is only sk9-deep1 & w n /& r\gh usage4 ,true virtue does "r because x is "r1 & !re=e b5eficial1 & n f hope ( a p]sonal rew>d1 or f dread ( a p]sonal puni%m5t1 h]eaft]4 ,*ri/ianity is ! apo!osis ( selfi%ness1 gild$ ov] ) piety2 self is ! pivot on :i* all turns3 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if he ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 own s\l8 7,m>k viii4 #cf74 ,he t receive? a prophet 9 ! "n ( a prophet %all receive a prophet's rew>d2 & he t receive? a righte\s man 9 ! "n ( a righte\s man %all receive a righte\s man's rew>d4 ,& :osoev] %all give to dr9k unto "o ( ^! little ones a cup ( cold wat] only 9 ! "n ( a disciple1 v]ily ,i say unto y1 he %all 9 n[ise lose 8 rew>d 7,matt4 x4 #da1 #db74 ,:osoev] !re=e %all confess me be=e m51 him w ,i confess also be=e my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,b :osoev] %all d5y me be=e m51 him w ,i also d5y be=e my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 7,ibid1 #cb1 #cc74 ,pray to ?y ,fa!r :i* is 9 secret2 & ?y ,fa!r1 :i* see? 9 secret1 %all rew>d !e op5ly 7,ibid1 vi4 #f74 ,we h =sak5 all & foll[$ !e3 :at %all we h !re=e8444 ,:5 ! ,son ( man %all sit 9 ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also %all sit ^u twelve ?rones 7,matt4 xix4 #bg1 #bh74 ,! passages might be multipli$2 b ^! are suffici5t to %[ ! ?or\gh selfi%ness inculcat$4 ,all is done ) an eye to p]sonal ga9 9 ! future2 ev5 ! cold wat] is to be giv51 n because ! little "o is ?ir/y & ne$s x1 b = ! rew>d promis$ !re=e to ! giv]4 ,pure1 g5]\s love is exclud$3 !re is a ta9t ( selfi%ness 9 e gift4 ,! ?\ght ( ,heav5 is also injuri\s to human welf>e1 because m5 le>n to disreg>d e>? = ! sake ( ! glory to be reveal$4 ,p ^: citiz5%ip is 9 heav51 make b sorry citiz5s ( e>?1 = !y reg>d ?is _w z no cont9u+ city1 :ile !y seek "o to come4 ,h5ce1 z all hi/ory %[s u1 !y are apt to despise ?is _w :ile dream+ ab\t ano!r1 to tr\ble little ab\t e>?'s wrongs :ile ?9k+ ( ! mansions 9 ! skies2 to acquiesce 9 any ass]tion t ! :ole _w lie? 9 wick$ness1 & to tr\ble !mselves b little z to ! means ( improv+ x4 ,f ?is l9e ( ?\ght foll[s ! long li/ ( mona/]ies & nunn]ies1 :]e9 p sep>ate !mselves f ?is _w 9 ord] to prep>e = ano!r4 ,all ?is evil fl[s directly f ! ,*ri/ian morality :i* tea*es t all hopes1 ef=ts1 & aims %\ld be turn$ t[>ds lay+ up treasures 9 heav51 :]e also ! he>t %\ld be4 ,"o ne$ sc>cely add a ^w ( reprobation z to ! horrible doctr9e ( et]nal torture1 al?\gh t1 too1 is "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! :ole consci5ce ( civilis$ mank9d is s turn+ aga9/ t %ameful & cruel dogma1 t x is only n[ believ$ among ! illit]ate & uncultur$ ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & soon w be too savage ev5 = !m4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 h>d5$ ! he>ts ( _m 9 days gone by1 & has made ! burn+ ( h]etics seem an appropriate act ( fai?1 s9ce m5 only began on e>? ! roa/+ :i* ,god 0 to cont9ue to all et]nity4 ,! morality ( ,*ri/ is also faulty because x %>es 9 ! p]secut+ _s ( ! ,mosaic code4 ,! disciples are told3 ,:osoev] %all n receive y1 nor he> y\r words1 :5 ye dep>t out ( t h\se or city1 %ake (f ! du/ ( y\r feet4 ,v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,x %all be m tol]able = ! l& ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 ?an = t city 7,matt4 x4 #ad1 #ae74 ,*ri/ proclaims op5ly3 ,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace on e>?3 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b a sword4 ,= ,i am come to set a man at v>iance aga9/ 8 fa!r1 & ! daught] aga9/ h] "m1 & ! daught]-9-law aga9/ h] "m-9-law4 ,& a man's foes %all be !y ( 8 own h\sehold 7,ibid1 #cd-cf74 ,to a man :om he calls to foll[ him1 & :o asks to be all[$ fir/ to bury 8 fa!r1 ,*ri/ gives ! brutal reply3 ,let ! dead bury _! dead3 b g ?\ & prea* ! k+dom ( ,god 7,luke x4 #fj74 ,ano!r "t he says3 ,if any man come to me1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 yea1 & 8 own life also1 he _c be my disciple 7,ibid1 xiv4 #bf74 ,a religion t de/roys ! home1 t introduces discord into ! family1 t bids its vot>ies hate all else save ,*ri/1 acts z a dis9tegrat+ =ce 9 human life1 & _c be too /rongly oppos$4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ reg>d+ m>riage4 ,he delib]ately places virg9ity above m>riage1 & c\nsels self-mutilation to ^? capable ( mak+ ! sacrifice4 ,all m5 _c receive ?is say+1 save !y to :om x is giv5 444 !re be eunu*s :i* h made !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake4 ,he t is able to receive x1 let him receive x 7,matt4 xix4 #aa1 #ab74 ,foll[+ ?is1 #a ,cor4 vii4 tea*es ! sup]iority ( an unm>ri$ /ate1 & ?reat5s tr\ble 9 ! fle% to ^? :o m>ry4 ,& 9 ,rev4 xiv4 #a-d1 we f9d1 foll[+ ! ,lamb1 ) special privileges1 #add1jjj :o 7 n defil$ ) wom52 = !y are virg9s4 ,?is co>se & insult+ way ( reg>d+ wom51 z ?\gh !y exi/$ m]ely to be ! safety-valves ( m5's passions1 & t ! be/ m5 7 above ! temptation ( lov+ !m1 has be5 ! s\rce ( unnumb]$ evils4 ,to ?is say+ ( ,*ri/ are due ! self-mutilations ( _m1 su* z ,orig51 & ! de/ruction ( myriads ( human lives 9 celibacy2 monks & nuns innum]able owe to ?is evil tea*+ _! %rivell$ lives & )]$ he>ts4 ,= c5turies ! lead]s ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght spoke ( wom5 z ( a necess>y evil1 & ! greate/ sa9ts ( ! ,*ur* are ^? :o despis$ wom5 ! mo/4 ,! subjection ( wom5 9 ,we/]n l&s is :olly due to ,*ri/ianity4 ,among ! ,teutons wom5 7 hon\r$1 & held a noble & dignifi$ place 9 ! tribe2 ,*ri/ianity br\ght ) x ! evil ,ea/]n habit ( reg>d+ wom5 z int5d$ = ! toys & drudges ( man1 & int5sifi$ x ) a special spite aga9/ !m1 z ! daught]s ( ,eve1 :o 0 fir/ deceiv$4 ,/rangely diff]5t to ! 99g5]al ,ea/]n feel+ & %[+ a tru] & nobl] view ( life1 is ! precept ( ,manu3 ,:]e wom5 are hon\r$1 !re ! deities are pleas$2 b :]e !y are di%on\r$1 !re all religi\s acts become fruitless 7,an?ology1 p4 #caj74 ,evil also is ! tea*+ t rep5tance is high] ?an purity3 joy %all be 9 heav5 ov] "o s9n] t rep5?1 m ?an ov] n9ety & n9e j p]sons :i* ne$ no rep5tance 7,luke xv4 #g1 #aj74 ,! fatt$ calf is sla9 = ! prodigal son1 :o returns home aft] he has wa/$ all 8 sub/ance2 & to ! labori\s eld] son1 dur+ ! _m ye>s ( 8 s]vice1 ! fa!r nev] gave ev5 a kid t he might make m]ry ) 8 fri5ds 7,ibid1 #bi74 ,:at is all ?is b putt+ a premium ^u immorality1 & in/ruct+ p t ! m !y s91 ! m joy\s w be _! welcome :5ev] !y may *oose to re=m1 &1 l ! prodigal1 ?9k to m5d _! brok5 =tunes by rep5tance8 ,?or\ghly immoral is ! tea*+ conta9$ 9 ! two p>ables 9 ,luke xvi4 ,9 ! "o1 a /ew>d :o has wa/$ 8 ma/]'s goods1 is comm5d$ because he w5t & brib$ 8 employ]'s debtors to assi/ him1 by sugge/+ to !m t !y %\ld *eat 8 ma/] by alt]+ ! am\nt ( ! bills !y ow$ him4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! p>able ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us1 ! evil moral is taught t ri*es are 9 !mselves des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 & pov]ty ( rew>d4 ,! ri* man is 9 hell simply because he 0 ri*1 & ! poor man 9 ,abraham's bosom simply because he 0 poor2 x c sc>cely add1 "o may rem>k1 to ! pleasure ( heav5 = ! ,laz>uses all to look at ! ,diveses1 & be unable to rea* !m1 ev5 to give !m a s+le drop ( wat]4 ,?us :e!r we see t ! nobl] "p ( ! ,*ri/ian morality is pre-,*ri/ian1 & is nei!r ,*ri/ian1 nor ,jewi%1 nor ,h9du1 nor ,buddhi/1 b is simply human1 & belongs to ! race & n to "o cre$4 ,:e!r we note ! omissions 9 its code1 mak+ x insuffici5t = human guidance2 :e!r we m>k its errors1 mi/akes1 & injuri\s tea*+s2 :i*ev] po9t ( view we take f :i* to consid] x1 we f9d 9 x no?+ to di/+ui% x above o!r moral codes1 or to prev5t x f be+ class$ among o!r moralities1 z be+ a mixture ( good & bad1 &1 !re=e1 n to be tak5 z an1 un]r+ guide1 be+ l !m1 all ,,fallible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,to ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,"p ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,books ,,us$4 ,bhagavat ,gita1 9 ,an?ology444#djf ,bradlaugh1 ,! ,bible3 :at x is444#cig ,:at ,did ,jesus ,tea*8444#dad ,buddha1 9 ,an?ology444#djc1 #dje ,:eel ( ! ,law444#djh ,cah51 ,lvitique444#cih ,col5so1 ,p5tateu* & ,book ( ,jo%ua444#cif ,confucius1 9 ,an?ology444#djc1 #djd1 #djh ,dante1 ,inf]no444#djc ,dhammapada1 9 ,an?ology444#djc ,g\ldburn1 ,?\ghts on ,p]sonal ,religion444#daa ,kalis*1 ,leviticus444#cii1 #djj1 #dja ,ka?a-,*>i1 9 ,an?ology444#djg ,kwan-y91 9 ,an?ology444#djg ,lao-,tsze1 9 ,an?ology444#djc1 #djd ,mahabh>ata1 9 ,muir444#daj ,manu1 9 ,an?ology444#djd1 #dje1 #djf1 #dai ,m5cius1 9 ,an?ology444#djg ,pray] ,book1 ,art4 vi4 vii4444#cie ,ramayana1 9 ,an?ology444#djg ,sabaean ,book ( ! ,law1 9 ,an?ology444#djd1 #dje ,%elley1 ,que5 ,mab444#djb ,%e-,k+1 9 ,an?ology444#djg ,/atutes1 #i & #aj ,william ,,iii4 cap4 #cb444cie ,talmud1 quot$ by ,besant444#dje 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,*ri/ian morality1 comp>$ ) o!rs444#djc degrad+ to wom5444#dai immoral t[>ds s9444#dai non-orig9al444#djc non-resi/ant444#dab omissions 9444#daa pav$ way = despotism444#dab p]secut+ 9 _s444#dah sanctions m5dicancy444#daf selfi%444#dag :at includ$ 9444#cie ,heav5 & ,hell1 h>m done by belief 9444#dag ,h]oism ( ,paganism444#dab ,human sacrifice1 sanction$ by ,god444#cih among ,jews444#cih ,m>riage1 tea*+ ( ,*ri/ conc]n+444#dai ,morality ( great ,pagan tea*]s444#djf comp>$ ) t ( ,*ri/444#djc ,murd] ( blasphem]1 sanction$ by ,god444#cig h]etics444#dja ,ordeal1 sanction$ by ,god444#dja ,pov]ty inculcat$ by ,*ri/444#dad ,pro/itution1 sanction$ by ,god444#djb ,religion1 evil (444#djb ,sale ( daught] sanction$ by ,god444#cif ?ief444#cif ,slaves1 beat5 to dea?444#cif ,slav]y1 sanction$ by ,god444#cif1 #cig ,un?rift taught by ,*ri/444#dae ,utility ! te/ ( morality444#daa religion accord+ to ,buddha444#djh ,value ( ,*ri/ianity to tyrants444#dab ,wit*es1 numb] ( kill$444#cig ,wit*-murd]1 sanction$ by ,god444#cig ,,section ,,iv4--,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,?is section does n pret5d1 )9 ! %ort limits ( "s fifty pages1 to give ev5 a complete summ>y ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,x proposes only to draw up an impea*m5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity f ! facts ( its hi/ory :i* occurr$ 9 ! day ( its p[]1 f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 up to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,if x be urg$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 corrupt dur+ ?is p]iod1 & ought n !re=e to be judg$ by x1 we c only reply t1 corrupt or n1 x is ! only ,*ri/ianity !re 01 & if only bad fruit is br\ght =?1 x is fair to conclude t ! tree :i* be>s no?+ else is also bad4 ,if ! bi%ops1 & cl]gy1 & mission>ies 7 ignorant1 s5sual1 tyrannical1 & sup]/iti\s1 !y are none ! less ! repres5tatives ( ,*ri/ianity1 & if ^! are n true ,*ri/ians1 :]e are ! true ,*ri/ians f ,a4,d4 #cbd to ,a4,d4 #a1ejj8 ,we propose1 9 ?is section1 to practically cond5se ! d>k side ( ,mo%eim's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 z translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,macla9e 7ed4 #ahdg71 only add+1 "h & !re1 extracts f o!r writ]s2 all extracts1 !re=e1 except :]e o!rwise specifi$1 w be tak5 f ?is valuable hi/ory1 a hi/ory :i*1 p]haps f its size & dryness1 is n ne>ly s mu* /udi$ by ,free?9k]s z x %\ld be2 its special wor? = our object is t ,dr4 ,mo%eim is a s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 & _c1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to /ra9 any po9t unduly aga9/ ! religion to :i* he himself belongs4 ,dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies ! ,*ri/ians appe> to h gr[n 9 p[] & influ5ce1 & _! fai?1 made up out ( _m old] cre$s & =m+ a k9d ( eclectic religion1 gradually spread ?r\gh\t ! ,roman empire1 & became a factor 9 political problems4 ,9 ! /ruggles betwe5 ! oppos+ ,roman emp]ors1 ,a4,d4 #caj-cbd1 ! weight ( ! ,*ri/ian influ5ce 0 ?r[n on ! side ( ,con/ant9e1 8 rivals be+ /rongly oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity2 ,maxim9 ,gal]ius 0 a bitt] p]secutor1 & 8 successor1 ,maxim91 trod 9 8 /eps 9 ,a4,d4 #cab1 & #cac1 ,max5tius 0 defeat$ by ,con/ant9e1 & ,maxim9 by ,lic9ius1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #cab ,con/ant9e & ,lic9ius grant$ lib]ty ( wor%ip to ! ,*ri/ians2 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 accord+ to ,mo%eim1 or 9 ,a4,d4 #cad accord+ to ,eusebius1 a second edict 0 issu$ f ,milan1 by ! two emp]ors1 :i* grant$ to ! ,*ri/ians & to all1 ! free *oice to foll[ t mode ( wor%ip :i* !y may wi% 444 t no fre$om at all %all be refus$ to ,*ri/ians1 to foll[ or to keep _! obs]vances or wor%ip2 b t to ea* "o p[] be grant$ to devote 8 m9d to t wor%ip :i* he may ?9k adapt$ to himself 7,eusebius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 p4 #dca74 ,lic9ius1 h[ev]1 r5ew$ ! w> aga9/ ,con/ant9e1 :o imm$iately embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 ?us secur+ to himself ! sympa?y & assi/ance ( ! fai? :i* n[ = ! fir/ "t saw its vot>y on ! imp]ial ?rone ( ! _w1 & ,lic9ius1 by ally+ himself ) ,paganism1 & p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians1 drove !m entirely ov] to ,con/ant9e1 & 0 f9ally defeat$ & de?ron$1 ,a4,d4 #cbd4 ,f t date ,*ri/ianity 0 supreme1 & became ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,dr4 ,drap] reg>ds ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e f ! po9t ( view tak5 above4 ,he says3 ,x _h n[ become evid5t t ! ,*ri/ians con/itut$ a p[]ful p>ty 9 ! ,/ate1 animat$ ) indignation at ! atrocities !y _h suff]$1 & det]m9$ to endure !m no long]4 ,aft] ! abdication ( ,diocletian 7,a4,d4 #cje71 ,con/ant9e1 "o ( ! competitors = ! purple1 p]ceiv+ ! advantages t w\ld accrue to him f su* a policy1 put himself =? z ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian p>ty4 ,?is gave him1 9 e "p ( ! empire1 m5 & wom5 ready to enc\nt] fire & sword 9 8 behalf2 x gave him unwav]+ adh]5ts 9 e legion ( ! armies4 ,9 a decisive battle1 ne> ! ,milvian bridge1 victory cr[n$ 8 s*emes4 ,! dea? ( ,maxim91 & subsequ5tly t ( ,lic9ius1 remov$ all ob/acles4 ,he asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s--! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or4 ,place1 pr(it1 p[]--^! 7 9 view ( :oev] n[ jo9$ ! conqu]+ sect4 ,cr[ds ( worldly p]sons1 :o c>$ no?+ ab\t its religi\s ideas1 became its w>me/ support]s4 ,pagans at he>t1 _! influ5ce 0 soon manife/$ 9 ! ,paganisation ( ,*ri/ianity t =?) ensu$4 ,! emp]or1 no bett] ?an !y1 did no?+ to *eck _! proce$+s4 ,b he did n p]sonally con=m to ! c]emonial requirem5ts ( ! ,*ur* until ! close ( 8 evil life1 ,a4,d4 #ccg 7,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #ci2 ed4 #ahge74 ,con/ant9e1 9 fact1 0 n baptis$ until a few days be=e 8 dea?4 ,! "* ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or is n "o :i* /rikes u ) admiration4 ,z emp]or he sank into a cruel & dissolute mon>*1 corrupt$ by 8 =tune1 or rais$ by conque/ above ! necessity ( dissimulation 444 ! old age ( ,con/ant9e 0 disgrac$ by ! opposite yet reconcilable vices ( rapaci\sness & prodigality 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cdg74 ,he 0 z effem9ate z he 0 vici\s4 ,he is repres5t$ ) false hair ( v>i\s col\rs1 labori\sly arrang$ by ! skilful arti/s ( ! "t2 a diadem ( a new & m exp5sive fa%ion2 a pr(usion ( gems & pe>ls1 ( coll>s & bracelets1 & a v>iegat$ fl[+ robe ( silk1 mo/ curi\sly embroid]$ ) fl[]s ( gold4 ,to 8 o!r vices he add$ mo/ blood?ir/y cruelty4 ,he /rangl$ ,lic9ius1 aft] defeat+ him2 murd]$ 8 own son ,crispus1 8 nephew ,lic9ius1 & 8 wife ,fau/a1 toge!r ) a numb] ( o!rs4 ,x mu/ inde$ h ne$$ an efficaci\s baptism to wa% away 8 crimes2 & future tyrants 7 enc\rag$ to believe t ! innoc5t blood :i* !y might %$ 9 a long reign w\ld in/antly be wa%$ away 9 ! wat]s ( reg5]ation 7,ibid1 pp4 #dga1 #dgb74 ,! weal? ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es 0 consid]able dur+ ! ?ird c5tury1 & ! bi%ops & cl]gy liv$ 9 mu* pomp & luxury4 ,?\gh sev]al bi%ops yet cont9u$ to exhibit to ! _w illu/ri\s examples ( primitive piety & ,*ri/ian virtue1 yet _m 7 sunk 9 luxury & voluptu\sness1 puff$ up ) vanity1 arrogance1 & ambition1 possess$ ) a _s ( cont5tion & discord1 & addict$ to _m o!r vices t ca/ an undes]v$ reproa* ^u ! holy religion ( :i* !y 7 ! unwor?y pr(essors & m9i/]s4 ,?is is te/ifi$ 9 su* an ample mann] by ! repeat$ compla9ts ( _m ( ! mo/ respectable writ]s ( ?is age1 t tru? w n p]mit u to spread ! veil :i* we %\ld o!rwise be desir\s to ca/ ov] su* enormities among an ord] s sacr$4444 ,! example ( ! bi%ops 0 ambiti\sly imitat$ by ! presbyt]s1 :o1 neglect+ ! sacr$ duties ( _! /ation1 ab&on$ !mselves to ! indol5ce & delicacy ( an effem9ate & luxuri\s life4 ,! deacons1 behold+ ! presbyt]s des]t+ ?us _! functions1 boldly usurp$ _! rights & privileges2 & ! effects ( a corrupt ambition 7 spread ?r\gh e rank ( ! sacr$ ord] 7p4 #gc74 ,dur+ ?is c5tury also we f9d mu* sc&al caus$ by ! pret5d$ celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 = ! p--reg>d+ celibacy z pur] ?an m>riage1 & consid]+ t !y1 :o took wives1 7 ( all o!rs ! mo/ subject to ! influ5ce ( malignant demons--urg$ _! cl]gy to rema9 celibate1 & _m ( ! sacr$ ord]1 especially 9 ,africa1 cons5t$ to satisfy ! desires ( ! p1 & endeav\r$ to d ?is 9 su* a mann] z n to (f] an entire viol5ce to _! own incl9ations4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y =m$ connections ) ^? wom5 :o _h made v[s ( p]petual *a/ity2 & x 0 an ord9>y ?+ = an ecclesia/ic to admit "o ( ^! fair sa9ts to ! p>ticipation ( 8 b$1 b /ill "u ! mo/ solemn decl>ations1 t no?+ pass$ 9 ?is comm]ce t 0 contr>y to ! rules ( *a/ity & virtue 7p4 #gc74 ,su* 0 ! morality ( ! cl]gy z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury6 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* 9 ^! primitive times 0 z confus$ z its morality 0 impure4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury 7dur+ :i* we really "k no?+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*71 ,dr4 ,mo%eim1 9 deal+ ) divisions & h]esies1 po9ts to ! false tea*]s m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! rise ( ! ,gno/ic h]esy4 ,gno/icism 7f ,greek3 gnosis k71 a sy/em comp\nd$ ( ,*ri/ianity & ,ori5tal philosophy1 long divid$ ! ,*ur* ) ! doctr9es kn[n z or?odox4 ,! ,gno/ics believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! two oppos+ pr9ciples ( good & evil1 ! latt] be+ by _m consid]$ z ! creator ( ! _w4 ,!y held t f ! ,supreme ,god emanat$ a numb] ( ons--g5]ally put at ?irty2 7see ?r\gh\t ,ir5u ,aga9/ ,h]esies7--& "s ma9ta9$ t "o ( ^!1 ,*ri/1 desc5d$ on ! man ,jesus at 8 baptism1 & left him aga9 j be=e 8 passion2 o!rs t ,jesus _h n a real1 b only an app>5t1 body ( fle%4 ,! ,gno/ic philosophy _h _m =ms & _m int]divisions2 b mo/ ( ! h]esies ( ! fir/ c5turies 7 bran*es ( ?is "o tree3 x rose into prom95ce1 x is said1 ab\t ! "t ( ,adrian1 & among its e>ly lead]s 7 ,m>cion1 ,basilides1 & ,val5t9us4 ,9 addition to ! v>i\s ,gno/ic !ories1 !re 0 a deep m>k ( division betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians2 ! =m] develop$ into ! sects1 ( ,naz>5es & ,ebionites1 b 7 naturally nev] v p[]ful 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! second c5tury1 z ! ,*ri/ians become m visible1 _! diss5sions are also m cle>ly m>k$2 & x is important to obs]ve t !re is no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity :]e9 ^? :o laid claim to ! "n ,*ri/ian 7 agre$ among/ !mselves z to :at ,*ri/ianity 04 ,gno/icism we see n[ divid$ into two ma9 bran*es1 ,asiatic & ,egyptian4 ,! ,asiatic believ$ t1 9 addition to ! two pr9ciples ( good & evil1 !re 0 a ?ird be+1 a mixture ( bo?1 ! ,demiurgus1 ! creator1 ^: son ,jesus 02 !y ma9ta9$ t ! body ( ,jesus 0 only app>5t2 !y en=c$ ! sev]e/ discipl9e aga9/ ! body1 :i* 0 evil1 9 t x 0 mat]ial2 & m>riage1 fle%1 & w9e 7 =bidd54 ,! ,elcesaites 7 a judais+ bran* ( ?is ,asiatic ,gno/icism2 ,saturn9us ( ,antio*1 ,ardo ( ,syria1 & ,m>cion ( ,pontus head$ ! movem5t1 & aft] !m ,lucan1 ,sev]us1 ,bla/es1 ,apelles1 & ,b>desanes =m$ new sects4 ,tatian 7see ante1 pp4 #bei1 #bfj7 _h _m foll[]s call$ ,tatiani/s1 & 9 connection ) him & 8 doctr9es we he> ( ! ,eucratites1 ,hydrop>a/ates 7! wat]-dr9k]s71 & ,apotactites4 ,! ,eucratites appe> to h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ,tatian pr(ess$ ,gno/icism1 b he s increas$ _! influ5ce z to be sometimes reg>d$ z _! f\nd]4 ,! ,egyptian ,gno/ics 7 less ascetic1 & mo/ly fav\r$ ! idea t ,jesus _h a real body on :i* ! on desc5d$ & jo9$ himself !reunto4 ,!y reg>d$ him z born naturally ( ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,basilides1 & ,val5t9us head$ ! ,egyptians1 & !n we h z sub-divisions ! ,c>pocratians1 ,ptolemaites1 ,secundians1 ,h]acleonites1 ,m>cosians1 ,adamites1 ,ca9ites1 ,se?ites1 ,flor9ians1 ,ophites1 ,artemonites1 & ,h]mog5i/s2 9 addition to ^! we h ! ,mon>*ians or ,patripassians1 :o ma9ta9$ t !re 0 b "o ,god1 & t ! ,fa!r suff]$ 7:5ce ?is "n7 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,?is long li/ may be clos$ ) ! ,montani/s1 a sect jo9$ by ,t]tullian 7see 8 acc\nt ( ! or?odox aft] he became a ,montani/1 ante1 p4 #bbe72 !y held t ,montanes1 _! f\nd]1 0 ! ,p>aclete promis$ by ,*ri/1 mission$ to complete ! ,*ri/ian code2 he =bade second m>riages1 ! reception into ! ,*ur* ( ^? :o _h be5 excommunicat$ = griev\s s91 & inculcat$ ! /]ne/ asceticism4 ,he oppos$ all le>n+ z anti-,*ri/ian1 a doctr9e :i* 0 rapidly spread+ among ,*ri/ians1 & :i* seems1 inde$1 to h be5 an integral "p ( ! religion f its v beg9n+ 7,matt4 xi4 #be1 #a ,cor4 i4 #bf1 #bg74 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ! h]etic camp receiv$ a new light 9 ! p]son ( ,manes1 or ,mani*u1 a ,p]sian magus2 he appe>s to h be5 a man ( great le>n+1 a physician1 an a/ronom]1 a philosoph]4 ,he taught ! old ,p]sian cre$ t9ctur$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ be+ id5tical ) ,mi?ras 7see ante1 p4 #cfb71 & hav+ come ^u e>? 9 an app>5t body only to deliv] mank9d4 ,manes 0 ! p>aclete s5t to complete 8 tea*+2 ! body 0 evil1 & only by long /ruggle & mortification c\ld man be deliv]$ f x1 & rea* f9al bless$ness4 ,^? :o desir$ to lead ! highe/ life1 ! elect1 ab/a9$ f fle%1 eggs1 milk1 fi%1 w9e1 & all intoxicat+ dr9k1 & rema9$ 9 ! /ricte/ celibacy2 !y 7 to live on bread1 h]bs1 pulse1 & melons1 & d5y !mselves e com=t & e gratification 7see pp4 #hj-hb74 ,! ,hi]acites 9 ,egypt 7 closely alli$ ) ! ,mani*ans4 ,! ,novatians diff]$ f ! or?odox only 9 _! refusal to receive aga9 into ! ,*ur* any :o _h committ$ griev\s crimes1 or :o _h laps$ dur+ p]secution4 ,! ,arabians d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ma9ta9+ t x di$ ) ! body1 & t body & s\l toge!r w\ld be revivifi$ by ,god4 ,! controv]sies on ! p]sons ( ! ,godhead n[ increas$ 9 int5sity4 ,noctus ( ,smyrna ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,patripassians1 t ,god 0 "o & indivisible1 & suff]$ to r$eem mank9d2 ,sabellius also taught t ,god 0 "o1 b t ,jesus 0 a man1 to :om 0 unit$ a c]ta9 en]gy only1 proce$+ f ! ,supreme ,p>5t 7p4 #hc74 ,he also d5i$ ! sep>ate p]sonality ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,paul ( ,samosata1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 taught a cognate doctr9e1 & f\nd$ ! sect ( ! ,paulians or ,pauliani/s1 & 0 consequ5tly degrad$ f 8 (fice4 ,?us we see t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 be=e x came to p[]1 is a mass ( qu>rels & divisions1 v>i$ by ignorance & lic5ti\sness4 ,if we exclude ,orig51 ^: writ+s conta9 mu* t is valuable1 ! works produc$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 ^! c5turies might be ?r[n into ! sea1 & ! _w w\ld be none ! poor] = ! loss4 ,,c5tury ,,iv4 ,con/ant9e atta9$ undisput$ & sole au?ority ,a4,d4 #cbd1 & 9 ! ye> #cbe he summon$ ! fir/ g5]al c\ncil1 t ( ,nicea1 or ,nice1 :i* condemn$ ! errors ( ,arius1 & decl>$ ,*ri/ to be ( ! same sub/ance z ! ,fa!r4 ,?is c\ncil has giv5 its "n to ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 al?\gh t cre$1 z n[ recit$1 diff]s some:at f ! cre$ issu$ at ,nice1 & receiv$ its pres5t =m at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #cha4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 ! ,*ur* grew swiftly 9 p[] & influ5ce1 a gr[? mu* aid$ by ! p5al laws pass$ aga9/ ,paganism4 ,! mom5t ,*ri/ianity 0 able to seize ! sword1 x wield$ x remorselessly1 & cut its way to supremacy 9 ! ,roman _w4 ,bribes & p5alties %>$ toge!r 9 ! "w ( conv]sion4 ,! hopes ( weal? & hon\rs1 ! example ( an emp]or1 8 exhortations1 8 irresi/ible smiles1 diffus$ conviction among ! v5al & obsequi\s cr[ds :i* usually fill ! ap>tm5ts ( a palace4 ,! cities1 :i* signalis$ a =w>d zeal by ! volunt>y de/ruction ( _! temples1 7 di/+ui%$ by municipal privileges & rew>d$ ) popul> donatives2 & ! new capital ( ! ,ea/ glori$ 9 ! s+ul> advantage t ,con/ant9ople 0 nev] pr(an$ by ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,z ! l[] ranks ( society are gov]n$ by imitation1 ! conv]sion ( ^? :o possess$ any em95ce ( bir?1 ( p[]1 or ( ri*es1 0 soon foll[$ by dep5d5t multitudes4 ,! salvation ( ! common p 0 pur*as$ at an easy rate1 if x be true1 t1 9 "o ye>1 twelve ?\s& m5 7 baptis$ at ,rome1 besides a proportionable numb] ( wom5 & *ildr52 & t a :ite g>m5t1 ) tw5ty pieces ( gold1 _h be5 promis$ by ! emp]or to e conv]t 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dgb1 #dgc74 ,) ,con/ant9e began ! ru9\s sy/em ( d[]+ ! ,*ur* ) ,/ate funds4 ,! emp]or direct$ ! treasur]s ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>?age to pay ov] to ! bi%op ( t di/rict #ah1jjj /]l+1 & to hon\r 8 fur!r drafts4 ,con/ant9e also gave 8 subjects p]mission to bequea? _! =tunes to ! ,*ur*1 & scatt]$ public money among ! bi%ops ) a lavi% h&4 ,! ?ree sons ( ,con/ant9e foll[$ 9 8 /eps1 cont9u+ to abrogate & efface ! anci5t sup]/itions ( ! ,romans1 & o!r idolatr\s nations1 & to accel]ate ! progress ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,?is zeal 0 no d\bt1 laudable2 its end 0 excell5t2 b1 9 ! means us$ to accompli% x1 !re 7 _m ?+s wor?y ( blame 7p4 #hh74 ,julian succ$$ to "p ( ! empire 9 ,a4,d4 #cfj1 & to sole au?ority 9 ,a4,d4 #cfa4 ,he 0 educat$ z a ,*ri/ian1 b rev]t$ to philosophic ,paganism1 & dur+ 8 %ort reign he revok$ ! special privileges grant$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & plac$ all cre$s on ! mo/ p]fect civil equality4 ,julian's dislike ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 philosophic writ+s direct$ aga9/ x1 h ga9$ = him1 f ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ! title ( ! ,apo/ate4 ,! emp]ors :o succe$$ 71 h[ev]1 all ,*ri/ian1 & us$ _! be/ endeav\rs to de/roy ,paganism4 ,*ri/ianity spread apace2 multitudes 7 drawn into ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 n by ! p[] ( conviction & argum5t1 b by ! prospect ( ga91 & ! fe> ( puni%m5t 7p4 #ajb74 ,! zeal & dilig5ce ) :i* ,con/ant9e & 8 successors ex]t$ !mselves 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ext5d+ ! limits ( ! ,*ur*1 prev5t our surprise at ! numb] ( b>b>\s & uncivilis$ nations1 :i* receiv$ ! ,gospel 7p4 #ij72 & ,dr4 ,mo%eim admits t3 ,!re is no d\bt b t ! victories ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 & ! desire ( pleas+ ?is mighty conqu]or & 8 imp]ial successors1 7 ! weighty argum5ts t mov$ :ole nations1 z well z p>ticul> p]sons1 to embrace ,*ri/ianity 7p4 #ia74 ,fraud1 z well z =ce & fav\r1 l5t its aid to ! progress ( ! ,gospel4 ,we he> ( ! imprud5t me?ods employ$ to allure ! diff]5t nations to embrace ! ,gospel 7p4 #ih73 disgraceful w\ld be a fitt] t]m :]eby to designate !m1 = ,dr4 ,mo%eim speaks ( ! endless frauds ( ^? odi\s impo/ors1 :o 7 s f> de/itute ( all pr9ciples1 z to enri* !mselves by ! ignorance & errors ( ! p4 ,rum\rs 7 artfully spread abroad ( prodigies & miracles to be se5 9 c]ta9 places 7a trick (t5 practis$ by ! hea!n prie/s71 & ! design ( ^! reports 0 to draw ! populace1 9 multitudes1 to ^! places1 & to impose ^u _! cr$ulity 444 ,nor 0 ?is all2 c]ta9 tombs 7 falsely giv5 out = ! sepul*res ( sa9ts & confessors4 ,! li/ ( ! sa9ts 0 augm5t$ by fictiti\s names1 & ev5 robb]s 7 conv]t$ into m>tyrs4 ,"s buri$ ! bones ( dead m5 9 c]ta9 retir$ places1 & !n affirm$ t !y 7 div9ely admoni%$1 by a dream1 t ! body ( "s fri5d ( ,god lay !re4 ,_m1 especially ( ! monks1 travell$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t prov9ces2 & n only sold1 ) mo/ frontless impud5ce1 _! fictiti\s relics1 b also deceiv$ ! eyes ( ! multitude ) ludicr\s combats ) evil spirits or g5ii4 ,a :ole volume w\ld be requisite to conta9 an enum]ation ( ! v>i\s frauds :i* artful knaves practis$1 ) success1 to delude ! ignorant1 :5 true religion 0 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by horrid sup]/ition 7p4 #ih74 ,:5 to all ^! weapons we add ! =g]ies ev]y:]e circulat$ 7see ante1 pp4 #bdj-bdc71 we c und]/& h[ rapidly ,*ri/ianity spread1 & h[ ! fai?ful 7 r5d]$ pliable to ^? ^: int]e/s lay 9 deceiv+ !m4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury fl\ri%$ "s ( ! greate/ fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 pre-em95t among :om we note ,ambrose1 ( ,milan1 ,augu/9e1 ( ,hippo1 & ! great ecclesia/ical doctor1 ,j]ome4 ,already1 9 ?is c5tury1 we f9d cle> traces ( ! supremacy ( ! bi%op ( ,rome1 & :5 a new pontiff 0 to be elect$ by ! suffrages ( ! presbyt]s & ! p1 ! city ( ,rome 0 g5]ally agitat$ ) diss5sions1 tumults1 & cabals1 ^: consequ5ces 7 (t5 deplorable & fatal 7p4 #id74 ,by a decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! bi%op ( t city 0 giv5 prec$5ce next aft] ! ,roman prelate1 & ! jeal\sy :i* arose betwe5 ! bi%ops ( ! two imp]ial cities fom5t$ ! disputes :i* end$1 f9ally1 9 ! sep>ation ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es4 ,( ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?is c5tury we read t3 ,! bi%ops1 on ! "o h&1 cont5d$ ) ea* o!r1 9 ! mo/ sc&al\s mann]1 conc]n+ ! ext5t ( _! respective jurisdictions1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 !y trampl$ ^u ! rights ( ! p1 violat$ ! privileges ( ! inf]ior m9i/]s1 & imitat$1 9 _! conduct1 & 9 _! mann] ( liv+1 ! arrogance1 voluptu\sness1 & luxury ( magi/rates & pr9ces 7pp4 #ie1 #if74 ,9 ?is c5tury is ! fir/ in/ance ( ! burn+ alive ( a h]etic1 & x 0 ,spa9 :o light$ t fir/ pile4 ,!odosius1 ( all ! emp]ors ( ?is age1 0 ! bitt]e/ p]secutor ( ! h]etic sects4 ,! or?odox emp]or consid]$ e h]etic z a rebel aga9/ ! supreme p[]s ( heav5 & ( e>?2 & ea* ( ^? p[]s might ex]cise _! peculi> jurisdiction ov] ! s\l & body ( ! guilty4444 ,9 ! space ( fifte5 ye>s ,a4,d4 #chj-cid1 he promulgat$ at lea/ fifte5 sev]e edicts aga9/ ! h]etics2 m especially aga9/ ^? :o reject$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity2 & to deprive !m ( e hope ( escape1 he /]nly enact$1 t if any laws or rescripts %\ld be alleg$ 9 _! fav\r1 ! judges %\ld consid] !m z ! illegal productions ei!r ( fraud or =g]y4444 ,! h]etical tea*]s 444 7 expos$ to ! heavy p5alties ( exile & confiscation1 if !y presum$ to prea* ! doctr9e1 or to practise ! rites ( _! accurs$ sects4444 ,_! religi\s meet+s1 :e!r public or secret1 by day or by night1 9 cities or 9 ! c\ntry1 7 equally proscrib$ by ! edicts ( ,!odosius3 & ! build+ or gr\nd1 :i* _h be5 us$ = t illegal purpose1 0 =feit$ to ! imp]ial doma94 ,x 0 suppos$1 t ! error ( ! h]etics c\ld proce$ only f ! ob/9ate temp] ( _! m9ds2 & t su* a temp] 0 a fit object ( c5sure & puni%m5t4444 ,! sect>ies 7 gradually disqualifi$ = ! possession ( hon\rable or lucrative employm5ts2 & ,!odosius 0 satisfi$ ) 8 own ju/ice1 :5 he decre$1 t z ! ,eunonians di/+ui%$ ! nature ( ! ,son f t ( ! ,fa!r1 !y %\ld be incapable ( mak+ _! wills1 or ( receiv+ any advantages f te/am5t>y donations 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dab1 #dac74 ,"o important ev5t ( ?is c5tury mu/ n be omitt$1 ! disp]sion ( ! great ,alex&r9e libr>y1 collect$ by ! ,ptolemies4 ,9 ! siege ( ,alex&ria by ,julius ,cs>1 ! ,philadelphian libr>y 9 ! museum1 conta9+ "s #djj1jjj volumes1 _h be5 burn$2 b !re /ill rema9$ ! daught] libr>y 9 ! ,s]apion1 conta9+ ab\t #cjj1jjj books4 ,dur+ ! episcopate ( ,!ophilus1 pr$ecessor ( ,cyril1 a riot took place betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,pagans1 & ! latt] held ! ,s]apion z _! head-qu>t]s4 ,su* 7 ! disord] & blood%$ t ! emp]or _h to int]f]e4 ,he despat*$ a rescript to ,alex&ria1 enjo9+ ! bi%op1 ,!ophilus1 to de/roy ! ,s]apion2 & ! great libr>y1 :i* _h be5 collect$ by ! ,ptolemies1 & _h escap$ ! fire ( ,julius ,cs>1 0 by t fanatic disp]s$ 7,conflict ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #ed71 ,a4,d4 #chi4 ,to ,*ri/ian bigotry x is t we owe ! loss ( ^! ri* treasures ( antiquity4 ,h]esies grew & /r5g!n$ dur+ ?is f\r? c5tury4 ,*ief lead] 9 ! h]etic camp 0 ,arius1 a presbyt] ( ,alex&ria2 he ass]t$ t ! ,son1 al?\gh begott5 ( ! ,fa!r be=e ! creation ( aught else1 0 n ( ! same sub/ance z ! ,fa!r1 b only ( l sub/ance2 a va/ numb] ( ! ,*ri/ians embrac$ 8 def9ition1 & ?us began ! long /ruggle betwe5 ! ,arians & ! ,ca?olics4 ,arius also took ! gr\nd t !re 0 a "t :51 f ! v nature ( son%ip1 ! ,son did n exi/1 & a "t at :i* he comm5c$ to be1 ass]t+ t x is ! necess>y condition ( ! filial relation t a fa!r mu/ be old] ?an 8 son4 ,b ?is ass]tion evid5tly d5i$ ! co-et]nity ( ! ?ree p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity2 x sugge/$ a subord9ation or inequality among !m1 & inde$ impli$ a "t :5 ! ,tr9ity did n exi/4 ,h]eupon ! bi%op1 :o _h be5 ! successful competitor aga9/ ,arius = ! episcopate1 display$ 8 rhetorical p[]s 9 public debates on ! "q1 &1 ! /rife spread+1 ! ,jews & ,pagans1 :o =m$ a v l>ge portion ( ! population ( ,alex&ria1 amus$ !mselves ) !atrical repres5tations ( ! conte/ on ! /age--! po9t ( _! burlesques be+ ! equality ( age ( ! ,fa!r & 8 ,son 7,ibid1 p4 #ec74 ,gibbon quotes an amus+ passage to %[ h[ widely spread 0 ! int]e/ 9 ! subject debat$ betwe5 ! rival p>ties3 ,?is city is full ( me*anics & slaves1 :o are all ( !m pr(\nd !ologians1 & prea* 9 ! %ops & 9 ! /reets4 ,if y desire a man to *ange a piece ( silv]1 he in=ms y :]e9 ! ,son diff]s f ! ,fa!r2 if y ask ! price ( a loaf1 y are told1 by way ( reply1 t ! ,son is inf]ior to ! ,fa!r2 & if y inquire :e!r ! ba? is ready1 ! answ] is1 t ! ,son 0 made out ( no?+ 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 iii4 p4 #djb74 ,arius ma9ta9$ t ! ,logos 0 a dep5d5t & spontane\s production1 creat$ f no?+ by ! w ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,son1 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 _h be5 begott5 be=e all worlds1 & ! longe/ ( ! a/ronomical p]iods c\ld be comp>$ only z a fleet+ mom5t to ! ext5t ( 8 duration2 yet ?is duration 0 n inf9ite1 & !re _h be5 a "t :i* prec$$ ! ineffable g5]ation ( ! ,logos4444 ,he gov]n$ ! univ]se 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( 8 ,fa!r & ,mon>* 7,ibid1 pp4 #ah1ai74 ,! ,nic5e cre$ ( ! ,pray]-book consi/s ( ! cre$ promulgat$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 ) ! ana!ma at ! end omitt$1 & ) ! addition ( "s phrases jo9$ to x at ! ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 & ! ins]tion ( ! ,filioque4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 ,arius 0 condemn$ & bani%$1 to ! triumph ( 8 great oppon5t1 ,a?anasius2 b he 0 recall$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ccj1 obta9$ ! bani%m5t ( ,a?anasius 9 ,a4,d4 #cce1 & di$ sudd5ly1 "u v suspici\s circum/ances1 9 ,a4,d4 #ccf4 ,?r\gh\t ?is c5tury ! /ruggle proce$$ furi\sly1 ea* p>ty 9 turn gett+ ! upp] h&1 z ! emp]or ( ! "t incl9$ t[>ds ,ca?olicism or t[>ds ,arianism1 & ea* p]secut+ ! adh]5ts ( ! o!r4 ,among ,arian subdivisions we f9d ,semi-,arians1 ,eusebians1 ,aetians1 ,eunomians1 ,acasians1 ,psa?yrians1 etc4 ,!n we h ! ,apoll9>ians1 :o ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ _h no human s\l1 ! div9ity supply+ its place2 ! ,m>cellians1 :o taught t a div9e emanation desc5d$ on ,*ri/4 ,alli$ to ! ,mani*an h]esy 7 ! ,priscillians1 ! ,saccophori1 ! ,solit>ies1 & _m o!rs2 &1 9 addition1 ! ,messalians or ,eu*ites1 ! ,lucif]ians1 ! ,orig5i/s1 ! ,antidicom>ianites1 & ! ,collyridians4 ,a qu>rel ab\t ! consecration ( a bi%op gave rise to fi]ce /ruggles n connect$ ) ! doctr9e1 s mu* z ) ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,bi%ops ( ,numidia 7 ang]$ by n hav+ be5 call$ to ! consecration ( ,ccilianus ,bi%op ( ,c>?age1 &1 assembl+ toge!r1 !y elect$ & consecrat$ a rival bi%op to t see1 & decl>$ ,ccilianus incompet5t = ! episcopal (fice4 ,donatus1 ,bi%op ( ,casa ,nigra1 0 ! =emo/ ( ^! ,numidian malcont5ts1 & f him ! sect ( ,donati/s took its "n2 !y d5i$ ! ord]s ( ^? orda9$ by ,ccilianus1 & h5ce ! validity ( ! ,sacram5ts adm9i/]$ by !m4 ,excommunicat$ !mselves1 !y boldly excommunicat$ ! re/ ( mank9d :o _h embrac$ ! impi\s p>ty ( ,ccilianus1 & ( ! traditors1 f :om he d]iv$ 8 pret5d$ ord9ation4 ,!y ass]t$ ) confid5ce1 & almo/ ) exultation1 t ! apo/olical succession 0 int]rupt$1 t all ! bi%ops ( ,europe & ,asia 7 infect$ by ! contagion ( guilt & s*ism1 & t ! pr]ogatives ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7 conf9$ to ! *os5 portion ( ! ,african believ]s1 :o alone _h pres]v$ inviolate ! integrity ( _! fai? & discipl9e4 ,?is rigid !ory 0 support$ by ! mo/ un*>itable conduct4 ,:5ev] !y acquir$ a proselyte1 ev5 f ! di/ant prov9ces ( ! ea/1 !y c>efully repeat$ ! sacr$ rites ( baptism & ord9ation2 z !y reject$ ! validity ( ^? :i* he _h already receiv$ f ! h&s ( h]etics or ( s*ismatics 7,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #e1 #f74 ,a numb] ( ,donati/s1 kn[n z ,circumcelliones1 ma9ta9$ _! cause by ! =ce ( arms1 & ov]runn+ all ,africa1 fill$ t prov9ce ) slaught] & rap9e1 & committ$ ! mo/ enorm\s acts ( p]fidy & cruelty aga9/ ! foll[]s ( ,caecilianus 7p4 #aji74 ,to complete ! d>kly t]rible picture ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 we ne$ only note ! v>i\s ord]s ( fanatical monks1 fil?y 9 _! habits1 d5sely ignorant1 hopelessly sup]/iti\s1 among/ :om may be numb]$ ! travell+ m5dicants call$ ,s>abaites4 ,_m ( ! ,co5obites 7 *>geable ) vici\s & sc&al\s practices4 ,?is ord]1 h[ev]1 0 n s univ]sally corrupt z t ( ! ,s>abaites1 :o 71 = ! mo/ "p1 pr(ligates ( ! mo/ ab&on$ k9d 7p4 #ajb74 ,! p5 we>ies ov] ! li/ ( sc&als ( ^! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages2 we c b sket* ! outl9e "h2 let ! /ud5t fill ! picture 91 & he w f9d ev5 black] %ades ne$$ to d>k5 x en\gh4 ,,c5tury ,v4 ,?is c5tury sees ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire ( ! ,we/1 & ! rise into importance ( ! great ,go?ic mon>*ies4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ put d[n paganism ) a /rong h&1 conf]r+ /ate (fices on ,*ri/ians only1 & =bidd+ pagan c]emonies unless "u ,*ri/ian names4 ,! sons ( ,con/ant9e _h pron\nc$ ! p5alty ( dea? & confiscation aga9/ any :o sacrific$ to ! old gods2 & ,!odosius1 9 ,a4,d4 #cij1 _h =bidd51 "u heavy p5alties1 all pagan rites4 ,?is "w ( repression 0 rigor\sly c>ri$ on4 ,clovis1 k+ ( ! ,franks1 embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 f9d+ its pr(ession ( great use to him1 bo? 9 confirm+ & enl>g+ 8 empire 7p4 #aag72 & _m ( ! b>b>\s tribes 7 conv]t$ to ! fai? by means ( pret5d$ miracles1 pi\s frauds 444 v commonly practis$ 9 ,gaul & 9 ,spa9 at ?is "t1 9 ord] to captivate1 ) m facility1 ! m9ds ( a rude & b>b>\s p1 :o 7 sc>cely susceptible ( a rational conviction 7pp4 #aag1 #aah74 ,! supremacy ( ! see ( ,rome advanc$ ) rapid /rides dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,! p dep5d+1 9 _! sup]/iti\s ignorance1 on ! cl]gy1 & ! cl]gy on ! bi%ops1 x became ! int]e/ ( ! savage k+s to be on fri5dly t]ms ) ! latt]1 & to increase _! influ5ce2 & z ! bi%ops1 9 _! turn1 leant ^u ! c5tral au?ority ( ,rome1 ! p[] ( ! pontiff rapidly increas$4 ,?is p[] 0 /ill fur!r augm5t$ by ! /ruggles = supremacy among ! ,ea/]n bi%ops1 = by fav\r+ sometimes "o & sometimes ano!r1 he fo/]$ ! habit ( look+ to ,rome = aid4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 five patri>*s 7 rais$ ov] ! re/ ( ! bi%ops1 ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople /&+ at _! head4 ,?us1 ,ea/ & ,we/ drift$ ev] m ap>t4 ,mo%eim speaks ( ! ambiti\s qu>rels & ! bitt] animosities t rose among ! patri>*s !mselves1 & :i* produc$ ! mo/ bloody w>s1 & ! mo/ dete/able & horrid crimes4 ,! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople di/+ui%$ himself 9 ^! odi\s conte/s4 ,elat$ ) ! fav\r & proximity ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 he ca/ a haughty eye on all sides1 :]e any objects 7 to be f\nd on :i* he might ex]cise 8 lordly ambition4 ,on ! "o h&1 he r$uc$ "u 8 jurisdiction ! ,patri>*s ( ,alex&ria & ,antio*1 z prelates only ( ! second ord]2 & on ! o!r1 he invad$ ! diocese ( ! ,roman ,pontiff1 & spoil$ him ( sev]al prov9ces4 ,! two =m] prelates1 ?\gh !y /ruggl$ ) vehem5ce & rais$ consid]able tumults by _! opposition1 yet !y /ruggl$ ineffectually1 bo? = want ( /r5g?1 & likewise on acc\nt ( a v>iety ( unfav\rable circum/ances4 ,b ! ,roman ,pontiff1 f> sup]ior to !m 9 weal? & p[]1 cont5d$ also ) m vig\r & ob/9acy2 &1 9 8 turn1 gave a deadly w\nd to ! usurp$ supremacy ( ! ,byzant9e ,patri>*4 ,! att5tive inquir] into ! affairs ( ! ,*ur*1 f ?is p]iod1 w f9d1 9 ! ev5ts n[ m5tion$1 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ^? mo/ sc&al\s & deplorable diss5sions :i* divid$ fir/ ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* into v>i\s sects1 & aft]w>ds sep>at$ x entirely f t ( ! ,we/4 ,he w f9d t ^! ignom9i\s s*isms fl[$ *iefly f ! un*ri/ian cont5tions = dom9ion & supremacy :i* reign$ among ^? :o set !mselves up = ! fa!rs & def5d]s ( ! ,*ur* 7p4 #abc74 ,le>n+ dur+ ?is c5tury fell l[] & l[]1 9 spite ( ! s*ools e/abli%$ & fo/]$ by ! emp]ors1 & :ile k dim9i%$1 vice increas$4 ,! vices ( ! cl]gy 7 n[ c>ri$ to ! mo/ enorm\s l5g?s2 & all ! writ]s ( ?is c5tury1 ^: probity & virtue r5d] !m wor?y ( cr$it1 are unanim\s 9 _! acc\nts ( ! luxury1 arrogance1 av>ice1 & voluptu\sness ( ! sac]dotal ord]s4 ,! bi%ops1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! fir/ rank1 creat$ v>i\s delegates or m9i/]s1 :o manag$ = !m ! affairs ( _! dioceses1 & a sort ( c\rts 7 gradually =m$1 :]e ^! pomp\s ecclesia/ics gave audi5ce1 & receiv$ ! homage ( a cr++ multitude 7p4 #abc74 ,sup]/ition p]=m$ its madde/ freak 9 ! ,/ylites1 m5 :o /ood motionless on ! tops ( pill>s2 ! orig9al maniac be+ "o ,simon1 a ,syrian1 :o actually sp5t ?irty-sev5 ye>s ( 8 life on pill>s1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 =ty cubits high4 ,ano!r ( ! same class sp5t sixty-eight ye>s 9 ?is useful mann] 7see pp4 #abh1 #abi1 & note74 ,! ,agapae 7 aboli%$1 & auricul> confession 0 e/abli%$1 dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,among ! bi%ops ( ?is c5tury1 "o "n des]ves an immortality ( infamy4 ,x is t ( ,cyril1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,"u 8 rule took place ! t]rible murd] ( ,hypatia1 t pure & beautiful ,platonic tea*]1 :o 0 dragg$ by a fanatic mob1 head$ by ,pet] ! ,read]1 into ! great *ur* ( ,alex&ria1 & tortur$ to dea? on ! /eps ( ! high alt>4 ,cyril's hold ^u ! audi5ces ( ! giddy city ,alex&ria 01 h[ev]1 mu* weak5$ by ,hypatia1 ! daught] ( ,!on1 ! ma!matician1 :o n only di/+ui%$ h]self by h] expositions ( ! doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 b also by h] comm5ts on ! writ+s ( ,apollonius & o!r geomet]s4 ,ea* day1 be=e h] academy1 /ood a long tra9 ( *>iots2 h] lecture-room 0 cr[d$ ) ! weal? & fa%ion ( ,alex&ria4444 ,hypatia & ,cyril6 ,philosophy & bigotry4 ,!y _c exi/ toge!r4 ,s ,cyril felt1 & on t feel+ he act$4 ,z ,hypatia repair$ to h] academy1 %e 0 assault$ by ,cyril's mob--a mob ( _m monks4 ,/ripp$ nak$ 9 ! /reet1 %e 0 dragg$ into a *ur*1 & !re kill$ by ! club ( ,pet] ! ,read] ,a4,d4 #dae4 ,! corpse 0 cut to pieces1 ! fle% 0 scrap$ f ! bones ) %ells1 & ! remnants ca/ into a fire4 ,= ?is frightful crime ,cyril 0 nev] call$ to acc\nt4 ,x seem$ to be admitt$ t ! end sanctifi$ ! means 7,drap]'s ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #ee74 ,! h]esies ( ! la/ c5tury 7 cont9u$ 9 ?is1 & v>i\s new ones arose4 ,*ief among ^! 0 ! h]esy ( ,ne/orius1 a ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o di/+ui%$ s /rongly betwe5 ! two natures 9 ,*ri/ z to make a d\ble p]sonality1 & he reg>d$ ! ,virg9 ,m>y z "m ( ,*ri/1 b n "m ( ,god4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus 7,a4,d4 #dca7 0 call$ to decide ! po9t1 & 0 presid$ ov] by ! great antagoni/ ( ,ne/orius1 ,cyril1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,! matt] 0 settl$ v quickly4 ,*ur* ,c\ncils vote on disput$ po9ts1 & ! vote ( ! majority con/itutes or?odoxy4 ,! ,c\ncil 0 held be=e ! arrival ( ! bi%ops :o sympa?is$ ) ,ne/orius1 & ?us1 by ! simple exp$i5t ( gett+ ev]y?+ ov] be=e ! oppon5ts arriv$1 x 0 settl$ = ev]more t ,*ri/ is "o p]son ) two natures4 ,a h]esy ( ! v opposite "* 0 t ( ,euty*es1 abbot ( ! mona/]y 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,he ma9ta9$ t 9 ,*ri/ !re 0 only "o nature1 t ( ! inc>nate ^w1 & 8 op9ion 0 endors$ by a c\ncil call$ at ,ephesus1 ,a4,d4 #ddi2 b ?is decree 0 annull$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 7reckon$ ! f\r? ,o,ecumenical71 ,a4,d4 #dea1 :]e9 x 0 aga9 decl>$ t ,*ri/ _h two natures 9 "o p]son4 ,x 0 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 9 ,a4,d4 #ddi1 t ,flavianus1 ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 s beat5 by ! o!r bi%ops t he di$ ( 8 w\nds1 & ! bi%ops :o held ) him hid !mselves "u b5*es to get out ( ! way ( _! infuriate bro!rs 9 ,*ri/ 7see notes on pp4 #acf1 #acg74 ,! ,!opas*ites 7 a bran* ( ! ,euty*ian h]esy1 & ! ,monophysites 7 a cognate sect2 f ^! arose ! ,acephali1 ,an?ropomorphites1 ,b>sanuphites1 & ,esaiani/s4 ,n less important ?an ! h]esy ( ,euty*es 0 t ( ,pelagius1 a ,briti% monk1 :o taught t man did n inh]it orig9al s9 on acc\nt ( ,adam's fall1 b t ea* 0 born unspott$ into ! _w1 & 0 capable ( ris+ to ! height ( virtue by ! ex]cise ( 8 natural faculties4 ,! semi-,pelagians held t man c\ld turn to ,god by 8 own /r5g?1 b t div9e grace 0 necess>y to enable him to p]sev]e4 ,"o h]etic ( ?is p]iod des]ves a special ^w ( record4 ,vigilantius 0 a ,gallic prie/1 rem>kable = 8 eloqu5ce & le>n+1 & he devot$ himself to an ef=t to re=m ! ,*ur* 9 ,spa94 ,among o!r ?+s1 he d5i$ t ! tombs & ! bones ( ! m>tyrs 7 to be hon\r$ ) any sort ( homage or wor%ip2 & !re=e c5sur$ pilgrimages t 7 made to places t 7 reput$ holy4 ,he turn$ into d]ision ! prodigies :i* 7 said to be wr\ght 9 ! temples consecrat$ to m>tyrs1 & condemn$ ! cu/om ( p]=m+ vigils 9 !m4 ,he ass]t$1 & inde$ ) reason1 t ! cu/om ( burn+ tap]s at ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs 9 broad day1 0 imprud5tly borr[$ f ! anci5t sup]/ition ( ! ,pagans4 ,he ma9ta9$1 moreov]1 t pray]s address$ to dep>t$ sa9ts 7 void ( all efficacy2 & treat$ ) contempt fa/+s & mortifications1 ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 & ! v>i\s au/]ities ( ! mona/ic life4 ,& f9ally he affirm$ t ! conduct ( ^? :o1 di/ribut+ _! sub/ance among ! indig5t1 submitt$ to ! h>d%ips ( a volunt>y pov]ty1 or s5t a "p ( _! treasures to ,j]usalem = dev\t purposes1 _h no?+ 9 x acceptable to ! ,deity 7p4 #abi74 ,"u ^! circum/ances we c sc>cely wond] t ,vigilantius 0 sc\t$ z a h]etic by all or?odox1 lucre-lov+ cl]ics4 ,he is ! =]unn] ( a long l9e ( prote/]s aga9/ ! ev]-gr[+ /r5g? & sup]/ition ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,c5tury ,,vi4 ,! d>kness deep5s z we proce$4 ,*ri/ianity spread among ! b>b>\s tribes ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 b x mu/1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$1 t ( ^! conv]sions1 ! greate/ "p 7 ow+ to ! lib]ality ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 or to ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 r ?an to ! =ce ( argum5t or to ! love ( tru?4 ,9 ,gaul1 ! ,jews 7 compell$ by ,*ild]ic to receive ! ord9ance ( baptism2 & ! same despotic me?od ( conv]t+ 0 practis$ 9 ,spa9 7p4 #ada74 ,!y requir$ no?+ ( ^! b>b>\s p t 0 difficult to be p]=m$1 or t laid any rem>kable re/ra9t ^u _! appetites & passions4 ,! pr9cipal injunctions !y impos$ ^u ^! rude proselytes 7 t !y %\ld get by he>t c]ta9 summ>ies ( doctr9e1 & to pay ! images ( ,*ri/ & ! sa9ts ! same religi\s s]vices :i* !y _h =m]ly (f]$ to ! /atues ( ! gods 7p4 #adb74 ,libr>ies 7 =m$ 9 _m ( ! mona/]ies1 & s*ools 7 op5$1 b app>5tly only = ^? :o int5d$ to ent] ! mona/ic life2 ^!1 h[ev]1 did n fl\ri%1 = _m bi%ops %[$ bitt] av]sion t[>ds e sort ( le>n+ & erudition1 :i* !y consid]$ z p]nici\s to ! progress ( piety 7p4 #add74 ,greek lit]ature 0 almo/ ev]y:]e neglect$4444 ,philosophy f>$ /ill worse ?an lit]ature2 = x 0 entirely bani%$ f all ! sem9>ies :i* 7 "u ! inspection & gov]nm5t ( ! ecclesia/ical ord] 7,ibid74 ,! weal? ( ! ,*ur* grew apace4 ,! arts ( a rapaci\s prie/hood 7 practis$ ^u ! ignorant devotion ( ! simple2 & ev5 ! remorse ( ! wick$ 0 made an in/rum5t ( increas+ ! ecclesia/ical treasure4 ,= an op9ion 0 propagat$ ) indu/ry among ! p1 t ! remission ( _! s9s 0 to be pur*as$ by _! lib]alities to ! *ur*es & monks 7p4 #adf74 ,! mona/ic ord]s1 9 g5]al1 ab\nd$ ) fanatics & pr(ligates2 ! latt] 7 m num]\s ?an ! =m] 9 ! ,we/]n conv5ts1 :ile 9 ^? ( ! ,ea/ ! fanatics 7 pr$om9ant 7ibid74 ,x 0 9 ?is c5tury 7,a4,d4 #ebi7 t ! great ,b5$ict9e rule 0 compos$ by ,b5$ict ( ,nursia4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #eec1 is reckon$ z ! fif? g5]al ,c\ncil4 ,x is said to h condemn$ ! doctr9es ( ,orig51 ?us summ>is$ by ,mo%eim3--#a4 ,t 9 ! ,tr9ity ! ,fa!r is great] ?an ! ,son1 & ! ,son ?an ! ,holy ,gho/4 #b4 ,! pre-exi/5ce ( s\ls1 :i* ,orig5 consid]$ z s5t into mortal bodies = ! puni%m5t ( s9s committ$ 9 a =m] /ate ( be+4 #c4 ,t ! s\l ( ,*ri/ 0 unit$ to ! ^w be=e ! inc>nation4 #d4 ,t ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 etc41 7 animat$ & end[$ ) rational s\ls4 #e4 ,t aft] ! resurrection all bodies w be ( a r\nd figure4 #f4 ,t ! torm5ts ( ! damn$ w h an end2 & t z ,*ri/ _h be5 crucifi$ 9 ?is _w to save mank9d1 he is to be crucifi$ 9 ! next to save ! devils 7p4 #aea1 note74 ,among ! v>i\s notabilities ( ?is age none are specially wor?y att5tion1 save ,bre?ius1 ,cassiodorus1 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,b5$ict ( ,nursia1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 & ,isidore ( ,seville4 ,! h]esies ( =m] c5turies cont9u$ dur+ ?is1 & sev]al unimportant additional sects sprang up4 ,! ,monophysites ga9$ 9 /r5g? "u ,jacob1 ,bi%op ( ,edessa1 & became kn[n z ,jacobites1 & exi/ to ?is day 9 ,abyss9ia & ,am]ica4 ,six small sects grew up among ! ,monophysites & di$ away aga91 :i* held v>y+ op9ions ab\t ! nature ( ! body ( ,*ri/ ,we f9d also ! ,corrupticol1 ,agnoet1 ,tri!i/s1 ,philoponi/s1 ,cononites1 & ,damiani/s1 ! f\r la/ ( :i* diff]$ z to ! nature ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,?us 0 r5t into innum]able factions ! suppos$-to-be-indivisible ,*ri/ianity1 & ! mo/ bloody p]secutions disgrac$ ! upp]mo/ p>ty ( ! mom5t4 ,,c5tury ,,vii4 ,_m are ! mission>y ent]prises ( ?is c5tury1 & we f9d ! mission>ies grasp+ at temporal p[]1 & ex]cis+ a pr9cely au?ority ov] ! c\ntries :]e _! m9i/ry _h be5 successful 7p4 #aeg74 ,le>n+ _h almo/ vani%$2 !y1 :o di/+ui%$ !mselves mo/ by _! ta/e & g5ius1 c>ri$ _! /udies little f>!r ?an ! works ( ,augu/9e & ,gregory ! ,great2 & x is ( scraps collect$ out ( ^! two writ]s1 & pat*$ toge!r )\t mu* uni=mity1 t ! be/ productions ( ?is c5tury are entirely compos$4444 ,! s*ools :i* _h be5 committ$ to ! c>e & inspection ( ! bi%ops1 ^: ignorance & indol5ce 7 n[ become enorm\s1 began to decl9e apace1 & 7 9 _m places1 fall5 into ru94 ,! bi%ops 9 g5]al 7 s illit]ate1 t few ( t body 7 capable ( compos+ ! disc\rses :i* !y deliv]$ to ! p4 ,su* ( !m z 7 n totally de/itute ( g5ius1 compos$ out ( ! writ+s ( ,augu/9e & ,gregory a c]ta9 numb] ( insipid homilies1 :i* !y divid$ betwe5 !mselves1 & _! /upid colleagues1 t !y might n be oblig$ ?r\gh incapacity to discont9ue prea*+ ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity to _! p 7p4 #aei74 ,! progress ( vice among ! subord9ate rul]s & m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* 01 at ?is "t1 truly deplorable4444 ,9 ^? v places1 t 7 consecrat$ to ! advancem5t ( piety & ! s]vice ( ,god1 !re 0 little else to be se5 ?an gho/ly ambition1 insatiable av>ice1 pi\s frauds1 intol]able pride1 & a sup]cili\s contempt ( ! natural rights ( ! p1 ) _m o!r vices /ill m enorm\s 7p4 #afa74 ,! weal? ( ! ,*ur* increas$ rapidly2 x grew fat on ! wages ( s94 ,ab&on$ pr(ligates1 :o _h pass$ _! days 9 ! mo/ enorm\s pursuits1 & ^: guilty consci5ces fill$ !m ) t]ror & remorse1 7 com=t$ ) ! delusive hopes ( obta9+ p>don1 & mak+ atonem5t = _! crimes by leav+ ! greate/ "p ( _! =tune to "s mona/ic society4 ,multitudes1 impell$ by ! unnatural dictates ( a gloomy sup]/ition1 depriv$ _! *ildr5 ( f]tile l&s & ri* patrimonies 9 fav\r ( ! monks1 by ^: pray]s !y hop$ to r5d] ! ,deity propiti\s 7p4 #afa74 ,! only new sect ( any importance 9 ?is c5tury is t ( ! ,mono!lites1 lat] kn[n z ,m>onites2 !y taught t ,*ri/ _h b "o w1 b ! doctr9e is wrapp$ up 9 s _m subtleties z to be almo/ incompreh5sible4 ,!y 7 condemn$1 9 ! six? ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 held at ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is c5tury t ,boniface ,v4 enact$ t infam\s law1 by :i* ! *ur*es became places ( refuge to all :o fl$ ?i!r = protection2 a law :i* procur$ a sort ( impunity to ! mo/ enorm\s crimes1 & gave a loose re9 to ! lic5ti\sness ( ! mo/ ab&on$ pr(ligates 7p4 #afd74 ,! effect ( ?is law 0 t ! mona/]ies became ! refuge ( b&its & murd]]s1 :o issu$ f !m to plund] & to de/roy1 & paid = ! security ( _! p]sons by be/[+ on _! ho/s a portion ( ! spoil !y _h collect$ dur+ _! raids4 ,su* 7 ! civiliz+ & purify+ effects ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,c5tury ,,viii4 ,w9fr$1 bett] kn[n z ,boniface1 ! ,apo/le ( ,g]many1 is1 p]haps1 ! *ief ecclesia/ical figure ( ?is c5tury4 ,he taught ,*ri/ianity "r ?r\gh ,g]many2 0 consecrat$ bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #gbc1 creat$ ar*bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #gch1 & ,primate ( ,g]many & ,belgium 9 ,a4,d4 #gdf2 9 ,a4,d4 #gee he 0 murd]$ 9 ,friesl&1 ) fifty o!r ecclesia/ics4 ,mu* /ress is laid ^u 8 m>tyrdom by ,*ri/ian writ]s1 b ,boniface1 aft] all1 only receiv$ f ! ,friesl&]s ! measure he _h met$ out to _! bre?r51 & !re seems no good reason :y ,*ri/ian mission>ies %\ld claim a monopoly ( ! "r to kill4 ,mo%eim all[s t he (t5 employ$ viol5ce & t]ror1 & sometimes artifice & fraud 7p4 #afi7 9 ord] to ga9 conv]ts1 & he 0 support$ by ,*>les ,m>tel1 ! enemy ( ,friesl&1 & appe>$ among ! ,g]mans z ! fri5d & ag5t ( _! foes4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,*>lemagne spread ,*ri/ianity among ! ,saxons ) great vig\r4 ,= a w> broke out1 at ?is "t1 betwe5 ,*>lemagne & ! ,saxons1 :i* contribut$ mu* to ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh n by ! =ce ( a rational p]suasion4 ,! ,saxons 71 at ?is "t1 a num]\s & =midable p1 :o inhabit$ a consid]able "p ( ,g]many1 & 7 engag$ 9 p]petual qu>rels ) ! ,franks conc]n+ _! b\nd>ies1 & o!r matt]s ( compla9t4 ,h5ce ,*>lemagne turn$ 8 armies aga9/ ?is p[]ful nation1 ,a4,d4 #ggb1 ) a design n only to subdue t _s ( revolt ) :i* !y _h s (t5 tr\bl$ ! empire1 b also to aboli% _! idolatr\s wor%ip1 & engage !m to embrace ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,he hop$1 by _! conv]sion1 to vanqui% _! ob/9acy1 imag9+ t ! div9e precepts ( ! ,gospel w\ld assuage _! impetu\s & re/less passions1 mitigate _! f]ocity1 & induce !m to submit m tamely to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,franks4 ,^! projects 7 great 9 idea1 b difficult 9 execution2 accord+ly1 ! fir/ attempt to conv]t ! ,saxons1 aft] hav+ subdu$ !m1 0 unsuccessful1 because x 0 made )\t ! aid ( viol5ce1 or ?reats1 by ! bi%ops & monks1 :om ! victor _h left among t conqu]$ p1 ^: ob/9ate atta*m5t to idolatry no argum5ts nor exhortations c\ld ov]come4 ,m>k ! navet ( ?is confession4 ,m =cible means 7 aft]w>ds us$ to draw !m into ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 9 ! w>s :i* ,*>lemagne c>ri$ on 9 ! ye>s #gge1 #ggf1 & #ghj1 aga9/ t valiant p1 ^: love ( lib]ty 0 excessive1 & ^: av]sion to ! re/ra9ts ( sac]dotal au?ority 0 inexpressible4 ,dur+ ^! w>s _! atta*m5t to ! sup]/ition ( _! ance/ors 0 s w>mly combat$ by ! allurem5ts ( rew>d1 by ! t]ror ( puni%m5t1 & by ! imp]i\s language ( victory1 t !y suff]$ !mselves to be baptis$1 ?\gh ) inw>d reluctance1 by ! mission>ies1 :i* ! emp]or s5t among !m = t purpose 7p4 #agj74 ,rebellion broke out once m1 head$ by ! two mo/ p[]ful ,saxon *iefs1 b !y 7 won ov] by ,*>lemagne1 :o p]suad$ !m to make a public & solemn pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! ye> #ghe1 & to promise an adh]5ce to t div9e religion = ! re/ ( _! days4 ,to prev5t1 h[ev]1 ! ,saxons f r5\nc+ a religion :i* !y _h embrac$ ) reluctance1 sev]al bi%ops 7 appo9t$ to reside among !m1 s*ools also 7 erect$1 & mona/]ies f\nd$1 t ! means ( in/ruction might n be want+4 ,! same precautions 7 employ$ among ! ,huns 9 ,pannonia1 to ma9ta9 9 ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity t fi]ce p :om ,*>lemagne _h conv]t$ to ! fai?1 :51 exhau/$ & deject$ by v>i\s defeats1 !y 7 no long] able to make head aga9/ 8 victori\s arms1 & *ose r to be ,*ri/ians ?an slaves 7p4 #agj74 ,! grateful ,*ur* canoniz$ ,*>lemagne1 ! brutal soldi] :o _h s enl>g$ h] bord]s2 n to ent] into a p>ticul> detail ( 8 vices1 ^: numb] c\nt]-balanc$ t ( 8 virtues1 x is und5iably evid5t t 8 ard5t & ill-conduct$ zeal = ! conv]sion ( ! ,huns1 ,friesl&]s1 & ,saxons1 0 m animat$ by ! sugge/ions ( ambition1 ?an by a pr9ciple ( true piety2 & t 8 ma9 view 9 ^! religi\s exploits 0 to subdue ! conv]t$ nations "u 8 dom9ion1 & to tame !m to 8 yoke1 :i* !y support$ ) impati5ce1 & %ook (f by frequ5t revolts4 ,x is1 moreov]1 well kn[n1 t ?is boa/$ sa9t made no scruple ( seek+ ! alliance ( ! infidel ,s>ac5s1 t he might be m effectually enabl$ to cru% ! ,greeks1 not)/&+ _! pr(ession ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 7p4 #aga74 ,?us 0 ,*ri/ianity spread by fire & sword1 & :]e-ev] ! cross pass$ x left its track 9 blood4 ,:ile ! soldi]s ?us conv]t$ ! hea!n1 ! cl]gy ab&on$ !mselves to _! passions )\t mod]ation or re/ra9t2 !y 7 di/+ui%$ by _! luxury1 _! gluttony1 & _! lu/ 7p4 #agc74 ,to ^! evils 0 add$ t ( gross deception1 = a bad cl]gy us$ bad weapons2 false miracles ab\nd$ 9 e direction2 ! corrupt discipl9e t !n prevail$ admitt$ ( ^? fallaci\s /ratagems1 :i* are v improp]ly call$ pi\s frauds2 nor did ! h]alds ( ! gospel ?9k x at all unlawful to t]rify or to allure to ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 by fictiti\s prodigies1 ^? obdurate he>ts :i* !y c\ld n subdue by reason & argum5t 7p4 #aga74 ,! weal? ( ! ,*ur* increas$ ye> by ye>4 ,an op9ion prevail$ univ]sally at ?is "t1 ?\gh its au?ors are n kn[n1 t ! puni%m5t :i* ! righte\s judge ( ! _w has res]v$ = ! transgressions ( ! wick$1 0 to be prev5t$ & annull$ by lib]al donations to ,god1 to ! sa9ts1 to ! *ur*es & cl]gy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is notion1 ! great & opul5t--:o 71 g5]ally speak+1 ! mo/ rem>kable = _! flagiti\s & abom9able lives--(f]$1 out ( ! abundance :i* !y _h receiv$ by inh]itance or acquir$ by rap9e1 ri* donations to dep>t$ sa9ts1 _! m9i/]s ^u e>?1 & ! keep]s ( ! temples t 7 erect$ 9 _! hon\r1 9 ord] to avoid ! suff]+s & p5alties annex$ by ! prie/s to transgression 9 ?is life1 & to escape ! mis]y d5\nc$ aga9/ ! wick$ 9 a future /ate4 ,?is new & commodi\s me?od ( mak+ atonem5t = iniquity 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ^? imm5se treasures :i*1 f ?is p]iod1 began to fl[ 9 ^u ! cl]gy1 ! *ur*es1 & mona/]ies1 & cont9u$ to enri* !m ?r\gh succe$+ ages d[n to ! pres5t "t 7p4 #agd74 ,ano!r s\rce ( weal? is to be f\nd 9 ! desire ( ! k+s ( ! v>i\s w>r+ tribes to atta* to !mselves ! bi%op & cl]gy 9 _! dom9ions2 by be/[+ on ^! l&s & dignities !y secur$ to !mselves ! aid :i* ! ,*ur* (ficials _h x 9 _! p[] to r5d]1 = n only c\ld bi%ops br+ to ! support ( _! suz]a9 ! physical succ\r ( armies1 b !y c\ld also laun* aga9/ 8 enemies t t]rible bolt ( m$iaeval times1 excommunication1 :i*1 r5d]$ =midable by ignorance1 /ruck t]ror into ! bolde/ & mo/ resolute he>ts 7p4 #agd74 ,9 ^! latt] gifts we see ! orig9 ( ! temporalities & titles atta*$ to episcopal sees & to ca!dral *apt]s4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury ! p[] ( ! ,roman ,pontiff swell$ to an enorm\s degree1 & 8 sway ext5d$ into civil & political affairs3 s supreme an au?ority _h he become t1 9 ,a4,d4 #gea1 ! ,franki% /ates ( ! realm--convok$ by ,pep9 to sanction 8 design ( seiz+ on ! ,fr5* ?rone1 !n occupi$ by ,*ild]ic ,,iii4--direct$ t an embassy %\ld be s5t to ! ,pope ,za*>y1 to ask :e!r x 0 n "r t a weak mon>* %\ld be de?ron$2 & on ! answ] ( ! ,pope 9 ! affirmative be+ receiv$1 ,*ild]ic 0 de?ron$ )\t opposition1 & ,pep9 0 cr[n$ 9 8 /ead4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,*ur* 0 torn ) diss5sions1 :ile ! imp]ial ?rone 0 rock+ "u ! repeat$ attacks ( ! ,turks--a tribe desc5d$ f ! ,t>t>s--:o ent]$ ,arm5ia1 /ruggl$ ) ! ,s>ac5s = dom9ion1 subdu$ !m p>tially1 & !n turn$ _! arms aga9/ ! ,greek empire4 ,! great controv]sy ( ?is c5tury is t on ! wor%ip ( images1 betwe5 ! ,iconoduli or ,iconolatrae 7image wor%ipp]s71 & ! ,iconoma*i or ,iconocla/ae 7image break]s74 ,! ,emp]or ,b>danes1 a support] ( ! ,mono!lite h]esy1 ord]$ t a picture repres5t+ ! six? g5]al c\ncil %\ld be remov$ f ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 because t c\ncil _h condemn$ ! ,mono!lites4 ,n cont5t ) do+ ?is 7,a4,d4 #gab71 ,b>danes s5t an ord] to ,rome t all pictures & images ( ! same nature %\ld be remov$ f places ( wor%ip4 ,con/ant9e1 ! ,pope1 imm$iately set up six pictures1 repres5t+ ! six g5]al c\ncils1 9 ! por* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & call$ a c\ncil at ,rome1 :i* d5\nc$ ! ,emp]or z an apo/ate4 ,b>danes 0 de?ron$ by a revolution1 b 8 successor1 ,leo1 soon took up ! qu>rel4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gbf1 he issu$ an imp]ial edict comm&+ ! removal ( all images f ! *ur*es & =bidd+ all image wor%ip1 save only ^? repres5t+ ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/4 ,pope ,gregory ,i4 excommunicat$ ! ,emp]or1 & insurrections broke out all ov] ! empire 9 consequ5ce2 ! ,emp]or retort$ by call+ a c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* depos$ ! bi%op ( t city = 8 lean+s t[>ds image wor%ip1 & put a support] ( ! ,emp]or 9 8 place4 ,! conte/ 0 c>ri$ on by ,con/ant9e1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r1 ,leo1 9 ,a4,d4 #gda1 & :o1 9 ,a4,d4 #ged1 call$ a c\ncil1 at ,con/ant9ople--recognis$ by ! ,greek ,*ur* z ! sev5? g5]al c\ncil--:i* condemn$ ! use & wor%ip ( images4 ,leo ,,iv4 7,a4,d4 #gge7 issu$ p5al laws aga9/ image wor%ipp]s1 b he 0 poison$ by ,ir5e1 8 wife1 9 ,a4,d4 #ghj1 & %e ent]$ into an alliance ) ,pope ,adrian1 s t ! ,iconoduli became triumphant 9 _! turn4 ,:ile ?is controv]sy rag$1 a second arose z to ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! cre$ ( ,con/ant9ople 7see ante1 p4 #dcd7 ran--,i believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,"l & ,giv] ( ,life1 :o proce$e? f ! ,fa!r2 to ?is phrase ! words1 & ! ,son1 _h be5 add$ 9 ! ,we/1 orig9ally by "s ,spani% bi%ops2 ! ,greeks prote/$ aga9/ an unau?oris$ addition be+ ins]t$ into a cre$ promulgat$ by a g5]al c\ncil1 & receiv$ by ! univ]sal ,*ur* z ! symbol ( fai?4 ,?us arose ! celebrat$ controv]sy on ! ,filioque1 :i* 0 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! great s*ism betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! ,arian1 ,mani*an1 ,m>cionite1 & ,mono!lite h]esies spread1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 ?r\gh ! ,greek ,*ur*1 &1 :]e ! ,arabians rul$1 ! ,ne/orians & ,monophysites also fl\ri%$4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* a phase ( ! ,ne/orian h]esy made its way1 "u ! "n ( ,adoptianism1 a "n giv5 because its adh]5ts reg>d$ ,*ri/1 s f> z 8 manhood 0 conc]n$1 z ! ,son ( ,god by adoption only4 ,,c5tury ,,ix4 ,*ri/5dom1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 z dur+ ! prec$+ "o1 0 ?reat5$ & h>ass$ by ! inroads ( ,mahomm$an p[]s1 & ! fir/ gleams ( return+ light began to p5etrate its ?ick d>kness--light proce$+ f ! ,arabians & ! ,s>ac5s1 ! re/or]s ( k & ( sci5ce4 ,x is n "h our duty to trace t m>vell\s "w ( ! revival ( ?\ght--?\ght :i* ,*ri/ianity _h sla91 b :i*1 reviv$ by ,mahomm$anism1 0 de/9$ to issue 9 ! new bir? ( h]etic philosophy4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 proce$+ among ! ,s>ac5s1 ! ,arabians1 & ! ,moors1 ,*ri/5dom w5t on its way1 degrad$1 vici\s1 & sup]/iti\s2 only "h & !re an ef=t at le>n+ 0 made1 & "s few w5t to ! ,arabian s*ools1 & return$ ) "s t9cture ( k4 ,john ,scotus ,erig5a1 a subtle & acute ?9k]1 left beh9d him works :i* h made "s reg>d him z ! f\nd] ( ! ,reali/ s*ool ( ! middle ages1 ! s*ool :i* foll[$ ,ari/otle1 9 opposition to ! ,nom9ali/s1 :o held ) ,z5o & ! ,/oics4 ,erig5a taught t ! s\l w\ld be re-absorb$ into ! div9e _s1 f :i* x _h orig9ally emanat$2 f ,god all ?+s _h come--to ,him w\ld !y ultimately return2 ,god alone 0 et]nal1 & 9 ! end no?+ b ,god w\ld exi/4 ,"s ( ,erig5a's works naturally fell "u ! displeasure ( ! ,*ur*1 & 7 duly burn$3 he 0 a philosoph]1 & !re=e dang]\s4 ,:ile ?is slight ef=t at ?\ght 0 ?us fr[n$ ^u1 vice made its way un*eck$ & unrebuk$ by ! au?orities4 ,! impiety & lic5ti\sness ( ! great] "p ( ! cl]gy arose1 at ?is "t1 to an enorm\s height1 & /& ^u record 9 ! unanim\s compla9ts ( ! mo/ c&id & imp>tial writ]s ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 tumult1 discord1 conspiracies1 & treason reign$ uncontroll$1 & all ?+s 7 c>ri$ by viol5ce & =ce4 ,^! abuses appe>$ 9 _m ?+s1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! election ( ! ,patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople4444 ,9 ! we/]n prov9ces1 ! bi%ops 7 become voluptu\s & effem9ate to a v high degree4 ,!y pass$ _! lives amid/ ! spl5d\r ( c\rts1 & ! pleasures ( a luxuri\s indol5ce1 :i* corrupt$ _! ta/e1 ext+ui%$ _! zeal1 & r5d]$ !m incapable ( p]=m+ ! solemn duties ( _! function2 :ile ! inf]ior cl]gy 7 sunk 9 lic5ti\sness1 m9d$ no?+ b s5sual gratifications1 & infect$ ) ! mo/ he9\s vices ! flock :om x 0 ! v bus9ess ( _! m9i/ry to pres]ve1 or to deliv] f ! contagion ( iniquity4 ,besides1 ! ignorance ( ! sacr$ ord] 01 9 _m places1 s deplorable t few ( !m c\ld ei!r read or write1 & /ill few] 7 capable ( express+ _! wret*$ notions ) any degree ( me?od or p]spicuity 7p4 #aic74 ,_m o!r causes also contribut$ to di%on\r ! ,*ur*1 by introduc+ into x a corrupt m9i/ry4 ,a nobleman :o1 ?r\gh want ( tal5ts1 activity1 or c\rage1 0 r5d]$ incapable ( appe>+ ) dignity 9 ! cab9et1 or ) hon\r 9 ! field1 imm$iately turn$ 8 views t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 aim$ at a di/+ui%$ place among its *iefs & rul]s1 & became1 9 consequ5ce1 a contagi\s example ( /upidity & vice to ! inf]ior cl]gy4 ,! patrons ( *ur*es1 9 :om resid$ ! "r ( election1 unwill+ to submit _! disord]ly conduct to ! ke5 c5sure ( zeal\s & upright pa/ors1 indu/ri\sly look$ = ! mo/ abject1 ignorant1 & wor?less ecclesia/ics1 to :om !y committ$ ! cure ( s\ls 7p4 #aic74 ,( ! ,roman pontiffs1 ,mo%eim says3 ,! greate/ "p ( !m are only kn[n by ! flagiti\s actions t h transmitt$ _! names ) infamy to our times 7p4 #aid74 ,& ! enorm\s vices t mu/ h cov]$ s _m pontiffs ) infamy 9 ! judgm5t ( ! wise1 =m$ n ! lea/ ob/acle to _! ambition 9 ^! memorable times1 nor h9d]$ !m f ext5d+ _! influ5ce & augm5t+ _! au?ority bo? 9 *ur* & /ate 7p4 #aie74 ,among ! va/ mass ( =g]ies :i* gradually built up ! supremacy ( ! ,roman see1 ! fam\s ,isidorian ,decretals des]ve a ^w ( notice4 ,!y 7 issu$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hde1 & consi/$ ( ab\t "o hundr$ pret5d$ decrees ( ! e>ly ,popes1 toge!r ) c]ta9 spuri\s writ+s ( o!r *ur* dignit>ies & acts ( synods4 ,?is =g]y produc$ an imm5se ext5sion ( ! papal p[]4 ,x displac$ ! old sy/em ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 dive/+ x ( ! republican attributes x _h possess$1 & trans=m+ x into an absolute mon>*y4 ,x br\ght ! bi%ops into subjection to ,rome1 & made ! pontiff ! supreme judge ( ! cl]gy ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w4 ,x prep>$ ! way = ! great attempt1 subsequ5tly made by ,hildebr&1 to conv]t ! /ates ( ,europe into a !ocratic prie/ k+dom1 ) ! ,pope at its head 7,drap]'s ,conflict ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #bga74 ,we note dur+ ?is c5tury a rem>kable gr[? ( sa9ts4 ,ev]yone want$ a sa9t ?r\gh :om to approa* ,god1 & ! supply kept pace ) ! dem&4 ,?is prepo/]\s multiplication ( sa9ts 0 a new s\rce ( abuses & frauds4 ,x 0 ?\ght necess>y to write ! lives ( ^! cele/ial patrons1 9 ord] to procure = !m ! v5]ation & confid5ce ( a delud$ multitude2 & "h ly+ wond]s 7 inv5t$1 & all ! res\rces ( =g]y & fable exhau/$ to celebrate exploits :i* _h nev] be5 p]=m$1 & to p]petuate ! memory ( holy p]sons :o _h nev] exi/$ 7p4 #bjj74 ,! conte/ on images /ill rag$ furi\sly1 success be+ n[ on ! "o side1 n[ on ! o!r2 v>i\s c\ncils 7 call$ by ei!r p>ty1 until1 9 ,a4,d4 #hgi1 a c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople1 reckon$ by ! ,greeks z ! eigh? g5]al c\ncil1 sanction$ ! wor%ip ( images1 :i* !reaft] triumph$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! opposition to image-wor%ip gradually di$ away4 ,! ,filioque conte/ also cont9u$ hotly & wid5$ ! brea* betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ yet m4 ,! f9al sep>ation 0 n long delay$4 ,! ev]-increas+ jeal\sy betwe5 ,rome & ,con/ant9ople _h at la/ rea*$ a height :i* made ev5 nom9al union impossible1 & ! sm\ld]+ fire bur/ into sudd5 flame4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #heh ,photius 0 made ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 by ! ,emp]or ,mi*ael1 9 ! room ( ,ignatius1 depriv$ & bani%$ by t pr9ce4 ,a c\ncil1 held at ,con/ant9ople 9 ,a4,d4 #hfa1 endors$ ! appo9tm5t ( ! emp]or2 b ,ignatius appeal$ to ,rome1 & ,pope ,ni*olas ,i4 readily took up 8 qu>rel4 ,a c\ncil 0 held at ,rome1 9 ,a4,d4 #hfb1 9 :i* ! pontiff excommunicat$ ,photius & 8 adh]5ts4 ,x 0 answ]$ by "o at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ,a4,d4 #hff1 :]e9 ,ni*olas 0 pron\nc$ unwor?y ( 8 (fice & outside ! pale ( ,*ri/ian communion4 ,yet ano!r c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #hfi1 approv$ ! action ( ,basilius1 ! new emp]or1 :o recall$ ,ignatius1 & imprison$ ,photius4 ,:5 ,ignatius di$1 ,photius 0 re9/at$ 7,a4,d4 #hgh71 & he 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,roman pontiff1 ,john ,,viii41 at ano!r c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,a4,d4 #hgi1 on ! und]/&+ t ! jurisdiction ov] ,bulg>ia1 claim$ bo? by ,pope & ,patri>*1 %\ld be def9itely yield$ to ,rome4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n done2 & ! ,pope s5t a legate to ,con/ant9ople1 recall+ 8 decl>ation 9 fav\r ( ,photius4 ,! legate1 ,m>9us1 0 ca/ into prison2 & :5 he 0 lat] rais$ to ! pontificate1 he rememb]$ ! outrage1 & anew excommunicat$ ,photius4 ,a4,d4 #hhf saw ! fall & imprisonm5t ( ,photius1 & union might h be5 ma9ta9$ b = ! extravagant dem&s ( ! ,roman pontiff1 :o requir$ ! degradation ( all prie/s & bi%ops orda9$ by ,photius4 ,! ,greeks indignantly refus$1 & at la/ ! great s*ism took place1 :i* sev]$ f ea* o!r entirely ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n ,*ur*es4 ,! anci5t h]esy ( ! ,paulicians _h n yet di$ out1 spite ( hav+ suff]$ mu* p]secution at ,ca?olic h&s1 & "u ! ,emp]ors ,mi*ael & ,leo1 a fi]ce attack ^u ^! un=tunate be+s took place4 ,!y 7 hunt$ d[n & execut$ )\t m]cy1 & at la/ !y turn$ ^u _! p]secutors1 & rev5g$ !mselves by murd]+ ! bi%op1 magi/rates1 & judges 9 ,arm5ia1 aft] :i* !y fl$ to ! c\ntries "u ,s>ac5 rule4 ,aft] a :ile1 !y gradually return$ to ! ,greek empire2 b :5 ! ,empress ,!odora 0 reg5t1 dur+ h] son's m9ority1 %e issu$ a /]n decree aga9/ !m4 ,! decree 0 sev]e1 b ! cruelty ) :i* x 0 put 9 execution1 by ^? :o 7 s5t into ,arm5ia = t purpose1 0 horrible beyond expression2 = ^! m9i/]s ( wra?1 aft] confiscat+ ! goods ( above a hundr$ ?\s& ( t mis]able p1 put _! possessors to dea? 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s mann]1 & made !m expire sl[ly 9 a v>iety ( ! mo/ exquisite tortures 7p4 #bab74 ,9 addition to ! h]esies inh]it$ f ! previ\s c5turies1 ?ree new ones1 important 9 _! issues1 arose to divide yet m ! divid$ indivisible ,*ur*4 ,a monk1 nam$ ,pascasius ,radb]t1 wrote a treatise 7,a4,d4 #hca & #hde71 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t1 at ! ,eu*>i/1 ! sub/ance ( ! bread & w9e became *ang$1 by consecration1 into ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1 & t ?is body 0 ! same body t 0 born ( ! ,virg91 t suff]$ ^u ! cross1 & 0 rais$ f ! dead 7p4 #bje74 ,*>les ! ,bald bade ,erig5a & ,ratramn 7or ,b]tramn7 draw up ! true doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! long controv]sy began :i* is cont9u$ ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! second great dispute arose on ! "q ( pr$e/9ation & div9e grace4 ,godes*alcus1 an em95t ,saxon monk1 return+ f ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #hdg1 resid$ = a space 9 ,v]ona1 :]e he spoke mu* on pr$e/9ation1 affirm+ t ,god _h1 f all et]nity1 pr$e/9$ "s to heav5 & o!rs to hell4 ,he 0 condemn$ at a c\ncil held 9 ,may5ce1 ,a4,d4 #hdh1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 at ano!r c\ncil1 he 0 aga9 condemn$1 & 0 flogg$ until he burn$1 ) 8 own h&1 ! apology = 8 op9ions he _h pres5t$ at ,may5ce4 ,! ?ird great controv]sy reg>d$ ! mann] ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 & monks furi\sly disput$ :e!r or no ,*ri/ 0 born aft] ! fa%ion ( o!r infants4 ,! details ( ?is dispute ne$ n "h be ent]$ into4 ,,c5tury ,x4 ,! deplorable /ate ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is c5tury1 aris+ p>tly f t a/oni%+ ignorance t gave a loose re9 bo? to sup]/ition & immorality1 & p>tly f an unhappy concurr5ce ( causes ( ano!r k9d1 is unanim\sly lam5t$ by ! v>i\s writ]s :o h transmitt$ to u ! hi/ory ( ^! mis]able times 7p4 #bac74 ,yet ! gospel spread4 ,! ,normans embrac$ a religion ( :i* !y 7 totally ignorant 7p4 #bad71 ,a4,d4 #iab1 because ,*>les ! ,simple ( ,france (f]$ ,c\nt ,rollo a l>ge t]ritory on condition t he w\ld m>ry 8 daught] & embrace ,*ri/ianity3 ,rollo gladly accept$ ! t]ritory & its encumbrances4 ,pol& came next into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*1 = ! ,duke ( ,pol&1 ,micislaus1 0 p]suad$ by 8 wife to pr(ess ,*ri/ianity1 ,a4,d4 #ife1 & ,pope ,john ,,iii4 promptly s5t a bi%op & a tra9 ( prie/s to conv]t ! duke's subjects4 ,b ! exhortations & endeav\rs ( ^! dev\t mission>ies1 :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! language ( ! p !y came to in/ruct h[ effective mu/ h be5 _! argum5ts6 w\ld h be5 entirely )\t effect1 _h !y n be5 accompani$ ) ! edicts & p5al laws1 ! promises & ?reats ( ,micislaus1 :i* deject$ ! c\rage & conqu]$ ! ob/9acy ( ! reluctant ,poles 7p4 #bad74 ,! ,*ri/ian religion 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,russia by means e way simil> to ^? t _h occasion$ its propagation 9 ,pol& 7p4 #bae72 ! ,greek wife ( ! ,russian duke p]suad$ him to adopt h] cre$1 & he 0 baptiz$ ,a4,d4 #ihg4 ,mo%eim assumes t ! ,russian p foll[$ _! pr9ces ( _! own accord1 s9ce we h1 at lea/1 no acc\nt ( any compulsion or viol5ce be+ employ$ 9 _! conv]sion 7p4 #bae72 if ! ,russians adopt$ ,*ri/ianity )\t compulsion or viol5ce1 all we c say is1 t _! conv]sion is unique4 ,! ,danes 7 conv]t$ 9 ,a4,d4 #idi1 ,otto ! ,great hav+ defeat$ !m1 & hav+ made x an imp]ative condition ( peace1 t !y %\ld pr(ess ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,norwegians accept$ ! religion ( ,jesus on ! same t]ms4 ,?us ! great] "p ( ,europe became ,*ri/ian1 & we ev5 he> a cry rais$ by ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii4 = ! deliv]ance ( ,pale/9e f ! ,mahomm$ans--= a holy w>4 ,*ri/ianity hav+ n[ become s /rong1 le>n+ _h become proportionately weak2 x _h be5 s9k+ l[] & l[] dur+ ea* succe$+ epo*1 & 9 ?is t5? c5tury x rea*$ its deepe/ /age ( degradation4 ,! deplorable ignorance ( ?is b>b>\s age1 9 :i* ! droop+ arts 7 entirely neglect$1 & ! sci5ces seem$ to be ^u ! po9t ( expir+ = want ( enc\ragem5t1 is unanim\sly confess$ & lam5t$ by all ! writ]s :o h transmitt$ to u any acc\nts ( ?is p]iod ( "t 7p4 #bah74 ,9 va9 a m enlight5$ emp]or 9 ! ,ea/ /rove to revive le>n+ & enc\rage /udy3 _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ au?ors ( antiquity 7 lo/1 at ?is "t1 ?r\gh ! slo? & neglig5ce ( ! ,greeks 7p4 #bai74 ,nor did ! cause ( philosophy f>e bett] ?an t ( lit]ature4 ,philosoph]s1 inde$1 !re 72 &1 among !m1 "s t 7 n de/itute ( g5ius & abilities2 b none :o r5d]$ _! names immortal by productions t 7 wor?y ( be+ transmitt$ to po/]ity 7p4 #bai74 ,s l[1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h sunk ! lit]ature ( ,greece--,greece ,pagan1 :i* once br\ght =? ,py?agoras1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,euclid1 ,z5ophon1 & _m ano!r mighty "o1 ^: fame rolls d[n ! ages--t ,greece _h become ,greece ,*ri/ian1 & ! vitality ( h] mo!rhood _h be5 dra9$ f h]1 & left h] )\t /r5g? to conceive m54 ,9 ! ,we/ ?+s 7 yet worse--in/ead ( ,rome ,pagan1 t _h spread light & civilization--! ,rome ( ,cic]o1 ( ,virgil1 ( ,lucretius--we h ,rome ,*ri/ian1 spread] ( d>kness & ( degradation1 ! ,rome ( ! ,popes & ! monks4 ,! ,lat9s 71 almo/ )\t exception1 sunk 9 ! mo/ bruti% & b>b>\s ignorance1 s t1 accord+ to ! unanim\s acc\nts ( ! mo/ cr$ible writ]s1 no?+ c\ld be m melan*oly & deplorable ?an ! d>kness t reign$ 9 ! we/]n _w dur+ ?is c5tury4444 ,9 ! sem9>ies ( le>n+1 su* z !y 71 ! sev5 lib]al sci5ces 7 taught 9 ! mo/ unskilful & mis]able mann]1 & t by ! monks1 :o e/eem$ ! arts & sci5ces no fur!r ?an z !y 7 subs]vi5t to ! int]e/s ( religion1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 to ! views ( sup]/ition 7p4 #bai74 ,b ! light f ,arabia 0 /ruggl+ to p5etrate ,*ri/5dom4 ,g]b]t1 a native ( ,france1 travell$ into ,spa91 & /udi$ 9 ! ,arabian s*ools ( ,cordova & ,seville1 "u ,arabian doctors2 he develop$ ma!matical ability1 & return$ into ,*ri/5dom ) "s am\nt ( le>n+3 rais$ to ! papal ?rone1 "u ! "n ( ,sylve/] ,,ii41 he tri$ to re/ore ! /udy ( sci5ce & philosophy1 & f\nd t 8 geometrical figures 7 reg>d$ by ! monks z magical op]ations1 & he himself z a magician & a disciple ( ,satan 7p4 #bbj74 ,! vice ( ! cl]gy 0 some?+ t]rible4 ,^! corruptions 7 m\nt$ to ! mo/ enorm\s height 9 t dismal p]iod ( ! ,*ur* :i* we h n[ be=e u4 ,bo? 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n prov9ces1 ! cl]gy 71 = ! mo/ "p1 compos$ ( a mo/ wor?less set ( m51 %amefully illit]ate & /upid1 ignorant1 m especially 9 religi\s matt]s1 equally enslav$ to s5suality & sup]/ition1 & capable ( ! mo/ abom9able & flagiti\s de$s4 ,?is dismal deg5]acy ( ! sacr$ ord] 01 accord+ to ! mo/ cr$ible acc\nts1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! pret5d$ *iefs & rul]s ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 :o indulg$ !mselves 9 ! commission ( ! mo/ odi\s crimes1 & ab&on$ !mselves to ! lawless impulse ( ! mo/ lic5ti\s passions )\t reluctance or remorse--:o conf\nd$1 9 %ort1 all diff]5ce betwe5 j & unju/1 to satisfy _! impi\s ambition1 & ^: spiritual empire 0 su* a div]sifi$ sc5e ( iniquity & viol5ce z nev] 0 exhibit$ "u any ( ^? temporal tyrants :o h be5 ! sc\rges ( mank9d 7p4 #bba74 ,su* is ! v]dict pass$ on ,*ri/ian rule by a ,*ri/ian hi/orian4 ,9 ! ,ea/ we see su* m5 z ,!ophylact2 ?is exempl>y prelate1 :o sold e ecclesia/ical b5efice z soon z x became vacant1 _h 9 8 /able above #bjjj hunt+ horses1 :i* he f$ ) pignuts1 pi/a*ios1 dates1 dri$ grapes1 figs /eep$ 9 ! mo/ exquisite w9es1 to all :i* he add$ ! ri*e/ p]fumes4 ,"o ,holy ,?ursday1 z he 0 celebrat+ high-mass1 8 groom br\ght him ! joyful news t "o ( 8 fav\rite m>es _h foal$2 ^u :i* he ?rew d[n ! ,liturgy1 left ! *ur*1 & ran 9 raptures to ! /able1 :]e1 hav+ express$ 8 joy at t gr& ev5t1 he return$ to ! alt> to f9i% ! div9e s]vice1 :i* he _h left int]rupt$ dur+ 8 abs5ce 7p4 #bba1 note74 ,we %all see1 9 a mom5t1 h[ ! masses ( ! p 7 h\s$ & f$ :ile su* insane luxury surr\nd$ horses4 ,9 ! we/1 ! we>y tale ( ! ,roman pontiffs _c all be n>rat$ "h4 ,take ! picture z drawn by ,hallam3 ,?is dre>y int]val is fill$ up1 9 ! annals ( ! papacy1 by a s]ies ( revolutions & crimes4 ,six popes 7 depos$1 two murd]$1 "o mutilat$4 ,frequ5tly two1 or ev5 ?ree1 competitors1 among :om x is n always possible by any g5u9e criticism to di/+ui% ! true %eph]d1 drove ea* o!r alt]nately f ! city4 ,a few respectable names appe> ?9ly scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is d>kness2 & sometimes1 p]haps1 a pope :o _h acquir$ e/imation by 8 private virtues may be di/+ui%$ by "s encroa*m5t on ! rights ( pr9ces1 or ! privileges ( national *ur*es4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ! pontiffs ( t age _h nei!r leisure nor capacity to p]fect ! great sy/em ( temporal supremacy1 & look$ r to a vile pr(it f ! sale ( episcopal confirmations1 or ( exemptions to mona/]ies4 ,! corruption ( ! head ext5d$ naturally to all o!r memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,all writ]s concur 9 /igmatiz+ ! dissolut5ess & neglect ( dec5cy t prevail$ among ! cl]gy4 ,?\gh sev]al codes ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e _h be5 compil$ by p>ticul> prelates1 yet nei!r ^! nor ! anci5t canons 7 mu* reg>d$4 ,! bi%ops1 inde$1 :o 7 to en=ce !m1 _h mo/ occasion to dread _! sev]ity4 ,!y 7 obtrud$ ^u _! sees1 z ! supreme pontiffs 7 ^u t ( ,rome1 by =ce or corruption4 ,a *ild ( five ye>s old 0 made ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims4 ,! see ( ,n>bonne 0 pur*as$ = ano!r at ! age ( t5 7,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #cec1 ed4 #ahfi74 ,john ,x4 made pope at ! solicitation ( 8 mi/ress ,!odora1 ! "m-9-law ( ! sov]eign1 & murd]$ at ! in/ance ( ,!odora's daught]1 ,m>ozia2 ,john ,,xi41 illegitimate son ( ! same ,m>ozia1 & ( ! celibate pontiff1 ,s]gius ,,iii42 ,boniface ,,vii4 expell$1 bani%$1 return+ & murd]+ ! reign+ pope3 :at avails x to *ronicle ^! mon/]s8 ,bel[ ! popes1 a cl]gy z vici\s z _! rul]s1 squ&]+ money1 plund]$ f ! p 9 dissolut5ess & luxury4 ,& ! p1 :at ( !m8 ,z late z ,a4,d4 #adcj ! h\ses ( ! peasantry 7 con/ruct$ ( /ones put toge!r )\t mort>2 ! ro(s 7 ( turf--a /iff5$ bull's-hide s]v$ = a door4 ,! food consi/$ ( co>se vegetable products1 su* z peas1 & ev5 ! b>k ( trees4 ,9 "s places !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) bread4 ,cab9s ( re$s pla/]$ ) mud1 h\ses ( wattl$ /akes1 *imneyless peat fires1 f :i* !re 0 sc>cely an escape = ! smoke1 d5s ( physical & moral pollution sw>m+ ) v]m91 wisps ( /raw twi/$ r\nd ! limbs to keep (f ! cold1 ! ague-/rick5 peasant ) no help except %r9e-cure1 i4e41 cure by ! t\*+ bone ( sa9t1 or image ( virg9 7,drap]'s ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #bfe74 ,ev5 among ! weal?y1 ! life 0 co>se & r\gh2 c>pets 7 unkn[n2 dra9age nev] ?\ght (4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon 'nobles1 devot$ to gluttony & voluptu\sness1 nev] visit$ ! *ur*1 b ! mat9s & ! mass 7 read ov] to !m by a hurry+ prie/ 9 _! b$-*amb]s1 be=e !y rose1 !mselves n li/5+4 ,! common p 7 a prey to ! m p[]ful2 _! prop]ty 0 seiz$1 _! bodies dragg$ away to di/ant c\ntries2 _! maid5s 7 ei!r ?r[n into a bro!l or sold = slaves4 ,dr9k+1 day & night1 0 ! g5]al pursuit3 vices1 ! companions ( inebriety1 foll[$1 effem9at+ ! manly m9d4' ,! b>onial ca/les 7 d5s ( robb]s4 ,! ,saxon *ronicl] ,william ( ,malmesbury1 f :om ! quotation above records h[ m5 & wom5 7 caught & dragg$ into ^? /rongholds1 hung up by _! ?umbs or feet1 fire appli$ to !m1 knott$ /r+s twi/$ r\nd _! heads1 & _m o!r torm5ts inflict$ to extort ransom 7,ibid1 p4 #bff74 ,:5 ! b>ons _h ne>ly f9i%$ _! evil lives1 ! *ur* /epp$ 91 claim+ h] %>e ( ! plund] & ! weal? ?us amass$1 & op5+ ! gates ( p>adise to ! dy+ ?ief4 ,! cities 7 z wret*$ z _! inhabitants3 no pav+1 no clean+1 no light+4 ,9 ! c\ntry ! old ,roman roads 7 unm5d$1 unkept2 ,europe 0 slipp+ backw>ds into utt]mo/ b>b>ism4 ,mean:ile ?+s 7 v diff]5t :]e ! blight+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n 9 ! asc5dant4 ,europe at ! pres5t day does n (f] m ta/e1 m ref9em5t1 m elegance1 ?an might h be5 se51 at ! epo* ( :i* we are speak+1 9 ! capitals ( ! ,spani% ,arabs4 ,_! /reets 7 light$ & solidly pav$4 ,! h\ses 7 fresco$ & c>pet$2 !y 7 w>m$ 9 w9t] by furnaces1 & cool$ 9 summ] ) p]fum$ air br\ght by und]gr\nd pipes f fl[]-b$s4 ,!y _h ba?s1 & libr>ies1 & d9+-halls1 f\nta9s ( quicksilv] & wat]4 ,city & c\ntry 7 full ( conviviality1 & ( danc+ to ! lute & m&ol94 ,in/ead ( ! drunk5 & glutton\s wassail orgies ( _! nor!rn neighb\rs1 ! fea/s ( ! ,s>ac5s 7 m>k$ by sobriety4 ,w9e 0 prohibit$4444 ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! ,khalif ,hakem ,,ii4 _h made beautiful ,&alusia ! p>adise ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ians1 ,mussulmans1 ,jews1 mix$ toge!r )\t re/ra9t4444 ,all le>n$ m51 no matt] f :at c\ntry !y came1 or :at _! religi\s views1 7 welcom$4 ,! khalif _h 9 8 palace a manufactory ( books1 & copyi/s1 b9d]s1 illum9ators4 ,he kept book-buy]s 9 all ! great cities ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,8 libr>y conta9$ #djj1jjj volumes1 sup]bly b\nd & illum9at$ 7,ibid1 pp4 #ada1 #adb74 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! fifte5? c5tury seiz$ beautiful ,&alusia1 !y erect$ ! ,inquisition1 burn$ ! books1 burn$ ! p1 bani%$ ! ,jews & ! ,moors1 & f\nd$ ! mis]able l& kn[n z mod]n ,spa94 ,!re 0 b little h]esy dur+ ?is melan*oly c5tury2 p did n ?9k en\gh ev5 to ?9k badly4 ,! ,paulicians spread ?r\gh ,bulg>ia1 & e/abli%$ !mselves !re "u a patri>* ( _! own4 ,"s ,arians /ill exi/$4 ,"s ,an?ropomorphites gave "s tr\ble1 ma9ta9+ t ,god sat on a gold5 ?rone1 & 0 s]v$ by angels ) w+s3 _! h]esy is1 h[ev]1 directly support$ by ! ,scriptures4 ,a4,d4 #iii1 a man nam$ ,l5t>d began to speak aga9/ ! wor%ip ( images1 & ! paym5t ( ti!s to prie/s1 & ass]t$ t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies tru? & falsehood are m+l$4 ,8 disciples seem to h m]g$ into ! ,albig5ses 9 ! next c5tury4 ,! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajjj des]ves a special ^w ( notice4 ,*ri/ians fanci$ t ! _w 0 to la/ = b "o ?\s& ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & t x w\ld !re=e come to an end 9 ,a4,d4 #ajjj4 ,_m *>t]s beg9 ) ^! words3 ',z ! _w is n[ draw+ to its close4' ,an army m>*+ "u ! emp]or ,o?o ,i4 0 s t]rifi$ by an eclipse ( ! sun1 :i* x conceiv$ to ann\nce ?is consummation1 z to disp]se ha/ily on all sides 7,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,hallam1 ,p4 #eii7 ,prodigi\s numb]s ( p ab&on$ all _! civil connections1 & _! p>5tal relations1 & giv+ ov] to ! *ur*es or mona/]ies all _! l&s1 treasures1 & worldly effects1 repair$ ) ! utmo/ precipitation to ,pale/9e1 :]e !y imag9$ t ,*ri/ w\ld desc5d to judge ! _w4 ,o!rs devot$ !mselves by a solemn & volunt>y oa? to ! s]vice ( ! *ur*es1 conv5ts1 & prie/hood1 ^: slaves1 !y became 9 ! mo/ rigor\s s5se ( t ^w1 p]=m+ daily _! heavy tasks2 & all ?is f a notion t ! ,supreme ,judge w\ld dim9i% ! sev]ity ( _! s5t5ce1 & look ^u !m ) a m fav\rable & propiti\s eye1 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ made !mselves ! slaves ( 8 m9i/]s4 ,:5 an eclipse ( ! sun or moon happ5$ to be visible1 ! cities 7 des]t$1 & _! mis]able inhabitants fl$ = refuge to holl[ cav]ns1 & hid !mselves among ! craggy rocks1 & "u ! b5d+ summits ( /eep m\nta9s4 ,! opul5t attempt$ to bribe ! ,deity & ! sa9tly tribe1 by ri* donations conf]r$ ^u ! sac]dotal & mona/ic ord]s1 :o 7 look$ ^u z ! imm$iate viceg]5ts ( heav5 7p4 #bbf74 ,?us ! ,*ur* /ill reap$ weal? out ( ! fe> ( ! p %e delud$1 & :ile fields lay uns[n1 & h\ses /ood unrepair$1 & ! f\ndations ( fam9e 7 laid1 ,"m ,*ur* ga!r$ l&s & money into h] capaci\s lap1 & tr\bl$ little ab\t ! />v+ *ildr51 provid$ %e h]self c\ld wax fat on ! good ?+s ( ! _w :i* %e pr(ess$ to h r5\nc$4 ,,c5tury ,,xi4 ,! ,prussians1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 7 driv5 into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a ,*ri/ian mission>y1 ,adalb]t1 bi%op ( ,prague1 _h be5 murd]$ by ! fi]ce & savage ,prussians1 & 9 ord] to %[ ! civilis+ results ( ! g5tle ,*ri/ian cre$1 ,boleslaus1 k+ ( ,pol&1 ent]$ into a bloody w> ) ! ,prussians1 & he obta9$1 by ! =ce ( p5al laws & ( a victori\s1 army1 :at ,adalb]t c\ld n effect by exhortation & argum5t4 ,he dragoon$ ?is savage p into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7p4 #bcj74 ,"s ( 8 foll[]s tri$ a g5tl] me?od ( conv]sion1 & 7 murd]$ by ! ,prussians1 :o cle>ly saw no reason :y ,*ri/ians %\ld d all ! kill+4 ,we h already se5 t ,sylve/] ,,ii4 call$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces to comm5ce a holy w> aga9/ ! infidels :o held ! holy places ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,gregory ,,vii4 /rove to /ir !m up 9 l fa%ion1 & _h ga!r$ toge!r an army ( upw>ds ( #ej1jjj m51 :om he propos$ to lead 9 p]son into ,pale/9e4 ,! ,pope1 h[ev]1 qu>rell$ ) ,h5ry ,,iv41 emp]or ( ,g]many1 & 8 project fell ?r\gh4 ,at ! close ( ?is c5tury1 ! long-talk$ ( ef=t 0 made4 ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 :o _h travell$ ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 came into ,europe & relat$ 9 all directions tales ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ! rule ( ! b>b>\s ,s>ac5s4 ,he appeal$ to ,urban ,,ii41 ! !n ,pope1 & ,urban1 :o at fir/ disc\rag$ him1 see+ t ,pet] _h succe$$ 9 r\s+ ! mo/ w>like nations ( ,*ri/ian ,europe into en?usiasm1 call$ a c\ncil at ,plac5tia1 ,a4,d4 #ajie1 & appeal$ to ! ,*ri/ian pr9ces to take up ! cause ( ! ,cross4 ,! c\ncil 0 n successful1 & ,urban summon$ ano!r at ,cl]mont1 & himself address$ ! assembly4 ,x is ! w ( ,god 0 ! %\t t answ]$ him1 & ! p flew to arms4 ,e means 0 us$ to excite an epidemical fr5zy1 ! remission ( p5ance1 ! disp5sation f ^? practices ( self-d5ial :i* sup]/ition impos$ or susp5d$ at pleasure1 ! absolution ( all s9s1 & ! assurance ( et]nal felicity4 ,none d\bt$ t su* z p]si/$ 9 ! w> receiv$ imm$iately ! rew>d ( m>tyrdom4 ,false miracles & fanatical prophecies1 :i* 7 nev] s frequ5t1 wr\ght up ! en?usiasm to a /ill high] pit*4 ,mo%eim /ates1 p4 #bca1 t ,pet] ! ,h]mit c>ri$ ab\t ) him a lett] f heav51 call+ on all true ,*ri/ians to deliv] _! bre?r5 f ! infidel yoke4 ,& ^! devotional feel+s1 :i* are usually ?w>t$ & balanc$ by o!r passions1 fell 9 ) e motive t c\ld influ5ce ! m5 ( t "t1 ) curiosity1 re/lessness1 ! love ( lic5ce1 ?ir/ = w>1 emulation1 ambition4 ,( ! pr9ces :o assum$ ! cross1 "s1 probably f ! beg9n+1 speculat$ ^u =m+ indep5d5t e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 lat] p]iods1 ! temporal b5efits ( und]tak+ a crusade und\bt$ly bl5d$ !mselves ) less selfi% consid]ations4 ,m5 resort$ to ,pale/9e1 z 9 mod]n times !y h done to ! colonies1 9 ord] to r$eem _! "t1 or repair _! =tune4 ,?us ,gui de ,lusignan1 aft] fly+ f ,france = murd]1 0 ultimately rais$ to ! ?rone ( ,j]usalem4 ,to ! m vulg> class 7 held out inducem5ts :i*1 ?\gh absorb$ 9 ! m ov]rul+ fanaticism ( ! fir/ crusade1 might be exce$+ly efficaci\s :5 x began r to flag4 ,dur+ ! "t t a crusad] bore ! cross1 he 0 free f suit = 8 debts1 & ! int]e/ ( !m 0 entirely aboli%$2 he 0 exempt$1 9 "s in/ances1 at lea/1 f taxes1 & plac$ "u ! protection ( ! ,*ur*1 s t he c\ld n be implead$ 9 any civil c\rt1 except on crim9al *>ges1 or disputes relat+ to l& 7,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,hallam1 pp4 #bi1 #cj74 ,?us fanaticism & e>?ly pleasures & b5efits all pu%$ m5 9 ! same direction1 & ,europe flung itself ^u ,pale/9e4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr51 p\r$ ea/w>ds 9 t fir/ crusade1 & ?is mix$ vangu>d ( ! com+ army ( w>riors 0 l$ by ,pet] ! ,h]mit & ,gaulti] ,sans-,avoir4 ,?is vangu>d 0 a motley assemblage ( monks1 pro/itutes1 arti/s1 lab\r]s1 lazy tradesm51 m]*ants1 boys1 girls1 slaves1 malefactors1 & pr(ligate debau*ees2 x 0 pr9cipally compos$ ( ! l[e/ dregs ( ! multitude1 :o 7 animat$ solely by ! prospect ( spoil & plund]1 & hop$ to make _! =tunes by ?is holy campaign 7p4 #bcb74 ,?is fir/ division1 9 _! m>* ?r\gh ,hung>y & ,?race1 committ$ ! mo/ flagiti\s crimes1 :i* s inc5s$ ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,hung>y & ,turcomania1 t !y rose up 9 arms & massacr$ ! greate/ "p ( !m 7,ibid74 ,fa!r ,maimb\rg1 not)/&+ 8 immod]ate zeal = ! holy w>1 & t fabul\s turn :i* enables him to repres5t x 9 ! mo/ fav\rable po9ts ( view1 ackn[l$ges frankly t ! fir/ division ( ?is prodigi\s army committ$ ! mo/ abom9able enormities 9 ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 & t !re 0 no k9d ( insol5ce1 9 ju/ice1 impurity1 b>b>ity1 & viol5ce1 ( :i* !y 7 n guilty4 ,no?+1 p]haps1 9 ! annals ( hi/ory c equal ! flagiti\s de$s ( ?is inf]nal rabble 7,ibid1 note74 ,few ( ^! unhappy wret*es rea*$ ! ,holy ,l&4 ,to engage 9 ! crusade & to p]i% 9 x1 7 almo/ synonym\s 7,hallam1 p4 #cj71 ev5 = ^? :o ent]$ ,pale/9e4 ,! loss ( life 0 some?+ t]rible4 ,we %\ld be w>rant$ by contempor>y writ]s 9 /at+ ! loss ( ! ,*ri/ians alone dur+ ?is p]iod at ne>ly a million2 b at ! lea/ computation1 x mu/ h exce$$ half t numb] 7,ibid74 ,! real army1 "u ,godfrey de ,b\illon1 consi/$ ( "s #hj1jjj well-appo9t$ horse & foot4 ,b at ,nice ! cr[d ( crusad]s numb]$ #gjj1jjj1 aft] ! great slaught] 9 ,hung>y4 ,j]usalem 0 tak51 ,a4,d4 #ajii1 & x 0 !re :]e _! triumph 0 consummat$1 t x 0 /a9$ ) ! mo/ atroci\s massacre2 n limit$ to ! h\r ( resi/ance1 b r5ew$ delib]ately ev5 aft] t fam\s p5it5tial procession to ! holy sepul*re1 :i* might h calm$ _! f]oci\s dispositions if1 ?r\gh ! misguid$ en?usiasm ( ! ent]prise1 x _h n be5 r calculat$ to excite !m 7,ibid1 p4 #ca74 ,! la/ crusade occurr$ ,a4,d4 #abgj1 & betwe5 ! fir/ 9 #ajif & ! la/ 9 #abgj1 human lives 7 ext+ui%$ 9 numb]s x is impossible to reckon1 increas+ ev] ! awful sum total ( ! mis]y ly+ at ! foot ( ! blood-r$ cross ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,a collat]al advantage accru$ to ! cl]gy ?r\gh ! crusades2 _! weal?1 cont9ually accumulat$1 enabl$ !m to become ! regul> pur*as]s ( l&$ e/ates1 especially 9 ! "t ( ! crusades1 :5 ! fiefs ( ! nobility 7 con/antly 9 ! m>ket = sale or mortgage 7,ibid1 p4 #ccc74 ,! la/ ve/iges ( nom9al paganism 7 eras$ 9 ?is c5tury1 & x rema9$ only "u ,*ri/ian names4 ,capital puni%m5t 0 proclaim$ aga9/ all :o wor%ipp$ ! old deities "u _! old titles1 & ?is dreadful sev]ity contribut$ mu* m t[>ds ! extirpation ( paganism1 ?an ! exhortations & in/ructions ( ignorant mission>ies1 :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! true nature ( ! gospel1 & di%on\r$ its pure & holy doctr9es by _! lic5ti\s lives & _! sup]/iti\s practices 7p4 #bcf74 ,le>n+ began to revive1 z m51 educat$ 9 ! ,arabian s*ools1 gradually spread ov] ,europe2 ?us3 ! s*ool ( ,sal]num1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 0 r5[n$ above all o!rs = ! /udy ( physic 9 ?is c5tury1 & va/ numb]s cr[d$ ?i!r f all ! prov9ces ( ,europe to receive in/ruction 9 ! art ( heal+2 b ! m$ical precepts :i* r5d]$ ! doctors ( ,sal]num s fam\s 7 all d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ! ,arabians1 or f ! s*ools ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,spa9 & ,africa 7p4 #bcg74 ,ab\t ! ye> #ajej1 ! face ( philosophy began to *ange1 & ! sci5ce ( logic assum$ a new aspect4 ,?is revolution began 9 ,france1 :]e sev]al ( ! books ( ,ari/otle _h be5 br\ght f ! s*ools ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,spa91 & x 0 effect$ by a set ( m5 highly r5[n$ = _! abilities & g5ius1 su* z ,b]5g]1 ,roscell9us1 ,hildeb]t1 & aft] !m by ,gilb]t de la ,porre1 ! fam\s ,abel>d & o!rs 7p4 #bch74 ,?us we see t 9 sci5ce1 9 philosophy1 9 logic1 we alike owe to ,arabia ! revival ( ?\ght 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,progress1 h[ev]1 0 v sl[1 & ! ?\ght 0 n yet /rong en\gh to ar\se ! fe>s ( ! ,*ur*1 s x spread = a :ile 9 peace4 ,hallam sums up = u ! /ate ( le>n+1 or r ( ignorance1 dur+ ! eigh?1 n9?1 t5? & elev5? c5turies1 & 8 acc\nt may well f9d its place "h4 ,:5 ,lat9 _h ?us ceas$ to be a liv+ language1 ! :ole treasury ( k 0 lock$ up f ! eyes ( ! p4 ,! few :o might h imbib$ a ta/e = lit]ature1 if books _h be5 accessible to !m1 7 r$uc$ to ab&on pursuits t c\ld only be cultivat$ ?r\gh a k9d ( education n easily )9 _! rea*4 ,s*ools conf9$ to ca!drals & mona/]ies1 & exclusively design$ = ! purposes ( religion1 af=d$ no enc\ragem5t or opportunities to ! laity4 ,! wor/ effect 0 t1 z ! newly-=m$ languages 7 h>dly made use ( 9 writ+1 ,lat9 be+ /ill pres]v$ 9 all legal in/rum5ts & public correspond5ce1 ! v use ( lett]s1 z well z ( books1 0 =gott54 ,= _m c5turies1 to sum up ! acc\nt ( ignorance 9 a ^w1 x 0 r>e = a layman1 ( :atev] rank1 to "k h[ to sign 8 "n4 ,_! *>t]s1 till ! use ( seals became g5]al1 7 subscrib$ ) ! m>k ( ! cross4 ,/ill m extraord9>y x 0 to f9d "o :o _h any t9cture ( le>n+4 ,ev5 admitt+ e indi/9ct comm5dation ( a monki% biograph] 7) :om a k ( *ur* music w\ld pass = lit]ature71 we c\ld make out a v %ort li/ ( s*ol>s4 ,none c]ta9ly 7 m di/+ui%$ z su* ?an ,*>lemagne & ,alfr$4 ,b ! =m]1 unless we reject a v pla9 te/imony1 0 incapable ( writ+2 & ,alfr$ f\nd difficulty 9 mak+ a translation f ! pa/oral in/ruction ( ,/4 ,gregory1 on acc\nt ( 8 imp]fect k ( ,lat94 ,:atev] m5tion1 !re=e1 we f9d ( le>n+ & ! le>n$1 dur+ ^! d>k ages1 mu/ be und]/ood to relate only to su* z 7 )9 ! pale ( cl]gy1 :i* inde$ 0 pretty ext5sive1 & compreh5d$ _m :o did n ex]cise ! (fices ( religi\s m9i/ry4 ,b ev5 ! cl]gy 71 = a long p]iod1 n v mat]ially sup]ior1 z a body1 to ! un9/ruct$ laity4 ,an inconceivable cl\d ( ignorance ov]spread ! :ole face ( ! ,*ur*1 h>dly brok5 by a few glimm]+ lights1 :o owe almo/ ! :ole ( _! di/9ction to ! surr\nd+ d>kness4444 ,( ?is prevail+ ignorance x is easy to produce abundant te/imony4 ,contracts 7 made v]bally1 = want ( not>ies capable ( draw+ up *>t]s2 & ^!1 :5 writt51 7 frequ5tly b>b>\s & ungrammatical to an incr$ible degree4 ,= "s consid]able int]vals1 sc>cely any monum5t ( lit]ature has be5 pres]v$1 except a few jejune *ronicles1 ! vile/ leg5ds ( sa9ts1 or v]ses equally de/itute ( _s & metre4 ,9 almo/ e c\ncil ! ignorance ( ! cl]gy =ms a subject = reproa*4 ,x is ass]t$ by "o held 9 #iib1 t sc>cely a s+le p]son 0 to be f\nd 9 ,rome itself :o knew ! fir/ elem5t ( lett]s4 ,n "o prie/ ( a ?\s& 9 ,spa91 ab\t ! age ( ,*>lemagne1 c\ld address a common lett] ( salutation to ano!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,alfr$ decl>es t he c\ld n recollect a s+le prie/ s\? ( ! ,?ames 7! mo/ civilis$ "p ( ,engl&7 at ! "t ( 8 accession :o und]/ood ! ord9>y pray]s1 or c\ld translate ,lat9 into 8 "m-tongue4 ,nor 0 ?is bett] 9 ! "t ( ,dun/an1 :5 x is said1 none ( ! cl]gy knew h[ to write or translate a ,lat9 lett]4 ,! homilies :i* !y prea*$ 7 compil$ = _! use by "s bi%ops1 f =m] works ( ! same k9d1 or ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs4444 ,if we w\ld li/5 to "s lit]>y hi/orians1 we %\ld believe t ! d>ke/ ages conta9$ _m individuals1 n only di/+ui%$ among _! contempor>ies1 b positively em95t = abilities & k4 ,a pron5ess to extol e monk ( ^: productions a few lett]s or a devotional treatise survives1 e bi%op ( :om x is relat$ t he compos$ homilies1 runs ?r\gh ! labori\s "w ( ! ,b5$ict9es ( ,/4 ,maur1 ! ',lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,france1' &1 9 a less degree1 is obs]vable ev5 9 ,tirabos*i1 & 9 mo/ books ( ?is class4 ,b$e1 ,alcu91 ,h9cm>1 ,raban1 & a numb] ( inf]ior names1 become real giants ( le>n+ 9 _! uncritical panegyrics4 ,b "o might ju/ly say1 t ignorance is ! smalle/ defect ( ! writ]s ( ^! d>k ages4 ,sev]al ( ^! 7 tol]ably acqua9t$ ) books2 b t :]e9 !y are uni=mly defici5t is orig9al argum5t or expression4 ,almo/ e "o is a compil] ( scraps f ! fa!rs1 or f su* semi-classical au?ors z ,boe?ius1 ,cassiodorus1 or ,m>t9us ,capella4 ,inde$1 ,i am n aw>e t !re appe>$ m ?an two really consid]able m5 9 ! republic ( lett]s f ! six? to ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury--,john1 surnam$ ,scotus1 or ,erig5a1 a native ( ,irel&1 & ,g]b]t1 :o became pope by ! "n ( ,sylve/] ,,ii43 ! fir/ end[$ ) a bold & acute metaphysical g5ius1 ! second excell5t1 = ! "t :5 he liv$1 9 ma!matical sci5ce & useful me*anical inv5tion 7,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,hallam1 pp4 #eie-eih74 ,if we look at ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*1 ! old /ory ( tyranny & vice is told ov] aga9 dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,among its popes is numb]$ ,b5$ict ,,ix41 depos$ = 8 pr(ligacy1 re/or$ & aga9 depos$1 re/or$ by =ce ( arms1 & sell+ ! pontificate1 s t ?ree popes at once claim$ ! ti>a1 & 7 all ?ree decl>$ unwor?y1 & a f\r? plac$ on ! ?rone4 ,fre% di/urbances foll[$1 & new usurp]s1 until 9 ,a4,d4 #ajei ! election ( ! pope 0 tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! p & transf]r$ to ! college ( c>d9als1 a *ange :i* 0 mu* /ruggl$ aga9/1 b :i* 0 ultimately adopt$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ajgc ,hildebr& 0 elect$ pope "u ! title ( ,gregory ,,vii42 ?is man1 p]haps1 m ?an any o!r1 augm5t$ ! temporal p[] ( ! papacy4 ,x 0 he :o m\ld$ ! *ur* into ! =m ( an absolute mon>*y1 & f\ght aga9/ all local privileges & national fre$om ( ! *ur*es 9 ea* l&2 x 0 he :o claim$ rule ov] all k+s & pr9ces1 & treat$ !m z vassals ( ! ,roman see2 x 0 he :o1 9 #ajgd1 call+ a c\ncil at ,rome1 caus$ x to decree ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 s t prie/s hav+ no home1 & no family ties1 might feel _! only home 9 ! ,*ur*1 & _! only tie to ,rome2 x 0 he :o /ruggl$ aga9/ ,g]many1 & :o kept ! excommunicat$ emp]or /&+ b>efoot & almo/ nak$ 9 ! sn[ = ?ree days1 9 ! c\rty>d ( 8 ca/le4 ,a bold bad man 0 ?is ,hildebr&1 b a man ( g5ius & a ma/]-m9d1 :o conceiv$ ! mighty idea ( a univ]sal ,*ur*1 :]e9 all pr9ces %\ld be vassals1 & ! head ( ! ,*ur* absolute mon>* ( ! _w4 ,x 0 at ! annual c\ncil ( ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #ajgf1 t ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4 recit$ & proclaim$ all ! anci5t maxims1 all ! d\btful traditions1 all ! excessive pret5sions1 by :i* he c\ld support 8 supremacy4 ,x 01 9 a mann]1 ! abridg$ code ( 8 dom9ation--! laws ( s]vitude t he propos$ to ! _w at l>ge4 ,"h are ! t]ms ( ?is *>t] ( !ocracy3 ',! ,roman ,*ur* is f\nd$ by ,god alone4 ,! ,roman pontiff alone c legitimately take ! title ( univ]sal 444 ,!re %all be no int]c\rse :atev] held ) p]sons excommunicat$ by ! ,pope1 & none may dwell 9 ! same h\se ) !m4444 ,he alone may we> ! imp]ial insignia4 ,all ! pr9ces ( ! e>? %all kiss ! feet ( ! ,pope1 b ( none o!r4444 ,he has ! "r ( depos+ emp]ors4444 ,! s5t5ce ( ! ,pope c be revok$ by none1 & he alone c revoke ! s5t5ces pass$ by o!rs4 ,he c be judg$ by none4 ,none may d>e to pron\nce s5t5ce on "o :o appeals to ! ,see ,apo/olic4 ,to x %all be ref]r$ all major causes by ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome nev] has err$1 & nev] c err1 z ,scripture w>rants4 ,a ,roman pontiff1 canonically orda9$1 at once becomes1 by ! m]it ( ,sa9t ,pet]1 indubitably holy4 ,by 8 ord] & ) 8 p]mission x is lawful = subjects to accuse pr9ces4444 ,! ,pope c loose subjects f ! oa? ( fealty4' ,su* are ! fundam5tal articles promulgat$ by ,gregory ,,vii4 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,rome1 :i* ! (ficial hi/orian ( ! ,*ur* reproduc$ 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury z be+ au!ntic & legitimate1 & ,rome has nev] disav[$ x4 ,borr[$ 9 "p f ! false ,decretals1 re/+1 mo/ ( !m1 on ! fabul\s donation ( ,con/ant9e1 & on ! successive impo/ures & usurpations ( ! fir/ b>b>\s ages1 !y receiv$ f ! h& ( ,gregory ,,vii4 a new "* ( =ce & unity4 ,t pontiff /amp$ !m ) ! sanction ( 8 own g5ius4 ,su* au?ority _h nev] be=e be5 creat$3 x made e o!r p[] useless & subalt]n 7,life ( ,gregory ,,vii41 by ,villema91 trans4 by ,brockley1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #ec-ee74 ,?us ! /ruggle became inevitable betwe5 ! temporal & ! spiritual p[]s4 ,9 e c\ntry !re 0 a dual gov]nm5t3--#a4 ,t ( a local k9d1 repres5t$ by a temporal sov]eign4 #b4 ,t ( a =eign k9d1 ackn[l$g+ ! au?ority ( ! ,pope4 ,?is ,roman influ5ce 01 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 sup]ior to ! local2 x express$ ! sov]eign w ( "o man ov] all ! nations ( ! cont95t conjo9tly1 & ga!r$ ov]:elm+ p[] f its compactness & unity4 ,! local influ5ce 0 necess>ily ( a feeble nature1 s9ce x 0 commonly weak5$ by ! rivalries ( cont]m9\s /ates & ! diss5sions dext]\sly provok$ by its competitor4 ,on n a s+le occasion c\ld ! v>i\s ,european /ates =m a coalition aga9/ _! common antagoni/4 ,:5ev] a "q arose1 !y 7 skilfully tak5 9 detail1 & commonly ma/]$4 ,! o/5sible object ( papal intrusion 0 to secure = ! diff]5t peoples1 moral well-be+2 ! real object 0 to obta9 l>ge rev5ues & give support to l>ge bodies ( ecclesia/ics4 ,! rev5ues ?us ab/ract$ 7 n unfrequ5tly _m times great] ?an ^? pass+ into ! treasury ( ! local p[]4 ,?us1 on ! occasion ( ,innoc5t ,,iv4 dem&+ provision to be made = ?ree hundr$ additional ,italian cl]gy by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & t "o ( 8 nephews1 a m]e boy1 %\ld h a /all 9 ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 x 0 f\nd t ! sum already annually ab/ract$ by =eign ecclesia/ics f ,engl& 0 ?rice t :i* w5t into ! c(f]s ( ! k+4 ,:ile ?us ! high] cl]gy secur$ e political appo9tm5t wor? hav+1 & abbots vi$ ) c\nts 9 ! h]ds ( slaves !y possess$--"s1 x is said1 own$ n few] ?an tw5ty ?\s&--begg+ fri>s p]vad$ society 9 all directions1 pick+ up a %>e ( :at /ill rema9$ to ! poor4 ,!re 0 a va/ body ( non-produc]s1 liv+ 9 idl5ess & own+ a =eign allegiance1 :o 7 subsi/+ on ! fruits ( ! toil ( ! lab\r]s 7,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 ,drap]1 pp4 #bff1 #bfg74 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,*ur*es1 hu%$ = a:ile1 broke out aga9 fi]cely ,a4,d4 #ajec1 & 9 #ajed ,rome excommunicat$ ,con/ant9ople1 & ,con/ant9ople excommunicat$ ,rome4 ,! disputes z to transub/antiation cont9u$1 & %ook ! ,roman ,*ur* ) _! viol5ce4 ,outside or?odoxy1 "s ( ! old h]esies l+]$ on4 ,! ,paulicians w&]$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & became kn[n 9 ,italy z ! ,pat]9i & ! ,ca?>i1 9 ,france z ! ,albig5ses1 ,bulg>ians1 or ,publicans4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans condemn$ !m to be burn$ alive1 & _m p]i%$4 ,,c5tury ,,xii4 ,! w>s :i* spread ,*ri/ianity 7 n yet entirely ov]1 b we only he> ( !m n[ on ! outskirts1 s to speak1 ( ,europe1 except :]e "s tribes apo/atiz$ n[ & !n1 & 7 br\ght back to ! true fai? by ! sword4 ,! /ruggles betwe5 ! popes & ! m /iff-neck$ pr9ces z to _! relative rights & privileges cont9u$1 & we sometimes see ! curi\s spectacle ( a pontiff on ! side ( ! p1 or r ( ! b>ons1 aga9/ ! k+3 :5ev] ?is is s1 we f9d t ! k+ is /ruggl+ aga9/ ,roman supremacy1 & t ! pope uses ! p[] ( ! nation to subdue ! rebelli\s mon>*4 ,we d n f9d ,rome int]f]+ to save ! p f oppression :5 ! oppressor is a fai?ful & ob$i5t son ( ,holy ,*ur*4 ,fre% h]esies spread dur+ ?is c5tury1 & we ev]y:]e met ) "o corrective--dea?4 ,mo/ ( !m appe> to h gr[n out ( ! old ,mani*an h]esy1 & taught mu* ( ! old asceticism4 ,! ,ca?>i 7 hunt$ d[n & put to dea? ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,arnold ( ,brescia1 :o l\dly prote/$ aga9/ ! possessions ( ! ,*ur*1 & ma9ta9$ t *ur* rev5ues %\ld be h&$ ov] to ! ,/ate1 prov$ himself s extremely di/a/eful to ! cl]gy t !y arre/$ him1 crucifi$ him & burn$ 8 dead body 7,a4,d4 #aaee74 ,pet] de ,bruys1 :o object$ to infant baptism1 & may be call$ ! ance/or ( ! ,bapti/s1 0 burnt ,a4,d4 #aacj4 ,_m o!r re=m]s %>$ ! same fate1 & "o l>ge sect mu/ "h be not$4 ,pet] ,waldus1 its f\nd]1 0 a m]*ant ( ,lyons1 :o 7,a4,d4 #aafj7 employ$ a prie/ to translate ! ,gospels = him1 toge!r ) o!r portions ( ! ,bible4 ,/udy+ ^!1 he resolv$ to ab&on 8 bus9ess & di/ribute 8 weal? among ! poor1 &1 9 ,a4,d4 #aahj1 he became a public prea*]1 & =m$ an association to tea* ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel1 z he conceiv$ !m1 aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! sect fir/ assum$ only ! simple "n ( ! poor m5 ( ,lyons1 b soon became kn[n z ! ,wald5ses1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ widely spread sects ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 ! precursors ( ! ,re=mation1 & are notable z h]etics prote/+ aga9/ ! au?orty ( ,rome because t au?ority did n comm5d itself to _! reason2 ?us !y ass]t$ ! "r ( private judgm5t1 & = t ass]tion !y des]ve a ni*e 9 ! great temple ( h]etic ?\ght4 ,,c5tury ,,xiii4 ,9 ! f> we/ ( ,europe paganism /ill /ruggl$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 & f ,a4,d4 #abcj to #abhj a long1 fi]ce w> 0 wag$ aga9/ ! ,prussians1 to confirm !m 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 ! ,teutonic knights ( ,/4 ,m>y succe$$ f9ally 9 _! apo/olic ef=ts1 & at la/ e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity & fix$ _! own dom9ion 9 ,prussia 7p4 #cji71 :5ce !y made =ays into ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & pillag$1 burn$1 massacr$1 & ru9$ all be=e !m4 ,9 ,spa91 ,*ri/ianity _h a yet sadd] triumph1 = !re ! civiliz$ ,moors 7 fall+ "u ! brutal ,*ri/ians1 & ! g>d5 ( ! _w 0 be+ invad$ by ! hordes ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! end1 h[ev]1 _h n yet come4 ,9 ,france1 we see ! erection ( ,,! ,,inquisition1 ! mo/ hateful & fi5di% tribunal ev] set up by religion4 ,! h]etical sects 7 spread+ rapidly 9 s\!rn prov9ces ( ,france1 & ,innoc5t ,,iii41 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1 s5t legates extraord9>y into ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,france to d :at ! bi%ops _h left undone1 & to extirpate h]esy1 9 all its v>i\s =ms & modifications1 )\t be+ at all scrupul\s 9 us+ su* me?ods z might be necess>y to effect ?is salut>y purpose4 ,! p]sons *>g$ ) ?is gho/ly commission 7 ,ra9i]1 a ,ci/]cian monk1 ,pi]re de ,ca/elnau1 ar*deacon ( ,maguelonne1 :o became also aft]w>ds a ,ci/]cian fri>4 ,^! em95t mission>ies 7 foll[$ by sev]al o!rs1 among :om 0 ! fam\s ,spani>d1 ,dom9ic1 f\nd] ( ! ord] ( prea*]s1 :o1 return+ f ,rome 9 ! ye> #abjf1 fell 9 ) ^! delegates1 emb>k$ 9 _! cause1 & lab\r$ bo? by 8 exhortations & actions 9 ! extirpation ( h]esy4 ,^! spiritual *ampions1 :o engag$ 9 ?is exp$ition ^u ! sole au?ority ( ! pope1 )\t ei!r ask+ ! advice1 or dem&+ ! succ\rs ( ! bi%ops1 & :o inflict$ capital puni%m5t ^u su* ( ! h]etics z !y c\ld n conv]t by reason & argum5t1 7 di/+ui%$ 9 common disc\rse by ! title ( inquisitors1 & f !m ! =midable & odi\s tribunal call$ ! ,inquisition d]iv$ its orig9 7pp4 #cdc1 #cdd74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abbi1 a c\ncil ( ,t\l\se erect$ 9 e city a c\ncil ( inquisitors consi/+ ( "o prie/ & two laym5 7,ibid74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #abcc1 ,gregory ,,ix4 sup]s$$ ?is tribunal by appo9t+ ! ,dom9ican monks z inquisitors1 & ! pope's legate 9 ,france !reupon w5t f city to city1 :]ev] ^! monks _h a mona/]y1 & !re appo9t$ "s ( _! numb] inquisitors ( h]etical pravity4 ,! pr9ces ( ,europe 7 !n p]suad$ to l5d ! aid ( ! ,/ate to ! "w ( blood1 & to commit to ! flames ^? :o 7 h&$ ov] z h]etics to ! civil p[] by ! inquisitors4 ,! plan ( work+ 0 mo/ me?odical4 ,! rules ( torture 7 c>efully drawn out3 ! prison] 0 /ripp$ nak$1 ! hair cut (f1 & ! body !n laid on ! rack & b\nd d[n2 ! "r1 !n ! left1 foot tightly b\nd & /ra9$ by cords2 ! "r & left arm /ret*$2 ! fle%y "p ( ! arm compress$ ) f9e cords2 all ! cords tight5$ toge!r by "o turn2 a second & ?ird turn ( ! same k9d3 beyond ?is1 ) ! rack1 wom5 7 n to be tortur$2 ) m5 a f\r? turn 0 employ$4 ,^! directions 7 writt5 9 a ,manual1 us$ by ! ,gr& ,inquisitor ( ,seville z late z ,a4,d4 #ahbj4 ,an analysis is giv5 by ,dr4 ,rule1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 ,app5dix to vol4 i41 pp4 #cci-cei1 ed4 #ahgd4 ,!n we he>1 else:]e1 ( torture by roa/+ ! feet1 by pulleys1 by r$-hot p9c]s--9 %ort1 by e abom9able in/rum5t ( cruelty :i* m51 inspir$ by religion1 c\ld conceive4 ,let ! /ud5t take ,llor5te & ,dr4 ,rule alone1 & he w le>n en\gh ( ! ,inquisition horrors to make him %udd] at ! sight ( a cross--at ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,llor5te gives ! mo/ revolt+ details ( ! torture ( ,jean de ,salas1 at ,valladolid1 ,a4,d4 #aebg1 & ?is "o case may s]ve z a specim5 ( ,inquisition "w dur+ ^! blood/a9$ c5turies4 ,/ripp$ to 8 %irt1 he 0 plac$ on ! *evalet 7a n>r[ frame1 :]e9 ! body 0 laid1 ) no support save a pole across ! middle71 & 8 feet 7 rais$ high] ?an 8 head2 tightly twi/$ cords cut ?r\gh 8 fle%1 & 7 twi/$ yet tight] & tight] z ! torture proce$$2 f9e l951 ?ru/ into 8 m\? & ?roat1 add$ to ! unnatural position1 made brea?+ well nigh impossible1 & on ! l95 wat] sl[ly fell1 drop by drop1 f a susp5d$ vessel ov] 8 head1 till e /ruggl+ brea? /a9$ ! clo? ) blood 7see ,hi/oire critique de l',inquisition d',espagne1 t4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bj-bc1 ed4 #ahah74 ,?is ,spani% ,inquisition1 dur+ its exi/5ce1 puni%$ h]etics z foll[s3-- ,burnt alive 44444444444444444444444 #ca1iab ,burnt 9 effigy44444444444444444444 #ag1fei ,heavily puni%$4444444444444444444 #bia1dej ------- ,total #cda1jba 7,ibid1 t4 ,,iv4 p4 #bga74 ,add to ?is li/ ! ru9$ families1 "s ( ^: memb]s fell victims to ! ,inquisition1 & !n--rememb]+ t ,spa9 0 b "o ( ! c\ntries :i* x desolat$--let ! /ud5t judge ( ! huge total ( human agony caus$ by ?is awful in/itution4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t its dungeons did n gape only = ^? :o oppos$ ! pret5sions ( ,rome2 m5 ( sci5ce1 philosoph]s1 ?9k]s1 all ^! 7 its foes2 ,llor5te gives a li/ ( no less ?an #aai le>n$ & em95t sci5tific m5 :o1 9 ,spa9 alone1 fell "u ! sc\rge ( ! ,inquisition 7see t4 ,,ii4 pp4 #dag-dhc74 ,"o special crime ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?is age mu/ n be =gott53 h] treatm5t ( ,rog] ,bacon4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 a ,franciscan monk1 :o n only /udi$ ,greek1 ,hebrew1 & ,ori5tal languages1 b :o devot$ himself to natural sci5ce1 & made _m discov]ies 9 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 optics1 & ma!matics4 ,he is said to h discov]$ gunp[d]1 & he propos$ a re=m ( ! cal5d> simil> to t introduc$ by ,gregory ,,xiii41 #cjj ye>s lat]4 ,8 rew>d 0 to be hoot$ at z a magician1 & to be conf9$ 9 a dungeon = _m ye>s4 ,! h]etics spread & increas$ 9 ?is c5tury1 spite ( ! t]rible weapon br\ght to be> aga9/ !m4 ,! ,bre?r5 & ,si/]s ( ! ,free ,_s1 kn[n also z ,begh>ds1 ,beguttes1 ,bicorni1 ,begh9s1 & ,turlup9s1 7 ! *ief additional body4 ,!y believ$ t all ?+s _h emanat$ f ,god1 & t to ,him !y w\ld return2 & to ?is ,ea/]n philosophy !y add$ practical fanaticism1 ru%+ wildly ab\t1 %\t+1 yell+1 begg+4 ,! ,wald5ses & ,albig5ses multipli$1 & div]sity ( op9ion spread 9 e direction4 ,,c5tury ,,xiv4 ,?is f\rte5? c5tury is "o ( ! epo*s t sorely te/ ! +5uity ( believ]s 9 papal infallibility2 = ! c>d9als1 hav+ elect$ "o pope 9 ,a4,d4 #acgh1 rapidly took a dislike to him1 & elect$ a second4 ,! fir/ *oice1 ,urban ,,vi41 rema9$ at ,rome2 ! second1 ,clem5t ,,vii41 betook himself to ,avignon4 ,!y duly excommunicat$ ea* o!r1 & ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 0 r5t 9 twa94 ,! di/ress & calamity ( ^! times is beyond all p[] ( description2 = n to insi/ ^u ! p]petual cont5tions & w>s betwe5 ! factions ( ! sev]al popes1 by :i* multitudes lo/ _! =tunes & lives1 all s5se ( religion 0 ext+ui%$ 9 mo/ places1 & pr(ligacy arose to a mo/ sc&al\s excess4 ,! cl]gy1 :ile !y vehem5tly cont5d$ :i* ( ! reign+ popes 0 ! true successor ( ,*ri/1 7 s excessively corrupt z to be no long] /udi\s to keep up ev5 an appe>ance ( religion or dec5cy 7,europe ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,hallam1 p4 #cei74 ,mean:ile1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,rome & ! h]etics w5t on ) ev]-increas+ fury4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,dr4 ,john ,wickcliff1 rector ( ,lutt]wor?1 became fam\s by 8 attack on ! m5dicant ord]s 9 ,a4,d4 #acfj1 & f t "t he rais$ 8 voice l\d] & l\d]1 till he spoke aga9/ ! pope himself4 ,he translat$ ! ,bible into ,engli%1 attack$ _m ( ! prevail+ sup]/itions1 & al?\gh condemn$ z hold+ h]etical op9ions1 he yet di$ 9 peace1 ,a4,d4 #achg4 ,rome rev5g$ itself by digg+ up 8 bones & burn+ !m1 ab\t ?irte5 ye>s lat]4 ,rebellion spread ev5 among ! monks ( ! ,*ur*1 & a va/ numb] ( "s noncon=mi/ ,franciscan monks1 t]m$ ,spirituals1 7 burn$ = _! refusal to obey ! pope on matt]s ( discipl9e4 ,! int5se hatr$ betwe5 ! ,franciscan & ,dom9ican ord]s made ! latt] ! will+ in/rum5t ( ! papacy2 &1 9 _! "* z inquisitors1 !y hunt$ d[n _! un=tunate rivals z h]etics4 ,! ,flagellants1 a sect :o w&]$ ab\t flogg+ !mselves to ! glory ( ,god1 fell also "u ! m]ciless h&s ( ! inquisitors1 z did also ! ,knights ,templ>s 9 ,france4 ,a new body1 kn[n z ! ,danc]s1 />t$ up 9 ,a4,d4 #acgc1 & spread ?r\gh ,fl&]s2 b ! prie/s pray$ !m away by exorcis+ ! danc+ devils t1 !y said1 inhabit$ ! memb]s ( ?is curi\s sect4 ,among ! suff]]s ( ?is c5tury "o "n mu/ n be =gott53 x is t ( ,ceccus ,asculanus4 ,?is man 0 an ,ari/otelian philosoph]1 an a/rolog]1 a ma!matician1 & a physician4 ,?is unhappy man1 hav+ p]=m$ "s exp]im5ts 9 me*anics t seem$ miracul\s to ! vulg>1 & hav+ also (f5d$ _m1 & among ! re/ 8 ma/] ! ,duke ( ,calabria1 by giv+ out "s pr$ictions :i* 7 said to h be5 fulfill$1 0 univ]sally suppos$ to deal ) inf]nal spirits1 & burn$ = x by ! inquisitors1 at ,flor5ce1 9 ! ye> #accg 7p4 #cee74 ,!re seems no gre5 spot on :i* to re/ ! eye 9 ?is we>y /ret* ( blood & fire4 ,,c5tury ,,xv4 ,9 ?is fifte5? c5tury ! knell ( ! ,*ur* rang out2 x is memorable ev]more 9 hi/ory = ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 & ! consequ5t practical demon/ration ( ! falsehood ( ! :ole !ory ( ! patri/ic & ecclesia/ical !ology4 ,9 ! flood only ,noah & 8 ?ree sons1 ) _! wives1 7 sav$ 9 an ark4 ,( ^! sons1 ,%am rema9$ 9 ,asia & repeopl$ x4 ,ham peopl$ ,africa2 ,japhet1 ,europe4 ,z ! fa!rs 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ,am]ica1 !y did n provide an ance/or = its p 7,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 ,dr4 ,drap]1 p4 #fc74 ,lactantius1 inde$1 inveigh$ aga9/ ! folly ( ^? :o believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! antipodes1 & ,augu/9e ma9ta9$ t x 0 impossible !re %\ld be p liv+ on ! o!r side ( ! e>?4 ,besides1 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 m5 on ! o!r side ( a globe c\ld n see ! ,"l desc5d+ ?r\gh ! air 7,ibid1 p4 #fd74 ,cle>ly !re 0 no o!r side1 !ologically2 only ,columbus sail$ !re4 ,ano!r fatal bl[ 0 /ruck at ! ,*ur* by ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #addj1 an inv5tion :i* made k possible = ! _m1 & by diffusion ( k made h]esy likewise c]ta94 ,x is n = me1 h[ev]1 to trace "h ! progress ( h]etic ?\ght2 t bright] task is = ano!r p52 m9e only to turn ov] ! blood/a9$ & black pages ( ! ,*ur*4 ,"o "n /&s out 9 ! li/ ( ! pontiffs ( ?is c5tury1 :i* is almo/ unp>allel$ 9 its infamy2 x is t ( ,rod]ic ,borgia1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,f\lly vici\s1 cruel1 & blood?ir/y1 he is />tl+ly bad1 ev5 = a pope4 ,among 8 *ildr5 are f\nd ! names ( ,cs> & ,lucretia ,borgia1 names ^: v m5tion recalls a li/ ( horrible crimes4 ,alex&] di$ ,a4,d4 #aejc1 f swall[+1 by mi/ake1 a poison :i* he & 8 son ,cs> _h prep>$ = o!rs4 ,turn+ to ! h]etics1 we see great lives cut %ort by ! t]rible bl[s ( ! inquisition3--,savan>ola1 ! brave ,italian prea*]1 ! re=m] monk1 tortur$ & burn$ ,a4,d4 #adih2 ,john ,huss1 ! enemy ( ! papacy1 burn$ ,a4,d4 #adae1 9 direct violation ( ! safe conduct grant$ him2 ,j]ome1 ( ,prague1 ! fri5d & companion ( ,huss1 burn$ ,a4,d4 #adaf4 ,myriads ( _! unhappy foll[]s %>$ _! fate 9 e ,european l&4 ,b to ,spa9 belongs ! t]rible pre-em95ce ( cruelty 9 ?is la/ c5tury be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ! ye> #adgh a bull ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 e/abli%$ ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa94 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! op]ation ( ! ,inquisition1 #adha1 two ?\s& victims 7 burnt 9 ,&alusia2 besides ^!1 _m ?\s&s 7 dug up f _! graves & burnt2 sev5te5 ?\s& 7 f9$ or imprison$ = life4 ,:oev] ( ! p]secut$ race c\ld flee1 escap$ = 8 life4 ,torquemada1 n[ appo9t$ ,inquisitor-,g5]al = ,ca/ile & ,leon1 illu/rat$ 8 (fice by 8 f]ocity4 ,anonym\s accusations 7 receiv$1 ! accus$ 0 n confront$ by witnesses1 torture 0 reli$ ^u = conviction2 x 0 inflict$ 9 vaults :]e no "o c\ld he> ! cries ( ! torm5t$4 ,z1 9 pret5d$ m]cy1 x 0 =bidd5 to inflict torture a second "t1 ) horrible duplicity x 0 affirm$ t ! torm5t _h n be5 complet$ at fir/1 b _h only be5 susp5d$ out ( *>ity until ! foll[+ day6 ,! families ( ! convict$ 7 plung$ into irretrievable ru94444 ,?is frantic prie/ de/roy$ ,hebrew ,bibles :]ev] he c\ld f9d !m1 & burnt six ?\s& volumes ( ,ori5tal lit]ature at ,salamanca1 "u an imputation t !y inculcat$ ,judaism 7,drap]'s ,conflict ( ,sci5ce & ,religion1 p4 #adf74 ,torquemada 01 inde$1 a wor?y successor ( ,moses4 ,dur+ 8 eighte5 ye>s ( p[]1 8 li/ ( victims is z foll[s3-- ,burnt at ! /ake alive4444444444444444444 #aj1bbj ,burnt 9 effigy1 ! p]sons hav+ di$ 9 prison or fl$ ! c\ntry444444444444 #f1hfj ,puni%$ ) infamy1 confiscation1 p]petual imprisonm5t1 or loss ( civil rights 4444444444444444444444444444444444 #ig1cba ------- ,total 4444444444444444444444444444444444444#aa d1dja --7,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 by ,dr4 ,w4,h4 ,rule1 vol4 i41 p4 #aej4 ,full details ( numb]s are giv5 9 ! ,hi/oire critique de l',inquisition d',espagne1 ,llor5te1 t4 ,i41 pp4 #bgb-bha74 ,c>d9al ,xim5es 0 n q s successful z ,torquemada1 b /ill 8 roll is long3 ,burnt at ! /ake alive 4444444444444444444 #c1efd ,burnt 9 effigy 4444444444444444444444444444 #a1bcb ,puni%$ heavily 44444444444444444444444444 #dh1jei ------ --7,ibid1 p4 #ahf74 ,total 4444444444444444444 #eb1hee ,9 ,a4,d4 #adha1 9 ! bi%oprics ( ,seville & ,cadiz1 two ?\s& ,judaiz]s 7 burnt 9 p]son1 & v _m 9 effigy1 ( :om ! numb] is n kn[n1 besides sev5te5 ?\s& subject to cruel p5ance 7,ibid1 p4 #acc74 ,9 ,a4,d4 #adhe1 no less ?an #iej p]sons 7 burn$ at ,villa ,real1 n[ ,ciudad ,real4 ,spite ( all ?is awful suff]+1 h]etics & ,jews rema9$ antagoni/ic to ! *ur*1 & 9 ,m>*1 ,a4,d4 #adib1 ! edict ( ! expulsion ( ! ,jews 0 sign$4 ,all unbaptiz$ ,jews1 ( :atev] age1 sex1 or condition1 7 ord]$ to leave ! realm by ! end ( ! foll[+ ,july4 ,if !y revisit$ x1 !y %\ld suff] dea?4 ,!y might sell _! effects1 & take ! proce$s 9 m]*&ise or bills ( ex*ange1 b n 9 gold or silv]4 ,exil$ ?us1 sudd5ly f ! l& ( _! bir?1 ! l& ( _! ance/ors = hundr$s ( ye>s1 !y c\ld n 9 ! glutt$ m>ket t arose sell :at !y possess$4 ,nobody w\ld pur*ase :at c\ld be got = no?+ aft] ,july4 ,! ,spani% cl]gy occupi$ !mselves by prea*+ 9 ! public squ>es s]mons fill$ ) d5unciations aga9/ _! victims1 :o1 :5 ! "t = expatriation came1 sw>m$ 9 ! roads1 & fill$ ! air ) _! cries ( despair4 ,ev5 ! ,spani% onlook]s wept at ! sc5e ( agony4 ,torquemada1 h[ev]1 en=c$ ! ord9ance t no "o %\ld af=d !m any help4444 ,?\s&s1 especially mo!rs ) nurs+ *ildr51 infants1 & old p1 di$ by ! way--_m ( !m 9 ! agonies ( ?ir/ 7,ibid1 p4 #adg74 ,?us 0 a peaceable1 indu/ri\s1 ?\ghtful population1 driv5 out ( ,spa9 by ! ,*ur*4 ,nor did h] h& /ay ev5 "h4 ,f]d9&1 alas6 _h complet$ ! conque/ ( ! ,moors2 true1 ,granada _h only yield$ "u pl$ge ( lib]ty ( wor%ip1 b ( :at value is ! pl$ge ( ! ,*ri/ian to ! h]etic8 ,! ,inquisition h>ri$ ! l&1 until1 9 ,febru>y #aejb1 ^w w5t out t all unbaptiz$ ,moors mu/ leave ,spa9 by ! end ( ,april4 ,!y might sell _! prop]ty1 b n take away any gold or silv]2 !y 7 =bidd5 to emigrate to ! ,mahomm$an dom9ions2 ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce 0 dea?4 ,_! condition 0 ?us worse ?an t ( ! ,jews1 :o _h be5 p]mitt$ to g :]e !y *ose 7,ibid1 p4 #adh74 ,& s ! ,moors 7 driv5 out1 & ,spa9 0 left to ,*ri/ianity1 to s9k d[n to :at %e is to-day4 #c1jjj1jjj p]sons are said to h be5 expell$ z ,jews1 ,moors & ,moriscoes4 ,! ,moors dep>t$1--!y :o _h made ! "n ( ,spa9 glori\s1 & _h spread sci5ce & ?\ght ?r\gh ,europe f t focus ( light1--!y :o _h welcom$ to _! cities all :o ?\ght1 no matt] :at _! cre$1 & _h cov]$ ) an equal protection ,mahomm$an1 ,*ri/ian1 & ,jew4 ,nor let ! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ian imag9e t ^! de$s ( blood are ,roman1 n ,*ri/ian4 ,! same crimes atta* to e ,*ur*1 & ,rome's black li/ is only long] because h] p[] is great]4 ,let u glance at ,prote/ant communions4 ,9 ,hung>y1 ,giska1 ! ,hussite1 massacr$ & bruis$ ! ,begh>ds4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,lu!r cri$1 ,:y1 if m5 hang ! ?ief ^u ! gall[s1 or if !y put ! rogue to dea?1 :y %\ld n we1 ) all our /r5g?1 attack ^! popes & c>d9als1 ^! dregs ( ! ,roman ,sodom8 ,:y n wa% our h&s 9 _! blood8 7,! ,spani% ,inquisition1 ,le ,mai/re1 p4 #fg1 ed4 #ahch74 ,s&ys1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 wrote 9 def5ce ( p]secution4 ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 9 an address sign$ by elev5 o!r bi%ops1 said3 ,any tol]ation to ! papi/s is a griev\s s94 ,knox said1 ,! p are b\nd 9 consci5ce to put to dea? ! que51 along ) all h] prie/s4 ,! ,engli% ,p>liam5t said1 ,p]secution 0 necess>y to advance ! glory ( ,god4 ,! ,scot* ,p>liam5t decre$ dea? aga9/ ,ca?olics z idolat]s1 say+ x 0 a religi\s obligation to execute !m 7,ibid1 pp4 #fg1 #fh74 ,cranm]1 ,a4,d4 #aeej1 condemn$ six anabapti/s to dea?1 "o ( :om1 a woman1 0 burn$ alive1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ano!r 0 committ$ to ! flames2 ?is primate held a commission ) "s o!rs1 to exam9e & se>* aft] all anabapti/s1 h]etics1 or contemn]s ( ! book ( ,common ,pray] 7,/ud5ts' ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,d4 ,hume1 p4 #bia1 ed4 #ahfh74 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ,calv9 burn$ ,s]vetus4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! ,puritans c>ri$ on ! same hateful tradition1 & :ipp$ ! h>mless ,quak]s f t[n to t[n4 ,:]ev] ! cross has gone1 :e!r held by ,roman ,ca?olic1 by ,lu!ran1 by ,calv9i/1 by ,episcopalian1 by ,presbyt]ian1 by ,prote/ant diss5t]1 x has be5 dipp$ 9 human blood1 & has brok5 human he>ts4 ,its effect on ,europe 0 de/ructive1 b>b>is+1 deadly1 until ! dawn+ light ( sci5ce scatt]$ ! ?ick black cl\ds :i* issu$ f ! cross4 ,"o indisputable fact1 pregnant ) in/ruction1 is ! extremely l[ rate ( increase ( ! population ( ,europe dur+ ! c5turies :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 supreme4 ,:at1 !n1 does ?is /ation>y condition ( ! population mean8 ,x means1 food obta9$ ) h>d%ip1 insuffici5t clo?+1 p]sonal uncleanness1 cab9s t c\ld n keep out ! wea!r1 ! de/ructive effects ( cold & heat1 miasm1 want ( sanit>y provisions1 abs5ce ( physicians1 uselessness ( %r9e cure1 ! deceptiv5ess ( miracles1 9 :i* society 0 putt+ its tru/2 or1 to sum up a long catalogue ( sorr[s1 wants & suff]+s 9 "o t]m--x means a high dea?-rate4 ,b1 m1 x means defici5t bir?s4 ,& :at does t po9t out8 ,m>riage po/pon$1 lic5ti\s life1 private wick$ness1 demoraliz$ society 7,drap]'s ,conflict ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #bfc74 ,! surface ( ! ,cont95t 0 = ! mo/ "p cov]$ ) pa?less =e/s2 "h & !re x 0 dott$ ) mona/]ies & t[ns4 ,9 ! l[l&s & along ! riv] c\rses 7 f5s1 sometimes hundr$s ( miles 9 ext5t1 exhal+ _! pe/if]\s miasms1 & spread+ agues f> & wide4 ,9 t[ns !re 0 no attempt made at dra9age1 b ! putrefy+ g>bage & rubbi% 7 simply ?r[n out ( ! door4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 slept 9 ! same ap>tm5t2 n unfrequ5tly dome/ic animals 7 _! companions2 9 su* a confusion ( ! family x 0 impossible t mode/y & morality c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,! b$ 0 usually a bag ( /raw2 a wood5 log s]v$ z a pill[4 ,p]sonal cleanl9ess 0 utt]ly unkn[n2 great (fic]s ( /ate1 ev5 dignit>ies s high z ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 sw>m$ ) v]m92 su*1 x is relat$1 0 ! condition ( ,?omas ,becket1 ! antagoni/ ( an ,engli% k+4 ,to conceal p]sonal impurity1 p]fumes 7 necess>ily & pr(usely us$4 ,! citiz5 clo!d himself 9 lea!r1 a g>m5t :i*1 ) its ev]-accumulat+ impurity1 might la/ = _m ye>s4 ,he 0 consid]$ to be 9 circum/ances ( ease1 if he c\ld procure fre% meat once a week = 8 d9n]4 ,! /reets _h no sew]s2 !y 7 )\t pavem5t or lamps4 ,aft] night-fall1 ! *amb]-%utt]s 7 ?r[n op51 & slops unc]emoni\sly empti$ d[n1 to ! discom=ture ( ! wayf>] track+ 8 pa? ?r\gh ! n>r[ /reets1 ) 8 dismal lant]n 9 8 h& 7,ibid1 p4 #bfe74 ,little wond] inde$1 t plagues swept ?r\gh ! cities1 de/roy+ _! inhabitants :olesale4 ,! ,*ur* c\ld only pray aga9/ !m1 or (f] %r9es :]e votive (f]+s might w9 deliv]ance2 n )\t a bitt] resi/ance on ! "p ( ! cl]gy1 m5 began to ?9k t pe/il5ces are n puni%m5ts inflict$ by ,god on society = its religi\s %ortcom+s1 b ! physical consequ5ces ( fil? & wret*$ness2 t ! prop] mode ( avoid+ !m is n by pray+ to ! sa9ts1 b by ensur+ p]sonal & municipal cleanl9ess4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury x 0 f\nd necess>y to pave ! /reets ( ,p>is1 ! /5* 9 !m 0 s dreadful4 ,at once dys5t]ies & spott$ fev] dim9i%$2 a sanit>y condition1 approa*+ t ( ! ,moori% cities ( ,spa91 :i* _h be5 pav$ = c5turies1 0 atta9$ 7,ibid1 p4 #cad74 ,! dea?-rate 0 /ill fur!r dim9i%$ by ! importation ( ! physician's skill f ! ,arabs & ! ,moors2 ! ,*ri/ians _h dep5d$ on ! %r9e ( ! sa9t1 & ! bone ( ! m>tyr1 & ! prie/ 0 ! doctor ( body z well z ( s\l4 ,on all ! roads pilgrims 7 w5d+ _! way to ! %r9es ( sa9ts1 r5[n$ = ! cures !y _h wr\ght4 ,x _h always be5 ! policy ( ! ,*ur* to disc\rage ! physician & 8 art2 he int]f]$ too mu* ) ! gifts & pr(its ( ! %r9es4444 ,= pati5ts too sick to move or be mov$1 !re 7 no rem$ies except ^? ( a gho/ly k9d--! ,pat]no/] & ! ,ave 7,ibid1 p4 #bfi74 ,?us ,*ri/ianity set itself aga9/ all popul> advancem5t1 aga9/ all civil & social progress1 aga9/ all improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! masses4 ,x view$ e *ange ) di/ru/1 x met e innovation ) opposition4 ,:ile x reign$ supreme1 ,europe lay 9 *a9s1 & ev5 into ! new _w x c>ri$ ! fett]s ( ! old4 ,only z ,*ri/ianity has gr[n feebl] has civilization /r5g!n$1 & progress has be5 made m & m rapidly z a fail+ cre$ has lo/ ! p[] to oppose4 ,& n[1 day by day1 t progress becomes swift]2 n[1 day by day1 ! opposition becomes fa9t]1 & soon1 pass+ ov] ! ru9s ( a %att]$ religion1 ,free ,?\ght %all plant ! :ite bann] ( ,lib]ty 9 ! mid/ ( ! temple ( ,humanity2 t temple :i*1 long desecrat$ by prie/s & ov]%ad[$ by gods1 %all !n be consecrat$ = ev]more to ! s]vice ( its rightful own]1 & %all be fill$ ) ! glory ( man1 ! only god1 & %all h its air melodi\s ) ! voice ( ! pray] :i* is "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,to ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,"p ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,books ,,us$4 ,drap]1 ,conflict ( ,religion & ,sci5ce444#dbe1 #dcc1 #dcg1 #ddi1 #dee1 #def1 #dfd1 #dfe1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dge1 #dgf ,eusebius1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory444#dbd ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall444#dbe1 #dbi1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dce ,hallam1 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages444#ded1 #deg1 #deh1 #dei1 #dfj1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dgj1 #dga ,hume1 ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&444#dgd ,le ,mai/re1 ,spani% ,inquisition444#dgd ,llor5te1 ,hi/oire critique de l',inquisition d',espagne444#dfh1 #dfi1 #dgb1 #dgc ,mo%eim1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory444,us$ ?r\gh\t ,rule1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition444#dfh1 #dgb ,villema91 ,life ( ,gregory ,,vii444#dfd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,adv5t ( ,*ri/ expect$444#def1 #deg ,alex&r9e ,libr>y1 de/ruction (444#dcb ,arius444#dcc1 #dcd ,boniface1 ,apo/le ( ,g]many444#ddb ,c5tury #bnd & #crd444#dbc1 #dbi ,c5tury #d?444#dbi1 #dce ,c5tury #e?444#dce1 #dci ,c5tury #f?444#dci1 #dda ,c5tury #g?444#dda1 #ddb ,c5tury #h?444#ddb1 #ddg ,c5tury #i?444#ddg1 #dea ,c5tury #aj?444#dea1 #deg ,c5tury #aa?444#deg1 #dfe ,c5tury #ab?444#dff1 #dfg ,c5tury #ac?444#dfg1 #dfi ,c5tury #ad?444#dfi1 #dgj ,c5tury #ae?444#dga1 #dgd ,*>lemagne444#ddb1 #ddd ,*ri/ianity1 g5]al effect (444#dgd1 #dgf ,*ur*1 weal? (444#dbe1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddd1 #deg1 #dfj ,*ur*1 doctr9e (444#dbf1 #dej ,*ur*1 refuge = evil do]s444#ddb ,cl]gy1 frauds (444#dca1 #ddd1 #ddh1 #ddi ,cl]gy1 vice (444#dbf1 #dca1 #dce1 #dcg1 #dda1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dea1 #dec1 #ded1 #dfi ,con/ant9e444#dbd1 #dbe ,conv]sions444#dbi1 #dcj1 #dce1 #dci1 #ddc1 #dea1 #deg1 #dfg ,crusades444#deb1 #deh ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 sep>ation (444#ddi1 #dej ,end[m5t ( ,*ur*1 fir/444#dbi ,filioque444#ddf1 #ddi ,h]esies444#dbf-dbh1 #dcc-dce1 #dch1 #ddj1 #ddb1 #ddf1 #dej1 #def1 #dfe1 #dff1 #dgj1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgc ,h]etic1 fir/ burnt alive444#dca numb] burn$ 9 ,spa9444#dfi1 #dgb ,hildebr&444#dfc1 #dfd ,hypatia1 murd] (444#dcg ,iconocla/ic controv]sy444#dde1 #ddf ,ignorance ( bi%ops444#dda ,inquisition444#dfg-dfi1 #dgb-dgd ,isidorian decretals444#ddh ,jews1 expulsion (1 f ,spa9444#dgc1 #dgd ,le>n+1 lack (444#dcg1 #dci1 #dea1 #deb1 #dec1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dfc revival (444#dfj1 #dfa ,moors1 le>n+ (444#ddg1 #dec1 #def expulsion (1 f ,spa9444#dgc1 #dgd ,patri/ic geography444#dga ,p1 mis]y (444#dee1 #dge1 #dgf ,prote/ant p]secution444#dgd1 #dge ,rome1 supremacy (444#dcf1 #dde1 #ddh1 #dfd1 #dfe badness ( ,popes (444#ded1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #dfi1 #dga ,/ylites444#dcg ,torquemada444#dgb1 #dgc